bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and SAR Study of N‐(4‐Hydroxy‐3‐(2‐hydroxynaphthalene‐1‐yl)phenyl)arylsulfonamides: Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors with Submicromolar Activity in an in vitro Assay.
Authors: Ganesh Thota , Thepchatri Pahk , Li Lian , Du Yuhong , Fu Haian , Snyder James P. , Sun Aiming
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Free Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Arylation of Naphthalene and Benzene with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Qin Chunxia , Lu Wenjun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of C60 via Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Champeil Elise , Crean Conor , Larraya Carlos , Pescitelli Gennaro , Proni Gloria , Ghosez Leon
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Highly Substituted Tetrahydrofurans from Activated Propargyl Alcohols Using PBu3.
Authors: Pedduri Yakambram , Williamson John S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Au‐Containing All‐Carbon 1,3‐Dipoles: Generation and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Zhang Guozhu , Zhang Liming
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Solvent‐Free Cycloadditions of 1,3‐Cyclohexanediones to 1‐(Pyridin‐2‐yl)‐enones Mediated by Manganese(III) Acetate in a Ball Mill.
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Dong Ya‐Wei , Wu Ping , Yuan Ting‐Ting , Shen Ye‐Bing
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Butyl‐Capped Dehydrothieno[14]annulenes and Their Conversion into Terthiophenes.
Authors: O'Connor Matthew J. , Haley Michael M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed Regioselective aza‐Ferrier Reaction: A Novel Synthetic Method for α‐(N‐Boc‐2‐pyrrolidinyl) Aldehydes.
Authors: Tayama Eiji , Otoyama Seijun , Isaka Wataru
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Asymmetric Catalytic Oxindole Synthesis.
Authors: Jia Yi‐Xia , Hillgren J. Mikael , Watson Emma L. , Marsden Stephen P. , Kuendig E. Peter
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spiro‐Heterocyclization of Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzoxazine‐1,2,4‐trione by the Action with Cyclic Enehydrazine.
Authors: Racheva N. L. , Aliev Z. G. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Indoles with 2‐EnoylPyridine 1‐Oxides Catalyzed by Chiral Pyridine 2,6‐Bis(5′,5′‐diphenyloxazoline)—Cu(II) Complexes.
Authors: Singh Pradeep K. , Singh Vinod K.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Carbapenams via Kinugasa Reaction.
Authors: Stecko Sebastian , Mames Adam , Furman Bartlomiej , Chmielewski Marek
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 5‐Amino‐1‐aroylpyrazoles.
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Portilla Jaime , Abonia Rodrigo , Insuasty Braulio , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles.
Authors: Paone Daniel V. , Shaw Anthony W.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Comparative Study on Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 2‐Phenylthiazoles and 2‐Phenyloxazoles.
Authors: Haemmerle Johanna , Spina Markus , Schnuerch Michael , Mihovilovic Marko D. , Stanetty Peter
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of a Highly Efficient and Water‐Tolerant Sulfonic Acid Nanoreactor Based on Tunable Ordered Porous Silica for the von Pechmann Reaction.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Zareyee Daryoush
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Resolution of N‐Boc‐2‐lithiopiperidine.
Authors: Coldham Iain , Raimbault Sophie , Chovatia Praful T. , Patel Jignesh J. , Leonori Daniele , Sheikh Nadeem S. , Whittaker David T. E.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Piperidines by Carbonyl Ene and Prins Cyclizations.
Authors: Cariou Claire A. M. , Kariuki Benson M. , Snaith John S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Condensation of Fluorine‐Substituted Benzaldehydes with Amines and Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Kozlov N. G. , Gusak K. N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 2,3‐Dioxopyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolinecarboxylic Acid Esters and Amides with Nitrogen‐Centered Nucleophiles.
Authors: Surikova O. V. , Mikhailovskii A. G. , Polygalova N. N. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Novel Tricyclic Peptidomimetic Scaffold.
Authors: Sellstedt Magnus , Almqvist Fredrik
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Z)‐2‐[Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ylidene]acetonitriles by the Reaction of N‐(2‐Cyanophenyl)alkanimidates with 2‐Lithioacetonitrile.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Ukon Takahiro , Nakano Hidenari , Fukamachi Shuhei , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Uracil Derivatives from 2‐Alkyl‐Δ2‐oxazolines and Nitriles.
Authors: Fustro Santos , Sanz‐Cervera Juan F. , Merida Salvador , Roman Raquel , Villanova Salvador , Ramirez de Arellano Carmen
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7,8,9‐Trisubstituted Dihydropurine Derivatives via a “tert‐Amino Effect” Cyclization.
Authors: Che Xin , Zheng Lianyou , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Three‐Component, One‐Pot Synthesis of Oxazinoquinolin‐3‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Shakibaei Gazaleh Imani , Khavasi Hamid Reza , Mirzaei Peiman , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity of the Reactions of 4,5‐Diphenylimidazole‐2‐thione with 1‐Chloro‐2,3‐epoxy‐propane and 1‐Bromo‐propene, Efficient Precursors for Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazine and Thiazole. Effect of Microwave and Solid Support.
Authors: Aouad Mohamed R. , Rezki Nadjet , El Ahsry El Sayed H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Two‐Step Sequence for the Synthesis of Novel 4‐Aryl‐4,5‐dihydro‐6H‐[1,3]dioxolo[4,5‐h]pyrrolo[1,2‐a] [1]benzazepin‐6‐ones from 6‐Amino‐3,4‐methylenedioxyacetophenone.
Authors: Abonia Rodrigo , Cuervo Paola , Insuasty Braulio , Quiroga Jairo , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclooctatrienes from Pyran‐2‐ones via a Tandem [4 + 4]‐Photocycloaddition/Decarboxylation Process.
Authors: Li Lei , Chase Charles E. , West F. G.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Air‐Initiated Hydrosilylation of Unactivated Alkynes and Alkenes and Dehalogenation of Halohydrocarbons by Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Wang Jialiang , Zhu Zhenyu , Huang Wen , Deng Mingli , Zhou Xigeng
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfinimine‐Mediated Asymmetric Synthesis of Acyclic and Cyclic α‐Aminophosphonates.
Authors: Chen Qianyi , Li Jinfeng , Yuan Chengye
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,1‐Bis‐phosphorus Compounds from Organoboranes.
Authors: Antczak Monika I. , Montchamp Jean‐Luc
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Meroterpene from Eurycorymbus cavaleriei.
Authors: Cheng Lin , Song Zhi‐Hang , Zhang Peng , Zhang Min , Qu Hai‐Bin , Ma Zhong‐Jun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Method of Synthesis of Methyl N‐Boc‐2,3‐dehydropyrrolidine‐ and piperidine‐2‐carboxylates.
Authors: Kublitskii V. S. , Stepanov A. E. , Trukhan V. M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ψ[CH(RF)NH]Gly‐Peptides: The Dramatic Effect of a Single Fluorine Atom on the Diastereocontrol of the Key Aza‐Michael Reaction.
Authors: Bigotti Serena , Meille Stefano V. , Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐4‐Fluorohistidine.
Authors: Hajduch Jan , Cramer John C. , Kirk Kenneth L.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)‐Convolutamydine A with New N‐Heteroarylsulfonylprolinamides.
Authors: Nakamura Shuichi , Hara Noriyuki , Nakashima Hiroki , Kubo Koji , Shibata Norio , Toru Takeshi
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Fluorinated Acyclothionucleosides.
Authors: Gouault‐Bironneau Sonia , Sene Aboubacary , Catel Jean‐Marie , Lequeux Thierry
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A‐94964, Novel Inhibitor of Bacterial Translocase I, Produced by Streptomyces sp. SANK 60404. Part 2. Physico‐Chemical Properties and Structure Elucidation.
Authors: Fujita Yoko , Murakami Ryo , Muramatsu Yasunori , Miyakoshi Shunichi , Takatsu Toshio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Practical Access to 1,2‐Diaminophytosphingolipids.
Authors: Harrak Youssef , Llebaria Amadeu , Delgado Antonio
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity.
Authors: Mazzatorta Paolo , Estevez Manuel Dominguez , Coulet Myriam , Schilter Benoit
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Information Theory‐Based Scoring Function for the Structure‐Based Prediction of Protein—Ligand Binding Affinity.
Authors: Kulharia Mahesh , Goody Roger S. , Jackson Richard M.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies of the Mechanism of Selectivity of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) Bidentate Inhibitors Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free Energy Calculations.
Authors: Fang Lei , Zhang Huai , Cui Wei , Ji Mingjun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Molecular Docking, 3D‐QSAR, and Cluster Analysis for Screening Structurally Diverse Data Sets of Pharmacological Interest.
Authors: Santos‐Filho Osvaldo A. , Cherkasov Artem
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Volatile Anesthetic Binding to Proteins Is Influenced by Solvent and Aliphatic Residues.
Authors: Streiff John H. , Jones Keith A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Classical Reagents: New Surprises in Palladium‐Catalyzed C—C Coupling Reactions
Authors: Lindhardt Anders T. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Spatial variability of intra‐seasonal oscillations during extreme Indian monsoons
Authors: Kulkarni Ashwini , Sabade S. S. , Kripalani R. H.
Published: January 2009

The intra‐seasonal variability of the Indian monsoon rainfall plays a dominant role in deciding the seasonal strength of the monsoon. The Indian monsoon is known to exhibit two dominant periodicities of intra‐seasonal oscillations (ISOs) 30–60 days and 10–20 days on the spatial scale of entire landmass. In this paper the nature and intensity of these dominant periodicities have been studied on smaller spatial domains during all‐India deficient and excess monsoons. The high resolution data 1° × 1° latitude/longitude over Indian domain for the recent period of 1951–2003 provided by India Meteorological Department have been used in this analysis. The multi‐taper spectrum analysis (MTMA) method has been applied to identify the periodicities over four representative regions. The 30–60 days periodicity is dominant over west coast and South‐east India during deficient monsoons while the excess monsoons are characterized by high frequency oscillations. The time variation of these periodicities is studied by applying wavelet transforms (WTs).

During deficient Indian monsoons coherent regions with dominant oscillations are observed. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis reveals that both the oscillations have weakened after mid 1970s. Implications of this on forecasting Indian monsoon are discussed. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulating competing risks data in survival analysis
Authors: Beyersmann Jan , Latouche Aurélien , Buchholz Anika , Schumacher Martin
Published: January 2009

Competing risks analysis considers time‐to‐first‐event (‘survival time’) and the event type (‘cause’), possibly subject to right‐censoring. The cause‐, i.e. event‐specific hazards, completely determine the competing risk process, but simulation studies often fall back on the much criticized latent failure time model. Cause‐specific hazard‐driven simulation appears to be the exception; if done, usually only constant hazards are considered, which will be unrealistic in many medical situations. We explain simulating competing risks data based on possibly time‐dependent cause‐specific hazards. The simulation design is as easy as any other, relies on identifiable quantities only and adds to our understanding of the competing risks process. In addition, it immediately generalizes to more complex multistate models. We apply the proposed simulation design to computing the least false parameter of a misspecified proportional subdistribution hazard model, which is a research question of independent interest in competing risks. The simulation specifications have been motivated by data on infectious complications in stem‐cell transplanted patients, where results from cause‐specific hazards analyses were difficult to interpret in terms of cumulative event probabilities. The simulation illustrates that results from a misspecified proportional subdistribution hazard analysis can be interpreted as a time‐averaged effect on the cumulative event probability scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived stress, coping and night‐eating in college students
Authors: Wichianson Jatturong R. , Bughi Stephanie A. , Unger Jennifer B. , Spruijt‐Metz Donna , Nguyen‐Rodriguez Selena T.
Published: January 2009

The present study investigated the role of coping in the relationship between perceived stress and night‐eating syndrome (NES) in college students. Participants were 95 undergraduates 18 to 29 years of age, and predominantly female and white or Caucasian. Anonymous paper‐and‐pencil surveys were completed on campus to measure NES, coping styles and level of perceived stress. Significant associations were found between perceived stress and NES (β = 0.259, p < 0.05), perceived stress and maladaptive coping (β = 0.575, p < 0.001) and maladaptive coping and NES (β = 0.252, p < 0.05). Mediation analyses indicate that experiencing higher levels of stress may lead to night‐eating behaviours because of use of maladaptive coping strategies. Furthermore, tests of moderation suggest that individuals who experienced stress and engaged in less adaptive coping were more likely to exhibit night‐eating behaviours (versus those who engaged in more adaptive coping). Of note is the differential impact of adaptive versus maladaptive coping in this association. Current findings provide some insights into possible mechanisms to weight gain in college students. Further, this information may be useful in guiding the development of interventions aimed at improving the psychosocial and behavioural health of college students. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pain Management for Unilateral Orchidopexy in Children: An Effective Regimen
Authors: Saeed A. , Khan A. R. , Lee V. , Aslam A. , Brain J. , Williams M. P. L. , Brennan L. , Campbell R. , Samuel M.
Published: January 2009

Background

The reported high incidence of 30–60% postoperative pain after an elective day surgical orchidopexy is undesirable. We evaluated the efficacy of our analgesic regimen for unilateral orchidopexy in preschool children performed as a day surgical procedure.

Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2006, 247 children (mean age: 3.3 ± 1.6 years) underwent a unilateral orchidopexy as a day surgical procedure. They were prospectively analyzed for postoperative pain during a period of 48 h by using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). After standardized general anesthesia, all children had a 0.25% levo‐bupivacaine hydrochloride ilio‐inguinal block and a rectal diclofenac sodium suppository. Orchidopexy was performed through transverse inguinal and scrotal incisions. The wounds were infiltrated with 0.25% levo‐bupivacaine hydrochloride at the end of the operation. Postoperatively acetaminophen and ibuprofen were given orally at regular intervals for 48 h.

Results

On first assessment in the recovery room, 148 out of 247 (60%) patients were pain‐free, and 99 of 247 (40%) patients had pain: VAS score ranged from 3 to 10. By 3 h, 27 (11%) had mild‐to‐moderate pain, with VAS scores between 3 and 7. All children were discharged home at 4 h with no pain. At home, 95% were pain‐free at 10 h and 97% by 24 h, with a declining pain score. All children were pain‐free at 32, 40, and 48 h. Pain scores were unrelated to the duration of surgery (rs = 0.54).

Conclusion

Clinical effectiveness of our institution analgesic regime justifies the performance of unilateral orchidopexy as a day‐case procedure.
Water availability affects tolerance and resistance to aphids but not the trade‐off between the two
Authors: Ramírez Claudio C. , Verdugo Jaime A.
Published: January 2009

This study evaluates the effect of water availability on tolerance and resistance to the aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas by clones of the double hybrid [(Populus trichocarpa × P. maximowiczii Henry) × (P. trichocarpa × P. maximowiczii)] (TM × TM), a hybrid that was previously described as resistant to this aphid. In a 2 × 2 experimental design implemented in a nursery, we were able to assess growth (branch length, number of leaves and branch base diameter) in saplings reared in the natural presence of aphids (natural aphid damage) and aphid‐controlled conditions (undamaged) under both well‐watered and drought stress conditions. We found that resistance was reduced under drought stress conditions, while tolerance in branch length was increased. Cost of resistance was detected as clones displaying higher tolerance grew less in the absence of aphids, whereas no evidence of costs associated with tolerance was found in any of the growth traits measured, A genetic trade‐off between tolerance and resistance was detected, but this trade‐off was not affected by water availability. Considering the average response of both defence strategies, well‐watered trees seem to allocate more resources to resistance than to tolerance, whereas drought‐stressed trees allocate more to tolerance than to resistance. This suggests that tolerance would imply a lower cost than resistance, and the shift to either strategy could be modulated by resource availability.
Mono-dispersed Functional Polymeric Nanocapsules with Multi-lacuna via Soapless Microemulsion Polymerization with Spindle-like α-Fe2O3Nanoparticles as Templates
Authors: Liu Guangfeng , Liu Peng
Published: January 2009

The mono-dispersed crosslinked polymeric multi-lacuna nanocapsules (CP(St–OA) nanocapsules) about 40 nm with carboxylic groups on their inner and outer surfaces were fabricated in the present work. The small conglomerations of the oleic acid modified spindle-like α-Fe2O3nanoparticles (OA–Fe2O3) were encapsulated in the facile microemulsion polymerization with styrene (St) as monomer and divinyl benzene (DVB) as crosslinker. Then the templates, small conglomerations of OA–Fe2O3, were etched with HCl in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The surface carboxylic groups of the crosslinked polymeric multi-lacuna nanocapsules were validated by the Zeta potential analysis.
Origins of the Royal Institution
Authors: Martin Thomas
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

The paper is an attempt to set the social and historical background against which the Royal Institution was founded, and to trace the events in its very early history. The founder of the Institution was Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, that soldier of fortune who took service with the Elector Palatine of Bavaria, and it was in the course of his duties in Munich that his interest in the practical problems of philanthropy was aroused.

In London, in the concluding years of the eighteenth century, he was drawn into the group of philanthropists and reformers among whom William Wilberforce was the leading figure, and Sir Thomas Bernard, Treasurer of the Foundling Hospital, one of the most active members. The focus of their activities was the Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor, and to this Society Rumford submitted his proposals for a new scientific institution in London, designed to improve the lot of the poor and the working classes by the application of science to useful purposes.

It was decided to make an appeal for funds, Rumford's proposals were circulated, and the Count succeeded in interesting the President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, who took the Chair at the early meetings and allowed them to be held at his house, 32 Soho Square. At a meeting held there on 7 March 1799, the new institution was formed by resolution of the subscribers of 50 guineas each, who became the first Proprietors of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, as it was afterwards named in its Royal Charter.
Greek Astronomy and its Debt to the Babylonians
Authors: Clarke Leonard W.
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

‘Recent studies of Babylonian sources have shown that we must revise former estimates of the extent to which the Greeks were indebted for the details of their astronomy to the Babylonians; the debt proves to have been much greater than had been imagined, and further researches may prove it to have been greater still.’ So wrote Sir Thomas Heath in 1932; in the previous year, Professor Filon had written, ‘It is gradually beginning to be realized that many of the achievements of Greek culture in the fields of astronomy and mathematics did not spring, fully armed, from the Hellenic brain, but had their more remote origins in the civilizations of the ancient East.’

There is available now sufficient evidence to show that a great deal of the astronomical knowledge which has come down to us from the Hellenistic period (c. 500 b.c. to a.d. 150) was not initially discovered during that period; and such new empiric discoveries as were made in that time were not all due to Greeks, for important contributions were still being made by Babylonians during the Seleucid Era.

To a large extent it seems that the Greeks kept very closely, even in astronomy, to the mode of research advocated by Plato, who said in The Republic, ‘Which things (i.e. “the variegated bodies in the heavens”) truly are to be comprehended by reason and intellect, but not by sight’. The Greeks founded a ‘school’ of theoretical astronomy and, with their highly developed mathematics, were able to go far with it; but their source-material was in very many cases not Greek.

The author of Epinomis states, ‘We may assume that whatever the Greeks take from the barbarians, they bring it to a finer perfection’. Adrastus (second century a.d.) wrote that the methods used by the Chaldeans and Egyptians in astronomy were imperfect because these people lacked physiologia; no doubt this was true, but it was people of these races who had done, and continued to do, most of the equivalent of modern observatory routine work.
Editing the Darwin Correspondence: A Quantitative Perspective
Authors: Montgomery William
Published: January 2009

Letter writing played an especially important role in Charles Darwin's scientific career. Like all scientists, he often needed to communicate with his colleagues, but Darwin's needs were unusual. In the first place, he lived for only short periods in centres where conversation with other scientists was possible. During his student days in Edinburgh and Cambridge he enjoyed personal contacts with university professors and other naturalists associated with the university communities; however, from 1831–1836 he sailed on theBeaglevoyage. After his return he lived in London, the centre of British science, but only until 1842 when, partly due to ill-health, he withdrew to the rural village of Down in nearby Kent where he spent the rest of his life. Darwin was not totally isolated in Down. From time to time friends and colleagues paid visits, often to consult about scientific questions. Furthermore, Darwin travelled to London more frequently than has sometimes been supposed. In addition to occasional lengthier visits recorded in his Diary, he also made one-day trips, carefully recording his expenses in his account book. The record of his account book shows that during the early years in Down, he travelled to London more than a dozen times a year, though as he grew older the number of trips declined. Even during the early years, he still depended on the mail for much of the time to keep him in touch with fellow researchers.
A Hundred Years of Spectroscopy
Authors: Dingle Herbert
Published: January 2009

A hundred years ago the science of spectroscopy, though not yet christened, may be said to have attained its majority and to be just entering on its period of full adult development. It was born, of course, with Newton's explanation of the formation of the spectrum, and for many years thereafter little of importance was added to what he had discovered. It was not, in fact, until the nineteenth century that anything of outstanding importance occurred, and then, in 1802, Wollaston substituted a slit for the round hole through which Newton's sunlight passed into his prism, and thereby not only saw for the first time the dark lines in the solar spectrum but also took the first step towards the perfection of the spectroscope on which all later progress depended. The next step was taken by Fraunhofer who, in 1814, examined the spectrum through a telescope instead of letting it fall on a screen. The last essential improvement—the introduction of the collimator to make the light from the slit parallel before it entered the prism—was introduced in 1839 independently by Simms and Swan, so that before our period begins, the complete spectroscope existed, though it was not to be converted into a spectrograph, for photographing spectra, until much later.
Paracelsus's Two-Way Astrology I. What Paracelsus Meant by ‘Stars’
Authors: Jevons F. R.
Published: January 2009

References to the stars permeate the writings of Paracelsus (1493–1541); yet modern authorities comment on the way he restricted astrological influence. The contradiction is only apparent, and disappears when the significance he attached to the relevant vocabulary is understood. He had in mind a kind of influence rather different from that usually thought of in connection with astrology, and the astrological jargon he bandied about had a metaphorical more often than a literal meaning. In his major works, signs of detailed interest in the movements of the actual stars are few; the ‘astrological’ terminology hides a system of natural explanation by virtues or forces largely immanent in earthly objects.
Locating the Manuscript Sources of Science
Authors: Jeffreys Alan
Published: January 2009

There is a wealth of source material to be digested by the historian. From about 1800 onwards books and specialized scientific journals have appeared in ever-increasing numbers, and he may feel overwhelmed by the printed sources. But printed material can supply only a part of the information he needs. The printed word of a scientist rarely shows how he arrived at his concepts, why they took the turn they did and what influences contributed to their formation and development. For these the historian must turn to private papers, to correspondence, to laboratory notebooks, diaries, drawings and designs and to whatever other record of day-by-day thinking may have been kept.
Jacob Hermann and the Kinetic Theory
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: January 2009

The beginning of the kinetic theory of gases is usually assigned to the year 1738, when Daniel Bernouilli's Hydrodynamica appeared at Strasbourg. The famous tenth section of this book pursued some of the consequences of the assumption that ‘elastic fluids’ consist of innumerable tiny particles in rapid motion. It was, as everyone knows, forgotten for many decades.
Galileo, Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes: An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Squares
Authors: Humphreys W. C.
Published: January 2009

The most perplexing aspect of Galileo's work in physics is without doubt the sharp distinction one can draw between his essentially dynamic studies in such juvenilia as De Motu and the consciously kinematical approach of his later output—particularly the Two New Sciences. Whether one chooses to call this a shift from the “why” of motion to the “how”, or, as I should prefer, a shift from dynamics to kinematics, there can be no denying its existence. The Galileo who wrote that “The present does not seem to be the proper time to investigate the cause of the acceleration of natural motion …” is, on the face of it, a very different man from the one who had earlier written almost an entire treatise on precisely this topic.
J. J. Thomson and the Structure of Light
Authors: McCormmach Russell
Published: January 2009

Synopsis

This essay concerns an aspect of the speculative contributions of J. J. Thomson to a field of physics somewhat removed from that upon which his popular fame and scientific eminence were alike founded. He published a number of statements in the period 1903–1910 advocating a discontinuous structure of the electromagnetic field. His unorthodox conception of the field was based upon the presumed discreteness of Faraday's physical lines of electric force. While his ideas led to significant experimental work, they were not brought together in the form of a completed theory. It was at this same time that the quantum theory was independently evolving notions of a structure of the field, and Thomson's efforts at developing a theory of light were diverted into a protracted criticism of the hypothesis of quanta. In 1924–1936 he returned to the subject of the structure of light, but these latter speculations no longer had much relevance to contemporary physical thought.
The Background to the Discovery of Dulong and Petit's Law
Authors: Fox Robert
Published: January 2009

The years immediately after the final downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte could easily have been years of anti-climax in French science. In 1815, after two decades of undoubted greatness, the time, I feel, was ripe for decline. And decline might well have occurred if the traditions and the style of science as practised in France in the period of Napoleon's rule had been carried on unchanged by the disciples of the two great men who had dominated work in the physical sciences for so many years. These men, of course, were the chemist Claude Louis Berthollet and the mathematician and physicist Pierre Simon Laplace.
Historical Commitments of Biology
Authors: Crombie A. C.
Published: January 2009

By an ancient and honourable tradition, which began last year when I spared you this exercise, the President gives a Presidential Address only once during his term of office, on retirement. A presidential address in the summer season is a privileged occasion. Coming at the end of an active day, it is not the moment for a massive account of research. Rather it is an occasion when one may indulge with privilege in some directed impressionism, and that is what I propose to do.
The X Club: Fraternity of Victorian Scientists
Authors: Jensen J. Vernon
Published: January 2009

In 1864 nine eminent scientists, who had long been intimate friends, formed a dining club in order to prevent their drifting apart due to their various duties, and in order to further the cause of science. The club, which acquired the title of “X Club”, held monthly meetings from October to June, and was extremely active for two decades, but then gradually lessened in vitality. It served as a highly significant fraternity of scientists, and the regular communication which it afforded helped the members to marshall their efforts on behalf of science against what they felt to be the obstructionist activities and ideas of conservative scientists, certain theologians, and non-scientific society figures.
Poincare's Silence and Einstein's Relativity: The Role of Theory and Experiment in Poincaré's Physics
Authors: Goldberg Stanley
Published: January 2009

It is a matter of record that Henri Poincaré never responded publicly to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity (RT). Since almost no private papers of Poincaré are available, his attitude toward Einstein's work and his silence on that score become somewhat of a mystery. It is almost certain that Poincaré knew of Einstein's work in RT. First, he was fluent in German, having learned it as a young man when the Germans occupied his home town of Nancy in 1870. Second, he often reported to the members of theAcadémie des Scienceson current work in electrodynamics in Germany. It is highly improbable that he would have missed the abstract of Einstein's first paper on RT or the subsequent articles by Einstein on the subject, especially those which were translated into French, since they were in areas directly related to his own interests in theoretical physics.
Galileo's Claim to Fame: The Proof that the Earth Moves From the Evidence of the Tides
Authors: Shea W. R. J.
Published: January 2009

Until fairly recently a common way of doing history of science was to pick up an important strand of contemporary scientific thought and to trace its origin back to the philosophical tangle of the scientific revolution. This approach conveniently by-passed the breakdowns of once useful and pervasive theories, and neglected the long intellectual journeys along devious routes. History of science read like a success story; the pioneers who failed were neither dismissed nor excused; they were simply ignored. The historian knew what he was hunting for and he was careful to limit his search to areas where his quarry was sure to be found. This method, which has been dubbed the precursor-view, stands in contrast—albeit, not in opposition—to the contextual method, which aims at a better understanding of the actual thought-processes of the early scientists. On this second view, history of science must not only account for present theories in the light of past developments, it must also assess old theories in terms of the scientist's conceptual framework, and judge them against the background of the world picture of his age. This may lead the historian down the blind alleys of the past, chasing spurious attempts at explaining the nature of physical reality, but it can clear the ground for a less anachronistic interpretation of the emergence of modern science and the actual process of discovery. History of science acts as a winnowing fork, but we cannot suppose that the discoverer himself always separated the wheat from the chaff, and we must be ever wary of equating the dream with the task.