bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and rheological properties of poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate) as a function of carbon black content
Authors: Feller Jean‐François , Linossier Isabelle
Published: November 2003

Carbon black (CB) filled poly(ethylene‐co‐ethyl acrylate) (EEA‐CB) is used as conductive phase in conductive polymer composites (CPC). Electrical conductivity of CPC obtained from blends of immiscible polymers results from CB particles localization within the material, which depends on composition and processing conditions. It is particularly important to control viscosity of such systems as this parameter determines both the phase morphology and conductive pathway structure. The small scale, at which CB particle aggregation/dispersion phenomena occur within CPC, makes direct observations difficult. But the effect of carbon black particles/polymers interactions is clearly visible by means of rheological measurements.

A strong reinforcing effect of CB on CPC in both solid and liquid states has been noticed. This phenomenon has been analyzed using classical models as a function of temperature and CB content. The results confirm the necessity of CPC rheology control especially during the process to achieve good reproducibility of electrical properties.
A new iterative order reduction (IOR) method for eigensolutions of large structures
Authors: Xia Yong , Lin Rongming
Published: November 2003

Order reduction is a computationally efficient method to estimate some lowest eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of large structural systems by reducing the order of the original model to a smaller one. But its accuracy is limited to a small range of frequencies that depends on the selection of the retained degrees of freedom. This paper proposes a new iterative order reduction (IOR) technique to obtain accurately the eigensolutions of large structural systems. The technique retains all the inertia terms associated with the removed degrees of freedom. This hence leads to the reduced mass matrix being in an iterated form and the reduced stiffness matrix constant. From these mass and stiffness matrices, the eigensolutions of the reduced system can be obtained iteratively. On convergence the reduced system reproduces the eigensolutions of the original structure. A proof of the convergence property is also presented. Applications of the method to a practical GARTEUR structure as well as a plate have demonstrated that the proposed method is comparable to the commonly used Subspace Iteration method in terms of numerical accuracy. Moreover, it has been found that the proposed method is computationally more efficient than the Subspace Iteration method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined modality therapy in esophageal cancer: The Memorial experience
Authors: Anderson Sibyl E. , Minsky Bruce D. , Bains Manjit , Kelsen David P. , Ilson David H.
Published: November 2003

Over the past 20 years in the United States, esophageal cancer has shown the most rapid rate of increase of any solid tumor malignancy. Esophageal cancer is an aggressive disease, and poor survival is achieved with surgery or chemoradiation therapy alone. Ongoing trials are investigating the use of preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgical resection. Chemoradiation employing a combination of cisplatin and a continuous infusion of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) is the most commonly used therapy. The significant gastrointestinal toxicity of traditional cisplatin/5‐FU‐based regimens has prompted the evaluation of new agents in combined‐modality therapy. The Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center has conducted chemoradiation trials with weekly paclitaxel/cisplatin and irinotecan/cisplatin, and the results suggest that this regimen has the potential to improve the therapeutic index without compromising efficacy. Randomized trials are now being conducted to evaluate the tolerance and efficacy of paclitaxel/cisplatin in comparison with paclitaxel/5‐FU combined with radiotherapy in locally advanced esophageal cancer. The incorporation of these non‐5‐FU‐based therapies with novel biologic agents is planned. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:228–232, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal drift design model for multi‐story buildings subjected to dynamic lateral forces
Authors: Park Hyo Seon , Kwon Jun Hyeok
Published: November 2003

An optimal drift design model for a linear multi‐story building structure under dynamic lateral forces is presented. The drift design model is formulated into a minimum weight design problem subjected to constraints on stresses, the displacement at the top of a building, and inter‐story drift. The optimal drift design model consists of three main components: an optimizer, a response spectrum analysis module, and a sensitivity analysis module. Using a small example, the validation of the proposed model has been tested by a comparison of optimal solutions. Then, the performance of the optimal drift design model is demonstrated by application to three steel frame structures including a 40‐story building. Various structural responses including lateral displacement and inter‐story drift distributions along the height of the structure at the initial and final design stages are presented in figures and tables. Time‐consuming trial‐and‐error processes related to drift control of a tall building subjected to lateral loads is avoided by the proposed optimal drift design method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Drosophila kinesin‐I associated protein YETI binds both kinesin subunits
Authors: Wisniewski T.P. , Tanzi C.L. , Gindhart J.G.
Published: November 2003

Abstract The microtubule‐based motor kinesin‐I is essential for the intracellular transport of membrane‐bound organelles in the Drosophila nervous system and female germ line. A number of studies have demonstrated that kinesin‐I binds to its intracellular cargos through protein—protein interactions between the kinesin tail domain and proteins on the cargo surface. To identify proteins that mediate or regulate kinesin‐cargo interactions, we have performed yeast two‐hybrid screens of a Drosophila embryonic cDNA library, using the tetratricopeptide repeats of the kinesin light chain and amino acids 675‐975 of the kinesin heavy chain as baits. One of the proteins we have identified is YETI. Interestingly, YETI has the unique ability to bind specifically to both subunits of the kinesin tail domain. An epitope‐tagged YETI fusion protein, when expressed in Drosophila S2 cultured cells, binds to kinesin‐I in copurification assays, suggesting that YETI‐kinesin‐I interactions are context‐independent. Immunostaining of cultured cells expressing YETI shows that YETI accumulates in the nucleus and cytosol. YETI is evolutionarily conserved, and its yeast homolog (AOR1) may have a role in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics or intracellular transport. Collectively, these results demonstrate that YETI interacts with both kinesin subunits of the kinesin tail domain, and is potentially involved in kinesin‐dependent transport pathways.
C‐reactive protein increases F‐actin assembly and cortical distribution with resultant loss of lamellipod formation in human neutrophils
Authors: Yates‐Siilata Kristine E. , Dahms Thomas E. , Webster Robert O. , Heuertz Rita M.
Published: November 2003

C‐reactive protein (CRP) inhibits neutrophil movement through a p38 MAP kinase pathway. We hypothesized that CRP altered F‐actin content and distribution on human neutrophils as a means of inhibiting movement. CRP produced simultaneous increased F‐actin and decreased G‐actin levels. CRP increased F‐actin levels in a concentration‐dependent manner once a threshold (>100 μg/ml) was reached, and transiently increased F‐actin (peak levels at 2.5 and 10 min) that returned to baseline by 30 min. Confocal microscopy of neutrophils revealed that fMLP provoked acquisition of a migratory phenotype as evidenced by the appearance of F‐actin rich lamellipods. In contrast, CRP caused neutrophil rounding, prevented lamellipod formation and shifted F‐actin from the cytoskeleton to the cortex. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580, produced a similar effect on neutrophil shape. Concentrations of SB203580 that dramatically decreased p38 activity in neutrophils also caused round cell morphology and cortical F‐actin distribution. Since CRP inhibits p38 MAP kinase and p38 blockade leads to actin polymerization and prevention of lamellipod formation, it is concluded that round morphology and loss of lamellipod formation result from CRP inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Understanding the signal transduction of CRP prevention of lamellipod formation will aid in the development of therapeutic agents against neutrophil‐associated inflammatory disease.
RoxAnn bottom classification system, sidescan sonar and video-sledge: spatial resolution and their use in assessing trawling impacts
Authors: Humborstad Odd-Børre , Nøttestad Leif , Løkkeborg Svein , Rapp Hans Tore
Published: November 2003

Three complementary seabed characterization tools with different spatial resolution were used to locate a research site and to assess physical effects of experimental otter trawling in the Barents Sea: an acoustic seabed classification system (RoxAnn), sidescan sonar and a video-sledge. The marine protected area (MPA) around Bear Island was chosen as it offered unfished reference sites. The area was topographically complex which resulted in certain challenges for choice of the experimental site due to the requirements of representativity and homogeneity and suitable sampling substrate. Systematic waylines with RoxAnn gave broad-scale patterns of bottom conditions, the more informative sidescan revealed topographic reliefs, whilst detailed information on sediment composition and small-scale seabed features was provided by the video-sledge. Accurate positioning of towed gears (trawl, sidescan and video-sledge) ensured unbiased data acquisition. Trawl doors and rockhopper gear created furrows that were visible by sidescan sonar and video. Intensive trawling also caused changes in the acoustic properties by increasing roughness and decreasing hardness. Results are consistent with a possible resuspension of the sediment and a homogenizing effect from the trawl doors and ground gear ploughing the area. The suitability and advantages of using spatially overlapping tools in trawl impact studies are discussed.
Function and solution structure of hainantoxin‐I, a novel insect sodium channel inhibitor from the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia hainana1
Authors: Li Dongling , Xiao Yucheng , Hu Weijun , Xie Jinyun , Bosmans Frank , Tytgat Jan , Liang Songping
Published: November 2003

Hainantoxin‐I is a novel peptide toxin, purified from the venom of the Chinese bird spider Selenocosmia hainana (=Ornithoctonus hainana). It includes 33 amino acid residues with a disulfide linkage of I–IV, II–V and III–VI, assigned by partial reduction and sequence analysis. Under two‐electrode voltage‐clamp conditions, hainantoxin‐I can block rNav1.2/β1 and the insect sodium channel para/tipE expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes with IC50 values of 68±6 μM and 4.3±0.3 μM respectively. The three‐dimensional solution structure of hainantoxin‐I belongs to the inhibitor cystine knot structural family determined by two‐dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Structural comparison of hainantoxin‐I with those of other toxins suggests that the combination of the charged residues and a vicinal hydrophobic patch should be responsible for ligand binding. This is the first report of an insect sodium channel blocker from spider venom and it provides useful information for the structure–function relationship studies of insect sodium channels.
Mapping eIF5A binding sites for Dys1 and Lia1: in vivo evidence for regulation of eIF5A hypusination
Authors: Thompson Gloria M , Cano Veridiana S.P , Valentini Sandro R
Published: November 2003

The evolutionarily conserved factor eIF5A is the only protein known to undergo hypusination, a unique posttranslational modification triggered by deoxyhypusine synthase (Dys1). Although eIF5A is essential for cell viability, the function of this putative translation initiation factor is still obscure. To identify eIF5A‐binding proteins that could clarify its function, we screened a two‐hybrid library and identified two eIF‐5A partners in S. cerevisiae: Dys1 and the protein encoded by the gene YJR070C, named Lia1 (igand of eF5). The interactions were confirmed by GST pulldown. Mapping binding sites for these proteins revealed that both eIF5A domains can bind to Dys1, whereas the C‐terminal domain is sufficient to bind Lia1. We demonstrate for the first time in vivo that the N‐terminal α‐helix of Dys1 can modulate enzyme activity by inhibiting eIF5A interaction. We suggest that this inhibition be abrogated in the cell when hypusinated and functional eIF5A is required.
Orientation‐dependent gene expression with Epstein‐Barr virus‐derived vectors
Authors: Van Craenenbroeck Kathleen , Vanhoenacker Peter , Roman Inge , Haegeman Guy
Published: November 2003

Episomal vectors, described for efficient and regulated expression of heterologous proteins in mammalian cells, have the advantage that they persist in multiple copies in the cell without integrating into the chromosome. To efficiently express heterologous proteins we used such a vector based on elements of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), namely the sequences coding for Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 and the viral origin of replication. Because constitutive expression is often deleterious to the cell, we combined the interferon‐inducible Mx promoter with this EBV‐derived vector. This resulted in an efficient and strictly regulated expression of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and of the neurotransmitter receptor h5‐HT1B, reaching levels of 16 ng CAT/mg cytoplasmic protein and 1300 fmol receptor/mg membrane protein, respectively. For both proteins, the expression levels were influenced by the orientation of the expression cassette. The higher expression in the favored orientation did not result from a higher copy number of these episomes. Northern analysis revealed a transcriptional read‐through from the thymidine kinase promoter on the episomal vector, which interfered with the transcription of the heterologous gene in the less favored orientation.
Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination: The Promise and Its Delivery
Authors: Hazel Kelly L. , Onaga Esther
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the origin of the Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination model and its contribution to and intersection with community psychology. It also discusses the challenges presented to ESID by community psychology's growing emphasis on cultural diversity and participatory approaches to research and intervention. It concludes with an overview of the papers presented in the special issue.
Consumer Preference Programs for Individuals Who Are Homeless and Have Psychiatric Disabilities: A Drop‐In Center and a Supported Housing Program
Authors: Tsemberis Sam J. , Moran Linda , Shinn Marybeth , Asmussen Sara M. , Shern David L.
Published: November 2003

We illustrate Fairweather's approach to Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination with two experimental studies of programs to reduce homelessness for 168 and 225 people with mental illness and often substance abuse. Literally homeless participants were randomly assigned to programs that emphasized consumer choice or to the usual continuum of care, in which housing and services are contingent on sobriety and progress in treatment. A drop‐in center that eliminated barriers to access to services was more successful than control programs in reducing homelessness, but after 24 months only 38% of participants had moved to community housing. A subsequent apartment program, in which individuals in the experimental condition moved to subsidized apartments directly from the street, with services under their control, had 79% in stable housing (compared to 27% in the control group) at the end of 6 months. Groups in this study did not differ on substance abuse or psychosocial outcomes.
Suicide Outside of Prison Settings among Males Under Investigation for Sex Offenses in Ireland During 1990 to 1999
Authors: Brophy Justin
Published: November 2003

Summary: Thirty-two cases of suicide outside prison were identified among 7008 Irish men under investigation for sexual offenses between 1990 and 1999. Previously this risk category has not been identified. Risk ratios of 1/1644 for those accused of offenses against adults, and 1/24 for those accused of offending against minors, respectively, were estimated based on the conservative estimates found here. The increase in the base rate of suicide in Ireland during the study period is an insufficient explanation. The frequency is comparable to prison suicides for the period, and the population of risk may overlap. The incidence increases over the study period. It outpaces increases in prosecutions and may reflect responses to the changing social environment of these investigations. These men use community psychiatric services that may need to become aware of the increased risk of suicide they pose.
Snow process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): 1. Evaluation of model‐simulated snow cover extent
Authors: Sheffield Justin , Pan Ming , Wood Eric F. , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Houser Paul R. , Schaake John C. , Robock Alan , Lohmann Dag , Cosgrove Brian , Duan Qingyun , Luo Lifeng , Higgins R. Wayne , Pinker Rachel T. , Tarpley J. Dan , Ramsay Bruce H.
Published: November 2003

This study evaluates the cold season process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and consists of two parts: (1) assessment of land surface model simulations of snow cover extent and (2) evaluation of snow water equivalent. In this first part, simulations of snow cover extent from the four land surface models (Noah, MOSAIC, Sacramento land surface model (SAC), and variable infiltration capacity land surface model (VIC)) in the NLDAS were compared with observational data from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System for a 3 year retrospective period over the conterminous United States. In general, all models simulate reasonably well the regional‐scale spatial and seasonal dynamics of snow cover. Systematic biases are seen in the model simulations, with consistent underestimation of snow cover extent by MOSAIC (−19.8% average bias) and Noah (−22.5%), and overestimation by VIC (22.3%), with SAC being essentially unbiased on average. However, the level of bias at the regional scale varies with geographic location and elevation variability. Larger discrepancies are seen over higher elevation regions of the northwest of the United States that may be due, in part, to errors in the meteorological forcings and also at the snow line boundary, where most temporal and spatial variability in snow cover extent is likely to occur. The spread between model simulations is fairly low and generally envelopes the observed data at the mean regional scale, indicating that the models are quite capable of simulating the general behavior of snow processes at these scales. Intermodel differences can be explained to some extent by differences in the model representations of subgrid variability and parameterizations of snow cover extent.
Land surface model spin‐up behavior in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS)
Authors: Cosgrove Brian A. , Lohmann Dag , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Houser Paul R. , Wood Eric F. , Schaake John C. , Robock Alan , Sheffield Justin , Duan Qingyun , Luo Lifeng , Higgins R. Wayne , Pinker Rachel T. , Tarpley J. Dan
Published: November 2003

The process of a model adjusting to its forcing (model spin‐up) can severely bias land surface simulations, and result in questionable land surface model (LSM) output during the spin‐up process. To gain a better understanding of how spin‐up processes affect complex spatial and temporal land surface modeling situations in general, and the Retrospective North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) simulations in particular, a two‐phase study was conducted. The first phase examined results from Control, Wet, and Dry 11 year‐long Mosaic simulations, while the second phase attempted to explain spin‐up behavior in NLDAS Retrospective simulations from the Mosaic, Noah, VIC and Sacramento LSMs based in part on the results from phase 1. Total column and root zone soil moisture spin up slowly, while evaporation and deep soil temperature spin up more quickly. Mosaic soil moisture initialization with NCEP/DOE Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP/DOE R‐2) data (Control run) leads to a faster spin‐up time than saturated (Wet run) or dry (Dry run) initialization, with the Control run reaching equilibrium 1 to 2 years sooner than the Wet run and 3 to 4 years more quickly than the Dry run. Overall, practical drift of land surface stores and output ceased in the Control run within approximately 1 year, and fine‐scale equilibrium was reached within 5.5 years. Spin‐up times exhibited large spatial variability, and although no single causal factor could be determined, they were correlated most strongly with precipitation and temperature forcing. In general, NLDAS models reach a state of rough equilibrium within the first 1 to 2 years of the 3‐year Retrospective simulation. The Sacramento LSM has the shortest spin‐up phase, followed by the Mosaic, VIC, and Noah LSMs. Initial NCEP/DOE R‐2 conditions were too dry in general for the VIC and Noah LSMs, and too moist for the Mosaic and Sacramento LSMs. These results indicate that in most cases, the 1‐year spin‐up time used in the Retrospective NLDAS simulations eliminated spin‐up problems from the subsequent period that was used for analysis.
Detachment folding, fold amplification, and diapirism in thrust wedge experiments
Authors: Bonini Marco
Published: November 2003

The relations between detachment folding, fold amplification, and salt diapirism in contractional settings have been investigated by means of scaled analogue models. The viscosity of the silicone layer simulating salt in nature and the shortening rates were combined in order to reproduce weak (type 1 models) and strong (type 2 models) décollements. Deformation patterns in the roof sequence exhibited two contrasting styles, (1) outward propagation of detachment folding along the décollement (OFP mode) and (2) passive roof duplex (PRD mode). In type 2 models, detachment folding propagated away from the most external thrust in the floor sequence, while in type 1 models, long‐lived detachment folds almost invariably localized amplified above a floor thrust tip as a result of strain localization. A silicone wall intruded occasionally into the crestal graben of detachment folds in type 1 and OFP models. Best fitting of transition models data points indicates nonlinear relations with regression curves close to the equilateral hyperbola equation for both OFP‐PRD and amplified detachment folds‐box folds transitions. A quantitative comparison of model results with nature has been attempted by plotting salt‐based fold‐and‐thrust belts data points on the scaled transition curves obtained from the modeling. Such a comparison relates shear stress products and ratios to the conditions favoring the amplification of detachment folds and the potential emplacement of ductile diapirs in their core. By reducing the roof sequence strength, pore fluid pressure λb is inferred to shift the equilibrium of fold‐and‐thrust belts toward the field of OFP and diapirism.
Oceanic Suess effect of δ13C in subpolar region: The North Pacific
Authors: Tanaka Takayuki , Watanabe Yutaka W. , Watanabe Shuichi , Noriki Shinichiro , Tsurushima Nobuo , Nojiri Yukihiro
Published: November 2003

We propose a simple approach for estimating the recent oceanic Suess effect of δ13C in the subpolar region of the North Pacific, an area which experiences a large seasonal variability of carbonate species, due to the biological activity and vertical water mixing. This approach is based simply on time‐series data of δ13C from July 1997 to July 2001 and an equation of the Fourier sine expansion. Applying our approach to the fixed sampling location in the western North Pacific, station ‘KNOT’, we estimated values of −0.012‰‐δ13C yr−1 for the Suess effect of δ13C with an amplitude of 1.3‰‐δ13C and 1.0 μmol‐C kg−1 yr−1 for the increase rate of dissolved inorganic carbon with an amplitude of 134 μmol‐C kg−1 in surface water. The Suess effect of δ13C in this region was a similar value to that estimated in the Southern Ocean producing the deep water, while it was half as much as values estimated in the subtropical regions which experience a small seasonal variability. The ratio of Suess effect to the increase rate of dissolved inorganic carbon was −0.012‰ (μmol kg−1)−1, which was different from the global mean values calculated by recent modeling study. Therefore, we conclude that the Suess effect of δ13C in the polar and subpolar regions is generally smaller than found in other regions, suggesting that it is necessary to reevaluate the uptake rate of anthropogenic carbon which has been based on the assumption that the ratio is uniform over the entire ocean.
Acceleration of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Chen James , Krall Jonathan
Published: November 2003

The acceleration of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is examined focusing on three specific questions raised by observations: (1) what determines the height beyond which a CME exhibits no rapid acceleration, (2) why is the main acceleration of CMEs typically limited to below 2–3 solar radii, and (3) are distinct mechanisms required to explain the apparent bimodal distribution of speed‐height profiles. Using a theoretical model of CMEs based on a three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetic flux rope, it is shown that the acceleration of CMEs exhibits a universal scaling law characterized by the critical height Z* = Sf/2 such that maximum acceleration is attained shortly after height Z of the flux‐rope apex exceeds Z*, where Sf is the footpoint separation distance. Theoretical analysis and observed CME dynamics show two distinct phases of acceleration: the “main” and “residual” acceleration phases. The main acceleration phase occurs for apex height Z ≤ Zm, where Zm is found to be ≃3 Z*, and the residual acceleration phase corresponds to Z > Zm. Thus the observed acceleration profile can be directly related to Sf. These results are explained in terms of the 3‐D geometry of a flux rope, its inductive properties, and the Lorentz self‐force. We have also constructed ensembles of flux‐rope profiles corresponding to varying amounts and durations of poloidal flux injection. We find that the resulting distribution of model speed‐height profiles is similar to that observed if an upper limit on the amount of injected flux is imposed. One mechanism is sufficient to account for the observed properties and distribution of CME acceleration. The theory is quantitatively tested against observed CMEs.
On the long‐term interaction among earthquakes: Some insight from a model simulation
Authors: Marzocchi Warner , Selva Jacopo , Piersanti Antonio , Boschi Enzo
Published: November 2003

A currently debated issue in seismology concerns the possible existence of coupling among earthquakes distant in space and time. Here, we provide the results of a simulation that mimics the coseismic and postseismic interactions in a spherical and viscoelastic Earth. In particular, the model estimates the stress induced by remote earthquakes at selected points on the Earth's surface, and the effects on a simple fault model. The obtained results indicate that a seismic zone can interact significantly with other remote seismic regions. Clusters in seismicity, gaps, and nonstationary behavior in general might be induced by the occurrence of large earthquakes at distances up to about 1000 km. These findings suggest that an implied paradigm of seismic hazard studies, i.e., seismic zones are isolated and stationary systems, should be regarded with extreme caution. Finally, we show some empirical evidence of possible long‐term interaction in the seismicity of southern California.
Quantitative constraints on the growth of submarine lava pillars from a monitoring instrument that was caught in a lava flow
Authors: Chadwick William W.
Published: November 2003

Lava pillars are hollow, vertical chimneys of solid basaltic lava that are common features within the collapsed interiors of submarine sheet flows on intermediate and fast spreading mid‐ocean ridges. They are morphologically similar to lava trees that form on land when lava overruns forested areas, but the sides of lava pillars are covered with distinctive, evenly spaced, thin, horizontal lava crusts, referred to hereafter as “lava shelves.” Lava stalactites up to 5 cm long on the undersides of these shelves are evidence that cavities filled with a hot vapor phase existed temporarily beneath each crust. During the submarine eruption of Axial Volcano in 1998 on the Juan de Fuca Ridge a monitoring instrument, called VSM2, became embedded in the upper crust of a lava flow that produced 3‐ to 5‐m‐high lava pillars. A pressure sensor in the instrument showed that the 1998 lobate sheet flow inflated 3.5 m and then drained out again in only 2.5 hours. These data provide the first quantitative constraints on the timescale of lava pillar formation and the rates of submarine lava flow inflation and drainback. They also allow comparisons to lava flow inflation rates observed on land, to theoretical models of crust formation on submarine lava, and to previous models of pillar formation. A new model is presented for the rhythmic formation of alternating lava crusts and vapor cavities to explain how stacks of lava shelves are formed on the sides of lava pillars during continuous lava drainback. Each vapor cavity is created between a stranded crust and the subsiding lava surface. A hot vapor phase forms within each cavity as seawater is syringed through tiny cracks in the stranded crust above. Eventually, the subsiding lava causes the crust above to fail, quenching the hot cavity and forming the next lava crust. During the 1998 eruption at Axial Volcano, this process repeated itself about every 2 min during the 81‐min‐long drainback phase of the eruption, based on the thickness and spacing of the lava shelves. The VSM2 data show that lava pillars are formed during short‐lived eruptions in which inflation and drainback follow each other in rapid succession and that pillars record physical evidence that can be used to interpret the dynamics of seafloor eruptions.
On estimates for the vertical nitrate flux due to eddy pumping
Authors: Martin A. P. , Pondaven P.
Published: November 2003

Integral tracer methods consistently imply an annual new primary production of 0.5 ± 0.15 mol N m−2 yr−1 for the Sargasso Sea region of the North Atlantic. It has been suggested that as much as half of this may be fueled by the vertical nitrate flux associated with “eddy pumping.” The key factor in estimates of eddy pumping is the relationship between the time for which water upwelled within eddies remains within the euphotic zone and the rate at which upwelled nutrients are consumed by phytoplankton. The uplift time is strongly influenced by the nature of the eddy, more specifically by its ability to trap waters within it as it propagates. We investigate two scenarios: If eddies propagate as nonlinear features, such that they retain the water within them for their lifetime, only a fraction of eddy “events” observed at a fixed location actually contribute to the nitrate flux at that position; if eddies propagate as linear features, the efficiency of the pumping process, assumed in current altimetry‐based estimates to be 100%, may be very significantly overestimated. Either scenario is shown to result in a major reduction in altimetry‐based estimates of the vertical nitrate flux due to eddy pumping. Furthermore, the major contribution of local nitrification to the nitrate “recharging” of previously uplifted waters, witnessed in our model, raises the possibility that much inferred new production in this area, based on nitrate uptake, is actually regenerated. Our results support the view that mesoscale eddy pumping may not be able to close the Sargasso Sea nitrate budget.
Source signatures of carbon monoxide and organic functional groups in Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia) submicron aerosol types
Authors: Maria S. F. , Russell L. M. , Turpin B. J. , Porcja R. J. , Campos T. L. , Weber R. J. , Huebert B. J.
Published: November 2003

Atmospheric submicron particles were collected on Teflon filters downstream of a three‐stage concentrator aboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research C‐130 aircraft near Japan during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia). Particle‐phase organic carbon (OC) was quantified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission spectroscopy. Silicate, carbonate, alkane, alkene, aromatic, alcohol, carbonyl, amine, and organosulfate functional groups were identified and separated with a four‐solvent rinsing procedure. X‐ray fluorescence identified elemental composition. Total OC constructed from FTIR measurements agreed with simultaneous thermal‐optical OC measurements with a slope of 0.91 and an R2 value of 0.93. OC varied from 0.4 to 14.2 μg m−3, and organic mass varied from 0.6 to 19.6 μg m−3, representing on average 36% of the identified submicron aerosol mass. Measured carbon monoxide (CO) to OC slopes illustrate 10 groups of air from regions described by an Asian emissions inventory. The CO/OC slope is used to compare sources and their influence on organic composition. Fifty‐two percent of ACE‐Asia samples have CO/OC slopes indicative of biomass combustion. Unitless CO/OC slopes above 15 are associated with increased fractions of alcohol groups, unsaturated C‐H groups, and inorganic nitrate. Increased carbonyl carbon fractions in air originating over northern Asia are consistent with secondary OC formation. Case studies in the boundary layer demonstrate that aerosol compositions downwind of large Asian aerosol sources show clear regional composition signatures.
Boundary layer control on convective available potential energy: Implications for cumulus parameterization
Authors: Donner Leo J. , Phillips Vaughan T.
Published: November 2003

Convective available potential energy (CAPE), frequently regarded as an indicator of the potential intensity of deep convection, is strongly controlled by the properties of the planetary boundary layer (BL). Variations in CAPE observed during field experiments in midcontinent North America, the tropical east Atlantic, and the tropical west Pacific, can be accounted for mostly by changes in the temperature and humidity in the BL. The coupling between CAPE and the BL holds for both convective and nonconvective conditions. The coupling under conditions of deep convection implies a constraint on the intensity of deep convection which can be used as a closure for cumulus parameterization. This constraint requires equilibrium in the environment of the parcel used as a basis for calculating CAPE. Over many cases, parcel‐environment equilibrium is observed to hold more robustly than equilibrium of CAPE itself. When observational uncertainties are considered, it is uncertain whether quasi‐equilibrium, in which the rate of change of CAPE is substantially less than the rate at which mean advection and BL fluxes change CAPE, holds at subdiurnal timescales in the eastern Atlantic and the western Pacific. Quasi‐equilibrium is a poor approximation at subdiurnal timescales in midcontinent North America. At timescales approaching diurnal, quasi‐equilibrium holds in all cases. Cumulus parameterizations based on quasi‐equilibrium may be limited in their ability to model diurnal cycles as a result. CAPE fluctuations related to large, subdiurnal variations in surface fluxes are much sharper than CAPE fluctuations related to changes in mean advection above the BL, especially over land. The strong BL control on CAPE indicates that deep convection does not equilibrate rapid, high‐amplitude variations in CAPE originating there.
Amplitude of heat flow variations on Mars from possible shoreline topography
Authors: Ruiz Javier
Published: November 2003

Analyses of the effective elastic thickness of the Martian lithosphere have been previously used to calculate surface heat flow on Mars at different places and times. In this work, I use elevation differences in a putative Late Hesperian shoreline, named Deuteronilus shoreline, and the relation between thermal state and buoyancy of the lithosphere, in order to estimate the amplitude of the variations of surface heat flow on Mars, probably related to the time in which this feature was formed. The results suggest that, if the Deuteronilus shoreline is a true paleo‐equipotential surface, the relative amplitude of surface heat flow variations on the shoreline regions in the Late Hesperian were less than present‐day ones in terrestrial continental areas. The results are also roughly valid for the outer contact of the Late Hesperian Vastitas Borealis Formation, if this contact is related to the limits of an ancient ocean. These results could imply that large areas of the Martian lithosphere have been tectonothermally stable since at least that time.
Field‐scale estimation of volumetric water content using ground‐penetrating radar ground wave techniques
Authors: Grote K. , Hubbard S. , Rubin Y.
Published: November 2003

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) ground wave techniques were applied to estimate soil water content in the uppermost ∼10 cm of a 3 acre California vineyard several times over 1 year. We collected densely spaced GPR travel time measurements using 900 and 450 MHz antennas and analyzed these data to estimate water content. The spatial distribution of water content across the vineyard did not change significantly with time, although the absolute water content values varied seasonally and with irrigation. The GPR estimates of water content were compared to gravimetric water content, time domain reflectometry, and soil texture measurements. The comparisons of GPR‐derived estimates of water content to gravimetric water content measurements showed that the GPR estimates had a root mean square error of volumetric water content of the order of 0.01. The results from this study indicate that GPR ground waves can be used to provide noninvasive, spatially dense estimates of shallow water content over large areas and in a rapid manner.
Disorganized families and the helping professions: ‘who's in charge of what?’
Authors: Reder Peter
Published: November 2003

Disorganized families fail to define their executive and caretaking structure, resulting in multiple social and emotional problems. They tend to be referred to a Child and Family Psychiatric Clinic in crisis and with a wide network of professional workers already involved. The professionals' rôle often can be seen as ‘supplementing’ apparent functional deficiencies in the family. Work with disorganized families can be very demanding on professional time and emotional energy but is facilitated by everyone knowing ‘who's in charge of what’ decisions in the family's professional network. A case is presented to suggest that the Clinic's initial aim should be to clarify the responsibilities and role of each member of the professional network, and then of the structure and organization in the family. Joint family‐professional network meetings can help to achieve these aims.
A family‐therapy approach to child abuse: countering resistance
Authors: Dale Peter , Morrison Tony , Davies Murray , Noyes Phillip , Roberts Wilf
Published: November 2003

Abusing and high‐risk families have been seen over three years at a new treatment resource with a family therapy orientation. The families present with established resistance to any treatment intervention and many have defeated a succession of previous helping agencies. Initial typology and treatment strategies are described with the aim of more systematic selection of therapeutic techniques.
Success after failure: the reassignment of responsibility in an integrated approach to a family with an adolescent bedwetter
Authors: Wright Harry , Wilkinson John , Proud Angela
Published: November 2003

In this paper we review the development of our team's thinking and demonstrate it through our approach to a particular family. This approach integrates theoretical models, the resources of the team members and the family's belief system. Analytic and structural models give an understanding of the family's problems. A behavioural intervention, integrated with this understanding, enabled us to circumvent the family's investment in failure and to negotiate avoided developmental tasks.
Family process in the treatment of intrafamilial child sexual abuse
Authors: Furniss Tilman
Published: November 2003

The paper describes the changes in family dynamics that occur throughout the process of family‐orientated treatment of families where father–daughter incest or stepfatherr–stepdaughter child sexual abuse has occurred. A detailed step‐by‐step analysis of the developing family process in incest families during therapy is given. The analysis establishes the nature of the original pattern of family relationships, explores the impact made by crisis intervention on the family structure and then outlines therapy and termination of treatment. Characteristic mechanisms in the family process during therapy are described. A detailed clinical example demonstrates the basic therapeutic moves and the mechanisms involved.
Teaching parenting skills*
Authors: De'Ath Erica
Published: November 2003

In this paper some attempt is made to examine: the current pressures on family life and the inevitable focus on parenting; the tasks of parenting; the qualities of successful family functioning; the principles of parent education; and, three models of successful ‘teaching’ of parenting skills—a functional approach, an interactional and an educational approach.
Orthodoxy in family therapy practice as servant or tyrant
Authors: Jenkins Hugh
Published: November 2003

This paper considers some of the pitfalls of a single‐model approach to family therapy. It does not argue a ‘right’ way of practising family therapy, but proposes that the therapist needs to have available a range of approaches on which to draw. This also raises certain problems for training in family therapy, which are highlighted. A case is discussed in the light of a number of perspectives, to demonstrate how approaches can be used in complementary fashion. Finally, reference is made to some of the agency constraints which also make it difficult to practise any one model in a ‘pure’ form.
Short therapy of a child with Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome*
Authors: Prata Giuliana , Masson Odette
Published: November 2003

This paper describes a three‐hour intervention with a family whose younger son, aged four, was brought for consultation for Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The theoretical elaboration of the intervention is discussed so as to elucidate the therapeutic effect of the session leading to the lasting eradication of the symptoms.
The contribution of Kleinian psychotherapy to the treatment of a disturbed five‐year‐old girl and her family
Authors: Campion Jean , Fry Eva
Published: November 2003

The theories of Melanie Klein are incorporated into many family therapy ‘models’ in regular use, although a detailed understanding of these theories is not an essential part of the repertoire of family therapists. In the present case, however, Klein's theories provided essential insight into the personality development of a five‐year‐old girl with severely disordered behaviour, as well as a foundation for the treatment offered to her and to her family.
Distinguishing families where suicidal behaviour is present from families where suicidal behaviour is absent
Authors: Aldridge David , Dallos Rudi
Published: November 2003

Twenty families are observed during the first interview for family therapy. In families where suicidal behaviour occurs there are three variables which distinguish them from families where no such behaviour occurs. These variables are;

the threat of immediate break up of the family relationship i.e. someone is about to leave,

a situation of mutual negative connotation where no matter what anyone tries to do it is seen as being ‘wrong’,

a tradition of symptoms being used at times of crisis to keep the family together.

Suicidal behaviour is seen as a strategic move to keep the family together in the face of developmental change.
Fairy‐tales and teaching family therapy
Authors: Robinson Jean G.
Published: November 2003

This paper sets out to illustrate how well‐known fairy‐tales can be adapted to serve as a useful teaching tool in family therapy. Familiarity with fairy stories means they can be used as a ready access to common family constellations and dynamics. This may be particularly useful when asked to present an introductory workshop or single lecture to participants unsophisticated in family therapy conceptualizations or practice. Potential clinical applications are also briefly mentioned.
Alcohol abuse—an interactional approach
Authors: Onnis Luigi
Published: November 2003

In this article, the author points out the usefulness of applying an interactional approach to the treatment of alcoholic abuse. First, the relational significance of the symptom is discussed and an analysis is made of the principal communication patterns existing between the partners of the couple.

The essential contents of the therapeutic strategy are then described, as well as the homeostatic reactions of the system: two types of intervention were applied, paradoxical and structural, which were aimed at eliminating the symptom and gradually changing the couple's relationship.
Pictorially displayed family patterns as an assessment instrument
Authors: Fosson Abe , Lask Bryan
Published: November 2003

The performance of a pictorial assessment instrument and suggestions for clinical application are described. The stylized family illustrations include the following patterns: normal family, detouring, two‐generational enmeshment, three‐generational enmeshment, parental child, undermined mother and chaotic family. Ninety‐eight individuals, five years or older, in twenty families selected depictions most like their own families. Siblings of patients alone or siblings combined with fathers chose the same pattern type as the family therapists 75 and 64% of the time, respectively. These concordances were significant statistically. Clinical uses include identifying promising therapeutic resources and facilitating transitions to systems and relationship issues.
A group analytic contribution to family therapy
Authors: Behr Harold L.
Published: November 2003

This paper represents an attempt to add to the conceptual and technical repertoire of family therapy by drawing on experiences derived from group analytic practice. Despite many theoretical points of intersection, there are significant differences in technique dictated by an evolving experience with two fundamentally different types of group. This paper sets out the core concepts of group analysis, compares them with related concepts in family therapy and aims to achieve a synthesis of group analytic family therapy, which, though sharing matters of language and theory with many schools of family therapy, provides in its total conception a unique perspective on family therapy.
Family therapy: the rest of the picture
Authors: Child Nick
Published: November 2003

The specialist literature on family therapy naturally tends to focus only on the special features of what is a much larger body of skills and knowledge. To redress the balance this paper outlines the rest of the picture in various ways. About 90 separable component parts of family therapy are described. Some implications of this analysis are identified.
Casework towards the family re‐integration of a sexually abusive father—a single case study
Authors: Cottrell David , Jog Sudha , Jackson Eva
Published: November 2003

A family is presented where sexual abuse of one child had occurred but the family wished to stay together. Work with the family over 3 years, during which time the father served a prison sentence, is described.

The problems, for professionals as well as the family, in deciding when a family is safe are discussed.