bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of the genus Asca (Acarina : Ascidae) in Australia, with descriptions of three new leaf-inhabiting species
Authors: Walter DE , Halliday RB , Lindquist EE
Published: April 2005

Australian mites in the genus Asca were last reviewed in 1956 when the first three Australian species were described. We here provide diagnoses for those species, describe three new species (Asca macromela, A. grostali and A. mindi) from the leaves of rainforest trees, and report on the occurrence in Australia of a species described from New Zealand (A. porosa Wood) and of a cosmopolitan thelytokous species (A. garmani Hurlbutt). Keys to the eight species and the three species-groups they represent are provided. Examination of 13 266 leaves from 193 species of woody plants in eastern Australian forests indicated that Asca mites are abundant and diverse inhabitants of tropical rainforest canopies, but decline in both diversity and abundance with increasing latitude.
Revision of Australian Geocoris Fallén and Stylogeocoris Montandon (Heteroptera : Lygaeidae : Geocorinae)
Authors: Malipatil MB
Published: April 2005

The Australian geocorine genera (Geocoris Fallén, Stylogeocoris Montandon and Germalus St aring l) are redefined and keyed, and a species-level revision of the first two named genera is undertaken. All known species are redescribed and the following new species described: Geocoris woodwardi, G. victoriensis, G. asetosus, G. borealis and Stylogeocoris maculatus. Geocoris hakeae Eyles is synonymised with Stylogeocoris biroi Montandon, the type species of Stylogeocoris. Three species of Geocoris (G. capricornutus Kirkaldy, G. convivus Distant and G. elongatus Distant) are transferred to Stylogeocoris.
A phylogenetic analysis of the isopod family Janiridae (Crustacea)
Authors: Wilson GDF
Published: April 2005

A phylogeny of the isopod family Janiridae and genera from presumptive outgroups, Acanthaspidiidae, Joeropsididae and Microparasellidae is estimated. Characters were gathered from the published literature, and assembled into a data matrix for cladistic analysis. The data, when evaluated with heuristic search algorithms, yielded eight most-parsimonious trees, none of which supported the monophyly of the Janiridae. To evaluate the impact of homoplasy, characters with a rescaled consistency less than 0.1 were deleted, resulting in four somewhat different trees that were non-monophyletic for the janirids. With the smaller data set, trees supporting janirid monophyly were 10 steps longer. A permutation tail probability test found substantially more hierarchical information in the janirid data set than in randomised data. Internal topologies of the shortest trees were evaluated as hypotheses for new family-level groups, although new family-level classifications cannot be proposed at this time owing to insufficient evidence. The Janiridae therefore cannot be considered monophyletic.
The sea skaters, genus Halobates Eschscholtz (Hemiptera : Gerridae), of Australia: Taxonomy, phylogeny and zoogeography
Authors: Andersen NM , Weir TA
Published: April 2005

The sea skaters, genus Halobates Eschscholtz, include the only known oceanic insects, although most species of Halobates are found in sheltered coastal waters. The present paper deals with the 11 species known from Australian waters, divided into two subgenera, Hilliella China and Halobates s. str., and the latter into 5 species-groups. Characters found useful in forming these species-groups include: interocular width of head, head colour markings, relative lengths of fore tarsal segments, mesotibio-tarsal hair fringe, structure of male genital segments, and vesical armature. The cladistic relationships among species and species-groups are analysed and discussed. A key to the species of Australian Halobates is provided. All species endemic to Australia are redescribed and their distribution recorded and mapped. Taxonomic and distributional notes are given for the remaining species. H. (Hilliella) lannae is described as new from the Northern Territory, and the synonymies H. australiensis Malipatil (= H. hayanus White) and H. ashrnorensis Malipatil (= H. princeps White) are verified. Finally, we discuss the ecological diversity and zoogeography of Australian sea skaters.
Damnaster tasmani, a new genus and species of Asteoidea (Echinodermata) from New Zealand
Authors: Clark HES , McKnight DG
Published: April 2005

Damnaster tasmani, gen. et sp. nov., belonging in the deep-water asteroid family Porcellanasteridae, is described from five stations (nine specimens) to the west of New Zealand, between 35° and 46° S, 156° and 167° E, in depths of 1647 - 4868 m.
A revision of the Australasian genus Coptocercus Hope (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae : Phoracanthini), with descriptions of twenty-one new species
Authors: Wang Qiao
Published: April 2005

Sixteen species were assigned to Coptocercus before the current study commenced. This revision includes 36 species, 21 of which are established as new: C. tricolor, C. terminalis, C. javanicus, C. pascoei, C. aruensis, C. sulciscapus, C. pretiosus, C. spinithoracicus, C. weiri, C. matthewsi, C. clarus, C. walkeri, C. multitrichus, C. robustus, C. australis, C. galachrous, C. rotundiguttatus, C. ovaliguttatus, C. shuteae, C. orientalis and C. schneiderae. New synonyms are proposed as follows (senior synonyms last): C. sannio McKeown with C. undulatus (Hope) and C. vittatus Aurivillius with C. assimilis (Hope). A neotype is designated for C. aberrans (Newman). All the 36 valid species are described and figured, and distributions are mapped for 34 species. A key to 36 species is given.
Revision of the monogenean genus Polylabris (Microcotylidae)
Authors: Hayward CJ
Published: April 2005

Revised diagnoses of the subfamily Prostatomicrocotylinae and the largest of its five genera, Polylabris, are presented. Seventeen species of Polylabris are recognised from the gills of a variety of perciform fishes on the basis of the morphology of their male copulatory organs and a key to species is given; a further three species inquirendae are also considered. P. sillaginae (Woolcock) is recorded in Australia, New Caledonia and the Gulf of Thailand from ten species of Sillago and the type host Sillaginodes punctata. P. sandarsae Williams is synonymised with P. sillaginae (Woolcock), as are P. sp. 1 Williams and P. sp. 2 Williams. Three new bivaginate species from Australian sillaginids, each with distinctive copulatory organs, are described: P. australiensis, sp. nov., P. queenslandensis, sp. nov., and P. williamsi, sp. nov. The only species in this host group with one vagina, P. madagascarensis, sp, nov., is described from Sillago sihama in Madagascar and South Africa. Two other new univaginate species, from eastern Australia, are described: P. girellae, sp. nov., from a kyphosid (Girella tricuspidata) and P. rhabdosargi, sp. nov., from a sparid (Rhabdosargus sarba). P. gerres (Machida) is recognised as both a junior synonym and secondary homonym of P. gerres (Sandars). P. mamaevi Ogawa & Egusa is likely to be composed of two species, one of which may be synonymous with P. virgatarum (Tubangui), a species whose types were destroyed. Gupta & Khullar's 'P. sillaginae' is given a replacement name, P. indica, nom. nov., because it undoubtedly belongs to a distinct species. In four species with no available specimens, original illustrations of copulatory organs are redrawn. New species are still very likely to be discovered in the Indo-west Pacific, particularly in regions where the monogenean fauna is little known, such as eastern Africa and the Red Sea.
Uncoupling of the functions of the
Arabidopsis
VIP1 protein in transient and stable plant genetic transformation by
Agrobacterium
Authors: Li Jianxiong , Krichevsky Alexander , Vaidya Manjusha , Tzfira Tzvi , Citovsky Vitaly
Published: April 2005

Agrobacterium
-mediated genetic transformation of plants, a unique example of transkingdom DNA transfer, requires the presence of several proteins encoded by the host cell. One such cellular factor is VIP1, an
Arabidopsis
protein proposed to interact with and facilitate import of the bacterial DNA–protein transport (T) complexes into the plant cell nucleus. Thus, VIP1 is required for transient expression of the bacterial DNA, an early step in the transformation process. However, the role of VIP1 in subsequent transformation events leading to the stable expression of bacterial DNA was unexplored. Here, we used reverse genetics to dissect VIP1 functionally and demonstrate its involvement in the stable genetic transformation of
Arabidopsis
plants by
Agrobacterium
. Our data indicate that the ability of VIP1 to interact with the VirE2 protein component of the T-complex and localize to the cell nucleus is sufficient for transient genetic transformation, whereas its ability to form homomultimers and interact with the host cell H2A histone
in planta
is required for tumorigenesis and, by implication, stable genetic transformation.
Hemoglobin conformation couples erythrocyte
S
-nitrosothiol content to O
2
gradients
Authors: Doctor Allan , Platt Ruth , Sheram Mary Lynn , Eischeid Anne , McMahon Timothy , Maxey Thomas , Doherty Joseph , Axelrod Mark , Kline Jaclyn , Gurka Matthew , Gow Andrew , Gaston Benjamin
Published: April 2005

It is proposed that the bond between nitric oxide (NO) and the Hb thiol Cys-β
93
(SNOHb) is favored when hemoglobin (Hb) is in the relaxed (R, oxygenated) conformation, and that deoxygenation to tense (T) state destabilizes the SNOHb bond, allowing transfer of NO from Hb to form other (vasoactive)
S
-nitrosothiols (SNOs). However, it has not previously been possible to measure SNOHb without extensive Hb preparation, altering its allostery and SNO distribution. Here, we have validated an assay for SNOHb that uses carbon monoxide (CO) and cuprous chloride (CuCl)-saturated Cys. This assay is specific for SNOs and sensitive to 2–5 pmol. Uniquely, it measures the total SNO content of unmodified erythrocytes (RBCs) (SNO
RBC
), preserving Hb allostery. In room air, the ratio of SNO
RBC
to Hb in intact RBCs is stable over time, but there is a logarithmic loss of SNO
RBC
with oxyHb desaturation (slope, 0.043). This decay is accelerated by extraerythrocytic thiol (slope, 0.089;
P
< 0.001). SNO
RBC
stability is uncoupled from O
2
tension when Hb is locked in the R state by CO pretreatment. Also, SNO
RBC
is increased ≈20-fold in human septic shock (
P
= 0.002) and the O
2
-dependent vasoactivity of RBCs is affected profoundly by SNO content in a murine lung bioassay. These data demonstrate that SNO content and O
2
saturation are tightly coupled in intact RBCs and that this coupling is likely to be of pathophysiological significance.
Maternal complications in women with chronic hypertension: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Zetterström Karin , Lindeberg Solveig Nordén , Haglund Bengt , Hanson Ulf
Published: April 2005

Background.  The aim of the study was to determine if pregnant women with chronic hypertensive disease have an independent risk for preeclampsia, gestational diabetes or placental abruption. To examine if superimposed preeclampsia in this group of women is related to an increased risk of placental abruption.

Methods.  This study is a population‐based cohort study using the Swedish Medical Birth Register 1992–98. A population of 681 515 women aged between 15–44 years with singleton pregnancies, excluding women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease were studied. Among these, 3374 women were diagnosed with chronic hypertensive disease. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed and the outcome measures of crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were presented with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results.  Chronic hypertensive disease is associated with multiparity, age, high body mass index and Nordic ethnicity. After controlling for confounders, chronic hypertensive disease is an independent risk factor for preeclampsia (OR 3.8; 95% CI 3.4–4.3), gestational diabetes (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4–2.4) and placental abruption (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.6–3.4).

Conclusion.  Chronic hypertensive disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and placental abruption.
Impact of rapid socio‐economic changes on teenage pregnancies in Estonia during 1992–2001
Authors: Haldre Kai , Karro Helle , Rahu Mati , Tellmann Alvi
Published: April 2005

Background.  Major socio‐economic changes, including health care reforms and changes in the school curriculum, took place in Estonia after the country regained its independence in 1991. These changes affected people's reproductive behavior in many ways. In this article, the impact of the changes on the reproductive behavior of teenage girls, measured by adolescent fertility and abortion rates between 1992 and 2001, is analyzed.

Methods.  National data on abortions and births were obtained from official medical statistics, particularly from the Estonian Abortion Registry and the Estonian Medical Birth Registry. Female population denominators for the age group 15–19 were obtained from the Statistical Office of Estonia.

Results.  In teenagers, the birth rate decreased more than two times, from 49.7 per 1000 in 1992 to 23.8 per 1000 in 2001. The abortion rate per 1000 decreased from 55.5 in 1992 to 30.4 in 2001. Compared with all women of fertile age (15–49 years), at the beginning of the decade, teenagers decided more often to have a baby, and, at the end of the decade, they decided more often to terminate the pregnancy. Two‐thirds of all pregnancies in teenagers end in abortion – either legally induced abortion (legal abortion and therapeutic abortion) or spontaneous abortion. In 2001, the abortion ratio was 116.4 among ethnic Estonians and 147.9 among non‐Estonians.

Conclusions.  The case in Estonia again proves that the availability of information, contraceptives, services and education, and the existence of other goals in life besides childbearing, have an impact on teenage birth and abortion rates. Successful health promotion activities should take into consideration the differences in the reproductive behavior of different ethnic groups.
Sensitivity of winter flounder melanophores after removal of the epidermis from in vitro preparations
Authors: Vokey J. E. , Burton D.
Published: April 2005

Winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus has a thick epidermis which was removed from scale slips by incubation in a medium including 1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for up to 2 h. Neurally mediated responses of dermal melanophores to K+ and Na+, and to exogenous noradrenaline (10‐5 M) were 1·5 to three times faster without the epidermis–mucus barrier; α‐melanophore stimulating hormone (MSH) evoked extensive pigment dispersion only without the epidermis. Thus, cellular viability after epidermal removal is not restricted to melanophores, nerve terminals can provide an additional indicator. The sensitivity to α‐MSH in vitro, is an important observation since in vivo reports have not indicated that this hormone has a role in the physiological responsiveness of these melanophores in flatfish.
The effects of perceived competition and parasitism on the foraging behaviour of the upland bully (Eleotridae)
Authors: James K. E. S. , Poulin R.
Published: April 2005

Prey choice by fish is subject to many constraints, some of which may interact to determine the relative preference of fish for prey with different profitabilities. The constraining effects of parasitism and perceived competition on foraging behaviour were examined in the upland bully, Gobiomorphus breviceps. In the laboratory, bullies faced with a choice of prey items of two different sizes chose the larger prey significantly more often than the smaller ones. The presence of a conspecific fish near the source of large prey significantly reduced the bullies’preference for larger prey. Neither the size of the test fish, nor the number of digenean metacercarial cysts they harboured, had any influence on their relative preference for larger prey, or on how that preference was dampened by the presence of a competitor. The threat of competition appears to be a more important constraint on prey choice in upland bullies than parasitism.
Stomach capacity as a directing factor in prey size selection of three‐spined stickleback
Authors: Gill A. B. , Hart P. J. B.
Published: April 2005

Three‐spined stickleback consumed prey of one size until the stomach was full whereafter similar‐sized prey were rejected, but smaller prey were consumed. This evidence leads to the prediction of a shift in prey size preference as a result of the constraint imposed by remaining stomach capacity.
Evaluating cochlear implant trauma to the scala vestibuli
Authors: Adunka O. , Kiefer J. , Unkelbach M.H. , Radeloff A. , Gstoettner W.
Published: April 2005

Objectives: Placement of cochlear implant electrodes into the scala vestibuli may be intentional, e.g. in case of blocked scala tympani or unintentional as a result of trauma to the basilar membrane or erroneous location of the cochieostomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological consequences and cochlear trauma after implantation of different cochlear implant electrode arrays in the scala vestibuli.

Design: Human temporal bone study with histological and radiological evaluation.

Setting: Twelve human cadaver temporal bones were implanted with different cochlear implant electrodes. Implanted bones were processed using a special method to section undecalcified bone.

Main outcome measures: Cochlear trauma and intracochlear positions.

Results: All implanted electrodes were implanted into the scala vestibuli using a special approach that allows direct scala vestibuli insertions. Fractures of the osseous spiral lamina were evaluated in some bones in the basal cochlear regions. In most electrodes, delicate structures of the organ of Corti were left intact, however, Reissner's membrane was destroyed in all specimens and the electrode lay upon the tectorial membrane. In some bones the organ of Corti was destroyed.

Conclusions: Scala vestibuli insertions did not cause severe trauma to osseous or neural structures, thus preserving the basis for electrostimulation of the cochlea. However, destruction of Reissner's membrane and impact on the Organ of Corti can be assumed to destroy residual hearing.
The GTP binding protein Obg homolog ObgE is involved in ribosome maturation
Authors: Sato Aya , Kobayashi Gengo , Hayashi Hiroshi , Yoshida Hideji , Wada Akira , Maeda Maki , Hiraga Sota , Takeyasu Kunio , Wada Chieko
Published: April 2005

Obg proteins belong to a subfamily of GTP binding proteins, which are highly conserved from bacteria to human. Mutations of obgE genes cause pleiotropic defects in various species but the function remained unclear. Here we examine the function of ObgE, the Obg homolog in Escherichia coli. The growth rate correlates with the amount of ObgE in cells. Co‐fractionation experiments further suggest that ObgE binds to 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, but not to 70S ribosome. Pull‐down assays suggest that ObgE associates with several specific ribosomal proteins of 30S and 50S subunits, as well as RNA helicase CsdA. Purified ObgE cosediments with 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs in vitro in the presence of GTP. Finally, mutation of ObgE affects pre‐16Sr‐RNA processing, ribosomal protein levels, and ribosomal protein modification, thereby significantly reducing 70S ribosome levels. This evidence implicates that ObgE functions in ribosomal biogenesis, presumably through the binding to rRNAs and/or rRNA‐ribosomal protein complexes, perhaps as an rRNA/ribosomal protein folding chaperone or scaffold protein.
TAK1‐binding protein 2 facilitates ubiquitination of TRAF6 and assembly of TRAF6 with IKK in the IL‐1 signaling pathway
Authors: Kishida Satoshi , Sanjo Hideki , Akira Shizuo , Matsumoto Kunihiro , Ninomiya‐Tsuji Jun
Published: April 2005

TAK1 mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase participates in the Interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) signaling pathway by mediating activation of JNK, p38, and NF‐κB. TAK1‐binding protein 2 (TAB2) was previously identified as an adaptor that links TAK1 to an upstream signaling intermediate, tumor necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Recently, ubiquitination of TRAF6 was shown to play an essential role in the activation of TAK1. However, the mechanism by which IL‐1 induces TRAF6 ubiquitination remains to be elucidated. Here we report that TAB2 functions to facilitate TRAF6 ubiquitination and thereby mediates IL‐1‐induced cellular events. A conserved ubiquitin binding domain in TAB2, the CUE domain, is important for this function. We also found that TAB2 promotes the assembly of TRAF6 with a downstream kinase, IκB kinase (IKK). These results show that TAB2 acts as a multifunctional signaling molecule, facilitating both IL‐1‐dependent TRAF6 ubiquitination and assembly of the IL‐1 signaling complex.
Transcriptional Activation of the Oxytocin Promoter by Oestrogens Uses a Novel Non‐Classical Mechanism of Oestrogen Receptor Action
Authors: Koohi M. K. , Ivell R. , Walther N.
Published: April 2005

Transcriptional activation of the gene coding for the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin by oestrogens does not follow the classical model of oestrogen receptor action. The oxytocin promoter does not contain an oestrogen response element (ERE), but instead a high‐affinity binding site for nuclear orphan receptors. In the present study, the oestrogen‐dependent up‐regulation of the bovine oxytocin promoter is investigated in MDA‐MB 231 cells. Control by oestrogen is shown to be dependent on the integrity of the nuclear orphan receptor binding site and the presence of ligand‐activated oestrogen receptor, but independent of oestrogen receptor binding to DNA. Partial agonists tamoxifen and raloxifen and the pure antagonist ICI 182 780 all show agonistic activities on transcription, while exhibiting normal binding affinities to oestrogen receptor (ER)α. Nuclear orphan receptors oestrogen receptor‐related receptor α (ERRα) and germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) are expressed to significant levels in MDA‐MB 231 cells. Binding of ERRα to the oxytocin promoter binding site can be demonstrated, suggesting the involvement of this nuclear orphan receptor in oestrogen‐dependent up‐regulation. The oestrogenic stimulation of the oxytocin promoter apparently is dependent on the stimulation of the transcriptional activity of this nuclear orphan receptor by ERK‐1/ERK‐2 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAP kinases). This novel nonclassical mechanism of oestrogen action most probably is not restricted to the regulation of neuropeptide hormone expression, but may further contribute to the multitude of tissue‐specific effects of oestrogenic substances.
Static strength of molar region direct technique glass fibre‐reinforced composite fixed partial dentures
Authors: DYER S. R. , LASSILA L. V. J. , ALANDER P. , VALLITTU P. K.
Published: April 2005

summary  The aim of this study was to determine static fracture force of fibre‐reinforced composite (FRC) fixed partial dentures (FPD) with different retainer designs. The fabrication simulated the process to make directly made 3‐unit maxillary molar FPD. Four types of retainers were tested (n = 5): conventional crown preparation (1·2 mm axially and 2·0 mm occlusally), slot preparation (3·5 mm high × 3·5 mm wide × 1 mm deep), no preparation with broad fibre abutment contact, and combination of the slot and broad fibre contact were performed. The FPD contained unidirectional E‐glass FRC veneered with particulate reinforced composite. Dimensions of the FPDs were homogenized. FPDs were stored at 1 week 37 °C deionized water, thermocycled between 5 °C and 55 °C (5000 cycles, dwell time 10 s) and statically loaded to failure. The slot retainer design yielded the lowest mean load to initial and final failure (FF) (1284 and 1313 N, respectively), the crown retainer the highest mean load to initial failure at 1755 N, and the combination retainer resulted in the highest mean load to FF (1836 N) (anova, P < 0·001; Tukey multiple comparisons, 0·05 significance level). The results of this study suggest that the fabrication of direct FRC FPD does not necessarily require extensive preparation for the retainers.
Clinical and radiological follow‐up results of patients with untreated TMJ closed lock
Authors: IMIRZALIOGLU P. , BILER N. , AGILDERE A. M.
Published: April 2005

summary  The purpose of this study was to compare clinical and radiological findings of untreated closed lock patients at least 22 months after initial diagnosis. Ten patients with closed lock in at least one joint who had received no treatment were included in the study. Clinically maximum mouth opening, joint pain and joint sounds were recorded. Radiologically position of the disc, disc morphology, bone degeneration and presence of fluid were determined on magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical and radiological examinations were repeated 2–5 years after initial examinations. Results were statistically compared using either the non‐parametric McNemar test or the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. There were significant improvements in both mouth opening capacity and prevalence of joint pain, while no significant change in radiological examination. The results of this study suggested that closed lock patients undergo active adaptation in clinical symptoms.
Can a Mixed Health Care System be Desirable on Equity Grounds?*
Authors: March Maurice , Schroyen Fred
Published: April 2005

Should health care provision be public, private, or both? We consider this question in a setting where people differ in their earnings capacity and face some illness risk. We assume that illness reduces an individual's time endowment when waiting for treatment. Treatment can be obtained in a competitive private sector (through private insurance) or in the National Health Service (NHS) where it is provided free of charge but after some (endogenous) waiting time. The equilibrium in the health care sector consists of a waiting time in the NHS such that no patient wants to switch health care provider. This equilibrium is governed by two public policies: the income tax system and the size of the NHS. We find that: (i) a mixed system with a small NHS is never desirable; (ii) actuarially fair sickness insurance is never desirable either; (iii) a mixed system with a sufficiently large NHS may improve on a pure public system if the dispersion of earnings capacities is large enough; and (iv) the welfare gains from such a mixed system are not likely to be significant.
Unions: Rent Creators or Extractors?*
Authors: Skovsgaard Aidt Toke , Sena Vania
Published: April 2005

This paper proposes a model of workplace‐specific unions that integrates two views of what unions do. One view holds that unions mainly engage in rent extraction. Another view holds that unions mainly engage in rent creation by providing agency services that increase workplace productivity. We demonstrate that the choice between the two activities is systematically related to the economic and regulatory environment in which the union operates. Product market competition encourages rent creation, while labor market deregulation encourages rent extraction. Moreover, we provide a rationale for why firms may want to subsidize unions.
Organizational Change and Representations of Women in a North American Utility Company
Authors: Helms Mills Jean
Published: April 2005

Using a critical sensemaking approach, this article explores the process that leads to the formation of different types of masculinity over time. In particular it looks at organizational change programmes, the subsequent representation of organizational men and women in corporate documents and the consequences this has on the gendering of organizational culture. Annual reports from a North American electrical company, Nova Scotia Power, which underwent significant changes between 1972–2001, are used to show how the company's masculinist cultures were reflected in company policies and portrayed in the images and text in these documents. The focus of this article is on how strategic change programmes influenced different notions of masculinity over time, how these understandings were enacted through organizational policies, how this identity was (unconsciously) portrayed in images and text and what effects this had on the gendering of organizational culture.
FINANCING NETWORK ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Kensinger John W. , Martin John D.
Published: April 2005

Most large firms are not large, single station facilities… Large size is the result of joining a series of stations within a single administrative entity…The interfaces between stations could instead be mediated by market exchanges.

—Oliver Williamson1—
FLOATING CURRENCIES, CAPITAL CONTROLS, OR CURRENCY BOARDS: WHAT'S THE BEST REMEDY FOR THE CURRENCY CRISES?
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: April 2005

A number of different solutions have been proposed to deal with the Asian currency crisis. One proposal championed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is to allow the currencies to float while seeking to maintain their value through tight monetary policy. A second proposal calls for restrictions on capital flows. A third is establishment of currency boards, which seek to stabilize a currency's value by “pegging” it to the value of another currency.

In examining each of these three alternatives, this article concludes that none offers a perfect solution. Capital controls are almost always bad, creating serious distortions throughout the economy and destroying investor confidence. Currency boards, as past experience suggests, can be effective in certain circumstances. Nevertheless, there are concerns that currency boards deprive countries of all policy flexibility (some of which could be helpful in coping with crises), are difficult to set up so as to maintain credibility, and may lack adequate reserves to instill confidence. Such concerns have stood in the way of using of currency boards in the cases of Russia and Indonesia.

Having expressed reservations about these two “more radical” solutions, this article closes by noting the main problem with the IMF's prescription of floating currencies: its insistence on high interest rates and tight monetary policy. Because high interest rates tend to be ruinous for the local economy—and their effectiveness in limiting currency depreciation in times of crisis is far from clear—the author argues that interest rates should be raised only to compensate for inflation. Consistent with the recent experience of Brazil, the best solution may be just to allow currencies to float with a relatively loose monetary policy.
STRENGTHENING THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL SYSTEM: ASSESSING THE CRISIS AND THE POLICY RESPONSE
Authors: Haraf William S.
Published: April 2005

The financial crisis that began with Thailand's devaluation in the summer of 1997 exposed significant weaknesses both in the structure of markets in emerging countries and in the crisis‐prevention and crisis‐management mechanisms built into the international financial system. Since then numerous efforts have been made to assess the causes of the crisis, and official institutions such as the Group of 7, the IMF, and the World Bank have laid out an agenda for reform.

This article discusses the four cornerstones of the reform program:

 Encouraging the development of sound, well‐structured banking sectors subject to well‐designed systems of bank regulation and supervision.

 Ensuring that private institutions have the incentives, governance structures, and internal controls in place to avoid inappropriate risks.

 Strengthening disclosure requirements to ensure that global lenders and investors have the quantity and quality of information they need to make informed judgments about risks and returns.

 Ensuring that monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies are appropriate and resilient enough to permit emerging market governments to withstand a crisis.

As recommended in the article on Indonesia, the author encourages the private sector to make greater use of innovative financing arrangements to manage their risk exposures—for example, through standby lines of credit or pre‐negotiated options that would allow a debtor to automatically restructure its obligations under certain conditions.
THE STERN STEWART PERFORMANCE 1000
Authors: Ross Irwin
Published: April 2005

The big news in Stern Stewart's annual performance rankings is the unseating of Coca‐Cola, the top‐ranking company for the past three years, by General Electric—and Microsoft's dramatic rise into third place. Besides presenting the full rankings (the top 100 of which were published by Fortune this fall), this article complements the preceding roundtable by describing the inroads of EVA into Europe and Latin America.
The Common Viral Insertion Site
Evi12
Is Located in the 5′-Noncoding Region of
Gnn
, a Novel Gene with Enhanced Expression in Two Subclasses of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: van den Akker Eric , Vankan-Berkhoudt Yolanda , Valk Peter J. M. , Löwenberg Bob , Delwel Ruud
Published: April 2005

The leukemia and lymphoma disease locus
Evi12
was mapped to the noncoding region of a novel gene,
Gnn
(named for
Grp94
neighboring nucleotidase), that is located immediately upstream of the
Grp94
/
Tra1
gene on mouse chromosome 10. The
Gnn
gene is conserved in mice and humans. Expression of fusion constructs between
GFP
and
Gnn
cDNA isoforms in HEK-293 cells showed that Gnn proteins are located mainly in the cytoplasm. Immunoblotting experiments demonstrated the presence of multiple Gnn protein isoforms in most organs, with the lowest levels of expression of the protein detected in bone marrow and spleen. The
Evi12
-containing leukemia cell line NFS107 showed high levels of expression of a ∼150-kDa Gnn isoform (Gnn
107
) that was not observed in control cell lines. Overexpression may be due to the viral insertion in
Evi12
. The Gnn
107
protein is probably encoded by a
Gnn
cDNA isoform that is expressed exclusively in NFS107 cells and that includes sequences of TU12B1-TY, a putative protein with homology to 5′-nucleotidase enzymes. Interestingly, using Affymetrix gene expression data of a cohort of 285 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we found that
GNN
/
TU12B1-TY
expression was specifically increased in two AML clusters. One cluster consisted of all AML patients with a t(8;21) translocation, and the second cluster consisted of AML patients with a normal karyotype carrying a
FLT3
internal tandem duplication. These findings suggest that we identified a novel proto-oncogene that may be causally linked to certain types of human leukemia.
Potential of Equine Herpesvirus 1 as a Vector for Immunization
Authors: Trapp Sascha , von Einem Jens , Hofmann Helga , Köstler Josef , Wild Jens , Wagner Ralf , Beer Martin , Osterrieder Nikolaus
Published: April 2005

Key problems using viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy are antivector immunity, low transduction efficiencies, acute toxicity, and limited capacity to package foreign genetic information. It could be demonstrated that animal and human cells were efficiently transduced with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) reconstituted from viral DNA maintained and manipulated in
Escherichia coli
. Between 13 and 23% of primary human CD3
+
, CD4
+
, CD8
+
, CD11b
+
, and CD19
+
cells and more than 70% of CD4
+
MT4 cells or various human tumor cell lines (MeWo, Huh7, HeLa, 293T, or H1299) could be transduced with one infectious unit of EHV-1 per cell. After intranasal instillation of EHV-1 into mice, efficient transgene expression in lungs was detectable. Successful immunization using EHV-1 was shown after delivery of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55

gag

precursor by the induction of a Gag-specific CD8
+
immune response in mice. Because EHV-1 was not neutralized by human sera containing high titers of antibodies directed against human herpesviruses 1 to 5, it is concluded that this animal herpesvirus has enormous potential as a vaccine vector, because it is able to efficiently transduce a variety of animal and human cells, has high DNA packaging capacity, and can conveniently be maintained and manipulated in prokaryotic cells.
Regression of Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B-Cell Transformation In Vitro Involves Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells as the Principal Effectors and a Novel CD4+T-Cell Reactivity
Authors: Gudgeon Nancy H. , Taylor Graham S. , Long Heather M. , Haigh Tracey A. , Rickinson Alan B.
Published: April 2005

T-cell memory to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first demonstrated through regression of EBV-induced B-cell transformation to lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in virus-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. Here, using donors with virus-specific T-cell memory to well-defined CD4 and CD8 epitopes, we reexamine recent reports that the effector cells mediating regression are EBV latent antigen-specific CD4+and not, as previously assumed, CD8+T cells. In regressing cultures, we find that the reversal of CD23+B-cell proliferation was always coincident with an expansion of latent epitope-specific CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells; furthermore CD8+T-cell clones derived from regressing cultures were epitope specific and reproduced regression when cocultivated with EBV-infected autologous B cells. In cultures of CD4-depleted PBMCs, there was less efficient expansion of these epitope-specific CD8+T cells and correspondingly weaker regression. The data are consistent with an effector role for epitope-specific CD8+T cells in regression and an auxiliary role for CD4+T cells in expanding the CD8 response. However, we also occasionally observed late regression in CD8-depleted PBMC cultures, though again without any detectable expansion of preexisting epitope-specific CD4+T-cell memory. CD4+T-cell clones derived from such cultures were LCL specific in gamma interferon release assays but did not recognize any known EBV latent cycle protein or derived peptide. A subset of these clones was also cytolytic and could block LCL outgrowth. These novel effectors, whose antigen specificity remains to be determined, may also play a role in limiting virus-induced B-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo.
H-2 Kd-Restricted Hepatitis B Virus-Derived Epitope Whose Specific CD8+T Lymphocytes Can Produce Gamma Interferon without Cytotoxicity
Authors: Chen An , Wang Li , Zhang Jingbo , Zou Liyun , Jia Zhengcai , Zhou Wei , Wan Ying , Wu Yuzhang
Published: April 2005

It is necessary to evaluate the cytokine secretion status of CD8+T lymphocytes and elucidate the factors influencing cytokine secretion, because the secretion of cytokines is also an important feature of CD8+T lymphocytes, and the cytokines usually play critical roles in the outcome of diseases. We showed here that peptide AYRPPNAPI, derived from the core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV), could bind to H-2 Kdand induce primed splenocytes from HBcAg expression plasmid-immunized mice to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in H-2 Kd- and CD8-dependent manners instead of in a CD4-dependent manner. The induced cells were mainly CD3 and CD8 positive but had no cytotoxic effect on the corresponding target cells. When administered into HBV transgenic mice, these cells can decrease the serum HBV load without causing liver damage. These results suggest that this peptide is a special kind of CD8+T-cell epitope, for which specific CD8+T cells can produce IFN-γ when antigenic stimulation is encountered but which have no cytotoxic effect on the corresponding target cells both in vitro and in HBV transgenic mice. This phenomenon indicates initially that the functional mechanisms of CD8+T cells can be determined by their epitope specificity, which may be associated with the development of epitope-based immunotherapeutic approaches for infectious diseases and tumors.
Synthesis, Assembly, and Processing of the Env ERVWE1/Syncytin Human Endogenous Retroviral Envelope
Authors: Cheynet V. , Ruggieri A. , Oriol G. , Blond J.-L. , Boson B. , Vachot L. , Verrier B. , Cosset F.-L. , Mallet F.
Published: April 2005

Syncytin is a fusogenic protein involved in the formation of the placental syncytiotrophoblast layer. This protein is encoded by the envelope gene of the ERVWE1 proviral locus belonging to the human endogenous retrovirus W (HERV-W) family. The HERV-W infectious ancestor entered the primate lineage 25 to 40 million years ago. Although the syncytin fusion property has been clearly demonstrated, little is known about this cellular protein maturation process with respect to classical infectious retrovirus envelope proteins. Here we show that the cellular syncytin protein is synthesized as a glycosylated gPr73 precursor cleaved into two mature proteins, a gp50 surface subunit (SU) and a gp24 transmembrane subunit (TM). These SU and TM subunits are found associated as homotrimers. The intracytoplasmic tail is critical to the fusogenic phenotype, although its cleavage requirements seem to have diverged from those of classical retroviral maturation.
Identification of Functional Domains in Kaposica, the Complement Control Protein Homolog of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)
Authors: Mullick Jayati , Singh Akhilesh K. , Panse Yogesh , Yadav Vivekanand , Bernet John , Sahu Arvind
Published: April 2005

Recently it has been shown that kaposica, an immune evasion protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, inactivates complement by acting on C3-convertases by accelerating their decay as well as by acting as a cofactor in factor I-mediated inactivation of their subunits C3b and C4b. Here, we have mapped the functional domains of kaposica. We show that SCRs 1 and 2 (SCRs 1-2) and 1-4 are essential for the classical and alternative pathway C3-convertase decay-accelerating activity (DAA), respectively, while the SCRs 2-3 are required for factor I cofactor activity (CFA) for C3b and C4b. SCR 3 and SCRs 1 and 4, however, contribute to optimal classical pathway DAA and C3b CFA, respectively. Binding data show that SCRs 1-4 and SCRs 1-2 are the smallest structural units required for measuring detectable binding to C3b and C4b, respectively. The heparin-binding site maps to SCR 1.
ON THE CURRENT DOMAIN PICTURE OF THE MICROWAVE INDUCED ZERO-RESISTANCE OF HIGH MOBILITY QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS
Authors: OSWALD MANFRED , OSWALD JOSEF
Published: April 2005

Numerical simulations of the current domain picture, which is frequently used to describe the microwave induced zero resistance state of high mobility 2-dimensional electron systems, are shown. We demonstrate, that we obtain a situation, which is equivalent to the current domain picture by introducing an artificial domain wall into our network model for magneto transport. However, in contrast to the current domain picture the current in our simulations is insensitive to the width of the domains. Finally we propose an alternative picture where we use several domain walls, which are distributed along the current path. These serve as current filaments and lead also to a vanishing longitudinal resistance, while the Hall resistance remains unchanged.
AC MAGNETOTRANSPORT IN REENTRANT INSULATING PHASES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRONS NEAR 1/5 AND 1/3 LANDAU FILLINGS
Authors: CHEN YONG P. , WANG Z. H. , LEWIS R. M. , YE P. D. , ENGEL L. W. , TSUI D. C. , PFEIFFER L. N. , WEST K. W.
Published: April 2005

We have measured high frequency magnetotransport of a high quality two-dimensional electron system (2DES) near the reentrant insulating phase (RIP) at Landau fillings (ν) between 1/5 and 2/9. The magnetoconductivity in the RIP has resonant behavior around 150 MHz, showing a peak at ν~0.21. Our data support the interpretation of the RIP as due to some pinned electron solid. We have also investigated a narrowly confined 2DES recently found to have a RIP at 1/3<ν<1/2 and we have revealed features, not seen in DC transport, that suggest some intriguing interplay between the 1/3 FQHE and RIP.
ALLOY SCATTERING AND SCALING IN THE INTEGER QUANTUM HALL PLATEAU-TO-PLATEAU TRANSITIONS
Authors: LI WANLI , CSATHY G. A. , TSUI D. C. , PFEIFFER L. N. , WEST K. W.
Published: April 2005

The Quantum Hall Plateau-to-Plateau transition is a long-standing problem that has not yet been solved. Around the critical point, very different critical exponents of the localization length have been gotten experimentally. We approach this problem by doing experiments in the alloy disorder, which is realized in the Al x Ga 1-x As - Al 0.32 Ga 0.68 As heterostructure. By measuring directly the alloy scattering rate, we found the alloy disorder to be strong (1.13eV), short-range (atomic size) and temperature-independent3. By controlling the Aluminum concentration x, we make systems dominated by the short-range alloy disorder, where quantum mechanics prevails. In these systems, the scaling exponent is observed to be 0.42.
QUANTUM HALL TRANSITIONS IN MESOSCOPIC SAMPLES
Authors: PELED E. , SHAHAR D. , CHEN Y. , DIEZ E. , SIVCO D. L. , CHO A. Y.
Published: April 2005

We present an experimental study of four-terminal resistance fluctuations of mesoscopic samples in the quantum Hall regime. We show that in the vicinity of integer quantum Hall transitions there exist two kinds of correlations between the longitudinal and Hall resistances of the samples, one on either side of the transition region.
HALL AND MAGNETORESISTANCE EFFECTS OBTAINED FROM SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF LIQUID METALS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
Authors: OGITA M. , ITO T. , ISAI M. , MOGI I. , AWAJI S. , YOKOO K.
Published: April 2005

Hall measurements of liquid metals, using two-frequency, ac-dc and simultaneous methods are described. The Hall effect has been measured in Hg and Ga metals, in both solid and liquid states. The magnetoresistance and Hall effects have also been measured in an InSb single crystal, which exhibited magnetoresistance even in low magnetic field, and in Si , which did not exhibit magnetoresistance in low magnetic field. In order to investigate the magnetic field dependence of the observed galvanomagnetic effects for solid and liquid state metals, and for semiconductors, Hall measurements in high magnetic field, up to ±9 T, were also performed.
KINETIC CONFINEMENT AND ZERO–ELECTRIC–FIELD BINDING IN HgCdTe ACCUMULATION LAYERS
Authors: RADANTSEV V. F. , KULAEV G. I. , KRUZHAEV V. V.
Published: April 2005

The effects of kinetic confinement and forming of surface bound states at a zero external electric field (ZEF) are studied experimentally (by the magneto-capacitance spectroscopy of Landau level method) and theoretically (in 8×8 Kane model). The self-consistent calculations we performed predict the existence of occupied kinetically bound but not true bound states at a zero interface electric field that is in agreement with experimental data. The capacitance oscillations at in 2D plane magnetic fields orientation we observed are associated with oscillations of continuum electrons screening length.
INFLUENCE OF SPIN-ORBIT INTERACTION ON THE MAGNETOTRANSPORT OF A PERIODICALLY MODULATED TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS
Authors: WANG X. F. , VASILOPOULOS P. , PEETERS F. M.
Published: April 2005

Transport properties of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) are studied in the presence of a normal magnetic field B, of a weak one-dimensional (1D) periodic potential modulation V(x)=V0cos(Kx), and of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI) of strength α. For V(x)=0 the SOI mixes the up and down spin states of neighboring Landau levels into two, unequally spaced energy branches. For V(x)≠0 these levels broaden into bands and their bandwidths oscillate with B. The n-th level bandwidth of each series vanishes at different values of B. Relative to the 1D-modulated 2DEG without SOI and one flat-band condition, there are two flat-band conditions that depend on α and the transport coefficients can change considerably. For weak α the Weiss oscillations show beating patterns while for strong α the Shubnikov-de Haas ones are split in two.
VANISHING HALL AND LONGITUDINAL RESISTANCES IN BILAYER TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON SYSTEMS AT νT=1
Authors: KELLOGG MELINDA , EISENSTEIN JAMES P. , PFEIFFER LOREN N. , WEST KENNETH W.
Published: April 2005

Longitudinal and Hall resistances have been measured in a bilayer two-dimensional electron system at νT=1 with equal but oppositely directed currents flowing in the two layers. In the limit of zero temperature, both of these resistances are observed to drop to zero. This supports the prediction of an excitonic superfluid state existing at this total filling factor.