bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The average Adjusted Symptom Score, a new primary efficacy end‐point for specific allergen immunotherapy trials
Authors: Grouin J.‐M. , Vicaut E. , Jean‐Alphonse S. , Demoly P. , Wahn U. , Didier A. , de Beaumont O. , Montagut A. , Le Gall M. , Devillier P.
Published: March 2011

Background
In clinical trials, the efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms is often evaluated with the average Rhinoconjunctivitis Total Symptom Score (ARTSS). Effective treatment is associated with a lower ARTSS vs. placebo but use of rescue medication to alleviate symptoms reduces the RTSS and decreases the mean difference between active treatment and placebo groups.

Objective
To develop and describe the average Adjusted Symptom Score (AdSS), a new end‐point reflecting symptom severity and rescue medication use in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis trials.

Methods
To calculate the AdSS, the RTSS is adjusted as follows: if a patient takes rescue medication on day d, the day's AdSS (AdSSd) is defined as the value of RTSSd or AdSSd−1, whichever is higher. The AdSS on the following day (AdSSd+1) is defined as the value of RTSSd+1 or AdSSd, whichever is higher. The average of the daily AdSSs (during the season) was calculated post hoc for two trials investigating the efficacy of five‐grass pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in adult and paediatric patients and compared with the ARTSS and three other outcome measures (the average Rescue Medication Score (ARMS), the ARTSS and the average Combined Score).

Results
The average AdSS clearly discriminated between active and placebo treatments and confirmed the original ARTSS results. Adjustment for rescue medication use decreased the observed placebo effect.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The average AdSS can be a valuable alternative to the ARTSS as a primary efficacy end‐point in grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis trials. By adjusting the RTSS for rescue medication use, the AdSS can estimate symptom severity and the treatment effect more accurately. The AdSS is now being tested prospectively in large clinical trials.

Cite this as: J.‐M. Grouin, E. Vicaut, S. Jean‐Alphonse, P. Demoly, U. Wahn, A. Didier, O. de Beaumont, A. Montagut, M. Le Gall and P. Devillier, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1282–1288.
Assessment of the quality of life in families with children who have intellectual and developmental disabilities in Slovenia
Authors: Čagran B. , Schmidt M. , Brown I.
Published: March 2011

Background  Research was conducted, within the framework of the International Family Quality of Life Project, on the quality of life of families with a member who has a disability. We concentrated on the nine specific domains that the family life measure used, and recorded data from five of its six measurement dimensions: Importance, Opportunities, Initiative, Attainment and Satisfaction.

Method  The sample consisted of 20 families from Slovenia with children who have intellectual or developmental disabilities. The data were collected using the Family Quality of Life Survey‐2006.

Results  Except for Community Interaction, the other domains (Health, Financial Well‐Being, Family Relations, Support from Others, Support Services, Influence of Values, Careers, Leisure and Recreation) show statistically significant differences among the five dimensions measured. Importance was rated highest, and Attainment and Opportunities were rated lowest, while Initiative and Satisfaction were evaluated lower than Importance but higher than Attainment and Opportunities. Among the domains of family life, Family Relations was evaluated the highest from the perspective of all five dimensions.

Conclusions  The family members rated Importance high for all of the quality of family life domains, but it appears from the lower Opportunities scores that their opportunities are limited; this may result in fewer possibilities for attaining a better quality of life. The results of our research are useful to Slovene researchers who work in the areas of special pedagogy and rehabilitation, politicians, non‐governmental organisations and social services. The quality of life of families with children with disabilities, their empowerment and their inclusion into community life should be significantly enhanced when consideration is given to all the family members' support and service needs.
Implications from addiction research towards the understanding and treatment of obesity
Authors: Grosshans Martin , Loeber Sabine , Kiefer Falk
Published: March 2011

Recent research indicates similarities between obesity and addictive disorders on both the phenomenological and neurobiological level. In particular, neuroendocrine and imaging studies suggest a close link between the homeostatic regulation of appetite on the on hand, and motivation and reward expectancy on the other. In addition, findings from neuropsychological studies additionally demonstrate alterations of cognitive function in both obesity and addictive disorders that possibly contribute to a lack of control in resisting consumption. In this review, recent findings on overlapping neurobiological and phenomenological pathways are summarized and the impact with regard to new treatment approaches for obesity is discussed.
The cost of photoinhibition
Authors: Raven John A.
Published: March 2011

Photoinhibition is an inevitable consequence of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, the concept of a ‘photoinhibition‐proof’ plant in which photosystem II (PSII) is immune to photodamage is useful as a benchmark for considering the performances of plants with varying mixes of mechanisms which limit the extent of photodamage and which repair photodamage. Some photodamage is bound to occur, and the energy costs of repair are the direct costs of repair plus the photosynthesis foregone during repair. One mechanism permitting partial avoidance of photodamage is restriction of the number of photons incident on the photosynthetic apparatus per unit time, achieved by phototactic movement of motile algae to places with lower incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), by phototactic movement of plastids within cells to positions that minimize the incident PAR and by photonastic relative movements of parts of photolithotrophs attached to a substrate. The other means of avoiding photodamage is dissipating excitation of photosynthetic pigments including state transitions, non‐photochemical quenching by one of the xanthophyll cycles or some other process and photochemical quenching by increased electron flow through PSII involving CO2 and other acceptors, including the engagement of additional electron transport pathways. These mechanisms inevitably have the potential to decrease the rate of growth. As well as the decreased photosynthetic rates as a result of photodamage and the restrictions on photosynthesis imposed by the repair, avoidance, quenching and scavenging mechanisms, there are also additional energy, nitrogen and phosphorus costs of producing and operating repair, avoidance, quenching and scavenging mechanisms. A comparison is also made between the costs of photoinhibition and those of other plant functions impeded by the occurrence of oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e. the competitive inhibition of the carboxylase activity of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase‐oxygenase by oxygen via the oxygenase activity, and oxygen damage to nitrogenase in diazotrophic organisms.
Photoinactivation of photosystem II: is there more than one way to skin a cat?
Authors: Ohad Itzhak , Berg Alex , Berkowicz Simon M. , Kaplan Aaron , Keren Nir
Published: March 2011

We briefly review the main mechanisms proposed for photodamage to photosystem II (PSII), at the donor and acceptor sides, and then discuss the mechanism whereby filamentous cyanobacteria inhabiting biological sand crusts such as Microcoleus sp. are able to avoid serious damage to their photosynthetic machinery. We show that the decline in fluorescence following exposure to excess light does not reflect a reduction in PSII activity but rather the activation of a non‐radiative charge recombination in PSII. Furthermore, we show that the difference in the thermoluminescent peak temperature intensities in these organisms, in the presence and absence of inhibitors such as dichlorophenyl‐dimethylurea (DCMU), is smaller than observed in model organisms suggesting that the redox gap between QA− and P680+ is smaller. On the basis of these data, we propose that this could enable an alternative, pheophytin‐independent recombination, thereby minimizing the damaging 1O2 production associated with radiative recombination.
Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus in Indian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Mathew Praveen , Joshi Amita S , Shukla Akash , Bhatia Shobna J
Published: March 2011

Background and Aims:  Barrett's esophagus (BE) is reported to be infrequent in Asians, with no data from India regarding its prevalence and risk factors. We investigated the frequency and risk factors of columnar mucosa with or without specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM) in Indian patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Methods:  A total of 278 GERD patients over 2 years underwent gastroscopy and completed a questionnaire for possible BE risk factors. Patients with columnar mucosa on endoscopy underwent four‐quadrant biopsy; BE was histologically defined as columnar mucosa with or without SIM. Patients without columnar mucosa at endoscopy were considered as controls and compared to patients with BE and those with SIM.

Results:  Forty‐six patients with GERD had columnar mucosa on histology (16.54%); 25 (8.99%) of these had SIM. The risk factors for BE were the presence of hiatus hernia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–8.17) and a history of eructation (OR: 2.28; CI: 1.11–4.66). The risk factors for SIM were age ≥ 45 years (OR: 2.63; CI: 1.03–6.71), hiatus hernia (OR: 3.95; CI: 1.24–12.56), and a history of eructation (OR: 3.41; CI: 1.19–9.78). Sex, severity of symptoms, dietary factors, tobacco or alcohol use, and body mass index were not associated with BE. The median circumferential segment length was 2 (1–10) cm, and the maximal length was 3 (2–11) cm in both groups.

Conclusion:  BE is not an uncommon finding among Indian GERD patients. Age ≥ 45 years, history of eructation, and the presence of hiatus hernia are associated with SIM.
Cut‐off value of 1‐h, 50‐g glucose challenge test for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus in an Iranian population
Authors: Gandevani Samira Behboudi , Garshasbi Ahia , Dibaj Shiva
Published: March 2011

Aim:  This study aimed to investigate the cut‐off value of the glucose challenge test in an Iranian population.

Materials and Methods:  A total of 1804 consecutive native Iranian women who underwent a glucose challenge test were prospectively investigated. The test was performed between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation; each subject received a 50‐g oral glucose load regardless of her fasting or fed state; the 1‐h venous plasma glucose level was then determined. Women exceeding 130 mg/dl received the diagnostic 100‐g, 3‐h oral glucose tolerance test to determine whether or not they had gestational diabetes mellitus.

Results:  The prevalence of the glucose challenge test for the whole cohort was 7.2%. The receiver–operator characteristic curve identified a glucose challenge test finding above 135 mg/dl as the cut‐off value for detecting gestational diabetes mellitus, which showed a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 80%, respectively.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that the cut‐off value of a 50‐g glucose challenge test is 135 mg/dl to identify pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus in an Iranian population.
Extra hepatic portal vein obstruction and pregnancy outcome: Largest reported experience
Authors: Aggarwal Neelam , Chopra Seema , Raveendran Ainharan , Suri Vanita , Dhiman Radha Krishan , Chawla Yogesh Kumar
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with extra hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO).

Material & Methods:  A total of 26 pregnancies in 14 women with EHPVO were evaluated for maternal and perinatal outcomes in a tertiary centre of Northern India. Fourteen pregnancies were evaluated prospectively while the details of 12 previous pregnancies in the same women were studied retrospectively.

Results:  Mean age of pregnant women with EHPVO was 24.5 years and approximately one‐third were primigravidae. Only one patient was diagnosed as EHPVO in the index pregnancy. The presenting event was hematemesis in 71% of the patients; others presented with thrombosis, pain abdomen and jaundice or incidental splenomegaly. The incidence of abortion, preterm deliveries and still births was 20%, 15.4% and 7.7%, respectively. Underlying hypercoagulable and prothrombotic state was diagnosed in around one‐fifth of the patients. Half of these women required platelet transfusion in the intrapartum period due to hypersplenism resulting in thrombocytopenia. Anemia was seen in 40% of the patients; however, no other major complications were seen as a result of EHPVO. The vaginal delivery rate and obstetrical outcome were similar as in general population.

Conclusion:  Pregnancy outcome is expected to be successful in women with EHPVO if disease is adequately controlled prior to pregnancy.
Mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide and dacarbazine chemotherapy for uterine leiomyosarcoma: A report of two cases
Authors: Minobe Shinichiro , Todo Yukiharu , Suzuki Yoshihiro , Aoyagi Yukiko , Umazume Takeshi , Okamoto Kazuhira , Kato Hidenori
Published: March 2011

The prognosis of uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is notoriously poor and a standard chemotherapy for patients with uterine LMS has not yet been established. Here, we describe two patients with recurrent LMS of the uterus who were treated with mesna, doxorubicin, ifosfamide and dacarbazine chemotherapy; one achieved complete and the other partial remission.
3D/4D sonographic evaluation of amniotic band syndrome in early pregnancy: A supplement to 2D ultrasound
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Tanaka Hirokazu , Noguchi Junko
Published: March 2011

We present two cases of amniotic band syndrome diagnosed using two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound with three‐dimensional (3D)/four‐dimensional (4D) ultrasound in early pregnancy. In Case 1, at 13 weeks' gestation, multiple amniotic bands, acrania, the absence of fingers and amputation of the toes bilaterally were clearly shown using transvaginal 3D/4D ultrasound. In Case 2, at 15 weeks' gestation, several amniotic bands, acrania and a cleft lip were depicted with transabdominal 3D/4D ultrasound. The spatial relationship between the amniotic bands and the fetus was clearly visualized and easily discernible by 3D/4D ultrasound. The parents and families could readily understand the fetal conditions and undergo counseling; they then choose the option of termination of pregnancy. 3D/4D ultrasound has the potential to be a supplement to conventional 2D ultrasound in evaluating amniotic band syndrome.
Brain temperature: heat production, elimination and clinical relevance
Authors: Bertolizio Gianluca , Mason Linda , Bissonnette Bruno
Published: March 2011

Neurological insults are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, both in adults and especially in children. Among possible therapeutic strategies to limit clinical cerebral damage and improve outcomes, hypothermia remains a promising and beneficial approach. However, its advantages are still debated after decades of use. Studies in adults have generated conflicting results, whereas in children recent data even suggest that hypothermia may be detrimental. Is it because brain temperature physiology is not well understood and/or not applied properly, that hypothermia fails to convince clinicians of its potential benefits? Or is it because hypothermia is not, as believed, the optimal strategy to improve outcome in patients affected with an acute neurological insult? This review article should help to explain the fundamental physiological principles of brain heat production, distribution and elimination under normal conditions and discuss why hypothermia cannot yet be recommended routinely in the management of children affected with various neurological insults.
THE DUTCH NATIONAL LANDSCAPES 1975−2010: POLICIES, AIMS AND RESULTS
Authors: RENES HANS
Published: March 2011

During the last ten years, the aesthetic qualities of rural areas have become a growing concern among Dutch policy‐makers as well as among the general public. Especially the ribbon‐like development of industrial estates along the main motorways attracts attention. In August 2008 the Minister of the Environment and Spatial Planning proposed the designation of nine so‐called national motorway‐panoramas to safeguard a number of the most characteristic views from the motorways. These panoramas are situated where motorways cross the National Landscapes that were designated some years earlier. They strengthen the case of the national landscapes, but at the same time illustrate the weakness of this type of area proving it insufficient to stop developments. This paper focuses on the national landscapes and gives a critical overview of the aims and limitations of this concept.
EVAGRIUS PONTICUS AND THE EASTERN MONASTIC TRADITION ON THE INTELLECT AND THE PASSIONS
Authors: STEWART COLUMBA
Published: March 2011

Evagrius Ponticus (c. 345–399) combined the resources of Hellenistic philosophy, the theologies of Origen and the Cappadocians, and Egyptian monastic practice to create a comprehensive view of spiritual development, within which he placed a sophisticated study of the human passions. His main tools in this study were an adapted version of Platonic tripartite anthropology and his own system of eight “generic thoughts.” Freedom from control by irrational passions would allow a monk to gain deeper insight into the meaning of Scripture, experience communion with God in “pure prayer,” and love other people in freedom. Evagrius' influence on later eastern and western Christian traditions was profound, though often obscured by his controversial reputation.
WITTGENSTEIN ON FAITH, RATIONALITY AND THE PASSIONS
Authors: MULHALL STEPHEN
Published: March 2011

This short article discusses three erroneous interpretations of Wittgenstein's few remarks on the relation between religion, reason and the passions: (1) that the role he allots to pictures in religious discourse commits him to a certain form of expressivism; (2) that the heart and the intellect are essentially opposed in the context of faith; and (3) (in what is thought to be a Kierkegaardian vein) that the passionate heat of faith stands in simple opposition to the doctrinal chill of wisdom. In each case, these misinterpretations result from a failure to appreciate the depth and consistency of his commitment to a conception of the believing human being in which heart, mind, body and soul are fundamentally integrated.
Changes in Moods and Activation Levels During the Menstrual Cycle in Experimentally Naive Subjects
Authors: Parlee Mary Brown
Published: March 2011

Two experiments providing additional validity data on the Profile of Mood States and the Thayer Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List were performed. In the third and main experiment, seven normally menstruating women filled out both questionnaires at the same time every day for 90 days. They were not aware that they were participating in a study of menstruation. Analysis of the time series records of individual women revealed relatively few significant fluctuations in moods and activation levels. Analysis of the group data showed that Fatigue, Confusion, Deactivation/Sleep, and Depression/Dejection were significantly lower in the premenstrual phase than in the periovulatory phase of the cycle, while General Activation was higher. Anger/Hostility and Confusion were both lower in the menstrual phase than in the periovulatory phase. On a retrospective menstrual distress questionnaire, these same subjects say that they experience increases in anxiety, irritability, depression, and tension in the premenstrual phase of the cycle. The differences between individual and group data and the apparent discrepancy between daily self-reports and retrospective questionnaires are discussed.
Continuing in Mathematics: A Longitudinal Study of the Attitudes of High School Girls
Authors: Sherman Julia
Published: March 2011

The mathematics attitudes (determined by ratings on the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitudes Scales) of ninth grade girls of similar intellect who subsequently took one to four years of college preparatory math were compared in 1975 and 1978 (n = 84). Math enrollment groups differed significantly on the following scales: Usefulness of Mathematics, Confidence in Learning Mathematics, Teacher (perceived attitude toward the student as a learner of mathematics), and Effectance Motivation in Mathematics as assessed both in Grades 9 and 12, and on the Math as a Male Domain Scale as assessed in Grade 12. From Grade 9 to 12, scores on the Attitude toward Success in Math Scale became significantly more positive.
Attributions for the Success and Failure of Female Managers: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Garland Howard , Hale Karen F. , Burnson Michael
Published: March 2011

This study attempted to extend earlier work on the relationship between attitudes toward women in management and attributions for the success and failure of female managers. One hundred and ten employees of a large state human services agency responded to a survey measuring their attitudes toward women in management and their attributions for either the success or failure of a hypothetical female manager. Results for males were highly supportive of earlier findings, with attitudes toward women in management significantly related to attributions for success but not for failure. Females showed an opposite pattern of results, with attitudes toward women in management significantly related to attributions for failure but not for success. It is suggested that these differences in attitude-attribution relationships may be the result of males expecting failure from female managers while females expect success.
A Society in Transition: Structure and Determinants of Attitudes Toward the Role and Status of Women in Ireland
Authors: Fine-Davis Margret
Published: March 2011

This study examines the structure of attitudes toward the role and status of women in Ireland and their demographic determinants. Following a pilot test and an instrument pre-test, the main study was based on a stratified quota sample of 420 male and female Dublin adults, aged 18 to 65. Using factor analysis, eight measures were developed tapping attitudes toward the role and status of women. There was a consistent pattern of significant main effects for sex, age, and SES, which indicated that males, older people and those of lower SES background held more traditional attitudes and were less likely to favor social policies associated with greater equality. Among married women, employment status was a significant determinant of more egalitarian sex-role attitudes along a number of dimensions. The implications of the results for social change in Ireland are discussed.
Sex Differences in Characteristics Presumed Relevant to Professional Productivity
Authors: Pyke S. W. , Kahili S. P.
Published: March 2011

Differences between male and female physicians on four variables presumed relevant to professional productivity are examined: fear of success, role conflict, professional marginality, and domestic responsibilities. Productivity is assessed in terms of time devoted to professional work and number of patients seen. There were no significant differences between the sexes in marginality or role conflict. Male respondents obtained significantly higher fear of success scores than women. Women reported a significantly greater commitment to domestic duties (primarily child care) than men. No significant sex differences were found in time devoted to professional work or in number of patients seen.
The quality of light sources
Authors: Luo M Ronnier
Published: March 2011

This paper describes physical measures for quantifying the quality of light sources and their characteristics. Typical light sources, including incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes, are first introduced and their performance is compared. The CIE colour specification system is then described, including physical quantities for specifying light sources such as colour temperature, spectral power distribution, luminance, illuminance, luminous efficacy, chromaticity coordinates, uniform colour spaces, a colour difference formula and a colour appearance model. Finally, the CIE colour rendering index, together with recent developments towards a new index, including CRI‐CAM02UCS, is described.
Evaluation of the CIE colour rendering index
Authors: Li Cheng , Ronnier Luo M , Cui Guihua , Li Changjun
Published: March 2011

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the change of colour appearance of samples under a reference illuminant and four light‐emitting diode light sources. The results were used to evaluate the present CIE colour rendering index and other calculation methods. It was found that the present colour rendering index did not predict the visual data accurately. An index based on CAM02‐UCS embedded with a reliable chromatic adaptation transform and a uniform colour space gave the best performance.
Interventions to reduce the vasovagal reaction rate in young whole blood donors
Authors: Tomasulo Peter , Kamel Hany , Bravo Marjorie , James Robert C. , Custer Brian
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: There have been multiple reports concerning the predictors of fainting reactions in blood donors, but few attempts to reduce the rates of fainting reactions with concomitant rigorous attempts to monitor the success of the interventions.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a retrospective observational cohort study design, comparing the likelihood of reaction from 213,031 allogeneic whole blood donations made by 17‐ to 22‐year‐old donors in two separate 12‐month periods before and after the implementation of interventions to reduce reactions. The interventions were 1) a limit on the maximum percentage of estimated blood volume young donors could donate, 2) encouraging applied muscle tension during donation, and 3) providing approximately 500 mL of water before donation. Reactions were defined by severity and time in relation to the end of phlebotomy and documented according to standard procedures. Data analysis included comparison of stratified reaction rates and multivariable logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS: The interventions decreased the aggregate reaction rates in male and female donors by 24% (p < 0.0001). There was a 25% decrease in delayed reactions (p = 0.0006) and a 38% decrease in off‐site reactions (p = 0.001) in female donors. The impact of the three interventions together on reaction rate was greater than the combined impact of exercises and water provision. Multivariable modeling showed that the interventions reduced reactions but did not prevent their occurrence in identified higher risk groups.

CONCLUSION: The interventions to reduce vasovagal reactions in whole blood donors were effective. Future efforts to reduce reactions in blood donors can build on the strengths and avoid the weaknesses identified while conducting and analyzing the data from this study.
Detection of autologous blood doping with adaptively evaluated biomarkers of doping: a longitudinal blinded study
Authors: Pottgiesser Torben , Sottas Pierre‐Edouard , Echteler Tobias , Robinson Neil , Umhau Markus , Schumacher Yorck Olaf
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Since no direct detection method for autologous blood transfusions exists, the most promising attempt is the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and its adaptive model that enables a longitudinal monitoring of hematologic measures to identify patterns of blood manipulations. The purpose therefore was to evaluate the performance of this adaptive model for the detection of autologous blood transfusions in a longitudinal blinded setting.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty‐one subjects were divided into a doped group (multiple transfusions of 1‐2 units of red blood cells, n = 11) and a control group (n = 10). The time course of a cycling season (42 weeks) was simulated including three major competitions (Classics, Grand Tour, World Championships). Up to 10 venous blood samples were ordered per subject by a blinded investigator mimicking the intelligent approach in obtaining hematologic data for the adaptive model (hemoglobin [Hb] concentration, reticulocyte percentage, OFF‐score).

RESULTS: Retrospective analysis allowed identification of four (probability >99%) or three (probability >99.9%) abnormal samples for Hb and eight (probability >99%) or five (probability >99.9%) abnormal samples for OFF‐hr in doped subjects. Four doped subjects (36%) presented an abnormal OFF‐hr sequence and three doped subjects (27%) an abnormal Hb sequence; there were no false‐positive sequence results. The best possible sensitivity was 82% when a combination of all tests was used.

CONCLUSIONS: This investigation provides evidence that the adaptive model allows detection of autologous blood transfusions with a good sensitivity. An intelligent testing approach and the adherence to World Anti‐Doping Agency's ABP operating guidelines are nevertheless determinant in the success.
Placenta perfusion has hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor stem cell potential
Authors: Tsagias Nikos , Koliakos Iro , Lappa Maria , Karagiannis Vasileios , Koliakos George G.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Placenta is a valuable source of stem cells for cell therapy and future application in the field of regenerative medicine. This is due to the plasticity and the immunomodulatory effects of the stem cells that it contains. In this study we present a totally closed method for hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic stem cell isolation from human term placenta.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty‐eight placenta units were collected and manipulated for the residual fetal blood drainage. After delivery, placenta flushing with citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose‐adenine was evaluated.

RESULTS: Placenta flushing using a totally closed system led to a significant amount of hematopoietic progenitor cells and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) without additional microbial risk, free of maternal cell contamination.

CONCLUSION: Traditionally discarded after childbirth, the term placenta now appears to be an easily accessible and abundant source of diverse origin stem cells suitable for banking strategies and for future clinical applications, including adult therapy.
Turbid plasma donations in whole blood donors: fat chance?
Authors: Peffer Karlijn , de Kort Wim L.A.M. , Slot Ed , Doggen Carine J.M.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Blood donations resulting in “nontransparent turbid milky” plasma must be discarded. The aim of this study was to objectively determine opacity and to identify risk factors for turbid plasma donations.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This case‐control study included 238 whole blood donors who provided turbid plasma (cases) and 309 random control subjects with normal plasma. Participants filled in a questionnaire regarding cardiovascular risk factors. Fat intake was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Opacity and lipids were measured. Additional data were retrieved from the blood bank information system. Mean differences and odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS: Cases had a less favorable cardiovascular profile compared to control subjects. The usual intake of fat was not associated with turbid plasma donation. In a multivariate model, having dinner before donation (OR, 4.9; 95% CI, 2.2‐11.1), triglyceride levels (OR, 7.1; 95% CI, 4.6‐10.8), and smoking (ORyes vs. no, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.9‐6.7; and ORever vs. no, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.8‐18.4) were associated with an increased risk. Opacity was clearly increased in turbid plasma. Total cholesterol levels were 0.51 (95% CI, 0.35‐0.66) mmol/L and triglyceride levels 4.28 (95% CI, 3.92‐4.68) mmol/L higher in cases. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were 0.34 (95% CI, −0.39 to −0.30) mmol/L lower. Forty‐two percent of all cases had very high triglyceride levels (≥5.65 mmol/L) compared to less than 1% of control subjects.

CONCLUSION: Donors who provided a turbid donation have a less favorable cardiovascular profile compared to other donors. Having dinner, high triglyceride levels, and smoking are independent risk factors for turbid plasma donations.
Examination of Hyperlucent Foci and Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Brothers Matthew , Kreeger Joseph , Mahle William T.
Published: March 2011

Background: A number of cardiac patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) at our institution were found to have hyperlucent foci evident on echocardiography. However, the clinical significance of these findings is not known. Methods: To investigate this phenomenon further we undertook a retrospective analysis to determine the prevalence and clinical implications of hyperlucent foci in children supported with VA‐ECMO. Results: From January 2002 to September 2009 49 subjects were supported with VA‐ECMO. Of these, 12 (24%) were found to have hyperlucent foci. Foci were multifocal in six subjects (50%) and the most common location was left ventricular wall. No association was noted between primary cardiac diagnoses, or for inciting reason for placement on ECMO (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation vs. transition from cardiopulmonary bypass to ECMO). There was no association between the presence of the foci and death in less than 14 days following decannulation from ECMO, hospital survival 42% versus 43%, P = 0.1. Among subjects who survived at least 14 days after ECMO decannulation hyperlucent foci resolved in 5 of 7. Conclusions: Hyperlucent foci can be seen in children supported by VA‐ECMO. They do not portend a poorer prognosis. Among hospital survivors resolution is the norm. (Echocardiography 2011;28:358‐362)
Physiology and Pathology of Endosome‐to‐Golgi Retrograde Sorting
Authors: Burd Christopher G.
Published: March 2011

Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi apparatus and the endosomal system sustains the functions of the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) in secretion and organelle biogenesis. Export of cargo from the TGN via anterograde trafficking pathways depletes the organelle of sorting receptors, processing proteases, SNARE molecules, and other factors, and these are subsequently retrieved from endosomes via the retrograde pathway. Recent studies indicate that retrograde trafficking is vital to early metazoan development, nutrient homeostasis, and for processes that protect against Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases.
Sex‐specific trends in prevalence of childhood asthma over 30 years in Patras, Greece
Authors: Anthracopoulos Michael B , Pandiora Ageliki , Fouzas Sotirios , Panagiotopoulou Eugenia , Liolios Evangelos , Priftis Kostas N
Published: March 2011

Aim:  According to four surveys conducted during 1978–2003, the prevalence of childhood asthma and wheezing has risen in the city of Patras, Greece, albeit at a decelerating rate. We examined sex‐specific wheeze and asthma prevalence in the same urban environment in 2008.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional parental questionnaire survey was performed in 2008 among third and fourth grade schoolchildren (8–9 year old), which was identical to previously conducted surveys in 1978 (n = 3003), 1991 (n = 2417), 1998 (n = 3076) and 2003 (n = 2725).

Results:  The prevalence of current wheeze and asthma in 1978, 1991, 1998, 2003 and 2008 (n = 2688) was 1.5%, 4.6%, 6.0%, 6.9% and 6.9%, respectively (p for trend <0.001). Respective values for lifetime (ever had) wheeze and asthma in the 1991–2008 surveys were 8.0%, 9.6%, 12.4% and 12.6% (p for trend <0.001). The male:female ratio of current and lifetime wheeze and asthma increased during the 30‐year surveillance period (p for trend <0.001). Irrespective of sex, diagnosed asthma declined among current wheezers by 17% (p < 0.001), but not among non‐current ones (6.7%, p = 0.16) during 2003–2008.

Conclusions:  Childhood wheeze and asthma have reached a plateau in an urban environment in Greece, while the male:female ratio increased. Asthma diagnosis declined among schoolage but not preschool wheezers during 2003–2008.
The pendulum between food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome and IgE‐mediated milk allergy
Authors: Kessel Aharon , Dalal Ilan
Published: March 2011

The transition from milk protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome to IgE‐mediated milk allergy is uncommon. Herein, we describe three infants that suffered from recurrent vomiting and restlessness in response to cow’s milk formula with negative skin prick to milk and therefore diagnosed as milk protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome. After recovering and reintroducing cow’s milk formula, they developed disseminated urticaria and positive skin prick test to cow milk compatible with IgE‐mediated milk allergy.

Conclusion:  An infant that recovers from cow milk food–induced enterocolitis syndrome might develop afterward IgE‐mediated cow milk allergy.
Genetic association between GHSR1a 5′UTR‐microsatellite and nt‐7(C>A) loci and growth and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: KOMATSU Masanori , ITOH Tomohito , FUJIMORI Yuki , SATOH Masahiro , MIYAZAKI Yoshiyuki , TAKAHASHI Hideaki , SHIMIZU Kazuhiro , MALAU‐ADULI Aduli E. O. , MORITA Mitsuo
Published: March 2011

We carried out a genetic association study between five nucleotide polymorphisms (5′UTR microsatellite ((TG)n), nt‐7(C>A), L24V, DelR242 and Intron 1 microsatellite) of the GHSR1a gene and growth and carcass traits in 1285 steers sired by 117 Japanese Black bulls in a progeny testing program. We report herein, a significant association between the 5′UTR microsatellite and nt‐7(C>A) loci and growth and carcass traits. We also propose a translational hypothesis that the association is due to differences in the secondary structure of GHSR1b mRNA (the non‐spliced type with the 5′UTR microsatellite) among the GHSR1a gene haplotypes. Furthermore, we predicted the potential increase in profitability due to increased carcass weight in cow‐calf fattening enterprises through planned matings based on DNA testing of the 5′UTR microsatellite. Statistical analysis revealed that the 5′UTR microsatellite locus had a significant additive effect on carcass weight (CW) and average daily gain (ADG), but not on beef marbling score (BMS). One of the four major microsatellite alleles (19‐TG allele) with an allele frequency of 0.145, had a significantly (P < 0.0007) desirable effect on CW and ADG. We concluded that the 19‐TG allele could potentially be economically useful nucleotide markers for growth and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PHARYNX IN A CLOSED VS. OPEN MOUTH POSITION
Authors: LAURENSON MICHELE P. , ZWINGENBERGER ALLISON L. , CISSELL DEREK D. , JOHNSON LYNELLE R. , McPETERS MATIE J. , SPRIET MATHIEU P. , TAYLOR SANDRA L. , POLLARD RACHEL E.
Published: March 2011

The pharynx is anatomically complex and evaluation can be difficult even with cross‐sectional imaging. Eight animals had computed tomography (CT) studies of the head performed with the mouth open and closed. The studies were anonymized and evaluated by four radiologists for visibility of six anatomic regions (dorsal wall of nasopharynx, lumen of nasopharynx, dorsal margin of the soft palate, ventral margin of the soft palate, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx) and for certainty of a normal or abnormal diagnosis of four different anatomic regions (nasopharynx, soft palate, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx). Mean visual scores differed significantly between mouth positions and were improved when the mouth was open. The ability of radiologists to classify anatomic regions as normal or abnormal vs. unsure also varied between mouth positions, and there was greater uncertainty when the mouth was closed. In addition, estimated volume of the air‐filled nasopharynx differed significantly as a function of mouth position and was greater when the mouth was open (mean=1.187 cm3, SE=0.177) vs. closed (mean=0.584 cm3, SE=0.116). Computed tomographic evaluation of the pharynx can be improved with the mouth open.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SUSCEPTIBILITY ARTIFACTS DUE TO METALLIC FOREIGN BODIES
Authors: HECHT SILKE , ADAMS WILLIAM H. , NARAK JILL , THOMAS WILLIAM B.
Published: March 2011

Susceptibility artifacts due to metallic foreign bodies may interfere with interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies. Additionally, migration of metallic objects may pose a risk to patients undergoing MR imaging. Our purpose was to investigate prevalence, underlying cause, and diagnostic implications of susceptibility artifacts in small animal MR imaging and report associated adverse effects. MR imaging studies performed in dogs and cats between April 2008 and March 2010 were evaluated retrospectively for the presence of susceptibility artifacts associated with metallic foreign bodies. Studies were performed using a 1.0 T scanner. Severity of artifacts was graded as 0 (no interference with area of interest), 1 (extension of artifact to area of interest without impairment of diagnostic quality), 2 (impairment of diagnostic quality but diagnosis still possible), or 3 (severe involvement of area of interest resulting in nondiagnostic study). Medical records were evaluated retrospectively to identify adverse effects. Susceptibility artifacts were present in 99/754 (13.1%) of MR imaging studies and were most common in examinations of the brachial plexus, thorax, and cervical spine. Artifacts were caused by identification microchips, ballistic fragments, skin staples/suture material, hemoclips, an ameroid constrictor, and surgical hardware. Three studies were nondiagnostic due to the susceptibility artifact. Adverse effects were not documented.
THE ROLE OF THE ALL CHINA FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINESE WORKERS TODAY
Authors: Bai Ruixue
Published: March 2011

In the context of China's economic reforms and realignment with global capitalism, this article examines the role of the All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) and its failure to act as a genuine trade union organization. Rather than putting workers' interests and the protection of their rights first, the ACFTU, as an organ of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has largely shifted its agenda in line with that of the Party. The article looks at how this has often meant prioritizing the interests of business over those of labour and how subsequently the ACFTU faces a crisis of legitimacy in the eyes of many workers, who increasingly turn to alternative methods of struggle outside of the officially sanctioned union. While such struggle has alarmed the CCP and has led to apparent attempts at trade union reform, often this has meant little in reality. The article also addresses the changing relations of international trade unions with the ACFTU and challenges unions who are prepared to work more closely with it for giving the ACFTU a false credibility.
WOMEN, LAND STRUGGLES, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COMMONS
Authors: Federici Silvia
Published: March 2011

This article examines the question of communal land property in Africa and its implications for women's land rights. Among the themes discussed are: the reforms of communal land tenure attempted by the World Bank in the 1990s, the critique of communal land relations that feminist organizations have made on account of their patriarchal discrimination against women, and the simultaneous efforts by landless rural and urban women to appropriate unused plots of public land for subsistence farming. While warning that the feminist attack on communal land ownership may strengthen the neo‐liberal drive towards the privatization of land, the article looks at women's reclamation of unused public land for subsistence farming as the path to the constitution of new commons.
AN OPPORTUNITY NOT TAKEN . . . YET: U.S. LABOR AND THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS
Authors: Tilly Chris
Published: March 2011

Two years since the financial crash of 2008 and nearly three years into the recession, what is perhaps most noteworthy about U.S. trade unions' response to the economic crisis is how limited and unfocused it is. To date, the main reactions of the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations and Change to Win to the crisis have been to lobby the U.S. federal government for new policies, such as those oriented to job creation; there has been little by way of member mobilization. Though this may at first seem surprising, in fact it reflects both long‐term weaknesses in the labor movement and new difficulties imposed by the conjuncture. However, despite these obstacles, the U.S. labor movement has developed new and innovative strategies in recent decades, which hold out hope for a stronger reaction in months and years to come.
Nonbiomedical Stroke Practitioners in Aceh
Authors: Norris Meriel , Allotey Pascale , Barrett Geraldine
Published: March 2011

Stroke resources in Indonesia are limited; however, there has been demand to include nonbiomedical practitioners in stroke care. This paper will present a snapshot of available nonbiomedical stroke ‘services’ used by stroke survivors in two subdistricts of Aceh, Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, observations, focus groups and vignettes with stroke survivors, their carers, biomedical and nonbiomedical stroke practitioners. Two categories of nonbiomedical practitioners were identified, all of whom discussed and demonstrated an understanding and approach to stroke treatment with multiple layers of influence, predominantly, education, religion and culture. There were a number of areas of overlap between the two categories; some of these influences were also evident in the biomedical practitioners.
Of trees, geese and cirripedes: Man's quest for understanding
Authors: Buckeridge John
Published: March 2011

At least zoologists know that barnacles are arthropods rather than mollusks. However, this knowledge is surprisingly new, for it was as recent as 1830 before J. Vaughan Thompson showed, through a careful study of barnacle larvae, that they were crustaceans. In the 1850s, Charles Darwin unraveled much of the taxonomy of barnacles, and, significantly, his observations and classification of them follow the structure that was to be published later as his evolutionary theory. Irrespective of these works, knowledge of the systematic placement of barnacles remains surprisingly poor in the wider population today, with most non‐biologists viewing barnacles as shallow‐water fouling organisms related to oysters and limpets. The present paper reviews the way humans have perceived barnacles for at least a millennium; it evaluates why they were thought to have grown from trees and to have been part of the life cycle of birds; it concludes by contemplating the manner in which we perceive our environment and by doing so try to make sense of our world.