bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF COAL BOTTOM ASH AS BRIQUETTE MATERIAL
Authors: Haryanti Ninis Hadi , Suryajaya Suryajaya , Wardhana Henry , Noor Rijali
Published: December 2019

Research has been carried out on the use of coal bottom ash as a material for making briquettes as an alternative fuel. Carbonized of rubber seed shells and Halaban wood were used as mixtures and tapioca flour as adhesives. The composition used in making Halaban wood charcoal and coal bottom ash briquettes is 100%: 0%, 90%: 10%, 80%: 20% and 70%: 30%. Tapioca flour used was as much as 5%, the pressure of 150 kg/cm2 and the size of 250 meshes. While for rubber seed shell and coal bottom ash briquettes, the composition used was with ratio 60%: 40% and 70%: 30%; the pressure used was 100, 150 and 200 kg/cm2 and the size of 50 meshes. Tapioca flour used was as much as 5%. The results of the characterization of rubber seed shell and coal bottom ash briquettes were water content (4.35 - 10.65)%, ash content (12.53 - 17.26)%, and calorific value (3,597.59 - 4,549.88) cal/g. While the characterization results of Halaban wood charcoal and coal bottom ash briquettes were water content (2.947 – 4.097)%, ash content (0.383 – 26.667)%, and calorific value (4,749-6,621) cal/g. The results showed that if coal bottom ash in the composition were higher, it would increase the water content and ash content of the briquettes, while the calorific value would be lower. The recommended composition of coal bottom ash was about 10-20 %. While if the briquettes pressure was higher, the water content, ash content and calorific value would be smaller. The recommended pressure was 150 kg /cm2.
INTERNET OF THINGS OF ELECTRONIC SEAL BASE ON GPRS SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE AND THINGSPEAK
Authors: Syahwir Irawati Dewi , Samsi Agus , Firmansyah Vera , Yunanto Prasetyo Wibowo , Maheswara Renanda , Anggraeni Navieda Putri
Published: December 2019

The field of metrology is mainly legal metrology; seals are closely related to the guarantee or validity of a measuring instrument. Seals are designed so that it is not easy for other parties to open the seal. Seal damage must be identified as soon as possible. The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) is needed in the process of sending data in real-time. IoT technology can be applied to electronic seals to know and record the condition of the measuring device. Broken seals caused by irresponsible parties can cause losses to consumers and owners of measuring instruments. Electronic seals are expected to be able to detect seal damage caused by abuse of authority or fraud. The broken seal will send data to the server as well as SMS (Short Message Service) to the related party. Electronic seals can send damage data via SMS within 20 seconds with a success rate of 92% and sending data through the ThingSpeak web server within 40 seconds with a success rate of 82%.
Paredes de alvenaria estrutural expostas a altas temperaturas com medidas de controle da dilatação
Authors: Menegon Julia , Graeff Ângela Gaio , Silva Filho Luiz Carlos Pinto
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho analisa o comportamento de miniparedes executadas com blocos estruturais cerâmicos em elevadas temperaturas. Utilizaram-se blocos de 14 e 19 cm de largura, com resistências de 7 e 10 MPa. Foram avaliadas as espessuras das juntas, a argamassa de assentamento e a influência de revestimento na face exposta. Mensurou-se as temperaturas do forno, no interior e na superfície das paredes, a dilatação dos blocos e o esmagamento das juntas. Pôde-se inferir que as amostras apresentaram bom desempenho, mantendo sua estanqueidade, isolamento e resistência mecânica. A restrição lateral não ocasionou desplacamento dos blocos, porém, pôde-se observar transferência de tensão para os mesmos para argamassas pouco flexíveis. As alvenarias de 19 cm de largura e aquelas revestidas apresentaram melhor desempenho térmico.
Fault Reactivation and Induced Seismicity During Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing: Microseismic Analysis and Geomechanical Modeling
Authors: Zhang Fengshou , Yin Zirui , Chen Zhaowei , Maxwell Shawn , Zhang Lianyang , Wu Yinghui
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a case study of fault reactivation and induced seismicity during multistage hydraulic fracturing in Sichuan Basin, China. The field microseismicity data delineate a fault activated near the toe of the horizontal well. The spatio-temporal characteristics of the microseismicity indicate that the seismic activity on the fault during the first three stages is directly related to the fluid injection, while after Stage 3, the seismic activity is possibly due to the relaxation of the fault. The fault-related events have larger magnitudes and different frequency-magnitude characteristics compared to the fracturing-related events. Three-dimensional (3D) fully coupled distinct element geomechanical modeling for the first two hydraulic fracturing stages and a shut-in stage between them is performed. The modeling result generates features of microseismicity similar to that of the field data. The energy budget analysis indicates that the aseismic deformation consumes a major part of the energy. The simulated fault shear displacement is also consistent with the casing deformation measured in the field. The model is also used to investigate the impact of possible operational changes on expected seismic responses. The results show that lower injection rate and lower fluid viscosity would be helpful in reducing casing deformation but not in mitigating seismicity. Decreasing the total fluid injection volume is an effective way to mitigate the seismicity, but it may hinder the stimulation of the reservoir formation and the production of the well.
Nomogram for predicting the survival of gastric adenocarcinoma patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Chao-Yang , Yang Jin , Zi Hao , Zheng Zhong-Li , Li Bing-Hui , Wang Yang , Ge Zheng , Jian Guang-Xu , Lyu Jun , Li Xiao-Dong , Ren Xue-Qun
Published: December 2019

Background: Surgery is the only way to cure gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), and chemotherapy is the basic adjuvant management for GAC. A significant prognostic nomogram for predicting the respective disease-specific survival (DSS) rates of GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy has not been established.Objective: We were planning to establish a survival nomogram model for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy.
Methods: We identified 5764 GAC patients who had received surgery and chemotherapy from the record of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER ) database. About 70% ( n =4034) of the chosen GAC patients were randomly assigned to the training set, and the rest of the included ones ( n =1729) were assigned to the external validation set. A prognostic nomogram was constructed by the training set and the predictive accuracy of it was validated by the validation set.
Results: Based on the outcome of a multivariate analysis of candidate factors, a nomogram was developed that encompassed age at diagnosis, number of regional lymph nodes examined after surgery, number of positive regional lymph nodes , sex , race, grade, derived AJCC stage, summary stage , and radiotherapy status. The C-index (Harrell’s concordance index) of the nomogram model was some larger than that of the traditional seventh AJCC staging system (0.707 vs 0.661). Calibration plots of the constructed nomogram displayed that the probability of DSS commendably accord with the survival rate. Integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) revealed obvious increase and categorical net reclassification improvement (NRI) showed visible enhancement. IDI for 3-, 5- and 10- year DSS were 0.058, 0.059 and 0.058, respectively ( P >0.05), and NRI for 3-, 5- and 10- year DSS were 0.380 (95% CI=0.316–0.470), 0.407 (95% CI=0.350–0.505), and 0.413 (95% CI=0.336–0.519), respectively. Decision curve analysis (DCA) proved that the constructed nomogram was preferable to the AJCC staging system.
Conclusion: The constructed nomogram supplies more credible DSS predictions for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy in the general population. According to validation, the new nomogram will be beneficial in facilitating individualized survival predictions and useful when performing clinical decision-making for GAC patients who receive surgery and chemotherapy.
Newborn Mortality And Its Associated Factors Among Neonates Admitted At Public Hospitals In Afar Region; A Health Facility Based Study
Authors: woday abay , Mekuria Yohannes , Denis Christine St
Published: December 2019

Background: Neonatal mortality is a public health issue in developing countries, such as Ethiopia. Unfortunately, the issue is noticeably under-reported and underestimated, so the true gravity of the situation cannot be acknowledged. Subsequently, Afar in Ethiopia contributes the largest burden of under-five mortality when compared to other regions in the country. Regrettably, there is no current information to the rates and predictors of neonatal mortality for the region even for the health facilities. Thus, this study aims to assess neonatal mortality and associated factors in pastoral region, Afar region.
Methods: A health facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 403 neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from May 1st 2015 - May 2nd 2019. Medical records were reviewed and audited for both mothers and neonates to collect data using a standardized data extraction checklist. The medical records were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Binary logistic regression with odds ratio and 95% Confidence interval was calculated to assess the association between neonatal mortality and associated factors. Finally, the statistical significance level was declared at a p-value <0.05.
Results: In this study, 391 medical records of neonates were included with the data complete rate of 97.02%. The prevalence of neonatal mortality was 14.6% (95% CI 11.0%-18.4%) with mortality rate of 35.5 per 1000 live births. A multivariable logistic regression showed that the lack of antenatal care (ANC) follow up (AOR = 5.92; 95%CI 2.34, 14.97: P<0.001), giving birth through cesarean section (AOR=3.52; 95%CI 1.22, 10.12: P<0.05), giving birth through assisted delivery (AOR=3.28 (1.14, 9.46): P<0.05), having a temperature less than 36.5oC within the first hour of admission (AOR= 5.89; 95%CI 2.32, 14.94: P<0.001), and perinatal asphyxia (AOR= 6.67; 95%CI 2.35, 18.89: P<0.001) were signiﬁcantly associated with neonatal mortality.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the rate of neonatal mortality is still too high compared to the studies conducted in non-pastoral regions of the nation. Thus, the health facilities should give due attention to improve antenatal care, neonatal resuscitation and follow the standard of care protocol for admitted neonates. Additional community based studies supported with qualitative methods are recommended.
Mobile X-ray outside the Hospital: a review
Authors: Toppenberg Maria Dietz , Christiansen Thomas Erik Møller , Rasmussen Finn , Nielsen Camilla Palmhøj , Damsgaard Else Marie
Published: December 2019

Background For several years mobile X-ray equipment has been used in intensive care units, when transportation to the radiology department was inadvisable. Now, mobile X-ray examinations are also used outside hospital. The literature describes that fragile patients may benefit from mobile X-ray, but we need to know if it is an evident alternative to hospital-based examination and in what populations. Methods We searched PubMed, Cinahl and Embase for English-, Danish-, Norwegian - and Swedish-language studies, published within the last 10 years about mobile X-ray outside the hospital. We decided that both qualitative and quantitative studies were eligible. Result We included nine studies in this scoping review. The results were divided into four topics : 1. Target population 2. Population health 3 . Experience of care and 4. C ost effectiveness . The conclusions are unclear, as quality of the evidence is low, the study populations are small, and the descriptions of the technology are week. Conclusion Mobile X-ray may be used outside hospital. There seems to be potential benefits to both patients and health care staff. Based on the published studies it is not possible to conclude if mobile X-ray examination is a relevant diagnostic offer and for whom. Further studies are needed to assess the feasibility of use in fragile patients, also regarding staff, relatives and society.
Youth Working in Tobacco Farming: Effects on Smoking Behavior and Association with Health Status
Authors: Alderete Ethel , Livaudais-Toman Jennifer , Kaplan Celia , Gregorich Steven E. , Mejía Raúl , Perez-stable Eliseo J
Published: December 2019

Background Cultivation of tobacco raises concerns about detrimental health and social consequences for youth, but tobacco producing countries only highlight economic benefits. We compared sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of school-age youth who worked and did not work in tobacco farming and assessed the effects on smoking behavior and health at one year.Methods We used existing data collected in the province of Jujuy, Argentina where 3188 youth 13 to 17 years of age from a random middle school sample responded to longitudinal questionnaires in 2005 and 2006. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted association of tobacco farming work with health status and smoking behavior at one year.Results 22.8% of youth in the tobacco growing areas of the province were involved in tobacco farming. The mean age of initiation to tobacco farming was 12.6 years. Youth working in farming had higher rates of fair or poor versus good or excellent self-perceived health (30.3% vs. 19.0%), having a serious injury (48.5% vs. 38.5%), being injured accidentally by someone else (7.5% vs. 4.6%), being assaulted (5.5% vs. 2.6%), and being poisoned by exposure to chemicals (2.5% vs. 0.7%). Youth working in tobacco farming also had higher prevalence of ever (67.9% vs. 55.2%), current (48.0% vs. 32.6%) and established smoking (17.8% vs. 9.9%). In multivariate logistic regression models tobacco farming in 2005 was associated with significant increased reporting of serious injury (OR=1.4; 95%CI 1.1-2.0), accidental injury by someone else (OR=1.5; 95% 1.0-2.1), assault (OR=2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.8), and poisoning by exposure to chemicals (OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.2-5.4). Tobacco farming in 2005 predicted established smoking one year later (OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.0).Conclusion Youth who work in tobacco faming face a challenging burden of adversities that increase their vulnerability. Risk assessments should guide public policies to protect underage youth working in tobacco farming. (298 words)
Next-Generation Sequencing Identified Novel Desmoplakin Frame-shift Variant in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lin Xiaoping , Ma Yuankun , Cai Zhejun , Wang Qiyuan , Wang Lihua , Huo Zhaoxia , Hu Dan , Wang Jian'an , Xiang Meixiang
Published: December 2019

Background: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is one of the leading causes for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Recent studies have identified mutations in cardiac desmosomes as key players in the pathogenesis of AC. However, the specific etiology in individual families remains largely unknown. Methods: A 4-generation family presenting with syncope, lethal ventricular arrhythmia and SCD was recruited. Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed and validated by Sanger sequencing. Plasmids containing the mutation and wild type (WT) were constructed, real-time PCR, western-blot and immunofluorescence were performed to detect the functional change due to the mutation. Results: The proband, a 56-year-old female, presented with recurrent palpitations and syncope. An ICD was implanted due to her family history of SCD/ aborted SCD. NGS revealed a novel heterozygous frame-shift variant (c.832delG) in Desmoplakin (DSP) among 5 family members. The variant led to frame-shift and premature termination, producing a truncated protein. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) of the family members carrying the same variant shown myocardium thinning and fatty infiltration in the right ventricular, positive bi-ventricular late gadolinium enhancement and severe RV dysfunction, fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of AC. HEK293T cells transfected with mutant expressed truncated DSP mRNA and protein, upregulation of nuclear junction plakoglobin (JUP) and downregulation of β-catenin, when compared with WT. Conclusion: We infer that the novel c.832delG variant in DSP was associated with AC in this family, likely through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Management of stretched scar– induced secondary strabismus
Authors: Farid Mohamed F , Awwad Mohamed A , Mahmoud Mohamed R
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: To determine characteristics and management of consecutive or recurrent strabismus secondary to stretched scar. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with late secondary consecutive or recurrent strabismus due to stretched scar from 2012 to 2017. The diagnosis of stretched scar was made in any case of late (≥ 1 month) consecutive or recurrent strabismus associated with underaction of the previously operated muscle. The diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively by negative forced duction test and the characteristic appearance of the scar tissue. Surgical correction involved excision of the scar tissue with muscle re-attachment to the sclera using non-absorbable sutures. Study parameters include improvement in secondary deviations, degree of muscle underaction and diplopia. RESULTS: 21 consecutive and 6 recurrent cases of stretched scar –induced strabismus were identified and all cases were associated with variable degrees of limited ocular duction. After surgical correction of the stretched scar, consecutive deviations in the form of consecutive esotropia and exotropia were corrected by means of 26.1PD and 65.6PD while recurrent deviations in the form recurrent exotropia and recurrent hypertropia were corrected by means of 34.3PD and 11PD respectively with significant improvement of limited ocular ductions. 21 patients had diplopia at presentation and all were improved after surgery. CONCLUSION: management of stretched scar –induced secondary strabismus by excision of the stretched scar and muscle fixation to the sclera using non-absorbable sutures significantly corrects secondary deviations and improves limitation of ocular duction.
Effect of gga-miR-155 on Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis and invasion of Marek’s disease Virus (MDV) transformed cell line MSB1 by targeting RORA
Authors: Ding Ke , Yu Zuhua , Yu Chuan , Jia Yanyan , He Lei , Liao Chengshui , Li Jing , Zhang Chunjie , Li Yingju , Wu Tingcai , Cheng Xiangchao , Zhou Zhiyu , Yu Zuling
Published: December 2019

Background Marek's disease (MD) is an avian lymphoproliferative neoplasm caused by the oncogenic Marek's disease virus (MDV). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in most cancers. The gga-miR-155 is downregulated in the MDV-infected chicken tissues or lymphocyte lines, although its exact role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of gga-miR-155 on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasiveness of an MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Results The expression level of gga-miR-155 was manipulated in MSB1 cells using specific mimics and inhibitors. While overexpression of gga-miR-155 increased proliferation, decreased the proportion of G1 phase cells relative to that in S and G2 phases, reduced apoptosis rates and increased invasiveness. However, its downregulation had the opposite effects. Furthermore, gga-miR-155 directly targeted the RORA gene and downregulated its expression in the MSB1 cells.Conclusion The gga-miR-155 promotes the proliferation and invasiveness of the MDV-transformed lymphocyte line MSB1 and inhibits apoptosis by targeting the RORA gene.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number in cervical exfoliated cells and risk of cervical cancer among HPV-positive women
Authors: Sun Wei , Qin Xueyun , Zhou Jing , Xu Mingjing , Lyu Zhangyan , Li Xin , Zhang Kai , Dai Min , Li Ni , Hang Dong
Published: December 2019

Background
Although human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer, only a minority of HPV-infected women develop this malignancy. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that alterations of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) may c ontribute to carcinogenesis. However, the relationship between mtCN and cervical cancer remains unknown.
Methods
In this case-control study, we included 591 cervical cancer cases and 373 cancer-free controls, all of whom were infected with high-risk HPV. Relative mtCN in cervical cancer exfoliated cells was measured by qRT-PCR assay s , and logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interaction between mtCN and HPV types was assessed by using the Wald test in logistic regression models.
Results
HPV16, 18, 52, and 58 were the most common types in both case and control groups. Median mtCN in cases was significantly higher than that in controls ( P = 0.03). After adjustment for age and HPV types , the highest quartile of mtCN was associated with increased odds of having cervical cancer (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.19, 2.62; P < 0.01), as compared to the lowest quartile. A dose-response effect of mtCN on cervical cancer was also observed ( P trend < 0.001). The interaction between mtCN and HPV types was statistically nonsignificant.
Conclusions
Increased mtCN in cervical exfoliated cells is associated with cervical cancer after HPV infection, suggesting a potential role of mtCN in cervical carcinogenesis.
Dectin-1/Syk signaling triggers neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke in mice
Authors: Ye Xin-chun , Hao Qi , Ma Wei-jing , Zhao Qiu-chen , Wang Wei-wei , Yin Han-han , Zhang Tao , Wang Miao , Zan Kun , Yang Xin-xin , Zhang Zuo-hui , Shi Hong-juan , Zu Jie , Raza Hafiz Khuram , Zhang Xue-ling , Geng De-qin , Hu Jin-xia , Cui Gui-yun
Published: December 2019

Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1) receptor has been reported to be involved in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of Dectin-1 and its downstream target spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in early brain injury after ischemic stroke using a focal cortex ischemic stroke model. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to a cerebral focal ischemia model of ischemic stroke. The neurological score, adhesive removal test and foot-fault test were evaluated on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after ischemic stroke. Dectin-1, Syk, phosphorylated (p)-Syk, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was analyzed via western blotting in ischemic brain tissue after ischemic stroke and in BV2 microglial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in vitro. The brain infarct volume and Iba1-positive cells were evaluated using Nissl’s and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The Dectin-1 antagonist laminarin (LAM) and a selective inhibitor of Syk phosphorylation (piceatannol; PIC) were used for the intervention. Dectin-1, Syk, and p-Syk expression was significantly enhanced on days 3, 5 and 7 and peaked on day 3 after ischemic stroke. The Dectin-1 antagonist LAM or Syk inhibitor PIC decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells and TNF-α and iNOS expression, decreased the brain infarct volume and improved neurological functions on day 3 after ischemic stroke. In addition, the in vitro data revealed that Dectin-1, Syk and p-Syk expression was increased following the 3-h OGD and 0, 3 and 6 h of reperfusion in BV2 microglial cells. LAM and PIC also decreased TNF-α and iNOS expression 3 h after OGD/R induction. Dectin-1/Syk signaling plays a crucial role in inflammatory activation after ischemic stroke, and further investigation of Dectin-1/Syk signaling in stroke is warranted.
Interaction of Arsenophonus with Wolbachia in Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Guo Huifang , Wang Na , Niu Hongtao , Zhao Dongxiao , Zhang Zhichun
Published: December 2019

Background Co-infection of endosymbionts in the same host is ubiquitous, and the interactions of the most common symbiont Wolbachia with other symbionts, including Spiroplasma et al., in invertebrate organisms have received increasing attention. However, the interactions between Wolbachia and Arsenophonus, another widely distributed symbiont in nature, are poorly understood. We tested the co-infection of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus in different populations of Nilaparvata lugens and investigated whether co-infection affected the population size of the symbionts in their host. Results A significant difference was observed in the co-infection incidence of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus among 5 populations of N. lugens from China, with nearly half of the individuals in the Zhenjiang population harbouring the two symbionts simultaneously, and the rate of occurrence was significantly higher than that of the other 4 populations. The Arsenophonus density in the superinfection line was significantly higher only in the Maanshan population compared with that of the single-infection line. Differences in the density of Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were found in all the tested double-infection lines, and the dominant symbiont species varied with the population only in the Nanjing population, with Arsenophonus the overall dominant symbiont. Conclusions Wolbachia and Arsenophonus could coexist in N. lugens, and the co-infection incidence varied with the geographic populations. Antagonistic interactions were not observed between Arsenophonus and Wolbachia, and the latter was the dominant symbiont in most populations.
PrEP awareness among men who have sex with men at higher risk for HIV in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru, 2018
Authors: Assaf Ryan David , Konda Kelika A. , Torres Thiago S. , Vega-Ramirez E. Hamid , Elorreaga Oliver A. , Diaz-Sosa Dulce , Diaz Steven D. , Pimenta Cristina , Robles Rebeca , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Caceres Carlos , Veloso Valdilea G.
Published: December 2019

IntroductionPrEP awareness in Latin America has been poorly characterized, with studies in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru highlighting low awareness. We assessed the association between higher risk of HIV infection, indicative of PrEP eligibility, and PrEP awareness among men who have sex with men (MSM) from these countries. MethodsMSM were recruited to complete an online survey via advertisements on Facebook, Grindr, and Hornet from March-June 2018. Eligible individuals were cisgender MSM, ≥18 years old, HIV negative or of unknown status, lived in these countries, and provided informed consent. Higher risk was defined using a CDC score indicating an increased risk of HIV infection and the suggested cutpoint of 10. We used Poisson regression models to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) testing the association between higher risk and PrEP awareness; socio-demographics and other risk variables were considered potential confounders. Separate models were conducted for Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. ResultsAfter exclusion, 19,457 MSM were available for analysis. Overall PrEP awareness was 64.9%, with those from Brazil reporting highest awareness (68.8%), followed by Mexico (64.1%), and Peru (46.6%). In Brazil, 53.8% were classified as higher risk for HIV, 51.9% in Mexico, and 54.2% in Peru. Higher risk for HIV was associated with PrEP awareness among those in Brazil (aPR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01, 1.06), but no association was seen in Mexico or Peru. Additionally, having more than high school education, high income, daily use of gay social networking (GSN) applications, and substance use were associated with PrEP awareness in each country. ConclusionHigher risk of HIV infection was associated with increased PrEP awareness in Brazil. However, this association was weak indicating that MSM at higher risk, who would benefit from PrEP, are often not aware of this prevention strategy. In the remaining countries, there was no association between risk and awareness, highlighting a disconnect between need and knowledge. As PrEP is introduced, awareness should increase, as in Brazil where PrEP has been available longer. Interventions to increase PrEP awareness are paramount to increase PrEP uptake and prevent HIV infections. GSN applications and social media could play an important role to achieve this goal.
Increase soil aggregate stability can limit colloidal phosphorus loss potentials from agricultural systems
Authors: Li Fayong , Liang Xinqiang , Li Hua , Jin Yingbin , Jin Junwei , He Miaomiao , Klumpp Erwin , Bol Roland
Published: December 2019

Background Colloid-facilitated phosphorus (P) transport is a recognized important pathway for soil P loss in agricultural systems, but limited information is available on the soil aggregate-associated colloidal P. To elucidate the effects of aggregate size on the loss potential of colloidal P (P coll ) in agricultural systems, soils (0-20 cm depth) from six land use types were sampled in Zhejiang province in the Yangtz river delta region, China. The aggregate size fractions (2–8 mm, 0.26–2 mm, 0.053–0.26 mm and <0.053 mm) separated by wet-sieving method were analyzed.Results Results showed that the 0.26–2 mm small macroaggregates had the highest total P (TP) content. For acidic soils, the highest P coll content was also found in the 0.26–2 mm aggregate size, while the lowest was found in the <0.053 mm (silt+clay)-sized particles, the opposite of that found in alkaline soils. Paddy soils contained less P coll than other land use types. The P coll in total dissolved P (TDP) was dominated by <0.053 mm (silt+clay)-sized particles. Aggregate size did strongly influence the loss potential of P coll in paddy soils, where P coll contributed up to 83% TDP in the silt+clay sized particles. The P coll content was positively correlated with TP, Al, Fe and mean weight diameter (MWD). Aggregate associated total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), C/P, and C/N had significant, but negative effects on the contribution of P coll to potential soil P losses. The P coll content of the aggregates was controlled by aggregate associated TP and Al content as well as soil pH value, with P coll loss potential from aggregates being controlled by its organic matter content.Conclusion Therefore, we conclude that management practices that increase soil aggregate stability or its organic carbon content will limit P coll loss from agricultural systems.
Efficacy of a Single Dose versus Triple Dose Regimen of Mebendazole against Hookworm Infection among School Children: A Randomized, Single blinded Trial.
Authors: Eshetu Tegegne , Aemero Mulugeta , Jejaw Ayalew
Published: December 2019

Background: The current control efforts against soil transmitted helminthic infection focused on reducing morbidity and transmission potential through periodic anthelminthic chemotherapy of single dose of mebendazole and albendazole regimen. Single dose mebendazole is one of extensively applicable drug regimen as a preventive chemotherapy in hookworm endemic areas. However, nowadays, studies reveal single dose treatment regimen has poor and unsatisfactory efficacy status against hookworm infection. We evaluated the efficacy status of single dose (500mg) versus triple dose (100mg) of mebendazole against hookworm infection among school aged children.Methods: This randomized, single-blinded clinical trial took place in a primary school on Burie and Debre Elias towns, Northwest Ethiopia among school-aged children (6-14). Using simple randomization, eligible hookworm positive children were randomly allocated (1:1) to either a single dose or triple dose of mebendazole arm. Stool samples were collected at baseline and follow-up period (14-21 days after treatment) for McMaster analysis. The primary and secondary outcome measures in this study were cure rate (CR) and egg reduction rate (ERR), respectively. Results were displayed using tables and figure. Independent t test was used to compare group means, logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR), and P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered for statistical significance.Result: 109 children were allocated for each treatment arm and 103 children were completed the drug efficacy follow up study. Cure rate against hookworm was significantly higher in triple dose (96.1%) than in single dose (30.8%) with (OR=55.125; 95% CI: 11.92-254.9; P < 0.001). Egg reduction rate against hookworm infection in triple dose (99.5%) was also significantly higher than single dose (68.9%) with difference t (101) =5.38; 95% CI 230.95-505.36; P < 0.001.Conclusion: Single dose regimen of mebendazole for the treatment of hookworm infection showed poor efficacy, while triple dose revealed satisfactory efficacy. Therefore, we recommend for giving special emphasis on current deworming program which implemented through single dose mebendazole for hookworm endemic area.
Functional Polymorphisms in FOXC2 Gene and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility in Chinese Population
Authors: Zhou Zhijiao , Ou Xiang , Zou Qiong , Chu Ling , Quan Xiyun , Chen Yong , Liu Yang
Published: December 2019

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is highly lethal gynecological cancer. Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) promotes occurrence and development of various malignant tumors. The present study is aimed at exploring the correlation between the polymorphism of FOXC2 and epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility in Chinese Han population.Methods: A case-control design was used to verify the association between FOXC2polymorphisms and epithelial ovarian cancer. The genotyping was performed using Taqman® SNP Genotyping kit by qRT-PCR. The genetic variants including rs3751794 C>T, rs1035550 A>G, rs4843163 C>G and rs4843396 C>T in FOXC2 gene were analyzed. The strength of the associations was detected using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Stratification analyses showed the association between the FOXC2 gene polymorphisms rs3751794 C>T, rs4843163 C>G and rs4843396 C>T with epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility in terms of age, metastasis status, clinical stage, pathological grade, pregnant times, pausimenia, and the expression of ER, PR, wild p53 and mutant p53.Results: Rs3751794 C>T (P=0.0016), rs4843163 C>G (P<0.0001) and rs4843396 C>T (P<0.0001) were significantly associated with increased epithelial ovarian cancer risk. In stratification analyses,rs3751794 C>T, was identified to be dominant in no metastasis patients, clinical stage 4 group, middle grade pathological stage, pregnant time over 3 patients, post-menopause women, strong wild type p53 expression; rs4843163 C>G was dominant in high grade clinical stage, high grade pathological stage, post-menopause women, strong ER expression group and no mutant p53 expression group; rs4843396 C>T was dominant in high grade clinical stage, high grade pathological stage, strong ER expression group. The rs1035550 A>G was not related to epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility.Conclusions: The results of the current study verified that FOXC2 gene polymorphisms were associated with increased epithelial ovarian cancer risk and suggested that FOXC2 gene polymorphisms might be a potential biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer susceptibility.
Attendance of fourth Antenatal Care Visit in Ethiopia: Analysis from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey
Authors: Woldu Mulugeta Abrha , Ayele Brhane Gebrekidan , Gebrehiwot Haftom Weldearegay , Abrha Araya Medhanyie
Published: December 2019

Background: Globally, approximately 830 women have been reported to die every day due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Almost all of these deaths occurred during the third trimester of pregnancy. This could have been reduced by having adequate Antenatal care visits. However, little is known about the determinants of fourth Antenatal care visit. This study is therefore conducted to identify determinants of attendance of fourth Antenatal visits in Ethiopia.Method: This study was an analysis of data collected by the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey which used a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design. Bivariate and multivariable regression analysis was done to declare association between independent predictors and attendance of fourth Antenatal care visit.Result: The independent factors affecting fourth Antenatal visit were highest wealth index (Adjusted Odds Ratio(AOR) = 1.85; 95% Confidence interval (CI) (1.41, 2.44), watching television less than once in a week (AOR= 0.64; 95%CI (0.46, 0.88) , not informed about pregnancy complications during previous visit (AOR= 0.59; 95%CI (0.51, 0.70) and women who were not given or who did not buy iron tablets/syrup (AOR= 0.64; 95%CI (0.55, 0.75).Conclusion: In this study wealth index, frequencies of watching television, information about pregnancy complication, given or bought iron tablets/syrup were the predictors. Therefore integrated service of proper counseling on birth preparedness and complication readiness, Iron folic acid provision by health care providers and other integrated multi-sectoral collaborations are also highly important to improve the wealth index and health literacy of mothers.
Advanced ultrasound Methods in assessment of carotid plaque instability: A prospective multimodal study
Authors: Zamani Mahtab , Skagen Karolina , Scott Helge , Russell David , Skjelland Mona
Published: December 2019

Background: A significant proportion of ischemic strokes are caused by emboli from atherosclerotic, unstable carotid artery plaques. The selection of patients for endarterectomy in current clinical practice is primarily based on the degree of carotid artery stenosis and clinical symptoms. However, the content of the plaque is known to be more important for stroke risk. Intraplaque neovascularization (IPN) has recently emerged as a possible surrogate marker for plaque instability. Neo-microvessels from the adventitial vasa vasorum grow into the full thickness of the vessel wall in an adaptive response to hypoxia, causing subsequent intraplaque haemorrhage and plaque rupture. Conventional ultrasound cannot detect IPN. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI), have, however, shown promise in IPN assessment. Recent research using Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) has also reported reduced tissue stiffness in the artery wall (reduced mean Young’s modulus) in unstable compared to stable plaques. The purpose of this study is to identify unstable carotid artery plaques at risk of rupture and future ischemic stroke risk using multimodal assessments.

Methods: Forty five symptomatic and 45 asymptomatic patients >18 years, with >50% carotid stenosis referred to Oslo University Hospital ultrasound lab will be included in this on-going project. Patients will undergo contrast enhanced ultrasound, SMI, carotid-MRI and PET-(18F-FDG). Contrast enhanced ultrasound will be analyzed semi-quantitatively (5-levels visual classification) and quantitatively by plotting time-intensity curve analyses to obtain plaque peak contrast enhancement intensity. Plaques removed at carotid endarterectomy will be assessed histologically and the number of microvessels, areas of inflammation, granulation, calcification, lipid and fibrosis will be measured.

Discussion: This multimodality study will primarily provide information on the clinical value of advanced ultrasound methods (SMI, SWE) for the detection of unstable carotid artery plaque in comparison with other methods including contrast-enhanced ultrasound, carotid-MRI and PET-(18F-FDG) using histology as the gold standard. Secondly, findings from the methods mentioned above will be related to cerebrovascular symptoms, blood tests (leukocytes, CRP, ESR, lipoproteins and inflammatory markers) and cardiovascular risk factors at inclusion and at 1-year follow-up. The overall aim is to optimize detection of plaque instability which can lead to better preventive decisions and reduced stroke rate.
The draft genome of horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus reveals its evolutionary scenario and well-developed innate immunity
Authors: Zhou Yan , Liang Yuan , Yan Qing , Zhang Liang , Chen Dianbao , Ruan Lingwei , Kong Yuan , Shi Hong , Chen Mingliang , Chen Jianming
Published: December 2019

Background: Horseshoe crabs are ancient marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history extending back approximately 450 million years, which may benefit from their innate immune systems. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying their abilities of distinguishing and defending against invading microbes are still unclear. Results: Here, we describe the 2.06 Gbp genome assembly of Tachypleus tridentatus with 24,222 predicted protein-coding genes. Comparative genomics shows that T. tridentatus and the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus have the most orthologues shared among two species, including genes involved in the immune-related JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Divergence time dating results show that the last common ancestor of Asian horseshoe crabs (including T. tridentatus and C. rotundicauda) and L. polyphemus appeared approximately 130 Mya (121-141), and the split of the two Asian horseshoe crabs was dated to approximately 63 Mya (57-69). Hox gene analysis suggests two clusters in both horseshoe crab assemblies. Surprisingly, selective analysis of immune-related gene families revealed the high expansion of conserved pattern recognition receptors. Genes involved in the IMD and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways also exhibited a certain degree of expansion in both genomes. Intact coagulation cascade-related genes were present in the T. tridentatus genome with a higher number of coagulation factor genes. Moreover, most reported antibacterial peptides have been identified in T. tridentatus with their potentially effective antimicrobial sites. Conclusions: The draft genome of T. tridentatus would would provide important evidence for further clarifying the taxonomy and evolutionary relationship of Chelicerata. The expansion of conserved immune signalling pathway genes, coagulation factors and intact antimicrobial peptides in T. tridentatus constitutes its robust and effective innate immunity for self-defence in marine environments with an enormous number of invading pathogens and may affect the quality of the adaptive properties with regard to complicated marine environments.
Urban Horticulture, from Local Initiatives to Global Success Stories
Authors: Ebel Roland , Fallahi Esmaeil , Griffis John L. , Nandwani Dilip , Nolan Donielle , Penhallegon Ross H. , Rogers Mary
Published: December 2019

Urban horticulture describes economically viable horticultural production activities conducted in a city or suburb. It is a growing segment of horticulture in the United States as well as in developing countries, where the enormous growth of megalopolis is not backed by a simultaneous increase of farmland or agricultural productivity. Today, urban horticulture includes food sovereignty in underprivileged neighborhoods, increased availability of vegetables and fruits in big cities, healthy and diverse diets, improved food safety, low transportation costs, efficient resource use, and the mitigation of environmental impacts of horticultural production such as the emission of greenhouse gases. The workshop “Urban horticulture: From local initiatives to global success stories,” held at the 2018 American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) conference in Washington, DC, featured present and historical success stories of urban horticulture from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States.
Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Honors Three NAI Fellows for Innovations That Changed the World
Authors: Stuart Victoria L. , Sanberg Paul R.
Published: December 2019

When the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering (QEPrize) was established in 2011, its goals were nothing short of recognizing individuals whose contributions to engineering have changed the world in lasting ways. Three NAI Fellows have since been honored among the recipients of what
is now known as the largest engineering prize in the world, with an award of ?1 million presented biennially. This article provides a brief retrospective of the QEPrize, profiles the three NAI Fellows awarded this rare international distinction, and offers some contemporary thoughts about
the power of recognition to inspire future generations of innovators.
Kimberlites: From Deep Earth to Diamond Mines
Authors: Giuliani Andrea , Pearson D. Graham
Published: December 2019

Kimberlites are rare, enigmatic, low-volume igneous rocks. They are highly enriched in magnesium, volatiles (CO2 and H2O) and incompatible trace elements and are thought to be the most deeply derived (>150 km) magmatic rocks on Earth. Kimberlites occur in ancient and thick continental lithosphere, forming intrusive sheets and composite pipes, commonly in clusters. Despite their rarity, kimberlites have attracted considerable attention because they entrain not only abundant mantle fragments but also diamonds, which can provide a uniquely rich picture of the deep Earth. This issue summarises current thinking on kimberlite petrology, geochemistry, and volcanology and outlines the outstanding questions on the genesis of kimberlites and associated diamond mines.
Kimberlites from Source to Surface: Insights from Experiments
Authors: Foley Stephen F. , Yaxley Gregory M. , Kjarsgaard Bruce A.
Published: December 2019

High-pressure experiments are unconvincing in explaining kimberlites as direct melts of carbonated peridotite because the appropriate minerals do not coexist stably at the kimberlite liquidus. High-pressure melts of peridotite with CO2 and H2O have compositions similar to kimberlites only at pressures where conditions are insufficiently oxidizing to stabilize CO2: they do not replicate the high K2O/Na2O of kimberlites. Kimberlite melts may begin their ascent at ≈300 km depth in reduced conditions as melts rich in MgO and SiO2 and poor in Na2O. These melts interact with modified, oxidized zones at the base of cratons where they gain CO2, CaO, H2O, and K2O and lose SiO2. Decreasing CO2 solubility at low pressures facilitates the incorporation of xenocrystic olivine, resulting in kimberlites’ characteristically high MgO/CaO.
OS ASPECTOS SOCIOECONÔMICOS DO MANGUEZAL DO RIO COREAÚ E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A SUSTENTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL
Authors: Loureiro Caroline Vitor , Oliveira Camila França de
Published: December 2019

Os manguezais, por sua relevância socioambiental e socioeconômica, requerem estudos que avaliem os impactos desencadeados pela ação antrópica com vias a manutenção de uma relação sustentável. Nesse contexto, considerando o manguezal do Rio Coreaú, pois o mesmo desempenha importante função na manutenção da zona estuarina do município de Camocim, além de ter relação direta com a economia local, buscamos avaliar como vem se dando esse processo. O manguezal do Rio Coreaú, segundo a SEMACE (2004), é a segunda maior área de manguezal do estado do Ceará, possuindo 35,3km², fato que reforça a necessidade da realização de estudos nesta área, pois impactos sobre ele podem ter repercussão em mais de um município, principalmente no que se refere aos processos erosivos. Para isso, verificamos os principais impactos que a relação dos moradores de Camocim com esse ambiente vem desencadeando, e sugerimos ajustamentos dos usos do mesmo visando a manutenção do equilíbrio ambiental e social pautado na lógica da sustentabilidade ambiental. Para tal, foram realizados estudos bibliográficos acerca da temática, visitas in loco, tanto por via terrestre como fluvial, avaliação de imagens de satélite da área e estudo documental sobre as atividades econômicas associadas a esse ecossistema, sendo assim um estudo de caso com abordagem de análise qualitativa. Os resultados apontaram que a população possui estreita relação com o manguezal (expansão urbana, lazer/turismo, extrativismo/pesca e atividades de carcinicultura e salineira), porém esta necessita de ajustamentos, monitoramento e fiscalização.