bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value conflicts in mothers' snack choice for their 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children
Authors: Damen Femke W.M. , Luning Pieternel A. , Hofstede Gert Jan , Fogliano Vincenzo , Steenbekkers Bea L.P.A.
Published: June 2019

Value conflicts appear when people experience struggles, doubts, and feelings of guilt when making food choices. This study aims to provide insight into value conflicts, which mothers may experience while providing snacks to their young children. Mothers are mainly responsible for providing the snacks their young children eat, making it a big responsibility for them as children's dietary behaviour tracks into adulthood. Possible value conflicts Dutch mothers (n = 136) experience while providing snacks to their 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children were investigated using food and motivation diaries and semi‐structured interviews. Differences between mothers' educational level, first versus not‐first child, and the differences in age of the children were taken into account. Results showed that the younger the children, the more value conflicts the mothers experienced. Mothers experienced most value conflicts when they provided snacks perceived as unhealthy. Six main value conflicts are elicited by this study, namely, conflicts between healthy and unhealthy snacks; conflicts between healthy and convenient snacks; conflicts related to providing snacks just before dinner; conflicts related to influence of others; conflicts when the child asks but the mother says “no”; and conflicts related to many unhealthy snacks at parties or visits. The insights gained in this study can be used for interventions to promote a healthier lifestyle, support the design of new snack products, and can give guidance for marketing challenges in global snack markets.
Greater household food insecurity is associated with lower breast milk intake among infants in western Kenya
Authors: Miller Joshua D. , Young Sera L. , Boateng Godfred O. , Oiye Shadrack , Owino Victor
Published: June 2019

Household food insecurity has been hypothesized to negatively impact breastfeeding practices and breast milk intake, but this relationship has not been rigorously assessed. To generate an evidence base for breastfeeding recommendations among food‐insecure mothers in settings where HIV is highly prevalent, we explored infant feeding practices among 119 mother–infant dyads in western Kenya at 6 and 24 weeks postpartum. We used the deuterium oxide dose‐to‐the‐mother technique to determine if breastfeeding was exclusive in the prior 2 weeks, and to quantify breast milk intake. Sociodemographic data were collected at baseline and household food insecurity was measured at each time point using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. Average breast milk intake significantly increased from 721.3 g/day at 6 weeks postpartum to 961.1 g/day at 24 weeks postpartum. Household food insecurity at 6 or 24 weeks postpartum was not associated with maternal recall of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the prior 24 hr or deuterium oxide‐measured EBF in the prior 2 weeks at a significance level of 0.2 in bivariate models. In a fixed‐effects model of quantity of breast milk intake across time, deuterium oxide‐measured EBF in the prior 2 weeks was associated with greater breast milk intake (126.1 ± 40.5 g/day) and every one‐point increase in food insecurity score was associated with a 5.6 (±2.2)‐g/day decrease in breast milk intake. Given the nutritional and physical health risks of suboptimal feeding, public health practitioners should screen for and integrate programs that reduce food insecurity in order to increase breast milk intake.
Matrix type and landscape attributes modulate avian taxonomic and functional spillover across habitat boundaries in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Barros Fabio M. , Martello Felipe , Peres Carlos A. , Pizo Marco A. , Ribeiro Milton C.
Published: June 2019

Land use intensification drives biodiversity loss worldwide. In heterogeneous landscape mosaics, both overall forest area and anthropogenic matrix structure induce changes in biological communities in primary habitat remnants. However, community changes via cross‐habitat spillover processes along forest–matrix interfaces remain poorly understood. Moreover, information on how landscape attributes affect spillover processes across habitat boundaries are embryonic. Here, we quantify avian α‐ and β‐diversity (as proxies of spillover rates) across two dominant types of forest–matrix interfaces (forest–pasture and forest–eucalyptus plantation) within the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot in southeast Brazil. We also assess the effects of anthropogenic matrix type and landscape attributes (forest cover, edge density and land‐use diversity) on bird taxonomic and functional β‐diversity across forest–matrix boundaries. Alpha taxonomic richness was higher in forest edges than within both matrix types, but between matrix types, it was higher in pastures than in eucalyptus plantations. Although significantly higher in forests edges than in the adjacent eucalyptus, bird functional richness did not differ between forest edges and adjacent pastures. Community changes (β‐diversity) related to species and functional replacements (turnover component) were higher across forest–pasture boundaries, whereas changes related to species and functional loss (nested component) were higher across forest–eucalyptus boundaries. Forest edges adjacent to eucalyptus had significant higher species and functional replacements than forest edges adjacent to pastures. Forest cover negatively influenced functional β‐diversity across both forest–pasture and forest–eucalyptus interfaces. We show the importance of matrix type and the structure of surrounding landscapes (mainly forest cover) on rates of bird assemblage spillover across forest‐matrix boundaries, which has profound implications to biological fluxes, ecosystem functioning and land‐use management in human‐modified landscapes.
From Civil Resistance to Civil War: Nonstrategic Mechanisms of Militarization in the Syrian Uprising
Authors: Bramsen Isabel
Published: June 2019

A recurrent logic in most research on nonviolent relative to violent resistance is that groups choose violent or nonviolent means depending on the likelihood of success of each approach. On the contrary, this article analyzes the militarization of the Syrian revolution and argues that it was not a strategic decision by the Syrian opposition, but rather emotional, material, and practice mechanisms that initially paved the way for counter‐violence. Revolutionaries were motivated to take up arms by emotional mechanisms of revenge and fear. Moreover, material mechanisms, in particular the relatively high availability of weapons in Syria, can explain the more militant counter‐response to the ongoing repression. Finally, violent or nonviolent actions were shaped by practice mechanisms, where revolutionaries already experienced in violence (from the beginning of the uprising) argued in favor of and sometimes conducted violent resistance, whereas other groups engaged in nonviolent resistance.
Assessing appropriateness of paediatric asthma management: A population‐based sample survey
Authors: Homaira Nusrat , Wiles Louise K. , Gardner Claire , Molloy Charlotte J. , Arnolda Gaston , Ting Hsuen P. , Hibbert Peter , Boyling Claire , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Jaffe Adam ,   on behalf of the CareTrack Kids Investigative Team
Published: June 2019

Background and objective

We conducted a comprehensive assessment of guideline adherence in paediatric asthma care, including inpatient and ambulatory services, in Australia.

Methods

National and international clinical practice guidelines (CPG) relating to asthma in children were searched and 39 medical record audit indicator questions were developed. Retrospective medical record review was conducted across hospital inpatient admissions, emergency department (ED) presentations, general practice (GP) and paediatrician consultations in three Australian states for children aged ≤15 years receiving care in 2012 and 2013. Eligibility of, and adherence to, indicators was assessed from medical records by nine experienced and purpose‐trained paediatric nurses (surveyors).

Results

Surveyors conducted 18 453 asthma indicator assessments across 1600 visits for 881 children in 129 locations. Overall, the adherence for asthma care across the 39 indicators was 58.1%, with 54.4% adherence at GP (95% CI: 46.0–62.5), 77.7% by paediatricians (95% CI: 40.5–97.0), 79.9% in ED (95% CI: 70.6–87.3) and 85.1% for inpatient care (95% CI: 76.7–91.5). For 14 acute asthma indicators, overall adherence was 56.3% (95% CI: 47.6–64.7). Lowest adherences were for recording all four types of vital signs in children aged >2 years presenting with asthma attack (15.1%, 95% CI: 8.7–23.7), and reviewing patients’ compliance, inhaler technique and triggers prior to commencing a new drug therapy (20.5%, 95% CI: 10.1–34.8).

Conclusion

The study demonstrated differences between existing care and CPG recommendations for paediatric asthma care in Australia. Evidence‐based interventions to improve adherence to CPG may help to standardize quality of paediatric asthma care and reduce variation of care.
Pregnancy complications, sick leave and service needs of women who experience perinatal distress, weak social support and dissatisfaction in their partner relationships
Authors: Jonsdottir Sigridur Sia , Swahnberg Katarina , Thome Marga , Oskarsson Guðmundur Kristjan , Bara Lydsdottir Linda , Olafsdottir Halldora , Sigurdsson Jon Fridrik , Steingrimsdottir Thora
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Although perinatal distress is acknowledged as a burdening condition for pregnant women, its effects on pregnancy are not well known. This study was conducted to increase knowledge regarding the effects of distress on pregnancy‐related problems. The study also assessed women's need for sick leave and increased prenatal care due to distress, and the effects of weak social support and dissatisfaction with their partner relationships.

Methods

In total, 2523 women were screened for perinatal distress three times during pregnancy in this quantitative cohort study. Structured psychiatric interviews were conducted following the screening, with 562 of the participants. Data from participants’ pregnancy records were also analysed. The study was conducted in primary healthcare centres in Iceland after receiving approval from the Icelandic National Bioethical Committee. The main outcome measures were pregnancy problems, sick leave issued and prenatal service needs.

Results

Data from 503 women were analysed. The perinatal distress group (PDG) was significantly more likely than was the nondistressed group (NDG) to experience fatigue, vomiting and pelvic pain after controlling for background variables. Distressed women who reported weak family support experienced symptoms of nausea and heartburn. The PDG needed more frequent prenatal care than did the NDG and was issued sick leave for up to 42 days longer. Dissatisfaction in the partner relationship and with the division of household tasks and childcare was strongly associated with distress, the development of complications and the need for sick leave.

Discussion

Identification of perinatal distress by midwives and other healthcare professionals is important, since distress may be linked to women's complaints of fatigue, vomiting, pelvic pain and need for prolonged sick leave, and additional prenatal care services will be needed. Perceived dissatisfaction in the partner relationship and with the division of household tasks should also form part of clinical practice and assistance provided.
Distance from core competences and new export survival: Evidence from multi‐product exporters
Authors: Goya Daniel , Zahler Andrés
Published: June 2019

We study the determinants of the survival of new export products of multi‐product firms. We use micro‐level data from Chile to estimate linear fixed‐effects and non‐linear survival models to show that a measure of “distance” between a firm's new export and its previous export basket is a negative and significant determinant of the survival of the new export, especially during its first year. Our interpretation of this finding is that exports further away from firms’ core competences have lower chances of survival in exports since it is more difficult for firms to achieve competitiveness in them. Our results suggest that country‐level diversification, at least through existing firms, should be gradual.
Retrospective evaluation of the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcome of dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema (2008–2015): 9 cases
Authors: Forward Alexander K. , Plessas Ioannis N. , Guilherme Sérgio , De Decker Steven
Published: June 2019

Objective

To describe the clinical presentation, advanced imaging findings, and short‐ and long‐term outcomes in dogs with intracranial empyema.

Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema.

Methods

Medical records from 2 referral hospitals were searched for dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema. To be included in this study, dogs had to fulfill 1 or more of the following 3 inclusion criteria: a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with space occupying accumulation of extra‐axial material suggestive of empyema, a cerebrospinal fluid analysis suggestive of empyema, or direct visualization of purulent material during intracranial surgery.

Results

Nine dogs with intracranial empyema were included, with a median age of 3.5 years (range: 4 mo–12.5 y). All presented as emergencies with 7 of the 9 dogs showing neurological abnormalities and 2 of the 9 with retrobulbar swelling and exophthalmos. Six had surgical intervention, 1 was medically managed, and the remaining 2 dogs were euthanized. Typical MRI findings included extra‐axial, T1‐weighted hypo‐ to isointense, T2‐weighted hyperintense material compared to gray matter with varying degrees of contrast enhancement, with 6 of 8 showing evidence of contiguous infection from adjacent structures on MRI. For 7 dogs, ≥1 samples were sent for culture and sensitivity, withEnterococcus(surgical swab),Streptococcus pneumonia(from cerebral spinal fluid), and coagulase positiveStaphylococcus(ear swab) being cultured. The median antimicrobial course length was 6 weeks (range: 2–28 wk). All dogs for which treatment was attempted survived to discharge, with a median hospitalization time of 7 days (range: 4–10 d). Four of the 7 are still alive at the time of writing (1 lost to follow‐up; 2 euthanized for other reasons) with all 4 considered neurologically normal with a successful long‐term outcome.

Conclusion

Although intracranial empyema in dogs is a rare condition, excellent outcomes are possible in those cases treated appropriately.
Numerical Investigation of Bionic Rudder With Leading-Edge Protuberances
Authors: Gao Hongtao , Zhu Wencai
Published: June 2019

The duck's webbed feet are observed by using electron microscopy, and observations indicate that the edges of the webbed feet are the shape of protuberances. Therefore, the rudder with leading-edge protuberances is numerically studied in the present investigation. The rudder has a sinusoidal leading-edge profile along the spanwise direction. The hydrodynamic performance of rudder is analyzed under the influence of leading-edge protuberances. The present investigations are carried out at Re = 3.2 × 105 and 8 × 105. In the case of Re = 3.2 × 105, the curves of lift coefficient illustrate that the protuberant leading-edge scarcely affects the lift coefficient of bionic rudder. However, the drag coefficient of the bionic rudder is markedly lower than that of the unmodified rudder. Therefore, the lift-to-drag ratio of the bionic rudder is obviously higher than the unmodified rudder. In another case of Re = 8 × 105, the advantageous behavior of the bionic rudder with leading-edge protuberances is mainly performed in the post-stall regime. The flow mechanism of the significantly increased efficiency by the protuberant leading-edge is explored. It is obvious that the pairs of counter-rotating vortices are presented over the suction surface of bionic rudder, and therefore, the flow is more likely to adhere to the suction surface of bionic rudder.
The effect of fish bodies on the source level and beam pattern of acoustic transmitters in juvenile Chinook salmon
Authors: Zang Xiaoqin , Jung Ki Won , Walker Ricardo W. , Deng Zhiqun Daniel
Published: June 2019

The effect of the fish body on the source level and beam pattern of an acoustic fish tag signal was investigated through laboratory experiments and an analytical method. In laboratory experiments, the source level and beam pattern were measured in both a tag-only group and a tag-in-fish group. In the analytical method, both forward and backward scattering were calculated by assuming the acoustic tag was a point source and the swimbladder was an air-filled prolate spheroid. The mean source level of five tested tags decreased by ∼4 dB after implantation in fish bodies, which is important for designing fish migration studies using acoustic telemetry.
Squeezing out higher precision
Authors: Schleier-Smith Monika
Published: June 2019

Well-timed kicks to an ion's momentum enable better position measurements
The dinosaur as social capital
Assembling the Dinosaur: Fossil Hunters, Tycoons, and the Making of a Spectacle
Lukas Rieppel
Harvard University Press, 2019. 335 pp.
Authors: Nieuwland Ilja
Published: June 2019

A new history reveals how the wealthy elite helped shape modern natural history museums in America
Hiding in plain sight
Authors: Halbrook Christopher J. , Crawford Howard C.
Published: June 2019

A common biomarker of pancreatic disease has a functional role in pathogenesis
Natamycin and Voriconazole Exhibit Synergistic Interactions with Nonantifungal Ophthalmic Agents against
Fusarium
Species Ocular Isolates
Authors: Rees Christiaan A. , Bao Ruina , Zegans Michael E. , Cramer Robert A.
Published: June 2019

The
in vitro
activities of two antifungal drugs in combination with four nonantifungal ophthalmic agents were evaluated using a broth microdilution method and a collection of eight
Fusarium
ocular isolates that exhibited resistance to both natamycin (MICs, 14 to 32 μg/ml) and voriconazole (MICs, 4 to >128 μg/ml). Synergistic and indifferent interactions were observed for natamycin and 5-fluorouracil and natamycin with timolol dependent on the
Fusarium
isolate tested.
New Subgenotyping and Consensus Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assays for Hepatitis A Outbreak Surveillance
Authors: Probert William S. , Hacker Jill K.
Published: June 2019

Laboratory surveillance plays an important role in the detection and control of hepatitis A outbreaks and requires the application of rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic tools for hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA detection, subgenotype identification, and sequence-based genotyping.
A Caulobacter crescentus Microbicide Protects from Vaginal Infection with HIV-1
JR-CSF
in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus Mice
Authors: Farr Zuend Christina , Nomellini John F. , Smit John , Horwitz Marc S.
Published: June 2019

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionally infects young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV-1 prevention options have had limited success among women, suggesting that alternative, female-controlled prevention options need to be developed. Microbicides that can be applied to the vaginal tract are a promising prevention option. In this study, we describe the testing of 15 potential candidates for inhibition of HIV-1 infection in a humanized mouse model of HIV-1 infection. Four of these candidates were able to provide significant protection from vaginal infection with HIV-1, with the most successful candidate protecting 75% of the mice from infection. This study describes the preclinical testing of a new strategy that could be a safe and effective option for HIV-1 prevention in women.
Clozapine-induced pericarditis: an ethical dilemma
Authors: Johal Harleen Kaur , Barrera Alvaro
Published: June 2019

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic used most frequently in the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia, where severely unwell patients have failed to respond to standard antipsychotic therapy. Clozapine is associated with a number of risks, such as agranulocytosis and long-term cardiometabolic morbidity. Reported less frequently is the risk of severe cardiac complications. The case reported here provides an important example of chronic clozapine toxicity leading to pericarditis. This case also describes a difficult ethical dilemma, where the physical risk to a patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia must be balanced with the potentially adverse psychiatric risk that would follow, if the patient were to be weaned off this effective antipsychotic therapy. It is frequently reported that clozapine is stopped due to its toxicity. In this case however, the mental health and functional benefit of continuing with clozapine was deemed to outweigh the physical risk of progression of the pericarditis.
Effectiveness of interventions for dementia in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis
Authors: Salcher-Konrad Maximilian , Naci Huseyin , McDaid David , Alladi Suvarna , Oliveira Deborah , Fry Andra , Hussein Shereen , Knapp Martin , Musyimi Christine Wayua , Ndetei David Musyimi , Lopez-Ortega Mariana , Comas-Herrera Adelina
Published: June 2019

Introduction

There are more people living with dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries. Evidence-based interventions to improve the lives of people living with dementia and their carers are needed, but a systematic mapping of methodologically robust studies in LMICs and synthesis of the effectiveness of dementia interventions in these settings is missing.

Methods and analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted to answer the question: Which dementia interventions were shown to be effective in LMICs and how do they compare to each other? Electronic database searches (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Global Health, WHO Global Index Medicus, Virtual Health Library, Cochrane CENTRAL, Social Care Online, BASE, MODEM Toolkit, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) will be complemented by hand searching of reference lists and local knowledge of existing studies from an international network of researchers in dementia from LMICs. Studies will be eligible for inclusion if they were published between 2008 and 2018, conducted in LMICs and evaluated the effectiveness of a dementia intervention using a study design that supports causal inference of the treatment effect. We will include both randomised and non-randomised studies due to an anticipated low number of well-conducted randomised trials in LMICs and potentially greater external validity of non-randomised studies conducted in routine care settings. In addition to narrative synthesis of the interventions, feasibility of pairwise and network meta-analyses will be explored to obtain pooled effects of relative treatment effects.

Ethics and dissemination

Secondary analysis of published studies, therefore no ethics approval required. Planned dissemination channels include a peer-reviewed publication as well as a website, DVD and evidence summaries.

Prospero registration number

CRD42018106206.
Latent profile analysis of anxiety disorder among left-behind children in rural Southern China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Liao Haining , Pan Minyi , Li Weinan , Lin Changqi , Zhu Xuhao , Li Xingru , Li Jinghua , Zhou Shudong
Published: June 2019

Objectives

Previous studies have used latent profile analysis (LPA) to examine rural left-behind children’s anxiety. Further study is needed to identify the heterogeneous characteristics of rural left-behind children’s anxiety and explore the related factors.

Setting

A cross-sectional survey using a school-based sample was conducted in January 2018 in Qingxin district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong province.

Participants

1026 left-behind children (effective response rate of the questionnaire: 95.39%).

Main outcome measures

Profile latent classes (LC) and anxiety disorder.

Results

The LPA identified three anxiety LC: ‘low anxiety’ (56.6%), ‘medium anxiety’ (34.8%) and ‘severe anxiety’ (8.6%). The multinomial logistic regression model was used to predict the relationship between personal, family, school factors and anxiety. We found that the variables directly related to lower anxiety classes included age (12–14 years), harmonious or fair relationship with classmates, no neglect, harmonious parental relationship and the duration of mother migration <6 months.

Conclusions

These findings suggested the need for careful consideration of differences in anxieties among rural left-behind children. Identifying latent subgroups may provide an empirical basis for teachers and public health practitioners to implement anxiety intervention efforts.
Prospective repeated assessment of self-reported sleep quality and sleep disruptive factors in the intensive care unit: acceptability of daily assessment of sleep quality
Authors: Alsulami Ghaida , Rice Ann Marie , Kidd Lisa
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Despite the importance of sleep, the assessment of sleep quality does not form part of standard clinical care in intensive care unit (ICU). Continuous assessment of self-reported quality of ICU patients’ sleep has been strongly recommended. Prior to implementing such an assessment in the ICU, it is important to assess the acceptability of this method of assessment to the ICU’s patients. The aims of this study were to assess the acceptability to ICU patients of completing daily self-reports on sleep quality during their ICU stay and to assess ICU patients’ self-reported sleep quality and sleep disruptive factors during their time in ICU.

Methods

An observational prospective-repeated assessment was conducted on n=120 patients in an ICU in Saudi Arabia. The participants were both intubated and non-intubated.

Outcomes measures

Over a 3-month period, sleep quality was assessed using the Arabic version of the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ-A), and self-reported sleep disruptive factors were identified. Clinical factors, such as ICU interventions, and previously administered sedatives were also examined. The patients’ acceptance of completing daily RCSQ-A reports was assessed using various indicators of acceptability.

Results

A total of 381 self-reports (RCSQ-A) were collected for this analysis. The patients reported 34.4±5.60, indicating that sleep quality was poor on average. The group of intubated patients reported much poorer sleep quality during intubation than after extubation. In the multivariate analysis, factors which most significantly affected sleep (exp(b), p value) were midazolam (−6.424, p<0.0005), propofol (−3.600, p<0.05), noise (−1.033, p<0.05), gender (1.836, p<0.05), daytime sleepiness (0.856, p<0.05) and the presence of mechanical ventilation (−1.218, p<0.05).

Conclusion

The acceptability and feasibility of using daily RCSQ-A for sleep quality assessment was demonstrated. Sleep quality was reported as poor by all participants and the factors affecting sleep were varied. This study provided various recommendations for healthcare providers and researchers in terms of evaluating and improving sleep quality in ICU patients.
Implementation evaluation of multiple complex early years interventions: an evaluation framework and study protocol
Authors: Dharni Nimarta , Dickerson Josie , Willan Kathryn , Ahern Sara , Dunn Abigail , Nielsen Dea , Uphoff Eleonora , McEachan Rosemary R C , Bryant Maria
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Implementation evaluations are integral to understanding whether, how and why interventions work. However, unpicking the mechanisms of complex interventions is often challenging in usual service settings where multiple services are delivered concurrently. Furthermore, many locally developed and/or adapted interventions have not undergone any evaluation, thus limiting the evidence base available. Born in Bradford’s Better Start cohort is evaluating the impact of multiple early life interventions being delivered as part of the Big Lottery Fund’s ‘A Better Start’ programme to improve the health and well-being of children living in one of the most socially and ethnically diverse areas of the UK. In this paper, we outline our evaluation framework and protocol for embedding pragmatic implementation evaluation across multiple early years interventions and services.

Methods and analysis

The evaluation framework is based on a modified version of The Conceptual Framework for Implementation Fidelity. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, our evaluation framework incorporates semistructured interviews, focus groups, routinely collected data and questionnaires. We will explore factors related to content, delivery and reach of interventions at both individual and wider community levels. Potential moderating factors impacting intervention success such as participants’ satisfaction, strategies to facilitate implementation, quality of delivery and context will also be examined. Interview and focus guides will be based on the Theoretical Domains Framework to further explore the barriers and facilitators of implementation. Descriptive statistics will be employed to analyse the routinely collected quantitative data and thematic analysis will be used to analyse qualitative data.

Ethics and dissemination

The Health Research Authority (HRA) has confirmed our implementation evaluations do not require review by an NHS Research Ethics Committee (HRA decision 60/88/81). Findings will be shared widely to aid commissioning decisions and will also be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, summary reports, conferences and community newsletters.
Junior doctor engagement: what is it, why does it matter and what the workplace can do to improve it
Authors: Ward Emily
Published: June 2019

BackgroundAcross the world, there is a struggle to balance the provision of adequate healthcare with trained healthcare professionals. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) is struggling with increasing demand coupled with a reduction in funding, an older multimorbid population and rising patient expectations.

ObjectivesThe landscape within which doctors practise is constantly changing with increasing devolution, changing political priorities and new technologies, and as a result, we cannot afford to have disengaged staff.

MethodsEmployee engagement is a process, a description of how a business or workplace interacts with its staff. Research has demonstrated that while engagement can improve certain patient outcomes, the manner in which Junior Doctors are employed in the NHS can create many barriers to organisational workplace engagement.

ResultsThis discussion focuses on how workplace engagement is being developed across healthcare; and some of the challenges to workplace engagement with Junior Doctors with a focus on issues such as placement durations, demanding workloads and lack of basic provisions for junior staff. It gives simple suggestions for how these barriers can be overcome and how Junior Doctors can be incorporated into teams, resulting in increased workplace engagement and improved patient outcomes.
Should we be afraid of medical AI?
Authors: Di Nucci Ezio
Published: June 2019

I analyse an argument according to which medical artificial intelligence (AI) represents a threat to patient autonomy—recently put forward by Rosalind McDougall in the Journal of Medical Ethics. The argument takes the case of IBM Watson for Oncology to argue that such technologies risk disregarding the individual values and wishes of patients. I find three problems with this argument: (1) it confuses AI with machine learning; (2) it misses machine learning’s potential for personalised medicine through big data; (3) it fails to distinguish between evidence-based advice and decision-making within healthcare. I conclude that how much and which tasks we should delegate to machine learning and other technologies within healthcare and beyond is indeed a crucial question of our time, but in order to answer it, we must be careful in analysing and properly distinguish between the different systems and different delegated tasks.
Exposure and reach of the US court-mandated corrective statements advertising campaign on broadcast and social media
Authors: Kostygina Ganna , Szczypka Glen , Tran Hy , Binns Steven , Emery Sherry L , Vallone Donna , Hair Elizabeth C
Published: June 2019

Objective

As a remedy to committing fraud and violating civil racketeering laws, in November 2017, four major tobacco companies were court-ordered to develop and disseminate corrective statements regarding smoking health risks using mass media channels. We aimed to describe the nature, timing, reach of and exposure to the court-mandated tobacco industry corrective advertising campaign on social, broadcast and print media.

Methods

Data from social, print and broadcast media were used to measure potential exposure to corrective messages. Keyword rules were used to collect campaign-related posts from the Twitter Firehose between November 2017 and January 2018. Data were analysed using a combination of machine learning, keyword algorithms and human coding. Posts were categorised by source (commercial/institutional, organic) and content type (eg, sentiment). Analysis of social media data was triangulated with ratings data for television advertising and print advertising expenditure data.

Results

Keyword filters retrieved 13 846 tweets posted by 9232 unique users. The majority of tweets were posted by institutional/commercial sources including news organisations, bots and tobacco control-related accounts and contained links to news and public health-related websites. Approximately 60% of campaign-related tweets were posted during the first week of campaign launch. Household exposure to the televised corrective advertisements averaged 0.56 ads per month.

Discussion

The corrective campaign failed to generate social media engagement. The size and timing of the advertising buys were not consistent with strategies effective in generating high sustained impact and audience reach, particularly among youth.
LncRNA SNHG4 promotes the proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells by regulating miR-98-5p
Authors: Tang Yufu , Wu Lijian , Zhao Mingjing , Zhao Guangdan , Mao Shitao , Wang Lingling , Liu Shuo , Wang Xiaoge
Published: June 2019

Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 4 (SNHG4) is usually up-regulated in cancer and regulates the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, its role in lung cancer remains elusive. In this study, we silenced the expression of SNHG4 in NCI-H1437 and SK-MES-1, two representative non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines, by transfecting them with siRNA (small interfering RNA) that specifically targets SNHG4. We observed significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo after SNHG4 silencing. SNHG4 knockdown also led to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, accompanied with down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. The migration and invasiveness of these two cell lines were remarkably inhibited after SNHG4 silencing. Moreover, our study revealed that the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung cancer cells was suppressed by SNHG4 silencing, as evidenced by up-regulated E-cadherin and down-regulated SALL4, Twist, and vimentin. In addition, we found that SNHG4 silencing induced up-regulation of miR-98-5p. MiR-98-5p inhibition abrogated the effect of SNHG4 silencing on proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that SNHG4 is required by lung cancer cells to maintain malignant phenotype. SNHG4 probably exerts its pro-survival and pro-metastatic effects by sponging anti-tumor miR-98-5p.
A survey of green manure productivity on dryland organic grain farms in the eastern prairie region of Canada
Authors: Thiessen Martens Joanne R. , Lynch Derek H. , Entz Martin H.
Published: June 2019

Little is known about legume green manure productivity on organic farms. Soil and plant tissue were sampled in annual, biennial, and perennial green manures on 41 fields in the eastern prairies. Green manure biomass averaged 4572 kg ha−1; 53% was legume plant material and 18% was weeds. Soil test P and plant tissue P concentrations were below critical levels in about half of all green manures. Mean N fixation was estimated at 71 kg ha−1. This observational study provides a baseline for future research to optimize green manure and nutrient management in organic grain production systems.
Neutron diffraction study of the crystal structure of TlInSe2 at high pressure
Authors: Mamedov N. T. , Jabarov S. H. , Kozlenko D. P. , Ismayilova N. A. , Seyidov M. Yu. , Mammadov T. G. , Dang N. T.
Published: June 2019

We have investigated the crystal structure of strongly anisotropic semiconductor TlInSe2 by neutron diffraction method under high pressure upto P = 3.3 GPa. It was shown that the tetragonal phase of TlInSe2 crystal (the space group I4/mcm) is stable in the whole investigated range of pressure. The lattice parameters dependence of the pressure and the unit cell volume are obtained, the linear coefficients of compressibility and the bulk moduli are calculated. At the low pressure, obtained value of compressibility for the lattice parameter a is k[Formula: see text] = 14.23 × 10[Formula: see text] GPa[Formula: see text] and for c is k[Formula: see text] = 5.93 × 10[Formula: see text] GPa[Formula: see text]. Obtained values for bulk modulus B0 and its pressure derivative B[Formula: see text] in tetragonal phase are 30(7) GPa and 4(1), respectively.
The piezoresistive properties research of SiC thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhao Xiaofeng , Ai Chunpeng , Yu Zhipeng , Wen Dianzhong
Published: June 2019

To research the piezoresistive properties of SiC thin films, a testing structure consisting of a cantilever beam, SiC thin films piezoresistors and a Cr/Pt electrode is proposed in this paper. The chips of testing structure were fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology on a silicon wafer with [Formula: see text]100[Formula: see text] orientation, in which SiC thin films were deposited by using radio-frequency (13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering method. The effect of sputtering power, annealing temperature and time on the microstructure and morphology of the SiC thin films were investigated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It indicates that a good continuity and uniform particles on the SiC thin film surface can be achieved at sputtering power of 160 W after annealing. To verify the existence of Si–C bonds in the thin films, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used. Meanwhile, the piezoresistive properties of SiC thin films piezoresistors were measured using the proposed cantilever beam. The test result shows that it is possible to achieve a gauge factor of 35.1.
Numerical simulation of magnetic properties for Co asymmetric nanorings
Authors: Ye Qingying , Chen Shuiyuan , Zhang Jianming , Li Mingling , Huang Zhigao
Published: June 2019

Based on Monte Carlo simulation and fast Fourier transformation and micromagnetism (FFTM) method, magnetic properties of cobalt (Co) nanorings with different asymmetry have been studied. Spin configurations, magnetization hysteresis loops, as well as remanence of the Co nanoring systems with different asymmetry were calculated to demonstrate the difference in magnetization dynamics processes. The calculated results indicate that asymmetry has an important effect on magnetic properties of the asymmetric Co nanorings. It is found that with decreasing asymmetry the hysteresis loops of asymmetric Co nanorings drop and form new step, and then form multi-steps or double-step, which can be explained as the change of spin configurations. The remanence of the systems decline in the twists and turns, which shows a local minimum as a = b, and at the same time, the remanence with [Formula: see text] periodically changes. Spin configurations and shape of the system account for these results.
Control of slow light in three- and four-level graphene nanostructures
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhu Jiangzhuan , Fan Shengfa , Qi Yihong
Published: June 2019

Graphene nanomaterials exhibit excellent optical properties when interacting with electromagnetical fields, which plays an important role in a wide range of applications such as optical communications, optical storage and other fields. Based on the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) effect, we investigate control of slow light in the Landau quantized graphene system with different three-level and four-level coupling schemes. Utilizing the EIT effect, group velocity of the probe fields can be significantly reduced and well controlled by manipulating Rabi frequencies and detunings of the coupling lasers as well as probe detuning. Furthermore, probe light with different frequencies can even be controlled in different EIT windows in the graphene system with the four-level scheme, which may find applications in signal selection and discrimination. This work can provide reference for the design of graphene-based quantum devices and have potential applications in optical communications and optical quantum information processing, etc.
Hydrothermal method for Y2O3:Eu3+ uniform nanophosphors with different templates
Authors: Jiang Xue , Wu Weihong , Li Yuqian , Guo Xiaoqing , Wang Nan , Song Qingwei , Wang Xue , Han Yuanyuan , Wang Liyong
Published: June 2019

In this study, [Formula: see text]-doped yttrium oxide nanophosphors were prepared using the hydrothermal method assisting with the polyacrylic acid (PAA), phenol formaldehyde resin precursor (PF), and gum arabic (GA), respectively and their structural and optical properties were studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples can be well indexed to the cubic structure. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the samples were different morphologies, via combining with different templates. The luminescence results revealed that the addition of templates have a significant influence on the luminescence properties of [Formula: see text]-doped [Formula: see text].
THE INTERACTION OF INTUITION AND RATIONALITY DURING ESCALATED NPD DECISIONS: AN INVESTIGATION OF DECISION-MAKERS’ AFFECTIVE STATES
Authors: ROETH TOBIAS , SPIETH PATRICK , JOACHIM VERENA
Published: June 2019

Decision-makers often struggle to terminate unsuccessful new product development (NPD) projects, so that escalating commitment occurs. Although research shows that rational and intuitive decision-making styles (DMS) as well as a decision-maker’s affective state determines the performance of NPD decisions, little is known about their influences on escalating commitment. By applying the affect infusion model in an experimental study, we investigate how a decision-maker’s affective state influence their escalating commitment by focusing on their use of a rational and an intuitive DMS. Our findings, based on 366 respondents, show that a rational DMS is unable to reduce commitment escalation. Surprisingly, an intuitive DMS is able to reduce a decision-maker’s commitment in the case of a positive affect, whereas a rational DMS increases their commitment in the case of a negative affect. Thus, our interdisciplinary research on affect and decision-making extends and contributes to research into decision-making during the NPD process as well as into escalating commitment.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF RADICAL TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION INTO THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Authors: IBRAHIM SAJNA , OBAL MICHAEL
Published: June 2019

Product developers are increasingly often faced with the decision of whether or not to adopt new technologies into their own new product development (NPD) processes. Adopting a resource-based perspective, we posit that the adoption of radical technologies into the NPD process, such as remote collaborative design, virtual reality, and simulation systems, can help improve NPD performance. At the same time, these adoptions are likely to slow down product launch. Just as consumers struggle to integrate radical technologies during the short-term, we propose that new product developers will face a similar learning curve. Therefore, we investigate potential moderators that could help product developers quickly integrate radical technologies and lessen their negative influence on product launch timeliness. A wide-ranging survey of 249 product managers sponsored by an international product development organisation is used in this study. The results reveal that while the adoption of radical technologies benefits NPD performance, the adoption tends to slow down the product launch process. However, cross-functional leadership within the organisation helps to lessen this negative influence on launch timeliness. The results from this study offer product managers practical guidelines for successfully adopting radical technologies into the NPD process and mitigating risks.
Cross-point Resistive Memory
Authors: Wang Chengning , Feng Dan , Tong Wei , Liu Jingning , Li Zheng , Chang Jiayi , Zhang Yang , Wu Bing , Xu Jie , Zhao Wei , Li Yilin , Ren Ruoxi
Published: June 2019

Emerging computational resistive memory is promising to overcome the challenges of scalability and energy efficiency that DRAM faces and also break through the memory wall bottleneck. However, cell-level and array-level nonideal properties of resistive memory significantly degrade the reliability, performance, accuracy, and energy efficiency during memory access and analog computation. Cell-level nonidealities include nonlinearity, asymmetry, and variability. Array-level nonidealities include interconnect resistance, parasitic capacitance, and sneak current. This review summarizes practical solutions that can mitigate the impact of nonideal device and circuit properties of resistive memory. First, we introduce several typical resistive memory devices with focus on their switching modes and characteristics. Second, we review resistive memory cells and memory array structures, including 1T1R, 1R, 1S1R, 1TnR, and CMOL. We also overview three-dimensional (3D) cross-point arrays and their structural properties. Third, we analyze the impact of nonideal device and circuit properties during memory access and analog arithmetic operations with focus on dot-product and matrix-vector multiplication. Fourth, we discuss the methods that can mitigate these nonideal properties by static parameter and dynamic runtime co-optimization from the viewpoint of device and circuit interaction. Here, dynamic runtime operation schemes include line connection, voltage bias, logical-to-physical mapping, read reference setting, and switching mode reconfiguration. Then, we highlight challenges on multilevel cell cross-point arrays and 3D cross-point arrays during these operations. Finally, we investigate design considerations of memory array peripheral circuits. We also portray an unified reconfigurable computational memory architecture.