bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Efficient Mechanism of Material Removal in Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Grinding from the Locus Perspective
Authors: Zhao Ming Li , Zhao Bo , Wang Yu Qing , Gao Guo Fu
Published: September 2009

Relative motion of single abrasive is analyzed for the different applied directions of longitudinal ultrasonic vibration, and its locus is simulated in the present paper. The research results show that the locus in two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration is only similar to that in y-direction, and both are close to sinusoid curves. The width of grooves scratched by abrasive grains y-direction (axial direction of grinding wheel) is two times of the vibration amplitude, and the material removal rate increases remarkably. In case of x-direction (tangential direction of grinding wheel) ultrasonic vibration, abrasive grains with periodic force impact material surface with high frequency vibration, which make material fracture removal easy. Therefore, the high efficiency essence of material removal in two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding is revealed in view of locus. In addition, according to the results of grinding experiments, under same conditions good surface quality can be obtained in two-dimensional ultrasonic grinding and material removal rate in common grinding is the lowest. Consequently it is further proved that the method of two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration grinding is an effective one for ceramic materials.
Simulation of Compacting Process for Semi-Fixed Abrasive Wheel
Authors: Lv Bing Hai , Yuan Ju Long , Wang Zhi Wei
Published: September 2009

To reach high surface integrity and processing efficiency, the semi-fixed abrasive wheel (SFAW) is developed. Compacting process plays key role in adjusting the structure and machining ability of SFAW. In this paper, the manufacturing of SFAW is introduced, and the effect of compacting patterns and process parameters on the structure of SFAW is discussed with experimental results and a developed model based on particle flow method. It is found that the lower compacting velocity result into longer time to achieve a certain compacting force. It needs greater compacting force to achieve a certain compacting density with higher compacting force loading rate. The higher friction factor and contact module of grits result into greater compacting force to achieve a certain compacting density.
Intrapersoonlike transformasie by pastors – die paradoks van emosionele verwonding as bron tot genesing
Authors: Nolte S. Philip , Dreyer Yolanda
Published: September 2009

Interpersonal transformation of pastors – the paradox of emotional trauma as source to healingThis article reflects upon the way in which the interplay between reason and emotion influences pastors’ lives and ministry. It studies the process of inner transformation as a meaningful way for pastors to become ‘healed healers’. Inner transformation is described in terms of Aristotle’s phronēsis and Paul Ricoeur’s movement from mimēsis1 to mimēsis3. The article agrues that ‘healing’ in no way purports that pastors are able to heal others in a literal sense, but merely that by being conscious of their own wounds, pastors can experience the paradox that their own wounds could become a source of healing. This approach to woundedness is interpreted from two distinct perspectives. Firstly, it is seen from the perspective of Jesus as the human face of God. Jesus’ emotional disposition towards the nobodies of his time is seen as paradigmatic for pastors’ relationships with others. Secondly, woundedness is seen within the context of the metaphor of the wounded healer as narrated in ancient Greek mythology, and used by Carl Jung in a psychiatric setting. It is not only pastors’ knowledge of the Bible, theological tradition and different pastoral and other therapeutic theories, models and methods that facilitates meaningful interaction between themselves and others. Central to pastors’ role as wounded healers is their conscious acknowledgement of their own humanity and therefore their own woundedness.
Thinking and talking about the past: Why remember?
Authors: Bluck Susan , Alea Nicole
Published: September 2009

Following functional theory, the focus of this paper is to examine individuals' reports of the functions that thinking and talking about the past serves in their daily lives. Younger and older men and women provided reports of the frequency with which they think and talk about their personal past to serve self‐continuity, social‐bonding and directing‐behaviour functions. Younger and older adults endorsed the same frequency of using the past to maintain social bonds. In keeping with the context of their developmental life phase, including the need to forge self‐concept clarity and their more open‐ended perspective of the future, younger adults reported more often using autobiographical memory to create self‐continuity and direct future plans. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The possible functions of involuntary autobiographical memories
Authors: Rasmussen Anne S. , Berntsen Dorthe
Published: September 2009

Involuntary autobiographical memories are memories of personal experiences that come to mind spontaneously—that is with no preceding attempt at retrieval. We propose that such memories form a basic mode of remembering that is as frequent, common and functional as voluntary remembering but presumably evolutionarily earlier than the latter. In contrast to voluntary recall, the activation of involuntary memories involves little executive control. It typically depends on a distinct feature‐overlap between the remembered and current situation, which favours the activation of specific episodic information. Involuntary remembering may serve the overarching function of providing a sense of continuity across time, thereby automatically updating our personal sense of existence. Furthermore, since involuntary memories yield fast access to memories of specific events with a distinctive content‐overlap to the current situation, they may serve important directive functions in novel situations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hong Kong Labyrinths
Authors: So Soki
Published: September 2009

In this set of film stills, Soki So recasts the tangled density of Hong Kong's high‐rises as Piranesi's ‘Carceri’. It is a hyper‐realism that magnifies and intensifies the urban experience, highlighting the precariousness of current environmental and social conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
L.A.W.u.N. Project #21: Cybucolia
Authors: Hardingham Samantha , Greene David
Published: September 2009

The project here, begun in 2009 by the Invisible University,1 a collaboration between the EXP/University of Westminster and the Architectural Association, speculates on the ‘dis‐urban’: new effects on the post‐print, post‐digital landscape at a local and global level. Samantha Hardingham and David Greene provide the narrative. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ridiculous and the Sublime
Authors: Nicholson Ben
Published: September 2009

Ben Nicholson's classic satire The World Who Wants It? was written at the beginning of this decade in the wake of 9/11. Here Nicholson revisits the work, presenting new drawings and rethinking the themes in light of the second major hit that the world has taken with the banking crisis of 2008 and the accompanying economic downturn. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereoscopic Urbanism: JG Ballard and the Built Environment
Authors: Sellars Simon
Published: September 2009

The fiction of JG Ballard was centred almost wholly on the built environment. Ballard took architectural design to its logical extreme and then contorted it further. Simon Sellars looks at how architects can learn from Ballard and, specifically, his use of urban sound as a metaphor. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
St Benedict's School, West London
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: September 2009

David Littlefield explains how Buschow Henley Architects' new building for St Benedict's School in Ealing, west London, addresses the Catholic foundation's needs ‐ both secular and religious. A circulation core provides much needed adhesion and connection among a veritable mishmash of existing buildings, while the new assembly hall and chapel supplies the body with a new heart and soul. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematics of the Ideal Pavilion
Authors: Spiller Neil
Published: September 2009

Neil Spiller flees the nihilism of the shards and blobs of the last three decades in architecture and finds redemption on the north shore of Lakeside Way in Kielder Water, Northumbria. He describes how with this exquisitely tailored pavilion sixteen*(makers) are opening the way for a new way of working. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cascade Reactions: Catalytic Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3‐Dihydroisobenzofuran and Tetrahydrofuran Derivatives by Sequential Nucleophilic Ring Opening–Heterocyclization– Oxidative Carbonylation of Alkynyloxiranes
Authors: Della Ca' Nicola , Campanini Fabio , Gabriele Bartolo , Salerno Giuseppe , Massera Chiara , Costa Mirco
Published: September 2009

Differently substituted alkynyloxiranes were efficiently converted into functionalized 1,3‐dihydroisobenzofurans and tetrahydrofuran derivatives in fair to good yields by a new cascade reaction, consisting of a sequential nucleophilic ring opening–heterocyclization–oxidative carbonylation process. Reactions were carried out at 80–100 °C and under a 3:1 mixture of carbon monoxide and air (total pressure=32–42 atm at 25 °C) in methanol or acetonitrile/methanol mixtures in the presence of catalytic amounts of palladium diiodide in conjunction with an excess of potassium iodide. The nucleophilic species beginning the cascade process by regioselective attack to the less hindered carbon of the oxirane ring can be methanol itself or iodide anions.
The effect of smoking on MAOA promoter methylation in DNA prepared from lymphoblasts and whole blood
Authors: Philibert Robert A. , Beach Steven R.H. , Gunter Tracy D. , Brody Gene H. , Madan Anup , Gerrard Meg
Published: September 2009

Prior work using lymphoblast DNA prepared from 192 subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies (IAS) demonstrated that decreased MAOA promoter methylation was associated with lifetime symptom count for nicotine dependence (ND) and provided suggestive evidence that the amount of methylation is genotype dependent. In the current investigation, we replicate and extend these prior findings in three ways using another 289 IAS subjects and the same methodologies. First, we show that methylation is dependent on current smoking status. Second, we introduce a factor analytic approach to DNA methylation, highlighting three distinct regions of the promoter that may function in somewhat different ways for males and females. Third, we directly compare the methylation signatures in DNA prepared from whole blood and lymphoblasts from a subset of these subjects and provide suggestive evidence favoring the use of lymphoblast DNA. We conclude that smoking reliably decreases MAOA methylation, but exact characterization of effects on level of methylation depend on genotype, smoking history, current smoking status, gender, and region of the promoter‐associated CpG Island examined. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐lived bromine compounds in the lower stratosphere; impact of climate change on ozone
Authors: Dessens Olivier , Zeng Guang , Warwick Nicola , Pyle John
Published: September 2009

We consider how future changes in the circulation of the troposphere might change the delivery of short‐lived brominated species to the stratosphere and study the impact of this change on stratospheric ozone. Changes in stratospheric bromine are potentially significant, amounting, under an extreme scenario of all short‐lived species having a tropical source, to an increase of perhaps 10% above current levels. This must be set against the slow removal of anthropogenic halogens from the stratosphere. These changes lead to modest, but non‐negligible decreases in ozone in the lower stratosphere, reaching about 8% at the tropopause, where changes in ozone have important climate consequences. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical Tests Based on New Composite Hypotheses in Clinical Trials Reflecting the Relative Clinical Importance of Multiple Endpoints Quantitatively
Authors: Nishikawa Masako , Tango Toshiro , Ohtaki Megu
Published: September 2009

In clinical trials, several endpoints (EPs) are often evaluated to compare treatments in some therapeutic area. Suppose that there are two EPs in a clinical trial. We propose a new set of composite hypotheses for continuous variables, taking the relative clinical importance of the EPs into account. The main hypotheses were formulated to show that a treatment is so superior to the control treatment, which is not necessarily a placebo, in one EP, that the possible non‐inferiority of the treatment by at most a certain value in the other EP can be compensated sufficiently, taking the clinical point of view into account. The maximum non‐inferiority margin of one EP might not be a biologically unimportant difference in exchange for much superiority of the other EP. This formulation leads to a new composite EP and a very simple test statistic. The intersection‐union principle was employed to derive the proposed test.
Serum‐free, chemically defined medium with TGF‐β3 enhances functional properties of nucleus pulposus cell‐laden carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel constructs
Authors: Reza Anna T. , Nicoll Steven B.
Published: September 2009

Degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) has been implicated as a major cause of low back pain. Tissue engineering strategies may provide a viable NP replacement therapy; however, culture conditions must be optimized to promote functional tissue development. In this study, a standard serum‐containing medium formulation was compared to a chemically defined, serum‐free medium to determine the effect on matrix elaboration and functional properties of NP cell‐laden carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogels. Additionally, both media were further supplemented with transforming growth factor‐beta 3 (TGF‐β3). Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content increased in both TGF‐β3‐treated groups and was highest for treated, serum‐free constructs (9.46 ± 1.51 µg GAG/mg wet weight), while there were no quantifiable GAGs in untreated serum‐containing samples. Histology revealed uniform, interterritorial staining for chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan throughout the treated, serum‐free constructs. Type II collagen content was greater in both serum‐free groups and highest in treated, serum‐free constructs. The equilibrium Young's modulus was highest in serum‐free samples supplemented with TGF‐β3 (18.54 ± 1.92 kPa), and the equilibrium weight swelling ratio of these constructs approached that of the native NP tissue (22.19 ± 0.46 vs. 19.94 ± 3.09, respectively). Taken together, these results demonstrate enhanced functional matrix development by NP cells when cultured in CMC hydrogels maintained in serum‐free, TGF‐β3 supplemented medium, indicating the importance of medium formulation in NP construct development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 384–395. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CHO gene expression profiling in biopharmaceutical process analysis and design
Authors: Schaub Jochen , Clemens Christoph , Schorn Peter , Hildebrandt Tobias , Rust Werner , Mennerich Detlev , Kaufmann Hitto , Schulz Torsten W.
Published: September 2009

Increase in both productivity and product yields in biopharmaceutical process development with recombinant protein producing mammalian cells can be mainly attributed to the advancements in cell line development, media, and process optimization. Only recently, genome‐scale technologies enable a system‐level analysis to elucidate the complex biomolecular basis of protein production in mammalian cells promising an increased process understanding and the deduction of knowledge‐based approaches for further process optimization. Here, the use of gene expression profiling for the analysis of a low titer (LT) and high titer (HT) fed batch process using the same IgG producing CHO cell line was investigated. We found that gene expression (i) significantly differed in HT versus LT process conditions due to differences in applied chemically defined, serum‐free media, (ii) changed over the time course of the fed batch processes, and that (iii) both metabolic pathways and 14 biological functions such as cellular growth or cell death were affected. Furthermore, detailed analysis of metabolism in a standard process format revealed the potential use of transcriptomics for rational media design as is shown for the case of lipid metabolism where the product titer could be increased by about 20% based on a lipid modified basal medium. The results demonstrate that gene expression profiling can be an important tool for mammalian biopharmaceutical process analysis and optimization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 431–438. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of exposed cellulose surfaces in pretreated wood biomass using carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM)–cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)
Authors: Kawakubo Takeshi , Karita Shuichi , Araki Yuko , Watanabe Shota , Oyadomari Masafumi , Takada Rie , Tanaka Fumio , Abe Kentaro , Watanabe Takahito , Honda Yoichi , Watanabe Takashi
Published: September 2009

In enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosics, the access of the enzymes to exposed cellulose surfaces is a key initial step in triggering hydrolysis. However, knowledge of the structure–hydrolyzability relationship of the pretreated biomass is still limited. Here we used fluorescent‐labeled recombinant carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs) from Clostridium josui as specific markers for crystalline cellulose (CjCBM3) and non‐crystalline cellulose (CjCBM28) to analyze the complex surfaces of wood tissues pretreated with NaOH, NaOH–Na2S (kraft pulping), hydrothermolysis, ball‐milling, and organosolvolysis. Japanese cedar wood, one of the most recalcitrant softwood species was selected for the analysis. The binding analysis clarified the linear dependency of the exposure of crystalline and non‐crystalline cellulose surfaces for enzymatic saccharification yield by the organosolv and kraft delignification processes. Ball‐milling for 5–30 min increased saccharification yield up to 77%, but adsorption by the CjCBM–cyan fluorescent proteins (CFPs) was below 5%. Adsorption of CjCBM–CFPs on the hydrothermolysis pulp were less than half of those for organosolvolysis pulp, in coincidence with low saccharification yields. For all the pretreated wood, crystallinity index was not directly correlated with the overall saccharification yield. Fluorescent microscopy revealed that CjCBM3–CFP and CjCBM28–CFP were site‐specifically adsorbed on external fibrous structures and ruptured or distorted fiber surfaces. The assay system with CBM–CFPs is a powerful measure to estimate the initiation sites of hydrolysis and saccharification yields from chemically delignified wood pulps. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 499–508. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluidization Characteristics in Micro‐Fluidized Beds of Various Inner Diameters
Authors: Guo Q. j. , Xu Y. , Yue X.
Published: September 2009

The fluidization characteristics of quartz sand and fluid catalytic crack (FCC) catalyst particles in six micro‐fluidized beds with inner diameters of 4.3, 5.5, 10.5, 15.5, 20.5, and 25.5 mm were investigated. The effects of bed diameter (Dt), static bed height (Hs), particles and gas properties on the pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity (umf) were examined. The results show that the theoretical pressure drops of micro‐fluidized beds deviated from the experimental values under different particles and gas properties. The possible reason is due to an increase in bed voidage under smaller bed diameters. The equations for conventional fluidized beds did not fit for micro‐fluidized beds. umf increased with decreasing Dt. When the ratio of Hs to Dt ranged from 1:1 to 3:1, umf was characterized by a linear equation with Hs, while the slope of the equation umf versus Hs decreased with increasing Dt. In this paper, Dt/dp and Hs/dp were defined as dimensionless variables and a new equation was developed to predict umf in micro‐fluidized beds under the present experimental conditions.
Directional Control and Supramolecular Protection Allowing the Chemo‐ and Regioselective Transformation of a Triamine
Authors: Coquière David , de la Lande Aurélien , Parisel Olivier , Prangé Thierry , Reinaud Olivia
Published: September 2009

A ZnII‐funnel complex based on a calix[6]arene ligand decorated with three tris(imidazolyl) arms at one end of the cone and three NH2 substituents at the other end, acts as a multipoint recognition host for polyfunctionalized guests. The selectivity is ensured by coordination to ZnII, CH–π interaction within the calix cone, and H‐bonding at both rims of the cavity. As a result of these multiple interactions, the host can wrap and orient an unsymmetrical triamine guest with a high selectivity. Furthermore, a proton‐monitored switch between the regio‐isomeric adducts allows reversible inversion of the directionality of the system. Thanks to this directional control, the regioselective mono‐carbamoylation of the unsymmetrical triamine guest was successfully achieved on a preparative scale. This case study shows that a funnel‐like receptor can be used as a supramolecular protecting tool allowing a transformation which would be impracticable with conventional covalent chemistry.
Enhanced Catalytic Activity and Unexpected Products from the Oxidation of Cyclohexene by Organic Nanoparticles of 5,10,15,20‐Tetrakis‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III) in Water by Using O2
Authors: Smeureanu Gabriela , Aggarwal Amit , Soll Clifford E. , Arijeloye Julius , Malave Erik , Drain Charles Michael
Published: September 2009

The catalytic oxidation of alkenes by most iron porphyrins using a variety of oxygen sources, but generally not dioxygen, yields the epoxide with minor quantities of other products. The turnover numbers for these catalysts are modest, ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand depending on the porphyrin structure, axial ligands, and other reaction conditions. Halogenation of substituents increases the activity of the metalloporphyrin catalyst and/or makes it more robust to oxidative degradation. Oxidation of cyclohexene by 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III), ([FeIII(tppf20)]) and H2O2 is typical of the latter: the epoxide is 99 % of the product and turnover numbers are about 350.1–4 Herein, we report that dynamic organic nanoparticles (ONPs) of [FeIII(tppf20)] with a diameter of 10 nm, formed by host–guest solvent methods, catalytically oxidize cyclohexene with O2 to yield only 2‐cyclohexene‐1‐one and 2‐cyclohexene‐1‐ol with approximately 10‐fold greater turnover numbers compared to the non‐aggregated metalloporphyrin in acetonitrile/methanol. These ONPs facilitate a greener reaction because the reaction solvent is 89 % water and O2 is the oxidant in place of synthetic oxygen sources. This reactivity is unexpected because the metalloporphyrins are in close proximity and oxidative degradation of the catalyst should be enhanced, thus causing a significant decrease in catalytic turnovers. The allylic products suggest a different oxidative mechanism compared to that of the solvated metalloporphyrins. These results illustrate the unique properties of some ONPs relative to the component molecules or those attached to supports.
Lewis Base Behavior of Bridging Nitrido Ligands of Titanium Polynuclear Complexes
Authors: Carbó Jorge J. , Martínez‐Espada Noelia , Mena Miguel , Mosquera Marta E. G. , Poblet Josep‐M. , Yélamos Carlos
Published: September 2009

The Lewis base behavior of μ3‐nitrido ligands of the polynuclear titanium complexes [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)] (1) and [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)4] (2) to MX Lewis acids has been observed for the first time. Complex 1 entraps one equivalent of copper(I) halide or copper(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate through the basal NH imido groups to give cube‐type adducts [XCu{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ3‐N)}] (X=Cl (3), Br (4), I (5), OSO2CF3 (6)). However, the treatment of 1 with an excess (≥2 equiv) of copper reagents afforded complexes [XCu{(μ3‐NH)3Ti3(η5‐C5Me5)3(μ4‐N)(CuX)}] (X=Cl (7), Br (8), I (9), OSO2CF3 (10)) by incorporation of an additional CuX fragment at the μ3‐N nitrido apical group. Similarly, the tetranuclear cube‐type nitrido derivative 2 is capable of incorporating one, two, or up to three CuX units at the μ3‐N ligands to give complexes [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)4−n{(μ4‐N)CuX}n] (X=Br (11), n=1; X=Cl (12), n=2; X=OSO2CF3 (13), n=3). Compound 2 also reacts with silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate (≥1 equiv) to give the adduct [{Ti(η5‐C5Me5)}4(μ3‐N)3{(μ4‐N)AgOSO2CF3}] (14). X‐ray crystal structure determinations have been performed for complexes 8–13. Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to understand the nature and strength of the interactions of [{Ti(η5‐C5H5)(μ‐NH)}3(μ3‐N)] (1′) and [{Ti(η5‐C5H5)}4(μ3‐N)4] (2′) model complexes with copper and silver MX fragments. Although coordination through the three basal NH imido groups is thermodynamically preferred in the case of 1′, in both complexes the μ3‐nitrido groups act as two‐electron donor Lewis bases to the appropriate Lewis acids.
Catalytic oxidation of CO by O2 over nanosized CuO–ZnO system prepared under various conditions
Authors: El‐Shobaky Gamil A. , Yehia Naema S. , Hassan Hassan M. A. , Badawy Abdel Rahman A. A.
Published: September 2009

A series of copper and zinc mixed oxides composed of equimolar ratio and treated with 0.05 Al2O3/mol catalyst has been prepared by coprecipitation method using their nitrates in presence of 1 M NaOH solution. The precipitation was carried out at a pH 9.5 and 50°C. The results revealed that the bulk of various solids consisted of CuO and ZnO having ratios varying between 0.84 and 0.98. On the other hand, the values of surface concentrations of copper and zinc were bigger than those present in the bulk. The values of surface Cu/Zn ratio varied between 1.04 and 1.46 depending on the mode of preparation and calcination conditions. The mixed solids existed as nanocrystalline CuO and ZnO phases. The surface characteristics are strongly dependent on mode of coprecipitation and calcination temperature. The computed SBET values varied between 146 and 23 m2/g depending on mode of coprecipitation and calcination temperature. The increase of calcination temperature of different adsorbents within 300–400°C led to a significant progressive decrease in the BET‐surface area with subsequent increase in the values of mean pore radius. All adsorbents are mesoporous solids. All prepared solids showed a good catalytic activity in CO oxidation by O2, which proceeds via first order kinetics in all cases. The activation energy of the catalysed reaction was determined for various solids and the computed values were very small indicating the big catalytic activity of the investigated solids.
An experimental model for cold water generation based on eco‐friendly refrigeration system
Authors: Halder G. N. , Sarkar S. C.
Published: September 2009

A laboratory model refrigeration system based on indigenously developed activated carbon–carbon dioxide pair using pressure swing adsorption mechanism is developed for substituting chlorofluorocarbons from conventional refrigeration systems. The model has successfully produced chilled water at 4°C (277 K) from ambient water available at 26°C (299 K). The paper describes the design and description of the above refrigeration system model and details of the experimental result.
A comparative study of different types of controllers used for blood glucose regulation system
Authors: Kamath Surekha , George V. I. , Vidyasagar Sudha
Published: September 2009

Maintaining the glucose concentration in normoglycemic range in Type I diabetic patients is challenging. In this study H∞ control is applied for the insulin delivery to prevent the hyperglycaemic levels in a type I diabetic patient. A nonlinear model is linearized around nominal condition and reduced for control synthesis. H∞ controller was compared with the two other types of controller and performance results shows evaluatory results.
Activators of P‐glycoprotein: Structure–Activity Relationships and Investigation of their Mode of Action
Authors: Sterz Katja , Möllmann Lars , Jacobs Anna , Baumert Dieter , Wiese Michael
Published: September 2009

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), a 170 kDa plasma membrane protein, is one of the most relevant ABC transporters involved in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR). Understanding its mechanism of transport as well as its interactions with various substrates are basic requirements for the development of adequate therapeutic approaches to overcome this kind of resistance against a broad spectrum of structurally unrelated cytostatic drugs. P‐gp modulators (activators) that exert various effects on the intracellular accumulation of distinct P‐gp substrates are useful tools for investigating the interactions between multiple drug binding sites of this transport protein. In this study, a series of 27 different imidazobenzothiazoles and imidazobenzimidazoles structurally related to the known P‐gp activators QB102 and QB11 was designed, and their modulating properties were investigated. Most of them were able to stimulate P‐gp‐mediated efflux of daunorubicin and rhodamine 123 in a concentration‐dependent manner, but some compounds also displayed weak inhibitory effects. Additionally, P‐gp‐mediated efflux of vinblastine and colchicine was inhibited by several compounds. Therefore, we concluded that the novel compounds bind to the H site of P‐gp and activate the efflux of specific substrates of the R site in a positive cooperative manner, whereas binding of H‐type substrates is inhibited competitively. This hypothesis is confirmed by the observation that the modulators do not influence hydrolysis of ATP or its affinity toward P‐gp.
A microscopic competition model and its dynamics analysis on network attacks
Authors: Xiang Yang , Tian Daxin , Zhou Wanlei
Published: September 2009

Modeling network traffic has been a critical task in the development of Internet. Attacks and defense are prevalent in the current Internet. Traditional network models such as Poisson‐related models do not consider the competition behaviors between the attack and defense parties. In this paper, we present a microscopic competition model to analyze the dynamics among the nodes, benign or malicious, connected to a router, which compete for the bandwidth. The dynamics analysis demonstrates that the model can well describe the competition behavior among normal users and attackers. Based on this model, an anomaly attack detection method is presented. The method is based on the adaptive resonance theory, which is used to learn the model by normal traffic data. The evaluation shows that it can effectively detect the network attacks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rectification in Supramolecular Zinc Porphyrin/Fulleropyrrolidine Dyads Self‐Organized on Gold(111)
Authors: Matino Francesca , Arima Valentina , Piacenza Manuel , Della Sala Fabio , Maruccio Giuseppe , Phaneuf Ray J. , Del Sole Roberta , Mele Giuseppe , Vasapollo Giuseppe , Gigli Giuseppe , Cingolani Roberto , Rinaldi Ross
Published: September 2009

Self‐assembled donor/acceptor dyads are of current interest as they are biomimetic to the natural photosynthetic conversion system. Herein, we present an ultrahigh‐vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (UHV‐STM/STS) study of ex situ self‐assembled supramolecular dyads consisting of fulleropyrrolidines (PyC2C60) axially ligated to zinc(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), self organized on a 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) self‐assembled monolayer on gold(111). These dyads show both bias‐polarity‐dependent apparent height in STM images and highly rectifying behavior in tunneling spectroscopy. First‐principles density functional theory calculations clarify the conformational and electronic properties of the 4‐ATP/ZnTPP/PyC2C60 system. Interestingly, we find easier tunneling for electrons moving from the acceptor side of the dyads to the donor side, in the inverse‐rectifying sense with respect to previously reported molecular rectifiers. Such behavior cannot be explained as an elastic resonant tunneling process, but it can by using a model based on the Aviram–Ratner mechanism.
Dislocations and dislocation reduction in space grown GaSb
Authors: Danilewsky A. N. , Cröll A. , Tonn J. , Schweizer M. , Lauer S. , Benz K. W. , Tuomi T. , Rantamäki R. , McNally P. , Curley J.
Published: September 2009

The behaviour of dislocations in GaSb crystals grown in space both from a stoichiometric melt (floating zone method, FZ) and a Bi solution (floating solution zone, FSZ) respectively, is studied. Predominantly straight 60° dislocations with Burgers vectors of the type b = a/2 <110> in (111) glide planes are identified. In the 20 mm long FZ single crystal the linear growing out of the dislocations is observed which reduces the dislocation density in the centre of the crystal to values below 300 cm–2. The Bi incorporation in the FSZ crystal results in a misfit between seed and grown crystal and in a network of misfit dislocations at the interface. Thermocapillary convection during growth as well as the surface tension may be the reasons for the presence of curved dislocations and the higher dislocation density within a 1 – 2 mm border region at the edges of both of the crystals. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of NLO active lithium sulphate monohydrate single crystals
Authors: Priya R. , Krishnan S. , Raj C. Justin , Das S. Jerome
Published: September 2009

Single crystals of the NLO active lithium sulphate monohydrate were grown successfully by slow evaporation technique. The as‐grown crystal was clear, transparent and the size of the crystal attained was 14 x 8 x 5 mm3 within a period of 4 weeks. The crystal was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal analysis (TG/DTA), UV‐Vis analysis, mechanical and dielectric studies. Theoretical calculations for band gap energy were made. An attempt was made to calculate polarizability by Penn analysis and compare with the traditional method and results are tabulated. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influx of calcium through L‐type calcium channels in early postnatal regulation of chloride transporters in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Bray Jennifer G. , Mynlieff Michelle
Published: September 2009

During the early postnatal period, GABAB receptor activation facilitates L‐type calcium current in rat hippocampus. One developmental process that L‐type current may regulate is the change in expression of the K+Cl− co‐transporter (KCC2) and N+K+2Cl− co‐transporter (NKCC1), which are involved in the maturation of the GABAergic system. The present study investigated the connection between L‐type current, GABAB receptors, and expression of chloride transporters during development. The facilitation of L‐type current by GABAB receptors is more prominent in the second week of development, with the highest percentage of cells exhibiting facilitation in cultures isolated from 7 day old rats (37.5%). The protein levels of KCC2 and NKCC1 were investigated to determine the developmental timecourse of expression as well as expression following treatment with an L‐type channel antagonist and a GABAB receptor agonist. The time course of both chloride transporters in culture mimics that seen in hippocampal tissue isolated from various ages. KCC2 levels increased drastically in the first two postnatal weeks while NKCC1 remained relatively stable, suggesting that the ratio of the chloride transporters is important in mediating the developmental change in chloride reversal potential. Treatment of cultures with the L‐type antagonist nimodipine did not affect protein levels of NKCC1, but significantly decreased the upregulation of KCC2 during the first postnatal week. In addition, calcium current facilitation occurs slightly before the large increase in KCC2 expression. These results suggest that the expression of KCC2 is regulated by calcium influx through L‐type channels in the early postnatal period in hippocampal neurons. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2009
Retinoic acid receptors exhibit cell‐autonomous functions in cranial neural crest cells
Authors: Dupé Valérie , Pellerin Isabelle
Published: September 2009

Previous work has emphasized the crucial role of retinoic acid (RA) in the ontogenesis of the vast majority of mesenchymal structures derived from the neural crest cells (NCC), which migrate through, or populate, the frontonasal process and branchial arches. Using somatic mutagenesis in the mouse, we have selectively ablated two or three retinoic acid receptors (i.e., RARα/RARβ, RARα/RARγ and RARα/RARβ/RARγ) in NCC. By rigorously analyzing these mutant mice, we found that survival and migration of NCC is normal until gestational day 10.5, suggesting that RAR‐dependent signaling is not intrinsically required for the early steps of NCC development. However, ablation of Rara and Rarg genes in NCC yields an agenesis of the median portion of the face, demonstrating that RARα and RARγ act cell‐autonomously in postmigratory NCC to control the development of structures derived from the frontonasal process. In contrast, ablation of the three Rar genes in NCC leads to less severe defects of the branchial arches derived structures compared with Rar compound null mutants. Therefore, RARs exert a function in the NCC as well as in a separated cell population. This work demonstrates that RARs use distinct mechanisms to pattern cranial NCC. Developmental Dynamics 238:2701–2711, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural stem cell self‐renewal requires the Mrj co‐chaperone
Authors: Watson Erica D. , Mattar Pierre , Schuurmans Carol , Cross James C.
Published: September 2009

The Mrj co‐chaperone is expressed throughout the mouse conceptus, yet its requirement for placental development has prohibited a full understanding of its embryonic function. Here, we show that Mrj−/− embryos exhibit neural tube defects independent of the placenta phenotype, including exencephaly and thin‐walled neural tubes. Molecular analyses revealed fewer proliferating cells and a down‐regulation of early neural progenitor (Pax6, Olig2, Hes5) and neuronal (Nscl2, SCG10) cell markers in Mrj−/− neuroepithelial cells. Furthermore, Mrj−/− neurospheres are significantly smaller and form fewer secondary neurospheres indicating that Mrj is necessary for self‐renewal of neural stem cells. However, the molecular function of Mrj in this context remains elusive because Mrj does not colocalize with Bmi‐1, a self‐renewal protein. Furthermore, unlike in Mrj−/− placentas, intermediate filament‐containing aggregates do not accumulate in Mrj−/− neuroepithelium, ruling out nestin as a substrate for Mrj. Regardless, Mrj plays an important role in neural stem cell self‐renewal. Developmental Dynamics 238:2564–2574, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prdm1a is necessary for posterior pharyngeal arch development in zebrafish
Authors: Birkholz Denise A. , Killian Eugenia C. Olesnicky , George Kathleen M. , Artinger Kristin Bruk
Published: September 2009

Multiple tissue interactions and signaling within the pharyngeal arches are required for development of the craniofacial skeleton. Here, we focus on the role of the transcription factor prdm1a in the differentiation of the posterior skeleton. prdm1a is expressed in the presumptive pharyngeal arch region and later in an endodermal pouch, the otic vesicle, and pharyngeal teeth. prdm1a mutants display a reduction in pharyngeal arch markers, a loss of posterior ceratobranchial cartilages, and a reduction in most neural crest–derived dermal bones. This is likely caused by a decrease in the number of proliferating cells but not an increase in cell death. Finally, a reduction in two key developmental signaling pathways, Fgf and retinoic acid, alters prdm1a expression, suggesting that prdm1a expression is mediated by these signaling pathways to pattern the posterior craniofacial skeleton. Together, these results indicate an essential role for prdm1a in the development of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton. Developmental Dynamics 238:2575–2587, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bit‐length expansion for digital images
Authors: Kimura Tomoaki , Taguchi Akira
Published: September 2009

Bit‐length of digital images is decided by the Analog‐to‐Digital (AD) converter. The bit‐length expansion technique is necessary for high‐quality displays such as the liquid crystal display (LCD) and the plasma display. Bit‐length expansion is also necessary for low‐bit length images, which are degraded by the pseudo‐contour. In this paper, we propose a bit‐length expansion method from M‐level to N‐level [N=3(M−1)+1]. This operation means that two quantization levels are introduced between existing levels. The bit‐length expansion method results in the estimation problem of an error image between an M‐level's image and an N‐level's image. The error image is the pattern image which consists of three values. We show the estimation method of the three values pattern image and that the proposed method can remove the pseudo‐contour of digital images through several application results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(10): 32–40, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10105
Group management of RFID passwords for privacy protection
Authors: Kobayashi Yuichi , Kuwana Toshiyuki , Taniguchi Yoji , Komoda Norihisa
Published: September 2009

When an RFID tag is used in the whole item lifecycle including a consumer scene or a recycle scene, we have to protect consumer privacy in the state that the RFID tag is stuck on an item. We use the low‐cost RFID tag that has the access control function using a password, and we propose a method which manages RFID tags by passwords identical to each group of RFID tags. This proposal improves the safety of the RFID system because the proposed method is able to reduce the traceability for an RFID tag, and hold down the influence for disclosure of RFID passwords in both scenes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(10): 24–31, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10106
A Simple Electrochemical Approach Based on Inexpensive Wall‐Jet Screen‐Printed Ring Disk Electrode to Evaluate Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
Authors: Yang Ting‐Hao , Liao Chun‐Yen , Chang Jen‐Lin , Lien Chien‐Hung , Zen Jyh‐Myng
Published: September 2009

A simple electrochemical approach to evaluate oxygen reduction catalysts using an inexpensive screen‐printed ring disk carbon electrode system, consisting of a ring electrode deposited with MnO2 and a disk electrode modified with the catalysts for study, is developed in this study. The as‐prepared MnO2 is selective and sensitive for H2O2 oxidation in the presence of O2 and is crucial to the proposed approach. By coupling with a wall‐jet electrochemical cell, the product generated from the reduction reaction at the disk electrode can effectively be monitored at the MnO2‐deposited ring electrode. Model catalysts of nano‐Au and nano‐Pd representing 2e− reduction of O2 to H2O2 and 4e− reduction to H2O, respectively, were evaluated as electrode materials in oxygen reduction reaction to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
1H‐NMR spectroscopic study of the effect of aging vascular prostheses made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) on the macromolecular weight
Authors: Chaouch W. , Dieval F. , Le Nouen D. , Defoin A. , Chakfe N. , Durand B.
Published: September 2009

Trichloroacetyl isocyanate reacts rapidly and quantitatively with both acid and hydroxyl chain ends to form derivatives that can be readily determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. This method provides a convenient mean for characterization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) end‐groups. The 1H‐NMR spectroscopy has been applied to describe the chemical aging of the PET vascular prostheses by determination of the hydroxyl and carboxyl end‐group concentrations and therefore the macromolecular weight. To validate 1H‐NMR results, we used chemical titration of the end‐groups and classical viscosimetric method as complementary techniques. The analyses made on the explants of different lifetime demonstrated a significant deterioration compared with the virgin prostheses. A high degradation of macromolecular weight is observed. This phenomenon is explained by a random scission of the ester linkages. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Model studies of the optical rotation, and theoretical determination of its sign for β‐pinene and trans‐pinane
Authors: Baranowska Angelika , Ła̧czkowski Krzysztof Z. , Sadlej Andrzej J.
Published: September 2009

We have carried out extensive studies on the basis set dependence of the calculated specific optical rotation (OR) in molecules at the level of the time–dependent Hartree–Fock and density functional approximations. To reach the limits of the basis set saturation, we have devised an artificial model, the asymmetrically deformed (chiral) methane (CM) molecule. This small system permits to use basis sets which are prohibitively large for real chiral molecules and yet shows all the important features of the basis set dependence of the OR values. The convergence of the OR has been studied with n‐aug‐cc‐pVXZ basis sets of Dunning up to the 6–ζ. In a parallel series of calculations, we have used the recently developed large polarized (LPolX) basis sets. The relatively small LPolX sets have been shown to be competitive to very large n‐aug‐cc‐pVXZ basis sets. The conclusions reached in calculations of OR in CM concerning the usefulness of LPolX basis sets have been further tested on (S)‐methyloxirane and (S)‐fluoro‐oxirane. The smallest set of the LPolX family (LPol–ds) has been found to yield OR values of similar quality as those obtained with much larger Dunning's aug‐cc‐pVQZ basis set. These results have encouraged us to carry out the OR calculations with LPol–ds basis sets for systems as large as β‐pinene and trans‐pinane. In both cases, our calculations have lead to the correct sign of the OR value in these molecules. This makes the relatively small LPol–ds basis sets likely to be useful in OR calculations for large molecules. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
MMP‐mediated collagen breakdown induced by activated protein C in equine cartilage is reduced by corticosteroids
Authors: Garvican Elaine R. , Vaughan‐Thomas Anne , Redmond Colette , Gabriel Natalie , Clegg Peter D.
Published: September 2009

The plasma serine protease activated protein C (APC) is synthesized by human chondrocytes at sites of pathological cartilage fibrillation. APC levels are increased in osteoarthritis (OA) synovial fluid, and in vitro APC has been shown to synergize with interleukin‐1β (IL‐1) to promote degradation from ovine cartilage. A model of equine cartilage degradation was established and used to explore corticosteroid activities. Intraarticular corticosteroids are a commonly prescribed treatment for joint disease, however their role in disease modification remains unclear. APC synergized with IL‐1 or tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), promoting significant collagen degradation from equine cartilage explants within 4 days, but did not augment glycoaminoglycan (GAG) release. APC activated pro‐matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2 but not pro‐MMP‐9, as assessed by gelatin zymography. APC did not directly activate pro‐MMP‐13. Dexamethasone, triamcinolone, and methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) were evaluated at concentrations between 10− 5M and 10−10M. High concentrations significantly increased GAG release from IL‐1+APC–treated explants. With the exception of MPA at 10−10M, all concentrations of corticosteroids caused significant decreases in IL‐1+APC‐driven hydroxyproline loss. Treatment with corticosteroids suppressed expression of MMP‐1, ‐3, and ‐13 mRNA. The collagenolysis associated with IL‐1+APC synergy, and the inhibition of this effect by corticosteroids may involve gelatinase activation and downregulation of MMP expression, respectively. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:370–378, 2010