bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Neonatal Exposure to Isophilic and/or Heterophilic Antigens on Immune Responses of Adult Rats1
Authors: Stern K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Isophilic immune response was profoundly depressed in rats injected with heterophilic antigen during the first week of life and challenged with sheep red cells 10 to 18 weeks later. Untreated litter mates served as controls. When neonatal treatment was given during the second week of life and/or challenge with sheep red cells was deferred until 20 weeks, the isophilic immune response was inhibited to a lesser degree. Rats injected neonatally with sheep red cells had decreased amounts of isophilic and heterophilic antibodies upon challenge with sheep red cells 12 weeks later, while intervals of 16 to 20 weeks between neonatal treatment and adult immunization with sheep red cells increased heterophilic antibodies without significant changes in isophilic antibodies. Rats exposed neonatally to either heterophilic antigen or sheep red cells, and challenged with heterophilic antigen as adults, formed significantly more heterophilic antibodies than did control litter mates. These observations were interpreted as resulting from imprinting of large numbers of cells with receptors for heterophilic antigen after neonatal exposure to the antigen, and cellular diversion of antigen upon challenge of adult animals with sheep red cells. The possible relationship of this phenomenon to the interference with Rh immunization of ABO incompatibility in man was considered.
Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination‐Inhibition Reactions of Extracts from Snails and Sponges
Authors: Khalap S. , Thompson T. E. , Gold E. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of agglutination and agglutination‐inhibition experiments with two spong extracts (Axinella sp. and Cliona celata) and three snail extracts (Achatina granulata, Theba pisana and Helicella uirgata, banded form) are reported.

The extracts which show D‐galactose specificity and are also inhibited by sugars related to D‐galactose or containing it, have been subdivided into 1. a subgroup with no blood group specificity to which belong Axinella sp., Cliona celata and Ricinus communis extract and 2. another subgroup with B‐like specificity to which belong extracts of Helicella virgata (banded form), Bandeiraea simplicifolia and Fomes fomentarius extracts.

Extracts of subgroup 1. but not of subgroup 2. are inhibited by Pn XIV poly‐saccharide. In spite of anti‐B‐like specificity, extracts belonging to subgroup 2. are just as well or even better inhibited by NAcgal than by D‐galactose.

The extracts of Achatina granulata and Theba pisana lack D‐galactose specificity. Achatina granulata extract was inhibited by NAcgal, NAcglu and NANA; Theba pisana extract only by NANA.

Theba pisana extract agglutinated only neuraminidase‐treated red cells, Helicella virgata (banded form) extract only enzyme‐treated B cells.
Clearance of Erythrocytes and the Immune Response An Experimental Study
Authors: Elson C. J. , Woodrow J. C. , Donohoe W. T. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of accelerating the clearance rate of isologous erythrocytes on the immune response to antigens present on the erythrocytes was studied in rabbits. HgA negative rabbits injected with 80 μg anti‐HgA antibody 5 h before challenge with HgA positive erythrocytes cleared these erythrocytes significantly faster than controls and their anti‐HgA antibody response was suppressed as compared with controls. Rabbits injected with heated erythrocytes (49°C for 10 min) or given 350 μg anti‐HgA antibody 3 months before challenge cleared the donor erythrocytes even faster. Despite this their anti‐HgA antibody response was not significantly suppressed as compared with controls. It is considered that in the HgA system the prime factor causing immunosuppression by IgG iso‐antibody is competition for antigenic determinants by passive antibody with antibody‐like receptors on antigen sensitive cells and that a similar mechanism is responsible for the prevention of Rh isoimmunisation by anti‐D antibody.
Changes in Human Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins During Storage
Authors: Moore G. L. , Cooper D. A. , Antonoff R. S. , Robinson S. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Changes in erythrocyte membrane proteins during storage are presented as possibly reducing structural integrity of the membrane and leading to hemolysis. Various separation procedures and physicochemical methods were used to compare the membrane proteins obtained from fresh and from 21‐day‐old (outdated) erythrocytes. The proteins prepared from these two sources were found to differ with respect to net charge, electrophoretic and chromatographic separation patterns, and conformation (three‐dimensional structure).
Serologic Abnormalities Associated with L‐Dopa Therapy1
Authors: Henry R. E. , Goldberg L. S. , Sturgeon P. , Ansel R. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Eighty patients with Parkinson's disease participating in a drug trial of L‐dopa were studied prospectively for the development of antierythrocyte, antinuclear, and antiglobulin activities. The median age of the group was 65 years; and the median dose of L‐dopa was 4 g/day. Five of the 80 patients developed positive red cell antiglobulin tests after 8 to 11 months of therapy. Three of these had IgG only on their red cells; eluates prepared from these cells reacted strongly with all except Rhnull erythrocytes, suggesting Rh specificity. Complement only was detected on the cells of the other 2 patients. One of the 5 individuals with positive erythrocyte antiglobulin tests became anemic. Significant titers of antinuclear antibody appeared in 9 patients and significant increases in titers of serum antiglobulins were found in 9 patients, 2 of whom also had a positive ANA test. These results indicate that administration of L‐dopa is associated with induction of a variety of autoantibodies. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is unknown.
Testing for Ph1 Chromosome on Mailed Specimens of Peripheral Blood
Authors: Winkelman J. , Fisher H. , Melnyk J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Ph1 Chromosome could reliably be detected in specimens drawn as long as 120 h before testing and held at 4° or 30°C, although the quality of the karyotype deteriorated somewhat after 72 h. Positive results were found with specimens transmitted through the mail. However, delays between specimen collection and receipt by the laboratory in excess of 2 days led to some false negative results.
Australia Antigen Detection by a Rapid Automated Complement Fixation Method
Authors: Sturgeon P. , Kwak K. S. , Gitnick G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated complement fixation test using a continuous flow system based on AutoAnalyzer components in which sheep cell hemolysis is detected in an optical cell counter has been developed. With this system 1,680 donor bloods diluted 1/10 were tested in parallel with manual immunodiffusion (ID) and microtiter complement fixation (CF) tests; 16 positive samples were found. The manual and automated CF tests were in agreement in 14 of these but in 2 additional instances, where the automated test was negative, the manual test gave a minimal positive titer of 8. With ID, 9 of the 16 were positive. The automated test results are available in 45 min at a rate of 60/h. The system is mechanically compatible with other automated blood banking systems.
An Acquired B Antigen Associated with Proteus vulgaris Infection1,2
Authors: Garratty G. , Willbanks Eleanor , Petz L. D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A group A1 patient was found to have a weak B antigen present on his cells with an anti‐B in his serum. Another weaker T‐like antigen was also present on the cells. Both these antigens were transient and associated with a Proteus vulgaris bacteremia. The acquired B antigen was shown to react with a specific fraction of anti‐B which was missing from the patient's anti‐B. The relevance of this and the theories of B antigen acquisition through bacteria are discussed.
The HL‐A Transplantation System
Authors: Thorsby E. , Lindholm A. , Sandberg L. , Staub‐Nielsen L.
Published: March 2009

Two new HL‐A specificities are described, FJH* and FJH‐AJ, which are the result of a subdivision of antigen FJH (W27) of the 2nd segregant series. The results obtained also indicate that the HL‐A antigen AJ (W20)is heterogeneous and consists of 3 ‘new’ specificities from the 2nd series; HL‐AS‐AJ, AA‐AJ and LND‐AJ. AJ has previously tentatively been assigned to a 3rd series of HL‐A antigens. Available evidence suggests only 2 segregant series of HL‐A antigens.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐Dib
Authors: Gottlieb A. M.
Published: March 2009

A child with mild hemolytic disease due to anti‐Dib was born to a Mexican woman. The diagnosis was made with antisera which identified high frequency antigens. An earlier case of anti‐Dib due to maternal sensitization is also noted.
Universality of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Human Isolysins1
Authors: Daufi L. , Rondell P.
Published: March 2009

A simple, sensitive agar‐well Lest for the detection and quantification of hemolysis is described and applied to a survey of anti‐A and Anti‐B isolysins in hitman sera. The isolysins were present in all the sera in which they should be expected according to 1, andsteiner's rule, thus indicating, with a high degree of confidence, that both anti‐A and anti‐B isolysins are as universal in healthy human adults as the corresponding isoagglutinins.
The Preservation of Laboratory Panel Cells
Authors: Burgess B.J. , Vos G.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A red cell preservative medium is described for the long‐term storage of laboratory panel cells. It was found that the addition of purine bases as well as lipid‐free albumin helped to prolong the storage of panel cells for at least 4—5 weeks at 4°C. An almost undiminished expression of many known blood group antigens on the red cells was observed.
Studies on Trypsin Treatment of Red Cells with Special Reference to Differences between Trypsin Preparations
Authors: Heistø H. , Jensen Leila , Knuds F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Red cells were treated with 20 different trypsin preparations. When the red cells were used for detecting Rh‐antibodies, the trypsins gave comparable results provided the solutions had the same trypsin activity as measured by Anson units.

When testing for warm haemolysins, the effect on the red cells was dependent on the activity as measured by Anson units of the single trypsin preparation, but there were great differences between trypsin preparations which indicates some kind of qualitative differences between these latter. The findings also suggest that there are differences in specificity between warm haemolysins from different people.
Observations of the Number of Available c, D, and E Antigen Sites on Red Cells
Authors: HUGHES‐JONES N. C. , GARDNER BRIGITTE , LINCOLN P. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The number of available antigen sites within the Rh system were estimated using trace‐labelled antibodies. The results were as follows, given as the number of sites per red cell: c‐antigen: on cc cells, 70,000–85,000: on Cc, 37,000–53,000; D sites on cells of phenotype ‐D‐: 110,000–202,000; E‐antigen sites showed considerable heterogeneity depending on phenotype as well as source of anti‐E, and estimates varied between 450 and 25,600; e‐antigen: on eE cells, 13,400 and 14,500: on ee cells, 18,200 and 24,400.

The average equilibrium constants of the antibodies were: anti‐E, 4 × 108 1/mol; anti‐e, 2.5 × 108 1/mol; anti‐c, 3.2 × 107 and 5.6 × 107 1/mol.
Ultramicro Assay of Anti‐Erythrocyte Antibodies and Erythrocyte Antigens1
Authors: LINDER E. J. , EDGINGTON T. S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An ultramicro assay has been developed for the rapid qualitative and semi‐quantitative characterization of anti‐erythrocyte antibodies and antigens. Sensitivity is comparable to, or greater than, standard tube and microtiter assays; and the method requires as little as 1 μl of antibody and 2,000 red cells. Utilizing microliter quantities of eluted anti‐erythrocyte auto‐antibody, sub‐populations of auto‐antibodies, differing in antigenic specificity, can be identified and semi‐quantitatively assayed.
Lymphocyte Transforming Activity in the Serum of Patients with Hepatic Disease
Authors: KISSLING M. , SPECK B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The stimulating effect of serum of patients with hepatic disease on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes cultured in vitro was studied. In 25 out of 27 patients serum stimulated lymphocyte transformation as determined morphologically and by increased uptake of 3H‐thymidine and 3H‐cytidine. Rapidly increasing RNA synthesis was found during the first 24 h of incubation. DNA synthesis was found to be at its maximum between days 3 and 4. The behaviour of the serum of patients found to be positive for Australia antigen and patients with other hepatic disease was comparable. It was demonstrated that the factor in serum which initiates lymphocyte transformation, is in the globulin fraction.
Persistent Mixed Field Polyagglutinability
Authors: Myllylä G. , Furuhjelm U. , Nordling S. , Pirkola Anna , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June , Sanger Ruth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The red cells of a 28‐year‐old healthy group O donor, Mr. O.S. (OS‐cells), have persisted, over 4 years of investigation, in showing mixed field polyagglutinability. About 50% of the red cells are agglutinated by the great majority of human sera from adults, by some seed and snail extracts and by the serum of various animals. The cells further show a certain affinity for anti‐A reagents which can be distinguished from that of true A cells. The sialic acid content of the polyagglutinable fraction of the cells is decreased with consequent reduction in their electrophoretic mobility. Inhibition tests show that the disturbance involves n‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine.

Both absorption and in uino survival tests showed that not only the agglutinable but also the cells are abnormal. The available family gives no clue to whether the condition is genetic.

The polyagglutinable reaction of OS‐cells, which is not due to anti‐T but may be due to anti‐Tn or an antibody at present indistinguishable from it, is compared with that of other types of polyagglutinability.
A New Antibody, Anti‐Fy3, in the Duffy Blood Group System
Authors: Albrey J.A. , Vincent E.E.R. , Hutchinson J. , Marsh W.L. , Allen F.H. , Gavin June , Sanger Ruth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody that reacts with all human bloods except those of type Fy(a‐b‐) has been named anti‐Fy3. It is believed to detect a previously unknown blood‐group antigen, which is possibly a precursor of Fya and Fyb.
Deterioration of Young and Old Red Cells Stored at 4°C
Authors: Sass Martin D. , Caruso Carmine J. , Axelrod D. Robert
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Studies on young and old red cells separated by centrifugation have demonstrated that there is a difference in the degree of preservation of these cells during storage at 4°C. Estimates of metabolic adequacy as measured by methylene blue uptake and ATP levels have indicated that young red cells deteriorate more rapidly than old cells when stored in the same or separate containers. These findings are in accord with the view that in vivo and in vitro (storage) aging are two distinct and independent series of events. They also indicate that storage deterioration is an intracellular phenomenon whose effects are not easily transmitted through the plasma.
Allotypes of Serum α2‐Macroglobulin β‐Lipoprotein and Immunoglobulins in the Domesticated Sheep (Ovis Aries)
Authors: Curtain C. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Antisera specific for allotypic markers carried by the serum α2‐macro‐globulin, β‐lipoprotein and IgGl and IgG2 were produced during cross‐immunization experiments with sheep (Ovis aries). Two markers controlled by autosomal co‐dominant genes, Ap1 and Ap2, were found on the α2‐macroglobulin; one marker controlled by an autosomal dominant Lp1 was found on the β‐lipoprotein, two markers controlled by the autosomal codominants, Igl1 and Igl2, were found on the IgGl and one marker, controlled by Ig21 and linked to Igl1, was found on the IgG2. The immunoglobulin markers all occurred on the Fc fragments of the immunoglobulin molecules. There was no linkage between the Ap and Lp loci or between these and the immunoglobulin loci. A preliminary survey of the incidences of the markers in various flocks of sheep showed that the incidence of Lp1 and Igl1 was very much higher in Merinos than in the British breeds of sheep.
The Rh System
Authors: Chown B. , Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A consanguineous ♂R1R2 × ♀R1R1 mating is reported which produced one child, four R1R1 and two R1R2 children. Nonpaternity and nonmaternity are ruled out as an explanation for the anomalous phenotype. The authors produce evidence indicating that this is indistinquishable from heritable and deduce from that it is, therefore, identical with that gene. Three explanations are offered for its occurrence here and two discarded. The third is a mutation: they favor the hypothesis that in this they are seeing the expression of a ‘gene of control’ and its effect on a ‘gene of structure’ in the complex that is Rh.
The Electrophoretic Mobility of Tn Polyagglutinable Erythrocytes
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Betts J. J. , Nicholson J. T.
Published: March 2009

A reduction in net surfare charge of approximately 50–60% has been shown by electrophoretic studies on the two examples of red cells possessing Tn polyagglutinability. Also, both cells exhibited enhancement of Rh antigen reactivity and were agglutinated in saline suspension by incomplete anti‐Rh sera. The polyagglutinable population increased from 30–65% during a four‐month period in one patient, suggesting that this condition was acquired and progressive.
Hemagglutinin from the Snail Eobania vermiculata
Authors: Bizot M.
Published: March 2009

From Eobania vermiculata extract we have been able to obtain two agglutinins: an agglutinin with anti‐A (anti‐AEv) activity which behaves like an anti‐a‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine and, an additional antibody‐like substance which reacts on human red cells of any ABO blood group.
Human IgG Subclasses in Maternal and Fetal Serum
Authors: Morell A. , Skvaril F. , Loghem Erna van , Kleemola Marjaana
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The four subclasses of IgG were quantitatively determined in a panel of fetal and maternal sera. It was found that all four subclasses pass from the mother to the fetus.
Improved Technique for Detecting Australia Antigen by Immunoelectroosmophoresis1
Authors: Hansson B.‐G. , Johnsson T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Comparison between the sensitivity in detecting Australia antigen of the Ouchterlony double diffusion method and the immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) was made. The IEOP technique using pure agarose and staining the plates was 21 times more sensitive than the Ouchterlony method. In cases of hepatitis it was possible to detect Australia antigen for 50% longer time with IEOP than with the Ouchterlony method. The practical application of IEOP for detection of Australia antigen and antibodies is discussed.
Chido‐Substance in Plasma
Authors: Middleton Janice , Crookston Marie C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The specific inhibition of anti‐Chido by the plasma (and serum) of Chidopositive subjects (adult and newborn) is the basis for the Chido‐substance inhibition test. This test has proved to be a reliable method for detecting Chido‐negative donors, and for identifying anti‐Chido. Among 639 random donors in Toronto, the plasma of 11 lacked Chido‐substance (i.e., 1.7% were Chido‐negative). The Chido‐antigen in human plasma is thus a useful genetic marker.
A 30‐Minute Preparative Method for Isolation of IgG from Human Serum1
Authors: Webb A. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. IgG antibody activity may be isolated in good yield from non‐dialysed serum in under 30 min. The method requires the mixing of serum with prepared DEAE Sephadex A‐50 for a few minutes, followed by centrifugation and aspiration of the IgG‐rich fraction. Immuno‐electrophoresis, anti‐IgG neutralisation and partition of mixed anti‐red cell antibodies suggests good separation of IgG from other immunoglobulin classes.
Anti‐N‐Like Antibodies in the Sera of Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis1
Authors: Howell Eleanor D. , Perkins H. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Within the last two years, 12 examples of red cell antibody with apparent anti‐N specificity have been found in the sera of 416 prospective kidney transplant recipients maintained on chronic hemodialysis. Eight of the 12 patients were N‐positive, three of them in the homozygous state. Serial samples from these patients were tested against M, MN and N cells of compatible ABO types, and in 10 of the 12 cases against the patients' own red cells. Anti‐N‐like antibody was detected only after many months of chronic hemodialysis, and it decreased or disappeared after transplantation. Its appearance was not related to blood transfusion. The ability of the antibody to agglutinate patients' own red cells in the cold explains the loss of several cooled renal allografts.
Specificity of Limulus polyphemus Agglutinins for Erythrocyte Receptor Sites Common to M and N Antigenic Determinants
Authors: Cohen E. , Roberts S. C. , Nordling S. , Uhlenbruck G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The ability of human erythrocytes to absorb Limulus polyphemus (Horseshoe Crab) agglutinins was demonstrated to be significantly reduced by prior coating of erythrocytes with rabbit anti‐M or anti‐N antibodies. Inhibition of Limulus agglutinin absorption could also be demonstrated using heterozygous MN cells coated with either anti‐M or anti‐N. Normal rabbit serum did not reduce the absorption of Limulus agglutinins. However, human MN mucoid substances, extracted from stromata, inhibited agglutination of human erythrocytes by Limulus agglutinins, as well as rabbit anti‐M and anti‐N.

These experiments suggest that the N‐acetyl‐neuraminyl (NANA) receptor site for Limulus agglutinins, designated anti‐NANAI,P, is common to both M and N antigenic determinants. The NANA‐specific site cannot, therefore, be used to differentiate N from M antigens.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Sprokholt R. , Prins H. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. (1) Sterile filtration of whole blood or blood cell suspensions in saline through columns of tightly packed cotton wool results in removal of over 95% of the leukocytes. (2) From whole blood, thrombocytes are inefficiently removed by the filtration procedure; filtration of blood cell suspensions in saline results in a better removal. (3) A system is designed by which filtration of 500 ml portions can be performed in less than 1 h at room temperature. (4) Red cell recovery with this system is over 90%. (5) Neither pyrogen tests nor toxicity tests did reveal the elution of harmful substances from properly prepared columns.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Sprokholt R. , Prins H. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Using the filtration method described earlier, leukocytes were removed from units of fresh whole blood and erythrocyte suspensions (hematocrit 50%). After filtration, the units were stored for one or two weeks.

Units of whole blood and erythrocyte concentrates were stored for periods up to three weeks, the leukocytes were then removed by filtration, and the units were stored for another week.

During the storage period, the following parameters were measured: pH and concentrations of ATP + ADP, 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate, hemoglobin and potassium (Hb and K+ in the cell‐free supernatant).

The parameters used in the present study indicate that removal of leukocytes by filtration did not cause significant alteration to stored whole blood and erythrocyte concentrates, compared to unfiltered blood stored for the same time.
Effects of Hydrocortisone on Lymphocytes Stimulated by Phytohaemagglutinin and Pokeweed Mitogen
Authors: Kissling M. , Speck B. , Goselink H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The effect of hydrocortisone on lymphocyte cultures stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PKM) has been studied. A considerable decrease of transforming activity which depends on the concentration of hydrocortisone and on the time it is added to the culture has been demonstrated. A marked difference between the inhibition of PHA and PKM responsive cells could be demonstrated, particularly if the steroid was added at various time intervals after studying the culture: hydrocortisone shows hardly any effect on PHA cultures while it still considerably decreases the transformation of PKM responsive cells.
Immunization of Rh‐Negative Volunteers by Repeated Injections of Very Small Amounts of Rh‐Positive Blood
Authors: Jakobowicz Rachel , Williams Leslie , Silberman Freda
Published: March 2009

11 Rh‐negative volunteers were repeatedly given very small doses of Rh‐positive cells; 8 were given doses of 0.01 ml and 3 were given doses of 0.1 ml on each occasion. Under this regime, 7 volunteers developed Rh antibodies; 1 was doubtfully immunized; and in 3 people, Rh antibodies could not be demonstrated. In these non‐responders, even increased booster doses appear to have no effect.
A Swiss Family Showing Inheritance of the Swann Antigen with Lua
Authors: Metaxas‐Bühler M. , Metaxas M. N. , Giles C. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is reported in which the inheritance of Swa with Lua can be followed through 4 generations without one instance of recombination, thus indicating the possibility that Swa is part of the Lutheran system. The family also contributes evidence of the linkage between Swa and ABH Secretion already suggested by earlier studies (Cleghorn), and of the well‐known linkage between Lu and Secretion.
A New Rare Blood Group Antigen, Jea
Authors: Skov F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new rare blood group antigen, Jea, is described. The antigen is inherited as a dominant character independently of ABO, Rh, MNSs, Lutheran and secretor systems. No further example of the antigen was detected in over 1,000 cell samples, nor was another example of the antibody found in more than 100,000 sera from the Danish population.
HL‐A Antigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Seignalet J. , Clot J. , Sany J. , Serre H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of HL‐A antigens has been compared in 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 300 healthy control subjects. 26 HL‐A antigens were tested using a lymphocytotoxicity micromethod. No statistical significant difference was observed between the antigenic frequencies in the two population. There is perhaps in rheumatoid arthritis an increased frequency of an antigenic determinant common to W10 and HL‐A13, but seeing that these two specificities are rare in the control population, the typing of a larger number of individuals will be necessary to prove or to refute this point.
The IgG Subclass Distribution in 659 Myeloma Sera
Authors: Skvaril F. , Morell A. , Barandun S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The IgG subclass of 659 IgG myeloma proteins was determined with subclass‐specific antisera in agar precipitation technique. The following distribution was found: IgG1, 80%; IgG2, 10%; IgG3, 6.4%; IgG4, 3.6%. In addition, the light chain distribution among myeloma proteins of the subclasses was studied. The K/L ratio of the IgG1 proteins was 1.7; IgG2, 2.05; IgG3, 2.2; and IgG4, 3.0. These ratios did not differ significantly. In 9 sera with IgG double M‐components, the combination IgG1‐IgG4 was found to be predominant.
The Occurrence of Weak IT Red Cell Antigen Among Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A proportion of Melanesians possess an outstandingly weak IT antigen. Their red cells are IT negative in the sense that cord bloods are I negative. Of Papuan coastal dwellers, 15.4% of 532 subjects tested were IT weak. This proportion is not constant among Melanesian ethnic groups. Of 419 New Guinea Highlanders, none was IT weak. Similarly, of 171 Caucasians tested, all had normal IT content. The phenomenon can be demonstrated on Melanesian cord bloods, and family studies confirm the genetic basis, ITw presumably reflecting a recessive homozygous state.

The place of IT in the Ii system remains obscure, but the demonstration of genetic variation in this antigen independent of I and i strength, and occurring frequently in certain ethnic groups, clearly reveals hitherto unsuspected complexity.
The Gerbich Blood Group System, Especially in Melanesians
Authors: Booth P. B. , McLoughlin K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigations of the Gerbich blood group system in Melanesians of Papua/ New Guinea are described. Over 50% of members of certain population groups are Gerbich negative, and anti‐Gea (‘naturally‐occurring’) is present in about 10% of Ge (a‐) people. The distribution of populations with high Ge (a‐) incidence is not explicable at present.

A Gerbich antibody (anti‐Ge 1) with a new specificity has been investigated, and the following phenotypes are now distinguishable: Ge 1, 2, 3 (some Melanesians and almost all others), Ge ‐1, 2, 3 (some Melanesians), Ge ‐1, ‐2, 3 (‘Yus’ type, not found in Melanesians), Ge ‐1, ‐2, ‐3 (Gerbich negatives).
Haemolysins Probably Recognizing the Antigen p
Authors: Engelfriet C. P. , Beckers Do , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr , Reynierse E. , Loghem J. J. van
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A serum is described which contains biphasic haemolysins and warm haemolysins with the specificity anti‐p. The significance of this finding for the genetics of the P system is discussed.
Two Siblings with Rhnull Disease
Authors: Seidl S. , Spielmann W. , Martin H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two siblings with the rare phenotype Rhnull are described; the parents are related to each other. Serologic investigation of the family gives indirect support for the action of an amorphous gene. As demonstrated in the propositus, the splenectomy resulted in health improvement. Titration tests in 1,803 unrelated blood donors revealed 4 heterozygous — types. On the basis of this calculation one can assume one Rhnull patient among 6 million inhabitants.
A 50, A New Allotypic Specificity Found on Rabbit IgG‐Immunoglobulin1
Authors: Vice J. L. , Luster M. I. , Hunt W. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Isoimmunization of a normal rabbit with a locus negative (a –) IgG‐immunoglobulin molecules obtained from an a2‐suppressed a2a2 homozygous rabbit, resulted in the production of an antiserum that identified a new genetically determined marker ‘A 50’. A large number of animals have been classified for the presence or absence of the allotypic marker.
The Relationship of the H Specificity to the ABO Blood Groups
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Gordon E. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Racial differences are demonstrated in the reactions of human red cells of groups A1 and B with anti‐H lectin. These and other findings argue against the concept that H is a precursor of A and B. A more likely hypothesis appears to be that there are individual, racial and species differences in the precursor substance which provides the chemical skeletons to which are added the determinant sugar groups responsible for specificities H, A and B. The differences in reactivity with anti‐H are ascribed to differences in the proximity between the various determinant groups with resulting steric interference with the serologic reactions.
Alternatives to Freeze‐Drying for the Removal of Ethanol from Plasma Proteins
Authors: Smith J. K. , Watt J. G. , Watson C. N. , Mastenbroek G. G. A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An alternative to freeze‐drying for the removal of ethanol from human albumin (Cohn fraction V) is described. Up to 50 kg fraction V, after solution in water, is heated during a brief passage through an evacuated chamber. Several methods are described permitting optimal rate of water or ethanol removal, or minimal polymerisation of albumin.
The Synergistic Action of Antibodies.: A Method to Increase the Sensitivity of the Lymphocyte Microcytotoxicity Test
Authors: Cohen I. , Nelken D. , Sabatello Ilana
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method, based on the synergistic action of two antibody systems, is suggested as a lymphocyte cross‐match test. To donor lymphocytes in the serum of the recipient a rabbit anti‐human lymphocyte antibody, in sublytic quantities, is added before the addition of the complement. Results obtained with this test in tissue typing sera are compared to the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. It could be shown that the new test is more sensitive than the ordinary microcytotoxicity test.
Laboratory Proficiency in Blood Banking: The Variability of Blood Bank Reagents for Blood Typing
Authors: Koepke J. A. , Thakur K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A statistical analysis of the 1970 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey was made to determine if variability of blood bank reagents may affect the testing of laboratory proficiency in blood banking. Antisera marketed by 5 manufacturers were used sufficiently widely for satisfactory statistical comparisons. Discordant results were noted among manufacturers of sera used to detect A1‐positive, A‐positive, rh' (C)‐positive, rh' (C)‐negative, hr' (c)‐positive and hr'(e)‐positive. This indicates an undesirable variability of some batches of blood bank reagents.
Observations on a New Example of the Am Phenotype which Demonstrates Reduced A Secretion
Authors: Darnborough J. , Voak D. , Pepper R. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new example of the Am phenotype is described. The red cells have a very weak A status, best demonstrated by ‘immune’ anti‐A sera using enzyme techniques. The serum contains normal anti‐B but no anti‐A or A substance. The saliva contains A, H and Lea substances, but the A:H substance ratio was lower than normal, indicating that the y y genes reduce the formation of secreted A as well as that of cellular A substance.
Representation of the ABH Blood Group System in the Dog1
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Bull R. W. , Dries C. , Slating R. , Swisher S. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Agglutination‐inhibition studies have shown the presence of blood group substance H activity in canine saliva, and of blood group substance A activity in the saliva of Tr+ dogs. H substance could not be demonstrated on canine red cells, indicating that the cellular A‐like antigen, Tr, is formed independently of H. Nonsecretor status, and an antigen comparable to the human B antigen, have not been detected.
Observations on the Thermal Optimum, Saline Agglutinating Activity and Partial Neutralization Characteristics of IgG Anti‐A Antibodies
Authors: Voak D. , Abu‐Sin A. Y. , Downie D. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Titration studies with IgG anti‐A antibodies revealed similar activity at both 4 and 37°C. The saline activity of IgG anti‐A antibodies generally increased as the papain titre increased with both cord and adult A1 and A2 cells. Sera with papain titres >256 had saline titres in the range 32–256 at 37°C.

Estimations of the IgG anti‐A content of ‘immune’ anti‐A sera made by titration following partial neutralization revealed a decreasing quantitation of the results with increasing saline IgG anti‐A titre, as shown by comparison to the 2‐ME method.
The Preservation of Leukocytes in Stored Blood
Authors: de Lange J. A. , Veltkamp J. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Leukocyte counts in EDTA blood samples stored in an ordinary refrigerator remain stable for 2 weeks when assayed with the Coulter Counter Model S.
Studies on Naturally Occurring Warm Haemolysins and Haemagglutinins Active against Trypsinized Red Cells
Authors: Camoens Hazel , Berg K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A normal serum with haemolytic and agglutinating activity against trypsintreated red blood cells at 37°C has been studied. The properties of this serum appear to be very similar, if not identical, to those of the warm haemolysin described by Heistø et al. [1].
Low Protein Rh Immune Globulin (Rh IgG)
Authors: Bowman J. M. , Chown B. , Pollock J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. After 16–32 months in solution at 4°C, ultracentrifuge and immunoelectrophoresis assays of five lots of low protein Rh IgG protein concentrations 3.9, 5.8, 4.1, 3.4 and 3.1%, revealed each lot to consist of a single unaggregated and unfragmented protein with an s20w constant of 6.5–7.3. The lots were 94.0–98.5% pure IgG. Autoanalyzer studies demonstrated no loss of anti‐D for 16–37 months except in one lot stable at 20 months which showed a drop from 363 to 298 μg/ml at 26 months. 125I antiglobulin measurements revealed a 23‐ to 40‐percent early loss of anti‐D with stability thereafter. Low protein Rh IgG cleared Rh‐positive cells from 11 Rh‐negative volunteers and protected 2,093 Rh‐negative women at risk of Rh immunization at least as effectively as standard Rh IgG. Low protein Rh IgG is a pure, stable, active, protective and economical agent for use in Rh prophylaxis.
Enlargement of the Dombrock Blood Group System: the Finding of Anti‐Dob
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Crawford Mary N. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The finding of anti‐Doa, the antibody antithetical to anti‐Dob in the Dombrock blood group system, is here reported; its existence promotes Dombrock to fifth place amongst red cell antigen systems in order of potential usefulness in discriminating between white people.
An Inherited Blood Group A Variant in the Finnish Population
Authors: Mohn J. F. , Cunningham R. K. , Pirkola Anna , Furuhjelm U. , Nevanlinna H. R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A variant of blood group A, provisionally designated Afinn, that occurs in an overall frequency of approximately 1 in 6,000 in Finnish blood donors is described. Agglutination involving a very small number of erythrocytes was observable only microscopically, even with the most powerful immune anti‐A sera. However, potent anti‐A antibody eluates were produced from cells sensitized with both natural and immune anti‐A or anti‐A+ B sera. Anti‐A1 agglutinins were demonstrated in the sera of all cases, and the saliva of secretors contained H but no A substances. Comparative examinations and previously published descriptions of other established variants clearly indicated that this was not identical with the Abantu, Am,Ax, or A°1 phenotypes. These properties are similar to those reported for group Aend, except for enzyme pretreatment effecting macroscopically visible agglutination of Afinn cells.
Chemical Analyses of Variable Regions of Heavy and Light Chains of Cold Agglutinins1
Authors: Gergely J. , Wang A. C. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The variable regions of cold agglutinins with anti‐I and anti‐Pr specificities were investigated by N‐terminal amino acid sequencing and by analyses of pyrrolidone‐carboxylic acid‐blocked peptides after digestion of polypeptide chains with Nargase. Results showed that the heavy chains of four IgM anti‐I cold agglutinins are exclusively VHI subgroups and their light chains are exclusively VKII subgroup. In contrast, the light chains of two cold agglutinins with anti‐Pr specificity are not VKII, while their heavy chains are not restricted to a single subgroup.

The amino acid sequences at the first hypervariable region of light chains (positions 25–35) are similar in two of the four anti‐I cold agglutinins. These sequences are different from that of the light chain of another cold agglutinin with anti‐Pr specificity. These results support the concept that only antibodies with the same specificity can share similar primary structure at their antigen combining sites.
A New Blood Group Antigen, Hov
Authors: Szaloky Agnes , Sijpesteijn Net Kaars , van der Hart Mia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new blood group antigen, Hov, is described. The antigen is not closely linked to the MNSs, P, Rhesus secretor, Duffy and Kidd loci, and it is not X‐linked. 1,155 blood samples were tested; two of these had the new antigen.
Xga Blood Group in Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore
Authors: Saha N. , Banerjee B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 101 Chinese, 72 Malays and 91 south Indians, resident in Singapore, were investigated for the distribution of the Xga blood group. The Xga gene frequencies for Chinese, Malay and Indian subjects were 0.45, 0.54 and 0.57, respectively.
Quantitative Studies of Australia Antigen in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis.
Authors: Elling P. , Nielsen J. O. , Dietrichson O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Quantitation of circulating Australia antigen (Au‐antigen) was performed by electrophoresis in antibody‐containing gel, using a modification of the method of Laurell [7], on consecutive serum specimens from 19 patients with uncomplicated acute viral hepatitis associated with transient Au‐antigenaemia, and from 9 patients with persistence of Au‐antigen and histological progression from acute to chronic hepatitis. None of the patients received corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive drugs. In all cases in the group of patients with uncomplicated acute hepatitis, an exponential fall in the Au‐antigen concentration was observed. In the group of patients with persistent antigenaemia, two phases of the disease were observed. Initially, these patients showed great variations in both the Au‐antigen concentration and in the serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity (SGOT). An inverse relationship between the Au‐antigen concentration and the transaminase values was observed. The next phase, 1–2 years after onset of the disease, was characterized by low values of the Au‐antigen concentration and low SGOT activity.
Australia Antigen in Cord Blood
Authors: Krech U. , Sonnabend W. , Kistler G. , Mäder A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Australia antigen was demonstrated in cord blood and consecutive blood samples of a new‐born from a mother who had suffered from serum hepatitis during her pregnancy.
Comparative Sensitivity of Immunoelectroosmophoresis and Immune Adherence Hemagglutination Tests for the Detection of Australia Antigen1
Authors: Hansson B. G. , Johnsson T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The immune adherence hemagglutination (IA) method was found to be about 30 times more sensitive than the immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) technique in detecting Australia antigen. In cases of hepatitis, it was possible to detect Australia antigen with the IA method 5 days after the IEOP technique had become negative. One out of 7 Australia antigen‐positive nonregistered blood donors at a certain time was negative with IEOP but positive with IA. The usefulness of the IA method compared to other techniques for detecting Australia antigen is discussed.
Ethanol Fractionation of Human Au/SH Antibodies
Authors: Schmitt H. , Stürner K. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A procedure is described to prepare and concentrate Au/SH antibody‐rich γ‐globulin from antibody‐positive human plasma.
Permanent Mixed‐Field Polyagglutinability (PMFP)
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , McQuiston Dorothy T. , Taswell Howard F. , Allan Christopher J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In two cases of persistent mixed‐field polyagglutinability, serological studies confirm most of those of previous investigators but show that the abnormal (A) cells lack both M and N antigens as determined by human reagents. They also show the normal (N) cells do not exhibit any of the aberrations of the abnormal (A) cells.
Selective Serum IgA Deficiency
Authors: Frommel D. , Moullec J. , Lambin P. , Fine J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The frequency of isolated IgA deficiency was determined in a healthy population of 15,200 volunteer French blood donors. The screening was performed either by inhibition of passive haemagglutination or by double diffusion analysis in gel. The results obtained with the two methods were concordant. In the Parisian population, the incidence of selective IgA deficiency characterized by a serum level below 0.5 IU, was found to be 1/3,040. This index is lower than that reported by most other investigators: 1/300‐1/3,000. These discrepancies depend on the type of population chosen for inquiry. In open and ethnically mixed populations, the incidence of IgA deficiency is lower than in more sedentary, rural, populations in which the probability of distant consanguinity is increased.
Independence of the Colton and Yt Blood Group Systems1
Authors: Lewis Marion , Kaita Hiroko , Giblett Eloise R. , Steinberg A. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Record is made of a family which provides evidence of the independent segregation of: the Colton and Yt blood group antigens; Colton and acid phosphatase red cell enzyme; Yt and phosphoglucomutase red cell enzyme.
The Genetics of a Dominant Inhibitor of the Lutheran Antigens
Authors: Taliano V. , Guévin R.‐M. , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is reported in which the phenotype Lu(a‐b‐) is present in three generations. The family shows that the inhibitor, known to be dominant in effect, which prevents the proper expression of Lub, prevents also that of Lua. It further shows that the inhibitor locus is not part of the Lutheran locus.
A Modified Container for Liquid Nitrogen Preservation of an Erythrocyte Test Cell Panel1
Authors: Bowman H. S. , Mohn J. F. , Cunningham R. K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Results obtained with a modified aluminum container for liquid nitrogen cryopreservation of red cells are presented. The optimal times and rates for red cell freezing and thawing are contrasted with those obtained using a stainless steel container.
Naturally‐Occurring Anti‐M and Anti‐N with Special Case: IgG Anti‐N in a NN Donor
Authors: Perrault R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Routine red cell antibody screening using a low‐ionic strength‐Polybrene Auto‐Analyzer has revealed the frequent occurrence of anti‐M: 62 cases in M negative and 2 in M positive individuals. Anti‐N was encountered in 8 cases: 6 in MN individuals and 1 in a MM patient, and 1 was found in a NN healthy blood donor. The latter antibody was the strongest detected and proved to be an IgG cold‐reacting antibody, with no evidence of in vivo activity in a donor with an apparently normal N antigen. The Auto‐Analyzer titer of this anti‐N was 1:256. Saline agglutination with 2% cells was negative but with 10% cell suspension, a titer of 1:16 to 1:32 was obtained.
‘Cold’ IgG Autologous Anti‐LW
Authors: Perrault R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In the routine antibody screening of 45,000 blood samples, 10 cases of cold‐reacting, autologous anti‐LW were discovered, using a low‐ionic strength‐polybrene Auto‐Analyzer. Two of these were shown to belong to the IgG, and one to the IgM class. The others were suspected to belong to the IgG class. An immune anti‐LW (from a D‐positive, LW‐negative patient) was used for comparison with the cold, ‘naturally‐occurring’ anti‐LW, and further comparisons were made with anti‐D. DEAE fractionation shows a much greater heterogeneity for anti‐LW than for anti‐D, but iso‐electrofocusing of the main IgG fraction shows similar iso‐electric points: 8.8 and 8.9 for anti‐D and anti‐LW, respectively. However, the autologous IgG anti‐LW showed an iso‐electric point of 8.2, representing a different relationship to the bulk of IgG. The ability for immune anti‐LW to discriminate between Rh‐positive and negative cells was far greater with the low‐ionic strength‐polybrene Auto‐Analyzer than with the bromelin‐methyl cellulose method. In manual testing, the DEAE fractions showed such a discriminating ability only with the IgM containing fractions.