bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parenting as a “package deal”: Relationships, fertility, and nonresident father involvement among unmarried parents
Authors: Tach Laura , Mincy Ronald , Edin Kathryn
Published: February 2010

Fatherhood has traditionally been viewed as part of a “package deal” in which a father’s relationship with his child is contingent on his relationship with the mother. We evaluate the accuracy of this hypothesis in light of the high rates of multiple-partner fertility among unmarried parents using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a recent longitudinal survey ofnonmarital births in large cities. We examine whether unmarried mothers’ and fathers’ subsequent relationship and parenting transitions are associated with declines in fathers ’ contact with their nonresident biological children. We find that father involvement drops sharply after relationships between unmarried parents end. Mothers’ transitions into new romantic partnerships and new parenting roles are associated with larger declines in involvement than fathers’ transitions. Declines in fathers’ involvement following a mother’s relationship or parenting transition are largest when children are young. We discuss the implications of our results for the well-being ofnonmarital children and the quality of nonmarital relationships faced with high levels of relationship instability and multiple-partner fertiliy.
A Comparison of Spatial Statistical Methods in a School Finance Policy Context
Authors: Slagle Mike
Published: February 2010

A shortcoming of the conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) approaches for estimating median voter models of education demand is the inability to more fully explain the spatial relationships between neighboring school districts. Consequently, two school districts that appear to be descriptively similar in terms of conventional measures of taste, tax price, and income—but which are located in different geographical contexts—actually may spend at very different levels. In this article, the issue is addressed by employing a relatively recent spatial analytical method called Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), and a more common spatial modeling approach, spatial autoregression (SAR). This study uses 2000 and 2004 data from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) along with the United States Census 2000 School District Special Tabulation, and analyzes each school district's educational spending and underlying wealth, income, and demographic data. Evidence from this study suggests that both GWR and SAR provide useful and different insights. Virtually all of the error related to spatial autocorrelation is eliminated in both SAR and GWR approaches. Further, key parameter estimates vary between the OLS and SAR specifications, and vary regionally in the GWR specification. The article concludes that there may be a place for the use of spatial statistics in education finance policy research.
The Impact of Teachers Unions on State-Level Productivity
Authors: Pantuosco Louis J. , Ullrich Laura D.
Published: February 2010

Using a reduced form version of a theoretical expansion of Hoxby's (1996) education production model, we investigate whether bargaining teachers unions are a boon or a bust to the economy of the state. We anticipate teachers, being in the public sector veiled from competition, are less likely to be efficient. Yet, their product, education, enhances worker productivity and total output. If teachers are successful at their task of educating society's youth, their added value could be observed in society's production function. In a given state, gross state product (GSP) measures output from the use of capital and labor resources. By using GSP per employee as a measure of productivity, we find a negative correlation between GSP per employee and the percentage of unionized teachers within states where bargaining is permitted. Furthermore, we confirm a positive wage effect of teachers unions on state productivity. In addition, we investigate whether the negative changes in state GSP per employee and the positive wage effect offset each other in states with bargaining teachers unions.
Trends in the Fiscal Capacity of Ohio's Public Schools
Authors: Porter Tod S.
Published: February 2010

The fiscal capacity of a school district measures the difference between a district's ability to raise revenues locally and the expenditures needed to provide some specified level of educational services. This article uses several different approaches to calculate fiscal capacity for school districts in Ohio from 1996 to 2006. The results show that when the measure of revenue-raising capacity is based on assessed value, there is a modest trend towards more equality across districts, but when the measure is based on income, there is a strong trend towards greater inequality. The results also show that adjusting the measure of fiscal capacity for state and federal subsidies substantially reduces the measured level of inequality. Districts from the Appalachian region of Ohio tend to have relatively low values for fiscal capacity, regardless of the approach used. The rankings of urban districts depend heavily on how economically disadvantaged students are weighted when estimating the needed level of expenditures.
Funding Historically Black Colleges and Universities: Progress Toward Equality?
Authors: Sav G. Thomas
Published: February 2010

For decades, state funding of public historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) has been shown to be de facto discriminatory relative to the funding of their predominately white counterparts. Although the dual system has been legally dismantled, the disparate funding has remained in place in a number of ways. For example, recent research shows that in 1995 approximately 17% of the fewer state funding dollars allocated to historically black institutions (HBI) relative to predominately white institutions (PWI) could be attributed to fiscal discrimination. After more than a decade, the present research uses 2006 finance data to provide tests as to the extent of progress in moving HBI toward greater funding equality.
What We Don't Know Can't Hurt Us?: Equity Consequences of Financing Special Education on the Untested Assumption of Uniform Needs
Authors: Baker Bruce D. , Ramsey Matthew J.
Published: February 2010

Over the past few decades, a handful of states have chosen to provide state financing of special education programs through a method referred to as "Census-Based" funding—an approach which involves allocated block-grant funding on an assumed basis of uniform distribution of children with disabilities across school districts. The approach has been argued to eliminate financial incentives for classification of marginal—low severity, higher incidence—disabilities. We explain herein that despite some evidence linking headcount-based financing schemes to increased classification rates (a) no evidence exists whether the incentivized rates are more or less indicative of true prevalence of disabilities, and (b) where attempts have been made to discern whether certain populations of children with disabilities are in fact uniformly distributed, researchers have found that they are not. We use U.S. Census data on families of children with disabilities to evaluate the geographic and demographic distribution of those families in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, finding high degrees of geographic clustering, relationships between census disability rates, census poverty rates, geographic locations and school district classification rates. In short, we find families of children with disabilities to be non-randomly and non-uniformly distributed across geographic spaces in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We conclude by evaluating the equity consequences of assuming falsely that these children are distributed uniformly.
Esther and the Politics of Diaspora
Authors: Stern Elsie R.
Published: February 2010

While the biblical book of Esther is often identified as a diaspora text that addresses the experience and concerns of diaspora Jews in the late Persian or early Hellenistic periods, its diasporic identity has been assumed rather than proven. This article makes a case for reading Esther as an anti-diaspora text written in Judea for a Judean audience. According to the Hebrew version of Esther, Jewish life in the Persian heartland is portrayed as the parodic opposite of the fantasy of life in the land of Israel that is articulated in other Judean literature that became part of the biblical canon. This reading accounts both for the differences between the Hebrew and Greek versions of Esther and for the theological and ideological anomalies that necessarily arise in the more common, pro-diasporic, readings of the text.
"Why Do You Refuse to Eat Pork?": Jews, Food, and Identity in Roman Palestine
Authors: Rosenblum Jordan D.
Published: February 2010

Both Jewish and non-Jewish (particularly Roman) sources from antiquity attest to a culinary 'fact': Jews do not eat pork. The meaning of this foodway, however, depends upon one's perspective. According to some rabbinic sources, because Romans eat pig they are, as such, embodied as pigs. On the other hand, according to some Roman sources, by refusing to eat pig, Jews are never able to ingest Roman-ness and, thus, can never truly become Roman. Beginning in antiquity, the practices of pork consumption and abstention become symbolic, or metonymic, of 'Self' and 'Other' with respect to Jewish and Roman identity. This article explores how these ancient sources construct identity around a specific dietary practice. In particular, it focuses on how the same culinary item is deployed to create both 'Self' and 'Other' with respect to Rome.
The Birds and the Babes: The Structure and Meaning of Psalm 8
Authors: Kraut Judah
Published: February 2010

For all its popularity and philosophical depth, Psalm 8 has long posed a number of difficult exegetical challenges. Certain words in the psalm are not easily translated, the structure of the psalm is not readily apparent, and various of its elements seem to defy any obvious explanation most notoriously, the "infants and sucklings" in verse 3a. Faced with the Psalm's many exegetical conundrums, scholars have often indulged in speculative exegesis more so than in compelling textual argument. Indeed, rare is the scholar who does not emend the text of Psalm 8 in some fashion or who dares interpret it without the necessary 'lucidation' provided by another (or many other) biblical or extra-biblical text(s). Yet, the (sometimes valuable) efforts to interpret Psalm 8 in light of more accessible or hypothetical texts have obscured the fact that the psalm, as is, possesses its own internal structure and rhetorical logic, which "properly considered" go a long way toward unraveling the textual enigmas that have long bothered exegetes and readers. This paper contends that an appreciation of the very structure of Psalm 8, a painstakingly crafted chiastic arrangement, elucidates three key elements of its meaning: (a) the role of 3a ("From the mouths of infants and sucklings"); (b) the identity of the "Elohim" in 6a; and (c) the overarching message of the psalm.
Spreading Secrets: Kabbalah and Esotericism in Isaac ibn Sahula's Meshal ha-kadmoni
Authors: Lachter Hartley
Published: February 2010

Isaac ibn Sahula's Meshal ha-kadmoni, a classic of medieval Hebrew literature, was composed in Castile during one of the most prolific periods in the development of classical Kabbalah. This article argues that while ibn Sahula chose to avoid discussion of the ten sefirot and other forms of symbolism typically associated with kabbalistic writings from this period, he nonetheless sought to promote a worldview in the Meshal ha-kadmoni that bears a distinct affinity to medieval Kabbalah. Throughout the text, ibn Sahula's articulations of matters relating to divine providence over individuals and the natural order, the origin and nature of the human soul, and the attainment of prophetic insight, all resonate deeply with kabbalistic texts from 13th century Castile. Moreover, ibn Sahula consistently emphasizes the importance of esoteric knowledge, accessible exclusively to Jews as a secret tradition or "kabalah" deriving from revelation in antiquity, which constitutes the inner core of Judaism. The Meshal ha-kadmoni thus serves as an important witness to the major concerns and values of the cultural context in which many of the classics of medieval Kabbalah, including the zoharic literature, took shape.
Perils of Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Williams Ben A.
Published: February 2010

Evidenced-based medicine views random-assignment clinical trials as the gold standard of evidence. Because patient populations are heterogeneous, large numbers of patients must be studied in order to achieve statistically significant results, but the means or medians of these large samples have weak predictive validity for individual patients. Further, the logic of random-assignment clinical trials allows only the inference that some subset of patients benefits from the treatment. Post-hoc analysis is therefore necessary to identify those patients. Otherwise, many patients may receive treatments that are useless and potentially harmful.
Menstrual Function, Menstrual Suppression, and the Immunology of the Human Female Reproductive Tract
Authors: Howes Moira
Published: February 2010

Analyses of menstrual function are important to our understanding of human evolution and can help to assess the risks of menstrual suppression, a practice increasingly recommended for women. Two evolutionary issues, however, are insufficiently appreciated in these analyses: the selection pressure infections pose to the human female reproductive system, and the variety of different—and possibly conflicting—immunological functions in the healthy human female reproductive and genital tract. Part of the reason why these issues are inadequately addressed is that reproduction is not sufficiently contextualized in evolutionary and immunological accounts. I argue that expanding the immunological context for menstrual function reinvigorates Margie Profet's (1993a) hypothesis that menstruation defends against sperm-borne pathogens. This expanded context also suggests that menstruation may have more than one function. Thus, until more is known about menstruation, we should proceed cautiously with regard to menstrual suppression.
Telling Stories about Illness and Disability: The Limits and Lessons of Narrative
Authors: Garden Rebecca
Published: February 2010

Autobiographical narratives of illness and disability are influential in popular and medical discourses of illness and disability, in part because these narratives represent illness and disability within a sociocultural context, intersecting with other categories of difference. Clinicians can benefit patients through a critical understanding of the formal and social conventions that shape illness and disability narratives and the effect these conventions can have on the lived experience of illness and disability. I analyze the 2003 edition of Lucy Grealy's Autobiography of a Face to illustrate these socio-narrative conventions, especially in light of an afterword that significantly revises the ending to Grealy's narrative. I explore the parallels between narrative conventions—such as the "recovery narrative"—and caregivers' expectations that shape the role of the "good patient," as well as the resistance to conventions of closure, represented by the "renegotiated ending."
The Elephant in the Playground: Confronting Lead-Contaminated Soils as an Important Source of Lead Burdens to Urban Populations
Authors: Filippelli Gabriel M. , Laidlaw Mark A. S.
Published: February 2010

Although significant headway has been made over the past 50 years in understanding and reducing the sources and health risks of lead, the incidence of lead poisoning remains shockingly high in urban regions of the United States. At particular risk are poor people who inhabit the polluted centers of our older cities without the benefits of adequate nutrition, education, and access to health care. To provide a future with fewer environmental and health burdens related to lead, we need to consider the multiple pathways of lead exposure in children, including their continued contact with dust derived from inner-city soils. Recent research into the causes of seasonal variations in blood-lead levels among children has confirmed the importance of soil in lead exposure. "Capping" lead-contaminated soil with lead-free soil or soil amendment appears to be a simple and cost-effective way to reduce the lead load for urban youth.
Protocell Research and Its Implications
Authors: Mahowald Mary B.
Published: February 2010

If and when protocells exist, they will exhibit three requisites for life: regeneration, replication, and evolution. Based on a recent collection of articles, this essay examines two major questions: (1) should research on development of protocells continue, and (2) what are the implications of this research for our understanding of "life."On the first question, I agree with contributors that the research should continue if there are adequate and ongoing safeguards against its misuse. On the second, I believe that creation of protocells is highly likely to escalate, rather than settle, controversies about the meaning and value of life, especially human life.
The Ethics of Helping Transgender Men and Women Have Children
Authors: Murphy Timothy F.
Published: February 2010

A transgender man legally married to a woman has given birth to two children, raising questions about the ethics of assisted reproductive treatments (ARTs) for people with cross-sex identities. Psychiatry treats cross-sex identities as a disorder, but key medical organizations and the law in some jurisdictions have taken steps to protect people with these identities from discrimination in health care, housing, and employment. In fact, many people with cross-sex identities bypass psychiatric treatment altogether in order to pursue lives that are meaningful to them, lives that sometimes include children. Cross-sex identification does not render people unfit as parents, because transgender identities do not undercut the ability to understand the nature and consequences of pregnancy or necessarily interfere with the ability to raise children. Moreover, no evidence suggests that being born to and raised by transgender parents triggers the kind of harm that would justify exclusion of trans-identified men and women from ARTs as a class. The normalization of transgender identities by the law and professional organizations contributes, moreover, to the need to reassess pathological interpretations of cross-sex identities, and trans-parenthood puts those interpretations into sharp relief.
Understanding Obesity by Asking the Right Questions
Authors: Kushner Robert F.
Published: February 2010

Obesity, once considered a sign of wealth and high stature in the community, is now a global health problem and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Although weight gain occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, the causes and treatment are more complex than the simple energy balance equation would suggest. A new text on the subject challenges us to think out of the box for answers and solutions.
Propranolol Use in the Prevention and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans: Forgetting Therapy Revisited
Authors: Donovan Elise
Published: February 2010

The alarming number of military service members returning from combat suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has stimulated research into the treatment and prevention of PTSD, using pharmacological agents including the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol. Propranolol use has been examined in three phases of memory, including acquisition, formation, and encoding; emotional response and consolidation; and retrieval and reconsolidation. Early research focused on acquisition and consolidation with encouraging but inconsistent results, with more recent research directed towards memory reconsolidation, and dissociation of emotion and fear from memories. Ethical opposition to this research and therapy came from the President's Council on Bioethics, who argued in Beyond Therapy (2003) that this type of therapy disrupts sense of self, and from a target article and ensuing discussion in the American Journal of Bioethics in 2007. These arguments preceded research on the effects of propranolol on reconsolidation, which impacts the ethical discussion. If propranolol use in dissociation of emotion and fear from memory is effective in individuals with PTSD, much of the argument against propranolol use is moot. Veterans who cannot function in society due to PTSD have essentially already lost their sense of self. The ethical issue is not how treatment may affect them, but whether withholding research and treatment that may alleviate the condition is justifiable.
Soma Weiss, Alfred S. Reinhart, and the Care of the Patient
Authors: Tishler Peter V.
Published: February 2010

Soma Weiss, a brilliant clinician, researcher, and teacher at Harvard Medical School, cared for Alfred S. Reinhart, who succumbed to subacute bacterial endocarditis in his final year at Harvard Medical School. Reinhart recorded his observations and experiences while a patient in the Thorndike Memorial Laboratory at the Boston City Hospital, and Weiss incorporated these in a paper some 10 years after Reinhart's death. In the tradition of Francis Weld Peabody, Weiss used Reinhart's memoir to emphasize the importance of listening to patients, of projecting sympathy, and of understanding and responding to their psychological needs.
Medical Education as Moral Formation: An Aristotelian Account of Medical Professionalsim
Authors: Kinghorn Warren A.
Published: February 2010

The medical professionalism movement, bolstered by many influential medical organizations and institutions, has in the last decade produced a number of conceptual definitions of professionalism and a number of concrete proposals for its measurement and teaching. These projects, however laudable, are misguided when they treat professionalism as a unitary descriptive concept rather than as a contested and therefore primarily evaluative one; when they conceive professionalism as a domain of medical practice separable in principle from other domains; and when they treat professionalism as, in principle, a specifiable goal or product of sufficiently well designed educational curricula. The logic of professionalism-as-product corresponds to the logic of techne (art or practical skill) in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics . Aristotle provides a cogent argument, however, that the moral excellences denoted by "professionalism" cannot be "produced" or even prespecified in the concrete; rather, they must be acquired through long practice under the careful concrete guidance of teachers who themselves embody these moral excellences. Phronesis (practical wisdom) rather than techne must therefore be the guiding logic of educational initiatives in medical professional formation, with particular emphasis on close mentorship and on the moral character both of students and of those who teach them.
Darwin and Lincoln: Their Legacy of Human Dignity
Authors: Earls Felton
Published: February 2010

The legacy of Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln is to champion the dignity inherent in every human being. The moment of the bicentennial of their births provides an opportunity to celebrate and reflect on ways they have shaped our understanding and commitment to human rights. The naturalist and the constitutional lawyer, so different in circumstance and discipline, were morally allied in the mission to eradicate slavery. The profound lessons to be extracted from the lives of these two icons bind us to the agonizing reality that nearly 150 years after Gettysburg and the publication of the Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , there remains much work to do toward advancing the security, respect, and equality of our species. This article describes how Darwin and Lincoln's inspiring legacies guided the author's personal choices as a scientist and activist. The essay concludes with a set of questions and challenges that confront us, foremost among which is the need to balance actions in response to the violation of negative rights by actions in the pursuit of positive rights.
Embodied Cognitive Science and Its Implications for Psychopathology
Authors: Drayson Zoe
Published: February 2010

The past twenty years have seen an increase in the importance of the body in psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind. This 'embodied' trend challenges the orthodox view in cognitive science in several ways: it downplays the traditional 'mind-as-computer' approach and emphasizes the role of interactions between the brain, body, and environment. In this article, I review recent work in the area of embodied cognitive science and explore the approaches each takes to the ideas of consciousness, computation and representation. Finally, I look at the current relationship between orthodox cognitive science and the study of mental disorder, and consider the implications that the embodied trend could have for issues in psychopathology.
Does Decision-Making Capacity Require the Absence of Pathological Values?
Authors: Whiting Demian
Published: February 2010

Abstract: Decision-making capacity (DMC) is normally taken to include (1) understanding (and appreciation); (2) the ability to deliberate or weigh up; and (3) the ability to express a choice. In an article published recently in PPP , Jacinta Tan and her colleagues (2006) suggest that DMC requires also (4) the absence of 'pathological values' (i.e., values that arise from mental disorder). In this paper, I argue that although (1)–(3) might be necessary for DMC, (4) is not necessary (barring cases where pathological values interfere with (1)–(3)). My argument will simply be that (4) fails to be supported by the empirical data provided by Tan et al., which I claim supports the view that people with pathological values do often have DMC. I also consider but reject the claim that pathological values entail incapacity because they are not 'authentic' to the person. I conclude that the absence of pathological values does not constitute an additional element of DMC and that we cannot justify compulsory treatment of people who have (1)–(3), but not (4), on the grounds they lack DMC.
Talking Cures: A Lacanian Reading of Hegel and Kierkegaard on Language and Madness
Authors: Berthold Daniel
Published: February 2010

Abstract: In examining Hegel's and Kierkegaard's theories of language, I argue that both entail conceptions of the therapeutic power of language to heal us from madness and despair. I show that whereas Hegel quite straightforwardly celebrates the emancipatory power of language, Kierkegaard is more ambivalent; on the one hand, he devotes his life to a maieutic authorship in service of aiding the reader, but on the other, he believes that ultimately it is only faith in God that can cure us, and that faith requires silence. I use Lacan's psychoanalytic account of the role of language to explore Hegel's view that language constitutes the self and Kierkegaard's experimentation with an indirect form of communication that he hopes will enable him to fulfill each of his apparently conflicting goals, to write and yet to remain silent.
The Social Masochism of Shakespeare's Sonnets
Authors: McIntosh Hugh
Published: February 2010

This essay argues that the little evidence we have concerning Shakespeare's sonnets in manuscript circulation suggests that many of the poems—particularly those most charged with bawdy innuendo—are more socially coded than is often thought. While scholars of early modern manuscript culture have focused on Shakespeare's "young man" sonnets, which clearly express a hierarchical patron-writer relationship, evidence suggests that the "dark lady" poems were among those written for a gentlemanly audience. Read in this context, these sonnets' use of linguistic ambiguity and imagery of feminization presents a socially innovative persona: a figure whose charm is self-abjection.
Swearing Justice in Henry Goodcole and The Witch of Edmonton
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: February 2010

This essay demonstrates how the dual plots of The Witch of Edmonton and Henry Goodcole's related pamphlet are unified by their common concern with the legal and performative power of words. Both play and pamphlet emphasize the power of speech, in particular the swearing of oaths and confessions, to constitute and to transform identity. Though patterned after its source pamphlet, the play ultimately diverges to demonstrate how speech legitimated by the processes of law often awkwardly coexists with its more popular expression, thereby simultaneously critiquing early modern law while laying claim to the very power that enables it.
Anne Askew and the Controversy over the Real Presence
Authors: Malson-Huddle Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

Anne Askew employs scriptural exegesis in her Examinations to reinterpret the traditional rite of Communion. Scholars have yet to explore the significance of the late-medieval practice of taking the Eucharist annually at Easter in Askew's devotional life. Although she denies the presence of Christ's body in the Eucharist, Askew asserts that taking Communion with fellow Christians is central to her identity as an evangelical Christian. While the crown struggled to suppress Sacramentarianism, reformers such as Askew shifted their focus from Christ's body to the community of believers gathered to remember Christ's sacrifice through the ritual of Communion.
Counterfeiting and the Economics of Kingship in Milton's Eikonoklastes
Authors: Cohen Scott
Published: February 2010

John Milton's 1649 prose tract Eikonoklastes aimed to undermine the popular image of Charles I as portrayed in Eikon Basilike , the document professing to be a record of the king's final meditations in prison. This essay argues that Milton revitalizes the ideology of iconoclasm by appropriating the logic and rhetoric of counterfeiting and posits a different economy of authority. When read in light of economic and numismatic discourses of early modem England, Milton can be seen to make a sweeping critique of representational authority that extends beyond the executed king and rewrites the economics of political authority.
Misperception and Protestant Reading in Gammer Gurton's Needle
Authors: Ardolino Frank
Published: February 2010

As a coarse comedy written according to classical rules, Gammer Gurton's Needle has been considered an important early example of the hybrid English drama. However, recent criticism has established that the play is a sophisticated comedy. Despite the development of an awareness of its deeper levels of meaning, no scholar has traced how the narrative emphasizes the importance of right reading. The audience learns to see right reading as a Protestant hermeneutic that enables them to transcend the Catholic emphasis on materiality and the literal interpretation of the Eucharist.
The Political Messages of Samson Agonistes
Authors: Gregory Tobias
Published: February 2010

This essay argues against the view that in Samson Agonistes Milton aimed to leave readers in doubt about Samson's heroism. It explains the shortcomings of the three arguments most often made in favor of that view: the argument from source modification, the argument from multiple traditions, and the argument from contrast with Christ. Its final section considers whether it is anachronistic to call Samson Agonistes a work in praise of terrorism.
Sir Philip Sidney's Defense of Prophesying
Authors: Moore Roger E.
Published: February 2010

Sidney writes the Defence of Poesy at a time of considerable anxiety over prophetic speech: Queen Elizabeth had recently suppressed prophesying exercises and banned the prophetic Familist movement. Sidney's continual references to the relationship between poetry and prophecy, therefore, seem provocative. This essay explores Sidney's engagement with late-sixteenth-century controversies over inspiration and argues that he seeks to rehabilitate prophecy as a useful form of moral instruction. Sidney establishes the prophetic character of "right" poetry and comes close to defending the spiritual freedom also claimed by contemporary sectarians and some moderate evangelical prophets.
Recent Studies in the English Renaissance
Authors: Teskey Gordon
Published: February 2010

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the English Renaissance and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Performing Voices in the English Lute Song
Authors: Iovan Sarah
Published: February 2010

This article discusses the relationships between lyric and music through the intersection of the two in the English lute song. The article argues that musical content complicates lyric voices because musical voices allow multiple interpretations of the text to occur simultaneously without one interpretation of the text necessarily privileged over the others. This polyphony can result in an undermining or even fracturing of the lyric "I."
Patronage, Friendship, and Sincerity in Bacon and Spenser
Authors: LaBreche Ben
Published: February 2010

Recent scholarship has often conceptualized patronage purely in terms of the hierarchical patron-client dyad, but this model has had trouble explaining how partners in these relationships could trust one another. This article examines Francis Bacon's essays and Edmund Spenser's The Shepheardes Calender to show how the recommendations of clients' peers made overcoming patrons' suspicions possible. In particular, this article focuses on classical and humanist conceptions of friendship that asserted both friends' honesty with one another and the fundamental separation of their interests. These qualities allowed clients' friends to offer well-informed and relatively objective recommendations to patrons.
Die aktuelle Entscheidung Esra, Mephisto und Salomo
Authors: Wittreck Fabian
Published: March 2010

Durch Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 13. 6. 2007 hat das BVerfG der Verfassungsbeschwerde des Verlags Kiepenheuer & Witsch gegen Entscheidungen der ordentlichen Gerichte, die diesem den Vertrieb des Romans »Esra« des Schriftstellers Maxim Biller untersagten, zwar teilweise stattgegeben, das Verbot des Buches aber im Ergebnis aufrechterhalten (II.). Die Entscheidung billigt damit der Sache nach eine staatliche Zensurmaßnahme zum Schutz der Individualrechte solcher Betroffener, die sich gegen die künstlerische Zurschaustellung ihres Privat- oder gar Intimlebens zur Wehr setzen. Der langen Kette von Judikaten zum schonenden Ausgleich zwischen Äußerungs- und Persönlichkeitsrechten wird auf diese Weise ein neues Glied hinzugefügt (I.). Es darf deshalb besondere Aufmerksamkeit beanspruchen, weil das Gericht seine Interpretation der vorbehaltlos gewährleisteten Kunstfreiheit gegenüber der berühmten »Mephisto«-Entscheidung aus dem Jahre 1971 in mehrfacher Hinsicht fortentwickelt und damit Art. 5 III 1 GG im Ergebnis stärkt (III.). Obwohl die Versuche der Senatsmehrheit, der Kunstfreiheit nur durch eine »kunstspezifische« Betrachtung Grenzen zu setzen, nicht in allen Details überzeugen, erweist sich die Entscheidung auch im konkreten Fall als zustimmungswürdig (IV.). Entgegen vereinzelt geäußerten Befürchtungen ist insbesondere ein genereller Einschüchterungseffekt des Beschlusses auf den Literaturbetrieb nicht zu besorgen (V.).
Vorprüfung, Sachentscheidungsvoraussetzungen oder Zulässigkeit? Gutachtenaufbau in der öffentlich-rechtlichen Klausur
Authors: Heidebach Martin
Published: March 2010

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einer Grundfrage des Gutachten-aufbaus in der öffentlich-rechtlichen Klausur, die immer wieder zu Verunsicherung bei den Studierenden führt. Zunächst wird die Ursache für die verschiedenen Aufbauvarianten dargestellt. Anschließend wird geprüft, welche der Aufbaumöglichkeiten die überzeugendste ist. Bei dieser tiefer gehenden Betrachtung wird sich herausstellen, dass der klassische Aufbau in Zulässigkeit und Begründetheit vorzugswürdig bleibt.
ZR Das Zustandekommen des Vertrags
Authors: Petersen Jens
Published: March 2010

Die Beherrschung der §§ 145 ff. BGB gehört zum Basisstoff der Rechtsgeschäftslehre. Gerade hier finden sich wichtige Weichenstellungen für die Klausurbearbeitung. Dementsprechend schwer wiegen Fehleinschätzungen. Daher seien im Folgenden die wichtigsten Fragen und Probleme zusammengestellt.
Arbeit und Soziales Die Zwangsvollstreckung im Arbeitsgerichtsverfahren
Authors: Hartwig Tibor
Published: March 2010

Kenntnisse der Zwangsvollstreckung im Arbeitsgerichtsverfahren gehören zum unverzichtbaren Repertoire jeder angehenden Arbeitsrechtlerin und jedes angehenden Arbeitsrechtlers. Die wichtigsten will der folgende Beitrag auf der Grundlage vom vorhandenen Wissen zum zivilprozessualen Vollstreckungsrecht vermitteln.
Die Inländerdiskriminierung
Authors: Bösch Rainer
Published: March 2010

Obgleich das Problem der Inländerdiskriminierung hinreichend bekannt ist, fehlt es an einer umfassenden Stellungnahme zu der Frage, ob diese Konstellation in den Anwendungsbereich des Art. 3 I GG fällt. Diese Lücke soll vorliegend geschlossen werden, wobei zum besseren dogmatischen Verständnis ein Fall aus der jüngeren Rspr. exemplarisch gelöst wird. Der Vollständigkeit halber wird ferner die rechtliche Würdigung der Inländerdiskriminierung aus der Sicht des Europarechts dargestellt und ein Überblick über die in der Literatur verwendeten Terminologien gegeben. Abschließend wird erörtert, warum das Phänomen der Inländerdiskriminierung das geringere, zweier sich ausschließender Übel darstellt und mithin auch rechtspolitisch nicht zu beanstanden ist.
Die Bundespolizei – wer ist das, was darf und was macht die?
Authors: Wagner Marc
Published: March 2010

Im Gefüge deutscher Sicherheitsbehörden hat sich etwas geändert. Mit der Errichtung des Bundespolizeipräsidiums, einer Bundesoberbehörde, hat der Gesetzgeber die anhand der Aufbauorganisationen bis dato ableitbare Kakophonie unterschiedlicher Wertigkeit bereinigt. Zu Recht. Der bundesverfassungsgerichtlichen Qualifikation der Bundespolizei als Sonderpolizei, die den notwendigerweise begrenzten sachlichen Zuständigkeiten (§§ 1–13 BPolG) geschuldet ist, wird die Bundespolizei im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes gerecht, wenn man deren internationales Engagement betracht: EU-/UN-Missionen, Grenzpolizeiliche Verbindungsbeamte, Dokumentenberater, Grenzpolizeiliche Unterstützungskräfte, Gemeinsame Zentren. Ein Überblick.
Bioproducts Process Pathways for Kraft Paper Mills
Authors: Dickerson Catherine M. , Rubin Jonathan
Published: March 2010

Energy use in the United States is heavily reliant on imported fossil fuels. Finding a way to produce renewable fuels that can replace these fossil fuels will address national security threats, sustainability concerns inherent in the use of fossil fuels, and keep manufacturing in rural areas. An important alternative fuel for the near term is ethanol, and producing it from a cellulosic feedstock allows the fuel source to remain independent of the food chain. A solid body of research has made it clear that a brand-new stand-alone biorefinery using biomass is not cost-effective under current business conditions. In light of this, we have looked at the economic viability of a co-located facility, specifically Kraft pulp mills in the State of Maine. We have looked at the opportunity to utilize the “near-neutral” extraction process developed at the University of Maine, whereby Kraft pulp mills can begin to meet the demand for alternative fuels. By incorporating the near-neutral extraction process within the pulping process, ethanol and acetic acid can be produced as “first stage” products while still producing pulp, thereby expanding the product line of the pulp mill while addressing the need for finding alternative to petroleum feedstocks. This paper discusses both the near-neutral extraction process and a thermochemical process that can be utilized in a Kraft pulp mill based biorefinery to produce ethanol and acetic acid as initial products. We analyze potential investment and production costs for a biorefinery based on studies that have looked specifically at this type of evolution, as well as cellulosic biorefineries that are based on other types of processes. We also identify potential “second stage” fuels that could be produced, as well as the modes of transportation that can be used to get the fuels and products to the existing infrastructure.
Profiling of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in compartments of the developing bovine antral follicles
Authors: Combelles Catherine M H , Holick Emily A , Paolella Louis J , Walker David C , Wu Qiaqia
Published: March 2010

The antral follicle constitutes a complex and regulated ovarian microenvironment that influences oocyte quality. Oxidative stress is a cellular state that may play a role during folliculogenesis and oogenesis, although direct supporting evidence is currently lacking. We thus evaluated the expression of the three isoforms (SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3) of the enzymatic antioxidant superoxide dismutase in all the cellular (granulosa cells, cumulus cells, and oocytes) and extracellular (follicular fluid) compartments of the follicle. Comparisons were made in bovine ovaries across progressive stages of antral follicular development. Follicular fluid possessed increased amounts of SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 in small antral follicles when compared with large antral follicles; concomitantly, total SOD activity was highest in follicular fluids from smaller diameter follicles. SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3 proteins were expressed in granulosa cells without any fluctuations in follicle sizes. All three SOD isoforms were present, but were distributed differently in oocytes from small, medium, or large antral follicles. Cumulus cells expressed high levels of SOD3, some SOD2, but no detectable SOD1. Our studies provide a temporal and spatial expression profile of the three SOD isoforms in the different compartments of the developing bovine antral follicles. These results lay the ground for future investigations into the potential regulation and roles of antioxidants during folliculogenesis and oogenesis.
Structural Defects in GaN-based Materials and Their Relation to GaN-based Laser Diodes
Authors: Tomiya Shigetaka , Ikeda Masao , Tanaka Shinji , Kanitani Yuya , Ohkubo Tadakatsu , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: February 2010

Reduction of structural defects in III-nitride based optical devices is of critical importance for high efficient and high reliable optoelectronic performance. Here, three different types of structural defects such as threading dislocations, Mg-related pyramidal defects and columnar defects, observed in GaN-related epitaxial films are described and their relation to reliability of GaN-based LDs is discussed. Composition fluctuations of GaInN MQWs with different In concentrations by analyzed by a laser assisted 3D atom probe are also described.
Mechanism of Defect Reactions in Semiconductors
Authors: Shinozuka Yuzo
Published: February 2010

Proposed mechanisms so far on defect reactions in semiconductors are reexamined. Structural instability of point defects is explained in terms of the Jahn-Teller effect. It is found that the tetrahedral coordinated bonds, which do not have inversion symmetry, are not so rigid as we consider, especially for hole localization. Second topic is the phonon-kick mechanism for defect reactions under carrier injection. In order to discuss this mechanism in detail, we recall the configuration coordinate (c-c) diagram, which is often misunderstood in the literature. The proper relation is explained among the lattice distortion, the position of the electronic level in the band gap (thermal and optical depths), the total energy the multiphonon (e and h) carrier capture processes and the following induced lattice relaxation. A numerical simulation has been performed on phonon kick mechanism. It is found that a rapid increase of the transient lattice vibration around the defect is possible and the probability critically depends on the carrier concentrations and the phonon frequency distribution.
Reliability and Performance of Pseudomorphic Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes on Bulk Aluminum Nitride Substrates
Authors: Grandusky James , Cui Yongjie , Mendrick Mark C. , Gibb Shawn R. , Schowalter Leo
Published: February 2010

Reliability and performance of ultraviolet light emitting diodes have suffered due to the high dislocation density of the AlN and high Al-content AlxGa1-xN layers when grown on foreign substrates such as sapphire. The development of pseudomorphic layers on low dislocation density AlN substrates is leading to improvements in reliability and performance of devices operating in the ultraviolet-C (UVC) range. One major improvement is the ability to operate devices at much higher current densities and input powers than devices on sapphire substrates. This is due to the better thermal properties and lower dislocation density of devices on AlN substrates. Devices with active area of 0.001 cm2emitting at ∼265 nm have been measured for their reliability and change in power output over time at input currents of 20 mA (20 A/cm2), 100 mA (100A/cm2) and 150 mA (150 A/cm2). When operating at currents of 20 mA over 3500 hours of consecutive operation has been demonstrated with typical decay of ∼27% over the 3500 hours. Extrapolating the decay with a linear fit gives a L50 (time to 50% of initial power) of ∼5000 hrs. However it is desirable to be able to model the decay to better understand the kinetics and better understand the mechanisms. In order to do this, the lifetime at 20 mA and 100 mA were modeled using an exponential decay function, square root transformation and a log transformation to both be able to fit the experimental data and predict future performance.
Dependency of Indium Concentration on Structural Defects in MOVPE-grown InGaN/GaN Heterostructures
Authors: Dudding J S , C Wenyu , Korakakis D
Published: February 2010

Indium Gallium Nitride (InxGa1-xN) alloys are currently playing an ever increasing role in optoelectronic devices as the bandgap of such alloys can theoretically be tuned between 0.7eV and 3.4eV–covering the entire visible spectrum. Although growth of high quality InxGa1-xN alloys with high indium mole fractions are difficult or presently unattainable, InGaN alloys are still a viable choice for light emitters and detectors over the visible (blue/green) to ultraviolet spectrum. However, many inherent problems during InGaN growth via Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) arise due to the large lattice mismatch and low miscibility between GaN and InN–leading to the formation of Inverted Hexagonal Pyramid (IHP) defects at the termination of threading dislocations. Additionally, growth of InGaN at lower temperatures to promote increased indium incorporation results in poor surface morphology. Several methods such as strained layer superlattices and low mole fraction InGaN layers before the growth of the InGaN/GaN MQW structures have been shown to relive strain in the MQWs, thus reducing the density of IHP defects and/or improving the optical output characteristics. This work focuses on the application of GaN monolayer insertions during InGaN quantum well growth via Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) as a means to reduce the IHP defect density and passivate effects on surface roughness while observing variations in indium concentration. Observations include the reduction of IHP defect density by nearly twofold as the number of GaN monolayer interruptions increase from zero to three while sustaining only slightly lower effective indium concentrations.