bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchy’s subordination of democracy and how to outrank it
Authors: Raelin Joseph A
Published: June 2020

We hear much about the “democratic ideal” as if it were unreachable within the walls of the organization. Of late, apologists have begun suggesting that there is no need to worry; democracy exists; it is just that it is often hidden from view right within the requisite hierarchical structure. Top managers are sharing their leadership roles with others in the organization. This provocation will take the opposite position that hierarchy and democratic leadership are predominantly incommensurate and that closer inspection would show that hierarchical conditions largely persist and that when democratic leadership occurs, it does so only with the conditional permission of those in control. The essay goes into detail regarding plural models of leadership, shows where they fall on the hierarchy–democracy continuum, and outlines how leaderful development might be able to prepare learners for real democratic experience.
Storytelling, space and power: An Arendtian account of subjectivity in organizations
Authors: Jørgensen Kenneth Mølbjerg
Published: June 2020

Drawing on Arendt’s work, this article develops a storytelling account of subjectivity and politics in organizations. Storytelling is understood as the process through which actors reconstruct their experiences and appear in a collective space. Storytelling is thus enacted within and from spaces and is a means for political action. Three theoretical consequences are drawn. First, storytelling implies the ever-present possibility of a ‘space of appearance’ in which the subject is an originator of action. Second, the notion of storytelling as a spatial practice implies focusing on how stories are shaped through interactions and collective engagements, or ‘emplacement’. Third, a material and embodied reconfiguration of Arendt’s notion of action shows how material relations offer important affordances to change organizations. Because storytelling is both a process of engaging with ourselves and the power relations that we are part of, Arendt’s notion of storytelling is helpful for understanding how and in what circumstances we can act politically in organizations. In particular, the article argues that Arendt’s account is useful for framing an interventionist third stream of critical management studies, or ‘critical performativity’.
Disability outcomes of early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Le Minh , Malpas Charles , Sharmin Sifat , Horáková Dana , Havrdova Eva , Trojano Maria , Izquierdo Guillermo , Eichau Sara , Ozakbas Serkan , Lugaresi Alessandra , Prat Alexandre , Girard Marc , Duquette Pierre , Larochelle Catherine , Alroughani Raed , Bergamaschi Roberto , Sola Patrizia , Ferraro Diana , Grammond Pierre , Grand’ Maison Francois , Terzi Murat , Boz Cavit , Hupperts Raymond , Butzkueven Helmut , Pucci Eugenio , Granella Franco , Van Pesch Vincent , Soysal Aysun , Yamout Bassem I. , Lechner-Scott Jeannette , Spitaleri Daniele LA , Ampapa Radek , Turkoglu Recai , Iuliano Gerardo , Ramo-Tello Cristina , Sanchez-Menoyo Jose Luis , Sidhom Youssef , Gouider Riadh , Shaygannejad Vahid , Prevost Julie , Altintas Ayse , Fragoso Yara Dadalti , McCombe Pamela Ann , Petersen Thor , Slee Mark , Barnett Michael H , Vucic Steve , Van Der Walt Anneke , Kalincik Tomas
Published: June 2020

Background:

Cerebellar and brainstem symptoms are common in early stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) yet their prognostic values remain unclear.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term disability outcomes in patients with early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms.

Methods:

This study used data from MSBase registry. Patients with early cerebellar/brainstem presentations were identified as those with cerebellar/brainstem relapse(s) or functional system score ⩾ 2 in the initial 2 years. Early pyramidal presentation was chosen as a comparator. Andersen-Gill models were used to compare cumulative hazards of (1) disability progression events and (2) relapses between patients with and without early cerebellar/brainstem symptoms. Mixed effect models were used to estimate the associations between early cerebellar/brainstem presentations and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores.

Results:

The study cohort consisted of 10,513 eligible patients, including 2723 and 3915 patients with early cerebellar and brainstem symptoms, respectively. Early cerebellar presentation was associated with greater hazard of progression events (HR = 1.37, p < 0.001) and EDSS (β = 0.16, p < 0.001). Patients with early brainstem symptoms had lower hazard of progression events (HR = 0.89, p = 0.01) and EDSS (β = −0.06, p < 0.001). Neither presentation was associated with changes in relapse risk.

Conclusion:

Early cerebellar presentation is associated with unfavourable outcomes, while early brainstem presentation is associated with favourable prognosis. These presentations may be used as MS prognostic markers and guide therapeutic approach.
Realist avenues to global International Relations
Authors: Foulon Michiel , Meibauer Gustav
Published: June 2020

Realism has long been criticized by global IR, but the former can contribute to the latter and thereby improve explanations of international relations. Global IR criticizes that realism supposedly applies universally, sidelines non-Western perspectives, and misunderstands much of foreign policy, grand strategy, and international affairs. Reviewing global IR’s case against realism, however, exposes avenues for realism to complement global IR. Realism can contribute to a more global understanding of international relations through its most recent variant: neoclassical realism (NCR). This newest realism allows for contextualization and historicization of drivers of state behavior. It can embrace and has already been engaging global questions and cases; global thought and concepts; and global perspectives and scholarship. Mapping 149 NCR publications produced by 96 scholars reveals a slow shift in knowledge production away from North America toward Europe and to a lesser extent Asia and Africa. Creative research designs and scholarly collaboration can put realism in fruitful conversation with global IR. This has implications for theory building and inclusive knowledge production in realism, global IR, and the wider discipline. Only when we discover new avenues for realists to travel can they contribute to a more global IR. In turn, when global IR scholars engage realism, they may be better able to address the Western versus non-Western dichotomies they challenge.
Cocreation of the hospitality brand experience: A triadic interaction model
Authors: Lin Zhiwei (CJ) , Wong IpKin Anthony
Published: June 2020

Although dyadic interactions among customers have widely been acknowledged to impact customer experience, the interdependence between customers and the service provider may form a symbiotic force that attenuates how an experience is cocreated. This study focuses on triadic interactions among casino patrons by modeling employee-to-customer (E2C) interactions as a boundary condition that may moderate the effect of customer-to-customer interactions (C2C) and customer-to-companion (Cu2Co) interaction quality on brand experience. Data were collected among patrons from 30 casino establishments using a two-step sampling approach. Findings suggest that E2C interaction moderates the relationship between customer interactions and the brand experience, such that the C2C interaction quality effect is more salient under the high E2C interaction condition. Implications for both practice and theory as well as limitations and future directions are further discussed.
Identification of risk for posttraumatic stress disorder symptom clusters early after trauma
Authors: Timmer-Murillo Sydney C , Hunt Joshua C , Geier Timothy , Brasel Karen J , deRoon-Cassini Terri A
Published: June 2020

The current study examined how the injured trauma survivor screen (ITSS), a hospital-administered screener of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, differentially predicted PTSD symptom cluster severity. Participants from a Level 1 trauma center ( n = 220) completed the ITSS while inpatient and PTSD symptoms were assessed one-month post discharge. Perceived life threat and intentionality of injury were key predictors of avoidance, re-experiencing, and hyperarousal symptom clusters. However, negative alterations in mood and cognition cluster seemed best predicted by mood and cognitive risk factors. Therefore, the ITSS provides utility in differentially predicting symptom clusters and treatment planning after traumatic injury.
The Long and Winding Road: Archiving and Re-Using Qualitative Data from 12 Research Projects Spanning 16 Years
Authors: Dodds Catherine , Keogh Peter , Bourne Adam , McDaid Lisa , Squire Corinne , Weatherburn Peter , Young Ingrid
Published: June 2020

We describe a pilot project designed to assess the feasibility of re-use across 12 diverse qualitative datasets related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the UK, from research projects undertaken between 1997 and 2013 – an approach which is chronically underused. First, we consider the sweeping biomedical changes and imperatives relating to HIV in this time frame, offering a rationale for data re-use at this point in the epidemic. We then reflexively situate the processes and procedures we devised for this study with reference to relevant methodological literature. Hammersley’s and Leonelli’s contributions have been particularly instructive through this process, and following their lead, we conclude with further considerations for those undertaking qualitative data re-use, reflecting on the extent to which qualitative data re-use as a practice requires attention to both the given and the constructed aspects of data when assembled as evidence.
Crossing back over the Rubicon: Collectivistic value orientation and independent self-concept jointly promote effective goal revision in task groups
Authors: Choi Hoon-Seok , Kim Sun Young
Published: June 2020

When the ultimate goal of the group is found to be unattainable via the chosen means (i.e., a subgoal), effective goal management requires group members to disengage from that failing subgoal and reengage with a feasible alternative. The present study investigated the combined role of group members’ value orientation and their self-concept in collective goal revision in task groups. In a laboratory experiment involving 55 three-person groups, we induced either a collectivistic or individualistic value orientation and made salient either an independent or interdependent self-concept. As expected, groups that combined a collectivistic value orientation and an independent self-concept were less likely to be entrapped in a failing subgoal and more likely to reengage with the ultimate group goal via an available alternative. Also as expected, this effect was mediated by the degree of goal-related reflection among the members during group interaction. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
From secrecy to accountability: The politics of exposure in the Belgrano affair
Authors: Eason Thomas , Daddow Oliver , Cormac Rory
Published: June 2020

This article adds to the intersubjective research into policy failures by analysing the furore that erupted in UK politics over the sinking in May 1982 of the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano during the Falklands War. The article examines the ways in which the Thatcher government initially tried to conceal what had really happened and how, over time, the revelations piled up and the sinking came to be narrated as a serious case of government wrongdoing. To interpret the challenges interested parties in politics and the media faced in holding the government to account, the article develops a new analytical framework for making sense of the ways in which secrecy and acknowledgement interplay in the construction of failure narratives. It argues that elite control over information subtly shapes both the willingness and ability of interested parties to contest official government positions, resulting in a series of theoretical and policy facing conclusions.
The third digital divide and Bourdieu: Bidirectional conversion of economic, cultural, and social capital to (and from) digital capital among young people in Madrid
Authors: Calderón Gómez Daniel
Published: June 2020

Based on Bourdieu’s theory, this article focuses on the third-level digital divide in relation to offline outcomes of Internet use. Based on 30 in-depth qualitative interviews with young people in Madrid, we analyzed the mechanisms used to convert three main forms of capital—economic, cultural, and social—into digital capital (DC) and the subsequent reconversion of DC back into the three main forms of capital. We conclude that economic capital is the most basic form of digital inequality, imposing material barriers to access. Cultural capital is transformed into DC through people’s techno-socialization, while social capital is converted into DC by means of social practices and social support. DC can be retransformed into each of the three main forms of capital: to economic capital by means of professional networking and access to goods; to cultural capital through access to knowledge; and into social capital by the differential management of social ties.
Cultural and generational predictors of learning goal orientation: A multilevel analysis of managers across 20 countries
Authors: D’Amato Alessia , Baruch Yehuda
Published: June 2020

Drawing on learning and generational theory, we investigate the effect of socio-economic and contextual conditions on managerial learning and organizational development. Using data from 3657 managers across 20 countries, we untangle the interactive effect of national culture and generational cohort on learning goal orientation (LGO). Managers from younger generations (e.g. generation X) had a stronger LGO than those in older generations (e.g. Baby Boomers, those born between 1946 and 1959). Performance orientation (PO) moderated the relationships so that the gap was stronger in high PO cultures. A validation of a model using hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) supports a cross-level moderation model of PO on LGO. Our study provides important first evidence of the value of the multilevel analysis to understanding LGO in different groups of managers, improving scholarly capacity to understand the multilevel and cross-level effects that govern the workplace. It also supports cross-level studies for the development of global managers from different generational groups. We extend LGO research by identifying the contextual influence and how this impacts on the behaviour of managers across different societal ‘structures’ (e.g. generations) and societies (e.g. cultures). The results provide practical suggestions that make a difference in the workplace.
The influence of tensile stress on inductively coupled piezoceramic sensors embedded in fibre-reinforced plastics
Authors: Chilles James S , Croxford Anthony , Bond Ian P
Published: June 2020

This article demonstrates that embedded piezoelectric sensors can survive loads much higher than predicted by their material properties. It shows the potential for piezoceramic sensors to estimate structural loads when embedded in composites. To show this, embedded sensors were subjected to stresses and strains which were significantly greater than the recommended operating limits of their piezoceramic constituents. A novel data acquisition method enabled ultrasonic guided wave measurements to be recorded wirelessly from the embedded transducers, key to minimising the impact of embedded transducers. The data recorded by the piezoceramic transducers exhibited a reversible load dependence, with the measurements returning to the stress-free values upon removal of the applied load. The guided wave measurements recorded by transducers embedded in glass fibre–reinforced composites showed no degradation after being subjected to tensile strains of 1.07%. When embedded in a carbon fibre–reinforced plastic sample which was loaded to failure, the transducers remained operational; however, sensor performance was shown to be degraded after being subjected to tensile stresses as high as 606 MPa. This offers the potential to build sensors to characterise overload in a component.
Condom Use and Error Experience Among Young Adolescents: Implications for Classroom Instruction
Authors: Barrett Mia , Laris B. A. , Anderson Pamela , Baumler Elizabeth , Gerber Andrea , Kesler Kari , Coyle Karin
Published: June 2020

We examine condom failure and use error experienced by high school youth in two regions of the United States. Data are from a baseline survey of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate FLASH, a sexual health education curriculum for high school students. Participants were 1,597 ninth- or 10th-grade students in health class who had parental consent and who assented to participate in the study. This study examines condom use behavior among students who reported vaginal or anal sex at baseline. Of the 222 participants who reported having vaginal or anal sex in the 3 months prior to baseline survey, 180 of them reported using a condom at least once. Of these youth, 70.6% reported that they did not squeeze the tip of the condom before sex, 25.0% of youth reported that they did not roll the condom all the way down to the base of the penis, and 49.4% reported that they did not hold the base of the penis when pulling out; 36.9% reported experiencing condom breakage or slippage. The frequency of condom error and/or failure reported by young adolescents in this study indicates a need for further education on potential condom use errors with an emphasis on the correct steps for using a condom to prevent condom failure. High rates of error and failure suggest an opportunity for educators to tailor preexisting condom use interventions to further reinforce the skills necessary for effective condom use and to educate on what to do in the event of condom failure.
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery: Long-Term Experience with Hybrid Transvaginal Cholecystectomies
Authors: Rössler Fabian , Keerl Andreas , Bieri Uwe , Slieker Juliette , Nocito Antonio
Published: June 2020

Objective. To assess outcome and safety of 571 hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) cholecystectomies. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed all consecutive NOTES cholecystectomies performed at our center between June 2009 and January 2018. All procedures were performed using a hybrid transvaginal technique, including an umbilical small-size trocar. End points, calculated at discharge, 30 and up to 90 days postoperatively, included intra- and postoperative morbidity assessed by the validated Clavien–Dindo classification and the Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI). Special focus was held on outcome and necessity of pre- and postoperative gynecological examinations. Results. We performed 571 hybrid NOTES cholecystectomies within 9 years. The vast majority were elective, 9.6% were emergency cholecystectomies. 6.7% of patients developed at least one complication until discharge, most of them minor (≤grade II). 30- and 90-day complication rates were 10.7% and 11%, respectively. Mean CCI at discharge and postoperative days 30 and 90 was 1.45 (±6.4), 2.3 (±7.7), and 2.4 (±7.8), respectively. Major complications (≥grade IIIa) occurred in 1.6% of patients, and 4 patients required emergency reoperation. No mortality was observed. In 9.8%, an additional abdominal trocar was placed. All patients underwent routine gynecological examination, whereof only 5 were rejected for transvaginal access preoperatively. In no case transvaginal access was discontinued intraoperatively due to gynecological disease. Conclusion. Hybrid NOTES transvaginal cholecystectomy represents a safe and feasible alternative to standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Preoperative gynecological examination is no longer routinely necessary, as intraoperative assessment is adequate.
Ikaros: A framework for controlling robots with system-level brain models
Authors: Balkenius Christian , Johansson Birger , Tjøstheim Trond A
Published: June 2020

Ikaros is an open framework for system-level brain modeling and real-time robot control. Version 2 of the system includes a range of computational components that implements various algorithms and methods ranging from models of neural circuits to control systems and hardware interfaces for robot. Ikaros supports the design and implementation of large-scale computation models using a flow programming paradigm. Version 2 includes a number of new features that support complex networks of hierarchically arranged components as well as a web-based interactive editor. More than 100 persons have contributed to the code base and over 100 scientific publications report on work that has used Ikaros for simulations or robot control.
A convolutional neural network approach for visual recognition in wheel production lines
Authors: Tong Zheming , Gao Jie , Tong Shuiguang
Published: June 2020

China has been the world’s largest automotive manufacturing country since 2008. The automotive wheel industry in China has been growing steadily in pace with the automobile industry. Visual recognition system that automatically classifies wheel types is a key component in the wheel production line. Traditional recognition methods are mainly based on extracted feature matching. Their accuracy, robustness, and processing speed are often compromised considerably in actual production. To overcome this problem, we proposed a convolutional neural network approach to adaptively classify wheel types in actual production lines with a complex visual background. The essential steps to achieve wheel identification include image acquisition, image preprocessing, and classification. The image differencing algorithm and histogram technique are developed on acquired wheel images to remove track disturbances. The wheel images after image processing were organized into training and test sets. This approach improved the residual network model ResNet-18 and then evaluated this model based on the wheel test data. Experiments showed that this method can obtain an accuracy over 98% on nearly 70,000 wheel images and its single image processing time can reach millisecond level.
The association of chronic diseases and mammography among Medicare beneficiaries living in Appalachia
Authors: Elewonibi Bilikisu , Nkwonta Chigozie
Published: June 2020

Objective:

This study assessed the relationship between presence and number of chronic disease and reception of mammogram in women 65 years and older, and how this relationship is influenced by primary care provider visits.

Methods:

A total of 3306 women diagnosed with breast cancer from 2006 to 2008 from cancer registries in four Appalachian states were analyzed.

Results:

Having a mammogram within the past 2 years was associated with having at least one chronic disease. The presence of a chronic disease was associated with an increased likelihood of breast cancer screening adherence but was not a strong predictor when demographic variables were added.

Conclusion:

This study supports the findings that women with more primary care provider visits were more likely to adhere to breast cancer screening guidelines but having several chronic diseases presents a barrier to achieving guideline-concordant mammography screening, highlighting the importance of preventive screening for patients managing chronic diseases.
Calibration of perception fails to transfer between functionally similar affordances
Authors: Franchak John M
Published: June 2020

Prior work shows that the calibration of perception and action transfers between actions depending on their functional similarity: Practising (and thus calibrating perception of) one affordance will also calibrate perception for an affordance with a similar function but not for an affordance with a disparate function. We tested this hypothesis by measuring whether calibration transferred between two affordances for passing through openings: squeezing sideways through doorways without becoming stuck and fitting sideways through doorways while avoiding collision. Participants wore a backpack to alter affordances for passage and create a need for perceptual recalibration. Calibration failed to transfer between the two actions (e.g., practising squeezing through doorways calibrated perception of squeezing but not fitting). Differences between squeezing and fitting affordances that might have required different information for perception and recalibration are explored to understand why calibration did not transfer. In light of these results, we propose a revised hypothesis—calibration transfers between affordances on the basis of both functional and informational similarity.
A simple and rapid electrochemical determination of pungency: Application to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Capsicum annuum cubana red
Authors: Moreno María T , Estévez Brito Rafael , Córdoba Marina , Rodríguez Mellado José Miguel
Published: June 2020

Chili peppers are rich in ascorbic acid and capsaicin. In this article is proposed an easy, fast, sensitive, and inexpensive method for determining the pungency and content of ascorbic acid in chili pepper extracts. The voltammetric (cyclic and differential pulse) behavior of capsaicin on a glassy carbon electrode has been evaluated at different pH values. A calibration curve has been obtained for the peak current, IP, of capsaicin as a function of the capsaicin concentration, C, in differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0: IP(µA) = 0.0147 (±5.346·10−3) + 0.0507 (±8.984·10−4) C(µM), with limit of detection, LOD = 0.198µM, limit of quantification, LOQ = 0.660µM, and dynamic linear range from 0.660 to 20.9 µM. A variant of the standard addition method has been used for simultaneous determination of the pungency and ascorbic acid content of extracts of Capsicum annuum cubana red. In this case, the calibration for ascorbic acid was I(µA) = 0.467 (±0.012) + 2.039·10−3 (±4.601·10−5) VAA(L)), with LOD = 17.56 µL, LOQ = 58.55 µL, and dynamic linear range from 58.6 to 500 µL, being VAA the volume of 10-mM ascorbic acid added to 50 mL of solution. The ascorbic acid content was compared to that of a sweet pepper. The method is cheap, simple, and fast (30 min vs c.a. 2 h compared to the spectrophotometric method), its sensitivity being comparable to other more expensive and/or more laborious methods.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of novel double-armed benzo-15-crown-5 and their sodium and potassium complexes
Authors: Şener Cemaloğlu Öznur , Ogutcu Hatice , Hayvalı Zeliha
Published: June 2020

New aldehyde- and halogen- (Cl, Br, I) substituted double-armed benzo-15-crown-5 derivatives are synthesized by the reactions of 4′,5′-bis(bromomethyl)benzo-15-crown-5 with 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde, 5-bromosalicylaldehyde, or 5-iodosalicylaldehyde. The sodium and potassium complexes are obtained by reaction of crown ether with sodium perchlorate and potassium iodide, respectively. Novel Schiff base compounds containing three groups of benzo-15-crown-5 are obtained from the condensation of aldehydes with 4′-aminobenzo-15-crown-5. The structures of all compounds are elucidated by elemental analysis, 1H, 13C NMR, IR, and mass spectra. The antifungal and antibacterial effects of the synthesized ligands are evaluated against pathogenic microorganisms and show varying degrees of inhibitory effects against the growth of different pathogenic strains.

Graphical abstract
Real-life experience with high-frequency chest wall oscillation vest therapy in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis
Authors: Barto Tara Lynn , Maselli Diego Jose , Daignault Sarah , Stiglich John , Porter Jared , Kraemer Carlye , Hansen Gary
Published: June 2020

Background:

High frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) has long been used for airway clearance for patients with cystic fibrosis. Only limited research has evaluated this therapy in adult patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB).

Methods:

Data from 2596 patients from a registry of adult bronchiectasis patients using HFCWO therapy was used to evaluate hospitalization patterns before and after initiation of HFCWO therapy, as well as antibiotic use and self-reported metrics of quality of life. Self-reported outcomes were also reviewed by cross-checking with sampled patient charts and found to be consistent.

Results:

The number of patients who had at least one respiratory-related hospitalization decreased from 49.1% (192/391) in the year before to 24.0% (94/391) in the year after starting HFCWO therapy ( p-value < 0.001). At the same time, the number of patients who required three or more hospitalizations dropped from 14.3% (56/391) to 5.6% (22/391). Patients currently taking oral antibiotics for respiratory conditions decreased from 57.7% upon initiation of therapy to 29.9% within 1 year ( p < 0.001). Patients who subjectively rated their “overall respiratory health” as good to excellent increased from 13.6% upon initiation of therapy to 60.5% in 1 year ( p < 0.001) and those who rated their “ability to clear your lungs” as good to excellent increased from 13.9% to 76.6% ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

NCFB patients showed improved self-reported outcomes associated with the initiation of HFCWO therapy as measured by number of hospitalizations, antibiotic use, and the subjective experience of airway clearance. The improvement was observed early on after initiation of therapy and sustained for at least 1 year. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
The effect of surface roughness on oblique bicycle helmet impact tests
Authors: Petersen Philip G , Smith Lloyd V , Nevins Derek
Published: June 2020

The friction between a helmet and impact surface affects the accelerations imparted to the head. The roughness of the impact surface is, therefore, a consideration when developing oblique impact standards. An 80-grit abrasive paper is commonly used in oblique impact tests to simulate a road surface, but has not been validated for bicycle impacts and may not accurately represent real road surfaces. In the following study, a helmeted NOCSAE headform with a Hybrid III neck was dropped onto a 45° anvil at 6.5 m/s using a twin wire guided drop tower. Helmeted drops were performed in two orientations (frontal and side) on road surfaces, roughened steel surfaces, 80-grit abrasive paper and a low friction surface. For each impact, measures of linear and rotational acceleration were obtained. These metrics were compared across impact orientations and surfaces to assess the influence of surface roughness on headform impact response. Frontal impacts were less sensitive to the impact surface roughness than side impacts across metrics. Among metrics, rotational acceleration showed the largest effect due to surface roughness. Compared to the road surface, peak rotational acceleration from impacts on the 80-grit surface were 6.5% less and 48% greater for frontal and side impacts, respectively. Based on consideration of the peak and cumulative impact measures, steel impact surfaces appear to better simulate road impact than the commonly used 80-grit abrasive paper.
Insufficiently diverse: The problem of nonviolent leverage and radicalization of Ukraine’s Maidan uprising, 2013–2014
Authors: Ishchenko Volodymyr
Published: June 2020

The article explains the violent radicalization of the initially peaceful Maidan uprising in January 2014 as the result of failure to build efficient leverage against Viktor Yanukovych with nonviolent methods. Maidan lacked critical diversity of nonviolent tactics insofar as directly disruptive methods of noncooperation (e.g., strikes and boycott) remained small-scale and inefficient. The Maidan protest coalition primarily lacked social-organizational resources, i.e. authoritative civil society organizations and strong labor movement, for developing nonviolent leverage that was partially connected to gaps in ideological and regional diversity and partially to unfavorable structural conditions. However, radical nationalists actively participating in the protests possessed a unique combination of resources for initiating and diffusing efficient, coordinated, and strategic violence when it became legitimated by intensifying repressions and disillusionment in the incapacity of the oppositional political parties to propose an efficient strategy against the government. Violent radicalization facilitated geographical expansion of disruption via occupations of governmental buildings in western and central Ukrainian regions that the state was ultimately incapable of containing.
Implementation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in the Hospital: Emergent Considerations for Remote Glucose Monitoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Galindo Rodolfo J. , Aleppo Grazia , Klonoff David C. , Spanakis Elias K. , Agarwal Shivani , Vellanki Priya , Olson Darin E. , Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Davis Georgia M. , Pasquel Francisco J.
Published: June 2020

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become a widely used tool in the ambulatory setting for monitoring glucose levels, as well as detecting uncontrolled hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability. The accuracy of some CGM systems has recently improved to the point of manufacture with factory calibration and Food and Drug Administration clearance for nonadjunctive use to dose insulin. In this commentary, we analyze the answers to six questions about what is needed to bring CGM into the hospital as a reliable, safe, and effective tool. The evidence to date indicates that CGM offers promise as an effective tool for monitoring hospitalized patients. During the current coronavirus disease 2019 crisis, we hope to provide guidance to healthcare professionals, who are seeking to reduce exposure to SARS-Cov-2, as well as preserve invaluable personal protective equipment. In this commentary, we address who, what, where, when, why, and how CGM can be adopted for inpatient use.
Building for Change: Comparative Case Study of Hospital Architecture
Authors: Pilosof Nirit Putievsky
Published: June 2020

Objective:

This study assesses how architectural design strategies impact the flexibility of hospitals to change over time.

Background:

Most hospitals are designed for highly specialized medical functions, which is often in conflict with the need to design the hospital facility to accommodate evolvement and change of functions over time. Architectural design strategies provide different approaches to the need to design for a specific medical program while planning for its future change.

Methods:

The study compares two hospital buildings with a very similar configuration and medical program but with significantly different architectural design strategies: One was designed for an unknown future medical function, and the second was designed for a specific medical function. The study analyses the two hospital buildings by their design strategy, planning, design process, and construction by phases and compares their change in practice over the last twelve years.

Results:

The design strategy to fit a specific function limited the hospital affordance to make changes during the design process, construction, and occupancy phases. Systematic design of system separation for an unknown function, in contradiction to a “tailor-made” approach in the design for a specific function, was found to support a variety of changing medical programs.

Conclusions:

Architectural design strategies developed in an early stage of the design process has a major impact on the future evolution of the hospital facility. The different results between the two projects also demonstrate the greater influence of healthcare policies, hospital organization culture, and infrastructure funding models on the architecture and flexibility of hospitals.
Severe Neuroexcitatory Reaction: A Rare and Underrecognized Life-Threatening Complication of Propofol-Induced Anesthesia
Authors: Pantelakis Linos , Alvarez Vincent , Gex Grégoire , Godio Manoëlle
Published: June 2020

We describe a case of severe neuroexcitatory reaction with hyperthermia after administration of propofol in a 43-year-old patient suspected of a relapse of sarcoidosis who underwent bronchoscopy. This resulted in a lengthy stay in intensive care and long-term neuropsychological impairment. A review of the literature shows that severe neuroexcitatory symptoms (seizure-like phenomena, abnormal hypertonic, and/or jerky movements) occur rarely after propofol administration and may be life-threatening. Due to the paucity of data, the treatment is mostly empirical. The diagnosis can also be delayed owing to underrecognition. We conclude that health practitioners who frequently use propofol should be aware of this specific manifestation of drug toxicity, which albeit rare can be devastating for the patient.
Neurological Outcomes of Patients With Mycotic Aneurysms in Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Shi Hang , Parikh Neal S. , Esenwa Charles , Zampolin Richard , Shah Harsh , Khasiyev Farid , Valenzuela Ives , Lavine Sean , Gutierrez Jose , Willey Joshua
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:

Mycotic aneurysms (MA) are rare neurovascular complications of infective endocarditis (IE). The natural history and outcomes of MA under contemporary medical therapy have not been well characterized. The purpose of this study is to describe treatments and outcomes of patients with ruptured and unruptured MA in IE, specifically in relation to medical versus surgical/endovascular treatment.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review was performed at 3 US academic medical centers of adult patients with IE and MA. Information was collected regarding risk factors, imaging, treatments, and outcomes, including ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, MA size changes, and inhospital mortality.

Results:

Thirty-five patients with IE had 63 MA. Nineteen patients had at least one ruptured MA; 13 patients underwent invasive treatment and 6 received antibiotics alone. Of 19 patients on antibiotics alone (6 with at least one ruptured MA and 13 with unruptured MA), 14 underwent repeat imaging and 5 had enlarging MA. Of 16 patients treated invasively, 2 had unruptured MA initially treated with antibiotics but ultimately underwent intervention. No MA ruptured after aneurysm discovery. Fifteen patients underwent cardiothoracic surgery (CTS), of which 11 had unsecured MA and 4 had secured MA. No patients suffered perioperiative neurological events attributable to their MA. Three patients treated with antibiotics alone and 3 patients treated invasively died from causes unrelated to their MAs.

Conclusions:

For patients with unruptured MA, treatment with antibiotics alone may have similar outcomes to invasive treatment. Further investigation is warranted to determine the risk of undergoing CTS with unsecured MA.
On the relationships between COVID-19 and extended urbanization
Authors: Connolly Creighton , Ali S Harris , Keil Roger
Published: June 2020

This commentary focuses on the relationship between extensive forms of urbanization and emerging infectious disease, using empirical examples from the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it examines the role of shifting urban-ecological relationships, infrastructures, and governance dynamics in both giving rise to, and mitigating, the impact of infectious disease outbreaks.
The politics of scale in the coordinated management and emergency response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Delaney Aoife
Published: June 2020

This commentary examines how coordinated management and emergency response (CMER) have been mobilized within the United States and Ireland to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing upon a performative conception of scale, I argue that it is crucial to recognize the potency of the scalar politics of CMER organization to understand the differences in public health responses within and between political jurisdictions.
Anatomical axis validation of lower extremity for different deformities: A radiological study
Authors: Unal Meric , Ercan Sabriye , Budeyri Aydin , Toprak Uğur , Şalkaci Abdülkerim
Published: June 2020

Aim:

The aim of this study was to derive a pure, unbiased, reliable and accurate objective relationship between the local knee axis measurements through a short knee anteroposterior roentgenogram and the lower limb axis measurement through an orthoroentgenogram.

Patients and Methods:

Radiographs of 114 patients (114 knees) were evaluated by two independent raters for measurement of lower limb axis on an orthoroentgenogram and the local knee axis on short knee anteroposterior X-ray, which was derived by cropping the orthoroentgenogram by a blinded radiology assistant. The raters measured at two different time-points separated by an interval of 30-day period. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities were calculated by intra-class correlation coefficients and three models were built to establish the relationships of X-ray anatomical axis with orthoroentgenogram anatomical axis, orthoroentgenogram anatomical axis with orthoroentgenogram mechanical axis and X-ray anatomical axis with orthoroentgenogram mechanical axis.

Results:

For three different measurements, intra-class correlation coefficients of Rater 2 were higher than 0.90 which shows perfect reliability, while that for Rater 1 was low. Furthermore, first measurements were more consistent than the second measurement. There was a strong positive correlation in all the three models except for varus cases in the last.

Conclusion:

The standardized correlation derived between the two different techniques for measuring knee alignment is fairly comparable with the studies in the past and would serve as a reliable template for future studies concerning relationships between the two, in addition to helping knee surgeons make more reliable and accurate interpretations through local knee axis measurements.
Hyperglycaemia-related occipital lobe seizures
Authors: Alakkas A , Chen P , Chen M , Longardner K , Piccioni DE
Published: June 2020

Recognition of the role of hyperglycaemia in seizures is vital, because they tend to refractory to antiepileptic drugs and respond to insulin therapy and hydration.
The Summary of an Urdu Version of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure: Psychometric Evaluation and Validation
Authors: Ansari Rashid M. , Harris Mark F. , Hosseinzadeh Hassan , Zwar Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Objective: The English version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) measure is the most frequently used self-reporting instrument assessing diabetes self-management. This study is aimed at translating English SDSCA into the Urdu version and validating and evaluating its psychometric properties. Methods: The Urdu version of SDSCA was developed based on the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization for translation and adaptation of instruments. The panel of experts examined the content validity, reliability, and internal consistency of the instrument. The translation process from the English version to the Urdu version revealed excellent results at all the stages. Results: The instrument showed promising and acceptable results. Of particular mention are the results related to split-half reliability coefficient 0.90, test-retest reliability ( r = 0.918, P < .001), intraclass coefficient (0.912), and Cronbach’s alpha (.79). The factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) was not performed in this study due to the small sample size (n = 30) as the objective was to validate the Urdu version of the SDSCA instrument. Conclusions: This study provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the Urdu Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA) instrument, which may be used in the future for the patients of diabetes in order to assess type 2 diabetes self-management activities in the rural area of Pakistan and other Urdu-speaking countries.
Review of Web-Based Toolkits for Health Care Practitioners Working With Women and Girls Affected by or at Risk of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
Authors: Shaikh Hina , McDonnell Karen A.
Published: June 2020

Increased migration has given rise to more advocacy efforts against female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), legislation that criminalizes the practice, and guidance to the health sector for managing care of affected groups. More women and girls who have been cut or who are at risk of FGM/C are migrating from regions where it is common to countries where it is not and interacting with health professionals and other community practitioners in these host countries. Despite numerous studies on the negative health impacts of FGM/C, little is known about toolkits on FGM/C that providers can use in their prevention and response efforts. We sought to explore the nature of Internet-based products referenced as toolkits and materials characteristic of toolkits aimed at different service providers who may interact with women and girls affected by FGM/C. Through an online search, we identified 45 toolkits and collected data about each one. We found that the toolkits targeted different audiences and offered a diverse set of information and resources. The majority of toolkits were aimed at health professionals and provided factual and epidemiological-focused content, yet many did not include research evidence, skills development application, or approaches for implementing the toolkit in practice. This review is the first completed in the area of FGM/C to show a rich diversity of online materials. Future toolkits can be improved with the provision of evidence-based information and practical skills development for use by health professionals in implementing best practices in working with women and girls affected by FGM/C.
Can Projects on Blockchain Reduce Risks in Supply Chain Management?: An Oil Company Case Study
Authors: Vishnubhotla Anil Kumar , Pati Rupesh Kumar , Padhi Sidhartha S.
Published: June 2020

Increase in competition and the strategic move of enhanced outsourcing has made supply chain more complex. Various applications and software solutions are available to better manage this complexity. It has been observed that often such initiatives may not provide the excepted benefits. It has also been reported that an unclear understanding of business needs (including perceived risks) is the main reason of supply chain failure. The present study attempts to capture enterprise level supply chain risk in an oil company (case company) in India and explore if perception of a decision maker favours use of blockchain technology project to reduce the supply chain risk. The study adopts the following methodology: in-depth semi-structured interviews and structured survey was carried out with the top management of the case company to identify various enterprise level risks for supply chain management (SCM) projects which were subsequently clustered under Operations, Finance, Human Resources, and Strategic Business Risk categories. Inputs on the probability of occurrence and impacts of the identified risks on the enterprise-wide supply chain was mapped on the risk severity matrix (heat map) to prioritize the risks. Subsequently, the second round of questionnaire was developed and a similar survey carried out again with the same sample show the change in risk perception due to potential application of blockchain technology. Interesting insights could be gained from the practitioner’s perspective on the value contribution of using blockchain for improving management of SCM risks. It could be observed that a number of the high priority risk (in the initial scenario) could now be eliminated or managed due to specific characteristics of blockchain.. One of the major limitations of the present study is the lack of generalizability of the insights as it is based exclusively on the perspective of the case company towards the blockchain.