bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Surface Morphology and n-alkane Composition of Pseudevernia Furfuracea
Authors: Piervittori R. , Usai L. , Alessio F. , Maffei M.
Published: September 2002

The effects of simulated sulphuric acid rain were investigated, under controlled laboratory conditions, on the surface structure and n-alkane composition of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea. Thalli were collected from Larix decidua bark in a wood in a Piedmont alpine valley and treated with three concentrations of H2SO4. The response to simulated acid rain was a clear change in the quantitative alkane composition, with a decreasing trend observed for C28 and C30 with increasing sulphuric acid concentration. From a morphological point of view, a progressive reduction of the surface amorphous layer was observed as a consequence of the exposure of thalli to the acid rain treatments.
Botryolepraria, a New Monotypic Genus Segregated From Lepraria
Authors: Canals A. , Hernández-Mariné M. , Gómez-Bolea A. , Llimona X.
Published: September 2002

The monotypic genus Botryolepraria Canals et al. is described. The type species, B. lesdainii (Hue) Canals et al. is a sterile, cottony, pale green lichen, made of hyphae supporting subterminal bunches of chlorophycean algae.
Strigula Macaronesica, A New Species Of Foliicolous Lichen From Gomera and Madeira
Authors: Sèrusiaux Emmanuël
Published: September 2002

Strigula macaronesica Sèrus., a new foliicolous species found in Madeira and Gomera, is distinguished by its almost linear thallus growing along leaf margins or scars and by its unusually small obclavate asci.
Melaspilea Circumserpens NYL. rediscovered and referred to Glonium; with discussion on the provenance of some of Robert Brown's lichen specimens
Authors: Kantvilas G. , Coppins B.J.
Published: September 2002

Melaspilea circumserpens Nyl., hitherto known only from the type specimen, collected in Tasmania in 1803 by Robert Brown, has been rediscovered. The species has proved to belong to the genus Glonium (Hysteriaceac), previously not known to contain species associated with algae. The new combination Glonium circumserpens (Nyl.) Kantvilas & Coppins is proposed. The anatomy, morphology and ecology of the species are described. Problems regarding the provenance of several lichen specimens collected by Robert Brown are discussed.
Lichenicolous Species of Arthonia on Lobariaceae with Notes on Excluded Taxa
Authors: Wedin Mats , Hafellner Josef
Published: September 2002

The species of Arthonia s. lat. (Arthoniales, Ascomycotina) lichenicolous on species of Pseudocyphellaria and other Lobariaceae are revised. Thirteen species are accepted, and eight species are described as new (all from the Southern Hemisphere): Arthonia badia Wedin & Hafeliner, A. coriifoliae Wedin & Hafeilner, A. fiavicantis Wedin & Hafellner, A. maculiformis Wedin & Hafeliner, A. minuta Wedin & Hateliner, A. santessoniana Wedin & Hafellner, ‘A.’ semi-immersa Wedin & Hafeilner, and A. subaggregata Wedin & Hafellner. Comparative notes on additional accepted species previously described from Pseudocyphellaria or other Lobariaceae (A. pelvetii, A. plectocarpozdes, A. pseudocyphellariae, A. stzctaria, and A. subconveniens) are included, and a key to the Arthonia (and similar) species growing on Lobariaceae is presented. The coelomycete genus Subhysteropycnis Wedin & Hafellner is described for the species S. maculiformans Wedin & Hafellner, the macroconidal anamorph of Arthonia badia. The lecanoralean genus Corticiruptor Wedin & Hafeliner is described as new to accommodate the single lichenicolous species C. abeloneae (P. M. Jørg.) Wedin & Hafellner comb. nov., and the additional new combination Plectocarpon linitae (R. Sant.) Wedin & Hafellner is proposed. The names Celidium pelvetii Hepp, Sticta aurata b abortiva Schaer. and Arthonia stictarza Nyl. are lectotypified, and the typifications are discussed.
Coppinsia Minutissima, A New Genus and Species in the Agyriaceae from the British Isles
Authors: Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Heibel Esther
Published: September 2002

The genus Coppinsia (lichenized Ascomycetes, Agyriaceae) with the single species C. minutissima sp. nov. is described as new from the British Isles. This minute lichen occurs on soil and bryophytes in metal-rich habitats. It is characterized by a minute thallus, biatorine apothecia with an almost reduced but generally cupulate exciple, slightly branched and apically unthickened paraphyses, a Trapelia-type ascus, and non-septate, ovoid ascospores.
Mapping of Ammonia Pollution with Epiphytic Lichens in the Netherlands
Authors: van Herk C. M.
Published: September 2002

In the Netherlands a monitoring programme is in operation to map the effects of ammonia pollution with epiphytic lichens. The method is presented here and the results are statistically correlated with abiotic data. The abundance of nitrophytes on Quercus robur appears to be a useful parameter. Detailed spatial patterns of ammonia pollution can be obtained with lichens. To avoid interference, it is important to consider other influences, for example dust, climate, exposure, age of the trees and other pollutants.
Are there Lichenized Ostropales?
Authors: Winka Katarina , Ahlberg Carina , Eriksson Ove E.
Published: September 2002

Ostropales, in a wide sense, currently encompasses Ostropales s. str., with a few lichenized genera, and Graphidales, most of which are lichenized. Conotrema is the only lichenized genus undoubtedly placed in Ostropales s. str. We have sequenced the 18S rRNA gene from some key taxa to answer the questions as to whether one ortwo orders should be recognized and whether Conotrema should be kept in Ostropales if Graphidales is recognized. We have new sequences from Conotrema populorum (Stictidaceae, Ostropales), Cyanodermella viridula (Stictidaceae Ostropales), Graphis scripta (Graphidaceae Graphidales) and Diploschistes ocellatus var. almeriensis (Thelotremataceae Graphidales). In an analysis with 41 taxa, thelichenized D. ocellatus var. almeriensis and G. scripta are the sister group of the lichenized C. populorum and the non-lichenized C. viridula and Stictis radiata. Together they form a monophyletic cluster supported by a bootstrap value of 82%. Therefore, it is possible to use the ordinal name Ostropales in a wide sense to include the Graphidales. If Ostropales are conceived in a narrow sense, Conotrema should be kept in the Stictidaceae. Eight new PCR primer sequences are reported.
Dispersal Strategies in Roccellina Capensis (Arthoniales)
Authors: Lohtander Katileena , Källersjö Mari , Tehler Anders
Published: September 2002

Morphological, anatomical, chemical and ecological evidence show that the South African lichen Roccellina capensis (Nyl. ex Stizenb.) Tehler has developed a dispersal strategy with either sexually dispersed individuals, or vegetatively dispersed, sorediate individuals, hence a putative species-pair. The concept ‘species-pair’ is well-known and widely used in lichenology. It refers to closely related, morphologically indistinguishable lichens that differ from each other by their dispersal strategies only. The so-called ‘ primary species ’ produces fruiting bodies and sexual spores, while its counterpart, the ‘ secondary species ’ is vegetatively dispersed by soredia, isidia or fragmentation. Our study uses molecular information to investigate if R. capensis should be treated as a species-pair or not. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA was sequenced for 17 specimens of R. capensis in order to test if sexual and asexual (sorediate) specimens would group into two distinct, monophyletic groups. Such grouping would support their recognition as separate taxa in a species-pair. We also investigated whether the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method would be a suitable procedure in population studies of lichens. The analysis of the ITS region produced a single most parsimonious tree. The sexual and asexual specimens were grouped according to their geographical distribution, rather than according to their dispersal strategy. This result clearly shows that the sexual and asexual specimens ofR. capensis do not represent a species-pair. The RAPD data set produced an almost completely unresolved tree due to several homoplasious characters, possibly a result of algal contamination.
Gyalideopsis Cochlearifer, a New Pantropical, Commensalistic Species on Foliicolous Gomphillaceae
Authors: Lücking Robert , Sérusiaux Emmanuël
Published: September 2002

Gyalideopsis cochlerifer Lücking & Sérus. sp. nov. is a new, pantropical, commensalistic species restricted to foliicolous representatives of certain genera in the Gomphillaceae. It produces black spathulate hyphophores and small black apothecia.
The Influence of pH and Lichen Metabolites (Vulpinic Acid and (+) Usnic Acid) on the Growth of the Lichen Photobiont Trebouxia Irregularis
Authors: Bačkor M. , Hudá J. , Repčák M. , Ziegler§ W. , Bačkorová M.
Published: September 2002

The quantitative response to two lichen metabolites, vulpinic acid and (+) usnic acid, on biomass production by the photobiont Trebouxia irregularis, isolated from the lichen Cladina mitis, was determined experimentally. The presence of usnic acid resulted in inhibition of photobiont growth, and the effect depended on the pH of the culture medium. The concentration effect of usnic acid was observed. The application of vulpinic acid almost completely inhibited the growth of T.irregularis and no significant differences were found among samples at different medium pH values.
Thallus Organization and Development in the Fruticose Lichen Aspicilia Californica, with Comparisons to other Taxa
Authors: Sanders William B.
Published: September 2002

Thallus organization is examined in Aspicilia californica Rosentreter, fruticose lichen known from several localities in central and southern California. The sprawling, terete thallus branches possess a dense central medulla of thickwalled, longitudinally oriented fungal cells. This central tissue emerges at branch apices to form a darkly pigmented fungal tip. Thallus development involves the apical extension of the tip to produce a fungal tissue over which a cylindrical algal layer and cortex will eventually be formed. Apical branches are initiated by furcation entirely within the fungal tip. Lateral branches, emerging from the lichenized thallus, arise as a divergent bundle of elongate fungal cells originating in the medulla. The photobiont appears to play no direct role in initiation of apical or lateral branches. It is concluded that thallus development in A. californica occurs with a relatively low degree of synchrony between mycobiont and photobiont growth, similar to the pattern observed in crustose lichens with prothallic growth. A rather similar type of thallus organization is observed in A. hispida, although in that species mycobiont growth and branch initiation appear to be somewhat more closely associated with algal cell proliferation. A squamulose Aspicilia from central Spain produces rhizomorphs that may sometimes become invested with an algal layer and cortex, resembling the thallus axes of A. californica.
Ranking of Epiphytic Lichen Sensitivity to Air Pollution Using Survey Data: A Comparison of Indicator Scales
Authors: van Dobben H. F. , ter Braak C. J. F.
Published: September 2002

Epiphytic lichens were recorded on wayside trees in the Netherlands. Four statistical methods were used to detect the relationship between presence and abundance of lichen species and measured atmospheric concentrations of SO2, NO2 and NH3. The observed relationships were compared to published indicator scales of lichen sensitivity to atmospheric pollution. For SO2, a good agreement was found between all scales and calculated sensitivities based on presence or absence of species. For NO2 and NH3 the correspondence was less obvious. The sensitivity to NH3 was inversely related to Wirth's;s acidity indicator positively to NH3 tend to be sensitive to SO2 and NO2.
Use of Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna Markers as a Tool to Study Variation in Lichen-Forming Fungi
Authors: Murtagh G. J. , Dyer P. S. , McClure P. C. , Crittenden P. D.
Published: September 2002

A protocol is described to enable the production of reliable genetic fingerprints of lichen-forming fungi using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Key features of the method are the use of mycobiont DNA extracted from axenic cultures by a phenol-chloroform procedure, and PCR amplification using DyNAzyme II DNA polymerase. RAPD-PCR fingerprints of Graphis scripta, G. elegans and Phacographis dendritica were successfully generated using this protocol and individual isolates could be identified on the basis of differences in banding patterns produced. DNA extracted from whole thalli of G. scripia was also subjected to RAPD-PCR but the fingerprints produced differed from those given by axenic cultures of the mycobiont. Therefore difficulties of interpretation may arise when whole thalli are used in RAPD analysis.
Lecanora Paramerae, a New Lichen from Spain
Authors: Martínez Isabel , Aragón Gregorio , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: September 2002

Lecanora paramerae is described from Central-East Spain. At the only two known localities it grows on Juniperus thurifera trees in the ‘Serranía de Cuenca’ mountains. It is chemically characterized by the presence of 2′-O-methylperlatolic acid in addition to atranorin and psoromic acid. Anatomically, it can be recognized by the presence of large and irregular crystals in the amphithecium, a pulicaris-type epihymenium and broadly ellipsoid ascospores.
On Psoroma Species from the Southern Hemisphere with Cephalodia Producing Vegetative Dispersal Units
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. , Wedin M.
Published: September 2002

Two new species of Psoroma with unusual cephalodia are described: P. echinaceum with isidiate cephalodia, from southern South America and P. geminatum with fragile phyllidiate cephalodia, from New Zealand and Australia. These are additional to two previously described species producing dispersal units on their cephalodia, P. durietzii P.James & Henssen (with soredia) and P. aphthosum, Vain. (syn. nov. P. dimorphum Malme) (with isidia). This is a strategy development that ensures successful establishment of new thalli.
Applicability of its Data in Roccellaceae (Arthoniales, Euascomycetes) Phylogeny
Authors: Myllys L. , Lohtander K. , Källersjö M. , Tehler A.
Published: September 2002

The ability of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS regions) of ribosomal DNA to resolve phylogenetic relationships within the euascomycetous order Arthoniales, focusing on the family Roccellaceae was investigated. The effect of alignment on phylogenetic hypotheses was evaluated. A data matrix from the ITS regions was constructed from 33 specimens representing 14 genera, including the outgroup Arthothelium spectabile. Six different alignments were analysed cladistically using parsimony jackknifing. Most groups in the six trees were congruent and well supported under the different alignment settings. In a conservative analysis, where only unambiguously alignable regions were included, the resolution was low. These results indicate that the ITS regions contain phylogenetic structure, and all information, including the variable regions, should be utilised. A data matrix from the SSU rDNA sequences was constructed for the same taxa. The SSU rDNA tree was less resolved than the ITS trees. There were only minor conflicts between the two sources of data and an incongruence test confirmed that the ITS and SSU rDNA data matrices were not significantly incongruent. The six differently aligned data matrices generated from the ITS regions were each combined with the SSUrDNA data. Simultaneous analysis of the combined data sets is the best approach as it uses all available evidence. As with the ITS trees, most groups in the combined trees were congruent and well supported. The SSU rDNA provided resolution within one clade, otherwise the ITS sequences provided most of the signal in the combined analysis, both at the basal nodes and at the tips of the tree. Molecular data clearly indicates that the fruticose/crustose habits have evolved multiple times even in comparatively small groups as in the family Roccellaceae and that the characters such as fruticose-crustose may be overemphasized in morphological analyses.
A Re-Assessment of the Family Alectoriaceae
Authors: Mattsson Jan-Eric , Wedin Mats
Published: September 2002

The phylogenetic relationship between the Alectoriaceae and the Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) were studied using sequences of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA). The Alectoriaceae was represented by specimens of Alectoria ochroleuca and A. sarmentosa, and the Parmeliaceae by Bryoria capillaris, Cetraria islandica, Cornicularia normoerica, Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, Pleurosticta acetabulum, Usnea florida, Vulpicida juniperina, V. pinastri and Xanthoparmelia conspersa. The results suggest that the Alectoriaceae is derived from within the Parmeliaceae, and it is suggested the families should be treated as synonyms. Morphological and anatomical characters are discussed, and it is concluded that earlier investigations might have overemphasized minor variations in ascus structure.
Codonmyces and Lichenostella, Two New Genera of Lichenicolous Conidial Fungi
Authors: Calatayud Vicent , Etayo Javier
Published: September 2002

The new generic names Codonmyces and Lichenostetta are introduced for two new species of conidial fungi. Lichenostella hypotrachynae gen. et sp. nov. is a commensal of Hypotrachyna species, and is mainly characterized by forming black sporodochia with setae and, particularly, by its star-like conidia. Codonmyces lecanorae gen. et. sp. nov. occurs on Lecanora valesiaca and differs from the genus Xanthoriicola by its 1-septate conidia and campanulate conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous, flared annellations. Comments on the ecology of L. valesiaca, and its associated lichens and lichenicolous fungi are also given.
New or Interesting Parmeliella species from the andes and central America
Authors: Jørgensen P. M.
Published: September 2002

The Parmeliella nigrocincta complex in the northern Andean region is discussed. The commonest species, P. miradorensis Vain. (syn. nov. P. nigrocincta var. brasiliensis Malme) is a foliose-squamulose taxon of the Andean mist forests, with a fairly wide distribution. It also reaches the West Indies and Macaronesia. In addition, there is a thick, small-squamulose species with round spores, P. incrassate sp. nov., in the northen Andes. This species occurs at the forest limit, on Polylepis at higher altitudes (to 4500 m) in the same region. Parmeliella nigrocincta s.str. does not appear to occur this far north, and appears to be restricted to more southern parts, mainly in Chile. There is a further species on rocks in the northern Andes, P. saxicola sp. nov., which is closely related to the cold-temperate P. triptophylla. An isidiate species, P. clavulifera sp. nov., is described from Mexico. It is somewhat reminiscent of P. miradorensis, but belongs in the P. pannosa complex. Lectotypes for P. miradorensis Vain, and P. nigrocincta var brasiliensis Malme have been selected.
Revision of the Buellia Epigaea-group (Lichenized Ascomycetes, Physciaceae) 2. The Species in Australia
Authors: Trinkaus Ulrike , Mayrhofer Helmut , Elix John A.
Published: September 2002

Three species of the Buellia epigaea-group, Buellia dijiana Trinkaus, Buellia georgei Trinkaus, Mayrhofer & Elix, and Buellia lobata Trinkaus & Elix, are described as new from Australia. The taxonomy, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biogeography, and ecology of the three taxa are discussed. Characters which distinguish these species from the corresponding taxa in the northern hemisphere include secondary compounds (presence of xanthones) and filiform conidia. An extended key is provided for the whole Buellia epigaea group as well as other terricolous species of the genus.
The Lichens of Disused World War 2 Airfields
Authors: Gilbert Oliver
Published: September 2002

The lichen communities on 50 disused military airfields were surveyed. The habitats involve saxicolous communities growing on horizontal concrete and tarmac surfaces, and terricolous ones found on spreads of gritty soil. About 150 lichens were encountered. Some, such as Caloplaca crenulatella, had been seriously over-looked, others are local, for example Caloplaca ceracea, Leptogium britannicum, L. corniculatum, Peltigera neckeri and Phaeophyscia sciastra, while Staurothele frustulenta was the first correctly identified specimen from Britain. Tarmac surfaces in the north and west are characterized by rich assemblages of Parmelia s. lat. species and have affinities with communities occurring on basalt; tarmac ones in the east support an undescribed community; while terricolous communities have similarities with those present on sand dune. Fifty-year-old associations on concrete match two already described from limestone. Disused airfields represent a major overlooked lichen resource.
Micarea Viridileprosa Sp. Nov., An Overlooked Lichen Species from Western Europe
Authors: van den Boom P. P. G. , Coppins B. J.
Published: September 2002

A new lichen species, Micarea viridileprosa, is described from western Europe, where it is locally very common. This species, which has previously been much overlooked, is corticolous, lignicolous and terricolous and is usually found sterile. Some specimens of the new species were formerly included in Micarea prasina,. The new combination Micarea levicula (Nyl.) Coppins is made for Lecidea levicula Nyl. from Cuba.
Further Notes on Calicioid Lichens and Fungi From the Gongga Mountains (Sichuan, China)
Authors: Titov Alexander
Published: September 2002

Three new species, Chaenothecopsis eugenia, Chaenothecopsis vinosa and Chaenothecopsis weiana are described from the Gongga Mountains in China. Chaenothecopsis pibsa is reported as new to Eurasia, and Chaenotheca sphaerocephala as new to Asia. Three genera, Cyphelium, Pyrgidium and Stenocybe, and 13 species are reported as new to China. Descriptions and illustrations of the new species are presented along with data on their habitat ecology and distribution.
Four New Asian Species in the Lichen Genus Pannaria
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: September 2002

Three new species which have previously been confused with Pannaria rubiginosa are described. The first, Pannaria complanata sp. nov., from southern India, has a possibly subtropical Afro-Asian distribution, the second, Pannaria emodii sp. nov., may be restricted to the eastern Himalayas from Bhutan to Sichuan China, and the third, Pannaria ramulosa sp. nov. is known only from Java. The last two species are both related to Pannaria asahinae P. M. Jørg. from Japan. A fourth new species from southern Taiwan, the isidiate Pannaria formosana, is closely related to Pannaria ramosa Vain., a little known species from the Philippines.
Contributions to the lichen flora of the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) Islands, India
Authors: Makhija Urmila , Adawadkar Bharati
Published: September 2002

The first lichen records from the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) Islands are presented.Lithothelium insulare (Pyrenulaceae) is described as new and nine other taxa are reported. The poor lichen flora, dominated by pantropical species, is probably a result of the lack of natural habitats in this area.
Coniarthonia, a new genus of arthonioid lichens
Authors: Grube Martin
Published: September 2002

The new genus Coniarthonia is described to accommodate a group of species previously placed in Anhonia and Arthotheliwn. Crystallized red pigments that are distributed throughout hydrophobic ascomatal structures are characteristic of the new genus, which includes species with both muriform and transversely septate ascospores. Coniarthonia erythrocarpa, C. gregarina, C. pulchernma, C. pyrrhula and C. ivilmsiana are new combinations, and C. haematodea is new to science. Two subgroups are distinguished in the genus: the C. pyrrhula group, with larger ascospores, and the C. pulckcrruna group, which has comparatively small, one-septate ascospores. The reddish compounds are characterized by TLC. A key to the species is provided.
Micarea neostipitata, a new species with pale stipitate pycnidia from eastern North America
Authors: Coppins B.J. , May P.F.
Published: September 2002

Micarea neostipitata sp. nov. is described from conifer trunks in conifer woodlands and bogs in eastern U.S.A. It is superficially similar to M.stipitata, but differs from that and other related species in having minute crystalline inspersions in the hymenium and pycnidial wall, which apparently belong to lobaric acid, shorter conidia, and in possessing fumarprotocetraric acid in the thallus.
Uranium-Series Ages of Travertines and Timing of the Last Glaciation in the Northern Yellowstone Area, Wyoming-Montana
Authors: Sturchio Neil C. , Pierce Kenneth L. , Murrell Michael T. , Sorey Michael L.
Published: September 2002

Uranium-series age determinations by mass spectrometric methods were done for travertines and associated carbonate veins related to clastic deposits of the last glaciation (Pinedale) in the northern Yellowstone area. Dramatic variations in the hydrologic head are inferred from variations in the elevation of travertine deposition with time and are consistent with the expected hydrologic effects of glaciation. We determine the following chronology of the Pinedale Glaciation, with the key assumption that travertine deposits (and associated carbonate veins) perched high above present thermal springs were deposited when glaciers filled the valley below these perched deposits: (1) the early Pinedale outlet glacier advanced well downvalley between 47,000 and 34,000 yr B.P.; (2) the outlet glacier receded to an interstadial position between 34,000 and 30,000 yr B.P.; (3) an extensive Pinedale ice advance occurred between 30,000 and 22,500 yr B.P.; (4) a major recession occurred between 22,500 and 19,500 yr B.P.; (5) a minor readvance (Deckard Flats) culminated after 19,500 yr B.P.; and (6) recession from the Deckard Flats position was completed before 15,500 yr B.P. This chronology is consistent with the general trend of climatic changes in the northern hemisphere as revealed by recent high-resolution ice-core records from the Greenland ice sheet.
Pedosedimentary Reconstruction of a Thick Loess-Paleosol Sequence near Lanzhou in North-Central China
Authors: Kemp Rob A. , Derbyshire Edward , Xingmin Meng , Fahu Chen , Baotian Pan
Published: September 2002

A 38-m well section near Lanzhou at the semiarid western margin of the Loess Plateau, China, contained a continuous, high-resolution loess-paleosol sequence spanning the last 130,000 yr. Depth functions of micromorphological features, magnetic susceptibility, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, and median grain size provide the basis for pedosedimentary and associated paleoenvironmental reconstructions of three paleosol complexes (S1, Sm, and S0). Each pedosedimentary stage reflects the interaction of changing intensities of controlling monsoonal forces. Three periods of reduced dust inputs and enhanced pedogenic activity, notably bioturbation and weak leaching, can be identified from within the S1 pedocomplex. These "soil-forming intervals" were separated by phases of varying land surface instability characterized by arid dust deposition, semiarid accretionary pedogenesis, water reworking, and crust formation, or even freeze-thaw modification. The Sm pedocomplex represents an interval of relatively rapid dust accumulation with only minimal syndepositional modification and minor pedogenic alteration at ephemeral land surfaces. The S0 pedocomplex is clearly more pedogenically developed, although erosion, reworking, and mixing by water have partly homogenized the property depth functions.
The Last Interglaciation in Northeast Siberia
Authors: Lozhkin Anatoly V. , Anderson Patricia M.
Published: September 2002

Alluvial, fluvial, and organic deposits of the last interglaciation are exposed along numerous river terraces in northeast Siberia. Although chronological control is often poor, the paleobotanical data suggest range extensions of up to 1000 km for the primary tree species. These data also indicate that boreal communities of the last interglaciation were similar to modern ones in composition, but their distributions were displaced significantly to the north-northwest. Inferences about climate of this period suggest that mean July temperatures were warmer by 4 to 8°C, and seasonal precipitation was slightly greater. Mean January temperatures may have been severely cooler than today (up to 12°C) along the Arctic coast, but similar or slightly warmer than present in other areas. The direction and magnitude of change in July temperatures agree with Atmospheric General Circulation Models, but the 126,000-year-B.P. model results also suggest trends opposite to the paleobotanical data, with simulated cooler winter temperatures and drier conditions than present during the climatic optimum.
Sea-Surface Temperatures and the History of Monsoon Upwelling in the Northwest Arabian Sea during the Last 500,000 Years
Authors: Emeis Kay-Christian , Anderson David M. , Doose Heidi , Kroon Dick , Schulz-Bull Detlef
Published: September 2002

Arabian Sea sediments record changes in the upwelling system off Arabia, which is driven by the monsoon circulation system over the NW Indian Ocean. In accordance with climate models, and differing from other large upwelling areas of the tropical ocean, a 500,000-yr record of productivity at ODP Site 723 shows consistently stronger upwelling during interglaciations than during glaciations. Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) reconstructed from the alkenone unsaturation index (UK′37) are high (up to 27°C) during interglaciations and low (22-24°C) during glaciations, indicating a glacial-interglacial temperature change of >3°C in spite of the dampening effect of enhanced or weakened upwelling. The increased productivity is attributed to stronger monsoon winds during interglacial times relative to glacial times, whereas the difference in SSTs must be unrelated to upwelling and to the summer monsoon intensity. The winter (NE) monsoon was more effective in cooling the Arabian Sea during glaciations then it is now.
Aminostratigraphic Evaluation of Conflicting Age Estimates for the "Young Loess" of Hungary
Authors: Oches Eric A. , McCoy William D.
Published: September 2002

As part of a regional investigation of the aminostratigraphy of central European loess deposits, we have sampled and analyzed the amino acid composition of fossil gastropod shells from stratotype loess profiles at Mende, Basaharc, and Paks, plus the profile at Süttö, in an effort to correlate independently loess-paleosol formations of the "Young Loess" of Hungary with loess units elsewhere in the region. The measured extent of isoleucine epimerization in fossil gastropod shells preserved in loess sediments was used to evaluate the relative ages of stratigraphic units and correlate between discontinuous exposures. Based on amino acid epimerization ratios, we propose a new chronology for the standard "Young Loess" profile of Hungary. Amino acid geochronological data suggest that paleosol complexes MF, BD1 + 2, and BA formed during interglaciations, rather than interstades. Correlations are suggested with PK 2 + 3 (last interglaciation), PK 4 (penultimate interglaciation), and PK 5, respectively, from previously described Czech and Slovak localities.
Duration and Structure of the Past Four Interglaciations
Authors: Winograd Isaac J. , Landwehr Jurate M. , Ludwig Kenneth R. , Coplen Tyler B. , Riggs Alan C.
Published: September 2002

Reanalysis and additional dating of the Devils Hole δ18O paleotemperature record confirm that the last interglaciation in the Great Basin (the continental analog of marine isotopic substage 5e) lasted ∼22,000 yr, consistent with the Vostok paleotemperature record which suggests a duration of ∼19,000 yr for this event in Antarctica. The three preceding interglaciations in the Devils Hole record (analogs of marine isotopic substages 7e, 9c, and 11c) range from 20,000 to 26,000 yr in duration. A ∼20,000-yr duration for the last interglaciation is consistent with TIMS uranium-series dated sea-level high stands. Thus, the widely held view that interglaciations were of 11,000- to 13,000-yr duration and constituted only about 10% of mid-to-late Pleistocene climatic cycles needs reexamination. The warmest portion of each interglaciation in the Devils Hole time series is marked by a δ18O plateau, signifying apparent climatic stability for periods of 10,000- to 15,000-yr duration.
New Dates on Late Pleistocene Dacitic Tephra from the Mount Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Begét James E. , Motyka Roman J.
Published: September 2002

New radiocarbon dates on charcoal incorporated in proximal airfall deposits indicate the largest late Pleistocene eruption from the Mt. Edgecumbe volcanic field in Southeast Alaska occurred ca. 11,250 ± 50 14C yr B.P. The more precise dating of the principal Edgecumbe tephra layer greatly improves its utility as a tephrochronologic marker horizon in southeastern Alaska.
Body Size Variability and a Sangamonian Extinction Model for Amblyrhiza,a West Indian Megafaunal Rodent
Authors: McFarlane Donald A. , MacPhee Ross D.E. , Ford Derek C.
Published: September 2002

The megafaunal rodent Amblyrhiza inundatafrom Anguilla and St. Martin is often cited in lists of late Quaternary human-induced extinctions, but its date of disappearance has never been established. Here, we present a suite of uranium-series disequilibrium dates from three independent Amblyrhizasites in Anguilla, all of which cluster in marine isotope Stage 5. Thus, there is no indication that Amblyrhizasurvived into the late Holocene, when islands of the northern Lesser Antilles were first invaded by humans. We argue that the most probable cause of the extinction of Amblyrhizawas a failure of island populations to adjust to catastrophic reductions in available range which accompanied last interglacial sea-level maxima. We support this argument with quantitative extinction probability estimates drawn from persistence time models. Amblyrhizaexhibits body-size hypervariability, a common but underemphasized feature of island megafaunal species. We argue that hypervariability is a record of morphological response to oscillating natural selection, which in turn is driven by asymmetries in the relationship of population size, body mass, and persistence time. The fate of Amblyrhizastands in marked contrast to that of most other West Indian land mammals, whose losses increasingly appear to have been anthropogenically mediated.
Tree-Ring δD as an Indicator of Asian Monsoon Intensity
Authors: Feng Xiahong , Cui Haiting , Tang Kuilian , Conkey Laura E.
Published: September 2002

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of meteoric water are known to correlate with surface air temperature, except in tropical areas. This relationship has been described using a number of terms corresponding to specific observations, such as latitude, altitude and seasonal effects. However, these temperature effects do not seem to apply to precipitation in monsoonal areas of Asia. Questions have been raised as to whether the isotopic composition of meteoric water can be used to reconstruct paleomonsoon intensity. Tree rings of two modern spruce trees (Picea meyeri) and a 10,000-yr-old timber (Picea jezoensis) were analyzed for hydrogen isotopic composition. On average, the older tree is depleted in deuterium by 45‰ compared to the modern trees. We attribute this isotopic depletion to the strength of summer monsoons, which were more intense in the early Holocene than at present. Although this study is not definitive, it suggests that paleomonsoon intensity can be reconstructed by direct or proxy methods that yield the oxygen or hydrogen isotopic composition of meteoric water.
Geochemical Variations in Peoria Loess of Western Iowa Indicate Paleowinds of Midcontinental North America during Last Glaciation
Authors: Muhs Daniel R. , Bettis E. Arthur
Published: September 2002

Peoria Loess deposited in western Iowa during the last glacial maximum (LGM) shows distinct geochemical and particle-size variations as a function of both depth and distance east of the Missouri River. Geochemical and particle-size data indicate that Peoria Loess in western Iowa probably had two sources: the Missouri River valley, and a source that lay to the west of the Missouri River. Both sources indicate that LGM paleowinds in western Iowa had a strong westerly component, similar to interpretations of previous workers. A compilation of loess studies in Iowa and elsewhere indicates that westerly winds were dominant during loess transport over much of the midcontinent south of the Laurentide ice sheet, which is not in agreement with paleowinds simulated by atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). AGCMs consistently generate a glacial anticyclone with easterly or northeasterly winds over the Laurentide ice sheet and the area to the south of it. Loess deposition in the midcontinent during the LGM may be a function of infrequent northwesterly winds that were unrelated to the presence of the glacial anticyclone.
Fish Remains from Homestead Cave and Lake Levels of the Past 13,000 Years in the Bonneville Basin
Authors: Broughton Jack M. , Madsen David B. , Quade Jay
Published: September 2002

A late Quaternary ichthyofauna from Homestead Cave, Utah, provides a new source of information on lake history in the Bonneville basin. The fish, represented by 11 freshwater species, were accumulated between ∼11,200 and ∼100014C yr B.P. by scavenging owls. The87Sr/86Sr ratio of Lake Bonneville varied with its elevation;87Sr/86Sr values of fish from the lowest stratum of the cave suggest they grew in a lake near the terminal Pleistocene Gilbert shoreline. In the lowest deposits, a decrease in fish size and an increase in species tolerant of higher salinities or temperatures suggest multiple die-offs associated with declining lake levels. An initial, catastrophic, post-Provo die-off occurred at 11,300–11,20014C yr B.P. and was followed by at least one rebound or recolonization of fish populations, but fish were gone from Lake Bonneville sometime before ∼10,40014C yr B.P. This evidence is inconsistent with previous inferences of a near desiccation of Lake Bonneville between 13,000 and 12,00014C yr B.P. Peaks inGila atrariafrequencies in the upper strata suggest the Great Salt Lake had highstands at ∼3400 and ∼100014C yr B.P.
Climate, Fire, and Vegetation between about 13,000 and 9200 14C yr B.P. in the Chilean Lake District
Authors: Moreno Patricio I.
Published: September 2002

A pollen record from Lago Condorito (41°45′S, 73°07′W) shows that North Patagonian Rain Forest taxa predominated between about 13,000 and 12,200 14C yr B.P. in the lowlands of southern Chile, near the city of Puerto Montt. This was followed by the expansion and persistence of the conifer Podocarpus nubigena between 12,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P. Trees favored by disturbance expanded between 11,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., concurrent with sharp and sustained increases of microscopic charcoal particles. Taxa of low-elevation rain forests expanded and became more diverse in pulses centered at 9900 and 9000 14C yr B.P., following the disappearance of P. nubigena. These data suggest conditions approaching modern climate between about 13,000 and 12,200 14C yr B.P. The climate cooled between 12,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., then quickly warmed to interglacial conditions. Stand-replacing fires occurred near Lago Condorito between 11,200 and 9900 14C yr B.P., under cool-temperate, humid conditions. The proximity and reported antiquity of the Monte Verde archeological site raise the possibility that these fires were set by human activities.
Middle Terrace Deposits of the Tagus River in Alpiarça, Portugal, in Relation to Early Human Occupation
Authors: Mozzi Paolo , Azevedo Maria Teresa , Nunes Elizabeth , Raposo Luis
Published: September 2002

The stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Q3 middle terrace alluvial sequence in the lower Tagus river valley, Portugal, were studied near the village of Alpiarça, approximately 40 km upstream from the estuarine area. Two main stratigraphic units were recognized, separated by an important uncomformity. The Lower Gravels unit (LG) consists of intercalations of medium to coarse gravel deposits, mainly quartzitic, with coarse sandy matrix, organized in tabular bodies. The overlying Upper Sands unit (US) consists of tabular sandy channel deposits and overbank fines, the latter containing well-developed paleosols and backswamp deposits, showing a general aggrading trend, apparently with varying rates; available data indicate that deposition of the US took place under temperate climatic conditions. Within US deposits are several paleolithic archaeological sites, the lower ones in the alluvial stratigraphy being Middle Acheulian, whereas those embedded in overlying deposits are, from bottom to top, Upper Acheulian and Micoquian. Some of these sites have been recently excavated. The quartzite artifacts were apparently abandoned by early humans on the flood plain surface during deposition of the US unit and were subjected to limited reworking during their incorporation in the alluvium. TL/OSL dating of sandy-silty sediments, though imprecise, support archaeological evidence pointing to an age of 150,000 to 70,000 yr B.P. for the US unit.
Late Quaternary Eolian Deposition in Central Italy
Authors: Narcisi Biancamaria
Published: September 2002

Records of eolian quartz from two continuous sediment sequences drilled in Lagaccione and Lago di Vico volcanic lakes in central Italy contribute to the knowledge of eolian deposition in the central Mediterranean during the last 100,000 years. The chronology is based on 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating and tephra analysis. Pollen data provide the paleoenvironmental framework and enable correlation between the cores. Eolian inputs were high during the steppe phases corresponding to oxygen isotope stages 4 and 2. Low inputs correspond to the forest phases of the last interglacial and the middle Holocene. Eolian inputs have increased in the late Holocene. Patterns of eolian deposition in central Italy resemble the Antarctic dust record from the Vostok ice core. The Italian patterns may also correspond with hydrological changes registered in North Africa. The main source of dust loading over the Mediterranean now, North Africa, may have played an important role in dust supply throughout the last climatic cycle.
Late Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics in the Southern Amazon Basin Inferred from Carbon Isotopes in Soil Organic Matter
Authors: de Freitas Hermes Augusto , Pessenda Luiz Carlos Ruiz , Aravena Ramon , Gouveia Susy Ely Marques , de Souza Ribeiro Adauto , Boulet René
Published: September 2002

Carbon isotopes of soil organic matter (SOM) were used to evaluate and establish the chronology of the vegetation dynamics of an ecosystem presently composed of savannas surrounded by forests. The study was carried out on a 200-km transect along highway BR 319, on the border of Amazonas and Rondônia states, in southern Amazon, Brazil. Large ranges in δ13C values were observed in SOM collected from profiles in the savanna (−27 to −14‰) and forest regions (−26 to −19‰), reflecting changing distribution of13C-depleted C3forest and13C-enriched C4savanna vegetation in response to climate change. These results indicate that from about 17,000 to 900014C yr B.P., the study area was covered by forest vegetation. Between approximately 9000 and 300014C yr B.P., savanna vegetation expanded at the expense of the forest. Although the expansion of savanna did not occur with the same intensity along the study transect, this process was very clearly registered by13C-enrichment in the SOM. Since 300014C yr B.P., the carbon isotope data suggest that forested regions have expanded. This study adds to the mounting evidence that extensive forested areas existed in the Amazon during the last glaciation and that savanna vegetation expanded in response to warm and dry conditions during the early to middle Holocene.
Late Pleistocene Glaciation of the Kosciuszko Massif, Snowy Mountains, Australia
Authors: Barrows Timothy T. , Stone John O. , Fifield L. Keith , Cresswell Richard G.
Published: September 2002

Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Australian mainland was restricted to a small area of the southeastern highlands. Geomorphic mapping of the area and exposure dating using thein situproduced cosmogenic isotope10Be provides evidence for at least two distinct glaciations. The Early Kosciuszko glaciation consisted of a single glacier advance before 59,300 ± 5400 years ago (Snowy River Advance). The Late Kosciuszko glaciation comprised three glacier advances 32,000 ± 2500 (Headley Tarn Advance), 19,100 ± 1600 (Blue Lake Advance), and 16,800 ± 1400 years ago (Mt. Twynam Advance). The Early Kosciuszko glaciation was the most extensive and the Late Kosciuszko advances were progressively less extensive. These periods of glaciation in the highlands correspond to episodes of periglacial activity and peaks in lake levels and river discharge at lower elevations in southeastern Australia. Glacier advances on the Kosciuszko Massif correlate with advances in Tasmania, South America, and New Zealand and are broadly representative of hemispheric climate changes during the last glacial cycle.
Rates of Deglaciation during the Last Glaciation and Holocene in the Cordillera Vilcanota-Quelccaya Ice Cap Region, Southeastern Perú
Authors: Mark Bryan G. , Seltzer Geoffrey O. , Rodbell Donald T. , Goodman Adam Y.
Published: September 2002

Moraine chronology is combined with digital topography to model deglacial rates of paleoglacier volumes in both the Huancané Valley on the west side of the Quelccaya Ice Cap and the Upismayo Valley on the northwest side of the Cordillera Vilcanota. The fastest rates of deglaciation (39×10−5 to 114×10−5 km3 yr−1 and 112×10−5 to 247×10−5 km3 yr−1 for each valley, respectively) were calculated for the most recent paleoglaciers, corresponding to the last few centuries. These results are consistent with observations in the Venezuelan Andes showing high rates of deglaciation since the Little Ice Age. These rates also fall within the range of 20th century rates of deglaciation measured on the Quelccaya Ice Cap (29×10−5 to 220×10−5 km3 yr−1, Brecher and Thompson, 1993; Thompson, 2000). These results imply that rates of deglaciation may fluctuate significantly over time and that high rates of deglaciation may not be exclusive to the late 20th century. Equilibrium line altitude (ELA) depressions for the ice volumes of the last glaciation modeled here were computed as 230 m for the Quelccaya Ice Cap and 170 m for the Cordillera Vilcanota. Maximum ELA depressions are lower than previously published: <500 m for the Cordillera Vilcanota and <400 m for the Quelccaya Ice Cap. These lower values could imply a topographic control over paleoglacier extent.
A Late Pleistocene Tephra Layer in the Southern Great Basin and Colorado Plateau Derived from Mono Craters, California
Authors: Madsen David B. , Sarna-Wojcicki Andrei M. , Thompson Robert S.
Published: September 2002

A newly identified tephra in stratified deposits in southwestern Utah, dated ∼14,000 14C yr B.P., may aid in correlating late Pleistocene deposits across parts of the southern Great Basin and west-central Colorado Plateau. Geochemical analyses of the ash suggest the tephra originated from Mono Craters, California, and most probably correlates with Wilson Creek ash #3. Because the ash is 2 mm thick ∼550 km from its source, the event may have been larger than others correlated to Mono Craters eruptions.