bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silent Vulnerability-fixing Commit Identification Based on Graph Neural Networks
Authors: Vo Hieu Dinh , Vu Trong Thanh , Nguyen Son
Published: June 2024

Abstract: In this paper, we present VFFinder, a novel graph-based approach for automated silentvulnerability fix identification. To precisely capture the meaning of code changes, the changed code isrepresented in connection with the related unchanged code. In VFFinder, the structure of the changedcode and related unchanged code are captured and the structural changes are represented in annotatedAbstract Syntax Trees (αAST). VFFinder distinguishes vulnerability-fixing commits from non-fixingones using attention-based graph neural network models to extract structural features expressed inαASTs. We conducted experiments to evaluate VFFinder on a dataset of 11K+ vulnerability fixingcommits in 507 real-world C/C++ projects. Our results show that VFFinder significantly improvesthe state-of-the-art methods by 272–420% in Precision, 22–70% in Recall, and 3.2X–8.2X in F1.Especially, VFFinder speeds up the silent fix identification process by up to 121% with the sameeffort reviewing 50K LOC compared to the existing approaches.Keywords: Silent vulnerability fixes, vulnerability fix identification, code change representation,graph-based model.
Contrastive Learning for Boosting Knowledge Transfer in Task-Incremental Continual Learning of Aspect Sentiment Classification Tasks
Authors: Dang Thanh Hai , Thi Quynh-Trang Pham , Le Duc-Trong , Nguyen Tri-Thanh
Published: June 2024

Abstract: Continual learning (CL) aims to learn a sequence of tasks, with task datasets emergingincrementally over time, and without a predetermined number of tasks. CL models strive to achievetwo primary objectives: preventing catastrophic forgetting and facilitating knowledge transfer between tasks. Catastrophic forgetting refers to the sharp decline in the performance of CL modelson previously learned tasks as new ones are learned. Knowledge transfer, which leverages acquiredknowledge from previous tasks, empowers the CL model to adeptly tackle new tasks. However, onlya few CL models proposed by far successfully achieve those two objectives simultaneously. In thispaper, we present a task-incremental CL based model that leverages a pre-trained language model(i.e., BERT) with injected CL-plugins to mitigate catastrophic forgetting in continual learning. Additionally, we propose the utilization of two contrastive learning-based losses, namely contrastiveensemble distillation (CED) and contrastive supervised learning of the current task (CSC) losses,to enhance our model’s performance. The CED loss improves the knowledge transferability of ourcontinual learning model, while the CSC loss enhances its performance for the current learning task.Experimental results on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms allexisting continual learning models in the task-incremental learning setting for continual aspect sentiment classification.Keywords: Continual Learning, Contrastive Learning, Aspect-Sentiment Classification.
Respuesta de la demanda: Experiencias internacionales y perspectivas para su integración en el mercado eléctrico colombiano
Authors: Castañeda Hernández Russby Liliana , Marulanda García Geovanny Alberto , Díaz Flórez Guillermo Andrés , Echeverry Diego Fernando , Zapata Gaitán John Alexander
Published: June 2024

Los beneficios técnicos y económicos de la implementación de programas de respuesta de la demanda (RD) en los mercados eléctricos han sido ampliamente documentados y estudiados en la literatura. A pesar de esto, son pocos los trabajos que realizan un análisis comparativo de estos programas desde una perspectiva holística de la RD, esto es, considerando el marco político y estructural de los mercados en los que se han implementado. En este libro se analizan distintas alternativas de inclusión de programas de RD en el sistema eléctrico colombiano partiendo de las experiencias de dos mercados distintos: el mercado de Gran Bretaña y el PJM. Para esto, los autores presentan inicialmente una descripción general de los principales programas de RD y tecnologías que habilitan su implementación en los sistemas eléctricos. Posteriormente, elaboran una caracterización detallada de los tres mercados, reconociendo similitudes y diferencias asociadas a la política, las instituciones, los agentes, la estructura de mercado, el marco regulatorio y el proceso de formación de tarifas. El análisis propuesto por los autores indica que la similitud del mecanismo para la asignación de los compromisos de largo plazo en los tres mercados permitiría replicar en Colombia algunas de las estrategias de RD adoptadas en los mercados de Gran Bretaña y PJM. Finalmente, los autores exploran las dificultades que podría tener actualmente el mercado eléctrico colombiano para incorporar la RD en los mecanismos de corto plazo.
Guía metodológica de proyectos para el cumplimiento de los ODS, una visión desde el mundo en desarrollo
Authors: Restrepo Tarquino Inés , Brand Erick , Corrales Silvia , Bolaños Isabel Cristina , Vargas Silena , Zapata Andrés Mauricio , Marín Lina María , Benavides Alberto
Published: June 2024

Actualmente, los recursos se ejecutan a través de proyectos que deben estar armonizados con los planes y programas a nivel territorial, que tienen ahora los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) en la mira. Se espera que los proyectos de desarrollo permitan la participación de los distintos actores involucrados con el problema que se desea resolver y de las instituciones y organizaciones que apoyan la solución de ese tipo de problemas. Igualmente, los proyectos deben ser sostenibles social, económica y ambientalmente, y respetar los ecosistemas naturales. Deben promover el enfoque de género que incluye tanto a los hombres como a las mujeres y el enfoque de pobreza que permite a los más vulnerables obtener beneficios del desarrollo esperado. Uno de los mayores desafíos para los entes financiadores es identificar aquellos proyectos que permitan hacer un seguimiento de las actividades y productos, así como de los recursos económicos invertidos y el tiempo de ejecución. Por otra parte, los usuarios finales de productos y resultados deben tener las herramientas para hacer la veeduría ciudadana en todo el ciclo de los proyectos de desarrollo. Asimismo, lo ideal es que el equipo gestor del proyecto facilite la participación de actores gubernamentales, comunitarios, académicos (si es posible) y privados, y de personas con distintas formaciones educativas, además de los actores involucrados en la situación. Este libro propone un ciclo del proyecto de desarrollo participativo, en el que se promuevan todos los principios mencionados anteriormente. Es producto de la larga experiencia de los autores en la gestión de proyectos de investigación para el desarrollo ejecutados en el Instituto Cinara de la Universidad del Valle. El público esperado de este libro son las comunidades organizadas y los profesionales que apoyan la gestión de proyectos de desarrollo.
EXTRANJERISMOS EN EL LÉXICO DISPONIBLE DE LA CIUDAD DE CEUTA
Authors: Ayora Esteban Mª del Carmen , Paredes Duarte María Jesús
Published: June 2024

El trabajo se enmarca en una investigación de corte experimental realizada sobre la disponibilidad léxica en escolares de curso preuniversitario de la ciudad de Ceuta. Nos centramos en el estudio de los extranjerismos encontrados y su relación con los distintos grupos sociales atendiendo a la variable nivel sociocultural. En los resultados se ofrece una estadística cuantitativa acerca de los extranjerismos consignados en los listados según los centros de interés y su ubicación en los diferentes subgrupos sociales y un análisis cualitativo de los mismos.
REDES SOCIALES Y ADOLESCENCIA: ESTUDIO SOBRE LA INFLUENCIA DE LA COMUNICACIÓN DIGITAL EN LA SALUD MENTAL DE LOS JÓVENES
Authors: Soler Carrión Juan Carlos , Latorre Lao Laura
Published: June 2024

Las redes sociales, como forma de interacción social, han cambiado y hasta revolucionado por completo nuestra forma de relacionarnos, nuestra forma de pensar y, en definitiva, nuestra cultura y nuestra comunicación social, tal y como la conocíamos. De la mano de una fugaz evolución de las nuevas tecnologías en los últimos años, las redes sociales se han erigido como núcleo de las relaciones personales en la etapa adolescente, ya que estos poseen conocimientos digitales y un fácil acceso a las tecnologías desde muy pequeños. En este estudio trataremos de acercarnos a la realidad del joven de hoy en día, sus hábitos y sus emociones. A partir de aquí, obtendremos unas conclusiones que aportan luz a un tema tan actual como preocupante: cómo influyen las redes sociales, su uso, su percepción y su manera de comunicar en nuestros adolescentes. Comenzaremos tratando un marco teórico en el que consta la aportación de expertos y bibliografía especializada para, posteriormente, realizar un análisis basado en un cuestionario completado por 252 jóvenes de entre 12 y 17 años. Compartiremos los resultados según la variable de edad y género y finalizaremos con unas conclusiones que nos ayudarán a entender la necesidad de un nuevo modelo de didáctica de la comunicación social enfocada en la información y el apoyo, tanto a adultos como a adolescentes y niños. Y es que las redes sociales afectan en gran medida a la salud mental de los jóvenes, sobre todo debido a su frecuencia de uso y a la falta de límites, controles e información.
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ МАГНИТНОГО КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА С АДСОРБЦИОННЫМИ СВОЙСТВАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ АКТИВИРОВАННОГО УГЛЯ И ОКCИДА ЖЕЛЕЗА
Authors: Байбуртский Ф.С. , Сенатская И.И.
Published: June 2024

В этой работе было синтезировано композиционное соединение на основе активирован­ного угля, обладающего адсорбционными свойствами, и оксида железа, обладающего маг­нитными свойствами. Полученные магнитные композиты могут использоваться как адсорбент для процессов очистки воды от различного рода загрязнителей и легко удаляться с её поверхности при воздействии внешнего магнитного поля. Порошковый магнитный композиционный материал имел в составе активированный уголь и оксид железа (взятые в массовых соотношениях: 3/1, 2/1 и 1/1) и был охарактеризован методами дифракционного рентге­нофазового анализа, термогравиметрии, измерениями намагниченности насыще­ния, химическими исследованиями, программируемым в температурном режиме восстановлением, исследованиями процессов адсорбции и десорбции по методу БЭТ, Мёссбауэровской спек­троскопией и сканирующей электронной микроскопией. Результаты показали, что основной магнитной составляющей в полученном соединении является маггемит (g-Fe2O3) с неболь­шими количествами магнетита (Fe3O4). Увеличение намагниченности насыщения компози­ционного материала может быть достигнуто в процессе восстановления водородом при 600°C, в результате чего оксид железа в форме маггемита переходит в форму магнетита. Ис­следования адсорбционных свойств материала по методу БЭТ продемонстрировали, что присутствие окисей железа существенно не повлияло на удельную поверхность или развитую структуру активированного угля. Результаты изотерм адсорбции летучих органических составов, таких как хлороформа, фенола, хлорбензола из их водных эмульсий, а также текстильного красителя «Дримарена Красного Бриллиант» из водного раствора на полученном магнитном адсорбенте показали, что присутствие окиси железа не влияет на адсорбционную ёмкость активированного угля.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПЛЕМЕННОГО ПОТОМСТВА, ПОЛУЧЕННОГО ОТ МЕЖСЕМЕЙНЫХ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ И СМЕСИ ЯИЦ ТУТОВОГО ШЕЛКОПРЯДА BOMBYХ MORI L.
Authors: Фозилова Х.П. , Ражабов Н.О. , Ходжаева Г.С.
Published: June 2024

В данной статье представлен анализ репродуктивных и биологических показателей тутового шелкопряда пород Гузал, Марварид, Гульшан и Нафис в поколениях F1 и F2, полученных по двум направлениям. Кладки яиц этих перспективных пород анализировали индивидуально и размножали кладки яиц в двух направлениях. В первом направлении семьи этих перспективных пород были отдельно выкормлены посемейно. Во втором направлении грену приготовили из популяции смеси яиц. В ходе наблюдений установлено, что при посемейном разведении селекционных пород все хозяйственно ценные признаки сохраняются в соответствии с особенностями породы, но при разведении гусениц, собранных из смеси яиц, наблюдается резкое снижение показателей. Поэтому при посемейном разведении перспективных пород тутового шелкопряда можно будет сохранить генетический потенциал пород на многие поколения.
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СВОЙСТВ КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА НА ОСНОВЕ НАНОЧАСТИЦ МАГНЕТИТА И СИЛИКАТА НАТРИЯ
Authors: Байбуртский Ф.С. , Сенатская И.И.
Published: June 2024

В этом исследовании нами был проведён синтез магнитных наночастиц, состоящих из ядра магнетита (Fe3O4), покрытых оболочкой оксида кремния (SiO2) с использованием силиката натрия (Na2SiO3). Этот синтез является более простым и доступным, чем при использовании в качестве исходного вещества тетраэтоксисилана (тетраэтил-ортосиликата, ТЭОС). Для образования на поверхности магнетита оболочки из оксида кремния полученные магнитные наночастицы, смешанные с щелочным раствором Na2SiO3, были обработаны (нейтрализованы) водным раствором серной кислоты H2SO4. В результате возникала композиция, состоящая из гидроксильных и силикатных групп, адсорбированных на поверхности магнетитовых наночастиц. Покрытие каждой наночастицы, представляющей «магнетитовое ядро», сопровождалось существенными изменениями их физико-химических свойств. Кроме того, было установлено, что различия в толщине покрывающего слоя оксида кремния существенно зависят от методики проведения реакции нейтрализации силиката натрия (Na2SiO3) и определяются значением pH среды. Степень и толщина покрытия каждой наночастицы магнетита (Fe3O4) оболочкой из оксида кремния (SiO2) зависела от поверхностных свойств, которые были связаны со значением отрицательного поверхностного заряда. Увеличение его значения повышало диспергируемость частиц в водном растворе с усилением электростатического отталкивания, которое также наблюдалось при использовании в этом процессе ТЭОС. Кроме того, увеличение толщины поверхностного покрытия оксидом кремния (SiO2) приводило к уменьшению магнитных свойств наночастиц, что являлось общей тенденцией при покрытии магнитных наночастиц защитными оболочками, приводящих к увеличению единицы их веса. Качество покрытия существенно отличалось от случаев с использованием ТЭОС из-за различия в морфологии.
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СВОЙСТВ КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО МАТЕРИАЛА НА ОСНОВЕ НАНОЧАСТИЦ МАГНЕТИТА И ТЕТРАЭТОКСИСИЛАНА
Authors: Байбуртский Ф.С. , Сенатская И.И.
Published: June 2024

В настоящем исследовании методами соосаждения, Стобера и их модификациями нами были синтезированы наночастицы магнетита и композиционный материал по типу «ядро – оболочка» (Fe3O4 / SiO2), где «ядром» являлся магнетит (Fe3O4), а «оболочку» представлял оксид кремния (SiO2). Для покрытия наночастиц магнетита мы использовали тетраэтоксисилан (тетраэтил-ортосиликат, ТЭОС). Для образования оболочки оксида кремния (SiO2) на поверхности «магнетита (Fe3O4) мы использовали модифицированный метод Стобера. Мы исследовали полученные образцы с использованием дифракционного рентгенофазового анализа, инфракрасной спектроскопии с преобразованием Фурье, просвечивающей электронной микроскопии с высокой разрешающей способностью, Мёссбауэровской спектроскопии сверхтонких взаимодействий, магнитометра с вибрирующим образцом. Дифракционный рентгенофазовый анализ и инфракрасная спектроскопия с преобразованием Фурье подтвердили образование одной фазы наночастиц магнетита (Fe3O4) и соединения (Fe3O4 / SiO2). Данные электронной просвечивающей микроскопии с высокой разрешающей способностью показали, что оболочка оксида кремния (SiO2), покрывающая поверхность магнетита (Fe3O4), увеличивается в толщине с добавлением ТЭОС. Присутствие оболочки оксида кремния на нескольких наночастицах магнетита было зафиксировано с помощью просвечивающей электронной микроскопии с высокой разрешающей способностью. По данным Мёссбауэровских спектров было подтверждено, что присутствие оболочек в виде оксида кремния (SiO2) не изменяет кристаллическую решётку и локальные структуры наночастиц магнетита (Fe3O4). Магнитные измерения, осуществлённые при комнатной температуре на магнитометре с вибрирующим образцом, показали ферримагнитное поведение наночастиц магнетита (Fe3O4) в образцах без покрытия оксидом кремния (SiO2), и с его покрытием (Fe3O4 / SiO2), при этом было отмечено, что с увеличением толщины слоя оксида кремния намагниченность покрытых образцов уменьшается.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE CONTENT AND QUALITY OF HUMUS OF THE SOUTHERN CARBONATE CHERNOZEMS
Authors: Зуева Н.Б. , Жлоба Л.Д. , Жлоба Г.П. , Поползухина Н.А.
Published: June 2024

Исследования проводились в 2021–2022 гг. на полях ТОО «НПЦЗХ им. А.И. Бараева», расположенных в Акмолинской области Северного Казахстана. Цель исследований заключалась в изучении влияния минеральных удобрений при возделывании пшеницы и льна по нулевой и традиционной технологиям на трансформацию органического вещества почвы. Исследованиями уставлено, что при традиционной технологии содержание углерода составляло от 1,89% до 1,92%, в то время как при нулевой технологии этот показатель варьировал от 2,00% до 2,04%. В сравнении с традиционной технологией, при использовании нулевой технологии было в среднем на 0,11% больше углерода в гумусовых веществах (НСР0,05 = 0,05%). Содержание углерода легкоразлагаемого органического вещества при нулевой технологии было выше в 1,2 раз в сравнении с традиционной технологией. Минеральные удобрения повышали содержание углерода лабильного гумуса в почве как при традиционной (на 0,03 %), так и нулевой технологии (на 0,05%). Технологии возделывания и минеральные удобрения не оказывали значительного влияния на содержание углерода гуминовых кислот в почве. Содержание фульфокислот в пахотном слое при традиционной технологии увеличилось с внесением аммофоса в дозе P20 и смеси аммофоса и аммиачной селитры в дозе N20P20 на 0,04 % (НСР0,05 =0,02 %) в сравнении с неудобренным фоном. При использовании нулевой технологии количество фульвокислот увеличилось с внесением аммофоса в дозе P20 на 0,05% (НСР0,05 =0,02 %).

The research was carried out in 2021–2022 in the fields of A.I. Baraev LLP NPCKH (wheat and flax crops) located in the Akmola region of Northern Kazakhstan. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of mineral fertilizers during cultivation using zero and traditional technologies on the transformation of soil organic matter. Studies have shown that with traditional technology, the carbon content ranged from 1.89% to 1.92%, while with zero technology, this figure ranged from 2.00% to 2.04%. In comparison with traditional technology, when using zero technology, there was on average of 0.11% more carbon in humic substances (LSD.05 = 0.05%). The carbon content of easily degradable organic matter at zero technology was 1,2 times higher compared to traditional technology. Mineral fertilizers increased the carbon content of labile h Cultivation technologies and mineral fertilizers did not have a significant effect on the carbon content of humic acids in the soil. The content of fulvic acids in the arable layer with traditional technology increased with the addition of ammophos at a dose of P20 and a mixture of ammophos and ammonium nitrate at a dose of N20P20 by 0.04% (LSD.05 = 0.02%) compared with an unfavorable background. When using zero technology, the amount of fulvic acids increased with the addition of ammophos at a dose of P20 by 0.05% (LSD.05 = 0.02%).
Rootstocks for the Mediterranean citrus industry: current choices and new releases
Authors: Caruso Marco , Giuffrida Alessio , La Malfa Stefano
Published: June 2024

Modern citriculture relies on the use of rootstocks to guarantee adaptability to environmental and biotic constraints and to speed up the establishment of a potentially unlimited number of homogeneous plants of a specific clone, which in turn ensures uniformity in the production of high-quality fruit. In this contribution, the status of rootstock availability for the Mediterranean citrus industry is described along with its evolution during the last decades. The major turning points in rootstock choice were caused by the spread of new diseases, such as Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV), that hastened the use of resistant or tolerant rootstocks. In Italy, the growers decisions on rootstock replacement were facilitated by information from rootstock trials performed for more than 70 years in several areas of southern Italy, as well as information from other countries. However, there is still the need to find alternatives to sour orange (which was the most commonly used rootstock before the CTV outbreak), especially for cultivation under suboptimal growing conditions. Nowadays, the process of replacing standard rootstocks with new ones with better performance should be assisted by a long-term evaluation strategy, since negative characteristics can become evident after many years of evaluation in combination with specific scion varieties. Ongoing rootstock breeding programs in different parts of the world and in Italy are critically described.
Reduced application of a plant growth regulator may increase yield and added net return of processing tomato in mediterranean climate conditions
Authors: El-Nakhel Christophe , Liava Vasiliki , Petropoulos Spyridon A. , Di Mola Ida , Cozzolino Eugenio , Ottaiano Lucia , Rouphael Youssef , Petriccione Milena , Mori Mauro
Published: June 2024

Among the most valuable horticultural produce, tomato is cultivated for both fresh consumption and processing purposes. Therefore, good agricultural practices secure better production and income for farmers such as the adoption of biostimulant application throughout the growing cycle. The presence of different biostimulants in the market urge its testing to depict wider aftermath on a variety of crops. A field experiment was conducted on processing tomato where a plant growth regulator (PGR; Atonik) composed of phenolic compounds, was applied following a different schedule of field applications to improve growth and fruit setting and quality. Two interventions of this PGR increased tomato marketable yield by 32.1% including fruit number per square meters (+30.8%), while four applications increased few qualitative parameters such as total soluble solids (+15.4%), firmness (+15.3%), total flavonoids (+142.6%) and total polyphenols (+33.5%). However, the added net return was higher when only two applications were done. This finding underlines the utility of testing biostimulants on different crops and depicts the best agricultural practices in term of application number in order to maintain the best net return. However, qualitative aspects should not be underestimated when pricing horticultural commodities, since quality is equally an important target to be reached in food industry
Guidelines for the choice of stone fruit rootstocks
Authors: Lang Gregory A.
Published: June 2024

Rootstocks for stone fruits (Prunus spp.) provide numerous and diverse production benefits, not least of which is the ability to produce high quality improved clonal fruit varieties, but also for better adaptation to orchard site variations and adoption of improved production techniques. These include mitigation of potential abiotic (soil, climate) and biotic (disease, pest) production limitations, as well as modification of natural tree vigor, precocity, and canopy architecture. Stone fruit production has lagged far behind that of apples with regard to rootstock-based control of vigor, which has contributed to comparatively less efficient production methods. Sweet cherries were the first stone fruits to have to a full range of vigor-controlling rootstocks become commercially available, about 25 years ago. It is primarily over the past decade that rootstocks conferring an increasing range of vigor control have begun to look promising for the larger-fruited stone fruits (peaches, apricots, plums), based on various scientific and commercial evaluation trials. This is likely to be a significant component of the overdue adoption of improved orchard training systems, particularly planar or “fruiting wall” canopies that are more labor efficient for pruning, fruit thinning, and harvest, and often contribute to better and/or more uniform fruit coloration, ripening, and quality. Such training systems also facilitate new and developing orchard data acquisition technologies and precision management techniques. General guidelines for the choice of stone fruit rootstocks for both specific growing conditions and anticipated contemporary production systems are discussed.
Guiding principles in the Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program
Authors: Fazio Gennaro , Robinson Terence
Published: June 2024

The Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program has been operating for more than 50 years and through a rigorous breeding and selection process has released several rootstocks that have provided solutions for some of the major rootstock related problems faced by the apple industry worldwide. Research and development for new apple rootstocks encompasses diverse disciplines and research areas including plant physiology, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, horticulture, and economics. The process of developing the plan for developing new apple rootstocks and related knowledge base is guided by grower-advised principles and distilled into priorities including disease and insect resistance (fire blight, replant disease, wooly apple aphids, viruses, and viroids), productivity, and sustainability (dwarfing, early bearing, yield efficiency, nutrient absorption efficiency, improved fruit size and quality and winter hardiness). The project continues to develop new breeding populations to address these priorities and discover new germplasm sources to increase resilience of the germplasm to future challenges
“Extreme hybrids” from the Australian citrus rootstock breeding program
Authors: Smith Malcolm W. , Gultzow Debra L. , Reid Michael , Huie Jessica E. , Newman Toni K.
Published: June 2024

Citrus is one of the most genetically diverse fruit trees used by humans, and yet few rootstock breeders have ventured beyond a narrow range of parents. For the last 25 years we have explored wider graft and sexual compatibility within the citrus subfamily (Aurantioideae) than any previous attempts, and have identified new genera and species for rootstock breeding. Whilst the vast majority of this work has met with failure, it has identified factors such as sexual incompatibility, late-acting lethality and poor field adaptation as the reasons why many citrus relatives are not currently amenable to rootstock breeding. A major breakthrough early in the program was the discovery that Oceania citrus species are extremely sensitive to Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) when used as rootstocks, and the realisation that resistance must be introgressed if we are to ever discover useful traits masked by this disease sensitivity. Bridging hybrids were required to transfer this virus resistance and a newly discovered species (Citrus wakonai) was employed to speed-up the process. After three generations of crossing, our “extreme hybrids” with Oceania parentage now show commercial performance equivalent to industry standards. By providing citrus growers with a range of high-performance rootstocks from extremely complex genetic backgrounds we can increase the biological diversity of orchards without compromising production. Our hope is that these “extreme hybrids” may help in the battle against Huanglongbing (HLB) disease.
The selection of appropriate rootstock and training system towards sustainable production of stone fruits
Authors: Iglesias Ignasi , Botet Ramon
Published: June 2024

In stone fruit species, such as peach, cherry, apricot and plum labour requirement is important ranging from 45% to 71% of the total cost of production. In this sense, combining size controlling rootstocks as Rootpac® series, Isthara® and others in peach and plum, or Gisela® and Corette® series in cherry, with intensive bidimensional training systems based on central axis or bi axis resulted in earlier and higher yields, compared with the traditional open vase associated with vigorous rootstocks. The association of these intensive orchards with bidimensional canopies and good accessibility to canopy by labour and machines, is essential to reduce the cost of production. These canopies allow an efficient use of labour and mechanization. Regarding peach, under Ebro Valley (Spain) conditions, the reduction on total cost of production ranged from 15% to 20% and the harvest rate increased by 41%, enhancing also fruit quality due to better light distribution within the tree canopy. In cherry the increase of harvest rate increased by 72% when UFO was compared with the traditional open center. Regarding what in Washington State (US). With European and Japanese varieties, intensification by using Rootpac®20 rootstock and super high density plantings (SHD), allowed to get more than 40 t ha-1 in the third year in Ebro Valley (Spain). With ‘Agen’ European plum, using the same rootstock, under Chilean conditions training trees in a small hedge (SHD) allowed the full mechanization of the harvest by using over-the-row harvester or pedestrian harvest for the needs of fresh market. In this case, manual harvest efficiency increased by 49% compared with the traditional open vase. In all species, the use of size controlling rootstocks offers different options to growers when selecting the training systems concerning skilled labour requirements to train the trees in the first years. Thus, an increase was recorded when the number of axes increased from central axis to bi-, tri- and multi-axes. Furthermore, all these planar canopies were better adapted to the application of precision technologies based on artificial vision (AV) for monitoring pest and diseases, neural network and AV for fruit counting, yield forecasting and robotic harvesting.
UC Davis Controller Rootstocks for peach: their background and how they work
Authors: DeJong Ted
Published: June 2024

Unlike the situation with apples, until recently, there have been few commercially acceptable size-controlling rootstocks available for peach production. Nearly forty years ago a program was initiated to screen Prunus germplasm for ease of vegetative propagation, compatibility with peach and sizecontrolling potential. This initial research involved ~120 genotypes that were either various named Prunus species and cultivars or inter-specific Prunus hybrids. This collection was later narrowed down to nine selections that showed some promise for commercial production. After subsequent field trials two new rootstocks were released in 2004 (K146-43 and P30-135; Controller 5 and 9TM, respectively). Subsequently, a new breeding program was initiated based on the hypothesis that hybrids of two peach cultivars (Okinawa and Harrow Blood) would have the potential to reduce the scion vigor of peach and be resistant to root-knot nematodes. A seedling population of hybrids resulting for this cross were propagated and ‘O’Henry’ peach was grafted onto each individual genotype. Those that showed size-controlling potential were then put into a series of replicated field trials and evaluated for both size-controlling behavior and productivity characteristics. These trials resulted in the release of a series of new rootstocks (‘HBOK 27’, ‘HBOK 32’, ‘HBOK 10’, ‘HBOK 50’; Controller 6, 7, 8 and 9.5TM, respectively). Subsequent intensive research documented that a major mechanism involved in growth control of scions grafted on these rootstocks involves reduced hydraulic conductivity of these rootstocks during early spring growth caused by smaller sized xylem vessel diameters.
Citrus rootstock breeding in an HLB-endemic environment with an industry in crisis
Authors: Grosser Jude W. , Gmitter Fred G. , Chater John , Dutt Manjul , Omar Ahmad , Cano Liliana M.
Published: June 2024

The arrival (2005) and rapid establishment in Florida of the most devastating disease known to citriculture, namely Huanglongbing or Citrus Greening Disease, has caused dramatic changes to the long-term citrus rootstock breeding program at the University of Florida’s Citrus Research and Education Center (UF-CREC). Since all commercial scion/rootstock combinations have proven to be susceptible to the disease, there is an urgent need to quickly develop improved rootstocks with good horticultural attributes that can mitigate the disease in trees grafted with commercial scions. This report describes our efforts to achieve this goal. Our approach is to rapidly develop and screen a large population of genetically-diverse hybrid rootstock candidates. Multiple available sources of potential rootstock germplasm are being exploited in our efforts. We have identified several good rootstock candidates that are showing improved HLB tolerance. These are now being propagated either by seed or micropropagation as needed for advanced multi-site trials with multiple scions. This research offers potential for the ultimate solution to HLB, leading to sustainable and profitable citriculture in HLB-endemic areas
Structure-reactivity relationships in a small library of imine-type dynamic covalent materials: Determination of rate and equilibrium constants enables model prediction and validation of a unique mechanical softening in dynamic hydrogels
Authors: Morgan Francis Luke Culliford , Beeren Ivo Anton Octave , Bauer Jurica , Moroni Lorenzo , Baker Matthew Brandon
Published: June 2024

The development of next generation soft and recyclable materials prominently features the use of dynamic (reversible) chemistries such as host-guest, supramolecular, and dynamic covalent. The advantages of dynamic systems are their injectability (shear-thinning and self-healing), reprocessability, and dynamic (time-dependent) mechanical properties, sometimes uncovering unique behavior or functions in the desired application. These properties arise from the inherent relationship between the rate and equilibrium constants (RECs) of molecular junctions (cross-links) and the resulting macroscopic behavior of dynamic networks. However, there are few examples of explicitly measured rate and equilibrium constants establishing this connection between RECs and materials properties, particularly for polymeric hydrogel systems. Here we use dynamic covalent imine formation to study how single-point compositional changes in amine nucleophiles affect binding constants and resulting hydrogel mechanical properties. We find that there is over a 3 decade change in RECs, in both model small molecule studies and model polymeric backbones. Based on established relationships in the literature, we then developed a simple model to describe the cross-linking equilibrium and predict changes in hydrogel mechanical properties. This allowed us to uncover a regime where adding crosslinker before saturation can decrease the crosslink density of a hydrogel. Having determined explicit equilibrium constants, we were then able to demonstrate the veracity of this predicted behavior experimentally. Notably this emergent behavior is not accounted for in covalent hydrogel theory. This study expands upon the structure-reactivity relationships for imine formation, highlighting how quantitative determination of rate and equilibrium constants facilitates predicting the macroscopic behavior of soft materials. Furthermore, while the present study focuses on dynamic covalent imine formation, the underlying principles of this work are applicable to the general bottom-up design of soft and recyclable dynamic materials.
The Significant Differences in Solvation Thermodynamics of C1-C3 Oxygenates in Hydrophilic versus Hydrophobic Pores of a Hydrophilic Ti-FAU Zeolite Model
Authors: Chen Xiuting , Getman Rachel
Published: June 2024

The rates of catalytic reactions have been observed to be dramatically different in zeolites, depending on if they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Hypotheses aimed at explaining this behavior have pointed to various solvent molecule and zeolite properties as having influence on entropy. Herein, the influence of various solvent and adsorbate properties on the solvation energies, entropies, and free energies of eleven C1-C3 oxygenates in hydrophobic and hydrophilic pores within a hydrophilic model of Ti-FAU zeolite are tested. The results indicate significant variation in the calculated solvation thermodynamics depending on the adsorbate type, as well as if it is bound within a hydrophobic or hydrophilic pore. Further, while solvation energies are related to solvent-adsorbate interactions, solvation entropies have multiple contributions, and these differ depending on if the adsorbate is in a hydrophobic or hydrophilic pore. Specifically, solvation entropies in hydrophobic pores are related to solvent structural properties, whereas solvation entropies in hydrophilic pores are related to adsorbate polarity. The large range of results obtained from two different pores within one zeolite model with minimal unique adsorption sites suggests that solvation behavior in zeolites is complicated and that the phenomena that control observed performance depend on the zeolite, reaction, and solvent.
Nanoconfinement of Myoglobin and Green Fluorescent Protein in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs): A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Jash Oishika , Balasubramanian Sundaram
Published: June 2024

The chemical and structural diversity, as well as the scope of applications of Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have expanded over the last decade. In the biomedical domain, they have played a significant role acting as a bio-compatible host platform for delivering cargoes inside cells, including the immobilization of proteins within their pores. The proteins myoglobin and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) have been shown to form inclusion complexes in the isoreticular IRMOF series, i.e., within IRMOF-74-VII-oeg and IRMOF-74-IX, respectively, where -oeg is a short ethylene oxide oligomer. The present work studies these two inclusions using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We observe that both these inclusions are mainly governed by van der Waals interactions at the protein-MOF interface. The effect of confinement on myoglobin was found to be larger than that of GFP, due to the relatively smaller size difference between the former and its MOF host. The primary signature of the confinement was observed in the root mean squared fluctuations of the protein sidechains. Although experiments could not succeed in the inclusion of myoglobin in IRMOF-74-VII-hex (where -hex is the hexyl group), our simulations suggest that it could be facilely accommodated in the same, suggesting the possibility of kinetic contributions in the experimental observation. Overall, for both the proteins, the tertiary structures and hydration of the surfaces of the proteins were well maintained inside the MOF channels.
Electrochemical Heteroarylation and Amidation of Alkanes using Activated Glassy Carbon Electrodes without Mediators
Authors: Laze Loris , Gonzalez-Gomez Jose C. , Bosque Irene
Published: June 2024

The functionalization of challenging unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds was achieved electrocatalytically via hydrogen atom transfer and without mediators. This was possible through the sole activation of the surface of the Glassy Carbon Electrode in an electrochemical fashion using a phosphate buffer. This activation produced oxygenated functional groups on the surface, capable of abstracting these hydrogen atoms from C(sp3)-H of alkanes. Minisci and Ritter-type reactions were achieved using this procedure. Extensive characterization of the AGCE and preliminary mechanistic studies allow us to propose plausible reaction mechanisms. Furthermore, a regular battery can be used within this protocol to achieve the desired substituted alkanes under inexpensive and user-friendly conditions.
Patrimônio alimentar dos povos tradicionais do cerrado:
Authors: Andrade Thamyris Carvalho
Published: June 2024

Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre o conhecimento tradicional associado à alimentação dos povos do Cerrado, bem como os usos de frutos nativos em seus preparos culinários. As discussões aqui apresentadas são oriundas de pesquisa e vivência (2017-2021) dentro do projeto de pesquisa e extensão GOsTO – um punhado de mandioca e um bocado de Cerrado - no âmbito da Universidade Federal do Tocantins e decorrentes também de observação enquanto cidadã nativa do bioma Cerrado. A partir da etnografia foi possível pensar e dialogar sobre o conhecimento tradicional desses povos na produção de alimentos, na construção de memórias e na conservação do bioma Cerrado. O resultado deste estudo são elementos que se somam ao diálogo para uma valorização e perpetuação da alimentação dos povos do Cerrado.
Os efeitos gerados pela pandemia da Covid-19 no setor de eventos do Distrito Federal brasileiro
Authors: Góis de Macedo Diego , Tomazin Mariana , Ramos Alves Vitor João
Published: June 2024

O presente artigo busca analisar os efeitos da pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus, a Covid-19, para o setor de eventos identificando as principais dificuldades geradas e as possíveis soluções implementadas pelos produtores do setor, com o recorte de análise no território do Distrito Federal brasileiro. O percurso metodológico foi pensado a partir de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, do tipo exploratório, tendo como técnica a pesquisa bibliográfica e aplicação de formulários. Foi possível perceber com a pesquisa as dificuldades geradas pela pandemia da Covid-19, como a restrição da circulação de pessoas, o uso obrigatório de máscara e a distribuição de álcool em gel, que fizeram com que os produtores e gestores de eventos tivessem que se adaptar à nova realidade.
Salvador - BA em cena: o imaginário turístico a partir de filmes do século XXI
Authors: Bezerra Pereira Iury , Jairo Vieira da Silva Michel , Melo Santos Adriana , Lanzarini Ricardo
Published: June 2024

A construção imagética de um destino turístico pode ser influenciada pelo cinema, que possui a capacidade de criar motivações turísticas por meio da captação de imagens. Este estudo busca interpretar a produção do imaginário turístico de Salvador - BA por meio de análise de filmes do século XXI. A pesquisa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, analisa cinco filmes (Cidade Baixa, Ó Paí, Ó, Trampolim do Forte, Guerra de Algodão e Carnaval) para observar a construção dessa imagem e imaginário da cidade. Os resultados indicam que a construção do imaginário de Salvador trabalhou com estereótipos já conhecidos, como o Pelourinho, o carnaval e as baianas vendendo iguarias. Elementos secundários, como as praias e as edificações, também são abordados, mas em menor grau. Esses elementos contribuem para a expectativa turística dos espectadores e endossam o imaginário turístico da cidade.
Consumo turístico de famílias brasileiras com crianças e idosos
Authors: Duarte Rômulo , Rocha Bíscaro Vinícius , Praia Junior João , Eduardo de Oliveira Santos Glauber
Published: June 2024

Este artigo analisa o consumo turístico de dois grupos familiares: aqueles que incluem crianças (menores de 18 anos) e aqueles com idosos (a partir de 60 anos). O consumo turístico foi analisado por meio da despesa turística média per capita em relação à idade dos indivíduos e a outras características da família, como gênero, etnicidade, estrato regional e cobertura médica. A análise foi realizada com base nos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2017-2018. A despesa turística das famílias com crianças aumenta conforme a idade do indivíduo mais jovem aumenta. Para as famílias com idosos, a despesa turística diminui com o envelhecimento. Enquanto o gênero do chefe da família tem efeito significativo sobre a despesa turística das famílias com a presença de crianças, o efeito não é significativo quando os idosos estão presentes. Outras variáveis têm efeito relevante sobre a despesa turística, embora com padrões complexos.
Conceitos de Intercâmbio Virtual e Turismo de Estudos e Intercâmbio sob investigação
Authors: Cardoso Denize , Rampazzo Laura
Published: June 2024

O Turismo é reconhecido como atividade econômica de grande importância. Dentre os segmentos turísticos, um que vem ganhando destaque é o de Turismo de Estudos e Intercâmbio, que descreve a movimentação turística gerada por programas educacionais em países estrangeiros. Outra proposta que vem sendo bastante explorada em instituições de ensino são os Intercâmbios Virtuais, que, com fins educacionais, colocam em contato estudantes de diferentes localidades sem que haja deslocamento físico. Este trabalho objetiva investigar os pontos de contato e distanciamento entre as definições de Turismo de Estudos e Intercâmbio e Intercâmbio Virtual. Para tanto, foram consultados estudos a respeito dos temas, os quais foram acessados por meio de bases de dados científicas, além de bibliotecas físicas e virtuais. Identificamos que, embora existam divergências entre os conceitos, há mais convergências, tais como a ênfase no aprendizado, contato com novas culturas e desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional e desenvolvimento de programas educacionais.
O potencial turístico das expofeiras de caprinos na região do Cariri Paraibano:
Authors: Maracajá Kettrin Farias Bem , Coutinho Renally de Farias , Perinotto André
Published: June 2024

A caprinocultura tem experimentado um crescimento significativo nas últimas décadas, consolidando-se como um setor promissor na agropecuária brasileira. Na região do Cariri Paraibano, especificamente, os municípios têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na promoção da caprinocultura, por meio da realização de expofeiras que se tornaram importantes eventos locais. Nesse contexto, destaca- se a expofeira "Bode na Rua", realizada na cidade de Gurjão, como uma iniciativa relevante para a promoção do setor e para o desenvolvimento econômico, cultural e turístico da região. Com base nessa perspectiva, foi conduzida uma pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de 15 questionários junto a criadores e produtores de caprinos em Gurjão, com o objetivo de analisar a importância do evento para esses setores. Os questionários aplicados permitiram a coleta de informações relevantes que subsidiaram a discussão sobre os benefícios proporcionados pela caprinocultura e pela expofeira "Bode na Rua" para a economia local, a preservação e valorização da cultura regional e o estímulo ao turismo rural na região do Cariri Paraibano. Por meio de uma análise tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa desses dados, foi possível apresentar um panorama abrangente e detalhado dos impactos positivos da caprinocultura nesse contexto. Adicionalmente, a pesquisa contemplou uma revisão bibliográfica aprofundada, visando fundamentar a afirmação de que as expofeiras na região do Cariri Paraibano possuem um potencial turístico significativo. Ao explorar a temática específica da expofeira "Bode na Rua" em Gurjão, foi possível contextualizar e aprofundar o estudo, compreendendo sua importância dentro do panorama pesquisado. Em suma, os resultados da pesquisa apontaram para a relevância da caprinocultura e das expofeiras na região do Cariri Paraibano, evidenciando seu potencial turístico e seu impacto positivo nos setores da economia, da cultura e do turismo rural. O evento "Bode na Rua" em Gurjão emergiu como um exemplo concreto dessa dinâmica, demonstrando como iniciativas locais podem impulsionar o desenvolvimento regional de forma sustentável e diversificada.