bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the flame resistance and thermal conductivity of ethylene‐vinyl acetate composites by incorporating hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene‐modified graphite and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Tian Ying , Gu Xiaoyu , Tang Wufei , Sun Jun
Published: February 2017

Graphite has been regarded as a promising additive for improving the fire safety and thermal conductivity (TC) of polymers. In this article, graphite was modified by grafting with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene to prepare a novel modified graphite oxide (M‐GO). M‐GO in association with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were introduced into ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) by melt compounding to prepare bifunctional composites with excellent fire resistance and TC. The flammability of the EVA composites was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter test. The results showed that the sample containing 18% M‐GO and 2% MWNT achieved the maximal LOI value of 31.6%, passed the UL‐94 V‐0 rating, and significantly decreased the peak heat release rate from 1383.7 kW/m2 of neat EVA to 558.3 kW/m2. The TC of the EVA composites was characterized by a TC analyzer, and the results showed that the presence of M‐GO and MWNT could significantly increase the TC by the formation of more efficient thermal transfer pathways. The thermal behaviors of EVA composites and the morphologies of residues were characterized and the possible mechanisms were also proposed. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E891–E901, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
INFLUENCES ON TEACHERS’ JUDGMENT ACCURACY OF READING ABILITIES ON SECOND AND THIRD GRADE STUDENTS: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: Paleczek Lisa , Seifert Susanne , Gasteiger‐Klicpera Barbara
Published: February 2017

The present study aims at examining variables (at individual and class level) that influence the accuracy of teacher judgments of second and third graders’ reading abilities (decoding and reading comprehension). Data of 1,468 students and 86 teachers were collected. Due to the nested structure of the data, multilevel regression analyses were applied. Results revealed about 5% of the variance in judgment accuracy at class level. Generally, teachers judged reading comprehension abilities more accurately than decoding abilities. Low‐achieving students’ abilities, though, were judged less accurately. Accuracy in judging decoding was higher in small classes and in students with special educational needs. Accuracy in judging reading comprehension grew along the years (higher in Grade 3 and at the end of the academic year). Additionally, teachers judged second language learners' reading comprehension less accurately. The results are discussed in the light of implications for teacher training.
PREDICTING ACADEMICS VIA BEHAVIOR WITHIN AN ELEMENTARY SAMPLE: AN EVALUATION OF THE SOCIAL, ACADEMIC, AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR RISK SCREENER (SAEBRS)
Authors: Kilgus Stephen P. , Bowman Nicollette A. , Christ Theodore J. , Taylor Crystal N.
Published: February 2017

This study examined the extent to which teacher ratings of student behavior via the Social, Academic, and Emotional Behavior Risk Screener (SAEBRS) predicted academic achievement in math and reading. A secondary purpose was to compare the predictive capacity of three SAEBRS subscales corresponding to social, academic, or emotional domains of behavior. Universal screening was conducted to evaluate 1,058 elementary students’ performance in both reading and math, which were then combined to form a composite estimate of overall academic performance. Results indicated that the SAEBRS composite scale and all three subscales each individually predicted academic performance. Results further indicated that the SAEBRS Academic Behavior subscale was the best predictor of academic performance. Furthermore, the SAEBRS Social Behavior scale was found to function as a net suppressor variable, enhancing the capacity of Academic Behavior to predict academic performance via the suppression of variance irrelevant relative to academic performance. Follow‐up path analyses suggested Academic Behavior also served as a mediating variable, as it partially accounted for the relationship between Social Behavior and academic performance. Implications for educators and limitations of this study are discussed.
Integrative proteomics, genomics, and translational immunology approaches reveal mutated forms of Proteolipid Protein 1 (PLP1) and mutant‐specific immune response in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Qendro Veneta , Bugos Grace A. , Lundgren Debbie H. , Glynn John , Han May H. , Han David K.
Published: February 2017

In order to gain mechanistic insights into multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, we utilized a multi‐dimensional approach to test the hypothesis that mutations in myelin proteins lead to immune activation and central nervous system autoimmunity in MS. Mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis of human MS brain lesions revealed seven unique mutations of PLP1; a key myelin protein that is known to be destroyed in MS. Surprisingly, in‐depth genomic analysis of two MS patients at the genomic DNA and mRNA confirmed mutated PLP1 in RNA, but not in the genomic DNA. Quantification of wild type and mutant PLP RNA levels by qPCR further validated the presence of mutant PLP RNA in the MS patients. To seek evidence linking mutations in abundant myelin proteins and immune‐mediated destruction of myelin, specific immune response against mutant PLP1 in MS patients was examined. Thus, we have designed paired, wild type and mutant peptide microarrays, and examined antibody response to multiple mutated PLP1 in sera from MS patients. Consistent with the idea of different patients exhibiting unique mutation profiles, we found that 13 out of 20 MS patients showed antibody responses against specific but not against all the mutant‐PLP1 peptides. Interestingly, we found mutant PLP‐directed antibody response against specific mutant peptides in the sera of pre‐MS controls. The results from integrative proteomic, genomic, and immune analyses reveal a possible mechanism of mutation‐driven pathogenesis in human MS. The study also highlights the need for integrative genomic and proteomic analyses for uncovering pathogenic mechanisms of human diseases.
Predictors of satisfaction and quality of life following post‐mastectomy breast reconstruction
Authors: Matthews Hannah , Carroll Natalie , Renshaw Derek , Turner Andrew , Park Alan , Skillman Jo , McCarthy Kate , Grunfeld Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Breast reconstruction is associated with multiple psychological benefits. However, few studies have identified clinical and psychological factors associated with improved satisfaction and quality of life. This study examined factors, which predict satisfaction with breast appearance, outcome satisfaction and quality of life following post‐mastectomy breast reconstruction.

Methods

Women who underwent post‐mastectomy breast reconstruction between 2010 and 2016 received a postal questionnaire consisting of The BREAST‐Q Patient Reported Outcomes Instrument, The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ‐30 Questionnaire, The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, and a series of Visual‐Analogue Scales. One hundredforty‐eight women completed the questionnaire, a 56% response rate.

Results

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed psychosocial factors accounted for 75% of the variance in breast satisfaction, 68% for outcome satisfaction, and 46% forquality of life. Psychosocial well‐being emerged as a significant predictor of satisfaction with breast appearance (β = .322) and outcome satisfaction (β = .406). Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap patients reported greater satisfaction with breast appearance (β = .120) and outcome satisfaction (β = .167).

Conclusions

This study extends beyond the limited research by distinguishing between satisfaction with breast appearance and outcome satisfaction. The study provides evidence for the role of psychosocial factors predicting key patient reported outcomes and demonstrates the importance of psychosocial well‐being and reconstruction type. The findings also highlight the need for healthcare providers to consider the psychosocial well‐being of patients both preoperatively and post operatively and provide preliminary evidence for the use of deep inferior epigastric perforator reconstructions over other types of reconstructive procedures.
Methods for evaluating leaf surface free energy and polarity having accounted for surface roughness
Authors: Nairn Justin J , Forster W Alison
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Leaf surfaces can have similar wettability, while their roughness and polarity may be very different. This may affect agrochemical bioefficacy, hence there is a need to characterise leaf surface polarity and roughness separately. This paper reviews established surface evaluation techniques and then uses a comprehensive dataset of static contact angles (12 chemical solutions on 15 different species) to compare and contrast them for their ability to characterise leaf surface polarity in isolation from roughness.

RESULTS

Many techniques were severely limited when applied to leaf surfaces. A failing of the surface free energy (SFE) concept is that both physical and chemical properties affect the SFE. Additionally, whilst the leaf surface chemistry does not change, the SFE values generated are dependent on the chemical properties of the probe solution employed.

CONCLUSIONS

The wetting tension–dielectric (WTD) method stands out due to its ability to isolate and quantify leaf surface roughness and polarity. A novel (WTD) roughness correction factor is proposed to improve SFE determination. The strong correlation between leaf polarity and leaf wettability for polar solutions (such as water) makes the WTD method a valuable tool for the evaluation of leaf surface‐droplet behaviour and the advancement of agrochemical spray formulation technologies. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of SmartStax and SmartStax PRO maize against western corn rootworm and northern corn rootworm: efficacy and resistance management
Authors: Head Graham P , Carroll Matthew W , Evans Sean P , Rule Dwain M , Willse Alan R , Clark Thomas L , Storer Nicholas P , Flannagan Ronald D , Samuel Luke W , Meinke Lance J
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Cases of western corn rootworm (WCR) field‐evolved resistance to Cry3Bb1 and other corn rootworm (CRW) control traits have been reported. Pyramid products expressing multiple CRW traits can delay resistance compared to single trait products. We used field studies to assess the pyramid CRW corn products, SmartStax (expressing Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1) and SmartStax PRO (expressing Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 and DvSnf7), at locations with high WCR densities and possible Cry3Bb1 resistance, and to assess the reduction in adult emergence attributable to DvSnf7 and other traits. Insect resistance models were used to assess durability of SmartStax and SmartStax PRO to WCR resistance.

RESULTS

SmartStax significantly reduced root injury compared to non‐CRW‐trait controls at all but one location with measurable WCR pressure, while SmartStax PRO significantly reduced root injury at all locations, despite evidence of Cry3Bb1 resistance at some locations. The advantage of SmartStax PRO over SmartStax in reducing root damage was positively correlated with root damage on non‐CRW‐trait controls. DvSnf7 was estimated to reduce WCR emergence by approximately 80–95%, which modeling indicated will improve durability of Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 compared to SmartStax.

CONCLUSION

The addition of DvSnf7 in SmartStax PRO can reduce root damage under high WCR densities and prolong Cry3Bb1 and Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 durability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of contact network structure on epidemic transmission trees: implications for data required to estimate network structure
Authors: Carnegie Nicole Bohme
Published: February 2017

Understanding the dynamics of disease spread is key to developing effective interventions to control or prevent an epidemic. The structure of the network of contacts over which the disease spreads has been shown to have a strong influence on the outcome of the epidemic, but an open question remains as to whether it is possible to estimate contact network features from data collected in an epidemic. The approach taken in this paper is to examine the distributions of epidemic outcomes arising from epidemics on networks with particular structural features to assess whether that structure could be measured from epidemic data and what other constraints might be needed to make the problem identifiable. To this end, we vary the network size, mean degree, and transmissibility of the pathogen, as well as the network feature of interest: clustering, degree assortativity, or attribute‐based preferential mixing. We record several standard measures of the size and spread of the epidemic, as well as measures that describe the shape of the transmission tree in order to ascertain whether there are detectable signals in the final data from the outbreak. The results suggest that there is potential to estimate contact network features from transmission trees or pure epidemic data, particularly for diseases with high transmissibility or for which the relevant contact network is of low mean degree. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variance-Based Cluster Selection Criteria in a K-Means Framework for One-Mode Dissimilarity Data
Authors: Vera J. Fernando , Macías Rodrigo
Published: February 2017

One of the main problems in cluster analysis is that of determining the number of groups in the data. In general, the approach taken depends on the cluster method used. For K-means, some of the most widely employed criteria are formulated in terms of the decomposition of the total point scatter, regarding a two-mode data set of N points in p dimensions, which are optimally arranged into K classes. This paper addresses the formulation of criteria to determine the number of clusters, in the general situation in which the available information for clustering is a one-mode <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">N×N\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$N\times N$$\end{document} dissimilarity matrix describing the objects. In this framework, p and the coordinates of points are usually unknown, and the application of criteria originally formulated for two-mode data sets is dependent on their possible reformulation in the one-mode situation. The decomposition of the variability of the clustered objects is proposed in terms of the corresponding block-shaped partition of the dissimilarity matrix. Within-block and between-block dispersion values for the partitioned dissimilarity matrix are derived, and variance-based criteria are subsequently formulated in order to determine the number of groups in the data. A Monte Carlo experiment was carried out to study the performance of the proposed criteria. For simulated clustered points in p dimensions, greater efficiency in recovering the number of clusters is obtained when the criteria are calculated from the related Euclidean distances instead of the known two-mode data set, in general, for unequal-sized clusters and for low dimensionality situations. For simulated dissimilarity data sets, the proposed criteria always outperform the results obtained when these criteria are calculated from their original formulation, using dissimilarities instead of distances.
Effect of Binary/Ternary Fatty Acids Ratio and Glycerin on the Phase Behaviors of Soap Solutions
Authors: Li Fangfang , Chen Minghua , Zhang Wanping
Published: February 2017

Phase behaviors of liquid soaps prepared with single myristic acid, binary fatty acid mixtures and ternary fatty acid mixtures (with 30% total fatty acids) are described. The influence of glycerin on the phase behaviors of ternary soaps is discussed. Phase behaviors were characterized by combining pH, viscosity, polarization microscopy, X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results showed that the kind and proportion of fatty acids played key roles in the phase behaviors of soaps. Glycerin had a significant influence on the phase behaviors of soaps. Liquid and Cub + Hex (cubic and hexagonal phase) phase were stable, while Liq + Crystal (liquid micelle and crystal phase), Liq + Lam (liquid micelle and lamellar phase), Liq + Hex + Lam (liquid micelle and hexagonal and lamellar phase) phases displayed separation regions, Glycerin was investigated to improve the stability of separation phases for two weeks, appropriate percentage of the fatty acids in soaps application.
Una tipología de empresas latinoamericanas exportadoras de servicios intensivos en conocimiento y los determinantes de su competitividad internacional
Authors: Niembro Andrés
Published: February 2017

Este artículo persigue varios objetivos: por un lado, aportar una primera tipología de empresas latinoamericanas exportadoras de servicios intensivos en conocimiento, y por otro, contribuir al estudio de los determinantes de la competitividad internacional en estos sectores, con evidencia de América Latina, indagando además si la influencia de estos factores difiere entre los distintos tipos de empresas. Sobre la base de evidencia exploratoria de un conjunto de empresas latinoamericanas exportadoras de servicios intensivos en conocimiento se recurre al análisis clúster para identificar diferentes patrones empresariales. El reconocimiento de realidades empresariales heterogéneas y la identificación de impactos diferenciales de los determinantes de la competitividad pueden colaborar para un mejor diseno de ˜ medidas de política ajustadas a cada contexto.
The Women's EMPOWER Survey: Identifying Women's Perceptions on Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy and Its Treatment
Authors: Kingsberg Sheryl A. , Krychman Michael , Graham Shelli , Bernick Brian , Mirkin Sebastian
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) affects up to two thirds of postmenopausal women, but most symptomatic women do not receive prescription therapy.

Aim

To evaluate postmenopausal women's perceptions of VVA and treatment options for symptoms in the Women's EMPOWER survey.

Methods

The Rose Research firm conducted an internet survey of female consumers provided by Lightspeed Global Market Insite. Women at least 45 years of age who reported symptoms of VVA and residing in the United States were recruited.

Main Outcome Measures

Survey results were compiled and analyzed by all women and by treatment subgroups.

Results

Respondents (N = 1,858) had a median age of 58 years (range = 45–90). Only 7% currently used prescribed VVA therapies (local estrogen therapies or oral selective estrogen receptor modulators), whereas 18% were former users of prescribed VVA therapies, 25% used over-the-counter treatments, and 50% had never used any treatment. Many women (81%) were not aware of VVA or that it is a medical condition. Most never users (72%) had never discussed their symptoms with a health care professional (HCP). The main reason for women not to discuss their symptoms with an HCP was that they believed that VVA was just a natural part of aging and something to live with. When women spoke to an HCP about their symptoms, most (85%) initiated the discussion. Preferred sources of information were written material from the HCP's office (46%) or questionnaires to fill out before seeing the HCP (41%).The most negative attributes of hormonal products were perceived risk of systemic absorption, messiness of local creams, and the need to reuse an applicator. Overall, HCPs only recommended vaginal estrogen therapy to 23% and oral hormone therapies to 18% of women. When using vaginal estrogen therapy, less than half of women adhered to and complied with posology; only 33% to 51% of women were very to extremely satisfied with their efficacy.

Conclusion

The Women's EMPOWER survey showed that VVA continues to be an under-recognized and under-treated condition, despite recent educational initiatives. A disconnect in education, communication, and information between HCPs and their menopausal patients remains prevalent.
Sexual Health Competencies for Undergraduate Medical Education in North America
Authors: Bayer Carey Roth , Eckstrand Kristen L. , Knudson Gail , Koehler Jean , Leibowitz Scott , Tsai Perry , Feldman Jamie L.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The number of hours spent teaching sexual health content and skills in medical education continues to decrease despite the increase in sexual health issues faced by patients across the lifespan. In 2012 and 2014, experts across sexuality disciplines convened for the Summits on Medical School Education and Sexual Health to strategize and recommend approaches to improve sexual health education in medical education systems and practice settings. One of the summit recommendations was to develop sexual health competencies that could be implemented in undergraduate medical education curricula.

Aim

To discuss the process of developing sexual health competencies for undergraduate medical education in North America and present the resulting competencies.

Methods

From 2014 to 2016, a summit multidisciplinary subcommittee met through face-to-face, phone conference, and email meetings to review prior competency-based guidelines and then draft and vet general sexual health competencies for integration into undergraduate medical school curricula. The process built off the Association of American Medical Colleges' competency development process for training medical students to care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and gender non-conforming patients and individuals born with differences of sex development.

Main Outcome Measures

This report presents the final 20 sexual health competencies and 34 qualifiers aligned with the 8 overall domains of competence.

Results

Development of a comprehensive set of sexual health competencies is a necessary first step in standardizing learning expectations for medical students upon completion of undergraduate training.

Conclusions

It is hoped that these competencies will guide the development of sexual health curricula and assessment tools that can be shared across medical schools to ensure that all medical school graduates will be adequately trained and comfortable addressing the different sexual health concerns presented by patients across the lifespan.
GYRATIONS IN AFRICAN MORTALITY AND THEIR EFFECT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Weil David N.
Published: February 2017

I examine recent changes in African mortality and discuss their potential economic and demographic effects. Growth in life expectancy sharply departed from its trend after 1990, and then experienced a sharp acceleration after 2005. This latter acceleration was due overwhelmingly to improvements in HIV and malaria. Economists differ in their estimates of how large the structural effect of health on income is, with many estimates being relatively small. Taking seriously the delays built into many plausible causal channels would lead one to expect that any economic effects of these mortality changes, if they are detectable at all, will not appear for several decades. By contrast, the effect of declining mortality, especially from malaria, should soon be visible in data on population age structure in some countries.
LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO MALARIA AND DEVELOPMENT: DISAGGREGATE EVIDENCE FOR CONTEMPORANEOUS AFRICA
Authors: Cervellati Matteo , Esposito Elena , Sunde Uwe
Published: February 2017

Malaria afflicts mankind since thousands of years and still imposes serious health impediments and considerable mortality on the affected populations. Empirical investigations of the role of malaria for economic development at the country level deliver mixed findings, however. We study the role of long-term malaria exposure on development today using disaggregate within-country variation for the whole of Africa with 1 × 1 degree cells as units of observation. Local development is measured by light density at night. Based on insights from epidemiology, which documents that genetic and acquired immunities reduce Malaria risk for adults in holoendemic areas, the effect is hypothesized to be nonlinear, with a peak for intermediate rather than high exposure to the pathogen. The empirical findings support this hypothesis. The results also suggest the existence of a significant moderating effect of genetic immunities measured by the prevalence of the sickle cell trait in the population.
An Analysis and Bibliography of Recent African Atlases
Authors: Dahlberg Richard E. , Thomas Benjamin E.
Published: February 2017

Some of the most accessible sources for African maps are the new atlases which have been published since World War II. If we interpret the term “atlas” loosely so as to include any assemblage of maps which can be placed on a book shelf, the range of subject materials covered is surprisingly large -- from agriculture to zoogeography. But despite the wealth of data which is presented in convenient map form, it is difficult to obtain information about atlases and their contents. The purpose of this article is to provide a guide to the kinds of information which is available, and a list of atlases and other publications with African maps which have appeared since 1945.

The analysis is based mainly upon atlases examined at the Map Division in the Library of Congress, at the American Geographical Society in New York, and at the University of California, Los Angeles. A few additional atlases were obtained through inter-library loan. Mrs. Clara Egli LeGear, of the Map Division, Library of Congress, provided especially helpful bibliographic aid at the early stages of the survey. This article is a part of a research project supported by the African Studies Center at U. C. L. A. More extension listings of African maps and atlases are in preparation; the authors would therefore welcome comments upon errors or omissions which may be noted in the article.
Music As an Agent of Political Expression
Authors: Rhodes Willard
Published: February 2017

It is a time-worn cliché that music is an important constituent element of African culture closely associated and integrated with the daily living of the African—a cliché that would not merit repetition here were it not for the fact that this statement has rarely been applied to political activities in African societies. Ethnographers and ethnomusicologists have reported the music and the music making of various tribes in relation to religion, the “rites de passage,” agriculture, work, and social life, but the use of music as an agent of political expression has received scant attention.

In a pioneer study of African music von Hornbostel wrote: “In the life of so-called primitive man, and especially of the African Negroes, music and dance have quite different and incomparably greater significance than with us. … Music is neither reproduction (of a ‘piece of music’ as an existing object) nor production (of a new object), it is the life of a living spirit working within those who dance and sing” (Hornbostel 1928: 32). The spirit animating all Africans today is one of independence from colonialism, freedom, and nationalism. In a paper pregnant with ideas and suggestions for new approaches in the study of African music, William Bascom has written: “It is my belief that we would better understand change in political beliefs if we knew more about the way in which music, the dance, or any other forms of traditional behavior develop, and of how they are modified by the outside influences with which they are brought in contact.” (Bascom 1959: 7) It is the purpose of this paper to examine and assess the function and role of African music in contemporary political movements with special attention to the repertory of songs.
Participation and Swiss Democracy
Authors: Barber Benjamin
Published: February 2017

AS THE GREAT HISTORIAN LOUIS HARTZ TAUGHT US IN HIS remarkable study The Liberal Tradition in America, anyone wishing to focus on the special character of a regime would do well to begin by taking the measure of what is absent rather than what is present. Like America, Switzerland has long been regarded as an exception to many of the conventional rules of historical and democratic development — Sonderfall Schweiz is how the Swiss portray and perhaps boast a little about their national exceptionalism. Switzerland possesses a unique form of democratic government the hallmarks of which are participatory democracy, neutrality and radical federalism (decentrahsm or localism, what the Swiss sometimes call Kantönligeist). These hallmarks give to it a character which stands in stark contrast to traditional Anglo-American democracy. The student of comparative politics will observe at once that a great many of Switzerland's leading political features seem to have no analogue in either the English common law or the American Constitution. Swiss democracy is English democracy minus most of English democracy's salient features: which is to say, it is scarcely English democracy at all.

The powerful idea of natural rights as the armour of the individual against illegitimate authority (originally against the illegitimacy of absolute monarchy, later against the hyper-legitimacy of majoritarian tyranny) is largely missing, for example. Missing too is the tradition of an independent judiciary devoted to the protection of wholly private rights against an alien, power-mongering state. When Alexis de Tocqueville, whose liberal premises suited America so well, went looking in the Alps for something like the English liberties, he went astray. Not finding English liberties, he quite misunderstood Switzerland's regime.
By Way of Conclusion
Authors: Freymond Jacques
Published: February 2017

THROUGHOUT THE TWO-DAY DEBATE OF OUR SYMPOSIUM we did our best to answer a challenging and I would say tricky question: can the Confederado Helvetica be imitated? I do not think that the Swiss who were present considered their country as a model at all. They tried to establish and to maintain a certain distance from the object of their study and to refrain from the reference — too often used — to a so-called special Swiss case. They were no apologists but honest witnesses.

Personally, I would make an evaluation of my country from a slightly different angle. My enquiry, therefore, would be focused on the functioning of the Swiss democratic system, on our capacity to face the challenge of our times and to maintain a national cohesion which is indispensable to our existence as a nation. Is this small country still viable? Is it not condemned to be swallowed by one of those continental empires which, in the decades following 1945, were supposed to structure the international system in one, two, three, four or five sub-systems?

It appears that the outlook in this fin de siècle is a little different: small countries are still alive; they have proliferated. There are today more than 160 states on the planet and there are more to come. Everywhere there appears a frantic search for a cultural identity on which to base a nation.
AFTER THE BRITISH WORLD
Authors: BRIGHT RACHEL K. , DILLEY ANDREW R.
Published: February 2017

Within the expanding field of global history, historians often conceive of distinct integrated ‘worlds’: discrete if permeable cultural units capable of coherent study. Some are defined exogenously through factors such as oceanic geography, others are conceived of endogenously through the cultures and identities of their adherents. In this context, this article critically assesses the recent voluminous literature on the British world: a unit increasingly distinguished from British imperial history and defined by the networks and identities of global Britishness. The article argues that the British world, while making valuable contributions to the historiography of empire and of individual nations, fails ultimately to achieve sufficiently clear definition to constitute a distinctive field of study and neglects the crucial concerns of imperial history with politics and power, while flattening time, space, and neglecting diversity. While highlighting many key concerns, other methodologies such as settler colonialism, whiteness studies, or revivified imperial history are better placed to take these on than the nebulous concept of a world. More broadly, an analysis of the British world highlights the problems inherent in attempting to define a field endogenously through a focus on identity.
Anatomical integration and rich-club connectivity in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: O'Donoghue S. , Kilmartin L. , O'Hora D. , Emsell L. , Langan C. , McInerney S. , Forde N. J. , Leemans A. , Jeurissen B. , Barker G. J. , McCarthy P. , Cannon D. M. , McDonald C.
Published: February 2017

Background

Although repeatedly associated with white matter microstructural alterations, bipolar disorder (BD) has been relatively unexplored using complex network analysis. This method combines structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to model the brain as a network and evaluate its topological properties. A group of highly interconnected high-density structures, termed the ‘rich-club’, represents an important network for integration of brain functioning. This study aimed to assess structural and rich-club connectivity properties in BD through graph theory analyses.

Method

We obtained structural and diffusion MRI scans from 42 euthymic patients with BD type I and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. Weighted fractional anisotropy connections mapped between cortical and subcortical structures defined the neuroanatomical networks. Next, we examined between-group differences in features of graph properties and sub-networks.

Results

Patients exhibited significantly reduced clustering coefficient and global efficiency, compared with controls globally and regionally in frontal and occipital regions. Additionally, patients displayed weaker sub-network connectivity in distributed regions. Rich-club analysis revealed subtly reduced density in patients, which did not withstand multiple comparison correction. However, hub identification in most participants indicated differentially affected rich-club membership in the BD group, with two hubs absent when compared with controls, namely the superior frontal gyrus and thalamus.

Conclusions

This graph theory analysis presents a thorough investigation of topological features of connectivity in euthymic BD. Abnormalities of global and local measures and network components provide further neuroanatomically specific evidence for distributed dysconnectivity as a trait feature of BD.
The Curious Case of the Disappearing Institute and its Consequences
Authors: McClelland V. Alan
Published: February 2017

In volume twenty-three of Recusant History an attempt was made to consider the origins of St. Edmund's House at Cambridge in the light of changing ecclesiastical attitudes to the admission of Roman Catholic undergraduates to study at the ancient universities. The present article examines some of the vagaries in governance and managerial construct that were to prove inimical to the fulfilment of a widening function for the Cambridge foundation.
James Byres of Tonley: Jacobites and Etruscans
Authors: Davidson Peter
Published: February 2017

James Byres of Tonley (1734–1817) is a pivotal figure in many respects, whose life as a virtuoso has been the subject of exemplary scholarship in the fields of art history and the history of archaeology. For three decades, he was close to the centre of the circle of artists, antiquarians and art-dealers who guided and advised the grand tourists and student artists visiting Rome, then the unchallenged capital of the visual arts worldwide. His fortunes, and those of his family, are typical of those of the last generation of Aberdeenshire Catholics before the Relief Acts of the late eighteenth century and the death of Henry Benedict, Cardinal York, in 1807. Like many Scots, whose cultural or military achievements were enacted in continental exile, he is not particularly remembered nor celebrated in Scotland itself.
The Canonisation of the Forty English Martyrs: An Ecumenical Dilemma
Authors: Atherstone Andrew
Published: February 2017

In October 1970, amidst jubilant celebrations at St Peter's in Rome, Pope Paul VI canonised forty English and Welsh martyrs as saints. Auberon Waugh called it ‘the biggest moment for English Catholicism since Catholic emancipation in 1829’. It marked the culmination of a long campaign which had begun in earnest in the mid-nineteenth century under Cardinals Wiseman and Manning, shortly after the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. By 1935 nearly two hundred Reformation martyrs had been beatified, but only two of these had been canonised, John Fisher and Thomas More—the first Englishmen to be made saints since John of Bridlington in 1401. After the hiatus of the Second World War, the cause was revived in 1960 seeking the canonisation of another forty English martyrs. All were Roman Catholics executed under the Tudor and Stuart monarchs or the Puritan Commonwealth, ranging from Carthusian monks who fell foul in 1535 of Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy, to seminary priests who were caught up in the ‘Popish Plot’ against Charles II in 1679. All but six of the forty had been hung, drawn and quartered, many of them on the gallows at Tyburn.
Robert Southwell’s Mary Magdalen
Authors: Nancy Pollard Brown
Published: February 2017

The imaginative life of Robert Southwell in Rome as a student and in England as a mission priest was energized by the figure of Mary Magdalen. From the translation of a Franciscan sermon to an extended meditative prose work, in poems and illustrative reference, he explored the complexity of her life, finding in it a depth of emotional experience in which he himself was immersed. Her torment of sorrow was seen reflected in the life of Catholics in England, in their suffering and in the strain of endless endurance. It is an irony that through his writing on Mary Magdalen’s witness to the Resurrection in the garden, Southwell’s message of comfort and hope introduced England to the ‘literature of tears’.
William Appleby’s Account of His Journey from Calais to Seville in 1622
Authors: Trappes-Lomax John
Published: February 2017

The College of St Omers was founded in the Spanish Netherlands by Robert Persons S.J. in 1593 to provide an education for English Catholics. Those who wished to study for the priesthood would then proceed to one of the Jesuit-managed seminaries on the continent, among which was the College of St Gregory in Seville founded by Persons in 1592; many of its alumni joined the Society after ordination, as was the case with both William Appleby (hereafter WAp) and William Atkins (hereafter WAt); a full account of this institution can be found in CRS 73 (1992); cf. also WAt pp. 206–8. Intending students normally travelled by sea, as was the case with the twelve who set off in 1622 and were captured by Moorish pirates en route. The twelve ranged in age from adolescents to mature adults like WAp (aged 31) who had presumably been at St Omers for a period of probation rather than for the normal course of studies.
John and Cosmo Alexander: Of Recusancy, Jacobites and Aberdeen Junctures
Authors: Pryor Mary
Published: February 2017

The lives and work of eighteenth-century Scottish artists John and Cosmo Alexander, father and son, were dedicated to the Jacobite cause. They were men of a culture that was distinct to their own region, that of the north-east of Scotland, which from the late fifteenth century had been centred on the university circles of Aberdeen. In microcosm, the experiences of those in these circles reflected the oscillating tests of faith and fealty of that era. Assumed to be Catholics, and from a family which numbered at least one priest among its number, between them the Alexanders survived the turbulent times of the eighteenth-century Jacobite Risings. Both were wanted men after the 1746 Battle of Culloden. Drawing on local evidence, this paper explores the religious, political and social landscape surrounding the works with an Aberdeen connection produced by both John and Cosmo Alexander. All can be seen to demonstrate that the enduring bonds of faith and fealty, which, perforce, may not always have been openly displayed, could be reinforced through the subtle deployment of the painted image.
John Carmont, The Mitchell Trust and Scottish Catholicism, 1865–1885
Authors: Tierney Darren
Published: February 2017

This article will consider the mismanagement during the years 1865–1885 of the benefaction made by Thomas Mitchell, a convert and one-time military man, to the Catholic Church in Scotland, as well as a number of other financial difficulties that beset the Church during this period. In doing so, it will reveal how the Scottish bishops, under enormous pressures because of Irish migration, acted in ways not only unbecoming of their offices, but also beyond the scope of both civil and canon law. Yet, as will be seen, the Church was developing as an institution and, in many ways, the difficulties of these years were necessary if it was to re-develop as a fully-fledged and autonomous national Church.
English Roots and French Connections: The English Benedictine Nuns in Paris
Authors: Rhodes J. T.
Published: February 2017

Political and economic circumstances in Europe and the Civil War (1642–1660) in England so reduced the funds of the English Benedictine nuns of Cambrai that they were unable to provide for the community. Against sound advice they went ahead with a filiation in Paris in 1651. Thanks to the contacts of Dame Clementia Cary and their chaplain, Dom Serenus Cressy, community life began in rented accommodation in 1652. They moved six times before being enabled to purchase their own property in 1664. This was made possible by the messieurs of Port Royal with whom the community continued to have close ties, although they never seem to have been tainted with Jansenism. Novices were always recruited from England and their dowries and associated gifts and bequests were essential, but the survival of several account books reveals the extent and variety of the support the community enjoyed in Paris.
The Division of the Diocese of Beverley 1878, ‘A Distasteful and Painful Affair’
Authors: Turnham Margaret
Published: February 2017

The decision by the Holy See in 1878 to divide the diocese of Beverley into two smaller dioceses was unwelcome initially to many Catholics of the region, who felt it was unbalanced and unfair. This was a particularly long-held perception within the new diocese of Middlesbrough, which was comprised of the more rural areas of Yorkshire together with a new but often uneconomical industrial conurbation on the River Tees. The article examines whether this was an honest perception by scrutinising the logistics of the division, its geographical implications and the consequences for the future of the diocese in terms of the presbyterate and growth of mission.
Naturalism, theism, and multiply realizable mental states
Authors: VANDERGRIFF KEVIN
Published: February 2017

Paul Draper has argued that the scientific evidence for the dependence of mental states upon brain states provides a good reason for thinking that theism is very probably false because the extreme metaphysical dualism implied by theism makes it antecedently likely, if God exists, that minds should be fundamentally non-physical entities. However, Draper's argument assumes that what makes God's mind a mind is the immaterial stuff it is made of. But that assumption is potentially faulty. Why? Because, if functionalism is true, then all conceivable minds are fundamentally functional entities identified by what they do, rather than by what they are made of.
The logic of hope: a defence of the hopeful
Authors: BOHN EINAR DUENGER
Published: February 2017

This article explicates and defends the attitude of hope as a distinctive religious attitude that cuts across the standard trichotomy of atheism, agnosticism and theism.
Metal Arrow-heads in the European Bronze and Early Iron Ages
Authors: Mercer Roger J.
Published: February 2017

The practice of Archery in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age as it survives to us in the archaeological record is difficult of interpretation owing to the low survival value of most archery equipment—the one relic of fairly high survival value being the arrow-head, of flint, bronze or iron. This paper deals with a topic little touched upon previously, and, setting aside the tradition of stone arrow-head manufacture (which persisted well into the Bronze Age in various parts of Europe) essays a treatment of the evidence for the manufacture and use of metal arrow-heads. These will be divided into three types, tanged, socketed and spurred—a threefold division which will appear to be significant not only from the purely typological point of view, but also in the more general context of prehistory.

A catalogue of all finds known to the writer in 1967 will be found at the end of the paper. While this catalogue makes no claim to be complete, it is representative enough to serve as a firm basis, and although further research may bring more examples to light, it will probably not reveal any major new concentrations of metal arrow-heads within Europe (at any rate within the framework of existing knowledge).
A Petro-Archaeological Study of a Deposit of Neolithic Stone Tools at Stará Břeclav, Czechoslovakia
Authors: Štelcl J. , Kalousek F. , Malina J.
Published: February 2017

There is no need to stress that at the present day it is becoming increasingly accepted that the further expansion of prehistory depends not only on the development and ever greater precision of the actual methods of archaeology, but also to an equal degree on the application of natural scientific research methods. This has been well exemplified in the series of systematic studies on petrological research on stone artifacts published in these Proceedings.

A similar tendency can be noted of late in many other European countries, France (Cogné and Giot, 1957; Giot, 1964), Austria (Zirkl, 1956–9), Germany (Frechen, 1965; Wiegers, 1950; Scholz, 1968), Hungary (Végh and Viczian, 1964), Poland (Kowalski and Kozlowski, 1959), the Soviet Union (Gajduk, 1963; Kovnurko, 1963; Petruň, 1967) and Switzerland (Hugi, 1948).

In Czechoslovakia, too, from 1960 onwards, regular petrological-archaeological co-operation has been carried on between the Department of Prehistory at the Philosophical Faculty of the Purkyně University of Brno and the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology of the same University. To begin with, the stone building material of Great Moravian architecture in the region of the lower Dyje valley and the lower Morava valley (Štelcl and Tejkal, 1961–7) was petrologically examined and latterly the investigation has been extended to cover the chipping and polishing industry of the Stone Age (Štelcl, 1967; Malina, forthcoming; Štelcl and Malina, 1966, and forthcoming).