bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the scattering characteristics of electromagnetic waves in time‐varying and weakly collisional and fully ionized dusty in plasma
Authors: Guo Lixin , Wei Chen , Li Jiangting
Published: November 2017

In this study, a three‐dimensional (3D) time‐varying dusty plasma iterative finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) algorithm is deduced by combining the relative permittivity of fully ionised dusty plasma and the shift‐operator FDTD method. Then, a 3D time‐varying dusty plasma model is established. The scattering characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) waves are analysed by calculating the backward radar cross‐sections (RCSs) of different parameters in time‐varying dusty plasma. The results show that the RCS will increase when the dust particles are considered in plasma. The values of RCS increase with the dust radius dust concentration relaxation time of charge and electron density increasing. In dusty plasma, the electron temperature has a different effect on the incident wave frequency bands. Finally, the effects of dust to electron density ratio on RCS are analysed and as the increase of the incident frequency, the absorption of dusty plasma on EM wave will reduce.
The dense cores and filamentary structure of the molecular cloud in Corona Australis: Herschel SPIRE and PACS observations from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey
Authors: Bresnahan D. , Ward-Thompson D. , Kirk J. M. , Pattle K. , Eyres S. , White G. J. , Könyves V. , Men’shchikov A. , André Ph. , Schneider N. , Di Francesco J. , Arzoumanian D. , Benedettini M. , Ladjelate B. , Palmeirim P. , Bracco A. , Molinari S. , Pezzuto S. , Spinoglio L.
Published: November 2017

We present a catalogue of prestellar and starless cores within the Corona Australis molecular cloud using photometric data from the Herschel Space Observatory. At a distance of d ~ 130 pc, Corona Australis is one of the closest star-forming regions. Herschel has taken multi-wavelength data of Corona Australis with both the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) photometric cameras in a parallel mode with wavelengths in the range 70–500 μm. A complete sample of starless and prestellar cores and embedded protostars is identified. Other results from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey have shown spatial correlation between the distribution of dense cores and the filamentary structure within the molecular clouds. We go further and show correlations between the properties of these cores and their spatial distribution within the clouds, with a particular focus on the mass distribution of the dense cores with respect to their filamentary proximity. We find that only lower-mass starless cores form away from filaments, while all of the higher-mass prestellar cores form in close proximity to or directly on the filamentary structure. This result supports the paradigm that prestellar cores mostly form on filaments. We analyse the mass distribution across the molecular cloud, finding evidence that the region around the Coronet appears to be at a more dynamically advanced evolutionary stage in comparison to the rest of the clumps within the cloud.
The XXL Survey
Authors: Farahi Arya , Guglielmo Valentina , Evrard August E. , Poggianti Bianca M. , Adami Christophe , Ettori Stefano , Gastaldello Fabio , Giles Paul A. , Maughan Ben J. , Rapetti David , Sereno Mauro , Altieri Bruno , Baldry Ivan , Birkinshaw Mark , Bolzonella Micol , Bongiorno Angela , Brown Michael J. I. , Chiappetti Lucio , Driver Simon P. , Elyiv Andrii , Garilli Bianca , Guennou Loïc , Hopkins Andrew , Iovino Angela , Koulouridis Elias , Liske Jochen , Maurogordato Sophie , Owers Matthew , Pacaud Florian , Pierre Marguerite , Plionis Manolis , Ponman Trevor , Robotham Aaron , Sadibekova Tatyana , Scodeggio Marco , Tuffs Richard , Valtchanov Ivan
Published: November 2017

Context. An X-ray survey with the XMM-Newton telescope, XMM-XXL, has identified hundreds of galaxy groups and clusters in two 25 deg2 fields. Combining spectroscopic and X-ray observations in one field, we determine how the kinetic energy of galaxies scales with hot gas temperature and also, by imposing prior constraints on the relative energies of galaxies and dark matter, infer a power-law scaling of total mass with temperature.

Aims. Our goals are: i) to determine parameters of the scaling between galaxy velocity dispersion and X-ray temperature, T300 kpc, for the halos hosting XXL-selected clusters, and; ii) to infer the log-mean scaling of total halo mass with temperature, ⟨lnM200 | T300 kpc, z⟩.

Methods. We applied an ensemble velocity likelihood to a sample of >1500 spectroscopic redshifts within 132 spectroscopically confirmed clusters with redshifts z < 0.6 to model, ⟨lnσgal | T300 kpc, z⟩, where σgal is the velocity dispersion of XXL cluster member galaxies and T300 kpc is a 300 kpc aperture temperature. To infer total halo mass we used a precise virial relation for massive halos calibrated by N-body simulations along with a single degree of freedom summarising galaxy velocity bias with respect to dark matter.

Results. For the XXL-N cluster sample, we find σgal ∝ T300 kpc0.63±0.05, a slope significantly steeper than the self-similar expectation of 0.5. Assuming scale-independent galaxy velocity bias, we infer a mean logarithmic mass at a given X-ray temperature and redshift,
〈ln(E(z)M200/1014 M⊙)|T300 kpc, z〉 = πT + αT ln (T300 kpc/Tp) + βT ln (E(z)/E(zp)) using pivot values kTp = 2.2 keV and zp = 0.25, with normalization πT = 0.45 ± 0.24 and slope αT = 1.89 ± 0.15. We obtain only weak constraints on redshift evolution, βT = −1.29 ± 1.14.

Conclusions. The ratio of specific energies in hot gas and galaxies is scale dependent. Ensemble spectroscopic analysis is a viable method to infer mean scaling relations, particularly for the numerous low mass systems with small numbers of spectroscopic members per system. Galaxy velocity bias is the dominant systematic uncertainty in dynamical mass estimates.
Age, growth, mortality and movement patterns of shortjaw tapertail anchovy, Coilia brachygnathus, in the channel connecting Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River in central China
Authors: Qin Xiangchao , Wang Teng , Lin Pengcheng , Wang Xue , Liu Huanzhang
Published: November 2017

Shortjaw tapertail anchovy, Coilia brachygnathus, is one of the anchovy species that exclusively lives in freshwaters, which is the dominant species in Dongting Lake. In order to explain its success as a dominant species in Dongting Lake, the basic biological knowledge of this species was studied from July 2013 to July 2015 in the channel connecting Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River. A total of 11 064 samples of C. brachygnathus were collected, and their standard length ranged between 6.8 and 35.4 cm. The length–weight relationship was W = 0.0026 L3.057, and von Bertalanffy growth curve was Lt = 36.41(1 − e−0.28(t+0.8)). The exploitation rate (E) of 0.49, indicated no overfishing on this species. Its movement patterns were highly significantly and positively correlated with the rate of variation in water level, discharge and water temperature. When water level (discharge and temperatures) were rising (mainly March to July), C. brachygnathus migrated into Dongting Lake, peaking in May. When the water level (discharge and temperatures) were falling (mainly October to December), the migratory behaviour changed to exiting Dongting Lake, peaking in October. The present study suggests, fast generation time, low exploitation rate and the river–lake movements (migrations) are the possible reasons that made C. brachygnathus a dominant species in this area.
Impact of a simultaneous reduction in fishing subsidies and introduction of efficient management of rents: the case of the Northwest Spanish fleet
Authors: Merayo Eugenia , Waldo Staffan , Nielsen Max
Published: November 2017

Subsidies to the fishing sector have long been criticized for fueling over-fishing, and a reduction in subsidies is currently on the agenda in the negotiations within the World Trade Organization (WTO). This article analyzes the role of subsidies and other management measures for Spain, one of the largest fishing nations within the EU. A static bio-economic model is used to analyze the effect of simultaneous elimination of subsidies and introduction of an economically efficient management system for the Northwest Spanish fleet. It is concluded that improvements in management would bring substantial rents to the industry, up to €164 million, irrespective of subsidy level, but also a reduction in fishing effort of almost 60%. Under a management scheme that maximizes economic rents, elimination of subsidies in the fishery would increase social welfare, induced by a decrease in the equilibrium fishing effort level. However, the impact of subsidies under this scheme is limited.
Single nucleotide polymorphism markers with applications in aquaculture and assessment of its impact on natural populations
Authors: Wenne Roman
Published: November 2017

An increase in aquatic animal production can be achieved by extending aquaculture areas geographically, utilizing new species for culture, and using new technologies. Among new technologies useful for the increase of aquaculture production is the application of genetics and genomics. New molecular tools that benefit aquaculture have been developed. There has been a large number of experimental and review papers published concerning molecular markers and the range of their applications, including aquaculture and food product analyses. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has emerged as genotyping technology with wide and significant applications in aquaculture. SNPs can be used for construction of genetic linkage maps, finding quantitative trait loci (QTL) for useful traits like growth, body weight, grilsing, thermal and low oxygen tolerance, resistance to stress and diseases, mapping sex determination loci and identification of progeny in selection and chromosome manipulation experiments, assessment of genomic selectionand marker assisted selection in aquaculture. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) facilitate the finding associations between SNPs and a trait in related or unrelated specimens. However, many traits are complex and can be controlled by number of QTL. Genotyping by genome reduction complexity sequencing emerged as an efficient and applicable technology in genomic selection. Identification of genes, sequences and nucleotides (substitutions) directly influencing phenotypic variations opens the possibility of marker-assisted selection for desirable characters in culture. SNP and QTL associations can be enhanced using genome editing technology. Examples of successful applications of SNPs in aquaculture of fish, crustacean and mollusk species, representing most geographic areas, and ecological risks assessment are reviewed.
1.3.6 Organometallic Complexes of Platinum (Update 2015)
Authors: Nomoto A. , Ogawa A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 1.3) describing methods for the synthesis of organometallic complexes of platinum and related applications in catalytic reactions using organoplatinum complexes. Recently, organometallic complexes of platinum have been used in many areas, including as medical or luminescent materials.
Synthesis of New Annulated Pyrazinothienotriazolopyrimidinones and Triazolylthienopyrazines
Authors: Berteina-Raboin Sabine , Campos Joana , Queiroz Maria-João
Published: November 2017

New pyrazino[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-e][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]-pyrimidin-5(4H)-ones were synthesized in an efficient, fast, and mild one-pot procedure from methyl 7-azidothieno[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylate. From the latter, some triazolothieno[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylates were also obtained with total regioselectivity by [2+3] cycloaddition with alkynes without any metal catalyst.
Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach to Cage Propellanes Containing Oxepane and Tetrahydrofuran Hybrid System
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Cheekatla Subba , Mhatre Darshan
Published: November 2017

The preparation of a variety of structurally interesting oxygenated cage compounds involving atom-economic processes such as Claisen rearrangement, Diels–Alder reaction, [2+2] photocycloaddition, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) as key steps is reported. For the first time, oxepane ring system is introduced in cage framework using olefin metathesis as a key step. These cage systems assembled here are difficult to prepare by traditional methods. The synthetic sequence described here opens up new routes to higher order polycycles containing heteroatoms without the involvement of protecting groups. Transannular cyclization observed during Grignard addition and the RCM protocol used here may be applicable to generate unknown oxygenated cage systems.
Potassium Carbonate Promoted C–N Coupling Reaction between Benzamides and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Zhang Songlin , Huang Fei , Wu San , Hu Weiye
Published: November 2017

A practical and efficient method for N-arylation of benz­amides promoted by potassium carbonate in the presence of DMEDA was developed. The reaction was carried out without addition of any transition-metal catalyst to afford a variety of N-arylated products in moderate to good yields (up to 97%).
Zentren für seltene neurologische Erkrankungen
Authors: Schöls Ludger , Gasser Thomas , Krägeloh-Mann Ingeborg , Graessner Holm , Klockgether Thomas , Münchau Alexander
Published: November 2017

Seltene Erkrankungen sind definitionsgemäß jede für sich selten, aber wegen ihrer großen Zahl in ihrer Gesamtheit häufig. Hierdurch besteht bei Ärzten nur selten Erfahrung für die einzelnen Erkrankungen; gleichzeitig stellt die Erkrankungsgruppe eine häufige Herausforderung dar. Aufgrund der mangelnden Kenntnisse bleiben viele Patienten mit seltenen Erkrankungen oft lange ohne Diagnose und optimale Versorgung. Das deutsche Ausbildungssystem ist nicht darauf ausgerichtet, Erfahrung mit seltenen Erkrankungen zu vermitteln. Die neurologische Ausbildung bedarf einer Umstrukturierung, um die Expertise für ein breites Erkrankungsspektrum zu vermitteln. Die an vielen Orten neu gegründeten Zentren für seltene Erkrankungen (ZSE) und das vom BMBF und BMG ins Leben gerufene Nationale Aktionsbündnis für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen (NAMSE) bilden hierfür einen guten Ausgangspunkt. Eine Akademie für seltene neurologische Erkrankungen befindet sich im Aufbau. Register für seltene Erkrankungen sind für die Sammlung repräsentativer Kohorten unverzichtbar und stellen die Grundlage für eine Verbesserung der Forschung und Entwicklung neuer Therapien dar. Spezifische Vergütungssysteme für die oft aufwendige und interdisziplinäre Versorgung müssen geschaffen werden.
Cardiac Autonomic Function, Cardiovascular Risk and Physical Activity in Adolescents
Authors: Oliveira Ricardo , Barker Alan , Williams Craig
Published: November 2017

The aims of this study were to investigate in adolescents: 1) the relationships of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to traditional CVD risk factors, rest and recovery autonomic function; and 2) whether autonomic function strengthens the associations between PA, CRF and CVD risk. Fifty-four (22 girls) adolescents had traditional CVD risk factors, rest and recovery autonomic function evaluated. CRF was measured using a steep ramp cycle test and PA was assessed with accelerometers. Resting HRV (and RMSSD30) and heart rate recovery (T30, HHRτ) were used. Clustered traditional (CVDRtrad) and autonomic (CVDRauto) risk scores were created and added to form a composite clustered CVD risk score (CVDRcom). PA and CRF were significantly and negatively associated with traditional CVD risk factors. Moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) were positively related to resting RMSSD, and negatively related to T30 and HHRτ (all P<0.05). RMSSD30 recovered faster in the high compared to low median split for VPA. Stronger associations for CVDRcom compared to CVDRtrad were observed for MPA (CVDRcom: r2=0.32, P=<0.001; CVDRtrad: r2=0.17, P=0.002), and VPA (CVDRcom: r2=0.18, P=0.001; CVDRtrad: r2=0.06, P=0.08). These findings strengthen the proposed additional beneficial effects of PA on autonomic function above traditional CVD risk factors.
Neues zu opportunistischen Infektionen des zentralen Nervensystems bei iatrogener Immunsuppression
Authors: Arendt Gabriele , Maschke Matthias
Published: November 2017

Opportunistische Infektionen des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) mit infolge einer iatrogenen Immunsuppression auftretenden Virus-, Parasiten-, Pilz- oder Bakterien-induzierten Erkrankungen sind bei der steigenden Zahl an Patienten mit Organtransplantationen oder immunmodulierenden Therapien von großer medizinischer Bedeutung. Hauptsächliche Anwender dieser modernen Behandlungsformen sind neben der Transplantationsmedizin die Dermatologie (Interferone, Rituximab, Fingolimod u. a.), Hämato-/Onkologie (Rituximab u. a.), Neurologie (Beta-Interferon, Glatirameracetat, Natalizumab, Rituximab, Teriflunomid, Fingolimod, Alemtuzumab, Daclizumab u. a.) und Rheumatologie (Rituximab u. a.).

Das Keimspektrum bei iatrogener Immunsuppression in Europa umfasst in der Hauptsache Viren der Herpesgruppe sowie insbesondere bei immunmodulatorisch behandelten Patienten das JC-Virus (JCV); an Pilzerregern sind Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans und Cryptococcus neoformans von Bedeutung. Eine wichtige parasitäre Infektion ist die mit Toxoplasma gondii (T. g.). Typische bakterielle Infektionen des iatrogen immunkompromittierten Patienten werden durch Nocardia asteroides, Listeria monocytogenes und Mycobacterium tuberculosis hervorgerufen.

Es werden typische diagnostische Konstellationen und Therapien vorgestellt.
Lifelong Voluntary Exercise Modulates Age-Related Changes in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Bouzid Mohamed , Filaire Edith , Matran Régis , Robin Sophie , Fabre Claudine
Published: November 2017

The hypothesis that aging and regular physical activity could influence oxidative stress has been studied by comparing antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol) and malondialdehyde level (MDA) in four groups: young sedentary (n=15; age: 20.3±2.8 years; YS), young active (n=16; age: 21.4±1.9 years; YA), old sedentary (n=15; age: 65.1±3.5 years; OS) and old active (n=17; age: 67.2±4.8 years; OA). Antioxidant activities and MDA level were assessed at rest and after an incremental exercise. There was no difference in resting antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation between YS and OS. However, resting SOD and GR activities were higher in YA compared to OA (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) and resting MDA level was higher in OA compared to YA (p<0.01). After exercise, a significant increase in SOD and GPX activities was observed in YS, YA and OA (p<0.01). Likewise, after exercise a significant increase of MDA level in YA, OS and OA (p<0.01) was observed. In addition, the comparison of YA to OA and YS to OA revealed similar antioxidant activities and lipid peroxidation between YS and OA, whereas antioxidant activities were higher in YA compared to OA. These data suggest that beneficial effects of regular physical activity in antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation damage could be impaired by the aging process and that regular physical activity in older adults could maintain age-related decreases in antioxidant defense.
Epidemiologie chronischer Nierenerkrankungen - Werden es immer mehr Patienten?
Authors: Kraus Daniel , Wanner Christoph
Published: November 2017

Die chronische Niereninsuffizienz ist häufig eine Folge von Diabetes, Adipositas, Hypertonie oder Herzinsuffizienz. Definiert ist die Erkrankung anhand einer Koinzidenz dreier Kriterien: einer reduzierten glomerulären Filtrationsrate, anatomischer Läsionen und einer Dauer von mindestens 3 Monaten. Die altersbedingte stetige Reduktion der glomerulären Filtrationsrate alleine reicht nicht aus, um eine Nierenerkrankung zu erklären. Überraschenderweise verweisen groß angelegte statistische Modellanalysen wie die „Global Burden of Disease Study“ auf eine weltweit sinkende Prävalenz der chronischen Niereninsuffizienz. Da in Deutschland keine longitudinalen Registerdaten zur Verfügung stehen, lassen sich diesbezüglich keine klaren Aussagen treffen. Querschnittsanalysen legen abhängig von Alter, Komorbiditäten und geografischen Regionen Prävalenzraten zwischen 6 und 26 % nahe. Für die Zukunft lassen eine bessere Kontrolle von Risikofaktoren einen Rückgang der CKD-Inzidenz bei stabilen Prävalenzraten aufgrund einer besseren medizinischen Versorgung und einer besseren Überlebensrate möglich erscheinen.
Alle Jahre wieder - Update Diabetes und Grippeimpfung
Authors: Leippert Claudia
Published: November 2017

Es müssen nicht immer die topaktuellen Daten sein! Es ist durchaus gewinnbringend, schlummerndes Wissen wieder in Erinnerung zu rufen – wie beispielsweise im Herbst die Grippeimpfung, an die Sie spätestens jetzt nicht nur bei Ihren Diabetespatienten, sondern auch bei sich selbst als potenzielle „Influenza-Verbreitungspersonen“ denken sollten.
Sex-Dependent Effect of Metformin on Serum Prolactin Levels In Hyperprolactinemic Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Szkróbka Witold , Okopień Bogusław
Published: November 2017

Background Metformin was found to reduce circulating levels of pituitary hormones.

Objective The purpose of this study was to assess whether sex determines the effect of metformin on lactotroph secretory function.

Methods The study population included 25 women and 12 men with mildly elevated serum prolactin levels (25–75 ng/mL). Because of concomitant type 2 diabetes, all participants were treated with metformin (3 g daily). Plasma levels of glucose and lipids, HOMA1-IR, serum levels of prolactin, thyrotropin and free thyroid hormones, as well as Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices were assessed at baseline and at the end of metformin treatment.

Results The study completed 24 women and 11 men. At baseline, there were no significant differences in circulating levels of glucose and lipids, insulin sensitivity, hormones, Jostel’s, SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD indices between women and men. In both men and women, metformin reduced fasting glucose levels and HOMA1-IR. However, only in women metformin decreased elevated prolactin levels and this effect correlated with an improvement insulin sensitivity, as well as with the impact on SPINA-GT.

Conclusions The results of the study suggest that the effect of metformin on serum prolactin levels is sex-dependent.
Measurement of Basal Serum Calcitonin for the Diagnosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Allelein Stephanie , Ehlers Margret , Morneau Corinna , Schwartz Katharina , Goretzki Peter , Seppel Thomas , Feldkamp Joachim , Krieg Andreas , Knoefel Wolfram , Kuebart Anne , Haase Matthias , Dringenberg Till , Schmid Christine , Schott Matthias
Published: November 2017

Calcitonin (CT), a tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), can be stimulated with pentagastrin or calcium. Because of the unavailability of pentagastrin, basal CT measurement is frequently used for the preoperative diagnosis of MTC. The aim of the study was to define basal serum calcitonin (bCT) cut-off thresholds for diagnosing MTC. Within a retrospective analysis, 114 patients (51 males) were included fulfilling the criteria of an increased preoperative bCT level (>10 pg/ml) and the criteria of an available postoperative histology analysis. Based on a ROC plot analysis, the cut-off values for the diagnosis of MTC vs. non-malignancy (C cell hyperplasia and goiter) were identified. The most precise bCT thresholds for the identification of MTC were ≥46 pg/ml for males (sensitivity: 93.6%, specificity: 95.0%, PPV: 97%, NPV: 90%) and ≥35 pg/ml for females (sensitivity: 87.3%, specificity: 87.5%, PPV: 98%, NPV: 50%). Using these cut-offs, only 6% of male patients were not identified of having MTC, whereas 5% were false positive (having instead C cell hyperplasia). In females, the discrepancy was higher since 13% of female MTC patients were false negative by using the cut-off of ≥35 pg/ml, and 13% had false positive results (suffering from C cell hyperplasia). Gender-specific bCT cut-offs for the identification of MTC vs. C cell hyperplasia and non-malignancy were defined, which can be used in clinical routine. In female patients, however, the accuracy is much lower compared to males.
1.6.9 Organometallic Complexes of Iridium (Update 2015)
Authors: Li H. , Mazet C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 1.6) that covers literature from 1999 to the first half of 2013. While Section 1.6 provided a fantastic overview of the different types of organometallic complexes of iridium and their preparation, this contribution aims at focusing more on their applications in homogeneous catalysis.
2.11.15 C(sp3)—H Functionalization by Allylic C—H Activation of Zirconocene Complexes
Authors: Vasseur A. , Bruffaerts J.
Published: November 2017

Zirconocene-assisted allylic C(sp3)—H activation allows the remote functionalization of alkenes through multipositional migration of the olefinic double bond as a communicative process between two distant sites. The transformation involves the successive formation of zirconacyclopropane species along an alkyl chain. This C—H activation promoted migration proceeds rapidly under mild conditions. Moreover, it occurs in a unidirectional manner if associated with thermodynamically favored termination steps such as elimination, selective carbon–carbon bond activation, or ring expansion. The remotely formed zirconocene species can subsequently react with a variety of electrophilic carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen reagents to give a wide range of added-value products from simple substrates. Transmetalation processes further increase the synthetic potential by allowing the remote formation of a new carbon–carbon bond. The global transformation is not only stereo- and regioselective, but also enables the relay of stereochemical information. Alternatively, a ziconacyclopropane/crotylzirconocene hydride equilibrium can be promoted under particular reaction conditions, leading to direct regio- and stereoselective allylation reactions with acid chloride, aldehyde, diketone and imine derivatives.
2.11.16 Synthesis and Reactivity of Heteroatom-Substituted Vinylzirconocene Derivatives and Hetarylzirconocenes
Authors: Bruffaerts J. , Vasseur A.
Published: November 2017

Reactive and stereodefined vinylzirconocene derivatives are efficiently prepared from a variety of different heterosubstituted alkenes in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of the Negishi reagent. This chapter describes the synthesis of these compounds along with their applications in the synthesis of various substituted alkenes.
2.12.17 The Role of Solvents and Additives in Reactions of Samarium(II) Iodide and Related Reductants
Authors: Chciuk T. , Flowers R.
Published: November 2017

The use of additives with samarium(II) iodide (SmI2) greatly impacts the rate, diastereoselectivity, and chemoselectivity of its reactions. Additives that are commonly utilized with samarium(II) iodide and other samarium(II)-based reductants can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases such as hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) and other electron-donor ligands and chelating ethers; (2) proton donors, such as water, alcohols, and glycols; and (3) inorganic additives such as nickel(II) iodide, iron(III) chloride, and lithium chloride. In addition, the solvent milieu can also play an important role in the reactivity of samarium(II) reductants, predominantly through changes in the coordination sphere of the metal. The main focus of this chapter is on the use of additives and solvent milieu to provide selective and efficient reactions, with at least one example being given for each subclass of samarium(II)-promoted reaction.
13.13.6 1,2,3-Triazoles (Update 2015)
Authors: Tomé A. C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 13.13) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. Recent interest in this area has mainly been generated by the discovery that copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and ruthenium(II)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) regioselectively afford 1,4- or 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in high yields under mild conditions. This review focuses on the contributions published between 2002 and 2013.
24.4.5.3 1-Phosphorus-Functionalized Alk-1-ynes (Update 2015)
Authors: Cacciarini M. , Larsen M. H. , Brønsted Nielsen M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 24.4.5) describing methods for the synthesis of 1-phosphorus-functionalized alk-1-ynes. The focus is on the literature published in the period 2006–2014.
24.4.4.4 1-Nitrogen-Functionalized Alk-1-ynes (Update 2015)
Authors: Banert K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update of the earlier Science of Synthesis contributions (Sections 24.4.4.1–24.4.4.3) describing methods for the synthesis of ynamines, and especially those alk-1-yn-1-amines that bear electron-withdrawing units such as N-acyl and N-sulfonyl groups. Compounds with C≡C bonds directly connected to azido or nitro functionalities are likewise updated, whereas the chemistry of N-alk-1-ynyl-substituted sulfoximines and isocyanates is described for the first time. The update focuses on new developments published in the period 2004–2014.
30.1.3 Carbohydrate Derivatives (Including Nucleosides)
Authors: Nokami T.
Published: November 2017

O,N-Acetals are found in various types of organic molecules and are core motifs in carbohydrates, including nucleosides. This chapter summarizes the synthetic methods to prepare N-linked glycopeptides, ribonucleosides, 2-deoxyribonucleosides, and others. Glycosylation between the anomeric carbon and the nitrogen atom of a nucleophile is a conventional method for the synthesis of these molecules, but stereoselectivity highly depends on the structures of the substrates. Glycosylamines are also important precursors for the stereoselective synthesis of N-linked glycopeptides and ribonucleosides.
30.2.3 O,P-Acetals (Update 2016)
Authors: Murai K. , Fujioka H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.2) describing methods for the synthesis of O,P-acetals. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006–2015. Key methods covered include the addition of phosphorus compounds to carbonyl groups (including enantioselective variations), kinetic resolution of α-hydroxyphosphonates, oxidation of α, β-unsaturated phosphorus compounds, addition of phosphorus compounds to O,O-acetals, reduction of acylphosphonates and related compounds, and aldol-type reactions of keto phosphonates.
30.3.1.3 Acyclic S,S-Acetals (Update 2016)
Authors: Tsubouchi A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.3.1) describing methods for the preparation of acyclic S,S-acetals. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2006–2014, presenting complementary information with respect to new developments and transformations. It also contains an important extension of the coverage of the previous contribution. Key methods covered include the thioacetalization of carbonyl compounds using a variety of catalysts, conversion of O,O-acetals, addition of thiols to C—C multiple bonds, addition of disulfides to methylenecyclopropanes, and ring opening of 1,2-cyclopropanated 3-oxo sugars with thiols.
30.3.6.3 Acyclic and Cyclic S,S-Acetal S-Oxides and S,S′-Dioxides (Update 2016)
Authors: Ishii A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.3.6) published in 2007. S,S-Acetal S-oxides and S,S′-dioxides are synthesized by the reaction of sulfanyl- or sulfinyl-stabilized carbanions with electrophiles or by the (asymmetric) oxidation of S,S-acetals. Reaction of a carbanion with an aldehyde or ketone followed by dehydration provides ketene S,S-acetal oxides. Recent advances in synthetic application have been seen in conjugate additions of nucleophiles or radicals to ketene S,S-acetal oxides and in reactions utilizing reactive sulfonium intermediates generated by treatment with acid anhydrides (Pummerer conditions).
33.5.7.2 1,2-Dihydrophosphetes and Derivatives (Update 2015)
Authors: Keglevich Gy. , Grün A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 33.5.7) describing methods for the synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphetes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2004–2015.
35.1.1.1.9 Synthesis by Substitution of Hydrogen (Update 2015)
Authors: Iskra J. , Murphree S.S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.1.1.1) summarizing methodology for the chlorination of non-activated C—H bonds, with a particular focus on regioselectivity.
35.3.1.1.6 Synthesis by Substitution of Hydrogen (Update 2015)
Authors: Iskra J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.3.1.1) summarizing methodology for the iodination of non-activated C—H bonds, with a particular focus on regioselectivity.
35.3.5.1.5 Synthesis by Addition across C=C Bonds (Update 2015)
Authors: Hennecke U.
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.3.5.1) describing methods for the synthesis of 1-iodo-2-heteroatom-substituted alkanes by addition reactions across C=C bonds. The chapter also covers the synthesis of 1-iodo-3-heteroatom-substituted alkanes including saturated 3-iodo-substituted heterocycles. It focuses mainly on the literature published in the period 2007–2014.
2.2 Metal-Catalyzed Cyclopropanation
Authors: Garve L. , Werz D. B.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the most important metal-catalyzed methods to generate cyclopropanes, the smallest class of cycloalkanes. In the past fifty years, the use of metals in combination with chiral ligands for diastereo- and enantiodiscrimination in cyclopropane synthesis has been intensively studied. Two main approaches have emerged. Utilizing carbenes in the form of metal–carbene complexes has led to a renaissance of three-membered-rings in organic synthesis. In another approach, metal cations such as gold(I) and platinum(II) interact with alkynes, forming novel cyclopropane motifs. Finally, further metal-catalyzed cyclopropanations are mentioned.
2.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Involving Carbonyl or Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Xu X. , Hu W.
Published: November 2017

Carbonyl ylides, which behave as active 1,3-dipole species, have found numerous applications in organic synthesis, especially in the formation of five-membered heterocycles. Among the versatile transformations of carbonyl ylides, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with π-bonds, including (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions with carbon–carbon π-bonds, aldehydes, and imines, are ubiquitous and important reactions. This chapter focuses on recent advances in these catalytic (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions and the examples presented emphasize the chemo-, diastereo-, and enantiocontrol that can be achieved. Also described are selected examples of cycloaddition reactions with azomethine ylides, which behave with similar reactivity to carbonyl ylides, to give the corresponding N-heterocycles. In addition, some selected applications of these (3 + 2)-cycloaddition reactions in natural product synthesis are highlighted.
2.5 Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels–Alder and Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Du H.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on asymmetric Diels–Alder, oxa-Diels–Alder, and aza-Diels–Alder reactions promoted by various chiral, Lewis acidic metal catalysts. As well as describing the different approaches and catalysts, selected examples of these reactions in the synthesis of natural products and drug molecules are presented.
2.6 Metal-Catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) Cycloadditions
Authors: Tanaka K. , Shibata Y.
Published: November 2017

The transition-metal-catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) cycloaddition is a useful and atom-economical method for the synthesis of substituted six-membered-ring molecules. In this chapter, standard procedures for the transition-metal-catalyzed (2 + 2 + 2) cycloaddition involving not only alkynes but also nitriles, heterocumulenes, alkenes, and carbonyl compounds are presented. Applications in the synthesis of chiral aromatic molecules (biaryls, cyclophanes, and helicenes) and biologically active molecules are also described.
2.8 Metal-Catalyzed (5 + 1), (5 + 2), and (5 + 2 + 1) Cycloadditions
Authors: Li X. , Tang W.
Published: November 2017

Metal-catalyzed (5 + n) cycloaddition is a powerful strategy for the synthesis of six-, seven-, and eight-membered carbocycles and heterocycles. These cycloadditions usually involve oxidative cyclization to a metallacycle; insertion into the C—M bond (e.g., by carbon monoxide, an alkene, alkyne, or allene, or a combination thereof); and reductive elimination. Vinylcyclopropanes and 3-acyloxy-1,4-enynes are the most common five-carbon synthons. Recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed (5 + 1), (5 + 2), and (5 + 2 + 1) cycloadditions including their development, mechanistic studies, and applications are reviewed in this chapter.
2.9 Intramolecular Free-Radical Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Mondal M. , Bora U.
Published: November 2017

Over the past five decades, the metal-mediated intramolecular free-radical cyclization strategy has developed into a widely applicable synthetic methodology. With properties including wide functional-group tolerance, selectivity, and spatial retention, radical chemistry has attracted considerable attention from chemists dealing with the synthesis and functionalization of diverse organic compounds. The coverage of this chapter is limited to the best methods available for the metal-mediated synthesis of cyclic organic and biomolecular species for practical use in both an academic setting and in industry.
Bovine oviductal and uterine fluid support in vitro embryo development
Authors: Hamdi Meriem , Lopera-Vasquez Ricaurte , Maillo Veronica , Sanchez-Calabuig Maria Jesus , Núnez Carolina , Gutierrez-Adan Alfonso , Rizos Dimitrios
Published: November 2017

In order to mimic the maternal oviductal environment, we evaluated the effect of oviductal fluid (OF) and/or uterine fluid (UF) supplementation on in vitro embryo development and quality. In vitro-produced zygotes were cultured with 1.25% OF from Day 1 to Day 4 after insemination (OF group), 1.25% OF from Day 1 to Day 4 followed by 1.25% UF from Day 4 to Day 9 (OF+UF group) or 1.25% UF only from Day 4 to Day 9 (UF group). Control groups were cultured in the presence of synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) supplemented with 3 mg mL−1 bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 5% fetal calf serum (FCS). Supplementation of the culture medium with OF and/or UF (both at 1.25%) supported embryo development (Day 9 blastocyst rate 28.2–30.6%). At 72 h after vitrification–warming, the survival of blastocysts from the OF and OF+UF groups was similar to that of blastocysts in the SOF+BSA group (61.0 ± 5.7% and 62.8 ± 6.4% vs 64.8 ± 6.4% respectively), but significantly higher than that of blastocysts from the SOF+FCS group (31.6 ± 4.9%; P < 0.001). Blastocysts from the OF group exhibited upregulation of epigenetic genes (i.e. DNA methyltransferase 3α (DNMT3A) and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R)), compared with expression in the SOF+FCS group (P < 0.05). Whereas those from OF+UF and UF groups exhibited downregulation of oxidative stress genes compared to SOF+BSA and OF groups for glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and to SOF+FCS, SOF+BSA and OF groups for chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) (P < 0.05). In addition, accumulation of reactive oxygen species was lower in blastocysts from the OF, OF+UF and UF groups. In conclusion, the use of low concentrations of OF and UF in in vitro serum-free culture supports embryo development, with OF providing a better control of embryo methylation, whereas UF may have antioxidant activity.
“A great and beautiful wall”
Authors: Demata Massimiliano
Published: November 2017

This paper focuses on Trump’s aggressive language on immigration. By analyzing a data set made of public speeches, interviews, and statements from Trump’s official website, the paper will look at how certain lexico-grammatical and intertextual choices in Trump’s representation of immigration display all the typical features of a populist agenda. Trump’s texts will be analyzed according to Wodak’s Discourse-Historical approach: Trump’s own “politics of fear” and language on immigration are evidence of the strong currency held by values associated with right-wing, ethno-nationalist populism, once the core ideological tenets only of certain fringe movements such as the Tea Party, but now firmly established in mainstream politics.
Effects of exposure to literary narrative fiction
Authors: De Mulder Hannah N. M. , Hakemulder Frank , van den Berghe Rianne , Klaassen Fayette , van Berkum Jos J. A.
Published: November 2017

Literary narrative fiction may be particularly effective in enhancing Theory of Mind (ToM), as it requires readers to contemplate author and character intentions in filling the literary ‘gaps’ that have been suggested to characterise this fiction type. The current study investigates direct and cumulative effects of reading literature on ToM using confirmatory Bayesian analyses. Direct effects were assessed by comparing the ToM skills of participants who read texts that were manipulated to differ in the amount of gap filling they required. Cumulative effects were assessed by considering the relationship between lifetime literary fiction exposure and ToM. Results showed no evidence for direct effects of reading literature on ToM. However, lifetime literary fiction exposure was associated with higher ToM, particularly cognitive ToM. Although reading a specific piece of literary fiction may thus not have immediately measurable effects on ToM, lifetime exposure to this fiction type is associated with more advanced ToM.
“There is always some spatial limitation”
Authors: Pokorn Nike K.
Published: November 2017

The article focuses on the issue of spatial positioning of healthcare interpreters. Contemporary research and guidelines for healthcare interpreters recommend either a triadic position or parallel positioning, or else suggest that the position of the interpreter should be defined primarily by the situation. Based on the responses gathered by a nationwide online questionnaire sent to interpreters who work in healthcare settings in the Republic of Slovenia, the article establishes that a triangular position is the spatial positioning the untrained interpreters working in healthcare settings most often assume and find most appropriate. The interpreters prefer this position because they believe that primary role should be granted to the patient and that the interpreters should be regarded as mere conduits, and second, that there is a considerable gap between what the interpreters think they should do and what they actually do. The article concludes with some proposals how to narrow this gap.
Asymmetry and automaticity in translation
Authors: Deckert Mikołaj
Published: November 2017

This article adopts an interdisciplinary approach to integrate insights from cognitive psychology and Cognitive Linguistics into translational inquiry by modeling the translator’s operations as alternating between System 1 and System 2 thinking. We analyze trainee output to investigate translatorial decision-making in scenarios employing instances of basic cross-linguistic asymmetry in the partitioning of conceptual material. The objective is to better understand the role that automaticity plays in those contexts: how pronounced it is, how it influences translation output, and to what extent the skill of monitoring it can be regarded a component of translation competence. The study also tests, in one condition, whether the translator trainer can induce System 2 processing in trainees by issuing extra pre-task instruction, thereby helping optimize their performance.
Conflicting goals of educational action: a study of teacher agency from a transactional realism perspective
Authors: Bergh Andreas , Wahlström Ninni
Published: November 2017

This study focuses on the different ways in which teachers relate their situational agency and professional assignment to the national curriculum content and curriculum dilemmas. It builds theoretically on transactional realism and empirically on analyses of interviews with teachers, exploring the nature of teacher agency during the enactment of a new Swedish curriculum reform. To uphold a dual perspective of teachers’ relation to the curriculum as both collectively and individually experienced and as both an ideal and realistic–practical relation, we term the future as ‘projective experiences’, the presence as ‘practical‐evaluative experiences’ and the past ‘iterational experiences’ in relation to agency. Especially, we are interested in the ‘what’ in the curriculum – what the teachers find intriguing, important or impossible and what affects how they relate to the curriculum as part of the multidimensional structures influencing their agency. This approach reveals that the crucial issue of teacher agency is related to the policy discourse on knowledge and equity as standards and the uniformity of assessment and its pedagogical consequences.
Catalysing social change in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: evaluating the LIN model of participatory community development
Authors: Doan-Bao Chau , Papoutsaki Evangelia , Dodson Giles
Published: November 2017

In communication for social change, a catalyst can play an important role in creating dialogue within the community, leading to collective actions and providing solutions for common problems. In urban communities of developing countries, this role is more essential because of the complexities of urban social issues and often the absence of traditional community structures. This research evaluated the LIN model of participatory community development in Ho Chi Minh City and demonstrates how urban NPOs have altered their self-perception from being ‘charity organizations’ to be a part of the community development process in HCMC as a result of LIN’s work. However, LIN’s catalyst model faces some challenges, particularly in applying Western concepts of community development and tenets of participatory social change in the Vietnamese context. As a result, a revised catalyst model of urban community development in Vietnam is suggested with three additional elements: leadership strategy for catalyst and NPOs, context understanding (local context and stakeholders’ characteristics) and impact evaluation framework based on the local context.