bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical therapies for Achilles tendinopathy: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sussmilch‐Leitch Samuel P , Collins Natalie J , Bialocerkowski Andrea E , Warden Stuart J , Crossley Kay M
Published: July 2012

Background

Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a common condition, causing considerable morbidity in athletes and non‐athletes alike. Conservative or physical therapies are accepted as first‐line management of AT; however, despite a growing volume of research, there remains a lack of high quality studies evaluating their efficacy. Previous systematic reviews provide preliminary evidence for non‐surgical interventions for AT, but lack key quality components as outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) Statement. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis (where possible) of the evidence for physical therapies for AT management.

Methods

A comprehensive strategy was used to search 11 electronic databases from inception to September 2011. Search terms included Achilles, tendinopathy, pain, physical therapies, electrotherapy and exercise (English language full‐text publications, human studies). Reference lists of eligible papers were hand‐searched. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they evaluated at least one non‐pharmacological, non‐surgical intervention for AT using at least one outcome of pain and/or function. Two independent reviewers screened 2852 search results, identifying 23 suitable studies, and assessed methodological quality and risk of bias using a modified PEDro scale. Effect size calculation and meta‐analyses were based on fixed and random effects models respectively.

Results

Methodological quality ranged from 2 to 12 (/14). Four studies were excluded due to high risk of bias, leaving 19 studies, the majority of which evaluated midportion AT. Effect sizes from individual RCTs support the use of eccentric exercise. Meta‐analyses identified significant effects favouring the addition of laser therapy to eccentric exercise at 12 weeks (pain VAS: standardised mean difference −0.59, 95% confidence interval −1.11 to −0.07), as well as no differences in effect between eccentric exercise and shock wave therapy at 16 weeks (VISA‐A:–0.55,–2.21 to 1.11). Pooled data did not support the addition of night splints to eccentric exercise at 12 weeks (VISA‐A:–0.35,–1.44 to 0.74). Limited evidence from an individual RCT suggests microcurrent therapy to be an effective intervention.

Conclusions

Practitioners can consider eccentric exercise as an initial intervention for AT, with the addition of laser therapy as appropriate. Shock wave therapy may represent an effective alternative. High‐quality RCTs following CONSORT guidelines are required to further evaluate the efficacy of physical therapies and determine optimal clinical pathways for AT.
Flexible knowledge repertoires: communication by leaders in trauma teams
Authors: Jacobsson Maritha , Hargestam Maria , Hultin Magnus , Brulin Christine
Published: July 2012

Background

In emergency situations, it is important for the trauma team to efficiently communicate their observations and assessments. One common communication strategy is “closed-loop communication”, which can be described as a transmission model in which feedback is of great importance. The role of the leader is to create a shared goal in order to achieve consensus in the work for the safety of the patient. The purpose of this study was to analyze how formal leaders communicate knowledge, create consensus, and position themselves in relation to others in the team.

Methods

Sixteen trauma teams were audio- and video-recorded during high fidelity training in an emergency department. Each team consisted of six members: one surgeon or emergency physician (the designated team leader), one anaesthesiologist, one nurse anaesthetist, one enrolled nurse from the theatre ward, one registered nurse and one enrolled nurse from the emergency department (ED). The communication was transcribed and analyzed, inspired by discourse psychology and Strauss’ concept of “negotiated order”. The data were organized and coded in NVivo 9.

Results

The findings suggest that leaders use coercive, educational, discussing and negotiating strategies to work things through. The leaders in this study used different repertoires to convey their knowledge to the team, in order to create a common goal of the priorities of the work. Changes in repertoires were dependent on the urgency of the situation and the interaction between team members. When using these repertoires, the leaders positioned themselves in different ways, either on an authoritarian or a more egalitarian level.

Conclusion

This study indicates that communication in trauma teams is complex and consists of more than just transferring messages quickly. It also concerns what the leaders express, and even more importantly, how they speak to and involve other team members.
Predictors for diabetic retinopathy in normoalbuminuric people with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ra Ho , Yoo Ji Han , Ban Woo Ho , Song Ho Cheol , Lee Seong Su , Kim Sung Rae , Yoo Soon Jib , Kim Yong-Soo , Choi Euy Jin , Kim Yong Kyun
Published: July 2012

Background

Previous studies have reported that microalbuminuria is an independent risk factor for the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). For this reason, the clinical significance of DR in normoalbuminuric type 2 DM patients may be overlooked. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DR and predictors for DR in normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 DM.

Methods

A total 310 patients with type 2 DM and normoalbuminuria, who were referred to the Department of Ophthalmology for screening of DR were included in this study. DR was clinically graded according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy guidelines. The urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) was assessed via 24-hour urine collection and measured by immunoturbidimetric assay. Normoalbuminuria was defined as a UAER < 20 μg/min in 2 out of 3 consecutive tests taken within 2–3 months.

Results

DR of any grade was present in 64/310 (20.7 %) patients. Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was most prevalent in patients with DR of any grade (36/64, 56 %). The duration of diabetes (OR 1.01, 95 % CI, 1.01 – 1.02, p < 0.001), hemoglobin levels (OR 0.73, 95 % CI, 0.59 – 0.91, p = 0.004) and a higher tertile of UAER (OR 4.04, 95 % CI, 1.71 – 9.57, p = 0.001) had independently significant association with DR. NPDR as well as PDR was more prevalent in patients with higher tertile of UAER compared with those with lower tertile of UAER (NPDR, p = 0.002 and PDR, p = 0.027, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that patients with normoalbuminuric type 2 DM also require close monitoring for the early detection of DR, especially if they have a higher UAER, longer duration of diabetes, or lower hemoglobin levels.
LINE-1 methylation in visceral adipose tissue of severely obese individuals is associated with metabolic syndrome status and related phenotypes
Authors: Turcot Valérie , Tchernof André , Deshaies Yves , Pérusse Louis , Bélisle Alexandre , Marceau Simon , Biron Simon , Lescelleur Odette , Biertho Laurent , Vohl Marie-Claude
Published: July 2012

Background

Epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of genes found to be differentially expressed in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of severely obese subjects with (MetS+) versus without (MetS-) metabolic syndrome (MetS). Long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1) elements DNA methylation levels (%meth) in blood, a marker of global DNA methylation, have recently been associated with fasting glucose, blood lipids, heart diseases and stroke.

Aim

To test whetherLINE-1%meth levels in VAT are associated with MetS phenotypes and whether they can predict MetS risk in severely obese individuals.

Methods

DNA was extracted from VAT of 34 men (MetS-:n = 14, MetS+:n = 20) and 152 premenopausal women (MetS-:n = 84; MetS+:n = 68) undergoing biliopancreatic diversion for the treatment of obesity.LINE-1%meth levels were assessed by pyrosequencing of sodium bisulfite-treated DNA.

Results

The meanLINE-1%meth in VAT was of 75.8% (SD = 3.0%). Multiple linear regression analyses revealed thatLINE-1%meth was negatively associated with fasting glucose levels (β = -0.04;P = 0.03), diastolic blood pressure (β =  -0.65;P = 0.03) and MetS status (β = -0.04;P = 0.004) after adjustments for the effects of age, sex, waist circumference (except for MetS status) and smoking. While dividing subjects into quartiles based on theirLINE-1%meth (Q1 to Q4: lower %meth to higher %meth levels), greater risk were observed in the first (Q1: odds ratio (OR) = 4.37,P = 0.004) and the second (Q2: OR = 4.76,P = 0.002) quartiles compared to Q4 (1.00) when adjusting for age, sex and smoking.

Conclusions

These results suggest that lower global DNA methylation, assessed byLINE-1repetitive elements methylation analysis, would be associated with a greater risk for MetS in the presence of obesity.
The potential of rice to offer solutions for malnutrition and chronic diseases
Authors: Dipti Sharifa Sultana , Bergman Christine , Indrasari Siti Dewi , Herath Theja , Hall Robert , Lee Hueihong , Habibi Fatemeh , Bassinello Priscila Zaczuk , Graterol Eduardo , Ferraz Julie P , Fitzgerald Melissa
Published: July 2012

It is internationally accepted that malnutrition and chronic diseases in developing countries are key limitations to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In many developing countries, rice is the primary source of nutrition. In those countries, the major forms of malnutrition are Fe-induced anaemia, Zn deficiency and Vitamin A deficiency, whereas the major chronic disease challenges are Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. There is a growing corpus of evidence regarding both limitations and opportunities as to how rice could be an effective vehicle by which to tackle key nutrition and health related problems in countries with limited resources. Rice breeding programs are able to focus on developing new varieties carrying enhanced amounts of either Fe, Zn or beta-carotene because of large public investment, and the intuitive link between providing a mineral/vitamin to cure a deficiency in that mineral/vitamin. By contrast, there has been little investment in progressing the development of particular varieties for potential impact on chronic diseases. In this review article we focus on the broad battery of evidence linking rice-related nutritional limitations to their impact on a variety of human health issues. We discuss how rice might offer sometimes even simple solutions to rectifying key problems through targeted biofortification strategies and finally, we draw attention to how recent technological (−omics) developments may facilitate untold new opportunities for more rapidly generating improved rice varieties specifically designed to meet the current and future nutritional needs of a rapidly expanding global population.
The sonographic digital portfolio: a longitudinal ultrasound image tracking program
Authors: Hughes Daralee R , Kube Erika , Gable Brad D , Madore Francis E , Bahner David P
Published: July 2012

Background

Ultrasonography (US) at the medical student level is developing. As clinical skills and simulation centers expand, US equipment miniaturizes, and more students are exposed to ultrasound; a digital portfolio comprised of US images and videos may be useful in demonstrating experience and possibly competency.

Methods

Medical students participated in US curricula consisting of didactics and hands-on training. From 1 July 2006 to 30 June 2008, student images and videos were saved. Total images and videos were evaluated and catalogued.

Results

A total of 10,074 images and 1,227 videos were saved during the 2-year period. For the academic year 2006 to 2007, 159 medical students obtained 3,641 of the images (84.9%) and 270 of the videos (86.0%). First year students obtained 778 images and 20 videos; second year students, 1,174 images and 64 videos; third year students, 211 images and 20 videos; and fourth year students, 1,478 images and 166 videos.

For the academic year 2007 to 2008, 222 medical students obtained 4,340 images (75%) and 619 videos (67.8%). First year students obtained 624 images and 109 videos; second year students, 555 images and 81 videos; third year students, 132 images and 14 videos; and fourth year students, 3,029 images and 415 videos.

Conclusions

The ultrasound digital portfolio allows medical students to collate and document their ultrasound experience. Currently, there is no requirement for ultrasound training, documentation of competency, or minimum numbers of US exams for medical education. The ultrasound digital portfolio may be a useful tool in documenting ultrasound proficiency.
Plectus - a stepping stone in embryonic cell lineage evolution of nematodes
Authors: Schulze Jens , Houthoofd Wouter , Uenk Jana , Vangestel Sandra , Schierenberg Einhard
Published: July 2012

Background

Recent studies have challenged the widespread view that the pattern of embryogenesis found inCaenorhabditis elegans(clade 9) is characteristic of nematodes in general. To understand this still largely unexplored landscape of developmental events, we set out to examine more distantly related nematodes in detail for temporospatial differences in pattern formation and cell specification. Members of the genusPlectus(clade 6) seem to be suitable candidates to show variety, with certain idiosyncratic features during early development and the convenient availability of cultivatable species.

Methods

The study was conducted using 4-D lineage analysis, 3-D modeling of developing embryos and laser-induced ablation of individual blastomeres.

Results

Detailed cell lineage studies of severalPlectusspecies reveal that pattern formation and cell fate assignment differ markedly fromC. elegans. Descendants of the first somatic founder cell S1 (AB) - but not the progeny of other founder cells - demonstrate extremely variable spatial arrangements illustrating that here distinct early cell-cell interactions between invariant partners, as found inC. elegans, cannot take place. Different fromC. elegans, inPlectusalternative positional variations among early S1 blastomeres resulting in a ‘situs inversus’ pattern, nevertheless give rise to adults with normal left-right asymmetries. In addition, laser ablations of early blastomeres uncover inductions between variable cell partners.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that embryonic cell specification inPlectusis not correlated with cell lineage but with position. With this peculiarity,Plectusappears to occupy an intermediate position between basal nematodes displaying a variable early development and theC. elegans-like invariant pattern. We suggest that indeterminate pattern formation associated with late, position-dependent fate assignment represents a plesiomorphic character among nematodes predominant in certain basal clades but lost in derived clades. Thus, the behavior of S1 cells inPlectuscan be considered an evolutionary relict in a transition phase between two different developmental strategies.
Contribution of the ethics committee of the French Intensive Care Society to describing a scenario for implementing organ donation after Maastricht type III cardiocirculatory death in France
Authors: Graftieaux Jean-Pierre , Bollaert Pierre-Edouard , Haddad Lise , Kentish-Barnes Nancy , Nitenberg Gérard , Robert René , Villers Daniel , Dreyfuss Didier
Published: July 2012

French law allows organ donation after death due to cardiocirculatory arrest. In the Maastricht classification, type III non-heart-beating donors are those who experience cardiocirculatory arrest after the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments. French authorities in charge of regulating organ donation (Agence de la Biomédecine, ABM) are considering organ collection from Maastricht type III donors. We describe a scenario for Maastricht type III organ donation that fully complies with the ethical norms governing care to dying patients. That organ donation may occur after death should have no impact on the care given to the patient and family. The dead-donor rule must be followed scrupulously: the organ retrieval procedure must neither cause nor hasten death. The decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatments, withdrawal modalities, and care provided to the patient and family must adhere strictly to the requirements set forth in patient-rights legislation (the 2005 Léonetti law in France) and should not be influenced in any way by the possibility of organ donation. A major ethical issue regarding the family is how best to transition from discussing treatment-withdrawal decisions to discussing possible organ retrieval for donation should the patient die rapidly after treatment withdrawal. Close cooperation between the healthcare team and the organ retrieval team is crucial to minimize the distress of family members during this transition. Modalities for implementing Maastricht type III organ donation are discussed here, including the best location for withdrawing life-sustaining treatments (operating room or intensive care unit).
Pancreatic stone protein as an early biomarker predicting mortality in a prospective cohort of patients with sepsis requiring ICU management
Authors: Que Yok-Ai , Delodder Frederik , Guessous Idris , Graf Rolf , Bain Martha , Calandra Thierry , Liaudet Lucas , Eggimann Philippe
Published: July 2012

Introduction

Biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein [CRP] and procalcitonin [PCT], are insufficiently sensitive or specific to stratify patients with sepsis. We investigate the prognostic value of pancreatic stone protein/regenerating protein (PSP/reg) concentration in patients with severe infections.

Methods

PSP/reg, CRP, PCT, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL1-β), IL-6 and IL-8 were prospectively measured in cohort of patients ≥ 18 years of age with severe sepsis or septic shock within 24 hours of admission in a medico-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of a community and referral university hospital, and the ability to predict in-hospital mortality was determined.

Results

We evaluated 107 patients, 33 with severe sepsis and 74 with septic shock, with in-hospital mortality rates of 6% (2/33) and 25% (17/74), respectively. Plasma concentrations of PSP/reg (343.5 vs. 73.5 ng/ml, P < 0.001), PCT (39.3 vs. 12.0 ng/ml, P < 0.001), IL-8 (682 vs. 184 ng/ml, P < 0.001) and IL-6 (1955 vs. 544 pg/ml, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in patients with septic shock than with severe sepsis. Of note, median PSP/reg was 13.0 ng/ml (IQR: 4.8) in 20 severely burned patients without infection. The area under the ROC curve for PSP/reg (0.65 [95% CI: 0.51 to 0.80]) was higher than for CRP (0.44 [0.29 to 0.60]), PCT 0.46 [0.29 to 0.61]), IL-8 (0.61 [0.43 to 0.77]) or IL-6 (0.59 [0.44 to 0.75]) in predicting in-hospital mortality. In patients with septic shock, PSP/reg was the only biomarker associated with in-hospital mortality (P = 0.049). Risk of mortality increased continuously for each ascending quartile of PSP/reg.

Conclusions

Measurement of PSP/reg concentration within 24 hours of ICU admission may predict in-hospital mortality in patients with septic shock, identifying patients who may benefit most from tailored ICU management.
Adolescent substance misuse: an update on behaviours and treatments
Authors: McArdle Paul , Angom Bisharda
Published: July 2012

Substance misuse remains relatively common among adolescents. It can be conceptualised as one manifestation of a broader conduct problem or disinhibitory syndrome that is genetically transmitted. Some substances, notably alcohol, have potential direct effects on brain development. Availability of substances is a necessary condition for use, and recent marketing developments have unleashed a range of new agents. Nevertheless, there is considerable scope for prevention, brief intervention, pharmacological and more elaborate psychosocial treatments.
Shopping addiction
Authors: Murali Vijaya , Ray Rajashree , Shaffiullha Mohammed
Published: July 2012

Shopping addiction (compulsive buying disorder) has been an area of increased interest in recent years. Shopping addiction can adversely affect the individual and their family, social and occupational life. The addiction is associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Early identification and appropriate management can limit the long-term adverse consequences and improve outcome. This article reviews the aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, psychiatric comorbidity and management of the disorder.
Law reports for psychiatrists
Authors: Series Hugh
Published: July 2012

The article briefly describes the structure of the civil courts in England and Wales and explains how laws are drafted. This information is used as a basis for understanding the rule of precedent: how earlier court decisions may be binding in later cases. The article explains what law reports are, how cases are reported in the legal literature and how they may be located and cited. A number of key cases are summarised to illustrate the process of judicial reasoning and to show how case law contributes to psychiatric practice and defines the legal structure of medical work. A list of useful legal websites is given.
Impact of ethnic density on adult mental disorders: narrative review
Authors: Shaw Richard J. , Atkin Karl , Bécares Laia , Albor Christo B. , Stafford Mai , Kiernan Kathleen E. , Nazroo James Y. , Wilkinson Richard G. , Pickett Kate E.
Published: July 2012

Background

The ‘ethnic density hypothesis' is a proposition that members of ethnic minority groups may have better mental health when they live in areas with higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity. Investigations into this hypothesis have resulted in a complex and sometimes disparate literature.

Aims

To systematically identify relevant studies, summarise their findings and discuss potential explanations of the associations found between ethnic density and mental disorders.

Method

A narrative review of studies published up to January 2011, identified through a systematic search strategy. Studies included have a defined ethnic minority sample; some measure of ethnic density defined at a geographical scale smaller than a nation or a US state; and a measure ascertaining mental health or disorder.

Results

A total of 34 papers from 29 data-sets were identified. Protective associations between ethnic density and diagnosis of mental disorders were most consistent in older US ecological studies of admission rates. Among more recent multilevel studies, there was some evidence of ethnic density being protective against depression and anxiety for African American people and Hispanic adults in the USA. However, Hispanic, Asian–American and Canadian ‘visible minority’ adolescents have higher levels of depression at higher ethnic densities. Studies in the UK showed mixed results, with evidence for protective associations most consistent for psychoses.

Conclusions

The most consistent associations with ethnic density are found for psychoses. Ethnic density may also protect against other mental disorders, but presently, as most studies of ethnic density have limited statistical power, and given the heterogeneity of their study designs, our conclusions can only be tentative.
Research and the elimination of the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Corrigan Patrick W.
Published: July 2012

Video-based and in vivo (face-to-face) contact have been shown to be effective ways to change stigmatising attitudes and behaviours. The two approaches reflect the strengths and weakness of sometimes conflicting priorities in anti-stigma programmes: broad audience v. grassroots control. Regardless of perspective, anti-stigma interventions have the greatest impact when contact is targeted, local, credible and continuous.
Psychotic symptoms in young people without psychotic illness: mechanisms and meaning
Authors: Murray Graham K. , Jones Peter B.
Published: July 2012

Psychotic symptoms are common in the general population. There is evidence for common mechanisms underlying such symptoms in health and illness (such as the functional role of mesocorticostriatal circuitry in error-dependent learning) and differentiating factors (relating to non-psychotic features of psychotic illness and to social and emotional aspects of psychotic symptoms). Clinicians should be aware that psychotic symptoms in young people are more often associated with common mental disorders such as depression and anxiety than with severe psychotic illness.
Suzanne Jackson’s Gallery 32 and Los Angeles’s Burgeoning African American Arts Community
Authors: Peter Carolyn , Willick Damon
Published: July 2012

This essay reconsiders Los Angeles’s Gallery 32 and its vital contribution to Los Angeles art history from 1968 to 1970. Founded and run by Suzanne Jackson, Gallery 32 exhibited challenging, controversial work and became a gathering place where not only art but politics and society were discussed and explored. As such, the gallery partook of the broad political struggles of the times and contributed to the city’s remarkable artistic diversity.
Select Highlights of Weusi History
Authors: Olugebefola Ademola
Published: July 2012

This article is a timeline of highlights from Weusi history, from 1964 to 1990, including notes about its Annual Outdoor Art Festival.
Remembering AfriCOBRA and the Black Arts Movement in 1960s Chicago
Authors: Jones-Henderson Napoleon
Published: July 2012

This essay, written by one of AfriCOBRA’s members, places the group as an aesthetic life force and a way of seeing the visual world coupled with the social, spiritual, relational, and political realities. The members of AfriCOBRA agitated for a new aesthetic, a new sense of purpose, a new reason for making “art” “IMAGES”: positive images of Black pride, Black self-determination, weapon images in and for the struggle to heal the minds and the souls of Black folk throughout the African Diaspora.
Adsorption of Copper(II) and Mercury(II) Ions onto Chemically-Modified Chitosan Membranes: Equilibrium and Kinetic Properties
Authors: Rabelo R.B. , Vieira R.S. , Luna F.M.T. , Guibal E. , Beppu M.M.
Published: July 2012

Cross-linked chitosan was synthesized with glutaraldehyde (chitosan–GLA) and epichlorohydrin (chitosan–ECH). The structures of these matrices were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), the degree of de-acetylation and the surface topography as determined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After promoting interaction with the metal ion, the adsorbent was also studied using FT-IR and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Adsorption studies for Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions were carried out in a batch process. The adsorption kinetics were tested using three models, viz. pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion. The experimental kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model for Cu(II) ions (R2 ≥ 0.98) and for Hg(II) ions (R2 = 0.99). Higher rate constants (k2) were obtained for the adsorption of Cu(II) ions onto chitosan–GLA [1.40 g/(mmol h)] and for Hg(II) ions onto raw chitosan [5.65 g/(mmol h)]. The adsorption rate depended on the concentration of Cu(II) and Hg(II) ions on the adsorbent surface and on the quantity of ions adsorbed at equilibrium. At 293 K, the Langmuir–Freundlich model provided a better fit to the adsorption isotherms on both raw and cross-linked chitosan membranes. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu(II) ions was obtained with the chitosan–GLA matrix (2.7 mmol/g). A maximum adsorption capacity of 3.1 mmol/g was attained for Hg(II) ions onto the chitosan–ECH matrix.
Studies of the Molecular Recognition Abilities of Gallic Acid-Imprinted Polymer Prepared Using a Molecular Imprinting Technique
Authors: Pardeshi Sushma , Dhodapkar Rita , Kumar Anupama
Published: July 2012

The present work compares the molecular recognition abilities of two molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) synthesized using two different functional monomers, viz. acrylamide (AA) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-Vp), employing gallic acid (GA) as the template using the non-covalent imprinting approach employing ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker and 2,2-azo-bis-2-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator in the porogen acetonitrile by thermal polymerization. The change in the electronic stabilization energies (ΔE) of the template–monomer complexes formed between the template and functional monomers in the presence of the porogen were computed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) to interpret the nature of the interactions between them and to compare their stabilities. A systematic investigation of the molecular recognition abilities of the synthesized MIPs has been carried out by applying the Langmuir–Freundlich (L–F) adsorption isotherm model. The binding parameters obtained from the L–F model demonstrate that MIPAA exhibited a higher specific molecular recognition ability towards the template molecule.
Effect of Swelling on Carbon Dioxide Adsorption by Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Authors: Zhu Jia M. , He Kai G. , Zhang Hu , Xin Feng
Published: July 2012

A two-step swelling method was used for preparing porous poly(ionic liquid)s based on the copolymer of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and acrylonitrile P([AMIM]BF4-AN), the copolymer of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and acrylonitrile P([AMIM]PF6-AN), and poly(vinylbenzyl trimethylammonium) tetrafluoroborate P[VBTMA]BF4. The characteristics of the polymers were assessed via FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and CO2 adsorption. The results indicated that the seed-swelling method was more effective in improving the CO2 adsorption capacity of imidazolium-based P([AMIM]BF4-AN) containing the [BF4]− anion. Exchanging [BF4]− for [PF6]− in the imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid) led to almost the same CO2 adsorption as exhibited by the corresponding non-swelling copolymer. Moreover, the CO2 adsorption capacity of ammonium-based P[VBTMA]BF4 when treated by the seed-swelling method decreased considerably.
Adsorption of Mixtures of Toxic Metal Ions Using Non-Viable Cells of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Authors: Amirnia Shahram , Margaritis Argyrios , Ray Madhumita B.
Published: July 2012

The use of waste biomaterial for the adsorption of heavy metal ions is an economically appealing alternative to conventional metal ion removal methods. In the present work, S. cerevisiae biomass has been shown to be capable of the simultaneous removal of more than 98% of Pb(II) ions, 60% of Zn(II) ions and up to 55% of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the 10–50 mg/ℓ concentration range. Model equations describing the removal efficiency of each metal ion were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with respect to operating conditions such as pH, initial metal ion concentration and biomass dosage. Characterization of the metal ion–biomass interactions responsible for biosorption was studied employing zeta potential measurements, BET, FT-IR and EDX techniques; these indicated that the uptake of metal ions by non-living yeast was a surface adsorption phenomenon. The results proved the involvement of an ion-exchange mechanism between the adsorbing metal ions and the cell walls. In the presence of the complete range of metal ions studied, yeast cells were more selective towards Pb(II) ions.
Evaluation of Clavulanic Acid Adsorption in MgAl-Layered Double Hydroxides: Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Forte Marcus Bruno Soares , Elias Élen Cristina Luna , Pastore Heloise O. , Filho Francisco Maugeri , Rodrigues Maria Isabel
Published: July 2012

Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of clavulanic acid adsorption onto hydrotalcites have been conducted with the aim of selecting the best conditions for biomolecular separation. For this purpose, hydrotalcites of different compositions (containing 30, 63 and 70% MgO in their compositions) were tested, with and without pre-treatment (uncalcined and calcined). A model was obtained to predict the degradation constant. This model may be useful in predicting the extent of clavulanic acid hydrolysis in the adsorption process. Adsorption studies were performed in stirred batch glass reactors. Assays were performed using solutions under different conditions, as well as variable solid/liquid ratios.

It was shown that distilled water and a solid/liquid ratio of 15.0 mg/ℓ generated the most favourable conditions for adsorption. A calcined hydrotalcite containing 70% MgO was selected for further study since it presented the best adsorption performance. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction methods, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption equilibrium was evaluated from adsorption isotherms determined at different temperatures. The experimental isotherm data were well fitted by a linear equilibrium model with the corresponding adsorption constants being K = 0.404, 0.602, 0.849 and 1.083 ℓ/g at 16.5, 19.0, 21.5 and 24.0 °C, respectively, showing an increased adsorption capacity at higher temperatures.

Thermodynamic evaluation of the process allowed the Gibbs' free energy (ΔG0), the standard enthalpy change (ΔH0) and the standard entropy change (ΔS0) to be estimated as follows: ΔG0 = 2.100, 1.301, 0.503 and −0.295 kJ/mol at 16.5, 19.0, 21.5 and 24.0 °C, respectively; ΔH0 = 94.602 kJ/mol; and ΔS0 = 0.319 kJ/(mol K), respectively. The positive value of ΔH0 confirmed the endothermic nature of clavulanic acid adsorption onto HT70c hydrotalcites, which was considered to be mass transport reaction-controlled process.
Adsorption of Supranol Yellow 4GL from Aqueous Solution onto Activated Carbons Prepared from Seawater Algae
Authors: Nemchi Fadela , Bestani Benaouda , Benderdouche Nouredine , Belhakem Mostefa , de Minorval Louis Charles
Published: July 2012

Adsorbents prepared from seawater algae, viz. green Ulva lactuca (PGA) and brown Systoceira stricta (PBA), by chemical activation were successfully tested for the removal of Supranol Yellow 4GL dye from aqueous solutions. Impregnation in 20% phosphoric acid for 2 h at 170 °C and subsequent air activation at 600 °C for 3 h significantly enhanced the adsorption capacities of both algae relative to their inactivated states. Parameters influencing the adsorption capacity such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature were studied. Similar experiments were carried out with commercially available Merck activated carbon (MAC) for comparative purposes. Adsorption efficiencies were measured at a pH 2 and dosages of 8 g/ℓ and 12 g/ℓ for PGA and PBA, respectively. Batch adsorption experiments resulted in maximum adsorption capacities determined from Langmuir models of up to 263, 93 and 84 mg/g for PGA, PBA and MAC, respectively. BET, FT-IR analyses, iodine number and Methylene Blue index determination were also performed to characterize the prepared adsorbents. The adsorption kinetics were found to comply with the pseudo-second-order model with intra-particle diffusion being the rate-determining step. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and endothermic. These studies indicate that these seawater algae could be used as low-cost alternatives for the removal of dyes.
Mechanical Behaviour in Axial Compression of a Tensegrity Ring: Parametric Study and Rheological Model
Authors: Franck Cévaër , Jérôme Quirant , Jean-François Dubé
Published: July 2012

Tensegrity rings, sometimes also called hollow ropes, tubes or sleeve modules, are systems based on straight prism geometry and composed of one or more bar circuits and cables. Recently, we developed a general study for these structures, including their ability of folding. We designed and built a human-size prototype of a pentagonal tensegrity ring with 30 cables and 15 bars, connected to 15 nodes symmetrically spread on three layers. This prototype has been tested under compression loading in several experiments. Finite element (FE) simulations are consistent with the experimental observations. In this paper, we present an analytical model of the axial behaviour of such a ring. We show the influence of each element on the mechanical behaviour of the structure, and our study can be seen as a first step in adapting the response of the system to a static or dynamic behaviour. We also provide a rheological model for its axial behaviour under compression. Our model is reduced to four springs and gives an axial mechanical behaviour identical to that obtained by FE simulations. Thus, a macro-element tensegrity ring is presented which connects the axial symmetrical load to four nodal displacements.
Improving Bending Stiffness of Tensegrity Booms
Authors: Dalilsafaei Seif , Eriksson Anders , Tibert Gunnar
Published: July 2012

There is a high interest in employing lightweight, low-cost, deployable structures for space missions. Utilization of tensegrity structures in space application is limited, due to their low stiffness, while a number of high stiffness-to-mass truss booms have been launched. This paper aims to describe and improve the bending stiffness of tensegrity booms. Tensegrity booms of Snelson and triangular prism type are selected for the study. These structures are excellent samples of class 1 tensegrities, with a single state of self-stress and one mechanism, and class 2 tensegrities, with multiple states of self-stress and mechanisms. The stiffness modification procedure includes three steps: (Step 1) developing a strategy for a fair comparison of tensegrity booms with a high performance truss boom. A genetic algorithm is employed to find the optimum cross-section areas of the boom elements. Sources of low stiffness of tensegrities are discussed. (Step 2) an effort is made to find the optimum placement of actuators for improving the stiffness of the tensegrity booms. (Step 3) a genetic algorithm is utilized to calculate their optimum actuation. All three stages have been performed based on a link between non-linear finite element analysis and a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm shows high accuracy of searching non-structural space, and also dealing with above steps. Results indicate that the stiffness of tensegrity booms is highly improved by activating the structures.
Novel Technique for Obtaining Double-Layer Tensegrity Grids
Authors: Gómez-Jáuregui Valentín , Arias Rubén , Otero César , Manchado Cristina
Published: July 2012

Double-layer tensegrity grids (DLTGs) may be defined as tensegrity spatial systems containing two parallel horizontal networks of members in tension forming the top and bottom layers, whose nodes are linked by vertical and/or inclined bracing members in compression and/or tension.

In this paper, a new approach is described. Conventional double-layer grids (DLGs) are composed of three layers: top, bottom and bracing members. This paper shows new rules for generating original DLGs following a recent methodology for their composition, from the mosaic of the bracing members and additional laws. Finally, from them, a new technique, known as Rot-Umbela manipulation, is applied to obtain their tensegrity form, opening and endless catalogue of DLTGs.
Structural Performances of Single-layer Tensegrity Domes
Authors: Cadoni Davide , Micheletti Andrea
Published: July 2012

We consider here floating-compression tensegrity systems: prestressed spatial trusses, composed by cables and struts, such that struts are never connected to each other. In particular, we focus on single-layer systems: all the nodal positions are assumed to lie on a closed synclastic surface, such as a sphere or an ellipsoid.

In this study we perform the form-finding and the structural design of a new tensegrity dome of small size; then we compare it to a conventional truss structure. Theoretically, floating-compression systems are not the best choice for carrying loads, a fact which is confirmed in this study. Nevertheless, our tensegrity design improves previous ones significantly. The structural performances evaluated here provide a reference point for assessing the feasibility of floating-compression systems.
Design Aspects of a Deployable Tensegrity-Hollow-rope Footbridge
Authors: Rhode-Barbarigos L. , Ali N. Bel Hadj , Motro R. , Smith I.F.C.
Published: July 2012

Tensegrity structures are composed of cables and struts in a prestressed self-equilibrium. Although tensegrity first appeared in the 1950s, it is seldom used in civil engineering. This paper focuses on the design aspects of a deployable tensegrity-hollow-rope footbridge. Deployment is usually not a critical design case for traditional deployable structures. However, for tensegrity systems deployment may be critical due to the actuation required. In this paper, deployment is investigated in a general design framework. The influence of clustered (continuous) cables and spring elements in statics and dynamics is studied. Finally, actuation schemes are explored to identify cases where deployment becomes a critical design case. For this configuration, deployment is a critical design case when the structure has spring elements and continuous cables.
Interactive Dynamic Design and Analysis of Tensegrity Systems
Authors: Averseng Julien , Quirant Jérome , Dubé Jean-François
Published: July 2012

In this paper, an implementation of the discrete element method is presented with applications in interactive design and dynamic non linear analysis of tensegrity systems, a class of lightweight reticulate space structures. These systems are simulated efficiently using an explicit time integration scheme coupled to a 3D visualization interface, which brings the possibility to interactively model a structure, to follow its evolution in real time and to perform advanced structural analysis. To validate and justify this particular approach in the case of tensegrity systems, a static analysis comparison with other structural analysis softwares is carried out on a representative example. The benefits and versatility of the method are further illustrated through simulations of planar and deployable structures.
Energy Security: Insights from a Ten Country Comparison
Authors: Bambawale Malavika Jain , Sovacool Benjamin K.
Published: July 2012

The article explores the extent to which energy security concerns differ between countries from the perspectives of energy users. It relies on a survey distributed to more than 2,100 energy consumers across Brazil, China, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and United States, facilitated through its translation into seven languages (English, Mandarin, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, German, and Japanese). The article first discusses the survey methodology and then presents a discussion of the results according to four key components of energy security, namely availability, affordability, energy efficiency and stewardship. In addition to analyzing the survey results by different demographic and country levels, the authors compare the results to country-level data indicators. They find that energy security is a multi-dimensional concept with different priorities for different countries that can often be explained by the country's inherent circumstances.
Technical Aspects of Variables Affecting Jatropha Methyl Ester Production — An Indian Case Study
Authors: Bojan Sanjay Gandhi , Chelladurai Sam , Durairaj Senthil Kumaran
Published: July 2012

Biodiesel obtained from vegetable oils as an alternative fuel for diesel engine is becoming increasingly important. The biodiesel quality and yield are affected by the properties of the oil used. The properties of the oil vary from region to region depending on the nature of the soil in which oil crops are cultivated, agricultural practices, rainfall etc. In this study the raw oil from Jatropha Curcas seeds grown in the western Ghat section of South India was tested for its physiochemical properties to determine its suitability for biodiesel production. A bench scale, compact biodiesel processor was developed locally by the authors and biodiesel was produced from raw Jatropha Curcas oil using alkali based transesterification process. The physiochemical properties of the biodiesel produced meet the ASTM standards but the yield was comparatively low (80%v/v) because of the high free fatty acid content (13.7 mg KOH/g of oil) in the raw Jatropha Curcas oil. The brake thermal efficiency of the biodiesel produced as a fuel in a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine coupled with an electric generator (34.19%) at maximum load conditions shows the possibility of utilization of biodiesel produced as a fuel in the diesel engine.
Biogas Production from Sago (Tapioca) Wastewater Using Anaerobic Batch Reactor
Authors: Elaiyaraju Periyasamy , Partha Nagarajan
Published: July 2012

In the present study, we have developed a batch reactor setup to monitor the formation of biogas using sago (cassava) wastewater for the first time. The experimental parameters like pH, COD, BOD, volatile solids, have been tested to optimize the production of biogas. The liberated biogas was analyzed and found that, about 65 – 70 % of methane and remaining 20–25 % of CO2. Sago effluent contains large amount of organic material which has a potential to cause water pollution. In order to reduce this problem, an experiment was conducted to remove organic material and biogas recovery from sago effluent using lab scale batch reactor. The biogas produced in the first reactor of 750 ml feed was 3393 ml per liter of liquid waste and similarly the biogas produced in the second reactor of 1250 ml feed was 3068 ml per liter of liquid waste.
Correlation-Based Damage Detection for Complicated Truss Bridges Using Multi-Layer Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Wang Frank L. , Chan Tommy H.T. , Thambiratnam David P. , Tan Andy C.C. , Cowled Craig J.L.
Published: July 2012

The study presents a multi-layer genetic algorithm (GA) approach using correlation-based methods to facilitate damage determination for through-truss bridge structures. To begin, the structure's damage-suspicious elements are divided into several groups. In the first GA layer, the damage is initially optimised for all groups using correlation objective function. In the second layer, the groups are combined to larger groups and the optimisation starts over at the normalised point of the first layer result. Then the identification process repeats until reaching the final layer where one group includes all structural elements and only minor optimisations are required to fine tune the final result. Several damage scenarios on a complicated through-truss bridge example are nominated to address the proposed approach's effectiveness. Structural modal strain energy has been employed as the variable vector in the correlation function for damage determination. Simulations and comparison with the traditional single-layer optimisation shows that the proposed approach is efficient and feasible for complicated truss bridge structures when the measurement noise is taken into account.