bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptation Longitudinal Driving Behavior, Mental Workload, and Psycho-Spacing Models in Fog
Authors: Hoogendoorn Raymond G. , Hoogendoorn Serge P. , Brookhuis Karel A. , Daamen Winnie
Published: December 2011

Adverse weather conditions have a substantial effect on traffic flow. However, the adaptation effects in longitudinal driving behavior that underlie this impact are unclear, as are the determinants. A driving simulator experiment was performed with a repeated-measures design and 25 participants. The adaptation effects in actual longitudinal driving behavior and the physiological indicators of mental workload (i.e., heart rate and heart rate variability) were measured under two conditions: normal visibility and fog. Significant adaptation effects in longitudinal driving behavior and a significant increase in mental workload were observed. A new estimation method was used to investigate the extent to which fog influenced the position of so-called action points in the (Δv, s) plane of a psycho-spacing model, where Δv was relative speed and s was spacing. In addition, multivariate regression analysis was applied to investigate the extent to which an influence could be observed on acceleration and on jumps in acceleration at the action points. Large differences in the positions of action points in the (Δv, s) plane, acceleration, and jumps in acceleration were observed between conditions; therefore, car-following patterns closely resemble those predicted by psycho-spacing theory. However, a large degree of inter- and intradriver heterogeneity was observed, possibly caused by differences in mental workload within and between drivers. This heterogeneity indicates that the assumption of deterministic perceptual thresholds is unrealistic and necessitates the development of a data-driven stochastic model based on the principles of psycho-spacing models.
Modeling Driver Behavior at Freeway–Ramp Merges
Authors: Kondyli Alexandra , Elefteriadou Lily
Published: December 2011

Freeway–ramp merging segments are important components of freeway facilities. The composite behavior of acceleration and gap acceptance of the merging traffic as well as the cooperative behavior of the freeway traffic can result in conflicts and trigger congestion. The goal of this research was to develop a ramp-merging model that considered the merging process as perceived by drivers and to investigate the contribution of individual drivers’ merging behavior to the breakdown event. Focus group meetings were conducted, and drivers’ merging behavior was observed in in-vehicle experiments. The data were used to develop a gap-acceptance model under different merging conditions and a model of driver behavior that predicted vehicle interactions on the freeway with merging vehicles, considering different driver types. A merging turbulence model that evaluated the effect of vehicle interactions on traffic flow also is presented. Study findings can be used to refine existing micro-simulation models, realistically replicate freeway flow breakdown, and provide insight into the triggers of the breakdown of freeway flow.
New Model for Variable Speed Limits
Authors: Wang Yun , Ioannou Petros A.
Published: December 2011

Traffic flow models play an irreplaceable role in the design and evaluation of variable speed limit (VSL) controllers. All existing models for incorporating VSL effects are based on modifications of the steady-state fundamental diagram. A new model is proposed: it is derived from driver behaviors with VSL control. The proposed model is validated with simulated data from VISSIM microscopic models and is compared with an existing macroscopic model modified to account for VSL. The proposed model is shown to have more accurate descriptions of the transient effects of VSL than the existing model, which takes into account only the steady-state effects of speed control inputs.
Simulation of Driver Behavior with Agent-Based Back-Propagation Neural Network
Authors: Chong Linsen , Abbas Montasir M. , Medina Alejandra
Published: December 2011

Two microscopic simulation methods are compared for driver behavior: the Gazis–Herman–Rothery (GHR) car-following model and a proposed agent-based neural network model. To analyze individual driver characteristics, a back-propagation neural network is trained with car-following episodes from the data of one driver in the naturalistic driving database to establish action rules for a neural agent driver to follow under perceived traffic conditions during car-following episodes. The GHR car-following model is calibrated with the same data set, using a genetic algorithm. The car-following episodes are carefully extracted and selected for model calibration and training as well as validation of the calibration rules. Performances of the two models are compared, with the results showing that at less than 10-Hz data resolution the neural agent approach outperforms the GHR model significantly and captures individual driver behavior with 95% accuracy in driving trajectory.
Guidelines for the Use of Pavement Marking Symbols at Freeway Interchanges
Authors: Trout Nada D. , Ullman Brooke R. , Chrysler Susan T.
Published: December 2011

Pavement marking technology has advanced sufficiently to allow large multicolor symbols to be marked on the pavement. These symbols provide drivers with another source of information to help them make good navigation decisions. The objective of this research was to identify appropriate in-lane pavement marking characteristics for use near freeway interchanges. Two laptop-based surveys were conducted to evaluate driver comprehension, recognition time, and preference for different designs and applications. From the information obtained in these surveys, researchers developed the following recommendations for in-lane pavement markings near an interchange: (a) arrow and shield markings should be used in combination; (b) in simple single-lane exits (particularly traditional lane drop right exits), pavement marking symbols only need to be placed in the exit lane; (c) if in-lane pavement markings are used at complex interchanges (e.g., optional lanes, multilane exits), the markings should be applied to all lanes; (d) optional lane pavement markings should provide the same basic information as other lanes at that interchange (i.e., show both highway shields and an option arrow); (e) lane markings should not be staggered; (f) when all symbols are the same, they should be installed in a single line; and (g) the use of cardinal directions should be limited.
Long-term tumor control and cranial nerve outcomes following Gamma Knife surgery for larger-volume vestibular schwannomas
Authors: Milligan Brian D. , Pollock Bruce E. , Foote Robert L. , Link Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Object

Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for vestibular schwannoma (VS) is an accepted treatment for small- to medium-sized tumors, generally smaller than 2.5 cm in the maximum posterior fossa dimension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of GKS for larger tumors.

Methods

Prospectively collected data were analyzed for 22 patients who had undergone GKS for VSs larger than 2.5 cm in the posterior fossa diameter between 1997 and 2006. No patient had symptomatic brainstem compression at the time of GKS. The median treated tumor volume was 9.4 cm3 (range 5.3–19.1 cm3). The median maximum posterior fossa diameter was 2.8 cm (range 2.5–3.8 cm). The median tumor margin dose was 12 Gy (range 12–14 Gy). Serial imaging, audiometry (10 patients with serviceable hearing pre-GKS), and clinical follow-up were available for a median of 66 months (range 26–121 months). Tumor control failure was defined as either a progressive increase in tumor diameter of at least 2 mm in any dimension or a later resection.

Results

Four patients met the criteria for GKS failure, including 1 patient who demonstrated sarcomatous degeneration more than 7 years after GKS and died 3 months after microsurgical debulking. An enlarging cystic component was the surgical indication in 1 of the 2 patients who required resection, although 27% of tumors (6 lesions) were cystic before GKS. The 3-year actuarial rate of tumor control, freedom from new facial neuropathy, and preservation of functional hearing were 86%, 92%, and 47%, respectively. At 5 years post-GKS, these rates decreased to 82%, 85%, and 28%, respectively. At the most recent follow-up, 91% of tumors were smaller than at the time of GKS and the median maximum posterior fossa diameter reduction was 26%. On multivariate analysis, none of the following factors was associated with GKS failure, new facial weakness, new trigeminal neuropathy, or loss of serviceable hearing: patient age, tumor volume, tumor margin dose, and preoperative cranial nerve dysfunction.

Conclusions

Single-session radiosurgery is a successful treatment for the majority of patients with larger VSs. Although tumor control rates are lower than those for smaller VSs managed with GKS, the cranial nerve morbidity of GKS is significantly lower than that typically achieved via resection of larger VSs.
Slower growth of skull base meningiomas compared with non–skull base meningiomas based on volumetric and biological studies
Authors: Hashimoto Naoya , Rabo Carter S. , Okita Yoshiko , Kinoshita Manabu , Kagawa Naoki , Fujimoto Yasunori , Morii Eiichi , Kishima Haruhiko , Maruno Motohiko , Kato Amami , Yoshimine Toshiki
Published: December 2011

Object

The precise natural history of incidentally discovered meningiomas (IDMs) remains unknown. It has been reported that for symptomatic meningiomas, tumor location can be used to predict growth. As to whether the same is true for IDMs has not been reported. This study aims to answer this question and provide biological evidence for this assumption by extending the study to involve symptomatic cases.

Methods

A total of 113 IDMs were analyzed by fine volumetry. A comparison of growth rates and patterns between skull base and non–skull base IDMs was made. Subsequently, materials obtained from 210 patients with symptomatic meningiomas who were treated in the authors' hospital during the same period were included for a biological comparison between skull base and non–skull base tumors using the MIB-1 index.

Results

The 110 patients with IDMs included 93 females and 17 males, with a mean follow-up period of 46.9 months. There were 38 skull base (34%) and 75 non–skull base (66%) meningiomas. Forty-two (37%) did not exhibit growth of more than 15% of the volume, whereas 71 (63%) showed growth. Only 15 (39.5%) of 38 skull base meningiomas showed growth, whereas 56 (74.7%) of 75 non–skull base meningiomas showed growth (p = 0.0004). In the 71 IDMs (15 skull base and 56 non–skull base), there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in terms of mean age, sex, follow-up period, or initial tumor volume. However, the percentage of growth (p = 0.002) was significantly lower and the doubling time (p = 0.008) was significantly higher in the skull base than in the non–skull base tumor group. In subsequently analyzed materials from 94 skull base and 116 non–skull base symptomatic meningiomas, the mean MIB-1 index for skull base tumors was markedly low (2.09%), compared with that for non–skull base tumors (2.74%; p = 0.013).

Conclusions

Skull base IDMs tend not to grow, which is different from non–skull base tumors. Even when IDMs grow, the rate of growth is significantly lower than that of non–skull base tumors. The same conclusion with regard to biological behavior was confirmed in symptomatic cases based on MIB-1 index analyses. The authors' findings may impact the understanding of the natural history of IDMs, as well as strategies for management and treatment of IDMs and symptomatic meningiomas.
Three-dimensional measurement of growth of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Authors: Fujimori Takahito , Iwasaki Motoki , Nagamoto Yukitaka , Ishii Takahiro , Sakaura Hironobu , Kashii Masafumi , Yoshikawa Hideki , Sugamoto Kazuomi
Published: December 2011

Object

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a progressive disease that causes cervical myelopathy. Because 2D evaluation of ossification growth with plain lateral radiographs has limitations, the authors developed a unique technique to measure ossification progression and volume increase by using multidetector CT scanning.

Methods

The authors used serial thin-slice volume data obtained by multidetector CT scanning in 5 patients. The mean patient age was 63 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 3.1 years. First, a 3D model of OPLL was semiautomatically segmented at a specific threshold. Then, a preoperative model of OPLL was superimposed on a postoperative model using voxel-based registration of the vertebral bodies. Progression and volume increase were measured using a digital viewer that was developed by the authors. Progression was visualized using a color-coded contour on the surface of the OPLL model.

Results

All patients had progression of 0.5 mm or greater. The mean values concerning OPLL growth were as follows: maximum progression length, 4.7 mm; progression rate, 1.5 mm/year; volume increase, 1622 mm3; volume expansion rate, 37%; and volume increase rate, 484 mm3/year. The accuracy of superimposition by voxel-based registration, defined as closeness to the true value, was less than 0.31 mm. For intraobserver reproducibility of the volume measurement, the mean intraclass correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and coefficient of variation were 0.987, 16.0 mm3, and 1.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament progresses even after surgery. Three-dimensional evaluation with the aid of CT scans is a useful and reliable method for assessing that growth.
Complications of lateral plating in the minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach
Authors: Le Tien V. , Smith Donald A. , Greenberg Mark S. , Dakwar Elias , Baaj Ali A. , Uribe Juan S.
Published: December 2011

Object

The aim of this study was to review the authors' experience with 101 cases over the past 3 years with minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion using a lateral plate. Their main goal was to specifically look for hardware-associated complications. Three cases of hardware failure and 3 cases of vertebral body (VB) fractures associated with lateral plate placement are reported. The authors also review the literature pertaining to lateral plates and related complications.

Methods

This study is a retrospective review of a database of patients who underwent minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion in the thoracolumbar spine during a 3-year period.

Results

Six complications were identified, resulting in an incidence of 5.9%. Three hardware failures, 2 coronal plane VB fractures, and 1 lateral VB fracture were identified. All complications occurred in multilevel cases. All cases presented with recurrent back pain except one, which was identified incidentally.

Conclusions

Minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion is a safe and direct technique that is practical, especially when trying to avoid other approaches for hardware insertion, and it also avoids the complications associated with other types of instrumentation such as pedicle screws. Careful consideration during patient selection and during the operation will aid in the avoidance of complications.
Time And Age Specific Mating Success Of Bumblebee (Bombus Terrestris L.) Reared At Different Photoperiodic Regimes
Authors: Amin MR , Kwon VJ
Published: December 2011

In this study, mating success of bumblebee, Bombus terrestris was recorded by five age groups of queens viz. 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days old, and the males were two days older than each age group of queens. Newly emerged males and queens were collected from different colonies and they were reared under four photoperiods e.g., L0:D24, L8:D16, L16:D8, and L24:D0 for observing the mating activities. Three days old queens with 5 days old males showed the lowest mating success at all photoperiodic regimes. Most of the couples mated within first 15 minutes of pairing and mating success increased with increasing duration of mating exposure. At the L0:D24 and L8:D16 photoperiodic regimes 9 days old queens with 11 days old males had the highest mating success (65.4 ± 3.3 and 85.0 ± 2.3%, respectively) whereas at L16:D8 and L24:D0 photoperiodic conditions, the highest mating success occurred when 7 days old queens paired with 9 days old males (92.1 ± 1.7 and 76.3 ± 3.2%, respectively). These results indicate that rearing of bees at different light regimes, age of bees and duration of mating exposure had significant effect on mating success of B. terrestris.   Keywords: Age; Bombus terrestris; mating; photoperiod; time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9225 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 13-20
Effect Of Zinc And Boron On Yield And Yield Contributing Characters Of Mungbean In Low Ganges River Floodplain Soil At Madaripur, Bangladesh
Authors: Quddus MA , Rashid MH , Hossain MA , Naser HM
Published: December 2011

An experiment was carried out in Calcareous Low Ganges River Floodplain Soil (AEZ 12) at Pulses Research Sub-Station (PRSS), Madaripur during Kharif I of 2008 and 2009.The objectives were to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on the yield and yield contributing characters of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and to find out the optimum dose of Zn and B for yield maximization. There were four levels of zinc (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 kg/ha and boron (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2 kg/ha) along with a blanket dose of N20 P25 K35 S20 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. Results showed that the combination of Zn1.5B1.0 produced significantly higher yield (3058 kg/ha) and (2631 kg/ha, in the year 2008 and 2009, respectively. The lowest yield (2173 kg/ha) and (1573 kg/ha, were found in control (Zn0B0) combination. The combined application of zinc and boron were observed superior to their single application in both the years. Therefore, the combination of Zn1.5B1.0 might be considered as suitable dose for mungbean cultivation in Bangladesh. But from regression analysis, the optimum treatment combination was Zn1.87 B1.24 kg/ha for Madaripur.   Keywords: Zinc; boron; mungbean; yield; yield contributing characters. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9231 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 75-85
Comparative Advantage Of Vegetables Production In Bangladesh
Authors: Karim MR , Hossain S , Rashid MA , Azad MAK , Jahan MAHS
Published: December 2011

The study was undertaken to assess the comparative advantage of production and export of vegetables from Bangladesh. Fifty four kinds of different vegetables were exported from Bangladesh. The importing countries were mostly in the Middle East. The demand for summer vegetables was found higher than those of winter vegetables. Total export quantity was found 6046 metric tons of vegetables and earned foreign exchange of Tk. 1120 million, which was only 1.18 percent of total value of vegetable production in Bangladesh. Among the export marketing cost items, air freights charges was found highest. For all the vegetables, DRCs were observed to be less than unity implying that Bangladesh had comparative advantage in vegetable production.   Keywords: Export potential; vegetables; foreign exchange earnings DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9232 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 89-95
Stability Study For Growth Duration And Grain Yield Of Exotic Hybrid Rice Genotypes In Bangladesh
Authors: Biswas PL , Barman HN , Ghosal S , Tohiduzzaan S , Ali M Hazrat
Published: December 2011

Twenty eight rice genotypes were evaluated for their stability in respect of grain yield and growth duration during boro season of 2007-08 over five locations viz. Gazipur, Jamalpur, Comilla, Jinaidhah, and Rajshahi. Variances for genotypes, locations, and G × E interactions were significant for both the traits. Linear components of G × E interactions were insignificant but non- linear components (pooled deviation) were significant. Considering stability parameters (bi and S2 di) for days to maturity, genotypes Raja, Ropa-1, and Sera were least responsive to environment (bi =1) and minimum deviation from regression (S2 di = 0) were stable over the locations. The estimates of stability parameters for grain yield revealed that the genotypes Ropa-1, SL-8, Lily and Sera were higher grain yielder, b value were close to the unity and S2di value were near to the zero. So, these four genotypes could be considered as the most stable over the environments. Considering both growth duration and grain yield based on stability parameters, the genotypes Ropa and Sera were identified as most stable and could be recommended for release as varieties.   Key words: Hybrid rice; stability; exotic. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9233 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 97-102
Profitability Of Some Bari Released Crop Varieties In Some Locations Of Bangladesh
Authors: Begum MST Esmat Ara , Islam MD Nozrul , Alam QM , Hossain SM Byazid
Published: December 2011

An attempt was made to asses the costs and returns from the cultivation of selected crops in different locations. Fifty farmers were selected for collecting data for each crop through random sampling for the year 2006-07. Study revealed that per hectare total costs were Tk. 51341, Tk. 32275, Tk. 20983, Tk. 27819, Tk. 63012, Tk. 61928, Tk. 87828, Tk. 65163, and Tk. 57775 for the cultivation of maize, groundnut, mungbean, sweet potato, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, cucumber, and okra, respectively. Sample farmers received Tk. 31280, Tk. 23221, Tk. 12957, Tk. 70981, Tk. 56546, Tk. 72820, Tk. 247076, Tk. 61437 and Tk. 94822 per hectare as net returns from the cultivation of maize, groundnut, mungbean, sweet potato, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, cucumber, and okra, respectively. The benefit cost ratios over total costs were 1.61, 1.72, 1.62, 3.55, 1.90, 2.17, 3.72, 1.94, and 2.64 for the cultivation of maize, groundnut, mungbean, sweet potato, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, cucumber, and okra, respectively. High costs of fertilizers and insecticides were the major constraints to higher production for most of the crops as mentioned by the sample farmers.   Keywords: Profitability; crops; locations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9235 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 111-122
Quality Of Tomato As Influenced By Boron And Zinc In Presence Of Different Doses Of Cowdung
Authors: Salam MA , Siddique MA , Rahim MA , Rahman MA , Goffar MA
Published: December 2011

The experiment was carried out at the Vegetable Research Farm of the Horticulture Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur to investigate the effect of boron, zinc, and cowdung on quality of tomato. There were 16 treatments comprising four rates of boron and zinc viz., BoZno. B1.5Zn2 B2Zn4 and B2.5Zn6 kg/ha and four rates of cowdung viz., CDo, CD10, CD15, and CD20 t/ha. Every plot received 253 kg N, 90 kg P, 125 kg K, and 6.6 kg S per hectare. The results reflected that the highest pulp weight (90.24%), dry matter content (5.82%), ascorbic acid (11.2 mg/100g). lycopene content (147 μg/100g), chlorophyll-a (42.0 μg/l00g), chlorophyll-b (61.0 μg/100g), boron content (36 μg/g), zinc content (51 μg /g), marketable fruits at 30 days after storage (74%) and shelf life (17 days) were recorded with the combination of 2.5 kg B/ha + 6 kg Zn/ha, and 20 t/ha cowdung.   Keywords: Quality of tomato; boron; zinc; doses of cowdung. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9239 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 151-163
Weed Infestation In Mulberry Garden
Authors: Bhalerao RS , Hiware CJ , Avhad SB
Published: December 2011

Keywords: Weeds; mulberry gardenDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9242  BJAR 2011; 36(1): 183-188
Performances Of Heat Tolerant Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) Hybrids During Rainy Season
Authors: Ahmad S , Islam MS , Hoque MA
Published: December 2011

An investigation was undertaken with a view to observing the performance of newly developed summer tomato hybrids during May 2008 to September 2008 at experimental field of Horticulture Research Centre, BARI, Gazipur. Number of fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, fruit size, etc. was significantly higher when the plants were treated with hormone. Fruit yield per plant was quite high in the hormone treated plant (1.57 kg) compared to untreated plants (0.90 kg). In general, all the hybrids performed better when treated with hormone in respect of yield compared to their corresponding untreated plants. The hybrid WP7 × C- 51 had the highest individual fruit weight (56.0 g) Among the hybrids, HT019 × WP10 had the highest fruit yield per plant (1.87 kg) closely followed by C-11 × WP10 (1.81 kg) when the plants were treated with hormone. The untreated plants of the hybrid lines C-41 × WP8, HT019 × WP10 and C-41 × WP10 produced more than 1.0 kg of fruits per plant. This indicates that there is bright scope of tomato production during summer through with and without hormone application, though application of hormone had positive effect on tomato yield. Keywords: Heat tolerant tomato hybrids; rainy season. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9243 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 189-196
Assessment Of Storage Losses Of Different Pulses At Farmers Level In Jamalpur Region Of Bangladesh
Authors: Mannan MA , Tarannum N
Published: December 2011

A survey was conducted in Jamalpur region to investigate the losses of pulses during storage at farmer’s level. It was observed that farmers used traditional methods for storing pulse crops. The containers, such as Jute bag with multiple (2-5) polythene lining inside (7.7% infestation), tin container with polythene lining inside by mixing sand with pulses (8.2% infestation), plastic container (7.8% infestation), plastic boium (8.6% infestation), and RC bottle (8.4% infestation) showed better performance for storing different pulse crops. The stored pulse of these containers had below 10% infestation level at low moisture content (below 10%) and high germination percentage (above 80%). In the study area, minimum number of farmers (1.81-3.45%) cultivated pulse crops since maximum arable lands were occupied by rice. Keywords: Pulse storage practices; assessment of losses; store insect infestation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9246 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 205-212
Variability And Performance Of Superior Velvet Apple (Diospyros Discolor) Germplasm In The Hilly Region
Authors: Ahmed M , Mozumder SN , Firoz ZA , Faisal SM
Published: December 2011

The study was conducted at the Hill Tracts Agricultural Research Station, Ramgarh during two years in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the variability and performance of selected 11 velvet apple germplasm. A lot of variations in different parameters were observed among the trees. The age of plant varied from 7 to 25 years having tree volume 58 m3 to 428 m3. The number of fruits ranged from 42 to 674 per plant with single fruit weight 118 to 283 g. The length and diameter ranged from 6.63cm to 7.7cm and 5.73cm to 8.3cm, respectively. The maximum edible portion (68.3%) was recorded in DD RAM 011, while it was the lowest (47.6%) in DD RAM 001. The highest TSS% ranged from 7.28% to 14.9%. Highest yield per plant (103.67 kg) was observed in DD RAM 001 and it was lowest in DD RAM 008 (5.99 kg). All the parameters showed poor correlation among them. Considering the factors of weight and size, edible portion %, TSS %, taste, sweetness, and yield per plant, the line DD RAM 011 was found better than others. Keywords: Variability; performance; velvet apple; hilly areas DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9248 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 223-230
Yield Response And Nitrogen Use Efficiency Of Wheat Under Different Doses And Split Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer
Authors: Rahman M Ataur , Sarker MAZ , Amin MF , Jahan AHS , Akhter MM
Published: December 2011

A field experiment was conducted at the central research farm of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur for two consecutive years to verify the yield response of wheat variety Prodip to different doses and split applications of N fertilizer to determine appropriate N dose and application method for increasing NUE and grain yield of wheat. The treatments comprised of 12 combinations of three doses of nitrogen (80, 100, and 120 kg/ha) from urea, which were assigned in the main plots and four methods of N splitting viz., application of all N as basal; 2/3rd basal plus 1/3rd as top dress at crown root initiation (CR1) stage; 1/2 basal plus 1/2 as top dress at CR1 stage; and 1/3rd basal with 1/3rd as top dress at CR1 plus 1/3rd as top dress at 1st node stage which were tested in the sub plots. Higher yield was achieved from N rate of 120 kgiha applied as three equal splits of one-third as basal during final land preparation, one-third as top dressing during CR1 and the rest one-third top dressing at first node stage. The yield advantage of wheat due to N treatments was attributed to higher thousand grain weight and spikes/m2. Nitrogen content in wheat grain and straw was not affected significantly by different N treatment and their combinations, whereas plant N uptake was significantly influenced by N rate and N splitting and also due to the interaction of N rate and N splitting. Total N uptake was maximum under N rate of 120 kg/ha applied as three equal splits as 1/3rd basal with 1/3rd as top dress at CR1 plus 1/3rd as top dress at 1st node stage. Split applications of sub-optimal dose of N (80 kg/ha) resulted in negative gain in apparent NUE, but split applications, especially three split applications (1/3rd basal, 1/3rd at CR1, and 1/3rd at 1st node stage) of higher dose of N (100 and 120 kg/ha) resulted in positive gain in apparent NUE. Keywords: Wheat grain yield; nitrogen management; N uptake and NUE DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9249 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 231-240
Combining Ability And Heterosis Studies In Tomato Under Bacterial Wilt Condition
Authors: Singh AK , Asati BS
Published: December 2011

Thirteen diverse lines of tomato were crossed with three testers in line x tester mating fashion to study combining ability effects and heterosis for plant height, number of primary branches per plant, fruit weight, bacterial wilt incidence and yield per plant during rabi season of 2005-06 at Horticultural Research Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, (Meghalaya), India. The analysis of variance revealed the predominance of non-additive gene action for all the traits. In respect of both gca & sca effects, the parents and hybrids differed significantly. Among the parents, Sel-2 and BT-117-5-3-1 were the best general combiners for yield per plant and other characters under study, and these may be used as valuable donors in the hybridization programme for producing promising combinations in bacterial wilt prone areas. Among the crosses, BT- 207 × KT-15, Type-I × KT-15, and FEB-2 × BT-117-5-3-l were the most valuable combiners for yield per plant and other characters under study could be utilized for bacterial wilt resistant breeding programmes. The highest heterotic effect over better parent was also exhibited by the cross Type-1 × KT-15 for yield per plant and plant height under bacterial wilt condition. Keywords: Combining ability; heterosis; tomato; bacterial wilt. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9259 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 313-318
Genetic Variability, Heritability And Correlation Study In Hyacinth Bean
Authors: Islam MS , Rahman MM , Mian MAK
Published: December 2011

Forty four hyacinth bean genotypes were studied to estimate the variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficients. There was a large variation among the genotypes for all the characters among which the number of pods per plant had highest (122 to 425). Green pod yield per plant varied from 0.46 kg to 3.45 kg indicating the presence of high yielding genotypes. High genotypic coefficient of variation was obtained for 100-green seed weight, pod yield per plant, number of pods per plant and harvesting duration. The highest heritability was observed for days to first flower (98.39%) followed by days to first harvest (96.1 %).The pod yield per plant also exhibited high heritability of 77.9% with highest genetic advance (68.28) indicating the possibility of selection to improve this traits. Yield of green pods showed highly significant and positive association with number of pods per plant (r=0.71**), individual pod weight (r=0.54**) and harvesting duration (r=0.198*), which indicates the importance of these characters during selection for high yielding genotypes in hyacinth bean. Keywords: Genetic variability; heritability; hyacinth bean. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9262 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 351-356
Effect Of Nitrogen For Yield Maximization Of Garlic In Old Brahmaputra Flood Plain Soil
Authors: Zaman MS , Hashem MA , Jahiruddin M , Rahim MA
Published: December 2011

The experiment was conducted for two consecutive rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur to find out an optimum dose of nitrogen for the production of garlic (cv. Jamalpur local). There were six levels of nitrogen viz., 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete design with three replications. Results revealed that nitrogen had significant effects on almost all the parameters studied. Nitrogen @150 kg/ha produced the highest bulb yield (6.75 t/ha in 2005-06 and 7.19 t/ha in 2006-07) and there was a reduction of yield with further increment of nitrogen level. The control treatment receiving no fertilizer produced the lowest bulb yield in both the years. The yield benefit for 150 kg N/ha was 40% than the yield obtained from nitrogen control treatment when average of two years’ yield is considered. Keywords: Nitrogen; garlic; growth; bulb yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i2.9263 BJAR 2011; 36(2): 357-367
Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals
Authors: Ferrão-Filho Aloysio da S. , Kozlowsky-Suzuki Betina
Published: December 2011

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e.g., activity of phosphatases, GST, AChE, proteases), and behavioral alterations. Research has also focused on the potential for bioaccumulation and transferring of these toxins through the food chain. Although the herbivorous zooplankton is hypothesized as the main target of cyanotoxins, there is not unquestionable evidence of the deleterious effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins on these organisms. Also, the low toxin burden in secondary consumers points towards biodilution of microcystins in the food web as the predominant process. In this broad review we discuss important issues on bioaccumulation and the effects of cyanotoxins, with emphasis on microcystins, as well as drawbacks and future needs in this field of research.
Terpenoids and Bibenzyls from Three Argentine Liverworts
Authors: Nagashima Fumihiro , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: December 2011

A new rosane diterpenoid, 3a-hydroxy-5,15-rosadien-11-one (3), was isolated, together with a known rosane diterpenoid, 5,15-rosadiene-3,11-dione (4), and an aromadendrane sesquiterpenoid, ent-cyclocolorenone (5), from the Et2O extract of an unidentified Argentine liverwort Anastrophyllum species. Moreover, four known sesquiterpene lactones 6–9 and two known bibenzyls 10, 11 were isolated from the Et2O extracts of Argentine Frullania brasiliensis and Radula voluta, respectively. The structures of compounds 3–11 were determined by the use of NMR techniques.
Chemical Constituents of the Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Leiothrix spiralis Ruhland and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Araújo Marcelo Gonzaga de Freitas , Hilário Felipe , Nogueira Leonardo Gorla , Vilegas Wagner , Santos Lourdes Campaner dos , Bauab Taís Maria
Published: December 2011

Chemical fractionation of the methanolic extract of leaves of Leiothrix spiralis Ruhland afforded the flavonoids luteolin-6-C-b-D-glucopyranoside (1), 7-methoxyluteolin-6-C-b-D-glucopyranoside (2), 7-methoxyluteolin-8-C-b-D-glucopyranoside (3), 4′-methoxyluteolin-6-C-b-D-glucopyranoside (4), and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxyluteolin (5), and the xanthones 8-carboxymethyl-1,5,6-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (6), 8-carboxy-methyl-1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone (7). Methanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds of the leaves of L. spiralis were assayed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella setubal and Helicobacter pylori) and fungi (the yeasts Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis). We observed the best minimum inhibitory concentration values for the methanolic extract against Candida parapsilosis, for the fraction 5 + 6 against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa, and compound 7 against all tested Candida strains. The methanolic extract contents suggest that this species may be a promising source of compounds to produce natural phytomedicines.
Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Biomedicial Applications
Authors: Shao Lijia , Gao Yanfang , Yan Feng
Published: December 2011

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are nanometre-scale crystals, which have unique photophysical properties, such as size-dependent optical properties, high fluorescence quantum yields, and excellent stability against photobleaching. These properties enable QDs as the promising optical labels for the biological applications, such as multiplexed analysis of immunocomplexes or DNA hybridization processes, cell sorting and tracing, in vivo imaging and diagnostics in biomedicine. Meanwhile, QDs can be used as labels for the electrochemical detection of DNA or proteins. This article reviews the synthesis and toxicity of QDs and their optical and electrochemical bioanalytical applications. Especially the application of QDs in biomedicine such as delivering, cell targeting and imaging for cancer research, and in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer are briefly discussed.
Explaining Non-Take-up of Water Subsidy
Authors: Dahan Momi , Nisan Udi
Published: December 2011

We use two separate quasi-natural experiments to explore the relative importance of information and administrative costs in explaining non-take-up of water subsidy. The first “experiment” shows that the take-up rate of a household with lower administrative costs is not significantly different from otherwise identical households. In contrast, using the same program, the second “experiment” reveals that the take-up rate of a household that is more likely to be informed is substantially higher compared to otherwise identical households. These findings support the idea that information plays a major role in explaining non-take-up of water subsidy.
Genetic evidence for hybridization in red oaks (Quercussect.Lobatae, Fagaceae)
Authors: Moran Emily V. , Willis John , Clark James S.
Published: December 2011

•Premise of the study:Hybridization is pervasive in many plant taxa, with consequences for species taxonomy, local adaptation, and management. Oaks (Quercusspp.) are thought to hybridize readily yet retain distinct traits, drawing into question the biological species concept for such taxa, but the true extent of gene flow is controversial. Genetic data are beginning to shed new light on this issue, but red oaks (sectionLobatae), an important component of North American forests, have largely been neglected. Moreover, gene flow estimates may be sensitive to the choice of life stage, marker type, or genetic structure statistic.

•Methods:We coupled genetic structure data with parentage analyses for two mixed‐species stands in North Carolina. Genetic structure analyses of adults (includingFST,RST,G’ST, and structure) reflect long‐term patterns of gene flow, while the percentage of seedlings with parents of two different species reflect current levels of gene flow.

•Key results:Genetic structure analyses revealed low differentiation in microsatellite allele frequencies between co‐occurring species, suggesting past gene flow. However, methods differed in their sensitivity to differentiation, indicating a need for caution when drawing conclusions from a single method. Parentage analyses identifed >20% of seedlings as potential hybrids. The species examined exhibit distinct morphologies, suggesting selection against intermediate phenotypes.

•Conclusions:Our results suggest that hybridization between co‐occurring red oaks occurs, but that selection may limit introgression, especially at functional loci. However, by providing a source of genetic variation, hybridization could influence the response of oaks and other hybridizing taxa to environmental change.
Effect of Abacavir on Acute Changes in Biomarkers Associated with Cardiovascular Dysfunction
Authors: Patel Pragna , Bush Tim , Overton Turner , Baker Jason , Hammer John , Kojic Erna , Conley Lois , Henry Keith , Brooks John T ,   the SUN Study Investigators
Published: December 2011

Background

This study examined the effect of abacavir on acute changes in biomarkers associated with cardiovascular dysfunction.

Methods

Among the Study to Understand the Natural History of HIV/AIDS in the Era of Effective therapy (SUN) participants, we identified 25 individuals (cases) who were HLA-B5701-negative and who had ≥2 weeks without abacavir exposure at one visit and ≥2 weeks with abacavir exposure at the consecutive visit while maintaining viral suppression. We identified 43 individuals (controls) similarly unexposed and exposed to tenofovir. We assessed concentrations of prothrombin fragment F(1+2), D-dimer, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, serum amyloid A and serum amyloid P. We examined the median percentage change of these biomarkers from the unexposed to exposed state among cases and controls compared with the expected assay variability using a sign test, and compared changes among cases with controls using the Wilcoxon rank–sum test.

Results

Baseline characteristics were similar between cases and controls: median age 45 versus 46 years, 80% versus 81% male, 64% versus 63% non-Hispanic White and median CD4+ T-cell count 538 versus 601 cells/mm3, respectively. Mean exposure times were 65 and 15 weeks for abacavir and tenofovir, respectively. We observed no significant changes in biomarkers from the unexposed to exposed state among cases or controls compared with the expected assay variability. We found that no biomarkers were significantly increased among cases compared with controls; however, prothrombin fragment F(1+2) was significantly lower among controls ( P=0.035).

Conclusions

In virologically suppressed contemporary HIV-infected patients, abacavir exposure was not associated with increases in biomarkers associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
High-Resolution Melting and Real-Time Pcr for Quantification and Detection of Drug-Resistant HBV Mutants in a Single Amplicon
Authors: Hsiao Chia-Chieh , Chang Juliana , Wu Jeng-You , Liu Wan-Hsin , Han Shih-Yun , Chen Pei-Jer , Yeh Shiou-Hwei
Published: December 2011

Background

Antiviral therapy by nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NAs) effectively reduces HBV replication in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Because long-term NA treatments will eventually select for drug- resistant mutants, early detection of mutants and frequent monitoring of viral loads is crucial for successful NA therapy. Because no efficient test for one-tube quantification and qualification of various HBV-resistant mutants exists, we propose to use high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis in combination with real-time PCR to achieve this unmet need.

Methods

We developed a single amplicon for detecting HBV mutants resistant to lamivudine (LMV), adefovir (ADV) and entecavir (ETV), which are commonly used for CHB treatment. Our design consists of two steps: real-time PCR for viral quantification, and hybridization probe HRM analysis for detection of specific drug-resistant mutants.

Results

Assay quantification was accurate ( R=0.98) for viral loads from 103 to 109 copies/ml. HRM analysis produced distinct melting temperatures that clearly distinguished the mutants, rtM204V/I (LMV), rtA181V and rtN236T (ADV), and rtT184G and rtM250V (ETV), from their respective wild types. The assay detected mutants at only 10–25% of the HBV population. The clinical applicability of this assay was tested in a pilot study with serial samples from patients receiving LMV treatment.

Conclusions

Flexibility, speed and cost-efficiency are additional benefits unique to our assay. The clinical sample results further support the feasibility of applying our design to frequent and long-term monitoring of CHB patients receiving NA treatments in the clinical setting.
Association Between Depression and Vascular Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: GRECO CAROL M. , LI TRACY , SATTAR ABDUS , KAO AMY H. , DANCHENKO NATALYA , EDMUNDOWICZ DANIEL , SUTTON-TYRRELL KIM , TRACY RUSSELL P. , KULLER LEWIS H. , MANZI SUSAN
Published: December 2011

Objective.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression. Although depression may contribute to CVD risk in population-based studies, its influence on cardiovascular morbidity in SLE has not been evaluated. We evaluated the association between depression and vascular disease in SLE.

Methods.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2002–2005 in 161 women with SLE and without CVD. The primary outcome measure was a composite vascular disease marker consisting of the presence of coronary artery calcium and/or carotid artery plaque.

Results.

In total, 101 women met criteria for vascular disease. In unadjusted analyses, several traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammatory markers, adiposity, SLE disease-related factors, and depression were associated with vascular disease. In the final multivariable model, the psychological variable depression was associated with nearly 4-fold higher odds for vascular disease (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.37, 10.87) when adjusted for other risk factors of age, lower education level, hypertensive status, waist-hip ratio, and C-reactive protein.

Conclusion.

In SLE, depression is independently associated with vascular disease, along with physical factors.