bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Waste As Silica Source In Tio2/Sio2 Synthesis For Photocatalytic Degradation Of Dye Compounds
Authors:   Universitas Gadjah Mada, Hikmah Nawwal , Agustiningsih Dewi ,   Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dewi Elma Retna ,   Universitas Gadjah Mada, Mahira Nyayu Shafiyah ,   Universitas Gadjah Mada, Kunarti Eko Sri ,   Universitas Gadjah Mada
Published: January 2021

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of semiconductor material which has been used as photocatalyst that has very good potency to oxidize some hazardous organic compounds like dye waste, medical and pharmacological waste, and etc. Although TiO2 has high oxidation capacity for photocatalytic degradation, it has some deficiencies which can limit its application as photocatalyst. Those deficiencies are TiO2 is easily agglomerated, its charge carrier is conveniently formed as recombination, and it has low surface area. This article provides a review of a composite which consists of TiO2 as the dispersed phase and SiO2 as the matrix, this composite has better photacatalytic performance than TiO2 itself. SiO2 can increase the surface area of TiO2, prevent the agglomeration of TiO2 particle, and avoid the recombination of TiO2’s charge carrier. Consequently, it can improve the ability of TiO2 to do photocatalytic degradation. Agricultural wastes that consist of high silica content is potentially used as the resource of SiO2 in this composite and biosilica that is produced from natural waste has biocompatible and biodegradable properties. This article also provides it’s application for various dye photocatalytic degradation.
Teaching media for students’ speaking skill to achieve sustainable development goals
Authors:   Islamic University of Sultan Agung Semarang, Lutfiah Siti Zakiyatul , Ismiyati Nur ,   Islamic University of Sultan Agung Semarang
Published: January 2021

The scale of the COVID-19 had impact on various fields and sectors. One of them is education field. Learning is usually done face-to-face, but because of the covid-19 learning is done online at home. Therefore, the learning media used must also be innovative following changes in the new era and still create quality education and achieve sustainable development goals. One of the learning media that can be used is podcast. Podcast is an audio recording of a discussion on a specific topic, such as business or travel that you can listen to. Podcast is an alternative teaching media to support students developing their speaking skills. This study aims at finding out if there is a significant improvement on students’ speaking skills by using this Podcast. This study uses quantitative descriptive to obtain the result of improvement students speaking by using podcast. The samples in this study were students Grade X at SMA Sultan Agung 3 Semarang. The research results have not been obtained because it is still in the research process.
Optimization of Local Commodity Distribution System: Case Study Seaweed Distribution from Kalimantan to Makassar
Authors:   Department of Marine Transport Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia, Pradana Muhammad Dihan Ramadhan
Published: January 2021

The existence of Presidential Regulation Number 33/2019 concerning the Roadmap for the Development of the National Seaweed Industry indicates that it is time for Indonesia to be more serious in developing the seaweed resource industry to meet domestic and international demands. In line with the volume of seaweed traffic in Indonesia of 36.942 tons per year, as well as the production capacity of Indonesian seaweed which controls more than 70% of the global seaweed market, this situation will have a very good impact on seaweed farmers to continue production of seaweed. However, behind the enormous amount of demands for seaweed, there are serious problems experienced by seaweed farmers, especially for seaweed farmers in Borneo. Majority of seaweed produced in Kalimantan cannot be distributed properly to importing areas due to the lack of seaweed transportation. This paper evaluates the current distribution system to find suitable payload for planning a new distribution system by operating either a non-propelled or a self-propelled barge. The non propelled barge will be operated by chartering a tugboat (time charter). Therefore, the manning cost and capital cost for tugboat construction will be the owner’s responsibility. Every options are calculated to find feasible dimension. Unit cost that may be charged to consumers also calculated to provide the comparison with the current unit cost paid by seaweed farmers at Rp 550.000/ton. Unit cost calculation result for the 1st option (Non-propelled barge) is at Rp 367.200/ton and for the 2nd option (Self-propelled barge) is at Rp 870.100/ton. Therefore, the most optimum solution is a non-propelled barge, around 27% cheaper than the current unit cost charged.
Direct Filament Dryer With Moisture And Dust Absorbent For 3D Printing Plastic Filaments
Authors:   Departement of Physics Education, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Wijaksono Aji Nur , Setyawan Bima Agung ,   Departement of Mechanical Engineering Education, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Fitri Miftah Rosyida ,   Departement of Physics Education, Yogyakarta State University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Industrial Revolution 4.0 requires every line of life to apply technology, especially in the field of prototyping. 3D PrintingFDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology is used for the needs of rapid prototyping. The plastic filament material is the main requirement in printing FDM or FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication). However, there are poor print quality problems in this storage process because all types of plastic filaments used in this 3D printing technology are affected by moisture and dust. The moisture of the plastic filament can be seen if there is a hiss in the printing process and the surface of the printing result becomes rough. At the same time, the dust on the filament will clog the hot end nozzle. Current 3D printing technology is used to reduce this problem by storing filaments in the filament box dryer. However, this storage has several drawbacks. It is less efficient and practical because the filament box can only hold one of the plastic filament rolls. From this problem, we tried to create "Direct Filament Dryer with Moisture and Dust Absorbent for 3D Printing Plastic Filaments". The principle of this tool is to put the filament into the heating chamber. This room contains silica gel as a damper for moisture and a sponge to clean the dust on the filament's surface. The heating room temperature is controlled by a thermostat, which will keep the temperature between 40-50 °C. This research uses R&D techniques with the 4D method, namely, Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. Meanwhile, to test the results of this research by comparing the printing results between plastic filaments that are allowed to become damp and dusty with technology. Therefore, it was concluded that using made the filament surface smooth without any rough parts.
Olresto: Digitalization and Integration of Restaurants as a Role and Contribution of the Business Sector in Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Universitas Brawijaya, Amalia Nanda Rizki
Published: January 2021

The Ministry of Health has enacted Large-scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) regulations geared toward accelerating the handling of COVID-19. During PSBB, the economy across the country was declining in preventive measures. Including Indonesia, the education, tourism, hospitality, culinary and business sectors must force to close due to enacted regulations. The small restaurant business is one of the affected. After the implementation of this PSBB, the government wants to make changes to the routine of society to live with a new or new normal lifestyle. At this time of the new normal, restaurants are allowed to operate provided they limit the number of customers who come and are required to comply with health protocols. They must wear masks and wash their hands before entering the restaurant area. Today, digitalization has penetrated various sectors of life because the digital era brings many benefits, ranging from cost efficiency, time to energy. Application-based digital products are very suitable for use in the field of business economics that struggle in the sector of culinary, especially restaurants. To achieve operational in the new-normal times, the "Olresto" is an application that integrates all restaurants spread across the island of Java. Users can find out which restaurants are available and make a booking. The application also comes with a list of food menus so that customers can order through the application. The facility of transactions with the help of virtual accounts or e-money hence minimizing the spread of COVID-19 virus that can spread through money. With this application, it hoped that it could help restaurants to continue operating during this pandemic, thus reducing their deficit and can improve the existence of an economy in Indonesia which had fallen due to the COVID19.
Comparison Analysis Of Measured And Gassman Calculated P-Velocity Of Saturated Carbonate And Sandstone Using Matlab
Authors:   Department of Geophysical Engineering, FI Rista ,   Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering,   Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia., MP Devinta ,   Department of Geophysical Engineering; Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia., NI Febyana ,   Department of Geophysical Engineering; Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia., RD Maizan ,   Department of Geophysical Engineering; Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia., A Rizka ,   Department of Geophysical Engineering; Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia., Utama Widya ,   Department of Geophysical Engineering; Faculty of Civil, Planning and Geo Engineering; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia.
Published: January 2021

In reservoir studies, the physical properties of rocks are important to be reviewed. One of the methods that can be used to assess the physical properties of rocks in a reservoir is the seismic method. This method produces the velocity values of P wave and S wave. The velocity of the P wave and S wave is strongly influenced by the fluid content. The relationship between seismic properties and fluid content can be analyzed using log data and the Gassman equation. This equation is used to evaluate the Vp and Vs values in the case of fluid substitution. In this study, secondary data of physical properties of carbonate and sandstone rocks were used. Comparison between the measured Vp value and the Gassman calculated Vp value was carried out to find out how the Vp value from the Gassman calculation and also the regression between the porosity and the measured Vp value and the Vp value of Gassman's calculation was carried out to analyze the relationship related to rock types. Data plotting and regression were done using Matlab. The results obtained in the form of Gassman's calculations yield a prediction of the P wave velocity that is lower than the measured P wave. In the regression results between the porosity value and the measured Vp value, there is a negative relationship, where high Vp values indicate low porosity values. In the sandstone sample, the Vp saturation value is low, both at the measured Vp and the Gassman calculation Vp because of the same porosity value. Whereas for carbonate rocks, the results from the measured Vp graph show a lower saturation Vp value than the Vp graph calculated by Gassman.
Biogas Fuel Utilization as Efforts to Overcome Household Economic Budget Problems in Rural Areas
Authors:   Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Noegroho Alvian Maniak
Published: January 2021

Biogas is an important renewable energy as a superior substitute and is able to contribute to meeting the needs of household fuel stairs. The energy produced is used as a substitute for kerosene or LPG gas to meet daily needs such as cooking and others. Plant waste and livestock manure contain methane gas which has very good combustibility. Manure wastes such as cattle, horses, and others, are also found throughout Indonesia with different qualities. In general, the use of agricultural waste as a base for biogas is more difficult than livestock manure, because it takes longer to process the hydrolysis of cellulosic materials from agricultural waste and nutrients. One kilogram of manure releases about 208-268 liters of methane gas into the atmosphere. High nutritious livestock rations, resulting in low methane levels of manure. To describe comprehensively the usefulness of biogas utilization as a source of bioenergy fuel in an effort to overcome household economic budget problems in rural areas. Anearobic digestion process which is the basis and biogas reactor processed by the breakdown of organic matter by the activity of methanogenic bacteria in airless conditions. The materials required are a minimum of 3 culverts, a septi tank for the digester tank, and a large oil drum that can contain approximately 200 liters of material intended as methane gas. Another material, in the form of a metal pipe with a diameter of 2 cm, is useful as a gas discharge pipe and a biogas outlet valve. The pipe is used as a pipe for gas distribution from the digestive tank to the stove for cooking, lamps and others. The final result is a solid which functions as a plant organic fertilizer. There are also several compounds / materials that must be prevented because they can inhibit the breakdown process, such as Antibiotics and Disinfectants, and Heavy Metals. Please note that do not burn the gas that first formed, as it contains air in it and can explode. A few days after the biogas catcher drum is lifted upwards, it is advisable to open the tap and remove all the gas that has formed. To handle it with care and avoid fire around the biogas production unit. There is no need to release the gas formed and the gas is safe to use to meet household fuel needs. The best use of the biogas that has been collected from the biogas production unit is for cooking. Biogas technology is the right choice to convert agricultural and livestock waste to produce energy and fertilizer in order to obtain social benefits both in terms of economic, especially for households, especially in rural.
Anti-Obesity Properties Of Katuk Leaves (Sauropus Androgynus) Extract To Reduce Risk Factor Diabetes Type 2
Authors:   Student in Departement of Internal Medicine, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Faris Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Obesity is a condition of excess fat accumulation in adipose tissue that affects human health. Cause of obesity is imbalance of calories entered and expended. Obesity can affect anyone of any age and in children is more dangerous because of high risk to get health problems in adult. Diabetes is non-communicable disease and closely related to obesity, especially type 2. More severe obesitycondition, the higher possibility of developing diabetes type 2. Prevention and treatment of diabetes can be done through lifestyle changes. However, this prevention are ineffective cause of minimal participation so another effective ways are needed. Sauropus androgynus or katuk leaves is vegetable that is often found in Indonesia. Katuk leaves have anti-obesity properties because it contain flavonoid and polyphenol.Study use scooping review by searching for journals that match keyword “Obesity”, “Diabetes Type 2”, “Sauropus androgynus”, “,“ Polyphenol”, ”Flavonoid” . Journals full text in English and Indonesia which can be accessed from 2014-2019. Study using mice strains Swiss Webster show that katuk leaves had potential to reduce weight, appetite, and fat storage contribute to obesity with effective dose of 400mg/kg. This effect cause of their compounds that contribute to anti-obesityproperties. Flavonoid playrole in lowering blood glucose level so reducing fat accumulation too. Another study explain effect of katuk leaves is comparable to atidiabetic drugs, gibenclamide and miglitol. Next, polyphenol have function to lower fat proliferation cell, adipose cell differentiation, increase lipolysis, and increase b-oxidation of fatty acid. Also polyphenol induce activation of several enzyme, such as sirtuin-1, and nf kappa B which regulates adipogenesis and antioxidant. All of them play a role in decreasing body mass, triglyceride and increasing use of body fat. Katuk leaves extract had anti-obesity properties to reduce risk of diabetes type 2.
Potential Application Of Bacillus Licheniformis Biosurfactant And Tofu Liquid Waste As Application Of MEOR
Authors:   Department of Chemical Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Adrianto Ari
Published: January 2021

Energy is a basic human need which continues to increase every year. The fact is that the production of energy such as petroleum in Indonesia has decreased due to the depletion of petroleum reserves. The increasing consumption and increasing demand for energy has prompted the government to implement renewable energy planning. The solution that can be offered is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology. Meanwhile, one of the developments in EOR technology that is environmentally friendly and able to increase oil recovery well is Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). In the MEOR system, a bioproduct injection component called biosurfactant is used. The performance of biosurfactants in the system can be done by reducing the interface stress and mobilizing oil in the rock. The production of biosurfactants can be increased with the help of secretion of microorganisms. Based on the literature obtained, Bacillus licheniformis is a type of native bacteria that has the potential to produce biosurfactants with lipopeptide characteristics. Bacillus licheniformis is able to produce several extracellular enzymes, namely amylase, amino, peptidase, metal protease, lactamase, endo-N-acetyl glucosaminide and lipase. In addition, several studies have shown that Bacillus licheniformis has the potential to be applied to MEOR, bioremediation and industrial biotechnology. However, the biosurfactant produced from the bacterium Bacillus licheniformis requires a substrate to increase oil recovery. One type of organic substrate that can be used is tofu liquid waste. Tofu liquid waste contains high organic and nutrient materials consisting of 90.72% water, 1.8% protein, 1.2% fat, 7.36% crude fiber, and 0.32% ash. The author sees the potential use of tofu liquid waste because of its environmentally friendly nature. Therefore, the author offers an idea entitled The Potential Application of Bacillus Licheniformis Biosurfactant and Tofu Liquid Waste as an Application of MEOR Technology.
Pesantren As An Alternative Education: Case Study On Motives Of Students' Guardians In The Islamic Boarding School Universitas Islam Indonesia
Authors:   Islamic University of Indonesia, Rahmah Putri jannatur , Riyanti Erni Dewi ,   Islamic University of Indonesia, Astuti Fakhriyah Tri ,   Islamic University of Indonesia, Ayatina Haerini ,   Islamic University of Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Pesantren, as an authentic educational institution initiated by Indonesian Muslims, provides parents an effective alternative to educate their children. For years, pesantren has proven trusted in educating youth and establishing a standard in both general and religious educations. In this study, the researchers will discuss factors that motivate parents to entrust pesantren as the institution to educate their children. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection methods include observation, interviews, and the results of relevant studies. After analyzing the data, the results indicate that there are two types of motives among parents. First is general motivation in placing children in pesantren, namely intrinsic motivation which covers parents' ideals having a generation with the quality of faith and good moral conduct, forming morals, and building strong physical and mental. The other factor is extrinsic motivation, including intense, integrated, and comprehensive Islamic teaching, positive activities carried out continuously for 24 hours, and proper coaching methods. Conclusion: The two factors indicate that parents' motivation to entrust pesantren as an educational institution is relevant to current conditions in which the younger generation is prone to moral depravity.
An Alternative Method Of Online Learning Using The Feynman Technique
Authors:   Diponegoro University, Harahap Adhina Rizkillah
Published: January 2021

In school learning through online during pandemic COVID-19, students facing the problems, one of which was caused by an internet connection during a learning video meeting. In addition, when online learning there are students who find difficult to understand the lesson. To increase the Sustainable Development Goal in the field of education (quality education) this study provides an alternative online learning method with the Feynman Technique. This study uses a qualitative method with the study of literature (documents) from e-journals. Journal searches are carried out Google Scholar, Academia, and Garuda. Based on the search results obtained and selected data that meets the criteria. Analysis of the literature review includes data collection, data presentation, and concluding. An alternative method of online learning using the Feynman Technique which students can teach a topic to friends or themselves until they understand the topic. With the Feynman Technique, students can be more active in the learning process and become less passive because they not only listen to the teacher explain through video meetings. By using the Feynman technique, students are required to be able to understand the context of the lesson. In this learning technique the teacher also needs to control the students to ensure whether the students really understand.The Feynman Technique makes the students to be active and increase achievementalso can save on internet expenses because it can reduce the use of learning video meetings. Communication between teachers and students can be transferred using the WhatsApp media which does not require as much internet costs as a video meeting.
Social Capital Beas Perelek: Sustainablity Analysis And Elaboration Strategy To Achieve Sustainable Development Goals During The Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Department of Economic Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia, Fitriah Nurul Aidatul , Mujahidin Brilianza Azharul ,   Department of Agroindustrial Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia, Nugraha Adi ,   Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic around the world has caused many problems in various sectors. The implementation of lockdown and large-scale social restrictions made it difficult to distribute foodstuffs from producers to consumers and also to deliver humanitarian aid. This made the inequalities even wider. The pandemic also resulted in an economic crisis which resulted in increased unemployment so that many people were starving because they could not afford food. This certainly hinders the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially No Hunger and Reduced Inequalities points. In West Java, reviving the Beas Perelek tradition is a solution. However, a question arises whether this tradition can be applied in a time of the Covid-19 pandemic like today. The objective of this research is to describe the implementation and analyze the potential for sustainability of Beas Perelek in the society of West Java also to provide strategic elaboration recommendations to achieve sustainable development goals during the Covid-19 pandemic.To achieve the objective, this research using qualitative methods by collecting data from literature studies. The sustainability analysis technique uses the rapfish-MDS and the SWOT method to formulate an elaboration strategy of Beas Perelek. The result of the research showed that the tradition of Beas Perelek had benefits in reducing hunger and inequalities in society. The result of the research shows the continuity of the tradition of Beas Perelek in the good category with continuing status. To increase the implementation of Beas Perelek during the pandemic, it is necessary to carry out several elaboration strategies such as being revitalized into an economic institution, using technological innovations, and making special policies that regulate the implementation of the Beas Perelek.
Pesantren As Indonesian Traditional Education In Preparing The Alumni To Have The Twenty-First Century Skills Study In Faculty Of Islamic Studies, Universitas Islam Indonesia
Authors:   Department of Islamic Family Law, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Riyanti Erni Dewi , Astuti Fakhriyah Tri ,   Department of Islamic Family Law, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Annisa Ayu ,   Department of Chemistry Analysis, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Pesantren is an Indonesian traditional education institution based on Islamic values or often called traditional pesantren. It initially focuses on learning that is only limited to morality and politeness values, which make pesantren considered backward in the academic side and science by Indonesian society. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, there was a term 'modern' pesantren which combined moral, academic and scientific values as the learning focus, such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, creativity and innovative skills that make its graduates ready to face twenty-first-century challenges. This paper tries to portray on how pesantren, both traditional and modern pesantren, prepares and navigates their students to master the twenty-first-century skills namely communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and creativity to tackle future challenges. The researchers conducted interviews with nine students of Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universitas Islam Indonesia who previously spent their high school years in either traditional or modern pesantren. We are finding that pesantren although the types, traditional and modern will strive the world's dynamic, since pesantren's core values have successfully shaped attitudes and disciplines of it is alumni, and the involvement in religious teaching in pesantren is essential and undebatable because it is the foundation of all knowledge taught. This research will provide valuable information regarding pesantren responding to modernity as Islamic education is supposed to consider the improvement of the learning process within preparing it is alumni to face the twenty-first-century challenges without forgetting it is identity.
Redesign of Salak Harvesting Tool with Anthropometric Approach Based on Body Pain Complaints Using Nordic Body Map Questionnaire on Salak Farm in Pulesari Tourist Village
Authors:   Departement of Industrial Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Prawibowo Syafa Thania , Purwaningrum Retno Dyah ,   Departement of Industrial Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Pradana M nanda ,   Departement of Industrial Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Shafira Jihan ,   Departement of Industrial Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Background: Agricultural activities are one of the utilization of natural resources (SDA) to produce foodstuffs, industrial and energy materials. The research was conducted at Salak Farm in Pulesari Tourism Village. When harvesting salak fruit, farmers still cut bunches of salak using machetes, sickles or in the traditional way and will result in a big risk. In traditional harvesting, there are often complaints by workers that the position of the body is too bent causing frequent complaints of pain in some parts of the body. Method: In this study used anthropometric approach based on body dimensions and Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaires to determine Muskuloskeletal Disorders based on Deductive and Inductive studies. Result: As a result of the NBM questionnaire, workers experienced quite sick and painful complaints. Based on the questionnaire NBM obtained several parts of the body that hurt including Lower neck, bottom neck, Right shoulder, Back , Right upper arm, Waist, Right lower arm , Right hand, Left knee, Left foot , Right foot. Body dimension and percentile data to redesign of salak harvesting tool used by TSB (P5=1,584 cm), DGMin (P50=107.2667 cm), LTM (P95=8.87185 cm). Conclusion: From these results, researchers can design a tool that is able to assist in the harvesting process so they do not experience complaints of pain in several parts of the body, work accidents, and increase the production of salak fruit. The tool features have are a handle, a clamp to clamp the salak tie, a net to accommodate the salak and a spring to pull the jaw clamp. Recommended tools are used ergonomically, saving time and minimizing fruit dropping thereby increasing production.
Analysis Of Geoelectrical And Soil Test Data To Determine Subsurface Conditions In Makassar City, South Sulawesi
Authors:   Department of Geophysics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia, nainggolan Jefri , Fajar Muhammad ,   Department of Geophysics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Research has been carried out to determine subsurface conditions. The research objective was to determine the physical properties of the soil in order to evaluate and provide recommendations for solving foundation problems. The methods are the resistivity geoelectric and IP geoelectric method (induced polarization) with ERT (Electrical Resistivity Tomography), SPT (Standard Penetration Test) and laboratory test results. The results of the resistivity values obtained varied in the range from 17.0 - 172.0 ohm m with a depth of 0 m - 2.87 m, most of which were interpreted as alluvium soil, namely sandy loam. This is reinforced by the results of the IP method where the low chargebility value is around 0.130 - 4.70 msec. In addition, it was found that from the SPT test, it was obtained that the variation of blows from 14 to 21 N at a depth of 0 - 5.50 meters and >60 N from a depth of 5.50 - 20 m which stated that most of them consisted of clay and sandstones. Then based on laboratory tests, it was found that at a depth of 3 - 3.5 meters it consisted of 86.47% clay with a plastic limit of 37.07% and the water content was 39.41%, while at a depth of 9 -9.5 meters it consisted of sandstones which the characteristic is non- plastic with a water content of up to 72.04%. It is concluded that the surface soil is conductive, it is necessary to hold special treatment for this type of soil in order to avoid erosion when it is saturated with water and it is hoped that the stability of the soil will be better. One of two ways is by mixing high density soil and making a "chicken claw" foundation to strengthen the foundation with a depth of more than 5.0 meters. Keywords: Geoelectric, Standard Penetration Test, Resistivity, Chargebility, Foundation.
A Theoretical Calculation of the Cosmological Constant Based on a Mechanical Model of Vacuum
Authors: Wang Xiao-Song
Published: January 2021

We suppose that vacuum is filled with a kind of continuously distributed matter, which may be called the $\Omega(1)$ substratum, or the electromagnetic aether. Lord Kelvin believes that the electromagnetic aether must also generate gravity. We also suppose that vacuum is filled with another kind of continuously distributed substance, which may be called the $\Omega(2)$ substratum. Based on a theorem of V. Fock on the mass tensor of a fluid, the contravariant energy-momentum tensors of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substratums are established. Quasi-static solutions of the gravitational field equations in vacuum are obtained. Based on an assumption, relationships between the contravariant energy-momentum tensor of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substratums and the contravariant metric tensor are obtained. Thus, the cosmological constant is calculated theoretically. The $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substratums may be a possible candidate of the dark energy. The zero-point energy of electromagnetic fields will not appear as a source term in the Einstein's equations. The cosmological constant problem is one of the puzzles in physics. Some people believed that all kinds of energies should appear as source terms in the Einstein's equations. It may be this belief that leads to the cosmological constant problem. The mass density of the $\Omega(1)$ and $\Omega(2)$ substratums is equivalent to that $31.33195$ protons contained in a box with a volume of $1.0 {m}^{3}$.
Roughness Parameters for Classification of As-Built AM Surfaces
Authors: Richter B. , Blanke N. , Werner C. , Vollertsen F. , Pfefferkorn F.
Published: January 2021

One of the challenges facing the industrial adoption of additively manufactured parts is the surface roughness on the as-built part. The surface roughness of parts is frequently characterized by metrics specified by international standards organizations. However, these standards list many surface metrics that can make it unclear which to use to best describe the surface. In this work, the ability of the various surface metrics to successfully classify the as-built and post-processed surfaces is studied using linear classification models. Laser polishing via remelting and manual grinding are the post-processing techniques used to smooth the as-built surface. The ability of the linear classifier to successfully categorize the various surfaces is demonstrated, and the various surface metrics are ranked according to the strength of their individual ability to classify the surfaces. This work promotes the method as a potential way to autonomously classify as-built and laser polished surfaces.
Influence of Preheating Temperature on Hardness and Microstructure of PBF Steel hs6-5-3-8
Authors: Saewe Jasmin , Wilms Markus Benjamin , Jauer Lucas , Schleifenbaum Johannes
Published: January 2021

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an additive manufacturing process employed in many industries, for example for aerospace, automotive and medical applications. In these sectors, mainly nickel-, aluminum- and titanium-based alloys are used. In contrast, the mechanical engineering industry is interested in more wear-resistant steel alloys with higher hardness, both of which can be achieved with a higher carbon content, like in high-speed steels. Since these steels are susceptible to cracking, preheating needs to be applied during processing by LPBF. In a previous study, we applied a base plate preheating temperature of 500 °C for HS6-5-3-8 with 1.3 % carbon content. We were able to manufacture dense (p > 99.9 %) and crack-free parts from HS6-5-3-8 with a hardness > 62 HRC (as built) by LPBF. In this study, we investigate the influence of preheating temperatures up to 600 °C on hardness and microstructure dependent on part height for HS6-5-3-8. The microstructure was studied by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The analysis of hardness and microstructure at different part heights is necessary because state-of-the-art preheating systems induce heat only into the base plate. Consequently, parts are subjected to temperature gradients and different heat treatment effects depending on part height during the LPBF process.
The difficulties faced by the teachers of child education in the beginning of career
Authors: Xavier Caroline Ferreira Leal , Ferreira Lúcia Gracia
Published: January 2021

The beginning of the teaching career is always a period full of yearnings. The entry into the teaching profession, in a changing society, is difficult, conflicting and sometimes frustrating, and can provoke an identity crisis. For these issues, the present work focuses on the theme: The difficulties faced by teachers at the beginning of their careers. Thus, we tried to build this work based on the questioning: what are the difficulties encountered by early childhood education teachers? The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the difficulties faced by early childhood teachers in Early Childhood Education and, in a specific way, the objective was to know the theoretical conceptions about the beginning of a teaching career; Identify the profile of Early Childhood teachers at the beginning of their careers; To find the main difficulties faced by these subjects and how they deal with them. The work was done from a qualitative research carried out in the municipality of Itapetinga-BA with four early childhood education teachers. With the study, it can be concluded that the difficulties encountered by teachers at the beginning of their careers are real and real and they make them feel unprotected and disenchanted with the teaching career, and that the training is insufficient to face such difficulties, but Serves to make them find strategies to solve adverse situations.
Prevention of COVID-19 Infection with Personal Protective Equipment
Authors: Shimasaki Noriko , Morikawa Hideaki ,   Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan,   Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
Published: January 2021

A new infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic in Japan can be viewed as an urban disaster because transmission of this respiratory disease tends to occur in densely populated areas. A scientific understanding of the pathogen itself, the cause of the disaster (infectious disease), as well as infection control measures, are important to implement robust and appropriate countermeasures. This review discribes the features, especially the modes of transmission, of COVID-19 and the principles by which infection control is possible using one of the most effective infection control measures – personal protective equipment (PPE). Because COVID-19 is often transmitted to others by asymptomatic individuals through droplets, even those who are unaware of their infection should wear masks to prevent the spread of droplets that may contain the virus and effectively control the spread of disease. However, given the worldwide competition for masks and the urgent requirement of effective controls, it is necessary to conduct further research to establish a system that can supply adequate numbers of masks to regions where many people are infected in the country, with no shortage of masks, in order to make the country more resilient to disasters caused by infectious diseases in the future.
Systematic Isolation of Key Parameters for Estimating Skeletal Maturity on Knee Radiographs
Authors: Benedick Alex , Knapik Derrick M. , Duren Dana L. , Sanders James O. , Cooperman Daniel R. , Lin Feng-Chang , Liu Raymond W.
Published: January 2021

Background:

The ability to estimate skeletal maturity using a knee radiograph would be useful in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and limb-length discrepancy in immature patients. Currently, a quick, accurate, and reproducible method is lacking.

Methods:

Serial knee radiographs made 3 years before to 2 years following the chronologic age associated with 90% of final height (an enhanced skeletal maturity gold standard compared with peak height velocity) were analyzed in 78 children. The Pyle and Hoerr (PH) knee method was simplified by developing discrete stages for the distal part of the femur, the proximal part of the tibia, the proximal part of the fibula, and the patella. The Roche-Wainer-Thissen (RWT) knee method was simplified from the 36 original parameters to 14 parameters by removing parameters that were poorly defined, were not relevant to the peripubertal age range, were poorly correlated with 90% final height, or were poorly reliable on a 20-radiograph pilot analysis. We also compared the recently described central peak value (CPV) of the distal part of the femur. The Greulich and Pyle (GP) left-hand bone age was included for comparison.

Results:

In this study, 326 left knee radiographs from 41 girls (age range, 7 to 15 years) and 37 boys (age range, 9 to 17 years) were included. Stepwise linear regression showed higher correlation in predicting years from 90% final height using the modified RWT and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.921) compared with demographic characteristics alone (R2 = 0.840), CPV and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.866), GP and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.899), and PH and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.902). Seven parameters were excluded from the RWT and demographic characteristics model using stepwise linear regression and generalized estimating equations analysis, leaving 7 parameters (2 femoral, 4 tibial, and 1 fibular) in the final model. Compared with RWT and demographic characteristics (R2 = 0.921), there were minimal incremental increases by adding CPV (R2 = 0.921), GP (R2 = 0.925), or PH (R2 = 0.931).

Conclusions:

This large analysis of knee skeletal maturity systems isolated 7 discrete radiographic knee parameters that theoretically outperform the GP bone age in estimating skeletal maturity.

Clinical Relevance:

We present a modified knee skeletal maturity system that can potentially preclude the need for additional imaging of the hand and wrist in reliably estimating skeletal maturity.
Assessment of the Sanitary Quality of Ready to Eat Sesame, a Low Moisture Streets Food Form Burkina Faso
Authors: Compaoré Muller , Bazié Raoul , Nikiéma Marguerite , Yougbaré Virginie , Dembelé Réné , Kpoda Dissinviel , Kabré Elie , Barro Nicolas
Published: January 2021

Background: Microbial contamination of edible low moisture foods poses a significant public health risk for human. In this study, the microbial quality of sweet dehulled sesame, salted dehulled sesame and the raw sesame, sold under ambient conditions were examined. The samples were collected in the cities of Burkina Faso. The first type is sweet dehulled sesame (n1 = 25); the second type is salted dehulled sesame (n2 = 25) and the third type raw sesame (n3 = 25). Assessment of the microbial quality was based on the total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the thermotolerant coliforms, the yeasts and moulds, the E. coli, and the Salmonella spp using ISO methods. Results: The results showed the presence of microorganisms varying from ˂1.0 to 1.72x105 CFU g−1 for thermotolerant coliforms, from ˂1.0 to 6,12x106 CFU g−1 for the total mesophilic aerobic flora and from ˂1.0 to 8.10x105 CFU g−1 for yeasts and moulds. The higher contaminations rates were mostly observed in raw sesame samples. No E coli or Salmonella pathogens were detected. Based on international standards of dehydrated foods, 50.67% of the ready to eat sesames are satisficing while 17.33% are acceptable and 32% are not satisficing. Conclusion: Attention should be emphasized on the processing practices, especially in crowded places where sesames are mostly sold. The high numbers of all microbial groups in these sesame samples suggested that the production of ready to eat sesame should be improved by better hygiene. This study highlights also that ready to eat sesame might harbor a wide range of microorganisms when processes are weak of hygiene.
Relationship between Severe Early Childhood Caries and breast milk`s lactose among 12-24 month old children.
Authors: Poureslami Hamidreza , Sharifi Maryam , Vahedi Mahla , Sabouri Salehe , Poureslami Parnian , Satarzadeh Naghmeh , Hatami Nima , Jafari Parisa
Published: January 2021

Aim: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) and breast milk lactose, in infants aged 12 to 24 months.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was carried out in April to July 2020 on 30 children aged 12 to 24 months with or without S-ECC who were solely breastfed Also, the mothers answered questions about their breastfeeding. After the child's dental visit, the mother was asked to express 10 to 20 ml of her milk as a sample and give it to the researchers. The samples were immediately kept at -4 ° C and then they were tested to lactose measurement. Finally, the test results were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: The average amount of lactose in the breast milk of cases with S-ECC infant was 5.74g/100 ml, and the average amount of lactose in the breast milk of cases without S-ECC infant was 4.64g/100 ml. There was no significant difference in lactose concentration between the two groups (p=0/64). The average number of breastfeeding times in cases with S-ECC infants was 7.87 per day while in the healthy cases this was 7.33 per day. There was no significant difference between the numbers of breastfeeding times per day in the two groups.Conclusion: According to this study, the average level of lactose in the breast milk samples was lower than the average level of lactose in breast milk in other countries, and the amount of lactose in breast milk of children with S-ECC was slightly higher than the amount of lactose in breast milk in children with healthy teeth.
Integrated Photosynthetic and Metabolic Constitutional Dynamic Networks―An “Artificial Leaf”
Authors: Willner Itamar , Wang Chen , Neumann Ehud , Nechushtai Rachel
Published: January 2021

Integration of a photosynthetic network with an assimilation, metabolic network is the fundamental prerequisite to construct an “artificial leaf”. Nucleic acid-based constitutional dynamic networks provide the building modules to construct integrated, intercommunicated networks mimicking photosynthesis. Two constitutional dynamic networks composed each of four constituents provide the photosynthetic and metabolic networks. In the photosynthetic network, photoinduced electron transfer from the Zn(II)-protoporphyrin photosensitizer to a bipyridinium electron acceptor is activated, followed by the biocatalytic reduction of NADP+ to NADPH, in analogy to photosystem I in native photosynthesis. In the metabolic network, the biocatalyzed-oxidation of lactate to pyruvate proceeds, followed by the metabolic transformation of pyruvate to L-alanine. The guided dynamic feedback-driven intercommunication of the networks is accomplished, leading to the function as an “artificial leaf”.
Institutional quality causes social trust: Experimental evidence on trusting under the shadow of doubt
Authors: Martinangeli Andrea , Povitkina Marina , Jagers Sverker , Rothstein Bo
Published: January 2021

Social trust underlies virtually any social and economic interaction and is a crucial ingredient for successful collective action. What causes social trust to develop, however, remains poorly understood. Institutional quality has been proposed as a candidate driver and has been shown to correlate with social trust. We provide experimental evidence for the causal direction of this relationship. We first exogenously expose the participants to institutions of different quality, defined as their ability to prevent corrupt behaviours on behalf of administrators. We then measure social trust among the participants using a trust game. We find that individuals exposed to settings with low institutional quality trust others significantly less. Moreover, using novel survey data we show that our experimental results correspond to correlational patterns usually found across countries. The paper makes a step forward in the decades-long search for the causality between institutional quality and social trust.