bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Turkish Language Reform
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

This is the first full account of the transformation of Ottoman Turkish into modern Turkish. It is based on the author's knowledge, experience and continuing study of the language, history, and people of Turkey. That transformation of the Turkish language is probably the most thorough-going piece of linguistics engineering in history. Its prelude came in 1928, when the Arabo-Persian alphabet was outlawed and replaced by the Latin alphabet. It began in earnest in 1930 when Ataturk declared: Turkish is one of the richest of languages. It needs only to be used with discrimination. The Turkish nation, which is well able to protect its territory and its sublime independence, must also liberate its language from the yoke of foreign languages. A government-sponsored campaign was waged to replace words of Arabic or Persian origin by words collected from popular speech, or resurrected from ancient texts, or coined from native roots and suffixes. The snag - identified by the author as one element in the catastrophic aspect of the reform - was that when these sources failed to provide the needed words, the reformers simply invented them. The reform was central to the young republic's aspiration to be western and secular, but it did not please those who remained wedded to their mother tongue or to the Islamic past. The controversy is by no means over, but Ottoman Turkish is dead. Professor Lewis both acquaints the general reader with the often bizarre, sometimes tragicomic but never dull story of the reform, and provides a lively and incisive account for students of Turkish and the relations between culture, politics and language with some stimulating reading. The author draws on his own wide experience of Turkey and his personal knowledge of many of the leading actors. The general reader will not be at a disadvantage, because no Turkish word or quotation has been left untranslated. This book is important for the light it throws on twentieth-century Turkish politics and society, as much as it is for the study of linguistic change. It is not only scholarly and accessible; it is also an extremely good read.
Conclusions
Authors: Spolsky Bernard , Cooper Robert L
Published: November 2023

Urbanization tends to promote both linguistic diversity and uniformity. It promotes diversity inasmuch as occupational specialization and the consequent social stratification are greater in towns than in the countryside, and inasmuch as this social stratification is inevitably reflected by linguistic diversity. Further, towns serve as magnets for migration by speakers of different regional varieties of the same language and by speakers of different languages. At the same time, urbanization promotes uniformity because, working through mass education, it fosters the diffusion of standard languages, and because linguistic diversity gives rise to mediating languages of wider communication.
Autonomy and Rights
Authors: Spector Horacio
Published: November 2023

Moral and political theorists who espouse egalitarianism and Marxism tend to assume that it is extremely hard, if not impossible, to put forward an original and plausible moral justification of classical liberalism. Professor Spector is concerned to build just such a justification. He reconstructs and then criticizes a familiar approach to the moral foundations of classical liberalism which rests on the maximization of negative freedom, and then frames an alternative theory centred in the obligation to protect positive freedom. In doing so he parts company not only with utilitarianism and contractarianism, but also with the theory of natural rights. Among the topics he discusses are the concepts of negative and positive freedom, the notion of a moral right, the connection between positive freedom and personal autonomy, the axiological uniqueness of each human being, and the agent-relativity of moral reasons.
Where and When
Authors: Williams C J F
Published: November 2023

Suppose that the universe consists of nothing else but a set of chess men, and that history is nothing but a prolonged game of chess. For our present purposes we need not concern ourselves with the questions who moves the pieces, and whose are the strategies and the wise or foolish moves. Whoever they are, they are not part of the universe as we have described it. The chess-men simply move, obedient always to the laws of the game. When a piece is taken, it disappears from the board-only there is no board. The pieces are in the positions they would occupy at the beginning of a game on a board, if there were a board. That is to say, the order in which they are arranged is the same, and the relative distances between them are the same, as they are in a normal game of chess. For instance, the distance between any two rooks at the beginning of the game is seven times that between any rook and the piece nearest to it. After the initial move-a pawn advances two squares we can talk of the place where that pawn was at the start of the game. Indeed, at any time there are at least as many unoccupied positions as occupied, and these positions may be referred to either as the position occupied so many moves back by a particular piece, or, according to the usual conventions, as ‘Queen’s Bishop 5’, etc.
Medical Ethics Can the Moral Philosopher Help?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

1.1 If the moral philosopher cannot help with the problems of medical ethics, he ought to shut up shop. The problems of medical ethics are so typical of the moral problems that moral philosophy is supposed to be able to help with, that a failure here really would be a sign either of the uselessness of the discipline or of the incompetence of the particular practitioner. I do not want to overstate this point, however. It could be the case that, so far as practical help goes, philosophy is at the stage now at which, not so long ago, medicine was. It has been said that until fairly recently one was more likely to survive one’s illnesses if one kept out of the hands of the doctor than if one allowed oneself to be treated—and this was at any rate true of the wounded on battlefields, because the surgeons’ instruments were not sterilized. Yet all the same medicine has now progressed to a stage at which it saves lives. The change came when certain methods got accepted: I mean, not merely such things as aseptic surgery, but also the application to medicine of the scientific method in general, which meant that firm and reliable procedures were adopted for determining whether a certain treatment worked or not; and also the relation of medicine to fundamental knowledge about physiology and biochemistry, which made possible the invention of new treatments to be tested in this way.
Little Human Guinea-Pigs?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

9.1 There is, or at least should be, a close relation between ethical theory and the discussion of practical moral issues. The benefit is mutual. If an understanding of ethical theory (that is, of how to tell good from bad arguments about moral questions) is lacking, our arguments will be reduced to the bandying of one unsupported opinion against another, and victory will go to the side that can command the biggest claque. On the other hand, the ethical theorist who neglects to try out his proposals on moral issues of importance is often left maintaining views which would not remain attractive if submitted to this test.
Health Care Policy Some Options
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

14.1 I have argued elsewhere (H 1993a, 15.2 and refs.) that a viable ethical theory is going to have to contain elements drawn both from the utilitarians and from Kant. There is in my view no inconsistency between a carefully formulated Kantianism and a carefully formulated utilitarianism. It is the purpose of this paper to try out such a theory on a pressing practical problem, that of how health care should be provided and distributed. I will start with some discussions of distributive justice in general. For only when we have decided what distribution of goods in general, equal or unequal, is just or right, can we go on to the particular question, well phrased by Norman Daniels (1985: ch. 1), ‘Is health care special?’. But I shall not spend much time on the general question.
Morphology
Authors: Rubach Jerzy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the basic facts of Slovak descriptive morphology. Our intention is to prepare the ground for the discussion of cyclic phonological rules in the subsequent chapters of this book. Consequently, the presentation of the facts is not complete and we concentrate primarily on inflection. Our aim is to establish the underlying representations of the most important morphemes and to state basic allomorph rules.
Political Discourse: The Language of Right and Left in Germany
Authors: Jäger Siegfried
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall analyse the political discourse of the right and of the left in Germany. Elements of these forms of political language may also be found in ‘independent’ newspapers and in the rhetorics of members or sympathizers of several political parties of the centre. However, I shall deal in particular with contemporary texts and talk of the right and, with some reservations, of the left. I say ‘with reservations’ because there is no (strong) movement of the left in Germany today. Public discourse in contemporary Germany is predominantly coloured by conservative and right-wing ideologies and ideas, especially as regards everyday thinking and debate. Leftist ideas and ideologies survive only in the niches of little groups and circles, and relics of them can be found in a small number of journals and pamphlets. Thus it is a reflection of the political landscape of contemporary Germany if the analysis of right-wing political discourse dominates the following discussion. However, there is also some justification for this in the fact that right-wing thinking and debate in the new larger Germany can be seen as a danger for the democratic development of society in this country, and I think that it is also necessary for linguists such as myself to see their own political responsibility, especially in a country in which large sections of the population and many politicians today tend to deny its past political history and to suppress its responsibility for the Holocaust and the ‘Third Reich’ and other crimes. Furthermore, after the ‘fall of the Wall’, feelings of national ism and chauvinism are growing again, and new right-wing political groups are emerging, while the whole political map is drifting towards the right.
Vocabulary
Authors: Comrie Bernard , Stone Gerald , Polinsky Maria
Published: November 2023

The reflection in language of extra-linguistic reality is easier to demonstrate on the lexical level than on any other, and the social motivation of linguistic change is consequently most easily demonstrated by change in vocabulary. The appearance of new things, concepts, qualities, activities, etc., is always accompanied or quickly followed (and sometimes even preceded) by changes in the lexical system. New words appear and old words change their meaning, often reflecting the changes in the outside world. But, as we have mentioned already, language varies not only along the scale of time, but along social, functional, and regional scales, too. Lexical innovation can therefore operate in many different ways, including the transfer of words and meanings from one variety to another.
Why Do Applied Ethics?
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

IT is becoming quite common nowadays to see writers, whether popular or academic, speaking of a happy period which has just dawned, in which philosophers actually try to say something relevant to practical issues. This rather patronizing pat on the back is not really intended as a compliment to our profession. It is intended, rather, as a rebuke to those in the recent past who, allegedly, did not say anything relevant to practice. As one who came into philosophy in the Forties with the dominant motive of doing something to help us resolve practical moral problems, I may perhaps be forgiven for finding this a little irritating. My first published philosophical contribution to a practical issue (that of what the duties of citizens are when their governments are acting immorally) was delivered in the Fifties, first in Germany, then on the BBC Third Programme (H 1955b); and since then I have published many papers on practical topics. I do not think that I am alone in this among moral philosophers. It is true that some of them have confined their attention to ethical theory; but their theoretical contributions, none the less, may have been valuable indirectly in helping those of us who were applying theory to practice to improve the theory. On the other hand, they may not have been valuable, if the theoretical work was poor, as it may have been for reasons I shall be discussing. But what the writers I am complaining about fail to say is that there can be no helpful intervention of philosophers, as philosophers, in practical issues unless the philosophy has been well done. It is not easy to make any useful application of theory to practice unless one has a viable theory, or at least a firm and coherent grasp of the theoretical moves.
Principles
Authors: Hare R M
Published: November 2023

I AM not going to say much in this paper that is new. I am going to draw attention to some distinctions which are so obvious that no competent philosopher will have failed to make them. My only reason for mentioning them is that while reading moral philosophy (especially recent moral philosophy) I constantly come across arguments which seem to depend on a neglect of these distinctions; they therefore do seem to need emphasizing. I shall also have some positive things to say (though these will not be new either) which have a bearing on the controversies which have been taking place about what is called ‘rule-utilitarianism’. The main thing I am going to say about principles is that they can be more or less general. The only person who does not find this an all too familiar truth is one who has failed to make the distinctions that I have in mind.
Attributive and Existential Change
Authors: Pivčević Edo
Published: November 2023

it is now necessary to look more closely at the logical grammar of attribution of change. The substance of the Zenonian argument, as we saw, was that the conditions of a significant attribution of change are not fulfilled, because there can be no unequivocal, let alone reliable, criteria of causal continuity, and hence no coherent notion of the conditions under which such an attribution could be said to be true. But why, one might ask, does one have to accept the Zenonian premisses? Why should one have to tie the meaningfulness of statements about change to their truth conditions? And why in particular should such truth conditions have’ to include the criteria of causal continuity? To insist on the criteria of causal continuity is like asking for the criteria whereby one could establish that a perceptual object, say this lamp on my desk, is causally continuous with its earlier existence before one can meaningfully refer to it as a spatiotemporal particular inhabiting an objective world out there. lt is an absurd demand. What WP should be focusing on instead are the conditions under which the very question about such criteria can be intelligibly asked, and, if we do this, we shall soon discover that the possibility of referring to enduring external objects is included among such conditions. And the same, surely, applies to change. One cannot rationally insist that a definition be produced of the criteria of causal continuity of change before the existence of objective change can be meaningfully asserted, If one has to posit the possibility of objective change before one can even begin to ask meaningful questions about the criteria of causal continuity. Any scepticism in such cases is self-defeating, for in the end one is reduced to presupposing what one is trying to question.
The Reality of Change
Authors: Pivčević Edo
Published: November 2023

What reply should we give to the sceptic? The key issue that emerges from our discussion in the preceding chapter seems to be one of the interpretation of ‘indexical’ time; in particular, what inferences, if any, regarding real time and real change can be drawn from the distinctions of tense? The sceptic is likely to approve wholeheartedly of our criticism of naturalism. He might even go as far as accepting not just that indexical temporal notions are centrally involved in the way we explain ourselves to ourselves, but, moreover, that their availability is an essential pre-condition of the intelligibility of change in general. But this is about as far as he is likely to go. His position remains that no propositions that depend for their intelligibility upon indexical temporal notions, and hence none of what might be called ‘irreducibly tensed’ propositions, need ever be true; and therefore that no affirmative inferences are warranted regarding the reality of time or objective change. He is trying to undermine any such inferences by, in effect, inviting us to contemplate the possibility of a self which, though conceiving of itself and its own activities under the aspect of time, nevertheless remains extra-temporal in essence.
Leibniz on Divine Perfection and Freedom
Authors: Rowe William L
Published: November 2023

In 1715 a series of written exchanges began between the eminent, highly original German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz and the brilliant British theologian Samuel Clarke. Halted by Leibniz’s death in 1716, the series was edited and published by Clarke in 1717. The occasion for the exchange was Leibniz’s remark in a letter to Caroline, Princess of Wales, that Newtonian physics had contributed to the decline of natural religion in England. Since Clarke, a learned theologian and philosopher, was both closely associated with Newton and had been personally acquainted with the Stuart royalty through serving as chaplain to Queen Anne, he took up the defense of both natural religion in England and Newtonian views of absolute space and time. In the process of their discussions a deep divergence emerged in their respective views of freedom, both human and divine. From these exchanges, as well as their other writings, much can be learned about the philosophical similarities and differences between these two great exponents of theological rationalism.
Introduction: Conceivability and Possibility
Authors: Gendler Tamar Szab ó , Hawthorne John
Published: November 2023

We have, it seems, a capacity that enables us to represent scenarios to ourselves using words or concepts or sensory images, scenarios that purport to involve actual or non-actual things in actual or non-actual configurations. There is a natural way of using the term ‘conceive’ that refers to this activity in its broadest sense. When we engage in such conceivings, the things we depict to ourselves frequently present themselves as possible, and we have an associated tendency to judge that they are possible.
Desire in Imagination
Authors: Currie Gregory
Published: November 2023

Moral truths, if there are any, may all be necessary truths. But that ought not to stop us imagining alternative moralities. After all, plenty of strict impossibilities in the purely factual realm are, or seem to be, perfectly imaginable, as with stories in which it turns out that Godel misled us about the unprovability by finite means of the consistency of arithmetic. None the less, imagination is peculiarly inhospitable to alternative moralities. We are not, Hume remarked, repelled by the factual errors of writers from other times and places; with’a turn of imagination’we enter easily into all their opinions.
What is it Like to be a Zombie?
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: November 2023

Zombies are creatures that are physically exactly like ordinary people, but that have no phenomenal consciousness. A zombie world is a world physically exactly like our world, but with no phenomenal consciousness at all. The sun shines in such worlds, but the lights are out in the minds of the unfortunate creatures who live in them. These beings behave just as we do, and their internal physical and functional properties are exactly the same as ours. They make judgments, and perhaps have beliefs (or at least functional analogues of beliefs: states that represent the world), but their states have no qualitative character, no ‘inside’. There is nothing it is like to be a zombie.
Introduction
Authors: Gow Peter
Published: November 2023

This book is an ethnography of the native people of the Bajo Urubamba river in eastern Peru. The people of this area of Peruvian Amazonia frequently say that they are de sangre mezclada, ‘of mixed blood’. In so doing, they seem to place in doubt the cultural continuity between themselves and the ancestral Piro, Campa, and other indigenous peoples of the region. Such rejection of cultural continuity is pervasive in the speech of native people. When discussing the organization of their communities, they talk most about the village school and their legal title to land. No recourse is made by these people to what we might term “traditional” models of community organization, familiar to anthropologists through ethnographies of other indigenous Amazonian peoples. Indeed they contrast their current ‘civilized life’ in legally recognized settlements with a school, called Comunidades Nativas, to their ancestors’ lives in the forest, where they lacked ‘real villages’. In this book I present an account of how the institutions of the school and the Comunidad Nativa operate in the organization of native people’s communities.
Mixed People
Authors: Gow Peter
Published: November 2023

The native people of the Bajo Urubamba frequently assert that they are ‘mixed people’ (gente mezclada) or ‘of mixed blood’ (de sangre mezclada). The idiom of ‘mixing’ refers to the collapse of pure ‘kinds of people’ existing at the beginning of history through intermarriage, and that of ‘mixed people’ asserts that kinship is a historical product. This intermarriage is productive of new settlements and hence of new generations, which differ categorically from those of previous generations. The personal identities of contemporary people on the Bajo Urubamba are ‘mixed’ in the sense that each person is of several ‘kinds of people’ simultaneously. This opposes them to prior ‘pure’ generations, and thus marks kinship as a historical process.
Modes of Livelihood
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten
Published: November 2023

IN Laxdrela saga the reason given for the emigration of Ketill flatnefr and his family from Norway is the expansionist policy of King Harald Fairhair. The author of Laxdrela saga thereby reaffirms the tradition that the tyranny of Harald was the main reason for leaving Norway in the ninth century. However, would-be emigrants not only had to decide to leave; they also had to decide upon a proper destination, and Laxda:la saga gives us some reasons for choosing Iceland.
Foreign Relations
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten
Published: November 2023

ALTHOUGH virtually isolated in the North Atlantic, Icelandic society was always part of a larger cycle of social reproduction. In the early Middle Ages Icelanders were engaged in extensive commerce, linking Scandinavia, the British Isles, and the North Atlantic communities through trade (cf. Foote and Wilson 1970; Gelsinger 1981). The import of grain and timber was vital to Icelandic society, and the concurrent cross-cultural dialogue was equally vital to the maintenance of a distinct Icelandic identity (Hastrup 1985a: 227ff.).
Art and Anthropology
Authors: Firth Raymond
Published: November 2023

In a discussion on art and anthropology it is not easy to strike a balance between description and theory, to show the richness of anthropological studies of art without releasing a flood of detail, to point out how our analyses of exotic, so-called primitive art can be fitted with significance into the understanding of art and of society as a whole. So I think it appropriate to say something about art in general before discussing anthropological contributions to the subject.
Matrix Analysis
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank
Published: November 2023

In ‘Mathematics and the Metaphysicians’, Bertrand Russell observed that ‘Obviousness is always the enemy of correctness. Hence we invent some new and difficult symbolism, in which nothing seems obvious. Then we set up certain rules for operating on the symbols, and the whole thing becomes mechanical’ (1917: 77). Certainly in the case of large exchange structures it would be desirable to have purely mechanical procedures to ensure accurate descriptions and rapid, reliable computation. This can be accomplished by representing a graph as a matrix and applying elementary and easily programmed algebraic manipulations.
Ngundeng: Prophetic Inspiration on the Eastern Frontier
Authors: Johnson Douglas H
Published: November 2023

Ngundeng Bong is generally considered to have been the first prophet. As one of his posthumous sons put it: ‘Divinity who created people, it was here. The great Divinity [kuoth dit] who created all the lands, they knew it. They knew only it. In the past they did not know any divinity in the world who made men mad.
Prophetic Traditions in Peace and War
Authors: Johnson Douglas H
Published: November 2023

The chapters in the preceding section have described in detail the development of a prophetic idiom involving seizure, speaking with the voice of a divinity, and the powers of healing, life, and death as they related to the moral community. Within that idiom different prophetic traditions arose around the dominant divinities Deng, Diu, Maani and their most prominent prophets. The early prophets established the character of the divinities which inspired them, and through their actions helped to create an expectation among their own communities of what a specific divinity was capable of and how the prophet of that divinity should behave. Later prophecy worked within the framework of these prophetic traditions. The traditions themselves further developed within a context created by the presence of government. This meant the further desacralizing of power and authority, and alternations between periods of peace and periods of war.
The Life of Prophecy
Authors: Johnson Douglas H
Published: November 2023

In Part II I have described in detail the activities of Nuer prophets, trying to identify their conscious goals, the adaptations and changes they made, as well as the continuities they represented. In the pre-existing figures of Deng and Aiwel, in the activities centred around major shrines, in the experiences of various types of masters, the prophets of the nineteenth century had models of inspiration on which to draw.
Śresthas: Heterogeneity among Hindu Patron Lineages
Authors: Quigley Declan
Published: November 2023

Of all Newar castes the Śresthas are the most difficult to categorize.* Indeed it is hazardous to describe them as a caste at all and it is this hazard, and the ways in which it is best approached, which will form the central theme of this chapter. Toffin has written (1984: 382) that ‘the Śresthas, one of the most numerous groups in Newar society, deserve less and less to be described as a caste’. In the following discussion, I will support this view: in fact, it is doubtful whether Śresthas have ever been a single caste in the way that castes are normally thought to be—i.e. with a relatively homogeneous status.
Art And Agency
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: November 2023

Alfred Gell puts forward a new anthropological theory of visual art, seen as a form of instrumental action: the making of things as a means of influencing the thoughts and actions of others. He argues that existing anthropological and aesthetic theories take an overwhelmingly passive point of view, and questions the criteria that accord art status only to a certain class of objects and not to others. The anthropology of art is here reformulated as the anthropology of a category of action: Gell shows how art objects embody complex intentionalities and mediate social agency. He explores the psychology of patterns and perceptions, art and personhood, the control of knowledge, and the interpretation of meaning, drawing upon a diversity of artistic traditions--European, Indian, Polynesian, Melanesian, and Australian. Art and Agency was completed just before Alfred Gell's death at the age of 51 in January 1997. It embodies the intellectual bravura, lively wit, vigour, and erudition for which he was admired, and will stand as an enduring testament to one of the most gifted anthropologists of his generation.
Introduction
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

Jain renouncers are men and women who have left their families and given away all their material possessions to lead a wandering life of asceticism and religious teaching. There are several different Jain traditions, and the rules which renouncers follow vary between them, but in all cases the life they prescribe is one of justly famed severity.
The Mystery of the Visible
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I shall attempt to provide an introduction to religious thought in Shvetambar Jainism, by describing the images, narratives, and schemes which I referred to in Chapter 1 as the tradition’s central imaginative reference-points. The question we shall have in mind is; where does the Jain subject find him or herself placed with respect to these images and schemes?
City, Locality, and Leadership
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

The Jain population in Jaipur is not in any straightforward sense representative of others in the region. It is quite large, and even by Jain standards it is rich. In terms of Jain religious composition, Jaipur is also unusual. It is one of very few centres where the whole gamut of sectarian opinion, Digambar and Shvetambar, is represented in one place. Most local Jain communities are more homogeneous, both in social and religious terms. Yet it would not be quite right either to see Jaipur as a microcosm of the Jain population of lndia as a whole. The Jain population in the city is large and diverse, but here the Digambars are more numerous than the Shvetambars (they are the minority India-wide), in a region in which the Shvetambars generally predominate, and the dominant Shvetambar presence in the city is an extremely conservative business community, whose majority religious allegiance is to one of the smallest renouncer lineages. So Jaipur is a special case. Before going on to describe the Shvetambar community there, it would be helpful to say something about the kind of special place it is.
Diwali: Renunciation Humanized and Riches Redeemed
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: November 2023

I ended Part III by describing how the asceticism of Samvatsari and the well-being and increase celebrated at the Ganesh festival are dramatically counterposed, in a way that is emblematic both of the location of Jain communities in Indian society, and the ethical and aesthetic contrasts between renunciation and riches as lay religious values. I should like to end this part of the book with a consideration of the other major festival in the Jain religious year, Diwali (see Plates XIX–XXII). On the surface, Diwali could not be more different from Samvatsari, but the two festivals exhibit a different aspect of the same Jain ethos; mixing the same elements to produce a complementary effect.
Business and Landed Élites in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Thompson F M L
Published: November 2023

The attractions of land as a safe outlet for the surplus savings of businessmen began to wane from the late seventeenth century with the growing availability of higher-yielding and more liquid alternatives in mortgages, the funds, and other stocks. In the short term the state of the money market continued to exert a direct influence on land-purchasing activity; when the yield on government stocks was high and their price low, moneyed men were loath to buy land and landed men were prone to buy stocks. But the long-term trend was clear. Wealthy merchants and others could still be found in the later eighteenth century buying pieces of land here and there and from time to time, collecting an assorted packet of title-deeds too scattered and fragmented for residential purposes but sufficiently homogeneous for an investment old-fashioned habits inherited from earlier generations.
Devolution and the British Constitution
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon
Published: November 2023

Many years ago, Geoffrey Marshall was my tutor in politics. For my first essay, instead of the standard fare on the power of the Prime Minister or the role of Congress, Geoffrey asked me to write on Dicey’s constitutional principles. This was a complex exercise for a beginner, but I wrote what I thought to be a decent summary of Dicey’s views. Geoffrey, in the gentlest possible way, showed me both that Dicey was a more subtle thinker than was commonly imagined, but also that his principles were in many respects inadequate as an explanation of the British Constitution. I retired, shamefaced.
Conclusion
Authors: Hansen Randall
Published: November 2023

Commonwealth migration has transformed the demographic make-up of the UK and irreversibly altered its politics. In offering an account of this unprecedented migration, the study has sought to explain three features of it: the late adoption of migration controls in 1962, the rapid and complete adoption of restrictions after 1962, and the legal peculiarities linked with the experience of Commonwealth immigration. The account can be briefly summarized: The deferral of migration restrictions until 1962, which ensured (via family reunification) the development of multicultural Britain, resulted from the intersection of ideology and partisan power. Both parties, but especially the Conservatives, were profoundly attached to the Old Commonwealth and its citizens’ right to enter Britain; no politician wished to see this movement blocked. At the same time, a few politicians, and above all the Colonial Secretary, refused to countenance racist immigration restrictions. The resulting veto, carried in 1955, guaranteed further non-white migration and the emergence of British multiculturalism.
The Emergence of Finite Complements
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

Finite complements in Akkadian developed from adverbial clauses. This process may appear unusual, since adverbial clauses are not often reported as sources of finite complements, and since adverbial conjunctions are not often reported as sources of complementizers. Moreover, according to the common interpretation of finite complements as object clauses (an interpretation which I tried to discredit in §2.1 above), the structural aspect of the change from adverbial clauses to complements may seem very problematic. This chapter examines the emergence of finite complements by tracing the development of the conjunction k”ima from an adverbial subordinator to a complementizer. I argue that the change from an adverbial to a complement can, in fact, be smooth and very natural, and that it does not present any genuine problems on either the semantic level or the structural level. Section 4.2 describes the core part of this process, the ‘bleaching’ of k’ima, from the causal meaning (‘because’) to the factive meaning (‘that’). The following section then examines the structural consequences of this process of semantic change.
The Wh- Functional Domain, Direct and Indirect Questions
Authors: Deutscher Guy
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a historical survey of the wh-functional domain, which is closely related to the FDC. The chapter is concerned with the range of different structures which are used to perform similar functions to that of ‘wh-complements’ (or indirect questions). Embedded indirect questions are only a late development in Babylonian. We do not have enough material to draw a picture of the Old Akkadian situation, but even in the Old Babylonian period, only the very beginning of indirect questions is evident. Whereas finite complements became widespread already in the Old Babylonian period (as we have seen), embedded questions only fully developed in the latest period of the language, Neo-Babylonian.
The gut, the bad, and the allergy
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

We need all kinds of nutrients to build and repair our body structures. Food also has to provide the necessary energy to bring these processes about, which is why most of our food consists of high energy molecules such as sugars, starch, fats, and oils. Energy is our primary need, but without protein, vitamins, minerals, and a few other molecules we would not be able to extract this energy, which is why a balanced diet is so important.
Sulfur dioxide and sulfites
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter
Published: November 2023

If a group of ten people dined on the above menu, the chances are that by the end of the evening one of them would be suffering the effects of too much sulfur dioxide. That person would soon start wheezing, and they could be well on their way to an attack of asthma. Usually such a person is aware that certain foods will bring on an attack, but many people are only half-aware that they are affected by sulfur dioxide: an encounter with it will leave them a little tight-chested, and wondering if they are starting with a cold. The effect is temporary, and will pass off within a few hours.
Actin
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C
Published: November 2023

Actins are a highly conserved family of proteins found in virtually all eukaryotic cells. They have prolific roles in cell motility - from the contraction of striated muscle to the movement of organelles within cells, and are known to interact with a diverse number of proteins families from myosins to gelsolins. This up-to-date edition gives a comprehensive account of actin sequence, mutation and structure as well as providing insight into ligand-binding sites and drug and toxin binding. Illustrated throughout, this modern text also contains an extensive bibliography for the interested reader.
Ligand-binding sites
Authors: Sheterline Peter , Clayton Jon , Sparrow John C
Published: November 2023

There is a single, exchangeable high-affinity divalent-cation-binding ,site located ,,within the cleft of actin close to the nucleotide and three or more intermediate and lower affinity cation binding sites elsewhere on the molecule (see Table 2 and [34] for review). The high-affinity cation-binding site has relative affinities for cation in the order Ca> Mn >Cd> :Mg > Zn > Ni > Sr [425,426, 427, 399, 1277], whilst the lower affinity sites do not greatly discriminare between calcium and magnesium and will bind monovalent cations [377].
Statistics
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Statistics can be a complex subject and this chapter does not give the reader all the skills needed to become a statistician. However it is hoped that it will provide back-ground to enable the reader to understand basic statistics and to be able then to follow more complex statistical ideas.
Heat, temperature, and humidification
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Heating up a solid, liquid, or gas gives the molecules themselves increased kinetic energy and the increased interaction between them is a consequence of a temperature rise. Thus a temperature change is the effect of heating or cooling a body. The section on the gas laws (see Chapter 5) has already described how temperature change occurs in relation to pressure and volume changes under adiabatic conditions, where no additional heat is supplied to the gas. This is stated in Charles’ law and Gay-Lussac’s law.
Blood pressure measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

This occurs either non-invasively or invasively and usually refers to systemic arterial pressure measurement, but can also refer to systemic venous or pulmonary arterial pressure measurement.In 1733 the Reverend Stephen Hales was the first person to measure blood pressure in vivo in unanaesthetized horses by direct cannulation of the carotid and femoral arteries. In doing so he observed the pulsatile nature of flow in the circulation.
Gas pressure, volume, and flow measurement
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

The gas laws have been discussed in Chapter 5 in relation to other aspects of gas and vapour behaviour. This section will focus on the physical principles and devices used to measure gas pressure, volume, and flowUnlike a liquid, a gas is compressible and the relationship between pressure, volume, and flow depends on the resistance to gas flow (or impedance if there is a frequency dependence in alternating flow) in conduits.
Pacemakers and defibrillators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

Cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators are used to stimulate cardiac muscle directly. The pacemaker corrects for abnormalities in the heart rate (this can be fast or slow). Defibrillators are used to restore a fibrillating heart or tachycardia, to sinus rhythm. These are nromally external, battery, or mains powered, but can be internal devices, which are called implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs).
Artificial ventilators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark
Published: November 2023

When pressure is applied by the ventilator to drive gas into the lungs, energy is expended to overcome airway resistance, R, to gas flow, in order to store gas in the alveoli, whose readiness to having their volume increased is represented by the concept of compliance, C. The storage of gas within individual compliances represents potential energy storage.
This Man’s Pill
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

October 15, 1951 marks the birthday of one of the key episodes in 20th century social history: the first synthesis of a steroid oral contraceptive in a small laboratory in Mexico City - an event that triggered the development of the Pill. Carl Djerassi has been honoured worldwide for that accomplishment, which ultimately changed the life of women and the nature of human reproduction in ways that were not foreseeable. On the 50th anniversary of this pivotal event, Djerassi weaves a compelling personal narrative full of self-reflection and occasional humour on the impact this invention has had on the world at large and on him personally. He credits the Pill with radically altering his academic career at Stanford University to become one of the few American chemists writing novels and plays. This Man’s Pill presents a forcefully revisionist account of the early history of the Pill, debunking many of the journalistic and romantic accounts of its scientific origin. Djerassi does not shrink from exploring why we have no Pill for men or why Japan only approved the Pill in 1999 (together with Viagra). Emphasizing that development of the Pill occurred during the post-War period of technological euphoria, he believes that it could not be repeated in today’s climate. Would the sexual revolution of the 1960s or the impending separation of sex (“in bed”) and fertilization (“under the microscope”) still have happened? This Man’s Pill answers such questions while providing a uniquely authoritative account of a discovery that changed the world.
Sex and immortality
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

As part of the rite of passage from one millennium into the next, a large German newspaper invited a diverse group of persons, including me, to write on ‘Immortality.’ The accompanying enticement, ‘write anything you want on that subject; proved sufficiently tempting that I agreed, before realizing how infrequently I had really thought about that topic. I do not believe in life after death. Hence at the most primitive level, immortality is a non-subject in my book of life. But it did not take me long to realize that the human longing for immortality expresses itself in many different ways. For instance, I could easily make the case that among many research scientists, such desire is stimulated by the values of our tribal culture.
From the Pill to the PC
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

On 8 May 1983, the love of my life, whom I—a recent divorce with a roving eye—had met on Valentine’s day of 1977, announced with a tender thunderbolt that she had fallen in love with another man. We were through, she said unequivocally, though much more elegantly than I give it here. We were through—the words were truer than either one of us imagined. What was ending wasn’t, however, our love. It was the life I had known until then, soon to be supplanted by a new, utterly unexpected turn away from scientific research.
Behind the scrim of fiction
Authors: Djerassi Carl
Published: November 2023

As far as I can remember, the last novel I read in German was Arthur Koestler’s The Gladiators; I was 18 or 19 years old at the time. Half a century passed until I read another novel in German, this one with an attention I had never before given a work of fiction. As I turned the pages of Ursula-Maria Mossner’s translation of my own novel, Cantor’s Dilemma, long-forgotten German idioms surfaced from some Viennese depth that I had assumed had long ago been covered by an impenetrable thicket of Americanisms.
Removable appliances
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

Removable appliances have been used extensively in orthodontics for many years. However, their use is often brought into disrepute due to a lack of understanding of their mode of action and the limitations this imposes. Fixed appliances are capable of three-dimensional tooth movements, whilst removable appliances are largely limited to straightforward tipping.
Materials
Authors: Ireland A J , McDonald Fraser
Published: November 2023

This section is intended to provide information on the materials specifically used in both removable and functional appliances. It will not cover the adjunctive materials used in the construction of these appliances such as alginate, plaster, stone, and separating media. Essentially, there are two types of material used in removable and functional appliances: acrylic and wires.
Loads And Levers
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Partial dentures are subject to many forces, such as chewing (vertical and lateral), lifting (sticky foods), and actions of the tongue, lips and cheeks. We must employ the under- standing of loads and levers during the development of good design. It could be argued that this short chapter contains the information about which the major part of this book hinges. It is purely a revision of some elementary school physics which you use daily without thinking. Fundamental to understanding partial denture design is a solid grasp of simple mechanical principles. Without these you might as well leave the design to your laboratory or copy a design that happens to take your fancy, neither of which takes into consideration the physiological needs of the patient.
Classification Of Partial Dentures
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

It is helpful to have a method of describing the type of denture required. The form and shape of partial dentures are virtually numberless, so a classification is needed to divide them into manageable groups when they are to be described or discussed.
Indirect Or Cantilevered Support
Authors: Tyson K W , Yemm R , Scott B J J
Published: November 2023

Indirect support provides support for a saddle which is cantilevered out beyond the area of available tooth support. The action is one of a Class I lever system and can therefore be very effective or very poor, depending on how the load, effort, and fulcrum are distributed. You do not come across this term very often, but all the same it can be a vital factor in partial denture design whether you realize it or not.