bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of N‐ or O‐Alkylation of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles and N‐Oxides Using 1H–15N HMBC NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Sheehy Kevin J. , Bateman Lorraine M. , Flosbach Niko T. , Breugst Martin , Byrne Peter A.
Published: April 2020

A series of representative diazines and pyridine N‐oxides were subjected to alkylation using several different alkylating agents. The 15N NMR chemical shifts (δN values) of the diazines, pyridine N‐oxides and derived alkylation products were determined using 1H‐15N HMBC NMR spectroscopy at natural 15N abundance. The changes in the 15N NMR chemical shifts (Δ(δN) values) that occurred on going from starting materials to products in these reactions were analyzed. N‐alkylation of diazines resulted in large upfield shifts of the δN values of the alkylated nitrogen (of the order of 100 ppm or greater). While O‐alkylation of pyridine N‐oxides resulted in upfield shifts of the δN values of the N‐(alkoxy)pyridinium nitrogen, the Δ(δN) values were of a much smaller magnitude (ca. –42 ppm) than those observed for N‐alkylations of diazines. Nitrogen NMR spectroscopic data from the literature of relevance to alkylation of azines, diazines, azine N‐oxides and diazine N‐oxides was gathered together, and using this in tandem with our 15N NMR spectroscopic data, we have been able to corroborate our observations on the trends observed in the Δ(δN) values associated with N‐ and O‐alkylation reactions of aromatic N‐heterocycles and N‐oxides. An analysis protocol that relies on synergistic evaluation of 1H‐15N HMBC and 1H‐13C HMBC NMR spectra has been developed that enables unambiguous diagnosis of the occurrence of N‐alkylation of aromatic N‐heterocycles and O‐alkylation of aromatic N‐oxides.
Synthesis of 2‐Azabicyclo[m.n.0]–Alkanes and Their Application towards the Synthesis of Strychnos and Stemona Classes of Alkaloids
Authors: Majumder Binoy , Pandey Ganesh
Published: April 2020

2‐Azabicyclo[m.n.0]alkane ring systems, the conceptual precursors towards the synthesis of Strychnos and Stemona classes of alkaloids, were synthesized from tert‐butyl 2‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐7‐aza‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene‐7‐carboxylate by alkyl Grignard reaction and intramolecular cyclisation of the in situ generated ring opening product 2. The synthesized cis‐hexahydroindole 3 and cis‐octahydro‐benzo[b]azepine 5 scaffolds were utilized to construct the advanced intermediates 25 and 35, respectively, towards the synthesis of the corresponding Strychnos and Stemona classes of alkaloids.
Microvascular blood flow with heat transfer in a wavy channel having electroosmotic effects
Authors: Nadeem Sohail , Kiani Mishal Nayab , Saleem Anber , Issakhov Alibek
Published: April 2020

The present paper addresses microvascular blood flow with heat and mass transfer in complex wavy microchannel modulated by electroosmosis. Investigation is carried out with joule heating and chemical reaction effects. Further, viscous dissipation is also considered. Using Debye–Huckel, lubrication theory, and long wavelength approximations, analytical solutions of dimensionless boundary value problems are obtained. The impacts of different parameters are examined for temperature and concentration profile. Furthermore, nature of pressure rise is also investigated to analyze the pumping characteristics. Important results of flow phenomena are explored by means of graphs.
The impact of carrying load on physical performance during ascending evacuation movement
Authors: Velasco Alejandra , Halder Amitava , Kuklane Kalev , Ronchi Enrico
Published: April 2020

This study investigates how ascending movement is affected by carrying load during a stair‐climbing motion. The methods adopted are based on exercise physiology and fire safety engineering. Experiments with 21 volunteers with mean (SD) age of 27 (4) have been carried out on a stair machine with or without carrying a mass of 8 kg, typical weight of a hand luggage or the average weight of an 8‐months old infant. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2), heart rate (HR), metabolic rate (M), and perceived exertion results showed a decrease in performance in the scenario with additional load. Participants climbed an average of 92 m without carrying a load, in comparison to 84 m when they were carrying it in a 5 minutes task. An average increase of 4% in the V˙O2 and the HR was found in the experiments with the additional mass. The strongest correlating variables observed were M and the vertical distance covered. Differences in perceived exertion occurred after four minutes into the exercise, with higher values in the case with additional load. These results show the need for considering the negative impact of carrying load while designing infrastructures in case of ascending evacuation and while developing evacuation modelling tools.
Modeling CO2 plume migration using an invasion‐percolation approach that includes dissolution
Authors: Mehana Mohamed , Hosseini Seyyed A. , Meckel Timothy A. , Viswanathan Hari
Published: April 2020

Geological carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration has been proposed as a viable technique to decrease effective emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere. However, the security of this sequestration is tied to our understanding of the long‐term migration of CO2 in subsurface. The dissolution of CO2 in the reservoir brine is one of the main long‐term trapping mechanisms. However, the assumptions used in large‐scale reservoir simulations usually lead to an overestimation of the dissolution volume. We propose a modified approach based on the macroscopic invasion‐percolation (MIP) theory that allows the dissolution of CO2 into brine. We used a high‐resolution geological model to compare the Darcy‐, modified MIP‐, and classic MIP‐based simulation results. We observed a significant shrinkage in the nonaqueous plume volume when dissolution is considered during the MIP simulation. In the case of Darcy‐based simulation, the plume was completely trapped inside the reservoir with limited migration even after a thousand‐year simulation. On the other hand, the majority of the plume migrated out of the simulated reservoir in the case of MIP. Our approach provides more realistic estimation of the dissolution volume and nonaqueous plume extent while leveraging the computational efficiency enjoyed by MIP. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User preference and usability assessments of touchpad surface tactile in laptops
Authors: Ou Yang‐Kun
Published: April 2020

This study evaluates the usability and user preference of Mylar surface films with different degrees of roughness for laptop touchpads. A total of 30 individuals were recruited to participate in an experiment. The usability of the touchpad was assessed using Fitts' law task. The user's subjective feelings were collected, including value perception, texture sensation, and preference. The experimental results indicated a shorter reaction time when the surface roughness of the touchpad was greater than 1.0 μm. However, the error rate was lower and subjective preference was higher when the surface roughness of the touchpad was between 0.5 and 1.3 μm. The results of this study provide an understanding of the effects of touchpad roughness on human motor control behavior and could guide the choice of surface materials for future touchpad design and manufacture.
Association between SLCO1A2 genetic variation and methotrexate toxicity in human rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Authors: Wang Jiayi , Yin Jun , Li Wei , Xiao Chunyuan , Han Jie , Zhou Fanfan
Published: April 2020

Methotrexate (MTX), one of the important disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs, is the first‐line drug for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. However, its adverse drug effects (ADEs) often lead to the abortion of MTX therapy. Human organic anion‐transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2, also referred as OATP‐A or OATP1) encoded by SLCO1A2 gene is an important isoform of the solute carrier transporter (SLC) family. It is known to participate in the cellular uptake of MTX. In our previous study, we identified four OATP1A2 natural variants (E184K, D185N, T259P, and D288N) with impaired MTX uptake activity. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the SLCO1A2 genetic variations encoding these OATP1A2 variants and MTX‐related toxicity in RA patients. A total of 60 RA patients were genotyped for these four polymorphisms (G550A, G553A, A775C, and G862A). The association between SLCO1A2 genetic variations and MTX toxicity was analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis revealed that A775C and G862A SNPs were not detected in RA patients enrolled in this study, and the presence of 550AA genotype was associated with a high risk of MTX ADEs. Haplotype analysis revealed that H3 (H3 = AG) showed a high risk of MTX ADEs. Furthermore, there was a significant association of 550AA genotype and impaired MTX disposition, which might be the cause of the increased incidence of MTX ADEs in RA patients. Therefore, genetic variations in SLCO1A2 gene are risk factors for MTX toxicity and its information contributes to the prediction of MTX‐related toxicity in RA treatment.
Experiencing the Everyday of Waste Pickers: A Sustainable Livelihoods and Health Assessment in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim , Gutberlet Jutta , Ramezani Anahita , Nasiruddin Sayed Mohammad
Published: April 2020

Waste pickers make a livelihood by collecting recyclable waste contributing to urban development and poverty reduction. Most often, they are socially excluded and exposed to different vulnerabilities (e.g. occupational health risks and accidents). This study adopts the sustainable livelihoods framework to assess multifaceted aspects of everyday life and work experiences of waste pickers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The framework takes an integrated and transdisciplinary approach to livelihood assets and vulnerabilities. Our findings reveal a situation of extreme poverty and neglect of waste pickers, while they are making the city more sustainable. Specific policies, strategies and actions are required to reduce risks and improve the working conditions of waste pickers. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving analytical method of Sr/Ca ratios in coral skeletons for paleo‐SST reconstructions using ICP‐OES
Authors: Watanabe Takaaki K. , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Ohmori Kazuto , Yamazaki Atsuko
Published: April 2020

Strontium/calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in reef coral skeletons have been used for sea surface temperature (SST) proxy. Because skeletons of reef corals are accumulated throughout more than 100 years, SST records from coral skeletons were important archives to reveal climate mechanisms. Here, we improved the coral Sr/Ca analytical method using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer which method has advantages in terms of initial/running cost and analysis time. We checked variations of Sr and Ca sensitivities as increases of Ca concentrations using various wavelengths of Sr and Ca. Our results suggested that sensitivities of Sr/Ca in a range of coral skeletons were modulated by selections of wavelengths and sensitivity changes of Sr and Ca. A combination of Sr(421.5 nm) and Ca(373.6 nm) is stable for the Sr/Ca analysis at a low Ca concentration. A SD of Sr/Ca(421.5/373.6 nm) was 0.006 mmol mol−1 (1σ, n = 40) based on the replicate measurement of the reference material (JCp‐1) using our new method. By applying a Porites colony from Kikai island, Japan, a precision of reconstructed SST was over ± 0.3°C at weekly resolution.
Fractional multipoint boundary value problems at resonance with kernel dimension greater than one
Authors: Djebali Ismail , Guedda Lamine
Published: April 2020

Based on the well‐known coincidence degree theory of Mawhin, we have obtained a new existence result for a class of fractional boundary value problems at resonance when the differential operator has kernel 2. An example of an application supports our result.
Distribution and Abundance of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in Relation to Habitat Characteristics at Multiple Spatial Scales
Authors: Heckel John W. , Quist Michael C. , Watkins Carson J. , Dux Andrew M.
Published: April 2020

The distribution and relative abundance of Westslope Cutthroat Trout (WCT) Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi in relation to habitat characteristics remain unknown across large portions of the species’ range. The goals of this research were to provide a foundational understanding of WCT distribution and relative abundance related to habitat characteristics in tributaries of the St. Maries River, Idaho—a highly altered watershed. The basin drains an area of approximately 1,863 km2 and has a longitudinal elevation difference of about 207 m. Backpack electrofishing and habitat assessments were conducted at 68 reaches in 35 different tributaries of the St. Maries River in 2017 and 2018. Habitat was measured at small (reach-level) and large (watershed-level) scales. A total of 652 WCT was sampled from 52 of 68 total reaches. Habitat characteristics varied by age-class, but most WCT were estimated to be age 0 and age 1. Logistic regression models indicated that the presence of age-0 WCT was positively related to stream gradient and elevation, but negatively related to water temperature, road density, fine substrate, stream depth, and the presence of Brook Trout (BKT) Salvelinus fontinalis. The relative abundance of age-0 WCT was positively associated with road density and inversely related to wetted width, canopy cover, and elevation. The presence of age-1 and older (age-1+) WCT was positively related to gradient, canopy cover, and elevation, but negatively associated with road density, temperature, stream depth, and the presence of BKT. Relative abundance of age-1+WCT was positively associated with gradient, large substrate, canopy cover, and road density. Conversely, the relative abundance of age-1+WCT was inversely related to wetted width and elevation. This research indicates that WCT populations can persist in response to altered landscapes when suitable habitat exists. However, unmitigated threats, such as nonnative species competition (e.g., BKT), hybridization with Rainbow Trout O. mykiss, habitat loss, and habitat fragmentation, pose persistent complications to WCT abundance in locations where populations appear robust but their actual abundance is unknown.
Statistical Predictions in String Theory and Deep Generative Models
Authors: Halverson James , Long Cody
Published: April 2020

Generative models in deep learning allow for sampling probability distributions that approximate data distributions. We propose using generative models for making approximate statistical predictions in the string theory landscape. For vacua admitting a Lagrangian description this can be thought of as learning random tensor approximations of couplings. As a concrete proof‐of‐principle, we demonstrate in a large ensemble of Calabi‐Yau manifolds that Kähler metrics evaluated at points in Kähler moduli space are well‐approximated by ensembles of matrices produced by a deep convolutional Wasserstein GAN. Accurate approximations of the Kähler metric eigenspectra are achieved with far fewer than h11 Gaussian draws. Accurate extrapolation to values of h11 outside the training set are achieved via a conditional GAN. Together, these results implicitly suggest the existence of strong correlations in the data, as might be expected if Reid's fantasy is correct.
Terahertz Magnetospectroscopy of Cyclotron Resonances from Topological Surface States in Thick Films of CdxHg1−xTe
Authors: Otteneder Maximilian , Sacré Daniel , Yahniuk Ivan , Budkin Grigory V. , Diendorfer Kilian , Kozlov Dmitry A. , Dmitriev Ivan A. , Mikhailov Nikolay N. , Dvoretsky Sergey A. , Bel'kov Vasily V. , Knap Wojciech , Ganichev Sergey D.
Published: April 2020

Herein, studies of the cyclotron resonance (CR) in thick films with different cadmium contents corresponding to materials with and without band inversion, as well as critical content corresponding to an almost linear energy dispersion are presented. The results demonstrate that the formation of 2D topological surface states requires sharp interfaces between layers with and without band inversion, in which case the corresponding CR is clearly observed for the out‐of‐plane orientation of magnetic field but does not show up for an in‐plane orientation. In contrast, all samples having more conventional technological design with smooth interfaces (i.e., containing regions of with gradually changing Cd content x) show equally pronounced CR in both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane magnetic field revealing that CR is excited in effectively 3D states. Modeling of the surface states for different film designs supports main observations. In all samples, additional broad helicity‐independent resonances are observed, which are attributed to photoionization and magnetic freeze‐out of impurity states.
A systematic review of the true benefit of robotic surgery: Ergonomics
Authors: Wee Ian Jun Yan , Kuo Li‐Jen , Ngu James Chi‐Yong
Published: April 2020

Background

Ergonomics, as defined by the optimization of one's physical environment to enhance work performance, is an important consideration in surgery. While there have been reviews on the ergonomics of laparoscopy, this has not been the case for robotic surgery despite the rising number of publications.

Methods

This study was performed in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search was performed on main databases to identify relevant articles.

Results

Twenty‐nine articles were included, comprising 3074 participants. Studies employing objective measurement tools showed that robotics conferred superior ergonomic benefits and reduced work load compared to laparoscopy, for both surgeons and trainees. Survey studies also demonstrated that self‐reported discomfort was lower in robotic procedures compared to laparoscopy and open surgery. Compared to other subspecialities, gynecological procedures seem to be associated with greater surgeon‐reported strain.

Conclusion

Robotic surgery is ergonomically superior to open and laparoscopic surgery. However, rates of physical strain remain significant and should be addressed by formal ergonomic training and adequate console familiarization.
Digitally planned root end surgery with static guide and custom trephine burs: A case report
Authors: Antal Márk , Nagy Eszter , Sanyó Lajos , Braunitzer Gábor
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Apicoectomy is an endodontic surgical intervention that requires high precision. The computer‐assisted static guided approach has proven to increase the precision of dental implantation in a significant manner. The authors sought to transfer this precision to root‐end resection with the use of custom designed trephine burs manufactured specifically for use in targeted endodontic microsurgery.

Methods

A set of custom bone trephines were designed and manufactured, then their digital models were integrated into an already existing implant surgical planning software, in cooperation with the software developer. Apicoectomy was performed in an actual case with the help of the new system.

Results

It has become possible to plan root end removal in the virtual space and to manufacture 3D printed static surgical guides to help the execution of the surgery. A patient with persistent periapical lesion was successfully treated without complication. The 6‐month follow‐up found uneventful healing.

Conclusion

The presented system is a step toward a standardized digital system and workflow dedicated to guided endodontic surgery.
Prospect of stem cells conditioned medium (secretome) in ligament and tendon healing: A systematic review
Authors: Rhatomy Sholahuddin , Prasetyo Thomas Edison , Setyawan Riky , Soekarno Noha Roshadiansyah , Romaniyanto FNU , Sedjati Andi Priyo , Sumarwoto Tito , Utomo Dwikora Novembri , Suroto Heri , Mahyudin Ferdiansyah , Prakoeswa Cita Rosita Sigit
Published: April 2020

Background

Tendon or ligament tears can decrease patients' quality of life. Many therapeutic interventions are available to treat such injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be effective in treating tendon or ligament tears; however, the use of stem cell-conditioned medium (CM) requires further investigation. This review focused on the use of stem cell CM as treatment for tendon or ligament tears.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed (MEDLINE), OVID, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct with the terms conditioned media or conditioned medium or secretome or microvesicle or extracellular vesicle or exosome, and tendon or ligament as the search keywords. A total of 852 articles were reviewed. Five articles were identified as relevant for this systematic review.

Results

Meta-analysis could not be performed because of the high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies; however, the results of this study support a positive effect of conditioned media in tendon and ligament treatment.

Conclusion

This review provides evidence of improvement in the tendon and ligament healing process with stem cell CM therapy in preclinical studies.

Significance statement Tendon or ligament tear can decrease patients' quality of life. Many therapeutic options are available to treat such injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be effective in treating tendon or ligament tears; however, the use of MSC conditioned medium (CM) needs to be investigated. This review proposes the use of MSC CM as a treatment option for tendon or ligament tear.
Energy Loss in Organic Solar Cells: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Prospects
Authors: Ji Yiwen , Xu Lingxia , Hao Xiaotao , Gao Kun
Published: April 2020

Compared with conventional inorganic solar cells (ISCs), energy loss (Eloss) in organic solar cells (OSCs) is usually much higher, limiting their maximum achievable power conversion efficiency (PCE). In view of this, a hot topic in OSC research is how to make Eloss as low as possible. To date, in some typical organic donor/acceptor (D/A) blends, although Eloss has been reduced to the values comparable with those in ISCs, the PCEs of the corresponding devices still fails to meet expectations. One crucial issue is that the physics behind the photovoltaic process in these D/A blends and the corresponding energy loss remain unclear. Herein, combining with an analysis of the photovoltaic process in OSCs, the mechanisms of different energy loss pathways are first discussed. On this basis, the recent advances focusing on Eloss are systematically summarized according to different strategies: 1) optimizing the energy offset of the D/A blend; 2) optimizing the morphology of the D/A blend; 3) ternary modulation; and 4) spin modulation. Finally, the summary and prospects are presented, where some fundamental questions to be cleared up in the photovoltaic process are proposed, such that more targeted photovoltaic design can be carried out in the future investigations of OSCs.
Characterization of Multiphase Mixtures of Calcium Aluminates and Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Using Time‐Gated Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Gyakwaa Francis , Aula Matti , Vuolio Tero , Alatarvas Tuomas , Shu Qifeng , Huttula Marko , Fabritius Timo
Published: April 2020

In aluminum‐killed calcium‐treated steels, the characterization of multiphase oxides found in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3 system is essential for the study of inclusion formation, modification, and the control process. Herein, Raman spectroscopy is used as a characterization technique for the multiphase mixtures of MgO·Al2O3 spinel and calcium aluminate phases of C12A7, C3A, and CA. Multiphase samples of C12A7–CA–MA and C12A7–C3A–MA are synthesized from MgO·Al2O3 spinel and calcium aluminates with varying phase content. The relative intensity of the Raman peaks is qualitatively used for the most primary phases present in the sample. Regression models are also identified for predicting the phase composition. Prediction model identification is conducted using the successive projection algorithm (SPA) for feature selection and the partial least squares regression (PLS) model as a regressor. The identified prediction models show a reasonably good prediction performance. Herein, the time‐gated Raman spectroscopy technique to characterize the multiphase mixture of magnesium aluminate spinel and calcium aluminate phases of CA, C12A7, C3A is used, and the potential application for inclusion characterization is demonstrated.
Cost‐effectiveness of prenatal screening methods for congenital heart defects in pregnancies conceived by in‐vitro fertilization
Authors: Chung E. H. , Lim S. L. , Havrilesky L. J. , Steiner A. Z. , Dotters‐Katz S. K.
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To determine if a policy of universal fetal echocardiography (echo) in pregnancies conceived by in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) is cost‐effective as a screening strategy for congenital heart defects (CHDs) and to examine the cost‐effectiveness of various other CHD screening strategies in IVF pregnancies.

Methods

A decision‐analysis model was designed from a societal perspective with respect to the obstetric patient, to compare the cost‐effectiveness of three screening strategies: (1) anatomic ultrasound (US): selective fetal echo following abnormal cardiac findings on detailed anatomic survey; (2) intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) only: fetal echo for all pregnancies following IVF with ICSI; (3) all IVF: fetal echo for all IVF pregnancies. The model initiated at conception and had a time horizon of 1 year post‐delivery. The sensitivities and specificities for each strategy, the probabilities of major and minor CHDs and all other clinical estimates were derived from the literature. Costs, including imaging, consults, surgeries and caregiver productivity losses, were derived from the literature and Medicare databases, and are expressed in USA dollars ($). Effectiveness was quantified as quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), based on how the strategies would affect the quality of life of the obstetric patient. Secondary effectiveness was quantified as number of cases of CHD and, specifically, cases of major CHD, detected.

Results

The average base‐case cost of each strategy was as follows: anatomic US, $8119; ICSI only, $8408; and all IVF, $8560. The effectiveness of each strategy was as follows: anatomic US, 1.74487 QALYs; ICSI only, 1.74497 QALYs; and all IVF, 1.74499 QALYs. The ICSI‐only strategy had an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $2 840 494 per additional QALY gained when compared to the anatomic‐US strategy, and the all‐IVF strategy had an ICER of $5 692 457 per additional QALY when compared with the ICSI‐only strategy. Both ICERs exceeded considerably the standard willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $50 000–$100 000 per QALY. In a secondary analysis, the ICSI‐only strategy had an ICER of $527 562 per additional case of major CHD detected when compared to the anatomic‐US strategy. All IVF had an ICER of $790 510 per case of major CHD detected when compared with ICSI only. It was determined that it would cost society five times more to detect one additional major CHD through intensive screening of all IVF pregnancies than it would cost to pay for the neonate's first year of care.

Conclusion

The most cost‐effective method of screening for CHDs in pregnancies following IVF, either with or without ICSI, is to perform a fetal echo only when abnormal cardiac findings are noted on the detailed anatomy scan. Performing routine fetal echo for all IVF pregnancies is not cost‐effective. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Identifying Individual Jaguars and Ocelots via Pattern‐Recognition Software: Comparing HotSpotter and Wild‐ID
Authors: Nipko Robert B. , Holcombe Brogan E. , Kelly Marcella J.
Published: April 2020

Camera‐trapping is widespread in wildlife studies, especially for species with individually unique markings to which capture–recapture analytical techniques can be applied. The large volume of data such studies produce have encouraged researchers to increasingly look to computer‐assisted pattern‐recognition software to expedite individual identifications, but little work has been done to formally assess such software for camera‐trap data. We used 2 sets of camera‐trap images—359 images of jaguars (Panthera onca) and 332 images of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) collected from camera traps deployed in 4 study sites in Orange Walk District, Belize, in 2015 and 2016—to compare the accuracy of 2 such programs, HotSpotter and Wild‐ID, and assess the effect of image quality on matching success. Overall, HotSpotter selected a correct match as its top rank 71–82% of the time, whereas the rate for Wild‐ID was 58–73%. Positive matching rates for both programs were highest for high‐quality images (85–99%) and lowest for low‐quality images (28–52%). False match rates were very low for HotSpotter (0–2%) but these were greater in Wild‐ID (6–28%). When lower ranks were also considered, both programs performed similarly (overall 22–24% nonmatches for HotSpotter, 17–26% nonmatches for Wild‐ID). We found that in both programs, images more often matched to other images of the same quality; therefore, including multiple reference images of an individual, of different qualities, improves matching success. These programs do not provide fully automatic identification of individuals and human involvement is still required to confirm matches, but we found that they are effective tools to expedite processing of camera‐trap data. We also offer usage recommendations for researchers to maximize the benefits of these tools. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Analytical solutions of static bending of curved Timoshenko microbeams using Eringen's two‐phase local/nonlocal integral model
Authors: Zhang Pei , Qing Hai , Gao Cun‐Fa
Published: April 2020

To eliminate the paradox that Eringen's differential nonlocal model leads to some inconsistencies for the cantilever beams, the original integral nonlocal model restarts to attract a lot of attention. In this paper, Eringen's two‐phase local/nonlocal integral model is utilized to predict the size‐effect on curved Timoshenko microbeams. The governing equations and corresponding boundary conditions are derived via Hamilton's principle. By using the Laplace transform technique and merely adjusting the limit of integrals, the integral constitutive equations are transformed from Fredholm type into Volterra integral equations of the second kind and solved uniquely containing several unknown constants, which are determined through the boundary conditions and extra constrained equations from integral constitutive relationships. The analytical solutions are derived explicitly and are validated against the straight Timoshenko beam for the large‐radius curved case. The results show a consistent softening effect of two nonlocal parameters on the bending behavior of the curved Timoshenko microbeams under different boundary conditions.
Automated predictions from polarized matrix elements
Authors: Franzosi Diogo Buarque , Mattelaer Olivier , Ruiz Richard , Shil Sujay
Published: April 2020

Abstract

The anticipated experimental resolution and data cache of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will enable precision investigations of polarization in multiboson processes. This includes, for the first time, vector boson scattering. To facilitate such studies, we report the automation of polarized matrix element computations in the publicly available Monte Carlo tool suite, MadGraph5_aMC@NLO. This enables scattering and decay simulations involving helicity-polarized asymptotic or intermediate states, preserving both spin-correlation and off-shell effects. As demonstrations of the method, we investigate the leading order production and decay of polarized weak gauge bosons in the process

$$ pp\to {jjW}_{\lambda}^{+}{W}_{\lambda \prime}^{-} $$

pp
→

jjW
λ
+

W

λ
′

−

, with helicity eigenstates (λ, λ′) defined in various reference frames. We consider the Standard Model at both

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(α
4) and

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(α
2

$$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

) as well as a benchmark composite Higgs scenario. We report good agreement with polarization studies based on the On-Shell Projection (OSP) technique. Future capabilities are discussed.
Line operators of gauge theories on non-spin manifolds
Authors: Ang J.P. , Roumpedakis Konstantinos , Seifnashri Sahand
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We study four-dimensional gauge theories on oriented and non-spin spacetime manifolds. On such manifolds, each line operator arises only either as a boson or a fermion. Based on physical arguments, a method of systematically assigning spin labels to line operators is proposed, and several consistency checks are performed. This is used to classify all possible sets of allowed line operators — including their spins — for gauge theories with simple Lie algebras. The Lagrangian descriptions of the theories with these sets of allowed line operators are given. Finally, the one-form symmetries of these theories are studied by coupling to background gauge fields, and their ’t Hooft anomalies are computed.
The l-loop banana amplitude from GKZ systems and relative Calabi-Yau periods
Authors: Klemm Albrecht , Nega Christoph , Safari Reza
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We use the GKZ description of periods and certain classes of relative periods on families of Barth-Nieto Calabi-Yau (l − 1)-folds in order to solve the l-loop banana amplitudes with their general mass dependence. As examples we compute the mass dependencies of the banana amplitudes up to the three-loop case and check the results against the known results for special mass values.
Rényi divergences from Euclidean quenches
Authors: Chowdhury Barsha G. , Datta Shouvik , David Justin R.
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We study the generalisation of relative entropy, the Rényi divergence D

α
(ρ∥ρ

β
) in 2d CFTs between an excited state density matrix ρ, created by deforming the Hamiltonian, and the thermal density matrix ρ

β
. Using the path integral representation of this quantity as a Euclidean quench, we obtain the leading contribution to the Rényi divergence for deformations by scalar primaries and by conserved holomorphic currents in conformal perturbation theory. Furthermore, we calculate the leading contribution to the Rényi divergence when the conserved current perturbations have inhomogeneous spatial profiles which are versions of the sine-square deformation (SSD). The dependence on the Rényi parameter (α) of the leading contribution have a universal form for these inhomogeneous deformations and it is identical to that seen in the Rényi divergence of the simple harmonic oscillator perturbed by a linear potential. Our study of these Rényi divergences shows that the family of second laws of thermodynamics, which are equivalent to the monotonicity of Rényi divergences, do indeed provide stronger constraints for allowed transitions compared to the traditional second law.
Decay and electromagnetic production of strongly coupled quarkonia in pNRQCD
Authors: Brambilla Nora , Chung Hee Sok , Müller Daniel , Vairo Antonio
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We improve the pNRQCD approach to annihilation processes of heavy quarkonium and make first pNRQCD predictions for exclusive electromagnetic production of heavy quarkonium. We consider strongly coupled quarkonia, i.e., quarkonia that are not Coulombic bound states. Possible strongly coupled quarkonia include excited charmonium and bottomonium states. For these, pNRQCD provides expressions for the decay and exclusive electromagnetic production NRQCD matrix elements that depend on the wavefunctions at the origin and few universal gluon field correlators. We compute electromagnetic decay widths and exclusive production cross sections, and inclusive decay widths into light hadrons for P -wave quarkonia at relative order v
2 and leading order, respectively. We also compute the decay widths of 2S and 3S bottomonium states into lepton pairs and their ratios with the inclusive widths into light hadrons at relative order v
2.
“Chiral” and “non-chiral” 3d Seiberg duality
Authors: Nii Keita
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We propose a Seiberg duality for a 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 Spin (7) gauge theory with F spinor matters. For F ≥ 6, the theory allows a magnetic dual description with an SU(F −4) gauge group. The matter content on the magnetic side is “chiral” and the duality connects “chiral” and “non-chiral” 3d gauge theories. As a corollary, we can construct a Seiberg duality for a 3d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 G
2 gauge theory with fundamental matters.
The correlation function of (1, 1) and (2, 2) supersymmetric theories with $$ T\overline{T} $$ deformation
Authors: He Song , Sun Jia-Rui , Sun Yuan
Published: April 2020

In the paper, we compute the correlation functions in 2D

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (1, 1) and

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (2, 2) superconformal field theories with

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformation up to the first order of the deformation in terms of perturbation theory. With the help of superconformal Ward identity in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (1, 1) and

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= (2, 2) theories and careful regularization, the correlation functions in the deformed theory can be obtained up to the first order perturbation. This study is the extension from previous bosonic

$$ T\overline{T} $$

T

T
¯

deformation to the supersymmetric one.
Chemical bonds of two vortex species with a generalized Josephson term and arbitrary charges
Authors: Chatterjee Chandrasekhar , Gudnason Sven Bjarke , Nitta Muneto
Published: April 2020

Abstract

We consider the Abelian-Higgs model with two complex scalar fields and arbitrary positive integer charges with the addition of a higher-order generalization of the Josephson term. The theory possesses vortices of both local and global variants. The only finite-energy configurations are shown to be the local vortices for which a certain combination of vortex numbers and electric charges — called the global vortex number — vanishes. The local vortices have rational fractional magnetic flux, as opposed to the global counterparts that can have an arbitrary fractional flux. The global vortices have angular domain walls, which we find good analytic approximate solutions for. Finally, we find a full classification of the minimal local vortices as well as a few nonminimal networks of vortices, using numerical methods.
“Don’t Blast”: blast-in-place (BiP) operations of dumped World War munitions in the oceans significantly increase hazards to the environment and the human seafood consumer
Authors: Maser Edmund , Strehse Jennifer S.
Published: April 2020

The seas worldwide are threatened by a “new” source of pollution: millions of tons of all kind of warfare material have been dumped intentionally after World War I and II, in addition to mine barriers, failed detonations as well as shot down military planes and sunken ship wrecks carrying munitions. For example, in the German parts of the North and Baltic Sea approximately 1.6 million metric tons of toxic conventional explosives (TNT and others) and more than 5000 metric tons of chemical weapons are present. Such unexploded ordnance (UXO) constitutes a direct risk of detonation with increased human access (fisheries, water sports, cable constructions, wind farms and pipelines). Moreover, after more than 70 years of resting on the seabed, the metal shells of these munitions items corrode, such that chemicals leak out and distribute in the marine environment. Explosive chemicals such as TNT and its derivatives are known for their toxicity and carcinogenicity. In order not to endanger today's shipping traffic or the installation of pipelines and offshore plants by uncontrolled explosions, controlled blast-in-place (BiP) operations of these dangerous relics is a common practice worldwide. However, blast-in-place methods of in situ munitions disposal often result in incomplete (low-order) detonation, leaving substantial quantities of the explosive material in the environment. In the present free field investigation, we placed mussels (Mytilus spp.) as a biomonitoring system in an area of the Baltic Sea where BiP operations took place and where, by visual inspections by scientific divers, smaller and larger pieces of munitions-related materials were scattered on the seafloor. After recovery, the mussels were transferred to our laboratory and analyzed for TNT and its derivatives via gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Our data unequivocally demonstrate that low-order BiP operations of dumped munitions in the sea lead to multiple increases in the concentration of TNT and its metabolites in the mussels when compared to similar studies at corroding but still encased mines. For this reason, we explicitly criticize BiP operations because of the resulting environmental hazards, which can ultimately even endanger human seafood consumers.
Correction to: Identifying Scoliosis in Population‑Based Cohorts: Automation of a Validated Method Based on Total Body Dual Energy X‑ray Absorptiometry Scans
Authors: Jamaludin Amir , Fairbank Jeremy , Harding Ian , Kadir Timor , Peters Tim J. , Zisserman Andrew , Clark Emma M.
Published: April 2020

In the original version of the article, the co-author would like to add to the acknowledgements section to highlight their funding stream (EPSRC). The revised acknowledgements is given below.
Hydrodynamic reception in the Australian water rat, Hydromys chrysogaster
Authors: Hanke Wolf , Meyer Sabine , Bleckmann Horst , Dehnhardt Guido
Published: April 2020

The Australian water rat,Hydromys chrysogaster, preys on a wide variety of aquatic and semiaquatic arthropods and vertebrates, including fish. A frequently observed predatory strategy ofHydromysis sitting in wait at the water's edge with parts of its vibrissae submersed. Here we show thatHydromyscan detect water motions with its whiskers. Behavioural thresholds range from 1.0 to 9.4 mm s−1water velocity, based on maximal horizontal water velocity in the area covered by the whiskers. This high sensitivity to water motions would enableHydromysto detect fishes passing by. No responses to surface waves generated by a vibrating rod and resembling the surface waves caused by struggling insects were found.
Optical effects on HDR calibration via a multiple exposure noise-based workflow
Authors: Karr Brian A. , Debattista Kurt , Chalmers Alan G.
Published: April 2020

High dynamic range (HDR) technology allows more of the lighting in a specific scene to be captured at a set point in time, and thus is capable of delivering an overall view of the scene that more closely correlates with our visual experience in the real world, compared to standard, or low dynamic range (LDR) technology. Although HDR capabilities of single exposure capture systems are improving, the traditional method for creating HDR images still includes combing a number of different exposures, captured with an LDR system, into a single HDR image. Several use cases requiring absolute calibration of the resulting HDR luminance map have been undertaken, but none of these have provided a detailed analysis of the optical effects of glare on the results. We develop a calibrated HDR radiance map, including methodical linearization of captured image data, while characterizing the limitations due to the effects of optical glare. A purposely designed controlled test scene is used to challenge the calibrated reconstruction efforts, including low luminance levels, spatial inclusion of lens vignette over the full imaged area, and optical glare. Results demonstrate that even with careful processing and recombination of the LDR data, radiometric accuracy is limited as a result of glare. The proposed approach performs better than calibration methods in commercially available HDR recombination software.
Neuronal surface autoantibodies in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gibson Lucy L. , McKeever Anna , Cullen Alexis E. , Nicholson Timothy R. , Aarsland Dag , Zandi Michael S. , Pollak Thomas A.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Neuronal antibodies can cause encephalopathy syndromes often presenting with subacute cognitive impairment, sometimes resembling neurodegenerative dementias.

Methods

We searched Medline and Embase for studies reporting associations between neuronal surface antibodies in all-cause dementia versus controls. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool adjusted estimates across studies.

Results

Six studies were included, all reporting frequency of serum NMDAR antibodies in dementia with four also reporting frequency in atypical dementias. Both IgG [OR = 8.09 (1.51; 56.85), p = 0.036] and IgA/IgM NMDAR antibodies [OR = 42.48 (11.39; 158.52), p < 0.001] were associated with atypical dementia, but neither were associated with all-cause dementia.

Discussion

In the first meta-analysis to explore this literature, serum IgG and IgA/IgM NMDAR antibodies were significantly more common in atypical dementias. However, methodological issues and small-sample sizes necessitate caution interpreting this result. Further studies measuring both serum and CSF antibodies are needed to investigate the role of neuronal antibodies in dementia, since evidence of pathogenicity in even a subset of patients could pave the way for novel treatment options.
Multi-targeted trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase I harbors a novel peroxisomal targeting signal 1 and is essential for flowering and development
Authors: Kataya Amr R. A. , Elshobaky Ahmed , Heidari Behzad , Dugassa Nemie-Feyissa , Thelen Jay J. , Lillo Cathrine
Published: April 2020

Main conclusion

This work reveals information about new peroxisomal targeting signals type 1 and identifies trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase I as multitargeted and is implicated in plant development, reproduction, and stress response.

A putative, non-canonical peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) Pro-Arg-Met > was identified in the extreme C-terminus of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP)I. TPP catalyzes the final step of trehalose synthesis, and the enzyme was previously characterized to be nuclear only (Krasensky et al. in Antioxid Redox Signal 21(9):1289–1304, 2014). Here we show that the TPPI C-terminal decapeptide ending with Pro-Arg-Met > or Pro-Lys-Met > can indeed function as a PTS1. Upon transient expression in two plant expression systems, the free C- or N-terminal end led to the full-length TPPI targeting to peroxisomes and plastids, respectively. The nucleus and nucleolus targeting of the full-length TPPI was observed in both cases. The homozygous T-DNA insertion line of TPPI showed a pleiotropic phenotype including smaller leaves, shorter roots, delayed flowering, hypersensitivity to salt, and a sucrose dependent seedling development. Our results identify novel PTS1s, and TPPI as a protein multi-targeted to peroxisomes, plastids, nucleus, and nucleolus. Altogether our findings implicate an essential role for TPPI in development, reproduction, and cell signaling.