bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of base cavities on the stability of the wake behind slender blunt-based axisymmetric bodies
Authors: Sanmiguel-Rojas E. , Jiménez-González J. I. , Bohorquez P. , Pawlak G. , Martínez-Bazán C.
Published: November 2011

We extend our previous research on the instability properties of the laminar incompressible flow of density ρ and viscosity μ, which develops behind a cylindrical body with a rounded nose and length-to-diameter ratio L/D = 2, aligned with a free-stream of velocity w∞ [E. Sanmiguel-Rojas et al., Phys. Fluids 21, 114102 (2009); P. Bohorquez et al., J. Fluid Mech. 676, 110 (2011)]. In particular, we analyze the effects of a cylindrical base cavity of length h and diameter Dc on both critical Reynolds number, Rec = ρw∞D/μ, and drag coefficient, CD, combining experiments, three-dimensional direct numerical simulations, and global linear stability analyses. The direct numerical simulations and the global stability results predict with precision the stabilizing effect of the cavity on the stationary, three-dimensional bifurcation in the wake as h/D increases. In fact, it is shown that, for a given value of Dc/D, the critical Reynolds number for the steady bifurcation, Recs, increases monotonically as h/D increases, reaching an asymptotic value which depends on Dc/D, at h/D ≈ 0.7. Likewise, for a fixed value of h/D, we have studied the effect of the cavity diameter Dc/D on the critical Reynolds number. No effect on Recs is observed over the range 0≤Dc/D≲0.6, but Recs shows a monotonic growth for 0.6≲Dc/D<1. On the other hand, for steady flows, the drag coefficient decreases with the length of the cavity reaching an asymptotic minimum for h/D>rsim0.5 and Dc/D → 1. Similar behavior with the cavity length has been observed experimentally and numerically for the second, oscillatory bifurcation, and its associated critical Reynolds number, Reco.
Orbital ferromagnetism and quantum collapse in stellar plasmas
Authors: Akbari-Moghanjoughi M.
Published: November 2011

The possibility of quantum collapse and characteristics of nonlinear localized excitations are examined in dense stars with Landau orbital ferromagnetism in the framework of conventional quantum magnetohydrodynamics model including Bohm force and spin-orbit polarization effects. Employing the concepts of effective potential and Sagdeev pseudopotential, it is confirmed that the quantum collapse and Landau orbital ferromagnetism concepts are consistent with the magnetic field and mass-density range present in some white dwarf stars. Furthermore, the value of ferromagnetic-field found in this work is about the same order of magnitude as the values calculated earlier. It is revealed that the magnetosonic nonlinear propagations can behave much differently in the two distinct non-relativistic and relativistic degeneracy regimes in a ferromagnetic dense astrophysical object. Current findings should help to understand the origin of the most important mechanisms such as gravitational collapse and the high magnetic field present in many compact stars.
Robotic reconnaissance platform. I. Spectroscopic instruments with rangefinders
Authors: Matharoo Inderdeep , Peshko Igor , Goldenberg Andrew
Published: November 2011

In this paper, basic principles of the design and implementation of a portable, multi-functional scientific instrument, operating from a robotic reconnaissance mobile platform are discussed. The current version of the instrument includes a multi-gas laser sensor, multi-functional spectrometer, isotopes identifier, cameras, and rangefinder. An additional set of sensors monitors temperature, pressure, humidity, and background radiation. All components are installed on a mini-robotic platform, which provides data acquisition, processing, and transmittance. The design focuses on the development of calibration-free, reliable, low power-consumption devices. To create a highly survivable, accurate, and reliable instrument, a concept of an inhomogeneous sensory network has been developed. Such a network combines non-identical sensors and provides cross-use of information received from different sensors to describe environmental conditions, to choose appropriate algorithms of data processing, and to achieve high accuracy gas-concentration measurements. The system uses the same lasers to operate different optical devices such as sensors, rangefinders, spectrometers, and isotopes identifiers. Among the innovative elements described in this paper, are a calibration-free, laser multi-gas sensor with range-finding option; a high signal/noise ratio transmittance spectrometer; a single-frequency laser with nano-selector; and low repetition-rate femtosecond fiber lasers operating in near- and middle- infrared spectral ranges. New detailed analyses of absorption spectroscopy theoretical approximations made it possible to achieve high-accuracy gas-concentration measurements with miniature optical sensors.
Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of rutile TiO2 by Sb-N donor-acceptor coincorporation from first principles calculations
Authors: Niu Mang , Xu Wenjie , Shao Xiaohong , Cheng Daojian
Published: November 2011

An effective non-metal (N) and non-transition metal (Sb) passivated co-doping approach is proposed to improve the photoelectochemical performance of rutile TiO2 for water-splitting by using first-principles calculations. It is found that the band edges of N + Sb co-doped TiO2 match with the redox potentials of water, and a narrow band gap (2.0 eV) is achieved for enhanced visible light absorption. The compensated donor (Sb) and acceptor (N) pairs could prevent the recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. In addition, the N + Sb defect pairs tend to bind with each other, which could enhance the stability and N concentration of the system.
Anomalous second ferromagnetic phase transition as a signature of spinodal decomposition in Fe-doped GeTe diluted magnetic semiconductor
Authors: Tong F. , Hao J. H. , Chen Z. P. , Gao G. Y. , Tong H. , Miao X. S.
Published: November 2011

Structural and magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductor Ge1-xFexTe thin films are investigated. The conventional structure analysis shows c-axis orientation with columnar growth of the films and no indication of Fe clusters or second phase. Magnetic measurements combined with theory models reveal that two ferromagnetic phase transitions occur. We consider that the second ferromagnetic phase transition in high Fe content thin film is from a ferromagnetic phase with long range exchange interaction to a superparamagnetic phase with dipole interaction between Fe clusters, which can be viewed as a signature of spinodal decomposition in Ge1-xFexTe material.
Notes on the Rural City: Henri Lefebvre and the Transformation of Everyday Life in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Wilson Japhy
Published: November 2011

In the work of Henri Lefebvre the new town is frequently referred to as a ‘social text’ in which the nature of capitalist modernity can be deciphered with unusual clarity. This paper locates Lefebvre's seminal “Notes on the new town” within his broader political and philosophical project and employs it as the theoretical basis for a critique of the Rural Cities, a series of new towns currently being constructed in Chiapas, Mexico, in which the region's peasant population is being relocated. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Chiapas, I argue that the Rural Cities constitute a strategy for the imposition of capitalist social relations and the administration of everyday life by the state based on a technocratic rationality that erases the cultural practices of the region's indigenous and peasant population. I then discuss the numerous contradictions that are emerging through the implementation of the Rural Cities and conclude by contrasting them to the Zapatista caracoles. The caracoles, I suggest, constitute an alternative transformation of everyday life in Chiapas, which resonates with Lefebvre's vision of a “revolutionary romanticism”.
Self-Reported Lack of Energy (Anergia) Among Elders in a Multiethnic Community
Authors: Cheng Huai , Gurland Barry J. , Maurer Mathew S.
Published: November 2011

Background.  Lack of energy, “anergia,” is a possible central feature for identifying, evaluating, and treating elders with health-related problems in quality of life.

Methods.  A survey was conducted on a randomly selected stratified sample (N = 2130) of three ethnic groups of community-residing elders in a defined urban geographic area: the Northern Manhattan Aging Project (NMAP). The participants were Medicare beneficiaries living north of 150th Street in Manhattan. The criteria for anergia were based on the presence of the major criterion “sits around a lot for lack of energy” and any two of six minor criteria. Self-reports were gathered using a computer-assisted, rater-administered interview (the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Interview; CARE) covering: function (basic activities of daily living [ADL] and instrumental ADL [IADL]); features of geriatric syndromes such as self-rated physical health, depression, pain, respiratory distress, trouble sleeping, cognitive impairment, and cardiovascular syndromes; social isolation; and healthcare utilization. Short-term (18-month) and long-term (6-year) mortality were derived from the National Death Index.

Results.  Three hundred eighty-six people (18% of the sample) met criteria for anergia. Anergia was more common in women than men (22% vs 12%, p <.01), in unmarried than in married persons (21% vs 13%, p <.001), and with advancing age. People with anergia used more hospitalizations, office visits, emergency room visits, and home care services and, had higher mortality rates. In multivariate analyses, the following factors had independent associations with anergia: female gender, impaired physical function and IADL, depression, pain, respiratory symptoms, urinary incontinence, hearing difficulty, feeling dizzy or weak, and social isolation and disengagement. These factors could be the initial candidates for clinical investigation of anergia of undetermined origin. Among people with anergia at baseline, 31.3% (n = 121) had persistent anergia and 33.9% (n = 131) recovered over a follow-up period of 18 months.

Conclusions.  Anergia in multiethnic older adults is associated with a range of clinical symptoms and diseases, with extensive health services use, and with increased mortality.
Personality and Health Care Decision-Making Style
Authors: Flynn Kathryn E. , Smith Maureen A.
Published: November 2011

Using the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduate Survey (N = 5,830), a population-based cohort of older adults (most aged 63–66 years), we explored relationships between five factors of personality and four preference types that account for multiple components of the health care decision-making process (information exchange, deliberation, and selection of treatment choice). After adjustment for personal, health, social, and economic factors, we found that increased conscientiousness and openness to experience and decreased agreeableness and neuroticism corresponded to preferring the most active decision-making style compared with the least active. A better understanding of how personality traits relate to patient decision-making styles may help clinicians tailor treatment discussions to the needs and preferences of individual patients.
Living With Chronic Health Conditions: Age Differences in Affective Well-Being
Authors: Piazza Jennifer R. , Charles Susan T. , Almeida David M.
Published: November 2011

The current study examined age differences in affective well-being and reactivity to daily stressors among people varying in health status. Participants (N = 3,493), aged 25 to 74 years, reported global affective well-being in the Midlife Development in the United States survey, and a subset (n = 983) reported their affective reactivity to stressors across eight consecutive evenings in the National Study of Daily Experiences. Across groups of people varying in number of chronic conditions, older adults reported higher levels of global affective well-being and lower levels of affective reactivity than did younger adults, with one exception. Among people reporting four or more chronic conditions, older adults were just as reactive to daily stressors as were younger adults.
Triadic (ecological, neural, cognitive) niche construction: a scenario of human brain evolution extrapolating tool use and language from the control of reaching actions
Authors: Iriki Atsushi , Taoka Miki
Published: November 2011

Hominin evolution has involved a continuous process of addition of new kinds of cognitive capacity, including those relating to manufacture and use of tools and to the establishment of linguistic faculties. The dramatic expansion of the brain that accompanied additions of new functional areas would have supported such continuous evolution. Extended brain functions would have driven rapid and drastic changes in the hominin ecological niche, which in turn demanded further brain resources to adapt to it. In this way, humans have constructed a novel niche in each of the ecological, cognitive and neural domains, whose interactions accelerated their individual evolution through a process oftriadic niche construction. Human higher cognitive activity can therefore be viewed holistically as one component in a terrestrial ecosystem. The brain's functional characteristics seem to play a key role in this triadic interaction. We advance a speculative argument about the origins of its neurobiological mechanisms, as an extension (with wider scope) of the evolutionary principles of adaptive function in the animal nervous system. The brain mechanisms that subserve tool use may bridge the gap between gesture and language—the site of such integration seems to be the parietal and extending opercular cortices.
Biological determinants of bleeding in patients with heterozygous factor XI deficiency
Authors: Guéguen Paul , Galinat Hubert , Blouch Marie‐Thérèse , Bridey Françoise , Duchemin Jérôme , Le Gal Grégoire , Abgrall Jean‐François , Pan‐Petesch Brigitte
Published: November 2011

Bleeding risk is not predictable in patients with factor XI (FXI; F11) deficiency. In this prospective study, our objectives were to determine the biological determinants for bleeding risk in patients with heterozygous FXI deficiency. Patients were classified as either bleeding patients or non‐bleeding patients by calculating the bleeding score (BS) described for von Willebrand disease. Primary haemostasis, thrombin generation, thromboelastometry, procoagulant proteins, inhibitors, fibrinolysis, and F11 gene mutations were compared between bleeding and non‐bleeding patients. Thirty‐nine patients were included. BS significantly correlated with clinical assessment (P = 0·001), and a score over 3 discriminated between bleeding (n = 15) and non‐bleeding (n = 24) patients (P = 0·034). Despite normal values, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and thrombomodulin (TM) plasma levels were significantly lower in bleeding patients than non‐bleeding patients [ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo) = 80·6 ± 29·7 iu/dl and 101·8 ± 29·5 iu/dl respectively, P = 0·043; and VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) = 84·0 ± 28·0 iu/dl and 106·3 ± 36·1 iu/dl respectively, P = 0·035; and TM = 17·7 ± 11·7 ng/ml and 23·6 ± 9·7 ng/ml respectively, P = 0·043]. When considering BS as a continuous variable, only VWF:RCo remained significant (P = 0·042), which accounted for 11% of the variability in BS.
Synthetic peptides containing ITIM-like sequences of IREM-1 (CD300F) differentially regulate MyD88 and TRIF-mediated TLR signalling through activation of SHP and/or PI3K
Authors: Lee S-M , Suk K , Lee W-H
Published: November 2011

The immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (IREM-1/CD300F) has been shown to inhibit various inflammatory processes in myeloid cells, such as macrophages and mast cells. IREM-1 exerts its inhibitory effect through its intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). In order to generate immunomodulatory molecules that can regulate the inflammatory activation of macrophages, decapeptides representing each of the five ITIM-like sequences in the cytoplasmic tail of IREM-1 were synthesized in conjugation with human immunodeficiency virus-transactivator of transcription (HIV-TAT48–57), which was added to promote internalization of the peptides. Interestingly, all these TAT–ITIM fusion peptides inhibited Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated production of proinflammatory molecules, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin (IL)-8. When various TLR ligands were used to stimulate the human macrophage-like cell line human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP)-1, the TAT–ITIM peptides blocked both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR)-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-mediated TLR signalling pathways. Utilization of specific inhibitors and detection of the active form of signalling adaptors by Western blot analysis further demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of these TAT–ITIM peptides require activation of Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP) and/or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). These data indicate that these synthetic peptides may be used to regulate immune responses that involve TLR-mediated inflammatory activation of macrophages.
Bronchoalveolar lavage cell pattern from healthy human lung
Authors: Heron M , Grutters J C , ten Dam-Molenkamp K M , Hijdra D , van Heugten-Roeling A , Claessen A M E , Ruven H J T , van den Bosch J M M , van Velzen-Blad H
Published: November 2011

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is widely accepted as a key diagnostic procedure in interstitial lung diseases (ILD). We performed a study to obtain reference intervals of differential cell patterns in BAL fluid with special attention to the origin of lavage fluid, e.g. bronchial/alveolar, to atopy and smoking status and to age of the healthy people. We performed bronchoalveolar lavage in 55 healthy subjects with known atopy status (age: 18–64 years, non-smokers/smokers: 34/21) and determined differential cell counts and lymphocyte subsets in BAL fluid and blood. Moreover, in a subgroup of non-smoking healthy individuals we measured the expression of the regulatory T cell marker forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) on blood and BAL fluid lymphocytes in addition to a comprehensive set of activation markers. Differential cell counts from the alveolar lavage fraction differed significantly from calculated pooled fractions (n = 11). In contrast, marginal differences were found between atopic and non-atopic subjects. Interestingly, the BAL fluid CD4+/CD8+ ratio correlated strongly with age (r2 = 0·50, P < 0·0001). We consider the bronchial and alveolar fraction to be lavage fluid from fundamentally different compartments and recommend analysis of the alveolar fraction in diagnostic work-up of ILD. In addition, our data suggest that age corrected BAL fluid CD4+/CD8+ ratios should be used in the clinical evaluation of patients with interstitial lung diseases.
Quantifying the spatial dependence of Culicoides midge samples collected by Onderstepoort‐type blacklight traps: an experimental approach to infer the range of attraction of light traps
Authors: RIGOT T. , GILBERT M.
Published: November 2011

The emergence of bluetongue disease in Europe has led several countries to rapidly establish large‐scale entomological surveys of its vectors, which are midges belonging to the genus Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). These surveys have largely been based on the use of Onderstepoort‐type blacklight traps. However, the range of attraction of the traps and the spatial dependence of the samples they provide are unknown, which somewhat complicates subsequent analyses. This paper investigates spatial interaction between Onderstepoort‐type blacklight traps based on catches at a central trap placed close to two traps set in consecutive on/off modes. The spatial interaction is inferred from the drop in the number of midges collected in the central trap when nearby traps positioned at 50 m, 100 m or 200 m are turned on. The results showed a significant spatial interaction between traps separated by 50 m for female Culicoides obsoletus/Culicoides scoticus and Culicoides dewulfi. No significant interaction was found for female Culicoides of other species, for male Culicoides, or for traps spaced at ≥100 m. Based on the experimental design geometry and on simple assumptions on the distribution of Culicoides midges in the neighbourhood of the traps, the paper also presents a method to infer the range of attraction of the traps.
Unusual and recently described cutaneous atrophic disorders
Authors: Chisholm Cary , Miedler John , Etufugh Chukwuemeka N. , Ghali Fred , Cockerell Clay J.
Published: November 2011

Cutaneous atrophic conditions are typically caused by changes in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, sometimes consisting of the loss of a single fiber type. Since a significant decrease of subepidermal tissue is necessary for these lesions to be macroscopically atrophic, many conditions may not be appreciated as atrophy in the clinical setting. Clinicians should be familiar with the common or classic disorders causing cutaneous atrophy; however, there are a few new or rarely described atrophic conditions which are more difficult to identify and may not be atrophic clinically. This paper serves to describe the salient clinical and histological features of these new or rare disorders.
Effect of isotretinoin treatment on plasma holotranscobalamin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels: non‐controlled study
Authors: Karadag Ayse Serap , Tutal Emre , Ertugrul Derun Taner , Akin Kadir Okhan
Published: November 2011

Isotretinoin (Iso) has been used for the treatment of acne. Some previous studies reported elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels after treatment with Iso. Some side effects have clinical presentations similar to vitamin B12, folic acid deficiencies, and hyperhomocysteinemia. In the present study we evaluated the plasma Hcy levels, the vitamins involved in its metabolism (vitamin B12 and folic acid), and holotranscobalamin (HoloTC), a transport system for vitamin B12 absorption in patients receiving Iso treatment for acne vulgaris. A total of 66 patients with acne vulgaris between the ages of 18 and 40 years were included. Screening for hemoglobin, creatinine, SGOT, SGPT, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C), folic acid, vitamin B12, Hcy, and HoloTC were done just before initiation (pretreatment) and after four months of Iso treatment (posttreatment). Posttreatment vitamin B12, folic acid, and HoloTC levels were significantly lower while Hcy levels were significantly higher compared with initial values. Posttreatment total cholesterol, LDL‐C, triglycerides, VLDL‐C, SGPT, and SGOT levels were also higher, and HDL‐C levels were lower compared with initial values while there was no change in hemoglobin levels during Iso treatment. We found that Iso usage might cause decreased vitamin B12, folic acid, and HoloTC. These Iso side effects might contribute to the missing link between Iso usage, hyperhomocysteinemia, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Trials may be made with the aim of demonstrating (clearly) if starting vitamin B12 and folic acid replacement therapies with Iso treatment initialization could be useful for preventing hyperhomocysteinemia and possibly related disorders.
Augmented diagnostic capability using videodermatoscopy on selected infectious and non‐infectious penile growths
Authors: Micali Giuseppe , Lacarrubba Francesco
Published: November 2011

Background  A large variety of infectious and non‐infectious penile growths may occur on the glans or shaft with variable clinical presentation. Although most of these penile growths can be diagnosed through medical history and clinical examination, small, single or early lesions may not be easily recognized or differentiated by their clinical features. Videodermatoscopy (VD) is a non‐invasive technique that has greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy for pigmented and non‐pigmented skin disorders.

Materials and methods  Selected cases of penile growths from our Genital Dermatology Clinic have been evaluated by VD in order to identify specific VD patterns.

Results  Pearly penile papules, Fordyce’s spots, genital warts, molluscum contagiosum, angiokeratoma of Fordyce, and median raphe penile cysts were found to show specific VD features, which are described and analyzed in detail.

Conclusions  VD offers the possibility to enhance diagnostic accuracy and aids in the differential diagnosis of selected infectious and non‐infectious penile growths. In case of single or not clinically specific lesions, VD allows non‐invasive recognition of specific patterns and features in order to make a more definitive diagnosis and to rule out clinically similar growths, thus avoiding biopsy and other invasive measures in some cases.
Developing a sustainable model of rural cancer care: The Western Australian Cancer Network project
Authors: McConigley Ruth , Platt Violet , Holloway Kristi , Smith Jodi
Published: November 2011

Problem:  Cancer‐related mortality is higher in rural areas than in urban centres. One of the contributing factors is limited access to treatment options in rural areas.

Design:  An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Western Australian Cancer Network (CanNET WA) pilot project was undertaken using qualitative methods and document analysis.

Setting:  CanNET WA was established in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.

Key measures for improvement:  Three measures were assessed: impact of the CanNET WA on consumers, care providers and changes to systems and processes.

Strategies for change:  CanNET WA comprised a number of initiatives that together led to an improvement in cancer care. These included a multidisciplinary cancer team, improved access to visiting medical specialists, formal links with tertiary cancer centres, increased primary health involvement in cancer care and increased education regarding cancer care for local health care providers.

Effects of change:  Changes in the three key outcome measures were reported. Consumers had greater choice of treatment options and had more involvement in decision making. Health professionals reported improvements in care coordination and in peer support related to the new multidisciplinary cancer care team, and improved links with tertiary cancer centres in Perth. Systemic changes included mapping of referral pathways and tumour‐specific care pathways.

Lessons learnt:  CanNET WA has demonstrated the need for coordinated cancer care for rural people that offers care locally whenever possible. The success of the project paved the way for the rollout of the CanNET WA concept into other regional areas of Western Australia.
Molecular mechanisms of maternal cannabis and cigarette use on human neurodevelopment
Authors: Morris Claudia V. , DiNieri Jennifer A. , Szutorisz Henrietta , Hurd Yasmin L.
Published: November 2011

Prenatal development is highly sensitive to maternal drug use due to the vulnerability for disruption of the fetal brain with its ongoing neurodevelopment, resulting in lifelong consequences that can enhance risk for psychiatric disorders. Cannabis and cigarettes are the most commonly used illicit and licit substances, respectively, among pregnant women. Although the behavioral consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure have been well‐documented in epidemiological and clinical studies, only recently have investigations into the molecular mechanisms associated with the developmental impact of early drug exposure been addressed. This article reviews the literature relevant to long‐term gene expression disturbances in the human fetal brain in relation to maternal cannabis and cigarette use. To provide translational insights, we discuss animal models in which protracted molecular consequences of prenatal cannabis and cigarette exposure can be better explored and which enable future evaluation of epigenetic pathways, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, that could potentially maintain abnormal gene regulation and related behavioral disturbances. Altogether, this information may help to address the current gaps of knowledge regarding the impact of early drug exposure that set in motion lifelong molecular disturbances that underlie vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
From filopodia to synapses: the role of actin‐capping and anti‐capping proteins
Authors: Menna Elisabetta , Fossati Giuliana , Scita Giorgio , Matteoli Michela
Published: November 2011

Actin‐capping and anti‐capping proteins are crucial regulators of actin dynamics. Recent studies have indicated that these proteins may be heavily involved in all stages of synaptogenesis, from the emergence of filopodia, through neuritogenesis and synaptic contact stabilization, to the structural changes occurring at the synapse during potentiation phenomena. In this review, we focus on recent evidence pointing to an active role of actin‐capping and anti‐capping proteins in orchestrating the processes controlling neuronal connectivity and plasticity.
Multifunctional membrane vesicles in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tashiro Yosuke , Uchiyama Hiroo , Nomura Nobuhiko
Published: November 2011

Gram‐negative bacteria secrete small particles called membrane vesicles (MVs) into the extracellular milieu. While MVs have important roles in delivering toxins from pathogenic bacteria to eukaryotic cells, these vesicles also play ecological roles necessary for survival in various environmental conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which lives in soil, ocean, plant, animal and human environments, has become a model organism for studying these small extracellular particles. Such studies have increased our understanding of the function and biogenesis of bacterial MVs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa MVs possess versatile components and chemical substances with unique structures. These characteristics allow MVs to play their multifunctional biological roles, including microbial interaction, maintenance of biofilm structure and host infection. This review summarizes the comprehensive biochemical and physiochemical properties of MVs derived from P. aeruginosa. These studies will help us understand their biological roles of MVs not only in pathogenicity but also in microbial ecology. Also, the mechanisms of MV production, as currently understood, are discussed.
Transanal extraction of the specimen during laparoscopic colectomy
Authors: Diana M. , Wall J. , Costantino F. , D’agostino J. , Leroy J. , Marescaux J.
Published: November 2011

Sypnosis

Aim  To assess the current state of the art of transanal specimen extraction in colonic resections.

Method  A systematic literature search was conducted including the terms ‘transrectal or transanal specimen extraction’, ‘Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction’ and ‘laparoscopic colectomy’ for the period from 1955 to May 2011. Exclusion criteria were abdomino‐perineal resections, pull‐through technique, experimental studies and paediatric population.

Results  Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, representing 154 patients. The overall postoperative complication rate was 10%. The risks of peritoneal contamination and sphincter dysfunction were evaluated by a single study of each.

Conclusion  Transanal extraction is a feasible option to minimize incisions in colorectal surgery.
Early, minimally invasive closure of anastomotic leaks: a new concept
Authors: Verlaan T. , Bartels S. A. L. , van Berge Henegouwen M. I. , Tanis P. J. , Fockens P. , Bemelman W. A.
Published: November 2011

Chronic pelvic sepsis after ileoanal or coloanal anastomosis precludes ileostomy closure and, even if closure is ultimately possible, function of the neorectum is badly affected. Early closure of the anastomotic leak might prevent chronic pelvic sepsis and its adverse sequelae. In our experience of early closure in a consecutive group of six patients with a leaking low anastomosis (five with ileoanal pouch anastomosis and one after a low anterior resection), we were able to achieve anastomotic closure in five by means of initial endosponge therapy followed either by early suture (four patients) or endoscopic clip repair (one patient). Early minimally invasive closure of low anastomotic leaks is therefore possible provided that the para‐anastomotic cavity is drained well prior to closure and the anastomosis is defunctioned.
‘It burdens me’: the impact of stroke in central Aceh, Indonesia
Authors: Norris Meriel , Allotey Pascale , Barrett Geraldine
Published: November 2011

The complex primary and secondary consequences of stroke have often been equated with the concept of biographical disruption, although a number of mediating factors have been identified. However, the research to date is almost exclusively based in western contexts, despite the fact that stroke is increasing most rapidly in low‐income and middle‐income countries. This research explores the experience of stroke in the rural community of central Aceh, Indonesia. The participants included 11 stroke survivors and 18 carers, with data collected through in‐depth interviews and photographic facilitated interviews, supported with participant observation over a nine month period. The participants discussed and illustrated the disruptive result of their stroke, but for most, their ability to maintain religious duties and contribute to their family resulted in a form of biographical continuity. Their strategies and challenges are discussed alongside the implications for care in this context.
Patterns, ideologies and strategies of non‐statutory employee representation in German private sector companies
Authors: Hertwig Markus
Published: November 2011

Non‐statutory firm level employee representation (NSR), which in contrast to legally based works councils is composed of voluntary patterns, is by now only rarely recognised in German labour relations debate and research. Based on case studies, the article analyses the establishment, modes of operation and participation outcome of NSRs in German private sector companies. While previous NSR research in countries such as Britain and the United States mainly focused on employer‐initiated representation plans, the array of NSRs in German companies appears to be broader: Four types of NSRs are introduced, and a theoretical account is developed, which emphasises cultural–institutional arguments and actors strategies. Hence, it is argued that while NSRs appear to be instruments of management seeking to effectively organise company interest regulation, they strongly reflect cultural conditions and ideologies of non‐statutory employee representation.
Hypoxia inducible factor‐1α is involved in the neurodegeneration induced by isoflurane in the brain of neonatal rats
Authors: Jiang Hong , Huang Yan , Xu Hui , Sun Yu , Han Ning , Li Qi Fang
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 453–460.

More and more data show isoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic has dual effects on neuron fate. However, the underlying mechanisms that can explain the apparent paradox are poorly understood. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, a transcription factor, has been found regulating both prosurvival and prodeath pathways in the CNS. Previously, we found that isoflurane can activate HIF‐1α under normoxic conditions in vitro and HIF‐1α has been found to be involved in the pre‐conditioning effect of isoflurane in various organs. Here, we investigated whether HIF‐1α is a contributing factor in the neurodegenration in rodent primary cultured neurons and in developing rat brain. Isoflurane dose‐dependently induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in neonatal rats as assessed by S100β, cleaved caspase 3 and poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), respectively. Notably, isoflurane up‐regulates HIF‐1α protein levels in vivo and in vitro during induction of neurodegeneration. Likewise, isoflurane resulted in a significant elevation of cytosonic calcium levels in neuron cultures. Furthermore, knockdown of HIF‐1α expression in cultured neurons attenuated isoflurane‐induced neurotoxicity. Finally, Morris water maze (MWM) test showed neonatal exposure to isoflurane impaired juvenile learning and memory ability in rats. These findings indicate that HIF‐1α is involved in the neurodegeneration induced by isoflurane in the brain of neonatal rats, suggesting HIF‐1α may be a candidate for the dual effects of isoflurane on neuron fate.
Why Are Socially Anxious Adolescents Rejected by Peers? The Role of Subject‐Group Similarity Characteristics
Authors: Blöte Anke W. , Bokhorst Caroline L. , Miers Anne C. , Westenberg P. Michiel
Published: November 2011

This study addressed the role of actual and perceived similarity in peer rejection of socially anxious adolescents. Videotapes of 20 high and 20 low socially anxious adolescents (13–17 years old) giving a speech were rated by groups of unfamiliar peers with regard to perceived similarity and desire for future interaction (lower scores indicating rejection). Actual similarity between speakers and observers regarding social anxiety and gender was also taken into account. Findings showed that high socially anxious students were more rejected and that perceived but not actual similarity between peer observers and speakers (partly) mediated rejection.
Ego Development, Ego Strengths, and Ethnic Identity Among First Nation Adolescents
Authors: Gfellner Barbara M. , Armstrong Helen D.
Published: November 2011

Three conceptualizations of psychosocial development were investigated among Canadian First Nation adolescents. Loevinger's social cognitive model of ego development reflects the way in which an individual views the self and social reality. From Eriksonian theory, ego strengths refer to the emergent values or outcomes that represent resolution of the eight psychosocial stages of development, and ethnic identity is a domain of personal identity with special relevance for minorities. As expected, age and biological gender differences were found for ego development. Associations between ego development and ego strengths were supported as were age differences in ethnic identity status. Traditional students (strongly identified with indigenous culture) demonstrated greater ego strengths than bicultural (identified with both their own and mainstream cultures) adolescents.
Analysis of 120 pediatric patients with nonmalignant disorders transplanted using unrelated plasma‐depleted or ‐reduced cord blood
Authors: Petz Lawrence , Jaing Tang‐Her , Rosenthal Joseph , Karanes Chatchada , Nademanee Auayporn , Chan Lee Lee , Graham Michael L. , Lin Hai Peng , Tan Patrick , Wang B.C. , Fu Chen , Chow Michelle , Forman Stephen , Chow Robert
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND: Unrelated cord blood (CB) is an important stem cell source for unrelated hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) of patients with nonmalignant disorders. Processing methods to prepare red blood cell–reduced CB units incur significant nucleated cell loss. In contrast, plasma depletion or reduction (PDR) processing of CB units entails the removal of only a portion of the plasma with minimal nucleated cell loss. However, there are relatively limited data regarding outcomes of CB transplants using units processed by PDR.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR)‐audited analysis was performed on 120 pediatric patients with nonmalignant disorders transplanted between November 2001 and January 2008 at 29 US and 17 international centers using PDR CB units from two CB banks.

RESULTS: Transplant characteristics were as follows: median age, 3.5 years (range, 0.1‐14 years); median patient weight, 15 kg (range, 4‐61 kg); 58% male; HLA matches (intermediate‐resolution HLA‐A and HLA‐B and high‐resolution HLA‐DRB1) of the units used in these patients six of six in 26, five of six in 48, four of six in 47, and three of six or two of six in 6; median prefreeze total nucleated cell dose, 10.5 × 107/kg; median prefreeze CD34+ dose, 3.7 × 105/kg; and nonmyeloablative regimen in 24%. The median times to myeloid and platelet engraftment were 21 and 49 days, respectively. The cumulative incidence of reported Grade II to IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) was 38 ± 5%, and 19 ± 4% had Grade III to IV aGVHD. The Kaplan‐Meier estimates of 3‐year transplant‐related mortality, overall survival, and disease‐free survival were 20 ± 4, 79 ± 4, and 70 ± 6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the effectiveness of PDR CB units for HCT.
Child Abduction Murder: The Impact of Forensic Evidence on Solvability
Authors: Brown Katherine M. , Keppel Robert D.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  This study examined 733 child abduction murders (CAMs) occurring from 1968 to 2002 to explore the influence of forensic evidence on case solvability in CAM investigations. It was hypothesized that the presence of forensic evidence connecting the offender to the crime would enhance case solvability in murder investigations of abducted children. This study examined the impact of CAM of different types of forensic evidence and the impact of the summed total of forensic evidence items on case solvability by controlling for victim age, victim race, victim gender, and victim–offender relationship. Time and distance theoretical predictors were also included. Binomial logistic regression models were used to determine whether forensic evidence was a critical solvability factor in murder investigations of abducted children. This research indicated that, while forensic evidence increased case solvability, the impact of forensic evidence on solvability was not as important as other solvability factors examined.
Latent Fingermark Development on a Range of Porous Substrates Using Ninhydrin Analogs—A Comparison with Ninhydrin and 1,8‐Diazofluoren
Authors: Berdejo Stephanie , Rowe Mark , Bond John W.
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Three relatively new reagents for developing latent fingermarks on porous substrates, 1,2‐indandione (IND), 5‐methylthioninhydrin (5‐MTN), and lawsone, are compared with the more widely used ninhydrin and 1,8‐diazofluoren (DFO). Developed latent fingermark visualization on 10 different substrates comprising colored papers, cardboard, and cellophane rather than conventional printer and writing/notepad paper is assessed using latent fingermark deposits from 48 donors. Results show improved fluorescent fingermark visualization using IND compared with DFO on a range of colored cardboards and thick white paper, thus extending the range of substrates known to yield improved visualization with IND. Adding zinc chloride to IND failed to yield any further improvement in fluorescent fingermark visualization. 5‐MTN (with and without zinc chloride posttreatment) showed no improvement in visualization compared with ninhydrin and DFO although visible fingermarks were developed. Lawsone produced fluorescent visible fingermarks only with white substrates, which were inferior to those produced with DFO.
Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and systemic cytokine profile in C57BL/6.KOR‐ApoEshl mice
Authors: Miyauchi S. , Maekawa T. , Aoki Y. , Miyazawa H. , Tabeta K. , Nakajima T. , Yamazaki K.
Published: November 2011

Miyauchi S, Maekawa T, Aoki Y, Miyazawa H, Tabeta K, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and systemic cytokine profile in C57BL/6.KOR‐ApoEshlmice. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 402–408. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Periodontal infection affects atherosclerotic diseases, such as coronary heart diseases. Mouse models have revealed that oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis induces changes in inflammatory‐ and lipid metabolism‐related gene expression, regardless of the development of atherosclerotic lesions. However, the serum protein expression profile in the oral infection model has not been investigated. The present study aimed to analyse the effect of oral infection with P. gingivalis on the expression levels of multiple cytokines in the serum in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice by using a cytokine antibody array.

Material and Methods:  C57BL/6.KOR‐Apoeshl mice were orally infected with P. gingivalis five times at 3 day intervals and were then killed. Splenocytes were isolated and analysed for proliferative activity and immunoglobulin G (IgG) production in response to in vitro restimulation with P. gingivalis. The expression levels of various cytokines in the sera were analysed using a mouse antibody array glass chip.

Results:  Splenocytes from P. gingivalis‐infected mice demonstrated significantly greater proliferation and IgG production in response to P. gingivalis compared with those from sham‐infected mice. Antibody array analysis revealed the selective upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 3, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 2 and chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 7 and the downregulation of interleukin‐17, tumor necrosis factor‐α and L‐selectin.

Conclusion:  These data demonstrate that oral infection with P. gingivalis induces alterations in systemic cytokine production. These cytokines could play roles in the development not only of periodontitis but also of atherosclerosis.
Local steroid therapy as the first‐line treatment for boys with symptomatic phimosis – a long‐term prospective study
Authors: Reddy Srinath , Jain Viral , Dubey Manish , Deshpande Pankaj , Singal Arbinder K
Published: November 2011

Aim:  Phimosis is a common paediatric urological disorder and often necessitates circumcision. We prospectively evaluated local steroid therapy (LST) as the first choice therapy for such children.

Methods:  Two hundred and sixty symptomatic boys up to 15 years of age (mean 34 months) with phimosis were started on betamethasone dipropionate (0.05%) application on gently stretched prepuce twice a day. Follow‐up visits were arranged at the end of weeks 1, 2 and 4 and 6 months. Grade of phimosis was objectively graded.

Results:  Ninety one percent of the boys showed a successful outcome at the end of 4 weeks; 72% responded in first week, further 16% responded in week 2, and only 2.6% achieved alleviation of phimosis on further application of LST beyond 2 weeks. Fourty two (17.8%) boys had a recurrence of phimosis on a long‐term follow‐up (mean – 25.4 months, range 6–48 months); thus, the long‐term success rate was 77%, while 60 (23%) boys underwent surgery.

Conclusion:  Local steroid therapy is safe and successful in alleviating symptomatic tight foreskin in a large majority of children. The response can be seen as early as 1 week; most of the children respond by week 2 and continuing therapy further may not be very effective.