bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescent Test Strip for Direct, Rapid, and Visual Dopamine Detection in Tiny Amount of Biofluid
Authors: Wang Jixiang , Dai Jiangdong , Xu Yeqing , Dai Xiaohui , Zhang Yunlei , Shi Weidong , Sellergren Börje , Pan Guoqing
Published: November 2018

Paper‐based assays for detection of physiologically important species are needed in medical theranostics owning to their superiorities in point of care testing, daily monitoring, and even visual readout by using chromogenic materials. In this work, a facile test strip is developed for visual detection of a neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) based on dual‐emission fluorescent molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (DE‐MIPs). The DE‐MIPs, featured with tailor‐made DA affinity and good anti‐interference, exhibit DA concentration‐dependent fluorescent colors, due to the variable ratios of dual‐emission fluorescence caused by DA binding and quenching. By facile coating DE‐MIPs on a filter paper, the DA test strips are obtained. The resultant test strip, like the simplicity of a pH test paper, shows the potential for directly visual detection of DA levels just by dripping a tiny amount of biofluid sample on it. The test result of real serum samples demonstrates that the DA strip enables to visually and semiquantitatively detect DA within 3 min by using only 10 µL of serum samples and with a low detection limit ((100–150) × 10−9m) by naked eye. This work thus offers a facile and efficient strategy for rapid, visual, and on‐site detection of biofluids in clinic.
Self‐Standing 3D Cathodes for All‐Solid‐State Thin Film Lithium Batteries with Improved Interface Kinetics
Authors: Xia Qiuying , Sun Shuo , Xu Jing , Zan Feng , Yue Jili , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Xia Hui
Published: November 2018

3D all‐solid‐state thin film batteries (TFBs) are proposed as an attractive power solution for microelectronics. However, the challenge in fabricating self‐supported 3D cathodes constrains the progress in developing 3D TFBs. In this work, 3D LiMn2O4 (LMO) nanowall arrays are directly deposited on conductive substrates by magnetron sputtering via controlling the thin film growth mode. 3D TFBs based on the 3D LMO nanowall arrays and 2D TFBs based on the planar LMO thin films are successfully fabricated using a lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) electrolyte and Li anode. In comparison, the 3D TFB significantly outperforms the 2D TFB, exhibiting large specific capacity (121 mAh g−1 at 1 C), superior rate capability (83 mAh g−1 at 20 C), and good cycle performance (over 90% capacity retention after 500 cycles). The superior electrochemical performance of the 3D TFB can be attributed to the 3D architecture, which not only greatly increases the cathode/electrolyte interface and shortens the Li+ diffusion length, but also effectively enhances the structural stability. Importantly, the vertically aligned nanowall array architecture of the cathode can significantly mitigate disordered LMO formation at the cathode surface compared to the 2D planar thin film, resulting in a greatly reduced interface resistance and improved rate performance.
Outstanding Indoor Performance of Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells – Effect of Device Architectures and Interlayers
Authors: Lee Harrison Ka Hin , Barbé Jérémy , Meroni Simone M. P. , Du Tian , Lin Chieh‐Ting , Pockett Adam , Troughton Joel , Jain Sagar M. , De Rossi Francesca , Baker Jennifer , Carnie Matthew J. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Watson Trystan M. , Durrant James R. , Tsoi Wing C.
Published: November 2018

Indoor photovoltaics is one of the best sustainable and reliable energy source for low power consumption electronics such as the rapidly growing Internet of Things. Perovskite photovoltaic (PPV) cells with three benchmark device architectures – mesoporous PPV (mPPV) and inverted PPV (iPPV) with alternative hole transporting layers (HTLs), and carbon‐based PPV (cPPV) are studied under a simulated indoor environment. The mPPV cell using typical Spiro‐OMeTAD as the HTL shows the highest maximum power density (Pmax) of 19.9 μW cm−2 under 200 lux and 115.6 μW cm−2 under 1000 lux (without masking), which is among the best of the indoor PV. Interestingly, when PTAA is used as the HTL in the mPPV cell, the Pmax drops to almost zero under indoor light environment while its performance under one sun remains similar. On the other hand, when PEDOT:PSS is replaced by Poly‐TPD as HTL in the iPPV cell, the Pmax under indoor light improves significantly and is comparable to that of the best mPPV cell. This significant difference in indoor performance correlates well with their leakage current. The HTL‐free cPPV cell, prepared by fully up‐scalable techniques, shows a promising Pmax of 16.3 and 89.4 μW cm−2 under 200 and 1000 lux, respectively. A practical scale 5 × 5cm2 cPPV module is fabricated as a demonstration for real applications.
Double‐Side‐Passivated Perovskite Solar Cells with Ultra‐low Potential Loss
Authors: Zhao Yicheng , Li Qi , Zhou Wenke , Hou Yi , Zhao Yao , Fu Rui , Yu Dapeng , Liu Xin , Zhao Qing
Published: November 2018

An ideal crystal quality in the grain interior of perovskite polycrystalline films is well recognized; therefore, understanding interfacial impact and the ways to limit interfacial recombination is critical to fabricating highly efficient solar cells. In perovskite solar cells, PbI2 has been used to passivate defects at grain boundaries, yet a systematic PbI2 passivation engineering to boost the high‐performance perovskite solar cells has not been fully explored. Here, a novel device structure comprised of double‐side‐passivated perovskite solar cells (DSPC) is devised through intentionally distributing PbI2 to both the front/rear‐side surfaces and grain boundaries of the formamidinium‐lead‐iodide‐based (FAPbI3‐based) perovskite film. The minority carrier lifetime in double‐side‐passivated perovskite is extended to 1.1 μs with single‐exponential decay using time‐resolved photoluminescence. This result indicates a generic passivation effect of PbI2 on perovskite interfaces, resembling SiO2 passivation in silicon solar cells. Correspondingly, the best photovoltaic device with TiO2‐based planar structure presents a stabilized efficiency of 22%. Moreover, DSPC effectively boosts the limits of open circuit voltages toward a record potential loss of 0.38 V for 1.53 eV‐bandgap perovskites. The architecture of double‐side‐passivated perovskite opens up new opportunities to exceed the efficiency of state‐of‐the‐art perovskite solar cells.
Glass macrofiber self‐compacting concrete: Fiber distribution and mechanical properties in thin walls and slabs
Authors: Torrijos María Celeste , Giaccio Graciela , Zerbino Raúl
Published: November 2018

Alkali‐resistant glass macrofibers for concrete reinforcement are recently available; reductions in thermal or drying shrinkage cracks and the replacement of conventional welded mesh in some structural elements appear as the main applications. When considering thin elements, it has been recognized that the flow and wall effects have strong influence on the residual properties of steel fiber‐reinforced self‐compacting concrete (FR‐SCC); some effects were also observed in the case of polymer fibers but there are no references about glass macrofibers. This paper studies the variation of the mechanical properties in thin walls and slabs cast with SCC incorporating glass macrofibers; the results are compared with those obtained on similar elements molded with steel and synthetic macrofibers SCC. The wall effect and the flow rate affect fiber distribution in glass FR‐SCC, and lead to significant differences in the residual mechanical properties along thin elements, and also in the first crack strength.
Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes circulating in Libya
Authors: Mahmoud Abduslam S. , Savini Giovanni , Spedicato Massimo , Monaco Federica , Carmine Irene , Lorusso Alessio , Francesco Tolari , Mazzei Maurizio , Forzan Mario , Eldaghayes Ibrahim , Dayhum Abdunaser
Published: November 2018

The epidemiological patterns of Bluetongue (BT) in North Africa and Mediterranean Basin (MB) dramatically changed by emergence of subsequent episodes of novel bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes with highly pathogenic indexes and socio‐economic impacts. The objective of the study was to investigate the sero‐prevalence and serotype distribution of BTV in Libya. During 2015‐2016, a total of 826 serum samples were collected from domestic ruminants in Libya. All sera were assayed by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (c‐ELISA). C‐Elisa‐positive samples (43.3%; 173/400) were further analyzed by virus neutralization assay to identify BTV serotypes and determine the antibody titre of positive samples. An overall BTV sero‐prevalence was 48.4% (95% CI: 45.0%‐51.8%). Neutralizing antibodies were detected against the following BTV serotypes namely: BTV‐1, BTV‐2, BTV‐3, BTV‐4, BTV‐9 and BTV‐26. While BTV‐1, BTV‐2, BTV‐4 and BTV‐9 circulation was unsurprising as they have been responsible of the last year outbreaks in Northern African Countries, the detection of BTV‐3 and BTV‐26 was definitely new and concerning for the animal health of the countries facing the Mediterranean Basin. It is crucial that European and Northern African authorities collaborate in organizing common surveillance programmes to early detect novel strains or emerging serotypes in order to set up proper preventive measures, and, in case, develop specific vaccines and plan coordinated vaccination campaigns.
Double longitudinal-spin asymmetries in J/ψ production at RHIC
Authors: Feng Yu , Zhang Hong-Fei
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The double longitudinal-spin asymmetry, A

LL
, of the J/ψ production in polarized proton-proton collisions is presented in this paper at QCD next-to-leading order. It is found that the obtained values of A

LL
are in general consistent with the PHENIX measurements. Various sets of the long-distance matrix elements (LDMEs) are employed in our calculation to study the possible theoretical uncertainties. It is found that, for p

t
< 5 GeV, all these LDMEs lead to almost the same results, which are within the tolerance of the experimental data uncertainties.
Adoptive cellular therapies: the current landscape
Authors: Rohaan Maartje W. , Wilgenhof Sofie , Haanen John B. A. G.
Published: November 2018

For many cancer types, the immune system plays an essential role in their development and growth. Based on these rather novel insights, immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed. In the past decade, immune checkpoint blockade has demonstrated a major breakthrough in cancer treatment and has currently been approved for the treatment of multiple tumor types. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or gene-modified T cells expressing novel T cell receptors (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is another strategy to modify the immune system to recognize tumor cells and thus carry out an anti-tumor effector function. These treatments have shown promising results in various tumor types, and multiple clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to further optimize this treatment modality. Most successful results were obtained in hematological malignancies with the use of CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy and already led to the commercial approval by the FDA. This review provides an overview of the developments in ACT, the associated toxicity, and the future potential of ACT in cancer treatment.
Estimates of Green and Martin kernels for Schrödinger operators with singular potential in Lipschitz domains
Authors: Marcus Moshe
Published: November 2018

Consider operators of the form

L^{\gamma V}: = \mathrm{\Delta } + \gamma V

in a bounded Lipschitz domain

\mathrm{\Omega } \subset \mathbb{R}^{N}

. Assume that

V \in C^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega })

satisfies

|V(x)| \leq \bar a \:\mathrm{dist}\:(x,\partial \mathrm{\Omega })^{−2}

for every

x \in \mathrm{\Omega }

and
γ
is a number in a range

(\gamma _{−},\gamma _{ + })

described in the introduction. The model case is

V(x) = \mathrm{dist}\:(x,F)^{−2}

where
F
is a closed subset of ∂Ω and

\gamma < c_{H}(V) =

Hardy constant for
V
. We provide sharp two sided estimates of the Green and Martin kernel for

L^{\gamma V}

in Ω. In addition we establish a pointwise version of the 3G inequality.
Fluctuations of $N$-particle quantum dynamics around the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Brennecke Christian , Nam Phan Thành , Napiórkowski Marcin , Schlein Benjamin
Published: November 2018

We consider a system of

N

bosons interacting through a singular two-body potential scaling with

N

and having the form

N^{3\beta −1}V(N^{\beta }x)

, for an arbitrary parameter

\beta \in (0,1)

. We provide a norm-approximation for the many-body evolution of initial data exhibiting Bose–Einstein condensation in terms of a cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation for the condensate wave function and of a unitary Fock space evolution with a generator quadratic in creation and annihilation operators for the fluctuations.
Crevasse-induced Rayleigh-wave azimuthal anisotropy on Glacier de la Plaine Morte, Switzerland
Authors: Lindner Fabian , Laske Gabi , Walter Fabian , Doran Adrian K.
Published: November 2018

Crevasses and englacial fracture networks route meltwater from a glacier's surface to the subglacial drainage system and thus influence glacial hydraulics. However, rapid fracture growth may also lead to sudden and potentially hazardous structural failure of unstable glaciers and ice dams, rifting of ice shelves, or iceberg calving. Here, we use passive seismic recordings to investigate the englacial fracture network on Glacier de la Plaine Morte, Switzerland. Glacier dynamics and the drainage of an ice-marginal lake give rise to numerous icequakes, the majority of which generate dispersed, high-frequency Rayleigh waves. A wide distribution of events allows us to study azimuthal anisotropy between 10 and 30 Hz in order to extract englacial seismic velocities in regions of preferentially oriented crevasses. Beamforming applied to a 100-m-aperture array reveals azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh-wave phase velocities reaching a strength of 8% at high frequencies. In addition, we find that the fast direction of wave propagation coincides with the observed surface strike of the narrow crevasses. Forward modeling and inversion of dispersion curves suggest that the azimuthal anisotropy is induced by a 40-m-thick crevassed layer at the surface of the glacier with 8% anisotropy in shear-wave velocity.
Ambivalent Moderation: The FMLN’s Ideological Accommodation to Post-War Politics in El Salvador
Authors: Sprenkels Ralph
Published: November 2018

El Salvador’s FMLN is an oft-cited example of a rebel movement which successfully embraced electoral democracy. This article examines the ideological dimensions of this transformation. In the course of the Salvadoran peace process, the FMLN substantially overhauled its ideological orientation and associated modes of engagement with the state and the broader political system. Moderation unfolded in four subsequent stages: the resignification of revolution as a process of reform, the FMLN’s rebel-to-party adaptation, the electoral consolidation of the FMLN, and the FMLN as the party in government. Over the years, while electoral politics invited public moderation, Leninist dogma continued to dominate internal party politics. This article finds that the post-war FMLN has employed seemingly contradictory ideological repertoires in parallel. This ambivalence, strongly rooted in the war, has facilitated the FMLN’s electoral ascendency. It has also strained democratic consolidation in El Salvador.
A bioclast-based astronomical timescale for the Maastrichtian in the type area (southeast Netherlands, northeast Belgium) and stratigraphic implications: the legacy of P.J. Felder
Authors: Keutgen Norbert
Published: November 2018

The present paper, dedicated to the legacy of local geologist–engineer Peter Jozef (Sjeuf) Felder, who died in 2009, confirms his view that bioclasts constitute a valuable tool in the correlation of outcrops and borehole cores across the type area of the Maastrichtian Stage in the vicinity of Maastricht. His approach of interpreting changes in bioclast contents as having been influenced by Milankovitch cyclicity has here been applied successfully to the entire sedimentary complex of Maastrichtian (latest Cretaceous) age in the study area. In the present approach, results are corroborated by index fossils, mainly dinoflagellate cysts but also calcareous nannofossils, which allow correlation with the Stevns-1 core reference section in eastern Denmark. With the exception of local remnants ofBelemnella obtusaZone age, the Maastrichtian Stage in its type area encompasses the last 4.6 Ma of the Cretaceous Period (i.e. theBelemnella sumensis/Acanthoscaphites tridensZone up to the K/Pg boundary). P.J. Felder's bioclast analyses have enabled the detection of twelve 400 kyr eccentricity cycles of Milankovitch cyclicity in the area. However, the section is not continuous; there is a hiatus ofc.700 kyr between the Gulpen and Maastricht formations at the ENCI-HeidelbergCement Group quarry. In addition, smaller hiatuses, usually in the range of several 20 kyr cycles, have been detected in the upper Maastricht Formation.
Refugees from Dust and Shrinking Land: Tracking the Dust Bowl Migrants
Authors: Long Jason , Siu Henry
Published: November 2018

We construct longitudinal data from U.S. census records to study the economics of the Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s. Most of our findings contradict long-standing perceptions. While migration rates were high relative to elsewhere in the United States, they were similar to migration rates from the region in the 1920s. Relative to other occupations, farmers were the least likely to move. Furthermore, migrants from the Dust Bowl were not exceptionally likely to move to California. Finally, there was negligible migrant selectivity, and migration was not associated with long-lasting negative labor market outcomes; indeed, for farmers, the gains from migration were positive.
Normative ratings for 536 action-related sentences in Spanish
Authors: DÍEZ-ÁLAMO ANTONIO M. , DÍEZ EMILIANO , ALONSO MARÍA ANGELES , FERNANDEZ ANGEL
Published: November 2018

Familiarity, emotionality, motor activity, memorability, and vividness of visual imagery ratings, on 7-point scales, were collected for 536 Spanish action-related sentences, including a corpus of 439 phrases originally normed in Swedish, German, and Croatian (Arar & Molander, 1996; Molander & Arar, 1998; Molander, Arar, Mavrinac, & Janig, 1999) and 97 new sentences describing actions usually performed using different body postures and face or hand movements. These norms constitute the only available set of ratings for action sentences in Spanish including those dimensions to date, and they allow for the design of studies aimed at empirically exploring the relationship between action, language, and cognition with well-controlled materials in Spanish-speaking samples of participants.
Ebola and the airplane – securing mobility through regime interactions and legal adaptation
Authors: Cuinn Gearóid Ó , Switzer Stephanie
Published: November 2018

This article concentrates on a particular controversy during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa; the mass cancellation of flights to and from affected countries. This occurred despite authoritative advice against such restrictions from the World Health Organization (WHO). During a public health emergency such as Ebola, the airplane sits at a site of regulatory uncertainty as it falls within the scope of two specialist and overlapping domains of international law; the WHO International Health Regulations (2005) and the Convention on International Civil Aviation. We explore how legal technicalities and objects, by promoting functional interactions between these two specialized regimes of law, were utilized to deal with this uncertainty. We show how the form and function of these mundane tools had a significant impact; assimilating aviation further into the system of global health security as well as instrumentalizing the aircraft as a tool of disease surveillance. This encounter of regimes was law creating, resulting in new international protocols and standards designed to enable the resumption of flights in and out of countries affected by outbreaks. This article therefore offers significant and original insights into the hidden work performed by legal techniques and tools in dealing with regime overlap. Our findings contribute to the wider international law literature on fragmentation and enrich our understanding of the significance of relational regime interactions in international law.
Cognitive impairment in major depressive disorder
Authors: Pan Zihang , Park Caroline , Brietzke Elisa , Zuckerman Hannah , Rong Carola , Mansur Rodrigo B. , Fus Dominika , Subramaniapillai Mehala , Lee Yena , McIntyre Roger S.
Published: November 2018

Cognitive dysfunction is a symptomatic domain identified across many mental disorders. Cognitive deficits in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) contribute significantly to occupational and functional disability. Notably, cognitive subdomains such as learning and memory, executive functioning, processing speed, and attention and concentration are significantly impaired during, and between, episodes in individuals with MDD. Most antidepressants have not been developed and/or evaluated for their ability to directly and independently ameliorate cognitive deficits. Multiple interacting neurobiological mechanisms (eg, neuroinflammation) are implicated as subserving cognitive deficits in MDD. A testable hypothesis, with preliminary support, posits that improving performance across cognitive domains in individuals with MDD may improve psychosocial function, workplace function, quality of life, and other patient-reported outcomes, independent of effects on core mood symptoms. Herein we aim to (1) provide a rationale for prioritizing cognitive deficits as a therapeutic target, (2) briefly discuss the neurobiological substrates subserving cognitive dysfunction, and (3) provide an update on current and future treatment avenues.
Goals of care and treatment in terminal delirium: A qualitative study of the views and experiences of healthcare professionals caring for patients with cancer
Authors: Uchida Megumi , Morita Tatsuya , Ito Yoshinori , Koga Kazuko , Akechi Tatsuo
Published: November 2018

Objective

This study explores the views of healthcare professionals regarding care and treatment goals in irreversible terminal delirium and their effect on patients and caregivers.

Method

We conducted a qualitative interview study of healthcare professionals (palliative care physician, oncologist, psycho-oncologist, and clinical psychologist) engaged in the treatment of terminally ill cancer patients. We assessed the views of healthcare workers regarding treatment goals in terminal delirium and their effect on patients and their families.

Result

Of the 21 eligible healthcare professionals, 20 agreed to participate in this study. Three of the professionals had experience with treating terminal delirium as family caregivers. We identified five important aspects of treatment goals in terminal delirium based on the views of healthcare professionals: (1) adequate management of symptoms/distress, (2) ability to communicate, (3) continuity of self, (4) provision of care and support to families, and (5) considering a balance (between symptom alleviation and maintaining communication; between symptom alleviation and family preparations for the death of patients; balance between specific treatment goals for delirium and general treatment goals).

Significance of results

According to the views of healthcare workers questioned in this study, goals of care and treatment in terminal delirium are multidimensional and extend beyond simply controlling patient symptoms.
Regulating Uber: The Politics of the Platform Economy in Europe and the United States
Authors: Thelen Kathleen
Published: November 2018

I use the case of the transportation network company Uber as a lens to explore the comparative politics of the platform economy in Europe and the United States. Within the advanced capitalist world, different countries have responded in very different ways to this new service, from welcome embrace and accommodating regulatory adjustments to complete rejection and legal bans. I analyze Uber’s arrival and reception in the United States, Germany, and Sweden, documenting three very different responses to this disruptive new actor. I show that conflicts over Uber centered on different issues in the three countries. These differences were consequential because the specific regulatory “flashpoints”that Uber provoked mobilized different actors, inspired the formation of different coalitions, and shaped the terms on which conflicts over Uber were framed and fought.
A Discussion of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: November 2018

Among the many scholarly attempts to reckon with the causes and consequences of Donald Trump’s rise, few have attracted popular attention on the scale of Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt’s How Democracies Die. Seldom do books by political scientists make it onto the New York Times best sellers list, but this one has, a testament to its broad influence. Levitsky and Ziblatt situate Trumpism within a broader comparative and historical context in order to assess its similarities to and differences from democratic breakdowns elsewhere, particularly in Europe and Latin America. Their broad argument is that modern slides into authoritarianism are not the result of revolutions or military coups, but rather the consequence of a steady erosion of political norms and the assault on such fundamental democratic institutions as an independent judiciary and a free press. In short, contemporary democracies die not as a result of men with guns attacking from outside the system, but rather because elected leaders from inside that system slowly undermine them. Judged from this standpoint, the authors argue that American democracy is now in real danger, and they offer a range of suggestions for saving it. How convincing is Levitsky and Ziblatt’s analysis of democratic breakdown, and how well does it apply to the American case? How useful are the solutions that they offer for rescuing American democracy? We have asked a range of prominent scholars from across the discipline to consider these questions in the present symposium.
Dressing the law
Authors: Monks Aoife
Published: November 2018

The theatre shares many features with the law. One key commonality is the presence of dressers in both professions. In the law and the theatre, the dresser is a key intermediary in the transformation of bodies and the transmission of professional culture, while being relatively under-recognised in criticism and scholarship. The point of departure for this paper is that the dresser is a figure worthy of further scrutiny. As the Court and Ceremonial Manager at Ede and Ravenscroft, Christopher Allen is perhaps one of the common law's most important dressers. Allan is instrumental to the entry of the judiciary into their new roles by dressing them for the very first time in advance of their swearing-in ceremony. Established as a wig-making business in 1726 (later selling robes from 1871), Ede and Ravenscroft are the tailors and robe-makers of choice for the judiciary, not only in England and Wales, but in many common-law jurisdictions. This paper draws upon an interview with Allen about his work asthedresser of the judicial establishment of England and Wales in order to explore the role of dressing up in the production of images of the judiciary. Thinking about the role of the dresser in the production of the judicial image draws attention not simply to the function that dress plays in the law, but foregrounds the process ofdressing upas a key aspect of the law's performance.
The courtroom as TV studio: the case of the Oscar Pistorius trial
Authors: Moseneke Dikgang
Published: November 2018

In 2014, something happened that changed how the media report on court proceedings in South Africa. The Oscar Pistorius trial proceedings attracted much media attention. International journalists flocked into South Africa in droves. Our newspapers, our televisions, our radios, even our Facebook feeds were flooded with information. An entire twenty-four-hour television channel was created with the sole purpose of televising, and then discussing, the proceedings. Everything about the trial – the judge's rulings, the witnesses who gave evidence and especially the verdict – clogged social-media newsfeeds on laptops and other devices for months on end. This has changed irreversibly the manner in which the media and the justice system in South Africa converge. Through a focus on the debates in and out of the courtroom that the Pistorius trial generated, this paper explores the intersection between the judicial function, the media and the public. It was an important moment in post-apartheid South Africa, ushering in a new way of making and distributing judicial images to the public and thereby bringing into being new ways for the media and the public to access and assess the adjudicative role of judges.
Remote judging: the impact of video links on the image and the role of the judge
Authors: Rowden Emma , Wallace Anne
Published: November 2018

Judges perform an important role on behalf of society, as impartial decision-makers, interpreting and applying the law, presiding over courtrooms and ensuring a fair trial. The image of the judge – how they are viewed culturally – reinforces their role, emphasising their authority and neutrality, thus supporting the legitimacy of the court as an institution. Increasingly, judges use video conferencing where either they, or other participants, are located away from the courtroom. Reporting on a three-year empirical study, this paper argues that the introduction of video-conferencing technologies in court has had a profound impact on the production, management and consumption of judicial images, with implications for the role of the judge. Video links challenge cultural assumptions about how the role of the judge is performed and what the image of the judge should be. We argue that greater congruence needs to be achieved over video links between that image and the role of the judge.
Revolting consumers: a revisionist account of the 1925 ban on photography in English and Welsh courts and its implications for debate about who is able to produce, manage and consume images of the trial
Authors: Mulcahy Linda
Published: November 2018

This paper offers a revisionist history of the banning of photography in English and Welsh courts in 1925 and explores the contention that a complete rationale for the ban has never been adequately articulated. While existing accounts of the ban have placed emphasis on the outrage caused by press coverage of a handful of sensational murder trials, this paper offers the first comprehensive analysis of photographs of trial scenes in the decades leading up to the ban. In doing so, it argues that the exposure of the legal system to scrutiny by the press and public, made possible by new technologies and reporting practices, was much more pervasive than has previously been suggested. It also contends that, although parliamentarians claimed that the purpose of the ban was to protect vulnerable members of the public, it actually did a much better job of preserving the interests of the legal, political and social elite, including judges, against a backdrop of fears about an increasingly disrespectful populace. More particularly, it is suggested that the ban allowed the state to take back its monopoly over the production, management and consumption of images of judges and other key actors in the courtroom in an effort to re-impose social order and retain the mystery of law.
Die Grundlagen der lysosomalen Speicherkrankheiten
Authors: Tamò Raphaël , Rohrbach Marianne , Baumgartner Matthias , Beuschlein Felix , Nowak Albina
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten (LSK) sind eine Gruppe von über 50 hereditären Erkrankungen, welche durch eine gestörte lysosomale Funktion charakterisiert sind. Das Lysosom fungiert als Recyclinganlage der Zelle. Der Grossteil der LSK wird durch einen Mangel an sauren Hydrolasen ausgelöst. Der gestörte Metabolismus führt dann zur Akkumulation komplexer Moleküle. Die klassische Einteilung der LSK orientiert sich an diesen Hauptspeichermolekülen und unterscheidet Sphingolipidosen (Glykosphingolipide), Mukopolysaccharidosen (Glykosaminoglykane) und Oligosaccharidosen (Oligosaccharide, Glykoproteine) (In Klammern jeweils das Hauptspeichermolekül). Die moderne Einteilung weitet den Begriff auf alle Erkrankungen aus, welche einen Defekt einer Komponente zeigen, die für die normale Funktion des Lysosoms nötig ist. Dies können lysosomale Membranproteine, Aktivatorproteine, Transportproteine oder nicht-lysosomale Proteine sein. Mit einer gemeinsamen Inzidenz von etwa 16 Fällen pro 100’000 Lebendgeburten sind die LSK insgesamt seltene Erkrankungen. Ergebnisse aus Screening-Untersuchungen deuten jedoch darauf hin, dass die Inzidenz unter Lebendgeburten unterschätzt wird. Die häufigsten LSK sind die beiden Sphingolipidosen Morbus Gaucher und Morbus Fabry. Die Gemeinsamkeiten der LSK bezüglich ihrer Symptomatik sind die systemischen Manifestationen und die häufige zerebrale Beteiligung. Die Ausprägung der Symptome ist innerhalb der Erkrankungen sehr unterschiedlich. Die pathophysiologischen Prozesse sind vielfältig und nicht durch blosse Überladung und konsekutiven Untergang der Zelle bedingt. Therapeutisch sind verschiedene Angriffspunkte vorhanden: die Substitution der Enzyme mittels Enzymersatztherapie, die Gentherapie oder hämatopoetischen Stammzelltransplantation, die Stabilisierung der defekten Enzyme durch pharmakologische Chaperone sowie die Verringerung der Substrate durch Substratreduktionstherapie.
Morbus Gaucher – ein Überblick über eine Sphingolipidose
Authors: Tamò Raphaël , Hochuli Michel , Beuschlein Felix , Nowak Albina
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Morbus Gaucher ist eine Speicherkrankheit, welche auf einem Defekt des lysosomalen Enzyms Glukozerebrosidase beruht. Als Folge akkumulieren Sphingolipide, vor allem in den Makrophagen. Drei Typen werden unterschieden: Morbus Gaucher Typ 1 zeigt primär viszeral-hämatologische und skelettale Manifestationen und ist der häufigste Typ. Die Typen 2 und 3 sind seltener und präsentieren sich zusätzlich mit neurologischen Symptomen. Die kennzeichnenden Befunde wie Hepatosplenomegalie, hämatologische Pathologien und Erkrankungen des Knochens werden durch die Infiltration von Milz und Knochenmark durch die mit Glukozerebrosid beladenen Makrophagen hervorgerufen. Je nach Verlauf der Krankheit können die ersten Symptome im Kindes- oder Erwachsenenalter auftreten. Zur Diagnosestellung ist die Messung der Enzymaktivität der Glukozerebrosidase in peripheren Leukozyten erforderlich. Die klassische Therapie ist eine Enzymersatztherapie mit rekombinanter Glukozerebrosidase, welche gut wirksam ist.
Global Nitrous Oxide Production Determined by Oxygen Sensitivity of Nitrification and Denitrification
Authors: Ji Qixing , Buitenhuis Erik , Suntharalingam Parvadha , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Ward Bess B.
Published: November 2018

The ocean is estimated to contribute up to ~20% of global fluxes of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas and ozone depletion agent. Marine oxygen minimum zones contribute disproportionately to this flux. To further understand the partition of nitrification and denitrification and their environmental controls on marine N2O fluxes, we report new relationships between oxygen concentration and rates of N2O production from nitrification and denitrification directly measured with 15N tracers in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Highest N2O production rates occurred near the oxic‐anoxic interface, where there is strong potential for N2O efflux to the atmosphere. The dominant N2O source in oxygen minimum zones was nitrate reduction, the rates of which were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of ammonium oxidation. The presence of oxygen significantly inhibited the production of N2O from both nitrification and denitrification. These experimental data provide new constraints to a multicomponent global ocean biogeochemical model, which yielded annual oceanic N2O efflux of 1.7–4.4 Tg‐N (median 2.8 Tg‐N, 1 Tg = 1012 g), with denitrification contributing 20% to the oceanic flux. Thus, denitrification should be viewed as a net N2O production pathway in the marine environment.
Estimates of Pliocene Tropical Pacific Temperature Sensitivity to Radiative Greenhouse Gas Forcing
Authors: Ford Heather L. , Ravelo A. Christina
Published: November 2018

The Western Equatorial Pacific (WEP) warm pool, with surface temperatures >28 °C and a deep thermocline, is an important source of latent and sensible heat for the global climate system. Because the tropics are not sensitive to ice‐albedo feedbacks, the WEP's response to radiative forcing can be used to constrain a minimum estimate of Earth system sensitivity. Climate modeling of pCO2‐radiative warming projections shows little change in WEP variability; here we use temperature distributions of individual surface and subsurface dwelling fossil foraminifera to evaluate past variability and possible radiative and dynamic climate forcing over the Plio‐Pleistocene. We investigate WEP warm pool variability within paired glacial‐interglacial (G‐IG) intervals for four times: the Holocene‐Last Glacial Maximum, ~2, ~3, and ~4 Ma. Our results show that these surface and subsurface temperature distributions are similar for all G‐IG pairs, indicating no change in variability, even as pCO2‐radiative forcing and other boundary conditions changed on G‐IG timescales. Plio‐Pleistocene sea surface temperature (SST) distributions are similar to those from the Holocene, indicating WEP SSTs respond to pCO2‐radiative forcing and associated feedbacks. In contrast, Plio‐Pleistocene subsurface temperature distributions suggest subsurface temperatures respond to changes in thermocline temperature and depth. We estimate tropical temperature sensitivity for the mid‐Pliocene (~3 Ma) using our individual foraminifera SST data set and a previously published high‐resolution boron isotope‐based pCO2 reconstruction. We find tropical temperature sensitivity was equal to, or less than, that of the Late Pleistocene.
Forecasting Periods of Strong Southward Magnetic Field Following Interplanetary Shocks
Authors: Salman T. M. , Lugaz N. , Farrugia C. J. , Winslow R. M. , Galvin A. B. , Schwadron N. A.
Published: November 2018

Long periods of strong southward magnetic fields are known to be the primary cause of intense geomagnetic storms. The majority of such events are caused by the passage over Earth of a magnetic ejecta. Irrespective of the interplanetary cause, fast‐forward shocks often precede such strong southward Bz periods. Here we first look at all long periods of strong southward magnetic fields as well as fast‐forward shocks measured by the Wind spacecraft in a 22.4‐year span. We find that 76% of strong southward Bz periods are preceded within 48 hr by at least a fast‐forward shock, but only about 23% of all shocks are followed within 48 hr by strong southward Bz periods. Then, we devise a threshold‐based probabilistic forecasting method based on the shock properties and the pre‐shock near‐Earth solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field characteristics adopting a superposed epoch analysis‐like approach. Our analysis shows that the solar wind conditions in the 30‐min interval around the arrival of fast‐forward shocks have a significant contribution to the prediction of long‐duration southward Bz periods. This probabilistic model may provide on average a 14‐hr warning time for an intense and long‐duration southward Bz period. Evaluating the forecast capability of the model through a statistical and skill score‐based approach reveals that it outperforms a coin‐flipping forecast. By using the information provided by the arrival of a fast‐forward shock at L1, this model represents a marked improvement over similar forecasting methods. We outline a number of future potential improvements.
Examining the current standards for genetic discovery and replication in the era of mega-biobanks
Authors: Huffman J. E.
Published: November 2018

With the recent deluge of mega-biobank data, it is time to revisit what constitutes “replication” for genome-wide association studies. Many replication samples are unavailable or underpowered, therefore alternatives beyond strict statistical replication are needed until the required resources become available.
Silicon as a ubiquitous contaminant in graphene derivatives with significant impact on device performance
Authors: Jalili Rouhollah , Esrafilzadeh Dorna , Aboutalebi Seyed Hamed , Sabri Ylias M. , Kandjani Ahmad E. , Bhargava Suresh K. , Della Gaspera Enrico , Gengenbach Thomas R. , Walker Ashley , Chao Yunfeng , Wang Caiyun , Alimadadi Hossein , Mitchell David R. G. , Officer David L. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: November 2018

Silicon-based impurities are ubiquitous in natural graphite. However, their role as a contaminant in exfoliated graphene and their influence on devices have been overlooked. Herein atomic resolution microscopy is used to highlight the existence of silicon-based contamination on various solution-processed graphene. We found these impurities are extremely persistent and thus utilising high purity graphite as a precursor is the only route to produce silicon-free graphene. These impurities are found to hamper the effective utilisation of graphene in whereby surface area is of paramount importance. When non-contaminated graphene is used to fabricate supercapacitor microelectrodes, a capacitance value closest to the predicted theoretical capacitance for graphene is obtained. We also demonstrate a versatile humidity sensor made from pure graphene oxide which achieves the highest sensitivity and the lowest limit of detection ever reported. Our findings constitute a vital milestone to achieve commercially viable and high performance graphene-based devices.
Comprehensive human cell-type methylation atlas reveals origins of circulating cell-free DNA in health and disease
Authors: Moss Joshua , Magenheim Judith , Neiman Daniel , Zemmour Hai , Loyfer Netanel , Korach Amit , Samet Yaacov , Maoz Myriam , Druid Henrik , Arner Peter , Fu Keng-Yeh , Kiss Endre , Spalding Kirsty L. , Landesberg Giora , Zick Aviad , Grinshpun Albert , Shapiro A. M. James , Grompe Markus , Wittenberg Avigail Dreazan , Glaser Benjamin , Shemer Ruth , Kaplan Tommy , Dor Yuval
Published: November 2018

Methylation patterns of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) contain rich information about recent cell death events in the body. Here, we present an approach for unbiased determination of the tissue origins of cfDNA, using a reference methylation atlas of 25 human tissues and cell types. The method is validated using in silico simulations as well as in vitro mixes of DNA from different tissue sources at known proportions. We show that plasma cfDNA of healthy donors originates from white blood cells (55%), erythrocyte progenitors (30%), vascular endothelial cells (10%) and hepatocytes (1%). Deconvolution of cfDNA from patients reveals tissue contributions that agree with clinical findings in sepsis, islet transplantation, cancer of the colon, lung, breast and prostate, and cancer of unknown primary. We propose a procedure which can be easily adapted to study the cellular contributors to cfDNA in many settings, opening a broad window into healthy and pathologic human tissue dynamics.
Ribosome-induced RNA conformational changes in a viral 3′-UTR sense and regulate translation levels
Authors: Hartwick Erik W. , Costantino David A. , MacFadden Andrea , Nix Jay C. , Tian Siqi , Das Rhiju , Kieft Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2018

Structured RNA elements, programmed RNA conformational changes, and interactions between different RNA domains underlie many modes of regulating gene expression, mandating studies to understand the foundational principles that govern these phenomena. Exploring the structured 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of a viral RNA, we discovered that different contexts of the 3′-UTR confer different abilities to enhance translation of an associated open reading frame. In one context, ribosome-induced conformational changes in a ‘sensor’ RNA domain affect a separate RNA ‘functional’ domain, altering translation efficiency. The structure of the entire 3′-UTR reveals that structurally distinct domains use a spine of continuously stacked bases and a strut-like linker to create a conduit for communication within the higher-order architecture. Thus, this 3′-UTR RNA illustrates how RNA can use programmed conformational changes to sense the translation status of an upstream open reading frame, then create a tuned functional response by communicating that information to other RNA elements.
A scalable peptide-GPCR language for engineering multicellular communication
Authors: Billerbeck Sonja , Brisbois James , Agmon Neta , Jimenez Miguel , Temple Jasmine , Shen Michael , Boeke Jef D. , Cornish Virginia W.
Published: November 2018

Engineering multicellularity is one of the next breakthroughs for Synthetic Biology. A key bottleneck to building multicellular systems is the lack of a scalable signaling language with a large number of interfaces that can be used simultaneously. Here, we present a modular, scalable, intercellular signaling language in yeast based on fungal mating peptide/G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pairs harnessed from nature. First, through genome-mining, we assemble 32 functional peptide-GPCR signaling interfaces with a range of dose-response characteristics. Next, we demonstrate that these interfaces can be combined into two-cell communication links, which serve as assembly units for higher-order communication topologies. Finally, we show 56 functional, two-cell links, which we use to assemble three- to six-member communication topologies and a three-member interdependent community. Importantly, our peptide-GPCR language is scalable and tunable by genetic encoding, requires minimal component engineering, and should be massively scalable by further application of our genome mining pipeline or directed evolution.
Profile and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds from a complex industrial park
Authors: Liu Yuan , Xie Qing , Li Xuehua , Tian Fulin , Qiao Xianliang , Chen Jingwen , Ding Wenwen
Published: November 2018

Emission sources were revealed by using receptor models and validated by in situ sampling in factories under actual manufacturing processes.
Design of plasmonic nanomaterials for diagnostic spectrometry
Authors: Gurav Deepanjali Dattatray , Jia Yi (Alec) , Ye Jian , Qian Kun
Published: November 2018

Development of plasmonics for diagnostic spectrometry encompassing the interface, mechanism, and application of nanomaterials.
Anisotropic nonvolatile magnetization controlled by electric field in amorphous SmCo thin films grown on (011)-cut PMN-PT substrates
Authors: Liang Wenhui , Hu Fengxia , Zhang Jian , Kuang Hao , Li Jia , Xiong Jiefu , Qiao Kaiming , Wang Jing , Sun Jirong , Shen Baogen
Published: November 2018

Anisotropic nonvolatile magnetization and a two-state memory effect is demonstrated in an amorphous SmCo film with uniaxial-anisotropy and hard magnetic properties.
Origins of complex solvent effects on chemical reactivity and computational tools to investigate them: a review
Authors: Varghese Jithin John , Mushrif Samir H.
Published: November 2018

Origins of solvent-induced enhancement in catalytic reactivity and product selectivity are discussed with computational methods to study them.
Cholesterol in phospholipid bilayers: positions and orientations inside membranes with different unsaturation degrees
Authors: Ermilova Inna , Lyubartsev Alexander P.
Published: November 2018

Cholesterol is an essential component of all animal cell membranes and plays an important role in maintaining the membrane structure and physical–chemical properties necessary for correct cell functioning.