bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amorphous FeOOH Decorated CoSe2 Nanorod Heterostructured Arrays for Efficient Water Oxidation
Authors: Yu Hong , Wang Yonghui , Zhu Chenyu , Jing Yao , Song Qingting , Guan Cao , Du Cheng‐Feng
Published: November 2020

In meeting the energy demand of green resources, the fabrication of effective yet cheap electrocatalytic active catalysts for the rate‐limiting half reaction, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), of electrochemical water splitting is highly desired. In this study, it is presented that a deliberately deposited amorphous FeOOH layer can drastically promote the electrocatalytic OER activity of CoSe2. Unlike the pristine CoSe2 which is consumed gradually, the amorphous FeOOH layer facilitates the capture and fixation of dissolved Co2+ ions, which is confirmed by the stable element contents during OER process. As a result, a low overpotential of 253 mV (@ j = 40 mA cm−2) is displayed by CoSe2@FeOOH nanorod arrays (NAs) on carbon cloth (CC) with a small Tafel slope of 69 mV dec−1, which are comparable or even lower than the state‐of‐the‐art OER electrocatalysts. In addition, the long‐time durability test indicates the remarkable stability of this material over 20 h. These outcomes provide new perception in design and large scale fabrication of cheap yet effective heterostructured OER catalysts.
Surfactant‐Templated Zeolites: From Thermodynamics to Direct Observation
Authors: Mendoza‐Castro Monica J. , Serrano Elena , Linares Noemi , García‐Martínez Javier
Published: November 2020

Surfactant‐templating is a versatile method to introduce tailored intracrystalline mesoporosity in zeolites. This method has been proven to be extremely effective to finely control both the amount of mesoporosity and the size of their mesopores, while maintaining the main features of the original zeolite, such as crystallinity, acidity, and hydrothermal stability. By building on the knowledge generated during the last 30 years in the field of amorphous mesoporous materials, the surfactant‐templating method has been successfully applied to develop intracrystalline mesoporosity into a variety of zeolite structures including FAU, BEA, MOR, LTL, and MFI. The improvement in both the textural and diffusional properties of the zeolite results in excellent catalytic performances in different industrially relevant processes, ranging from fluid catalytic cracking to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. As a result of the excellent catalytic performances shown by the surfactant‐templated mesoporous Y zeolite, this is currently being used in several refineries, being the first industrial and large‐scale application of hierarchical zeolites. In this progress report, the literature regarding the surfactant‐templating method in zeolites is critically reviewed.
Carbon Nanotubes for Photovoltaics: From Lab to Industry
Authors: Wieland Laura , Li Han , Rust Christian , Chen Jianhui , Flavel Benjamin S.
Published: November 2020

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in photovoltaics could have significant ramifications on the commercial solar cell market. Three interrelated research directions within the field are crucial to the ultimate success of this endeavor; 1) separation, purification, and enrichment of CNTs followed by 2) their integration into organic solar cells as a photosensitive element or 3) in silicon solar cells as a hole selective contact. All three subtopics have experienced tremendous growth over the past 20 years and certainly the performance of the silicon‐based cells is now rapidly approaching that of those on industrial production lines. With a view to these three research areas, the purpose of this Progress Report is to provide a brief overview of each field but more importantly to discuss the challenges and future directions that will allow CNT photovoltaics to move out of the research lab and into end user technology. These include efforts to upscale CNT purification, improvements in power conversion efficiency, increased light absorption, the identification of new material combinations, passivation strategies, and a better understanding of charge separation and energy transfer within these systems.
Further delineation of MYO18B‐related autosomal recessive Klippel‐Feil syndrome with myopathy and facial dysmorphism
Authors: Altuame Fadie D. , Haldeman‐Englert Chad , Cupler Edward , Al Muhaizea Mohammad A. , Al‐Zaidan Hamad I. , Hashem Mais , Alkuraya Fowzan S.
Published: November 2020

Klippel‐Feil syndrome 4 (KFS4; MIM# 616549) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in MYO18B and comprises, in addition to Klippel‐Feil anomaly (KFA), nemaline myopathy, facial dysmorphism, and short stature. We aim to outline the natural history of KFS4 and provide an updated description of its clinical, radiological, laboratory, and molecular findings. We comprehensively analyzed the medical records of 6 Saudi and 1 American patients (including 5 previously unpublished cases) with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of KFS4. All patients had myopathy of varying severity that followed a slowly progressive or non‐progressive course, affecting primarily the proximal musculature of the lower limb although hand involvement with distal arthrogryposis and abnormal interphalangeal creases was also observed. KFA and characteristic dysmorphic features, including ptosis and bulbous nose, were observed in all but two patients. The causal MYO18B variants were a founder NM_032608.5:c.6905C>A; p.(Ser2302*) variant in the Saudi patients (P1‐P6) and a novel MYO18B homozygous variant (c.6660_6670del;p.[Arg2220Serfs*74]) in the American Caucasian patient (P7). We report the phenotypic and genetic findings in seven patients with KFS4. We describe the natural history of this disease, confirm myopathy as a universal feature and describe its pattern and progression, and note interesting differences between the phenotypes observed in patients with KFA and those without.
Copper‐Mediated Phosphorylation of Arylsilanes with H‐Phosphonate Diesters
Authors: Luo Haiqing , Sun Kai , Xie Qi , Li Xiaolan , Zhang Xiuqi , Luo Xuzhong
Published: November 2020

Herein we report a facile method for the synthesis of arylphosphonates via copper‐mediated the cross‐coupling reaction in the presence of 1, 10‐Phenanthroline and Ag2O. This method features a broad scope with respect to both the arylsilanes and H‐phosphonate diesters. Mechanistically, the reaction is proposed to involve oxidation by phosphinyl radical and reductive elimination process as the two key steps. With the optimized conditions established, various arylphosphonates were obtained up to 74% yield. This protocol is the first example of copper mediated the Ar−P bond formation of various arylsilanes with H‐phosphonates, and this novel methodology expands the applications of low cost and toxicity copper reagent in Ar−P bond construction.
Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Reductive Sulfonylation of α‐Oxocarboxylic Acids with Aryl Sulfonyl Hydrazines
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Hao Shuai , Hu Jingyan , Shen Hongtao , Lai Miao , Liu Pengfei , Xi Gaolei , Wang Pengfei , Zhao Shengchen , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhao Mingqin
Published: November 2020

A novel and facile synthesis of aryl benzyl sulfones was accomplished for the first time through copper‐catalyzed decarboxylative reductive sulfonylation reaction between α‐oxocarboxylic acids and aryl sulfonyl hydrazines. The protocol proceeds smoothly under simple conditions, and has the advantages of simple operation, high yields and good functional group compatibility. This approach realizes a conceptually novel methodology for aryl benzyl sulfone synthesis under a decarboxylative reductive progress.
Stable Dioxin‐Linked Metallophthalocyanine Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) as Photo‐Coupled Electrocatalysts for CO2Reduction
Authors: Lu Meng , Zhang Mi , Liu Chun‐Guang , Liu Jiang , Shang Lin‐Jie , Wang Min , Chang Jia‐Nan , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: November 2020

In this work, we rationally designed a series of crystalline and stable dioxin‐linked metallophthalocyanine covalent organic frameworks (COFs; MPc‐TFPN COF, M=Ni, Co, Zn) under the guidance of reticular chemistry. As a novel single‐site catalysts (SSCs), NiPc/CoPc‐TFPN COF exhibited outstanding activity and selectivity for electrocatalytic CO2reduction (ECR; Faradaic efficiency of CO (FECO)=99.8(±1.24) %/ 96.1(±1.25) % for NiPc/CoPc‐TFPN COF). More importantly, when coupled with light, the FECOand current density (jCO) were further improved across the applied potential range (−0.6 to −1.2 V vs. RHE) compared to the dark environment for NiPc‐TFPN COF (jCOincreased from 14.1 to 17.5 A g−1at −0.9 V; FECOreached up to ca. 100 % at −0.8 to −0.9 V). Furthermore, an in‐depth mechanism study was established by density functional theory (DFT) simulation and experimental characterization. For the first time, this work explored the application of COFs as photo‐coupled electrocatalysts to improve ECR efficiency, which showed the potential of using light‐sensitive COFs in the field of electrocatalysis.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition between Dehydroalanines and C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines: Application to Late‐Stage Peptide Modification
Authors: Bao Guangjun , Wang Peng , Li Guofeng , Yu Changjun , Li Yiping , Liu Yuyang , He Zeyuan , Zhao Tiantian , Rao Jing , Xie Junqiu , Hong Liang , Sun Wangsheng , Wang Rui
Published: November 2020

A non‐catalytic, mild, and easy‐to‐handle protecting group switched 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (1,3‐DC) between bi‐ or mono‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, which afford various quaternary amino acids with diverse scaffolds, is disclosed. Specifically, normal‐electron‐demand 1,3‐DC reaction occurs between bi‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, while inverse‐electron‐demand 1,3‐DC reaction occurs between mono‐N‐protected Dha and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines. Above all, the reactions can be carried out between peptides with Dha residues at the position of interest and C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines, both in homogeneous phase and on resins in SPPS. It provides a new toolkit for late‐stage peptide modification, labeling, and peptide–drug conjugation. To shed light on the high regioselectivity of the reaction, DFT calculations were carried out, which were qualitatively consistent with the experimental observations.
Photoresponsive Prion‐Mimic Foldamer to Induce Controlled Protein Aggregation
Authors: Marafon Giulia , Crisma Marco , Masato Anna , Plotegher Nicoletta , Bubacco Luigi , Moretto Alessandro
Published: November 2020

Proteins reconfigure their 3D‐structure, and consequently their function, under the control of specific molecular interactions that sense, process and transmit information from the surrounding environment. When this fundamental process is hampered, many pathologies occur as in the case of protein misfolding diseases. In this work, we follow the early steps of α‐synuclein (aS) aggregation, a process associated with Parkinson's disease etiopathogenesis, that is promptly promoted by a light‐mediated binding between the protein and a photoactive foldamer. The latter can switch between two conformations, one of which generates supramolecular fibrillar seeds that act as molecular templates able to induce a fast β‐sheet transition for aS monomers that successively undergo fibrillar polymerization. The proposed method represents a powerful tool to study protein aggregation relevant to misfolding diseases in a controlled and inducible system.
Porphyrinic Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for PET‐RAFT Polymerization and Stereolithography
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Shi Xiaobing , Zhang Zhiheng , Kuchel Rhiannon P , Namivandi‐Zangeneh Rashin , Corrigan Nathaniel , Jung Kenward , Liang Kang , Boyer Cyrille
Published: November 2020

In this study, porphyrinic zirconium (Zr) MOFs were investigated as heterogeneous photocatalysts for photoinduced electron transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (PET‐RAFT) polymerization of various monomers under a broad range of wavelengths, producing polymers with high monomer conversions, narrow molecular weight distributions, low dispersity and good chain‐end fidelity. Screening of various porphyrinic Zr‐MOFs (Zn) containing Zn‐metalled porphyrinic ligands demonstrated that MOF‐525 (Zn) with the smallest size had the best photocatalytic activity in PET‐RAFT polymerization, due to enhanced dispersion and light penetration. Oxygen tolerance and temporal control were also demonstrated during MOF catalysed PET‐RAFT. Results suggested that the polymerization rates were significantly affected by changing the size and surface area of MOFs, and the heterogeneous MOF photocatalysts could be easily separated and recycled for up to five independent PET‐RAFT polymerizations without an obvious decrease in efficiency. Finally, the MOF photocatalysts were utilized to create three‐dimensional polymeric objects with high resolution via visible light mediated stereolithography in an open‐air environment.
Return to sender: The influence of larval behaviour on the distribution and settlement of the European oyster Ostrea edulis
Authors: Rodriguez‐Perez Ana , Sanderson William G. , Møller Lene Friis , Henry Theodore B. , James Mark
Published: November 2020

Benthic marine invertebrates, such as oysters, rely on larval recruitment for their populations to persist. This can be by self‐recruitment to the natal population or recruitment from geographically distant populations.

Marine invertebrate larvae are increasingly understood to influence their dispersal through vertical migrations, based on a combination of responses to external cues and the larvae's ontogenetic stage.

This study examined the larval behaviour of the European oyster Ostrea edulis in laboratory experiments. The aim was to establish if larvae show systematic behaviour that could affect dispersal. Vertical distribution, swimming speeds, and behaviour of O. edulis larvae were quantified throughout their ontogenetic development, and under scenarios of light/dark, food/no food, and two temperatures.

Most O. edulis larvae concentrated at the bottom of the aquarium, independent of developmental stage or treatment, and consistently over time. Larvae behaved actively in ~50% of all bottom observations, indicating a behavioural function other than resting. At the surface, larvae frequently formed aggregations. In the water column, larvae swam with high vertical directionality and their distribution was homogenous. Swimming speeds ranged from 0.001 to 9.07 mm s−1.

Advection close to the seabed is slower than in any other part of the water column. The demersal preference of O. edulis may be targeted towards increasing the likelihood of self‐recruitment, which is consistent with the larvae's preference to settle in the presence of conspecifics. Stronger hydrodynamic environments are likely to override the larvae's demersal behaviour. It is recommended to restore European oyster beds at sufficient scale, density, and rugosity to promote retention of larvae within the natal population and minimize larval loss and mortality, as well as to account for the observed behaviours in networks of restoration sites.
Utilization of Unsymmetric Diaryliodonium Salts in α‐Arylation of α‐Fluoroacetoacetamides
Authors: Zaheer Mohd Khalid , Vaishanv Narendra Kumar , Kant Ruchir , Mohanan Kishor
Published: November 2020

The use of unsymmetric diaryliodonium salts as a versatile class of arylating agents has been demonstrated by developing a novel strategy to quickly access α‐arylated α‐fluoroacetoacetamides. The protocol provides a convenient metal‐free method for the α‐arylation of a diverse class of fluorinated acetoacetamides, and the products are obtained in good yields. The strategy, upon use of electron‐deficient diaryliodonium salts as an arylating agent, provides α‐fluoroacetamides through a spontaneous arylation/deacylation cascade.
Combining technology with liquid‐formulated lipases for in‐spec biodiesel production
Authors: Bhatt Chinmayi , Nielsen Per Munk , Rancke‐Madsen Anders , Woodley John M.
Published: November 2020

Enzymatic biodiesel production has been at the forefront of biofuels research in recent decades because of the significant environmental advantages it offers, while having the potential to be as effective as conventional chemically catalyzed biodiesel production. However, the higher capital cost, longer reaction time, and sensitivity of enzyme processes have restricted their widespread industrial adoption so far. It is also posited that the lack of research to bring the biodiesel product into final specification has scuppered industrial confidence in the viability of the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the vast majority of literature has focused on the development of immobilized enzyme processes, which seem too costly (and risky) to be used industrially. There has been little focus on liquid lipase formulations such as the Eversa Transform 2.0, which is in fact already used commercially for triglyceride transesterification. It is the objective of this review to highlight new research that focuses on bringing enzymatically produced biodiesel into specification via a liquid lipase polishing process, and the process considerations that come with it.
Comparison of physicochemical properties and economic gain from three‐stage and two‐stage sequential valorization of mango peels
Authors: Mugwagwa Lindleen R. , Chimphango Annie F.A.
Published: November 2020

Three‐stage sequential extraction of anthocyanins, polyphenols, and pectin has the potential to enhance the product's functional properties and the economic value of mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels beyond the two‐stage processes (anthocyanin‐pectin and polyphenol‐pectin). A three‐stage process was developed by incorporating a polyphenol extraction stage in a sequential process where anthocyanins and pectin were co‐extracts. Anthocyanins were extracted first (80% ethanol (EC)/2% acetic acid/25 °C/1 h), generating a residue from which polyphenols were extracted (65–85% EC/20–80 min/70 °C), based on a full factorial statistical experiment. Pectin was subsequently extracted from the second‐stage residues (0.25% ammonium oxalate / oxalic acid / 85 °C / 1 h). The economic benefits (net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP), product minimum selling price (PMSP) of the three‐stage sequential process (anthocyanin, polyphenol, and pectin) and the two‐stage processes (anthocyanin‐pectin and polyphenol‐pectin) were evaluated over a plant life of 25 years. Polyphenols and pectin from the three‐stage process had >65% higher antioxidant capacity and up to 10.4% higher purity, respectively, when compared with those from the two‐stage processes. There is also more economic gain from the three‐stage process (NPV −$4 31 285, PBP −3 years, PMSP < $10/kg) than the anthocyanin‐pectin process (NPV −$3 76 917, PBP −3.22 years, PMSP < $10/kg) and the polyphenol‐pectin process (NPV −$235 599, PBP −4.29 years, PMSP < $30/kg). Thus, three‐stage sequential extraction is an economic process, which enables the recovery of three value‐added food ingredients with improved functional properties from mango peels.© 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Resonance Rayleigh scattering and spectrofluorimetric approaches for the selective determination of rupatadine using erythrosin B as a probe: application to content uniformity test
Authors: Almahri Albandary , Abdel‐Lateef Mohamed A. , Samir Ebtihal , Derayea Sayed M. , El Hamd Mohamed A.
Published: November 2020

In this study, spectrofluorimetric and resonance Rayleigh scattering techniques were applied for the first time for determination of rupatadine through two validated methods. The proposed methods were based on a facile association complex formation between rupatadine and erythrosin B reagent in acidic medium. Spectrofluorimetric determination relied on the quenching effect of rupatadine on the fluorescence intensity of erythrosin B at 556 nm (excitation = 530 nm). Conversely, the resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) method relied on enhancement in the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectrum of erythrosin B at 344 nm after the addition of rupatadine. The developed methods produced linear results over ranges 0.15−2.0 μg/ml and 0.1−1.5 μg/ml, with detection limits of 0.030 μg/ml and 0.018 μg/ml for the spectrofluorimetric method and the RRS method, respectively. All reaction conditions for rupatadine–erythrosin B formation were optimized experimentally and both methods were validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines. The developed methods were applied to estimate rupatadine content in its pharmaceutical tablet dosage form with acceptable recoveries. Furthermore, a content uniformity test for the commercial rupatadine tablets was successfully applied by the suggested spectroscopic methods according to United States Pharmacopeia guidelines.
A fluorometric and colorimetric approach for the rapid detection of berberine hydrochloride based on an anionic polythiophene derivative
Authors: Gao Xiao , Guo Mingwei , Liu Ming , Zhang Li , Yao Zhiyi
Published: November 2020

In this report, we develop a dual‐output sensor with fluorometric and colorimetric responses, for the rapid and simple detection of berberine hydrochloride (BRH) in 100% aqueous solution based on an anionic polythiophene derivative, poly(2‐(2‐(4‐methylthiophen‐3‐yloxy)‐ethyl) malonic acid) (PTMA). The sensing performance and mechanism were carefully examined by absorption and emission spectra. It can be applied to quantitatively detect BRH in aqueous solution with a detection limit 0.27 μM. The appealing performance of the sensor was demonstrated to originate from the electrostatic and π–π interactions between PTMA and BRH, which promoted the conformational change and aggregation of the PTMA backbone. Moreover, this method allowed rapid detection of BRH in urine samples and BRH tablets with high accuracy.
Autism and severe clinical phenotype in a patient with 8p21.2p11.21 deletion: Case report and literature review
Authors: Arghir Aurora , Papuc Sorina Mihaela , Tutulan‐Cunita Andreea‐Cristina , Erbescu Alina , Loddo Sara , Genovese Silvia , Ciocca Laura , Goldoni Marina , Piscopo Carmelo , Bernardini Laura , Novelli Antonio , Budisteanu Magdalena
Published: November 2020

Interstitial 8p deletions were previously described, in literature and databases, in approximately 30 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. We report on a novel patient with a 8p21.2p11.21 deletion presenting a clinical phenotype that includes severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, epilepsy, and autism, the latter having been rarely associated with this genetic defect.
Assessing Methodologies to Synthesize α‐Sulfenylated Carbonyl Compounds by Green Chemistry Metrics
Authors: Margalef Jèssica , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: November 2020

α‐Sulfenylated carbonyl compounds are important both as active pharmaceutical ingredients and as intermediates in organic synthesis. Owing to their relevance in synthetic organic chemistry, this Minireview focuses on assessing the most relevant synthetic procedures based on green chemistry metrics. The Minireview starts with the traditional routes and then focuses on more recently developed methodologies. These routes include sulfenylating reagents using organocatalysis, cross‐dehydrogenative couplings using in situ halogenations to prevent reactive intermediates in high concentrations, oxidative couplings using terminal oxidants such as DDQ or TEMPO, and redox‐neutral couplings using transition metal catalysis. These methodologies have been evaluated on the basis of atom economy, E factor, and the safety and toxicity of the transformations and the solvents used. Besides using green metrics to evaluate these novel methodologies, the synthetic utility is also assessed with regard to the availability of starting materials and the generality of the reactions. This Minireview aims to inspire researchers to apply green assessments to other methodologies and also for them to take measures to increase the greenness of their developed transformations.
Coupling between tolerance and resistance for two related Eimeria parasite species
Authors: Balard Alice , Jarquín‐Díaz Víctor Hugo , Jost Jenny , Mittné Vivian , Böhning Francisca , Ďureje Ľudovít , Piálek Jaroslav , Heitlinger Emanuel
Published: November 2020

Resistance (host capacity to reduce parasite burden) and tolerance (host capacity to reduce impact on its health for a given parasite burden) manifest two different lines of defense. Tolerance can be independent from resistance, traded off against it, or the two can be positively correlated because of redundancy in underlying (immune) processes. We here tested whether this coupling between tolerance and resistance could differ upon infection with closely related parasite species. We tested this in experimental infections with two parasite species of the genus Eimeria. We measured proxies for resistance (the (inverse of) number of parasite transmission stages (oocysts) per gram of feces at the day of maximal shedding) and tolerance (the slope of maximum relative weight loss compared to day of infection on number of oocysts per gram of feces at the day of maximal shedding for each host strain) in four inbred mouse strains and four groups of F1 hybrids belonging to two mouse subspecies, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus. We found a negative correlation between resistance and tolerance against Eimeria falciformis, while the two are uncoupled against Eimeria ferrisi. We conclude that resistance and tolerance against the first parasite species might be traded off, but evolve more independently in different mouse genotypes against the latter. We argue that evolution of the host immune defenses can be studied largely irrespective of parasite isolates if resistance–tolerance coupling is absent or weak (E. ferrisi) but host–parasite coevolution is more likely observable and best studied in a system with negatively correlated tolerance and resistance (E. falciformis).
Asymmetric Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylated α‐Amino Acids through Generated Radicals Using a Chiral Ni(II) Complex
Authors: Stoletova Nadezhda V. , Moshchenkov Andrey D. , Smol'yakov Alexander F. , Gugkaeva Zalina T. , Maleev Victor I. , Katayev Dmitry , Larionov Vladimir A.
Published: November 2020

Perfluoroalkylated α‐amino acids (PFAAs) are a unique class of compounds for biochemistry and pharmaceutical science. In this context, we report the successful intermolecular coupling of the Belokon’s chiral dehydroalanine Ni(II) complex with a variety of perfluoroalkyl iodides. A 4‐cyanopyridine/B2Pin2 catalytic system generates perfluoroalkyl radicals, which after trapping by the ligand sphere of a chiral Ni(II) complex provide the diastereomeric complexes with up to >20 : 1 dr (seven examples). The obtained major (S,S)‐diastereomers were easily isolated by simple silica column chromatography in 33–54 % yields. The perfluoroalkylated α‐AA was subsequently released from the obtained Ni(II) complex through aqueous HCl treatment. The chiral auxiliary ligand ((S)‐BPB=(S)‐2‐(N‐benzylprolyl)aminobenzophenone) can be easily recycled after the acidic complex decomposition and reused for the synthesis of the starting dehydroalanine Ni(II) complex.
A Delphi study to prioritize genetic counseling outcomes: What matters most
Authors: Redlinger‐Grosse Krista , MacFarlane Ian M. , Cragun Deborah , Zierhut Heather
Published: November 2020

Research on genetic counseling outcomes has examined a range of metrics many that differ in quality and extent of psychometric assessment and in some cases fail to encompass potential benefits of genetic counseling for patients. Although a variety of possible outcomes have been explored, selecting the most important or relevant outcomes and identifying well‐validated measures remain challenging. An online, modified Delphi method was used to prioritize genetic counseling outcomes from the viewpoint of individuals from four stakeholder groups – clinical genetic counselors, outcome researchers, genetic counseling training directors, and genetic counseling consumers/advocates. A survey of 181 genetic counseling outcomes were rated based on perceived importance and then sorted and categorized using the Framework for Outcomes of Clinical Communication Services in Genetic Counseling (FOCUS‐GC) framework. Three of the FOCUS‐GC domains (Process, Patient Care Experience, and Patient Changes) were assessed as most important, while none of the most highly rated outcomes fell into the domains of Patient Health or Family Changes. The majority of outcomes deemed most important by stakeholder groups were within the process domain. When looking at the proportion of outcomes that overlapped with the consumer group, clinical genetic counselors had the highest degree of similarity with consumers when looking at the high relative importance band outcomes (61.1% overlap), followed by training directors (58.3%), and outcome researchers (41.7%). Variability in importance according to stakeholder groups was an important consideration and prioritizing outcomes was challenging given that the majority of outcomes were rated as important. Working to bridge the realities of clinical care and fundamental differences in the viewpoints and priorities of genetic counseling research directions is an area for future exploration.
Determinants of long‐term function and general well‐being in patients with an ileoanal pouch
Authors: Khera Angela J , Chase Janet W , Salzberg Michael , Thompson Alexander J V , Woods Rodney J , Wilson‐O'Brien Amy , Kamm Michael A
Published: November 2020

Background and aim

Fecal incontinence and/or evacuation difficulty are common after ileoanal pouch surgery. This study aimed to determine whether the development of these symptoms can be predicted so that preventive measures might be instituted.

Methods

A consecutive series of 46 patients with ulcerative colitis (median age at surgery, 41 years; 50% female) and a functioning pouch for a duration ≥12 months was included. Assessment utilized medical record review and questionnaires on pre‐ and postoperative bowel function, quality of life, and psychological well‐being. Pouch function was assessed by the Colorectal Functional Outcome score (0 = no impairment, 100 = worst impairment). Good pouch function was defined as a score ≤24.

Results

Fecal incontinence occurred in 67% preoperatively and 54% postoperatively; evacuation difficulty occurred in 65% and preoperatively and 85% postoperatively. The postoperative median Colorectal Functional Outcome score was 20 (range 2–74), with 44% of patients >24 (poor pouch function). Preoperative nocturnal fecal incontinence (odds ratio [OR] 4.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–19.4, P = 0.02) and pouchitis (OR 5.41, 95% CI 1.2–23.7, P = 0.02) were associated with poor pouch function after multivariable regression analysis. Postoperative satisfaction, psychological well‐being, and quality of life were significantly better in those with good pouch function, while poor sleep, impaired work, and sexual dysfunction were independently associated with poor pouch function.

Conclusions

Functional bowel symptoms are common before and after pouch surgery and are associated with the impairment of patient‐reported outcomes. Preoperative nocturnal fecal incontinence predicts poor pouch function. Therapeutic focus on continence, bowel evacuation, psychological well‐being, and quality of life should begin before surgery.
HCN channels in the mammalian cochlea: Expression pattern, subcellular location, and age‐dependent changes
Authors: Luque Maria , Schrott‐Fischer Anneliese , Dudas Jozsef , Pechriggl Elisabeth , Brenner Erich , Rask‐Andersen Helge , Liu Wei , Glueckert Rudolf
Published: November 2020

Neuronal diversity in the cochlea is largely determined by ion channels. Among voltage‐gated channels, hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels open with hyperpolarization and depolarize the cell until the resting membrane potential. The functions for hearing are not well elucidated and knowledge about localization is controversial. We created a detailed map of subcellular location and co‐expression of all four HCN subunits across different mammalian species including CBA/J, C57Bl/6N, Ly5.1 mice, guinea pigs, cats, and human subjects. We correlated age‐related hearing deterioration in CBA/J and C57Bl/6N with expression levels of HCN1, −2, and −4 in individual auditory neurons from the same cohort. Spatiotemporal expression during murine postnatal development exposed HCN2 and HCN4 involvement in a critical phase of hair cell innervation. The huge diversity of subunit composition, but lack of relevant heteromeric pairing along the perisomatic membrane and axon initial segments, highlighted an active role for auditory neurons. Neuron clusters were found to be the hot spots of HCN1, −2, and −4 immunostaining. HCN channels were also located in afferent and efferent fibers of the sensory epithelium. Age‐related changes on HCN subtype expression were not uniform among mice and could not be directly correlated with audiometric data. The oldest mice groups revealed HCN channel up‐ or downregulation, depending on the mouse strain. The unexpected involvement of HCN channels in outer hair cell function where HCN3 overlaps prestin location emphasized the importance for auditory function. A better understanding may open up new possibilities to tune neuronal responses evoked through electrical stimulation by cochlear implants.
Mechanistic Considerations of Efficient Esterification of Starch with Propionic Anhydride/Lauric Acid in the Green Solvent Imidazole
Authors: Blohm Sascha , Heinze Thomas
Published: November 2020

Starch esters have become increasingly attractive as sustainable materials. Instead of carboxylic acid chlorides, mixtures of carboxylic acid anhydrides and carboxylic acids are used to synthesize highly substituted starch esters efficiently applying the new starch solvent imidazole. The reaction is a promising alternative to the existing protocols and leads to thermoplastic mixed starch esters. The mechanism for the reaction path is elucidated by the conversion of starch with propionic anhydride/lauric acid in molten imidazole and various model reactions applying Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopic measurements. Mixed starch esters are obtained bearing not only propionate groups introduced by the reactive anhydride but also moieties originating from the lauric acid. The propionic anhydride is shown to react with imidazole to form the corresponding imidazolide. Moreover, the imidazolide is in equilibrium with the lauric acid to form the corresponding imidazolide as well.
An inverse problem for Voronoi diagrams: A simplified model of non‐destructive testing with ultrasonic arrays
Authors: Bourne David P. , Mulholland Anthony J. , Sahu Smita , Tant Katherine M. M.
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we study the inverse problem of recovering the spatially varying material properties of a solid polycrystalline object from ultrasonic travel time measurements taken between pairs of points lying on the domain boundary. We consider a medium of constant density in which the orientation of the material's lattice structure varies in a piecewise constant manner, generating locally anisotropic regions in which the wave speed varies according to the incident wave direction and the material's known slowness curve. This particular problem is inspired by current challenges faced by the ultrasonic non‐destructive testing of polycrystalline solids. We model the geometry of the material using Voronoi tessellations and study two simplified inverse problems where we ignore wave refraction. In the first problem, the Voronoi geometry itself and the orientations associated to each region are unknowns. We solve this nonsmooth, nonconvex optimisation problem using a multistart non‐linear least squares method. Good reconstructions are achieved, but the method is shown to be sensitive to the addition of noise. The second problem considers the reconstruction of the orientations on a fixed square mesh. This is a smooth optimisation problem but with a much larger number of degrees of freedom. We prove that the orientations can be determined uniquely given enough boundary measurements and provide a numerical method that is more stable with respect to the addition of noise.
15N‐carnitine, a novel endogenous hyperpolarized MRI probe with long signal lifetime
Authors: von Morze Cornelius , Engelbach John A. , Reed Galen D. , Chen Albert P. , Quirk James D. , Blazey Tyler , Mahar Rohit , Malloy Craig R. , Garbow Joel R. , Merritt Matthew E.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate hyperpolarization and in vivo imaging of [15N]carnitine, a novel endogenous MRI probe with long signal lifetime.

Methods

L‐[15N]carnitine‐d9 was hyperpolarized by the method of dynamic nuclear polarization followed by rapid dissolution. The T1 signal lifetimes were estimated in aqueous solution and in vivo following intravenous injection in rats, using a custom‐built dual‐tuned 15N/1H RF coil at 4.7 T. 15N chemical shift imaging and 15N fast spin‐echo images of rat abdomen were acquired 3 minutes after [15N]carnitine injection.

Results

Estimated T1 times of [15N]carnitine at 4.7 T were 210 seconds (in H2O) and 160 seconds (in vivo), with an estimated polarization level of 10%. Remarkably, the [15N]carnitine coherence was detectable in rat abdomen for 5 minutes after injection for the nonlocalized acquisition. No downstream metabolites were detected on localized or nonlocalized 15N spectra. Diffuse liver enhancement was detected on 15N fast spin‐echo imaging 3 minutes after injection, with mean hepatic SNR of 18 ± 5 at a spatial resolution of 4 × 4 mm.

Conclusion

This study showed the feasibility of hyperpolarizing and imaging the biodistribution of HP [15N]carnitine.
Delayed urea differential enhancement CEST (dudeCEST)‐MRI with T1 correction for monitoring renal urea handling
Authors: Shin Soo Hyun , Wendland Michael F. , Vandsburger Moriel H.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

We demonstrate a method of delayed urea differential enhancement CEST for probing urea recycling action of the kidney using expanded multi‐pool Lorentzian fitting and apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation compensation.

Methods

T1 correction of urea CEST contrast by apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation was tested in phantoms. Nine mice were scanned at 7 Tesla following intraperitoneal injection of 2M 150 μL urea, and later saline. T1 maps and Z‐spectra were acquired before and 20 and 40 min postinjection. Z‐spectra were fit to a 7‐pool Lorentzian model for CEST quantification and compared to urea assay of kidney homogenate. Renal injury was induced by aristolochic acid in 7 mice, and the same scan protocol was performed.

Results

Apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation corrected for variable T1 times in phantoms. Urea CEST contrast at +1 ppm increased significantly at both time points following urea injection in the inner medulla and papilla. When normalizing the postinjection urea CEST contrast to the corresponding baseline value, both urea and saline injection resulted in identical fold changes in urea CEST contrast. Urea assay of kidney homogenate showed a significant correlation to both apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation (R2 = 0.4687, P = .0017) and non–T1‐corrected Lorentzian amplitudes (R2 = 0.4964, P = .0011). Renal injury resulted in increased T1 time in the cortex and reduced CEST contrast change upon urea and saline infusion.

Conclusion

Delayed urea enhancement following infusion can provide insight into renal urea handling. In addition, changes in CEST contrast at 1.0 ppm following saline infusion may provide insight into renal function.
The taphonomy of medium‐sized grouse in food remains of the northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis, compared with damage done by man and other predators
Authors: Wertz Krzysztof , Tornberg Risto , Bochenski Zbigniew M.
Published: November 2020

This study describes bone damage of medium‐sized grouse (Lyrurus tetrix and Lagopus spp.) in food remains of the northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis and compares it to damage done by other birds of prey and humans. In general, the ‘signature’ left on the bones by the goshawk is similar to those of other diurnal birds of prey, but it differs from human‐derived damage and from owl pellets. These differences are visible in bone preservation, fragmentation and perforation. This study is the first to describe the characteristic damage to the sternum and coracoid that is probably typical of other raptors as well. Reliable analysis of zooarchaeological materials requires not only correct identification to the species but also determining where the bones came from at a given site. Bird bones from open‐air archaeological sites may contain food remains of the goshawk, whose habitat is forests in the vicinity of open areas. This study will assist in determining the factor(s) responsible for the accumulation of zooarchaeological materials.
Modeling aortic diseases using induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Zhu Kai , Ma Wenrui , Li Jun , Zhang Yu Shrike , Zhang Weijia , Lai Hao , Wang Chunsheng
Published: November 2020

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an effective platform for studies of human physiology and have revealed new possibilities for disease modeling at the cellular level. These cells also have the potential to be leveraged in the practice of precision medicine, including personalized drug testing. Aortic diseases result in significant morbidity and mortality and pose a global burden to healthcare. Their pathogenesis is mostly associated with functional alterations of vascular components, such as endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Drugs that have been proven to be effective in animal models often fail to protect patients from adverse aortic events in clinical studies, provoking researchers to develop reliable in vitro models using human cells. In this review, we summarize the patient iPSC-derived aortic cells that have been utilized to model aortic diseases in vitro. In advanced models, hemodynamic factors, such as blood flow-induced shear stress and cyclic strain, have been added to the systems to replicate cellular microenvironments in the aortic wall. Examples of the utility of such factors in modeling various aortopathies, such as Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and bicuspid aortic valve-related aortopathy, are also described. Overall, the iPSC-based in vitro cell models have shown the potential to promote the development and practice of precision medicine in the treatment of aortic diseases.
The state of individual layers and interfaces in multilayer nanostructures [(Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66/ZnO/C]46
Authors: Yurakov Yury A. , Peshkov Yaroslav A. , Ivkov Sergey A. , Kannykin Sergey V. , Sitnikov Alexander V. , Domashevskaya Evelina P.
Published: November 2020

The multilayer nanostructures have drawn attention in fields from spintronics to microwave electronics. The purpose of this work was to determine the composition of individual layers and to control interfaces in three‐layer superstructures [(Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66/ZnO/C]46 by means of X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray reflectivity. The samples with different thicknesses of metal‐containing composite layers together with zinc oxide and carbon interlayers were deposited on the glass substrate by ion‐beam sputtering of three targets, one of which was a composite (Co40Fe40B20)34(SiO2)66. X‐ray diffraction results showed the X‐ray amorphous state of the ferromagnetic metal clusters CoFeB, the dielectric matrix of silicon oxide SiO2, and carbon interlayers. However, the intermediate layers of the zinc oxide ZnO were found to have a nanocrystalline structure. The X‐ray reflectivity measurements indicate a good agreement between the experimental and nominal values of both the periods of three‐layer superstructures and the thicknesses of metal‐containing composite layers and interlayers.
Formal reasoning of knowledge in systems engineering through epistemic modal logic
Authors: Kannan Hanumanthrao
Published: November 2020

Large‐scale systems engineering projects consist of hundreds to thousands of agents (stakeholders, managers, designers, etc.) spread across the organizational hierarchy. Each of these agents possesses knowledge in some form or the other, be it the knowledge of stakeholder needs, domain‐specific knowledge, knowledge of rules and regulations, knowledge gained from experience on previous projects, etc. It is important to formally represent this knowledge possessed by various agents in the systems engineering lifecycle, as this will enable knowledge reuse, reasoning capabilities, inferring new knowledge, and mitigate misinterpretation of knowledge as prevalent in document‐centric approaches. Such a formal representation will also help alleviate some of the challenges posed by the current document‐centric approaches concerning project delays and cost overruns in the development of large‐scale systems. This paper focuses on formally representing knowledge that exists in various phases of the systems engineering lifecycle by leveraging epistemic modal logic. Descriptive examples are used to demonstrate the practical reasoning capabilities of such a formal representation of knowledge in systems engineering projects.
Gamma irradiation‐induced modifications in the structural, thermal, and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol‐polyethylene glycol/cobalt oxide nanocomposite films
Authors: Alhazime Ali A. , Barakat Mai M. ME. , Benthami Kaoutar , Nouh Samir A.
Published: November 2020

Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are highly consistent dispersed into the blend polymers rather than other NPs. Also, the ability of polyvinyl alcohol‐polyethylene glycol (PVA‐PEG) to form homogenous blend attained it essential characteristics that allow it to be suitable candidate for numerous industrial applications. Thus in the present work, Co3O4 nano‐oxide, was synthesized by the sol‐gel procedure and PVA‐PEG/Co3O4 nanocomposite NCP films were synthesized by the casting technique. Samples from the synthesized NCP were exposed to γ doses between 20 and 230 kGy. The induced alterations in the synthesized NCP due to gamma irradiation have been illustrated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV spectroscopes. Further, Color divergence between the blank and the irradiated films has been estimated. Gamma doses between 60 and 230 kGy lead to the prevalence of intermolecular crosslinking, which enhances the disordered phase. This is reflected in a rise in the degradation temperature values from 225°C to 236°C indicating an improvement in the thermostability of the NCP samples. Moreover, the γ‐radiation induces defects that split the ordered portion, reducing Tm from 238°C to 229°C. In addition, the band gap decreases from 5.24 to 4.61 eV with increasing the γ doses to 230 kGy, signifying disorder character. Finally, the NCP samples showed a color change by γ radiation, as ΔE raised with increasing dose. The resultant improvements in the optical properties of the NCP samples allow it to be used in optoelectronic and dosimetric applications.
Guardians of Public Value: How Public Organizations Become and Remain Institutions
Authors: Boin Arjen , Fahy Lauren A. , ‘t Hart Paul
Published: November 2020

It’s an institution—a phrase we have all come across or may have used. We intuitively understand what it means. There is something special, perhaps mythical, about them. We value these institutions. We may even find it hard to imagine a life without some of these institutions. In this chapter, we offer a definition of institutions and introduce our theoretical framework (based on the work of Philip Selznick). We introduce the case studies in this book and identify patterns of institution building.