bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paths of Managerial Learning in the East German Context
Authors: Geppert Mike
Published: March 2007

In the debate about organizational or managerial learning the connection between individual and organizational levels is often not clearly visible, but there seems to be a consensus that organizational slack is both a main condition for and a result of organizational learning. In the process of learning, manage ment produces or reduces organizational slack. This paper empirically exam ines how managerial learning creates or reduces organizational slack. Such learning is a dialectical process in which the social practices of management are stabilized and/or changed and embedded in special institutional settings. By means of three different case studies it will be demonstrated that the pro cesses of organizational learning, both simple and complex, are tied to spe cifically institutional conditions.

The conventional debate about organizational or managerial learning seems to explain only a specific part of these learning processes. In the managerial liter ature the often used metaphor of 'the learning organization' describes learning as a self-centred process, in which the organization and its actors are separated from their institutional context and social embeddedness. The research pre sented in this paper demonstrates that it is also necessary to take into considera tion the learning landscape of an organization. In this way, the internal and external embeddedness of managerial learning are stressed. The creation and use of organizational slack by management — as a main condition for, and product of learning — seem to be directly linked to their abilities to organize the processes themselves and to experiment with established routines without the restrictions of external administrative orders or imaginary market incentives.
Sedimentation and Transformation in Organizational Change: The Case of Canadian Law Firms
Authors: Cooper David J. , Hinings Bob , Greenwood Royston , Brown John L. , Cooper David J. , Hinings Bob , Greenwood Royston , Brown John L.
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies two archetypes in large Canadian law firms to show how ideas of professionalism and partnership are changing, due in part to shifts in discourses in the wider institutional context. These changes in discourse themselves alter the interpretation of organizational structures and systems. This theme is explored through the concept of tracks and sedimentation. We explore the emergence of an organizational archetype that appears not to be secure, and which results in sedimented structures with competitive commit ments. The geological metaphor of sedimentation allows us to consider a dia lectical rather than a linear view of change. Case studies of two law firms show how one archetype is layered on the other, rather than representing a distinct transformation where one archetype sweeps away the residues of the other.
Strategic Choice in the Analysis of Action, Structure, Organizations and Environment: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Child John
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the place of the strategic choice perspective in the study of organizations and considers its contemporary contribution. The main fea tures of the original analysis are summarized, followed by a review of the key issues which arise from it. The paper discusses the integrative potential of strategic choice theory within organization studies and examines its contribu tion to an evolutionary perspective on the subject.
Implementation of Information Technology: A Time-Space Perspective
Authors: Sahay Sundeep
Published: March 2007

This paper has two broad objectives. First, to emphasize the importance of integrating a time-space analysis into the body of information technology (IT) implementation research. This is done by discussing two evolutionary trends currently visible in the IS research domain: one, a shifting emphasis towards the use of more integrative approaches of study from those that were largely functional and reductionist; and two, the increasing acceptance of interpretiv ism as a basis for studying IS in organizations. The role of time and space is discussed in terms of how its analysis can contribute to strengthen further and refine existing thought. The second objective is to develop a framework which will allow the integration of a time-space analysis into IT research, and thus enable a more holistic and coherent view of the implementation problem. To build this framework, Harvey's (1989) ideas on the role of space and time in the structuring of spatial practices are drawn upon and expanded. The frame work represents an analytical scheme developed around the relationships between technology, time-space, and social structure. The study contributes to organization and IT studies in two ways. One, it provides a novel way of understanding how the social context and processes of technology implementa tion may relate to each other. Two, by explicitly acknowledging the multiple subjective-objective elements of time-space inherent in various social prac tices, the framework provides certain broad guidelines regarding areas for empirical investigation.
Harmony and Patriarchy: The Cultural Basis for 'Paternalistic Headship' Among the Overseas Chinese
Authors: Westwood Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines a model of leadership attuned to the cultural specificities of the Overseas Chinese (OSC) context. The model is developed in a contrast ive mode to U.S. approaches to leadership which are depicted as being cultur ally bounded and non-transferable to the OSC situation. The model is extrapol ated from the persisting cultural values and traditions still prevalent in OSC organizations and management style. The concept of headship is heuristically adopted to demarcate the underlying orientation towards legitimized influen cing of followers by leaders and the structuring of relationships among the OSC. Chinese organizational 'heads' are seen to function on the basis of meet ing the mutually reinforcing dual requirements for legitimized order and com pliance achievement and the maintenance of social harmony. The cultural basis for meeting these requirements is examined in detail. The resulting 'leadership' orientation is depicted as 'paternalistic headship', the behavioural and attitu dinal elements of which are explored. The arguments are situated in the context of a burgeoning interest in, and recognition of a distinctive OSC management and business orientation.
Essai: Dislocating (Instrumental) Organizational Time
Authors: Holmer-Nadesan Majia
Published: March 2007

In this essay I explore the role of time in proximal and distal approaches to organizational analysis. I argue that an instrumental and linear view of time may undermine efforts to describe organizations as partial and contingent pro cesses. Therefore, I supplement instrumental time with a discontinuous and non-teleological account, using A. Giddens' and N. Luhmann's systems frame works to illustrate my argument. Both theorists explain how systems extend present conditions through communication technologies that shrink time and space and, concomitantly, that facilitate reflexive control over future condi tions. However, I argue that the systems framework may overstate organiza tional control by instrumentalizing time in the extension and reproduction of formal organizational structures. I then use the idea of temporal dislocation to signify how 'otherness' subverts systemic presence and thus offers a way of studying those ('untimely' aspects of organizational life that are typically mar ginalized in organizational analysis.
Self-Assertion in the Third World
Authors: Bebler Anton
Published: March 2007

Ideologies constitute the most relevant political form through which the upheavals of ideas related to political emancipation have been expressed in the third world. These ideologies vary widely in character and have, historically, served very different purposes. Despite this variety, third world ideologies all perform the basic function of third world self-assertion. Usually this goal is stated in universalist terms; however, the real unit of self- assertion is almost invariably the state. Externally, the self-assertive nature of these ideologies may support a rigidly independent stand in international affairs, political and economic independence, equality, and respect among nations. Internally, they contribute to unity and the modernization of social norms. They will grow more complex, mature, and domestic in the coming decades and a greater role will be played by ideologies with strong worker affiliations. The fact that third world countries have begun to export ideologies foreshadows an age of true world integration, interpenetration, and inter dependence in the realm of social and political ideas.
Change and Stability in the Ideology of Scottish Nationalism
Authors: Farbey B.A. , Mitchell C.R. , Webb K.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the nature of Scottish nationalist ideology over a 30-year period are studied by means of a content analysis of 90 documents from the Scottish Nationalist Party. Frequency, position, and connectivity of themes within the ideology were measured. It appears that the party is becoming less radical and less culturally and economically oriented. The ideology is described as more complex, oppositional, and incestuous than formerly. The retreat from militancy is seen to stem from a historic need to avoid division within the party and as a strategy to attract a broader range of voters. This dilution of ideology is a major cause of the party's decline.
The Geographical "Mental Maps" of American Foreign Policy Makers
Authors: Henrikson Alan K.
Published: March 2007

Statesmen respond to the world as they perceive and imagine it-which may not be the way the world really is. In the conduct of affairs over vast geographical spaces, such as those appropriate to present-day American foreign policy, the environmental "mental maps," or cognitive frameworks, relied upon may be of critical importance. This article analyzes the mental geography of U.S. officials, in terms of both their "geographical mind," or articulated geographical concepts, and their "geographical field," or intuitively sensed spheres of activity. More specifically, it examines what are called image-plans, such as Zbigniew Brzezinski's notion of an "Arc of Crisis" around the Indian Ocean, and behavior-spaces, such as the spatial milieu as experienced by Secretary of State Vance in the course of his diplomatic travel. By bringing to the surface the patterns inherent in both, the article is intended to heighten our understanding of geographical considerations in foreign policy.
Electoral Geography
Authors: Woolstencroft R.P.
Published: March 2007

In recent years there has been increased interest, especially from geographers, in the field of electoral geography. In this article three major approaches to the study of voting—the cartographic method, the "friends and neighbors" models, and the "nationalization" models—are discussed and evaluated. It is argued that the cartographic approach is very limited in its utility because of the static and imprecise character of the work as well as its low explanatory potential. The "friends and neighbors" models are most applicable in very restricted circumstances. Under other conditions they are likely to be of marginal value. The "nationalization" approach is of considerable importance, although some interpretative problems still exist. Despite some analytical and conceptual differences, these approaches to electoral geography are marked by an underlying similarity: a concern for the character and delineation of subnational political effects which are spatially demarcated. The "nationalizational" approach, it is argued, is likely to be the most useful for the description and explanation of such phenomena.
Planning and Implementation
Authors: Altenstetter Christa , Björkman James Warner
Published: March 2007

Amidst the political sloganeering about health issues, there is a basic tension between those who plan goals for the health care system and those who try to implement them. This article examines that tension by first discussing the context of planning and its application to health affairs; then discussing the issue of implementation and its problems; and finally applying these to the particular case of health care costs. Among the topics discussed are the functions of planning (technical tool, coordination device, symbolic reassurance); the issues of participation (who gets represented, how, and at what levels of government); and the features of implementation (multiple goals, macro- and micro-arenas, private versus public interests). The current study provisionally concludes that health planning has changed little in the health care system of any country because inadequate attention has been paid to questions of implementation.
Correlates of Social Security Policy
Authors: Scharf C. Bradley
Published: March 2007

Comparative politics allows us to appraise the policy relevance of political variables as distinct from those of cultural, societal, and economic variables. Recent research has made an initial contribution to what may be called comparative public policy; in the field of welfare policy, it has raised questions concerning the measurement of welfare needs, the relationship between resources and benefits, the role of political values, and the likelihood of policy diffusion among neighboring states. This study reviews four environmental variables, four political variables, and three measures of social security as applied to eight countries. In doing so, new information is brought to light concerning the significance of the variables and the direction further research should take.
Prime Ministerial Power and the Selection of Ministers in India
Authors: Sisson Richard
Published: March 2007

The process of selection to the national council of ministers in India, as well as the role of the institution, has changed immensely during the past three decades. While ministers exhibit the characteristics of political elites generally—through their form and level of education, their occupational endeavor, and their pursuit of politics as a vocation— ministerial selection has been a function of prime ministerial strategies to assert the dominance of the prime minister's position and to augment its power. Strategies pursued have been determined by personal temperament and reactions to the leavening of public sentiment, the induction of new classes and generations of elites into the public arena, and the changing configurations within the party system. In this article the selection of ministers to the central cabinet in India is examined in terms of this context of power through a comparison of the reigns of Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.
Evaluating Political Goods and Productivity
Authors: Almond Gabriel A. , Powell G. Bingham
Published: March 2007

Because political evaluation is both inescapable and desirable, it is too important to be left to partial and unexamined criteria. Even the most self-conscious studies of political performance have tended to rely on a limited and incomplete range of standards. We are arguing here for a more comprehensive typology of "political goods," with which both the standards and the performance of specific regimes and ideologies can be compared. Although we cannot, of course, deal with every cultural and structural nuance that may itself be valued, we can attempt to consider explicitly classes of goods that are associated with each of the different levels of analysis of the political system.
Absolute Values and Practical Problems
Authors: Becquart-Leclercq Jeanne
Published: March 2007

Political values are considered as inherent in human action (contrary to Plato's view of the transcendent reality of values), and as forming opposite contradictory poles for the axiological orientation of decisions (Weberian view of conflicting values). Germane to these postulates, 10 scales are used to assess the values of a sample of 90 local politicians and administrators in France, whose characteristics are correlated with values, as well as contextual variables. Results show inter alia that political values are independent of sex, of income and education, but that some are linked to partisan orientation (Machiavellianism excepted). Most of the values are independent of contextual socioeconomic variables, except that the personal interest of politicians (as opposed to selfless altruism) provokes a specific type of political expression in local election: a high rate of nullified ballots ( bulletins nuls).
Scarcity, Sufficiency, and Abundance
Authors: Stillman Peter G.
Published: March 2007

Hegel and Marx see scarcities as inherent, necessary, and constructive in the good societies each envisions. They see that human beings develop themselves and their culture by having needs, working to satisfy those needs, and in the process creating new needs that require new types of thought and action for their satisfaction. At the same time, since all needs cannot be pursued, human beings must reflect on which needs to try to satisfy; this reflection leads, Hegel and Marx think, to concern not with the material and atomistic, but with cultural and social needs and their satisfaction. While Hegel and Marx differ in their assessment of nineteenth-century European civilization or capitalism, they agree that the pursuit of affluence as a primary goal is misleading and misguided, and they do imply some suggestions for treating contemporary ecological scarcities.
Territoriality
Authors: Raffestin Claude
Published: March 2007

Territoriality involves two kinds of territories: the concrete and the abstract. Ac cording to the kinds of mediators we use to relate the self to "exteriority" and/or "alterity," the relationship will be consonant or dissonant: concordant when all the mediators are in the realm of either the traditional or the modern, dissonant when they come from both.
Territory and People or People and Territory?
Authors: Knight David B.
Published: March 2007

The identities of large groups of people often are not really coincident with politically bounded territories in the international system of states. International law has developed to the point whereby priority of recognition is given to total populations of states and their governments rather than to sub-state groups. Self-determination is acceptable for the total population in a colonial territory—external self-determination-but self-determination may be granted only once for that territory or any of its parts. Such limitations as laid out in international law are not acceptable to many sub-state groups as they push for self-determination, up to and including secession. The latter process causes disruptions in the international system of states, yet there are alternatives to such drastic change. Increasingly, internal self-determination is being called for, and this can be achieved in a number of ways. Part of the challenge to international law as currently delineated is that increasingly, there is a call for a return to a people-over-territory emphasis instead of the current primacy of territory over people. This article reviews how self-determination came to be understood in international law and then identifies the emerging challenges that could force a reformulation of international law.
New Parties in Britain
Authors: Berrington Hugh
Published: March 2007

The two-party system is sometimes thought of as being "natural" to Britain. In fact, many new parties have been formed, but few have survived as politically significant independent bodies. New parties in Britain face severe obstacles, of which the elec toral system is the greatest. Despite these difficulties, opportunities favorable for new parties do sometimes arise; new parties may also be founded by minorities that feel there is no longer a place for them in one of the established parties. A distinctive political group has a choice of either starting a new party or of trying to infiltrate one of the older parties and so capturing it from within. The success of a new party may have profound medium-term consequences for the country's political alignment. Major social changes, however, are more likely to have an effect through the existing parties than through the rise of a new party.
The Recent Evolution of Central Policy Control Mechanisms in Parliamentary Systems
Authors: Kemp D.A.
Published: March 2007

During the last two decades the central policy machinery in major parliamentary systems on the British model has undergone a significant evolution. The changes challenge a long trend toward the growing dominance of the public service in the policy process. They in volve attempts by cabinet, under prime ministerial leadership, to increase the policy re sources of the partisan political leadership to facilitate the adjustment of policy outputs to the values of the government of the day. Innovation is creating pressure for change in the system ideology, focusing on the issue of politicization. The persistence of innovations appears to be related to their ability to respond to the requirements of political leadership.
State Functions and the Future of the State
Authors: Deutsch Karl W.
Published: March 2007

A typology of states classified as either enforcement or service states leads to further distinctions among regulation, laissez-faire, planning, welfare, revolutionary and adaptive states. The typology provides a base for speculations about the long term future of the State.
Factors Influencing the Development of Political Science in Canada: A Case and a Model
Authors: Trent John E.
Published: March 2007

Based on a literature review, this study provides an overview of the factors influencing the development of political science in Canada. Inevitably, this approach has a chronological bias, but it has been widened to take account of different perspectives and factors normally considered external to the discipline. The analysis points to episodic rather than linear development and takes account of the interrelationships and variable weights of the social, intellectual, academic, international and economic climates at different times. A model of development is presented which, while limited by its one-country focus, assembles pertinent variables to be tested against experience in other countries and certain considerations relevant to the nurturing of disciplines.
The Institutional Development of Political Science in Nigeria: Trends, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Jinadu L. Adele
Published: March 2007

Political science in Nigeria has developed within contextual parameters provided by (a) the multinational character of political science, with particular reference to the hegemonic role of the US in its global diffusion; (b) the statist structure of Nigeria's political economy; and (c) the logic of colonial nationalism. In explaining the character of Nigerian political science within these historically determined contexts, the author proceeds within a theoretical framework which links the development of the discipline to the asymmetrical nature of international social formations, in the division between hegemonic or centre societies and dependent or peripheral ones. But the author also focuses on how factors internal to political science as a vocation in Nigeria have conditioned its development and have interacted with factors external to it.
In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Bonnicksen Andrea
Published: March 2007

Public debate and policy about in vitro fertilization tend to revolve around the ethical dimensions of experimentation with embryos. In vitro fertilization is, however, performed on women, is designed to circumvent female infertility, and offers new reproductive choices to women. This paper argues that in vitro fertilization is a woman's technology and, as such, ought to be recognized as a political issue with feminist overtones. It suggests that women's rights groups take the lead in encouraging debate about the feminist implications of in vitro fertilization and in monitoring public policy as it relates to women's interests.
The Process of Personal Leadership: The Case of de Gaulle
Authors: Cerny Philip G.
Published: March 2007

Assessing personal leadership is a highly problematic task. However, a fairly simply framework can be developed based on the interaction of the leader's personal qualities, his or her relationship with the body politic, and his or her relationship with the state. Four consequent types of personal leadership derived from this framework are focused on here: routine leadership, integrative leadership, catalytic leadership and transformative leadership. The framework is then applied to the case of General de Gaulle, late President of the Republic of France (1958-1969). Consideration of a wide variety of structural and conjunctural factors leads to the conclusion that de Gaulle was primarily a catalytic leader rather than a transformative leader.
Politics under the Microscope: Observational Methods in Political Research
Authors: Schubert James N.
Published: March 2007

Behavioral political science has not utilized observational methods and lacks the field research tradition found in other behavioral sciences. This paper explores the potential contribution of observational methods to behavioral studies in political science and illustrates their application with data developed around oral argument in the United States Supreme Court and the first Reagan-Mondale television debate in 1984.
When Does Personality Make a Difference? Lord Cherwell and the Area Bombing of Germany
Authors: Berrington Hugh
Published: March 2007

The area bombing of Germany in 1942-43 brings into relief several important issues that arise in the study of political psychology. The area bombing issue illustrates the importance of personality: when powerful institutional forces are in conflict; when the situation is highly ambiguous; and when the actor has special access to the ultimate decision-makers and can limit access by others.

The policy advocated by Churchill's scientific adviser, Professor Lindemann (Lord Cherwell), was particularly congenial to Cherwell's temperament. The consequences of the adoption of this policy are still not easy to assess, though post-war appraisals tend to question its military effectiveness.

The lack of any agreed conclusion about its worth underlines the inherent ambiguity of the situation confronting British policy-makers in 1942, and the opportunity this provided for the impact of personality.
Counterrevolution and Structural Change: The Case of Argentina
Authors: Waisman Carlos H.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the reversal of development in Argentina. It argues that this country switched developmental tracks: from being a "land of recent settlement," it became an underdeveloped society. This shift was the unintended consequence of two policies that were institutionalized in the postwar period: autarkic industrialization, and a corporatist system of labor relations. The author claims that these policies were a response by the state elite to a perceived revolutionary threat, that this fear of revolution was unrealistic, and that these policies had the effects they did because of the "modern" characteristics of Argentina. The peculiar pattern of Argentine development could not have been understood by either modernization and dependency approaches, and thus this case calls into question the basic assumptions of these theories of development.
Construction et déconstruction du groupe ethnique
Authors: Tournon Jean
Published: March 2007

Une reconstruction conceptuelle du groupe ethnique est proposée en première partie, qui souligne l'unite (donc la comparabilité) du phénomène ethnique dans ses écarts d'intensité et d'orientation, dans les multi-appartenances, dans ses diverses formes historiques et dans ses diverses relations au politique. Axée sur l'auto-definition du groupe ethnique et inventoriant quelques conséquences de cette construction ou déconstruction sociale, la seconde partie esquisse de nouvelles approches de l'ethnogenèse. La conclusion s'interroge sur les répercussions possibles, pour la science politique, de l'aspiration de certains occidentaux à une déconstruction idéologique d'une ethnicité qu'ils assimilent volontiers au racisme.
Crisis and Renewal in the Social Sciences and the Colonies of Ourselves
Authors: Williams Douglas E.
Published: March 2007

This admittedly speculative paper contends that the "crisis" of the social sciences is not primarily a crisis of methodology; nor is it fundamentally a problem stemming from the proliferating "Babel of theoretical voices"; nor can the crisis itself be ignored, as more complacent, atheoretical students of politics and society suggest. Rather, the crisis of the social sciences is primarily a reflection of the long-standing neglect of the complexities of the self and personal identity and the appropriate vocabulary with which to portray them. Following the suggestive metaphor of Georg Simmel, this paper seeks to remedy this neglect by tracing the contours of such a vocabulary and the different "colonies of our selves" in ways that underscore a more embedded and relational notion of the individual than is currently in vogue. It also suggests that we will continue to misconstrue central features of the problem of the legitimacy of liberal democracies until we revise our understanding of the complexities of the self and human development.
The Socialist Retrieval of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Cunningham Frank
Published: March 2007

Against the background of partial definitions of "capitalism," "socialism," and "liberal democracy," the political-theoretical effort associated with the work of C.B. Macpherson to retrieve liberal democracy for socialism is defended. Considerations are advanced to mitigate liberal-democratic mistrust of anti-democratic potentials of socialist planning; retrieval is characterized (as the supersession of key liberal- democratic values); and ways that socialists might appropriate liberal- democratic pluralism are sketched as an example.
International Legal Policy and Efficient Resource Allocation
Authors: Mckinney Scott
Published: March 2007

The impact of international interactions on the level and allocation of a nation's expenditures for police protection and law enforcement are discussed: A model is developed and used to analyze various types of international interactions such as crime spillovers from one nation to another, effective police action in one country against a crime organization active in a number of countries, and the assistance that one country offers another in the securing of information and evidence. The impacts of these interactions are then evaluated in terms of the concept of Pareto-optimality. International cooperation through police and legal institutions is discussed as a way of narrowing the gap between actual and optimal expenditures, and an international body is proposed to deal with criteria, coordination, and compensation for international discovery orders. In the final section the results of a number of studies are presented that suggest the importance of interjurisdictional interactions and cooperation. These results are used to evaluate the possible impacts of international interactions in crime, police protection and law enforcement.
Global Policy: Employment and Human Rights
Authors: Siegel Richard L.
Published: March 2007

It is advantageous to combine international regime and global policy approaches to employment. Sources of the relative ineffectiveness of regional and global employment policy are found primarily in conflicting missions of intergovernmental organizations, ideological conflicts and the inadequate resources and powers of such organizations. Employment suffers from the existence of higher economic and human rights priorities in virtually all international policy arenas. Although evolutionary progress can be expected in the present regime structure, fundamental change will require truly global policies in a more highly developed regime that integrates economic and human rights principles and goals.
Educational Policy and Development
Authors: Levin Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Educational policy in developing countries has often been designed in imitation of current practice in the industrialized world, even though that practice is itself the subject of a great deal of criticism. Current aid practices have reinforced the imitative approach to educational development. It is possible, however, for both developed and developing countries to learn from the mistakes of developed systems, and to derive lessons emphasizing such attributes of educational systems as flexibility, articulation, recognition of experimental learning, the provision of alternatives, and close cooperation with the community as being important elements of educational policy.
A Mark in Time Saves Nein
Authors: De Mesquita Bruce Bueno , Organski A.F.K.
Published: March 2007

A method for predicting political interactions and policy outcomes based on two political theorems is presented and illustrated with an examination of the decision to merge the two German currencies. Political perceptions and actions are anticipated by combining the substantive knowledge of area experts with the theoretical insights embedded in the median voter theorem and a monotonicity theorem that links expectations to probabilistic statements of action. The proposed model has proven accurate about 90 percent of the time.

The proposed forecasting method identifies a sequential strategy that may have been followed by Chancellor Kohl in forging the coalition needed to merge successfully the two German currencies. Using comparative statics, the analysis suggests how subtle and sophisticated Chancellor Kohl had to be to succeed in getting the policy outcome he desired despite stiff opposition.
Neoconservatism in an Open Economy: The Social Role of the Canadian State
Authors: Banting Keith G.
Published: March 2007

The impact of neoconservative ideas has varied considerably among Western nations. This paper examines some of the factors at work by exploring Canadian experience. Despite the election of conservative governments at the federal level and in several provinces, the conse quences for social policy have been more limited than elsewhere. The reasons for this pattern are embedded in distinctive features of the polit ical economy of the Canadian welfare state. Most importantly, the inten sity of linguistic and regional divisions within the fragile federal system, and the country's marginal position in the international trading regime constrain a radical neoconservative agenda. Studies of neoconservatism in states that are relatively large and integrated on the territorial dimension risk taking these factors for granted.
Plus ça change: The Interaction between the Legal System and Political Change in Francoist Spain
Authors: Pinkele Carl F.
Published: March 2007

Law and politics are pieces of the same cloth. We are accus tomed to believing that in democratic polities law relates one way to politics while in non-democratic polities the relationships are quite differ ent. Indeed, we are predisposed to believe in many instances that in authoritarian political systems, like Spain under Franco, law and legal system elites are fundamentally irrelevant actors—save as pawns of those in command. This article argues that the law and legal system elites were important political actors during the transition from authoritarian to non- authoritarian politics under Franco and that the Spanish case provides us with a rough map toward our understanding of system changes in other arenas as well.
Lateral Pressure Theory as Applied to Global Warming: An Initial Assessment
Authors: Sundgren Jan
Published: March 2007

Environmental problems that are global in scale involve both socio-economic and ecological processes, and understanding the politics of these problems may require applications of alternative theories of inter national relations, as well as more mainstream theories. Both sets of theories may need to be reformulated and respecified before they prove useful. This article explores the applicability of the theory of lateral pressure to a specific global environmental problem, the problem of global warming. Lateral pressure theory is an alternative approach that repre sents a promising effort to integrate environmental factors into a theory of international relations. However, its application to the problem of global warming will require added specification of the theory and expan sion of its causal links. Factors hitherto bypassed by the theory appear indispensible for analyzing how the global community will respond to this complex and novel set of problems.
The Idea of "International System": Theory Meets History
Authors: Buzan Barry , Little Richard
Published: March 2007

This article uses a long view of history to examine structural realist ideas about international system. It has three themes: (1) that insufficient thought has been given to defining the necessary and suffi cient conditions for saying that an international system exists; (2) that such conceptions of international system as we do have are overwhelm ingly biased by the structural characteristics of the European experience; and (3) that international relations theory and history need each other. History provides a wealth of significant challenges to prevailing ortho doxies in international relations theory, and structural realist theory can be used as an interesting approach to formulating grand history.
A Look at Teacher Effectiveness Research—Theory and Practice
Authors: Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

Because educators are unable to agree upon or pre cisely define what a good teacher is, we can define it almost any way we like. But to understand teacher effec tiveness, educators should consider some of the cur rent—and past—theoretical issues related to teacher effectiveness research.
Site-Based Management And Quality Circles
Authors: Merrell Hansen J.
Published: March 2007

Quality Circles are a proven activity that can be used to implement site-based man agement in the school. This writer explains why.
Schools and the Law— A Basic Foundation for Administrators
Authors: Sparkman William E.
Published: March 2007

Public schools will continue to be influenced by the law. School leaders must prepare themselves by developing a basic understanding of the legal framework of public education. They also must have a working knowledge of and an appreciation for the legal rights of teachers and students.
Using (and Misusing) Movies
Authors: Zirkel Perry A. , Gluckman Ivan B.
Published: March 2007

his article, appearing bimonthly in th the NASSP Bulletin and Principal, magazine of the National Associa of Elementary School Principals, is pared by Perry A Zirkel, University ofessor of Education and Law, aigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.), Ivan B. Gluckman, NASSP's direc of legal services.
School Desegregation
Authors: Hyde Alison A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role that the courts have played in desegregating American public schools in the 40 years since Brown v. Board of Educa tion of Topeka, Kansas, and discusses reasons why desegregation is still a desirable goal for U.S. public schools.
2001: A School Odyssey— Cardinal Principles for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Haas Jim
Published: March 2007

In the quest for excellence in school ing, good fortune has largely eluded us. Perhaps it is time to reexamine principles of education that are almost a century old.
The Dropout Problem: Can Schools Meet the Challenge?
Authors: Wylie Virginia L. , Hunter William A.
Published: March 2007

Have the states truly been successful in reducing the number of high school dropouts? Or has an apparent decrease in the dropout rate been caused by a different method of calculation?
A Study of Sports Crowd Behavior: The Case of the Great Pumpkin Incident
Authors: Levy Linda
Published: March 2007

Disagreement on which theory of collective behavior best predicts or explains how crowd processes work prompted this case study. By closely examining, through participant observation, the unfolding of one episode of nonviolent collective behavior at a professional football game, four frequently applied theories of collective behavior are tested for their utility in sports crowd situations. Each theory is assessed for strengths and weaknesses. Findings show contagion theory, convergence theory, emergent norm theory, and value-added theory all valuable in explaining some facets of observed spectator behavior; therefore a synthesis of theories might prove more useful than applying theories separately. A methodological problem emerged during evaluation, concerning difficulty in distinguishing among the indicators for each theory. Several overlapping theoretical concepts confounded attempts to operationalize unique empirical measures and hence, to compare the theories satisfactorily. Further research is needed to provide adequate measures.
Processing Citizens' Disputes Outside the Courts
Authors: Conner Ross F. , Surette Ray
Published: March 2007

Citizen dispute processing programs are becoming more common in the United States as an alternative to expensive, time-consuming litigation in court. Although no empirical evidence has been presented to date on the effectiveness of this type of mediation program, policy makers are calling for an increase in the number of such programs. This article reports on the results of an outcome evaluation of the Orange County (Florida) Bar Association's Citizen Dispute Settlement Project. The results indicate that complainants, respondents, and hearing officers are generally very satisfied with the hearings. In a three-week follow-up, complainant satisfaction increased, while respondent satisfaction stayed at the original high level. A quasi-experimental comparison of hearing and no- hearing groups of disputants indicated that mediation programs of this type may not be particularly effective for long-term solutions of underlying problems. The implications of these results are discussed for public policy-making and for theoretical refinement of the mediation concept.
The Role of International Law
Authors: Szasz Paul C.
Published: March 2007

To determine what legal instruments need to be formulated and institutions created to manage a global commons, it is first necessary to investigate the various functions that the proposed management regime or regimes are to carry out. This article considers what functions might be assigned to an international regime to manage the threat of climatic change resulting from the "greenhouse effect. " It then examines what instruments would be required to initiate the regime and what other instruments it may be expected to create as well as what institutions would be required to carry out the various processes. These requirements in terms of legal instruments and institutions would be essentially the same whether it is decided to establish a single regime to manage all global commons or, for practical or political reasons, to have separate regimes- for example, for the atmosphere, for space, for the seas, for land-based activities, and for the Antarctic.
Musical Technology and the Interpretation of Heritage
Authors: Swanwick Keith
Published: March 2007

The title of this conference, ‘Music of the Spheres”, is indeed cosmic. And the twin sub-themes of ‘Heritage’ and ‘Technology’ are very stimulating, provocative even. During the first part of this presentation I shall argue that ‘heritage’ is a dynamic process and that this process is dependent on technology. I shall define technology in the broadest sense. In the second part, my presentational method will be to stay close to music, working outwards from musical encounter. We shall listen attentively to music, reflecting on what we may learn from this experience about music, technology, ‘heritage’ and music education transactions.
Imperialism in School Music: Common Experiences in Two Different Cultures
Authors: Southcott Jane , Lee Angela Hao-Chun
Published: March 2007

Empire, imperialism and colonialism are all terms that defy easy definition. The variety of imperial regimes and colonial situations demonstrates a “patchwork quilt of ad hoc adaptations to particular circumstance” (Osterhammel, 1997, p. 4). However, this paper does not seek to define such phenomena but to explore their effects on the school music that existed within such regimes. Japanese and British imperialism evolved in distinct ways, but the enactment of imperialism in school music was, ultimately, similar. Two different examples of early twentieth century empires will be considered – Taiwan, a colony of Japan between 1895 and 1945, and the British colonies that were to become Australia with their Federation in 1901 (Parsons, 1999). Central to the notion of empire was the imperial ruler, either emperor or empress. Empire and ruler were celebrated by school children in song and pageant, demonstrating the use of music as a vehicle of messages to be inculcated in the young participants.
Music education freed from colonialism: A new praxis
Authors: Walker Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper argues against a conflation of the culturally specific (i.e. the western) and the universal in theoretical discourse about music and music education. The charge is made that music education practices generally have lost touch with the contemporary practices of musicians, thus isolating music education from other educational practices. Set in a context of ISME's commitment to a world view of music and music education, such problems are serious. It is argued that the use of western terminology is inimical to ISME's goals. Terms like ‘music’ and ‘aesthetic’ are specifically western. Epistemological links exist between an aesthetic theory and the associated musical practices, but these are not universal.
Should there be a universal philosophy of music education?
Authors: Reimer Bennett
Published: March 2007

The four themes of the Conference focus on the universal dimension of music, claiming that music speaks universally to all generations, times, cultures, and nations. if that is the case, it should also be the case that a universal philosophy of music education – a coherent system of beliefs about the nature and value of music and its role in education and in life, applicable to all generations, times, cultures, and nations – should exist or can exist or does exist. However, no such universal philosophy has been articulated and has been recognized by the world's music educators to be universally acceptable. In fact, many would claim that a universally persuasive philosophy is unlikely if not undesirable. Lacking such a philosophy, claims for the universality of music have no firm foundation. Yet the intuition that there is, indeed, a universal dimension of music and of music education remains persuasive or at least attractive. Is it possible to identify universally accepted values of music and the teaching and learning of music? Would it be useful for the international community of music educators if attempts were made to do so? This paper will argue that it would be extremely useful to make such an attempt, and will suggest some of the strategies by which the attempt might prove fruitful.
Music education a comparison between East (Japan) and West
Authors: Miyoshi Tsuneaki
Published: March 2007

We are tied by the common language ‘music’, therefore we can communicate with each other beyond the bounds of nationality where culture and language differ. We can feel a strong sense of solidarity and delight through music. However, it is also true that the style and idiom of music are different for different cultures and sometimes they are difficult to understand. For us music teachers, it is important to understand not only the features of music, but also the values or the outlook on education peculiar to a culture in order to understand the different musical styles. This paper discusses the above situation through the viewpoint of a comparison between Asia and the West from the situation of Japanese music education.