bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Accurate and Robust Geometrically Exact Curved Beam Formulation for Multibody Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Ren H. , Fan W. , Zhu W. D.
Published: August 2017

An accurate and robust geometrically exact beam formulation (GEBF) is developed to simulate the dynamics of a beam with large deformations and large rotations. The undeformed configuration of the centroid line of the beam can be either straight or curved, and cross sections of the beam can be either uniform or nonuniform with arbitrary shapes. The beam is described by the position of the centroid line and a local frame of a cross section, and a rotation vector is used to characterize the rotation of the cross section. The elastic potential energy of the beam is derived using continuum mechanics with the small-strain assumption and linear constitutive relation, and a factor naturally arises in the elastic potential energy, which can resolve a drawback of the traditional GEBF. Shape functions of the position vector and rotation vector are carefully chosen, and numerical incompatibility due to independent discretization of the position vector and rotation vector is resolved, which can avoid the shear locking problem. Numerical singularity of the rotation vector with its norm equal to zero is eliminated by Taylor polynomials. A rescaling strategy is adopted to resolve the singularity problem with its norm equal to 2mπ, where m is a nonzero integer. The current formulation can be used to handle linear and nonlinear dynamics of beams under arbitrary concentrated and distributed loads. Several benchmark problems are simulated using the current formulation to validate its accuracy, adaptiveness, and robustness.
Geographic variation in Risso's dolphin echolocation click spectra
Authors: Soldevilla Melissa S. , Baumann-Pickering Simone , Cholewiak Danielle , Hodge Lynne E. W. , Oleson Erin M. , Rankin Shannon
Published: August 2017

Discrimination of bioacoustic signals to the species or population level is critical for using passive acoustic monitoring to study cetacean ecology. Risso's dolphins off southern California have distinctive peaks and notches in their echolocation clicks, but it was unknown whether Risso's dolphins from other geographic areas have similarly distinctive click spectra and whether populations are acoustically distinct. This study investigates using clicks for species and population identification by characterizing the spectral structure of Risso's dolphin echolocation clicks recorded over wide-ranging geographic regions including the U.S. waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and North Pacific Ocean; and international waters of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. All recordings with Risso's dolphin clicks exhibited the spectral peak and notch pattern described off southern California, indicating the presence of peak banding patterns is useful for species discrimination. Geographic regions were a significant explanatory factor for variability in the frequencies of click spectral peaks, with relatively higher frequency peaks and notches found off Hawaii compared to California waters and off the southeast U.S. compared to the Gulf of Mexico. In the North Atlantic Ocean, a latitudinal cline in frequencies was evident. Potential causes of acoustic variation within and among acoustic encounters are evaluated.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Stremmel Neil B. , Struck Christopher J.
Published: August 2017

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact Neil B. Stremmel.

Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.

This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
Lactobacillus reuteri
induces gut intraepithelial CD4
+
CD8αα
+
T cells
Authors: Cervantes-Barragan Luisa , Chai Jiani N. , Tianero Ma. Diarey , Di Luccia Blanda , Ahern Philip P. , Merriman Joseph , Cortez Victor S. , Caparon Michael G. , Donia Mohamed S. , Gilfillan Susan , Cella Marina , Gordon Jeffrey I. , Hsieh Chyi-Song , Colonna Marco
Published: August 2017

Tolerogenic T cells need probiotics

CD4
+
CD8αα
+
double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes (DP IELs) are a recently discovered class of intestinal T cells believed to take part in a variety of immune responses, including oral tolerance. These cells are absent in germ-free mice, but the mechanisms driving their development are unclear. Cervantes-Barragan
et al.
found that a particular species of probiotic bacteria,
Lactobacillus reuteri
, induces DP IELs. This does not occur by stimulating the immune system directly. Instead,
L. reuteri
generates a specific derivative of dietary tryptophan that promotes differentiation of DP IEL precursors. These findings underscore the delicate interplay between benign bacteria, diet, and gut health.

Science
, this issue p.
806
Organotypic vasculature: From descriptive heterogeneity to functional pathophysiology
Authors: Augustin Hellmut G. , Koh Gou Young
Published: August 2017

Dynamic vascular surfaces

Blood vessels have long been considered as passive conduits for blood and circulating cells that, at best, respond to exogenous cytokines. However, recent work has shown that blood vessels serve as a highly dynamic interface between the circulation and tissues. Augustin
et al.
review molecular mechanisms of vascular development and function in different organs. Differentiated endothelial cells develop as a sort of cobblestone monolayer to form one of the largest surfaces within the body. Vascular control of the tissue microenvironment is vital, not only for normal tissue development and homeostasis, but also for disease states ranging from inflammation to cancer.

Science
, this issue p.
eaal2379
Identification of a primordial asteroid family constrains the original planetesimal population
Authors: Delbo’ Marco , Walsh Kevin , Bolin Bryce , Avdellidou Chrysa , Morbidelli Alessandro
Published: August 2017

Family ties reveal original planetesimals

The asteroid belt originated from leftover debris from the formation of our solar system, including objects that never grew big enough to become planets. Destructive collisions led to the present proliferation of asteroids; groups that were initially part of the same body have related orbits and are known as families. Delbo'
et al.
identified an ancient family mostly consisting of dark asteroids that previously had not been linked to families (see the Perspective by DeMeo). From this, they calculated the original population of the belt, showing that it contained several dozen midsized bodies known as planetesimals.

Science
, this issue p.
1026
; see also p.
972
Structure of the complete elongation complex of RNA polymerase II with basal factors
Authors: Ehara Haruhiko , Yokoyama Takeshi , Shigematsu Hideki , Yokoyama Shigeyuki , Shirouzu Mikako , Sekine Shun-ichi
Published: August 2017

Transcription machinery remains steadfast

Eukaryotic transcription of mRNA is a multistep process mediated by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Pol II combines with several other factors to form an elongation complex that promotes transcription elongation. Ehara
et al.
determined the high-resolution structure of the elongation complex by means of x-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (see the Perspective by Fouqueau and Werner). Multiple elongation factors are distributed on a wide surface of Pol II and establish an RNA exit path and DNA entry or exit tunnels, which facilitate nascent transcript transfer and DNA unwinding or rewinding. The Pol II elongation complex thus adopts a stable architecture suitable for processive transcription.

Science
, this issue p.
921
; see also p.
871
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium chimaera Strain CDC2015-22-71
Authors: Hasan Nabeeh A. , Lawsin Adrian , Perry K. Allison , Alyanak Efe , Toney Nadege C. , Malecha Allyson , Rowe Lori A. , Batra Dhwani , Moulton-Meissner Heather , Miller Jeffrey R. , Strong Michael , Laufer Halpin Alison
Published: August 2017

Mycobacterium chimaera
is a nontuberculous mycobacterium species commonly found in the environment. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of a strain from the investigation of invasive infections following open-heart surgeries that used contaminated LivaNova Sorin Stockert 3T heater-cooler devices.
Draft Genome Sequence of Stenotrophomonas bentonitica BII-R7
T
, a Selenite-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Spanish Bentonites
Authors: Sánchez-Castro Iván , Bakkali Mohammed , Merroun Mohamed L.
Published: August 2017

The Gram-negative bacterium
Stenotrophomonas bentonitica
BII-R7
T
was isolated from bentonite formations. Like other species within the genus
Stenotrophomonas
, strain BII-R7
T
possesses high tolerance to numerous heavy metals, suggesting potential for bioremediation purposes. The draft genome sequence reported here comprises 4.37 Mb with a G+C content of 66.5% and 3,796 predicted protein-coding sequences.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Novel Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Bacteriophages, Noxifer, Phabio, and Skulduggery
Authors: Wojtus Joanna K. , Fitch Jess L. , Christian Eli , Dalefield Tara , Lawes Jacob K. , Kumar Kirtana , Peebles Craig L. , Altermann Eric , Hendrickson Heather L.
Published: August 2017

Three novel bacteriophages, two of which are jumbophages, were isolated from compost in Auckland, New Zealand. Noxifer, Phabio, and Skulduggery are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) phages with genome sizes of 278,136 bp (Noxifer), 309,157 bp (Phabio), and 62,978 bp (Skulduggery).
Complete Genome Sequence of
bla
CTX-M-27
-Encoding Escherichia coli Strain H105 of Sequence Type 131 Lineage C1/H30R
Authors: Ghosh Hiren , Bunk Boyke , Doijad Swapnil , Schmiedel Judith , Falgenhauer Linda , Spröer Cathrin , Imirzalioglu Can , Overmann Jörg , Chakraborty Trinad
Published: August 2017

Escherichia coli
sequence type 131 (ST131) is the most frequent antimicrobial-resistant lineage of
E. coli
, propagating extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) worldwide. Recently, an alarming rate of increase in isolates of the sublineage C1/H30R-
bla
CTX-M-27
of ST131 in geographically distant countries was reported. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the ST131 sublineage C1/H30R
E. coli
isolate harboring
bla
CTX-M-27
from Germany.
Complete Genome Sequences of Getah Virus Strains Isolated from Horses in 2016 in Japan
Authors: Nemoto Manabu , Bannai Hiroshi , Ochi Akihiro , Niwa Hidekazu , Murakami Satoshi , Tsujimura Koji , Yamanaka Takashi , Kokado Hiroshi , Kondo Takashi
Published: August 2017

Getah virus is mosquito-borne and causes disease in horses and pigs. We sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of three strains isolated from horses in Ibaraki Prefecture, eastern Japan, in 2016. They were almost identical to the genomes of strains recently isolated from horses, pigs, and mosquitoes in Japan.
Genome Sequence of a Gammaherpesvirus from a Common Bottlenose Dolphin (
Tursiops truncatus
)
Authors: Davison Andrew J. , Subramaniam Kuttichantran , Kerr Karen , Jacob Jessica M. , Landrau-Giovannetti Nelmarie , Walsh Michael T. , Wells Randall S. , Waltzek Thomas B.
Published: August 2017

A herpesvirus genome was sequenced directly from a biopsy specimen of a rectal lesion from a female common bottlenose dolphin. This genome sequence comprises a unique region (161,235 bp) flanked by multiple copies of a terminal repeat (4,431 bp) and contains 72 putative genes. The virus was named common bottlenose dolphin gammaherpesvirus 1.
Prospective study of glaucoma referrals across Europe: are we using resources wisely?
Authors: Founti Panayiota , Topouzis Fotis , Holló Gábor , Cvenkel Barbara , Iester Michele , Haidich Anna-Bettina , Kóthy Péter , Kiana Anneta , Kolokotroni Despoina , Viswanathan Ananth C
Published: August 2017

Background

To investigate the outcomes of glaucoma referrals across different European countries.

Methods

250 patients newly referred to tertiary referral glaucoma specialist practices in the UK, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and Greece were prospectively enrolled (50 consecutive patients per centre). Referral accuracy and predictive value of referral criteria for an intervention or further monitoring (positive predictive value) were analysed.

Results

Same-day discharges occurred in 43% (95% CI 39% to 75%) (12/28) of optometrist-initiated referrals (UK only), 37% (95% CI 30% to 45%) (59/158) of ophthalmologist-initiated referrals (all centres) and 54% (95% CI 40% to 68%) (26/48) of self-referrals (Hungary, Italy and Greece). The percentages from all referral sources were 46% (95% CI 32% to 60%) in the UK, 56% (95% CI 44% to 70%) in Hungary, 30% (95% CI 17% to 43%) in Slovenia, 22% (95% CI 11% to 34%) in Italy and 60% (95% CI 46% to 74%) in Greece (p<0.001). Overall, the referring criterion was confirmed in 54% (95% CI 45% to 63%) (64/119) for intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mm Hg, 56% (95% CI 43% to 69%) (33/59) for a suspicious optic disc and 61% (95% CI 45% to 77%) (22/36) for a suspicious visual field, with large between-country differences (p<0.05 for all comparisons). Of all referrals, 32% (95% CI 26% to 37%) were initiated on the basis of IOP >21 mm Hg only. By combining the IOP criterion with any other referring criterion, the positive predictive value increased from 56% (95% CI 45% to 67%) to at least 89% (95% CI 68% to 100%). In the UK, a hypothetical IOP threshold of >26 mm Hg, as a requirement for IOP-only referrals, would reduce IOP-only referrals by 44%, while not missing any definite glaucoma cases.

Conclusion

The accuracy of referrals was poor in the UK and the other countries. Requiring a combination of criteria and raising the IOP threshold for IOP-only referrals are needed to cut waste in clinical care.
Sick leave and medication use in pregnancy: a European web-based study
Authors: Truong Bich Thuy , Lupattelli Angela , Kristensen Petter , Nordeng Hedvig
Published: August 2017

Background and objective

A comparison of sick leave in pregnancy between countries is difficult as most studies have been conducted in single countries in Scandinavia. The objective of this study was to explore patterns of and reasons for sick leave during pregnancy on a multinational level, focusing on medication use but also differences in sick leave policies.

Design and setting

Cross-sectional, web-based study in 12 European countries from October 2011 to February 2012. Data were collected via an electronic questionnaire.

Participants

Pregnant women and mothers of children under the age of 1 year.

Primary outcome measure

Sick leave prevalence in pregnancy.

Results

Of 6686 women included, 3385 (50.6%) had been on sick leave during pregnancy. The rates of sick leave varied across countries, ranging from 31.7%–34.8% in Sweden and the UK to 62.4%–71.3% in Norway, Serbia, Croatia and Poland. The most common reasons for being on sick leave were pregnancy complications (26.5%); pain in the neck, back or pelvic girdle (16.2%); and nausea and vomiting (NVP, 16.0%). Women using medications for acute illnesses were more likely to be on sick leave than their non-medicated counterparts, while an opposite trend was observed for women with chronic disorders, where non-medicated women were more likely to be on sick leave. Women from countries with ‘low’ sick leave policies were less likely to have extensions of sick leaves compared with women from countries with ‘medium’ policies (adjusted OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.82).

Conclusion

The rates of sick leave in pregnancy vary greatly across European countries. Women using medications were more likely to be on sick leave, especially for acute illnesses. The differences in sick leave patterns across countries only partially reflected differences in sick leave policies, which implies that sick leave in pregnancy is also affected by other national differences.
Hypertension treatment practices and its determinants among ambulatory patients: retrospective cohort study in Ethiopia
Authors: Berhe Derbew Fikadu , Taxis Katja , Haaijer-Ruskamp Flora M , Mulugeta Afework , Mengistu Yewondwossen Tadesse , Mol Peter G M
Published: August 2017

Objectives

We examined determinants of achieving blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and of treatment intensification in patients with uncontrolled blood pressure (BP).

Design

A retrospective cohort study in six public hospitals, Ethiopia.

Participants

Adult ambulatory patients with hypertension and with at least one previously prescribed antihypertensive medication in the study hospital.

Outcome

Controlled BP (<140/90 mm Hg) and treatment intensification of patients with uncontrolled BP.

Results

The study population comprised 897 patients. Their mean age was 57 (SD 14) years, 63% were females, and 35% had one or more cardiometabolic comorbidities mainly diabetes mellitus. BP was controlled in 37% of patients. Treatment was intensified for 23% patients with uncontrolled BP. In multivariable (logistic regression) analysis, determinants positively associated with controlled BP were treatment at general hospitals (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.83) compared with specialised hospitals and longer treatment duration (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06). Negatively associated determinants were previously uncontrolled BP (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.43), treatment regimens with diuretics (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.94) and age (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.00). The only significant—positive—determinant for treatment intensification was duration of therapy (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.09).

Conclusions

The level of controlled BP and treatment intensification practice in this study was low. The findings suggest the need for in-depth understanding and interventions of the identified determinants such as uncontrolled BP on consecutive visits, older age and type of hospital.
Are thyroid nodules associated with sex-related hormones? A cross-sectional SPECT-China study
Authors: Chen Yi , Chen Yingchao , Wang Ningjian , Chen Chi , Nie Xiaomin , Li Qin , Han Bing , Xia Fangzhen , Zhai Hualing , Jiang Boren , Shen Zhoujun , Lu Yingli
Published: August 2017

Objective

Little is known about the association between thyroid nodules (TNs) and endogenous sex hormones. We aimed to investigate the relationship between TNs and sex-related hormones among men in China.

Setting

The data were obtained from a cross-sectional study Survey on Prevalence in East China for Metabolic Diseases and Risk Factors (SPECT-China study, 2014–2015) based on the population.

Participants

In total, 4024 men over 18 years of age who were not using hormone replacement therapy and who underwent complete assays of the serum total testosterone (T), oestradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels as well as thyroid ultrasonography (US) enrolled in this study.

Results

Of the 4024 participants (54.15±13.08 years old), 1667 participants (41.4%) had TNs. Men with TN(s) (TN(+) group) had significantly lower levels of total T and SHBG and higher E2/T levels compared with the men without TN(s) (TN(−) group) (p<0.05). The TN prevalence decreased with the quartiles of the SHBG level (p<0.05). Binary logistic analysis showed that lower quartiles of SHBG had a greater risk of TN(s) (all p for trend <0.05). This association persisted in the fully adjusted model (p for trend=0.017), in which, for the lowest compared with the highest quartile of SHBG, the OR of TN(s) was 1.42 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.89). No statistically significant association was found between sex-related hormones and US characteristics associated with malignancy (nodule >10 mm, microcalcification and a ‘taller’ than ‘wider’ shape).

Conclusions

TNs are highly prevalent in men in China. A lower SHBG level was significantly associated with TN among men. The potential role of SHBG in the pathogenesis of the TN remains to be elucidated.
Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis
Authors: Kruse Clemens Scott , Krowski Nicole , Rodriguez Blanca , Tran Lan , Vela Jackeline , Brooks Matthew
Published: August 2017

Background

The use of telehealth steadily increases as it has become a viable modality to patient care. Early adopters attempt to use telehealth to deliver high-quality care. Patient satisfaction is a key indicator of how well the telemedicine modality met patient expectations.

Objective

The objective of this systematic review and narrative analysis is to explore the association of telehealth and patient satisfaction in regards to effectiveness and efficiency.

Methods

Boolean expressions between keywords created a complex search string. Variations of this string were used in Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and MEDLINE.

Results

2193 articles were filtered and assessed for suitability (n=44). Factors relating to effectiveness and efficiency were identified using consensus. The factors listed most often were improved outcomes (20%), preferred modality (10%), ease of use (9%), low cost 8%), improved communication (8%) and decreased travel time (7%), which in total accounted for 61% of occurrences.

Conclusion

This review identified a variety of factors of association between telehealth and patient satisfaction. Knowledge of these factors could help implementers to match interventions as solutions to specific problems.
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antidepressant treatment in poststroke depression: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Yefei , Liang Yifan , Jiao Yang , Lin Jueying , Qu Huiling , Xu Junjie , Zhao Chuansheng
Published: August 2017

Objective

The aim of this study is to create a rank order of the comparative efficacy and acceptability (risk of all-cause discontinuation) of antidepressant treatment in poststroke depression (PSD) by integrating direct and indirect evidence.

Design

Multiple-treatments meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Participants

Patients with depression following stroke.

Interventions

10 antidepressants and placebo in the acute treatment of PSD.

Outcome measures

The primary outcomes were the overall efficacy, defined as the mean change of the total depression score. The secondary outcome was the acceptability, defined as risk of all-cause discontinuation. These estimates as standardised mean differences or ORs with 95% CIs.

Results

We identified 12 suitable trials, with data from 707 participants. All drugs were significantly more effective than placebo apart from sertraline, nefiracetam and fluoxetine. Most of the comparisons for acceptability revealed no significant differences except that paroxetine had significantly lower all-cause discontinuation than doxepin, citalopram and fluoxetine. Standardised mean differences compared with placebo for efficacy varied from −6.54 for the best drug (reboxetine) to 0.51 for the worst drug (nefiracetam). ORs compared with placebo for acceptability ranged from 0.09 for the best drug (paroxetine) to 3.42 for the worst drug (citalopram). For the efficacy rank, reboxetine, paroxetine, doxepin and duloxetine were among the most efficacious treatments, the cumulative probabilities of which were 100%, 85.7%, 83.2%, 62.4%, respectively. With respect to the acceptability rank, paroxetine, placebo, sertraline and nortriptyline were among the most acceptable treatments, the cumulative probabilities of which were 92.4%, 63.5%, 57.3%, 56.3%.

Conclusion

After weighing the efficacy and acceptability, we conclude that paroxetine might be the best choice when starting acute treatment for PSD, and fluoxetine might be the worst choice.

Trial registration number

This systematic review has been registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review Protocols (PROSPERO) public database (CRD42017054741;http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO).
Feasibility, acceptability and diagnostic test accuracy of frailty screening instruments in community-dwelling older people within the Australian general practice setting: a study protocol for a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ambagtsheer Rachel , Visvanathan Renuka , Cesari Matteo , Yu Solomon , Archibald Mandy , Schultz Timothy , Karnon Jonathon , Kitson Alison , Beilby Justin
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Frailty is one of the most challenging aspects of population ageing due to its association with increased risk of poor health outcomes and quality of life. General practice provides an ideal setting for the prevention and management of frailty via the implementation of preventive measures such as early identification through screening.

Methods and analysis

Our study will evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and diagnostic test accuracy of several screening instruments in diagnosing frailty among community-dwelling Australians aged 75+ years who have recently made an appointment to see their general practitioner (GP). We will recruit 240 participants across 2 general practice sites within South Australia. We will invite eligible patients to participate and consent to the study via mail. Consenting participants will attend a screening appointment to undertake the index tests: 2 self-reported (Reported Edmonton Frail Scale and Kihon Checklist) and 5 (Frail Scale, Groningen Frailty Index, Program on Research for Integrating Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy (PRISMA-7), Edmonton Frail Scale and Gait Speed Test) administered by a practice nurse (a Registered Nurse working in general practice). We will randomise test order to reduce bias. Psychosocial measures will also be collected via questionnaire at the appointment. A blinded researcher will then administer two reference standards (the Frailty Phenotype and Adelaide Frailty Index). We will determine frailty by a cut-point of 3 of 5 criteria for the Phenotype and 9 of 42 items for the AFI. We will determine accuracy by analysis of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. We will assess feasibility and acceptability by: 1) collecting data about the instruments prior to collection; 2) interviewing screeners after data collection; 3) conducting a pilot survey with a 10% sample of participants.

Ethics and dissemination

The Torrens University Higher Research Ethics Committee has approved this study. We will disseminate findings via publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at relevant conferences.
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of 90% kanuka honey versus 5% aciclovir for the treatment of herpes simplex labialis in the community setting
Authors: Semprini Alex , Singer Joseph , Shortt Nicholas , Braithwaite Irene , Beasley Richard
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Worldwide, about 90% of people are infected with the herpes simplex virus, 30% of whom will experience recurrent herpes simplex labialis, commonly referred to as ‘cold sores’, which can last up to 10 days. The most common treatment is aciclovir cream which reduces healing time by just half a day compared with no specific treatment. This is a protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to determine the efficacy of medical grade kanuka honey-based topical treatment (Honevo) in reducing the healing time and pain of cold sores, compared with topical aciclovir treatment (Viraban).

Methods and analysis

This open-label, parallel-group, active comparator superiority RCT will compare the efficacy of medical grade kanuka honey with 5% aciclovir cream in the treatment of cold sores in the setting of a pharmacy research network of 60 sites throughout New Zealand. Adults presenting with a cold sore (N=950) will be randomised by pharmacy-based investigators. The pharmacy-based investigators will dispense the investigational product to randomised participants and both study groups apply the treatment five times daily until their skin returns to normal or for 14 days, whichever occurs first. In response to a daily SMS message, participants complete an assessment of their cold sore healing, with reference to a visual guide, and transmit it to the investigators by a smartphone eDiary in real time. The primary outcome variable is time (in days) from randomisation to return to normal skin. Secondary endpoints include total healing time stratified by stage of the lesion at onset of treatment, highest pain severity and time to pain resolution.

Ethics and dissemination

New Zealand Ethics Registration 15/NTB/93. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed medical journal, presented at academic meetings and reported to participants.

Trial registration number

Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615000648527, pre-results.

SCOTT Registration: 15/SCOTT/14

Protocol version

4.0 (12 June 2017)
Suppressed hepatic bile acid signalling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in NAFLD
Authors: Jiao Na , Baker Susan S , Chapa-Rodriguez Adrian , Liu Wensheng , Nugent Colleen A , Tsompana Maria , Mastrandrea Lucy , Buck Michael J , Baker Robert D , Genco Robert J , Zhu Ruixin , Zhu Lixin
Published: August 2017

Objective

Bile acids are regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism, and modulate inflammation in the liver and other tissues. Primary bile acids such as cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are produced in the liver, and converted into secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid by gut microbiota. Here we investigated the possible roles of bile acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis and the impact of the gut microbiome on bile acid signalling in NAFLD.

Design

Serum bile acid levels and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), liver gene expression profiles and gut microbiome compositions were determined in patients with NAFLD, high-fat diet-fed rats and their controls.

Results

Serum concentrations of primary and secondary bile acids were increased in patients with NAFLD. In per cent, the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonistic DCA was increased, while the agonistic CDCA was decreased in NAFLD. Increased mRNA expression for cytochrome P450 7A1, Na
+
-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and paraoxonase 1, no change in mRNA expression for small heterodimer partner and bile salt export pump, and reduced serum FGF19 were evidence of impaired FXR and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4)-mediated signalling in NAFLD. Taurine and glycine metabolising bacteria were increased in the gut of patients with NAFLD, reflecting increased secondary bile acid production. Similar changes in liver gene expression and the gut microbiome were observed in high-fat diet-fed rats.

Conclusions

The serum bile acid profile, the hepatic gene expression pattern and the gut microbiome composition consistently support an elevated bile acid production in NAFLD. The increased proportion of FXR antagonistic bile acid explains, at least in part, the suppression of hepatic FXR-mediated and FGFR4-mediated signalling. Our study suggests that future NAFLD intervention may target the components of FXR signalling, including the bile acid converting gut microbiome.
Life-threatening airway bleeding after palliation of single ventricle congenital heart disease
Authors: Averin Konstantin , Byrnes Jonathan W , Benscoter Dan T , Whiteside Wendy , DeSena Holly , Hirsch Russel , Goldstein Bryan H
Published: August 2017

Objective

To describe acute and mid-term outcomes following presentation with, and treatment for, life-threatening airway bleeding (hemoptysis) in palliated single ventricle congenital heart disease (SV-CHD).

Methods

Case series of patients with SV-CHD who presented to a large congenital heart centre with hemoptysis between 2004 and 2015.

Results

Twenty-one episodes of hemoptysis occurred in 12 patients (58% female, median 10.5 (IQR 7.2, 16.4) years). First hemoptysis episode occurred after Fontan completion (n=8), after superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA, n=3) and in one shunt-dependent patient. Bronchoscopy was performed in conjunction with catheterisation in 14/21 (67%) initial catheterisations. A specific anatomic source of airway bleeding was identified in 95% of bronchoscopy cases and was uniformly distributed in all lobar segments. Transcatheter intervention with systemic-to-pulmonary collateral artery (SPC) occlusion was performed in 28/30 catheterisations. Apart from increased airway bleeding during interventional bronchoscopy (37%), there were no procedural complications. Median hospital length of stay was 9.0 (3.5, 14.5) days with patients undergoing 1.0 (1.0,2.0) catheterisations per episode of hemoptysis. Two SCPA patients did not survive to discharge. During a median follow-up of 32.5 (12.5, 87.5) months, freedom from mortality was 75%, with all three deaths occurring in the SCPA group by 4 months posthemoptysis. Recurrent hemoptysis occurred in 60% of patients.

Conclusions

Despite the potentially life-threatening nature of hemoptysis in patients with SV-CHD, a policy of bronchoscopic evaluation and transcatheter treatment is safe and may contribute to low mortality at mid-term follow-up in Fontan patients. Hemoptysis in SCPA patients may portend a poor prognosis. Recurrent hemoptysis is common.
Automatic wedge smears preparation may cause traumatic morphological changes in peripheral blood cells
Authors: La Gioia Antonio , Fumi Maurizio , Pezzati Paola , Balboni Fiamma , Pancione Ylenia , Rocco Lucia , Sale Silvia , Bombara Maria , Fiorini Marcello , Fiorini Fabiana , Rocco Vincenzo
Published: August 2017

In recent years, several automated analysers that prepare and stain blood smears have been introduced in clinical laboratories. Despite the use of instrumental settings based on physical characteristic of individual samples, traumatic injuries of neutrophil and lymphocytes can be observed. Some samples present a very high percentage of damaged cells, allowing the speculation that a cellular susceptibility may enhance mechanical traumatism. These artefacts can puzzle morphological evaluation in both traditional and digitised microscopy; in addition, unskilled operators can be misled.
Shift work that involves circadian disruption and breast cancer: a first application of chronobiological theory and the consequent challenges
Authors: Fritschi Lin , Valérie Groß J , Wild Ursula , Heyworth Jane S , Glass Deborah C , Erren Thomas C
Published: August 2017

Objectives

In 2007, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified shift work involving circadian disruption (CD) as probably carcinogenic to humans. Circadian disruption could be conceptualised as the overlap of activity, such as work, with an individual’s biological night. The latter can be approximated from a worker’s chronotype (or morning/evening preference). Few previous studies have taken chronotype into account when assessing CD caused by shift work. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that women working during their biological night would be at increased risk of breast cancer.

Methods

We used data from our case–control study of breast cancer to investigate associations between shift work involving CD and breast cancer risks. Previously, we had assumed that everyone working in jobs which involved work for two or more shifts between midnight and 05:00 hours was equally exposed to CD. In the present analyses, we reclassified as unexposed those who had a late chronotype in which their preferred bedtime was 2 hours after the end of their shift.

Results

Only 30 of 1385 night jobs changed classification and the overall finding (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.41) was not different to the original finding when chronotype was not considered.

Conclusions

We found virtually no difference between our new and old classifications of exposure. However, we were not able to calculate the total number of chronodisrupted shifts over a lifetime in order to assess dose and nor were we able to determine how many women were exposed to CD when doing shifts which began before midnight. Our first practical application highlights challenges for future chronobiology-based research.
Relationships between oxidative stress, haematology and iron profile in anaemic and non‐anaemic calves
Authors: Rajabian Fatemeh , Mohri Mehrdad , Heidarpour Mohammad
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between oxidative stress, haematology and iron profile in neonatal dairy calves. Serum and haemolysate malondialdehyde (MDA), serum total antioxidant capacity, thiol groups, iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation and red blood cell (RBC) parameters were assessed in two groups: anaemic calves (n=14) and non‐anaemic calves (n=16). Blood samples were collected from all of the calves within 24–48 hours after birth and at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age. A significant decrease in serum iron amount and transferrin saturation value (P<0.05) and a significant increase in haemolysate MDA concentration (P<0.05) in the anaemic calves were observed, when compared with non‐anaemic calves. Total antioxidant capacity and thiol groups showed a significant positive correlation with iron profile and RBC parameters (haematocrit and haemoglobin) in the anaemic calves at day 21 (P<0.05). On the other hand, the concentration of haemolysate MDA was inversely correlated with the value of serum total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05). The results of the present study revealed that anaemic calves showed more severe oxidative stress than non‐anaemic calves. In addition, iron insufficiency may be linked to the impairment of antioxidant defence system and oxidative damage of erythrocytes in the neonatal calves.
Resveratrol improves high-fat diet induced fatty liver and insulin resistance by concomitantly inhibiting proteolytic cleavage of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, free fatty acid oxidation, and intestinal triglyceride absorption
Authors: Khaleel Eman F. , Abdel-Aleem Ghada A. , Mostafa Dalia G.
Published: August 2017

Resveratrol (RES) has the ability to ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the mechanism remains unclear. Hence, using high-fat diet (HFD) obese rat model, we investigated the effect of a low dose of RES (20 mg/kg) on the hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBPs) – lipogenesis pathway, enzymes involved in β-oxidation and activity of pancreatic lipase. Four groups of rats (n = 8) of control (12% of calories as fat) and HFD (40% of calories as fat) were administered orally with either normal saline as a vehicle or RES as a concomitant treatment for 8 weeks on a daily basis. Then, various biochemical, histological, and molecular experiments were carried out. RES prevented the development and progression of NAFLD and significantly improved insulin sensitivity through (1) inhibiting the proteolytic cleavage of SREBPs-1 and SREBPs-2 without affecting their precursor mRNA or protein levels, (2) inhibiting free fatty acid β-oxidation and generation of reactive oxygen species through significant inhibition of CPT-1 and UCP-2, and (3) decreasing activity of pancreatic lipase in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings are the first in the literature to show new mechanisms of the hepatoprotective effect of RES against HFD induced NAFLD in rats.
Mechanical properties of composites made of hybrid fabric impregnated with silica nanoparticles and epoxy resin
Authors: Kordani N. , Alizadeh M. , Lohrasby F. , Khajavi R. , Baharvandi H. R. , Rezanejad M. , Ahmadzadeh M.
Published: August 2017

In this study, the mechanical properties of composites will be examined which were made from Kenaf and hybrid fabric with a simple structure that was coated with epoxy resin and nano silica particles. This fabric cotton has a different situation in terms of yarn score and the type of fiber that is used in textiles. Nano silica particles of 200 nm, polyethylene glycol with 200 molecular weights and ethanol with mechanical weight molecular with ratio of 6:1 will be mixed. Suspension of 60% was chosen according to the silica particles. The D6264 standard test for concentrated force was carried out through the cone edge to determine the strength of each of the samples. Increasing of resistance against penetration in the Kenaf samples from the raw until impregnated with the shear thickening fluid is less than the hybrid samples. Slippage of the fibers with the change of round edge indenter to cone edge indenter has changed. Penetration by cone edge to the cloth is done with lower force and it shows the effect of slippage of fibers on the resistance of the penetration. Samples impregnated with the shear thickening fluid in comparison with epoxy resin have lower resistance. Slippage of natural fibers in comparison with synthetic fibers is lower and on the other hand the average of friction between fibers in the natural fibers is more than synthetic fibers.
The structural, electronic, mechanical, lattice dynamics and thermodynamic properties of Rh5B4: First-principles calculations
Authors: Guo Yong , Gao Tao , Li Shizhang
Published: August 2017

The structural, electronic, vibrational, mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Rh5B4have been investigated within the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and the direct method using first-principles calculations. The calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The electronic structure suggests that Rh5B4should exhibit the metallic behavior and hybridizations exist between Rh-d and B-s, B-p orbitals, which illuminates that the bonding between them has certain covalent character. Mechanical properties including elastic constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio [Formula: see text] are calculated. Phonon dispersions and phonon density of states (DOS) are obtained, respectively. Our results indicate that Rh5B4is dynamically and mechanically stable with better ductility (B/G = 3.28) at ambient pressure. In addition, the phonon frequencies at the center ([Formula: see text] point) of the first Brillouin zone are predicted and Raman-active and infrared-active modes are also assigned. Finally, the phonon contribution to the Helmholtz free energy F, the phonon contribution to the internal energy E, the constant volume specific heat Cv and vibrational entropy S are studied over the range 0 [Formula: see text] 1000 K.
Anatomical Variations of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Groove: A New Computed Tomography-based Evaluation
Authors: Kohyama Sho , Tanaka Toshikazu , Okano Eriko , Naoyuki Ochiai
Published: August 2017

Background: This study aimed to develop a classification that precisely describes the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) groove morphology.

Methods: Reconstructed axial plane computed tomography scans of the wrists of 200 patients were reviewed. Three groups of groove shape were created based on the position of the deepest point: deviated to the ulnar side (Type U), in the middle of the groove (Type M), and deviated to the radial side (Type R). Groove depth, width, carrying angle, and radius of the curvature were measured using the Picture Archiving and Communication System in a slice in which the ulnar head was the largest.

Results: Type U was present in 88 patients (44%), Type M in 74 patients (37%), and Type R in 38 patients (19%). The average depth, width, carrying angle, and radius of curvature were 2.2 mm, 9.2 mm, 135.8° and 7.0 mm, respectively. Depth, width, and carrying angle were normally distributed. Both depth and width were statistically correlated with the carrying angle; groove depth and width were not correlated. ECU groove shape and depth showed excellent intra- and inter-observer reliabilities; the reliabilities for the width were poor. Therefore, depth subgroups were defined using cutoffs of ±2 standard deviations (SD): d1 (≤-2 SD), ≤1.0 mm; d2 (±SD), 1.1–3.3 mm; and d3 (≥+2 SD), ≥3.4 mm. The 200 wrists were classified as follows: 0.5% Ud1, 40.2% Ud2, 1.3% Ud3, 0.8% Md1, 38.3% Md2, 0.8% Md3, 1.5% Rd1, 16.4% Rd2, and 0.2% Rd3.

Conclusions: The detailed morphology of the ECU groove was classified using three major types and depth subgroups. The Type R ECU groove, which lacks a medial bony buttress, might be more prone to ECU-related injuries. This classification helps to understand the ECU tendon-related injury pathologies and may provide valuable information for treatment decisions; however, further research is necessary.
Dorsal and Volar Surgical Approaches to the Metacarpophalangeal Joint: A Comparative Anatomic Study
Authors: Melamed Eitan , Calotta Nicholas , Bello Ricardo , Hinds Richard M , Capo John T , Lifchez Scott
Published: August 2017

Background: We compared 3 surgical approaches to the MP joint: a dorsal extensor tendon–splitting approach, a dorsal extensor tendon–reflecting parasagittal approach, and the volar A1 pulley approach. We quantitatively compared each of these approaches by measuring the amount of articular cartilage exposed on the base of the proximal phalanx. We hypothesize that visualization of the articular cartilage of the proximal phalangeal base is enhanced with the volar approach.

Methods: The MP joints of the 32 available digits were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 surgical approaches: extensor tendon splitting (A), extensor tendon reflecting (B), or volar approach (C). After each approach, the visible articular surface of the base of the proximal phalanx was stained with methylene blue. The MP joints were then disarticulated, and the proximal phalanges were digitally mapped using a 3-dimensional digitizer. Three-dimensional computer software was used to analyze and calculate the dyed exposed surface area and total surface area of each specimen.

Results: The mean % exposed joint surface area for the dorsal extensor splitting, dorsal extensor reflecting and volar approaches were 62%, 67% (over the dorsal side of the proximal phalanx) and 54% (over the volar side of the proximal phalanx), respectively. Multiple linear regression showed statistical significance for a smaller percentage of articular surface area exposed with the volar approach. However, this was not clinically significant. A significant association was found between location in the small finger and greater % exposed joint surface, compared to approaches in the index finger. In all volar approach specimens, the collateral insertion site was visible, but not in the dorsal approach specimens.

Conclusions: Knowledge of the limits of each exposure is essential for planning the most appropriate surgical approach. The A1 pulley approach provided greater access to the volar 50% of the joint and collateral ligament insertion without violating the extensor mechanism. The amount of joint surface visualized through all 3 approaches was not significantly different. However, based on the accessibility to the collateral ligament insertion site among three different approaches, we recommend the volar A1 pulley approach for treatment of avulsion fractures of the base of the proximal phalanx. For other injuries of the MP joint, including the intra-articular proximal phalanx base fractures, and metacarpal head fractures, the dorsal approaches are still indicated.