bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Behavior of Ion-Exchanged Alkali Aluminosilicate Glass Ceramics
Authors: Nunes Bruno M. F. , Dinis André , Fernandes Jorge C. , Almeida Rui M. , Santos Luís F.
Published: December 2024

Glass is one of the oldest and most versatile manmade materials and has been used for centuries. One of the areas of significant research and progress is that of high-mechanical-resistance glass. Several processes can be used to maximize the mechanical strength of glasses, namely thermal or chemical treatments. Glass ceramics, obtained through controlled crystallization, can enhance the mechanical properties of these materials and, as long as the crystals remain small enough, transparent glass ceramics can be obtained. On the other hand, ion exchange can strengthen the glass surface and reduce failure. As a result, ceramization followed by ion exchange can further enhance the mechanical characteristics of the parent glass. Aluminosilicate glasses and glass ceramics are known to present excellent transparency and chemical durability, plus good mechanical behavior; therefore, a lithium aluminosilicate glass composition was studied in order to obtain transparent glass ceramics, followed by an ion exchange process, and its mechanical properties were studied. Transparent glass ceramics were obtained, with an increase of ~15% in hardness over the parent glass. The glass ceramics were then subjected to an ion exchange treatment in a KNO3 bath, in order to further enhance the mechanical properties, without hindering the optical transmittance. The combination of heat treatment and chemical treatment resulted in a cumulative hardness increase of ~25%, from 620 ± 10 HV, for the as-cast glass and from 773 ± 23 HV for the ion-exchanged glass ceramic. Regarding the indentation fracture toughness, values obtained for the glass ceramics were similar to those obtained for the cast glass, yielding no noticeable change. Indentation fracture toughness increased after the ion exchange treatment of the glass ceramic, since a much higher load was necessary to obtain a measurable indentation, indicating higher indentation fracture strength.
Effect of Ultrasonic Power on the Microstructure and Properties of a Semi-Solid Slurry of SnSbCu11-6 Alloy
Authors: Wang Lei , Luo Xiaobin , Jia Yuanwei , Li Yongkun , Zhou Rongfeng , Zhang Hao , Huo Dingdong , Li Yao
Published: December 2024

In this paper, the ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT) technique was used to prepare a SnSbCu11-6 alloy semi-solid slurry, and the effects of ultrasonic power on its microstructure size, distribution and properties were studied. The results show that the UVT technique significantly refines the Cu6Sn5 phase and SnSb phase and improves their distribution uniformity. Interestingly, the second SnSb phase is also well refined to nearly 100 °C below the melting point; furthermore, the morphology is transformed from coarse petal-like to fine regular cubic, and the average grain size is refined to 48.8 ± 8.8 μm. The alloy’s comprehensive properties are best when the ultrasonic power is 1200 W. The yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and microhardness reach 60.6 MPa, 70.3 MPa, 4.9% and 27.4 HV, respectively, which represent increases of 4.7%, 6.0%, 113% and 23.4%, respectively, compared with conventional liquid casting. This may be attributed to the grain size refinement and distribution uniformity enhancement of the Cu6Sn5 phase and the SnSb phase. This work provides a feasible and effective method for the preparation of high-performance tin-based babbitt alloys by UVT technology.
Bird Utilisation of Vertical Space in Urban Environments
Authors: Re Annalise J. , Rogers Andrew M. , Possingham Hugh P. , Kark Salit
Published: December 2024

In an increasingly urbanised world, it is important to understand how species interact with human-modified landscapes across all spatial dimensions. Urban areas, modified for higher density living, are characterised by buildings, airborne vehicles, and other uses of the airspace. These obstructions can alter the available vertical habitat space and hence impact species that rely on the vertical partitioning of resources. Nonetheless, studies in urban areas typically use 2D variables, which are unsuitable as proxies for 3D processes. To address this gap, bird surveys were conducted across three different types of urban environments that reflect a gradient of extensive to intensive within Brisbane, Australia. Bird activity was recorded across a range of heights. While exceptions occurred, we found that urban birds generally interacted with their environment at heights that reflected the taller structures along the urban gradient. Grouping species by urban tolerance (i.e., whether an urban avoider, adapter, or exploiter) and foraging level helped explain why some species could utilise certain height profiles across the urban structural gradient where others could not. A better understanding of how birds use urban vertical spaces can help identify habitat features that facilitate urban biodiversity and support conservation management in urban environments.
Diagnostic Challenges in Uncommon Firearm Injury Cases: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Failla Andrea Vittorio Maria , Licciardello Gabriele , Cocimano Giuseppe , Di Mauro Lucio , Chisari Mario , Sessa Francesco , Salerno Monica , Esposito Massimiliano
Published: December 2024

Background: Firearm wounds tend to have a precise pattern. Despite this, real-world case presentations can present uncertain elements, sometimes deviating from what is considered standard, and present uncommon features that are difficult for forensic pathologists and ballistic experts to explain. Methods: A retrospective analysis of autopsy reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Catania, covering 2019–2023, included 348 judicial inspections and 378 autopsies performed as part of the institute’s overall activities. Among these, seventeen cases of firearm deaths were identified, with three atypical cases selected for detailed analysis. An interdisciplinary approach involving forensic pathology, radiology, and ballistics was used. Results: The selected cases included: (1) A 56-year-old female with a thoracic gunshot wound involving three 7.65 caliber bullets, displaying complex trajectories and retained bullets; (2) A 48-year-old male with two cranial gunshot injuries, where initial evaluation suggested homicide staged as a suicide, later confirmed to be a single self-inflicted shot; and (3) A 51-year-old male was found in a car with two gunshot wounds to the head, involving complex forensic evaluation to distinguish between entrance and exit wounds and determine trajectory. The findings showed significant deviations from standard patterns, underscoring the critical role of radiological imaging and ballistic analysis in understanding wound morphology and projectile trajectories. Conclusions: This case series highlights the necessity for standardized yet adaptable protocols and cooperation among forensic specialists. A flexible approach allows forensic investigations to be tailored to the specific circumstances of each case, ensuring that essential examinations are conducted while unnecessary procedures are avoided. Comprehensive data collection from autopsies, gross organ examinations, and, when needed, radiological and histological analysis is essential to accurately diagnose injuries, trace bullet trajectories, retrieve retained projectiles, and determine the fatal wound, particularly in complex cases or those involving multiple shooters.
Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile in Patients with Diabetic Foot Sepsis at a Central Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Patel Simran , Jooste Emeline , Glynos Charalambia , Mbajiorgu Onyiyechukwu , Sipahlanga Anelisa , Ngubane Wandile , Maharaj Gopala , Moeng Maeyane Stephens , Luvhengo Thifhelimbilu Emmanuel
Published: December 2024

Background: Diabetic foot sepsis (DFS) is the leading cause of lower extremity amputations and timely initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is paramount during its management. This study investigated causative microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile in patients with DFS. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients who were 18-years and older admitted with DFS. Data collected included demographic information, comorbidities, clinical findings, types of specimens collected and results of microscopy, culture, and sensitivity (MC&S), treatment, and outcomes. Results: One hundred and sixty-eight records were found, of which 64.3% were of male patients. The median (IQR) age of males was 58 years (IQR 54–65) compared to 61 years (IQR 54–67) for females. Results of MC&S were available in 63.1% of the records, and E. faecalis was cultured in 16%, P. mirabilis in 10%, and S. aureus in 8% of cases. Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid was prescribed in 69% of the cases. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial was shown in 88% of S. aureus and 80% of P. mirabilis species. Conclusions: The commonly cultured organisms in patients with DFS were E. faecalis 16%, P. mirabilis 10%, and S. aureus. Amoxicillin/Clavulanic was prescribed empirically in 69% of the cases despite high rates of resistance, and in 37% treatment was not preceded by collection of specimens for MC&S. We therefore recommend collection of specimens for MC&S before initiation of antimicrobial therapy in all patients with DFS.
Advanced Imaging and Preoperative MR-Based Cinematic Rendering Reconstructions for Neoplasms in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Al-Haj Husain Adib , Stojicevic Milica , Hainc Nicolin , Stadlinger Bernd
Published: December 2024

This case study highlights the use of cinematic rendering (CR) in preoperative planning for the excision of a cyst in the oral and maxillofacial region of a 60-year-old man. The patient presented with a firm, non-tender mass in the right cheek, clinically suspected to be an epidermoid cyst. Conventional imaging, including dental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols, confirmed the lesion’s size, location, and benign nature. CR reconstructions, combining advanced algorithms and novel skin presets, allow for the generation of highly realistic, three-dimensional visualizations from conventional imaging datasets. CR provided an enhanced, detailed depiction of the lesion within its anatomical context, significantly improving spatial understanding for surgical planning. The surgical excision was performed without complications, and histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of a benign epidermoid cyst with no evidence of dysplasia or malignancy. This case demonstrates the potential of CR to refine preoperative planning, especially in complex anatomical regions such as the face and jaw, by offering superior visualization of superficial and deep structures. Thus, the integration of CR into clinical workflows has the potential to lead to improved diagnostic accuracy and better surgical outcomes.
Dental Implant Failure Risk in Patients with Bruxism—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Ionfrida Josephine A. , Stiller Hanna L. , Kämmerer Peer W. , Walter Christian
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Recent research has indicated that placing dental implants in patients diagnosed with bruxism has led to higher rates of implant failure. This study aimed to provide more accurate knowledge about the relationship between bruxism and implant loss in patients (number, age, gender) with different numbers of implants and prosthetic restorations, considering the follow-up time, compared to non-bruxers. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library using the keyword combination “dental implant”, “bruxism”, and “implant failure”. This search had no language or time restrictions. Results: The review included 15 papers, which were divided into four groups. The first group focused on studies regarding implant loss regardless of the superstructure. In the second group, research on implant-supported removable prostheses was examined. The third group consisted of a single study specifically addressing implant-supported single crowns. Lastly, the fourth group comprised two studies investigating implant-supported single crowns and fixed partial dentures. Only three out of the fifteen studies failed to find a correlation between bruxism and implant failure. The meta-analysis shows a significant pooled effect across the included studies, with an odds ratio of 4.68. Conclusions: Bruxism is a probable risk factor for mechanical issues in implant-supported prostheses and implant-supported crowns. Additionally, elevated failure rates have been documented in patients with bruxism.
In-Service Teacher Professional Development: Challenges and Opportunities for Innovating the Trichronous Modality of Delivery in Vietnam’s EFL Education
Authors: Nguyen Tuyen Van , Sit Helena
Published: December 2024

The evolving landscape of educational technology has not only affected the design of teaching learning contents but also the employment of methods of delivery. In Vietnam’s language education discipline, research indicates that the integration of educational technology has significantly expanded the range of delivery modalities available to educators. However, whether the existing modalities can effectively cater to the needs of diverse learning styles remains uncertain. To bridge the research gap, this study initially seeks to assess the effectiveness of commonly utilized delivery modalities in K-12 EFL education. Thirty volunteer EFL teachers from across Vietnam, representing the north, central, and south regions, participated in in-depth interviews. These teachers teach English at primary, secondary, and high schools. The main findings include their current ICT competence levels and preferences for instructional design regarding diverse modalities of delivery. Then, grounding on an in-depth analysis of their choices and perspectives, a trichronous model is proposed and innovated to accommodate diverse learning preferences and maximize learning potential. The research findings and proposal are significant for professional development trainers and teacher educators, providing valuable insights for decision-making regarding the increasing use of technology in current EFL research and practice. This study can contribute to shaping a forward-thinking approach to EFL education in an increasingly digitalized world by addressing challenges and identifying more practical practices in language teacher education.
Transient Stability Assessment Considering Prediction Difficulty and Historical Training Information
Authors: Xu Jie , Huang Jing , Wang Huaiyuan
Published: December 2024

Recently, data-driven methods have been widely assessed by researchers in the field of power system transient stability assessment (TSA). The differences in prediction difficulty among the samples are ignored by most previous studies. To address this problem, anchor loss (AL) is introduced, which can dynamically reshape loss values based on the prediction difficulty of samples. Thereby, easy samples are suppressed by reducing their loss values to avoid being paid too much attention when they are misclassified. Meanwhile, hard samples are emphasized by increasing their loss values, in order to be predicted correctly as much as possible. On basis of the AL, historical information in the model training process is considered. A novel loss function named historical information anchor loss (HIAL) is designed. The loss values can be adaptively rescaled according to the previous prediction results as well as the prediction difficulty of samples. Finally, the HIAL is combined with the deep brief network (DBN) and applied in the IEEE 39-bus system, and a realistic system is produced to verify its effectiveness. By incorporating prediction difficulty and historical training information, the accuracy (with a reduction in misjudgment rate exceeding 30%) and convergence speed of the TSA model can be significantly improved.
Steady-State Analysis of Asymmetrical Pulse-Width-Modulated Series Resonant Converter for Light Load Condition
Authors: Lee Kui-Jun
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a steady-state analysis of the asymmetrical pulse-width-modulated series resonant converter, commonly employed under light load conditions for effective voltage regulation. The proposed method achieves precise and explicit converter waveforms by applying the Laplace-based theorem to the converter’s ordinary differential equation with periodic and discontinuous inputs, without relying on approximations. By numerically determining the intermediate variables that define converter waveforms, the analysis provides accurate steady-state results based on system parameters. Furthermore, it derives an analytical solution to identify the load conditions suitable for asymmetrical pulse-width modulation operation, as well as the boundary load conditions for discontinuous conduction mode within this mode. The mathematical expressions derived for the converter waveforms and operational modes are validated through simulations using a switching model in PSIM software, as well as through experimental results.
Circulating Current Suppression Combined with APF Current Control for the Suppression of MMC Voltage Fluctuations
Authors: Huang Ci , Tian Yizhi , Chen Jie
Published: December 2024

Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) are widely used in HV and MVDC transmission. However, their application causes the voltage level to increase, and the number of sub-modules also increases. Problems such as circulating currents and sub-module voltage fluctuations should not be neglected. Considering the coupling relationship between the circulating current and the sub-module capacitor voltage fluctuation, the circulating current suppressing controller (CCSC) and the active power filter (APF) techniques are used to solve the two problems mentioned above simultaneously. Firstly, in order to reduce the influence of clutter on the tracking of the target components of the CCSC, a Second-Order Generalized Integrator (SOGI) is added to accurately lock the main 2nd and 4th harmonic components in the circulating current. Secondly, an APF is added on top of the circulating current suppression, and the two methods can be mutually reinforcing in their roles. The APF applies the strategy of current inner-loop dominant and voltage outer-loop bias control. It is regarded as a whole for absorbing the voltage fluctuations of the sub-module and also eliminates the error caused by the inductive voltage. Finally, the effectiveness of the above method is verified in MATLAB/Simulink, which demonstrates that the proposed method provides better suppression of both circulating current and sub-module voltage fluctuations compared to the conventional MMC that only incorporates APF.
Addressing Class Imbalance in Intrusion Detection: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Shanmugam Vaishnavi , Razavi-Far Roozbeh , Hallaji Ehsan
Published: December 2024

The ever-growing number of cyber attacks in today’s digitally interconnected world requires highly efficient intrusion detection systems (IDSs), which accurately identify both frequent and rare network intrusions. One of the most important challenges in IDSs is the class imbalance problem of network traffic flow data, where benign traffic flow significantly outweighs attack instances. This directly affects the ability of machine learning models to identify minority class threats. This paper is intended to evaluate various machine learning algorithms under different levels of class imbalances, using resampling as a strategy for this problem. The paper will provide an experimental comparison by combining various algorithms for classification and class imbalance learning, assessing the performance through the F1-score and geometric mean (G-mean). The work will contribute to creating robust and adaptive IDS through the judicious integration of resampling with machine learning models, thus helping the domain of cybersecurity to become resilient.
An Overview of Quantum Circuit Design Focusing on Compression and Representation
Authors: Haque Ershadul , Paul Manoranjan , Tohidi Faranak , Ulhaq Anwaar
Published: December 2024

Quantum image computing has attracted attention due to its vast storage capacity and faster image data processing, leveraging unique properties such as parallelism, superposition, and entanglement, surpassing classical computers. Although classical computing power has grown substantially over the last decade, its rate of improvement has slowed, struggling to meet the demands of massive datasets. Several approaches have emerged for encoding and compressing classical images on quantum processors. However, a significant limitation is the complexity of preparing the quantum state, which translates pixel coordinates into corresponding quantum circuits. Current approaches for representing large-scale images require higher quantum resources, such as qubits and connection gates, presenting significant hurdles. This article aims to overview the pixel intensity and state preparation circuits requiring fewer quantum resources and explore effective compression techniques for medium and high-resolution images. It also conducts a comprehensive study of quantum image representation and compression techniques, categorizing methods by grayscale and color image types and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the efficacy of each model’s compression can guide future research toward efficient circuit designs for medium- to high-resolution images. Furthermore, it is a valuable reference for advancing quantum image processing research by providing a systematic framework for evaluating quantum image compression and representation algorithms.
GFN: A Garbage Classification Fusion Network Incorporating Multiple Attention Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Zhaoqi , Zhou Wenxue , Li Yanmei
Published: December 2024

With the increasing global attention to environmental protection and the sustainable use of resources, waste classification has become a critical issue that needs urgent resolution in social development. Compared with the traditional manual waste classification methods, deep learning-based waste classification systems offer significant advantages. This paper proposes an innovative deep learning framework, Garbage FusionNet (GFN), aimed at tackling the waste classification challenge. GFN enhances classification performance by integrating the local feature extraction strengths of ResNet with the global information processing capabilities of the Vision Transformer (ViT). Furthermore, GFN incorporates the Pyramid Pooling Module (PPM) and the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), which collectively improve multi-scale feature extraction and emphasize critical features, thereby increasing the model’s robustness and accuracy. The experimental results on the Garbage Dataset and Trashnet demonstrate that GFN achieves superior performance compared with other comparison models.
Design of Multimodal Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Zhu Wenming , Gao Xuan , Wu Haibin , Chen Jiawei , Zhou Xuehua , Zhou Zhiguo
Published: December 2024

The navigation obstacle avoidance method based on deep reinforcement learning has stronger adaptability and better performance compared to traditional algorithms in complex unknown dynamic environments, and has been widely developed and applied. However, when using multimodal information input, deep reinforcement learning strategy networks extract features that differ significantly between simulated and real world environments, resulting in poor algorithm output strategies and difficulty in transferring models obtained from simulation training to actual environments. To address the aforementioned issues, this article utilizes image segmentation to narrow the gap in environmental features, integrates multimodal information, and designs a deep reinforcement learning multimodal local obstacle avoidance algorithm, MMSEG-PPO, based on proximal strategy optimization algorithms. The algorithm is then ported to practical environments for deployment and testing. The experiment shows that the algorithm proposed in this article reduces the gap between the simulation environment and the actual environment, and has better performance and generalization when transplanted to the real world environment.
Multi-Objective Operation Optimization of Park Microgrid Based on Green Power Trading Price Prediction in China
Authors: Li Xiqin , Zhang Zhiyuan , Jiang Yang , Yang Xinyu , Zhang Yuyuan , Li Wei , Wang Baosong
Published: December 2024

The dual-carbon objective aspires to enhance China’s medium- and long-term green power trading and facilitate the low-carbon economic operation of park microgrids from both medium- and long-term and spot market perspectives. First, the integration of medium- and long-term green power trading with spot trading was meticulously analyzed, leading to the formulation of a power purchase strategy for park microgrid operators. Subsequently, a sophisticated Bayesian fuzzy learning method was employed to simulate the interaction between supply and demand, enabling the prediction of the price for bilaterally negotiated green power trading. Finally, a comprehensive multi-objective optimization model was established for the synergistic operation of park microgrid in the medium- and long-term green power and spot markets. This model astutely considers factors such as green power trading, distributed photovoltaic generation, medium- and long-term thermal power decomposition, energy storage systems, and power market dynamics while evaluating both economic and environmental benefits. The Levy-based improved bird-flocking algorithm was utilized to address the multi-faceted problem. Through rigorous computational analysis and simulation of the park’s operational processes, the results demonstrate the potential to optimize user power consumption structures, reduce power purchase costs, and promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the park.
Effect of Nitrogen Addition on the Intra-Annual Leaf and Stem Traits and Their Relationships in Two Dominant Species in a Subtropical Forest
Authors: Yu Biyun , Kang Jian , Tang Jinli , Wang Zhenchuan , Zhang Shaokang , Ma Qianqian , Su Hongxin
Published: December 2024

Exploring the relationship between leaf and xylem growth and nitrogen (N) deposition on tree growth helps us better understand how N deposition affects tree growth, but relevant studies are still limited. We tested if leaf and xylem growth and their relationship were affected by N deposition across multiple stages of leaf development. We studied two dominant tree species (Castanopsis chinensis and Schima superba) in a subtropical forest in South China, monitoring their leaf and xylem growth traits under canopy N addition of 0 (CK) and 50 kg N ha−1 year−1 (CAN) and compared these traits and their relationships across different treatments, periods, and species. We found that CAN significantly increased C. chinensis’s leaf carbon (C) content, while the same treatment reduced leaf C content in S. superba. Specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf N content, and C:N ratio showed more variation between species and within species across developmental stages than in response to different N addition treatments. Nitrogen addition also significantly increased the xylem width in both species, but the weekly xylem increment before July was notably higher in S. superba than in C. chinensis. Moreover, the leaf C content during early leaf development (ELD) following N addition was significantly and negatively correlated with the start date of xylogenesis in C. chinensis but had no significant effect on the onset of xylogenesis in S. superba. Additionally, regardless of species, SLA in ELD was negatively correlated with xylem width at the end of the early growing season (EW) under CK. However, this relationship became insignificant under CAN, suggesting that N addition alleviated the trade-off between SLA in ELD and EW. These results demonstrated that the relationship between leaf and xylem growth is influenced by both the leaf developmental stage and N availability. Traditional analyses of the leaf–xylem relationship, based solely on mature leaf traits, might oversimplify the effects of N deposition on tree growth.
Describing and Modelling Stem Form of Tropical Tree Species with Form Factor: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Oluwajuwon Tomiwa V. , Ogbuka Chioma E. , Ogana Friday N. , Hossain Md. Sazzad , Israel Rebecca , Lee David J.
Published: December 2024

The concept of tree or stem form has been central to forest research for over a century, playing a vital role in accurately assessing tree growth, volume, and biomass. The form factor is an essential component for expressing the shape of a tree, enabling more accurate volume estimation, which is vital for sustainable forest management and planning. Despite its simplicity, flexibility, and advantages in volume estimation, the form factor has received less attention compared to other measures like taper equations and form quotient. This review summarizes the concept, theories, and measures of stem form, and describes the factors influencing its variation. It focuses on the form factor, exploring its types, parameterization, and models in the context of various tropical species and geographic conditions. The review also discusses the use of the form factor in volume estimation and the issues with using default or generic values. The reviewed studies show that tree stem form and form factor variations are influenced by multiple site, tree, and stand characteristics, including site quality, soil type, climate conditions, tree species, age, crown metrics, genetic factors, stand density, and silviculture. The breast height form factor is the most adopted among the three common types of form factors due to its comparative benefits. Of the five most tested form factor functions for predicting tree form factors, Pollanschütz’s function is generally considered the best. However, its performance is often not significantly different from other models. This review identifies the “Hohenadl” method and mixed-effects modelling as overlooked yet potentially valuable approaches for form factor modelling. Using the form factor, especially by diameter or age classes, can enhance tree volume estimation, surpassing volume equations. However, relying on default or generic form factors can lead to volume and biomass estimation errors of up to 17–35%, underscoring the need to limit variation sources in form factor modelling and application. Further recommendations are provided for improving the statistical techniques involved in developing form factor functions.
Sleep Genetics and Cognitive Changes over Time: The Moderating Effect of Age and the Role of Brain
Authors: Tsapanou Angeliki , Lee Seonjoo , Chapman Silvia , Mourtzi Niki , Habeck Christian , Stern Yaakov
Published: December 2024

Background: Sleep plays a crucial role in cognitive performance and cognitive changes in aging. In the current study, we investigated the role of sleep duration genetics in cognitive changes over time and the moderating effect of age. Methods: Participants were drawn from the Reference Abilities Neural Network and the Cognitive Reserve studies of Columbia University. Each participant underwent an evaluation of sleep function and an extensive neuropsychological assessment. Published GWAS summary statistics from a polygenic score for sleep duration (Sleep PGI) were used to derive Sleep PGI in our study. We examined whether this Sleep PGI is associated with cognitive changes over a 5-year follow-up and if age moderates this effect. Analysis was performed after first being adjusted for age group (young: 20–44; middle: 45–64; old: 65–80), sex, education, the first four principal components, intracranial volume (ICV), mean cortical thickness, and total gray matter volume. We included ICV, mean thickness, and total gray matter volumes as time-varying covariates. We further included interactions of time with age and the first four PCs. Results: A total of 96 white-only participants were included, aged 24 to 78 years old. In the fully adjusted model, age-specific analysis showed that in younger individuals, higher Sleep PGI was associated with lower rates of cognitive decline in speed of processing. Conclusion: Genetic variants associated with sleep duration significantly influence performance in speed of processing, with age playing a critical moderating role, over and above brain morphometry. A genetic predisposition for longer sleep duration can work as a protective factor against decline in the speed of processing in young adults.
Exploring the Potential of Genome-Wide Hybridization Capture Enrichment for Forensic DNA Profiling of Degraded Bones
Authors: Haarkötter Christian , Roca-Rada Xavier , Saiz María , Vinueza-Espinosa Diana , Gálvez Xiomara , Medina-Lozano María , Díaz-Ruiz Daniel , Álvarez Juan , Llamas Bastien , Lorente Jose , Austin Jeremy
Published: December 2024

In many human rights and criminal contexts, skeletal remains are often the only available samples, and they present a significant challenge for forensic DNA profiling due to DNA degradation. Ancient DNA methods, particularly capture hybridization enrichment, have been proposed for dealing with severely degraded bones, given their capacity to yield results in ancient remains. Background/Objectives: This paper aims to test the efficacy of genome-wide capture enrichment on degraded forensic human remains compared to autosomal STRs analysis. Methods: Six highly degraded human bones from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) were quantified with Quantifiler™ Trio and amplified with GlobalFiler™. Independently, partially UDG-treated double-stranded DNA libraries were generated and shotgun sequenced to screen for endogenous human DNA content. Subsequently, libraries were enriched with the Twist Bioscience “Twist Ancient DNA” reagent enrichment kit, which had not been previously tested for forensic purposes. Results: The results show that the samples behave similarly with both approaches (well-preserved samples yield good results). However, capture enrichment provides some new relevant insights, suggesting that its implementation in current NGS forensic platforms could be beneficial. Conclusions: Shotgun results show that the analyzed samples exhibit the same characteristics as ancient DNA samples in terms of DNA fragmentation and molecular damage, which may enhance the value of this approach when authenticating the endogenous DNA of forensic samples.
Relevance of Next-Generation Sequencing in the Diagnosis of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathies: The Experience of Four Italian Diagnostic Hubs
Authors: Selvatici Rita , Guida Valentina , Maffei Massimo , Irrera Milena Agata , Margutti Alice , Bisceglia Paola , Mogni Massimo , Melchionda Erica , Stoico Giuseppina , Grifone Nicoletta , Bocciardo Laura , Salerio Simone , Nagliati Vittoria , Alberico Angela , Tringali Giusy , Melles Cristina , De Luca Alessandro , Ferlini Alessandra , Coviello Domenico , Curcio Cristina
Published: December 2024

Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are among the most common genetic diseases worldwide and have a significant impact on public health. The decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has quickly enabled the development of new assays that allow for the simultaneous analysis of small nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) as deletions/duplications of α- and β-globin genes. Background/Objectives: This study highlighted the efficacy and rapid identification of all types of mutations in the α- and β-globin genes, including silent variants, using the Devyser Thalassemia NGS kit. Furthermore, we report the frequency of mutations identified in a total population of 2649 individuals recruited from four Italian Medical Genetics Laboratories. Methods: All samples were first hematologically characterized, and sequence analysis was conducted by using the Devyser Thalassemia NGS kit. All variants were also validated in an independent sample by a conventional molecular test. Results: A total of 1789 subjects were identified with genetic variants in the globin genes, of which 966 (53.9%) had variations in the β-gene, 480 (26.8%) had variations in the α-gene; and 307 (17.1%) had variations in both α- and β-genes. Variant analysis evidenced a heterogeneous mutation spectrum enriched with variants not usually observed in the Italian population. Conclusions: This study showed the high effectiveness and the rapid identification of all mutation types in both α- and β-globin genes, including silent variants. It should be emphasized that the NGS approach greatly shortens turnaround reporting times, overcoming the classic diagnostic flowchart which envisages multistep, subsequent, diagnostic approaches, often requiring long resolution times.
Almodóvar’s Baroque Transitions in the Early Films (1980–1995)
Authors: Conrod Frederic
Published: December 2024

Spanish film director Pedro Almodóvar has been detected early on by film critics as a Baroque filmmaker, a qualification to which he has agreed in interviews. This promotion of his style is certainly questionable as the word ‘Baroque’ is often used outside of its artistic and historical contexts. It is undeniable, however, that there are many Baroque features in his tragicomedy. One of the key aspects that ties Almodóvar’s early films to Baroque art is their exaggerated and melodramatic storytelling. Like Baroque art, which often featured grandiose and emotionally charged narratives, Almodóvar’s films are filled with intense emotions, complex relationships, and larger-than-life characters. This exaggerated portrayal of human emotions and experiences is a hallmark of Baroque aesthetics, which sought to evoke strong emotional responses from the audience. This paper seeks to focus exclusively on the rise of the director’s style in the last two decades of the 20th century that corresponds to Spain’s problematic and somewhat tragic transition from dictatorship to democracy and explore the ‘Baroque transitions’ that led Almodóvar to national, European and international recognition prior to the obtention of the Academy Awards he received for “All about my mother” in 2000. After defining the Baroqueness of his early filmography, this article will take a closer look at the ricochet trajectory he designed for actors such as Carmen Maura, Victoria Abril, and Antonio Banderas, who will all act in several corresponding roles and embody characters in transition, before becoming emblematic for the public. In the tradition of the Spanish Baroque, Almodóvar will develop his tragic outlook on his ever-changing culture around these iconic actors who will, in turn, unfold the complexity of the transition years for Spanish women and men.
A Rapid Field-Visualization Detection Platform for Genetically Modified Soybean ‘Zhonghuang 6106’ Based on RPA-CRISPR
Authors: Tao Ran , Zhang Jihong , Meng Lixia , Gao Jin , Miao Chaohua , Liu Weixiao , Jin Wujun , Wan Yusong
Published: December 2024

Genetically modified (GM) herbicide-tolerant soybean ‘Zhonghuang 6106’, which introduces a glyphosate-resistant gene, ensures soybean yield while allowing farmers to reduce the use of other herbicides, thereby reducing weed management costs. To protect consumer rights and facilitate government supervision, we have established a simple and rapid on-site nucleic acid detection method for GM soybean ‘Zhonghuang 6106’. This method leverages the isothermal amplification characteristics of RPA technology and the high specificity of CRISPR-Cas12a to achieve high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting GM soybean components. By optimizing experimental conditions, the platform can quickly produce visual detection results, significantly reducing detection time and improving efficiency. The system can detect down to 10 copies/μL of ‘Zhonghuang 6106’ DNA templates, and the entire detection process takes about 1 h. The technology also has strong editing capabilities; by redesigning the primers and crRNA in the method, it can become a specific detection method for other GM samples, providing strong technical support for the regulation and safety evaluation of GM crops.
The Role of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (BST2) in the Migration of Dendritic Cells to Lymph Nodes
Authors: Park Sehoon , Yi Eunbi , Jeon Jaemyeong , Oh Jinsoo , Xu Zhengmei , Park Se-Ho
Published: December 2024

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) is a host-restriction factor that plays multiple roles in the antiviral defense of innate immune responses, including the inhibition of viral particle release from virus-infected cells. BST2 may also be involved in the endothelial adhesion and migration of monocytes, but its importance in the immune system is still unclear. Immune cell adhesion and migration are closely related to the initiation of immune responses. In this study, we found that the expressions of the lymph node homing marker chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and an adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) were associated with BST2 expression. Interestingly, Bst2−/− cDCs showed lower chemotactic ability, including velocity and accumulative distance toward chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) gradient in vitro, compared to wild-type cDCs. Bst2−/− cDCs also showed reduced migration and reduced retention capacity in draining lymph nodes in vivo. As a result, Bst2−/− cDCs as antigen-presenting cells induced lower antigen-specific B cell and T cell responses compared to Bst2+/+ cDCs. Notably, mice administered the influenza vaccine via Bst2−/− cDCs exhibited substantially inefficient virus clearance compared to mice administered the Bst2+/+ cDCs vaccine. Therefore, we propose that BST2, which plays a critical role in the effective migration and retention of cDCs, is involved in the development of optimal immunological effects in draining lymph nodes.
Effects of Novaluron Exposure on the Oviposition and Expression of Ovarian Development Related Genes in Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Wang Meng-Jiao , Chen En-Xi , Ji Yi-Lin , Qian Yi-Xuan , Zhang Yu-Ming , Zhu Lin , Zhao Guo-Dong , Qian He-Ying
Published: December 2024

Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is an important economic insect, which mainly feeds on mulberry leaves and is widely used in many research fields. The growth and development of silkworm larvae are easily affected by the use of chemical insecticides such as novaluron, a benzoylurea insecticide. However, the effect of novaluron exposure on the reproduction of silkworms has not yet been studied. In this study, the effect of trace novaluron on the oviposition of silkworms and histopathological changes were first evaluated, and then the gene expression level changes after novaluron exposure were also determined by employing qRT-PCR. It was found that the number of eggs and the hatching rate of eggs in silkworms decreased significantly after feeding on leaves with a trace amount of novaluron (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, novaluron exposure could affect the development of ovary tissue by reducing the number of oocytes and oogonia in the ovaries of silkworms fed with novaluron. In addition, the transcription levels of genes related to ovary development (Vg, Ovo, Otu, Sxl-S and Sxl-L) and hormone regulation (EcR and JHBP2) showed varying degrees of downregulation at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after novaluron treatment (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, we speculated that novaluron can affect the energy metabolism, ovary development, and egg formation of silkworms, thus leading to reproductive disorders of silkworms after novaluron exposure.
Nutritional Status, Frailty, Oral Health, and Oral Motor Functions in Long-Term Care Residents with Swallowing Dysfunction
Authors: Ko Chih-Hung , Chao Chia-Ling , Hung Chih-Hsing , Du Je-Kang , Feng Ming-Chu
Published: December 2024

Background: Swallowing dysfunction is a prevalent but often overlooked problem in long-term care facilities. This study investigated the relationships between nutritional deficits, frailty, oral health, and swallowing dysfunction. Additionally, we explored the associations between oral muscle weakness, frailty markers, and swallowing dysfunction. Methods: We recruited 373 participants from seven long-term care facilities across Taiwan. Swallowing function, frailty, nutrition status, and oral health were assessed by research staff. Oral muscle function was evaluated through tongue strength measurements, cheek bulging function tests, the Repetitive Saliva Swallowing Test (RSST), and a diadochokinetic task. Frailty was assessed through grip strength as well as mid-upper arm and calf circumference measurements. Results: The Functional Oral Intake Scale revealed that 97 participants (26%) had swallowing dysfunction. Participants with swallowing dysfunction had poorer nutritional status, higher frailty levels, and worsened oral health. Frailty was the factor most strongly associated with swallowing dysfunction. Participants with swallowing dysfunction also exhibited lower tongue pressure, decreased cheek-bulging ability, fewer repetitions in the diadochokinetic task, lower scores on the RSST, lower calf circumferences, and lower grip strength. Logistic regression demonstrated that cheek bulging was most strongly associated with swallowing dysfunction. Furthermore, lower grip strength was significantly associated with swallowing dysfunction. Conclusions: Frailty was most strongly associated with swallowing dysfunction, followed by poorer nutritional status and worsened oral health. These factors should be thoroughly assessed in long-term care residents. Participants with swallowing dysfunction also experienced oral muscle weakness, particularly in cheek bulging. Grip strength, which represents frailty, was directly associated with swallowing dysfunction and could serve as a crucial indicator of swallowing dysfunction.
Safety of High-Dose Intravenous Iron in Hemodialysis Patients: Results from the National Health Insurance Service (2019–2020) in South Korea
Authors: Cho AJin , Bae Yoonjong , Kim Mina , Kim Do Hyoung , Lee Young-Ki , Park Hayne Cho
Published: December 2024

Background: Intravenous (IV) iron administration is used widely for treating anemia in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this study, we investigated the safety of IV iron therapy in this population. Methods: This study analyzed claims data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and included patients with end-stage renal disease who were receiving HD for more than 3 months as of 1 January 2019. Monthly doses of IV iron were measured for these patients from 1 January to 30 June 2019. Patients were classified into a high- or low-dose group based on the cutoff of a monthly dose of 300 mg of iron sucrose. Study outcomes were infection-related hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality and hospitalization that occurred from 1 July 2019 to 31 December 2020. Results: Among 33,527 HD patients, 13,609 (40.6%) and 363 (1.1%) patients were administered IV iron at doses of 1–299 mg/month and ≥300 mg/month, respectively. The mean age was 63 years, and 60.4% were men. Compared with the low-dose group, the high-dose group was younger, had higher percentages of men and medical aid recipients from the NHIS, and had higher prevalence rates of diabetes and hypertension. The rates of infection-related hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and all-cause hospitalization and mortality were not significantly higher in the high-dose than in the low-dose group. Compared with the 1–100 mg IV iron sucrose dose, higher doses were not associated with an increased risk of outcome events. Conclusions: High-dose IV iron administration did not increase rates of mortality or morbidity in HD patients.