bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jacques Derrida and Alain Badiou
Authors: Calcagno Antonio
Published: December 2004

This paper argues that though Derrida is correct to bring to the fore the undecidability that is contained in his political notion of the democracy to come, his account does not extend the aporia of undecidable politics far enough. Derrida himself makes evident this gap. Though politics may be structured with undecidability, there are times when direct, decisive and definitive political interventions are required. In his campaign against capital punishment, the blitzing campaigns in Bosnia and Iraq, and in his call for les villes-refuges, Derrida makes decisive appeals which somehow seem to contradict the undecidability he sees as arch-structuring. Alain Badiou’s thinking about time as a subjective, decisive intervention executed within his ontological framework of undecidability and multiplicity can serve to extend the aporia of undecidability inherent in politics, ultimately giving an account for both the undecidability that structures politics and the decisive timely interventions that would seem to contradict Derridean undecidability.
Alcohol, wine and mental health: focus on dementia and stroke
Authors: Pinder R. M. , Sandler M.
Published: December 2004

The relative risks of coronary heart disease (CHD) and overall mortality are reduced by moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, particularly wine, which has major implications for public health. It appears likely that this beneficial effect of alcohol will soon be extended to some mental disorders. Although data on psychosis and mood and anxiety disorders are currently lacking, it appears that the relative risks of developing ischaemic stroke and Alzheimer’s or vascular dementia are also lowered by moderate alcohol consumption. Such findings are still tentative because of the inherent methodological problems involved in population-based epidemiological studies, and it is unclear whether the benefit can be ascribed to alcohol itself or to other constituents specific to wine such as polyphenols. Plausible biological mechanisms have been advanced for the protective effect of alcohol and wine against CHD, many of which will also play roles in their protective actions against cerebrovascular disease and dementia. The specific antioxidant properties of wine polyphenols may be particularly important in preventing Alzheimer’s disease. Because of the substantially unpredictable risk of progression to problem drinking and alcohol abuse, the most sensible advice to the general public is that heavy drinkers should drink less or not at all, that abstainers should not be indiscriminately encouraged to begin drinking for health reasons, and that light to moderate drinkers need not change their drinking habits for health reasons, except in exceptional circumstances.
Topographical effects of D1-like dopamine receptor agonists on orofacial movements in mice and their differential regulation via oppositional versus synergistic D1-like: D2-like interactions: cautionary observations on SK&F 82958 as an anomalous agent
Authors: Makihara Yasuyuki , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Inoue Mai , Tomiyama Katsunori , Koshikawa Noriaki , Waddington John L.
Published: December 2004

Using a novel procedure, the regulation of individual topographies of orofacial movement in the mouse by oppositional versus cooperative/synergistic D1-like: D2-like dopamine receptor interactions was studied. The D1-like agonists SK&F 38393 and SK&F 83959 each induced vertical, but not horizontal, jaw movements, together with tongue protrusions and incisor chattering; however, SK&F 82958 induced a different profile which, consistent with other neurochemical and neurophysiological studies, suggests that this agent shows anomalous properties relative to other D1-like agonists. When given alone, the D2-like agonist quinpirole reduced horizontal jaw movements and incisor chattering. On coadministration, both SK&F 38393- and SK&F 83959-induced vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions were inhibited by quinpirole, while SK&F 82958 again showed an anomalous profile. These findings indicate that, in the mouse, vertical jaw movements and tongue protrusions are regulated by oppositional D1-like: D2-like interactions, and appear to involve a D1-like receptor that is not coupled to adenylyl cyclase, whereas horizontal jaw movements are inhibited by D2-like receptors. Additionally, results obtained using SK&F 82958 as a probe for D1-like mechanisms should be treated with considerable caution until they are confirmed using other D1-like agonists.
Amphetamine decreases the expression and acquisition of appetitive conditioning but increases the acquisition of anticipatory responding over a trace interval
Authors: Kantini E. , Norman C. , Cassaday H. J.
Published: December 2004

The effects of amphetamine on selective learning were tested in a trace conditioning procedure, in which the informativeness of the conditioned stimulus (CS) (noise) was manipulated through the introduction of a time interval before the delivery of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (food). The results showed that d-amphetamine (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) impaired both the expression (Experiment 1b) and acquisition (Experiment 2) of appetitive conditioning. This was true for both trace and contiguously conditioned groups. The effects of the 0.5 mg/kg dose of d-amphetamine were not attributable to general motor (measured pre-CS) or motivational (measured post-UCS) effects of the drug. Moreover, the same pattern of effects (impaired appetitive conditioning, irrespective of the trace interval between CS and UCS) was confirmed in drug-free extinction tests. By contrast to the general depression in the acquisition and expression of associative learning observed under amphetamine, the 0.5 mg/kg dose promoted the acquisition of anticipatory responses made later in the trace interval (in Experiment 2 but, again, not the expression of previous conditioning in Experiment 1b). This suggests a dissociable effect of low-dose d-amphetamine on learning about the temporal relationship between CS and UCS.
The effects of tianeptine or paroxetine on 35% CO2 provoked panic in panic disorder
Authors: Schruers Koen , Griez Eric
Published: December 2004

Antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) are particularly effective in the treatment of panic disorder. Evidence suggests that increased 5-HT availability is important for the anti-panic effect of serotonergic drugs and in maintaining the response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Tianeptine is an antidepressant with 5-HT reuptake enhancing properties (i.e. the opposite pharmacological profile to that of SSRIs). Therefore, no effect would be expected in panic disorder. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of tianeptine with that of paroxetine, a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor with demonstrated efficacy in panic disorder, on the vulnerability to a laboratory panic challenge in panic disorder patients. Twenty panic disorder patients were treated with either tianeptine or paroxetine for a period of 6 weeks, in a randomized, double-blind, separate group design. The reaction to a 35% CO2 panic challenge was assessed at baseline and after treatment. Improvement on several clinical scales was also monitored. Tianeptine, as well as paroxetine, showed a significant reduction in vulnerability to the 35% CO2 panic challenge. In spite of their opposite influence on 5-HT uptake, both tianeptine and paroxetine appeared to reduce the reaction to the panic challenge. These results raise questions about the necessity of 5-HT uptake for the therapeutic efficacy of anti-panic drugs.
Combination therapy with venlafaxine and carbamazepine in depressive patients not responding to venlafaxine: pharmacokinetic and clinical aspects
Authors: Ciusani Elio , Zullino Daniele F. , Eap Chin B. , Brawand-Amey Marlyse , Brocard Murielle , Baumann Pierre
Published: December 2004

The chiral antidepressant venlafaxine (VEN) is both a serotonin and a norepinephrine uptake inhibitor. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 contribute to its metabolism, which has been shown to be stereoselective. Ten CYP2D6 genotyped and depressive (F32x and F33x, ICD-10) patients participated in an open study on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of a carbamazepine augmentation in VEN non-responders. After an initial 4-week treatment with VEN (195 ± 52 mg/day), the only poor metabolizer out of 10 depressive patients had the highest plasma concentrations of S-VEN and R-VEN, respectively, whereas those of R-O-demethyl-VEN were lowest. Five non-responders completed the second 4-week study period, during which they were submitted to a combined VEN-carbamazepine treatment. In the only non-responder to this combined treatment, there was a dramatic decrease of both enantiomers of VEN, O-demethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine and N, O-didesmethylvenlafaxine in plasma, which suggests non-compliance, although metabolic induction by carbamazepine cannot entirely be excluded. The administration of carbamazepine [mean ± SD, range: 360 ± 89 (200-400) mg/day] over 4 weeks did not result in a significant modification of the plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of VEN and its O- and N-demethylated metabolites in the other patients. In conclusion, these preliminary observations suggest that the combination of VEN and carbamazepine represents an interesting augmentation strategy by its efficacy, tolerance and absence of pharmacokinetic modifications. However, these findings should be verified in a more comprehensive study.
Can’t Any Body Count?
Authors: Martin Aryn
Published: December 2004

This paper examines the well-known ‘error’ in the history of human chromosome counting. In the early 1920s, T.S. Painter, supported by a number of independent investigators, placed the count at 48, which was to hold as a fact for more than 30 years. In 1956, Tjio and Levan surprisingly revised the count to 46. The details of the case are used to open up the very practice of counting to theoretical scrutiny. Counting, often taken-for-granted as mundane and transparent, is instead a richly contingent activity entailing categorical judgments and individuation of objects. Inverting the assumption that entities are there in the world waiting to be counted, I propose that particular objects are constituted as such while they are counted. As the chromosome story demonstrates, the techniques, theories, disciplines, and the things themselves co-evolve through practices of counting. Between the 1920s and the 1950s every one of these factors was in flux in the field of human genetics; it should be no surprise that the number of chromosomes changed.
Merton’s Contribution to the Sociology of Science
Authors: Cole Stephen
Published: December 2004

This paper is reminiscence and a critique of Robert K. Merton’s work in the sociology of science. The author got to know Merton very well as he served as his student, assistant, and colleague for 15 years from 1960. Merton’s works which are most discussed are his doctoral dissertation on Puritanism and science, his paper on scientific norms, and his paper ‘The Matthew Effect’. He is criticized for not generalizing far enough from his work on the Puritan thesis and for not paying close enough attention to the empirical data, which cast doubt on the validity of his theory of the Matthew Effect.
Self-esteem and the Process of its Reassessment in Multicultural Groups: Renegotiating the Symbolic Social Order
Authors: Scholz Regine
Published: December 2004

Based on the assumption that one dimension of each group is the ongoing struggle for personal recognition, the thesis is made that in groups of multicultural/multinational composition it is possible to study how personal self-esteem reflects on a social order and the own respected place therein. Group members from different social orders (cultures) are confronted with the task to work out the significance/meaning/value of basic dimensions such as gender, social class, religious upbringing, etc. whilst trying to get their personal self-esteem validated by the group. This process takes place in a situation of relative power imbalance between members of the majority culture and those of the minority group, who tend to depreciate each other due to deeply in-rooted stereotypes - the group has to work on dimensions of the foundation matrices in order to establish its dynamic matrix. A model is suggested, why this process implies such a high potential of insecurity, fostering anxiety and aggression with the menace of total breakdown of communication. Different power potentials of the different subgroups are outlined as reflections of a wider scope of power relations in society and the historic dimension of the foundation matrix is emphasized.
The Hall of Mirrors in Small, Large and Virtual Groups
Authors: Weinberg Haim , Toder Miki
Published: December 2004

Philosophy, literature, mythology and psychoanalysis present the double face of mirroring. In this paper we examine the conditions for benevolent mirroring and the types of destructive one, focusing on the ‘hall of mirrors’ concept of Foulkes and Anthony. We also analyze the possibilities for mirroring in the large group and the virtual environment.
Dream-telling as a Request for Containment - Reconsidering the Group-Analytic Approach to the Work with Dreams
Authors: Friedman Robi
Published: December 2004

Differentiating between diagnostic aspects in dreaming, as representing autonomous containment, and the interpersonal event of dream-telling, reveals its intersubjective functions. Dream-telling may both be a request for the group’s help to process difficulties and an effort to influence relationships. In this article, the conductor’s work with dreams is reconsidered and technical consequences on the work with dreams for group-analytic practice discussed.
What’s in a name? Foulkes, Identity and the Social Unconscious
Authors: Bledin Kenneth
Published: December 2004

Immigrants to the United Kingdom are often left to forge their own identities in their new environments. This article addresses the relevance of Foulkes’s experience of migration from Nazi Germany to England to the development of his theories and ideas about groups. Issues of identity, identification and groups of belonging are discussed with reference to Foulkes’s experiences and his recently-noted tendency to idealize groups and their therapeutic value. Foulkes’s reference to the social unconscious ensured that the question of cultural identity would remain in the consciousness of future generations of group analysts. These topics have relevance to and resonance for Britain today, as the U.K. Government considers how to respond to immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers.
Can Machines Adequately Simulate Human Emotion?
Authors: Spackman Matthew P.
Published: December 2004

In the spirit of the Turing test, machines modeled on four theories of emotion are placed in a naturalistic thought experiment and their ability to simulate human emotion is evaluated. Four simulators based on the Darwinian, Jamesian, cognitivist and social constructionist theories of emotion are proposed. Each of the simulators is found to be inadequate to the task. The four theories are deficient because none of them offers explanations for how the simulators could make sense of their particular situations and therefore simulate emotions appropriate to them. It is suggested that this ability to make sense of the particular is at least essential to human emotion and may be precisely what emotions enable persons to do.
Book Review: Guns, Germs, and Steel and The Birth of the Gods
Authors: Lawson Thomas T.
Published: December 2004

Jared Diamond, in his bestseller, Guns, Germs, and Steel, got it backwards in concluding that environmental factors and not human, psychological factors were the primary determinants leading to Europe’s global extension of power. Findings in Jacques Cauvin’s recent, archaeo-logically grounded The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture mesh with the psychological discoveries of Carl Jung and Erich Neumann to elucidate this point. Cauvin concludes that the Neolithic Revolution was born of a radical new psychology in humans, amounting to the beginning of religion. Great Mother images from depth psychology correspond to Cauvin’s artifacts and mark the formation of the ego. From this beginning in the Near East, the evolution of consciousness can be traced forward through successive cultural mythologies.
Leadership Discourse in Action
Authors: Harrison Claire , Young Lynne
Published: December 2004

This article examines two discursive events during a major reorganization at Health Canada in 2000: a new leader’s informal speech to senior managers and his first formal memo to staff. Seen through the dual lens of systemic functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis, these events provide a perspective on the role of discourse in institutional settings. The events particularly illustrate the ways in which a leader’s discursive choices demonstrate conflicts between management styles: the command-and-control style of the old capitalism and that of the new capitalism, which defines the leader as a coach, mentor, facilitator, and motivator rather than as a commander. Unpacking leadership discourse can shed some light on how concealed messages contribute to the success or failure of discursive events, specifically at a time of organizational transformation when such discursive events are particularly important.
Promoting Health in Type 2 Diabetes: Nurse-Physician Collaboration in Primary Care
Authors: Taylor Katherine I. , Oberle Kathleen M. , Crutcher Rodney A. , Norton Peter G.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine effects of a nurse-physician collaborative approach to care of patients with type 2 diabetes and to determine possible effect sizes for use in computing sample sizes for a larger study. Forty patients from a family practice clinic with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. The control group received standard care, whereas the experimental group received standard care plus home visits from a nurse, as well as consultation with an exercise specialist and/or nutritionist. Follow-up continued for 3 months. Clinical end points included standard measures of diabetes activity as well as quality-of-life indicators. Focus group interviews were used to explore patients’ responses to the program. Although findings were not statistically significant, a trend toward small to moderate positive effect sizes was found in glycosylated hemoglobin and blood pressure. Quality oflife measures also showed a trend toward small to moderate, but nonsignificant, improvements in physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, social and global functioning, energy, impact of diabetes, and health distress. Focus group interviews indicated a very positive response from patients, who expressed feelings of empowerment. In this study, patients treated with nurse-physician collaboration demonstrated small, but nonsignificant, improvements in blood chemistry after only 3 months. Physical and social functioning, energy, and bodily pain also showed a small improvement. Changes in awareness of effects of diabetes on health and an expressed sense of self-efficacy suggest that effects could be sustainable over the longer term.
Exploration of the Contribution of Biobehavioral Variables to the Energy Expenditure of Preterm Infants
Authors: Pridham Karen , Bhattacharya Abhik , Thoyre Suzanne , Steward Deborah , Bamberger Janine , Wells Jonathan , Green Christopher , Greer Frank , Green-Sotos Patricia , O’Brien Matthew
Published: December 2004

Variation in energy expended by preterm infants may be due to infant maturity and history of resolved acute lung disease (respiratory distress syndrome [RDS]) as well as growth, caloric intake, and activity. Indirect calorimetry was used in this exploratory, short-term longitudinal study to estimate energy expenditure (EE) from measures of inspired and expired O2 and CO2 .The sample included 35 assessments for 10 preterm infants (5 with and 5 without RDS history). Lung disease history (resolved RDS, no RDS diagnosis), weight gain (g/d) from the day on which birth weight had been regained to the study day, mean activity level, the number of the assessment (1 6), and the interaction of lung disease history and time were included in a linear mixed model for repeated measures. Time was an index of postconceptional and postnatal age; all 3 were highly correlated. Because of high correlation with weight gain, caloric intake was not included in the analytic model. Lung disease history, mean activity level, and time were significant contributors to EE. A more precise measure of medical status than absence or presence of lung disease history, evenly spaced repetitions of EE assessment, and exploration of contexts in which the infants exhibit a higher activity level are needed in a replication study with a larger sample.
Organizational Learning
Authors: Elkjaer Bente
Published: December 2004

This paper develops a ‘third way’ of organizational learning (OL) encompassing two metaphors for learning: acquisition and participation. These two metaphors can be found in the learning theories of OL. The ‘first’ and ‘second way’ of OL are identified as being, respectively, individuals’ skills and knowledge acquisition in organizations as systems, and learning as participation in communities of practice. The ‘third way’ of OL is defined as the development of experience and knowledge by inquiry (or reflective thinking) in social worlds held together by commitment. One of the practical implications of the ‘third way’ of OL is to bring intuition and emotion to the fore in organizational development and learning. The implication for research is to work with situations and events as units of analysis in order to understand individuals and organizations as being mutually forming and formed.
Exploring the Relationships between Network Change and Network Learning
Authors: Knight Louise , Pye Annie
Published: December 2004

This paper relates the concept of network learning - learning by a group of organizations as a group - to change and notions of change management. Derived initially from a review of literature on organizational learning (OL) and inter-organizational networks, and secondary cases of network learning, the concept was evaluated and developed through empirical investigation of five network learning episodes in the group of organizations that comprises the English prosthetics service. We argue that the notion of network learning enables a richer understanding of developments in networks over extended periods of time than can be afforded through more established concepts of change and change management alone.
The Point of Selling: Capitalism, Consumption and Contradictions
Authors: Korczynski Marek
Published: December 2004

Although the point of selling is one of the key moments of exchange where the latent contradictions in capitalist social relations may become manifest, there is a gap in our knowledge about exactly what form of consumption takes place within sales interactions. The key contribution of this paper is that it offers an original conceptualization of the form of consumption that is promoted within the sales interaction. It argues that sales management and sales workers tend to promote not only rational information exchange and trust-building but also enchantment. There is a contradictory relationship of instrumental empathy between the capitalist firm and the customer, and sales management and sales workers attempt to manage this contradiction by promoting the enchanting myth of customer sovereignty. Here consumption involves the customer experiencing a sense of sovereignty but in such a way that space is also opened up for the sales worker substantively to influence the behaviour of the customer. Managerialist sales research and critical ethnographic studies of sales work are drawn on to support the arguments. The paper also considers the systematic likelihood of customer resistance to the forms of consumption promoted.
Emotional and behavioural responses to everyday incivility
Authors: Phillips Tim , Smith Philip
Published: December 2004

Although antisocial behaviour has become an issue of political and policy concern, social science lacks basic information on such events. This article explores one aspect of such everyday incivility - how people react emotionally and behaviourally to the badly behaved stranger. Mainstream criminology, as well as the social theory of Goffman and Bauman, is oriented around a fear/avoidance vision. This dominant paradigm is unnecessarily restrictive on intellectual inquiry. A raft of other options including anger/intervention; disgust/aversion and indifference/do nothing are analytically reconstructed from the classical social theory of Durkheim, Elias and Simmel. These various models are applied to incidents coded from the transcripts of the Melbourne Everyday Incivility Project. The results show that emotions and behaviours tend to pair up as predicted. Fear/avoidance, however, is a relatively uncommon response to incivil encounters. Anger/intervention and indifference/do nothing are more frequent. The former is especially associated with events where the respondent is a ‘victim’, and the latter with those where the respondent is an onlooker. These findings suggest the limitations of current criminological research in areas related to incivility and fear of crime, and have implications for collective efficacy, social capital and broken windows criminology.
Rewriting Australia
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: December 2004

Sociologists in Australia often talk about a politics of fear, or of moral panic, in order to explain the apparent awkwardness of a situation where leftwing intellectuals cannot come to grips with a rightwing political moment. This article addresses the question of dominant images of Australia through the 20th century as a part of the dominant leftwing historiography, which has now been replaced by a rightwing political narrative. The central theoretical and historical issue here is the problem of populism, and its shift from left to right. This leads to a discussion of the politics of fear and uncertainty, and how to begin to think about them, and to questions of the role of sociologists in all this.
From Hope to Action
Authors: Hicks Mark A. , Berger Jennifer Garvey , Generett Gretchen Givens
Published: December 2004

This article is the third in a series of explorations by three university professors committed to issues of social justice in a progressive professional development master’s degree program for practicing teachers. Building on the lessons learned from earlier explorations into the impact of their teaching practice in earlier JTE issues—“Beyond Reflective Competency: Teaching for Audacious Hope-in-Action” and “Dancing on the Threshold of Meaning: Recognizing and Understanding the Growing Edge”—this third article asks, “So what?” and responds by showing how these three authors moved past the entry points of reflective practice, to the edges of meaning making, and finally to creating transformative curricular experiences for teachers. This article speaks to the particular theoretical discoveries from the earlier articles and also uses real curricular examples to highlight what was learned as the authors tried to use their theories to improve their practice.
Bias and Accuracy in Close Relationships: An Integrative Review
Authors: Gagné Faby M. , Lydon John E.
Published: December 2004

Intimates typically are positively biased in their relationship evaluations. Given this fact, how can intimates regulate their esteem needs about their relationships and still function effectively, without risking later regret and disappointment? We address this issue by first reviewing work showing that because bias and accuracy are independent, they can co-exist. We next show how bias and accuracy are subject to different evaluative motives, relationship evaluations, and situations. It is argued that the pursuit of important goals is a time when people are motivated to feel good about their relationships. This is a time when relationship judgments are positively biased and relatively inaccurate. However, important choice points in the relationship are times when people are motivated to both accurately understand their relationships and to feel good about their relationships. These dual needs can be simultaneously met by becoming more accurate in epistemic-related relationship judgments while being more positively biased in esteem-related relationship judgments.
Perspectives on Racial Phenotypicality Bias
Authors: Maddox Keith B.
Published: December 2004

This article reviews research examining racial phenotypicality bias—within-category stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on race-related phenotypic characteristics of the face. A literature review of research examining skin tone bias, drawing largely from work examining perceptions of Blacks in the United States, reveals that individuals with features typical of members of their racial category are perceived and treated more negatively by social perceivers. Furthermore, this treatment has broad implications for social status and health. Despite this evidence, the tendency to attend to and use within-race variation in phenotypic appearance has been over-looked in social psychological models of impression formation. However, several theoretical frameworks have recently been proposed to explain the role of phenotype-based expectancies in social representation and judgment. Drawing on the strengths of each perspective, a rudimentary model of racial phenotypicality bias is proposed. This analysis suggests that future examinations guided by the current framework (or similar others) can complement existing evidence toward a greater understanding of the role of phenotypic variation in social perception.
Creative mechanism design for a prosthetic hand
Authors: Chang Wen-Tung , Tseng Ching-Huan , Wu Long-Iong
Published: December 2004

In this paper, an auxiliary methodology called the creative mechanism design is introduced into the innovation of gripping devices for prosthetic hands. This methodology is a systematic approach based on modification of existing devices for the generation of all possible topological structures of mechanisms and mechanical devices. An existing gripping device (Teh Lin ATG-5F prosthetic hand) constructed by a planar six-bar linkage with one degree of freedom is dealt with by using this methodology. Through the processes of generalization, number synthesis, specialization and particularization for the existing design, five new mechanisms are created in this study to apply to anthropomorphic prosthetic hands. The results show that the methodology for creative mechanism design is a powerful tool for creating new categories of mechanisms to avoid existing designs that have patent protection and can help designers in the conceptual phase. Also, this methodology is validated as a useful way to improve prosthetic hands for amputees.
Investigating the effect of remodelling signal type on the finite element based predictions of bone remodelling around the thrust plate prosthesis: A patient-specific comparison
Authors: Schmitz M J , Clift S E , Taylor W R , Hertig D , Warner M D , Ploeg H L , Bereiter H
Published: December 2004

The resorption of bone in the human femur following total hip arthroplasty is recognized to be related to the loading in the bone surrounding the prosthesis. However, the precise nature of the mechanical signal that influences the biological remodelling activity of the bone is not completely understood. In this study, a validated finite element modelling methodology was combined with a numerical algorithm to simulate the biological changes over time. This was used to produce bone remodelling predictions for an implanted thrust plate prosthesis (Centerpulse Orthopedics Limited) in a patient specific bone model. The analysis was then repeated using different mechanical signals to drive the remodelling algorithm. The results of these simulations were then compared to the patient-specific clinical data, to distinguish which of the candidate signals produced predictions consistent with the clinical evidence. Good agreement was found for a range of strain energy based signals and also deviatoric remodelling signals. The results, however, did not support the use of compressive dilatational strain as a candidate remodelling signal.
Change in Conformation of J-aggregate 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS) by Addition of Nonionic Surfactant (Triton X-100)
Authors: Wangfuengkanagul Nattakarn , Tabata Masaaki
Published: December 2004

Drastic conformational change of J-aggregate of 5,10,15, 20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (H2TPPS) was observed by addition of nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) in acidic medium. The CD spectra of the aggregate (H4TPPS)n changed to opposite signed CD spectra in the presence of Triton X-100. The interaction of (H2TPPS)n with Triton X-100 was studied by the measurements of UV–vis and fluorescence spectra as well as CD spectra at different concentrations of Triton X-100.
Helical Aggregate of Oleic Acid and Its Dynamics in Water at pH 8
Authors: Ishimaru Masako , Toyota Taro , Takakura Katsuto , Sugawara Tadashi , Sugawara Yoko
Published: December 2004

It is found that helical structures can be formed by a simple achiral fatty acid, oleic acid, in the pH range of 8.0–8.1 at room temperature. Moreover, we succeeded in the first observation of spontaneous dynamics of these helical aggregates in water by optical microscopy.
Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons via a Trisaryne Equivalent
Authors: Ikadai Junnai , Yoshida Hiroto , Ohshita Joji , Kunai Atsutaka
Published: December 2004

1,3,5-Tris[4-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-3-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]benzene (1), a trisaryne equivalent, was synthesized. The Diels–Alder reaction or the palladium-catalyzed hexasilylation by use of 1 gave modest to excellent yields of diverse polyaromatic hydrocarbons straightforwardly.
Hybrid adaptive control for non‐linear uncertain impulsive dynamical systems
Authors: Haddad Wassim M. , Hayakawa Tomohisa , Nersesov Sergey G. , Chellaboina VijaySekhar
Published: December 2004

A direct hybrid adaptive control framework for non‐linear uncertain hybrid dynamical systems is developed. The proposed hybrid adaptive control framework is Lyapunov‐based and guarantees partial asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop hybrid system; that is, asymptotic stability with respect to part of the closed‐loop system states associated with the hybrid plant states. Furthermore, hybrid adaptive controllers guaranteeing attraction of the closed‐loop system plant states are also developed. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed hybrid adaptive stabilization approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of the association between two polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene and affective disorders
Authors: Lasky‐Su Jessica A. , Faraone Stephen V. , Glatt Stephen J. , Tsuang Ming T.
Published: December 2004

Family, twin, and adoption studies show that psychiatric diseases including bipolar disorder (BP) and unipolar disorder (UP) have a substantial genetic component. For these illnesses, both positive and negative associations have been reported for two polymorphisms located in the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTT) on chromosome 17: a 17‐base‐pair (bp) variable‐number tandem‐repeat (VNTR) in intron 2 and a 44‐bp insertion/deletion in the promoter region. Thus, associations between these 5‐HTT polymorphisms and affective disorders remain unclear. The present work investigates these potential associations in meta‐analyzes that maximize the power to find associations between each disease and the two 5‐HTT polymorphisms. We applied meta‐analysis techniques to case‐control studies of two 5‐HTT polymorphisms and two affective disorders (BP and UP), resulting in four meta‐analyzes. For each polymorphism, we assessed the evidence for allelic associations, heterogeneity among studies, the influence of individual studies, and the potential for publication bias. The short allele(s) of the 44‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism showed a significant association for BP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, P = 0.001) but not UP. For the 17‐bp VNTR, an increase in the number of tandem repeats had no significant association with any of the disorders. The small but significant effects of the 44‐bp insertion/deletion polymorphism for BP is consistent with being one of many genes that contributes to the multi‐factorial nature of these psychiatric disorders. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing age‐related ossification of the petro‐occipital fissure: Laying the foundation for understanding the clinicopathologies of the cranial base
Authors: Balboni Armand L. , Estenson Thomas L. , Reidenberg Joy S. , Bergemann Andrew D. , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: December 2004

The petro‐occitpital fissure (POF) lies within a critical interface of cranial growth and development in the posterior cranial fossa. The relationships between skeletal and soft tissues make this region especially important for examining biomechanical and basic biologic forces that may mold the cranial base and contribute to significant clinicopathologies associated with the structures located near the POF. Therefore, this study investigates the POF in adults in both preserved human cadavers and dried crania in order to determine if developmental changes can be observed and, if so, their value in age assessment as a model system for describing normal morphogenesis of the POF. This study demonstrates that tissue within the POF undergoes characteristic changes in ossification with age, the onset of which is considerably later than that of other synchondroses of the cranial base. Statistically, there is a moderate to strong correlation between age and stage of ossification within the POF. Further, male crania were observed to reach greater degrees of ossification at a younger age than female crania and that individual asymmetry in ossification of the tissue within the POF was not uncommon. An understanding of the basic temporal biological processes of the POF may yield insight into the development of clinicopathologies in this region of the cranial base. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Randomized clinical trial of compression plus surgery versus compression alone in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR study)—haemodynamic and anatomical changes
Authors: Gohel M S , Barwell J R , Earnshaw J J , Heather B P , Mitchell D C , Whyman M R , Poskitt K R
Published: December 2004

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical and haemodynamic effects of superficial venous surgery and compression on legs with chronic venous ulceration.

Methods

Legs with open or recently healed ulceration and saphenous reflux were treated with multilayer compression bandaging or superficial venous surgery plus compression as part of a clinical trial. Venous duplex imaging was performed before treatment and at 1 year. Legs were stratified before surgery as having no deep reflux, segmental deep reflux or total deep reflux. Venous refill times (VRTs) were calculated before treatment and at 1 year using photoplethysmography, with and without a narrow below-knee cuff inflated to 80 mmHg.

Results

Of 214 legs investigated, 112 were treated with compression and 102 with compression plus surgery. Saphenous surgery abolished deep reflux in ten of 22 legs with segmental deep reflux and three of 17 with total deep reflux. Overall median (range) VRT increased from 10 (3–48) to 15 (4–48) s 1 year after surgery (P < 0·001). Preoperative change in VRT on application of a below-knee tourniquet correlated with actual change in VRT following surgery.

Conclusion

Superficial venous surgery resulted in a significant haemodynamic benefit for legs with venous ulceration despite co-existent deep reflux; residual saphenous reflux was common.
Aldol Condensations Over Reconstructed Mg–Al Hydrotalcites: Structure–Activity Relationships Related to the Rehydration Method
Authors: Abelló Sònia , Medina Francesc , Tichit Didier , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Groen Johan C. , Sueiras Jesús E. , Salagre Pilar , Cesteros Yolanda
Published: December 2004

Two different rehydration procedures in the liquid or gas phase have been applied to reconstruct mixed oxides derived from calcined hydrotalcite‐like materials to be used as catalysts for aldol condensation reactions. The as‐synthesized hydrotalcite, its decomposition product, as well as the reconstructed solids upon rehydration were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, He pycnometry, FTIR, SEM, TEM, 27Al MAS‐NMR and CO2‐TPD (TPD=temperature‐programmed desorption). Compared to the Mg–Al mixed oxide rehydrated in the gas phase (HT‐rg), that rehydrated in the liquid phase (HT‐rl) exhibits a superior catalytic performance with respect to the aldol condensation of citral with ketones to yield pseudoionones and in the self‐aldolization of acetone. The textural properties of HT‐rl and HT‐rg differ strongly and determine the catalytic behavior. A memory effect led to a higher degree of reconstruction of the lamellar structure when the mixed oxide was rehydrated in the gas phase rather than in the liquid phase, although liquid‐phase rehydration under fast stirring produced a surface area that was 26 times greater. This contrasts to typical statements in the literature claiming a higher degree of reconstruction in the presence of large amounts of water in the medium. CO2‐TPD shows that the number of OH− groups and their nature are very similar in HT‐rg and HT‐rl, and cannot explain the markedly different catalytic behavior. Accordingly, only a small fraction of the available basic sites in the rehydrated samples is active in liquid‐phase aldol condensations. Our results support the model in which only basic sites near the edges of the hydrotalcite platelets are partaking in aldol reactions. Based on this, reconstructed materials with small crystallites (produced by exfoliation during mechanical stirring), that is, possessing a high external surface area, are beneficial in the reactions compared to larger crystals with a high degree of intraplatelet porosity.
Low‐Melting, Low‐Viscous, Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids: Aliphatic Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborates
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Bin , Matsumoto Hajime , Tatsumi Kuniaki
Published: December 2004

A novel class of low‐melting, hydrophobic ionic liquids based on relatively small aliphatic quaternary ammonium cations ([R1R2R3NR]+, wherein R1, R2, R3 = CH3 or C2H5, R = n‐C3H7, n‐C4H9, CH2CH2OCH3) and perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborate anions ([RFBF3]−, RF = CF3, C2F5, n‐C3F7, n‐C4F9) have been prepared and characterized. The important physicochemical and electrochemical properties of these salts, including melting point, glass transition, viscosity, density, ionic conductivity, thermal and electrochemical stability, have been determined and comparatively studied with those based on the corresponding [BF4]− and [(CF3SO2)2N]− salts. The influence of the structure variation in the quaternary ammonium cation and perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborate ([RFBF3]−) anion on the above physicochemical properties is discussed. Most of these salts are liquids at 25 °C and exhibit low viscosities (58–210 cP at 25 °C) and moderate conductivities (1.1–3.8 mS cm−1). The electrochemical windows of these salts are much larger than those of the corresponding 1,3‐dialkyimidazolium salts. Additionally, a number of [RFBF3]− salts exhibit plastic crystal behavior.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of lipoblastoma: A report of two cases
Authors: López‐Ferrer Pilar , Jiménez‐Heffernan José A. , Yébenes Laura , Vicandi Blanca , Viguer José M.
Published: December 2004

Lipoblastoma is an uncommon lipomatous tumor that typically occurs in infants and children. It may present as a single subcutaneous nodule or with multiple lesions (lipoblastomatosis). We describe fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic features of two cases that presented as a subcutaneous lump in the scapular area and as a deeply located mass in the left arm. Smears showed fragments of adipose tissue that consisted of numerous vacuolated adipocytes with few stroma. Nuclei were small and located centrically, without indentations. Myxoid stromal material was a remarkable finding in one case. Both cases showed small delicate vessels, mainly in relation with the myxoid material. No necrosis, atypia, or mitotic figures were present. Cytologic features were characteristic enough to permit a specific diagnosis (adipose tumor suggestive of lipoblastoma). The differential diagnosis should consider lipoma with regressive changes, well‐differentiated and mixoid liposarcoma. In addition to cytologic features, the patient's age is very useful for differentiation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:32–34. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Parapharyngeal space” tumors: A cytopathological study of 24 cases on fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Oliai Bahram R. , Sheth Sheila , Burroughs Frances H. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: December 2004

The parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a well‐defined anatomic zone of loose connective tissue lying deep to the tonsil and lateral to the pharynx. Neoplasms arising within the PPS are rare. We retrospectively reviewed 24 PPS fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs) performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past 16 years (1987–2002). Patients presented with neck pain, dysphagia, and/or intraoral swelling of varying duration. Radiographic imaging disclosed PPS masses, varying in size from 2.5 to 8 cm. The most common clinicoradiographic suspicion was a nerve sheath tumor. Six cases had FNA performed using a 23‐gauge needle via a transoral approach in the outpatient suite whereas the remainder were aspirated via a 22‐gauge Franseen needle under CT guidance. Six of 24 cases (25%) were nondiagnostic due to lack of adequate cellular material. Of the18 cases considered diagnostic, there were nine (50%) pleomorphic adenomas (PAs); three (17%) squamous‐cell carcinomas (SCC); and one each of oncocytoma, adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), adenoid cystic carcinoma, lipoma, neurofibroma, and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, together comprising the remaining 33%. Four of the six cases deemed nondiagnostic (consisting predominantly of blood) on subsequent tissue follow‐up revealed paraganglioma (two cases), SCC (one case), and schwannoma (one case). PPS is an uncommon target of an FNA procedure. PPS masses represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of which PA appears most common, representing 50% of our diagnostic cases. The rate of nondiagnostic FNA samples is moderately high due to excessive bleeding encountered in this location and other technical problems relating to adequately targeting the lesion in close vicinity of major neck vessels. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:11–15. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Value of cytological imprints in the diagnosis of atypical lipomatous tumor
Authors: Fernandez‐Flores Angel , Juanes Fernando
Published: December 2004

The diagnosis of atypical lipomatous tumor by biopsy, requires careful examination of several slides, in order to look for atypical cells. We suggest that imprints of lipomatous tumors may play a complementary role in such a search, and report a case of a 74‐yr‐old woman with an atypical lipomatous tumor of the left thigh, in which imprints helped to make the diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:51–52. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.