bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility to Varicella-Zoster Virus Among Adults at High Risk for Exposure
Authors: Alter Sherman J. , Hammond Jeanne A. , McVey Carol J. , Myers Martin G.
Published: August 2016

The adult health care provider who is susceptible to varicella zoster virus (VZV) represents a risk to her or himself and to patients. Nineteen percent of employees at this Children's Hospital had no or uncertain prior experience with VZV, and of these, 28% were found to be VZV susceptible, representing 5% of the total population of 2,730 hospital employees. During the 12 months of study, six of the potential 135 to 137 VZV-susceptible individuals acquired varicella. VZV-susceptible health care providers should be aware of their potential to both acquire and transmit VZV.
Is Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection an Occupational Hazard for Obstetric Nurses? A Serological Study
Authors: Hatherley Lawrence I.
Published: August 2016

The results are reported of a 4-year prospective study of the incidence of primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the nursing staff of a specialist obstetric hospital. The absence of seroconversion found in personnel attending patients with confirmed CMV-infection justifies reassuring staff members in “high-risk” areas of the adequacy of the methods used to combat cross-infection . On the other hand, a low rate of seroconversion (1.2% per annum) in the staff who nurse normal mothers and “rooming-in” babies emphasizes the need for die rigorous observance of hygienic precautions by all personnel in all areas. The results of this Australian investigation are discussed in relation to the northern hemisphere experience of CMV-seroconversion in pediatric nurses.
The JK Diphtheroids
Authors: Schoch Paul E. , Cunha Burke A.
Published: August 2016

In Bergey's manual, animal and human corynebacteria are a group of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-positive or slightly curved bacilli that are generally nonmotile, catalase-positive, and non-acid fast. The best known and most clinically significant pathogen in the genusCorynebacteriumisC. diphtheriae. However, other members of this genus are frequently encountered in the clinical laboratory and usually represent colonization or commensal contamination, since most other corynebacteria are of low virulence and questionable clinical significance. Frequently described as “diphtheroids,” such organisms are usually dismissed as contaminants and are not speciated or subjected to susceptibility testing. The JK diphtheroids may be differentiated from clinically unimportant “diphtheroids” by their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and their distinctive morphologic and cultural characteristics (Table 1).
Effects of Ultra High Speed Floor Burnishing on Air Quality in Health Care Facilities
Authors: Schmidt Edward A. , Cannan Bernard M. , Mulhall Richard C. , Coleman David L.
Published: August 2016

Effects of ultra high speed (UHS) floor burnishing upon air quality in health care facilities were evaluated. A 2,000-rpm burnisher can disseminate high-velocity (190 km/hr) dust and microbial particles. A UHS burnisher used with either inadequate or no air restraint produced significant increases (P<0.05) in the levels of airborne dust particles and microorganisms. A UHS burnisher equipped with an air restraint assembly specifically designed for use in health care facilities produced no significant increase (P>0.05) in the levels of airborne dust particles or microorganisms when compared to ambient air levels. The types and distribution of airborne microorganisms isolated from microbial air samples were not unusual nor were they directly influenced by the floor burnishing processes. Furthermore, the UHS floor burnishing process produced a significant reduction (P<0.05 ) in microbial floor contaminants (96%). When the use of UHS floor burnishing is contemplated for productivity improvement and esthetic enhancement, the possible adverse effects on air quality should also be considered.
Metronidazole
Authors: Eggleston Mark
Published: August 2016

Metronidazole was introduced to the market in 1959 as the only effective therapy for Trichomonas vaginalis. A nitroimidazole derivative, its success in the therapy of parasitic infections, including Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, has been well documented. Metronidazole's activity against anaerobic bacteria was first described in 1962 by Shinn, and by Davies and associates in 1964. In both reports, metronidazole effectively treated patients with Vincent's angina (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis). Metronidazole's excellent activity against anaerobes has been substantiated by numerous articles. It has the best bactericidal activity of all drugs active against anaerobic bacteria.
High Incidence of Subclavian Dialysis Catheter-Related Bacteremias
Authors: Pezzarossi Hugo E. , de León R Samuel Ponce , Calva Juan J. , Lazo de la Vega Sergio A. , Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo M.
Published: August 2016

This retrospective cohort study reviews the incidence of bacteremia in 48 patients undergoing hemodialysis using subclavian vein dialysis catheters (SDC) as temporary vascular access. Twelve (25%) of these patients had catheter-related bacteremia, and the most frequently isolated organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Three patients developed right-sided endocarditis and one of diem died due to pulmonary embolism. The presence of possible risk factors for SDC-related bacteremia, including duration of catheterization and number of hemodialysis procedures, were not statistically different when patients with and without bacteremia were compared, with the exception of a significantly lower incidence of bacteremia among those patients receiving antibiotic therapy at the time of catheter insertion. The use of resterilized catheters was not a risk factor. Specific guidelines for SDC insertion and care were established and followed, after which the infection frequency was reduced to 7.5% (1 episode per 45.5 patient-weeks of catheter use) in this high-risk population
The Enterococcus
Authors: Gullberg Robert M.
Published: August 2016

In 1899, Thiercilin used the term “enterococcus” to describe microscopic organisms seen in pairs or short chains in feces. Later (in the 1930s) the name was used in a more restrictive sense for streptococci that had the hardy capacity to survive under extreme conditions.

Enterococci belong to a group D family of streptococci, as characterized by Lancefield in 1938. In contrast to other groups of streptococci, the group D antigen is not a wall carbohydrate but a glycerol teichoic acid containing glucose and D-alanine. This antigen appears to be related directly to the cytoplasm or plasma membrane.
Skin as a Source of Nosocomial Infection: Directions for Future Research
Authors: Maki Dennis G.
Published: August 2016

Whereas infections of the skin per se comprise only a fraction of all institutionally-acquired infections, the skin has become one of the most important reservoirs of nosocomial pathogens in the hospital. Professor Noble has provided a scholarly review of the increasing importance of the major constituents of the cutaneous microflora as nosocomial pathogens and what we know of their epidemiology. Unfortunately, the empiricism and limited scientific data which underlie essential infection control measures in this area, particularly in regard to cutaneous antisepsis and handwashing, is almost incongruous in an era in which controlled clinical trials have dominated most other areas of medicine. The numerous outbreaks traced to contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants over the past two decades, stand as mute testimony to the inadequate investigative attention this area has received.
Pseudomonas maltophilia
Authors: Schoch Paul E. , Cunha Burke A.
Published: August 2016

Pseudomonas maltophiliais a free-living ubiquitous organism of wide geographic distribution. It has been isolated from a variety of animals, plants, and from nearly every site on or within the human body, where it is usually a commensal/contaminant. It is frequently cultured as transient flora in hospitalized patients, but occasionally is a cause of opportunistic infections, including bacteremia/septicemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, cholangitis, conjunctivitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, wound infections/abscesses, and urinary tract infections.
Clinical Review of Ribavirin
Authors: Eggleston Mark
Published: August 2016

The recent approval of ribavirin aerosol for the treatment of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and young children is a significant addition to the antiviral drugs available today. When administered as an aerosolized form by face mask or mist tent for 20 to 21 hours per day, ribavirin effectively decreases the symptoms of RSV infection and the shedding of RSV virus.

Studies of other viral infections such as viral hepatitis, influenza A and B, Lassa fever, genital herpes, and herpes zoster have demonstrated promising, but inconclusive results. Further studies are needed to justify ribavirin therapy for these indications.
The Impact of Postdischarge Infection on Surgical Wound Infection Rates
Authors: Reimer K. , Gleed C. , Nicolle L.E.
Published: August 2016

We undertook a study of postdischarge infections to assess the reliability of a surgical wound surveillance program in a 930-bed teaching hospital. During a six-month period, a subset of operations performed each day was randomly selected and patients interviewed by telephone one month postsurgery using a standard set of questions. The infection rate for all patients contacted directly postdischarge was 5.4%, whereas the surgical wound infection rate determined for all procedures through the standard hospital program was 1.5%. For day-surgery patients, who are not routinely followed in the hospital surveillance program, 8 (7.8%) of 103 patients contacted had infection. Thus, the overall surgical infection rate determined in this study was over three times higher than that calculated using standard surveillance. A reliable method for identifying postdischarge wound infections is necessary to ensure accurate surgical wound infection rates.
Recurrent Pseudobacteremias Traced to a Radiometric Blood Culture Device
Authors: Bradley Suzanne F. , Wilson Kenneth H. , Rosloniec Michael A. , Kauffman Carol A.
Published: August 2016

Five clusters of pseudobacteremias over a seven-month period were traced to a BACTEC® radiometric device. Four episodes were due to enterococcus and one involvedStaphylococcus aureus.Each cluster began with multiple positive blood cultures from a patient with clinical evidence of bacteremia. On subsequent days each bottle in sequence yielded growth of the identical organism, as shown by phage typing and antibiograms. Cultures from patients believed to be infected with the organisms tested positive earlier (mean = 1.4 days) than those patients believed to be pseudobacteremic (mean = 4.8 days). Investigation pointed toward the BACTEC device as the most likely source. Resin beads were found in the needle on several occasions and were shown to be transferred from bottle to bottle. We postulated that contaminated resin beads or liquid from a positive bottle remained in the needle above the portion that was heat-sterilized, contaminating the next bottle when it was sampled.
An Evaluation of Three Biological Indicator Systems in Flash Sterilization
Authors: Kotilainen Helen Rosen , Gantz Nelson M.
Published: August 2016

An evaluation of two flash-sterilization-specific biological indicators (BI) and a traditional spore strip indicator was performed to assess sensitivity and reliability as reflected in survive/kill ratios. The Bis tested included: 3M's Attest® #1261, Amsco's Proof Flash™, and Castle® Tec Test. Survival after “come-up” time alone, (0 exposure) and one-, two-, and three-minute exposures at 273°F in a gravity displacement sterilizer was measured by media color change or turbidity after incubation at 55°C. Each cycle was replicated three times on two separate days with six of each BI per run. Positive Bis were subcultured as necessary. Proof Flash presented technical difficulties due to incomplete or impossible crushing of media vials, unexpected media color changes, and evaporation of media. Tec Test was not sufficiently resistant as survivors were not detected at any exposure time. The Attest had 100% survival at zero and one-minute exposures and 94% survival after the two-minute exposure. No survivors were detected after the three-minute exposure. Although each institution should evaluate Bis for their own use independently, the data indicate that Attest #1261 monitored the three-minute flash cycles more satisfactorily than the other Bis tested.
Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata
Authors: Sinnott John T. , Cullison James P. , Sweeney Michael P.
Published: August 2016

Candida (Torulopsis) glabratais a fungus with a diversity of habitats and an enlarging clinical spectrum. It is found as normal human flora in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and vagina and also found in nature in soil and in animals. It was initially thought to represent a nonpathogenic saprophyte, however, it has been recovered with increasing frequency from clinical specimens. It is now recognized as a cause of disease in the normal and compromised host.
Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Ratner Hilda
Published: August 2016

The importance of vibrio species other thanVibrio choleraehas only recently been appreciated.Vibrio parahaemolyticushas usually been associated with gastrointestinal tract infections although it may be a rare cause of soft tissue infection and septicemia.V alginolyticusis a rare cause of marine wound infections, otitis, and sepsis, and has not been associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. In 1976 Hollis et al1 described the characteristics of 38 isolates of a halophilic bacterium isolated from blood cultures (20), cerebrospinal fluid (2), and wound infections (16). Originally calledBeneckea vulnifica,this organism was reassigned to the genusVibrioand namedV vulnificusby Farmer. It is a salt-requiring, marine vibrio that can be distinguished from other vibrio species by its ability to ferment lactose.V vulnificusis a particularly virulent organism that typically produces either primary septicemia that occurs after ingestion of raw shellfish, especially in patients with chronic liver disease, or a fulminating wound infection that occurs after exposure to seawater or handling of shellfish.
Effect of Changing Needle Disposal Systems on Needle Puncture Injuries
Authors: Krasinski Keith , LaCouture Rita , Holzman Robert S.
Published: August 2016

Accidental needle puncture injuries continue to pose a hazard to hospital workers. In order to reduce the number of such injuries in our hospital, needle disposal procedures were revised to discourage recapping and prevent bending or clipping of needles before discard. Collapsible cardboard boxes were replaced with impervious containers. An educational program accompanied these changes. We compared reports of needlestick injuries before and after the change of procedure, for three parallel 9-month periods. During the 27-month study, injuries occurred during administration of medication (22%), or recapping of used needles (16%), from needles protruding through (10%) or out of the "mouth" (9%) of the container, from needles left in the patient's environment (10%), or those left on procedure trays (7%). Seven percent were the result of being stuck by someone else, usually in the operating room. The mechanism of injury for 19% was not, described. Altering the disposal procedures did not change the number or anatomic site of injuries, nor the risk of injury among the various job categories. A reduction in the rate of sticks from needles protruding through the container (1.3 vs 0.3/mo, p≤0.005) was the only difference observed. Changing the needle receptacle changed the type but not the overall number of injuries. The education program had little effect on the number and types of injuries. These data point to the need for developing innovative approaches for eliciting changes in behavior of health care personnel.
Tuberculosis in Hospital Personnel
Authors: Price Loraine E. , Rutala William A. , Samsa Gregory P.
Published: August 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) skin testing practices and the prevalence and inherent risk of TB infection among hospital employees in 167 North Carolina (NC) hospitals were determined from a 79% (132/167) response to a tuberculosis screening questionnaire. Preemployment TB skin testing was performed by 98% of responding hospitals, primarily (87%) by the Mantoux method. TB skin test reactions of ≥ 10 mm were interpreted as significant by 72% and at the appropriate time interval of 48 to 72 hours after administration by 80%. The booster test was routinely performed in 12% of the hospitals. TB infection prevalence among new employees during 1983 was 6.3% (260/4137) in 30 hospitals supplying these data. A positive correlation was noted between employee infection prevalence and county TB case rates (P = .014). Skin test conversion data from 56 hospitals across the state revealed a five year mean conversion rate of 1.14% among 71,253 personnel. There was an association between the incidence of TB in the general population and the frequency of conversions among hospital employees in corresponding geographical regions. Similarly, the incidence of TB among approximately 100,000 NC hospital employees in 1983 and 1984 was less than the incidence in the general population. These associations suggest that the incidence of TB infection among hospital personnel may reflect the prevalence of tuberculosis in the community rather than an occupational hazard. Annual TB skin testing of hospital employees may be justified in eastern North Carolina where the incidence of tuberculosis (22-30 cases/ 100,000) is greater than the national average and where the risk of new TB infection among hospital employees is relatively common (≥1.5%).
Emergence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococci as Major Nosocomial Bloodstream Pathogens
Authors: Stillman Richard I. , Wenzel Richard P. , Donowitz Leigh C.
Published: August 2016

Over an eight year period, 1975 to 1982, 1,843 nosocomial bloodstream infections were identified by routine prospective surveillance at the University of Virginia Hospital (106/10,000 admissions). Despite a decline in overall bloodstream infection rates during the study period (P=.085), bloodstream infections due to gram positive organisms increased from 29 (1975-1978) to 43/10,000 (1979-1982), (P<0.001). Notably, rates for coagulase negative staphylococci increased from 5.2 (1975-1978) to 12.4/10,000 (1979-1982), (P<0.001). In 1982, coagulase negative staphylococci accounted for 17% of all bloodstream infections and were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Sixty-four percent of patients with coagulase negative staphylococci were in critical care units versus 41% with other bloodstream infections (P<.05). The recognition of coagulase negative staphylococci as significant bloodstream pathogens markedly alters the clinician's approach to nosocomial septicemia.
Intravenous Tubing Containing Burettes Can Be Safely Changed at 72 Hour Intervals
Authors: Snydman David R. , Donnelly-Reidy Maureen , Perry Linda K. , Martin William J.
Published: August 2016

No studies testing the safety of changing intravenous systems containing in-line burettes at 72 hours in an intensive care setting have been performed. Patients entering a medical or surgical intensive care unit were alternatively assigned to have any line with an in-line burette changed at either 48 hour (105 patients) or 72 hour (65 patients) intervals. Daily quantitative cultures with a 2 ml aliquot of burette fluid were obtained. Contaminated burette fluid was detected in 60 of 1181 (5.0%, 95% confidence interval, 3.7% to 6.3%) samples from the burettes changed at 48 hour intervals, and in 40 of 901 (4.4%, 95% confidence interval, 3.0% to 5.8%) samples from 72 hour interval burettes. Significant bacterial contamination of burette fluid, defined as ten or more colonies per milliliter, occurred in only seven (0.6%) cultures from patients in the 48 hour interval group compared with only three (0.3%) cultures in the 72 hour group. None of the contaminated burette fluids was associated with a primary bacteremia. Change of inline burettes in patients in intensive care at 72-hour intervals is safe and should result in substantial cost savings to hospitals.
Nosocomial Transmission of Hepatitis A in an Adult Population
Authors: Baptiste Ramona , Koziol Deloris , Henderson David K.
Published: August 2016

Nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A from patients to staff members is an unusual event. Recently, several cases of occupational transmission of hepatitis A to health care workers have been reported in the literature. Most of these have occurred as a result of transmission from an infected child to a staff member involved in his or her care. We report an additional case of transmission of hepatitis A from an infected adult to a staff member and review the literature regarding nosocomial hepatitis A transmission. The review emphasizes several points that nearly all instances of nosocomial transmission of hepatitis A have in common, including the role of asymptomatic infection, the timing of hospitalization, and the fact that index patients often have an underlying illness that obscures the early diagnosis of hepatitis A. In addition, several other areas of controversy with respect to hepatitis A are discussed.
Infection Control in El Salvador: The Hospital Rosales Experience
Authors: Càceres José A. Marinero , de Sotello Yolanda
Published: August 2016

We describe circumstances at the Hospital Rosales, located in San Salvador, El Salvador, and some salient observations from an infection control program begun in 1978. Findings include overuse of antibiotics, especially of penicillin and chloramphenicol; a predominance of gram-negative rod infections, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa; a relative infrequency of Staphylococcus aureus infections; an apparent doubling of the mean duration of hospitalization for patients with nosocomial infections compared with other patients (22.1 days versus 11.0 days); documentation and partial correction of deficiencies in aseptic and antiseptic practices; an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endophthalmitis traced to the hospital's factory for the manufacturing of intravenous fluids; and attitudinal problems such as the care of patients with rabies on open wards. Prevalence surveys conducted during 1981 and 1986 suggest a dramatic increase in the recent incidence of surgical wound infection (44% v 28%, P < 0.001). This latter observation suggests a direct relationship between infection rates and the hardships imposed by poverty and civil war.
Ineffectiveness of Hospital Disinfectants Against Bacteria: A Collaborative Study
Authors: Rutala William A. , Cole Eugene C.
Published: August 2016

A collaborative study was undertaken to assess the degree of variability in disinfectant efficacy test results among laboratories that routinely perform the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Use-Dilution Method. Eighteen laboratories tested identical samples of six EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectants (three phenolics and three quaternaries) at the manufacturers' recommended use-dilution using only those modifications of the method approved by the AOAC Use-Dilution Task Force. Each laboratory processed 60 penicylinders for each of the 6 randomly selected disinfectants and 3 test organisms. The current EPA pass criterion for a disinfectant requires a test result of ≤1 positive penicyIinder/60 replicates tested. When compared with the 1 positive/60 replicate criterion, the test results of the 6 disinfectants were: 86 trials (80%) passed and 22 trials (20%) failed against Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708; 71 (66%) passed and 37 (34%) failed against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538; and 41 (38%) passed while 67 (62%) failed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Four laboratories unknowingly tested their own product, and three of the four failed their product against one or more of the test organisms. These results show the inability to reproduce the manufacturers' bactericidal label claims for 6 disinfectants against the 3 AOAC test bacteria. In addition, extreme variability of test results among laboratories testing identical products questions the use of the AOAC Use-Dilution Method for enforcement action.
Rotavirus
Authors: Sinnott John T. , Cancio Margarita R.
Published: August 2016

Acute gastroenteritis is a public health problem of global proportions. Worldwide there are more than 700 million cases of diarrheal disease resulting in around 5 million deaths. In the United States the incidence of acute gastroenteritis is 11% each year and it is second only to respiratory infection as a contagious disease in the American family. The etiology of this common syndrome is obscure but it is becoming apparent that much of this disease is viral in origin. Recent research has elucidated a growing number of human pathogens: Norwalk-like agents, adenoviruses, caliciviruses, and astroviruses. The best understood of these agents are among the earlier discoveries in gastrointestinal virology—the rotaviruses. The study of these agents has greatly advanced our understanding of viral gastroenteritis.
Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Programs
Authors: Birnbaum David
Published: August 2016

Over 20 years ago, Philip Brachman advised us that “… the surveillance of all institutionally associated infections is important in order to minimize the risk of infection to all patients entering the institution and to members of the community.” Seven years later, in 1970, other staff members at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) offered us more specific surveillance objectives:

A. To determine the frequency and kinds of endemic nosocomial infections, in order to identify deviations from the baseline so that infection control personnel can:

1. Determine where studies are needed.

2. Ascertain where control measures (long-term and emergency) need to be established and how effective new control measures are.

3. Establish policy.

B. To provide the patient and personnel (and in some instances the community) with all possible protection from infections of nosocomial origin.

C. To meet the requirements of the Joint Commission on Accreditation and the medical-legal guidelines of “accepted standards of patient care.”

D. To provide the medical and nursing staff with meaningful data on the level of nosocomial infection in their work areas.

If each single nosocomial infection represented sufficient deviation from the baseline occurrence, then analysis of surveillance data would be quite straightforward. However, that is not the case. A 1976 project report for the National Center for Health Statistics identified various “sentinel health events” whose occurrence should trigger “… scientific search for remediable underlying causes.”
Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Podgorny Kelly , Berríos-Torres Sandra I. , Bratzler Dale W. , Dellinger E. Patchen , Greene Linda , Nyquist Ann-Christine , Saiman Lisa , Yokoe Deborah S. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Kaye Keith S.
Published: August 2016

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing their surgical site infection (SSI) prevention efforts. This document updates “Strategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitals,” published in 2008. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Strategies to Prevent Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusTransmission and Infection in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Update
Authors: Calfee David P. , Salgado Cassandra D. , Milstone Aaron M. , Harris Anthony D. , Kuhar David T. , Moody Julia , Aureden Kathy , Huang Susan S. , Maragakis Lisa L. , Yokoe Deborah S.
Published: August 2016

Previously published guidelines are available that provide comprehensive recommendations for detecting and preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing their methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) prevention efforts. This document updates “Strategies to Prevent Transmission of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Acute Care Hospitals,” published in 2008. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections through Hand Hygiene
Authors: Ellingson Katherine , Haas Janet P. , Aiello Allison E. , Kusek Linda , Maragakis Lisa L. , Olmsted Russell N. , Perencevich Eli , Polgreen Philip M. , Schweizer Marin L. , Trexler Polly , VanAmringe Margaret , Yokoe Deborah S.
Published: August 2016

Previously published guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for hand hygiene in healthcare facilities. The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format, update recommendations with the most current scientific evidence, and elucidate topics that warrant clarification or more robust research. Additionally, this document is designed to assist healthcare facilities in implementing hand hygiene adherence improvement programs, including efforts to optimize hand hygiene product use, monitor and report back hand hygiene adherence data, and promote behavior change. This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise. The list of endorsing and supporting organizations is presented in the introduction to the 2014 updates.
Queensland Tourism and the Environment
Authors: Craik Jennifer
Published: August 2016

You can't support environmentalism and tourism at the same time – they are incompatible'. (Interview with Jim Kennedy, former chair of the Queensland Tourist and Travel Corporation, 14 September 1993)

As in many other places, tourism has become a seductive industry for government and business in Queensland over the past decade. As one of the sunbelt states, Queensland has become an attractive destination for international, interstate and intrastate visitors. Tourism has become a major industry in Queensland contributing 5% to GSP (Goss 87). In 1993, the state attracted 1.4 million international visitors or 51% of the inbound market (Trends, issue 1, July 1994:4). This represents a 16% average annual increase since 1991. Although domestic tourism has experienced a slowdown, the state attracted 2.4 million intrastate and 8.5 million interstate trips in 1993. The staging of Expo 88 in Brisbane is credited with stimulating a significant increase in interstate visits to Queensland (cf. Collins 1994b).
Art and Nature
Authors: Cooke Glenn
Published: August 2016

With the winnowing of time and the emphasis given to particular artists in our constructed histories of art (be it international, national or regional) it is often difficult to determine why artists were considered to be innovatory in their time. The works so judged survive but not the context which enabled them to achieve this prominence. So it is with Vida Lahey. It may seem a desperate measure to consider a flower painter as a vehicle for modernist ideas, but the art environment in Brisbane was particularly conservative and Vida Lahey's vibrant flower paintings were a significant presence.
'The Queensland House: A Roof over our Heads', Rod Fisher and Brian Crozier (eds), 134 pages, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 1994, $29.95
Authors: Craik Jennifer
Published: August 2016

The Queensland House: A Roof over our Heads, Rod Fisher and Brian Crozier (eds), 134 pages, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 1994, $29.95
'Brisbane: The Ethnic Presence since the 1850s', R. Fisher, B. Shaw, (eds), 130 pages, Brisbane History Group, Brisbane, 1993, $20
Authors: Hokanson Stig R.
Published: August 2016

Brisbane: The Ethnic Presence since the 1850s, R. Fisher, B. Shaw, (eds), 130 pages, Brisbane History Group, Brisbane, 1993, $20
'The Petrie Family: Building Colonial Brisbane'. Dimity Dornan and Denis Cryle. St Lucia: UQP, 1992. 210 p. $16.95 - 'Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland'. Constance Campbell Petrie. 4th ed. St. Lucia: UQP, 1992. 323 p. $18.95
Authors: Ryan Simon
Published: August 2016

The Petrie Family: Building Colonial Brisbane. Dimity Dornan and Denis Cryle. St Lucia: UQP, 1992. 210 p. $16.95 - Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland. Constance Campbell Petrie. 4th ed. St. Lucia: UQP, 1992. 323 p. $18.95
Education and Journalism in Nineteenth Century Charters Towers
Authors: Davies Glenn A.
Published: August 2016

The colonial editor enjoyed a privileged position in nineteenth century Queensland, and through the newspaper editorial provided a regular social and political commentary. An analysis of the character and influences of an editor provides valuable insights into the forces that shaped the community and, at times, the colony. In the second half of the nineteenth century a popular vocation for many men with at least a passing education was journalism. Their creative spirits were to find an outlet in the plethora of provincial papers. In this whirlwind of journals, papers, and issues, it was Thadeus O'Kane of Charters Towers who stood head and shoulders above his scribbler peers. O'Kane was to be an inspiration to his colonial colleagues as a provincial catalyst for polemical discussions on the many popular political and social treatises and ideas of the late nineteenth century.
'The Morning Side of the Hill'. Marion Houldsworth. Introduction by Brian Dalton, Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University, 230pp. 1995, $20
Authors: Whitlock Gillian
Published: August 2016

The Morning Side of the Hill. Marion Houldsworth. Introduction by Brian Dalton, Townsville: Department of History and Politics, James Cook University, 230pp. 1995, $20
Policewomen and Queensland
Authors: Prenzler Tim
Published: August 2016

Queensland was a late starter in the employment of policewomen and, apart from a brief period in the early 1970s, has lagged behind other jurisdictions in utilising women. The aberrant history of policewomen in Queensland suggests additional evidence for the characterisation of Queensland as ‘the deep north’. Apart from the influence of general cultural and political factors, fluctuations in the fortunes of policewomen relate specifically to the discretionary powers held by police commissioners in personnel policies; problems of corruption and lack of accountability in particular have had a gender dimension, but close scrutiny of recent reforms has tended to ignore the impact of the Fitzgerald Report on women in the police force. Seismic changes have occurred at the level of policies and procedures and, although cultural change is limping behind, Queensland is now a leading State for access of women to a career in policing.
'The pearl-shellers of Torres Strait: resource use, development and decline, 1860s–1960s'. Regina Ganter, 299 pages, maps, figures, tables, plates, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, 1994, $29.95
Authors: Trigger David S.
Published: August 2016

The pearl-shellers of Torres Strait: resource use, development and decline, 1860s–1960s. Regina Ganter, 299 pages, maps, figures, tables, plates, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, 1994, $29.95
'Images 2: Contemporary Australian Painting', N. Drury, ed., Craftsman House, 1994, $120.00. - Fairweather, Murray Bail, Craftsman House, 1994, $60.00
Authors: Dunlop Richard
Published: August 2016

Images 2: Contemporary Australian Painting, N. Drury, ed., Craftsman House, 1994, $120.00. - Fairweather, Murray Bail, Craftsman House, 1994, $60.00
The Political Economy of Extremism
Authors: Dow Geoff
Published: August 2016

There is continuing acceptance that the One Nation phenomenon remains a significant local response to a global problem – the adoption by national polities of internationally-oriented economic policy ‘reforms’ which are despised by populations. The dismantling of public responsibility for social and economic development has emerged as a cause of internal disaffection with conventional forms of politics. This paper attempts to separate the anti-liberal from the illiberal aspects of the responses to internationalisation and de-politicisation. It suggests that there have always been intellectually respectable anti-liberal traditions of analysis and that One Nation has tapped into some of these strands of analytical opinion. The lesson for mainstream parties is that they continue to insist on the inevitability of globalisation, and to risk further societal discontent and intolerance, only by ignoring the real alternative approaches to the responsibilities and possibilities of politics that have long been available.
Japanese-Australians in the Post-war Thursday Island Community
Authors: Nagata Yuriko
Published: August 2016

From the late 19th century, a scattering of small Japanese communities gradually established themselves around the northern coast of Australia. These communities existed as ethnic minorities within already established communities of Europeans and indigenous Australians in towns such as Broome, Darwin and in the sugargrowing areas of northern Queensland. The largest of these communities were found on Thursday Island, in the Torres Strait, and Broome, in Western Australia. At the outbreak of World War II, Thursday Island was the largest Japanese community in the country.
Ghassan Hage, 'White Nation — Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society'. Annandale: Pluto Press, 280pp, 1998, $24.95
Authors: Hughes Carolyn
Published: August 2016

Ghassan Hage, White Nation — Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. Annandale: Pluto Press, 280pp, 1998, $24.95
Carole Ferrier, 'Jean Devanny: Romantic Revolutionary'. Melbourne University Press. HB RRP $49.95
Authors: Ferres Kay
Published: August 2016

Carole Ferrier, Jean Devanny: Romantic Revolutionary. Melbourne University Press. HB RRP $49.95
The Avant-garde and its Patrons
Authors: Szulakowska Urszula
Published: August 2016

Brisbane in the 1980s provides a case study of how a small, but intensely self-conscious experimental art-scene could be created by a very few people marginalised within a conservative culture. This was a uniquely Australian phenomenon, possible only in a country of densely-populated, capital cities, isolated from each other by great distances.
The Q Story
Authors: Murray Jacqui
Published: August 2016

In 1945, as Australians unknowingly entered the last year of the Second World War, the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in Queensland undertook a unique radio history project that ran for two years. The original intention of the programme, as suggested by its title The Q Story, appears to have been propagandist and thus in keeping with official policy: to provide morale-boosting entertainment with a nationalist theme in the context of wartime. As the programme progressed, however, it appears to have developed an alternative legitimacy in response to public demand.
Prosecutors or Protectors?
Authors: Genever Geoff
Published: August 2016

If any characteristic has distinguished the police in Australia from their original models in England or Ireland, it has been their continually changing role in the government of Aborigines.

In the 1830s and 40s, in the absence of any real law enforcement body, uncontained conflict between settlers and Aborigines in what was to become southern Queensland resulted in a spiral of violence that was at times gratuitous. Some whites killed blacks out-of-hand. For their part, Aborigines retaliated when and how they could. One settler, for example, told how in a little over two years fifteen of his shepherds had been murdered and whole herds of his animals had been butchered simply for the fat their kidneys contained.
'Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights — Past Present and Future', Galarrwuy Yunupingu (ed), The University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1996, pp.i-xviii and 242pp
Authors: Holmes John
Published: August 2016

Our Land is Our Life: Land Rights — Past Present and Future, Galarrwuy Yunupingu (ed), The University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1996, pp.i-xviii and 242pp
'The Brisbane River Story: Meanders through Time', Helen Gregory, Australian Marine Conservation Society Inc., 1996, 202pp
Authors: Horton Helen
Published: August 2016

The Brisbane River Story: Meanders through Time, Helen Gregory, Australian Marine Conservation Society Inc., 1996, 202pp
'Funny You Should Ask', Hugh Cornish, Brisbane: QAC Press, 1996, 184pp
Authors: Meadows Michael
Published: August 2016

Funny You Should Ask, Hugh Cornish, Brisbane: QAC Press, 1996, 184pp
Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness in Policing
Authors: Hortz Owen
Published: August 2016

The interest in the evaluation of police work has been growing rapidly over the last eight years. The economic growth of the early 1980s has been replaced with the economic stringency of the 1990s. There has been an adoption of the private sector approach to evaluating public services. Value for money has never been more important, and all public services have been called to demonstrate efficiency in operation. Performance indicators have been developed for the police to aid in demonstrating this.
Integrating Investigation and Prevention
Authors: Homel Ross
Published: August 2016

The British scientist Lord Kelvin once asserted that if something can be measured, it can be understood. To the extent that this is true, social scientists who want to understand political corruption or police misconduct would seem to be in big trouble, for some fairly obvious reasons. Corruption and misconduct by their nature usually involve prohibited actions committed by consenting adults in private, the offenders sometimes occupy positions of considerable power, any victim is often as compromised as the offenders or (especially in the case of an organisation) is unaware of being victimised, and whistleblowers historically have got such a raw deal from their departments and from the authorities that only the most heroic have persevered with their claims. No doubt its covert nature and reach into the upper echelons of power are reasons why there is still debate about how much corruption there really was in Queensland prior to the Fitzgerald Inquiry, and why there is continuing controversy about whether the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC), set up in late 1989 to continue the work of the Inquiry, has been a success or a failure.
What has Reform Wrought?
Authors: Brereton David , Ede Andrew
Published: August 2016

On 24 September 1997 the Criminal Justice Commission (CJC) released a comprehensive report entitled Integrity in the Queensland Police Service: Implementation and Impact of the Fitzgerald Inquiry Reforms, in line with its statutory obligation to report to Parliament on the implementation of the recommendations of the Inquiry. Earlier reports have examined the implementation of the Inquiry's recommendations relating to recruitment and training and the restructuring of the police service (see CJC 1993, 1994). This most recent report addresses issues such as whether the Fitzgerald reforms have enhanced the effectiveness of the complaints investigation process, led to improved standards of behaviour within the Queensland Police Service (QPS), reduced the incidence of corruption and weakened the influence of the police ‘code of silence’. In addition to providing a retrospective assessment of the ‘Fitzgerald reforms’, the report identifies key areas where further action is required by the QPS and provides a reference point against which to measure future progress. This article summarises the key findings of the report and briefly discusses the implications for further reform of the QPS and the role of the CJC in that process.
The South Coast Railway
Authors: Bishop Renae
Published: August 2016

In the late nineteenth century, railway mania overtook Queensland, with every community seeking to replace the coach or horse-and-buggy with the train. The demand for a rail service was especially strong in the south-east corner of the Colony for two main reasons: firstly, the coastal strip was rapidly gaining popularity as a holiday resort, and a faster, more comfortable means of travel was needed to replace the journey by coach; and secondly, the hinterland river flats and lower valleys of the McPherson Range were proving to be very productive agricultural and dairying districts, and farmers needed the railway to transport their produce to city markets.
A History of Gold Mining in Ravenswood
Authors: Megarrity Lyndon
Published: August 2016

Ravenswood is approximately 125 kilometres inland from Townsville. In the early 1900s, it was among the top gold producers in North Queensland. Now, in the 1990s, after several decades of limited activity, Ravenswood gold mining has undergone a revival. This paper will explore the history of Ravenswood from its inception to the present day, emphasising the importance of technology to the progress of the goldfield. Special attention will be drawn to the New Ravenswood Ltd. Company (1899–1917), which combined innovative technology with an effective management, thereby creating an unprecedented level of prosperity in the town of Ravenswood.
Regionalism in Architecture as Cultural Identity
Authors: Hyde Richard
Published: August 2016

The development of architecture follows many strands but increasingly the value and role of the discipline in relation to culture identity is questioned. Whilst it may be accepted axiomatically that architecture reflects cultural mores, with the development of commercialisation and materialism, the question focuses on how to create an architecture that reflects the locale, its peoples, its history and most of all its life styles. An architectural direction that reflects the region is perhaps more likely to succeed in this respect. Yet what are the tenets of regionalism and how can these be reflected in an authentic local architecture?
The Queensland International Exhibition of 1897
Authors: McKay Judith
Published: August 2016

On 5 May 1897, just over a century ago, the Queensland International Exhibition opened in Brisbane. This, the seventh international exhibition to be held in Australia, was Queensland's contribution to the great series of world expos that followed London's famous Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition also marked Queensland's recovery from a disastrous depression of the early 1890s, proclaiming to the world that Queensland was now on a steady path of progress. Contemporaries viewed the exhibition with mixed feelings: to some it was a ‘dazzling display’; to others ‘a frost’ (a nineteenth-century term for ‘a fizzer’). ‘Frost’ or not, the event was soon forgotten after it closed three months later, and hardly rated a mention at the time of its recent successor, World Expo '88.