bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of adsorption equilibria of pure gases on activated carbon
Authors: Cook W. H. , Basmadjian D.
Published: February 2011

A novel modification of the Polanyi potential theory is proposed which allows the correlation of adsorption equilibrium data of pure gases on charcoal. The range of temperatures and pressures covered extends from values corresponding to a saturated liquid to regions well above the critical point of the gas. The method has been applied successfully to equilibrium data for CO, N2, A, CO2 and the lower aliphatic hydrocarbons on activated carbon. The possibility of extending the correlation to other adsorbents is briefly discussed.
The pipeline flow of capsules part 6 ‐ numerical analysis of some variables determining free flow
Authors: Newton R. , Redberger P. J. , Round G. F.
Published: February 2011

Four specific factors, concerned with the geometry and frictional effects of a cylindrical capsule flowing freely in a liquid‐filled pipe in which the liquid is in laminar flow, have been investigated numerically. The factors are: axial displacement of the capsule from the concentric position, end configuration and length of capsule, deformed circular cross‐section and frictional effect between the bottom of the capsule and the inside pipe surface. The effect which axial displacement has on any dynamic variable, e.g. capsule velocity, was found to be a uniformly increasing one for up to 90% of the total possible displacement. Beyond 90% displacement the effect was relatively much more pronounced.

Friction was found to decrease capsule velocity uniformly: as the friction force was increased a critical value was reached for larger capsules which resulted in a rapid decrease to zero. The effect of end shape on velocities and flow rates was found to be negligible, although there was a considerable change in flow pattern. Deformation of the capsule, i.e. deformation through a vertical cross‐section, caused little effect for 10–20% deformations, beyond which there was almost a linear increase of percentage deformation with pressure gradient required to maintain the same capsule velocity. The rate of increase itself increased with the proximity of the capsule to the pipe wall.
Drag and oscillatory motion of freely falling cylindrical particles
Authors: Marchildon E. K. , Clamen A. , Gauvin W. H.
Published: February 2011

The behavior of circular cylinders moving singly through water under the influence of gravity was studied with a motion picture camera over a range of particle. Reynolds number extending from 70 to 2400. The terminal velocity was determined for each particle and its drag coefficient was evaluated.

At Re‐greater than 300, and in some cases as low as 80, the particle acquired a secondary motion, consisting of an angular oscillation about its mean orientation and a periodic lateral deviation from its mean path of fall. A resultant dependence of the drag coefficient on particle density was found to occur. A theoretical method of predicting the period of particle oscillation was developed from consideration of variations in the location of the front‐surface centre of pressure.
An experimental study of mixing and segregation in a stirred tank reactor
Authors: Worrell G. R. , Eagleton L. C.
Published: February 2011

The second order, homogeneous reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen peroxide was used to study the mixing in a 2.5‐liter, continuous flow stirred tank reactor and in a 50‐gallon pilot unit. The residence time distribution was measured with deionized water and pulse injection of a tracer.

At low speeds the agitation was related to a “segregation” model. The region of “maximum mixedness” and the onset of “perfect mixing” were correlated with both horsepower input and recirculation rate within the reactor.
Continuous vertical and inclined settling of model suspensions
Authors: Oliver D. R.
Published: February 2011

An idealized suspension of plastic spheres is used in order to demonstrate the strong effect of particle flocculation on settling velocity and solids flux. The solids flux curve for the upper region of the thickener is used to show that any layers of particles formed here should never have concentrations much greater than that of the feed. Flux curves based on batch tests give an adequate measure of the solids handling capacity of a continuous thickener.

The inclination of the vessel always increases the continuous solids handling capacity. For dispersed systems the increase is greater than for flocculated systems; reasons are suggested for this effect.
Impacts of Coal Mining on the Aboveground Vegetation and Soil Quality: A Case Study of Qinxin Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Donggan Guo , Zhongke Bai , Tieliang Shangguan , Hongbo Shao , Wen Qiu
Published: February 2011

The exploitation and utilization of coal resources have been lasting for thousands of years, resulting in a series of ecological environmental problems in China. So far, the mining area has changed into severe and typical damaged ecosystem locally and globally. The coal exploitation history is long in Shanxi province, but goafs are distributed widely. In this study, we addressed this point and took a coal mine, located in Shanxi province where the coal mining has a long exploitation history with goaf densely distributed, as an example. The growth patterns of above ground plant communities, succession characteristics of vegetation community and soil quality characters in the goafs, which could provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of coal resources and ecological reconstruction in this region, have been studied.
Developing Pyrrole‐Derived Antimycobacterial Agents: a Rational Lead Optimization Approach
Authors: Biava Mariangela , Porretta Giulio Cesare , Poce Giovanna , Battilocchio Claudio , Alfonso Salvatore , de Logu Alessandro , Manetti Fabrizio , Botta Maurizio
Published: February 2011

Tuberculosis (TB) represents a never‐ending challenge toward which research efforts are needed. Drug resistance is the key problem that scientists in the field need to fight. The development of new drugs endowed with novel modes of action against different biological targets is of extreme importance; these new agents should also exhibit lower toxicity compared with the anti‐TB drugs currently available. Furthermore, new drugs should be inexpensive since most of the TB‐infected population lives in developing nations. In the last few years, numerous researchers have focused their attention on TB, leading to the discovery of some interesting compounds. Among these, the pyrrole‐derived compounds we developed can be considered very promising antimycobacterial agents. Aided by molecular modeling studies, we synthesized numerous compounds characterized by the same 1,5‐diarylpyrrole scaffold and elucidated very interesting antitubercular/antimycobacterial properties. Some compounds identified are extremely promising and represent a step towards the design of novel lead structures in the fight against TB. Our efforts to this end are reviewed here.
Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of enalapril and its major metabolite enalaprilat, in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study
Authors: Ghosh Chinmoy , Jain Ina , Shinde Chandrakant P. , Chakraborty Bhaswat S.
Published: February 2011

A rapid and most sensitive method for simultaneous determination of enalapril (ENP) and its metabolite, enalaprilat (ENPT), in human plasma using ESI‐LC‐MS/MS (electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) positive ion multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) mode, was developed and validated. The procedure involves a simple solid‐phase extraction (SPE) followed by evaporation of the sample. Chromatographic separation was carried out on a Hypurity C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an isocratic mobile phase and a total run time of 2.0 min only. The MRM of ENP and ENPT is 377.10 → 234.20 and 349.20 → 206.10 respectively. The standard calibration curves showed excellent linearity within the range of 0.064 to 431.806 ng/mL for ENA and 0.064 to 431.720 ng/mL for ENPT (r ≥ 0.990). This is the only method which can quantitate upto 0.064 ng/mL for both ENP and ENPT in a single run with the shortest analysis time. In matrix effect experiment, this method shows a % CV (% coefficients of variation) of less than 5, which means that the proposed method is free from any kind of irregular ionization process.

This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of enalapril maleate 20 mg tablet in Indian healthy male volunteers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of ion‐pair complexation reaction for the spectrophotometric determination of bupropion hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Basavaiah Kanakapura , Abdulrahman Sameer A. M.
Published: February 2011

This is the first report on the use of visible spectrophotometry for the determination of bupropion hydrochloride (BUPH), a second‐generation antidepressant, in pharmaceuticals. Two sensitive, selective, and cost‐effective spectrophotometric methods are described. The first method (method A) is based on the formation of yellow‐coloured ion‐pair complex between the BUPH and methyl orange (MO) at pH 3.80 ± 0.10 which was extracted into dichloromethane and the absorbance measured at 425 nm. The second method (method B) is based on the breaking of the yellow BUPH‐MO ion‐pair complex in acid medium followed by the measurement of the red‐pink colour at 520 nm. Beer's Law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 1.00–12.0 and 0.48–7.20 µg ml−1BUPH for method A and method B, respectively. The molar absorptivities are calculated to be 2.18 × 104and 3.79 × 104l mol−1cm−1for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.0127 and 0.0073 µg cm−2. The limits of detection and quantification have also been reported. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of BUPH in pure drug and commercial tablets. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed methods were further ascertained by recovery studiesviastandard addition technique. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colourimetric solid‐phase extraction coupled with fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy for determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Filik Hayati , Aksu Duygu , Giray Derya , Apak Reşat
Published: February 2011

A redox colourimetric solid‐phase extraction (C‐SPE) procedure for the determination of ascorbic acid (AA) in pharmaceutical formulations was proposed. Iron (III)‐2,2′‐dipyridyl (Fe(III)‐Bpy) reagent solution was used as a colouring reagent for AA and the immobilization of the redox product onto Amberlite XAD‐16 resin was achieved. The analyte in the sample reacted with a solid sorbent loaded with the colourimetric reagent (Fe(III)‐Bpy) and then quantified directly on the sorbent surface by using a fibre optic reflectance spectrometer (FORS). The amount of AA was reflectometrically determined in a few seconds with a total sample workup and readout time of ∼10 min using only 10‐ml sample volumes. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) values were 0.18 and 0.6 mg L−1, respectively, and the linear dynamic range for AA extended up to 8.8 mg L−1. The C‐SPE for different extractions (n = 5) gave a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.9% at 5.28 mg L−1 AA level. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local Structure in Americium and Californium Hexacyanoferrates – Comparison with Their Lanthanide Analogues
Authors: Dupouy Gaelle , Bonhoure Isabelle , Conradson Steven D. , Dumas Thomas , Hennig Christoph , Le Naour Claire , Moisy Philippe , Petit Sébastien , Scheinost Andreas C. , Simoni Eric , Den Auwer Christophe
Published: February 2011

Metal hexacyanoferrates are well known molecular solids for a large variety of cations, although very little has been described for actinide adducts. Two new members of actinide(III) hexacyanoferrates were synthesized with the cations americium and californium. They were structurally characterized by infrared and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. Combined EXAFS data at the iron K edge and actinide L3 edge provide evidence for a three‐dimensional model for these two new compounds. Structural data in terms of bond lengths were compared to those reported for the parent lanthanide(III) compounds, neodymium and gadolinium hexacyanoferrates, respectively: the americium compound with KNdIIIFeII(CN)6·4H2O and the californium compound with KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3.5H2O and KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3H2O. This comparison between actinide and lanthanide homologues has been carried out on the basis of ionic radii considerations. The americium and neodymium environments appear to be very similar and are arranged in a tricapped trigonal prism polyhedron of coordination number 9 (CN: 9), in which the americium atom is bonded to six nitrogen atoms and to three water molecules. For the californium adduct, a similar comparison and bond length and angle values derived fromEXAFS studies suggest that the californium cation sits in a bicapped trigonal prism (CN: 8) as in KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3H2O. This arrangement differs from that in the structure of KGdIIIFeII(CN)6·3.5H2O, in which the gadolinium atom is surrounded by 9 atoms. This is one of the rare pieces of information revealed by EXAFS spectroscopy for americium and californium in comparison to lanthanide atoms in molecular solid compounds. A discussion on the decrease in bond length and coordination number from americium to californium is also provided, on the basis of crystallographic results reported in the literature for actinide(III) and lanthanide(III) hydrate series.
Ionic Liquid Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Cu Polyhedron‐Pattern Nanostructures and Their Application as Enhanced Nanoelectrocatalysts for Glucose Detection
Authors: Xu Li , Xia Jiexiang , Li Huaming , Li Henan , Wang Kun , Yin Sheng
Published: February 2011

Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures have been successfully synthesized in the presence of the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐hexadecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide ([C16mim]Br) under solvothermal conditions. The as‐prepared samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). During the reaction process, the ionic liquid played an important role in controlling the morphology and size of the Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures. The results of FTIR spectroscopic analysis indicated that there was the ionic liquid [C16mim]Br on the surface of the Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures. Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures exhibited better thermal stability in air than Cu samples synthesized without ionic liquid at room temperature. In addition, the electrocatalytic activity of the Cu‐modified electrodes towards glucose oxidation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results clearly demonstrated that the unique morphology and small size of the Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures made them suitable for application as non‐enzymatic glucose sensors. Simultaneously, the [C16mim]Br ionic liquid on the surface of the Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures had a significant impact on the electrocatalytic activity of Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures. Thus, electrodes modified with these Cu polyhedron‐pattern nanostructures are promising for the future development of non‐enzymatic glucose sensors.
Nickel–Iron–Selenium Hydrogenases – An Overview Structure and Function of [Fe]‐Hydrogenase and its Iron–Guanylylpyridinol (FeGP) Cofactor Magnetic Properties of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenases: A Theoretical Investigation Based on Extended QM and QM/MM Models of the H‐Cluster and Its Surroundings Solar Hydrogen Evolution with Hydrogenases: From Natural to Hybrid Systems Molecular Electrocatalysts for the Oxidation of Hydrogen and the Production of Hydrogen – The Role of Pendant Amines as Proton Relays (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 7/2011)
Authors: Pereira Inês A. C. , Matias Pedro M. , Shima Seigo , Greco Claudio , Silakov Alexey , Reisner Erwin , Bullock R. Morris
Published: February 2011

The background of the cover picture shows a schematic representation of a hydrogenase, the topic of this cluster issue, as a watermark. Superimposed are illustrations that highlight the scope of the articles: [NiFeSe] hydrogenases (bottom right‐hand corner and background) are the focus of the Microreview by Inês Pereira and Pedro Matias et al. (p. 948 ff). Seigo Shima et al.(p. 963 ff) examine the iron guanylylpyridinol cofactor of [Fe] hydrogenase (bottom left‐hand corner). From a theoretical point of view, Claudio Greco and Alexey Silakov et al. (p. 1043 ff) probe the magnetic properties of [FeFe]‐hydrogenases (top right‐hand corner). The use of hydrogenases in vivo and as hybrids for H2 production (top left‐hand corner), as well as of cobalt and nickel functional models for H2 oxidation and production (bottom middle) are covered in the Microreviews by Erwin Reisner (p. 1005 ff) and Morris Bullock et al. (p. 1017 ff), respectively. Many thanks to the authors for their creative designs.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Phosphonic Acid Analogues of L‐Lysine, L‐Proline, L‐Ornithine, and L‐Pipecolic Acid of 99 % ee – Assignment of Absolute Configuration to (–)‐Proline
Authors: Wuggenig Frank , Schweifer Anna , Mereiter Kurt , Hammerschmidt Friedrich
Published: February 2011

(±)‐ω‐Halo‐α‐(chloroacetoxy)phosphonates were kinetically resolved by use of a protease (Chirazyme® P‐2). The esters recovered at levels of conversion between 56 and 72 % furnished (S)‐alcohols of 99 % ee. These were converted via azides into the phosphonic acid analogues of L‐lysine, L‐proline, L‐ornithine and L‐pipecolic acid. (–)‐Phosphaproline was transformed into crystalline ureas derived from (R)‐ and (S)‐1‐phenylethyl isocyanate. X‐ray structure analyses revealed that the levorotary phosphaproline has the R configuration, contrary to earlier reports.
Resolubilization of TCA precipitated plant proteins for 2‐D electrophoresis
Authors: Zhang Erhua , Chen Xiaoping , Liang Xuanqiang
Published: February 2011

In this short communication, a novel protocol for resolubilization of TCA‐precipitated plant proteins for 2‐DE is described. Guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn‐HCl) is used as an intermediate for protein solubilization in which proteins are reduced and alkylated with tributylphosphane (TBP) and 2‐vinylpyridine (2‐VP). The blocking of –SH groups at Cys residues can greatly improve the solubility of TCA‐precipitated proteins and obtain more high‐quality protein spots in the 2‐DE gel. This protocol is compatible with silver stain and MS identification.
Application of geophysical measurements for assessing the role of fissures in water infiltration within a clay landslide (Trièves area, French Alps)
Authors: Bièvre Grégory , Jongmans Denis , Winiarski Thierry , Zumbo Vilma
Published: February 2011

Rainfall and its consequences are usually considered as the major factor triggering slope instabilities within clay deposits. The link between rainfall, water infiltration and landslide activity may be complex, and comprehensive sets of data are still necessary to understand how water infiltrates in cohesive material. On unstable slopes made of fine‐grained sediments, gravitational deformation generates superficial shear ruptures and tension fissures whose continuous opening could be amplified by shrinkage during dry periods. This fissure network at the surface can be very dense and strongly controls the water infiltration process. However, it remains difficult to assess the fissure evolution at depth and its eventual relationship with shallow slip surfaces. This work presents the results of a geophysical study which aimed to characterize the fissures that are observed along the unstable clay slopes of the Trièves area (French Alps). The site was first investigated combining geomorphological analysis, drilling, borehole logging, geotechnical tests and geophysical experiments. This investigation evidenced the presence of at least three rupture surfaces (at 5, 10–15 and 42 m) with a water flow at the second one. In a second step, permanent instruments were installed (piezometers and soil water content probes). Results indicate high water infiltration velocities, down to the water table located at 2·5 m depth, that are likely to be linked with sub‐vertical preferential paths, such as fissures. Geophysical parameters (electrical resistivity, S‐wave velocities and Rayleigh waves attenuation) were monitored. Geophysical results suggest that fissures are permanently open, that they serve as preferential infiltration paths, and that they can reach, at least, a depth of 2 m. The methods employed in this research put forward that the system of imbricated fissures drains water from the surface down to the shallow slip surfaces at 5 and 10–15 m. This work highlights the role of fissures network in water infiltration in the numerous clay landslides of the Trièves area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment and particulate phosphorus characteristics in grassed waterways from row crop corn and alfalfa fields collected by manual University of Exeter samplers and automatic sampling
Authors: Panuska John C. , Good Laura Ward , Vadas Peter A. , Busch Dennis L. , Ozkaynak Asli
Published: February 2011

Phosphorus (P) export from agricultural lands above known threshold levels can result in adverse impacts to receiving water quality. Phosphorus loss occurs in dissolved and sediment‐bound, or particulate phosphorous (PP), forms, with the latter often dominating losses from row‐cropped systems. To target practices, land managers need good computer models and model developers need good monitoring data. Sediment monitoring data (e.g. radiometric finger printing and sediment P sorption capacity) can help identify sediment source areas and improve models, but require more sediment mass than is typically obtained by automatic sampling. This study compares a simple suspended sediment sampler developed at the University of Exeter (UE) with automatic sampling in intermittent channels draining corn and alfalfa fields. The corn field had a greater runoff coefficient (27%) than alfalfa (11%). No differences were found in enrichment ratios (sediment constituent/soil constituent) in PP (PPER) or percent loss on ignition (LOIER) between paired UE samplers on corn. The median LOIER for the UE samplers (1·9%) did not differ significantly (p > 0·13) from the automatic sampler (2·0%). The PPER from the UE samplers was on average 20% lower than the automatic samplers. A correlation (r2 = 0·75) was found between sediment PP and % LOI from automatic samplers and UE samplers for particles < 50 µm, while for > 50 µm PP concentration did not change with changes in % LOI. Sediment ammonium‐oxalate extractable metals were similarly related to LOI, with the strongest correlation for iron (r2 = 0·71) and magnesium (r2 = 0·70). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the groundwater flow regime and hydrochemistry of groundwater from the Buem formation, Eastern Ghana
Authors: Yidana Sandow Mark , Banoeng‐Yakubo Bruce , Akabzaa Thomas , Asiedu Daniel
Published: February 2011

This study demonstrates the application of multivariate statistical methods in definition of groundwater recharge and discharge areas in a sedimentary basin in Ghana. Q‐mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was applied to 57 hydrochemical data from the Buem formation in the northern part of the Volta Region in Ghana. R‐mode HCA and R‐mode factor analysis were then applied to the same dataset to reveal the processes controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater from this hydrogeological formation. Results of both the Q‐ and R‐mode analyses were backed by graphical methods. The analyses revealed two major water types, differentiated by salinity levels into four spatial groundwater associations. The characteristics of the four groundwater types are discussed. The recharge areas are characterized by CaHCO3 low salinity waters which evolve through rock–water interactions to NaHCO3 high salinity waters in the discharge areas. This study finds that the hydrochemistry of groundwater from this formation is mainly controlled by the weathering of minerals, principally silicates in the aquifer matrix. The effects of the chemistry of recharging precipitation are higher in the recharge areas, while mineral weathering tends to be severe close to the discharge areas in the groundwater flow regime. All the four spatial groundwater associations have low sodium content, but salinity levels increase towards the discharge areas, such that some of wells in the discharge areas may not be acceptable for irrigation on grounds of high salinities which might affect the osmotic potentials of plants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous calibration of surface flow and baseflow simulations: a revisit of the SWAT model calibration framework
Authors: Zhang Xuesong , Srinivasan Raghavan , Arnold Jeff , Izaurralde R. Cesar , Bosch David
Published: February 2011

Accurate analysis of water flow pathways from rainfall to streams is critical for simulating water use, climate change impact, and contaminants transport. In this study, we developed a new scheme to simultaneously calibrate surface flow (SF) and baseflow (BF) simulations of soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) by combing evolutionary multi‐objective optimization (EMO) and BF separation techniques. The application of this scheme demonstrated pronounced trade‐off of SWAT's performance on SF and BF simulations. The simulated major water fluxes and storages variables (e.g. soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater) using the multiple parameters from EMO span wide ranges. Uncertainty analysis was conducted by Bayesian model averaging of the Pareto optimal solutions. The 90% confidence interval (CI) estimated using all streamflows substantially overestimate the uncertainty of low flows on BF days while underestimating the uncertainty of high flows on SF days. Despite using statistical criteria calculated based on streamflow for model selection, it is important to conduct diagnostic analysis of the agreement of SWAT behaviour and actual watershed dynamics. The new calibration technique can serve as a useful tool to explore the trade‐off between SF and BF simulations and provide candidates for further diagnostic assessment and model identification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Properties and Molecular Simulations of Polyoxometalates
Authors: Bo Carles , Poblet Josep M.
Published: February 2011

Taking classical polyoxometalates such as Lindqvist, Keggin, Dawson, and Preyssler anions as the starting point, a walk is taken through the electronic and structural properties of polyoxoanions in solution. We will discuss nucleation mechanisms, redox properties, and isomerism of polyoxometalates. The effects of confinement on water molecules and cation distributions inside nanocapsules are other topics discussed in the present review.
The Janus‐Face of Negociation Democracy. The Effects of Consensus Democracy, Direct Democracy and Decentralization on State Intervention in Swiss Cantons
Authors: Vatter Adrian , Freitag Markus
Published: February 2011

Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Varianzen der quantifizierbaren Staatstätigkeit in den 26 Schweizer Kantonen der 1980er und 1990er Jahre. Im Mittelpunkt der erklärenden Grssen stehen dabei Formen der Verhandlungsdemokratie, insbesondere der Konkordanz, dezentraler Entscheidungsstrukturen und direktdemokratischer Beteiligungsrechte. Wir zeigen, dass die Erweiterung des Konzeptes der Verhandlungsdemokratie auf weitere Staatsorgane neben der Regierung zur analytischen Unschärfe fhrt, da die verschiedenen Ausprägungen der politischen Machtteilung mit unterschiedlichen Wirkungen auf den Umfang des ffentlichen Sektors verbunden sind. Während die Konkordanz im Sinne der parteifrmigen Organisation politischer und sozialer Konflikte tendenziell die staatliche Intervention begnstigt, zgeln konstitutionelle Vetospieler die Staatstätigkeit, indem direktdemokratische Mitwirkung und dezentrale Machtteilung dem Staat Fesseln auf der Einnahmen‐und Ausgabenseite anlegen.
What explains the Differences in the Tax Burden Between Swiss Cantons?
Authors: Gaillard Serge , Oesch Daniel
Published: February 2011

In the present article, we empirically analyse a series of competing hypothesis that try to account for the considerable disparity in the tax burden between Swiss cantons. Three hypotheses focus on differences in spending levels: The first explains differences in the tax burden with differences in citizens' demand for government services. The second emphasizes the differences in efficiency between cantonal administrations, whereas the third insists on the more or less easy access to cantonal instruments of direct democracy. However, when confronted to the data, none of these three expenditure‐based hypotheses are confirmed by our cross‐sectional estimations. On the contrary, our regressions lend support to the hypotheses which highlights the differences in tax revenues between cantons. These results suggest that it is not differences in government spending which account for the disparity in cantonal tax levels, but differences in the cantonal endowment with resources. This indicates that some financial equalization on the cantonal level might strengthen the equity of Switzerland's tax system.
Relative humidity at Armagh Observatory, 1838–2008
Authors: Butler C. J. , García‐Suárez A. M.
Published: February 2011

We present a calibrated atmospheric humidity series for Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland. Beginning in 1838 and continuing to the present day, this series is believed to be the longest presented so far. Daily wet‐bulb and dry‐bulb temperature readings are corrected for the time of reading and for known instrumental errors to determine mean monthly, seasonal and annual relative humidity (RH) at 09:00 GMT from 1838 to 2008 and at 21:00 GMT from 1844 to 1964.

The mean seasonal and annual time series of RH at this site show only marginal evidence for a trend in RH since the 1880s, however, there is significant decadal and multi‐decadal variability, some of which appears to be cyclic. Wavelet analysis indicates the presence of two quasi‐periodic components in RH, one ranging from 23.4 to 25.5 years and the other from 36 to 51 years. We discuss potential physical origins of these cycles such as changes in the atmospheric and thermohaline circulation and the solar magnetic cycle. There is a small but significant anti‐correlation between RH and northerly winds.

Two conspicuous peaks in RH during the 19th century coincide with major infestations of potato blight in Ireland. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Oncoplastics: Techniques for reconstruction of partial breast defects based on tumor location
Authors: Gainer Sarah M. , Lucci Anthony
Published: February 2011

Breast conservation therapy (BCT) has become an increasingly popular treatment for breast cancer. Unfortunately, many women who undergo BCT will have a deformity that may require surgical correction. The field of oncoplastics has also become increasingly popular and seeks to prevent these contour deformities during BCT. This review approaches oncoplastic reconstruction by outlining different techniques based on tumor location. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:341–347. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neoadjuvant systemic treatment of breast cancer
Authors: Makhoul Issam , Kiwan Elias
Published: February 2011

Neoadjuvant systemic breast cancer therapy is the administration of systemic therapy to eligible breast cancer patients prior to surgery. This treatment modality was developed out of necessity to downstage inoperable tumors, but it has evolved into a tool for breast conservation surgery. The neoadjuvant approach is also commonly used now to explore the efficacy of new therapeutics by assessing their impact on pathologic complete response or other endpoints. This article will review the foundations of this treatment modality and the latest progress in the field. Considering the heterogeneity of breast cancer, it is clear that no single treatment will fit all types of breast cancer. Thus, there is a need to understand the biological underpinnings of the different types of breast cancer in order to design better treatments that will ultimately improve the eradication rate of this disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:348–357. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selecting local therapy in the young breast cancer patient
Authors: King Tari A.
Published: February 2011

Survival rates among young women with breast cancer remain inferior to that of older women. Higher rates of local failure after breast conservation (BCT) have led to speculation that mastectomy may be better, yet this remains unproven. Gene expression profiling provides new insight into biological differences that may account for differences in outcomes. With careful attention to margins and appropriate use of radiation and systemic therapy, BCT remains a safe option for young women with breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:330–336. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in the local treatment of breast cancer: Should we be worried?
Authors: Tuttle Todd M. , Rueth Natasha M. , Abbott Andrea , Virnig Beth A.
Published: February 2011

The overall rates of BCS have remained stable or slightly increased over the past decade in the United States. The CPM rates have markedly increased while unilateral mastectomy rates have decreased. Increasingly, more women are not receiving RT after BCS, particularly high‐risk women. These trends have important potential untoward consequences. Strategies are being developed to ensure adequate local therapy for breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:313–316. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐treatment surveillance of breast cancer patients in an organized, multidisciplinary setting
Authors: Winchester David P.
Published: February 2011

Post‐treatment surveillance protocols should include early detection of local, regional, and systemic recurrence, new primary tumors and should address treatment complications and psychosocial needs. In addition to annual mammography, history and physical examination in the treated, asymptomatic breast cancer patient surveillance visits should occur every 3–4 months for 3 years, every 6 months for the next 2 years, and annually thereafter. Scans and other tests should be reserved for high risk or symptomatic patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:358–361. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A descriptive analysis of gastric cancer specimen processing techniques
Authors: Mahar Alyson L. , Qureshi Alia P. , Ottensmeyer C. Andrea , Pollett Aaron , Wright Frances C. , Coburn Natalie G. , Chetty Runjan
Published: February 2011

Background

Adherence to guidelines for adequate gastric cancer specimen assessment is poor in North America. Inadequate staging and poor prognosis were noted in some series when these guidelines are not met. Recent advances have been made in standardizing cancer pathology reports in Canada; however, the uptake of these reporting systems is unknown for gastric cancer. A survey of pathologists in Ontario was performed to outline the processing techniques and practices for assessing gastric cancer specimens.

Methods

A survey was designed through a collaboration of surgical oncologists, general surgeons, pathologists, and research staff. Pathologists were identified using the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario and MD Select databases. Participants were surveyed online or by mail‐out.

Results

The response rate was 40.2% (147/366). Vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and signet ring cells were all reported as being examined for by the majority of pathologists. Fat clearing solution and keratin immunohistochemical techniques were not reported as being consistently utilized. Less than 70% of pathologists indicated using a form of synoptic report.

Conclusion

Variations in practice and technique were observed. This may or may not reflect differences in quality of care or simply preferences for achieving equivalent results in the absence of standardized procedures. Education, evidence‐based procedural guidelines and further research are required to provide infrastructure and support for pathologists and surgeons involved in the care of gastric cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:248–256. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular Matrix Functionalized Microcavities to Control Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Fate
Authors: Kurth Ina , Franke Katja , Pompe Tilo , Bornhäuser Martin , Werner Carsten
Published: February 2011

Polymeric microcavities functionalized with extracellular matrix components were used as an experimental in vitro model to investigate principles of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate control. Using human CD133+ HSPC we could demonstrate distinct differences in HSPC cycling and differentiation dependence on the adhesion ligand specificity (i.e., heparin, collagen I) and cytokine levels. The presented microcavity platform provides a powerful in vitro approach to explore the role of exogenous cues in HSPC fate decisions and can therefore be instrumental to progress in stem cell biology and translational research toward new therapies.

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Poly(diol‐co‐citrate)s as Novel Elastomeric Perivascular Wraps for the Reduction of Neointimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Serrano M. Concepcion , Vavra Ashley K. , Jen Michele , Hogg Melissa E. , Murar Jozef , Martinez Janet , Keefer Larry K. , Ameer Guillermo A. , Kibbe Melina R.
Published: February 2011

The synthesis of poly(diol‐co‐citrate) elastomers that are biocompatible with vascular cells and can modulate the kinetics of the NO release based on the diol of selection is reported. NO‐mediated cytostatic or cytotoxic effects can be controlled depending on the NO dose and the exposure time. When implanted in vivo in a rat carotid artery injury model, these materials demonstrate a significant reduction of neointimal hyperplasia. This is the first report of a NO‐releasing polymer fabricated in the form of an elastomeric perivascular wrap for the treatment of neointimal hyperplasia. These elastomers also show promise for other cardiovascular pathologies where NO‐based therapies could be beneficial.

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Large‐Deformation Behavior of Honeycomb‐Structured Polymer Sheets as a Function of Polar Angle
Authors: Jin Kwang‐Yong , Kim Dae‐Yoon , Kim So‐Eun , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Lee Joong Hee , Lyu Min‐Young , Hwang Seok‐Ho , Gent Alan N. , Nah Changwoon , Jeong Kwang‐Un
Published: February 2011

To construct the structure/property relationships of patterned polymer architectures depending on symmetry, the large‐deformation behavior of 2D HSPS with respect to the polar angle was studied. Holes aligned along the HSPS apex were more effective in decreasing tensile force and reducing stress concentration than those located along the plane. On varying the polar angle from 0 to 30°, the tensile force fluctuated up and down like an undamped negative sinusoidal wave with a wavelength of 15°. Additionally, molecular orientations of HSPS were monitored in situ. By comparing experimental measurements with computer simulations, it was concluded that the tensile force depends on the number of holes as well as the orientation of the axes of the honeycomb structure.

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X‐FEM analysis of the effects of holes or other cracks on dynamic crack propagations
Authors: Haboussa D. , Grégoire D. , Elguedj T. , Maigre H. , Combescure A.
Published: February 2011

This paper is devoted to the numerical simulation of dynamic crack propagation using X‐FEM and level set techniques. The paper proposes an explanation of three experiments. The first experiment shows the dynamic propagation of a crack that avoids a hole placed on its trajectory. The second presents the interpretation of experiments of two crack tips which run in the same direction, and the third studies the interaction between two cracks which move toward each other. It is shown in all the cases that the crack tip avoids the other discontinuity (hole or other crack tip). An explanation is proposed through the observation of transient stress fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh objective modeling of cracks using continuous linear strain and displacement interpolations
Authors: Cervera M. , Chiumenti M. , Codina R.
Published: February 2011

The paper addresses the problem of tensile and mixed‐mode cracking within the so‐called smeared crack approach. Because lack of point‐wise convergence on stresses is deemed as the main difficulty to be overcome in the discrete problem, a (stabilized) mixed formulation with continuous linear strain and displacement interpolations is used. The necessary convergence rate can be proved for such a formulation, at least in the linear problem. Two standard local isotropic Rankine damage models with strain‐softening, differing in the definition of the damage criteria, are used as discrete constitutive model. Numerical examples demonstrate the application of the proposed formulation using linear triangular P1P1 and bilinear quadrilateral Q1Q1 mixed elements. The results obtained do not suffer from spurious mesh‐bias dependence without the use of auxiliary tracking techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modeling of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability using smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Shadloo M. S. , Yildiz M.
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) solution for the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability (KHI) problem of an incompressible two‐phase immiscible fluid in a stratified inviscid shear flow with interfacial tension. The time‐dependent evolution of the two‐fluid interface over a wide range of Richardson number (Ri) and for three different density ratios is numerically investigated. The simulation results are compared with analytical solutions in the linear regime. Having captured the physics behind KHI, the effects of gravity and surface tension on a two‐dimensional shear layer are examined independently and together. It is shown that the growth rate of the KHI is mainly controlled by the value of the Ri number, not by the nature of the stabilizing forces. It was observed that the SPH method requires a Richardson number lower than unity (i.e. Ri≅0.8) for the onset of KHI, and that the artificial viscosity plays a significant role in obtaining physically correct simulation results that are in agreement with analytical solutions. The numerical algorithm presented in this work can easily handle two‐phase fluid flow with various density ratios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy versus tactics in the not‐for‐profit sector: A role for relationship marketing?
Authors: Conway Tony
Published: February 2011

There is evidence that a good deal of the marketing within the not‐for‐profit sector tends to be of a short‐term tactical nature. More particularly, there would seem to be disproportionate emphasis on the communication element aimed in many cases at donors/funding organisations. This paper proposes a need for a more long‐term strategic role for marketing within not‐for‐profit organisations and due to their particular characteristics, the application of relationship marketing is considered to be necessary to produce such a role.
Paying the price: The affinity credit card relationship
Authors: Home Suzanne , Worthington Steve
Published: February 2011

Since affinity credit cards were launched in the United Kingdom in 1988 their numbers have grown steadily. These cards are offered by financial institutions to charity supporters, and each time the card is used for a transaction, a sum of money is paid to the charity by the institution.

This paper is based on the results of a 1995 survey of UK charities holding affinity credit cards and on the. follow‐up interviews. The question is considered of who holds the balance of power in the relationship between the profit‐orientated institution and the nonprofit charitable organisation.
Corporate giving: Targeting the likely donor
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Stephenson Helga
Published: February 2011

Recent years have seen a major change in corporate attitudes to giving. There are many accounts in the literature of a move away from a purely philanthropic motive for charity support, to an opportunity‐based paradigm where companies seek some tangible benefits in exchange for their donations.

This paper reports the findings of a detailed survey of corporate givers undertaken in the county of Devon. The aim of the research was to determine the primary motivations for giving among the business community and the criteria most commonly used to select charities for support.

The results clearly indicate that the primary motivation for giving remains a purely philanthropic one. The majority of businesses presently do not look for any gain to accrue from their charitable support and therefore do not monitor the success of their relationships with the charity sector.
Fundraising in the usa and the united kingdom: Comparing today with directions for tomorrow
Authors: Nichols Judith E.
Published: February 2011

In 1995, residents of the United Kingdom — a population of 58 million — contributed £9.1bn ($14.56bn) to charities. During the same time period, $143.85bn was donated by the 265 million inhabitants in the United States. Going just by the numbers, the not‐for‐profit world often assumes Americans are the most philanthropic people on earth. But, a careful look at some actual indicators of charitability suggest this belief may, in fact, be more wishful thinking than reality. Here are the facts.
Fundraising and campaigning: Working towards greater effectiveness
Authors: Trampleasure John , Hunter Tim
Published: February 2011

This paper provides a benchmark for campaigning charities who intend, or already are, moving towards greater campaigning and fundraising effectiveness through partnership between these two key functions.

Over the last four years Shelter's Fundraising and Communications Divisions have forged a new and successful partnership between income generation and campaigning. The Shelter case study is distilled down into a list of key questions and some anecdotes to illustrate some of the processes gone through, including mistakes made, which it is hoped will mean others do not have to re‐invent the wheel completely and will sec a route to greater campaigning and fundraising effectiveness.
UK legal update
Authors: Norton Philip
Published: February 2011

This update covers developments in relation to UK charity law, particularly in relation to fundraising and other marketing strategies. Future issues will consider legal updates in the United States and Europe.

If readers have any particular questions on charity law, please write to Philip Norton at the publishers' offices, so that he can answer questions of general interest to readers.
UK Asian communities: A profitable market for nonprofits?
Authors: Wells Rob , Raheja Anjna
Published: February 2011

The ethnic minority communities in the UK are an increasingly powerful force. But UK charities have not had a great deal of experience in approaching this market, despite a readily acknowledged desire to increase their own levels of cultural diversity. How many want a better ethnic representation among their donor base? How many want greater cultural diversity among volunteers, let alone staff?

This paper examines the Asian communities within the UK, and suggests that these are groupings with which UK charities should be engaging. The communities are identifiable, with strong philanthropic traditions, they have increasing economic power and they are accessible.

The paper also looks briejly at a positive response generated by one organisation‐the Aga Khan Foundation (UK) — to a non‐denominational, intercommunal appeal for funds from the Asian Communities in the UK.