bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Extreme Exposure Frequencies on Different Affective Ratings of Stimuli
Authors: Zajonc R. B. , Crandall Rick , Kail Robert V. , Swap Walter
Published: September 2011

Two experiments examined the effects of extreme number of exposures on reactions to stimuli rated on several dimensions. The first experiment gave a positive monotone relationship between affective ratings on the GOOD-BAD scale and the frequency of stimulus exposure, with frequencies as high as 243. The second experiment obtained ratings for the same exposure frequencies on four scales, some of which measured affinitive approach while others measured exploratory approach reactions. The former tended to show an increase with frequency of exposure and the latter a decrease. Theoretical analysis attempted to reconcile experimental evidence which indicates increasing affect with increasing exposure and evidence for an inverted-U relationship.
Subjects' Reports of Confusion in Consciousness and the Arousal of Imagery
Authors: Sheehan Peter W. , Lewis Sue-Ellen
Published: September 2011

Six groups of 15 Ss were given varying information about recall and were tested twice for learning of a list of either concrete or abstract nouns. Results indicated that variation in Ss' expressed confusion was lawfully related to variation in the report of the incidence and vividness of the mental imagery that they aroused. Data were consistent with the notion that the arousal of imagery is facilitated by the occurrence of a conflict in consciousness, even when abstract material is being learned.
Effects of Masking-Spectrum Slope and Interaural Phase on Detection of Tones
Authors: Sonn Martin
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effects of masking-spectrum slopes and of practical interaural-phase configurations on the detection of pure tones, with applications to sonar and related detection systems. Experimental parameters included band-limited Gaussian noise with slopes of 0 dB/octave (white noise) and of −3 dB/octave (pink noise) for monotic (NmSm) and three homophasic (NoSo, Nπ/2Sπ/2 and NπSπ) listening conditions. Stimuli were 250-msec. tonal signals from 125 to 4000 Hz masked in a 5000-Hz-wide noise band having band-pressure levels of 70 and of 90 dB re 2 × 10−4 dyn · cm−3. Critical ratios for three Ss were obtained by the method of tracking. There were no significant differences in detection among homophasic configurations. Two-ear listening was in the order of 1 to 2 dB better than one-ear listening. Detection in pink noise was significantly better than detection in white noise, with differences averaging 4.6 dB at 125 Hz and 0.8 dB at higher frequencies.
Performance of Subjects with Reading Disabilities on a Series of Perceptual Closure Tasks
Authors: Feild Claire T. , Feild Hubert S.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that individuals who have reading disabilities often have difficulty in perceiving and organizing abstract or ambiguous stimuli. A series of perceptual closure tasks were designed to test two hypotheses: (a) Ss with reading disabilities will give fewer correct responses to the closure tasks and (b) Ss with reading disabilities will take longer to respond to the tasks. 40 eighth-grade students' data indicated that Ss with reading disabilities gave significantly fewer correct responses, but they took about the same time as Ss without reading disabilities. Implications are discussed.
Auditory Information Processing by Normal and C. V. A. Hemiplegic Adults
Authors: Snelbecker Glenn E. , Fullard William , Reiling Anne , Love Craig
Published: September 2011

This study is one of a series in which operant research equipment and information-theory findings are used in an experimental analysis of human information processing of auditory stimuli. Right hemiplegics, left hemiplegics, non-brain-damaged patients, and normal adults were presented three levels of tasks ranging from easy to moderately difficult. The brain-damaged Ss showed greater inter-subject differences and were less proficient than the control groups on the moderately difficult tasks. It was suggested that laterality differences may only be apparent on more difficult tasks. The study demonstrated the feasibility of rigorous research procedures for assessing individual patients' auditory information processing.
Lateral Organization in Pictures and Aesthetic Preference: III. A Search for Additional Predictor Variables
Authors: Swartz Paul , Swartz Shirley , Di Carlo Donna
Published: September 2011

10 pictures by Western artists were reproduced as sets of transparent component overlays. For each work, University Ss, 37 women and 17 men, first rendered aesthetic preferences for original vs mirror-image views. Ss then disassembled the two views, and by restoring corresponding components, worked to achieve a partial representation in which the initially non-preferred view became the preferred one. The data allow certain extensions and refinements of conclusions from earlier studies in this series: I. The normal effect of promoting liking for a view exercised by a principal mass in the lower left quadrant may be reversed if the object is present beyond a certain level of prominence. II. Ease of entering the picture space may for some persons be more determinative of aesthetic value than the distribution of principal masses. III. Lines and contours consistent with the path of glance ease entry into the picture space, hence, promote liking for a view. Consistency may, however, be excessive, and the effect on liking may reverse.
Novelty-Experiencing, Internal Scanning, and Cognitive Control
Authors: Gaines Lawrence S. , Coursey Robert D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether novelty-seeking is related to individual differences in verbal behavior and information processing. Assessment was made of self-reported preferences for kinds (cognitions, sensations) and sources (internal, external) of varied stimulation, internal scanning (defined in terms of the availability of alternate word meanings), and interference proneness (Stroop Color-Word Test). It was hypothesized that internal-cognitizers would do more internal scanning and that external-sensation seekers would be more interference prone. Relationships were in the predicted direction but they were nonsignificant. The results suggest a need for understanding the relationship between self-reported preference for novelty and manifestations of novelty-production in behavior.
Children's Perception of Emotion and Empathic Responses
Authors: Young Richard David
Published: September 2011

48 white first grade boys were told the beginning of a cartoon story in which the hero buys a pair of magic glasses with which he can see the invisible Schufloss. One third of the Ss then finished the story when the hero was depicted as feeling either Happy, Fearful, or Neutral. Ss were extremely accurate in identifying the hero's emotional state indicating Ss' social insight. Next Ss were told they could put on a pair of magic glasses and go into a magic forest if they wished to look for the Schufloss. Ss under both emotional conditions reported feeling similar to the hero, suggesring an empathetic response. Finally, the perception of emotion and/or the empathetic response had a significant effect on Ss' subsequent behavior—willingness to enter the forest.
Dimensional Dominance and Extradimensional Shifts
Authors: May Richard B. , Fernandez Don
Published: September 2011

60 9-yr.-old school children made similarities judgments about stimuli on the basis of form, color and size using a triads method. They then learned a size discrimination which was followed by extradimensional shifts to either form or color. Shifts to the dominant dimension of form were performed faster than shifts to the non-dominant dimension of color. All Ss were form dominant on both pre- and post-training assessment.
Invasion of Privacy as a Function of Test Set and Anonymity
Authors: Barna James Daniel
Published: September 2011

55 University of Dayton students who attended the classes on behavior disorders answered the MMPI and Barna-Rychlak Causal Construct Scale under the conditions of psychological research, anonymity and perceived invasion of privacy. After 2 Ss refused to participate, 3 Ss perceived 2, 3, and 5 MMPI items offensive, and removal of these items only changed raw scores one point for two Ss on one and two scales respectively. The 1970 A. P. A. policy statement on psychological assessment and preservation of privacy was implemented in this study. Replication with other populations is suggested.
Peer Drug Use as Estimated by Current Users, Ex-Users, and Nonusers of Marijuana
Authors: Ferguson Leonard W. , Koury Norman J.
Published: September 2011

Current users and ex-users of marijuana overestimate peer drug usage; nonusers tend not to do so.
N = 35: A Rule of Thumb for Psychological Researchers
Authors: Cowles M. P.
Published: September 2011

A brief discussion of four aspects of a statistical test; alpha level, strength of relationship, power and sample size, is followed by the suggestion that we might adopt N = 35 as a rule of thumb.
Personality and Apparent Operator Capacity
Authors: Huddleston Jo H. F.
Published: September 2011

24 young adults were required to perform a pursuit tracking task and given the opportunity to accept a concurrent second one as soon as they felt themselves capable of doing so. Personality tests showed that the more anxious individuals delayed acceptance of this secondary task. No relationships were found between personality and tracking skill as such.
String Complexity Increases Phonemic Interference
Authors: Panagos John M.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of monolingual adult native speakers of English attempted to pronounce a non-English phone embedded in 1-, 4-, and 7-syllable phonological strings. The number of phonemic errors made increased with syllable complexity, with 1-syllable Ss showing quick sound recognition, native phoneme inhibition, and phonetic approximations of the target sound. String complexity causes selective attention to shift away from the phonetic detail of the stimulus to a phrasal level of analysis.
Field Articulation, Sex, Spatial Visualization, Dependency, Practice, Laterality of the Brain and Birth Order
Authors: Sherman Julia A.
Published: September 2011

Among 25 female and 25 male college students, field-articulation measures correlated with spatial visualization (. −69 to .79) ( P ≤ .05) but not consistently with each other or measures of dependency. Practice significantly affected Rod-and-frame performance for both sexes ( p ≤ .01), but no sex differences were found on measures of field articulation or dependency. Males' mean for spatial visualization was higher ( p ≤ .05); males were more confident than females on RFT performance even though no more accurate ( p ≤ .05). Among Ss oldest of sibs, females were less field-articulated, males more. Males had higher RFT errors when the frame top was tilted to S's left; females had higher RFT errors when the frame was tilted to the right ( p ≤ .05), which is consistent with the hypothesis that for females more frequently than males control of spatial function is located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
Affective Responses and School Achievement among Eighth Grade Boys and Girls
Authors: White William F. , McConnell John
Published: September 2011

In a small rural community, 267 eighth grade students completed the Junior Index of Motivation as well as the California Achievement Test and the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills in reading and mathematics. Significant small to moderate correlations ( P < .01) between the total motivational scale scores and achievement test scores were observed. Factor I, labeled “General Adequacy,” in the motivational scale seemed to contribute most to the achievement test scores.
Three Wishes of Black American Children: Psychosocial Implications
Authors: Kokonis Nicholas D.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the wishes of black American children aged 7 to 12 yr. (63 boys, 74 girls), to obtain normative data and to compare these children with other cultural groups. Ss wished for material things more often than anything else, boys tended to wish for money and material things more strongly than girls, and girls were more interested in personal attributes and skills than boys. No developmental trends were noted. Findings were compared with those of studies dealing with white American and Greek and Greek-American children, emphasizing psychosocial change in human development.
Comparison of Cognitive Complexity of Male and Female Subjects Responding to Male and Female Stimuli
Authors: Koenig Fredrick , Seaman Jerrol
Published: September 2011

The Role Repertory Test was administered to 172 undergraduate students. Half of the right stimulus objects in the test were male and half were female. Male stimulus objects elicited higher cognitive complexity scores and male Ss were higher in cognitive complexity.
Ocular Dominance Reduced with Practice
Authors: Lack Leon C.
Published: September 2011

Changes of ocular dominance were measured with binocular rivalry tests in 2 groups of Ss after 9 4-min. practice sessions. During the practice sessions one group passively viewed binocular rivalry and the second group attempted to reduce the magnitude of dominance by actively viewing rivalry. Passive viewing was ineffective but the active viewing group showed a significant reduction of ocular dominance when dominance was measured with the rivalry stimuli used in the practice sessions. Although only a single measure of ocular dominance was changed, the experiment suggests that more measures of ocular dominance may be changed by practice of active control of rivalry.
Computer Generation of Random Normal Deviates for Monte Carlo Work
Authors: Woodward J. Arthur , Overall John E.
Published: September 2011

A procedure is described for computer simulation of random sampling from a normally distributed population with prespecified mean and standard deviation. Evaluation of the number generator for both randomness and normality showed statistical characteristics adequate for Monte Carlo work, as well as for evaluation of psychological and behavioral models involving random error components. The computer program is included.
Knowledge and Favorability of Descriptive Sex Names for Males and Females
Authors: Kleinke Chris L.
Published: September 2011

83 boys and girls from Grades 4, 5 and 6, 98 students in Grade 11, and 59 Ss at a junior college were asked to list and rate all of the descriptive sex names they could think of under the headings male and female. Results were partially consistent with the hypothesis that both males and females would list more names under the female heading and give the female names less favorable ratings. The names listed were similar across a wide age range and geographical location of Ss which were tested.
“Training Effect” in the Design of a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Brisson Guy R. , La Barre Robert , Lavallée Hugues , Rajic Mirjana , Beaucage Claude , Jéquier Jean-Claude
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to detect possible effects of familiarization (“training effect”) in the interpretation of data collected repeatedly on children. During a longitudinal study on child growth we looked for such effects on different performance tests done at various ages. We noticed that work capacity tests (PWC170; V̇O2 max) were occasionally subjected to interferences from familiarization. We conclude that a proper interpretation of repeated measurements must take into account possible biases originating from “training effect.”
Critique of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: British Usage and Factorial Structure
Authors: Curran J. D. , Gibson H. B.
Published: September 2011

The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale is criticized with regard to a number of procedural and technical details as the result of pilot experience. It is suggested that it cannot be administered and scored with complete efficiency by one E working on his own. The administration and content of the scale were modified in a number of specified ways and 43 Ss were tested, E and O being present at each individual session. The results were analyzed with respect to the percentage of Ss passing each item, item-scale correlations, inter-item correlations, and factorial structure. These results were compared with those obtained with the scale in two other studies published by different authors. The significance of the differences observed was discussed and suggestions were made for future research.
Stereotypes of Athletes
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Ramsey Sandra
Published: September 2011

To ascertain whether racial and sexual stereotypes of athletes exist, 140 female junior high school students rated six descriptions of athletes which were presented as pertaining to a male or female Black, Chicano, or Anglo athlete. No evidence for ethnic or sexual stereotyping was found, although descriptions of athletes in different sports were rated differently.
Conditioning of Racial Attitudes and Color Concepts in Children
Authors: Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

This investigation sought to determine whether or not attitudes of kindergarten children could be modified through classical conditioning procedures. Ss in Exp. I were asked to evaluate Negroes following exposure to the conditioning procedures, while Ss in Exps. II and III were asked to evaluate the color black and black animals, respectively, following exposure to the conditioning procedures. Only the experimentally treated Ss in the latter two experiments adopted significantly more favorable attitudes toward the objects in question than their control counterparts. It appears that, while there were a sufficient number of conditioning trials to change attitudes of kindergarten children toward the color black and black animals, there were not enough conditioning trials to change their atti rudes toward Negroes.
Color-Mood Associations in Young Adults
Authors: Peretti Peter O.
Published: September 2011

Studies have suggested that colors are associated with mood-tones. The following research was conducted to determine the extent to which color-mood associations exist for 200 college-aged adults. Significant differences in performance on a color-mood association task were found between 154 male and 46 female Ss of the same academic discipline as well as between 154 men and 46 women of two different disciplines.
Development of Rhythmic Ability in Response to Selected Tempos
Authors: Smoll Frank L.
Published: September 2011

Development of space-time characteristics of children's motor responses to auditory rhythmic stimuli was studied 20 Ss were randomly selected from each of six groupings representing ages 6 to 11 yr. Utilizing a rhythmic analysis system, Ss performed 16 consecutive motor responses in time with auditory rhythmic stimuli presented at intervals of 1.4 sec., 1.1 sec., and .8 sec. Findings indicated a significant reduction of error in spatial and temporal accuracy with increasing age for each tempo. However, the tempo main effect was not significant, and no level of tempo interacted with any specific level of age. Results are discussed in relation to the influence of personal rhythm upon Ss' responses to externally imposed tempos.
Sleep Stages and Verbal Memory
Authors: Castaldo Vincenzo , Krynicki Victor , Goldstein Jared
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed in an attempt to relate sleep stages with overnight memory of consonant trigrams and paired-associates. In Exp. 1, a 20-min. learning task before sleep did not alter sleep patterns of a group of high school and college students. Further, neither delta sleep nor REM sleep nor their interaction reliably correlated with recall in the morning. In Exp. 2, the effect of pharmacological alteration of the sleep pattern was assessed. Despite a large suppression of REM sleep and concomitant elevation of stage 2, recall and relearning in the morning were not different from non-drug values. These results indicate that no sleep stage is uniquely favorable or unfavorable to verbal memory.
Locus Stabilization with Parallel Rectilinear Dot-Progressions
Authors: Holden Edward A. , Chmiko Marjorie A.
Published: September 2011

Illusory displacement measures (“straight” or “crooked”) were compared for single vs parallel rectilinear light progressions in 24 educable mental retardates and 24 normals of equal MA. For both groups, frequency of perceived “straight” responses was greater for the parallel- than for the single-line progressions. It was concluded that concurrent stimulation by two proximate visual stimuli rather than the presence of supplementary interstimulus mediatory referents is sufficient to facilitate veridical perception of successive light positions. Comparable performance by the normals and retardates substantiates previous findings.
Immediate Effects of Cigarette Smoking as Related to Different Smoking Habits
Authors: Myrsten Anna-Lisa , Andersson Karin , Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Elgerot Anita
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire concerning interactions between the need to smoke and the external situation was used to select 8 “low-arousal smokers” and 8 “high-arousal smokers.” The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group were examined under smoking and nonsmoking conditions in a low-arousal situation, i.e., performing a vigilance-type sensorimotor task, and in a high-arousal situation, i.e., performing a complex sensorimotor task. It was shown that the two groups reacted differently to smoking in the two situations. In low-arousal smokers performance and general well-being were favourably affected by smoking in the low-arousal situation only. Conversely, performance and well-being of the high-arousal smokers were enhanced by smoking in the high-arousal situation only.
Indian Students' Perceptions of the Ideal Self, the Ideal Leader, the Ideal Teacher, Indira Gandhi and the Business Executive
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Shaw Brian J. , Mohan Jitendra
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to three samples drawn from a population of graduate students at an Indian university. Results indicated a high positive relationship among the perceptions of the ideal self, ideal teacher, and ideal leader. Likewise, the consensual profile of Indira Gandhi was found to be quite similar to the ideal self cluster ( r = .96). The collective perception of the business executive, however, was only remotely similar to the other two character profiles.
Perception of Rate-Altered Sentential Approximations by Normal and Aphasic Children
Authors: Rudnick Karen J. , Berry Richard C.
Published: September 2011

25 4-word, first, and second-order sentential approximations were presented to 18 aphasic and 18 normal children. The material was taped and altered to represent 5 speaking rates: 140 (normal); 75 and 105 (expanded); and 180 and 205 (compressed) words per minute. Order of presentation was randomized. The major difference between the children was that the second-order material was perceived best by normals regardless of rate, while the aphasics showed this preference only at the normal rate.
Directional Scanning and Cerebral Asymmetries in Processing Visual Stimuli
Authors: Aaron P. G. , Handley Anne C.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual exploration task involving three horizontal linear arrays of stimuli was administered to 167 children ranging in age from 3 to 7 yr. It was found that the well organized, predominantly right-to-left responses of very young children were eventually replaced by left-to-right patterns. A tachistoscopic test showed that Ss who gave right-to-left responses to the linear arrays showed hemispheric asymmetry of perception. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that directional response tendencies are related to hemispheric asymmetry.
Additional Evidence for Veridicality of Perceptions Based on Physiognomic Cues
Authors: Terry Roger L.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine whether veridical interpersonal perceptions can be formed on the basis of physiognomic cues. 21 male and female college students attempted to identify the correct social category [honor student, active or inactive in extracurricular events, and beauty queen (for female stimulus persons) or athlete (for male stimulus persons)] of 44 photographed male and female stimulus persons. Results demonstrated considerable veridicality, especially by male judges and of stimulus persons occupying categories which imply physical attributes.
Susceptibility to Interference Effects in Short-Term Memory of Normal and Retarded Readers
Authors: Leslie Lauren
Published: September 2011

The short-term memory for serial order of third and fourth grade normal and retarded readers ( Ns = 13) was studied. Six pictures of common objects were spatially presented and subjects were required to reconstruct the sequence. On the first six trials, the same pictures were repeatedly presented in different sequences. On the seventh trial, a new set of stimuli was introduced. Analysis of short-term memory over trials showed that normal and retarded readers were similar on Trial 1 but the performance of retarded readers deteriorated more over trials than the performance of normal readers. Short-term memory of both groups improved on Trial 7. The results indicate a greater susceptibility to interference in the short-term memory of retarded readers.
Characteristics of Saccadic Eye Movements in Attentionally Handicapped Patients
Authors: Leisman Gerald
Published: September 2011

Some characteristics of saccadic eye movements were investigated electro-oculographically in hemiplegic attentionally handicapped patients and normal subjects under stationary and moving target situations. The velocity of saccadic eye movements was greater and the duration shorter in hemiplegic than in normal subjects. Greater variability of angular velocity and amplitude functions, and of duration and amplitude functions was found among hemiplegic subjects than among normal. The results were explained, in part, by possible differences in the strength of extra-ocular muscle contraction, variables associated with inhibitory control and learning variables.
An Auditory-Motor Percussion Test for Differential Diagnosis of Children with Communication Difficulties
Authors: Heimlich Evelyn Phillips
Published: September 2011

Experience with children who have communication difficulties, are often hard to reach, and present severe barriers to treatment and testing led to the development of an auditory-motor percussion test designed to help distinguish children who show organicity from those who do not. Results of a normative study of 144 children tested in settings for the normal child and 84 in settings for disturbed children supported the hypothesis that the presence of structural alteration in the central nervous system is probable if subject (aged 4 to 7) is unable to tap a rhythmic tonal pattern. With the use of simple percussion instruments in a special method for administering the new procedure, the test can be used as an alert to hidden neurological damage in children over 4 and inaccessible to traditional testing.
Effects of Field-Articulation and Feedback on Perception of Intermediate Visual-Kinesthetic Position
Authors: Ware J. Roger , Barnhill Richard C.
Published: September 2011

High and low field-articulators were compared on the accuracy with which they could adjust a rod to intermediate visual-kinesthetic positions while blindfolded, under four sensory-feedback conditions. Independent groups of 10 Ss were given auditory, visual, kinesthetic, or no sensory feedback for 16 trials and then tested on 8 trials without sensory feedback. High field-articulators were significantly more accurate on the feedback trials for all sensory-feedback conditions but not in terms of mean absolute error. The mean constant error on the test trials was significantly lower for the high field-articulators on all feedback conditions except for visual feedback where the low field-articulator had a lower constant error. Both the high and low field-articulators became more accurate and learned more in judging visual-kinesthetic position when auditory feedback was given. Low field-articulators showed significant improvement in accuracy with kinesthetic feedback. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate directions can be learned and supported previous perceptual research.
Speech Production: Contribution of Syntactic Structure
Authors: Shattuck S. R. , Lackner J. R.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments supported our hypothesis that, when a message to be spoken is syntactically structured, the organizational units in its production are larger than single words. Exp. 1 showed that Ss ( N = 12) are able to shadow sentences more accurately than word lists, a difference that is accentuated at higher rates of presentation (1 vs 6 words/sec.). Exp. 2 indicated that Ss ( N = 6) who had memorized both sentences and word lists could always speak the sentences more rapidly than the word lists, thereby eliminating the possibility that a perceptual effect determined the outcome of Exp. 1. In Exp. 3, the performance of “close shadowers” ( N = 6) who can shadow messages with latencies of approximately 250 msec. was also facilitated by syntactic structure.
Temporal and Spatial Aftereffects of a Border on an Afterimage and a Possible Laterality Difference
Authors: Tyson Paul , Goldstein Ken
Published: September 2011

Five subjects were asked to report the brightness and duration of afterimages formed in a region where a border had previously been exposed. The temporal and spatial aftereffects of the border on the formation of the afterimage varied with the duration of the border and these aftereffects were within the area predicted by a photochemical bleaching hypothesis. In addition to these major findings, the experiment yielded some surprising secondary observations. For example, increasing the degree of bleaching or light adaptation made the afterimage brighter if it was on the right side but decreased the brightness if on the left. The difference between afterimages on the right and left sides was discussed in terms of spatial effects of borders and laterality differences.
Sleep during Transcendental Meditation
Authors: Younger Joel , Adriance Wayne , Berger Ralph J.
Published: September 2011

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) and DC electrooculograms (EOGs) were recorded during Transcendental Meditation periods for 8 experienced Ss. The records, scored blind showed that all but 2 Ss spent considerable portions of their meditation periods in unambiguous physiological sleep.
Relation between Judged and Physical Distance in Multicue Conditions as a Function of Instructions and Tasks
Authors: Rogers Steven P. , Gogel Walter C.
Published: September 2011

Using a rod adjustable in distance, 48 Os produced equal depth intervals along a floor of a visual alley (interval reproduction) or bisected a given depth interval into two equal parts (bisection). Also, verbal reports were obtained of a depth interval located at a near and farther distance from O (absolute judgments). Two kinds of instructions, “apparent” and “objective,” were used with different Os with each of the three tasks. There was an over-all tendency ( p = .05 on two of three tasks) for apparent instructions to produce less over-constancy or more under-constancy of distance than that produced by objective instructions. This tendency is consistent with a cognitive interpretation of over-constancy of distance. Clear over-constancy was obtained only by the combination of objective instructions and the bisection task. Clear under-constancy was obtained only by the combination of apparent instructions and the method of absolute judgments. The reason for the effect of task on magnitude of distance constancy is not understood.
Color Preferences of Art Students: Surface Colors: II
Authors: Götz Karl Otto , Götz Karin
Published: September 2011

In a previous study (Götz & Götz, 1974b) the preferences of 14 surface colors were analyzed. While this set contained only one red, one blue, one yellow, etc., the color set of the present investigation was extended, and the preferences of 5 different reds, blues, yellows, etc. were analyzed. Between the five variations of red and yellow, respectively, the greatest affective differences were found, while the opposite was true for the 5 oranges, pinks, and grays. The most preferred colors are 2 reds, 2 blues, and 2 yellows; least preferred are a greenish yellow, a penetrating red-violet, and all 5 pinks. Significant sex differences were found for 8 colors.
Target Size and Luminance in Apparent Brightness of the Peripheral Visual Field
Authors: Osaka Naoyuki
Published: September 2011

Four target sizes between 15 and 120 min. of arc with six luminance levels covering the range between 398.1 and 1.26 cd/m2 in steps of .5 log units were presented to 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80° nasal retinal loci. In both peripheral and foveal viewing, magnitude estimates to apparent brightness judged by 12 Ss changed as a function of target size and luminance. The exponent of the power function was not dependent on retinal loci but on target size. However, when target size increased, the apparent brightness was slightly greater with peripheral viewing than with foveal viewing.
On Connotative Meaning of Emotional Terms to the Blind: A Contribution to the Study of the Phenomenology of Emotion
Authors: Dershowitz Netta Kohn
Published: September 2011

The present study was aimed toward ascertaining whether the hypothesis that emotional experience is universal and relatively independent of learning is tenable. Two groups of Ss, 25 totally and congenitally blind children and 35 normal college adults (representing groups with widely different life experiences) rated the emotions PRIDE, SADNESS, and ANGER on 15 scales of the semantic differential. The latter were used as the index of emotional states on the assumption that these verbal ratings may be considered as reflecting the inner phenomenological experiences. In accord with the hypothesis there was a high degree of correspondence between the ratings of the two groups, which, it is contended, may be seen as reflecting highly similar emotional experiences. Of 59 t tests comparing the mean ratings of the groups, only three—a chance number—differed significantly, with the differences being of degree only, i.e., both lay on the same side of the mean.
Peripheral Vision Training in Reading Speed and Comprehension
Authors: Sailor A. Louise , Ball Steve E.
Published: September 2011

Of two groups of 8 college students receiving 15.75 hr. of speed reading training, an experimental group was given an additional 2.25 hr. of peripheral vision training. Peripheral vision increased for both groups, but reading speed improved only in the trained group. Reading comprehension scores were not affected.
Reply to Jennings and George
Authors: Blum Gerald S.
Published: September 2011

Methodological shortcomings are enumerated.
Strategy for a priori Selection of Judges in a Product-Centered Approach to Assessment of Creativity
Authors: Korb Roslyn , Frankiewicz Ronald G.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to develop a procedure for the a priori selection of judges of creative products which could be employed irrespective of the field in which the products occur. Experts in art, science, writing, and music responded, via a modified Q-sort, to multiple criteria for a creative product. Obverse factor-analytic techniques were employed to reduce the rank of the subject covariance matrix and determine specific judge types. Sets of judges, with homogeneous perceptions of criteria for a creative product, were determined, and, it was shown that homogeneity of judgment was independent of discipline. Furthermore, the method appeared relevant to any situation in which judges are required and for which criteria may be delineated.
Relationship between WISC Verbal-Performance Discrepancies and Motor and Psychomotor Abilities of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wener Brian D. , Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

Thirty 9- to 14-yr.-old boys with learning disabilities were divided into three WISC IQ groups: High Verbal-Low Performance, Verbal equal to Performance, and High Performance-Low Verbal. All Ss were given a battery of motor and psychomotor tests. WISC IQ Verbal-Performance discrepancy was not a good predictor of motor and psychomotor learning disabilities.
The Poggendorf Illusion in Stereoscopic Space
Authors: Drobnis B. J. , Lawson R. B.
Published: September 2011

The stereoscopic depth separation between the bisecting rectangle and the oblique line of a Poggendorf configuration was manipulated by varying the direction and magnitude of disparity carried by the rectangle. Based upon data of 6 subjects, the magnitude of the illusion decreased with increasing depth separation regardless of the direction of disparity. Depth separation varied directly with disparity. These findings make plain that depth adjacency can operate symmetrically in stereoscopic space.
Dominant Direction of Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements and Responsiveness to Facial and Verbal Cues
Authors: Crouch Wayne W.
Published: September 2011

Responsiveness to facial versus verbal cues as a function of dominant direction of conjugate lateral eye movements and sex was tested in a 2 × 2 analysis of variance design. Ss were 81 student volunteers. Right-movers ( n = 33) were more responsive to verbal cues; left-movers ( n = 45) were more responsive to facial cues ( p < .05). The results are consistent with the hypothesized link between conjugate lateral eye movements and functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres. Males were more responsive to verbal cues; females were more responsive to facial cues ( p < .05). Data relevant to reliability of the eye movements, the relationship between sex and eye movements, and the relationship between type of question and eye movements are also presented.
Influence of Age on Black Preschoolers' Nonstandard Performance of Certain Phonological and Grammatical Forms
Authors: Ratusnik David L. , Koenigsknecht Roy A.
Published: September 2011

Phonological and grammatical performance of 60 black preschoolers of lower and middle social status was assessed with spontaneous, paragraph completion, and sentence repetition procedures. Developmental information regarding younger ( Mdn age = 4 yr. 5 mo.) and older ( Mdn age = 5 yr. 5 mo.) black preschoolers' phonological and grammatical performance is provided. Data from comparable white preschoolers set the study within the context of traditional studies of speech sound and grammatical development.
Perceived Age and Sex Characteristics of Voices of Institutionalized Children with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Montague James C.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the voices of children with Down's syndrome would be perceived as younger than their true chronological age and that perceptual auditors would have considerable difficulty in identifying the correct sex of these children by voice alone. Perceived age and sex were investigated in 20 institutional children with Down's syndrome who were matched for sex and age with a control group of 20 normal children. Randomized matched verbal samples were played backwards to a group of 16 listener/judges who rated the samples as to age and sex. The results indicated that the voices of these Down syndrome children were perceived as being more than 2 yr. younger than their group mean age and that there was a negative correlation between the biological sex of such children and their perceived sex.
Note on Duration of Stimulus Exposure in Experiments on Covert Scanning of Laterally Shown Targets
Authors: Fudin Robert , Masterson Catherine C.
Published: September 2011

Prevention of contamination by eye movements is one methodological requirement in the choice of an exposure time in experiments on the covert scanning of stimuli, tachistoscopically exposed laterally. The use of measures of eye movement latency to set upper limits for exposure intervals seems questionable because latency does not index the total time (minimally, 200 msec.) required to obtain information through an eye movement. The foregoing requirement, however, is only one consideration in selection of an exposure time. Since covert encoding processes can only function while the stimulus is on and during the after-stimulation, duration of exposure delimits the operating time of these processes. Choice of an interval, therefore, should establish the setting required to study those aspects of covert scanning of experimental interest.
The “Consciousness Problem” is Not the Problem
Authors: Casler Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Although the concept of consciousness is not necessary for the behavioral scientist, it is closely related to a number of psychological concepts that are generally believed to be necessary. Consciousness may be defined as the very short-term memory of a just-completed perceptual act. It may thus be understood as a psychological consequence of psychological antecedents. The question of how brain processes result in consciousness is a misleading one and should be replaced by questions concerning the relationships between the brain and perception, memory, and the other psychological processes that precede consciousness.
Relationship between Cognitive Tempo and Selective Attention in Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Heins Elizabeth D. , Hallaran Daniel P. , Tarver Sara G. , Kauffman James M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention in 29 learning disabled children was investigated. The performance of the 9 reflective and the 9 impulsive children on selective-attention tasks was compared. An examination of t tests and correlations between variables for each task showed a relationship between cognitive tempo and selective attention. This relationship was stronger for central than for incidental recall.
Sensory Modality and Transmodal Stimulus Properties in Children's Discrimination Learning and Transfer
Authors: Vlietstra Alice G. , Wright John C.
Published: September 2011

72 preschoolers in the 3 conditions were given a 2-choice, 1-dimensional training task in one of 2 sensory modalities, vision or audition, and in one of 2 structural properties: interruptedness or intensity, e.g., flashing (+) vs ongoing (—) light. There followed a 2-dimensional transfer task with 2 new stimulus dimensions varying simultaneously and independently, one in the same sensory modality as the training dimension but with a different structural property, e.g., bright vs dim light; and the other with the same structural property but in a different sensory modality, e.g., pulsed vs continuous tone. The dimension in the same modality was relevant in a modal condition while the dimension with the same structural property was relevant in a transmodal condition. Significant interference resulted when the structural property reinforced in training was incorrect in transfer. No significant facilitation resulted from holding the same modality relevant or keeping the same structural property correct from training to transfer as compared with a control condition where both modality and structural property were changed.
Field Dependence and Distraction Revisited
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey H.
Published: September 2011

An attempt is made to replicate a former study of the relationship of field dependence as measured by rod-and-frame errors to distraction in an RT paradigm. For two groups of Ss ( n = 14) who differed specifically in their dependence upon the tilted frame and were classified as frame-dependent and frame-independent, no relationship of frame (or field) dependence to susceptibility to distraction was found.
Effects of Incentive and Preparatory Interval on Activity, Heart Rate, and Reaction Time in Children
Authors: Elliott Rogers
Published: September 2011

To resolve certain empirical and theoretical difficulties concerning, primarily, the significance of phasic heart-rate deceleration prior to reaction signals, 48 children were employed to perform in simple reaction-time tasks while speed, heart rate, head movement, gross movement, and blink activity were recorded. The independent variables were length and mode of presentation of preparatory intervals and level of incentives. Reaction time varied with incentive, with preparatory interval and mode of presentation. Phasic heart-rate deceleration varied with the intervals but not incentive or mode of presentation. There was little relation between deceleration and RT. Heart rate and somatic movement measures (especially of blinking) were roughly concordant at a group level but did not correlate.
Parental Correlates of Rorschach Human Movement Responses in Children
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Fisher Rhoda
Published: September 2011

The meaning of the human movement response ( M) to inkblot stimuli was explored in terms of correlations between children's M productions and the attributes of their parents in 119 families. M scores were available for the family members; and for each parent there were also measures of personality, values, and childrearing attitudes. A number of the parent-child correlational patterns were congruent with Rorschach's theories concerning the significance of M.
Use of a Perceptually Based Apparatus to Train Adult Women's Performance on a Piagetian Measure of the Horizontality Concept
Authors: Leino Victor , Willemsen Eleanor
Published: September 2011

A segmented container called the V-box was designed to train adult subjects who fail a Piagetian type measure of the horizontality concept. The first segment appears round when viewed from straight on and virtually all adults were able to predict correctly how the water line would appear when this segment was half filled with water. Partitions can be removed and the water allowed to fill up the entire container which has straight-line boundaries. On a pretest, 28 of 43 subjects failed to indicate the water line correctly on the container, when its straight-line characteristics were apparent. Of these 28, 18 were able to do so after being exposed gradually to the container's rounded segment and, step by step, to its elongated segments with straight-line boundaries. The difference in pre- to posttest change in performance between these 18 subjects and the 10 control subjects was significant.
Hypnotic Suggestion of Stimulus Change and Visual Cortical Evoked Potential
Authors: Andreassi J. L. , Balinsky B. , Gallichio J. A. , De Simone J. J. , Mellers B. W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the hypnotic suggestion of stimulus intensity change would affect the physical parameters (latencies, amplitudes) of the visual cortical evoked potential. Stimulus intensity was kept constant as visual cortical evoked potentials were measured under conditions in which it was suggested that stimuli were “bright” or “dim.” The results of both experiments led to the conclusion that, under the present condition, hypnotic suggestion of stimulus intensity change did not result in changes in visual cortical evoked potentials.
Mutual Visual Regard during Mother-Infant Play
Authors: Friedman Steven , Thompson Margaret A. , Crawley Susan , Criticos Anne , Drake Daniel , Iacobbo Maria , Rogers Peggy Parks , Richardson Lani
Published: September 2011

Mutual visual regard was observed in 48 mother-infant dyads during a 6-min. play session. Infant-mother dyads containing 4-mo.-olds displayed significantly more mutual visual regard than did dyads containing 6- or 8-mo.-olds. In addition, the more time infants spent in face-to-face interaction with mother, the more smiling they engaged in. No sex differences were observed.
Cognitive Style and the Perky Effect
Authors: David Oliver , Glicksman Michael
Published: September 2011

Depending on inner versus outer frames of reference in Witkin's sense parallels a subject's tendency to distinguish between internal images and external percepts. A rank-order correlation of .69 ( N = 22) was found between scores on a task designed to test the latter tendency and scores on the rod-and-frame task.