bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Executive Function in Reading Development and Reading Intervention
Authors: Peng Peng
Published: July 2023

The current review of the role of executive function (EF) in reading provides a brief summary of analyses with a large‐scale longitudinal dataset and a meta‐analysis, along with proposing a framework for designing EF training studies. The 1st study, based on latent growth models with structured residuals, demonstrated a longitudinal reciprocal relation between reading and EF in Grades 2–5, but only for high‐performing students and not for the general population sample or those with reading difficulties. The 2nd study, based on meta‐profiling analysis and meta‐analytical structural equation modeling of 378 studies, showed unique contributions of EF to reading difficulties after controlling for language skills and suggested a reading difficulty‐EF deficit vicious cycle with development. The 3rd component of this review describes a framework for a domain‐specific approach to intervention. Based on the findings of these studies, I propose that working memory training tasks should closely link the central executive (attentional control) with the use of long‐term memory through retrieval practice in a specific academic domain, and training tasks should promote strategy use that can be effectively applied (i.e., transferred) to different academic tasks.
Biogeography and the evolution of acoustic communication in the polyploid North American grey treefrog complex
Authors: Booker William W. , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Lemmon Alan R. , Ptacek Margaret B. , Hassinger Alyssa T. B. , Schul Johannes , Gerhardt H. Carl
Published: July 2023

After polyploid species are formed, interactions between diploid and polyploid lineages may generate additional diversity in novel cytotypes and phenotypes. In anurans, mate choice by acoustic communication is the primary method by which individuals identify their own species and assess suitable mates. As such, the evolution of acoustic signals is an important mechanism for contributing to reproductive isolation and diversification in this group. Here, we estimate the biogeographical history of the North American grey treefrog complex, consisting of the diploidHyla chrysoscelisand the tetraploidHyla versicolor, focusing specifically on the geographical origin of whole genome duplication and the expansion of lineages out of glacial refugia. We then test for lineage‐specific differences in mating signals by applying comparative methods to a large acoustic data set collected over 52 years that includes >1500 individual frogs. Along with describing the overall biogeographical history and call diversity, we found evidence that the geographical origin ofH. versicolorand the formation of the midwestern polyploid lineage are both associated with glacial limits, and that the southwestern polyploid lineage is associated with a shift in acoustic phenotype relative to the diploid lineage with which they share a mitochondrial lineage. InH. chrysoscelis, we see that acoustic signals are largely split by Eastern and Western lineages, but that northward expansion along either side of the Appalachian Mountains is associated with further acoustic diversification. Overall, results of this study provide substantial clarity on the evolution of grey treefrogs as it relates to their biogeography and acoustic communication.
Efficacy of an expanded preoperative survey during perioperative care to identify illicit substance use in teenagers and adolescents
Authors: Stone Katelynn , Rice‐Weimer Julie , Tram Nguyen K. , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: July 2023

Background

As illicit substance use can present several perioperative concerns, effective means to identify such practices are necessary to ensure patient safety. Identification of illicit substance use in pediatric patients may be problematic as screening may rely on parental reporting.

Aims

The current study compares answers regarding use of illicit substances between a survey completed by the patient and the preoperative survey completed by parents or guardians.

Methods

The study included patients presenting for surgery at Nationwide Children's Hospital, ranging in age from 12 to 21 years. After consent, patients completed a survey of six drop‐down questions using an iPad. The six questions involved the patient's history of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, vaping, and opioid use. The results were compared to the answers obtained from the parents during a preoperative phone call.

Results

The study cohort included surveys from 250 patients with a median age of 16 years. Survey data showed a statistically higher reporting of substance use or abuse from the patient study survey in comparison to the routine parental preoperative survey. Alcohol report rates were highest with 69 (27.6%) patients reporting use compared to only 5 parental reports (2%). There was a similar discrepancy in reported rates of vaping use (40 patient reports, 16.0% vs. 11 parental reports, 4.4%) and illicit substance use including marijuana (52 patient reports, 20.8% vs. 11 parental reports, 4.4%). Reported rates of tobacco use were lowest among the survey responses with 12 patient reports (4.8%) and 5 parental reports (2.0%).

Conclusions

Identifying illicit substance and tobacco use via a phone survey of parents is inaccurate and does not allow for proper identification of use of these substances in patients ≤21 years of age presenting for surgery. An anonymous 2‐min survey completed by the patient more correctly identifies these issues.
Legislative responses to shared executive authority: How the prospects for executive branch coordination affect congressional budgetary authority under separated powers
Authors: Hollibaugh Gary E. , Krause George A.
Published: July 2023

How do the prospects for executive branch coordination affect legislatures' willingness to expand or contract budgets for public agencies? A theory is advanced stating the conditions whereby Congress expands and contracts the budgets of U.S. federal executive agencies based upon the type of presidential loyalty displayed by agency heads, as well as whether Congress's policy interests are aligned with or opposed by presidents. One aspect of the theory posits that executive agencies' budgets exhibit relatively lower volatility in response to unreliable executive agency heads when Congress is controlled by a different party than the president compared to instances of unified party government. The evidence offers compelling, albeit mixed, support for the theory's testable predictions while gleaning novel empirical insights for understanding how the prospects for executive branch coordination via leadership appointees affect the contingent nature of Congress's decisions in shaping the funding of U.S. federal executive agencies.
Does surgery cause anxiety, stress and fear in geriatric patients?
Authors: Karabulut Neziha , Gürçayır Dilek , Abi Özlem , Kızıloğlu Ağgül Beyzanur , Söylemez Nilgün
Published: July 2023

Background

Because of physiological changes in geriatric patients, their surgical process differs from that of young adults. In this regard, the perioperative period is an extremely risky time for geriatric patients. The present study examined preoperative fear, anxiety, and perceived stress levels as well as the factors affecting them in elderly patients prior to surgical intervention.

Methods

This study adopted a cross‐sectional descriptive design. The study sample consisted of geriatric patients (n = 407) scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a research and training hospital in northeast Turkey. Data were collected by the researchers using the personal information form, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS‐10), Surgical Fear Questionnaire (SFQ) and Anxiety Specific to Surgery Questionnaire (ASSQ). In the data analysis, descriptive statistics, the t‐test in independent groups, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis and Bonferroni tests for post hoc analyses were used.

Results

On the PSS–10, the mean score was higher for the 75‐and‐older age group, single patients, patients with a disease requiring medication, and those who had previously undergone surgery (P < 0.05). On the ASSQ, the mean score was lower for patients aged 65–69, university graduates, patients without children, and those without a disease requiring medication (P < 0.05). On the SFQ, the mean score was higher for the 75‐and‐older age group, primary school graduates, and single patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

It was determined that being single, having a chronic disability, and advancing age had an effect on the patients' surgery‐specific anxiety, perceived stress, and fear of surgery. Long‐standing chronic diseases can negatively affect both stress and anxiety levels of individuals.
Firm life cycle, asset preferences, and financial performance: Does gender diversity matter?
Authors: Ramzan Muhammad , Lau Wee‐Yeap
Published: July 2023

Objective: This study examines the moderating role of gender diversity in the relationship between asset preferences and firm performance over the firm life cycle. Methods: Panel regression analysis is used to analyse 2008–2019 data of the S&P 500 firms. Results: Results show that gender diversity significantly moderates the relationship between asset preferences and firm performance. Second, this relationship varies across different life cycle stages of the firm. Third, women on board influence this relationship more in the introduction, maturity, and shakeout stages, while female executives have more influence in the introduction and maturity stages. Fourth, gender diversity enhances asset preferences with firm performance but reverses the relationship with many asset categories. Lastly, gender diversity positively moderates firm size relationship with maturity and shakeout stage performance while negatively moderates firm size in the introduction stage. Conclusion: This study has practical implications for firms that diversify their board and management structure to improve performance.
M in CoMputational thinking: How long does it take to read a book?
Authors: Fry Kym , Makar Katie , Hillman Judith
Published: July 2023

Even at the primary level, computational thinking (CT) can support young students to prepare for participating in futures that are immersed in data. In mathematics classrooms, there are few explanations of the ways CT can support students in formulating and solving complex problems. This paper presents an example of a primary classroom investigation (8‐9 year olds) over seven lessons of the problem “How long does it take to read a book?” The aim is to illustrate ways a statistical investigation can provide context for CT and demonstrate how the two complement each other to solve problems involving mathematics. The findings highlight opportunities and challenges that students face across the elements of CT—decomposition, abstraction, pattern recognition and modelling, and generalization and algorithmic thinking, including recommendations for teaching.
Arabidopsis thaliana RPL13aC affects root system architecture through shoot potassium accumulation
Authors: Ma Dichao , Fukuda Hirofumi , Sotta Naoyuki , Fujiwara Toru
Published: July 2023

Plant root system architecture shows complex patterns adapting to different nutritional conditions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, root slanting is a behaviour that is observed when plants are grown on a solid agar plate vertically. However, the regulatory mechanisms of root slanting in response to nutrient conditions are not fully understood. In this study, we found that mutants of A. thaliana ribosome protein RPL13aC, which is expressed in root tips and leaves, exhibit a decreased root‐slanting phenotype. Ionomic analysis revealed that rpl13ac mutants have a reduced K content in shoots but not in roots. Because K+ availability has been suggested to affect root coiling, we hypothesized that the decreased root slanting of rpl13ac mutants is caused by the decrease in K content in their shoots. Decapitating shoots or limiting K supply dramatically decreased root slanting in wild‐type (WT) plants. We found that the expression of HIGH‐AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER 5 (HAK5) significantly decreased in the roots of rpl13ac mutants. Mutants of hak5 showed decreased shoot K contents and decreased root slanting, supporting that the decreased shoot K+ accumulation results in less root slanting. K+ replenishment to the shoots of rpl13ac, hak5 mutants and K‐starved WT plants recovered their root slanting significantly. These results indicate that plants adjust root slanting in response to K+ accumulation in shoots. Further analysis showed that rpl13ac mutants have abnormal thigmotropic responses, which may be responsible for their defects in root slanting. Altogether, these results revealed K+‐dependent mechanisms that affect root system architecture.
M2 plants derived from different tillers of a chemically mutagenized rice M1 plant carry independent sets of mutations
Authors: Yamazaki Kiyoshi , Sotta Naoyuki , Fujiwara Toru
Published: July 2023

Generation of mutant populations with high genetic diversity is key for mutant screening and crop breeding. For this purpose, the single‐seed descent method, in which one mutant line is established from a single mutagenized seed, is commonly used. This method ensures the independence of the mutant lines, but the size of the mutant population is limited because it is no greater than the number of fertile M1 plants. The rice mutant population size can be increased if a single mutagenized plant produces genetically independent siblings. Here, we used whole‐genome resequencing to examine the inheritance of mutations from a single ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)‐mutagenized seed (M1) of Oryza sativa in its progeny (M2). We selected five tillers from each of three M1 plants. A single M2 seed was selected from each tiller, and the distributions of mutations induced by EMS were compared. Surprisingly, in most pairwise combinations of M2 siblings from the same parent, ≥85.2–97.9% of all mutations detected were not shared between the siblings. This high percentage suggests that the M2 siblings were derived from different cells of the M1 embryo and indicates that several genetically independent lines can be obtained from a single M1 plant. This approach should allow a large reduction in the number of M0 seeds needed to obtain a mutant population of a certain size in rice. Our study also suggests that multiple tillers of a rice plant originate from different cells of the embryo.
Quality of reporting of prospective in vivo and ex vivo studies published in the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care over a 10‐year period (2009–2019)
Authors: Bergen Paige , Munro Brittany A. , Pang Daniel S. J.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To evaluate the reporting of key items associated with risk of bias and weak study design over a 10‐year period.

Design

Literature survey.

Setting

Not applicable.

Animals

Not applicable.

Interventions

Papers published in the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care between 2009 and 2019 were screened for inclusion. Inclusion criteria consisted of prospective experimental studies describing in vivo or ex vivo research (or both), containing at least 2 comparison groups. Identified papers had identifying information (publication date, volume and issue, authors, affiliations) redacted by an individual not involved with paper selection or review. Two reviewers independently reviewed all papers and applied an operationalized checklist to categorize item reporting as fully reported, partially reported, not reported, or not applicable. Items assessed included randomization, blinding, data handling (inclusions and exclusions), and sample size estimation. Differences in assessment between reviewers were resolved by consensus with a third reviewer. A secondary aim was to document availability of data used to generate study results. Papers were screened for links to access data in the text and supporting information.

Measurements and Main Results

After screening, 109 papers were included. Eleven papers were excluded during full‐text review, with 98 papers included in the final analysis. Randomization was fully reported in 31.6% of papers (31/98). Blinding was fully reported in 31.6% of papers (31/98). Inclusion criteria were fully reported in all papers. Exclusion criteria were fully reported in 60.2% of papers (59/98). Sample size estimation was fully reported in 8.0% of papers (6/75). No papers (0/99) made data freely available without a requirement to contact study authors.

Conclusions

There is substantial room for improvement in reporting of randomization, blinding, data exclusions, and sample size estimations. Evaluation of study quality by readers is limited by the low reporting levels identified, and the risk of bias present indicates a potential for inflated effect sizes.
Phenibut toxicosis in a dog
Authors: Sahagian Michael , Mastrocco Alicia , Prittie Jennifer
Published: July 2023

Objective

To describe the successful treatment of severe neurological and cardiovascular abnormalities in a dog following ingestion of the neuropsychotropic drug, phenibut.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old neutered male Weimaraner was found unresponsive and laterally recumbent in his urine after ingesting approximately 1600 mg/kg of phenibut. On presentation to an emergency clinic, the dog was neurologically inappropriate, tachycardic, hypertensive, and exhibiting a profoundly decreased respiratory rate. Because of progressive clinical signs, electrolyte abnormalities, increased hepatic enzyme activity and bilirubin concentrations, and the development of pigmenturia, referral to specialist care was sought. On presentation, the dog was intermittently somnolent and then maniacal. Sinus tachycardia persisted, and hyperthermia was documented. Hospitalization for supportive care was undertaken, and the dog was administered IV fluids, flumazenil, antiepileptics, and IV lipid emulsion therapy. The dog developed hypoglycemia and treated with dextrose supplementation. Progressive increases in liver enzyme activities as well as pronounced increase in creatine kinase activity, consistent with rhabdomyolysis, were noted. Over the course of 48 hours, the hypoglycemia resolved, and clinical signs significantly improved. Ultimately, the dog was discharged with improved clinical signs, with the owner reporting that 1 week after discharge, a full recovery had been made, and no residual clinical signs persisted.

New Information Provided

To the authors’ knowledge, there are no previous reports of phenibut intoxication in small animals. The growing availability and use of this drug by people in the past several years highlight the need for a greater understanding of its effects in companion animals.
Sudanese Banking Sector and Stress Testing
Authors: Mustafa Omer Allagabo Omer
Published: July 2023

The repercussions of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis helped to reconsider the foundations used in assessing the banks’ withstand potential crises. In 2009, the BCBS issued a document entitled “Principles for Sound Stress Testing Practices and Supervision” as a basis for early evaluation of the performance of banking institutions and their ability to overcome sudden shocks and crises. The study aims to examine the ability of the Sudanese Banking Sector to pass stress testing and withstand sudden shock in light of the Basel II standards of stress test. The methodology was based on analyzing the performance of Sudan's economy, consolidated balance sheet, and financial soundness indicators of the banking sector (2005-2021). Additionally, it was based on a scenario designed for reverse stress testing (2022-2025). The results show that the Sudanese banking sector failed to bear sudden shocks and pass the stress testing due to its lack of commitment to applying the supervisory standards of Basel II. The war that broke out in the state of Khartoum on April 15, 2023, led to a deterioration in the political and economic conditions. It is expected to reduce the banking sector's power to absorb shocks. The paper recommends the Central Bank of Sudan follow up on the commitment of banks to apply the stress testing and financial soundness standards recommended by Basel II, especially capital adequacy, liquidity requirements, and political risk. Furthermore, the implementation of contractionary monetary policies serves to reduce inflationary pressures, which helps banks avoid credit and market risks.
Estimating the Importance of Civil Construction for the Brazilian Economy Through Hypothetical Extraction of the Input-Output Matrix
Authors: Correa Cunha Guilherme Antônio , E Souza Gustavo José de Guimaraes , Tessmann Mathias Schneid , Cabral Joilson De Assis , Magalhaes Luiz Augusto Ferreira
Published: July 2023

This paper aims to undertake a systemic analysis of civil construction to verify whether public investments made from 2007 onwards were able to increase the sector's productive linkages in the Brazilian economy. For this, the hypothetical extraction method of the input-output matrix and the official matrices of the country from 2005 and 2015 are used. The results show that the importance of the productive structure of the construction sector - total extraction - exceeds 7.42% of GDP in 2005 to 10.06% in 2015. This fact reveals that the civil construction sector in 2005 was the seventh most important moving to the fourth in 2015 in a total of twelve sectors considered. Another important finding lies in the fact that despite the construction sector presenting an increase in the complexity of its productive structure, it showed strong backward linkage, but low forward linkage, in both analyzed periods. Through these results, it is possible to conclude that the tax exemption of some inputs, reduction of real estate interest, expansion of credit for housing through public housing and infrastructure policies may have been essential for the increase in the complexity of the sector's productive chains between the years' from 2005 and 2015. Such findings are useful for the scientific literature that investigates the sector by bringing evidence to Brazil and to policymakers given that possibly the construction sector can be used as a strategy to promote and stimulate economic activity in times of crisis.
Perceptions of Heroism: Characteristics, Functions and Influencing Factors among Chinese College Students in the Post-pandemic Era
Authors: Wan Dongfang , Xiong Qin , Li Xipeng , Wu Chuqi
Published: July 2023

Heroes play a significant role in shaping the popular perceptions of morality, justice, and social values in general. During the Covid-19 pandemic, people’s anticipation for heroes doubles and their heroism may be reshaped by the pandemic. This paper attempts to investigate the perceived heroism of Chinese higher education students(n=847) in the post-pandemic era by means of the online questionnaire. Firstly, we explore the main characteristics of heroes worshipped by Chinese higher education students, which are summarized as diversified, epoch-making and civilian. Then we investigate the functions of heroes, which are categorized as enhancing, moral modeling and protecting. Finally, we analyze the five factors (intrinsic attraction, social reinforcement, education, family background and publicity) that may predict students’ heroism worship. As the regression analysis reveals, the five factors have significantly positive influences on higher education students’ perceptions of heroism and the weights of intrinsic attraction, social reinforcement, publicity, family background and education are 0.364, 0.316, 0.227, 0.190 and 0.156 respectively. These findings not only provide a theoretical and empirical contribution to the study of heroism, but also help develop Chinese higher education sustainable development in the post-pandemic era.
Tools measuring high haptic fidelity of procedural skills trainers in physician training and education: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Kriener Kyleigh , Ding-Farrington Cameron , Rodgers Sarah , Midwinter Mark
Published: July 2023

Objective:

The objective of this scoping review is to identify instruments that measure the physical haptic fidelity of procedural skills trainers.

Introduction:

Procedural skills trainers have demonstrated beneficial outcomes for clinicians when used to practice and rehearse procedures. Despite this, several design flaws currently limit the widespread implementation of such trainers. One notable deficit in current trainer designs is haptic fidelity. Identifying measurements of haptic fidelity may maximize the benefit of using certain training devices as well as guiding future design.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that assess the high fidelity haptics of procedural skills training devices in adult physicians above the level of an intern physician. Studies that do not include physicians will be excluded.

Methods:

The review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and will be reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Both published and unpublished studies will be searched for in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (ProQuest), and Google Scholar. There will be no date, setting, or geographical limits and only studies in English will be included.

Review Registration Number:

Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/pvazu/
Percepción de la simulación clínica como experiencia de aprendizaje en estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermería
Authors: Garza Hernández Rosalinda , Meléndez Méndez Ma. Concepción , González Salinas Juana Fernanda , Rangel Torres Ma. del Socorro , Castañeda Hidalgo Hortensia , Sánchez Castellanos Erika
Published: July 2023

Introducción: La simulación clínica es una herramienta de aprendizaje que integra conocimiento, destreza, participación y compromiso del estudiante, permite la reproducción, retroalimentación, valoración y reflexión, significa una oportunidad para generar competencias que favorezcan la formación de un pensamiento crítico, razonamiento y juicio clínico, habilidades de comunicación, de trabajo en equipo, resolución de problemas y toma de decisiones. Objetivo: Identificar la percepción de los estudiantes de la licenciatura de enfermería hacia la simulación clínica como experiencia de aprendizaje en una institución pública universitaria en el noreste de México. Metodología: Enfoque cuantitativo, diseño descriptivo y transversal, en 477 estudiantes de enfermería, se utilizó el cuestionario “Percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería respecto a la simulación clínica como experiencia de aprendizaje”. Se consideraron aspectos éticos normativos establecidos en México. Resultados: La percepción de los estudiantes acerca de la simulación clínica como herramienta de aprendizaje fue muy buena en un 49.5%, buena un 44.9%, lo que indica que fue una experiencia positiva. Conclusiones: la percepción de la simulación clínica como experiencia de aprendizaje mostrada por los estudiantes fue positiva. fortaleció la actitud para trabajar en equipo, liderazgo, comunicación, integrar la teoría y generar un pensamiento crítico.

Palabras claves: Entrenamiento simulado, aprendizaje, estudiante de enfermería.
El concepto de bienestar: una construcción desde la revisión de la literatura y la perspectiva de actores institucionales y comunitarios de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia)
Authors: Valderrama Luna Lina María , Parra María Fernanda , Palencia Sánchez Francisco , Robles Fonnegra William Alberto , Duarte Osorio Andrés , Cadena Camargo Yazmín María Lucila
Published: July 2023

Garantizar la mejor salud posible, mediante la atención centrada en las necesidades y el bienestar individual y colectivo, ha sido una de las prioridades en salud de múltiples gobiernos. Este artículo busca construir la definición de bienestar en el contexto de la atención en salud a través de una metodología mixta de recolección de información que incluyó una revisión descriptiva de literatura y una aproximación cualitativa por medio de entrevistas grupales tipo café mundial, con representantes de instituciones de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia) y miembros de la comunidad (97 participantes). A partir de ello, se consolidó una definición de bienestar según la estrategia de síntesis de conceptos, con énfasis en el cuidado para el bienestar. Este concepto muestra aproximaciones que pueden ser relevantes en las discusiones que giran alrededor de la formulación de políticas públicas de salud y su implementación en modelos de atención en salud. La definición de bienestar es ambivalente, al estar presente tanto en el plano individual como en el colectivo. Si bien la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas y la ausencia de enfermedad son algunos determinantes conceptuales, el bienestar también se define por un conjunto de factores que promueve un estado ideal en las personas y que implica nuevas formas de relacionamiento.
Agentes vasoactivos en sepsis: revisión crítica de la literatura
Authors: Barahona-Correa Julian Esteban , Pérez Carrillo Vanessa , Rondón Carvajal Julián , Laserna Andrés
Published: July 2023

Uno de los objetivos terapéuticos más importantes en el abordaje del paciente séptico es impactar tempranamente en el curso de la vasoplejia subyacente, por medio de medicamentos con potencial vasoactivo. Si bien se plantea un manejo multimodal que incluya técnicas de monitoreo apropiadas y enfoques personalizados, la vasoconstricción excesiva puede empeorar la insuficiencia orgánica múltiple, así como algunos inodilatadores ser deletéreos para el perfil hemodinámico de pacientes con choque séptico. Ofrecemos una revisión actualizada de la evidencia en el uso de vasoactivos en pacientes con sepsis.
Recombination mechanism of heavily Be-doped GaAsN by time-resolved photoluminescence
Authors: Tsukasaki Takashi , Sumikura Hisashi , Fujimoto Takuma , Fujita Miki , Makimoto Toshiki
Published: July 2023

The optical properties of GaAsN system alloys have not been clarified, particularly for the localized level around the bottom of the conduction band induced by nitrogen atoms. Herein, the recombination mechanism is systematically investigated for heavily Be-doped p-type GaAsN using both continuous-wave (CW) and time-resolved (TR) photoluminescence (PL) characteristics, which is expected to be applied to devices such as a p+-n+ tunnel diode inserted into a multijunction solar cell composed of GaAs system alloys and as the base layer of a heterojunction bipolar transistor. The S-shape characteristic weakened with increasing hole concentration (p) in the CW-PL spectra of Be-doped GaAsN. Both short and long lifetimes were evaluated using TR-PL decay curves. Specifically, the long lifetime was distributed between 0.7 and 1 ns independent of temperature and p. This long lifetime corresponds to radiative recombination lifetime from a localized level, supporting that a localized level is formed in Be-doped GaAsN despite high p on the order of 1019 cm−3. Electrons are tightly bound at a localized level, equivalent to this long lifetime, whereas the electron lifetime decreases with increasing p, resulting in the S-shape characteristic vanishing in the temperature dependence of the CW-PL spectra for ultraheavily Be-doped GaAsN with p of 5 × 1019 cm−3. Moreover, this S-shape characteristic vanished in the temperature dependence of TR-PL spectra for moderately Be-doped GaAsN with p of 8 × 1018 cm−3, indicating that the density of states is limited for a localized level.
A cooperative network at the nuclear envelope counteracts LINC-mediated forces during oogenesis in
C. elegans
Authors: Liu Chenshu , Rex Rachel , Lung Zoe , Wang John S. , Wu Fan , Kim Hyung Jun , Zhang Liangyu , Sohn Lydia L. , Dernburg Abby F.
Published: July 2023

Oogenesis involves transduction of mechanical forces from the cytoskeleton to the nuclear envelope (NE). In
Caenorhabditis elegans
, oocyte nuclei lacking the single lamin protein LMN-1 are vulnerable to collapse under forces mediated through LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes. Here, we use cytological analysis and in vivo imaging to investigate the balance of forces that drive this collapse and protect oocyte nuclei. We also use a mechano-node-pore sensing device to directly measure the effect of genetic mutations on oocyte nuclear stiffness. We find that nuclear collapse is not a consequence of apoptosis. It is promoted by dynein, which induces polarization of a LINC complex composed of Sad1 and UNC-84 homology 1 (SUN-1) and ZYGote defective 12 (ZYG-12). Lamins contribute to oocyte nuclear stiffness and cooperate with other inner nuclear membrane proteins to distribute LINC complexes and protect nuclei from collapse. We speculate that a similar network may protect oocyte integrity during extended oocyte arrest in mammals.
Cognitive performance is linked to fitness in a wild primate
Authors: Fichtel Claudia , Henke-von der Malsburg Johanna , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: July 2023

Cognitive performance varies widely across animal species, but the processes underlying cognitive evolution remain poorly known. For cognitive abilities to evolve, performance must be linked to individual fitness benefits, but these links have been rarely studied in primates even though they exceed most other mammals in these traits. We subjected 198 wild gray mouse lemurs to four cognitive and two personality tests and subsequently monitored their survival in a mark-recapture study. Our study revealed that survival was predicted by individual variation in cognitive performance as well as body mass and exploration. Because cognitive performance covaried negatively with exploration, individuals gathering more accurate information enjoyed better cognitive performance and lived longer, but so did heavier and more explorative individuals. These effects may reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off, with alternative strategies yielding similar overall fitness. The observed intraspecific variation in selective benefits of cognitive performance, if heritable, can provide the basis for the evolution of cognitive abilities in members of our lineage.
Transcriptional and epigenomic profiling identifies YAP signaling as a key regulator of intestinal epithelium maturation
Authors: Pikkupeura Laura M. , Bressan Raul B. , Guiu Jordi , Chen Yun , Maimets Martti , Mayer Daniela , Schweiger Pawel J. , Hansen Stine L. , Maciag Grzegorz J. , Larsen Hjalte L. , Lõhmussaar Kadi , Pedersen Marianne Terndrup , Teves Joji M. Yap , Bornholdt Jette , Benes Vladimir , Sandelin Albin , Jensen Kim B.
Published: July 2023

During intestinal organogenesis, equipotent epithelial progenitors mature into phenotypically distinct stem cells that are responsible for lifelong maintenance of the tissue. While the morphological changes associated with the transition are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the maturation process are not fully understood. Here, we leverage intestinal organoid cultures to profile transcriptional, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylation, and three-dimensional (3D) chromatin conformation landscapes in fetal and adult epithelial cells. We observed prominent differences in gene expression and enhancer activity, which are accompanied by local changes in 3D organization, DNA accessibility, and methylation between the two cellular states. Using integrative analyses, we identified sustained Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) transcriptional activity as a major gatekeeper of the immature fetal state. We found the YAP-associated transcriptional network to be regulated at various levels of chromatin organization and likely to be coordinated by changes in extracellular matrix composition. Together, our work highlights the value of unbiased profiling of regulatory landscapes for the identification of key mechanisms underlying tissue maturation.
The SUMO-interacting motif in NS2 promotes adaptation of avian influenza virus to mammals
Authors: Sun Liuke , Kong Huihui , Yu Mengmeng , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Haili , Na Lei , Qu Yuxing , Zhang Yuan , Chen Hualan , Wang Xiaojun
Published: July 2023

Species differences in the host factor ANP32A/B result in the restriction of avian influenza virus polymerase (vPol) in mammalian cells. Efficient replication of avian influenza viruses in mammalian cells often requires adaptive mutations, such as PB2-E627K, to enable the virus to use mammalian ANP32A/B. However, the molecular basis for the productive replication of avian influenza viruses without prior adaptation in mammals remains poorly understood. We show that avian influenza virus NS2 protein help to overcome mammalian ANP32A/B-mediated restriction to avian vPol activity by promoting avian vRNP assembly and enhancing mammalian ANP32A/B-vRNP interactions. A conserved SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in NS2 is required for its avian polymerase-enhancing properties. We also demonstrate that disrupting SIM integrity in NS2 impairs avian influenza virus replication and pathogenicity in mammalian hosts, but not in avian hosts. Our results identify NS2 as a cofactor in the adaptation process of avian influenza virus to mammals.
Preventing antisocial robots: A pathway to artificial empathy
Authors: Christov-Moore Leonardo , Reggente Nicco , Vaccaro Anthony , Schoeller Felix , Pluimer Brock , Douglas Pamela K. , Iacoboni Marco , Man Kingson , Damasio Antonio , Kaplan Jonas T.
Published: July 2023

Given the accelerating powers of artificial intelligence (AI), we must equip artificial agents and robots with empathy to prevent harmful and irreversible decisions. Current approaches to artificial empathy focus on its cognitive or performative processes, overlooking affect, and thus promote sociopathic behaviors. Artificially vulnerable, fully empathic AI is necessary to prevent sociopathic robots and protect human welfare.
Vaccination with
Plasmodium vivax
Duffy-binding protein inhibits parasite growth during controlled human malaria infection
Authors: Hou Mimi M. , Barrett Jordan R. , Themistocleous Yrene , Rawlinson Thomas A. , Diouf Ababacar , Martinez Francisco J. , Nielsen Carolyn M. , Lias Amelia M. , King Lloyd D. W. , Edwards Nick J. , Greenwood Nicola M. , Kingham Lucy , Poulton Ian D. , Khozoee Baktash , Goh Cyndi , Hodgson Susanne H. , Mac Lochlainn Dylan J. , Salkeld Jo , Guillotte-Blisnick Micheline , Huon Christèle , Mohring Franziska , Reimer Jenny M. , Chauhan Virander S. , Mukherjee Paushali , Biswas Sumi , Taylor Iona J. , Lawrie Alison M. , Cho Jee-Sun , Nugent Fay L. , Long Carole A. , Moon Robert W. , Miura Kazutoyo , Silk Sarah E. , Chitnis Chetan E. , Minassian Angela M. , Draper Simon J.
Published: July 2023

There are no licensed vaccines against
Plasmodium vivax
. We conducted two phase 1/2a clinical trials to assess two vaccines targeting
P. vivax
Duffy-binding protein region II (PvDBPII). Recombinant viral vaccines using chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (ChAd63) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors as well as a protein and adjuvant formulation (PvDBPII/Matrix-M) were tested in both a standard and a delayed dosing regimen. Volunteers underwent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) after their last vaccination, alongside unvaccinated controls. Efficacy was assessed by comparisons of parasite multiplication rates in the blood. PvDBPII/Matrix-M, given in a delayed dosing regimen, elicited the highest antibody responses and reduced the mean parasite multiplication rate after CHMI by 51% (
n
= 6) compared with unvaccinated controls (
n
= 13), whereas no other vaccine or regimen affected parasite growth. Both viral-vectored and protein vaccines were well tolerated and elicited expected, short-lived adverse events. Together, these results support further clinical evaluation of the PvDBPII/Matrix-M
P. vivax
vaccine.
Timing of carbon uptake by oceanic crust determined by rock reactivity
Authors: Albers Elmar , Jöns Svenja , Gerdes Axel , Klügel Andreas , Beier Christoph , Kasemann Simone A. , Bach Wolfgang
Published: July 2023

Carbonate formation during the alteration of oceanic crust is a global CO2 sink. Its timing and controls are not well understood, particularly in volcanic seamounts, which react with seawater over tens of millions of years. We report in situ U-Pb age dates of carbonate vein and void fill in 50–74 Ma basaltic basement of the Louisville Seamount Chain. More than 90% of the carbonate formed <20 m.y. after seamount emplacement. Vesicle carbonate precipitated within 8 m.y. (median = 2.9 m.y.) whereas vein carbonate grew over longer time spans (median = 8.1 m.y.). The duration of carbonation was hence limited despite the basement’s long-term exposure to seawater. The age dates imply a rapid infill of vesicles by alteration of confined domains around vesicles. Carbonate formation in veins extended for longer periods of time, likely due to the late opening of fractures, which exposed fresh reactive rock surface to circulating seawater long after the formation of the basement.

We suggest that carbonate growth ceased after the volcanic rocks were too altered to liberate sufficient Ca2+ and generate the alkalinity required for carbonate precipitation. A critical extent of rock reactivity is required to sustain carbonate formation. Carbonate precipitation likely ends after much of the exposed basaltic substrate has been altered and the rock reactivity drops below this critical threshold. These findings help to explain the generally short duration of carbonation in the flanks of mid-ocean ridges.
Osteogenesis imperfecta type VIII: highlighting the need for genetic testing
Authors: Mariki Haika , Muze Kandi , Mussa Fatima , Manji Karim Premji
Published: July 2023

We report a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type VIII from a lower-middle income country. This is the first case report of this type in Tanzania. The term neonate was delivered normally via spontaneous vaginal delivery and presented at the neonatal unit with features of shortened limb girdles and macrocephaly. The long bones had multiple fractures. He was diagnosed clinically to have OI or a type of metaphysial dysplasia. A plain X-ray showed multiple fractures of the long bones. The eyes did not have blue sclerae. Clinically, the generic diagnosis of OI was made.

Genetic testing revealed typical prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 (P3HI) gene mutations and a variant coordinateNM_001243246.1:c.1095C>G p, indicating a severe, fatal form of autosomal-recessive OI type VIII which presents with white sclerae. This rare variant is described here for the first time in our setting. This case highlights the need for genetic testing.
Severe allergic systemic reaction to personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Italiano Pasquale Filippo , Krummenacher Matthew , Lucas Michaela
Published: July 2023

Our case describes a hospital worker who suffered a severe reaction to personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. After researching the excipient list of her PPE and completing a literature review, we postulated that isocyanates used in the production of the polyurethane band of the N95 mask was the cause for her reaction. In the absence of standardised testing, we tested this hypothesis by replicating her reaction to PPE by using a commercially available isocyanate patch, identifying diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate as the culprit agent.

We recommended caution in the use of polyurethane containing N95 masks- for people reporting allergic reaction- and testing for sensitivity for polyurethane. The patient was able to tolerate non-polyurethane containing standard surgical masks, providing an option for PPE in some clinical circumstances. Since avoiding N95 masks, she has not had any further reactions.
Vape-associated lung injury in immediate postoperative period: an upcoming perioperative respiratory risk factor
Authors: Gaba Manish , Kumar Naveen , Arumugam Praveen , Dewan Arun
Published: July 2023

There has been a rapid increase in e-cigarette usage, especially among young adults. E-cigarettes are often thought to be a safe substitute to traditional smoking and are frequently used as a bridge to smoking cessation. E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury often presents with subacute or acute respiratory failure. We report a case of a young man in his 20s, who developed rapidly worsening respiratory failure in the postoperative period. This case highlights the importance of recognising this entity on time, especially in the perioperative period, and its impact on patient outcomes.
Craniocervical junction intradural extramedullary meningioma with cord compression
Authors: Srichawla Bahadar S , Can Hande , Deeb Wissam
Published: July 2023

Craniocervical spine meningiomas are rare. They often present with non-specific motor or sensory symptoms. Presenting symptoms can include gait ataxia, radiculopathy, myelopathy, back pain and sensory deficits. Spinal meningiomas are slow-growing tumours, with an insidious onset. Due to the critical location of craniocervical meningiomas, severe symptoms such as respiratory distress and quadriparesis are possible. We describe the clinical presentation of a craniocervical junction meningioma, its relevant neuroimaging findings, diagnostic challenges and management. A woman in her 30s presented with a subacute onset of neck pain, headaches, paresthesia and a Hoffman’s sign of the left upper extremity. A cervical spine MRI revealed an intradural extramedullary craniocervical junction meningioma involving the C1 segment with cord compression. The tumour measured 1.4×2×2.2 cm. A mid-line suboccipital craniectomy, tumour resection (Simpson grade II) with cervical laminectomy, and dural grafting were completed for definitive management. A brief literature review was conducted yielding a total of 24 cases.
Toll-like receptor 5 tunes hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells activation
Authors: Di Fazio Pietro , Mielke Sophia , Böhm Isabell T , Buchholz Malte , Matrood Sami , Schuppan Detlef , Wissniowski Thaddeus
Published: July 2023

Objective

Stellate cells are responsible for liver and pancreas fibrosis and strictly correlate with tumourigenesis. Although their activation is reversible, an exacerbated signalling triggers chronic fibrosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) modulate stellate cells transition. TLR5 transduces the signal deriving by the binding to bacterial flagellin from invading mobile bacteria.

Design

Human hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells were activated by the administration of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). TLR5 was transiently knocked down by short-interference RNA transfection. Reverse Transcription-quantitativePCR and western blot were performed to analyse the transcript and protein level of TLR5 and the transition players. Fluorescence microscopy was performed to identify these targets in spheroids and in the sections of murine fibrotic liver.

Results

TGF-β-activated human hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells showed an increase ofTLR5expression.TLR5knockdown blocked the activation of those stellate cells. Furthermore, TLR5 busted during murine liver fibrosis and co-localised with the inducible Collagen I. Flagellin suppressedTLR5,COL1A1andACTA2expression after the administration of TGF-β. Instead, the antagonist of TLR5 did not block the effect of TGF-β. Wortmannin, a specific AKT inhibitor, inducedTLR5but notCOL1A1andACTA2transcript and protein level.

Conclusion

TGF-β-mediated activation of hepatic and pancreatic stellate cells requires the over-expression of TLR5. Instead, its autonomous signalling inhibits the activation of the stellate cells, thus prompting a signalling through different regulatory pathways.