bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Male Breast Carcinoma Metastatic to the Choroid: Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hood Christopher T. , Budd G. Thomas , Zakov Z. Nicholas , Singh Arun D.
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO describe breast cancer as a source of choroidal metastasis in men and highlight the diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Methods

Retrospective, noncomparative case series of male patients with breast cancer metastatic to the choroid. A literature review of the previously reported cases was also conducted.

Results

Three cases of breast cancer metastatic to the choroid in male patients from one institution are described. All 3 patients eventually underwent treatment with radiotherapy.

Conclusions

Breast cancer is a rare cause of choroidal metastases in men. Radiotherapy is effective as a palliative treatment for choroidal metastases.
Thyasira ockelmanni (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Veneroidea), A new species of Thyasiridae from the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Keuning Rozemarijn , Schander Christoffer
Published: December 2010

A new species of Thyasiridae, Thyasira ockelmanni n.sp. is described from the abyssal depths of the Norwegian Sea. The generic assignment is tentative and possible alternatives are discussed. The new species has some resemblance to Thyasira subovata (Jeffreys, 1881) and Adontorhina similis Barry & McCormack, 2007, but the posterior outline is rounded and not angulate or truncate as in these species.
Sufficient Conditions and Duality Theorems for Nondifferentiable Minimax Fractional Programming
Authors: Ho Shun-Chin
Published: December 2010

We consider nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problems
involving B-(p, r)-invex functions with respect to η and b. Sufficient optimality conditions
and duality results for a class of nondifferentiable minimax fractional programming problems are obtained undr B-(p, r)-invexity assumption on objective and constraint functions.
Parametric duality, Mond-Weir duality, and Wolfe duality problems may be formulated,
and duality results are derived under B-(p, r)-invex functions.
Combined Endurance and Resistance Exercise Mitigates Age‐Associated Cardiac Dysfunction
Authors: Han Xiaowei , Ashraf Muhammad , Shi Hong , Nkembo Augustine T. , Tipparaju Srinivas M. , Xuan Wanling
Published: May 2024

Aging is associated with a decline in cardiac function. Exercise has been shown to effectively reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases. Here whether a combination of endurance and resistance exercises can improve cardiac function in aged mice during late life is investigated. Through transcriptome analysis, several signaling pathways activated in the hearts of 22‐month‐old mice after combined exercise, including cardiac muscle contraction, mitophagy, and longevity regulation are identified. Combined exercise training mitigated age‐associated pathological cardiac hypertrophy, reduced oxidative stress, cardiac senescence, and enhanced cardiac function. Upstream stimulatory factor 2 (Usf2) is upregulated in the aged mouse hearts with combined exercise compared to sedentary mice. In the human cardiomyocytes senescent model, overexpression of Usf2 led to anti‐senescence effects, while knockdown of Usf2 exacerbated cellular senescence. The results suggest that a combination of endurance and resistance exercises, such as swimming and resistance running, can mitigate age‐related pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in late life. These cardioprotective effects are likely due to the activation of Usf2 and its anti‐senescence effect. Therefore, Usf2 can potentially be a novel therapeutic target for mitigating age‐related cardiac dysfunction.
Fluorescence‐Guided Spatial Drug Screening in 3D Colorectal Cancer Spheroids
Authors: Yau Jia Ning Nicolette , Yempala Thirumal , Muthuramalingam Ram Pravin Kumar , Giustarini Giulio , Teng Germaine , Ang Wee Han , Gibson Dan , Adriani Giulia , Pastorin Giorgia
Published: May 2024

The limited recapitulation of critical cancer features in 2D cultures causes poor translatability of preclinical results from in vitro assays to in vivo tumor models. This contributes to slow drug development with a low success rate. 3D cultures better recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, enabling more accurate predictions when screening drug candidates and improving the development of chemotherapeutics. Platinum (Pt) (IV) compounds are promising prodrugs designed to reduce the severe systemic toxicity of widely used Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved Pt(II) drugs such as cisplatin. Here, this work presents spatiotemporal evaluations in 3D colorectal cancer (CRC) spheroids of mitochondria‐targeting Pt(IV) complexes. CRC spheroids provide a greater pathophysiological recapitulation of in vivo tumors than 2D cultures by a marked upregulation of the ABCG2 chemoresistance marker expression. Furthermore, new 3D‐staining protocols are introduced to evaluate the real‐time decrease in mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨ) in CRC spheroids, and a Pt‐sensing dye to quantify the Pt mitochondrial accumulation. Finally, this work demonstrates a correlation between in vitro results and the efficacy of the compounds in vivo. Overall, the CRC spheroids represent a fast and cost‐effective model to assess the behavior of Pt compounds in vitro and predict their translational potential in CRC treatment.
Toward Ideal Low‐Frequency Noise in Monolayer CVD MoS2 FETs: Influence of van der Waals Junctions and Sulfur Vacancy Management
Authors: Shin Wonjun , Byeon Junsung , Koo Ryun‐Han , Lim Jungmoon , Kang Jung Hyeon , Jang A‐Rang , Lee Jong‐Ho , Kim Jae‐Joon , Cha SeungNam , Pak Sangyeon , Lee Sung‐Tae
Published: May 2024

The pursuit of sub‐1‐nm field‐effect transistor (FET) channels within 3D semiconducting crystals faces challenges due to diminished gate electrostatics and increased charge carrier scattering. 2D semiconductors, exemplified by transition metal dichalcogenides, provide a promising alternative. However, the non‐idealities, such as excess low‐frequency noise (LFN) in 2D FETs, present substantial hurdles to their realization and commercialization. In this study, ideal LFN characteristics in monolayer MoS2 FETs are attained by engineering the metal‐2D semiconductor contact and the subgap density of states (DOS). By probing non‐ideal contact resistance effects using CuS and Au electrodes, it is uncovered that excess contact noise in the high drain current (ID) region can be substantially reduced by forming a van der Waals junction with CuS electrodes. Furthermore, thermal annealing effectively mitigates sulfur vacancy‐induced subgap density of states (DOS), diminishing excess noise in the low ID region. Through meticulous optimization of metal‐2D semiconductor contacts and subgap DOS, alignment of 1/f noise with the pure carrier number fluctuation model is achieved, ultimately achieving the sought‐after ideal LFN behavior in monolayer MoS2 FETs. This study underscores the necessity of refining excess noise, heralding improved performance and reliability of 2D electronic devices.
Pre‐Doping of Dual‐Functional Sodium to Weaken Fe─S Bond and Stabilize Interfacial Chemistry for High‐Rate Reversible Sodium Storage
Authors: Wu Naiteng , Zhao Zibo , Hua Ran , Wang Xiting , Zhang Yiming , Li Jin , Liu Guilong , Guo Donglei , Sun Guang , Liu Xianming , Zhang Jiangwei
Published: May 2024

Ferrous sulfides with the high theoretic capacity are the promising anode for sodium ion batteries. However, capacity fading and inferior rate capability still hinder their practical application. In this work, Na‐doped Fe7S8 microrods with cationic vacancies and weakened Fe─S bond are constructed through a facile and scalable sulfurized route. The experimental results combined with theoretical analysis thoroughly reveal the generation of Fe vacancies and weakened Fe─S bond strength induced by sodium doping, which modulates the energy band structure of Na‐doped Fe7S8, provides more active sites, and accelerates the sodiation/desodiation reaction kinetics, simultaneously. Moreover, the pre‐doping sodium delivers a strong guiding effect on the formation of thin and stable solid electrolyte interface films. As the result, the optimal sample exhibits the excellent sodium storage performance, including the high and stable reversible capacity (674 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 and 503 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles at 10 A g−1), superior rate capability, and increased initial coulombic efficiency. Furthermore, the full cell paired with commercial Na3V2(PO4)3 also displays the outstanding cyclic stability with 95.9% capacity retention at 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles.
First noncontact millimeter‐wave radar measurement of heart rate in great apes: Validation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Matsumoto Takuya , Iwata Itsuki , Sakamoto Takuya , Hirata Satoshi
Published: May 2024

Heart rate is a crucial vital sign and a valuable indicator for assessing the physical and psychological condition of a target animal. Heart rate contributes to (1) fundamental information for cognitive research, (2) an indicator of psychological and physical stress, and (3) improving the animal welfare of captive animals, especially in nonhuman primate studies. Heart rate has been measured using a contact‐type device; however, the device burdens the target animals and that there are risks associated with anesthesia during installation. This study explores the application of heartbeat measurement techniques using millimeter‐wave radar, primarily developed for humans, as a remote and noninvasive method for measuring the heart rate of nonhuman primates. Through a measurement test conducted on two chimpanzees, we observed a remarkable correspondence between the peak frequency spectrum of heart rate estimated using millimeter‐wave radar and the mean value obtained from electrocardiograph data, thereby validating the accuracy of the method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the precise measurement of great apes' heart rate using millimeter‐wave radar technology. Compared to heart rate measurement using video analysis, the method using millimeter‐wave radar has the advantage that it is less susceptible to weather and lighting conditions and that measurement techniques for multiple individuals have been developed for human subjects, while its disadvantage is that validation of measurement from long distances has not been completed. Another disadvantage common to both methods is that measurement becomes difficult when the movement of the target individual is large. The possibility of noncontact measurement of heart rate in wild and captive primates will undoubtedly open up a new research area while taking animal welfare into consideration.
Gold(III) Auracycles Featuring C(sp3)‐Au‐C(sp2) Bonds: Synthesis and Mechanistic Insights into the Cycloauration Step
Authors: González Jorge A. , Arribas Andrés , Tian Puyang , Díaz‐Alonso Sergio , Mascareñas José Luis , López Fernando , Nevado Cristina
Published: May 2024

The direct auration of arenes is a key step in numerous gold‐catalyzed reactions. Although reported more than 100 years ago, understanding of its underlying mechanism has been hampered by the difficulties in the isolation of relevant intermediates given the propensity of gold(III) species to undergo reductive elimination. Here, we report the synthesis and isolation of a new family of intriguing zwitterionic [C(sp3)^C(sp2)]‐auracyclopentanes, as well as of their alkyl‐gold(III) precursors and demonstrate their value as mechanistic probes to study the C(sp2)‐Au bond‐forming event. Experimental investigations employing Kinetic Isotope Effects (KIE), Hammett plot, and Eyring analysis provided important insights into the formation of the auracycle. The data suggest a SEAr mechanism wherein the slowest step might be the π‐coordination between the arene and the gold(III) center, en route to the Wheland intermediate. We also show that these auracyclopentanes can work as catalysts in several gold‐promoted transformations.
Covalent Organic Framework with Donor1‐Acceptor‐Donor2 Motifs Regulating Local Charge of Intercalated Single Cobalt Sites for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Syngas
Authors: Lan Xingwang , Li Hangshuai , Liu Yuemeng , Zhang Yize , Zhang Tianjun , Chen Yong
Published: May 2024

Covalent organic framework (COF) has attracted increasing interest in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, but it remains a challenge to achieve high conversion efficiency owing to the insufficient active site and fast charge recombination. Rationally optimizing the electronic structures of COF to regulate the local charge of active sites precisely is the key point to improving catalytic performance. Herein, intercalated single Co sites coordinated by imine‐N motifs have been designed by using trinuclear copper‐based imine‐COFs with distinct electronic moieties via a molecular engineering strategy. It is confirmed that the charge delivery property and local charge distribution of these heterometallic frameworks can be profoundly influenced by electronic structures. Among these featured structures with mixed‐state copper clusters, Co/Cu3‐TPA‐COF stands out for an exceptional photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity and tunable syngas (CO/H2) ratio by changing various bipyridines. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that interlayer Co‐imine N motifs on the donor1‐acceptor‐donor2 structures facilitate the formation of a highly separated electron‐hole state, which effectively induces the oriented electron transfer from dual electron donors to Co centers, achieving an enhanced CO2 activation and reduction. This work opens up an avenue for the design of high‐performance COF‐based catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Recent Advances on Pristine MOF‐Based Electrodes for PIBs: Characteristics, Potassium Storage Mechanisms, and Optimization Strategies
Authors: Li Chao , Yan Hong , Yang Hanlu , Yue Min , Li Shujun , Wang Kuaibing
Published: May 2024

Benefiting from the natural attributes of exceptional chemical stability, versatility, porous structure, and tunable pore sizes, pristine metal‐organic frameworks, MOFs, have gained widespread recognition as advanced anodes and cathodes for potassium‐ion batteries, PIBs, showcasing several promising features in electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, a comprehensive review highlights recent advancements in pristine MOF‐based electrodes for PIBs, focusing on the detailed characteristics, redox reaction monachism, and effective strategies to improve electrochemical energy performance, which provides guidance for further developments in electrode design and optimization strategies aimed at achieving prolonged cyclability and capacity retention.
A method for determining groups in cumulative incidence curves in competing risk data
Authors: Sestelo Marta , Meira‐Machado Luís , Villanueva Nora M. , Roca‐Pardiñas Javier
Published: May 2024

The cumulative incidence function is the standard method for estimating the marginal probability of a given event in the presence of competing risks. One basic but important goal in the analysis of competing risk data is the comparison of these curves, for which limited literature exists. We proposed a new procedure that lets us not only test the equality of these curves but also group them if they are not equal. The proposed method allows determining the composition of the groups as well as an automatic selection of their number. Simulation studies show the good numerical behavior of the proposed methods for finite sample size. The applicability of the proposed method is illustrated using real data.
Crocin ameliorates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in mice with Alzheimer's disease by activating PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Su Wenwen , Wang Yanbo , Shao Sen , Ye Xiaojun
Published: May 2024

Background

Crocin has a good prospect in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Crocin and its underlying mechanisms in AD.

Methods

AD mice were set up by injecting Aβ25‐35 solution into the hippocampus. Then, the AD mice were injected intraperitoneally with 40 mg/kg/day of Crocin for 14 days. Following the completion of Crocin treatment, an open‐field test, Y‐maze test and Morris water maze test were conducted to evaluate the impact of Crocin on spatial learning and memory deficiency in mice. The effects of Crocin on hippocampal neuron injury, proinflammatory cytokine expressions (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α), and PI3K/AKT signaling‐related protein expressions were measured using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Western blot, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) experiments, respectively.

Results

Crocin attenuated Aβ25‐35‐induced spatial learning and memory deficiency and hippocampal neuron injury. Furthermore, the Western blot and qRT‐PCR results showed that Crocin effectively suppressed inflammation and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway in Aβ25‐35‐induced mice.

Conclusion

Crocin restrained neuroinflammation via the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby ameliorating the cognitive dysfunction of AD mice.
Digital therapeutics using virtual reality‐based visual perceptual learning for visual field defects in stroke: A double‐blind randomized trial
Authors: Namgung Eun , Kwon Sun U. , Han Moon‐Ku , Kim Gyeong‐Moon , Kim Hahn Young , Park Kwang‐Yeol , Cho Moonju , Choi Ha‐Gyun , Nah Hyun‐Wook , Lim Hyun Taek , Kang Dong‐Wha
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Visual field defects (VFDs) represent a debilitating poststroke complication, characterized by unseen parts of the visual field. Visual perceptual learning (VPL), involving repetitive visual training in blind visual fields, may effectively restore visual field sensitivity in cortical blindness. This current multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial investigated the efficacy and safety of VPL‐based digital therapeutics (Nunap Vision [NV]) for treating poststroke VFDs.

Methods

Stroke outpatients with VFDs (>6 months after stroke onset) were randomized into NV (defective field training) or Nunap Vision‐Control (NV‐C, central field training) groups. Both interventions provided visual perceptual training, consisting of orientation, rotation, and depth discrimination, through a virtual reality head‐mounted display device 5 days a week for 12 weeks. The two groups received VFD assessments using Humphrey visual field (HVF) tests at baseline and 12‐week follow‐up. The final analysis included those completed the study (NV, n = 40; NV‐C, n = 35). Efficacy measures included improved visual area (sensitivity ≥6 dB) and changes in the HVF scores during the 12‐week period.

Results

With a high compliance rate, NV and NV‐C training improved the visual areas in the defective hemifield (>72 degrees2) and the whole field (>108 degrees2), which are clinically meaningful improvements despite no significant between‐group differences. According to within‐group analyses, mean total deviation scores in the defective hemifield improved after NV training (p = .03) but not after NV‐C training (p = .12).

Conclusions

The current trial suggests that VPL‐based digital therapeutics may induce clinically meaningful visual improvements in patients with poststroke VFDs. Yet, between‐group differences in therapeutic efficacy were not found as NV‐C training exhibited unexpected improvement comparable to NV training, possibly due to learning transfer effects.
A 3‐year follow‐up of implant placement in proximity to canalis sinuosus: Case study
Authors: Orth Cássio Cardona , Orth Celso , Orth Celso Cardona , da Silva Lisângela , Streb Maria Helena , dos Reis Bueno Mike
Published: May 2024

Background

While the nasal fossa and nasopalatine canal are recognized limitations for immediate implants in esthetic areas, the canalis sinuosus (CS) and its branches have been largely overlooked. Neglecting this anatomy can lead to sensory issues, pain, and implant failure underscores the necessity of meticulous pre‐surgical assessment and planning to mitigate risks and ensure implant success. This case highlights the need for comprehensive pre‐surgical evaluation and precise planning to minimize these complications and ensure successful implant outcomes in this scenario.

Methods and Results

A 41‐year‐old woman with a history of root perforation and external root resorption was referred for dental implant placement. Following clinical evaluation and computed tomography, the presence of an accessory canal of the CS was identified. After meticulous planning to avoid implant contact with this structure, ridge preservation was performed. After 6 months, the implant was successfully placed following guided osteotomy. The case demonstrates clinical and radiographic stability after 36 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion

The correct diagnosis and planning, within a multidisciplinary team, can lead to successful implant placement in a challenging site with an anatomical variation. This study, to our knowledge, represents the first to propose an alternative treatment approach in the presence of CS in an esthetic region.

Key points

Why is this case new information?

This case emphasizes the importance of thorough pre‐surgical evaluation to mitigate potential complications related to the CS. It is the first, to our knowledge, to propose an alternative treatment approach in the presence of this anatomical variation in an esthetic region.

What are the keys to successful management in this case?

Comprehensive pre‐surgical evaluation, precise planning with detailed CBCT assessment to identify the CS, careful consideration of its anatomy during surgical intervention, knowledge of the limitations of tissue reconstructions, and precise clinical strategies to minimize associated complications.

What are the primary limitations to success in this case?

The need to position the implant with a safety margin from the CS led to implant positioning resulting in fenestration of the buccal bone plate, preventing its reconstruction due to the bone envelope's design, resulting in a discrepant gingival margin compared to the contralateral tooth, which did not allow for further crown lengthening due to a rather short root.
Atramacrolodes A−D (1–4), Four Undescribed Eudesmane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from the Rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala
Authors: Li Bei , Tian Yulu , Guo Xinyi , Ren Yating , Ma Jie , Zang Yingda , Sun Hua , Zhang Dongming , Li Chuangjun
Published: May 2024

Four undescribed sesquiterpenes, atramacrolodes A−D (1–4), along with six known compounds 5–10 were isolated from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala. Compound 3 possessed a new skeleton based on an unprecedented carton‐carton connection. Their structures were determined by UV, IR, HRESIMS, NMR spectra, 13C NMR calculation with DP4+ analysis, and the comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 5 and 8 showed protective effects against paracetamol‐induced liver cell injury.
Robust Radicals Featuring B‐ and N‐Embedded Dioxygen‐Bridged Units: Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Properties
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Shi Chao , Zhao Meng , Li Feiyang , Zhang Jing , Jiang Zhen , Li Qiuxia , Yuan Aihua , Yan Hong
Published: May 2024

Tris(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM) group has been widely used for constructing organic radicals, but the poor optical stabilities limit the application prospects of the TTM radicals. In this work, the rigid B‐ and N‐embedded dioxygen‐bridged (BO and NO) units were attached to the TTM skeleton as the strong electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups, respectively. The rigidity and strong electronic effect of the BO and NO units contribute to the high chemical and optical stability of BO‐TTM and NO‐TTM radicals. Notably, NO‐TTM exhibits near‐infrared emission at 830 nm with a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 55 nm (100 meV), while BO‐TTM shows blue‐shifted luminescence at 635 nm and a narrower FWHM of merely 43 nm (130 meV). This study has developed a methodology to produce highly efficient and enduring luminescent radicals, which could tune emission properties such as wavelength and FWHM.
Cover Feature: Dual‐Responsive Gradient Structured Actuator via Photopolymerization‐Induced Diffusion (Chem. Eur. J. 33/2024)
Authors: Sezen Polat Duygu , Buurman Vera E. , Mulder Dirk J. , Liu Danqing
Published: May 2024

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Danqing Liu and co‐workers at the University of Eindhoven University of Technology. The image depicts two‐step photopolymerization‐induced diffusion for the fabrication of gradient‐structured dual‐responsive thiol‐ene networks. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202400515.
Integration of risk, flexibility, and resilience in the optimization of water–energy nexus
Authors: Chrisandina Natasha J. , Deshpande Aovi A. , Al‐Fadhli Fahad M. , Iakovou Eleftherios , El‐Halwagi Mahmoud M. , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N.
Published: May 2024

Co‐location of power plants and desalination systems allows for a reduction in operational expense through energy integration. Furthermore, augmenting fossil‐based power plants with solar energy provides a means of reducing the carbon footprint of electricity generation. It is also critical to protect the combined energy–water system against internal and external risk factors to maintain a reliable supply of both electricity and water. Therefore, a systematic approach for assessing and mitigating risks is needed. Because of the complex water–energy interactions, a superstructure representation is created and a quantitative risk assessment is conducted to show potential risk factors that target specific sub‐systems. A surrogate model of the flexibility index analysis is built in order to optimize the superstructure for both cost and flexibility objectives. Finally, the generated design is simulated against disruption scenarios to obtain its resilience against various risk factors. This approach is applied to a case study on the Kuwait water–energy plant to show how the developed approach can help decision‐makers create operational strategies to protect against risk in a cost‐effective manner.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of N,N,N‐Trimethyl‐D‐Glucosamine Chitotriomycin and Its Analogues
Authors: Li Jianghua , Zhang Yan , Hu Zhifei , Ye Jinfeng , Cao Hongzhi
Published: May 2024

Comprehensive Summary

N,N,N‐Trimethyl‐D‐glucosamine (TMG)‐chitotriomycin, a naturally occurring chitin related oligosaccharide, is a specific β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidases (HexNAcases) inhibitor for insects and fungi. Although TMG‐chitoriomycin holds great promise as a novel class insecticide and fungicide, the limited accessibility of TMG‐chitotriomycin prevents its further biological evaluation. We report herein a simple and eco‐friendly chemoenzymatic approach for the efficient synthesis of TMG‐chitotriomycin and its analogues. In this strategy, the readily available chitosan was enzymatically hydrolyzed and chemically N‐acetylated to afford the chitooligosaccharides ranging from disaccharide to hexasaccharide. These chitooligosaccharides were selectively deacetylated by two different chitin deacetylases followed by chemical N‐trimethylation to obtain the desired TMG‐chitotriomycin and a total of 13 TMG‐chitotriomycin analogues in the longest linear sequence of 4 steps in over 12% total yields.
In situ Low‐Energy Electron Microscopy of Chemical Waves on a Composite V‐oxide/Rh(110) Surface
Authors: von Boehn Bernhard , Krisponeit Jon‐Olaf , Falta Jens , Imbihl Ronald
Published: May 2024

Chemical wave patterns and V‐oxide redistribution in catalytic methanol oxidation on a VOx/Rh(110) surface have been investigated in the 10−4 mbar range with low‐energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and micro spot low‐energy electron diffraction (micro‐LEED) as in situ methods. V coverages of θV=0.2 and 0.4 MLE (monolayer equivalents) were studied. Pulses display a c(2×2) pattern in the reduced part and (1×2) and c(2×8) structures in the oxidized part of the surface. At θV=0.4 MLE (1×2)/(1×4) patterns with streaks along the [001]‐direction at the 1/8 positions are present on the oxidized part of the surface. This phase can be assigned to V‐oxide. On a tentative basis, an excitation mechanism for pulses is presented, Annealing the surface to 990 K under reaction conditions results in a macroscopic hole pattern in which holes of low VOx coverage are surrounded by a V‐oxide layer. Chemical waves propagate inside the holes as well as on the VOx covered parts of the surface. The results demonstrate for the first time that also in supported oxidic overlayers selforganization processes can take place leading to chemical waves and a large scale redistribution of the oxide.
Single‐cell and spatial alterations of neural cells and circuits in clinical and translational medicine
Authors: Wang William , Liu Xuanqi , Wang Diane Catherine
Published: May 2024

The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of neurons, circuits and regulators is being uncovered at a single‐cell level, from the single‐cell gene expression to functional regulations. The classifications, architectonics and functional communications amongst neural cells and circuits within the brain can be clearly delineated using single‐cell multiomics and transomics. This Editorial highlights the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of neurons and circuits as well as regulators, initiates the translation of neuronal diversity and spatial organisation at single‐cell levels into clinical considerations, and enables the discovery and development of new therapies for neurological diseases. It is predicted that single‐cell and spatial multiomics will be integrated with metabolomic profiles and corresponding gene epigenetic modifications. The interactions amongst DNAs, RNAs and proteins in a cell provide details of intracellular functional regulations and new opportunities for the translation of temporospatial diversity of neural cell subtypes/states into clinical practice. The application of single‐cell multiomics with four‐dimensional genome to the human pathological brain will lead us to a new milestone of the diagnosis and treatment.
Costly conspicuousness reveals benefits of sexual dimorphism in brood parasitic diederik cuckoos
Authors: York Jennifer
Published: May 2024

The existence of adult sexual dimorphism is typically explained as a consequence of sexual selection, yet coevolutionary drivers of sexual dimorphism frequently remain untested. Here, I investigate the role of sexual dimorphism in host–parasite interactions of the brood parasitic diederik cuckoo, Chrysococcyx caprius. Female diederik cuckoos are more cryptic in appearance and pose a threat to the clutch, while male diederik cuckoos are conspicuous and not a direct threat. Specifically, I examine whether sexual dimorphism in diederik cuckoos provokes threat‐level sensitive responses in Southern red bishop, Euplectes orix, hosts. I use experimentally simulated nest intrusions to test whether hosts have the capacity to differentially (i) detect, and/or (ii) discriminate between, male and female diederik cuckoos, relative to harmless controls. Overall, I found no evidence that diederik cuckoos differ in detectability, since both sexes are comparable to controls in the probability and speed of host detection. Furthermore, neither male nor female hosts discriminate between sexually dimorphic diederik cuckoos when engaging in frontline nest defences. However, hosts that witnessed a male diederik cuckoo during the trial were more likely to reject odd eggs. Moreover, experimental eggs were significantly more likely to be rejected when female bishops observed a male compared to a female diederik cuckoo. While the cryptic appearance of female diederik cuckoos does not reduce detection by hosts, it does provide the benefit of anonymity given the egg rejection costs of conspicuous male‐like appearance in the nest vicinity. These findings have implications for the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism across the Cuculidae, and highlight the value of testing assumptions about the ecological drivers of sexual dimorphism.
Leopard subspecies conservation under climate and land‐use change
Authors: Mitchell Charlotte , Bolam Jamie , Bertola Laura D. , Naude Vincent N. , Gonçalves da Silva Lucas , Razgour Orly
Published: May 2024

Predicting the effects of global environmental changes on species distribution is a top conservation priority, particularly for large carnivores, that contribute to regulating and maintaining ecosystems. As the most widespread and adaptable large felid, ranging across Africa and Asia, leopards are crucial to many ecosystems as both keystone and umbrella species, yet they are threatened across their ranges. We used intraspecific species distribution models (SDMs) to predict changes in range suitability for leopards under future climate and land‐use change and identify conservation gaps and opportunities. We generated intraspecific SDMs for the three western leopard subspecies, the African, Panthera pardus pardus; Arabian, Panthera pardus nimr; and Persian, Panthera pardus tulliana, leopards, and overlapped predictions with protected areas (PAs) coverage. We show that leopard subspecies differ in their environmental associations and vulnerability to future changes. The African and Arabian leopards are predicted to lose ~25% and ~14% of their currently suitable range, respectively, while the Persian leopard is predicted to experience ~12% range gains. We found that most areas predicted to be suitable were not protected, with only 4%–16% of the subspecies' ranges falling inside PAs, and that these proportions will decrease in the future. The highly variable responses we found between leopard subspecies highlight the importance of considering intraspecific variation when modelling vulnerability to climate and land‐use changes. The predicted decrease in proportion of suitable ranges falling inside PAs threatens global capacity to effectively conserve leopards because survival rates are substantially lower outside PAs due to persecution. Hence, it is important to work with local communities to address negative human‐wildlife interactions and to restore habitats to retain landscape connectivity where PA coverage is low. On the other hand, the predicted increase in range suitability across southern Europe presents opportunities for expansion outside of their contemporary range, capitalising on European rewilding schemes.
Asymmetric competition among stream fishes: Do food web pathways affect competitive outcomes?
Authors: George Owen , Collins Scott F.
Published: May 2024

Limiting resources are often unevenly distributed among competing consumers, as larger, more aggressive, fast growing, early emerging, or rapidly reproducing species disproportionately exploit food or habitat. In such cases, asymmetric competition can occur (i.e., when limited resources are divided up unequally among individuals or species), resulting in stronger negative effects for some species and comparatively weaker effects for others. We hypothesize that the accessibility of food web pathways influences asymmetric competition among stream fishes. To test this hypothesis, we studied the interactions of invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) with native Rio Grande sucker (Catostomus plebeius or Pantosteus plebeius) and Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora) in mountain streams of New Mexico, USA, from 2020 to 2021. Our study found support for the hypothesis that the accessibility of food web pathways drives asymmetric competition in mountain stream fishes, as native chub and sucker grew at slower rates than invasive brown trout across all observed body sizes. Our conclusion is evidenced by (1) strong diet overlap driven by benthic macroinvertebrates that (2) were important in fueling the growth of native fishes but were also (3) disproportionately exploited by trout. Because trout fed on small aquatic invertebrates, large crayfish, other fish, and inputs of terrestrial prey, they could incorporate energy from differing food web pathways, whereas native fishes were mostly limited to small benthic prey (and chubs fed on terrestrial arthropods). As trout, chub, and sucker competed for small benthic prey, trout could also incorporate other sources of food, whereas chub and sucker had fewer options. Although two or more species may compete for one resource, their rates of growth and production are also dependent on, and fueled by, other food web pathways. Our work demonstrates that such food web pathways help explain differences in growth and production between invasive and native fishes. Our findings show that tracking energy flows through the different food web pathways provides a useful and intuitive means of describing the important sources of food (i.e., the trophic basis of production) that fuel growth and production and sheds light on the processes that drive asymmetric competition.
Ecological benefits of strategically applied livestock grazing in sagebrush communities
Authors: Davies Kirk W. , Boyd Chad S. , Bates Jon D. , Svejcar Lauren N. , Porensky Lauren M.
Published: May 2024

There are concerns about the negative consequences of non‐native livestock grazing of sagebrush communities, especially since these communities are experiencing unpreceded threats from invasive annual grasses, altered fire regimes, and climate change. The narrative around grazing often focuses on the effects of heavy, repeated growing season use that were common historically but now are rare or localized (e.g., near water sources). At the same time, the potential for ecological benefits of strategically applied grazing is often overlooked, limiting management options that may promote desired outcomes. To improve management in the face of unprecedented threats, we synthesized the literature to investigate and identify potential ecological benefits of strategically applied livestock grazing in sagebrush communities. We found that grazing can be used to modify fine fuel characteristics in ways that decrease fire probability and severity in sagebrush communities. Pre‐fire moderate grazing may be especially important because it decreases fire severity and, thereby, promotes biodiversity and reduces postfire annual grass invasion, fire‐induced mortality of native bunchgrasses, and fire damage to soil biocrusts. Grazing can create and maintain fine fuel breaks to improve firefighter safety and fire suppression efficiency. Strategic grazing can also be used to promote desirable plant community composition. Grazing can be a valuable tool, that is currently underutilized, for achieving desired management outcomes in the sagebrush and likely other ecosystems. Improper grazing can generate severe negative consequences; therefore, successful application of grazing to achieve desired outcomes will require careful attention to plant community response and balancing management objectives with community constraints.
MOF‐Derived Iron‐Cobalt Phosphide Nanoframe as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Yuan Yanqi , Wang Kun , Zhong Boan , Yu Dongkun , Ye Fei , Liu Jing , Dutta Joydeep , Zhang Peng
Published: May 2024

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have emerged as an alternative to precious metals as efficient and low‐cost catalysts for water electrolysis. Elemental doping and morphology control are effective approaches to further improve the performance of TMPs. Herein, Fe‐doped CoP nanoframes (Fe‐CoP NFs) with specific open cage configuration were designed and synthesized. The unique nano‐framework structured Fe‐CoP material shows overpotentials of only 255 and 122 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively, overwhelming most transition metal phosphides. For overall water splitting, the cell voltage is 1.65 V for Fe‐CoP NFs at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, much superior to what is observed for the classical nanocubic structures. Fe‐CoP NFs show no activity degradation up to 100 h which contrasts sharply with the rapidly decaying performance of noble metal catalyst reference. The superior electrocatalytic performance of Fe‐CoP NFs due to abundant accessible active sites, reduced kinetic energy barrier, and preferable *O‐containing intermediate adsorption is demonstrated through experimental observations and theoretical calculations. Our findings could provide a potential method for the preparation of multifunctional material with hollow structures and offer more hopeful prospects for obtaining efficient earth‐abundant catalysts for water splitting.
Deprotonative Metallation of Benzofuran and Benzothiophene Derivatives for the Formation of Tetracyclic and Pentacyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Elmir Loubna , Bentabed‐Ababsa Ghenia , Erb William , Roisnel Thierry , Hurvois Jean‐Pierre , Picot Laurent , Thiéry Valérie , Mongin Florence
Published: May 2024

N,N‐dialkylbenzofuran‐ and N,N‐dialkylbenzothiophene‐2‐carboxamides were readily prepared from bare benzofuran and benzothiophene by deprotocupration followed by trapping with N,N‐dialkylcarbamoyl chlorides. They were reacted with 2‐benzofuryl‐ and 2‐benzothienyllithiums to form symmetrical and unsymmetrical diarylketones, or underwent deprotolithiation‐electrophilic trapping sequences at their 3 position. From 3‐iodinated derivatives, copper‐catalysed N‐arylation of azoles was performed, followed by lithium amide‐promoted cyclisation, to give ‘tripentone’ analogues. The diarylketones were also iodinated at their 3,3’ positions and then engaged in the copper‐promoted double N‐arylation of anilines, giving rise to a family of original pentacyclic derivatives. A preliminary assessment of their electrochemical and biological properties was carried out, showing promising results against the proliferation of melanoma cells.
Signal points allocation for generalized enhanced spatial modulation
Authors: Yin Ling , Zeng Guang , Long Qingwen
Published: May 2024

In this paper, making full use of the spatial domain of transmit antennas (TAs) and keeping the characteristic of the squared minimum Euclidean distance (MED) between the transmitted spatial vectors (TSVs), generalized enhanced spatial modulation with signal points allocation (GESM‐SPA) is proposed to expand the size of signal spaces for enhancing the spectral efficiency and the reliability of communications. In the GESM‐SPA, according to the number of active TAs, signal constellation points (CPs) from the QAM or secondary QAM constellations are allocated and then modulated on the corresponding active TAs with the selected antenna index (AI) vector. Through this design, which further exploits the spatial domain with the variability of active TAs, the squared MED between the TSVs is increased in comparison with the existing traditional systems. More specifically, in view of the disadvantage of the classic ESM system, the constellation groups (CGs) with priority given to the QAM CPs are constructed to further maximize the squared MED. Then, the AI vector subsets corresponding to the obtained CGs are designed to be candidate for the specified AI vector set with the AI information. The squared MED and the average bit error probability (BEP) are analyzed. In simulation results using Monte Carlo, the GESM‐SPA outperforms the existing classic systems in terms of the bit error rate performance.
Postoperative improvement in patient‐reported outcomes after neutral alignment medial open wedge high tibial osteotomy for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis in patients aged ≥70 years versus younger patients
Authors: Nakashima Mitsuharu , Takahashi Tsuneari , Matsumura Tomohiro , Takeshita Katsushi
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To compare the postoperative clinical and radiological outcomes in patients aged ≥70 years following neutral alignment medial opening‐wedge high tibial osteotomy (NA‐MOWHTO) for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (KOA) to those observed in younger patients.

Methods

The data of patients who underwent NA‐MOWHTO for medial compartment KOA between September 2018 and June 2022 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were categorised into groups Y (<70 years) and O (≥70 years). Age, sex, Kellgren–Lawrence classification, pre‐ and postoperative mechanical axis, weight‐bearing line ratio, medial proximal tibial angle, preoperative Tegner Activity Score and pre‐ and postoperative Lysholm scores were compared between the groups.

Results

Overall, 81 patients (60 and 21 in groups Y and O, respectively) who underwent NA‐MOWHTO were included in this study. No significant differences were found in patient characteristics between the two groups, except for the preoperative Tegner Activity Score, which was significantly higher in group Y than in group O (3 [2–4] vs. 2 [2–2], respectively; p = 0.011). The two groups exhibited no significant differences in pre‐ and postoperative knee alignments. Postoperatively, Lysholm scores improved significantly in both groups without significant differences. Additionally, no correlation was found between age and pre‐ and postoperative Lysholm scores.

Conclusions

The postoperative improvement following NA‐MOWHTO for medial compartment KOA is comparable in patients aged ≥70 and younger.

Level of Evidence

Level III, Retrospective comparative study.
Impairments in peroneal muscle size and activation in individuals with patellofemoral pain in weight‐bearing position
Authors: Jaffri Abbis , Schwarting Amber , Baellow Andrea
Published: May 2024

Background

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is characterized by chronic pain in the anterior aspect of the knee during loading activities. Many studies investigating muscle morphology changes for individuals with PFP focus on the proximal joints, however, few studies have investigated muscles of the foot and ankle complex. This study aimed to explore the differences in peroneal muscle size and activation between individuals with PFP and healthy controls using ultrasound imaging in weight‐bearing.

Methods

A case‐control study in a university lab setting was conducted. Thirty individuals with PFP (age: 20.23 ± 3.30 years, mass: 74.70 ± 27.63 kgs, height: 161.32 ± 11.72 cm) and 30 healthy individuals (age: 20.33 ± 3.37 years, mass: 64.02 ± 11.00 kgs, height: 169.31 ± 9.30 cm) participated. Cross‐sectional area (CSA) images of the peroneal muscles were taken in non‐weight bearing and weight‐bearing positions. The functional activation ratio from lying to single‐leg standing (SLS) was calculated.

Results

There was a statistically significant (p = 0.041) group (PFP, healthy) by position (non‐weight‐bearing, weight‐bearing) interaction for the peroneal muscle CSA with a Cohen's d effect size of 0.2 in non‐weight‐bearing position and 0.7 in weight‐bearing position. The functional activation ratio for the healthy group was significantly more (p = 0.01) than the PFP group.

Conclusion

Peroneal muscles were found to be smaller in size in those with PFP compared to the healthy subjects in the weight‐bearing SLS position. This study found that those with PFP have lower activation of peroneal muscles in functional position.
Clients' experiences of empathy in genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: A qualitative study in Japan
Authors: Tomozawa Chikako , Kaneko Mikiko , Sasaki Motoko , Miyake Hidehiko
Published: May 2024

Empathy is a significant element in genetic counseling for building relationships with the clients and addressing their issues. However, there are few reports on the experiences of the clients about their perceived empathy in genetic counseling. Cancer genetic counseling needs have been rapidly evolving with the expansion of clinical comprehensive genomic profiling and genetic diagnosis approaches for hereditary cancers. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal empathy perceptions of the clients during cancer genetic counseling. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted, and a grounded theory approach was used for data analysis. A total of 13 participants were recruited from organizations for patients with cancer, among whom 11 were patients with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and two were relatives of patients with HBOC. Data analysis was organized into five categories related to experiences with empathy: (i) prior context to perceive empathy (ii) understanding and consideration, (iii) bedside manner, and (iv) impacted area of perceived empathy; and (v) no empathy. This study highlights the fact that empathy experiences of the clients differ depending on the situation and state of mind. Taken together, this study provides new insights on how to deliver empathic care.