bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Color‐Tunable Luminescence of Y4Si2N2O7:Ce3+, Tb3+, Dy3+ Phosphors Prepared by the Soft‐Chemical Ammonolysis Method
Authors: Geng Dongling , Li Kai , Lian Hongzhou , Shang Mengmeng , Zhang Yang , Wu Zhijian , Lin Jun
Published: March 2014

Ce3+‐, Tb3+‐, and Dy3+‐activated Y4Si2N2O7 phosphors have been prepared by the Pechini‐type sol–gel method followed by ammonolysis of the precursors. The phase purity, morphology, crystallization condition, chemical composition, and thermal stability of the products have been studied carefully by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) techniques. The photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) properties of Ce3+‐, Tb3+‐, and Dy3+‐doped Y4Si2N2O7 phosphors were also investigated. The electronic structure of Y4Si2N2O7 has been investigated by density‐functional theory methods. The calculations revealed that the nitrogen atom contributes more excited electrons than the O atom. The band gap has been calculated through the reflection spectrum of the Y4Si2N2O7 host. For Ce3+/Tb3+/Dy3+ singly doped Y4Si2N2O7 products, the phosphors give the typical emissions of the activators. The energy transfers from Ce3+ to Tb3+ and Dy3+ ions have been found and demonstrated through the PL spectra and luminescence decay times. The emission color of Y4Si2N2O7:Ce3+, Tb3+ and Y4Si2N2O7:Ce3+, Dy3+ samples can be tuned by energy transfer processes. Additionally, the temperature‐dependent PL properties and the degradation property of CL under continuous electron bombardment of the as‐synthesized phosphors prove that the Y4Si2N2O7 host has good stability. Therefore, the Y4Si2N2O7:Ce3+, Tb3+, Dy3+ phosphors could serve as a promising candidate for UV W‐LEDs and FEDs.
High‐Speed Lithium‐Ion Transfer inside Mesoporous Core–Shell LiFePO4/Carbon‐Sphere Cathodes
Authors: Hsu Chun‐Han , Liao Hsin‐Yi , Kuo Ping‐Lin
Published: March 2014

A thin layer of LiFePO4 was coated onto a mesoporous carbon sphere to obtain a mesoporous core–shell LiFePO4/carbon sphere (LFP/MCS) composite, for which the thickness of the nanoscale LiFePO4 thin shell was approximately 30–50 nm. Meanwhile, pristine LFP and MCS mixed with LFP samples (MCS‐m‐LFP) were prepared for comparison. The significantly larger surface area of LFP/MCS (43–151 m2 g−1) compared with pristine LFP (12 m2 g−1) is derived from the mesoporous carbon framework and thin nanoscale LFP shell. The large surface area of LFP/MCS provides greater surface content between the LiFePO4 shell and electrolytes, which results in a high charge–discharge rate. Also, this remarkably thin LiFePO4 cathode shell shortens the diffusion length of lithium ions thereby achieving a high charge–discharge rate for electrode materials. Consequently, under all charge–discharge rates (0.1–20 C), the specific capacities of LFP/MCS are higher than those of both the pristine LFP and MCS‐m‐LFP. More specifically, at 10 C, LFP/MCS exhibited the excellent rate performance of 82 mAh g−1, compared to 25 and 41 mAh g−1 for LFP and MCS‐m‐LFP, respectively. Furthermore, the discharge capacity for LFP/MCS at the high discharge rate of 20 C remains stable whereas that for LFP does not. This demonstrates the efficient transport capability of Li ions into the nanoscale LFP shell in the core–shell structure of LFP/MCS, which is essential for the improvement of the electrochemical performance.
Endocrine disruption and reproduction impairment in zebrafish after long-term exposure to DE-71
Authors: Yu Liqin , Liu Chunsheng , Chen Qi , Zhou Bingsheng
Published: March 2014

The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) on fish reproduction over 2 generations. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos (F0) were exposed to low concentrations (3 µg/L, 10 µg/L, and 30 µg/L) of the PBDE mixture DE-71 until they were sexually mature, and steroid hormone production, expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis, gonadal development, and gamete characteristics were examined. Exposure of female zebrafish to DE-71 resulted in lower estradiol production and downregulation of cytochrome P450 aromatase mRNA. In males, exposure to DE-71 resulted in greater testosterone production and greater cytochrome P450 c17 α-hydroxylase,17,20-lase mRNA expression. Moreover, hepatic vitellogenin mRNA and estrogenic receptor β gene transcription were downregulated in females and males. Expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone β gene in the pituitary was upregulated, and the expression of luteinizing hormone β was downregulated in both sexes. Histological examination showed inhibition of oocyte maturation in females and retarded spermiation in males. The average number of eggs (F1) produced was also reduced. Additionally, exposure of F0 embryos to DE-71 did not result in developmental toxicity, whereas delayed hatching, reduced survival, and decreased growth were observed in the F1 embryos derived from parent fish exposed to DE-71. Therefore, long-term exposure to low concentrations of PBDEs in zebrafish could cause reproductive impairment, suggesting that PBDEs might have significant adverse effects on fish population in the highly PBDEs-contaminated aquatic environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1354–1362. © 2014 SETAC
Trading Patience, Order Flows, and Liquidity in an Index Futures Market
Authors: Xu Caihong
Published: March 2014

This study investigates the limit order book characteristics and the intertwined dynamics between trading patience, order flows, and liquidity in an index futures market. The limit order book displays a hump shape and the steepness of the hump is positively related to the number of large market orders. Bid and ask prices tend to move together in the same direction. Moreover, higher proportion of patient traders and higher order arrival rate lead to higher liquidity, after controlling for volatility and the intraday time effect. Liquidity is found to have a feedback effect on trading patience and the order arrival rate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:731–756, 2014
Lymph node ratio influence on risk of head and neck cancer locoregional recurrence after initial surgical resection: Implications for adjuvant therapy
Authors: Prabhu Roshan S. , Hanasoge Sheela , Magliocca Kelly R. , Hall William A. , Chen Susie A. , Higgins Kristin A. , Saba Nabil F. , El‐Deiry Mark , Grist William , Wadsworth J. Trad , Chen Amy Y. , Beitler Jonathan J.
Published: March 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to determine if lymph node ratio is associated with locoregional recurrence for patients with oral cavity or laryngeal cancer treated with initial surgical management.

Methods

The study included 350 patients with oral cavity (73%) or laryngeal cancer (27%) who underwent initial surgery. All analyses were multivariable, adjusting for primary site, pathologic prognostic factors, and adjuvant therapy.

Results

Lymph node ratio was significantly associated with locoregional recurrence, in which each 1% increase in lymph node ratio had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for locoregional recurrence of 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002–1.042; p = .05). Lymph node ratio was also associated with OS, in which each 1% increase in lymph node ratio had an adjusted HR for death of 1.028 (95% CI, 1.012–1.045; p = .001).

Conclusion

Adjusting for pathologic factors and adjuvant therapy, lymph node ratio was found to be an independent prognostic factor for locoregional recurrence and overall survival (OS). Patients with lymph node ratio ≥20% are at high risk of locoregional recurrence and death, and may be considered for adjuvant chemoradiation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 777–782, 2015
Controls on carbon and nitrogen export in an eroding catchment of south‐eastern Queensland, Australia
Authors: Garzon‐Garcia Alexandra , Olley Jon M. , Bunn Stuart E.
Published: March 2014

Effects of gully and channel erosion on the export of sediments are in general well understood, but the effects on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) export remain an open question. We examined these effects and the role of flow magnitude, total wet season rainfall, catchment size and the C and N content and solubility of most probable sediment sources in a subtropical catchment. We sampled the baseflow and the rising stage of high‐flow events for one wet season and analysed 5 years of water quality data from event sampling stations. Total suspended sediment was the main variable explaining N export followed by rainfall, flow and catchment size. N was exported mainly in particulate organic form and C in dissolved form. The quality of most probable sediment source fractions explains these results and points to fractionation during transport into C and N richer and C and N poorer fractions, with travel distance ultimately determining the average quality of transported sediment for different flow magnitudes. Erosion would have caused a lower C and N concentration in sediments, a lower proportion of mineralized N, a larger proportion of dissolved organic C and a larger C : N ratios of the soluble fraction as compared with unincised grassed valleys. This would alter the rates of nutrient cycling and energy flow within and across ecosystem compartments in streams receiving this export. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gatekeeping During Admissions: A Survey of Counselor Education Programs
Authors: Swank Jacqueline M. , Smith‐Adcock Sondra
Published: March 2014

Within counselor preparation, gatekeeping begins during the admission process. This article focuses on the prevalence of screening procedures used in master's‐ and doctoral‐level counselor educator programs (N = 79) accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Additionally, programs' selection and matriculation processes are discussed along with implications for counselor education and supervision.
Career Engagement: Investigating Intraindividual Predictors of Weekly Fluctuations in Proactive Career Behaviors
Authors: Hirschi Andreas , Freund Philipp Alexander
Published: March 2014

This study applied a microlevel perspective on how within‐individual differences in motivational and social‐cognitive factors affected the weekly fluctuations of engagement in proactive career behaviors among a group of 67 German university students. Career self‐efficacy beliefs, perceived career barriers, experienced social career support, positive and negative emotions, and career engagement were assessed weekly for 13 consecutive weeks. Hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that above average levels of career engagement within individuals were predicted by higher than average perceived social support and positive emotions during a given week. Conversely, within‐individual differences in self‐efficacy, barriers, and negative emotions had no effect. The results suggest that career interventions should provide boosts in social support and positive emotions.
Differentiation Levels of College Students: Effects on Vocational Identity and Career Decision Making
Authors: Johnson Patrick , Schamuhn Tamara D. , Nelson Danielle B. , Buboltz Walter C.
Published: March 2014

This study assessed the effects of differentiation levels on the career development of college students. Participants were 231 college students who completed the Differentiation of Self Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, ), My Vocational Situation (Holland, Daiger, & Power, ), the Career Decision Profile (CDP; Jones & Lohmann, ), and demographic questions. The results supported the hypotheses that higher levels of the various components of differentiation would predict higher levels of vocational identity and fewer difficulties with career decision making. In particular, lower levels of emotional cutoff and emotional reactivity and higher levels of “I position” predicted higher levels of vocational identity and career decision making. Results suggest a more complicated picture for fusion, with higher levels being predictive of lower levels of decisiveness but not significantly related to vocational identity. Implications of the results for career counselors are provided.
Needs‐Based Assessment: A Model for Profiling, Assisting, and Empowering Job Seekers
Authors: Englert Paul , Doczi Marianne , Jackson Duncan J. R.
Published: March 2014

Needs‐based assessment (NBA) was developed in New Zealand to assess job seekers’ capacity, willingness, and opportunity to find work. This article outlines the development of NBA from its theoretical underpinnings, evidence from a longitudinal study and the development of an employment adviser–administered computerized profiling tool, and the provision of self‐assessment and support tools. The authors argue that, with a rise in the number of unemployed job seekers and the long‐term unemployed, demands for government resources with less resources available to satisfy those demands, and the widespread adoption of social and interactive media, it is timely to revisit an NBA approach to job seeker profiling and targeted intervention.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel dental monomer with branched carboxyl acid group
Authors: Song Linyong , Ye Qiang , Ge Xueping , Misra Anil , Laurence Jennifer S. , Berrie Cynthia L. , Spencer Paulette
Published: March 2014

To enhance the water miscibility and increase the mechanical properties of dentin adhesives, a new glycerol‐based monomer with vinyl and carboxylic acid, 4‐((1,3‐bis(methacryloyloxy)propan‐2‐yl)oxy)‐2‐methylene‐4‐oxobutanoic acid (BMPMOB), was synthesized and characterized. Dentin adhesive formulations containing 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (BisGMA), and BMPMOB were characterized with regard to real‐time photopolymerization behavior, water sorption, dynamic mechanical analysis, and microscale three‐dimensional internal morphologies and compared with HEMA/BisGMA controls. The experimental adhesive copolymers showed higher glass transition temperature and rubbery moduli, as well as improved water miscibility compared to the controls. The enhanced properties of the adhesive copolymers indicated that BMPMOB is a promising comonomer for dental restorative materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1473–1484, 2014.
Unattended sleep studies in pediatric OSA: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Certal Victor , Camacho Macario , Winck João C. , Capasso Robson , Azevedo Inês , Costa‐Pereira Altamiro
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was to systematically assess the evidence for the diagnostic accuracy of unattended type 2 or type 3 multichannel studies for predicting and monitoring pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Four medical databases were searched for eligible studies. Only studies that evaluated the ability of unattended multichannel devices to accurately diagnose or monitor OSA in children were included. Those with appropriate data were selected for meta‐analysis. Study quality was assessed by using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy were determined by using sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio, summary receiver operating characteristics, and the area under the curve (AUC). Ten diagnostic studies with 724 patients were included in the systematic review, which was followed by a meta‐analysis using studies that provided sufficient information for the calculation of diagnostic parameters. The overall analysis revealed a moderate sensitivity of 76% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 64%‐85%), a moderate specificity of 76% (95% CI: 60%–88%), and a pooled diagnostic odds ratio of 15.18 (95% CI: 3.52–65.43). The AUC (0.88) indicated that unattended multichannel devices showed good diagnostic performance for predicting pediatric OSA. Using a cutoff of AHI >1 for the diagnosis of OSA, the results appeared to be more useful, with a higher sensitivity (88%) while maintaining a moderate specificity (71%). These findings suggest that unattended sleep studies are a good tool for predicting both the presence and severity of OSA in children, especially in those with mild‐to‐moderate disease.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:255–262, 2015
Synthesis and Properties of Polyethylene‐Bound Antioxidants
Authors: Zhang Yongjie , Li Huayi , Zhang Yu , Li Qian , Ma Zhi , Dong Jin‐Yong , Hu Youliang
Published: March 2014

Four novel well‐defined polyethylene‐bound antioxidants (PE‐bound antioxidants) with distinct secondary structures are synthesized via transesterification reactions between methyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate and hydroxyl‐terminated polyethylenes. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis under an air atmosphere demonstrate that the thermal stabilities of PE‐bound antioxidants are higher than that of commercial antioxidant Irganox1076 and are strongly related to their chemical structures. Particularly, the most thermally stable PE‐bound antioxidant is the one bearing both primary and secondary antioxidant moieties. The antioxidant activities of the PE‐bound antioxidants are evaluated in polypropylene by their melt flow index.

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Synthesis of poly(4‐hydroxystyrene)‐based block copolymers containing acid‐sensitive blocks by living anionic polymerization
Authors: Sweat Daniel P. , Yu Xiang , Kim Myungwoong , Gopalan Padma
Published: March 2014

Living anionic polymerization of an acetal protected 4‐hydroxystyrene monomer, (4‐(2‐tetrahydropyranyloxy)styrene) (OTHPSt), and the chain extension of the poly(OTHPSt) anion with a variety of monomers including styrene, 4‐tert‐butylstyrene, methacryloyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MAPOSS) and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane is demonstrated. The P(OTHPSt) homopolymer has a glass transition temperature well above room temperature, which facilitates handling and purification of the protected poly(4‐hydroxystyrene) (PHS). The resulting diblock copolymers have narrow dispersities <1.05. Chemoselective mild deprotection conditions for the P(OTHPSt) block were identified to prevent simultaneous degradation of the MAPOSS or dimethylsiloxane (DMS) block, thus allowing for the first reported synthesis of P(HS‐b‐DMS) and P(HS‐b‐MAPOSS). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1458–1468
Functional aramids: Aromatic polyamides with reactive azido and amino groups in the pendant structure
Authors: Trigo‐López Miriam , Pablos Jesús Luis , García Félix Clemente , Serna Felipe , García José Miguel
Published: March 2014

The structure of the high‐performance aromatic polyamides, also known as aramids, was modified to render functional polymers by the introduction of primary amine and azide functional groups in the main polymer chain. These materials were prepared as parent polymers for future use in the simple and inexpensive preparation of other high‐performance materials by the chemical derivatization of the primary amine and azide groups using their well‐known and broad reactivity. The potential of the parent aramids was exemplified with the preparation of four novel functional aramids containing the fluorescent dansyl group, the anion and cation receptors urea and triazole with free primary alcohol functional groups, and the iminophosphorane ligand for forthcoming synthetic processes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 1469–1477
Proteomics in farm animals models of human diseases
Authors: Ceciliani Fabrizio , Restelli Laura , Lecchi Cristina
Published: March 2014

The need to provide in vivo complex environments to understand human diseases strongly relies on the use of animal models, which traditionally include small rodents and rabbits. It is becoming increasingly evident that the few species utilised to date cannot be regarded as universal. There is a great need for new animal species that are naturally endowed with specific features relevant to human diseases. Farm animals, including pigs, cows, sheep and horses, represent a valid alternative to commonly utilised rodent models. There is an ample scope for the application of proteomic techniques in farm animals, and the establishment of several proteomic maps of plasma and tissue has clearly demonstrated that farm animals provide a disease environment that closely resembles that of human diseases. The present review offers a snapshot of how proteomic techniques have been applied to farm animals to improve their use as biomedical models. Focus will be on specific topics of biomedical research in which farm animal models have been characterised through the application of proteomic techniques.
MIT virtual source GaNFET‐high voltage (MVSG‐HV) model: A physics based compact model for HV‐GaN HEMTs
Authors: Radhakrishna Ujwal , Imada Tadahiro , Palacios Tomás , Antoniadis Dimitri
Published: March 2014

A new physics based transport and charge model for long channel GaN HEMTs is proposed. The model is based on the concept of virtual source (VS) carrier transport (A. Khakifirooz et al., IEEE‐TED 56(8), 1674 (2009) [1]) and is extended to drift diffusion regime. The model is fully scalable from non‐velocity saturation to velocity saturation regime. In addition, non‐linear access regions are modeled as implicit‐gated transistors. Self‐heating effects and self‐consistent charge models are included. The model is validated against state of the art industry devices. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of HVPE‐grown UV LED heterostructures
Authors: Kurin Sergey , Antipov Andrey , Barash Iosif , Roenkov Alexander , Usikov Alexander , Helava Heikki , Ratnikov Valentin , Shmidt Natalia , Sakharov Alexey , Tarasov Sergey , Menkovich Ekaterina , Lamkin Ivan , Papchenko Boris , Makarov Yuri
Published: March 2014

In this paper, we report on growth of ultraviolet light‐emitting diode (UV LED) heterostructures by hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) on sapphire substrates and results of the heterostructures characterization by X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, photo‐ and electroluminescence, micro‐photoluminescence, collected from the cleaved edges and the surface of the heterostructure with lateral resolution of about 1 µm. The heterostructures demonstrate efficient hole injection and low droop of the external quantum efficiency. Packaged 360 nm UV LED chips have wall‐plug efficiency of 1‐1.5%. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Embedding nano‐pillar arrays into InGaN light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Li K. H. , Zang K. Y. , Chua S. J. , Choi H. W.
Published: March 2014

The embedded nano‐pillar light‐emitting diodes are fabricated via nanosphere lithography in combination with epitaxial lateral overgrowth method, followed by standard micro‐fabrication process. Apart from output power enhancement due to diffraction and scattering effect from the embedded nano‐pillars, the device is demonstrated to have insignificant spectral blue shift with increasing injection currents, which is dependent on the built‐in piezoelectric field that is partially suppressed by strain relaxation of nanostructured quantum wells. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evidence of lateral electric fields in c ‐plane III‐V nitrides via terahertz emission
Authors: Woodward Nathaniel , Enck Ryan , Gallinat Chad S. , Rodak Lee E. , Metcalfe Grace D. , Speck James S. , Shen Hongen , Wraback Michael
Published: March 2014

We observe terahertz (THz) emission from c ‐plane InN and In0.15Ga0.85N films on GaN templates due to surface‐normal transport with a strong anomalous in‐plane transport component. Analysis of the rotational dependence of the THz emission associated with this in‐plane transport indicates that an electric field exists along the [1‐100] m‐axis correlated with the underlying template miscut. Calculations show that the field is correlated with strain‐induced polarization fields at the heterointerface related to step‐like charges at interfaces of the epilayers and the miscut templates. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sensitivity of an intense rain event between atmosphere‐only and atmosphere–ocean regional coupled models: 19 September 1996
Authors: Berthou Ségolène , Mailler Sylvain , Drobinski Philippe , Arsouze Thomas , Bastin Sophie , Béranger Karine , Lebeaupin‐Brossier Cindy
Published: March 2014

The representation of Mediterranean intense rain events in regional coupled models is of great importance for impact studies of climate change. It is investigated through the comparison of an atmosphere‐only simulation forced by a coarse‐resolution sea‐surface temperature (SST), an atmosphere–ocean coupled simulation generating a high‐resolution SST and an atmosphere‐only simulation forced by a high‐resolution monthly smoothed SST. The Cévennes, located in Southern France, is a region of high interest because of its frequent intense rain events and the proximity of the Gulf of Lion, where intense air–sea exchanges happen during mistral and tramontane wind bursts. Focus is given to one of the most intense rain events of the 20 year simulations (1989–2009): 19 September 1996, for which the change in the rain location between the atmosphere–ocean simulation and the atmosphere‐only simulation forced by the coarse‐resolution SST is large. In this case, the change in the rain location can be attributed mainly to a long‐term change in the SST of 1.5 K, with a smaller but significant contribution of submonthly coupled effects such as cooling of the SST in the Gulf of Lion after moderate mistral events that occurred before the precipitation event. The change in the location of precipitation is related to a wind change of 5ms−1. This wind deviation originated from the combined effects of a surface pressure anomaly, stronger stratification on the western side of the coastal front in the Gulf of Lion and the enhanced blocking effect of the Alps.
A framework for the extraction and interpretation of organic molecules in speleothem carbonate
Authors: Wynn Peter M. , Brocks Jochen J.
Published: March 2014

RATIONALE

The organic content of speleothem calcite is a well‐recognized component of their chemical composition. To date, the techniques for interpretation of this material include UV fluorescence, FTIR spectroscopy and biomarker analysis using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). However, investigation of the minute concentrations of molecules in speleothems demands careful sampling and laboratory controls.

METHODS

To be certain extracted molecules were encapsulated at the time of speleothem growth and do not represent contamination, we submitted three pieces of speleothem calcite to a rigorous extraction procedure. Based on sequential digestion and analysis by GC/MS, we measured concentration profiles of individual compounds with increasing distance from sample surfaces.

RESULTS

Declining concentrations toward interior extracts identified cholesterol, phthalates, andn‐alkanes as surface contaminants. In contrast, iodo organic compounds had homogeneous concentration profiles and were also significantly above laboratory background levels, consistent with an indigenous origin. However, further laboratory testing demonstrated that iodo organics were produced by the reaction of iodine derived from the speleothem with solvent additives and other impurities of the extraction procedure. Sitosterol and some fatty acids demonstrated distributions which were probably indigenous to the speleothem archive, thus recording environmental conditions commensurate with time of growth.

CONCLUSIONS

We do not aim to provide an environmental interpretation of extracted molecules, but highlight the caution necessary before doing so. We ultimately establish a framework for differentiating between organic constituents that are introduced to the speleothems during storage, handling and as artifacts of extraction, and those encapsulatedin situat the time of growth. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parallel‐hierarchical neural network model for motor control of a musculo‐skeletal system
Authors: Katayama Masazumi , Kawato Mitsuo
Published: March 2014

This paper proposes a new parallel‐hierarchical neural network model to enable motor learning for simultaneous control of both trajectory and force, by integrating Hogan's control method and the author's previous neural network control model using a feedback‐error‐learning scheme. Furthermore, two hierarchical control laws which apply to the model are derived by using the Moore‐Penrose pseudo‐inverse matrix: one is related to the minimum muscle‐tension‐change trajectory; and the other is related to the minimum motor‐command‐change trajectory. The human arm is redundant at the dynamics level since joint torque is generated by agonist and antagonist muscles. Therefore, acquisition of the inverse model is an ill‐posed problem. However, the combination of these control laws and feedback‐error‐learning resolves the ill‐posed problem. Finally, the efficiency of the parallel‐hierarchical neural network model is shown by learning experiments using an artificial muscle arm and computer simulations.
Source and Patterns of Organizational Defiance of Formal Institutions: Insights from Nollywood, theNigerian Movie Industry
Authors: Uzo Uchenna , Mair Johanna
Published: March 2014

We extend research on informal economic activity and investigate why organizations adopt informal rules when formal ones exist and how and why patterns of defiance vary across organizations. We build on data from an in‐depth study of four organizations operating in theNigerian movie industry. We identify ambiguity of formal institutions as a major source of organizational defiance. We also find that the organization's domain of embeddedness mediates the relationship between institutional ambiguity and organizational defiance. According to our analysis, the rationale for organizing propelled by the dominant domain of embeddedness affects whether organizations consistently or selectively defy ambiguous formal rules. Our findings highlight the importance of the interplay between institutional and organizational dynamics in understanding informality within an economy. Copyright © 2014 Strategic Management Society.
Boron Nitride Film as a Buffer Layer in Deposition of Dielectrics on Graphene
Authors: Han Qi , Yan Baoming , Gao Teng , Meng Jie , Zhang Yanfeng , Liu Zhongfan , Wu Xiaosong , Yu Dapeng
Published: March 2014

As a two‐dimensional material, graphene is highly susceptible to environmental influences. It is therefore challenging to deposit dielectrics on graphene without affecting its electronic properties. It is demonstrated that the effect of the dielectric deposition on graphene can be reduced by using a multilayer hexagonal boron nitride film as a buffer layer. Particularly, the boron nitride layer provides significant protection in magnetron sputtering deposition. It also enables growth of uniform and charge trapping free high‐k dielectrics by atomic layer deposition. The doping effect of various deposition methods on graphene has been discussed.
Upconversion Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET)‐Based Biosensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Avian Influenza Virus H7 Subtype
Authors: Ye Wei Wei , Tsang Ming‐Kiu , Liu Xuan , Yang Mo , Hao Jianhua
Published: March 2014

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) with good adaptation and various mutations have threatened both human and animals’ health. The H7 subtypes have the potential to cause pandemic threats to human health due to the highly pathogenic characteristics. Therefore, it is quite urgent to develop a novel biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of H7 subtypes. In this work, a biosensor based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) from BaGdF5:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed for rapid and sensitive H7 subtypes detection. The amino modified capture oligonucleotide probes are covalently linked to poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) modified BaGdF5:Yb/Er UCNPs. The thiol modified oligonucleotides with H7 hemagglutinin gene sequence are conjugated to surfaces of AuNPs. The hybridization process between complementary strands of H7 Hemagglutinin gene and its probe brings the energy donor and acceptor into close proximity, leading to the quenching of fluorescence of UCNPs. A linear response is obtained ranging from 10 pm to 10 nm and the limit of detection (LOD) is around 7 pm with detection time around 2 hours. This biosensor is expected to be a valuable diagnostic tool for rapid and sensitive detection of AIV.
Conducting an Introductory Biology Course in an Active Learning Classroom: A Case Study of an Experienced Faculty Member
Authors: Langley David , Guzey S. Selcen
Published: March 2014

A case study is described that examines the beliefs and practices of a university instructor who teaches regularly in an active learning classroom. His perspective provides insights into the pedagogical practices that drive his success in these learning spaces.
TILE at Iowa: Adoption and Adaptation
Authors: Florman Jean C.
Published: March 2014

This chapter introduces a University of Iowa effort to enhance and support active learning pedagogies in technology‐enhanced (TILE) classrooms and three elements that proved essential to the campus‐wide adoption of those pedagogies. It then describes the impact of those professional development efforts on the curricula and cultures of three departments in the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences.
Active Learning Environments in Nursing Education: The Experience of the University of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Nursing
Authors: Fahlberg Beth , Rice Elizabeth , Muehrer Rebecca , Brey Danielle
Published: March 2014

This chapter describes the processes and pedagogies used by one school in transitioning from lecture halls to collaborative learning environments
On the microphysical behaviour of wind-forced water surfaces and consequent re-aeration
Authors: Peirson William L. , Walker James W. , Banner Michael L.
Published: March 2014

A detailed laboratory investigation of the mechanical and low-solubility gas coupling between wind and water has been undertaken using a suite of microphysical measurement techniques. Under a variety of wind conditions and in the presence and absence of mechanically generated short waves, approximately fetch-independent surface conditions have been achieved over short laboratory fetches of several metres. The mechanical coupling of the surface is found to be consistent with Banner (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 211, 1990, pp. 463–495) and Banner & Peirson (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 364, 1998, pp. 115–145). Bulk observations of re-aeration are consistent with previous laboratory studies. The surface kinematical behaviour is in accordance with the observations of Peirson & Banner (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 479, 2003, pp. 1–38). Also, their predictions of a strong enhancement of low-solubility gas flux at the onset of microscale breaking is confirmed and direct observations show a concomitant onset of very thin aqueous diffusion sublayers. It is found that the development of strong parasitic capillary waves towards the incipient breaking limit does not noticeably enhance constituent transfer. Across the broad range of conditions investigated during this study, the local instantaneous constituent transfer rate remains approximately log-normally distributed with an approximately constant standard deviation of $0.62\pm 0.15({\mathrm{log}}_e(\mathrm{m}~ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}))$. Although wind-forced water surfaces are shown to be punctuated by intense tangential stresses and local surface convergence, localized surface convergence does not appear to be the single critical factor determining exchange rate. Larger-scale orbital wave straining is found to be a significant constituent transfer process in contrast to Witting (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 50, 1971, pp. 321–334) findings for heat fluxes, but the measured effects are consistent with his model. By comparing transfer rates in the presence and absence of microscale breaking, low-solubility gas transfer was decomposed into its turbulent/capillary ripple, gravity-wave-related and microscale breaking contributions. It was found that an efficiency factor of approximately $17\, \%$ needs to be applied to Peirson & Banner’s model, which is extended to field conditions. Although bulk thermal effects were observed and thermal diffusion layers are presumed thicker than their mass diffusion counterparts, significant thermal influences were not observed in the results.
Spectrum of somatic EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PTEN mutations and TTF-1 expression in Brazilian lung cancer patients
Authors: CARNEIRO JULIANA G. , COUTO PATRICIA G. , BASTOS-RODRIGUES LUCIANA , BICALHO MARIA APARECIDA C. , VIDIGAL PAULA V. , VILHENA ALYNE , AMARAL NILSON F. , BALE ALLEN E. , FRIEDMAN EITAN , DE MARCO LUIZ
Published: March 2014

Lung cancer is the leading global cause of cancer-related mortality. Inter-individual variability in treatment response and prognosis has been associated with genetic polymorphisms in specific genes: EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PTEN and TTF-1. Somatic mutations in EGFR and KRAS genes are reported at rates of 15–40% in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in ethnically diverse populations. BRAF and PTEN are commonly mutated genes in various cancer types, including NSCLC, with PTEN mutations exerting an effect on the therapeutic response of EGFR/AKT/PI3K pathway inhibitors. TTF-1 is expressed in approximately 80% of lung adenocarcinomas and its positivity correlates with higher prevalence of EGFR mutation in this cancer type. To determine molecular markers for lung cancer in Brazilian patients, the rate of the predominant EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PTEN mutations, as well as TTF-1 expression, was assessed in 88 Brazilian NSCLC patients. EGFR exon 19 deletions (del746–750) were detected in 3/88 (3·4%) patients. Activating KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 61 were noted in five (5·7%) and two (2·3%) patients, respectively. None of the common somatic mutations were detected in either the BRAF or PTEN genes. TTF-1 was overexpressed in 40·7% of squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC). Our findings add to a growing body of data that highlights the genetic heterogeneity of the abnormal EGFR pathway in lung cancer among ethnically diverse populations.
Effects of prepartal body condition score and peripartal energy supply of dairy cows on postpartal lipolysis, energy balance and ketogenesis: an animal model to investigate subclinical ketosis
Authors: Schulz Kirsten , Frahm Jana , Meyer Ulrich , Kersten Susanne , Reiche Dania , Rehage Jürgen , Dänicke Sven
Published: March 2014

Subclinical ketosis is a metabolic disorder which often goes undiagnosed and leads to constricted performance and an impairment of general condition. In the current study subclinical ketosis was characterised by a β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration of >1·2 mmol/l in blood serum. To generate this metabolic situation, an animal model was created. The model, based on group-specific interaction of dietary energy supply and body condition, is appropriate for testing the medical effectiveness of treating this kind of ketosis and its concomitants. During the trial, 18 dairy cows (primiparous and pluriparous) were assigned, according to their body condition score (BCS) 6 weeks before expected parturition, to a normal [6·78 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg dry matter; 20% concentrate] or to a high-energy feeding group (7·71 MJ NEL/kg dry matter; 60% concentrate). Therefore cows with the highest BCS were allocated to the high-energy group to enhance the contrast with the control group. Statistical analysis was done using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Effects were declared significant when P-values were ⩽0·05. Owing to the higher energy concentration and dry matter intake, the energy intake and balance was significantly higher in the high-energy feeding group, with strong effects on lipid metabolism and health in blood and liver post partum. Within the first 2 weeks after calving, 8 out of 9 cows (89%) of the high-energy group had BHB values indicative of subclinical ketosis. These cows also had significantly higher values of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartate transaminase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) post partum, as well as a raised total lipid content of the liver. RQUICKI, a calculated parameter which is based on serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and NEFA to assess the insulin sensitivity, was not affected by treatment. Therefore, RQUICKI does not seem to be the right parameter for diagnosing decreased insulin sensitivity in cows affected by subclinical ketosis. The milk fat and the fat:protein ratio of the high-energy group was also higher, even though there was no decrease in milk yield for cows with subclinical BHB values.
A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Barrowclough C. , Marshall M. , Gregg L. , Fitzsimmons M. , Tomenson B. , Warburton J. , Lobban F.
Published: March 2014

Background

Cannabis use is high amongst young people who have recently had their first episode of psychosis, and is associated with worse outcomes. To date, interventions to reduce cannabis consumption have been largely ineffective, and it has been suggested that longer treatment periods are required.

Method

In a pragmatic single-blind randomized controlled trial 110 participants were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: a brief motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy (MI-CBT) intervention (up to 12 sessions over 4.5 months) with standard care from an early intervention service; a long MI-CBT intervention (up to 24 sessions over 9 months) with standard care; or standard care alone. The primary outcome was change in cannabis use as measured by Timeline Followback.

Results

Neither the extended nor the brief interventions conferred benefit over standard care in terms of reductions in frequency or amount of cannabis use. Also the interventions did not result in improvements in the assessed clinical outcomes, including symptoms, functioning, hospital admissions or relapse.

Conclusions

Integrated MI and CBT for people with cannabis use and recent-onset psychosis does not reduce cannabis use or improve clinical outcomes. These findings are consistent with those in the published literature, and additionally demonstrate that offering a more extended intervention does not confer any advantage. Many participants were not at an action stage for change and for those not ready to reduce or quit cannabis, targeting associated problems rather than the cannabis use per se may be the best current strategy for mental health services to adopt.
Neural substrates of impulsive decision making modulated by modafinil in alcohol-dependent patients
Authors: Schmaal L. , Goudriaan A. E. , Joos L. , Dom G. , Pattij T. , van den Brink W. , Veltman D. J.
Published: March 2014

Background

Impulsive decision making is a hallmark of frequently occurring addiction disorders including alcohol dependence (AD). Therefore, ameliorating impulsive decision making is a promising target for the treatment of AD. Previous studies have shown that modafinil enhances cognitive control functions in various psychiatric disorders. However, the effects of modafinil on delay discounting and its underlying neural correlates have not been investigated as yet. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of modafinil on neural correlates of impulsive decision making in abstinent AD patients and healthy control (HC) subjects.

Method

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects cross-over study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted in 14 AD patients and 16 HC subjects. All subjects participated in two fMRI sessions in which they either received a single dose of placebo or 200 mg of modafinil 2 h before the session. During fMRI, subjects completed a delay-discounting task to measure impulsive decision making.

Results

Modafinil improved impulsive decision making in AD pateints, which was accompanied by enhanced recruitment of frontoparietal regions and reduced activation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Moreover, modafinil-induced enhancement of functional connectivity between the superior frontal gyrus and ventral striatum was specifically associated with improvement in impulsive decision making.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that modafinil can improve impulsive decision making in AD patients through an enhanced coupling of prefrontal control regions and brain regions coding the subjective value of rewards. Therefore, the current study supports the implementation of modafinil in future clinical trials for AD.
The Morphological History of Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Kirby Roger P.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The historical formation of the loch is described, using geological and geomorphological evidence. The changing areal dimensions from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries are discussed using historical cartographic and documentary evidence. Finally, a comparison is made between the results of the three bathymetrical surveys that have now been carried out in an attempt to determine the amount of silting.
The Production of Larval Chironomidae in the Mud at Loch Leven, Kinross
Authors: Charles W. Nigel , East Kenneth , Brown David , Gray Muriel C. , Murray Thomas D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The production of four dominant species of larval Chironomidae (Chironomus anthracinus, Glyptotendipes paripes, Polypedilum nubeculosum and Limnochironomus pulsus) was measured and compared between different sections of the mud zone covering a total area of 662 ha (50 per cent of the loch bed) from March 1971 to March 1972. The results showed that the performance of Chironomus was very similar throughout the area in respect to numbers, growth and production but it was more variable in other species. The mean annual dry weight production of Chironomus over the whole area was 26 g/m2 and the four species together raised this to 29 g/m2 (equivalent to 579 k J/m2). The numbers of Chironomus increased and Glyptotendipes decreased through the sampling period. Estimates of biomass are given for other larval Chironomidae present in the mud. The accuracy of the results is discussed, as well as the variations in the seasonal growth of larvae and the changing composition of the community; some tentative estimates are given of assimilation by larval Chironomidae. The methods used for analysing these data are described in an appendix.
The Parasites of Fish in Loch Leven
Authors: Campbell A. D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

This paper gives results of a survey of the parasites of trout, perch, pike, stickleback and minnow carried out at Loch Leven between April 1967 and March 1972. Twenty-three species of parasites (Protozoa, Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala and Mollusca) were recorded from trout, 12 from perch, 11 from pike, 12 from sticklebacks and three from minnows. Details of the incidence and intensity of infestation of trout and perch by the parasites, except the Protozoa, are given. The parasites of trout are divided into loch and stream types.
X.—The Role of the Blood Transfusion Service in Organ Transplantation
Authors: Tovey Geoffrey H.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The Blood Transfusion Service has an important role to play in organ transplantation in finding and classifying typing reagents for histocompatibility testing. The development of banks of frozen blood is of importance in reducing the incidence of sensitisation to HLA antigens and the hazard of posttransfusion hepatitis.