bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the shape of the fronts of a pair of semi‐infinite cracks during their coplanar coalescence
Authors: Legrand L. , Leblond J.B.
Published: October 2010

This paper studies the evolution of the shape of the fronts of a pair of tensile coplanar semi‐infinite cracks propagating in some homogeneous or inhomogeneous brittle material, during their final coalescence. It is based on a previous work which provides the distribution of the mode I stress intensity factor on the fronts of such cracks, after some small but otherwise arbitrary in‐plane perturbation of these fronts. It is first shown that the problem is ill‐posed for propagation in brittle fracture governed by Griffith's criterion, in the sense that the occurrence of multiple bifurcations makes it impossible to unambiguously define the shape of the crack fronts. At each instant, the bifurcation modes consist of symmetric sinusoidal perturbations of the two fronts with a certain “critical” wavelength, which is a characteristic multiple of the width of the ligament remaining between the cracks. There is also an effect of unstable growth of sinusoidal perturbations of wavelength greater than this critical value. For propagation in fatigue or subcritical crack growth governed by some Paris‐type law, these difficulties disappear and the evolution in time of the shape of the crack fronts can be calculated explicitly. The case of a medium with random spatial variations of Paris's constant is considered; statistical information on the shape of the fronts is derived. The results obtained exhibit significant differences with respect to those for the simpler case of a tensile slit‐crack previously considered in the literature.
Risk Adjustment as Basis for Rational Benchmarking: The Example of Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Ptok Henry , Marusch Frank , Schmidt Uwe , Gastinger Ingo , Wenisch Hubertus J. C. , Lippert Hans
Published: October 2010

Background

The results of resection of colorectal carcinoma can vary greatly from one hospital to another. However, this does not necessarily reflect differences in the quality of treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare various tools for the risk‐adjusted assessment of treatment results after resection of colorectal carcinoma within the context of hospital benchmarking.

Methods

On the basis of a data pool provided by a multicentric observation study of patients with colon cancer, the postoperative in‐hospital mortality rates at two high‐volume hospitals (“A” and “B”) were compared. After univariate comparison, risk‐adjusted comparison of postoperative mortality was performed by logistic regression analysis (LReA), propensity‐score analysis (PScA), and the CR‐POSSUM score. Postoperative complications were compared by LReA and PScA.

Results

Although postoperative mortality differed significantly (P = 0.041) in univariate comparison of hospitals A and B (2.9% vs. 6.4%), no significant difference was found by LReA or PScA. Similarly, the observed mortality at these did not differ significantly from the mortality estimated by the CR‐POSSUM score (hospital A, 2.9%/4.9%, P = 0.298; hospital B, 6.4%/6.5%, P = 1.000). Significant differences were seen in risk‐adjusted comparison of most postoperative complications (by both LReA and PScA), but there were no differences in the rates of relaparotomy or anastomotic leakage that required surgery.

Conclusions

For the hard outcome variable “postoperative mortality,” none of the three risk adjustment procedures showed any difference between the hospitals. The CR‐POSSUM score can be regarded as the most practicable tool for risk‐adjusted comparison of the outcome of colon‐carcinoma resection in clinical benchmarking.
A Novel Approach for Sentinel Lymph Node Identification Using Fluorescence Imaging and Image Overlay Navigation Surgery in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Tagaya Nobumi , Aoyagi Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Aya , Abe Akihito , Iwasaki Yoshimi , Tachibana Masatsugu , Kubota Keiichi
Published: October 2010

Background

We reported a novel technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification using fluorescence imaging of indocyanine green injection. Furthermore, to obtain safe and accurate identification of SLN during surgery, we introduce the image overlay navigation surgery and evaluate its efficacy.

Methods

This study enrolled 50 patients with a tumors <2 cm in diameter. Initially, we obtained three‐dimensional (3‐D) imaging from multidetector‐row computed tomography (MD‐CT) by volume rendering. It was projected on the patient’s operative field with the clear visualization of lymph node (LN) through projector. Then, the dye of indocyanine green (ICG) was injected subdermally in the areola. Subcutaneous lymphatic channels draining from the areola to the axilla were visible by fluorescence imaging immediately. Lymphatic flow was reached after LN revealed on 3‐D imaging. After incising the axillary skin on the point of LN mapping, SLN was then dissected under the guidance of fluorescence imaging with adequate adjustment of sensitivity and 3‐D imaging.

Results

Lymphatic channels and SLN were successfully identified by Photodynamic eye (PDE) in all patients. And the sites of skin incision also were identical with the LN being demonstrated by 3‐D imaging in all patients. The mean number of SLN was 3.7. The image overlay navigation surgery was visually easy to identify the location of SLN from the axillary skin. There were no intra‐ or postoperative complications associated with SLN identification.

Conclusions

This combined navigations of fluorescence and 3‐D imaging revealed more easy and effective to detect SLN intraoperatively than fluorescence imaging alone.
Wound Infection After Excision and Primary Midline Closure for Pilonidal Disease: Risk Factor Analysis to Improve Patient Selection
Authors: Popeskou Sotirios , Christoforidis Dimitrios , Ruffieux Christiane , Demartines Nicolas
Published: October 2010

Background

Excision and primary midline closure for pilonidal disease (PD) is a simple procedure; however, it is frequently complicated by infection and prolonged healing. The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) in this context.

Methods

All consecutive patients undergoing excision and primary closure for PD from January 2002 through October 2008 were retrospectively assessed. The end points were SSI, as defined by the Center for Disease Control, and time to healing. Univariable and multivariable risk factor analyses were performed.

Results

One hundred thirty‐one patients were included [97 men (74%), median age = 24 (range 15‐66) years]. SSI occurred in 41 (31%) patients. Median time to healing was 20 days (range 12‐76) in patients without SSI and 62 days (range 20‐176) in patients with SSI (P < 0.0001). In univariable and multivariable analyses, smoking [OR = 2.6 (95% CI 1.02, 6.8), P = 0.046] and lack of antibiotic prophylaxis [OR = 5.6 (95% CI 2.5, 14.3), P = 0.001] were significant predictors for SSI. Adjusted for SSI, age over 25 was a significant predictor of prolonged healing.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the rate of SSI after excision and primary closure of PD is higher in smokers and could be reduced by antibiotic prophylaxis. SSI significantly prolongs healing time, particularly in patients over 25 years.
Closure of the Cystic Duct During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Children Using the LigaSure Vessel Sealing System
Authors: Turial Salmai , Engel Veronika , Sultan Tamer , Schier Felix
Published: October 2010

Background

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the LigaSure™ Vessel Sealing System (LVSS) when used for cystic duct closure during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children and adolescents.

Methods

The laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed beginning with visualization of Calot’s triangle, and dissection of Calot’s triangle was achieved using a monopolar cautery device. Once the cystic duct was exposed, sealing was performed proximally and distally, and the cystic duct was divided midway using the LVSS. The procedure was completed in the standard fashion.

Results

The closure of the cystic duct was performed in seven cases of simultaneous cholecystectomy and splenectomy and in 15 cases of microlaparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients’ ages ranged from 7 to 21 years (average = 14.5 years), and body weight ranged from 42 to 83 kg (average = 58 kg). There was no bile leakage noted, and the closure of the cystic duct was sufficient in all cases. We noted one case of common bile duct obstruction on postoperative day 1. In this case, an exploration of the biliary tree was performed by laparotomy. No direct injury to the common bile duct was found during exploration, but thermal changes were detected in the surrounding tissues as a result of transmitted thermal energy caused by bipolar cautery device.

Conclusion

The closure of the cystic duct using the LVSS is feasible and effective in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children. However, it is important to keep a safe distance from other intra‐abdominal structures when using thermal energy devices to prevent thermal collateral damage.
Genetic Counseling Considerations in the Evaluation of Families for Lynch Syndrome—A Review
Authors: Weissman Scott M. , Bellcross Cecelia , Bittner Christina Chimera , Freivogel Mary E. , Haidle Joy Larsen , Kaurah Pardeep , Leininger Anna , Palaniappan Selvi , Steenblock Kelle , Vu Thuy M. , Daniels Molly S.
Published: October 2010

Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and the most common cause of hereditary endometrial cancer. Identifying and evaluating families for Lynch syndrome is increasing in complexity due to the recognition that: family history‐based clinical criteria lack sensitivity and specificity; genetic testing for Lynch syndrome continues to evolve as understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying it evolves; and the Lynch syndrome phenotype encompasses multiple organ systems and demonstrates overlap with other hereditary cancer syndromes. This document is a summary of considerations when evaluating individuals and families for Lynch syndrome, including information on cancer risks, diagnostic criteria, tumor and genetic testing strategies, and the management of individuals with this condition.
Glycerolysis of Soybean Oil with Crude Glycerol Containing Residual Alkaline Catalysts from Biodiesel Production
Authors: Echeverri David A. , Cardeño Fernando , Rios Luis A.
Published: October 2010

The glycerolysis reaction of soybean oil was evaluated using crude glycerol obtained from the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, catalyzed by sodium methoxide and sodium hydroxide, without any purification step other than the methanol removal. Crude glycerol with the lower content of remaining inorganic catalyst produced the highest concentration of monoglycerides (about 42%). The effect of the addition of water on the glycerolysis reaction was analyzed, evidencing a low formation rate of products in the first stages of the reaction due to the transformation of the inorganic catalyst to soaps, which are weaker bases. The sample of crude glycerol that led to the best results was evaluated at several temperatures. It was observed that the reaction with crude glycerol exhibits a lower formation rate of monoglycerides at low temperatures (160 and 180 °C) compared with the reaction with pure glycerol and catalyzed with NaOH. This behavior was explained by the lower activity of the soaps present in the crude glycerol respect to the inorganic base. Above 200 °C the reaction is very fast and the monoglycerides formed are consumed to produce diglycerides.
Grb14 inhibits FGF receptor signaling through the regulation of PLCγ recruitment and activation
Authors: Browaeys-Poly Edith , Blanquart Christophe , Perdereau Dominique , Antoine Anne-Frédérique , Goenaga Diana , Luzy Jean-Philippe , Chen Huixiong , Garbay Christiane , Issad Tarik , Cailliau Katia , Burnol Anne-Françoise
Published: October 2010

MINT‐8019714, MINT‐8019746: PLC gamma1 (uniprotkb:P19174) physically interacts (MI:0915) with FGFR1 (uniprotkb:P11362) by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (MI:0012)
Brands on the brain: Do consumers use declarative information or experienced emotions to evaluate brands?
Authors: Esch Franz‐Rudolf , Möll Thorsten , Schmitt Bernd , Elger Christian E. , Neuhaus Carolin , Weber Bernd
Published: October 2010

An fMRI study was conducted with unfamiliar and familiar (strong and weak) brands to assess linguistic encoding and retrieval processes, and the use of declarative and experiential information, in brand evaluations. As expected, activations in brain areas associated with linguistic encoding were higher for unfamiliar brands, but activations in brain areas associated with information retrieval were higher for strong brands. Interestingly, weak brands were engaged simultaneously in both processes. Most importantly, activations of the pallidum, associated with positive emotions, for strong brands and activations of the insula, associated with negative emotions, for weak and unfamiliar brands suggested that consumers use experienced emotions rather than declarative information to evaluate brands. As a result, brand experiences should be considered a key driver of brand equity in addition to brand awareness and cognitive associations.
The dark side of buyer–supplier relationships: A social capital perspective⋆
Authors: Villena Verónica H. , Revilla Elena , Choi Thomas Y.
Published: October 2010

The literature on supply chain management (SCM) has consistently promoted the “bright side” of collaborative buyer–supplier relationships (BSRs). Based on the social capital argument, SCM scholars have investigated how a buyer can gain access to and leverage resources through its collaborative BSRs. Our study extends this research stream by considering the “dark side” of social capital in BSRs. It evaluates how social capital in its cognitive, relational, and structural forms contributes to or impedes value creation within BSRs. Both primary survey measures and secondary objective measures have been used in data analysis. The results show the presence of both the bright side, confirming the existing literature, and the dark side, extending the literature. There is an inverted curvilinear relationship between social capital and performance: Either too little or too much social capital can hurt performance. This study confirms that building social capital in a collaborative BSR positively affects buyer performance, but that if taken to an extreme it can reduce the buyer's ability to be objective and make effective decisions as well as increase the supplier's opportunistic behavior. Our study also examines how a buyer can delay the emergence of the dark side. It opens up new research avenues in the collaborative BSR context and suggests directions for future research and practice.
Animal and Vegetable Physiology
Authors: Roget Peter Mark
Published: October 2010

In this second volume of his 1834 treatise on how God's creative process is manifest in the plant and animal kingdoms, Peter Roget, compiler of the celebrated Thesaurus, examines their physiologies. He covers aspects including nutrition and respiration, the sensory and nervous systems, the function of the brain and the reproductive process. Functions of individual plants and animals are seen as proving God's design by giving organisms the means of coexisting. The organic development process and change from the first cell beginnings to decay and death is studied closely with the aim of understanding how 'material particles first became animated with the breath of life' and why there is a time limit to their existence. The treatise concludes that God's intention pervades both kingdoms and is revealed in similarity of processes and the universal connectivity of the 'laws of analogy' that link all living things to common roots.
Annals of Cambridge
Authors: Cooper Charles Henry
Published: October 2010

Charles Henry Cooper charted over half a millennium of life at Cambridge in the five volumes of Annals of Cambridge. Cooper practised as a solicitor in Cambridge, and was also town clerk from 1849 until his death in 1866. He was a keen historian and devoted a great deal of time to archival research, particularly into local history. Drawing on extensive public and private records, including petitions, town treasurers' accounts, restoration records, death certificates, legal articles and letters to ruling royalty, Cooper compiled a comprehensive chronological history of Cambridge, documenting the 'city of scholars' through its tumultuous political and religious growing pains. It was published in parts, in the face of considerable opposition from the university authorities, but was eventually acclaimed as an authoritative account. This second volume, published in 1843, covers the Elizabethan period, from 1546–1601, and includes the founding of the University Press.
The Arawak Language of Guiana
Authors: Goeje C. H. de
Published: October 2010

This description of the Arawak language, once spoken widely across the Caribbean area but now restricted to some of the native peoples of Guyana, French Guiana and Suriname, was first published in 1928. C. H. de Goeje was a Dutch submariner whose work had taken him to the then Dutch colony of Suriname; on his resignation from the Dutch navy he continued to investigate its peoples and their languages, and was the recipient of a special Chair in languages and cultural anthropology at the University of Leiden. The book provides long vocabulary lists and a systematic exploration of grammar and phonetics; it also discusses the origin of the language and its differentiation from the other Carib languages of the region. An appendix gives anthropological data, including transcriptions and translations of Arawak myths.
Alma Mater
Authors: Wright John Martin Frederick
Published: October 2010

John Martin Frederick Wright offers a lively account of Cambridge University in Alma Mater; Or, Seven Years at the University of Cambridge. Published anonymously in 1827, Wright's two-volume work captures the triumphs and tribulations of undergraduate life at Cambridge, based upon his own years as an aspiring mathematician at Trinity College. This first volume covers Wright's first two years, weaving vivid sketches from lectures, chapel, and the Wren Library together with copies of actual examinations in classics, mathematics, and metaphysics. Wright dedicated his career as a writer and private tutor to helping students succeed at university, and Alma Mater is designed to offer parents and aspiring students insight into the preparations, intellectual as well as financial, necessary for achievement. A spirited defence of Cambridge traditions in the face of broader educational reforms, Alma Mater also brings to life a period of intense intellectual activity in British mathematics.
Metabolic imprinting, programming and epigenetics – a review of present priorities and future opportunities
Authors: Hanley Bryan , Dijane Jean , Fewtrell Mary , Grynberg Alain , Hummel Sandra , Junien Claudine , Koletzko Berthold , Lewis Sarah , Renz Harald , Symonds Michael , Gros Marjan , Harthoorn Lucien , Mace Katherine , Samuels Fiona , van Der Beek Eline M.
Published: October 2010

Metabolic programming and metabolic imprinting describe early life events, which impact upon on later physiological outcomes. Despite the increasing numbers of papers and studies, the distinction between metabolic programming and metabolic imprinting remains confusing. The former can be defined as a dynamic process whose effects are dependent upon a critical window(s) while the latter can be more strictly associated with imprinting at the genomic level. The clinical end points associated with these phenomena can sometimes be mechanistically explicable in terms of gene expression mediated by epigenetics. The predictivity of outcomes depends on determining if there is causality or association in the context of both early dietary exposure and future health parameters. The use of biomarkers is a key aspect of determining the predictability of later outcome, and the strengths of particular types of biomarkers need to be determined. It has become clear that several important health endpoints are impacted upon by metabolic programming/imprinting. These include the link between perinatal nutrition, nutritional epigenetics and programming at an early developmental stage and its link to a range of future health risks such as CVD and diabetes. In some cases, the evidence base remains patchy and associative, while in others, a more direct causality between early nutrition and later health is clear. In addition, it is also essential to acknowledge the communication to consumers, industry, health care providers, policy-making bodies as well as to the scientific community. In this way, both programming and, eventually, reprogramming can become effective tools to improve health through dietary intervention at specific developmental points.
The Density of the EU Interest System: A Test of the ESA Model
Authors: Messer Anne , Berkhout Joost , Lowery David
Published: October 2010

To evaluate calls for a more theoretically generalizable, large-Nstudy of EU interest representation, we adapt the ESA model of interest system density, originally developed to study the interest communities of the American states, to the EU case. We necessarily modify both model and measures in order to account for the unique features of the EU policy process. We test the model with OLS regression using data on the density of different types or guilds (economic and social sectors) of organized interests in the European Union. We use the findings to discuss the viability of inter-system transfers of theories about the politics of interest representation.
Mobility Towards Work and Politics for Women in Kerala State, India: A View from the Histories of Gender and Space
Authors: DEVIKA J. , THAMPI BINITHA V.
Published: October 2010

In this paper, historical analysis and qualitative fieldwork are combined to question the belief that recent efforts in Kerala to induct women into local governance and mobilize poor women into self-help groups implies continuity with the earlier history of women's mobility into the spaces of paid work and politics. For a longer view, the histories of gender-coding of spaces and of women's mobility into paid work and politics are examined. In the twentieth century, while the subversive potential of paid work was contained through casting it within ‘feminine terms’, politics was unquestionably ‘unfeminine space’. However, recent efforts have not advanced women's mobility in any simple sense. The subversive potential of women's mobility towards work in self-help groups is still limited. In local governance, unlike the experience of an earlier generation of women, the ability to conform to norms of elite femininity now appears to be a valuable resource.
Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences
Authors: Schubart C. D. , van Gastel W. A. , Breetvelt E. J. , Beetz S. L. , Ophoff R. A. , Sommer I. E. C. , Kahn R. S. , Boks M. P. M.
Published: October 2010

Background

Cannabis use is associated with psychosis and a range of subclinical psychiatric symptoms. The strength of this association depends on dosage and age at first use. The current study investigates whether level of cannabis exposure and starting age are associated with specific profiles of subclinical symptoms.

Method

We collected cross-sectional data from a young adult population sample by administering an online version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). Cannabis exposure was quantified as the amount of Euros spent on cannabis per week and the age of initial cannabis use. The primary outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) to belong to the highest 10% of scores on the total CAPE and the positive-, negative- and depressive symptom dimensions.

Results

In 17 698 adolescents (mean age 21.6, s.d.=4.2 years), cannabis use at age 12 years or younger was strongly associated with a top 10% score on psychotic experiences [OR 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1–4.3] and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5). The OR of heavy users (>€25/week) for negative symptoms was 3.4 (95% CI 2.9–4.1), for psychotic experiences 3.0 (95% CI 2.4–3.6), and for depressive symptoms 2.8 (95% CI 2.3–3.3).

Conclusions

Early start of cannabis use is strongly associated with subclinical psychotic symptoms and to a lesser degree with negative symptoms, while smoking high amounts of cannabis is associated with increased levels of all three symptom dimensions: psychotic, negative and depressive. These results support the hypothesis that the impact of cannabis use is age specific.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces cortisol concentrations in bulimic disorders
Authors: Claudino A. M. , Van den Eynde F. , Stahl D. , Dew T. , Andiappan M. , Kalthoff J. , Schmidt U. , Campbell I. C.
Published: October 2010

Background

In people with bulimic eating disorders, exposure to high-calorie foods can result in increases in food craving, raised subjective stress and salivary cortisol concentrations. This cue-induced food craving can be reduced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We investigated whether rTMS has a similar effect on salivary cortisol concentrations, a measure of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPAA) activity.

Method

We enrolled twenty-two female participants who took part in a double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial on the effects of rTMS on food craving. Per group, eleven participants were randomized to the real or sham rTMS condition. The intervention consisted of one session of high-frequency rTMS delivered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Salivary cortisol concentrations were assessed at four time points throughout the 90-min trial. To investigate differences in post-rTMS concentrations between the real and sham rTMS groups, a random-effects model including the pre-rTMS cortisol concentrations as covariates was used.

Results

Salivary cortisol concentrations following real rTMS were significantly lower compared with those following sham rTMS. In this sample, there was also a trend for real rTMS to reduce food craving more than sham rTMS.

Conclusions

These results suggest that rTMS applied to the left DLPFC alters HPAA activity in people with a bulimic disorder.
Quantifying phonological representation abilities in Spanish-speaking preschool children
Authors: ANTHONY JASON L. , AGHARA RACHEL G. , SOLARI EMILY J. , DUNKELBERGER MARTHA J. , WILLIAMS JEFFREY M. , LIANG LAN
Published: October 2010

Individual differences in abilities to form, access, and hone phonological representations of words are implicated in the development of oral and written language. This study addressed three important gaps in the literature concerning measurement of individual differences in phonological representation. First, we empirically examined the dimensionality of phonological representation abilities. Second, we empirically compared how well typical measures index various representation-related phonological processing abilities. Third, we supply data on Spanish phonological representation abilities of incipient Spanish–English bilingual children to address the need for information on phonological representation across languages. Specifically, nine measures of accessibility to and precision of phonological presentations were administered to 129 preschool children in the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses validated three separate but correlated a priori phonological processing abilities, that is, efficiency of accessing phonological codes, precision of phonological codes as reflected in speech production, and precision of phonological codes as reflected in speech perception. Most prototypic measures were strong indicators of their respective representation-related phonological ability. We discuss how the current data in Spanish compares to limited data in English, and the implications for the organization of phonological representations abilities.
Vocabulary size matters: The assimilation of second-language Australian English vowels to first-language Japanese vowel categories
Authors: BUNDGAARD-NIELSEN RIKKE L. , BEST CATHERINE T. , TYLER MICHAEL D.
Published: October 2010

Adult second-language (L2) learners’ perception of L2 phonetic segments is influenced by first-language phonological and phonetic properties. It was recently proposed that L2 vocabulary size in adult learners is related to changes in L2 perception (perceptual assimilation model), analogous to the emergence of first-language phonological function (i.e., attunement to the phonological identity of words) associated with the “vocabulary explosion” at 18 months. In a preliminary investigation of the relationship between L2 perception and vocabulary size, Japanese learners of Australian English identified Australian English vowels, provided goodness of fit ratings, and completed a vocabulary size questionnaire. We adopted a “whole-system” approach, allowing learners to apply all native vowel system possibilities to the full L2 vowel system. Learners with a larger L2 vocabulary were more consistent in their vowel assimilation patterns, compatible with the L2 perceptual assimilation model.
Phonological memory, attention control, and musical ability: Effects of individual differences on rater judgments of second language speech
Authors: ISAACS TALIA , TROFIMOVICH PAVEL
Published: October 2010

This study examines how listener judgments of second language speech relate to individual differences in listeners’ phonological memory, attention control, and musical ability. Sixty native English listeners (30 music majors, 30 nonmusic majors) rated 40 nonnative speech samples for accentedness, comprehensibility, and fluency. The listeners were also assessed for phonological memory (serial recognition), attention control (trail making), and musical aptitude. Results showed that music majors assigned significantly lower scores than nonmusic majors solely for accentedness, particularly for low ability second language speakers. However, the ratings were not significantly affected by individual differences in listeners’ phonological memory and attention control, which implies that these factors do not bias listeners’ subjective judgments of speech. Implications for psycholinguistic research and for high-stakes speaking assessments are discussed.
The role of home and school factors in predicting English vocabulary among bilingual kindergarten children in Singapore
Authors: DIXON L. QUENTIN
Published: October 2010

Research in monolingual populations indicate that vocabulary knowledge is essential to reading achievement, but how vocabulary develops in bilingual children has been understudied. The current study investigated the role of home and school factors in predicting English vocabulary among 284 bilingual kindergartners (168 Chinese, 65 Malay, 51 Indian) in the multilingual context of Singapore. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition was administered in English and in translations into Mandarin, Malay, and Tamil. Home factors including caretaker language, television language, and mother tongue vocabulary were found to be significant predictors of English vocabulary, controlling for mother's years of education and family income. The curriculum emphasis of the kindergarten center was also found to be a significant predictor of English vocabulary.
Individual differences in the size of orthographic effects in spoken word recognition: The role of listeners' orthographic skills
Authors: DICH NADYA
Published: October 2010

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which orthography affects spoken word recognition in literate adults is related to their spelling proficiency. The study included two components: an auditory lexical decision task manipulating orthographic consistency of the stimuli and a spelling test. The results replicated previously found effects of orthographic consistency on the accuracy and latency of lexical decisions. The size of the orthographic effect in the auditory task was estimated for each participant. The variability in the orthographic effect size among participants was partially explained by their spelling skills. Possible interpretations of this finding and methodological implications for future research are discussed.
The relation between teacher input and lexical growth of preschoolers
Authors: BOWERS EDMOND P. , VASILYEVA MARINA
Published: October 2010

The present study examined the growth of receptive lexical skills in preschoolers over an academic year in relation to teacher speech. The participating students were English language learners and their monolingual English-speaking peers from the same classrooms. The measures of teacher input included indicators of the amount of speech (total number of words), lexical richness (number of different word types), and structural complexity (number of words per utterance). These measures were based on a speech sample collected during a classroom observation. For English language learners, vocabulary growth was positively related to the total number of words produced by the teacher, but negatively related to the number of words per utterance. For monolingual speakers, vocabulary growth was positively related to the number of word types produced by the teacher. The findings underscore the importance of considering different aspects of verbal input for understanding individual variability in language growth of preschool students.
Prediction of microdrill breakage using rough sets
Authors: Erhan Sevil Hakki , Ozdemir Serhan
Published: October 2010

This study attempts to correlate the nonlinear invariants' with the changing conditions of a drilling process through a series of condition monitoring experiments on small diameter (1 mm) drill bits. Run-to-failure tests are performed on these drill bits, and vibration data are consecutively gathered at equal time intervals. Nonlinear invariants, such as the Kolmogorov entropy and correlation dimension, and statistical parameters are calculated based on the corresponding conditions of the drill bits. By intervariations of these values between two successive measurements, a drop–rise table is created. Any variation that is within a certain threshold (±20% of the measurements in this case) is assumed to be constant. Any fluctuation above or below is assumed to be either a rise or a drop. The reduct and conflict tables then help eliminate incongruous and redundant data by the use of rough sets (RSs). Inconsistent data, which by definition is the boundary region, are classified through certainty and coverage factors. By handling inconsistencies and redundancies, 11 rules are extracted from 39 experiments, representing the underlying rules. Then 22 new experiments are used to check the validity of the rule space. The RS decision frame performs best at predicting no failure cases. It is believed that RSs are superior in dealing with real-life data over fuzzy set logic in that actual measured data are never as consistent as here and may dominate the monitoring of the manufacturing processes as it becomes more widespread.
The Mixed Political Blessing of Campus Sustainability
Authors: Breen Sheryl D.
Published: October 2010

The rise of sustainability rhetoric, curriculum, infrastructure, and marketing on college campuses is a mixed blessing. On the one hand, college presidents are pledging to eliminate their campuses' global warming emissions; colleges and universities are building wind turbines, composters, and green buildings; and sustainability coordinators are the latest surge in new staff hires. However, the greening of college campuses has a less welcome side as well, and examination of the campus sustainability movement suggests an unsettling lack of theoretical and ideological analysis. In this article, I praise what is being done well, identify the political analysis that has been avoided, and provide arguments for what has yet to be addressed. I argue that the trend toward campus sustainability, while praiseworthy in some significant ways, has left some troubling theoretical assumptions largely undisturbed.
The Seats in Trouble Forecast of the 2010 Elections to the U.S. House
Authors: Campbell James E.
Published: October 2010

All indications are that 2010 will be a very good year for Republicans. After two election setbacks, they are poised for a comeback. Partisanship, ideology, the midterm decline from the prior presidential surge, the partisanship of districts being defended, and even President Obama's approval ratings have set the stage for significant seat gains by Republicans in the House.
Forecasting the 2010 State Legislative Elections
Authors: Klarner Carl
Published: October 2010

This article offers forecasts made on July 22, 2010, for the 2010 state legislative elections. Most work in the election forecasting field has been done on presidential and U.S. House elections. Less has been done for U.S. Senate elections, and almost none for gubernatorial or state legislative elections. This year will see much attention directed at the 43 state legislatures holding elections, because many will have the responsibility for drawing new district lines based on the 2010 census. Furthermore, of those chambers with elections scheduled in 2010, seven currently contain one party with less than a 5% margin of control. With so much at stake, these will clearly be contests to watch.
An Unfulfilled Methodological and International Agenda
Authors: Sadiq Kamal , Monroe Kristen Renwick
Published: October 2010

In this article, we speak to two of the Perestroika movement's contributions to political science: heightened awareness of (1) the need for a more catholic approach to methods and (2) the increased sensitivity to the special demands of international cross-cultural research. We make several suggestions here that address each of these topics.
Perestroika's Last Stand
Authors: Caterino Brian
Published: October 2010

In 10 years, Perestroika has gone from a “raucous” forum discussing a wide range of issues to a largely moribund list that posts occasional jobs and attacks those who dare to bring up controversial topics. A good example of the decline of the list was illustrated by one participant's recent attempt to raise the issue of Glenn Beck's slander of Frances Fox Piven and the late Richard Cloward. The poster was attacked by some group members for “politicizing” Perestroika. These members claimed that the list was a no-politics zone for debating methodological issues. Since Glenn Beck did not hold a tenured position in the discipline, others felt that his ideas were not rational enough to warrant a response. Some on the list (perhaps with scant knowledge of left-wing media) proposed approaching Rachel Maddow, and while a few media outlets did take up this case, it never reached the main talkies. In the end, however, Perestroikans failed to stand up for the integrity of the free and wide-ranging discourse they claim to champion.
Reducing the Gap between Skills Sought by Employers and Developed by Education
Authors: Peters Robert , Beeson Melisa
Published: October 2010

The process of transforming students from novices into experts relies on active learning and the development of an appreciation for the links among topics. Since rote or stimulus-response learning is preferred by a majority of students who are beginning their programs of study but does not optimize learning and understanding, the first step in the process is changing students' preference to active learning. As students progress from 100- to 400-level courses, this outcome can be accomplished by reducing the amount of class time that instructors dedicate to lectures that introduce new material and increasing the amount of time dedicated to active learning strategies. Because of PowerPoint's linear structure, teachers can foster learning by supplementing traditional slides with tables, charts, graphs, and concept maps that explicate the links among topics. Concept maps also lend themselves to assessing students' mastery of concepts and the value added by class discussions. Both measures enable instructors to enhance their teaching effectiveness and, over time, use class sessions more efficiently.
A Unique Pedagogical Approach to Voting and Public Goods
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Chappell Matthew , Baggett L. Scott
Published: October 2010

Fourth grade students at a public elementary school in Houston, Texas, participated in a one-week exercise intended to mimic the process of creating a public good through a democratic process. The exercise involved students in four separate classes designing a class party with different characteristics (theme, music, and food) through a voluntary but personally costly voting procedure. The students then held the party that they had created. A formal assessment of learning objectives and a debriefing were also part of the exercise. Some ideas investigated include the disconnection between the actual party's characteristics and the revealed preferences of the students during the debriefing—a lesson of collective action—and the satisfaction and learning outcomes experienced by a minority of students as the result of being political activists and having their preferences realized in the makeup of their class party.
Second Time Around: A Response
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: October 2010

First, I am grateful to PS for putting together this illuminating symposium. Second, given the strict space limitation set aside for my response, please see My Brother's Keeper: A Memoir and a Message for all that I would love to say here.
Rules for Public Intellectuals
Authors: Morris Lorenzo
Published: October 2010

Like many political scientists, I willingly align myself with the intellectual side of the public intellectual title, but I make no claim to having a public identity. Still, I am moved to join in the shared confessions of public intellectuals (PI) by responding to Amitai Etzioni's article, because the ten-point distillation of his trials and tribulations so strongly resonates with my own experiences. However marginal they may be, frequent media commentaries and interviews have given me enough exposure to the treacherous pathways between scholarship and the media to sufficiently understand the PI's dilemma.
Perestroika and the Journals? A Brief Reply to My Friend Greg Kasza
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: October 2010

The emergence of the Perestroika movement in U.S. political science was an important moment in the contemporary history of our discipline, and as we approach the 10-year anniversary of this movement, it is fitting that PS should publish a retrospective symposium on its origins and significance.
DAVID APTER
Authors: LaPalombara Joseph
Published: October 2010

David Apter, with whom, sixty years ago, I enrolled in the graduate program of Princeton University's department of politics, died on May 4 of this year. Along with other graduate students of that era, we shared the conceit that we would change the ways in which the discipline went about doing comparative politics. The moment for striking out in that direction seemed propitious. World War II had introduced countless Americans, among them many future political scientists, to “exotic” countries where political institutions and behavior appeared quite unlike anything they had learned in their undergraduate courses. War itself led to an explosion of interest in nation-reforming in the case of defeated totalitarian systems, and nation-building in those parts of the world where empires were breaking up.
SAMUEL J. ELDERSVELD
Authors: Jackson John E. , Jennings M. Kent , Mohr Lawrence B. , Walton Hanes
Published: October 2010

Samuel J. Eldersveld, Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Michigan and former mayor of Ann Arbor, Michigan, passed away in Ann Arbor on March 5, 2010, at age 92. This closed a chapter on an extraordinary association with the University of Michigan, the discipline of political science, and the city of Ann Arbor, associations that brought remarkable change to each.
GIL FRIEDMAN
Authors: Starr Harvey
Published: October 2010

Gil Friedman, lecturer in political science at Tel Aviv University, passed away on July 16, 2009, at the age of 42 after a short bout with cancer. Much too young, and with so much promise, Gil's death was an unexpected shock to his relatives, friends, and colleagues. His loss is all the more tragic because those who knew Gil were struck by his seemingly boundless energy, his enormous intellectual curiosity, his constant stream of ideas, and his incredible work ethic—all fed by a seemingly insatiable desire to read everything (ever) written in the areas of his current interest.
ARNOLD KANTER
Authors: Bacchus William I. , Bach Stanley I. , Jacobson Gary C. , Seidman David , Starr Harvey
Published: October 2010

It is with deep sadness that we report the passing of our friend and colleague Arnold Kanter on April 10, 2010, at the all-too-young age of 65. He died from acute myelogenous leukemia, diagnosed in 2007.
Translational research in oncology: key bottlenecks and new paradigms
Authors: Simon Richard
Published: October 2010

Translational research is about transforming progress in basic research into products that benefit patients. Here I discuss some of the key obstacles to effective translational research in oncology that have previously received limited attention. Basic research often does not go far enough for straightforward clinical translation, and long-term, high-risk endeavours to fill these key gaps have not been adequately addressed either by industry or by the culture of investigator-initiated research. These key gaps include the identification of causative oncogenic mutations and new approaches to regulating currently undruggable targets such as tumour suppressor genes. Even where an inhibitor of a key target has been identified, new approaches to clinical development are needed. The current approach of treating broad populations of patients based primarily on primary cancer site is not well suited to the development of molecularly targeted drugs. Although developing drugs with predictive diagnostics makes drug development more complex, it can improve the success rate of development, as well as provide benefit to patients and the economics of healthcare. I review here some prospective Phase III designs that have been developed for transition from the era of correlative science to one of reliable predictive and personalised oncology.
Temptation and the Virtues of Long-Term Commitment: The Governance of Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment
Authors: CLARK Gordon L. , KNIGHT Eric R.W.
Published: October 2010

In this article we look at the governance of SWFs from the perspective of the competing political interests embedded in the sponsor—the domestic political claims on funds and the principles and practice of governance used to discipline those interests in favour of a long-term perspective that emphasizes the conservation of wealth and the intergenerational transfer of benefits. Using the case-study of the Australian SWF known as the Future Fund, we argue that SWFs can be used as legal instruments to promote the interests of future generations. In this way, it puts into action the principle of intergenerational equity which has been hereto notoriously difficult to substantively apply in international law. By invoking the intergenerational principle, we argue that the Australian government not only responded to the legal challenges of implementing intergenerational equity but also contributed to its currency as a customary norm.