bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jono Kristijono Dicelijaus lietuviška 1690 metų dedikacija
Authors: Šinkūnas Mindaugas
Published: April 2021

JOHANN CHRISTIAN DICELIUS’S LITHUANIAN DEDICATION OF 1690 This article presents a dedication written in Lithuanian, that until recently was unknown, as well as additional information about its author and the circumstances of its writing. The poem of Johann Christian Dicelius from 1690, published together with Johann Christoph Taubert’s Master’s thesis, is the second known Lithuanian dedication created for the occasion of receiving a scholarly degree. Seven copies of the publication are known, and all of them are held outside of Lithuania. The exact date of Dicelius’s birth is not known, but he was born around 1670 into the family of Ernest Dicelius, a priest in Valtarkiemis (Walterkehmen), known for composing and translating Lithuanian hymns. In 1690 he began studies in Law at the University of Jena. After his studies, from 1695 he worked at the Vėluva (Wehlau) school until 1700 when he left his post as the school’s co-rector to return to Valtarkiemis where he lived with his mother until his death in 1706. From the 16th–17th century at least seven students from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and 25 from Lithuania Minor studied at the University of Jena. One of them—a fellow countryman from Klaipėda, Taubert—is the recipient of Dicelius’s congratulatory note written in Lithuanian. Dicelius’s mastery of the Lithuanian language and writing skills raise no doubts. The expected orthography of Lithuania Minor is used, but it is slightly altered due to the fact that the publishing house did not have the technical possibilities to produce Lithuanian script. Dicelius’s language is characterized by the typical mixing of the phonemes /ė/ and /ie/; for a more fluid rhyme or for the sake of a formal style he used the rare occasional derivative šviesimas ‘enlightening’ and the long athematic forms of the verbs plėšti ‘to rip’ and rėžti ‘to carve’.
Lietuvių tarmių samprata Povilo Frydricho Ruigio gramatikoje Anfangsgrunde einer Littauischen Grammatick (1747): centras ir periferija
Authors: Aleknavičienė Ona
Published: April 2021

THE CONCEPT OF LITHUANIAN DIALECTS IN PAUL FRIEDRICH RUHIG’S GRAMMAR ANFANGSGRÜNDE EINER LITTAUISCHEN GRAMMATICK (1747): CENTER AND PERIPHERY Paul Friedrich Ruhig’s (Ruhigk, ~1721–~1784) grammar Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatick (1747, RG) is the fifth Lithuanian grammar book of Prussian Lithuania. It was written by a very young man (in 1747 he was probably around twenty five years old) who came from the famous Ruhig family, known for its work with the Lithuanian language. Ruhig wrote the grammar while working as a Docent in the Lithuanian Language Seminar that was established in 1718 at the University of Königsberg’s Theology Department. He based his writing on earlier grammar books and on his own pedagogical experience. Ruhig’s Grammar is primarily intended for those attending the Lithuanian Language Seminar.The aim of this article is to determine how Ruhig understood Lithuanian dialects, how he defined their territories, and how he explained some particularities differently than authors of previous grammar books. The article will also pay attention to some of the inaccurate interpretations of this work in contemporary linguistic studies. The research addresses several aspects: 1) territorial—spread of variations; 2) markedness—distinctiveness related to other variants; 3) normative—the relationship with written language. The article first provides an overview of dialects as an object of Lithuanian language research from the 17th–18th centuries, then turns to Ruhig’s concept of dialects, their categorizations and linguistic particularities. The research seeks to determine the sources that he used and how original, how substantiated, and how acceptable are his conclusions.
Simono Daukanto Patarlių ortografijos lūžis Sankt Peterburge (~1838–1841)
Authors: Subačius Giedrius
Published: April 2021

SIMONAS DAUKANTAS’S ORTHOGRAPHIC SWITCH OF PROVERBS IN ST PETERSBURG (ca. 1838 – 1841)

Simonas Daukantas (1793–1864) moved to St Petersburg in 1835. Impermanence and
competition of variants were typical for his orthography. During the four initial years in
that city, Daukantas managed to shape at least two consecutive distinct Lithuanian orthographies of his own: (1) of the Beginning Years in St Petersburg (1835–1836) and (2) of his First Printed Books (ca. the 2nd half of 1836 to 1838). This study analyzes Daukantas’s third period of significant orthographic transformations during his residency in St Petersburg—a prolonged four-year phase of orthographic modifications that can be termed the Orthographic Switch of Proverbs (ca. 1838–1841), since the change was best reflected in the draft lists of proverbs. The major orthographic data was collected from Daukantas’s manuscript Margumynai (Miscellanea, p. 156–166, LLTIBR: f. 1 – SD 27) and printed book Abecieła Lîjtuwiû-Kalnienû ir Żiamajtiû Kałbos (The Primer of the Lithuanian Language—of Highlanders and of Lowlanders, St Petersburg, 1842).
Narrar y describir: ékphrasis, relato e imagen en el centón Christus Patiens
Authors: Rivas Ezequiel Gustavo
Published: April 2021

La época de los emperadores Comnenos (1081-1204) se caracterizó por un predominio de la prosa narrativa, plasmada en la novela, en los relatos hagiográficos y en las crónicas históricas. Durante el mencionado período, gracias a la influencia de intelectuales del siglo XI como Mauropos o Psellos en la corte constantinopolitana, se constata un renacimiento de la actividad artística y literaria, especialmente en relación con la tradición clásica. Varios especialistas de los estudios bizantinos ubican hoy en este período la redacción del centón Christus Patiens. Aunque adscripto al género dramático, el texto admite la aplicación de lineamientos teóricos en torno a la narración y a la descripción. Objetivo de este artículo será centrarse en el análisis narratológico e iconográfico en la escena doble de la herida del costado, ubicada en el momento de la muerte de Cristo y en el inicio de la escena de la sepultura. La hipótesis de lectura afirma que la repetición del motivo de la herida indica, a nuestro entender, la voluntad de resaltar una conjunción paradójica entre lo somático y lo dogmático, sostenida a su vez por una red intertextual proveniente de la tragedia euripidea. A tal fin, entre otro de los objetivos, resaltaremos recursos –como el de la focalización– que alternan entre la narración y la ékphrasis. En las conclusiones de nuestro análisis sostenemos que estos procedimientos se revelan como productores de imagen de gran relevancia dentro de la poética del centón.
Deshidratador solar/eléctrico de alimentos con comunicación a dispositivo móvil Solar
Authors: Godoy-Barrera Juana Andrea , Barrientos-Ávalos José de Jesús Eduardo , Rodríguez-García Anastacio , Méndez-Mendoza Maricela
Published: April 2021

Dehydration is one of the oldest methods used by man to preserve food, since since time immemorial new techniques have been implemented to improve the process and obtain herbs, fruits, vegetables and dehydrated meats. The objective of this research is to develop a prototype solar / electric dehydrator monitored, which reports the drying times of food, to determine the moments of intervention of the user in the different stages of this process. The method used is practical research-action, it was decided to use this methodological alternative, due to the academic and local context in which it develops, we found the problem and it is expected to solve it through this technological development where the following technologies are involved information: mobile programming, internet of things, also renewable solar technology.
La gamificación como estrategia para el aprendizaje de Física
Authors: Monroy-Carreño Mireya , Monroy-Carreño Patricia
Published: April 2021

Numerous studies show the disinterest or the negative evaluation that students have towards the learning of the subject of physics and although this perception is provoked by diverse situations, it can´t be left aside that this affects the motivation of the students and consequently in learning. For this reason the objective of this study was to identify if the use of gamification in the classes influences the motivation of young people and thus be able to encourage them a positive view of the subject of physics, therefore in this investigation implemented a methodology based on gamification which includes the planning, design and application of three games over a semester in which participated 50 students of the subject of Physics II of the Escuela Nacional Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades plantel Vallejo, obtaining as a result that the use of gamification indicates that it is a motivating element since it provokes a gratifying experience in the students.
Global, Disglobal, Local
Authors:   University of Calgary, Parlac Vera
Published: April 2021

During the “Cross-Americas: Probing Disglobal Networks” conference, through the paper presentations and panel discussions, we sought insights into the disciplinary, professional and pedagogical territory exposed by the apparent disjunctions between global and local. It was intriguing to note that in almost every conversation the word disglobal was omitted and interchanged for the local. This interchange was spontaneous, reflecting our tendency to slip into the familiar framework of binaries but also our attempt to define the complex space in which the local and global overlap. So, in this short essay, the notions of global and local are examined more closely in order to define the disglobal. Related concepts of homogenization, specificity and the new design opportunities produced through their overlap are considered too.
The Contributions of Chilean Architects: Probing Local Value
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Cortes Macarena , Bonomo Umberto ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Published: April 2021

The International Conference of two thousand and sixteen: entitled“CROSS-AMERICAS: PROBING DISGLOBAL NETWORKS” has proposed to focus on the production of architectural knowledge. From the professional to academic, in the apparent substitution of globalization by an appreciation of local identities, towards a more customized, localized, and disglobalized future.
Scripting and Digital Fabrication in Artisanal Processes: The Case of South America
Authors:   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Herrera Pablo C.
Published: April 2021

Since the last decade, South America experiments the implementation of scripting and digital fabrication, along with architects interested in establishing synergies with artisans, inside the context of cases linked to experiences a) formative, b) academic, and c) practical. The objective of this research was to identify processes for implementation and improvement of tools and instruments, analyzing the relationship and ways in which local traditions are being preserved, while being customizable and transcending into global markets.
EFFECTIVENESS OFSCREENING TOOLS EMPLOYED FOR IDENTIFYING HEARING LOSSIN OLDER ADUL
Authors: Vladimirova Tatjana , Postnikov Mikhail , Kurenkov Alexandr , Martynova Anastasia
Published: April 2021

The study evaluated the effectiveness of screening tests by identifying hearing loss in 127 adults of the older age groups (aged 60–87). We performed a quantitative assessment of the HHIE-S questionnaire (accuracy, sensitivity, specificity) comparing to the puretone threshold audiometry (the gold standard for detecting hearing loss). The analysis of hearing impairment prevalence in the target population relied on both methods. We have observed a high rate of hearing loss — 81% in the patients of the older age group, of which 30% had mild hearing loss, 38% — moderate hearing loss, 9% — severe hearing loss, the remaining 4% with profound hearing loss. We have evaluated the average accuracy (62.2%), sensitivity (64.0%), specificity (54.0%) as well as the positive predictive value (85.7%) of the HHIE-S questionnaire, whereas it was the negative predictive value only that revealed a low rate (26%). The study outcomes confirm the possibility of using HHIE-S questionnaire as a screening tool for hearing loss in the older age group. HHIE-S can prove particularly useful for primary care physicians as well as for physical examination due to its reliable accuracy and ease of use. The probability of a false positive outcome and an overestimated hearing impairment in the older age group is relatively low. However, pure-tone threshold audiometry is required in patients with detected hearing loss.
DEVELOPMENT OFTHE PRECISION DEVICE FOR TARGETED DELIVERY OF MEDICATION AND CREATION OFISOLATED RESERVOIRS IN THE WEDGE-SHAPED L
Authors: Gazhva Svetlana , Gorbatov Roman , Yakubova Elena , Kasumov Ruslan , Krasnokutskaya Natalia
Published: April 2021

— This study proves the necessity of using new minimum intervention tooth-preserving technologies and their implementation methods in hard dental tissue pathology treatment, in particular, wedge-shaped defects within enamel. Personalized approach to choosing the treatment method for this type of pathology is updated. The study prioritizes the pathogenetic mechanisms of this process, taking into account morphofunctional changes in enamel. Changes in architectonics of tooth enamel and its elemental composition are studied and discussed. A method of delivering the medication directly into the lesion is suggested. The objective of this study was to develop a precision device for targeted delivery of medication and creation of isolated reservoirs in the wedge-shaped lesion. Materials: slices of teeth removed due to orthodontic indications. Methods: experimental, analytical, statistical, sociological, electron microscopy. The scientific basis and principles of the research concept are based on the data on microstructural transformations, changes in the elemental composition of the tooth with a wedge-shaped defect. It is proved that oxygenation increases in a wedge-shaped lesion while the amount of fluorine and carbon compounds decreases, leading to the presence of such non-specific microelements as sulfur. The results obtained are the basis for the application of a targeted and personalized algorithm for treating this pathology, using additive technologies and 3D printing.
PERSONIFIED APPROACH TO SELECTING A METHOD FOR BRACKET POSITIONING WITH 3D TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Gazhva Svetlana , Krasnokutskaya Natalia , Lobova Anna , Kislitsyna Olga , Kasumov Ruslan , Gracheva Anastasia , Magomedova Aminat
Published: April 2021

The concept of creating the so-called esthetic smile is still subject to debate. While there is no optimal way to achieve the smile esthetics, this fact drove the idea of improving the available algorithms employed for the treatment of dentofacial anomalies. Smile reconstruction in orthodontic treatment is a complex process, which is subject to certain rules and laws, and takes an interdisciplinary approach from dental specialists. When dealing with dental anomalies, one of the most important practical components is the correct method of the braсket positioning. Based on the analysis of the options offered currently by digital technologies, and the negative outcomes of orthodontic treatment, the following aim was set for the current study – to improve the algorithms employed to select individual methods of bracket personalized placement as per each clinical situation in particular. The methods used through the study included: clinical, digital, statistical, and analytical one. Following the criteria of the esthetic smile, the location, the shape and the structure of the teeth of a particular patient, an individual method for bracket positioning was developed, the final outcomes of that being a smile with individual parameters. This method allows achieving a maximum esthetic result. The proposed technique is the method of choice in each specific clinical situation and can be used depending on the indications.
RECONSTRUCTION OF MANDIBULAR DEFECTS USING INDIVIDUAL VASCULARIZED AUTOGRAFTS COMBINED WITH MACROPOROUSTITANIUM FIBER MA
Authors: Bairikov Ivan , Gaivoronskaya Tatiana , Dedikov Dmitry , Stolyarenko Pavel , Domenyuk Dmitry
Published: April 2021

— The choice of donor material poses a problem for surgeons handling reconstruction of large combined bone defects or limited maxillofacial bone defects. Restoration methods, applicable in reconstructive microsurgery are based on materials of non-biological origin and musculoskeletal autogenous transplants which have complications and may inhibit the processes of osseointegration. Our study aimed to improve the efficiency of surgical treatment and rehabilitation of patients with mandibular defects using vascularized autograft in combination with macroporous titanium fiber material. The reconstruction of the defective mandible caused by chronic osteomyelitis, trauma, benign tumors was performed in 107 patients either by means of conventional methods (titanium plates, free and vascularized bone autografts), or by a novel engineered bone substitute. Our novel vascularized bone autotransplant combines a macroporous fiber titanium material and spiral bone autochips. For its fabrication we applied digital 3D technologies and methods of rapid prototyping, whereas its vascularization was harvested in iliac crest. Unlike the standard methods of reconstruction, the use of the engineered vascularized implant showed a significant reduction in stages, volume and invasiveness of surgical procedures and an improvement of esthetic and functional outcomes in patients with mandibular defects.
DENGUE FEVER IN COVID -19 INFECTIONDOUBLE TROUBLE
Authors: Mohanty Bijaya , Sunder Ashok , Ansari Zeya
Published: April 2021

Co infection of Covid -19 with Dengue fever is a serious concern & is an additional challenge to the treating physician
especially in Dengue endemic areas.During initial phases the symptoms of both the infections are quite identical &
difficult to differentiate unless thorough investigations are done.Timely diagnosis & aggressive management may lead
to a fruitful outcome. Here we report two interesting cases of Covid-19 and Dengue co infection which were identified
& managed successfully.
FULMINANT AMOEBIC COLITIS CAUSING CAECAL GANGRENE WITH RUPTURED LIVER ABSCESS
Authors: A Suganth. , G Vimala. , R Kannan.
Published: April 2021

Liver abscess is the most common extra intestinal manifestation in patients with amoebiasis.Amoebic abscess can
present in paracaecal region and liver .Synchronous presence of caecal gangrene with ruptured liver abscess into
peritoneum is rare.It has a high rate of morbidity and mortality especially in malnourished patients.Here we present a
case of 66 years old male who presented to casualty with complaints of abdomen pain with abdomen
distension.Radiological investigations showed ruptured liver abscess.Inview of peritonitis,patient was shifted to
emergency theatre for laparotomy.Intraoperative findings were ruptured liver abscess with Caecum found to be
sloughed out and gangrenous.Removal of Caecum with limited resection of ascending colon and distal ileum done and
bowel exteriorised.Post operatively patient started on oral diet on second day and discharged on seventh day .Patient
was readmitted for abdomen pain and percutaneous drainage was done for residual liver abscess.Prompt suspicion of
caecal pathology should always be made in patients with ruptured liver abscess and early intervention is needed to
prevent mortality
PARENTAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS THEIR CHILD'S DENTAL TREATMENT DURING COVID19 PANDEMIC -A QUESTIONNAIRE STUDY.
Authors: Kiranmayi M. , Raju S. Srikanth , Reddy E. Rajendra , M P Srujana , Snehitha P. , Divya S. Sai
Published: April 2021

Background: Dental practice has considerably changed in this COVID-19 era. Since the outbreak of COVID-19,
worldwide healthcare systems & dental professionals have been severely challenged furthermore; paediatric dentists
are at higher level as children act as carriers due to their innate immunity.The purpose of the study was to assess the
Parental attitude towards their child's dental treatment during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional
questionnaire-based survey which consisted of 16 self-prepared questions was conducted. A total of 100 parents of
patients who visited hospital for various treatments have participated in this study. Results: Ninety percent of patients
have heard about COVID-19 and they have chosen dental treatment is recommended in this scenario.About 83% of the
patients were aware that television is the main source of information about COVID-19. Most of the patients (85%) were
aware of the infection control measures to be followed by dentist and by themselves at their home.Regardless of gender
and generation most of the people are aware about the present pandemic.Conclusion: Most of the parents of patients
were aware about COVID-19 and infection control measures to be followed by paediatric dentists in the dental set-up,
and also precautions to be taken by them at the home environment.Through this study it can be concluded that most of
the parents were not apprehensive about undergoing dental treatment in this pandemic.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF METERED DOSE INHALER WITH SPACER AND DRY POWDER INHALER FOR DELIVERY OF SALBUTAMOL IN ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: Kumar Rakesh
Published: April 2021

Objective: To compare the efficacy of metered dose inhaler with spacer with dry powder inhaler for delivery of salbutamol in acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma Design:Randomized controlled trial in the Setting of Department of Pediatrics, Patna Medical College and Hospital Patna Methods: Children in the age group of 5 - 12 years who presented with a mild or moderate acute exacerbation of asthma were randomized to receive 400 mcg salbutamol by either a MDI with spacer or a DPI. The changes in the wheezing and accessory muscle scores, SaO2, and PEFR were recorded and subjected to statistical tests for significance. Results: Two hundred and fifty-three children were studied; 128 were assigned to the MDI-spacer group and 125 to rotahaler (DPI) group. After receiving treatment, the PEFR improved by about 11% in both the groups. The oxygen saturation increased by 2% in both the groups.Within each group, the improvement in PETR, SaO2, wheeze and accessory muscle score after the treatment was statistically significant. Conclusion: Metered dose inhaler with spacer and dry powder inhaler are equally effective in delivering salbutamol in therapy of mild to moderate acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma in children between 5-12 years of age.
EEGG: An analytic brain-computer interface algorithm
Authors: Liu Gang , Wang Jing
Published: April 2021

Objective. In the traditional sense, the modeling approaches can be divided into white-box (physics-based), black-box (data-driven), and gray-box (the combination of physics-based and data-driven). Because the human brain is a black box itself, the EEG-BCI algorithm is generally a data-driven approach. It generates a black-box or gray-box (e.g., "Visualizing convolutional networks") model. However, one black- or gray-box cannot completely explain the brain. This paper presents the first analytic "white-box" EEG-BCI algorithm using Gang neurons (EEGG).

Approach. Independent and interactive components of neurons or brain regions can fully describe the brain. This paper constructed a relationship frame based on the independent and interactive compositions for intention recognition and analysis using a novel dendrite module of Gang neuron. A total of 4,906 EEG data about motor imagery (MI) of left-hand and right-hand movements from 26 subjects were obtained from GigaDB. Firstly, this paper explored EEGG's classification performance according to cross-subject accuracy. Secondly, this paper transformed the EEGG model into a relation spectrum expressing independent and interactive components of brain regions. Then, the relation spectrum was verified through the known ERD/ERS phenomenon. Finally, this paper explored the previously unreachable further BCI-based analysis of brain.

Main results. (1) EEGG was more robust than typical "CSP+" algorithms for the data of poor quality [AUC:0.825±0.074(EEGG)>0.745±0.094(CSP+LDA)/0.591±0.104(CSP+Bayes)/0.750±0.091(CSP+SVM), p<0.001]. (2) The relation spectrum showed the known ERD/ERS phenomenon. (3) Interestingly, EEGG showed that brain regions' interactive components put a brake on ERD/ERS effects for classification (p<0.001). This means that generating fine hand intention needs more centralized activation in the brain.

Significance. EEGG decomposed the biological EEG-intention system of this paper into the relation spectrum inheriting Taylor series, rather than the fuzzy interpretation of outputs, which offers a novel frame for analysis of the brain.
Spin Wave Based Approximate Computing
Authors: Mahmoud Abdulqader , Vanderveken Frederic , Ciubotaru Florin , Hamdioui Said , Cotofana Sorin
Published: April 2021

By their very nature Spin Waves (SWs) enable the realization of energy efficient circuits as they propagate and interfere within waveguides without consuming noticeable energy. However, SW computing can be even more energy efficient by taking advantage of the approximate computing paradigm as many applications are error-tolerant like multimedia and social media. In this paper we propose an ultra-low energy novel Approximate Full Adder (AFA) and a 2-bit inputs Multiplier (AMUL). The approximate FA consists of one Majority gate while the approximate MUL is built by means of 3 AND gates. We validate the correct functionality of our proposal by means of micromagnetic simulations and evaluate the approximate FA figure of merit against state-of-the-art accurate SW, 7nm CMOS, Spin Hall Effect (SHE), Domain Wall Motion (DWM), accurate and approximate 45nm CMOS, Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), and Spin-CMOS FA implementations. Our results indicate that AFA consumes 43% and 33% less energy than state-of-the-art accurate SW and 7nm CMOS FA, respectively, and saves 69% and 44% when compared with accurate and approximate 45nm CMOS, respectively, and provides a 2 orders of magnitude energy reduction when compared with accurate SHE, accurate and approximate DWM, MTJ, and Spin-CMOS, counterparts. In addition, it achieves the same error rate as approximate 45nm CMOS and Spin-CMOS FA whereas it exhibits 50% less error rate than the approximate DWM FA. Furthermore, it outperforms its contenders in terms of area by saving at least 29% chip real-estate. AMUL is evaluated and compared with state-of-the-art accurate SW and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate state-of-the-art designs. The evaluation results indicate that it saves at least 2x and 5x energy in comparison with the state-of-the-art SW designs and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate designs, respectively, and has an average error rate of 10%, while the approximate CMOS MUL has an average error rate of 12.5%, and requires at least 64% less chip real-estate.
Electromagnetic Fields due to an Electron Avalanche
Authors: Nath Debasish
Published: April 2021

The
present work has been able to relate the magnetic field produced to the basic physical
ionization process and derive a general expression for the same starting from
the fundamental retarded scalar and vector potentials (Leinard-Weichert
potentials).
Management of Glaucoma Capsulare: Outcomes and Complications of Trabeculectomy
Authors: Soomro Abdul Rafio , Soomro Fayaz Ahmed , Hussain Munawar , Soomro Abdul Qadeem , Qazi Asif Mashood , Tariq Anas Bin
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To analyze the results of filtration surgery in cases of Glaucoma Capsulare.

Study Design:  Experimental study.

Place and Duration:  Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi, from January 2018 to December 2018.

Methods:  Forty eyes of forty patients, between 50 to 80 years of age, with Glaucoma Capsulare, not controlled with topical medication were included in the study. Patients not willing for filtration surgery and those who had any other ocular disease were excluded. Pre-operative examination, including visual acuity, retinoscopy, intra ocular pressure and fundus examination was done. Complete blood count, blood sugar and urine complete were also carried outto rule out any other illness. All collected data was analyzed through software SPSS version 20.

Results:  There were 26 (65.0%) males and 14 (35.0%) females. Mean age was 62.1 ± 12.44 years. Mean IOP was 34.0 ± 2.43 mm of Mercury. At first follow-up mean IOP (mm.Hg) was 11.44 ± 3.2 and at 12 weeks follow-up, the IOP was 10.14 ± 4.1. Angle 0 – I (closed angle) was seen in 6 (15.0%), Angle grade II – III (Open angle) was seen in 10 (25.0%) and grade III – IV (open angle) was seen in 24 (60.0%) patients. Visual acuity 6/9 were in 4 (10.0%), 6/12 – 6/18 in 10 (25.0%), 6/18 – 6/24 was in 12 (30.0%) and visual acuity 6/36 – 6/60 was noted in 14 (35.0%) patients. Early complications were flat anterior chamber in 4 (10%) and corneal edema in 4 (10%) patients. However late complications were hyphema and cataract in 2 (5%) and 25 (62.5%) patients respectively.

Conclusion:  Trabeculectomy significantly lowers the intraocular pressure in patients with Glaucoma Capsulare.

Key Words:  Glaucoma Capsulare, Trabeculectomy, Gonioscopy, Hyphema, Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.
Deep Sclerectomy with Low-Tension Sutures versus Tight-Tension Sutures without Space-Maintaining Implant in Controlling Intraocular Pressures
Authors: Zia Rashid , Jain Nikhil , Dardzhikova Albena
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the IOP lowering effect and post-operative complications of low tension sutures versus tight tension sutures in deep sclerectomy.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:

Methods:  Twenty seven eyes undergoing deep sclerectomy operation with normal strength sutures (TS) were compared with 21 eyes undergoing a modified technique in which low tension sutureswere tied to only approximate anatomy (LS). Both sets of patients were operated on by the same experienced surgeon with similar technique except for the tensile strength of suture; same antimetabolite in similar concentration was used with identical pre and post-operative care. Outcome measures were post-operative intraocular pressure, number of medications needed and complications.

Results:  IOP decreased significantly in both groups, in TS group by 12.6 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and in the LS groups by 18.9mm Hg (p < 0.001). Greater IOP drop was seen in LS group versus TS group (p = 0.046). In LS group number of eye drops required post operatively were significantly less than TS group (p = 0.007). After follow up only one patient in the loose suture group still required IOP-lowering medication. There were minimal complications in both groups, 1 patient in the LS group and 7 in TS group required a YAG Goniotomy.

Conclusion:  Using low tension sutures in deep sclerectomy increases the IOP lowering effect of the surgery and reduces the number of medications the patient requires post operatively.
Co-relation of Myopia with the Use of Smart Phones and Outdoor Activities
Authors: Imtiaz Hafiza Sadia , Sharjeel Muhammad , Malik Irfan Qayyum
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine the frequency of myopia among children and to find out the role of smart phone usage and outdoor activities in myopia development and progression.

Study Design:  Descriptive cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Ophthalmology department DHQ-UTH Gujranwala, from January 2019 to June 2019.

Methods:  After approval from the hospital ethical committee and informed consent from each participant, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample size of 250 patients. Patients of either gender between 4 – 14 years of age using smart phones for ≥ 2 hours daily and found to have refractive error were included in this study. Routine ophthalmic examination was carried out, data was recorded on proforma, and daily usage of smart phones and weekly outdoor activity in hours along with school grade, family history and previous history of using refractive glasses was also determined and documented. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.20

Results:  250 patients were included in this study, out of which 142 (56.8%) were male and 108 (43.2%) were female. Mean age was 10.1 ± 2.45 years. Mean outdoor activity was 0.95 ± 0.98 hours per week while mean daily smart phone usage was 2.89 ± 0.93 hours. Pearson correlation coefficient for daily smart phone usage and UCVA was +0.297 (0.3) which showed a positive moderate association between two variables while the value obtained for UCVA and weekly outdoor activity was – 0.51 that depicted a negative strong association.

Conclusions:  In conclusion, myopia occurrence is higher among smart phone users showing a moderate positive correlation while outdoor activities reduce myopia prevalence and progression depicting strong negative correlation.

Key Words:  Refractive Errors, Myopia, Visual acuity, Smartphone.
Color Vision Defects among Textile Mill Workers in Lahore
Authors: Omair Qazi Muhammad , Imtiaz Hifza , Iqbal Maryam
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To find out the color vision defects among textile mill workers in Lahore.

Study Design:  Descriptive cross sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study:  University of Lahore from June 2019 to December 2019.

Methods:  Study was done at different textile mills in Lahore, Pakistan. Self-designed proforma was used to record data including age, gender, occupation, any medication or surgery. The workers with best corrected visual acuity of 6/6 and refractive error less than 3.00 D of sphere or astigmatism less than 1 D of cylinder with no history of ocular surgeries were included in the study. Color vision was assessed using Ishihara Isochromatic color plates. Examination of the anterior segment and posterior segment was done by using slit lamp Biomicroscopy and 90 D of condensing lens.Data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS version 22.

Results:  During this study 1,250 textile mill workers fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Six hundred fifty were males and 600 were females. Only 10 workers were suffering from color vision deficiency, which was 0.8% of the total sample size. All of the color vision deficiency patients were male of different age group.

Conclusion:  It has been concluded that although textile industry is based on colors, there is no proper color vision examination in our textile sector. Colour vision deficiency awareness should be increased so that everyone in the community is well aware of it. The test of color vision must be made compulsory in pre-employment examination at public and private sector at every Level.
Surgical Approach to Control Advanced Coats Disease
Authors: Özdek Şengül , Üçgül Ahmet Yücel
Published: April 2021

Coats disease, first described by George Coats in 1908, is commonly a unilateral clinical entity characterized by leaky telangiectatic vessels leading to progressive subretinal exudation and exudative retinal detachment (ERD).1 It is generally seen in pediatric population and has a distinct male predilection of over 90%. Shields et al.2 classified Coats disease into five stages as follows: Stage 1: presence of retinal telangiectasia only, Stage 2: telangiectasia and exudation (2A: extrafoveal exudation, 2B: foveal exudation), Stage 3: exudative RD (3A: subtotal RD, 3B: total RD), Stage 4: total RD and neovascular glaucoma, Stage 5: advanced end-stage disease.

      Disease progression can be controlled with ablative therapies such as laser photocoagulation (LFK) and cryotherapy in the early stages of Coats disease. However, ablative therapies are not effective in the late stages (Stage 3 – 4) due to excessive subretinal exudation and ERD. Therefore, adjunctive surgical approaches have become popular in the treatment of advanced Coats disease. This helps in effective ablation of leaky abnormal vessels.
Types of Pattern Strabismus and Their Surgical Outcomes after Adjustable Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Nadeem Sana
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To study the different types of pattern strabismus and their surgical outcomes after adjustable strabismus surgery.

Study Design:  Prospective, interventional study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Eye department, Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi (June, 2016 to March, 2019).

Methods:  A total of 40 consecutive patients with pattern strabismus were included in the study. After complete orthoptic assessment, the patients underwent either rectus muscle transposition or oblique muscle surgery, by adjustable squint surgery. The pre-operative evaluation of different strabismus patterns, deviations, and post-operative results were measured and analyzed. The amount of postoperative pattern change was measured at 6 weeks postoperatively, to assess the success of the surgeries.

Results:  Out of 40 patients, 33 were females and 7 were males. The age ranged from 7 to 69 years (mean 18.05 ± 9.6). All patients were operated by using adjustable suture technique. “V” pattern was seen in 26 cases (65%) and “A” pattern was seen in 12 (30%) cases. The mean preoperative pattern was 13.2 ± 8.09 PD (prism diopters), and the mean postoperative pattern was 2.05 ± 2.96 PD. Surgical success was defined as the amount of pattern collapse at 6 weeks, the period at which a stable alignment was achieved. The difference between the preoperative and postoperative pattern deviation was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Correction of the pattern was seen in 92.5% of patients at average follow up of 50.87 ± 14.02 days.

Conclusions:  Pattern Strabismus can be corrected by varying rectus muscle transpositions or oblique muscle surgery during routine adjustable strabismus surgery.

Key Words:  Strabismus, V pattern, A pattern, Y pattern, X pattern, lambda pattern, muscle transposition.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Density and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Normal Tension Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension
Authors: Khan Bakht Samar , Nawaz Abid , Shami Lyla , Irshad Zubaida , Ahmad Mansoor
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the corneal endothelial cell density (CED) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and ocular hypertension (OHT).

Study Design:  Cross sectional Observational study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, from April 2016 to March 2018.

Methods:   Patients having a single IOP reading of 21 mm Hg or more with glaucomatous cupping, visual field defect and open angle were labeled as POAG. Patients with IOP less than 21 mm Hg with same findings were labeled as NTG. Those eyes with raised IOP (more than 21 mm Hg), normal visual field and optic disc were labeled as OHT. Corneal endothelial cell count, central corneal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured in patients of POAG, NTG and OHT. These were compared with normal age matched values.

Results:  Thirty eyes with POAG, 10 with OHT and 10 with NTG were included in the study. In patients with POAG there was 13.33% CED and 27.7% mean RNFL thickness loss. In patients with NTG there was 3.06% CED and 34.04% mean RNFL thickness loss. In patients with OHT there was 7.17% CED and 5.5% mean RNFL thickness loss.

Conclusion:  The loss of both RNFL thickness and CED occurs in POAG, OHT and NTG. Severe loss of RNFL thickness occurs in POAG and NTG while severe loss of CED occurs in POAG and OHT. Mild loss of RNFL thickness occurs in OHT while mild loss of CED occurs in NTG.

Key Words:  Specular Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, Nerve Fiber Layer, Open Angle Glaucoma, Ocular Hypertension.
Effects of Intra-vitreal Injection of Bevacizumab as an Adjunct during Phacoemulsification in Diabetic Maculopathy
Authors: Bodla Ali Afzal , Minahil Kazmi Syeda , Tariq Noor , Moazzam Ayema , Muneeb Aman Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To study the effects of Intra-vitreal injection of Bevacizumab as an adjunct during phacoemulsification in patients with diabetic retinopathy.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Methods:  Hundred diabetic patients who were scheduled to undergo phacoemulsification were included in the study. They were equally divided into two groups; Bevacizumab and control group. Complete ocular examination and macular thickness and volume were determined using an OPTOVUE-OCT machine. The patients in the Bevacizumab group were given intra-vitreal injection of 1.25 mg/0.05ml of Bevacizumab at the time of Phacoemulsification. A written ethical approval was obtained and the study was conducted according to principles of declaration of Helsinki.

Results:  The bevacizumab group manifested low value of CMT one month post-surgery as compared to the control group (262.2 ± 32.2 and 288.5 ± 54.1, respectively) with P = 0.01. The Total Macular volume, and Best-corrected visual acuity in the two groups showed no significant difference one month after surgery. Amongst the patients who developed postsurgical macular edema, four patients did not possess a positive history for diabetic retinopathy and 3 of them had Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. We found no significant relationship between the post-surgical macula edema with the presence of mild Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. (Fisher's test, P = 0.321).

Conclusion:  The ocular anti-VEGF therapy substantially reduces macular edema secondary to post-surgical inflammation in diabetic patients. It effectively reduces the central macular thickness although the results are not found to be statistically significant when compared with the control group.

Key Words:  Diabetes mellitus; diabetic macular edema; diabetic retinopathy: Bevacizumab.
Results of Intravitreal Bevacizumab as an Adjunct to mETDRS Grid Laser in Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Khanzada Mahtab Alam , Ahmed Munawar , Mirza Azfar Ahmed , Mari Ghazi Khan , Mahmood Muhammad Arshad
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To assess the efficacy of Intravitreal Bevacizumab as an adjuvant to grid laser photocoagulation in patients with diffuse macular edema (DME) in type II diabetes.

Study Design:  Quasi experimental study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Institute of ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, from September 2016 to November 2018

Methods:  Ninety five patients with diffuse macular edema in type II diabetes were selected by convenient sampling. Group I patients were treated with ETDRS grid laser photocoagulation. Group II patients were treated with ETDRS grid laser photocoagulation followed by intravitreal bevacizumab after one week monthly for 2 months and then as per need. All patients were examined after 1st, 2nd and 3rd month and mean change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT).Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 20.0. Paired t-test was used to compare mean values and p valve < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results:  The results of study were compared with the baseline values. The mean change in BCVA in group 1 was from 46 ± 18 letters to 52 ± 17. BCVA in group 2 was from 46 ± 18 letters to 56 ± 17 (P < 0.001). The decrease in macular edema thickness was more in group II than group I (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Macular Grid laser with or without Intravitreal Bevacizumab significantly improves vision and decreases macular edema but combined treatment led to more stable improvement in DME during follow-up.

Key Words:  Modified ETDRS laser, Bevacizumab, Macular edema, Anti-VEGF.
Comparative Study of Intraocular Pressure Measurements with Airpuff, iCare and Goldmann Applanation Tonometers
Authors: Mirza Umair Tariq , Sadiq M. Usman , Sadiq M. Irfan , Raza Ali , Khan Waseem Ahmed
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To compare the difference in intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements by Airpuff, iCare and Goldmann Applanation Tonometers (GAT).

Study Design:  Comparative analytical study.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology, Mohi-ud-Din Teaching Hospital, Mirpur Azad Kashmir, from June 2020 to August 2020.

Methods:  Twenty-five patients (50 eyes) were included in this study. IOP was measured in each eye firstly by Airpuff tonometery, then by iCare tonometery and lastly by Goldmann applanation tonometer. Three consecutive readings were taken in each eye. If there was a difference of 2 mm Hg or more among the readings, measurement was repeated. Once we got three readings, their average was taken and analyzed. Comparison of IOP readings between these tonometers was done.

Results:  Mean IOP was 15.84 ± 2.736 mm Hg with Airpuff Tonometer, 14.48 ± 2.435 mm Hg with iCare Tonopen and 14.74 ± 2.489 mm Hg with Goldman Applanation Tonometer. The difference between the mean Airpuff and Goldman Applanation Tonometer readings was 1.10 mm Hg which was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.083). The difference between the mean Goldman Applanation Tonometer and iCare Tonopen readings was 0.26 mm Hg which is also not statistically significant (p-value = 0.867). But, the difference between the mean iCare Tonopen and Airpuff Tonometer readings was -1.36 mm Hg which was statistically significant (p-value = 0.02).

Conclusion:  It is concluded that IOP readings taken by iCare Tonopen and Airpuff Tonometer are comparable to those taken by Goldman Applanation Tonometer and iCare Tonopen underestimates the IOP when compared with Airpuff Tonometer.

Key Words:  Airpuff Tonometer, Glaucoma, Goldmann Applanation Tonometer, iCare Tonometer, Intraocular Pressure.
Role of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Early Detection of Subclinical Cystoid Macular Edema after Nd-YAG Laser Capsulotomy
Authors: Shaikh Muhammad Adnan , Dareshani Shela , Faiz-ur-Rab Khowaja , Saleem Tariq , Ali Mazhar
Published: April 2021

Purpose:  To determine role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in early detection of subclinical cystoid macular edema (CME) after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy in patients with posterior capsular opacification (PCO).

Study Design:  Descriptive case-series.

Place and Duration of Study:  Department of Ophthalmology Unit 1, Dow University of Health Sciences and Civil Hospital Karachi from 1-July-2015 to 31-Dec-2015.

Methods:  A total of 72 eyes with unilateral or bilateral visually significant PCO following uncomplicated cataract surgery with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation were included in the study. Patients with corneal opacities, glaucoma, retinopathy, maculopathy, optic neuropathy, complicated cataract surgery, previous ocular surgery other than cataract surgery and High refractive errors were excluded from the study. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Slit lamp examination, posterior segment examination and macular thickness was measured using spectral domain (TOPCON 3D OCT) optical coherence tomography before laser and at 1 week and at 1 month after laser.

Results:   Mean age was 55.76 ± 5.28 with Confidence interval of 55.02 – 56.49 years. Eighty-one were males and 122 were females. Subclinical cystoid macular edema (CME) was found in 10 (14%) patients. Out of the patients who had CME, 3 were in age group of 40-55 years and seven were in age group of 56-70 years. P value was found to be significant i.e. (P = 0.039).

Conclusion:  Optical coherence tomography OCT is a non invasive and useful tool for early detection and management of subclinical cystoid macular edema after Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy in patients having posterior capsular opacification (PCO).

Key Words:  Cystoid Macular Edema, Nd-YAG laser, Posterior Capsular Opacification. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).