bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of a Polysaccharide Antigen from Propionibacterium acnes Released by a Glycine-Specific Chemical Protein Degradation Procedure
Authors: Verostek Mary Fran , Bartholomew Lee E. , Weber Peter
Published: August 2018

An acid-labile antigenic polysaccharide has been isolated from both cell walls and culture media of Propionibacterium acnes using a new chemical degradation procedure which liberates protein-bound or associated carbohydrate. Lyophilized cells and culture media were treated with a suspension of mercuric oxide in a solution of alkaline mercuric cyanide for several hours at room temperature liberating water-soluble polysaccharide material. The antigenic polysac- charide was freed of reaction products by alcohol extraction and purified by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, resulting in three distinct fractions of acidic polysaccha- rides of apparent molecular weights between 15 - 50 kDa. Sugar analysis showed the polysac- charides to contain fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose, galactosamine. glucosamine, and 2,3- diamino-2.3-dideoxy-D-glucuronic acid. The three fractions also contained amino acids, predominantly glutamic acid, alanine, and glycine, known to be components of P. acnes cell wall peptidoglycan. All three molecular weight fractions reacted with rabbit antisera raised against whole P. acnes cells, with the highest titer for both cell and media-derived polysaccharide material consistently in the high molecular weight fraction. This procedure was also capable of releasing antigenic polysaccharide from tissues of rats administered P. acnes cells or radio- labeled cell wall fragments.
The Primary Structure of the Presumable BChl d-Binding Polypeptide of Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum
Authors: Wagner-Huber R. , Fischer U. , Brunisholz R. , Rümbeli M. , Frank G. , Zuber H.
Published: August 2018

In addition to the previous isolated and sequenced polypeptides from green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, which are presumably involved in binding BChl c and e, an analogous poly- peptide has been purified from the BChl d-containing bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum. The primary structure of this 6.15 kDa polypeptide was determined. It shows an extremely high homology (98.3%) to the corresponding polypeptide from Pelodictyon luteolum, indicative of an important functional role.
Hormaomycin, a New Peptide Lactone Antibiotic Effective in Inducing Cytodifferentiation and Antibiotic Biosynthesis in Some Streptomyces Species
Authors: Andres Nikolaus , Wolf Heinz , Zähner Hans
Published: August 2018

Hormaomycin is a novel signal metabolite from Streptomyces griseoflavus W-384 with aerial mycelium-inducing activity. The compound has been identified as an unusual peptide lactone. Hormaomycin displays three biological activities: First, it initiates the development of aerial mycelia in some Streptomyces strains. The mechanism responsible for this activity is unknown. Secondly, hormaomycin is effective in stimulating antibiotic production in different Streptomyces species. Thus, it is possible to get overproduction of a variety of antibiotics by the use of hormaomycin in fermentation processes. Thirdly, it inhibits the growth of some bacteria. The sensitive bacteria are restricted to coryneform taxa such as Arthrobacter and Corynebacterium which are closely related to Streptomyces.
Pheromones of the Scarabaeinae, II*. Composition of the Pheromone Disseminating Carrier Material Secreted by Male Dung Beetles of the Genus Kheper
Authors: Burger B. V. , Munro Zenda , Brandt W. F.
Published: August 2018

Gel electrophoresis of the white flocculcnt phcromonc disseminating secretions produced by males of the three dung beetle species, Kheper lamarcki, K. nigroaeneus and K. subaeneus, revealed that three different proteins with molecular masses of ca. 15 kDa are the major constitu- ents of these secretions. The molecular mass of these components in the secretions of K. lamarcki and K. nigroaeneus was determined more accurately by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry to be 15451 ± 10 and 15477 ± 10 Da respectively. The N-terminal amino acids in the major proteinaceous component of the secretions revealed similarities as well as differences in the primary structures of the proteins secreted by the three species. The amino acid composition of the secretions of the three species is closely related. Due to the presence of large amounts of aspartic and glutamic acid, and small amounts of the basic amino acids, the pro- teinaceous component of the carrier material is expected to have a low isoelectric point which, together with the presence of large amounts of the hydrophobic amino acids, may impart properties that are to be expected for a carrier material which is used for the dissemination of inter alia long-chain fatty acids and their esters. Exposure of bovine pancreas trypsin, bovine albumin and the carrier protein of K. lamarcki to the vapour of 2,6-dimcthyl-5-hcptcnoic acid, the major volatile constituent with electro- antennogram activity in the secretion of this species, followed by quantitative determination of the acid adsorbed on these proteins, showed that albumin and the carrier protein have an approximately equal affinity for the acid, whereas trypsin retained only about one third of the amount of the acid adsorbed on the other two proteins. It was concluded that albumin should be a suitable substitute for the carrier protein in field tests with synthetic constituents of the abdominal secretion of these insects.
Photoaffinity Labeling of Lactate Dehydrogenase by the Bis-azido Analog of NAD+: P1 -N6-(4-azidopheny lethyl)adenosine-P2- [4-(3-azidopyridinio)butyl]diphosphate
Authors: Woenckhaus Christoph , Filbrich Rüdiger
Published: August 2018

Lactate dehydrogenase from pig heart is inactivated by the NAD+ -analog P1-N6-(4-azidophenylethyl)adenosine-P2-[4-(3-azidopyridinio)butyl]diphosphate (6) upon irradia­tion with UV light of wavelengths in the range from 300 to 380 nm. The decrease in enzyme activity can be prevented by the addition of NAD+ and oxalate. The modified enzyme shows a reduced binding capacity for its coenzyme as compared to native lactate dehydrogenase. The amount of incorporated coenzyme is deduced from the ribose content of inactivated enzyme. Tryptic digestion of the modified protein and separation of the peptides by HPLC yields 5 ribose-containing fractions. One of them, fraction 6 6 , is split by treatment with nucleotide pyrophosphatase into two subfractions, 63 and 58. Only subfraction 63 contains ribose. Whereas peptide 58 shows a UV absorption spectrum similar to that of 4-(3-aminopyridinio)-butyl phosphate (3). Amino acid analyses of the peptides indicate that the inactivator forms covalent bonds with different parts of the protein: Peptide 63 is characterized by a great por­tion of hydrophobic amino acids whereas peptide 58 shows a high degree of hydrophilicity.
Fluorescence Studies on Lung Tumors
Authors: Lohmann Wolfgang , Hirzinger Burkhard , Schwemmle Konrad , Muhrer Karl-Heinz , Schulz Andreas
Published: August 2018

Native Fluorescence, Tumor, Lung Illumination of unstained 9 |am cryosections of lung tissue with 365 nm results in visible fluorescence light with a maximum intensity at about 460 nm. These fluorescence tomographical studies can be used for detecting carcinoma of the lung. The fluorescence pattern obtained can be matched nicely with histological findings. Since it takes less than 5 min for getting the fluorescence images, the fluorescence tomographical technique might be used in addition to established methods for determining the histology of a biopsy sample.
Essential Oil of Alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Vostrowsky Otto , Garbe Wolfgang , Bestmann Hans-Jürgen , Maia José Guilherme S.
Published: August 2018

13CNMR , GC and GC/MS analysis of the steam distillate from leaves and stems of alfavaca, Ocimum gratissimum, from the Brazilian Amazon resulted in the identification of methyl eugenol (46.83%) and eugenol (19.26%) as the main components, and another 34 compounds, mainly monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
Towards an Understanding of Plant Gene Regulation: The Action of Nuclear Factors
Authors: Weising Kurt , Kahl Günter
Published: August 2018

Over the last decade an intensive research on the regulation of gene expression in viral and animal systems has led to the discovery of cis-acting regulatory sequences, the identification of sequence-specific DNA -binding proteins (trans-acting factors), the characterization of protein domains involved in DNA -protein recognition and binding as well as in protein -protein interactions, and the cloning and sequencing of genes encoding regulatory proteins. The tre­mendous progress in this field is now being complemented by advances in our understanding of how plant genes are regulated. A wealth of data has accumulated in the past few years witnessing basic similarities in the transcriptional regulation of various eukaryotic genes, but also specific features of plant genes. This article collects presently available data, focusses on DNA -protein interactions in plant genes, particularly in light-regulated and “constitutively expressed” genes, reports on the isolation of plant genes encoding regulatory proteins, an dismeant to induce further activities in plant gene research.
UV Radiation Dependent Flavonoid Accumulation of Cistus laurifolius L
Authors: Vogt Thomas , Gülz Paul-Gerhard , Reznik Hans
Published: August 2018

Epicuticular and in tracellular flavonoids of Cistus laurifolius grown with and without UV radiation in a phytotron as well as under natural garden conditions in the field were studied. The amount of intracellular flavonoid glycosides of leaves receiving UV -A radiation was two fold higher than that measured in the absence of UV -A radiation , whether grown in the phyto­tron or in the field. Exposure of previously protected leaves to UV -A radiation increased the intracellular flavonoid glycoside content to that of unprotected leaves. The qualitative com­position of intracellular flavonoid glycosides showed a reduced amount of quercetin-3-galactoside to the myricetin monosides when the leaves were grown without UV-A radiation in the field and in the phytotron . Epicuticular flavonoid aglycones were not influenced by UV radiation significantly.
Elicitor-Induced Formation of Pterocarpan Phytoalexins in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cell Suspension Cultures from Constitutive Isoflavone Conjugates upon Inhibition of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
Authors: Mackenbrock Ulrike , Barz Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

After inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia lyase by L- α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid, the constitutively formed formononetin 7-O-glucoside-6″-O-malonate is metabolized with the isoflavone aglycone being used as an intermediate in the elicitor-induced formation of pterocarpan phytoalexins in chickpea cell suspension cultures. In elicited cultures not treated with the inhibitor phytoalexins are synthesized de novo from phenylalanine. Therefore, in chickpea cells the constitutive isoflavone conjugate metabolism and the elicitor-induced pterocarpan formation show metabolic linkage under specific physiological conditions.
Ascorbic Acid as Indicator of Damage to Forest. A Correlation with Air Quality
Authors: Stegmann Hartmut B. , Schuler Paul , Ruff Hans-J. , Knollmüller M. , Loreth W.
Published: August 2018

EPR investigations of spruce needles under in vivo conditions are capable of the detection of several radicals attributed to the plant photosystem . Furthermore, at room temperature an absorption due to ascorbic acid radical and other paramagnetic oxidation products can be de­tected additionally in the dark-adapted needles as well as under illumination. A systematic in­vestigation of the ascorbic acid signal intensity in spruce needles grown in the vicinity of air quality control units indicates two different oxidative mechanisms, depending on the state of illumination. Ozone plays a key role but is not the hazardous agent monitored by the ascorbic radical immediately. However, its signal reflects the present state of the antioxidative system in the needles and provides an early and simple diagnosis of the oxidative interactions of air pol­lutants with the photosynthetic apparatus of big trees.
Cytoplasmic pH and Abscisic Acid Transport across Guard Cell Membranes
Authors: Baier M. , Hartung W.
Published: August 2018

The cytoplasmic pH value of guard cells of Valerianella locusta was determined from the distribution of the weak acid [14C]ABA between the medium and the cell, which was shown to be 8.1 ± 0.1. Treatment of guard cells in media with low pH (pH 5.0) and different concentrations of sodium acetate (0 − 5 mol m−3) caused a considerable acidification of the cytoplasm (6.6 − 7.7). Using the compartmental analysis we determined also the fluxes of ABA at the plasma membrane of guard cells (Φω) and at the tonoplast of guard cells (Φᴄᴠ) under steady state conditions. The flux of ABA from the cytoplasm into the vacuoles (tonoplast flux) was dependent upon the cytoplasmic pH. The data give evidence that ABA− is transported across the tonoplast by a saturable transport component. The ABA flux at the plasma membrane seemed to be independent of the cytoplasmic pH.
Effects of the Herbicide Sethoxydim and the Safener Dichlormid on Lipid Synthesis and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity of Grain Sorghum
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: August 2018

The effects of individual or combined treatment of the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxydim and the safener dichlormid on total lipid synthesis, protein synthesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase, EC 6.4.1.12) activity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) M oench, var. G623] were investigated. Sethoxydim and dichlormid were tested at concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 100 μM each. Sethoxydim applied alone at 50 and 100 μm , inhibited the incorporation of [14C]acetate into total lipids of sorghum leaf protoplasts by more than 50%, following a 4 h incubation. Dichlormid antagonized partially the inhibitory effects of sethoxydim on the incorporation of acetate into total lipids of sorghum protoplasts only when it was used at 100 μM . Sethoxydim applied alone inhibited the incorporation of [14C]leucine into sorghum leaf protoplasts only at 100 μm. Dichlormid was not inhibitory of this process at any concentration. The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on this process were mainly additive indicating no interactions of the two chemicals. Sethoxydim applied alone at 5 and 50 μM inhibited the activity of ACCase extracted from leaf tissues of grain sorghum seedlings by 58 and 90%, respectively. Addition of the safener dichlormid to the assay medium did not inhibit ACCase activity of sorghum leaves even at the high concentration of 50 μM . The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on the activity of sorghum ACCase were similar to those observed when sethoxydim was used alone. These results indicate that the protection conferred by dichlormid on grain sorghum against sethoxydim injury can not be explained on the basis of an antagonistic interaction of the two chemicals on target metabolic processes (lipid synthesis) or target enzymes (ACCase).
Acceleration of Enzyme-Dependent Carthamin Formation by Manganese with Diversed Valence States
Authors: Saito Koshi
Published: August 2018

Effect of manganese with three different valence states on carthamin formation was studied by using freshly collected flowers from dyer’s saffron (C. tinctorius) capitula. At 1-10 hm concentration, these cations accelerated markedly the carthamin formation induced by endoge­ nous enzyme(s) in the detached floral tissues. The acceleration was obviously dependent on the valence state of the test metals, more pronounced by Mn(VII) or Mn(III) than by Mn(II) at a series of given ionic strengths. On a 1 μм level, Mn(VII) and Mn(III) accelerated the pigment accumulation by faster of 9 and 8, resp. than Mn(II) during 5 min incubation at 30 °C. Mn(VII) and Mn(III) acted on both fresh and boiled florets, while Mn(II) exerted preferentially its activity on intact materials. Possible im plication of manganese ions on the enzyme-cata-lyzed carthamin formation are discussed.
The Greening Process in Cress Seedlings. III. Age-Dependent Changes in the Capacity of the Tetrapyrrole Pathway
Authors: Oster U. , Blos I. , Rüdiger
Published: August 2018

Accumulation of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) was determined after incubation of etiolated seedlings of garden cress (Lcpidium sativum L.) with exogenous 5-aminolevulinate for 24 h. Young seedlings (start of incubation 0-12 h after imbibition) accumulated only moderate amounts (<0.2 nmol per seedling) of Pchlide. Maximum capacity of Pchlide accumulation (ca. 14 nmol per seedling) was reached at 30-36 h after imbibition. At 60-72 h after imbibition, the capacity of Pchlide formation from exogenous ALA was only 0.2-0.3 nmol per seedling. Uptake of ALA via roots was high in young and old seedlings. The carotenoid content and pattern did not change by ALA incubation. Precursors of Pchlide were also accumulated by ALA treatment. Predominant products were protoporphyrin and magnesium protoporphyrin (MgP) in 30 h old seedlings but magnesium protoporphyrin monomethylester (MgPMe) in 72 h old seedlings. The previously described interaction of Pchlide precursors with cab gene expression cannot be correlated with a single porphyrin. A possible correlation with the ratio MgPMe: MgP is discussed.
Marine Biosurfactants, I. Screening for Biosurfactants among Crude Oil Degrading Marine Microorganisms from the North Sea
Authors: Schulz D. , Passeri A. , Schmidt M. , Lang S. , Wagner F. , Wray V. , Gunkel W.
Published: August 2018

Three bacterial strains of marine origin were isolated during a screening for biosurfactants among n-alkane degrading microorganisms. One strain - identified as Alcaligenes sp. MM 1 - produced a novel glucose lipid. In the case of Arthrobacter sp. EK 1 the well-known trehalose tetraester was found as major component. From another pure culture classified as Arthrobacter sp. SI 1, extracellular emulsifying agents with properties indicating high molecular weight substances were detected. Furthermore trehalose corynomycolates were found at up to 2 g/1. The isolated biosurfactants showed good interfacial and emulsifying properties.
Characterization of Two Thioredoxins in Pig Heart Including a New Mitochondrial Protein
Authors: Bodenstein Johanna , Follmann Hartmut
Published: August 2018

Heart tissue contains two different thioredoxins. One is a specific mitochondrial protein and is best prepared from pre-isolated, intact heart mitochondria (mt-thioredoxin) whereas mitochondria-depleted tissue homogenates contain the major cellular thioredoxin of cytoplasmic origin (c-thioredoxin). Both heat-stable proteins are clearly differentiated chrom atographically. They exhibit slightly different molecular weights (12300 vs. 12000) and isoelectric points (4.7 vs. 4.8) but differ remarkably in their cysteine content: mt-Thioredoxin has two cysteine residues like the bacterial proteins, and c-thioredoxin possesses six cysteines. Heart extracts were also show n to contain a NADPH-specific thioredoxin reductase of the known mammalian type. A specific function or target enzyme of mt-thioredoxin has not as yet been established.
New Frond Exudate Flavonoids From Cheilanthoid Ferns
Authors: Wollenweber Eckhard , Roitman James N.
Published: August 2018

A series of new flavonoid aglycones have been identified in the frond exudates of the fern Cheilanthes argentea, in five species of Notholaena, in Pityrogramma triangularis, and in Platyzoma microphylla. These aglycones comprise several rare flavonoids and five novel natural products: 5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl flavone, 3,5,2′-trihydroxy-7,8,4′-trimethoxy flavone, 5,2′-dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxy flavone, 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-2′-methoxy flavanone, and 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone. The novel flavonoids were characterized by their N M R spectral data
Biosynthesis Of Gallotannins. ß-Glucogallin-Dependent Galloylation Of 1,6-Digailoylglucose To 1,2,6-Trigalloylglucose
Authors: Gross Georg G. , Denzel Klaus
Published: August 2018

An enzyme from leaves of sumach (Rhus typhina) was partially purified that catalyzes the β-glucogallin (l-O-galloylglucose)-dependent galloylation of 1,6-digalloylglucose, thus forming 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose and free glucose. This acyltransferase had a molecular weight of ca. 750,000 and a pH optimum at 5.0-5 .5. Besides β-glucogallin (Km = 3.9 mM ) , also related 1-O-phenylcarboxylglucoses acted as acyl donors. On the other hand, the acceptor substrate, 1,6-digalloylglucose (Km = 0.9 mM ) , could only be replaced by 1,6-diprotocatechuoylglucose (relative activity 46%); however, also tri-, tetra-, and pentagalloylglucoses were galloylated. A pronounced stimulation of the enzymatic reaction was observed upon addition of penta- or hexagalloylglucose into the assay mixtures. The systematic name “ β-glucogallin: 1,6-di-O-galloylglucose 2-O-galloyltransferase” (EC 2.3.1. - ) is proposed for the enzyme
Biotransformation Of ß-Damascone By Botrytis Cinerea
Authors: Schwab Elisabeth , Benda Irmgard , Schreier Peter
Published: August 2018

Biotransformation of β-damascone (1) was studied with four strains of Botrytis cinerea using grape must (A) and a mixture of A with synthetic medium (B). Whereas in A 4-hydroxy-β-damascone (2), 3-hydroxy-β-damascone (3), and 2-hydroxy-β-damascone (4) were found as volatile bioconversion products, in B additionally 4-oxo-β-damascone (5) was detected. Furthermore, 9-hydroxy-8,9-dihydro-β-damascone (6) was identified as chemically formed by-product. Quantitatively, the results were strongly dependent on the strain and medium used. Incubation of 1 with two B. c. strains in medium Bled to an almost selective formation (93 and 95%) of 2 and the highest yield of products (30 and 66%). The bioconversion products were identified by capillary gas chromatography (H RG C) and coupled HRGC techniques, i.e. - mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS) and - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HRGC-FTIR) after extractive sample preparation
Zur Genese Der Amidisch An Den Chromophor Von Pyoverdinen Gebundenen Dicarbonsäuren [1]
Authors: Schäfer H. , Taraz K. , Budzikiewicz H.
Published: August 2018

Pseudomonas strains of the so-called fluorescent group usually produce several pyoverdins which differ only in the nature of a dicarboxylic acid bound amidically to the chromophor. For the pyoverdins isolated from the culture medium of Pseudomonas fluorescens 12 it is shown that succinic acid is an artefact formed by hydrolysis of succinic amide, and that a-ketoglutaric acid is transformed enzymatically to glutamic acid. This process is reversed after the phase of exponential growth of the bacteria. The ratio C4- vs. C5 -acids changes with the culture time and with increasing Fe3+ content of the medium in favor of the latter
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Activity In Norway Spruce Needles: Effects Of Air Pollutants Under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Hohlfeld Hartwig , Lütz Cornelius , Strack Dieter
Published: August 2018

The effect of mixtures of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3) on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) activities from needles of four-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in closed fumigation chambers were analyzed. Three months exposure to high concentrations of O3 (1030 µg/m3) together with SO2 (1030 µg/m3) or NO2 (615 µg/m3) resulted in a dramatic increase in PEPCase activities
Two Separate Genes Encode the Catalytic 70 kDa V-ATPase Subunit in Psilotum and Equisetum
Authors: Starke Thomas , Linkkila Timothy P. , Gogarten Johann Peter
Published: August 2018

Vacuolar type ATPases have been found on various endomem branes of eukaryotic cells, e.g. lysosomes, chromaffin granules, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, endosomes and vacuoles. Although this ATPase type is targeted to different compartments in one cell, only one gene for each subunit had been found per genome.

Using PCR across intron-exon boundaries we show that two different genes encode the cat­alytic subunit of the V-ATPase in Psilotum nudum and Equisetum arvense. The substitution rates for the three codon positions and the intervening sequences show that in Psilotum both genes are transcribed and are under selection pressure, however, this seems not to be the case for Equisetum. The relatively high similarity between the two genes found in each species as compared to the interspecies similarities suggest that for some time after the gene duplication had occurred the two copies were subject to gene conversion mechanisms. An unexpected degree of conservation of the intervening sequences themselves is noted and statistically verified, however, no structural constraints that could explain these findings were detected.
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Decrease the K m for Phosphorylation of a Membrane-Bound Enzyme ATPase
Authors: Chini Eduardo N. , Meyer-Fernandes José Roberto , Sola-Penna Mauro
Published: August 2018

The disaccharides trehalose and sucrose, and to a lesser extent the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, decrease the apparent Km of the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum for Pi. This effect is more pronounced at pH 7.4 than at pH 6.2. The enzyme is not phosphorylated by Pi when the temperature of the medium is decreased to 0 °C, but when 1.5 ᴍ trehalose or sucrose is present phosphoenzyme formation increases to 0.5 nmol E-P/g protein.
Dithiocarbamate Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners
Authors: Matolcsy György , Tombor Ágota , Gimesi Antal
Published: August 2018

The growing environmental and toxicological concern about the dichloroacetamide type herbicide safeners prompted us to search for alternative safener types. Based on analogy con­siderations, a random screening of structurally unrelated bivalent sulphur compounds was performed, followed by successive structure optimization phases representing both speculative and empirical elements. Dithiocarbamate ester type compounds derived from 1,4-exaza-spiro[4.5]decane revealed highest protecting potency both agains thiolcarbamate and chlor-acetanilide herbicides in corn (Zea mays L.), with the benzylic and allylic esters being the most active.
Effect of Temperature and Safeners on Glutathione Levels and Glutathione S-Transferase Activity in Maize
Authors: Kunkel Daniel L. , Steffens John C. , Bellinder Robin R.
Published: August 2018

Studies were conducted to determine the biochemical aspects of chloroacetamide injury to maize and the mechanism by which safeners maintain herbicide tolerance, even at reduced temperatures. The objectives of these studies were threefold: one, determine whether gluta­thione (GSH) content varies in maize plants grown at three different temperatures in safener-treated and non-treated plants; two, determine whether glutathione S-transferase (GST) activ­ity varies in plants grown at different temperatures; and three, determine if GSH activity is sensitive to low temperatures in vitro. The herbicide safeners CGA -154281 [4-(dichloroacetyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2 H-1 ,4-benzoxazine] and dichlormid [2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide] were used with metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-n-(2-methoxy-1-methyl)acetamide] or acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-acetamide], respectively, to determine the mechanisms of maize tolerance. CGA -154281 signifi­cantly increased GSH levels in maize seedlings grown at 27 °C compared to non-safened seed­lings, however significant differences were not seen at 17 or 37 °C. Dichlormid increased GSH levels by 1.6-fold at all growth temperatures. Both CGA -154281 and dichlormid increased GST activity significantly at all growth temperatures. The safener-induced GST activity was main­tained at in vitro incubation temperatures of 5 and 15 °C for acetochlor and metolachlor, re­spectively. In contrast, GST activity from non-safened tissue was essentially absent at these temperatures. Therefore, greater GST activity following safener treatment may result in higher levels of herbicide metabolism, even at low temperatures.
Mode of Action of Naphthalic Acid as a Safener for Imazethapyr
Authors: Shaner Dale L.
Published: August 2018

The tolerance of maize to root-applied imazethapyr can be increased by pretreating plants with the potassium salt of naphthalic acid (NAK). This safening effect appears to be the result of NAK stimulating the ability of maize to rapidly metabolize imazethapyr to 5′-hydroxyethyl-imazethapyr, possibly through a mixed function oxidase. The safening effect of NAK can be antagonized by 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a mixed function oxidase inhibitor. The increased rate of hydroxylation of imazethapyr to 5′-hydroxyethyl-imazethapyr immobilizes the herbicide in the root system which decreases the accumulation of herbicide in the meristematic tissue. This decreased accumulation, in turn, lowers the phytotoxicity of imazethapyr on maize.
Effects of the Herbicide Sethoxydim and the Safener Dichlormid on Lipid Synthesis and Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity of Grain Sorghum
Authors: Hatzios Kriton K.
Published: August 2018

The effects of individual or combined treatment of the cyclohexanedione herbicide sethoxy­dim and the safener dichlormid on total lipid synthesis, protein synthesis and acetyl-CoA car­ boxylase (ACCase, EC 6.4.1.12) activity of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. G 623] were investigated. Sethoxydim and dichlormid were tested at concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 100 μM each. Sethoxydim applied alone at 50 and 100 μm , inhibited the incorporation of [14C]acetate into total lipids of sorghum leaf protoplasts by more than 50% , following a 4 h incubation. Dichlormid antagonized partially the inhibitory effects of sethoxydim on the in­corporation of acetate into total lipids of sorghum protoplasts only when it was used at 100 μM . Sethoxydim applied alone inhibited the incorporation of [14C]leucine into sorghum leaf protoplasts only at 100 μm. Dichlormid was not inhibitory of this process at any concen­tration. The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on this process were mainly addi­tive indicating no interactions of the two chemicals. Sethoxydim applied alone at 5 and 50 μM inhibited the activity of ACCase extracted from leaf tissues of grain sorghum seedlings by 58 and 90% , respectively. Addition of the safener dichlormid to the assay medium did not inhibit ACCase activity of sorghum leaves even at the high concentration of 50 μM . The combined effects of sethoxydim and dichlormid on the activity of sorghum ACCase were similar to those observed when sethoxydim was used alone. These results indicate that the protection con­ferred by dichlormid on grain sorghum against sethoxydim injury can not be explained on the basis of an antagonistic interaction of the two chemicals on target metabolic processes (lipid synthesis) or target enzymes (ACCase).
Antagonism by Clopyralid of Picloram-Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis in Rapeseed Plants
Authors: Hall J. Christopher , Soni Mira
Published: August 2018

The effect of clopyralid pretreatment (500 g/ha) on picloram-induced ethylene, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and MACC [1-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid] was measured in rapeseed plants that were treated with 50 or 100 g/ha of picloram. In contrast to plants that did not receive a clopyralid pretreatment, ethylene biosynthesis was significantly reduced in plants pretreated with clopyralid prior to picloram. Piclo­ram-induced levels of ACC also were significantly reduced in plants receiving pretreatment with clopyralid. In contrast, there was no difference between the levels of MACC in plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid. Therefore, the mechanism by which clopyralid pretreatment interferes with picloram-induced synthesis of both ACC and ethylene may be manifested through the blocking of de novo synthesis of ACC synthase normally stimulated by picloram. The lack of significant difference in MACC levels between plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid precludes the stimulation of enhanced ACC conversion to MACC as an exclusive mechanism of clopyralid’s antidoting activity. It is likely that the rate of picloram-induced ACC synthesis by plants receiving pretreatment is within their capacity to convert ACC to MACC, thereby limiting the substrate available for conversion to ethylene. In contrast, it appears that the extent of ACC synthesis by plants receiving no pretreatment su­persedes their capacity for conversion to MACC, thereby resulting in greatly enhanced rates of ethylene evolution and subsequent development of injury symptoms.
Expression of Lipoxygenase and Hydroperoxide Lyase Activities in Tomato Fruits
Authors: Hatanaka Akikazu , Kajiwara Tadahiko , Matsui Kenji , Kitamura Akira
Published: August 2018

The distribution (or locarization) of lipoxygenase (LOX) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPO lyase) activities in ripening and ripe tomato fruits was investigated. The highest LOX activity existed between skin and outer flesh of tomato fruits. HPO lyase showed no tissue specificity. LOX specifically formed linoleic acid 9-E, Z-hydroperoxide (9-E, Z-HPO) from linoleic acid (LA), whereas HPO lyase specifically cleaved 13-Z, E-HPO. Although a low level (0.36 ± 0.069 nmol/g fr. wt.) of hexanal was detected in the intact tomato fruit, HPOs were not detected. When a tomato fruit was injured by cutting it into 8 fragments and incubated at 25 °C, hexanal increased to 1.642 nmol/g fr.wt. by 30 min. By homogenizing at pH 6.3, hexanal increased to 21.1 nmol/g fr.wt. during a 30 min incubation. UV irradiation of tomato fruits also increased the formation of hexanal. From these results, LOX and HPO lyase are considered to exist as latent forms and to begin the expression of the activity upon injury.
Ferredoxin-NADP+ Oxidoreductase of C. paradoxa Nucleus Encoded, but CyanobacterialGene Transfer from Symbiont to Host, an Evolutionary Mechanism Originating New Species
Authors: Schenk H. E. A. , Bayer M. G. , Maier T. L. , Lüttke A. , Gebhart U. B. , Stevanovic S.
Published: August 2018

The nucleus encoded cyanoplast (“cyanellar”) ferredoxin-NADP+ -oxidoreductase (FNR ) of Cyanophora paradoxa, characterized by an N-terminal amino acid sequence, is compared with homologous sequences of other photoautotrophic organisms. The high degree of similarity to the cyanobacterial sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin. This could be a first direct demonstration of an intertaxonic combination: a gene transfer from an original endocytobiont (cyanobacterium) to the nucleus of its host, one of the most important demands of the Endosymbiosis Theory, an evolutionary mechanism leading to the origin of a new species.
Notes: Structure and Conformation of Photosynthetic Pigments and Related Compounds 3. Crystal Structure of β-Carotene
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Hope Häkon , Smith Kevin M.
Published: August 2018

The crystal structure of the title compound (C40H56, Mw = 536.8) has been redetermined by X-ray diffraction methods in order to achieve a structure at higher resolution suitable for theoretical calculations. The crystal system is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 7.656(2), b = 9.445(5), c = 23.536(15) Å, β = 93.41(2)°, V = 1698.8(15) Å3, Z = 2, D = 1.050 m g/m3, 130 K. R = 0.071, Rw = 0.076.
Zur Biogenese der Pseudomonas-Siderophore: Der Nachweis analoger Strukturen eines Pyoverdin-Desferriferribactin-Paares [ 1 ] / The Biogenesis of Pseudomonas Siderophores: The Proof of Analogous Structures of a Pyoverdin/Desferriferribactin Pair [1]
Authors: Budzikiewicz H. , Schröder H. , Taraz K.
Published: August 2018

When grown in an iron-deficient medium Pseudomonas aptata produces both a desferri-ferribactin and a pyoverdin. The identical sequence of the peptide chain confirms the hypothesis that desferri-ferribactins are the biogenetic precursors of pyoverdins.
Effect of Cyanide on the S2- and S3-State in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria chalybea
Authors: He P. , Schulder R. , Bader K. P. , Schmid G. H.
Published: August 2018

Low concentrations of cyanide affect the flash-induced oxygen evolution pattern in thylakoid preparations of the filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria chalybea. At a cyanide concentration of 2 x 10-6 ᴍ the effect lies exclusively on the S2- and S3-state whereas the subsequent flash yields and the steady state are barely affected, showing that the reaction center is not touched by the reagent. The influence of the chemical is characterized by the fact that at basic pH (7.5 -8.5) the deactivation mode of S2 and S3 is changed, showing that the cyanide-ion is the reactant. Whereas in the control the deactivation of S2 yields as usual S1 and S-1, the deactivation pattern in the presence of cyanide shows that S2 deactivates - without giving S1 - , to a more reduced state, probably S0. In the flash pattern the two signal amplitudes of the first two flashes are lowered to zero in the presence of 2 x 10-6 ᴍ cyanide and become uptake signals at higher cyanide concentrations. It is seen that in the presence of cyanide S2 and to a lesser extent S3 in the Oscillatoria system apparently react with oxygen. In tobacco thylakoids no effect of cyanide on the flash pattern itself is observed, even at higher concentrations (e.g. 10-4 ᴍ), although the signal amplitudes of the entire pattern are affected at such concentrations. Photosystem II of cyanobacteria is characterized by the absence of the two extrinsic 16 kDa and 23 kDa peptides. As shown by mass spectrometry inside-out vesicles from tobacco thylakoids, in which these two extrinsic peptides have been removed by NaCl-washing, exhibit simultaneously flash-induced O2-evolution and an O2-uptake which both require the presence of CL- and Ca2+ ions. Both the evolution signal and the uptake signal are DCMU sensitive and are inhibited by KCN. An amperometrically measured flash pattern of inside-out tobacco vesicles shows, if the assay is supplemented with CL- ions, the usual flash pattern known from the literature. The experiments seem to indicate that even in the washed inside-out condition the S-state system of higher plants is much less sensitive to ambient oxygen than in the phylogenetically older system of the filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria chalybea.
Regulation and Partly Purification of the ATP-Sulfurylase from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301
Authors: Mishra Divya , Schmidt Ahlert
Published: August 2018

ATP-sulfurylase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 was regulated in vivo during growth in batch culture. The activity was highest at the third day after inoculation, declining afterwards to a level found in resting cells. During growth with air supplemented with 2% CO2 this activity increased 3-fold compared to controls grown with normal air as CO2 source. Addition of either nitrite or urea enhanced ATP-sulfurylase activity about 2-fold, whereas cysteine and especially methionine decreased ATP-sulfurylase activity to 5% of controls without treatment.

The ATP-sulfurylase was purified by conventional techniques using DEAE-cellulose chromatography and further separation on blue sepharose achieving a 250-fold increase in the specific activity. An apparent Kᴍ of 5 μᴍ for APS and of 40 μᴍ for pyrophosphate was determined with the purified enzyme fraction.
The Role of Boron, Silicon and Nucleic Bases on Pollen Tube Growth of Lilium longiflorum (L.)
Authors: Polster J. , Schwenk M. , Bengsch E.
Published: August 2018

It is possible to obtain pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro if boric acid is present. In this work the effect was studied using as a semiquantitative parameter the mean length (l̄) of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes. Pollen tube growth was examinated in dependence on boric acid, ortho-silicic acid, nucleic bases, Ca2+ and Zn2+ in 10% sucrose solution. The maximum of l̄ is obtained for concentrations between 2-20 ppm boron. The simultaneous supply of silicon added as water glass leads to a synergistic stimulation effect on pollen tube growth and facilitates branching. The silicon action is preceded of a pollen tube growth inhibition period during 3 h. Adenine and guanosine are able to substitute partially boron as pollen germination and pollen tube growth stimulator. Concentrations of 100 ppm adenine leads to half the boron effect. The same stimulation effect is obtained by guanosine. Ca2+ can partially substitute boron as well. The stimulation action of boron is significantly attenuated by Zn2+ and by the herbicide Dicuran. These and preceding results from physiological studies indicate that boron and silicon should be essential trace elements for the regulation of molecular biological processes.
Metabolism of Amitrole in Apple: I. Soluble Metabolites from Mature Fruits
Authors: Schneider Bernd , Stock Manfred , Schneider Gernot , Schütte Horst Robert , Schreiber Klaus , Brauner Angela , Kaußmann Ernst Ulrich
Published: August 2018

Mature fruits from apple trees contain residual amounts of radiolabel derived from soil-ap- plied [3,5-14C]amitrole. This report deals with characterization of the soluble part of this radioactivity.

By GC/MS of suitable derivatives 3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-aminopropionic acid was identified as a new metabolite of amitrole. Significant parts of radiolabel were incorporated into genuine plant products, indicating liberation of 14CO2 from the applied substance followed by reassimilation. Possible pathways of metabolism of amitrole within the system soil/apple tree are discussed.
Microbial Hydroxylation Of Precursors Of Sinensal
Authors: Abraham Wolf-Rainer , Arfmanna Hans-Adolf , Giersch Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

In order to produce the important flavour compound sinensal microbial ω-hydroxylation of farnesene and its sulfone derivative were investigated. While farnesene proved to be a poor substrate, its sulfone could be hydroxylated to the ω-hydroxyfamesene sulfones in up to 27% yield. Some strains could discriminate between the E- and Z-configurated substrate. In low yields products hycroxylated at different positions and two monocyclofarnesane derivatives could also be isolated
In Pea Thylakoids, A Special Thermoluminescence Band Was Observed At Low Temperature After Photoinhibitory Treatments Performed Under Aerobic Conditions, Either In Vivo (In Leaf) Or In Vitro
Authors: Farineau Jack
Published: August 2018

Characteristics of thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves were studied in thylakoids isolated from pea leaves after an exposure to very high light in the TL device. The inhibition of photosynthesis was detected both as decreases of oxygen evolution rates and of variable fluorescence. In another more classical experiment, leaves were exposed to high light at low temperature (5 °C) for 4 h and recovery of normal PS II characteristics were followed during a 20 h time period under low light at 20 °C. TL study was performed on thylakoids isolated from these leaves. Charging of bands was performed by an illumination at low temperature ( - 8 0 °C). Illumination at low temperature ( - 8 0 °C) induces 2 types of TL bands called Z variable (Zv) band peaking at about -70 °C and a classical B band peaking at 35 °C. B band is ascribed to recombination in pairs S2/3QB
-, whereas the origin of Zv bands remains unclear. Modified Zv bands, with flat shape and presenting a large part resistant to ethanol, were evidenced after some minutes of dark adaptation, both in light-exposed thylakoids and in thylakoids isolated from photoinhibited leaves. This ethanol resistant part in Zv band was only induced by photoinhibitory treatment performed under aerobic conditions (21% O2 in media), both in vitro and in vivo; thus, the appearance of the special Zv band would be related to an oxidative process accompanying photoinhibition. B bands presented reduced sizes and a shift of peak maximum of about 5 °C after some minutes of dark adaptation. In vivo, the recovery of a high PS II activity and of B bands displaying normal characteristics occurs parallely to reappearance of Zv bands with normal shape and with a vestigial ethanol resistant band
Blue Light Enhanced Respiratory Activity Under Photosynthetic Conditions In Chlorella; A Mass Spectrometric Analysis
Authors: Bader Klaus P. , Schmid Georg H. , Ruyters Günter , Kowallikb Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

Mass spectrometric analysis shows that blue light enhances oxygen uptake during photosynthesis in Chlorella fusca. Assays in which all of the normal 16O2 of air has been substituted by 18O2 permit discrimination between photosynthetic O2-evolution (measured as 16O2, i.e. mass 32) and O2-uptake (measured as 18O2, i.e. mass 36). A chlorophyll-free Chlorella kessleri mutant for which in earlier studies the occurrence of blue light enhanced oxidative carbohydrate degradation has been demonstrated (W. Kowallik, H. Gaffron, Planta 69, 9 2 -9 5 (1966); W. Kowallik, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 33, 5 7 -7 2 (1982)) has been used for comparison in the present study. The light intensity dependencies of the observed effect seem to differ in mutant and wild type cells. In the mutant a fluence rate of 1 .5 -2 .0 (μE m -2·s-1 of blue light yields saturation, whereas in the wild type even ten times this value does not. A wavelength dependence of the effect measured with equal fluence rates at 422 nm, 457 nm, 488 nm, 555 nm and 649 nm shows maximal efficiency around 460 nm and no significant effect of red light. This agrees with earlier studies on the chlorophyll- free mutant. As a result of this correspondence, we think that the enhanced oxygen uptake during photosynthesis concerns oxidative carbohydrate degradation. The putative mechanism and significance of the observed blue light enhanced respiration in photosynthesizing Chlorella are discussed
Leaf Movement Rhythm In Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Engelmann Wolfgang , Simon Karl , Phen Chen Jyh
Published: August 2018

A circadian rhythm of leaf movements of Arabidopsis thaliana and its recording in continuous weak light with a video-computer system is described
Reaction Mechanism of Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase
Authors: Nishida Yuzo , Yoshizawa Kaori , Takahashi Shigeyuki , Watanabe Izumi
Published: August 2018

We have observed that high SOD-like function (decomposition of superoxide anion) was observed for several iron(III) com pounds with tripodal ligands and several oxovanadium(IV) compounds, and also that these compounds exhibit high catalytic activity for oxidative cleavage of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol in non-donating solvents such as dichloromethane or nitromethane. These are suggesting that the same reaction intermediate exists in reaction mixtures of both the SOD-like and catecholase-like functions of these compounds. Based on these facts, we have proposed a new reaction mechanism for the oxidative cleavage of catechol catalyzed by the native non-heme iron dioxygenases; this includes formation of an iron(III)-peroxide adduct as a reaction intermediate, which exhibits electrophilic nature.
Action of Brassinosteroids on the Epithelial Cell Line from Chironomus tentans
Authors: Spindler Klaus-Dieter , Spindler-Barth Margarethe , Turberg Andreas , Adam Günter
Published: August 2018

The two brassinosteroids, 22S′,23S′-homobrassinolide and 22S′,23S′-homocastasterone are weak competitors of the binding of [3H]ponasterone A to the intracellular ecdysteroid receptor from the epithelial cell line from Chironom us tentans. The relative affinities to the ecdysteroid receptor are 0.001 for both brassinosteroids as compared to 20-OH-ecdysone and 0.1 in comparison to ecdysone. Both substances exert morphological effects similar to those observed with 20-OH-ecdysone. Like moulting hormones both brassinosteroids inhibit chitin synthesis. However, these effects were observed only at rather high concentrations (10-5 to 10-4 m) which were cytotoxic for 22 S′,23 S′-homobrassinolide.