bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Updated Outcomes of Prophylactic Femoral Fixation
Authors: Kreul Sarah M. , Sorger Joel I. , Rajamanickam Victoria P. , Heiner John P.
Published: February 2016

Despite an increasing number of patients with metastatic bone disease (MBD), minimal data exist regarding outcomes of patients undergoing prophylactic femoral fixation for MBD when compared with other frequently performed orthopedic operations, such as hemiarthroplasty of the femur. The authors performed a retrospective database review evaluating these procedures due to similar operative times and patient populations and also reviewed common comorbidities such as body mass index (BMI). The goal was to provide updated results of prophylactic femoral fixation and evaluate whether certain patient risk factors (eg, BMI) altered 30-day survival for patients with MBD. The authors reviewed 1849 patients with and without MBD treated by prophylactic fixation and hemiarthroplasty from 2006 to 2011 identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. There were no significant differences in complications between patients undergoing surgical treatment for impending or actual femoral fracture. In addition, there were no differences between the 217 patients with MBD in either the hemiarthroplasty or prophylactic fixation groups because the rate of death within 30 days postoperatively was 5.56% and 3.30%, respectively (
P
=.526). When comparing BMI, obese patients had higher rates of wound infection, and underweight patients were more likely to develop pneumonia or die within 30 days postoperatively. Patients with impending femur fractures benefit from prophylactic fixation and perform as well in the short term as patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty. Certain BMI categories (underweight or obese) contributed to poorer outcomes. These findings provide updated information for discussing risks and benefits with surgical candidates. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(2):e346–e352.]
L’essenza del coaching. [The essence of coaching].
Authors: Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Del Puente Giovanni
Published: February 2016

Both Alessandro Pannitti and Franco Rossi have a solid and reputed experience of several years in the field of Coaching, and in this book they have provided the readers with their expert, authoritative overview on the different coaching techniques...
The High impact leader: Moments matter in accelerating authentic leadership development
Authors: De Klerk Jeremias J.
Published: February 2016

Book Review
Fraud: An SMME perspective
Authors: Viviers Suzette , Venter Danie
Published: February 2016

Given the important socio-economic role performed by Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) and the negative consequences of fraud on their businesses, the objective of this study was to investigate the perceptions and management of fraud by SMME owners/managers. Respondents were of the opinion that fraud is a serious and increasing problem in corporate South Africa and viewed ethics policy implementation and internal controls as important measures of fraud detection and prevention. Only 10 per cent of respondents, however, made provision in their budgets for combating fraud. It is recommended that SMME owners/managers gain more knowledge on inexpensive yet effective fraud detection and prevention measures.

Key words and phrases: Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), causes of fraud, fraud detection, fraud prevention, internal controls, ethics programmes.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance during Pregnancy: A Case Series
Authors: Tonoike Mie , Kishimoto Miyako , Yamamoto Mayumi , Yano Tetsu , Noda Mitsuhiko
Published: February 2016

Abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy is associated with perinatal complications. We used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in pregnant women with glucose intolerance to achieve better glycemic control and to evaluate the maternal glucose fluctuations. We also used CGM in women without glucose intolerance (the control cases). Furthermore, the standard deviation (SD) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) were calculated for each case. For the control cases, the glucose levels were tightly controlled within a very narrow range; however, the SD and MAGE values in pregnant women with glucose intolerance were relativity high, suggesting postprandial hyperglycemia. Our results demonstrate that pregnant women with glucose intolerance exhibited greater glucose fluctuations compared with the control cases. The use of CGM may help to improve our understanding of glycemic patterns and may have beneficial effects on perinatal glycemic control, such as the detection of postprandial hyperglycemia in pregnant women.
L’utilizzo della ricostruzione nella comunicazione del patrimonio archeologico. L’approccio, il metodo, le finalità e alcuni spunti di discussione.
Authors: Bacci Elena , Boni Simone , Canonici Tiziano , Da Pozzo Valentina , Rabatti Alessandro
Published: February 2016

This paper focuses on the graphic reconstruction process and on the emotional response that the reconstructions stimulate. The reconstruction process is a collaboration carried out by archaeologist and illustrator and shall be considered as an instrument for both the visual verification of the archaeological interpretation and the spread out of the archaeological data to different kinds of beneficiaries. This process is made possible by the continuous exchange of information (scientific data and reconstruction hypotheses) and the debate originating from this helps in setting methods and schedules of the reconstruction process. The method is based on the integration between 3D and traditional illustration and is aimed to the creation of reconstructions that will meet both the requirements of scientific reliability and aesthetic satisfaction.
Emergency management and homeland security: Exploring the relationship
Authors: Kahan, BA, BS, MSEE Jerome H.
Published: February 2016

In the years after the 9/11 tragedy, the United States continues to face risks from all forms of major disasters, from potentially dangerous terrorist attacks to catastrophic acts of nature. Professionals in the fields of emergency management and homeland security have responsibilities for ensuring that all levels of government, urban areas and communities, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and individual citizens are prepared to deal with such hazards though actions that reduce risks to lives and property. Regrettably, the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the nation's ability to deal with disasters is unnecessarily challenged by the absence of a common understanding on how these fields are related in the workforce and educational arenas. Complicating matters further is the fact that neither of these fields has developed agreed definitions. In many ways, homeland security and emergency management have come to represent two different worlds and cultures. These conditions can have a deleterious effect on preparedness planning for public and private stakeholders across the nation when coordinated responses among federal, state, and local activities are essential for dealing with consequential hazards. This article demonstrates that the fields of emergency management and homeland security share many responsibilities but are not identical in scope or skills. It argues that emergency management should be considered a critical subset of the far broader and more strategic field of homeland security. From analytically based conclusions, it recommends five steps that be taken to bring these fields closer together to benefit more from their synergist relationship as well as from their individual contributions.
Framework for crisis preparedness planning: Four required areas for developing a learning process
Authors: Eriksson, PhD Kerstin
Published: February 2016

Objective: To outline a framework for preparedness planning at the organizational level.Design: The study is based on a content analysis of research literature as well as an analysis of interviews with six preparedness planners working in Swedish local authorities.Setting: The study setting included Swedish local authorities of different sizes.Subjects, participants: The participants are preparedness planners responsible for coordinating crisis management work in Swedish local authorities. The study includes preparedness planners with different backgrounds, education, experiences, and gender.Interventions: A presentation of 19 factors of preparedness planning identified in the literature and a discussion around how preparedness planners perceive those factors.Main outcome measure(s): The main outcome measures are knowledge about how both researcher and practitioner understand and argue around different factors of preparedness planning.Results: The result of this study is a framework for preparedness planning. As preparedness planning ought to be a learning process, the presented framework builds on four areas connected to learning: prerequisites for preparedness planning, who should be involved, what is to be learned, and how should the work be shaped.Conclusions: The analysis of factors identified in the literature and also in the interviews with preparedness planners illustrates that the four areas connected to learning are required for developing a preparedness planning process.
What influences the acceptance of emergency management decision-support software? A study of county emergency management officials
Authors: Jennings, PhD Eliot A. , Arlikatti, PhD Sudha
Published: February 2016

Objective: While the benefits of emergency management decision-support software (EMDSS) have been touted for helping reduce time in decision making, increasing interoperability, and real-time data management for effective disaster response, little is understood regarding the factors that influence the acceptance of these technologies by emergency management officials. This study aims to fill this gap and contribute to theory on user acceptance of EMDSS in the public sector and highlight practical constraints and solutions for emergency managers. Design: This research uses secondary data available from the 2006 survey of county emergency management agencies conducted by the National Center for the Study of Counties.Results: Having a lead county emergency management official with higher qualifications and an in-house geographic information system division, both have a positive influence on the acceptance of EMDSS by that agency.Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, the level of local collaborative planning efforts, the perceived level of threat, and number of disaster declarations for the county did not influence the use of these sophisticated EMDSS. To ensure use of such technology for effective emergency management, more funding to offer specialized training in the use of DSS is required in those agencies that do not have in-house GIS specialists.
Planning for partnerships: Maximizing surge capacity resources through service learning
Authors: Adams, PhD, RN, CCRN Lavonne M. , Reams, PhD, RN, CNE, LMT, FNP-C Paula K. , Canclini, MS, APHN-BC, FCN, CNE Sharon B.
Published: February 2016

Infectious disease outbreaks and natural or human-caused disasters can strain the community's surge capacity through sudden demand on healthcare activities. Collaborative partnerships between communities and schools of nursing have the potential to maximize resource availability to meet community needs following a disaster. This article explores how communities can work with schools of nursing to enhance surge capacity through systems thinking, integrated planning, and cooperative efforts.
Por que voltar a Kelsen, o jurista do século XX ?
Authors: Coelho Inocêncio M.
Published: February 2016

A teoria Pura do Direito, de Hans Kelsen, é uma teoria do direito positivo; é teoria geral do direito, não uma exposição ou interpretação de uma ordem jurídica particular. Da comparação de todos os fenômenos jurídicos ela busca descobrir a natureza do direito mesmo e determinar sua estrutura e suas formas típicas, independentemente do conteúdo variável que o direito apresenta nas diferentes épocas e nos distintos povos. Assim essa teoria obtém os princípios fundamentais com os quais podemos compreender qualquer ordem jurídica. Avessa a considerações de natureza ética, moral, política, econômica religiosa, etc., ela admite que qualquer conteúdo possa vir a ser direito, desde que uma norma jurídica válida faça desse conteúdo objeto de sua regulação.
On the vertical distribution of smoke in the Amazonian atmosphere during the dry season
Authors: Marenco Franco , Johnson Ben , Langridge Justin M. , Mulcahy Jane , Benedetti Angela , Remy Samuel , Jones Luke , Szpek Kate , Haywood Jim , Longo Karla , Artaxo Paulo
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Lidar observations of smoke aerosols have been analysed from six flights of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements BAe-146 research aircraft over Brazil during the biomass burning season (September 2012). A large aerosol optical depth (AOD) was observed, typically ranging 0.4–0.9, along with a typical aerosol extinction coefficient of 100–400 Mm−1. The data highlight the persistent and widespread nature of the Amazonian haze, which had a consistent vertical structure, observed over a large distance ( ∼ 2200 km) during a period of 14 days. Aerosols were found near the surface; but the larger aerosol load was typically found in elevated layers that extended from 1–1.5 to 4–6 km. The measurements have been compared to model predictions with the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) and the ECMWF-MACC model. The MetUM generally reproduced the vertical structure of the Amazonian haze observed with the lidar. The ECMWF-MACC model was also able to reproduce the general features of smoke plumes albeit with a small overestimation of the AOD. The models did not always capture localised features such as (i) smoke plumes originating from individual fires, and (ii) aerosols in the vicinity of clouds. In both these circumstances, peak extinction coefficients of the order of 1000–1500 Mm−1 and AODs as large as 1–1.8 were encountered, but these features were either underestimated or not captured in the model predictions. Smoke injection heights derived from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) for the region are compatible with the general height of the aerosol layers.
How can we understand the solar cycle signal on the Earth's surface?
Authors: Kodera Kunihiko , Thiéblemont Rémi , Yukimoto Seiji , Matthes Katja
Published: February 2016

Abstract. To understand solar cycle signals on the Earth's surface and identify the physical mechanisms responsible, surface temperature variations from observations as well as climate model data are analyzed to characterize their spatial structure. The solar signal in the annual mean surface temperature is characterized by (i) mid-latitude warming and (ii) no warming in the tropics. The mid-latitude warming during solar maxima in both hemispheres is associated with a downward penetration of zonal mean zonal wind anomalies from the upper stratosphere during late winter. During Northern Hemisphere winter this is manifested in a modulation of the polar-night jet whereas in the Southern Hemisphere the subtropical jet plays the major role. Warming signals are particularly apparent over the Eurasian continent and ocean frontal zones, including a previously reported lagged response over the North Atlantic. In the tropics, local warming occurs over the Indian and central Pacific oceans during high solar activity. However, this warming is counter balanced by cooling over the cold tongue sectors in the southeastern Pacific and the South Atlantic, and results in a very weak zonally averaged tropical mean signal. The cooling in the ocean basins is associated with stronger cross-equatorial winds resulting from a northward shift of the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation during solar maxima. To understand the complex processes involved in the solar signal transfer, results of an idealized middle atmosphere–ocean coupled model experiment on the impact of stratospheric zonal wind changes are compared with solar signals in observations. The model results suggest that both tropical and extra-tropical solar surface signals can result from circulation changes in the upper stratosphere through (i) a downward migration of wave–zonal mean flow interactions and (ii) changes in the stratospheric mean meridional circulation. These experiments support earlier evidence of an indirect solar influence from the stratosphere.
Multi-satellite sensor study on precipitation-induced emission pulses of NOx from soils in semi-arid ecosystems
Authors: Zörner J. , Penning de Vries M. J. M. , Beirle S. , Sihler H. , Veres P. R. , Williams J. , Wagner T.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present a top-down approach to infer and quantify rain-induced emission pulses of NOx (≡ NO + NO2), stemming from biotic emissions of NO from soils, globally with a spatial resolution of 0.25° from satellite-borne measurements of NO2. This is achieved by synchronizing time series at single grid pixels according to the first day of rain after a dry spell of prescribed duration. The full track of the temporal evolution several weeks before and after a rain pulse is retained with daily resolution. These are needed for a sophisticated background correction, which accounts for seasonal variations in the time series and allows for improved quantification of rain-induced soil emissions. We find strong peaks of enhanced NO2 Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) on the first day of rainfall after prolonged droughts in many semi-arid regions of the world, in particular in the Sahel. Detailed investigations show that the rain-induced NO2 pulse detected by the OMI, GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY satellite instruments could not be explained by other sources, such as biomass burning or lightning, or by retrieval artefacts (e.g. due to clouds). For the Sahel region, absolute enhancements of the NO2 VCDs on the first day of rain based on OMI measurements 2007–2010 are on average 4 × 1014 molec cm−2 and exceed 1 × 1015 molec cm−2 for individual grid cells. Assuming a NOx lifetime of 4 h, this corresponds to soil NOx emissions in the range of 6 ng N m−2 s−1 up to 65 ng N m−2 s−1, in good agreement with literature values. Apart from the clear first-day peak, NO2 VCDs show moderately enhanced NO2 VCDs of 2 × 1014 molec cm−2 compared to background over the following two weeks suggesting potential further emissions during that period of about 3.3 ng N m−2 s−1.
High spatial resolution imaging of methane and other trace gases with the airborne Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES)
Authors: Hulley G. C. , Duren R. M. , Hopkins F. M. , Hook S. J. , Vance N. , Guillevic P. , Johnson W. R. , Eng B. T. , Mihaly J. M. , Jovanovic V. M. , Chazanoff S. L. , Staniszewski Z. K. , Kuai Le , Worden John , Frankenberg Christian , Rivera G. , Aubrey A. D. , Miller C. E. , Malakar N. K. , Sánchez Tomás J. M. , Holmes K. T.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Currently large uncertainties exist associated with the attribution and quantification of fugitive emissions of criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases such as methane across large regions and key economic sectors. In this study, data from the airborne Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES) have been used to develop robust and reliable techniques for the detection and wide-area mapping of emission plumes of methane and other atmospheric trace gas species over challenging and diverse environmental conditions with high spatial resolution that permits direct attribution to sources. HyTES is a pushbroom imaging spectrometer with high spectral resolution (256 bands from 7.5–12 µm), wide swath (1–2 km), and high spatial resolution (~2 m at 1 km altitude) that incorporates new thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing technologies. In this study we introduce a hybrid Clutter Matched Filter (CMF) and plume dilation algorithm applied to HyTES observations to efficiently detect and characterize the spatial structures of individual plumes of CH4, H2S, NH3, NO2, and SO2 emitters. The sensitivity and field of regard of HyTES allows rapid and frequent airborne surveys of large areas including facilities not readily accessible from the surface. The HyTES CMF algorithm produces plume intensity images of methane and other gases from strong emission sources. The combination of high spatial resolution and multi-species imaging capability provides source attribution in complex environments. The CMF-based detection of strong emission sources over large areas is a fast and powerful tool needed to focus more computationally intensive retrieval algorithms to quantify emissions with error estimates, and is useful for expediting mitigation efforts and addressing critical science questions.
Differential resilience of ancient sister lakes Ohrid and Prespa to environmental disturbances during the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Jovanovska Elena , Cvetkoska Aleksandra , Hauffe Torsten , Levkov Zlatko , Wagner Bernd , Sulpizio Roberto , Francke Alexander , Albrecht Christian , Wilke Thomas
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Ancient lakes, such as lakes Ohrid and Prespa on the Balkan Peninsula, have become model systems for studying the link between geological and biotic evolution. Recently, the scientific deep-drilling project Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) was initiated to better understand the environmental, climatic, and limnological evolution of the lake. It revealed that Lake Ohrid experienced a number of environmental disturbances during its ca. 2.0 million year long history. These are comprised of disturbances that lasted over longer periods of time (“press events”) such as glacial–interglacial cycles and Heinrich events, as well as sudden and short disturbances (“pulse events”) like the deposition of landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic ash depositions. The latter includes one of the most severe volcanic episodes during the Late Pleistocene: the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite (known as Y-5 marine tephra layer) from the Campi Flegrei caldera, dated to 39.6 ± 0.1 thousand years ago. The event is recorded by the deposition of a ca. 15 cm thick tephra layer in sediment cores of lakes Ohrid (DEEP-5045-1) and Prespa (Co1204). Coincidently, this pulse event is superimposed by the Heinrich H4 event, 40.4–38.4 thousand years ago. In the current paper, diatoms were used as proxies to compare the responses of these lakes to the Y-5 (pulse) and the H4 (press) disturbances. Based on stratigraphically constrained incremental sum of squares cluster (CONISS) and unconstrained Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) analyses, we found little evidence that diatom community compositions in either lake responded to the H4 event. However, the Y-5 influx caused clear and rapid diatom community changes. After the initial response, community compositions in Lake Ohrid and, to a lesser extent, in Lake Prespa slowly returned to their quasi pre-disturbance state. Moreover, there is no evidence for disturbance-related extinction events. The combined evidence from these findings suggests that lakes Ohrid and Prespa likely did not experience regime shifts. It is therefore concluded that both lakes show resilience to environmental disturbance. However, it seems that Lake Ohrid is more resilient than Lake Prespa, as the recovery of diatom communities is more pronounced and its estimated recovery time is only ca. 1100 years vs. ca. 4000 years in Lake Prespa. The reasons for the differential responses remain largely unknown, but differences in geology, lake age, limnology, and intrinsic parameters of the diatom proxies may play an important role.
Evaluating the performance of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN on water and energy flux estimation with a single- and a multi- layer energy budget scheme
Authors: Chen Yiying , Ryder James , Bastrikov Vladislav , McGrath Matthew J. , Naudts Kim , Otto Juliane , Ottlé Catherine , Peylin Philippe , Polcher Jan , Valade Aude , Black Andrew , Elbers Jan A. , Moors Eddy , Foken Thomas , van Gorsel Eva , Haverd Vanessa , Heinesch Bernard , Tiedemann Frank , Knohl Alexander , Launiainen Samuli , Loustau Denis , Ogée Jérôme , Vesala Timo , Luyssaert Sebastiaan
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics for land-atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalar exchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this study we evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budget in the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can be coupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aim to provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range of forest types. Top-canopy and sub-canopy flux observations from eight sites were collected in order to conduct this evaluation. The sites crossed climate zones from temperate to boreal and the vegetation types included deciduous, evergreen broad leaved and evergreen needle leaved forest with a maximum LAI (all-sided) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The parametrization approach proposed in this study was based on three selected physical processes – namely the diffusion, advection and turbulent mixing within the canopy. Short-term sub-canopy observations and long-term surface fluxes were used to calibrate the parameters in the sub-canopy radiation, turbulence and resistances modules with an automatic tuning process. The multi-layer model was found to capture the dynamics of sub-canopy turbulence, temperature and energy fluxes. The performance of the new multi-layer model was further compared against the existing single-layer model. Although, the multi-layer model simulation results showed little or no improvements to both the nighttime energy balance and energy partitioning during winter compared with a single-layer model simulation, the increased model complexity does provide a more detailed description of the canopy micrometeorology of various forest types. The multi-layer model links to potential future environmental and ecological studies such as the assessment of in-canopy species vulnerability to climate change, the climate effects of disturbance intensities and frequencies, and the consequences of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem.
South Africa’s Economic and Fiscal Quagmire: A Political and Insurrectionary Dilemma as Rating Agencies Downgrade the South African Economy and Minister of Finance Fired by the President Without any Tangible Reasons
Authors: Karodia Anis Mahomed , Rehman Sayed , Soni Paresh
Published: February 2016

This narrative attempts to deal with the title of the paper in terms of the South Africa’s economic and fiscal quagmire and crisis. In no way is the paper all inclusive because, it cannot capture all of the subtle nuances that encompass this vexing issue, nearly two decades after the dawn and road to democracy, post 1994. The Finance Minister is in a no win situation and has to play the tune of his political masters. The Ministers mid-term review tabled to the nation in October, 2015 shows that he has to walk a very tight rope because of the current account, fiscal deficit and points to the reality that the business outlook is bleak.  The reality question is, is it economic power or political power? The downgrade risks that the country faces on the part of rating agencies makes Minister Nene’s Job even more trickier and therefore, faces a near impossible balancing act’ to appease rating agencies. Can the Minister keep the credit agency wolves from the Treasury door? South Africa is in an economic and fiscal turmoil as it dips into savings to pay its monthly bills and therefore, reserve funds are being diverted into bureaucrats’ salaries. It is not only the question of the prolonged economic meltdown, but in reality it has to do with the mismanagement of the economy by the ruling government. The very high levels of corruption, cronyism, a mismatch in policy imperatives, the failure to action holistically the National Development Plan (NDP) and, a number of variables that have placed South Africa in this extreme quagmire, exacerbated by increasing unemployment, depressing poverty levels and rising inequality. The only solution is to deal decisively with corruption and to generate rapid growth by means of policy certainty. Against this background the paper will attempt to discuss these and other scenarios that confront South Africa.
Factors that Affect Commercial Banks Customers Intention towards Electronic Payment Services in Jordan
Authors: AL-Majali Malek Mohammad , Bashabsheh Amin Ayed
Published: February 2016

This study aims to identify the factors influencing commercial banks customers intention toward electronic payment services in Jordan (AL-Karak) province. To achieve the aim of the study, a questionnaire has been developed to explore the effect of the independent variables (relative advantages, simplicity, security, consciousness and self efficacy) on the dependent variable (banks customers intention toward E-payment services). Six hundred questioners had distributed and 543 were returned to be valid for the final analysis with response rate of 90.5%. SPSS v 18 was used to test the reliability and composite reliability, normal distribution and correlation between the study variables. Also, Amos v 8 software has been used to examine the study hypotheses. Results of this study indicates an acceptance to four hypotheses related to influence of security, self efficacy, consciousness and simplicity continually. We reject one hypotheses related to relative advantages on banks customers toward E-payment services adoption. Finally, set of recommendations had been present throughout the study.
Recent Advances on Design and Synthesis of Chiral Imidazolium Ionic Liquids and their Applications in Green Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Saha Arijit , Payra Soumen , Banerjee Subhash
Published: February 2016

Over the past decade, catalysis by ionic liquids (ILs) has experienced a tremendous growth in the context of â€œGreen Chemistryâ€, and there are numerous examples of a variety of catalytic reactions that have been successfully carried out in such neoteric media.The great enthusiasm for catalysis in ILs is not only driven by the curiosity of chemists, but also due to the growing awareness of developing greener reactions or process media in catalytic science and greener catalytic technologies due their advantages of unique physical and chemical properties as compared to traditional volatile organic solvents.Recently, development of chiral ionic liquids and their applications in asymmetric synthesis have attracted much attention as these reactions have widespread applications in the synthesis of chiral drugs and pharmaceutical industries. Asymmetric induction is mainly achieved by the use of chiral substrates or reagents, chiral catalysts or enzymes. Owing to the vast number of structurally different room temperature ILS that have been synthesized, this review focuses on imidazolium ionic liquids that possess chirality either in the imidazolium moiety or in the anion moiety. The aim of this review is to highlight the recent breakthrough of Chiral ILs in chirality transfer or chiral recognition when used as solvent or co-solvent: the case of task specific ionic liquids is beyond the scope of this review. In the first part, the synthesis of of CILs has been presented and the second part of the review has been devoted on the applications of such CILs in green asymmetric synthesis as well as various pharmaceutical industries.
Experiments with a fast String: Searching Algorithm
Authors: Møller-Nielsen Peter , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

Consider the problem of finding the first occurrence of a particular pattern in a (long) string of characters. Boyer and Moore found a fast algorithm for doing this. Here we consider how this algorithm behaves when executed on a multiprocessor.

It is shown that a simple implementation performs very well. This claim is based on experiments performed on the Multi-Maren multiprocessor.
An Introduction to Event Structures
Authors: Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

Event structures are models of processes as events constrained by relations of consistency and enabling. These notes are intended to introduce the mathematical theory of event structures, show how they are related to Petri nets and Scott domains, and how they can be used to provide semantics to programming languages for parallel processes as well as languages with higher types.
A Human Activity Approach to User Interfaces
Authors: Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a framework for the design of user interfaces which starts out from the work situations where computer based artifacts are used: The framework deals with the role of the user interface in purposeful human work. Human activity theory is used in this analysis. The purpose of the paper is to make the reader curious and hopefully open his or her eyes to a somewhat different way of thinking about the user interface. The paper applies examples of real-life interfaces to support this process, but it is not the purpose of the paper to give a systematic presentation of empirical results. The paper focuses on the role of the computer application in use. Thus, it is necessary to deal not only with the relation between the human being and the computer, but also with other surounding conditions for work. Human experience and competence is dealt with as rooted in the practice of the group which conducts the specific work activity
 
Using Transformations in the Implementation of Higher-Order Functions
Authors: Nielson Hanne Riis , Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

Traditional functional languages do not have an explicit distinction between binding times. It arises implicitly, however, as typically one instantiates a higher-order function with the arguments that are known whereas the unknown arguments remain to be taken as parameters. The distinction between ''known'' and ''unknown'' is closely related to the distinction between binding times like ''compile-time'' and '' run-time''. This leads to using a combination of polymorphic type inference and  binding time analysis for obtaining the required information about which arguments are known.

 

Following the current trend in the implementation of functional languages we then transform the run-time level of the program ( not the compile-time level) into  categorial combinators. At this stage we have a natural distinction between two kinds of program transformations: partial evaluation which involves the compile-time level of our notation and  algebraic transformations (i.e. the application of algebraic laws) which involves the run-time level of our notation.

 

By reinterpreting the combinators in suitable ways we obtain specifications of abstract interpretations (or data flow analyses). In particular, the use of combinators makes it possible to use a general framework for specifying both  forward and  backward analyses. The results of these analyses will be used to enable program transformations that are not applicable under all circumstances.

 

Finally the combinators can also be reinterpreted to specify code generation for various (abstract) machines. To improve the efficiency of the code generated, one may apply abstract interpretations to collect extra information for guiding the code generation. Peephole optimizations may be used to improve the code at the lowest level.
A Scaled Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for Fast Supervised Learning
Authors: Møller Martin F.
Published: February 2016

A supervised learning algorithm (Scaled Conjugate Gradient, SCG) with superlinear convergence rate is introduced. The algorithm is based upon a class of optimization techniques well known in numerical analysis as the Conjugate Gradient Methods. SCG uses second order information from the neural network but requires only O(N) memory usage, where N is the number of weights in the network. The performance of SCG is benchmarked against the performance of the standard backpropagation algorithm (BP), the conjugate gradient backpropagation (CGB) and the one-step Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno memoryless quasi-Newton algorithm (BFGS). SCG yields a speed-up of at least an order of magnitude relative to BP. The speed-up depends on the convergence criterion, i.e., the bigger demand for reduction in error the bigger the speed-up. SCG is fully automated including no user dependent parameters and avoids a time consuming line-search, which CGB and BFGS use in each iteration in order to determine an appropriate step size.

 

Incorporating problem dependent structural information in the architecture of a neural network often lowers the overall complexity. The smaller the complexity of the neural network relative to the problem domain, the bigger the possibility that the weight space contains long ravines characterized by sharp curvature. While BP is inefficient on these ravine phenomena, it is shown that SCG handles them effectively.
On Action Algebras
Authors: Kozen Dexter
Published: February 2016

Action algebras have been proposed by Pratt as an alternative to Kleene algebras. Their chief advantage over Kleene algebras is that they form a finitely-based equational variety, so the essential properties of *(iteration) are captured purely equationally. However, unlike Kleene algebras, they are not closed under the formation of matrices, which renders them inapplicable in certain constructions in automata theory and the design and analysis of algorithms.

In this paper we consider a class of action algebras called action lattices. An action lattice is simply an action algebra that forms a lattice under its natural order. Action lattices combine the best features of Kleene algebras and action algebras: like action algebras, they form a finitely-based equational variety; like Kleene algebras, they are closed under the formation of matrices. Moreover, they form the largest subvariety of action algebras for which this is true. All common examples of Kleene algebras appearing in automata theory, logics of programs, relational algebra, and the design and analysis of algorithms are action lattices.
Coloured Petri Nets Extended with Channels for Synchronous Communication
Authors: Christensen Søren , Hansen Niels Damgaard
Published: February 2016

This paper shows how Coloured Petri Nets (CP-nets) can be extended to support synchronous communication. We introduce typed communication channels through which transitions are allowed to communicate. Small examples show how channel commnunication is convenient for creating compact and comprehensive models. The concepts introduced in this paper originate from the practical use of Petri nets for modelling, and they are formally defined in such a way that they preserve the basic properties of CP-nets. We show how a CP-net with channels can be transformed into a behaviourally equivalent CP-net. This allows us to deduce properties of CP-nets with channels from well-known properties of CP-nets.

As an example,we extend the concept of place invariants to cope with CP-nets with channels and show how place invariants can be found. This is done without transforming the CP-nets with channels into their equivalent CP-nets. CP-nets with channels can be used as a basis for new hierarchy constructs, and we outline an alternative to invocation transitions, based on CP-nets with channels. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the notion of CP-nets.
The Bit Probe Complexity Measure Revisited
Authors: Miltersen Peter Bro
Published: February 2016

The bit probe complexity of a static data structure problem within a given size bound was defined by Elias and Flower. It is the number of bits one needs to probe in the data structure for worst case data and query with an optimal encoding of the data within the space bound. We make some furtber investigations into the properties of the bit probe complexity measure. We determine the complexity of the full problem, which is the problem where every possible query is allowed, within an additive constant. We show a trade off-between structure size and the number of bit probes for all problems. We show that the complexity of almost every problem, even with small query sets, equals that of the full problem. We show how communication complexity can be used to give small, but occasionally tight lower bounds for natural functions. We define the class of access feasible static structure problems and conjecture that not every polynomial time computable problem is access feasible. We show a link to dynamic problems by showing that if polynomial time computable functions without feasible static structures exist, then there are problems in P which can not be reevaluated efficiently on-line.
Transition System Models for Concurrency
Authors: Mukund Madhavan
Published: February 2016

Labelled transition systems can be extended to faithfully model concurrency by permitting transitions between states to be labelled by a collection of actions, denoting a concurrent step, We can characterize a subclass of these step transition systems, called PN-transition systems, which describe the behaviour of Petri nets.

This correspondence is formally described in terms of a coreflection between a category of PN-transition systems and a category of Petri nets.

In this paper, we show that we can define subcategories of PN-transition systems whose objects are  safe PN-transition systems and elementary PN-transition systems such that there is a coreflection between these subcategories and subcategories of our category of Petri nets corresponding to safe nets and elementary net systems.

We also prove that our category of elementary PN-transition systems is equivalent to the category of (sequential)  elementary transition systems defined by Nielsen, Rozenberg and Thiagarajan, thereby establishing that the concurrent behaviour of an elementary net system can be completely recovered from a description of its sequential behaviour. Finally, we establish a coreflection between our category of safe PN-transition system and a subcategory of asynchronous transition systems which has been shown by Winskel and Nielsen to be closely linked to safe nets.
Proposal for a Nucleus I/O System
Authors: Rosin Robert F.
Published: February 2016

Since the typical so-called microprogrammed system provides only hardware oriented input-output facilities, it is highly desirable to supplement this with a nucleus of software supported I/O routines.

A proposal is set forth for such a nucleus system to be implemented at the lowest level of a multi-level computer system.

Although the proposal is of a general nature, specific reference is also made to the Rikke-1 hardware being developed in the Computer Science Department at Aarhus University.
EOL and ETOL Systems with Control Devices
Authors: Nielsen Mogens
Published: February 2016

The effects of 1) regular control, 2) appearance checking, and 3) minimal table interpretation on extended (partial table) OL systems with respect to the generative capacity are studied. It is proved that the effect of 3) is strictly stronger that the effects of 1) and 2), and equal to the effect of the combination of l) and 2). This implies among other things that appearance checking increases the generative capacity of the systems with regular control - the corresponding problem for ordinary grammars being still open. Finally, the notions of matrix and vector control are introduced and some results on the effects of these mechanisms are proved. These results turn out to be very much different from the corresponding well-known results for context free grammars-differences, of course, due to the different natures of CF-grammars and EOL-systems.
A Short Description of a Translator Writing System: (BOBS-System)
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Jensen Bent Bæk , Eriksen Søren Henrik
Published: February 2016

This paper is itself an abstract describing a translator-writing system called the BOBS-SYSTEM, which is an implementation of some of the ideas in the Ph.D. thesis of De Remer.

De Remer's thesis describes closely the parsing techniques for the hierachy of LR(K)- grammars. The main parts of the BOBS-SYSTEM are described without many details Appendix A is a short user manual for the system.
Århus-konferencen januar 1975: Arbejdsformer i systemudvikling afholdt 27. januar -- 1. februar 1975 på Datalogisk afdeling, Matematisk institut, Århus universitet, Bind 1 - baggrund, indhold, kommentarer, Bind 2 - grupperapporter
Authors: Nygaard Kristen
Published: February 2016

Proceedings from a conference held in January 1975 on systems development with emphasis on the role and involvement of the various groups of individuals who are affected by the installation of new systems. Participants in the conference were labour union representatives, people employed in industrial and administrative management at various levels, system developers, and students and researchers in computer science, economics and business administration.

2 volumes. 770 pp. Scandinavian languages
Nested Interpreters and System Structure
Authors: Manthey Michael J.
Published: February 2016

The paper treats the problem of nests of interpreters i.e. multiple levels of interpretation of programs. The goal of the paper is to expose a control structure which models the important characteristics of such nests. Using a comparison with the Burroughs B6700 philosophy, a more general system model is introduced. There are two major results - a new type of control structure, and the conclusion that generalized nests perforce require retained environments.
BETA Language Development: Survey Report, 1. November 1976
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Nygaard Kristen
Published: February 2016

The report describes ongoing work within the Joint Language Project (JLP). Research workers from Aarhus aned Aalborg Universities. Denmark and the Norwegian Computing Center, Oslo, Norway participate in the project. The aim of the JLP is to consider new tools in programming by the development of a systems programming language BETA and a high level programming language GAMMA, both related to the system description language DELTA.

The present state of the ideas for BETA is presented. This report is also referred to as DELTA Project Working Note No. 3.
Connection between Dijkstra's Predicate-Transformers and Denotational Continuation-Semantics
Authors: Jensen Kurt
Published: February 2016

It is important to define and relate different semantic methods. In particular it is interesting to compare semantics for program- verification with those aimed for program execution. In this paper the intuitive background for a number of different semantics is given. They are all reformulated to the notation of denotational semantics and compared. It is shown that Dijkstra's weakest predicate theory is satisfied by a denotational continuation-semantics. The present paper is an improved and shortened version of DAIMI PB-61.
Data Types as Functions
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

This paper introduces a new, simple definition of what a data type is. This definition gives one possible solution of the theoretical problems: when can an actual parameter of type T be substituted for a formal parameter of type T'? When can a type T' be implemented as another type T''? The preprint is an extended version of a paper presented at MFCS 78, Zakopane.
A Practical State Splitting Algorithm for Constructing LR-Parsers
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

A practical algorithm for constructing LR(k) parsers is given. The algorithm works by splitting those states in the LR(O)-machine that give rise to LALR(k)-conflicts. The algorithm takes a conflicting pair of items, say l,J in a state T, and performs a recursive backwards traversal of part of the predecessor tree of T. At each node pairs of items which contribute with lookahead to I and J in T are visited.

During the return from the recursion, states in the predecessor tree that give rise to LALR(k)-conflicts (between I and J in T) which are not LR(k)-conflicts, will be split. This splitting may involve unrolling of loops and separation of loops into several loops.