bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation Hormesis: Historical Perspective and Implications for Low-Dose Cancer Risk Assessment
Authors: Vaiserman Alexander M.
Published: January 2010

Current guidelines for limiting exposure of humans to ionizing radiation are based on the linear-no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis for radiation carcinogenesis under which cancer risk increases linearly as the radiation dose increases. With the LNT model even a very small dose could cause cancer and the model is used in establishing guidelines for limiting radiation exposure of humans. A slope change at low doses and dose rates is implemented using an empirical dose and dose rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). This imposes usually unacknowledged nonlinearity but not a threshold in the dose-response curve for cancer induction. In contrast, with the hormetic model, low doses of radiation reduce the cancer incidence while it is elevated after high doses. Based on a review of epidemiological and other data for exposure to low radiation doses and dose rates, it was found that the LNT model fails badly. Cancer risk after ordinarily encountered radiation exposure (medical X-rays, natural background radiation, etc.) is much lower than projections based on the LNT model and is often less than the risk for spontaneous cancer (a hormetic response). Understanding the mechanistic basis for hormetic responses will provide new insights about both risks and benefits from low-dose radiation exposure.
The Use of Warm Air Stream for Solvent Evaporation: Effects on the Durability of Resin-dentin Bonds
Authors: Reis A. , Klein-Junior C. A. , de Souza F. H. Coelho , Stanislawczuk R. , Loguercio A. D.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

In terms of silver nitrate uptake, the use of a warm air stream may improve bonding interface resistance to degradation over time. In terms of bond strength values, a warm air stream only improved the resin-dentin bond strengths of the ethanol/water-based system.
Effect of Configuration Factor on Shear Bond Strengths of Self-etch Adhesive Systems to Ground Enamel and Dentin
Authors: Mcleod M. E. , Price R. B. T. , Felix C. M.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

Despite recent improvements in self-etch bonding systems, a two-step etch and rinse system gave consistently higher shear bond strengths to both ground enamel and dentin and would be the best system to use clinically.
Microtensile Bond Strength and Interfacial Characterization of 11 Contemporary Adhesives Bonded to Bur-cut Dentin
Authors: Sarr M. , Kane A. W. , Vreven J. , Mine A. , Van Landuyt K. L. , Peumans M. , Lambrechts P. , Van Meerbeek B. , De Munck J.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

In the current study, contemporary adhesives are assessed mechanically and ultra-morphologically to predict clinical effectiveness. Adhesives with simplified application procedures (in particular, one-step self-etch adhesives) still underperform as compared to conventional “gold-standard” multi-step adhesives. “Mild” two-step self-etch adhesives that provide additional chemical bonding appear to most optimally combine bonding effectiveness with a simplified application protocol.
The Effect of Mouthrinses on Salivary Sorption, Solubility and Surface Degradation of a Nanofilled and a Hybrid Resin Composite
Authors: Almeida G. S. , Poskus L. T. , Guimarães J. G. A. , Silva E. Mda
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

The use of alcohol-containing mouth rinses with a low pH may increase the sorption and solubility of resin composites. The nanofilled resin composite underwent more surface degradation than the hybrid type.
Effect of Light Energy Density on Conversion Degree and Hardness of Dual-cured Resin Cement
Authors: Komori P. C. P. , Paula A. B. , Martin A. A. , Tango R. N. , Sinhoreti M. A. C. , Correr-Sobrinho L.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

Light energy density can influence the curing of dual-cured resin cement. The ultimate physical properties of dual-cured resin cement depend on light energy delivered from the light-curing unit. It can guide the clinicians to select the appropriate curing unit for curing dual cement.
A rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Balamtekin Necati , Uslu Nuray , Temucin Cagri , Demir Hulya , Saltik Temizel Inci
Published: January 2010

Carpal tunnel syndrome and benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis are rare conditions in childhood. Benign intrahepatic cholestasis is characterized by repeated self-limited attacks of cholestasis that can start at any age and last from weeks to months. The patients are asymptomatic between these attacks. We report a 16 year-old male patient with benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis who developed carpal tunnel syndrome during a cholestatic attack. He was admitted with complaints of jaundice, pruritus and pain, tingling and muscle weakness in both hands for 15 days. Nerve conduction studies revealed findings compatible with carpal tunnel syndrome. He was started on ursodeoxycholic acid, fat soluble vitamins and cholestyramine and cholestasis regressed after four weeks of therapy. With the improvement of cholestasis, the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome also disappeared. In conclusion, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis can be a rare cause of carpal tunnel syndrome in childhood. We also advocate treating the underlying disease as an appropriate conservative treatment before surgery.
Coexistence of pancreatic tuberculosis with systemic brucellosis: a case report
Authors: Acar Ali , Sücüllü İlker , Baylan Orhan , Filiz Ali , Diktaş Hüsrev , Kıvanc Mert , Öncül Oral , Görenek Levent
Published: January 2010

Isolated pancreatic tuberculosis is an extremely rare clinical entity and is difficult to diagnose particularly in immunocompetent individuals. Clinical findings and symptomatology of brucellosis are often similar to tuberculosis thus making the differentiation amongst the two entities difficult. We report a case of pancreatic tuberculosis with systemic brucellosis in a 29 year old veterinarian who presented with epigastric pain and loss of appetite. Initial investigations revealed leukocytosis with moderately elevated transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, amylase and lipase levels. Imaging studies revealed an anechoic multiloculated cyst in the body and tail of the pancreas. Given the patient’s occupational risk coupled with the presence of a positive Brucella agglutination test (with a titer of 1:320); a diagnosis of pancreatitis secondary to brucellosis was given. In addition to standard pancreatitis therapy of bowel rest with intravenous fluid/electrolyte replacement, anti-brucellosis therapy was also administered. The patient’s initial response to therapy was positive however, 6 weeks into therapy, his abdominal pain recurred and repeat CT scan revealed the development of a pseudocyst in the pancreas. After failing a second attempt at conservative supportive therapy, the patient underwent an explorative laparotomy. Histological examination of the resected pancreatic specimen showed necrosis and was positive for tuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Herein, we describe the first case reported in the medical literature of the coexistence of systemic brucellosis with pancreatic tuberculosis. We suggest that the possibility of the coexistence of brucellosis with tuberculosis be kept in mind when assessing pancreatitis patients in endemic regions and in individuals with occupational risk hazards.
Obliczenia Numeryczne Wytrzymałości Resztkowej Poszycia Statków Powietrznych z Uszkodzeniem Wielomiejscowym
Authors: Leski Andrzej
Published: January 2010

Obliczenia Numeryczne Wytrzymałości Resztkowej Poszycia Statków Powietrznych z Uszkodzeniem Wielomiejscowym

Obecność wielomiejscowego uszkodzenia w strukturze statku powietrznego może doprowadzić do uszkodzenia katastroficznego, gdy wytrzymałość resztkowa struktury będzie niewystarczająca do przeniesienia obciążeń działających na konstrukcję. W prezentowanej pracy badano wpływ długości pęknięć MSD na wytrzymałość resztkową. Do symulacji numerycznych procesu rozdzierania wykorzystano kąt rozwarcia szczeliny pęknięcia (CTOA) jako kryterium pękania. Kryterium CTOA zostało zaimplementowane w programie komercyjnym MSC.Marc w postaci dodatkowych procedur użytkownika. Przeprowadzono weryfikację tej implementacji, a otrzymane wyniki są zgodne z prezentowanymi w literaturze. Wpływ długości pęknięć MSD wyznaczono dla dwóch konfiguracji pęknięć: z obecnością i bez obecności pęknięcia wiodącego.
Numerical Calculation of the Aircraft Skin with Multi-Site Damage
Authors: Leski Andrzej
Published: January 2010

Numerical Calculation of the Aircraft Skin with Multi-Site Damage

The presence of the multi-site damage (MSD) in an aircraft structure can result in catastrophic damage when the residual strength is not sufficient to sustain operational loads. In this paper the influence of the MSD crack size on the residual strength was examined. As a crack criterion the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) was applied in the numerical simulation of the stable tearing. The CTOA criterion was implemented in the commercial software, the MSC.Marc, by means of additional user subroutines. The verification of this implementation was carried out and the obtained results are consistent with those presented in literature. The influence of the MSD crack size was determined for two crack scenarios: with a leading crack and without one.
Możliwości Optymalizacji Zintegrowanych Systemów Awionicznych w Zakresie Błędów Czujników Danych Aerodynamicznych
Authors: Szelmanowski Andrzej , Michalak Sławomir
Published: January 2010

Możliwości Optymalizacji Zintegrowanych Systemów Awionicznych w Zakresie Błędów Czujników Danych Aerodynamicznych

W artykule omówiono błędy elektronicznych czujników ciśnienia statycznego i różnicowego (wykorzystywanych w centralach danych aerodynamicznych stosowanych w lotnictwie wojskowym) oraz ich wpływ na błędy obliczanych parametrów pilotażowo-nawigacyjnych w postaci prędkości i wysokości lotu. Przedstawiono wybrane problemy i możliwości optymalizacji wartości tych błędów w systemach awionicznych integrowanych na bazie cyfrowej szyny danych (m.in. ARINC-429 i MIL-1553B). Przedstawiono bazę badawczą akredytowanego Laboratorium Pomiaru Ciśnienia ITWL oraz możliwości korekcji błędów czujników ciśnień wykorzystywanych w centralach danych aerodynamicznych.
Koshi Tappu Ramsar Site: Updates on Ramsar Information Sheet on Wetlands
Authors: Karki Jhamak B
Published: January 2010

Major changes to the ecological character of the Ramsar site, including in the application of the Criteria, since the previous Ramsar Information Sheet (RIS) for the site are the degradation of forest quality due to the invasion of the exotic species especially Mikania micrantha since last few years, replacement of old grassland habitat by new ones due to the meandering of the Koshi River and alteration of plant species composition due to the vegetation changes. For example, few plant species have appeared in the Sisso- Acacia forest habitat. Decline in water birds population due to poisoning, siltation in the rivers/surrounding wetlands and over fishing has been noticed. Moreover eutrophication is prevalent in most stagnant waters especially oxbow lakes and seepage ponds. Over-exploitation in the natural resources has led to the degradation of the habitat quality and loss, hence the change in population of Wild Water Buffalo (Bubalus arnee), deer species (Axis spp.), Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista gangetica). The current flood of Koshi River after the breakage of the eastern embankment is uncertain to predict the future of the lower part of the Koshi Tappu Ramsar site. Key Words: Ramsar information sheet (RIS), Alien spps, Koshi tappu wildlife reserve (KTWR), Ramsar convention. DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2513 The Initiation Vol.2(1) pp10-16
Wildlife Research and Monitoring in Nepal: An Overview
Authors: Poudel Buddi Sagar
Published: January 2010

Considerable research studies have been carried out in protected areas of Nepal over last three decades. Often, these studies are species oriented on selected endangered mammals and do not deliver conservation actions potentially to serve management needs. Comprehensive, multidisciplinary research approach and long term monitoring is scant at present and is of little conservation significance. Research policies, guidelines, prioritization and evaluation criteria are important facets for sound protected area management. Persistent concerted efforts are needed to make research and monitoring as an integral part of protected area management. This paper reviews present state of wildlife research in Nepal's protected areas. The conservation laws and regulation related to research studies are dealt in brief. Also, the endangered species monitoring exercises are discussed and finally, this paper offers some prospective options to make the protected areas as learning centers from conservation standpoint and recommends documentation and dissemination of researched information. Key Words: Protected area, Research & monitoring, Rhino, Tiger, Gharial, Gaur, Swamp deer. DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2515 The Initiation Vol.2(1) pp22-32
An Assessment on Bird’s Diversity in Bagmati River Corridor
Authors: Thapa Saroj , Paudel Shambhu , BK Dipak
Published: January 2010

Bagmati River is considered as a potential conservation area in terms of the bio-diversity conservation due to its unique and diversified habitat distribution. Due to various causes, the river is being polluted and hence habitat degradation rate is increasing. As a consequence, the direct effect is seen on birds inhabiting there. Aiming the assessment of bird's diversity, one year survey was conducted in Bagmati River from Tilganga Bridge to chobhar Gorge Bridge (here after termed as Bagmati river corridor) by applying the point count method .In the total enumeration, 100 of birds species were recorded among which 7 are listed in CITES appendix. The bird species that are regarded as globally threatened are not recorded in the study area. In this report, some potential patches in the study area, are described as hot spots, considering the higher probability of recording maximum number of birds species. The public voice is also collected to find out the public perception on the present status of birds of Bagmati river corridor using the questionaire method. Some causes of habitat destruction and some potential conservation measures are also mentioned. Key Words: Bagmati river corridor, Birds, Conservation, Hotspots, Diversity, Habitat   DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2520 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp34-40
Short Communication Note: Conflict and Hidden Cost
Authors: Thapa Kanchan
Published: January 2010

DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2521  The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp341-42
Distribution, Behavioral Ecology and Present Status of Varanus flavescens (a literature review paper) in Nepal
Authors: Karki Ajay , Bista Rabindra , Humagain Santosh
Published: January 2010

Golden monitor lizard is a reptilian with long slender body, long neck, flexible head movable in all directions, feature that is not possessed by any other reptile. It is protected on international scale; listed in CITES appendix 1, the IUCN red data list, and categorized as protected reptile under national park and wildlife conservation act of Nepal. Even if distribution is wide it is threatened to extinction in much of its inhabitant range because of habitat destruction along with hunting for its hides, exploited for food and skin values. Exported illegally through northern Nepal to china as its skin is used in traditional Chinese medicine. To maintain their number as of this circumstances; habitat conservation and civic consciousness from stakeholders in integrated mode to minimize hunting, possibly will be the plausible way. This carnivore reptile is oviparous can grow up to 90 cm in length and tail measures about 49 cm. Becomes sometimes dangerous, if threatened, rises high on its legs , hisses loudly, sways its body and lashes its razor like sharp tail and ready to cut offender and defend itself. So this paper reveals with distribution, ecological behavior and present status on Golden Monitor Lizard in Nepal. Key Words: Protected, Threatened, Oviparous, Carnivorous, Medicine, Juveniles DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2523 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp49-54
Effectiveness of Root System of Grasses Used in Soil Conservation in Paundi Khola Sub Watershed of Lamjung District, Nepal
Authors: Kafle Gandhiv , Balla Mohan K
Published: January 2010

The study was carried out in Paundi Khola Sub-watershed of Lamjung District, with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of root system of grasses used in soil conservation. Different root parameters were recorded through direct field measurement. Key informant's survey, semi-structured walk and focus group discussions were also undertaken to acquire relevant information on pattern of retaining grasses, insect/pest condition, local uses of grasses, perceived weeds and perception of farmers on different issues. Stylo and Molasses are most effective in armouring the slope against surface erosion from both runoff and rain splash due to their dense surface cover, low canopy and small leaves. Broom Grass and Napier are most effective in reinforcing the soil by providing a network of strong roots that increases the soil's resistance to shear. Broom Grass can moderately support the soil mass by its strong and long fibrous roots. Broom Grass can bind average 3.8 cu. m. soil, and that for napier, stylo, and molasses are 0.37 cu. m., 0.45 cu. m. and 0.04 cu. m. soil respectively. It was found that farmers plant the improved varieties of grasses primarily for forage due to high foliage content. Soil conservation is second priority. A combination of improved varieties of grasses and natural grasses helps to conserve soil and moisture more effectively than single-use of grass species on marginal land. Key Words: Effectiveness, Improved grass species, Root, Soil conservation, Napier, Molasses, Stylo, Broom grass. DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2533 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp121-129
Economics of Non-Timber Forest Production Promotion and Marketing: A case study from Malekhukhola Watershed of Dhading District, Nepal
Authors: Pandit Bishnu Hari
Published: January 2010

This article examines the prospects of promoting NTFPs in the mountains of Nepal. Despite being profitable, the farmers do not readily accept cultivating NTFP species on their farmlands on a large scale. The analyses revealed that domestication of MAP species is significantly influenced by various factors such as, knowledge and skill required for domestication, frequency of visits to forest, the length of fallow period, size of upland terraces, cattle and goat herd size, accessibility to forest, inappropriate permit system, difficult trading system and market uncertainty. The inappropriate NTFP permit system, difficult trading system and free access to forest have negatively influenced domestication of MAP species. Overall, lack of a favorable institutional environment has been the major factor constraining the integration of NTFP species into farmland on a large scale by farmers. Policy recommendations include handing over the use and management responsibility to local people, to that prevent open access status of national forests, providing NTFP collection permits to local residents, lobbying for amending inappropriate policies, rules and regulations, promoting group marketing and adaptive collaborative forest management approach to community forestry. Key Words: NTFP collection, Marketing, Domestication, Factors affecting MAP domestication DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2537 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp145-156
Impact of NTFP Harvesting in Forest Conservation
Authors: Dangi Resham Bdr
Published: January 2010

Regardless of size, Nepal is famous for floral and faunal diversity in the world. Out of 15,000 identified plant species in this country, more than 2000 plants have medicinal properties and more than 100 plant species are in commercial trade. There is growing concern in governmental and non-governmental organization to promote NTFP for improvements of rural livelihoods and forest conservation. However, field evidences do not demonstrate its meaningful contribution in forest conservation objective. This paper attempts to appraise the bottleneck issue in maintaining Maximum sustained yield (MSY) of viable NTFPs. The analysis is more focused on production characteristics rather than demand and institutional characteristics of NTFPs. Finally, the paper concludes by recommending few potential options for improvement. The suggested intervention includes preparation of new inventory guideline; improve forestry governance, training and extension for collectors, capacity building for forestry professional, and support for strengthening market infrastructure. Key Words: Non-timber forest products (NTFP), Market demand, Harvestable quota, Maximum sustained yield (MSY), Ecological impact and forest governance DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2539 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp165-171
Molecular Polymorphisms in Tunisian Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) as Revealed by RAPD Fingerprints
Authors: Hasnaoui Néjib , Mars Messaoud , Chibani Jemni , Trifi Mokhtar
Published: January 2010

The genetic diversity among Tunisian pomegranate cultivars has been investigated. Using universal primers, the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to generate banding profiles from a set of twelve cultivars. Data was then computed with appropriate programs to construct a dendrogram illustrating the relationships between the studied cultivars. Our data proved the efficiency of the designed method to examine the DNA polymorphism in this crop since the tested primers are characterized by a collective resolving power of 12.83. In addition, the cluster analysis has exhibited a parsimonious tree branching independent from the geographic origin of the cultivars. In spite of the relatively low number of primers and cultivars, RAPD constitutes an appropriate procedure to assess the genetic diversity and to survey the phylogenetic relationships in this crop.
From Maximum Entropy to Maximum Entropy Production: A New Approach
Authors: Virgo Nathaniel
Published: January 2010

Evidence from climate science suggests that a principle of maximum thermodynamic entropy production can be used to make predictions about some physical systems. I discuss the general form of this principle and an inherent problem with it, currently unsolved by theoretical approaches: how to determine which system it should be applied to. I suggest a new way to derive the principle from statistical mechanics, and present a tentative solution to the system boundary problem. I discuss the need for experimental validation of the principle, and its impact on the way we see the relationship between thermodynamics and kinetics.
Estimating Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease for Small Areas Using Collateral Indicators of Morbidity
Authors: Congdon Peter
Published: January 2010

Different indicators of morbidity for chronic disease may not necessarily be available at a disaggregated spatial scale (e.g., for small areas with populations under 10 thousand). Instead certain indicators may only be available at a more highly aggregated spatial scale; for example, deaths may be recorded for small areas, but disease prevalence only at a considerably higher spatial scale. Nevertheless prevalence estimates at small area level are important for assessing health need. An instance is provided by England where deaths and hospital admissions for coronary heart disease are available for small areas known as wards, but prevalence is only available for relatively large health authority areas. To estimate CHD prevalence at small area level in such a situation, a shared random effect method is proposed that pools information regarding spatial morbidity contrasts over different indicators (deaths, hospitalizations, prevalence). The shared random effect approach also incorporates differences between small areas in known risk factors (e.g., income, ethnic structure). A Poisson-multinomial equivalence may be used to ensure small area prevalence estimates sum to the known higher area total. An illustration is provided by data for London using hospital admissions and CHD deaths at ward level, together with CHD prevalence totals for considerably larger local health authority areas. The shared random effect involved a spatially correlated common factor, that accounts for clustering in latent risk factors, and also provides a summary measure of small area CHD morbidity.
Environmental Remediation and Conversion of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Useful Green Products by Accelerated Carbonation Technology
Authors: Lim Mihee , Han Gi-Chun , Ahn Ji-Whan , You Kwang-Suk
Published: January 2010

This paper reviews the application of carbonation technology to the environmental industry as a way of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2), a green house gas, including the presentation of related projects of our research group. An alternative technology to very slow natural carbonation is the co-called ‘accelerated carbonation’, which completes its fast reaction within few hours by using pure CO2. Carbonation technology is widely applied to solidify or stabilize solid combustion residues from municipal solid wastes, paper mill wastes, etc. and contaminated soils, and to manufacture precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). Carbonated products can be utilized as aggregates in the concrete industry and as alkaline fillers in the paper (or recycled paper) making industry. The quantity of captured CO2 in carbonated products can be evaluated by measuring mass loss of heated samples by thermo-gravimetric (TG) analysis. The industrial carbonation technology could contribute to both reduction of CO2 emissions and environmental remediation.
A Review on the Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on Enzyme Activity
Authors: Wimmer Zdenĕk , Zarevúcka Marie
Published: January 2010

Different types of enzymes such as lipases, several phosphatases, dehydrogenases, oxidases, amylases and others are well suited for the reactions in SC-CO2. The stability and the activity of enzymes exposed to carbon dioxide under high pressure depend on enzyme species, water content in the solution and on the pressure and temperature of the reaction system. The three-dimensional structure of enzymes may be significantly altered under extreme conditions, causing their denaturation and consequent loss of activity. If the conditions are less adverse, the protein structure may be largely retained. Minor structural changes may induce an alternative active protein state with altered enzyme activity, specificity and stability.
A Simple Preparation of 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acyl-Gluco-, Galacto- and Mannopyranoses and Relevant Theoretical Study
Authors: Wang Zerong Daniel , Mo Yirong , Chiou Chiao-Lun , Liu Minghong
Published: January 2010

The deacylation of glucose, galactose and mannose pentaacetates, galactose and mannose penta(3-bromo)benzoates, as well as the dealkylation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-(3-bromo)benzoyl methyl α-D-glucopyranosides have been studied. In addition, a computational study on the deacylation of β-D-glucose pentaacetate has been carried out with density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*). The anomeric effect during deacetylation and dealkylation has been clearly demonstrated in both experimental and computational results.
Effects of Adaptogens on the Central Nervous System and the Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Their Stress—Protective Activity
Authors: Panossian Alexander , Wikman Georg
Published: January 2010

Adaptogens were initially defined as substances that enhance the “state of nonspecific resistance” in stress, a physiological condition that is linked with various disorders of the neuroendocrine-immune system. Studies on animals and isolated neuronal cells have revealed that adaptogens exhibit neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, antidepressive, anxiolytic, nootropic and CNS stimulating activity. In addition, a number of clinical trials demonstrate that adaptogens exert an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental work capacity against a background of stress and fatigue, particularly in tolerance to mental exhaustion and enhanced attention. Indeed, recent pharmacological studies of a number of adaptogens have provided a rationale for these effects also at the molecular level. It was discovered that the stress—protective activity of adaptogens was associated with regulation of homeostasis via several mechanisms of action, which was linked with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the regulation of key mediators of stress response, such as molecular chaperons (e.g., HSP70), stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1), Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor DAF-16, cortisol and nitric oxide.
Antihypertensive Peptides from Milk Proteins
Authors: Jäkälä Pauliina , Vapaatalo Heikki
Published: January 2010

Dietary proteins possess a wide range of nutritional and functional properties. They are used as a source of energy and amino acids, which are needed for growth and development. Many dietary proteins, especially milk proteins, contain physiologically active peptides encrypted in the protein sequence. These peptides may be released during gastrointestinal digestion or food processing and once liberated, cause different physiological functions. Milk-derived bioactive peptides are shown to have antihypertensive, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidative and mineral-binding properties. During the fermentation of milk with certain lactobacilli, two interesting tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro are released from casein to the final product. These lactotripeptides have attenuated the development of hypertension in several animal models and lowered blood pressure in clinical studies. They inhibit ACE in vitro at micromolar concentrations, protect endothelial function in vitro and reduce arterial stiffness in humans. Thus, milk as a traditional food product can after certain processing serve as a functional food and carry specific health-promoting effects, providing an option to control blood pressure.
Fast Fourier Transform IR Characterization of Epoxy GY Systems Crosslinked with Aliphatic and Cycloaliphatic EH Polyamine Adducts
Authors: Nikolic Goran , Zlatkovic Sasa , Cakic Milorad , Cakic Suzana , Lacnjevac Caslav , Rajic Zoran
Published: January 2010

The use of fast FT-IR spectroscopy as a sensitive method to estimate a change of the crosslinking kinetics of epoxy resin with polyamine adducts is described in this study. A new epoxy formulation based on the use of polyamine adducts as the hardeners was analyzed. Crosslinking reactions of the different stoichiometric mixtures of the unmodified GY250 epoxy resin with the aliphatic EH606 and the cycloaliphatic EH637 polyamine adducts were studied using mid FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. As the crosslinking proceeded, the primary amine groups in polyamine adduct are converted to secondary and the tertiary amines. The decrease in the IR band intensity of epoxy groups at about 915 cm-1, as well as at about 3,056 cm-1, was observed due to process. Mid IR spectral analysis was used to calculate the content of the epoxy groups as a function of crosslinking time and the crosslinking degree of resin. The amount of all the epoxy species was estimated from IR spectra to changes during the crosslinking kinetics of epichlorhydrin.
The Varietal Reactions of Cucumbers to DDT and Methoxychlor Dusts
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Harcourt D. G. , Cass L. M. , Friend W. G.
Published: January 2010

Although DDT gives excellent control of the striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittata (F.), the most serious insect pest of cucumbers in Canada, the technical grade of DDT is generally considered too toxic to cucumbers to he used on that crop with safety. Recently, two related materials that are said to be less toxic to cucurbits in general have been on the market: high-setting-point DDT, and methoxychlor. Carruth and Howe (1948) showed that DDT approaching aerosol grade in setting-point was less injurious to squashes than DDT of technical grade. Several entomologists have reported that cucumbers, like melons and squashes, show definite varietal responses to DDT. Hervey and Schroeder (1946) found the variety Ohio 31 to be more severely injured by DDT than China or Chicago Pickling. Wilson and Sleesman (1947) reported that plants of Ohio 31 were stunted much more by DDT than those of National. This paper is a report on three seasons' investigations of the toxicity of three per cent technical-grade DDT dust to 12 varieties of cucumbers, and one season's investigations of the toxicity of three per cent high-setting-point DDT and methoxychlor dusts to the same 12 varieties.
The Life-History of Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) and its Effect on White Pine
Authors: Balch R. E. , Underwood G. R.
Published: January 2010

Pineus pinifoliae (Fitch) belongs to the Adelginae, a group characterized by unusually complex life-cycles. The typical species have at least five distinct forms, one bi-sexual and the others parthenogenetic. They alternate between two coniferous hosts, one of which is always a species of spruce (Picea). Galls are formed on spruce by a modification of the growth of the new shoot.

The life-history of P. pinifoliae is only partially known. Patch has reported on observations in Maine which showed that the gall-making form flew from “black spruce” to the needles of white pine and that its offspring settled on the new shoots. She also described a morphologically similar winged form which developed on white-pine shoots and which she believed to be the return migrants. Annand made similar observations in Oregon and gave careful descriptions of three forms: the fundatrix, the gallicola migrans, and the exulis.
A New Species of Balclutha, with Notes on the Canadian Balcluthini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

Species of Balcluthini show great similarity in external appearance and many exhibit much individual variation. Examination of the male genitalia is the only certain means of identification. Baker (1896, Can. Ent. 28: 35-42) attempted to separate the species on external characters, and Davidson and DeLong (1935, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 37: 97-112) revised the North American species and figured the male genitalia. Little has been published on the species occurring in Canada. Five species from Canada are represented in the Canadian National Collection. One of them is previously undescribed.
Specific Characters in Tarsal Claws of Some Species of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

Certain species of Aedes occurring in North America have been considered difficult if not impossible to identify from adult females alone. Five band-legged species, Aedes excrucians (Walker), A. stimulans (Walker), A. fitchii (F. & Y.), A. riparius D. & K., and A. increpitus Dyar, are in this class. They form a compact group, and female specimens have been very difficult to identify with assurance. Matheson (1944) used mesonotal colour and mesepimeral bristling for separating most specimens of these species. To these characters Gjullin (1946) added the colour of the torus and of the palp, but he also was unable to definitely identify some specimens of excrucians and fitchii. Ross (1947) used the characters employed by Matheson to separate stimlans, fitchii, and excrucians, but admitted that the characters are often unsatisfactory.
A New Species of Laccocera from Canada and Records of Other Canadian Species (Homoptera: Araeopidae)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The fulgorids of the genus Laccocera Van Duzee were revised by Penner (1945. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 18: 30-46), who described and figured the seven species known to occur in North America. In all, five species are represented in the Canadian National Collection. One of these is previously undescribed, and three others have not been recorded from Canada previously. The following are a description of the new species and records of other Canadian species from specimens in the Collection.
Studies on the Resistance of Plants to Aphids by the Method of Paper Partition Chromatography
Authors: Auclair J. L. , Maltais J. B.
Published: January 2010

The factors responsible for the relative resistance of plants to aphid attack are not very well known. Chemical analyses of several varieties of peas indicate that the quantity of nitrogenous constituents in plant juice is proportional to the susceptibility of the plant to aphid attack. These tests hare also demonstrated that amino acids represent the major portion of the soluble nitrogenous constituents in the plants studied.

By the method of paper partition chromatography, several qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses were made of the amino acids in juice extracts of two varieties of peas and of pea aphids feeding on these varieties. This particular method of chromatography, first developed in England in 1944 by Consden, Gordon, and Martin (1), and modified since by other workers (2, 3), was found very effecrive for these studies.
A Study of the Rosaria Group of the Genus Diarsia (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae) with Special Reference to the Structure of the Male Genitalia
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: January 2010

A recent study of that complex of the genus Diarsia which at present is found in collections under the name rosaria Grt. has convinced me that at least two species, easily separable on the basis of maculation and colouring, have gone under this name. One of these, the true rosaria, is confined to the more northerly portions of the California coast. The other species ranges from Alaska south through British Columbia into the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and from the coast of British Columbia east through the northern coniferous forest zone to the coast of Labrador. The latter species is divisible on the basis of well defined genitalic differences into a subspecies inhabiting the Cordilleran region and a subspecies confined to the northern coniferous forest.
Acentropus niveus(Oliv.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on the north shore of Lake Erie with a consideration of its distribution in North America
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

On July 12, 1950 a collection of adults of the mothAcentropus niveus(Oliv.) was made on the north shore of Lake Erie near the village of South Cayuga, Ontario (Maps A, B-3). At the southern limits of the townships of Dunn and South Cayuga (Haldimand County) a shallow bay extends for a distance of about two miles along the shore of the lake (Map A). Along this bay is a sandy or gravelly beach ten to twenty yards wide backed by a cliff of clay that rises abruptly above the beach. On the day the collections were made the sky was clear and a brisk southerly breeze was causing waves to wash on the beach. The action of the waves had deposited debris, consisting largely of tangled masses of a filamentous green alga and exuviae of the mayflyHexagenia occulta, in a windrow six inches to two feet wide along the shore. The moths ere found in this debris, most of them lying dead and with bedraggled wings, while some lay on their backs with wings stuck to the damp surface and with legs kicking and a few were crawling about on the debris.
The Uses of Parathion in British Columbia Orchards
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Downing R. S.
Published: January 2010

In British Columbia parathion was first officially recommended to the fruit grower in 1949 for the control of orchard insects and mites, particularly the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerst.; the European red mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch)=[Paratetranychus pilosus (C. & F.)]; and the Pacific mite, Tetranychus pacificus McG. Similar recommendations were made simultaneously in other Canadian fruit-growing areas. In British Columbia the Okanagan Spray Committee advised the use of only one formulation and one concentration: 15 per cent wettable powder at 0.75 pounds per 100 imperial gallons. At the start of the season most growers were rather reluctant to use parathion, not necessarily because it was new but because the poisonous nature of the material had been so thoroughly impressed upon them. However, as the season progressed and orchard
pests became generally more troublesome, their attitude changed, so that by mid-season the use of parathion was common. It is estimated that at least 75 per cent of Okanagan Valley fruit growers used this insecticide at one time or another during the season. They bought from 40 to 50 tons of 15 per cent parathion wettable powder in 1949.
The American Species of Phratora Chev. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper offers a taxonomic treatment of the American species belonging to the genus properly known as Phratora but designated as Phyllodecta Kby. by recent authors. Phyllodecta was described by Kirby in 1837 (p. 216); the month of publication is given as October by Sherborn (1929, p. 4931), and, according to Westwood (1837). Kirby's volume was presented on November 6 to the monthly meeting of the Entomological Society of London. Phratora has been attributed to Redtenbacher, because he was the first to publish the name with a description of generic characters, and has been dated 1845 (p. 116) or 1849 (p. 554). Phratora Redt., lacking priority, has been considered a synonym of Phyllodecta Kby. However, in 1837 both Chevrolat (p. 405 or 429) and Faldermann (p. 363) used Phratora in ways that would validate the name; Chevrolat's usage, and possibly that of Faldermann, antedates Kirby's description of Phyllodecta. Chevrolat listed previously described species Phratora, and his usage, as shown by Barber and Bridwell (1940, p. 4), was published between March 1 and July 5, 1837. Faldermann, without comment on the genus, described a new species in Phratora, but the exact date of his publication is unknown. The species considered by all these authors are congeneric. A consideration of genotypes is impractical at this time, but such is not required to show that the genus should be known as Phratora and that Phyllodecta is a synonym.
Notes on the Parasitism of the Yellow-headed Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: January 2010

The parasitism of the yellow-headed spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Roh.), was studied in the course of investigations on the control of the sawfly in farm shelter-belts. Although some of the chemical control measures used against the sawfly destroyed its parasites, others did not. A knowledge of the parasites and their abundance in the study area became necessary. Since most of the parasites known to attack the sawfly emerge from the cocoons, this stage of the host was investigated first.
The Phenomenon of Autonarcosis in a Parasitic Wasp
Authors: Doutt Richard L.
Published: January 2010

In the laboratory culture of parasitic Hymenoptera it is a common practice to collect the adults from the large emergence cages into glass tubing with a power-driven aspirator. This glass tubing has an absorbent cotton plug at one end and the aspirator cork at the other. Depending upon the characteristics of the species being handled, from 100 to 400 individuals may be collected without impairment into a single tube before the aspirator cork is removed and replaced with another plug of absorbent cotton. The cotton plugs are then tightly fitted into each end of the tubing, and the volume of air space remaining between them amounts to approximately 38 ml. Parasites confined in this manner may be stored for brief periods if fed honey and held at cool temperatures. They are commonly packed in this fashion for transport to experimental field plots.
The Larval Elateridae of Eastern Spruce Forests and Their Role in the Natural Control of Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: January 2010

One of the objects of the investigations on the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.), in Eastern Canada was to discover and evaluate the factors of natural control affecting this introduced species in its new environment. Small mammal predators were found to be the most important factor affecting the sawfly cocoons, which were spun in the moss or litter of the forest floor (4, 5). These predators chewed large openings in the cocoons and pulled out the contents. Cocoons were also found with smaller openings made by the entry of insect predators, and occasionally such a cocoon was found with a larva of the family Elateridae partly inside (Fig. 1).
A Reflex Photocopying Box for Books
Authors: Stovell Thomas H.
Published: January 2010

There are many types of commercial photo copying machines designed to make paper negatives or direct paper positives without the aid of a camera. These range from the costly rotary printers used in industry to the cylindrical type used in offices. Most of these produce excellent copies of single sheets; but with many of them there is considerable difficulty in making copies from books, the printing usually being blurred and the copy unevenly shaded. The physical pressure required to make perfect contact during exposure often damages larger books.
Some Ecological Factors Governing Populations of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.)
Authors: Lejeune R. R.
Published: January 2010

Several ecological factors governing populations of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), have been studied in Manitoba and Saskatchewan since the present outbreak began about 1939. It soon became clear that soil moisture, parasires and predators, and the growth habits of tamarack were among the most important components of the environmental resistance. Data from ohservations and experiments were gathered by several investigators of the Forest Insect Laboratory, Winnipeg. Manitoba, and are still largely unpublished. In this paper, an attempt is made to appraise the over-all effect of these factors on abundance of the larch sawfly.
North American Pyraustinae: Notes and Descriptions (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene G.
Published: January 2010

FraminghamiaStrand, 1920: 160. Monotype: [Pionea helvalisWalker=]Framinghamia botysStrand.

The common specieshelvalisWalker has ordinarily been placed inPhlyctaeniaHübner; this arrangement is unnatural even on the old definition of the genus. The third joint of the labial palpus is exposed and the species runs toArchernisin Hampson's (1898) key. The species of that genus, however, are of much stouter build and have radically different genitalia; there is accordingly, I think, no direct relationship.Framinghamia helvalis(Walker), new combination, like the species ofArchernis, belongs to the group of Pyraustinae that has lost the frenulum hook.Framinghamiamay be differentiated fromUdeaby the different configuration of the palpi (Fig. 12), as well as by genitalic characters (Fig. 8). Among the more striking features of the male genitalia are the absence of the uncus, the conspicuous fringe of long, heavily pigmented scales along the costa of the valve, the broad transtilla, the minute, furcate juxta, and the twisted, ribbon-like coremata, with simple scent tufts.
Notes on the Biology of Pleroneura borealis Felt (Xyelidae: Hymenoptera)
Authors: Webb F. E. , Forbes R. S.
Published: January 2010

In 1945 injury to shoots of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., by sawfly larvae was very common in York and Madawaska counties, New Brunswick. Since then, similar injury has been noticed throughout most of New Brunswick, eastern Nova Scotia, the upper peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin.

New Brunswick specimens were identified by Dr. O. Peck of the Systematic Unit, Division of Entomology, as presumably Pleroneura borealis Felt, the specimens running to this species in Ross' Key (2); however, as stated by Ross (3), the recognition of species in the genus is not at present based upon fundamental characters. P. borealis was originally described in 1917 by Felt (1) from three specimens collected at Lake Clear, N.Y., in 1907. Except for the taxonomic revision by Ross (2), no other reference to this species was found in the literature.