bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Interactive Teaching Modules Enhance Quantitative Proficiency of Introductory Biology Students
Authors: Thompson Katerina V. , Nelson Kären C. , Marbach-Ad Gili , Keller Michael , Fagan William F.
Published: September 2010

There is widespread agreement within the scientific and education communities that undergraduate biology curricula fall short in providing students with the quantitative and interdisciplinary problem-solving skills they need to obtain a deep understanding of biological phenomena and be prepared fully to contribute to future scientific inquiry. MathBench Biology Modules were designed to address these needs through a series of interactive, Web-based modules that can be used to supplement existing course content across the biological sciences curriculum. The effect of the modules was assessed in an introductory biology course at the University of Maryland. Over the course of the semester, students showed significant increases in quantitative skills that were independent of previous math course work. Students also showed increased comfort with solving quantitative problems, whether or not they ultimately arrived at the correct answer. A survey of spring 2009 graduates indicated that those who had experienced MathBench in their course work had a greater appreciation for the role of mathematics in modern biology than those who had not used MathBench. MathBench modules allow students from diverse educational backgrounds to hone their quantitative skills, preparing them for more complex mathematical approaches in upper-division courses.
How to Build a Course in Mathematical–Biological Modeling: Content and Processes for Knowledge and Skill
Authors: Hoskinson Anne-Marie
Published: September 2010

Biological problems in the twenty-first century are complex and require mathematical insight, often resulting in mathematical models of biological systems. Building mathematical–biological models requires cooperation among biologists and mathematicians, and mastery of building models. A new course in mathematical modeling presented the opportunity to build both content and process learning of mathematical models, the modeling process, and the cooperative process. There was little guidance from the literature on how to build such a course. Here, I describe the iterative process of developing such a course, beginning with objectives and choosing content and process competencies to fulfill the objectives. I include some inductive heuristics for instructors seeking guidance in planning and developing their own courses, and I illustrate with a description of one instructional model cycle. Students completing this class reported gains in learning of modeling content, the modeling process, and cooperative skills. Student content and process mastery increased, as assessed on several objective-driven metrics in many types of assessments.
“ ”
Authors: Epstein Mikhail
Published: September 2010

In this guest column, Epstein offers “a new sign” that, he argues, resolves difficulties that have arisen in many theories and practices, including linguistics, semiotics, literary theory, poetics, aesthetics, ecology, ecophilology, eco-ethics, metaphysics, theology, psychology, and phenomenology. The new sign, a pair of quotation marks around a blank space, signfies the absence of any sign. Most generally, “ ” relates to the blank space that surrounds and underlies a text; by locating “ ” within the text, the margins are brought inside and can become the focus of attention. Not only the margins but also the material background of a text (the page or screen) can be brought forward and focused on through the transparency of the sign “ ”, in which case “ ” becomes a sign of itself. Consubstantial with its medium, therefore, this sign is both relative and universal: “ ” is the same everywhere, on every surface, in every language, and also in the arts. Epstein analyzes works by Rauschenberg, Malevich, Ilya Kabakov, and Vasilisk Gdenov in the visual arts, as well as music by John Cage, to demonstrate the usefulness of his new sign for aesthetics and art criticism. Each discipline, he argues, has its own nonspeakable conditions and assumptions that it needs to bring inside disciplinary frontiers. At the frontier of language, “ ” is both inside and outside, and therefore can express the nonspeakable condition of speakability. In concluding, Epstein suggests that the task of the avant-garde in theory today is to develop a “negative semiotics”: a semiotics of nonsigns, modeled on negative (apophatic) theology.
NuSAP is essential for chromatin-induced spindle formation during early embryogenesis
Authors: Vanden Bosch An , Raemaekers Tim , Denayer Sarah , Torrekens Sophie , Smets Nico , Moermans Karen , Dewerchin Mieke , Carmeliet Peter , Carmeliet Geert
Published: September 2010

Mitotic spindle assembly is mediated by two processes: a centrosomal and a chromosomal pathway. RanGTP regulates the latter process by releasing microtubule-associated proteins from inhibitory complexes. NuSAP, a microtubule- and DNA-binding protein, is a target of RanGTP and promotes the formation of microtubules near chromosomes. However, the contribution of NuSAP to cell proliferation in vivo is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of NuSAP highly correlates with cell proliferation during embryogenesis and adult life, making it a reliable marker of proliferating cells. Additionally, we show that NuSAP deficiency in mice leads to early embryonic lethality. Spindle assembly in NuSAP-deficient cells is highly inefficient and chromosomes remain dispersed in the mitotic cytoplasm. As a result of sustained spindle checkpoint activity, the cells are unable to progress through mitosis, eventually leading to caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. Together, our findings demonstrate that NuSAP is essential for proliferation of embryonic cells and, simultaneously, they underscore the importance of chromatin-induced spindle assembly.
The exocytic genesecAis required forDictyosteliumcell motility and osmoregulation
Authors: Zanchi Roberto , Howard Gillian , Bretscher Mark S. , Kay Robert R.
Published: September 2010

We investigated the link between cell movement and plasma membrane recycling using a fast-acting, temperature-sensitive mutant of the Dictyostelium SecA exocytic protein. Strikingly, most mutant cells become almost paralysed within minutes at the restrictive temperature. However, they can still sense cyclic-AMP (cAMP) gradients and polymerise actin up-gradient, but form only abortive pseudopodia, which cannot expand. They also relay a cAMP signal normally, suggesting that cAMP is released by a non-exocytic mechanism. To investigate why SecA is required for motility, we examined membrane trafficking in the mutant. Plasma membrane circulation is rapidly inhibited at the restrictive temperature and the cells acquire a prominent vesicle. Organelle-specific markers show that this is an undischarged contractile vacuole, and we found the cells are correspondingly osmo-sensitive. Electron microscopy shows that many smaller vesicles, probably originating from the plasma membrane, also accumulate at the restrictive temperature. Consistent with this, the surface area of mutant cells shrinks. We suggest that SecA mutant cells cannot move at the restrictive temperature because their block in exocytosis results in a net uptake of plasma membrane, reducing its area, and so restricting pseudopodial expansion. This demonstrates the importance of proper surface area regulation in cell movement.
Vibration Analysis of 2.3 MW Wind Turbine Operation Using the Discrete Wavelet Transform
Authors: Bassett Kyle , Carriveau Rupp , Ting David S-K.
Published: September 2010

The vibration analysis of operational response data from a 2.3 MW wind turbine is presented. Vibration signals were acquired for two unique environmental conditions with an accelerometer mounted in the turbine tower. A Daubechies 6th order (db6) wavelet was used to perform a 12-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT) revealing trends and similarities within the signals. Full operation signals were segmented into start up and steady state periods. Analysis of turbine start up revealed a common ramping of low frequency energy on the order of rotor rotational frequency. DWT plots were also utilized to reveal high-energy response features related to the mechanical start up of the turbine. Analysis of steady state signals revealed distinct low frequency periodicity evident in the 11th (0.1776Hz) and 12th (0.0888 Hz) decomposition levels. The analysis technique performed shows promise for potential integration into comprehensive structural health monitoring schemes designed to reduce downtime and improve the reliability of commercial wind turbines.
Public Perceptions of Energy Choices: The Influence of Beliefs about Climate Change and the Environment
Authors: Spence Alexa , Poortinga Wouter , Pidgeon Nick , Lorenzoni Irene
Published: September 2010

Past research has documented high levels of public concern for risks relating to nuclear power, with opposition to nuclear energy particularly being linked with general environmental concern. However recent UK energy policy, and other debates worldwide, has led to a repositioning of nuclear power as a ‘low carbon’ electricity source with potential benefits for mitigating climate change. Whilst many previous studies have examined perceptions of climate change and nuclear energy separately, this large British public attitude survey explores relationships between the two as well as with perceptions of other energy sources. Both general environmental concern and concerns about climate change were linked with positive evaluations of renewables and negative evaluations of nuclear power. We conclude that, despite the policy positioning of nuclear power as a low carbon electricity source, most people concerned about climate change continue to perceive nuclear negatively, something partially explained by general environmental concerns.
Multidecadal Tendencies in ENSO and Global Temperatures Related to Multidecadal Oscillations
Authors: D'Aleo Joseph , Easterbrook Don
Published: September 2010

Perlwitz etal (2009) used computer model suites to contend that the 2008 North American cooling was naturally induced as a result of the continent's sensitivity to widespread cooling of the tropical (La Nina) and northeastern Pacific sea surface temperatures. But they concluded from their models that warming is likely to resume in coming years and that climate is unlikely to embark upon a prolonged period of cooling. We here show how their models fail to recognize the multidecadal behavior of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Basin, which determines the frequency of El Ninos and La Ninas and suggests that the cooling will likely continue for several decades. We show how this will be reinforced with multidecadal shift in the Atlantic.
Variations in Sound Insulation in Nominally Identical Prefabricated Lightweight Timber Constructions
Authors: Öqvist Rikard , Ljunggren Fredrik , Ågren Anders
Published: September 2010

Variations in sound insulation necessitate higher safety margins to the legal requirements, which results in higher production costs. Increased knowledge about variations leads to lowered costs and better sound quality. In-situ measurements of 30 nominally identical apartments of a lightweight timber construction were performed, to assess and quantify the variations in airborne sound reduction and impact sound pressure level. The construction is an industrially prefabricated system of complete volumes. Different sound insulation was found between floor numbers as the apartments on the highest floor achieved significantly better sound insulation. This difference was assumed to be due to the extra weight on lower floors affecting the elastic connections used to structurally connect the apartments. The variation between apartments on the same floor was therefore evaluated using the Root Mean Square Error, resulting in a standard deviation of 0,9 dB and 1,4 dB for the airborne and impact sound insulation, respectively. The measurement variance was subtracted from the total variance. The remaining, unexplainable, variation of 0,8 dB in airborne sound insulation can be attributed to workmanship.
An Efficient Global Approach for Posynomial Geometric Programming Problems
Authors: Tsai Jung-Fa , Lin Ming-Hua
Published: September 2010

Aposynomial geometric programming problem is composed of a posynomial being minimized in the objective function subject to posynomial constraints. This study proposes an efficient method to solve a posynomial geometric program with separable functions. Power transformations and exponential transformations are utilized to convexify and underestimate posynomial terms. The inverse transformation functions of decision variables generated in the convexification process are approximated by superior piecewise linear functions. The original program therefore can be converted into a convex mixed-integer nonlinear program solvable to obtain a global optimum. Several numerical experiments are presented to investigate the impact of different convexification strategies on the obtained approximate solution and to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method in terms of both computational efficiency and solution quality.
A Beneficial Partnership between Hospitals and Colleges of Pharmacy: Development and Discussion of a Joint Cooperative Endeavor Agreement
Authors: Crader Marsha F. , Chelette Candace T.
Published: September 2010

Abstract

A Joint Cooperative Endeavor Agreement is a contract between a college of pharmacy and a hospital. Through this type of agreement, colleges are providing partially or fully funded faculty a teaching and practice site within both community and university hospitals. The purpose of this article is to discuss the benefits for both the colleges of pharmacy and the hospitals that engage in a joint agreement and to provide information for those wishing to establish such an agreement. This article will include details of the terms and conditions of joint agreements from two different state-funded universities. The details provided could be considered when establishing a joint agreement to ensure adequate division of responsibilities between the two entities; however, the agreement may need to be adapted based on specific university and hospital legal counsel.
Rab11 and Its Effector Rab Coupling Protein Contribute to the Trafficking of β1 Integrins during Axon Growth in Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and PC12 Cells
Authors: Eva Richard , Dassie Elisa , Caswell Patrick T. , Dick Gunnar , ffrench-Constant Charles , Norman Jim C. , Fawcett James W.
Published: September 2010

Integrins play an important part in axon growth, but integrin traffic in neurons is poorly understood. Expression of the tenascin-C-binding integrin α9 promotes axon regeneration. We have therefore studied the mechanism by which α9 integrin and its partner β1 are trafficked along axons and at the growth cone using adult DRG neurons and PC12 cells. We have focused on the small GTPase Rab11 and its effector Rab coupling protein (RCP), as they are involved in the long-range trafficking of β1 integrins in other cells. Rab11 colocalizes with α9 and other α integrins and with β1 integrin in growth cones and axons, and immunopurified Rab11 vesicles contain α9 and β1. Endocytosed β1 integrins traffic via Rab11. However, Rab11 vesicles in axons are generally static, and α9 integrins undergo bouts of movement during which they leave the Rab11 compartment. In growth cones, α9 and β1 overlap with RCP, particularly at the growth cone periphery. We show that β1 integrin trafficking during neurite outgrowth involves Rab11 and RCP, and that manipulation of these molecules alters surface integrin levels and axon growth, and can be used to enhance α9 integrin-dependent neurite outgrowth. Our data suggest that manipulation of trafficking via Rab11 and RCP could be a useful strategy for promoting integrin-dependent axonal regeneration.
Human Posterior Parietal Cortex Plans Where to Reach and What to Avoid
Authors: Lindner Axel , Iyer Asha , Kagan Igor , Andersen Richard A.
Published: September 2010

In this time-resolved functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we aimed to trace the neuronal correlates of covert planning processes that precede visually guided motor behavior. Specifically, we asked whether human posterior parietal cortex has prospective planning activity that can be distinguished from activity related to retrospective visual memory and attention. Although various electrophysiological studies in monkeys have demonstrated such motor planning at the level of parietal neurons, comparatively little support is provided by recent human imaging experiments. Rather, a majority of experiments highlights a role of human posterior parietal cortex in visual working memory and attention. We thus sought to establish a clear separation of visual memory and attention from processes related to the planning of goal-directed motor behaviors. To this end, we compared delayed-response tasks with identical mnemonic and attentional demands but varying degrees of motor planning. Subjects memorized multiple target locations, and in a random subset of trials targets additionally instructed (1) desired goals or (2) undesired goals for upcoming finger reaches. Compared with the memory/attention-only conditions, both latter situations led to a specific increase of preparatory fMRI activity in posterior parietal and dorsal premotor cortex. Thus, posterior parietal cortex has prospective plans for upcoming behaviors while considering both types of targets relevant for action: those to be acquired and those to be avoided.
Internally Generated Error Signals in Monkey Frontal Eye Field during an Inferred Motion Task
Authors: Ferrera Vincent P. , Barborica Andrei
Published: September 2010

An internal model for predictive saccades in frontal cortex was investigated by recording neurons in monkey frontal eye field (FEF) during an inferred motion task. Monkeys were trained to make saccades to the extrapolated position of a small moving target that was rendered temporarily invisible and whose trajectory was altered. On approximately two-thirds of the trials, monkeys made multiple saccades while the target was invisible. Primary saccades were correlated with extrapolated target position. Secondary saccades significantly reduced residual errors resulting from imperfect accuracy of the first saccade. These observations suggest that the second saccade was corrective. Because there was no visual feedback, corrective saccades could only be driven by an internally generated error signal. Neuronal activity in the frontal eye field was directionally tuned before both primary and secondary saccades. Separate subpopulations of cells encoded either saccade direction or direction error before the second saccade. These results suggest that FEF neurons encode the error after the first saccade, as well as the direction of the second saccade. Hence, FEF appears to contribute to detecting and correcting movement errors based on internally generated signals.
District Magnitude, Social Diversity, and Indonesia's Parliamentary Party System from 1999 to 2009
Authors: Choi Jungug
Published: September 2010

This study analyzes the party system in Indonesia's parliamentary elections since 1999. It argues that neither district magnitude nor social diversity accounts for the dramatically increased number of parties in votes at the district level over time; the increase may stem from the introduction of popular presidential elections and the rise of new issues.
A Tale of Two Afghanistans: Comparative Governance and Insurgency in the North and South
Authors: Englehart Neil A.
Published: September 2010

Afghanistan is often depicted as a failing state, but its failures display distinctive patterns over time and space. Regional variations in governance have been important in shaping the ways the Afghan state has failed and the consequences of these failures. This article argues that a history of better governance in the north facilitated the disarmament of militia warlords and comparative stability. By contrast, the south has a long history of minimal formal governance, creating opportunities for increased Taliban insurgency.
Core Concepts: Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Current Management
Authors: Yeh Tsu F.
Published: September 2010

Aspiration of meconium produces a syndrome characterized by hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis. Perinatal hypoxia, acute airway obstruction, pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, and surfactant inactivation all play a role in the pathogenesis of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Most aspiration of meconium probably occurs before birth. Following aspiration, meconium can migrate to the peripheral airway, leading to airway obstruction and subsequent lung inflammation and pulmonary hypertension. The presence of meconium in the endotracheal aspirate automatically establishes the diagnosis of meconium aspiration. MAS can be diagnosed in any infant born with meconium staining of amniotic fluid who develops respiratory distress at or shortly after birth and has positive radiographic findings. Prevention of intrauterine hypoxia, early cleaning (suctioning) of the airway, and prevention and treatment of pulmonary hypertension are essential in the management of MAS. Recent studies suggest that avoidance of postterm delivery may reduce the risk of intrauterine hypoxia and the incidence of MAS. Routine intrapartum naso- and oropharyngeal suction does not appear to affect the incidence and outcome of MAS. Endotracheal suction now is reserved only for infants who are depressed or have respiratory distress at birth. Mortality of MAS has improved; the causes of death are related primarily to hypoxic respiratory failure associated with irreversible pulmonary hypertension. Morbidity is affected mostly by perinatal hypoxia.
Enhancing the Early Reading Experience: Books, Strategies, and Concepts
Authors: Strickland Michael , Abbott Laura
Published: September 2010

Selecting books for young children can not only be a fun and rewarding experience but also a little daunting, considering the number of books available. Frequent collaboration between an author and a public librarian has produced valuable insights about how to begin reading with very young children. Suggestions are offered for how parents and educators can choose books that will encourage and motivate lifelong readers. Six research‐based areas defined by the Every Child Ready to Read @ your library program provide the framework: vocabulary, narrative connections, print motivation, print awareness, letter knowledge, and phonological awareness. Parents and teachers can evaluate various books based on this model. Several examples of books are described, and strategies for instruction and engagement are included with each.
Teaching Flexibly With Leveled Texts: More Power for Your Reading Block
Authors: Glasswell Kathryn , Ford Michael P.
Published: September 2010

The practice of matching texts to readers is one that many teachers use and yet one that can become rigid and cumbersome with everyday classroom use. Here we discuss concerns about leveling and propose that by observing and listening to the students in our classes we can develop more powerful ways with leveled texts.
PROBLEM BEHAVIOR DURING PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Kang Soyeon , Lang Russell B. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Davis Tonya N. , Machalicek Wendy , Rispoli Mandy J. , Chan Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2010

Preferences of 2 children with developmental disabilities, whose functional analyses indicated that their problem behavior was maintained by access to tangible items, were assessed using three formats (i.e., paired stimulus [PS], multiple‐stimulus without replacement [MSWO], and free operant [FO]). The experimenter administered each format five times and compared levels of problem behavior across formats in a multielement design. Both participants exhibited problem behavior in PS and MSWO formats but not in the FO format. Results are discussed in terms of recommendations for practitioners.
USE OF SOUNDING OUT TO IMPROVE SPELLING IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Mann Tracie B. , Bushell Don , Morris Edward K.
Published: September 2010

We examined the effects of teaching 5 typically developing elementary students to sound out their spelling words while writing them using the cover‐copy‐compare (CCC) method to practice spelling. Each student's posttest performance following practice with sounding out was compared to that student's posttest performance following practice with no sounding out. For every student, posttest accuracy was higher following practice with sounding out, indicating that it is an effective and easily implemented strategy to improve spelling instruction.
U.S. Cigarette Demand: 1944-2004
Authors: Cheng Kai-Wen , Kenkel Don S
Published: September 2010

We analyze individual-level data on cigarette smoking from 23 national cross-sectional surveys conducted by the Gallup Poll from 1944 through 2004. We estimate standard two-part models of cigarette demand as a function of demographics, income, and cigarette prices. Over the sixty year time-span covered in our data, smoking participation falls from almost 50 percent to 22 percent. We find that the influences of key demographic factors on cigarette demand change over time: the gender difference in smoking rates almost disappears, the black-white difference reverses, a strong gradient with schooling emerges, and a negative income elasticity emerges.
Simulation of turbulent flow and heat transfer over a backward facing step with ribs turbulators
Authors: Mushatet Khudheyer
Published: September 2010

Simulation is presented for a backward facing step flow and heat transfer
inside a channel with ribs turbulators. The problem was investigated for
Reynolds numbers up to 32000. The effect of a step height, the number of ribs
and the rib thickness on the flow and thermal field were investigated. The
computed results are presented as streamlines counters, velocity vectors and
graphs of Nusselt number and turbulent kinetic energy variation. A control
volume method employing a staggered grid techniques was imposed to discretize
the governing continuity, full Navier Stockes and energy equations. A
computer program using a SIMPLE algorithm was developed to handle the
considered problem. The effect of turbulence was modeled by using a k-? model
with its wall function formulas. The obtained results show that the strength
and size of the re-circulation zones behind the step are increased with the
increase of contraction ratio(i.e. with the increase of a step height). The
size of recirculation regions and the reattachment length after the ribs are
decreased with increasing of the contraction ratio. Also the results show
that the Reynolds number and contraction ratio have a significant effect on
the variation of turbulent kinetic energy and Nusselt number.
Magnesium Intake in Relation to Systemic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and the Incidence of Diabetes
Authors: Kim Dae Jung , Xun Pengcheng , Liu Kiang , Loria Catherine , Yokota Kuninobu , Jacobs David R. , He Ka
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the long-term associations of magnesium intake with incidence of diabetes, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance among young American adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 4,497 Americans, aged 18–30 years, who had no diabetes at baseline, were prospectively examined for incident diabetes based on quintiles of magnesium intake. We also investigated the associations between magnesium intake and inflammatory markers, i.e., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibrinogen, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

RESULTS

During the 20-year follow-up, 330 incident cases of diabetes were identified. Magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of diabetes after adjustment for potential confounders. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of diabetes for participants in the highest quintile of magnesium intake was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.32–0.86; Ptrend < 0.01) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Consistently, magnesium intake was significantly inversely associated with hs-CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, and HOMA-IR, and serum magnesium levels were inversely correlated with hs-CRP and HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSIONS

Magnesium intake was inversely longitudinally associated with incidence of diabetes in young American adults. This inverse association may be explained, at least in part, by the inverse correlations of magnesium intake with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of minocycline hydrochloride in horses
Authors: Nagata Shun-ichi , Yamashita Shozo , Kurosawa Masahiko , Kuwajima Masao , Hobo Seiji , Katayama Yoshinari , Anzai Toru
Published: September 2010

Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of minocycline in horses.

Animals—5 healthy Thoroughbred mares for the pharmacokinetic experiment and 6 healthy Thoroughbred mares for the tissue distribution experiment.

Procedures—Each mare was given 2.2 mg of minocycline hydrochloride/kg, IV. Blood samples were collected once before minocycline administration (0 hours) and 10 times within 48 hours after administration in the pharmacokinetics study, and 24 tissue samples were obtained at 0.5 and 3 hours in the distribution study.

Results—No adverse effects were observed in any of the mares after minocycline administration. The mean ± SD elimination half-life was 7.70 ± 1.91 hours. The total body clearance was 0.16 ± 0.04 L/h/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 1.53 ± 0.09 L/kg. The percentage of plasma protein binding was 68.1 ± 2.6%. Plasma concentration of free minocycline was 0.12 μg/mL at 12 hours. Minocycline was not detected in brain tissue, CSF or aqueous humor at 0.5 hours; however, it was found in all tissues, except in the aqueous humor, at 3 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clearance of minocycline in healthy mares was greater than that reported for humans. For effective treatment of infections with common equine pathogens, it will be necessary to administer minocycline at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg, IV, every 12 hours. This drug could be useful for infections in many tissues, including the CNS. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution data should aid in the appropriate use of minocycline in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1062–1066)
Effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin administration on eicosanoid production in target tissues of healthy cats
Authors: Goodman Laura A. , Torres Bryan T. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To evaluate the effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin administration in healthy cats by measuring the ability of stimulated tissues to synthesize eicosanoids ex vivo.

Animals—8 healthy adult male cats.

Procedures—In a blinded, randomized, crossover study design, cats were treated with firocoxib (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h), meloxicam (0.05 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h), tepoxalin (5.0 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), or a placebo for 8 days. Blood samples and gastric and duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens were collected on days 0 (baseline; immediately before treatment), 3, and 8 of each treatment period. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations were measured in serum, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentrations were measured in plasma. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) synthesis, PGE2 synthesis, and LTB4 concentrations were measured in mucosal biopsy specimens. A 21-day minimum washout period was observed between treatments. Repeated-measures analyses were performed.

Results—Firocoxib and meloxicam administration resulted in a lower plasma PGE2 concentration than at baseline on days 3 and 8 of administration, whereas tepoxalin administration did not. Tepoxalin administration resulted in a lower serum TXB2 concentration and pyloric and duodenal PGE1 synthesis on both days, compared with baseline and placebo administration. Neither firocoxib nor meloxicam administration altered pyloric or duodenal PGE1 synthesis on either day, compared with placebo administration. Tepoxalin administration also resulted in lower pyloric mucosal LTB4 concentrations on both days, compared with baseline values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Firocoxib and meloxicam administration had no effect on cyclooxygenase-1 activity, whereas tepoxalin administration resulted in inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1067–1073)
Physiologic effects of nasopharyngeal administration of supplemental oxygen at various flow rates in healthy neonatal foals
Authors: Wong David M. , Alcott Cody J. , Wang Chong , Hay-Kraus Bonnie L. , Buchanan Benjamin R. , Brockus Charles W.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To evaluate the effects of various flow rates of oxygen administered via 1 or 2 nasal cannulae on the fraction of inspired oxygen concentration (Fio2) and other arterial blood gas variables in healthy neonatal foals.

Animals—9 healthy neonatal (3- to 4-day-old) foals.

Procedures—In each foal, a nasal cannula was introduced into each naris and passed into the nasopharynx to the level of the medial canthus of each eye; oxygen was administered at 4 flow rates through either 1 or both cannulae (8 treatments/foal). Intratracheal Fio2, intratracheal end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and arterial blood gas variables were measured before (baseline) and during unilateral and bilateral nasopharyngeal delivery of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL of oxygen/kg/min.

Results—No adverse reactions were associated with administration of supplemental oxygen except at the highest flow rate, at which the foals became agitated. At individual flow rates, significant and dose-dependent increases in Fio2, Pao2, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Sao2) were detected, compared with baseline values. Comparison of unilateral and bilateral delivery of oxygen at similar cumulative flow rates revealed no differences in evaluated variables.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that administration of supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulae appeared to be a highly effective means of increasing Fio2, Pao2, and Sao2 in neonatal foals. These findings may provide guidance for implementation of oxygen treatment in hypoxemic neonatal foals. (Am J Vet Med 2010;71:1081–1088)
Glomerular filtration rate in dogs as estimated via plasma clearance of inulin and iohexol and use of limited-sample methods
Authors: Heiene Reidun , Eliassen Knut A. , Risøen Unni , Neal Larry A. , Cowgill Larry D.
Published: September 2010

Objective—To compare plasma clearance of inulin and iohexol determined by use of 9 plasma samples for evaluation of glomerular filtration rate in dogs and to evaluate limited-sample approaches for evaluation of plasma clearance of these markers.

Animals—43 dogs of various breeds that weighed between 5.5 and 63 kg and that had various degrees of renal function.

Procedures—9 plasma samples were obtained from each dog at 5 minutes to 6 hours after IV bolus injection of iohexol and inulin. Clearance was calculated by use of results for all 9 samples (ie, reference method). Results for 3 limited-sample strategies for determination of plasma clearance of iohexol and inulin were compared with results for the reference method.

Results—Mean clearance of inulin and iohexol for the reference method was 2.72 and 2.48 mL/min/kg, respectively. The mean difference between clearance of these 2 markers for the reference method was 0.24 mL/min/kg. In general, use of the limited-sample strategies yielded clearance values similar to those for the reference method. More accurate estimates of clearance were obtained for iohexol than for inulin by use of the limited-sample methods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of iohexol and inulin yielded similar but not identical results for plasma clearance. Accuracy for limited-sample methods would be acceptable for many clinical and research situations. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1100–1107)
Analysis of the Influence of Waves in the Occurrence of Accidents in the Portuguese Coast Using Bayesian Belief Networks
Authors: Antão Pedro , Soares C.
Published: September 2010

Analysis of the Influence of Waves in the Occurrence of Accidents in the Portuguese Coast Using Bayesian Belief Networks

Sea and weather conditions are the second most frequent cause of accidents in Portuguese waters accounting for 23% of the occurrences. However due to lack of information in the Portuguese maritime accident database it is difficult to assess what this cause consists specifically, i.e., fog, large wave heights or other events. In the present study significant wave height data was introduced in a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model in order assess the correlation between their amplitude and certain accident typologies and related consequences (human injuries or fatalities). The results of different inferences of the BBN model show that through a simple modification of an accident model the influence of weather pattern can be assessed and specific risk factors can be identified.
Lower Extremity Kinematics of Females With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome While Stair Stepping
Authors: McKenzie Kirsty , Galea Victoria , Wessel Jean , Pierrynowski Michael
Published: September 2010

Study Design

Cross-sectional case-control design.

Background

Although the etiology of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is not completely understood, there is some evidence to suggest that hip position during weight-bearing activities contributes to the disorder.

Objective

To compare the knee and hip motions (and their coordination) during stair stepping in female athletes with and without PFPS.

Methods

Two groups of female recreational athletes, 1 group with PFPS (n = 10) and a control group without PFPS (n = 10), were tested. All participants ascended and descended stairs (condition) at 2 speeds (self-selected comfortable and taxing [defined as 20% faster than the comfortable speed]), while the knee and hip angles were measured with a magnetic-based kinematic data acquisition system. Angle-angle diagrams were used to examine the relationship between flexion/extension of the knee and flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and internal/external rotation of the hip. The angle of the knee and the 3 angles of the hip at foot contact on the third step were compared between groups by means of 3-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures on speed and condition.

Results

Group-by-speed interaction for knee angle was significant, with knee flexion being greater for the PFPS group for stair ascent and descent at a comfortable speed. Both the angle-angle diagrams and ANOVA demonstrated greater adduction and internal rotation of the hip in the individuals with PFPS compared to control participants during stair descent.

Conclusions

Compared to control participants, females with PFPS descend stairs with the knee in a more flexed position and have the hip in a more adducted and internally rotated position at foot contact during stair stepping at a comfortable speed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(10):625–632.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3185
Between Fashion and Tesettür
Authors: Gökarıksel Banu , Secor Anna
Published: September 2010

Since the 1980s, fashionable Islamic dress for women, or tesettür, has become a growing segment of the textile industry in Turkey, yet its meaning and practice remain hotly contested. Through an analysis of the representation of these styles in company catalogs and of the ways in which covered women in Turkey view the styles, this article provides insight into how women’s fashion and the question of tesettür become negotiable elements of everyday practice. Our analysis shows that while there may be no easy reconciliation between the demands for modesty that underlie tesettür and the spectacle of ever changing fashion, women accept this disjuncture and knowingly engage in a constant mediation between the two.
Gliomatosis cerebri
Authors: Harrison Jason F. , Richard Hope T. , Abel Ty W. , Sosnowski Jeffrey S. , Martino Anthony M.
Published: September 2010

Gliomatosis cerebri is an uncommon glial neoplasm that is exceedingly rare in children and difficult to diagnose. The authors describe the presentation and diagnosis of GC in 3 children ages 12, 14, and 16 years. These children exhibited signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure as well as other vague or site specific neurological signs. Because clinical presentation, CSF analysis, and neuroimaging were nonspecific, a stereotactic biopsy to obtain tissue for pathological review was ultimately necessary to confirm the diagnosis. These pediatric cases underscore the limitations of relying solely on clinical presentation and neuroimaging and call to attention the essential role of neurosurgical intervention. The authors emphasize the need to maintain gliomatosis cerebri in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with diffuse neurological signs and MR imaging evidence of widespread, infiltrative lesions.
Efficacy of intraoperative irrigation with saline for preventing shunt infection
Authors: Hayashi Toshiaki , Shirane Reizo , Yokosawa Michiko , Kimiwada Tomomi , Tominaga Teiji
Published: September 2010

Object

The rate of infection following shunt procedures is unacceptably high. The authors have hypothesized that the key to reducing the shunt infection rate is in reducing bacteria in the operating field and wound. This hypothesis has been tested in a prospective nonrandomized controlled manner.

Methods

Data obtained in all patients undergoing shunt insertions or revisions for hydrocephalus performed between October 1, 2003, and June 12, 2009, were reviewed. Starting in August 2006, we began routinely irrigating the operating field and wound with saline solution from a syringe. Prior to this, we had not used any irrigation techniques, providing an adequate control group (Group A) for the effect of the irrigation technique. Prior to November 2007, we used saline containing amikacin for irrigation (Group B). After that date, we used saline only for irrigation (Group C).

Results

A total of 150 shunt procedures were performed in 79 girls and 71 boys during the study period. The mean age of all patients was 44.0 ± 59.1 months. Groups A, B, and C comprised 61, 40, and 49 shunt procedures, respectively. There was no statistical difference in age among the 3 groups. Nine infections occurred within 90 days in the postoperative period. The overall infection rate was 6.0%. Eight infections occurred before introducing the irrigation procedure (infection rate 13.1%). One infection was noted after introducing irrigation (Group B [0.0%] + Group C [2.0%]; combined B and C infection rate = 1.1%). There was a statistical difference in the infection rate between Group A and Groups B and C combined (p = 0.003), Groups A and B (p = 0.021), and Groups A and C (p = 0.035). In contrast, no statistical difference was observed between Groups B and C (p > 0.99). Six of the 9 infections were due to staphylococcal species.

Conclusions

An irrigation technique used to reduce bacteria in the operating field and wound is effective for preventing shunt infection. Irrigation alone, and not antibiotics, contributed to the prophylaxis of shunt infection.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of the Methanol Extract of Argyreia argentea Stem
Authors: Ahsan T. , Rahman M. A. , Ahmed N. U. , Uddin S. B.
Published: September 2010

The antioxidant potential of Argyreia argentea methanol stem extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method. The extract showed very significant effect as antioxidant in comparison to ascorbic acid, a reference antioxidant. The radical scavenging activity showed by the extract was a dose dependent phenomenon. The extract at the concentration of 400 μg/ml among five different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/ml) showed the highest scavenging activity, 94.86%. The stem extract was also evaluated for its cytotoxic properties by measuring significant LC50 value in a Brine-Shrimp lethality bioassay. LC50 value of Argyreia argentea stem extract was found 939.18 μg/ml, at a 95% confidence limit, giving the lower and upper limits 608.98 and 2043.9 μg/ml, respectively. Keywords: Argyreia argentea; DPPH; Ascorbic acid; Scavenging activity; Gallic acid. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4772               J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 523-530 (2010)
Church discipline – semper reformanda in Reformation perspective
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: September 2010

Church discipline – is semper reformanda in a time and space warp? Church discipline has become an anachronism in the life of the Christian faith community. In part, this results from a misunderstanding of the fundamental meaning of the term. Its early emphasis was on spiritual nurture, discipling people into the faith and into a relationship with one another and God. By the time of the Reformation, it took on a legalistic and rigid form that militated against its earlier approach. This resulted from a misunderstanding of key reformers from the Reforming tradition such as John Calvin and John Knox, who were concerned to build up individuals within the Christian community to become responsible members of society. In this way, discipline is transformative of individuals and society. The work of discipline was closely related both to pastoral care and Christian education and offered a corrective to Medieval discipline, where the concept of discipline was distorted when the use of punitive discipline as a last resort was elevated to become the norm. This situation was replicated in the post-Reformation period. Consequently, it now needs to be rehabilitated in the form of discipling or mentorship in order to restore its usefulness as an educative tool in the process of the pilgrimage towards the kingdom of God.
Model Theory: Around Valued Fields and Dependent Theories
Authors: Baudisch Andreas , Pillay Anand , Tent Katrin , Ziegler Martin
Published: September 2010

The general topic of the meeting was “Valued fields and related structures”. It included both applications of model theory, as well as so-called “pure” model theory: the classification of first order structures using new techniques extending those developed in stable theories.
Mini-Workshop: Valuations and Integral Geometry
Authors: Alesker Semyon , Bernig Andreas , Schuster Peter
Published: September 2010

As a generalization of the notion of measure, valuations have long played a central role in the integral geometry of convex sets. In recent years there has been a series of striking developments. Several examples were presented at this meeting, e.g. the work of Bernig and Fu on the integral geometry of groups acting transitively on the unit sphere, that of Hug and Schneider on kinematic and Crofton formulas for tensor valued valuations and a series of results by Ludwig and Reitzner on classifications of affine invariant notions of surface areas and of convex body valued valuations.