bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic effects of polymorphic Y chromosomes modulate chromatin components, immune response, and sexual conflict
Authors: Lemos Bernardo , Branco Alan T. , Hartl Daniel L.
Published: August 2010

Genetic conflicts between sexes and generations provide a foundation for understanding the functional evolution of sex chromosomes and sexually dimorphic phenotypes. Y chromosomes of
Drosophila
contain multi-megabase stretches of satellite DNA repeats and a handful of protein-coding genes that are monomorphic within species. Nevertheless, polymorphic variation in heterochromatic Y chromosomes of
Drosophila
result in genome-wide gene expression variation. Here we show that such naturally occurring Y-linked regulatory variation (YRV) can be detected in somatic tissues and contributes to the epigenetic balance of heterochromatin/euchromatin at three distinct loci showing position-effect variegation (PEV). Moreover, polymorphic Y chromosomes differentially affect the expression of thousands of genes in XXY female genotypes in which Y-linked protein-coding genes are not transcribed. The data show a disproportionate influence of YRV on the variable expression of genes whose protein products localize to the nucleus, have nucleic-acid binding activity, and are involved in transcription, chromosome organization, and chromatin assembly. These include key components such as HP1, Trithorax-like (GAGA factor), Su(var)3–9, Brahma, MCM2, ORC2, and inner centromere protein. Furthermore, mitochondria-related genes, immune response genes, and transposable elements are also disproportionally affected by Y chromosome polymorphism. These functional clusterings may arise as a consequence of the involvement of Y
-
linked heterochromatin in the origin and resolution of genetic conflicts between males and females. Taken together, our results indicate that Y chromosome heterochromatin serves as a major source of epigenetic variation in natural populations that interacts with chromatin components to modulate the expression of biologically relevant phenotypic variation.
CXCR3-dependent accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages is necessary for homeostatic arterial remodeling to hemodynamic stresses
Authors: Zhou Jing , Tang Paul C.Y. , Qin Lingfeng , Gayed Peter M. , Li Wei , Skokos Eleni A. , Kyriakides Themis R. , Pober Jordan S. , Tellides George
Published: August 2010

Sustained changes in blood flow modulate the size of conduit arteries through structural alterations of the vessel wall that are dependent on the transient accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages. The leukocytic infiltrate appears to be confined to the adventitia, is responsible for medial remodeling, and resolves once hemodynamic stresses have normalized without obvious intimal changes. We report that inward remodeling of the mouse common carotid artery after ligation of the ipsilateral external carotid artery is dependent on the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Wild-type myeloid cells restored flow-mediated vascular remodeling in CXCR3-deficient recipients, adventitia-infiltrating macrophages of Gr1low resident phenotype expressed CXCR3, the perivascular accumulation of macrophages was dependent on CXCR3 signaling, and the CXCR3 ligand IP-10 was sufficient to recruit monocytes to the adventitia. CXCR3 also contributed to selective features of macrophage activation required for extracellular matrix turnover, such as production of the transglutaminase factor XIII A subunit. Human adventitial macrophages displaying a CD14+/CD16+ resident phenotype, but not circulating monocytes, expressed CXCR3, and such cells were more frequent at sites of disturbed flow. Our observations reveal a CXCR3-dependent accumulation and activation of perivascular macrophages as a necessary step in homeostatic arterial remodeling triggered by hemodynamic stress in mice and possibly in humans as well.
PAD4 is essential for antibacterial innate immunity mediated by neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Li Pingxin , Li Ming , Lindberg Michael R. , Kennett Mary J. , Xiong Na , Wang Yanming
Published: August 2010

Neutrophils trap and kill bacteria by forming highly decondensed chromatin structures, termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). We previously reported that histone hypercitrullination catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) correlates with chromatin decondensation during NET formation. However, the role of PAD4 in NET-mediated bacterial trapping and killing has not been tested. Here, we use PAD4 knockout mice to show that PAD4 is essential for NET-mediated antibacterial function. Unlike PAD4+/+ neutrophils, PAD4−/− neutrophils cannot form NETs after stimulation with chemokines or incubation with bacteria, and are deficient in bacterial killing by NETs. In a mouse infectious disease model of necrotizing fasciitis, PAD4−/− mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection than PAD4+/+ mice due to a lack of NET formation. Moreover, we found that citrullination decreased the bacterial killing activity of histones and nucleosomes, which suggests that PAD4 mainly plays a role in chromatin decondensation to form NETs instead of increasing histone-mediated bacterial killing. Our results define a role for histone hypercitrullination in innate immunity during bacterial infection.
Estrogen promotes cutaneous wound healing via estrogen receptor β independent of its antiinflammatory activities
Authors: Campbell Laura , Emmerson Elaine , Davies Faith , Gilliver Stephen C. , Krust Andre , Chambon Pierre , Ashcroft Gillian S. , Hardman Matthew J.
Published: August 2010

Post-menopausal women have an increased risk of developing a number of degenerative pathological conditions, linked by the common theme of excessive inflammation. Systemic estrogen replacement (in the form of hormone replacement therapy) is able to accelerate healing of acute cutaneous wounds in elderly females, linked to its potent antiinflammatory activity. However, in contrast to many other age-associated pathologies, the detailed mechanisms through which estrogen modulates skin repair, particularly the cell type–specific role of the two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, has yet to be determined. Here, we use pharmacological activation and genetic deletion to investigate the role of both ERα and ERβ in cutaneous tissue repair. Unexpectedly, we report that exogenous estrogen replacement to ovariectomised mice in the absence of ERβ actually delayed wound healing. Moreover, healing in epidermal-specific ERβ null mice (K14-cre/ERβL2/L2) largely resembled that in global ERβ null mice. Thus, the beneficial effects of estrogen on skin wound healing are mediated by epidermal ERβ, in marked contrast to most other tissues in the body where ERα is predominant. Surprisingly, agonists to both ERα and ERβ are potently antiinflammatory during skin repair, indicating clear uncoupling of inflammation and overall efficiency of repair. Thus, estrogen-mediated antiinflammatory activity is not the principal factor in accelerated wound healing.
GolgiP: prediction of Golgi-resident proteins in plants
Authors: Chou Wen-Chi , Yin Yanbin , Xu Ying
Published: August 2010

Summary: We present a novel Golgi-prediction server, GolgiP, for computational prediction of both membrane- and non-membrane-associated Golgi-resident proteins in plants. We have employed a support vector machine-based classification method for the prediction of such Golgi proteins, based on three types of information, dipeptide composition, transmembrane domain(s) (TMDs) and functional domain(s) of a protein, where the functional domain information is generated through searching against the Conserved Domains Database, and the TMD information includes the number of TMDs, the length of TMD and the number of TMDs at the N-terminus of a protein. Using GolgiP, we have made genome-scale predictions of Golgi-resident proteins in 18 plant genomes, and have made the preliminary analysis of the predicted data.

Availability: The GolgiP web service is publically available at http://csbl1.bmb.uga.edu/GolgiP/

Contact:  xyn@csbl.bmb.uga.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dyspnoea and worsening heart failure in patients with acute heart failure: results from the Pre‐RELAX‐AHF study
Authors: Metra Marco , Teerlink John R. , Felker G. Michael , Greenberg Barry H. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Ponikowski Piotr , Teichman Sam L. , Unemori Elaine , Voors Adriaan A. , Weatherley Beth Davison , Cotter Gad
Published: August 2010

Aims

Although dyspnoea is the most common cause of admission for acute heart failure (AHF), more needs to be known about its clinical course and prognostic significance.

Methods and results

The Pre‐RELAX‐AHF study randomized 232 subjects with AHF to placebo or four doses of relaxin and evaluated early (6–24 h Likert scale) and persistent [change in visual analogue scale area under the curve (VAS AUC) through Day 5] dyspnoea relief. Worsening heart failure (WHF) was defined as worsening AHF signs and symptoms requiring additional therapy. Patients were followed until Day 180. Early dyspnoea relief was observed in only 25% of all patients, and VAS AUC at 5 days was 45% over baseline values in all patients (32% placebo; 50% all relaxin‐treated patients). Worsening heart failure to Day 5 was observed in 16% of all patients (21% placebo; 14% relaxin). Lack of persistent dyspnoea relief and WHF were associated with a longer length of initial hospital stay and worse 60‐day outcomes.

Conclusion

Dyspnoea relief in patients admitted with AHF is often incomplete, and many may show WHF after the initial stabilization. Both lack of persistent dyspnoea relief and in‐hospital WHF predict a longer length of stay and worse outcome.
Causal Process “Observation”: Oxymoron or (Fine) Old Wine
Authors: Beck Nathaniel
Published: August 2010

The issue of how qualitative and quantitative information can be used together is critical. Brady, Collier, and Seawright (BCS) have argued that “causal process observations” can be adjoined to “data set observations.” This implies that qualitative methods can be used to add information to quantitative data sets. In a symposium inPolitical Analysis, I argued that such qualitative information cannot be adjoined in any meaningful way to quantitative data sets. In that symposium, the original authors offered several defenses, but, in the end, BCS can be seen as recommending good, but hopefully standard, research design practices that are normally thought of as central in thequantitativearena. It is good that BCS remind us that no amount of fancy statistics can save a bad research design.
51. On the Morphology and Systematics of Micropterygidæ (Lepidoptera Homoneura) of Japan and Formosa, with some considerations on the Australian, European, and North American Forms.
Authors: Issiki Syûti T.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Neomicropteryxis, in spite of its having the same type of venation asPalœ‐omicroides, phylogenetically widely remote from the other two genera of our country, viz.,ParamartyriaandPalœomicroides, in view of the different type of structures of mouth‐parts and abdomen.

ParamartyriaandPalœomicroides, though somewhat different in the structure of the radial Pector, are quite close to each other in having the same type of other wing‐veins, mouth‐parts, and tibial appendages.

It would appear that the North AmericanEpimartyriais, on the whole, nearest to ourParamartyriaandPalœomicroides, since in the wing‐venation it shows close affinity to the former and to the latter in the gonocoxite of genitalia; moreover, the structures of the cranium, antenna, maxillary palpus, and labial palpus are almost the same in these three geners.

The EuropeanMicropteryxis an isolated genus of the family, from the evidence offered by the head and appendages, wing‐venation, as well as the genitalia.

As regards the New ZealandSabatinca, in which the genital structures show wonderful variation in different species (I could not actually study it) this genus might not be monophyletic, and may be divisible into several genera. That is,MicropardulisMeyr. will stand on firmer ground andPalœomicraMeyr. will be revived; moreover, some new genera might be established when we have considered the evidence which an exhaustive study of every species may bring forward; this supposition will be emphasised when we consider the specific difference in antennz which is present among the species.

In my opinion the Queensland forms (at least as far asS. calliplacaMeyr. and the unknown third species are concerned) should be separated fromSabatincaWalk., and a new genus should be established for the reception of these forms.

In the light of the present study, the definition of the family Micropterygidæ may be modified as follows:—

Head rough‐haired. Ocelli present. Antenna moniliform, sub‐moniliform, or filiform. Mandible developed, toothed and functional. Maxilla with lacinia, galea not elongated; palpus elongated, with five segments. Labial palpus minute*, two‐, three‐, or four‐segmented. Middle tibia without spurs. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs. Fore wing more or less broadly lanceolate; jugal lobe small, bent under the wing; costal area enlarged and crossed near its middle by an oblique branch from subcosta; all branches of radius present; stem of media (M1–4) and its principal forking (mf') always present; second branch of cubitus (Cu2) completely present. Hind wing a little narrower than the fore: four branches of radial sector present; stem of media (M1–4) and its principal forking (mf') always present; second branch of cubitus completely retained and fused with first anal at a distance; second anal joins with first anal apically.
37. On the Morphology and Classification of Argulus (Crustacea).
Authors: Martin Marjorie F.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

As a result of observations on Argulus viridis and Argulus coregoni a number of fresh facts have been learnt about both the habits and structures of these animals.
22. The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.—II.
Authors: Fox H. Munro , Wingfield C. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Whereas in some genera of marine decapod crustaceans the scaphognathite and heart rates of species from English waters are no faster than the rates for other species of the same genera living in arctic waters, each measured at their natural temperatures, in other genera the rates for the English species are faster than those for the arctic species.

The prawn Pandulus montagui attains a larger size in arctic than in English waters. Taken from the former habitat, it supports a lower maximum aquarium temperature than from the latter.

The curves relating oxygen consumption to temperature for the prawns Pandalus borealis from arctic waters and P. montagui from Plymouth are parallel to the corresponding curves for the isolated muscles of these animals. This bears out the hypothesis that the greater oxygen consumption of warm water animals is due to a greater non‐locomotory metabolism.

Larger individuals of Pandalus montagui have a slower heart rate than smaller individuals, but there is no such relation between their rates of oxygen consumption.
Notes on the Anatomy and Physiology of Caligus savala, n. sp., a Parasitic copepod from Madras Plankton
Authors: Gnanamuthu C. P.
Published: August 2010

The external morphology of the male and the female of this new species is fully described.

The tendency to creep forward may be an adaptation advantageous to the parasite while bearing few quickly developing eggs may be feature of adaptation to the particular host‐especially when accidents remove it from the host before producing its normal number of eggs.

The connective tissue filling the body cavity serving as the hydrostatic organ useful in free‐surface living copepoda is further adapted to store reserve food in the parasitic forms.

The body muscles are well suited to help the forward and lateral contractions of the genital segment and the abdomen. As there is no heart, such contractions and passive relaxations of the body regularly performed help the circulation of body fluids in the parasitic forms which owing to the attachment to the host are incapable of those vigorous and rapid body and limb movements facilitating circulation in the free‐living copepoda.

The rectum is well provided with special muscles connecting it with the body wall. It contracts and expands during defaecation and appears capable of taking in water. As water was not observed going out of it and as the rectal movements are not performed at regular intervals, but only when the rectum has to be evacuated, its being responsible for respiration cannot be asserted with certainty. The peristaltic movements of the intestine are amphidirectional and irregular. They may be chiefly concerned in digestion and probably together with the rectum, may be responsible for the osmotic adjustments, or respiration, the parasite may effect through the gut.
The Chondrocranium of Gegenophis (Apoda, Amphibia)
Authors: Ramaswami L. S.
Published: August 2010

Of the stages of Ichthyophis studied for comparison, ossification has just started in an embryo of 45 mm. length. The maxilla and palatine are separate; the pleurosphenoid has not united with the parasphenoid, and the occipital region is still cartilaginous. Obviously, there is no “fusion primordiale” of the bones, and, as Marcus, Stimmelmayr and Porsch (1935) have described in Hypogeophis, these bones appear independently in Ichthyophis and fuse later. In the 78 mm. larva of Ichthyophis glutinosus examined, the maxilla is still separate from the palatine, while the pleurosphenoid has united with the bony otic capsule, but the parasphenoid is still independent. I am unable to say if in Gegenophis, the bones (nasal, septomaxilla, premaxilla) appear independently in stages earlier than the one examined by me, viz., 51 mm. and then fuse.
A Contribution to the Biology of Patella: On Population Distribution and Sex‐proportions in Patella vulgata Linnaeus at Cullercoats, England.
Authors: Das S. M. , Seshappa G.
Published: August 2010

Summary and Conclusions.

The occurrence, habitat, proportions of the sexes, and population distribution in different zones of the int(ertida1 region in Patella vulgata Linnaeus, on thoNorth Side of Cullercoats Bay, are described.

Five main conclusions can be drawn from our investigations 011 the biology of Patella vulgata a t Cullercoats:

1. Patella vulgata occurs mainly between the L.W.S. and tlie H.W.S. levels. It is, however, found in diminishing numbers right up to the wash zone (about 2 feet above the H.W.S.)on sides of rocks facing North‐East and East. The factor determining the upper limit of distribution is probably the absence of suitable food‐plants.

2. In general the population increases from the high‐water to the low‐water mark; but the maximum population density occurs at low water neaps. At higher levels the larger sizes are predominant, while at lower levels it is the smller sizes which are most numerous. The largest sizes (46–60 mm.), however, are found more usually near the Gigartim belt of L.W.S. or on the margins of rock‐pools from L.W.S. t o M.T.L.

3. The ratio of the males to fema1es varies inversely as the degree of exposure. The lower we go from the high‐water mark, the larger is the population of males. The larger males (i.e., persistent males) ‐are inore common in the higher zones, while the larger females are found more at lower zones of the coast.

4. First Inaturity in P. vulgata occurs at a size of 10 mm. when all indi‐viduals with gonads are males; i.e., all P. vulqato are male at first matwity. The first females appear at sizes 12–15 mm., which we have considered the transition stage, and go on increasing in number gradually until the size‐group 21–25 min. is reached. Sbove this size there is asudden increase in tlic!percentage of females, which become more numerous until a t a size of 56‐40 mm they form about 8Oyh of the population. Correspondingly, there i s a sudden

drop in the percentage of inales a t size 21‐25mm., above which size they become less numerous, until at a size of 56–60 mm. they form only 20% of the population. A 50; 50 proportion of, males to females is obtained only in the size‐group 3640 mm.

5. The ratio Of males to females in the total popzllation is about 3: J., i.e., during September and October, 1946, at Cullercoats there were three functioning niales for everysingle mature female.
Experimental observations on the spawning behaviour of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn.).
Authors: JONES J. W. , KING G. M.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Observations on the spawning habits of salmon were made in an experimental tank built on the banks of a tributary of the Cheshire Dee.

Spawning by a female (9 lb.) and a male (5 lb.) was observed. The complete operation consisted of eight emissions made almost simultaneously by the male and female in different beds, each of which was prepared by the female.

Before spawning the female was seen to cut a depression (bed) in the gravel with her tail and to feel the bed with her anal fin. The male took no part in the making of the bed and was often not present on the gravel when the female was cutting. He courted the female and drove away all other fish.

The female did not pass out eggs while cutting the bed.

Just before the spawning act, the female dropped into the bed, opened her mouth, erected her fins and flexed her tail upwards. When this occurred the male joined her immediately and settled alongside, quivering, with his mouth agape. At this instant the fish spawned almost simultaneously.

After the spawning act, the female moved upstream of the bed, cut vigorously and covered the eggs with gravel.

The actual spawning act took place in about 10–15 seconds, and the eggs were completely covered about 30 seconds later.

Mature male parr were in constant attendance on the female, and during each act of spawning pushed excitedly under her vent. It was not definitely established that they extruded sperm.

Spawning took place in the experimental tank at temperatures varying from 36° to 42° F.

An average (number) of 780 eggs were recovered from each of seven redds made by the same female. It was estimated that this female had laid 700 eggs per lb. of body weight and the percentage fertilisation was almost 99.
Dental lesions in Baboons from the Society's Gardens
Authors: JAMES W. WARWICK , BARNICOT N. A.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The dental lesions of 12 fresh and four macerated specimens of Papio hamadryas, comparising the remnants of the large colony established in the Society's Gardens in 1925‐27, have been examined macroscopically and histologically, and are here described.

Many animals showed thickenig of the gums and recession of the alveolar tissues, particularly in the incisor region. Destruction of interdental gum tissue leading to pocket formation was sometimes observed in the region of cheek teeth. A table of missing teeth is included.

Figures for the incidence and distribution of carious cavities are given. Carious teeth occurred in 13 of the 16 specimens, the greatest number of cavities in a single animal being eight. Cavities are most frequent in the first lower molar. It seems likely that most of the cavities strated interstitially, probably in the dentine, and perhaps in some cases in cementum. The influence of extreme attrition on the genesis of caries is discussed.

Figures from the literature for caries incidence in wild and captive baboons are analysed statistically. The authors' data support the view that the incidence of caries is particularly high in aged, captive animals.
A new Chironomid from Africa, the larva of which can be dehydrated without injury.
Authors: HINTON H. E.
Published: August 2010

1. A new Chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki, is described that breeds in small rock pools in Northern Nigeria.

2. Larvae can be dried for at least 18 months after which more than 90 per cent. can be reactivated by placing them in water.

3. Larvae can be alternately dried and activated in water a number of times.

4. Active larvae tolerate temperatures as high as 41°C., and some withstand 43.5° C. for as long as 14 hours.

5. Dehydrated larvae can survive 65° C. for 20 hours and 68.5° C. for nearly 11 hours.

6. Some dehydrated larvae will recover for a short time after exposure to 106°C. for 3 hours, 126–130°C. for 20 minutes and 199–201°C. for 5 minutes.

7. Reasons are given for the belief that without the attributes described in “2” to “5” above. the larvae would be unable to survive the exigencies of their natural habitat
Remarks on the pelage of the Common Shrew (Sorex nraneus L.).
Authors: Crowcroft Peter
Published: August 2010

Four hundred and nine skins of common shrews were preserved, of which sixty‐eight showed some stage of moulting. Examination of these specimens revealed that the shrew moults twice in its lifetime; in the autumn of the year of birth the juvenile coat is replaced by longer darker fur; a spring moult replaces the winter coat with shorter fur of the same colour. Thus adult common shrews are generally darker in colour than juveniles.

Black pigment appears in the skin before moulting, and disappears as the hair grows.

Fifty‐two per cent of the Wytham shrews had some white hairs upon the ears, and 20·9 per cent of males and 17·4 per cent of females possessed predominantly white ears,

The scruff bore a scar or patch of white hairs in eleven animals, all of which were pregnant or parous females. The term “copulation scar” is suggested as a more suitable term than “grey patch”.

White‐tipped tails were noted in 3.7 per cent of the skins, with a statistically significant correlation with female sex.
The reproduction and cytology of the Notostraca (Crustacea, Phyllopoda).
Authors: Longhurst Alan R.
Published: August 2010

Summary

Both bisexual and hermaphrodite reproduction occurs in the Notostraca. The form of the gonads is described and the cytological cycle of ovaries and testes reported briefly.

The most successful chromosome counts were made on the early spermatid nuclei, seen abundantly in smears of nearly mature tests. These counts were confirmed by chromosomes found in the testis lobes and ovaries of other animals.

An account of copulation is given and methods of fertilization are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENTEROPNEUST, PROTOGLOSSUS KOEHLERI (CAULLERY & MESNIL)
Authors: BURDON‐JONES C.
Published: August 2010

Protoylossus Koehleri occurs in the inter‐tidal region on the Beddmanach shore of Holy Island, and in St. Martin's Bay near the Hague.

The habitat and associated fauna is described.

Distinguishing characters:–colour; shape of proboscis; operculum small; overall size and proportions of the body; gonads prominent and overlapping branchial region; fourteen to forty pairs of branchial pores; radial arrangement of proboscis musculature; proboscis diverticulum simple; proboscis skeleton simple; crura embracing about three quarters of the buccal cavity, and terminating just anterior to the operculum. Collar and trunk cavities distinct, perihaemal and peripharyngeal cavities rudimentary. Oesophageal pores absent. Hepatic gut simple with expanded lumen. Lateral gonads; genital sacs simple, ducts absent. Oocytes pink, averaging 430 μ in diameter.
Phase I/II study of a 3‐week cycle of irinotecan and S‐1 in patients with advanced colorectal cancer
Authors: Kusaba Hitoshi , Esaki Taito , Futami Kitaro , Tanaka Sinnosuke , Fujishima Hiromitsu , Mitsugi Kenji , Sakai Kenji , Ariyama Hiroshi , Tanaka Risa , Kinugawa Naoko , Ueki Takashi , Mibu Rhuichi , Baba Eishi , Nakano Shuji , Akashi Koichi
Published: August 2010

The combination of an oral fluoropyrimidine derivative, S‐1, and irinotecan is expected to be a promising regimen for advanced colorectal cancer. This study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended dose (RD) of irinotecan combined with S‐1 in a 3‐week cycle regimen and to observe the safety and efficacy for patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer. Eighty milligrams per m2 of S‐1 was given orally for 14 consecutive days and escalated doses of irinotecan were administered on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks in the phase I trial. Forty patients were treated at the RD during the phase II trial. Forty‐three patients were enrolled between February 2005 and March 2007. The dose‐limiting toxicity was diarrhea and abdominal pain. The MTD of irinotecan was 100 mg/m2 and the RD was determined to be 80 mg/m2 of irinotecan combined with 80 mg/m2 of S‐1. The phase II trial showed that 22 of 40 patients achieved a complete or partial response and eight had stable disease. The overall response rate was 55.0%. The median progression‐free survival time and median survival time were 6.7 and 21 months, respectively. There were no treatment‐related deaths. The main toxicities were leukopenia, neutropenia, anorexia and diarrhea. This study suggests the combination of irinotecan and S‐1 repeated every 3 weeks is tolerable and effective for patients with previously untreated advanced colorectal cancer. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2591–2595)
Comparison of Flexiblade™ and Macintosh laryngoscopes: cervical extension angles during orotracheal intubation
Authors: Uzun S. , Erden İ. A. , Pamuk A. G. , Yavuz K. , Çekirge S. , Aypar Ü.
Published: August 2010

The FlexibladeTM is a new laryngoscope with a flexible blade, a handle and a lever, allowing gradual flexion over the distal half of the blade. In this study, we aimed to compare cervical vertebral movements during tracheal intubation with the Flexiblade and Macintosh laryngoscope in 32 patients undergoing elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia (n = 16 per group). Fluoroscopic images of cervical movement were captured before, during and after intubation and evaluated by a radiologist. C1–C2 cervical vertebral movement was significantly reduced during the intubation in the Flexiblade group (p < 0.0001). C2–C3 cervical movement was similar in both groups (p = 0.81). No significant differences were noted in success rates for intubation, oxygen saturation levels, haemodynamic variables or intubation‐related injury. The decreased extension angle between C1–C2 during Flexiblade laryngoscopy compared with Macintosh laryngoscopy may be an advantage where neurological damage with cervical movement is a concern.
XVII. Descriptions of New Lepidoptera from New Zealand
Authors: Meteick Edwaed
Published: August 2010

The following new species of Lepidoptera from New Zealand were received from various sources; those attributed to the late Mr. Fereday were included amongst his collections which came into the possession of the Ohristchurch Museum, and were referred to me for examination.
X. New species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. Part III
Authors: Cameron Malcolm
Published: August 2010

The groups Oligotini, Bolitocharini, Myrmedoniini and Aleocharini are dealt with in this part of the paper together with additions to the Lispini, Pinophilini, Paede‐rini, Staphylinini and Tachyporini.
Anatomical relations during sperm transfer in Glossina austeni Newstead (Glossinidae, Diptera)
Authors: POLLOCK J. N.
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the uterine anatomy of virgin Glossina austeni Newstead and this is compared with the anatomy of the female tract both during mating and after the mating act has been completed. Notes on the functional morphology of the male genitalia are included.
The American scale insect genusUdiniaDe Lotto (Coccidae)
Authors: HANFORD LINDA
Published: August 2010

Udinia, an Ethiopian coccid genus, is redefined and a key is given to the thirteen species now recognised:brunckisp. n.,catori(Green)comb. n.[=Lecanium subhirsutumNewsteadsyn. n.],farquharsoni(Newstead) [=U.exoleta(De Lotto)syn. n.],glabraDe Lotto,ikoyensissp. n.,lobayana(Balachowsky & Ferrero)comb. n.,newsteadisp. n.,nigeriensissp. n.,pattersonisp. n.,pauperculaDe Lotto,pterolobinaDe Lotto,scitulaDe Lotto,setigera(Newstead). Five species are described as new and three species are redescribed and for these lectotypes are designated. The morphological characters used are discussed and listed and intraspecific variations shown by two of the species are tabulated. The distribution of all the species is recorded on two maps and the literature dealing with associations between ants andUdiniaand related coccid genera is briefly reviewed.
Pupal overwintering, diapause and development in two species of Spilosoma
Authors: BAKER C. R. B.
Published: August 2010

Pupae of Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) and S. lutea (Hufn.) were studied in order to develop a method for estimating the date of emergence of the moths from temperature data. Diapausing pupae stored at 4–5°C for 157 and 171 days showed the fastest development on subsequent incubation at 20°C indicating that diapause had been completed in cold storage.

Pupae formed in August and October completed diapause in a ventilated insec‐tary in March and early April respectively. A 4‐month spread in pupation dates was compressed by diapause and low winter temperatures into a 7‐day spread in mean emergence dates for S. lubricipeda and a 17‐day spread for S. lutea.

In the insectary, estimated mean emergence dates differed from observed dates by an average of 3.7 days for S. lubricipeda and 2.4 days for S. lutea. Pupae were over‐wintered outdoors in S. England and in Scotland. Observed mean dates of moth emergence varied with altitude and latitude, and differed from estimated dates for S.lubricipeda by an average of 5.5 days.

Mortality did not exceed 30% except in two years in batches kept in wet boxes outdoors at Achnagoichan which is probably beyond the breeding range of both species in Britain. In the laboratory some pupae survived exposure to — 16°C for 192 h suggesting that winter mortality alone does not control the survival of these species at Achnagoichan.
Developmental and phenotypic responses to photoperiod in uni‐and bivoltine Pieris napi in California
Authors: SHAPIRO ARTHUR M.
Published: August 2010

Coastal Californian Pieris napi are facultatively bivoltine, with two seasonal phenotypes, whereas inland populations from the Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada are univoltine and monophenic.

When reared under continuous light at 25d̀C both coastal and inland stocks produce about 50% diapause pupae, which give rise to vernal‐phenotype adults. Non‐diapause pupae of all stocks give rise to summer‐phenotype adults, even though this phenotype does not exist in the wild in univoltine populations.

Univoltinism, which implies developmental suppression of the summer phenotype, is interpreted as a derivative from multivoltinism and an adaptation to host plant phenology.
Pupal colour polymorphism in Papilio machaon L. and the survival in the field of cryptic versus non‐cryptic pupae
Authors: WIKLUND CHRISTER
Published: August 2010

A field experiment was carried out in a natural habitat of Papilio machaon L. in southern Sweden to assess the evolutionary significance of pupal colour polymorphism.

Cryptic and non‐cryptic pupae were planted in pairs in the vegetation, and exposed to predators.

The protective coloration conferred a selective advantage approximating 1.5 on the cryptic pupae of the summer generation. In the overwintering generation no difference could be detected between the predation of cryptic and non‐cryptic pupae.

The adaptive fitness of protective coloration, as determined by the different rates of elimination of the colour morphs, was greater for the green pupae than for the brown ones.

Natural selection favours the evolution of a seasonal difference in the proportion of green and brown pupae in the summer and hibernating generations of P.machaon.
The ecology of a scale insect, Aulacaspis tegalensis, on sugar cane in East Africa
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J.
Published: August 2010

The scale insect, Aulacaspis tegalensis, invaded a sugar estate near Moshi, Tanzania, in 1969.

The number of fields affected and scale abundance were estimated weekly by weighing eggs sifted from samples scraped from infested cane.

Abundance increased exponentially with the age of the cane, once mature cane began to develop at the age of six months, and it was also affected by the cane variety.

The principal source of temporal variation in abundance was weather, especially mean maximum temperature eight weeks before sampling, when the crawlers which gave rise to the females were settling.

The behaviour of crawlers is affected by temperature, humidity and sunshine.

Up to 25% of the crop was lost at the height of the infestation.

Wild natural enemies could not reduce scale numbers to an acceptable level.

Lindorus lophanthae (Coccinellidae) was introduced from Mauritius in 1971 and may have been responsible for the decline in scales which began after it had become abundant throughout the estate. Since 1972 loss of yield due to scale has been undetectable in the factory.

The results are discussed in relation to the situation in Mauritius, where L.lophanthae is ineffective and the implications of the studies for the reduction of losses by agronomic methods are detailed.
Entomophthora species infecting pea aphis
Authors: WILDING N.
Published: August 2010

Three species of Entomophthora infected the pea aphis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on lucerne at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, between 1967 and 1972 and caused a maximum mortality of 83% in July 1968.

E.thaxteriana, the commonest species, occurred each year and frequently infected aphids during cool weather in spring and autumn. E.aphidis and E.planchoniana were absent in some years and were most common during warm weather in midsummer.

The incidence of infection by the three species was correlated with the density of conidia in the air above the crop, host density and rainfall, but not with any other weather factor considered.

Infection at any time was much more closely related to environmental factors during the preceding 12 than 3 days. The regressions, however, were weak and the relative importance of different environmental factors for the spread of infection can probably only be determined under controlled conditions in the laboratory.
The life history and population biology of an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus trehernei Foster
Authors: FOSTER W. A.
Published: August 2010

The fluctuations in the density and composition of populations of Pemphigus trehernei, an aphid that lives on the roots of the halophyte Aster tripolium, were followed on an area of saltmarsh on the north Norfolk coast between 1971 and 1973.

The aphid has a typical Pemphigus life‐cycle, but the emphasis is on the non‐sexual anholocycle. Many diapausing aphids overwinter on the marsh and relatively few alates fly to or from it.

The aphids are confined to the top 11 cm of soil and are highly aggregated: the dispersion of the population can be fitted to the negative binomial. The absolute density of the populations is relatively low, with a mean value of about 2000 aphids/m2 of available marsh area.

Temperature, host‐plant growth and fungal attack are probably the most important factors affecting seasonal population fluctuations. Up to 50% of the populations may be infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae, which is widespread in the soil.
Changing altitude and habitat preferences of two species of wood‐ant (Formica rufa and F. lugubris) in North Wales and Salop
Authors: HUGHES I. G.
Published: August 2010

The distribution of two species of wood‐ant in Mid and North Wales was investigated.

Formica rufa L. ranges from sea level to 200 m asl and is confined to warm sites with thermally favourable substrate open to direct insolation on south facing slopes. Most sites are on abandoned smelt furnace areas which provide stabilised islands of open ground surrounded by oak scrub.

Formica lugubris Zett. tolerates more shade, can survive on north facing slopes and is found at all altitudes to 305 m asl, the approximate treeline for the region. Populations still occur in natural open oak scrub at 200–300 m but the species has extended into derelict gold, copper and lead mine sites in wooded areas and has also spread into post‐1920 conifer plantations.

Upland oakwood on boulder scree near Rhayader should be preserved as an example of natural high density F.lugubris populations.

The pattern of wood‐ant distribution in England and Wales matches that of coppice distribution. This in turn reflects the history of pig iron production before the Industrial Revolution. Formica rufa, widespread in the primary iron producing region of S.E. England, is concentrated further north in the secondary iron producing areas of the Forest of Dean, Wyre, N.W. Wales and the Furness district of Cumbria and North Lancashire.
Use of pine resin in nests of pemphredonine wasps
Authors: MUDD A. , CORBET S. A.
Published: August 2010

Species of Passaloecus seal their nests with a sticky material. Mass spectrometric comparisons showed this to resemble a pine resin.

Thin layer chromatography confirmed that the wasp door material was chemically similar to resin found in some conifer species near the nest.

Pine resin is an ideal ‘door material’, and its repellent properties may deter predators.
Changes in the feeding behaviour of a malaria vector, Anopheles farauti Lav., following use of DDT as a residual spray in houses in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate
Authors: TAYLOR BRIAN
Published: August 2010

To investigate the failure of DDT to interrupt malaria transmission in parts of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, regular all‐night man‐biting catches of malaria vectors were made before and after DDT house spraying on San Cristobal Island.

Changes were observed in the man‐biting behaviour of Anopheles farauti. There was a reduction in the degree of entry into houses and a shifting of the times of peak biting. Whereas before spraying the indoor and outdoor biting cycles differed, after spraying there was no difference although both the indoor and outdoor cycles had altered.

DDT was found to have a deterrent effect on An.farauti but this effect decreased with time.

DDT also appears to eliminate a dominant indoor feeding fraction of the farauti population. Following this there can be an increase in an outdoor feeding fraction which can be responsible for a resumption of malaria transmission.

Biting cycles obtained before spraying are also shown for An.koliensis and An.punctulatus.
Novel cosmetic delivery systems: an application update
Authors: Patravale V. B. , Mandawgade S. D.
Published: August 2010

Synopsis

World consumers are nowadays more focused on their health and appearance. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated with natural and nutraceutical ingredients. Functional ingredients and innovative delivery systems are driving the new product development in the field of cosmetics. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in personal care with real consumer‐perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. In fact, the U.S. market alone for novel cosmetic delivery systems has been projected to be more than $41 billion for the year 2007. Novel cosmetic delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next‐generation smarter carrier systems.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Structure of the Placenta of Mustelidæ, Ursidse, and Sciuridæ
Authors: Rau A. Subba
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The chief features of the placenta of Xerus capensis are:—

 It is discoidal and mesometrially situated.

 It is hæmochorial in type.

 The lamellæ appear to form a simple anastomosing network and the lacunæ are wide. The “lobed” arrangement characteristic of the Rabbit placenta is absent. There is no interplacental cavity. The extraplacental wall of the uterus is very thick. Giant cells form a characteristic feature of the placenta.

 The yolk‐sac splanchnopleure is simple, being devoid of folds and villi. The trilaminar omphalopleure persists and forms the foetal constituent of the yolk‐sac placenta.
11. A Contribution to the Biology of the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus Linnæus
Authors: Middleton A. D.
Published: August 2010

Trapping and routine examinations carried out in the Oxford district between February 1926 and August 1927, show that:

Sores arameus is found in a wide range of habitats, varying from pure grass‐land to dense conifer woods.

The breeding‐season is from May to August, and no pregnant females are found outside this period. It is uncertain whether the females have more than one litter during a breeding‐season.

It is suggested from the evidence available that neither male nor female shrews become sexually mature and breed during the year of their birth.

It appears that the young shrews reach a certain immature stage of growth by the late autumn of the year of their birth, and remain in that condition throughout the winter months. In the spring a marked increase in size takes place, and sexual maturity is reached.
26. The Structure and Affinities of Chondrenchelys problematica Tr.
Authors: Moy‐Thomas J. A.
Published: August 2010

Examination of Traquair's material of Chondrenchelys problematica and of four new specimens was made. The pectoral fins, pelvic fins and girdles, teeth, and denticles are described for the first time, and the following new points have been made out:—

The skull was almost certainly autostylic, and the teeth consisted of crushing tooth‐plates.

The pectoral fins were of a modified archipterygial type.

The pelvic fins were very similar to those of Pleuracanths and were provided with claspers. The two halves of the pelvic girdle were separate.

There were both proximal and distal of dorsal radials, the more anterior being relatively stout structures.

The body was sparsely covered in denticles, the bases of which appear to have had wide pulp cavities.

The affinities of Chondrenchelys are discussed, and it is concluded that it was a descendant of a group connecting the Holocephali with the Pleuracanthini.
Visual and Auditory Conspicuousness in a Woodland Bird Community: a Quantitative Analysis.
Authors: Colquhoun M. K.
Published: August 2010

1. Quantitative observations were made in a Berkshire copse throughout a breeding season. Monthly coefficients of relative conspicuousness are given for each species, together with the coefficients for the previous year's study; it is therefore possible to present a mean coefficient from two seasons' work in the same habitat.

2. The counts from which the coefficients are computed have been subjected to analysis and give the relative position of each species in the woodland stratum, being illustrated by a diagram showing the vertical graduation of the different niches. Closely related species obtain their food from different strata; the male inhabits a higher stratum than the female.

3. It is shown how a coefficient of sexual conspicuousness can be obtained from the observed sex ratio.

4. Song lends itself to quantitative treatment. Persistency varies less than might be expected, among the few examples given. A direct relation between song intensity and size of territory in monogamous territorial birds is suggested. It is shown how population density can affect conspicuousness.

5. No attempt is made to ascribe a function to each aspect of coloration. It is suggested that birds are conspicuous in the spring rather than inconspicuous in the summer,