bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are College Cheating and Plagiarism Related to Academic Procrastination?
Authors: Roig Miguel , DeTommaso Lauren
Published: August 2011

A sample of 115 college undergraduates were given the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students and a cheating and plagiarism questionnaire during separate testing sessions. On these self-report measures, scores for cheating on examinations and for plagiarism were positively correlated with self-ratings of procrastination and negatively correlated with self-reported grade point average. Students who scored high on procrastination had significantly higher scores for plagiarism than those who scored low on procrastination. The results suggest that procrastination may be one of many factors mediating academic dishonesty.
Measuring Prosocial Behavior of College Students
Authors: Kosek Robert B.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between prosocial behavior and the five-factor model of personality. 61 undergraduates were given an 80-item Bipolar Adjective Scale to assess five domains of personality and the Prosocial Behavior Inventory to rate prosocial behavior. Analysis suggested that Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness showed significant positive correlations with prosocial behaviors, e.g., women were somewhat more compassionate than men whereas men focussed more on fiscal responsibility.
Teaching Children to Care: Their Views of War in Bosnia
Authors: Klein Joel
Published: August 2011

36 students in Grades 5 and 6 were exposed to moralistic teaching about the rights of children during war and the meaning of International Humanitarian Law. They were also given guided tours of 44 color drawings by children in Bosnia which were on display for 12 school days. Three weeks later the children were asked to write to a pen-pal in Bosnia and answer two general inquiries about the project for a total of 40 minutes of writing. Analysis of their written responses indicated the absence of knowledge about the central concepts of the rights of children and the purpose of International Humanitarian Law. There was ample evidence that empathic responses were developed in relation to people suffering in Bosnia, although a minority were apparently frightened and retreated into a self-reassurance of their own safety.
Consequences of Whistle-Blowing: A Study of the Experiences of Management Accountants
Authors: Casal Jose C. , Zalkind Sheldon S.
Published: August 2011

A power-dependency model was used to examine what variables are associated with the reported success, i.e., elimination of wrongdoing, and personal consequences of whistle-blowing. A survey of 219 management accountants indicated that whistle-blowers were more likely to report success and less likely to report negative personal consequences if they were auditors, had their superiors' support, and had alternative job opportunities. Whistle-blowers were also more likely to report success if they were in organizations wherein wrongdoing was not widespread.
Psychosocial Effects of Skin Treatment with Imedeen®
Authors: Stronks D. L. , Passchier J. , Heule F.
Published: August 2011

In a 3-mo. randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, the psychosocial effects of the food supplement IMEDEEN® on health-specific quality of life were examined. Participants were 45 Caucasian women with a normal skin condition in relation to their age. The variables measured were social anxiety and social skills, self-esteem, satisfaction with several parts of the body, state and trait anxiety, and psychological and social problems related to the skin. No significant effect of IMEDEEN® was found on any of these psychosocial variables. Suggestions for further research are given.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CII. Attitudinal Shifts in Responses to ‘Psychological Prescriptions’ among Undergraduate Students in a ‘Systems of Psychology’ Course
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: August 2011

18 contrasting pairs of psychological prescriptions formed the basis of a rating scale upon which 25 undergraduate psychology students (5 men and 20 women) enrolled in a course in “systems of psychology” indicated their “attitudinal preferences.” An analysis of variance, followed by pair-wise comparisons using t tests for correlated samples taken at the beginning and end of the quarter showed a trend toward endorsements of more “phenomenological” as compared to “operational” prescriptions.
College Depression: Causes, Duration, and Coping
Authors: Oswalt Robert , Finkelberg Sarah
Published: August 2011

Analysis of 149 responses (based on a 15% random college sample) indicated that 90% considered they were or had been depressed at college. Depression was usually moderate and of short duration and associated with boyfriend/girlfriend difficulties, other social adjustment, and grades. These students turned to friends, themselves, and parents for help. Treatment could be provided by a college.
Changes in National Suicide Rates, 1980–1990
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

35 nations with higher suicide rates in 1980 experienced less increase in their suicide rate by 1990 than those with lower suicide rates in 1980, which is the opposite of the finding for the 1970s.
Creativity, Depression, and Circannual Variation
Authors: Sitton Sarah C. , Hughes Richard B.
Published: August 2011

Verbal creativity has been linked to personal and family histories of bipolar depression. The present studies investigated the relationship between creativity and atypical symptoms of bipolar depression such as seasonal mood variations. Although mote creative individuals, as measured by scores on the Remote Associates Test and a writing sample, perceived seasonal fluctuations in their creativity, no significant differences in performance were found.
Vulnerability Scale Scores in Female Inpatients Diagnosed with Self-Injurious Behavior, Dissociative Identity Disorder, and Major Depression
Authors: Glover Hillel , Lader Wendy , Walker-O'Keefe Jacqueline
Published: August 2011

For three groups of predominantly female inpatients scores on the Glover Vulnerability Scale® were compared with each other and with those of a control sample. The four groups included individuals who were diagnosed with self-injurious behavior, females diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, females whose predominant diagnosis was Major Depressive Disorder, and female controls. Females with a trauma-related diagnosis (Groups 1 and 2) scored higher on the Glover Vulnerability Scale® than Group 3. History of exposure to trauma or childhood abuse most clearly discriminated higher scores within the control sample. The findings highlighted the close relationship between histories of exposure to trauma and high scores on this scale. Additional analysis of these scores and those on the Glover Numbing Scale® showed a close association between feelings of vulnerability and the numbing response.
Delayed Matching to Complex Samples and the Formation of Stimulus Classes in Children
Authors: Maguire Russell W. , Stromer Robert , Mackay Harry A.
Published: August 2011

In two experiments ( ns = 3 plus a previously tested child, and 2, respectively), children learned delayed matching with complex samples, each consisting of a form and a printed nonsense word. Forms or printed words were comparison stimuli. For form comparisons, selecting the form identical to that in the preceding sample was reinforced. For printed word comparisons, selecting the word identical to that in the preceding sample was reinforced. During testing, the children then matched the forms and printed words to one another. In subsequent training, the samples were (a) old forms combined with new words or (b) old words combined with new forms. Novel matching performances among forms and words appeared across these training phases. Word-form contiguity in a matching-to-sample context may contribute to the formation of classes of stimuli that may be equivalent.
Blame and Punishment: Attitudes to Juvenile and Criminal Offending
Authors: Mohr Philip B. , Luscri Giuseppa
Published: August 2011

Responses of 139 undergraduate social welfare students and 79 community members to a questionnaire regarding contemporary issues in juvenile and general justice were partially accounted for by a Punitive-Internal factor. Scores on a resultant 8-item index of punitive-internal attitudes were positively correlated with scores on belief in a just world and were lower for social welfare students than for community members. In a follow-up study with a second sample of 78 community members, scores on the Punitive-Internal index were significantly related to ratings on measures of attitude toward authority and political conservatism but not to reported experience of crime. Findings are consistent with previous research and indicate that opinions on juvenile offending have a similar attitudinal basis to opinions on offending in general.
Self-Referencing Measurement in Persuasive Communications
Authors: Debevec Kathleen
Published: August 2011

Scaled measures were developed through a two-stage data-collection procedure to assess the extent to which 158 undergraduate respondents engaged in self-referencing in response to advertising. Self-referent cognitive responses were used as a basis for devising scales that were both generalizable and directed at the executional elements of some advertisements.
Comparison of Return Procedures Involving Mailed versus Student-Delivered Parental Consent Forms
Authors: MacGregor Elizabeth , McNamara John R.
Published: August 2011

Significantly more parental consent forms were returned by mail than delivered to the school by the children. This result suggests that to improve the rate of return for parental consent forms permitting research with children, students' handling of such forms be kept to a minimum.
Associations of Scores on the White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory and the Kern Lifestyle Scale
Authors: White Joanna , Campbell Linda , Stewart Alan
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relations among psychological birth order, actual birth order, and lifestyle. The study also further examined the convergent validity of the White-Campbell Psychological Birth Order Inventory. This inventory and Kern's Lifestyle Scale were administered to 126 individuals in a southeastern urban university. The several analyses of variance and canonical correlation analysis (1) supported a stronger relationship between psychological birth order and lifestyle than between actual birth order and lifestyle, (2) identified differential relationships between particular birth-order positions and lifestyle scales that were predicted and in accord with Adlerian theory, and (3) further supported the validity of the inventory. The results reaffirmed the lifestyle pattern and birth-order characterizations of Adlerian theory.
Behavioral Effects of Felbamate in Childhood Epileptic Encephalopathy (Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome)
Authors: Gay Patricia E. , Mecham Guy F. , Coskey Jason S. , Sadler Toni , Thompson Joel A.
Published: August 2011

The behavioral effects of felbamate were assessed in 20 persons (ages 2 to 19 years) who were participating in a compassionate plea protocol for children with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Parents completed a questionnaire concerning aspects of behavioral change once all medications were in a constant regimen. Significant improvements were suggested in social functioning, intellectual functioning, motor functioning, attention and concentration, alertness, initiative, variability In performance, and memory. There was a tendency for these effects to reverse when the drug was discontinued.
Characteristics of Substance-Abusing Veterans Attempting Suicide: A National Study
Authors: Anderson Britt A. , Walker R. Dale , Howard Matthew Owen , Suchinsky Richard T.
Published: August 2011

Demographic, diagnostic, and service utilization characteristics of veterans diagnosed with suicide attempt, substance dependence, both, or neither at discharge from Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) hospitals in fiscal year 1994 (FY94) were compared using the DVA's discharge abstract database. Four groups of veterans were studied: (1) substance-abusing suicidal inpatients ( n = 1,459), (2) substance-abusing nonsuicidal inpatients ( n = 123,808), (3) nonsubstance-abusing suicidal inpatients ( n = 632), and (4) nonsubstance-abusing nonsuicidal inpatients ( n = 402,906). Substance-abusing suicidal veterans had higher rates of substance abuse than substance-abusing nonsuicidal veterans and were more psychiatrically disordered than nonsubstance-abusing suicidal veterans. Substance-abusing suicidal veterans had a higher mean number of inpatient treatment episodes and a larger proportion of discharges against medical advice than the other three inpatient groups. Psychiatric and substance use disorders are more prevalent among substance-abusing suicidal veterans than among veterans with only substance use disorders or suicidal conduct.
Sex-Role Orientation and Satisfaction with Life
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Detwiler Fred R. J. , Byravan Anupama
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that androgynous people are more satisfied with life than others was tested by administering the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Satisfaction with Life Scale to 245 undergraduates (111 men and 134 women). Results strongly supported the tested hypothesis for men but not for women.
Challenging Pseudoscientific Beliefs: Surveying Evidence for Exotic Claims
Authors: Crowe Richard A. , Miura Carole K.
Published: August 2011

We carried out a preliminary survey to examine what popular beliefs and claims are most readily accepted among our college students and to compare these responses with the results of similar questionnaires taken in other pans of the country. Ratings for 70 statements dealing with topics in science and pseudoscience were obtained from 330 UH-Hilo college students and 40 UH-Hilo college faculty over a 5-year period. The results are compared to similar statements from four other surveys.
Observed Differences in Graduate Record Examination Scores and Mean Undergraduate Grade Point Averages by Gender and Race among Students Admitted to a Master's Degree Program in College Student Affairs
Authors: Hughey Aaron W.
Published: August 2011

Graduate Record Examination scores and undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs) were examined for 218 students admitted to a master's degree program in college student affairs from August 1985 through May 1995. Analysis of variance yielded no statistically significant differences between men and women on Graduate Record Examination scores, although a significant difference was observed when undergraduate GPAs were examined. There was also a statistically significant difference between African-American and Caucasian students for both Graduate Record Examination scores and undergraduate GPAs. Pearson product-moment correlations between scores on the Graduate Record Examination and undergraduate GPAs were consistently low. These findings support the notion that use of the Graduate Record Examination as an admissions criterion for college student affairs graduate programs warrants further scrutiny.
Predicting Accidents at Work with Measures of Locus of Control and Job Hazards
Authors: Janicak Christopher A.
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess the predictive ability of measures of locus of control and job hazards in involvement in accidents in the workplace. The locus of control scale consisted of 24 items while the job hazards were a measure of the probability of no involvement in an accident. A logistic regression model was 89% accurate in classifying subjects by involvement in an accident as measured by workers' compensation claims.
Reliability of Retrospective Reports of Perceived Maternal Acceptance-Rejection in Childhood
Authors: Cournoyer David E. , Rohner Ronald P.
Published: August 2011

Research reported here addresses the issue of the reliability of retrospective reports of children's perceptions of maternal acceptance-rejection as measured by the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire. A sample of 49 middle-class Caucasian 7- to 11-yr.-old children were asked to respond to the questionnaire reflecting on their mothers' current accepting-rejecting behaviors. Seven years later the same children—now adolescents—responded to the same questionnaire with the instruction to reflect back on their mothers' behavior when the youth were about 7 to 11 years of age. None of these youth recalled having been tested seven years earlier. A simple zero-order correlation between scores in childhood and adolescence was .62, indicating that adolescents' retrospective recollections were in moderate agreement with their reports during childhood. Thus, it seems clear that, at least with respect to perceptions of maternal acceptance-rejection as measured by the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, researchers can have reasonable confidence that adolescents' current recollections about their experiences of maternal acceptance-rejection are likely to be in moderate agreement with what they would have reported had they been tested during childhood.
Refinement and Evaluation of the Decision-Making Questionnaire
Authors: Kline Theresa J. B.
Published: August 2011

The psychometric properties of the Decision-making Questionnaire which was designed to assess decision-making in an organizational context were investigated by administering the questionnaire to 54 undergraduate students. The dimensions measured are Effectiveness, Confidence, and Information used in making both tactical and strategic organizational decisions. The assessment of the Effectiveness scores consisted of examining item-to-total correlations, principal components analyses, and internal consistencies. Also, the relationships amongst all three dimensions measured by the scale as well as relationships of all three dimensions with measures of perceived opportunities and threats are reported.
Descriptions of Self and Engineers by Male Engineering Students
Authors: Brown Nina W. , Cross Ernest J.
Published: August 2011

124 entering engineering freshmen were administered the Adjective Checklist and used the same list of 300 adjectives to describe engineers. Of the 37 scales 86% (or 32) showed significant differences between the description of self and that for engineers. The students also described themselves as significantly different from the normative college male group. Sixty percent of the sample was still enrolled in engineering three years later.
Is Anonymity Important in Aids Survey Research?
Authors: Zagumny Matthew J. , Ramsey Robert J. , Upchurch Melinda P.
Published: August 2011

In two experiments, findings with college undergraduates ( Ns = 154 and 137) suggest social desirability may not affect responses to survey items on HIV-related behaviors and results may not be constrained by anonymity.
Soundness of Treatment: A Survey of Psychologists' Opinions
Authors: Starker Steven , Pankratz Loren
Published: August 2011

A random sample of 300 psychologists listed in the National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology were surveyed about the soundness of forms of mental health treatment and use of these treatments in practice. The 139 psychologists responding expressed greatest confidence in cognitive-behavioral therapy and antipsychotic medications. Approaches most in question as to soundness were primal therapy, neurolinguistic programming, bioenergetics, and aversive therapy. Factor analysis indicated widespread endorsement and use of multiple techniques within two broad camps of research-based “hard-edged” versus clinical wisdom/philosophy-based “soft-edged.”
Urban Size Differences in Incidence of Altruistic Behavior
Authors: Bridges F. Stephen , Coady Neil P.
Published: August 2011

Two field experiments using 828 “lost letters” tested the hypothesis that altruism would be higher in small urban communities or towns than in cities unless the person needing help was a social deviant. The effect of deviance did alter return rates in both studies. In Study A, the effect of location and social deviance on altruistic responses from cities was generally greater than from smaller communities, except when the person in need of help was affiliated with the highly deviant prostitute conditions. In Study B, altruistic responses from cities were generally less than those from small towns even when the needy person was affiliated with the Communist or needle-exchange conditions.
College Classroom Seating Position and Changes in Achievement Motivation over a Semester
Authors: Burda Jeffrey M. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: August 2011

College students in freshman courses were given an inventory measuring achievement motivation at the beginning of the semester and again at the end. Consistent with previous findings, achievement motivation scores at the beginning of the semester were higher for students sitting in the front third of the classroom than for those sitting in the back two-thirds. Their higher scores were maintained at the end of the semester. It was inferred that the personal traits in achievement motivation disposed these students to choose to sit in the front or back of a classroom.
Equations Predicting Gender-Differentiated Affect in Japan
Authors: Smith Herman W
Published: August 2011

The regression of fundamental sentiments on transient sentiments and theoretically expected interactions within a factorial design suggests that Japanese women's predictors are significantly more complex than men's and low activity is more culturally accepted in Japan than the USA.
Menstrual Cycle, Arousal-Induction, and Intelligence Test Performance
Authors: Kumari Veena , Corr Philip J.
Published: August 2011

Regularly menstruating students (aged 19 to 25 yr.) were tested in the morning under high and low arousal-induction conditions (with time-pressure instructions vs without time-pressure instructions) during either midcycle ( n = 16) or menstruation phase ( n = 16) to study the interactive effects of menstrual phases and time-pressure stress-induced arousal on intelligence test scores on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Hundal's General Mental Ability Test. A crossover interactive effect of menstrual phase and stress-induced arousal was found on performance of the Hundal test, suggesting that performance of subjects who were tested during the midcycle phase (putatively High Basal Arousal) was impaired under the time-pressure instructions condition (High-induced Arousal) as compared to performance under the without time-pressure instructions condition (Low-induced Arousal), with the reverse pattern of effects being true for subjects who were tested during the menstruation phase. Scores on Hundal's test conform to the Yerkes-Dodson (1908) law which relates arousal to task performance and suggests that the menstrual cycle and performance on the intelligence test was arousal-based. No effects, however, were observed for Raven's Matrices, raising the possibility that task characteristics may mediate the relationship between arousal and performance.
Adolescent Reinforcement Survey Schedule: Summary of Research and Future Directions
Authors: Holmes George R. , Cautela Joseph , Sakano Yuji
Published: August 2011

Three completed studies with the Adolescent Reinforcement Survey Schedule are reviewed and further studies are discussed.
Objective Detection of Faking on Role-Play Tests of Assertion: Gender Differences
Authors: Kern Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2011

The validity of role-play tests of assertiveness can be reduced by the effects of faking. Kern demonstrated that faking could be detected using assessors' global judgements. The present analysis is based on Kern's 1994 videotapes, examining the effectiveness of more objective measures. Undergraduates who were low in assertiveness and instructed to fake high assertiveness on the Idiographic Role-play Test ( n = 23) emitted more statements indicative of social-evaluative concerns than the veridically highly assertive testees ( n = 27). Significant gender differences in the detectability of faking were also obtained. Whereas 24 female fakers and nonfakers were differentiated via verbalizations of likability, 26 male fakers and nonfakers were differentiated via empatnic-assertive statements. The implications and limitations of this method to detect faking are discussed.
Prescription Privileges: A Dearth of Confidence in Psychological Interventions
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

Starker and Pankratz (1996) reported that psychologists have very high confidence in the efficacy of psychotropic medications relative to psychological interventions. In this paper it is argued that this lack of professional self-confidence is the central dynamism in the prescription privileges movement.
Subclinical Depressive Symptoms in HIV Infection are Related to Avoidance Coping Responses: A Comparison with End-Stage Renal Failure and Breast Cancer
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Negishi Masayoshi , Hayashi Motoko , Hosaka Takashi , Moriya Hirofumi , Matsumoto Tomoko
Published: August 2011

We examined the relationship between coping responses and mood states among three samples of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection ( n = 26), end-stage renal failure ( n = 98), and breast cancer ( n = 60). Avoidance scores differed significantly across the groups, being highest in those with HIV infection. The avoidance scores were significantly and positively correlated with depression scores. However, patients with HIV infection did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for major depression. Although patients with HIV infection may have minor psychiatric symptoms, results suggest that the symptoms are not strong enough to warrant a psychiatric diagnosis of mood disorder. It might be clinically important to attend to avoidance behaviors and thoughts which may develop into the manifestation of depression.
Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Dutch Veterans of the Civilian Resistance during World War II: An Overview
Authors: Op den Velde W. , Aarts P. G. H. , Falger P. R. J. , Hovens J. E. , Frey-Wouters E. , Van Duijn H. , De Groen J. H. M.
Published: August 2011

This study concerns the prevalence of current and lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in various groups of officially recognized Veterans of the Dutch civilian Resistance against the Nazi occupation during World War II. In total, 1046 Resistance veterans living in The Netherlands and 52 who emmigrated to the United States after the war were examined. Between four and five decades after the end of WW 11, between 25 and 50% were suffering from current PTSD. The life-time prevalence is estimated to be substantially higher. The course of PTSD proved highly variable. There had often been a delay of several decades between the end of the war and reoccurrence or first onset of posttraumatic symptoms. The prevalence of PTSD in Resistance veterans who emigrated to the United States was hardly different from that of the veterans still living in The Netherlands.
Scores on the California Psychological Inventory for Men and Women Majoring in Counseling
Authors: Downs Elizabeth , Stephens James C. , Jenkins Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

Mean scores of 49 counseling majors on the California Personality Inventory indicated the 13 men showed more favorable personal characteristics than the 36 women.
Perceptions by Adult Children of Elderly Parents' Needs
Authors: Halpern James , Shroder Mary Ann , Citera Maryalice
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of adult children's perceptions of their elderly parents' concerns. Factors associated with moderate involvement between the elderly parent and adult child were predicted to lead to the greatest accuracy. 48 pairs of elderly parents and adult children filled out questionnaires regarding the parents' concerns about seven areas of functioning. Analysis showed that concerns about health and emotional support were rated as most important by elderly parents. Adult children accurately perceived these concerns to be most important to their parents. For health concerns, opposite-sex pairs of parents and children showed greatest agreement. For emotional support concerns, however, both sons and daughters were more accurate predicting their fathers' concerns than their mothers'. Middle-born children tended to be more accurate in their predictions of parents' concerns than oldest or youngest children. Living arrangements also influenced accuracy. In predicting the concerns of elderly parents, adult children were most accurate for parents living in retirement communities, moderately accurate for parents living independently, and least accurate for parents living in the adult child's home. Further, children sharing a household with an adult parent tended to overestimate their parents' concerns on some issues. The results were consistent with the moderate involvement hypothesis. The implications of these results and suggestions for research are discussed.
Contextual Effects on Adolescent Disorders Relevant to Coping
Authors: Tiffany Donald W. , Tiffany Phyllis G.
Published: August 2011

A four-factor control model was used to test the contextual determinants in adolescents' sense of control on a coping scale. Outpatients, matched for age and gender, completed the Tiffany Control Scales. Analyses confirmed the hypotheses that 52 who scored as externalizing compared to those 40 scoring as internalizing showed greater coping in response to different contextual determinants defined as situations.
Administrators' View of Full Inclusion in Public Education
Authors: Fullwood Harry , Pankake Anita , Fournet Glenn
Published: August 2011

A survey of educational administrators showed that there was no agreement for full inclusion of individuals with special needs in the public schools. The group of 108 out of 400 was almost evenly divided between advocates and non-advocates of full inclusion.
Depression and Dissociation as Features of Borderline Personality Disorder in Hospitalized Adolescents
Authors: Atlas Jeffrey A. , Wolfson Michele A.
Published: August 2011

26 adolescents showing Borderline Personality Disorder were compared with 12 carrying other diagnoses to clarify associated features of these conditions. In line with recent literature, the borderline adolescents evidenced significant depression and dissociation, suggesting the importance of evaluating instability of mood (versus thinking) and weak continuity in self-experience when identifying and treating this disorder.
Pathological Gambling and Depression
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Del Carmen Lorenzo María , Fuentes María José
Published: August 2011

A number of previous studies have indicated that pathological gambling is often associated with depression. Equally, a number of theoretical models of pathological gambling have included depression as a key variable. Here we report a study of depression in pathological gamblers identified within a random sample of 1,615 adults living in the major cities of Galicia (northwest Spain). Pathological gamblers were identified on DSM–IV diagnostic criteria. Depression was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory, subjects being classified ‘depressive’ if they obtained a score of 18 or more. Of 19 pathological gamblers who completed the Beck Depression Inventory, 21% were depressive; by contrast, only 9% of the other subjects were depressive. The Beck scores of pathological gamblers were positively correlated with the severity of their addiction as indicated by the number of DSM–IV-specified symptoms reported.
Discriminant Analyses of Willingness to Talk with a Counselor and Most Difficult Issues in the Experience of Unsheltered Homeless Men: Self-Actualization, Loneliness, and Depression
Authors: Sumerlin John R.
Published: August 2011

Stepwise discriminant analyses of willingness to talk with a counselor (Wilks Lambda = .75, p <.001) and most difficult issues (Wilks Lambda = .81, p < .001) in 145 unsheltered homeless men's experience were examined using self-actualization constructs, loneliness, depression, and history-of-being-homeless variables. For example, homeless men with higher scores on loneliness, autonomy, courage, Jonah Complex, and self-acceptance were less willing to talk with a counselor. The variable, longer intervals of having a home after a first homeless episode, was associated with personal issues rather than with homeless issues. Selected participants' responses to the items, “what have you learned from your homeless experience that you could not have learned any other way” and “what would you like for me to know about your experience of homelessness,” are posted to give perspective on a homeless person's internal frame of reference. This phenomenological approach indicated strengths as well as weaknesses of homeless men. Counseling programs should embrace all homeless persons including mentally well, nondrug-dependent homeless individuals.
A Permutation Test for Multivariate Matched-Pair Analyses: Comparisons with Hotelling's Multivariate Matched-Pair T2 Test
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J. , Neidt Charles O.
Published: August 2011

A permutation alternative for Hotelling's multivariate matched-pair T2 test is introduced. The permutation test allows for analyses when the number of subjects is less than or equal to the number of measurements, which is not possible with Hotelling's multivariate matched-pair T2 test. For the data analyzed the permutation test is shown to provide improved discrimination over Hotelling's multivariate matched-pair T2 test.
Suicide Notes at Symbolic Ages
Authors: Leenaars Antoon A
Published: August 2011

Symbolic ages, like 40, 65, or 70, are often stocktaking occasions. Phillips and Smith in 1991 showed that suicides peak at such ages for married males and suggested that suicide notes may be an avenue to analyzing such stocktaking in people's lives. 40 notes from symbolic and nonsymbolic ages were compared based on a multidimensional clinical perspective. No differences were noted. Although caution is in order in accepting the null hypothesis, it is speculated that macrosocial phenomena may not be easily translatable into psychological ones.
An Examination of Student Attrition at a Medium-Sized Southern University
Authors: Payne Brian K. , Pullen Robert , Padgett John
Published: August 2011

Reasons given by 320 students for not returning in the 1994 fall quarter to a southern university were examined through analysis of school records, phone interviews, and mailed surveys. School records show that the demographic characteristics of students who left the university are similar to those of students who returned. Telephone interviews and mail surveys suggest that students left the university most often to be closer to home or to resolve family or personal problems. Implications and ways to retain students are proposed.
College Maladjustment May Be Related to Alexithymia Constructs with Weakness of Ego Strength
Authors: Fukunishi Isao
Published: August 2011

The authors examined the associations of scores on a measure of alexithymia and related basic dimensions of personality on college maladjustment in a sample of 387 students. Scores on two alexithymia constructs (difficulty identifying feelings and difficulty describing feelings) were significantly and positively correlated with scores on college maladjustment. Partial correlations controlling for scores on ego strength eliminated significant differences apparent in the simple correlations. College maladjustment may be related to the two alexithymia constructs with weakness of ego strength.
What are Strategic Decisions: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Li Mingfang , Simerly Roy L.
Published: August 2011

This paper contrasts two theoretical views of strategic decisions, general and situational. We discuss the conceptual, substantive, and methodological issues associated with these two views and report the results of an empirical analysis using survey data, which was aimed at providing some evidence regarding the validity of these two views. Despite the wealth of theoretical support for the situational view, our research shows that the general view of strategic decision seems to be dominant in management practice.
IQ-Related Differences in Time Allocation during Problem Solving
Authors: Shore Bruce M. , Lazar Lisa
Published: August 2011

Apparent over-all more rapid performance of children of high intelligence ( n = 10) was demonstrated on a pattern-recognition task to be accounted for by less able children's ( n = 12) much longer times executing a solution rather than while first exploring the problem.
An Exploratory Study of Differences in Developmental Concerns of Middle-Aged Men and Women in India
Authors: Tikoo Minakshi
Published: August 2011

Responses of 56 (32 women, 24 men) subjects to the Men's Adult Life Experiences Inventory, a 97-item self-report assessment of the frequency and intensity of 11 developmentally related domains (relationships with parent, spouse, children, friends, death, health, job, leisure, sex, self-reflection, and pressure of time) of concerns of middle-aged men and women in India were similar. The men and women differed only in their response to the self-reflection and health domains of the Men's Adult Life Experiences Inventory. This study indicates that there is no midlife crisis in India.
Psychiatric Residents' Scores on Machiavellianism
Authors: Moore Shirley , Katz Barry
Published: August 2011

For self-reports by 21 psychiatric residents on measures of Machiavellianism and Uncertainty no significant difference was noted by year in residency program, education, age, or gender.
The Tversky Condition Applied to Rating Scales
Authors: Trevisan Michael S. , Paulson F. Leon
Published: August 2011

This study is the first empirical investigation of the 1964 Tversky condition applied to rating scales. The Tversky condition posits that the 3-response format will be optimum if testing time is proportional to the length of the test. To this end, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-response category forms of a 10-item measure of attitudes in science were randomly administered to 241 third grade students. Reliability and validity were computed for each form. No significant differences were found among the reliability coefficients or among the validity coefficients. The Tversky condition was not confirmed for rating scales. These findings are consistent with results from other studies regarding the lack of substantial differences among reliability and validity coefficients as the number of response categories in a rating scale are varied.
Charging for Missed Sessions: Ethical Problem or Straw Person?
Authors: Fay Allen
Published: August 2011

The subject of psychotherapists' charging patients for missed sessions is one of the important issues in professional ethics. It is better when not done at all, but the so-called flexible arrangements, although problematic in themselves, have less potential to damage the patient-therapist relationship than the exceptionless charging policy. Formal study is clearly needed.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXV. Differences in Computer Users' Stress and Self-Concept in College Personnel and Students
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A. , Necessary James R.
Published: August 2011

104 college students and 88 college faculty/staff at a midwestern university completed a questionnaire composed of the Computer Hassles Scale, a measure of computer users' stress, somatization/anxiety items from the Symptoms Checklist-90, a measure of stress reactions, and the Revised Personal Attribute Inventory, a measure of self-concept. Correlations indicated that for students there was a significant negative relationship between computer users' stress and self-concept ( r = −.30), while for faculty/staff there was a significant positive relationship ( r = .28). Regression analyses showed that self-concept moderated the relationship between computer users' stress and stress outcomes for only the faculty-staff sample. The moderator effect was interpreted using Linville's 1987 “buffering hypothesis,” which suggests that persons with higher scores on self-concept are less prone to experience stress-related outcomes like somatization/anxiety symptoms.
Marital Satisfaction and Communication in Fundamentalist Protestant Marriages
Authors: Snow Thomas S. , Compton William C.
Published: August 2011

Marital satisfaction and communication patterns were studied in homogamous fundamentalist Protestant couples, i.e., both partners have the same religious affiliation, heterogamous fundamentalist couples, i.e., each partner has a different religious affiliation, and couples who were not fundamentalist Protestant. A total of 78 couples completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Marital Communication Inventory. Analyses indicated that importance of religion in a person's life rather than religious affiliation was a predictor of both satisfaction and communication patterns. Implications for further research were discussed.
Effects of Gender and Dress on Helping Behavior
Authors: Long D. Adam , Mueller Jennifer C. , Wyers Rebecca , Khong Vivien , Jones Bruce
Published: August 2011

The effects of gender and dress on helping behavior were examined. Perceptions and feelings influencing decisions to help were also investigated in an exploratory manner. 128 subjects were asked by a male or female confederate for 37¢ and afterwards completed a questionnaire. The confederates were either well-dressed or sloppily dressed. Analysis indicated that the woman was helped more than the man but that well-dressed and sloppily dressed confederates were helped equally. Subjects who helped generally perceived confederates to be needier than subjects who did not. Further, subjects who did not help reported greater discomfort from the helping request than subjects who helped.
Religion and Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicide rates, but not homicide rates, for nations of the world in 1980 were associated with the percentages of Muslims and Roman Catholics, but use of statistical controls for economic development eliminated the associations.
Taxometric Analysis: II. Detecting Taxonicity Using Covariance of Two Quantitative Indicators in Successive Intervals of a Third Indicator (Maxcov Procedure)
Authors: Meehl Paul E. , Yonce Leslie J.
Published: August 2011

Given three quantitative indicators of a conjectured latent taxon, a statistical function defined as the covariance of two indicators (designated for the procedure as the “output” indicators) computed within successive intervals along the third (designated as “input”) indicator reveals whether the latent structure of the data is taxonic or not. If it is taxonic, latent parameters (base rate, hit rates, complement and taxon means) can be estimated, the latent distributions drawn, and subjects assigned to the taxon or the complement group. Several consistency tests are described. MAXCOV (MAXimum COVariance) is one of a related family of taxometric procedures in Meehl's Coherent Cut Kinetics Method.
Undertakers' Death Anxiety
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 60 morticians completed the Revised Death Anxiety Scale. Their responses were compared with scores on that scale from 136 men from other occupations. The funeral directors' death anxiety scores were surprisingly high. Perhaps they are less able successfully to repress death fears because of constant occupational exposure to issues related to mortality.
Comment on “Personality Disorders and Psychiatric Symptoms in Psoriasis”: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Berger Douglas
Published: August 2011

In 1995 Rubino, et al. reported that a cluster analysis provided evidence for four different personalities in patients with psoriasis. Because they did not include controls with other disfiguring chronic dermatologic conditions, did not relate severity of disfigurement or chronicity of the psoriasis with personality dysfunction, and did not assess pre- and post-onset of psoriasis personality structure, we do not think it is prudent at this time to draw conclusions about personality and psoriasis.
Locus of Control and College Students' Approaches to Learning
Authors: Rose Rebecca J. , Hall Cathy W. , Bolen Larry M. , Webster Raymond E.
Published: August 2011

To predict over-all grade point average (GPA) the relationships among the students' approaches to learning as measured by the Study Process Questionnaire, Scholastic Aptitude Test, class attendance, and GPA were based on responses from 202 undergraduate students (72 men, 125 women, and 5 undefined) enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Analysis indicated that SAT scores correlated positively with over-all GPA. Scores on Achieving Approach to learning only were significantly but negatively correlated with GPA ( r = −.27). Higher scores on the external locus of control measure also correlated negatively but not significantly with GPA ( r = −.21). Regression analysis indicated Scholastic Aptitude Test scores were also the best predictors of overall GPA followed by class attendance. Only scores on Achieving Approach contributed to the prediction of GPA. No significant effect was noted when examining gender and Scholastic Aptitude Test scores with the Study Process Questionnaire.
Evaluation of Toy Variation on Engagement in a Leisure Activity of Two Children with Profound Multiple Handicaps
Authors: Facon Bruno , Darge Therese Marte
Published: August 2011

We conducted two studies to examine whether satiation occurs during leisure activities for children with profound multiple handicaps and whether it can be prevented by the alternate use of a sufficient number of different toys. The two studies were done in a training program in which the use of a switch connected to battery-operated toys was taught to two children with profound multiple handicaps. In Study I (Child 1), two experimental conditions were compared: variation (use of 5 toys in the same learning session) and identity (use of only one of these toys throughout the session). The variation condition produced higher and more stable performance than the identity condition, which yielded a progressive decrease in the appearance of the target behavior. In Study 2 (Child 2), satiation appeared from one session to another and the rate of responding increased when a new toy was presented. Some practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Intrapatient Agreement on Phenomenology of Panic Attacks
Authors: Katerndahl David A.
Published: August 2011

Panic disorder is common in primary care settings and such a physician is often a patient's initial contact with the health care system. Previous work concerning the homogeneity of panic phenomenology across patients is contradictory. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the intrapatient homogeneity of panic attacks and to examine associations between measures of homogeneity and physicians' confidence in the diagnosis. Ten patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder completed a diary documenting the symptomatic phenomenology of five consecutive panic attacks. In addition, the physician rated his diagnostic confidence for each patient. Patterns of symptoms and their sequences during panic showed good agreement within patients as did patterns of abatement and of presence of a precipitating event. The physician's diagnostic confidence was inversely related to agreement on symptom severity and variance of duration of an attack. This study suggests intrapatient homogeneity on most measures.
Assessing Three Adolescent Groups in New Mexico Using the Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument
Authors: French Laurence A. , Picthall-French Nancy
Published: August 2011

Analysis of responses of 289 rural white, Hispanic, and Navajo adolescents to 10 items of the Problem-oriented Screening Instrument showed the 40 Navajo girls scored highest in over-all pathology followed by 40 Navajo, 55 white, and 51 Hispanic boys. Both the Hispanic and white girls ( ns = 49 and 54, respectively) scored below the minimum mean score of 38 for pathology.
Cultural Evolution, Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The ratio of the suicide rate to the sum of the suicide and homicide rates was not associated with the population size or population density of a sample of nations in 1980