bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Hydatidosis in a Lamb
Authors: Abbasi Javad , Shokrpoor Sara , Abdollahi Mostafa , Ziafati Kafi Zahra , Anoushepour Amin , Dehghan Rahimabadi Peyman , Ashrafi Tamai Iraj
Published: December 2024

A 6‐month‐old Afshari male lamb was examined on a semi‐intensive farm due to anorexia and neurologic signs, including head tilt, circling, bilateral positive menace response and stupor. The sheep was slaughtered and necropsied. After routine parasitology and histopathology procedures, the occurrence of cerebral hydatidosis was confirmed. This study represents the first report of cerebral hydatidosis in sheep and suggests that cerebral hydatid cysts should be considered possible etiological agents for neurological syndromes in sheep. The studied hydatid cyst was sequenced for the COX1 partial gene and submitted as a new strain to the NCBI GenBank with the accession number OR984434.1 and name Jabbasi1. The sequence of this isolate was also compared with other sequences in GenBank using a phylogenetic tree. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, our strain was classified as a G1 strain and showed high homology to other G1 strains reported from Iran, Iraq and so forth.
First case of mucormycosis (Rhizopus nigricans) in a cat
Authors: Marinelly Riata , Matiasek Kaspar , Groth Anna , Greijdanus‐van der Putten S. , Rosati Marco , Tintelnot Kathrin , Cappello Rodolfo
Published: December 2024

Rhizopus nigricans is a species of fungus responsible for opportunistic mucormycotic infections in immunosuppressed subjects. Sparse reports of mucormycosis exist in veterinary literature; however, central nervous system involvement, resulting from R. nigricans infection has not been discussed. This report describes an 8‐year‐old, male, neutered Ragdoll with fungal meningoencephalitis secondary to intracranial colonisation of R. nigricans. Clinical signs were indicative of multifocal disease affecting the forebrain/cerebellum, and were characterised by abnormal mentation, compulsive circling, menace deficits and hypermetria. Fungal encephalitis was suspected based on magnetic resonance imaging findings and brain histology, with the diagnosis reached following postmortem examination, subsequent culture and polymerase chain reaction sequencing. This is the first report of cerebral mucormycosis in a feline patient that discusses the clinical, diagnostic and histopathological test findings.
Stability scrutinization of a non‐Newtonian (Williamson) ternary hybrid nanofluid past a stretching/shrinking sheet
Authors: Jamrus Farah Nadzirah , Ishak Anuar , Waini Iskandar , Khan Umair , Hussain Syed Modassir , Madhukesh J. K. , Abed Ahmed M.
Published: December 2024

The thermal superiority of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNFs) over conventional heat transfer fluid has led to growing interest in their applications. This new type of nanofluid can be customized for cooling systems, heat exchangers, and electronic cooling by carefully selecting nanoparticle types and their volume fraction. Hence, this study seeks to investigate the Heimenz flow in a Williamson THNF over a sheet that stretches or shrinks. The fundamental objective is to assess the effect of the stretching/shrinking parameter, the Weissenberg number, and the nanoparticle volume fraction on the physical quantities and flow profiles. Besides, attention is also given to the occurrences of multiple solutions in this fluid flow situation. By employing a similarity transformation, the governing equations are modified as a simpler form of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Next, the numerical method is put to use to solve the resulting ODEs system, specifically the bvp4c solver in MATLAB. Significant changes in heat transmission occur due to variations in the Weissenberg number and volume fractions of nanoparticles, particularly when the sheet starts to shrink. The escalating Weissenberg number correlates with growing critical values of the stretching/shrinking parameter, suggesting that both parameters help to hold off the detachment of the boundary layer. These findings emphasize the capacity of THNFs to improve heat transfer performance in numerous applications. This study also reveals that while stretching sheets often have unique solutions, a shrinking sheet has multiple solutions when the shrinking parameter falls within a certain range. By scrutinizing the robustness of these solutions, it was concluded that only one of them maintains stability over an extended period. It is essential to highlight that these present discoveries apply exclusively to the mixture of copper, alumina, and titania. Various mixtures of nanoparticles can demonstrate distinct characteristics of THNFs concerning both flow dynamics and thermal transfer.
Symbolic representations of infinity: the impact of notation and numerical syntax
Authors: Feder Ami , Graithzer Yair , Pinhas Michal
Published: December 2024

Past research indicates that concepts of infinity are not fully understood. In countably infinite sets, infinity is presumed to be perceived as larger than any finite natural number. This study explored whether symbolic representations of infinity are processed as such through contrasts with Arabic and verbal written numbers. Comparisons between the infinity word and number words were responded to faster than comparisons of two number words, but not when the infinity symbol was solely compared to Arabic numbers. Moreover, infinity comparisons yielded distance-like effects, suggesting that infinity (both word and symbol) can be misconceived as a “natural number” closer to larger numbers than small ones. These findings demonstrate difficulty perceiving the physically smallest stimulus (∞) as the upper end-value and seem to reflect a limited understanding of symbolic forms of infinity among adults. They further highlight the impact of notation and numerical syntax on how we process symbolic numerical information.
Efficient Removal of Cr (VI) and As (V) from Aqueous Solution Using Magnetically Separable Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles
Authors: Hassan Ahmed Anwar , Fahim Yosri A. , Ali Mohamed Eid M.
Published: December 2024

A promising nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) NPs with excellent magnetic characteristics was synthesized using an aqueous-based reflux approach that eliminates the need for calcination temperature. The magnetic nanoparticles obtained were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The analysis showed that synthesized nickel ferrite had a spherical shape with an average size ranging from 18 to 29 nm. The synthesized nickel ferrite is utilized for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) and pentavalent arsenic (As (V)) ions from aqueous solution through adsorption method. The removal of Cr (VI) ions achieved a maximum efficiency of 65% after 120 minutes at a pH of 5, with a ferrite dose of 2 g/L and a concentration of Cr (VI) ions of 25 mg/L. while the removal of As (V) at a pH of 5, with a dose of 1 g/L of ferrite and an initial concentration of 25 mg/L of As (V) ions was 77% after 120 minutes. In addition, the data obtained from the isotherms of Langmuir (R2 = 0.99, 0.98), Freundlich (R2 = 0.86, 0.97) and Temkin (R2 = 0.83, 0.97). The adsorption of Cr (VI) ions is governed by a pseudo first-order kinetics process, whereas the adsorption of As (V) ions is governed by a pseudo second-order kinetics reaction. After five adsorption–desorption cycles at the same optimal operating condition, Cr (VI) and As (V) removal efficiency dropped from 65%, 77% to 25%, 30%, respectively.
Partially inverted and degloved penile skin mimicking the appearance of female genitalia in cases of deaths caused by trains
Authors: Zarattin Margaux , Braham Mohamed Yassine , Gassend Jean-Loup
Published: December 2024

Death by collision with an incoming train is common in countries where a railroad network exists. In such cases, when there is severe pelvic trauma, the penis may be partially degloved and turned inside out. The inverted penile skin may then resemble a vulva and the scrotum may mimic labia majora, causing the injured male genitalia to strongly resemble female genitalia. Forensic pathologists should be aware of this possibility when they are called to such a scene of death and are asked by the police to immediately determine the sex of the victim. In the challenging circumstances of a chaotic on-site railway death investigation, an inexperienced doctor might easily mistake male genitals for female genitals and thus delay correct identification of the victim by the police.
A randomized controlled trial on single-session mindfulness self-compassion interventions for Fibromyalgia Syndrome: evaluating interoceptive awareness, anxiety, and pain
Authors: Arey Dalit Lev , Gerbi Agam , Sagi Adi
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This randomized controlled trial evaluates a single-session Mindfulness Self-Compassion (MSC) intervention for enhancing interoceptive awareness (AI) and alleviating anxiety and reducing pain in Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) patients. The study also examines the intervention’s feasibility and the mediating role of IA in improving clinical outcomes, incorporating nature visuals to address treatment accessibility and adherence. Methods/analysis: Sixty-four FMS patients were randomized into three groups: MSC with audio-only, MSC with audio and nature visuals, or a waitlist control. Validated scales measured interoceptive awareness, anxiety, and pain pre- and post-intervention. ANOVA examined primary outcomes, and mediation analysis explored interoceptive awareness as a mediator. A 7-minute intervention duration was chosen for its balance of effectiveness and feasibility, with nature visuals selected for their calming effects. Findings: Both MSC groups showed significant improvements in IA, anxiety, and pain compared to the control group, with the audio-visual group showing the strongest effects. Enhanced interoceptive awareness significantly mediated anxiety reduction but not pain relief. Nature visuals further reduced anxiety and pain compared to audio-only. Novelty/improvement: This study validates the efficacy of a single-session MSC intervention for FMS, highlighting IA as a crucial mediator of anxiety improvement. Incorporating sensory-rich visual elements enhances therapeutic effects, offering a promising approach for MSC interventions in clinical settings. Future research should explore long-term benefits and optimal dosage of this innovative intervention, addressing the need for accessible, cost-effective FMS treatments.
Histaminergic Innervation of the Ventral Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Alleviates Motor Deficits in a 6-OHDA-Induced Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Xu Han-Ting , Xi Xiao-Ya , Zhou Shuang , Xie Yun-Yong , Cui Zhi-San , Zhang Bei-Bei , Xie Shu-Tao , Li Hong-Zhao , Zhang Qi-Peng , Pan Yang , Zhang Xiao-Yang , Zhu Jing-Ning
Published: December 2024

The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is a major target of the basal ganglia and is closely associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Notably, the VA receives direct innervation from the hypothalamic histaminergic system. However, its role in PD remains unknown. Here, we assessed the contribution of histamine to VA neuronal activity and PD motor deficits. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed reduced VA activity in PD patients. Optogenetic activation of VA neurons or histaminergic afferents significantly alleviated motor deficits in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats. Furthermore, histamine excited VA neurons via H1 and H2 receptors and their coupled hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, inward-rectifier K+ channels, or Ca2+-activated K+ channels. These results demonstrate that histaminergic afferents actively compensate for Parkinsonian motor deficits by biasing VA activity. These findings suggest that targeting VA histamine receptors and downstream ion channels may be a potential therapeutic strategy for PD motor dysfunction.
Emerging Role of 4D Flow for Clinical use in Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Voges Inga , Ide Yujiro , Puntmann Valentina , Gabbert Dominik , Krupickova Sylvia
Published: December 2024

Purpose of Review

4-dimensional phase-contrast flow measurement (4D Flow) has an increasing clinical and scientific potential in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). In this review, we present up-to-date information about the benefits of 4D Flow in adults with CHD (ACHD).

Recent Findings

Due to sequence and software developments 4D is now routinely used for clinical blood flow measurements in ACHD patients. An increasing number of studies also shows that 4D Flow-derived advanced hemodynamic markers cannot only explain cardiovascular conditions but that they can help in ACHD management. Moreover, with the use of computational fluid dynamics and deep learning techniques 4D Flow might help in exploring and developing personalized medical treatment strategies.

Utilization of 4D Flow has become widely spread in research as well as in clinical practice allowing to explore morphological and hemodynamical consequences in ACHD.
Fast symplectic integrator for Nesterov-type acceleration method
Authors: Goto Shin-itiro , Hino Hideitsu
Published: December 2024

In this paper, explicit stable integrators based on symplectic and contact geometries are proposed for a family of non-autonomous ordinarily differential equations (ODEs) found in improving convergence rate of Nesterov’s accelerated gradient method. Symplectic geometry is known to be suitable for describing Hamiltonian mechanics, and contact geometry is known as an odd-dimensional counterpart of symplectic geometry. Moreover, a procedure, called symplectization, is a known way to construct a symplectic manifold from a contact manifold, yielding autonomous Hamiltonian systems from contact ones. It is found in this paper that a previously investigated non-autonomous ODEs can be written as a contact Hamiltonian system family. Then, by developing and applying a symplectization of non-autonomous contact Hamiltonian vector fields expressing the non-autonomous ODEs, novel symplectic integrators are derived. Because the proposed symplectic integrators preserve hidden symplectic and contact structures in the ODEs, they are expected to be more stable than the Runge–Kutta method. Numerical experiments demonstrate that, as expected, the second-order symplectic integrator is stable and high convergence rates are achieved.
Analyzing the impact of symbols in Taiwan’s election-related anti-disinformation campaign on TikTok
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayantan , Agarwal Nitin , Poudel Diwash
Published: December 2024

Social, cultural, and political (SCP) symbols in campaigns play vital roles in connecting emotionally with people, representing identity, simplifying complex issues, and reinforcing political ideologies. This study investigates the impact of SCP symbol content on engagement, emotional responses, and trust in electoral process in TikTok-based anti-disinformation campaigns during Taiwanese 2024 general elections. Utilizing advanced natural language processing and machine learning, we analyzed posts and comments, categorizing them for presence and type of SCP symbols. We employed a multi-faceted approach, examining engagement metrics, emotional responses, and trust evaluations across different symbol categories. Our novel categorization ranged from content without symbols to those incorporating multiple symbol types, providing nuanced understanding of symbolic influence. Findings reveal a strong positive correlation between the complexity of symbolic content and user engagement, with cultural symbols emerging as potent in driving interaction and fostering trust. Emotional analysis showed symbol-rich content elicited more positive emotional responses, especially with cultural symbols. Trust evaluations showed increases in symbol diversity increased trust, with cultural and political symbols generating the highest trust levels towards Taiwan’s democratic and electoral process. Statistical validation through non-parametric tests confirmed that the observed effects were not artifacts of data distribution or follower count variations. Our findings have significant implications for public affairs, strategic communications, policymakers, and platform managers, providing a framework for crafting more effective, culturally resonant content in digital socio-political campaigns. This study also opens avenues for further research into the long-term effects of symbolic communication on political behavior and democratic participation in the digital age.
Is a picture worth the same emotions everywhere? Validation of images from the Nencki affective picture system in Malaysia
Authors: Berezina Elizaveta , Lee Ai-Suan , Gill Colin Mathew Hugues D. , Chua Jie Yun
Published: December 2024

Several validated image sets, such as NAPS, IAPS, GAPED, and OASIS, have been developed to elicit affective states. However, these image sets were primarily validated on Western populations within European and American contexts, and none have been fully validated in a Southeast Asian sample, where emotional restraint may also be valued similarly to the East Asian contexts. This study aimed to validate and provide norms for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka et al., 2014) within a Malaysian sample. Subsets from the 1356 NAPS images consisting of five image categories (faces, people, objects, landscapes, animals) were presented sequentially to 409 Malaysian adults aged 18 and above, who rated images for valence, arousal and approach/avoidance on a 9-point Likert scale. Valence, arousal and approach/avoidance norms were compared against the original European sample. Malaysian men and women rated images with lower valence and motivation than Europeans, but Malaysian men showed higher arousal ratings compared to European men, while Malaysian women exhibited the opposite pattern, with lower arousal ratings than European women. A linear regression was found instead of a classic ‘boomerang’ shaped quadratic regression previously observed in Western samples, suggesting that emotional suppression may be at play, in line with social norms. The Malaysian normative ratings will be freely available to all researchers.
Impact of Extreme Heat on Cardiovascular Health in Kuwait: Present and Future Projections
Authors: Alwadi Yazan , Al-Hemoud Ali , Khraishah Haitham , Al-Mulla Fahd , Koutrakis Petros , Ali Hamad , Alahmad Barrak
Published: December 2024

Background

The Middle East, especially Kuwait, is experiencing rapidly rising temperatures due to climate change. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the country, and extreme heat is expected to exacerbate hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. There is limited data quantifying the historical and future impacts of heat on hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in Kuwait.

Methods

We collected daily hospital admission data of cardiovascular diseases in Kuwait from 2010 to 2019. We modeled the relationship between temperature and cardiovascular disease hospitalizations using distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs), adjusting for relative humidity and seasonality. Future temperature projections for Kuwait under moderate and extreme climate change scenarios were obtained from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), and the impact on cardiovascular disease hospitalizations was extrapolated for every decade until 2099.

Results

During the baseline period (2010–2019), a total of 263,182 CVD cases were recorded. Of which, 20,569 (95% eCI: 3,128, 35,757) were attributed to heat. We found that the relative risk of hospitalization for CVD increased from 1.292 (95% CI: 1.051, 1.589) at 41 °C to 1.326 (95% CI: 1.006, 1.747) at 43 °C, compared to the minimum morbidity temperature. Projections showed that, under moderate climate scenarios, CVD hospitalizations would increase by 1.96% by 2090–2099, while under extreme scenarios, the increase could reach 4.44%.

Conclusions

Extreme heat significantly contributes to CVD hospitalizations in Kuwait. This burden is projected to increase under climate change. Findings highlight the urgent need for healthcare system preparedness to mitigate the future health impacts of rising temperatures in Kuwait.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative in Southeast Asia and its implications for ASEAN-China strategic partnership
Authors: Bharti Mukesh Shankar , Kumari Suprabha
Published: December 2024

This study aims to discuss China’s bilateral partnership with Southeast Asia under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China’s BRI framework of cooperation serves as a platform for enhancing economic, cultural, tourism, and trade relationships with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states, promoting regional development and cooperation. China’s BRI cooperation framework comprehensively defines “Globalization 5.0” and this research speaks rationally about the theory of power transition. As a result, BRI projects not only benefit Southeast Asian countries by improving infrastructure and economic growth but also contribute to China’s strategic goal of expanding its influence in the region through connectivity and cooperation. The BRI has been instrumental in developing large-scale infrastructure projects across Southeast Asia, including railways, ports, highways, and energy projects. The China-Laos Railway, which connects Vientiane with Kunming, is a notable example, promoting regional connectivity and trade. Similarly, the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway in Indonesia is another high-profile project aimed at enhancing transportation efficiency. In addition to economic and infrastructure projects, the BRI has enhanced cultural ties between China and Southeast Asia. This includes educational exchanges, joint research initiatives, and people-to-people exchanges, fostering stronger mutual understanding and cooperation. Collaborative cultural programs and tourism initiatives have been promoted to strengthen these ties.
Disagreement
Authors: Machuca Diego E.
Published: December 2024

This Element engages with the epistemic significance of disagreement, focusing on its skeptical implications. It examines various types of disagreement-motivated skepticism in ancient philosophy, ethics, philosophy of religion, and general epistemology. In each case, it favors suspension of judgment as the seemingly appropriate response to the realization of disagreement. One main line of argument pursued in the Element is that, since in real-life disputes we have limited or inaccurate information about both our own epistemic standing and the epistemic standing of our dissenters, personal information and self-trust can rarely function as symmetry breakers in favor of our own views.
Editing Archipelagic Shakespeare
Authors: Loughnane Rory , Maley Willy
Published: December 2024

Editing Archipelagic Shakespeare is a study of the power of names; more specifically, it is about the power of naming, asking who gets to choose names, for what reason, and to what effect. Shakespeare assigns names to over 1,200 characters and countless more sites and places, and these names, or versions of these names, have become familiar to generations of playgoers and play-readers. And because of their familiarity, Shakespeare's names, most frequently anglicized versions of non-English names, have been accepted and repeated without further consideration. Approaching names from an archipelagic perspective, and focusing upon how Irish, Scottish, and Welsh characters and places are written by Shakespeare and treated by editors, this Element offers an expansive, and far-reaching, case study for non-anglophone and global studies of Shakespeare, textual scholarship, and early modern drama.
Complexity in Economics
Authors: Gallegati Giacomo , Gallegati Mauro , Landini Simone
Published: December 2024

Neoclassical economics is heavily based on a formalistic method, primarily centred on mathematical deduction. Consequently, mainstream economists became overfocused on describing the states of an economy rather than understanding the processes driving these states. However, many phenomena arise from the intricate interactions among diverse elements, eluding explanation solely through micro-level rules. Such systems, characterised by emergent properties arising from interactions, are defined as complex. This Element delves into the complexity approach, portraying the economy as an evolving system undergoing structural changes over time.
Some results on the supremum and on the first passage time of the generalized telegraph process
Authors: Martinucci Barbara , Paraggio Paola , Zacks Shelemyahu
Published: December 2024

We analyze the process M(t) representing the maximum of the one-dimensional telegraph process X(t) with exponentially distributed upward random times and generally distributed downward random times. The evolution of M(t) is governed by an alternating renewal of two phases: a rising phase R and a constant phase C. During a rising phase, X(t) moves upward, whereas, during a constant phase, it moves upward and downward, continuing to move until it attains the maximal level previously reached. Under some choices of the distribution of the downward times, we are able to determine the distribution of C, which allows us to obtain some bounds for the survival function of M(t). In the particular case of exponential downward random times, we derive an explicit expression for the survival function of M(t). Finally, the moments of the first passage time

$\Theta_w$

of the process X(t) through a fixed boundary

$w>0$

are analyzed.
An Augmented Variable Dirichlet Process mixture model for the analysis of dependent lifetimes
Authors: Ungolo Francesco , Laub Patrick J.
Published: December 2024

The analysis of insurance and annuity products issued on multiple lives requires the use of statistical models which account for lifetime dependence. This paper presents a Dirichlet process mixture-based approach that allows to model dependent lifetimes within a group, such as married couples, accounting for individual as well as group-specific covariates. The model is analyzed in a fully Bayesian setting and illustrated to jointly model the lifetime of male–female couples in a portfolio of joint and last survivor annuities of a Canadian life insurer. The inferential approach allows to account for right censoring and left truncation, which are common features of data in survival analysis. The model shows improved in-sample and out-of-sample performance compared to traditional approaches assuming independent lifetimes and offers additional insights into the determinants of the dependence between lifetimes and their impact on joint and last survivor annuity prices.
Effectiveness of psychodrama on mental health outcomes based on Chinese samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Ding Rui , Luo Rui
Published: December 2024

Background

Psychodrama (PD), supported by extensive global research, is increasingly becoming a vital method for alleviating psychological symptoms and promoting mental well-being in diverse populations across China. However, comprehensive evidence based on rigorous interventions is currently lacking.

Methods

This article systematically reviews the literature on randomized controlled experimental intervention studies of PD in the Chinese Mainland from 1982 to 2023.

Findings

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework, this article included seven studies (N = 332, 25 effect sizes). The results demonstrate that PD interventions have a promotional effect (standardized mean difference SMD = 0.768, 95% CI [0.591, 0.946]) across different age groups and settings in randomized controlled trial interventions. In accordance with previous literature, we categorized the effect sizes into two major groups: illness reduction (IR) and health promotion (HP). Subgroup analysis based on these two categories revealed consistent findings. In the IR category, the overall effect size was notably significant (SMD = −0.711, 95% CI [−0.976, −0.446]), and in the HP category, the overall effect was also highly significant (SMD = 0.889, 95% CI [0.705, 1.074]). This finding aligns with previous research in other nations, supporting the significant effectiveness of PD as a counseling method in alleviating psychological illnesses and promoting mental health within the Chinese context.

Conclusion

PD serves not only as a therapeutic tool but also as a preventive and developmental intervention. Moving forward, there is a call for increased emphasis on standardized and randomized controlled experimental studies to further the advancement of PD within China.
Freely rising or falling of a sphere in a square tube at intermediate Reynolds numbers
Authors: Nie Deming , Wang Jingwen , Li Siwen , Lin Jianzhong
Published: December 2024

The motion of a sphere freely rising or falling in a 5d (d is the diameter of the sphere) square tube was numerically studied for the sphere-to-fluid density ratio ranging from 0.1 to 2.3 (0.1 ≤ ρs/ρ ≤ 2.3, ρs is the density of spheres and ρ the fluid density) and Galileo number from 140 to 230 (140 ≤ Ga ≤ 230). We report that Hopf bifurcation occurs at Gacrit ≈ 157, where both the heavy and light spheres lose stability. The helical motion is widely seen for all spheres at Ga > 160 resulting from a double-threaded vortex interacting with the tube walls, which becomes irregular at Ga ≥ 190 where heavy spheres act differently from their counterparts; that is, heavy spheres change their helical directions alternately while light spheres exhibit helical trajectories with jaggedness in connection with the shedding of the double-threaded vortices. This is because of the difference in inertia between the heavy and light spheres. We also checked the oscillation periods for the helical motion of the spheres. They show opposite variations with ρs/ρ for the two types of spheres. Light spheres (ρs/ρ ≤ 0.7) reach a zigzagging regime at Ga ≥ 200 where a vortex loop (hairpin-like vortical structure) is formed which may develop into a vortex ring downstream at small ρs/ρ. This might be the first time a transition from the helical motion to the zigzagging motion for heavy spheres (ρs/ρ ≥ 1.8) has been reported. Finally, we examined the dependence of both the terminal Reynolds number and the drag coefficient of the spheres on the Galileo number.
Flow-induced oscillations of an S-shaped buckled flexible filament
Authors: Chen Zepeng , Liu Yingzheng , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: December 2024

The flow-induced oscillation of an S-shaped buckled flexible filament was explored using the penalty immersed boundary method. As the length and bending rigidity of the filament were varied, three distinct modes emerged: the equilibrium mode, streamwise oscillation (SO) mode and transverse oscillation (TO) mode. A transition region between the SO and TO modes was identified. Notably, the filament exhibited a 3P wake pattern under SO and a 2S wake pattern under TO. The former was induced by fluid–elastic instability, while the latter was attributed to vortex-induced oscillation. The interaction between the filament's motion and vortex shedding was examined for both modes. To elucidate the disparity between the TO of the S-shaped buckled filament and snap-through oscillation (STO), a ball-on-a-hill analogy was introduced. The performance of energy harvesting was evaluated using metrics including the elastic energy and power coefficient. The TO mode was found to show significantly higher energy harvesting performance than the SO and STO modes. The majority of the strain energy was concentrated at the upper and lower midpoints of the filament.
Generating synthetic turbulence with vector autoregression of proper orthogonal decomposition time coefficients
Authors: Stanly Ronith , Du Shiyu , Xavier Donnatella , Perez Adalberto , Mukha Timofey , Markidis Stefano , Rezaeiravesh Saleh , Schlatter Philipp
Published: December 2024

This study introduces vector autoregression (VAR) as a linear procedure that can be used for synthesizing turbulence time series over an entire plane, allowing them to be imposed as an efficient turbulent inflow condition in simulations requiring stationary and cross-correlated turbulence time series. VAR is a statistical tool for modelling and prediction of multivariate time series through capturing linear correlations between multiple time series. A Fourier-based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is performed on the two-dimensional (2-D) velocity slices from a precursor simulation of a turbulent boundary layer at a momentum thickness-based Reynolds number,

$Re_{\theta }=790$

. A subset of the most energetic structures in space are then extracted, followed by applying a VAR model to their complex time coefficients. It is observed that VAR models constructed using time coefficients of 5 and 30 most energetic POD modes per wavenumber (corresponding to

$66\,\%$

and

$97\,\%$

of turbulent kinetic energy, respectively) are able to make accurate predictions of the evolution of the velocity field at

$Re_{\theta }=790$

for infinite time. Moreover, the 2-D velocity fields from the POD–VAR when used as a turbulent inflow condition, gave a short development distance when compared with other common inflow methods. Since the VAR model can produce an infinite number of velocity planes in time, this enables reaching statistical stationarity without having to run an extremely long precursor simulation or applying ad hoc methods such as periodic time series.
Effect of high wind speeds on droplet formation in sprays
Authors: Varkevisser Thijs , Kooij Stefan , Villermaux Emmanuel , Bonn Daniel
Published: December 2024

We investigate the effect of high wind speeds on the breakup mechanisms that govern the formation of a spray from nozzles that form liquid sheets, which subsequently break up. The fragmentation mechanism of liquid sheets from spray nozzles has recently been described in detail under quiescent conditions. With high wind speeds, measurements of the droplet size distribution reveal two rather than one characteristic drop sizes, suggesting the existence of two distinct breakup mechanisms. High-speed images of the spray are used to identify these two mechanisms. We show that the smaller droplets result from the breakup of ‘bags’ formed in the spray sheet by the wind, while the larger droplets result from the breakup of the remaining perforated sheet. Based on the two mechanisms, a probability density function is constructed and fitted to the measured droplet size distributions. We show that the spray sheet destabilises due to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability induced by the airflow, and that the experimentally observable breakup length and size of the holes blown in the sheet are predicted by the fastest growing wavenumber. From this, a theoretical prediction for the droplet size from bag breakup and remaining sheet breakup is derived.
On Richtmyer–Meshkov finger collisions in a light fluid layer under reshock conditions
Authors: Guo Xu , Cong Zhouyang , Si Ting , Luo Xisheng
Published: December 2024

The fingers known as bubbles (spikes) resulting from the penetration of light (heavy) fluids into heavy (light) fluids are significant large-scale features of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI). Through shock-tube experiments, we study finger collisions in light fluid layers under reshock conditions. Four unperturbed fluid layers with varying thicknesses are created to analyse the motion of waves and interfaces during finger collisions. The wave dynamics, sensitive to initial layer thicknesses, are characterized by a one-dimensional theory. Eight perturbed fluid layers, with four thicknesses and two interface phase combinations, are generated to explore the finger collision mechanism. It is shown that after reshock, the initial in-phase and anti-phase cases undergo spike–bubble rear-end collisions (SBCs) and spike–spike head-on collisions (SSCs), respectively. Compared with SBCs, SSCs significantly suppress spike growth, leading to the attenuation of perturbation growth, especially for larger thicknesses. As the initial thickness decreases, an SSC impedes the downstream interface from reversing its phase, resulting in abnormal RMI, thereby reducing the SSC's effectiveness in attenuating growth. The effects of rarefaction waves enhance both interfaces’ amplitudes and the whole layer's thickness, diminishing the intensity of finger collisions, while the second reshock exerts an opposing influence. Linear and nonlinear models, incorporating the influence of reshocks and rarefaction waves, are developed to predict the interface perturbation growth before and after finger collisions.
Does the talk match the walk?: Effects of leader exemplification and ethical conduct on perceived leader authenticity, trust, and organizational advocacy
Authors: Gardner William L. , Clapp-Smith Rachel , Mhatre Ketan , Avolio Bruce J. , Chan Adrian , Hughes Larry W. , Pandey Pavas , Sun Iris
Published: December 2024

Leader exemplification involves implicit and explicit claims of high moral values made by a leader. We employed a 2 × 3 experimental design with samples of 265 students in Study 1 and 142 working adults in Study 2 to examine the effects of leader exemplification (exemplification versus no exemplification) and ethical conduct (self-serving, self-sacrificial, and self-other focus) on perceived leader authenticity, trust in leader, and organizational advocacy. In Study 1, we found that exemplification produced elevated levels of perceived authenticity, trust, and advocacy in the form of employment and investment recommendations. We also showed that leader ethical conduct moderated this effect, as ratings were highest following a leader’s self-sacrificial conduct, lowest for self-serving conduct, and moderate for conduct reflecting self-other concerns. In Study 2, we replicated these findings for perceived authenticity and trust, but not organizational advocacy, which yielded mixed results. The leadership implications and future research directions are discussed.
Plasma rotation induced by biasing in axially symmetric mirrors
Authors: Beklemishev Alexei D.
Published: December 2024

Physics of the plasma rotation driven by biasing in linear traps is analysed for two limiting cases. The first, relevant for traps with low effective viscosity, considers the line-tying effects to be responsible for the drive as well as for the dissipation of the angular momentum. Meanwhile, in long and thin traps with collisional plasma or developed turbulence, the radial transport of the angular momentum becomes its primary loss channel. The momentum flux goes into the scrape-off layer, which makes conditions there partially responsible for the achievable rotation limits.
Childhood conduct problems and adolescent medical service use: serial mediating effects of peer victimization and internalizing problems
Authors: Crescenzi Olivia , Martin-Storey Alexa , Poirier Martine , Boutin Stéphanie , Lemieux Annie , Déry Michèle , Latimer Eric , Temcheff Caroline E.
Published: December 2024

Background

Adolescents with a history of conduct problems (CP) are at heightened risk of increased service utilization as they develop. While the mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, early CP have also been linked with peer victimization and internalizing problems. The goals of the current study were: (1) to examine peer victimization and internalizing problems as potential serial mediators explaining increased medical and psychiatric service use in adolescents with a history of childhood CP, and; (2) to explore whether the proposed mediation models vary by sex.

Methods

Participants (N = 744; 53% boys, Mage = 8.39 years) from an ongoing longitudinal study that began in 2008 in Québec, Canada were recruited and assessed for CP, service use, and other behaviours via self-, parent- and teacher-reported questionnaires. Serial mediation analyses were conducted to examine the effects of peer victimization and internalizing problems on the association between childhood CP and adolescent medical and psychiatric service use, controlling for sex and household income.

Results

Adolescents with childhood CP reported higher medical and psychiatric service use than non-CP peers. Peer victimization and internalizing problems significantly mediated this association in both general medical and psychiatric service use models. The models did not vary by sex.

Conclusions

Findings support higher levels of service use in adolescents with a history of CP, mediated by peer victimization and internalizing problems. Specifically, results highlight the importance of examining peer and socioemotional factors that may explain the increased service usage observed among youth with CP, to support better health outcomes.
Associations of cannabis use, tobacco use, and incident anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Burke Chloe , Freeman Tom P. , Sallis Hannah , Wootton Robyn E. , Burnley Annabel , Lange Jonas , Lees Rachel , Sawyer Katherine , Taylor Gemma M. J.
Published: December 2024

Background

Observational studies consistently report associations between tobacco use, cannabis use and mental illness. However, the extent to which this association reflects an increased risk of new-onset mental illness is unclear and may be biased by unmeasured confounding.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis (CRD42021243903). Electronic databases were searched until November 2022. Longitudinal studies in general population samples assessing tobacco and/or cannabis use and reporting the association (e.g. risk ratio [RR]) with incident anxiety, mood, or psychotic disorders were included. Estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analyses. Bias was explored using a modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, confounder matrix, E-values, and Doi plots.

Results

Seventy-five studies were included. Tobacco use was associated with mood disorders (K = 43; RR: 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–1.47), but not anxiety disorders (K = 7; RR: 1.21, 95% CI 0.87–1.68) and evidence for psychotic disorders was influenced by treatment of outliers (K = 4, RR: 3.45, 95% CI 2.63–4.53; K = 5, RR: 2.06, 95% CI 0.98–4.29). Cannabis use was associated with psychotic disorders (K = 4; RR: 3.19, 95% CI 2.07–4.90), but not mood (K = 7; RR: 1.31, 95% CI 0.92–1.86) or anxiety disorders (K = 7; RR: 1.10, 95% CI 0.99–1.22). Confounder matrices and E-values suggested potential overestimation of effects. Only 27% of studies were rated as high quality.

Conclusions

Both substances were associated with psychotic disorders and tobacco use was associated with mood disorders. There was no clear evidence of an association between cannabis use and mood or anxiety disorders. Limited high-quality studies underscore the need for future research using robust causal inference approaches (e.g. evidence triangulation).
The geographical distribution of the family-genetic risk score for drug use disorder in Sweden and its co-localization with areas of social deprivation
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Mansourian Ali , Zhao Pengxiang , Ohlsson Henrik , Stewart Kathleen , Sundquist Jan , Malmberg Bo , Sundquist Kristina
Published: December 2024

Background

Drug use Disorder (DUD), the risk for which is substantially influenced by both genetic and social factors, is geographically concentrated in high-risk regions. An important step toward understanding this pattern is to examine geographical distributions of the genetic liability to DUD and a key demographic risk factor – social deprivation.

Methods

We calculated the mean family genetic risk score (FGRS) for DUD ((FGRSDUD) and social deprivation for each of the 5983 areas Demographic Statistical Areas (DeSO) for all of Sweden and used geospatial techniques to analyze and map these factors.

Results

Using 2018 data, substantial spatial heterogeneity was seen in the distribution of the genetic risk for DUD in Sweden as a whole and in its three major urban centers which was confirmed by hot-spot analyses. Across DeSOs, FGRSDUD and s.d. levels were substantially but imperfectly correlated (r = + 0.63), with more scattering at higher FGRSDUD and s.d. scores. Joint mapping across DeSOs for FGRSDUD and s.d. revealed a diversity of patterns across Sweden. The stability of the distributions of FGRSDUD and s.d. in DeSOs within Sweden over the years 2012–2018 was quite high.

Conclusions

The geographical distribution of the genetic risk to DUD is quite variable in Sweden. DeSO levels of s.d. and FRGSDUD were substantially correlated but also disassociated in a number of regions. The observed patterns were largely consistent with known trends in the human geography of Sweden. This effort lays the groundwork for further studies of the sources of geographic variation in rates of DUD.
Fractal motor activity during wakefulness and sleep: a window into depression recency and symptom recurrence
Authors: Minaeva O. , Riese H. , Booij S. H. , Lamers F. , Giltay E. J. , Scheer F. A. J. L. , Hu K.
Published: December 2024

Background

Motor activity fluctuations in healthy adults exhibit fractal patterns characterized by consistent temporal correlations across wide-ranging time scales. However, these patterns are disrupted by aging and psychiatric conditions. This study aims to investigate how fractal patterns vary across the sleep–wake cycle, differ based on individuals' recency of depression diagnosis, and change before and after a depressive episode.

Methods

Using actigraphy from two cohorts (n = 378), we examined fractal motor activity patterns both between individuals without depression and with varying recencies of depression and within individuals before and after depressive symptom recurrence. To evaluate fractal patterns, we quantified temporal correlations in motor activity fluctuations across different time scales using a scaling exponent, α. Linear mixed models were utilized to assess the influence of the sleep–wake cycle, (recency of) depression, and their interaction on α.

Results

Fractal activity patterns in all individuals varied across the sleep–wake cycle, showing stronger temporal correlations during wakefulness (larger α = 1.035 ± 0.003) and more random activity fluctuations during sleep (smaller α = 0.784 ± 0.004, p < 0.001). This sleep–wake difference was reduced in recently depressed individuals (1–6 months), leading to larger α during sleep (0.836 ± 0.017), compared to currently depressed (0.781 ± 0.018, p = 0.006), remitted (0.776 ± 0.014, p < 0.001), and never-depressed individuals (0.773 ± 0.016, p < 0.001). Moreover, remitted individuals who experienced depressive symptom recurrence during antidepressant tapering exhibited a larger α during sleep after the symptom onset as compared to before (after: α = 0.703 ± 0.022; before: α = 0.680 ± 0.022; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest a link between fractal motor activity patterns during sleep and depressive symptom recurrence in remitted individuals and those with recent depression.
Artificial intelligence for collective intelligence: a national-scale research strategy
Authors: Bullock Seth , Ajmeri Nirav , Batty Mike , Black Michaela , Cartlidge John , Challen Robert , Chen Cangxiong , Chen Jing , Condell Joan , Danon Leon , Dennett Adam , Heppenstall Alison , Marshall Paul , Morgan Phil , O’Kane Aisling , Smith Laura G. E. , Smith Theresa , Williams Hywel T. P.
Published: December 2024

Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have great potential to help address societal challenges that are both collective in nature and present at national or transnational scale. Pressing challenges in healthcare, finance, infrastructure and sustainability, for instance, might all be productively addressed by leveraging and amplifying AI for national-scale collective intelligence. The development and deployment of this kind of AI faces distinctive challenges, both technical and socio-technical. Here, a research strategy for mobilising inter-disciplinary research to address these challenges is detailed and some of the key issues that must be faced are outlined.