bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relation between sensory texture analysis and rheological properties
of stirred yogurt
Authors: SKRIVER ANNE , HOLSTBORG JENS , QVIST KARSTEN B.
Published: July 2002

The sensory and rheological characteristics of stirred yogurts varying in
fermentation temperature, heat treatment of milk, dry matter content and
composition of bacterial cultures were investigated. Two independent sensory
properties, non-oral viscosity and oral viscosity, were evaluated. To reflect these
properties precisely it was necessary to perform rheological measurements at both
small and large deformations. Non-oral and oral viscosities were successfully
modelled from a set of rheological variables by partial least squares regression,
resulting in a three component model explaining 83·8% of the variation in non-oral
viscosity and a two component model explaining 82·0% of the variation in oral
viscosity. Non-oral viscosity was highly correlated with the complex modulus (G*)
from the dynamic oscillatory measurements (r=0·823) and the viscosity obtained
from a Brookfield viscometer (with Helipath stand) operating at 5 rev./min
(r=0·862). Similarly, there were relationships between oral viscosity and the hysteresis
loop area from the viscometry test (r=0·867) and between oral viscosity and the
viscosity obtained from the Posthumus funnel (r=0·834).
On the inviscid stability of parallel bubbly flows
Authors: D'AGOSTINO LUCA , D'AURIA FABRIZIO , BRENNEN CHRISTOPHER E.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the effects of bubble dynamics on the

stability of parallel

bubbly flows of low void fraction. The equations of motion for the bubbly
mixture

are linearized for small perturbations and the parallel flow assumption
is used to

obtain a modified Rayleigh equation governing the inviscid

stability problem. This is

then used for the stability analysis of two-dimensional shear

layers, jets and wakes.

Inertial effects associated with the bubble response and energy dissipation
due to

the viscosity of the liquid, the heat transfer between the two

phases, and the liquid

compressibility are included. Numerical solutions of the eigenvalue problems
for the

modified Rayleigh equation are obtained by means of a multiple shooting
method.

Depending on the characteristic velocities of the various flows, the

void fraction, and

the ambient pressure, the presence of air bubbles can induce significant
departures

from the classical stability results for a single-phase fluid.
Nonlinear ripples of Kelvin–Helmholtz type

which arise from an interfacial mode interaction
Authors: JONES M. C. W.
Published: July 2002

An analysis is made of the small-amplitude capillary–gravity
waves

which occur on the

interface of two fluids and which arise out of the interaction between
the

Mth and Nth

harmonics of the fundamental mode. The method employed is that of multiple
scales

in both space and time and a pair of coupled nonlinear partial differential
equations

for the slowly varying wave amplitudes is derived. These equations describe,

correct up to third order, the progression of a wavetrain and are generalizations
of

the nonlinear

Schrödinger-type equations used by many authors to model wave propagation.
The

equations are solved and formal power series expansions of the corresponding
wave

profiles obtained. Many different wave configurations can arise, some symmetric

others asymmetric. It is found that an important influence on the type
of waves

which can occur is whether the ratio of the interacting wave modes is greater
or

less than two. Finally, an examination of the stability of the waves to
plane wave

perturbations is carried out.
Impulsively started flow separation in wavy-walled tubes
Authors: DOMENICHINI FEDERICO , PEDRIZZETTI GIANNI
Published: July 2002

The axisymmetric boundary-layer separation of an incompressible
impulsively started
flow in a wavy-walled tube is analysed at moderate to high values of the
Reynolds
number. The investigation is carried out by numerical integration of either
the
Navier–Stokes equations or Prandtl's asymptotic formulation
of the boundary-layer
problem. The presence of an adverse pressure gradient induces reverse flow
at the tube
wall independently of the Reynolds number; its occurrence can be predicted
by a
timescale analysis. Following that, the viscous calculations show different
dynamics
depending on the Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases, the
boundary
layer has in a well-defined internal structure where longitudinal lengthscales
become
comparable with the viscous one. Thus the boundary-layer scaling fails
locally, with a
minimum of pressure inside the boundary layer itself. The formation of
the primary
recirculation is well captured by the asymptotic model which, however,
is not able to
describe the roll-up of the vortex structure inside the recirculating region.
This
inadequacy appears well before the flow evolves to the characteristic terminal

singularity usually assumed as foreshadowing the vortex shedding phenomenon.
The
outcomes are compared with the existing results of analogous problems giving
an
overall agreement but improving, in some cases, the physical picture.
An experimental study of the motion of concentrated suspensions in
two-dimensional
channel flow. Part 2. Bidisperse systems
Authors: LYON M. K. , LEAL L. G.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we report experimental velocity and concentration
profiles for suspensions
possessing a bidisperse distribution of particle size undergoing pressure-driven
flow
through a parallel-wall channel. In addition to the overall concentration
distributions
determined by implementing the modified laser Doppler velocimetry method
described
in Part 1 (Lyon & Leal 1998), concentration profiles for the particles
of each size were
measured by sampling the position of marked tracer particles across 60%
of the
channel gap. Non-uniform overall particle concentration distributions and
blunted
velocity profiles were found at bulk particle volume fractions of 0.30
and 0.40, which
were equal to the monodisperse data of Part 1, within experimental uncertainty.
The
large-particle concentration profiles were non-uniform down to a large-particle
bulk
volume fraction of 0.075, while non-uniform distributions of the small
particles were
only found when the volume fraction of small particles in the bulk was
greater than or
equal to 0.20. Experiments in which at least half the suspended particulate
volume was
occupied by large particles revealed enrichment of the large particles
in the centreline
region of the channel. This size segregation was found to increase as the
total number
of suspended particles decreased. Finally, the data from experiments in
which a
uniform small-particle concentration profile was measured were compared
with
suspension balance model (McTigue & Jenkins 1992; Nott & Brady
1994) predictions
for parameter values that corresponded only to the large particles. While
close
agreement with the large-particle concentration profiles was found, this
comparison
also reflected the fact that the small particles bring the suspension viscosity
to a regime
that is more sensitive to the particle concentration, rather than simply
providing an
increment in background viscosity to the suspending liquid.
Steady boundary-layer solutions for
a swirling stratified fluid in a rotating cone
Authors: HEWITT R. E. , DUCK P. W. , FOSTER M. R.
Published: July 2002

We consider a set of nonlinear boundary-layer equations that have
been derived by
Duck, Foster & Hewitt (1997a, DFH), for the swirling flow
of a linearly stratified
fluid in a conical container. In contrast to the unsteady analysis of DFH,
we restrict
attention to steady solutions and extend the previous discussion further
by
allowing the container to both co-rotate and counter-rotate relative to
the contained
swirling fluid. The system is governed by three parameters, which are essentially
non-dimensional
measures of the rotation, stratification and a Schmidt number. Some of

the properties of this system are related (in some cases rather subtly)
to those found
in the swirling flow of a homogeneous fluid above an infinite rotating
disk; however,
the introduction of buoyancy effects with a sloping boundary leads to other
(new)
behaviours. A general description of the steady solutions to this system
proves to be
rather complicated and shows many interesting features, including non-uniqueness,

singular solutions and bifurcation phenomena.

We present a broad description of the steady states with particular
emphasis on
boundaries in parameter space beyond which steady states cannot be continued.

A natural extension of this work (motivated by recent experimental results)
is to
investigate the possibility of solution branches corresponding to non-axisymmetric

boundary-layer states appearing as bifurcations of the axisymmetric solutions.
In
an Appendix we give details of an exact, non-axisymmetric solution to the

Navier–Stokes equations (with axisymmetric boundary conditions) corresponding
to the flow
of homogeneous fluid above a rotating disk.
History forces and the unsteady wake
of a cylinder
Authors: CHAPLIN J. R.
Published: July 2002

History forces on a stationary cylinder in arbitrary unsteady rectilinear flow are
calculated by means of a model based on the asymptotic properties of the steady-state
wake. The results capture many features found in numerical solutions of the
Navier–Stokes equation for the same flows, though quantitative agreement deteriorates as
the Reynolds number increases over the range 2 to 40. The cases studied are the
impulsive start, stop, and reverse, and oscillatory flow.
Oblique penetration of solar-wind filaments into the magnetosphere
Authors: DAI WENLONG , WOODWARD PAUL R.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a set of two-dimensional simulations for resistive
magneto-hydrodynamical equations are performed to investigate the interaction between a solar-wind filament and the magnetosphere when the filament is obliquely oriented with respect to the direction of the magnetospheric field. Detailed pictures for the interaction are given. For typical parameters near the magnetopause, a filament with a sufficiently large excess flow velocity will penetrate into the magnetosphere, and will then be repelled back towards the magnetopause by the highly compressed and bent magnetospheric field. Finally, the filament will be smeared along the magnetospheric field near the magnetopause. When the angle is small, the filament will penetrate deeply
into the magnetosphere before it is repelled back. Therefore there is a maximum
depth a penetrated filament may reach into the magnetosphere. The effect
of spontaneous reconnections behind a penetrating filament on the penetration
appears to be negligible.
Sound velocity in the head of the dwarf sperm whale, Kogia sima, with anatomical and functional discussion
Authors: Goold John C. , Clarke Malcolm R.
Published: July 2002

The velocity of sound through spermaceti oil from the melon of two Kogia sima specimens, stranded in Florida in 1995, was determined across a range of temperatures between 7 and 38°C and at pressures between 0 and 90 atm. Sound velocity values ranged between 1395-1669 m s−1, increasing linearly with increasing pressure but decreasing non-linearly with increasing temperature. Polynomials were generated to describe sound velocity as a function of temperature and pressure for the core and peripheral lipids of the melon. The results suggest that, at normal body temperature, sound travelling from the back to the front of the melon would have a tendency to focus during dives to any depth, largely due to heat exchange across the periphery of the melon. Effects of changes in ambient temperature and pressure are described and discussed in relation to anatomy.
Growth of Octopus vulgaris from tagging in Senegalese waters
Authors: Domain François , Jouffre Didier , Caverivière Alain
Published: July 2002

The growth of Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in tanks and the sea was modelled and calculated following tagging studies in Senegal. Octopus exhibits a large individual variability in growth and the exponential growth curve is the best fitting theoretical model among other usual models tested. Globally, the growth rates were comparable in the sea and in tanks. Growth rates for the hot season were lower than those for the cold season. Applied to in situ data, the statistical tests showed that females grow more quickly than males. Life expectancy was estimated at between 12 and 14 months. These results question the previous growth curves for the region, all of which were obtained from modal analysis using size or weight–frequencies and were used during stock assessments of this important resource off the north-west African coast.
Preliminary observations on algal growth under limpet (Patella vulgata) home scars
Authors: Williams Gray A. , Little Colin
Published: July 2002

Haloes of encrusting algae, mostly Hildenbrandia, and cyanobacteria were found on the home scars under the shell of Patella vulgata, beneath the pallial cavity. The presence and area of halo varied between sites. Area generally increased with limpet size and at one site was negatively associated with slope of the shore. It is suggested that the algae provide a resource and may, therefore, play a role in the foraging ecology of the limpet.
Annual reproductive cycle of Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes) with special reference to the ovaries sperm storage
Authors: Muñoz M. , Casadevall M. , Bonet S.
Published: July 2002

In this paper the macroscopic and microscopic morphology of the gonads of Helicolenus dactylopterus dactylopterus (Pisces: Teleostei) were analysed as well as its seasonal histological changes. The testicles are of the lobular type. The cystovarian ovaries have a central rachis from which the ovigerous lamellae are radially suspended. The gonoducts remain independent until they join together at the urogenital papilla which, in males, can be projected towards the exterior serving as a copulating organ. Sperm production is important from July to February. In contrast, the females only have mature and vitellogenic oocytes in winter, from December to February. In the west Mediterranean spawning takes place during the months of January and February. The ovaries contain clusters of spermatozoa for some ten months, from May onwards. By means of an optical microscope a specialized structure is detected, situated at the base of the interlamellar space, where male sexual cells are stored for a long period of time. Nevertheless, for several months many individual spermatozoa are also detected in the interlamellar areas, floating in the ovarian fluid secreted by the epithelium of the ovarian wall. It is still unknown whether the species under study is oviparous or viviparous, as until now, no intraovarian embryos have been detected in any of the specimens analysed.
Expression of bioluminescence in Amphipholis squamata (Ophiuroidea: Echinodermata) in presence of various organisms: a laboratory study
Authors: Deheyn D. , Mallefet J. , Jangoux M.
Published: July 2002

Luminescence in Amphipholis squamata has only been observed from chemically stimulated individuals, and the present laboratory study assessed the natural expression of luminescence following interaction with co-occurring organisms. The luminescence occurred only in response to (mechanical) stimulus and ranged from weak to intense reaction depending on the contact organism. Only crustaceans triggered an intense luminescence. Brachial autotomy also occurred after prolonged interaction and the luminescence continued only from the autotomized arm, which could lure the crustacean. The study showed that A. squamata luminescence could be naturally stimulated by co-occurring organisms, and the light produced sufficiently intense to be detected.
Molecular karyotype and schizodeme analyses of
Trypanosoma cruzi stocks from Chilean triatomines
Authors: VENEGAS J. , ORTIZ S. , MUNOZ S. , SOLARI A.
Published: July 2002

Forty-one Trypanosoma cruzi stocks isolated from the Chilean
vectors Triatoma infestans and Triatoma spinolai were
characterized by pulse-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting with
the cruzipain gene, and by schizodeme analysis
of kinetoplast DNA with EcoRI and Msp I. Seven parasite
groups were found by molecular karyotype which correlate
with schizodeme and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, supporting the
concept of clonal propagation for Trypanosoma
cruzi. A predominant T. cruzi stock was isolated from domiciliary
T. infestans in several geographical areas of Chile. In
contrast, other frequently found genotypes were circulating in the
sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles of specific
geographical areas. The greatest heterogeneity of T. cruzi
stocks was found among sylvatic T. spinolai where at least 4
genotypes were obtained from a sample of 16 T. cruzi stocks.
The effect of metacestodes of Hymenolepis

diminuta on the

bean-shaped accessory glands in male Tenebrio molitor
Authors: CARVER F. J. , HURD H.
Published: July 2002

Metacestodes of Hymenolepis diminuta affect

several aspects of female reproductive physiology in

Tenebrio molitor and

such effects are mediated via the endocrine system. The effects

on male reproduction are less well known and were studied

with respect to the Bean-Shaped Accessory Glands (BAGs). The

size and wet and dry weight of BAGs from infected and

uninfected beetles were compared and rose to a plateau from

0–6 days post-emergence in uninfected beetles but in infected

individuals continued to increase in both size and weight.

These effects were density independent. Glands from both

infected and uninfected beetles were assayed for trehalase

activity measured by its ability to convert the sugar trehalose

to glucose. The activity of this enzyme, per mg wet weight, was

not affected by the parasite. However, total activity per

gland increased in infected males. Total protein content and

electrophoretic profiles of BAGs from infected and uninfected

individuals showed no change in profile but showed an increase

in all protein subunits per gland over a broad molecular

weight range.
Cloning and characterization of glutamate dehydrogenase
(GDH) from the gut of Haemonchus contortus
Authors: SKUCE P. J. , STEWART E. M. , SMITH W. D. , KNOX D. P.
Published: July 2002

Vaccination of lambs with the membrane-bound (S3) thiol-Sepharose
binding protein (TSBP) fraction derived from the
gut of Haemonchus contortus confers significant protection against
homologous challenge. The S3 TSBP peptide profile
is dominated by a major protein of ca. 60 kDa which is strongly
recognized by antisera from sheep demonstrably protected
following immunization with S3 TSBP. In an attempt to identify this protein,
sera from protected lambs were employed
to screen a λgt11 cDNA library of the adult parasite and resulted
in the isolation of numerous clones encoding a homologue
of the mitochondrial enzyme, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). GDH enzyme
activity was readily demonstrable in
S3 TSBP material and immunolocalization studies showed that the enzyme
was localized to the cytoplasm of the parasite's
gut. Furthermore, the enzyme appeared to be developmentally regulated,
with both GDH mRNA and protein expressed
almost exclusively during the blood-feeding parasitic stages.
Plato's Counsel on Education
Authors: RORTY AMÉLIE OKSENBERG
Published: July 2002

Plato's dialogues can be read as a carefully staged exhibition and investigation of paideia, education in the broadest sense, including all that affects the formation of character and mind. The twentieth century textbook Plato — the Plato of the Myth of the Cave and the Divided Line, the ascent to the Good through Forms and Ideas — is but one of his elusive multiple authorial personae, each taking a different perspective on his investigations. As its focused problems differ, each Platonic dialogue exhibits a somewhat different model for learning; each adds a distinctive dimension to Plato's fully considered counsel for education. Setting aside the important difficult questions about the chronological sequence in which the dialogues were written and revised, we can trace the argumentative rationale of Plato's fully considered views on paideia, on who should be educated by whom for what, on the stages and presuppositions of different kinds of learning. Those views are inextricably connected with his views about the structure of the soul, about the virtues and the politeia that can sustain a good life; and about cosmology and metaphysics.
Minor depression in family practice: functional morbidity, co-morbidity, service utilization and outcomes
Authors: WAGNER H. R. , BURNS B. J. , BROADHEAD W. E. , YARNALL K. S. H. , SIGMON A. , GAYNES B. N.
Published: July 2002

Background. Minor depression is a disabling condition commonly seen in primary care settings.
Although considerable impairment is associated with minor depression, little is known about the
course of the illness. Using a variety of clinical and functional measurements, this paper profiles the
course of minor depression over a 1 year interval among a cohort of primary care patients.

Method. Patients at a university-based primary care facility were screened for potential cases of
depression and selected into three diagnostic categories: an asymptomatic control group; patients
with a diagnosis of major depression; and, a third category, defined as minor depression, consisting
of patients who reported between two and four symptoms of depression, but who failed to qualify
for a diagnosis of major depression. Functional status, service use, and physical, social and mental
health were assessed at baseline and at 3-month intervals for the ensuing year.

Results. Respondents with a baseline diagnosis of minor depression exhibited marked impairment
on most measures both at baseline and over the following four waves. Their responses in most
respects were similar to, although not as severe as, those of respondents with a baseline diagnosis
of major depression. Both groups were considerably more impaired than asymptomatic controls.

Conclusions. Minor depression is a persistently disabling condition often seen in primary care
settings. Although quantitatively less severe than major depression, it is qualitatively similar and
requires careful assessment and close monitoring over the course of the illness.
Swinburne and Plantinga on internal rationality
Authors: PLANTINGA ALVIN
Published: July 2002

I took it that the definitions Swinburne quotes imply that all of a person's
basic beliefs are (privately) rational; Swinburne demurs. It still seems to me that
these definitions have this consequence. Let me briefly explain why. According to
Swinburne, a person's evidence consists of his basic beliefs, weighted by his
confidence in them. So presumably we are to think of S's evidence as the set of the
beliefs he takes in the basic way, together with a sort of index indicating, for each
of those beliefs, his degree of confidence in that belief. Now it is clear, first, that
different basic beliefs can be held with different degrees of confidence. I believe
2+1 = 3 more firmly than there are presently some large trees in my backyard, and
I believe that second proposition more firmly than I played bridge last night.
Nevertheless, I believe all three propositions; I don't just believe them probably.
So, the set of my basic beliefs contains propositions, all of which I believe. Further,
a belief of mine is ‘rendered (evidentially) probable by [my] evidence’, I take it,
just if it is probable with respect to the set of my basic beliefs. But of course
probability of 1 with respect to that set; the degree of confidence with which I hold
those beliefs does not seem to be relevant. Hence my conclusion that on these
definitions all of my basic beliefs are rational.

Swinburne points out that some of my basic beliefs may be improbable with
respect to the rest of my basic beliefs; these beliefs, then, might be thought
irrational, at least if they are not held as firmly as those with respect to which they
are improbable. But this seems to me an uninteresting sense of ‘irrational’. Many
of my basic beliefs are improbable with respect to my other basic beliefs; they are
none the worse for that. I now remember, as it seems to me, that in the second
bridge hand last night I was dealt three aces, three jacks, and three deuces. This is
unlikely on the rest of my basic beliefs. It is, nonetheless, not irrational in any useful
sense; memory is an important and independent source of rational belief, a source
such that its deliverances do not necessarily depend, for warrant or rationality, on
their probability with respect to other basic beliefs. I believe the same goes for
some of my Christian beliefs. They may be improbable with respect to other
beliefs, basic or otherwise, that I hold; but that need be nothing whatever against
them.
Evil, the human cognitive condition, and natural theology
Authors: Beaudoin John
Published: July 2002

Recent responses to evidential formulations of the argument from
evil
have emphasized the possible limitations on human cognitive access to the
goods
and evils that might be connected with various wordly states of affairs.
This emphasis,
I argue, is a twin-edged sword, as it imperils a popular form of natural

theology. I conclude by arguing that the popularity enjoyed by Reformed
Epistemology
does not detract from the significance of this result, since Reformed
Epistemology is not inimical to natural theology, and Reformists themselves
concede
the usefulness of theistic proofs.
Betting on God: why considerations of simplicity won't help
Authors: ARMOUR-GARB BRADLEY
Published: July 2002

In his famous Wager, Blaise Pascal attempted to adduce prudential
grounds on which to base a belief in God. His argument founders, however, on the
notorious ‘Many Gods Problem’ the problem of selecting among the many equi-probable gods on offer. Lycan and Schlesinger try to treat the Many Gods Problem
as a problem of empirical over-determination, attempting to overcome it using
methodologies familiar from empirical science. I argue that their strategy fails, but
that the Many Gods Problem can be solved (or dissolved) nevertheless. The solution
I offer both avoids the problem faced by Lycan and Schlesinger, and does so while
respecting the original Pascalian intuitions to a greater extent than any solutions
thus far proffered.
Stump's theodicy of redemptive suffering and Molinism
Authors: PERSZYK KENNETH J.
Published: July 2002

Eleonore Stump develops and defends a theodicy of redemptive
suffering. In particular, God's permission of suffering (at least some classes, if not
instances, of serious undeserved, involuntary suffering due to natural or free causes)
is justified just in case it benefits those who suffer, it is the best possible means in the
circumstances for their benefit, and God knows this is the case. The main aim of this
paper is to show that for Stump's theodicy to have a good chance of working, it is
reasonable to think that it requires the Molinist claim that God has middle knowledge.
Lenore A. Grenoble & Lindsay J. Whaley (eds.),
Endangered languages: Current issues and future prospects.
Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Pp. xvii, 361. Hb $69.95, pb $27.95.
Authors: Hinton Leanne
Published: July 2002

Over the past decade, an increasing number of linguists
have been turning their attention toward the plight of
endangered languages. We are realizing that most of the
small indigenous languages of the world are in great danger
of disappearing over the coming century, if they have not
already disappeared. Nor are linguists alone in their concern;
the media have become interested in the issue, as have
international organizations – like UNESCO, the European
Union, and even national governments that have in the past
been instruments of the demise of indigenous languages.
Clearinghouses are being set up (e.g. the International
Clearing House for Endangered Languages at Tokyo University),
and funds such as the Endangered Languages Fund. Most active
in fighting language extinction are members of the affected
communities themselves, who are working on their own, or
forging new kinds of partnerships with linguists, in an
effort to reverse language shift. In the context of these
movements, this excellent book is a welcome and crucial
resource. The volume gathers together a set of valuable
articles by a group including some of the best scholars
in linguistics and some of the best native language teachers:
Nancy Dorian, Nora and Richard Dauenhauer, Kaia'titahkhe
Annette Jacobs, Colette Grinevald, Marianne Mithun, Ken
Hale, Christopher Jocks, Anthony Woodbury, Carol Myers-Scotton,
and Nikolai Vakhtin. It is a must-read for anyone –
native, linguist, teacher, or policy maker – who
is involved with issues of language loss, maintenance,
or revitalization.
THE UNION IN BRITISH HISTORY
Authors: Pocock J.G.A.
Published: July 2002

‘BRITISH history’, or ‘the new British history’ – a field which the present writer is over-generously credited with inventing some twenty-five years ago – seems to have reached a point of takeoff. At least two symposia have appeared in which the method and practice of this approach are intensively considered, and there are monographs as well as multi-author volumes – though the latter still preponderate – in which it is developed and applied to a variety of questions and periods. Its methodology remains controversial, and it may be in its nature that this should continue to be the case; for, in positing that ‘the British isles’ or ‘the Atlantic archipelago’ are and have been inhabited by several peoples with several histories, it proposes to study these histories both as they have been shaped by interacting with one another, and as they appear when contextualised by one another. There must be tensions between such a history of interaction and the several ‘national’ histories that have come to claim autonomy, and it is probable that these tensions must be re-stated each time a ‘British history’ is to be presented – as is the case in the present paper.
Emotions or emotional feelings?
Authors: Aydede Murat
Published: July 2002

I criticize Rolls's account of what makes emotional states conscious.
Ecological heuristics for learning
Authors: Bronstein Paul M.
Published: July 2002

Domjan, Cusato & Villarreal's target article is reviewed in the context of historical difficulty for learning studies in discriminating between learned and unlearned components of behavior. The research surveyed in the target article meets the criterion of differentiating between some learned and the unlearned aspects of social behavior, with Pavlovian conditioning shown repeatedly as a route by which reproductive and aggressive behavior is modulated.
Natural solutions to the problem of functional integration
Authors: Habeck Christian G. , Srinivasan Ramesh
Published: July 2002

Current EEG research emphasizes gamma band coherence as a signature of functional integration, that is, the solution to the binding problem. We note that spatial patterns of coherent neural activity are also observed at other EEG frequencies. If these oscillations reflect Nunez's resonant modes, they offer a solution to the binding problem that emerges naturally from the architecture of cortical connections.
Individual differences in evolutionary perspective: The games people play
Authors: Berry Diane S. , Kuczaj Stan A.
Published: July 2002

The emphasis on individual differences in evolutionary theories is important and has not received adequate attention. Strategic Pluralism makes a major contribution by addressing these issues, but like other evolutionary models (e.g., game theory) does not articulate the specific mechanisms underlying strategy selection. Specification of such mechanisms is an essential next step in the development of these models.
Mesolimbic dopamine and the neuropsychology of dreaming: Some caution and reconsiderations
Authors: Doricchi Fabrizio , Violani Cristiano
Published: July 2002

New findings point to a role for mesolimbic DA circuits in the generation of dreaming. We disagree with Solms about these structures having an exclusive role in generating dreams. We review data suggesting that dreaming can be interrupted at different levels of processing and that anterior-subcortical lesions associated with dream cessation are unlikely to produce selective hypodopaminergic dynamic impairments.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms]
The causal status of emotions in consciousness
Authors: Ramsay Jason T. , Lewis Marc D.
Published: July 2002

Rolls demonstrates how reward/punishment systems are key mediators of cognitive appraisal, and this suggests a fundamental, causal role for emotion in thought and behaviour. However, this causal role for emotion seems to drop out of Rolls's model of consciousness, to be replaced by the old idea that emotion is essentially epiphenomenal. We suggest a modification to Rolls's model in which cognition and emotion activate each other reciprocally, both in appraisal and consciousness, thus allowing emotion to maintain its causal status where it matters most.
Variation in mating dispositions
Authors: MacDonald Kevin
Published: July 2002

This commentary focuses on the omission of genetic and environmental variation in several competing evolved motive dispositions that not only react to different environmental contexts but also result in people structuring contexts to obtain psychological rewards. Cross-cultural research is poor evidence for alternate strategies because natural selection may operate to produce geographical variation in dispositional tendencies. Finally, I defend a traditional concept of plasticity in opposition to the alternate strategies concept of flexibility.
Dynamic comparison of the development of combinatory manipulations between chimpanzee and human infants
Authors: Takeshita Hideko
Published: July 2002

I present my observations of combinatory manipulations by three infant chimpanzees in a series of test tasks. Common characteristics of motor patterns were observed across the tasks between both infant chimpanzees and 1-year-old infants. Based on the results, I point out that comparative approach can illuminate Thelen et al.'s arguments.
Taming type-2 tigers: A nonmonotonic strategy
Authors: Berkeley István S. N.
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton are too hasty in their dismissal of
uninformed learning; nonmonotonic processing units show considerable
promise on type-2 tasks. I describe a simulation which succeeds on a
“pure” type-2 problem. Another simulation challenges Clark
& Thornton's claims about the serendipitous nature of
solutions to type-2 problems.
What is the locality assumption and how is it violated?
Authors: Goel Vinod , Nichelli Paolo , Grafman Jordan
Published: July 2002

We respond to Farah (1994) by making some general remarks
about information encapsulation and locality and asking how these
are violated in her computational models. Our point is not that we
disagree, but rather that Farah's treatment of the issues is not
sufficiently rigorous to allow an evaluation of her claims.
Does central nervous system plasticity contribute to hyperalgesia?
Authors: Cleland Corey L. , Gebhart G. F.
Published: July 2002

Hyperalgesia can arise from peripheral sensitization, on-going
peripheral activation, and central plasticity. In the target article,
coderre & katz argue that all three mechanisms
contribute to hyperalgesia. In contrast, we believe that existing
experimental evidence suggests that central plasticity plays only
an insignificant role in most experimental models and clinical
presentations of hyperalgesia induced by tissue injury or chemical
activation of sensory receptors.
A farewell to normative null hypothesis testing in base rate research
Authors: Koehler Jonathan J.
Published: July 2002

I agree with Gibbs that the message of the base
rate literature reads differently depending on which null hypothesis
is used to frame the issue. But I argue that the normative null
hypothesis, H0: “People use base rates in a
Bayesian manner,” is no longer appropriate. I also challenge
Adler's distinction between unused and ignored base
rates, and criticize Goodie's reluctance to shift
research attention to the field. Macchi's arguments
about textual ambiguities in traditional base rate problems suggest
that empirical testing is needed to tease apart the effects of problem
clarification and problem framing. Macdonald's,
Fletcher's and Snow's skepticism about
the value of Bayesian methods in real world judgment tasks is treated
as a challenge for the next generation of empirical base rate
studies.
Pointing to see?
Authors: McGonigle Brendan
Published: July 2002

Ballard et al. neatly demonstrate the tradeoff between memory
and externalised serial deictic functions which help the agent achieve
economy. However, the target article represents an implementation
which does not seem to reveal the hidden level of cognitive control
enabling tasks, contexts, and the agent's own needs to specify
and recruit information from the visual layout.
Relational learning re-examined
Authors: Thornton Chris , Clark Andy
Published: July 2002

We argue that existing learning algorithms are often poorly
equipped to solve problems involving a certain type of important and
widespread regularity that we call “type-2 regularity.”
The solution in these cases is to trade achieved representation
against computational search. We investigate several ways in which
such a trade-off may be pursued including simple incremental learning,
modular connectionism, and the developmental hypothesis of
“representational redescription.”
Sex differences in pain do exist: The role of biological and psychosocial factors
Authors: Rollman Gary B.
Published: July 2002

The evidence favoring sex differences in pain seems compelling
(berkley). This commentary considers the role of such factors
as anxiety, somatosensory amplification, and coping style in
accounting for the differential response to pain in the laboratory and
clinic, and emphasizes the need to base evaluation and treatment upon
individual reports rather than gender-based stereotypes.
The level of filling-in and when it is cognitive
Authors: Gregory Richard L.
Published: July 2002

This informative and conceptually stimulating target article
is very useful. I merely query whether the term “illusory
contours” is appropriate for gap filling; “illusory
surfaces” seems better – and “fictional
surfaces” better still. These seem to be rule based rather
than knowledge based, suggesting indeed the importance of
distinguishing rules (analogous to syntax in language) from
knowledge (equivalent to semantics) for classifying perceptual
phenomena.
Blindsight in the blind spot
Authors: Kranda K.
Published: July 2002

The filling-in process proposed as a cover up for the
existence of the blind spot has some conceptual similarities to
blindsight. The perceptual operation of a hypothetical mechanism
responsible for filling in represents a logical paradox. The apparent
indeterminacy of the percept in the optic-disc region can be tested
experimentally by viewing the grating test pattern below.
Meta-analysis, power analysis, and the null-hypothesis significance-test procedure
Authors: Rossi Joseph S.
Published: July 2002

Chow's (1996) defense of the null-hypothesis
significance-test procedure (NHSTP) is thoughtful and compelling
in many respects. Nevertheless, techniques such as meta-analysis,
power analysis, effect size estimation, and confidence intervals can
be useful supplements to NHSTP in furthering the cumulative nature
of behavioral research, as illustrated by the history of research on
the spontaneous recovery of verbal learning.
Colour word trouble
Authors: Saunders B. A. C. , van Brakel J.
Published: July 2002

In reply to Wierzbicka's advocacy of semantic primitives we argue that talk of the semantic primitives (like to see) repeats the fallacies addressed in the target article at a higher level. In reply to Malcolm's plea for a Wittgensteinian grammar of colour words, we argue that he uses words like “we” and “us” too easily, falling into the trap of “silly relativism.” In reply to McManus's science of word counts, we reiterate the nineteenth-century criticism that this method is based on an illegitimate application of seemingly rigorous statistical methods.
Costs and benefits of female aggressiveness in humans and other mammals
Authors: Maestripieri Dario , Carroll Kelly A.
Published: July 2002

Sex differences in aggressive behavior are probably adaptive
but the costs and benefits of risky aggression to women and men may
be different from those suggested in Campbell's target article.
Moreover, sex differences are more likely to reflect differences in
the costs of aggression to females and males rather than differences
in its benefits.
Please mind the brain, and brain the mind!
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann
Published: July 2002

True, there may be two language-processing systems, lexicon and syntax. However, could we not say more than that they are computationally and linguistically distinct? Where are they in the brain, why are they where they are, and how can their distinctness and functional properties be explained by biological principles? A brain model of language is necessary to answer these questions. One view is that two different types of corticocortical connections are most important for storing rules and their exceptions: short-range connections within the perisylvian language cortex and long-range connections between this region and other areas. Probabilities of neuroanatomical connections plus associative learning principles explain why different connection bundles specialize in rule storage versus exception learning. Linguistic issues related to language change and plural formation in German are addressed in closing.
An ecological approach to cognitive (im)penetrability
Authors: Withagen Rob , Michaels Claire F.
Published: July 2002

We offer an ecological (Gibsonian) alternative to
cognitive (im)penetrability. Whereas Pylyshyn explains cognitive
(im)penetrability by focusing solely on computations carried out by
the nervous system, according to the ecological approach the perceiver
as a knowing agent influences the entire animal-environmental system:
in the determination of what constitutes the environment
(affordances), what constitutes information, what information
is detected and, thus, what is perceived.
Deconstructing RTK: How to explicate a theory of implicit knowledge
Authors: Perner Josef , Dienes Zoltan
Published: July 2002

In this response, we start from first principles, building up our theory to show more
precisely what assumptions we do and do not make about the representational nature of implicit
and explicit knowledge (in contrast to the target article, where we started our exposition with a
description of a fully fledged representational theory of knowledge (RTK). Along the way, we
indicate how our analysis does not rely on linguistic representations but it implies that implicit
knowledge is causally efficacious; we discuss the relationship between property structure
implicitness and conceptual and nonconceptual content; then we consider the factual, fictional,
and functional uses of representations and how we go from there to consciousness. Having
shown how the basic theory deals with foundational criticisms, we indicate how the theory
can elucidate issues that commentators raised in the particular application areas of explicitation,
voluntary control, visual perception, memory, development (with discussion on infancy, theory of
mind [TOM] and executive control, gestures), and finally models of learning.
The joint law of the last zeros of Brownian motion and of its Lévy transform
Authors: DONATI-MARTIN CATHERINE , SHI ZHAN , YOR MARC
Published: July 2002

The joint study of functionals of a Brownian motion $B$ and its Lévy transform $\beta= |B|-L$, where $L$ is the local time of $B$ at zero, is motivated by the conjectured ergodicity of the Lévy transform.

Here, we compute explicitly the covariance of the last zeros before time one of $B$ and $\beta$, which turns out to be strictly positive.
Statistical properties of equilibrium states for rational maps
Authors: HAYDN NICOLAI
Published: July 2002

Equilibrium states of rational maps for Hölder continuous potentials are not $\phi$-mixing, mainly due to the presence of critical points. Here we prove that for disks the normalized return times of arbitrary orders are, in the limit, Poisson distributed as the radius of the disks go to zero. The return times are normalized by the measure of the disks. We also show that rational maps are weakly Bernoulli with respect to the partition given by Denker and Urbanski.
Lasting Words as a Channel for Intergenerational Communication
Authors: KASTENBAUM ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Lasting words can be defined as verbal messages that are remembered over
many years and considered by the recipient to have had a significant influence
on his/her life. The study of lasting words is proposed as a supplement to
existing approaches to the older person as a communicator and, in particular,
to intergenerational communication. A sample of 148 independent-living
older adults was asked to share words that had made a lasting impression, and
to indicate what lasting words they would like to impart to other people.
Parents, teachers, and grandparents were the most common source-persons for
the lasting words reported by the elders in this sample. Late childhood and
youth were the time periods in which most lasting words were received.
Statements of general moral principles and admonitions specific to the
recipient were the most common types. Some older people, however, reported
derogatory remarks that had remained with them throughout their lives. In
passing lasting words on to others, no older people in this sample offered
communications of a derogatory nature. The value of education and the
importance of giving first priority to one's own family were the most frequent
themes of lasting words they would pass on to the next generation. It would
appear that attention needs to be given both to the theme and substance of the
message, and the total context in which the messages are communicated.
Limits of this preliminary study and implications for further research on
intergenerational communication are discussed.
Nancy Stieber, Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity, 1900–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. vii + 268 pp. $45.00 cloth Eve Blau, The Architecture of Red Vienna, 1919–1934. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. xvii + 509 pp. $60.00 cloth.
Authors: Henderson Susan R.
Published: July 2002

These two books concern major chapters in the history of mass housing:
Amsterdam in the first two decades of the century and “Red Vienna.”
Both programs were models of state welfare reform, but the political contexts
are totally at odds: Amsterdam, with its settlement initiatives achieved through
a corporatist compromise among moderate parties, and Vienna, where the Social
Democrats attempted literally to build socialism in the midst of “a highly
charged, often violent political conflict between left and right” (Blau,
13).