bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating radar signals using one-dimensional GAN-based model for target classification in radar systems
Authors: Abdelfattah T M , Ahmed F , Maher A , Youssef A
Published: December 2023

Conventional radar systems are often unable to produce highly accurate results for target classification and identification via linear frequency modulation (LFM) signals. The potential of artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, has been applied in various fields, which promotes utilizing them in the context of target classification in radar systems. However, to train deep learning models for this task, large datasets of LFM radar signals are required, which are practically difficult to obtain due to the time, effort, and involved high cost. Therefore, the presented work spots the light on utilizing the recent one-dimensional generative adversarial network (GAN) and Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) models to synthesize a large time-series LFM signal dataset from a reference smaller one. Moreover, the work fairly judges the generated LFM signals realistic via a decent qualitative and quantitative analysis, unlike other studies which rely solely on qualitative evaluation by human observers. The proposed study outcome reveals the WGAN’s efficiency in synthesizing high-quality LFM signals while reducing the training time and resource requirements.
Filter bank multi-carrier based offset ternary phase shift keying(FBMC/OTPSK)
Authors: mohamed H R , Nagy A A , Abdelaziz M
Published: December 2023

Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is a popular researched technique for wireless communications that offers several advantages over traditional orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this paper, we propose a FBMC system using offset Triangle phase shift keying (TPSK) modulation (FBMC/OTPSK), analyze its bit error rate (BER) performance via additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and compare it to that of conventional FBMC using offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC/OQAM) system. Simulation results show that the proposed FBMC/OTPSK system considerably improves BER performance over FBMC/OQAM system. Additionally, we explore the impact of using ternary convolutional coding (TCC) with TPSK and binary convolutional coding (BCC) with QAM. The presented TPSK modulation encoded by TCC offers better error rate performance and minimum amplitude fluctuation compared to QAM encoded by BCC; therefore, TCC-coded OTPSK is proposed to be used with FBMC instead of BCC-coded OQAM to benefit from its lower error rates without bandwidth expansion, as well increase information carried by symbol, hence increases throughput.
Effect of sustainable/durable composite materials on dynamic performance of aircraft shelters.
Authors: Hafez M A Y , Nagy N M A , Rashad M , Ali M A E M
Published: December 2023

Aircraft shelter technology has been evolving over years along with the global technological revolution. They first appeared in the 20th century with the main purpose of protecting parked aircraft. Recently, they are considered a globally important topic in the aerospace field, especially for shielding military aircraft. On the other hand, the civil revolution nowadays is extremely unsustainable. The world is facing vital problems due to the massive consumption of non-renewable resources and pollution of the environment and atmosphere. Sustainability development is not an option anymore; it is the only choice to survive. Therefore, there is a demanding need to push the boundaries of sustainability and go through a green revolution by using Eco-friendly materials and searching for alternatives for non-renewable resources. In this study, sustainable composite materials that are probably used as impact shields in aircraft shelters that are cheaper than typical ones were studied. The applicability of utilizing silica fume and steel slag as partial and full replacements for non-renewable resources in the composite mixture was established. Fiberglass and steel meshes were also implemented as reinforcing elements. The performance enhancement of using such materials in composite mixtures was investigated. Results showed that utilizing silica fume and steel slag enhanced the compressive strength of sustainable composite mixtures by about 9.38%. Similarly, superior dynamic performance was achieved by approximately 800% using different reinforcement techniques.
Static and dynamic performance of different concrete mixtures for the protection of aircraft shelters
Authors: Wagih M , Kamal I M , Soltan A E , Ali M A E M
Published: December 2023

Concrete is the most significant construction material in the world. However, extreme static and dynamic loads placed on infrastructure in recent decades have led to structurally catastrophic disasters. In addition, recent weapons can significantly impact the safety of humans and infrastructures. Newly developed concrete shields are designed to protect against severe loading conditions such as impact loads. Therefore, due to the rapid progress in weapons production, such as projectiles and bombs, there is a critical need to protect aviation buildings and aircraft shelters from such destructive impacts. In this study, the static and dynamic performance of concrete shields produced by nationally available magnetite, hematite, graphite, steel fibers, and steel mesh constituents were evaluated. Test results showed that implementing graphite, hematite, and magnetite powder in concrete shelters’ production slightly decreased the static behaviour of produced mixtures. On the other hand, superior impact resistance was achieved by incorporating steel fibers and steel mesh in aircraft concrete shields.
Structural health monitoring with UAV
Authors: Rezk M Y , Mohamed N H , Nagy N M
Published: December 2023

In recent years, the use of drones to monitor various types of smart constructions has attracted more attention. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have a number of potential benefits over manual methods for Analyzing construction due to their permit scalable, quick, and affordable solutions to tasks that would otherwise be unsuitable for individuals who are subject to fatigue and measurement uncertainty. In order to better understand how drones can be used in dam monitoring and construction for situation assessment, early warning, and image processing, the current study is studying this topics. High resolution Ierial images that captured by UAV is used to detect the cracks in the dam body structure. Drone-shot images are analyzed by using MATLAB software in order to assess the crack in the dam body and make the correct maintenance.The finite element program Geostudio is undertaken to evaluate a complete numerical analysis of the dam to find out the cause of cracks in the dam body and give solutions to prevent these cracks from happening again depending on the outcome results. This study is applied under two cases seismic and static condition. The results of FEM model concluded that cracks starts to appear at slope change point at downstream and in upstream at dam heel during earthquake action. The current work shows that using drones in dam monitoring is a very effective and fast way to detect cracks in the dam body.
Finite element model updating of a plate type structure made of composite material using a network of PZT
Authors: Salem M A M , Kassem M , Amin M S , Farag H M , Osman A
Published: December 2023

Ambient vibrations are one of the most unpredicted, undesired, and uncontrolled destructive causes of sudden failure for many types of structural systems, predominantly those made of FRP thin plates. FRP thin plates may undergo dramatic collapse beneath the periodic ambient loads associated with frequencies, particularly those approaching natural frequencies. Much research has been done over the last few decades to enhance the structural damping behaviour capabilities of thin plates against ambient vibrations via several means and systems of active vibration control. Recent, exceptional advancements in the field of smart materials and their applications in the field of active vibration control have provided a viable alternative to conventional vibration control tools (sensors/actuators). For instance, the coupled properties inherited by PWAS were utilised to develop durable, compact, and efficient actuators/sensors. To minimize the influence of the disparity between the theoretical and actual dynamic structure performances, the numerical FEM has to be updated using real structural data. In the present study, a model update of the structural parameters of a smart beam is carried out by employing PWAS as smart vibration control tools (sensor/actuator) that have been previously installed on the substrate structure. A finite element model is developed to mimic this intelligent beam. Then, laboratory experiments are undertaken to determine system parameters, which are used to update the finite element model. Finally, optimization is done to minimize the FEM variance in the designated structure vibration response from the real one.
Numerical flow field investigation around guide vane of a high head Francis turbine
Authors: Sahu Rohit Kumar , Gandhi Bhupendra Kumar , Sharma Shubham
Published: December 2023

Guide vanes are the most eroded component of the Francis turbine, and flow instabilities around guide vanes influence the flow field at the runner inlet. Guide vane cascade can be considered an alternative method to investigate the flow field, which maintains flow similarity with the prototype turbine. The objective of this paper is to numerically analyze the flow field around the guide vane cascade. A single guide vane cascade numerical model is developed to perform the simulation using commercial software ANSYS 2022. Two turbulence models, shear stress transport k-ω and standard k-ε, perform steady-state simulation at the best efficiency point. The pressure and velocity distribution are obtained at mid-span, and around the pressure and suction sides of the guide vane. Numerical simulation on a scaled prototype full turbine has also been performed to measure the Francis turbine’s torque and efficiency. The modified Bhilangana- III guide vane profile is installed in the B-III hydropower plant in India and taken as a reference Francis turbine. The velocity and pressure distributions obtained around guide vanes of the scaled full turbine are compared with the velocity and pressure distributions of the single guide vane cascade. A difference of 7.25 % in maximum velocity and 9.40 % in maximum pressure at the mid-span of the guide vane is found between the guide vane cascade and scaled full turbine at the best efficiency point. The overall efficiency of the scaled turbine is also measured, and a difference of 0.83 % between the numerical result and scaled hill chart at the best efficiency point was found.
Numerical Investigation of Savonius Hydrokinetic Turbine Having Novel Thick Blades.
Authors: Chaudhari Vimal N. , Shah Samip P.
Published: December 2023

Recently, hydrokinetic energy is playing an important role in the production of green energy. It boasts a minimal ecological footprint and holds significant promise for generating energy on a small scale. Savonius Hydrokinetic Turbine (SHKT) acquires the hydrokinetic energy and converts it into useful energy. It has some specific advantages over other hydrokinetic turbines. Two unique thick blade designs have been utilized to replace the traditional semi-circular blades of the Savonius hydrokinetic turbine, resulting in the creation of two novel variants known as SHKT Design-1 and SHKT Design-2. Numerical investigations are carried out to assess and contrast the performance of SHKT Design-1 and SHKT Design-2 with conventional SHKT, with inlet velocity 0.9 m/s at various tip speed ratios between 0.7 to 1.1. The current study demonstrates that, the performance of SHKT is greater compared to SHKT Design-1 and SHKT Design-2. Savonius hydrokinetic turbine has a 10.5% and 7.5% higher maximum coefficient of power compared to SHKT Design-1 and SHKT Design-2 respectively. The flow field generated about the SHKT, SHKT Design-1 and SHKT Design-2 are examined and deliberated upon to evaluate performance across different facets.
Experimental comparison of the upstream head using the non-rotating model of the vertical ultra-low head hydro turbine with its prototype
Authors: Chaulagain Raj Kumar , Poudel Laxman , Maharjan Sanjeev
Published: December 2023

A vertical ultra-low head (VULH) turbine is a pico-scale hydro turbine applicable to open canal flow with or without head drop. This conceptualized turbine rotates at a lower speed. In the case of water flow on a canal without head drop condition, the prediction of the upstream head is challenging due to the change in the direction of the water flow path on this conceptualized system. Assuming the head at the primary level of design, an experimental study has been conducted to judge the upstream head of water flow using the two-dimensional non-rotating model (NRM) before the use of a prototype of the turbine. The runner was designed with a conventional method whereas the design of NRM was based on the diameters of the runner designed and the orifice openings on it. The experiments were conducted on a newly developed VULH Turbine test rig of size 10 m x 1.5 m x 2 m with a maximum flow rate capacity of 120 LPS and a maximum upstream head of 0.75 m. The tests were completed for upstream head variation using three different sets of NRM having an orifice cut angle of 15°, 18°, and 22.5° and a prototype of the runner at a constant speed for different flow rates. From the comparisons made, the closest NRM was selected that showed a similar upstream head at the maximum efficiency point of the runner. The research concluded with the finding that the NRM can be used to predict the upstream head of the VULH turbine instead of the rotating model.
Application of green hydrogen for decarbonization of cement manufacturing process: A technical review
Authors: Jibran Jahir Ahamad , Mahat Chiranjeevi
Published: December 2023

Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere have a direct effect on the weather, climate events, and global temperature that leads to adverse impacts on the environment and human beings. Industrial sectors are the major source of carbon footprint and contribute more than 30% of global CO2 emissions in global cement industries being the second largest after the steel industry i.e., 7% contribution. Raw material preparation, clinker burning, and cement grinding are the three major processes involved in cement manufacturing. The CO2 emissions throughout these phases are split into two categories: direct emissions (90%), mostly from the burning of fossil fuels and the breakdown of limestone (CaCO3) during the calcination of raw materials; and indirect emissions (2–10%), primarily from the use of electricity. Fossil fuel combustion is the major source of energy in cement manufacturing processes, accounting for 35% of cement’s CO2 emissions. In this study, the various pathways of decarbonization of the cement industry have been extensively reviewed. This research has revealed that hydrogen may be an appropriate substitute for carbon-intensive fuels in kilns. It can be concluded that the usage of hydrogen as a source of process heat, can present a potential for comparatively smooth integration into, or replacement of, process heat systems based on fossil fuels.
Comparative cost analysis of Synthetic Natural Gas distribution pathways in the context of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Rahul , Mishra Abhishek , Pandey Bishnu
Published: December 2023

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) produced using Green Hydrogen, and carbon dioxide not only helps to reduce the harmful greenhouse gas emission but also can help Nepal to reduce its dependency on imports for fuel used in the industrial sector. For Nepal to utilize its full potential in Green Hydrogen for industries and household cooking, SNG can be an attractive alternative due to its storage, transmission, and controlled combustion advantages. Europe has been a frontier in SNG production, relying on its already-built Natural Gas network for distribution. Unlike Europe, Nepal doesn’t have any previously built gas pipeline network. Large biogas plants distribute the produced gaseous bio-CNG in cylinders. But unlike LPG, which can be liquified through pressurization (836 kPa at 20°C) only, SNG can only be liquified cryogenically (-162°C at 20 kPa), which requires a tremendous amount of energy. This study compares the costs of the distribution of SNG in gaseous form through gas pipelines and cylinders. A case study is performed in the Butwal Industrial Area of Nepal, in which data is gathered from primary and secondary sources to design the gas pipeline network and estimate the costs associated with distributing SNG using both pipelines and cylinders. It has been found that the capital cost (CAPEX) and the annual operating cost (OPEX) are significantly lower for pipeline distribution compared to the distribution using cylinders. The Net Present Value (NPV) of total costs for pipeline distribution was found to be NPR 12,002,821 compared to NPV of NPR 35,417,390 for cylinder distribution. Hence, distributing produced SNG using pipelines is more cost-effective than distributing using cylinders inside the industrial area of Nepal.
New Stability Results of the Modified Craig-Sneyd Scheme in a Multidimensional Diffusion Equation with Mixed Derivative Terms
Authors: Liu Jun , Zhu Qing , Zhou Lihong
Published: December 2023

The time-dependent multidimensional diffusion equations with mixed derivative terms have been widely used in mathematics. Due to the mixed derivative terms, it is difficult to solve this pattern of multidimensional diffusion equations. The Modified Craig-Sneyd scheme (MCS), which has been applied to value the power derivatives, is one of the most promising methods for solving such equations. Therefore, it is of great importance to study its stability. The unconditional stability problem of MCS for a multidimensional diffusion equation with mixed derivative terms is investigated by taking into account the sizes. A new sufficient condition, necessary condition, and equivalence condition on the parameter of the MCS scheme for unconditional stability are proposed in case of the two and three-dimensional diffusion equations.
Dynamic Bufurcation of a Tri-molecular Autocatalytic Reaction-diffusion System
Authors: Chen Guoqing , Busababodhin Piyapatr , Li Junyan
Published: December 2023

The tri-molecular autocatalytic reaction-diffusion system is a class of model, which can reveal a variety of phenomena observed in areas of encompassing physics, biology, ecology, chemistry and many other fields. In this paper, the tri-molecular autocatalytic reaction-diffusion system with Neumann boundary condition is studied. First, We have reached the following conclusion: the equilibrium of the system loses stability if the parameter is greater than a fixed value, and the corresponding principle of exchange stability condition is then verified. Second, we obtained the local asymptotic stability of trivial, transition types, expressions of bifurcated solutions, the main tools are center manifold theory. The theory is used to reduce the infinite dynamical system to a finite dimensional. Finally, the necessary explanations for the theory is provided.
Research on Tolerance Optimization of High Precision Equipment Assembly Based on Error Transfer Prediction Model
Authors: Wang Ping , Liu Xiang , Luo Zhe , Zhang Yi
Published: December 2023

In this paper, the assembly error transfer prediction model was established based on the error transfer attribute and the error transfer path of the assembly process. The assembly accuracy prediction was realized by combining error variation inequality, constraint inequality and mathematical statistics method. Aiming at the lowest processing cost of high-precision equipment assembly, the assembly accuracy required the reliability of index, the value interval of tolerance item and the principle of tolerance selection as constraints, the tolerance optimization model was established. The tolerance optimization of high-precision equipment assembly was carried out by combining the penalty function method and the improved genetic algorithm. Finally, taking gear oil pump assembly as an example, according to the reliability calculation formula of assembly accuracy, the reliability is 97.35%. Compared with the processing cost before and after optimization, the processing cost decreased by 12.13% after optimization, and the assembly accuracy reliability increased by 1.65%. The correctness and effectiveness of assembly accuracy prediction and tolerance optimization are verified.
Concentration Prediction of Multi-component Gases Based on Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm
Authors: Zhu Zehao , Tian Bing , Fan Xiaopeng , Zeng Min , Yang Zhi
Published: December 2023

The electronic nose consists of a sensor array and software algorithms, which can be used for gas identification and concentration prediction. The least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is often used for gas concentration prediction. However, the effectiveness of its performance is largely influenced by the chosen parameters. Hence, it is essential to integrate efficient optimization algorithms to enhance the predictive capabilities of LSSVM. This work introduces an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) to enhance the precision of gas concentration prediction by LSSVM. The ISSA approach is evaluated against the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the sparrow search algorithm (SSA). Response data of different concentrations of CH4, CO, H2 and their binary gases mixture have been measured using an electronic nose composed of six gas sensors. After processing feature extraction and principal component analysis (PCA) on the original data, it is used as a training and test dataset for prediction models. The results demonstrate that ISSA can significantly enhance the precision of the LSSVM model for gas concentration prediction.
A Short-term Load Curve Intelligent Prediction Method Based on FFT and GA Composite Algorithm and Its Application
Authors: Dong Hanyu , Shen Shangyi , Qin Guangxun
Published: December 2023

In order to reduce the system operation cost of predicting short-term load curves and improve the feasibility of artificial intelligence prediction, the FFT and GA composite algorithm is designed as an artificial intelligence algorithm with the goals of low time complexity, small required sample data, and high flexibility. The algorithm uses mature Fast Fourier Transform and Genetic Algorithm, and improves the flexibility of the prediction method by dynamically adding kernel functions. It can be used for load curve prediction of 96 data points or smaller granularity, and can also reuse the calculation results of big data prediction methods for larger data granularity. By improving the feasibility of individual low-reward data predictions, it can improve the accuracy, sensitivity, and adaptability of energy management plans, accelerate the high-quality development of the power grid, improve the level of digitization, and promote demand response.
Study on The Rotational Steady-state Dynamics of Viscous Thin Film Fluids
Authors: Cai Zishuo , Che Yuzeng , Li Wenbo , Li Wenhao , Gao Ya
Published: December 2023

The study of viscous thin film fluid rotation can be applied to a variety of fields, including rotational coating, rotational casting, rotational molding, and the paper industry. In this paper, the parameters affecting the viscous thin film fluid on a rotating rod and the trend of these parameters on the fluid motion and steady state are investigated. The analytical solution of the tangential velocity Uh at steady state of the thin film fluid is solved based on the Nusselt tilted plate thin film fluid model, and the conditions for the fluid attached to the rotating rod to maintain steady state are obtained. The steady state of the fluid at different rotational speeds is simulated using COMSOL and compared with experiments to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model. Then the effects of rotating rod speed, rotating rod diameter and rotating rod friction factor on the steady state, time and attachment of the thin film fluid were investigated experimentally, and the influence trends of each parameter were summarized by three-sample interpolation.
Design of Visualization Simulation Software for Fire Planning Based on Unity 3D Technology
Authors: Shi Rui , Feng Changlin , Cai Zilei , Wang Xinyu , Ma Tiefei
Published: December 2023

How to evaluate the effective firepower intensity generated by ammunition in war is an important basis for tactical decision-making. In order to calculate the firepower kill range formed by the combined action of multiple high explosive bombs, this paper uses digital simulation methods to establish a firepower planning model for multiple high explosive bombs based on the hit rate model and power model of the ammunition. A visual simulation software for explosive bomb firepower planning based on C + + programming language and Unity 3D engine is designed to support rapid calculation and visual display of firepower planning results. The results show that the visual simulation software for fire plan can effectively calculate the distribution pattern and fire damage of ammunition, dynamically visualize the entire terminal damage process, evaluate the effective fire distribution results, and lay a foundation for the design of warheads and the efficient use of ammunition.
Experimental Study on Modal Characteristics of Large Flexible Aircraft
Authors: Hou Yingyu , Ji Chen , Liu Ziqiang
Published: December 2023

High altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a type of UAV that operates at an altitude of around 10000 meters and can fly for several days, relying on solar panels.Usually, this type of aircraft has the structural characteristics of high aspect ratio, large wingspan, low wing load, and high flexibility.In engineering applications, it is often necessary to measure the vibration modes of such aircraft, and the modal measurements of such aircraft are often not accurately obtained.This article conducts relevant research on the issue of inaccurate measurement in modal experiments of such aircraft. By establishing a finite element model, the reasons for the inaccurate measurement of low order frequencies in modal experiments of such aircraft are analyzed, and the magnitude of data errors in different situations is quantitatively calculated.Based on the above research, this article proposes two methods for solving modal tests of such aircraft. This method has important guiding significance for ground modal testing of large flexible structures, which is beneficial for dynamic analysis and flight control research of such aircraft.
Introduction
Authors: Gartland Samuel D , Tandy David W
Published: December 2023

In the Introduction to the volume we outline the purpose and principles of studying the subordinates in the world through the lens of Boiotia in the archaic and classical periods. By considering the experiences of subordination of different types within the landscape of Askra and the later effects of community-wide subordination during the period of Theban Hegemony in the fourth century bce, we situate the wider ambitions of the volume in a single geographic area, but across a chronological span that matches that of the contributions within the volume. We also address here the methodological challenges of the work, recent developments in scholarship relating to the study of subordinates, and the relationship of the contributions of the individual chapters in relation to these.
A Moral Economy of the Demos in Early Archaic Greece
Authors: Zurbach Julien
Published: December 2023

The Works and Days attributed to Hesiod appears to give a coherent formulation to principles guiding economic action, bound into a moral framework in such a way that they may be considered an example of a moral economy as defined by E. P. Thompson. On the other hand, these same principles appear as active ideas in the struggles over political rights and economic entitlement that lie at the heart of the formative phase of Greek city states. Some city states were deeply influenced by this set of ideas, rooted in the experience of small peasant communities.
‘Don’t tell anybody you are a thete!’
Authors: Cecchet Lucia
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores a subtle form of subordination, involving one component of the Athenian civic body: the thetes. Despite being included in the civic body as the fourth census class of the Solonic order, thetes were precluded from offices and the Boule (Council). Such restrictions were probably no longer observed in the classical period; however, they remained formally unchanged. As a socio-economic group, thetes were originally landless or owners of small plots; thus they were involved in crafts, artisanship, and constructions—including daily wage labour. Some clues in the literary record suggest that the word thetes evoked proximity with servile status, and this might be the reason for which, in Athenian oratory, court speakers who identify themselves as ‘poor’ (penetes or even ptochoi) never describe themselves as thetes. One other explanation is that the word did not reflect any specific socio-economic condition in the classical period, as thetes could be, in fact, also wealthy. However, in the common perception the word must have remained linked to the sphere of subalternity. The self-perception of thetes as workers and artisans was probably also affected by the elite-promoted public discourse, which celebrated rural labour (i.e. the hoplite–farmer) over urban labour (the citizen worker). This might account for the fact that, though a good part of Athenians were involved in activities outside the agricultural sector, manifestations of professional pride by Athenian craftsmen and artisans are fairly rare in the epigraphic record, if compared to those by metics and slaves. This form of subordination internal to the civic body represents a paradox of Athenian democracy, as democratic Athens celebrated itself as an inclusive political system.
How to Find a New Master
Authors: Forsdyke Sara
Published: December 2023

This chapter aims to expand our appreciation of the ways that enslaved persons in ancient Greece resisted their enslavers. It does so by examining a range of strategies pursued by the enslaved that aimed to secure transfer from a cruel to a more benevolent enslaver. First, the chapter demonstrates how some enslaved persons leveraged provisions in the law requiring slaves who had committed crimes to be handed over to the victim for punishment. By colluding with alleged ‘victims’ of these crimes, enslaved persons were thereby transferred to a new owner. Secondly, the chapter explores the role of temples as a place of refuge for abused slaves. It suggests that enslaved persons exploited this feature of religious norms to negotiate for transfer to a new enslaver. The chapter ends with some reflections on the number and social position of enslaved persons who might have been able to deploy these strategies.
Varying Statuses, Varying Rights
Authors: Kamen Deborah
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the degree to which individuals of different statuses in classical Athens could make use of their right to be protected from hubris. It demonstrates that subordinate members of Athenian society (enslaved people, formerly enslaved people, freeborn foreigners, naturalized citizens, even children, women, and poor people who were citizens) were, to varying degrees, less able to obtain redress through a graphē hubreōs than the law purported to offer. Finally, it suggests that the variable access to this right that was notionally granted to all may have had the paradoxical effect of upholding the status hierarchy and reinforcing the subordination of most members of Athenian society.
Strategies of Disenfranchisement
Authors: Kennedy Rebecca Futo
Published: December 2023

Although women and children appear frequently in extant Athenian oratory, we rarely know more about them than what appears in the speech. This appearance is frequently taken at face value, as if the women were as represented: foreigners perpetrating illegal marriages, whores laying illegal claims to estates through fake marriages or illegitimate children, or nameless women and children of uncertain status. In inheritance disputes, these women and children can stand between speakers and the estates they claim; it is hardly surprising that speakers present a remarkably biased narrative about them. And yet these texts have traditionally been used to construct not only our working knowledge of laws for inheritance and heirs/heiresses but also the limited statuses that scholars believe women and children were able to occupy in classical Athens. In most cases, this procedure must ignore the biases of the texts and the strategies that the speakers are using to undermine the credibility and status of these women. This approach gives the speeches a level of credibility as evidence that is unwarranted, since we lack any control for their claims. Structural biases must be assessed, and these can be understood better by looking at the persistence of specific rhetorical strategies for disinheriting and, in some cases, disenfranchising women and children.
CD80-Fc fusion protein as a potential cancer immunotherapy strategy
Authors: Wang Songna , Hu Pinliang , Fan Jiajun , Zou Jing , Hong Weidong , Huang Xuan , Pan Danjie , Chen Huaning , Zhu Yi Zhun , Ye Li
Published: December 2023

The activation of T lymphocytes is a crucial component of the immune response, and the presence of CD80, a membrane antigen, is necessary for T-cell activation. CD80 is usually expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can interact with cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to promote T-cell proliferation, differentiation and function by activating costimulatory signal or blocking inhibitory signal. Simultaneously, CD80 on the APCs also interacts with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells to suppress the response of specific effector T cells, particularly in the context of persistent antigenic stimulation. Due to the pivotal role of CD80 in the immune response, the CD80-Fc fusion protein has emerged as a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. This review primarily focused on the crucial role of CD80 in the cancer immunotherapy. We also reviewed the current advancements in the research of CD80-Fc fusion proteins. Finally, we deliberated on the challenges encountered by CD80-Fc fusion proteins and proposed the potential strategies that could yield the benefits for patients.
Survey and situation analysis of personal, employer-related, and environmental factors affecting participation in continuous professional development (CPD) programs of laboratory professionals in Africa
Authors: Ndlovu Nqobile , Mataka Anafi , Lombard Carl , Erasmus Rajiv T , Zemlin Annalise E
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine the level and evaluate factors affecting the participation of laboratory professionals in continuous professional development (CPD) programs in eastern and southern Africa.

Methods

A survey was conducted among laboratory professionals from 14 countries. The CPD participation was defined as low if it was fewer than 2 CPD trainings in the past 2 years. Associations between categorical variables were tested for significance using Fisher exact test.

Results

Of the expected 400, 283 (70% response rate) individuals participated in the survey. Of these, 153 (54%) had low CPD participation and 199 (70%) were aware of CPD educational activities in their respective country. Those with diploma certificates attended more CPD programs (P < .001) than those with undergraduate and master’s degrees. Awareness of CPD programs was associated with a higher level of CPD participation (P = .0001). Job satisfaction was significantly associated with high levels of CPD participation (P = .02). Other factors associated with high level of participation in CPD programs included affordability (P = .03), funding by employer (P = .0005), and awareness of legal CPD requirements (P = .002).

Conclusions

The CPD programs are considered useful to an individual’s professional development, although there was low participation. It is recommended that different formats and platforms be used to expand CPD programs.
Identification of Hb Lepore, Hb anti-Lepore, and α-globin gene triplications by long-read single-molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Xu Anping , Ye Yinghui , Huang Yueying , Huang Yun , Guo Hui , Ji Ling
Published: December 2023

Objectives

Hemoglobin (Hb) Lepore and Hb anti-Lepore are infrequent fusion gene variants that result from nonhomologous crossovers during meiosis. Conventional molecular testing methods may face challenges in identifying these variants. During Hb analysis using capillary electrophoresis, we encountered 6 cases with unusual Hb variants. Our aim was to identify the alterations in their globin genes.

Methods

Gap-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse dot-blot assay (RDB), Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing were used to confirm the presence of globin gene alterations.

Results

The routine thalassemia gene test kit using the gap-PCR and RDB techniques did not detect common gene variations. Direct sequencing failed to identify any known or unknown globin gene alterations. The MLPA analysis, however, revealed the possible presence of α-globin gene triplications as well as 2 types of fusion gene alterations. Further analysis using long-read SMRT sequencing accurately identified 3 rare gene variations: αααanti-3.7, Hb Lepore-Boston-Washington, and Hb anti-Lepore P-India.

Conclusions

Conventional methods may overlook rare thalassemias or Hb variants. Long-read SMRT sequencing has the potential to identify breakpoints in fusion genes, demonstrating that it is a promising technique for detecting rare thalassemias.
Presence of 10 transformation zone cells in endocervical curettage should not be required for adequacy
Authors: Alqabbani Roa , Chan Joanna , Goldberg Allison
Published: December 2023

Objectives

In another publication, we concluded endocervical curettage (ECC) should have a minimum number of squamous cells for adequacy, similar to the requirements for adequate cervical Papanicolaou smears. Here, we investigate if also, similar to cervical Papanicolaou smears, the presence of at least 10 cells from the endocervical/transformation zone (EC/TZ) in ECCs should be used as a quality assurance measure or if, instead, at least 10 EC/TZ cells should be part of the adequacy criteria for ECC, with an emphasis on diagnosis of at least high-grade squamous dysplasia (HGD).

Methods

All patients with at least HGD diagnosed on an excisional biopsy specimen (loop electrosurgical excision procedure [LEEP]) from May 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019, and an ECC in the preceding 6 months at our institution were included. Number of EC/TZ cells present in ECCs was counted visually and categorized as less than or greater than 10 TZ cells. A χ2 test was used to evaluate the proportion of ECCs with and without HGD and the presence or absence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells. Given our recent work encouraging at least 1000 squamous cells in an ECC to be considered adequate, we also evaluated only ECCs with greater than 1000 squamous cells with and without HGD and the presence or absence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells. P value was <.05.

Results

Fifty-one LEEPs with HGD and a preceding ECC in the previous 6 months were identified. Of the 51 ECCs, 6 had fewer than 10 EC/TZ cells and 45 had at least 10 EC/TZ cells. A similar proportion of the ECCs with HGD had at least 10 EC/TZ cells as those without HGD (93% vs 86%, P = .53). Using only ECCs with greater than 1000 squamous cells, we still found no statistical difference in the proportion of ECCs with HGD having greater than 10 EC/TZ cells compared to those without HGD (91% vs 100%, P = .49).

Conclusions

We found that the presence of at least 10 EC/TZ cells does not increase the likelihood of finding HGD in an ECC performed in the 6 months prior to a LEEP with HGD. Similar to the use of the TZ component in cervical Papanicolaou smears, the presence or absence of at least 10 TZ cells in an ECC should only be considered a quality assurance measure and not be used as a criterion for adequacy of the specimen.
Tumour deposits in colon cancer predict recurrence and reduced survival in a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Jörgren Fredrik , Agger Erik , Lydrup Marie-Louise , Buchwald Pamela
Published: December 2023

Background

Tumour deposits are suggested to impact prognosis in colon cancer negatively. This study assessed the impact of tumour deposits on oncological outcomes.

Methods

Data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry for patients who underwent R0 abdominal surgery for TNM stage I–III colon cancer between 2011 and 2014 with 5-year follow-up were analysed with multivariable analysis. Patients were categorized for their tumour deposit status and compared for the local recurrence and distant metastasis rates and 5-year survivals (overall and relative). Subgroup analyses were performed according to the nodal disease status.

Results

Of 8146 stage I–III colon cancer patients who underwent R0 resection, 8014 patients were analysed (808 tumour deposits positive, 7206 tumour deposits negative). Patients with tumour deposits positive tumours had increased local recurrence and distant metastasis rates (7.2 versus 3.0 per cent; P < 0.001 and 33.9 versus 12.0 per cent; P < 0.001 respectively) and reduced 5-year overall and relative survival (56.8 per cent versus 74.9 per cent; P < 0.001 and 68.5 versus 92.6 per cent; P < 0.001 respectively). In multivariable analysis, tumour deposits moderately increased the risks of local recurrence and distant metastasis (hazard ratio 1.50, 95 per cent c.i. 1.09 to 2.07; P = 0.013 and HR 1.91, 95 per cent c.i. 1.64 to 2.23; P < 0.001 respectively) and worse 5-year overall and relative survival (hazard ratio 1.60, 95 per cent c.i. 1.40 to 1.82; P < 0.001 and excess hazard ratio 2.24, 95 per cent c.i. 1.81 to 2.78; P < 0.001 respectively). Subgroup analysis of N stages found that N1c patients had worse outcomes than N0 for distant metastasis and relative survival. For patients with lymph node metastases tumour deposits increased the risks of distant metastasis and worse overall and relative survival, except for N2b patients.

Conclusion

Tumour deposits negatively impact the prognosis in colon cancer and must be considered when discussing adjuvant chemotherapy.
Treatment Responses to Integrase Strand-transfer Inhibitor-containing Antiretroviral Regimens in Combination With Short-course Rifapentine-based Regimens for Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among People With HIV
Authors: Lin Kuan-Yin , Sun Hsin-Yun , Yang Chia-Jui , Lu Po-Liang , Lee Yuan-Ti , Lee Nan-Yao , Liou Bo-Huang , Tang Hung-Jen , Lee Mei-Hui , Wang Ning-Chi , Chen Tun-Chieh , Hii Ing-Moi , Huang Sung-Hsi , Lin Chi-Ying , Tsai Chin-Shiang , Cheng Chien-Yu , Hung Chien-Ching ,   the Taiwan HIV Study Group, Hung Chien-Ching , Chang Sui-Yuan , Sun Hsin-Yun , Huang Yu-Shan , Lin Kuan-Yin , Chen Guan-Jhou , Wu Pei-Ying , Chen Ling-Ya , Chang Hsi-Yen , Liu Wen-Chun , Su Yi-Ching , Wang Ning-Chi , Lin Te-Yu , Yang Chia-Jui , Tsai Mao-Song , Lee Mei-Hui , Lee Yi-Chieh , Cheng Shu-Hsing , Cheng Chien-Yu , Liou Bo-Huang , Huang Sung-Hsi , Huang Yi-Chia , Peng An-Ting , Lee Yuan-Ti , Lee Yu-Lin , Lin Chia-Chun , Lin Shih-Ping , Hsieh Chia-Yin , Wang Hsiu-Wen , Ho Mao-Wang , Liu Chun-Eng , Hii Ing-Moi , Lin Chi-Ying , Tang Hung-Jen , Lee Nan-Yao , Tsai Chin-Shiang , Hung Tung-Che , Chen Yen-Hsu , Lu Po-Liang , Lee Chun-Yuan , Chen Tun-Chieh , Tsai Hung-Chin , Lin Hsi-Hsun , Lee Chen-Hsiang
Published: December 2023

Background

Real-world experience with combinations of short-course rifapentine-based regimens and integrase strand-transfer inhibitor–containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in management of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) is limited among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH).

Methods

From August 2019 to October 2022, PWH receiving 3 months of weekly rifapentine plus isoniazid (3HP) or 1 month of daily rifapentine plus isoniazid (1HP) in combination with ART were included. The primary outcome was virologic response within 12 months after LTBI treatment; secondary outcomes included treatment completion rate and safety of LTBI regimens.

Results

During the study period, 479 PWH (94.6% male; median age, 43 years) were included: 142 received 1HP and bictegravir (BIC)-containing regimens (1HP/BIC group), 46 1HP and dolutegravir (DTG)-containing regimens (1HP/DTG group), 38 3HP and BIC-containing regimens (3HP/BIC group), 214 3HP and DTG-containing regimens (3HP/DTG group), 17 1HP and other ART regimens (1HP/others group), and 22 3HP/other ART regimens (3HP/others group). In the intention-to-treat analysis, the proportions of PWH maintaining plasma HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL within 12 months after LTBI treatment completion were 96.5% (1HP/BIC), 100% (1HP/DTG), 100% (3HP/BIC), 95.8% (3HP/DTG), 100% (1HP/others), and 100% (3HP/others). The overall completion rates were >80% for all treatment groups, whereas >50% of the included PWH experienced any adverse event. LTBI regimens and ART combinations were not associated with virologic response and completion rate.

Conclusions

Combinations of short-course rifapentine-based regimens and integrase strand-transfer inhibitor-containing ART maintained viral suppression for most PWH within 12 months of LTBI treatment completion with low rates of grade 3 or higher adverse events.
Clinical Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Oral Fluids Following Infection and Vaccination
Authors: Heaney Christopher D , Hempel Heidi , DeRosa Kate L , Pinto Ligia A , Mantis Nicholas J
Published: December 2023

Background

SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to circulate globally, even within highly vaccinated populations. The first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit neutralizing immunoglobin G (IgG) antibodies that prevent severe COVID-19 but induce only weak antibody responses in mucosal tissues. There is increasing recognition that secretory immunoglobin A (SIgA) antibodies in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity are critical in interrupting virus shedding, transmission, and progression of disease. To fully understand the immune-related factors that influence SARS-CoV-2 dynamics at the population level, it will be necessary to monitor virus-specific IgG and SIgA in systemic and mucosal compartments.

Content

Oral fluids and saliva, with appropriate standardized collection methods, constitute a readily accessible biospecimen type from which both systemic and mucosal antibodies can be measured. Serum-derived IgG and immunoglobin A (IgA) are found in gingival crevicular fluids and saliva as the result of transudation, while SIgA, which is produced in response to mucosal infection and vaccination, is actively transported across salivary gland epithelia and present in saliva and passive drool. In this mini-review, we summarize the need for the implementation of standards, highly qualified reagents, and best practices to ensure that clinical science is both rigorous and comparable across laboratories and institutions. We discuss the need for a better understanding of sample stability, collection methods, and other factors that affect measurement outcomes and interlaboratory variability.

The establishment of best practices and clinical laboratory standards for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 serum and mucosal antibodies in oral fluids is integral to understanding immune-related factors that influence COVID-19 transmission and persistence within populations.