bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral Eye-Movement Responses to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Wilbur Michael P. , Roberts-Wilbur Janice
Published: September 2011

The association of left lateral eye-movement with emotionality or arousal of affect and of right lateral eye-movement with cognitive/interpretive operations and functions was investigated. Participants were junior and senior students enrolled in an undergraduate course in developmental psychology. There were 37 women and 13 men, ranging from 19 to 45 yr. of age. Using videotaped lateral eye-movements of 50 participants' responses to 15 visually presented stimuli (precategorized as neutral, emotional, or intellectual), content and statistical analyses supported the association between left lateral eye-movement and emotional arousal and between right lateral eye-movement and cognitive functions. Precategorized visual stimuli included items such as a ball (neutral), gun (emotional), and calculator (intellectual). The findings are congruent with existing lateral eye-movement literature and also are additive by using visual stimuli that do not require the explicit response or implicit processing of verbal questioning.
Interposition and Size Constancy: A Developmental Study
Authors: Mandes Evans
Published: September 2011

27 children (mean age 6.7 yr.) and 84 adults (mean age 26.3 yr.) were asked to judge the sizes of human figures in photographs. Half the cards contained interpositional depth cues while the other half did not. Both groups of subjects showed better size constancy with interposition present than without it.
Department Chairpersons' Perceptions of the Role in Three Institutions
Authors: Lee Dorothy E.
Published: September 2011

Results from a survey of 71 chairpersons at three midwestern universities are reported. Focus is on their perceptions of their roles, their performance and their selves and the factors influencing those perceptions. Comparisons of the three institutions are discussed in terms of differences in size, environments, and sources of funding and further research possibilities are suggested.
Consequences of Attributing Failure on a Gross Motor Task to Lack of Effort or Ineffective Strategy
Authors: Singer Robert N. , Grove J. Robert , Cauraugh James , Rudisill Mary
Published: September 2011

This investigation was conducted to compare the effects of various attributions for failure on a gross motor task. Equal numbers of male ( n = 25) and female ( n = 25) University students were randomly assigned to five groups. These groups were oriented to perceive poor performance on a stabilometer as based on one of the following factors: lack of effort, ineffective attempts at using alternative strategies, both of the above, a low level of natural ability, or nothing in particular (control). Participants then received fictitious normative feedback suggesting they had performed below average on eight consecutive trials. Dependent variables included expectancies for success (11-point rating scale), performance scores (time on balance), affective reactions (11-point rating scale) and free-time persistence (time on task). Analysis indicated that the strategy-oriented group and the effort/strategy-oriented group persisted on the task more than the control group. In addition, the effort-oriented group reported less anxiety and frustration than the other groups. The results were discussed in terms of the general benefits of unstable, controllable attributions and the specific benefits of attributions to strategy.
The Social Desirability of Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Prola Max
Published: September 2011

Studied the social desirability of each of Ellis's irrational beliefs by using “fake good” instructions in a sample of 117 male and female college students. Consistent with Joubert's 1984 findings, an increase in irrational beliefs was found. Almost all of the irrational beliefs were regarded as socially desirable by at least half of the sample. Implications for resistance to change in psychotherapy are discussed.
Responses of Albino and Hooded Rats to Various Illumination Choices in a Six-Chambered Alleyway
Authors: Woodhouse Richard , Greenfeld Norman
Published: September 2011

To determine preferred illumination when multiple choices were simultaneously available, 10 different levels of illuminance (including darkness) were grouped into three overlapping ranges, each composed of six different choices. Subjects were permitted to move freely among six chambers in an enclosed alleyway for 48 continuous hours. Entries and duration in each of the chambers served as the dependent variables. Five groups of seven animals each were tested. Hooded rats preferred darkness, 0.01 ft-c (0.11 lx) and 20 ft-c (215.2 lx) about equally; each albino group preferred the dimmest available illuminated choice, viz., 0.01 ft-c (0.11 lx), 0.1 ft-c (1.08 lx), and 1.0 ft-c (10.76 lx); control rats distributed their time equally among all chambers. Activity of all groups reflected a typical circadian rhythm. These relative preferences for illumination contrast with absolute preference previously reported and perhaps reflect methodological differences.
Helping New Braille Readers: Effects of Spacing, Finger Locus, and Gloves
Authors: Heller Morton A. , Mitchell Bernardine Y.
Published: September 2011

Braille words (Exp. 1) and individual braille characters (Exp. 2) were touched by 60 naive sighted observers while vision of the tangible patterns was excluded. The embossed code had to be matched against a visible representation of braille and letter equivalents. The reading of braille was aided by the use of large braille or standard braille with extra space inserted between characters. Reading was impaired when subjects were limited to the use of the fingerpad and were prohibited from employing the fingertip. Recognition was not altered by covering the hand with vinyl examination gloves. It was suggested that beginning braille readers might profit from extra space between the braille characters comprising words. Furthermore, the use of the more sensitive fingertip to explore braille patterns helped, perhaps by encouraging sequential identification of spatial information.
Sex Differences and Personality Factors in Responsivity to Pain
Authors: Otto Michael W. , Dougher Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between measured levels of masculinity-femininity, social desirability, and responsivity to pain in men and women. The literature suggests that the two personality variables might provide an explanation for the common findings of higher pain thresholds and tolerances in men than in women. A significant interaction was found between masculinity-femininity and sex for pain thresholds. Analysis of this interaction indicated that for men, but not women, there was a significant correlation between masculinity-femininity and pain, where higher masculinity was associated with higher pain thresholds. However, this finding did not account for the sex difference in pain threshold. The sex of the subject remained a significant predictor of both pain thresholds and tolerances after allowing for the influence of masculinity-femininity, social desirability, and their associated interactions.
Relationship of Mystical Experience, Differentiation, and Creativity
Authors: Cowling W. Richard
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the investigation was to examine the relationship of three variables proposed as correlates of development in a conceptual system. Variables were selected and measured based on congruency with the system and on the theoretical rationale that the diverse perceptual features of mystical experience and differentiation would be conducive to emergent creativity. A volunteer sample of 160 college age students (17 to 24 yr. of age), comprised of both men (31%) and women (69%), were administered Hood's Mysticism Scale, Factor I; Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Test; Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List from which 19 items were extracted to measure creativity as validated by Yonge. The findings provided mild support for the proposed hypothesis. The combination of mystical experience and differentiation accounted for 14.5% of the total variance of creativity in this sample. Mystical experience accounted for about 11% and differentiation for about 3%. Mystical experience and creativity were positively related as well as differentiation and creativity. Mystical experience and differentiation were orthogonal and did not interact to influence creativity.
Auditory-Successive Selective Attention for Learning Disabled and Normal Boys
Authors: Willis W. Grant
Published: September 2011

Improvement in auditory-successive selective attention was noted across the age range of 9 through 16 yr. In contrast to comparable paradigms with visual-simultaneous materials, 30 learning disabled and 30 normal boys did not differ. Results of research on selective attention may be affected by task materials and encoding requirements.
Evoked Olfactory Responses in Neonatal Rats
Authors: Gregory Estelle H.
Published: September 2011

Although there is behavioral evidence that rat pups respond to odors, the physiological basis of the response is unclear. In the present study, eight different odors were presented to 44 anesthetized rat pups between the ages of 0 and 20 days, and recordings of electrical activity were made from the olfactory bulb. The major finding was that, contrary to earlier neurophysiological findings, even on the first day of life—when spontaneous electrical activity is minimal—evoked potentials, in the form of synchronized waveforms two to four times the amplitude of the background level of spontaneous activity, can be recorded to a variety of odor stimuli.
Alternative Self-Destruction
Authors: Lee Dorothy E.
Published: September 2011

Data from 63 respondents indicate significant relationships between both suicide proneness and self-destructive behavior and reverence for life but not with self-worth. Need for research includes construction of a different measure of self-worth and creation of typologies to compare correlates of suicide-proneness and of self-destruction.
Perceptual Style and Dual-Task Performance as a Function of Task Difficulty and Task Emphasis
Authors: Marincola Loretta B. , Long Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Differences in dual-task performance by field-dependent and field-independent college students were investigated. The perceptual styles of the 102 subjects were determined by their performance on the Rod-and-Frame Test. Dual-task performance required the subjects to perform concurrently a central tracking task and a peripheral light-detection task. The effect of stress on dual-task performance was examined by employing three widely differing levels of tracking task difficulty. Three sets of instructions varied the relative importance of the two tasks within the dual-task situation. Both manipulation of task difficulty and instructional set had powerful effects on performance. However, performance differences among subjects with differing perceptual styles were found only on the central tracking task, with field-independent subjects consistently outperforming field-dependent ones. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical basis for the perceptual style of field-dependence/field-independence as well as the potential value of this dimension in dual-task situations.
Perception of Unethical Behavior in an Attorney as a Function of Sex of Observer and Transgressor
Authors: Hartnett Jack , Secord Gayle
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the notion that competent women in traditionally male-dominated professions are often the victims of erroneous stereotypes and are judged to be less deserving than men of praise, promotions, and raises. In addition, the role of ethical versus unethical practices is examined in the context of the above issues, with a further manipulation of guilt versus innocence. Results indicate that sex biases persist but in a more complex and less generalized fashion. Sex differences regarding ethical standards appear negligible, emerging primarily in complex interactions. Ethical behavior elicited more favorable descriptions and higher ratings for remuneration and confidence. Yet, when guilty, male and female subjects alike showed a significant preference for procuring the unethical lawyer's services. Possible explanations for the various findings are discussed and suggestions for research proffered.
Decrements in Logical Reasoning Performance under Conditions of Sleep Loss and Physical Exercise: The Factor of Sentence Complexity
Authors: Ryman David H. , Naitoh Paul , Englund Carl E.
Published: September 2011

Baddeley's Logical Reasoning Test was used in a series of Sustained Operations (SUSOP) studies involving 100 US Matine Corps enlisted subjects, to assess the effects of sleep loss and long-term physical exercise on the ability to process complex information. The percent correct answers to the eight Logical Reasoning sentence types involving different voice (active vs passive), use of negatives, and outcome (true vs false) were analyzed over three days across three levels of exercise and rest conditions in the seven studies. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated no differences on the baseline day among the seven studies. Analyses on the baseline day and throughout the next two continuous workdays (CWs) showed consistently higher percent correct for the actively worded than for the passively worded sentences. The sleep loss over the two CWs resulted in a significant decrease in percent correct for the statements which had active wording. Sleep loss had no effect on statements with passive wording. There were no differences in comprehension between groups which had different rest conditions (no rest, 3- or 4-hr. nap, 8-hr. sleep) between the two CWs for any of the sentences; and there was no recovery from pretest to postrest. Fatigue due to exercise during either CW had no effect on comprehension for any of the sentence types. The sleep loss effects on comprehension seem due to a lessening of the attention given to those more simple sentences in active voice, whereas increased arousal may have been elicited by the more complex sentences in passive voice. The increased attention to the passive statements may have overcome the effects of sleep loss. The present study shows the usefulness of analyzing responses to the logical reasoning test by sentence complexity for indicating selective cognitive changes in the processing of information.
Appropriateness of Readability of a Federal Aviation Agency Regulation, a Flight Crew Manual, and a Company-Pilot Labor Agreement for an Airline's Pilots
Authors: Blumenfeld Warren S.
Published: September 2011

Appropriate readability of a Federal Aviation Agency regulation, an airline flight crew manual, and a company-pilot labor agreement for an airline's pilots was examined. Analyses of FOG readability indices did not confirm appropriateness of regulation or agreement for pilots ( too difficult); however, analyses did confirm appropriateness of crew manual for pilots (essentially equal level).
Of Time and Personal Myth
Authors: Swartz Paul
Published: September 2011

Self-realization, like music, images time. But whereas music images lived time, self-realization images the virtual time particular to personal myth. In the well-lived life the sense of eternal return native to personal myth becomes an awareness of continual, richening return to what we now are and always have been. The recurrence transtemporalizes us, raising the life course into a living work of art.
Correlation of Field Independence with Ability to Reduce Muscle Tension and Anxiety
Authors: DeBerry Stephen
Published: September 2011

Data for 30 male and 30 female undergraduates suggest field-independence/dependence seems to have little effect on adults' use of relaxation techniques. While scores on trait anxiety were not affected, groups given biofeedback and progressive relaxation scored significantly lower in state anxiety by the third session.
Preparatory Reading Instruction in Kindergarten: Some Comparative Research into Methods of Auditory and Auditory-Visual Training of Phonemic Analysis and Blending
Authors: Bus A. G.
Published: September 2011

If pupils are to learn to read they must understand that words are composed of sounds (phonemes) and that these sounds correspond with letters. Research has shown that phonemic analysis and blending is difficult for many beginning readers so many of the present prereading and beginning reading programs practice these skills. In an experiment done in nine kindergarten classes the effect of different practice methods was compared. One experimental group practiced phonemic analysis and blending purely auditorily, while another group practiced phonemic analysis and blending with words they had first learned as sight words. Both methods appeared effective. Suggestions are made for research into the differential effect of these methods.
EEG Alpha Asymmetry: Task Difficulty and Hypnotizability
Authors: De Pascalis Vilfredo , Palumbo Giovanni
Published: September 2011

Parieto-occipital EEG alpha was recorded bilaterally, while 20 high- and 20 low-hypnotizable women performed one left-hemisphere and one right-hemisphere task of low difficulty and two other comparable tasks of high difficulty. Every task was performed twice, once with eyes open and once with eyes closed. All subjects were right-handed. The tasks were originally selected to be of high and low difficulty. The subjective rating of task-difficulty was also evaluated. The integrated amplitude alpha and the alpha ratio (R-L/R+L) were the dependent variables. The highly hypnotizable women showed significantly higher alpha amplitude in eyes-closed condition than the low scorers; this difference disappeared during task performance and in the eyes-open condition. The left-tasks showed lower alpha amplitude in both hemispheres than right-tasks and baseline. The right-hemisphere alpha amplitude was lower than left in all experimental conditions. On tasks of high and low difficulty there was different hemispheric behavior on right and left tasks. Performance reflecting the right and left hemispheres in the low-difficulty condition showed no changes between baseline, right- and left-tasks, while under high difficulty there was a decrease in alpha amplitude in the right and even more marked decrease in the left hemisphere during left-tasks. The pattern of task effects for ratio scores was the same as for alpha amplitude, however, despite the analysis of alpha scores, an interaction of hypnotizability × task-difficulty was detected. The highly hypnotizable women showed less negative alpha ratio during a task of low difficulty than during tasks of high difficulty; the reverse was true for the low-hypnotizable women. Finally, the highly hypnotizable subjects showed less subjective difficulty during performance than the low scorers.
Differences in Learning Processes and Academic Achievement
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Ginther Dean W. , Williamson J. David
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships among the scales of the Inventory of Learning Processes, differences between high and low academic achievers, and differences between deep and shallow processors on learning strategies and academic achievement for 158 undergraduate college students. Significant correlations among the scales were noted, significant differences between high and low academic achievers appeared on Deep Processing and Fact Retention scales, and differences between deep and shallow processors were noted on Elaborative Processing, Fact Retention, Methodical Study scales, and GPA. Suggestion was made for offering strategy-training programs for students.
Disclosure of a Physical Disability—An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John W.
Published: September 2011

To gain some insight as to how people feel about the disclosure of a hidden physical disability to a potential employer, 821 students were queried. The results suggest that about 15 percent would disclose the disability initially, 30 percent would divulge the information only when they felt secure on the job, while 30 percent would not disclose the disability at all.
Comparison of Amount of Speech by Physically Handicapped Children in Large or Small Groups on a Ward
Authors: Miura Katsuo
Published: September 2011

From 25 preschool physically handicapped children, a large group of 16 (14 to 18) and small groups of five were formed and compared for amount of speech at snack time. The amount of speech was recorded from three children in a small group and then when in a large group. Four small groups were observed in three sessions each; 12 sessions were conducted. Children in small groups spoke more than when in the larger groups. Small groups seemed more facilitative of language development for the young handicapped children when their handicap was severe.
Further Evidence of a Relationship between Will to Win and Basketball Performance
Authors: Woloschuk Wayne
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relation between will-to-win scores and athletic performance for 18 female basketball teams who participated in a 3-day tournament. Players completed a 14-item will-to-win questionnaire prior to tournament play. Various measures of basketball performance were analyzed. The results yielded correlations between will to win and both points scored and margin-of-win.
Relationship between Musical Accompaniment and Learning Style in Problem Solving
Authors: Burton Linda
Published: September 2011

The effects of musical accompaniment on a problem-solving activity were examined for 64 college students of selected Myers-Briggs personality types.
Changes in Salt Taste in Dialysis and Their Relationship to Blood Constituents
Authors: Shepherd R. , Farleigh C. A. , Pryor J. S.
Published: September 2011

Taste sensitivity for sodium chloride in solution and sensitivity and preference for sodium chloride in bread were measured in 14 male patients undergoing hemodialysis. There was an increase in sensitivity to salt taste following dialysis only when assessed using the bread samples. Patients on a lower sodium diet were more sensitive to salt taste in bread. Although the taste changes were not related to the decreases in serum sodium or to copper, greater increases in sensitivity were related to greater increases in serum zinc during dialysis.
Behavioral Weight Reduction Program for Mentally Retarded Adult Females
Authors: Fisher Eve
Published: September 2011

Behavioral treatment approaches to obesity in 17 mild-to-moderate retarded female adults were assigned to one of two experimental conditions, (a) behavioral self-control along with a physical activity component and (b) behavioral self-control. No significant differences were noted between groups on the indices of body weight and tricep skinfold thickness. A one-way analysis of variance with a repeated measure yielded a significant main effect of time for change in weight for both groups at the end of the 8-week treatment. Questions were raised about the possible role of nonspecific motivational factors versus cognitive factors in behavioral-weight reduction programs.
From Zero to One Hundred: Coaction in a Natural Setting
Authors: Towler Gary
Published: September 2011

Time taken for cars to reach a 100-yd. mark from a standing start at a set of traffic lights at each of four different locations in London was recorded. Observations were made under two conditions: single car or two cars abreast at traffic lights. A coaction effect occurred, with subjects in the two-car condition taking significantly shorter time to travel the 100 yd. Although there was a significant difference for the four locations, no significant interaction was found, which suggests a robust coaction effect.
Sex-Role Effects (If Any)
Authors: Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Two studies that seem to show conflicting effects of sex role on psychomotor reminiscence and performance are reviewed, and an effort is made to reconcile the discrepant results.
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Physical Growth and Behavior Adaptations of Children with Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Crittenden Mary R. , Holaday Bonnie
Published: September 2011

To probe factors related to growth in children with renal insufficiency, who often grow poorly, 21 patients age 2 to 10 yr. were studied. Relationships among height rates, calorie intake, and staff ratings of compliance were positive but nonsignificant. The balance of stresses and supports was significantly related to growth and ratings of adjustment. Variables related to parent-child-staff communications were explored.
Peripheral-Foveal Scanning and the Identification of Heteropalindromes in the Visual Half-Fields
Authors: Fudin Robert , Lembessis Elizabeth , Charles Waiter G.
Published: September 2011

The possible identifying properties of the peripheral-field-to-foveal-field (PFTFF) scan, thought to precede the left-to-right reading scan of English alphabetical arrays, were investigated. Heteropalindromes, letter strings that spell one word when read from left to right but another word when read from right to left, were tachistoscopically exposed in the left or right visual fields of 16 male, dextral college students in each of two experiments. The results support Schissler and Baratta's idea that the scan does not appear to yield detailed stimulus information. We suggest that the direction of this scan is well suited to the requirements of encoding horizontally aligned words, given the acuity/information gradient produced when such stimuli are exposed unilaterally. The direction and operation of the scan prior to the left-to-right reading scan are discussed in terms of an earlier account of the encoding of unilaterally exposed, horizontally aligned English words.
On the Consistency of the MMPI in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Evans Randall W. , Ruff Ronald M. , Braff David L. , Cox David R.
Published: September 2011

14 patients diagnosed as having Borderline Personality Disorder were examined on two separate occasions with the MMPI. Results strongly suggest that, as a group, borderline patients are quite consistent responders on the MMPI under test-retest conditions (1 to 58 mo.). The frequency distribution of scale elevations and code types was also examined which showed the often-noted heterogeneity of profile code types within this population. Thus, a note of caution is advised for those investigators who assume that a prototypical borderline MMPI profile exists. Specifically, considerable heterogeneity is seen among this sample of patients with respect to a two-point coding strategy, and individual codes change over time.
Visual Motor Ability in Normal and Disabled Readers
Authors: Malatesha R. N.
Published: September 2011

A group of 42 third graders were grouped equally into sequentially deficient, simultaneously deficient, and normal readers based on their performance on Boder Reading and Spelling Pattern Test and Gates-Macginitie Reading Test. The subjects were then administered Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test. There were significant differences among the three groups; the simultaneous-deficient group committed the most errors on the Bender test. The results were related to reading.
Measurement of Values Expression in Sports and Athletics
Authors: Simmons Dale D. , Dickinson R. Vern
Published: September 2011

Research on psychological variables involved in sport has emphasized personality traits and attitudes. This report introduces an instrument for measuring the role of personal values in sport. The Survey of Values in Sport assesses the priority given to 14 sport-related values, e.g., energy release, winning, expressing feelings, group coordination, and maintaining good health. The value priorities among university students for their “favorite sport” were reasonably reliable (2-wk. retest correlations averaged .65); a factor analysis yielded five factors: Achievement, Exercise in a Pleasant Setting, Sociability, Good Health, and Self-fulfillment. In a comparison of two female teams, gymnastics and volleyball, seven of the fourteen values significantly discriminated the two groups—rather notable for samples of 8 and 13 members, respectively.
Influence of Auditory or Visual Warning on Visual Reaction Time with Variations of Subjects' Alertness
Authors: Letourneau J. E. , Denis R. , Londorf D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of visual and auditory warning on visual reaction time with variations of subjects' alertness. An experimental group of 30 subjects was tested with an auditory or visual warning signal; foreperiods lasted 3, 2, and 4 sec. Reaction time was shorter as alertness improved and with an auditory warning signal. Comparable measures in a control group showed that visual reaction time was shorter when an auditory warning signal was used.
Geometric-Optical Illusions: An Update on the Output of Publications
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

The count of publications on geometric-optical illusions and the bibliography of extant books on the topic are brought up to date. The number of publications now exceeds 1100 and the number of books is 35.
Psychological Momentum and Competitive Sport Performance: A Field Study
Authors: Iso-Ahola Seppo E. , Blanchard William J.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that psychological momentum changes performers' self-perceptions and perceptions of the opponent, competitive racquetball players were asked to rate, during a 2-min. break between the first and second games, their perceived likelihood of winning the second game, their personal ability in relation to the opponent's, and their confidence in their ability and experience to win the second game. As predicted, the perceived likelihood of winning was significantly greater for winners than losers; winners rated themselves as better players ability-wise than did losers, and winners were significantly more confident than losers that their ability and experience would be sufficient for winning the next game. Unobtrusive data collected from the same tournament and another tournament indicated that over 70% of all the second-game winners won the first game. This finding replicated Iso-Ahola and Mobily's earlier findings and taken together with present results, supports the hypothesis that early success gives psychological momentum to the winner and simultaneously puts the loser at a psychological disadvantage.
Efficacy of Booster Sessions after Training in Assertiveness
Authors: Riedel Helmut P. R. , Fenwick Catherine R. , Jillings C. R.
Published: September 2011

28 subjects participated in a 6-wk. assertion training program. Of these, 22 remained in the study for a 6-mo. follow-up period, during which half received monthly booster sessions and half did not. Assignment to the booster and no-booster groups was random, with the qualification that subjects were equated on trait anxiety before training in assertiveness. Subjects filled out the Gambrill-Richey Assertion Inventory, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale before the 6-wk. assertion training, after this program, at a 3-mo. follow-up, and at a 6-mo. follow-up. It was hypothesized that the booster group would exhibit significant superiority on these measures at the 3-mo. and 6-mo. follow-ups. On all measures both groups significantly improved from before to after the training program with good maintenance throughout the follow-ups. There were no differences between the booster and no-booster groups on the measures of assertiveness and anxiety. However, there was a significant interaction for the depression scores when the booster and no-booster groups were compared from posttreatment to 6-mo. follow-up. The depression scores of subjects in the booster group were lower than the depression scores of subjects in the no-booster group at the 6-mo. follow-up. These results were discussed with suggestions for further research.
Perception of Home Environment and School Abilities as Predictors of Reading Power and School Achievements
Authors: White William F. , Karlin Andrea , Burke Charles
Published: September 2011

A sample of 565 sixth grade, middle-school students in two urban settings in the Southwestern United States completed the My Education (ME) scale and the Degrees of Reading Power. Responses to the 55 items in the ME Scale were factor analyzed by the principal components solution. Five rotated factors contributed 47% to the cumulative proportion of common variance. The first factor, labeled “Values Learned From Parents,” contained item responses which were the best predictors of reading power with a correlation of .41. Reading power and ability among 565 sixth graders was motivated highest by perceived values learned at home.
Aspects of the Behavioral Repertoire of an Autistic/Epileptic Child
Authors: Akyörek Aladin , Kalverboer Alex F.
Published: September 2011

The behavior of an autistic/epileptic child was investigated through indoor, outdoor, and laboratory contexts to acquire a catalog of behavior for the autistic condition, which to date was only partially available, and to provide the parameters of the units composing it. The catalog obtained is composed of 111 units of behavior whose descriptions and quantitative characteristics are also given. The study has also dealt with the subject's global behavioral output and lexical aspects of her repertoire. The results appear to admit the conclusion that the child's behavior was operating under a tendency to return to a stereotypic output state from other, short-lasting states of behavior. This observation needs a subsequent confirmatory analysis of behavioral output states involved. Moreover, the search for the orderly type/token relationship, proposed in 1977 by Fagen and Goldman to hold for behavior, has led to equivocal results.
Field Independence and Technology Students' Achievement
Authors: Thomas Charles R.
Published: September 2011

The Hidden-figures Test was used as a measure of field independence-dependence for a sample of 256 mechanical engineering technology students. Small but significant Pearson product-moment correlations resulted for 12 out of 39 comparisons of field-independence with course achievement, for a comparison of field-independence with grade point average, and for comparisons of field-independence with Scholastic Aptitude Test scores. Significant correlations with field-independence particularly occurred for courses in technical drawing, mechanics courses with a strong emphasis on drawing free-body diagrams, a course with a strong diagramming emphasis, and for several courses with a strong structural emphasis. The small but significant course comparisons clearly indicated an embedding phenomenon which is dependent on underlying structural complexities and which field-dependent individuals find troublesome.
Age Effects on a Nonverbal Auditory Sustained Attention Task
Authors: Gridley Mark C. , Mack James L. , Gilmore Grover C.
Published: September 2011

A nonverbal auditory test of sustained attention was administered to 20 young and 20 elderly women, screened to ensure good health. Groups were matched for intelligence. Older subjects performed as accurately as younger subjects. Neither group showed increases in response latency as a function of time spent on test. Older subjects took longer to respond than younger subjects, but only for a particular combination of stimulus duration and order of presenting stimulus durations. When subjects were presented long tones first, there was no difference in response latency associated with age or stimulus duration. When short tones were presented first, older subjects were slower than younger subjects in both duration conditions and in response to long tones were slower than all other subjects.
Use of Progressive Relaxation and Hypnosis to Increase Tennis Skill Learning
Authors: Greer H. Scott , Engs Ruth
Published: September 2011

Tennis classes over 1 yr. ( N = 90) received mental training (relaxation or hypnosis) and did not perform better than a control group given the usual lecture and demonstration.
Contribution of Figural Proportion, Figural Memory, Figure-Ground Perception and Severity of Hearing Loss to Performance on Spatial Tests
Authors: Hauptman Anna , Eliot John
Published: September 2011

348 adolescents, 176 male and 172 female, were administered six different spatial tests. Awareness of figural proportion, figural memory, and figure-ground perception contributed significantly to performance on spatial visualization tests but not to performance on spatial orientation tests. Similarly, severity of hearing loss was correlated with scores on visualization tests but not on spatial-orientation tests.
Effect of Physical Stimulation on Motor Inhibition in Children
Authors: Di Pietro Janet Ann
Published: September 2011

The effect of physical stimulation on motor inhibition and cognitive performance of 70 third-grade children was examined. 46 subjects participated in a brief, but strenuous obstacle course. Their performance on two motor inhibition tasks, a short-term memory/attentional task, and a test assessing reflectivity was assessed before the stimulation, immediately afterward, and again after a 30-min. delay. A control group ( n = 24) received comparable experience without the physical intervention. Physical stimulation facilitated fine motor inhibition at both the immediate and delayed retest. The intervention interfered with an apparent practice effect on the attentional task. No condition effects were noted for gross motor performance or reflectivity, although girls were significantly more reflective at retest. It is proposed that physical stimulation augments certain aspects of inhibitory control in children.
Psychological and Physiological Attributes Associated with Performance of Selected Players of the Ladies Professional Golf Association Tour
Authors: Crews D. J. , Shirreffs J. H. , Thomas G. , Krahenbuhl G. S. , Helfrich H. M.
Published: September 2011

23 players in the Ladies Professional Golf Association tour participated in an assessment which included two psychological inventories and eight physiological measurements. The average score from one year of competitive play was used as the primary criterion of performance. A multiple regression analysis indicated that four variables (percent body fat, locus of control, personality type, and relative strength) predicted 61% of the variation in the average score among participants.
Early Recollections of Women Preparing for Nursing Careers
Authors: Fakouri Carolyn H. , Fakouri M. Ebrahim , Hafner James L.
Published: September 2011

Early recollections of 35 nursing students were significantly different from those of a group of 38 nonnursing majors. Recollections of nursing students suggested more mastery and vigorous physical movements. The settings of the incidents of nursing students were less frequently inside their homes. Recollections of nursing students suggest that their actions are usually the results of their own decisions. If confirmed on cross-validation with larger and varied samples, such indicators might be used with other sources of information for vocational counseling.
The Sex-Role Antecedents Scales
Authors: Mast Dinah Levant , Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

The Sex-role Antecedents Scales were constructed to classify personal and perceived parental sex-role orientations as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. 28 traits are included, 11 masculine, 11 feminine, and 6 neutral, all derived from the Bern Sex-role Inventory. The new test is distinguished by the provision of interpersonal scales featuring mother and father as standards for self-comparison on masculine and feminine traits. Masculinity and femininity were depicted on separate continua shown to be orthogonal, internally consistent, and reliable. Simultaneous classification of self, mother, and father on the scales showed direct consistent relationships between their respective sex-role categories. Self-perceived identification with mother and father significantly distinguished the four sex-role categories of the 150 male and 150 female subjects.
Field-Dependence/Independence: Ability in Relation to Mobility-Fixity
Authors: Hansson S. Birger , Rydén Olof O. , Johnsson Per
Published: September 2011

Previous authors have pointed out that, while the classic Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) yields a measure of ability to perform field-independently, it is unsuitable for identifying stylistic preference, such as mobility-fixity within the field-dependence/independence dimension. To relate mobility-fixity and ability aspects of field-dependence/independence, we compared data obtained from two versions of the test: one with a “free” instruction, on which the subjects were invited to adjust the rod to any position(s) they preferred on each of 10 trials and a process-oriented version (RFT-P), involving 20 trials with the standard instruction but with a constant rod-and-frame configuration, making possible analysis of the process of adaptation. Mobility versus fixity was defined in terms of more or less frequent changes of rod positions and choice of a high or a low proportion of nongeometrical positions in the RFT-Free. 38 female and 23 male university students completed first the RFT-Free and thereafter the RFT-Process. Women were more field-dependent than men throughout the RFT-Process trials; there were no differences between the sexes over trials or in choice of positions in the RFT-Free. Compared with field-dependent subjects, field-independent subjects mote often changed rod positions in the RFT-Free and preferred nongeometrical positions somewhat more. Among field-independent subjects, those with consistently low deviations in RFT-Process more often preferred a variety of nongeometrical positions in RFT-Free than did those with gradually increasing deviations. We conclude that field-independence is associated with mobility and field-dependence with fixity, as defined by the RFT-Free variables, and that a prerequisite for high mobility is a relative stability of field-independence as reflected on the RFT-Process. Theoretical implications of this conclusion are discussed.
Validation of a Simple Method of Assessing Cardiac Preejection Period: A Potential Index of Sympathetic Nervous System Activity
Authors: Larkin Kevin T. , Kasprowicz Alfred L.
Published: September 2011

Traditional noninvasive assessment of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in cardiovascular functioning has been confounded by concurrent parasympathetic influences. Analyses of specific intervals of the cardiac cycle have indicated that the systolic preejection period (PEP) may serve as a reliable index of SNS activity independent of parasympathetic inhibition. In the present study, PEP values derived from a technique employing peripheral pulse wave tracings were compared to values obtained from simultaneous impedance cardiograph recordings. Recordings were made on 15 male subjects who were instructed to rest quietly sitting in an upright position. Results indicated that values obtained from both methods were highly correlated and not significantly different when measurement adjustments on total systole were taken into account. These findings support the validity of the fingertip peripheral-pulse method in obtaining measures of systolic time intervals under resting conditions.
Synchronization and Knowledge of Results in a Ventilatory Motor Task
Authors: Gallego Jorge , Ankaoua Joelle , Camus Jean-François , Jacquemin Charles
Published: September 2011

The ability of healthy subjects to adopt a given value of inspiratory duration (TI) was examined in two different conditions: (1) a knowledge condition in which subjects were informed of their performance on Ti and (2) synchronization of subjects' breathing rate to a periodic visual signal. The target value of TI was computed individually, by the same formula for all subjects in both procedures. 40 subjects were tested in a double-transfer design; each subject participated in two sessions 24 hr. apart. In addition to previous results showing better retention of the ventilatory task in subjects following the knowledge procedure after 24 hr., this study also shows better performance in this condition. No transfer could be evidenced, suggesting low similarity between the two tasks in spite of the fact that the resulting breathing patterns were nearly identical. The influence of the magnitude of the target on performance was also investigated.
Relationship of Field Dependence-Independence to Documentation of Nursing-Process Components by Registered Nurses in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Rossel Carol L.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test of 56 registered staff nurses were correlated with percentage of components of nursing process documented on care plans and progress notes. Education, age, and work experience were control variables. The mean embedded figures scores for associate degree, diploma, and baccalaureate nurses were 11.47, 9.47, and 12.83, respectively. Baccalaureate nurses had the most success in documenting components and diploma nurses had the least. A significant correlation was observed between test scores and percentage of nursing process chains completed by diploma nurses. For associate-degree nurses, a significant inverse correlation was observed between test scores and percentage of components used and percentage of chains with a nursing diagnosis.
Psychological Predictors of Competitive Performance in Young Gymnasts
Authors: Lufi Dubi , Porat Jonathan , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: September 2011

56 young boys were selected for a 1-yr. study to determine the role of selected psychological variables in gymnastic competitive performance. Of the top performers on a battery of physical tests 14% ( n = 28) were considered to have high potential. A second group of 28, who placed 50th to 77th on the same physical battery tests, were considered to have average potential. After 1 mo. of training, the children were administered psychological tests of concentration and eye-hand coordination plus tests of frustration, anxiety, and locus of control. Following a year of practice all the children participated in two competitions to assess progress in gymnastics. A multiple regression analysis showed that the two best predictors of success in competition involved concentration (accuracy and speed variables, 41%). Combined variables explained 58% of the performance variance. Comparison of the two groups showed that those with high potential were more internal in locus of control and reacted to frustration with mote persistence and less ego-defense than their peers. The authors discuss the implications of using psychological tests in selecting boys for training in competitive gymnastics.
Effects of Exposure to Psychophysical Scaling on Lingual Vibrotactile Magnitude Estimation and Magnitude Production
Authors: Fucci Donald , Harris Daniel , Mc Math Elise , Petrosino Linda
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine if the results obtained by the scaling methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production could be influenced by providing subjects with prior exposure to psychophysical scaling in the form of magnitude estimation or magnitude production. Group 1 ( n = 10, Mage = 21.1 yr.) performed lingual vibrotactile-magnitude estimation followed by lingual vibrotactile magnitude production. Group 2 ( n = 10, Mage = 19.7 yr.) performed lingual vibrotactile-magnitude production (using the magnitude-estimation responses provided by Group 1), followed by lingual vibrotactile-magnitude estimation. For the magnitude estimations there was no over-all statistically significant difference between the two groups, but there was for the magnitude-production values. Magnitude-estimation scaling was apparently not influenced by prior exposure to magnitude production, while magnitude-production scaling was influenced by prior exposure to magnitude estimation. The results are discussed in terms of how subjective scaling behavior in psychophysical experimentation may be influenced by the interaction between an absolute internal scaling mechanism and parameters set by the experimenter, such as scaling method and range of stimulus intensity.