bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of the First Disulfur and Diselenium Complexes of Platinum
Authors: Nagata Kazuto , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: August 2003

The first platinum disulfur and diselenium complexes, [Pt(S2)(ArMe2P)2] (Ar = Tbt (4a), Bbt (4b)) and [Pt(Se2)(ArMe2P)2] (Ar = Tbt (5a), Bbt (5b)), have been synthesized by the reactions of the corresponding overcrowded platinum(0) complexes [Pt(ArMe2P)2] with elemental sulfur and selenium. Molecular structures of 4b and 5b were established by X-ray crystallographic analyses, which show a novel three-membered PtE2 (E = S, Se) ring structure with a square planar geometry around the platinum center. The oxidation of 4b and 5b with an equimolar amount of m-chloroperbenzoic acid or tert-butyl hydroperoxide in dichloromethane afforded the corresponding disulfur and diselenium monoxide complexes [Pt(E2O)(BbtMe2P)2] (E = S (6), Se (7)), respectively. An interesting difference in reactivity between 6 and 7 was shown in the further reactions with an excess of oxidants, which produced the corresponding O,S-coordinated thiosulfate complex [Pt(S2O3)(BbtMe2P)2] (8) and the O,O-coordinated selenite complex [Pt(SeO3)(BbtMe2P)2] (11), respectively. The dynamic behavior in solution was revealed by the variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy for 4b, 5b, 8, and 11, which indicates the existence of the intramolecular CH···E (E = O, S, Se) interactions between the methine hydrogens of the o-bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl groups and the Pt-bonded heteroatoms.
Template Synthesis of Copper Complexes of Dinucleating and Tetranucleating Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Matsumoto Kohta , Arimura Keisuke , Ohba Masaaki , Okawa Hisashi
Published: August 2003

The reaction of N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-trimethylenedi(3-aminomethyl-5-methylsalicylaldehydato)copper(II) with 1,3-diaminopropane in DMF afforded the [1+1] condensation product [Cu(L)] and the [2+2] condensation product [Cu2(R)]. The dinucleating macrocyclic ligand (L)2− has one N(amine)2O2 and one N(imine)2O2 metal-binding sites sharing two phenolic oxygen atoms and the tetranucleating macrocyclic ligand (R)4− has two N(amine)2O2 and two N(imine)2O2 sites in an alternate arrangement in the macrocyclic framework. The mixture of [Cu(L)] and [Cu2(R)] was treated with CuCl2 to give [Cu2(L)Cl2] (1a) and [Cu4(R)Cl4] (2a), which were separated based on different solubility in methanol. 1a and 2a were converted into [Cu2(L)](ClO4)2 (1b) and [Cu4(R)(dmf)2](ClO4)4·2H2O (2b), respectively, by the treatment with AgClO4. 1a and 1b each has a dinuclear core doubly bridged by the phenolic oxygen atoms. The crystal structure of [Cu4(R)(dmf)2](ClO4)4·2DMF·H2O·PrOH (PrOH = 2-propanol) (2b′) was determined by X-ray crystallography. It has a dimer-of-dimers structure where each N(amine)2O2 entity accommodates one Cu ion in the usual tetradentate chelating mode, whereas each N(imine)2O2 entity assumes a spread shape to combine one Cu ion with its NO donor atoms and another Cu ion with the remaining NO donor atoms. 2b can be converted into 2a in the presence of chloride ion. Based on magnetic and visible spectral studies, 2a is supposed to have a folded structure of 2b with two Cu–Cl–Cu linkages.
Selective Extraction and Isolation of Vitamin B12 Using Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction with Perfluoro Surfactant
Authors: Takagai Yoshitaka , Igarashi Shukuro
Published: August 2003

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) was selectively extracted from a biological sample by the homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction based on a pH-dependent phase separation with perfluorooctanoate ion (PFOA−). When the experimental conditions were [PFOA−]T = 2.86 × 10−3 mol L−1, [HCl]T = 0.66 mol L−1, and [Acetone]T = 2.86 vol %, 8.46 × 10−7 mol L−1 (1.14 ppm) of vitamin B12 was selectively extracted at 95.2% (sample solution; 35 mL → a liquid sedimented phase; 30 μL). This liquid sedimented phase consisted of large amounts of HPFOA. When microliter levels of THF and water were added to this sedimented phase, vitamin B12 is completely and rapidly back-extracted from the sedimented phase to the water phase. Vitamin B12 was then extracted into the water phase at 96.2% and all HPFOA remained in the sedimented phase. The rest of the sedimented phase after the back-extraction was dried and completely recovered as a powder of HPFOA. Consequently, this method was able to recycle HPFOA as a separation medium. Vitamin B12 in a water phase was also crystallized by the addition of excess THF. Moreover, this method was applied to the extraction from rare oysters. As a result, a few micrograms of vitamin B12 were recovered.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Au11 Cluster with Sterically Demanding Phosphine Ligands by Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction and XPS Spectroscopy
Authors: Nunokawa Keiko , Onaka Satoru , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Ito Tasuku , Watase Seiji , Nakamoto Masami
Published: August 2003

A new Au11 cluster with (m-CF3C6H4)3P ligands has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray and XPS analysis. The cluster has an incomplete icosahedral skeleton similar to known Au11X3(PR3)7 clusters, but a stronger distortion from the ideal symmetry has been caused by introducing CF3 substituents at a meta-position of each phenyl ring of PR3 ligands.
Syntheses of O-β-d-Mannosyl-(1→4)-O-α-d-mannosyl-(1→3)-l-rhamnose and O-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-mannosyl)-(1→4)-O-α-d-galactosyl-(1→4)-d-galactose via In-situ-activating Glycosylation Using 2-O-Acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-d-glucose
Authors: Koto Shinkiti , Shinoda Yoshika , Hirooka Motoko , Sekino Akiko , Ishizumi Sachiko , Koma Mutsuko , Matuura Chieko , Sakata Naoko
Published: August 2003

O-β-d-Mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→3)-l-rhamnopyranose, a trisaccharide including a repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of Bulkholderia vietnamiensis strain LMG 6988, and O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-mannopyranosyl)-(1→4)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-galactopyranose, a trisaccharide including a repeating unit of OSP of Acinetobactor baumannii serogroup O18, were synthesized by means of in-situ-activating glycosylation using 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranose (2ATBG) and a reagent mixture of p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride, silver triflate, and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, and related systems. New syntheses of 2ATBG, allyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d-galactopyranoside, benzyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-α-d-galactopyranoside, and 2-azido-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-d-mannopyranose are described.
Solvent-Dependent Conformation of the Third Repeat Fragment in the Microtubule-Binding Domain of Tau Protein, Analyzed by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modeling Calculation
Authors: Minoura Katsuhiko , Tomoo Koji , Ishida Toshimasa , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Sasaki Masahiro , Taniguchi Taizo
Published: August 2003

The third repeat fragment (3MBD, 31 residues) in the four-repeat microtubule-binding domain of tau protein is considered to be responsible for the formation of the neuropathological filament. To clarify the structural function of 3MBD in the filamentous assembly, solution structures in water and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were investigated by CD measurement and the combination of two-dimensional 1H-NMR measurement and a molecular modeling calculation. The CD spectra suggested the solvent-dependent conformation of 3MBD, i.e., random and α-helical structures in water and TFE solvents, respectively. All protons were assigned by various 2D NMR spectral measurements. The NOE pattern characteristic of a typical helical structure was observed in TFE solution. Using NOE and JHNCαH data observed in both solutions, possible 3D structures were generated by the dynamical simulated annealing method. The constructed NMR conformers in water consisted of an equilibrium mixture of extended and folded conformers, although the N-terminal Val1–Lys6 and middle fragments formed well-refined extended (Val1–Lys6) and α-helical (Leu10–Leu20) structures in TFE, respectively. Interestingly, the helical structure showed an amphipathic distribution of the respective side chains. This amphipathic behaviour of the 3MBD structure is advantageous for self-association through the alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions into a helical filament of the tau MBD domain. Based on the situation-dependent conformational flexibility of 3MBD, the possibility of filament formation of tau protein via self-assembly of the α-helical structure under neuropathological conditions is discussed.
Fluorescence Property of Photochromic Diarylethenes with Indole Groups
Authors: Yagi Kyoko , Irie Masahiro
Published: August 2003

Diarylethenes having a fluorescent indole ring as the aryl group 1a and 2a were synthesized. Upon alternate irradiation with 366 nm and visible (λ > 480 nm) light, 1a underwent reversible photocyclization reactions to produce closed-ring isomer 1b. The fluorescence intensity also reversibly changed along with the reactions. The fluorescence quantum yields of the open-ring isomers 1a and 2a were 4.6 and 6.3% respectively, while the yields of the closed-ring isomers 1b and 2b were almost zero. The fluorescence quantum yields decreased with the increase in the photocyclization quantum yields.
Catalytic and Stereoselective Glycosylation with Glucosyl Thioformimidates
Authors: Chiba Hiroyuki , Funasaka Setsuo , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: August 2003

A novel and efficient glycosyl donor having a p-trifluoromethylbenzylthio-N-p-trifluoromethylphenylformimidate group at an anomeric position is easily prepared by the addition of anomeric hydroxy group of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α,β-d-glucopyranose to p-trifluoromethylphenyl isothiocyanate, followed by treatment with p-trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide. Catalytic and stereoselective glycosylation of various glycosyl acceptors with the above glycosyl donor smoothly proceeds by using various protic and Lewis acid catalysts which interact with its nitrogen atom. Further, catalytic and highly 1,2-cis or 1,2-trans stereoselective and chemoselective glycosylation between two different “armed” and “disarmed” glycosyl p-trifluoromethylbenzylthio-N-p-trifluoromethylphenylformimidates is also performed effectively in the presence of a catalytic amount of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) at −78 °C in tBuOMe or EtCN, respectively. These glycosylations are applied to successful one-pot sequential syntheses of trisaccharides.
Efficient Method for the Preparation of Carboxylic Acid Alkyl Esters or Alkyl Phenyl Ethers by a New-Type of Oxidation–Reduction Condensation Using 2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone and Alkoxydiphenylphosphines
Authors: Shintou Taichi , Kikuchi Wataru , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: August 2003

A new-type of oxidation–reduction condensation proceeded smoothly to afford carboxylic acid alkyl esters or alkyl phenyl ethers in good to high yields by combined use of alkoxydiphenylphosphines (1) having primary, bulky secondary or tertiary alkoxy groups, a mild quinone-type oxidant such as 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ) and carboxylic acids or phenols. Generally, alkoxydiphenylphosphines were prepared easily from chlorodiphenylphosphine (2) and alcohols in the presence of pyridine, and were isolated by distillation. On the other hand, the phosphines 1 were also prepared in situ from N,N-dimethylaminodiphenylphosphine (3a) and primary or secondary alcohols while primary, bulky secondary or tertiary alkoxydiphenylphosphines were alternatively formed in situ by adding 2 to the nBuLi-treated alcohols in order to perform the above reactions by a one-pot procedure from alcohols and nucleophiles. The reaction of thus formed 1, DMBQ and carboxylic acids or phenols afforded the corresponding alkylated products, including hindered secondary and tertiary alkylated ones, in good to high yields at room temperature. In the case of using chiral secondary alcohols, the corresponding carboxylic acid alkyl esters were obtained as well in high yields with perfect inversion of stereochemistry by SN2 replacement.
Structure of the Hydration Product of the C60-Di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine Adduct
Authors: Murata Yasujiro , Suzuki Mitsuharu , Rubin Yves , Komatsu Koichi
Published: August 2003

A solid-state reaction of fullerene C60 with 3,6-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine using the high-speed vibration milling technique gives almost quantitatively the monoadduct 2, which is transformed in high yield upon contact with silica gel to a novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-C60 derivative 3 having a 2-pyrazoline ring fused at unusual 2,3-positions of the C60 framework. This unexpected product is the result of the addition of a water molecule to an imine moiety of 2, followed by a series of rearrangements.
1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1,4-Bis(oxide)-Bis(hydrogen peroxide)/MClx as a Novel Heterogeneous System for the Oxidation of Urazoles under Mild Conditions
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Salehi Peyman , Mallakpour Shadpour E , Torabi Mehdi
Published: August 2003

A combination of inorganic hydrolyzable chloride salts and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1,4-bis(oxide)-bis(hydrogen peroxide), DABCO-DNODP, in the presence of wet SiO2 is used as an effective oxidizing agent for the oxidation of urazoles and bis-urazoles to their corresponding triazolinediones under mild and heterogeneous conditions with good to excellent yields.
Wittig Reaction by Using DBU as a Base
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Sakai Osami , Shioji Kosei
Published: August 2003

The reaction of methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide with DBU in refluxing dichloromethane or toluene afforded methylenetriphenylphosphorane, which further reacted with benzaldehydes to give styrenes in good yields. Semistabilized ylide, benzylidenetriphenylphosphorane was also synthesized by using DBU, which reacted with aldehydes to afford olefins in nearly quantitative yields.
A New Catalytic System Consisting of Mo for Acetic Acid Synthesis from Methane and CO
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Ishida Yusuke , Yamaji Teizo , Fujiwara Yuzo
Published: August 2003

In trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), methane and CO can be converted to acetic acid by a new catalytic system, Mo/CaCl2/K2S2O8/TFA. The best result (89.4% of acetic acid) was obtained in a reaction of methane (20 atm) and CO (50 atm) using the catalytic system at 85 °C for 20 h.
2-Phenylthioallylation of Aldehydes with Allyl Phenyl Sulfides via Dibromination, Followed by Dehydrobromination
Authors: Masuyama Yoshiro , Sano Takehiro , Oshima Michihito , Kurusu Yasuhiko
Published: August 2003

2-Phenylthioallyl bromides, derived from allyl phenyl sulfides via dibromination, followed by dehydrobromination, cause the 2-phenylthioallylation of aldehydes with tin(II) iodide, tetrabutylammonium iodide and sodium iodide in 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one to produce the corresponding 1-substituted 3-phenylthiohomoallyl alcohols.
Decomposition of Phenolic Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Potassium Permanganate and γ-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Abe Yasuhiro , Takigami Machiko , Sugino Kouji , Taguchi Mitsumasa , Kojima Takuji , Umemura Tomonari , Tsunoda Kin-ichi
Published: August 2003

The decomposition of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (P-EDCs), such as phenol, 4-t-butylphenol (BuP), and bisphenol A (BPA), in aqueous solutions by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was studied, and its efficiency was compared with that of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) generated by 60Co γ-ray irradiation. Various organic acids and inorganic carbon were formed in the decomposition of P-EDCs due to either KMnO4 or OH•. They were formed via direct aromatic ring cleavage in the case of KMnO4 and via OH• addition-substitution reactions, followed by aromatic ring cleavage, in the case of OH•. Comparing the decrease in the P-EDCs based on the number of electrons, the amount of KMnO4 spent to completely eliminate BuP and BPA was comparable to that of OH•. Although three-times more KMnO4 was needed for phenol decomposition than OH•, the complete conversion of phenol into organic acids and inorganic carbon was achieved with 720 μM of electrons in both cases.
Effect of Anionic Polyamidoamine Dendrimers on the Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate by Delayed Addition Method
Authors: Keum Dong-Ki , Naka Kensuke , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: August 2003

We examined the crystallization of CaCO3 by changing the time of addition of the G1.5 and G3.5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers to a calcium carbonate solution after incubation for several minutes (1, 3, 20, or 60 min) at 30 °C. Based on the fact that the crystal phase obtained in the absence of the dendrimer was calcite, the dendrimers effectively stabilized the most unstable vaterite particles, even delaying the addition time of the dendrimer for 60 min. As the delayed addition time of the G1.5 dendrimer increased from 0 to 60 min, the particle size increased from 1.2 ± 0.5 to 4.7 ± 0.7 μm. As the generation number of the dendrimer increased from G1.5 to G3.5, the particle size of the spherical vaterite decreased under the same condition. The present results suggest that the anionic PAMAM dendrimers effectively modified the metastable vaterite surface and inhibited the further growth of vaterite particles by changing the addition time.
Photochromic and Fluorescent Properties of a Diarylethene Dimer
Authors: Yagi Kyoko , Irie Masahiro
Published: August 2003

A diarylethene dimer connected with a diyne 1 (O–O) was synthesized. Upon irradiation with 350-nm light the colorless hexane solution of 1 (O–O) changed to a dark-blue solution, in which absorption maximum was observed at 574 nm. The color is due to the formation of the isomer having one closed-ring form 1 (O–C). 1 (O–C) emitted red fluorescence at 720 nm and the intensity reversibly changed along with the photochromic reaction.
Very Fast Enantioseparation in High-performance Liquid Chromatography Using Cellulose Tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) Coated on Monolithic Silica Support
Authors: Chankvetadze Bezhan , Yamamoto Chiyo , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: August 2003

The combination of the high chiral recognition ability of cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) with the favorable dynamic properties of a silica-based monolithic chromatographic support allowed the baseline enantioseparation of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol with the retention times of 7.2 and 18.5 s for the first and second eluted enantiomers, respectively. The separation was accomplished in 30 s which may be the shortest time in which baseline HPLC enantioseparations have been reported.
Construction and Photocurrent of Light-harvesting Polypeptides/Zinc Bacteriochlorophyll a Complex in Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Nagata Morio , Yoshimura Yoshimi , Inagaki Junichi , Suemori Yoshiharu , Iida Kouji , Ohtsuka Toshiaki , Nango Mamoru
Published: August 2003

Light-harvesting (LH) 1-type complexes consisting of LH polypeptides and zinc bacteriochlorophyll a (Zn–BChla) were stably assembled in DMPC lipid bilayers on an electrode at room temperature. Photoinduced electronic currents of which action spectra revealed two peaks corresponding to the Qy absorption bands of Zn–BChla complex due to the presence of LH1-type complex were observed.
Microporous Rhodium(II) 4,4′,4″,4″′-(21H,23H-porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetrakisbenzoate. Synthesis, Nitrogen Adsorption Properties, and Catalytic Performance for Hydrogenation of Olefin
Authors: Sato Tomohiko , Mori Wasuke , Nozaki Kato Chika , Ohmura Tetsushi , Sato Tsubasa , Yokoyama Kayoko , Takamizawa Satoshi , Naito Shuichi
Published: August 2003

A novel microporous rhodium(II) coordination polymer, [Rh2(H2TCPP)] (1) (H2TCPP = 4,4′,4″,4″′-(21H,23H-porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetrakis benzoic acid) was synthesized. The complex 1 showed high porosity of the micropores of 7.3 Å. The amount of nitrogen adsorbed by 1 was 2.87 mole per mole of Rh, which is about three times that of rhodium(II) fumarate and rhodium(II) terephthalate. Complex 1 also showed high turnover frequencies for the hydrogenation of ethylene and propene at ca. 200 K.
Traditional surgeons in sub-Saharan Africa: images from south Sudan
Authors: Miles Steven H , Ololo Henry
Published: August 2003

Itinerant traditional surgeons work throughout sub-Saharan Africa and perform many procedures including: tooth extraction, abortion, injections, incising and draining abscesses, uvulectomy, circumcision, inguinal hernia surgery, non-invasive cataract luxation, and surgery on closed and open fractures. Cutting and injection equipment are not cleaned and are used on a rapid succession of up to 10 patients in a single clinic session. These procedures cause haemorrhage, septicaemia, tetanus, gangrene, contractures, abscesses, airway obstruction, keloids, iatrogenic fistulae, lacerations of vital organs, loss of limbs, and death. Recent work suggesting that many cases of HIV infection may be caused by medical exposure lend a new urgency to researching the work of traditional surgeons. Collaborative programmes for re-training and re-shaping the work of these practitioners is more likely to be effective in reducing the morbidity than attempts to suppress their work.
Sexually transmitted infections in a young offenders institution in the UK
Authors: David Nelson , Tang A
Published: August 2003

According to the recently published National Strategy for Sexual Health and HIV, prisoners need targeted sexual health information. However, there is a paucity of published data on incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among prisoners in the UK. The aim of this study was to assess the sexual behaviour and spectrum of STI in a young offenders institution (YOI) in the UK. Case notes of all patients seen in a male YOI in Reading over a one-year period were reviewed. All were either self-referrals or referred by the prison staff. Age- and sex-matched patients attending the genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic at the Royal Berkshire Hospital Reading during the same period served as a control group. A total of 177 patients aged 17-20 were seen in the YOI during the study period. Ninety (51.72%) had STI vs 95 (54.91%) in the control group ( P = 0.5942). Three YOI patients and four GUM attendees declined STI screening. Twenty-nine (16.38%) patients in the YOI had ≥2 sexual partners in the preceding three months vs 41 (23.16%) in the control group ( P = 0.0811). Fourteen (7.90%) YOI patients had a previous history of STI vs 25 (14.12%) in the GUM clinic population ( P = 0.0618). Thirty-five (20.11%) YOI patients gave a history of having injected drugs vs none amongst GUM clinic attendees. Of the 35 patients with a history of intravenous drug use four were hepatitis C-antibody positive. This study showed high rates of STI in a YOI. Past history of high risk behaviour was common and a significant number had been intravenous drug users. This study strongly supports the need for immediate care, targeted sexual health information and STI prevention in YOI in the UK.
History of prior TB infection and HIV/AIDS risk behaviours among a sample of male inmates in the USA
Authors: Stephens Torrance T , Braithwaite Ronald , Cozza Scott , Robillard Alyssa , Arriola Kimberly Jacob
Published: August 2003

This study looked at inmates' self-reported data on prior treatment for tuberculosis (TB) and HIV/AIDS risk among a sample of inmates in a medium security prison. Contingency tables were used and risk ratios were computed to provide an estimate of relative risk for inmates with a history of being treated for TB in opposition to inmates without a history of being treated for TB. Findings suggest that inmates who reported being treated for TB were more likely to have had sex with a man while in prison and to report that, while in prison, they had a main sex partner. They were also 1.15 times more likely to have had sex with a person from the transgender community while in prison and 2.53 times more likely to report having been forced to have sex while in prison than those without a past history of being treated for TB. Future studies should attempt to determine the extent to which having an infectious disease such as TB impacts behavioural change with respect to behaviours practised by inmates.
Predictors of risky sex of young men after release from prison
Authors: MacGowan Robin J , Margolis Andrew , Gaiter Juarlyn , Morrow Kathleen , Zack Barry , Askew John , McAuliffe Timothy , Sosman James M , Eldridge Gloria D
Published: August 2003

A longitudinal study of demographic and behavioural characteristics associated with risky sexual behaviours of young men after release from prison. One hundred and six men were interviewed in prison and at one week and six months after release. Overall, 37% reported a previous sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnosis. In the 30 days before incarceration, 33% had had sex with a risky partner, and 59% had had multiple female sex partners. After release, 38 (36%) men reported having had risky sex (≥2 female sex partners and unprotected vaginal sex): 12 (13%) at one week and 31 (34%) at six months. The only factor independently associated with risky sex was the use of alcohol/drugs before sex: one-week odds ratio (OR)=6.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-26.40), six-month OR=3.05 (95% CI: 1.30-9.42). Behavioural intervention programmes for incarcerated men should address drug and alcohol use and its contribution to higher risk for HIV and STDs.
Quality of working life in genitourinary medicine
Authors: Bansal D , Griffiths V , Carlin E M
Published: August 2003

Quality issues are becoming increasingly relevant to the working lives of health care staff. We sought to assess the perceived work-related quality of life of staff working in a genitourinary medicine (GUM) department using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire focusing on areas from the Trust's staff charter. Over two-thirds (69%) of the staff members participated. Perceptions of working life were generally good within GUM. In particular staff felt valued as a resource with free expression of ideas, involvement in decision making, fair treatment and respect. Weaker areas were identified enabling a plan to be developed to address these. It is important to address quality in working life in order to achieve improvements.
Identification of women at high STD risk among STD clinic attendees: implications for STD programmes
Authors: Moodley P , Sturm P D J , Connolly C , Sturm A W
Published: August 2003

We showed an association between current infection with a recognized sexually transmitted infection (STI) pathogen and HIV infection in women but not in men with non-ulcerative genital disease. While the accuracy of recognition of male urethritis and genital ulcer syndromes is high, this is significantly less for non-ulcerative STIs in women. The symptoms associated with the latter have a broad differential diagnosis including conditions of a non-STI nature. Local sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attendees often comprise patients with and without STIs. We hypothesized that this may be responsible for the association of current STI pathogens and HIV in women. To identify a group of women that would be representative of a true STD clinic population we looked at those with a past history of treated genital ulcers. When we analysed in this subset the association of current STI pathogen and HIV infection, a pattern emerged that was comparable with that in men.
HIV risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients: results from a hospital-wide screening study in southern India
Authors: Chandra Prabha S , Carey Michael P , Carey Kate B , Prasada Rao P S D V , Jairam K R , Thomas Tinku
Published: August 2003

The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and correlates of sexual risk behaviour among psychiatric inpatients in India. Consecutive inpatients ( n = 618) were assessed using a structured interview and standardized measures. Women were more likely to be sexually active (50%) than men (36%), but equally likely (6% vs 5%) to engage in risky behaviour. Common risk behaviours included having a risky partner, having multiple partners, and exchanging money for sex. Being sexually active was associated with younger age, being married, being diagnosed with a disorder other than schizophrenia, and a history of drug use problems. Engaging in risky sexual behaviour was associated with being male, using tobacco and screening positive for either drug use or alcohol problems. Screening psychiatric patients for HIV risk behaviour can identify those who may benefit from risk reduction programmes.
Correlates of sexually transmitted disease infection among adults living with HIV
Authors: Gore-Felton Cheryl , Vosvick Mark , Bendel Talor , Koopman Cheryl , Das Bibi , Israelski Dennis , Herrera Mireya , Litzenberg Kim , Spiegel David
Published: August 2003

This study examined the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) as well as the relationships between STDs and coping strategies used to deal with the stress of living with HIV among adults. The sample comprised 179 men and women, 58% were Caucasian, 54% were male, more than half (61%) were diagnosed with AIDS, 43% were heterosexual, and 39% reported an STD post-HIV diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals reporting longer time elapsed since HIV diagnosis and greater use of emotion-focused coping were more likely to report STDs. There was an interaction effect between time and coping such that the less time that elapsed since HIV diagnosis and the more an individual used emotion-focused coping, the more likely they were to report an STD. Tailoring interventions to address specific stressors associated with length of time living with HIV, may be a particularly effective prevention strategy.
Estimation of CD4 T-lymphocyte counts from percent CD4 T-lymphocyte determinations in HIV-1-infected subjects in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Sandström E , Urassa W , Bakari M , Swai A , Mhalu F , Biberfeld G , Pallangyo K
Published: August 2003

The relationship between CD4 percent and CD4 count has been reported to be different in industrialized countries compared to sub-Saharan Africa, where often only the former is reliable. CD4 determinations from an open cohort of hotel workers in Dar es Salaam followed between 1990 and 1998 were evaluated. T-lymphocyte determinations were offered once a year to 190 HIV-1 seropositive, 80 seroconverters and 495 sex and age matched HIV-seronegative subjects. After log transformation of the CD4 percent and CD4 counts a good fit to a linear regression curve was found, R2 0.697. The CD4 percent corresponding to a CD4 count of 200 cells/mm3 was found to be 9.8%. CD4 percent determination can be useful to estimate CD4 counts, but needs to be locally standardized. The CD4 percent in Africa corresponding to AIDS defining CD4 counts seems to be lower than in the industrialized world.
One-and-a-half decades of HIV/AIDS in Tamil Nadu: how much do patients know now?
Authors: Kattumuri Ruth
Published: August 2003

Tamil Nadu has experienced the impact of HIV/AIDS for one-and-a-half decades and is considered a trailblazer in India in terms of combating the infection. So what are the knowledge levels among 292 HIV patients at Government Hospital for Thoracic Medicine and Christian Medical College? Latent class analysis revealed that it was not adequate. Television and peer contact were found to be most effective as source of knowledge for HIV. Patients who were in contact with health personnel might be expected to have more information but they came out with low scores. Association of knowledge with socio-demographic characteristics revealed that education, occupation, income, place of residence, and age were important predictors. Future information, education and communication programmes need to consider the variation across different socio-demographic groups as a basis for targeting education programmes.
Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in self-administered vaginal swabs as compared to cervical swabs
Authors: Palmisano Melanie E , Gaffga Ann M , Daigle Jennifer , Brinkman Joeli , Mire Kristina , Lenczyk Karen , Martin David H , Hagensee Michael E
Published: August 2003

The primary risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV). This study compared HPV DNA detection between cervical swabs (CX) and self-administered vaginal swabs (SV). Phase I participants were 199 women chosen from a study comparing the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis from various anogenital sites. Phase II participants were 135 women from either the Colposcopy or HIV Outpatient Clinic. HPV DNA testing was performed using polymerase chain reaction and Roche reverse line blot hybridization. In Phase I samples, more CX samples amplified and more HPV genotypes ( P < 0.05) were detected in CX. Genotype 52 were seen more in the cervix, whereas genotype 82 (MM4) was detected solely in the vagina. The presence of high-risk HPV genotypes in the cervix was a predictor of an abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. In Phase II samples, CX samples amplified more, but similar rates of HPV genotypes were seen in SV and CX samples. Higher concordance rates of high-risk genotypes were seen in Phase II compared to Phase I samples. Phase II demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing SV sampling to reflect cervical status. If validated, a self-vaginal swab method to detect cervical HPV DNA status could be utilized to triage women with indeterminate Pap smears and be a useful method to collect epidemiological data from large populations.
Plasma cell vulvitis and response to topical steroids: a case report
Authors: David Loay , Massey Kate
Published: August 2003

Plasma cell vulvitis is a condition which, due to its rarity, can be difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat. This report describes a case of plasma cell vulvitis, its response to topical steroids and summarizes what is known about the condition.
Belief in the paranormal and suggestion in the seance room
Authors: Wiseman Richard , Greening Emma , Smith Matthew
Published: August 2003

In Experiment 1, participants took part in a fake seance. An actor suggested that a table was levitating when, in fact, it remained stationary. After the seance, approximately one third of participants incorrectly reported that the table had moved. Results also showed a significant relationship between the reported movement of the table and belief in the paranormal, with a greater percentage of believers than disbelievers, reporting that the table had moved. Experiment 2 varied whether the suggestion was consistent, or inconsistent, with participants' belief in the paranormal. Results again showed that believers were more susceptible to suggestion than disbelievers, but only when the suggestion was consistent with their belief in the paranormal. Approximately one fifth of participants believed that the fake seances contained genuine paranormal phenomena.
Navigational place learning in children and young adults as assessed with a standardized locomotor search task
Authors: Leplow Bernd , Lehnung Maria , Pohl Johannes , Herzog Arne , Ferstl Roman , Mehdorn Maximilian
Published: August 2003

Spatial behaviour was investigated using a spatial learning task based on the Radial Arm Maze, the Morris Water Maze, and open‐field search‐task procedures. Ninety‐six healthy children from six age groups (3, 4, 5, 7, 10 and 12 years) with no history of CNS disorders were studied with respect to the emergence of position‐, cue‐ and place responses. Participants were to detect x out of n hidden locations, frames of reference could be varied systematically, and three spatial memory errors and speed of navigation were recorded automatically. Task difficulties were equivalent for each age group. Results showed that navigational place learning was fully developed by the age of 10, whereas participants relied on cue orientation up to age 7. Even in the youngest group, the task could be achieved without relying on egocentric orientation, provided that proximal cues were presented. Most of the errors were of the reference memory type, whereas working memory errors were extremely rare. Speed of navigation markedly improved between age 5 and 7. An additional experiment showed that navigational place‐learning behaviour was clearly dependent on distal cues. A third study showed that in young adults, learning of the spatial layout improved, but performance on the place task did not improve any further. No sex differences were observed.
Word frequency effect on repetition priming as a function of prime duration and delay between the prime and the target
Authors: Versace Rémy , Nevers Brigitte
Published: August 2003

Two experiments studied the necessary conditions for the occurrence of repetition priming and word frequency effect on priming in a lexical decision task. To examine the role of prime processing duration, the prime was presented either for 50 ms or for 700 ms, and an interfering task was introduced between the prime and the target in order to restrict the time during which the prime was effectively processed and to limit it to exactly 50 ms or 700 ms. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between the prime and the target was 1500 ms or 3000 ms in Expt 1, and 600 ms in Expt 2. With primes presented for 50 ms, repetition priming effects were not dependent on target frequency, decreased with an increase of the ISI, and were no longer significant with an ISI of 3000 ms. With primes presented for 700 ms, repetition priming was systematically larger for low‐frequency words than for high‐frequency words, and remained reliable even with an ISI of 3000 ms. Thus, a minimum of prime duration was required both for maintaining repetition priming effects over more than some hundreds of milliseconds and for the occurrence of frequency effect on repetition priming. Theoretical interpretations of these results are discussed.
Polyfunctional fused heterocyclic compounds via indene‐1,3‐diones
Authors: Hassaneen Hamdi M. , Abdallah, Tayseer A. , Abdelhadi Hyam A. , Hassaneen, Huwaida M. E. , Pagni Richard M.
Published: September 2003

2‐Dimethylaminomethylene‐ and 2‐ethoxymethylene‐1,3‐indendione 1a,b react with 6‐amino‐2‐thioxopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one 2 in boiling acetic acid to give 2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dihydroindeno[3,2‐d]pyrimidino[4,5‐b]pyridine‐4,9‐dione (4). The latter compound reacts with hydrazonoyl chlorides 5a–c to afford products 12a–c. Formamidine 15 reacts with indene‐1,3‐dione in boiling ethanol to give acyclic compound 16, which cyclizes to 12a in boiling glacial acetic acid. Also, enaminone 1a reacts with heterocyclic amines 17a–e in boiling ethanol, affording the corresponding substitution products 18a–c, respectively. The latter products 18a–c cyclize in glacial acetic acid to give 19a–c, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds are established on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:491–497, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10166
Chelate polymers. III. New polyazomethines of 5,5′‐methylene‐bissalicylaldehyde with siloxane diamines and their divalent metal complexes
Authors: Cazacu Maria , Marcu Mihai , Vlad Angelica , Tóth András , Racles Carmen
Published: September 2003

Novel polymeric azomethines of 5,5′‐methylene‐bissalicylaldehyde with two siloxane diamines {H2N(CH2)3(CH3)2SiO[(CH3)2SiO]mSi(CH3)2(CH2)3NH2, where m = 0 or 6.5} were obtained. Their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral [IR, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and 1H NMR] analysis. The obtained polyazomethines were converted into the chelates of some divalent metals (copper, cobalt, and nickel). The resulting complexes were characterized by electronic and IR spectral measurements, elemental analysis, and thermal studies. From IR and UV–vis studies, the phenolic oxygen and imine nitrogen of the ligand were found to be the coordination sites. The thermogravimetric data indicated that the chelates were less stable than the corresponding ligands and that the thermostability depended on the siloxane segment length and the nature of the metal. Both the macromolecular ligands and the parts of the resultant chelates were soluble in common organic solvents, such as CHCl3, CH2Cl2, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The surface compositions of the ligands and some chelates were examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3169–3179, 2003
Regulation of D‐amino acid oxidase expression in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis
Authors: Molla Gianluca , Motteran Laura , Piubelli Luciano , Pilone Mirella S. , Pollegioni Loredano
Published: September 2003

Rhodotorula gracilis is a oleaginous yeast which utilizes D‐amino acids as a source of carbon and/or nitrogen. D‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO), which converts D‐amino acids in the corresponding α‐keto acids and ammonia, is the first enzyme involved in the catabolism of D‐amino acids. DAAO activity is induced by the presence of D‐alanine, but the presence of the L‐isomer prevents induction by inhibiting the transport of D‐alanine into cells. To understand how DAAO expression is regulated, R. gracilis cells were grown on media containing different nitrogen and/or carbon sources. As a general rule, the level of DAAO mRNA reached a maximum after 15 h growth and preceded by ∼6 h the maximum level of DAAO activity. The inducer D‐alanine acts by increasing the rate of DAAO mRNA transcription: the increase in DAAO expression is due essentially to de novo synthesis. The presence of a supplemental carbon source (e.g. succinate or glucose) does not repress DAAO expression. Ammonium sulphate appears to have a negative effect on DAAO mRNA translation and on the expression of DAAO activity: DAAO is only partially active when the yeast is grown in the presence of D‐alanine and ammonium sulphate. The best expression of DAAO activity was obtained by growing the cells for 12 h at 30 °C in the presence of glucose and D‐alanine using cells pre‐cultured for 10 h on glucose and L‐alanine (0.99 U/mg protein, corresponding to ∼1.0% total proteins in the crude extract). Under these growth conditions a six‐fold increase in DAAO production was achieved. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatal interaction between tranylcypromine and imipramine
Authors: Otte Wim , Birkenhager Tom K. , van den Broek Walter W.
Published: September 2003

This case report describes a patient on tranylcypromine who erroneously received a single dose of imipramine and subsequently developed a fatal serotonin syndrome. Both the clinical features and the pathophysiology of the serotonin syndrome are discussed.
Bolshevizing Communist Parties: The Algerian and South African
Experiences
Authors: Drew Allison
Published: August 2003

In 1924 and 1925 the Comintern introduced its policy of Bolshevization. A goal of Bolshevization was the creation of mass-based communist parties. In settler societies this meant that the local communist party should aim to be demographically representative of the entire population. This article traces the efforts of the communist parties in Algeria and South Africa to indigenize, seeking to explain why their efforts had such diverse outcomes. It examines four variables: the patterns of working-class formation; the socialist tradition of each country; the relationship between the Comintern and the two communist parties; and the level of repression against communists in both societies. The cumulative weight of the variables in the Algerian case helps to explain why communist activity in the 1920s – including the communist party's ability to indigenize – was far more difficult in Algeria than South Africa.
Private Matters Become Public: Western European Communist Exiles and Emigrants in Stalinist Russia in the 1930s
Authors: Studer Brigitte , Unfried Berthold
Published: August 2003

This article looks at the experiences of foreigners in the Soviet Union of the 1930s, focusing on the divide between the public and the private. For Party members it was assumed that nothing could remain private or personal. In sessions of “criticism and self-criticism”, even intimate questions had to be put into the public domain, since a Party member's private life had to be exemplary. From a gender perspective, it is interesting to note that the leading justification for the public handling of private affairs in Party forums was the equality postulated between women and men, or more precisely between female and male Party members. In that sense, these discussions can be interpreted as potential tools in the hands of women to stigmatize “noncommunist” male behaviour, that is behaviour that degraded women. But the official attention given to private matters also served other means. For the Party leadership, these discussions proved instrumental in disciplining Party members, and in a particularly effective way, inasmuch as the persons concerned participated in the process. Despite the assumed gender equality, however, Soviet notions of private and public were not only constantly changing but also highly gendered. During the Terror, women and men became victims in different ways, thereby also highlighting their different social positions and functions.
“Friendly Spirit, Comradeship, and Good-Natured Fun”: Adventures in Socialist Internationalism
Authors: Collette Christine
Published: August 2003

This essay compares and contrasts two British organizations, the Workers' Travel Association (1921–1966) and the British Workers' Sports Association (1930–1957). It considers their motives, their relationships with the labour movement domestically and internationally, and how far they were able to maintain the international activities to which they aspired.
Managing the White-Collar Union: Salaried Staff, Trade-Union Leadership, and the Politics of Organized Labour in Postwar Britain, c.1950–1968
Authors: Melling Joseph
Published: August 2003

The policies pursued by British trade unions, and especially by the white-collar unions in the second half of the twentieth century, remain the subject of vigorous debate. Many writers have contrasted the egalitarian principles of these institutions and the radical rhetoric of their leaders with the narrow sectional interests which they served in practice. This article offers an alternative approach to such accounts in suggesting that rhetoric and practical behaviour were not contradictory, but complementary, features of union recruitment and bargaining in the period 1950–1968. The building of white-collar unions required the officers to think in imaginative ways, deploying a rhetoric and a logic of professional expertise as well as communicating with a diverse and demanding constituency of members. The relationship between the governance of the white-collar union and the politics of the British labour movement was also a subtle and dynamic one in this period of growing state regulation. Clive Jenkins used the resistance to incomes policy as a recruiting sergeant among staff concerned with the erosion of differentials. The most successful white-collar union of the late twentieth century evolved a range of recruiting and bargaining models that were grounded on the hard historical experience of the postwar years, as well as the rhetoric and marketing talents of its charismatic General Secretary.