bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Review on the Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Potential of Silybin
Authors: Pereira-Filho José Lima , Mendes Amanda Graziela Gonçalves , Campos Carmem Duarte Lima , Moreira Israel Viegas , Monteiro Cinara Regina Aragão Vieira , Soczek Suzany Hellen da Silva , Fernandes Elizabeth Soares , Carvalho Rafael Cardoso , Monteiro-Neto Valério
Published: November 2024

Silybin, a flavonolignan extracted from the seeds of the plant species Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., has a variety of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms of clinical interest. This review analyzes the existing studies on silybin’s antimicrobial activity and possible mechanisms of action. Silybin has been shown to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi, viruses, and protozoa. In general, possible mechanisms of antimicrobial action include the inhibition of efflux pumps, prevention of biofilm formation, reduction of the expression of virulence factors, induction of apoptosis-like effects, and plasma membrane damage, as well as the inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Silybin has been shown to have synergistic effects when combined with conventional antibiotics against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant microorganisms. However, the low bioavailability observed for this flavonolignan has been a challenge to its clinical use. In this context, nanotechnology has been used to increase silybin’s bioavailability while enhancing its antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, certain structural modifications have been able to enhance its antimicrobial activity in comparison to that of the natural molecule. Overall, this review provides insights into the scientific understanding of the mechanism of action of silybin and its desired properties for the effective treatment of infections.
The Hidden Dangers: E-Cigarettes, Heated Tobacco, and Their Impact on Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis—A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of the Evidence
Authors: Magna Arianna , Polisena Nausica , Polisena Ludovica , Bagnato Chiara , Pacella Elena , Carnevale Roberto , Nocella Cristina , Loffredo Lorenzo
Published: November 2024

Electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products have seen significant growth in sales and usage in recent years. Initially promoted as potentially less harmful alternatives to traditional tobacco, recent scientific evidence has raised serious concerns about the risks they pose, particularly in relation to atherosclerosis. While atherosclerosis has long been associated with conventional tobacco smoking, emerging research suggests that electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco may also contribute to the development of this condition and related cardiovascular complications. In a narrative review, we examined the potential effects of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes on oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown that e-cigarettes and heated tobacco increase oxidative stress through the activation of enzymes such as NADPH oxidase. One of the primary effects of these products is their pro-thrombotic and pro-atherosclerotic impact on endothelial cells and platelets, which promotes inflammatory processes within the arteries. Furthermore, the chemicals found in electronic cigarette liquids may exacerbate inflammation and cause endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, through a systematic review, we analyzed the effects of chronic exposure to electronic and heated tobacco cigarettes on endothelial function, as assessed by brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Although electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco cigarettes are often perceived as safer alternatives to traditional smoking, they could still present risks to cardiovascular health. It is essential to raise public awareness about the potential dangers associated with these products and implement protective measures, particularly for young people.
Redox Imbalance and Antioxidant Defenses Dysfunction: Key Contributors to Early Aging in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Cossu Vanessa , Bertola Nadia , Fresia Chiara , Sabatini Federica , Ravera Silvia
Published: November 2024

Survival rates for childhood cancer survivors (CCS) have improved, although they display a risk for early frailty due to the long-term effects of chemo/radiotherapy, including early aging. This study investigates antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage in mononuclear cells (MNCs) from CCS, comparing them with those from age-matched and elderly healthy individuals. Results show impaired antioxidant responses and increased oxidative stress in CCS MNCs, which exhibited uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, leading to higher production of reactive oxygen species, similar to metabolic issues seen in elderly individuals. Key antioxidant enzymes, namely glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, showed reduced activity, likely due to lower expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2). This imbalance caused significant damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA, potentially contributing to cellular dysfunction and a higher risk of cancer recurrence. These oxidative and metabolic dysfunctions persist over time, regardless of cancer type or treatment. However, treatment with N-acetylcysteine improved Nrf2 expression, boosted antioxidant defenses, reduced oxidative damage, and restored oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, suggesting that targeting the redox imbalance could enhance long-term CCS health.
Estimating Herbaceous Aboveground Biomass Using an Indirect Method Based on the Herbaceous Layer Characteristics
Authors: Diatta Ousmane , N’goran Adjoua Ange-Jokébed , Fassinou Cofélas , Salgado Paulo , Ndiaye Ousmane , Diatta Sékouna , Ngom Daouda , Tagesson Torbern , Taugourdeau Simon
Published: November 2024

Background: In the Sahel, one of the largest semi-arid areas in the world, pastoral livestock is the main source of protein for the local population. The quantification of herbaceous biomass in the Sahelian rangelands is of major importance since it provides food for the livestock. The main method used to monitor the biomass consists of cutting, drying, and weighting it. However, indirect methods are available and allow a reliable biomass estimation. Methods: In this study, we developed a non-destructive method for estimating herbaceous biomass for the Sahelian rangelands based on measurements of its height and coverage. Results: Results show that the fit is better in the fenced area. The volume index (height × coverage) provides a better biomass prediction with relative differences between measured and predicted biomass of 11% in 2017 and 8% in 2019. Conclusions: Monitoring herbaceous biomass without destroying it is possible by measuring only its height and coverage.
Humanin-G Ameliorates Hemorrhage-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice Through AMPKα1-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Amman Allison M. , Wolfe Vivian , Piraino Giovanna , Ziady Assem , Zingarelli Basilia
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The severity of acute lung injury is significantly impacted by age and sex in patients with hemorrhagic shock. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial regulator of energy metabolism but its activity declines with aging. Humanin is a mitochondrial peptide that exerts cytoprotective effects in response to oxidative stressors and is associated with longevity. Using a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock that mimics the clinical condition of adult patients, we investigated whether treatment with a humanin analog, humanin-G, mitigates lung injury and whether its mechanisms of action are dependent on the catalytic AMPKα1 subunit activation. Methods: Male and female AMPKα1 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice (8–13 months old) were subjected to hemorrhagic shock by blood withdrawal, followed by resuscitation with shed blood and lactated Ringer’s solution. The mice were treated with PEGylated humanin-G or vehicle and euthanized 3 h post-resuscitation. Results: Sex- and genotype-related differences were observed after hemorrhagic shock as lung neutrophil infiltration was more pronounced in the male AMPKα1 WT mice than the female WT mice; also, the male AMPKα1 KO mice experienced a significant decline in mean arterial blood pressure when compared to the male WT mice after resuscitation. The scores of histological lung injury were similarly elevated in all the male and female AMPKα1 WT and KO mice when compared to the control mice. At molecular analysis, acute lung injury was associated with the downregulation of AMPKα1/α2 catalytic subunits in the WT mice, whereas an increased activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) was observed in all the vehicle-treated groups. The in vivo administration of humanin-G ameliorated histological lung damage in all the groups of animals and ameliorated mean arterial blood pressure in the male AMPKα1 KO mice. The in vivo administration of humanin-G lowered lung neutrophil infiltration in the male and female AMPKα1 WT mice only but not in the KO mice. The beneficial results of humanin-G correlated with the lung cytosolic and nuclear activation of AMPKα in the male and female AMPKα1 WT groups, whereas STAT3 activation was not modified. Conclusions: In adult age, hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury manifests with sex-dependent characteristics. Humanin-G has therapeutic potential and the AMPKα1subunit is an important requisite for its inhibitory effects on lung leucosequestration, but not for the amelioration of lung alveolar structure or the hemodynamic effects of the peptide.
Pain-Associated Diagnoses in Childhood Before the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Merzon Eugene , Magen Eli , Levy Yaniv , Ashkenazi Shai , Manor Iris , Weizman Abraham , Krone Beth , Faraone Stephen V. , Green Ilan , Golan-Cohen Avivit , Vinker Shlomo , Israel Ariel
Published: November 2024

Background: Pediatric pain significantly affects children’s lives, leading to school absenteeism, impaired social interactions, and psychological distress. The perception of sensory signals as pain is influenced by the brain’s noradrenergic system, and recent evidence suggests that chronic pain may impact cognitive functioning and emotional regulation. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with alterations in the dopaminergic/noradrenergic systems, which could affect pain perception. Pain-associated conditions and frequent analgesic use in childhood may be linked to ADHD development and could serve as early indicators, yet data on this potential association remain limited. Study Aim: This population-based case-control study in Israel aimed to assess the prevalence of pain-related diagnoses prior to ADHD diagnosis in children aged 5 to 18. The study included children registered with Leumit Health Services (LHS) between 1 January 2006, and 30 June 2021. Children diagnosed with ADHD were compared to matched controls, selected based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and other sociodemographic factors, who were never diagnosed with ADHD during the study period. Results: Children with ADHD (N = 18,756) and controls (N = 37,512) were precisely matched for sociodemographic characteristics. Individuals with ADHD exhibited significantly higher frequencies of diverse pain conditions, including those associated with illness [headache, earaches, and throat pain (odds ratios [OR] = 1.156 [95%CI 1.085, 1.232], 1.295 [95%CI 1.217, 1.377], and 1.080 [95%CI 1.019, 1.145], respectively; p < 0.01)] and injury [sprains and strains (OR = 1.233 [95% CI 1.104,1.376)]. Analgesics were more frequently purchased by individuals with ADHD, particularly paracetamol (OR = 1.194 [95%CI 1.152, 1.237], p < 0.001) and ibuprofen (OR = 1.366 [95%CI 1.318, 1.416], p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights a potential connection between ADHD and pediatric pain. The elevated rates of pain diagnoses and analgesic usage among children with ADHD underscore the need for further research.
Germline Variant Spectrum in Southern Italian High-Risk Hereditary Breast Cancer Patients: Insights from Multi-Gene Panel Testing
Authors: Rocca Valentina , Lo Feudo Elisa , Dinatolo Francesca , Lavano Serena Marianna , Bilotta Anna , Amato Rosario , D’Antona Lucia , Trapasso Francesco , Baudi Francesco , Colao Emma , Perrotti Nicola , Paduano Francesco , Iuliano Rodolfo
Published: November 2024

Hereditary breast cancer accounts for 5–10% of all cases, with pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 and other susceptibility genes playing a crucial role. This study elucidates the prevalence and spectrum of germline variants in 13 cancer predisposition genes among high—risk hereditary breast cancer patients from Southern Italy. We employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze 254 individuals selected through genetic counseling. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 13% (34/254) of patients, with 54% of these variants occurring in non-BRCA1/2 genes. Notably, we observed a recurrent BRCA1 c.4964_4982del founder mutation, underscoring the importance of population-specific genetic screening. The spectrum of variants extended beyond BRCA1/2 to include PALB2, ATM, TP53, CHEK2, and RAD51C, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of breast cancer susceptibility. Variants of uncertain significance were detected in 20% of patients, emphasizing the ongoing challenge of variant interpretation in the era of multi-gene panel testing. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the genetic landscape of breast cancer in Southern Italy but also provide a foundation for developing more targeted, population-specific approaches to genetic testing and counseling, ultimately contributing to the advancement of precision medicine in oncology.
Diatomic: An Open-Source Excel Application to Calculate Thermodynamic Properties for Diatomic Molecules
Authors: Melo André
Published: November 2024

In this paper, I present Diatomic, an open-source Excel application that calculates molar thermodynamic properties for diatomic ideal gases. This application is very easy to use and requires only a limited number of molecular constants, which are freely available online. Despite its simplicity, Diatomic provides methodologies and results that are usually unavailable in general quantum chemistry packages. This application uses the general formalism of statistical mechanics, enabling two models to describe the rotational structure and two models to describe the vibrational structure. In this work, Diatomic was used to calculate standard molar thermodynamic properties for a set of fifteen diatomic ideal gases. A special emphasis was placed on the analysis of four properties (standard molar enthalpy of formation, molar heat capacity at constant pressure, average molar thermal enthalpy, and standard molar entropy), which were compared with experimental values. A molecular interpretation for the molar heat capacity at constant pressure, as an interesting pedagogical application of Diatomic, was also explored in this paper.
The Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of a Structured Individual Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients
Authors: Lee Jung-Lim , Ko Sung-Hwa , Huh Sungchul , Jung Jong-Chul , Kim Soo-Yong , Bae Dong-Yun , Shin Yong-Il , Kim Yuna
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in low levels of physical activity post-discharge. A comprehensive exercise program could be a safe method to increase stroke patients’ physical activity and exercise volume. This pilot study examines the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of a comprehensive exercise regimen for stroke patients residing in the community after discharge. Methods: This single-group pilot study included patients who received inpatient rehabilitation for motor impairment following a stroke. Community-dwelling participants engaged in a comprehensive exercise program, which was structured and individualized, consisting of stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises, conducted under the supervision of a health exercise specialist in a dedicated living lab within the hospital. The program involved 20 sessions, each lasting 50 min, conducted three to five times weekly. The pre- and post-intervention evaluations were comprehensive, including safety and validity assessments, along with physical function tests such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing and various fitness tests (6 min walk test, timed up and go test, chair stand test, figure-of-8 walk test, grip strength test, and sit-and-reach test). Depression levels were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: A total of 22 subjects were recruited, with 21 completing the study after one dropout due to fatigue and visiting distance. Among the 21 completers, one subject experienced a mild adverse event (hypoglycemia), which was not serious, confirming the program’s safety. The exercise participation rate was 95.5%, and the adherence rate averaged 95.2%, with all completers achieving over 80% adherence. Significant improvements were observed in VO2 peak (p = 0.000), 6 min walk test (p = 0.000), timed up and go test (p = 0.000), chair stand test (p = 0.000), figure-of-8 walk test (p = 0.000), and grip strength (p = 0.001). However, changes in the peak respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.078), sit-and-reach test (p = 0.228) and GDS scores (p = 0.275) were not significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the comprehensive exercise program is sufficiently safe and valid for stroke rehabilitation patients. The program significantly enhances cardiopulmonary endurance, walking ability, balance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and coordination. Further research with larger sample sizes and control groups is needed to confirm these findings and explore additional benefits.
An Integrated Review of Transitional Care for Families of Pre-Term Infants
Authors: Kim Jeong Soon , Kim Hae Ran
Published: November 2024

This study was conducted to identify the key elements of transitional care for families with pre-term infants in South Korea. We used an integrative review methodology proposed by Whittemore and Knafle. During the problem identification step, the review question was constructed via the population, intervention, outcome, and timeframe (PIOT) format. During the literature search step, integrative reviews of the published literature from nine electronic databases were undertaken and a total of 14 studies were reviewed that met our inclusion criteria. During the data evaluation step, the quality of the literature was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) developed by Hong et al. We identified three domains and 10 key attributes of transitional care for families of pre-term infants. The parenting empowerment domain included growth and development, developmental promotion, nutrition, safe environment, general parenting, and parent–infant interaction. The emotional support domain included counseling, advocacy, and community network. The social support domain included professional collaboration. Efforts should continue to further develop programs and policies to enhance transitional care for families of pre-term infants that reflect South Korean nursing practices.
The Development of a Hydrological Method for Computing Extreme Hydrographs in Engineering Dam Projects
Authors: Coronado-Hernández Oscar E. , Fuertes-Miquel Vicente S. , Arrieta-Pastrana Alfonso
Published: November 2024

Engineering dam projects benefit society, including hydropower, water supply, agriculture, and flood control. During the planning stage, it is crucial to calculate extreme hydrographs associated with different return periods for spillways and diversion structures (such as tunnels, conduits, temporary diversions, multiple-stage diversions, and cofferdams). In many countries, spillways have return periods ranging from 1000 to 10,000 years, while diversion structures are designed with shorter return periods. This study introduces a hydrological method based on data from large rivers which can be used to compute extreme hydrographs for different return periods in engineering dam projects. The proposed model relies solely on frequency analysis data of peak flow, base flow, and water volume for various return periods, along with recorded maximum hydrographs, to compute design hydrographs associated with different return periods. The proposed method is applied to the El Quimbo Hydropower Plant in Colombia, which has a drainage area of 6832 km2. The results demonstrate that this method effectively captures peak flows and evaluates hydrograph volumes and base flows associated with different return periods, as a Root Mean Square Error of 11.9% of the maximum volume for various return periods was achieved during the validation stage of the proposed model. A comprehensive comparison with the rainfall–runoff method is also provided to evaluate the relative magnitudes of the various variables analysed, ensuring a thorough and reliable assessment of the proposed method.
Wait, Where’s the Flynn Effect on the WAIS-5?
Authors: Winter Emily L. , Trudel Sierra M. , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: November 2024

The recent release of the WAIS-5, a decade and a half after its predecessor, the WAIS-IV, raises immediate questions about the Flynn effect (FE). Does the traditional FE of points per decade in the U.S. for children and adults, identified for the Full Scale IQs of all Wechsler scales and for other global IQ scores as well, persist into the 2020s? The WAIS-5 Technical and Interpretive Manual provides two counterbalanced validity studies that address the Flynn effect directly—N = 186 adolescents and adults (16–90 years, mean age = 47.8) tested on the WAIS-IV and WAIS-5; and N = 98 16-year-olds tested on the WISC-V and WAIS-5. The FE is incorporated into the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disabilities by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), by DSM-5-TR, and in capital punishment cases. The unexpected result of the two counterbalanced studies was a reduction in the Flynn effect from the expected value of 3 IQ points to 1.2 points. These findings raise interesting questions regarding whether the three point adjustment to FSIQs should be continued for intellectual disability diagnosis and whether the federal courts should rethink its guidelines for capital punishment cases and other instances of high stakes decision-making. Limitations include a lack of generalization to children, the impact of the practice effects, and a small sample size.
Fan Mussel (Pinna nobilis L.) Spat Collection, Monitoring of Early Growth and Conservation Implications by Deploying Conventional Aquaculture Methodology
Authors: Theodorou John A. , Spinos Efthimios , Ramfos Alexis , Tsamadias Ioannis E. , Bekiari Vlasoula , Kamilari Maria , Ntouni Maria-Myrto , Tsotsios Dimitrios , Feidantsis Konstantinos , Lattos Athanasios , Giantsis Ioannis A. , Michaelidis Basile
Published: November 2024

Pinna nobilis, endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, has been experiencing a gradual population decline over recent decades due to anthropogenic pressures on its ecosystems. However, since 2016, its populations have suffered significant reductions because of pathological issues affecting the species across all its habitats. Aquaculture techniques to support the limited natural recruitment P. nobilis efforts is examined. Artificial substrates for larval attachments in aquaculture infrastructures promote the survival of the juveniles that is further enhanced through protected pre-growing “nursery” farming conditions. Specific spat collectors were placed in 2 cage-fish farms in SW Amvrakikos Gulf. The harvested spats from were transferred to pre-grow in trays hanged on a long line farm mussel that is acting as a protected “nursery”, avoiding predation and any human accidentally disturbance. The survival and growth of 12 juveniles P. nobilis spat (shell length 38.1 ± 9.2 mm) in captivity (31 October 2023–15 March2023) was investigated. Out of the 12 individuals collected, 3 were examined for the presence of pathogens; only 7 survived, exhibiting enhanced growth (shell length 54.3 ± 11.6 mm) after 134 days in the nursery. The results highlight the significant role of aquaculture techniques in efforts to conserve a threatened species as well as the need for the creation of a protocol to ensure the conservation of P. nobilis.
IPO Pricing in Germany and Switzerland in the New Millennium: Tests on Underpricing and Long-Term Performance
Authors: Barihas Rohat , Weber Peter , Zimmermann Heinz
Published: November 2024

We provide an updated analysis of initial public offerings (IPOs) by Swiss and German companies after the turn of the millennium up to 2020. We compare the characteristics of initial pricing to those observed in prior studies, test conventional hypotheses about underpricing cross-sectionally, and analyze the long-run performance of IPO firms. Our sample included 72 IPOs in Switzerland and 307 IPOs in Germany. We found an average (median) underpricing of 13.27% (7.19%) for Swiss IPOs and an average (median) of 21.50% (3.7%) for German IPOs; the averages dropped to 6.45% and 5.82%, respectively, after excluding the hot-issue market in 2000. Among the cross-sectional explanations, interesting effects can be observed with respect to the bookbuilding width and transparency standard of the listed market segment, as well as the reputation of the underwriter and the value of the greenshoe option. We documented strong post-issue underperformance for holding periods up to 120 months, which were, however, only present in the Swiss sample for median, not mean, returns.
Bio-Inspired Sinusoidal Metamaterials: Design, 4D Printing, Energy-Absorbing Properties
Authors: Zhang Jifeng , Meng Siwei , Wang Baofeng , Xu Ying , Shi Guangfeng , Zhou Xueli
Published: November 2024

Conventional energy-absorbing components have limited adjustability under complex working conditions. To overcome this limitation, we designed a bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterial (BSM) inspired by the efficient energy-absorbing structure of the mantis shrimp jaw foot and 4D printed it based on shape-memory polymer (SMP). The effects of single-cell structural parameters and gradient design on its force–displacement curves and energy-absorbing properties were explored. Based on the shape memory effect of SMP, the BSM can obtain arbitrary temporary shapes under the combined effect of temperature and force, realizing locally controllable compression deformation and programmable mechanical properties of the BSM structure. This research has a broad application prospect in the field of energy absorption and energy management and provides new ideas for the design of smart structural materials.
Study on Comprehensive Performance of Four-Point Contact Ball Slewing Bearings Based on a Bearing Support Bolt-Integrated Model
Authors: He Zhanshu , Shi Zhenpeng , Qin Dongchen , Wen Jingbo , Shao Jinggan , Liu Xianghui , Xie Xinghui
Published: November 2024

To investigate four-point contact ball slewing bearings, a bearing support bolt-integrated model was created with HyperMesh and ANSYS software, and its accuracy was theoretically confirmed. This study examines how the rolling element number Z, contact angle α, bolt number N, bolt pre-tightening force coefficient P, and radial load-overturning moment angle θ affect the comprehensive performance of four-point contact ball slewing bearings and connecting bolts. The study found that increasing Z, α, N, P, and θ reduces overall bearing, ring, rolling element, and contact load deformations. The maximum deformation and stress of bolts rise with P but decrease with Z, α, N, and θ. The degree of influence of each parameter on the deformation of the inner and outer rings, the deformation of the rolling element, and the contact load of the rolling body from large to small is ranked as follows: α, N, Z, θ, and P; the degree of influence on bolt deformation and bolt stress distribution uniformity from large to small is ranked as follows: N, α, Z, θ, and P; the degree of influence on the overall deformation of the bearing from large to small is ranked as follows: N, θ, α, Z and P; the degree of impact on the maximum stress of the bolt from large to small is ranked as follows: P, N, Z, α, θ. To improve the overall performance of a four-point contact ball slewing bearing, increase α, N, Z, and θ.
Antimicrobial Resistance in Lactococcus spp. Isolated from Native Brazilian Fish Species: A Growing Challenge for Aquaculture
Authors: Rosário Angélica Emanuely Costa do , Barbanti Angelo Carlo Chaparro , Matos Helena Caldeira , Maia Cynthia Rafaela Monteiro da Silva , Trindade Júlia Miranda , Nogueira Luiz Fagner Ferreira , Pilarski Fabiana , Gallani Silvia Umeda , Leal Carlos Augusto Gomes , Figueiredo Henrique César Pereira , Tavares Guilherme Campos
Published: November 2024

Lactococcus spp. has emerged as a pathogen that is affecting global aquaculture, with L. garvieae, L. petauri, and L. formosensis causing piscine lactococcosis. While antimicrobials are commonly used to treat diseases in aquaculture, reports of antimicrobial resistance in fish isolates are increasing. However, little is known about the susceptibility patterns of Lactococcus spp. strains isolated from native fish species in Brazil. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of these strains and establish a provisional epidemiological cutoff value for L. garvieae using the normalized resistance interpretation approach. A total of 47 isolates were tested: 17 L. garvieae, 24 L. petauri, and 6 L. formosensis. The isolates were classified as wild-type (WT) or non-wild-type (NWT) based on inhibition zone diameters. Isolates classified as NWT for three or more antimicrobial classes were considered multidrug-resistant, and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The results revealed heterogeneity in antimicrobial resistance profiles, with higher resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin. Resistance to other antimicrobials, including florfenicol and oxytetracycline (approved for use in Brazil), varied according to the bacterial species. Lactococcus petauri (87.5%) and L. formosensis (66.7%) showed the highest multidrug resistance, compared to L. garvieae (11.7%), along with higher MAR index values. These findings suggest that multidrug-resistant strains could pose future challenges in the production of native species, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and responsible use of antimicrobials in aquaculture.
First Report of Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) Caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum in Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Farmed in South Korea
Authors: Kong Kyoung-Hui , Gong In-Ha , Jung Sung-Ju , Oh Myung-Joo , Jung Myung-Hwa , Han Hyun-Ja , Kim Hyoung Jun , Kim Wi-Sik
Published: November 2024

In 2021, a prominent increase in mortality was observed in juvenile and subadult cultured chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) on a mariculture farm in Jeollanam-do Province, South Korea. The affected fish displayed distinct symptoms: pale gills, petechial hemorrhages in the muscles, and white nodules on the kidneys. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was cultured from some fish samples using fish cell lines. Bacteria were isolated from various fish tissues using kidney disease medium-two (KDM-2) culture medium. By detecting and sequencing the 16S rRNA gene using DNA extracted from the kidneys of the infected fish via PCR, the isolated bacteria were identified as Renibacterium salmoninarum. Histopathological examination primarily focused on hematopoietic tissues of kidneys and revealed clear evidence of severe necrosis and granulomatous changes. Additionally, nuclei with peripherally displaced chromatin were abundant in the kidneys of affected fish. These findings suggest that mass mortality of chum salmon was caused by R. salmoninarum, which induced typical bacterial kidney disease (BKD) symptoms, without IPNV infection. This represents the first outbreak of BKD attributed to R. salmoninarum infection in farmed chum salmon in South Korea.
Ti3+ Self-Doping of TiO2 Boosts Its Photocatalytic Performance: A Synergistic Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Mingqing , Liu Manyu , Han Keyi , Liang Yingbin , Zhao Xinyu , Han Lin , Wang Jinnong , Wang Shifeng , Li Yong
Published: November 2024

Pollution remains one of the most significant global challenges. Photocatalysis consists of a new organic pollutant removal technology, with TiO2 widely studied as a photocatalyst in the photocatalytic removal of water pollution. However, intrinsic TiO2 has the disadvantages of weak visible light absorption, low electron separation, and transmission efficiency, as well as few active sites. In this study, anatase-phase Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 (B-TiO2) with a core-shell structure was successfully prepared by forming an amorphous layer rich in oxygen vacancies (OVs) and Ti3+ defects on the TiO2 surface under a nitrogen atmosphere using NaBH4 as a chemical-reducing agent. The visible light absorption performance of the catalyst was notably improved when exposed to light irradiation. The bending of surface energy bands facilitated the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and the core-shell structure allowed the electron-hole pairs to be transported to the surface of the catalyst and participate in the reaction faster. We observed that 92.86% of Rhodamine B (RhB) was degraded in only 5 min, an increase of 2.73 times that of the degradation rate observed in commercial P25. With extraordinary stability, the photocatalytic efficiency of the catalyst remained at 96.2% after five degradation cycles.
Molecular Docking of Endolysins for Studying Peptidoglycan Binding Mechanism
Authors: Arakelian Arina G. , Chuev Gennady N. , Mamedov Timur V.
Published: November 2024

Endolysins of bacteriophages, which degrade the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, are applicable in many industries to deal with biofilms and bacterial infections. While multi-domain endolysins have both enzymatically active and cell wall-binding domains, single-domain endolysins consist only of an enzymatically active domain, and their mechanism of peptidoglycan binding remains unexplored, for this is a challenging task experimentally. This research aimed to explore the binding mechanism of endolysins using computational approaches, namely molecular docking and bioinformatical tools, and analyze the performance of these approaches. The docking engine Autodock Vina 1.1.2 and the 3D-RISM module of AmberTools 24 were studied in the current work and used for receptor–ligand affinity and binding energy calculations, respectively. Two possible mechanisms of single-domain endolysin–ligand binding were predicted by Autodock Vina and verified by the 3D-RISM. As a result, the previously obtained experimental results on peptidoglycan binding of the isolated gamma phage endolysin PlyG enzymatically active domain were supported by molecular docking. Both methods predicted that single-domain endolysins are able to bind peptidoglycan, with Autodock Vina being able to give accurate numerical estimates of protein–ligand affinities and 3D-RISM providing comparative values.
The Impact of Afterpulsing Effects in Single-Photon Detectors on the Performance Metrics of Single-Photon Detection Systems
Authors: Lai Yuanfan , Shen Zongyao , Chen Yong , Wang Jindong , Guo Jianping , Wei Zhengjun
Published: November 2024

A single-photon detection system based on InGaAs SPADs is a high-precision optical measurement system capable of detecting quantum-level optical signals. However, the afterpulsing effect when using InGaAs SPADs severely limits their practical utility. The impact of afterpulsing effects on the performance of systems based on this type of detector can no longer be ignored. Therefore, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the measurement errors induced by afterpulsing effects and proposes a correction method based on a power-law model. This method analyzes the probability distribution of afterpulsing effects using the power-law model and improves the expressions for the system’s average count rate and signal-to-noise ratio by calculating the average number of afterpulses within the average response time. The influence of afterpulse probability and dead time on the system’s average count rate is also analyzed. This afterpulse correction method mitigates the measurement errors caused by afterpulsing effects, thereby enhancing the system’s measurement accuracy.
Development of a Dual-Stage CIM® CDI Reactor with Immobilized Glucuronan Lyases and Laccases for Sustainable Synthesis of Antioxidant Phenolized Oligoglucuronan
Authors: Hou Xiaoyang , Dubessay Pascal , Christophe Gwendoline , Bridiau Nicolas , Bodet Pierre-Edouard , Traikia Mounir , Raja Mugilan Damadoran , Maugard Thierry , Štrancar Aleš , Audonnet Fabrice , Michaud Philippe , Pierre Guillaume
Published: November 2024

Immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) are critical tools for developing novel oligosaccharides based on the enzymatic catalysis of polysaccharides. In this paper, a novel glucuronan lyase from Peteryoungia rosettiformans was produced, purified, and then immobilized on a CIM® CDI disk for cleaving glucuronan. The results showed that around 63.6% of glycuronan lyases (800.9 μg) were immobilized on the disk. The Vmax values of immobilized glucuronan lyases did not significantly change (56.9 ± 4.7 μM∙min−1), while the Km values (0.310 ± 0.075 g∙L−1) increased by 2.5 times. It is worth noting that immobilized glucuronan lyases overcame the catalytic inhibition of free enzymes observed under high glucuronan concentrations (0.5–2 g∙L−1). circumscribed central composite design (CCCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) showed that glucuronan concentration, flow rate, and reaction time significantly affected the yield of oligoglucuronans. The degree of polymerization (DP) of degraded glucuronan ranged from DP 2–8 according to the results obtained by high performance anion exchange chromatography coupled with a pulsed amperometric detector (HPAEC-PAD). The IMER retained 50.9% activity after running 2373 column volumes of glucuronan. Finally, this glucuronan lyase reactor was tentatively connected to an immobilized laccase reactor to depolymerize, and gallic acid (GA) was added to glucuronan. Approximately 8.5 mg of GA was added onto 1 g of initial glucuronan, and the GA–oligoglucuronan conjugates showed notable antioxidant activity.
Special Issue: Food Safety Management and Quality Control Techniques
Authors: Lin Jer-An
Published: November 2024

The use of quality control methods is essential to guaranteeing food safety [...]
Electrochemical Oxidation of Pollutants in Textile Wastewaters Using BDD and Ti-Based Anode Materials
Authors: Afonso César , Sousa Carlos Y. , Farinon Daliany M. , Lopes Ana , Fernandes Annabel
Published: November 2024

This study aims to evaluate the electrochemical oxidation of real textile wastewater using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and different titanium-based mixed metal oxide (Ti/MMO) commercial anodes, namely Ti/RuO2-TiO2, Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5, Ti/IrO2-RuO2, and Ti/RuO2/IrO2-Pt. Experiments were conducted in batch mode, with stirring, at different applied current densities. The results showed that BDD attained the best results, followed by Ti/RuO2-TiO2, which achieved total color removal, a chemical oxygen removal of 61% with some mineralization of organic compounds, and a similar specific energy consumption to BDD. The worst performance was observed for Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5, with a specific energy consumption four times superior to BDD due to a negligible organic load removal.
Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Perspective on Comparative Therapeutics and Targeted Nanocarrier Application
Authors: Barathan Muttiah , Ng Sook Luan , Lokanathan Yogeswaran , Ng Min Hwei , Law Jia Xian
Published: November 2024

Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) are emerging as promising therapeutic candidates due to their unique properties and versatile functions. These vesicles play a crucial role in immunomodulation by influencing macrophage differentiation and cytokine production, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as bone loss, fibrosis, and cancer. mEVs also have the capacity to modulate gut microbiota composition, which may alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases and promote intestinal barrier integrity. Their potential as drug delivery vehicles is significant, enhancing the stability, solubility, and bioavailability of anticancer agents while supporting wound healing and reducing inflammation. Additionally, bovine mEVs exhibit anti-aging properties and protect skin cells from UV damage. As vaccine platforms, mEVs offer advantages including biocompatibility, antigen protection, and the ability to elicit robust immune responses through targeted delivery to specific immune cells. Despite these promising applications, challenges persist, including their complex roles in cancer, effective antigen loading, regulatory hurdles, and the need for standardized production methods. Achieving high targeting specificity and understanding the long-term effects of mEV-based therapies are essential for clinical translation. Ongoing research aims to optimize mEV production methods, enhance targeting capabilities, and conduct rigorous preclinical and clinical studies. By addressing these challenges, mEVs hold the potential to revolutionize vaccine development and targeted drug delivery, ultimately improving therapeutic outcomes across various medical fields.
La prórroga del servicio de los notarios y el principio de eficacia jurídica
Authors: Colón Ferruzola Enrique , Galarza Castro Christian Xavier , Flores Segura Ángel Gonzalo , Alcaciega Ochoa Lizbeth Johana
Published: November 2024

La presente investigación aborda el conflicto normativo entre la Disposición Transitoria Décimo Cuarta del Código Orgánico de la Función Judicial y el principio de eficacia jurídica consagrado en la Constitución de la República del Ecuador. La problemática radica en la prórroga del servicio de los notarios que ingresaron vía concurso desde 2013 y que han concluido su primer periodo, situación que parece contradecir el artículo 200 de la Constitución. El objetivo del estudio es analizar la prórroga del servicio de los notarios y el principio de eficacia jurídica en Ecuador. La metodología es de enfoque cualitativo, tipo descriptivo y diseño documental. Los resultados indican que la Disposición Transitoria Décimo Cuarta, carece de un procedimiento claramente definido para la reelección de notarios, lo cual compromete la eficacia jurídica de las disposiciones constitucionales y genera incertidumbre. Se concluye que la excepción planteada podría resultar inconstitucional si no se fundamenta de manera sólida y se armoniza con el resto del ordenamiento jurídico.
Visualizing Entrepreneurship: A Semiotic Analysis of Brands and Identity Construction
Authors: Campos Karl Ponteras
Published: November 2024

Objective: This study explores the symbolic aspects of brand representation and how it aligns with the entrepreneurial spirit via the lens of semiotics. Research Design & Methods: The study utilized semiotic analysis through codes represented in trademarks by painstaking examination, illuminating the complex interactions of visual components, language, and the entrepreneurial identity. Findings: The results highlight how important language and visual choices are when creating an engaging brand narrative for entrepreneurs. A semiotic understanding of branding becomes an invaluable tool for honest expression and audience engagement as entrepreneurs maneuver the competitive landscape. Implications and Recommendations: The results hold the potential to shed light on how brands function as means of articulating and encapsulating entrepreneurial identity, impacting customer attitudes and the prosperity of organizations. Contribution & Value Added: It is critical to comprehend the complex relationship between brands and entrepreneurial identity in the ever-changing world of entrepreneurial ventures.
Micro-XRF analysis of silver “Celtic” coins found in Bulgaria
Authors:   1National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 3, Sofia-1113, Bulgaria, Lesigyarski D. , Varbanov V. ,   Regional Museum of History-Rousse, 3, Knyaz Al. Batenberg Sqr., Rousse-7000, Bulgaria, Bonev V. ,   Centre of Archaeometry with Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration, Faculty of History, 35 Galichica Str., Sofia-1164, Bulgaria, Zlateva B. ,   Centre of Archaeometry with Laboratory of Conservation and Restoration, Faculty of History, 35 Galichica Str., Sofia-1164, Bulgaria,   Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemistry, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1, J. Bourchier Blvd., Sofia-1164, Bulgaria
Published: November 2024

A set of 23 silver Celtic-looking coins were analyzed by micro-XRF in order to obtain data about their chemical composition (purity of silver and trace elements content) in relation of the coin type. The aim was either to confirm or reject the hypothesis about ancient imitation of the so-called “Celtic” coins. The results show that very pure silver (approximately 85-93 % Ag), copper and tin as macro-components (%) with traces of iron, gold, bismuth, chromium, nickel, zinc had been used. Statistical treatment (correlation and cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA)) allowed contextualization of the analytical results and permitted to obtain a better knowledge of the used metal alloys and manufacturing procedure of the investigated Celtic-looking coins. Numismatic expertise was also done and the hypothesis about ancient imitation was confirmed on the basis of the expertise and the elemental composition of the coins.
Pravne i bioetičke dileme surogat majčinstva
Authors: Aljinović Nevena , Jeličić Ana
Published: November 2024

Zahvaljujući suvremenim znanstveno-biomedicinskim postignućima, napose metodama potpomognute oplodnje, kao alternativnom obliku reprodukcije, neplodnim parovima omogućena je realizacija roditeljstva. Surogat majčinstvo najbolji je primjer dalekosežnosti potpomognute oplodnje te predstavlja najsloženiji medicinsko-pravno-(bio)etički oblik začeća. Ono evocira podvojene reakcije i potiče rasprave moralne, etičke i pravne konotacije jer destabilizira temeljne tradicionalne postulate o srodstvu, roditeljstvu i majčinstvu. Dovodi u pitanje tradicionalno poimanje obitelji, napose majke, jer proturječi društvenoj i zakonskoj presumpciji da je djetetova majka žena koja ga je rodila (mater semper certa est). Pravne dvojbe u domeni međunarodnog surogat majčinstva iznjedrila je problematika uskraćivanja državljanstva djeci rođenoj uz pomoć ove progresivne metode ostvarivanja roditeljstva. Upravo je „limb nacionalnosti” potaknuo međunarodnu raspravu o potrebi identificiranja najproblematičnijih područja i donošenja normativnih smjernica za zaštitu prava djece rođene uz pomoć surogat majčinstva. Bioetičke dvojbe, pak, širokog su raspona te osim pitanja majčinstva obuhvaćaju prava djece, komercijalizaciju usluge te druge vezane bioetičke probleme, kao što su pobačaj i potpomognuta oplodnja. Rad donosi pregled aktualnih i najvažnijih pravnih i bioetičkih pitanja u području surogat majčinstva.