bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autistic children and control children use similar strategies when answering false belief questions
Authors: Mäkinen Leena , Dindar Katja , Gabbatore Ilaria , Kotila Aija , Frick Maria , Ebeling Hanna , Loukusa Soile
Published: February 2024

Difficulties in false belief reasoning are associated with autism spectrum. False belief tasks tend to be easy to administer and code, and thus are often used for testing purposes. However, the amount of information that can be gleaned from this type of assessment task goes beyond correct/wrong score attribution. Instead, fine-grained information may be derive from a detailed qualitative analysis of the content of the answers, as well as the strategies used to produce them. Moreover, the testing situation contains other interesting aspects, such as a child’s orientation to the task. Therefore, we examined both qualitatively and quantitatively the various ways children (15 autistic and 15 control children; mean age 7;5 years) responded to a false belief question. The false belief question was more difficult for the autistic than for the control children, but there was no statistically significant difference among the answering strategies between the groups. The answering strategies were mostly similar between the groups. Autistic children preferred to use nouns or locative pro-adverbs while answering, whereas control children used more versatile ways of answering, even though the length of the answers did not differ between the groups. When considering the orientation to the ongoing task, the autistic children had longer reaction times than the control children did. Some autistic children needed the researcher’s support to focus on the task, but in general, expressions of uncertainty or commenting during the task were not frequent among the children. The results of this study can be utilized in deepening our understanding of the abilities of autistic individuals and to develop sensitive ways to assess and support autistic children.
Resonance theory of vibrational polariton chemistry at the normal incidence
Authors: Ying Wenxiang , Taylor Michael A. D. , Huo Pengfei
Published: February 2024

We present a theory that explains the resonance effect of the vibrational strong coupling (VSC) modified reaction rate constant at the normal incidence of a Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity. This analytic theory is based on a mechanistic hypothesis that cavity modes promote the transition from the ground state to the vibrational excited state of the reactant, which is the rate-limiting step of the reaction. This mechanism for a single molecule coupled to a single-mode cavity has been confirmed by numerically exact simulations in our recent work in [J. Chem. Phys. 159, 084104 (2023)]. Using Fermi’s golden rule (FGR), we formulate this rate constant for many molecules coupled to many cavity modes inside a FP microcavity. The theory provides a possible explanation for the resonance condition of the observed VSC effect and a plausible explanation of why only at the normal incident angle there is the resonance effect, whereas, for an oblique incidence, there is no apparent VSC effect for the rate constant even though both cases generate Rabi splitting and forming polariton states. On the other hand, the current theory cannot explain the collective effect when a large number of molecules are collectively coupled to the cavity, and future work is required to build a complete microscopic theory to explain all observed phenomena in VSC.
Topological phase transition and surface states in a non-Abelian charged nodal line photonic crystal
Authors: Park Haedong , Jones Alexander , Kim Minkyung , Oh Sang Soon
Published: February 2024

Topological charges of nodal lines in a multigap system are represented by non-Abelian numbers, and the Euler class, a topological invariant, can be used to explain their topological phase transitions, such as pair-annihilation of nodal lines. Up until now, no discussion of phase transitions of nodal lines in photonic crystals using the Euler class has been reported, despite the fact that the Euler class and topological phase transition have recently been addressed in metallic or acoustic crystals. Here, we show how the deformation of a photonic crystal causes topological phase transitions in the nodal lines, and the Euler class can be used to theoretically predict the nodal lines’ stability based on the non-Abelian topological charge theory. Specifically, by manipulating the separation between the two single diamond structures and the extent of structural distortion, we numerically demonstrate the topological transition of nodal lines, e.g., from nodal lines to nodal rings. We then demonstrate that the range of surface states is strongly influenced by the topological phase transition of nodal lines. Moreover, the Zak phase was used to explain the surface states’ existence.
Enhanced heat transfer and fluid motion in 3D nanofluid with anisotropic slip and magnetic field
Authors: Li Shuguang , Tarakaramu Nainaru , Khan Muhammad Ijaz , Sivakumar Narsu , Satya Narayana Panyam Venkata , Abdullaev Sherzod , Tamam Nissren , Eldin Sayed M.
Published: February 2024

A mathematical model is envisaged that discusses the motion of 3D nanofluids (NFs) with anisotropic slip influence magnetic field past a stretching sheet. The heat transportation phenomenon is analysed by melting effect, heat generation, and chemical reaction. The main motivation of this study is to analyse the behaviour of liquid motion and heat transfer (HT) of NFs because this study has huge applications in boiling, solar energy, and micropower generation, which are used in the engineering process. The physical governing partial differential equation is transformed into a coupled non-linear system of ordinary differential equations using suitable appropriate transformations. The translated equations are calculated using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method via shooting procedure. The physical characteristics of various parameters on velocities, concentration, and thermal fields are explored in detail. The HT is high in NFs when compared to pure or regular liquids for ascending values of heat source parameter and slip factor. Also, the skin friction coefficients via coordinate axes and rate of Nusselt number were analysed.
Lactobacillus: A Probiotic Modulator of Gastrointestinal Motility
Authors: Wu Richard You.
Published: February 2024

Richard is a third year student in the Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours) Program and a recipient of the Bachelor of Health Sciences Summer Research Scholarship. He spent his past summer researching the physiological e!ects that Lactobacillus reuteri evoke on murine gastrointestinal motility. The central focus of his research is to characterize these e!ects to better understand the communication between bene"cial gut microorganisms and the host nervous system.
University Campus Peer Support Centres: Benefits for Student Emotional and Mental Well-Being
Authors: Brar Ikdip Kaur. , Ryu Jae Eun , Shaikh Kamran , Altman Ashlie , Ng Jeremy
Published: February 2024

Within undergraduate student populations, there has been a rise in the incidence of mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. These problems have been shown to negatively impact emotional wellbeing and academic success.1 Many elements of the undergraduate experience, including stressful transitions from high school to first year, contribute to mental health problems amongst this student body. Peer support is a relatively recent resource for universities to address growing mental health concerns on campus. Peer support, which involves trained students who voluntarily provide emotional support to peers, offers a unique function to student mental health. It can be useful throughout a student’s undergraduate career and is also beneficial to those who provide the support. While it may not replace professional mental health services, it may be a significant addition to the existing student wellness support systems on university campuses today.
Ciliary (Dys)function in Human Disease: Mapping the Ciliogenesis Pathway
Authors: Ahmadzai Mustafa
Published: February 2024

The centrosome coordinates formation of the microtubule network, a key component of the mammalian cytoskeleton. Aside from its supporting role in separating genetic material during cell division, the centrosome facilitates the formation of cilia (ciliogenesis) in non-dividing and differentiated cells. Cilia may be motile or non-motile, participating in a range of physiological activities including mucociliary transport, hearing, vision and kidney filtration processes. Ciliopathies occur when cells fail to undergo ciliogenesis or when cilia are improperly formed, affecting all of these functions to varying degrees. While there is increasing emphasis on the genetic factors contributing to these ciliopathies, many proteins involved in the cilia formation program remain elusive. The use of gene knockdown and functional assays are indispensable tools in determining how various proteins contribute to the onset of ciliopathies, ultimately laying the foundation for the development of future gene- and drug-therapy options.
Assessing the Effects of High Sugar and Protein Diets on Reproduction and Longevity in Crickets
Authors: Amjad Sohaib , Rollo David C..
Published: February 2024

Studies on longevity are becoming increasingly important due to the aging population. The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, is an effective model for longevity studies due to its short lifespan of 120 days. This study explored the effects of diet on reproduction and longevity in A. domesticus. There were four treatment groups: 1) control diet with reproduction, 2) control diet with reproductive isolation, 3) high protein diet with reproduction, and 4) high sugar diet with reproduction. We began monitoring the crickets following maturity to allow for reproductive analysis. Death counts were conducted daily, followed by replenishment of food and water supplies. Egg counts and weight measurements were conducted weekly. Results showed that crickets on the high sugar diet had significantly longer lifespan than other treatments. The lowest lifespan was seen in crickets on the high protein diet. Conversely, the highest reproductive output was seen in the high protein diet and the lowest was in the high sugar diet. The reproductively isolated control group had a significantly greater longevity than the reproductive control group. Taken together, the research shows an inverse relationship between reproduction and longevity as modulated by dietary consumption of proteins and carbohydrates.
Dr. Patangi Rangachari: Finding the Right Mental Country
Authors: Amjad Humna , Chopra Shelly , Ostrovski Ilia
Published: February 2024

The Meducator recently sat down with Dr. Patangi Rangachari, Professor (Emeritus) of Medicine at McMaster University and 3M National Teaching Fellow, to discuss his experiences as a professor and his perspective on health professional education. From his policy of “drift” to the notion of a “pluripotent student”, Dr. Rangachari emphasized that students should be in no rush to make their career choice. He shared his insight into the purpose of learning and described the potentially detrimental effects of not choosing the right “mental country”.
Human Enteric Glial Cells Alleviate Damaged Adult Sensory Neurons in Rats
Authors: Shah Dhara , Jiang Cai , Reddy Kiran , Su Caixin , Jiang Shucui
Published: February 2024

Spinal cord injury affects millions across the globe. Little is known regarding the cellular mechanism of injury and, unfortunately, there are few viable treatment options. One potential option is the transplantation of peripheral nerves into the site of injury. The complicating factor is that the peripheral nervous system is not readily accessible, and thus the procedure introduces the risk of disrupting the function of other areas. However, this risk is minimized if the nerves are extracted from the enteric system, which is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. This system bears similarities to the central nervous system, has remarkable plasticity, and releases growth factors that not only facilitate regeneration of neurons but also protect the enteric nervous system from damage. Previous research shows that rat enteric glial cells induce regeneration in rodent neurons in vivo with a crushed spinal cord, and in vitro to dorsal root ganglia treated with semaphorin-3A to mimic spinal cord injury. We examined whether human enteric glia demonstrate similar effects in vitro on rodent dorsal root ganglia. Our experiments to date show that this treatment is viable, emphasizing its use in clinical trials. The success of this technique is largely due to the fact that the donor cells originate from the host, which minimizes the chance of rejection.
Lupus Nephritis PathoProfile
Authors: Cheung Annie , Deng Arlinda , Zhu Annie
Published: February 2024

Lupus nephritis (LN) is the inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is an autoimmune disease involving neutrophils. Neutrophils are a class of circulating immune cells that can immobilize and kill invading microbes by generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In usual circumstances, NETs are removed from the body in order to maintain tissue homeostasis and avoid autoimmunity. However, it has been implicated that there is an impairment of NET degradation in LN, resulting in the initiation of an auto-inflammatory response that involves the production of autoantibodies against neutrophil DNA and proteins. LN is characterized by renal inflammation, progressive renal dysfunction, and often mortality.
The Mental Handicap of a Hostile Environment
Authors: Roche Hannah P.
Published: February 2024

As the Western world continues to progress to new heights of development, the emphasis on the care and rehabilitation of children living with physical and mental disabilities becomes more focused. In schools across the developed world, clubs and societies are formed to promote the incorporation of students with disabilities into our friend groups and ultimately our lives as well. The vast majority of education and social institutes have a zero tolerance policy concerning discrimination against children with mental and physical challenges. Hundreds of charities, companies, and organizations raise funds and awareness in support of this cause. We have an unmistakably beautiful word for these children in our society: special. And that is truly what they are. However, this is not the case for the vast majority of the world’s population. In cultures where ‘different’ is commonly associated with ‘unwanted’, children with mental and physical disabilities are abandoned, neglected, and tossed aside. In Equatorial Guinea, over 77% of the population live in extreme poverty, barely managing to take care of themselves day to day. As a result, children with special needs are disregarded as an extra burden to their families and to their society. How is it that something that comes to define the word special in certain places can be the same thing that makes children undesirable in others? Perhaps the answer lies in the environmental, social and economical factors in which the child is found.
Pathoprofile: Melanoma
Authors: Deng Arlinda , Falzone Nicole
Published: February 2024

Pathoprofile: Melanoma
Opioid Misuse and the Undertreatment of Pain: Striking a Balance
Authors: Goshua Anna
Published: February 2024

In June of this year, Health Canada put forth its proposal torender high-risk drugs tamper-resistant.1 This would entailchemical modifications designed to increase resistance tocrushing, chewing, cutting, and dissolution of the tablets.The primary targets of this policy were prescription opioidmedications used to manage acute and chronic pain. Recentstudies have demonstrated an alarming prevalence of themisuse of these drugs. In Ontario alone, opioid medicationabuse is responsible for the death of 1 in 170 people each year.2An additional 1 in 8 deaths in individuals aged 25-34 can beattributed to the same cause.2 Although some acknowledgethis tentative step taken by the federal government to addressthe rapidly escalating drug crisis as promising, many feel thatthis action is insufficient. Moreover, while more can be done toaddress the issue at hand, it is essential to avoid the stigmatizationof administering narcotics. Otherwise, patients who truly needthese drugs would be deprived of a satisfactory quality of life.
Big Brain Imaging: A Quest to Map the Most Complex Organ - The Human Brain
Authors: Zhang Tony
Published: February 2024

In the past several decades, brain-mapping has emergedas a revolutionary process to further understand therelationship between neural structure and function.1 Withincreased computing power, computer-mapping in threedimensionalstandard brain atlases can now be producedat nearly cellular resolution. The recent commencement ofone of the world’s largest scientific projects to date, theHuman Brain Project (HBP), aims to synthesize massivedata generated by research institutions across Europe.Forschungszentrum Jülich (Research Centre Juelich), amember of the HBP, currently has the highest resolution3D brain atlas in the world, the BigBrain, at 20-micrometerresolution.2 The author outlines the significance ofobserver-independent mapping and the different visualand objective techniques used to map the primary motorcortex.
Introduction
Authors: Leung Ronald , Zhang Grace
Published: February 2024

EIC Letter to Readers
Medbulletin
Authors: Aditya Ishan , Ding Avrilynn , Ding Maylynn , Sorouri Kimia
Published: February 2024

Medbulletins - Issue 27
MedBulletins
Authors: Meducator The
Published: February 2024

MedBulletins
Editor-in-Chief Letter
Authors: Meducator The
Published: February 2024

Issue 29 EIC Letter
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bobrowski David , Hu David
Published: February 2024

Genetic testing for breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) mutations in clinical oncology is becoming more widely employed around the world. Testing allows clinicians to determine if unaffected highrisk women carry a BRCA mutation, and if preventive care in the form of prophylactic procedures and/or increased surveillance is advisable. As well, identifying carrier status can aid physicians in tailoring the best treatment for affected women with breast or ovarian cancer. However, studies have shown that the uptake of preventive strategies, particularly risk-reducing surgeries, among unaffected women found to carry a BRCA mutation is influenced by a number of factors. These include cost of genetic testing, cancer-related distress, patient consultation, perceived benefits and risks of invasive surgery, and level of education. To alleviate these emotional and cognitive barriers, clinicians should ensure women carrying a BRCA mutation are well-informed about available treatments and potentially fatal outcomes associated with breast and ovarian cancer.
Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Asthma
Authors: Mubasher Mobeen
Published: February 2024

T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cell leukocytes that play a key role in modulating the immune system, maintaining tolerance to self-antigens and suppressing excessive immune responses that go on to harm the host.Much like T helper (Th) cells, Tregs belong to a broader class of CD4+ T cells that develop from pluripotent hematopoietic stems cells in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus.Within the context of allergic asthma, Tregs are central to the process of pulmonary regulation by continuously combatting both immunogenic and harmless antigens. By releasing cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-ß, Tregs modulate the inflammatory Th2-type immune response which, when dysregulated can drive asthma development as well as the hallmark asthmatic signs- airway hyperresponsiveness,bronchoconstriction, and gland hyperplasia/hypersecretion. This review will explore the function of Tregs as well as their modulatory role within allergic asthma.
Cover
Authors: Chen Tony
Published: February 2024

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Medpulse
Authors: Chen Kevin , Godkhindi Parnika
Published: February 2024

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Shining a Light on the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Amir Takhliq , Yu James
Published: February 2024

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A Pastime in Peril?
Authors: Yu James , Amir Takhliq
Published: February 2024

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Yingfu Li: A Forerunner in DNA Diagnostics
Authors: Dong Angela , Yu Sheila
Published: February 2024

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Dispelling Potential Fears Associated with Stem Cell Donation
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Alexander E. , Baribeau Owen , Guo Yujia (Julia) , Lee Anna , Luo Owen Dan
Published: February 2024

An increasing number of patients require life-saving stem cell transplants, often from unrelated donors. In order to facilitate this process, bone marrow and stem cell registries have been established to genetically catalog potential donors and can be used to find matches for patients in need. Given the wide genetic variability in populations and significant ethnic disparities in donor registries worldwide, there are substantial gaps in the availability of compatible unrelated stem cell donors. Limited understanding of the procedures involved in stem cell donation, along with potential misconceptions of associated risks, may discourage prospective donors. Many people are unaware that there are two established methods for stem cell donation from adult donors, either through bone marrow harvest or—more commonly— through peripheral blood stem cell harvest. This evidence-based commentary explores these two procedures, deconstructs misconstrued fears associated with stem cell donation, and subsequently encourages readers to consider registering as stem cell donors.
2018 International Women and Children's Health Conference
Authors: Meducator The , Tan Christie , Lim Jacqueline , Foster Warren G , Peters Sarah , Gulati Aastha , Yang Hunster , Rana Ramzan , Wylie Lloy
Published: February 2024

Selected 2018 IWCH Abstracts.
The Medicalization of Childbirth: A necessary system for safety or a lack of evidence-based practice?
Authors: Meducator The , Filbey Lauren , Chen Michelle
Published: February 2024

There has been an alarming trend in Canadian hospitals to over-medicalize the process of childbirth. The attribution of pathology tochildbearing has led to an increased use of medical interventions that elevates healthcare costs and postoperative risk without improvingthe birthing experience for mothers and newborns. Nurses occupy an optimal position for addressing this problem because of the significantduration of contact they have with patients and their professional competency in non-pharmacological approaches. This is reflected in thepositive outcomes linked to the use of continual labour support, an intervention largely performed by nurses and midwives.
Uterine Transplants
Authors: Sun Jeffrey , Zeng Aisling
Published: February 2024

There is an inevitable point where ethics meets medicine and the question of why becomes subject to debate. In 2019, the Cleveland Clinic became the first North American institution to successfully deliver offspring from a uterine transplant (UTx) and —while this suggests infinite implications for infertile and transgender women— the associated medical, emotional, and financial risks challenge the reasons for why it should be operationalized in hospitals. Reasons for undergoing UTx are two-fold: (1) having the ability to carry offspring and (2) furthering the anatomical transition process in male-to-female gender affirmation procedures. Emerging literature argues that there should be “an individual right of people to exercise control and shape their role in reproduction” and sexuality, while others say that the dire aftereffects leave the patient in a better state before UTx. In this piece, we dissect the benefits and disadvantages of having UTx and recommend whether or not it should be practiced. We argue that surgeons should be more conservative in their practices and defer their use of UTx procedures until further research is done to diminish procedural risks.
Healthcare Disparities
Authors: Sun Jeffrey
Published: February 2024

While it holds true that visible minorities often benefit less than average from healthcare systems in North America, there is yet to be consensus on the extent to which racism and other institutionalized issues play a role in leaving them at a serious disadvantage. A 2018 study by Dr. Elizabeth Howell reports that African American women face severe maternal morbidity at rates two-fold that of non-Hispanic white women, which in light of the Black Lives Matter movement, brings to question the integrity of the maternal care system and the professionals who work within it.
Many health problems faced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) have not only been a result of racial prejudice, but also disparities beyond the control of individual healthcare providers. In his anthology of essays, Disease, Life, and Man, Rudolf Virchow underscores the origins of disease as rather originating from structural flaws in health states dictated by the democratic polity. Although racism contributes greatly to healthcare inequality, significant disparities also stem from socioeconomic barriers that impede minority access to healthcare. The purpose of this article is to examine the institutional disparities influencing health accessibility for BIPOC women, and analyze its effects on the maternal health of racial minorities with an emphasis on Hamilton, Ontario.
MedBulletin
Authors: Zeng Aisling , Dhillon Dalraj
Published: February 2024

Summaries of current news in prolonging life (nutritional compounds to increase longevity), the human code (analyzing ancient DNA using novel techniques), myocarditis (concerns following COVID-19 vaccination), and human touch (intricate molecular pathways underlying human senses).
Nanoparticles
Authors: Ahn Matthew , Bansal Suraj
Published: February 2024

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory condition characterized by severe arterial obstruction by the deposits of fatty plaques along the arterial walls. Pro-inflammatory macrophages contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques that underlie severe cardiovascular complications like myocardial infarction, making them an attractive diagnostic target. Given their high degree of selectivity, non-invasivity, and bioavailability, nanoparticles like N1177 and AuNP have recently entered the diagnostic landscape of atherosclerosis to improve tissue resolution in conventional imaging modalities like CT scans. Nevertheless, this approach has potential limitations of cytotoxicity and carcinogenic risks. Atherosclerosis accounts for one of the leading causes for morbidities worldwide which indicates an inherent need for equitable, accessible, and proactive diagnostic procedures. The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate macrophage-targeted nanotechnologies for in vivo diagnosis of atherosclerosis and their clinical potential. This literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA-S checklist through Ovid MEDLINE and Google Scholar
The Effect of Autophagic Gene Inhibition on Exosomal Tau
Authors: Yu Philip
Published: February 2024

Philip Yu is an undergraduate student researcher passionate about translational research in various fields. The following is an independent experimental study on genetic control of the cellular processes that regulate protein expression and transport in neurodegeneration. The study was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Derrick Gibbings in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of Ottawa. Throughout the study, Philip conducted all experiments involved, in addition to collecting and processing the generated data.
The misfolding of the protein tau contributes to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Misfolded tau is thought to propagate through a homeostatic degradation process known as autophagy, resulting in the export of cellular materials to the extracellular space via extracellular vesicles, called exosomes. By inhibiting the ATG7 and p62 genes necessary for autophagy to occur, the effects on the amount of exosomal and intracellular tau can be observed. Following the analysis of western blot and protein assay data, it was determined that the inhibition of the ATG7 and p62 genes results in a 70% and 60% reduction in the concentration of tau found in exosomes, respectively. These results suggest potential therapeutic applications of autophagic gene inhibition for the treatment of AD.
Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Chen Jacqueline , Dhillon Dalraj
Published: February 2024

Bipolar disorder (BD), previously known as “manic depressive illness,” is a recurrent chronic disorder characterised by mood and energy-state fluctuations. People who have BD comprise more than 1% of the world’s population from all nationalities, ethnic origins, and socioeconomic statuses. There are four different types of bipolar-related disorders: bipolar disorder I, bipolar disorder II, cyclothymic disorder, and unspecified BD, which are classified by different patterns of manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes. Where manic and hypomanic episodes are both states of increased activity, energy, or agitation, hypomanic episodes only last around four consecutive days and are less severe compared to manic episodes, which last around one week. Depressive episodes are characterised by feelings of despair and a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities. Like many other psychological disorders, BD is often difficult to diagnose accurately in clinical practice due to large variations in individual symptoms, symptom overlap, or lack of approved biomarkers. Additionally, because many patients with BD only seek treatment for depressive episodes, many BD patients are initially misdiagnosed. Two studies conducted in 1999 and 2000 found that nearly 40% of patients with BD are initially diagnosed with unipolar depression. Previous diagnosis criteria for the types of BD were also overly restrictive. For example, according to the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) criteria, bipolar disorder II requires an episode of mania or hypomania lasting four days, even though many experts believe that the average duration of the hypomanic state ranges between one to three days. Moreover, it is often difficult to elicit a past history of hypomanic episodes from patients because of its milder presentation. For many patients, the increased energy and activity experienced during hypomanic episodes may not even be considered negative, and thus will go unreported. Currently, the DSM-5 contains the most widely acknowledged diagnostic classifications for bipolar disorder.
Sharing Science Made Simple: Exploring the Quality and Readability of Published Lay Summaries
Authors: Sudharshan Anjana , Khameraj Breanna , Budincevic David , Halabian Negar
Published: February 2024

Lay summaries exist to bridge the gap that separates the scientific community from the general public. To foster improved science communication, this study examined the overall quality and readability of published lay summaries across peer-reviewed journals. We obtained 200 lay summaries published in four science journals: eLife, PLOS Medicine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS), and the Journal of Hepatology. Over 900 students across three semesters participated as raters of each summary using a rubric developed to assess the overall quality, accuracy, and accessibility of lay summaries across these journals. The Flesch Reading Ease formula was used to determine the readability of the highest and lowest scoring summaries from each journal. eLife and the Journal of Hepatology had the highest and lowest mean scores for overall quality of 15.6 and 11.7 out of 20, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in accuracy and accessibility found across all journals (p<0.0001). eLife had the highest scoring lay summary for readability. The differences in and lack of consistent scoring across journals with the rubric indicate that deficits exist in the overall quality and readability of published lay summaries. These findings may support the development of guidelines that incorporate elements of the rubric used to write effective lay summaries.
Constructivism & Epistemic Community: Theoretical Tools for Understanding the Crafting of Foreign Policy toward Non-State Actors
Authors: Bukhari Kamran
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this paper is to forge a theoretical framework, which can enable the study of how states construct foreign policy towards non-state actors, which are both ideological as well as transnational in character. It tries to examine the role of an ‘epistemic community’ (Haas, Peter, 1989, 138) composed of academic scholars, journalists affiliated with both the print as well as the electronic media corporations, and policy analysts associated with think tanks, research centers and policy institutes, in the shaping of this policy. While this paper is not a case study, it formulates the theory by applying it to a contemporary scenario. In this regard, it makes reference to how the United States has shaped its possible policy toward the phenomenon of Islamism, which manifests itself in the shape of multiple ideological and transnational non-state actors. These are the sundry moderate, radical, and militant Islamist groups seeking to create Islamic states all across the Muslim world and beyond.
Animated Photography: "Breathing Car"
Authors: Prouse Jody
Published: February 2024

This piece is a reflection on Vedantic Reality; reflecting the version of reality we seem to create in our heads. Norbert Weiner (of cybernetics fame) describes the 'have life' quality that people impose on machines. We tend to attribute personalities and characteristics onto things that do not, (according to common sense reality) have them. We even name them, when there is no purpose for a name. Breathing car attemtps to give life to an inanimate object. In other words, the 'have life' quality is projected onto the object. This is meant to exemplify how we fetishize our commodities, often attributing personalities to them to replace the aloneness we feel when we isolate ourselves with them. This piece was a photograph and was animated in Flash.
Case Report: Peri-operative management of ACTH-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and major vessel reconstruction
Authors: Liu April , Nair Sabarinath , Nair Saeda
Published: February 2024

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumors are extremely rare.  They present a significant peri-operative management challenge because of the tumor’s extensive vascular involvement as well as excess hormone production resulting in electrolyte and metabolic disturbances.
 
A 49-year-old male presented for resection of his ACTH-secreting pancreatic-neuroendocrine-tumor involving the pancreatic head and many major vessels. Pre-operative assessments showed increased serum cortisol, low serum ACTH, negative 24-hour urine 5-hydroxyindoleacetic-acid, and no suppression with 1mg dexamethasone. Pre-operatively, he had ectopic Cushing’s syndrome, type two diabetes mellitus, hypokalemia and thrombocytopenia for which he was treated with insulin, intravenous potassium, and platelets. He was given octreotide at the beginning of surgery. The 10-hour procedure involved both general and vascular surgery. There was eight liters of blood loss and the patient required significant transfusions. At the end of surgery, he remained ventilated due to the duration of surgery and amount of blood loss. Post-operatively, he did well, but he developed adrenal insufficiency secondary to removal of his ACTH-secreting tumor and was discharged home on hydrocortisone.
 
This case highlights the role of anesthesiologists as the peri-operative physician in maintaining homeostasis in these complex patients. It also shows the importance of pre-operative tumor characterization, carcinoid crisis prophylaxis, and a multi-disciplinary approach to the management of these rare tumors.
rare presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with anti-Yo antibodies: Case report
Authors: Liu Eva , Patel Janhavi , Mattia Alicia , Chung Han-Oh
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a non-metastatic complication of malignant disease characterized by subacute neuropsychiatric symptoms and short-term memory deficits.
Case: We present an atypical case of a 38-year-old, previously healthy female with recurrent seizures, severe persistent short-term memory loss, and emotional lability. The patient was diagnosed with autoimmune limbic encephalitis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging findings and positive anti-Yo antibodies. She screened negative for occult malignancies. The patient responded to daily prednisone and intravenous immunoglobulins and her cognitive deficits were resolved.
Conclusion: This is an unusual case of autoimmune encephalitis as anti-Yo antibodies are typically associated with cerebellar dysfunction. Our patient’s case adds to the one other published case showing induction of limbic encephalitis due to anti-Yo antibodies, and prompts consideration of paraneoplastic anti-Yo limbic encephalitis as a rare cause of symptoms in patients with limbic encephalitis-like symptoms and no known etiology.
French historical and contemporary archaeology: a critical assessment
Authors: Michaut Elias
Published: February 2024

Modern and contemporary archaeology, the French equivalent of historical archaeology, emerged in the 1970s. Subsequent attempts at theorising this sub-discipline have been hindered by a lack of broad professional recognition and funding. While the archaeology of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries is now more widely recognised in France, studies of the post-nineteenth-century period remain limited to a few specific contexts. Here, the author offers an overview for the Anglophone readers of modern and contemporary archaeology in France and argues that greater theorisation, cross-fertilisation with other archaeological traditions and a diversification of the range of themes considered might enhance recognition of this sub-discipline within and beyond France.
Mulheres indígenas e afrodescendentes e a produção de cerâmica paulista nas fotografias de Herta Löell Scheuer, Plácido de Campos Júnior & Mayy Koffler
Authors: Sallum Marianne , Silva Noelli Francisco , Koffler May
Published: February 2024

Ensaio visual sobre aspectos da produção cerâmica de comunidades de mulheres de São Paulo, Brasil.
Una arqueología negra para la visibilización de la historia afrodescendente en Guayaquil
Authors: Delgado Vernaza Génesis Isabel
Published: February 2024

Este artículo resalta el extenso recorrido de explotación y resistencia experimentada por africanos y afrodescendientes en Guayaquil, Ecuador. Adopta una perspectiva de la arqueología antropológica que desafía las narrativas oficiales de la ciudad portuaria. La investigación destaca cómo la arqueología ha dejado de lado el estudio de la población negra, contribuyendo a la repetición de las narrativas hegemónicas y perpetuando la violencia epistémica. Se centra en la memoria de los espacios ocupados a lo largo del tiempo por la población negra, utilizando un estudio espacial para comprender el contexto histórico y analizar la diversidad de sus manifestaciones. El artículo concluye con un análisis de los niveles de resistencia, tanto a nivel individual como colectivo, ampliando y fortaleciendo la memoria afro en relación con su territorio desde la perspectiva de la arqueología negra.
Cabocos, coisas arqueológicas e amefricanidades em São Braz do Piau
Authors: Mageste Leandro , Sousa Macêdo Géssika , De Miranda Amaral Alencar
Published: February 2024

Neste artigo, buscamos analisar os contextos históricos, etno-históricos e arqueológicos de São Braz do Piauí, reconhecendo o protagonismo afropindorâmico perceptível nas tentativas de re sistências e indícios de sobrevivência e ação em meio ao contexto de violência da colonização, bem como nas estratégias de acordos e conflitos com a estrutura que se tornou dominante nas terras brasileiras. Por meio de uma arqueologia do presente, destacamos memórias dos cabocos que emergem no rastro das coisas arqueológicas e ressoam nas narrativas, no cotidiano, nas cantigas religiosas que confluem elementos indígenas e africanos, aspectos que indicamos como expressões de amefricanidade. Nesse contexto, a arqueologia é entendida como ferramenta para produção de conhecimentos decoloniais acerca da trajetória de resistência e existência de povos indígenas e africanos na constituição dos sertões do Piauí.
O sítio Olhos d'água, alto vale do Araçuaí, MG: outras epistemologias, outras narrativas possíveis na interpretação da paisagem afrodiaspórica
Authors: Andrade Campos Paulo , Fagundes Marcelo
Published: February 2024

Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre possíveis abordagens teórico-metodológicas da paisagem do sítio arqueológico Olhos D’Água, implantado no Alto Vale do Araçuaí; examinando as especificidades acerca da produção e utilização de um lugar dentro de um contexto afro-diaspórico. O sítio apresentou uma cultura material predominantemente cerâmica, associada à produção de pessoas afro-brasileiras, provavelmente durante os séculos XVIII e XIX.  Nosso problema de pesquisa teve como foco o entendimento do lugar do sítio e sua potencialidade como uma área de manutenção e dispersão de distintas práticas culturais, observadas tanto na materialidade quanto nos marcos sociogeográficos. Dessa forma, buscou-se potencializar as narrativas referentes ao contexto histórico, utilizando uma bibliografia majoritariamente afro-centrada, sendo os conceitos-chave utilizados: quilombo, paisagem e memória oral.
Análisis bibliométrico de la investigaciónen genética y la ruptura de ligamentocruzado anterior en deporte:una revisión
Authors: Arroyo Moya Wilson , Rodríguez-Buitrago Alonso , Buitrago-Espitia Jorge
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Genetic component has been established as a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR). Current research has focused on knowing the candidate genes that can influence and predispose a subject to this injury. Objective: A bibliometric analysis was carried out to trace the results of the research and identify global trends and gaps in knowledge about the relationship between the genetic component and ACLR. Methodology: Data were extracted from the Pubmed and Scopus databases and analyzed in the Bibliometrix package of the R software. A total of 63 studies published since 2007 were identified. Results: Most of the publications recovered were research articles (85.71%). The authors with the highest number of those are in Poland and South Africa. The analysis through the co-occurrence map reveals that there is a mainline of research based on the study of genetic polymorphisms, especially in the genes of the collagen families (COL1A1, COL5A1, COL12A1, in greater frequency). A total of 54 candidate genes were identified within the studies. Conclusion: We hope that this study can help to find key points and research gaps by providing a comprehensive analysis and structured information on this topic.
Tensile Strength of Paper Revisited
Authors:   KCL Science and Consulting, P.O.Box 70, FIN–02151 ESPOO, FINLAND, Niskanen Kaarlo , Sirviö Jari ,   KCL Science and Consulting, P.O.Box 70, FIN–02151 ESPOO, FINLAND, Wathén Rolf ,   KCL Science and Consulting, P.O.Box 70, FIN–02151 ESPOO, FINLAND
Published: February 2024

Traditional micromechanical theories for the tensile strength of paper do not account for the tensile stiffness of paper, even though in practice tensile strength is closely coupled with tensile stiffness. Another problem is with the micromechanical input parameters, few of which have a precise meaning in real paper. Especially the interpretation of inter-fiber bonding is ambiguous. None of the existing theories connects tensile strength with an independently measurable value of bonding degree or bond strength. As a result, the conventional interpretation of tensile strength data is unreliable. In this paper we will present a “macromechanical” study that connects tensile strength with independently measured values of tensile stiffness and z-directional fracture energy (alternatively Scott bond or z-directional tensile index). The model expression agrees well with many – but not all – of the experimental datasets that we had available. The disagreements demonstrate that z-directional measurements do not capture some aspects of inter-fiber bonding that contribute to in-plane tensile strength.
MINI Element for the Navier–Stokes System in 3D: Vectorized Codes and Superconvergence
Authors: Kučera Radek , Arzt Vladimír , Koko Jonas
Published: February 2024

A fast vectorized codes for assembly mixed finite element matrices for the generalized Navier–Stokes system in three space dimensions in the MATLAB language are proposed by the MINI element. Vectorization means that the loop over tetrahedra is avoided. Numerical experiments illustrate computational efficiency of the codes. An experimental superconvergence rate for the pressure component is established.
Phosphatidic acid formation and signaling in plant cells
Authors:   V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kolesnikov Y. S. , Kretynin S. V. ,   V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv;, Kravets V. S. ,   V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv;, Bukhonska Y. K. ,   V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv;
Published: February 2024

This review conteins updated information on the structure, localization and regulation of phosphatidic acid (PA)-producing enzymes phospholipase D, phosphoinositide-specific and non-specific phospholipases C and diacylglycerol kinases is analyzed. The specific role of PA and PA-producing enzymes in plant stress signaling is discussed.
News and Obituaries
Authors: Jaine Tom , Hyman Philip , Hyman Mary
Published: February 2024

News and Obituaries
English Food, 1934
Authors: Jaine Tom
Published: February 2024

The article reprints the speech by Irving Davis at the first annual conference of the the International Wine and Food Society held in Brighton in 1934 in which he surveyed the state of English cooking, innkeeping and restaurants at the time.
Jane Grigson
Authors: Holt Geraldene
Published: February 2024

The article examines the career of the acclaimed British food writer, Jane Grigson.
Esquematismo o devolución del abstracto a la realidad. La prosecución poliana del conocimiento objetivo frente al esquematismo kantiano
Authors: Reyna-Fortes Rafael
Published: February 2024

En este trabajo se desarrolla un examen de lo que Polo llama “devolución del abstracto a la realidad” y lo que Kant denomina “esquematismo”. El objetivo de este análisis es mostrar la razón de ser de las inconmensurables divergencias entre los planteamientos epistemológicos del filósofo madrileño y del filósofo alemán. A raíz de esta diferencia fundamental entre ambos autores aludiré a las diferencias presentes en el modo en que ambos abordan la cuestión de la relación entre lenguaje y realidad.
El lenguaje como hábito intelectual y práctico: la dualidad «saber hablar» y usar el lenguaje
Authors: Padial-Benticuaga Juan-José
Published: February 2024

Este artículo plantea, expone y confronta la dualidad poliana entre dos estatutos del lenguaje como hábito intelectual y como hábito de la razón práctica. Para hacerlo parte de la confrontación entre la filosofía sobre el lenguaje que elabora Polo y la filosofía desde el lenguaje propia de la tradición analítica. Sólo así cabe dar razón de la originalidad de la concepción poliana acerca del lenguaje.