bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The protective scale of the Armidilo‐S: The importance of forensic and clinical outcomes
Authors: Lindsay William R , Steptoe Lesley R , Haut Fabian , Miller Sandra , Macer Jane , McVicker Ronnie
Published: May 2018

Background

The Armidilo has two scales—the risk scale and the protective scale. Research has been confined to the risk scale which appears to predict future incidents with medium to large effect sizes. There have been no publications on the use of the protective scale.

Methods

The Armidilo was completed on four individuals with IDD who were either moving on from their placement or whose placement was in jeopardy because of new information or altered policies in the organization. The Armidilo was completed in the usual fashion.

Results

Risk and protective results show that for each individual, recommendations could be made that ensured the best outcome. For two participants, restrictive placements were avoided because of the data on protective factors.

Conclsions

The protective scale can be a powerful support for the clinician's case in offenders with IDD. The protective scale should be completed routinely for clinical evaluation.
The prevalence of obesity in children and young people with Down syndrome
Authors: O' Shea Muireann , O' Shea Carol , Gibson Louise , Leo Jennifer , Carty Catherine
Published: May 2018

Background

Overweight and obesity is a growing concern among individuals with intellectual disabilities; however, little is known about the prevalence among children and youth with Down syndrome (CYDS). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity among CYDS in South West Ireland.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study measured height and weight of 61 CYDS aged 4–16 years. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and percentage body fat (PBF) was measured using bio‐electrical impendence analysis (BIA).

Results

Using the International Obesity Task Force BMI cut‐offs, 51.6% of males and 40% of females were overweight/obese compared to 32% and 14.8%, respectively, using PBF. The mean PBF for males was 18.76 versus females 22.38 (p < .05). There is a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, particularly in males, compared to the general population of children.

Conclusions

The difference in estimation of overweight/obesity between BMI and BIA has implications for research and clinical practice.
“… but if you're afraid of things, how are you meant to belong?” What belonging means to people with intellectual disabilities?
Authors: Strnadová Iva , Johnson Kelley , Walmsley Jan
Published: May 2018

Background

A policy commitment to social inclusion has brought about some positive changes in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities; yet many also continue to experience social isolation, poverty and abuse. The authors introduce a framework for belonging from the literature and then present a study exploring the views of people with intellectual disabilities about belonging. These are discussed in relation to the framework identified from the literature.

Method

Three focus groups with 24 participants with intellectual disabilities were conducted in New South Wales and Victoria (Australia). The authors used inductive content analysis to identify four meanings of belonging: (i) belonging in relation to place, (ii) as being part of a community, (iii) as having relationships and (iv) as identity. Also discussed are commonly experienced barriers to belonging identified by participants.

Conclusions

Implications for policy, service provision and practice are discussed.
Effect of lifestyle on 6‐year periodontitis incidence or progression and tooth loss in older adults
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Ogawa Hiroshi , Yamaga Takayuki , Sato Misuzu , Minagawa Kumiko , Ansai Toshihiro , Yoshihara Akihiro , Miyazaki Hideo
Published: May 2018

Aim

To evaluate the longitudinal association of combined healthy lifestyle factors with incidence or progression of periodontitis and tooth loss in older adults.

Materials and methods

This 6‐year study included 374 Japanese 70‐year olds with 7,157 teeth, from a source eligible baseline population of 554 individuals. Four lifestyle factors—cigarette smoking, physical activity, relative weight, and dietary quality—were scored as healthy (1 point) or unhealthy (0 point). Adding the individual scores generated the “healthy lifestyle score” (0–4 points). Multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression models were applied to evaluate tooth‐specific associations between the baseline healthy lifestyle score and the incidence or progression of periodontitis (increase in clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm) and tooth loss.

Results

After 6 years, 19.0% of the teeth exhibited periodontitis incidence or progression and 8.2% were lost. Compared with a healthy lifestyle score of 0–1 (least healthy), the highest score (4 points) was associated with a significantly lower tooth‐specific risk of periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval: 0.16–0.62) and tooth loss (adjusted odds ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 0.23–0.77).

Conclusions

Simultaneous adherence to multiple healthy lifestyle factors significantly lowers the risk of incidence or progression of periodontitis and tooth loss in older adults.
The Electronic Pharmaceutical Record: A new method for medication reconciliation
Authors: Jurado Camille , Calmels Violaine , Lobinet Emilie , Divol Elodie , Hanaire Hélène , Metsu David , Sallerin Brigitte
Published: May 2018

Rationale, aim, and objective

There are several ways to establish an accurate medication list in the hospital admission medication reconciliation (MedRec). The challenge for MedRec lies in the availability, reliability, and completeness of the data used. In France, the Electronic Pharmaceutical Record (ePR) was developed to register each medication taken by ambulatory patients, primarily to make dispensation in community pharmacies safe.

We evaluated the suitability of this tool in the MedRec when patients were admitted to the hospital.

Method

We conducted a 6‐month pilot study of 249 MedRec files from a hospital diabetology department. The analysis was supplemented by the ePR for any patient for whom this information was recorded. The study evaluated the ePR as a new MedRec tool, as well as the clinical impact (CI) of the new data collected.

Results

The ePR was contributory for 28% of the patients. Discrepancies were associated with polypharmacy, most of which had a CI = 1. Medication omission was the most frequently found discrepancy (72%), but self‐medication (8%) and lack of medication adherence (9%) were also observed.

Conclusion

This tool provided added value for reconciliation, as it quickly identifies regular medications, adherence, and self‐medication behaviour. The ePR is essential for conducting a thorough MedRec.
Blended diets for gastrostomy fed children and young people: a scoping review
Authors: Breaks Anne , Smith Christina , Bloch Steven , Morgan Sally
Published: May 2018

Background

The present review aimed to identify what is known about the use of blended diets in gastrostomy fed children and young people (i.e. children and young people refers to those who are aged up to 25 years with special educational needs or a disability in accordance with Part 3 of the Children and Family Act 2014; within the review, the word children is used for simplicity but encompasses young people too) and to identify gaps in the literature on this topic to inform future research and policy.

Methods

A scoping review methodology was used searching the online databases PUBMED, PsychINFO, CINAHL, SCOPUS and AMED, EMBASE for articles that addressed issues pertaining to blended diets. The review identified a broad range of literature, regardless of study design, and described and evaluated the quality, range and nature of research activity related to the use of blenderised diets.

Results

Forty‐three studies were included in the review. The studies focused on nutrition, equipment, the views of carers and patients, and the views of professionals. Several studies described the lack of evidence regarding pros and cons of blended diets and highlighted the need for further research into the field.

Conclusions

There were gaps in the evidence base regarding the impact of blended diets on the health and well‐being of the children who receive them and upon the carers who feed the children. The nutritional impact of blended diets is not fully understood and the knowledge and views of professionals involved in the care of those receiving blended diets varies.
Incidental Fetal Ultrasound Findings: Interpretation and Management
Authors: Kaplan Rebekah , Adams Sharon
Published: May 2018

Ultrasonography is a common component of prenatal care worldwide and is often used in early pregnancy to determine gestational age, number of fetuses, fetal cardiac activity, and placental location. Patients and their families may also consider ultrasonography a social event, as it provides confirmation and reassurance of a normal pregnancy. Ultrasound screening is typically scheduled in the second trimester to visualize fetal anatomy and confirm gestational age. Most ultrasound examinations are reassuring, but some incidentally identify structural anomalies and soft markers for aneuploidy, making it necessary for health care providers to correctly interpret these findings. The health care provider's ability to prepare patients prior to the ultrasound and deliver the necessary information needed to make informed decisions regarding any follow‐up screening or diagnostic testing is critical to reducing parental anxiety. Preparation for the anatomic survey should include counseling for normal and abnormal findings. The ethical concepts of patient autonomy and shared decision making are used as a guide in providing this critical information and enabling informed choices during follow‐up for incidental ultrasound findings.
Mobile Applications for Women's Health and Midwifery Care: A Pocket Reference for the 21st Century
Authors: Arbour Megan W. , Stec Melissa A.
Published: May 2018

Midwives and other women's health care providers are charged with providing high‐quality care to women based on the most current available evidence. Quick, reliable, and accurate access to evidence‐based information is essential. Numerous smartphone and mobile device applications (apps) are available to assist clinicians in providing care for women. This article discusses clinical reference apps, including those for evidence‐based care guidelines, women's health care, pharmacologic reference, laboratory and diagnostic guides, as well as apps for information storage and management, electronic health records, and client education. Midwives and other clinicians are encouraged to thoughtfully integrate mobile apps into their clinical practices to improve client outcomes and clinician and client satisfaction. Although the thousands of health care apps that are available may seem daunting, this article highlights key apps that may help clinicians improve their care of women. By adding one app at a time, midwives and other women's health care providers can successfully integrate mobile apps into clinical practice.
The infrapatellar fat pad and the synovial membrane: an anatomo‐functional unit
Authors: Macchi Veronica , Stocco Elena , Stecco Carla , Belluzzi Elisa , Favero Marta , Porzionato Andrea , De Caro Raffaele
Published: May 2018

The infrapatellar pad, a fibro‐adipose tissue with peculiar microscopic and mechanical features, is gaining wide attention in the field of rheumatological research. The purpose of this descriptive review is to summarize the most recent published evidence on the anatomic, physiologic and biomechanical inter‐relationship between the infrapatellar fat pad and the knee synovial membrane. As an extrasynovial tissue, the infrapatellar fat pad does not directly interact with the articular cartilage; based on its location in close contact with the synovial membrane, and due to the metabolic properties of adipose tissue, it may influence the behavior of the synovial membrane. In fact, considering evidence of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, the infrapatellar fat pad is the site of insertion of the infrapatellar and medial synovial plicae. Also biochemically, there is much evidence highlighting the interaction among these two structures; in the case of inflammation, the mutual interplay is ascribable to the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators stimulating the proliferation of inflammatory cells and promoting tissue modifications in both. All these assumptions could support the emerging idea that the infrapatellar fat pad and the synovial membrane may be considered a morpho‐functional unit.
The phytoestrogen genistein prevents trabecular bone loss and affects thyroid follicular cells in a male rat model of osteoporosis
Authors: Filipović Branko , Šošić‐Jurjević Branka , Ajdžanović Vladimir , Živanović Jasmina , Manojlović‐Stojanoski Milica , Nestorović Nataša , Ristić Nataša , Trifunović Svetlana , Milošević Verica
Published: May 2018

As a major phytoestrogen of soy, genistein effectively prevents bone loss in both humans and rat models of osteoporosis. However, although the bone‐sparing effects of genistein are achieved directly through estrogen receptors, its mode of action on bone by modulation of other endocrine functions is not entirely clear. Thus, thyroid hormones and calcitonin (CT) have an essential influence on bone metabolism. Besides its action on bones, in this study we examined the effect of genistein on the activity of two different endocrine cell populations, thyroid follicular and C‐cells. Fifteen‐month‐old Wistar rats were either bilaterally orchidectomized (Orx) or sham‐operated (SO). Two weeks after surgery, half of the Orx rats were treated chronically with 30 mg kg−1 b.w. genistein (Orx + G) subcutaneously (s.c.) every day for 3 weeks, while the remaining Orx rats and the SO rats were given the same volume of sterile olive oil to serve as controls. For histomorphometrical analysis of the trabecular bone microarchitecture an ImageJ public domain image processing programme was used. Thyroid sections were analysed histologically and stereologically after visualization of follicular and C‐cells by immunohistochemical staining for thyroglobulin and CT. Thyroid follicular epithelium, interstitium, colloid and CT‐immunopositive C‐cells were examined morphometrically. Serum concentrations of osteocalcin (OC), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and CT were determined as well as urinary calcium (Ca2+) concentrations. Genistein treatment significantly increased cancellous bone area (B.Ar), trabecular thickness (TbTh) and trabecular number (TbN) (P < 0.05), but trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) was decreased (P < 0.05) compared with control Orx rats. In the thyroid, genistein treatment significantly elevated the relative volume density (Vv) of the follicular cells (P < 0.05) compared with Orx, whereas Vv of the colloid was lower (P < 0.05) than in the Orx. Evaluation of the biochemical parameters showed significant reductions in serum OC, T3, T4 and urinary Ca2+ concentrations (P < 0.05), compared with Orx rats. These data indicate that genistein treatment improves the trabecular microarchitecture of proximal tibia, induces histomorphometrical changes in thyroid glands, and decreases circulating thyroid hormone levels in orchidectomized rat model of male osteoporosis.
Telomere length and genetic variations affecting telomere length as biomarkers for facial regeneration with platelet‐rich fibrin based on the low‐speed centrifugation concept
Authors: Nacopoulos Cleopatra , Gkouskou Kalliopi , Karypidis Dimitrios , Vlastos Ioannis , Vesala Anna‐Maria , Choukroun Joseph , Miron Richard J , Prokopakis Emmanuel
Published: May 2018

Background

Platelet‐Rich Fibrin (PRF), a fibrin matrix produced by single blood centrifugation that contains leukocytes, platelets, and growth factors, is increasingly being utilized for facial regeneration purposes. However, our understanding of the involved pathophysiological mechanisms affecting regeneration is limited and current protocols require better optimization. Biomarkers that are related to skin aging such as telomere length (TL) have been proposed as a mean to analyze patients’ stratification.

Objective

Our aim is to study whether the outcomes of a facial regeneration protocol performed with PRF are related to TL and genetic variations affecting TL. This can aid in the standardization of a surgical aesthetic protocol.

Patients and Methods

In all, 41 patients treated with PRF produced with the low‐speed centrifugation concept were included in this observational study. The correlation between TL and genetic variations were assessed versus treatment outcomes, namely the number of sessions and aesthetic results utilizing the FACE‐Q skin satisfaction questionnaire.

Results

In all, 39 of the 41 patients completed the treatment. TL correlated with the initial responses to FACE‐Q (ρ = .33, P = .05). Genetic variations affecting TL was related to the change of FACE‐Q (ρ = .35, P = .034) as well as to the number of treatment sessions (ρ = .38, P = .019).

Conclusions

Telomere length (TL) was related to patient perceived facial skin appearance. In addition, genetic variations affecting TL were related to the final outcomes (number of sessions and improvements of FACE‐Q results) and may be a useful biomarker for future regenerative procedures performed with PRF for facial regeneration.
Co‐contraction behaviour of masticatory and neck muscles during tooth grinding
Authors: Giannakopoulos N. N. , Schindler H. J. , Hellmann D.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to analyse the co‐contraction behaviour of jaw and neck muscles during force‐controlled experimental grinding in the supine position. Twelve symptom‐free subjects were enrolled in the experimental study. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis and levator scapulae muscles was recorded bilaterally with intramuscular fine‐wire electrodes, whereas that of sternocleidomastoideus, infrahyoidal, suprahyoidal, masseter and anterior temporalis muscles were registered with surface electrodes. EMG and force measurements were performed during tasks simulating tooth grinding on custom‐made intraoral metal splints. The mean EMG activity normalised by maximum voluntary contraction (% MVC) of each of the neck muscles studied during grinding was analysed and compared with previous data from jaw clenching at identical force (100 N) and (supine) position. The occurrence of low‐level, long‐lasting tonic activation (LLTA) of motor units was also documented. The mean three‐dimensional force vector of the grinding forces was 106 ± 74 N. In the frontal plane, the incline to the midsagittal plane ranged between 10° and 15°. In the midsagittal plane, the incline to the frontal plane was negligibly small. Posterior neck muscle activity during grinding ranged between 4.5% and 12% MVC and during clenching with 100 N between 1.8% and 9.9% MVC. Masticatory muscle activity during grinding ranged between 17% and 21% MVC for contralateral masseter and ipsilateral temporalis and between 4% and 6.5% for ipsilateral masseter and contralateral temporalis. LLTA had an average duration of 195 ± 10 seconds. The findings from this study do not support pathophysiological muscle chain theories postulating simple biomechanical coupling of neck and jaw muscles. Co‐contractions of neck and masticatory muscles may instead occur as a result of complex neurophysiological interactions.
Th1/Th17/Th22 immune response and their association with joint pain, imagenological bone loss, RANKL expression and osteoclast activity in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A preliminary report
Authors: Monasterio G. , Castillo F. , Rojas L. , Cafferata E. A. , Alvarez C. , Carvajal P. , Núñez C. , Flores G. , Díaz W. , Vernal R.
Published: May 2018

It is well accepted that the presence of cytokines belonging to the Th1/Th17/Th22 axis of immuno‐inflammatory response in the joint environment, such as IL‐1β, IL‐17 and IL‐22, respectively, are associated with pathogenesis of several synovial joint degenerative disorders. During temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ‐OA), IL‐1β and IL‐17 have been implicated in the inflammation and resorption of sub‐chondral bone; however, the role of Th22 response in the TMJ‐OA pathophysiology has not been established. This study aimed to compare the expression of Th1/Th17/Th22‐type cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors in synovial fluid samples obtained from TMJ‐OA or disk displacement with reduction (DDWR) patients. In addition, it aimed to associate these levels with joint pain, imagenological signs of bone degeneration, RANKL production, osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast‐induced bone resorption. Higher levels of IL‐1β, IL‐17 and IL‐22 were expressed in TMJ‐OA compared with DDWR subjects, and these increased levels significantly correlated with RANKL expression, joint pain and articular bone degeneration. Higher levels of CCR5, CCR6 and CCR7, as well as their respective ligands CCL5 and CCL20, responsible for recruitment of IL‐1β, IL‐17 and IL‐22‐producing cells, were over‐expressed in TMJ‐OA compared with DDWR subjects. Osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast‐induced bone resorption were significantly greater in presence of synovial fluid from TMJ‐OA compared with DDWR subjects. These data demonstrate that cytokines, CCLs and CCRs associated with the Th1/Th17/Th22 axis of immuno‐inflammatory response are involved in TMJ‐OA pathogenesis. These findings suggest that IL‐22 is involved in the RANKL expression in TMJ‐OA, which in turn induces differentiation of osteoclasts and subsequent resorption of sub‐chondral bone.
The use of overnight oximetry in neonates: A literature review
Authors: Flint Anndrea , Davies Mark W
Published: May 2018

There is much debate between neonatologists and paediatricians about appropriate oxygen saturation targets for babies with chronic neonatal lung disease (CNLD). Overnight oximetry is used to guide the fraction of inspired oxygen to use. We did this literature review to examine the current literature on the use of overnight oximetry in term infants, preterm infants and babies with CNLD (especially relevant to ex‐preterm babies with CNLD going home on oxygen). We reviewed the literature from January 1990 to October 2017 by searching the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, The Joanna Briggs Institute, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, ProQuest and Science Direct. Sixteen articles were included in the review. The literature available on overnight oximetry in neonates is limited, it is not contemporary, and it reports studies that did not use oximeters with modern software for data collection and analysis. It is imperative that reference ranges be defined for overnight oximetry parameters so that babies are not inadvertently administered inappropriate amounts of oxygen.
Intestinal disposition of quercetin and its phase-II metabolites after oral administration in healthy volunteers
Authors: Chalet Clément , Rubbens Jari , Tack Jan , Duchateau Guus S , Augustijns Patrick
Published: May 2018

Objectives

Quercetin is one of the main dietary flavonoids and undergoes a substantial intestinal phase-II metabolism. Quercetin conjugates have been detected in plasma and in urine, but their presence in the small intestine has not been assessed. This study aimed to investigate the intestinal metabolism and metabolite excretion of quercetin by the human small intestinal wall after oral dosing.

Methods

Six healthy volunteers were given a capsule of 500 mg of quercetin with 240 ml of water. Duodenal fluids were collected using the intraluminal sampling technique for 4 h and analysed by LC-MS/MS.

Key findings

Phase-II metabolites of quercetin were detected and quantified in aspirated intestinal fluids. Metabolites appeared almost immediately after administration, indicating an intestinal metabolism and apical excretion into the lumen. Quercetin-3′-O-glucuronide was found to be the main intestinal metabolite. Our results could not conclude on the enterohepatic recycling of quercetin or its metabolites, although several individual profiles showed distinctive peaks.

Conclusions

This study highlights the intestinal metabolism and excretion of quercetin and its conjugates in humans and gives insights into the relevant concentrations which should be used to investigate potential food–drug interactions in vitro.
Effects of dietary yeast cell wall on faecal bacteria and fermentation products in adult cats
Authors: Santos J. P. F. , Aquino A. A. , Glória M. B. A. , Avila‐Campos M. J. , Oba P. M. , Santos K. de M. , Vendramini T. H. A. , Carciofi A. C. , Junior A. R. , Brunetto M. A.
Published: May 2018

This study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of spray‐dried yeast cell wall (YCW) in diets for healthy adult cats on apparent nutrient digestibility and on bacterial composition and fermentation products in the stool. Fourteen cats with an average weight of 4.40 ± 1.05 kg and an average age of 6.2 ± 0.54 years were used and assigned to treatments in an unbalanced randomized block design (by experimental period) with two blocks and three or four cats per diet in each block. Treatments included: control (0% YCW), 0.2% YCW, 0.4% YCW and 0.6% YCW, totalling seven animals per experimental diet. We found that YCW did not affect body weight, nutrient and food intake, faecal production, faecal score, faecal pH or urine output (p > .05). Regarding faecal bacteria, we observed a linear reduction in Clostridium perfringens, a quadratic reduction in Escherichia coli, and linear increases in Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (p < .05) with the inclusion of YCW. Regarding the faecal short‐chain fatty acid profile, butyrate, valerate, total biogenic amines, putrescine, cadaverine and histamine increased linearly (p < .05) with the inclusion of YCW. It was concluded that in healthy adult cats, consumption of YCW modulates the faecal bacterial populations, with an increased presence of beneficial bacteria and a reduction in some potentially pathogenic bacteria. It was concluded that YCW modulated the levels of fermentation products. There was an increase in fermentation products coming from carbohydrate metabolism, an important effect that can potentially benefit the intestinal health of cats. The consumption of YCW also increased the fermentation of nitrogen compounds, which have not yet been defined as deleterious or beneficial. The fermentability of carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds may be associated. Therefore, YCW may cause rapid fermentation of both classes of compounds by enhancing the fermentability of one class.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous gentamicin in healthy young‐adult compared to aged alpacas
Authors: Gestrich A. , Bedenice D. , Ceresia M. , Zaghloul I.
Published: May 2018

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of age on aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in eight young‐adult (<4 years) and eight aged (≥14 years) healthy alpacas, receiving a single 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin injection. Heparinized plasma samples were obtained at designated time points following drug administration and frozen at −80°C until assayed by a validated immunoassay (QMS®). Compartmental and noncompartmental analyses of gentamicin plasma concentrations versus time were performed using WinNonlin (v6.4) software. Baseline physical and hematological parameters were not significantly different between young and old animals with the exception of sex. Data were best fitted to a two‐compartment pharmacokinetic model. The peak drug concentration at 30 min after dosing (23.8 ± 2.1 vs. 26.1 ± 2 μg/ml,p = .043) and area under the curve (70.4 ± 10.5 vs. 90.4 ± 17.6 μg hr/ml,p = .015) were significantly lower in young‐adult compared to aged alpacas. Accordingly, young alpacas had a significantly greater systemic clearance than older animals (95.5 ± 14.4 and 75.6 ± 16.1 ml hr−1kg−1;p = .018), respectively). In conclusion, a single 6.6 mg/kg intravenous gentamicin injection achieves target blood concentrations of >10 times theMICof gentamicin‐susceptible pathogens withMIClevels ≤2 μg/ml, in both young‐adult and geriatric alpacas. However, the observed reduction in gentamicin clearance in aged alpacas may increase their risk for gentamicin‐related adverse drug reactions.
The pharmacokinetics of cytarabine administered subcutaneously, combined with prednisone, in dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology
Authors: Pastina B. , Early P. J. , Bergman R. L. , Nettifee J. , Maller A. , Bray K. Y. , Waldron R. J. , Castel A. M. , Munana K. R. , Papich M. G. , Messenger K. M.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to describe the pharmacokinetics (PK) of cytarabine (CA) after subcutaneous (SC) administration to dogs with meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE). Twelve dogs received a single SC dose of CA at 50 mg/m2 as part of treatment of MUE. A sparse sampling technique was used to collect four blood samples from each dog from 0 to 360 min after administration. All dogs were concurrently receiving prednisone (0.5–2 mg kg−1day−1). Plasma CA concentrations were measured by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NLME). Plasma drug concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 2.8 μg/ml. The population estimate (CV%) for elimination half‐life and Tmax of cytarabine in dogs was 1.09 (21.93) hr and 0.55 (51.03) hr, respectively. The volume of distribution per fraction absorbed was 976.31 (10.85%) ml/kg. Mean plasma concentration of CA for all dogs was above 1.0 μg/ml at the 30‐, 60‐, 90‐, and 120‐min time points. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of CA in dogs with MUE after a single 50 mg/m2 SC injection in dogs was similar to what has been previously reported in healthy beagles; there was moderate variability in the population estimates in this clinical population of dogs.
Water source partitioning among plant functional types in a semi‐arid dune ecosystem
Authors: Antunes Cristina , Díaz‐Barradas Mari Cruz , Zunzunegui Maria , Vieira Simone , Máguas Cristina
Published: May 2018

Question(s)

The aim of this work was to characterize the main water sources used by the woody plant community of a semi‐arid coastal dune ecosystem. We ask: Do the seasonal water sources used by plants differ between functional types? Does the seasonal drought promote shifts towards deeper soil layers in all plants? Does greater use of deep soil water enables the maintenance of a more favorable plant water status? Do water‐sources‐use strategies mirror overall drought strategies?

Location

Semi‐arid coastal dune system in Doñana Biological Reserve, southwest Spain.

Methods

We analyzed the oxygen isotope composition of xylem water of fourteen coexisting woody species and compared it to water sources (soil water at different depths, rain and groundwater), both in spring and dry summer. Bayesian isotope mixing models were used to estimate the proportion of each water source used by plants. We tested the influence of different (categorical) traits on plants’ water‐source‐use. We evaluated the relationships between the use of deep soil water and ecophysiological parameters related to water economy (leaf δ13C and reflectance water‐index).

Results

A greater similarity between species was found in periods of higher water availability (spring). Contrastingly, during the dry period the traits considered showed a significant effect on the water sources used and a high inter‐specific differentiation was observed. Accordingly, species clustered in five water‐use functional groups, exploring water from shallower to deeper soil layers. Greater use of deep soil layers in the dry season was linked to a better seasonal maintenance of plant water status.

Conclusions

Coexisting plant functional types segregated along a spectrum of water‐source‐use under extremely dry conditions, evidencing great soil water partitioning. Relevant seasonal water‐use shifts towards deeper soil layers were observed, but not in all species. Furthermore, we confirmed that the water‐source‐use behavior accompanied broader strategies of drought resistance.
Environmental filters shaping angiosperm tree assembly along climatic and geographic gradients
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro , Kusumoto Buntarou , Shiono Takayuki , Ulrich Werner
Published: May 2018

Question

Global‐scale forest censuses provide an opportunity to understand diversification processes in woody plant communities. Based on the climatic or geographic filtering hypotheses associated with tropical niche conservatism and dispersal limitation, we analysed phylogenetic community structures across a wide range of biomes and evaluated to what extent region‐specific processes have influenced large‐scale diversity patterns of tree species communities across latitude or continent.

Location

Global.

Methods

We generated a data set of species abundances for 21,379 angiosperm woody plants in 843 plots worldwide. We calculated net relatedness index (NRI) for each plot, based on a single global species pool and regional species pools, and phylogenetic β‐diversity (PBD) between plots. Then, we explored the correlations of NRI with climatic and geographic variables, and clarified phylogenetic dissimilarity along geographic and climatic differences. We also compared these patterns for South America, Africa, the Indo‐Pacific, Australia, the Nearctic, Western Palearctic and Eastern Palearctic.

Results

NRI based on a global‐scale species pool was negatively associated with precipitation and positively associated with Quaternary temperature change. PBD was positively associated with geographic distance and precipitation difference between plots across tropical and extratropical biomes. Moreover, phylogenetic dissimilarity was smaller in extratropical regions than in regions including the tropics, although temperate forests of the Eastern Palearctic showed a greater dissimilarity within extratropical regions.

Conclusions

Our findings support predictions of the climatic and geographic filtering hypotheses. Climatic filtering (climatic harshness and paleoclimatic change) relative to tropical niche conservatism played a role in sorting species from the global species pool and shaped the large‐scale diversity patterns, such as the latitudinal gradient observed across continents. Geographic filtering associated with dispersal limitation substantially contributed to regional divergence of tropical/extratropical biomes among continents. Old, long‐standing geographic barriers and recent climatic events differently influenced evolutionary diversification of angiosperm tree communities in tropical and extratropical biomes.
Constant conflict between Gypsy LTR retrotransposons and CHH methylation within a stress‐adapted mangrove genome
Authors: Wang Yushuai , Liang Weiqi , Tang Tian
Published: May 2018

The evolutionary dynamics of the conflict between transposable elements (TEs) and their host genome remain elusive. This conflict will be intense in stress‐adapted plants as stress can often reactivate TEs. Mangroves reduce TE load convergently in their adaptation to intertidal environments and thus provide a unique opportunity to address the host–TE conflict and its interaction with stress adaptation.

Using the mangrove Rhizophora apiculata as a model, we investigated methylation and short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting patterns in relation to the abundance and age of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. We also examined the distance of LTR retrotransposons to genes, the impact on neighboring gene expression and population frequencies.

We found differential accumulation amongst classes of LTR retrotransposons despite high overall methylation levels. This can be attributed to 24‐nucleotide siRNA‐mediated CHH methylation preferentially targeting Gypsy elements, particularly in their LTR regions. Old Gypsy elements possess unusually abundant siRNAs which show cross‐mapping to young copies. Gypsy elements appear to be closer to genes and under stronger purifying selection than other classes.

Our results suggest a continuous host–TE battle masked by the TE load reduction in R. apiculata. This conflict may enable mangroves, such as R. apiculata, to maintain genetic diversity and thus evolutionary potential during stress adaptation.
Shaping memory consolidation via targeted memory reactivation during sleep
Authors: Cellini Nicola , Capuozzo Alessandra
Published: May 2018

Recent studies have shown that the reactivation of specific memories during sleep can be modulated using external stimulation. Specifically, it has been reported that matching a sensory stimulus (e.g., odor or sound cue) with target information (e.g., pairs of words, pictures, and motor sequences) during wakefulness, and then presenting the cue alone during sleep, facilitates memory of the target information. Thus, presenting learned cues while asleep may reactivate related declarative, procedural, and emotional material, and facilitate the neurophysiological processes underpinning memory consolidation in humans. This paradigm, which has been named targeted memory reactivation, has been successfully used to improve visuospatial and verbal memories, strengthen motor skills, modify implicit social biases, and enhance fear extinction. However, these studies also show that results depend on the type of memory investigated, the task employed, the sensory cue used, and the specific sleep stage of stimulation. Here, we present a review of how memory consolidation may be shaped using noninvasive sensory stimulation during sleep.
Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories
Authors: Stanhope K. L. , Goran M. I. , Bosy‐Westphal A. , King J. C. , Schmidt L. A. , Schwarz J.‐M. , Stice E. , Sylvetsky A. C. , Turnbaugh P. J. , Bray G. A. , Gardner C. D. , Havel P. J. , Malik V. , Mason A. E. , Ravussin E. , Rosenbaum M. , Welsh J. A. , Allister‐Price C. , Sigala D. M. , Greenwood M. R. C. , Astrup A. , Krauss R. M.
Published: May 2018

Calories from any food have the potential to increase risk for obesity and cardiometabolic disease because all calories can directly contribute to positive energy balance and fat gain. However, various dietary components or patterns may promote obesity and cardiometabolic disease by additional mechanisms that are not mediated solely by caloric content. Researchers explored this topic at the 2017 CrossFit Foundation Academic Conference ‘Diet and Cardiometabolic Health – Beyond Calories’, and this paper summarizes the presentations and follow‐up discussions. Regarding the health effects of dietary fat, sugar and non‐nutritive sweeteners, it is concluded that food‐specific saturated fatty acids and sugar‐sweetened beverages promote cardiometabolic diseases by mechanisms that are additional to their contribution of calories to positive energy balance and that aspartame does not promote weight gain. The challenges involved in conducting and interpreting clinical nutritional research, which preclude more extensive conclusions, are detailed. Emerging research is presented exploring the possibility that responses to certain dietary components/patterns are influenced by the metabolic status, developmental period or genotype of the individual; by the responsiveness of brain regions associated with reward to food cues; or by the microbiome. More research regarding these potential ‘beyond calories’ mechanisms may lead to new strategies for attenuating the obesity crisis.
Changes in gene expression during germination reveal pea genotypes with either “quiescence” or “escape” mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance
Authors: Zaman Md Shahin Uz , Malik Al Imran , Erskine William , Kaur Parwinder
Published: May 2018

Waterlogging causes germination failure in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Three genotypes (BARI Motorshuti‐3, Natore local‐2 [NL‐2], and Kaspa) contrasting in ability to germinate in waterlogged soil were exposed to different durations of waterlogging. Whole genome RNAseq was employed to capture differentially expressing genes. The ability to germinate in waterlogged soil was associated with testa colour and testa membrane integrity as confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements. Genotypes Kaspa and NL‐2 displayed different mechanisms of tolerance. In Kaspa, an energy conserving strategy was indicated by a strong upregulation of tyrosine protein kinsase and down regulation of linoleate 9S‐lipoxygenase 5, a fat metabolism gene. In contrast, a faster energy utilization strategy was suggested in NL‐2 by the marked upregulation of a subtilase family protein and peroxisomal adenine nucleotide carrier 2, a fat metabolizing gene. Waterlogging susceptibility in germinating seeds of genotype BARI Motorshuti‐3 was linked to upregulation of a kunitz‐type trypsin/protease inhibitor that blocks protein metabolism and may lead to excessive lipid metabolism and the membrane leakage associated with waterlogging damage. Pathway analyses based on gene ontologies showed seed storage protein metabolism as upregulated in tolerant genotypes and downregulated in the sensitive genotype. Understanding the tolerance mechanism provides a platform to breed for adaptation to waterlogging stress at germination in pea.
Overexpression of the TaSHN1 transcription factor in bread wheat leads to leaf surface modifications, improved drought tolerance, and no yield penalty under controlled growth conditions
Authors: Bi Huihui , Shi Jianxin , Kovalchuk Nataliya , Luang Sukanya , Bazanova Natalia , Chirkova Larissa , Zhang Dabing , Shavrukov Yuri , Stepanenko Anton , Tricker Penny , Langridge Peter , Hrmova Maria , Lopato Sergiy , Borisjuk Nikolai
Published: May 2018

Transcription factors regulate multiple networks, mediating the responses of organisms to stresses, including drought. Here, we investigated the role of the wheat transcription factor TaSHN1 in crop growth and drought tolerance. TaSHN1, isolated from bread wheat, was characterized for molecular interactions and functionality. The overexpression of TaSHN1 in wheat was followed by the evaluation of T2 and T3 transgenic lines for drought tolerance, growth, and yield components. Leaf surface changes were analysed by light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and GC‐MS/GC‐FID. TaSHN1 behaves as a transcriptional activator in a yeast transactivation assay and binds stress‐related DNA cis‐elements, determinants of which were revealed using 3D molecular modelling. The overexpression of TaSHN1 in transgenic wheat did not result in a yield penalty under the controlled plant growth conditions of a glasshouse. Transgenic lines had significantly lower stomatal density and leaf water loss and exhibited improved recovery after severe drought, compared with control plants. The comparative analysis of cuticular waxes revealed an increased accumulation of alkanes in leaves of transgenic lines. Our data demonstrate that TaSHN1 may operate as a positive modulator of drought stress tolerance. Positive attributes could be mediated through an enhanced accumulation of alkanes and reduced stomatal density.
Pricing Schemes in Cloud Computing: Utilization‐Based vs. Reservation‐Based
Authors: Chen Shi , Lee Hau , Moinzadeh Kamran
Published: May 2018

Cloud computing has been a rising trend in the business world. In this study, we consider two most important pricing schemes offered to sustained customers by major service providers in the cloud industry: the reservation‐based scheme (the R‐scheme) by Amazon or Microsoft, and the utilization‐based scheme (the U‐scheme) by Google. We consider a duopoly model with heterogeneous customers characterized by the mean and the coefficient of variation of their usage. We show that under either pricing scheme, the effective price is essentially an increasing function of the coefficient of variation of usage, and thus both schemes aim for rewarding stability in usage. However, when the providers adopt different schemes, we show that customers with lower demand volatility would prefer the R‐scheme, while those with higher demand volatility would prefer the U‐scheme. Furthermore, we study the impact of evolving market characteristics, including the distributions of market preference, demand size, and demand volatility, as well as the impact of the providers’ service levels on their choices of schemes and decisions on the pricing parameters. We find that if the market has a stronger preference for a particular provider or that provider has a higher service level than its competitor, the provider is more likely to adopt the R‐scheme, while its competitor's adoption of a scheme depends on the extent of the price competition. Specifically, when the diversity of customer preference becomes higher (lower), the price competition becomes softened (intensified), and the competitor is more likely to adopt the R‐scheme (U‐scheme, respectively).
Individualized breathlessness interventions may improve outcomes in patients with advanced COPD
Authors: Qian Mary Y.Y. , Politis John , Thompson Michelle , Wong Darren , Le Brian , Irving Louis , Smallwood Natasha
Published: May 2018

Background and objective

Many patients with advanced COPD experience refractory breathlessness and individualized breathlessness interventions may improve management of this complex symptom. The aims of this study were to develop, implement and assess the efficacy of a breathlessness intervention for patients with COPD and refractory breathlessness and to evaluate patient acceptability.

Methods

An individualized breathlessness plan, information leaflets, breathlessness education and a hand‐held fan were offered to consecutive patients with severe COPD and refractory breathlessness attending a tertiary integrated respiratory and palliative care service. Validated dyspnoea, quality of life and anxiety/depression questionnaires were administered at baseline and after 6 weeks, with change in dyspnoea scores being the primary outcome measure. A subset of patients participated in a structured telephone interview to qualitatively assess the intervention.

Results

Twenty‐six patients with severe COPD (mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 38%) were included, with a mean age of 74 years. Mean modified Medical Research Council Breathlessness Scale score was 3.5. Anxiety and depression were common, being present in 38% and 35% of participants. At 6 weeks, there was a clinically significant improvement in breathlessness severity as measured by the Numerical Rating Scale. The subset of patients with anxiety/depression also saw significant improvement in all domains of the Self‐Administered Standardized Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ‐SAS). Patients reported that the intervention was highly useful and acceptable.

Conclusion

This feasibility study of individualized breathlessness interventions in patients with severe COPD and refractory breathlessness is the first to demonstrate a clinically significant reduction in dyspnoea scores, with high levels of patient acceptability.