bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracing the impact of drought on the Western Mediterranean's record-shattering Spring 2023 heatwave
Authors: Lemus-Canovas Marc , Insua-Costa Damian , Trigo Ricardo M. , Miralles Diego G.
Published: July 2024

The western Mediterranean region experienced an exceptional and unprecedented early heatwave in April 2023, shattering historical temperature records, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa. This event serves as a stark illustration of a drought–heatwave compound event. In this study, we explore the soil moisture–temperature interactions that underpinned this event, using the most up-to-date observations and robust statistical analysis. Our findings reveal that soil moisture deficit preconditions, concurring with a strong subtropical ridge as a synoptic driver, significantly contributed to the amplification of this record-breaking heatwave. Specifically, we estimate that the most extreme temperature records would have been 4.53 times less likely and 2.19°C lower had the soils been wet. The dynamics of the land-atmosphere interactions during the heatwave showed a pronounced soil moisture-temperature coupling, with reduced soil moisture leading to increased sensible heat flux, which significantly increased air temperatures. Employing the flow analogues technique, we further demonstrated that similar atmospheric conditions in the past, under dry soil moisture conditions, consistently resulted in higher temperature extremes compared to those under wet conditions.Importantly, our results indicate that in terms of land–atmosphere coupling during extreme events, semiarid regions in spring can behave like temperate regions during summer when soil moisture content is more variable. Therefore, our findings suggest that in these semiarid regions, including other Mediterranean climate regions where hot–dry compound events are aggravating (e.g., California, central Chile), soil moisture may be a good diagnostic of spring heatwave risk and hold potential for subseasonal heatwave forecasting. Reference:Lemus-Canovas, M., Insua-Costa, D., Trigo, R.M. et al. Record-shattering 2023 Spring heatwave in western Mediterranean amplified by long-term drought. npj Clim Atmos Sci 7, 25 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00569-
Anticipating the Future: The 2022 Heatwave as a Harbinger of Climate Extremes in the Mediterranean Region.
Authors: Tejedor Ernesto , Benito Gerardo , Serrano-Notivoli Roberto , González-Rouco Fidel , Esper Jan , Buntgen Ulf
Published: July 2024

The Mediterranean basin, home to over 510 million people and characterized by unique geography, a rich cultural landscape, and economies heavily dependent on tourism, has emerged as the critical focal point for climate change impacts.. In fact, it experienced an unprecedented heatwave in the warm season of 2022. With a temperature anomaly of +3.6°C, it was the most severe event recorded in the last millennium. In this study, we analyzed the 2022 extreme warm season by placing it within three distinct frameworks: instrumental data, millennial-length historical context, and future climate projections. Our analysis reveals that climate change has significantly increased the frequency of such extreme events, historically occurring once in 10,000 years, to now potentially as often as every 7 to 75 years depending on future climate scenarios.We also compared projections from EURO-CORDEX models, which are recognized for their superior spatial resolution and enhanced ability to accurately represent regional climate dynamics and trends, againts CMIP6 outputs. A key finding is the significant discrepancy in return period projections under the SSP2-4.5 scenario: CMIP6 models forecast these extreme events to recur once every 7 years, whereas EURO-CORDEX predicts a frequency of once every 75 years. While the performance of CMIP6 models is broadly comparable to that of CMIP5 models (employed in EURO-CORDEX), indicating modest enhancements in modeling capabilities for extreme events, it is notable that the CMIP6 ensemble predicts more pronounced warming in the Mediterranean compared to the CMIP5 ensemble.The rapid emergence and severity of these events underscore the urgent need for effective adaptation strategies and a reevaluation of projections to better prepare Western Mediterranean countries for future climate risks. This study aims to deepen understanding of these dynamics, offering insights that could help guide regional response efforts and support the development of policies to enhance climate resilience, emphasizing the critical role of refined, high-resolution models like EURO-CORDEX in capturing and responding to these trends.
Drought impact-based forecasting: Trade-offs between indicators and impacts
Authors: Shyrokaya Anastasiya , Pappenberger Florian , Messori Gabriele , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Cloke Hannah , Di Baldassarre Giuliano
Published: July 2024

Despite the progress in seasonal drought forecasting, it remains challenging to identify suitable drought indices for accurately predicting the impacts of a future drought event. In this study, we identified relationships across Europe between the forecasting skill of various drought indices and the estimated drought impacts. We calculated the indices over various accumulation periods, and assessed the forecasting skill of indices computed based on ECMWF’s seasonal forecast system SEAS5. An evaluation was performed by computing the same indices from the ERA5 reanalysis data and comparing them across various verification metrics, including deterministic Correlation Coefficients, MSE, RMSE, MAE, and probabilistic Brier and Rank Probability performance and skill scores. We further conducted a literature review of the studies assessing the performance of the indices in terms of estimating drought impacts across Europe. We finally performed a trade-off analysis and mapped the drought indices based on their drought forecasting and drought impact estimating skills at the NUTS1 regional level.Our analysis reveals seasonal trends and spatio-temporal patterns in the forecast performance of drought indices with different accumulation periods computed from SEAS5 with various lead times. Overall, this analysis is a step forward to detect the most suitable drought indices for predicting drought impacts across Europe. Here, not only we present a new approach for evaluating the relationship between drought indices and impacts, we also resolve the dilemma of choosing the indices to be incorporated in the impact functions. Such scientific advancements are setting significant contributions to the emerging field of operational impact-based forecasting and operational drought early warning services.
Dual-Doppler scanning lidar measurements of wakes in an offshore wind farm
Authors: Hildebrand Tabea , Krasnov Alexander , Jäger Florian , Callies Doron , Schmitt Carolin , Riechert Jens , Pauscher Lukas
Published: July 2024

Scanning lidars are a powerful tool to accurately sense wind conditions over large distances up to about 10 kilometers. In offshore wind energy applications this ensures comprehensive coverage of atmospheric dynamics in and around wind farms. This contribution presents measurement results of a dual-Doppler scanning lidar campaign conducted from March to November 2023 in and around an operating wind farm in the German Bight and compares them to engineering wake models.Two scanning lidars were positioned on transition pieces of two different turbines and were used for measuring the undisturbed inflow as well as a spatially highly resolved grid for the wakes behind the wind farm at hub height. Central to the campaign’s success was an in-house developed scanning lidar software, enabling customized scan patterns and a spatially and temporally synchronized steering of the laser beams. An innovative feature of this software is the adaptive campaign steering, which adjusts the measurement layout automatically based on the prevailing wind direction. This ensured that the wake could be consistently measured behind the wind farm, utilizing two synchronized scanning lidar devices in dual-Doppler mode to capture the spatiotemporal evolution of wake characteristics. Inside the park dual-Doppler PPI-scans showed to be an effective tool in capturing the spatiotemporal characteristics of wakes within the wind farm. Additionally, a detailed uncertainty assessment regarding the movement of the scanning lidars on the transition pieces through wind and wave induced turbine tilt was performed and a correction method was developed.Regarding the wake extent at westerly winds, the mean wind speed deficits show the expected tendencies to decrease with distance from the windfarm and to increase with wind turbine density per area, when multiple turbines being positioned behind each other in flow direction. In the comparative analysis of wake models conducted with PyWake, utilizing the TurbOPark model a consistent overestimation of wake deficits at the grid points measured by the dual-Doppler scanning lidar is visible, while the Jensen model underestimates the deficits at those locations. This discrepancy highlights the need for further refinement of wake models to better match the lidar-measured data.The findings offer promising insights into the optimization of offshore wind farm operation and showcase the potential of dual-Doppler scanning lidar systems in offshore wind energy applications.
Possible future changes in extreme rainfall events in Czechia
Authors: Kašpar Marek , Müller Miloslav , Zacharov Petr
Published: July 2024

Many countries currently develop or improve their national strategies against natural hazards, especially against those related to weather phenomena. This is particularly important because of possible future changes in extreme weather statistics. Regarding precipitation, the increase of its intensity is generally expected in a number of regions due to the warming climate. However, major river floods are caused by extreme precipitation events affecting large areas. Therefore, it is necessary to study possible changes also in other characteristics of precipitation events, namely, the spatial extent and distribution of precipitation, and the duration of the events including a possible shift in the season of their occurrence.The presentation focuses on the assessment of possible changes in heavy rain characteristics in Czechia within the activities of the national project PERUN. We use outputs from the Aladin-CLIMATE/CZ model and follow up on the already published analysis of extremes for the past period 1961-2020, in which we used measurements at rain gauge stations. We employ three types of model runs providing one- to five-day precipitation totals with the horizontal resolution of 2.3 km: (i) model re-analysis covering the period 1990-2019 and serving to the validation of the model in terms of its ability to simulate past extremes, (ii) historical (control) run covering the period 1981-2014, and (iii) climatological run covering the period 2015-2099 and considering two scenarios SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5. Changes in heavy rain characteristics are evaluated by the comparison of outputs from the climatological and historical run. Due to the multiplication of impacts of heavy rains when occurring in larger area, we proposed an areal approach of their evaluation. We apply the weather extremity index (WEI), a universal indicator which is a function of the affected area and the average return period of precipitation totals considering the rainfall duration when the WEI is the highest. This enables to detect the events with the heaviest rains and their characteristics in the period of interest.First results indicate higher frequency of extreme rainfall events occurring also in the cold half year which have circulation causes generally different from the summer ones. This opens the door for the next research devoted to the study of circulation anomalies which induce the events.
Downscaling climate change over French Guiana: from CMIP6 projections to sector-based indices
Authors: Belmadani Ali , Gentric Agathe , Dutrieux Pierre-Christian , Suez-Panama-Bouton Baptiste , Bald Lilian , Qasmi Saïd , Longueville François , Palany Philippe
Published: July 2024

Over the past couple of decades, thanks to the sustained development of Global Climate Models (GCMs) combined with dedicated downscaling strategies such as regional climate modelling or statistical downscaling, climate projections and associated services are now increasingly available across many regions of Europe including France. However, whereas this holds for continental France, the national territory includes numerous overseas territories, some of them also EU outermost regions, where this information is still only partially available, if at all. Here we present the results of statistical downscaling of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) GCMs for the small territory of French Guiana in equatorial South America. Compared with island territories, the larger size of French Guiana makes the direct use of GCMs possible, although statistical downscaling with long daily surface observations of temperature, humidity, precipitation and surface wind remains relevant for bias correction, mapping (the territory is covered by few grid points), and computing tailored climate indices for the agriculture, water resource, energy, or public health sectors. Obvious advantages are cost-effectiveness and the processing of GCM ensembles that provide more reliable uncertainty estimates made difficult with the more expensive dynamical methods. However, systematic GCM biases such as a displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone may challenge model uncertainty assessment and rather call for a storyline approach supported by selected, skilled GCMs, which all project warming and drying trends over French Guiana. Among the various expected societal impacts, heat stress resulting from the combined humid climate and widespread warming strongly increases the risk of hyperthermia, and the energy demand for air conditioning as a likely local adaptation strategy.
First time AOD measurements obtained during night-time using lunar POM radiometer at Tor Vergata site (Italy)
Authors: Kumar Gaurav , Campanelli Monica , Garcia Meritxell , Estellés Victor , Uchiyama Akihiro , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Yamazaki Akihiro , Iannarelli Annamaria , Casadio Stefano , Mevi Gabriele , Ferrante Nicola
Published: July 2024

Sun/sky radiometers are one of the finest instruments to observe and understand the effect of aerosols in the atmosphere. By looking at the Sun using radiometers and using Beer’s law to measure the attenuation, we retrieve the aerosol properties during the daytime. This method has been used for many years to understand aerosol properties. AERONET and SKYNET are two of the most important international networks. On the contrary, data during night-time is still in the provisional phase for both AERONET and SKYNET. As part of the SKYNET network, we have successfully implemented an algorithm to retrieve the aerosol optical depth (AOD) using the moon as a source of light. This study aims to present the first SKYNET results obtained during night-time at Tor Vergata  (41.84° N, 12.65° E; 117 m. a.s.l.), located 20 km SE from Rome city. The site is equipped with lunar radiometers from both AERONET and SKYNET networks, which make it a well-suited location to observe the atmospheric column both during the day and at night. In this study, we will present the time series of AOD for daytime and night-time,  and the intercomparison with the AERONET observations for the common channels. We will also present, following the WMO directives, the differences between AERONET and SKYNET for the four common channels (500 nm, 675 nm, 870 nm, 1020 nm) in order to check for consistency of measurements. The importance of night-time AOD is filling the nocturnal data gaps, maintaining the continuity between two successive daytime data, as well as understanding the daily dynamics of aerosols. We still envisage the improvement in the retrieval algorithms and cloud screening methods. The improvement of results at Tor Vergata will help us to set up the algorithm at other sites in the SKYNET, with the ultimate objective of filling the data gaps specially in higher latitudes.Keywords: Lunar radiometer, Aerosol optical depth, SKYNETAcknowledgements: The current analysis has been done in the frame of the COST Action CA21119 HARMONIA, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness also fund the research through project PID2022-138730OB-I00. The participation of G. Kumar has been supported by the Santiago Grisolia program fellowship GRISOLIAP/2021/048. We thank AERONET, PHOTONS and SKYNET for their scientific and technical support.
NATO Arctic Climate Observatory and recent observations on acoustical ambient noise in the Arctic
Authors: Giorli Giacomo , Russo Aniello , Real Gaultier , Carniel Sandro
Published: July 2024

In 2023, Centre for Maritime Research and Experimentation (CMRE) kick-started a new scientific programme, which aims at studying the effects of climate change on the security sphere. Being the Arctic region one of the most threatened areas but also an important geopolitical hotspot, in June-July 2023 CMRE deployed three deep moorings for monitoring the acoustic-oceanographic conditions in the long term. These moorings constitute the NATO Arctic underwater Climate Observatory (NACO), and they build upon CMRE’s previous effort in 2021-2023 to study underwater acoustic noise and physical oceanographic properties in the Arctic under the Environmental and Operational Effectiveness Programme. In fact, the Arctic is undergoing a process of “Atlantification”, which is affecting not only its oceanographic characteristics, but also its acoustical ones. Wider areas currently covered by compact sea ice are expected to progressively become marginal ice zone. The moorings are equipped with passive acoustic recorders and oceanographic sensors. Although data did not show a clear relation between sea-ice concentration and noise levels in the marginal ice zone, they indicate the presence of transmissions ducts that increase the noise in the high frequencies in the subsurface area. The overall soundscape recorded in Fram Strait will be discussed, including anthropogenic activities. The biological soundscape showed seasonality evidenced by the presence of whale singing. CMRE is currently working at assessing the soundscape components with the aims of monitoring in the long term how they change in consequence of climate change, going from the physical environment (rain, wind, waves) to ecosystem and human activities.
Open Earth Platform Initiative
Authors: Stigen Kenneth
Published: July 2024

Over the past year, we have conducted a feasibility study and initiated a pre-project phase for the Open Earth Platform Initiative, aimed at harnessing open data and technology to drive climate adaptations. This initiative seeks to stimulate local innovation underpinned by global investment, thereby facilitating projects that are not only of higher quality and lower risk but also have a shorter development time from idea to product.A key challenge identified is the scarcity of platforms that truly embrace an open approach. Vendor lock-in hinders the accessibility of open data, which often leads to both duplication of efforts and a prolonged process from data acquisition to product development. To combat these issues, our platform adheres to the FAIR principles, promoting findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability of data.In the realm of open-source software, we emphasize the benefits of reuse and active involvement. While addressing the common concerns of security and vulnerabilities, we advocate for the synergy between open source software and open data, which enhances the overall effectiveness and innovation of the platform.OpenEPI is designed with software developers as the primary end-users. A central feature is our developer portal, which is pivotal for ensuring developer engagement and productivity. The architecture of the platform champions vendor independence and utilizes a multicloud strategy to optimize performance and scalability. We rely on best-of-breed technologies, predominantly Python and its modern libraries and frameworks, alongside robust containerization practices.In this talk at EMS2024, we will delve into the findings from our pre-project phase and provide updates on the current status, discussing how our strategic frameworks and practical implementations are being tailored to collectively foster the development of sustainable and impactful climate adaptation solutions.
Current landscape of knowledge networks for climate change adaptation in Europe
Authors: Bruno Soares Marta , Lamb Gavin , Puga-Gonzalez Ivan , Baulenas Eulàlia , Pickard Sam , Shults LeRon , Kause Astrid , Van Wolleghem Pierre
Published: July 2024

The complex and interconnected nature of climate change together and the need to adapt to such changes demands for collective efforts, expertise, and resources across a range of actors and scales of action (Bidwell et al., 2013). In this context, knowledge networks can be defined as "A set of nodes — individuals or group of individuals heterogeneously distributed that serve as agents for storing, creating and sharing knowledge on climate change adaptation — interconnected by social relationships that enable and constrain the nodes’ efforts to acquire, transfer, create and act upon such knowledge" (adapted from Phelps, 2012). Depending on their nature and scope, these knowledge networks can operate in multiple ways towards advancing and promoting climate change adaptation efforts e.g. by facilitating the exchange and creation of knowledge and ideas, mobilization of resources, fostering collaborations, social learning, and connecting different levels of governance (Pugh and Prusak, 2013). In addition, these knowledge networks can also support a range of efforts such as informing policy, raising awareness, enhancing social learning, guiding business-related advocacy and assist social activism (Bremer et al., 2022). However, current knowledge of these types of networks operating in Europe is limited. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to understand the landscape of these networks in Europe in order to gain insights into key typologies, their role in supporting adaptation across a range of (often interconnected) scales of action, their governance structures, and the use of climate information in their adaptation-related efforts. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria adopted, we identified approximately 40 knowledge networks covering a range of areas of intervention, scales of operation as well as different types of actors involved. This paper will present the findings from our analysis providing new insights into the current landscape of these networks and how they operate and interact to support adaptation efforts in Europe. By doing so, the paper constitutes a key contribution to ongoing discussions on how to improve and maximise adaptation efforts across scales, actors and typologies of interventions in Europe.
Impact of soil moisture on the heavy precipitation during the July 2021 flood
Authors: Fohrmann Till , Friederichs Petra
Published: July 2024

Backward trajectories have been used to assess the relative importance of the moisture source regions contributing to the heavy precipitation during the July 2021 flooding event. Mohr et al. (2023) suggest that the moisture fueling the extreme event was mostly advected from the North Sea and Baltic Sea, which displayed unusually high sea surface temperatures. In turn, Weijenborg et al. (2022) suggest that the water mostly originated from land surfaces in the proximity of the event. The water, which then would have had to be evaporated over adjacent regions, presumably was available due to high amounts of rainfall leading up to the event. They find smaller contributions from the North and Baltic Seas.To quantify the input from these source regions towards the heavy precipitation, we perform a sensitivity study. Here, we carry out free ensemble forecasts of the event using the ICON model starting from DWD analysis fields. We then vary the initial conditions with respect to soil moisture. Our sensitivity study can also be seen as a storyline approach, which allows us to assess the role of high soil moisture as a forcing of the heavy precipitation. This is directly related to our work in the collaborative research center DETECT, where we hypothesize that regional changes in land and water use alter the onset and evolution of extremes. This study allows us to test how well we are able to detect changes in the characteristics of the July 2021 flood event based on variations in the terrestrial water budgets. 
Evaluation of aerosol properties from sun-photometer and ceilometer by means GRASP algorithm
Authors: Muñiz-Rosado Jorge , Cazorla Alberto , Román Roberto , Haefele Alexander , van Hove Melania , Herrero del Barrio Celia , Bravo-Aranda Juan Antonio , Granados-Muñoz Maria José , del Águila Ana , Diaz-Zurita Arlett , Herrera Milagros , Wienhold Frank Gunther , Brunamonti Simone , Toledano Carlos , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Navas-Guzmán Francisco
Published: July 2024

Remote sensing techniques are essential to monitor and characterise atmospheric aerosol. On the one hand, ceilometers have been proved to be an effective tool for detection and monitoring not only clouds, but also aerosol particle. In recent years, the developments of automatic lidars and ceilometers with profiling capabilities as well as advances in the calibration techniques related to such devices offer the capacity of characterizing optical properties such as aerosol backscatter coefficient. On the other hand, sun-photometers are a commonly employed instrument to monitor integrated products. GRASPpac is a new retrieval algorithm which is gaining relevance in recent years using the synergy between both instruments to obtain aerosol vertical profiling and microphysical properties (Román et al., 2018).This study presents the comparison of vertical aerosol backscattering coefficient (βaer) profiles obtained by GRASPpac retrieval from the synergy between the CHM15K (Lufft, Germany) ceilometer and the sun-photometer CE318-T (Cimel, France). In this way a comparison with Klett inversion (backward and forward) method using CHM15K ceilometer data is carried out. Forward retrieval is based on E-PROFILE calibration (Weigner and Geiß, 2012). A total of 48 βaer profiles measured during daytime at the aeroogical station of MeteoSwiss at Payerne (Switzerland) between 2017 and 2019 were used for this comparison.GRASPpac profiles are provided in a logarithmic vertical scale. The Klett ceilometer profiles were interpolated.  The same GRASPpac height grid to enable a valid comparison. Moreover, the ceilometer signal was averaged in 30-minute bins to match GRASPpac time resolution. After all the corrections were applied, a statistical analysis was conducted to validate the profiles. This work was supported by Grant PID2021- 128008OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER "A way of making Europe", and the project AEROMOST (ProExcel_00204) by the Junta de Andalucía. Francisco Navas-Guzmán received funding from the Ramón y Cajal program (ref. RYC2019-027519-I) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.Román, R., et al. (2018): Retrieval of aerosol profiles combining sunphotometer and ceilometer measurements in GRASP code, Atmos. Res., 204, 161-177.Wiegner, M. and Geiß, A. (2012): Aerosol profiling with the Jenoptik ceilometer CHM15kx, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1953–1964.
Impact of Spatial Extension of Irrigation in the ICON-nwp Model
Authors: Roque Jane , Valmassoi Arianna , Keller Jan
Published: July 2024

Irrigation plays a crucial role in maintaining an ideal soil moisture level for an optimal crop development. This practice is nowadays indispensable for farmers as a method to adapt to the challenges posed by climate change. The Earth science community has recognized additional effects of irrigation beyond its impact on soil moisture and plant growth. Various studies have revealed that irrigation can influence atmospheric variables such as 2-meter temperature, relative humidity, and even precipitation. Furthermore, researchers have investigated the impact of irrigation on the Earth's system across different timeframes, geographic regions, and using diverse climate and land surface models. Nevertheless, the number of studies that have simulated the effects of irrigation at higher resolutions on a regional level are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study is to include the representation of irrigation processes in the operational ICON-nwp in Limited Area Mode on the EURO-CORDEX domain at 3km resolution. The implementation of the current irrigation parameterization in ICON-nwp coupled with TERRA is an adaptation of the CHANNEL scheme developed by Valmassoi et al. (2020). Since there are more than one land surface model coupled with ICON, we found suitable to include this scheme in the land surface and atmosphere interface of the icon-nwp-2.6.6-nwp0 version. The current investigation includes two irrigation maps: the default map from the operational ICON-nwp (from GlobCover2009) and the Digital Global Map of Irrigation Areas (Siebert, et al. 2013). For the first irrigation map, the study comprises five sensitivity experiments involving varying irrigation water amounts: 2.6 mmd-1, 6.7 mmd-1, 11.1 mmd-1, and two fixed soil moisture levels (field capacity and saturation). Regarding the second irrigation map, currently we have three experiments with the irrigation amounts:  2.6 mmd-1, 11.1 mmd-1, and soil moisture set to field capacity. All experiments have the same irrigation frequency (1 day), length (24 hours), and simulation period (May to August). The results from the difference between experiments and the control run demonstrate that ICON captures the irrigation effect on land surface atmospheric variables. As expected, soil moisture content increases resulted in an average cooling effect of 1.4 K across all experiments. Likewise, energy fluxes were sensible to the different irrigation quantities. In addition, we present a validation of selected irrigation experiments with a reanalysis dataset and observations from meteorological stations used in the operational DWD model equivalent cycle. Preliminary results indicate that when comparing the biases of the first guess with those of the field capacity experiment concerning observations in Spain, the  temperature bias decreases from an average of -0.20 to -0.08 across  twelve stations.
Bridging the gap between climate data and policy makers: The CLIMAAX project example
Authors: Vuckovic Milana , Wetterhall Fredrik
Published: July 2024

Citizens in every inhabited place on the planet are increasingly experiencing dramatic consequences of a changing climate. Within Europe the adaptation gap between the multi-hazard climate risk and the risk management capability is growing. The EU Horizon Europe project CLIMAAX (CLIMAte risk and vulnerability Assessment framework and toolboX) addresses this by providing financial, analytical and practical support to climate risk assessment community, allowing an improvement of regional Climate Risk Assessment (CRA) and management plans. In the context of the project, we have developed an inclusive and harmonised CRA framework and the toolbox for improved data access, manipulation, processing, modelling and visualisation. The four main elements of the toolbox are:1) A Handbook: the website to serve as a placeholder for the Framework and the tools, as well as user guide with full description of the tools involved;2) A set of Jupyter notebook templates and examples of the workflows of case studies;3) Access points to the data needed and tools for data manipulation and visualisation for the Climate Risk Assessment;4) Access to computational and storage resources, using JupyterHub hosting all the repositories with the workflow examplesThe heart of the CLIMAAX toolbox is Jupyter ecosystem with the JupyterBook used for the technology for Handbook, JupyterHub for the collaborative cloud environment and Jupyter notebooks for the executable examples. It will also have Jupyter lab enabled for users and Jupyter books for wiki, documentation and templates. With these resources at hand, both technical and non-technical persons have a tool that will provide a homogenous tool to perform local and regional climate risk assessments. The project started in January 2023, and the operational version of the toolbox implemented during Spring 2024. This poster we will share the design and implementation of the CLIMAAX toolbox, as well as lessons learned and challenges from the process of building it. 
Avoiding too good to be true: Guiding decision makers toward more meaningful climate information
Authors: Pickard Sam , Bojovic Dragana , Llabres Alba , Perez Zanon Nuria , Garikoitz Munoz Solorzano Angel , Gonzalez Romero Carmen , Duzenli Eren , Lacima Nadolnik Aleks , Ruprich Robert Yohan , Trascasa Castro Paloma , Urquiza Diana , Cos Josep , Lera St Clair Asun , Doblas Reyes Francisco
Published: July 2024

Climate services are on the cusp of becoming mainstream decision support tools. Many present accurate climate information within the bounds of scientific knowledge and technological development, yet some present climate information of limited “quality”, that is often “too good to be true”: i.e., scientific and technological constraints render it impossible to be as precise or as confident as suggested. This fidelity is rarely apparent when climate services are used to support decision making.Alongside pursuing academic and technological advances, traditional efforts to counter this disconnect (between what climate scientists know to be the boundaries of what their work shows, and the way in which climate information is used in some decision making situations) has focussed on two groups of actors at two different moments in the production of climate services. Most established is training users how to interpret the climate information, occurring after it has been produced. More recently, climate scientists have begun to articulate guidelines of how to produce “high-quality” information, for other climate scientists to follow during the production of climate information.We fear that demand for climate services will outpace the dissemination and use of good-practice standards. More positively, we believe the decisions taken to produce the data that underlies climate services could be made understandable for decision makers, making them active interrogators and providing a complementary route to counter the spread of meaningless climate information.For the production of climate information, we use the metaphor of a jigsaw puzzle consisting of distinct, interlocking pieces. We illustrate the importance of user context in framing the puzzle, and for each of the constituent parts (e.g. timescales, spatial resolution, indicators) explain the production process and suggest guiding questions those commissioning climate services should ask to probe the fidelity of information presented in climate services.
Impact of heatwave large-scale variability on the temperature field at the Grenoble valley bottom 
Authors: Vazquez Ballesta Manuarii , Staquet Chantal , Gabeiras Jacobo , Hedde Thierry
Published: July 2024

Concerns about climate change are growing as extreme events such as heat waves, droughts and storms become more frequent and intense. Together with the reduction of green-house gas emissions to reduce climate change, scenarios for adapting to climate change need to be developed, for instance in cities during heatwaves. In the latter case, the scenarios depend upon the distribution of the air temperature field close to the ground. How does this temperature field depend upon the large-scale variability of the heatwave episodes is a key question to design the scenarios. This question is particularly relevant when the temperature distribution at the bottom of an urbanized alpine valley is considered. This question is addressed in this paper, for the Grenoble valley.Three 30-year periods are considered, in the past around 2005, and in the future around 2050 and 2070. ERA5 reanalysis are used for the past period and data from the Regional Atmospheric Model (MAR) forced by the global climate model MPI are used for the future periods. WRF simulation data of the Grenoble valley boundary layer for a few past and future heatwaves are also considered.Heatwaves during the three 30-year periods are first identified and an indicator is sought to characterize their variability. The large-scale wind speed at 700 hPa over the Grenoble valley appears to be a good indicator to analyze the impact of the heatwave variability on the bottom-valley flow.When the large-scale wind speed is smaller than 10 m/s (this is the case for the majority of heatwaves of this analysis), a decoupling is generally observed between the large-scale wind and the bottom-valley flow. The latter flow is then of thermal origin. The temperature field is therefore controlled by the thermal wind and does not depend upon the heatwave episode. More precisely, during daytime, the main factor influencing the temperature field is the land cover, while at night, the temperature field is sensitive to local mixing induced by the thermal wind. For all heatwave episodes associated with a small large-scale wind speed, the wind comes from the North due to the center of the Omega weather pattern to be located on the west of France.When the large-scale wind speed is greater than 10 m/s, the coupling with the bottom valley flow occurs through momentum transfer (see Doran and Whiteman 1994). The temperature field still does not depend upon the heatwave episode during the day, being controlled again by the land cover. During nighttime, by contrast, the temperature field depends upon the large-scale wind. However, for all heatwave episodes associated with a high large-scale wind speed,  the wind comes from the South-West implying that the temperature field is eventually the same whatever the episode.
Application of the Conditional Time-Averaged Gradient method to evaluate dry deposition in the Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Famulari Daniela , Fowler David , Tang Sim Yuk , Cape John Neil
Published: July 2024

Measurements of gaseous SO2, HNO3 and NH3 deposition fluxes at two remote wet fen field sites in the Alberta Oil Sand Region (Canada) have been performed by a COnditional Time Averaged Gradient system during the summer seasons over 2010-2012. The COTAG system works by measuring the concentration gradient only when the conditions for making flux measurements (sufficient fetch and turbulence) are suitable. In this way, average concentration gradients can be measured over periods of days to weeks. When combined with the average turbulence conditions during the sampling, such average gradients can be used to measure the average gas fluxes. With 6 replicate samplers set at two heights, the gradient system provided significant differences in gas concentrations at the two heights for at least half of the summer season, and showed that for periods where fluxes were measurable, the surface resistance to gas transfer was not significantly different from zero. However, during periods where there was no significant difference in gas concentrations at the two heights, the lack of a significant concentration gradient could result from a significant surface resistance, or could simply be the result of large uncertainties in the measurements at concentrations close to the limit of detection of the method. The COTAG measurements do, however, provide an indication of the range of dry deposition rates for these gases at wet fen sites, for which no other experimental data exist for use in inferential modelling of dry deposition across the region. The data here refer only to the summer season, so the dry deposition rates are only representative of surfaces clear of snow, as at low temperatures during winter, the snow pack coverage will cause deposition rates to be different.
Enhancing Urban Resilience to Heatwaves fast through Public-Private Engagement
Authors: Schloegl Sebastian , Gutbrod Karl G. , Ramshorn Christoph , Bader Nico
Published: July 2024

Climate change is also changing urban climates, and the number and intensity of heatwaves is increasing, as are flash floods and droughts. Therefore, city administrations and other stakeholders need better information and tools to efficiently manage these new extremes, and adapt their infrastructures to the new realities. Thus, they require operational up-to-date hyperlocal temperature forecast and monitoring to detect “hot spots“, frequency of “heat stress“, and other meteorological benchmark values. These are needed to plan resources and steer short term interventions such as recommending suitable actions to citizens, mobilising helpers, opening heat shelters, etc., as well as policies for construction and management of roads, buildings, parks etc, and for tracking the effectiveness of mitigation measures, such as greening, de-sealing, building insulation, colour changes, etc. The technical basis is provided by Hyperlocal monitoring and forecasting of temperatures, and other variables. These require reliable urban temperature measurements across a city, linked to urban climate models. This can be achieved at low cost, when researchers, city agencies and private companies work together to develop and employ new technology for this new purpose.In practice, this requires developing and testing new approaches, overcoming traditional barriers between the players, educating the actors, coordinating efforts and creating business models for continuous improvement. This paper describes the experiences of meteoblue with creating the first operational live city heatmaps with 10 m / 1 h resolution and an hourly MAE of
The modernized Climate and Atmosphere Data Store infrastructure – a practical implementation of FAIR and Open Data
Authors: Zanacchi Marcus , Alos Angel , Fuentes Manuel , Damasio-Da-Costa Eduardo
Published: July 2024

The modernized Copernicus Climate and Atmosphere Data Store infrastructure – released in 2024 – uses state-of-the-art technology to provide a more scalable and open access to data and services with the adoption of the FAIR principles and Open Data at its core. The infrastructure, named the Common Data Stores – Engine (CDS-E), exposes to the public two different frontends, the Climate Data Store (CDS) in support of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and the Atmosphere Data Store (ADS) for the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) whilst sharing all the backend components. Combined, the CDS and ADS provide service to more than 300k registered users, delivering over 180 TBs of data on daily basis in the form of more than 700k processed requests. It also seeks to strengthen interdependencies with other European platforms such as the WEKEO Data and Information Access Platform (DIAS), Climate-Adapt, ClimSA, and facilitates interactions with different platforms in the future E.U. Green Deal Data Space, thereby fostering a broader engagement with the user community.The CDS and ADS allow free and open access to the wide range of climate and atmospheric monitoring datasets through both a web-based and programmatic interface. The modernized infrastructure makes use of modern cloud technology and an open framework that bring new components to the CDS and ADS. These include a variety of adaptors, modern standards and protocols, such as OGC compliant APIs, STAC metadata standards for programmatic interrogation of geospatial information, Serverless Analysis-Ready Cloud Optimized (ARCO) Services and Standard WMS/WMTS for improved integration, access, and visualisation. This allows the CDS and ADSs to support a seamless experience on the user's journey to explore, discover, retrieve and use the available resources whilst remaining scalable and versatile.At the core of its versatility is the implementation of FAIR principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). The adoption to the FAIR principles has in fact followed a gradual and systematic approach that has kept the platform and its content under continuous evolution and improvement. Here we describe how the adoption of the FAIR principles and an Open Data philosophy was implemented and outline the practical benefits of this approach to the user community.
Impacts of sea surface roughness parameterization in KMA operational NWP model
Authors: Park Jeong-Hyun , Park Yeseo , Lim Jeong Ock , Cho Ik Hyun
Published: July 2024

In the Earth system, the ocean interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging water, momentum, and heat energy. This exchange influences not just the ocean but also atmospheric phenomena such as clouds, precipitation, and temperature. In particular, the ocean's latent and sensible heat significantly affect the temperature and moisture of the lower atmosphere, serving as a key process for energy transfer between the atmosphere and the ocean. In numerical weather prediction models, heat exchange is parameterized based on temperature, moisture, wind, and heat and moisture exchange coefficients. These factors are crucial for predicting severe weather around the Korean Peninsula. Since April 2020, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has operated the Korean Integrated Model (KIM) for medium-term weather forecasts. Sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration in KIM are initialized with OSTIA (Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis) data from the UK Meteorological Agency. The model's physical process for sensible and latent heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean relies on the difference in temperature and moisture between the sea surface and the atmosphere's lowest layer, the model's lowest wind speed, and the coefficients for heat and water exchange. These coefficients are determined by parameterizing the sea surface's roughness length, which accounts for factors such as gravitational wave effects. By examining the atmospheric-ocean energy exchange process in KIM during summer torrential rains on the Korean Peninsula, we assess the model's capability to simulate atmospheric-ocean interactions via sea surface roughness parameterization and depth correction, thus evaluating its impact on mid-term weather forecasting accuracy.