bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Location Privacy Protection in Distributed IoT Environments Based on Dynamic Sensor Node Clustering
Authors: Dimitriou Konstantinos , Roussaki Ioanna
Published: July 2019

One of the most significant challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) environments is the protection of privacy. Failing to guarantee the privacy of sensitive data collected and shared over IoT infrastructures is a critical barrier that delays the wide penetration of IoT technologies in several user-centric application domains. Location information is the most common dynamic information monitored and lies among the most sensitive ones from a privacy perspective. This article introduces a novel mechanism that aims to protect the privacy of location information across Data Centric Sensor Networks (DCSNs) that monitor the location of mobile objects in IoT systems. The respective data dissemination protocols proposed enhance the security of DCSNs rendering them less vulnerable to intruders interested in obtaining the location information monitored. In this respect, a dynamic clustering algorithm is that clusters the DCSN nodes not only based on the network topology, but also considering the current location of the objects monitored. The proposed techniques do not focus on the prevention of attacks, but on enhancing the privacy of sensitive location information once IoT nodes have been compromised. They have been extensively assessed via series of experiments conducted over the IoT infrastructure of FIT IoT-LAB and the respective evaluation results indicate that the dynamic clustering algorithm proposed significantly outperforms existing solutions focusing on enhancing the privacy of location information in IoT.
A Secure Charging System for Electric Vehicles Based on Blockchain
Authors: Kim MyeongHyun , Park KiSung , Yu SungJin , Lee JoonYoung , Park YoungHo , Lee Sang-Woo , Chung BoHeung
Published: July 2019

Smart grids incorporating internet-of-things are emerging solutions to provide a reliable, sustainable and efficient electricity supply, and electric vehicle drivers can access efficient charging services in the smart grid. However, traditional electric vehicle charging systems are vulnerable to distributed denial of service and privileged insider attacks when the central charging server is attacked. The blockchain-based charging systems have been proposed to resolve these problems. In 2018, Huang et al. proposed the electric vehicle charging system using lightning network and smart contract. However, their system has an inefficient charging mechanism and does not guarantee security of key. We propose a secure charging system for electric vehicles based on blockchain to resolve these security flaws. Our charging system ensures the security of key, secure mutual authentication, anonymity, and perfect forward secrecy, and also provides efficient charging. We demonstrate that our proposed system provides secure mutual authentication using Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic and prevents replay and man-in-the-middle attacks using automated validation of internet security protocols and applications simulation tool. Furthermore, we compare computation and communication costs with previous schemes. Therefore, the proposed charging system efficiently applies to practical charging systems for electric vehicles.
Reducing the Effect of Positioning Errors on Kinematic Raw Doppler (RD) Velocity Estimation Using BDS-2 Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Duan Shunli , Sun Wei , Ouyang Chenhao , Chen Xinyu , Shi Junbo
Published: July 2019

In the traditional raw Doppler (RD) velocity estimation method, the positioning error of the pseudorange-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) single point positioning (SPP) solution affects the accuracy of the velocity estimation through the station-satellite unit cosine vector. To eliminate the effect of positioning errors, this paper proposes a carrier-phase-based second generation of the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS-2) precise point positioning (PPP) RD velocity estimation method. Compared with the SPP positioning accuracy of tens of meters, the BDS-2 kinematic PPP positioning accuracy is significantly improved to the dm level. In order to verify the reliability and applicability of the developed method, three dedicated tests, the vehicle-borne, ship-borne and air-borne platforms, were conducted. In the vehicle-borne experiment, the GNSS and inertial navigation system (INS)-integrated velocity solution was chosen as the reference. The velocity accuracy of the BDS-2 PPP RD method was better than that of SPP RD by 28.4%, 27.1% and 26.1% in the east, north and up directions, respectively. In the ship-borne and air-borne experiments, the BDS-2 PPP RD velocity accuracy was improved by 17.4%, 21.4%, 17.8%, and 38.1%, 17.6%, 17.5% in the same three directions, respectively, compared with the BDS-2 SPP RD solutions. The reference in these two tests is the real-time kinematic (RTK) Position Derivation (PD)-based velocity.
Quantifying the Impact of Linear Regression Model in Deriving Bio-Optical Relationships: The Implications on Ocean Carbon Estimations
Authors: Bellacicco Marco , Vellucci Vincenzo , Scardi Michele , Barbieux Marie , Marullo Salvatore , D’Ortenzio Fabrizio
Published: July 2019

Linear regression is widely used in applied sciences and, in particular, in satellite optical oceanography, to relate dependent to independent variables. It is often adopted to establish empirical algorithms based on a finite set of measurements, which are later applied to observations on a larger scale from platforms such as autonomous profiling floats equipped with optical instruments (e.g., Biogeochemical Argo floats; BGC-Argo floats) and satellite ocean colour sensors (e.g., SeaWiFS, VIIRS, OLCI). However, different methods can be applied to a given pair of variables to determine the coefficients of the linear equation fitting the data, which are therefore not unique. In this work, we quantify the impact of the choice of “regression method” (i.e., either type-I or type-II) to derive bio-optical relationships, both from theoretical perspectives and by using specific examples. We have applied usual regression methods to an in situ data set of particulate organic carbon (POC), total chlorophyll-a (TChla), optical particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), and 19 years of monthly TChla and bbp ocean colour data. Results of the regression analysis have been used to calculate phytoplankton carbon biomass (Cphyto) and POC from: i) BGC-Argo float observations; ii) oceanographic cruises, and iii) satellite data. These applications enable highlighting the differences in Cphyto and POC estimates relative to the choice of the method. An analysis of the statistical properties of the dataset and a detailed description of the hypothesis of the work drive the selection of the linear regression method.
Blockchain-Based Scalable and Tamper-Evident Solution for Registering Energy Data
Authors: Pop Claudia , Antal Marcel , Cioara Tudor , Anghel Ionut , Sera David , Salomie Ioan , Raveduto Giuseppe , Ziu Denisa , Croce Vincenzo , Bertoncini Massimo
Published: July 2019

Nowadays, it has been recognized that blockchain can provide the technological infrastructure for developing decentralized, secure, and reliable smart energy grid management systems. However, an open issue that slows the adoption of blockchain technology in the energy sector is the low scalability and high processing overhead when dealing with the real-time energy data collected by smart energy meters. Thus, in this paper, we propose a scalable second tier solution which combines the blockchain ledger with distributed queuing systems and NoSQL (Not Only SQL database) databases to allow the registration of energy transactions less frequently on the chain without losing the tamper-evident benefits brought by the blockchain technology. At the same time, we propose a technique for tamper-evident registration of smart meters’ energy data and associated energy transactions using digital fingerprinting which allows the energy transaction to be linked hashed-back on-chain, while the sensors data is stored off-chain. A prototype was implemented using Ethereum and smart contracts for the on-chain components while for the off-chain components we used Cassandra database and RabbitMQ messaging broker. The prototype proved to be effective in managing a settlement of energy imbalances use-case and during the evaluation conducted in simulated environment shows promising results in terms of scalability, throughput, and tampering of energy data sampled by smart energy meters.
Hierarchical Name-Based Mechanism for Push-Data Broadcast Control in Information-Centric Multihop Wireless Networks
Authors: Ullah Rehmat , Rehman Muhammad Atif Ur , Kim Byung Seo
Published: July 2019

By design, Named Data Networking (NDN) supports pull-based traffic, where content is retrieved only upon consumer request. However, some of the use cases (i.e., emergency situations) in the Internet of Things (IoT) requires push-based traffic, where a producer broadcasts the data based on the emergency situation without any consumer request. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the existing NDN forwarding engine when designing for an IoT scenario. Although solutions are provided to enable push-based traffic in IoT, the main solutions in the current literature lack data broadcast control design. Moreover, the existing solutions use an additional interest messages exchange, which creates extra overheads in the network, thereby resulting in higher delay and lower throughput. In this paper, therefore, we propose a name-based push-data broadcast control scheme for IoT systems, and consider two scenarios, i.e., smart buildings and vehicular networks. The proposed scheme consists of a robust content namespace design, device namespace design, and minor amendments to the data packet format and unsolicited data policy of the forwarding engine as well. The evaluation is carried out for both scenarios. Simulation experiments show that the proposed scheme outperforms the recent proposed schemes in terms of total number of data packets processed in the network, total energy consumption, and average delay in the network by varying the number of data packets per 2 s and varying vehicle speed.
A Low-Cost Continuous Turbidity Monitor
Authors: Gillett David , Marchiori Alan
Published: July 2019

Turbidity describes the cloudiness, or clarity, of a liquid. It is a principal indicator of water quality, sensitive to any suspended solids present. Prior work has identified the lack of low-cost turbidity monitoring as a significant hurdle to overcome to improve water quality in many domains, especially in the developing world. Low-cost hand-held benchtop meters have been proposed. This work adapts and verifies the technology for continuous monitoring. Lab tests show the low-cost continuous monitor can achieve 1 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) accuracy in the range 0–100 NTU and costs approximately 64 USD in components to construct. This level of accuracy yields useful and actionable data about water quality and may be sufficient in certain applications where cost is a primary constraint. A 38-day continuous monitoring trial, including a step change in turbidity, showed promising results with a median error of 0.45 and 1.40 NTU for two different monitors. However, some noise was present in the readings resulting in a standard deviation of 1.90 and 6.55 NTU, respectively. The cause was primarily attributed to ambient light and bubbles in the piping. By controlling these noise sources, we believe the low-cost continuous turbidity monitor could be a useful tool in multiple domains.
Thermoelectric Materials—Strategies for Improving Device Performance and Its Medical Applications
Authors: MohanKumar Palanisamy , Jagadeesh Babu Veluru , Subramanian Arjun , Bandla Aishwarya , Thakor Nitish , Ramakrishna Seeram , Wei He
Published: July 2019

Thermoelectrics, in particular solid-state conversion of heat to electricity and vice versa, is expected to be a key energy harvesting and temperature management solution in coming years. There has been a resurgence in the search for new materials for advanced thermoelectric energy conversion applications and to enhance the properties of existing materials. In this paper, we review recent efforts on improving figure-of-merit (ZT) through alloying and nano structuring. As heatsink characteristics dictate the performance of thermoelectric modules, various types of heatsink designs has been investigated. Several reported strategies for improving ZT are critically assessed. A notable increase in figure-of-merit of thermoelectric materials (TE) has opened up new areas of applications especially in the medical field. Peltier cooling devices are widely employed for patient core temperature control, skin cooling, medical device and laboratory equipment cooling. Application of these devices in the medical field both in temperature control and power generation has been studied in detail. It is envisioned that this study will provide profound knowledge on the thermoelectric based materials and its role in medical applications.
A Bayesian Network-Based Integrated for Flood Risk Assessment (InFRA)
Authors: Joo Hongjun , Choi Changhyun , Kim Jungwook , Kim Deokhwan , Kim Soojun , Kim Hung Soo
Published: July 2019

Floods are natural disasters that should be considered a top priority in disaster management, and various methods have been developed to evaluate the risks. However, each method has different results and may confuse decision-makers in disaster management. In this study, a flood risk assessment method is proposed to integrate various methods to overcome these problems. Using factor analysis and principal component analysis (PCA), the leading indicators that affect flood damage were selected and weighted using three methods: the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), constant sum scale (CSS), and entropy. However, each method has flaws due to inconsistent weights. Therefore, a Bayesian network was used to present the integrated weights that reflect the characteristics of each method. Moreover, a relationship is proposed between the elements and the indicators based on the weights called the Integrated Index for Flood Risk Assessment (InFRA). InFRA and other assessment methods were compared by receiver operating characteristics (ROC)-area under curve (AUC) analysis. As a result, InFRA showed better applicability since InFRA was 0.67 and other methods were less than 0.5.
Agritourism: A Hedonic Approach of Quality Tourism Indicators in South Tyrol
Authors: Sidali Katia Laura , Spitaler Anna , Schamel Günter
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the prices of agritourism accommodation that include food services (i.e., the option to have breakfast) and related farm attributes. We analyze what tourists are willing to pay per night for a designated farm holiday stay in South Tyrol offered through the “Red Rooster” brand (n = 367). We first identify factors that may influence tourist decisions to book a holiday at a farm, which include the number of flowers (i.e., the red rooster quality-rating scheme), the type of accommodation, the distance to various leisure activities, and externalities related to agricultural practices. Second, the paper develops two hedonic models to estimate implicit prices for farm holiday accommodation rates. Specifically, the dependent variables are the prices paid by guests during the summer peak and low seasons. Independent variables are various accommodation attributes, the quality of food service, and the range of possible activities in the area surrounding the farm. The results of the study show that the red rooster quality-rating scheme (i.e., the number of flowers) and the quality of food services are highly significant and have a positive impact on guest willingness to pay. Farm types, such as fruit-growing and livestock operations, have a significant but negative effect on accommodation rates at least during the peak season, whilst wine production and organic farming display a positive influence on the accommodation rates during the low season. Implications for practitioners and policy-makers are discussed.
Hydropower Development and Fishways: A Need for Connectivity in Rivers of the Upper Paraná Basin
Authors: Makrakis Sergio , Bertão Ana P. S. , Silva Jhony F. M. , Makrakis Maristela C. , Sanz-Ronda Fco. Javier , Celestino Leandro F.
Published: July 2019

South American rivers have become intensely affected by the construction of hydroelectric dams that block the river’s connectivity for migratory fish species. In order to mitigate the problems caused by dams and to reestablish connections between habitats, fishways are implemented. Fishways are structures that aid fish in overcoming obstacles and help preserve migratory, reproductive, and feeding routes. This study performed an inventory of all hydropower plants—present and future—in the Upper Paraná River, with the objective of identifying fishways unknown to scientific literature, as well as the task of mapping them. By doing so, the current situation of structural connectivity via fishways in the Upper Paraná River Basin was described. Overall, 389 dams along 209 rivers were identified; of these, only 9% (35 dams) have fishways. In addition, an alarming explosion of future medium-sized hydropower plants was observed, with an expectation of an almost 500% increase in relation to those existing. This data reveals a trend of reduction of free-flowing river stretches, which are crucial habitats for Neotropical potamodromous species, and point to a deficiency in the structural connectivity of existing hydropower dams. Furthermore, if the implementations of these expected constructions are associated with limited connectivity as a result of the absence of fishways, the management of fisheries and their resources in the Upper Paraná River may become unsustainable.
Characteristic Development Model: A Transformation for the Sustainable Development of Small Towns in China
Authors: Wang Xueqin , Liu Shenghe , Sykes Olivier , Wang Chengxin
Published: July 2019

In recent years, the construction of small towns in China has faced many challenges, hindering the sustainable development of small towns. This paper proposes that the traditional development model of small towns no longer meets the current demands, and it urgently needs updating. In the past two years, there has been an increase in the construction of characteristic small towns in China. This is a good beginning for the transformation development of small towns and would bring new opportunities. However, some problems have developed. One example is the emergence of the “blind town”, which means the governors cultivate a featured town blindly without objectively considering the reality of that area. These decisions have a negative impact on the future sustainable development of small towns. Therefore, the governors need to consider the basic conditions of the area, perform a scientific assessment, and present a clear cultivation strategy. This paper presents a preliminary scientific method for the characteristic development mode of small towns with “explore characteristic–evaluate characteristic–nurture characteristic” as the main line, which would be conducive to the characteristic transformation for the steady and sustainable development of small towns in China.
The Role of Hazard and Vulnerability in Modulating Economic Damages of Inland Floods in the United States Using a Survey-Based Dataset
Authors: Zhou Qianqian , Su Jiongheng , Leng Guoyong , Peng Jian
Published: July 2019

This study investigates the trends in economic damages caused by three types of inland floods (flash flood, flood, and heavy rain) in the United States and the variations in related hazard and vulnerability indicators between 1996 and 2016. We explore the underlying mechanisms based on a survey-based dataset maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service. An annual average of 6518 flood occurrences was reported, which caused economic damages of 3351 million USD per year. Flash flood and flood contributed to 53% and 32% of total occurrences and was associated with a larger share of damaging events (SDE). Results show that the higher impacts by flood and flash flood on property and crop are partly attributed to the greater intensity of rainfall. In addition, flood has the highest unit cost of damages. Notably, despite an upward tendency in economic damages by flash floods, no evident change trend is observed for inland floods as a whole. Further analysis shows changes in economic damages by heavy rain and flash flood are mainly governed by the increased annual frequency and hazard intensity, but the change of trend in their vulnerability indicators (i.e., SDE and Damage Per Event (DPE)) is not obvious. Regarding floods, it was not possible to attribute the variations in economic losses to hazard and vulnerability, as no significant tendency is found except for an increasing SDE. Despite limitations of length of records, data collection, and methodology, the difference in economic impacts and the related hazard and vulnerability revealed in this study can help better target future adaptation and mitigation measures.
Walking Access to Public Transportation Stops for City Residents. A Comparison of Methods
Authors: Kaszczyszyn Piotr , Sypion-Dutkowska Natalia
Published: July 2019

Public transportation in cities is crucial for their sustainable development. The attractiveness of public transport for city residents depends largely on whether they are able to access the nearest stop on foot. The actual time of walking to the nearest stop and the distance covered can be measured using the band method or the circular buffer method. The accuracy of the two methods was compared for the city of Szczecin and one of its residential areas, Pomorzany (ca. 20,000 inhabitants, ca. 7 km2 area). The city provides public tram and bus transportation and has 90 km of streets and pedestrian paths. As shown by the results, the band method proved more accurate in measuring public transport stop accessibility. It showed 53.8% of the stops to be highly accessible, whereas 37.8%, 7.8%, and 0.5% were classified as moderately accessible, poorly accessible, and inaccessible, respectively; the latter would be hardly expected to be used by pedestrians in the Pomorzany neighborhood. The band method allowed also to indicate potential location of a new bus stop which would significantly improve accessibility of public transportation to residents of a housing estate (3000 inhabitants) in the area.
Variation of Microbial Communities in Aquatic Sediments under Long-Term Exposure to Decabromodiphenyl Ether and UVA Irradiation
Authors: Chang Yi-Tang , Chou Hsi-Ling , Li Hui , Boyd Stephen
Published: July 2019

Abiotic components create different types of environmental stress on bacterial communities in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the long-term exposure to various abiotic factors, namely a high-dose of the toxic chemical decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), continuous UVA irradiation, and different types of sediment, were evaluated in order to assess their influence on the bacterial community. The dominant bacterial community in a single stress situation, i.e., exposure to BDE-209 include members of Comamonadaceae, members of Xanthomonadaceae, a Pseudomonas sp. and a Hydrogenophaga sp. Such bacteria are capable of biodegrading polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). When multiple environmental stresses were present, Acidobacteria bacterium and a Terrimonas sp. were predominant, which equipped the population with multiple physiological characteristics that made it capable of both PBDE biodegradation and resistance to UVA irradiation. Methloversatilis sp. and Flavisolibacter sp. were identified as representative genera in this population that were radioresistant. In addition to the above, sediment heterogeneity is also able to alter bacterial community diversity. In total, seventeen species of bacteria were identified in the microcosms containing more clay particles and higher levels of soil organic matter (SOM). This means that these communities are more diverse than in microcosms that contained more sand particles and a lower SOM, which were found to have only twelve identifiable bacterial species. This is the first report to evaluate how changes in bacterial communities in aquatic sediment are affected by the presence of multiple variable environmental factors at the same time.
Examining the Scholarly Literature: A Bibliometric Study of Journal Articles Related to Sustainability and the Arts
Authors: Wright Tarah , Liang Yichao
Published: July 2019

The Arts shows great promise in working toward a sustainable future as they can have a significant influence on the development of cultural norms. Using bibliometrics, this study uncovers the current body of scholarly literature related to the intersection of sustainability and the Arts. The results show that while there are very few articles (n = 77) published in scholarly journals related to this area, the number of manuscripts and the number of journals publishing manuscripts related to this subject area is increasing. Further, while there is no one individual who stands out to date as a leader in this field, the results show that Australia and Canada have produced the most published articles. Finally, this study demonstrates that scholarly articles related to the Arts and sustainability are mostly being published in well-established interdisciplinary sustainability-related journals and journals associated with the field of education for sustainable development. The results of this study give a more definitive answer to the question: what scholarly literature resources currently exist on the intersection of the Arts and sustainability and offers the scholarly community a better idea of what and how those involved in this area are publishing and mobilizing knowledge regarding their work.
Statistical Inference of the Rayleigh Distribution Based on Progressively Type II Censored Competing Risks Data
Authors: Liao Hongyi , Gui Wenhao
Published: July 2019

A competing risks model under progressively type II censored data following the Rayleigh distribution is considered. We establish the maximum likelihood estimation for unknown parameters and compute the observed information matrix and the expected Fisher information matrix to construct the asymptotic confidence intervals. Moreover, we obtain the Bayes estimation based on symmetric and non-symmetric loss functions, that is, the squared error loss function and the general entropy loss function, and the highest posterior density intervals are also derived. In addition, a simulation study is presented to assess the performances of different methods discussed in this paper. A real-life data set analysis is provided for illustration purposes.
Sub-Chronic Microcystin-LR Liver Toxicity in Preexisting Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats
Authors: Arman Tarana , Lynch Katherine D. , Montonye Michelle L. , Goedken Michael , Clarke John D.
Published: July 2019

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin reported to cause a phenotype similar to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is a common progressive liver disease that advances in severity due to exogenous stressors such as poor diet and toxicant exposure. Our objective was to determine how sub-chronic MCLR toxicity affects preexisting diet-induced NASH. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed one of three diets for 10 weeks: control, methionine and choline deficient (MCD), or high fat/high cholesterol (HFHC). After six weeks of diet, animals received vehicle, 10 µg/kg, or 30 µg/kg MCLR via intraperitoneal injection every other day for the final 4 weeks. Incidence and severity scoring of histopathology endpoints suggested that MCLR toxicity drove NASH to a less fatty and more fibrotic state. In general, expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid esterification were altered in favor of decreased steatosis. The higher MCLR dose increased expression of genes involved in fibrosis and inflammation in the control and HFHC groups. These data suggest MCLR toxicity in the context of preexisting NASH may drive the liver to a more severe phenotype that resembles burnt-out NASH.
The Isolation of New Pore-Forming Toxins from the Sea Anemone Actinia fragacea Provides Insights into the Mechanisms of Actinoporin Evolution
Authors: Morante Koldo , Bellomio Augusto , Viguera Ana Rosa , González-Mañas Juan Manuel , Tsumoto Kouhei , Caaveiro Jose M. M.
Published: July 2019

Random mutations and selective pressure drive protein adaptation to the changing demands of the environment. As a consequence, nature favors the evolution of protein diversity. A group of proteins subject to exceptional environmental stress and known for their widespread diversity are the pore-forming hemolytic proteins from sea anemones, known as actinoporins. In this study, we identified and isolated new isoforms of actinoporins from the sea anemone Actinia fragacea (fragaceatoxins). We characterized their hemolytic activity, examined their stability and structure, and performed a comparative analysis of their primary sequence. Sequence alignment reveals that most of the variability among actinoporins is associated with non-functional residues. The differences in the thermal behavior among fragaceatoxins suggest that these variability sites contribute to changes in protein stability. In addition, the protein–protein interaction region showed a very high degree of identity (92%) within fragaceatoxins, but only 25% among all actinoporins examined, suggesting some degree of specificity at the species level. Our findings support the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation in actinoporins and reflect common pathways conducive to protein variability.
Structure of Plot Systems and Economic Activity in Cities: Linking Plot Types to Retail and Food Services in London, Amsterdam and Stockholm
Authors: Bobkova Evgeniya , Marcus Lars , Berghauser Pont Meta , Stavroulaki Ioanna , Bolin David
Published: July 2019

Plot systems (also referred to as “property”, “parcel”, or “lot”) are generally recognised as the organisational framework of urban form that contributes to the economic performance of cities. However, studies that link the spatial form of plots to economic data are limited. The paper builds on the theory of Webster and Lai, which argues that the process of urbanisation is aligned with increased subdivision of property rights (increased division of land into plots, for example) due to the process of economic specialisation that is typical of cities. The aim of the paper is to test this theory by analysing whether there is a correlation between: (a) the shape and structure of plot systems, which are classified as types based on three plot metrics (size, compactness, and frontage index) and b) economic activity, measured as the concentration of retail and food activities per plot. The paper will use statistical analysis to relate plot types to economic activity in three European cities (London, Amsterdam, and Stockholm). The results provide empirical support for our initial hypothesis and Webster and Lai’s theory, which states that plots of smaller size, more regular shape, and smaller frontage generally correspond to a higher concentration of economic activity in cities.
Effect of the Area Contraction Ratio on the Hydraulic Characteristics of the Toothed Internal Energy Dissipaters
Authors: Zhang Ting , Hao Rui-xia , Zheng Xiu-qing , Zhang Ze
Published: July 2019

Toothed internal energy dissipaters (TIED) are a new type of internal energy dissipaters, which combines the internal energy dissipaters of sudden reduction and sudden enlargement forms with the open-flow energy dissipation together. In order to provide a design basis for an optimized body type of the TIED, the effect of the area contraction ratio (ε) on the hydraulic characteristics, including over-current capability, energy dissipation rate, time-averaged pressure, pulsating pressure, time-averaged velocity, and pulsating velocity, were studied using the methods of a physical model test and theoretical analysis. The main results are as follows. The over-current capability mainly depends on ε, and the larger ε is, the larger the flow coefficient is. The energy dissipation rate is proportional to the quadratic of Re and inversely proportional to ε. The changes of the time-averaged pressure coefficients under each flow are similar along the test pipe, and the differences of the time-averaged pressure coefficient between the inlet of the TIED and the outlet of the TIED decrease with the increase of ε. The peaks of the pulsating pressure coefficient appear at 1.3 D after the TIED and are inversely proportional to ε. When the flow is 18 l/s and ε increases from 0.375 to 0.625, the maximum of time-averaged velocity coefficient on the line of Z/D = 0.42 reduces from 2.53 to 1.17, and that on the line of Z/D = 0 decreases from 2.99 to 1.74. The maximum values of pulsating velocity on the line of Z/D = 0.42 appear at 1.57D and those of Z/D = 0 appear at 2.72D, when the flow is 18 l/s. The maximum values of pulsating velocity decrease with the increase of ε. Finally, two empirical expressions, related to the flow coefficient and energy loss coefficient, are separately presented.
Different Stages of Aquatic Vegetation Succession Driven by Environmental Disturbance in the Last 38 Years
Authors: Yu Hongwei , Qi Weixiao , Liu Chunhua , Yang Lei , Wang Ligong , Lv Tian , Peng Jianfeng
Published: July 2019

In recent years, investigating the trend of aquatic plant diversity in response to different disturbance events has received increasing interest. However, there is limited knowledge of the different stages of aquatic vegetation succession over a long period in eutrophic lakes. In this study, we analyzed aquatic plant species richness and its relation to the physical and chemical characteristics of water in Chenghai Lake for the period of 1980–2018. This study shows that the richness and distribution of aquatic vegetation in Chenghai Lake are related to chlorophyll-a concentration, dissolved nutrients, base cations, and micronutrients. The results show that the long-term succession of aquatic plants in this lake classified in different stages: (I) A peak in species richness occurred at an intermediate stage that lasted from 1980 to 1992, and this was caused by more aquatic species being able to coexist since the competition for resources was lower; (II) after 26 years of secondary succession (1992–2018), the diversity and distribution area of aquatic plants gradually declined because pioneer species or human activities may have altered habitat conditions to render habitats less beneficial to pioneer species and more suitable for new aquatic plant species. Thus, species diversity and growth performance of aquatic plants in their communities may be useful indicators of Chenghai Lake’s trophic status, especially during the transition period from a mesotrophic lake to a eutrophic one.
Comparison of Multivariate Spatial Dependence Structures of DPIL and Flowmeter Hydraulic Conductivity Data Sets at the MADE Site
Authors: Xiao Bo , Haslauer Claus , Bohling Geoffrey
Published: July 2019

We analyse two datasets of hydraulic conductivity (K) from the MAcroDispersion Experiment (MADE) site, one measured by direct-push injection logging (DPIL) and the other by flowmeter profiling. The analysis is performed using copula techniques which do not rely on the assumption of multivariate Gaussianity and provide a means to characterise differing degrees of spatial dependence in different quantiles of the K distribution. This characterisation provides better insights into the similarities and differences between the two datasets. In addition to the marginal distributions and the traditional two-point geostatistical measures, copula-based bivariate rank correlation and asymmetry measures are analysed and compared. Furthermore, the parameter estimates obtained by likelihood estimation using n-point theoretical models are analysed. This analysis confirms the similarity of the spatial dependence of K between the two datasets in terms of their marginal distributions and bivariate measures, particularly in the vertical direction. We demonstrate clear indications of the existence of non-Gaussian spatial dependence structures of K at this site. We were able to improve the estimation of the K distribution by taking into account either non-Gaussianity or a censoring threshold, which are expected to lead to a more realistic description of processes that are dependent on K.
L’art roman en Émilie et Romagne. État des questions
Authors: Calzona Arturo , Milanesi Giorgio
Published: July 2019

L’abondante littérature scientifique consacrée à l’art roman en Émilie et en Romagne reflète la complexité des dynamiques historiques et artistiques propres à cette région aux XIe-XIIe siècle. Ravenne, métropole de toute cette partie de la vallée du Pô, a joué au début du XIe siècle un rôle éminent dans la définition des espaces ecclésiastiques, même si la proximité de la Lombardie et du Piémont à l’ouest a favorisé les échanges de modèles, comme l’a depuis longtemps prouvé la recherche. L’art roman de cette région est au centre de plusieurs débats portant sur les dernières années du XIe siècle et la première moitié du XIIe avec, en premier lieu la question des rapports entre la France, le nord de l’Espagne et celle des oeuvres liées aux ateliers de Wiligelmo et de Niccolò et, en second lieu, celle de la reconstruction, en l’espace de quelques décennies seulement, d’une grande partie des abbayes et cathédrales de la région (Nonantola, Plaisance et surtout Modène, promue au rang de modèle) et de ses liens avec Mathilde de Canossa, la réforme dite grégorienne et la naissance des communes.
Pandangan Dunia Evolusioner dan Respon Iman Kristen
Authors: Simon John C. , Pattipeilohy Stella Y.E.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: The evolutionary worldview confirms its position since the discovery of various ancient human sites, and continues to develop with various genetic engineerings and protein discoveries as well as advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Initially the religious community was the party who felt most attacked by the theory of evolution because it stripped the Bible of the truth about the creation of the world and humans. Later some Catholic Church appreciative statements about the theory of evolution and the big bang theory, including Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's attempt to explain the evolution of human consciousness towards the cosmic Christ, showed a change in religion towards acceptance of the diversity of world views: religion, culture and science. This evolutionary world development raises ethical questions about what is religion’s contribution. One of them is the awareness about shadow. The awareness is derived from religion which teaches that men are created by God that even though unique, but mortal and finite creations. Shadow is liberation so that men are not shackled to matter. He is a fragile human who longs to evolve to be a Christ as the perfect human image.Abstraksi:Pandangan dunia evolusioner meneguhkan kedudukannya sejak penemuan berbagai situs manusia purba, dan terus berkembang dengan berbagai penemuan rekayasa genetik dan protein dan kemajuan di bidang teknologi artificial intelligence (AI). Semula kalangan agama menjadi pihak yang merasa paling diserang dengan teori evolusi karena melucuti kebenaran Alkitab tentang penciptaan dunia dan manusia. Belakangan beberapa pernyataan apresiatif Gereja Katolik terhadap teori evolusi dan teori big bang, termasuk usaha Pierre Teilhard de Chardin menjelaskan tentang evolusi kesadaran manusia menuju Kristus kosmis, memperlihatkan perubahan agama menuju penerimaan akan keragaman pandangan dunia: agama, budaya dan ilmu pengetahuan. Perkembangan dunia evolusioner ini memperhadapkan berbagai pertanyaan etis tentang apa sumbangan agama. Salah satunya adalah kesadaran tentang bayangan. Kesadaran akan bayangan diperoleh dari agama yang mengajarkan bahwa manusia yang diciptakan Tuhan, sekalipun unik, adalah ciptaan yang fana dan terbatas. Bayangan adalah pembebasan agar manusia tidak tertambat pada materi. Ia adalah manusia yang rapuh yang merindukan berevolusi menuju Kristus sebagai gambaran manusia yang sempurna.
Peran Gereja Masa Kini Menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan Gutiérrez
Authors: Gumelar Fajar , Wijaya Hengki
Published: July 2019

The background of Latin American society in the past who were familiar with the hegemony of power of the bourgeoisie caused concern in the hearts of Christian theologians at the time. This concern finally gave birth to a theological model known as Liberation Theology. Liberation Theology is a praxis-oriented theological model, namely real action for the liberation of marginalized, poor and oppressed people. But the thought of Marxism influenced the concept of Liberation Theology so that the theological model was more like a destructive ideology. Bringing the concept of Liberation Theology to the light of the word of God is the right action for the church today in responding to the Liberation Theology. The aim is to analyze the contents of Liberation Theology, and how should the role of the church address the Liberation Theology, and apply liberation theology in everyday life. The method used is an explanatory qualitative approach to the role of the church in response to Liberation Theology.Abstrak: Latar belakang masyarakat Amerika Latin di masa lampau yang akrab dengan hegemoni kekuasaan kaum borjuis menyebabkan timbulnya keprihatinan dalam hati para teolog Kristen kala itu. Keprihatinan ini akhirnya melahirkan suatu model teologi yang dikenal dengan nama Teologi Pembebasan. Teologi Pembebasan adalah model teologi yang berorientasi pada praksis, yaitu tindakan nyata untuk pembebasan kaum termarginalkan, miskin dan tertindas. Akan tetapi pemikiran Marxisme turut memengaruhi konsep Teologi Pembebasan sehingga model teologi ini lebih mirip ideologi yang destruktif. Membawa konsep Teologi Pembebasan kepada terang firman Tuhan adalah tindakan yang tepat bagi gereja masa kini dalam menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan. Tujuan tulisan ini adalah menganalisis isi Teologi Pembebasan, dan bagaimana seharusnya peran gereja menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan tersebut, dan menerapkan teologi pembebasan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif yang bersifat eksplanatori tentang peran gereja menyikapi Teologi Pembebasan.
Prinsip Teologi Kristen Pendidikan Orang tua terhadap Anak di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0
Authors: Diana Ruat
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the role of parents in educating children in the industrial revolution era 4.0 based on Christian principles. The author analyzes several library sources both books and journals related to the topic of discussion. From the results of the analysis of several literature sources, children's education is God's mandate given to parents. Parents have a role to educate them to become mature Christians. Spiritual maturity is the provision for children to face challenges in the era of the industrial revolution. Parents also play a role in educating about love and fairness. Love and fair moral values need to be instilled so that children can compete in a healthy manner in the era of the industrial revolution. The next role is to provide guidance to be able to live in groups. The development of digital media causes behavior changes that become increasingly individualistic, therefore children need to be educated to live in groups because humans cannot escape social life. Education in the era of the industrial revolution was done by example. Children need a model that is a role model for living in the digital age.Abstrak: Artikel ini memembasan tentang peran orang tua mendidik anak di era revolusi industri 4.0 berdasarkan prinsip Kristen. Penulis melakukan analisis beberapa sumber pustaka baik buku maupun jurnal yang terkait dengan topik bahasan. Dari hasil analisis beberapa sumber pustaka, pendidikan anak merupakan mandat Allah yang diberikan pada orang tua. Orang tua memiliki peran untuk mendidik mereka untuk menjadi orang Kristen dewasa. Kedewasaan rohani adalah bekal untuk anak-anak menghadapi tantangan di era revolusi industri. Orang tua juga berperan utnuk mendidik tentang kasih dan adil. Nilai moral kasih dan adil perlu ditanamkan agar anak-anak dapat bersaing secara sehat di era revolusi industri. Peran selanjutnya adalah memberikan bimbingan untuk dapat hidup dalam kelompok. Berkembangnya media digital menyebabkan perubahan perilaku yang menjadi semakin individualistis, oleh sebab itu anak-anak perlu dididik hidup dalam kelompok sebab manusia tidak dapat lepas dari kehidupan sosial. Pendidikan di era revolusi industri dilakukan melalui teladan. Anak-anak membutuhkan model yang menjadi teladan untuk hidup di era digital.
Kontribusi Hermeneutis 1 Raja-Raja 21 terhadap Konflik Agraria di Indonesia
Authors: Dase Admadi Balloara
Published: July 2019

Agrarian conflict is a very classic discussion in Indonesia. It affects humanity and environmental issues. As many discriminations happens toward marginalized society, it’s needed to be a concern. The author will dialogue this issue with text 1 Kings 21. This event is almost the same with the text 1 Kings 21, about the seizure of land between King Ahab and Naboth. To investigate and review the meaning of 1 Kings 21, the author uses critical history method. In conclusion, greed is the cause, so there was a land seizure between King Ahab and Nabot which resulted in the killing of Nabot as a weaker person. However, God declared justice for His people, and declared judgment on King Ahab. The event like this also often occurred in Indonesian society, due to economic interests and the legitimacy of national development. However, it is unfortunate that the prophetic voice from the church could not be heard. AbstrakKonflik agraria merupakan persoalan yang sangat klasik di Indonesia. Konflik tersebut berdampak pada kemanusiaan, bahkan pada masalah lingkungan. Dengan banyaknya terjadi diskriminasi terhadap orang-orang marginal (tak berdaya) tentunya ini perlu menjadi perhatian. Penulis akan mencoba melihat impikasi dari teks 1 raja-raja 21 terhadap konteks saat ini. Peristiwa diskriminasi tersebut tentunya hampir sama terjadi dalam teks 1 Raja-raja 2, tentang perebutan tanah antara raja Ahab dan Nabot. Dalam menyelidiki dan mengkaji makna dari 1 Raja-raja 21, penulis mengunakan metode penafsiran kritik sejarah (historis). Kesimpulannya, keserakahan yang menjadi penyebab, sehingga terjadi perebutan tanah antara Raja Ahab dan Nabot yang mengakibatkan terbunuhnya Nabot sebagai yang lemah. Namun, Tuhan tetap menyatakan keadilannya bagi umat-Nya, dan menyatakan penghakiman kepada raja Ahab. Peristiwa tersebut juga sering terjadi dalam masyarakat Indonesia, dikarenakan kepentingan ekonomi dan legitimasi pembangunan nasional. Namun, sangat disayangkan gaungan suara kenabian dari gereja tak begitu terdengar.
Female Under-representation in Educational Management
Authors: Shah Saeeda
Published: July 2019

The obvious fact of female under-representation in educational
management across cultures and nations is mentioned in every relevant
study. Interestingly this phenomenon transcends the dichotomies such as
developed/under-developed, Eastern/Western, Muslim/non-Muslim, First/
Third World countries. Variations are more often due to situational
differences. For example, the percentage of female representation in higher
education management for the U.S., Britain and China as given by Lyn
Davies is respectively 24, 13, and 26 per cent (1992-6; Also see Coleman:
1996), 20-30 per cent in Pakistan (Ibid:4). These statistics could be
misleading for generalisation purposes if it is assumed that a higher
percentage means more educated women or less gender discrimination. We
know that a comparatively higher percentage of women managers in
Pakistan is because of 'women only' institutions. In the contexts where
management jobs are open to men and women, women are in extremely low
numbers, and the situation is not very different in other countries.