bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death of an African elephant from probable toxemia attributed to chronic pulpitis
Authors: McGavin M. D. , Walker R. D. , Schroeder E. C. , Patton C. S. , McCracken M. D.
Published: February 2025

A 31-year-old captive male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) of 5,000-kg body weight died suddenly in ventral recumbency. Lesions seen at necropsy were bilateral purulent pulpitis and periodontitis of both tusks, serous atrophy of coronary groove fat, Grammocephalus cholangitis, myocardial and skeletal lipofuscinosis, and scattered segmental necrosis in the pectoral muscles. Nonhemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium sp, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides sp, were recovered from the exudate around one or both tusks. We postulated that the elephant died of hypoxia from prolonged ventral recumbency because ofweakness and inability to rise secondary to toxemia from bilateral pulpitis and periodontitis.
Abortion and stillbirth associated with Chlamydia psittaci var ovis in dairy goats with high titers to Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Gunson Diane E. , Acland Helen M. , Gillette Deborah M. , Pearson J.E.
Published: February 2025

During two consecutive breeding seasons in a brucellosis-free dairy goat herd, approximately 40% to 70% of the does (mean herd size, 14.5) had stillbirths or aborted. None of the does aborted or had stillbirths twice. In the first breeding season, 9 of 13 does aborted in the last 2 months of gestation. Three fetuses and 2 fetal placentas from 2 does were examined. Microscopic findings included severe multifocal hepatic necrosis, mild pneumonia, and mild multifocal necrosis in the brain. Cultures for Listeria monocytogenes, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella burnetii were negative. Paired sera from 3 of the does that had aborted or had stillbirths were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. On the basis of high titers, a tentative diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was made.

During the following breeding season, 6 of 16 does aborted during the last 2 months of gestation. A total of 6 fetuses and 4 fetal placentas from 5 of these does were examined. Microscopic findings included infiltration of mononuclear cells around hepatic vessels and multifocal necrosis and gliosis in the brain. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the tissues of 1 fetus, 2 aborting does had persistent, high antibody titers against C psittaci (1:160 and 1:320), and all except 2 other does in the herd had C psittaci titers of 1:20 to 1:40. All but 2 does had T gondii titers of 1:32 to 1:4096. Evidently there was mixed infection with C psittaci and T gondii in this herd, but the former organism probably was responsible for the abortions and stillbirths.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever in an urban canine population
Authors: Smith Robert C. , Gordon John C. , Gordon Scott W. , Philip Robert N.
Published: February 2025

A survey for the prevalence of Rocky Mountain spotted fever antibodies in dogs from a well-defined endemic area in Columbus, Ohio (Franklin County), was conducted during the summer of 1981. Seventy-three blood samples from dogs in this area were tested by microimmunofluorescence for antibodies to Rickettsia rickettsii and other rickettsial antigens. Thirty-three (45.2%) of these samples were positive for R rickettsii, with titers ranging from 1:8 to 1:2,048. For comparison, 137 blood samples from dogs at the Franklin County Dog Pound also were tested. One dog (0.7%) from the comparison group was seropositive to R rickettsii, with a 1:64 titer. The results indicated a nidus of this disease within the city of Columbus, Ohio.
Establishment of a bovine leukosis virus-free dairy herd
Authors: Kaja R. W. , Olson C. , Rowe R. F. , Stauffacher R. H. , Strozinski L. L. , Hardie A. R. , Bause I.
Published: February 2025

A large dairy herd was established free of bovine leukosis virus (blv) infection at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wis. Cattle introduced into the herd originated from blv-infected herds, but only those negative for blv antibodies by an agar gel immunodiffusion test were accepted there. Cattle that were found to be seropositive after their arrival at the new facility were promptly removed. Embryo transfer and artificial insemination were used to introduce new genetic stock into the herd. All recipients receiving embryos from blv-positive donors and the 30 calves born from the successful transfers were seronegative at 21 months for blv antibodies. Thus, under these conditions, embryo transfer and artificial insemination did not spread blv. The agar gel immunodiffusion test was effective in screening cattle for blv antibodies.
Standardization of the equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test and its application to the control of the disease in the United States
Authors: Pearson J. E. , Knowles R. C.
Published: February 2025

In 1972 the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) established requirements that horses which had immunodiffusion antibody against equine infectious anemia could not be transported interstate. Forty-two states had regulations requiring that horses have a negative equine infectious anemia immunodiffusion test before movement. In order to standardize immunodiffusion testing, it was stipulated in the 1972 regulations that tests must be performed in approved laboratories. The approved laboratories were required to have personnel trained in the immunodiffusion test procedure, to follow the standard protocol, to use licensed reagents, successfully complete proficiency tests, and to report results to federal or state animal health officials. The number of approved laboratories was 160 in June 1983.

The number of immunodiffusion tests performed in the United States increased from 82,777 in 1972 to 793,536 in 1977, and has remained at about that level. The percentage of positive samples has decreased from 3.9 in 1972 to 0.6 in 1982. Due to the laboratory standardization program, the reproducibility of test results has been excellent.
Ultrasonography as an adjunct to pregnancy assessments in the mare
Authors: Pipers F. S. , Zent W. , Holder R. , Asbury A.
Published: February 2025

Ultrasonographic detection of pregnancy was performed in 952 Thoroughbred mares. Characteristic images were obtained between 12 and 55 days after breeding. Twins in the same uterine horn as well as twins in opposite horns were imaged, and for the first few months of gestation appeared similar to single pregnancies. Growth curves as a function of time were developed, utilizing horizontal diameters of the blastocysts versus breeding dates. Comparisons between horizontal and vertical diameters demonstrated no appreciable differences when observed as a group. Growth curves derived from twins did not differ significantly from those for single pregnancies during the period we observed them. Ultrasonographic evaluations were valuable in substantiating mechanical destruction of one of the twin blastocysts immediately following the maneuver.

Uterine artifacts such as endometrial and lymphatic cysts also were visualized and portrayed. Although these structures represented a source of false-positive results, they usually could be properly identified on the basis of their morphometric and growth characteristics.
Results of analyses and bacterial cultures of urine specimens obtained from clinically normal cats by three methods
Authors: Lees George E. , Simpson Russell B. , Green Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Six urine specimens were obtained from each of 6 male and 6 female cats in a 3-week period. The first and last specimens from each cat were obtained by cystocentesis, 2 were obtained by urethral catheterization, and 2 were caught during voiding stimulated by manual bladder compression.

Quantitative urine cultures did not reveal bacteriuria in specimens obtained by cystocentesis, and urinary tract infection did not develop during the study. Bacteria were found in 3 (25%) of 12 urine specimens obtained by catheterization of males and in 1 (8%) of 12 specimens obtained by catheterization of females. Magnitude of bacteriuria in specimens obtained by catheterization was 10 to 1,000 organisms/ml. Bacteria also were found in specimens obtained during voiding. Each of 11 (100%) cleanly caught specimens obtained from males and 7 (58%) of 12 voided specimens from females contained bacteria. Magnitude of bacteriuria in voided specimens was usually 100 to 10,000 organisms/ml, but 3 voided specimens contained >10,000 organisms/ml. Many bacteriuric specimens contained more than 1 type of organism; however, bacteria that might be suspected of causing urinary tract infections in cats were found frequently.

Urinalyses were performed on 66 specimens. Completeness of urinalyses depended on the volume of specimens available, but results were normal except for evidence of hematuria in a few specimens obtained by cystocentesis or catheterization. Hematuria was usually mild and was attributed to hemorrhage caused by minor urinary tract trauma during urine collection.
Neuroaxonal dystrophy of Rottweiler dogs
Authors: Chrisman Cheryl L. , Cork Linda C. , Gamble David A.
Published: February 2025

Five Rottweiler dogs were examined because of progressive ataxia of thoracic and pelvic limbs of several months’ to 4 years’ duration. Hypermetria, especially of the thoracic limbs, and head incoordination and tremors were obvious features in the 3 older dogs. None of the dogs had evidence of weakness or loss of conscious proprioception. An electroencephalogram in 1 severely affected dog was normal. Electromyograms in 2 severely affected dogs were normal except for some positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials in the interosseus muscles of all 4 feet. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluations of 2 severely affected dogs were normal. A reduced number of sensory nerve endings, compared with age-matched controls, was seen on histologic examination of a conjunctival biopsy specimen in 1 severely affected dog.

An antemortem diagnosis of neuroaxonal dystrophy was suspected from the signalment, history, and neurologic examination findings. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of microscopic findings in 3 dogs necropsied.
Clinical, pathologic, and ultrastructural features of situs inversus and immotile-cilia syndrome in a dog
Authors: Afzelius B. A. , Carlsten J. , Karlsson S.
Published: February 2025

Situs inversus, rhinitis, and bronchitis were diagnosed in a 7-month-old male Golden Retriever. Electron microscopic examination of tracheal and bronchial biopsy specimens revealed 9% of the cilia with abnormal axonemal pattern and 1.2% with a fibrous ring between the circle of microtubular doublets and the cell membrane. A permanent response to treatment with antibiotics was not obtained and the dog was euthanatized. At necropsy the thoracic and abdominal organs were found to be in reversed position. Microscopic examination revealed evidence of chronic bronchitis as well as cystic and distended distal tubules of the kidneys. Foci of fibrosis were observed in the renal cortex. The diagnosis was immotile-cilia syndrome.
Digoxin in dogs: Once a day or twice a day?
Authors: Hamlin R. L. , Hobson J. L.
Published: February 2025

Healthy mature dogs were given digoxin orally at the same dose once a day (sid) or divided (bid) at 12-hour intervals. Blood concentrations of digoxin were determined by radioimmunoassay. When the drug was given sid, peak blood concentrations were higher than, but lowest blood concentrations were not different than, those obtained when the drug was given bid. Thus, average blood concentration throughout 24 hours was significantly (P<0.05) greater when digoxin was given sid than when given bid. This suggested a reduced rate of clearance and an increased risk for toxicosis for digoxin when given sid versus bid. Peaks of digoxin blood concentrations were lower when the drug was given bid rather than sid; however, we do not know whether the smaller fluctuations can be translated into greater efficacy and/or less toxicity. Unless those questions are answered, we recommend that digoxin be administered bid to mature dogs.
Thoracic bite wounds and associated internal injury in 11 dogs and 1 cat
Authors: McKiernan Brendan C. , Adams William M. , Huse David C.
Published: February 2025

In 11 dogs and 1 cat with thoracic bite wounds and associated internal injury, the most common radiographic findings were subcutaneous emphysema, pulmonary infiltrates (contusion), pneumothorax, and rib separation. Treatment consisted of simple wound cleansing/repair, extensive thoracic surgery, or pleural drainage. Three of the 12 animals died or were euthanatized as a result of their bite wounds, 1 from a nonthoracic injury and 2 as a result of pleural and/or parenchymal disease.
Continuous caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse
Authors: Green Eleanor M. , Cooper Robert C.
Published: February 2025

A technique for continuous caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse was developed in trials involving 8 healthy adult horses. The injection site was the first intercaudal (intercoccygeal) space. A Huber point directional needle (Tuohy or Hustead) with a stylet was preplaced into the epidural space, used as a guide for an epidural catheter, and then removed, leaving the catheter in situ in the epidural space. A 2% solution of lidocaine hydrochloride was used as the anesthetic agent at an initial dose of 8 ml for an adult animal (474 kg to 560 kg). Repeated 4-ml doses were administered immediately upon return of sensation. The technique was found to be easily performed and effective for prolonged caudal epidural anesthesia in the horse.
Modified intramedullary pin technique for repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in the dog and cat
Authors: Parker Robert B. , Bloomberg Mark S.
Published: February 2025

A modified intramedullary pin technique for surgical repair of distal femoral physeal fractures in dogs and cats provided stability at the fracture site and allowed early range of motion. The fixation and stability of this technique was compared with that achieved with a multiple pin technique. Fixation failure did not occur in 11 animals treated by the modified intramedullary pin technique, whereas there were 2 failures in 13 patients treated by a multiple pin technique.
Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in canine pyoderma
Authors: Slade E. Alison , Thompson F. N. , Lorenz M. D. , Kemppainen R. J.
Published: February 2025

In an effort to evaluate the effect of pyoderma on circulating iodothyronines, plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) values were determined before and after thyroid stimulating hormone administration in 25 dogs with pyoderma and in 15 controls. Basal T4 values were increased in dogs with pyoderma, but neither stimulated T4 nor T3 values were altered by this condition. On the basis of low values for circulating iodothyronines, hypothyroidism was suspected in 3 dogs in the pyoderma group. The dog with the most involved lesions had extremely low T3 and T4 values as well as an autoimmune disease. It was concluded that most dogs with pyoderma do not have thyroid dysfunction.
Diazepam and succinylcholine chloride for restraint of the American alligator
Authors: Spiegel R. A. , Lane T. J. , Larsen R. E. , Cardeilhac P. T.
Published: February 2025

Diazepam followed by succinylcholine chloride was administered intramuscularly to 26 healthy mature female alligators on 2 occasions. The mean diazepam dosage was 0.37 mg/kg (range, 0.22 mg/kg to 0.62 mg/kg) and the mean succinylcholine chloride dosage was 0.24 mg/kg (range, 0.14 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg). This drug combination reduced stress and allowed adequate immobilization for restraint and handling. The reduced drug volume, low dosage of succinylcholine chloride required, short induction period, maintenance of respiration, and adequate degree of immobilization make this drug combination a good alternative to the use of muscle relaxants alone in chemical restraint of alligators.
Relationships among serum immunoglobulin concentration in foals, colostral specific gravity, and colostral immunoglobulin concentration
Authors: LeBlanc M. M. , McLaurin B. I. , Boswell R.
Published: February 2025

Postpartum, presuckle, colostrum samples were collected from 100 mares. Colostral specific gravities significantly correlated (r = 0.9) with colostral immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentrations. Foal serum IgG concentrations highly correlated (r = 0.82) with specific gravities of the colostrum each foal ingested. Eight of 48 foals (17%) had serum IgG concentrations <400 mg/dl. The dams of these 8 foals had colostral sp gr <1.06 and colostral IgG concentrations < 3,000 mg/dl. Foals had serum IgG concentrations >520 mg/dl 24 hours after parturition, when the colostral specific gravity of the dam was ≥1.06. Effects of breed on colostral specific gravity, colostral IgG concentrations, foal serum IgG concentrations, and mare serum IgG concentrations were not significant.
Treatment of Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in dairy cows: Comparative efficacies of two antibiotic preparations and factors associated with successful treatment
Authors: Weaver Leon D. , Galland John , Martin P. A. J. , Versteeg Jim
Published: February 2025

A commercially available, penicillin-novobiocin, intramammary infusion product and a solution of procaine penicillin G (1.2 × 106 IU) in 10 ml of sterile saline solution were evaluated for their comparative efficacies against Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis in 3 California dairy herds. After composite milk samples from each cow in each herd were bacteriologically cultured, cows infected with S agalactiae (n = 228) were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups. Milk samples were reevaluated bacteriologically 21 to 25 days after treatment. Both preparations were highly effective against S agalactiae in first-lactation cows and in cows scored negative or trace by use of the California Mastitis Test. Efficacy was significantly decreased in cows with California Mastitis Test scores of 1, 2, or 3. Herd and treatment were associated significantly with treatment success or failure. Most treatment failures were in one herd in cows that were given procaine penicillin G in sterile saline solution. Milk production and lactation stage were not associated with success or failure of treatment.
Disseminated histoplasmosis in cats: 12 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Cowell Rick L. , Tyler Ronald D.
Published: February 2025

Anemia, weight loss, lethargy, fever, anorexia, and interstitial lung disease were the predominant clinical findings in 12 cats with disseminated histoplasmosis. Some cats were examined because of dysfunction or lesions of bone, eyes, or skin. In most cases, the clinical signs were observed by the owner for 4 weeks or less before seeking veterinary care. Young cats were most commonly affected, with 7 of the 12 cats ≤ 1 years old. Identification of Histoplasma organisms in bone marrow aspirates was used to confirm the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in 11 of the 12 cats. Histoplasma infection of multiple organs was found at necropsy. In this study, disseminated histoplasmosis had a higher prevalence in cats than in dogs at the same veterinary medical teaching hospital. Feline disseminated histoplasmosis was not associated with FeLV infection. Treatment was attempted in 7 of the 12 cats.
Status of equine viral arteritis in Kentucky, 1985
Authors: Timoney P. J. , McCollum W. H. , Roberts A. W , McDonald M. J.
Published: February 2025

Clinical cases of equine arteritis virus infection have not been diagnosed in Kentucky since 1984, and there has been no indication that any of the horses involved in the 1984 epizootic have since been responsible for spread of the disease to horses in other states or other countries. Cases of abortion caused by naturally acquired infection with this virus have not been confirmed in 1984 or 1985. Neither field nor vaccine strains of equine arteritis virus have been shown to induce teratologic abnormalities or the carrier state in foals born to infected or vaccinated mares. The carrier stallion appears to have played a major epidemiologic role in the dissemination and perpetuation of the virus. A commercial modified live equine viral arteritis vaccine was found to be safe and efficacious for stallions and mares. The disease can be controlled by immunizing the stallion population and by restricting the breeding of equine arteritis virus-shedding stallions to vaccinated or seropositive mares, followed by an appropriate period of isolation from other nonvaccinated Equidae.
Bacterial overgrowth in the duodenum of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Authors: Williams David A. , Batt Roger M. , McLean Lynn
Published: February 2025

Bacterial overgrowth (>105 colony-forming units/ml duodenal juice) in the duodenum was demonstrated in 8 of 11 dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (epi). In 4 of these 8 dogs, the overgrowth included large numbers (>104 colony-forming units/ml) of obligate anaerobic bacteria and was associated with decreased activities of several brush border marker enzymes and, in 2 dogs, with partial villous atrophy in the jejunum. Changes in the jejunal mucosa of the remaining dogs (with either no overgrowth or overgrowth of aerobic bacteria alone) were characterized by increased activities of some brush border disaccharidases and of lysosomal hydrolases.

One dog was euthanatized without treatment, at the owner’s request. The response of 4 of the remaining 10 dogs treated with enzyme replacement alone was poor or suboptimal, and all of these 4 dogs had bacterial overgrowth. One of these dogs had an excellent clinical response when also given oxytetracycline orally for 14 days, but the other 3 dogs did not improve further in response to the same treatment.

It was concluded that bacterial overgrowth in the duodenum is common in dogs with epi and that, when such overgrowth includes large numbers of obligate anaerobes, there may be associated biochemical and morphologic abnormalities in jejunal mucosa. Functional disturbances related to abnormal intestinal microflora may be responsible for the failure of some dogs with epi to respond fully to oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation without antibiotic therapy.
Calcinosis cutis secondary to percutaneous penetration of calcium chloride in dogs
Authors: Schick Mary P. , Schick Robert O. , Richardson James A.
Published: February 2025

Accidental exposure of the skin of a dog to a commercial hygroscopic landscaping product (77-80% CaCl2) caused contact-irritant dermatitis within 24 hours. Papules and eroded to ulcerated plaques with hyperproliferative margins developed on various areas of the skin that had come in contact with CaCl2. Histopathologic findings were typical of calcinosis cutis.

Reproducible lesions similar to those observed on the referred dog were induced on 5 clinically normal dogs exposed to small amounts of the compound. Histopathologic documentation of the percutaneous penetration of CaCl2, with evidence of calcinosis cutis, was found in the dogs as early as 24 hours after continuous skin contact with the offending substance. Electron-microscopic evidence of crystalline deposits within dermal collagen also was found in skin biopsy specimens obtained 24 hours after contact with CaCl2. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the 5 dogs remained within normal limits before and after topical application of CaCl2.
Balloon-tipped catheter arterial occlusion for prevention of hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis: 13 cases (1982-1985)
Authors: Caron J. P. , Fretz P. B. , Bailey J. V. , Barber S. M. , Hurtig M. B.
Published: February 2025

Epistaxis, caused by guttural pouch mycosis, was treated by balloon-tipped catheter and ligature occlusion of the involved arteries in 13 horses. In 7 horses, more than one artery was catheterized. Serious postoperative hemorrhage was prevented in all horses.

Long-term endoscopic follow-up examination was possible in 8 horses, and all had complete regression of the fungal lesion as early as 5 weeks after surgery. Six of the 8 horses did not receive medical treatment.

Problems related to the use of the balloon-tipped catheter technique were rare. There were incisional infections in 3 horses, catheter breakage during removal occurred twice, and in one horse, a catheter was inappropriately placed.
Use of a bone plate for treatment of middle phalangeal fractures in horses: Seven cases (1979-1984)
Authors: Doran R. E. , White N. A. , Allen D.
Published: February 2025

Four adult horses and 3 foals with middle phalangeal fractures were treated by arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, using a bone plate. Six of the 7 horses survived > 2 years; 2 of the 6 horses had intermittent lameness after hard work, and 4 horses didn't have evidence of lameness. The use of a bone plate for arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint was a successful treatment alternative for middle phalangeal fractures in horses.
Temporary indwelling rectal liner for use in horses with rectal tears
Authors: Taylor T. S. , Watkins J. P. , Schumacher J.
Published: February 2025

A temporary indwelling liner was surgically installed in 17 horses with grade III or grade IV rectal tears. The rectal tears of 9 of the horses healed. The remaining 8 horses developed peritonitis as a result of peritoneal contamination before surgery, a change in grade of the tear, or material failure.
Comparison of duodenitis/proximal jejunitis and small intestinal obstruction in horses: 68 Cases (1977-1985)
Authors: Johnston Janet K. , Morris Debra Deem
Published: February 2025

Sixty-eight horses with colic caused by small intestinal disease were allotted into 2 groups of 34 on the basis of recorded findings during exploratory celiotomy, necropsy, or response to medical treatment alone. Signalment, history, physical examination findings, and laboratory findings were compared between the group of horses with small intestinal obstruction and the group with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis.

A significantly greater proportion of horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis were older than 2 years old (P < 0.05). Differences in sex or breed distribution, or in seasonality of the 2 disease syndromes were not observed. Horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis had significantly greater signs of depression than those with small intestinal obstruction (P < 0.01), and horses with small intestinal obstruction had significantly greater signs of abdominal pain (P < 0.05). The mean heart and respiratory rates were significantly lower (P < 0.01) and the volume of nasogastric reflux was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the group of horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis.

Sections of small intestine that were palpable per rectum were less distended and there were more auscultable borborygmi in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis, compared with those with small intestinal obstruction (P <0.05) and (P < 0.01). The group of horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis had lower mean plasma potassium and higher mean plasma bicarbonate concentrations (P < 0.05) than the group with small intestinal obstruction. The mean nucleated cell count and total protein concentration of peritoneal fluid specimens were significantly less in the group with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (P < 0.01); however, these values were greater than normal. The proportion of the group having the ratio of peritoneal fluid nucleated cell count to total protein concentration (ncc:tp) ≤3 was significantly greater in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis (P < 0.05).

Though several physical and laboratory values differed between the groups of horses with small intestinal obstruction and duodenitis/proximal jejunitis, a single value or group of values could not help definitively differentiate a horse with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis from one with small intestinal obstruction.
Oak toxicosis in cattle in northern California: Clinical and pathologic findings
Authors: Spier Sharon J. , Smith Bradford P. , Seawright Alan A. , Norman Ben B. , Ostrowski Stephanie R. , Oliver Michael N.
Published: February 2025

Sixteen calves (3 to 8 months old) affected with oak toxicosis were studied. Clinical, laboratory, and pathologic findings during the peracute through chronic stages were documented. Of the calves studied, 1 died, and 9 others were euthanatized because death was imminent. To evaluate chronic effects, the 6 remaining cattle were euthanatized after 2 months. One calf with acute toxicosis was treated successfully with diuretics and fluid volume replacements containing sodium chloride and calcium.

Clinical and laboratory data were compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. A statistically significant (P <0.02) difference was found only in serum creatinine concentration at the time of initial reexamination. A decrease in bun and creatinine values during the next 7 days and the lack of anorexia after the acute phase were the best prognostic indicators for survival.
comparison of two caudolateral approaches to the scapulohumeral joint for treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in dogs
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Flo Gretchen L.
Published: February 2025

Two caudolateral approaches to the canine scapulohumeral joint that do not require myotomy, tenotomy, or osteotomy were used to expose the humeral heads of both scapulohumeral joints in 10 clinically normal dogs. One approach (method 1) was used on the left shoulder of 5 dogs and on the right shoulder of the other 5 dogs. The other approach (method 2) was used on the opposite joints. The amount of humeral head articular cartilage that could be exposed with each approach was measured. The amount of articular cartilage exposed with method 1 was significantly greater than that exposed with method 2 (P<0.0001). Method 1 also provided for exposure of the caudomedial aspect of the scapulohumeral joint.

Method 1 was used unilaterally in 20 dogs with osteochondritis dissecans. This approach provided excellent exposure of the humeral head and osteochondritis dissecans lesion. Of the 16 dogs that were available for follow-up evaluation, 1 developed a seroma after surgery. Other complications were not observed or reported.
Effect of water temperature on the clinical outcome of infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish
Authors: Francis-Floyd Ruth , Beleau Marshall H. , Waterstrat Paul R. , Bowser Paul R.
Published: February 2025

Channel catfish fingerlings (mean body weight, 19 ± 3 g each) were given intraperitoneal inoculations of Edwardsiella ictaluri suspensions of 104, 105, or 106 bacteria. Control fish were inoculated intraperitoneally with sterile 0.85% NaCl solution. Ten-day trials were conducted at water temperatures of 17, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 32 C.

Differences in mortality between E ictaluri-infected fish and fish used as controls were observed at water temperatures of 23, 25, and 28 C, but not at temperatures of 17, 21, and 32 C. Clinical signs and lesions induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of E ictaluri were comparable with those found with the intestinal form of the natural disease. The characteristic erosion of skin and muscle overlying the skull, known as the “hole-in-the-head” lesion, was not observed. A given fish may be susceptible to infection at any water temperature, but a population is at risk when water temperatures are in the 22 to 28 C range.
Renal lymphoma in cats: 28 cases (1977-1984)
Authors: Mooney Samantha C. , Hayes Audrey A. , Matus Robert E. , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: February 2025

Renal lymphoma was diagnosed, staged, and treated in 28 cats. Renal lymphoma staging was done according to clinical findings: 11 cats had stage-2 lymphomas, 5 had stage-3 lymphomas, 6 had stage-4 lymphomas, and 6 had stage-5 lymphomas. All cats were treated with chemotherapy: 17 cats had a complete response, 9 cats had a partial response, and 2 cats had no response. The cats with stage-2 lymphomas that were FeLV-test negative had the best response to treatment.
Genital neoplasms treated by en bloc resection and penile retroversion in horses: 10 cases (1977-1986)
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Wheat J. D. , Jones Kathy
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 10 horses with invasive neoplasms of the penis, prepuce, and/or superficial inguinal lymph nodes in which treatment involved en bloc resection and penile retroversion were reviewed. All were geldings and ranged in age from 12 to 25 years (mean, 19 years). Evaluation of biopsy specimens obtained before surgery confirmed lymphosarcoma in 1 horse and squamous cell carcinoma in 9 horses. Typical history included swelling, ulceration, and abscessation of the penis and prepuce and large superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Complications after surgery included dehiscence of the urethrostomy site (4 horses), dehiscence of the ventral skin incision (1 horse), urine scalding of 1 hind limb (1 horse), cystitis (1 horse), severe hemorrhage (1 horse), and diarrhea (1 horse).

One horse was euthanatized during hospitalization, because of severe dehydration secondary to diarrhea. At necropsy, firm nodules were scattered in the pulmonary parenchyma, myocardium, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, cranial mediastinum, kidneys, and hilar lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the nodules revealed undifferentiated carcinoma.

Nine horses were discharged from the hospital between 1 and 5 weeks after surgery. The mean follow-up interval was 27 months (range, 6 to 96 months). Eight horses had no evidence of recurrence. One horse had recurrence of neoplasm at 6 months and was euthanatized 12 months later.
Incidence and types of clinical mastitis in dairy herds with high and low somatic cell counts
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Eberhart R. J. , Hutchinson L. J. , Spencer S. B. , Campbell M. A.
Published: February 2025

Eighteen dairy herds were studied, 12 with a 12-month Dairy Herd Improvement Association herd mean somatic cell count (scc)≤150,000 cells/ml (low scc) and 6 with a 12-month mean scc>700,000 cells/ml (high scc). At the outset of the study, quarter samples for bacteriologic culture were collected (in duplicate) from all quarters of all lactating cows (whole herd culture). Subsequently, quarter milk samples for culture from all cows with clinical mastitis were collected for a period of 6 months.

In the herds with low scc, results of whole herd culture revealed low prevalence of intramammary infection attributable to all major pathogens (<4% of all quarters). Prevalence of infection with Streptococcus agalactiae (22.2% of all quarters) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.6% of all quarters) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the herds with high scc.

Mean incidence of clinical mastitis in the herds with low scc was 4.23 infections/100 cows/month (range, 0.42 to 10.25 infections). In the herds with high scc, mean incidence was 2.91 infections/100 cows/month (range, 1.33 to 3.92 infections).

In the herds with low scc, infection type, as mean percentage of total clinically infected quarters sampled for culture/herd, was 0.0%, 2.2%, 12.3%, 43.5%, and 28.6% for Str agalactiae, S aureus, streptococci other than Str agalactiae, coliforms, and organisms not isolated, respectively. Respective percentages for the herds with high scc were 41.5%, 18.3%, 12.6%, 8.0%, and 8.8%.

During the study period (from April through January), incidence of clinical mastitis and clinical mastitis caused by coliform bacteria were highest in July and August for herds with low scc. More than 40% of the clinical mastitis attributable to coliforms and to streptococci other than Str agalactiae was identified during the first month of lactation.
Progressive retinal atrophy in Tibetan Terriers
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Curtis Roger , Barnett Keith C.
Published: February 2025

Progressive retinal atrophy was studied in 17 Tibetan Terriers. The diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs of the disease, retinal histopathologic findings, or both. Affected dogs were the progeny of matings of affected or ophthalmoscopically normal dogs. Results of the matings supported a simple autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The disease initially could be diagnosed by findings of night blindness and ophthalmoscopic signs of tapetal hyperreflectivity in affected dogs that were approximately 1 year old. Electroretinograms recorded from affected dogs, compared with those of clinically normal dogs of the same age, did not reveal appreciable abnormalities until affected dogs were 10 months old, at which time a reduction in the amplitude of the b wave was seen in response to a Ganzfeld white-light stimulus. The peak times of the response were unaffected. With progression of the disease, the electroretinographic b-wave amplitude was gradually reduced, and the electroretinographic response was extinguished in affected dogs by the time they were 30 months old. Early in the disease, rod and cone functions were affected equally, with more rapid loss of rod function developing only later in the disease. Fluorescein angiography of affected dogs did not reveal abnormalities earlier than could be detected by ophthalmoscopy.

Despite the electroretinographic findings, histopathologic findings included patchy disorientation and disorganization of the outer segments of rods and cones in affected dogs as young as 9 weeks. With progression of the disease, rods were lost at a faster rate than cones, and atrophy of the inner retinal layer was observed.
Validation of disease diagnoses reported to the National Animal Health Monitoring System from a large Colorado beef feedlot
Authors: Salman M. D. , Frank G. R. , MacVean D. W. , Reif J. S. , Collins J. K. , Jones R.
Published: February 2025

Clinical observation and collection of biological specimens from a large beef feedlot (approximately 30,000 animals) were used to evaluate 6 approaches for validation of a disease reporting system. Data collected during a 12-month period were used to evaluate each approach.

A subsample of disease cases reported to the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) was compared with the clinical observations of the investigators. Although the agreement between clinical diagnosis by the NAHMS veterinarian and by feedlot health crews was high, the sensitivity and specificity of specific diagnoses varied from 100 to 18% and from 99 to 76%, respectively, which suggests that regular clinical observations by a veterinarian are needed to validate disease diagnoses reported to NAHMS by producers.

Subsampling of a group of cattle by means of paired serologic determination of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza-3 virus revealed a high serologic conversion rate to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and high levels of preexisting antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza-3 viruses.

It was concluded that the current method of data collection for Colorado feedlots provides an acceptable level of sensitivity and specificity for the program. However, disease events that are not of economic importance to the feedlot operator will be underestimated. If an objective of NAHMS is to develop a base line of animal health conditions, diagnosis of diseases by current methods will be satisfactory. Occasional validation through clinical observations by a veterinarian will suffice to monitor quality of collected data. On the other hand, if a specific disease needs to be identified and investigated, verification of the diagnosis is needed through intensive validation, eg, by follow-up of a representative cohort. Objectives of the NAHMS program need to be carefully considered to determine the appropriate method of validation.
A national survey of the debonding protocols used by orthodontists in New Zealand
Authors: Wu TianYou , Farella Mauro , Guan Simon , Cannon Richard D. , Mei Li
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To investigate the debonding protocols used by orthodontists in New Zealand.

Materials and methods

A pilot-tested electronic questionnaire was distributed to all full members of the New Zealand Association of Orthodontists (NZAO). The survey consisted of 12 questions which collected demographic information and details of the debonding protocols practiced by the orthodontists.

Results

The response rate to the survey was 56.6% (n=60 respondents). Most NZ orthodontists (80.0%, n=48) preferred the use of debonding pliers to remove orthodontic brackets. A total of 23 different methods were identified for the subsequent removal of residual adhesive of which a low-speed tungsten carbide bur was the most popular tool (83.3%, n=50). The majority of the NZ orthodontists (96.7%, n=58) performed polishing after the removal of residual adhesive. About 80% (n=47) of the NZ orthodontists reported iatrogenic damage to the enamel following debonding. Almost all NZ orthodontists (98.3%, n=59) were satisfied with their debonding protocol.

Conclusion

Orthodontists in New Zealand use different debonding protocols, of which the most common was the use of debonding pliers combined with a low-speed tungsten carbide bur without irrigation, followed by additional polishing using pumice and a rubber cup. The commonly-used debonding protocol may not necessarily be the most appropriate approach based on current best evidence. Orthodontists should maintain a critical stance and consistently re-assess the literature to evaluate the appropriateness of their debonding protocol.
Are There Any Natural Physical Interpretations for Some Elementary Inequalities?
Authors: Bosko Wladimir G. , Suceavă Bogdan D.
Published: February 2025

We inquire whether there are some fundamental interpretations of elementary inequalities in terms of curvature of a three-dimensional smooth hypersurface in the four-dimensional real ambient space. The main outcome of our exploration is a perspective of regarding the natural substance of some mathematical inequalities, which represent important physical quantities.
On the explicit geometry of a certain blowing-up of a smooth quadric
Authors: De La Rosa-Navarro B. L. , Failla G. , Frías-Medina J. B. , Lahyane M. , Utano R.
Published: February 2025

Using the high symmetry in the geometry of a smooth projective quadric, we construct effectively new families of smooth projective rational surfaces whose nef divisors are regular, and whose effective monoids are finitely generated by smooth projective rational curves of negative self-intersection. Furthermore, the Cox rings of these surfaces are finitely generated, the dimensions of their anticanonical complete linear systems are zero, and their nonzero nef divisors intersect positively the anticanonical ones. And in two special cases, we give efficient ways of describing any effective divisor class in terms of the given minimal generating sets for the effective monoids of these surfaces. The ground field of our varieties is algebraically closed of arbitrary characteristic.
Framed general helix and framed ζ
3-slant helix in ℝ4
Authors: Ateş Mine , Akyiğit Mahmut
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we focus on general and ζ
3-slant helices with any singular points in four-dimensional Euclidean space, which are called framed general and ζ
3-slant helices, respectively. Then, we state and prove the conditions of necessity and su ciency for any framed curves to be general helices or ζ
3-slant helices in ℝ4. Also, we give some characterizations for framed helices.
A study on magnetic curves in trans-Sasakian manifolds
Authors: Bozdağ Şerife Nur
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we focused on biharmonic, f-harmonic and f-biharmonic magnetic curves in trans-Sasakian manifolds. Moreover, we obtain necessary and su cient conditions for magnetic curves as well as Legendre magnetic curves to be biharmonic, f-harmonic and f-biharmonic. We investigate the states of these conditions in α-Sasakian, β-Kenmotsu and cosymplectic manifolds. Besides, we obtain some nonexistence theorems.
Some Fixed Point Results for Sehgal-Proinov Type Contractions in Modular b−Metric Spaces
Authors: Büyükkaya Abdurrahman , Öztürk Mahpeyker
Published: February 2025

In this paper, inspired by Proinov type contractions, we intend to acquire novel definitions and results that expand Sehgals [3] metric fixed point theory in the sense of modular b−metric space. To demonstrate the theorems, we employ a general form of (α, β) −admissible and multi-valued mappings and obtain some general results for single-valued mapping in the context of modular b−metric space.
On the dual quaternion geometry of screw motions
Authors: Erişir Tülay , Mumcu Gökhan , Kızıltuğ Sezai , Yaylı Yusuf
Published: February 2025

In this study, the screw motions are studied using dual quaternions with the help of di erent perspectives. Firstly, orthogonality definition of dual quaternions is given and geometric interpretation of orthogonality condition is made. Then, the definition of dual circle is given using orthogonal dual quaternions and it is proved that this dual circle can represent the set of all screw motions. Also, these given theorems are reinforced with some conclusions. In addition, it is seen that a dual quaternion represents a screw motions as a screw operator therefore, other dual quaternions derived from the same dual quaternion represent the same screw motions. Then, it is seen that a screw motions symbolized by a dual quaternion transforms one dual vector to another, and when the sign of the dual vectors changes, it provides the same screw motions. Consequently, the answer of the question “Which dual circles symbolizing screw motions are dual orthonormal to each other?” is given and an important conclusion is obtained regarding this.
A New Filled Function for Global Optimization
Authors: Şahiner Ahmet , Ermiş Temel , Awan Muhammad Wasim
Published: February 2025

The filled function method has recently become very popular in optimization theory, as it is an e cient and e ective method for finding the global minimizer of multimodal functions. However, the fact that the existing filled functions in the literature generally have exponential or logarithmic terms and/or parameter sensitivity reduces the e ectiveness of this method. In this study, we propose a new non parameter and without exponential/logarithmic terms filled function, which is numerically stable, and is successfully used to solve global optimization problems. Furthermore, we have demonstrated how successful this new filled function method in terms of e ciency with numerical experiments and comparisons.
Parameter estimation for a SEIRS model with COVID-19 data of Türkiye
Authors: Unal Arzu , Demirci Elif
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the unknown parameters of a SEIRS mathematical model for the dynamics of COVID-19 are estimated by the least squares approach using data of Trkiye. In the considered model, the infective group is divided into two classes consisting of diagnosed and undiagnosed individuals. Since the data for undiagnosed infective individuals in the community is unknown, three di erent scenarios are proposed. The numerical solutions of the model using the estimated parameter values and the actual data are demonstrated with graphs.
Hv
-module of functions over Hv
-ring of arithmetics and it’s fundamental module
Authors: Al Tahan M. , Davvaz B.
Published: February 2025

After introducing the definition of hypergroups by Marty, the study of hyperstructures and its connections with other fields has been of great importance. In this paper, we continue the investigation between hyperstructure theory and number theory. More precisely, we define an Hv
-module of complex valued functions over the Hv
-ring of arithmetics, classify its complete parts, the strongly regular relations on it and identify its fundamental module.