bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching a Social Science Course on Climate Change: Suggestions for Active Learning
Authors: Duram Leslie A.
Published: April 2021

Previous research indicates the importance of interdisciplinary approaches when teaching about climate change. Specifically, social science perspectives allow students to understand the policy, economic, cultural, and personal influences that impact environmental change. This article describes one such college course that employed active-learning techniques. Course topics included community resilience, environmental education, historical knowledge timeline, climate justice, social vulnerability, youth action, science communication, hope versus despair, misinformation, and climate refugees. To unify these concepts, engaging activities were developed that specifically address relevant individual, local, state, national, and international climate resilience themes. Students assessed their personal climate footprint, explored social/cultural influences, wrote policy requests to relevant local/state government officials, studied national policy options, and learned about previous global initiatives. The course culminated in a mock global climate summit, which was modeled on a Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This final activity required each student to prepare a policy report and represent a nation in negotiating a multilateral climate agreement. It is accepted that climate change education must include physical data on the impacts of anthropogenic emissions. It is also essential that students appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of climate adaptations, become hopeful about addressing change, and gain skills necessary to engage as informed climate citizens.
Fish Price Determination Around Lake Victoria, Tanzania: Analysis of Factors Affecting Fish Landing Price
Authors: Sambuo Damian Boniface , Kirama Stephen , Malamsha Kitala
Published: April 2021

Determination of fish landing price is important, as the same contributes to the structure, conduct and performance of the fish market in Lake Victoria. Determination of relevant landing price is a gap to console between fishermen, agents (middlemen), processors and the government. The main objective of this study was therefore to examine fish price determination. Specifically, to examine the methods for fish price determination and analyse factors that affect fish landing price in Lake Victoria, a cross-sectional design was employed, and 300 respondents were randomly selected from two district councils, namely, Sengerema and Buchosa. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Findings show that landing price is determined through formal negotiation with processors, consultation with other traders, informal negotiation with buyers and Beach Management Unit (BMU). The study concluded that these are the common methods used to determine landing prices. Also, distance from fishing to onshore landing centres, market information channels, age and experiences of the fishermen are the factors significantly found affecting landing price. It is recommended that the mechanism for setting up fishery price, fish market structure, fishery information and the formation of fishery regulatory body needs fishery policy and sector reforms that mark the determination of fish landing price.
Femoral nerve injury in gynecologic surgery: medico-legal issues for best surgical practices
Authors: Fedeli Piergiorgio , Guida Maurizio , Giugliano Pasquale , Mazzarelli Laura Letizia , D’Apuzzo Annalisa , Scendoni Roberto , Vacchiano Giuseppe
Published: April 2021

Background

Femoral nerve injury following gynecologic surgery may be a postoperative complication, leading to medical malpractice claims and litigation.

Methods and results

A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected from 973 medico-legal reports of suspected malpractice in gynecologic surgery, filed with the Italian Court between 2000 and 2010. Twelve cases were selected for proven negligence, after a blinded investigation conducted by a gynecologist and a medico-legal expert. Surgical data included type of procedure (hysterectomy, salpingectomy, cesarean section, endometriosis excision), duration of procedure, patient position, and use of retractors. For each case, the observed neuropathy, degree of severity, and recovery time after physical therapy were described. Neuropathies were classified into three categories: neuropraxia (three cases), axonotmesis (six cases), and neurotmesis (three cases) with high sensory and motor deficits. Many particular conditions and pre-existing comorbidity were observed. Two neuropraxia cases were associated with the lithotomy position; axonotmesis cases were related to the incorrect use of self-retaining retractors and an inadequate lithotomy position.

Conclusions

To avoid potential malpractice lawsuits, care must be taken to accurately collect data linked to individual factors and the possible complications of a surgical procedure. A detailed description is required of the patient’s position on the surgical table, the self-retaining retractors selected, length of time they were in use, maximum tractive force exerted, and their inspection or repositioning during the operation.
“Is there a doctor on board?”: willingness and confidence of physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in assisting with in-flight medical emergencies
Authors: AlShamlan Nouf A. , AlOmar Reem S. , Alrayes Majd Mohammed , Alkhaldi Saud K. , Alomar Ali Hamad , Alghamdi Abdulrahman Abdulaziz , Nassef Fares Mohammad , Al-Matar Sarah Hussain , Alqahtani Hatem A.
Published: April 2021

Background

In-flight medical emergencies (IMEs) are common, and for a traveling physician, it is very likely to encounter such a condition. Data discussing this issue are limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the willingness and confidence of physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in responding to IMEs. As well as, to assess the associated sociodemographic, occupational, and travel-related factors, and their previous experience with such events.

Methods

This cross-sectional, online-based, study was conducted among all physicians in KSA during January 2021. The self-administered questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic, occupational, travel profiles, willingness and confidence towards IMEs. Chi-Squared or Fisher’s Exact test were used for bivariate analysis followed by the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 4558 physicians participated in the study. About one-third of participants reported one or more IME incidents, and the vast majority of them provided assistance. Cardiovascular diseases were the most common IMEs. About half of the participating physicians are concerned about the medico-legal consequences of providing assistance with such a condition. Among all specialties, emergency physicians reported the highest willingness and confidence toward IMEs. Predictors for a physician’s willingness to assist in IMEs were being male, having been involved in a previous IME situation, attended life support and IME courses, frequent traveling, and practicing medicine in the Central region of Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion

Findings from the current study stressed the need for establishing standardized guidelines about the roles of healthcare workers and the legal consequences of providing medical assessment in IMEs. Moreover, training programs on IMEs to all physicians, especially those who deal with a variety of cases during their practice such as internal medicine and family medicine are also suggested.
Clinical research activities during COVID-19: the point of view of a promoter of academic clinical trials
Authors: Valmorri Linda , Vertogen Bernadette , Zingaretti Chiara , Miserocchi Anna , Volpi Roberta , Clemente Alberto , Bondi Isabella , Valli Irene , Rudnas Britt , Martinelli Giovanni , Nanni Oriana
Published: April 2021

Background

During the COVID-19 emergency, IRST IRCCS, an Italian cancer research institute and promoter of no profit clinical studies, adapted its activities and procedures as per European and national guidelines to maintain a high standard of clinical trials, uphold participant safety and guarantee the robustness and reliability of the data collected. This study presents the measures adopted by our institute with the aim of providing information that could be useful to other academic centers promoting clinical trials during the pandemic.

Main text

After an in-depth analysis of European and Italian guidelines and consultation and analysis of publications regarding the actions implemented by international no profit clinical trial promoters during the emergency, we monitored the way in which the institute managed clinical trials, verifying compliance with regulatory guidelines and clinical procedures, and evaluating screening and recruitment trends in studies. During the pandemic, our center activated a new clinical trial for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. A number of procedural changes in clinical trials were also authorized through notified amendments, in accordance with Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) guidelines. Patient screening and enrolment was not interrupted in any site participating in multicenter interventional clinical trials on drugs. The institute provided clear indications about essential procedures to be followed, identifying those that could be postponed or carried out by telephone/teleconference. All external sites were monitored remotely, avoiding on-site visits. Although home-working was encouraged, the presence of staff in the central office was also guaranteed to ensure the continuity of promoter activities.

Conclusions

Some measures adopted by IRST could also be effective outside of the COVID-19 period, e.g. numerous activities relating to clinical trial management could be performed on a home-working basis, using suitable digital technologies. In the future, electronic medical records and shared guidelines will be essential for the correct identification and management of trial risks, including the protection of the rights and privacy of subjects taking part. Promoter supervision could be increased by implementing centralized monitoring tools to guarantee data quality. Closer collaboration between promoters and local study staff is needed to optimize trial management.
Triaging HPV-positive, cytology-negative cervical cancer screening results with extended HPV genotyping and p16INK4a immunostaining in China
Authors: Song Fangbin , Yan Peisha , Huang Xia , Wang Chun , Qu Xinfeng , Du Hui , Wu Ruifang
Published: April 2021

Background

Self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is a feasible option to improve the cervical screening coverage. However, an ideal triage method for HPV-positive self-samples does not yet exist. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of HPV genotyping and p16INK4a immunostaining (p16) in triaging HPV-positive self-samples, focusing on HPV-positive, cytology-negative (HPCN) women.

Methods

A total of 73,699 women were screened in a cervical screening project in China via SeqHPV assay on self-samples. HPV-positive women were called-back and collected cervical sample for p16 immunostaining and liquid-based cytology, those who met any result of HPV16/18+ or visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) + or p16+ were referred for colposcopy, and HPCN women with adequate data on p16 and pathology were analyzed. A triage strategy was considered acceptable if the negative predictive value (NPV) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 or worse (CIN3+) was 98% or more, combined with an improvement of sensitivity and specificity for CIN2+/CIN3+ in reference to the comparator, being HPV16/18 + .

Results

A total of 2731 HPCN women aged 30–64 years were enrolled, 136 (5.0%) CIN2+ and 53 (1.9%) CIN3+ were detected. Five triage strategies met the criteria: p16+; HPV16/33+; ‘HPV16+ or HPV33/58/31/35+&p16+’; ‘HPV16/33+ or HPV58/31/35+&p16+’; HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58 + & p16+. These strategies required less or similar colposcopy referrals, and less colposcopies to detected one case of CIN2+/CIN3+, achieving favorable false positive (negative) rates to the comparator. Among them, p16 staining detected 83.1% (79.2%) of underlying CIN2 + (CIN3+) in HPCN women. Moreover, three triage strategies were favorable in sensitivity and/or specificity to the ‘HPV16/33+’ strategy: p16+; ‘HPV16+ or HPV33/58/31/35 + &p16+’; HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58 + &p16 + .

Conclusions

Genotyping for HPV16/33 could be utilized to optimize the management of HPCN women. Moreover, p16 immunostaining, either alone or combined with extended genotypes, is more effective than HPV genotypes alone in the triage of HPCN women.
Prognostic value of ubiquitin E2 UBE2W and its correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in breast cancer
Authors: Yuan Yan , Xiao Wei-Wei , Xie Wei-Hao , Li Rong-Zhen , Gao Yuan-Hong
Published: April 2021

Background

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2W (UBE2W) is a protein-coding gene that has an important role in ubiquitination and may be vital in the repair of DNA damage. However, studies on the prognostic value of UBE2W and its correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in multiple cancers have not been addressed.

Methods

We investigated UBE2W expression in the Oncomine database, the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), TNMplot database. Then, the clinical prognostic value of UBE2W was analyzed via online public databases. Meanwhile, we explored the correlation between UBE2W and DNA repair associate genes expression and DNA methyltransferase expression by TIMER and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). By using the same method, the correlation between UBE2W and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was explored. Genomic Profiles of UBE2W in breast cancer (BRCA) were accessed in cBioPortal (v3.5.0). Functional proteins associated network was analyzed by STRING database (v11.0).

Results

UBE2W was abnormally expressed and significantly correlated with mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation levels, DNA methyltransferase, and BRCA1/2 expression in breast cancer. High expression of UBE2W may promote the tumor immunosuppression and metastasis, induce endocrine therapy resistance and deteriorate outcomes of patients with breast cancer. These findings suggest that UBE2W could be a potential biomarker of prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Besides, RBX1 may be a new E3 that was regulated by UBE2W.

Conclusions

Ubiquitin E2 UBE2W is a potential prognostic biomarker and is correlated with immune infiltration in BRCA.
Prevalence and associated factors of psychosocial distress among seafarers during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Baygi Fereshteh , Mohammadian Khonsari Nami , Agoushi Arash , Hassani Gelsefid Saeed , Mahdavi Gorabi Armita , Qorbani Mostafa
Published: April 2021

Background

In the context of growing concerns about seafarers’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of psychosocial distress among seafarers of ocean-going vessels during the current health emergency.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 470 multinational seafarers working on two oil tanker international shipping companies. Psychosocial distress was assessed by using Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale (DASS-21). General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to assessed genral psychiatry disorders and self-rate anxiety. Perceived health status was assessed by a single-item question. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the association between demographic and work-related variables with mental health outcomes.

Results

Overall, 439 out of 470 invited seafarers with a mean age of 34.5 (SD: 8.05) participated in this study (participation rate: 93.4%). The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of depression, anxiety, stress, self-rated anxiety, general psychiatric disorders, and poor perceived health status was 12.3% (9.4–15.7), 11.6% (8.7–15.0), 5.9% (3.9–8.5), 2.1% (0.9–3.8), 42.6% (38.0–47.4), and 4.3% (2.6–6.6), respectively. In the multivariate model, by increasing the duration of stay (per month) on board, the odds of depression increased by 20% (OR: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02–1.40)). Also, non-officer seafarers experienced significantly lower psychosocial distress such as anxiety and stress levels than officers.

Conclusion

High prevalence of depression, anxiety, and general psychiatric disorders among seafarers during COVID-19 was observed. Our findings also highlight the factors that need to be considered to protect seafarers’ mental well-being. Further studies to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on psychological health issues at sea are recommended.
A qualitative study on resilience in adult refugees in Germany
Authors: Walther Lena , Amann Julia , Flick Uwe , Ta Thi Minh Tam , Bajbouj Malek , Hahn Eric
Published: April 2021

Background

Because refugees face significant adversities before, during, and after resettlement, resilience is of central importance to this population. However, strengths-based research on post-migration refugee experiences is sparse.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 54 adult refugee participants who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2018 in their preferred language. We analyzed different aspects of resilience in these interviews using thematic analysis.

Results

Nine themes were identified. Four themes manifest resilience in different ways and encompass cognitive as well as behavioral strategies for facing adversity, self-ascriptions of resilience as a personal trait or lasting characteristic, and the role of volunteering, work, and activism for refugee causes. Five themes capture factors that facilitate resilience: social support, experiencing migration as an opportunity generally and for women in particular, being a parent, and being young.

Conclusions

This study adds to a growing body of knowledge about resilience among adult refugees. It may support clinicians working with refugees by making them aware of specific manifestations of resilience and factors promoting positive adaptation specific to this client group. It also contributes to a more strengths-based view on refugee mental health and processes of integration.
Fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among Pakistani doctors: A survey study
Authors: Malik Sadia , Ullah Irfan , Irfan Muhammad , Ahorsu Daniel Kwasi , Lin Chung-Ying , Pakpour Amir H. , Griffiths Mark D. , Rehman Ibad Ur , Minhas Rafia
Published: April 2021

Background

The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has seriously affected the lives of millions of people across the world. It has also heavily burdened healthcare professionals and the virus poses serious risks for their personal and professional lives. Therefore, the present study examined the associations between fear of COVID-19 and workplace phobia among doctors in Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

An online survey was conducted among 421 doctors in Pakistan between April 10 and May 25, 2020. The Workplace Phobia Scale (WPS) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) were the main psychometric instruments used in this study.

Results

There was a significant positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior. Significantly higher fear of COVID-19 was found among (i) females compared to males, (ii) doctors with 5 years or less of work experience compared to those with more than 5 years, and (iii) postgraduate trainees compared with other ranks. Two groups (doctors who were above 30 years old and postgraduate trainees) were found to have higher levels of workplace phobia compared to their counterparts. Doctors with severe levels of fear of COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of workplace panic anxiety and workplace avoidance behavior.

Conclusions

Fear of COVID-19 was significantly associated with workplace phobia which may negatively affect doctors’ performance. Therefore, important steps are needed to protect doctors’ health by providing sufficient resources to allay their fears and anxieties which consequently help them in carrying out their frontline duties in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Emotional exhaustion in front-line healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China: the effects of time pressure, social sharing and cognitive appraisal
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhou Xinyao , Jia Xiuli , Song Caiping , Luo Xu , Zhang Hua , Wu Hao , Ye Junying
Published: April 2021

Background

With the increasing spread of COVID-19, healthcare workers, especially front-line medical staff, have become more vulnerable to emotional exhaustion.

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the influence of time pressure on the emotional exhaustion of front-line healthcare workers, and explore the effects of social sharing and cognitive reappraisal on this.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2020. A total of 232 questionnaires were completed by front-line healthcare workers in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Hierarchical linear regression and conditional process analysis were performed to explore the relationships among time pressure, social sharing, cognitive reappraisal, and emotional exhaustion.

Results

Time pressure was positively associated with social sharing and emotional exhaustion. Social sharing presented the dark side, a negative effect that was always kept concealed, in terms of the impact on emotional exhaustion. Cognitive reappraisal negatively moderated the relationship between time pressure and social sharing, and it further indirectly influenced the relationship between time pressure and emotional exhaustion through social sharing.

Conclusions

Our findings shed light on how time pressure influences the emotional exhaustion of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 period. Although social sharing is commonly regarded as a positive behavior, we identified a dark side in terms of its impact. We also identified that improving cognitive reappraisal may present a positive strategy toward alleviating emotional exhaustion.
Association between mental health, caries experience and gingival health of adolescents in sub-urban Nigeria
Authors: El Tantawi Maha , Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin , Oginni Olakunle , Adeniyi Abiola Adetokunbo , Mapayi Boladale , Yassin Randa , Chukwumah Nneka M. , Sam-Agudu Nadia A.
Published: April 2021

Background

This study assessed the association of mental health problems and risk indicators of mental health problems with caries experience and moderate/severe gingivitis in adolescents.

Methods

A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Data collected from 10 to 19-years-old adolescents between December 2018 and January 2019 were sociodemographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status); oral health indicators (tooth brushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals, dental services utilization, dental anxiety and plaque); mental health indicators (smoking habits, intake of alcohol and use of psychoactive drugs) and mental health problems (low and high). Gingival health (healthy gingiva/mild gingivitis versus moderate/severe gingivitis) and caries experience (present or absent) were also assessed. A series of five logistic regression models were constructed to determine the association between presence of caries experience and presence of moderate/severe gingivitis) with blocks of independent variables. The blocks were: model 1—sociodemographic factors; model 2—oral health indicators; model 3—mental health indicators and model 4—mental health problems. Model 5 included all factors from models 1 to 4.

Results

There were 1234 adolescents with a mean (SD) age of 14.6 (2.7) years. Also, 21.1% of participants had high risk of mental health problems, 3.7% had caries experience, and 8.1% had moderate/severe gingivitis. Model 5 had the best fit for the two dependent variables. The use of psychoactive substances (AOR 2.67; 95% CI 1.14, 6.26) was associated with significantly higher odds of caries experience. The frequent consumption of refined carbohydrates in-between-meals (AOR: 0.41; 95% CI 0.25, 0.66) and severe dental anxiety (AOR0.48; 95% CI 0.23, 0.99) were associated with significantly lower odds of moderate/severe gingivitis. Plaque was associated with significant higher odds of moderate/severe gingivitis (AOR 13.50; 95% CI 8.66, 21.04). High risk of mental health problems was not significantly associated with caries experience (AOR 1.84; 95% CI 0.97, 3.49) or moderate/severe gingivitis (AOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.45, 1.44).

Conclusion

The association between mental problems and risk indicators with oral diseases in Nigerian adolescents indicates a need for integrated mental and oral health care to improve the wellbeing of adolescents.
Etiology and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses among children in Zhejiang Province, China 2017–2019
Authors: Zhang Yanjun , Su Lingxuan , Chen Yin , Yu Sicong , Zhang Dan , Mao Haiyan , Fang Lei
Published: April 2021

Background

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerging has put global public health institutes on high alert. Little is known about the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human coronaviruses infections in relation to infections with other respiratory viruses.

Methods

From February 2017 to December 2019, 3660 respiratory samples submitted to Zhejiang Children Hospital with acute respiratory symptoms were tested for four human coronaviruses RNA by a novel two-tube multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Samples were also screened for the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription-PCR analysis.

Results

Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 144 (3.93%) specimens: HCoV-HKU1 in 38 specimens, HCoV-NL63 in 62 specimens, HCoV-OC43 in 38 specimens and HCoV-229E in 8 specimens. Genomes for SARS-CoV-2 were absent in all specimens by RT-PCR analysis during the study period. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during fall months. No significant differences in gender, sample type, year were seen across species. 37.5 to 52.6% of coronaviruses detected were in specimens testing positive for other respiratory viruses. Phylogenic analysis identified that Zhejiang coronaviruses belong to multiple lineages of the coronaviruses circulating in other countries and areas.

Conclusion

Common HCoVs may have annual peaks of circulation in fall months in the Zhejiang province, China. Genetic relatedness to the coronaviruses in other regions suggests further surveillance on human coronaviruses in clinical samples are clearly needed to understand their patterns of activity and role in the emergence of novel coronaviruses.
The basic reproductive number and particle-to-plaque ratio: comparison of these two parameters of viral infectivity
Authors: McCormick Winston , Mermel Leonard A.
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought more widespread attention to the basic reproductive number (Ro), an epidemiologic measurement. A lesser-known measure of virologic infectivity is the particle-to-plaque ratio (P:PFU). We suggest that comparison between the two parameters may assist in better understanding viral transmission dynamics.
Perceived stress in the time of COVID-19: the association with brooding and COVID-related rumination in adults with and without migraine
Authors: Kovács Lilla Nóra , Baksa Dániel , Dobos Dóra , Eszlári Nóra , Gecse Kinga , Kocsel Natália , Juhász Gabriella , Kökönyei Gyöngyi
Published: April 2021

Background

The main goal of this research was to explore whether migraineurs had a higher level of perceived stress than healthy controls during the times of the coronavirus and related restrictive measures, and to examine the relationship between different subtypes of rumination and perceived stress in these groups. We measured two facets of depressive rumination, brooding and reflection, along with rumination about the current COVID-19 situation to see whether these different subtypes of rumination explained perceived stress among migraineurs and healthy controls.

Methods

Healthy adults (n = 64) and migraine patients (n = 73) filled out self-report questionnaires online. A multiple linear regression model was used to test whether depressive rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection) and COVID-related rumination explained perceived stress among adults with and without migraine during the times of COVID-19, after controlling for gender, age, migraine/control group status and migraine disability.

Results

Although we did not find any difference in the level of perceived stress among migraineurs and the control group, perceived stress was more strongly associated with brooding as well as COVID-related rumination among migraineurs than healthy controls. COVID-related rumination and brooding (but not reflection) explained the level of perceived stress after controlling for gender, age, migraine/control group status and migraine disability.

Conclusions

The similar degree of perceived stress among migraineurs and the control group may imply that there is great variation in the personal experience of people regarding the pandemic, that may be determined by numerous other factors. Our results demonstrate that ruminating about the pandemic and related difficulties, as well as brooding (but not reflection) appear to be associated with higher level of perceived stress during the times of the coronavirus. This association was slightly stronger among migraineurs, hinting at the increased vulnerability of this patient group in stressful situations like the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results also suggest that ruminating about the pandemic and its consequences is weakly associated with trait-level depressive rumination, thus may be more contingent on specific factors.
Veganism and eating disorders: assessment and management considerations
Authors: Fuller Sarah J. , Brown Andrea , Rowley Jeanette , Elliott-Archer Jade
Published: April 2021

The number of people following a vegan diet in the UK is increasing. Eating disorder clinicians are anecdotally reporting that more of their patients with anorexia nervosa are wanting to follow a vegan diet. The relationship between veganism and eating disorders is unclear. A fictitious scenario is used to explore these issues. An approach is described that clinicians may follow to help patients to understand the potential relationship between their eating disorder and veganism. The human rights issues this involves are also explored. It is hoped that this article will make readers more aware of this complex issue and the impact it can have on engagement with services and on treatment options.
Patients in mental healthcare should be referred to as patients and not service users
Authors: Priebe Stefan
Published: April 2021

Over the past few years the term ‘service users’ has been increasingly used to describe patients in mental healthcare. This paper argues that the term ‘service user’ in this context should be avoided and outlines four reasons: the term is discriminating, cynical, patronising and detrimental. Of course, none of these effects is intentional, but that does not change them. The term ‘patient’, however, describes appropriately a temporary role in healthcare, provides parity of esteem with patients in physical healthcare and reflects the reasons why large parts of society are willing to fund healthcare, in solidarity with those who are sick.
Two distinct motifs for Zic-r.a drive specific gene expression in two cell lineages
Authors: Oda-Ishii Izumi , Yu Deli , Satou Yutaka
Published: April 2021

Zic-r.a, a maternal transcription factor, specifies posterior fate in ascidian embryos. However, its direct target, Tbx6-r.b, does not contain typical Zic-r.a-binding sites in its regulatory region. Using an in vitro selection assay, we found that Zic-r.a binds to sites dissimilar to the canonical motif, by which it activates Tbx6-r.b in a sub-lineage of muscle cells. These sites with non-canonical motifs have weak affinity for Zic-r.a; therefore, it activates Tbx6-r.b only in cells expressing Zic-r.a abundantly. Meanwhile, we found that Zic-r.a expressed zygotically in late embryos activates neural genes through canonical sites. Because different zinc-finger domains of Zic-r.a are important for driving reporters with canonical and non-canonical sites, it is likely that the non-canonical motif is not a divergent version of the canonical motif. In other words, our data indicate that the non-canonical motif represents a motif distinct from the canonical motif. Thus, Zic-r.a recognizes two distinct motifs to activate two sets of genes at two timepoints in development.

This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
A High-Fat Diet Aggravates the Age-Related Decline in Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
Authors: Degens Hans , Swaminathan Anandini , Tallis Jason
Published: April 2021

The age-related decline in muscle function is aggravated by a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced increase in fat mass. The hypothesis is that an HFD leads to a faster accumulation of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and an earlier onset of muscle dysfunction in old than in young-adult individuals. The IMCL accumulation is attenuated in young-adult organisms by an elevated oxidative capacity. Methionine restriction enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and is promising to combat obesity across the ages.
Unemployment Insurance Generosity and Aggregate Employment
Authors: Boone Christopher , Dube Arindrajit , Goodman Lucas , Kaplan Ethan
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the impact of unemployment insurance (UI) on aggregate employment by exploiting cross-state variation in the maximum benefit duration during the Great Recession. Comparing adjacent counties located in neighboring states, there is no statistically significant impact of increasing UI generosity on aggregate employment. Point estimates are uniformly small in magnitude, and the most precise estimates rule out employment-to-population ratio reductions in excess of 0.35 percentage points from the UI extension. The results contrast with the negative effects implied by most micro-level labor supply studies and are consistent with both job rationing and aggregate demand channels. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J23, J65)
INTERNATIONAL NEW VENTURE, BORN GLOBAL E GLOBAL STARTUP: ANÁLISE DE PRODUÇÕES CIENTÍFICAS SOBRE OS BRICS
Authors: Kato-Cruz Erika Mayumi , Salusse Marcus Alexandre Yshikawa , Presrlak Maria Inês , Endo Gustavo Yuho
Published: April 2021

O estudo de empresas, cujo processo de internacionalização ocorre de forma acelerada e imediatamente, ou em curto espaço de tempo, após a sua fundação, é crescente, com destaque para o recente aumento de empresas provenientes de países emergentes. A relevância econômica, social e política desses países, alinhada à crescente atenção de pesquisadores nas últimas décadas, levanta a pertinência do tema. Logo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica existente sobre born globals originárias de países emergentes, com enfoque nos países que compõem os BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul). Trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico que se baseou em produções científicas da área, levantadas na base de dados do EBSCO e anais de eventos da Associação Nacional de Pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (ANPAD). As análises apontam para a necessidade de aprofundamento teórico e empírico para o maior entendimento do fenômeno born global nos países emergentes.
A Founding Penalty: Evidence from an Audit Study on Gender, Entrepreneurship, and Future Employment
Authors: Kacperczyk Olenka , Younkin Peter
Published: April 2021

There is both widespread interest in encouraging entrepreneurship and universal recognition that the vast majority of these founders will fail, which raises an important unanswered question: What happens to ex-founders when they apply for jobs? Whereas existing research has identified many factors that facilitate movement out of an established organization and into entrepreneurship, far less attention has been devoted to understanding what transpires during the return journey—most notably, how employers evaluate entrepreneurial experience at the point of hire. We propose that employers penalize job candidates with a history of founding a new venture because they believe them to be worse fits and less committed employees than comparable candidates without founding experience. We further predict that the discount for having been an entrepreneur will diminish when other stereotypes about the candidate, particularly those based on gender, will contradict the negative beliefs about ex-founders. We test our proposition using a résumé-based audit and an experimental survey. The audit reveals that founding significantly reduces the likelihood that an employer interviews a male candidate, but there is no comparable penalty for female ex-founders. The experimental survey confirms the gendered nature of the founding penalty and provides evidence that it results from employers’ concerns that founders are less committed and worse organizational fits than nonfounders. Critically, the survey also indicates that these concerns are mitigated for women, helping to explain why they suffer no equivalent founding penalty.
Patrones de actividad de murciélagos filostómidos en un bosque seco en Honduras
Authors: Turcios-Casco Manfredo A. , Ávila-Palma Hefer D. , Soler Orellana José A. , Ordoñez Trejo Eduardo J. , Ordoñez Mazier Diego I.
Published: April 2021

En Honduras, los estudios sobre murciélagos son escasos y se desconoce cómo la actividad de los murciélagos filostómidos es influenciada por factores ambientales.  Describimos patrones de actividad de especies de murciélagos filostómidos en Ciudad Universitaria, Francisco Morazán (centro de Honduras).  Realizamos 21 jornadas y capturamos murciélagos con 2 redes de niebla del 26 de febrero de 2015 al 29 de abril de 2016.  En total, se registraron 114 individuos en 1,428.24 horas/red/metro.  Con base en el análisis ANOVA, los murciélagos filostómidos se encontraron entre 58 % y 93.5 % de humedad relativa del aire, y entre 17.4 ºC y 22.8 ºC de temperatura del aire.  Nuestros resultados indican diferencias interespecíficas en la actividad de los murciélagos filostómidos en el área de estudio.  Este es el primer intento en describir sus patrones de actividad en un bosque seco en Honduras.
Supplemental information for "Effectiveness of Cover Crops on Water Pollutant Reduction from Agricultural Areas"
Authors: Christianson Reid , Fox Jordan , Law Neely , Wong Carol
Published: April 2021

The Supplemental Material provides
additional information that may not have explicitly been referenced in the associated article. These additional data add substance to the discussion and are intended
to add transparency. The dataset is in spreadsheet form and includes U.S.-specific studies reporting total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, phosphate, and sediment or erosion concentrations or losses from control and cover crop field plot
studies. Where pertinent data were not reported in tabular format, DataThief software
was used. Some aggregation was done on these data to
appropriately bin them into grass, legume, brassica, and mixed categories,
based on the type of cover crop evaluated. Further loss reduction calculations
were done based on reported concentrations or losses from the literature
reviewed in a site-year approach, where possible. Because of this, the resulting
percent loss reductions reported here may be slightly different from those
reported in the original source.

Further, each study was aggregated to a study component
average (e.g., legume treatment, which may have included more than one type of
legume) in an attempt to represent the study findings while reducing the variability
associated with the site-year approach. These data were used to develop a
series of correlations to evaluate trends associated with cover crop use in the
U.S. to support Conservation Practice Standard 340. Data not reported by a
given study were left blank, and calculations based on missing data were
represented with #N/A.
Korelasi Kadar Asam Urat dan High-Mobility Group Box 1 Serum dengan Keparahan Stenosis Arteri Koroner Pasien Sindrom Koroner Akut: Tinjauan Sistematis
Authors: Prasetyo Diding Heri , Nasution Sally Aman , Alwi Idrus , Abdullah Murdani
Published: April 2021

Pendahuluan: Sindrom koroner akut (SKA) adalah gangguan yang mengancam jiwa yang tetap menjadi sumber morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi meskipun ada kemajuan dalam pengobatan. Asam urat dan high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) keduanya berperan penting dalam patofisiologi SKA, tetapi interaksi kooperatif antara keduanya dalam kejadian keparahan stenosis arteri koroner pada SKA, belum sepenuhnya jelas.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan sistematis maupun meta analisis untuk mensintesis hasil-hasil penelitian yang berbeda tersebut agar diperoleh data baru yang bersifat kuantitatif dan lebih akurat.  

Metode: Protokol penelitian didaftarkan dengan PROSPERO (CRD42020210948) dan tinjauan sistematis mengikuti pedoman preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), dengan menelusuri studi yang dipublikasikan dalam rentan waktu dari Januari 2010 hingga Mei 2020. Cochrane Library, Ebsco, Medline/PubMed, ProQuest dan Sience Direct adalah sumber dari studi yang dipublikasikan. Meta-analisis dilakukan untuk mensintesis korelasi antara kadar asam urat dan HMGB1 serum dan keparahan stenosis arteri koroner. Heterogenitas dinilai menggunakan I2, dan meta analisis menggunakan perangkat lunak Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 3 (CMA3).

Hasil: Lima studi (n = 601 pasien) diidentifikasi didapatkan korelasi antara kadar asam urat serum dan skor Gensini (r = 0,548; p <0,001) pada pasien SKA. Sedangkan, korelasi antara kadar HMGB1 serum dan skor Gensini pada pasien SKA didapatkan satu studi (n = 60 pasien) dengan nilai r = 0,588; p <0,001. Bias heterogenitas ditemukan dalam analisis, sedangkan bias publikasi tidak ditemukan.

Kesimpulan: Keparahan stenosis arteri koroner pada pasien dengan SKA berkorelasi positip dengan kadar asam urat dan HMGB1 serum.
Rasgos melódicos de las interrogativas del español hablado por brasileños
Authors: Fonseca de Oliveira Aline
Published: April 2021

Aquest treball presenta alguns resultats obtinguts a la nostra investigació, on ens proposàvem descriure les pautes de la integració fònica del discurs, així com els patrons melòdics i marges de dispersió de l’espanyol parlat per brasilers. Els resustats obtinguts al nostre estudi permetran elaborar un mapa dels trets entonatius de l’espanyol parlat per brasilers, i podrà orientar accions didàctiques específiques que podran perfeccionar la pronúncia de l’espanyol per part dels aprenents brasilers. Especialment, disminuint l’accent estranger, aspecte clau en la comunicació hispano-brasilera.
La entonación de (des)cortesía en catalán
Authors: Devís Herraiz Empar
Published: April 2021

En el present treball presentem una descripció dels trets melòdics de (des)cortesia del català, a partir de l’anàlisi acústica i de la posterior validació perceptiva. Per realitzar l’estudi de la fase acústica, hem comptat amb el corpus de parla espontània elaborat per Font-Rotchés (2006), mentre que per a la fase perceptiva s’ha creat un corpus propi. El mètode utilitzat per fer l’anàlisi de les dades acústiques i dels tests perceptius és l’Anàlisi Melòdica de la Parla proposat per Cantero (2002). Els resultats reflecteixen que existeix un codi semiestable per a l’expressió de la (des)cortesia melòdica del català, però, al mateix temps, també mostren el caràcter ampli del fenomen, que sobrepassa els límits estrictes del codi idiomàtic, i permet la seva anàlisi interlingüística.
Multicascade-linked synthetic-wavelength digital holography using a line-by-line spectral-shaped optical frequency comb
Authors: Hase Eiji , Tokizane Yu , Yamagiwa Masatomo , Minamikawa Takeo , Yamamoto Hirotsugu , Morohashi Isao , Yasui Takeshi
Published: April 2021

Phase imaging without a phase wrapping ambiguity is required for wide-axial-range 3D imaging in the fields of surface topography measurement and biomedical imaging. Although multicascade-linked synthetic-wavelength digital holography (MCL-SW-DH) using an optical frequency synthesizer (OFS) is a promising method to meet this requirement, the slow switching of multiple optical wavelengths in the OFS prevents rapid imaging. In the work described in this article, a line-by-line spectral-shaped electro-optics-modulator-based optical frequency comb (EOM-OFC) is used as a light source in MCL-SW-DH to achieve rapid image acquisition. While MCL-SW-DH enables surface topography measurement with millimeter-order axial range and micrometer-order axial resolution, the line-by-line spectral-shaped EOM-OFC extracts a single narrow-linewidth OFC mode from the 10 GHz-spacing EOM-OFC at a center wavelength of 1545 nm within a spectral range of 30 nm at an interval of 500 ms. The effectiveness of the proposed MCL-SW-DH was highlighted by performing surface topography measurement with four step differences of sub-millimeter to millimeter size with an axial uncertainty of 2.08 µm in the image acquisition time of several seconds. The proposed MCL-SW-DH will be a powerful tool for 3D imaging with a wide axial range and high axial resolution.
High-efficiency broadband tunable green laser operation of direct diode-pumped holmium-doped fiber
Authors: Li Wensong , Zahng Suhao , Ji Shuaihao , Xiao Bo , Feng Qichen , Xu Huiying , Cai Zhiping
Published: April 2021

Green laser sources have become increasingly important for the application in scientific research and industry. Although several laser approaches have been investigated, the development of green lasers with the necessary efficiency and spectral characteristics required for practical deployment continues to attract immense interest. In this study, the efficient green laser operation of a Ho3+-doped fluoride fiber directly pumped by a commercial blue laser diode (LD) is experimentally investigated at various active fiber lengths. In the free-running laser, the slope efficiency was optimized up to 59.3% with 543.9 nm lasing, with respect to the launched pump power, using a 20-cm long active fiber. This is the maximum slope efficiency reported to date for a green fiber laser. A maximum output power of 376 mW at 543.5 nm was achieved by using a 17-cm long active fiber pumped at a maximum available launched pump power of 996 mW. Moreover, broadband tuning operation was demonstrated by employing a range of active fiber lengths, together with an intracavity bandpass filter. The operating wavelength was tunable from 536.3 nm to 549.3 nm. A maximum tuning power achieved was 118 mW at 543.4 nm for a 17-cm long active fiber. Moderate Ho3+-doped fiber length is shown to be effective in producing a high performance of a green fiber laser. The short-length of the active fiber considerably extends the green short wavelength operation due to limited reabsorption of the signal below 540 nm.
Will Satellites Cripple Ground-Based Astronomy?
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: April 2021

Some worry that the growth of space technology—which
originally sprang from humanity’s fascination with the
stars-now threatens access to the clear skies vital for research
with a new generation of Earth-based telescopes.
Optics and Biometrics
Authors: Lee Diana , Li Zhengxiong , Xu Wenyao , Xia Jun , Milione Giovanni
Published: April 2021

Forget passwords—identity verification can now be
accomplished with the touch of a finger or in the blink of an eye as the
biometrics field expands to encompass new techniques and application
areas.