bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Expression of Moodstates
Authors: Terwogt Mark Meerum , Van Grinsven Flora
Published: March 2007

Three different age groups (5- and 10-year-old children, and adults) were asked to link a number of selected excerpts of music to one of the four moodstates: "happiness", "sadness", "fear" and "anger" (represented by facial expressions). The consensus of choices was considerable, even among the youngest children, and increased with age. Fear and anger were harder to identify in music than happiness and sadness. In the case of anger, this is probably caused by the phenomenon that the subjects (especially the youngest children) were often inclined to answer not by identifying the character of the stimulus, but in terms of the character of their response: fear. In a preliminary experiment in which a group of adult subjects was asked to judge a large number of moodstates for their possible expression in music, we found some indications that music expresses the positive-negative value and the degree of activity of a moodstate particularly well. The position of happiness, sadness and anger on those dimensions is quite clear. Fear is probably harder to express by music since its position on the activity dimension is less well-defined.

"Music is, by its very nature, essentially powerless to express anything at all, whether a feeling, an attitude of mind, a psychological mood, a phenomenon of nature.... "(Stravinsky, 1936)

"People usually complain that music is so ambiguous; that it is so doubtful what they ought to think when they hear it; whereas everyone understands words. With me it is entirely the converse.... The thoughts which are expressed to me by a piece of music which I love are not too undefinite to be put in words, but on the contrary too definite. "(Mendelssohn, 1842)
Mode Discrimination Abilities of Pre-School Children
Authors: Costa-Giomi Eugenia
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to investigate young children's ability to perceive mode changes in music and to identify major and minor stimuli. Children received short training in the use of the words "major" and "minor" and their application to music. In the post-test, subjects listened to a children's song which presented eight mode changes. They were asked to (1) clap (Pilot Study) or move (Main Study) when they heard a change in the music, and (2) label the major and minor fragments of the song. Results of the Pilot Study showed that kindergarten children (5-year-olds) identified mode changes more accurately than pre-school children (4-year-olds) and were able to perceive more than half of the mode changes when using the terms "major" and "minor". Song familiarity did not affect children's performance in thd test. The Main Study corroborated kindergarten children's ability to perceive mode changes. It also showed that children were able to express their perception better through verbal than non-verbal responses.
Cognitive, Musical and Environmental Correlates of Early Music Instruction
Authors: Orsmond Gael I. , Miller Leon K.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of early music instruction on music perception skills as well as specific areas of cognitive development (non-verbal/spatial abilities). Participants were 29 children enrolled in beginning music instruction, and 29 children matched in age and gender attending preschool, without formal music lessons. The children were assessed on a music perception task (melody recognition) and a variety of cognitive measures (receptive vocabulary, visual-motor integration, an embedded figures task, and puzzles), prior to beginning music instruction and four months later. The results indicated that preschool children taking music lessons may be a select group; they were more likely to have previous musical experience and additional extra-curricular activities. After four months of music lessons, children in the music group showed the greatest improvement on the music task. A transfer effect was observed primarily for visual-motor skills, with the music group improving significantly on the visual-motor integration task. The findings are discussed as relevant to previous research. Implications for music education are also discussed.
Discussing Text-Melody Relationship in Children's Song-Learning and Singing: A Cantonese-Speaking Perspective
Authors: Chen-Hafteck Lily
Published: March 2007

Past music education research has indicated that words are of high significance in children's song acquisition. As some children learn words first, belief has come about that words are a distraction to children's learning of melodies in songs. This in turn has led to the implication that words and tunes should be taught separately. However, the existing research findings are inconsistent, and have not been thoroughly tested outside of Western culture. Furthermore, some psychological research has suggested that text and melody in songs are integrated in memory. Bearing these factors in mind, the present article reviews and explores the nature of text-melody relationship of songs in children's minds within various cultural contexts, especially considering Cantonese-speaking children. An integration hypothesis is proposed to explain children's cognitive processes involved in song-learning and recall. It is argued that the text-melody integration occurs, but involves specific levels: children's linguistic and musical abilities (the internal potential), the songs (the external stimuli) and children's cognitive strategies (the internal response); and that it exists in different degrees under the influence of age, sex and native language.
When Systems are Overthrown
Authors: Winskel Mark
Published: March 2007

The privatization of the British electricity supply industry (ESI) in the late 1980s and early 1990s was associated with a transformation in electricity generation technology. In a sudden and unexpected `dash for gas', previously unused combined cycle gas turbine plant was adopted for all new large power stations. Gas turbine technology, politically and institutionally excluded from the industry before privatization, gained ascendancy due to the coincidence and interaction of ESI liberalization with lower fuel prices and greater availability, improved turbine performance, pollution abatement legislation, and the manifestation of institutional tensions accumulated under nationalization.

An earlier paper found that the demise of established generation technology, particularly the British nuclear power programme, exposed the inadequacies of autonomistic and deterministic notions of technological change. The present paper considers the value of a more subtle framework - Hughes' sociotechnical systems model - for analysing the rise of gas turbines in the British ESI. The systems perspective enables the dash for gas to be understood, rather than as a result of technical and economic imperatives, or structural and regulatory reform, as a contingent and largely unplanned outcome of the interplay of previously excluded international forces with latent local interests, mediated by policymaking expediency. Liberalization swiftly led to the replacement of centralized system building with fragmented `postmodern' change.
Differences in Impact of Scientific Publications: Some Indices Derived from a Citation Analysis
Authors: Dieks Dennis , Chang Hans
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model is introduced which describes citing as a probabilistic process, while taking into account that in general the probability for a paper to be cited decreases with age. With the aid of the model it is possible to ascertain what differences in numbers of citations are to be considered statistically significant (i.e. not due to mere chance). Significant differences are supposed to reflect differences in 'impact' (i.e. differences in the overall judgement of the paper by the scientific community). The 'impact' of a paper is thought not only to be determined by its scientific significance, but also by such extrinsic factors as locale of the author, prestige of the journal in which the paper is published, and so on. A parameter is also introduced which measures the decay rate of citations. This parameter may be useful in making quantitative comparisons between the 'dynamics' of various scientific specialties. Finally, indices are proposed to measure the dissemination of scientific work.
Constraints on Controversy: The Case of the Magnetic Monopole
Authors: Pickering Andrew
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a case-study of the controversy in experimental physics which followed the contentious observation of a novel entity - a magnetic monopole. The debate about the validity of the monopole experiment ranged over both its instrumental foundation and its interpretation, and was structured at both levels by the attempts of participants to maintain prior agreements concerning the validity of other experiments. These prior agreements were constituted within a framework of theoretical concepts of the natural world which served to 'transmit' agreements from the context of one experiment to another. The monopole debate was therefore conducted within a circumscribed field of socially-accepted concepts. The implications of this debate are discussed, both for our understanding of science, and for future sociological research.
Large-Scale Ocean Research Projects: What Makes Them Succeed or Fail?
Authors: Mazur Allan , Boyko Elma
Published: March 2007

Five 'Big Science' oceanographic research projects were studied, each involving many scientists from multiple institutions and disciplines attemptmg to focus their work on a common research goal. Three of the projects had reputations of success in the ocean science community; the other two projects were reputedly unsuccessful. Descriptions of each project, compiled from interviews with participants, were compared in order to discern why some projects were successful and others not. The following factors did not differentiate the more and less successful projects: their formal organizations; the degree of social friction among scientific personnel; and communications problems. These factors did differentiate them: the source of origin of the research problem; the quality and interest of participating scientists; the presence of a persistent core of scientific leaders; and the degree of project independence from the funding agency.
Historical Distributions of Multiple Discoveries and Theories of Scientific Change
Authors: Brannigan Augustine , Wanner Richard A.
Published: March 2007

After discussing the issues of validity and reliability in the measurement of multiple discoveries and their implications for testing alternative theories, we examine the mathematical assumptions underlying the Poisson distribution, and their correspondence to the theories. We find that a negatively contagious Poisson distribution is equally consistent with the observed distribution of grade of multiples, and since its basic assumptions are more consistent with our understanding of the discovery process, there are ample grounds for rejecting the alternative `chance' theory advanced by Simonton, among others. Lastly, we explore some elements of the Zeitgeist theory which appear to provide a more plausible interpretation of the phenomena, particularly regarding the role of communication in modern science, and report some findings in support of this approach.
The Estrogen Replacement Controversy in the USA and UK: Different Answers to the Same Question?
Authors: McCrea Frances B. , Markle Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT) is a widely prescribed but controversial treatment for menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms. Our research shows that the dispute over menopausal estrogens has developed quite differently in the United States and Great Britain. For each country we examine claims made by physicians, feminists and consumers, regulatory bodies, and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as the claims of researchers. For each group the United States and British position on ERT is opposite, one country favouring the therapy, the other opposing its use. Yet within each country ERT stances are not consistent: feminists oppose physician practices, and physician practice is in opposition to research conclusions. Our comparative design allows us to conclude that for each country the positions of various interests, and their systematic opposition to one another, are the outcome of political, ideological and economic relations.
Charting Academic Careers: Does Data Source Make a Difference?
Authors: Heinsler Janet M. , Rosenfeld Rachel A.
Published: March 2007

Research on scientists' careers has relied heavily on secondary data sources. This Note compares data from curricula vitae and published sources on the same variables for the same group of academic psychologists. Agreement is close, so continued use of published information alone seems justified: but there is a need for further studies to evaluate the validity of the various data sources.
The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology: US Fleet Ballistic Missile Guidance and Navigation: I: From Polaris to Poseidon
Authors: MacKenzie Donald , Spinardi Graham
Published: March 2007

This paper (published in two Parts) presents a detailed historical case study of the evolution of the Polaris, Poseidon and Trident weapons programmes, and of the development of the guidance and navigation technologies which are essential to their role in nuclear strategies. Over the last thirty years, these technologies have changed in the direction of greatly increased missile accuracy. Simultaneously, the strategic rationale of these weapons has shifted from that of ultimate retaliatory `counter-city' deterrent (the main perceived role of Polaris) to `counterforce' targeting of opposing silos and command posts (a major role of Trident II). Has technological change been an independent causal factor in this sequence, bringing into being a new strategy, or is technological change the consciously intended product of political will? Part I of this paper presents the historical material as far as the production of Poseidon: Part II will complete the history, and then discuss the various analytical frameworks commonly used to explain such developments.
Institutional Ecology, `Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39
Authors: Star Susan Leigh , Griesemer James R.
Published: March 2007

Scientific work is heterogeneous, requiring many different actors and viewpoints. It also requires cooperation. The two create tension between divergent viewpoints and the need for generalizable findings. We present a model of how one group of actors managed this tension. It draws on the work of amateurs, professionals, administrators and others connected to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, during its early years. Extending the Latour-Callon model of interessement, two major activities are central for translating between viewpoints: standardization of methods, and the development of `boundary objects'. Boundary objects are both adaptable to different viewpoints and robust enough to maintain identity across them. We distinguish four types of boundary objects: repositories, ideal types, coincident boundaries and standardized forms.
Science, Technology and the State in the Provision of Low-Income Accommodation: The Case of Industrialized House-Building, 1955-77
Authors: McCutcheon Robert T.
Published: March 2007

To eliminate the housing problem, many authorities have contended that the application of science and modern technology to the prefabrication of housing (`industrialized building') would result in a quantum improvement in production, cost reduction and quality. Diffusion of this theory has transcended socio-political boundaries. However, extensive construction of dwellings by industrialized systems was dependent upon the prior existence of a significant state housing sector: implementation (and sophistication) increased across the spectrum from market, through welfare, to socialist economies. Although significant numbers of dwellings have been built using industrialized methods, this has not resulted in an order of magnitude improvement in quantity, quality, cost or time. Furthermore, many industrialized dwellings have serious defects, and sophisticated systems were only economically competitive for high-rise flats, which have proved unsuitable for low-income families. The relative failure of industrialized building should give policy makers pause: also, emphasis upon industrialized building has obscured consideration of employment- and skills-generating methods of increasing housing stock.
From Discovery to Invention: The Writing and Rewriting of Two Patents
Authors: Myers Greg
Published: March 2007

Research articles and patents are claim-making texts that work in different social arenas. They have in common a process of enrolment, by which diverse interests are incorporated textually to support a claim. But the evaluation of a patent draws on different assumptions about the nature of a claim, the relation to other texts and the account of future effects. One way to bring out these differences is to look at the experience of researchers who are used to writing research articles, as they learn to write their first patents. I follow the drafting of patents by a zoologist (applying in the US) and a medical researcher (applying in the UK). They revised their texts in response to the comments of their patent agents, the patent examiners, the potential sponsors, and in response to their own continuing laboratory experiments. In both cases, the crucial areas of debate were the scope of the claims, the relation to prior and competing texts and the story that linked discovery and a range of possible applications. In each case the researchers and their agents developed textual devices appropriate to the discourse of patents: nesting claims, constructing an ideal reader, doubling the story. Their strategies for translating interests between their laboratories, sponsors, the patent agencies, potential users and the wider public raise the question of how separate arenas of knowledge and ownership are defined.
The Technical Shaping of Technology: Real-World Constraints and Technical Logic in Edison's Electrical Lighting System
Authors: Vincenti Walter G.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the role of the physical world and technical logic in constraining the shaping of technology. For illustration, Edison's development of the electrical incandescent-lighting system is used as a didactic example of how such shaping can significantly limit engineers' room to manoeuvre in arriving at their design decisions. With these results as springboard, observations and reflections are offered about real-world and other technical and non-technical constraints in the total shaping process. Engineers are pointed to as among the mediators of choice, in varying degree, across the entire technosocial spectrum. This little-analyzed activity, including the concomitant technical shaping, needs increased study (possibly collaborative) by both social scientists and engineers.
Radical and Defensive Strategies in the Democratization of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Authors: Simeonova Kostadinka
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to contribute to our understanding of the transformation of East European Academies. It focuses on the reforms of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences since the deep political and economic changes started in that country. The paper is based on an analysis of the main events at the Academy, in which the impact of the new legislation was decisive. It demonstrates basic differences in this process in its two phases, with regard to the adoption of a more radical or a more conservative approach to the reforms. It argues that, although both were controversial, both were realizations of a strategy of survival in the changing political environment, which has led to a diminishing role for the Academy in the rebuilding of national R&D policy.
Managing Mapping in the Human Genome Project
Authors: Balmer Brian
Published: March 2007

It is usual in science studies to focus attention on either science policy or laboratory practices. This paper examines the mutual shaping of science and policy through the case of the Human Genome Mapping Project in the UK. It is argued that the evolution of policy was not merely a series of administrative choices. The strategies, boundaries and accounting methods of the programme, together with the organization and conception of research among grant-holders, can be shown to reflect the, often competing, demands from the worlds of science and administration. As policy evolved, the question of what science to support was translated into debates over the best way to do science, what scientific knowledge was for and what was to count as worthwhile knowledge.
Ninety Years of Chagas Disease
Authors: Coutinho Marilia
Published: March 2007

Peripheral countries are at a disadvantage with respect to the construction of scientific knowledge, which is mostly carried out by a small number of traditional core loci countries. However, in a few cases, groups of scientists are able to break through exclusion barriers. Sometimes they tackle relevant issues, share values and procedures with core loci representatives, and take part in heated controversies: in short, they participate in the construction of legitimate science. These scientists form `centres of excellence' in scientifically marginal countries. In this paper, contextual conditions involving the emergence, establishment and decline of such enterprises are discussed, on the basis of examples drawn from the history of Chagas disease (Cd). In this history, we see a major discovery established, deconstructed and re-established. Quantitative analyses of publications on Cd over 70 years show the relation between the choice of different types of journals and methodological approaches, and the legitimation strategies adopted by different groups of practitioners. It also shows the outcomes of such strategies in terms of production concentration, emergence of new authors and growth of institutional work. This story shows that it is important for the pioneers to establish a different intellectual culture in their local environment. Unless they do so, and gain its acceptance among their immediate colleagues, the enterprise cannot preserve its status as a centre of excellence.
Etiological Factors and Long Term Consequences of Child Abuse
Authors: Vesterdal J.
Published: March 2007

This is a difficult area for statistics because (a) the extent of the problem is always shrouded. Only the worst cases come before the courts; some are known by the authorities, some by neighbours and acquaintances, some only by the victim and the aggressor; (b) the line between legitimate punishment and abuse varies in different countries and at different periods, and can be difficult to draw with any certainty.
The Yniscedwyn Intermediate Treatment Project
Authors: Brownlie Keith , Jarman Mike , Miles Lidia
Published: March 2007

The project aims to reduce the excessive use of residential care and custody for deviant young people by pro viding an alternative in the community. It is argued that deviancy and not delinquency should be the main issue for social agencies, who together should form an integrated system for the manage ment of deviancy. Practical aspects of the day care programmes and intake policy are described. Some preliminary results of evaluative work are briefly indicated.
Prison Staft in Poland in the Light of Legal Regulations and Actual Practice
Authors: Rzeplinski Andrzej
Published: March 2007

A study of the Polish prison system, describing its organisation and administration, and showing how far actual practice in the execution of justice in prisons differs from the theories laid down in law. The warden lays down the guidelines which may actually be in contradiction to the legal regulations; lower prison staff feel their work is undervalued, and they tend to be more interested in their status than in the conditions under which prisoners live. Rehabilitative work takes a poor second place to punishment.
Correlates of Institutional Adjustment in Two Groups of Emotionally Disturbed Offenders
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

The demographic, psychiatric/criminal background, and personality correlates of institutional (prison) adjustment were derived in a sample of 51 emotionally disturbed military offenders and cross-validated in a sample of 52 emotionally disturbed federal inmates. Results indicated that only two correlates or predictors of institutional adjustment were successfully crossvalidated across samples: the MMPI F scale and a behavioral rating of conceptual disorganization both predicted poor emotional adjustment. The implications of thesefindings in light of past research results are discussed.
Illicit Cocaine Use in Clinical Perspective
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant of relatively short duration, low margin of safety and a local anesthetic of high efficiency and toxicity. Its legitimate medical use has narrowed over the years, but as an illicit substance cocaine has gained considerable popularity. Cocaine is referred to as the "champagne of drugs." According to epidemiological data, 28.7% of the "young adults" (18-25 years old) have tried cocaine. This article traces the historical evolution of coca and cocaine use. It also reviews contemporary clinical aspects of recreational cocaine use.
The Mercenary as Social Bandit: A Preliminary Look
Authors: Perlstein Gary R.
Published: March 2007

This preliminary study views the actions of the modern mercenary as aform of social banditry. It concludes by pointing out the needfor further research into the mercenary and other types of social bandits to assist adequate theories of criminal and deviant behavior can be constructed.
Parole Decisionmaking: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Metchik Eric
Published: March 2007

The research literature on parole decisionmaking contains numerous inconsistencies across studies concerning the relative influence of legal, institutional and socioeconomic background variables on board members' actions. In part, this can be traced to methodological differences in defining and conceptualizing the variables, especially the dependent (outcome) measures. More recently, however, several studies highlighted the importance of parole board members' decision goals as a factor mediating information use. This paper proposes that the sentencing structure and the amount of discretion it affords decisionmakers may have a profound influence on both decision goals and data selection.

The first section reviews the literature in terms of aframework emphasizing two main goals: retributive evaluations of present offense severity and risk predictive assessments of post-release behavior. The results are next presentedfrom an empirical study that contrasted two systems (in Israel and a northeastern American state) which differed greatly in their sentencing structures and the amount of discretion exercised by parole decisionmakers. The findings confirmed selective emphases on retributive evaluations in the jurisdiction with wide discretion and risk assessment in the jurisdiction of constricted discretion. In the final section, the implications of these results are discussed, especially concerning the design of bail, sentencing and parole guidelines that attempt to combine retributive and risk assessment elements.
The Effect of Early Juvenile Court Adjudication on Adult Outcome
Authors: Brown Waln K. , Miller Timothy P. , Jenkins Richard L. , Rhodes Warren A.
Published: March 2007

A 10 to 25 year follow-up, of two randomly selected groups of previously adjudicated delinquents from two Pennsylvania (U.S.A.) counties, reveals that the longer the elapsed time between first contact with the juvenile justice system and adjudication-the worse the prognosis for a criminal conviction in adult life. In both counties, those delinquent youth who were adjudicated at first juvenile court referral hadsignificantly lower rates of adult conviction than those delinquent youth who were adjudicated at a later referral. The type of adjudication disposition (probation vs. placement) did not make a difference in adult outcome.
The Politics of Removing Juveniles from Jails: An Illinois Study
Authors: Richeson Kent , Klofas John
Published: March 2007

Research was conducted to assess the impact of political obstacles to removing juveniles from adult jails in Illinois. Since the creation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act in 1974, "jail removal" has become a priority at national and state levels. There has been a power struggle between the presidential administration and a coalition of states from 1980 through 1988. This above mentioned power struggle has effected policy in the states. This case study examines the relationship between the State of Illinois and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, as well as that between the state and local governments. The study concluded that jail removal efforts in Illinois have been hindered by the above mentioned political conflicts.
Psychological Profiling
Authors: Turco Ronald N.
Published: March 2007

This article concerns itself with the four factors in preparing psychological profiles of perpetrators of crimes. The author provides a brief background of psychological profiling and its application to biographical studies and law enforcement. The author's perspective is that of a psychoanalytical orientation. He emphasizes the need to integrate neurological understanding when preparing the profile of a suspect.
Begging in Nigeria
Authors: Igbinovia Patrick Edobor
Published: March 2007

Phenomenon of beggars in Nigeria is described. Classes and types of beggars indicate the complexity of this social problem. The author points to a variety of sources for this problem and suggests specific changes as steps toward alleviation.
Properties of an Ideal Rehabilitative Program for High-Need Offenders
Authors: Coulson Grant E. , Nutbrown Verna
Published: March 2007

This article presents 13 hypothesized common structural characteristics of programs that have been found to be effective in teaching a variety of skills. It is proposed that an ideal correctional rehabilitation program would contain these properties. References are made to examples of effective training programs in corrections and elsewhere and issues relevant to correctional rehabilitation are discussed.
Some Unanticipated Positive Effects of a juvenile Awareness Program on Adult Inmate Counselors
Authors: Keller Robert L.
Published: March 2007

A contemporary juvenile awareness program operated behind bars of a typical state prison by veteran inmates is shown to have very positive social and psychological effects on inmate counselors, even though the program was designed solely to focus on the problems of juvenile offenders. The primary benefit to inmate counselors is increased self-esteem, but residual benefits also include increased social status and prestige in the prison. This research also suggests that the inmate counselors become nurturing in their relationships with their youth clients, and with fellow inmates.
Incest Perpetrator MMPI Profiles and the Variable of Offense Admission Status
Authors: Vaupel Steven G. , Goeke John M.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that male incest perpetrators represent a heterogeneous population characterized by subtypes was investigated. Specifically, the variable of admission versus nonadmission to the incestuous offense was studied. The 13 MMPI clinical and validity scales and three derived MMPI defensiveness indices were used as predictors of perpetrator admission status. A Multivariate Discriminant Function analysis was performed, which was successful in separating 20 admitting from 20 nonadmitting Ss. Both perpetrating groups were also successfully separated from 20 mental health outpatients who comprised a comparison group. The overall correct classification rate for the three groups was 75%. Psychometric and case history correlates for each perpetrator group were discussed in terms of their implications for treatment and for incestuous family system dynamics.
Adolescent Sex Offenders against Females: Differences Based on the Age of Their Victims
Authors: Worling James R.
Published: March 2007

Adolescent male sex offenders who assaulted female children (n = 29) were compared to those who offended against female peers/adults (n = 27). Unlike previous studies, sexual offending/victimization histories were based on regular clinical interactions rather than intakefiles or initial interviews; groups were comparable with respect to age, socioeconomic status (SES), and social desirability; and the internal consistencies of the variables were confirmed with a larger clinical sample (n = 209). Participants completed the following questionnaires: Youth Self-Report, Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Rape-Myth Acceptance Scale, Adversarial Sexual Attitudes Scale, and the Assessing Environments (III) Scale. As predicted, adolescents who sexually assaulted female peers/adults were the recipients of significantly more physical parental discipline. Contrary to popular assumptions, however, the two groups were not significantly different with respect to history of sexual victimization, interpersonal functioning, self-perception, or sexual attitudes.
Violence in the Institution
Authors: Schneider Hans Joachim
Published: March 2007

Causes of violence in the institution usually have been attributed solely to violence-oriented behaviour of individuals within the institution. The article draws attention to other causes such as sociological, institutional, and victim-oriented causes, all of which contribute to violent behaviour within the institution. In this respect, the isolation of the institution from society is a relevant factor Violence caused by the organizational structure of the institution (institutional violence) is another: Unequal distribution of power, together with a high visibility of power structures, will encourage abuse of power The delinquent, too, may be violence-oriented. Lastly, the theory of "learned helplessness" provides a victim-oriented explanation of violent behaviour In this context, emphasis is laid on violence in correctional institutions, violence against the elderly, and violence in school The article gives recommendations for the prevention and treatment of violence in institutions.
Resocializing Young Offenders in the Kibbutz
Authors: Fischer Michael , Geiger Brenda
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a longitudinal study that examined the resocialization of 26 young offenders placed in separate kibbutzim within the framework of the Kibbutz Resocialization Program in lieu of the final third of their prison sentences. The offenders were interviewed and followed up for an average of 36.7 months. The findings of this study indicate that most of the offenders did not recidivate. They acquired social and work skills and changed their delinquent cognitions and deviant lifestyles. They enlisted in the Israel Defense Forces, found employment in the community or as kibbutz members and candidates, and married. Thus, by all these criteria, they were successfully rehabilitated.
An Evaluation of a Group Treatment Program for Incarcerated Male Batterers
Authors: Wolfus Beverly , Bierman Ralph
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated a treatment program, Relating Without Violence (RWV), designed to (a) ameliorate psychological and emotional factors believed to contribute to domestic violence and (b) strengthen conflict resolution skills in perpetrators of domestic violence. Subjects were 57 perpetrators who participated in RWV, 20 perpetrators who did not, and 24 offenders with no history of any violence. Measures included the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), the Personality Research Form (PRF), and the Adapted Conflict Tactics Scale (ACTS). The abusive-treatment group demonstrated greater improvement on the ACTS and the PRF Aggression and Defendance Scales than the untreated abusive group. All three groups improved on the TSCS, PRF Impulsivity, and PRF Nurturance. It was concluded that the program met its treatment objectives. However, a limitation of the study was the lack of postrelease follow-up to examine effects on domestic violence in the community.
An Evaluation of a Family-Centered Cognitive Skills Program for Prison Inmates
Authors: Klein Shirley R. , Bahr Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates a cognitive program at a state correctional institution. The program points to the benefits of cognitive skill development as inmates reflect on rejoining their families. Inmates are instructed on identifying problems, recognizing resources for solving problems, and thinking of alternative ways to respond as they apply principles of practical reasoning to everyday problems families experience. The development, implementation, and evaluation of the program and the implications for professionals and students are discussed.
Incarceration and Learned Helplessness
Authors: Schill Richard A. , Marcus David K.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether incarceration, which involves prolonged exposure to an uncontrollable aversive environment, results in the development of a more helpless attributional style. Thirty recently incarcerated male inmates and 30 male inmates who had been incarcerated for at least 5 years completed two measures of attributional style. Inmates who had been incarcerated for at least 5 years reported a more internal, stable, and global attributional style for negative events than did the recently incarcerated inmates, even when controlling for age and length of sentence. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to an uncontrollable situation may have an influence on attributional style.
Neutralisation as a Process of Graduated Desensitisation: Moral Values of Offenders
Authors: McCarthy Jennifer G. , Stewart Anna L.
Published: March 2007

This study explored neutralization as a process of graduated desensitization, providing a theoretical link between the opposing tenets of neutralisation theory and the subcultural theory of criminal behaviour Participants were 95 adult male offenders who were categorised according to type of offence (personal or property) and level of offending involvement (low or high). Offenders' excuse acceptance and offence approval were examined for S offence situations. The results indicated offenders' excuse acceptance varied as a function of their level of involvement in crime. Specifically, for property offence situations, low-involvement property offenders reported higher excuse acceptance than did high-involvement property offenders, whereas for personal offence situations, low-involvement personal offenders reported higher excuse acceptance than did high-involvement personal offenders. This finding partially supported the graduated desensitization hypothesis, providing an empirical link between neutralisation and the subcultural theory of criminal behaviour
A Psychometric Typology of Child Abusers
Authors: Beech Anthony R.
Published: March 2007

A psychometric battery of measures, assessing a range of problem areas, was completed by 140 convicted untreated child abusers. Measures were adjusted for social desirability. Cluster analysis of the data identified men on the basis of deviancy (levels of pro-offending attitudes and social inadequacy) and denial (self-reported levels of offending behaviors). Examination of offense histories found that high-deviancy men, compared to low-deviancy men, were more likely to have been convicted of a previous sexual offense; to have committed offenses against boys, or both boys and girls; to have committed extrafamilial, or both extra-and intrafamilial, offenses; and to have had many victims. A method of identifying deviancy, which showed good cross-validation, also was derived. Although low-deviancy men were much more likely to be incest offenders than were high-deviancy men, nearly 40% of high-deviancy men were found to be intrafamilial offenders, suggesting that identifying deviancy level may be a useful adjunct to any risk assessment.
An Experimental Test of Chemical Dependency Therapy for Jail Inmates
Authors: Dugan John R. , Everett Ronald S.
Published: March 2007

A treatment group and a nontreatment (control) group were comprised of 145 jail inmates who were screened for chemical dependency and who were assigned randomly to the two groups. Treatment involved 72 hours of group therapy based on Glasser's (1985) "Reality Therapy." Post release criminal behavior was evaluated for a period of 2 years after treatment. The analysis of recidivism using the National Crime Information Center Interstate Identification Index-II indicated no significant difference in recidivism between treatment and nontreatment groups. Characteristics of successful chemical dependency treatment are discussed.
Provocative Thoughts of a New Generation of Librarians
Authors: Blanchard Natalie
Published: March 2007

Recruiting "new blood" younger staff with different skills and attitudes will be essential if libraries are to survive, not simply as physical entities, but as facilitators of the changes in scholarly communication as the end user becomes the judge and the jury of access to information
New Light on Dante and Islam
Authors: Gabrieli Francesco
Published: March 2007

Thirty-four years have passed since the Discorso de recepcion of the then young Arabist, don Miguel Asin Palacios, was presented in the Spanish Academy; and I still recall the impression of astonishment, admiration and almost alarm which the first reading of the Escatologia musulmana en la Divina Comedia aroused in my father, one of the first to spread the ideas of Asin in Italy—such was the impact of the novelty, the audacity, and the wide range of his thesis and his conclusions. I vaguely recall the discordant voices of both Orientalist and Dante criticism in the heated atmosphere of the centennial celebrations of 1921, the enthusiasm of the neophytes, the scandalised consternation of the idolators, and the profound echo of agreement and disagreement which Asin's book aroused, as surely no other publication of the centenary. Then, everywhere to some extent but above all in Italy, the voices of dissent prevailed, from those of the more or less reasoning and reasonable disbelievers to those of the early believers whose faith began to vacillate, as was the case of my father. Asin answered these, with lively and often cogent dialectic, in his Historia y critica de una polemica. Then the dispute languished and expired, leaving on both sides, as usually happens in these cases, a whole series of misunderstandings which had not been clarified. Among Asin's non-Orientalist critics—even among the most learned of them, and perhaps in the very measure of their learning—the initial prejudice against that strange world remained invincible: that world aberrant in language, custom, place, and civilisation, which the erudite Spaniard had brought into abrupt contact with the Christian-Latin world, the only background against which the figure of Dante had customarily been seen. On the other hand, the conviction was firmly planted in Asin's mind that the opposition to his theory, especially from the Italian point of view, was moved not only (as was indeed quite true) by mental laziness, by horror novi, by intellectual vitalde in the face of the bitter new truth he proposed, but also and above all, by cultural nationalism, by the set purpose of defending at any price a national glory whose originality and hitherto unquestioned greatness had been disparaged. He had been at pains to point out at the end of his book that the poetic glory of Dante was in no way compromised by the close, continuous, and fundamental dependence which he believed he had found between Dante's vision of the other world and Islamic eschatology; even so, Italian pride in the absolute originality of the sacred poem had been hurt, and this, Asin thought, more than any other motive, had inspired the Italian reaction.
Unity of Play: Diversity of Games
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

So varied and complex is the world of games that there are many ways in which a study of it can be approached. Psychology, sociology, anecdotal history, pedagogy, and mathematics all share a domain whose unity ends by ceasing any longer to be perceptible. Works like Homo ludens by Huizinga, Jeu de l'enfant by Jean Chateau, and Theory of Games and Economic Behavior by J. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern are not addressed to the same readers, nor do they appear to deal with the same subject. Ultimately, this question arises: How much does one profit from the facilities or contingencies of vocabulary by continuing to act as though such different and almost incompatible inquiries are fundamentally concerned with a same specific activity? It is doubtful whether common characteristics permit one to define this specific activity and consequently whether it can legitimately constitute the object of a comprehensive study.
The Social Organization of Indian Civilization
Authors: Singer Milton
Published: March 2007

The unity and continuity of Indian civilization is both a commonplace and a problem. It is usually taken for granted as a truth too evident to require proof. Yet when scholars begin to inquire into the exact nature of this unity and continuity and into the ways in which it is attained, they quickly encounter many unanswered questions. In a recent paper on “The Content of Cultural Continuity in India,” the American indologist Professor W. Norman Brown concludes that, while there has been a highly developed civilization on the Indian subcontinent since the third millennium в. с. with many elements of cultural continuity, it remains a problem to say what has given this Indian civilization its distinctive character and vitality. He himself does not believe that this question will be answered by making a catalogue of the hundreds of cultural traits (such as the use of the swastika, the sacredness of the pipal tree and of the cow, the joint family and the caste system, ascetism, the doctrines of karma and rebirth and of ahinsā) which persist across large spans of Indian civilization. Even if the historical and ethnic origins of these traits could be traced, this knowledge would not be sufficient, he thinks, to discover the vitalizing principle of Indian civilization. That principle, he suggests, lies in the field of values and attitudes and not in the material productions of arts, literature, and the sciences, or in particular skills, customs, institutions, or forms of thought. He analyzes, as one example of such a basic value, the notion of duty and the stress on correct action.
The `State Capitalist' and `Bureaucratic-Exploitative' Interpretations of the Soviet Social Formation: A Critique
Authors: Laibman David
Published: March 2007

Marxist categories — especially those of "capital" and "class" — are employed in a critical examination of two propositions: that capitalist pro duction relations, in a "state-capitalist" form, exist currently in the USSR: and that a novel "bureaucratic-exploitative" mode of production has developed in that country. Both views are found to be inadequate in face of theoretical re quirements and a survey of the relevant empirical data which appear to be consis tent with a socialist determination of the Soviet social formation. The implica tions of the "state-capitalist" and "bureaucratic-exploitative" interpretations for their proponents' grasp of capitalist realities are discussed.