bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mahler's Concepts of “Symbiosis” and Separation-Individuation: Revisited, Reevaluated, Refined
Authors: Pine Fred
Published: November 2012

Mahler's developmental theories are reviewed in the light of subsequent clinical experience and theoretical and empirical critique. Several modifications are proposed, each tending to particularize and focus the nature and scope of developmental events. Particular attention is accorded the “symbiosis” concept, and focus placed on transmission of psychodynamic issues from mother to infant and on the progressive buildup of self-sustaining pathological systems. Overall, an argument is advanced for the continued developmental import of Mahler's “symbiotic” and “separation-individuation” phase formulations, though with recognition of significant individual differences in their role in individual lives. An argument is advanced also for the clinical utility of these ideas, and illustrations presented, though the link between clinical applications and psychoanalytic theories of early development remains problematic.
Use Your Words!
Authors: Shapiro Theodore
Published: November 2012

“Use your words!” is a phrase admonishing preschoolers to divert their action-proneness to thought and language. Freud's injunction against acting out had a similar aim, placing control over drives in the domain of “inner language.” The twenty-first-century psychoanalyst continues to employ models that depend on mentalization viewed from two angles—neural inhibition and social discourse. Psychoanalysts bolster their position by borrowing from the basic scientific work in each area. The recent focus on enactments, intersubjectivity, and social constructivism is reconsidered from an historical vantage point, as is the work that seeks to reconcile recent findings in neuroimaging and cognitive neuroscience. Freud's vision included a holistic hope that a comprehensive science of human beings might be achieved by understanding derived from biological inquiry and the artifacts of social and cultural narratives. The author's experience in both domains is recounted, and a new reconciliation of disparate approaches is offered in linguistic complementarity.
Conducting Analysis After September 11: Implications for Psychoanalytic Technique
Authors: Cabaniss Deborah L. , Forand Nicholas , Roose Steven P.
Published: November 2012

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on the World Trade Center profoundly affected the population of New York City, including analysts and analysands. To study the effect of this event on the technique of psychoanalysts conducting ongoing analysis during the weeks after 9/11, confidential questionnaires were sent to all candidates and faculty at the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research. Respondents indicated that in the days and weeks following 9/11 they initiated phone calls to their analysands, asked about their analysands' families, gave advice when it was requested, offered reassurance, and answered personal questions. They did not initiate physical contact, discontinue use of the couch, or give unsolicited advice. These responses suggest that these analysts made decisions to alter their technique in certain ways in the wake of a catastrophic event shared by the community.
The Impact of Graduation From Psychoanalytic Training
Authors: Cherry Sabrina , Cabaniss Deborah L. , Forand Nicholas , Roose Steven P.
Published: November 2012

To examine candidates' experience of graduation from psychoanalytic training, 1997—2001 graduates of the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research were sent a confidential questionnaire about their first year after analytic training. Of this group, 72 percent (23/32) returned the survey. Questions focused on the impact of graduation on time availability, net income, professional advancement, and sense of personal and professional autonomy. Graduates from analytic training were found to have more income in their first postgraduate year, a mean increase of $30,000, and more available time, a mean increase of sixteen hours. Increased earnings came primarily from seeing more patients during the time made available with the end of classes. In addition, graduates did not terminate their control cases or stop supervision. Graduates most valued their sense of professional accomplishment and ability to spend more time with their families. Although graduates also experienced relief from evaluation pressure, they did not rank this high in importance. For candidates, graduation profoundly impacts the structure of professional and personal life, but does not mean an end to learning.
The Role of the Analyst in the Analytic Cure During Times of Chronic Crises
Authors: Kogan Ilany
Published: November 2012

The role of the analyst in psychoanalytic treatment during periods of chronic crises is illustrated with material from two case studies. The first clinical vignette shows an analyst able to stay with fears evoked in the patient by the traumatic external reality, even as the analyst tried to explore with the patient an inner universe that handled this reality in unique ways. The second case study focuses on how the analyst's countertransference during this period of chronic crises, which she was experiencing along with the patient, made it difficult for her to contain the patient's fears and anxieties, because of the threat to her own existence, as well as to her identity as an analyst. In this second case the analyst, out of denial of the external situation, focused blindly on the patient's internal reality in order to counteract her own sense of passivity and helplessness in the confrontation with death and destruction. She clung to “classical” analysis by trying to analyze the patient's defenses, work them through, etc., thus making so-called analytic interpretations rather than staying with the patient's fear, as well as her own, and helping the patient more directly. A turning point came with the birth of the analyst's granddaughter; fear for the new arrival's safety made the analyst sharply aware that it is impossible to ignore external reality, that it must be given a place both in everyday life and in analysis. This awareness enabled the analyst to contain the patients' fears, which helped him feel more supported and facilitated change.
Healing After Columbine: Reflections of Psychoanalytic Responders To Community Trauma
Authors: Levy Mary Ann , Haglund Pamela , Plaut Linda , Emde Robert , Stewart Marguerite , Shaw Ronnie , Ilvonen Carol , Krown Buirski Cathy , Singer Mel , Hea Rebecca , Edwards William , Levy Mary Ann
Published: November 2012

Following the shootings at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999, the Denver Psychoanalytic Society provided both immediate and long-term interventions to those closely impacted by the tragedy. In this effort, analytically trained volunteers faced many personal challenges and role adjustments. To address these issues a reflective study group was formed twenty months after the traumatic event. Group discussions revealed a surprising number of residual symptoms from secondary trauma, as well as opportunities for shared coping among analysts. Little has been written about the very human and subjective responses of analysts in such circumstances. These experiences may be helpful to others in today's world of terrorism and unexpected violent events.
Negotiations of Surface: Archaeology Within the Early Strata of Psychoanalysis
Authors: O'Donoghue Diane
Published: November 2012

Freud's “The Aetiology of Hysteria” (1896) begins with the description of an excavation. With this passage as a point of departure, the role of archaeology in Freud's early psychoanalytic formulations is examined. The archaeological imagery in his later writings and the collection of ancient objects that came to fill his consulting room and library are well known, but the passage must be contextualized in its own moment to show the influences that led Freud to articulate an “expanse of ruins” at this particular time. In the late nineteenth century, archaeology provided an innovative representation of “topography”—one that exceeded the limitations of this concept in neuroanatomical visualizations and that offered the layered site as an analogy for psychic processes. Schliemann's highly publicized excavations of Troy are recognized as an important but not exclusive source for Freud's narrative of 1896. The additional, perhaps dominant, impact of Austrian archaeological projects in the 1880s and 1890s is noted. These enjoyed considerable visibility in Vienna, and were used by Freud to symbolize the processes of destruction and rebuilding in the city itself. The excavation imagery in “Aetiology” is thus posited as the continuation of a complexity of meanings that Freud brought early on to his engagement with acts of unearthing.
The Dreamer's Use of Space
Authors: Katz Howard M.
Published: November 2012

The dreamer often portrays wishes, conflicts, or current problems in terms of visual-spatial representations and metaphors.The spatial dimensions of dreams frequently signify important affective themes of the dream. In doing so, they serve to continue or reflect processes of self-recognition in relation to the environment, processes that began in early childhood, when the developing child's experience of movement through space played a central role in organizing affect and motivation systems that contribute to emerging schemata of the self. Representations of that movement through space gradually grow to serve a broader symbolic function, as may be seen in the spatial dimensions of both play and dreaming. Spatial relations then become building blocks for aspects of metaphoric and abstract thinking. The resultant personal “geography,” a constellation of physical imagery of a body moving through space, retains an important place in mental life as development unfolds. It is complemented and enhanced by the achievement of language, but it never recedes as a core aspect of self. Developmental and neurobiological observations suggest the clinical usefulness of heightened attention to this spatial aspect of dreams. Clinical examples illustrate how attention to the spatial arrangements of a dream and the dreamer's movement through space can enhance access to the affective tone and meaning of the dream.
Transforming Feminine Categories: Genealogies of Virginity and Sainthood
Authors: Stiritz Susan E. , Schiller Britt-Marie
Published: November 2012

The categories of virginity and sainthood, often used as norms of femininity, are historically and contextually constructed. Genealogies of these categories reveal definitions of female subjectivity in accordance with male desires. Traditional conceptions of virginity have implications for theories of female development and sexuality, conceptions of the psychoanalytic process, and theories of social symbolism. Notions of virginity as an unblemished state, the first penetration by a penis as an irrevocable transformation to womanhood, and defloration as a developmental mile-stone in female sexuality derive from male fantasies of female purity that translate into justifications for social structures of control and ownership. While fantasies of sainthood played significant roles in the work of both Sigmund and Anna Freud, their images of saints, which they did not analyze, were unconsciously shaped by a Victorian sensibility. Because the psychoanalytic legacy is androcentrically informed, analysts may be hampered in their efforts to treat the pathologies of perfection that continue to plague women. Contesting and unsettling conventional epistemological assumptions open up the categories of virginity and sainthood to images and representations of female autonomy and integrity. The critical analyses offered here contribute to theories of the plasticity of gender and the social construction of femininity.
Re-Reading “Little Hans”: Freud's Case Study and the Question of Competing Paradigms in Psychoanalysis
Authors: Midgley Nicholas
Published: November 2012

Psychoanalysts have long recognized the complex interaction between clinical data and formal psychoanalytic theories. While clinical data are often used to provide “evidence” for psychoanalytic paradigms, the theoretical model used by the analyst also structures what can and cannot be seen in the data. This delicate interaction between theory and clinical data can be seen in the history of interpretations of Freud's “Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy” (“Little Hans”). Freud's himself revised his reading of the case in 1926, after which a number of psychoanalysts— including Melanie Klein, Jacques Lacan, and John Bowlby—reinterpreted the case in the light of their particular models of the mind. These analysts each found “evidence” for their theoretical model within this classic case study, and in doing so they illuminated aspects of the case that had previously been obscured, while also revealing a great deal about the shifting preoccupations of psychoanalysis as a field.
The Psychoanalytic Dictionary: A Position Paper On Diversity and Its Unifiers
Authors: Pine Fred
Published: November 2012

An attempt is made to create a conceptual housing for an increasingly common stance among clinicians who willingly draw from diverse theories as they seem applicable to the immediate clinical moment. The working clinician generally does this without regard to questions of eclectic contradiction or of whether concepts can be extricated from the theories in which they are embedded. The metaphor of a psychoanalytic dictionary is used to create this conceptual housing. Within this metaphor, a psychoanalytic alphabet, vocabulary, and grammar are defined, as well as a set of core assumptions that gives some shape to the boundaries of the psychoanalytic language. Diversity is located in the preferred alphabets and vocabularies of varied psychoanalysts, and unifiers are found in the grammar and core assumptions of the language. Questions regarding internally inconsistent eclecticism and extricability are discussed. The integrative concepts chosen here (among the many that are possible)—concepts defining a shared view of how mind works— are found in such familiar ideas as displacement, condensation, overdetermination, and multiple function.
The Absence of a Future: The Effect of Past Experience and Current Developmental Conflicts On a Midlife Analysis
Authors: Colarusso Calvin A.
Published: November 2012

The four-year analysis of Mr. T., a highly intelligent, successful professional who entered analysis primarily because of a depression is presented; he had had no previous therapeutic experience but was very curious about analysis. The analytic work led to the discovery of a deeply held unconscious conviction of premature death that was related to interaction among the effects of a traumatic parental divorce during childhood, estrangement from both parents prior to their deaths, and signs of aging and illness in midlife. Before this analytic work the patient was unable to conceptualize, let alone plan for, late-life developmental experiences such as retirement and grandparenthood. Transference-countertransference themes are discussed, as is the importance of an understanding of midlife developmental concepts to successful analytic work with patients in this age group.
Interdisciplinary Studies and Our Practice
Authors: Olds David D.
Published: November 2012

Why should psychoanalysts learn about neighboring disciplines? It is often argued that, although information from neuroscience, neuro-psychology, evolutionary psychology, and other fields may be of interest to analysts, it has no real effect on their practice: on the way they listen, the way they react, or the way they treat their patients. A corollary of this position is that there is no reason to include such information in a psychoanalytic curriculum, since it does not help candidates become better analysts. Against this view, two reasons are advanced for the importance of interdisciplinary study. The more general reason is that it grounds psychoanalysis in the broader scientific world, reducing its isolation and inbred parochialism. This can help justify the discipline intellectually, possibly in advance of and independently of supportive research from within the field (e.g., outcome studies). The second reason is that our own minds, and particularly those of the generation now entering training, have been altered by changes in the scientific zeitgeist and we need to have some grasp of these changes. Finally, six examples of findings from other disciplines are presented that even now may be contributing to thinking about psychoanalytic practice.
Medication as Object
Authors: Tutter Adele
Published: November 2012

People experience and treat medication as though it were a person: in other words, as an object. Among the many symbolic meanings attributed to medication, this sort of personification, or object representation, is a meaning that medication is uniquely positioned to contain and convey: imbued with intentionality and influence, medication moves beyond the sphere of static, iconic representation and enters the changeable, dynamic object world of action, aim, and agency. Unlike more generic or stereotypic meanings, object representations attributed to medication may reflect the patient's specific dynamics and object relations. These representations are many and mutable, and take on shifting and overlapping forms that evolve with the analytic process. Medication may represent a third person within the framework of an analytic treatment, expanding the analytic dyad into a triad and offering new transference paradigms to explore. The defensive displacement of transferential qualities and attitudes, or split-off parts thereof, from the analyst onto medication can serve as a powerful resistance to the awareness of the transference to the analyst. Clinical examples illustrate the utility and importance of the analysis of medication as object, for both patient and analyst, with particular attention to the transference.
Poetic Closure, Psychoanalytic Termination, and Death
Authors: Caston Joseph
Published: November 2012

Our pull to grasp narrative structures—including beginnings and especially endings—applies not only to the intentional craft of fictions, but to life as lived, as it is in psychoanalytic termination. Remarkable parallels, for instance, exist between thematic closure in poems and the conscious and unconscious signals of closure that develop in pretermination and accelerate in termination proper. A case illustrates this point: the slow crescendo of cues begins months before the first “pretermination dream.” It is the patient's emerging awareness of greater health and freer functioning that likely gives rise to these phenomena, yet this awareness is often warded off because of the grave task of ending that it implies. Literature and psychoanalysis share concerns with how an ending is borne. Fictive closure and apocalyptic narratives allude to or imply finality (i.e., death), and lesser “endings” in daily life may not escape the specter of that linkage. But Kermode asserts that “ending” confers significance on an entire narrative and may thereby console us. Coltart links the realities of mortality and psychoanalytic termination, yet falls short of consolation. Clues to the role of beginnings (in final matters) and how they may help emerge from considering Basho's last days and poems. Nonetheless, the power of narrative has its limits in helping us bear the burden of a real ending, as of an analysis. Joining present to future, as through normal hope, or joining present to past through normal nostalgia, works toward a “bearing of the burden”—but only within the context of health achieved through the analysis.
Intentional Attunement: Mirror Neurons and the Neural Underpinnings of Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Eagle Morris N. , Migone Paolo
Published: November 2012

The neural circuits activated in a person carrying out actions, expressing emotions, and experiencing sensations are activated also, automatically via a mirror neuron system, in the observer of those actions, emotions, and sensations. It is proposed that this finding of shared activation suggests a functional mechanism of “embodied simulation” that consists of the automatic, unconscious, and noninferential simulation in the observer of actions, emotions, and sensations carried out and experienced by the observed. It is proposed also that the shared neural activation pattern and the accompanying embodied simulation constitute a fundamental biological basis for understanding another's mind. The implications of this perspective for psychoanalysis are discussed, particularly regarding unconscious communication, projective identification, attunement, empathy, autism, therapeutic action, and transference-countertransference interactions.
The Patient's Experience of Validation in Psychoanalytic Treatment
Authors: Schechter Mark
Published: November 2012

The importance of the patient's experience of validation is not a new one in psychoanalytic thinking, and can be traced throughout the literature. However, its role as an essential aspect of the psychoanalytic process, particularly in working with intrapsychic conflict, has traditionally been underappreciated. It is argued that validating interventions have an important role in psychoanalytic treatment, and that they often serve to open up, rather than foreclose, the analysis of transference. Marsha Linehan's conceptualization of the role of validation in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy provides a unifying framework for a more extensive psychoanalytic consideration of validation. After a review of the psychoanalytic literature, a number of conceptual issues are discussed that have complicated thinking about validation from a psychoanalytic perspective. Two clinical examples are presented, one from the author's psychoanalytic practice and one from his own analysis. Both illustrate how active validation by the analyst can play an essential facilitating role in the psychoanalytic process.
Hamlet and Psychoanalytic Experience
Authors: Schwaber Paul
Published: November 2012

Hamlet draws us into its rendered world, enabling us to experience it with depth, awareness, and resonance, in a mode we recognize as aesthetic. By way of Shakespeare's play—primarily the first act—and a detailed case study, aesthetic and psychoanalytic experience are compared, to suggest that, for our own analytic discourse, we revalue Freud's unease that his case studies read like short stories.
Emptiness in Agoraphobia Patients
Authors: Milrod Barbara
Published: November 2012

In light of new research findings about the efficacy of psychodynamic treatment for panic disorder and agoraphobia, it seems a prudent time to carefully address psychoanalytic thinking about the treatment of agoraphobia. The literature has highlighted oedipal contributions to its genesis and clinical unraveling in psychoanalysis. While those contributions are indeed central to the disorder, structural deficits in the self-representation often become a central focus of treatment once symptomatic remission has been achieved in psychoanalytic treatment. This aspect of the clinical presentation of agoraphobia has not yet been specifically addressed in the psychiatric literature. Some aspects of the phenomenon have been described by psychoanalysts. It is more difficult to treat this “emptiness” than the overt symptoms of agoraphobia, as described in DSM-IV. Nonetheless, this phenomenon may be one of the contributors to the chronicity of the disorder. Two clinical cases illustrate these points.
Attachment and Sibling Rivalry in Little Hans: The Fantasy of the Two Giraffes Revisited
Authors: Wakefield Jerome C.
Published: November 2012

Freud's interpretation of Little Hans's “phantasy of the two giraffes” (1909) is pivotal to his oedipal analysis that Hans has inchoate desires for sexual intercourse with his mother. Bowlby (1973) argued that Freud's focus on his oedipal theory led him to ignore preoedipal attachment-related factors that have equal plausibility in explaining the clinical data. However, Bowlby did not attempt to apply the attachment perspective to the interpretation of Hans's fantasies that form the core of the case material. A microanalysis of Hans's giraffe fantasy and the evidence used to support Freud's claims about it yields an attachment-based sibling rivalry account arguably of greater explanatory power than the oedipal account. Consistent with Bowlby's hypothesis, the evidence suggests that Hans's giraffe fantasy is about the sibling rivalry triangle involved in caregiver attachment access, rather than (or in addition to) the oedipal triangle. The issue of multiple levels of meaning and the methodological challenges raised by multiple determination is also considered. The giraffe fantasy's attachment-theoretic explanation encourages a rethinking of this classic case and strengthens Bowlby's claim that the case is fruitfully viewed from an attachment perspective.
Are Children Still at Risk for Lead Poisoning?
Authors: Roberts James R. , Allen Cindy L. , Ligon Colin , Reigart J. Routt
Published: November 2012

Background. The prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs) has decreased nationally, creating challenges in identifying children at risk. Methods. In a community known to have lead hazards, we screened children with a field-administered capillary blood lead test and asked parents to complete a questionnaire about lead risk factors. Results. Of the 77 child-parent pairs screened with a blood lead test and a parental questionnaire, 4 had finger stick blood lead levels of ≥10 µg/dL. Of these, one child had a confirmatory venous blood lead level >10 µg/dL (1.3%; 95% CI = 0.0%-4.7%), which is near the US prevalence but less than the historic prevalence for this region. A median of 2 risk factors for each of the environmental, behavioral, and knowledge/awareness domains were noted. Conclusions. Despite a low prevalence of children with EBLL, parental report suggested that approximately 29% of children had lead-based paint in their home environment.
Expanding the Conversation
Authors: Marshall Catherine , Wynn Susan
Published: November 2012

This trio of books adds to conversations about women in educational leadership. Considered together, they are timely additions to the literature on women’s leadership, a way of leading that warrants much more attention that it currently gets. The authors speak to the heart of leadership with compassion and caring about the struggles and successes of a diverse group of women. Breaking Into the All-Male Club takes a novel slant, looking at the worlds of female educational administration professors who were “firsts” in their departments. Women and Educational Leadership suggests a new, nontraditional model of leadership that builds on the research from diverse areas, including the notion of power, the concept of cognitive shifts, and the need for reframing problems, solutions, and constituencies. Women Leading Across the Continents is a transnational compendium of education research and practice that provides insights into the challenges women face around the world and inspiration for those who care about education. All three books are useful for practitioners and scholars alike; yet, each book raises questions about representation, gender, leadership, and false separations between public and private spheres.
Effects of Self-Construals on Consumer Assertiveness/Aggressiveness
Authors: Polyorat Kawpong , Jung Jae Min , Hwang Yoon Yong
Published: November 2012

This study investigates the effects of self-construals (independent self and interdependent self) on consumers’ tendency to be assertive or aggressive in their interaction with retail sales representatives. For this, the study employs samples from the United States and Thailand and tests the hypotheses through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and full structural equation modeling. The results indicate that independent (interdependent) self-construals had positive (negative) effects on consumer assertiveness and aggressiveness. The implications of these results and some avenues for future research are discussed.
Urban Youth, Worklessness and Sport: A Comparison of Sports-based Employability Programmes in Rotterdam and Stoke-on-Trent
Authors: Spaaij Ramón , Magee Jonathan , Jeanes Ruth
Published: November 2012

The potential value of sport as a vehicle through which urban regeneration and social renewal policy can be delivered has been extensively examined. However, there are an increasing number of initiatives aiming to use sports-based programmes as a way to address worklessness and social exclusion amongst young people which have received less attention. This paper provides a critical comparative analysis of two such programmes, one based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and the other in Stoke-on-Trent in the UK. Using qualitative data collected from participants, staff and other stakeholders, the paper details the nature and perceived merits of the programmes before considering the limitations and constraints of employability initiatives using sport. The paper concludes by suggesting that a fundamental shift in policy discourse is required for such programmes to be able to achieve sustainable positive outcomes for workless young people with complex problems and needs.
Comparison of mechanical, morphological and swelling properties of WNRL/PS and NRv/PS blends
Authors: Boondamnoen Orathai , Rashid Azura A , Chayjuljit Saowaroj , Ohshima Masahiro , Ariffin Azlan
Published: November 2012

Natural rubber latex waste was dried in an ambient temperature and was milled by a two-roll mill prior to blending with polystyrene (PS) for the purpose of recycling. These blends were prepared at different milled waste natural rubber latex (WNRL) and PS ratios, and the effect of PS content on the mechanical properties was investigated. As the PS content increased, the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus also increased, but the elongation at break decreased. The blend morphologies were observed using transmission electron microscope. A dynamically vulcanized natural rubber/PS blend and a natural rubber (NR)/PS blend were prepared and compared with WNRL/PS blend. WNRL/PS blend showed higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus compared with other blends.
Planning for a successful return home: Transnational habitus and education strategies among Japanese expatriate mothers in Los Angeles
Authors: Nukaga Misako
Published: November 2012

Based on ethnographic research of Japanese expatriate families in Los Angeles, this article explores how Japanese expatriate mothers, in dealing with globalization and transnational migration, develop transnational habitus and education strategies. These mothers attempt to assure their children’s successful reintegration into the competitive Japanese education system that is increasingly concerned with raising globally oriented, cosmopolitan Japanese children. Drawing on a transnational perspective, this case study illustrates how the global economy increasingly offers chances to live abroad, which in turn offer opportunities for families to cultivate their children’s academic proficiency, transnational competencies, and various cultural skills. Yet, this article also reveals a cost of such activities, namely the emotional burdens of the mothers, which derive from their increasing engagement in intensive mothering and identity management in a transnational social field. The findings suggest the importance of studying the intersections between globalization and women’s construction of race, ethnicity, gender, and emotion by focusing on their embeddedness in multiple sociocultural contexts.
Making a Difference
Authors: Bohnert Amy M. , Ward Amanda K.
Published: November 2012

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the Girls in the Game (GIG) after-school program (ASP) in promoting social-emotional development and reducing body mass index (BMI) and obesogenic behaviors among a group of minority, low-income girls. Data were collected from 76 third- to fifth-grade girls ( n = 52, GIG; n = 24, controls) from five urban elementary schools prior to and at the conclusion of 30 weeks of programming. Multiple methods were used to assess outcomes and process variables, including questionnaires, observations, and body measurements (i.e., body mass index [BMI]). The program demonstrated high levels of program quality and was well implemented across program sites. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (analyses of variance) revealed small but significant improvements in body image, nutrition knowledge, and behavior for GIG participants. These findings were not moderated by initial levels of self-esteem or BMI. Analyses suggested that program effectiveness varied depending on process variables.
Contextually guided semantic labeling and search for three-dimensional point clouds
Authors: Anand Abhishek , Koppula Hema Swetha , Joachims Thorsten , Saxena Ashutosh
Published: November 2012

RGB-D cameras, which give an RGB image together with depths, are becoming increasingly popular for robotic perception. In this paper, we address the task of detecting commonly found objects in the three-dimensional (3D) point cloud of indoor scenes obtained from such cameras. Our method uses a graphical model that captures various features and contextual relations, including the local visual appearance and shape cues, object co-occurrence relationships and geometric relationships. With a large number of object classes and relations, the model’s parsimony becomes important and we address that by using multiple types of edge potentials. We train the model using a maximum-margin learning approach. In our experiments concerning a total of 52 3D scenes of homes and offices (composed from about 550 views), we get a performance of 84.06% and 73.38% in labeling office and home scenes respectively for 17 object classes each. We also present a method for a robot to search for an object using the learned model and the contextual information available from the current labelings of the scene. We applied this algorithm successfully on a mobile robot for the task of finding 12 object classes in 10 different offices and achieved a precision of 97.56% with 78.43% recall.1
Cognitive Impairment Occurs in Children and Adolescents With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Julian Laura , Serafin Dana , Charvet Leigh , Ackerson Joseph , Benedict Ralph , Braaten Ellen , Brown Tanya , O’Donnell Ellen , Parrish Joy , Preston Thomas , Zaccariello Michael , Belman Anita , Chitnis Tanuja , Gorman Mark , Ness Jayne , Patterson Marc , Rodriguez Moses , Waubant Emmanuelle , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Yeh Ann , Krupp Lauren B. ,   for the Network of Pediatric MS Centers of Excellence
Published: November 2012

In the largest sample studied to date, we measured cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with pediatric multiple sclerosis (n = 187) as well as those with clinically isolated syndrome (n = 44). Participants were consecutively enrolled from six United States Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence. Participants had a mean of 14.8 ± 2.6 years of age and an average disease duration of 1.9 ± 2.2 years. A total of 65 (35%) children with multiple sclerosis and 8 (18%) with clinically isolated syndrome met criteria for cognitive impairment. The most frequent areas involved were fine motor coordination (54%), visuomotor integration (50%), and speeded information processing (35%). A diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (odds ratio = 3.60, confidence interval = 1.07, 12.36, P = .04) and overall neurologic disability (odds ratio = 1.47, confidence interval = 1.10, 2.10, P = .03) were the only independent predictors of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment may occur early in these patients, and prompt recognition is critical for their care.
Fluid Management in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Goldstein Stuart L.
Published: November 2012

Fluid management in critical illness has undergone extensive reevaluation in the past decade. Since a significant percentage of critically ill patients develop acute kidney injury (AKI), optimal fluid management is even more paramount to prevent the ill effects of either underhydration or overhydration. The concepts of early goal-directed fluid therapy (EGDT) and conservative late fluid management permeate current clinical research, and the independent association between fluid accumulation and mortality has been repeatedly demonstrated. A number of prospective randomized trials are planned to provide an adequately powered assessment of the effect of EGDT or earlier renal replacement therapy initiation in patients with, or at risk for AKI. The aim of this analytical review is to use existing clinical and physiological studies to support a 3-phase model of fluid management in the critically ill patient with AKI.
Birds of a Feather: Applied Behavior Analysis and Quality of Life
Authors: Gambrill Eileen
Published: November 2012

Applied behavior analysts have been helping people to enhance the quality of their lives for decades. Its characteristics as described by Baer, Wolf, and Risley continue to guide efforts to help clients and their significant others. Yet, this knowledge often languishes unused and unappreciated. Distortions and misrepresentations of applied behavior analysis and radical behaviorism abound. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is contextual and concerned with social validity—with the views of clients and significant others regarding outcomes. These characteristics make it radical in shedding light on dysfunctional contingencies some may wish to remain hidden. Given that ABA and quality of life are birds of a feather, we must become more successful in highlighting this close relationship as a route to increased dissemination of effective methods. Obstacles are suggested as well as a path for accomplishing this, including making avoidable suffering due to failure to use effective methods more visible.
Product Counterfeits in the Online Environment
Authors: Heinonen Justin A. , Holt Thomas J. , Wilson Jeremy M.
Published: November 2012

The growing pace of e-commerce has facilitated the sale and distribution of counterfeit products. One reason may be that consumers cannot fully validate goods for sale online, thus creating tremendous opportunities for fraud. Despite the growth of online product counterfeiting specifically, little research has examined this crime which limits our basic understanding of the problem and victim reporting. Drawing on 2009 and 2010 complainant data from the Internet Crime Complaint Center, we examine the characteristics, costs, and reporting of online auction and non-auction product counterfeiting incidents. In light of the limitations of this study, we discuss the contribution of our findings for advancing theory and future research.
Cetuximab infusion reactions: French pharmacovigilance database analysis
Authors: Grandvuillemin Aurélie , Disson-Dautriche Anne , Miremont-Salamé Ghada , Fourrier-Reglat Annie , Sgro Catherine ,   The Réseau des Centres Régionaux de Pharmacovigilance Français
Published: November 2012

Objectives:

To compare characteristics of patients exhibiting cetuximab infusion reactions or another adverse drug reaction related to cetuximab and to identify factors associated with the severity of cetuximab infusion reactions.

Methods:

All cases of adverse drug reaction reported with cetuximab from 1985 to 2010 were extracted from the French Pharmacovigilance database. The severity of infusion reactions was assessed according to the NCI-CTCAE criteria (v4.0). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the severity of infusion reactions.

Results:

Among the 602 adverse drug reaction reported with cetuximab during the study period, 374 infusion reactions were identified. Indication is more likely to be head and neck than colorectal cancer among patients experiencing an infusion reaction ( p < 0.001). Among the seven deaths related to an infusion reaction, five patients were treated for head and neck cancer. Infusion reactions were more likely to be severe when they occurred during the first administration (OR = 7.40 95% CI [2.21–24.71]), adjusted for age, sex, region of France, quarter of the year, indication, year of occurrence, and premedication.

Conclusion:

Our study found that reports of infusion reactions more often concerned patients treated for head and neck cancer, that in these patients the adverse drug reaction was more often fatal and severe infusion reactions were more likely during the first administration. In daily practice, the close monitoring of patients during the first infusion, especially patients with head and neck cancer, is recommended. Considering the possible immunoglobulin E–mediated mechanism, reliable tests for their detection need to be readily available.
Severe infusion reactions to brentuximab vedotin in two patients with Hodgkin lymphoma previously treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Baxley Allison A , Kumm Debra E , Bishop Courtney B , Medina Patrick J , Holter-Chakrabarty Jennifer
Published: November 2012

Brentuximab vendotin is a monoclonal antibody approved in August 2011 for use in patients with Hodgkin disease and a rare systemic lymphoma known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Brentuximab is approved in patients with Hodgkin disease who have failed autologous transplantation or after failure of at least two prior multi-agent chemotherapy regimens but has not been studied following allogeneic transplantation. Four patients with relapsed Hodgkin disease have been treated at our institution with at least two doses of brentuximab vendotin. Two patients have experienced significant infusion reactions on multiple occasions, and two patients have tolerated the infusions well. During phase 2 trials, there were no reports of Grade 3 or 4 infusion-related reactions. Both patients with reactions had relapsed following allogeneic stem cell transplants, while neither of the patients who tolerated the infusions had undergone transplantation. We report our experience with brentuximab vendotin-treated patients at our institution, focusing on the two post-allogeneic patients who experienced multiple significant infusion reactions. This report evaluates possible mechanisms behind their reactions, including previous allogeneic stem cell transplantation as a likely precipitating factor.
Temperature dependence of friction and wear performance and thermomechanical response of flyash-filled brake composites
Authors: Jaggi Harjeet S , Satapathy Bhabani K , Patnaik Amar , Mehra Navin C , Tomar Bharat S
Published: November 2012

Flyash-filled glass fibre reinforced composites have been fabricated and evaluated for drag braking performance on a chase friction testing machine following SAE J 661a standard. The friction build-up and decay phenomena in the drag braking mode as a function of drum temperature have consistently been found to be in the composites with ∼5−7.5 wt% of glass fibres, whereas the absolute friction effectiveness remained higher in the composites with maximum flyash/maximum glass fibre contents. Temperature-dependent friction performance remained broadly composition specific and qualitative correlations of performance to compositional attributes have been found to be complex. Topographical variations and their possible roles in controlling the tribological performance have been characterized by worn surface morphology. Scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray combined analysis have revealed that at higher amount of glass fibre content in combination with flyash, the composite exhibited enhanced noise and judder propensity apart from higher Fe-content deposition on friction film. The energy dissipation ability modes as revealed from dynamic mechanical analysis showed not only a correspondence between the damping ability of the composites and compositional variations but also qualitatively established a correlation between wear and storage moduli.
Parties, conditionality and leader effects in parliamentary elections
Authors: Mughan Anthony
Published: November 2012

Attention in the study of leader effects in parliamentary elections has shifted from the question of whether party leaders do indeed have an electoral impact to that of the conditions under which their impact is greater or lesser in magnitude. Criticizing existing scholarship in this area for its assumption that the traditional notion of party identification captures the full range of electorally relevant party attachments in democratic electorates, this article demonstrates that parliamentary party leaders have their strongest impact not when, as is usually the case, they are conceptualized as electoral forces in their own right, but when evaluations of them as individuals are moderated by voters’ matching evaluations of the parties contesting the election. Comparing (aligned) Australia and (dealigned) Britain, it is shown that election-time party evaluations condition the magnitude of leader effects independently of the strength of party identification in the electorate.
Economic liberalization and political moderation
Authors: Sokhey Sarah Wilson , Yildirim A. Kadir
Published: November 2012

Although economic liberalization has been argued to promote political liberalization, this relationship is poorly understood and we do not consistently observe greater economic openness leading to more open and moderate political systems. We examine the connection between liberalization and moderation in the context of Islamist and Communist parties, both of which are characterized by ideologies opposed to democracy and the market. When will these ideological parties moderate by adopting more pragmatic agendas? We argue that competitive liberalization spurs the emergence of more moderate parties, but crony liberalization does not. In support of this, we use two sets of most different case comparisons in which we compare two instances of competitive liberalization (Turkey and Hungary) and two instances of crony liberalization (Egypt and Bulgaria). Our research offers an important clarification to existing explanations and a more generalizable theory of how and why liberalization is linked to political moderation.
The M235T polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene and heart failure: a meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Song , Zhang Lan , Wang Hong-Wei , Wang Xiao-Yun , Li Xue-Qi , Zhang Li-Li
Published: November 2012

Background:

The aim of the present study was to assess the association between M235T polymorphism and heart failure using a meta-analysis.

Methods:

A literature search of Google Scholar, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (January 1990–April 2012) was performed for relevant studies. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Stata 12.0 to combine all the relevant studies. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated in a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model when appropriate. The pooled ORs were performed under the allelic contrast (T vs M), the dominant (TT + MT vs. MM) and the recessive models (TT vs MT + MM). Begg’s test was used to measure publication bias.

Results:

A total of six case-control studies including 842 patients and 1054 controls were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Overall, there was a significant association between angiotensinogen (AGT) gene M235T polymorphism and risk of heart failure in the subgroup analysis under the allelic contrast (T vs M: OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.04–2.11) and the dominant model (TT+MT vs MM: OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.13–2.46) in the Caucasian population.

Conclusions:

The current meta-analysis suggests that M235T polymorphism might be associated with increased risk of heart failure in Caucasians.