bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Self-Supervised Learning of Speech Representation via Invariance and Redundancy Reduction
Authors: Brima Yusuf , Krumnack Ulf , Pika Simone , Heidemann Gunther
Published: February 2024

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for learning flexible speech representations from unlabeled data. By designing pretext tasks that exploit statistical regularities, SSL models can capture useful representations that are transferable to downstream tasks. Barlow Twins (BTs) is an SSL technique inspired by theories of redundancy reduction in human perception. In downstream tasks, BTs representations accelerate learning and transfer this learning across applications. This study applies BTs to speech data and evaluates the obtained representations on several downstream tasks, showing the applicability of the approach. However, limitations exist in disentangling key explanatory factors, with redundancy reduction and invariance alone being insufficient for factorization of learned latents into modular, compact, and informative codes. Our ablation study isolated gains from invariance constraints, but the gains were context-dependent. Overall, this work substantiates the potential of Barlow Twins for sample-efficient speech encoding. However, challenges remain in achieving fully hierarchical representations. The analysis methodology and insights presented in this paper pave a path for extensions incorporating further inductive priors and perceptual principles to further enhance the BTs self-supervision framework.
Comparison of In-Hospital Outcomes between Early and Late Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Alhuarrat Majd , Barssoum Kirolos , Chowdhury Medhat , Mathai Sheetal , Helft Miriam , Grushko Michael , Singh Prabhjot , Jneid Hani , Motiwala Afaq , Faillace Robert , Sokol Seth
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether early initiation of catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) in patients presenting with acute pulmonary embolism is associated with improved in-hospital outcomes. A retrospective cohort was extracted from the 2016–2019 National Inpatient Sample database, consisting of 21,730 weighted admissions undergoing CDT acute PE. From the time of admission, the sample was divided into early (<48 h) and late interventions (>48 h). Outcomes were measured using regression analysis and propensity score matching. No significant differences in mortality, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or intracranial hemorrhage (p > 0.05) were found between the early and late CDT groups. Late CDT patients had a higher likelihood of receiving systemic thrombolysis (3.21 [2.18–4.74], p < 0.01), blood transfusion (1.84 [1.41–2.40], p < 0.01), intubation (1.33 [1.05–1.70], p = 0.02), discharge disposition to care facilities (1.32 [1.14–1.53], p < 0.01). and having acute kidney injury (1.42 [1.25–1.61], p < 0.01). Predictors of late intervention were female sex, nonwhite race, and weekend admission (p < 0.01). This study represents a comprehensive evaluation of outcomes associated with the time interval for initiating CDT, revealing reduced morbidity with early intervention. Additionally, it identifies predictors associated with delayed CDT initiation. The broader ramifications of these findings, particularly in relation to hospital resource utilization and health disparities, warrant further exploration.
Sacroplasty for Sacral Insufficiency Fractures: Narrative Literature Review on Patient Selection, Technical Approaches, and Outcomes
Authors: Singh Manjot , Balmaceno-Criss Mariah , Knebel Ashley , Kuharski Michael , Sakr Itala , Daher Mohammad , McDonald Christopher L. , Diebo Bassel G. , Czerwein John K. , Daniels Alan H.
Published: February 2024

Sacral insufficiency fractures commonly affect elderly women with osteoporosis and can cause debilitating lower back pain. First line management is often with conservative measures such as early mobilization, multimodal pain management, and osteoporosis management. If non-operative management fails, sacroplasty is a minimally invasive intervention that may be pursued. Candidates for sacroplasty are patients with persistent pain, inability to tolerate immobilization, or patients with low bone mineral density. Before undergoing sacroplasty, patients’ bone health should be optimized with pharmacotherapy. Anabolic agents prior to or in conjunction with sacroplasty have been shown to improve patient outcomes. Sacroplasty can be safely performed through a number of techniques: short-axis, long-axis, coaxial, transiliac, interpedicular, and balloon-assisted. The procedure has been demonstrated to rapidly and durably reduce pain and improve mobility, with little risk of complications. This article aims to provide a narrative literature review of sacroplasty including, patient selection and optimization, the various technical approaches, and short and long-term outcomes.
Non-Neuraxial Chest and Abdominal Wall Regional Anesthesia for Intensive Care Physicians—A Narrative Review
Authors: Ott Sascha , Müller-Wirtz Lukas M. , Sertcakacilar Gokhan , Tire Yasin , Turan Alparslan
Published: February 2024

Multi-modal analgesic strategies, including regional anesthesia techniques, have been shown to contribute to a reduction in the use of opioids and associated side effects in the perioperative setting. Consequently, those so-called multi-modal approaches are recommended and have become the state of the art in perioperative medicine. In the majority of intensive care units (ICUs), however, mono-modal opioid-based analgesic strategies are still the standard of care. The evidence guiding the application of regional anesthesia in the ICU is scarce because possible complications, especially associated with neuraxial regional anesthesia techniques, are often feared in critically ill patients. However, chest and abdominal wall analgesia in particular is often insufficiently treated by opioid-based analgesic regimes. This review summarizes the available evidence and gives recommendations for peripheral regional analgesia approaches as valuable complements in the repertoire of intensive care physicians’ analgesic portfolios.
Development of Representative Sailing Mode Construction Methodology Using Markov Chain
Authors: Moon Changjae , Jeong Sanghun , Roh Giltae , Park Kido
Published: February 2024

The strengthening of regulations such as EEXI, EEDI, and CII on ship emissions is underway. Despite their application, objective comparisons of ships are hindered by diverse navigation patterns and varying velocity regulations in different seas and ports. Additionally, a lack of basic data impedes comparisons of the optimal design and objective energy efficiency for ships. To address these issues, representative sailing modes, similar to those in the automobile industry, are needed. However, there is no reference for marine applications. This study introduces a methodology for representative sailing modes using the Markov chain. A hundred candidate sailing modes were created, and representative modes were identified through an evaluation equation. All chi-square values for representative sailing modes are within 1%, indicating significant results. This study’s findings can aid in designing optimized systems for new vessels and computing authorized fuel efficiency for vessels with diverse sailing patterns.
Analysis of Flow Instability and Mechanical Energy Loss of Fluid Field in Fluid Momentum Wheel
Authors: Zhang Kedong , Wang Wenhua , Liu Yihua , Wang Linlin , Du Yazhen , Li Hongxia , Huang Yi
Published: February 2024

A new type of anti-rolling device denoted as a fluid momentum wheel (FMW) is proposed to address the limitations of traditional gyrostabilizers in reducing the roll responses of floating platforms in waves. The proposed device is based on the same gyroscope theorem, which differs from a rigid gyrostabilizer in that the internal fluid generates secondary flow in the cross-section under the combined effects of inertial centrifugal force and a radial pressure gradient, and the streamwise velocity exhibits a non-uniform distribution. These instability phenomena may cause mechanical energy loss in the flow field, which is critical for selecting the driving device and the anti-roll control performance of offshore platforms. In the study, different turbulence models are compared with the results of a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and experiments to ensure the accuracy of the numerical method, and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the flow field in FMW are analyzed. Therein, the SST k-ω model accurately verifies the flow instability phenomenon of the FMW observed in the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiment. Next, this paper proposes corresponding evaluation parameters to assess the impact of typical parameters on the flow field instability. The results show that the flow instability increases with an increase in the typical parameters of FMWs (such as the pipe diameter, curvature radius, and velocity). Furthermore, the paper discusses the relationship between dimensionless mechanical factors (Reynolds number, curvature ratio) and the spatiotemporal instability of the flow field, revealing the essential effects of the curvature ratio and Reynolds number on the loss coefficient.
Nitric Oxide in Fungi: Production and Function
Authors: Yu Nan-Nan , Park Gyungsoon
Published: February 2024

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in all kingdoms of life, where it plays a role in the regulation of various physiological and developmental processes. In terms of endogenous NO biology, fungi have been less well researched than mammals, plants, and bacteria. In this review, we summarize and discuss the studies to date on intracellular NO biosynthesis and function in fungi. Two mechanisms for NO biosynthesis, NO synthase (NOS)-mediated arginine oxidation and nitrate- and nitrite-reductase-mediated nitrite reduction, are the most frequently reported. Furthermore, we summarize the multifaceted functions of NO in fungi as well as its role as a signaling molecule in fungal growth regulation, development, abiotic stress, virulence regulation, and metabolism. Finally, we present potential directions for future research on fungal NO biology.
A Simulation of the Spatial Expansion Process of Shrinking Cities Based on the Concept of Smart Shrinkage: A Case Study of the City of Baishan
Authors: Li Wancong , Li Hong , Hao Feilong , Feng Zhiqiang , Wang Shijun
Published: February 2024

The coexistence of urban expansion and shrinkage in China has become increasingly apparent; therefore, the current strategic model of growth-oriented urban planning as the top-level design needs to be adjusted. This paper focuses on the city of Baishan, which is a typical shrinking city in China, and explores the feasibility of implementing the concept of smart shrinkage planning in shrinking cities in China by constructing a coupled PLUS-SD model. The results demonstrate the following conclusions: (1) The overall simulation of the coupled PLUS-SD model is superior to that of the PLUS model. In Baishan, the areas with the most changes in construction land will be located at the edges of the landforms by 2030. (2) Using the traditional planning scenario would only exacerbate the rate of construction land expansion in Baishan, deepening the incongruity between the city’s population and construction land. (3) The smart shrinkage scenario will require strict control of the scale of construction land and optimization of the structure of the urban construction land, which would push the city in the direction of healthy and sustainable development. (4) The concept of smart shrinkage planning is a scientific and feasible plan for realizing the efficient and sustainable use of construction land in shrinking cities.
Oxytocin Modulation in Mindfulness-Based Pain Management for Chronic Pain
Authors: Aygün Oytun , Mohr Emily , Duff Colin , Matthew Sophie , Schoenberg Poppy
Published: February 2024

In the context of chronic pain management, opioid-based treatments have been heavily relied upon, raising concerns related to addiction and misuse. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as Mindfulness-Based Pain Management, offer alternative strategies. We conducted a mechanistic clinical study to investigate the impact of an 8-week Mindfulness-Based Pain Management intervention on chronic pain, the modulation of inflammatory markers, stress physiology, and oxytocin, and their interplay with clinical pain symptoms and perception, in comparison to a patient wait-list active control. A total of 65 participants, including 50 chronic pain patients and 15 healthy controls, underwent salivary assays to assess endocrine markers, oxytocin, interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S). Psychological assessments were also conducted to evaluate aspects of pain perception, mindfulness, mood, and well-being. Findings revealed significant differences between chronic pain patients and healthy controls in various clinical metrics, highlighting the psychological distress experienced by patients. Following Mindfulness-Based Pain Management, oxytocin levels significantly increased in chronic pain patients, that was not observed in the patient wait-list control group. In contrast, cytokine and DHEA-S levels decreased (not to statistically significant margins) supporting anti-inflammatory effects of Mindfulness-Based Pain Management. The fact DHEA-S levels, a marker of stress, did attenuate but not to statistically meaningful levels, suggests that pain reduction was not solely related to stress reduction, and that oxytocin pathways may be more salient than previously considered. Psychological assessments demonstrated substantial improvements in pain perception and mood in the intervention group. These results contribute to the growing body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in chronic pain management and underscore oxytocin’s potential role as a therapeutic target.
New Memory-Updating Methods in Two-Step Newton’s Variants for Solving Nonlinear Equations with High Efficiency Index
Authors: Liu Chein-Shan , Chang Chih-Wen
Published: February 2024

In the paper, we iteratively solve a scalar nonlinear equation f(x)=0, where f∈C(I,R),x∈I⊂R, and I includes at least one real root r. Three novel two-step iterative schemes equipped with memory updating methods are developed; they are variants of the fixed-point Newton method. A triple data interpolation is carried out by the two-degree Newton polynomial, which is used to update the values of f′(r) and f″(r). The relaxation factor in the supplementary variable is accelerated by imposing an extra condition on the interpolant. The new memory method (NMM) can raise the efficiency index (E.I.) significantly. We apply the NMM to five existing fourth-order iterative methods, and the computed order of convergence (COC) and E.I. are evaluated by numerical tests. When the relaxation factor acceleration technique is combined with the modified Dzˇunic´’s memory method, the value of E.I. is much larger than that predicted by the paper [Kung, H.T.; Traub, J.F. J. Assoc. Comput. Machinery 1974, 21]. for the iterative method without memory.
Enhancing Post-Surgical Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability: Impact of Subtalar Joint Axis Balance Exercises Following Arthroscopic Modified Broström Operation
Authors: Park Ji-Myeong , Han Sang-Ho , Cho Byeong-Chae , Lee Se-Min , Shin Mal-Soon , Yu Jae-Ho , Kim Ho-Jin , Noh Hyun-Dong , Cho Min-Suk , Kim Myung-Ki
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of subtalar joint axis-based balance exercises on the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) thickness, ankle strength, and ankle stability after an arthroscopic modified Broström operation (AMBO) for chronic ankle instability (CAI). Materials and Methods: The study included 47 patients diagnosed with CAI who underwent AMBO and were randomly divided into three groups: control (n = 11), general balance exercise (n = 17), and subtalar joint axis balance exercise (n = 19), regardless of the affected area. Participants in the exercise rehabilitation group performed exercises for 60 min twice a week for six weeks, starting six weeks after AMBO. ATFL thickness, ankle strength, and ankle dynamic stability were measured using musculoskeletal ultrasonography, Biodex, and Y-balance test, respectively, before and after treatment. Results: Compared with the remaining groups, the subtalar joint axis balance exercise group had reduced ATFL thickness (p = 0.000), improved ankle strength for eversion (p = 0.000) and inversion (p = 0.000), and enhanced ankle stability (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The study results suggest that subtalar joint axis-based balance exercises may contribute to the early recovery of the ankle joint after AMBO.
Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality Applications for Surgical Rehearsal, Operative Execution, and Patient Education in Spine Surgery: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bui Tim , Ruiz-Cardozo Miguel A. , Dave Harsh S. , Barot Karma , Kann Michael Ryan , Joseph Karan , Lopez-Alviar Sofia , Trevino Gabriel , Brehm Samuel , Yahanda Alexander T. , Molina Camilo A
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: Advances in virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies have resulted in their increased application across many medical specialties. VR’s main application has been for teaching and preparatory roles, while AR has been mostly used as a surgical adjunct. The objective of this study is to discuss the various applications and prospects for VR, AR, and MR specifically as they relate to spine surgery. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted to examine the current applications of VR, AR, and MR with a focus on spine surgery. A literature search of two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The study quality was assessed using the MERSQI score for educational research studies, QUACS for cadaveric studies, and the JBI critical appraisal tools for clinical studies. Results: A total of 228 articles were identified in the primary literature review. Following title/abstract screening and full-text review, 46 articles were included in the review. These articles comprised nine studies performed in artificial models, nine cadaveric studies, four clinical case studies, nineteen clinical case series, one clinical case–control study, and four clinical parallel control studies. Teaching applications utilizing holographic overlays are the most intensively studied aspect of AR/VR; the most simulated surgical procedure is pedicle screw placement. Conclusions: VR provides a reproducible and robust medium for surgical training through surgical simulations and for patient education through various platforms. Existing AR/MR platforms enhance the accuracy and precision of spine surgeries and show promise as a surgical adjunct.
Machine Learning Design for High-Entropy Alloys: Models and Algorithms
Authors: Liu Sijia , Yang Chao
Published: February 2024

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted worldwide interest due to their excellent properties and vast compositional space for design. However, obtaining HEAs with low density and high properties through experimental trial-and-error methods results in low efficiency and high costs. Although high-throughput calculation (HTC) improves the design efficiency of HEAs, the accuracy of prediction is limited owing to the indirect correlation between the theoretical calculation values and performances. Recently, machine learning (ML) from real data has attracted increasing attention to assist in material design, which is closely related to performance. This review introduces common and advanced ML models and algorithms which are used in current HEA design. The advantages and limitations of these ML models and algorithms are analyzed and their potential weaknesses and corresponding optimization strategies are discussed as well. This review suggests that the acquisition, utilization, and generation of effective data are the key issues for the development of ML models and algorithms for future HEA design.
Pyrrole Compounds from the Two-Step One-Pot Conversion of 2,5-Dimethylfuran for Elastomer Composites with Low Dissipation of Energy
Authors: Naddeo Simone , Gentile Davide , Margani Fatima , Prioglio Gea , Magaletti Federica , Galimberti Maurizio , Barbera Vincenzina
Published: February 2024

A one-pot, two-step process was developed for the preparation of pyrrole compounds from 2,5-dimethylfuran. The first step was the acid-catalyzed ring-opening reaction of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DF), leading to the formation of 2,5-hexanedione (HD). A stoichiometric amount of water and a sub-stoichiometric amount of sulfuric acid were used by heating at 50 °C for 24 h. Chemically pure HD was isolated, with a quantitative yield (up to 95%), as revealed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GC-MS analyses. In the second step, HD was used as the starting material for the synthesis of pyrrole compounds via the Paal–Knorr reaction. Various primary amines were used in stoichiometric amounts. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ESI-Mass, and GC-Mass analyses confirmed that pyrrole compounds were prepared with very good/excellent yields (80–95%), with water as the only co-product. A further purification step was not necessary. The process was characterized by a very high carbon efficiency, up to 80%, and an E-factor down to 0.128, whereas the typical E-factor for fine chemicals is between 5 and 50. Water, a co-product of the second step, can trigger the first step and therefore make the whole process circular. Thus, this synthetic pathway appears to be in line with the requirements of a sustainable chemical process. A pyrrole compound bearing an SH group (SHP) was used for the functionalization of a furnace carbon black (CB). The functionalized CB (CB/SHP) was utilized in place of silica, resulting in a 15% mass reduction of reinforcing filler, in an elastomeric composite based on poly(styrene-co-butadiene) from solution anionic polymerization and poly(1,4-cis-isoprene) from Hevea Brasiliensis. Compared to the silica-based composite, a reduction in the Payne effect of about 25% and an increase in the dynamic rigidity (E’ at 70 °C) of about 25% were obtained with CB/SHP.
UV Laser-Induced Photodecomposition of Matrix-Isolated Salicylhydroxamic Acid: Identification of New Isocyanate Complexes
Authors: Sałdyka Magdalena , Mielke Zofia
Published: February 2024

Photochemical reactions of salicylhydroxamic acid were induced using tunable UV laser radiation followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Four pairs of co-products were experimentally found to appear in the photolysis: C6H4(OH)NCO⋯H2O (1), C6H4(OH)C(O)N⋯H2O (2), C6H4(OH)2⋯HNCO (3), and C6H4(OH)NHOH⋯CO (4). The comparison of the theoretical spectra with the experimental ones allowed us to determine the structures of the complexes formed in the matrices. The mechanisms of the reaction channels leading to the formation of the photoproducts were proposed. It was concluded that the first step in the formation of the complexes (1), (2), and (3) was the scission of the N-O bond, whereas the creation of complex (4) was due to cleavage of the C-N bond.
Effect of Adding Chestnut Inner Skin on Allergenic Protein, Antioxidant Properties, and Quality of Bread
Authors: Tsurunaga Yoko , Morita Eishin
Published: February 2024

Wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis has no fundamental cure and requires patients to refrain from wheat consumption or to rest after eating. Although hypoallergenic wheat production by enzymatic degradation or thioredoxin treatment has been investigated, challenges still exist in terms of labor and efficacy. We investigated a hypoallergenic wheat product manufacturing technology that takes advantage of the property of tannins to bind tightly to proteins. Commercially available bread wheat (BW) and hypoallergenic wheat (1BS-18 “Minaminokaori”, 1BS-18M) were used. Chestnut inner skin (CIS) was selected as a tannin material based on the screening of breads with added unused parts of persimmon and chestnut. Hypoallergenicity was evaluated using Western blotting. The effect of CIS addition on the antioxidative properties of bread was also measured. For both BW and 1BS-18M, CIS addition reduced the immunoreactivity of wheat allergens. Antioxidant activities increased with increasing CIS substitution. However, 10% CIS-substituted breads were substantially less puffy. Five percent CIS substitution was optimal for achieving low allergenicity, while maintaining bread quality. The strategy investigated herein can reduce allergies related to wheat bread consumption. In this study, the evaluation of hypoallergenicity was limited to instrumental analysis. In the future, we will evaluate hypoallergenicity through clinical trials in humans.
Adsorption of Metal Ions from Single and Binary Aqueous Systems on Bio-Nanocomposite, Alginate-Clay
Authors: Aziam Rachid , Stefan Daniela Simina , Nouaa Safa , Chiban Mohamed , Boșomoiu Magdalena
Published: February 2024

The aim of this work is to characterize and evaluate the retention of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from single and binary systems by alginate-Moroccan clay bio-composite with the utilization of calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent, using the ionotropic gelation method. The bio-nanocomposite was characterized by using a variety of techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, and pHPZC). The efficiency of the adsorbent was investigated under different experimental conditions by varying parameters such as pH, initial concentration, and contact time. To demonstrate the adsorption kinetics, various kinetic models were tried and assessed, including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models. The research results show that the adsorption process of Cu2+ and Ni2+ metal ions follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the corresponding rate constants were identified. To evaluate the parameters related to the adsorption process in both single and binary systems, different mathematical models of isotherms, such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich, were investigated. The correlation coefficients obtained showed that the most suitable isotherm for describing this adsorption process is the Langmuir model. The process is considered to be physical and endothermic, as suggested by the positive values of ΔH° and ΔS°, indicating increased randomness at the solid/liquid interface during Cu2+ and Ni2+ adsorption. Furthermore, the spontaneity of the process is confirmed by the negative values of ∆G°. The bio-nanocomposite beads demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 370.37 mg/g for Ni2+ and 454.54 mg/g for Cu2+ in the single system. In the binary system, the maximum adsorption capacities were observed to be 357.14 mg/g for Ni2+ and 370.37 mg/g for Cu2+. There is significant evidence for the use of alginate-Moroccan clay bio-nanocomposite as a cost-effective alternative adsorbent for the efficient removal of metal ions in single and binary systems.
In Situ Lubrication in Forging of Pure Titanium Using Carbon Supersaturated Die Materials
Authors: Aizawa Tatsuhiko , Funazuka Tatsuya , Shiratori Tomomi
Published: February 2024

A new solid lubrication method was proposed for dry forging of pure titanium with high reduction in thickness. A free-carbon tribofilm was formed in situ at the hot spots on the contact interface to protect the die surfaces from severe adhesion of work materials. This film consisted of the free carbon, which isolated from the carbon supersaturated die substrate materials, diffused to the contact interface and agglomerated to a thin film. Two different routes of carbon supersaturation process were developed to prepare carbon supersaturated ceramic and metal dies for the dry forging of pure titanium wires. A pure titanium bar was utilized as an easy-to-adherent work material for upsetting in dry and cold. The round bar was upset up to 70% in reduction in thickness with a low friction coefficient from 0.05 to 0.1 in a single stroke. Work hardening was suppressed by this low friction. SEM-EDX, EBSD and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to analyze the contact interface and to understand the role of in situ formed free-carbon films on the low friction and low work hardening during forging. Precise nanostructure analyses were utilized to describe low friction forging behavior commonly observed in these two processes. The in situ solid lubrication mechanism is discussed based on the equivalence between the nitrogen and carbon supersaturation processes.
Introducing Optical Nonlinearity in PDMS Using Organic Solvent Swelling
Authors: Bongu Sudhakara Reddy , Buchmüller Maximilian , Neumaier Daniel , Görrn Patrick
Published: February 2024

The feasibility of introducing optical nonlinearity in poly-dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) using organic solvent swelling was investigated. The third-order nonlinear refraction and absorption properties of the individual materials, as well as the PDMS/solvent compounds after swelling were characterized. The well-established Z-scan technique served as characterization method for the nonlinear properties under picosecond pulsed laser excitation at a 532 nm wavelength. These experiments included investigations on the organic solvents nitrobenzene, 2,6-lutidine, and toluene, which showed inherent optical nonlinearity. We showed that nitrobenzene, one of the most well-known nonlinear optical materials, has proven suboptimal in this context due to its limited swelling effect in PDMS and comparatively high (non)linear absorption, resulting in undesirable thermal effects and potential photo-induced damage in the composite material. Toluene and 2,6-lutidine not only exhibited lower absorption compared to nitrobenzene but also show a more pronounced swelling effect in PDMS. The incorporation of toluene caused a weight change of up to 116% of PDMS, resulting in substantial nonlinear optical effects, reflected in the nonlinear refractive index of the PDMS/toluene composite n2=3.1×10−15 cm2/W.
Citrus limon Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Selected Biological Properties Focusing on the Antimicrobial (In Vitro, In Situ), Antibiofilm, Insecticidal Activity and Preservative Effect against Salmonella enterica Inoculated in Carrot
Authors: Kačániová Miroslava , Čmiková Natália , Vukovic Nenad L. , Verešová Andrea , Bianchi Alessandro , Garzoli Stefania , Ben Saad Rania , Ben Hsouna Anis , Ban Zhaojun , Vukic Milena D.
Published: February 2024

New goals for industry and science have led to increased awareness of food safety and healthier living in the modern era. Here, one of the challenges in food quality assurance is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. As planktonic cells can form biofilms and go into a sessile state, microorganisms are now more resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Due to their proven antibacterial properties, essential oils represent a potential option to prevent food spoilage in the search for effective natural preservatives. In this study, the chemical profile of Citrus limon essential oil (CLEO) was evaluated. GC-MS analysis revealed that limonene (60.7%), β-pinene (12.6%), and γ-terpinene (10.3%) are common constituents of CLEO, which prompted further research on antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that CLEO generally exhibits acceptable antibacterial properties. In addition, in situ antimicrobial research revealed that vapour-phase CLEO can arrest the growth of Candida and Y. enterocolitica species on specific food models, indicating the potential of CLEO as a preservative. The antibiofilm properties of CLEO were evaluated by MIC assays, crystal violet assays, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis against S. enterica biofilm. The results of the MIC and crystal violet assays showed that CLEO has strong antibiofilm activity. In addition, the data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS investigation showed that CLEO altered the protein profiles of the bacteria studied on glass and stainless-steel surfaces. Our study also found a positive antimicrobial effect of CLEO against S. enterica. The anti-Salmonella activity of CLEO in vacuum-packed sous vide carrot samples was slightly stronger than in controls. These results highlight the advantages of the antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of CLEO, suggesting potential applications in food preservation.
The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Silicon Action in Salt Stress Amelioration
Authors: Dabravolski Siarhei A. , Isayenkov Stanislav V.
Published: February 2024

Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress.
Responses of Yield and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Rice to Climate Resources under Different Crop Rotation Patterns and Planting Methods
Authors: Yang Hong , Chen Guangyi , Li Ziyu , Li Wei , Zhang Yao , Li Congmei , Hu Mingming , He Xingmei , Zhang Qiuqiu , Zhu Conghua , Qing Fahong , Wei Xianyu , Li Tian , Li Xuyi , Ouyang Yuyuan
Published: February 2024

Climate is the most important environmental factor influencing yield during rice growth and development. To investigate the relationships between climate and yield under different crop rotation patterns and planting methods, three typical rotation patterns (vegetable–rice (V), rape–rice (R), and wheat–rice (W)) and two mechanical planting methods (mechanical transplanting (T1) and mechanical direct seeding (T2)) were established. The results showed that compared to the V rotation pattern, the average daily temperature (ADT) during the sowing to heading stage increased under both R and W rotation patterns, which significantly shortened the growth period. Thus, the effective accumulated temperature (EAT), photosynthetic capacity, effective panicle (EP), and spikelet per panicle (SP) under R and W rotation patterns significantly decreased, leading to reductions in grain yield (GY). VT2 had a higher ratio of productive tillers (RPT), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area index (LAI), and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) than those of VT1, which significantly increased panicle dry matter accumulation (DMA), resulting in an increase in GY. Although RT2 and WT2 had a higher RPT than those of RT1 and WT1, the GY of RT1 and WT1 decreased due to the significant reductions in EAT and photosynthetic capacity. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the comprehensive score for different rotation patterns followed the order of V > R > T with VT2 ranking first. The structural equation model (SEM) showed that EAT and ADT were the most important climate factors affecting yield, with total effects of 0.520 and −0.446, respectively. In conclusion, mechanical direct seeding under vegetable–rice rotation pattern and mechanical transplanting under rape–rice or wheat–rice rotation pattern were the rice-planting methods that optimized the climate resources in southwest China.
Genome-Wide Mining of CULLIN E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Genes from Uncaria rhynchophylla
Authors: Shao Yingying , Mu Detian , Zhou Yu , Liu Xinghui , Huang Xueshuang , Wilson Iain W. , Qi Yuxin , Lu Ying , Zhu Lina , Zhang Yao , Qiu Deyou , Tang Qi
Published: February 2024

CULLIN (CUL) protein is a subtype of E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in a variety of biological processes and responses to stress in plants. In Uncaria rhynchophylla, the CUL gene family has not been identified and its role in plant development, stress response and secondary metabolite synthesis has not been studied. In this study, 12 UrCUL gene members all contained the typical N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain identified from the U. rhynchophylla genome and were classified into four subfamilies based on the phylogenetic relationship with CULs in Arabidopsis thaliana. They were unevenly distributed on eight chromosomes but had a similar structural composition in the same subfamily, indicating that they were relatively conserved and potentially had similar gene functions. An interspecific and intraspecific collinearity analysis showed that fragment duplication played an important role in the evolution of the CUL gene family. The analysis of the cis-acting elements suggests that the UrCULs may play an important role in various biological processes, including the abscisic acid (ABA) response. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated the roots of U. rhynchophylla tissue-cultured seedlings with ABA. The expression pattern analysis showed that all the UrCUL genes were widely expressed in roots with various expression patterns. The co-expression association analysis of the UrCULs and key enzyme genes in the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) synthesis pathway revealed the complex expression patterns of 12 UrCUL genes and some key TIA enzyme genes, especially UrCUL1, UrCUL1-likeA, UrCUL2-likeA and UrCUL2-likeB, which might be involved in the biosynthesis of TIAs. The results showed that the UrCULs were involved in the response to ABA hormones, providing important information for elucidating the function of UrCULs in U. rhynchophylla. The mining of UrCULs in the whole genome of U. rhynchophylla provided new information for understanding the CUL gene and its function in plant secondary metabolites, growth and development.
Nitrogen Nutrition Modulates the Response to Alternaria brassicicola Infection via Metabolic Modifications in Arabidopsis Seedlings
Authors: Barrit Thibault , Planchet Elisabeth , Lothier Jérémy , Satour Pascale , Aligon Sophie , Tcherkez Guillaume , Limami Anis M. , Campion Claire , Teulat Béatrice
Published: February 2024

Little is known about the effect of nitrogen nutrition on seedling susceptibility to seed-borne pathogens. We have previously shown that seedlings grown under high nitrate (5 mM) conditions are less susceptible than those grown under low nitrate (0.1 mM) and ammonium (5 mM) in the Arabidopsis-Alternaria brassicicola pathosystem. However, it is not known how seedling metabolism is modulated by nitrogen nutrition, nor what is its response to pathogen infection. Here, we addressed this question using the same pathosystem and nutritive conditions, examining germination kinetics, seedling development, but also shoot ion contents, metabolome, and selected gene expression. Nitrogen nutrition clearly altered the seedling metabolome. A similar metabolomic profile was observed in inoculated seedlings grown at high nitrate levels and in not inoculated-seedlings. High nitrate levels also led to specific gene expression patterns (e.g., polyamine metabolism), while other genes responded to inoculation regardless of nitrogen supply conditions. Furthermore, the metabolites best correlated with high disease symptoms were coumarate, tyrosine, hemicellulose sugars, and polyamines, and those associated with low symptoms were organic acids (tricarboxylic acid pathway, glycerate, shikimate), sugars derivatives and β-alanine. Overall, our results suggest that the beneficial effect of high nitrate nutrition on seedling susceptibility is likely due to nutritive and signaling mechanisms affecting developmental plant processes detrimental to the pathogen. In particular, it may be due to a constitutively high tryptophan metabolism, as well as down regulation of oxidative stress caused by polyamine catabolism.
CFD–DEM Simulation of Heat Transfer and Reaction Characteristics of Pyrolysis Process of MSW Heated by High-Temperature Flue Gas
Authors: Wang Meng , Jia Tianyuan , Song Xiaoan , Yin Lijie , Chen Dezhen , Qian Kezhen
Published: February 2024

Pyrolysis is a promising disposal method for municipal solid waste (MSW) due to the high-value utilization of the organic components of MSW. Traditional indirect heating has low heat transfer efficiency and requires an increase in the heat exchange area. In this study, a refined numerical simulation model for the pyrolysis of four typical MSW components with high-temperature flue gas was established to study the influence of flue gas on the heat transfer and reaction characteristics of MSW. The temperature distribution and particle size change in different components were obtained, and the effects of flue gas temperature and velocity on the pyrolysis process were analyzed. It was found that the temperature difference of the four components along the bed height direction was about 1.36–1.81 K/mm, and the energy efficiency was about 55–61%. When the four components were uniformly mixed, the temperature increase rates of each component were similar during the pyrolysis process. As the flue gas temperature increased, the amount of gas consumption decreased and the energy efficiency increased. When the flue gas velocity increased, the flue gas consumption increased and the energy efficiency decreased. The research results are of great significance for the promotion and application of pyrolysis technology to MSW with high-temperature flue gas.
Analysis of Essential Features and Optimal Operational Parameters of an RF-ICP Torch for Waste Treatment Applications
Authors: Aldeeb Mustafa A. , Abu Darda Sharif , Damideh Vahid , Hassen Isaac , Gabbar Hossam A.
Published: February 2024

Recently, plasma-based pyrolysis has gained increasing prominence as a technology in response to the growing challenges in waste disposal and the recognition of opportunities to generate valuable by-products. The efficiency of the pyrolysis process is intricately tied to the characteristics of the plasma involved, particularly the effective electron temperature (Teff) and plasma density (ne). This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive examination of the essential features and optimal operational parameters of a developed RF-ICP torch specifically designed for small-scale municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis (mixture of paper and polypropylene) with the goal of controlling both the torch and the overall process. Using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), we measured plasma parameters, specifically (Teff) and (ne), while varying argon gas flow rates and RF powers. The (Teff) and (ne)were determined using the Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening, respectively. The RF torch was found to generate (ne) up to approximately 2.8×1020 cm−3 and (Teff) up to around 8200 K, with both parameters being controlled by the discharge power and gas flow rate. Additionally, a power-losing mechanism, namely the anomalous skin effect, was detected during the study, which is uncommon in atmospheric plasma discharge.
The Effects of Physical and Mental Fatigue on Time Perception
Authors: Goudini Reza , Zahiri Ali , Alizadeh Shahab , Drury Benjamin , Anvar Saman , Daneshjoo Abdolhamid , Behm David
Published: February 2024

The perception of time holds a foundational significance regarding how we elucidate the chronological progression of events. While some studies have examined exercise effects on time perception during exercise periods, there are no studies investigating the effects of exercise fatigue on time perception after an exercise intervention. This study investigated the effects of physical and mental fatigue on time estimates over 30 s immediately post-exercise and 6 min post-test. Seventeen volunteers were subjected to three conditions: physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and control. All participants completed a familiarization session and were subjected to three 30 min experimental conditions (control, physical fatigue (cycling at 65% peak power output), and mental fatigue (Stroop task)) on separate days. Time perception, heart rate, and body temperature were recorded pre-test; at the start of the test; 5, 10, 20, 30 seconds into the interventions; post-test; and at the 6 min follow-up. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded four times during the intervention. Physical fatigue resulted in a significant (p = 0.001) underestimation of time compared to mental fatigue and control conditions at the post-test and follow-up, with no significant differences between mental fatigue and control conditions. Heart rate, body temperature, and RPE were significantly (all p = 0.001) higher with physical fatigue compared to mental fatigue and control conditions during the intervention and post-test. This study demonstrated that cycling-induced fatigue led to time underestimation compared to mental fatigue and control conditions. It is crucial to consider that physical fatigue has the potential to lengthen an individual’s perception of time estimates in sports or work environments.
Functionalization of Technical Textiles with Chitosan
Authors: Klinkhammer Kristina , Hohenbild Hanna , Hoque Mohammad Toufiqul , Elze Laura , Teshay Helen , Mahltig Boris
Published: February 2024

Textiles are used for many different applications and require a variety of properties. Wet functionalization improve textiles’ properties, such as hydrophilicity or antimicrobial activity. Chitosan is a bio-based polymer widely investigated in the textile industry for this purpose. A weaving comprising a cotton/polyester mix and a pure-polyester weaving was functionalized with different concentrations of chitosan to determine the most robust method for chitosan detection in both cotton- and polyester-containing materials. Additionally, mixtures of chitosan with 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxy silane (GLYEO) or 3-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (AMEO) were applied in a one-step or two-step procedure on the same fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and dyeing with Remazol Brilliant Red F3B demonstrated the presence of chitosan and silanes on the textiles’ surfaces. While non-functionalized textiles were not stained, the dependency of the dyeing depths on the chitosan concentrations enabled us to infer the efficacy of the very short processing time and a mild dyeing temperature. The one-step application of AMEO and chitosan resulted in the highest presence of silicon on the textile and the greatest color intensity. The functionalization with GLYEO reduced the water sink-in time of polyester, while chitosan-containing solutions increased the hydrophobicity of the material. Washing experiments demonstrated the increasing hydrophilicity of the cotton/polyester samples, independent of the type of functionalization. These experiments show that chitosan-containing recipes can be used as part of a useful method, and the type of functionalization can be used to adjust the hydrophilic properties of polyester and cotton/polyester textiles. Via this first step, in the future, new combinations of bio-based polymers with inorganic binder systems can be developed, ultimately leading to sustainable antimicrobial materials with modified hydrophilic properties.