bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dependencies of Four Mechanisms of Secondary Ice Production on Cloud-Top Temperature in a Continental Convective Storm
Authors: Waman Deepak , Patade Sachin , Jadav Arti , Deshmukh Akash , Gupta Ashok Kumar , Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Bansemer Aaron , DeMott Paul J.
Published: August 2022

Various mechanisms of secondary ice production (SIP) cause multiplication of numbers of ice particle, after the onset of primary ice. A measure of SIP is the ice enhancement ratio (“IE ratio”) defined here as the ratio between number concentrations of total ice (excluding homogeneously nucleated ice) and active ice-nucleating particles (INPs). A convective line observed on 11 May 2011 over the Southern Great Plains in the Mesoscale Continental Convective Cloud Experiment (MC3E) campaign was simulated with the “Aerosol–Cloud” (AC) model. AC is validated against coincident MC3E observations by aircraft, ground-based instruments, and satellite. Four SIP mechanisms are represented in AC: the Hallett–Mossop (HM) process of rime splintering, and fragmentation during ice–ice collisions, raindrop freezing, and sublimation. The vertical profile of the IE ratio, averaged over the entire simulation, is almost uniform (102 to 103) because fragmentation in ice–ice collisions dominates at long time scales, driving the ice concentration toward a theoretical maximum. The IE ratio increases with both the updraft (HM process, fragmentation during raindrop freezing, and ice–ice collisions) and downdraft speed (fragmentation during ice–ice collisions and sublimation). As reported historically in aircraft sampling, IE ratios were predicted to peak near 103 for cloud-top temperatures close to the −12°C level, mostly due to the HM process in typically young clouds with their age less than 15 min. At higher altitudes with temperatures of −20° to −30°C, the predicted IE ratios were smaller, ranging from 10 to 102, and mainly resulted from fragmentation in ice–ice collisions.
Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Dynamics in a Sheared Environment
Authors: McMichael Lucas A. , Mechem David B. , Heus Thijs
Published: August 2022

Vertical wind shear has long been known to tilt convective towers and reduce thermal ascent rates. The purpose of this study is to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for reduced ascent rates in shallow convection. In particular, the study focuses on cloud-edge mass flux to assess how shear impacts mass-flux profiles of both the ensemble and individual clouds of various depths. A compositing algorithm is used to distill large-eddy simulation (LES) output to focus on up- and down-shear cloud edges that are not influenced by complex cloud geometry or nearby clouds. A direct entrainment algorithm is used to estimate the mass flux through the cloud surface. We find that the dynamics on the up- and down-shear sides are fundamentally different, with the entrainment of environmental momentum and dilution of buoyancy being primarily responsible for the reduced down-shear ascent rates. Direct estimates of fluid flow through the cloud interface indicate a counter-shear organized flow pattern that entrains on the down-shear side and detrains on the up-shear side, resulting from the subcloud shear being lifted into the cloud layer by the updraft. In spite of organized regions of entrainment and detrainment, the overall net lateral mass flux remains unchanged with respect to the no shear run, with weak detrainment present throughout cloud depth.
Cloud Radiative Effects on MJO Development in DYNAMO
Authors: Hu Qi , Han Zihang , Wang Shuguang
Published: August 2022

Observed Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events are examined with the aid of regional model simulations to understand the role of cloud radiative effects in the MJO development. The importance of this role is demonstrated by the absence of the MJO in the model simulations that contain no cloud radiative effects. Comparisons of model simulations with and without the cloud radiative effects and observation help identify the major processes arising from those effects. Those processes develop essentially from heating in the upper troposphere due to shortwave absorption within anvil clouds in the upper troposphere and the convergence of longwave radiation in the middle to upper troposphere, with a peak at 300 hPa, during deep convection. First, that heating adds extra buoyancy and accelerates the rising motion in the upper troposphere in deep convection. The vertical acceleration in the upper troposphere creates a vacuum effect and demands for more deep convection to develop. Second, in response to that demand and required by mass balance arises the large-scale horizontal and vertical mass, moisture, and energy convergence. It strengthens deep convection and, with the feedback from continuing cloud radiative effect, creates conditions that can perpetuate deep convection and MJO development. That perpetuation does not occur however because those processes arising from the cloud radiative heating in the upper troposphere stabilize the troposphere until it supports no further deep convection. Weakening deep convection reduces cloud radiative effects. The subsequent reduction of the vacuum effect in the upper troposphere diminishes deep convection completing an MJO cycle. These results advance our understanding of the development of the MJO in the radiative–convective system over warm waters in the tropics. They show that while the embryo of intraseasonal oscillation may exist in the system its growth/development is largely dependent on cloud radiative effects and feedbacks.
Quantifying Heavy Precipitation throughout the Entire Tropical Cyclone Life Cycle
Authors: Bower Erica , Reed Kevin A. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Pendergrass Angeline G.
Published: August 2022

Tropical cyclones (TCs) and their associated precipitation can have devastating impacts on the areas affected, with outcomes ranging from mudslides to inland flash flooding. Previous studies have used a fixed radius around the TC to isolate storm-related precipitation. One previous study instead used a dynamic radius of 8 m s−1 winds, but the wind field of the TC can deteriorate or shift quickly after landfall or the onset of extratropical transition (ET). This study uses a dynamical radius derived from the 500-hPa geopotential height in and around the TC to define TC- and post-tropical cyclone (PTC)-related heavy precipitation, allowing for the analysis of precipitation with tropical origins after the official demise of the original TC. Climatologies are constructed, indicating a maximum in TC- and PTC-related heavy precipitation in the west North Pacific and a secondary maximum in the east North Pacific. PTC-related heavy precipitation accounts for as much as 40% of the annual heavy precipitation in the northwest portion of the west North Pacific basin and 3.13% of heavy precipitation globally. We observe that the major hurricane stage contributes on average 2.6% of the global TC- and PTC-related precipitation, while the less intense but more common tropical storm stages of the TC life cycle contribute 85.7% of this observed precipitation. This analysis framework can be further extended to assess model biases and climate projections of TC and PTC precipitation.
Estimation of Daily Evaporation from Shallow Groundwater Using Empirical Models with a Temperature Coefficient
Authors: Gao Huibin , Ju Qin , Jiang Peng , Yan Wenming , Wang Wei , Fu Xiaolei , Hao Zhenchun
Published: August 2022

Shallow groundwater evaporation (Eg) is a major component of the hydrological cycle, especially in semiarid and arid locations. Empirical methods are commonly used to estimate Eg. However, most of these methods can only weakly represent Eg variations along the soil depth and do not consider the energy driver. In this paper, a temperature coefficient was proposed and incorporated into two preferred empirical models to characterize the impacts of soil temperature and air temperature lags on Eg. The method was evaluated using in situ daily data obtained from nonweighing bare soil lysimeters. The results indicated that the models that considered the temperature gradient variable (T) conformed to the changes in the actual Eg values with depth more appropriately than the original models, accompanied by 4.3%–8.8% accuracy improvements overall. Shallow groundwater evaporation Eg was found to be influenced by the water table depth (H), T, and pan evaporation (E0) in descending order, and strong interactions were found between H and T. Moreover, the impact of precipitation on Eg was investigated; measurements from dry days without precipitation revealed the actual Eg process, the relative errors in the cumulative Eg values derived at different depths demonstrated a positive relationship with infiltration recharge, and the errors related to precipitation induced 6.7%–8.3% Eg underestimations. These results contribute to a better understanding of evaporative losses from shallow groundwater and the typical Eg situation that occurs simultaneously with recharge, and they provide promising perspectives for corresponding integrated hydrologic modeling research.
Daily High-Resolution Temperature and Precipitation Fields for the Contiguous United States from 1951 to Present
Authors: Durre Imke , Arguez Anthony , Schreck Carl J. , Squires Michael F. , Vose Russell S.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a new set of daily gridded fields and area averages of temperature and precipitation is introduced that covers the contiguous United States (CONUS) from 1951 to present. With daily updates and a grid resolution of approximately 0.0417° (nominally 5 km), the product, named nClimGrid-Daily, is designed to be used particularly in climate monitoring and other applications that rely on placing event-specific meteorological patterns into a long-term historical context. The gridded fields were generated by interpolating morning and midnight observations from the Global Historical Climatology Network–Daily dataset using thin-plate smoothing splines. Additional processing steps limit the adverse effects of spatial and temporal variations in station density, observation time, and other factors on the quality and homogeneity of the fields. The resulting gridded data provide smoothed representations of the point observations, although the accuracy of estimates for individual grid points and days can be sensitive to local spatial variability and the ability of the available observations and interpolation technique to capture that variability. The nClimGrid-Daily dataset is therefore recommended for applications that require the aggregation of estimates in space and/or time, such as climate monitoring analyses at regional to national scales.

Significance Statement

Many applications that use historical weather observations require data on a high-resolution grid that are updated daily. Here, a new dataset of daily temperature and precipitation for 1951–present is introduced that was created by interpolating irregularly spaced observations to a regular grid with a spacing of 0.0417° across the contiguous United States. Compared to other such datasets, this product is particularly suitable for monitoring climate and drought on a daily basis because it was processed so as to limit artificial variations in space and time that may result from changes in the types and distribution of observations used.
Introducing TC Translation Speed into the Dynamical–Statistical–Analog Ensemble Forecast for Landfalling Typhoon Daily Precipitation Model and Simulating the Daily Precipitation of Supertyphoon Lekima (2019)
Authors: Ma Yunqi , Jia Zuo , Ren Fumin , Jia Li , McBride John L.
Published: August 2022

The Dynamical–Statistical–Analog Ensemble Forecast for Landfalling Typhoon Daily Precipitation (DSAEF_LTP_D) model is introduced in this paper. To improve the DSAEF_LTP_D model’s forecasting ability, tropical cyclone (TC) translation speed was introduced. Taking Supertyphoon Lekima (2019), which produced widespread heavy rainfall from 9 to 11 August 2019 as the target TC, two simulation experiments associated with the prediction of daily precipitation were conducted: the first involving the DSAEF_LTP_D model containing only the TC track (the actual trajectory of the TC center), named DSAEF_LTP_D-1; and the second containing both TC track and translation speed, named DSAEF_LTP_D-2. The results show the following: 1) With TC translation speed added into the model, the forecasting performance for heavy rainfall (24-h accumulated precipitation exceeding 50 and 100 mm) on 9 and 10 August improves, being able to successfully capture the center of heavy rainfall, but the forecasting performance is the same as DSAEF_LTP_D-1 on 11 August. 2) Compared with four numerical weather prediction (NWP) models (i.e., ECMWF, GFS, GRAPES, and SMS-WARMS), the TS100 + TS50 (the sum of TS values for predicting 24-h accumulated precipitation of ≥100 and ≥50 mm) of DSAEF_LTP_D-2 is comparable to the best performer of the NWP models (ECMWF) on 9 and 10 August, while the performance of DSAEF_LTP_D model for predicting heavy rainfall on 11 August is poor. 3) The newly added similarity regions make up for the deficiency that the similarity regions are narrower when the TC track is northward, which leads to DSAEF_LTP_D-2 having a better forecasting performance for heavy rainfall on 11 August, with the TS100 + TS50 increasing from 0.3021 to 0.4286, an increase of 41.87%.
Quantification of NSSL Warn-on-Forecast System Accuracy by Storm Age Using Object-Based Verification
Authors: Guerra Jorge E. , Skinner Patrick S. , Clark Adam , Flora Montgomery , Matilla Brian , Knopfmeier Kent , Reinhart Anthony E.
Published: August 2022

The National Severe Storm Laboratory’s Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is a convection-allowing ensemble with rapidly cycled data assimilation (DA) of various satellite and radar datasets designed for prediction at 0–6-h lead time of hazardous weather. With the focus on short lead times, WoFS predictive accuracy is strongly dependent on its ability to accurately initialize and depict the evolution of ongoing storms. Since it takes multiple DA cycles to fully “spin up” ongoing storms, predictive skill is likely a function of storm age at the time of model initialization, meaning that older storms that have been through several DA cycles will be forecast with greater accuracy than newer storms that initiate just before model initialization or at any point after. To quantify this relationship, we apply an object-based spatial tracking and verification approach to map differences in the probability of detection (POD), in space–time, of predicted storm objects from WoFS with respect to Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) reflectivity objects. Object-tracking/matching statistics are computed for all suitable and available WoFS cases from 2017 to 2021. Our results indicate sharply increasing POD with increasing storm age for lead times within 3 h. PODs were about 0.3 for storm objects that emerge 2–3 h after model initialization, while for storm objects that were at least an hour old at the time of model initialization by DA, PODs ranged from around 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the lead time. These results should aid in forecaster interpretation of WoFS, as well as guide WoFS developers on improving the model and DA system.

Significance Statement

The Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is a collection of weather models designed to predict individual thunderstorms. Before the models can predict storms, they must ingest radar and satellite observations to put existing storms into the models. Because storms develop at different times, more observations will exist for some storms in the model domain than others, which results in WoFS forecasts with different accuracy for different storms. This paper estimates the differences in accuracy for storms that have existed for a long time and those that have not by tracking observed and predicted storms. We find that the likelihood of WoFS accurately predicting a thunderstorm nearly doubles if the storm has existed for over an hour prior to the forecast. Understanding this relationship between storm age and forecast accuracy will help forecasters better use WoFS predictions and guide future research to improve WoFS forecasts.
Attribution of North American Subseasonal Precipitation Prediction Skill
Authors: Sun Lantao , Hoerling Martin P. , Richter Jadwiga H. , Hoell Andrew , Kumar Arun , Hurrell James W.
Published: August 2022

The skill of NOAA’s official monthly U.S. precipitation forecasts (issued in the middle of the prior month) has historically been low, having shown modest skill over the southern United States, but little or no skill over large portions of the central United States. The goal of this study is to explain the seasonal and regional variations of the North American subseasonal (weeks 3–6) precipitation skill, specifically the reasons for its successes and its limitations. The performances of multiple recent-generation model reforecasts over 1999–2015 in predicting precipitation are compared to uninitialized simulation skill using the atmospheric component of the forecast systems. This parallel analysis permits attribution of precipitation skill to two distinct sources: one due to slowly evolving ocean surface boundary states and the other to faster time-scale initial atmospheric weather states. A strong regionality and seasonality in precipitation forecast performance is shown to be analogous to skill patterns dictated by boundary forcing constraints alone. The correspondence is found to be especially high for the North American pattern of the maximum monthly skill that is achieved in the reforecast. The boundary forcing of most importance originates from tropical Pacific SST influences, especially those related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We discuss physical constraints that may limit monthly precipitation skill and interpret the performance of existing models in the context of plausible upper limits.

Significance Statement

Skillful subseasonal precipitation predictions have societal benefits. Over the United States, however, NOAA’s official U.S. monthly precipitation forecast skill has been historically low. Here we explore origins for skill of North American week-3 to week-6 precipitation predictions. Skill arising from initial weather states is compared to that arising from ocean surface boundary states alone. The monthly and seasonally varying pattern of U.S. monthly precipitation skill is appreciably derived from boundary constraints, linked especially with El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Forecasts of opportunity are identified, despite the low skill of monthly precipitation forecasts on average. Potential limits of monthly precipitation skill are explored that provide insight on the juxtaposition of “skill deserts” over the central United States with high skill regions over western North America.
Health Challenges and Community College Student Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hachey Alyse C. , Wladis Claire , Manly Catherine A. , Conway Katherine M.
Published: August 2022

This study details the prevalence of community college students’ reports of serious health events both before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020. Survey responses from a representative sample of students within the largest community college at the City University of New York highlighted serious health challenges. Findings indicated that serious health challenges (including illness/injury/disability/mental health) were a significant factor in predicting students’ outcomes during the spring 2020 term. However, health-related events that occurred prior to the onset of the pandemic had a substantially and significantly larger correlation with course outcomes than those that occurred after the onset of the pandemic. This suggests that serious health issues may be a major barrier to student progress at community colleges, even outside of the conditions of a global pandemic, and that the pandemic may have only exacerbated this significant but often overlooked preexisting issue.
Misfires and Surprises: Polling Embarrassments in Recent U.S. Presidential Elections
Authors: Campbell W. Joseph
Published: August 2022

The 2020 elections in the United States brought another round of embarrassment to leading polling organizations whose the final preelection surveys underestimated popular support for President Donald Trump and many down-ticket Republicans. While not necessarily a debacle, the 2020 outcome marked the sixth polling surprise of some variety in the past seven presidential elections. Despite its unenviable recent record, election polling is hardly doomed. This essay addresses why, while offering an overview of major polling failures in U.S. presidential elections since 1996.
Trends in Residency Applicant Volume in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Peer Specialties
Authors: Bourdillon Alexandra T. , Salehi Parsa P. , Wride Mitchel , Salehi Pauniz , Torabi Sina , Heiser Alyssa , Shah Hemali P. , Azizzadeh Babak , Judson Benjamin , Lee Yan Ho
Published: August 2022

Objective:

To evaluate the 2020 to 2021 Otolaryngology residency application cycle in the context of recent trends.

Study Design:

Retrospective data analysis.

Setting:

Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may significantly alter trends among residency applicants, especially in highly competitive and/or smaller specialties.

Methods:

Applicant and residency statistics from Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) and National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) were extracted from the 2016 to 2021 and 2011 to 2021, respectively. Trends in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) were compared to peer specialties (PS) including Dermatology, Neurological Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, and Integrated Pathway for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS). The ratio of the number of applicants per positions (APP) was used to reflect the degree of competition.

Results:

Between 2011 and 2021, the number of OHNS programs and positions expanded less than those of PS and General Surgery. The increase in the APP ratio was significantly greater for OHNS compared to those Dermatology, Orthopedic Surgery, General Surgery and all PGY1 residency positions for both US MD and all applicants ( P < .01 for each). OHNS expansion of US MD ( P = .046), but not all applicants ( P = .169), outgrew that of Neurosurgery.

Conclusion:

The 2020 to 2021 cycle affected by the COVID-19 pandemic saw a continuation of the recent trend in the expanding OHNS applicant pool. OHNS remains one of the specialties with the highest APP ratio and has observed a significant growth compared to PS since 2018. Understanding and anticipating trends in residency application cycles is critical for designing processes to optimize the best fit between applicants and programs.
Say my name: The effects of ethnofederalism on communal violence
Authors: Juon Andreas , Rohrbach Livia
Published: August 2022

Extant research highlights low or unequal access of ethnic groups to socio-economic resources as a driver of communal violence. However, less is known about how institutional factors, such as control over ethnofederal units, influence the distribution of these resources in the first place. Conversely, the literature on ethnofederalism has focused on conflicts that involve the central government, while neglecting its unintended consequences at the subnational level. Building on both literatures, we argue that ethnofederalism increases the risk of communal violence between locally dominant and non-dominant groups through two mechanisms. First, it increases grievances among locally non-dominant groups. Second, it increases the utility of coercive strategies for locally dominant groups. Through both processes, ethnofederalism creates incentives for group elites to use communal violence in order to attain or maintain control over local government office. We test our argument in a subnational analysis of Ethiopia’s ethnofederal system, combining new spatial data on local demographics, government control, and horizontal inequalities. We further substantiate our analysis with quantitative tests of the mechanisms’ intermediate implications and with original interview data gathered during fieldwork. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for institutional factors in the comparative study of communal violence.
The impact of climate variability on children: The recruitment of boys and girls by rebel groups
Authors: Bakaki Zorzeta , Haer Roos
Published: August 2022

Environmental changes place severe pressure on individuals and societies. Vulnerable segments of the population, especially children, are likely to be first affected. We examine the impact of climate variability on the recruitment of children by rebel groups during conflict. We argue that changes in climate patterns increase both the supply of children willing to work as soldiers and rebel groups’ demand for them. To empirically examine this association, we combine global data on temperature and precipitation shocks with information on child soldier recruitment by rebel groups. Our findings suggest that climate variability shapes child soldier recruitment in systematic and significant ways. Additionally, we show that this relationship is not gender-neutral: it has a strong impact on the level of girls recruited by rebel groups. This research has important implications for our understanding of how climate variability can influence conflict dynamics, how environmental changes may worsen the circumstances of the most vulnerable individuals of conflict-affected societies, and how a non-gender-neutral effect of climate change may materialize.
Urban Social Disorder 3.0: A global, city-level event dataset of political mobilization and disorder
Authors: Thomson Henry , Bahgat Karim , Urdal Henrik , Buhaug Halvard
Published: August 2022

The world’s population is increasingly concentrated in cities. Research on urbanization’s implications for peace and security has been hampered by a lack of comparable data on political mobilization and violence at the city level across space and through time, however. Urban Social Disorder 3.0 is a detailed event dataset covering 186 national capitals and major urban centers from 1960 to 2014. It includes 12 types of nonviolent and violent events, detailing the actors involved and their targets, start and end dates of each event, and the number of participants and deaths. We provide an overview of the main features of these data, and trends in urban social disorder across space and time. We demonstrate the utility of the dataset by analyzing the relationship between city size and the frequency of lethal disorder events. We find a positive relationship between city population and lethal urban social disorder, unlike previous studies. These new data raise promising avenues for future research on democratization; climate change and food security; and spillovers between different forms of mobilization and violence.
International Sanctions Termination, 1990–2018: Introducing the IST dataset
Authors: Attia Hana , Grauvogel Julia
Published: August 2022

Despite intense public and policy debates about the termination (and re-instatement) of sanctions in cases such as Iran, Cuba and Russia, research has hitherto focused on sanctions imposition and effectiveness, directing little attention towards their removal. Existing work has been constrained by a lack of adequate data. In response, we introduce a novel dataset that contains information on the termination of all EU, UN, US and regional sanctions between 1990 and 2018. In contrast to previous datasets, which rely on media reports, the International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset systematically codes official governmental and intergovernmental documents. It contains information on the design of sanctions – including expiry dates, review provisions and termination requirements – and captures the gradual process of adapting and ending sanctions. The article describes the data collection process, considers IST’s complementarity to and compatibility with existing datasets, and discusses the newly captured variables, exploring how they affect the termination of sanctions. The results indicate that changes in the sender’s goals and investments in monitoring devices lead to significantly longer sanctions spells. By contrast, clearly stipulated termination requirements decrease the expected duration of sanctions.
Are the Police Primarily Responsible for Influencing Place-Level Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Effectiveness? A Longitudinal Study of Street Segments
Authors: Weisburd David , Jonathan-Zamir Tal , White Clair , Wilson David B. , Kuen Kiseong
Published: August 2022

While there has been significant study of the relationship between police legitimacy and its key antecedents - procedural justice (PJ) and police effectiveness (PE) at the individual level, little attention has been paid to what impacts general evaluations of PJ and PE. Our paper focuses on these perceptions at places.

Our analyzes utilize survey data collected on 447 street segments in Baltimore City, MD, in two waves. We first used EFA to determine the latent structure of PJ and PE measures. We then used mixed effects OLS regression modeling techniques to examine the antecedents of a “scorecard” of perceptions of the police.

The results of the EFA show a single latent structure that we term the scorecard for PJ and PE. While we find that experiences with the police and street conditions that the police are presumed to impact influence the scorecard, street conditions that are less likely to be influenced by police (collective efficacy and concentrated disadvantage) also have strong influence.

Both the research and policy-oriented literature often view the police as primarily responsible for their public image. Our data suggest that at the place level, such perceptions are also strongly impacted by factors primarily outside police influence.
The Editor’s Note: It’s time to listen to educators
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: August 2022

Teaching is a difficult job even in the best of circumstances, and recent years have been far from the best circumstances, explains Teresa Preston, editor-in-chief of Kappan. The COVID-19 pandemic has created situations where all the decisions educators make are fraught, and unhappy members of the public have been quick to air their frustrations, even as the PDK Poll indicates that the public is more satisfied with local schools than ever. The September 2022 issue of Kappan explores the circumstances making education especially challenging and suggests solutions.
Why teachers are leaving and what we can do about it
Authors: Marshall David T. , Pressley Tim , Neugebauer Natalie M. , Shannon David M.
Published: August 2022

Teaching has always been a demanding profession, and the demands have only escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. David T. Marshall, Tim Pressley, Natalie M. Neugebauer, & David M. Shannon review research from before and during the pandemic to learn what makes teachers likely to leave the profession and share results from their May 2022 survey of 830 teachers. Around three-fourths of teachers surveyed had considered leaving their positions during the 2022-23 school year, with more than half considering positions outside education. Teachers describe the increased workload, ongoing stress, and lack of support from administrators and parents as factors that led them to consider leaving.
Empowering educators through team-based staffing models
Authors: Maddin Brent W. , Mahlerwein Randy L.
Published: August 2022

During a time when teacher turnover is high, retention is low, and some positions go unfilled for years at a time, the conditions have never been more favorable to redesign the fundamental way we staff our nation’s schools. Brent W. Maddin and Randy L. Mahlerwein describe how Arizona’s Mesa Public Schools and Arizona State University are working together to empower educators to design and implement innovative, team-based staffing models that make the job of being a teacher less isolating, more flexible, and, ultimately, more sustainable.
Growth mindset & intellectual risk-taking: Disentangling conflated concepts
Authors: Clark Shelby , Soutter Madora
Published: August 2022

Although most teachers are familiar with growth mindsets, many conflate it with other terms or concepts or have difficulties understanding how to best foster growth mindsets in their students. Shelby Clark and Madora Soutter describe how growth mindsets are related to, yet distinct from, intellectual risk-taking and share strategies for fostering both in students. The strategies come from their yearlong research project observing classes and interviewing students and teachers at a high school that uses a discussion-based pedagogy known as the Harkness method.
First Person: Carmen: Friend, colleague, creative disruptor
Authors: Nathan Linda F.
Published: August 2022

Linda Nathan remembers the colleague who helped her through the first days of her new position as a bilingual math teacher at a Boston middle school and then became a close friend. When Nathan was overwhelmed, Carmen Torres, a bilingual science teacher, reassured her and became a model for how to lead her classroom. When Carmen died in April 2022, Nathan shared her story with other teachers and school leaders who have been inspired both to consider who their Carmens have been and to be Carmens for new teachers in their schools.
On Leadership: A solid transition process helps new leaders chart a clear course forward
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: August 2022

As new school leaders take over the district’s top jobs this fall, they and their communities face transitions. Joshua P. Starr explains that too many leaders focus on entry and fail to engage in a thoughtful and comprehensive transition process. Transition isn’t just about change; it’s also about loss. Organizational transition is about how people respond to these changed circumstances. Even if people are ready and eager to embrace the new beginning, they still lose their old way of doing business. For those who resist the new or are just unsure of what it means for them, their sense of loss can manifest in active opposition to a leader’s new ideas. A good transition process involves the creation of a transition team with committees made up of administrators, teachers, parents, students, and community members, who will be more likely to support plans that come from their work.
Under the Law: Public schools, religion, and equality after Carson v. Makin
Authors: Kim Robert
Published: August 2022

In Carson v. Makin, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that, if a state offers tuition assistance for students to attend private schools, then requiring that those private schools be nonsectarian violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. Robert Kim discusses how this case aligns with other decisions related to the free exercise of religion as it applies to public schools and what it could mean for schools going forward. Carson v. Makin, he explains, is one of several cases that open the door for states to fund religious education. At the same time, recent cases show that these schools may be allowed to discriminate against students and teachers while continuing to receive state funds.
Career Confidential: Staff members are rude to principal when they dislike his decisions
Authors: Fagell Phyllis L.
Published: August 2022

In Career Confidential, Phyllis Fagell gives career advice to educators. In the September 2022 column, a principal wants to know how to respond when teachers get angry about unpopular decisions. And teacher who received an automated rejection letter when applying for a leadership position in her district wonders how she can help improve the process.
Backtalk: Let’s take another look at homework
Authors: James Katherine A.
Published: August 2022

Veteran teacher Katherine A. James responds to a March 2022 Kappan article in which high school student Colin McGrath warned his younger brother of the burden that pointless homework assignments will play in his life when he enters high school. James suggests that, although some teachers may assign work with little value, most assignments do serve to either reinforce or expand on what students have learned in class. She urges teachers and students to think of homework as opportunities for learning at home. Ideally, teachers will explain the purpose of any at-home learning and give students options for engaging in such learning, using their individual intelligences to master the content.
The Prevalence of Clinical Depression and Its Associated Factors Among Adult Inmates in Kajang Prison, Malaysia
Authors: Yaacob Yusadilah M. , Razali Salmi , Ahmad Yuhaniz
Published: August 2022

Information on clinical depression and its associated factors among prison inmates is especially scarce in countries of lower middle income. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of clinical depression and its associated factors among adult inmates in a Malaysian Prison. Clinical depression was assessed using Patient's Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Of the total 301 inmate participants, 127 (42.2%) had clinical depression. The associated factors include male gender, violent offense, and lower social support from friends. The findings may inform early intervention to prevent clinical depression among inmates.
Primary School Teachers Misrecognizing Trans Identities? Religious, Cultural, and Decolonial Assemblages
Authors: Bhana Deevia
Published: August 2022

Background:

Teachers’ support for addressing cisgenderism and cisnormative cultures in schools is necessary to support students’ freedom to express gender in expansive ways and to embrace trans identities. However, few questions are asked about how primary school teachers grapple with trans identities in South Africa.

Purpose:

The article fills this gap by focusing on how school teachers negotiate their understandings of gender identity and gender expression by showing their capacities and potential in creating a trans-affirmative climate in primary school.

Participants:

Participants were 30 self-identified heterosexual primary school teachers of diverse race and class backgrounds who were located in one primary school in South Africa.

Research Design:

This qualitative study employed in-depth face-to-face and telephone-based semi-structured individual interviews. The article draws from new feminist materialist approaches to “assemblages” and decolonial thinking to consider how participants negotiated gender expectations.

Findings:

Trans identity is conflated with being gay and misrecognized through a reliance on historically produced religious and cultural norms that are part of the colonial and apartheid legacies in South Africa. While the trans assemblage shows potential to challenge and question the sex-gender conflation, historical legacies, suffused with cis-heteronormative logics, lead to a fundamental misrecognition and erasure of trans as a sign of being gay.

Conclusions/Recommendations:

The utility of a decolonial trans assemblage is evident in examining how epistemic erasure occurs through historical mechanisms, while denaturalizing the reliance on binary gendered systems and Western knowledge. If primary schools are to support gender-expansive ways of being, addressing how historical processes, cisgenderism, and cisnormative cultures permeate teachers’ understanding of gender remains vital work.
Tweets on a horror movie: An investigation into relationships between sentiment strength, cognitive language and tweet virality
Authors: Zhang Ling , Mu Xiangming
Published: August 2022

This article studies how sentiment strength and cognitive language may influence the levels of tweet virality. A total of 11,381 tweets about a horror movie (‘Mother!’) were collected. Based on the definitions of two independent variables: sentiment strength and cognitive language use, and the dependent variable: tweet virality, the data descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis were applied to reveal the relationships between tweet virality and sentiment and cognitive factors. The results indicate that a high tweet virality is associated with either a lower level of sentiment strength or/and a higher level of cognitive language use by a statistically significant margin. This finding is more evident for negative tweets. The study findings help improve the understanding about sentimental and cognitive factors impacting tweet virality and guide the movie industry to improve marketing movie content to achieve high virality on social media. The conclusions can also be applied to other industries, government agencies, organisations and individuals who intend to quickly disseminate specific information on social media platforms.
Towards a typology development of crowdsourcing in science
Authors: Lenart-Gansiniec Regina
Published: August 2022

Crowdsourcing in science as collaborative online process through which non-professional and/or professional scientists incorporate a group of individuals of varying, diversity knowledge and skills, via an open call to the Internet and/or online platforms, to undertaking of a task in science, is an important strategy to support scientific research that has gained attention in academia and practitioners. While research efforts to date have focused on the benefits of crowdsourcing in science, its typology has yet to mature. Typologies are important in describing complex, multidisciplinary organisational forms such as crowdsourcing in science. The main purpose of this article is to identify and provide a typology of crowdsourcing in science. Based on the thematic analysis of publications collected in a systematic manner and focused group interviews, 12 types of crowdsourcing in science are identified. The proposed crowdsourcing in science typology matrix may be a starting point for future research and decision-making by practitioners regarding the choice of a specific type of crowdsourcing in science.
Do Pure Liberals Both Endorse Immigration and Reject Muslims? Examining the Inconsistency Hypothesis
Authors: Frølund Thomsen Jens Peter , Terkelsen Mikkel
Published: August 2022

Some people have consistently positive attitudes toward ethnic minority members in every respect. Sniderman and Hagendoorn (2007) characterize these individuals as “pure liberals.” Because of limited empirical evidence on the characteristics of this category of majority members, the consistency thesis, claiming that pure liberals have no negative reactions toward Muslims, remains contentious. Accordingly, we introduce a new idea – the inconsistency hypothesis – claiming that pure liberals’ commitment to greater ethnic diversity may not convert into unprejudiced reactions toward Muslim minority members. To test our inconsistency hypothesis, we fielded a survey in 2018 that also included a so-called list experiment among 716 Danish university students. The list experiment was designed to measure prejudice toward Muslims. Our analyses of the survey’s observational data revealed that pure liberals supported the general idea of greater diversity and remained positive toward ethnic minorities. However, and unlike previous research, the list experiment showed that around 34 percent of pure liberals in the survey were prejudiced toward Muslims. When we combine the observational and experimental evidence, it appears that many pure liberals had inconsistent attitudes: around a third of pure liberals combined support for the general idea of a multiethnic society with prejudice toward Muslims. Our inconsistency hypothesis contributes to literatures on liberal orientations and prejudice toward Muslims: Many liberals are not liberals, and prejudice is surprisingly powerful. The conclusion emphasizes the role of self-interest and distinct values as drivers of prejudice among the strongest advocates of a multiethnic society.
Knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia of the urban poor adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Wong Hwee Shan , Tay Janice Ee Fang , Kaur Satvinder , Gan Wan Ying , Che’Ya Nik Norasma , Tan Choon Hui , Tung Serene En Hui
Published: August 2022

Background: Anaemia has been identified as a major public health problem that affects both developed and developing countries, including Malaysia. To prevent anaemia, knowledge is a key parameter for changing attitudes and practices. Aim: This present study aims to determine the association of knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia with anaemia status of urban poor adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 209 urban poor adolescents (50.7% males and 49.3% females) aged 10 to 17 years old were recruited from eight low-cost flats (People Housing Programme) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia. Anaemia status from the haemoglobin level concentration was determined using HemoCue® 201  +  hemoglobinometer. Results: The prevalence of anaemia among urban poor adolescents was 58.4%, particularly prevalent among females (p < 0.001) and household size of six and above (p  =  0.036). Only 29.2% and 10.0% of them were found to have good levels of knowledge and practices in preventing nutritional anaemia, respectively. Adolescents with high knowledge level tended to be anaemic as compared to poor knowledge level (AOR(95% CI)  =  2.20 (1.02, 5.61), p < 0.05) after adjusting for sex, household size and monthly household income. Conclusion: Findings showed high prevalence of anaemia and low levels of knowledge and practices of nutritional anaemia prevention among the urban poor adolescents. Nutrition education and intervention are needed to improve the anaemia status of the urban poor adolescents.
In vitro comparison of spatiotemporal fibrin clot formation dynamics in plasma treated with different protamine-heparin ratios
Authors: Wargowsky Richard , Zvara Jessica , Qaddumi Nidal , Gonzalez-Almada Alberto , Lin Dora , Fernandez Xiomara , Tanaka Kenichi , Mazzeffi Michael
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Our study aim was to explore how different protamine-heparin ratios impacted enzymatic coagulation and acellular fibrin clot growth in plasma using an in vitro model. We hypothesized that a low protamine-heparin ratio would be associated with superior fibrin clot growth dynamics.

Methods

We performed an in vitro study using 15 plasma samples from a commercial supplier. Different protamine-heparin ratios were added to each donor plasma sample: low ratio (0.7–1), traditional ratio (1–1), and high ratio (1.3–1) and clot formation dynamics were evaluated using a Thrombodynamics analyzer. Study outcomes were initial clot growth velocity and clot size at 30 min.

Results

Plasma samples treated with a one-to-one protamine-heparin ratio had significantly lower mean initial clot growth velocity compared to samples treated with a low protamine-heparin ratio; mean difference −2.3 μm/min (95% CI = −4.0 to −0.7, p = .004). Plasma samples treated with a one-to-one protamine-heparin ratio also had significantly smaller mean clot size at 30 min compared to samples treated with a low protamine-heparin ratio; mean difference −54.0 μm (95% CI = −107.6 to −0.4, p = .048). There were no significant differences in mean initial clot growth velocity or clot size at 30 min between plasma samples treated with a high protamine-heparin ratio and those treated with a one-to-one or low protamine-heparin ratio (all p > .05).

Conclusions

Plasma samples treated with a low protamine-heparin ratio had superior clot growth velocity and larger clot size at 30 min compared to a one-to-one ratio, supporting the notion that a low protamine-heparin ratio may optimize enzymatic coagulation after cardiopulmonary bypass.