bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of open space maintenance spending on house prices
Authors: Brasington David M.
Published: June 2023

We study the effect on housing values of cutting funding for the maintenance of local parks and recreational areas. It is the first study we find on house prices and park maintenance spending, and only the second open space study we find that uses regression discontinuity. We study tax votes with exogenous timing for renewing current expense spending on parks and recreation, adding to the vibrant literature on house price capitalization of environmental amenities. We find that otherwise similar communities that barely vote to cut taxes suffer an 11% drop in house prices, compared to communities that barely vote to renew tax funding. The capitalization discount grows to 13% and 16% in later periods. Voting against spending saves $70 a year for a typical house but cuts house values by over $30,000. We find stronger effects for large tax levies and more expensive houses.
Interconnected digital twins and the future of digital manufacturing: Insights from a Delphi study
Authors: van Dyck Marc , Lüttgens Dirk , Piller Frank T. , Brenk Sebastian
Published: June 2023

Digital twins (DTs) are virtual representations of real‐world entities like production assets, processes, or products. They are updated at a defined fidelity and frequency along the entire life cycle from development and engineering over the production or implementation of a product or process until its usage stage. Interconnected digital twins (IDTs) are DTs shared and connected across organizations with the objective to create holistic simulation and decision models of an entire physical system. In this paper, we investigate how IDTs shape future digital manufacturing scenarios and impact innovation management. We present the results of a real‐time Delphi study, analyzing quantitative and qualitative estimates on a set of 24 projections, forecasting the future of digital manufacturing with a projection horizon towards 2030. Using this data and 22 additional use cases of IDTs in manufacturing companies, we present a baseline scenario where our Delphi panel reached a consensus, representing a likely future of digital manufacturing in 2030. By analyzing projections where our expert panels' evaluations vary widely, we identify key design decisions that may impact innovation management along the dimensions of variation, choice, and control in digital manufacturing. We explain how IDTs will impact external knowledge inflows, the emergence and governance of industrial data spaces, and the potential of data‐driven and AI‐enabled applications for prediction and regulation to drive better decision‐making and continuous innovation.
Oxidative stress‐related biomarkers in chronic periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Sisi , Gao Xiang , Song Jinlin
Published: June 2023

Objective

The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to look at the differences in oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers between type 2 diabetes mellitus with chronic periodontitis (DMCP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.

Background

Oxidative stress has been shown to be a key pathogenic component in DMCP. However, it is unclear whether oxidative stress levels differ in periodontitis patients with or without diabetes.

Method

A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. Studies of DMCP participants were used as the experimental group and CP participants were used as the control group. Results are expressed as mean effects.

Results

Of a total of 1989 articles, 19 met the inclusion criteria. We found the levels of catalase (CAT) levels were reduced in the DMCP group compared with the CP group. However, there was no significant difference in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) between the two groups. And high heterogeneity was observed in some of the studies evaluated.

Conclusion

Despite the limitations of this study, our results support the theory that there is an association between T2DM and the levels of OS‐related biomarkers, especially CAT, in CP subjects, suggesting that OS plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of DMCP.
Validity of simplified self‐report methods versus standard use method for pain assessment in preschool‐aged children
Authors: Kasparova Petra , Greaves Jane
Published: June 2023

Purpose

Children experience painful invasive procedures very intensely. The aim of health professionals is to help children minimize this traumatic experience. The Simplified Faces Pain Scale (S‐FPS) and Simplified Concrete Ordinal Pain Scale (S‐COS) tools offer children the possibility of self‐assessing their pain. This can then be the basis for tailoring pain relief to the child's individual need. The aim of this study is to present the validation procedure of the S‐FPC, S‐COS methods.

Design and Methods

135 children aged 3−6 years assessed their pain using the self‐reported S‐FPS and S‐COS methods at three consecutive times, and their results were compared with the commonly used Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability assessment scale. Intra‐class correlations (ICC) were used to assess inter‐rater agreement. Convergent validity was verified using Spearman's correlation coefficient.

Results

This study demonstrated good validity for both the S FPS and S‐COS assessment tools. The ICC coefficient showed good inter‐rater correlation. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a strong correlation between the scales.

Practice Implications

It is not possible to clearly select a best method of pain assessment in preschool children. To choose the most appropriate method, it is necessary to take into account the child's cognitive development and preferences.
Faecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels of intensive captive, free‐range captive and wild Tasmanian devils
Authors: Florent Stevie N. , Clarke Judy , Bashaw Meredith J. , Hamede Rodrigo , Jones Menna E. , Cameron Elissa Z.
Published: June 2023

Captivity can alter the stress physiology and behaviour of an animal in both the short‐ and long‐term through repetitive exposure to novel stressors and, subsequently, may reduce the success of conservation efforts such as translocation and reintroduction. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened with extinction from a fatal facial tumour disease which has led to the establishment of an insurance meta‐population designed for future reintroductions of disease‐free devils. The meta‐population is comprised of intensive captive and free‐range captive environments; however, no study has yet examined the long‐term physiological implications of captivity on devils. We used non‐invasive faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) monitoring to determine if there were any differences in adrenal activity among intensive captive, free‐range captive and wild devils. FGM levels were not age or sex dependent, and we found that all population types had similar intra‐population variability and mean FGMs. In conclusion, both types of captive environment appear to maintain stress profiles similar to wild devils.
Lessons learned from talking with adults about nutrition: A qualitative study in the PREPARED project
Authors: Valen Erlend N. , Øverby Nina Cecilie , Hardy‐Johnson Polly , Vik Frøydis N. , Salvesen Lorentz , Omholt Mona L. , Barker Mary Elizabeth , Hillesund Elisabet R.
Published: June 2023

Improving diet and dietary behaviour of men and women before pregnancy has the potential to benefit both their current and long‐term health and the health of their children. Little is known, however, about adults' perception of diet's role in prepregnancy health. This study aimed to explore the state of knowledge and awareness of preconception nutritional health in adults within the fertile age range and what they perceived could motivate healthy eating using the self‐determination theory as a theoretical framework. We analysed 33 short exploratory interviews with men (n = 18) and women (n = 15) aged 18–45 years. Participants were grab sampled from three different public locations in the southern part of Norway. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim in 2020 and analysed using a thematic analysis with a semantic approach in 2022. The findings suggest that adults within the fertile age range are not intrinsically motivated to eat healthily, but when they do, it is because eating healthily often aligns with other goals consistent with their values, that is, getting fit or looking good. They possess some basic knowledge of healthy behaviours during pregnancy but are generally unaware of the importance of preconception health and nutrition. There is a need to increase awareness of the impact of preconception health on the health of this and future generations. Improved nutritional education on the significance of diet before conception might facilitate optimal conditions for conceiving and for pregnancy in the adult population within fertile age range.
Demonstrating causality, bestowing honours, and contributing to the arms race: Threats to the sustainability of HPE research
Authors: Varpio Lara , Sherbino Jonathan
Published: June 2023

As the field of health professions education (HPE) continues to evolve, it is necessary to occasionally pause and reflect on the potential effects and outcomes of our research practices. While future‐casting does not guarantee that impending negative consequences will be evaded, the exercise can help us avoid pitfalls. In this paper, we reflect on two terms that have taken hold as powerful idols in HPE research that stand above questioning and apart from critique: patient outcomes and productivity. We argue that these terms, and the ways of thinking they uphold, threaten the sustainability of HPE research—one at the level of the community and one at the level of the scholar.

First, we suggest that HPE research's history of endorsing a linear and causal association ethos has driven its quest to connect education to patient outcomes. To ensure the sustainability of HPE scholarship, we must deconstruct and disempower patient outcomes as one of HPE's god‐terms, as the pinnacle goal of educational activities. To be sustained, HPE research needs to value all of its contributions equally.

A second god‐term is productivity; it impairs the sustainability of the careers of individual researchers. Problems of honorary authorship, research output expectations, and comparisons with other fields have constructed a space where only scholars with sufficient privilege can prevail. If productivity persists as a god‐term, the field of HPE research could decay into a space where new scholars are silenced—not because they fail to make important contributions, but because access is restricted by existing research metrics.

These are two of many god‐terms threatening the sustainability of HPE research. By highlighting patient outcomes and productivity and by acknowledging our own participation in propagating them, we hope to encourage others to recognize how our collective choices threaten the sustainability of our field.
Collaborative passenger flow control for an urban rail transit network
Authors: Zhao Qingqing , Tang Jinjin , Zhang Xin
Published: June 2023

Amid worsening passenger congestion, passenger flow control has become a major need in urban rail transit. However, existing passenger flow control strategies are fixed and do not consider the impacts of the spatial and temporal variations in passenger flow. To address the problems mentioned, a method for collaborative passenger flow control in urban rail transit is proposed. First, the temporal and spatial distribution of passengers in the network is obtained. Then, a model of collaborative passenger flow control for urban rail transit is built to reduce the number of controlled source points and controlled passengers and minimize the difference between the expected number of passengers on bottleneck links and the number of passengers with control. Next, a multilevel network that considers the time dimension is established based on the model. A forward–backward algorithm is introduced to make full use of the adaptive learning rate to solve the model. A case study based on a small‐scale network shows that the forward–backward algorithm has good convergence. To verify the effectiveness of the method, the passenger flow of Chengdu Metro during COVID‐19 is analyzed. The objective function of the forward–backward algorithm is 44% lower than that of the gradient descent method and 36% lower than that of adaptive moment estimate (ADAM). Its computational speed is also acceptable. The results show that compared with the fixed passenger flow control strategy of metro operators, the obtained strategy is more effective in reducing the number of controlled passengers and source points and alleviating congestion of bottleneck links.
Resumes and job postings as cognitive tools for narrating Anglophone language learners’ multilingual–professional identities and trajectories in career advising appointments
Authors: Goble Ryan A.
Published: June 2023

Empirical research on the relationship between language learners’ (LLs’) multilingual and professional development has remained scant in conversations surrounding LLs’ sustained engagement with a target language (TL) beyond higher education. To address this gap, this article examines the co‐construction of US collegiate LLs’ multilingual–professional identities and trajectories in career advising appointments where language is cast as a measurable, marketable skill on resumes and job postings. Data include six audio‐recorded, transcribed career advising appointments and 20‐minute post‐advising interviews with collegiate LLs of three non‐English TLs. Through the theoretical lens of figured worlds, the thematic and narrative analyses jointly demonstrate how resumes and job postings function as cognitive tools that prompt LLs to develop stances toward their willingness and preparedness to use the TL in professional settings. Such stances are associated with various manifestations of linguistic insecurity when language is presented as a technical skill on those artifacts. Yet, the analysis shows how LLs work with career advisors to narratively position themselves in relation to “objective” proficiency descriptors and the ideological bi–monolingual in positions of employment and along professional trajectories. Implications for strengthening LLs’ capacity to translate classroom language learning to participation in personally relevant multilingual communities are discussed.
Relational approaches to personal autonomy
Authors: Lee Ji‐Young
Published: June 2023

Individualistic traditions of autonomy have long been critiqued by feminists for their atomistic and asocial presentation of human agents. Relational approaches to autonomy were developed as an alternative to these views. Relational accounts generally capture a more socially informed picture of human agents, and aim to differentiate between social phenomena that are conducive to our agency versus those that pose a hindrance to our agency. In this article, I explore the various relational conceptualizations of autonomy profferred to date. I critically review some of the ongoing internal disputes within the relational autonomy literature, and conclude the article by taking stock of the value of relational autonomy despite these unresolved debates.
View‐graph key‐subset extraction for efficient and robust structure from motion
Authors: Gong Ye , Zhou Pengwei , Liu Yuyue , Dong Haonan , Li Li , Yao Jian
Published: June 2023

Structure from motion (SfM) is used to recover camera poses and the sparse structure of real scenes from multiview images. SfM methods construct a view‐graph from the matching relationships of images. Redundancy and incorrect edges are usually observed in it. Redundancy inhibits the efficiency and incorrect edges result in the misalignment of structures. In addition, the uneven distribution of vertices usually affects the global accuracy. To address these problems, we propose a coarse‐to‐fine approach in which the poses of an extracted key‐subset of images are first computed and then all remaining images are oriented. The core of this approach is view‐graph key‐subset extraction, which not only prunes redundant data and incorrect edges but also obtains properly distributed key‐subset vertices. The extraction approach is based on a replaceability score and an iteration‐update strategy. In this way, only vertices with high SfM importance are preserved in the key‐subset. Different public datasets are used to evaluate our approach. Due to the absence of ground‐truth camera poses in large‐scale datasets, we present new datasets with accurate camera poses and point clouds. The results demonstrate that our approach greatly increases the efficiency of SfM. Furthermore, the robustness and accuracy can be improved.
Molecular GA pathways as conserved integrators for adaptive responses
Authors: Bouré N. , Arnaud N.
Published: June 2023

Gibberellins (GAs), which form a large family of phytohormones involved in almost every step of plant life and development, were discovered almost a century ago. The molecular characterization of GA metabolism and signalling mechanisms now provides explanations for the multiple crosstalk and the integration of external signals required for plants to adapt their development and growth to environmental conditions. In this review, we present the molecular elements of GA metabolism and signalling pathways, with emphasis on the key role of the GA/GID1/DELLA complex as a conserved developmental integrator. Further, we discuss how the GA signalling pathway, together with feedback regulation on GA metabolism, contributes to the integration of endogenous and exogenous signals to provide an adaptive output.
Mortgage prepayments and tax‐exempted intergenerational transfers: from rich parents to rich children?
Authors: Li Yue , Mastrogiacomo Mauro
Published: June 2023

The Dutch government implemented two changes to the taxation of intergenerational transfers aimed at mortgage down payments and prepayments. We identify the effects of these tax exemptions on prepayments and inter vivos transfers separately by taking advantage of the changes in policy design. The policy changes resulted in two expansions of tax‐exempt transfers, which increased the probability of receiving such transfers, translating into a modest increase in prepayments. Initially, the amounts prepaid increased by a similar magnitude, while the second policy change only resulted in an increase in the amounts being transferred but not the prepayments. The macroprudential policy goal was to reduce the number of underwater mortgages, but the policy was too generic and did not help to achieve this. The prepayments triggered by the policy change increased mostly for borrowers with low original loan‐to‐value ratios, implying that most transfers were made from wealthy parents to housing‐rich children.
The changing face of dialyzer membranes and dialyzers
Authors: Davenport Andrew
Published: June 2023

The key goals for dialysis treatments are to prevent the progressive accumulation of waste products of metabolism and volume overload. Traditionally uremic solutes have been classified according to molecular weight and termed small, middle sized, and large solutes. Solute clearance during dialysis sessions will potentially be by diffusion, convection and adsorption. Dialyzer membranes act as a semi‐permeable membrane restricting solute removal predominantly by size. Small molecules move faster than large molecules, so small solutes are readily removed by diffusion. Increasing the size of the pores in the membrane will potentially allow middle and larger sized solutes to pass through the dialyzer membrane, although in practice there is a limit to increasing pore sizes to prevent the loss of albumin and other important proteins. Differences in membrane surface and charge will influence protein absorption. The removal of fluid during dialysis depends in part on the hydraulic permeability of the membrane. Combining higher hydraulic permeability and larger sized pores increases convective clearance with solutes moving across the membrane with the water movement. Depending upon dialyzer design, higher hydrostatic pressure as blood enters the dialyzer leads to a variable amount of internal diafiltration, so improving the clearance of middle sized solutes. Although the dialyzer membrane plays a key role in solute clearance, the design of the casing and header also play a role in directing the countercurrent blood and dialysate flows to maximize the surface area available for diffusive and convective clearances.
A Brief Overview of Research into the Forgot‐It‐All‐Along Effect
Authors: Anthony Kristine , Janssen Steve M. J.
Published: June 2023

People often have difficulties remembering prior episodes of remembering, a phenomenon known as the forgot‐it‐all‐along (FIA) effect. Although the effect was first discovered among victims of spontaneously recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse, laboratory paradigms of the FIA have shown that difficulties in remembering “remembering” can be elicited when the memory was previously recalled in a different context. Although much attention has been paid to establishing the robustness of the FIA phenomenon, little emphasis has been placed on the cognitive mechanisms underlying the effect. The goal of the present review is, therefore, to organize the literature surrounding the FIA effect and to discuss cognitive mechanisms that may explain the effect: source monitoring errors, the Encoding Specificity principle, and dating inaccuracies. By providing a brief overview of the literature surrounding the FIA phenomenon, this review can serve as a guide for how future studies may approach the FIA effect in the context of recovered memories.
MdVQ10 promotes wound‐triggered leaf senescence in association with MdWRKY75 and undergoes antagonistic modulation of MdCML15 and MdJAZs in apple
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Wei , Xu Rui‐Rui , Liu Yankai , You Chun‐Xiang , An Jian‐Ping
Published: June 2023

Wounding stress leads to leaf senescence. However, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of the MdVQ10–MdWRKY75 module in wound‐induced leaf senescence. MdWRKY75 was identified as a key positive modulator of wound‐induced leaf senescence by activating the expression of the senescence‐associated genes MdSAG12 and MdSAG18. MdVQ10 interacted with MdWRKY75 to enhance MdWRKY75‐activated transcription of MdSAG12 and MdSAG18, thereby promoting leaf senescence triggered by wounding. In addition, the calmodulin‐like protein MdCML15 promoted MdVQ10‐mediated leaf senescence by stimulating the interaction between MdVQ10 and MdWRKY75. Moreover, the jasmonic acid signaling repressors MdJAZ12 and MdJAZ14 antagonized MdVQ10‐mediated leaf senescence by weakening the MdVQ10–MdWRKY75 interaction. Our results demonstrate that the MdVQ10–MdWRKY75 module is a key modulator of wound‐induced leaf senescence and provides insights into the mechanism of leaf senescence caused by wounding.
Are preferential agreements beneficial to EU trade? New evidence from the EU–South Korea treaty
Authors: Quintieri Beniamino , Stamato Giovanni
Published: June 2023

This paper empirically investigates the effect of the EU–South Korea free trade agreement (FTA) on manufacturing trade flows. By applying a state‐of‐the‐art structural gravity model with intra‐national (i.e. domestic) trade and using disaggregated data, we quantify both the trade impact and the observed heterogeneity in the FTA estimates. In line with literature, we find that the EU–South Korea FTA exerted asymmetric effects in bilateral exports across directions of trade. Compared to previous studies, our findings suggest a different explanation for the poor performances of Korean exports to the EU in the post‐FTA period, namely offshoring patterns in electronics and a broad‐based decline in the shipbuilding industry. When we drop these two export categories from the analysis, we show that the FTA exerted a large effect on trade in both directions, increasing bilateral exports by about 30%. We then investigate the substantial observed heterogeneity in pair‐industry‐specific estimates of the FTA. The main source of variation is represented by asymmetries in ex‐ante trade barriers across sectors, with a prominent role for non‐tariff instruments. Stronger pre‐FTA regulatory intensity is associated to a high liberalisation potential, favouring larger FTA estimates. Tariffs instead do not explain the heterogeneity in the trade effects.
Total serum and ionized magnesium concentrations in healthy and hospitalized dogs
Authors: Murray Megan E. , Boiron Ludivine , Buriko Yekaterina , Drobatz Kenneth , Waddell Lori S.
Published: June 2023

Objective

To determine if an association between ionized magnesium (iMg) and total magnesium (tMg) exists in healthy and hospitalized dogs admitted through an emergency service and to assess the associations between iMg and tMg with total protein, albumin, ionized calcium, and total calcium.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

Sixty‐nine dogs were enrolled. The healthy control group (group 1) included 24 dogs, and the hospitalized group (group 2) included 45 dogs.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

For both groups, signalment, a venous blood gas, and serum biochemistry were obtained. In addition, the presumptive diagnosis was recorded for group 2. Blood was obtained prior to any therapeutic interventions. Group 1 tMg was within the reference interval (RI), and the values for iMg were used to provide a healthy group range (HGR) of 0.44–0.50 mmol/L. Group 2 tMg was within the RI, but iMg was below the calculated HGR range (group 2 median iMg = 0.4 mmol/L; range = 0.27–0.70). There was a significant positive correlation between iMg and tMg in each group (group 1:r = 0.6713,P = 0.0003; group 2:r = 0.5312,P = 0.0002). Ionized Mg and tMg were not significantly associated with any of the other evaluated variables in either group.

Conclusions

Ionized Mg and tMg were significantly associated in both healthy and hospitalized dogs, but the relationship was weaker in the hospitalized dogs compared with the healthy population. For hospitalized dogs, the relationship was weak enough to question the validity of using iMg and tMg interchangeably to track magnesium status.
Reliability of fluoroscopic examination of nasopharyngeal dorsoventral dimension change in pugs and French bulldogs
Authors: Vodnarek Jakub , Vali Yasamin , Dupré Gilles , Dolezal Marlies , Lyrakis Manolis , Ludewig Eberhard
Published: June 2023

Objective

To compare intra‐ and interobserver agreements in two‐dimensional measurements of changes in nasopharyngeal dimensions during breathing in pugs and French bulldogs.

Study design

Experimental randomized study.

Animals

A total of 20 French bulldogs and 16 pugs.

Methods

Four observers with different levels of experience measured the dorsoventral dimensions of the nasopharynx during inspiration and expiration on fluoroscopy videos. Measurements were performed at the maximal narrowing of the nasopharynx for the functional method and at the level of the tip of the epiglottis for the anatomically adjusted method. The intra‐ and interobserver agreements of the measurements, ratio of the dynamic nasopharyngeal change (ΔL), and grade of nasopharyngeal (NP) collapse (no, partial or complete) were evaluated.

Results

The functional method resulted in intraobserver correlation coefficients of 0.532 (p < .01) and 0.751 (p < .01) and interobserver correlation coefficients of 0.378 (p < .01) and 0.621 (p < .01) for NP collapse grade and ΔL, respectively. The anatomically adjusted method, 0.491 (p < .01) and 0.576 (p < .01) and 0.495 (p < .01) and 0.729 (p < .01) for NP collapse grade and ΔL, respectively, were being used. One observer (radiologist) achieved intraobserver correlation coefficients >0.9 for both methods.

Conclusion

Fair interobserver agreement was found for NP collapse grade (functional method), moderate intra‐ and interobserver agreements were found for NP collapse grade and ΔL (both methods) while intraobserver agreement for ΔL was good (functional method).

Clinical significance

Both methods seem repeatable and reproducible but only for experienced radiologists. The use of ΔL may offer higher repeatability and reproducibility than grade of NP collapse regardless of the method used.
Tahap Penguasaan dan Hubungan antara Faktor Sikap, Motivasi dan Persekitaran Guru Pelatih Bahasa Kedua dalam Tatabahasa Bahasa Melayu
Authors: Mui Ting Voo , Abdul Jobar Norfaizah , Ramli Zuraini , Ramli Rozaimi
Published: June 2023

Kajian ini dilaksanakan bagi mengenal pasti tahap penguasaan tatabahasa bahasa Melayu; menghuraikan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penguasaan tatabahasa bahasa Melayu; dan mengenal pasti hubungan antara faktor sikap, motivasi dan persekitaran guru pelatih dalam menguasai tatabahasa bahasa Melayu. Seramai 80 orang guru pelatih bahasa kedua Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (UPSI) dipilih sebagai responden kajian. Instrumen kajian adalah menggunakan borang soal selidik dan ujian tatabahasa dalam bentuk Google Forms. Pengkaji menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif tinjauan melalui soal selidik untuk mengumpulkan data. Data bagi soal selidik ini dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan inferensi. Hasil kajian bagi objektif pertama mendapati bahawa faktor sikap merupakan faktor utama yang mempengaruhi penguasaan bahasa Melayu dalam kalangan guru pelatih bahasa kedua. Seterusnya, dapatan bagi objektif kedua pula menjelaskan tahap penguasaan tatabahasa bahasa Melayu guru pelatih berada pada tahap yang sangat baik. Bukan itu sahaja, objektif ketiga mendapati bahawa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor sikap, motivasi dan persekitaran guru pelatih bahasa kedua. Kesimpulannya, walaupun bahasa ibunda responden bukanlah bahasa Melayu namun responden dapat menguasai bahasa Melayu dengan baik. Pelaksanaan kajian ini dapat memberi implikasi kepada guru, pelajar dan masyarakat bagi menambah baik penguasaan terhadap tatabahasa bahasa Melayu.
 
The aim of this study is to identify the proficiency of second language trainee teachers in their grammatical aspect of Malay language; to describe the factors that influence Malay language proficiency for second language trainee teachers; and to identify the relationship between the attitude, motivation and environmental factors among second language trainee teachers. The respondent for this study involved 80 second language trainee teachers in UPSI with purposive sampling method.  Questionaire and grammar test in Google Form are the instrument of this study. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inference analysis. The study of first objective show that the  level of proficiency Malay grammar among second language trainee teachers was found to be at a very good level. Second objective of this study show that the attitude factors are the main factors that influence Malay language proficiency among second language trainee teachers. Not only that, there is a significant relationship between the attitude, motivation and environmental factors among second language trainee teachers. In conclusion, although the respondent's mother tongue is not Malay but they can master the Malay language well. The implementation of this study can benefit teachers, students and the community to improve their proficiency in Malay grammatical.
Non-Quadratic Strain Gradient Plasticity Theory and Size Effects in Constrained Shear
Authors: Kuroda Mitsutoshi , Needleman Alan
Published: June 2023

A previously proposed strain gradient plasticity theory is extended to incorporate a non-quadratic power law function of the plastic strain gradient in the free energy expression with an exponent of N + 1. The values of N are taken to vary from N = 1 to N = 0. A simple shear problem of a metal layer between rigid boundaries is analyzed. Two stages of plastic deformation are considered. In stage I, the plastic strain is taken to be zero at the boundaries. Stage I ends when a specified magnitude of the plastic strain gradient is attained at the boundaries. In stage II, the magnitude of the plastic strain gradient at the boundaries is fixed at the specified value. With N = 0, a critical plastic strain gradient cannot be specified at the boundaries because the plastic strain gradient is infinite at the boundaries. The theory with N = 0 predicts a constant plateau stress immediately after initial yield, and the dependence of the plateau stress on the layer thickness can fit experimentally observed plateau stress values. However, with N = 0, a stress gap occurs between the initial yield stress and the plateau stress. The theory with 0 < N ≤ 1 and with stage II also can reproduce the experimentally observed dependence of the plateau stress on the layer thickness for any value of N in that range, with an appropriate value of critical plastic strain gradient at the boundaries. The solution for 0 < N ≤ 1 includes that for N = 0 as a limiting case.
Mechanics of Tunable Adhesion With Surface Wrinkles
Authors: Zhang Teng
Published: June 2023

Surface wrinkles have emerged as a promising avenue for the development of smart adhesives with dynamically tunable adhesion, finding applications in diverse fields, such as soft robots and medical devices. Despite intensive studies and great achievements, it is still challenging to model and simulate the tunable adhesion with surface wrinkles due to roughened surface topologies and pre-stress inside the materials. The lack of a mechanistic understanding hinders the rational design of these smart adhesives. Here, we integrate a lattice model for nonlinear deformations of solids and nonlocal interaction potentials for adhesion in the framework of molecular dynamics to explore the roles of surface wrinkles on adhesion behaviors. We validate the proposed model by comparing wrinkles in a neo-Hookean bilayer with benchmarked results and reproducing the analytical solution for cylindrical adhesion. We then systematically study the pull-off force of the wrinkled surface with varied compressive strains and adhesion energies. Our results reveal the competing effect between the adhesion-induced contact and the roughness due to wrinkles on enhancing or weakening the adhesion. Such understanding provides guidance for tailoring material and geometry as well as loading wrinkled surfaces for different applications.
Design Impacts on Ram Air Vane Cooling in an Ultra-Compact Combustor
Authors: DeMarco Kevin J. , Polanka Marc D. , Bohan Brian T. , Rutledge James L.
Published: June 2023

The ultra-compact combustor (UCC) aims to decrease the length of gas turbine combustors using a unique design geometry which wraps a combustion chamber around the central axial flow. This distinctive design enables an out of the box type of cooling scheme to be investigated for the turbine inlet vanes, termed the hybrid guide vane (HGV) in the UCC. The leading edge of the HGV experiences only compressor exit air as combustion products do not interact with the vane upstream of the 14% axial chord location. Previous studies were conducted which computationally evaluated the viability of taking in freestream flow through the HGV stagnation region for use as coolant. Based on these studies, a six vane HGV was manufactured which incorporated a solid vane and five hollow vanes. Each of these vanes incorporated different features to vary the size of the internal plug, trailing edge exit, and film cooling holes. In the present study, the cooled HGV was experimentally analyzed using pressure, thermocouple, and infrared (IR) thermography measurements to evaluate internal coolant flowrates and pressure loss along with cooling performance. Furthermore, the vanes were compared to isolate the impact of design differences on vane cooling. It was found that the location of the internal plug and incorporation of film cooling holes had a minor impact on coolant flow and cooling. Additionally, results showed exit area had the largest impact on surface temperature and coolant mass flow where the largest exit area allowed less restricted coolant flow resulting in the lowest average surface temperature. However, completely blocking the exit slot forced coolant to exit only through film cooling holes, stagnating the majority of the internal flow, resulting in surface temperatures higher than the uncooled, solid vane.
Quantitative intravital imaging for real-time monitoring of pancreatic tumor cell hypoxia and stroma in an orthotopic mouse model
Authors: Samuel Timothy , Rapic Sara , O’Brien Cristiana , Edson Michael , Zhong Yuan , DaCosta Ralph S.
Published: June 2023

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with few successful treatment options. Recent evidence demonstrates that tumor hypoxia promotes pancreatic tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. However, little is known about the complex relationship between hypoxia and the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we developed a novel intravital fluorescence microscopy platform with an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer to study tumor cell hypoxia within the TME in vivo, at cellular resolution, over time. Using a fluorescent BxPC3-DsRed tumor cell line with a hypoxia-response element (HRE)/green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter, we showed that HRE/GFP is a reliable biomarker of pancreatic tumor hypoxia, responding dynamically and reversibly to changing oxygen concentrations within the TME. We also characterized the spatial relationships between tumor hypoxia, microvasculature, and tumor-associated collagen structures using in vivo second harmonic generation microscopy. This quantitative multimodal imaging platform enables the unprecedented study of hypoxia within the pancreatic TME in vivo.
Systematic modification of functionality in disordered elastic networks through free energy surface tailoring
Authors: Mendels Dan , Byléhn Fabian , Sirk Timothy W. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: June 2023

A combined machine learning–physics–based approach is explored for molecular and materials engineering. Specifically, collective variables, akin to those used in enhanced sampled simulations, are constructed using a machine learning model trained on data gathered from a single system. Through the constructed collective variables, it becomes possible to identify critical molecular interactions in the considered system, the modulation of which enables a systematic tailoring of the system’s free energy landscape. To explore the efficacy of the proposed approach, we use it to engineer allosteric regulation and uniaxial strain fluctuations in a complex disordered elastic network. Its successful application in these two cases provides insights regarding how functionality is governed in systems characterized by extensive connectivity and points to its potential for design of complex molecular systems.
Dominance of benthic fluxes in the oceanic beryllium budget and implications for paleo-denudation records
Authors: Deng Kai , Rickli Jörg , Suhrhoff Tim Jesper , Du Jianghui , Scholz Florian , Severmann Silke , Yang Shouye , McManus James , Vance Derek
Published: June 2023

The ratio of atmosphere-derived
10
Be to continent-derived
9
Be in marine sediments has been used to probe the long-term relationship between continental denudation and climate. However, its application is complicated by uncertainty in
9
Be transfer through the land-ocean interface. The riverine dissolved load alone is insufficient to close the marine
9
Be budget, largely due to substantial removal of riverine
9
Be to continental margin sediments. We focus on the ultimate fate of this latter Be. We present sediment pore-water Be profiles from diverse continental margin environments to quantify the diagenetic Be release to the ocean. Our results suggest that pore-water Be cycling is mainly controlled by particulate supply and Mn-Fe cycling, leading to higher benthic fluxes on shelves. Benthic fluxes may help close the
9
Be budget and are at least comparable to, or higher (~2-fold) than, the riverine dissolved input. These observations demand a revised model framework, which considers the potentially dominant benthic source, to robustly interpret marine Be isotopic records.
In-plane anisotropy of graphene by strong interlayer interactions with van der Waals epitaxially grown MoO
3
Authors: Kim Hangyel , Kim Jong Hun , Kim Jungcheol , Park Jejune , Park Kwanghee , Baek Ji-Hwan , Shin June-Chul , Lee Hyeongseok , Son Jangyup , Ryu Sunmin , Son Young-Woo , Cheong Hyeonsik , Lee Gwan-Hyoung
Published: June 2023

van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy can be used to grow epilayers with different symmetries on graphene, thereby imparting unprecedented properties in graphene owing to formation of anisotropic superlattices and strong interlayer interactions. Here, we report in-plane anisotropy in graphene by vdW epitaxially grown molybdenum trioxide layers with an elongated superlattice. The grown molybdenum trioxide layers led to high p-doping of the underlying graphene up to
p
= 1.94 × 10
13
cm
−2
regardless of the thickness of molybdenum trioxide, maintaining a high carrier mobility of 8155 cm
2
V
−1
s
−1
. Molybdenum trioxide–induced compressive strain in graphene increased up to −0.6% with increasing molybdenum trioxide thickness. The asymmetrical band distortion of molybdenum trioxide–deposited graphene at the Fermi level led to in-plane electrical anisotropy with a high conductance ratio of 1.43 owing to the strong interlayer interaction of molybdenum trioxide–graphene. Our study presents a symmetry engineering method to induce anisotropy in symmetric two-dimensional (2D) materials via the formation of asymmetric superlattices with epitaxially grown 2D layers.
The strength of surgical knots involves a critical interplay between friction and elastoplasticity
Authors: Johanns Paul , Baek Changyeob , Grandgeorge Paul , Guerid Samia , Chester Shawn A. , Reis Pedro M.
Published: June 2023

Knots are the weakest link in surgical sutures, serving as mechanical ligatures between filaments. Exceeding their safe operational limits can cause fatal complications. The empirical nature of present guidelines calls for a predictive understanding of the mechanisms underlying knot strength. We identify the primary ingredients dictating the mechanics of surgical sliding knots, highlighting the previously overlooked but critical effect of plasticity and its interplay with friction. The characterization of surgeon-tied knots reveals the relevant ranges of tightness and geometric features. Using model experiments coupled with finite element simulations, we uncover a robust master curve for the target knot strength versus the tying pre-tension, number of throws, and frictional properties. These findings could find applications in the training of surgeons and robotic-assisted surgical devices.
Enhanced sub-1 eV detection in organic photodetectors through tuning polymer energetics and microstructure
Authors: Jacoutot Polina , Scaccabarozzi Alberto D. , Nodari Davide , Panidi Julianna , Qiao Zhuoran , Schiza Andriana , Nega Alkmini D. , Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss Antonia , Gregoriou Vasilis G. , Heeney Martin , Chochos Christos L. , Bakulin Artem A. , Gasparini Nicola
Published: June 2023

One of the key challenges facing organic photodiodes (OPDs) is increasing the detection into the infrared region. Organic semiconductor polymers provide a platform for tuning the bandgap and optoelectronic response to go beyond the traditional 1000-nanometer benchmark. In this work, we present a near-infrared (NIR) polymer with absorption up to 1500 nanometers. The polymer-based OPD delivers a high specific detectivity

D
*

of 1.03 × 10
10
Jones (−2 volts) at 1200 nanometers and a dark current
J
d
of just 2.3 × 10
−6
ampere per square centimeter at −2 volts. We demonstrate a strong improvement of all OPD metrics in the NIR region compared to previously reported NIR OPD due to the enhanced crystallinity and optimized energy alignment, which leads to reduced charge recombination. The high

D
*

value in the 1100-to-1300-nanometer region is particularly promising for biosensing applications. We demonstrate the OPD as a pulse oximeter under NIR illumination, delivering heart rate and blood oxygen saturation readings in real time without signal amplification.
A structured jet explains the extreme GRB 221009A
Authors: O’Connor Brendan , Troja Eleonora , Ryan Geoffrey , Beniamini Paz , van Eerten Hendrik , Granot Jonathan , Dichiara Simone , Ricci Roberto , Lipunov Vladimir , Gillanders James H. , Gill Ramandeep , Moss Michael , Anand Shreya , Andreoni Igor , Becerra Rosa L. , Buckley David A. H. , Butler Nathaniel R. , Cenko Stephen B. , Chasovnikov Aristarkh , Durbak Joseph , Francile Carlos , Hammerstein Erica , van der Horst Alexander J. , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Kouveliotou Chryssa , Kutyrev Alexander S. , Lee William H. , Srinivasaragavan Gokul P. , Topolev Vladislav , Watson Alan M. , Yang Yuhan , Zhirkov Kirill
Published: June 2023

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are powerful cosmic explosions, signaling the death of massive stars. Among them, GRB 221009A is by far the brightest burst ever observed. Because of its enormous energy (
E
iso
≈ 10
55
erg) and proximity (
z
≈ 0.15), GRB 221009A is an exceptionally rare event that pushes the limits of our theories. We present multiwavelength observations covering the first 3 months of its afterglow evolution. The x-ray brightness decays as a power law with slope ≈
t
−1.66
, which is not consistent with standard predictions for jetted emission. We attribute this behavior to a shallow energy profile of the relativistic jet. A similar trend is observed in other energetic GRBs, suggesting that the most extreme explosions may be powered by structured jets launched by a common central engine.