bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The German Version of the Herth Hope Index (HHI-D): Development and Psychometric Properties
Authors: Geiser Franziska , Zajackowski Katharina , Conrad Rupert , Imbierowicz Katrin , Wegener Ingo , Herth Kaye A. , Urbach Anne Sarah
Published: August 2015

Background: The importance of hope is evident in clinical oncological care. Hope is associated with psychological and also physical functioning. However, there is still a dearth of empirical research on hope as a multidimensional concept. The Herth Hope Index is a reliable and valid instrument for the measurement of hope and is available in many languages. Until now no authorized German translation has been published and validated. Methods: After translation, the questionnaire was completed by 192 patients with different tumor entities in radiation therapy. Reliability, concurrent validity, and factor structure of the questionnaire were determined. Results: Correlations were high with depression and anxiety as well as optimism and pessimism. As expected, correlations with coping styles were moderate. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were satisfactory. We could not replicate the original 3-factor model. Application of the scree plot criterion in an exploratory factor analysis resulted in a single-factor structure. Conclusions: The Herth Hope Index - German Version (HHI-D) is a short, reliable, and valid instrument for the assessment of hope in patient populations. We recommend using only the HHI-D total score until further research gives more insights into possible factorial solutions and subscales.
The Difference in Maximum Standardized Uptake Value among Lung Adenocarcinomas Located at the Upper and Lower Zone on PET/CT
Authors: Yoshiya Tomoharu , Miyata Yoshihiro , Ibuki Yuta , Mimae Takahiro , Tsutani Yasuhiro , Nakayama Haruhiko , Okumura Sakae , Yoshimura Masahiro , Okada Morihito
Published: August 2015

Background: Findings on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are surrogate markers of malignancy in lung adenocarcinoma. Breathing during PET/CT can substantially reduce the maximum standardized uptake value (maxSUV) of lung tumors when they are located at the lower zone (LZ). Objectives: We assessed whether lung cancer location influences the malignancy predicted by maxSUV. Methods: 608 patients with clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma had been preoperatively examined by PET/CT and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). We evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of these patients and the accuracy of precognition obtained by maxSUV between the upper zone (UZ, n = 395) and the LZ (n = 213). maxSUV was also analyzed for matched pairs between the two groups. Results: The mean maxSUV in the LZ group was significantly lower than that in the UZ group (1.98 ± 1.73 vs. 2.44 ± 2.43, respectively; p = 0.0145). The receiver operating characteristics curve of maxSUV for predicting high-grade malignancy (lymphatic, vascular, pleural invasion, or lymph node metastasis) was larger for the UZ group than for the LZ group [0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86-0.93, vs. 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.88]. Analysis for maxSUV of 213 pairs matched for the solid component size on HRCT, pathological characteristics, and gender revealed that maxSUV in the LZ group was significantly lower than that in the UZ group (1.98 ± 1.73 vs. 2.47 ± 2.39, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: maxSUV of a tumor in the LZ group is apparently lower than the value which reflects the potential malignancy of a tumor. We have to carefully consider these facts when selecting the appropriate surgical procedure for lung cancer with PET/CT and HRCT.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Abscess after Laparoscopic Appendectomy: Analysis for Consecutive 1,817 Experiences
Authors: Cho Jinbeom , Park Ilyoung , Lee Dosang , Sung Kiyoung , Baek Jongmin , Lee Junhyun
Published: August 2015

Background: Possible risk factors for postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) formation after laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) remain controversial. A perforated appendicitis, diabetes mellitus, peritoneal irrigation, obesity and age are considered to be possible risk factors for postoperative IAA, but the existing evidence is insufficient. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for IAA formation in patients receiving LA. Methods: Between January 2010 and December 2013, 1,817 patients who underwent 3-port LA were enrolled in this study. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to the development of postoperative IAA, and the differences between the groups were analyzed. Results: The incidence of IAA after LA was 1.5%, and the only identified risk factor for IAA was peritoneal irrigation. On logistic regression analysis of those patients who received peritoneal irrigation, suppurative appendicitis and non-placement of the peritoneal drain were found to be significant risk factors for the development of IAA. Conclusions: Peritoneal irrigation in a case of abdomen contamination was shown to be a risk factor for the development of postoperative IAA after LA. When peritoneal irrigation is performed, surgeons should consider using peritoneal drainage and postoperative antibiotics (including anti-anaerobic antibiotics) to prevent postoperative IAA formation.
AT2R Autoantibodies Block Angiotensin II and AT1R Autoantibody-Induced Vasoconstriction
Authors: Liles Campbell , Li Hongliang , Veitla Vineet , Liles Jonathan T. , Murphy Taylor A. , Cunningham Madeleine W. , Yu Xichun , Kem David C.
Published: August 2015

Activating autoantibodies to the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) are associated with hypertensive disorders. The angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) is known to counter-regulate the actions of AT1R. We investigated whether AT2R autoantibodies produced in immunized rabbits will activate AT2R and suppress the vasopressor responses to angiotensin II and AT1R-activating autoantibodies. Five rabbits immunized with a peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of AT2R developed high AT2R antibody titers. Rabbit anti-AT2R sera failed to directly dilate isolated rat cremaster arterioles; however, when co-perfused with angiotensin II or AT1R-activating autoantibodies, the anti-AT2R sera significantly inhibited their contractile effects. Rabbit anti-AT2R sera recognized a predominant sequence near the N-terminus of the AT2R second extracellular loop. A decoy peptide based on this sequence effectively reversed the opposing effect of the anti-AT2R sera on angiotensin II–induced contraction of rat cremaster arterioles. A similar blockade of the anti-AT2R sera effect was observed with the AT2R antagonist PD 123319 and the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. Rabbit anti-AT2R sera reacted specifically with AT2R. No cross-reactivity with AT1R was observed. Blood pressure did not change in immunized animals. However, the pressor responses to incremental angiotensin II infusions were blunted in immunized animals. Thirteen subjects with primary aldosteronism demonstrated increased AT2R autoantibody levels compared with normal controls. In conclusion, AT2R autoantibodies produced in immunized rabbits have the ability to activate AT2R and counteract the AT1R-mediated vasoconstriction. These autoantibodies provide useful and selective tools for the study of their roles in blood pressure regulation and possible therapeutic intervention.
Decreased Arterial Elasticity in Children With Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Is Related to Blood Pressure and Not to Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Sinha Manish D. , Keehn Louise , Milne Laura , Sofocleous Paula , Chowienczyk Phil J.
Published: August 2015

We compared large artery mechanical properties in children with nondialysis stages of chronic kidney disease with those in children with normal renal function, examining the potential effect of blood pressure (BP) components and level of renal dysfunction. Common carotid artery mechanical properties, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid and peripheral BP were measured in children (n=226) with nondialysis chronic kidney disease (n=188; 11.9±3.7 years; 26%, 25%, 30%, 16%, and 3% in stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively) and healthy controls (n=38; 11.5±3.3 years). In children with nondialysis chronic kidney disease when compared with healthy controls, at similar levels of peripheral and carotid BP, carotid artery diastolic diameter and wall thickness were similar. In those with suboptimal BP (≥75th percentile), indices of arterial elasticity indicated greater stiffness than in healthy normotensive controls (distensibility: 92±31 versus 114±33 kPa
−1
×10
−3
,
P
=0.03; compliance: 2.1±0.7 versus 2.6±0.7 m
2
kPa
−1
×10
−6
,
P
=0.02; Young elastic modulus: 0.151±0.068 versus 0.109±0.049 kPa×10
3
,
P
=0.02; and wall stress: 83.6±23.5 versus 68.7±14.9 kPa,
P
=0.02). In all children, mechanical properties were independently related to carotid and peripheral BP components but not to estimated glomerular filtration rate. In children with nondialysis chronic kidney disease, changes in elastic properties of the carotid artery are primarily related to BP and not to glomerular renal function.
A contribution to the Campylopus flora of Chile
Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter
Published: August 2015

A key to the species of Campylopus known from Chile is given, completed by records of Campylopodioideae of the author in southern Chile. Campylopus acuminatus Mitt. var. kirkii (Mitt.) J.-P. Frahm is reported for the first time for Chile.
A range extension for Haplomitrium mnioides (Lindb.) R.M.Schust.

Authors: Shi Xue-Qin , Zhu Rui-Liang
Published: August 2015

Haplomitrium mnioides (Lindb.) R.M.Schust. is reported as new to Hainan Island. A continuous distribution of H. mnioides from west (Thailand) to east (Japan) is confirmed. Habitat pictures and a distribution map are provided.
Air-mass Origin in the Arctic. Part II: Response to Increases in Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Orbe Clara , Newman Paul A. , Waugh Darryn W. , Holzer Mark , Oman Luke D. , Li Feng , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: August 2015

Future changes in transport from Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes into the Arctic are examined using rigorously defined air-mass fractions that partition air in the Arctic according to where it last had contact with the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Boreal winter (December–February) and summer (June–August) air-mass fraction climatologies are calculated for the modeled climate of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry–Climate Model (GEOSCCM) forced with the end-of-twenty-first century greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. The modeled projections indicate that the fraction of air in the Arctic that last contacted the PBL over NH midlatitudes (or air of “midlatitude origin”) will increase by about 10% in both winter and summer. The projected increases during winter are largest in the upper and middle Arctic troposphere, where they reflect an upward and poleward shift in the transient eddy meridional wind, a robust dynamical response among comprehensive climate models. The boreal winter response is dominated by (~5%–10%) increases in the air-mass fractions originating over the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic, while the response in boreal summer mainly reflects (~5%) increases in air of Asian and North American origin. The results herein suggest that future changes in transport from midlatitudes may impact the composition—and, hence, radiative budget—in the Arctic, independent of changes in emissions.
Race, Methodology, and Social Construction in the Genomic Era
Authors: Zuberi Tukufu , Patterson Evelyn J. , Stewart Quincy Thomas
Published: August 2015

DNA segments can be used to distinguish among individuals and populations, but such differentiation of the population is not consistent with any known system of racial classification. In this article we elaborate on this core idea and discuss how it should influence genetic and genomic research on health and prisons in the United States. For studies involving racial classification and inequality, we provide methodological recommendations for addressing both the structure of race and gene expression of individuals and groups.
The effects of galantamine and buspirone on sleep structure: Implications for understanding sleep abnormalities in major depression
Authors: Biard Kathleen , Douglass Alan B , De Koninck Joseph
Published: August 2015

Rationale:

The serotonergic and cholinergic systems are jointly involved in regulating sleep, but this balance is theorized to be disturbed in depressed individuals.

Objective:

The goal of this study was to use biological probes in healthy participants, to model the serotonergic/cholinergic imbalance of depression and its associated abnormalities in sleep structure.

Methods:

We tested 20 healthy female participants 18–30 years of age on four non-consecutive nights. Participants were given galantamine (a cholinergic agent), buspirone (a serotonergic agonist), both drugs together, or placebo before sleeping.

Results:

Buspirone suppressed tonic rapid eye movement (REM): There was a significant increase in REM latency ( p < 0.001). Galantamine increased tonic REM sleep, leading to more time spent in REM ( p < 0.001) and shorter REM latency ( p < 0.01). Galantamine and buspirone given together were not significantly different from the placebo night by REM sleep measures, but disrupted sleep more than either drug alone.

Conclusions:

These findings are partially consistent with the cholinergic literature about sleep in depression, notably short REM latency, higher percentage of total sleep time spent in REM and increased sleep fragmentation. The prolonged REM latency and reduced percentage of REM with buspirone resembled the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on REM sleep.
Examination of Measurement Invariance Across Culture and Gender on the RCMAS-2 Short Form Among Singapore and U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Lowe Patricia A. , Ang Rebecca P.
Published: August 2015

Tests of measurement invariance were conducted across culture and gender on the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition (RCMAS-2) Short Form in a sample of 1,003 Singapore and U.S. adolescents. The results of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across culture and gender supported at least partial measurement invariance. ANOVA results indicated significant cultural and gender effects, with U.S. adolescents reporting higher levels of anxiety than Singapore adolescents, but with a negligible effect size, and females reporting higher levels of anxiety than males on the RCMAS-2 Short Form. Implications of the findings of the study are discussed.
Prediction of effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids by modifying renovated Maxwell model
Authors: Chauhan Deepti , Singhvi Nilima
Published: August 2015

Nanofluids, which are formed by suspending nanoparticles into conventional fluids, exhibit anomalously high thermal conductivity. Renovated Maxwell model was developed by Choi in which the presence of very thin nanolayer surrounding the solid particles was considered, which can measurably increase the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. A new model is proposed by introducing a fitting parameter χ in the renovated Maxwell model, which accounts for nanolayer, nonuniform sizes of filler nanoparticles together with aggregation. The model shows that the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is a function of the thickness of the nanolayer, the nanoparticle size, the nanoparticle volume fraction and the thermal conductivities of suspended nanoparticles, nanolayer and base fluid. The validation of the model is done by applying the results obtained by the experiments on nanofluids, other theoretical models, and artificial neural network technique. The uncertainty of the present measurements is estimated to be within 5% for the effective thermal conductivity.
Morphology and mechanical properties of polypropylene/ethylene acrylic acid/maleic anhybride-grafted polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Tian Qin , Qin Shuhao , Wu Fuzhong , Jin Huixin , Yang Ming , He Wentao , Xu Guomin
Published: August 2015

Polypropylene (PP)/ethylene acrylic acid (EAA)/maleic anhybride-grafted PP (PP- g-MA)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared using the melt mixing technique, and PP- g-MA and EAA were employed as the compatibilizers. The sodium montmorillonite (MMT) were pretreated with high-speed airflow pulverization method and then grafted using γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, followed by modification using trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride cation with supercritical carbon dioxide as the reaction medium (the obtained product was abbreviated as OGMMT). The modification of MMT was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of organoclay content on microstructure and mechanical properties of PP/EAA/PP- g-MA/OGMMT nanocomposites was investigated by XRD, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, tensile strength, notched impact strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus. The results show that the OGMMT has a high weight loss, a large d-spacing increment, and exfoliation predomination structure. The addition of compatibilizers benefited the formation of exfoliated structure and the dispersion of OGMMT in PP matrix, and hence, enhanced the storage modulus ( G′) below the glass transition temperature ( Tg), storage modulus ( G″), Tg, tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, with the increasing OGMMT content, the nanocomposites exhibited very inconsiderable alteration in the clay dispersion level and enhanced G′ below the Tg, G″, tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the nanocomposites, whereas the Tg was invariant. As a whole, the introduction of compatibilizers and OGMMT led to the reduction of notched impact strength, which also nearly linearly decreased with increasing clay content.
Transmission of fore-and-aft vibration to the seat pan, the backrest and the headrest of a car seat
Authors: Zhang Xiaolu , Qiu Yi , Griffin Michael J.
Published: August 2015

Measurements of the transmission of vibration from the floor beneath a seat to interfaces between the seat and the human body are used to characterise the dynamic performance of the seat. Most studies of seat transmissibility concern the transmission of vertical vibration through seat pan cushions, but fore-and-aft vibration at a seat pan and backrest can also cause discomfort. This study investigated the transmission of fore-and-aft vibration through a car seat to surfaces on the seat pan cushion, the backrest cushion and the headrest, and also to the seat frame at these three locations. The study sought to understand the influences of the seat frame and the cushion foam and to provide data for dynamic modelling of the seat. The fore-and-aft transmissibility of the seat was measured with 12 human subjects and an SAE J826 manikin, using 120-s periods of fore-and-aft random vibration (0.25-40 Hz) at three magnitudes (0.4 m/s2 r.m.s., 0.8 m/s2 r.m.s. and 1.2 m/s2 r.m.s.). With the manikin, there were three resonances (at 3.5 Hz, 12 Hz and 20 Hz) in the transmissibilities from the seat base to the seat pan frame and the seat pan cushion, and to the backrest frame and the backrest cushion. With the human subjects, the transmissibilities from the seat base to all six locations on the seat showed a principal resonance around 4 Hz. With increasing magnitude of the vibration, the principal resonance frequency in all the seat transmissibilities decreased. It is concluded that fore-and-aft resonances in the seat transmissibilities, especially to the backrest, are likely to affect vibration discomfort. There are large differences between the fore-and-aft transmissibility of a seat with a manikin and those with human subjects, consistent with the human body having dynamics very different from those of a rigid mass. Non-linearities in the seat transmissibilities with the manikin and with the human subjects may be explained by non-linearity in the biodynamics of the body and the responses of the seat and the manikin.
Relationship between ethical work climate and nurses’ perception of organizational support, commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intent
Authors: Abou Hashish Ebtsam Aly
Published: August 2015

Background:

Healthcare organizations are now challenged to retain nurses’ generation and understand why they are leaving their nursing career prematurely. Acquiring knowledge about the effect of ethical work climate and level of perceived organizational support can help organizational leaders to deal effectively with dysfunctional behaviors and make a difference in enhancing nurses’ dedication, commitment, satisfaction, and loyalty to their organization.

Purpose:

This study aims to determine the relationship between ethical work climate, and perceived organizational support and nurses’ organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention.

Methods:

A descriptive correlational research design was conducted in all inpatient care units at three major hospitals affiliated to different health sectors at Alexandria governorate. All nurses working in these previous hospitals were included in the study (N = 500). Ethical Climate Questionnaire, Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, Index of Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Turnover scale were used to measure study variables.

Ethical considerations:

Approval was obtained from Ethics Committee at Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University. Privacy and confidentiality of data were maintained and assured by obtaining subjects’ informed consent to participate in the research before data collection.

Findings:

The result revealed positive significant correlations between nurses’ perception of overall ethical work climate and each of perceived organizational support, commitment, as well as their job satisfaction. However, negative significant correlations were found between nurses’ turnover intention and each of these variables. Also, approximately 33% of the explained variance of turnover intention is accounted by ethical work climate, organizational support, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, and these variables independently contributed significantly in the prediction of turnover intention.

Recommendation:

Strategies to foster and enhance ethical and supportive work climates as well as job-related benefits are considered significant factors in increasing nurses’ commitment and satisfaction and decreasing their turnover intention.
Attributes of a good nurse
Authors: Aydin Er Rahime , Sehiralti Mine , Akpinar Aslihan
Published: August 2015

Background:

The opinions of students regarding the attributes of a good nurse can make a major contribution to the planning and the conducting of professional education. There are few studies which aim at identifying the qualifications of a good nurse from the perspectives of nursing students.

Objectives:

To determine the opinions of first- and fourth-year nursing students concerning the ‘attributes of a good nurse’, and whether and how their views change depending on their year of study.

Research design:

Descriptive research.

Participants and research context:

This study was conducted in the nursing department of a vocational school of health in the 2010/2011 academic year. The study participants consisted of first-year and intern students. A survey form was used to identify characteristics of participants, and students were asked the following open-ended question about their opinions related to the attributes of a good nurse.

Ethical considerations:

The permission was taken from the school administration. Informed consent was obtained, and anonymity was ensured for participating students.

Findings:

A total of 120 students participated in this study. Most frequently expressed attributes were ‘professional competence’ in first-year and ‘responsibility’ in fourth-year students. While first-year students placed a greater emphasis on the attributes of ‘geniality’, ‘patience’, ‘calmness’, ‘love of nursing’, ‘loyalty to nursing’ and ‘not attaching importance to material values’, fourth-year students emphasized the attributes of ‘empathy’, ‘honesty’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘scientific curiosity’ significantly more.

Discussion and conclusion:

Fourth-year students placed a greater emphasis on the attributes which the students are expected to acquire through a nursing program and clinical experience. However, they mentioned the attributes related to a good nurse–patient relationship and communication significantly less. Appropriate ethical training methods and good role models can help students acquire attributes that are important for the nursing profession and combine them with the attributes they already have.
Theory to Practice in Simulation
Authors: Clapper Timothy C.
Published: August 2015

Simulation is but one learning strategy among many. Likewise, many theories guide simulation-based instruction as a learning tool and the wise facilitator is familiar with the theories that support best practices. This symposium issue of Simulation & Gaming explores a few of those theories of learning and concepts that can help us enhance the experience of our learners. Several themes emerged from the articles in this symposium, many of which are interconnected, including the awareness that people, tools, and roles serve to influence, guide, and assist us in the learning environment. In addition, the role of the facilitator is reflective in nature – reflective of the needs of their learners and their own actions that they use to facilitate learning.
Treatment for School Refusal Among Children and Adolescents
Authors: Maynard Brandy R. , Heyne David , Brendel Kristen Esposito , Bulanda Jeffery J. , Thompson Aaron M. , Pigott Terri D.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

School refusal is a psychosocial problem associated with adverse short- and long-term consequences for children and adolescents. The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effects of psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with school refusal.

Method:

A comprehensive search process was used to find eligible randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies assessing the effects of psychosocial treatments on anxiety or attendance outcomes. Data were quantitatively synthesized using meta-analytic methods.

Results:

Eight studies including 435 children and adolescents with school refusal were included in this review. Significant effects were found for attendance but not for anxiety.

Conclusions:

Evidence indicates that improvements in school attendance occur for children and adolescents with school refusal who receive psychosocial treatment. The lack of evidence of short-term effects on anxiety points to the need for long-term follow-up studies to determine whether increased attendance ultimately leads to reduced anxiety.
Engaging Physician Learners Through a Web-Based Platform
Authors: Bergman Jonathan , Ballon-Landa Eric , Lerman Steven E. , Kwan Lorna , Bennett Carol J. , Litwin Mark S.
Published: August 2015

Background:

Web-based modules provide a convenient and low-cost education platform, yet should be carefully designed to ensure that learners are actively engaged. In order to improve attitudes and knowledge in end-of-life (EOL) care, we developed a web-based educational module that employed hyperlinks to allow users access to auxiliary resources: clinical guidelines and seminal research papers.

Methods:

Participants took pre-test evaluations of attitudes and knowledge regarding EOL care prior to accessing the educational module, and a post-test evaluation following the module intervention. We recorded the type of hyperlinks (guideline or paper) accessed by learners, and stratified participants into groups based on link type accessed (none, either, or both). We used demographic and educational data to develop a multivariate mixed-effects regression analysis to develop adjusted predictions of attitudes and knowledge.

Results:

114 individuals participated. The majority had some professional exposure to EOL care (prior instruction 62%; EOL referral 53%; EOL discussion 56%), though most had no family (68%) or personal experience (51%). On bivariate analysis, non-partnered ( p = .04), medical student training level ( p = .03), prior palliative care referral ( p = .02), having a family member ( p = .02) and personal experience of EOL care ( p < .01) were all associated with linking to auxiliary resources via hyperlinks. When adjusting for confounders, β coefficient estimates and least squares estimation demonstrated that participants clicking on both hyperlink types were more likely to score higher on all knowledge and attitude items, and demonstrate increased score improvements.

Conclusion:

Auxiliary resources accessible by hyperlink are an effective adjunct to web-based learning in end-of-life care.
Mucosal CD30-Positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder Arising in the Oral Cavity Following Dental Implants
Authors: Yoon Hye-Jung , Choe Ji-Young , Jeon Yoon Kyung
Published: August 2015

Mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder (CD30+ T-cell LPD) is a novel entity with unique clinicopathological features and an indolent behavior. Here we report the first case of mucosal CD30+ T-cell LPD arising in the oral cavity following dental implant. A 70-year-old woman presented with swelling and redness of the oral mucosa of right maxilla and left mandible surrounding dental implants that had been placed 8 years previously. Radiological examination revealed enhancing oral lesions and multiple cervical lymph nodes. Microscopic examination showed diffuse infiltration of large anaplastic cells with characteristic morphology of hallmark cells described in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. These cells were diffusely positive for CD30, CD3, CD4, CD2, CD5, CD7, TIA-1, and TCRβF1, but negative for CD20, CD8, CD45, EMA, ALK, and Epstein-Barr virus. T-cell monoclonality was detected in a TCRγ gene rearrangement study. This a unique case of mucosal CD30+ T-cell LPD with unusual presentation following dental implant.
Consumer opinion on social policy approaches to promoting positive body image: Airbrushed media images and disclaimer labels
Authors: Paraskeva Nicole , Lewis-Smith Helena , Diedrichs Phillippa C
Published: August 2015

Disclaimer labels on airbrushed media images have generated political attention and advocacy as a social policy approach to promoting positive body image. Experimental research suggests that labelling is ineffective and consumers’ viewpoints have been overlooked. A mixed-method study explored British consumers’ ( N = 1555, aged 11–78 years) opinions on body image and social policy approaches. Thematic analysis indicated scepticism about the effectiveness of labelling images. Quantitatively, adults, although not adolescents, reported that labelling was unlikely to improve body image. Appearance diversity in media and reorienting social norms from appearance to function and health were perceived as effective strategies. Social policy and research implications are discussed.
Embodying prison pain: Women’s experiences of self-injury in prison and the emotions of punishment
Authors: Chamberlen Anastasia
Published: August 2015

This paper explores the meanings and motivations of self-injury practices as disclosed in interviews with a small group of female former prisoners in England. In considering their testimonies through a feminist perspective, I seek to illuminate aspects of their experiences of imprisonment that go beyond the ‘pains of imprisonment’ literature. Specifically, I examine their accounts of self-injury with a focus on the embodied aspects of their experiences. In so doing, I highlight the materiality of the emotional harms of their prison experiences. I suggest that the pains of imprisonment are still very much inscribed on and expressed through the prisoner’s body. This paper advances a more theoretically situated, interdisciplinary critique of punishment drawn from medical-sociological, phenomenological and feminist scholarship.
Mindfulness in cultural context
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J.
Published: August 2015

Mindfulness meditation and other techniques drawn from Buddhism have increasingly been integrated into forms of psychotherapeutic intervention. In much of this work, mindfulness is understood as a mode of awareness that is present-centered and nonevaluative. This form of awareness is assumed to have intrinsic value in promoting positive mental health and adaptation by interrupting discursive thoughts that give rise to suffering. However, in the societies where it originated, mindfulness meditation is part of a larger system of Buddhist belief and practice with strong ethical and moral dimensions. Extracting techniques like mindfulness meditation from the social contexts in which they originate may change the nature and effects of the practice. The papers in this issue of Transcultural Psychiatry explore the implications of a cultural and contextual view of mindfulness for continued dialogue between Buddhist thought and psychiatry. This introductory essay considers the meanings of mindfulness meditation in cultural context and the uses of mindfulness as a therapeutic intervention in contemporary psychiatry and psychology.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 contributes to phenotype transformation of fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via multiple pathways
Authors: Geng Jing , Huang Xiaoxi , Li Ying , Xu Xuefeng , Li Shuhong , Jiang Dingyuan , Liu Zheng , Dai Huaping
Published: August 2015

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease and considered as a cancer-like disease. The phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) tumor suppressor has drawn attention in the pathogenesis of IPF. However, the role of PTEN in phenotypic transformation of lung fibroblasts, particularly in the migratory and invasive phenotype, is still elusive. Our data showed that PTEN expression was markedly reduced in both fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from IPF patients. Furthermore, loss of PTEN led to the transformation of normal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and increased proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and migration/invasion activities. PTEN deficiency upregulated hyaluronan synthase 2 expression and thereby enhanced the invasion ability of fibroblasts. Cross-talk between PTEN and the transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) pathway and PTEN reduction by hypoxia were observed. These findings suggest that PTEN is implicated in multiple pathways and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IPF.
Sex Discrimination at Willow University
Authors: Martin Jennifer , Beese Jane A.
Published: August 2015

This case was developed for use in a learning-centered course with a focus on administrative leadership and ethical behavior. This case describes the experience of a new faculty member at Willow University, as she discovers a wide range of ethical and management problems in her department. The case unfolds as we track her efforts to deal with these issues. Intertwined throughout the case are challenges pertaining to the dean’s responsibilities, particularly in the area of management oversight. Students must analyze the data, identify the inconsistencies in ethical behavior, and identify the potential moral and legal consequences.
Tendon grafts: their natural history, biology and future development
Authors: Wong R. , Alam N. , McGrouther A. D. , Wong J. K. F.
Published: August 2015

The use of tendon grafts has diminished as regimes of primary repairs and rehabilitation have improved, but they remain important in secondary reconstruction. Relatively little is known about the cellular biology of grafts, and the general perception is that they have little biological activity. The reality is that there is a wealth of cellular and molecular changes occurring with the process of engraftment that affect the quality of the repair. This review highlights the historical perspectives and modern concepts of graft take, reviews the different attachment techniques and revisits the biology of pseudosheath formation. In addition, we discuss some of the future directions in tendon reconstruction by grafting, which include surface modification, vascularized tendon transfer, allografts, biomaterials and cell-based therapies.
Change in the collateral and accessory collateral ligament lengths of the proximal interphalangeal joint using cadaveric model three-dimensional laser scanning
Authors: Sandhu S. S. , Dreckmann S. , Binhammer P. A.
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess the lengths of the index and middle finger proximal interphalangeal joint ligaments and determine the relative changes in the collateral and accessory collateral ligament lengths at 0°, 45° and 90° flexion. We generated three-dimensional scans of 16 finger (eight index and eight middle) proximal interphalangeal joints to assess relative changes in ligament length. Significant changes were found between 45°–90° and 0°–90° for the ulnar collateral ligament of the index finger and both collateral ligaments of the middle finger between 45°–90° and 0°–90°. No significant changes in length were found for the radial collateral ligament of the index finger or the accessory collateral ligaments of the index and middle fingers. Overall, it was found that the collateral ligament length changed significantly, but there was no significant change in the accessory collateral ligaments.

Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic IV
A qualitative study of recruiting for investigations in primary care: Plan, pay, minimise intermediaries and keep it simple
Authors: Kenealy Timothy W , Hao’uli Sefita , Arroll Bruce
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

We sought successful strategies to recruit patient and practitioner participants for studies from primary care.

Methods:

We interviewed people who had participated and who had not participated in a randomised controlled trial that did not reach recruitment target and successful primary care researchers. The participants and non-participants were mostly Pacific peoples. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed and reported using qualitative description. The study took place in New Zealand in 2013–2014.

Results:

A total of 31 people were interviewed. Researchers agreed that recruitment was usually the single most important phase of research but was usually under-planned and under-funded. All researchers recommended a pilot study that addressed recruitment. Successful researchers actively monitored recruitment and adapted the process as needed. Most projects were undertaken by our researchers recruited via an intermediary such as a general practice nurse. Strategies were adapted to the target population, such as specific acute or chronic conditions, age, ethnicity and gender. Intermediaries were actively recruited and retained in a manner that was often more intense than actual participant recruitment and retention. ‘Layers’ of intermediaries were kept to a minimum as each layer needed to be actively recruited and retained and each layer reduced participant recruitment rates. The task of intermediaries was kept simple and minimal and they were paid in some manner. Similarly, participant workload was kept to a minimum and they were paid in some manner that was intended to cover their participation costs and perhaps a little more. Even the most experienced researchers did not always achieve recruitment targets. Our interviews focused on patient participants but included recruiting general practitioners, nurses and others as research subjects.

Conclusion:

Strategy details varied with the target population but had in common the need to intensively recruit and retain intermediaries, minimise layers of intermediaries, and the need to pay and minimise workload for both intermediaries and participants.
Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of pinless friction stir spot welded AA2198 joints
Authors: Chu Q. , Yang X. W. , Li W. Y. , Li Y. B.
Published: August 2015

In this study, pinless friction stir spot welding of 1.8 mm thick 2198-T8 aluminium–lithium alloy plates was carried out. The change of the angle between the nugget edge and the surface, and the relationship between this angle and joint mechanical property were analysed. The results show that the angle increases rapidly initially and then approaches 45°, which is due to the extrusion of nugget material and its flow along the surrounding ‘cold’ metal during welding. The tensile strength is determined by the nugget edge angle and hook defect. Tensile loads reach a higher value when the nugget edge angle approaches 45° but have a slight decrease with the hook angle changing from obtuse to acute. The maximum tensile/shear strength could be 8.57 kN at the rotation speed of 1500 rev min− 1 and the dwell time of 12 s.
Solid Predominant Histologic Subtype in Resected Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma Is an Independent Predictor of Early, Extrathoracic, Multisite Recurrence and of Poor Postrecurrence Survival
Authors: Ujiie Hideki , Kadota Kyuichi , Chaft Jamie E. , Buitrago Daniel , Sima Camelia S. , Lee Ming-Ching , Huang James , Travis William D. , Rizk Nabil P. , Rudin Charles M. , Jones David R. , Adusumilli Prasad S.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

To examine the significance of the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) histologic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma for patterns of recurrence and, among patients who recur following resection of stage I lung adenocarcinoma, for postrecurrence survival (PRS).

Patients and Methods

We reviewed patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma who had undergone complete surgical resection from 1999 to 2009 (N = 1,120). Tumors were subtyped by using the IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. The effects of the dominant subtype on recurrence and, among patients who recurred, on PRS were investigated.

Results

Of 1,120 patients identified, 188 had recurrent disease, 103 of whom died as a result of lung cancer. Among patients who recurred, 2-year PRS was 45%, and median PRS was 26.1 months. Compared with patients with nonsolid tumors, patients with solid predominant tumors had earlier (P = .007), more extrathoracic (P < .001), and more multisite (P = .011) recurrences. Multivariable analysis of primary tumor factors revealed that, among patients who recurred, solid predominant histologic pattern in the primary tumor (hazard ratio [HR], 1.76; P = .016), age older than 65 years (HR, 1.63; P = .01), and sublobar resection (HR, 1.6; P = .01) were significantly associated with worse PRS. Presence of extrathoracic metastasis (HR, 1.76; P = .013) and age older than 65 years at the time of recurrence (HR, 1.7; P = .014) were also significantly associated with worse PRS.

Conclusion

In patients with stage I primary lung adenocarcinoma, solid predominant subtype is an independent predictor of early recurrence and, among those patients who recur, of worse PRS. Our findings provide a rationale for investigating adjuvant therapy and identify novel therapeutic targets for patients with solid predominant lung adenocarcinoma.
Diagnosis of Primary Hypophysitis in Germany
Authors: Honegger Jürgen , Schlaffer Sven , Menzel Christa , Droste Michael , Werner Sandy , Elbelt Ulf , Strasburger Christian , Störmann Sylvère , Küppers Anna , Streetz-van der Werf Christine , Deutschbein Timo , Stieg Mareike , Rotermund Roman , Milian Monika , Petersenn Stephan ,   on behalf of the Pituitary Working Group of the German Society of Endocrinology
Published: August 2015

Context:

Representative data on diagnostic findings in primary hypophysitis (PrHy) are scarce.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to collate consistent data on clinical features in a large series of patients with PrHy. Another objective was to gain information on current practice in a diagnostic work-up.

Design:

The Pituitary Working Group of the German Society of Endocrinology conducted a nationwide retrospective cross-sectional cohort study in Germany.

Patients:

Seventy-six patients with PrHy were identified.

Main Outcome Measures:

Clinical and endocrinological features were assessed.

Results:

Headache (50%) and increase in body mass (18%) were the most frequent nonendocrine symptoms. Hypophysitis was associated with pregnancy in only 11% of the female patients. Diabetes insipidus was found in 54% of the patients at presentation. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was the most frequent endocrine failure (62%), whereas GH deficiency was the least frequent (37%). With 86%, thickening of the pituitary stalk was the prevailing neuroradiological sign. Compared with surgical cases, the cases without histological confirmation presented more often with suprasellar lesions and had less severe nonendocrine symptoms. Granulomatous hypophysitis was associated with more severe clinical symptoms than lymphocytic hypophysitis. Examination of cerebrospinal fluid was predominantly performed in participating neurosurgical centers, whereas thyroid antibodies were almost exclusively assessed in endocrinological centers.

Conclusion:

In contrast to the literature, hypogonadism was found to be the most frequent endocrine failure in PrHy. Weight gain was identified as a clinical sign of PrHy. In the majority of patients, PrHy can be reliably identified by characteristic clinical signs and symptoms, obviating histological confirmation. The diagnostic approach should be standardized in PrHy.
Network Dynamics: How Can We Find Patients Like Us?
Authors: Yan Lu (Lucy) , Peng Jianping , Tan Yong
Published: August 2015

Social networks have been shown to affect health. Because online social networking makes it easier for individuals to interact with experientially similar others in regard to health issues and to exchange social support, there has been an increasing effort to understand how networks function. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to how these networks are formed. In this paper, we examine the driving forces behind patients’ social network formation and evolution. We argue that patients’ health-related traits influence their social connections and that the patients’ network layout is shaped by their cognitive capabilities and their network embeddedness. By studying longitudinal data from 1,322 individuals and their communication ties in an online healthcare social network, we find that firsthand disease experience, which provides knowledge of the disease, increases the probability that patients will find experientially similar others and establish communication ties. Patients’ cognitive abilities, including the information load that they can process and the range of social ties that they can manage, however, limit their network growth. In addition, we find that patients’ efforts to reach out for additional social resources are associated with their embeddedness in the network and the cost of maintaining connections. Practical implications of our findings are discussed.
Assessing Hyperspectral Image Content of Pharmaceutical Products Using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Ripley's K-Functions
Authors: Bobiak John P. , McGeorge Gary
Published: August 2015

Hyperspectral chemical imaging technologies are frequently applied in the pharmaceutical industry to assess the distribution of ingredients in product intermediates and finished products. This article discusses two recognized measures of spatial uniformity in the context of pharmaceuticals. Synthetic images are used to introduce the utility of Ripley's K-function and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) for describing image content. These metrics were applied to a commercial-like product to demonstrate the practical interpretation for product development. The simple approaches presented here offer the possibility of reporting objective measures of intra-tablet compositional uniformity with minimal supervision.