bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staff Burnout: Sources Diagnosis Management and Prevention
Authors: Vachon Maryl. S
Published: November 2023

Providing supportive care confronts caregivers with multiple challenges that are different from those of traditional palliative care. Supportive care in oncology has been defined as “the provision of the necessary services for those living with or affected by cancer to meet their physical, psychosocial, informational and spiritual needs during the diagnostic, treatment, follow-up phases, encompassing issues of survivorship, palliation and bereavement.”
The Pathophysiology and Management of Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Walker Paul
Published: November 2023

Many similar definitions for these lesions can be found in the literature. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research states: “A pressure ulcer is any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure resulting in damage of underlying tissue.” Implicit in this statement is the compression of tissue between a bony prominence and an external surface, resulting in necrosis. Localized pressure is a key factor, reflected in the preferred term of pressure ulcer. The older term, decubitus ulcer, is less desirable in that it implies that a lying position is required to sustain an injury of this type. In fact, some of the worse pressure ulcers occur in spinal cord injury patients because of prolonged sitting in a wheelchair.
The Concerto
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Michael Steinberg’s 1996 volume The Symphony: A Reader’s Guide received glowing reviews across America. It was hailed as “wonderfully clear...recommended warmly to music lovers on all levels” (Washington Post), “informed and thoughtful” (Chicago Tribune), and “composed by a master stylist” (San Francisco Chronicle). Seiji Ozawa wrote that “his beautiful and effortless prose speaks from the heart.” Michael Tilson Thomas called The Symphony “an essential book for any concertgoer.” Now comes the companion volume--The Concerto: A Listener’s Guide. In this marvelous book, Steinberg discusses over 120 works, ranging from Johann Sebastian Bach in the 1720s to John Adams in 1994. Readers will find here the heart of the standard repertory, among them Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos, eighteen of Mozart’s piano concertos, all the concertos of Beethoven and Brahms, and major works by Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, Bruch, Dvora’k, Tchaikovsky, Grieg, Elgar, Sibelius, Strauss, and Rachmaninoff. The book also provides luminous introductions to the achievement of twentieth-century masters such as Arnold Schoenberg, Be ‘la Barto’k, Igor Stravinsky, Alban Berg, Paul Hindemith, Sergei Prokofiev, Aaron Copland, and Elliott Carter. Steinberg examines the work of these musical giants with unflagging enthusiasm and bright style. He is a master of capturing the expressive, dramatic, and emotional values of the music and of conveying the historical and personal context in which these wondrous works were composed. His writing blends impeccable scholarship, deeply felt love of music, and entertaining whimsy.
Chausson
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Chausson began the Poeme in April 1896 and completed it on 29 June that year. In November, Eugene Ysaye, to whom the score is dedicated, sight-read it at an all-day-and-most-of-the-night musicale at the house of the Catalan painter Santiago Rusinal in Sitges, Spain. Ysaye gave the first public performance on 27 December 1896 at Nancy; the conductor was Guy Ropartz, who like Chausson, was a pupil of Cesar Franck.
Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Joannes Chrisostomus Wolfgang Gottlieb Mozart, who began to call himself Wolfgango Amadeo about 1770 and Wolfgang Amade in 1777-but who never used Amadeus except injest was born in Salzburg, Austria, on 27 January 1756 and died in Vienna on 5 December 1791. The identifying K numbers refer to the chronological thematic catalogue of Mozart’s works published in 1862 by Ludwig, Ritter von Kochel, an Austrian botanist, mineralogist, and music bibliographer.
Neilson
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Last ten years showed that he could live that principle as well as write a great symphony about it. He died at sixty-six, hardworking to the end. His funeral was a great public event, like Verdi’s , but it would not be until after World War II that his music, so unlike any other in sound and personality, came to be known abroad. There is a world of difference between Nielsen’s first concerto for violin (1911), a work whose first and second movements are full of momentum and flavor but whose leisurely finale tends to disappoint in public performance (it is just fine on recordings), and the ones for flute (1926) and clarinet (1928). By 1916 and the great Fourth Symphony, The Inextinguishable, Nielsen had turned from a strong, assured, and skillful composer with a distinctive voice into a tone poet and musical dramatist in the grip of singular and astonishing fantasies. His works from the 1920s can be full of rage (the gun battle of the timpani in The Inextinguishable is an anticipation of this), and they mean to disturb. Nielsen would have understood Dylan Thomas’s “Do not go gentle into that good night” very well.
Strauss
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The Burleske was originally composed in 1885, but only attained its final form in 1890. Eugen d ‘Albert, to whom Strauss later dedicated the work, was the soloist at the first performance, which the composer conducted and which took place at Eisenach on 21 June 1890 at a convention of the General German Music Association. Strauss conducted the premiere of Death and Transfiguration at the same concert.
Stravinsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Stravinsky began the Capriccio in December 1928, completing the three movements on 26 October, 13 September, and 9 November 1929 respectively. The first performance, for which the composer was at the piano and Ernest Ansermet conducted the Paris Symphony Orchestra, was given at the Salle Pleyel, Paris, on 6 December 1929. In 1949 Stravinsky revised the work to correct some misprints and omissions in the 1929 score. The Burleske was originally composed in 1885, but only attained its final form in 1890. Eugen d ‘Albert, to whom Strauss later dedicated the work, was the soloist at the first performance, which the composer conducted and which took place at Eisenach on 21 June 1890 at a convention of the General German Music Association. Strauss conducted the premiere of Death and Transfiguration at the same concert.
Walton
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The English critic David Cox has observed that “Walton began like a seventh member of Les Six. The style was marked ‘continental, ‘ pointed with wilt and satire, bursting with exuberance. Nothing folksy.” But the Andante of the Sinfonia concertante for Orchestra with Piano Obbligato (1927) introduces a new tone of voice, a new color and sentiment, and what Walton found there he pursued and splendidly fulfilled in the Viola Concerto. His big-screen oratorio Belshazzar’s Feast (1931), for which Osbert Sitwell had drawn a libretto from the psalms and the book of Daniel, is Walton’s most popular work; in the Symphony No. 1, finished after much travail in 1935, he attained a level of ambition, concentration, and sheer human energy for which he seems rarely to have tried again.
Language and Cognition
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

The study of language and the study of cognition are ancient disciplines, extending back thousands of years. Often the inquiries have proceeded in isolation from one another, sometimes as a matter of principle, particularly in the more selfconscious modem period. There also have been attempts to integrate these studies in a more unified discipline.
Anatomy of a Revolution
Authors: Bialystok Ellen
Published: November 2023

In 1938, Harvard historian Crane Brinton first published his influential analysis of four revolutions-the English, American, French, and Russianextracting from them the common themes and mechanisms that united them as individual instances of a single process (Brinton, 1965). Revolution, according to Brinton, had structure, and its course was orderly and predictable.
The Novelty of Chomsky’s Theories
Authors: Agassi Joseph
Published: November 2023

As a new field, cognitivism began with the total rejection of the old, traditional views of language acquisition and of learning-individual and collective alike. Chomsky was one of the pioneers in this respect; yet he clouds issues by excessive claims for his originality and by not allowing the beginner in the art of the acquisition of language the use of learning by making hypotheses and testing them, though he acknowledges that researchers, himself included, do use this method.
Neural Networks and Neuroscience What Are Connectionist Simulations Good for?
Authors: Segalowitz Sidney J , Bernstein Daniel
Published: November 2023

Around the turn of the century, the Sears mail order catalogue advertised some articles as “electric,” despite their having no electric properties, presumably to lend an air of modernity, high technology, and scientific magic. Dr. Scott’s Electric Hair Brush, the Electric Fabric Cleanser, the New Electric Washing Machine (al $2.98, it contained a rotary lever but no motor), and the Radium Shoulder Brace ($0.36) were thoroughly modern for the 1908 catalogue from Sears, Roebuck & Co., but the descriptions were connotative rather than denotative (Schroeder, 1971 ). We are now in an age when “neural” has such an aura. Those of us who study psycholinguistics or brain functions of language often have found ourselves on mailing lists for books and workshops in “neurolinguistic programming,” which is not related to the fields of neuroscience, linguistics, or programming. In this short chapter, we explain why we similarly see so-called neural networks, the result of PDP modeling, as not directly reflecting anything neural except in a superficial way. We propose to cover some general issues about the adequacy of Parallel Distributed Processing modeling (also referred to as PDP models, neural networks, and connectionist models) as an aid to cognitive neuroscience. By stepping back from specific implementations of PDP models, we will consider what such neural networks are capable of offering cognitive neuroscience, as well as their limitations in this endeavor.
Can Wittgenstein Help Free the Mind from Rules? The Philosophical Foundations of Connectionism
Authors: Dror Ltiel E , Dascal Marcelo
Published: November 2023

The question whether or not the construct “rule” is essential for cognition is one of the main divisions between connectionist and rival approaches in cognitive science. In this chapter, we consider the philosophical significance of this division, and its implications for cognitive research, in the light of several possible interpretations of Wittgenstein’s paradox of following a rule. The conclusion is that the rejection of rules by connectionism makes it philosophically incompatible with the symbolic rule-governed approach; nevertheless, the rejection of rules does not necessarily lead, on its own, to a single way of conceptualizing the mind and its place in nature. Wittgenstein’s notions of “form of life” and “language games” are used as an aid for understanding the philosophical foundations of connectionism.
Neural Cartesianism Comments on the Epistemology of the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Coulter Jeff
Published: November 2023

A wide range of logical problems beset the heterogeneous field we call cognitive science. In this brief review, I will characterise several recurrent and consequential forms of logical error. The problems and fallacies on which I focus are spread across the intellectual landscape of contemporary cognitivism, whether the theoretical structure is of the “rules-and-representations” variety or the new connectionism. In isolating and exposing these logical anomalies, I will try to show that their removal facilitates a clearer picture of the nature of the phenomena in question, phenomena conceptualized in often misleading and confusing ways within existing frameworks of theory.
“Berkeleyan” Arguments and the Ontology of Cognitive Science
Authors: Harre Rom
Published: November 2023

In recent developments in theoretical psychology we have gone from positivism (behaviorism)-assuming no direct public access to the mind, to realism (cognitive science)-allowing indirect public access to the mind via the hypothetico-deductive method. There seems to be a possibility for obtaining indirect access to private mental phenomena via the general principle that successful tests of the logical consequences of hypotheses about models of unknown processes gives us confidence in the verisimilitude of such models. This way of penetrating the bounds of sense is characteristic of such sciences as chemistry, and is commonly thought of as ontologically significant. This signficance is assumed by nearly all working scientists. We know from the paradox of Clavius, sometimes called “the underdetermination of theories by any available empirical data,” that hypothetico-deductive access is weak in the absence of an ontologically plausible interpretation of the logically most efficacious model. In interpreting cognitive science in the framework of scientific realism, we must play close attention to ontological issues. Ontologies make themselves felt overtly as the supertypes of those type-hierarchies that we use to control our construction of our models’ unobservable processes, so that these models are ontologically plausible (Aronson, Harre, & Way, 1994).
The Mind Considered from a Historical Perspective Human Cognitive Phylogenesis and the Possibility of Continuing Cognitive Evolution
Authors: Donald Merlin
Published: November 2023

Thirty (some would say, forty) years ago, the proponents of the so-called Cognitive Revolution set out an agenda that grew out of a unique historical context. Their brainchild, cognitive science, is a product of the postindustrial present and, like many intellectual movements, it has used analytic tools and ruling metaphors that reflect its own immediate cultural environment. Thus, it is not surprising that our working models of cognition tend to typify literate Western (mostly Englishspeaking) adults, and tend also to resemble the computers that we have built into the fabric of our culture.
The Representation of Spatio-Temporal Variation in GIS and Cartographic Displays: The Case for Sonification and Auditory Data Representation
Authors: Weber Christopher R
Published: November 2023

The process of including audio information to complement visualization is gen erally known as sonification, and the representation of data or meta-data through non-speech audio as auditory data representation (ADR). Though cartographic research continues on the development of visual symbols for depiction of spatio temporal change (MacEachren and DiBiase, 1991; Weber and Buttenfield, 1993), other sensory modalities such as the taste, smell, and tactile senses have been largely ignored (Slocum and Egbert, 1991).
Introduction: Psychology in a Sociopolitica Context
Authors: Halpern Diane F , Voiskounsky Alexander E
Published: November 2023

It was an unprecedented event in contemporary history. In an (almost) bloodless coup, a major world power and the largest country on earth made a 180- degree turn in its political orientation. In 1991, the Soviet Union began its tortuous march toward capitalism. The official belief system of approximately 200 million Soviet citizens for most of the 20th century was abandoned as the principles of free enterprise replaced those of a planned economy. The collapse of communism created aftershocks that have been felt throughout the world. The demise of the largest communist power in the world has profoundly altered the way Westerners and former Soviets view each other and themselves.
Prejudice and Discrimination: Old Paradigms in New Models for Psychology
Authors: Reid Pamela Trotman , Holland Nicole E
Published: November 2023

In a southwestern county in Georgia, African American students were routinely assigned to low-achieving classes, even when they had high test scores; white students were assigned to classes for high achievers even with low scores (Associated Press, 1995). “Today, gay men and lesbians continue to be the targets of violence. Over 90 percent have been subjected to antigay verbal abuse or threats. Almost onequarter reported they had been physically attacked” (Strong & DeVault, 1994, p. 723).
Why Do We Kill Ourselves?
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Suicide haunts our literature and our culture. It is the taboo subtext to our successes and our happiness. The reporting of a suicide of any public figure disturbs each of us. Amid our dreams of happiness and achievement lurk our nightmares of self-destruction. Who is not mindful of the potential self-defeating elements within our own personality? Each new day contains the threat of failure and assaults by others, but it is the threat of self-destruction that we are most afraid to touch, except in our secret moments or the hidden recesses of our minds. Yet suicide happens every day, and many people we know have had a relative or a friend who has committed suicide.
Clues and Constrictions: Indirect Suicide and Hastened Death
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

The single most important outcome of the psychological suicide prevention revolution that began in the 1950s at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was the finding that clues preceded suicide, and thus there were possible intervention strategies for prevention. Clues are observable items that precede (and, in a sense, forecast) the event in which we are mainly interested. They are precursors, indicating the approach of a dire event, like a disease or suicide or other catastrophe. The technical synonyms for these “clues,” synonyms a clinician might use, include phrases like “premonitory signs” or “prodromal indices.”
Suicidal Life Histories
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Facts alone can be very interesting. But sometimes their implications seem much more imperative. Earlier in my career, in 1969—the year I was a Fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (on the Stanford campus)—I surprised myself by identifying five suicides from among a group of 30 men several years before the suicides actually occurred. That fact, while eye-catching in itself, had, in my mind, a number of provocative implications.
Matching the Therapy to the Individual’s Neelk
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Let us talk for awhile about psychotherapy. The implications of the 10 commonalities for a suicidal patient in therapy should be fairly obvious: Reduce the pain; remove the blinders; lighten the pressure—all three, even just a little bit. To put it technically (in terms of perturbation and lethality), if you address the individual’s perturbation (the sense of things being wrong), that person’s lethality (the pressure to get out of it by suicide) will decrease as the perturbation is reduced. That is the goal of therapy with a suicidal person. Within reason, anything th.at works—including medications and the sanctuary of hospitalization—should be used, if the prescriber knows what he or she is doing.
Introduction
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

Twentieth-century linguistic theories have developed the idea of hierarchy within language structure largely in terms of the concept of markedness, a concept that entails certain aspects of language being marked while others are unmarked. The marked versus unmarked distinction is shared by both Chomskyan generative grammar and Jakobsonian structuralism, though each intellectual tradition treats the idea differently.
On Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that matter was made up of units he called atoms, units he could not see but which he believed explained the properties of matter: Democritus was ridiculed for his ideas, yet today every chemistry student knows that Democritus was right. Of course the concept of th atom that we have as we approach the twenty-first century is quite 1different from the atom as Democritus conceived it. Examples like this can doubtless be multiplied, since whenever there is progress in a field, the meaning of its technical terms evolves. As a consequence, every discipline develops certain problematic terms that have been expanded beyond their original definitions.
The Development of Markedness in Jakobson’s Work
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

The terms marked and unmarked were developed in the intellectual atmosphere of early twentieth-century, eastern European structuralism. While the basic insight of categorial asymmetry was recognized by a number of earlier scholars, markedness has received its most enduring and expansive treatment in the work of Roman Jakobson, who embraced the concept in the 1930s and developed it throughout his long career.
Jakobson and Chomsky: Bridging Invariance and Variation
Authors: Battistella Edwin L
Published: November 2023

In this concluding chapter, I want to summarize briefly some of the key aspects of the evolution of markedness that have emerged in this book and contrast Jakobson’s and Chomsky’s approaches to linguistics and to markedness one final time. It should be apparent by now that both Jakobson and Chomsky expanded and refined their views on markedness over the course of many years of work. Jakobson’s early work, concerned with the structuring of oppositions, applied the distinction between marked and unmarked primarily to grammatical oppositions. In later work, markedness emerged as a property of phonological universals as well, and ultimately as a global structural principle. But while Jakobson’s work continually hinted at an integrated theory of asymmetry, he never delineated a full-fledged account of semantic and phonological markedness.
Facial Expressions of Emotion and Psychopathology in Adolescent Boys
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Moffitt Terrie E , Stouthamer-Loeber Magda
Published: November 2023

It is widely believed that emotions serve adaptive functions (e.g., Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Lazarus, 1991). Each emotion motivates cognitive processes, physiological responses, and expressive behavior that help the individual respond adaptively to specific problems of survival, such as fleeing from danger, developing and maintaining close social bonds, and avoiding or apologizing for social and moral transgressions.
Reproductive Ecology in the Conservation and Management of Fishes
Authors: Vincent Amanda , Sadovy Yvonne
Published: November 2023

Overexploitation, habitat degradation, physical change, and introductions of exotic species menace fishes around the world. The 1996 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Animals included 734 species of fishes (IUCN, 1996), up from 576 eight years previously (IUCN, 1988), with most species still not assessed (IUCN, 1996). In North America, fishes and other aquatic taxa are up to eight times more likely to be in peril than birds and mammals (Master, 1990). Despite the level of threat, it will often be particularly difficult to implement conservation measures for fishes because so many people depend on them for livelihoods and food. The prevailing attitude that fishes are food meant, for example, that Australia exempted all marine fishes from monitoring and controls under the Wildlife Protection Act until 1998, relying instead on fisheries legislation.
Social Organization and Effective Population Size in Carnivores
Authors: Creel Scott
Published: November 2023

Real populations rarely match the assumptions of population genetic theory. The concept of effective population size (N  e) was developed to describe how a population can lose genetic variability (through genetic drift) more quickly than would be predicted by population size alone (Wright, 1931, 1938, 1943). Effective population size is defined as the size of an ideal population that would lose genetic variation at the same rate as a given real population (Wright, 1969; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987). In this definition, an ideal population meets five assumptions: (1) population size is constant through time, (2) the number of breeding males and females are equal, (3) individuals’ reproductive success is Poisson distributed, (4) individuals mate at random, and (5) generations do not overlap. Because few real populations meet these assumptions, Ne is usually lower than the censused population size (Nunney and Elam, 1994). Quantitative methods exist to measure the reduction in Ne when each assumption is not met (Wright, 1943,1969; Crow and Kimura, 1970; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987) and these methods are well developed in theory (Wright, 1943,1969; Crow and Kimura, 1970; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987), but they are not often applied to data from the wild. A recent review by Nunney and Elam (1994) includes estimates of Ne for 14 species, with only one carnivore (the grizzly bear Ursus horribilis’. Harris and Allendorf, 1989) and one endangered species (the spotted owl Strix occidentalis).
Behavioral Ecology, Genetic Diversity, and Declining Amphibian Populations
Authors: Waldman Bruce , Tocher Mandy
Published: November 2023

All over the world, populations of frogs and toads have declined precipitously in recent years. Declines have been noted in diverse habitats including areas far removed from known sources of human interference (e.g., Crump et al., 1992). The pattern is puzzling. Populations of certain species are dwindling even as sympatric species are thriving (e.g., Richards et al., 1993; Drost and Fellers, 1996). In some areas virtually all frogs have been wiped out; yet elsewhere few if any species appear to have been affected (Pechmann et al., 1991). The specter of mass extinctions within an entire vertebrate class is ominous not only because amphibians are key components of many ecosystems (Stebbins and Cohen, 1995), but because whatever factors are responsible might also be affecting other vertebrates including ourselves (Colborn and Clement, 1992).
How Do We Refocus Behavioral Ecology to Address Conservation Issues More Directly?
Authors: Caro Tim
Published: November 2023

I began this book by asking whether principles and methods used in behavioral ecology were of conservation significance. How should a new graduate student with an interest in behavioral ecological concepts and conservation biology focus his or her research? The chapters that followed highlighted the ways in which knowledge of the adaptive significance of behavior can change predictions about population persistence and the outcome of management schemes. Only in a few instances, however, did they actually demonstrate that individuals’ adaptive solutions to environmental problems altered the fate of populations or the success of conservation interventions. Now that the models and verbal arguments linking these disciplines have been laid out, the next phase of research must be to show empirically that variation in individual behavior does affect population dynamics and recovery programs. To achieve this, I see five main ways to proceed: streamline the methodology, alter the focus toward questions of greater conservation significance, study factors that affect reproductive parameters, investigate the effects of human activities on animal populations, and examine ways in which humans exploit and relate to biological resources. First, however, I briefly address the main difficulties in linking these disciplines since this acts as a springboard for making behavioral ecological work more relevant in future.
The Flute Book
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

Teachers and flutists at all levels will welcome the return of Nancy Toff’s unique one-stop guide to the flute and its music. Organized into four main parts--The Instrument, Performance, The Music, and Repertoire Catalog--the book begins with a description of the instrument and its making, offers information on choosing and caring for a flute, sketches a history of the flute, and discusses differences between members of the flute family. In the Performance section, readers learn about breathing, tone, vibrato, articulation, technique, style, performing, and recording. In the extensive analysis of flute literature that follows, Toff places individual pieces in historical context. The book ends with a comprehensive catalog of solo and chamber repertoire, and includes appendices with fingering charts as well as lists of current flute manufacturers, repair shops, sources for flute music and books, and flute clubs and related organizations worldwide.
The Flute Family
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

Flutes come in a variety of sizes, each with its own distinctive tone, character, idiosyncracies, and musical potential. Variety in flutes is not a modern development; it has been a fact of musical life for centuries. Although the evolution of the flute family is often traced to the sixteenth century recorder consort, transverse flutes, too, have been described and illustrated in works on organology since the Renaissance. Martin Agricola’s Musica instrumentalis deudsch of 1529, one of the earliest sources on musical instruments, shows four sizes of Schweitzer Pfeiffen, which were descendants of the military fife. Michael Praetorius’s Syntagma Musicum (1619-20) shows three sizes of Querfloten or Querpfeiffen, which were similar keyless instruments.
Breathing
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

Breathing is the foundation of good flute playing, because it is the first step in the generation of tone. When most people think of breathing, they think only of drawing in air; they take the expulsion of breath for granted. That’s probably because respiratory congestion usually is noticeable when one tries to inhale; exhalation is generally not a problem. For wind instrument players, in contrast, breathing is a three-step process: inhalation (inspiration), suspension, and exhalation (expiration), of which the third stage is by far the most important. For it is exhalation that activates the air column in the flute and thereby generates the tone. The ability to control that exhalation with the lungs and abdominal muscles before the airstream ever reaches the embouchure, much less the inside of the flute, is essential. Moreover, breathing is a musical tool, because breath functions as the line of demarcation between phrases.
The Romantic Era
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth century represents a low point in the history of flute music. This fact may seem surprising since the Boehm flute, a technological innovation that was to revolutionize instrumental music, came into being during this period. But the new flute was slow to be accepted, and the difficulties for players of adopting the new fingering system and the competition it provoked among instrument makers had a negative short-term effect on the flute literature. In addition, general developments in music were not conducive to the growth of the solo flute literature, though the romantic movement adopted the flute and the piccolo as valued members of the symphony orchestra. Quite simply, the flute did not, by itself, have the capacity to produce the power and variety of tone that were the vehicles of romantic musical expression. As a member of a large orchestra, however, the flute was an integral component of a varied texture.
Structural Variants and Invariants in Avian Embryonic and Postnatal Development
Authors: Starck J Matthias
Published: November 2023

Differences in the external appearence of bird hatchlings have been widely used to describe and categorize altricial and precocial neonates (see chapter 2). As a basis of these externally visible differences, one would expect different time patterns in the embryonic expression of structures ordifferences in the functional maturity of structures at a given age. Thus, structural differences provide a challenging framework for comparative anatomical investigations into the evolutionary diversification of the altricial precocial spectrum. For example, whether the eyes of a neonate are open or closed may be indicative of diverging patterns of functional development of the eyes or the central nervous system (e.g., diencephalic optic pathway or ectostriatum); the obvious differences in the motor activity of altricial and precocial hatchlings may relate to the development of motor nuclei in the brain, to the development of peripheral nerve fiber pathways, or to the development of muscle tissue. Also, the presence or absence of feathers (ptilopaedic versus gymnopaedic chicks) always attracted the interest of morphologists and was thought to have resulted from heterochrony in the development of epidermal structures (Portmann 1955, 1963). A more functional point of view may relate feather development to the thermogenic capacity of the hatchling and parent-offspring interaction.
Development of Temperature Regulation
Authors: Visser G Henk
Published: November 2023

The distinction between altricial and precocial modes of development depends largely on differences in the sensory and motor capacities of the neonates. Because these capabilities also underlie the generation of heat by birds in response to cold stress, we may presume that the development of homeothermy is closely related to the mode of development of the chick, that is, the maturational state of the hatchling. This relationship has not been examined closely. In particular, it has not been clearly established whether chicks across the broad spectrum of precocial development have similar homeothermic capacities; whether semialtricial chicks with dense down can also generate enough heat to maintain their body temperature; and whether there is a distinct gap between the thermogenic abilities of altricial and precocial species, or whether the capacity of muscle to generate heat varies in direct relation to its state of maturation, indicated, for example, by dry matter content. Accordingly, the goal of this chapter is to relate the various factors that contribute to homeothermy along the altricial-precocial spectrum.
Variation, Constraint, and Phylogeny: Comparative Analysis of Variation in Growth
Authors: Starck J Matthias , Ricklefs Robert E
Published: November 2023

Evolutionary diversification of life-history traits is 1991; Miles and Dunham 1992; Roff 1992; Steams driven by natural selection and limited by internal 1992). They represent not only different levels of constraints. Natural selection is caused by ecologic investigation (Mayr 1982) but also contrasting cal factors that interact with the structures, physic definitions of adaptation and constraint and different ecological performance, and behaviors of the organ- methods of comparative analysis (Clutton-Brock and ism to determine survival and reproductive success. Harvey 1979; Sibly and Calow 1986; Derrickson and Internal constraints limit the evolutionary diversi Ricklefs 1988; Bell 1989; Brooks and McLennan fication of these traits by restricting the evolution- 1991; Harvey and Keymer 1991; Harvey and Pagel ary responses to selective factors. Thus, the evolu 1991; Partridge and Sibly 1991; Arnold 1992; Miles tion of the life-histories of organisms may be con and Dunham 1992; Roff 1992; Stearns 1992; sidered a balance between natural selection and in McKitrick 1993; Leroi et al. 1994). Because ideas temal constraints. about constraints and comparative analysis are so Constraints may occur because developmental diverse, it is important to define terms, issues, and pathways cannot be changed (genetic or epigenetic); phenomena precisely, so that standards can be set because structural and functional relationships, that for the analysis of empirical data and for the inter is, form-function complex (Bock and von Wahlert pretation of evolutionary diversification.
Genetic Aspects of Growth
Authors: Noordwijk Arie J van , Marks Henry L
Published: November 2023

There are two important reasons to study the genetics of growth. First, the generation and maintenance of genetic variation is a necessary condition for evolutionary change. Genetic parameters therefore allow predictions about potential rates of change in response to selection pressures. Second, genetic analysis provides a particular approach to understanding the relationship among the parts of complex systems. The first essential step for dealing with this complexity is to limit the considerations to small deviations from a reference. Thus, rather than trying to build a complete understanding of a complex structure, such as a bird’s body, from the elementary building blocks of DNA codes for particular proteins, one focuses on variations around the chosen reference, such as the mean body size, in a particular population and in a particular environment. Genetic analysis addresses the causes and consequences of deviations from the reference. The procedures of genetic analysis are not only applicable to genetic questions but also offer more possibilities. When differences between groups can be inherited in a simple Mendelian way, groups can be described as deviations from the so called “wild type,” which is the reference. Genetic results do not tell us how peas or eye pigments come about, but they inform us about some properties of a difference between groups.
Causes of Growth Variation and Its Consequences for Fitness
Authors: Gebhardt-Henrich Sabine , Richner Heinz
Published: November 2023

The notion of fitness is central to evolutionary theory because (Darwinian) fitness of an individual or a particular genotype is defined as the contribution of that individual or genotype to the next generation (Falconer 1981). Patterns of avian growth are highly variable within species and populations, and therefore the question arises of what consequences variation in growth had (and still has) on fitness. It is generally assumed that avian growth of various taxonomic groups or populations is adapted to their specific environmental conditions. By this statement, one implies that variation in growth, at least in the past was present (chapter 13), was partly heritable, and affected fitness.
Introduction
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

n the r86os and r87os, the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania drew national attention for their violence. After a series of assaults and killings, deeprooted fears of a secret Irish terrorist organization hardened into certainty. Sixteen men were assassinated, most of them mine officials, and there were numerous beatings and acts of industrial sabotage. The culprits, it was believed, were members of the Molly Maguires, an oath-bound secret society imported from Ireland. Pinkerton detectives were sent into the anthracite district under cover and the hunt for the Molly Maguires culminated in a series of showcase trials. Twenty Irishmen were convicted of a range of heinous crimes and sentenced to be hanged. Their trials and executions were the spectacular climax to a singular episode in American history, one that remains shrouded in ambiguity. Because of the uncertainties built into the subject, the Molly Maguires have been depicted in every imaginable way, from sociopaths and terrorists at one end of the spectrum to innocent victims and proletarian revolutionaries at the other. But ever since the r87os one specific narrative has been dominant: the Molly Maguires as inherently evil Irishmen who terrorized the anthracite region for two decades before being brought to justice by the heroic exploits of James McFarlan, a Pinkerton detective. This interpretation dominated the newspapers, pamphlets, and local histories of the time, as well as the first full-length books devoted to the subject, Allan Pinkerton’s semifictional work, The Molly Maguires and the Detectives, and Francis P Dewees’s ostensibly factual 4 Making Sense of the Molly Maguires history, The Molly Maguires, both of which were based on McParlan’s testimony and published in 1877. The same viewpoint was repeated, in its essentials, by the journalist Cleveland Moffett in 1894; by the historian James Ford Rhodes in 1909; and as literary fiction, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1915.
Enter the Molly Maguires
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The first wave of Molly Maguire activities occurred during the American Civil War. Making sense of this violence requires an understanding of the political crisis of the 1850s and r86os, along with the economic, social, and cultural context in which the violence took place.The Molly Maguires existed on two related but distinct levels: as a shadowy pattern of actual violence and as an ambiguous concept in a system of ideological representation.The disparity between fact and representation was often quite considerable, but it was mediated by the ideology of the contemporary observers on whom historians have relied for their evidence-journalists, politicians, clergymen, mine operators, and military officials. These people had good reasons for saying what they said about the alleged secret society, and their ideology offers one key to interpreting the Molly Maguires.As for the violence itself, the men who were involved in the pattern of activities labeled “Molly Maguireism” left little direct evidence for historians to examine. But their actions begin to make sense when viewed in terms of the emergence and transformation, in industrializing Pennsylvania, of an ethic of retributive justice with its roots in the Irish countryside.
Che “Rise of o Labor Movement
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

with the return of thousands of demobilized soldiers, a continuing influx of immigrants, and the decline of coal prices and wages after the wartime boom, the immediate aftermath of the Civil War was a period of pronounced social instability in the anthracite region. Four assassinations and numerous beatings, assaults, and robberies were attributed to the Molly Maguires between 1865 and 1868. The extent to which these activities were connected to an organized conspiracy can never be known for certain, though most contemporaries had no hesitation in blaming the Molly Maguires for every incident. Like the events in Audenried and Cass Township during the early 1860s, the Molly Maguire activities in the period 1865-68 make sense only in terms of the general pattern of labor activism and social disorder that marked the history of the anthracite region in the turbulent decade of the Civil War. Much of the violence involved the settling of issues carried over from the war years; most of the rest took the form of robberies and beatings, as order and authority came close to a total collapse in Schuylkill County. But the violence subsided after 1868 for two reasons: the introduction of a new police and judicial system, and the rise of a well-organized, industrywide labor union. There were only two assassinations between October 1868 and October 1874, when the second wave of Molly Maguire violence began.
Carracks and Canoes
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

In September 1609, The Half Moon sailed inquisitively up the Hudson, from the Narrows to the site of modern Albany. Again and again along its way the three-masted carrack encountered canoes filled with Algonkian Indians eager for trade. The natives brought tobacco and maize, oysters and beans, beaver and otter skins, which, wrote Robert Juet, the ship’s mate, “wee bought for trifles.” The travel-weary Europeans had trinkets and beads, hatchets and knives, to swap for fresh food and furry treasures. Neither side fully trusted the other, and the crew expected “treacherie” at every turn. Certain that the Indians would betray them if given half a chance, the explorers acted accordingly. “Our Master and his Mate determined to trie some of the chiefe men of the Countrey, whether they had any treacherie in them. So they tooke them downe into the Cabbin, and gave them so much Wine and Aqua vitae, that they were all merrie. . . . In the end one of them was drunke . . . and that was strange to them; for they could not tell how to take it.” So it was, in this autumnal encounter between an eighty-ton carrack and some swift canoes, that two civilizations touched and began to get a taste of each other.
Sects and The State In a Secular Society
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The spiritual life of eighteenth-century New York underwent permutations that reveal a great deal about. social change in an ever more secularized society. The causes and consequences of those changes are to be found in the interaction among sectarianism, the state, and the inevitability of accommodation in an unusually heterogeneous province. Regardless of which . denomination is examined, the story is roughly the same: slow growth, insufficient clergy, inadequate funds, conflicts with the governor and Assembly, theological conservatism, internal schism over. pietism, fluidity across congregational lines, and, ultimately, the emergence of toleration and a kind of ecumenical “civil religion.” These themes recur among problems of church and state, attempts to spread the gospel through missionary work, controversies pitting formalists against evangelicals, and tendencies toward “americanization” among the Dutch Reformed, French Protestant, Jewish, and Lutheran denominations.
“Liberty and Property”: From Resistance To Independence
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

The advent of the American Revolution in New York seems paradoxical in so many ways that it almost defies explanation. If New York’s stentorian voice raised the loudest protests against British policies in 1764, it was also the very last colony to voice approval of independence in 1776. If the colony appeared aggressively radical during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765–66, it also seemed nervously reluctant during the Anglo-American breach of 1775–76. Although public affairs during the decade 1765–75 were severely complicated by class conflict, nevertheless it was class collaboration after 1776 that helped put an end to British colonialism in New York.

When the phrase “cock-pit of the Revolution” is invoked, we tend to think of Massachusetts Bay and Sam Adams, or Virginia and Patrick Henry, or possibly Philadelphia because the Continental Congress convened there. New York, meanwhile, has had the reputation of being a haven for Loyalists, or of having too many trimmers, at the least. It is certainly true that New York’s Assembly did not lead the province-into Revolution.
Causation and Persistence
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

Ehring shows the inadequacy of received theories of causation, and, introducing conceptual devices of his own, provides a wholly new account of causation as the persistence over time of individual properties, or “tropes.”
The Significance of Preemption
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

The general import of chapter 1 is that certain kinds of noncausal information about an array of events over time do not guarantee that we can trace the correct causal paths through this array. Some forms of guidance definitely are insufficient. Information about type-type relations in the form of laws of nature alone, for example, may produce fairly crazy pairings. Information restricted to probabilistic and counterfactual relations also is insufficient. In short, generalist and quasi-generalist theories have difficulties sorting out causal relations in preemptive settings. These shortcomings naturally give rise to an interest in the singularist component of causation. The superior performance of naive transference theory on this tracing task further highlights that interest.
Causal Asymmetry
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

I have concluded that the singularist component of causation is a matter of trope persistence. What remains to be determined is what gives causation its asymmetrical character. The account of causation in chapter 5 contains a place-holder, “causal priority,” which should be replaced with a substantial analysis. The goal of this final chapter is to make that substitution.