bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique Mutational Spectrum of the GJB2 Gene and Its Pathogenic Contribution to Deafness in Tuvinians (Southern Siberia, Russia): A High Prevalence of Rare Variant c.516G>C (p.Trp172Cys)
Authors: Posukh Olga L. , Zytsar Marina V. , Bady-Khoo Marita S. , Danilchenko Valeria Yu. , Maslova Ekaterina A. , Barashkov Nikolay A. , Bondar Alexander A. , Morozov Igor V. , Maximov Vladimir N. , Voevoda Michael I.
Published: June 2019

Mutations in the GJB2 gene are the main cause for nonsyndromic autosomal recessive deafness 1A (DFNB1A) in many populations. GJB2 mutational spectrum and pathogenic contribution are widely varying in different populations. Significant efforts have been made worldwide to define DFNB1A molecular epidemiology, but this issue still remains open for some populations. The main aim of study is to estimate the DFNB1A prevalence and GJB2 mutational spectrum in Tuvinians—an indigenous population of the Tyva Republic (Southern Siberia, Russia). Sanger sequencing was applied to analysis of coding (exon 2) and non-coding regions of GJB2 in a cohort of Tuvinian patients with hearing impairments (n = 220) and ethnically matched controls (n = 157). Diagnosis of DFNB1A was established for 22.3% patients (28.8% of familial vs 18.6% of sporadic cases). Our results support that patients with monoallelic GJB2 mutations (8.2%) are coincidental carriers. Recessive mutations p.Trp172Cys, c.-23+1G>A, c.235delC, c.299_300delAT, p.Val37Ile and several benign variants were found in examined patients. A striking finding was a high prevalence of rare variant p.Trp172Cys (c.516G>C) in Tuvinians accounting for 62.9% of all mutant GJB2 alleles and a carrier frequency of 3.8% in controls. All obtained data provide important targeted information for genetic counseling of affected Tuvinian families and enrich current information on variability of GJB2 worldwide.
Active Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Utero and Concentrations of Hepcidin and Selected Iron Parameters in Newborns
Authors: Chełchowska Magdalena , Maciejewski Tomasz M. , Mazur Joanna , Gajewska Joanna , Zasimovich Anastasiya , Ołtarzewski Mariusz , Ambroszkiewicz Jadwiga
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of active tobacco smoke exposure in utero on the concentration of hepcidin and selected iron markers in umbilical cord blood and to evaluate the relationships between these parameters. Newborns of smoking mothers had significantly lower concentrations of serum hepcidin (p < 0.001), iron, and ferritin (p = 0.043; p = 0.042, respectively), but higher levels of erythropoietin (EPO, p < 0.001) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR, p = 0.011) compared with newborns of non-smoking women. Negative correlations between cotinine and the number of cigarettes smoked per day with hepcidin serum level (r = −0.33, p = 0.033, r = −0.32, p = 0.041, respectively) and EPO (r = 0.47, p = 0.002; r = 0.46, p = 0.003, respectively) were found. Univariate analysis defined for the whole group of children revealed significant associations between the concentration of hepcidin and other iron status parameters. In the models estimated separately for smokers and non-smokers, we found relations between the level of hepcidin and erythropoietin (B = −0.23, p = 0.004; B = −0.46, p = 0.01, respectively). In the multivariate regression model, a negative association between hepcidin and EPO concentrations in the whole group of newborns (β = −0.53; p = 0.001) and in the group of smokers (β = −0.57; p = 0.011) was confirmed. The present study shows significant relations between smoking during pregnancy and hepcidin levels in children born at term. Decreased cord serum concentrations of hepcidin associated with high erythropoietin levels suggest induced fetal erythropoiesis, probably due to the hypoxic effects imposed by maternal smoking.
Effects of Regular Aerobic Exercise and Resistance Training on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Taiwanese Adults
Authors: Hsu Chun-Sheng , Chang Shin-Tsu , Nfor Oswald Ndi , Lee Kuan-Jung , Lee Shiuan-Shinn , Liaw Yung-Po
Published: June 2019

Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) can improve endothelial function. This may help reduce cardiovascular risks and mortality. Evidence has been provided on the association between cardiometabolic traits, such as HDL-C and exercise modalities. However, there is the absence of studies investigating this association in Taiwan. We assessed the relationship between exercise type and HDL-C among Taiwanese adults. Data were collected from Taiwan Biobank (TWB), a national biomedical research database that contains the genetic information of ethnic Taiwanese residents gathered from 2008 to 2016. We enrolled 24,856 participants aged 30 to 70 years who completed a questionnaire about their recent health behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise. Regular exercise was categorized as non-aerobic exercise (separated as weight training, ball game, and mixed exercise) and strict aerobic exercise. Linear regression models were used to assess the effects of exercise in a questionnaire-based manner. After multivariate adjustments, HDL-C was positively associated with aerobic (β = 1.33748, p < 0.0001) and non-aerobic (β = 2.56210; p < 0.0001) exercise. Positive associations were also found for resistance training (β = 4.01828, p = 0.0020), ballgame (β = 2.43815, p = 0.0001), and mixed exercise (β = 2.47021, p < 0.0001). This study demonstrated that both aerobic and non-aerobic exercise have positive effects on HDL-C among Taiwanese adults. Among the non-aerobic exercise groups, resistance training had the greatest effect.
Impact of Coal-fired Power Plant Emissions on Children’s Health: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Literature
Authors: Amster Eric , Lew Levy Clara
Published: June 2019

Coal-based energy production is the most utilized method of electricity production worldwide and releases the highest concentration of gaseous, particulate, and metallic pollutants. This article aims to systematically review the public health impact of coal-fired power plant emissions on children’s health. PubMed, Web of Science, and Toxline databases were queried for the past 20 years. Inclusion criteria included original scientific articles with (a) coal-fired power plant exposure assessment, (b) at least one primary pediatric health outcome, and (c) assessment of potential sources of confounding and bias. Only morbidity and mortality studies were included; economic analysis and risk assessment studies without a primary health outcome were not included. Of 513 articles initially retrieved, 17 epidemiological articles were included in the final systematic review after screening and eligibility. The articles reviewed showed a statistically significant adverse effect on pediatric neurodevelopment; birth weight and pediatric respiratory morbidity was associated with exposure to coal-fired power plant emissions, primarily particulate matter and polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure. There is a lack of consistency of exposure assessment and inadequate control of significant potential confounders such as social economic status. Future research should focus on improving exposure assessment models with an emphasis on source-apportionment and geographic information system methods to model power plant-specific emissions.
Motivational Climate and Physical Activity: A Multigroup Analysis in Romanian and Spanish University Students
Authors: Zurita-Ortega Félix , Badicu Georgian , Chacón-Cuberos Ramón , Castro-Sánchez Manuel
Published: June 2019

Background: Motivational climate in sport is a psychosocial construct which is related with several factors, such as healthy habits and well-being, and is influenced by teachers, trainers, and parents. The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between motivational climate, family functionality, and physical activity within a population of students from Spain and Romania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of university students specialization: physical education (n = 605; 20.71 ± 2.42 years old), using the perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2), the physical activity questionnaire for adolescents (PAQ-A), and the family functionality scale (APGAR) as the main instruments. IBM SPSS Amos was used for data analysis in the structural equation model that was developed. Results: We observed positive relationships between task-oriented climate, family functionality, and the level of physical activity, showing higher regression weights for Spanish university students. Ego-oriented climate was negatively related to family functionality in Spanish university students, while this association was positive in Romanian students. Moreover, the relationship between physical activity and functional family was stronger in respondents from Spain. Conclusions: It can be pointed out that a better family functionality can promote higher levels of physical activity and self-determined motivations in sports shown by task-oriented motivational climates. Thus, it is essential to take into account the influence of family in the promotion of healthy lifestyles.
Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. Infection in Cattle from Central and Northern Madagascar
Authors: Schafbauer Theresa , Dreyfus Anou , Hogan Benedikt , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphael , Poppert Sven , Straubinger Reinhard K.
Published: June 2019

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance, especially in tropical countries. The current Leptospira spp. seroprevalence in cattle from central and northern Madagascar is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence resulting from infections with pathogenic Leptospira spp. in zebu cattle from these areas. Serum samples from 194 animals were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 12 serovars as antigens. Samples with a titer of ≥1:100 were considered positive. The overall seroprevalence was 59.3% (95% CI; 52.0–66.2%) with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:1600. Among the seropositive animals, the most frequent antibody reactions were against serovar L. Tarassovi (serogroup L. Tarassovi) with 40.2% (33.3–47.5%), followed by L. Hardjo (L. Sejroe) with 13.9% (9.5–19.8%), L. Grippotyphosa (L. Grippotyphosa) with 9.8% (6.2–15.1%), L. Pomona (L. Pomona) with 7.7% (4.5–12.7%) and L. Autumnalis (L. Autumnalis) with 5.2% (2.6–9.5%). Less than 5% of the samples reacted positively against the remaining serovars. These results indicate a very high exposure of Malagasy cattle to Leptospira spp. which, consequently, poses a definite risk for people working with cattle acquiring this zoonotic infection.
Influence of Body Mass Index on Gestation and Delivery in Nulliparous Women: A Cohort Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Mesa Noemí , Robles-Benayas Paula , Rodríguez-López Yolanda , Pérez-Fernández Eva María , Cobo-Cuenca Ana Isabel
Published: June 2019

Aims: To assess the influence of obesity on pregnancy and delivery in pregnant nulliparous women. Methods: A cohort, longitudinal, retrospective study was conducted in Spain with 710 women, of which 109 were obese (BMI > 30) and 601 were normoweight (BMI < 25). Consecutive nonrandom sampling. Variables: maternal age, BMI, gestational age, fetal position, start of labor, dilation and expulsion times, type of delivery and newborn weight and height. Results: The dilation time in obese women (309.81 ± 150.42 min) was longer than that in normoweight women (281.18 ± 136.90 min) (p = 0.05, Student’s t-test). A higher fetal weight was more likely to lead to longer dilation time (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.010–0.075, p < 0.001) and expulsion time (OR = 0.027, 95% CI 0.015–0.039, p < 0.001). A higher maternal age was more likely to lead to a longer expulsion time (OR = 2.054, 95% CI 1.17–2.99, p < 0.001). Obese women were more likely to have gestational diabetes [relative risk (RR) = 3.612, 95% CI 2.102–6.207, p < 0.001], preeclampsia (RR = 5.514, 95% CI 1.128–26.96, p = 0.05), induced birth (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.50, p = 0.017) and cesarean section (RR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.11–4.20, p = 0.022) than normoweight women. Conclusion: Obesity is associated with increased complications during pregnancy, an increased incidence of a cesarean section and induced birth but it has no significant effect on the delivery time.
E-cadherin Beyond Structure: A Signaling Hub in Colon Homeostasis and Disease
Authors: Daulagala Amanda C. , Bridges Mary Catherine , Kourtidis Antonis
Published: June 2019

E-cadherin is the core component of epithelial adherens junctions, essential for tissue development, differentiation, and maintenance. It is also fundamental for tissue barrier formation, a critical function of epithelial tissues. The colon or large intestine is lined by an epithelial monolayer that encompasses an E-cadherin-dependent barrier, critical for the homeostasis of the organ. Compromised barriers of the colonic epithelium lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and are commonly observed in colorectal cancer. In addition to its architectural role, E-cadherin is also considered a tumor suppressor in the colon, primarily a result of its opposing function to Wnt signaling, the predominant driver of colon tumorigenesis. Beyond these well-established traditional roles, several studies have portrayed an evolving role of E-cadherin as a signaling epicenter that regulates cell behavior in response to intra- and extra-cellular cues. Intriguingly, these recent findings also reveal tumor-promoting functions of E-cadherin in colon tumorigenesis and new interacting partners, opening future avenues of investigation. In this Review, we focus on these emerging aspects of E-cadherin signaling, and we discuss their implications in colon biology and disease.
Genome-Wide Analysis of TCP Family Genes in Zea mays L. Identified a Role for ZmTCP42 in Drought Tolerance
Authors: Ding Shuangcheng , Cai Zhenzhen , Du Hewei , Wang Hongwei
Published: June 2019

The Teosinte-branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating (TCP) plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) have been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in plant development and organ patterning. However, it remains unknown whether or not the TCP gene family plays a role in conferring a tolerance to drought stress in maize, which is a major constraint to maize production. In this study, we identified 46 ZmTCP genes in the maize genome and systematically analyzed their phylogenetic relationships and synteny with rice, sorghum, and Arabidopsis TCP genes. Expression analysis of the 46 ZmTCP genes in different tissues and under drought conditions, suggests their involvement in maize response to drought stress. Importantly, genetic variations in ZmTCP32 and ZmTCP42 are significantly associated with drought tolerance at the seedling stage. RT-qPCR results suggest that ZmTCP32 and ZmTCP42 RNA levels are both induced by ABA, drought, and polyethylene glycol treatments. Based on the significant association between the genetic variation of ZmTCP42 and drought tolerance, and the inducible expression of ZmTCP42 by drought stress, we selected ZmTCP42, to investigate its function in drought response. We found that overexpression of ZmTCP42 in Arabidopsis led to a hypersensitivity to ABA in seed germination and enhanced drought tolerance, validating its function in drought tolerance. These results suggested that ZmTCP42 functions as an important TCP TF in maize, which plays a positive role in drought tolerance.
The Kidney Clock Contributes to Timekeeping by the Master Circadian Clock
Authors: Myung Jihwan , Wu Mei-Yi , Lee Chun-Ya , Rahim Amalia Ridla , Truong Vuong Hung , Wu Dean , Piggins Hugh David , Wu Mai-Szu
Published: June 2019

The kidney harbors one of the strongest circadian clocks in the body. Kidney failure has long been known to cause circadian sleep disturbances. Using an adenine-induced model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in mice, we probe the possibility that such sleep disturbances originate from aberrant circadian rhythms in kidney. Under the CKD condition, mice developed unstable behavioral circadian rhythms. When observed in isolation in vitro, the pacing of the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), remained uncompromised, while the kidney clock became a less robust circadian oscillator with a longer period. We find this analogous to the silencing of a strong slave clock in the brain, the choroid plexus, which alters the pacing of the SCN. We propose that the kidney also contributes to overall circadian timekeeping at the whole-body level, through bottom-up feedback in the hierarchical structure of the mammalian circadian clocks.
Preclinical Modelling of PDA: Is Organoid the New Black?
Authors: D’Agosto Sabrina , Andreani Silvia , Scarpa Aldo , Corbo Vincenzo
Published: June 2019

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a malignancy of the exocrine pancreas with the worst prognosis among all solid tumours, and soon to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease is crucial to the development of diagnostic tools as well as to the identification of more effective therapies. High-frequency mutations in PDA occur in “undruggable” genes, and molecular subtyping based on bulk transcriptome analysis does not yet nominate valid therapeutic intervention strategies. Genome-wide sequencing studies have also demonstrated a considerable intra- and inter-patient’s genetic heterogeneity, which further complicate this dire scenario. More than in other malignancies, functionalization of the PDA genome and preclinical modelling at the individual patient level appear necessary to substantially improve survival rates for pancreatic cancer patients. Traditional human PDA models, including monolayer cell cultures and patient-derived xenografts, have certainly led to valuable biological insights in the past years. However, those model systems suffer from several limitations that have contributed to the lack of concordance between preclinical and clinical studies for PDA. Pancreatic ductal organoids have recently emerged as a reliable culture system to establish models from both normal and neoplastic pancreatic tissues. Pancreatic organoid cultures can be efficiently generated from small tissue biopsies, which opens up the possibility of longitudinal studies in individual patients. A proof-of-concept study has demonstrated that patient-derived PDA organoids are able to predict responses to conventional chemotherapy. The use of this three-dimensional culture system has already improved our understanding of PDA biology and promises to implement precision oncology by enabling the alignment of preclinical and clinical platforms to guide therapeutic intervention in PDA.
Progress in Mycotoxins Affecting Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function
Authors: Ren Zhihua , Guo Chaoyue , Yu Shumin , Zhu Ling , Wang Ya , Hu Hui , Deng Junliang
Published: June 2019

Mycotoxins, which are widely found in feed ingredients and human food, can exert harmful effects on animals and pose a serious threat to human health. As the first barrier against external pollutants, the intestinal mucosa is protected by a mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and biological barrier. Firstly, mycotoxins can disrupt the mechanical barrier function of the intestinal mucosa, by destroying the morphology and tissue integrity of the intestinal epithelium. Secondly, mycotoxins can cause changes in the composition of mucin monosaccharides and the expression of intestinal mucin, which in turn affects mucin function. Thirdly, mycotoxins can cause damage to the intestinal mucosal immune barrier function. Finally, the microbiotas of animals closely interact with ingested mycotoxins. Based on existing research, this article reviews the effects of mycotoxins on the intestinal mucosal barrier and its mechanisms.
A Robust Automatic Ultrasound Spectral Envelope Estimation
Authors: Li Jinkai , Zhang Yi , Liu Xin , Liu Paul , Yin Hao , Liu Dong C.
Published: June 2019

Accurate estimation of ultrasound Doppler spectrogram envelope is essential for clinical pathological diagnosis of various cardiovascular diseases. However, due to intrinsic spectral broadening in the power spectrum and speckle noise existing in ultrasound images, it is difficult to obtain the accurate maximum velocity. Each of the standard existing methods has their own limitations and does not work well in complicated recordings. This paper proposes a robust automatic spectral envelope estimation method that is more accurate in phantom recordings and various in-vivo recordings than the currently used methods. Comparisons were performed on phantom recordings of the carotid artery with varying noise and additional in-vivo recordings. The accuracy of the proposed method was on average 8% greater than the existing methods. The experimental results demonstrate the wide applicability under different blood conditions and the robustness of the proposed algorithm.
Long-Term Impact of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Differentiation and Cytokine Secretion of Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells
Authors: Radeloff Katrin , Radeloff Andreas , Tirado Mario Ramos , Scherzad Agmal , Hagen Rudolf , Kleinsasser Norbert H. , Hackenberg Stephan
Published: June 2019

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are widely utilized, for example in manufacturing paints and in the cosmetic industry. In addition, there is raising interest in the application of NPs in stem cell research. However, cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects were shown for NPs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of ZnO-NPs on cytokine secretion and differentiation properties of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Human ASCs were exposed to the subtoxic concentration of 0.2 µg/mL ZnO-NPs for 24 h. After four weeks of cultivation, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation procedures were performed. The multi-differentiation potential was confirmed histologically and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase 3 was analyzed. Over the course of four weeks after ZnO-NPs exposure, no significant differences were detected in the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and caspase 3 compared to non-exposed cells. The differentiation was also not affected by the ZnO-NPs. These findings underline the fact, that functionality of ASCs is likely to be unaffected by ZnO-NPs, despite a long-term disposition of NPs in the cells, supposing that the starting concentration was safely in the non-toxic range. This might provide important information for single-use nanomedical applications of ZnO-NPs.
Scaffolding Strategies for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications
Authors: Pina Sandra , Ribeiro Viviana P. , Marques Catarina F. , Maia F. Raquel , Silva Tiago H. , Reis Rui L. , Oliveira J. Miguel
Published: June 2019

During the past two decades, tissue engineering and the regenerative medicine field have invested in the regeneration and reconstruction of pathologically altered tissues, such as cartilage, bone, skin, heart valves, nerves and tendons, and many others. The 3D structured scaffolds and hydrogels alone or combined with bioactive molecules or genes and cells are able to guide the development of functional engineered tissues, and provide mechanical support during in vivo implantation. Naturally derived and synthetic polymers, bioresorbable inorganic materials, and respective hybrids, and decellularized tissue have been considered as scaffolding biomaterials, owing to their boosted structural, mechanical, and biological properties. A diversity of biomaterials, current treatment strategies, and emergent technologies used for 3D scaffolds and hydrogel processing, and the tissue-specific considerations for scaffolding for Tissue engineering (TE) purposes are herein highlighted and discussed in depth. The newest procedures focusing on the 3D behavior and multi-cellular interactions of native tissues for further use for in vitro model processing are also outlined. Completed and ongoing preclinical research trials for TE applications using scaffolds and hydrogels, challenges, and future prospects of research in the regenerative medicine field are also presented.
Evaluating the Effects of KCl on Thermal Behavior and Reaction Kinetics of Medium Density Fiberboard Pyrolysis
Authors: Pan Longwei , Jiang Yong
Published: June 2019

The effects of potassium chloride (KCl) on the pyrolysis of medium density fiberboard (MDF) were investigated by using thermogravimetry/Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). Five MDF samples treated with different KCl concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%) were heated with a heating rate of 20 °C/min. The thermogravimetry (TG) results showed that KCl caused the primary pyrolysis stage towards lower temperatures. The FTIR results indicated that with the concentrations of KCl, the formation of CH4 and C=O functional groups decreased while the formation of CO2 and CO increased. To figure out the reason for the observed phenomena, the kinetic parameters in primary pyrolysis and the secondary charring reaction were estimated by a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The prediction indicated that KCl shifted the initial degradation temperature of each component of MDF towards a lower temperature. Char and gas yields increased with the concentration of KCl, whereas the tar yield reduced. The changes in activation energies revealed that KCl played a catalyst role in the reaction of resin, hemicellulose and cellulose in primary pyrolysis. For lignin, KCl had little effect. In the secondary charring reaction, KCl apparently promoted the reaction of tar. The catalytic effect of KCl on MDF pyrolysis was the combination of primary pyrolysis and the secondary charring reaction. Finally, the optimal catalytic concentration for KCl on MDF pyrolysis was analyzed.
Impact of Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Wood Waste–Gypsum Composites
Authors: Pedreño-Rojas Manuel Alejandro , Morales-Conde María Jesús , Rubio-de-Hita Paloma , Pérez-Gálvez Filomena
Published: June 2019

Large amounts of wood waste are generated each year in the world. In an attempt to identify a good recovery option for those residues, wood waste from construction and demolition works were used as raw materials in gypsum plasters. However, wood is a biodegradable material which implies that the products or materials that contain it are susceptible to suffering an important deterioration, due to exposure in certain environments. For that reason, the aim of this work was to simulate the effects that, in the long term, the atmospheric exposure of wood waste–gypsum composites would have. To do that, the plasters were subjected to 5, 10, and 15 wetting–drying cycles in a climatic chamber. In this study, the density, flexural and compressive strength, and ultrasonic velocity of these composites were determined by the influence of the aging process on their mechanical properties. Furthermore, in order to detect changes on their internal structure, scanning electron microscopy tests (SEM) were used. The results showed that they were suitable to be used as indoor coverings of buildings. However, a treatment to reduce the moisture absorption of the wood waste must be studied if mixtures with high percentages of wood shavings (WS20) are used in wet rooms.
Alendronate Release from UHMWPE-Based Biomaterials in Relation to Particle Size of the GUR Powder for Manufacturing
Authors: Seidenstuecker Michael , Weber Julia , Latorre Sergio H. , Straub Brigitte , Matthes Ulrich , Friedrich Christian , Mayr Hermann O. , Bernstein Anke
Published: June 2019

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely used in endoprosthetics and has been the subject of countless studies. This project investigates the dependence of alendronate (AL) release on the molecular weight of the UHMWPE used (GUR1020 and GUR1050). A 0.5 wt% AL was added to the UHMWPE during the production of the moldings. In addition to the 14-day release tests, biocompatibility tests such as live dead assay, cell proliferation assay (WST) and Lactate dehydrogenase test (LDH) with MG-63 cells as well as a tensile test according to DIN EN ISO 527 were carried out. The released AL concentration was determined by HPLC. A continuous release of the AL was observed over the entire period of 2 weeks. In addition, a correlation between molar mass and AL release was demonstrated. The GUR1020 showed a release four times higher than the GUR1050. Both materials have no negative influence on the proliferation of MG-63 cells. This was also confirmed in the live/dead assay by the increase in cell count. No cytotoxicity was detected in the LDH test. The addition of 0.5 wt% AL increased the elongation at break for GUR1020 by 23% and for GUR1050 by 49%. It was demonstrated that the choice of UHMWPE has an influence on the release of AL. The particle size in particular has a strong influence on the release behavior.
Quality Index Charts of Al-Si-Mg Semi Solid Alloys Subjected to Multiple Temperatures Aging Treatments and Different Quenching Media
Authors: Ragab Khaled Ahmed , Bouazara Mohamed , Chen X.-Grant
Published: June 2019

The use of quality index charts is considered as an effective mean for evaluating the mechanical performance of Aluminum alloys for industrial engineering applications. The current study was carried out to investigate the influences of multiple-interrupted temperatures aging and quenching media (water versus air) on the quality index performance and precipitations evolution of A357 Aluminum semi solid alloys. Regarding the lack of similar investigations applied on such alloys, the quality index charts were generated for Al-Si-Mg semi solid castings based on its tensile properties. These charts are used to determine the quality index, in MPa, as a simple mean for compromising the strength and ductility together in one value using the Drouzy model. The multiple temperatures aging cycles were applied to improve the quality index values of Al-Si-Mg semi solid alloys for enhancing its characteristic and performance to resist the mechanical failures relating to automotive dynamic parts. The evolution of Mg2Si hardening precipitates, formed for specific thermal aging cycles, was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results obtained in this work revealed that the optimum quality index values were obtained by the application of T6-thermal under-aging treatment cycles. The regression models, using a statistical design of experiments, indicated that the optimum strength and high-quality index values were obtained by the application of interrupted thermal aging cycles, mainly C2,3-T6/T4/T7 conditions.
Synthesis of Calcium Aluminates from Non-Saline Aluminum Dross
Authors: López Félix Antonio , Martín María Isabel , Alguacil Francisco José , Sergio Ramírez Mario , González José Ramón
Published: June 2019

The present work examines the synthesis of tricalcium aluminate (for use as a synthetic slag) from the non-saline dross produced in the manufacture of metallic aluminum in holding furnaces. Three types of input drosses were used with Al2O3 contents ranging from 58 to 82 wt %. Calcium aluminates were formed via the mechanical activation (reactive milling) of different mixtures of dross and calcium carbonate, sintering at 1300 °C. The variables affecting the process, especially the milling time and the Al2O3/CaO molar ratio, were studied. The final products were examined via X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The reactive milling time used was 5 h in a ball mill, for a ball/dross mass ratio of 6.5. For a molar relationship of 1:3 (Al2O3/CaO), sintered products with calcium aluminate contents of over 90% were obtained, in which tricalcium aluminate (C3A) was the majority compound (87%), followed by C12A7 (5%).
Reducing Effect of Farnesylquinone on Lipid Mass in C. elegans by Modulating Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Jia Xihua , Xu Manglin , Yang Aigang , Zhao Yan , Liu Dong , Huang Jian , Proksch Peter , Lin Wenhan
Published: June 2019

Bioassay-guided fractionation of marine-derived fungi revealed that the EtOAc fraction from the fermentation broth of a mutated fungal strain Streptomyces nitrosporeus YBH10-5 had lipid-lowering effects in HepG2 cells. Chromatographic separation of the EtOAc fraction resulted in the isolation of 11 PKS-based derivatives, including a structurally unique meroterpenoid namely nitrosporeunol H (1). The structure of compound 1 was determined by the analysis of spectroscopic data. Further bioassay resulted in farnesylquinone (2) and its analogues to exert in vivo fat-reducing effects in C. elegans worm model. The underlying mode of action of compound 2 in the context of live worms was investigated, uncovering that compound 2 enhanced the mitochondrial β-oxidation rate and changed the transcriptional level of energy metabolism genes. Additional experiments revealed that compound 2 exerted its effects in C. elegans partially through repressing FAT-5, an isoform of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) which catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, thereafter leading to the modification of the fatty acid profile. Thus, compound 2 was suggested to be a promising lead for further optimization to treat obesity.
Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Marine-Derived Microbes in China: 2009–2018
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Wu Wenhui , Liu Xueling , Zaleta-Pinet Diana A. , Clark Benjamin R.
Published: June 2019

This review outlines the research that was carried out regarding the isolation of bioactive compounds from marine-derived bacteria and fungi by China-based research groups from 2009–2018, with 897 publications being surveyed. Endophytic organisms featured heavily, with endophytes from mangroves, marine invertebrates, and marine algae making up more than 60% of the microbial strains investigated. There was also a strong focus on fungi as a source of active compounds, with 80% of publications focusing on this area. The rapid increase in the number of publications in the field is perhaps most notable, which have increased more than sevenfold over the past decade, and suggests that China-based researchers will play a major role in marine microbial natural products drug discovery in years to come.
Recent Progress in Microfluidic Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Jiang Lili , Li Shu , Zheng Junsong , Li Yan , Huang Hui
Published: June 2019

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical physical and chemical barrier that maintains brain homeostasis. Researchers in academia and industry are highly motivated to develop experimental models that can accurately mimic the physiological characteristics of the BBB. Microfluidic systems, which manipulate fluids at the micrometer scale, are ideal tools for simulating the BBB microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the progress in the design and evaluation of microfluidic in vitro BBB models, including advances in chip materials, porous membranes, the use of endothelial cells, the importance of shear stress, the detection specific markers to monitor tight junction formation and integrity, measurements of TEER and permeability. We also pointed out several shortcomings of the current microfluidic models. The purpose of this paper is to let the readers understand the characteristics of different types of model design, and select appropriate design parameters according to the research needs, so as to obtain the best experimental results. We believe that the microfluidics BBB models will play an important role in neuroscience and pharmaceutical research.
Multifunctional Detection Sensor and Sensitivity Improvement of a Double Solenoid Coil Sensor
Authors: Ma Laihao , Xu Zhiwei , Zhang Hongpeng , Qiao Weiliang , Chen Haiquan
Published: June 2019

A multifunction detection sensor for hydraulic oil contaminants based on a microfluidic chip is proposed, which consists of double solenoid coils and a straight microchannel. The inductance detection model of metal particles and capacitance detection model of nonmetal particles are constructed theoretically. In order to further improve detection sensitivity, experiments of effects of silicon steel sheets on the sensitivity of detection are carried out. Experimental results show that the silicon steel sheets can significantly improve the detection sensitivity of metal particles. The inductance amplitude and signal-to-noise (SNR) of iron particles ranging from 60–130 μm and copper particles ranging from 120–180 μm can be increased by at least 7.0–2.4 and 4.5–2.0 times, respectively. We demonstrate the successful detection of 30 μm iron particles and 90 μm copper particles using double solenoid coils with silicon steel sheets. In capacitance detection experiments, the silicon steel sheets can improve the sensitivity of capacitance detection, but the improvement effect is not obvious. We demonstrate the successful detection of 140 μm water droplets and 240 μm bubbles using double solenoid coils with and without silicon steel sheets. The capacitance amplitude and SNR of detecting water droplets ranging from 140–150 μm and bubbles ranging from 240–250 μm can be increased by 37.4–21.9% and 18.5–8.0% using double solenoid coils with silicon steel sheets, respectively.
The Use of Heavy Minerals in the Investigation of Barrier-Lagoon Coasts Development in Dapeng Peninsula, China
Authors: Feng Jing , Wang Wei
Published: June 2019

Typical barrier-lagoon systems are developed at Dongchong and Xichong on the southern coast of the Dapeng Peninsula of Guangdong, China. This paper studies the evolution of the barrier coasts of the peninsula, using the examples of the Dongchong and Xichong Bays. The Holocene stratigraphic records from borehole drilling on the coast of Dongchong and Xichong show that lagoon sediments are overlaid with beach deposits, indicating that the barriers migrated landward and climbed over the lagoon sediments when the shoreface retreated during the Holocene transgression, reaching the present positions after 7–8 ka BP. Heavy mineral analysis in this paper shows that: (1) the ancient beach sediments of the two bays have the same heavy mineral assemblages, which are different from those of modern beaches; (2) the present beaches of the two bays have different heavy mineral assemblages, even they are located less than 3000 m from each other on the same coast. This supports the hypothesis that the barriers originally came from the inner shelves during the Holocene transgression, but draws a new conclusion that the source of the beach sediments changed to inland rivers over the last thousand years because of a lack of sediment source from the sea floor.
In-Depth Characterization of Secondary Phases in Cu2ZnSnS4 Film and Its Application to Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Xianfeng , Wu Hongde , Fu Engang , Wang Yuehui
Published: June 2019

Secondary phases are common in Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films, which can be fatal to the performance of solar cell devices fabricated from this material. They are difficult to detect by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) because of the weak peak in spectra compared with the CZTS layer. Herein, it was found that in-depth elemental distribution by a secondary ion mass spectroscopy method illustrated uniform film composition in the bulk with slight fluctuation between different grains. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement was conducted after sputtering the layer with different depths. An Auger electron spectrum with Auger parameter were used to check the chemical states of elements and examine the distribution of secondary phases in the CZTS films. Secondary phases of CuS, ZnS and SnS were detected at the surface of the CZTS film within a 50-nm thickness while no secondary phases were discovered in the bulk. The solar cell fabricated with the as-grown CZTS films showed a conversion efficiency of 2.1% (Voc: 514.3 mV, Jsc: 10.4 mA/cm2, FF: 39.3%) with an area of 0.2 cm2 under a 100 mW/cm2 illumination. After a 50-nm sputtering on the CZTS film, the conversion efficiency of the solar cell was improved to 6.2% (Voc: 634.0 mV, Jsc: 17.3 mA/cm2, FF: 56.9%).
Correction: Hynes et al. “Reduced Educational Outcomes Persist into Adolescence Following Mild Iodine Deficiency in Utero, Despite Adequacy in Childhood: 15-Year Follow-Up of the Gestational Iodine Cohort Investigating Auditory Processing Speed and Working Memory” Nutrients 2017, 9 (12), 1354
Authors: Hynes Kristen L. , Otahal Petr , Burgess John R. , Oddy Wendy H. , Hay Ian
Published: June 2019

The authors wish to make a correction to the published version of their paper [...]
A Population Survey of Dietary Attitudes towards Gluten
Authors: Croall Iain D , Trott Nick , Rej Anupam , Aziz Imran , O’Brien David J , George Harvey A , Hossain Mohammed Y , Marks Lauren J S , Richardson Jessica I , Rigby Rebecca , Hadjivassiliou Marios , Hoggard Nigel , Sanders David S
Published: June 2019

It is unclear how the prevalence of people who believe the gluten-free diet (GFD) to be generally healthy (“Lifestylers”) is impacting the overall rates of self-reported gluten sensitivity (GS). We repeated a population survey from 2012 in order to examine how attitudes towards GS have changed over time. Our survey (N = 1004) was administered in Sheffield (UK) in 2015, replicating the 2012 experiment. The questionnaire included a food frequency survey and assessed self-reported GS as well as associated variables (prevalence, current diet, pre-existing conditions, etc.). The overall rates of key variables and chi-squared analysis in comparison to the previous survey were as follows: self-reported GS was 32.8% (previously 12.9%, p < 0.001), pre-existing coeliac disease (CD) was 1.2% (previously 0.8%, p = 0.370), following a GFD was 3.7% (previously 3.7%, p = 0.997). Self-reported GS was positively associated with some pre-existing conditions, including anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, headaches, and other food allergies/intolerances (including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); chi-squared analyses, all p < 0.001). Over a 3-year period, the fraction of people who self-reported GS increased by over 250%. Despite this, arguably more meaningful indications of underlying physiological GS remained comparable. This research suggests that the public perception of gluten is causing a marked increase in the number of people who erroneously believe they are sensitive to it.
Exploring the Views and Dietary Practices of Older People at Risk of Malnutrition and Their Carers: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Avgerinou Christina , Bhanu Cini , Walters Kate , Croker Helen , Liljas Ann , Rea Jennifer , Bauernfreund Yehudit , Kirby-Barr Maggie , Hopkins Jane , Appleton Amber , Kharicha Kalpa
Published: June 2019

Background: While malnutrition is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in older people, it is commonly under-recognised. We know little on the views of community-dwelling older people and their carers regarding the management of malnutrition. The aim of the study was: (a) to explore views and dietary practices of older people at risk of malnutrition and their carers; (b) to identify gaps in knowledge, barriers and facilitators to healthy eating in later life; (c) to explore potential interventions for malnutrition in primary care. Methods: A qualitative study was performed using semi-structured interviews with participants recruited from four general practices and a carers’ focus group in London. Community-dwelling people aged ≥75, identified as malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (n = 24), and informal carers of older people (n = 9) were interviewed. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Older people at risk of malnutrition rarely recognise appetite or weight loss as a problem. Commonly held perceptions include that being thin is healthy and ‘snacking’ is unhealthy. Changes in household composition, physical or mental health conditions and cognitive impairment can lead to inadequate food intake. Most carers demonstrate an awareness of malnutrition, but also a lack of knowledge of what constitutes a nutritious diet. Although older people rarely seek any help, most would value advice from their GP/practice nurse, a dietitian or another trained professional. Conclusion: Older people at risk of malnutrition and their carers lack knowledge on nutritional requirements in later life but are receptive to intervention. Training for health professionals in delivering tailored dietary advice should be considered.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Milk of Mothers Delivering Term versus Preterm Infants
Authors: Austin Sean , De Castro Carlos A. , Sprenger Norbert , Binia Aristea , Affolter Michael , Garcia-Rodenas Clara L. , Beauport Lydie , Tolsa Jean-François , Fumeaux Céline J. Fischer
Published: June 2019

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a major component of human milk, and play an important role in protecting the infant from infections. Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable, but have improved outcomes if fed with human milk. This study aimed to determine if the HMO composition of preterm milk differed from that of term milk at equivalent stage of lactation and equivalent postmenstrual age. In all, 22 HMOs were analyzed in 500 samples of milk from 25 mothers breastfeeding very preterm infants (< 32 weeks of gestational age, < 1500 g of birthweight) and 28 mothers breastfeeding term infants. The concentrations of most HMOs were comparable at equivalent postpartum age. However, HMOs containing α-1,2-linked fucose were reduced in concentration in preterm milk during the first month of lactation. The concentrations of a number of sialylated oligosaccharides were also different in preterm milk, in particular 3′-sialyllactose concentrations were elevated. At equivalent postmenstrual age, the concentrations of a number of HMOs were significantly different in preterm compared to term milk. The largest differences manifest around 40 weeks of postmenstrual age, when the milk of term infants contains the highest concentrations of HMOs. The observed differences warrant further investigation in view of their potential clinical impact.
Glycidyl Methacrylate-Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (GMA-ESBR)/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound
Authors: Mun Hyunsung , Hwang Kiwon , Yu Eunho , Kim Woong , Kim Wonho
Published: June 2019

In the tire industry, solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR), which can introduce a functional group with good reactivity to silica at chain ends, is used to increase rolling resistance performance by considering fuel economy. However, this is not environmentally friendly because SSBR uses an organic solvent for polymerization, and it is difficult to increase its molecular weight. Functionalized emulsion SBR (ESBR) can solve the problems of SSBR. The molecular weight of ESBR molecules can be easily increased in an eco-friendly solvent, i.e., water. A functionalized ESBR introduces a functional group with good reactivity to silica by introducing a third monomer during polymerization. In this field, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) has been reported to show the best properties as a third monomer. However, for GMA-ESBR, the viscosity is high and processability is disadvantageous. Therefore, we polymerized GMA-ESBR and manufactured silica compounds to clarify the causes of these problems. In addition, wet masterbatch (WMB) technology, which is a new compound manufacturing method, was applied to manufacture the silica compound, and the physical properties are compared with those of a dry masterbatch. The results clarified the problem of GMA-ESBR, which could be solved by using WMB technology.