bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OIL REVENUE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGERIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR (1981-2019)
Authors: Aliyu A. Ammani  , Abubakar A. Hassan
Published: April 2023

Over the years, several authors have attributed the decline in Nigerian agricultural production to the massive inflow of oil revenue that resulted from the discovery of crude oil. This paper sought to investigate the relationship between oil revenue and agricultural sector in a bid to find answers to the question “was the performance of the Nigerian agricultural sector affected by the quantum of oil revenue received by the country?” Secondary data for the period 1981-2019 were collected and analysed. Regression analysis was used to achieve the objectives of the study. Highlights of the findings of the study revealed a highly significant (P-value of 0.000) relationship between oil revenue and the performance of agriculture sector and the forestry sub-sector; highly significant (P-value of 0.003) inverse relationship between oil revenue and the performance of livestock sub-sector and no significant relationship between the oil revenue and the performance of the crop production and fishing sub-sectors in Nigeria over the study period.
IMPACT OF BROAD MONEY AND EXCHANGE RATE ON AGRICULTURAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: AN UNRESTRICTED VAR MODEL APPROACH
Authors: Ogbanje, Elaigwu Christopher  , Ihemezie, Eberechukwu Johnpaul
Published: April 2023

Expansionary monetary policy is a major driver of economic changes via money supply. Broad money, which represents total money supply in an economy, has several economic impacts. The study examines the impact of broad money (MS2) and exchange rate (XR) on agricultural gross domestic product (AGDP) in Nigeria. Secondary data from 1981 to 2018were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria. Descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Johansen Co-integration test and Vector Autoregression model were employed. Broad money had a large coefficient of variation. Variables were stationary at the first difference, supported by a spurious regression of d1lnagdp on d1lnms2 and d1lnxr whose R2 (0. 2411) was greater than Durbin Watson statistics (1.889914). Johansen's Co-integration test rules out the long-run relationship. Using the AGDP model of the VAR, the result shows that the chi2 statistic (16687.39) is statistically significant (P<0.01), with an R2 of 0.9978. Ms2 and XR have coefficients of 0.3389 and 0.2502, respectively, with statistically significant (P<0.01) and z-statistics of 3.92 and 5.44, respectively. The findings suggest increased broad money for increased agricultural gross domestic product. An increase in the exchange rate should be adopted for an increased agricultural gross domestic product but with caution to forestall the trade-off effect on inflation.
ADOPTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DISSEMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES TO FARMERS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA: A PARADIGM SHIFT
Authors: Okwuokenye, G. F.
Published: April 2023

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) is a modern means of disseminating agricultural extension services to farmers. Extension agents’ adoption of ICTs in the dissemination of agricultural extension services to farmers in Delta State, Nigeria as a paradigm shift was examined in this study. The objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the extension agents, identify the ICTs that are within the extension agents reach for use, ascertain respondents’ level of adoption of ICTs and factors limiting extension agents’ effective use of ICTs in disseminating agricultural information to farmers in the study area. Fifty-eight (58) respondents were randomly selected from Delta North and South agricultural zones of the State. Descriptive and inferential statistics were respectively used to analyze objectives and hypotheses of the study. Results revealed that the average age, household size and work experience were 43.28 years, 6 persons and 13.05 years, respectively. The respondents’ level of adoption of ICT tools was high (72.41%). Lack of funds, on-the-job training, supportive services from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), electricity supply and technical skills were of the serious constraints limiting effective use of ICTs by the extension agents. Other limiting factors were high cost of the tools and poor network coverage. Socio-economic variables like sex, age, educational level and work experience were found to have significantly influenced on the level of adoption of ICTs in dissemination of agricultural information to farmers. The study also revealed a significant difference between respondents with high from those with low level of adoption of ICTs. The study recommended an improvement in electricity supply to those areas where it is epileptic and the push of network providers to make network available to those areas where such is lacking or poor.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOMATO MARKETING IN KARNATAKA STATE OF INDIA AND KANO STATE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ilu, I. Y.  , Suleiman, N. J.  , Sanje, Kumar  , Baba, D.
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out with the aim of comparing the profitability of tomato marketing in Karnataka state of India and Kano state of Nigeria. A total of 120 tomato growers (60 from each study area) were sampled through random sampling method and interviewed with structured questionnaire. Farm budgeting (net marketing margin) and cost concept techniques as used in India were used to analyze the primary data. The study revealed that in both study areas of India and Nigeria, tomato produced passes through several intermediaries in different marketing channels with little or no value being added before reaching the end users. Therefore, farmers were forced to capture a lower share of profit margin. In India, the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee across the different marketing channels were found to be 85.50%, 82.14% and 75.68%; and 70.68%, 63.66% and 36.92%% for Nigeria. Hence, based on findings of these research, the hypothesis that marketing channels with higher number of intermediaries reduces the producer share in consumer’s rupee holds true in both study areas and it is hereby accepted.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF SOYABEANS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN WESTERN ZONE OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Tanko, A. S.  , Ochi, J. E.  , Yakubu, S.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the socio-economic determinants of soya beans production technologies adoption in Western Zone of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A combination of purposive and simple random sampling techniques was used to select a total of 194 farmers for the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result showed that 48.5% of the respondents fell within the ages of 30-39 years with an average age of 45 years. Most (92.8%) of the farmers were male and majority (71.1%) were married with a mean household size of 10 persons. Furthermore, the result revealed that 38.7% had secondary education with an average farming experience of 20years. The findings further indicate that 47.9% and 63.4 % of the soybean farmers adopted animal drawn ridging technology and planted improved soybean varieties (TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1835-10E and TGX 1485 ID). Among the varieties, TGX 1448-2E was adopted with 48.5% and 51.1% planted their seed around Early June-July. The result also revealed that majority (74.7%) of the respondents sourced their information on improved soyabean production practices through radio, majority (61.9%) had no contact with extension agents while 42.8% had weekly contact. The regression result shows that age was negatively significant (P = 0.001), level of education was positively significant (P< 0.01), sex was positively significant in influencing the adoption of soyabeans technologies. While marital status, household size, land ownership and farm size were not significant. The major constraints to adoption of soyabean technologies by farmers were poor market price (56.7%), inadequate capital (50.5%), and inadequate inputs (48.5%) among others. The study concluded that among the variables included in the model, level of education was the major determinant of soyabean technology adoption in the study area. It is therefore recommended that; education should be encouraged among soyabean farmers in the study area.
CONTRIBUTION OF GROWTH ENHANCEMENT SUPPORT SCHEME ON RICE FARMERS IN BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Agadaga, B. B.  , Bai, E. M.  , Oladeji, J. O.
Published: April 2023

The study analyzed contribution of Growth Enhancement Support Scheme on rice farmers in Bayelsa State. Purposive sampling technique was used in the selection of Yenagoa agrozone and Sagbama zone. A sample of 170 rice farmers were randomly selected from ten communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and table. The results reveal that the mean age of the respondents was 44.5±11.1. Majority 54.7% of the rice farmers were males and 52.9% of the rice farmers were married. Majority 89.9% had one form of formal education or the other, household ranged from 1-5 persons. The result also indicates the mean years of farming experience 35.3±8.1 of the rice farmers. Majority (x = 3.8) of the rice farmers indicated increased in food production as the major benefit of the scheme. From the findings, the major constraints with mean were; telecommunication problem (x = 2.0), Late arrival of inputs (x = 2.0) low limited input allocation (x = 1.7) and distance from redemption centers (x = 2.0). The study concluded that growth enhancement support scheme had very low performance indices in redemption of input; although there is yearly increase in farmers’ participation and service delivery in the scheme. The study recommended that the scheme should be sustained by successive government, improvement in participation of farmers through proper and effective communication and provision of fertilizers with other agro-inputs should be sufficiently supplied to farmers appropriately to enhance production.
DETERMINANTS OF YAM FARMERS’ ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES DELIVERY AND PRODUCTION IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Okwuokenye, G. F.
Published: April 2023

This study examined the determinants of yam farmers’ access to ICT tools in agricultural services delivery and production in Delta State, Nigeria. It identifies the agricultural services and the ICT tools available to yam farmers, determined the roles of ICT tools in improving yam farmers’ access to agricultural services and examined the determinants of yam farmers’ access to ICT tools, among others. The sample size was 176 respondents made up of 88 farmer adopters and 88 non-adopters of ICT tools in yam production. Data was analyzed with the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that services on: transportation/distribution of farm products (93.18%), marketing (92.05%), crop production (87.50%), advisory (80.68%), farm management (71.59%) and finance (70.46%) were services offered to the farmers by the extension agents. Common available ICT tools to the farmers are mobile phones (95.45%), television (85.23%) and radio (80.68%). Farm size (mean = 3.42), level of farm income (mean = 3.41), farmers educational level (mean = 3.12) and area where farmers stay (mean = 2.98), were found to be major determinants of farmers access to ICT tools. Farmers’ high level of access to ICT tools have played significant roles in improving their access to agricultural services, production and farm income. There was significant difference in farm income (N105,113.63) in favour of adopters over non-adopters of ICT tools in yam production. The study thus recommended that government should make the ICT tools more available to the farmers so that their income can be boosted.
GENETIC DIVERSITY STUDIES, HERITABILITY, CORRELATION AND PROXIMATE ANALYSIS AMONG ACHA (Digitaria exilis) ACCESSIONS
Authors: Buba, U. M.  , Abdul, S. Dangana  , Ibrahim, H.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed variability, heritability and genetic relationships in the proximate composition among 14 Acha (Digitaria exilis Staph) accessions collected from Tafawa Balewa and Bogoro Local Government Areas of Bauchi State in North Eastern Nigeria. Entries were pretested in the screen house in plastic pots in 2017 and later evaluated in the field under rain-fed conditions in 2017 and 2018 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three (3) samples of harvested grain, for each entry, were subjected to proximate analysis in the laboratory to determine their percent proximate composition in: Crude protein (% CP), Crude fiber (% CF), Ether extract (% EE), Ash content (% Ash) and Nitrogen free extract (%NFE) using standard Analytical methods. Analysis of variance was done using Genstat version 16th). Results obtained in this study revealed that all biochemical parameters differed significantly (P≤0.001) among these accessions. Mean percent in crude protein (CP) was 7.5 %, Crude Fiber was 0.85 %, while that of ether extract (%EE) and ash content (% Ash) were 1.94% and 1.87%, respectively. Except for Ether Extract, other biochemical variables under investigation recorded negative correlation with grain yield. Phylogenetic studies revealed two cluster groups among acha accessions. High percent heritability values, in broad sense of (between 77% and 99 %), couple with high genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) were recorded for most of characters under investigation, indicating a good scope for improvement through selection.
HOW COVID-19 PANDEMIC OBSTRUCTED MAIZE PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGER STATE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ahmed, Abdul-Gafar
Published: April 2023

The fight against Covid-19 remains, as it continued to mutate into highly transmittable omicron variants. This study addresses the challenges faced by maize farmers in Niger state of Nigeria during and immediately after the early 2020 lockdown to offer recommendations on how to reduce the negative impact of the new variants containment policies. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting household after which 248 maize farmers was extracted from the data. It was observed that the farmers were enlightened on the issues of Covid-19 and there is no significant difference between the elderly and the young farmers on adherence to the safety rules of Covid-19. The major obstruction to the production chain during the lockdown was the marketing of the maize crop, followed by the difficulties in accessing inputs for next production season. Despite the challenges, over half of the respondents chose to increase their farm production scale for the next season to take advantage of the increasing prices. The findings in this study have policy implication on maize farmers and other stakeholders in the value chain.
DETERMINANTS OF NIGERIA GOVERNMENT AGRICULTURAL EXPENDITURE (1999-2020): EVIDENCE FROM VECTOR ERROR CORRECTION MODEL APPROACH
Authors: Bartholomew, B.  , Ogah, O. M.  , Ezihe, J. A. C.
Published: April 2023

The study focused on the determinants of government agricultural expenditure in the long and short run from 1999-2020 using Vector Error Correction Model approach. Annual time series data on agricultural GDP, agricultural expenditure, inflation rate, exchange rate, interest rest, private investment, public investment and foreign direct investment collected from the records of Central Bank of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics database were analyzed using inferential statistics (ADF, Johansen co-integration and VECM). The results showed that all the variables co-integrate and were stationary at first difference.  In the long run, inflation (1.118415) and private investment (0.004239) were the significant and important variables that determine agricultural expenditure. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) was 0.925, indicating that 92.5% variation in agricultural expenditure was explained by the variables. The Error correction Term is statistically significant and negative (-0.0278) in the short run indicating a slow speed of adjustment of variables towards equilibrium. In the short run, inflation, private investment and public investment were the important variables that influenced government expenditure. The study concludes that inflation, private and public expenditures influenced government agricultural expenditure significantly and therefore recommend friendly policies to curtail inflation, conducive environment to catalyze private investment and stimulation of public investment to boost agricultural growth.
INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH RATES AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH OF OUTPUTS OF SELECTED FOOD GRAINS IN NIGERIA (1981-2020)
Authors: Weye, E. A.  , Ayoola, J. B.  , La’ah, D.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed the influence on the growth rates and direction of growth of prices of outputs of selected food grans (rice, maize and wheat) in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. Time series data were collected from secondary sources. The data was analyzed using regression analysis. The analysis showed that, the instantaneous growth rates were 4.8%, 4.3% and 1.5% for outputs of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020); Whereas the value of the coefficient of quadratic term (t2) for rice (5.22), maize (0.649) and wheat (-0.62) were positive for rice and maize but negative for wheat which implies stagnated growth rates in rice and maize production and accelerated growth process in wheat production. In the same, the result revealed that the instantaneous growth rates were 15.5%, 13.2% and 13.1% for prices of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020). Also, the value of the coefficient of t2 for rice (13.2%), maize (15.5%) and wheat (13.1%) were all positive and significant – which implies accelerated growth process in Nigeria (1981-2020). The study concluded that, climate change, environmental degradation and stagnating yields could have catastrophic effects and reduce yields and increase prices of food grains like rice, maize and wheat in Nigeria. It was therefore, recommends that, effort should be made by government and other relevant stakeholders in agriculture towards providing irrigation facilities in order to adjust any unfavourable influence of increase or decrease in rainfall on food grains’ growth and yield in Nigeria.
EFFECT OF NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RESEARCH LIAISON SERVICES ADOPTED VILLAGE ACTIVITIES ON LIVELIHOOD OF WOMEN IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Issa, Fadlullah O.  , Mani, Jamila R.  , Abubakar, U. S.  , Owolabi, S. A.
Published: April 2023

The NAERLS established the adopted village scheme within 20km distance from the head office that served as laboratories for showcasing agricultural technologies developed by research institutes. Sustainable agricultural development cannot be fully achieved without the integration of women in developmental processes. Using 136 adopted village women in Zaria, this study assessed the effect of NAERLS adopted village activities on livelihood of women. Multi-stage sampling was used to select the women for the study. Structured interview schedule was used to obtain data from the sample population. Analysis of socio-economic characteristics showed that the mean age of the respondents was 40, majority (72%) of the women were married, only 48.5% have senior secondary certificate, 33.8% of the respondents get occasional visits from NAERLS adopted village facilitators. It was found that there has been not much participation in the activities of adopted village in the past one year.  Most of the respondents agree that NAERLS adopted village activities have been effective on their livelihood through increase in their annual income and improved crop harvest from their farms. Various constraints on participation of women in the adopted village activities were identified of which inability to leave their children unattended was the most encountered among the respondents. It can be said conclusively that the NAERLS adopted village activities had effect on livelihood of women in the study area. Government should provide more funding to strengthen the NAERLS adopted village project for it to effectively cater to the needs of women in the adopted villages.
ASSESSMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND ITS EFFECT ON FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN BAMA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Tidy, A. S.  , Rabiu, M. M.  , Aliyu, Y. M.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed food crop farmer’s perception of climate variability and its effects on food crop production in Bama LGA Borno State, Nigeria. Multi stage sampling was used in drawing 100 respondents for this study. Information was collected using structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics used includes frequencies, means and percentages. The inferential statistics used was multiple regressions model. The result revealed that majority of 71% where male and dominated food crop production, 76% were also married. Furthermore, 56% had 5-8 household members. 20% had tertiary education, while 43% had primary education. The result revealed that 45% had 5-8ha of land for food crop production. An overwhelming majority of 90% perceived those gases released from factories/industries and auto mobile ranked 1st as responsible for causing climate variability. 87% ranked deforestation as 2nd cause of climate variability, while 10% ranked traditional neglect as the 12th and least cause of climate variability. For the effect of climate variability on food crop production, majority of 95% ranked decrease in crop yield as the 1st effect of climate variability, 94% ranked reduced income from crop yield as the 2nd effect of climate variability. The least perceived effect of climate variability was reduced cover crop which was ranked by 50% of the respondents in 14th place. The result of factors influencing the perceived effect of climate variability was positive and significant at P≤0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively. The coefficient of gender was positive and significant at P≤0.05 which implies that every male had higher chance of being affected by the effect of climate variability than their female counter part. The study recommended more campaign on climate variability for rural farmers. Also, government, non-governmental organizations and policy makers should create an avenue where more female farmers could participate and have access to arable land.
DRIVERS OF AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON FOOD PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
Authors: Uteh, A. S.  , Yisa, E. S.  , Ojo, M. A.  , Ibrahim, F. D.
Published: April 2023

Foreign Direct Investment is one of the growth promoters in many sectors of the economy including the agricultural sector. The study analysed the drivers of agricultural FDI and gauge its impact on food production in Nigeria. Annual time series data spanning from 1975 to 2017 were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank’s Development Indicators Database. Descriptive analysis, stationarity analysis with Augmented Dickey Fuller and Philip Perrons’ unit root tests, co-integration test with Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound test, Autoregressive Distributed Lag-Error Correction Model analysis were done to obtain results for the study. ARDL-ECM results showed that GDP at P≤0.1, government expenditure on agriculture at P≤0.1, inflation rate at P≤0.01 and real exchange rate at P≤0.01 levels of significance were the significant determinants of FDI inflow to agricultural sector in Nigeria in the long run model.  In the short run, GDP at P≤0.1, government expenditure on agriculture at P≤0.1 and real exchange rate at P≤0.01 levels of significance were the significant drivers of Agricultural FDI in Nigeria. The speed of adjustment (ECM (-)) was 102.74%. Agricultural FDI also had significant long run and short run impact on food production in Nigeria at 1% and 1% levels of significance, respectively. The study concluded that FDI inflow had significant positive impact on agricultural sector in Nigeria. It was recommended that government should promote policies that are directed at employing all promotional resources to attract more FDI inflow to the agricultural sector so as to boost its productivity and contribution to the overall economy of Nigeria.
RESOURCE USE EFFICIENCY IN RAIN-FED PADDY RICE PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF DONGA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Bulus, G.  , Tikon, F. U.  , Sangari, H. I.
Published: April 2023

The study examined resource use efficiency in rain-fed paddy rice production in Donga Local Government Area of Taraba State. A total of 106 rice farmers were randomly selected for the study.  Data was collected through the use of a questionnaire.  Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis.  The result showed a mean age of 38 years for rice farmers.   About 73.8% of the respondents were males and, 71.7% were married with a mean household size of 12 persons per household.  Majority (73.8%) had at least primary education and 96.2% had no contact with extension agent.  An R2 of 0.76 implied that 76% variations in yield were accounted for by the explanatory variables included in the regression model.   Farm size was not significant at P≤0.01, while seed quantity, fertilizer and labour were significant at P≤0.01. Rate of technical substitution (RTS) of 0.70 was obtained, indicating that rice production was at stage II. Seed quantity (0.67) and labour (0.15) were over utilized with each having a less than one resource use efficiency ratio. High cost of fertilizers, high cost of hired labour and inadequate extension contact ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively, among the constraints to paddy rice production. Therefore, it was concluded that rice farmers had favourable socioeconomic characteristics, but were not efficient in the use of resources.  It was   recommended that necessary inputs (at affordable prices) and extension services should be made available and adequate to rice farmers in order to optimize rice production.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION OF POTATO PLANTING MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES IN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Adamu, M. M.  , Sani, M. H.  , Bose, A. A.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the factors influencing the adoption of potato planting material technologies in the central agricultural zone of Plateau State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 306 potato farmers randomly from the study area. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, adoption index, logit regression and factor analysis. The result revealed that 74.8% of the potato farmers were males, with a mean age of 40 years. The study further revealed that majority (91.2%) of the respondents had a form formal education with a mean household size of 6 persons. The results from the adoption index showed that seed tuber technology was highly adopted with an adoption score of 5.96, cutting seed technology with 2.52 and true potato seed technology with adoption score of 1.81. The results of logit regression revealed that household, labour and other occupations other than potato farming all significantly influenced adoption of potato planting technologies. The result of factor analysis revealed the major constraints faced by farmers to include poor technical information, economic problem, inadequate resources, environmental problem, pathological problem and technological problem. The study concluded that seed tuber potato planting technology was the most highly adopted in the study area.  The study recommended that the dissemination of technical information should be increased by ensuring more contacts with farmers by extension agents; and proper soil, water, pest and disease management practices should be intensified among farmers.
INCOME DIVERSIFICATION: A STRATEGY FOR MANAGING POVERTY AMONG WET SEASON SMALL-HOLDER RICE PRODUCERS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Mamman, B. Y.  , Suleiman, A.  , Mustapha, A.
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted to assess income diversification as a strategy for managing poverty among wet season smallholder rice producers in Jigawa State, Nigeria. The justification for the research hinges on the fact that more knowledge about the extent and nature of livelihood diversification and poverty status among rural farming household is required for effective designing and implementation of poverty reduction policy and strategies. Multi-stage sampling techniques consisting purposive and random sampling were used in selecting 292 wet season smallholder rice producers who were interviewed using structured questionnaires by trained enumerators. The analytical tools employed include descriptive statistic, Simpson diversification index, FGT model and Probit regression models. The result shows that the mean age of 40 years and mean household size was 12 persons. Wet season rice production was the major occupation for the farmers with most of them having a farming experience of more than 24 years on the average. However, the average farm size was 2 hectares. The average annual income from rice production is ₦166119, while the average annual income from dry season production was ₦159704. The result of SID of the farming household shows that 51.6% had high income diversity and 48.4% had low-income diversity scores. The FGT model revealed the poverty level of the farming household which shows that 60.3% of the smallholder wet season rice producers were poor while 39.7% were non poor. The poverty depth was -0.35 for the poor and 0.53 for non-poor. The severity of poverty index for the poor is 0.78. Farming household income diversification also significantly influence poverty status. It is therefore recommended that since the study observed that the incidence of poverty had slightly drop from 64.1% to 54% as a result of diversification among the non-poor farming household. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to diversify their economic activities to earn more income to be able to increase their income base so as to cover their expenditure on consumption and social obligation. This can be achieved through creation of enabling socio-economic environment that will generate employment opportunity for the farming household.
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF SORGHUM SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Tugga, S. E.  , Hassan, A. A.  , Ojeleye, O. A.
Published: April 2023

The study aims at estimating the profitability of small-scale farmers in sorghum production, using the gross margin model of determining profitability in some selected Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for the study. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire administered to 234 sorghum farmers in the study area. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and gross margin. The average age of sorghum farmers was found to be 40 years implying that farmers can make positive contribution to agricultural production.  Household size is between 11-15 persons in their family with average of 12 persons. 48 percent of the farmers had no formal education. The total variable cost (TVC) incurred and revenue obtained per hectare for sorghum was estimated to determine the profitability of sorghum production in the study area. The total revenue (TR) was ₦354,946.6 while the total variable cost (TVC) was ₦167,188.6. The gross margin was therefore ₦187,758. The rate of return on investment (return per Naira invested) was ₦2.12 indicating that for every ₦1 invested in sorghum production in study area; a profit of 1.12 kobo was made. The eight major constraints associated with sorghum production ranked in order of importance were cost of fertilizer, inadequate capital, cost of labour, inadequate improved seed, pest and diseases, weed infestation, inadequate extension workers and inadequate storage facilities. The constraints were reported by 80%, 76%, 51%, 46%, 36%, 35%, 30% and 13% of the sorghum farmers, respectively. It was recommended that farmers should be encouraged to join cooperative societies in other to enhance loan accessibility to increase production and to have market linkages to commercialize their output thus increasing the profit level.
ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES ADOPTION AMONG ACADEMIC STAFF OF AGRICULTURE IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ahmed, M.  , Murtala, N.  , Abu, I. A.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the information and communication technologies adoption among academic staff of agriculture in tertiary institutions in Katsina State, Nigeria. The population of the study consisting of 122 academic staff teaching Agriculture in tertiary institutions in Katsina State and entire population was used for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result reveals that 37.2% of the respondents were within age bracket of 41-50 years with a mean of 51 years. Majority (94.2%) of the lecturers were married and 44.5% of respondents had 1-5 in their household with a mean of 8 persons. More than half (53.2%) of respondents had a Bachelor Degree. The result further revealed that 43.4% of the lecturers had a teaching experience of 16-20 years with a mean of 15 years and 21.3% are assistant lecturers. The results further revealed that, GSM had high adoption level in the study with a mean of  = 3.00, search engines = 2.94, E-mail = 2.84, computer = 2.91 and printer = 2.65. The regression analysis result reveals that age of the lecturers and teaching experience were positive and significant (P≤0.01), Household size and educational level were also positive and significant (P≤0.05). The major constraints that hinder adoption of ICTs in the study area were computer Illiteracy = 3.75, unstable power supply = 3.76, poor economic conditions of the academic staff = 3.56, changes in Government policies = 3.66, limited technical support from institution  = 3.54, Internet and electronic insecurity = 3.64. The study concluded that, socio-economic characteristics of academic staff play a significant role on the adoption of ICT facilities for lecturing, research and records management in Tertiary Institutions in Katsina State. It is recommended that, there should be a policy of continuous training of academic staff on the use of modern ICTs for improved job performance and delivery, relevant government agencies should make effort at ensuring steady power supply to increase the effective use of ICT facilities by the academic staff in the study area.
NEXUS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND FOOD SECURITY SITUATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A CASE OF IRRIGATION FARMERS IN KATSINA, NIGERIA
Authors: Sulaiman Umar
Published: April 2023

Climate change is a reality hitting hard on vulnerable communities resulting in adverse effects such as hunger and food insecurity. This study is prompted by the need to assess how communities of irrigation households survive climate change using adaptation strategies and how that affects their food security statuses. A sample of 200 respondents spread across two of the three agricultural zones of Katsina State were selected and interviewed using structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS. The study found that the most important adaptation strategies employed by the respondents are: mixed cropping, changed sowing date and seed selection. It was also affirmed that there is an increasing prevalence of food insecurity in the study area with 78.5% of the respondents reporting various degrees of the phenomenon. The study concluded that, the more climate change adaptation strategies employed by a household, the higher its likelihood of being food secured (p<0.05). It was therefore, recommended that households combine more of the adaptation strategies for enhanced food security.
TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF YAM PRODUCTION IN PAIKORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Baba, K. C.  , Adedeji, S. O.  , Waziri, A.
Published: April 2023

The study examined technical efficiency of yam farmers in Paikoro Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria was analyzed using the stochastic frontier production model. Data were collected from 90 yam farmers selected using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire and oral interview were analyzed using Descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier production function. The maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of the stochastic frontier model production function revealed that the inputs were under-utilized the results of the socio-economic characteristics shows that yam farmers was dominated 50% by male farmers, within the range of 46- 55 years, 47% of the farmers had farm size less-than 1 hectare with at least 10 years’ experience. The technical efficiency of farmers differs substantially among the respondents, ranging between 0.325 and 0.952 with a mean economic efficiency of 0.807.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF LIGHT COLOURS AND TROUGHS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: Ibrahim, H.  , Egbewande, O. O.  , Naibi, M.
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of light colours and troughs on the growth performance and behaviour of broiler chickens exposed to different colours of light and troughs. A total of 150-day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments designated as T1 to T5, with each treatment replicated thrice with 30 chicks each in a completely randomized design. T1 served as control with normal colour of light and trough while birds in T2, T3, T4 and T5 were exposed to blue, red, white and green colors of light and troughs respectively tallying with the colour of trough in each treatment. The study lasted for 8weeks during which the effects of different colours of light and troughs were examined. Data were generated on growth parameters and the bahaviours of the chickens. Results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) across treatments in final weight, feed conversion ratio and water intake with T3 having the least values of mortality 0.00% and highest values of 2.22kg and 63.43g in total weight gain and average daily weight gain, respectively. There were also significant differences (p<0.05) observed in their behaviour across all treatments in the values of feed eating, comfort activity, and lying/sleeping with T1 having the highest value of 0.67% in aggression. It can be concluded that broiler chickens reared under red colour performed better than others while for calmness, blue and green.
La ciudad y los perros: un estudio comparado entre la obra escrita y la película
Authors: Alves Cardoso Hélia da Silva
Published: April 2023

This work tries to make a comparison between Literature and Cinema, showing that the two must walk together, in consonance, having as analyzed work The City and the Dogs (1973) by the Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa and the homonymous film by Francisco José Lombardi. In the work the writer takes the reader to a totally different world: the experience of military life, years later the filmmaker shows in the film the confirmation of how was the life of the cadets inside the Leoncio Prado Military College in Lima – Peru. A severe regime, often imposed by the parents themselves to turn their sons into men and not «faggots». The work is in flashback, being narrated by the cadets and by an observer narrator. To take a literary work to the cinema is a great challenge, because it must follow the thematic approached, if the film does not come out according to the original work, it suffers severe criticism from critics as well as from readers and viewers, the film can be considered as a cinematographic failure. The following authors will be analyzed for the theoretical approach: Benjamin (1987), Candido (2000), Cano (2007), Curado (2007), among others used for the development and conclusion.
Pengembangan Bakat Dan Minat Dengan Manajemen Peserta Didik
Authors: Hakim Muhammad Nur , Iskandar Muhammad Nur
Published: April 2023

This research was carried out at the Public Senior High School 2 Mojokerto. The type of research used by researchers is qualitative descriptive research. The subjects of this study include the following: the principal, the student body, and the students. Researchers performed data clumping using observation methods, interviews, and documentation studies. The data analysis used is to use the triangulation method. Researchers aim to find out how the management of talent and interest development at The State High School 2 Mojokerto includes planning, implementing, and evaluating carried out in the development of talents and interests of students. The results of this study are the planning in the development of students’ talents and interests, namely by conducting joint deliberations to determine policies and meet the needs of students' needs. The implementation of the development of students’ talents and interests focuses on coaching and services provided to students. An evaluation is carried out to assess success in achieving goals in this case the development of talent and student interest.
The Pearl Rounded Pattern in the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang
Authors:   Art·Design Research Institute of Kyung-Hee University, Wang Zhichen , Chang Young Soo
Published: April 2023

The rounded pearl pattern is composed of continuous round beads, sometimes into strips, arranged on the edge of the main pattern or the fabric, sometimes in a rhombus shape filled with flowers, animals, or other shapes.
The research method entailed literature research and the analysis of the artifacts of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The conclusions are as follows: Foreigners mainly influenced the rounded pearl pattern that later became popular in China. At present, most academic researchers believe that it originated from the Sasan Dynasty of Persia. Migrating between different races in the northern Dynasties as the fusion and the contact relations of power in the east and west, east Asia, west Asia culture and arts, interact each other along the silk road, rounded pearl pattern was introduced into China during the Northern Dynasties, and the Chinese people extensively love them. Chinese people based on the main patterns to transform and apply them, at the Sui and Tang Dynasties has become a trendy decoration pattern.
The research content is limited to the Sui and Tang Dynasties' ornamentation of animals and plants. In other periods, the study of the rounded pearl pattern mainly focuses on the filaments of the rounded pearl pattern and grotto temple patterns from Wei, Jin to Sui, and Tang Dynasties. This study sorted out rounded pearl patterns and included geometric figures, such as straight lines, bow, wheel, rectangle, and polygon. These pictures include a variety of different patterns, like animals and flowers. Under the influence of Sassanian civilization, the bead pattern appeared in the Northern Dynasty, which was very simple. The pattern gradually became more and more complex when the Sui Dynasty reached its peak. Entering the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the bead pattern slowly diminished and became monotonous again.
A Study on the Design Management Model for Financial Firms - Focusing on the cases of Life Plus and Hyundai Card -
Authors:   Art·Design Research Institute of Kyung-Hee University, Lee Jae Wook , Seol Jin Hee , Jung Je Yon
Published: April 2023

The era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution began and the boundaries between industries collapsed. And as competition intensifies, various corporate management problems are emerging. As customers' needs become vast, companies have difficulty communicating with them. To solve this, the need for design as a key element of management has become more noticeable. In particular, this trend is evident in financial firms that have relatively lacked awareness of the value of design. Accordingly, Hanwha Life Plus and Hyundai Card were selected as research targets to examine how financial companies perceive design as management factor. It first looked at each management strategy and drew limitations. Then, they were compared and analyzed and design management strategy for financial firms was derived based on common features. So, it will propose design management as a key strategy to overcome the limitations of today's companies, provide design management models applicable to today's competitive financial industries.
Penanganan Benang Lusi Lengket pada Mesin Sizing Baba Sangyo Kikai C.12 (Studi Kasus di PC GKBI Medari)
Authors: Putranto Adhy Prastyo Eko
Published: April 2023

Mutu benang produksi yang baik akan menentukan keberhasilan proses produksi pertenunan. Di PC GKBI Medari Sleman, masih terdapat cacat benang produksi yaitu benang lusi yang mengakibatkan benang tersebut tidak bisa terlibat dalam proses produksi secara maksimal. Benang lusi tersebut mengalami beberapa keadaan seperti gembos, lolos muncul, lengket, lengket 2 helai, terjepit, rantas dan mengalami crossing. Kasus benang lengket mendominasi dengan jumlah 45% dari jumlah permasalahan cacat benang yang ada. Tindakan levelling squeezing roll yang diambil dengan mengatur tekanan angin (pada bagian awal yaitu 3,5 – 4 kg/cm2, dan pada bagian finish 4 – 5 kg/cm2), dan mengatur hardness agar tetap di atas standar (60-70 shore) berhasil menurunkan jumlah benang lusi lengket tersebut.
Analisis tentang Setting Roller Gauge dan Break Draft Tidak Merubah Total Draft pada Mesin Roving Rieter type F10 / 55011- 00425 Tahun Pembuatan 1998
Authors: Yulianto Bambang
Published: April 2023

At PT Indiratex Spindo, there are 2 units that produce 100% cotton yarn. For unit 1 produces open end yarn, and for unit 2 produces ring spinning yarn. The production process in unit 2 starts from the raw material, namely cotton in the blowroom process, opening and mixing of the cotton so that the shape of the feathers will be processed in the carding machine to further open cotton fibers, clean dirt and short fibers with long fibers. The result of the card is that the card sliver will then be duplicated and drafted on the draw frame breaker, after which it will be processed and duplicated again in the finisher draw frame. Then the sliver drawing finisher will be drafted, given a twist and rolled in a bobbin on the roving machine. The output of the roving machine will then be processed in the ring spinning machine, the roving will be drafted, twisted so that the yarn will then be rolled into the cop, then put in the winding machine to remove thread imperfections or yarn defects and change the cop roll to cones rolls. After the process is complete, the thread will be packed in the packing section. To produce good quality yarn, it is necessary to plan production, repair and maintenance as well as repair machines properly. Drafting is one one process that is very important and to be hard to the quality of the yarn that will be produced. If the drafting process is not perfect it will affect the unevenness of the material or yarn. One of the problem topics related to drafting on the Rieter type F10 / 55011-00425 roving machine in 1998 is that if the break draft is changed, the total draft will change. This assumption is really true because if the draft is damaged, what will change is the main draft, and the total draft will remain the same. Meanwhile, for the correct setting of the roller gauge so that the roving does not experience a high level of unevenness, if the setting is wide, the draft break must be small. And if the arrangement is eternal then the break draft used must be large. The second arrangement is so that the fiber can be properly drafted and does not experience floating fibers or fiber cracks.