Replacement therapy with levothyroxine plus triiodothyronine (bioavailable molar ratio 14 : 1) is not superior to thyroxine alone to improve well‐being and cognitive performance in hypothyroidism
Authors: Siegmund W. , Spieker K. , Weike A. I. , Giessmann T. , Modess C. , Dabers T. , Kirsch G. , Sänger E. , Engel G. , Hamm A. O. , Nauck M. , Meng W. 
Published: May 2004

objectives  There is evidence from recent controlled clinical studies that replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with T4 in combination with a small amount of T3 may improve the well‐being of the patients. As the issue is still the subject of controversial discussion, our study was assigned to confirm the superiority of a physiological combination of thyroid hormones (absorbed molar ratio 14 : 1) over T4 alone with regard to mood states and cognitive functioning.

design and patients  After a run‐in period with the T4 study medication for 4 weeks, a controlled, randomized, double‐blind, two‐period (each 12 weeks), cross‐over study without washout between the treatment periods was performed in 23 hypothyroid patients (three males, 20 females, age 23–69 years, 21 subjects after surgery/radioiodine, two with autoimmune thyroiditis) to compare the effects of the previous individual T4 dose (100–175 µg) with a treatment in which 5% of the respective T4 dose was substituted by T3.

measurements  Standard hormonal characteristics and standardized psychological tests to quantify mood and cognitive performance were measured after the run‐in period and at the end of each treatment period. In 12 subjects, the concentration–time profiles of fT3 and fT4 were compared after the last administration of the respective study medication. TSH, fT3 and fT4 were measured with immunological assays.

clinical results  Replacement therapy with T4 and T4/T3 was not different in all steady‐state hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular characteristics except for TSH, which was more suppressed after T4/T3. The efficacy of replacement therapy with the T4/T3 combination was not different from the T4 monotherapy with regard to all psychological test scores describing mood and cognitive functioning of the patients. Mood was even significantly impaired by the T4/T3 combination in eight subjects, with TSH < 0·02 mU/l, compared to patients with normal TSH (Beck Depression Inventory: 8·25 ± 5·01 vs. 4·07 ± 5·60, P = 0·026).

pharmacokinetic results  The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0−8h) of fT3 was significantly higher after T4/T3 compared to the T4 monotherapy (42·8 ± 9·03 pmol × h/l vs. 36·3 ± 8·50 pmol × h/l, P < 0·05) and was significantly correlated to serum TSH (rs = −0·609, P < 0·05). After T4/T3, patients with a history of Graves’ disease or autoimmune thyroiditis had significantly higher serum trough levels of fT3 whereas the fT4 concentrations were significantly lower in patients with a nonautoimmune background.

conclusion  Replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with T4 plus T3 does not improve mood and cognitive performance compared to the standard T4 monotherapy. There is even a higher risk of signs of subclinical hyperthyroidism associated with impaired well‐being of the patients, which is clearly caused by significant fluctuations in the steady‐state fT3 serum concentrations.