bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metformin suppresses proliferation and invasion of drug‐resistant breast cancer cells by activation of the Hippo pathway
Authors: Liu Jie , Li Juan , Chen He , Wang Ruiqi , Li Pingping , Miao Yi , Liu Peijun
Published: April 2020

Drug resistance limits the clinical efficacy of breast cancer therapies, and overexpression or activation of Yes‐associated protein (YAP) is common in drug‐resistant cancer cells. Thus, inhibition of YAP may reduce resistance to anti‐cancer drugs. Metformin (MET), a first‐line diabetes medication that also has anti‐tumour activities, induces AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), directly phosphorylates YAP and inhibits YAP transcriptional activity. In this study, we determined the effect of MET on the proliferation and invasion of drug‐resistant breast cancer cells and then investigated the underlying molecular mechanism. Our in vivo and in vitro experiments indicated that MET suppressed breast cancer by an AMPK‐independent pathway to decrease YAP nuclear localization. In drug‐sensitive cells, MET activated the Hippo pathway by increasing KIBRA and FRMD6 expression, but this did not occur in drug‐resistant cells. Scribble (SCRIB), a cell polarity protein, was notably down‐regulated in tamoxifen‐ and paclitaxel‐resistant breast cancer cells relative to sensitive cells. We also found that MET suppressed the proliferation and invasion of drug‐resistant breast cancer cells by increasing the expression and cell membrane localization of SCRIB, which enhanced the interaction of SCRIB with MST1 and LATS1, and inhibited YAP nuclear localization and transcriptional activity.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of circular RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sun Jin‐Yu , Zhang Xiao‐Yu , Cao Yi‐Zhi , Zhou Xiao , Gu Jian , Mu Xiao‐Xin
Published: April 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignant tumour, which has posed a heavy health and financial burden worldwide. Due to limited symptoms at the early stage and the limitation in current biomarkers, HCC patients are usually diagnosed at the advanced stage with a pessimistic overall survival rate. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subclass of single‐stranded RNAs characterized by a covalently closed loop structure without 3’‐ or 5’‐end. With advances in high‐throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics, accumulating studies have demonstrated the promotor or suppressor roles of circRNAs in the carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis of HCC. Moreover, circRNAs are characteristic of higher abundance, stability and conservation compared with linear RNAs. Therefore, circRNAs have emerged as one of the most promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC with reliable accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we briefly introduce the characteristics of circRNAs and summarize the roles of circRNAs in the biological procedures of HCC. Furthermore, we provide an overview on the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of circRNAs as biomarkers for patients with HCC. Finally, we discuss future perspectives of circRNAs in cancer research.
Update of the BEVQ‐15, a beverage intake questionnaire for habitual beverage intake for adults: determining comparative validity and reproducibility
Authors: Fausnacht A. G. , Myers E. A. , Hess E. L. , Davy B. M. , Hedrick V. E.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

The BEVQ‐15 is a beverage intake questionnaire that estimates the habitual average daily intake of 15 beverage categories (kcal and fl oz), as well as total sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSB) and total beverages. However, subsequent to its initial validation in 2010, it has not been updated. The present study aimed to assess the convergent validity and reproducibility of the updated form of the BEVQ‐15 to better reflect current beverage consumption trends.

Methods

The study population included adults (n = 50) aged ≥18 years, recruited from a local university community. Participation consisted of three laboratory visits within a 4‐week period in which the updated BEVQ‐15 was administered during the first and last visit and four 24‐h dietary recalls were collected. BEVQ‐15 modifications included removing limits of 60 fl oz per beverage, adding a nut milk category, and providing creamer and sweetener preferences for coffee/tea categories. Convergent validity was assessed by comparing reported beverage intake between the BEVQ‐15 and dietary recalls. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing both BEVQ‐15 administrations. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Bland–Altman plots and Spearman's correlations.

Results

For validity, Bland–Altman plot agreement between the BEVQ‐15 and recalls was in the range 92–96% for total SSB and total beverage intake. For reproducibility, all beverage categories, total SSB, and total beverage intake were significantly correlated between the two BEVQ‐15 administrations (r = 0.41–0.85; P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusions

This updated version of the BEVQ‐15 demonstrated moderate convergent validity and reproducibility for total beverage consumption among well‐educated southwest Virginia adults.
Monitoring domestic material consumption at lower territorial levels: A novel data downscaling method
Authors: Bianchi Marco , Tapia Carlos , del Valle Ikerne
Published: April 2020

The availability of harmonized and granular information is critical for the design of place‐sensitive policies toward more sustainable economies. However, accessibility to disaggregated data at subnational levels remains an exception in many geographies and policy domains. In this article, we develop a novel three‐stage—specification, optimization, extrapolation (SOE)—econometric approach to infer harmonized regional level estimates from broadly available socioeconomic data. The approach is tested by estimating domestic material consumption (DMC) in more than 280 European regions (at NUTS 2 level). Unlike previous methods based on similar econometric techniques, our method makes explicit the socio‐metabolic profiles of subnational territories by estimating and applying country‐specific elasticities. Our DMC estimates are consistent with those obtained by ad hoc material flow studies that could be accessed for a sample of regions. The SOE method presented in this paper provides decision‐makers with a powerful tool to explore socio‐metabolic profiles at subnational level and therefore to understand the potential effects of policies aimed at supporting circular economy transitions at such levels. The method can also be adapted with relative ease to support policy designs in other policy areas challenged by severe data scarcity.
Experimental and theoretical studies of frequency response function of dagger‐shaped atomic force microscope cantilever in different immersion environments
Authors: GHOLIZADEH PASHA A.H. , SADEGHI A.
Published: April 2020

In this study, the amplitude of frequency response functions of vertical and rotational displacements and resonant frequency of a dagger‐shaped atomic force microscope cantilever have been investigated. To increase the accuracy of theoretical model, all necessary details for cantilever and sample surface have been taken into account. In this paper, carbon tetrachloride (CCL4), methanol, acetone, water and air have been considered as the environments. In the most cases, presence and absence of tip–sample interaction force have studied. For a sample cantilever immersed in air, both of the Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories have been compared. The results indicate that the tip–sample interaction force raises the resonant frequency. Increasing the liquid viscosity leads to a decrease in the resonant frequency and the amplitude of frequency response functions of vertical and rotational displacements. Increasing the rectangular and tapered parts lengths, decreases the resonant frequency and amplitude of frequency response functions of vertical and rotational displacements. By increasing the cantilever thickness the resonant frequency and amplitude of frequency response functions of vertical and rotational displacements increases. Theoretical model for air and water has been compared with experimental work. Results show good agreement.
Hyperuricemia is associated with androgenetic alopecia in men: A cross‐sectional case‐control study
Authors: Ma Jingwen , Sheng Youyu , Lao Zhengyin , Zhao Jun , Yang Qinping
Published: April 2020

Background

Early androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is patterned hair loss occurring before 30 years. Early AGA is frequently reported in men and carries the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. Hyperuricemia used to be a minor component of metabolic syndrome. Recently, increasing number of studies has proved that hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for many cardiovascular diseases and psoriasis. However, none of these studies have examined the relationship between hyperuricemia and AGA.

Aims

To determine the association between hyperuricemia and AGA in men.

Methods

A cross‐sectional case‐control study was conducted. The medical charts and photographs of men with a clinical diagnosis of AGA were reviewed. The clinical and laboratory data of AGA and control groups were compared.

Results

Men with AGA (n = 1312) had higher mean uric acid level (6.25 mg/dL vs 5.97 mg/dL; P < .001) and higher prevalence of hyperuricemia (25.0% vs 15.6%; P < .001) than those without AGA (n = 2624). There was no statistically significant association between AGA severity and hyperuricemia (P = .295).

Conclusions

Men with early AGA have a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia.
Successful pregnancy and vaginal delivery after laparoscopic excision of a congenital uterine cervical diverticulum: A case report
Authors: Tanaka Keiko , Shiga Naomi , Kuno Takashi , Watanabe Zen , Tachibana Masahito , Yaegashi Nobuo
Published: April 2020

Uterine cervical diverticulum is a very rare malformation. Affected patients are reported to have infertility issues and problems during the perinatal period. A 32‐year‐old nulliparous woman visited another obstetrics and gynecology hospital because of infertility. A cyst branching out from the uterine cervix was discovered. Subsequently, she conceived via assisted reproductive technology, but the uterine cyst was left untreated. Eventually, the pregnancy was terminated due to an enlarged uterine cyst and several birth defects. She was referred to our hospital where she was diagnosed with a uterine cervical diverticulum. We excised the diverticulum via a laparoscopic approach. Afterward, she became pregnant and delivered a baby vaginally at 37 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first report of successful delivery after laparoscopic diverticulum excision. We recommend cervical diverticulum excision before pregnancy because of the potential adverse events associated with cervical diverticulum during pregnancy.
Effects of Heat Waves and Light Deprivation on Giant Kelp Juveniles (Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Barredo Mariana , Sandoval‐Gil Jose Miguel , Zertuche‐González Jose Antonio , Ladah Lydia B. , Belando‐Torrentes María Dolores , Beas‐Luna Rodrigo , Cabello‐Pasini Alejandro
Published: April 2020

Due to climate change, the incidence of marine heat waves (MHWs) has increased, yet their effects on seaweeds are still not well understood. Adult sporophytes ofMacrocystis pyrifera, the species forming the iconic giant kelp forests, can be negatively affected by thermal stress and associated environmental factors (e.g., nutrient depletion, light deprivation); however, little is known about the tolerance/vulnerability of juvenile sporophytes. Simultaneously toMHWs, juveniles can be subjected to light limitation for extended periods of time (days–weeks) due to factors causing turbidity, or even because of shading by understory canopy‐forming seaweeds. This study evaluated the effects of a simulatedMHW(24°C, 7 d) in combination (or not) with light deprivation, on the photosynthetic capacities, nutrient uptake, and tissue composition, as well as oxidative stress descriptors ofM. pyriferajuvenile sporophytes (single blade stage, up to 20 cm length). Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) decreased in juveniles under light at 24°C, likely reflecting some damage on the photosynthetic apparatus or dynamic photoinhibition; however, no other sign of physiological alteration was found in this treatment (i.e., pigments, nutrient reserves and uptake, oxidative stress). Photosynthetic capacities were maintained or even enhanced in plants under light deprivation, likely supported by photoacclimation (pigments increment); by contrast, nitrate uptake and internal storage of carbohydrates were strongly reduced, regardless of temperature. This study indicated that light limitation can be more detrimental to juvenile survival, and therefore recruitment success ofM. pyriferaforests, than episodic thermal stress fromMHWs.
Exploding head syndrome, chronotype, parasomnias and mental health in young adults
Authors: Kirwan Emma , Fortune Donal G.
Published: April 2020

Although inadequate sleep among young people is well documented in the literature, anomalous sleep experiences, such as the parasomnia termed exploding head syndrome (EHS), have received little empirical attention. The current study examined the association of sleep quality, symptoms of psychological distress and other unusual sleep experiences with EHS in a sample of young adults (n = 135, age M = 21.77, SD = 2.08). We also aimed to account for the possible effect of participant chronotype on sleep experiences. The lifetime prevalence of EHS among participants was 20.0%. Three‐quarters (75.6%) of participants reported poor quality sleep according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Univariate analysis showed that participants with a lifetime prevalence of EHS experienced more symptoms of anxiety and poorer sleep quality; age, gender and symptoms of depression were not significantly related to EHS. Parasomnias (OR [95% CI] = 1.62 [1.02–2.57], p = .040) and action‐related sleep disorders (OR [95% CI] = 1.87 [1.09–3.20], p = .023) were associated with lifetime experience of EHS in a logistic regression analysis. Chronotype did not significantly impact mood, sleep quality or presence of EHS. Results suggest that EHS is more common in young people than previously considered and ought to be examined in conjunction with the presence of other unusual sleep disorders. This study provides valuable insight into young peoples' sleep experiences and key factors associated with EHS.
Evaluation of novel serological markers and autoantibodies in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Estruch Juan J. , Barken Derren , Bennett Nicole , Krawiec Donald K. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Powers Barbara E. , Polansky Benjamin J. , Sueda Michael T.
Published: April 2020

Background

The use of serological markers to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans is well‐established. Because of the frequency of IBD in dogs and resources required for its diagnosis with current methods, new approaches are desired.

Objective

The goal is to evaluate novel serologic markers to differentiate clinical cohorts in dogs with gastrointestinal (GI) disease and assess their potential to develop a serum‐based IBD diagnostic test.

Animals

Seventy dogs diagnosed with biopsy‐confirmed IBD, 23 dogs with non‐IBD predominantly acute GI diseases, and 58 normal dogs.

Methods

Prospective control study. ELISA methods were developed to detect autoantibodies to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (APMNA) and calprotectin (ACNA), antibodies against gliadins (AGA), microbial outer membrane porin C (ACA), and flagellins (AFA) isolated from diseased dogs based on clinical and histopathological scoring.

Results

IBD dogs displayed a 39%‐76% prevalence of seropositivity against selected serologic markers that markedly decreased to 0%‐13% in non‐IBD and normal dogs. ROC analysis showed statistical significance in differentiating the cohorts, with seropositivity against OmpC being the highest single performance marker. The combination of markers such as OmpC and APMNA reached specificities of 93%‐99% and 79%‐98% and sensitivities of 76%‐97% and 66%‐86% when comparing IBD versus normal cohorts and non‐IBD cohorts, respectively.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Seropositivity of canine immunoglobulins A against selected serologic markers in dogs appears promising in the detection and differentiation of IBD versus other acute GI conditions. Among them, antibody reactivity to Escherichia coli OmpC and canine autoantibodies against polymorphonuclear leukocytes displayed the highest single marker discriminating performance.
Gut microbial diversity across a contact zone for California voles: Implications for lineage divergence of hosts and mitonuclear mismatch in the assembly of the mammalian gut microbiome
Authors: Lin Dana , Lacey Eileen A. , Bach Bryan H. , Bi Ke , Conroy Christopher J. , Suvorov Anton , Bowie Rauri C. K.
Published: April 2020

Gut microbial diversity is thought to reflect the co‐evolution of microbes and their hosts as well as current host‐specific attributes such as genetic background and environmental setting. To explore interactions among these parameters, we characterized variation in gut microbiome composition of California voles (Microtus californicus) across a contact zone between two recently diverged lineages of this species. Because this contact zone contains individuals with mismatched mitochondrial‐nuclear genomes (cybrids), it provides an important opportunity to explore how different components of the genotype contribute to gut microbial diversity. Analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences and joint species distribution modelling revealed that host genotypes and genetic differentiation among host populations together explained more than 50% of microbial community variation across our sampling transect. The ranked importance (most to least) of factors contributing to gut microbial diversity in our study populations were: genome‐wide population differentiation, local environmental conditions, and host genotypes. However, differences in microbial communities among vole populations (β‐diversity) did not follow patterns of lineage divergence (i.e., phylosymbiosis). Instead, among‐population variation was best explained by the spatial distribution of hosts, as expected if the environment is a primary source of gut microbial diversity (i.e., dispersal limitation hypothesis). Across the contact zone, several bacterial taxa differed in relative abundance between the two parental lineages as well as among individuals with mismatched mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Thus, genetic divergence among host lineages and mitonuclear genomic mismatches may also contribute to microbial diversity by altering interactions between host genomes and gut microbiota (i.e., hologenome speciation hypothesis).
Proton‐pump inhibitor use and the development of new ischemic heart disease in non‐cardiac chest pain patients
Authors: Kim Yeseong , Ganocy Stephen , Fass Ronnie
Published: April 2020

Background

The growing reports regarding cardiac‐related adverse events of chronic proton‐pump inhibitors (PPI) treatment, a mainstay therapy of non‐cardiac chest pain (NCCP), have raised concerns about alteration of the natural course in NCCP patients using PPI. We aimed to determine if NCCP patients receiving PPI have a higher risk of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared to those not receiving PPI therapy.

Methods

Three groups of NCCP patients were included; PPI, histamine‐2 receptor antagonist (H2RA), and no antireflux treatment. Diagnosis of NCCP had to precede diagnosis of IHD by at least 30 days, and in those receiving antireflux treatment at 30 days after starting the medication. Data analysis was corrected for 6 known confounding factors for IHD including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking status, male gender, and diabetes mellitus.

Key Results

Of the patients on PPI or H2RA, 1280 and 250, respectively, developed IHD. Patients on PPI therapy displayed an increased odd of developing ischemic heart disease compared to patients never placed on therapy (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03‐1.25, P‐value .0093). Patients placed on H2RA therapy did not show a statistically significant change in risk compared to patients who were not placed on therapy (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.77‐1.06, P‐value .2049). Number needed to harm in the PPI and H2RA groups was 17 and 45, respectively.

Conclusions

PPIs confer a statistically significant, but marginal effect on the risk of IHD development in NCCP patients. Thus, PPI use in NCCP only minimally alters the overall benign natural course of the disease.
Clinical presentation and characteristics of pelvic floor myofascial pain in patients presenting with constipation
Authors: Liu Andy , Chedid Victor , Wang Xiao J. , Vijayvargiya Priya , Camilleri Michael
Published: April 2020

Background

Patients with pelvic floor myofascial pain (PFMP) have puborectalis tenderness on digital rectal examination (DRE). Little is known about its significance to anorectal function in patients presenting with constipation.

Aim

To characterize demographics, clinical characteristics, findings on anorectal manometry (ARM), diagnosis of rectal evacuation disorder (RED), colonic transit [normal (NTC) or slow (STC)], and imaging in constipated patients with PFMP and compare these features to constipation without PFMP.

Methods

We performed an electronic medical records review of patients with constipation evaluated by a single gastroenterologist between January 2008 and February 2019. Patients with PFMP were compared to controls with constipation but without PFMP (1:2 ratio).

Key Results

A total of 98 PFMP cases and 196 controls were identified. Constipated patients with PFMP were more likely to have RED [OR 7.59 (3.82‐15.09), P < .01]; controls were more likely to have either NTC [OR 4.25 (1.45‐12.42), P < .01] or STC [OR 3.57 (1.45‐8.78), P < .01]. RED in patients with PFMP is supported by comparison to controls: On DRE, they had increased resting tone [OR 2.25 (1.33‐3.83), P < .01] and paradoxical contraction of the puborectalis upon simulated evacuation [OR 3.41 (1.94‐6.00), P < .01]; on ARM, they had higher maximum resting pressure (102.9 mmHg vs 90.7 mmHg, P < .01) and lower rectoanal pressure gradient (−39.4 mmHg vs −24.7 mmHg, P < .01).

Conclusions/Inferences

In constipated patients, PFMP is highly associated with RED. Its presence provides a valuable clue regarding the etiology of a patient's constipation; it should be assessed in all patients with constipation and should also be an additional target for management.
Characterization of the colonic response to bisacodyl in children with treatment‐refractory constipation
Authors: Heitmann Paul T. , Wiklendt Lukasz , Thapar Nikhil , Borrelli Osvaldo , Di Lorenzo Carlo , Yacob Desalegn T. , Baaleman Desiree F. , Vriesman Mana H. , Nurko Samuel , El‐Chammas Khalil , Kaul Ajay , Benninga Marc A. , Koppen Ilan J.N. , Wattchow David A. , Brookes Simon J.H. , Dinning Phil G.
Published: April 2020

Background

Colonic manometry with intraluminal bisacodyl infusion can be used to assess colonic neuromuscular function in children with treatment‐refractory constipation. If bisacodyl does not induce high‐amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs), this can be an indication for surgical intervention. A detailed characterization of the colonic response to intraluminal bisacodyl in children with constipation may help to inform clinical interpretation of colonic manometry studies.

Methods

Studies were performed in five pediatric hospitals. Analysis included identification of HAPCs, reporting HAPCs characteristics, and an area under the curve (AUC) analysis. Comparisons were performed between hospitals, catheter type, placement techniques, and site of bisacodyl infusion.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐five children were included (median age 10, range 1‐17 years; n = 96 girls). One thousand eight hundred and ninety‐three HAPCs were identified in 154 children (12.3 ± 8.8 HAPCs per child, 0.32 ± 0.21 HAPCs per min; amplitude 113.6 ± 31.5 mm Hg; velocity 8.6 ± 3.8 mm/s, propagation length 368 ± 175 mm). The mean time to first HAPC following bisacodyl was 553 ± 669 s. Prior to the first HAPC, there was no change in AUC when comparing pre‐ vs post‐bisacodyl (Z = −0.53,P = .60). The majority of HAPCs terminated in a synchronous pressurization in the rectosigmoid. Defecation was associated with HAPCs (χ2(1)=7.04,P < .01). Site of bisacodyl administration, catheter type, and hospital location did not alter the response.

Conclusions and Inferences

Intraluminal bisacodyl induced HAPCs in 93% of children with treatment‐refractory constipation. The bisacodyl response is characterized by ≥1 HAPC within 12 minutes of infusion. The majority of HAPCs terminate in a synchronous pressurization in the rectosigmoid. Optimal clinical management based upon colonic manometry findings is yet to be determined.
Needle‐Through‐Needle Technique in Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection: A Case Report
Authors: Zhang Xiaolu Linda , Herzig Samuel , Gritsenko Karina , Hascalovici Jacob , Dua Simran , Shaparin Naum
Published: April 2020

When performing lumbar epidural steroid injection on obese patients, needle placement can be challenging due to the difficulty in estimating the appropriate needle length to utilize. Often times, the standard 3.5‐inch Tuohy needle is too short to reach its target. In our case report, a needle‐through‐needle technique was attempted in a lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injection procedure after the initial needle fell short of the epidural space. To avoid removing the initial needle and restarting the procedure using a longer needle, a 20‐gauge 6‐inch Tuohy needle was inserted into the 17‐gauge 3.5‐inch Tuohy needle, successfully reaching the epidural space. This technique can facilitate quicker needle placement by avoiding the need for restarting the procedure with a longer needle. Thus, procedural time and radiation exposure may be decreased, as may patient discomfort from repeat needle insertions.
Phosphorus toxicity disrupts Rubisco activation and reactive oxygen species defence systems by phytic acid accumulation in leaves
Authors: Takagi Daisuke , Miyagi Atsuko , Tazoe Youshi , Suganami Mao , Kawai‐Yamada Maki , Ueda Akihiro , Suzuki Yuji , Noguchi Ko , Hirotsu Naoki , Makino Amane
Published: April 2020

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral nutrient for plants. Nevertheless, excessive P accumulation in leaf mesophyll cells causes necrotic symptoms in land plants; this phenomenon is termed P toxicity. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying P toxicity in plants have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of P toxicity in rice. We found that under excessive inorganic P (Pi) application, Rubisco activation decreased and photosynthesis was inhibited, leading to lipid peroxidation. Although the defence systems against reactive oxygen species accumulation were activated under excessive Pi application conditions, the Cu/Zn‐type superoxide dismutase activities were inhibited. A metabolic analysis revealed that excessive Pi application led to an increase in the cytosolic sugar phosphate concentration and the activation of phytic acid synthesis. These conditions induced mRNA expression of genes that are activated under metal‐deficient conditions, although metals did accumulate. These results suggest that P toxicity is triggered by the attenuation of both photosynthesis and metal availability within cells mediated by phytic acid accumulation. Here, we discuss the whole phenomenon of P toxicity, beginning from the accumulation of Pi within cells to death in land plants.
Preschool asthma: Examining environmental influences using geographic information systems
Authors: Quaranta Judith E. , Swaine Jennifer , Ryszka Sarah
Published: April 2020

Objective

This study was conducted to explore if environmental factors co‐occur in areas with high asthma rates in Head Start (HS) children.

Design

Descriptive.

Sample

Convenience sample of 56 children with asthma enrolled in HS, ages 3–5 years.

Measurements

Geographic Information Systems using ArcGIS 10.4 was used to geocode and map aggregated address data at the census tract level through vector map analysis. Location, race, economic status, pollution remediation sites, age of housing, and blood lead levels were assessed for areas with high asthma concentration.

Results

Most children with asthma resided in one census tract, which was 1% of the total service area. Fifty‐six percent of housing was built before 1960 with only 10% after 1990, suggesting deteriorating conditions. Pollution remediation sites were found in the vicinity of asthma cases. Elevated lead levels were found in 22% of all HS children; specific values for the children with asthma were not available.

Conclusion

Several co‐occurring factors were identified. The need for proactive interventions to decrease asthma risk/poor asthma outcomes with HS is evident. GIS locates children with high susceptibility to asthma. This allows public health nurses to target interventions and educate and empower families about environmental exposures and asthma risk factors.
Effect of heating on some soil properties and potassium dynamics in calcareous soils of southern Iran
Authors: Najafi‐Ghiri Mahdi , Boostani Hamid Reza
Published: April 2020

Prescribed burning of plant residues in agricultural lands may increase surface soil temperature and change the dynamics of soil potassium (K). In the current investigation, the effects of two hours heating of soil to 25, 100, 225, or 350°C and cycling (one and three cycles) on properties of eight calcareous soils from southern Iran and K dynamics (K forms, release, and fixation) were studied. Results indicated that heating to 100 or 225°C had no significant effect on pH,EC, or CEC but heating to 350°C increased soil EC (from 0.53 to 0.66 dS m−1) and decreased CEC (from 25 to 19 cmol kg−1). The heating to 350°C increased all forms of K including soluble (from 36 to 84 mg kg−1, 133% increase), exchangeable (from 285 to 490 mg kg−1), non‐exchangeable (from 598 to 686 mg kg−1), and HNO3‐extractable (from 922 to 1260 mg kg−1) decreased K fixation capacity of all soils (from 351 to 235 mg kg−1). Cumulative K release from soils to 0.025 M CaCl2 ranged from 114 to 438 mg kg−1 and increased significantly after heating of soils to 350°C and reached between 233 and 783 mg kg−1. Potassium fixation capacity of fine‐textured soils (soils 2, 6, 7, and 8) after 10 times extraction with CaCl2 was increased (65%–190%). Generally, heating of soils to 350°C caused combustion of organic matter and partial destruction or collapse of K‐bearing minerals and increased release of K.
Assessment of apparent N mineralization at field scale
Authors: Zubillaga Maria Mercedes , Redel Hernan Matías , Cabrera Miguel L.
Published: April 2020

Quantification of nitrogen mineralization at the field scale is necessary to improve current N fertilizer recommendations. The objective of this study was to identify a suitable set of explanatory variables and an appropriate modelling framework to estimate the average daily amount of N mineralized (DANM) during a corn (Zea mays L.) growing season. In six field experiments in Flat Inland Pampas, Argentina, DANM was evaluated in three different homogeneous zones (HZ), which were defined based on terrain elevation. Mixed‐effect generalized linear models were developed that included growing season as random effect as well as HZ, sand, clay, silt, soil organic carbon, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as fixed effects. Results showed that DANM ranged from 0.19 to 1.25 kg N ha−1 day−1 with a mean of 0.64 kg N ha−1 day−1, which is equivalent to 110 kg N ha−1for the corn growing season. The best model included HZ, sand, and early NDVI measurements, and predicted DANM with an RMSE of 0.19 kg N ha−1 day−1. Thus, the model should be improved and tested in the Inland Flat Pampas before it could be used to assess N fertilizer application rates.
Ocular and periocular radiation toxicity in dogs treated for sinonasal tumors: A critical review
Authors: Wolf Friederike , Meier Valeria S. , Pot Simon A. , Rohrer Bley Carla
Published: April 2020

Visual impairment from radiation‐induced damage can be painful, disabling, and reduces the patient's quality of life. Ocular tissue damage can result from the proximity of ocular organs at risk to irradiated sinonasal target volumes. As toxicity depends on the radiation dose delivered to a certain volume, dose‐volume constraints for organs at risk should ideally be known during treatment planning in order to reduce toxicity. Herein, we summarize published ocular toxicity data of dogs irradiated for sinonasal tumors from 36 publications (1976‐2018). In particular, we tried to extract a dose guideline for a clinically acceptable rate of ocular toxicity. The side effects to ocular and periocular tissues were reported in 26/36 studies (72%) and graded according to scoring systems (10/26; 39%). With most scoring systems, however, toxicities of different ocular and periocular tissues are summed into one score. Further, the scores were mostly applied in retrospect and lack volume‐ and dose‐data. This incomplete information reflects the crux of the matter for radiation dose tolerance in canine ocular tissues: The published information of the last three decades does not allow formulating dose‐volume guidelines. As a start, we can only state that a mean dose of 39 Gy (given in 10 x 4.2 Gy fractions) will lead to loss of vision by one or both eyes, while mean doses of <30 Gy seem to preserve functionality. With a future goal to define tolerated doses and volumes of ocular and periocular tissues at risk, we propose the use of combined ocular toxicity scoring systems.
Trends in platelet distributions from 2008 to 2017: a survey of twelve national and regional blood collectors
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Shaz Beth , Seheult Jansen N. , Apelseth Torunn O. , de Korte Dirk , Devin Gerry , Devine Dana , Doncaster Cheryl , Field Stephen , Flanagan Peter , Huet Julie , Mendrone Alfredo , O’Brien Cath , Pink Joanne , Rashleigh Mark , Shinar Eilat , Takanashi Minoko , Tian Eka , Tiberghien Pierre , van den Berg Karin , Schmitt Colby
Published: April 2020

Background

This multi‐national study evaluated changes in platelet (PLT) unit distributions at 12 national or regional blood collectors over a 10‐year period.

Methods

Data on the total number of PLT distributions, the collection method, that is apheresis vs whole blood‐derived (WBD), the PLT unit characteristics and post‐collection modifications were obtained from 12 national or regional blood collectors from 2008 through 2017. Individual WBD PLT units were converted to apheresis equivalent units (i.e. a dose of PLTs) by dividing by 4, the typical pool size; WBD units that were pooled before distribution were counted as a single dose.

Results

Overall at these 12 blood collectors, the total number of PLTs distributed in 2008 was 1 373 200, which rose by 10·2% to 1 513 803 in 2017. The Japanese Red Cross, which distributes only apheresis PLTs, had a 13·4% increase in the number of distributions between the years 2008 and 2017, while the other 11 blood collectors combined demonstrated a 6·8% increase in distributions between these two years. Between the years 2008 and 2017, the changes in the proportion of apheresis, platelet‐rich plasma and buffy coat PLT distributions were −29·9%, −70·7% and 80·0%, respectively.

Conclusion

The number of PLT distributions increased during the 10‐year study period despite prophylactic PLT transfusion thresholds having remained fairly consistent over the last decade. Perhaps this increase is in part driven by increased administration of platelets to patients with massive haemorrhage or an increase in stem cell transplantation. The use of buffy coat PLTs is increasing at these collectors.
Ex vivo antioxidant preconditioning improves the survival rate of bone marrow stem cells in the presence of wound fluid
Authors: Mehrbani Azar Yashar , Niesler Carola U. , van de Vyver Mari
Published: April 2020

The advancement of autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for the treatment of non‐healing diabetic wounds is hampered by endogenous MSC dysfunction and limited viability of cells post‐transplantation into the pathological wound environment. The development of effective strategies to restore the functional capabilities of these impaired MSCs prior to transplantation may be a key to their ultimate success as wound repair mediators. The current study therefore investigated whether antioxidant preconditioning [7.5 mM N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) + 0.6 mM ascorbic 2‐phosphate (AAP)] could restore the growth rate, migration ability and viability of impaired MSCs and whether this restored state is maintained in the presence of diabetic wound fluid (DWF). Healthy control (source: wild type, C57BL/6J mice) (n = 12) and impaired/diabetic MSCs (source: obese prediabetic, B6.Cg‐Lepob/J mice) (n = 12) were isolated from the bone marrow of mice. Treatment groups post‐isolation were as follow: (a) No treatment (baseline phenotype): MSCs expanded in standard growth media (SGM) (±8 days) and only exposed to growth media. (b) DWF (baseline response): MSCs expanded in SGM (±8 days) followed by exposure to DWF (24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours). (c) Antioxidant preconditioning (preconditioned phenotype): MSCs expanded in the presence of NAC/AAP (±8 days). (d) Antioxidant preconditioning + DWF (preconditioned response): MSCs expanded in the presence of NAC/AAP (±8 days) followed by exposure to DWF (24 hours, 48 hours, 96 hours). The results demonstrated that expansion of MSCs (both healthy control and impaired diabetic) in the presence of combined NAC/AAP treatment improved ex vivo MSC viability and protected MSCs in the presence of DWF. Despite improved viability, AAP/NAC could however not rescue the reduced proliferation and migration capacity of impaired diabetic MSCs. The protective effect of NAC/AAP preconditioning against the toxicity of DWF could however be a potential strategy to improve cell number post‐transplantation.
Validity of DMIST for monitoring healing of diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Oe Makoto , Yotsu Rie Roselyne , Arisandi Defa , Suriadi  , Sakai Yukie , Imran  , Takehara Kimie , Nakagami Gojiro , Tamaki Takeshi , Sugama Junko , Sanada Hiromi
Published: April 2020

A new diabetic foot evaluation scale was proposed, using the seven domains of depth, maceration, inflammation/infection, size, tissue type of the wound bed, type of wound edge, and tunneling/undermining. This scale was named “DMIST” as an acronym from the initials of the domains. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of DMIST. Secondary analysis was conducted in three investigations performed using the diabetic foot ulcer assessment scale (DFUAS) in Japan and Indonesia. Secondary analysis was assessed using DMIST, PUSH, and DESIGN for 4 weeks based on DFUAS score and photographs of diabetic foot ulcers by researchers. Concurrent validity was determined from the correlation of total DMIST scores with PUSH and DESIGN scores. Construct validity was determined by comparisons between total DMIST score and grade of the Wagner classification. Predictive validity was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for wound non‐healing 4 weeks later. Subjects comprised 35 Japanese patients and 118 Indonesian patients. Correlations of total DMIST score with PUSH and DESIGN scores were 0.831 and 0.822, respectively. Comparison of total DMIST scores with grade of the Wagner classification (Grade I vs. Grade II/III vs. Grade IV/V) was p < 0.001. Based on an area under the curve of 0.872, a DMIST score of 9 was selected as a cut‐off, offering sensitivity of 0.855 and specificity of 0.786 for wound non‐healing 4 weeks later. Our findings suggest that DMIST offers high validity.
Evaluating the Implementation of a Multi‐Component Intervention to Prevent Surgical Site Infection and Promote Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Lin Frances , Marshall Andrea P. , Gillespie Brigid , Li Yu , O’Callaghan Frances , Morrissey Shirley , Whitelock Karen , Morley Nicola , Chaboyer Wendy
Published: April 2020

Background

Published clinical practice guidelines on surgical site infection prevention are available; however, adherence to these guidelines remains suboptimal.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and perceived benefits of intervention and implementation strategies co‐created by researchers and clinicians to prevent surgical site infections.

Methods

This mixed‐method evaluation study involved an audit of nurses’ wound care practices, followed by focus group and individual interviews to understand the perceived benefits of the intervention and implementation strategies. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to compare post‐intervention audit data with baseline results. Deductive and inductive content analyses were undertaken on the qualitative data.

Results

The audit showed improvements in using aseptic technique and wound care documentation practices following intervention implementation. Nurses perceived the change champion as effective in role‐modelling good practice. Education strategies including a poster and using a scenario‐based quiz were viewed as easy to understand and helpful for nurses to apply aseptic technique in practice. The instructions and education conducted to improve documentation were considered important in the success of the Wound Care Template implementation.

Linking Evidence to Action

The integrated knowledge translation approach used in this study ensured the intervention and the implementation strategies employed were appropriate and meaningful for clinicians. Such strategies may be used in other intervention studies. The change champion played an important role in driving change and acted as a vital partner during the co‐creation and the implementation processes. Ongoing education, audit and feedback became integrated in the ward nurses’ routine practice, which has the potential to continuously improve and sustain evidence‐based practice.
Local Rankin–Selberg integrals for Speh representations
Authors: Lapid Erez M. , Mao Zhengyu
Published: April 2020

We construct analogues of Rankin–Selberg integrals for Speh representations of the general linear group over a$p$-adic field. The integrals are in terms of the (extended) Shalika model and are expected to be the local counterparts of (suitably regularized) global integrals involving square-integrable automorphic forms and Eisenstein series on the general linear group over a global field. We relate the local integrals to the classical ones studied by Jacquet, Piatetski-Shapiro and Shalika. We also introduce a unitary structure for Speh representation on the Shalika model, as well as various other models including Zelevinsky’s degenerate Whittaker model.
Acute phase response to exertional heat stroke in mice
Authors: Iwaniec John , Robinson Gerard P. , Garcia Christian K. , Murray Kevin O. , de Carvalho Lucas , Clanton Thomas L. , Laitano Orlando
Published: April 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Exertional heat stroke is accompanied by a marked inflammatory response. In this study, we explored the time course of acute phase proteins during recovery from severe heat stress in mice and the potential role of skeletal muscles as their source.

What is the main finding and its importance?

Exertional heat stroke transiently increased expression of acute phase proteins in mouse liver and plasma and depleted liver and plasma fibrinogen, a typical response to severe trauma. In contrast, skeletal muscle fibrinogen production was stimulated by heat stroke, which can provide an additional reservoir for fibrinogen supply to maintain the clotting potential throughout the body and locally within the muscle.

Exertional heat stroke (EHS), the most severe manifestation of heat illness, is accompanied by a marked inflammatory response. The release of acute phase proteins (APPs) is an important component of inflammation, which can assist in tissue survival/repair. The time course of APPs in recovery from EHS is unknown. Furthermore, skeletal muscles produce APPs during infection, but it is unknown whether they can produce APPs after EHS. Our objective was to determine the time course of representative APPs in liver, plasma and skeletal muscle during recovery from EHS. Male C57BL6/J mice ran in a forced running wheel at 37.5°C, 40% relative humidity until symptom limitation. Exercise control (EXC) mice ran for the same duration and intensity at 22.5°C. Samples were collected (n = 6–12 per group) over 14 days of recovery. Protein abundance was quantified using immunoblots. Total and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) at Tyr705, responsible for APP activation, increased in liver at 0.5 h after EHS compared with EXC, (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). In contrast, in tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, total STAT3 increased at 3 h (P < 0.05) but pSTAT3 (Tyr705) did not. Liver serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) increased at 3 and 24 h after EHS (P < 0.05), whereas plasma SAA1 increased only at 3 h (P < 0.05). SAA1 was not detected in TA muscle. In liver and plasma, fibrinogen decreased at 3 h (P < 0.01) and increased in TA muscle (P < 0.05). Lipocalin‐2 was undetectable in liver or TA muscle. Recovery from EHS is characterized by a transient acute phase response in both liver and skeletal muscle. However, APP expression profiles and subtypes differ between skeletal muscle and liver.
Water Lubrication of Ni/Al2O3 Composite Coatings Sliding With Si3N4
Authors: Huang Jialong , Dai Qingwen , Jin Guanghu , Huang Wei , Wang Xiaolei
Published: April 2020

Inspired by the excellent water lubrication properties of Al2O3, two methods are used to fabricate Ni/Al2O3 composite coatings for water lubrication. One is the conventional composite electroplating technique (one-step process). The other is depositing the Al2O3 particles layer on a substrate by electrophoresis firstly and then plating of Ni (two-step process). The morphology of surface and cross section, composition, micro-hardness, and bonding strength of the coatings were investigated. The water lubrication properties of the coatings sliding with Si3N4 were tested and compared. The result shows that the electrophoresis combined with electroplating is an efficient way to improve the Al2O3 particles content in the coatings. With the increasing of the particle content, the coating hardness increases while the bonding strength decreases. More importantly, low friction coefficient can only be achieved for Ni/Al2O3 coating with higher particle content. The comprehensive tribo-chemical reactions of Al2O3 and Si3N4 with water could be the dominated reason. The finds evidence the benefits of the ceramic-based composite coating design for water lubrication.
Plastic Limit Pressure Solutions for Elbows With Slant Through-Wall Cracks
Authors: Kim Minkyu , Kim Jaehee , Kim Moon Ki , Choi Jae-Boong , Huh Nam-Su , Kim Kyunghoon
Published: April 2020

For leak-before-break (LBB) assessment, an idealized through-wall crack (TWC) is typically postulated to determine the critical crack length of cracked piping. However, such an idealization in terms of crack shape can lead to underestimations of plastic limit pressure. Although many studies have been performed to obtain accurate limit load solutions for cracked straight pipes by considering realistic crack geometries, there is still a lack of information regarding slant TWC at elbow. Therefore, three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of an elbow considering the effects of slant TWC on plastic limit pressure are developed. The proposed FE model and analysis procedure were verified through comparisons to the existing solutions for idealized TWCs in elbow. On this basis, the effect of slant TWC on the plastic limit pressure is analyzed, and a closed-form solution of the plastic limit pressure is proposed, for an elbow containing a longitudinal or a circumferential through-wall crack.