bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving Spatial Decision Making in Cloud Computing
Authors: Argiolas Michele , Atzori Maurizio , Dessì Nicoletta , Pes Barbara
Published: August 2014

The increasing capabilities of Internet have caused a qualitative change in the management of spatial information while recent advances in Web 2.0 technologies have enabled the integration of data and knowledge in intuitive thematic maps. This has wide-ranging indirect effects in supporting the ways stakeholders make a decision based on information coming from various distributed resources, but the real question is, What applications and technologies are in place to deal with these decisional environments? Aiming at giving an answer to this question, this chapter explores the feasibility of a computational environment that supports the Web-based exploration and the spatial analysis in real estate decisional processes. It relies on the concept of dataspace as a new scenario for accessing, integrating, and analyzing geo-spatial information regardless of its format and location. Built on top of a cloud environment, it is made up of specialized modules, each of which provides a well-defined service. Mash-ups integrate data from different resources on the Internet and provide the user with a flexible and easy-to-use way for geo-referencing data in the maps provided by Google Maps and Google Earth. Through an interactive process, the user arrives at some interesting maps, glimpses the most important facets of the decisional problem, and combines them to fashion a solution. Applicative experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the computational environment proposed.
Vague Correlation Coefficient of Interval Vague Sets and its Applications to Topsis in MADM Problems
Authors: John Robinson P.  , Henry Amirtharaj E. C.
Published: August 2014

Various attempts are made by researchers on the study of vagueness of data through Intuitionistic Fuzzy sets and Vague sets, and also it is shown that Vague sets are Intuitionistic Fuzzy sets. However, there are algebraic and graphical differences between Vague sets and Intuitionistic Fuzzy sets. In this chapter, an attempt is made to define the correlation coefficient of Interval Vague sets lying in the interval [0,1], and a new method for computing the correlation coefficient of interval Vague sets lying in the interval [-1,1] using a-cuts over the vague degrees through statistical confidence intervals is also presented by an example. The new method proposed in this work produces a correlation coefficient in the form of an interval. The proposed method produces a correlation coefficient in the form of an interval from a trapezoidal shaped fuzzy number derived from the vague degrees. This chapter also aims to develop a new method based on the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to solve MADM problems for Interval Vague Sets (IVSs). A TOPSIS algorithm is constructed on the basis of the concepts of the relative-closeness coefficient computed from the correlation coefficient of IVSs. This novel method also identifies the positive and negative ideal solutions using the correlation coefficient of IVSs. A numerical illustration explains the proposed algorithms and comparisons are made with some existing methods.
Decomposition Theorem of Generalized Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Adak Amal Kumar , Bhowmik Monoranjan , Pal Madhumangal
Published: August 2014

In this chapter, the authors establish decomposition theorems of Generalized Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (GIVIFS) by use of cut sets of generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. First, new definitions of eight kinds of cut sets generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets are introduced. Second, based on these new cut sets, the decomposition generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets are established. The authors show that each kind of cut sets corresponds to two kinds of decomposition theorems. These results provide a fundamental theory for the research of generalized interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets.
An Integrated Design for a CNC Machine
Authors: Shafik Amro , Haridy Salah
Published: August 2014

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a technology that converts coded instructions and numerical data into sequential actions that describe the motion of machine axes or the behavior of an end effector. Nowadays, CNC technology has been introduced to different stages of production, such as rapid prototyping, machining and finishing processes, testing, packaging, and warehousing. The main objective of this chapter is to introduce a methodology for design and implementation of a simple and low-cost educational CNC prototype. The machine consists of three independent axes driven by stepper motors through an open-loop control system. Output pulses from the parallel port of Personal Computer (PC) are used to drive the stepper motors after processing by an interface card. A flexible, responsive, and real-time Visual C# program is developed to control the motion of the machine axes. The integrated design proposed in this chapter can provide engineers and students in academic institutions with a simple foundation to efficiently build a CNC machine based on the available resources. Moreover, the proposed prototype can be used for educational purposes, demonstrations, and future research.
Computer-Aided Ceramic Design
Authors: Olalere Folasayo Enoch , Shuaib Ab Aziz Bin
Published: August 2014

This chapter investigates the knowledge regarding how user-centered design can be achieved during ceramic product development with the aid of computer-aided ceramic design. The chapter gives the general overview of ceramics, computer-aided design, and its application in ceramic product development. It also illuminates on product emotion, its influence on consumers' behaviour, and how it can be integrated into new products. With reference to desire emotion, the chapter elaborates on the determining factors and the resulting appraisal that will elicit the desire emotion. Furthermore, it analyses the systematic approach in building user-centred design in new products. Based on this understanding, a study is described where a newly developed mug design and a multi-functional ceramic pot were tested to know emotive responses of people towards the products. The results from the study show some interesting findings by demonstrating the theories in practice and also reveal the viability of computer-aided design as a tool for building user-centered design.
Clean and Green Energy Technologies, Sustainable Development, and Environment
Authors: Omer Abdeen Mustafa
Published: August 2014

The move towards a low-carbon world, driven partly by climate science and partly by the business opportunities it offers, will need the promotion of environmentally friendly alternatives, if an acceptable stabilisation level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is to be achieved. This requires the harnessing and use of natural resources that produce no air pollution or greenhouse gases and provide comfortable coexistence of humans, livestock, and plants. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of energy sources, and the development of sustainable technologies to explore these energy sources. It also includes potential renewable energy technologies, efficient energy systems, energy savings techniques, and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce climate changes. The chapter concludes with the technical status of the Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) technology. The purpose of this chapter, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmentally friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs.
Multiobjective Optimization of Bioethanol Production via Hydrolysis Using Hopfield-Enhanced Differential Evolution
Authors: Ganesan T. , Elamvazuthi I. , Shaari K. Z. K. , Vasant P.
Published: August 2014

Many industrial problems in process optimization are Multi-Objective (MO), where each of the objectives represents different facets of the issue. Thus, having in hand multiple solutions prior to selecting the best solution is a seminal advantage. In this chapter, the weighted sum scalarization approach is used in conjunction with three meta-heuristic algorithms: Differential Evolution (DE), Hopfield-Enhanced Differential Evolution (HEDE), and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). These methods are then employed to trace the approximate Pareto frontier to the bioethanol production problem. The Hypervolume Indicator (HVI) is applied to gauge the capabilities of each algorithm in approximating the Pareto frontier. Some comparative studies are then carried out with the algorithms developed in this chapter. Analysis on the performance as well as the quality of the solutions obtained by these algorithms is shown here.
Effects of Hearing Recorded Mother's Voice on Physiological Reactions and Behavioral State of Sleep, Weight of Very Low Birth Weight Infants.
Authors: Choi Mi Hyang , Kang In Soon , Kim Young Hae
Published: August 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify whether hearing a recording of mother's voice affected physiological reactions, behavioral state related to sleep and weight of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.METHODS: This was a nonequivalent control group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. The participants were 11 VLBW infants in the experimental group and 11 in the control group. In the experimental group, a recording of mother's voice was played to her infant by voice recorder four times each day for five minutes over 10 consecutive days in the incubator.RESULTS: For physiological response (heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen saturation), there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Behavioral state during sleep was more very quiet and quiet in the experimental group. In the daily weight change, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups.CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that, for VLBW infants, the intervention of hearing a recording of mother's voice had some significance as a nursing intervention having a positive impact. Such interventions can help pediatric nurses to stabilize the physiological response and maintenance more very quiet sleep state and improve VLBW infants' growth.
Development and Effect of a Metabolic Syndrome Prevention Program for University Students using Mobile Application.
Authors: Kang Han Kyu , Kim Tae Bin , Kim Kyu Hyung , Kim Min Jin , Kim Jin Hyun , Kim Hyun Yong , Yeom Kyung Hoon , Lee Ka Hyun , Choi Eun Young , Kang Kyung Ah
Published: August 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the effect of a metabolic syndrome prevention program using mobile application for university students.METHODS: A pretest-posttest design with content analysis as a triangulation method was used. The participants were 49 university students. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi2-test, t-test and Fisher's exact test with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program.RESULTS: The application consisted of six main menus as follows: 'basic education', 'nutrition education', 'exercise education', 'meal diary', 'exercise checkup', and 'tips'.The experimental group had higher recognition about metabolic syndrome prevention than the control group (F=7.919, p=.007). Understanding of metabolic syndrome among participants was mostly related to chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes in relation to the importance of eating habits and exercising.CONCLUSION: The results indicate that metabolic syndrome prevention education using mobile application is necessary and would be useful for university students.
A Pediatric Fall-Risk Assessment Tool for Hospitalized Children.
Authors: Shin Hyeon Ju , Kim Young Nam , Kim Ju Hee , Son In Sook , Bang Kyung Sook
Published: August 2014

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify risk factors in hospitalized children, and to develop and validate a fall-risk assessment tool for hospitalized children.METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed at one university children's hospital, and an analysis was done of the characteristics of all patients who fell during a 44-month period (n=48). These patients were compared with another 149 hospitalized children who did not fall.RESULTS: Significant predictors of falls as identified in a multivariate logistic regression analyses were age of less than 3 years old, neurological diagnosis including epilepsy, children's dependency of ADL, physical developmental delay, multiple usage of fall-risk-increasing drugs. The respective odds ratios ranged from 2.4 to 7.1 with 95% confidence interval (p<0.05). Accordingly, defining patients with either 5 risk factors as fall-prone hospitalized children provided a sensitivity of 93.6% and specificity of 16.2%.CONCLUSION: The results show that this tool has an acceptable level of sensitivity to assess the risk factors of fall in hospitalized children even though the specificity was low, suggesting that this tool may enable nurses to predict the risk level of childhood falls, and develop preventive strategies against pediatric falls in children's units.
Reconciling aerosol light extinction measurements from spaceborne lidar observations and in situ measurements in the Arctic
Authors: Tesche M. , Zieger P. , Rastak N. , Charlson R. J. , Glantz P. , Tunved P. , Hansson H.-C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In this study we investigate to what degree it is possible to reconcile continuously recorded particle light extinction coefficients derived from dry in situ measurements at Zeppelin station (78.92° N, 11.85° E; 475 m above sea level), Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, that are recalculated to ambient relative humidity, as well as simultaneous ambient observations with the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite. To our knowledge, this represents the first study that compares spaceborne lidar measurements to optical aerosol properties from short-term in situ observations (averaged over 5 h) on a case-by-case basis. Finding suitable comparison cases requires an elaborate screening and matching of the CALIOP data with respect to the location of Zeppelin station as well as the selection of temporal and spatial averaging intervals for both the ground-based and spaceborne observations. Reliable reconciliation of these data cannot be achieved with the closest-approach method, which is often used in matching CALIOP observations to those taken at ground sites. This is due to the transport pathways of the air parcels that were sampled. The use of trajectories allowed us to establish a connection between spaceborne and ground-based observations for 57 individual overpasses out of a total of 2018 that occurred in our region of interest around Svalbard (0 to 25° E, 75 to 82° N) in the considered year of 2008. Matches could only be established during winter and spring, since the low aerosol load during summer in connection with the strong solar background and the high occurrence rate of clouds strongly influences the performance and reliability of CALIOP observations. Extinction coefficients in the range of 2 to 130 Mm−1 at 532 nm were found for successful matches with a difference of a factor of 1.47 (median value for a range from 0.26 to 11.2) between the findings of in situ and spaceborne observations (the latter being generally larger than the former). The remaining difference is likely to be due to the natural variability in aerosol concentration and ambient relative humidity, an insufficient representation of aerosol particle growth, or a misclassification of aerosol type (i.e., choice of lidar ratio) in the CALIPSO retrieval.
OH regeneration from methacrolein oxidation investigated in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR
Authors: Fuchs H. , Acir I.-H. , Bohn B. , Brauers T. , Dorn H.-P. , Häseler R. , Hofzumahaus A. , Holland F. , Kaminski M. , Li X. , Lu K. , Lutz A. , Nehr S. , Rohrer F. , Tillmann R. , Wegener R. , Wahner A.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Hydroxyl radicals (OH) are the most important reagent for the oxidation of trace gases in the atmosphere. OH concentrations measured during recent field campaigns in isoprene-rich environments were unexpectedly large. A number of studies showed that unimolecular reactions of organic peroxy radicals (RO2) formed in the initial reaction step of isoprene with OH play an important role for the OH budget in the atmosphere at low mixing ratios of nitrogen monoxide (NO) of less than 100 pptv. It has also been suggested that similar reactions potentially play an important role for RO2 from other compounds. Here, we investigate the oxidation of methacrolein (MACR), one major oxidation product of isoprene, by OH in experiments in the simulation chamber SAPHIR under controlled atmospheric conditions. The experiments show that measured OH concentrations are approximately 50% larger than calculated by the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) for conditions of the experiments (NO mixing ratio of 90 pptv). The analysis of the OH budget reveals an OH source that is not accounted for in MCM, which is correlated with the production rate of RO2 radicals from MACR. In order to balance the measured OH destruction rate, 0.77 OH radicals (1σ error: ± 0.31) need to be additionally reformed from each reaction of OH with MACR. The strong correlation of the missing OH source with the production of RO2 radicals is consistent with the concept of OH formation from unimolecular isomerization and decomposition reactions of RO2. The comparison of observations with model calculations gives a lower limit of 0.03 s−1 for the reaction rate constant if the OH source is attributed to an isomerization reaction of MACR-1-OH-2-OO and MACR-2-OH-2-OO formed in the MACR + OH reaction as suggested in the literature (Crounse et al., 2012). This fast isomerization reaction would be a competitor to the reaction of this RO2 species with a minimum of 150 pptv NO. The isomerization reaction would be the dominant reaction pathway for this specific RO2 radical in forested regions, where NO mixing ratios are typically much smaller.
A regional carbon flux data assimilation system and its preliminary evaluation in East Asia
Authors: Peng Z. , Zhang M. , Kou X. , Tian X. , Ma X.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. In order to optimize surface CO2 fluxes at finer scales, a regional surface CO2 flux inversion system (Carbon Flux Inversion system and Community Multi-scale Air Quality, CFI-CMAQ) has been developed by simultaneously assimilating CO2 concentrations and surface CO2 fluxes into the regional modeling system, CMAQ. The smoothing operator is associated with the atmospheric transport model to constitute a persistence dynamical model to forecast the surface CO2 flux scaling factors. In this implementation, the "signal-to-noise" problem can be avoided; plus, any useful observed information achieved by the current assimilation cycle can be transferred into the next assimilation cycle. Thus, the surface CO2 fluxes can be optimized as a whole at the grid scale in CFI-CMAQ. The performance of CFI-CMAQ was quantitatively evaluated through a set of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) by assimilating CO2 retrievals from GOSAT (Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite). The results showed that the CO2 concentration assimilation using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) could constrain the CO2 concentrations effectively, illustrating that the simultaneous assimilation of CO2 concentrations can provide convincing CO2 initial analysis fields for CO2 flux inversion. In addition, the CO2 flux optimization using the ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS) demonstrated that CFI-CMAQ could in general reproduce true fluxes at finer scales with acceptable bias. Two further sets of numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivities of the inflation factor of scaling factors and the smoother window. The results showed that the ability of CFI-CMAQ to optimize CO2 fluxes greatly relied on the choice of the inflation factor. However, the smoother window had a slight influence on the optimized results. CFI-CMAQ performed very well even with a short lag-window (e.g. 3 days).
Influence of local air pollution on the deposition of peroxyacteyl nitrate to a nutrient-poor natural grassland ecosystem
Authors: Moravek A. , Stella P. , Foken T. , Trebs I.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Dry deposition of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is known to have a phytotoxic impact on plants under photochemical smog conditions, but it may also lead to higher productivity and threaten species richness of vulnerable ecosystems in remote regions. However, underlying mechanisms or controlling factors for PAN deposition are not well understood and studies on dry deposition of PAN are limited. In this study, we investigate the impact of PAN deposition on a nutrient-poor natural grassland ecosystem situated at the edge of an urban and industrialized region in Germany. PAN mixing ratios were measured within a 3.5 months summer to early autumn period. In addition, PAN fluxes were determined with the modified Bowen ratio technique for a selected period. The evaluation of both stomatal and non-stomatal deposition pathways was used to model PAN deposition over the entire summer-autumn period. We found that air masses at the site were influenced by two contrasting pollution regimes, which lead to median diurnal PAN mixing ratios ranging between 50 and 300 ppt during unpolluted and between 200 and 600 ppt during polluted episodes. The measured PAN fluxes showed a clear diurnal cycle with maximal deposition fluxes of ~ −0.1 nmol m−2 s−1 (corresponding to a deposition velocity of 0.3 cm s−1) during daytime and a significant non-stomatal contribution was found. The ratio of PAN to ozone deposition velocities was found to be ~0.1, which is much larger than assumed by current deposition models. The modelled PAN flux over the entire period revealed that PAN deposition over an entire day was 333 μg m−2 d−1 under unpolluted and 518 μg m−2 d−1 under polluted episodes. Besides, thermochemical decomposition PAN deposition accounted for 32% under unpolluted episodes and 22% under polluted episodes of the total atmospheric PAN loss. However, the impact of PAN deposition as a nitrogen source to the nutrient-poor grassland was estimated to be only minor, under both unpolluted and polluted episodes.
Performance of high-resolution X-band weather radar networks – the PATTERN example
Authors: Lengfeld K. , Clemens M. , Münster H. , Ament F.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. This publication intends to proof that a network of low-cost local area weather radars (LAWR) is a reliable and scientifically valuable complement to nationwide radar networks. A network of four LAWRs has been installed in northern Germany within the framework of the project Precipitation and Attenuation Estimates from a High-Resolution Weather Radar Network (PATTERN) observing precipitation with temporal resolution of 30 s, azimuthal resolution of 1° and spatial resolution of 60 m. The network covers an area of 60 km × 80 km. In this paper algorithms used to obtain undisturbed precipitation fields from raw reflectivity data are described and their performance is analysed. In order to correct for background noise in reflectivity measurements operationally, noise level estimates from the measured reflectivity field is combined with noise levels from the last 10 time steps. For detection of non-meteorological echoes two different kinds of clutter filters are applied: single radar algorithms and network based algorithms that take advantage of the unique features of high temporal and spatial resolution of the network. Overall the network based clutter filter works best with a detection rate of up to 70%, followed by the classic TDBZ filter using the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field. A comparison of a reflectivity field from the PATTERN network with the product from a C-band radar operated by the German Meteorological Service indicates high spatial accordance of both systems in geographical position of the rain event as well as reflectivity maxima. A longterm study derives good accordance of X-band radar of the network with C-band radar. But especially at the border of precipitation events the standard deviation within a range gate of the C-band radar with range resolution of 1 km is up to 3 dBZ. Therefore, a network of high-resolution low-cost LAWRs can give valuable information on the small scale structure of rain events in areas of special interest, e.g. urban regions, in addition the nationwide radar networks.
Terrestrial ecosystems response to future changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration
Authors: Arora V. K. , Boer G. J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to future changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 is assessed by analysing simulation results for the 2006–2100 period made with the second generation Canadian Earth system model (CanESM2) for the RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate change scenarios. Our interest is in the extent to which global terrestrial carbon pools and sinks, in particular those of the Amazonian region, are vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. CanESM2 results indicate that land remains an overall sink of atmospheric carbon for the 2006–2100 period. The net carbon uptake by land in response to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 is close to 20, 80 and 140 Pg C for the RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. The latitudinal structure of future atmosphere–land CO2 flux remains similar to that observed for the historical period with northern mid- to high-latitude regions gaining carbon from the atmosphere while the tropics remain either carbon neutral or a modest source of atmospheric carbon depending on scenario. These changes occur in conjunction with simulated precipitation and soil moisture increases over northern mid- and high-latitude land regions and precipitation and soil moisture decreases over the South American continent in all scenarios. Compared to other regions of the globe, which are either carbon sinks or near neutral, the Amazonian region is simulated to be a net source of carbon during the 21st century. Moreover, and unexpectedly, the rate of carbon loss to the atmosphere from the Amazonian region is largely independent of the differences between the three scenarios considered.
Validation of the Thorpe scale-derived vertical diffusivities against microstructure measurements in the Kerguelen region
Authors: Park Y.-H. , Lee J.-H. , Durand I. , Hong C.-S.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The Thorpe scale is an energy containing vertical overturning scale of large eddies associated with shear generated turbulence. We make here indirect estimates of vertical diffusivities from the Thorpe scale method in the Polar Front region east of the Kerguelen Islands based on fine scale density profiles gathered during the 2011 KEOPS2 cruise. These are validated in comparison with diffusivities estimated from the turbulence dissipation rate directly measured via a TurboMAP microprofiler. The results are sensitive to the choice of the diffusivity parameterization and the Gargett and Garner's (2008) overturn ratio Ro, with the optimal results showing an agreement within a factor of 4, on average, having been obtained from the parameterization by Shih et al. (2005) and the Ro = 0.25 criterion. The Thorpe scale-derived diffusivities in the KEOPS2 region show a high degree of spatial variability, ranging from a canonical value of O(10−5 m2 s−1) in the Winter Water layer and in the Subantarctic surface waters immediately north of the Polar Front to a high value of O(10−4 m2 s−1) in the seasonal thermocline just below the surface mixed layer. The latter values are found especially over the shallow plateau southeast of the Kerguelen Islands and in the Antarctic surface waters associated with the Polar Front attached to the escarpment northeast of the islands.
Tropical troposphere to stratosphere transport of carbon monoxide and long-lived trace species in the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS)
Authors: Pommrich R. , Müller R. , Grooß J.-U. , Konopka P. , Ploeger F. , Vogel B. , Tao M. , Hoppe C. M. , Günther G. , Spelten N. , Hoffmann L. , Pumphrey H.-C. , Viciani S. , D'Amato F. , Volk C. M. , Hoor P. , Schlager H. , Riese M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Variations in the mixing ratio of trace gases of tropospheric origin entering the stratosphere in the tropics are of interest for assessing both troposphere to stratosphere transport fluxes in the tropics and the impact of these transport fluxes on the composition of the tropical lower stratosphere. Anomaly patterns of carbon monoxide (CO) and long-lived tracers in the lower tropical stratosphere allow conclusions about the rate and the variability of tropical upwelling to be drawn. Here, we present a simplified chemistry scheme for the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the simulation, at comparatively low numerical cost, of CO, ozone, and long-lived trace substances (CH4, N2O, CCl3F (CFC-11), CCl2F2 (CFC-12), and CO2) in the lower tropical stratosphere. For the long-lived trace substances, the boundary conditions at the surface are prescribed based on ground-based measurements in the lowest model level. The boundary condition for CO in the free troposphere is deduced from MOPITT measurements (at ≈ 700–200 hPa). Due to the lack of a specific representation of mixing and convective uplift in the troposphere in this model version, enhanced CO values, in particular those resulting from convective outflow are underestimated. However, in the tropical tropopause layer and the lower tropical stratosphere, there is relatively good agreement of simulated CO with in-situ measurements (with the exception of the TROCCINOX campaign, where CO in the simulation is biased low ≈ 10–20 ppbv). Further, the model results are of sufficient quality to describe large scale anomaly patterns of CO in the lower stratosphere. In particular, the zonally averaged tropical CO anomaly patterns (the so called "tape recorder" patterns) simulated by this model version of CLaMS are in good agreement with observations. The simulations show a too rapid upwelling compared to observations as a consequence of the overestimated vertical velocities in the ERA-interim reanalysis data set. Moreover, the simulated tropical anomaly patterns of N2O are in good agreement with observations. In the simulations, anomaly patterns for CH4 and CFC-11 were found to be consistent with those of N2O; for all long-lived tracers, positive anomalies are simulated because of the enhanced tropical upwelling in the easterly phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation.
Modelling turbulent vertical mixing sensitivity using a 1-D version of NEMO
Authors: Reffray G. , Bourdalle-Badie R. , Calone C.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Through two numerical experiments, a 1-D vertical model called NEMO1D was used to investigate physical and numerical turbulent-mixing behaviour. The results show that all the turbulent closures tested (k + l from Blanke and Delecluse, 1993 and two equation models: Generic Lengh Scale closures from Umlauf and Burchard, 2003) are able to correctly reproduce the classical test of Kato and Phillips (1969) under favourable numerical conditions while some solutions may diverge depending on the degradation of the spatial and time discretization. The performances of turbulence models were then compared with data measured over a one-year period (mid-2010 to mid-2011) at the PAPA station, located in the North Pacific Ocean. The modelled temperature and salinity were in good agreement with the observations, with a maximum temperature error between −2 and 2 °C during the stratified period (June to October). However the results also depend on the numerical conditions. The vertical RMSE varied, for different turbulent closures, from 0.1 to 0.3 °C during the stratified period and from 0.03 to 0.15 °C during the homogeneous period. This 1-D configuration at the PAPA station (called PAPA1D) is now available in NEMO as a reference configuration including the input files and atmospheric forcing set described in this paper. Thus, all the results described can be recovered by downloading and launching PAPA1D. The configuration is described on the NEMO site (http://www.nemo-ocean.eu/Using-NEMO/Configurations/C1D_PAPA). This package is a good starting point for further investigation of vertical processes.
On the clustering of winter storm loss events over Germany
Authors: Karremann M. K. , Pinto J. G. , von Bomhard P. J. , Klawa M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. During the last decades, several windstorm series hit Europe leading to large aggregated losses. Such storm series are examples of serial clustering of extreme cyclones, presenting a considerable risk for the insurance industry. Clustering of events and return periods of storm series for Germany are quantified based on potential losses using empirical models. Two reanalysis data sets and observations from German weather stations are considered for 30 winters. Histograms of events exceeding selected return levels (1-, 2- and 5-year) are derived. Return periods of historical storm series are estimated based on the Poisson and the negative binomial distributions. Over 4000 years of general circulation model (GCM) simulations forced with current climate conditions are analysed to provide a better assessment of historical return periods. Estimations differ between distributions, for example 40 to 65 years for the 1990 series. For such less frequent series, estimates obtained with the Poisson distribution clearly deviate from empirical data. The negative binomial distribution provides better estimates, even though a sensitivity to return level and data set is identified. The consideration of GCM data permits a strong reduction of uncertainties. The present results support the importance of considering explicitly clustering of losses for an adequate risk assessment for economical applications.
Kivalina at the Supreme Court: A Lost Opportunity for Federal Common Law
Authors: Manus Peter
Published: August 2014

This article discusses the status of federal common law in the wake of the Supreme Court's May, 2013 denial of petitioners' writ of certiorari in Native Village of Kivalina v. Exxonmobil.  A close reading of Supreme Court and recent appellate decisions on federal common law as applied to transboundary pollution reveals three views on the availability and function of federal common law where a federal statute addresses a category of environmental harms: presumptive displacement of federal common law when a federal statute creates a regulatory approach, presumptive coexistence of federal statutory and common law where a federal statute does not provide relief for injuries alleged under common law, and case-by-case balancing of the interfering effect of federal common law against the injuries left unaddressed by federal statutory law.  The Court’s current approach resides somewhere between presumptive displacement and case-by-case balancing, and although the Court offers various rationales for this approach in its latest federal common law opinion, the most convincing of these is that cases involving transboundary pollution, particularly those alleging global warming-induced injury, are cumbersome for federal courts to handle as common law matters.  Allocation of judicial resources is within the Supreme Court's discretion to consider in rejecting a case, but it is a far more pragmatic than principled rationale, and thus less than satisfying as a court’s primary reason for denying relief.  A more principled approach, advocated by Justices Stevens and Blackmun in dissents to two key federal common law cases, is that the displacement analysis should begin with the premise that the judicial system aims, first and foremost, to compensate the injured, and that a federal common law claim should be displaced only where the legislative-regulatory regime covering the subject of a common law claim directly addresses the injury alleged under common law.
Tourists' Expenditure Behaviour: The Influence of Satisfaction and the Dependence of Spending Categories
Authors: Disegna Marta , Osti Linda
Published: August 2014

A review of the literature shows that the relationship between satisfaction and tourism expenditure, as well as the dependence among different tourist expenditure categories, are under-researched topics. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to investigate the influence on tourism expenditure of tourists' satisfaction with the destination, correcting for the effect of some socio-demographic and trip-related variables; second, to study the dependence among tourist expenditure on the different tourist categories that create the overall expenditure for the trip. This study focuses on an analysis of the expenditure behaviour of a sample of international visitors who travelled in an area around the Dolomites in Northern Italy, adopting the double-hurdle model with the Heien and Wessells estimator. In discussing the results, policy implications and managerial issues for tourism destinations are presented.
“DIÁRIOS SECRETOS”: UMA ANÁLISE DA VISIBILIDADE SOBRE O ESCÂNDALO NA ASSEMBLEIA DO PARANÁ NAS CAPAS DA GAZETA DO POVO
Authors: Aparecida Alves Clicéia , Cercal Daldegan Milian
Published: August 2014

O dia 16 de março de 2010 pode ser considerado como um divisor de águas para a Assembleia doParaná. Neste dia, o jornal Gazeta do Povo, maior impresso do Estado, publica a manchete queabalou as estruturas do legislativo: “Assembleia encobre metade de seus atos em diários suspeitos”.A partir de então, o legislativo paranaense é tema de uma série de reportagens, intitulada “DiáriosSecretos”, que desencadeou na descoberta de várias irregularidades. Com o objetivo de verificar,brevemente, o papel da mídia neste processo, a proposta é analisar a visibilidade do tema nasprimeiras páginas do referido jornal, no período de 16 de março a 10 de outubro de 2010, início dadenúncia e pós-eleições, respectivamente.
A DISSEMINAÇÃO DA PESQUISA AMBIENTAL: UM DESAFIO PARA A COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA
Authors: SARTORI Renata C. , ALMEIDA Maria Conceição de , MONTEIRO Arlete A.
Published: August 2014

Este artigo aborda a relação entre a comunicação científica e a pesquisa ambiental. O conhecimento científico fragmentado é incapaz de compreender a dinâmica da complexa rede que envolve a temática ambiental. Com isso surge um desafio no campo de ensino e nas práticas de pesquisa, cujos resultados são disseminados pelos periódicos científicos que podem ou não legitimar novas formas de conhecimento. Neste sentido, apresentamos algumas reflexões sobre as funções da comunicação científica, da responsabilidade do pesquisador, bem como da necessidade de uma reformulação das políticas dos periódicos científicos, implicando maior visibilidade para as pesquisas, que apreendam a complexidade ambiental.
POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS E A GARANTIA DA PRESTAÇÃO DE INFORMAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: SILVA Pedro Júnior da , CONTANI Miguel Luiz
Published: August 2014

Este artigo avalia as políticas públicas e os instrumentos jurídicos que garantem a prestação de informações ambientais no Estado do Paraná. São analisadas as legislações em âmbito internacional, nacional e estadual relacionadas com a obrigatoriedade de os órgãos públicos divulgarem as informações ambientais de forma eficiente, correta e clara à população; os problemas encontrados nos órgãos públicos ambientais (Sema/Iap); a relação da mediação da comunicação entre a mídia e sociedade civil. Finaliza-se com algumas reflexões que podem contribuir para a efetivação do que é proposto nos ordenamentos jurídicos e na construção de uma sociedade ambientalmente responsável e democrática.
A COMUNICAÇÃO E A CONDIÇÃO PÚBLICA DOS PROCESSOS DE MOBILIZAÇÃO SOCIAL
Authors: HENRIQUES Marcio Simeone
Published: August 2014

Em sociedades democráticas contemporâneas, o termo mobilização social tem sofrido um reposicionamento semântico para designar processos inseridos na vida cotidiana. Isso se dá consoante com as prerrogativas de proposição e discussão de temas publicamente relevantes e com as demandas de participação cívica nos negócios públicos. Dois fatores mutuamente condicionantes - a visibilidade e a constituição de públicos – são essenciais para explicar as condições sob as quais se forma o caráter público dos processos mobilizadores. Tomada a constituição dos públicos a partir de quatro aspectos - afetação, controvérsia, virtualidade e performance - evidencia-se que a condição pública dos processos de mobilização social está associada à comunicação e às interações na vida ordinária e, por isso, precisa ser constante e cotidianamente gerada.
PROJEÇÕES DE CONSUMO DE MADEIRA COM FINS ENERGÉTICOS PARA SECAGEM DE GRÃOS NA REGIÃO DE GUARAPUAVA, PR
Authors: Dresch André Ramos , Hoeflich Vitor Afonso , Junior Romano Timofeiczyk , Schaitza Erich
Published: August 2014

O objetivo principal deste artigo foi avaliar a capacidade potencial da indústria madeireira em atender às necessidades da secagem dos grãos produzidos na região de Guarapuava em florestas plantadas de eucalipto voltadas à produção de energia a partir de sua biomassa. Sob a ótica metodológica, a pesquisa caracterizou-se pela natureza aplicada, enfoque quantitativo e caráter explicativo e por estar fundamentada nos princípios de cadeias produtivas e de demanda derivada. Os resultados indicaram que normalmente os plantios energéticos de eucalipto na região apresentam produtividade de 40 m³/ha/ano. Os grãos de milho, soja, trigo e cevada passam por processos de secagem na região. Utiliza-se 0,0574 m³ de madeira de eucalipto para secar uma tonelada de milho, 0,0218 m³ por tonelada de soja, 0,0224 m³ por tonelada de trigo e 0,0258 m³ por tonelada de cevada. Estimou-se que, entre os anos de 2012 e 2022, a área total necessária para atender a secagem desses grãos pode variar entre 1.947 e 4.800 ha, com média entre 177 ha e 436,4 ha, conforme o cenário analisado. Os resultados indicam a necessidade da integração dos plantios florestais de eucalipto às cadeias produtivas agrícolas, visando ao atendimento das necessidades de secagem de grãos da região.Palavras-chave: Produção florestal; energia da biomassa; secagem de grãos. AbstractProjections of wood consumption for energy purposes of grain drying in the region of Guarapuava-PR. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the potential capacity of the wood industry to cater the grain drying facilities in the region of Guarapuava, based on areas of eucalyptus plantations aimed at producing wood for energy purposes. Methodologically, this research is characterized by its applied nature, quantitative focus and explanatory character; it is also based on the principles of derived demand and supply chains. The results indicated that eucalyptus plantations for energy purposes in the region have produced 40 m³/ha of wood per year. The grains of maize, soybeans, wheat and barley are dried in grain dryers in the region. In general, the drying process uses 0.0574 m³ of eucalyptus to dry one ton of maize, 0.0218 m³ per ton of soybeans, 0.0224 m³ per ton of wheat, and 0.0258 m³ per ton of barley. Between years 2012 to 2022 the total area required to meet the drying of grains can vary between 1946.7 and 4799.9 ha, an average of 177 to 436.4 ha, depending on the scenario. It is important to integrate the eucalyptus plantations to the agricultural production chain seeking to meet the needs of grain drying in the region.Keywords: Guarapuava region; wood for energy purposes; eucalyptus forests.
SPECTRORADIOMETRY OF COMMERCIAL WOOD VENEERS IN THE VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED SPECTRA
Authors: Belmonte Lippert Diogo , Paim Benedetti Ana Caroline , Soares Pereira Rudiney , Sabadi Schuh Mateus , Mesquita Nunes Matheus , Kervald Lucas
Published: August 2014

AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the spectral response in ten commercial wood veneers from ten forest species, in the visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Reflectance of samples was obtained using a Field Spec®3 spectroradiometer. Results were verified through the analysis of variance followed by a Tukey range test on multiple means, which showed significant differences in both the analyzed spectral regions for the studied species. The most expressive differences were observed in the visible region and occurred between the “tauari” and “nogueira” wood veneers. Those results may be due to the chemical properties of the analyzed material, to the cellulose content, to the proportion of the components in the cell wall and to the extractives in the lumen, to microfibril angle, density and to resistance and stiffness properties. Therefore, the applied technique was a tool capable to identify reflectance variations in regions of the electromagnetic spectrum which correspond to peculiar colorimetric characteristics of each species.Keywords: Spectroscopy; reflectance, spectral signature, wood veneers. ResumoEspectrorradiometria no visível e no infravermelho próximo de lâminas de madeiras comerciais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a resposta espectral na região do visível e no infravermelho próximo do espectro eletromagnético em laminas de madeiras de dez espécies florestais. As reflectâncias das amostras foram obtidas através do espectrorradiômetro Field Spec®3. Os resultados foram verificados por meio de análise de variância seguido do teste de múltiplas médias de Tukey, demonstrando existir diferenças significativas em ambas regiões do espectro eletromagnético nas espécies em estudo. As distinções de maior expressividade foram observadas na região do visível e ocorreram entre as laminas de madeira de tauari e nogueira. Essas respostas podem ser atribuídas às propriedades químicas do material investigado, bem como o teor de celulose, a proporção dos componentes presentes na parede celular e dos extrativos presentes no lume, à densidade, ângulo microfibrilar e às propriedades de resistência e rigidez. Dessa forma, a técnica empregada mostra-se como uma ferramenta capaz de registrar em regiões do espectro eletromagnético variações da reflectância que respondem à características colorimétricas  peculiares de cada espécie.Palavras-chave: Espectroscopia; reflectância; assinatura espectral; lâminas de madeira.