bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Justice in Transition
Authors: Chinapen Rhiana , Vernon Richard
Published: March 2006

Abstract.This paper questions both realist and restorative conceptions of truth commissions, to the extent that both of those conceptions neglect the internal links between truth commissions and criminal trials. Interpreting the requirements of retribution, responsibility and truth-telling, the paper argues that trials and truth commissions should be placed at points on a spectrum rather than in distinct categories, and that the circumstances of political transition explain the divergences in their respective practices. We may see truth commissions and trials as expressing the same aims of justice, though in contextually differentiated ways that modify both the subordinate principles required by the aims of justice and also their institutional expression.

Résumé.Cet article remet en question la conception réaliste et la conception réparatrice des commissions de vérité, dans la mesure où toutes les deux négligent les liens internes entre les commissions de vérité et les procès criminels. Interprétant les exigences de rétribution, de responsabilité et de véracité, l'article avance que les procès et les commissions de vérité devraient être situés en divers points du même spectre plutôt que dans des catégories distinctes et que les circonstances de transition politique expliquent les différences entre leurs pratiques respectives. On peut considérer les commissions de vérité et les procès comme traduisant une même “poursuite de la justice”, bien que les différences de contexte modifient dans chaque cas les principes subalternes qu'impose la recherche de la justice et, de ce fait, changent aussi leur expression institutionnelle.
Défusion municipale et décentralisation à
Montréal : vers une recomposition des relations entre les groupes
ethnoculturels et la municipalité
Authors: Jouve Bernard
Published: March 2006

Résumé. Ces dernières années, la
métropole montréalaise a connu un ensemble de dynamiques
institutionnelles qui ont remis en question l'équilibre des
relations entre les municipalités constituantes. Les institutions
ont été fortement ébranlées par un double
processus de fusion puis de défusion. Cherchant à
contrecarrer les aspirations des municipalités “
défusionnistes ”, le gouvernement provincial a
promulgué la Loi 33 qui transfère de nombreuses
compétences de la mairie centrale aux arrondissements.
Au-delà des nouvelles dynamiques politiques entre ces deux niveaux
de gouvernement, c'est aussi le processus d'articulation entre
la sphère politique municipale et la société civile
montréalaise qui est en jeu. Cet article examine les impacts de la
Loi 33 sur les relations entre la municipalité et les
communautés ethnoculturelles en attirant l'attention sur une
tendance à l'hyperpluralisation et à
l'ethnicisation des demandes issues de certains groupes immigrants
récemment implantés à Montréal.

Abstract. The urban region of Montreal has recently faced
institutional dynamics which have transformed the relations between the
municipalities. Local institutions had to adapt to a double process of
merging and demerging. In order to limit the process of secessionism, the
provincial government voted Bylaw 33 which transferred many resources and
competences to neighbourhoods. Beyond the new division of labour between
the two levels of government, this law is changing the relationships
between the civil society and the political realm. This article aims at
analyzing the impacts of Bylaw 33 on the relationships between the
municipality and immigrant groups by arguing that we are facing a trend to
hyperpluralism due to the strategies of leaders representing immigrant
groups recently settled in Montreal.
“If you build it …” Business, Government and
Ontario's Electronic Toll Highway
Authors: Williams Robert J.
Published: March 2006

“If you build it …” Business, Government and
Ontario's Electronic Toll Highway, Chandran Mylvaganam and
Sandford Borins, Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for Public
Management, 2004, pp. ix, 164.

This monograph analyzes an extraordinary tale of public policy making
in Ontario: the construction and management of an innovative toll highway
now known as the 407/ETR (Express Toll Route).
Training the Excluded for Work: Access and Equity for Women,
Immigrants, First Nations, Youth, and People with Low Income
Authors: Gabriel Christina
Published: March 2006

Training the Excluded for Work: Access and Equity for Women,
Immigrants, First Nations, Youth, and People with Low Income,
Marjorie Griffin Cohen, ed., Vancouver: University of British Columbia
Press, 2003, pp. 276.

Training the Excluded for Work is an important contribution
to debates about the importance and viability of job training policies and
programmes that are directed to those who are “excluded” in
the Canadian labour market. It is also timely insofar as job training, in
contrast to post-secondary education policy, remains somewhat
underexamined in Canada. This is particularly ironic, as job training has
emerged as a key issue for policy makers, industry, workers and activists.
Training is frequently touted as a panacea that will address a host of
economic ills including unemployment, low productivity levels and lagging
investment. On the one hand, many employer and industry groups view
training measures as part of a larger strategy to address the imperatives
of a global economy. Here, neoliberal rationales tend to prevail—job
training becomes an investment in individual human capital. But on the
other hand, job training can also be an important means by which
marginalized groups, including youth, women, indigenous groups and
racialized minorities, address the terms of their exclusion from (or
limited inclusion in) the labour market. In doing so, other rationales
come to the fore, most notably the need to address social inequities in
the labour market. This edited book addresses this latter aspect of the
training policy debate.
La communication politique
Authors: Paquin Magali
Published: March 2006

La communication politique, Jacques Gerstlé, Paris :
Éditions Dalloz/Armand Colin, 2004, (coll. Compact civis), 297
pages.

Le domaine de la communication politique évolue très
rapidement sur le plan de la pratique comme de la recherche. À cet
égard, l'ouvrage de Jacques Gerstlé brosse un tableau
de synthèse exhaustif et actuel des fondements théoriques,
des techniques et des pratiques en communication politique. Il
s'appuie sur des recherches et des exemples récents provenant
surtout de France et des États-Unis, ce qui peut être
pertinent du point de vue comparatif, mais risque de réduire
l'intérêt des chercheurs canadiens pour l'ouvrage.
De nombreux tableaux, figures et statistiques témoignent de la
place accordée à l'analyse empirique et quantitative.
Il s'agit à notre avis d'un livre excellent dont le point
fort réside dans la diversité des connaissances
exposées, la systématicité de la présentation
et l'actualité des exemples. Il sera utile aux politologues
et, plus généralement, aux chercheurs en sciences sociales
ou en communication et journalisme, de même qu'aux praticiens
et aux étudiants désireux de saisir les multiples approches
et phénomènes de la communication politique.
Au sein de la Maison-Blanche. La formulation de la politique
étrangère des Etats-Unis.
Authors: Legros Olivier
Published: March 2006

Au sein de la Maison-Blanche. La formulation de la politique
étrangère des Etats-Unis., David, Charles-Philippe,
Québec : Presses de l'Université Laval, deuxième
édition, 2004, 737 p.

Charles-Philippe David est un chercheur francophone bien connu dans
les milieux académiques de la discipline des relations
internationales. Il a publié un bon nombre d'ouvrages et
d'articles sur la sécurité internationale, les
études stratégiques et diplomatiques et la politique
américaine. Ses travaux de langue française sont
particulièrement importants et bienvenus chez les chercheurs et les
étudiants francophones s'intéressant à une
discipline où la langue de Shakespeare est largement
prédominante. David récidive donc avec la 2e
édition de ce volumineux livre de quelque 700 pages, avec
l'addition d'un chapitre sur la présidence de George W.
Bush et d'une étude de cas sur l'invasion de l'Irak.
L'objectif général de l'auteur est d'analyser
de l'intérieur la formulation de la politique
extérieure des États-Unis, de Truman à Bush, le fils.
L'angle d'analyse de Charles-Philippe David est particulier,
dans le sens où il défie les théories des relations
internationales systémiques, sociétales ou rationnelles
auxquelles les étudiants sont souvent invités à
s'intéresser.
Petites sociétés et minorités nationales.
Enjeux politiques et perspectives comparées.
Authors: Brady Marie-Joie
Published: March 2006

Petites sociétés et minorités nationales.
Enjeux politiques et perspectives comparées., Jacques L.
Boucher et Joseph Yvon Thériault (dir.), Sainte-Foy : Presses de
l'Université du Québec, 2005, 398 p.

La diversité culturelle qui meuble et module les
sociétés du monde s'exprime par plusieurs moyens, tels
la politique de l'identité, la mobilisation de mouvements
sociaux, l'élaboration des politiques publiques qui la
gèrent ou le développement d'un discours des droits
auquel les politiciens et les tribunaux font écho. Elle fait
l'objet d'une attention soutenue dans le contexte des petites
sociétés et des minorités nationales, qui sont
constamment confrontées à leur condition minoritaire ou
précaire de par leur position géopolitique ou de par leur
diversité interne en conséquence de mouvements migratoires,
de conquêtes, de colonisations ou de partitions. La mondialisation
complique encore les choses, en provoquant une transformation des rapports
de pouvoir, un repositionnement territorial de ceux-ci et une
transformation du rôle de l'État et de la
société. Tel est le contexte de la discussion
proposée dans le recueil de Jacques L. Boucher et Joseph Yvon
Thériault, intitulé Petites sociétés et
minorités nationales. Enjeux politiques et perspectives
comparées. Le volume rassemble une série de textes,
eux-mêmes présentés lors d'un congrès tenu
à Ottawa et Gatineau, à l'été 2002, tel
qu'on nous le rappelle dans les détails bibliographiques.
Démontrant une multidisciplinarité utile à la
compréhension des nombreux enjeux propres aux petites
sociétés, le volume propose une discussion de ces enjeux
à partir de la situation du Québec et des communautés
minoritaires ailleurs au Canada, ainsi que de celle de
sociétés d'Europe et d'Asie. La mondialisation
représente la trame de fond principale des débats, car elle
transforme les capacités des petites sociétés, les
forums vers lesquels elles se tournent pour faire entendre leurs
revendications et la nature même de ces revendications. De plus, la
mondialisation entraîne une restructuration de leur
société civile et par conséquent l'apparition de
nouveaux lieux et formes de conflits.
Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and
Institutions
Authors: Haklai Oded
Published: March 2006

Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and
Institutions, Ellen Lust-Okar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2005, pp. 279.

For a very long time, the scholarship on Middle Eastern politics has
suffered from scarce use of the analytical tools provided by the field of
comparative politics. The result has too often been descriptive research
in the anthropological style. Such studies lacked the rigour necessary for
providing cumulative knowledge and theoretical insight. In recent years,
however, an increasing number of scholars have been recognizing the value
of complementing their in-depth knowledge of the region with appropriate
social science theories. New theoretically oriented
scholarship—produced by Mark Tessler (Area Study and Social
Science, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), Carrie Wickham
Rosefsky (Mobilizing Islam, New York: Columbia University Press,
2002), Quintan Wikorowitcz (Islamic Activism, Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 2004), Eva Bellin (Stalled Democracy,
Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), Lisa Anderson (Transition to
Democracy, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), and a few
others—filled such a need that, as a result of their publication,
knowledge of Middle Eastern politics has taken a great leap forward since
the early 2000s.
Contention & Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000
Authors: Cunningham Frank
Published: March 2006

Contention & Democracy in Europe, 1650–2000,
Charles Tilly, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xiv,
305.

A leading historical sociologist, Charles Tilly brings skills from
both disciplines to this exercise in democratic analysis. The result
provocatively illuminates democracy as it developed in Europe and advances
challenging hypotheses for contemporary democratic theory and practice.
Tilly applies carefully formulated categories and explanatory hypotheses
to his subject in a way atypical of most historians while tempering the
often inflexible approaches of sociological theory with an
historian's sensitivity to nuance and complexity.
Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis
Authors: Bruyneel Kevin
Published: March 2006

Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis,
Paul Pierson, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004, pp. xii,
196.

Political scientists of the world unite against the decontextual
revolution; you have nothing to lose but your n! Okay, there is
no such call to arms in Paul Pierson's important new work, but his
book is a well-crafted shot across the bow of the dominant strains in
political science. As Pierson sees it, too much of political science
scholarship rips politics from its historical and institutional context
for the sake of generating carefully bounded causal arguments that are
often misleading, if not dead wrong, about the sources and effects of
political stability and change. Thus, the aim of Politics in Time
is to critique and offer an alternative approach to the tendency of
analyzing politics by “reducing a moving picture to a
snapshot” (104).
La bioéthique dans la perspective de la philosophie du
droit.
Authors: Beauvais Chantal
Published: March 2006

La bioéthique dans la perspective de la philosophie du
droit., Francesco D'Agostino, Québec : Les Presses de
l'Université Laval, 2005 (Collection Dikè), 137p.
[Titre original : Bioetica, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino,
1998].

Ce livre de quatorze chapitres présente les questions les plus
préoccupantes soulevées par la bioéthique
contemporaine et débute avec un constat qui ne laisse aucun doute
sur l'horizon philosophique de l'auteur : “
[…] c'est la notion même de
vérité qui s'affaiblit dans un horizon culturel
(postmoderne) dans lequel il est désormais impossible
d'élaborer un discours prenant la vérité comme
référence ” (p. 1). Le lecteur est
immédiatement mis en présence de l'enjeu qui en
découle pour la bioéthique : l'absence de normes
universelles en lesquelles tous reconnaissent l'expression de la
vérité sur l'humain réduirait la
bioéthique à une simple casuistique privée de sens.
La bioéthique tourne à vide car nous serions devenus
indifférents à la vie. Selon l'auteur, le contexte
philosophique et culturel qui marque notre époque (postmoderne) ne
permettrait pas un véritable “ engagement pour la
vérité ”. On ne saurait ici s'engager dans une
réflexion sur le sens de la postmodernité, mais il importe
de noter que ces prémisses sont hautement contestables à
plusieurs points de vue et que l'interprétation des
conséquences métaphysiques, épistémologiques
et sociopolitiques de la postmodernité suscite de nombreuses
controverses. Une chose est certaine : on préfère toujours
prendre des décisions dans un contexte de stabilité
épistémologique et sociopolitique, mais ce contexte est
rarement disponible. De plus, et surtout, un jugement éthique
exclut presque par définition ce contexte de stabilité.
Selon une grande tradition morale qui remonte à
l'époque hellénistique, le jugement éthique est
précisément appelé par des conditions
inédites; il repose sur la créativité et sur une
certaine expérience de la vie.
Les Yes Men. Comment démasquer (en s'amusant un peu)
l'imposture néolibérale !
Authors: Parenteau Ian
Published: March 2006

Les Yes Men. Comment démasquer (en s'amusant un peu)
l'imposture néolibérale !, Andy Bichlbaum, Mike
Bonanno, Traduction : Marc Saint-Upéry; Paris : La
Découverte, 2005, 191 p.

Cet ouvrage ne comporte ni thèse, ni argumentaire. Ce
n'est pas un essai à proprement parler, ni entièrement
une œuvre de fiction. C'est un livre inclassable, drôle
et engagé. Intelligent. Risqué.
International Dispute Settlement in an Evolving Global Society:
Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization
Authors: McGuinness Margaret E.
Published: March 2006

International Dispute Settlement in an Evolving Global Society:
Constitutionalization, Accessibility, Privatization, Francisco Orrego
Vicuña, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp.xxiii,
156.

This compilation of the author's 2001 Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial
Lectures at Cambridge provides a comprehensive overview of the methods and
modes of international dispute settlement. Included in the broad survey
are the central public and private dispute resolution processes at the
United Nations and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), regional
arrangements, national jurisdictions and private party-to-party
arrangements. The book achieves its stated goal of identifying trends and
provoking discussion of ways in which international dispute resolution can
be improved, and in the process has created a useful primer on
transnational dispute settlement for social scientists. The lectures have
been supplemented with footnotes and the book includes a comprehensive
bibliography that includes most of the important recent works in the
international law literature on dispute resolution. The strength of the
volume lies in its discussion of private dispute resolution and its
interplay with public institutions, an area that is often ignored or
played down in political science literature focused on state-to-state
legal arrangements and interstate relations.
Difference in Memory
Authors: Sarkar Mahua
Published: March 2006

The study of popular memory is necessarily relational. It involves the exploration of two sets of relations: (1) that between dominant memory and oppositional forms across the public field, including academic productions; and (2) the relation between public discourse and a more privatized sense of the past generated within lived culture.2 This paper is concerned with the second of these two constitutive relations in the study of popular memory—the often vexed but close linkages between public constructions and private reminiscences.
Peter Burke. Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
Authors: Carter Emily
Published: March 2006

What is the relationship between language and community in early modern Europe? How is language ‘discovered’ during this time and what are the tensions and changes in community wrought with and by this discovery? These are the questions that Peter Burke's Languages and Communities in Early Modern Europe asks as he brings much needed attention to the distinctive role of language in both expressing and constituting community and vice versa in the early modern period. Burke's work is structured around five thematic trends embedded in a historical framework: (1) the continued importance of Latin, (2) vernaculars competing for dominance in newly available domains, (3) standardization before ‘language policy,’ (4) the centripetal force of language mixing, and (5) the centrifugal force of language purism. All of these prefigured the new link between language and nation that developed from the French Revolution onwards. By engaging with the multiple and inter-animated languages and communities of Europe during this time, Burke provides a counterpoint to national(ist) histories, which create a simplified picture of the organic growth of a single language and claim an isomorphic relationship with community as (proto-)nation. Burke focuses on the standardization of vernaculars in tension with increased codification of Latin and a new linguistic purism reacting to an increase in and even celebration of language mixing, and thereby resists subordinating complexity to a historical narrative.
Lemierre's syndrome presenting with peritonsillar abscess and VIth cranial nerve palsy
Authors: Jones C , Siva T M , Seymour F K , O'Reilly B J
Published: March 2006

Lemierre's syndrome is characterized by acute oropharyngeal infection complicated by internal jugular venous thrombosis secondary to septic thrombophlebitis, and metastatic abscesses. We report a case of Lemierre's syndrome in an 18-year-old Caucasian woman presenting with a peritonsillar abscess and ipsilateral VIth cranial nerve palsy.
Research tissue banking in otolaryngology: organization, methods and uses, with reference to practical, ethical and legal issues
Authors: Pitchers M , Stokes A , Lonsdale R , Premachandra D J , Edwards D R
Published: March 2006

The field of molecular biology is an important part of research into neoplastic conditions. Much of this research requires access to human tissue samples, which may need to be collected and stored in a specific way, according to the type of study for which they are intended. Anonymous clinical information about the samples enables researchers to apply results to different patient groups. Access to stored tissues is particularly important in head and neck disease research as many neoplastic conditions affecting this area have a relatively low incidence. Consequently, it may take a long time to build up enough individual cases to make a study worthwhile.

We describe here the current legal, ethical and practical issues of research tissue banking, with regard to head and neck disease.
Hearing aid insertion: correlation between patients' confidence and ability
Authors: Pothier D D , Bredenkamp C
Published: March 2006

Introduction: Once fitted with hearing aids, much reliance is placed on patients' own ability to manage their devices effectively. There has, however, been little research to assess how patients' own confidence compares with their actual ability to manage their hearing aids. This study compares patients' perceptions of their ability to insert their hearing aids with their observed ability to insert the devices satisfactorily.

Method: Eighty-five patients provided a rating of their level of confidence in fitting their hearing aid, using a visual analogue score (VAS). This was then compared with their observed level of ability, assessed by an audiologist, also using a VAS (both scores 0–100 mm).

Results: We found a weak to moderate correlation between the subjective and objective scores (Pearson r = 0.4912).

Conclusions: From these results, we would advise caution when accepting a patient's perceived level of ability as the only indicator of their true ability to insert their hearing aid. This also has important implications for follow-up services that rely only on telephone conversations with patients after a first fitting.
Tracheoesophageal voice prostheses complications in north Glasgow
Authors: Calder N , MacAndie C , MacGregor F
Published: March 2006

The objectives of this study were to determine (1) the rates of complications, admissions to hospital and requirements for further surgery in patients fitted with tracheoesophageal fistula speech valves, and (2) whether any factors were predictive of complications. A case note review was undertaken of all patients undergoing a laryngectomy at Gartnavel General and Stobhill Hospitals over a 10-year period. One hundred patients were identified.

Forty-five patients had complications from their valves, most commonly granulation tissue formation. Thirty-five had a least one admission related to complications and 34 required further surgery. Sixty-seven were vocalizing with the valve.

Radiotherapy and valve type were not statistically significant in predicting complications in this study. Primary puncture was associated with a higher rate of complications, although the numbers undergoing secondary puncture were small.
Cochlear implantation in a patient with deafness induced by Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies)
Authors: Postelmans J T F , Stokroos R J
Published: March 2006

Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), also named hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN), comprises a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. Deafness induced by CMT is clinically distinct among the genetically heterogeneous group of CMT disorders. Deafness in CMT patients is associated with point mutations or deletions in the transmembrane domain in the peripheral myelin gene (PMP) 22, which are in close proximity to the extracellular component of this gene. We present a patient with deafness induced by CMT type 1A, undergoing cochlear implantation. Prior investigations showed good results due to replacing a synchronous impulse by means of cochlear implantation in patients with auditory neuropathy.
Voices from the Past: compositional approaches to using recorded speech
Authors: LANE CATHY
Published: March 2006

This paper investigates some of the ways in which composers and sound artists have used recordings of speech, especially in works mediated by technology. It will consider this within a wider context of spoken word, text composition and performance-based genres such as sound poetry. It will attempt to categorise some of the compositional techniques that may be used to work with speech, make specific reference to archive and oral history material and attempt to draw some conclusions.
Phantom Music: radio, memory, and narratives from auditory life
Authors: LABELLE BRANDON
Published: March 2006

Radio and memory form a radical coupling, stitching together musical cultures with personal psychologies. I pursue such relations in Phantom Music by focusing on, and unpacking a project I developed for exhibition in 2005. The project, Phantom Radio, is based on forming a library of radio memory. Collecting stories from 105 individuals from around the world, the library consists of written statements and CDs of all the songs mentioned. Through the project, questions of broadcast technology, and the work of memory, are brought forward. To pursue such questions, the following article maps out the territory explored in the project. Reflecting on various threads, from habits of listening to the effects of music on individual lives, leads to a tracing out of the ‘phantasmic’ and the ‘social’ aspects of radio. And further, how music supplies a form of shared ground to the individual instances of unexpected experiences.
New concepts and techniques in eco-composition
Authors: KELLER DAMIÁN , CAPASSO ARIADNA
Published: March 2006

This paper has two main objectives: (i) to discuss essential concepts of the ecological approach to composition, proposing the term eco-composition as a common reference for theoretical perspectives and compositional techniques; and (ii) to present the multimedia piece Vivir sin después, realised within the context of the Paititi Project.

Following the Introduction, the paper is divided into two main sections. In section 2 we discuss issues raised by the application of the ecological approach to composition. Regarding the data-gathering procedures, eco-composition provides two effective methods: re-enaction and anchoring. Organisation of sonic materials is done through accumulation of heterarchical layers, giving rise to emergent musical phenomena. Section 3 dwells on the compositional strategies applied in the multimedia installation Vivir sin después. We describe the process of re-enacting the first Spanish trip through the Amazon River Basin, carried out by Francisco de Orellana and fifty-nine Spaniards in 1541. Then we address technical aspects of the piece, such as the application of multiple views of single entities, the development of non-hierarchical forms and the manipulation of sonic fields.
Deconstructing Speech: new tools for speech manipulation
Authors: KELLY EDWARD
Published: March 2006

My research at the London College of Communication is concerned with archives of recorded speech, what new tools need to be devised for its manipulation and how to go about this process of invention. Research into available forms of analysis of speech is discussed below with regard to two specific areas, feature vectors from linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis and hidden Markov-model-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. These are discussed in order to demonstrate that whilst aspects of each may be useful in devising a system of speech-archive manipulation for artistic use. Their drawbacks and deficiencies for use in art – consequent of the reasons for their invention – necessitate the creation of tools with artistic, rather than engineering agendas in mind.

It is through the initial process of devising conceptual tools for understanding speech as sound objects that I have been confronted with issues of semiotics and semantics of the voice and of the relationship between sound and meaning in speech, and of the role of analysis in mediating existing methods of communication. This is discussed with reference to Jean-Jacques Nattiez's Music and Discourse: Towards a Semiology of Music (Nattiez 1987). The ‘trace’ – a neutral level of semiotic analysis proposed by Nattiez, far from being hypothetical as suggested by Hatten (1992: 88–98) and others, is present by analogy to many forms of mediation in modern spoken communication and the reproduction of music, and it is precisely this neutrality with regards to meaning that tools for manipulation of speech must possess, since the relationships between the sound of speech and its meaning are ‘intense’ (after Deleuze 1968).
Central and Southern Jordan in the Ayyubid Period: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
Authors: Milwright Marcus
Published: March 2006

For most of the Islamic period central and southern Jordan has existed on the periphery of larger states. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the political and economic life of the Muslim and Frankish polities of Bilad al-Sham (Greater Syria) was dominated by cities like Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem and Acre. These urban centres contained the greatest concentrations of the military and civilian elite, and provided the largest markets for locally produced and imported commodities. Intellectual activity also prospered in such urban environments and, with few exceptions, it was the occupants of the cities of Bilad al-Sham who composed the histories of the Crusader states and the Ayyubid confederacy. These chronicles tend to reflect the interests of the ruling elites and generally pay rather less attention to rural areas. The lands between the Wadi Zarqa' and the Red Sea – populated as they were by villages and small market towns – excited little interest among historians, and only Karak and Shawbak merit relatively regular mentions in the chronicles of the period.
An assessment of dust emission schemes in modeling east Asian dust storms
Authors: Zhao T. L. , Gong S. L. , Zhang X. Y. , Abdel‐Mawgoud A. , Shao Y. P.
Published: March 2006

By implementing dust emission schemes developed by Marticorena and Bergametti (1995), Alfaro et al. (1997), Alfaro and Gomes (2001) (hereinafter referred to as MBA) and Shao (2001, 2004) into a regional climate model with a size‐distributed active aerosol algorithm, NARCM (Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model), an assessment of dust emission schemes in the simulation of east Asian dust storms for March 2002 was carried out. Sensitivity of the parameters used for both the MBA and Shao schemes is first analyzed with a box version of the NARCM, where the wind erosion threshold friction velocities for both schemes are in good agreement for soil grain size range in diameter from 40 μm to 400 μm but differ for other size ranges. Although the impacts of clay, silt, loam and sand contents on vertical dust fluxes show a similar trend, their dependences on friction velocity vary substantially as the correction factors in each scheme to the threshold friction velocity, soil moisture and vegetation cover present a different degree of impact on vertical dust fluxes with wind friction velocity. One specific parameter, soil plastic pressure p, required by the Shao scheme varies between 103 Pa for loose surfaces and 105 Pa for hard crusted surfaces, which controls significantly emission flux. On the basis of the comparison of dust emission with the MBA scheme in the box model, the soil plastic pressure p applicable to Asian deserts for the Shao scheme is set to be 1000 Pa for sandy, 5000 Pa for loamy and silty and 10,000 Pa for clay soil in March 2002. In 3‐D simulations, both schemes captured the dust mobilization episodes during this period in east Asia and produced the similar spatial distributions of Asian dust column loading. Compared with the MBA scheme, the Shao scheme predicted much lower dust emission and surface concentration in eastern Mongolia and eastern and central north China and slightly higher with some additional dust emission sources in north western China, eastern Kazakhstan and western Mongolia. The key parameters responsible for the differences between the MBA and Shao emission schemes are the surface and soil‐related factors including soil moisture and vegetation coverage.
Maastrichtian North Atlantic warming, increasing stratification, and foraminiferal paleobiology at three timescales
Authors: Isaza‐Londoño Carolina , MacLeod Kenneth G. , Huber Brian T.
Published: March 2006

Analysis of 944 single specimens of three species of late Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifera (Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Contusotruncana contusa, and Rugoglobigerina rugosa) from 38 samples spanning the last 3 Myr of the Cretaceous shows consistent isotopic trends through time, consistent isotopic differences among taxa, and high within‐sample isotopic variability throughout. Within‐sample variability does not change systematically through time for any taxon, but average δ18O values decrease by ∼1.5‰, and average δ13C values diverge up section. Comparing taxa, average δ18O values are similar within most samples, but average δ13C values generally decrease from R. fructicosa to R. rugosa to C. contusa. In addition, the within‐sample variability of individual δ13C measurements is larger for R. fructicosa than for either C. contusa or R. rugosa, an observation which is consistent with a photosymbiotic habitat for R. fructicosa. In terms of Maastrichtian paleoceanography the negative δ18O trend of ∼1.5‰ corresponds to a temperature increase of ∼6°C, and the divergence of δ13C values up section suggests an increasingly stratified water column in the western Atlantic through the late Maastrichtian. We suggest that these trends are best explained by increasing import of South Atlantic waters into the North Atlantic and an intensification of the Northern Hemisphere polar front.
Offshore evidence for a huge landslide of the northern flank of Tahiti‐Nui (French Polynesia)
Authors: Hildenbrand Anthony , Gillot Pierre‐Yves , Bonneville Alain
Published: March 2006

A bathymetric analysis of the flanks of Tahiti‐Nui (French Polynesia) reveals the existence of a major catastrophic north‐directed landslide during its eruptive history. The related debris‐avalanche (DA) deposits extend north 70 km from the island shore and have a total volume of about 800 km3. Two contrasted facies of the debris are recognized: (1) relatively small‐sized material, including a few blocks with well‐developed flow structures (elongate downslope‐directed ridges and transversal pressure ridges), and (2) a scattering of large kilometer‐sized individual blocks that form, in part, a prominent bathymetric hummock in the proximal central part of the landslide deposits. Bathymetric analyses suggest that the Tahitian failure evolved through two main successive shots. The DA debris were rapidly overlain by subsequent volcanic material, producing a smooth surface down to 1500 m below sea level. The on‐land and offshore structures indicate a listric fault geometry for the landslide scar. The volume removed by the landslide is thus estimated between 400 km3 and 450 km3. Discrepancy in the volume of the scar, and the debris derived from it, is due in part to expansion of the debris, to fragmentation of the avalanche, and to incorporation of sediments. Comparison with a recently recognized southern Tahitian landslide (Clouard et al., 2001) and with landslides recognized around the Hawaiian Islands and the Canary Islands shows that the huge northern Tahitian landslide described here has a reduced mobility in its central part. Perhaps the older Tetiaroa eruptive complex to the north acted as a buttress to inhibit movement of the DA products. The northern and southern Tahiti‐Nui landslides moved in opposite directions away from the main central E‐W directed rift zone that served as the main magma feeding structure. Then, the huge northern landslide strongly controlled the later volcano‐structural evolution by capturing subsequent volcanic activity to the north, despite the northwestward displacement of the Pacific plate over the Society hot spot.
Deliquescence‐controlled activation of organic aerosols
Authors: Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Petters Markus D. , DeMott Paul J.
Published: March 2006

We examine the cloud condensation nucleation behavior expected for dry submicron particles composed of organic species having limited solubility in water and thus exhibiting deliquescence only under water‐supersaturated conditions. If saturated solution water activities aw are approximately 0.97 < aw < 1, then deliquescence is likely to control the supersaturation required to activate submicron particles, leading to high sensitivity of critical supersaturation to dry diameter. Similar behavior may occur for species, including polymeric compounds, that exhibit limited miscibility in water until very dilute conditions. Treating the sparingly‐soluble or limited‐miscibility species as insoluble aerosol components in calculations of their hygroscopic growth does not reproduce the predicted strong dependence of critical supersaturation on dry particle size. Lack of information on the solubility characteristics of organic‐species‐dominated atmospheric particulate matter may thus lead to discrepancies between predicted and measured droplet activation, even when particle composition and size are well‐constrained by measurements.
Volcán Reventador's unusual umbrella
Authors: Chakraborty Pinaki , Gioia Gustavo , Kieffer Susan
Published: March 2006

Photographs of a volcanic column in a recent eruption of Reventador show a prominently scalloped umbrella that is unlike any umbrella previously documented on a volcanic column. We propose that the scallops in this umbrella are the result of a turbulent Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, a type of fluid instability with no precedents in volcanology. Negative buoyancy drives this instability, and we ascribe the unusual negative buoyancy of the Reventador umbrella to the fact that the Reventador column fed on a cool co‐ignimbrite cloud. From the wavelength of the scallops, we estimate a value for the eddy viscosity of the umbrella, νd ≈ 4,000 m2/s, the first such value to be inferred directly from an observation in the field. Collapse of the umbrella back to the ground could result in a previously unrecognized hazardous flow. We hope this work will elicit new reports on scalloped umbrellas and further study of the characteristics and evolution of such umbrellas.
ENSO impact on midlatitude circulation patterns in future climate change projections
Authors: Müller W. A. , Roeckner E.
Published: March 2006

The remote influence of the leading mode of interannual variability in the Tropics, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), on the northern hemispheric midlatitude circulation in future climate is investigated. For this, IPCC SRES scenarios of the latest version of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI‐OM are used. In ensembles of future climate change projections it is found, that a changing state of ENSO with increased variability has a pronounced influence on the dominant midlatitude circulation pattern, namely the Pacific North America (PNA) pattern and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). More explicitly, in the 21st and 22nd century, a positive (negative) phase of ENSO is more likely followed by a positive (negative) PNA index and negative (positive) NAO index than it is observed in the 20th century. Correlation coefficients between the winter mean Niño3.4 index and the NAO index increase substantially from the 20th century.
CCN predictions: Is theory sufficient for assessments of the indirect effect?
Authors: Sotiropoulou Rafaella‐Eleni P. , Medina Jeessy , Nenes Athanasios
Published: March 2006

This study quantitatively assesses the sensitivity of cloud droplet number (CDNC) to errors in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) predictions that arise from application of Köhler theory. The CDNC uncertainty is assessed by forcing a droplet activation parameterization with a comprehensive dataset of CCN activity and aerosol size and chemical composition obtained during the ICARTT field campaign in August 2004. Our analysis suggests that, for a diverse range of updraft velocity, droplet growth kinetics and airmass origin, the error in predicted CDNC is (at most) half of the CCN prediction error. This means that the typical 20–50% error in ambient CCN closure studies would result in a 10–25% error in CDNC. For the first time, a quantitative link between aerosol and CDNC prediction errors is available, and can be the basis of a robust uncertainty analysis of the first aerosol indirect effect.
Violent pyro‐convective storm devastates Australia's capital and pollutes the stratosphere
Authors: Fromm Michael , Tupper Andrew , Rosenfeld Daniel , Servranckx René , McRae Rick
Published: March 2006

Headline‐making firestorms in southeast Australia in 2003, responsible for at least 500 destroyed buildings and four lost lives, culminated with pyro‐cumulonimbus (pyroCb) “eruptions” that ravaged Canberra on 18 January. Here we reveal that in their 3‐hour lifetime, the Canberra pyroCbs also produced a stratospheric smoke injection that perturbed the hemispheric background analogous to the theorized “nuclear winter.” We use an unprecedented array of data to analyze the Canberra pyroCbs' distinctive stratospheric impact, microphysics, energetics, and surface manifestations—including suppressed precipitation, an F2 tornado, and black hail.
Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation
Authors: Alexander L. V. , Zhang X. , Peterson T. C. , Caesar J. , Gleason B. , Klein Tank A. M. G. , Haylock M. , Collins D. , Trewin B. , Rahimzadeh F. , Tagipour A. , Rupa Kumar K. , Revadekar J. , Griffiths G. , Vincent L. , Stephenson D. B. , Burn J. , Aguilar E. , Brunet M. , Taylor M. , New M. , Zhai P. , Rusticucci M. , Vazquez‐Aguirre J. L.
Published: March 2006

A suite of climate change indices derived from daily temperature and precipitation data, with a primary focus on extreme events, were computed and analyzed. By setting an exact formula for each index and using specially designed software, analyses done in different countries have been combined seamlessly. This has enabled the presentation of the most up‐to‐date and comprehensive global picture of trends in extreme temperature and precipitation indices using results from a number of workshops held in data‐sparse regions and high‐quality station data supplied by numerous scientists world wide. Seasonal and annual indices for the period 1951–2003 were gridded. Trends in the gridded fields were computed and tested for statistical significance. Results showed widespread significant changes in temperature extremes associated with warming, especially for those indices derived from daily minimum temperature. Over 70% of the global land area sampled showed a significant decrease in the annual occurrence of cold nights and a significant increase in the annual occurrence of warm nights. Some regions experienced a more than doubling of these indices. This implies a positive shift in the distribution of daily minimum temperature throughout the globe. Daily maximum temperature indices showed similar changes but with smaller magnitudes. Precipitation changes showed a widespread and significant increase, but the changes are much less spatially coherent compared with temperature change. Probability distributions of indices derived from approximately 200 temperature and 600 precipitation stations, with near‐complete data for 1901–2003 and covering a very large region of the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes (and parts of Australia for precipitation) were analyzed for the periods 1901–1950, 1951–1978 and 1979–2003. Results indicate a significant warming throughout the 20th century. Differences in temperature indices distributions are particularly pronounced between the most recent two periods and for those indices related to minimum temperature. An analysis of those indices for which seasonal time series are available shows that these changes occur for all seasons although they are generally least pronounced for September to November. Precipitation indices show a tendency toward wetter conditions throughout the 20th century.
Contribution of dew to the water budget of a grassland area in the Netherlands
Authors: Jacobs Adrie F. G. , Heusinkveld Bert G. , Wichink Kruit Roy J. , Berkowicz Simon M.
Published: March 2006

The annual amount of dew input to the water budget in the midlatitudes is mostly neglected, possibly because direct dew measurements are very difficult and time‐consuming. As the Netherlands has a very high frequency of dew events, a grassland area was selected to determine whether dew input could be significant. The study site is situated within the Wageningen University meteorological station. Dew measurement experiments were carried out in 2004. Data were used to verify a surface energy dew model, which was then applied to an 11‐year data set. A mean annual dew amount of 37 mm was obtained with a standard deviation of 8 mm, while the mean annual precipitation was 830 mm with a standard deviation of 200 mm. Dew contributed about 4.5% of the mean annual precipitation. The average number of dew nights per year was 250 (70%) with a standard deviation of 25 nights. This frequency significantly affects leaf wetness and possible vegetation diseases.