bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proto-oncogenes of genomic DNA in clinically normal animals of various species
Authors: Miyoshi Noriaki , Tateyama Susumu , Ogawa Kandai , Nosaka Dai , Ohashi Tomio , Sunyasootcharee Boonmee
Published: January 2024

To provide information about oncogenes for molecular biological studies of tumors in domestic animals, the protooncogenes homologous to the c-myc, c-erbB-2, c-ros-1, c-yes-1, v-myc, v-Ki-ras, and v-Ha-ras oncogenes of genomic DNA in cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and chickens were investigated by Southern blot hybridization. High molecular weight genomic DNA in each of the animals contained proto-oncogenes that had a certain homology with the oncogenes used, but the extent of nucleotide homology of the proto-oncogenes differed in number and molecular weight: ie, 1 or 2 bands at 1.6 to 22.0 kilobase (kb) in the c-myc probe, 1 or 2 bands at 1.1 to 16.0 kb in the c-ros-1 probe, 1 to 3 bands at 0.7 to 23.0 kb in the c-erbB-2 probe, 1 to 4 bands at 0.6 to 18.0 kb in the c-yes-l probe, 1 to 3 bands at 1.6 to 30.0 kb in the v-myc probe, 1 to 7 bands at 1.0 to 36.0 kb in the v-Ki-ras probe, and 1 to 4 bands at 1.0 to 27.0 kb in the v-Ha-ras probe. Furthermore, signal strength of each band, as determined by autoradiography, was not always the same for each probe in the various animals. Our findings indicate that these protooncogenes are well conserved with species specificities in each animal.
Evaluation of a live avirulent Escherichia coli vaccine for K88+, LT+ enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in weaned pigs
Authors: Francis David H. , Willgohs JoAnn A.
Published: January 2024

Live, avirulent Escherichia coli vaccine strains were constructed and tested for efficacy in preventing colibacillosis in 4-week-old pigs. Either or both of 2 plasmids were inserted into avirulent E coli strain G58-1 (0101:NM). These plasmids were pPMC4, which encodes for LTb subunits of heat-labile enterotoxin, and pDHF1, which encodes for K88ac fimbriae. Litter- and weight-matched pigs were removed from sows when they were 10 days old and vaccinated orally with the constructed strains or with G58-1 (negative control vaccine) when they were 2 weeks old and 5 days later. All pigs were challenge-inoculated with virulent E coli strain 3030-2 (0157:K88, LT+, STb+ ) 2 weeks after the first vaccination. Only 1 pig vaccinated with G58-1/pPMC4/pDHF1 developed diarrhea and none died following challenge inoculation. Seventeen of 31 control pigs developed diarrhea and 11 died. Of 18 pigs vaccinated with G58-1/pDHF1 then challenge-inoculated with the virulent strain, 5 developed diarrhea and 2 died. Fifteen of 18 litter- and weight-matched controls developed diarrhea and 8 died. When compared with G58-1 (negative control), G58-1/pPMC4 afforded no protection to pigs challenge-inoculated with 3030-2.
High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia in calves
Authors: Gould Daniel H. , McAllister Milton M. , Savage Joseph C. , Hamar Dwayne W.
Published: January 2024

Nine 115- to 180-kg, hay-adapted, Holstein steers were fed an experimental diet with added sodium sulfate that induces polioencephalomalacia (pem). Five calves developed the disease. Thiamine concentrations in blood, csf, brain, and liver were not indicative of thiamine deficiency. The odor of hydrogen sulfide in eructated rumen gas was associated with the onset of pem. Sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid were measured 1 or 2 times a week by 2 techniques. Sulfide concentrations progressively increased in all 9 calves after the feeding of the pem-inducing diet commenced. The highest concentrations coincided with the onset of clinical signs of pem and were significantly higher in the calves that developed pem than in those that did not. This suggests that pem can result from sulfide toxicosis following excess production of sulfide in the rumen.
Antibiotic and sulfonamide agents in bob veal calf muscle, liver, and kidney
Authors: Wilson Dennis J. , Franti Charles E. , Norman Ben B.
Published: January 2024

During the fiscal year 1988, USDA-FSIS detected 3,095 antimicrobial violations in bob veal calves, using the calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test. Of the 3,095 carcass submissions involved, 945 were tested further to identify the causative agents. The results of tests on the available kidney, liver, and muscle specimens are reported. Kidney specimens yielded a specific agent most often (71.2%), with neomycin (42.6%) being cited most among agents found in kidneys. Neomycin was found less frequently in liver (4.5%) and muscle (0.2%). Among all tissues, unidentified microbial inhibitors were either the largest or second largest category found (kidney, 10.5%; liver, 27.1%; muscle, 7.8%), and no other agent exceeded 7.0% (streptomycin in kidney). The proportion of liver and muscle specimens that had unidentified microbial inhibitors is particularly important because the next most common classes were streptomycin in liver at 5.5% and sulfamethazine in muscle at 2%. The frequency of unidentified microbial inhibitors may justify the addition of tests to the FSIS battery for identification of agents. Not all tissues were tested for sulfonamides, hence these agents are likely to have been underreported. Less than 10% of the muscle specimens evaluated yielded an agent, suggesting most calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test-positive carcasses may have been safe with regard to residues in meat, although organs might have been adulterated. Specimens for verification were not selected completely randomly from the population of all calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test-positive animals and calves selected for testing were not chosen strictly by random sampling; therefore, extrapolation of the contents of this report to the bob veal calf industry must be done with caution.
Detection of chemotactic factors in preovulatory follicular fluid from mares
Authors: Watson Elaine D. , Sertich Patricia L. , Zanecosky Heidi G.
Published: January 2024

Ovulation has been likened to an inflammatory process. Inflammatory cells accumulate in the ovulating follicle, presumably because of chemotactic factors. Chemotactic activity was measured in fluid aspirated from follicles of estrous mares 0, 12, 24, and 36 hours after ultrasonographic detection of a 35-mm follicle and iv treatment with 2,500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. Chemotaxis was assessed by measuring directional migration of equine neutrophils under agarose. Follicular fluid acted as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, but there was no significant difference in chemotactic activity among different time intervals after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. On the basis of results of various treatments, chemotactic properties of serum and follicular fluid were similar. Chemotactic activity was significantly reduced by heating (56 C for 30 minutes) and by trypsinization and was virtually removed by charcoal treatment. Dialyzing the follicular fluid (3,500 and 8,000 molecular weight cut-off) significantly reduced the chemotactic activity of follicular fluid and serum. The importance of chemotactic factors in the process of ovulation in the mare is yet to be established.
Effects of hyperlipemia on radioimmunoassays for progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol in serum and plasma samples from dogs
Authors: Lee David E. , Lamb Stephen V. , Reimers Thomas J.
Published: January 2024

Hyperlipemic serum and plasma samples often are received by clinical laboratories for endocrinologic analysis by radioimmunoassay. We designed a study to determine what effect, if any, hyperlipemia has on estimation of lipid-soluble hormone concentrations determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassays. Progesterone, testosterone, thyroxine, and cortisol concentrations were determined in canine plasma and serum with various degrees of lipemia. Samples of serum, heparinized plasma, and edta-treated plasma were obtained from blood collected from 4 female and 4 male Beagles by use of evacuated tubes. To induce hyperlipemia in vitro, iv fat emulsion was diluted in deionized water to produce 0 (water only), 33, 67, or 100% mixtures. Twenty microliters of each mixture then was added to the subsamples of serum and plasma from each dog. Hormone concentrations were determined, using validated radioimmunoassays. Triglyceride concentrations were determined by enzymatic assay. Addition of iv fat emulsion in vitro was an accurate and reproducible means of altering triglyceride concentrations in the samples. Triglyceride concentrations as high as 700 mg/dl had no effect on radioimmunoassays for progesterone, testosterone, and thyroxine in serum, heparinized plasma, or edta-treated plasma. Addition of 100% (but not 33 or 67%) fat emulsion reduced the mean cortisol concentration in heparinized plasma by 12% (P < 0.05). This severe hyperlipemia did not affect quantification of cortisol in serum or edta-treated plasma.
Prevalence of calcium oxalate uroliths in Miniature Schnauzers
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Unger Lisa K. , Sanna Jeffery , Clinton Chris W. , Davenport Marian P.
Published: January 2024

Epidemiologic data were evaluated from all dogs admitted to the University of Minnesota, Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UMVTH) between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 69,890 admissions, 2,077 were Miniature Schnauzers. Uroliths were retrieved from 63 of the 2,077 Miniature Schnauzers admitted. In 20 of the 63 urolith episodes, calcium oxalate was the predominant mineral identified. By comparison, calcium oxalate uroliths were identified in only 56 of the remaining 67,813 non-Miniature Schnauzer canine admissions. The odds that uroliths from Miniature Schnauzers were composed of calcium oxalate was 11.8 times greater than for other canine breeds evaluated at the UMVTH (95% confidence interval = 6.8 to 20.1).

Data also were evaluated from files of uroliths retrieved from dogs and submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center for quantitative mineral analysis between June 1981 and November 1989. Of 3,930 uroliths analyzed, 615 (15.6%) uroliths were obtained from Miniature Schnauzers. Of the 615 uroliths, 175 (28.4%) were calcium oxalate. By comparison, only 550 (16.6%) of the remaining 3,315 from dogs of breeds other than Miniature Schnauzers were calcium oxalate. The odds that uroliths submitted for analysis were composed of calcium oxalate was 2 times greater for Miniature Schnauzers than for dogs of other breeds (95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 2.4).

Calcium oxalate uroliths were retrieved more frequently in males than females. The risk for males developing calcium oxalate uroliths was > 3 times the risk for females in both groups of data evaluated. The mean age of all Miniature Schnauzers admitted to the UMVTH with calcium oxalate uroliths was 9 years. Calcium oxalate uroliths were not detected in Miniature Schnauzers younger than 1.7 years.
Association of diarrhea in cattle with torovirus infections on farms
Authors: Koopmans M. , van Wuijckhuise-Sjouke L. , Schukken Y. H. , Cremers H. , Horzinek M. C.
Published: January 2024

An epidemiologic survey was performed to determine the incidence of torovirus infections in 2 disease entities of cattle: diarrhea of replacement calves up to 2 months old, and winter dysentery of adult cattle. Samples were obtained from 187 diarrheal and 115 healthy calves from 15 farms, as well as 149 diarrheal and 67 healthy cows from 27 farms with or without winter dysentery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of torovirus, rotavirus, and coronavirus antigen in feces, and of torovirus and coronavirus antibodies in serum were used to monitor infections in these groups. Torovirus was detected in 9 of the 15 farms in the study, and in 6% of calves with diarrhea, which was significantly higher than in healthy calves (2%). Seroconversion to torovirus was found significantly more often after winter dysentery episodes than on farms without a disease history; coronavirus seroconversion was less common.
Hematologic values of captive Mexican wolves
Authors: Drag Marlene D.
Published: January 2024

Hematologic reference values were determined for a captive population of 11 Mexican wolves (Canis lupus baileyi). Wolf pups from 4 to 24 weeks old had progressive age-related increases in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, and rbc counts similar to those seen in domestic dog pups (C familiaris). Hematologic indices in wolves older than 24 weeks were comparable to those of the adult domestic dog; however, pcv, hemoglobin concentration, and rbc counts were higher.
Antigen expression in canine tissues, recognized by a monoclonal antibody generated against canine melanoma cells
Authors: Oliver J. L. , Wolfe L. G.
Published: January 2024

A murine hybridoma monoclonal antibody (mab), IBF9, was generated by fusing myeloma cells (P3X63Ag8.653) with spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with the canine melanoma cell line CML-10c7. Initial screening of hybridoma antibodies was performed by use of an indirect immunoperoxidase assay on formalin-fixed CML- 10c7 cells. The isotype of mab IBF9 was IgGl as determined by radial gel immunodiffusion. The antibody was tested for reactivity against a panel of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic canine tissues, using immunoperoxidase staining. Immunostaining was observed in melanomas (24 of 38), a few carcinomas, basal cell tumors, and cutaneous lymphosarcomas. Immunostaining was not observed in fibrosarcomas, hemangiosarcomas, hemangiopericytomas, or histiocytomas. Staining of normal adult canine tissues was limited to a few epithelial tissues and a small percentage of lymphocytes. Fetal tissues were not reactive with mab IBF9. There were statistically significant differences in frequency of reactivity among melanomas with regard to oral vs nonoral, malignant vs benign, and mitotic indices ≥ 1 vs mitotic indices < 1. Differences were not significant when tumors were compared for degree of pigmentation or histologic type.

On the basis of these findings, we suggest that mab IBF9 may be of assistance in diagnosis of nonpigmented melanomas and in assessing the malignant potential of melanomas.
Evaluation of metoclopramide hydrochloride as an aid for passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of dogs
Authors: Monroe William E. , Leib Michael S. , Matz Michael E. , Davenport Deborah J. , Nelson Laura P. , Kenny James E.
Published: January 2024

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of metoclopramide to aid passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of dogs, and to determine whether the effect of metoclopramide is dependent on dose. In a randomized, blinded, complete-block design, 6 healthy dogs were anesthetized, then each was given saline solution or 1 of 4 doses of metoclopramide on different days. The - ease of passage of a flexible, fiberoptic gastroscope through the pylorus was assessed independently by 3 endoscopists.

Administration of metoclopramide hydrochloride at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, iv, made passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum significantly (P= 0.009) more difficult than when, saline solution was administered; however, dosages of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.8 mg of metoclopramide/kg did not (P = 0.489, 0.842, and 0.092 respectively). It was concluded that metoclopramide did not facilitate, and at one dosage hindered, successful passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of healthy dogs under the conditions of the study. Metoclopramide, therefore, cannot be recommended as an aid for passage of a flexible endoscope into the duodenum of dogs.
Rapid purification of a 110-kilodalton hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by monoclonal antibody-affinity chromatography
Authors: Ma Jianneng , Inzana Thomas J.
Published: January 2024

An efficient, single-step method for purification of the 110-kilodalton (kDa) hemolysin of Actmobacillus pleuropneumoniae was developed. An immunoaffinity column was made by cross-linking murine monoclonal antibody 8C2 to the 110-kDa hemolysin of A pleuropneumoniae strain J45 serotype 5 to protein A-agarose beads. Purified hemolysin with high hemolytic activity was obtained after washing the column with phosphate-buffered saline solution, and eluting the hemolysin with 50 mM diethylamine, pH 11.0. The same column was also used to purify the hemolysin from A pleuropneumoniae strain 4074 serotype 1. The purification procedure could be completed within 5 hours, and almost 50% of the total hemolytic activity and hemolysin protein was recovered in pure form.
Comparison of the antibody response to transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus, using monoclonal antibodies to antigenic sites A and X of the S glycoprotein
Authors: van Nieuwstadt A. P. , Boonstra J.
Published: January 2024

Pigs were inoculated with various strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) or with porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv), and antigenic site-specific antibody responses were compared.

A blocking-elisa was used to study to what extent antibodies in convalescent sera interfered with the binding of monoclonal antibodies (mab)57.16 or 57.110 to the attenuated tgev/Purdue virus. Monoclonal antibody 57.16 is directed against the A site on the peplomer, neutralizes virus, and recognizes tgev and prcv. Monoclonal antibody 57.110 is directed against the X site on the peplomer, but does not neutralize virus, and recognizes only tgev. Antibodies directed against tgev and prcv could be detected in a blocking elisa, using mab 57.16 as a conjugate. Antibodies directed against both viruses were detectable as early as 1 week after inoculation. Antibody titers correlated well with those in a virus-neutralization test. Antibodies against tgev could be detected in a blocking elisa, using mab 57.110 as a conjugate. Such antibodies were not induced by a prcv infection. In the blocking elisa, using mab 57.110 as a conjugate, antibodies were detectable as early as 2 weeks after inoculation. There was a significant difference between antibody titers reached after infection with various tgev strains, however. This difference is ascribed to a variation of the antigenic site defined by mab 57.110 in tgev strains.

Conditions for a differential test for TGE serodiagnosis, and for serologic discrimination between tgev- and prcv- infected pigs, are discussed. It is concluded that by using a blocking elisa with mab 57.110, no definite distinction can be made between antibodies directed against tgev and prcv, because low antibody titers develop after infection with some tgev strains, and because antibodies directed against antigenic sites that prcv has in common with tgev may interfere with the binding of mab 57.110 to tgev.
Biliary excretion as possible origin of Listeria monocytogenes in fecal carriers
Authors: Briones V. , Blanco M. M. , Marco A. , Prats N. , Fernández-Garayzábal J. F. , Suárez G. , Domingo M. , Domínguez L.
Published: January 2024

The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in feces of animals has been related with ingestion of contaminated foods. In the study reported here, healthy mice inoculated SC with L monocytogenes excreted the organism in their feces, regardless of whether they developed clinical signs of infection. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated simultaneously from liver, feces, and bile of inoculated mice, which strongly suggested that the microorganism reached the gastrointestinal tract by biliary excretion.
Use of an indwelling bronchial catheter model of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy of various compounds
Authors: Paulsen Daniel B. , Corstvet Richard E. , McClure J. Raymond , Enright Fred M. , McBride Jere W. , McDonough Karen C.
Published: January 2024

A model of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis, using an indwelling bronchial catheter for inoculation and subsequent lavage of a single main stem bronchus of the lung, was evaluated in a preliminary efficacy trial of an experimental therapeutic compound. Inoculation of 107 Pasteurella haemolytica organisms into the bronchus consistently induced a focal pneumonic lesion with typical morphology of pneumonic pasteurellosis in the left or right caudal lung lobe. The experimental treatment caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in lung lesion volume, compared with that of a saline-treated control. It also caused significant (P < 0.05) reduction in lavage fluid bacterial counts at 48 hours after inoculation, compared with counts in the controls. The inflammatory cell count and the percentage of neutrophils increased markedly in lavage fluids 8 hours after inoculation, but differences were not detected between treatments. Significant differences between treatments were not found in clinical signs, rectal temperature, or histologic changes. This model appears to be a sensitive indicator of treatment efficacy and has the advantage over previous models of pneumonic pasteurellosis of allowing sequential monitoring of the primary lesion site.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of trichinellosis in swine
Authors: van der Leek Martin L. , Dame John B. , Adams Carol L. , Gillis Karen D. , Littell Ramon C.
Published: January 2024

Experimental and field trials were conducted to evaluate an elisa for its ability to detect Trichinella-infected domestic swine and to compare elisa results with muscle-digestion test results. The elisa used was a commercial double-antibody kit, containing an excretory-secretory antigen, and was evaluated principally for epidemiologic use. Experimentally induced infection in swine (4 groups of 3 pigs each; inoculated with 0, 50, 500 or 5,000 larvae) was detected as early as postinoculation week 4, with seroconversion of all inoculated swine by postinoculation week 8. The rate of seroconversion appeared to be affected by initial larval dose, time after inoculation, and immunocompetence of the individual host. Determination of antibody kinetics generally revealed rapidly increasing antibody titer, followed by its steady decrease in most pigs. Once seropositive, however, all pigs remained seropositive for the duration of the 10-week study. Presence of muscle larvae was confirmed in all infected pigs at termination of the study. We recognize that the experimental conditions may not be truly representative of those under which natural infection develops in pigs; however, the elisa detected an infected pig with muscle larval density of 0.87 larvae/g of tissue. Results of a field trial (n = 310) indicated no muscle digestion test-positive pigs (35 g of diaphragm muscle digested/pig), but 3 samples tested positive by elisa for specificity of 99.0%.
Genotypic screening of pseudorabies virus strains for thymidine kinase deletions by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Dangler Charles A. , Deaver Robin E. , Kolodziej Christine M. , Rupprecht Jennifer D.
Published: January 2024

Genetic recombination between field strains and vaccine strains of pseudorabies virus (prv) has been suggested as a scenario that might arise from use of deletion-mutant modified-live vaccine strains, particularly those strains attenuated by deletions within the thymidine kinase (tk-) gene locus. To address this hypothesis experimentally, it is necessary to screen large numbers of prv isolates for their tk genotype. Techniques to detect the native tk genotype are routinely used in molecular virology laboratories, but are time-consuming. We adapted the polymerase chain reaction to define the genotypic status of prv isolates with regard to the presence or absence of deletions in the tk gene locus. Used in tandem with the existing glycoprotein-specific elisa that discriminate between prv-vaccinated and field strain-infected swine populations, the described technique may help to clarify whether vaccine-derived recombinants are generated under natural conditions and after normal vaccine usage.
Endotoxin-induced production of interleukin 6 by equine peritoneal macrophages in vitro
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Crowe Natalie , Moore James N. , Moldawer Lyle L.
Published: January 2024

A study was performed to determine whether equine peritoneal macrophages produce interleukin 6 (il-6) in vitro in response to endotoxin. Peritoneal fluid was collected from 14 clinically normal adult horses and was used as the source of peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages from each horse were isolated and cultured separately in vitro in the absence or presence of various concentrations (0.5, 5, or 500 ng/ml) of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055:B5). Culture medium supernatants were collected after 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours’ incubation and were frozen at −70 C until assayed for il-6 activity. Supernatant il-6 activity was determined by use of a modified colorimetric assay and the murine hybridoma cell line B 13.29 clone B.9, which is dependent on il-6 for survival.

Results indicated that equine peritoneal macrophages produce il-6 in vitro and that supernatant medium il-6 activity was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by exposure to endotoxin. Significant (P < 0.05) time and treatment effects on macrophage il-6 production were apparent. The il-6 activity peaked at 6 or 12 hours’ incubation, then remained high through 24 hours’ incubation, regardless of endotoxin exposure. Medium il-6 activity during 3 and 6 hours’ incubation was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in macrophages exposed to 5 or 500 ng of endotoxin/ml than in those exposed to 0.5 ng of endotoxin/ml; however peak il-6 activity was similar among all endotoxin concentrations. Endotoxin concentration did not have an effect on medium il-6 activity from macrophages exposed to endotoxin for 12 or 24 hours.
Differential detection of infectious bursal disease virus serotypes, using cDNA probes to VP2 coding region
Authors: Kibenge Frederick S. B.
Published: January 2024

Two nonoverlapping clones, pOH405 and pOH632, containing cdna inserts in the VP2 coding region of genome segment A were selected from a cdna library prepared from the double-stranded rna genome of the OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) of serotype 2. Clone pOH405, which is located in the hypervariable segment of VP2, is 328 base pairs long, has nucleotide sequence homology of 72 to 73%, and amino acid sequence homology of 64 to 67% with ibdv strains of serotype 1. Clone pOH632, which is located in the highly conserved C-terminal part of VP2, is 230 base pairs long, has nucleotide sequence homology of 87 to 88%, and amino acid sequence homology of 100% with ibdv serotype 1. The lower detection limit of 32P-labeled probes prepared from both clones was 10 ng of OH-ibdv double-stranded rna, using high-stringency conditions of hybridization (54 C, 50% formamide) and washing (55 C, 0.015M NaCl, 0.0015M trisodium citrate, pH 7.0, with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate), and autoradiography for 24 hours. Under these conditions, the dot-blot hybridization assay for detection of serotype 2 ibdv double-stranded rna was 1,000 times more sensitive, using probe pOH632, but only 10 times more sensitive, using probe pOH405, compared with the assay for ibdv serotype 1, using the same probes. Thus, probe pOH632 could differentiate between the 2 ibdv serotypes by nucleic acid hybridization.
Comparison of the effects of intragastric infusions of equal volumes of water, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and magnesium sulfate on fecal composition and output in clinically normal horses
Authors: Freeman David E. , Ferrante Pamela L. , Palmer Jonathan E.
Published: January 2024

A Latin square design was used to compare the effects of laxatives and a corresponding volume of water on gastrointestinal tract function in 4 healthy horses. Horses were intragastrically infused with each of the following: dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (dss; 50 mg/kg of body weight); magnesium sulfate (0.5 g/kg—low dosage); magnesium sulfate (1.0 g/kg—high dosage); and an equal volume of water (6 L) given as a control infusion. From 5 to 33 hours after the high dosage of magnesium sulfate, feces were slightly softer than usual in all horses. In 1 horse, dss caused mild colic, hyperpnea, and diarrhea from 0.3 to 3 hours after administration. After all laxative treatments and the control infusion, fecal output, fecal water, number of defecations, and fecal water percentage were greater during the first 6 and 12 hours, compared with each subsequent 6-hour period (P < 0.05). The high dosage of magnesium sulfate had greater effect on fecal output and fecal water than did the low dosage and control infusion (P < 0.05). However, this effect preceded arrival of the liquid transit marker, polyethylene glycol, and magnesium at their highest concentrations in feces by 12 to 18 hours. Compared with the control infusion, none of the laxative treatments affected excretion of polyethylene glycol and plastic particulate markers, nor did they increase water consumption.

It was concluded that the response to intragastric infusions may involve reflex mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract and that these responses could be used for treatment of colon impactions. Under conditions of this study, dss was not a sufficiently effective laxative to outweigh the risk of toxic effects at recommended doses. Although dss and the low dosage of magnesium sulfate may not provide a greater laxative effect than did an equal volume of water, the high dosage of magnesium sulfate should be more effective.
Communication between the femoropatellar and medial and lateral femorotibial joints in horses
Authors: Vacek John R. , Ford Troy S. , Honnas Clifford M.
Published: January 2024

Communications between the femoropatellar, medial femorotibial, and lateral femorotibial joints were studied, using fresh equine cadaver specimens. A total of 90 specimens from 45 horses were used. Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 15 horses/group. Each group was assigned an injection site (femoropatellar joint, medial femorotibial joint, or lateral femorotibial joint), and red latex was injected into the respective location of each joint in each group. Immediately after injection, the joints were flexed and extended 100 times. The stifles were frozen in slight flexion, then cut into 1-cm sagittal sections. The communications between the femoropatellar and medial and lateral femorotibial joints were determined.

None of the specimens in this study had communication between all 3 joint compartments. When the femoropatellar joint was injected, 18 of 30 joints (60%) communicated with the medial femorotibial joint, and 1 of 30 (3%) communicated with the lateral femorotibial joint. Injection of the medial femorotibial joint revealed 24 of 30 (80%) joints that communicated with the femoropatellar joint, and 1 of 30 (3%) that communicated with the lateral femorotibial joint. Injection of the lateral femorotibial joint resulted in communication with the femoropatellar joint in 1 of 30 (3%) joints. Communication did not exist between the medial and lateral femorotibial joints.
Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac morphologic and functional variables in double-muscled calves
Authors: Amory Helene , Kafidi Nacerridine , Lekeux Pierre
Published: January 2024

We studied, by means of echocardiography in vivo, the cardiac consequences of the double-muscled character selection in beef cattle. Morphologic and functional echocardiographic variables were regularly estimated in 17 Friesian and 8 Belgian White and Blue calves during their growth. A total of 50 and 44 sets of data were collected in each group, respectively. Recordings were obtained, using 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography, and included measurements in long- and short-axis views of the heart.

Most of the diastolic measurements of the left ventricle were not significantly different between breeds when normalized for body weight. To the contrary, systolic measurements of left ventricular wall thickness and dimensions were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower and greater, respectively, in Belgian White and Blue calves than in Friesian calves. This was interpreted as a result of significantly (P ≤ 0.001) lower left ventricular systolic functional indices in Belgian White and Blue than in Friesian calves.

Echocardiographic evidence that the double-muscled selection in cattle induces alteration in morphologic variables of left ventricle was not found. However, results indicate that indices of left ventricular systolic function are lower in double-muscled calves than in calves with standard conformation.
Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Alleman Arthur R. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Raskin Rose E.
Published: January 2024

Morphologic and cytochemical staining characteristics of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) were evaluated, using blood smears prepared from 23 healthy tortoises of Kern County, Calif. Special emphasis was placed on differentiating features of the various leukocytes and thrombocytes. A variety of cytochemical stains, including benzidine peroxidase, Sudan black B, chloroacetate esterase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, acid phosphatase, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, periodic acid-Schiff, and toluidine blue were used. Heterophils had a characteristic, large, focal area of positive staining with chloroacetate esterase, α-naphthyl butyrate esterase, and acid phosphatase. Eosinophils stained diffusely positive with benzidine peroxidase, allowing differentiation of this leukocyte from heterophils. Thrombocytes stained focally positive with periodic acid-Schiff, allowing differentiation of these cells from lymphocytes, which stained uniformly negative. An intracytoplasmic body, commonly observed within erythrocytes, was considered ultrastructurally to represent a degenerate organelle.
Modulation, in vivo and in vitro, of surface expression of CD18 by bovine neutrophils
Authors: Gilbert Robert O. , Kim Carol A. , Yen Andrew
Published: January 2024

A series of experiments was designed to elucidate some of the factors that may influence surface expression of CD18 by bovine neutrophils. Expression of CD18 was determined by immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Neutrophils recovered from the uterus of cows (n = 9) after intrauterine administration of sterile oyster glycogen solution expressed (mean ± sd) 123 ± 21% more CD18 than did circulating neutrophils recovered simultaneously from the same cows (P = 0.003). In 8 cows given 20 mg of dexamethasone im daily for 3 days, expression of CD 18 on blood neutrophils was 29.6 ± 8% less after treatment than before treatment (P = 0.0078).

Neutrophils from 12 cows or bulls exposed to phorbol myristate acetate in vitro increased expression of CD18 by 137 ± 37% (P = 0.0035). Likewise, exposure of neutrophils from 8 cattle to zymosan-activated bovine plasma increased CD18 exposure by 10.6 ± 3.8% (P = 0.029).

These findings indicate that expression of CD 18 by bovine neutrophils is a dynamic system, capable of responding to inflammatory stimuli. Inadvertent activation of neutrophils may be responsible for some of the variance in expression observed when examining large groups of cattle for CD18 expression by neutrophils. The ability of bovine neutrophils to respond rapidly to various stimuli by increasing surface expression of CD18 indicates that a pool of intracellular CD18 may be available for inclusion in the plasmalemma, as has been reported for human neutrophils.
Arterial blood gas tensions in healthy aged dogs
Authors: King Lesley G. , Anderson Jamie G. , Rhodes W. Harker , Hendricks Joan C.
Published: January 2024

Twenty-four healthy dogs > 8 years old were recruited. In each instance, arterial blood gas tensions were analyzed. The alveolar-to-arterial oxygen gradient (P[a-a]o2) was calculated to assess adequacy of pulmonary gas exchange. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated to ensure lack of visible signs of pulmonary disease and that lung features were similar to those in aged dogs of previous reports. Unlike findings in aged human beings, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2) was not decreased in this group of aged dogs (mean ± sd, 102.9 ± 7.8 mm of Hg). Similarly, P[a-a]o2 also was not increased. The thoracic radiographic findings were consistent with those of previous reports of pulmonary changes in aged dogs. The extent of radiographic abnormalities and the Pao2 were not correlated.
Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Geor Raymond , Smith Clark M. , McClay Carolyn B.
Published: January 2024

Echinocytes have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of exertional diseases in horses. To evaluate the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated erythrocytes, we decreased blood sodium and potassium concentrations in 4 horses by administering furosemide (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) for 2 days and we monitored cbc, serum and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, and echinocyte numbers. Serum sodium concentration decreased progressively over the 48 hours of furosemide administration, then returned to near baseline concentration at 168 hours. A statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum potassium concentration was observed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after initial furosemide administration, and remained less than the baseline value at the end of the study. Mean erythrocyte potassium concentration decreased rapidly and remained low at the end of the study. Minimal changes were observed in erythrocyte sodium concentration during the first 72 hours after furosemide administration, but the value was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 168 hours. Type-I and type-II echinocyte numbers increased by 4 hours after furosemide administration and persisted throughout the study. Type-III echinocytes were not seen in baseline samples, but numbers increased only modestly after furosemide administration. Administration of epinephrine to well-hydrated horses increased echinocyte numbers only minimally, indicating that splenic contraction was not the likely cause for the furosemide-associated increase.

To determine whether the decrease in erythrocyte potassium concentration and increase in sodium concentration was caused by furosemide acting directly on the erythrocyte membrane, we quantified erythrocyte potassium and sodium concentrations before and after incubation with furosemide in vitro. Incubation of erythrocytes with furosemide failed to induce depletion of erythrocyte potassium concentration or to increase erythrocyte sodium concentration.

These data support the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated cells and that these changes are induced by total body cation depletion.
Serum bile acid concentrations in clinically normal cattle: Comparison by type, age, and stage of lactation
Authors: Craig A. Morrie , Pearson Erwin G. , Rowe Kenneth
Published: January 2024

Serum total bile acid concentrations were determined for various types and ages of cattle. There was extreme variability among all the cattle, but the variance was twice as large (0.50 vs 0.22 in logarithmic scale) for beef cattle than for dairy cattle. There was no significant difference in serum total bile acid concentrations between beef cattle and dairy cattle in midlactation. Values for calves < 6 weeks old and for 6-month-old heifers were significantly (P = < 0.05) lower than values for lactating dairy cows. The 5th to 95th percentile range of values (μmol/L) for beef cattle was 9 to 126; for lactating dairy cattle, 15 to 88; and for 6-month-old dairy heifers, 11 to 64.
Effects of Ostertagia ostertagi infection on secretion of metabolic hormones in calves
Authors: Xiao L. , Gibbs H. C. , Wallace C. R.
Published: January 2024

Effects of Ostertagia ostertagi infection on secretion of insulin, pancreatic glucagon, cortisol, gastrin, and pepsinogen were studied in calves inoculated with 100,000 (group 1) or 10,000 (group 2) O ostertagi infective larvae weekly for 14 weeks. Plasma insulin concentrations in both inoculated groups were lower than those in a noninfected (group 3) control group. The differences between group 1 and group 3 were significant (P < 0.05) at 2 and 12 weeks after initial inoculation. Plasma pancreatic glucagon and cortisol concentrations of groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly from those of the control group, although plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration was consistently lower in group-1 calves from 4 weeks to the end of the study. Plasma pepsinogen and serum gastrin concentrations also increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups that received inoculations. We concluded that decreased plasma insulin concentrations are contributory to changes in postabsorptive protein metabolism, and that serum gastrin concentrations are more representative of the pathologic changes in the abomasum than are plasma pepsinogen concentrations.
Additive and synergistic pharmacologic inhibition of equine fibrinoligase (factor XIIIa*-like) biochemical activity
Authors: Coyne C. P. , Smith Joseph E. , Keeton Kerry
Published: January 2024

A selected group of pharmaceutical compounds were evaluated for the ability to inhibit the biochemical activity of fibrinoligase (coagulation factor XIIIa*) in pooled equine plasma. Criteria for the pharmaceuticals selected were based on the mechanism of the transglutamination biochemical reaction mediated by coagulation factor XIIa*. These criteria were complemented by recognition of the molecular configuration and chemical composition of amino acid residue side chains involved in the process of covalent fibrin monomer polymerization (cross-linking, transglutamination) mediated by this enzyme. Each pharmaceutical was evaluated individually and in combination with other potential coagulation factor XIIIa* inhibitors in an effort to detect additive and synergistic phenomenon. In this context, pharmaceuticals with a carbonylamide (eg, cefuroxime, Girard's reagent-P, prolinamide) were applied in concert with compounds with a terminal amine (eg, d-arginine, l-lysine) functional group. In concept, this method theoretically served to competitively simulate glutamine and lysine amino acid residues within strands of fibrin monomer substrate involved in phase I (carbonylamide) and phase II (terminal amine) of the transglutamination reaction (covalent fibrin monomer cross-linking). Halogen-dinitro and ethylene compounds were also evaluated because of their reported ability to inactivate enzyme systems dependent on an intact sulfhydryl group located at their biochemically active site (eg, cystine amino acid residue). This group of pharmaceutical compounds failed to inhibit the biochemical activity mediated by coagulation factor XIIIa* in equine plasma.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor status of mammary carcinomas and correlation with clinical outcome in dogs
Authors: Sartin Eva A. , Barnes Stephen , Kwapien Robert P. , Wolfe Lauren G.
Published: January 2024

Estrogen and progesterone receptors (er, pr) were measured in cytosol fractions from 18 primary canine mammary carcinomas by use of biochemical assays. One or both receptors were detected (> 10 fmol/mg of cytosol protein) in 11 tumors: 5 er and pr; 2 er only; 4 pr only. Mean cytoplasmic receptor concentrations (fmol/mg of cytosol protein) were 22.8 ± 2.9 (sem) for er and 51.0 ± 10.3 for pr in tumors containing er and pr, 28.8 ± 12.1 for er in tumors containing only er and 13.2 ± 1.5 for pr in tumors containing only pr. Estrogen or progesterone receptors or both were identified in 6 of 9 tubular adenocarcinomas, 4 of 5 papillary adenocarcinomas, and 1 of 1 squamous cell carcinoma. These receptors were not identified in solid carcinomas (n = 2) or a single spindle cell carcinoma. Although the number of cases was limited, survival times of dogs tended to be longest in those with tumors containing er alone or in combination with pr, intermediate in those with tumors containing only pr, and shortest in those with tumors without er or pr. A correlation was not apparent between receptor status and age, presence of ovaries, tumor size, or histologic classification of the tumor. In the analysis of this series, the extent of surgery (mastectomy of the involved gland vs unilateral or bilateral mastectomy) did not appear to influence the outcome of the disease, and metastasis to regional lymph nodes did not appear to be a reliable prognostic indicator.
Effects of anticoagulant and autoanalyzer on blood biochemical values of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Bolten Alan B. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Bjorndal Karen A.
Published: January 2024

We evaluated the effect of anticoagulant (lithium heparin, sodium heparin, or none) and type of autoanalyzer on selected blood biochemical values of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta). More differences were observed between the analytes in serum and those in the 2 types of plasma than were observed between the 2 types of plasma. Differences in electrolyte concentrations were not significant when plasma from sodium-heparinized blood was compared with plasma from lithium-heparinized blood. Serum is not recommended for reptilian studies because clot formation is unpredictable and because the time required for clotting may allow substantial changes in the chemical composition of the sample. For most determinants, values varied more between the 2 types of autoanalyzers than among the 3 anticoagulant treatments. These sources of variation must be considered when performing comparative studies.
Variability of α-tocopherol values associated with procurement, storage, and freezing of equine serum and plasma samples
Authors: Craig A. M. , Blythe L. L. , Rowe K. E. , Lassen E. D. , Barrington R. , Walker K. C.
Published: January 2024

Recent evidence concerning the pathogenesis of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy indicated that low blood α-tocopherol values are a factor in the disease process. Variables that could be introduced by a veterinarian procuring, transporting, or storing samples were evaluated for effects on α-tocopherol concentration in equine blood. These variables included temperature; light; exposure to the rubber stopper of the evacuated blood collection tube; hemolysis; duration of freezing time, with and without nitrogen blanketing; and repeated freeze/thaw cycles. It was found that hemolysis caused the greatest change in high-performance liquid chromatography-measured serum α-tocopherol values, with mean decrease of 33% (P < 0.001). Lesser, but significant (P < 0.01) changes in serum α-tocopherol values were an approximate 10% decrease when refrigerated blood was left in contact with the red rubber stopper of the blood collection tube for 72 hours and an approximate 5% increase when blood was stored at 20 to 25 C (room temperature) for 72 hours. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) 3% decrease in α-tocopherol values in heparinized plasma by the third thawing cycle. Freezer storage for a 3-month period without nitrogen blanketing resulted in slight (2%) decrease in mean serum α-tocopherol values, whereas values in serum stored for an identical period under nitrogen blanketing did not change. A significant (P < 0.001) mean decrease (10.3%) in α-tocopherol values was associated with freezer (− 16 C) storage of nitrogen blanketed serum for 6 months. Comparison of α-tocopherol values in serum vs heparinized plasma vs edta-treated plasma resulted in serum values being significantly (P < 0.001) higher (approx 4%) than values in either type of plasma. It was concluded that the optimal method for storing equine blood samples prior to α-tocopherol analysis is in an upright position in a refrigerator for up to 72 hours. If a longer period is needed prior to analysis, it is recommended that the serum or plasma be separated from blood, blanketed with nitrogen gas, and frozen in the smallest possible vial. The α-tocopherol in these samples should be stable at − 16 C for at least 3 months.