bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Open-Label Olanzapine Long-Acting Injection in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: 190-Week Interim Results
Authors: Mcdonnell David P. , Andersen Scott W. , Detke Holland C. , Zhao Fangyi , Watson Susan B.
Published: June 2011

The primary objective of this ongoing study is to examine the long-term safety and tolerability of olanzapine long-acting injection (LAI). Current results are from a 190-week interim analysis. Patients were 18–75 years of age with schizophrenia (N = 909) or schizoaffective disorder (N = 22) previously enrolled in 1 of 3 randomized clinical trials of olanzapine LAI. In this open-label extension study, all patients received flexibly-dosed olanzapine LAI every 2–4 weeks. At time of analysis, rate of study discontinuation was 46.3%. The 18-month discontinuation rate was 34.2%. Adverse events in ≥5% of patients were increased weight, insomnia, anxiety somnolence, headache, and nasopharyngitis. There were 26 occurrences of post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome which all fully resolved within 72 hours. Mean weight change was +1.81 kg, with 32.1% of patients experiencing ≥7% weight gain. Mean Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scores remained stable throughout (2.9 at baseline to 2.8 at endpoint). Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated consistent olanzapine plasma concentrations over time, with no evidence of long-term accumulation. Safety profile was consistent with that of oral olanzapine, with the exception of findings specific to intramuscular injection. During the study period, there were 16 (1.7%) occurrences of treatment-emergent diabetes and 1 occurrence of treatment-emergent diabetic ketoacidosis. Percentages of patients with EPS scale-defined treatment-emergent akathisia, parkinsonism, and dyskinesia were 3.3%, 6.6%, and 3.0%, respectively.
ROADMAP and ORIENTAL Trials: The Re-emergence of J-Curve Ghost?
Authors: Hamamoto Yoshiyuki , Koshiyama Hiroyuki
Published: June 2011

It still remains unknown whether angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) are cardioprotective in patients with type 2 diabetes. The recent two clinical trials, the ROADMAP and the ORIENT, have suggested that fatal cardiovascular events or cardiovascular deaths were unexpectedly higher in olmesartan group. These results suggest that aggressive blood pressure lowering may cause a higher risk in some high-risk patients, especially in those with preexisting coronary heart disease, indicating a possibility that the J-curve phenomenon may exist in some group of patients.
Harmful phytoplankton ecology studies using an autonomous molecular analytical and ocean observing network
Authors: Ryan J. , Greenfield D. , Marin R., III , Preston C. , Roman B. , Jensen S. , Pargett D. , Birch J. , Mikulski C. , Doucette G. , Scholin C.
Published: June 2011

Using autonomous molecular analytical devices embedded within an ocean observatory, we studied harmful algal bloom (HAB) ecology in the dynamic coastal waters of Monterey Bay, California. During studies in 2007 and 2008, HAB species abundance and toxin concentrations were quantified periodically at two locations by Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) robotic biochemistry systems. Concurrently, environmental variability and processes were characterized by sensors co‐located with ESP network nodes, regional ocean moorings, autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, and satellite remote sensing. The two locations differed in their long‐term average physical and biological conditions and in their degree of exposure to episodic wind‐forced variability. While anomalously weak upwelling and strong stratification during the 2007 study favored toxigenic dinoflagellates (Alexandrium catenella), anomalously strong upwelling during the 2008 study favored toxigenic diatoms (Pseudo‐nitzschia spp.). During both studies, raphidophytes (Heterosigma akashiwo) were detected within a similar range of concentrations, and they reached higher abundances at the relatively sheltered, stratified site. During 2008, cellular domoic acid reached higher concentrations and was far more variable at the shallower ESP node, where phytoplankton populations were influenced by resuspended sediments. Episodic variability caused by wind forcing, lateral mixing, internal waves, and subsurface phytoplankton layers influenced ESP detection patterns. The results illustrate the importance of mobilizing HAB detection on autonomous platforms that can intelligently target sample acquisition as a function of environmental conditions and biological patch encounter.
Recent changes in bottom water oxygenation and temperature in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: Micropaleontological and geochemical evidence
Authors: Genovesi Linda , de Vernal Anne , Thibodeau Benoît , Hillaire-Marcel Claude , Mucci Alfonso , Gilbert Denis
Published: June 2011

Micropaleontological and geochemical analyses of a sediment core collected in the Laurentian Trough of the Gulf of St. Lawrence were carried out to reconstruct temporal variations in pelagic productivity and benthic environmental conditions. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages reveal relatively stable pelagic productivity over the last two centuries. Similarly, geochemical (organic C, Corg : N) and isotopic (δ13Corg, δ15N) data reveal that organic matter fluxes to the seafloor have been relatively constant over the same period. In contrast, significant changes are recorded in the benthic foraminifer assemblages. A sediment surface peak in the abundance of Cassidulina laevigata and Brizalina subaenariensis is consistent with the recent record of oxygen depletion in the bottom water. A decrease in the relative abundance of Nonionellina labradorica, concomitant with a relatively higher occurrence of Oridorsalis umbonatus in the upper part of the core, reflects a significant warming of the bottom water. Changes in bottom‐water properties are further constrained by a negative trend of the δ18O in Bulimina exilis carbonate shells over the last century, corresponding to a warming of about 2°C. These results strongly suggest that the recent oxygen depletion in the bottom waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is due to changes in water masses that have led to increased bottom‐water temperatures and, to some extent, a resultant increase in organic matter respiration rates.
Increase in Rubisco activity and gene expression due to elevated temperature partially counteracts ultraviolet radiation–induced photoinhibition in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii
Authors: Helbling E. Walter , Buma Anita G. J. , Boelen Peter , van der Strate Han J. , Giordanino M. Valeria Fiorda , Villafañe Virginia E.
Published: June 2011

We performed outdoor experiments to evaluate the effect of temperature on photoinhibition properties in the cosmopolitan diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Cultures were exposed to solar radiation with or without ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm), UV‐A (320–400 nm), and UV‐B (280–320 nm) at both 20°C and 25°C. Four possible cellular mechanisms involved in UVR stress were simultaneously addressed: carbon incorporation, chlorophyll a fluorescence of photosystem II, xanthophyll cycle activity, and ribulose‐1,5‐biphosphate carboxylase : oxygenase (Rubisco) activity and gene expression. Experiments consisted of daily cycles (i.e., the daylight period) and short‐term incubations (i.e., 1 h centered on local noon). Samples incubated at 25°C had significantly less UVR‐induced inhibition of carbon fixation and effective photochemical quantum yield compared to those incubated at 20°C. At 25°C Rubisco activity and gene expression were significantly higher than at 20°C. The higher Rubisco activity and gene expression were correlated with less dissipation of excess energy, evaluated via non‐photochemical quenching, and the de‐epoxidation state of the xanthophyll pigments, as more photons could be processed. An increase in temperature due to climate change would partially counteract the negative effects of UVR by increasing the response of metabolic pathways, such as those involved in Rubisco. This, in turn, may have important consequences for the ecosystem, as higher production (due to more Rubisco activity) could be expected under a scenario of global warming.
Response of surface nutrient inventories and nitrogen fixation to a tropical cyclone in the southwest Pacific
Authors: Law C. S. , Woodward E. M. S. , Ellwood M. J. , Marriner A. , Bury S. J. , Safi K. A.
Published: June 2011

To examine the controls of new nitrogen supply in oligotrophic waters, nitrogen fixation and nutrients were monitored during a quasi‐Lagrangian study in surface waters of the north Tasman Sea during March–April 2006. The study was initiated coincident with a tropical cyclone, with high rainfall and winds that eroded surface layer density structure and increased surface phosphate and silicate concentrations by 50%. However, there was no corresponding increase in nitrate, as the enhanced vertical mixing perturbed the phosphacline but not the deeper nitracline. Dissolved iron was highest in the upper 20 m, and declined to a minimum at 100–150 m, indicating wet deposition as the source, as also inferred from the salinity decrease. Nitrogen fixation increased significantly by an order of magnitude over the following 9 d. In deckboard perturbation experiments immediately after the cyclone, phosphate and iron addition did not elicit a response in nitrogen fixation, whereas 8 d later, when in situ dissolved iron had declined, the addition of iron stimulated nitrogen fixation by 1.5‐fold. Conversely, the addition of dust from Australia and the Gobi desert immediately after the cyclone increased nitrogen fixation by 2‐ and 4.5‐fold, respectively. The observed 10‐fold increase in nitrogen fixation in situ exceeded that reported in other nutrient perturbation experiments despite comparatively low in situ dissolved iron, indicating that iron bioavailability may be a critical factor. Although stimulation by a cyclone was unexpected, it promoted favorable conditions for diazotrophy by enhancing phosphate availability in the absence of nitrate, and increased dissolved iron supply and availability via wet deposition. This suggests that future increases in tropical cyclones, combined with other climate‐driven trends, may increase nitrogen fixation in the north Tasman Sea.
Pelagic boundary conditions affect the biological formation of iron‐rich particles (iron snow) and their microbial communities
Authors: Reiche Marco , Lu Shipeng , Ciobotă Valerian , Neu Thomas R. , Nietzsche Sandor , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen , Küsel Kirsten
Published: June 2011

We studied the formation of iron‐rich particles at steeply opposing gradients of oxygen and Fe(II) within the redoxcline of an acidic lignite mine lake (pH 2.9). Particles formed had a diameter of up to 380 μm, showed high sedimentation velocity (∼ 2 m h‐1), and were dominated by the iron mineral schwertmannite. Although the particles were highly colonized by microbial cells (∼ 1010 cells [g dry weight]‐1), the organic carbon content was below 11%. Bathymetry and the inflow of less acidic, Fe(II)‐rich groundwater into the northern basin of the lake results in two distinct mixing regimes in the same lake. The anoxic monimolimnion of the northern basin had higher pH, Fe(II), dissolved organic carbon, and CO2 values compared with the more central basin. Particles formed in the northern basin differed in color, were smaller, had higher organic carbon contents, but were still dominated by schwertmannite. Microcosm incubations revealed the dominance of microbial Fe(II) oxidation. Comparison of bacterial clone libraries suggested that pH was a major driving force, shaping the microbial communities responsible for the oxidation of Fe(II) in both basins. Acidophilic Ferrovum spp. and Chlorobia‐related bacteria were present in the central basin, whereas neutrophilic Sideroxydans spp. dominated the northern basin. Snow‐like particles had a high sinking velocity and acted as a carrier for organic carbon, microorganisms, trace metals, and Fe(III) to the sediment. Because these particles are fundamentally different from organic‐rich “snows” from lakes, rivers, and oceans, we propose a new term, “iron snow.”
The motion of kelp blades and the surface renewal model
Authors: Huang Ivy , Rominger Jeffrey , Nepf Heidi
Published: June 2011

We consider how the flapping of kelp blades may enhance the flux of nutrients to a blade, by stripping away the diffusive sub‐layer and renewing the fluid at the blade surface. The surface renewal model explains the degree of flux enhancement observed in previous studies under different flow and flapping conditions. We measured the motion of real kelp blades of Laminaria saccharina, Macrocystis pyrifera, and Nereocystis luetkeana under uni‐directional current in a laboratory flume. Observed flapping frequencies coupled with the renewal model, suggest that the flapping of blades in the field has the potential to significantly enhance flux to the blade surface at low current speed, but has little effect on flux at high current speeds.
An investigation of methods for injecting emissions from boreal wildfires using WRF-Chem during ARCTAS
Authors: Sessions W. R. , Fuelberg H. E. , Kahn R. A. , Winker D. M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) is considered a "next generation" mesoscale meteorology model. The inclusion of a chemistry module (WRF-Chem) allows transport simulations of chemical and aerosol species such as those observed during NASA's Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) in 2008. The ARCTAS summer deployment phase during June and July coincided with large boreal wildfires in Saskatchewan and Eastern Russia. One of the most important aspects of simulating wildfire plume transport is the height at which emissions are injected. WRF-Chem contains an integrated one-dimensional plume rise model to determine the appropriate injection layer. The plume rise model accounts for thermal buoyancy associated with fires and local atmospheric stability. This paper describes a case study of a 10 day period during the Spring phase of ARCTAS. It compares results from the plume model against those of two more traditional injection methods: Injecting within the planetary boundary layer, and in a layer 3–5 km above ground level. Fire locations are satellite derived from the GOES Wildfire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) and the MODIS thermal hotspot detection. Two methods for preprocessing these fire data are compared: The prep_chem_sources method included with WRF-Chem, and the Naval Research Laboratory's Fire Locating and Monitoring of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE). Results from the simulations are compared with satellite-derived products from the AIRS, MISR and CALIOP sensors. When FLAMBE provides input to the 1-D plume rise model, the resulting injection heights exhibit the best agreement with satellite-observed injection heights. The FLAMBE-derived heights are more realistic than those utilizing prep_chem_sources. Conversely, when the planetary boundary layer or the 3–5 km a.g.l. layer were filled with emissions, the resulting injection heights exhibit less agreement with observed plume heights. Results indicate that differences in injection heights produce different transport pathways. These differences are especially pronounced in area of strong vertical wind shear and when the integration period is long.
Ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajökull
Authors: Hoyle C. R. , Pinti V. , Welti A. , Zobrist B. , Marcolli C. , Luo B. , Höskuldsson Á. , Mattsson H. B. , Thorsteinsson T. , Larsen G. , Peter T.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The ice nucleation ability of volcanic ash particles collected close to the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull during its eruptions in April and May 2010 is investigated experimentally, in the immersion and deposition modes, and applied to atmospheric conditions by comparison with airborne measurements and microphysical model calculations. The number of ash particles which are active as ice nuclei (IN) is strongly temperature dependent, with a very small minority being active in the immersion mode at temperatures of 250–263 K. Average ash particles show only a moderate effect on ice nucleation, by inducing freezing at temperatures between 236 K and 240 K (i.e. approximately 3–4 K higher than temperatures required for homogeneous ice nucleation, measured with the same instrument). By scaling the results to aircraft and lidar measurements of the conditions in the ash plume days down wind of the eruption and by applying a simple microphysical model, it was found that the IN active in the immersion mode in the range 250–263 K generally occurred in atmospheric number densities at the lower end of those required to have an impact on ice cloud formation. However, 3–4 K above the homogeneous freezing point, immersion mode IN number densities a few days down wind of the eruption were sufficiently high to have a moderate influence on ice cloud formation. The efficiency of IN in the deposition mode was found to be poor except at very cold conditions (< 238 K), when they reach an efficiency similar to that of mineral dust with the onset of freezing at 10 % supersaturation with respect to ice, and with the frozen fraction nearing its maximum value at a supersaturation 20 %. In summary, these investigations suggest volcanic ash particles to have only moderate effects on atmospheric ice formation.
Measurements of ozone and its precursors in Beijing during summertime: impact of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas
Authors: Xu J. , Ma J. Z. , Zhang X. L. , Xu X. B. , Xu X. F. , Lin W. L. , Wang Y. , Meng W. , Ma Z. Q.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Sea-land and mount-valley circulations are the dominant mesoscale synoptic systems affecting the Beijing area during summertime. Under the influence of these two circulations, the prevailing wind is southwesterly from afternoon to midnight, and then changes to northeasterly till forenoon. In this study, surface ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were measured at four sites located along the route of prevailing wind, including two upwind urban sites (Fengtai (FT) and Baolian (BL)), an upwind suburban site (Shunyi (SY)) and a downwind rural site (Shangdianzi (SDZ)) during 20 June–16 September 2007. The purpose is to improve our understanding of ozone photochemistry in urban and rural areas of Beijing and the influence of urban plumes on ozone pollution in downwind rural areas. It is found that ozone pollution was synchronism in the urban and rural areas of Beijing, coinciding with the regional-scale synoptic processes. Due to the high traffic density and local emissions, the average levels of reactive gases NOx and NMHCs at the non-rural sites were much higher than those at SDZ. The level of long-lived gas CO at SDZ was comparable to and slightly lower than it was at other sites. The daily-averaged ozone concentration at SDZ was much higher than at other sites due to weak titration. Ranking by OH loss rate coefficient (LOH), alkenes played a dominant role in total NMHCs reactivity at both urban and rural sites during the experiment, accounting for 48.6 % and 52.1 % of total LOH, respectively. The NMHCs data were also used to estimate the ozone potential formation (OFP) in Beijing. The leading contributors to ozone formation were aromatics at both urban and rural sites during the experiment, which accounts for 55.5 % and 49.4 % of total OFP, respectively. The ozone peak values are found to lag behind one site after another along the route of prevailing wind from SW to NE. Intersection analyses of trace gases reveal that polluted air masses arriving at SDZ were more aged with both higher O3 and Ox concentrations than those at BL. The results indicate that urban plume can transport not only O3 but its precursors, the latter leading more photochemical O3 production when being mixed with background atmosphere in the downwind rural area.
Theory of isotope fractionation on facetted ice crystals
Authors: Nelson J.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Present models of the differential incorporation of isotopic water molecules into vapor-grown ice omit surface processes that may be important in temperature reconstructions. This article introduces a model that includes such surface processes and shows that differences in deposition coefficients for water isotopes can produce isotope fractionation coefficients that significantly differ from those of existing theory. For example, if the deposition coefficient of H218O differs by just 5 % from that of ordinary water (H216O), the resulting fractionation coefficient at 20 % supersaturation may deviate from the kinetic fractionation (KF) prediction by up to about ±17 ‰. Like the KF model, this "surface-kinetic" fractionation model generally predicts greater deviation from the equilibrium prediction at higher supersaturations; indeed, the sensitivity to supersaturation far exceeds that to temperature. Moreover, the model introduces possible new temperature dependencies from the deposition coefficients. These parameters need to be constrained by new laboratory measurements; nevertheless, the theory suggests that observed δ18O changes in ice samples are unlikely to be due solely to temperature changes.
Rainfall patterns after fire differentially affect the recruitment of three Mediterranean shrubs
Authors: Moreno J. M. , Zuazua E. , Pérez B. , Luna B. , Velasco A. , Resco de Dios V.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. In fire-prone environments, the "event-dependent hypothesis" states that plant population changes are driven by the unique set of conditions of a fire (e.g., fire season, climate). Climate variability, in particular changes in rainfall patterns, can be most important for seeder species, since they must regenerate after fire from seeds, and for Mediterranean shrublands, given the high yearly variability of rainfall in these ecosystems. Yet, the role of rainfall variability and its interaction with fire characteristics (e.g., fire season) on plant populations has received little attention. Here we investigated the changes in seedling emergence and recruitment of three seeder species (Cistus ladanifer, Erica umbellata and Rosmarinus officinalis) after fires lit during three different years and at two times during the fire season (early and late in the fire season) to account for potential changes in the soil seed-bank during the year. Three plots were burned at each season, for a total of 18 plots burned during the three years. After fire, emerged seedlings were tallied, tagged and monitored during three years (two the last burning year). Rainfall during the study period was rather variable, and in some years was well below average. Seedling emergence after fire varied by a factor of 3 to 10, depending on the species and on the burning year. The bulk of seedling emergence occurred in the first year after fire, and seedling recruitment at the end of the study period was tightly correlated with this early emergence. Seedling emergence in E umbellata and R officinalis, but not in C ladanifer, were correlated with precipitation in the fall and winter immediately after the fire, being E umbellata most sensitive to low rainfall. Fire season was generally not an important factor in controlling emergence and recruitment. We discuss how projected changes in rainfall patterns with global warming can alter the balance of species in this shrubland, and can drive some species to near local extinction.
Greenhouse gas flux measurements in a forestry-drained peatland indicate a large carbon sink
Authors: Lohila A. , Minkkinen K. , Aurela M. , Tuovinen J.-P. , Penttilä T. , Laurila T.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Drainage for forestry purposes changes the conditions in the peat and leads to increased growth of shrubs and trees. Concurrently, the production and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are likely to change: due to the accelerated decomposition of oxic peat, drained peatlands are generally considered to loose peat carbon (C). We measured CO2 exchange with the eddy covariance (EC) method above a drained nutrient-poor peatland forest in Southern Finland for 16 months in 2004–2005. The site, classified as a dwarf-shrub pine bog, had been ditched about 35 years earlier. CH4 and N2O fluxes were measured at 2–5 week intervals with the chamber technique. Drainage had resulted in a relatively little change in the water table level, being on average 40 cm below the ground in 2005. The annual net ecosystem exchange was −870 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 in the calendar year 2005, varying from −810 to −900 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 during the 16 month period under investigation. The site was a small sink of CH4 (−0.12 g CH4 m−2 yr−1) and a small source of N2O (0.10 g N2O m−2 yr−1). Photosynthesis was detected throughout the year when the air temperature exceeded −3 °C. As the annual accumulation of C in the above and below ground tree biomass (550 g CO2 m−2) was significantly less than the net exchange of CO2, about 300 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 (~80 g C m−2) was likely to have accumulated as organic matter into the peat soil. This is a higher average accumulation rate than previously reported for natural northern peatlands, and the first time C accumulation has been shown, by EC measurements, to occur in a drained peatland. Our results suggest that forestry-drainage may significantly increase the CO2 uptake rate of nutrient-poor peatland ecosystems.
Tropical climate and vegetation changes during Heinrich Event 1: comparing climate model output to pollen-based vegetation reconstructions with emphasis on the region around the tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Handiani D. , Paul A. , Dupont L.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Abrupt climate changes associated with Heinrich Event 1 (HE1) about 18 to 15 thousand years before present (ka BP) strongly affected climate and vegetation patterns not only in the Northern Hemisphere, but also in tropical regions in the South Atlantic Ocean. We used the University of Victoria (UVic) Earth System-Climate Model (ESCM) with dynamical vegetation and land surface components to simulate four scenarios of climate-vegetation interaction: the pre-industrial era (PI), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and a Heinrich-like event with two different climate backgrounds (interglacial and glacial). The HE1-like simulation with a glacial climate background produced sea surface temperature patterns and enhanced interhemispheric thermal gradients in accordance with the "bipolar seesaw" hypothesis. It allowed us to investigate the vegetation changes that result from a transition to a drier climate as predicted for northern tropical Africa due to a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). We found that a cooling of the Northern Hemisphere caused a southward shift of those plant-functional types (PFTs) in Northern Tropical Africa that are indicative of an increased desertification, and a retreat of broadleaf forests in Western Africa and Northern South America. We used the PFTs generated by the model to calculate mega-biomes to allow for a direct comparison between paleodata and palynological vegetation reconstructions. Our calculated mega-biomes for the pre-industrial period and the LGM corresponded well to the modern and LGM sites of the BIOME6000 (v.4.2) reconstruction, except that our present-day simulation predicted the dominance of grassland in Southern Europe and our LGM simulation simulated more forest cover in tropical and sub-tropical South America. The mega-biomes from the HE1 simulation with glacial background climate were in agreement with paleovegetation data from land and ocean proxies in West, Central, and Northern Tropical Africa as well as Northeast South America. However, our model did not agree well with predicted biome distributions in Eastern South America.
The energetics response to a warmer climate: relative contributions from the transient and stationary eddies
Authors: Hernández-Deckers D. , von Storch J.-S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We use the Lorenz Energy Cycle (LEC) to evaluate changes in global energetic activity due to CO2-doubling in the coupled atmosphere-ocean ECHAM5/MPI-OM model. Globally, the energetic activity – measured as the total conversion rate of available potential energy into kinetic energy – decreases by about 4 %. This weakening results from a dual response that consists of a strengthening of the LEC in the upper-troposphere and a weakening in the lower and middle troposphere. This is fully consistent with results from a coarser resolution version of the same coupled model. We further use our experiments to investigate the individual contributions of the transient and stationary eddy components to the main energetics response. The transient eddy terms have a larger contribution to the total energetic activity than the stationary ones. We find that this is also true in terms of their 2 × CO2-response. Changes in the transient eddy components determine the main energetics response, whereas the stationary eddy components have very small contributions. Hence, the dual response – strengthening in the upper troposphere and weakening below – concerns mainly the transient eddy terms. We can relate qualitatively this response to the two main features of the 2 × CO2 warming pattern: (a) the tropical upper-tropospheric warming increases the pole-to-equator temperature gradient – strengthening the energetic activity above – and enhances static stability – weakening the energetic activity below; and (b) the high-latitude surface warming decreases the pole-to-equator temperature gradient in the lower troposphere – weakening the energetic activity below. Despite the small contribution from the stationary eddies to the main energetics response, changes in stationary eddy available potential energy (Pse) reflect some features of the warming pattern: stronger land-sea contrasts at the subtropics and weaker land-sea contrasts at the high northern latitudes affect Pse regionally, but do not affect the global energetics response.
The 1-way on-line coupled atmospheric chemistry model system MECO(n) – Part 2: On-line coupling
Authors: Kerkweg A. , Jöckel P.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A new, highly flexible model system for the seamless dynamical down-scaling of meteorological and chemical processes from the global to the meso-γ scale is presented. A global model and a cascade of an arbitrary number of limited-area model instances run concurrently in the same parallel environment, in which the coarser grained instances provide the boundary data for the finer grained instances. Thus, disk-space intensive and time consuming intermediate and pre-processing steps are entirely avoided and the time interpolation errors of common off-line nesting approaches are minimised. More specifically, the regional model COSMO of the German Weather Service (DWD) is nested on-line into the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5 within the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) framework. ECHAM5 and COSMO have previously been equipped with the MESSy infrastructure, implying that the same process formulations (MESSy submodels) are available for both models. This guarantees the highest degree of achievable consistency, between both, the meteorological and chemical conditions at the domain boundaries of the nested limited-area model, and between the process formulations on all scales. The on-line nesting of the different models is established by a client-server approach with the newly developed Multi-Model-Driver (MMD), an additional component of the MESSy infrastructure. With MMD an arbitrary number of model instances can be run concurrently within the same message passing interface (MPI) environment, the respective coarser model (either global or regional) is the server for the nested finer (regional) client model, i.e., it provides the data required to calculate the initial and boundary fields to the client model. On-line nesting means that the coupled (client-server) models exchange their data via the computer memory, in contrast to the data exchange via files on disk in common off-line nesting approaches. MMD consists of a library (Fortran95 and some parts in C) which is based on the MPI standard and two new MESSy submodels, MMDSERV and MMDCLNT (both Fortran95) for the server and client models, respectively. MMDCLNT contains a further sub-submodel, INT2COSMO, for the interpolation of the coarse grid data provided by the server models (either ECHAM5/MESSy or COSMO/MESSy) to the grid of the respective client model (COSMO/MESSy). INT2COSMO is based on the off-line pre-processing tool INT2LM provided by the DWD. The new achievements allow the setup of model cascades for zooming (down-scaling) from the global scale to the lower edge of the meso-γ scale (≈1 km) with a very high degree of consistency between the different models and between the chemical and meteorological boundary conditions.
The relationship between the performance of soil conditions and damage following an earthquake: a case study in Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: İnce G. Ç.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Istanbul city has experienced many strong earthquakes throughout its history and suffered extensive damage. The old Istanbul (Fatih and Eminonu districts), one of the most densely populated locations of Istanbul city, is a commercial centre and has many significant historical buildings. In this study, the data pertaining to the damage sustained by historical artifacts and structures from past earthquakes, are examined along with the soil amplification of the region, the liquefaction and slope stability risk in relation to the seismic microzonation maps which were prepared using geographic information system techniques. The relationship between soil behaviour and the damage resulting from previous earthquakes. The structural damage observed in the region was in accordance with the microzonation maps. Since the area does not have a high risk in terms of slope stability, this does not have much impact on the level of damage. However, it was found that soil amplification and partial liquefaction contributed to the damage to historical artifacts and structures.
Evaluation of future hydrological cycle under climate change scenarios in a mesoscale Alpine watershed of Italy
Authors: Groppelli B. , Soncini A. , Bocchiola D. , Rosso R.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We investigate future (2045–2054) hydrological cycle of the snow fed Oglio (≈1800 km2) Alpine watershed in Northern Italy. A Stochastic Space Random Cascade (SSRC) approach is used to downscale future precipitation from three general circulation models, GCMs (PCM, CCSM3, and HadCM3) available within the IPCC's data base and chosen for this purpose based upon previous studies. We then downscale temperature output from the GCMs to obtain temperature fields for the area. We also consider a projected scenario based upon trends locally observed in former studies, LOC scenario. Then, we feed the downscaled fields to a minimal hydrological model to build future hydrological scenarios. We provide projected flow duration curves and selected flow descriptors, giving indication of expected modified (against control run for 1990–1999) regime of low flows and droughts and flood hazard, and thus evaluate modified peak floods regime through indexed flood. We then assess the degree of uncertainty, or spread, of the projected water resources scenarios by feeding the hydrological model with ensembles projections consistent with our deterministic (GCMs + LOC) scenarios, and we evaluate the significance of the projected flow variables against those observed in the control run. The climate scenarios from the adopted GCMs differ greatly from one another with respect to projected precipitation amount and temperature regimes, and so do the projected hydrological scenarios. A relatively good agreement is found upon prospective shrinkage and shorter duration of the seasonal snow cover due to increased temperature patterns, and upon prospective increase of hydrological losses, i.e. evapotranspiration, for the same reason. However, precipitation patterns are less consistent, because HadCM3 and PCM models project noticeably increased precipitation for 2045–2054, whereas CCSM3 provides decreased precipitation patterns therein. The LOC scenario instead displays unchanged precipitation. The ensemble simulations indicate that several projected flow variables under the considered scenarios are significantly different from their control run counterparts, and also that snow cover seems to significantly decrease in duration and depth. The proposed hydrological scenarios eventually provide a what-if analysis, giving a broad view of the possible expected impacts of climate change within the Italian Alps, necessary to trigger the discussion about future adaptation strategies.
A nonlinear method of removing harmonic noise in geophysical data
Authors: Jeng Y. , Chen C.-S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. A nonlinear, adaptive method to remove the harmonic noise that commonly resides in geophysical data is proposed in this study. This filtering method is based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition algorithm in conjunction with the logarithmic transform. We present a synthetic model study to investigate the capability of signal reconstruction from the decomposed data, and compare the results with those derived from other 2-D adaptive filters. Applications to the real seismic data acquired by using an ocean bottom seismograph and to a shot gather of the ground penetrating radar demonstrate the robustness of this method. Our work proposes a concept that instead of Fourier-based approaches, the harmonic noise removal in geophysical data can be achieved effectively by using an alternative nonlinear adaptive data analysis method, which has been applied extensively in other scientific studies.
A semi-phenomenological approach to explain the event-size distribution of the Drossel-Schwabl forest-fire model
Authors: Hergarten S. , Krenn R.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We present a novel approach to explain the complex scaling behavior of the Drossel-Schwabl forest-fire model in two dimensions. Clusters of trees are characterized by their size and perimeter only, whereas spatial correlations are neglected. Coalescence of clusters is restricted to clusters of similar sizes. Our approach derives the value of the scaling exponent τ of the event size distribution directly from the scaling of the accessible perimeter of percolation clusters. We obtain τ = 1.19 in the limit of infinite growth rate, in perfect agreement with numerical results. Furthermore, our approach predicts the unusual transition from a power law to an exponential decay even quantitatively, while the exponential decay at large event sizes itself is reproduced only qualitatively.
Wind forcing of salinity anomalies in the Denmark Strait overflow
Authors: Hall S. , Dye S. R. , Heywood K. J. , Wadley M. R.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The overflow of dense water from the Nordic Seas to the North Atlantic through Denmark Strait is an important part of the global thermohaline circulation. The salinity of the overflow plume has been measured by an array of current meters across the continental slope off the coast of Angmagssalik, southeast Greenland since September 1998. During 2004 the salinity of the overflow plume changed dramatically, with the entire width of the array (70 km) freshening between January 2004 and July 2004, with a significant negative salinity anomaly of about 0.06 in May. The event in May represents a fresh anomaly of over 3 standard deviations from the mean since recording began in 1998. We show that the OCCAM 1/12° Ocean General Circulation Model not only reproduces the 2004 freshening event (r=0.96, p<0.01), but also correlates well with salinity observations over a previous 6 year period (r=0.54, p<0.01). Consequently the physical processes causing the 2004 anomaly and prior variability in salinity are investigated using the model output. Our results reject the hypotheses that the anomaly is caused by processes occurring between the overflow sill and the moorings, or by an increase in upstream net freshwater input. Instead, we show that the 2004 salinity anomaly is caused by an increase in volume flux of low salinity water, with a potential density greater than 27.60 kg m−3, flowing towards the Denmark Strait sill in the East Greenland Current. This is caused by an increase of southward wind stress upstream of the sill at around 75° N 20° W four and a half months earlier, and an associated spin-up of the Greenland Sea Gyre.
Giant Retroperitoneal Mucinous Tumor Supportively Diagnosed as a Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of MDM2 Gene
Authors: Naiki Taku , Hamamoto Shuzo , Kawai Noriyasu , Naiki-Ito Aya , Kojima Yoshiyuki , Yasui Takahiro , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: June 2011

Surgical resection was performed on a 47-year-old woman for a retroperitoneal mass that weighed 8.5 kg. Histological examination revealed a myxoid sarcomatous tumor. Because diagnosis could not be determined by immunohistochemistry, attention was focused on MDM2 (murine double minute) gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. The tumor was finally determined to be a dedifferentiated liposarcoma. We experienced a case of a giant retroperitoneal dedifferentiated liposarcoma. FISH analysis was useful for the diagnosis and determination of the therapeutic strategy.
Family Relationships and Depression among Elderly Korean Immigrants
Authors: Lee Young-Me , Holm Karyn
Published: June 2011

The purposes of the study were to describe family relationships within the context of living arrangements (living with adult children or without adult children) and support network, and to further determine associations of these factors to depression in elderly Korean immigrants. Over 70% () of Korean elders were found to live apart from their adult children. However, Korean elders who were living independently reported higher levels of depression in spite of their expressed desire to live independently and to be less dependent upon their adult children. These findings suggest that family support and close relationships with their adult children play a central role in adjusting to a new life and in preventing and/or lessening depression in elderly Korean immigrants.
Circle Numbers for Star Discs
Authors: Richter W.-D.
Published: June 2011

The notion of a generalized circle number which has recently been discussed for -circles and ellipses will be extended here for star bodies and a class of unbounded star discs.
Partial Least Square Analyses of Landscape and Surface Water Biota Associations in the Savannah River Basin
Authors: Nash Maliha S. , Chaloud Deborah J.
Published: June 2011

Ecologists are often faced with problem of small sample size, correlated and large number of predictors, and high noise-to-signal relationships. This necessitates excluding important variables from the model when applying standard multiple or multivariate regression analyses. In this paper, we present the results of applying PLS to explore relationships among biotic indicators of surface water quality and landscape conditions accounting for the above problems. Available field sampling and remotely sensed data sets for the Savannah Basin are used. We were able to develop models and compare results for the whole basin and for each ecoregion (Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain) in spite of the data constraints. The amount of variability in surface water biota explained by each model reflects the scale, spatial location, and the composition of contributing landscape metrics. The landscape-biota model developed for the whole basin using PLS explains 43% and 80% of the variation in water biota and landscape data sets, respectively. Models developed for each of the three ecoregions indicate dominance of landscape variables which reflect the geophysical characteristics of that ecoregion.
On Generalized Rotation Matrices
Authors: Baksalary Oskar Maria , Trenkler Götz
Published: June 2011

A general class of matrices, covering, for instance, an important set of proper rotations, is considered. Several characteristics of the class are established, which deal with such notions and properties as determinant, eigenspaces, eigenvalues, idempotency, Moore-Penrose inverse, or orthogonality.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Front-line Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy Regimens for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: AbouYabis Abeer N. , Shenoy Pareen J. , Sinha Rajni , Flowers Christopher R. , Lechowicz Mary Jo
Published: June 2011

Anthracycline-based chemotherapy remains standard treatment for peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) although its benefits have been questioned. We performed systematic literature review and meta-analyses examining the complete response (CR) and overall survival (OS) rates for patients with PTCL. The CR rate for PTCL patients ranged from 35.9% (95% CI 23.4–50.7%) for enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma (ETTL) to 65.8% (95% CI 54.0–75.9%) for anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). The 5-year OS was 38.5% (95% CI 35.5–41.6%) for all PTCL patients and ranged from 20.3% (95% CI 12.5–31.2%) for ETTL to 56.5% (95% CI 42.8–69.2%) for ALCL. These data suggest that there is marked heterogeneity across PTCL subtypes in the benefits of anthracycline-based chemotherapy. While anthracyclines produce CR in half of PTCL patients, this yields reasonable 5-year OS for patients with ALCL but not for those with PTCL-NOS or ETTL. Novel agents and regimens are needed to improve outcomes for these patients.
Long-Term Followup with
Evaluation of the Surgical and Functional
Results of the Ileal Pouch Reservoir in
Restorative Proctocolectomy for Ulcerative
Colitis
Authors: Røkke Ola , Iversen Knut , Olsen Torill , Ristesund Sølvi-Mai , Eide Geir Egil , Turowski Gitta Erika
Published: June 2011

Aims. Evaluate the early and long term surgical and functional results of the ileal pouch-reservoir (IPAA) in patients with intractable ulcerative colitis. Material and Methods. Followup of 134 consecutive patients with W-or J-ileal pouch by diseases-specific and general health (SF-36) questionnaire. In the first 44 patients, early and late followup was performed. Results. Followup was performed 7.4 years (0.5–17 years) after construction of W () and J () ileal pouch, which had similar results. There were 14.9% early and 43.6% late complications with 12.7% early and 19.5% late reoperations. Protecting loop-ileostomy used in 54 patients (43.9%), did not protect against complications. Thirteen reservoirs (9.8%) were resected () or deactivated () due to functional failure. Operation time, postoperative complications and pouchitis were determinators for reservoir failure and reduced quality of life. The functional results at followup of 44 patients at 2.5 years (0.8–6.7 years) and 11.5 years (8.2–19.2 years) were remarkably similar. Conclusions. IPAA is a good option for most patients when medication fails. 10% experience failure with inferior quality of life. Protective stoma will not reduce failure rates. After an initial time period, reservoir function will not change over time.
On New Wilker-Type Inequalities
Authors: Sun Zhengjie , Zhu Ling
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we present and prove a new Wilker-type inequality for hyperbolic functions. We also give a simple proof of the counterpart of the above inequality for the circular functions.