bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Irrigation and Plant Density on Cotton Within‐Boll Yield Components
Authors: Feng Lu , Bufon Vinicius B. , Mills Cory I. , Hequet Eric , Bordovsky James P. , Keeling Wayne , Boman Randy , Bednarz Craig W.
Published: May 2010

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yield is integrated through whole‐plant and within‐boll yield components. Crop management practices such as irrigation and plant density may impact yield. Thus, yield dynamics due to irrigation and plant density may result from changes in the most basic yield components. This study investigated how within‐boll yield components are altered through irrigation and plant densities. Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Complex for Advanced Research and Extension Systems in Lamesa, TX in 2006 and 2007. Two contemporary cotton cultivars were arranged in a split‐split plot design with irrigation rate as the main plot, cultivar as the subplot, and plant density as the subsubplot. Plants from 3 m of one row were removed from each plot and hand harvested by fruiting position. Then first fruiting position bolls from nodes 9 and 14 had their seeds separated by locule position. Seed number, mass and surface area, and lint mass and fiber number for each seed position were recorded. Individual seed surface area and mass increased as irrigation increased and plant density decreased. Seeds per locule increased with increased irrigation and decreased plant density. Superior within‐locule yield components occurred in seed positions between the base and midpoint of the locule. Moreover, fiber number per unit seed surface area was not altered by any treatment, indicating it is probably a heritable yield component. Irrigation rate and plant density effects on cotton yield components occurred at the levels of the plant, within the boll, and even within the locule.
Wavelet Packets-Based Blind Watermarking for Medical Image Management
Authors: Mostafa Salwa A.K. , El-sheimy Naser , Tolba A.S. , Abdelkader F.M. , Elhindy Hisham M.
Published: May 2010

The last decade has witnessed an explosive use of medical images and Electronics Patient Record (EPR) in the healthcare sector for facilitating the sharing of patient information and exchange between networked hospitals and healthcare centers. To guarantee the security, authenticity and management of medical images and information through storage and distribution, the watermarking techniques are growing to protect the medical healthcare information. This paper presents a technique for embedding the EPR information in the medical image to save storage space and transmission overheads and to guarantee security of the shared data. In this paper a new method for protecting the patient information in which the information is embedded as a watermark in the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) of the medical image using the hospital logo as a reference image. The patient information is coded by an error correcting code (ECC), BCH code, to enhance the robustness of the proposed method. The scheme is blind so that the EPR can be extracted from the medical image without the need of the original image. Therefore, this proposed technique is useful in telemedicine applications. Performance of the proposed method was tested using four modalities of medical images; MRA, MRI, Radiological, and CT. Experimental results showed no visible difference between the watermarked and the original image. Moreover, the proposed watermarking method is robust against a wide range of attacks such as JPEG coding, Gaussian noise addition, histogram equalization, gamma correction, contrast adjustment, and sharpen filter and rotation.
Incorporation of Radio Frequency Identification Tag in Dentures to Facilitate Recognition and Forensic Human Identification
Authors: Nuzzolese E , Marcario V , Di Vella G
Published: May 2010

Forensic identification using odontology is based on the comparison of ante-mortem and post mortem dental records. The insertion of a radio frequency identification (RFId) tag into dentures could be used as an aid to identify decomposed bodies, by storing personal identification data in a small transponder that can be radio-transmitted to a reader connected to a computer. A small passive, 12 x 2,1 mm, read-only RFId-tag was incorporated into the manufacture of three trial complete upper dentures and tested for a signal. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing such a dental prosthesis, the technical protocols for its implantation in the denture resin and its working principles. Future research and tests are required in order to verify human compatibility of the tagged denture and also to evaluate any potential deterioration in strength when subjected to high temperatures, or for damage resulting from everyday wear and tear. It should also be able to withstand the extreme conditions resulting from major accidents or mass disasters and procedures used to perform a forensic identification.
Experimental Animal Models in Periodontology: A Review
Authors: Struillou Xavier , Boutigny Hervé , Soueidan Assem , Layrolle Pierre
Published: May 2010

In periodontal research, animal studies are complementary toin vitroexperiments prior to testing new treatments. Animal models should make possible the validation of hypotheses and prove the safety and efficacy of new regenerating approaches using biomaterials, growth factors or stem cells. A review of the literature was carried out by using electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science). Numerous animal models in different species such as rats, hamsters, rabbits, ferrets, canines and primates have been used for modeling human periodontal diseases and treatments. However, both the anatomy and physiopathology of animals are different from those of humans, making difficult the evaluation of new therapies. Experimental models have been developed in order to reproduce major periodontal diseases (gingivitis, periodontitis), their pathogenesis and to investigate new surgical techniques. The aim of this review is to define the most pertinent animal models for periodontal research depending on the hypothesis and expected results.
A Clinical Predictive Model for Catheter Related Bloodstream Infections from the Electronic Medical Record
Authors: Bearman Gonzalo M.L. , Oppenheim Michael I. , Mendonca Eneida A. , Hupert Nathaniel , Behta Maryam , Christos Paul J. , Drusin Lewis M.
Published: May 2010

Background and Methods:

Previous studies identifying risk factors for catheter related blood stream infections
(BSI) have relied on labor-intensive paper chart review. The electronic medical record (EMR) can provide real-time data
for profiling patients at risk for BSI. Our study’s aim was to use our hospital EMR to identify risk factors and develop a
clinical predictive model for catheter related BSI from June 2001-June 2002. Using a modified CDC definition for BSI,
we retrospectively extracted a number of variables from the EMR data repository including demographics, medications,
nutritional status, presence of diabetes (DM), skin/wound status, use of a mechanical ventilator, and presence of a urinary
catheter or central/arterial/PICC catheter. We developed a Cox Proportional Hazards model using half the cohort (14,977
controls and 123 BSI cases), and validated the model using the other half. Final variables in the multivariate model were
chosen by clinical relevance, significance on univariate analysis and by step-wise automated selection.

Results:

The final model contained: use of antibiotics (HR 4.6), central venous catheter for 0-6 days (HR 1.8), central
venous catheter for greater or equal to 7 days (HR 1.3), tunneled central venous port (HR 9.3) and DM (HR 2.1).
Variables from multivariate analysis were used for the predictive index; points were derived from the respective HR of the
Cox model. A cutoff value that maximized sensitivity (75%) and specificity (89%) had a positive predictive value (PPV)
of .05. This model was validated on the second half of the cohort (122 BSI, 14,977 ‘non-cases’) with resultant sensitivity
of 69%, specificity of 88% and PPV of 0.05. Comparison of the two models revealed no significant differences in the
sensitivity, specificity and PPV.

Conclusion:

We successfully used a hospital-based EMR in developing a Cox Proportional Hazards model for catheter
related BSI. This model was used to derive a predictive index. At a cutoff point providing a sensitivity of 75% and
specificity of 89% for finding patients who develop catheter related BSI, the index had a PPV 0.05. When applied to a
predictive index, real time data gathered from the EMR may assist in identifying patients at risk for a catheter related BSI
and may be further utilized as part of a protocol driven, preventive strategy for catheter related BSI risk reduction.
Ninety-Degree Chevron Osteotomy for Correction of Hallux Valgus Deformity: Clinical Data and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Matzaroglou Charalambos , Bougas Panagiotis , Panagiotopoulos Elias , Saridis Alkis , Karanikolas Menelaos , Kouzoudis Dimitris
Published: May 2010

Hallux valgus is a very common foot disorder, with its prevalence estimated at 33% in adult shoe-wearing populations. Conservative management is the initial treatment of choice for this condition, but surgery is sometimes needed. The 600angle Chevron osteotomy is an accepted method for correction of mild to moderate hallux valgus in adults less than 60 years old. A modified 900angle Chevron osteotomy has also been described; this modified technique can confer some advantages compared to the 600angle method, and reported results are good. In the current work we present clinical data from a cohort of fifty-one female patients who had surgery for sixty-two hallux valgus deformities. In addition, in order to get a better physical insight and study the mechanical stresses along the two osteotomies, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was also conducted. FEA indicated enhanced mechanical bonding with the modified 900Chevron osteotomy, because the compressive stresses that keep the two bone parts together are stronger, and the shearing stresses that tend to slide the two bone parts apart are weaker, compared to the typical 600technique. Follow-up data on our patient cohort show good or excellent long-term clinical results with the modified 900angle technique. These results are consistent with the FEA-based hypothesis that a 900Chevron osteotomy confers certain mechanical advantages compared to the typical 600procedure.
Stability of tris-1,10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex in different composites
Authors: Lazic Dragica , Skundric Branko , Penavin-Skundric Jelena , Sladojevic Slavica , Vasiljevic Ljubica , Blagojevic Dragana , Obrenovic Zoran
Published: May 2010

The composition of composites has a huge impact on the stability of tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex during the determination of total iron. The subject of this work is determination the stability of tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex in different composites. Composites with different concentration in which total iron was determined were alumina and zeolite. Stability of this complex was monitored in a time period of 0-60 min. The aim of this work is to determine the concentration of different composite samples and the time interval in which the stability of the complex is the highest. The spectrophotometric method was used for the determination. The tris-1, 10 - phenanthroline iron (II) complex with alumina is more stable at higher concentration of the samples. With zeolite, however, this complex is stable in a short time interval, regardless of the concentration of the sample. This conclusion indicates on increase of absorption, which is a consequence of impede complex formation and creating a new complex. For this reason, this method has only a limited application.
Constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of six Himalayan Nepeta species
Authors: Bisht Dinesh , Padalia Rajendra , Singh Lalit , Pande Veena , Lal Priyanka , Mathela Chandra
Published: May 2010

The essential oils from six Himalayan Nepeta species, viz. Nepeta leucophylla Benth., Nepeta discolor Royle ex Benth., Nepeta govaniana Benth., Nepeta clarkei Hook f., Nepeta elliptica Royle ex Benth. and Nepeta erecta Benth., were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against six pathogenic bacterial and two fungal strains. The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive strain tested to the essential oils of Nepeta species. The essential oils of N. elliptica and N. erecta exhibited the highest activity against P. aeruginosa, followed by the essential oils of N. leucophylla and N. clarkei. The essential oils from N. elliptica and N. erecta were also found to be very effective against Serratia marcescens; while the essential oil from N. leucophylla displayed significant activity against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus. Other bacterial strains displayed variable degree of susceptibility against one or more of the tested essential oils. The essential oil from N. leucophylla also showed the highest antifungal activity against both tested fungal strains, viz. Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum, followed by the essential oils from N. clarkei, N. govaniana and N. erecta. Iridodial derivatives, viz. iridodial ?-monoenol acetate (25.4 %), dihydroiridodial diacetate (18.2 %) and iridodial dienol diacetate (7.8 %) were identified as the major constituents of N. leucophylla, while the essential oils from N. elliptica and N. erecta were dominated by (7R)-trans, trans nepetalactone (83.4 %) and isoiridomyrmecin (66.7 %), respectively. The essential oil of N. discolor was characterized by 1,8-cineole (25.5 %) and ?-caryophyllene (18.6 %), while N. clarkei was dominated by ?-sesquiphellandrene (22.0 %) and germacrene D (13.0 %). Isoiridomyrmecin (35.2 %) and pregeijerene (20.7 %) were identified as the major constituents of N. govaniana. In general the Nepeta species containing constituents with an iridoid or lactone skeleton were found to have the greater antagonistic activity against most of the microbial strains as compared to those containing regular terpene constituents.
Verification of Multiplication Facts: An Investigation Using Retrospective Protocols
Authors: Romero Stephen G. , Rickard Timothy C. , Bourne Lyle E.
Published: May 2010

Retrospective verbal protocols collected throughout participants’ performance of a multiplication verification task (e.g., "7 × 3 = 28, true or false?") documented a number of different strategies and changes in strategy use across different problem categories used for this common experimental task. Correct answer retrieval and comparison to the candidate answer was the modal but not the only strategy reported. Experiment 1 results supported the use of a calculation algorithm on some trials and the use of the difference between the candidate and correct answers (i.e., split) on others. Experiment 2 clearly demonstrated that participants sometimes bypassed retrieval by relying on the split information. Implications for mental arithmetic theories and the general efficacy of retrospective protocols are discussed.
Personality Characteristics Associated with Susceptibility to False Memories
Authors: Frost Peter , Sparrow Sarah , Barry Jennifer
Published: May 2010

This study examined whether certain personality characteristics are associated with susceptibility to false memories. Participants first answered questions from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in order to measure various personality characteristics. They then watched a video excerpt, the simulated eyewitness event. They were next encouraged to lie about the videotaped event during an interview. A week later, some participants recognized confabulated events as being from the video. Two personality characteristics in particular--the introversion-extroversion and thinking-feeling dimensions--were associated with susceptibility to false memories.
The Effect of Forced Recall on Illusory Recollection in Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Meade Michelle L. , Roediger Henry L.
Published: May 2010

The effect of an initial forced recall test on later recall and recognition tests was examined in younger and older adults. Subjects were presented with categorized word lists and given an initial test under standard cued recall instructions (with a warning against guessing) or forced recall instructions (that required guessing); subjects were later given a cued recall test for the original list items. In 2 experiments, initial forced recall resulted in higher levels of illusory memories on subsequent tests (relative to initial cued recall), especially for older adults. Older adults were more likely to say they remembered rather than knew that forced guesses had occurred in the original study episode. The effect persisted despite a strong warning against making errors in Experiment 2. When a source monitoring test was given, older adults had more difficulty than younger adults in identifying the source of items they had originally produced as guesses. If conditions encourage subjects to guess on a first memory test, they are likely to recollect these guesses as actual memories on later tests. This effect is exaggerated in older adults, probably because of their greater source monitoring difficulties. Both dual process and source monitoring theories provide insight into these findings.
Cognitive Processes Involved in Blame and Blame-like Judgments and in Forgiveness and Forgiveness-like Judgments
Authors: Mullet Etienne , Rivière Sheila , Sastre María Teresa Muñoz
Published: May 2010

Experiment 1 compared the cognitive processes involved in blame and forgiveness judgments under identical experimental conditions. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 with 4 judgment scales: willingness to prosecute, willingness to avenge, resentment level, and willingness to make up. Participants were presented with 32 scenarios in which a doctor made a medical error. These situations contained 5 items: the degree of proximity with the doctor (e.g., a family doctor known since childhood), the degree of negligence, the severity of consequences, apologies or contrition, and cancellation of consequences. Functional cognitive analysis grouped judgments into 2 categories: blame-like judgments (blame, prosecution, and revenge) and forgiveness-like judgments (resentment, forgiveness, and reconciliation). Blame-like judgments were characterized by additive integration rules, with negligence followed by apologies as the 2 main cues. Forgiveness-like judgments were characterized by an interactive integration rule, with apologies followed by negligence as the 2 main cues.
Aesthetic Preferences for the Unity Ratio Resist the Influence of Color Illusions
Authors: Davis Susan T.
Published: May 2010

The addition of color produces an extension of previous research examining aesthetic preferences for proportional relationships. To date, most favored preferences have been for the unity (1:1) and golden section (1.618:1) ratios. Two experiments examined preferences in and assessed the accuracy of area judgments for divided figures that varied in saturation contrast and were presumed to present a complementary color illusion. Regardless of colors, saturation contrast, direction of division, or area-to-area ratio, participants were accurate in locating the boundary between the two areas of the divided figure, and preferences for the unity ratio dominated as the most preferred ratio. There was no notable interest in the golden section ratio. Looking at the world through colored glasses seems not to interfere with a preference for symmetry, as produced by the unity ratio.
Exclusion Failure Does Not Demonstrate Unconscious Perception
Authors: Fisk Gary D. , Haase Steven J.
Published: May 2010

Elevations in exclusion error rates (i.e., responding with the target stimulus despite instructions to the contrary) in experiments with masked, briefly presented stimuli have been attributed to unconscious perception. The present studies tested the validity of exclusion methods for studying unconscious perception. Experiment 1 replicated Merikle, Joordens, and Stolz (1995; Experiment 1) by showing more exclusion errors (exclusion failure) for masked word stimuli in a stem completion task. However, this experiment did not replicate the finding of fewer exclusion errors (exclusion success) at long stimulus durations. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that exclusion errors are accompanied by significant discrimination sensitivity to the target stimulus, which suggests conscious perception of the target stimulus. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that the exclusion errors obtained from stem completion tasks depend in part on the exclusion method. Altogether, elevated exclusion failure does not provide an unambiguous demonstration of unconscious perception.
Suppression of Intrusive Thoughts and Working Memory Capacity in Repressive Coping
Authors: Geraerts Elke , Merckelbach Harald , Jelicic Marko , Habets Petra
Published: May 2010

Previous research using a thought suppression paradigm found that repressors are more skilled in suppressing anxious autobiographical thoughts than low anxious, high anxious, and defensive high anxious people. Another line of research showed that individual differences in working memory capacity are related to the ability to intentionally suppress intrusive thoughts. This study aimed at combining these findings and sought to investigate whether repressors’ superior ability to suppress intrusive thoughts is related to a larger working memory capacity. Results indicate that in a thought suppression paradigm, repressors report fewer intrusive thoughts for their most anxious experiences than participants in the 3 other subgroups. Furthermore, the superior ability of repressors to avoid intrusive thoughts can be explained largely by their higher working memory capacity.
Nostalgia and the Emotional Tone and Content of Song Lyrics
Authors: Batcho Krystine Irene
Published: May 2010

Emotion and topic were manipulated in original song lyrics. Participants completed Batcho’s (1995) and Holbrook’s (1993) nostalgia surveys and rated 6 sets of lyrics for happiness, sadness, anger, nostalgia, meaning, liking, and relevance. Nostalgic lyrics were characterized by bittersweet reverie, loss of the past, identity, and meaning. Contrary to theories linking nostalgia to pathology, participants who scored high on Batcho’s measure of personal nostalgia preferred happy lyrics, found them more meaningful, and related more closely to them. Consistent with theories relating nostalgia to social connectedness, high-nostalgia respondents preferred other-directed to solitary themes. Historical nostalgia was associated with relating more closely to sad lyrics.
An Individual Difference Analysis of False Recognition
Authors: Salthouse Timothy A. , Siedlecki Karen L.
Published: May 2010

Two studies with moderately large samples of participants were conducted to examine correlates of false recognition. In Experiment 1 false recognition of words was found to be a robust and reliable phenomenon at the level of individuals, and the tendency to classify critical lures as old was more closely related to the correct classification of old items as old than to the incorrect classification of unrelated new items as old. False recognition was not significantly related to any of the cognitive abilities that were assessed, including episodic memory, or to other factors such as personality and chronic mood. In Experiment 2 these findings were extended to include dot pattern and face stimuli. Although measures of veridical memory were significantly correlated across the different types of stimulus material, false recognition rates only had modest and generally not significant correlations, which suggests that the tendency to produce false recognitions may be a task-specific characteristic of individuals.
Retelling Urban Legends
Authors: Tree Jean E. Fox , Weldon Mary Susan
Published: May 2010

We explored factors influencing the retelling of urban legends. As predicted by prior work, people retold truthful and scary stories. But people also retold well-known stories. This contrasts with the expectation that people would not pass on a story that everyone already knew. Also as predicted by prior work, repeating a story increased its credibility. But repeating also increased a story’s importance, scariness, and likelihood of retelling. In general, contextualizing a story and increasing the number of details did not affect the likelihood of retelling a story. The exception was that details increased the likelihood of retelling a newly heard story. However, if people read a story with context or details, more contextual elements and details were included in their retellings. At the same time, people confabulated details to an equal degree no matter what type of embellishments they had read.
Understanding Cognitive Failures: What’s Dissociation Got to Do with It?
Authors: Bruce Amanda Schurle , Ray William J. , Carlson Richard A.
Published: May 2010

Intuitively, cognitive failures and dissociation seem to encompass overlapping mental phenomena. This study used a large sample to examine the nature of the relationship between these constructs. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses were performed on the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). The single factor resulting from the EFA of the CFQ correlated significantly with all factors from the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). A conjoint item-level factor analysis using all items from both measures was performed, and two factors resulted. The first included all items from the CFQ and appeared to describe an absorption-like phenomenon. The second factor’s highest positively loading items assessed more pathological forms of dissociation. Based on our results, we conclude that the CFQ and DES are assessing similar cognitive processes and that cognitive failures, as measured by the CFQ, overlap with nonpathological dissociation.
Object Superiority as a Function of Object Coherence and Task Difficulty
Authors: Loverock David S.
Published: May 2010

This study addressed the view that object superiority depends on the informativeness or task relevance of particular contexts. It was hypothesized that target search is facilitated to the extent that global properties of a complex stimulus provide informative cues to target location. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that when the target appeared at variable relative positions it was identified better in a coherent context than in an incoherent one. Because the coherent context was presumed to contain informative global cues to location, the results confirmed the hypothesis. Experiment 2 also indicated that when only informative local properties were available, search was facilitated, albeit to a lesser extent than when global properties were available. Overall, the results extend the informativeness view of object superiority effects.
Emotional and Aesthetic Antecedents and Consequences of Music-Induced Thrills
Authors: Konečni Vladimir J. , Wanic Rebekah A. , Brown Amber
Published: May 2010

The significance of music-induced thrills or chills was explored in 3 experiments (N = 223). Specifically, the ability of antecedent (priming) stimuli in different modalities and aesthetic domains (national anthems, stories, architectural objects, paintings) to increase the participants’ thrills responsiveness to music by Rachmaninoff and Haydn was examined. In addition, the differential effects of having or not having experienced thrills on the participants’ subsequent willingness to donate blood, and on their mood and self-concept, were tested. It was found that while the antecedent stimuli in different modalities could themselves induce thrills in a predictable manner, these priming stimuli, and the thrills they elicited, had relatively weak effects on the thrills subsequently induced by the Rachmaninoff and Haydn pieces. The measures of altruism, self-concept, and mood were not affected by either the antecedent variables or the thrills experience. Thrills may often accompany profound aesthetic experiences and provide their physiological underpinning, yet themselves be of limited psychological significance.
History of Psychology: Robert Yerkes’ Multiple-Choice Apparatus, 1913-1939
Authors: Fuchs Alfred H. , Trewin Shae A.
Published: May 2010

Robert Yerkes developed a multiple-choice method to study ideational behavior in animals and humans using specially designed multiple-choice apparatuses. One example of Yerkes’ apparatus, used for testing human subjects, now resides in the Historical Scientific Instruments Collection at the Peabody Museum of Natural History of Yale University. Yerkes introduced the apparatus in 1913 to show that the multiple-choice method was an effective measure of ideational behavior in normal and abnormal people. An analysis of the machine’s construction and history brings to light Yerkes’ desire for methodological rigor in experimental design. Yerkes’ apparatus became commercially available in 1923 even though other psychological laboratories had been making their own versions of it since 1919. Sixteen years later, Yerkes’ apparatus was still on the market despite an apparent lack of demand for it.
On the Spatial Metric of Short-SOA Costs of Exogenous Cuing
Authors: Chen Peggy , Moore Cathleen , Mordkoff J. Toby
Published: May 2010

When the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and the target is short, exogenous spatial cues usually produce a response time benefit. However, consistent with several recent studies, we have found that a short stimulus onset asynchrony is not sufficient. At least one more factor--the number of cue and target locations--also plays a role. Even more interesting, when 8 cue and target locations are used, the effect of an exogenous cue produces a cost on valid cue trials, and the spatial metric of this negative cuing effect depends on whether the cue remains visible at target onset.
The Impact of Object Animacy on the Appraisal of Causality
Authors: Falmier Olga , Young Michael E.
Published: May 2010

The goal of this study was to examine whether animacy of objects affected the appraisal of a causal relationship when one object was observed to propel the other either immediately, after a delay, or at a distance. Participants rated the degree of causal interaction either before or after an extended experience with observing the interactions. We expected that spatial distance would have little effect when objects were seen as animate (because social interactions often span spatial gaps) and would have a degrading effect when objects were appraised as inanimate. Motion animacy appeared to attenuate the impact of a gap and to decrease initial causal judgments for direct collisions. Explicitly informing participants about the nature of the objects had a strong impact. Experience with the causal task affected ratings to a greater extent when the objects were explicitly described as nonliving rather than living.
Pluto Behaving Badly: False Beliefs and Their Consequences
Authors: Berkowitz Shari R. , Laney Cara , Morris Erin K. , Garry Maryanne , Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: May 2010

We exposed college students to suggestive materials in order to lead them to believe that, as children, they had a negative experience at Disneyland involving the Pluto character. A sizable minority of subjects developed a false belief or memory that Pluto had uncomfortably licked their ear. Suggestions about a positive experience with Pluto led to even greater acceptance of a lovable earlicking episode. False beliefs and memories had repercussions; those seduced by the bad suggestions were not willing to pay as much for a Pluto souvenir. These findings are among the first to demonstrate that false beliefs can have repercussions for people, meaning that they can influence their later thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors.
Smokescreens in the Provenance Investigation of Early Formative Mesoamerican Ceramics
Authors: Neff Hector , Blomster Jeffrey , Glascock Michael D. , Bishop Ronald L. , Blackman M. James , Coe Michael D. , Cowgill George L. , Cyphers Ann , Diehl Richard A. , Houston Stephen , Joyce Arthur A. , Lipo Carl P. , Winter Marcus
Published: May 2010

We are glad that Sharer et al. (this issue) have dropped their original claim that the INAA data demonstrate multidirectional movement of Early Formative pottery. Beyond this, however, they offer nothing that might enhance understanding of Early Formative ceramic circulation or inspire new insights into Early Formative cultural evolution in Mesoamerica. Instead, their response contains fresh distortions, replications of mistakes made in their PNAS articles, and lengthy passages that are irrelevant to the issues raised by Neff et al. (this issue). We correct and recorrect their latest distortions and misunderstandings here. Besides showing why their discussion of ceramic sourcing repeatedly misses the mark, we also correct a number of erroneous assertions about the archaeology of Olmec San Lorenzo. New evidence deepens understanding of Early Formative Mesoamerica but requires that some researchers discard cherished beliefs.
Socioeconomic Inequality and the Consumption of Chipped Stone at El Palmillo, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Feinman Gary M. , Nicholas Linda M. , Haines Helen R.
Published: May 2010

In prehispanic Mesoamerica, basic utilitarian artifacts, such as non-obsidian chipped stone tools, have rarely been considered outside the realms of technology or the economics of manufacture and circulation. Yet in recent excavations of residential terraces at the Classic period hilltop settlement of El Palmillo, Oaxaca, we have noted spatial patterning in the distribution of chipped stone tools that parallels variation previously observed in a range of nonlocal goods including obsidian, marine shell, and greenstone. Compared to the inhabitants of terraces situated near the base of the site, the apparently higher-status residents of households residing closer to the hill’s apex not only were associated with a somewhat different assemblage of stone tools and debris, but their chipped stone implements tended to be made on better-quality raw materials. As a consequence, chipped stone assemblages can serve as an additional axis of variation for examining status distinctions in the Classic period Valley of Oaxaca, and potentially elsewhere in Mesoamerica.
The Politics of Community and Inka Statecraft in the Colca Valley, Peru
Authors: Wernke Steven A.
Published: May 2010

In this paper I investigate the community-level articulation of imperial and local political structures during the Inka occupation of the Collagua Province, located in the Colca Valley of highland southern Peru. Combined ethnohistorical and archaeological analysis document the emergence of a hybrid imperial/local political formation in the shift from autonomous rule during the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1000–1450) to the Inka occupation during the Late horizon (A.D. 1450–1532). Documentary evidence reveals considerable but uneven penetration of Inka imperial institutions across the two ranked moieties that structure local community organization, with remarkably close conformity between Inkaic ideals of rank and hierarchy among the communities (ayllus) of the lower moiety, but greater autonomy among the higher-ranking ayllus of the upper moiety. New data from a systematic survey around the provincial capital documents a decentralized Late Intermediate period settlement pattern associated with fortifications, suggesting segmentary autonomous political organization. The subsequent Late horizon settlement pattern signals overall occupational continuity, but with the establishment of an Inka administrative center and the installation of central plazas and Inka structures at large settlements with local elite domestic architecture. The two data sets combined provide a integrated view of centralized, but locally mediated, Inka administration.
Understanding Middle Horizon Peru: Hermeneutic Spirals, Interpretative Traditions, and Wari Administrative Centers
Authors: Jennings Justin
Published: May 2010

During the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600-1000), the Wari state extended its influence over much of Peru. One popular view of the Wari expansion is that the state constructed a system of administrative centers that ruled through an idiom of generalized reciprocity and extracted, stored, and redistributed goods from local groups. This paper considers how this model of the Wari periphery was constructed over the last 100 years, and argues that interpretations that fit within this model have been given added weight in academic literature because they fit our expectations of what the past should be like. I suggest that there are significant problems in this understanding of the Wari periphery that need to be addressed, and offer an alternative model that better fits the available evidence.
A Preliminary Geoarchaeological Investigation of Ground Stone Tools in and around the Maya Mountains, Toledo District, Belize
Authors: Abramiuk Marc A. , Meurer William P.
Published: May 2010

We investigate ground stone tools, specifically manos and metates, throughout the Bladen region of the Maya Mountains of Belize and adjacent areas during the Late and Terminal Classic periods. Because of the distinctiveness and relative heterogeneity of rock types in the Bladen region, we can pinpoint the Bladen communities that exploited the raw materials used in manufacturing manos and metates utilized in other communities. Based on mano and metate fragments that were recovered from the Bladen communities, as well as from communities outside the Bladen region, we reconstruct an intercommunity network within the Bladen region and investigate communities outside of the Bladen to which the Bladen communities were directly or indirectly linked. This investigation shows that if enough geo-specific information is available, it is possible to reconstruct a relatively accurate picture of inter-community relations. Moreover, it is shown that the Bladen region was a valuable source of ground stone for the Maya Lowlands and the Bladen communities were integral players in its exploitation.
A Frontier Perspective on Paracas Society and Nasca Ethnogenesis
Authors: Gijseghem Hendrik Van
Published: May 2010

It has long been recognized that the Nasca culture (ca. A.D. 1–750) of the Peruvian south coast finds its roots in the Paracas society (ca. 800 B.C.–A.D. 1). Yet the social mechanisms responsible for the innovations that characterize the transition are poorly known. The southern Nasca region, which became the most dynamic region in terms of ceremonial life and intervalley integration, however, was never an important area of Paracas occupation. In this article I use literature on migration and frontier development to explain the genesis of Nasca society. Four phenomena that are common on historical frontiers seem to have been at play in the southern Nasca region: initial simplification of hierarchy, pioneer effect, “wealth-in-people,” and factionalism. Based on data from excavations at La Puntilla, a settlement that spanned the Late Paracas—Initial Nasca transition, I argue that the needs of interregional integration and cooperation following initial settlement of the frontier by Paracas populations and subsequent demographic growth prompted the genesis of Nasca society. The proposed long-term scenario also provides a context for later innovations in water management and agricultural intensification.
Procedures in Human Heart Extraction and Ritual Meaning: A Taphonomic Assessment of Anthropogenic Marks in Classic Maya Skeletons
Authors: Tiesler Vera , Cucina Andrea
Published: May 2010

The present study reports on the cultural marks encountered in three (possibly four) skeletons retrieved from primary deposits of the Maya Classic period at Palenque, Calakmul, and Becán, Mexico. We propose that the patterns of cut and stab lesions encountered in the trunks of these individuals stem from perimortem violence that accompanied heart removal from below the rib cage rather than from postmortem evisceration. We confirm the feasibility of this procedure by experimental replication in modern corpses. The interpretation of those procedures synthesizes information obtained from osteological, archaeological, and iconographic sources and leads to a broader discussion concerning the techniques, impact, and meanings of human heart sacrifice and associated body manipulations in Classic period Maya society. Methodologically, we conclude that direct skeletal evidence of heart sacrifice can be rare, imposing a cautionary caveat on the current discussion of mortuary remains in the Maya area.
El Bosque Domesticado, el Bosque Cultivado: Un Proceso Milenario en el Valle Medio del Río Porce en el Noroccidente Colombiano
Authors: Espitia Neyla Castillo , Bocanegra Francisco J. Aceituno
Published: May 2010

En este informe nos centramos en las evidencias arqueológicas del Holoceno Temprano y Medio, recuperadas en los sitios Y-021 y Y-045, como parte de un estudio de impacto ambiental en el valle medio del río Porce, Cordillera Central de Colombia. Hemos podido identificar cambios culturales, representados en las fases definidas a partir de las características de los restos materiales y su distribución estratigráfica en los dos sitios. En un primer momento, los grupos humanos que ocuparon el valle medio del río Porce vivieron principalmente de la caza y recolección de vegetales; pero desde muy temprano, alrededor del 7500 a.P. se observa una manipulación de algunas plantas. Esto desembocó en un sistema horticultor complementado principalmente con la caza, la recolección y, en menor medida, con la pesca. Hacia el 5000 a.P. irrumpe la cerámica como una novedad tecnológica acompañada de un incremento de la explotación del medio, y un aumento de los cultígenos en los diagramas de polen. Hacia el 3500 a.P. los sitios fueron abandonados.
3,000 Years of Occupation in Upper Valley Nasca: Excavations at Upanca
Authors: Vaughn Kevin J. , Grados Moisés Linares
Published: May 2010

We report recent excavations undertaken at the residential village Upanca located 1,600 m above sea level in the Nasca region of Peru in the Central Andes. Although fieldwork was initiated to evaluate the site's participation in the Early Nasca craft economy, excavations revealed a long occupation beginning in the Late Archaic (ca. 3000–1800 B.C.) and extending into the Early Intermediate period (ca. A.D. 1–750), with a principal component dating to the Early Nasca period (ca. A.D. 1–450). The Early Nasca component revealed high polychrome consumption, confirming previous assessments of Early Nasca's craft economy, and association with extensive agricultural terracing, suggesting surplus production beginning in the Early Intermediate period.
Elite Artists and Craft Producers in Classic Maya Society: Lithic Evidence from Aguateca, Guatemala
Authors: Aoyama Kazuo
Published: May 2010

This report examines 10,845 lithic artifacts from the rapidly abandoned city of Aguateca, Guatemala, to elucidate elite artistic and craft production in Classic Maya society. The methods used include high-power microwear analysis. The results suggest that significant numbers of Maya elite, both men and women, engaged in artistic creation and craft production, often working in both attached and independent contexts. The royal family and other elite households produced many artistic and craft items, including wood carvings and hide or leather goods. The scribe inhabiting Structure M8-8 carved stelae for the ruler, and the high-status courtier/scribe living in Structure M8-4 emphasized the production of shell and bone objects and other royal regalia in a courtly setting. Clearly, Aguateca was a center of part-time production of both utilitarian and luxury goods as well as of consumption. Classic Maya elite men and women artists/craft producers possessed multiple social identities and roles, which in turn implies a more flexible and integrated system of Classic Maya elite participating in attached and independent craft production more than is usually proposed.
Making a Short Story Long: The Construction of the Suez–Mediterranean Oil Pipeline in Egypt, 1967–1977
Authors: Podeh Elie
Published: May 2010

The idea to construct a pipeline from Suez to the Mediterranean (SUMED) was initially raised before the 1967 War. With the closure of the Suez Canal following the war, the pipeline could offer a less expensive route for Gulf oil. However, the pipeline was inaugurated only in 1977, following three wars and debilitating negotiations between Egypt and foreign institutions. This article analyzes the motives for the project as well as the reasons for the long delay in its implementation. Anticipated financial profits were a major consideration for both the governments concerned and the oil companies. Yet the project was launched only after the parties involved realized that its construction also entailed significant political advantages and after the security risks were eliminated. In recent years, SUMED and the Suez Canal have become major transportation routes for crude oil, transforming Egypt into an actor in the oil market.
Weathering the Storms: Hurricanes and Risk in the British Greater Caribbean
Authors: Mulcahy Matthew
Published: May 2010

The risk of hurricanes made planting in the British Greater Caribbean, a region stretching from Barbados through South Carolina, an especially volatile and uncertain business during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The storms were a new experience for European colonists, and they quickly became the most feared element of the region's environment. Hurricanes routinely leveled plantations and towns, destroyed crops and infrastructure, and claimed hundreds of lives. The widespread destruction resulted in significant losses for planters and necessitated major reconstruction efforts. Most planters survived these economic shocks, often with the help of outside credit, but at times hurricanes were the breaking point for smaller or heavily indebted planters. The profits that came from sugar and rice kept planters rebuilding, but the threat posed by the storms shaped the experience of plantership in the region throughout the period.
Transnational Trade in the Wartime North Atlantic: The Voyage of the SnowRecovery
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2010

The voyage of a small ocean-going trading vessel, of a type known as a snow, provides a window into the world of wartime commerce in the late colonial period. In March 1760, the snowRecovery, which was owned by a consortium of North American and Irish businessmen, traveled from New York City to Belfast, Ireland, and from there to the tiny Dutch island of Curaçao. From Curaçao, the snow sailed north to the Bay of Monte Cristi in Spanish Santo Domingo, where it loaded French sugar and coffee, mostly purchased through Spanish intermediaries, for sale at the German port of Hamburg. Upon leaving the bay for a brief stopover in New York, theRecoverywas seized by a British warship and carried to Jamaica for condemnation in the court of vice-admiralty. This trading venture tells us much about mid-eighteenth-century Atlantic markets, their fluidity, adaptability, and responsiveness to change, as well as their integration into a single system of production, commerce, and finance.
Path Dependence in Ports: The Persistence of Cooperative Forms
Authors: van Driel Hugo , Devos Greta
Published: May 2010

The concept of path dependence is used to compare the evolution of the organizational forms of two groups of transportation and warehousing firms, the Dutchvemenand the Antwerpnaties, that operated in seaports between c.1500 and 1900 and beyond. Their adoption of cooperative forms reflected the corporative guild creed that prevailed in early modern European cities. After 1815, when their businesses were no longer regulated by local governments, the vemen and naties remained locked into the cooperative form of governance that had prevailed for so long. This organizational form gradually adapted to changing circumstances, but its egalitarian structure remained intact until the late nineteenth century (vemen), and even into the twentieth century (naties). The two groups of firms’ organizational forms evolved differently under the impact of the legacy of the early modern period and the weight of their own later distinctive experiences.