bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Practical and Reliable Nickel Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Zhao Yu‐Long , Li You , Li Shui‐Ming , Zhou Yi‐Guo , Sun Feng‐Yi , Gao Lian‐Xun , Han Fu‐She
Published: October 2011

A highly active, universally applicable, cheap, and stable catalyst is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazone‐Promoted Sonogashira Coupling Reaction with Aryl Bromides at Low Palladium Loadings.
Authors: Mino Takashi , Suzuki Saori , Hirai Kiminori , Sakamoto Masami , Fujita Tsutomu
Published: October 2011

CuI as co‐catalyst and hydrazone BIH as the ligand render possible the preparation of various diarylalkynes in the presence of low amounts of Pd catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocenyl Iminophosphine Ligands in Pd‐Catalyzed Suzuki Couplings.
Authors: Teo Shihui , Wang Zhiqiang , Hor T. S. Andy
Published: October 2011

A Pd(0)—phosphinylferrocenylimine complex efficiently catalyzes the Suzuki cross coupling of bulky aryl halides with aryl‐ and alkylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of anti/syn‐Regioisomeric Mixtures of Alkyl‐Substituted Tetracenes.
Authors: Kitamura Chitoshi , Kano Hiroyuki , Tsukuda Hideki , Kawase Takeshi , Kobayashi Takashi , Naito Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2011

The regioisomeric mixtures (III)/(IV) are synthesized via Diels—Alder reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Ambient Synthesis of Spiro[4H‐pyran‐oxindole] Derivatives under [BMIm]BF4 Catalysis.
Authors: Rad‐Moghadam Kurosh , Youseftabar‐Miri Leila
Published: October 2011

The title compounds are synthesized by a new three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Convertible Fluorous Linker Assisted Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Furans.
Authors: Kadam Asha , Buckley Stephanie B. , Dinh Trinh , Fitzgerald Ryan , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2011

The approach to furans (III) is achieved through Michael‐type [3 + 2] cycloaddition of α,β‐unsaturated ketone (I) with β‐keto compound (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dibenzofurans via Palladium‐Catalyzed Phenol‐Directed C—H Activation/C—O Cyclization.
Authors: Xiao Bin , Gong Tian‐Jun , Liu Zhao‐Jing , Liu Jing‐Hui , Luo Dong‐Fen , Xu Jun , Liu Lei
Published: October 2011

A practical synthesis of dibenzofurans (II) involves a C—O cyclization using air as the oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Assembly of Substituted Pyrroles by Acid‐Catalyzed Sequential Three‐Component Reaction of Amines, Alkynoates, and 1,2‐Diaza‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Favi Gianfranco , Mantellini Fabio , Moscatelli Giada , Santeusanio Stefania
Published: October 2011

A metal‐free protocol is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyrroles from Enaminoesters and Nitroolefins.
Authors: Guan Zheng‐Hui , Li Liang , Ren Zhi‐Hui , Li Jianli , Zhao Mi‐Na
Published: October 2011

The reaction is carried out under metal‐free and non‐halogenation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldol‐Like Carbon—Carbon Condensation for Pyridyl Substituted Chlorins.
Authors: Li Jia‐Zhu , Cui Bing‐Cun , Wang Jin‐Jun , Shim Young Key
Published: October 2011

The first report about the synthesis of C—C bond linked pyridyl chlorins (III) (3 examples) via a stereoselective aldol‐like condensation reaction is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Yttrium(III)‐Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of β‐Trichloro(trifluoro)methyl Aryl Enones with Indoles.
Authors: Wang Wentao , Lian Xiangjin , Chen Donghui , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: October 2011

An efficient, scalable and mild method for the title synthesis is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Well‐Defined NHC—Pd Complex‐Mediated Intermolecular Direct Annulations for Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles (NHC = N‐Heterocyclic Carbene).
Authors: Jin Zhong , Guo Su‐Xian , Qiu Ling‐Ling , Wu Gui‐Ping , Fang Jian‐Xin
Published: October 2011

A series of functionalized indoles is synthesized from o‐haloanilines and ketones catalyzed by a N‐heterocyclic carbene—Pd complex such as PIPR.
ChemInform Abstract: Diversification of Carbazoles by LiCl‐Mediated Catalytic CuI Reaction.
Authors: Cho Joong Hyun , Ryu Young‐Sil , Oh Se Hwan , Kwon Jae Kwan , Yum Eul Kgun
Published: October 2011

Simple and efficient N‐arylation of carbazoles is achieved in LiCl‐mediated, CuI‐catalyzed reactions with aryl iodides or bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Phenyl‐3,5‐difunctionalized Pyrazoles.
Authors: Zohreh Nasrin , Alizadeh Abdolali
Published: October 2011

The reaction proceeds via a (Z)‐phenylhydrazonosuccinate intermediate which undergoes a ring closure with benzoyl or fumaryl chlorides to provide the title pyrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrazoles from Phenylhydrazones and Dialkyl Ethylenedicarboxylates in the Presence of Bases.
Authors: Ma Chaowei , Li Yanmei , Wen Ping , Yan Rulong , Ren Zhiyong , Huang Guosheng
Published: October 2011

Optimized reaction conditions allow the preparation of a broad spectrum of persubstituted pyrazole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards a Catalytic Asymmetric Version of the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Between Hydrazones and Cyclopentadiene.
Authors: Zamfir Alexandru , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: October 2011

The title reaction is first investigated in the presence of catalytic amounts of Tms‐O‐Tf.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Synthetic Entry to Fused Benzimidazoles via Iodocyclization.
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhou Yu , Wang Hengshuai , Guo Diliang , Ye Deju , Xu Yungen , Jiang Hualiang , Liu Hong
Published: October 2011

Fused benzimidazoles are synthesized via iodine‐induced cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Substituted Dihydropyrans via Organocatalytic Cascade Michael—Hemiketalization Reaction.
Authors: Wang Jin‐jia , Hu Zhi‐peng , Lou Chun‐liang , Liu Jun‐liang , Li Xue‐ming , Yan Ming
Published: October 2011

A quinine‐derived thiourea is the best catalyst for the conjugate addition of trifluoromethyl substituted nucleophiles to β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters.
ChemInform Abstract: The Heck Reaction of Protected Hydroxychromones: En Route to Natural Products.
Authors: Vasas Attila , Patonay Tamas , Konya Krisztina , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S.
Published: October 2011

The Heck reaction is applied under phosphine‐free conditions to the alkenylation of chromones such as (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Discovery of Novel Hexacyclic Cage Compounds as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase.
Authors: Kumar Raju Suresh , Ali Mohamed Ashraf , Osman Hasnah , Ismail Rusli , Choon Tan Soo , Yoon Yeong Keng , Wei Ang Chee , Pandian Suresh , Manogaran Elumalai
Published: October 2011

The three‐component [3 + 2] cycloaddition affords stereoselectively only one diastereoisomer (IV) of novel hexacyclic cage compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Reduction of Nitroarenes by a Hantzsch 1,4‐Dihydropyridine: A Facile and Efficient Approach to Substituted Quinolines.
Authors: Xing Rui‐Guang , Li Ya‐Nan , Liu Qiang , Han Yi‐Feng , Wei Xia , Li Jing , Zhou Bo
Published: October 2011

HEH in the presence of Pd‐C allows the selective reduction of the nitro group.
ChemInform Abstract: Thienopyrimidines as Novel Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Synthesis and in vitro Studies.
Authors: Rashmi P. , Nargund Laxmi Venkatesh Gurachar , Hazra Kuntal , Chandra J. N. Narendra Sharath
Published: October 2011

The compounds (X) are tested for growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Catalyzed by NH4OBr.
Authors: Azarifar Davood , Khosravi Kaveh , Soleimani Khadijeh , Najminejad Zohreh
Published: October 2011

Ammonium hypobromite serves as a non‐toxic and inexpensive catalyst for the microwave‐assisted Biginelli‐type synthesis of dihydropyrimidones (IV) (28 examples) under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrole‐Assisted and Easy Oxidation of Cyclic α‐Amino Acid‐Derived Diketopiperazines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Tian Hua , Ermolenko Ludmila , Gabant Marion , Vergne Carine , Moriou Celine , Retailleau Pascal , Al‐Mourabit Ali
Published: October 2011

An aerobic oxidation of pyrrole‐amino acid derivatives without any metal or light catalysis is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrazin‐4(5H)‐one Derivatives and Their Inhibition Against Growth of A549 and H322 Lung Cancer Cells.
Authors: Zheng Liang‐Wen , Shao Jin‐Hui , Zhao Bao‐Xiang , Miao Jun‐Ying
Published: October 2011

Title compounds (III) are obtained by a microwave‐assisted one‐step procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Efficient Procedure for Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives in Solution and under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Gholivand Khodayar , Zare Karim , Jafari Hadi , Adibi Hadi
Published: October 2011

Borax‐supported POCl3 efficiently catalyzes the synthesis of 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives (9 examples) via condensation of o‐phenylenediamines with ketones both in solvent‐free and solution conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzosilolo[2,3‐c]indoles via Cleavage of a C(sp3)—Si Bond and Consequent Intramolecular C(sp2)—Si Coupling.
Authors: Liang Yun , Zhang Shaoguang , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: October 2011

An efficient synthesis of the heterocyclic scaffold is carried.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Route to β‐Silyl‐δ‐keto Esters by Organocatalyzed Regioselective Michael Addition of Methyl Ketones to a (Silylmethylene)malonate and Their Use in Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: Chowdhury Raghunath , Ghosh Sunil K.
Published: October 2011

The addition proceeds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Cai Zhi‐Hua , Du Guang‐Fen , He Lin , Gu Cheng‐Zhi , Dai Bin
Published: October 2011

A simple procedure is developed for the Pudovik‐type reaction of phosphite (I) with aldehydes to afford α‐hydroxyphosphonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Lycotetrastine A, a Novel Hexacyclic Alkaloid from Huperzia tetrasticha.
Authors: Hirasawa Yusuke , Astulla Adil , Shiro Motoo , Morita Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

Title compound (I) shows inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.
ChemInform Abstract: Sannastatin, a Novel Toxic Macrolactam Polyketide Glycoside Produced by Actinomycete Streptomyces sannanensis.
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Xiang , Gao Jin‐Ming , Zhang An‐Ling , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: October 2011

A new rare 20‐membered macrocyclic lactam sannastatin (I) incorporating a diene conjugated olefin is isolated along with the known structurally related vicenistatin from the culture broth of Streptomyces sannanensis, a bacteria found in giant panda feces.
ChemInform Abstract: New Class of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors from the Stem Bark of Knema laurina and Their Structural Insights.
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Nadeem , Lam Kok Wai , Abas Faridah , Maulidiani Maulidiani , Ahmad Syahida , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman , Choudhary M. Iqbal , Lajis Nordin Hj
Published: October 2011

Bioassay‐guided extraction leads to the isolation of five new alkenyl phenol and salicylic acid derivatives (I) and (II), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A Small Molecule Antagonist of Ghrelin O‐Acyltransferase (GOAT).
Authors: Garner Amanda L. , Janda Kim D.
Published: October 2011

The compounds (I) as antagonists of GOAT are promising anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetes drug targets.
ChemInform Abstract: Terahertz Magnetoelectric Response via Electromagnons in Magnetic Oxides
Authors: Kida N. , Tokura Y.
Published: October 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Zeolites as Models for Understanding Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration
Authors: Guisnet M. , Fonseca N. G. , Ribeiro F. Ramoa
Published: October 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deactivation and Regeneration of Solid Catalysts
Authors: Guisnet M. , Ribeiro F. Ramoa
Published: October 2011

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Synthesis of Nitride, Carbide and Boride Nanocrystals in an Autoclave
Authors: Zhu Yongchun , Li Qianwen , Mei Tao , Qian Yitai
Published: October 2011

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Doped Lanthanum Silicates with the Apatite Structure as Oxide‐Ion Conducting Electrolytes: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Design of Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Sadykov V. , Kharlamova T. , Pavlova S. , Muzykantov V. , Ishchenko A. , Krieger T. , Lapina O. , Uvarov N. , Chaikina M. , Pavlyukhin Yu. , et al. et al.
Published: October 2011

Review: 129 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Silicalite‐1 Zeolite to Mesoporous Silica: Industrial and Potential Catalytic Applications
Authors: Giordano G. , Macario A. , Aloise A. , Nagy J. B.
Published: October 2011

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Proline Derivatives by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions
Authors: Najera Carmen , Sansano Jose M.
Published: October 2011

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Thio‐3‐chloroacrylamides and Investigation of Their Reactivity
Authors: Kissane Marie , Maguire Anita R.
Published: October 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Conjugate Addition Reactions to Phenylglycinol‐Derived, Unsaturated Oxazolopiperidone Lactams.
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Perez Maria , Bosch Joan
Published: October 2011

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Promiscuity
Authors: Svedendahl Humble Maria , Berglund Per
Published: October 2011

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Zeolites for Greener and more para‐Selective Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
Authors: Smith Keith , El‐Hiti Gamal A.
Published: October 2011

Review: 343 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Higher Order Acenes and Fused Acenes with Near‐Infrared Absorption and Emission
Authors: Sun Zhe , Wu Jishan
Published: October 2011

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom Transfer Radical Reactions as a Tool for Olefin Functionalization — On the Way to Practical Applications
Authors: Munoz‐Molina Jose Maria , Belderrain Tomas R. , Perez Pedro J.
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious Oligosaccharide Synthesis via Selective, Semi‐Orthogonal, and Orthogonal Activation
Authors: Kaeothip Sophon , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: October 2011

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Host‐Induced Chemical Control: Supramolecular Catalysis Based on the Host—Guest Interaction of Cucurbit[n]urils
Authors: Cong Hang , Tao Zhu , Xue Sai‐Feng , Zhu Qian‐Jiang
Published: October 2011

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioisomers in Calixarenes
Authors: Li Yan , Yang Weiping , Chen Yuanyin , Gong Shuling
Published: October 2011

Review: 39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alternative Approaches to Enolate Chemistry
Authors: Sheppard Topm D.
Published: October 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Stabilized o‐Quinone Methides, Thioquinones, and Selenoquinones: Trapping Important Reactive Intermediates and Beyond
Authors: Amouri Hani
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments on the Carbamation of Amines
Authors: Chaturvedi Devdutt
Published: October 2011

Review: 300 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Epoxides, Aziridines, and Cyclic Anhydrides
Authors: Johnson J. B.
Published: October 2011

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Ruthenium Halo, Oxo and Porphyrin Complexes
Authors: Tandon Praveen Kumar , Singh Santosh Bahadur
Published: October 2011

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of New anti‐Protozoan Agents Having Novel Mode of Action
Authors: Ihara Masataka
Published: October 2011

Review: 45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Hydrocarboxylation of Alkenes and Alkynes with CO2
Authors: Zhang Yugen , Riduan Siti Nurhanna
Published: October 2011

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mass Spectrometry for Structural Biology: Determining the Composition and Architecture of Protein Complexes
Authors: Pukala Tara L.
Published: October 2011

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Mapping the Sub‐Cellular Distribution of Metal‐Based Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Wedlock Louise E. , Berners‐Price Susan J.
Published: October 2011

Review: 145 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Developments in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Non‐Covalent DNA—Ligand Complexes
Authors: Beck Jennifer L.
Published: October 2011

Review: 108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Piperazic Acid‐Containing Natural Products: Isolation, Biological Relevance and Total Synthesis
Authors: Oelke Alexander J. , France David J. , Hofmann Tatjana , Wuitschik Georg , Ley Steven V.
Published: October 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemical Constituents, Traditional Uses, and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Plumeria
Authors: Sharma Garima , Chahar Maheep K. , Dobhal Sonal , Sharma Neelu , Sharma Tek Chand , Sharma Mahesh C. , Joshi Yogesh C. , Dobhal Mahabeer P.
Published: October 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent and Historic Drivers of Landscape Change in the Everglades Ridge, Slough, and Tree Island Mosaic
Authors: Larsen Laurel , Aumen Nicholas , Bernhardt Christopher , Engel Vic , Givnish Thomas , Hagerthey Scot , Harvey Judson , Leonard Lynn , McCormick Paul , McVoy Christopher , et al. et al.
Published: October 2011

Review: 153 refs.
(R,S)‐2‐chlorophenoxyl pyrazolides as novel substrates for improving lipase‐catalyzed hydrolytic resolution
Authors: Kao Min‐fang , Lu Pei‐yu , Kao Jou‐yan , Wang Pei‐yun , Wu An‐chi , Tsai Shau‐Wei
Published: October 2011

The best reaction condition of Candida antartica lipase B as biocatalyst, 3‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole as leaving azole, and water‐saturated methyl t‐butyl ether as reaction medium at 45°C were first selected for performing the hydrolytic resolution of (R,S)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenoxyl) azolides (1, 2, 3, 4). In comparison with the kinetic resolution of (R,S)‐2‐phenylpropionyl 3‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolide or (R,S)‐α‐methoxyphenylacetyl 3‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolide at the same reaction condition, excellent enantioselectivity with more than two order‐of‐magnitudes higher activity for each enantiomer was obtained. The resolution was then extended to other (R,S)‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolides (5, 6, 7) containing 2‐chloro, 3‐chloro, or 2,4‐dichloro substituent, giving good (E > 48) to excellent (E > 100) enantioselectivity. The thermodynamic analysis for 1, 2, and 4, 5, 6, 7 demonstrates profound effects of the acyl or leaving moiety on varying enthalpic and entropic contributions to the difference of Gibbs free energies. A thorough kinetic analysis further indicates that on the basis of 6, the excellent enantiomeric ratio for 4 and 7 is due to the higher reactivity of (S)‐4 and lower reactivity of (R)‐7, respectively. Chirality 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of inorganic‐organic ZnS(aminopropane)n composite materials
Authors: Luberda‐Durnaś K. , Gaweł B. , Łoś M. , Łasocha W.
Published: October 2011

The main goal of our work was the synthesis and characterization of ZnS(aminopropane)n hybrid inorganic‐organic layered materials. The basic material of our investigation was ZnS(1,3‐dap)1/2, (where dap denotes diaminopropane). Its crystal structure has been solved by X‐ray powder diffraction methods. This layered compound was prepared using 1,3‐diaminepropane, zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) and tioacetamide (CH3CSNH2). We have also tried to obtain and characterize other materials: ZnS(1‐ap) and ZnS(1,2‐dap), where ap denotes aminopropane. But in these last two cases diffraction patterns were of much poorer quality, which prevented a full structural survey; thus we cannot directly prove that hybrid lamellar materials were obtained. All compounds were studied using X‐ray diffraction, chemical analysis, UV‐vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, using X‐ray diffraction as a function of temperature, we obtained information about structural changes of obtained composite materials under temperature treatment. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A low‐complexity single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access transmitter
Authors: Nam Haewoon , Kim Youngok
Published: October 2011

A framework for a computationally efficient single‐carrier frequency‐division multiple access (SC‐FDMA) transmitter is proposed in this paper. Compared with a wide system bandwidth, the uplink allocation for each user is supposed to be relatively small because of multiple user access, which makes each user's signal vector to be sparse. When the localized subcarrier allocation is used for SC‐FDMA, the inverse fast fourier transform can take advantage of the sparse user input vector to reduce its complexity. The analytical and simulation results show that the proposed framework can provide a significant complexity reduction compared with the conventional SC‐FDMA transmitter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological release in White Sands lizards
Authors: Des Roches S. , Robertson J. M. , Harmon L. J. , Rosenblum E. B.
Published: October 2011

Ecological opportunityis any change that allows populations to escape selection from competition and predation. After encountering ecological opportunity, populations may experienceecological release: enlarged population size, broadened resource use, and/or increased morphological variation. We identified ecological opportunity and tested for ecological release in three lizard colonists of White Sands, New Mexico (Sceloporus undulatus,Holbrookia maculata, andAspidoscelis inornata). First, we provide evidence for ecological opportunity by demonstrating reduced species richness and abundance of potential competitors and predators at White Sands relative to nearby dark soils habitats. Second, we characterize ecological release at White Sands by demonstrating density compensation in the three White Sands lizard species and expanded resource use in White SandsS. undulatus. Contrary to predictions from ecological release models, we observed directional trait change but not increased trait variation inS. undulatus. Our results suggest that ecological opportunity and ecological release can be identified in natural populations, especially those that have recently colonized isolated ecosystems.
A synthetic review of feedbacks and drivers of shrub encroachment in arid grasslands
Authors: D'Odorico Paolo , Okin Gregory S. , Bestelmeyer Brandon T.
Published: October 2011

Many arid grasslands around the world are affected by woody plant encroachment and by the replacement of a relatively continuous grass cover with shrub patches bordered by bare soil. This shift in plant community composition is often abrupt in space and time, suggesting that it is likely sustained by positive feedbacks between vegetation and environmental conditions (e.g. resource availability) or disturbance regime (e.g. fire or freeze). These feedbacks amplify the effects of drivers of shrub encroachment, i.e. of conditions favouring a shift from grass to shrub dominance (e.g. overgrazing, climate change). Here, we review some major drivers and feedbacks and identify the basic stages in the transition from grassland to shrubland. We discuss some possible scenarios of interactions between drivers and feedbacks that could explain the transition from a stage to the next and the potential irreversibility of the shift from grass to shrub dominance. We introduce a simplistic modelling framework that can integrate the various drivers to explain the emergence of bistability for shrub‐encroached grassland systems. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Synthetic Tripodal Squaramido‐Based Receptors for the Complexation of Antineoplastic Folates in Water (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 31/2011)
Authors: Quiñonero David , López Kenia A. , Deyà Pere M. , Piña M. Nieves , Morey Jeroni
Published: October 2011

The cover picture shows a series of cuvettes, under UV light, after the addition of antineoplastic folates, such as folate, methotrexate, and raltitrexed, to the fluorimetric ensemble of a new tripodal squaramido‐ammonium receptor with 5‐carboxyfluorescein. The structures of the receptor and 5‐carboxyfluorescein are also shown. This is a new fluorescence ensemble developed at the University of the Balearic Islands, located in Majorca, which allows the fluorimetric quantitative determination of folate and methotrexate in commercial preparation samples. The binding constants and thermodynamic experimental results obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry show the capacity of this tripodal receptor to recognize antineoplastic folates in water. Complementary theoretical calculations and 1H NMR experiments show how the complexation takes place. Details are discussed in the article by J. Morey et al. on p. 6187 ff.
Sample transport and electrokinetic injection in a microchip device for chemical cytometry
Authors: Kovarik Michelle L. , Lai Hsuan‐Hong , Xiong Jessie C. , Allbritton Nancy L.
Published: October 2011

Sample transport and electrokinetic injection bias are well characterized in capillary electrophoresis and simple microchips, but a thorough understanding of sample transport on devices combining electroosmosis, electrophoresis, and pressure‐driven flow is lacking. In this work, we evaluate the effects of electric fields from 0 to 300 V/cm, electrophoretic mobilities from 10−4 to 10−6 cm2/Vs, and pressure‐driven fluid velocities from 50 to 250 μm/s on sample injection in a microfluidic chemical cytometry device. By studying a continuous sample stream, we find that increasing electric field strength and electrophoretic mobility result in improved injection and that COMSOL simulations accurately predict sample transport. The effects of pressure‐driven fluid velocity on injection are complex, and relative concentration values lie on a surface defined by pressure‐driven flow rates. For high‐mobility analytes, this surface is flat, and sample injection is robust despite fluctuations in flow rate. For lower mobility analytes, the surface becomes steeper, and injection depends strongly on pressure‐driven flow. These results indicate generally that device design must account for analyte characteristics and specifically that this device is suited to high‐mobility analytes. We demonstrate that for a suitable pair of peptides fluctuations in injection volume are correlated; electrokinetic injection bias is minimized; and electrophoretic separation is achieved.
Synthesis of agar microparticles using temperature‐controlled microfluidic devices for Cordyceps militaris cultivation
Authors: Lin Yung‐Sheng , Yang Chih‐Hui , Lu Kang , Huang Keng‐Shiang , Zheng Ying‐Zhen
Published: October 2011

A temperature‐controlled microfluidic approach was developed for fabricating monodispersed agar beads with the potential to be a brand‐new strategy for cultivating Cordyceps militaris. The proposed microfluidic system features a circulating water bath with precise temperature control (temperature deviation ▵T<0.1°C). This device holds the promise of allowing us to develop a temperature‐controlled system, characterized as simple, low cost, and easy to set up and use. The size‐controllable agar beads were achieved by utilizing microfluidic emulsification in the cross‐junction channel under temperature‐controlled conditions. The flow conditions of the dispersed/continuous phases were adjusted to generate various sizes of agar beads. Our results show that the microparticles produced are as small as 176 μm with a 95% particle size distribution within 5 μm. The prepared agar microparticles performed well as a substrate for the cultivation of C. militaris. The proposed method could also be applied for encapsulating biomaterials, enzymes, drugs, catalysts, and nanoparticles into agar beads for biomedical applications.
Microfluidic tool based on the antibody‐modified paramagnetic particles for detection of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in urine of prostate cancer patients
Authors: Zitka Ondrej , Krizkova Sona , Krejcova Ludmila , Hynek David , Gumulec Jaromir , Masarik Michal , Sochor Jiri , Adam Vojtech , Hubalek Jaromir , Trnkova Libuse , Kizek Rene
Published: October 2011

Guanosine derivatives are important for diagnosis of oxidative DNA damage including 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) as one of the most abundant products of DNA oxidation. This compound is commonly determined in urine, which makes 8‐OHdG a good non‐invasive marker of oxidation stress. In this study, we optimized and tested the isolation of 8‐OHdG from biological matrix by using paramagnetic particles with an antibody‐modified surface. 8‐OHdG was determined using 1‐naphthol generated by alkaline phosphatase conjugated with the secondary antibody. 1‐Naphthol was determined by stopped flow injection analysis (SFIA) with electrochemical detector using a glassy carbon working electrode and by stationary electrochemical detection using linear sweep voltammetry. A special modular electrochemical SFIA system which needs only 10 μL of sample including working buffer for one analysis was completely designed and successfully verified. The recoveries in different matrices and analyte concentration were estimated. Detection limit (3 S/N) was estimated as 5 pg/mL of 8‐OHdG. This method promises to be very easily modified to microfluidic systems as “lab on valve”. The optimized method had sufficient selectivity and thus could be used for determination of 8‐OHDG in human urine and therefore for estimation of oxidative DNA damage as a result of oxidation stress in prostate cancer patients.
Ion-release kinetics and ecotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Yong-Ju , Kim Jiwon , Oh Jeehyun , Bae Sujin , Lee Sungkyu , Hong In Seok , Kim Sang-Ho
Published: October 2011

The environmental toxicity associated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been a major focus in nanotoxicology. The Ag+ released from AgNPs may affect ecotoxicity, although whether the major toxic effect is governed by Ag+ ions or by AgNPs themselves is unclear. In the present study, we have examined the ecotoxicity of AgNPs in aquatic organisms, silver ion-release kinetics of AgNPs, and their relationship. The 48-h median effective concentration (EC50) values for Daphnia magna of powder-type AgNP suspensions were 0.75 µg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71–0.78) total Ag and 0.37 µg/L (95% CI = 0.36–0.38) dissolved Ag. For sol-type AgNP suspension, the 48-h EC50 values for D. magna were 7.98 µg/L (95% CI = 7.04–9.03) total Ag and 0.88 µg/L (95% CI = 0.80–0.97) dissolved Ag. The EC50 values for the dissolved Ag of powder-type and sol-type AgNPs for D. magna showed similar results (0.37 µg/L and 0.88 µg/L) despite their differences of EC50 values in total Ag. We observed that the first-order rate constant (k) of Ag+ ions released from AgNPs was 0.0734/h at 0.05 mg/L total Ag at 22°C within 6 h. The kinetic experiments and the toxicity test showed that 36% and 11% of sol-type AgNPs were converted to the Ag+ ion form under oxidation conditions, respectively. Powder-type AgNPs showed 49% conversion rate of Ag+ ion from AgNPs. We also confirmed that Ag+ ion concentration in AgNP suspension reaches an equilibrium concentration after 48 h, which is an exposure time of the acute aquatic toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:155–159. © 2011 SETAC
Effect of titanium dioxide nanomaterials and ultraviolet light coexposure on African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Zhang Junling , Wages Mike , Cox Stephen B. , Maul Jonathan D. , Li Yujia , Barnes Melanie , Hope-Weeks Louisa , Cobb George P.
Published: October 2011

Titanium dioxide nanomaterials (nano-TiO2) exhibit stronger photochemical oxidation/reduction capacity compared with their bulk counterparts, but the effectiveness of nano-TiO2 interaction with ultraviolet (UV) light strongly depends on particle size. In this study, the dependence of nano-TiO2 toxicity on particle size and interaction with UV light were investigated. Toxicity tests with Xenopus laevis included eight concentrations of nano-TiO2 in the presence of either white light or UVA (315–400 nm). We quantified viability and growth of Xenopus laevis. Results showed that, regardless of UV light exposure, increasing TiO2 concentration decreased X. laevis survival (p < 0.05). Coexposure to 5-nm TiO2 and UVA caused near-significant decreases in X. laevis survival (p = 0.08). Coexposure to 10-nm TiO2 and UVA significantly decreased X. laevis survival (p = 0.005). However, coexposure to 32-nm TiO2 and UVA had no statistical effect on X. laevis survival (p = 0.8). For all three particle sizes, whether alone or with UV light, the nano-TiO2 concentrations significantly affected growth of tadpoles as determined by total body length, snout–vent length, and developmental stage. High-concentration TiO2 solutions suppressed tadpole body length and delayed developmental stages. Further research to explore reasons for the growth and mortality in tadpoles is still underway in our laboratory. Given the widespread application of nano-TiO2, our results may be useful in the management of nano-TiO2 released from industrial, municipal, and nonpoint sources. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:176–183. © 2011 SETAC
Hippocampal contributions to the processing of social emotions
Authors: Immordino‐Yang Mary Helen , Singh Vanessa
Published: October 2011

Inducing and experiencing emotions about others' mental and physical circumstances is thought to involve self‐relevant processing and personal memories of similar experiences. The hippocampus is important for self‐referential processing during recall and prospection; however, its contributions during social emotions have not been systematically investigated. We use event‐related averaging and Granger causal connectivity mapping to investigate hippocampal contributions during the processing of varieties of admiration and compassion pertaining to protagonists' mental versus physical circumstances [admiration for virtue (AV) versus for skill; compassion for social/psychological pain (CSP) versus for physical pain]. Data were collected using a multistep emotion‐induction paradigm that included psychosocial interviews, BOLD fMRI, and simultaneous psychophysiological recording. Given that mnemonic demands were equivalent among conditions, we tested whether: (1) the hippocampi would be recruited more strongly and for a longer duration during the processing of AV and CSP; and (2) connectivity between the hippocampi and cortical systems involved in visceral somatosensation/emotional feeling, social cognitive, and self‐related processing would be more extensive during AV and CSP. Results elucidate the hippocampus' facilitative role in inducing and sustaining appropriate emotional reactions, the importance of self‐related processing during social emotions, and corroborate the conception that varieties of emotional processing pertaining to others' mental and physical situations engage at least partially distinct neural mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fragmentation reactions of phenoxide anions: deprotonated Dinoterb and related structures
Authors: Rifai Ahmad , Bourcier Sophie , Arquier Delphine , Charvet Yannick , Jaber Farouk , Bouchoux Guy
Published: October 2011

Dinoterb (6‐t‐butyl‐2,4‐dinitrophenol), 1, Dinoseb (6‐secbutyl‐2,4‐dinitrophenol), 2, TBP (2‐t‐butylphenol), 3, and DNP (2,4‐dinitrophenol), 4, have been analyzed by electrospray ionization in the negative mode (ESI‐N) ‐ tandem mass spectrometry. Nominal laboratory collision energy was varied from zero to 60 eV during the experiments. Apparent fragmentation energies were estimated from a parametric fitting of the collision efficiency curves. In parallel, fragmentation mechanisms of the deprotonated molecules [M‐H]− were explored using quantum chemistry modeling at the B3LYP/6‐31 + G(d,p) level. A major fragmentation of the [M‐H]− ions of Dinoterb and Dinoseb is elimination of an alcohol molecule. This reaction is shown to involve one oxygen atom originating from a nitro group rather than the phenoxide moiety. Eliminations of NO, CH4 and CH2 = C(CH3)2, i.e. reactions involving significant rearrangements, constitute the major part of the other fragmentation pathways observed from [3‐H]− and [4‐H]− ions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and global detection and characterization of the constituents in ShengMai San by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–high‐definition mass spectrometry
Authors: Wu Fangfang , Sun Hui , Wei Wenfeng , Han Ying , Wang Ping , Dong Tianwei , Yan Guangli , Wang Xijun
Published: October 2011

An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–high definition mass spectrometry (UPLC‐HDMS) method was developed for detection and characterization of the chemical constituents in ShengMai San (SMS), a traditional Chinese medical formula (TCMF). The full‐scan LC‐MS/MS data sets combined with extra mass were acquired within 14 min using UPLC‐HDMS in the MSE mode in a single injection. As a result, 92 compounds were identified by comparing the accurate mass and fragments information with that of the authentic standards as well as by MS analysis and the correlative references data. These constituents included ginsenosides, lignans, steroidal saponins and homoisoflavanones. Among them, 25‐hydroxyginsenosides were discovered in SMS for the first time. Compare with the previous studies, our research detected more compounds and presented more rapid by applying UPLC‐HDMS. It is concluded that a rapid and effective method has been established based on UPLC‐HDMS with the utilization of MSE, which shows high sensitivity and resolution that is suitable for identifying the constituents of SMS, and this method could be applied to other TCMF.
Simultaneous determination of a selected group of cytostatic drugs in water using high‐performance liquid chromatography–triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Martín Julia , Camacho‐Muñoz Dolores , Santos Juan L. , Aparicio Irene , Alonso Esteban
Published: October 2011

In recent years, an increasing concern has risen about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Despite their toxicity, increasing consumption and release into the municipal sewage, only a few studies have been focused on cytostatic drugs, mainly due to the lack of methods for their simultaneous analysis. In this work, a method, based on solid‐phase extraction prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry determination, was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of some (14) of the most widely used cytostatic drugs in river water, influent and effluent wastewater. Process efficiency was in the range between 41 and 99% in real samples, except for cytarabine (24%), docetaxel (17%) and methotrexate (30%), due to suppression effects; precision values were <11%, except for gemcitabine (up to 19%); and detection limits were in the range between 0.1 and 38 ng/L. Cytarabine, doxorubicin, etoposide, gemcitabine, iphosphamide and vinorelbine were found at concentration levels up to 14 ng/L in influent and effluent wastewater, showing an insignificant decrease during sewage treatment; cytarabine and gemcitabine were found in effluent wastewater and were also detected in river water associated with effluent discharges
Determination of insecticides in water using in situ halide exchange reaction‐assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Songqing , Gao Haixiang , Zhang Jiaheng , Li Yubo , Peng Bing , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: October 2011

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method using in situ halide exchange reaction to form ionic liquid (IL) extraction phase was developed to determine four insecticides (i.e. methoxyfenozide, tetrachlorvinphos, thiamethoxam, and diafenthiuron) in water samples. The preconcentration procedure, followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and variable wavelength detectors (VWD), enabled the formation of the immiscible IL extraction phase; the insecticides were transferred into the IL phase simultaneously, which enhanced the efficiency and sufficiency, greatly shortening the operation time. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency including volume of extraction IL, extraction and centrifugation times, volume of the sample solution and exchanging reagent, and addition of organic solvent and salt were investigated and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the extractions yielded recoveries of the target analytes from 82 to 102%. The calibration curves were linear, and the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9990 to 0.9999 under the concentration levels of 5–200 μg/L. The relative standard deviation (n=6) was 2.9–4.6%. The limits of detection (LODs) for the four insecticides were between 0.98 and 2.54 μg/L.
A priori estimates for two multiscale finite element methods using multiple global fields to wave equations
Authors: Jiang Lijian , Efendiev Yalchin
Published: October 2011

We consider a scalar wave equation with nonseparable spatial scales. If the solution of the wave equation smoothly depends on some global fields, then we can utilize the global fields to construct multiscale finite element basis functions. We present two finite element approaches using the global fields: partition of unity method and mixed multiscale finite element method. We derive a priori error estimates for the two approaches and theoretically investigate the relation between the smoothness of the global fields and convergence rates of the approximations for the wave equation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2011
Dem Wurmfraß auf der Spur
Authors: Gips Peter , Oechsner Ulrich
Published: October 2011

Die Filiformkorrosion ist eine spezielle Form der Korrosion, die bei beschichtetem Aluminium und niedriglegierten Stählen auftritt. Im Zusammenspiel mit Wasser, Sauerstoff und sogenannten Startersalzen bilden sich Korrosionszellen zwischen der Metalloberfläche und der Beschichtung. Ausgehend von Kratzern oder anderen Beschädigungen der Beschichtung entstehen langsam fortschreitende fadenförmige Unterwanderungen, eine Erscheinung, die umgangssprachlich als Wurmfraß bezeichnet wird. Der vorgestellte Filiform‐Scanner wurde entwickelt, um eine objektive Beurteilung dieser Korrosionserscheinung zu ermöglichen. Sein aus einer Zeilenkamera mit integrierter Hellfeld‐Beleuchtung bestehender Messkopf liefert Aufnahmen hoher Qualität. Seine spezialisierte Software ermittelt objektiv die in internationalen Normen festgelegten Kenngrößen der Filiformkorrosion.
Fabrication of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffold embedded spatially with hydroxyapatite particles on pore walls for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Li Dan , Ye Chen , Zhu Yang , Qi Yiying , Gou Zhongru , Gao Changyou
Published: October 2011

Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds embedded spatially with hydroxyapatite (HA) particles on the pore walls (PLGA/HA‐S) were fabricated by using HA‐coated paraffin spheres as porogens, which were prepared by Pickering emulsion. For comparisons, PLGA scaffolds loaded with same amount of HA particles (2%) in the matrix (PLGA/HA‐M) and pure PLGA scaffolds were prepared by using pure paraffin spheres as porogens. Although the three types of scaffolds had same pore size (450–600 µm) and similar porosity (90%–93%), the PLGA/HA‐S showed the highest compression modulus. The embedment of the HA particles on the pore walls endow the PLGA/HA‐S scaffold with a stronger ability of protein adsorption and mineralization as well as a larger mechanical strength against compression. In vitro culture of rat bone marrow stem cells revealed that cell morphology and proliferation ability were similar on all the scaffolds. However, the alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly improved for the cells cultured on the PLGA/HA‐S scaffolds. Therefore, the method for fabricating scaffolds with spatially embedded nanoparticles provides a new way to obtain the bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting diabetes complications in children
Authors: Bertalan R , Gregory JW
Published: October 2011

Clinical symptoms of diabetes‐related complications are very rare in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Screening for complications aims to detect their presence shortly after development but before they cause clinically significant symptoms. Early detection of complications, alongside efforts to improve glycaemic control, can slow the progression of microvascular complications with consequently improved quality of life and life expectancy. An ideal screening programme should be evidence based and should include the majority of clinically important complications and associated diseases. Such programmes have been formulated by multidisciplinary bodies representing a number of specialist diabetes societies worldwide.

The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of screening for diabetes complications and comorbidities in T1D in childhood and to review and compare the latest guidelines of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, American Diabetes Association, Canadian Diabetes Association, Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, and the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons.
Photovoltaics literature survey (No. 89)
Authors: Shrestha Santosh
Published: October 2011

In order to help keep readers up‐to‐date in the field each issue of Progress in Photovoltaics will contain a list of recently published journal articles most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters, Progress in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Santosh Shrestha at s.shrestha@unsw.edu.au. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommended prescribing for people with learning disabilities
Authors: Simpson Neill , Douglas James
Published: October 2011

People with learning disability can suffer from the full range of medical problems but may have difficulty communicating their experience. The authors give advice on diagnosis, responsibility for medicine taking, obtaining consent and ensuring that the medication is taken as intended. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Co‐prescription of verapamil with a beta‐blocker
Authors: Spencer Rachel , Serumaga Brian
Published: October 2011

In this series we present a number of prescribing safety indicators developed as part of an RCGP project.1 The evidence base behind each of the indicators is given along with information to illustrate their clinical significance. We provide a ‘real‐life’ audit based on the indicator to show how practices could begin to analyse their own prescribing data. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd