bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of Vegetative Growth Traits of Several Soybean Cultivars to Spraying with the Growth Regulator Triacontanol (TRIA)
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed A. , AbdulKafoor Adil H.
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in the (Al-Boouda) area of Al-Karmah district - Al-Anbar Governorate during the summer season of 2022, to study the effect of spraying with several concentrations of the growth regulator (triacontanol) on the vegetative growth characters of soybean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in split plots arrangement, according to the RCBD design, with three replications. Four concentrations of growth regulator TRIA (0, 40, 50, 60) mg L−1 were allocated to the main plots, while three cultivars of soybean (Lee, Shama, Se-220) were allocated to the sub-plots. The result indicates that the Lee cultivar outperformed in most of the vegetative growth characters over the rest of the other cultivars such as the number of branches (6.91 branches Plant−1), plant height (98.08 cm), leaf area (38.62 cm2 Plant−1) and leaf area index (2.05). While the cultivar Shama was earlier to reached the stage of beginning flowering, and it took the least number of 57.00 days, compared to other cultivars. Whereas the cultivar Se-220 outperformed with highest mean of chlorophyll index in the leaves, reaching 37.43 spad. The results showed that the treatments sprayed with a growth regulator at a high concentration (60 mg L−1) were superior in most of the studied growth characteristics, and their average number of branches was (7.40 branches Plant−1), plant height (110.0 cm), and leaf area and leaf area index (44.87 cm2 Plant−1 and 2.38) respectively, and it needed the least number of days to reach the stage of the beginning of flowering at 58.33 days compared to the other concentrations. The results also indicated that the interaction between the study factors had a significant effect on most of the vegetative growth characters, where the Lee cultivar plant sprayed with a concentration of (60 mg L−1) of the growth regulator achieved the highest averages for several characters, including number of branches, plant height, and leaf area, while the two-way interaction did not affect significantly the number of days from planting to the beginning of flowering and the leaf area index.
The Effect of the Method and Date of Planting on the Growth and the Blooming of Matthiola incana L.
Authors: Ahmed Zainab Abdulmunem , Qasim Ali F.
Published: August 2023

The current study was conducted in the greenhouse at the department of Horticulture and Gardens Engineering / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul for the period from October 1st 2021 until June 10th 2022 on the series Hot Cakes of Matthiola incana L. The experiment was conducted using split-plot systems with a random complete block design. The planting factor was put in the main boards, which included the uncovered and covered planting. The factor of planting date was put in the secondary boards, which included three senga gnitnalp, namely 1/10, 15/10 and 1/11. The results show that the plants that were planted using the uncovered planting system gave the highest values in terms of the leaf area (169 cm2) and the number of flowerets (54.64) floweret. As for the covered planting, it was convenient to increase the diameter of the first floweret (33.54 mm) and the height of the plant (28.62 cm). it was also observed that in the late period of planting, which was on 1/11/2021, the leaf area improved (181.34 cm2) and leaf area (170 cm2plant−1).
Response Growth and Yield of Three Cucumber Hybrids (Cucumis sativus L.) to Nano Fertilizer N20P20K20 under Protected House
Authors: Al-Bayati Hussein J. M. , Al-Harbawy Khaled A. M. , Allela Waleed B. A. , Al-Sabawy Maher M. S. , Ibraheem Fathel F. R. , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Mahmood Saad S.
Published: August 2023

The experiment was run in the spring of 2021 in one of the unheated plastic houses in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape in the College of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Mosul to examine the impact of two variables: Second: spraying three different concentrations of Nano fertilizer N20 P20 K20 on three different cucumber hybrids (Roni, Modhish, and Baher) alongside a control treatment that received no Nano fertilizer spraying. The hybrid factor was positioned in the main plots, and Nano-fertilizer spray concentrations were positioned in the split plots, all within the context of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for the experiment’s layout. The information was recorded, then analyzed statistically, yielding the following findings: Concentrations of 3 mg L-1 of Nano fertilizer sprayed on Roni hybrids significantly increased plant length and leaf area; concentrations of 3 mg L-1 on Modhish hybrids significantly increased yield per plant, fruit yield, and total fruit yield; and concentrations of 3 mg L-1 on Baher hybrids significantly increased the value of leaves per plant.
Combination Influences of NPK Fertilizers and Bradyrhizobium Inoculation on the Yield, Chemical Constituents and Guaran Production of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Taub.) Plant
Authors: Abdelgawad Mahmoud A. A. , Meawad A. A. , Abdelkader M. A. I.
Published: August 2023

At the Experimental Farm (Ghazala Farm) of the Agric. Fac., Zagazig University, Egypt, two field experiments were conducted through the two successive summer seasons in 2019 and 2020. This was an effort to improve the guar plant’s yield and productivity. The experiment was set up as a split-plot design with NPK fertilization as the main plot and bio-fertilization as the sub-plot. The Bradyrhizobium spp. inoculation rates were (0.0, 200 and 400 g/feddan), while the NPK fertilization levels were (0.0, 75, 100, and 125% of recommended level). Ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) at 200 kg/feddan, calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) at 200 kg/feddan, and potassium sulphate (48% K2O) at 100 kg/feddan were the NPK fertilization recommended rates (RR). The obtained results showed that, in comparison to control and the other levels under study, guar plants fertilized with 125% RR significantly increased yield components as well as total carbohydrates content, and NPK percentages in seeds and guaran production. Additionally, compared to the control and lowest inoculation rates of Bradyrhizobium, the maximum inoculation rate (400 g/feddan) considerably recorded the highest values of all the aforementioned parameters. The majority of the study’s findings demonstrated that fertilized guar plants with 125% RR of NPK fertilization, together with 400 g/feddan of Bradyrhizobium inoculation rate, might aid to improve guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Taub.) yield, chemical constituents and guaran production.
Effect Infestation by Sesamia cretica L. Insect in some Characteristics of Growth for Varieties of Yellow Corn
Authors: Shallal Mohammed Rakan , Ibrahim Abdul Jabar K. , Alomari Arqam
Published: August 2023

This observe changed into carried out in the fields of Al-Hawija location of Kirkuk Governorate for the reason of reading the assessment of a few sorts of yellow corn for contamination through the corn stalk insect (Sesamia cretica L) and the impact of the insect infestation on a few traits and boom of yield of a few yellow corn cultivars. The maximum contamination fee of the ZOAN cultivar changed into 7.50% in comparison to the bottom contamination fee with inside the Samuray 34 cultivar of 0.50 % after a duration of 20 days of germination, however after forty days the contamination fee changed into maximum at the ZOAN cultivar 45% and for the nearby range 37.30% in comparison to the Samuray 34 cultivar 4% only, and after 60 days, the contamination fee changed into 25.75% for the ZOAN variety and for the nearby 19%, in comparison to 4.70% for the Samuray 34 variety. The number of caterpillars for each plant ranged between (0.30-2.70) for each plant for the studied cultivars. As for the average number of shoots for each plant, it ranged between (0.30-3) for each plant for the studied cultivars, as it was the lowest for the Samuray 34 cultivar and the highest for Sweetened (local) cultivar. Sweetened (local) cultivar, Wazawan, recorded the highest percentage of shoot lengths for each plant, as it was 9.30% and 7.50%, respectively, compared with the rest of the studied cultivars, as it was the lowest for the Samuray 34 cultivar, 1.33% of the plant, and for the Konstiz cultivar 3.60%, and for the Jameson cultivar 6%, while there were clear significant differences. In the percentage of shortening in the number of seeds and the values of loss in the weight of 100 grains, as well as the percentage of shortening in the crop, as the percentage of loss in the number of grains for the Samuray 34 variety was 12.33%, and the highest was for the Zawan variety by 18%, compared to the percentage of loss in Sweetened (local) variety amounted to 17.30%. The Samuray 34 cultivar recorded the lowest percentage of shortening in the weight of 100 grains, as it was 6% compared to the ZOAN cultivar, 8.60% compared to the rest of the studied cultivars, which was reflected in the percentage of loss in the total crop, as the percentages ranged between (19-24) %, as the Samuray 34 cultivar recorded the lowest percentage. It amounted to 19%, compared to 22.67% for the Zawan variety, and for Sweetened (local) 24%, compared to the rest of the maize varieties. The best cultivar was the Samuray 34 cultivar for use in breeding programs for corn stalk borer control.
A study of Three Planting Dates and Spraying with Zinc, Boron and Polyamine (Putrescine) on the Qualitative Characteristics of Broccoli
Authors: Al-Issawi Ali Khalif , Al-Mohammedi Omar Hashim Muslah
Published: August 2023

The experiment was carried out during the two winter agricultural seasons 2020-2021 AD and 2021-2022 AD in Anbar Governorate / Fallujah District, 60 km west of Baghdad on the banks of the Euphrates River. The factorial experiment included 18 treatments of 2x3x3 using a factorial experimental within split-plot according to the randomized complete block design. Planting dates were placed in the main plot, zinc and boron factors in the sub-plot, and the polyamines puterscine in sub-plot.They distributed randomly within the dates with three replications, so that the treatments become 54, the results showed that the second date was superior in the percentage of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, reaching 313.99, 299.76 mg 100 g−1, 4.51, 4.30%, 0.37, 0.36%, 1.37, 1.30% for the two seasons, respectively, the third date excelled by giving the highest vitamin C date, which reached 294.07 and 292.97 mg g−1, while the triple interaction showed the superiority of the plants planted on the second date of the first and second seasons between the planting date and spraying with zinc, boron and spraying polyamine, the highest rate in the percentage of chlorophyll and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which amounted to 339.70, 325.83 mg 100 gm−1, 4.85, 4.56%, 0.40, 0.44%, 1.58, and 1.56%, compared to the lowest rate for the third date, which amounted to 243.73 and 236.06 mg 100 g−1, 2.97, 2.49%, 0.25, 0.23%, 0.89, 0.96% for the two seasons, respectively.
Effect of Phosphorus and Polyamine Fertilizers on Leaves N, P, K, Chlorophyll, Protein and Carbohydrates Concentrations of Kufi Apple Transplants
Authors: Alah Afraa Esam Saad , Alwan Al Aareji Jassim M.
Published: August 2023

The work was conducted in the Lath-house/Department of Horticulture and landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on Kufi apple transplants (Malus domestica L.) at one year old planted on plastic containers containing 9 kg of soil, by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors, three replications and four transplants for every experimental unit, First factor was three levels of phosphorus (0,100 and 200 mg P kg soil), second factor was three levels of polyamine fertilizer (0,1.5 and 3 gm l−1) the transplants were fertilized with phosphorus once during a season, first application was done in 26/4/2021, while Polyamine fertilizer was applied five times during the season, 20 days between them, first application was done in 26/4/2021. The results obtained showed that the application of phosphorus especially at a concentration of 200 mg P kg−1 soil and polyamine fertilizer at the concentration of 3 gm l−1, each separately or in combination, significantly increased leaves N, P, K, total chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrates concentrations of Kufi apple transplants compared to the control treatment.
Evaluation of the Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Ceratonia siliqua Leaf and Seed Extract
Authors: Al-Azzawi Shams Muwaffaq Muhammad , Al-Azzawi Maha Muhammad Nafie Ali
Published: August 2023

The current study aimed to estimate the chemical composition of the powder of both leaves and seeds of Ceratonia siliqua, which was purchased from the local market in Iraq/Baghdad. Where the test included (moisture-fat-protein-carbohydrate-ash-fiber), both leaves and seeds were extracted by Soxhlet continuous extraction machine using ethanol solvent. Several chemical tests were conducted on the extracts, which included the following: Detection of phenolic compounds and flavonoids by HPLC technology (high-performance liquid chromatography), where the results showed the appearance of several peaks at a wavelength of 280 nm for several phenolic compounds and at different time lengths. The inhibition activity was evaluated for two types of bacteria (positive/gram-negative), one type of yeast, two types of molds, and four concentrations of extracts (25-50-75-100 mg/ml). The results showed that the alcoholic extract of the leaves of the carob plant was superior to the seeds against all microorganisms. As for the antioxidant activity, it was approved by the DPPH test compared to vitamin C, as it is a natural antioxidant. The results showed that both leaf and seed extracts were superior to vitamin C, as the IC50% of seed extract was 7 ppm 11 and leaf extract was 184. As for vitamin C, the percentage of free radical inhibition was 50%, 373PPM, as it is known that the higher the IC50 value, the lower the antioxidant activity.
Growth Response and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Levels of Slow Nitrogen Release
Authors: Al-Asaf Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim , Aziz Moyassar Mohammed
Published: August 2023

The experiment carried out during season (2021-2022), in two locations first in the village of “Abu maria” in the Tal Afar District (51 km) western of Nineveh Governorate, and the second location was in the Hamidat district of “Badoush” (20 km) northwest of Nineveh Governorate, the aim of studying was the response of growth and yield of two Cultivars of Maze (Dragma and Sengunto) for Slow Nitrogen Release fertilization (SNRF) at levels (0, 15, 30, 45 kg.ha−1) and the recommendation of the ministry of agriculture (95 urea and 50 kg di-ammonium phosphate – DAP – per ha−1), the experiment designed with the Complete Randomize Design (RCBD) in the split-plot, as the two cultivars were in the main plots, while the fertilizer treatments were in the subplots, the most important results were summarized as follows: There were significant differences between the cultivars for vegetative characteristics in both locations in: (Male Flowering, and Female Flowering), while in “Badoush” location recorded significant differences in characteristics: (plant height and cob height). The levels (30 and 45 kg.ha−1) in characteristics (plant height, cob height, and the number of leaves at locations of study, while the mentioned treatments were significant in the location of “Badush” for characteristics (Male Flowering and Leaf Area). The interaction between Cultivars and Fertilizer levels was significant (“Sungunto” with Fertilization level (30 kg.ha−1) in Plant height at both locations, While there were significant differences in the interaction mentioned at “Badoush” for leaf area. Regarding the yield and its components, there were significant differences in the characteristics in both locations with two cultivars in the study, where (SNRF) was significantly different in yield, where levels (30, and 45 kg. ha−1) were superior for all characteristics of yield and its components at both locations. In the interaction between cultivars and (SNRL), there were non-significant differences in “Abu Maria” for yield characteristics and its components. However, in “Badoush”, there were significant differences in rows number in cob. Regarding the quality characteristics (protein percentage, and yield of protein), The Cultivars recorded a significant difference in yield of protein at both locations, while the differences were significant in protein percentage in “Badoush”. The protein percentage was non-significant at both Study locations at (SNRL) levels.
Genetic Studies for some Bean Traits in Relation to Stability and Insect Infestations
Authors: Abd El-Hady M. E. E. , Hamed A. A. , Youssif M. A. I. , Ismail H. E. M. A.
Published: August 2023

This research was carried out at a private farm located at Qaha, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 to estimate the stability parameters of ten dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for yield, insect infestation and some economic traits under different planting densities as well as to assess the annual variation of some insect pests through different growing densities and seasons in relation to certain climatic factors, synchronization of plant age with insect infestation percentage on plant due to insect activity. There were significant genotype × densities interactions for the studied bean’s traits, i.e., number of days to flowering, pod length, 100-seeds weight, number of pods/plant, yield/feddan and insect infestation. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits. Pooled deviation mean squares for number of days to flowering, yield/fed. and insect infestation were not significant suggesting the consistency of the genotypes yielding ability under environmental conditions tested. The high yielding genotypes G6, G1 and G10 produced high yielding performance based on wide adaptation and stability of performance over all environments. Genotypes G3, G5, G7 and G10 were insensitive to environmental changes and could be recommended for cultivation under all conditions. Genotype G8 also had minimum aphid infestation over range of environments showed below regression coefficients for yield/fed. and insect infestation and low deviation from regression, indicated specific adaptability of this genotype to unfavorable environments. Genetic variation (σ2g) was large in magnitude compared to error one (σ2e) in all studied traits of all cases except pod length in all densities of 2nd season (Env. 5-8) and number of pods under 10 cm/2 rows of Env.8, reflecting the genetic differences among genotypes for all studied traits except of those two cases. The population of both leaf miners (Melanogromyza phaseoli) and aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) was observed from the third week of March (5th week after planting date) and continued till to 3rd week of May (14th week after planting) and reached to a peak level 55.2 and 85.9% for aphid and leaf miners during 9th and 11th weeks after planting date, respectively, i.e. 2nd and 4th week of April. Genotype G8 interacted with planting space of (5 cm ×2 rows) were explained the lowest Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon) and Aphis craccivora Koch, infestations (18.8% and 12.6%, respectively) followed by G1 and G5 with the same planting space for leaf miners (29.6%) and aphid (15.3%) infestations, respectively.
Identification of Fungi Associated with Hazelnuts and Determination of Their Mycotoxin
Authors: Hassan Khulod I. , Sharef Pari Hama
Published: August 2023

To analyze natural mycoflora of hazelnuts in Sulaimani province of Iraq, this study conducted by collecting 33 (27 raw hazelnut kernel and 6 hazelnut paste) samples and determine their mycotoxin. Polyphasic approach consisting of morphological examination and molecular characterization based on Polymerase Chain Reaction (species specific PCR) was performed fungi identification. For the incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) the hazelnuts samples were analyzed by ELISA technique. The results show that 20 sample (60.6%) (18 raw hazelnut kernel and 2 hazelnut paste) were contaminated with three main genera of fungi, namely Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopusin. From Aspergillus, A. flavus and A. parasiticus were the dominant. In AFs analysis, AFs detected in all (100%) of these contaminated hazelnut samples with various level ranged from 9.9 to 10.7 µg kg−1 for raw hazelnut kernel samples and ranged from 10.2 to 13.9 µg kg−1 for hazelnut paste samples. AF contamination level of all of them exceeded the legal limits set by EC. Investigations for aflatoxin quantification and fungus contamination in more number of samples must be conducted to ensure safety of such kinds of food.
Influence of Some Processing Treatments and Storage on Different Properties of Tangerine Juice
Authors: Al-Jammaas Oday Hasan Ali , Saadallah Mead Waleed , Abd Abdullah Fakhri
Published: August 2023

The objective of this work was to study the influence of some processing treatments such as extraction method (centrifuging and squeezing), packaging material type (glass and PET bottles) on total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity, pH, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid value, and total soluble sugar value of tangerine juice during storage temperature as 4 °C and duration as 4 weeks. Significant increasing in the TSS of juice samples were found within all studied treatments. The changes in the total titratable acidity and pH values were significant when comparing among centrifugation and squeezing methods for extraction juices. Total phenolic content of juice samples significantly changed (p<0.05) during all storage weeks for all treatments. Tangerine juice samples extracted by squeezing method and packed in PET bottles had higher ascorbic acid value than that in other treatments at the end of storage time. On the 2nd week of storage the increasing in the total soluble sugar values was significant (p<0.05) for both T1 and T2, while the same finding was obtained in the 3rd and 4th weeks of storage of the juices subjected into T3 and T4.
The Effectiveness of a Bilayer from Gelatin and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Supported with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Microbial Load of Soft Cheese Storage at Refrigerator Temperature
Authors: Abed Alaa Safi , Thalij Karkaz M.
Published: August 2023

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Food Sciences - College of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit for the period from the beginning of November 2021 to the end of October 2022 with the aim of testing the efficiency of wrapping soft cheese samples with gelatin film compounded with carboxy methyl cellulose derivatives (CMC) or combined with nanoparticles of zinc oxide. (ZnO-NPs) by determining the microbial counts after storage of samples for 35 days in the refrigerator temperature (4 ºC ± 2). The results showed that cheese samples were contaminated with total microbial counts at 35 days of storage for each T2 and T3 at 1.30, 0.70, CFU/g, respectively, compared with their bacterial count in the control group at 14 days storage, which was at 2.60 CFU/g. The coliform bacteria also appeared in T2 and T3 at Log 0.7 and 0.3 CFU / g, respectively, compared with their counts in T1, at 2.51 CFU / g, while the fungi values of treatment T3, T2 were log 2.3 and 0.0 CFU/ g, respectively, compared to their counts in T1, which accounts to log 2.20 CFU /g at 14 days storage.
Effect of Rhizobacterein Bio Fertilizer, Nano-NPK and Nano-Micro Complete on some Parameters of Growth and Yield of Bean and Number of Bacteria in the Rhizosphere
Authors: Ali Maha Mohammed , Ghazal Rand Abdulhadi , Al-juthery Hayyawi W. A.
Published: August 2023

During the winter season 2021-2022, an experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul to study of effect of Rhizobacterein, Nano-NPK20:20:20, and Nano-Micro Complete fertilizers and time periods on the number of rhizosphere bacteria and some of the growth and yield parameters of bean. Using (Silt Loam) texture in Alhawi soil in Mosul region. The first factor contained nine treatments of (NPK20:20:20), (Micro Complete) nano-fertilizer, Rhizobacterein bio-fertilizer, dual and tri combination of them, In addition to a treatment containing conventional fertilizers, as well as a control. The second factor is the time periods (60, 90 and 120) days of cultivation using a complete random design (CRD) with three replications. On 24/11/2021, the seeds of the Italian-origin bean Luz cultivar were planted in polyethylene (10) kg of soil. Fertilizers were combined with the soil and added in two batches, the first after germination and the second 20 days later. For each time, the total number of bacteria and vegetative properties were counted. (60, 90, and 120) cultivation days. The results of the statistical analysis for the least significant difference (L.S.D0.05) showed superiority of the tri combination of fertilization (Nano-NPK+Nano-Micro complete+Rhzobacterein) for the period (120) days after planting in the chlorophyll index, fresh pods yield, and fresh plants yield (51.84 SPAD, 71.62 g plant−1, and 33.85 g plant−1) respectively, compared to the same combination of the traditional sources (49.2 SPAD, 62.86 g plant−1, and 24.72 g plant−1) for the same period, while the same trend was achieved with the total numbers of bacteria for the tri nano, bio fertilizers combination (6.93, 10.12, 5.03) (108) cfu g−1soil, compared to the tri traditional, bio fertilizers combination (5.14, 6.73, 4.59) (108) cfu g−1 soil, respectively for the periods (60, 90, and 120) days after of planting.
The Effect of Diesel Fuel Improvers on the Vibrations, Noise and Fuel Consumption of the Agricultural Tractor Engine During the Tillage Process
Authors: Awwad Ali A. , Hilal Yousif Y. , Rajab Raqeeb H.
Published: August 2023

The research aims to study the effect of the fuel type, plow types, and engine speeds on Tractor Seat Vibrations (TSV), Noise of Agricultural Tractors(NAT), and fuel consumption. The field experiments were conducted on an experimental farm in Al-Hamdaniya, Nineveh province, Iraq. The investigation was factorial, using a Randomized Complete Block Design with Split –Split plot Design. The trial site was divided into 18 treatments with three replications for each treatment; the length of the treatment was 180 meters, with an affixed depth of 25-30 cm. The three types of fuel type were placed in the main plot, the plow types in the secondary split plot, and the speed engine in the Split -Split plot. The results showed significant differences between the fuel, plows, and engine speeds in most studied traits. The triple interaction of the diesel without Additives and disk plow with speed engine 1500 rpm was significantly superior and recorded the lowest in the trait of TSV (2.605 m. s−2) and the characteristic of NAT (89.449 dB) while the highest value of fuel consumption (32.710 L. ha−1). The interaction of the diesel with Mannol super additives, disk plow, and speed 2000 rpm was recorded as the highest value of TSV (6.944 m.s−2). as well as the highest value of NAT (92.166 dB) at the interaction of the diesel without additives, disk plow and speed engine 2000 rpm. The lowest fuel consumption rate (25.307 L. ha−1) with a significant difference at the interaction of the diesel with Mannol super additives, moldboard plow, and speed engine 2000 rpm.
The Effect of Temperature and Calcium Cloride Extract on Zinc Desorption in Changed Calcareous Soils
Authors: Ramadhan Payizan Ihsan , Mehmedany Lazkeen Ahmed Merween
Published: August 2023

Zinc desorption studied for ten soils was variance in calcium carbonate, clay percent, and organic matter from Duhok province in the north of Iraq involved (Bamarny, Zawita Assih, Semeel, Kanimasi-1& 2, Khanke, Zakho, Batofa, and Faydi, locations). Soil testers after air dried up ground and filtered through a 2-mm sieve was taken to know the properties of the soils, zinc forms and desorption. Results showed the soluble, available, exchangeable and zinc total alternated among (0.29 - 0.94), (0.88 - 1.64), (1.71 - 2.05), and (12.25 - 56.15) mg.kg−1 one-to-one, Zn desorption raise with the raising of Zn added to research soils, extraction concentration CaCl2 from 0.1 to 1 molarity and temperature. Higher quantity of Zn release at 298K, was found in the soil of Kanimassi-1 (31.40 - 264.81) μg. g−1 at 0.1M, 1M CaCl2 extraction respectively, it may be owing to the high value of available phosphorus, CEC and organic matter and lower quantity of available-Zn and CaCO3. But the lowest amount observed in Faydi soil (14.10-118.69) μg. g−1. The high desorption of Zn at 321K, noted in Faydi soil between (50.50 - 421.00) μg. g−1 and low amount in Semeel soil between (26.35 - 222.10) μg.g−1 at 0.1 to 1M CaCl2 extraction respectively, designated Zn released more with increasing temperature. In general low quantity of Zn releases as of all researched soils causes to the great amount of CaCO3, quality and amount of clay minerals dominant that cause raise Zn bonding also low desorption from all studied soils. The effect of CaCl2 extraction concentration to increase Zn desorption was more than the effect of temperature in all soils.
Estimation of the Optimal Resource Mix for Breeding and Fattening Calves in the Northern Plain-Nineveh Governorate for the Year 2021
Authors: Farhan Ghadeer Ghanim , Ahmad Emad Abdulazeez , Aljreisy Mohammed Hamid Ahmed , Sultan Waleed Ibrahim
Published: August 2023

The research seeks to measure the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of the fields of breeding and fattening calves, and to determine the amount of resources that achieve the economic efficiency of the fields of specialized breeding and fattening calves, and then to estimate the surplus and deficit in both the quantity of concentrated, rough and green fodder, the value of veterinary medicines and the numbers of human labor force for one season. Technical efficiency according to the production function that the technical efficiency of the research sample fields reached an average of 90%, according to the cost function. The surplus percentage amounted to 47.8%, 3.77%, 16.14%, 3.03%, 55.64 and 61.05%, in the economic resources it amounted to each of the quantity of concentrated, rough and green fodder, the value of veterinary medicines and the number of human labor force for one season.
The Level of Application of Scientific Recommendations by Tomato Growers in Nimrud District
Authors: Kadhum Rayan Ryad , Hameed Ali Tariq
Published: August 2023

The study’s overarching goals are to (1) quantify the extent to which tomato farmers in Nimrud district follow scientific advice and (2) investigate the relationship between the extent to which farmers in Nimrud district follow scientific recommendations and certain explanatory variables. A total of (532) farmers from tomato farms in the Nimrud district participated in the study. By selecting a 25% random sample, 133 farmers were asked to participate in this study. In the first of a three-part questionnaire, we asked about demographics such respondent’s age, education level, and employment status, number of years of work in tomato cultivation, land area), while the second part included (51) items To measure the level of application using a triple scale, three alternatives were allocated (I apply to a large degree, I apply to a medium degree, I do not apply) and weights were determined for them (1, 2, 3) degrees, respectively, while the third portion covered (8) difficulties that hinder tomato farmers in Al-Nimrud district In-depth interviews were used to compile the data. Following that, the spss program was used to purge the data for statistical analysis. The results showed that 58% of the respondents had an average level of application. The results also showed that there was a substantial link between the independent variables (age, number of years of employment in tomato farming, land area) (age, number of years of work in tomato cultivation, land area). and the degree of application, whereas there is no significant association between academic attainment and the amount of application, and it was determined that the problem of high gasoline prices placed top with the greatest percentage (90.22). The researcher recommends to increase material and moral support for vegetable farmers from the Ministry of Agriculture and the General Company for Agricultural Supplies.
The Effect of the Electric Current Intensity and its Exposure Duration on the Germination Ratio and some Morphological Qualities of the Albizia Seedlings Albizia lebbek L. Benth
Authors: Idrees Mohammed Sameer , Omar Omar Mudhaffar
Published: August 2023

The results of exposing Albizia lebbeck seeds to Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth to the intensity of electric current and for a different period of exposure to a significant superiority when exposing the seeds to the intensity of an electric current 9A in the percentage of germination % Recipe for the height of seedlings, the diameter of the stem, the number of leaves and the wet and dry weight of the vegetative total compared to the comparison treatment, while the duration of exposure exceeded 9 minutes in the characteristic of the height of seedlings, as for the effect of bilateral overlap, the exposure of the seeds to the intensity of the electric current 9A for 9 minutes led to a significant superiority in the percentage of germination % Compared to the comparison treatment, the same treatment also gave a strong 9 for 9 minutes the highest increase in the trait of the rate of rise of seedlings, the diameter of the seedlings, the number of leaves, the wet and dry weight of the vegetative total compared to the comparison treatment that gave the lowest values. From the evidence of the results, we infer that the treatment with electric current led to an increase in the seed germination percentage and improved some of the vegetative growth qualities of the Albizia lebbek.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Nerium oleander in the Phytoremediation of Lead Pollution by using Humic Acid
Authors: Mustafa Muhand Kamal , Khudair Ammar Fakhri
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the lath house of the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture in the governorate of Kirkuk-Iraq for the period from 1/3/2022 to 1/9/2002, to evaluate the efficiency of N.Oleander L.Album Plenum in the phytoremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated soil by adding Humic acid with three levels (0,5,10) ml..pot−1 of soil directly, the design of the experiment used is R.C.B.D. The results of the mechanisms and indicators of the efficiency of the nerium oleander in the extraction of heavy metals showed that the oleander plant with the assistance of humic acid has a high ability to absorb and accumulate the lead element very effectively, and the concentration of 10 ml.pot−1 of humic increasing the concentration of the Pb in the shoot and root system (30.71, 16.83 PPM) respectively, however the concentration of lead in the control plants was (25.32 and 14.36 PPM) respectively. Translocation factor TF>1 for all humic concentrations (1.82, 1.88, 1.77), respectively, and this indicates the high ability of the oleander to absorb and accumulate heavy elements. The concentration of 10 ml.pot−1 of humic acid gave the highest value of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) 0.85, however it was 0.64 in the control plant. The concentration of 10 ml.pot−1 of humic was also superior in giving the highest value of the concentration index (CI), which ranged 1.27, and 1.06 in the control plant.
Seed Productivity of Natural Vegetation at UoD Campus as Affected by Mowing Frequency
Authors: Saleem Khalid Ismail , Mustafa Ahmed M. H. , Abdullah Khaleda Haji , Hambi Bilnd J. H. , Albaibony Direen J. M.
Published: August 2023

Since 2000, there has been a noticeable increase of overgrazing in Kurdistan region of Iraq, particularly in Duhok governorate, as a result of the widespread movement of livestock (sheep and goats) by animal breeders from the middle of Iraq, particularly from the Nineveh steppes, to graze in Kurdistan region constantly from early spring to late summer. In addition to local livestock, tens of thousands of animals contributed to increased grazing frequencies, overgrazing, and degradation of rangelands in countless and extensive patches. The occasional fires, droughts, and overgrazing over the past three decades have all contributed significantly to that same degradation of rangeland in Iraq, specifically in the Kurdistan region, by depleting the soil seed bank, which is the fundamental source of natural vegetation restoration. As a result, this study was carried out in the spring of 2016 in Duhok Governorate to ascertain the impact of mowing frequencies (as consequences of grazing) on the seeds productivity of natural vegetation cover (total seeds, grasses seeds, legumes seeds, and other seeds productivity), and to determine the appropriate mowing frequencies to improve vegetation cover and make rangelands more sustainable. Four treatments —no mowing, once, twice, and three times— with five replications in (RCBD) experiment were implemented. The findings showed that the productivity of all seeds declined as mowing was repeated (once, twice, and three times), with the exception of (other seeds group), whose productivity improved when mowed twice in comparison to once. Natural vegetation cover can be utilized (mowed) or grazed even twice if the plant growth season has not yet exceeded the middle stage.
Comparison Between Linear and Non-Linear Regression Models in the Prediction of the Height of Gall Oak Trees (Quercus infectoria Olive.) in Duhok Governorate
Authors: Salih Tariq K. , Saleem Glavesh Y. , Younis Abdulaziz J.
Published: August 2023

This study was conducted for two main purposes, the first one was to study the mathematical relationship between naturally growing gall oak trees in three microsites (Chamankey, Swaratoka, and Baroshky) in Dohuk Governorate and the second one was to compare the ability of linear and nonlinear regression models in height estimation. For such purposes, a sample of 152 trees was purposely selected from these microsites in such a way that they cover the whole variation of breast height diameter in these microsites. The STATGRAPHIC Centurion along with other computer facilities including Excel were used in estimating the parameters of 32 regression models for all microsites together. Many criteria for testing the performance ability of the developed regression equations in the prediction of the height of trees were used in order to select the most appropriate regression model for all microsites together. Screening of the generated models was performed in three stages; the first one is the use of mathematical analysis to see if they have biological limitations. The second stage is to see the performance ability of homogeneous models,(models with the same form of the dependent variable) in the prediction of the dependent variable. The last stage dealt with testing the performance ability of heterogeneous models, (models with different forms of the dependent variable) in the prediction of the dependent variable.
Determining Factors for Measuring the Benefits of Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Authors: Mohamed Hanan-Allah , Hashim Norfashiha , Yusuwan Norazian Mohamad
Published: August 2023

Studies related to measuring the benefits of BIM become a new sensation. However, the reported values are highly inconsistent as there are no standards to benchmark the benefits according to different returning values. This paper presents a critical review of various factors that may affect the benefits to be measured from BIM. The review of previous studies aims to propose a novel classification approach for BIM benefits as a theoretical basis for further validation. The objective of this study is to explore BIM benefit returning factors. A total of 17 sources from peer-reviewed journals and various grey literature are included in the review with no time limit. From the underlying theories of Benefit Realisation Management (BRM) and the Benefit Identification Model, it is found that there are several factors that can be used to determine and classify the benefits of BIM for measurement purposes. An ontology of Benefit Determining Factor is proposed consisting of four (4) main dimensions, namely project context, stakeholder, time, and type using thematic analysis. The result is an attempt to make a theoretical breakthrough that introduces the existence of various BIM benefit influencing factors into the body of knowledge. These factors will provide researchers and analysts greater insight into more accurate measurement of BIM outcomes.
Cultural Heritage Protection from Disaster Impacts: A Review of Global Disaster Risk Reduction Frameworks
Authors: Zin Norzaihan Mad , Ismail Farrah Zuhaira
Published: August 2023

Cultural heritage inheritance was a valuable asset passed down through many centuries. Nevertheless, the assets were in significant danger of suffering damage in the case of a disaster, which might have been caused by either naturally occurring or man-made risks. The fragility of the cultural heritage has not yet received sufficient protection from the massive disaster risk management that is being done all over the world, despite the frequency of natural disasters growing because of climate change. This paper aims to investigate whether or not the current methods of disaster risk reduction (DRR) are sufficient to protect cultural assets. The existing gap in the improvement of the inclusion of cultural heritage protection into the current disaster risk management was identified through a comparative study of already extant worldwide DRR frameworks. The protection of cultural assets receives less priority throughout the many components of the disaster risk management plan, according to an analysis of multiple DRR frameworks, including the most recent Sendai Framework 2015-2030.
Social Sustainability Initiatives (SSI) among Malaysian City Council: A Content Analysis of the Annual Report
Authors: Hamzah Nurul Faizah , Hasim Mohamad Sufian , Ariff Nor Rima Muhamad , Adnan Hamimah , Kaliwon Julaida
Published: August 2023

Social sustainability is one aspect that contributes to the balance of sustainability goals, and its activities could impact and affect the subjects’ matters, including people, organisations, and communities. However, despite the rising social issues, research on the social dimension of sustainability is limited and needs more analysis, especially the efforts taken by the local authorities. Thus, this triggers the discovery of local authorities’ social sustainability initiatives (SSI) practices, mainly city council. This study aims to provide a benchmark on Social Sustainability Initiatives (SSI) currently practised by Malaysian City Councils. This study’s objectives are to identify the city councils’ SSI practices from the annual report; the SSI disclosed in annual report by determining the most prominent SSI practices among local authorities. Thus, this research adopted a qualitative method using the content analysis technique. The annual reports for the years 2018, 2019 and 2022 were used for this study for the respective City Councils. As a result, it was discovered that only ten (10) SSI themes through 39 initiatives were practised, with 14 most prominent SSIs determined. Hence, the Malaysia Local Authority has shown a commitment to preserving and protecting social sustainability and demands more promotion on what Malaysia City Councils have done in promoting sustainability.
Subjective Assessment of Light Environment Quality based on Human-centric Lighting
Authors: Vidiyanti C , Wonorahardjo S
Published: August 2023

The light environment quality, in general, can be assessed from various metrics of that have been made by standard institutions such as the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), or the International WELL Building Institute. However, the development of research in the field of lighting has shifted from focusing on visual quality and energy to Human-Centric Lighting (HCL). HCL requires an assessment metric to measure quality from the subjective point of view of occupants. There are two types of subjective judgments in light environment quality research, that are subjective judgments for post-experiment conditions and subjective judgments for pre & post-experiment conditions. Subjective assessment of the light environment quality based on Human-centric Lighting can be divided into three categories, that are visual, emotional and biological assessments. For the subjective assessment instrument of the visual category, researchers can use the glare sensation assessment standard. Meanwhile, for the assessment of the light environment quality from the emotional category, there is no specific standard. And for assessing the light environment quality from the biological category, researchers can use commonly used assessment standards, such as the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). For an assessment category that does not have a standard, the researcher can arrange a research instrument from the results of the literature review and adapt it to the conditions of the research study object.
Virtual Reality (VR) - The Effectiveness in Interior Architecture Technical Drafting
Authors: Ruslan Faiq Amirul , Mahamarowi Noor Hafizah , Mustapha Safinaz , Aman Fadhilah Binti
Published: August 2023

Technical drafting knew as drafting in detailed drawing. It is essential for communicating ideas in the industry by using familiar symbols, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layouts using Virtual Reality (VR). Interior Architecture students spend most of their time creating those physical models or digital models instead of creating and developing ideas. However, lack of research and knowledge on technical drawing is one of the reasons that hard to understand and explore for the beginner level student. This research aims to develop a new interactive virtual reality application that can be used in beginner-level technical drafting. Therefore, this project uses the ADDIE model to develop the application and collect data at the early and final stages. This study concludes that virtual reality applications for technical drafting can guide and become a source of information for students understanding technical drafting and developing space planning in interior architecture.
Sustainable architectural design features of Negeri Sembilan Malay houses: an analysis of indoor thermal comfort
Authors: Hassin N S F N , Misni A
Published: August 2023

To manage indoor thermal comfort, artificial cooling, such as air-conditioners, has mainly substituted natural ventilation. However, research indicates that the occupants’ well-being is negatively impacted due to disagreeable ventilation systems. To acquire ideal indoor conditions, it is essential to comprehend environmental elements, such as building design and context. In Malaysia, traditional Malay houses (TMH) were built in hot-humid tropical climates to provide maximum thermal comfort via natural ventilation. Thus, this study aims to analyse the thermal comfort of rumah berserambi dua dan beranjung (RBDB) in Negeri Sembilan. The assessment employed the predictive static model (PS) by measuring the indoor thermal environment and evaluating it using the ACS by ASHRAE 55. ACS shows that Δt
o of anjung and serambi was still within 80% of acceptability limits whereas rumah ibu and rumah tengah are lower than 80%. This study identified that the design strategy at anjung and serambi, can be characterized as sustainable design which can adapt to the local current tropical climate. The finding revealed three sustainable design features of RBDB that primarily affect indoor thermal comfort: fenestration systems, open yard areas and vegetation, and building orientation. This aspires to offer beneficial insights into sensible climatic design approaches in a TMH.