bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue Engineering
Authors: Burg Karen , Thomas Chuck
Published: April 2006

Tissue engineering is a field of bioengineering that merges fundamentals of medicine, engineering, biological science, and materials science to research and produce replacement tissues or organs. In this article, the basics of tissue engineering are discussed, including the different types of cells and matrices researched and how these components are used separately or together for tissue‐engineering applications. After the principles of tissue engineering are described, the role of tissue engineering in medicine is explored with separate discussions on dermal wound treatment, orthopedics, sports medicine, plastic and reconstructive surgery, neurology, and cardiology. Then, the current status of tissue engineering is investigated, from market products to advanced research and manufacturing applications. The article concludes with an exploration of scientific, regulatory, and commercial challenges that must be overcome in order to advance the field of tissue engineering.
Tissue‐Engineered Bone
Authors: Cui Fu-Zhai , Jiang Teng-Fei
Published: April 2006

Tissue‐engineered bone is a bone tissue regenerated based on the principle of tissue engineering. It can restore the structure and function of a bone defect by using the healing response of vertebrates’ body. Bone cells, bone growth factors, and biodegradable scaffolds are the three elements in bone tissue engineering. By combining one or more of these elements, successful bone defect treatments have been achieved using tissue‐engineered bone.
Three‐dimensional CFD model of the deaeration rate of FCC particles
Authors: Das Sharma Sanjib , Pugsley Todd , Delatour Romain
Published: April 2006

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to model the deaeration rate for a fluidized bed of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. The Eulerian approach has been used in which the gas and solid phases present in the fluidized bed are treated as interpenetrating continua with constitutive equations obtained from the granular kinetic theory and the interphase drag relationship. Using the CFD code MFIX, transient calculations have been made for a three‐dimensional (3‐D) cylindrical vessel of 0.104 m diameter. Various cases have been modeled: fluidization at superficial gas velocities of 0.005 and 0.028 m/s followed by deaeration for two catalyst bed masses of 3.17 and 4.05 kg. These have been performed for monosize particles of Sauter mean diameters of 69.8 and 100 microns. The results have been presented in terms of variation of gauge pressure with time at a height of 30 cm above the distributor plate. Comparisons of these predictions with the experimental data show that the deviation between the experimental results and the CFD predictions of deaeration rate is <10%. Based on these results it appears that our CFD modeling approach, which includes the introduction of an empirical correction factor for the gas–solid drag term, can adequately predict the deaeration rate of FCC catalyst using a single mean particle size. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Isovaleric acidemia: New aspects of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity
Authors: Vockley Jerry , Ensenauer Regina
Published: April 2006

Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of leucine metabolism caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial enzyme isovaleryl‐CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) resulting in the accumulation of derivatives of isovaleryl‐CoA. It was the first organic acidemia recognized in humans and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment with a protein restricted diet and supplementation with carnitine and glycine are effective in promoting normal development in severely affected individuals. Both intra‐ and interfamilial variability have been recognized. Initially, two phenotypes with either an acute neonatal or a chronic intermittent presentation were described. More recently, a third group of individuals with mild biochemical abnormalities who can be asymptomatic have been identified through newborn screening of blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry. IVD is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of isovaleryl‐CoA to 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA and transfers electrons to the electron transfer flavoprotein. Human IVD has been purified from tissue and recombinant sources and its biochemical and physical properties have been extensively studied. Molecular analysis of the IVD gene from patients with IVA has allowed characterization of different types of mutations in this gene. One missense mutation, 932C>T (A282V), is particularly common in patients identified through newborn screening with mild metabolite elevations and who have remained asymptomatic to date. This mutation leads to a partially active enzyme with altered catalytic properties; however, its effects on clinical outcome and the necessity of therapy are still unknown. A better understanding of the heterogeneity of this disease and the relevance of genotype/phenotype correlations to clinical management of patients are among the challenges remaining in the study of this disorder in the coming years. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modification of chitosan towards a biomaterial with improved physico‐chemical properties
Authors: Mallika P. , Himabindu A. , Shailaja D.
Published: April 2006

Modification of chitosan (CTN), a natural biomaterial, leading to improved physical and chemical properties makes the polymer overcome the limitations on its application in biomedical fields. We have modified CTN using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in three ways, i.e., by blending (CTN : PVP), by graft copolymerization [poly(CTN‐g‐PVP)], and by free radical induced crosslinking [poly(CTN‐cl‐PVP)], varying the CTN to PVP ratio. The properties of all the modified and unmodified CTN studied included structural, thermal, mechanical, and water uptake capacity. Modification by blending imparted enhanced strength, toughness, glass transition temperatures, and thermal stability to the dry membranes. The equilibrium water content (EWC) of the membrane gels was investigated as a function of pH and ionic strength. Swelling ratio of the chemically modified membranes were found to be less sensitive to pH, with higher % EWC maintaining the gel integrity in both acidic and neutral media unlike the plain CTN. The hydrogen bonding and free volume of the films were found to play a major role in determining the properties of the type of modification. CTN membranes with enhanced water uptake capacities clubbed with optimum mechanical properties shall be a suitable choice for biomedical and controlled release applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 63–69, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of copolyarylates using tin octoate as a catalyst
Authors: Waghmare P. B. , Pathak P. , Deshmukh S. A. , Idage S. B. , Idage B. B.
Published: April 2006

A series of copolyarylates of bisphenol A (BPA) with varying ratios of diphenyl terephthalate (DPT) and diphenyl isophthalate (DPI) were prepared by melt polymerization at a temperature ranging from 200 to 290°C under reduced pressure in the presence of tin octoate catalyst. Tin octoate catalyst has been extensively used for the preparation of biodegradable polymers namely, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), and poly(lactide‐glycolide) copolyesters. However, there are no reports on the preparation of copolyesters by melt polymerization using tin octoate catalyst. The effect of tin octoate catalyst was studied on the preparation of BPA/DPT/DPI copolyarylates. The copolyarylates were characterized by infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, solution viscosity, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The solution viscosities of copolyarylates were varied from 0.43 to 0.56 dL/g and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of copolyarylates was varied from 155 to 222°C by varying the ratio of DPT and DPI. Most of the copolyarylates were found to be soluble in commonly used organic solvents and had film‐forming properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 70–77, 2006
Maghnite‐H+ as a cationic catalyst in the synthesis of poly(1,3‐dioxolane) and α,ω‐methacryloyloxy‐poly(1,3‐dioxolane)
Authors: Megherbi Radja , Belbachir Mohammed , Meghabar Rachid
Published: April 2006

The polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane catalyzed by Maghnite‐H+; (Mag‐H+), a montmorillonite sheet silicate clay exchanged with protons, was investigated. The cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane was initiated by Mag‐H+ at different temperatures (20, 30, 50, and 70°C) in bulk and in a solvent (dichloromethane). The effects of the amount of Mag‐H+ and the temperature were studied. The polymerization rate and the average molecular weights increased with an increase in the temperature and the proportion of the catalyst. These results indicated the cationic nature of the polymerization and suggested that the polymerization was initiated by proton addition to the monomer from Mag‐H+. Moreover, we used a simple method, in one step in bulk and in solution at room temperature (20°C), to prepare a telechelic bismacromonomer: α,ω‐bisunsaturated poly(1,3‐dioxolane). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 78–82, 2006
An electromagnetic dynamic film blowing technology for mLLDPE
Authors: Zhou Nan‐Qiao , Zhang Ping , Wu Hong‐Wu , Peng Xiang‐Fang
Published: April 2006

Metallocene linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) has superior physical and mechanical properties. However, mLLDPE has very poor film blowing processibility. To overcome this shortcoming, an electromagnetic dynamic extruding film blowing system for mLLDPE was developed. A vibration force field was superposed on the entire extruding process through the screw. The die pressure, the screw load, and the power consumption decreased and the melt strength increased as the vibration frequency and amplitude increased, implying that the bubble stability enhanced, which resulted in the improvement of the processibility. In addition, experimental data show that the film strength in the transverse direction greatly increased and the film mechanical properties in machine and transverse directions became more uniform, so the film quality was improved finally. This rule was confirmed by using two additional materials, high‐density polyethylene and low‐density polyethylene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 83–89, 2006
On relevance distributions
Authors: Stock Wolfgang G.
Published: April 2006

There are at least three possible ways that documents are distributed by relevance: informetric (power law), inverse logistic, and dichotomous. The nature of the type of distribution has implications for the construction of relevance ranking algorithms for search engines, for automated (blind) relevance feedback, for user behavior when using Web search engines, for combining of outputs of search engines for metasearch, for topic detection and tracking, and for the methodology of evaluation of information retrieval systems.
The Bayesian method of moments (BMOM) in some aggregation problems in econometrics
Authors: de Alba Enrique
Published: April 2006

The BMOM is particularly useful for obtaining post‐data moments and densities for parameters and future observations when the form of the likelihood function is unknown and thus a traditional Bayesian approach cannot be used. Also, even when the form of the likelihood is assumed known, in time series problems it is sometimes difficult to formulate an appropriate prior density. Here, we show how the BMOM approach can be used in two, nontraditional problems. The first one is conditional forecasting in regression and time series autoregressive models. Specifically, it is shown that when forecasting disaggregated data (say quarterly data) and given aggregate constraints (say in terms of annual data) it is possible to apply a Bayesian approach to derive conditional forecasts in the multiple regression model. The types of constraints (conditioning) usually considered are that the sum, or the average, of the forecasts equals a given value. This kind of condition can be applied to forecasting quarterly values whose sum must be equal to a given annual value. Analogous results are obtained for AR(p) models. The second problem we analyse is the issue of aggregation and disaggregation of data in relation to predictive precision and modelling. Predictive densities are derived for future aggregate values by means of the BMOM based on a model for disaggregated data. They are then compared with those derived based on aggregated data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian geo‐additive modelling of childhood morbidity in Malawi
Authors: Kandala Ngianga‐Bakwin
Published: April 2006

This paper applies a geo‐additive generalized linear mixed model to describe the spatial variation in the prevalence of cough among children under 5 years of age using the 2000 Demographic and Health survey (DHS) data from Malawi. Of particular interest in the analysis were the small area effect of geographical locations (districts) where the child lives in the time of the survey and the effect of the metrical covariate (child's age) which was assumed to be nonlinear and estimated nonparametrically. The model included other categorical covariates in the usual parametric form. We assign appropriate priors, within a Bayesian context, for the geographical location, vector of the unknown nonlinear smooth functions and a further vector of fixed effect parameters. For example, the spatial effects were modelled via Bayesian prior specifications reflecting spatial heterogeneity globally and relative homogeneity among neighbouring districts, thus a Markov random field prior is assumed. Inference is fully Bayesian and uses recent Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Bayesian forecasting of procurement delays: a case study
Authors: Palomo Jesus , Ruggeri Fabrizio , Rios Insua David , Cagno Enrico , Caron Franco , Mancini Mauro
Published: April 2006

In the engineering and contracting sector, the on‐time availability of materials is a crucial element of any project. In recent years, there has been increasing competition in the supply of such components, as a result of market globalization. This has generated customer demand for higher performance, service, and quality—and, most of all, shorter delivery times. However, it has also forced suppliers to increase efforts to satisfy these requirements in order to remain competitive. Thus, contractors have moved to focus their attention on the task of more precisely modelling on‐time delivery risks. Historical data, expert opinion, and agreements between contractors and suppliers are some available sources of information that can be used to generate more accurate forecasts. We combine these various inputs in a Bayesian approach based on dynamic linear modelling. Our methodology has been implemented as a web‐based Decision Support System, and has been applied in a real case study from an oil sector engineering and contracting company. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copula models of joint last survivor analysis
Authors: E. Shemyakin Arkady , Youn Heekyung
Published: April 2006

Copula models are becoming increasingly popular for modelling dependencies between random variables. The range of their recent applications includes such fields as analysis of extremes in financial assets and returns; failure of paired organs in health science; reliability studies; and human mortality in insurance.

This paper gives a brief overview of the principles of construction of such copula models as Gaussian, Student, and Archimedean. The latter includes Frank, Clayton, and stable (Gumbel–Hougaard) families. The emphasis is on application of copula models to joint last survivor analysis.

The main example discussed in this paper deals with the mortality of spouses, known to be associated through such factors as common disaster, common lifestyle, or the broken‐heart syndrome. These factors suggest modelling dependence of spouses' lives on both calendar date scale and age‐at‐death scale. This dependence structure suggests a different treatment than that for problems of survival analysis such as paired organ failure or twins' mortality.

Construction of a conditional Bayesian copula model is further generalized in view of the relationship between the joint first life and last surviror probabilities. A numerical example is considered, involving the implementation of Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms using WinBUGs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and calibration of a nitrification PDE model based on experimental data issued from biofilter treating drinking water
Authors: Queinnec I. , Ochoa J.C. , Wouwer A. Vande , Paul E.
Published: April 2006

To remove ammonia for production of drinking water, nitrification can be performed in a bio‐filter. At least 1 month is necessary to capture from the groundwater and then grow a sufficient amount of nitrifying bacteria to reach the desired removal efficiency. Improving start‐up of bio‐filters at low substrate concentration is therefore a major challenge. In this connection, it is important to develop appropriate models for designing, monitoring or analysing biofilm systems during start‐up or following disinfection events. This study discusses the development and calibration of a nitrification PDE model which reflects the compromise between the complexity associated with the description of the full physical and biochemical mechanisms and the search for a simplified model with identifiable parameters. This model takes only the relevant phenomena (considering the full operating range) into account. The validity of the calibrated model has been evaluated through experiments under very different operational conditions, at the laboratory and under real industrial conditions, involving the full upstream chain of water treatment (iron oxidation and sand filter). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of the decay rate of nitrifying bacteria
Authors: Salem S. , Moussa M.S. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M.
Published: April 2006

The growth and decay of nitrifying organisms determines the amount of nitrifying bacteria in activated sludge systems. The growth rate of the nitrifying organisms is reasonable, well defined, and studied, while the decay rate is still rather uncertain. Experiments in previous studies were over periods up to 14 days and obtained results were not confirmed. Contradicting decay rates of nitrifiers in different bacterial communities is reported. No differentiation between ammonia and nitrite oxidizers was made. Therefore, in this studyper day the decay rate of the nitrifying organisms was studied. The starvation condition (aerobic, anoxic, or anaerobic), temperature, type of bacterial community, and the presence of higher organisms are the main aspects that were investigated. A simple and reliable method (adapted from previous studies) for determining the decay rate of nitrifying organisms under different starvation conditions and different temperatures was developed. The test procedure has been used for determining the decay rate of ammonium and nitrite oxidizing bacteria in an enriched nitrifying culture and in activated sludge. The test was successfully applied at starvation periods up to 30 days. The decay rate of the enriched culture of nitrifiers was very low compared to values for nitrifiers in activated sludge. The decay rate of the nitrifiers in activated sludge was found to be to 0.2, 0.1, and 0.06 per day for aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The decay rate of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers was the same at the corresponding conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusivity of oxygen in aerobic granules
Authors: Chiu Z.C. , Chen M.Y. , Lee D.J. , Tay S.T.‐L. , Tay J.H. , Show K.Y.
Published: April 2006

This work for the first time estimated apparent oxygen diffusivity (Dapp) of two types of aerobic granules, acetate‐fed and phenol‐fed, by probing the dissolved oxygen (DO) level at the granule center with a sudden change in the DO of the bulk liquid. With a high enough flow velocity across the granule to minimize the effects of external mass transfer resistance, the diffusivity coefficients of the two types of granules were estimated with reference to a one‐dimensional diffusion model. The carbon source has a considerable effect on the granule diameter (d) and the oxygen diffusivity. The diffusivity coefficients were noted 1.24–2.28 × 10−9 m2/s of 1.28–2.50 mm acetate‐fed granules, and 2.50–7.65 × 10−10 m2/s of 0.42–0.78 mm phenol‐fed granules. Oxygen diffusivity declined with decreasing granule diameter, in particular, the diffusivity of acetate‐fed granules is proportional to the size, whereas the diffusivity of phenol‐fed granules is proportional to the square of granule diameter. The existence of large pores in granule, evidenced by FISH‐CLSM imaging, was proposed to correspond to the noted size‐dependent oxygen diffusivity. The phenol‐fed granules exhibited a higher excellular polymer (ECP) content than the acetate‐fed granules, hence yielding a lower oxygen diffusivity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining caspase and mitochondrial dysfunction inhibitors of apoptosis to limit cell death in mammalian cell cultures
Authors: Sauerwald Tina M. , Figueroa Bruno , Hardwick J. Marie , Oyler George A. , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Apoptosis is now recognized as a significant problem in mammalian cell culture. Therefore, in this study, a single gene and multigene approach to inhibit apoptosis has been examined. Stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines were generated to overexpress different single, dual, and triple combinations of three apoptosis inhibitor genes. Two upstream inhibitors involved in the mitochondrial pathway, Bcl‐XL and Aven, were expressed in addition to a downstream inhibitor of caspases. The caspase inhibitor, a variant of XIAP containing only the caspase inhibitory BIR domains (XIAP‐BIRs), has been shown previously to enhance viabilities in mammalian cultures. Stable clonal cell lines were generated and tested for three apoptotic insults: Sindbis virus infection, the chemical reagent etoposide, and spent medium. For all single gene experiments, the Bcl‐XL‐containing cell lines provided superior protection to either the Aven‐ or XIAP‐BIRs‐containing cell lines following initial exposure to the insults. However, the cell lines expressing two or more anti‐apoptosis proteins were more effective at inhibiting cell death than those expressing just one anti‐apoptosis gene. The cell lines overexpressing Bcl‐XL in combination with XIAP‐BIRs were especially effective in delaying cell death for all three apoptotic insults. Expression of all three anti‐apoptosis genes in concert was only slightly more effective than using Bcl‐XL and XIAP‐BIRs for some insults. During exposure to spent medium, CHO‐BIRS + Aven + BclXL was the best inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) initially, whereas CHO‐BIRs + BclXL was particularly effective at later times of the experiment. In conclusion, the utilization of a mitochondrial dysfunction inhibitor used in combination with a caspase inhibitor was more effective in thwarting the progression of apoptosis than either inhibitor expressed individually. Thus, the concurrent expression of multiple apoptosis inhibitors may be the most effective strategy to increase survival of mammalian cells in culture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of CC chemokine receptor 5 and 2 polymorphisms and renal transplant survival
Authors: Yigit Bulent , Bozkurt Nilufer , Berber Ibrahim , Titiz Izzet , İsbir Turgay
Published: April 2006

Chronic rejection is an immune process leading to graft failure. By regulating the trafficking of leukocytes, chemokines and chemokine receptors are thought to be one of the reasons causing acute renal rejection (ARE), which increases the possibility of chronic rejection and organ destruction. This study was designed to investigate, in the Turkish population, an association of chemokine receptor genetic variants, CCR2V641, CCR5‐59029–A/G, CCR5‐Δ32 and acute renal rejection after renal transplant surgery. We carried out our study in 85 Turkish renal transplant patients (45 men, 40 women; mean age 39 ± 2 years) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. We found no significant difference in the incidence of rejection among patients possessing or lacking CCR5‐Δ32. For the groups with and without acute renal rejection, we found a significant difference between the groups in A and G allele distribution in both CCR2V641and CCR559029 gene variants (p = 0.003 and p = 0.003, respectively). According to our findings, the risk of acute rejection in renal transplantation may be associated with genetic variation in the chemokine receptor genes CCR5‐59029 and CCR2V641 in Turkey, and studies on these gene polymorphisms could be an ideal target for future interventions intended to prevent renal transplant loss. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of vulnerable plaque in a murine model of atherosclerosis with optical coherence tomography
Authors: Cilingiroglu Mehmet , Oh Jung Hwan , Sugunan Binu , Kemp Nate J. , Kim Jeehyun , Lee Shuko , Zaatari Haitham N. , Escobedo Daniel , Thomsen Sharon , Milner Thomas E. , Feldman Marc D.
Published: April 2006

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) to identify the components of vulnerable plaques in a well‐established murine model of human atherosclerosis.

Background:

Although the pathologic features that predict plaque rupture at autopsy are well known, the development of a technology to identify these high risk features in vivo is lacking. OCT uses reflected light to provide histology‐like images of plaque with higher resolution than competing imaging modalities. Whether OCT can reliably identify the features of an atherosclerotic plaque that define it as vulnerable—thin fibrous cap, large lipid core, and high percent of lipid in the artery—requires further study.

Methods:

OCT images of the atherosclerotic innominate artery segments from the apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE−/−) mice were recorded and correlated with histology in both in vivo (n = 7) and well as in ex vivo experiments (n = 12).

Results:

Excellent correlation between the OCT and histology measurements for fibrous cap thickness, lipid core size, and percentage lipid content was found. The fibrous cap thicknesses examined span those of human fibrous caps known to rupture (<65 μm). Regions of greatest light reflection in OCT images were observed when calcium hydroxy‐apatite was scattered in lipid, less in fibrous tissue, and least in lipid.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that OCT holds promise for the identification of features defining vulnerable plaque including fibrous cap thickness, lipid core size, and the percentage of lipid content. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Counterintuitive Structural Effect of Metal–Metal Bond Protonation and Its Electronic Underpinnings
Authors: Phillips Andrew D. , Ienco Andrea , Reinhold Joachim , Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Mealli Carlo
Published: April 2006

Protonation across the metal–metal bond in the complexes [(CO)2M(μ‐dppm)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐H)M(CO)2] (M=Fe or Ru, dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) induces MM bond shortening of up to about 0.05 Å. DFT calculations on simplified iron models reproduce this trend well. Conversely, the computations show that the MM distance in the dimer [{Cp*Ir(CO)}2] lengthens with two consecutive protonations, but there are no crystal structure determinations to highlight the effects on the IrIr bond. DFT calculations and the analogous cobalt system confirm that the transformation of a two‐electron, two‐center (2e–2c) bond into a 2e–3c bond is accompanied by the predicted elongation. An MO analysis indicated similar nature and evolution of the MM bonding these cases. In particular, the HOMOs of the mono‐hydrido cations [Cp(CO)M(μ‐H)M(CO)Cp]+ (M=Ir, Co) have evident MM bent‐bond character, and hence subsequent protonation invariably causes a decrease in the bond index. The Fe2 and Co2 systems have also been analyzed with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) method, but in no case was an MM bond critical point located unless an artificially shorter MM distance was imposed. However, the trends for the atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) bond delocalization indexes δMM confirm the overall MM bond weakening on protonation. In conclusion, all the computational results for the iron system indicate that the paradigm of a direct correlation between bond strength and distance is not always applicable. This is attributable to a very flat potential energy surface and various competing effects imposed by the bridging ligands.
Sensitive and Selective Photoinduced‐Electron‐Transfer‐Based Sensing of Alkylating Agents
Authors: Tal Shay , Salman Husein , Abraham Yael , Botoshansky Mark , Eichen Yoav
Published: April 2006

Photoinduced‐electron‐transfer (PET)‐based chemosensing is a very elegant way of reporting the presence of a guest species in solution. This method was successfully applied for the detection of different ionic species, such as cations, anions, and protons. Herein, we report on the application of the PET chemosensing concept for the efficient and selective detection of different alkylating agents. 2‐(2‐Dimethylaminoethyl)benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione (1) was found to be a highly selective and effective PET chemosensor that turns luminescent upon reacting with different alkylating agents. This PET‐based system detected even rather weak alkylating agents, such as dichloromethane. A PET‐based sensor that consists of 1 as the active component could detect rather low concentrations of alkylating agents in solution and in the gas phase.
Gold Apes Hydrogen. The Structure and Bonding in the Planar B7Au2‐ and B7Au2 Clusters.
Authors: Zhai Hua‐Jin , Wang Lai‐Sheng , Zubarev Dmitry Yu. , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure of an I‐×(H2O)6 Anion Cluster in a 3D Anion Crystal Host [I×(H2O)6Fe (CN)6×H2O]4‐.
Authors: Dong Wen , Ou‐Yang Yan , Song Hai‐Bin , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Yan Shi‐Ping , Cheng Peng
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure of Zeolite MCM‐68: A New Three‐Dimensional Framework with Large Pores.
Authors: Dorset Douglas L. , Weston Simon C. , Dhingra Sandeep S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electronic Structure of the Ternary Sulfide La7Sb9S24.
Authors: Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Katja M. , Kleinke Holger
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure of Two New Borates YCa3(AlO)3(BO3)4 and YCa3(GaO)3(BO3)4.
Authors: Yu Yi , Wu Q. S. , Li R. K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Behavior of Sr2Bi2O5 at High Pressures.
Authors: Zhang F. X. , Manoun B. , Saxena S. K. , Zha C. S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure, Energy Band, and Optical Properties of NaLa(PO3)4 Crystal.
Authors: Zhu J. , Cheng W.‐D. , Wu D.‐S. , Zhang H. , Gong Y.‐J. , Tong H.‐N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties of Ru Ferrites: BaMRu5O11 (M: Li and Cu) and BaM′2Ru4O11 (M′: Mn, Fe, and Co).
Authors: Foo M. L. , Huang Q. , Lynn J. W. , Lee Wei‐Li , Klimczuk Tomasz , Hagemann I. S. , Ong N. P. , Cava R. J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effects of Ion Exchange on the Structure of ETS‐10.
Authors: Krisnandi Yuni K. , Lachowski Eric E. , Howe Russell F.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Nanostructured LiTi2(PO4)3 Powder by a Pechini‐Type Polymerizable Complex Method.
Authors: Mariappan C. R. , Galven C. , Crosnier‐Lopez M.‐P. , Le Berre F. , Bohnke O.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Prins Reactions of Vinylcyclopropanes with Aldehydes and Ketones: A New Synthesis of Semicyclic Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Liu Yinghui , Magomedov Nabi A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Annulated Heterocycles from Methyl 6‐Chloro‐5‐formyl‐2‐methyl‐4‐ (2‐nitrophenyl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carboxylate.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Enge Ch. , Jones P. G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterocyclic Analogues of 5,12‐Naphthacenequinone. Part 1. Synthesis of Heterocyclic Analogues Starting from 2,3‐Diaminoquinizarine.
Authors: Shchekotikhin A. E. , Makarov I. G. , Buyanov V. N. , Preobrazhenskaya M. N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Preparation of Allyl Amines and Pyrazoles by Hydrazinolysis of 2‐Ketoaziridines.
Authors: Chen Gang , Sasaki Mikio , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclization and Ring‐Expansion Reactions Involving Reductive Formation and Oxidative Ring‐Opening of Cyclopropanol Derivatives.
Authors: Hasegawa Eietsu , Tsuchida Hiroyuki , Tamura Mutsuko
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Arylaldoximes by Cetyltrimethylammonium Dichromate to Arylaldehydes and Arylnitriles.
Authors: Sahu Sandhyamayee , Patel Sabita , Mishra Bijay K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Ketones Using Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Polymer.
Authors: Arai Takayoshi , Takasugi Hitomi , Sato Toru , Noguchi Hiroshi , Kanoh Hirofumi , Kaneko Katsumi , Yanagisawa Akira
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reduction of Ketones to Corresponding Alcohols with Magnesium Metal in Absolute Alcohols.
Authors: Kim Ji Young , Kim Hak Do , Seo Min Jung , Kim Hyoung Rae , No Zaesung , Ha Deok‐Chan , Lee Ge Hyeong
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from Alcohols and (Chloromethylene)dimethylammonium Chloride.
Authors: Kawano Yoshikazu , Kaneko Nobuya , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Heterocyclic NCN‐Pincer Palladium Complexes: A Source for General Highly Efficient Catalysts in Heck, Suzuki, and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Churruca Fatima , SanMartin Raul , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Selective Oxidation/Olefination of Primary Alcohols Using TEMPO—BAIB System and Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides.
Authors: Vatele Jean‐Michel
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Methyl Transfer Reaction from Monomethyltin Reagent under Palladium(0) Catalysis: A Versatile Method for Labeling with Carbon‐11.
Authors: Huiban Mickael , Huet Aline , Barre Louisa , Sobrio Franck , Fouquet Eric , Perrio Cecile
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient N‐p‐Methoxyphenyl Amine Deprotection Through Anodic Oxidation.
Authors: De Lamo Marin Sandra , Martens Thierry , Mioskowski Charles , Royer Jacques
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of [2.2]Paracyclophane Derivatives. Part 8. α‐Pyridyl([2.2]paracyclophan‐4‐yl)phenylmethanol: Structure of the Complex with Cu(II) Chloride and Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Kryvenko L. I. , Zvolinskii O. V. , Soldatenkov A. T. , Kurbatova A. I. , Dorofeeva G. I. , Kuleshova L. N. , Khrustalev V. N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency and Stereoselectivity of α‐Amino Acid Synthesis by the Petasis Reaction.
Authors: Southwood Timothy J. , Curry Merril C. , Hutton Craig A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Ethyl Diazoacetate.
Authors: Branstetter Bryan , Hossain M. Mahmun
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of Silyl Nitronates to Cyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Bifluorides: Isolation and Selective Functionalization of Enol Silyl Ethers of Optically Active γ‐Nitro Ketones.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Doda Kanae , Takada Saki , Maruoka Keiji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Amines from Norbornane Series.
Authors: Yatsynich E. A. , Petrov D. V. , Dokichev V. A. , Tomilov Yu. V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Arylmagnesiation of Alkynes Catalyzed Cooperatively by Iron and Copper Complexes.
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Yamagami Takafumi , Kimura Takahiro , Yamaguchi Shigeru , Hayashi Tamio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct and Convenient Synthesis of [Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]arenes from Iodoarenes.
Authors: Hossain Md. Delwar , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Approach to Arylhydrazones, the Precursor for Fischer Indole Synthesis, via Diazo Esters Derived from α‐Amino Acid Esters.
Authors: Yasui Eiko , Wada Masao , Takamura Norio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Highly Selective Catalytic Oxychlorination of Phenols.
Authors: Menini Luciano , Gusevskaya Elena V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Base Catalyzed Aldol Additions of Chiral Trichlorosilyl Enolates and Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Fujimori Shinji , Pham Son M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Substituted Benzyl Ethers of 1‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl)oct‐2‐en‐1‐one.
Authors: Kovganko V. N. , Kovganko N. N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions in a Cycloalkane‐Based Thermomorphic Biphasic System.
Authors: Hayashi Kanako , Kim Shokaku , Kono Yusuke , Tamura Mihoko , Chiba Kazuhiro
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds. Part 13. Oxidation of Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,3‐Diarylpropynones in a System CF3CO2H—CH2Cl2 —PbO2.
Authors: Vasil'ev A. V. , Rudenko A. P. , Aristov S. A. , Fukin G. K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of Indene Derivatives from Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanacyclopentadienes with Alkyl Group Migration via Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Takahashi Tamotsu , Kuzuba Yuichi , Kong Fanzhi , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Covalently Linked Heterofullerene—Porphyrin Conjugates. New Model Systems for Long‐Lived Intramolecular Charge Separation.
Authors: Hauke Frank , Atalick Stefan , Guldi Dirk M. , Hirsch Andreas
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Nanostructured Assemblies of Different Types of Porphyrins with Fullerene Using TiO2 Nanoparticles for Light Energy Conversion.
Authors: Hasobe Taku , Hattori Shigeki , Kamat Prashant V. , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Non‐Covalent Immobilization of C60 on Gold Surfaces by SAMs of Porphyrin Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Echegoyen Luis
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Complexes Obtained from Porphyrin—Crown Ether Conjugates and a Fullerene Derivative Bearing an Ammonium Unit.
Authors: Solladie Nathalie , Walther Mathieu E. , Herschbach Haiko , Leize Emmanuelle , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Figueira Duarte Teresa M. , Nierengarten Jean‐Francois
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Aziridinations with Copper(II) Salen Complexes.
Authors: Sun Wei , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Kuehn Fritz E.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2‐Arylidene‐4‐(4‐phenoxy‐phenyl)but‐3‐en‐4‐olides: Synthesis, Reactions and Biological Activity.
Authors: Husain Asif , Khan M. S. Y. , Hasan S. M. , Alam M. M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of 5,5‐Dimethyl‐2‐oxotetrahydrofuran‐4‐ylacetohydrazide with Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Avetissian A. A. , Tokmajian G. G. , Karapetian V. V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Pharmacochemical Study of Novel Polyfunctional Molecules Combining Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Hypocholesterolemic Properties.
Authors: Doulgkeris Christos M. , Galanakis Dimitrios , Kourounakis Angeliki P. , Tsiakitzis Karyofyllis C. , Gavalas Antonios M. , Eleftheriou Phaedra T. , Victoratos Panagiotis , Rekka Eleni A. , Kourounakis Panos N.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Mild, Efficient and Improved Protocol for the Synthesis of Novel Indolyl Crown Ethers, Di(indolyl)pyrazolyl Methanes and 3‐Alkylated Indoles Using H4[Si(W3O10)3].
Authors: Murugan Rajendran , Karthikeyan Murugesan , Perumal Paramasivam T. , Reddy Boreddy S. R.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.