bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corona, Klima und weiße Suprematie
Authors: Rohland Eleonora
Published: August 2020

Eleonora Rohlands Beitrag fragt danach, ob und wie die Klimakrise, die Corona-Krise und die Krise des weißen Überlegenheitsdenkens, der white supremacy, die in den USA mit dem gewaltsamen Tod des Afro-Amerikaners George Floyd am 25. Mai offen ausbrach, zusammenhängen. Die These des Beitrags ist, dass es sich beim parallelen Auftreten der drei sich auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen bewegenden, krisenhaften Prozesse nicht um einen Zufall handelt. Der Essay zeigt anhand der Ansätze der historischen Katastrophenforschung und der Umwelt-Verflechtungsgeschichte die über die lange Zeitdauer gewachsene Verwundbarkeit bestimmter Bevölkerungsgruppen sowohl im Kontext der Klimakrise als auch im Zusammenhang mit der Pandemie auf. In einem zweiten Schritt bettet der Beitrag die Klima- und die Corona-Krise als Teil-Krisen in den größeren Zusammenhang des Anthropozäns ein. In einem Rückgriff in die koloniale Vorgeschichte dieser neuen »Epoche des Menschen« zeigt die Autorin, wie extreme Ressourcenausbeutung und mit ihr einhergehende Naturzerstörung - als Vorbedingung für den heutigen Klimawandel und durch Zoonosen ausgelöste Pandemien - mit weißem Überlegenheitsdenken bzw. systemischem Rassismus verflochten sind.
Vulnerabilität
Authors: Zirfas Jörg
Published: August 2020

Der Aufsatz von Jörg Zirfas weist im Blickwinkel einer historischen pädagogischen Anthropologie auf die Bedeutung einer pädagogischen Theorie der Vulnerabilität hin. Vulnerabilität ist eine relationale Kategorie, die die unhintergehbare Kehrseite der aktuellen Debatten um Resilienz, Empowerment, Kompetenz, Integrität, Anerkennung bildet. Sie hängt vor allem mit der Leiblichkeit, der symbolischen Lebensform, der Interesseorientierung, der Entwicklungsfähigkeit und der Autonomie des Menschen zusammen. Kulturelle Bildung kann als Ausgangspunkt für eine Kompensation oder Kritik der Vulnerabilität fungieren. Doch: Sie macht Subjekte auch vulnerabel. In der Spätmoderne wird Vulnerabilität weniger von Zwängen, denn von Freiheiten hervorgebracht. Insofern stellt sich die Frage, ob Kulturelle Bildung ein Wartungsprogramm für die Vulnerabilität durch Freiheit darstellt.
Bildwörterbuch Deutsh als Fremdsprache
Authors: Bugueño Miranda Félix Valentín
Published: August 2020

Resenha sobre dicionário.
Expediente
Authors: Goulart Claudia
Published: August 2020

Neste número da O&T
Diabetic polyneuropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment
Authors: Golovacheva V. A. , Strokov I. A.
Published: August 2020

The most common form of peripheral nervous system damage in diabetes mellitus is distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSSMPN). Chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and impaired microcirculation are considered to be the key mechanisms for the development of DSSMPN, but its pathogenesis is still unclear and continues to be studied. The paper analyzes the issues of diagnosis of DSSMPN and the effective principles of patient treatment. It also discusses the use of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) as a drug for the pathogenetic treatment of DSSMPN and describes the results of clinical trials of its treatment with ALA preparations.
The use of cannabinoids in epilepsy as an example: medical, social, and legal aspects
Authors: Akzhigitov R. G. , Pochigayeva K. I. , Rider F. K. , Teplyshova A. M. , Dedayev S. I. , Shpak I. A. , Pashnin E. V. , Gekht A. B.
Published: August 2020

The review provides historical information on the medical use of cannabinoids from antiquity to the present day. It presents the most common indications for their use in neurology, oncology, and psychiatry for the treatment of social diseases, such as epilepsy, pain syndromes, spasticity, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, dementia, etc. There are data of the largest-scale and evidence-based studies using cannabinoids to treat epilepsy. The paper depicts the main mechanisms of action of these drugs and gives information about their efficacy and safety, as well as possible adverse events. Limitations and legal aspects are discussed. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that today there have been sufficient positive study results worldwide, indicating the validity of the medical use of cannabinoids. At the same time, experimental and clinical studies are needed to further investigate the mechanisms of action of cannabinoids, the characteristics of their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety for many severe and disabling diseases.
Severe drug-induced headache with its possible recurrent statuses in a patient with chronic tension headache
Authors: Osipova V. V. , Skorobogatykh K. V. , Artemenko A. R. , Sergeev A. V.
Published: August 2020

The paper deals with the actual problem of managing patients with drug-induced headache (DIH) in patients with primary headaches. It describes a clinical case of extremely severe DIH in a patient with chronic tension headache (TH). The paper analyzes the typical and atypical manifestations of DIH and discusses the role of prolonged stress in the development of TH. Special attention is paid to the problems with therapy and compliance during a long-term follow-up of the patient. Based on the clinical features of pain syndrome in the described patient, the authors suggest for the first time that the use of extremely high number of daily doses of combined narcotic analgesics for many years can result in recurrent DIH statuses. The paper discusses whether it is expedient to introduce the concept “DIH severity” and whether an additional clinical parameter “the number of doses of painkillers per month” can be of informative value, which has not been proposed yet in the literature. All the issues given in the paper are conjectural and are raised by the authors for further investigation of the DIH problem.
Investigation of the anticonvulsant and remyelinating potential of dexketoprofen on a rat model of primary generalized seizures
Authors: Gromova O. A. , Demidov V. I. , Kalacheva A. G. , Torshin I. Yu. , Grishina T. R. , Bogacheva T. E.
Published: August 2020

Objective: to investigate the effect of dexketoprofen on the severity of seizures on a rat model of primary generalized seizures caused by thiosemicarbazide; to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the drug.

Material and methods. The investigation was conducted on 72 male albino rats weighing 200–300 g. The animals were given dexketoprofen and/or comparison drugs (gabapentin, sodium valproate) for 5 days, after which the seizure model was reproduced. The effects of the drugs were evaluated from a set of neurological tests and the results of a histopathological examination of the brain.

Results and discussion. Dexketoprofen reduced the severity, duration, and number of primary generalized seizures and potentiated the anticonvulsant effects of gabapentin and sodium valproate. Histopathological and morphometric examinations of the rat brain showed that dexketoprofen inhibited the formation of irreversible neuronal changes (27.2%; control, 55.7%), by transferring them into reversible changes (47.7%; control, 21.8%).

Conclusion. The investigation made it possible to conclude that dexketoprofen had a moderate neuroprotective effect neurologically and morphometrically verified.
Strengthening National Identity Through The Learning of East Culture-Based Art Education
Authors: Setyawan Dedy , Dopo Florentianus
Published: August 2020

Eastern culture-based art education is an effort to strengthen and build national identity through the transfer of knowledge and the transfer of value in the values of diversity and cultural preservation. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual picture of strengthening national identity through learning art education based on eastern culture. The method used is qualitative research by examining science theoretically through literature study, documentation, video, and audio study approaches that are analyzed descriptively. The results showed that some of the eastern cultural arts which are full of messages, moral values, and philosophy of life as a foundation for strengthening and building national identity through art education based on eastern culture are the arts of go laba, Ja’i, and reba traditional rituals. The art is a tradition of the people of Ngada, Flores, NTT which is used as an accompanying event in traditional rituals such as the ritual of making a new traditional house, the ritual of making customary symbols (ngadhu-bhaga), and the ritual of pesat kampung (ka nua). While, the conceptualization picture of strengthening the national identity through learning art education based on eastern culture can be done by; First, the stages of classification by selecting various kinds of art genres (music, dance, theater, visual) Eastern culture, to find meaning and values embodied in local wisdom. Second, the identification stage by identifying the learning of arts-based on eastern culture in the form of text and context into the realm of affective, cognitive, psychomotor, and creative. Third, the implementation stage by applying the results of classifying and identifying eastern culture-based art learning to be applied to students so they can understand the values contained in local culture and have cultural intelligence.
The Concept of Panutan in Governance Festival Lima Gunung in Magelang Central Java Indonesia
Authors: Aswoyo Joko , Sularso Sularso
Published: August 2020

This research is based on fieldwork at a Five Mountain Festival held in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. This festival presents performing arts in the regions of Mount Merapi, Merbabu, Andong, Menoreh, and Mount Sumbing. This study intends to explain the concept of panutan in festival governance. Modeling is a significant factor in keeping the Five Mountain Festival alive and sustainable. This study suspects that panutan are one of the guardians of the existence of the Five Mountain Festival. Issues discussed are related to how the panutan concept works, as well as knowing how the implications resulting from the use of the panutan concept in festival governance systems. This study uses qualitative methods with analytical descriptive analysis. Research data were collected through literature studies, documentation studies, interviews, and field observations. The results showed that panutan as organic intellectuals not only created new forms and processes of festival governance but also resulted in the achievement of the advancement of village culture.
De microcentros rurales a comunidades de aprendizaje: una oportunidad de transformación dialógica
Authors: Zapata Viviana Alejandra
Published: August 2020

Este ensayo presenta una revisión del estado del arte de la educación rural, específicamente los microcentros desde la perspectiva de comunidades de aprendizaje. Se establecerá una relación de ambas organizaciones, desde una visión práctica de la enseñanza y su contextualización. Aquí se develarándisonancias. La metodología consistió en una revisión de la literatura normativa y científica en el nivel nacional e internacional, para lograr una comprensión y explicación del problema que comprende el siglo XX y XXI. El enfoque es la teoría crítica en educación. Se concluye que los microcentros rurales tienen el potencial para transformarse en una comunidad de aprendizaje práctico, que contribuya a la mejora de resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y principalmente, en el cambio epistemológico de la conceptualización de la nueva ruralidad.
El maíz pozolero: Una estrategia de sobrevivencia de las familias rurales en Texcala Morelos, México
Authors: Román-Montes-de-Oca Erika , Bahena-Delgado Gregorio , Ayala-Enríquez María Inés , Licea-Resendiz Jesús Eduardo
Published: August 2020

El maíz (Zea mays L.) pozolero forma parte importante de la vida del campesinado, durante años ha sido fundamental en las estrategias de vida de las unidades familiares debido a que es esencial para el sustento. Por ello, se analizó el impacto del maíz pozolero como aporte a las estrategias de vida de la unidad familiar. El estudio se desarrolló en la comunidad de Texcala municipio de Yecapixtla Morelos, México; mediante el método etnográfico, se hicieron 33 entrevistas semi estructuradas. Se encontró que 100 % de los sujetos entrevistados tienen excedentes de maíz pozolero, los cuales son comercializados a un precio mayor que el grano normal. El 70 % combina la siembra del maíz con otros trabajos como estrategias que promueven la reproducción de las unidades familiares.
Análisis de la sostenibilidad de proyectos pecuarios con enfoque en seguridad alimentaria y nutricional: la propuesta MESMIS
Authors: Linares Díaz Alejandro José
Published: August 2020

El presente artículo parte de la relación existente entre sostenibilidad, desarrollo y las implicaciones directas hacia las poblaciones susceptibles a padecer problemas de inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional. El fin de la pesquisa es proponer una evaluación del efecto que un proyecto pecuario pudiera tener en generar un cambio favorable en las condiciones de vida de las personas que padecen hambre, tomando en cuenta las condiciones propias de cada comunidad y que las acciones no sean una amenaza para la supervivencia de las generaciones futuras, es decir, la sostenibilidad. Es necesario el estudio mediante una técnica adecuada que aborde el impacto en un espacio temporal, a través de un análisis cíclico de la productividad, la estabilidad, la confiabilidad y resiliencia, la adaptabilidad, la equidad y la autodependencia de los proyectos, por lo que se recomiendan las directrices generales para el uso de la metodología que se considera más efectiva, entre las referidas por diversos autores.
Seguridad alimentaria y características socioeconómicas de familias agricultoras de Coto Brus, Costa Rica
Authors: Rodríguez González Shirley , Zúñiga Escobar Marianela , Fernández Rojas Xinia , Coelho-de-Souza Gabriela
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del artículo es analizar la seguridad alimentaria de familias agricultoras del municipio de Coto Brus y su relación con sus características socioeconómicas. La recolección de los datos fue realizada en el 2015, en 34 familias, aplicando tres técnicas: entrevista estructurada, entrevista semiestructurada y observación participante. Fueron determinadas las características socioeconómicas relacionadas a la propiedad, la gestión y el trabajo familiar, así como la percepción de las familias sobre su inseguridad alimentaria. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa SPSS. El tamaño promedio de las propiedades es de 6,5 hectáreas. La gestión de la producción es compartida, los cultivos con mayor vinculación al mercado están a cargo del hombre, y la mujer tiene mayor participación en la producción de alimentos para autoconsumo. La tecnología utilizada en la producción es de tracción manual. El 67 % de las familias presentaban inseguridad alimentaria. Las familias con seguridad alimentaria mostraban las siguientes características: mayor tamaño de propiedad, mayor ingreso mensual e ingresos provenientes del trabajo agrícola en su finca. Se concluye que la seguridad alimentaria de las familias está relacionada con el tamaño de la propiedad, la cual define sus ingresos y su acceso a alimentos saludables e inocuos.
Representation of Lithuanian Citizens in the European Parliament: Between European and National Interests
Authors: Rakutienė Sima , Unikaitė-Jakuntavičienė Ingrida
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the problem of conflict of European and national interests in the activities of a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). The study seeks answers to the following questions: what factors impact the decision and voting of EP members, elected in Lithuania, in the plenary sessions in the cases of collision of interests, and to what extent the interests of the electorate, national parties, or European political groups are important to MEPs elected in Lithuania. To achieve the goal, first, a review of the scientific literature on the representation of interests in the European Parliament, the issues of conflict of interests is carried out. Next, the theoretical model of the “two-level game,” which is applied in the analysis of an MEP’s activities, is discussed. In the second part of the article, a Lithuanian case study is carried out, analyzing the data of semistructured interviews with MEPs, results of public opinion poll of the Lithuanian population, and other quantitative data. The results show that MEPs elected in Lithuania, like the MEPs elected in other countries, face the problem of a conflict of interests. The inquiry also revealed that an MEP’s decision on how to vote in an EP plenary session depends not only on whether they are a member of the opposition or the ruling party, but also on their personal preferences.
Violencia(s) y desplazamiento(s) en dos contextos latinoamericanos. El caso de Santiago de Chile (1973-1990) y el valle del Patía, Colombia (1930-2014)
Authors: Paulsen-Espinoza Alex , Mosquera-Vallejo Yilver
Published: August 2020

Las violencias y el desplazamiento son dos formas de despojo que históricamente se han aplicado bajo el signo del capitalismo. En América Latina la literatura ha develado que la imposición de los patrones neoliberales se realizó por medio de la violencia y la militarización. Al momento de comparar su aplicación y expresión en el espacio y las relaciones sociales, estos se muestran diferentes, pero con objetivos comunes. A través de un ejerciciocomparativo de dos casos de estudio —Santiago de Chile y el Valle del Patía—, el presente artículo trata las formas en que estas violencias y desplazamientos se dieron en un contextourbano y otro rural. En términos metodológicos se utilizaron fuentes primarias de la época y entrevistas a actores claves para rescatar las memorias que todavía recuerdan las manerasviolentas y despojadoras de la instalación del neoliberalismo en sus territorios. Los resultados arrojan que estos dos casos evidencian cómo la violencia estatal y la legalidad como formas de desposesión tienen efectos que van más allá de sus acciones inmediatas y visibles.
Reflexiones filosófico-políticas en torno a la criminalización de las prácticas de solidaridad hacia migrantes y refugiados en la actualidad. El caso de Carola Rackete (2019)
Authors: Penchaszadeh Ana Paula , Sferco Senda
Published: August 2020

En este artículo ofrecemos un análisis filosófico político de un caso “ejemplar” de criminalización de la solidaridad hacia migrantes y refugiados en la actualidad: el caso de Carola Rackete, capitana del Sea Watch 3, que en 2019 protagonizó un salvataje enel Mediterráneo. Con base en desarrollos teórico-conceptuales de autores centrales de la filosofía contemporánea como Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, Judith Butler, Étienne Balibar y Jacques Derrida, buscamos abordar las contradicciones ético-políticas que conllevan hoy las prácticas de solidaridad hacia personas en situación de movilidad internacional. El manuscrito se encuentra divido en cuatro secciones: en la primera, analizamos el nivel jurídico del caso; en la segunda, abordamos la lucha jurídico-política en torno a la definición de “lugar seguro” y el problema del “tráfico de fronteras”; en la tercera, indagamos la cuestión de la personalización de las acciones solidarias como estrategia de despolitización del campo humanitario; y, en la cuarta, insistimos en la necesidad de reposicionar el alcance político del derecho humanitario hoy.
Desplazamientos, desposesión y violencias
Authors: Feldman-Bianco Bela , Domenech Eduardo , Sanjurjo Liliana
Published: August 2020

Presentación de los editores invitados para el número 39.
Reaching out to the orchestra – Concert visits as a curricular link to extracurricular musical activities?
Authors: Mall Peter
Published: August 2020

Visiting classical concerts as part of school activities has a long tradition in Germany but has always been controversial. The multi-case study Schools@Concerts aims in mapping different approaches of connecting school music education with classical concert visits in seven European countries. As part of this project, this article gives early insights into the Frankfurt case. Different perspectives on concert visits include students, teachers and concert hosts. After a short overview about the German discussion, the article gives a brief insight into the state curricula concerning concert visits and the school curriculum of the participating school. All participants have positive attitudes towards concert visits but also highlight the organizational effort of it. Both, teacher and host emphasize missing resources for preparing concerts. Although classical concerts do not meet the musical taste of the children, most of them show positive attitudes to concert visits. Therefore the study wants to encourage responsible stake holders to support concert visits, both in schools and orchestras.
The possibilities of concert pedagogy in Hungary
Authors: Váradi Judit
Published: August 2020

In public education the main emphasis is on conveying lexical knowledge instead of making students love music, play music together and do creative musical exercises. Teaching music has become too theoretical, and it is almost entirely dominated by literary data. Although teachers have some freedom to make slight changes in the curriculum, the number of music lessons is very low. Concert pedagogy is a progressive pedagogical initiative of the 20th–21st century, which aims to present the values of art at the original location of artistic activity, in an experience-filled environment, just as other branches of experience pedagogy do. The educational activity of experience pedagogy takes place in an extracurricular framework to complement public education. Art education is based on going through and enjoying an experience, which, however, cannot be taught, only explored and reinforced. In the traditional approach, intellectual education comprises two tasks: intellectual informing and formation (Bábosik, 1997). Intellectual development occurs through the process of transferring and internalising scientific knowledge, which is presented in the form of subjects. Bábosik highlights that intellectual and cultural needs can evolve when it is achieved that children like to learn, which generates the desire for novel knowledge.
Understanding the complexity in measuring student progression in European higher education
Authors: Carlhed Ydhag Carina
Published: August 2020

This article aims to analyze student progression in European higher education (HE) using Sweden and UK as countries of reference. It presents and problematizes common ways to measure student progression (e.g., rates of dropout, completion, and retention), distinguishing between institutional departures or system departures, and the implications of the timing of the measurement, hence focusing on early and late leavers. The article also discusses general rates of student progression in different countries and the reasons for dropping out, revealing what lies behind the dropout statistics. Finally, the article also includes a critical questioning of the interests and intentions behind the data production. The article offers an orientation among the multiple definitions and measurements of student progression in HE. It deals with the value of measurements and alternative ways of measuring student progression, and with the implications for further studies on dropout and completion rates, which are politically contested issues.
Civic engagement and the resources of persistent students and the reasons of dropout in higher education
Authors: Pusztai Gabriella , Kovacs Klara , Markos Valeria , Demeter-Karaszi Zsuzsanna , Maior Enikő
Published: August 2020

Background and aims

Even the richest statistical databases leave the reasons of student dropout from higher education largely obscure. It is the answers of the students who drop out that the panel examinations of the cohorts of students do not contain. The theoretical background to our research was provided by Coleman’s concept of social capital (1961), Tinto’s integrational and Astin’s involvement theory, as well as Pascarella and Terenzini’s institutional integration/embeddedness ideas (2005).

Methods

To find a solution to that problem, we devised a quantitative, questionnaire survey, based upon the qualitative examination of students who have dropped out (DEPART 2018; N = 591). For data gathering, the snowball method was used, and almost all academic fields are represented in the database. The primary objective of the research was revealing and identifying the factors preventing students from obtaining a degree, surveying the processes and decisions that resulted in their not being able to graduate. School career, educational experience, the attitude of the family to the student’s studies, job/career orientation, educational and social experience in higher education, competitive activities, and social–economical characteristics were the topics we examined. We collected the data of the students who have dropped out with the questionnaire (IESA 2015; N = 2017) and compared the information thus collected with the social and demographic characteristics, school career, and higher educational integration of persistent students. We also compared the data to the embeddedness of (the persistent) students in various voluntary organizations (civic, sport, and religious). For the examination of persistence, a 9-item, highly reliable scale [Cronbach, 883 (IESA)] has been used since 2012.

Results

The results suggest that the influence of institutional factors and that of the social network is more powerful than the individual characteristics. We found considerable differences between the intra- and extra-campus influences.

Discussion

Our findings highlight the necessity of providing empirical foundations for the institutional dropout prevention programs.
The situation of migrant children in the Hungarian and the Austrian education system: Multilingualism, interculturalism, and integration
Authors: Langer-Buchwald Judit
Published: August 2020

The migration crisis of the past few years has influenced Hungary and Austria; therefore, migration, as well as its linguistic effect on society and education, and the cultural and social variation came to the front in both countries’ educational policies. Nonetheless, while Austria is a well-developed welfare country, and according to Esping-Andersen’s analysis, a conservative/corporatist welfare regime, Hungary is a post-communist developing welfare state, which is currently conservative. In terms of their divergent historical and political trajectories, immigration policy, the number of immigrants, their native language, and country of origin, the two countries present significant differences. It is controversial whether education has a crucial role in economic and social integration of migrants. Despite contextual differences, Austrian and Hungarian educational systems are confronted with challenges emerging from the presence of migrant children in education. The aim of this article is to present the Austrian and Hungarian models with regard to migrant children in formal education: at macro level to identify the educational policies applying to migrant children, analyzing the syllabuses that provide control in the consistency of education, and at micro level analyzing the implementation of these guidelines and the syllabuses in the pedagogical practice and the challenges for educational integration.
A case study of a Green Flag-certified preschool in Sweden
Authors: Borg Farhana
Published: August 2020

This paper presents findings from a case study intended to develop understanding of the practices within education for sustainable development at a preschool in Sweden and highlights its work with two themes: The Health of People and the Planet and Human and Animal Societies. This case study was part of a large school development project conducted by a university in collaboration with a municipality between 2017 and 2019. The preschool had two units with a total of 36 children aged 1–6 years, and 8 preschool teachers. Empirical materials were collected from observations of educational activities at two events, as well as group discussions with teachers and the preschool head teacher. Findings show that the interconnectedness of, and interdependencies between, the environmental, social, and, to some extent, economic aspects of sustainable development were present in educational practices of the preschool. They also indicate that young children, with support and encouragement from their teachers, can take responsibility for activities that are meaningful to them. In this preschool, children’s opinions were respected, and they were given the opportunity to participate in decision-making activities of relevance to their lives.
Time-Motion analysis of the 2017 Wrestling World Championships
Authors: Mirzaei Bahman , Faryabi Iman , Alizaei Yousefabadi Heidar
Published: August 2020

Background and study aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contribution of energy systems in a freestyle (FS) and a Greco-Roman (GR) wrestling match, quantity and quality of obtained scores, and the competition efficiency of winners in the 2017 Wrestling World Championships (WCh) through analysing the recorded videos of all the matches of this event.
Material and method. The materials of the present study were 295 FS and 266 GR recorded videos of the 2017 WCh, a multimedia player (lap top) for watching and analysing them, and a chronometer for recording the different duration of activities happening during these matches. In addition, special papers were designed in advance to make sure that all the required data were recorded properly.
Result. The percentages of ATP-PC (ATP), lactic (LAC), and aerobic (AERO) energy systems were 6.66, 62.74, and 30.60 in FS, and 5.94, 67.53, and 26.53 in GR. Quantity and quality analysis of scores showed that FS wrestlers significantly scored more 1- and 4-point, while GR wrestlers were superior regarding the quality 2-point. The average competition efficiency of gold medallists was 18/43±4/67 in FS and 15/87±3/18 in GR which were statistically significantly greater than that of all other placers.
Conclusion. This study showed the dominance of LAC in a wrestling match in both styles, although their relative contribution was significantly different between styles. In addition, FS wrestlers significantly scored more points, and Gold medallists demonstrated the greatest average competition efficiency compared to other medallists.
The effect of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition
Authors: Türker Ali , Yüksel Oğuzhan
Published: August 2020

Background and Study Aim. It has been aimed to investigate the effects of functional and supportive classic strength trainings in basketball players on aerobic strength, dynamic balance and body composition. Material and Methods. In the study, the test group has performed functional + supportive classic strength training (n=15; 20, 8 ± 1,7 year) three days in a week for eight weeks. Within the process, test and control groups have also continued basketball technical tactics trainings two days in a week. The control group (n=15; 21, 06 ± 1,9 year) has not performed any strength training. The participants have been tested in terms of height, body weight, skinfold calipers, watt bike pro ramp aerobic capacity test and libra see saw balancing board test. When identifying the percentage of body fat, lunge formula has been used. The data has been evaluated with Repetitive Measurements Anova Test. Results. In comparing the group x time interaction, while the developmental difference in the values of VO2max Estimate (mg/kg/min), MET, the percentage of body fat and Left foot lateral balance test has been found out statistically substantial in test and control groups, no significant difference in lateral balance on both feet, right foot lateral balance the measurements and transfer balance measurements on both feet has been found out. Conclusions. As a consequence, it has been seen that functional and supportive strength trainings have contributed to the percentage of body fat, aerobic capacity and dynamic balance. In the planning of yearly training it has been seen that functional strength trainings in preparation phase will contribute to the development levels of basketball players.
Antibacterial Activities of the Extracts of Sponge-Associated Fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum against Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Sedjati Sri , Ambariyanto Ambariyanto , Trianto Agus , Supriyantini Endang , Ridlo Ali , Bahry Muhammad Syaifudien , Wismayanti Gita , Radjasa Ocky Karna , McCauley Erin
Published: August 2020

This study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of a sponge-associated fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolated from Ternate waters, North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. Various culture media were used to stimulate the production of secondary metabolites in T. longibrachiatum. The isolate was cultured in various media for 6-9 days. Then, the antibacterial activities of the ethyl acetate extracts were assayed against pathogenic bacteria of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Bacillus cereus). The results showed that all extracts had similar profiles on the thin layer chromatography. However, two of the most potent extracts were produced from the PCA and MEA media for 9 days. These extracts inhibited methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (12.48 mm and 12.27 mm); B. cereus (12.11 mm and 12.12 mm); K. pneumoniae (12.40 mm and 10.76 mm); and P. aeruginosa (11.59 mm and 8.69 mm) at concentrations 500 mg/disc. In conclusion, the fungus T. longibrachiatum that was cultured in PCA and MEA media had the potential to produce antibacterial compounds against MDR pathogens and both had similar compounds.  Meanwhile, the  ethyl acetate extracts from fungus cultured in the TPA and TA media were inactive against all tested bacteria
The Effects of Carbon Monoxide Treatment on the Physical and Chemical Qualities of Tuna Steak during Iced Storage
Authors: Ariyani Farida , Kristiningrum Ellia , Barokah Giri Rohmad , Januar Hedi Indra
Published: August 2020

Injection or modification of the atmosphere in the meat packaging by carbon monoxide (CO) has been known to retain the color stability of red meat including those of tuna. The red color in tuna meat has been commonly used as a freshness indicator by consumers, especially those for raw consumption. However, other information on the freshness level in fish, in addition to  color, is also important to assess in the food safety of marine and fisheries products. This study aims to evaluate the effects of CO  on the chemical and physical properties of tuna steak during storage on ice. This study was conducted using bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) as the raw material. The tuna was cut into loins to form steaks and divided into two groups, one group without CO injection or control, and another group was injected with CO. Both CO-treated tuna steak and control were preserved in a cool-box filled with ice for 14 days. The observation was conducted every two days by determining color (chromameter method), sensory preference (hedonic method), and several chemical parameters, including total volatile base (TVB), K value, and histamine content that related to the spoilage process. Results showed that after 14 days of preservation in iced storage, the reddish color of CO-treated tuna steak was retained, whereas that of control turned brown. In the sensory tests, the panelists preferred the CO-treated tuna steak to control due to its reddish color. There were no significant differences between the content of TVB accumulation and the K value in CO-treated tuna steak and the control. Furthermore, the K value of CO-treated tuna steak and control reached the rejected level on day 14. The difference between CO-treated tuna steak and control was based on the content of histamine, where that of control was significantly higher than tuna steak treated with CO. Therefore, this research showed that the effects of CO treatment were only on the appearance of the steak; meanwhile, the deterioration process in fish is generally unaffected. Precautions are thus needed for consumers, since color may not be the only factor that indicates the freshness of tuna steak.
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Cultivated Kappaphycus in Indonesian Seaweed Farms using COI Gene
Authors: Ratnawati Pustika , Simatupang Nova F , Pong-Masak Petrus R , Paul Nicholas A , Zuccarello Giuseppe C
Published: August 2020

Indonesia is a major player in the aquaculture of red algae, especially carrageenan producing ‘eucheumatoids’ such as Kappaphycus and Eucheuma. However, many current trade names do not reflect the evolutionary species and updated taxonomy, this is especially the case for eucheumatoid seaweeds that are highly variable in morphology and pigmentation. Genetic variation is also not known for the cultivated eucheumatoids in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the species and the level of genetic variation within species of cultivated eucheumatoids from various farms across Indonesia, spanning 150-1500 km, using the DNA barcoding method. Samples of seaweed were randomly collected at 14 farmed locations between April 2017 and May 2018. For this study the 5-prime end (~ 600 bp) of the mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) was amplified and sequenced. Morphological examination showed that the samples were quite variable in branching pattern and color. All samples collected from farms with floating line cultivation were identified based on COI sequences as Kappaphycus alvarezii and showed no variation in the COI gene. One farm sample with bottom-line cultivation was identified as K. striatus. The low genetic variation is in contrast to the phenotypic variation of samples, indicating that variation and phenotypic responses to environments is still found in samples with implications for growth rates and carrageenan yield and quality. Information about the genetic variation in stocks is important base knowledge for maintaining, expanding and continuing seaweed aquaculture.
Trust Me I'm a Doctor; the Importance of Trust in Promoting High Performance Learning in Medical Education
Authors: Houldsworth Annwyne
Published: August 2020

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Trust is an essential component of developing bonds and, in particular, the relationship between teacher and learner. The cumulative effects of pedagogy, curriculum, content, and delivery in teaching and learning of medical students (MS) are well established and the importance of the relationship between student and teachers, with particular reference to the concept of trust is reviewed, addressing aspects of intention, capability, character, and integrity.Trust is often perceived as a soft quality with respect to education, however trust actually provides an environment of hope and inspirational optimism. In such an environment teachers and learners can be authentic about their 'best selves', developing good character with high emotional intelligence (EI), where honest reflection is the key to enhanced integrity with transparent intentions in their relationships.Trusting relationships in education instil mutual respect, enhance collaboration, and promote the independent thinking that results from transparent and kind mutual interactions. Indeed, loyalty and commitment to values and goals ensures the success of the learning environment. Neuroscience and psychology experiments demonstrate recent evidence to support the importance of trust in relationships that can be considered relevant to teaching and learning. The expression of hormones and brain function, associated with trusting relationships and interpersonal bonding is explored.
Use of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders for Critically Ill Patients with ESKD
Authors: Danziger John , Ángel Armengol de la Hoz Miguel , Celi Leo Anthony , Cohen Robert A. , Mukamal Kenneth J.
Published: August 2020

Significance Statement

Despite having high rates of comorbid illnesses and significantly shortened life expectancy, patients with ESKD may be unrealistically optimistic about their own prognoses. In their study of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders upon admission to intensive care in a large sample of critically ill patients from hospitals across the United States, the authors observed more frequent DNR orders among patients with diseases of other major organs compared with patients without major organ disease. However, despite overall higher rates of comorbidity and hospital mortality in patients with ESKD, they found no such difference in the use of DNR orders between patients with and without ESKD. The lower use of DNR orders in this highly comorbid group might reflect a missed opportunity to avoid overmedicalization and unnecessary patient suffering at the end of life.

Background

Despite having high comorbidity rates and shortened life expectancy, patients with ESKD may harbor unrealistically optimistic expectations about their prognoses. Whether this affects resuscitation orders is unknown.

Methods

To determine whether do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders differ among patients with ESKD compared with other critically ill patients, including those with diseases of other major organs, we investigated DNR orders on admission to intensive care units (ICUs) among 106,873 patients in the United States.

Results

Major organ disease uniformly associated with increased risk of hospital mortality, particularly for cirrhosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.67; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.30 to 3.08), and ESKD (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.65). Compared with critically ill patients without major organ disease, patients with stroke, cancer, heart failure, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cirrhosis were statistically more likely to have a DNR order on ICU admission; those with ESKD were not. Findings were similar when comparing patients with a single organ disease with those without organ disease. The disconnect between prognosis and DNR use was most notable among Black patients, for whom ESKD (compared with no major organ disease) was associated with a 62% (aOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.04) higher odds of hospital mortality, but no appreciable difference in DNR utilization (aOR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.62).

Conclusions

Unlike patients with diseases of other major organs, critically ill patients with ESKD were not more likely to have a DNR order than patients without ESKD. Whether this reflects a greater lack of advance care planning in the nephrology community, as well as a missed opportunity to minimize potentially needless patient suffering, requires further study.
Monetary Policy and Economic Performance since the Financial Crisis
Authors: Caldara Dario , Gagnon Etienne , Martinez-Garcia Enrique , Neely Christopher J.
Published: August 2020

We review macroeconomic performance over the period since the Global Financial Crisis and the challenges in the pursuit of the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate. We characterize the use of forward guidance and balance sheet policies after the federal funds rate reached the effective lower bound. We also review the evidence on the efficacy of these tools and consider whether policymakers might have used them more forcefully. Finally, we examine the post-crisis experience of other major central banks with these policy tools.
Monetary Policy Tradeoffs and the Federal Reserve's Dual Mandate
Authors: Ajello Andrea , Cairo Blanco Isabel , Curdia Vasco , Lubik Thomas A. , Queralto Albert
Published: August 2020

Some key structural features of the U.S. economy appear to have changed in the recent decades, making the conduct of monetary policy more challenging. In particular, there is high uncertainty about the levels of the natural rate of interest and unemployment as well as about the effect of economic activity on inflation. At the same time, a prolonged period of below-target inflation has raised concerns about the unanchoring of inflation expectations at levels below the Federal Open Market Committee’s inflation target. In addition, a low natural rate of interest increases the probability of hitting the effective lower bound during a downturn. This paper studies how these factors complicate the attainment of the objectives specified in the Federal Reserve’s dual mandate in the context of a DSGE (dynamic stochastic general equilibrium) model, taking into account risk-management considerations. We find that these challenges may warrant pursuing more accommodative policy than would be desirable otherwise. However, such accommodative policy could be associated with concerns about risks to financial markets.
Alternative Strategies: How Do They Work? How Might They Help?
Authors: Arias Jonas , Bodenstein Martin , Chung Hess , Drautzburg Thorsten , Raffo Andrea
Published: August 2020

Several structural developments in the U.S. economy—including lower neutral interest rates and a flatter Phillips curve—have challenged the ability of the current monetary policy framework to deliver on the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC) dual-mandate goals. This paper explores whether makeup strategies, in which policymakers seek to stabilize average inflation around the inflation target over some horizon, could strengthen the FOMC’s ability to fulfill its dual mandate. The quantitative analysis discussed here suggests that credible makeup strategies may provide some moderate stabilization gains. The practical implementation of these strategies, however, faces a number of challenges that would have to be surmounted for the full benefit of these strategies to be realized.
How Robust Are Makeup Strategies to Key Alternative Assumptions?
Authors: Hebden James , Herbst Edward P. , Tang Jenny , Topa Giorgio , Winkler Fabian
Published: August 2020

We analyze the robustness of makeup strategies—policies that aim to offset, at least in part, past misses of inflation from its objective—to alternative modeling assumptions, with an emphasis on the role of inflation expectations. We survey empirical evidence on the behavior of shorter-run and long-run inflation expectations. Using simulations from the FRB/US macroeconomic model, we find that makeup strategies can moderately offset the real effects of adverse economic shocks, even when much of the public is uninformed about the monetary strategy. We also discuss the robustness of makeup strategies to alternative assumptions about the slope of the Phillips curve and the (mis)perception of economic slack.
Unemployment Rate Benchmarks
Authors: Crump Richard K. , Nekarda Christopher J. , Petrosky-Nadeau Nicolas
Published: August 2020

This paper discusses various concepts of unemployment rate benchmarks that are frequently used by policymakers for assessing the current state of the economy as it relates to the pursuit of both price stability and maximum employment. In particular, we propose two broad categories of unemployment rate benchmarks: (1) a longer-run unemployment rate expected to prevail after adjusting to business cycle shocks and (2) a stable-price unemployment rate tied to inflationary pressures. We describes how various existing measures used as benchmark rates fit within this taxonomy with the goal of facilitating the use of a common set of terms for assessments of the current state of the economy and deliberations among policymakers.