bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismogenic frictional melting in the magmatic column
Authors: Kendrick J. E. , Lavallée Y. , Hess K.-U. , De Angelis S. , Ferk A. , Gaunt H. E. , Meredith P. G. , Dingwell D. B. , Leonhardt R.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Lava dome eruptions subjected to high extrusion rates commonly evolve from endogenous to exogenous growth and limits to their structural stability hold catastrophic potential as explosive eruption triggers. In the conduit, strain localisation in magma, accompanied by seismogenic failure, marks the onset of brittle magma ascent dynamics. The rock record of exogenous dome structures preserves vestiges of cataclastic processes and thermal anomalies, key to unravelling subsurface processes. Here, a combined structural, thermal and magnetic investigation of a shear band crosscutting a large block erupted in 2010 at Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV) reveals evidence of faulting and frictional melting within the magmatic column. The mineralogy of this pseudotachylyte vein offers confirmation of complete recrystallisation, altering the structure, porosity and permeability of the material, and the magnetic signature typifies local electric currents in faults. Such melting events may be linked to the step-wise extrusion of magma accompanied by repetitive long-period (LP) drumbeat seismicity at SHV. Frictional melting of Soufrière Hills andesite in a high velocity rotary shear apparatus highlights the small slip distances (< 15 cm) thought to be required to bring 800 °C magma to melting point at upper conduit stress conditions (10 MPa). We conclude that frictional melting is a common consequence of seismogenic magma fracture during dome building eruptions and that it may govern the ascent of magma in the upper conduit.
Warfield p-Invariants in Abelian Group Rings of Characteristic p
Authors: Danchev Peter
Published: April 2014

We calculate Warfield p-invariants Wα,p(V (RG)) of the group of normalized units V (RG) in a commutative group ring RG of prime char(RG) = p in each of the following cases: (1) G0/Gp is finite and R is an arbitrary direct product of indecomposable rings; (2) G0/Gp is bounded and R is a finite direct product of fields; (3) id(R) is finite (in particular, R is finitely generated). Moreover, we give a general strategy for the computation of the above Warfield p-invariants under some restrictions on R and G. We also point out an essential incorrectness in a recent paper due to Mollov and Nachev in Commun. Algebra (2011).
σ- ideals and generalized derivations in σ-prime rings
Authors: Rais Khan M. , Arora Deepa , Ali Khan M.
Published: April 2014

Let R be a prime ring and F and G be generalized derivations of R with associated derivations d and g respectively. In the present paper, we shall investigate the commutativity of R admitting generalized derivations F and G satisfying any one of the properties: (i) F(x)x = x G(x), (ii) F(x2) = x2 , (iii) [F(x), y] = [x, G(y)], (iv) d(x)F(y) = xy, (v) F([x, y]) = [F(x), y] + [d(y), x] and (vi) F(x ◦ y) = F(x) ◦ y − d(y) ◦ x for all x, y in some appropriate subset of R.
A Bertrand postulate for a subclass of primes
Authors: Reddy G. Sudhaamsh Mohan , Rau S. Srinivas , Uma Bidarahalli
Published: April 2014

Let d be a squarefree integer and consider the subclass of primes with Legendre symbol ( d/p ) = +1. It is shown that for x large enough (x; 2x] contain a prime of this type.
C- sets and decomposition of continuity in generalized topological spaces
Authors: Jamunarani R. , Jeyanthi P. , Velrajan M.
Published: April 2014

In generalized topological spaces, we dene $\mu C- sets and establishsome decomposition of continuity between generalized topological spaces. Moreover, we prove that some of the results established in [3] are already established results in topological spaces. Generalization of this results are also given.
A new sort of separation axioms
Authors: Thivgar M. Lellis , Paul Nirmala Rebecca
Published: April 2014

This paper introduces g-tilde-alpha-Di and g-tilde-alpha-Ri-spaces using g-tilde-alpha sets and discusses thier properties comprehensively analyzing their relationship.It also derives thier charactrizations interms of g-tilde-alpha-eg-continuous andg-tilde-alpha-irreolute functions.
Operators on grill M-space
Authors: Modak Shyamapada
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we shall obtain a new topology from non topological space. We also discuss the various properties of such spaces.
Inextensible flows of spacelike curves with timelike principal normal according to Darboux frame in M₁³
Authors: Bas Selçuk , Körpınar Talat
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study inextensible flows of spacelike curves on oriented time-like surface in M₁³. We research inextensible flows of spacelike curves according to Darboux frame in M₁³.
Construction of inextensible flows of dual normal surfaces in the dual space D³
Authors: Asil Vedat , Körpınar Talat
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study dual normal surfaces in dual space D³. We research inextensible flows of dual normal surfaces of dual curves in dual space D³.
Review article on $\chi^{2}$ sequence spaces defined by modulus and fuzzy numbers
Authors: Subramanian Nagarajan , Balasubramanian K.
Published: April 2014

This is review article . So the paper start with introduction onwards.
One parameter family of b-m₁ developable surfaces of biharmonic new type b-slant helices according to Bishop frame in the sol space Sol³
Authors: Ergüt Mahmut , Körpınar Talat , Turhan Essin
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study inextensible flows of b-m₁ developable surfaces of biharmonic new type b-slant helix in the Sol³. We characterize one parameter family of the b-m₁ developable surfaces in terms of their Bishop curvatures.
Topology on grill-filter space and continuity
Authors: Modak Shyamapada
Published: April 2014

This paper will discuss about a new topology, obtained from a grill and a filter on the same set. The Characterizations and open base of the new topology are also aim of this paper. The generalized continuity is also a part of this paper.
$M^2$-type sharp estimates and weighted boundedness for commutators related to singular integral operators satisfying a variant of Hörmander's condition
Authors: Lanzheliu Liu
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we prove the $M^k$-type sharp maximal function estimates for the commutators related to some singular integral operators satisfying a variant of Hörmander's condition.  As an application, we obtain the weighted boundedness of the commutators on Lebesgue and Morrey spaces.
Averaging in optimal control problems for systems of difference equations
Authors: Komashynska Iryna Volodymyrivna
Published: April 2014

We apply the averaging method to the optimal control problem for system of difference equations in the standard Bogolyubov form. We construct the ε -optimal control.
An example of self–acceleration for incompressible flows
Authors: Lorenz Jens , Ott Randy
Published: April 2014

In this paper we consider the Cauchy problem for the unforced Eulerand Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flows. We give an example of a smooth initial velocity field of finite energy which is self-accelerating, i.e., the maximal speed increases for some time. The self–acceleration is due to the non–Bernoulli part of the pressure generated by the velocity field.
Integral equations of biharmonic constant π₁-slope curves according to type-2 Bishop frame in the SOL space
Authors: Körpinar Talat , Turhan Essin
Published: April 2014

In this paper, we study biharmonic constant Π₁- slope curves according to type-2 Bishop frame in the SOL³. We characterize the biharmonic constant Π₁- slope curves in terms of their Bishop curvatures. Finally, we find out their explicit parametric integral equations in the SOL³.
Heredity for triangular operators
Authors: Rhaly Jr. Henry Crawford
Published: April 2014

A proof is given that if the lower triangular infinite matrix $T$ acts boundedly on $\ell^2$ and U is the unilateral shift, the sequence $(U^*)^nTU^n$ inherits from $T$ the following properties: posinormality, dominance, $M$-hyponormality, hyponormality, normality, compactness, and noncompactness.  Also, it is demonstrated that the upper triangular matrix $T^*$ is dominant if and only if $T$ is a diagonal matrix.
Comic Poetics of Imaginative Travel in Your Country Is Great
Authors: Rettberg Eric
Published: April 2014

Adapting Jahan Ramazani's concept of imaginative travel to contemporary conceptual poetics, this article argues that Ara Shirinyan's Your Country Is Great (2008) presents a canny vision of travel and identity in a global, digital age. Shirinyan uses a plagiaristic method to compose his poems, repeatedly Google-searching the phrase “[country] is great” and building poems from the results. For some, the result has seemed a flattening of language and of transnational experience, but I argue instead that Shirinyan provokes the reader's laughter and delight to confront her with her own complicity in cross-cultural appropriation. The comic tone of Shirinyan's work, I argue, has been characteristic of contemporary “uncreative writing,” conceptualism, and Flarf. Shirinyan's work, moreover, can be understood in a historical tradition of comic representations of cross-cultural experience, which brazenly preempt suspicious reading by knowingly showcasing their problematic, appropriative, and offensive aspects.
Pedantry and Play:
Authors: Horáček Josef
Published: April 2014

In this article, I argue that Celia and Louis Zukofsky's 1969 Catullus dismantles the concept of transparent literalism as a foundation of fluency-based approaches to translation. Unlike subsequent examples of homophonic translation, or translation that privileges sound over meaning, the Zukofsky Catullus never abandons semantic correspondence but rather redefines it. Many readers have approached the text with anxiety over its perceived difficulty, focusing on its procedural rigor and apparent lack of transparent meaning at the expense of its playfulness and performativity. As I seek to demonstrate in this article, we can also read the Zukofsky Catullus for its surface pleasures. I suggest a reading that takes a visceral response to the material surface of language—its shape, sound, and rhythm—as a starting point.
The ABCs of Conceptual Writing
Authors: Ardam Jacquelyn
Published: April 2014

This article considers the central role of the alphabetic sequence in the conceptual writing movement, which has emerged as the dominant avant-garde in poetry in the past decade. By looking at alphabetic conceptual works through a formal lens, it argues that conceptual writing has more in common with its textual forbears than its practitioners would often like to admit. Instead of seeking precursors to conceptual writing in conceptual visual art, it considers conceptual written works alongside other alphabetic texts, such as abecedarian poetry and reference texts, to provide a new context for approaching conceptual writing formally. By focusing in particular on Kenneth Goldsmith's No. 111 2.7.93–10.20.96, the article argues that close reading conceptual work is not just possible, but essential, and that studying form allows us not just to see conceptual procedure in action, but also the ways in which rules-based texts formally exceed their constraints and thus destabilize their conceptual frameworks. The article ultimately suggests that the alphabetic structure is the epitomic form of a movement that would like to deny form's centrality to its goals, and that alphabetization—a seemingly rote and rigid procedure—unexpectedly reveals the formal possibilities of conceptual writing.
Terrible Engines:
Authors: Stefans Brian Kim
Published: April 2014

This article describes the emergence across several genres—poetry, fiction, and the recently coined “conceptual writing”—of a “speculative” subgenre that forgoes conventional literary content in favor of executing highly complex literary forms characterized by a preoccupation with number, the use of word sets, and a high degree of recursion in syntax and narrative structure. To this degree, these works are intent to expose the mathematical properties of language above aspiring to conventional realism and spontaneous expression. Nonetheless, through the frame of the philosophy of Quentin Meillassoux, a form of realism can be discerned in these writings, if only of a highly “speculative” sort that wishes to limn the “unkthinkable” in which a unique form of contingency (as opposed to the classical notion of necessity) in a primary feature in the apparent coherence and orderliness of our present state of the universe.
Manifestations of Ogun Symbolism in Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow
Authors: Brooks Robin
Published: April 2014

Paule Marshall uses a West African cosmology in Praisesong for the Widow (1983) to color the physical and spiritual journey of the protagonist Avatara “Avey” Johnson. This cosmology is visible through the presence of African orishas (deities). Though Marshall references other orishas in the novel, including Legba, Erzulie, Yemoja, and Oya, she underscores Ogun by utilizing symbolism related to him throughout the novel. Extending the critical discourse on Praisesong, this article elucidates Ogun's appearances by examining Marshall's skillful employment of Ogun symbolism within Avey's journey. This article further argues that in addition to invoking Ogun because of his association with deeds of “destruction and creation,” Marshall uses Ogun because he is a totemic figure of conquering transitions, and Avey is in a state of transition from destruction to recreation over the course of the novel.
Simple reaction time: It is not what it used to be
Authors: SILVERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: April 2014

This article calls attention to the large amount of evidence indicating that simple visual reaction time (RT) has increased. To show that RT has increased, the RTs obtained by young adults in 14 studies published from 1941 on were compared with the RTs obtained by young adults in a study conducted by Galton in the late 1800s. With one exception, the newer studies obtained RTs longer than those obtained by Galton. The possibility that these differences in results are due to faulty timing instruments is considered but deemed unlikely. Of several possible causes for longer RTs, two are regarded as tenable: that RT has been increased by the buildup of neurotoxins in the environment and by the increasing numbers of people in less than robust health who have survived into adulthood. The importance of standardizing tests of RT in order to enable more refined analyses of secular trends in RT is emphasized.
The Serial Position, Distance, and Congruity Effects of Reference Point Setting in Comparative Judgments
Authors: JOU JERWEN
Published: April 2014

This study tested the hypothesis that the serial position function in serial order memory derives from a gradient of activation strength, with the end anchor point having the highest strength and accessibility. Subjects memorized an ordered series of names and were tested on their memory of the order with a comparative judgment task. In Experiment 1, a traditional comparative judgment task was used in which they chose the one member in a pair that was either higher or lower in the ranking on the attribute dimension. The 3 typical effects from comparative judgment for serial items—the bowed serial position function, the distance effect, and the congruity effect—were obtained. In Experiment 2, subjects were instructed to choose the item either closer to or farther from the middle reference point of the series. Remarkably different forms of the 3 effects were obtained. Most notable was a deep drop in the middle of the RT function, supporting the activation gradient hypothesis but further separating the role of the reference point from that of the endpoints in the assumption of the activation strength gradient theories. The findings also generalized the concept of each of these 3 effects.
Learning and Memory for Sequences of Pictures, Words, and Spatial Locations: An Exploration of Serial Position Effects
Authors: BONK WILLIAM J. , HEALY ALICE F.
Published: April 2014

A serial reproduction of order with distractors task was developed to make it possible to observe successive snapshots of the learning process at each serial position. The new task was used to explore the effect of several variables on serial memory performance: stimulus content (words, blanks, and pictures), presentation condition (spatial information vs. none), semantically categorized item clustering (grouped vs. ungrouped), and number of distractors relative to targets (none, equal, double). These encoding and retrieval variables, along with learning attempt number, affected both overall performance levels and the shape of the serial position function, although a large and extensive primacy advantage and a small 1-item recency advantage were found in each case. These results were explained well by a version of the scale-independent memory, perception, and learning model that accounted for improved performance by increasing the value of only a single parameter that reflects reduced interference from distant items.
Valence and Arousal: A Comparison of Two Sets of Emotional Facial Expressions
Authors: ADOLPH DIRK , ALPERS GEORG W.
Published: April 2014

Facial expressions are often used in emotion research. Although they may differ in several relevant features such as the intensity of the facial expressions, the picture sets have not been compared systematically. Because the intensity of expressions is thought to determine the level of emotional arousal induced by the stimulus, the first aim of this study was to test whether 2 frequently used sets of emotional facial expressions induce different levels of perceived arousal. Furthermore, we tested whether the sex of the actor modulates arousal ratings. Participants viewed facial expressions from the NimStim set (more intense expressions) and the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set (less intense expressions). Female expressions from the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces but male expressions from the NimStim set were rated as more emotionally arousing. We conclude that less intense female expressions but more intense male expressions may be more potent in inducing emotional responses. This study may encourage researchers to further compare the properties of picture sets.
Recognizing odors associated with meaningful places
Authors: CUPCHIK GERALD C. , HILSCHER MICHELLE C. , BUTTU DINA
Published: April 2014

Thirty-two undergraduates inhaled odors while outlining episodes, set in 8 living rooms, involving either themselves or the actual inhabitants. They rated odors, rooms, and episodes on 7-point scales and were tested for odor recognition. Episodes were content analyzed, and the frequency of categories was assessed. Separate factor analyses determined relationships between rating scales and content analysis categories. Regression analysis showed greater odor recognition when participants judged the odor to fit the imagined episode but less recognition when an unpleasant odor was incongruously paired with a warm episode. Odor recognition also was greater when the narrative outlines described familiar characters figuring out the scenes. Results supported the congruity hypothesis, whereby odors become markers for meaningful scenes with which they fit.
Credibility judgments of narratives: Language, plausibility, and absorption
Authors: NAHARI GALIT , GLICKSOHN JOSEPH , NACHSON ISRAEL
Published: April 2014

Two experiments were conducted in order to find out whether textual features of narratives differentially affect credibility judgments made by judges having different levels of absorption (a disposition associated with rich visual imagination). Participants in both experiments were exposed to a textual narrative and requested to judge whether the narrator actually experienced the event he described in his story. In Experiment 1, the narrative varied in terms of language (literal, figurative) and plausibility (ordinary, anomalous). In Experiment 2, the narrative varied in terms of language only. The participants’ perceptions of the plausibility of the story described and the extent to which they were absorbed in reading were measured. The data from both experiments together suggest that the groups applied entirely different criteria in credibility judgments. For high-absorption individuals, their credibility judgment depends on the degree to which the text can be assimilated into their own vivid imagination, whereas for low-absorption individuals it depends mainly on plausibility. That is, high-absorption individuals applied an experiential mental set while judging the credibility of the narrator, whereas low-absorption individuals applied an instrumental mental set. Possible cognitive mechanisms and implications for credibility judgments are discussed.
Testing the attention shift hypothesis as an account for the flanker sequence-based congruency modulation in spatial flanker tasks
Authors: ZEISCHKA PETER , DEROOST NATACHA , HENDERICKX DAVID , SOETENS ERIC
Published: April 2014

Smaller Simon effects when stimulus locations are repeated on successive trials rather than alternated have been explained by the attention shift hypothesis, suggesting that shifts of attention result in interfering response codes. We investigated whether the attention shift hypothesis can also explain smaller flanker effects for repeated flankers than for alternated flankers, which occur only with directional information. In 3 peripheral letter identification tasks, target locations were cued by partial or complete flanker stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that directional flankers elicit shifts of attention. However, Experiment 3 revealed that directional flankers induced inverted cuing effects when reacting to the central target arrow was additionally required. These results are difficult to reconcile with the attention shift hypothesis as an explanation for the congruency reduction with repetitions of directional flankers.
The influence of surface color information and color knowledge information in object recognition
Authors: BRAMÃO INÊS , FAÍSCA LUÍS , PETERSSON KARL MAGNUS , REIS ALEXANDRA
Published: April 2014

In order to clarify whether the influence of color knowledge information in object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color, we designed a name—object verification task. The relationship between color and shape information provided by the name and by the object photo was manipulated in order to assess color interference independently of shape interference. We tested three different versions for each object: typically colored, black and white, and nontypically colored. The response times on the nonmatching trials were used to measure the interference between the name and the photo. We predicted that the more similar the name and the photo are, the longer it would take to respond. Overall, the color similarity effect disappeared in the black-and-white and nontypical color conditions, suggesting that the influence of color knowledge on object recognition depends on the presence of the appropriate surface color information.
An investigation into differences between the structure of temperament and the structure of personality
Authors: TROFIMOVA IRINA
Published: April 2014

This article analyzes the differences between an activity-specific temperament model and the Big Five personality model using the Structure of Temperament Questionnaire–Compact (STQ-77). The STQ-77 has 3 emotionality scales and 9 scales assessing 3 dynamic aspects (arousal, lability, and sensory sensitivity) in 3 areas of activity (physical, verbal–social, and mental). The results of administration of the Russian STQ-77, NEO-FFI, and SSS-V to 174 Russian participants showed how components of temperament can represent the traits described in the Big Five model. The confirmatory factor analysis of the English STQ-77 and the results of a study involving a prolonged word classification task with 221 Canadian participants showed the benefits of the activity-specific approach, separating temperament traits in three areas of activity. Such specificity of temperament traits differentiates them from personality traits.
Antioxidant Activity and Quality of Apple Juices and Puree After in vitro Digestion
Authors: Santini Antonello , Romano Raffaele , Meca Giuseppe , Raiola Assunta , Ritieni Alberto
Published: April 2014

Dietary recommendations include the consumption of fresh apples and processed apple based products mainly for the antioxidant properties associated to the polyphenols, and vitamin C content. Thermal treatment, generally used to extend shelf life of fruit based foodstuff, can affect the quality. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, and the total antioxidant activity in bio available fraction after in vitro digestion, have been evaluated in 16 apple-based nectars (fruit content: 30-60%), 15 apple-based juices (fruit content 100%) and 5 apple-based puree. Observed data indicate a 5-HMF values ranging from 0.06 mg/L in juices to 28.61 mg/L in nectars. The reducing sugar amount did not vary significantly between the three analysed typology of apple derivatives, while the ascorbic acid content was quite high compared to reported literature data. The antioxidant activity after an in vitro digestion showed values ranging from 0.21 to 7.68 mmol of Trolox in juices, and puree, respectively.
Microwave and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Capsaicinoids From Chili Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in Flavored Olive Oil
Authors: Paduano Antonello , Caporaso Nicola , Santini Antonello , Sacchi Raffaele
Published: April 2014

The extraction of flavoring compounds from different plants and aromatic herbs has been using since ancient times in vegetable oils to enhance their aroma and taste, whereas the technology of production has changed over time. Our work aimed to evaluate alternative technologies for the production of aromatized olive oil such as ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction in comparison to traditional infusion or maceration of dried red hot chili pepper (10% w/v for 7 days). For the ultrasonic treatment, samples of olive oil were prepared by adding 10% and 20% dried chili pepper and subjected to ultrasound-extraction for 10 or 20 minutes. For microwave extraction, samples were added with 20% chili powder and treated for 10, 30 or 60 seconds. Capsaicinoids were quantified by HPLC-DAD directly in the flavored olive oil and antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS+ method. Capsaicinoids analysis in aromatized olive oil treated 20 minutes by ultrasound resulted about 130 ppm (capsaicin and hydroxycapsaicin), when 10% chili powder was used, while it was 250 ppm when 20% chili was used. The content of capsaicinoids extracted by traditional infusion was always higher for both concentrations of chili powder studied. The concentration of capsaicinoids in samples treated by microwaves extraction seem to be dependent on the treatment time, resulting 130 and 230 ppm capsaicinoids for 10 and 60 seconds of treatment, respectively. In conclusion, the production of flavored olive oils by using technologies such as microwave and ultrasound-extraction could allow the production of high quality oils, with fast and cost-effectively methods.
Environnements économique et éducatif des ménages et difficultés scolaires des enfants au Mali
Authors: Kuepie Mathias , Misangumukini Nicaise
Published: April 2014

L’objectif de cette étude est de mesurer l’importance de l’environnement familial des élèves (sous sa double dimension économique et éducative) sur le risque d’échec scolaire au Mali. Nous mobilisons les données de l’enquête ELIM-2006 qui présentent l’avantage de disposer de plusieurs indicateurs du niveau de vie et du capital éducatif des ménages que nous introduisons simultanément dans les estimations. Les résultats indiquent que les contraintes de ressources permanentes pèsent plus sur la scolarité des filles que des garçons. De même la réussite scolaire des filles est sensible au capital éducatif des adultes secondaires du ménage, ce qui n’est nullement le cas chez les garçons.
L’adoption des clauses d’actions collectives dans les obligations souveraines européennes
Authors: Serbini Bénédicte
Published: April 2014

Cet article propose de revenir sur le fonctionnement du troisième pilier du mécanisme européen de stabilité (MES), relatif à la procédure de restructuration de dette souveraine avec les créanciers privés. Nous proposons un état des lieux sur les clauses d’actions collectives (CAC), mécanisme qui doit permettre d’obtenir rapidement un accord entre les créanciers privés et l’État, plus particulièrement nous nous interrogeons sur les formes de CAC à introduire dans les obligations souveraines européennes, afin que ledit mécanisme soit le plus efficient possible.
Treatment Satisfaction in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Glanz Bonnie I. , Musallam Alexander , Rintell David J. , Chitnis Tanuja , Weiner Howard L. , Healy Brian C.
Published: April 2014

Background: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with inconvenient methods of administration, significant side effects, and low adherence rates. This study was undertaken to compare treatment satisfaction in MS patients treated with interferon beta-1a intramuscular (IFNβ-1a IM), interferon beta-1a subcutaneous (IFNβ-1a SC), glatiramer acetate (GA), and natalizumab (NTZ), and to examine the associations between treatment satisfaction ratings and adherence to therapy.

Methods: Two hundred twenty-six treated MS patients completed the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medicine. Multivariable models were used to compare treatment satisfaction across groups.

Results: There were no statistically significant differences in overall treatment satisfaction. The NTZ group reported greater satisfaction with the ability of the medication to treat or prevent MS than the IFNβ-1a IM group. The NTZ group also reported higher overall convenience scores than the IFNβ-1a IM group and greater satisfaction with ease of use of the medication than the interferon and GA groups. Patients in the IFNβ-1a IM group reported less satisfaction with ease of planning when to use the medication than those in the other groups. Convenience was associated with adherence in IFNβ-1a SC- and GA-treated patients, with lower convenience scores associated with lower adherence.

Conclusions: These results may be useful to MS patients and health-care providers facing decisions about DMT use.
Evaluation of multiple measures of antiretroviral adherence in the Eastern European country of Georgia
Authors: Chkhartishvili Nikoloz , Rukhadze Nino , Svanidze Mariam , Sharvadze Lali , Dehovitz Jack A , Tsertsvadze Tengiz , McNutt Louise‐Anne , del Rio Carlos
Published: April 2014

Introduction

There is little information on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Eastern European region. This prospective study evaluated multiple measures of adherence and their association with viral suppression among HIV patients in Georgia.

Methods

A prospective cohort study enrolled 100 consecutive antiretroviral‐naïve adult (age ≥18 years) patients, who were followed for three months. Adherence was assessed by medication refill and three self‐report measures (an AIDS Clinical Trial Group [ACTG] tool for four‐day adherence, a visual analogue scale [VAS] and a rating task for 30‐day adherence). The VAS represented a line anchored by 0 and 100% corresponding to the percentage of prescribed doses taken. The rating task asked patients to rate their ability to take all medications as prescribed, with responses categorized into six levels of adherence: very poor (0%), poor (20%), fair (40%), good (60%), very good (80%) and excellent (100%). Patients with adherence of ≥95% by medication refill, ACTG and VAS, and ≥80% by rating task, were defined as adherent.

Results

Of 100 patients enrolled, eight had missing data and were excluded from analysis. Among the remaining 92 patients, the median age was 39 years, and 70% were men. Major modes of HIV acquisition were injection drug use (IDU; 47.3%) and heterosexual contact (44.1%). The proportions of adherent patients were as follows: 68% by medication refill, 90% by ACTG questionnaire, 38% by VAS and 42% by rating task. On average, four months after commencing ART, 52 (56.5%) patients had a viral load <400 copies/ml and 26 (28.3%) patients had a viral load <50 copies/ml. Of 43 persons with a history of IDU, 22 (51.2%) reached a viral load of <400 copies/ml. In multivariate analysis, only refill adherence was a statistically significant predictor of viral suppression of <400 copies/ml: the risk ratio was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1–2.8). Refill adherence, VAS and rating task were associated with viral suppression of <50 copies/ml. Non‐IDUs were twice as likely to achieve viral load <50 copies/ml compared to IDUs. Refill adherence had the largest area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve for predicting viral suppression.

Conclusions

Medication refill adherence was the strongest predictor of viral suppression. IDUs can achieve optimal virologic outcomes, but may require additional adherence support.
Effects of Nb addition on glass-forming ability and magnetization behaviors of nanocomposite Nd–Fe–B–Nb strip flakes
Authors: Wu Qiong , Ge Hongliang , Zhang Pengyue , Yu Nengjun , Yan Aru
Published: April 2014

The influences of Niobium doping on the glass-forming ability (GFA) and magnetization properties of Nd–Fe–B–Nb alloys were investigated. It is found that the GFA of Nd–Fe–B–Nb alloys are improved by the Nb addition. It is also revealed that the GFA of the samples increases with the Nb content. Rapidly solidified Nd4.5Fe77−

x
Nb
x
B18.5 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) nanocomposite strip flakes were successfully prepared by using strip casting technique with a higher production efficiency and a lower cooling rate compared to melt spinning method. The coercivity of nanocomposite Nd–Fe–B–Nb alloy strip flakes can be dramatically enhanced by 0.5 at. % Nb addition, attributing to grain refinement. The best magnetic properties with H
c

j
= 278.9 kA/m, (BH)max = 41.06 kJ/m3 have been obtained in Nd4.5Fe76.5Nb0.5B18.5 nanocomposite strip flake, which can be used for bonded magnets. The recoil loss of Nd4.5Fe76.5Nb0.5B18.5 alloy is also reduced by the Nb addition.
Selective deposition on electrodes of chip component by electroless plating method
Authors: Yamamoto Akihiro , Watanabe Nobuaki , Arakawa Tomiyuki , Gotou Miku , Nakada Tatsunosuke , Fukui Kenta , Hashimoto Akira , Koiwa Ichiro
Published: April 2014

The selective electroless deposition on metallic electrodes of a micro-passive-chip component was investigated. We performed three pretreatments: (a) alkaline degreasing, (b) acid activation, and (c) catalytic activation by the double alternate-dipping method consisting of two steps, i.e., sensitization (SnCl2) and activation (PdCl2). Catalytic conditions such as the concentration of PdCl2, activation time, and number of activation times were optimized to achieve the selectivity of electroless deposition. The mechanism of the selectivity of electroless deposition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Tetravalent Sn and metallic Pd are observed on the inner electrode of the sample. On the other hand, metallic Sn and tetravalent Pd are mainly observed in certain areas except the inner electrode areas. These results indicate that the sensitization is performed well in the inner electrode region because Pd must be in a metallic state to validate its catalytic activity.
Juan Cortés de Monroy y sus remedios a la guerra de Chile: un memorial oportunista
Authors: Viforcos Marinas Isabel
Published: April 2014

En este trabajo se aborda una revisión de la figura de Juan Cortés de Monroy (1584-1653), quien tras 15 años de servicio en la guerra de Chile, acompaño a su padre, el maestre de campo Pedro Cortés, a Castilla, para abogar por el fin de la guerra defensiva. Desde 1613 desarrolló una intensa actividad en la Corte para procurarse las mercedes de las que se consideraba acreedor, por sus años de servicio y, sobre todo por los más de 60 que su padre había dedicado a la guerra chilena. En esa estrategia, aprovechando los nuevos vientos de la política “reputacionista” de Olivares, se sumo a la tercera ofensiva por la vuelta a una guerra activa como único medio de aquietar a los indios chilenos, con un memorial en el que se proponían algunos remedios para asegurar una victoria que llevaba resistiéndose, desde hacía más de medio siglo. Además de aportar precisiones significativas sobre su biografía, se reflexiona sobre su proyecto, presentado en 1625, antes de partir a cumplir con sus obligaciones como gobernador de Veragua, y las respuestas aportadas en octubre de ese año, cuando ya estaba tomada la decisión de volver a las hostilidades activas. Del análisis y la comparativa con otras iniciativas desarrolladas desde el principio del Siglo XVII, cabe concluir que el memorial de Cortés, salvo en el empeño con que defiende la asunción de la dirección de la guerra por parte del Virrey del Perú, no ofrece ninguna solución novedosa, ni aporta datos significativos que revelen conocimientos estratégicos dignos de tener en cuenta. En consecuencia, creemos que su memorial no fue sino una estrategia oportunista en su empeño por hacerse visible ante el Consejo y vencer, al amparo de los méritos de su padre y su abuelo, las resistencias para obtención del hábito de Santiago, además de un recurso para denunciar la injusticia con que se trataba a los “viejos soldados” que careciendo de “padrinazgos” suficientes en el Consejo, veían acabar su vida sin la remuneración debida a sus servicios.
Algunas reflexiones en torno a la ‘teoría de los campos’ y su contribución para el análisis de la universidad en el contexto de las actuales políticas de educación superior
Authors: Mora Héctor Iván
Published: April 2014

Muchos especialistas han reflexionado e investigado el procesode cambio y actual situación de la educación superior universitaria en Latinoaméricay el mundo. Existe coincidencia en que estos cambios poseen uncarácter global, exhibiendo desde comienzos de los ochenta una tendenciaheteronomizante en el marco de un ‘Estado evaluador’ que busca mejorarla gestión económica y calidad universitaria, incorporando nuevos actorescomo empresa privada y con ello una lógica de mercado. Así, se han implementandopolíticas de educación superior que buscan aumentar la productividady la calidad por medio de mecanismos de regulación que han llevadoo llevaran a nuevas configuraciones del trabajo académico y la organizaciónuniversitaria. En este contexto, este trabajo busca establecer una reflexiónproponiendo como base la ‘teoría de los campos’ propuesta por Bourdieu,con el objeto de visualizar cómo ésta permite pensar nuevas configuraciones,así como anticipar escenarios posibles en el marco de la lucha por laapropiación de distintos capitales que actualmente se están poniendo en juegoen distintas escalas: entre universidades, entre estamentos universitarios,entre facultades y entre académicos.
Sobre antropologías en plural y disidentes. Entrevista con Eduardo Restrepo
Authors: Diaz Crovetto Gonzalo
Published: April 2014

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Incentives for methane mitigation and energy‐efficiency improvements in the case of Ukraine's natural gas transmission system
Authors: Roshchanka Volha , Evans Meredydd
Published: April 2014

Reducing methane losses is a concern for climate change policy and energy policy. The energy sector is the major source of anthropogenic methane emissions into the atmosphere in Ukraine. Reducing methane emissions and avoiding combustion can be very cost‐effective, but various barriers prevent such energy‐efficiency measures from taking place. To date, few examples of industry‐wide improvements exist. One example of substantial investments into upgrading natural gas transmission system comes from Ukraine's natural gas transmission company, Ukrtransgaz. The company's investments into system upgrades, along with a 34% fall in throughput, resulted in reduction of Ukrtransgaz system's own consumption of natural gas by 68% in 2011 compared to the level in 2005. Evaluating reductions in methane emissions is challenging because of lack of accurate data and gaps in accounting methodologies. At the same time, Ukraine's transmission system has undergone improvements that, at the very least, have contained methane emissions, if not substantially reduced them. In this paper, we describe recent developments in Ukraine's natural gas transmission system and analyze the incentives that forced the sector to pay close attention to its methane losses. Ukraine is one of the most energy‐intensive countries, among the largest natural gas consumers in the world, and a significant emitter of methane. The country is also dependent on imports of natural gas. A combination of several factors has created conditions for successful reductions in methane emissions and combustion. These factors include: an eightfold increase in the price of imported natural gas; comprehensive domestic environmental and energy policies, such as the Laws of Ukraine on Protecting the Natural Environment and on Air Protection; policies aimed at integration with European Union's energy market and accession to the Energy Community Treaty; and the country's participation in international cooperation on environment, such as through the Joint Implementation mechanism and the voluntary Global Methane Initiative. Learning about such case studies can help policymakers and sustainability professionals design better policies elsewhere.
The Minimized Power Geometric model: An analytical mixing model for calculating polyphase rock viscosities consistent with experimental data
Authors: Huet B. , Yamato P. , Grasemann B.
Published: April 2014

Here we introduce the Minimized Power Geometric (MPG) model which predicts the viscosity of any polyphase rocks deformed during ductile flow. The volumetric fractions and power law parameters of the constituting phases are the only model inputs required. The model is based on a minimization of the mechanical power dissipated in the rock during deformation. In contrast to existing mixing models based on minimization, we use the Lagrange multipliers method and constraints of strain rate and stress geometric averaging. This allows us to determine analytical expressions for the polyphase rock viscosity, its power law parameters, and the partitioning of strain rate and stress between the phases. The power law bulk behavior is a consequence of our model and not an assumption. Comparison of model results with 15 published experimental data sets on two‐phase aggregates shows that the MPG model reproduces accurately both experimental viscosities and creep parameters, even where large viscosity contrasts are present. In detail, the ratio between experimental and MPG‐predicted viscosities averages 1.6. Deviations from the experimental values are likely to be due to microstructural processes (strain localization and coeval other deformation mechanisms) that are neglected by the model. Existing models that are not based on geometric averaging show a poorer fit with the experimental data. As long as the limitations of the mixing models are kept in mind, the MPG model offers great potential for applications in structural geology and numerical modeling.
Seismicity and structure in central Mexico: Evidence for a possible slab tear in the South Cocos plate
Authors: Dougherty Sara L. , Clayton Robert W.
Published: April 2014

The morphology of the transition from flat to normal subduction in eastern central Mexico is explored using intraslab earthquakes recorded by temporary and permanent regional seismic arrays. Observations of a sharp transition in slab dip near the abrupt end of the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) suggest a possible slab tear located within the subducted South Cocos plate. The eastern lateral extent of a thin ultra‐slow velocity layer (USL) imaged atop the Cocos slab in recent studies along the Meso America Subduction Experiment array is examined here using additional data. We find an end to this USL which is coincident with the western boundary of a zone of decreased seismicity and the end of the TMVB near the sharp transition in slab dip. Waveform modeling of the 2‐D structure in this region using a finite difference algorithm provides constraints on the velocity and geometry of the slab's seismic structure and confirms the location of the USL. Analysis of intraslab seismicity patterns reveals clustering, sudden increase in depth, variable focal mechanism orientations and faulting types, and alignment of source mechanisms along the sharp transition in slab dip. The seismicity and structural evidence suggests a possible tear in the South Cocos slab. This potential tear, together with the tear along the Orozco Fracture Zone to the northwest, indicates a slab rollback mechanism in which separate slab segments move independently, allowing for mantle flow between the segments.
Sea salt as an ice core proxy for past sea ice extent: A process‐based model study
Authors: Levine J. G. , Yang X. , Jones A. E. , Wolff E. W.
Published: April 2014

Sea ice is a reflection of, and a feedback on, the Earth's climate. We explore here, using a global atmospheric chemistry‐transport model, the use of sea salt in Antarctic ice cores to obtain continuous long‐term, regionally integrated records of past sea ice extent, synchronous with ice core records of climate. The model includes the production, transport, and deposition of sea salt aerosol from the open ocean and “blowing snow” on sea ice. Under current climate conditions, we find that meteorology, not sea ice extent, is the dominant control on the atmospheric concentration of sea salt reaching coastal and continental Antarctic sites on interannual timescales. However, through a series of idealized sensitivity experiments, we demonstrate that sea salt has potential as a proxy for larger changes in sea ice extent (e.g., glacial‐interglacial). Treating much of the sea ice under glacial conditions as a source of salty blowing snow, we demonstrate that the increase in sea ice extent alone (without changing the meteorology) could drive, for instance, a 68% increase in atmospheric sea salt concentration at the site of the Dome C ice core, which exhibits an approximate twofold glacial increase in sea salt flux. We also show how the sensitivity of this potential proxy decreases toward glacial sea ice extent—the basis of an explanation previously proposed for the lag observed between changes in sea salt flux and δD (an ice core proxy for air temperature) at glacial terminations. The data thereby permit simultaneous changes in sea ice extent and climate.
Microstructure Development and Dielectric Characterization of Forsterite‐Based Ceramics from Silicone Resins and Oxide Fillers
Authors: Bernardo Enrico , Fiocco Laura , Giffin Guinevere A. , Di Noto Vito , Colombo Paolo
Published: April 2014

Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) ceramics are excellent candidate materials for components operating with high‐frequency electromagnetic waves, due to their low dielectric losses. In this paper, we discuss a novel processing approach for the production of forsterite monoliths based on the mixing of silicone resins with MgO nano‐sized particles. The interaction between the nano‐sized filler and the silica provided by the oxidative decomposition of silicones was so effective that forsterite formed at only 800 °C, i.e., just above the transformation temperature of the preceramic polymers. The approach based on silicones modified with oxide fillers was followed also when trying to suppress undesirable phases, such as unreacted MgO and enstatite (MgSiO3); in particular TiO2, added in form of nano‐ and micro‐sized powders, was useful both as active filler, promoting the formation of forsterite solid solution and Mg‐titanates, and as passive filler, leading to a forsterite/rutile composite. Both Ti‐doped forsterite and the composite featured interesting dielectric characteristics (low dielectric constant, high quality factor), despite the presence of some residual porosity (≈15%, after firing at 1100 °C).