bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi-active accumulator absorbing pressure pulsation in high-pressure water-jet propulsion system
Authors: Luo X , Shi Z , Hu J , Niu Z
Published: July 2011

Large-capacity and high-pressure plunger water-pump is often used as power supply in high-pressure water-jet propulsion system (HWPS). Generally, the flow pulsation and pressure pulsation generated in the working process of HWPS is absorbed by a passive accumulator. If work condition of HWPS changes, the function of passive accumulator absorbing pressure pulsation will weaken. In order to solve this problem, the mathematical model of passive accumulator was established; then, the ability of passive accumulator absorbing pressure pulsation was theoretically analysed when rotation speed of the water-pump and steady-state pressure of HWPS changed. Thereafter, a semi-active accumulator was advanced on the basis of the analytical theory. In order to get the best effect of absorbing pressure pulsation, the semi-active accumulator employed the messages of HWPS pressure and the water-pump rotation speed to regulate the cross-sectional area of its anterior pipeline, thereby to alter its natural frequency. Results of simulation and experiment revealed that pressure pulsation was absorbed better by semi-active accumulator than by passive accumulator when the rotation speed and steady-state pressure changed.
Reliability sensitivity based on first-order reliability method
Authors: Yanfang Z , Yanlin Z , Yimin Z
Published: July 2011

A new efficient and accurate method for reliability sensitivity analysis of mechanical components is proposed based on the first-order reliability method (FORM). This method provides very close approximate solutions for strongly non-linear limit state functions with independent normal random variables. But most probable point should be searched at first. Three methods are presented and investigated for reliability-based sensitivity analysis. They are, respectively, based on three different reliability analysis methods which are mean-value first-order reliability method, Monte Carlo method, and FORM. Numerical results of the three methods are calculated out by three examples. The accuracy and efficiency of the new method are demonstrated by the comparison of the numerical results.
Reduced stress shielding with limited micromotions using a carbon fibre composite biomimetic hip stem: a finite element model
Authors: Caouette C , Yahia L’H , Bureau M N
Published: July 2011

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) enjoys excellent rates of success in older patients, but younger patients are still at risk of aseptic loosening and bone resorption from stress shielding. One solution to the stress shielding problem is to use a hip stem with mechanical properties matching those of cortical bone. The objective of the present study was to investigate numerically the biomechanical performance of such a biomimetic hip stem based on a hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated carbon fibre composite. A finite element model (FEM) of the biomimetic stem was constructed. Contact elements were studied to model the bone–implant interface in a non-osseointegrated and osseointegrated state in the best way. Three static load cases representing slow walking, stair climbing, and gait in a healthy individual were considered. Stress shielding and bone–implant interface micromotions were evaluated and compared with the results of a similar FEM based on titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V). The composite stems allowed for reduced stress shielding when compared with a traditional Ti–6Al–4V stem. Micromotions were slightly higher with the composite stem, but remained below 40 μm on most of the HA-coated surface. It is concluded that a biomimetic composite stem might offer a better compromise between stress shielding and micromotions than the Ti–6Al–4V stem with the same external geometry.
The biomechanics of plate fixation of periprosthetic femoral fractures near the tip of a total hip implant: cables, screws, or both?
Authors: Shah S , Kim S Y R , Dubov A , Schemitsch E H , Bougherara H , Zdero R
Published: July 2011

Femoral shaft fractures after total hip arthroplasty (THA) remain a serious problem, since there is no optimal surgical repair method. Virtually all studies that examined surgical repair methods have done so clinically or experimentally. The present study assessed injury patterns computationally by developing three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models that were validated experimentally. The investigation evaluated three different constructs for the fixation of Vancouver B1 periprosthetic femoral shaft fractures following THA. Experimentally, three bone plate repair methods were applied to a synthetic femur with a 5 mm fracture gap near the tip of a total hip implant. Repair methods were identical distal to the fracture gap, but used cables only (construct A), screws only (construct B), or cables plus screws (construct C) proximal to the fracture gap. Specimens were oriented in 15° adduction to simulate the single-legged stance phase of walking, subjected to 1000 N of axial force, and instrumented with strain gauges. Computationally, a linearly elastic and isotropic 3D FE model was developed to mimic experiments. Results showed excellent agreement between experimental and FE strains, yielding a Pearson linearity coefficient, R2, of 0.92 and a slope for the line of best data fit of 1.06. FE-computed axial stiffnesses were 768 N/mm (construct A), 1023 N/mm (construct B), and 1102 N/mm (construct C). FE surfaces stress maps for cortical bone showed Von Mises stresses, excluding peaks, of 0–8 MPa (construct A), 0–15 MPa (construct B), and 0–20 MPa (construct C). Cables absorbed the majority of load, followed by the plates and then the screws. Construct A yielded peak stress at one of the empty holes in the plate. Constructs B and C had similar bone stress patterns, and can achieve optimal fixation.
Effect of side holes in cervical fusion cages: a finite element analysis study
Authors: Aslani F J , Hukins D W L , Shepherd D E T
Published: July 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of side holes on the predicted von Mises stress levels in cervical spinal fusion cages subjected to compressive loading. Models with between zero and ten side holes were developed. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate compression of the cage, made from the polymer PEEK (polyetheretherketone), between two adjacent vertebrae. The analyses were validated by experimental tests. In all of the models, the von Mises stress was highest at the cage–vertebrae interface with peak stresses of between 14 and 18 MPa. Increasing the Young’s modulus of the vertebrae from 12 to 30 GPa increased the peak stress on average by 29 per cent. The stresses in the models were lower than the compressive strength of PEEK (118 MPa), and are well within the PEEK fatigue strength reported (60 MPa at 10 million cycles). This study suggests that the number of side holes had a negligible effect on the stress distribution within the cage; the stress magnitudes were fairly constant across all of the models and did not change substantially with the number of holes. Hence, a cervical cage with side holes is unlikely to fail in compression.
Age- and gender-related long-term renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Hsu C-Y , Chiu W-C , Yang T-S , Chen C-J , Chen Y-C , Lai H-M , Yu S-F , Su Y-J , Cheng T-T
Published: July 2011

Objective: To investigate age- and gender-related long-term renal outcome in patients with lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods: This is a retrospective, chart review study of patients with LN at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, between January 1986 and June 2004. All had undergone a renal biopsy that showed LN. The end point of outcome was chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), which was defined as ‘doubling of baseline serum creatinine lasting for at least 6 months with a value at least 2 mg/dl.’ The patients were categorized by age tertiles and gender. A 5-year survival curve was constructed to study the effect of age and gender on the outcome.

Results: In total, 121 sets of patient data were evaluated. The study group included 104 women and 17 men. Of the study patients, 26 (21%) developed CRI after 5 years of follow-up. There was no significant difference among age groups in developing CRI ( p = 0.23). In terms of gender, men had worse long-term renal outcome ( p = 0.004) than women.

Conclusions: The long-term renal outcome of the LN patients did not differ among age groups, but was worse in men.
The Irish Landed Class and the British Army, 1850-1950
Authors: Perry Nicholas
Published: July 2011

The Irish landed class in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries played a very prominent role in the officer corps of all three British armed services, particularly the army. There exists, however, no systematic examination of the background of these officers or the scale of the Irish gentry’s military involvement during what was a politically turbulent period in Ireland. This article, based on an analysis of over 1000 Irish landed families, looks at the number of men from these families commissioned between 1850 and 1950; where they came from, socially and geographically; the regiments they joined; and the impact on them of the two world wars.
Sir Gerald Campbell and the British High Commission in Wartime Ottawa, 1938-1940
Authors: Fedorowich Kent
Published: July 2011

In 1938 Sir Gerald Campbell arrived in Ottawa to take up the position as the United Kingdom’s high commissioner. Not much has been written about the man or his period in office (1938—41). Indeed, the sketchy and simplistic assessments of Campbell, which historians on both sides of the Atlantic have relied on for more than four decades, are seriously flawed and out of date. Using the fraught negotiations of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan as a backcloth, and in the light of the rich archival material now available, the article seeks to redress and revise the hitherto poor assessment of Campbell’s performance as Britain’s third high commissioner in Canada. Far from being a weak or second-rate official who was constantly being manipulated by the wily and politically savvy dominion premier W.L. Mackenzie King, Campbell proved more than equal to the challenge. However, this analysis is not simply an examination of the personal and professional relationships between Campbell and Mackenzie King. An examination of Campbell’s career in Canada provides an important insight into the ever-changing relationship between Britain and its increasingly restless dominion partners, which overlapped with a critical period of the Second World War when Britain and its empire stood virtually alone against the Axis powers.
Association of Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Postoperative Outcomes After Endovascular Aortic Repair
Authors: Argalious Maged Y. , Dalton Jarrod E. , Mascha Edward J. , Cywinski Jacek B. , Clair Daniel G.
Published: July 2011

Background. Several studies have documented worse postoperative outcomes in patients who received red blood cell (RBC) transfusion perioperatively during cardiac surgery or in critical care settings. These findings were attributed to activation of the inflammatory response with the release of cytokines and immune suppression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of RBC transfusion on the day of surgery and postoperative outcomes following endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). Methods. A total of 510 patients who underwent EVAR from April 2005 to March 2007 were considered for analysis. The exposure of interest was whether or not patients receive RBC transfusion on the day of surgery. The primary outcome was a composite in-hospital morbidity/mortality outcome. The authors assessed the association between RBC transfusion and our composite outcome using logistic regression after adjusting for the available potential confounders using propensity score matching. Results. Propensity scores were estimated for 418 out of the 510 patients; 92 patients were not included because of missing data. Propensity matching resulted in 42 successfully matched pairs. Median (quartiles) propensity score was 0.46 (0.28, 0.66) for the matched patients with transfusion and 0.46 (0.29, 0.61) for the matched patients without transfusion (P = .75, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Results of the multivariable model developed after propensity score matching suggest that RBC transfusion was not significantly associated with experiencing a postoperative complication; estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.7 (0.8, 9.0), P = .11. Conclusion. In this study, RBC transfusion was not independently associated with an increased incidence of in-hospital morbidity and mortality after EVAR.
Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography and Ventricular Assist Device Insertion
Authors: Sheinberg Rosanne , Brady Mary Beth , Mitter Nanhi
Published: July 2011

A decade after cardiac surgery was established, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was developed and used to evaluate perioperative cardiac performance. It has become an invaluable tool to provide real-time information in the cardiac operating room. TEE provides practical and useful information prior to insertion as well as after placement of the device. Additionally, during episodes of device malfunction or hemodynamic instability, TEE can be extremely useful in defining the etiology of the problem. As ventricular assist devices (VADs) have undergone evolution in design and as more VADs are being implanted, the development of specific indications for TEE use during device placement is a relevant issue. Formal guidelines for use of TEE during VAD insertion are yet to be adopted or implemented, but for now TEE remains an essential tool for managing this patient population.
Maternal and Umbilical Artery Cortisol at Birth
Authors: Bell Aleeca F. , White-Traut Rosemary , Wang Edward C. , Schwertz Dorie
Published: July 2011

Background: Newborn alertness soon after birth facilitates mother–infant interaction and may be related to umbilical cortisol levels. Yet, little is known about whether epidural analgesia influences umbilical cortisol at birth. Aim: The aims of this study were to explore relationships between exposure to epidural analgesia and maternal and umbilical cortisol; maternal and umbilical cortisol levels at birth; and umbilical cortisol and infant alertness after birth. Method: Forty women were self-selected to unmedicated or epidural labors in this pilot study. Maternal saliva and infant umbilical artery (UA) plasma at birth were enzyme immunoassayed for cortisol. Infant alertness was assessed nearly 1 hr after birth. Results: Maternal cortisol was higher in the unmedicated versus epidural group ( p = .003). Umbilical cortisol was not related to epidural analgesia exposure but was related to duration of labor (higher cortisol with longer labors; p = .026). Maternal cortisol level explained 55% of the variance in umbilical cortisol in the unmedicated group ( p = .002), but there was no significant shared variance in the epidural sample ( p = .776). There was a positive correlation ( r2 = .17, p = .008) between umbilical cortisol and infant alertness. Latina infants demonstrated a higher frequency of alertness than Black infants. In multivariate analysis, umbilical cortisol ( p = .049) and race/ethnicity ( p = .024) remained significant predictors of infant alertness. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that higher umbilical cortisol is related to greater infant alertness soon after birth. While epidural analgesia did not directly relate to infant cortisol, other factors contributed to higher umbilical cortisol.
Free-Riding on Power Laws: questioning the validity of the Impact Factor as a measure of research quality in organization studies
Authors: Baum Joel A. C.
Published: July 2011

The simplicity and apparent objectivity of the Institute for Scientific Information’s Impact Factor has resulted in its widespread use to assess the quality of organization studies journals and by extension the impact of the articles they publish and the achievements of their authors. After describing how such uses of the Impact Factor can distort both researcher and editorial behavior to the detriment of the field, I show how extreme variability in article citedness permits the vast majority of articles— and journals themselves—to free-ride on a small number of highly-cited articles. I conclude that the Impact Factor has little credibility as a proxy for the quality of either organization studies journals or the articles they publish, resulting in attributions of journal or article quality that are incorrect as much or more than half the time. The clear implication is that we need to cease our reliance on such a non-scientific, quantitative characterization to evaluate the quality of our work.
Journal list fetishism and the perversion of scholarship: reactivity and the ABS list
Authors: Willmott Hugh
Published: July 2011

The case for using academic journals lists is critically scrutinised. An effect of their use, it argued, is to stifle diversity and constrict scholarly innovation. A monoculture is fostered in which a preoccupation with shoehorning research into a form prized by elite, US-oriented journals overrides a concern to maintain and enrich the diversity of topics, the range of methods and the plurality of perspectives engaged in business and management research. Use of a particular journal list, such as the one prepared by the Association of Business Schools (ABS), can come to dominate the scholarly terrain of a particular discipline with consequences that can be damaging to funding as well as to research culture.
The use and abuse of journal quality lists
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Harvey Charles , Kelly Aidan , Morris Huw
Published: July 2011

The ABS list is one of the most widely used journal quality lists available. It is pluralistic and comprehensive, and is widely seen as capturing the consensus in relation to journal ratings. As editors of the ABS list we are concerned at recent calls for a moratorium, or even the abolition of journal quality lists. These calls reinforce the elitist view that the tacit knowledge of where to publish should not be made explicit in lists.
Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning
Authors: Vergeer Maurice , Hermans Liesbeth , Sams Steven
Published: July 2011

This study explores how candidates running for the European Parliament (EP) in 2009 used micro-blogging and online social networks – in this case Twitter ( www.twitter.com ) in the early stage of its adoption – to communicate and connect with citizens. Micro-blogging in general, and Twitter in particular, is one of the new and popular Web 2.0 applications, yet there has been little research focusing on the use of Twitter by politicians. After reviewing different types of campaigning strategies and introducing a new and distinct strategy, this descriptive and exploratory study focuses on political candidates' use of micro-blogging and online social networking (i.e. Twitter) from a longitudinal, social network, and ideological perspective. The results clearly show that most candidates in 2009 still used Twitter reluctantly. Those who used Twitter did so predominantly for electoral campaigning and only sparingly for continuous campaigning. Candidates from progressive parties are the most active users of Twitter as a campaigning tool, whereas conservatives are virtually absent online. Although candidates' first degree networks are still relatively small and unconnected, their second degree networks are quite extensive. Candidates from parties in opposition have more extensive first degree networks than those from ruling parties. Candidates from fringe parties show small online networks.
Justice and journalism: Islam and journalistic values in Indonesia and Malaysia
Authors: Steele Janet
Published: July 2011

As the Global War on Terror has prompted new interest in Islam in Southeast Asia, western governments have scrambled to engage with Muslim journalists in Indonesia and Malaysia. Despite this attention, surprisingly little is known about how journalists in these two majority Muslim countries actually think about the work they do. This article draws on a series of semi-structured interviews with elite journalists in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Kuala Lumpur to provide some preliminary explorations of the relationship between Islam and journalism in Southeast Asia. It argues that Muslim journalists in both Indonesia and Malaysia express the universal values of journalism, but do so within an Islamic idiom. It concludes with a discussion of justice as the overarching ideology of journalism in Islam, and a comment on how western diplomats might use the language of Islam to reach out to journalists in these two majority Muslim countries.
The political phenomenology of war reporting
Authors: Markham Tim
Published: July 2011

Drawing on interviews with war correspondents, editors and political and military personnel, this article investigates the political dimension of the structuration and structuring effects of the reporter’s experience of journalism. Self-reflection and judgements about colleagues confirm that there are dominant norms for interpreting and acting in conflict scenarios which, while contingent upon socio-historical context, are interpreted as natural. But the prevalence of such codes masks the systematically misrecognized symbolic systems of mystification and ambivalence — systems which reproduce hierarchies and gatekeeping structures in the field, but which are either experienced as unremarkable, dismissed with irony and cynicism, or not present to the consciousness of the war correspondent. The article builds on recent theories of journalistic disposition, ideology, discourse and professionalism, and describes the political dimension of journalistic practice perceived in the field as apolitical. It addresses the gendering of war correspondence, the rise of the journalist as moral authority, and questions the extent to which respondent reflections can be defensibly analytically determined.
Media and the Arab uprisings of 2011: Research notes
Authors: Cottle Simon
Published: July 2011

In the opening months of 2011 the world witnessed a series of tumultuous events in North Africa and the Middle East that soon became known as the Arab uprisings. What is striking about them is not only their historical momentousness and stunning speed of succession across so many countries, but also the different ways in which media and communications became inextricably infused inside them. Indeed some have been so bold as to label them as the ‘Twitter Revolutions’ or ‘Facebook Revolutions.’ This, however, does less than justice to the media complexities involved. This essay sets out to capture something of the broader, overlapping and interpenetrating ways in which media systems and communication networks have complexly conditioned and facilitated these remarkable historical events and communicated them around the world. In this way it aims to broaden the frame of reference for future in-depth, scholarly research.
Development and calibration of an enhanced quasi-dimensional combustion model for HSDI diesel engines
Authors: Perini F , Mattarelli E
Published: July 2011

The paper describes the development and validation of a quasi-dimensional combustion model, applicable to any type of high-speed direct-injection (HSDI) diesel engines. In this model, the fundamental in-cylinder processes are taken into account, including turbulence, fuel injection, spray dynamics, ignition, and combustion. In comparison with similar models presented in the literature, a more physical description of average in-cylinder turbulence properties and their interaction with spray dynamics is introduced, as well as a detailed modelling of fuel jet wall impingement. Some experimental measures available in the literature and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were considered to calibrate the modelling parameters. These improved sub-models make results accuracy less dependent on the calibration carried out on each engine, so that the same parameter setting can be successfully applied to different combustion chamber configurations. The model was first applied to a small HSDI turbocharged diesel engine. The specific calibration was supported by both experimental and simulation results, the latest being obtained from the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics analyses. Then, a different diesel engine was simulated, adopting the same set-up of the model parameters. For both engines, the comparison between experiments and simulation showed a very good agreement in terms of in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates, as well as of average in-cylinder turbulence properties. It is worth mentioning that the two engines had a quite different unit displacement, i.e. 312 and 697 cm3, respectively. As a conclusion, this model was demonstrated to be a reliable tool for addressing the optimization of the main engine design parameters, such as injection rates and timings, combustion chamber base geometry, and so forth.
Explaining Game-to-Game Ticket Sales for Major League Baseball Games Over Time
Authors: Beckman Elise M. , Cai Wenqiang , Esrock Rebecca M. , Lemke Robert J.
Published: July 2011

Using data from more than 10,000 games from 1985 through 2009, the authors estimate the effect various factors have on attendance at Major League Baseball (MLB) games. As previously found in the literature, interleague and interleague rivalry contests are associated with higher attendances, but this relationship has been weakening over time. Contrary to some of the literature, the authors find that the likelihood the home team will win the contest is inconsistently estimated over time, lending little support for the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. Generally the effect on ticket sales from many potential factors has generally been weakening over time.
How to Make Soccer More Attractive? Rewards for a Victory, the Teams' Offensiveness, and the Home Bias
Authors: Dewenter Ralf , Namini Julian Emami
Published: July 2011

How do the rewards for a victory influence the soccer teams' offensiveness? The authors argue that a “home bias” induces the home team to play excessively offensively, in the sense that the home team does not maximize the tangible returns from a match. When the rewards for a victory are increased, the opportunity costs of playing excessively offensively rise, so that the home team chooses a more defensive playing style. Therefore, an increase in the rewards for a victory leads to the counterintuitive result of a more defensive soccer match if the home bias is sufficiently strong and if the levels of offensiveness of the teams are strategic substitutes. The authors test their theoretical hypotheses with data on the German soccer premier league. If the home bias is proxied for by the number of spectators relative to the stadium capacity, the authors find support for the theoretical predictions. The results have implications for the design of soccer competitions.
Banked Depopulated Vena Caval Homograft
Authors: Di Benedetto Fabrizio , D’Amico Giuseppe , Montalti Roberto , Ballarin Roberto , Tarantino Giuseppe , Pecchi Annarita , Gerunda Giorgio E.
Published: July 2011

This study reports one case of primary inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcoma. A 67-year-old woman was referred to the authors’ clinic for evaluation. She presented complaining of epigastric and right upper abdominal quadrant pain. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 5.2 × 6.4 cm heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the anteromedial aspect of the IVC, below the renal vein (segment I), deforming the duodenum. There was a partial intraluminal extension in the IVC. Laparotomic resection was performed, with total en bloc excision of the lower IVC tumor. The caval continuity was restored with concomitant interposition of a banked depopulated vena cava homograft. Histological findings showed leiomyosarcoma originating from IVC. The postoperative course was uneventful: Neither recurrence nor metastasis was evident at 4 years postsurgery.
Structuration of Information Control in China
Authors: Liu Serena
Published: July 2011

This article analyses information censorship in China. It adopts a theoretical approach which perceives rules and resources as the rudimentary elements that constitute social action and comprise social systems. The rules concerning market formation, technological progress and social stability of the most resourceful state elite dominate the information subsystem. Market rules and technology rules result in information growth, but this is controlled to a degree acceptable to the elite through stability rules. Foreign and domestic media corporations adhere to stability rules, which is not conducive to information dissemination. Media workers tend to follow stability rules and contribute to information restriction. Although they increasingly draw on rules regarding professionalism, many seek to balance these with stability rules in order not to lose access to information. Those who disregard stability rules truly promote information freedom.
True School: Situational Authenticity in Chicago’s Hip-Hop Underground
Authors: Harkness Geoff
Published: July 2011

How do outsiders negotiate participation within a subculture when they are deemed inauthentic by that subculture’s insiders? To explore this question, I examine the underground hip-hop scene in Chicago. The insiders are black and Latino, male rappers from the city’s urban core. The outsiders are white, female, and/or suburban rappers, who want to participate in hip-hop culture, but are deemed inauthentic by insiders. I demonstrate how, through cultural practices and a rhetoric of authenticity, the conditions that govern ‘realness’ and ‘fakeness’ are continually reshaped, on the basis of context. Exploring how this boundary work is utilized to create, maintain, and occasionally traverse race, gender, and class-based cultural boundaries, I underscore the flexible and varied uses of the authentic, a conceptual framework I label situational authenticity.
Guides through Cultural Work: A Methodological Framework for the Study of Cultural Intermediaries
Authors: Wynn Jonathan R.
Published: July 2011

Through their work, walking tour guides make the abstract histories and cultural flows of cities present and tangible for their followers – merging physical spaces, mental maps of information, and experiences through a kind of spatial storytelling. This social actor’s position in regard to consumption and production thus lends itself to conceptualization as a pivotal cultural worker. To better understand this condition, this article has two interrelated goals: first, to raise the importance of Bourdieu’s ‘cultural intermediary’ and the practice of spatial narratives as concerns for the study of culture, and, second, to refit Wendy Griswold’s (1987a) 1987 framework for a sociology of culture in order to better suit social actors located within a ‘circuit of culture’. Through the study of walking guides, this article places Bourdieu’s provocative concept in dialogue with a clear epistemological framework.
Cosmopolitan Education and Cultural Citizenship: A Critical European Perspective
Authors: Stevenson Nick
Published: July 2011

This article seeks to investigate which kind of educational ethos would be most appropriate for a cosmopolitan Europe. It rejects the idea of the world citizen and narrow forms of nationalism for a genuinely European cosmopolitanism that seeks to learn the lessons of Europe’s often violent past while seeking to develop an education that is implicitly concerned with questions of democracy and human rights in its contents as well as its practice. Drawing on critical debates that inform the work of Adorno, Giroux, Levinas, Nussbaum and others, the article seeks to uncover the necessary ambivalences in a educative practice that is fearful of silencing the Other and cancelling complex pedagogic relationships, while at the same time wishing to uphold democratic versions of citizenship.
Maintenance best practice and recent research
Authors: Fleming P
Published: July 2011

This paper sets out to capture the recent discussions on maintenance ‘best practice’ for artificial turf surfaces and some related research. The information presented comes partly from a seminar in 2009, providing a mix of quantitative and qualitative information and opinions from a range of contributors both academic and industrial organized by the research network SportSURF (based at Loughborough University), and is supplemented with a case study of practices at Loughborough University on three different outdoor synthetic surfaces. The best practice information is further enhanced with recent research findings from a study investigating damage to artificial carpet fibres caused by power brushing.

The outcomes of the maintenance seminar showed a good consensus for aspects of the most relevant type and frequency of maintenance tasks, with a useful rule of thumb for pitch managers of one hour of maintenance for every 10 hours of use of the surface system. Maintenance costs for artificial turf has traditionally been marketed as being ‘low’, but the data show costs per annum should be expected to be similar to natural turf but when expressed as a cost ‘per hour of use’ then the relative cost to be much lower for artificial turf than natural turf. Damage caused by power brushing, from a short laboratory study, was found to be minimal in terms of fibre splits or breaks for three (standard) brush systems of varying stiffness and for three different carpet systems (both sand and rubber infill systems).

This paper collectively provides an advance in the knowledge and debate for the specialist practice of artificial surface maintenance, currently under-researched and poorly disseminated.
Examining the Preconditions for Psychological Group Membership
Authors: Platow Michael J. , Grace Diana M. , Smithson Michael J.
Published: July 2011

A fundamental question of social psychology centers on the nature and definition of social groups. The authors address this question by examining preconditions of psychological group membership. Participants were either socially categorized into minimal groups or had their personal identities made salient. They then responded to a series of measures designed to generate a perceived 2 × 2 outcome matrix. Following Thibaut and Kelley’s interdependence theory, participants' outcome matrices were decomposed to identify potential patterns of independence, dependence, and interdependence. Perceived interdependence emerged under social categorization but not personal identity salience conditions. These data demonstrate that perceived interdependence can be an outcome of social categorization. Social categorization can, thus, be understood to be the minimal requirement for psychological group formation, even if one sees interdependence as the essential defining feature of social groups.
Enhancing the efficiency of a die casting process using scrap recycling and ingot adjustment
Authors: Park Y K , Yang J-M
Published: July 2011

The linear programming (LP) model for optimizing the average efficiency of molten alloy is a comprehensive yet simple tool for scheduling a die casting process in real foundries. In this paper, the authors present a heuristic algorithm for a post-optimization scheme to further enhance the efficiency of a scheduling result obtained by LP. The proposed scheme is motivated by the unique property of casting operations that raw material or alloy is provided as a set of solid-state ingots with a discrete size, and scrap is cut off from a solidified casting and recycled with a constant rate. This scheme adjusts the number of ingots to be melted by calculating a priori the amount of castings per melting furnace and by recycling scrap left in the previous casting shifts. A case study using practical data from a real foundry demonstrates the applicability and confirms the enhanced efficiency of the proposed scheduling mechanism and adjustment scheme.
Is geography the eye of (pre-modern) history? Looking back at and looking through medieval geographies
Authors: Dora Veronica della
Published: July 2011

This commentary responds to Lilley's (2011) provocative suggestion to move away from periodizing geography and think instead in terms of spatial perceptions and representations across and within certain spatial and temporal contexts. In particular, it problematizes equations between medieval geographies and western or pre-modern geographies. It does so by situating western medieval geographies side by side other ‘pre-modern’ histories, and by considering medieval spatial perceptions as an alternative lens for looking at the world and at our discipline.
Telling a new story of pre-modern geography
Authors: Lozovsky Natalia
Published: July 2011

In his article ‘Geography's medieval history: A neglected enterprise?’, Keith Lilley (2011) raises important questions about the place of medieval geography in contemporary scholarship, and his analysis has broad ramifications. The lack of interest in medieval geography among modern geographers that Lilley discusses reflects the widespread lack of appreciation for premodern sciences, shared by modern scholars and general audiences. Historians are in large part responsible for this situation. While their studies have transformed the field of medieval geography, the results largely remain unknown to broader audiences, who still have to rely on old and outdated interpretations. Historians thus face the challenge of bridging the communication gap and, in collaboration with geographers, exploring the nature, development, and relevance of medieval geography both in its historical context and in its relation to the present discipline. A new history of medieval geography that would take into account current methodologies and factual discoveries would also contribute to our understanding of other neglected premodern sciences.
The challenge of application
Authors: Gleeson Brendan
Published: July 2011

Woods and Gardner (2011) open debate on the challenge of policy application by geographers. Their contribution begs extension to consider the shifting multi-scalar forces that condition the application of scholarship. These include both endogenous and exogenous influences. The former have evolved swiftly in recent decades with the rise of managerialism in the higher education sectors of western nations. Most recently the emergence and implementation of national research assessment frames has provided a powerful conditioning force around applied scholarship. The liberal view of the independent scholar is deeply problematised by these influences. The role of the contemporary public intellectual exposes these problems and bears more discussion than has been the case up to now.
Applied policy research and critical human geography
Authors: Ward Kevin
Published: July 2011

The interest amongst human geographers of different theoretical stripes in the discipline’s relationship with publics other than fellow academics and students shows little sign of abating. The article by Woods and Gardner (2011) is a thoughtful contribution to what is a large and still expanding literature on the ‘impact’ and ‘relevance’ of human geography. It offers us some interesting insights into how working within an existing governmental system does not have to foreclose critical scholarship. Nevertheless, this commentary uses this article to ask some wider questions of what we think we know about human geography and its use by those beyond universities.
Type I-IFNs control GVHD and GVL responses after transplantation
Authors: Robb Renee J. , Kreijveld Ellen , Kuns Rachel D. , Wilson Yana A. , Olver Stuart D. , Don Alistair L. J. , Raffelt Neil C. , De Weerd Nicole A. , Lineburg Katie E. , Varelias Antiopi , Markey Kate A. , Koyama Motoko , Clouston Andrew D. , Hertzog Paul J. , MacDonald Kelli P. A. , Hill Geoffrey R.
Published: July 2011

Although the effects of type II-IFN (IFN-γ) on GVHD and leukemia relapse are well studied, the effects of type I-interferon (type I-IFN, IFN-α/β) remain unclear. We investigated this using type I-IFN receptor-deficient mice and exogenous IFN-α administration in established models of GVHD and GVL. Type I-IFN signaling in host tissue prevented severe colon-targeted GVHD in CD4-dependent models of GVHD directed toward either major histocompatibility antigens or multiple minor histocompatibility antigens. This protection was the result of suppression of donor CD4+ T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Studies in chimeric recipients demonstrated this was due to type I-IFN signaling in hematopoietic tissue. Consistent with this finding, administration of IFN-α during conditioning inhibited donor CD4+ proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, CD8-dependent GVHD and GVL effects were enhanced when type I-IFN signaling was intact in the host or donor, respectively. This finding reflected the ability of type I-IFN to both sensitize host target tissue/leukemia to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and augment donor CTL function. These data confirm that type I-IFN plays an important role in defining the balance of GVHD and GVL responses and suggests that administration of the cytokine after BM transplantation could be studied prospectively in patients at high risk of relapse.
Late MRD response determines relapse risk overall and in subsets of childhood T-cell ALL: results of the AIEOP-BFM-ALL 2000 study
Authors: Schrappe Martin , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Bartram Claus R. , Schrauder André , Panzer-Grümayer Renate , Möricke Anja , Parasole Rosanna , Zimmermann Martin , Dworzak Michael , Buldini Barbara , Reiter Alfred , Basso Giuseppe , Klingebiel Thomas , Messina Chiara , Ratei Richard , Cazzaniga Giovanni , Koehler Rolf , Locatelli Franco , Schäfer Beat W. , Aricò Maurizio , Welte Karl , van Dongen Jacques J.M. , Gadner Helmut , Biondi Andrea , Conter Valentino
Published: July 2011

The prognostic value of MRD in large series of childhood T-ALL has not yet been established. Trial AIEOP-BFM-ALL 2000 introduced standardized quantitative assessment of MRD for stratification, based on immunoglobulin and TCR gene rearrangements as polymerase chain reaction targets: Patients were considered MRD standard risk (MRD-SR) if MRD was negative at day 33 (time point 1 [TP1]) and day 78 (TP2), analyzed by at least 2 sensitive markers; MRD intermediate risk (MRD-IR) if positive either at day 33 or 78 and < 10−3 at day 78; and MRD high risk (MRD-HR) if ≥ 10−3 at day 78. A total of 464 patients with T-ALL were stratified by MRD: 16% of them were MRD-SR, 63% MRD-IR, and 21% MRD-HR. Their 7-year event-free-survival (SE) was 91.1% (3.5%), 80.6% (2.3%), and 49.8% (5.1%) (P < .001), respectively. Negativity of MRD at TP1 was the most favorable prognostic factor. An excellent outcome was also obtained in 32% of patients turning MRD negative only at TP2, indicating that early (TP1) MRD levels were irrelevant if MRD at TP2 was negative (48% of all patients). MRD ≥ 10−3 at TP2 constitutes the most important predictive factor for relapse in childhood T-ALL. The study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; “Combination Chemotherapy Based on Risk of Relapse in Treating Young Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,” protocol identification #NCT00430118 for BFM and #NCT00613457 for AIEOP.
Soluble IL-2Rα facilitates IL-2–mediated immune responses and predicts reduced survival in follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Yang Zhi-Zhang , Grote Deanna M. , Ziesmer Steven C. , Manske Michelle K. , Witzig Thomas E. , Novak Anne J. , Ansell Stephen M.
Published: July 2011

Elevated serum levels of the soluble form of IL-2 receptor α (sIL-2Rα) have been correlated with a poor prognosis in a variety of different types of cancers. However, its biologic relevance remains unclear and controversial. In patients with follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (FL), we observed that serum sIL-2Rα levels were elevated compared with controls and that elevated sIL-2Rα levels before treatment were associated with a poor outcome. To explore the mechanism by which sIL-2Rα may contribute to a poor prognosis in FL, we determined the effects of sIL-2Rα on IL-2 signaling and found that the sIL-2Rα–IL-2 complex promoted T-cell differentiation toward to inhibitory Treg cells rather than TH1 or TH17 cells. Shed by activated T cells that express membrane-bound IL-2Rα, sIL-2Rα further enhanced IL-2–mediated phosphorylation of Stat5 thereby significantly up-regulating Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells. We found that CD4+ T cells treated with either IL-2 or sIL-2Rα–IL-2 complex, but not with sIL-2Rα alone, inhibited the function of CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these results indicate that sIL-2Rα actually plays an active biologic role in FL by binding IL-2 and promoting IL-2 signaling rather than depleting IL-2 and blocking its function.
Effects of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on chromosome aneuploidy and replication asynchrony in healthy peripheral blood stem cell donors
Authors: Hirsch Betsy , Oseth LeAnn , Cain Meghan , Trader Erin , Pulkrabek Shelley , Lindgren Bruce , Luo Xianghua , Clay Mary , Miller John , Confer Dennis , Weisdorf Daniel , McCullough Jeffrey
Published: July 2011

As peripheral blood has surpassed bone marrow as a predominant source of stem cells for transplantation, use of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) is increasing. Issues regarding potential genotoxic effects of even short-term, low-dose G-CSF treatment for the healthy donors have been raised. To address the question of chromosomal instability, we used FISH to evaluate the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 22 PBSC donors and 22 matched controls at 5 time points over a 12-month period. The specimens obtained were a pre-G-CSF, followed by collections at the time of PBSC harvest (days 5-7) and at 2, 6, and 12 months after donation. Eight additional PBSC donors provided a single sample at 12 months. Nine loci (mapped to chromosomes 7, 8, 9, 17, 21, and 22) were evaluated for aneuploidy, including 3 mapped to chromosome 7 because of the specific relevance of monosomy 7. Replication timing was evaluated for chromosome 15 and 17 loci. No evidence was found of G-CSF–induced chromosomal instability. This work supports the epidemiologic data that have demonstrated no increased risk for hematologic malignancies in G-CSF–primed PBSC donors.
Airflow limitation, lung volumes and systemic inflammation in a general population
Authors: Gläser S. , Ittermann T. , Koch B. , Völzke H. , Wallaschofski H. , Nauck M. , Warnke C. , Vogelmeier C. , Schulz H. , Felix S.B. , Ewert R. , Schäper C.
Published: July 2011

Although several levels of evidence have suggested an association between systemic inflammation and spirometric lung volumes, data addressing the potential interrelationship between airflow limitation and inflammatory markers are sparse and remain controversial.

Potential associations between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen and lung function were investigated in 1,466 individuals aged 25–85 yrs, representing a general population. Within this cross-sectional population, data on body plethysmography, spirometry, helium dilution and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL,CO) were analysed.

After adjustment for potential confounding factors, such as smoking, obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness, there was an inverse association of hsCRP with forced expiratory and static lung volumes. In neither apparently healthy nor the entire population was inflammation associated with airflow limitation in central airways. In smokers only, higher hsCRP and fibrinogen were associated with an impairedDL,CO.

This study shows that higher levels of hsCRP are associated with decreased lung volumes in a general population over a wide age range. A consistent interrelationship of central airflow limitation and inflammation was not verifiable. Smoking is related to an impairedDL,COin association with an increase in systemic inflammation.