bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Survey Method
Authors: KUECHLER MANFRED
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the proliferation of the survey method beyond the Western democracies of North America and Europe with particular emphasis on cross-national survey projects and the study of public opinion on broadly defined political issues. Discussing rules formulated by Jowell and others, a set of principles for conducting cross-national surveys is offered. Based on a case study of extending political surveys to East Germany after the fall of Communism, and beyond more technical and organizational aspects, the more general question of societal conditions and their relationship to the validity of survey data is discussed. Considering both post-Communist and Asian countries, it is suggested that to ensure the validity of survey data, culture-specific adjustments are necessary and that meaningful comparative cross-national analysis must also include nonquantitative components. The current trend of extending cross-national projects to a large number of rather heterogeneous countries is seen as producing data of dubious quality.
Survey Experience Among Women in Bangladesh
Authors: NEWBY MARGARET , AMIN SAJEDA , DIAMOND IAN , NAVED RUCHIRA T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines issues surrounding survey methodology and the research process from the experience of a study of female garment workers in Bangladesh carried out during 1996-1997 by the Population Council and the University of Southampton. The process of sampling the population of interest and then the interview process will be examined in detail. In addition, some more general issues about survey research in developing countries and in Bangladesh, in particular, such as the timing of the research and the importance of the cultural context, will be discussed.
Introduction
Authors: DATOR JIM
Published: March 2007

Since futures studies has been a worldwide serious academic and consulting activity for more than 30 years, why have people never heard of it—or at least why do they know so little about it? The author briefly outlines his own teaching and consulting experiences in futures studies since 1967 and then introduces each of the 25 authors whose essays follow in this special issue.
Pedagogy, Culture, and Futures Studies
Authors: INAYATULLAH SOHAIL
Published: March 2007

Through case studies of futures workshops and courses, the importance of decolonizing the future and creating authentic alternative futures is highlighted. Futures studies, it is argued, is about understanding the human condition, what it has become, and how we can participate in changing it. An ideal futures studies is multileveled, empirical, interpretive, and critical in its research focus. Offered in this article is causal layered analysis, a futures method that takes a multicultural and multidisciplinary approach to the future.
Culture Indicators from the Leisure Activity Survey
Authors: ROBINSON JOHN P.
Published: March 2007

Robinson describes the Leisure Activity Survey, a large national sample data set collected in 1982 by the Bureau of the Census for the National Endowment for the Arts. He shows selected preliminary findings and goes on to suggest several other uses of the data set.
Cause-Related Marketing: Ethics and the Ecstatic
Authors: Smith Warren , Higgins Matthew
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the ethical implications of the practice of cause-related marketing (CRM). The authors note howCRMis consistent with a contemporary rhetoric that argues that consumers are displaying a developing interest in the social commitments of the corporate world. However, following the work of Zygmunt Bauman, the authors suggest that CRM actually threatens these sentiments. Of particular significance is its incorporation of a charitable act within an act of exchange that is mediated by marketing technique. This serves to prevent any encounter with Bauman’s “Other.” Instead, the pretense of engagement has to be preserved by increasingly vociferous avowals of concern. These become examples of the ecstatic, a seductive force that renders the extreme meaningless and amoral. Finally, the authors argue that the nature of ethical commitment produced by CRM cannot be divorced from the instrumental benefits that are generated.
Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes of Undergraduate Business Students Compared to Non-Business Students
Authors: Benton Raymond
Published: March 2007

To learn how business students perform on objective measures of environmental knowledge and attitude in comparison to other students, business administration students were compared to non-business students on the Environmental Attitude and Knowledge Scale (EAKS). Business students were not less environmentally knowledgeable, but they did demonstrate less concern for the environment, less willingness to act in environmentally friendly ways, and reported behavior that was less environmentally oriented. Men evidenced greater knowledge than women, but women evidenced greater concern.
A Postmodern Feminist Perspective on Organizations in the Natural Environment
Authors: Strong Kelly C.
Published: March 2007

Concern over the natural environment has been a persistent problem for industrialized society. One possible reason for the enduring anxiety over the condition of the ecosystem may be that the masculinist perspective dominant in business education, research, and practice does not allow us to envision sustainable solutions. This manuscript traces the rise of masculinist hegemony in organizational science and counters with a postmodern feminist alternative that may provide more workable, long-term solutions to environmental degradation. Examples of changes in business language and heuristics that may be derived from such a postmodern feminist perspective are discussed.
Cooperating with the Disempowered
Authors: Marens Richard S. , Wicks Andrew C. , Huber Vandra L.
Published: March 2007

Although researchers have begun to examine how firms manage their entire web of stakeholder relationships, the component relationships also require theoretical and empirical examination. Several studies have found that Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs) have a positive impact on firm performance. The authors explain these results by hypothesizing that ESOPs, when combined with employee participation programs, forge a stakeholder relationship between management and employees. The authors offer criteria for identifying stakeholder relationships, provide background on ESOPs, analyze why they contribute to establishing such a relationship, and examine how published empirical research supports this analysis. The authors conclude by suggesting directions for future research.
Economic Growth, Quality of Life, and Development Policy
Authors: SHIN DOH C. , SNYDER WAYNE
Published: March 2007

Economic indicators such as per capita GNP have persisted as the principal means of evaluating the development plans as well as the policy achievements of Third World countries. There has been, however, an increasing awareness that these measures are inadequate to assess the negative spillover effects of economic growth and are an inaccurate indicator of the true purpose of national development: enhancing human well-being. This article proposes an alternative measure, which will permit a comprehensive and balanced assessment of the relationship between economic growth and the other principal domains which constitute the quality of life. We analyze the quality of life in Korea (1963-1979) in terms of physical, social, and personal development. Results show that the physical dimension of life in the 1960s and 1970s was greatly enhanced by Korea's well-known economic growth; but during this same period the domains of social and personal development deteriorated. As a result, the overall improvement in the quality of life has been substantially less than inferred by assessments that heretofore have been based on economic indicators alone.
The Influence of Military Service on Social Consciousness and Protest Behavior
Authors: LANGTON KENNETH P.
Published: March 2007

Cross-national analysis of aggregate data has found a relationship between the military participation ratio and national economic growth rates and distributional inequality. This article examines one aspect of this macro-micro linkage by investigating the relationship between acculturation in the military and the attitudes and behavior of the most strategic sector of the Peruvian labor force. Military service retards the development of social consciousness among the working class, reduces their protest participation, and eases their integration into the hierarchy and discipline of the industrial work place. These findings suggest that military socialization may indeed affect growth rate by reducing worker-management and worker-state conflict. On the other hand, it would seem equally likely that the conservative effect of military acculturation contributes to increased inequality of income.
Measures of Cabinet Durability
Authors: LIJPHART AREND
Published: March 2007

The measurement of cabinet durability depends on the events that are considered to end the life of a cabinet, such as a change in the parties composing it, a change in its coalitional status, a change of prime minister, a cabinet resignation, or a parliamentary election. Seven such events used in the literature are critically reviewed in this article. The five most important measures are then correlated with each other and with the three independent variables (one-party versus coalition cabinets, minimal winning versus oversized coalitions, and the number of parties in the party system) that are frequently used to explain cabinet durability. All five measures turn out to be closely related to each other and all are basically acceptable, but the simplest measure - based solely on changes in the party composition of the cabinet - yields the best results.
Inequality in the Third World
Authors: KOHLI ATUL , ALTFELD MICHAEL F. , LOTFIAN SAIDEH , MARDON RUSSELL
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to assess the relative power of developmental, neo-Marxist, and statist explanations of inequalities in the Third World. This assessment is accomplished through the analysis of cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal data as well as several brief case studies. The cross-sectional analyses tend to suggest that, over the long run, both economic development and dependence on foreign investment generate tendencies toward increased income inequalities. The short-term longitudinal analyses, however, fail to support either of these views. Instead, they suggest that short-run changes are best explained by the nature and policies of the state in question. Authoritarian-exclusionary regimes tend to worsen inequalities over the short run, while more democratic states tend to stabilize them. We conclude that this is precisely what we should expect, given that development and dependency theories are not about what happens in the short run, but about what happens over long spans of time. We thus view as inappropriate the use of such theories to explain short-term changes in inequality in the Third World and call for more attention to the role of policy and politics as determinants of such changes.
Formalizing and Testing Duverger's Theories on Political Parties
Authors: JANDA KENNETH , KING DESMOND S.
Published: March 2007

Maurice Duverger's Political Parties, written more than three decades ago, remains the most prominent source of hypotheses on parties and party systems. Although many years have passed since its publication, no one has formalized Duverger's main hypotheses on political parties and subjected them to empirical test. This article identifies Duverger's key concepts on party structure, links the concepts in 19 formal bivariate propositions, operationalizes the concepts using data from a worldwide sample of 147 parties in 53 countries, and tests all 19 propositions. Twelve are supported by the cross-national empirical test. Interrelationships among these 12 bivariate propositions are shown in a causal diagram, and suggestions are made for moving beyond Duverger's bivariate thinking to more powerful multivariate theorizing about the causes and consequences of party structure.
Understanding the Iron Law of Andrarchy
Authors: STUDLAR DONLEY T. , WELCH SUSAN
Published: March 2007

As in most countries of the Western world, the number of women holding elected office in Britain is small. This article explores some reasons for the paucity of women in elected office by examining voting records for over 2,800 candidates for Scottish district elections in 1984. We found that women candidates are less likely to win election than are male candidates and they poll somewhat fewer votes. These differences can be almost entirely explained by the fact that women candidates are much less likely to enjoy personal or party incumbency, slightly more likely to run against incumbents, and less likely to be unopposed. In areas of Labour Party strength, however, Scottish women candidates fare slightly worse than comparable men candidates.
The Structural Location of Third World States within the International Division of Labor
Authors: ROSH ROBERT M. , GONICK LEV S.
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to determine the factors that affect a Third World country's role in the international division of labor, as measured by the degree of processing of its exports in 1980. Competing hypotheses arising from the classical and neoclassical economic, neo-Marxist, and modernization literatures are tested by using a cross-sectional design in which the units of analysis are Third World states for which comprehensive data could be collected. The findings suggest that a number of states have ascended the hierarchy of the international division of labor through a process of indebted industrialization. The present study provides empirical support for Frieden's (1981) contention that international banking capital (rather than direct transnational investment) has been relied upon by proactive Third World states in their effort to diversify their exports by developing more advanced production processes.
Internationalization and Changes in Tax Policy in OECD Countries
Authors: HALLERBERG MARK , BASINGER SCOTT
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role that economic and political factors played in tax reform in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1986 to 1990. Some writers argue that economic integration forced states to reform their tax systems. The authors' findings indicate that economic openness had an indirect effect on the level of change in marginal tax rates. The institutional structure of a country was most important—countries that had only one veto player or only one institution or party whose approval was necessary for a bill to become law enacted more sweeping reform than states that had more than one veto player. These results suggest that even when international or domestic economic factors might dictate a change in policy, reform will not be as sweeping in countries in which agreement among several institutions and/or parties is necessary.
Military Defence in Denmark: Expenditures and Conversion Problems
Authors: WIBERG HÅKAN , JENSEN KELD
Published: March 2007

Denmark was heavily militarized until the Napoleonic wars. After heavy territorial losses to Sweden in 1814 and to Prussia in 1864, it concluded that only the Copenhagen area could be defended and spent much on fortifications there before World War I. The interwar period combined isolated neutrality with a low Danish military profile (about 1% of GNP); after the German occupation during World War II it joined NATO and rearmed. Its arms expenditures have quadrupled in absolute terms since about 1950, but have receded from about 3 to about 2% of GNP. This rearmament has been at about NATO pace and slightly slower than European NATO. It also indicates that Denmark has taken a more relaxed view since the 1960s than Norway and Finland. If military expenditures are reduced, the conversion problems will primarily concern manpower: some 40,000 persons are directly employed by the defence ministry. A reduction of some 3% per annum could be absorbed without anybody losing employment, but a slower reduction might be called for to avoid demographical problems in the armed forces. In addition, the closing of air and naval bases and regiments would create local problems. Most defence materiel is imported; domestic orders — and some compensation purchases linked to import — employ some 5,000 persons in Denmark. Lost orders would normally create conversion problems. Some 5,000 additional persons produce goods and services to the ministry other than `defence materiel proper' (construction, maintenance, etc.). There would often be an alternative civilian market, but closing major bases down may in some cases make the local market too small to absorb the lost military demand.
Denmark and the European Union 1985-96
Authors: PETERSEN NIKOLAJ
Published: March 2007

The article analyses the development of Denmark's European policy during the last decade on the basis of two theoretical approaches, Goldmann's change theory and Putnam's two-level analysis. During the period analysed, Danish policies towards European Union changed dramatically, mainly due to adaptation to external change, but learning experiences and changing policy-making setups also played a role. At the same time the formulation of Denmark's European policy was an almost paradigmatic example of the decision-makers' problems with playing simultaneously external and internal integration games and of defining `win-sets', i.e. solutions which are compatible with both their external and domestic environments.
The Europeanization of State Administration
Authors: EKENGREN MAGNUS
Published: March 2007

This work suggests a new conceptualization of the Europeanization of the central state administrations of European Union (EU) member states. The point of departure is an oversight in most recent conceptual attempts to describe the character of nation-state adaptation due to the integration of national administrations in the EU. Such conceptions have captured only one dimension of the transformation of political and administrative patterns, namely changes in space, such as the emergence of new political levels. What has not been included is the time dimension of integration, i.e. national adaptation to the qualitatively new rhythms of policy-making in the EU. This dimension is as significant as the `spatial' transformation in challenging established theoretical views and conceptual tools.
Crisis Management
Authors: 't HART PAUL , STERN ERIC , SUNDELIUS BENGT
Published: March 2007

Developments during this decade have transformed the character of the European security setting from one of relative political stability to a condition of considerable turbulence within its Central and Eastern regions. With clear trends toward increased interdependence across national boundaries and between sector areas, turbulence in any part of Europe will tend to generate conditions of considerable political concern also for governments in the rest of the continent. The strong impact of modern, transnational media coverage accentuates and widens the impact of such crisis-generating events. As a topic for collaborative European political science research, international crisis studies stand out as theoretically important and practically relevant.
Should Hospitality Educators Teach Problem-Solving Skills?
Authors: Palmer John
Published: March 2007

Technology and the marketplace are both changing so quickly that the specific skills and formulas that are part of today's hospitality curriculum may soon be outdated.

To combat this built-in obsolescence, educators should put more emphasis on teaching problem-solving skills applicable to a range of business situations
Why Employees Leave
Authors: Wasmuth William J. , Davis Stanley W.
Published: March 2007

In part one of this series on employee turnover in the hospitality industry, the authors presented evidence showing an estimate of $2,500 as the average cost of each incident of employee turnover.1 Given typical turnover levels, such costs represent a major loss of revenue that must be controlled to maintain profitability. Developing con trols on turnover costs is an especially timely strategy for offsetting the rising costs of capital goods and energy. It was pointed out that turnover costs could be reduced without large expenditures, because employee turn over is the result of a wide variety of factors that often involve the level of employees' job satisfaction. Manageri al practice, effective supervision, and sensitivity to individual aspirations, all inexpensive to adjust, can greatly improve employee morale.
Personnel Decisions
Authors: Kohl John P.
Published: March 2007

Since passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, there has been a marked increase in the number of charges of discrimination against employers. This article explains where the pitfalls are in recruiting and hiring
Religion and Food Service
Authors: Dugan Beth
Published: March 2007

If a food-service operator does something in the preparation or service of a meal that violates the rules of a religion, a guest who partakes of that food may feel that her or his religious identity, security, or personal passage to heaven may be at stake. This article outlines some religions' rules pertaining to food content, preparation, and service. Some religions, for instance, require that meat and dairy products not be served together; that animals be butchered according to religious procedures; or that spices, caffeine, or alcohol be used in moderation or omitted entirely. Fraud law prohibits food-service operators from falsely identifying dishes (or kitchens or processes) as adhering to religious beliefs.
Dalmahoy's Strategy for Success
Authors: Kaven William H. , Allardyce Myrtle
Published: March 2007

A 1993 Cornell Quarterly article introduced the case of Dalmahoy Golf and Country Club Resort, near Edinburgh. Leased by Whitbread's Country Club Hotel Group, the resort was performing far below expectations through 1991 and 1992. Management instituted a turnaround by marketing heavily to local commercial and leisure guests, pushing weekend leisure trips, and upgrading the golf course. As a result, the resort gained more than 100 local corporate accounts and achieved a weekend occupancy of 76 percent in the first half of 1994, up from 32 percent shortly after the August 1991 opening. By resisting rate cuts, the resort was able to maintain a strong ADR.
Teaching Courses through Distance Education
Authors: Hubbard Susan S.
Published: March 2007

The experience of a professor in the hospitality program at Auburn University (Alabama) in taping classroom lectures and discussion has mostly been favorable. Moreover, offering courses via videotape has enabled students in remote locations to work toward advanced degrees while they continue to work (undergraduate courses are not so offered). Setting up classroom sessions for the camera places some restrictions on the faculty member, requiring considerable advance planning, reducing flexibility in class, and possibly inhibiting discussion among students in the classroom. On the other hand, live classes are more interesting to tape than studioonly lectures. Moreover, the camera goes along on field trips. Videos go to the distant students with little or no post-production editing. The faculty member reported that any negative aspects are more than offset by positive factors, primarily the efficiency of teaching via videos.
Training Models in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D. , Pace Terry M. , Kashubeck-West Susan , Biever Joan L. , Patterson Terence , Welch I. David
Published: March 2007

Considerable discussion has occurred through the years regarding models of training. With the recent accreditation of counseling psychology programs espousing the practitioner-scholar model, the importance of reexamining the merits of this as well as the traditional scientist-practitioner is now very important for the future of the field. This article consists of two positions: One pro practitioner-scholar and the other pro scientist-practitioner and con practitioner-scholar. The first position (first part of the article) by Biever, Patterson, and Welch argues for inclusion of the practitioner-scholar model as an alternative for training in counseling psychology. The second position (in the second part of the article) by Stoltenberg, Pace, and Kashubeck reviews concerns with two competing models. These authors conclude that the scientist-practitioner model is a better fit for training in counseling psychology. Recommendations for training within models are presented.
Multidimensional Facets of Cultural Competence
Authors: Sue Derald Wing
Published: March 2007

Calls for incorporating cultural competence in psychology have been hindered for a number of reasons: belief in the universality of psychological laws and theories, the invisibility of monocultural policies and practices, differences over defining cultural competence, and the lack of a conceptual framework for organizing its multifaceted dimensions. A proposed multidimensional model of cultural competence (MDCC) incorporates three primary dimensions: (a) racial and culture-specific attributes of competence, (b) components of cultural competence, and (c) foci of cultural competence. Based on a 3 (Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills) × 4 (Individual, Professional, Organizational, and Societal) × 5 (African American, Asian American, Latino/Hispanic American, Native American, and European American) factorial combination, the MDCC allows for the systematic identification of cultural competence in a number of different areas. Its uses in education and training, practice, and research are discussed.
Psychoeducational Training in Counseling Psychology Programs
Authors: Edward Watkins C.
Published: March 2007

The need for a defined and systematic curriculum in psychoeducation is considered. Areas of importance in a psychoeducational curriculum are proposed: (a) preparatory coursework in the foundations, principles, and concepts of psychoeducation and program development; and (b) practicum training in psychoeducation and program development.
Variations on a Theme by Kolb
Authors: Abbey David S. , Hunt David E. , Weiser John C.
Published: March 2007

Both counseling and supervision of counseling are seen as complex learning situations that may be analyzed from the standpoint of an experiential learning model. This perspective-based on the work of David Kolb-identifies four modes of experience, each of which is involved in an experiential learning cycle. These modes of experience-Concrete Experience (CE), Reflective Observation (RO), Abstract Conceptualization (AC), and Active Experimentation (AE)-must all be accessible to the learner (client or student counselor) for optimum functioning. An analysis of clinical dialogue between client and counselor and between counselor-in-training and supervisor is used to demonstrate that effective counseling and supervision demands that all four modes of experience be available to the clinician and that treatment be seen as making these modes available to the client.
The Sociopolitical Nature of Counseling
Authors: Katz Judith H.
Published: March 2007

Counseling is a sociopolitical act. However, many counselors are unaware of the fact that the profession has at its core a set of cultural values and norms by which clients are judged. In order to make the counseling psychology field more responsive to the needs of multicultural populations, the profession must be willing to engage in self-examination. This article explicates how White culture serves as the foundation for counseling theory, research, and practice. The use of this theory base with multicultural populations is explored and specific recommendations for the field of counseling psychology are presented.
Effective Cross-Cultural Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Ibrahim Farah A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents strategies to enhance effectiveness in cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy encounters. A major assumption is that a coherent orientation is needed that includes cultural differences yet transcends these differences and organizes the human experience in the context of individual world views within the framework of existential philosophy. An understanding of one's own world view and the client's world view are key elements in enhancing cross-cultural effectiveness. Other strategies that can enhance cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy include a discussion on the knowledge of semantic structures of reasoning and an understanding of culture-its premises and its relationship to effectiveness in cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy.
Training in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Galassi John P. , Moss Natalie L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of the 1985 survey of the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs that analyzed responses received from 49 of 59 training directors (83%o) of doctoral counseling psychology programs. The survey requested information about five major areas: admissions and financial assistance, practica and internships, job placements, program faculty and administration, and issues affecting training. Whenever possible, comparisons were made with 1982-1984 Council survey data. Among the findings were (1) women outnumber men in training programs, but there are more men graduating; (2) college counseling centers are by far the most popular practicum training sites, whereas Veterans Administration hospitals and college counseling centers are the most popular internship sites; (3) there appears to be a continued increase in initial employment in community mental health and private practice, as well as differential employment patterns by gender; and (4) unresolved issues, such as professional identity, continue to be perceived by program directors as impacting training.
Training in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Gallessich June , Olmstead Kelly M.
Published: March 2007

The results of the 1986 survey of the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs are reported. Important findings include: (1) Women outnumber men in admissions, enrollment, and graduations; (2) student enrollment has continued to increase, yet the number of faculty has declined; (3) university counseling centers remain the most popular practicum placement, whereas university counseling centers and Veterans Administration hospitals are most favored for internship settings; (4) community mental health centers and university counseling centers continue to provide most initial job placements; and (5)program directors perceive the issue of generic versus specialty training to be the most critical problem currently affecting training.
Research and Practice Roles for Counseling Psychologists in Health Care Settings
Authors: Altmaier Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews applications of counseling psychology to problems of physical health. Three areas of application are considered, chosen to illustrate ways in which traditional emphases of counseling psychology-counseling and psychoeducational models of direct service, counseling skills training, and consultation -can be used to prevent or remediate problems of physical health and illness. In addition to describing these applications, special issues of psychological practice in health care settings are considered, with particular emphasis on stresses on ethics and service delivery guidelines, decision-making criteria within medical settings, and multidisciplinary conflicts.
Integrating Neuropsychological Training Into a Counseling Psychology Curriculum
Authors: Agresti Albert A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a rationale for the integration of training in neuropsychology into a counseling psychology curriculum. This rationale is discussed against the historical development of the counseling psychology specialty and the current practice of counseling psychologists. A means of integrating training in neuropsychology is proposed that allows this training to serve as a potential means of providing a unifying focus for various didactic and clinical components of the doctoral curriculum. Finally, attention is given to representative issues of professional identity as well as ethical considerations in neuropsychology training and practice.
The Intercollegiate Athlete
Authors: Parham William D.
Published: March 2007

This article will highlight some of the special challenges that confront the 1990s inter collegiate student-athlete. Ways in which student-athletes respond differentially to these challenges, which are over and above those that non-student-athletes face, will also be highlighted. Finally, suggestions will be offered for how counseling psychologists can lend their expertise and talents in helping student-athletes to enrich their overall collegiate experience.
Research Self-Efficacy, the Research Training Environment, and Research Productivity among Graduate Students in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Phillips Julia C. , Russell Richard K.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between research self-efficacy, the research training environment, and research productivity was examined among a sample of 125 graduate students in counseling psychology. All participants completed a measure of self-efficacy in research, the Research Training Environment Scale, and a demographic questionnaire that included a measure of research productivity. Results revealed a positive relationship between research self-efficacy and the research training environment, and between self-efficacy and productivity. A significant relationship was not observed between the research training environment and productivity when the data were analyzed across all participants. Developmental differences between beginning versus advanced graduate students were examined, as were possible differences based on gender and ethnicity. Implications of the findings for training and research are discussed.
Optimal Development in Adolescence
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: March 2007

Psychologists have traditionally focused on the problems experienced by what constitutes a minority of adolescents. In this article, attention has been directed to the optimal development of adolescents' potential across six domains: biological, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, and vocational. Criteria are proposed and consideration is given to the role that counseling psychologists can play in enhancing the development of individuals in the 12- to 18-year-old age group.
Psychologists in Counseling Centers
Authors: Wachowiak Dale G. , Simono R. B.
Published: March 2007

A total of 220 university counseling center directors responded to a survey about their staff composition, staff psychologists' motivations for choosing counseling center work, commitment to this work setting, and motivations for leaving. Results were compared with those obtained in a similar survey conducted 15 years earlier. The present study suggests that staffs have more senior members than previously, that staff psychologists are spread more evenly across the age spectrum, and that staffs are proportionately more female. Essentially the same factors attract and hold psychologists as identified earlier However, private practice has now supplanted other options as the primary outlet for those leaving counseling centers.
Achieving the Goals of the Scientist-Practitioner Model:
Authors: Forsyth Donelson R. , Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology and social psychology have commingled theoretically and empirically for many years, but both fields have much to gain from a more complete integration across seven domains: educational (learning, teaching, and training), professional (relationships between researchers and practitioners), practical (integrated attempts to solve individual and societal problems), methodological (shared empirical procedures and standards), theoretical (attempts to construct conceptual models that span disciplines), metatheoretical (shared assumptions about the phenomena under study), and epistemological (fundamental assumptions held in common about how knowledge is expanded). After estimating the strength of the union between social and counseling psychology on each of these seven planes, suggestions for fortifying the weaker links and enhancing the vitality of the stronger links are offered.
Racism, Mental Health, and Mental Health Practice
Authors: Thompson Chalmer E. , Neville Helen A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors present an interdisciplinary discussion of the multiple dimensions of racism and formulate conceptions of its impact on the formation of healthy personalities. They describe how racism has both ideological and structural components and perpetuates itself recursively at the macro-(e.g., group, institution) and microlevels (e.g., interpersonal). As one consequence of its embedded, cyclical nature, efforts to treat client problems that involve issues of race and racism will necessarily entail piercing distortions in reality, encouraging self-moral development, and eliciting risk-taking behaviors. To take part in transforming current structures of racism, counseling psychologists are urged to extend these strategies beyond the therapeutic milieu. Implications for practice, training, and research are presented.
Item Response Theory
Authors: Harvey Robert J. , Hammer Allen L.
Published: March 2007

Item response theory (IRT) seeks to model the way in which latent psychological constructs manifest themselves in terms of observable item responses; this information is useful when developing, evaluating, and scoring tests. After providing an overview of the most popular IRT models (i.e., those applicable to dichotomously keyed items) and contrasting them with the techniques used in classical test theory (CTT), the authors illustrate the application of IRT using data from the recently revised Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. These results highlight a number of IRT’s advantages, including (a) detailed descriptions of the performance of individual items, (b) indices of item- and scale-level precision that are free to vary across the full range of possible scores, (c) assessments of item- and test-level bias with respect to demographic subgroups, (d) measures of response-profile quality, and (e) computer-adaptive testing, which can dramatically reduce testing time.
Repeated Measures Designs
Authors: Ellis Michael V.
Published: March 2007

To facilitate innovation in applied psychology research, investigators need to be well-informed about available research designs. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of repeated measures research designs (e.g., participants exposed to more than one treatment or measured on more than one occasion). My intent is twofold. First, I underscore the wide range of repeated measures research designs available to researchers in applied psychology. Second, I argue that the differentiation and polarity of group and single-subject research designs is largely arbitrary. I use examples to illustrate each repeated measures design and present its strengths and limitations.
Gender Bias and Juvenile Justice Revisited: A Multiyear Analysis
Authors: MacDonald John M. , Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: March 2007

This study presents a multiyear empirical examination of gender bias in the handling of juvenile court cases in Hawaii. Based on prior qualitative and quantitative data, it is hypothesized that once female juvenile offenders are found delinquent, they will be sanctioned more severely than male offenders by the juvenile court, holding other factors constant. Results from a series of analyses indicate significant differences between male and female juvenile justice outcomes, particularly for youth of color. Female offenders are more likely than male offenders to be handled informally at the early stages of the system, but the court's benevolence declines as girls move into the disposition stage. The implications of these findings for resolving inconsistencies in prior research are discussed. Also considered are policy implications with regard to congressional initiatives to de-emphasize the deinstitutionalization of status offenses and reduce concerns about minority overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system.
Offender Types and Public Policy
Authors: Chaiken Marcia R. , Chaiken Jan M.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of self-report and official record data obtained from nearly 2200 male prison and jail inmates in California, Michigan, and Texas shows that offenders can be usefully classified according to the combinations of crimes they commit. The most serious inmates, those who concurrently commit robbery, assault, and drug dealing, disproportiontely commit these defining crimes at high rates. They often commit burglaries, thefts, and other crimes at high rates too—frequently at higher rates than other types of criminals, including those who specialize in those crimes. Unfortunately, information currently available from such sources as official arrest and conviction records do not permit criminal justice officials to distinguish meaningfully between these high-rate, serious offenders and other types. Low-rate offenders can be more accurately identified using potentially available information on key characteristics: multiple drug use, unstable employment, juvenile use of hard drugs, and violence before the age of 16.
The Role of Alcohol in the Crimes of Active Heroin Users
Authors: Strug David , Wish Eric , Johnson Bruce , Anderson Kevin , Miller Thomas , Sears Alton
Published: March 2007

Fifty-nine active heroin users were recruited from the streets of northern Manhattan and were interviewed about the nondrug related crimes they had committed in the previous 36 hours. Information was also obtained about their drug and alcohol use before and after committing these crimes. Intensive interviews were conducted with eleven heavy-drinking, heroin-using criminals about the role of alcohol in crime. Subjects were more likely to report being under the influence of alcohol when they committed a crime than any other drug. They reported drinking alcohol before the crime to calm their nerves, to give them heart, and to aid involvement in crime. Criminal income was used to purchase alcohol more frequently than other drugs.
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System: A Summary
Authors: Petersilia Joan
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes a comprehensive examination of racial discrimination in the criminal justice systems of California, Michigan, and Texas. In each of those states, judges typically imposed heavier sentences on Hispanics and blacks than on whites convicted of comparable felonies and who had similar criminal records. Not only did these minorities receive harsher minimum sentences but they also served more time. It is chiefly at the sentencing stage where differential treatment is most pronounced. I discuss what could account for differences in sentencing, and suggest areas for future policy and research attention.
Rape Reform and Criminal Justice Processing
Authors: Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

One goal of criminal law reform regarding rape has been to enhance convictions. Data from California, in which several such reforms have been introduced, indicate that between 1975 and 1982: (1) police clearance rates for rape have remained relatively unchanged; (2) the rate of court filings for rape increased slightly; (3) the probability of a conviction once a case reached court was relatively unchanged; but that (4) there was a strong upward trend for cases of rape (and other serious felonies) to lead to an institutional sentence. Questions are raised about whether these “deep-end” effects meet the intent of rape law reform.
Poverty, Inequality, and Theories of Forcible Rape
Authors: Smith M. Dwayne , Bennett Nathan
Published: March 2007

This study provides an empirical assessment of theories of rape that suggest that conditions of poverty and inequality account for differences in rates of rape among communities in the United States. To compensate for problems of statistical unreliability, 1980 data for 88 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) with extremely high or low rates of rape are analyzed. Poverty, but not racial economic inequality, is found to partially account for differences in these communities. However, other demographic factors, most notably the percentage of the community divorced or separated, are found to be even more viable predictors of high rape rates.
Implementation of a Client Classification and Case Management System: A Practitioner's View
Authors: Schumacher Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Safe and effective community-based offender supervision forms one of the cornerstones of local probation services in California. Orange County as well as other counties in the State have chosen to implement the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) Model Probation Client Classification and Case Management System, uniquely adapting its “risk/needs approach” to California's offender population. After 2.5 years of planning and progressive implementation of this System, Orange County with the assistance of NIC, is well along this rocky road. With both good and bad decisions under its belt they have learned a great deal about putting this complex and comprehensive System into place and from the line to the administrative level they have developed strong feelings of ownership and pride in their accomplishments. This article provides an overview of the System and the implementation process, shares some of the problems encountered and resolved, and describes some of those accomplishments.
The Effectiveness of Supervised Pretrial Release
Authors: Austin James , Krisberg Barry , Litsky Paul
Published: March 2007

Whether to release from jail defendants charged with serious felony crimes continues to be a topic of considerable national debate. In this study, an experimental design with random assignment was used in three cities (Miami, Milwaukee, and Portland) to test whether defendants denied initial pretrial release can be later screened and released under close supervision without adversely affecting arrest and failure to appear rates. The results are generally positive with approximately 90% of the defendants not being arrested or becoming fugitive. These success rates were superior to rates for other forms of pretrial release. We also present suggestions on how a model Supervised Pretrial Release (SPR) should be structured and operated by local jurisdictions.
Victim's Rights and the Constitution: Reflections on a Bicentennial
Authors: Viano Emilio
Published: March 2007

This article examines the unfolding, activities, and successes of the victim's rights movement within the American constitutional framework of the Bill of Rights. It analyzes the general importance of “victims” as an effective political symbol and probes the connection between the victim movement and the powerful conservative forces that have dominated American life and the shaping of the criminal justice agenda during the 1980s.

It focuses in particular on the cooptation of the victim's movement by the proponents of the “crime control” model of criminal justice. It contrasts the liberal and conservative approaches. solutions, and agendas and the clashes between the rights of the accused and those of the victim. It also looks for points of convergence and working agreement. Restitution is utilized as an example of an idea and plan that could bring disparate interests together. The article dedicates considerable space to a consideration of a possible constitutional foundation for victim's rights and concludes by pointing out the inherent dangers and destructive divisiveness that can be generated by an exclusive or excessive or excessive emphasis on “rights.”