bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The upsurge of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in biomass deconstruction: characteristic functions and sustainable applications
Authors: Kumar Asheesh , Singh Aishwarya , Sharma Vijay Kumar , Goel Akshita , Kumar Arun
Published: January 2024

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are one of the emerging classes of copper metalloenzymes that have received considerable attention due to their ability to boost the enzymatic conversion of intractable polysaccharides such as plant cell walls and chitin polymers. LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of β‐1,4‐glycosidic bonds using molecular O2 or H2O2 in the presence of an external electron donor. LPMOs have been classified as an auxiliary active (AA) class of enzymes and, further based on substrate specificity, divided into eight families. Until now, multiple LPMOs from AA9 and AA10 families, mostly from microbial sources, have been investigated; the exact mechanism and structure–function are elusive to date, and recently discovered AA families of LPMOs are just scratched. This review highlights the origin and discovery of the enzyme, nomenclature, three‐dimensional protein structure, substrate specificity, copper‐dependent reaction mechanism, and different techniques used to determine the product formation through analytical and biochemical methods. Moreover, the diverse functions of proteins in various biological activities such as plant–pathogen/pest interactions, cell wall remodeling, antibiotic sensitivity of biofilms, and production of nanocellulose along with certain obstacles in deconstructing the complex polysaccharides have also been summarized, while highlighting the innovative and creative ways to overcome the limitations of LPMOs in hydrolyzing the biomass.
Effect of calcium and potassium oxide addition on the viscosity and fragility of a calcium aluminosilicate melt
Authors: Sukenaga Sohei , Gueguen Yann , Celarie Fabrice , Rouxel Tanguy , Tashiro Masanori , Yoshida Shinichiro , Saito Noritaka , Nakashima Kunihiko , Shibata Hiroyuki
Published: January 2024

Fragility is commonly quantified as the magnitude of change in viscosity at a temperature close to the glass transition temperature (Tg). It is a critical characteristic of melts used in scientific and industrial applications. The fragility of silicate melts generally increases with the depolymerization of silicate anions upon the addition of alkali or alkaline earth oxides. However, the effects of oxide additives on the fragility of aluminosilicate melts remain unclear. In this study, the effect of CaO or K2O addition on the viscosity of the 36CaO–51SiO2–13Al2O3 (mol.%) melt for the wide viscosity range of 10−1–1012 Pa s was studied. The relationship between the logarithmic viscosity and Tg‐scaled temperature indicated that the melt fragility increased with the addition of CaO, whereas the addition of K2O reduced the fragility when the additive content of CaO or K2O was less than 10.8 mol.%. The effect of the addition of K2O on fragility cannot be explained by the depolymerization of silicate anions alone. Raman and 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies of the glasses indicated that a decrease in the level of distortion of the AlO4 tetrahedra decreased the fragility of the aluminosilicate melt.
High‐resistance X9R‐type colossal dielectric ceramics achieved by reducing grain size in Y‐modified SrTiO3
Authors: Li Chenlin , Huang Chu , Zhu Mingliang , Wang Siyuan , Xu Anqi , Liu Xiao , Chen Xue , Yan Shiguang , Peng Biaolin , Deng Jianming , Lei Xiuyun , Shen Yufang , Liu Laijun
Published: January 2024

Electronic components are widely used in the field of electronic information. It is more and more important to prepare miniaturized and better performance electronic components. In this work, Sr1−3x/2YxTiO3 (x = 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.0125) ceramics were prepared by the traditional solid‐phase synthesis method. N2 annealing induces the appearance of lattice defects and free carriers and defect dipoles (). The defect dipoles easily induce the electron‐pinning defect dipole effect and inhibit the movement of free carriers, which can enhance the dielectric constant and reduce the dielectric loss simultaneously. The electrons cannot pass through the insulating grain boundary and accumulate in the conductive grains under an external electric field, forming the internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC). The ceramic was further refined by high‐energy ball milling to improve the temperature and frequency stability of the ceramic. Under the combined action of rare‐earth doping, atmosphere annealing, and high‐energy ball milling, a dielectric ceramic material with colossal permittivity, low loss, high resistivity, frequency, and temperature stability that meets the ELA X9R capacitor standard was prepared.
Unraveling medium‐range order and melting mechanism of ZIF‐4 under high temperature
Authors: Shi Zuhao , Liu Bin , Yue Yuanzheng , Arramel Arramel , Li Neng
Published: January 2024

Glass formation in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) has garnered significant attention in the field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in recent years. Numerous works have been conducted to investigate the microscopic mechanisms involved in the melting–quenching process of ZIFs. Understanding the density variations that occur during the melting process of ZIFs is crucial for comprehending the origins of glass formation. However, conducting large‐scale simulations has been challenging due to limitations in computational resources. In this work, we used deep‐learning methods to accurately construct a potential function that describes the atomic‐scale melting behavior of ZIF‐4. The results revealed the spatial heterogeneity associated with the formation of low‐density phases during the melting process of ZIF‐4. This work discusses the advantages and limitations of applying deep‐learning simulation methods to complex structures like ZIFs, providing valuable insights for the development of machine‐learning approaches in designing MOF glasses.
Patient experiences during the planned perioperative care pathway: An integrative review
Authors: Bur J. A. , Wilson N. J. , Lewis P. R. , Missen K.
Published: January 2024

Aims

This integrative review aimed to synthesize evidence about the patients' experiences during the planned perioperative care pathway.

Design

Integrative review.

Data Sources

Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medline Ovid, Scopus, and American Psychological Association (APA) PsychINFO. Original, peer‐reviewed studies published in English between 2012 and 2023 exploring patient experiences during the planned perioperative care pathway were reviewed.

Methods

This review was guided by the Whittemore and Knafl method and followed PRISMA guidelines to search the literature. Twenty‐two articles were selected for the final study.

Results

Three themes emerged: Sharing of information is empowering; interpersonal relationships are valued by patients, and hospital systems and care co‐ordination influence the patient experience.

Conclusions

The quality and consistency of the information patients receive can both support and undermine patient confidence in health professionals. The quality of relationships that participants experience and effective communication with health professionals can support or compromise the quality of the patients' perioperative experience. The nature of the hospital systems and care co‐ordination in hospital has implications for the quality of recovery from surgery.

Impact

This review evaluates whether national and international health services and organizations, adhering to the WHO guidelines, have developed and implemented intentionally focused perioperative care with the aims to achieving effective and sustainable surgical outcomes through increased patient satisfaction.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This article is an integrative review and does not include patient or public contribution.
Usefulness of working with a person‐centred intervention in a group: Perspectives from facilitators and persons with mental illness
Authors: Jensen Kira , Maties Flavia M. , Nissen Hanne B. , Christiansen Jette , Jørgensen Rikke
Published: January 2024

Background

When implementing new interventions into clinical practice, it is of great importance to investigate the implementation process to better understand factors promoting and impeding the implementation to stimulate engagement and sustainability of the intervention. It is essential to consider perspectives both from the health professionals delivering the intervention and those receiving the intervention to be open to their suggestions for enhancing the dissemination and implementation of the intervention. The aim of the study was to evaluate adoption, acceptability and appropriateness of a person‐centred group intervention (PCGI) from the perspectives of facilitators and participants with mental illness in mental health outpatient services right after delivery.

Methods

A qualitative interview study design was used. Interview data from three individual interviews, one group interview with facilitators and 16 individual interviews with participants were analyzed through content analysis.

Results

As described in the following three categories, the facilitators and participants found the PCGI overall useful and meaningful to deliver and receive: (1) application of a PCGI in clinical practice, (2) balancing the facilitator role and (3) establishing and maintaining a safe relationship.

Conclusion

Facilitators and participants found the form and structure of the PCGI useful and meaningful. Some participants dropped out as they did not feel comfortable in a group setting. The components in the sessions, questions on cards and reflection sheets together with peer‐to‐peer interactions provided a safe environment. However, facilitation from facilitators requires appropriate skills and qualifications, which must be provided by the hospital together with supervision and the possibility for peer feedback and exchange of experiences.
The antiseizure medication valproate increases hemichannel activity found in brain cells, which could worsen disease outcomes
Authors: García‐Rodríguez Claudia , Duarte Yorley , Ardiles Álvaro O. , Sáez Juan C.
Published: January 2024

Glial cells play relevant roles in neuroinflammation caused by epilepsy. Elevated hemichannel (HC) activity formed by connexins (Cxs) or pannexin1 (Panx1) largely explains brain dysfunctions commonly caused by neuroinflammation. Glia express HCs formed by Cxs 43, 30, or 26, while glia and neurons both express HCs formed by Panx1. Cx43 HCs allow for the influx of Ca2+, which promotes glial reactivity, enabling the release of the gliotransmitters that contribute to neuronal over‐stimulation. Valproate (VPA), an antiseizure medication, has pleiotropic actions on neuronal molecular targets, and their action on glial cell HCs remains elusive. We used HeLa cells transfected with Cx43, Cx30, Cx26, or Panx1 to determine the effect of VPA on HC activity in the brain. VPA slightly increased HC activity under basal conditions, but significantly enhanced it in cells pre‐exposed to conditions that promoted HC activity. Furthermore, VPA increased ATP release through Cx43 HCs. The increased HC activity caused by VPA was resistant to washout, being consistent with in silico studies, which predicted the binding site for VPA and Cx43, as well as for Panx1 HCs on the intracellular side, suggesting that VPA first enters through HCs, after which their activity increases.

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Sodium–glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors in liver cirrhosis: Beyond their antidiabetic use
Authors: Siafarikas Christos , Kapelios Chris J. , Papatheodoridi Margarita , Vlachogiannakos John , Tentolouris Nikolaos , Papatheodoridis George
Published: January 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and liver cirrhosis are clinical entities that frequently coexist, but glucose‐lowering medication options are limited in cirrhotic patients. Sodium–glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of glucose‐lowering medication that act independently of insulin, by causing glycosuria in the proximal convoluted tubule. In this review, we aimed to briefly present the main data and to provide insight into the pathophysiology and potential usefulness of SGLT2 inhibitors in cirrhotic patients with or without T2DM. SGLT2 inhibitors have been proven useful as antidiabetic treatment in patients with metabolic liver disease, with most robust data from patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), where they also showed improvement in liver function parameters. Moreover, it has been suggested that SGLT2 inhibitors may have effects beyond their antidiabetic action. Accordingly, they have exhibited cardioprotective effects, expanding their indication in patients with heart failure without T2DM. Since decompensated liver cirrhosis and congestive heart failure share common pathophysiological features, namely renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis and sympathetic nervous system activation as well as vasopressin secretion, SGLT2 inhibitors could also be beneficial in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, even in the absence of T2DM.
Comparison of NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD characteristics and mortality outcomes in United States adults
Authors: Song Rui , Li Zhao , Zhang Yingzhi , Tan Jiahe , Chen Zhiwei
Published: January 2024

Background & Aims

Following the classification of metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been redefined again as metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the distinctions in characteristics and mortality outcomes between NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD remain unclear.

Methods

We analysed data from 7519 participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of United States (US) and their linked mortality until 2019. Survey weight‐adjusted multivariable Cox proportional model was used to study the mortality over three terms.

Results

The prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD was 18.5%, 19.3% and 20.8%, respectively. Most individuals with NAFLD (94.5%) or MAFLD (100%) can be classified as MASLD, while a relatively low percentage of those with MASLD were also diagnosed with either NAFLD (84.1%) or MAFLD (92.7%). During a median follow‐up of 26.9 years, both MAFLD and MASLD were associated with increased risk of all‐cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.04–1.33 and 1.19, 1.06–1.34, respectively), this association was mainly observed in NAFLD−/MASLD+ subgroups. NAFLD was not associated with all‐cause mortality. However, all three terms were associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality in individuals with advanced fibrosis (aHR: 1.71–1.81). Subgroup analyses showed that higher risk of all‐cause mortality for both MAFLD and MASLD were observed among older adults (≥65 year), non‐Hispanic whites and those without diabetes.

Conclusions

Both MASLD and MALFD were linked to higher all‐cause mortality risk, but MASLD identified a greater number of individuals compared to MAFLD.
Training Executive Functions Within the Mathematical Domain: A Pilot Study with an Integrated Digital‐Paper Procedure in Primary Second‐Grade
Authors: Ruffini Costanza , Chini Camilla , Lombardi Giulia , Della Rocca Silvia , Monaco Annarita , Campana Sara , Pecini Chiara
Published: January 2024

Interventions targeting cognitive control processes, such as Executive Functions (EF) have recently been experimented to enhance early math skills. This pilot study explored the feasibility and effectiveness of an intervention integrating EF activities into the mathematical domain among second‐grade students. One hundred and four typically‐developing‐children were assigned to either a group that underwent the intervention (Trained Group; n = 58) or a group that continued with daily didactic activities (Control Group; n = 46). The training lasted for 8 weeks and included both home‐based digital and school‐based paper activities. According to teachers' feedback, the intervention was highly appreciated by children and compatible with classical school curricula. The Trained Group improved in behavioral self‐regulation, math abilities and problem‐solving in comparison to the Control Group. Notably, within the Trained Group, benefits of the training were higher in children with high working memory. This training offers a model to support math learning in primary school, considering inter‐individual differences in EF.
The effect of cold gel pack application in the prevention of amiodarone‐related phlebitis
Authors: Okyay Burcu , Basak Tulay
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cold application on amiodarone‐related vein phlebitis. A quasi‐experimental design was used. The study sample consisted of 79 patients who received an amiodarone infusion. The control group of the study consisted of patients receiving amiodarone treatment, while the intervention group consisted of patients receiving cold application during the amiodarone infusion. In the intervention group, after the start of amiodarone treatment, cold gel packs were applied a total of 12 times for 15 min at 2‐h intervals. The rate of phlebitis development was 59% in the intervention group and 95% in the control group (p < .001). It was found that 52.2% of the patients in the intervention group had first grade phlebitis and 84.4% of the patients in the control group who developed phlebitis had second grade phlebitis (p < .001). The 15‐min cold application was found to be effective in terms of the rate of phlebitis development, phlebitis grade and time of phlebitis development. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05058053).
Mapping and ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising from the left ventricular summit
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Xiang , Zheng Cheng , Hu You‐Dong , Lin Jia Feng
Published: January 2024

The left ventricular summit (LVS) refers to the highest portion of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). It is an epicardially delimited triangular area by the left coronary arteries and the coronary venous circulation. Its deep myocardium correlates closely with the left coronary cusp, aortic‐mitral continuity, and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), complicating the anatomical relationship. Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from this area are common, accounting for 14.5% of all VAs origin from left ventricle. Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics may assist in locating LVS‐VAs pre‐procedure and facilitate procedure planning. However, catheter ablation of LVS‐VAs remains challenging because of anatomical constraints. This paper reviews the recent understanding of LVS anatomy, concludes ECG characteristics, and summarizes current mapping and ablation methods for LVS‐VAs.
Natural grassland conversion to agriculture or pine plantations: Effects on soil methane uptake
Authors: De Bernardi María , Priano Maria Eugenia , Fernández Maria Elena , Gyenge Javier , Juliarena Maria Paula
Published: January 2024

Upland soils are the only known biological sink for methane (CH4) by methanotrophic bacteria consumption. This process is mainly limited by the diffusion processes related to the soil's physical characteristics, which can be modified because of changes in land use depending on the soil type, the original system and the new land use converted. Our study focused on determining the differences in soil CH4 uptake because of changes in land use (from natural grassland to agricultural land and two Pinus radiata afforestation, differing in thinning management) and on determining which are the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in the studied soil type (Hapludoll), with focus on the diffusion process. CH4 fluxes were measured 12 times with the static chamber technique between October 2015 and April 2019. Also, CH4 gradient concentration in the soil profile and physical and chemical variables were measured on the same dates. All land uses studied acted as net CH4 sinks. Land‐use change from grassland to agriculture decreased soil CH4 uptake (~37% ± 19), whereas afforestation increased (~85% ± 73) this environmental service related to natural grassland. We found that the main drivers that control CH4 uptake in this soil are water and air‐filled pore space, variables that govern soil CH4 diffusion; they are mostly related to differences in bulk density (compaction) among land uses. Organic matter was also an important driver, mainly related to soil structure. Land‐use change affected all of these drivers. CH4 concentration presented differences at deeper soil layers only in the two afforestations, which differed in management (pruning and thinning vs. no management). However, CH4 uptake did not present significant differences between them, suggesting that there is no need for a high tree cover to increase the CH4 sink of the soil. This mixed tree and herbaceous cover may result in a similar environmental service output, increasing the options of land uses.
Advancing cytomegalovirus prevention in solid organ transplant recipients: The promise of cell‐mediated immune assays
Authors: Beechar Vivek B. , Phadke Varun K. , Pouch Stephanie M. , Woodworth Michael H.
Published: January 2024

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are a major source of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Prophylactic, preemptive, and hybrid prevention strategies have traditionally been the mainstay of CMV prevention but there is growing interest in the use of CMV cell‐mediated immune assays to inform novel approaches to risk stratification. Recent evidence suggests that CMV interferon‐gamma release assays can offer predictive insights into the risk for CMV‐related illnesses, raising the potential for tailored CMV prevention strategies anchored to each individual's unique CMV immune profile. However, the predictive capacity of these assays for CMV‐related illnesses can be profoundly influenced by when they are performed relative to transplant, and the induction immunosuppressive regimen the patient has received. In this review, we explore the relevant literature shaping our understanding of the optimal use of these assays. Furthermore, we also highlight the benefits of quantifying the CD4+ and CD8+ T‐Cell responses to CMV, which is offered by some interferon‐gamma release assays utilizing intracellular cytokine staining, for providing a holistic assessment of the recovery of cell‐mediated immunity post‐induction immunosuppression.
Preoperative hemoglobin thresholds for increased risk of “medical” complications in fast‐track total hip and knee arthroplasty, a secondary analysis of a machine‐learning algorithm
Authors: Jørgensen Christoffer C. , Michelsen Christian , Petersen Troels , Kehlet Henrik
Published: January 2024

Background

There is increasing evidence that gender‐specific hemoglobin thresholds may not be ideal in the surgical population. Thus, preoperative anemia defined as a hemoglobin of <13.0 g/dL is a well‐established risk factor in elective surgery. However, few studies have investigated the specific influence of preoperative hemoglobin within a machine‐learning model using data from an optimized fast‐track surgical setup.

Study Design and Methods

A secondary analysis on the specific influence of preoperative hemoglobin level on a machine‐learning model developed for identifying patients at increased risk of a length of stay (LOS) of >4 day or readmissions due to medical complications in fast‐track total hip and knee arthroplasty within a well‐defined fast‐track protocol. To evaluate the effect of hemoglobin on the model we calculated SHaply Additive Explanation (SHAP) values for the 3913 patients from our previous test‐dataset and stratified by gender and total hip and knee arthroplasty, respectively.

Results

The study period ran from January 2017 to August 2017. Median LOS was 1 day and mean preoperative Hb was 15.5 g/dL (SD:1.5), lower in women (14.9 vs. 16.2 g/dL) and with 30.5% of women versus 12.0% of men having a Hb of <13.0 g/dL. There was a steep increase in SHAP value with a preoperative Hb < 14.8 g/dL, and irrespective of gender age and procedure type.

Discussion

A machine‐learning model found a hemoglobin threshold of <14.8 g/dL for increased risk of impaired recovery, regardless of gender or age, supporting reevaluation of preoperative anemia thresholds in the elective surgical setting.
Seeking Ourselves in the Strange: Self-Knowledge in the Nietzsche’s Genealogy
Authors: Han Lei
Published: January 2024

In the nuanced tapestry of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality, the exploration of self-knowledge emerges as a central, yet subtly presented, theme. This paper delves into the profound depths of this theme, uncovering the intricacies and challenges inherent in Nietzsche’s portrayal of the self’s quest. Nietzsche’s work not only critically deconstructs the fallacies entrenched in conventional self-awareness but also charts an unorthodox path toward a more authentic understanding of the self. Embarking on this intellectual journey, the paper scrutinizes the notable juxtaposition found between the first and second sections of the Genealogy’s preface, shedding light on the intricate relationship between moral constructs and self-realization. It then interprets the profound ramifications of Nietzsche’s assertion, particularly in the preface’s first section, that true self-knowledge is perennially shrouded in unfamiliarity. This study meticulously examines key terminologies such as ‘sought’, contextualized within Nietzsche’s broader philosophical oeuvre, to trace the implicit, yet profound, pathway to self-knowledge that Nietzsche advocates. Ultimately, this exploration asserts that Nietzsche’s Genealogy extends beyond merely exposing the inadequacies of conventional moral doctrines. It emphatically champions a perpetual pursuit of openness and an exploratory spirit in the odyssey towards self-discovery. This process involves embracing the unfamiliar and courageously engaging with the ebb and flow of one’s existential reality, as part of the continual quest to understand and define the self.
Determining a nonlinear hyperbolic system with unknown sources and nonlinearity
Authors: Lin Yi‐Hsuan , Liu Hongyu , Liu Xu
Published: January 2024

This paper is devoted to some inverse boundary problems associated with a time‐dependent semilinear hyperbolic equation, where both nonlinearity and sources (including initial displacement and initial velocity) are unknown. It is shown in several generic scenarios that one can uniquely determine the nonlinearity and/or the sources by using passive or active boundary observations. In order to exploit the nonlinearity and the sources simultaneously, we develop a new technique, which combines the observability for linear wave equations and an approximation property with higher order linearization for the semilinear hyperbolic equation.
Resonant Acoustic Vibration-Assisted Cathode Stripping for Efficient Recycling of Spent Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiao Yaohong , Su Jinrong , Chen Lei
Published: January 2024

The emerging field of direct recycling for spent Li-ion batteries offers significant advantages, such as reduced energy expenses and minimized secondary pollution, when compared to traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods. This is due to its direct utilization of the spent cathodes as raw materials. However, efficient harvesting of spent cathode particles remains a challenge. To address this issue, this technical brief is the first to incorporate resonant acoustic vibration technology (RAV) as an efficient method for stripping cathode powders from spent Li-ion batteries. Our findings indicate that RAV-based techniques can achieve a stripping efficiency of up to 92%. A comparative analysis with conventional stripping methods, such as magnetic stirring, sonication, and curling–uncurling, reveals that RAV coupled with heat treatment provides unparalleled scalability and efficiency, eliminating the need for post-processing. Furthermore, the resulting cathode powders retain their original polycrystalline particle structures, with no impurities, such as carbon black or small aluminum fragments detected. These findings highlight the promise of RAV technology for large-scale recovery of electrode powders and its potential role in direct recycling of spent Li-ion batteries.
Spontaneous exciton dissociation in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Authors: Handa Taketo , Holbrook Madisen , Olsen Nicholas , Holtzman Luke N. , Huber Lucas , Wang Hai I. , Bonn Mischa , Barmak Katayun , Hone James C. , Pasupathy Abhay N. , Zhu Xiaoyang
Published: January 2024

Since the seminal work on MoS
2
, photoexcitation in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) has been assumed to result in excitons, with binding energies order of magnitude larger than thermal energy at room temperature. Here, we reexamine this foundational assumption and show that photoexcitation of TMDC monolayers can result in a substantial population of free charges. Performing ultrafast terahertz spectroscopy on large-area, single-crystal TMDC monolayers, we find that up to ~10% of excitons spontaneously dissociate into charge carriers with lifetimes exceeding 0.2 ns. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that photocarrier generation is intimately related to mid-gap defects, likely via trap-mediated Auger scattering. Only in state-of-the-art quality monolayers, with mid-gap trap densities as low as 10
9
cm
−2
, does intrinsic exciton physics start to dominate the terahertz response. Our findings reveal the necessity of knowing the defect density in understanding photophysics of TMDCs.
N-glycosylation as a eukaryotic protective mechanism against protein aggregation
Authors: Duran-Romaña Ramon , Houben Bert , De Vleeschouwer Matthias , Louros Nikolaos , Wilson Matthew P. , Matthijs Gert , Schymkowitz Joost , Rousseau Frederic
Published: January 2024

The tendency for proteins to form aggregates is an inherent part of every proteome and arises from the self-assembly of short protein segments called aggregation-prone regions (APRs). While posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been implicated in modulating protein aggregation, their direct role in APRs remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a combination of proteome-wide computational analyses and biophysical techniques to investigate the potential involvement of PTMs in aggregation regulation. Our findings reveal that while most PTM types are disfavored near APRs, N-glycosylation is enriched and evolutionarily selected, especially in proteins prone to misfolding. Experimentally, we show that N-glycosylation inhibits the aggregation of peptides in vitro through steric hindrance. Moreover, mining existing proteomics data, we find that the loss of N-glycans at the flanks of APRs leads to specific protein aggregation in Neuro2a cells. Our findings indicate that, among its many molecular functions, N-glycosylation directly prevents protein aggregation in higher eukaryotes.
IL-33-binding HpARI family homologues with divergent effects in suppressing or enhancing type 2 immune responses
Authors: Colomb Florent , Ogunkanbi Adefunke , Jamwal Abhishek , Dong Beverly , Maizels Rick M. , Finney Constance A. M. , Wasmuth James D. , Higgins Matthew K. , McSorley Henry J.
Published: January 2024

HpARI is an immunomodulatory protein secreted by the intestinal nematode
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri
, which binds and blocks IL-33. Here, we find that the
H. polygyrus bakeri
genome contains three HpARI family members and that these have different effects on IL-33-dependent responses
in vitro
and
in vivo
, with HpARI1+2 suppressing and HpARI3 amplifying these responses. All HpARIs have sub-nanomolar affinity for mouse IL-33; however, HpARI3 does not block IL-33-ST2 interactions. Instead, HpARI3 stabilizes IL-33, increasing the half-life of the cytokine and amplifying responses to it
in vivo
. Together, these data show that
H. polygyrus bakeri
secretes a family of HpARI proteins with both overlapping and distinct functions, comprising a complex immunomodulatory arsenal of host-targeted proteins.
CURE on yeast genes of unknown function increases students' bioinformatics proficiency and research confidence
Authors: Miller Mary , Tobin Tammy , Aiello David P. , Hanson Pamela , Strome Erin , Johnston Stephen D. , Issel-Tarver Laurie , Kushner David B. , Keeney Jill B.
Published: January 2024

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) can reduce barriers to research opportunities while increasing student knowledge and confidence. However, the number of widely adopted, easily transferable CUREs is relatively small. Here, we describe a CURE aimed at determining the function of poorly characterized
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
genes. More than 20 years after sequencing of the yeast genome, nearly 10% of open reading frames (ORFs) still have at least one uncharacterized Gene Ontology (GO) term. We refer to these genes as “ORFans” and formed a consortium aimed at assigning functions to them. Specifically, over 70 faculty members attended summer workshops to learn the bioinformatics workflow and basic laboratory techniques described herein. Ultimately, this CURE was adapted for implementation at 34 institutions, resulting in over 1,300 students conducting course-based research on ORFans. Pre-/post-tests confirmed that students gained both (i) an understanding of gene ontology and (ii) knowledge regarding the use of bioinformatics to assign gene function. After using these data to craft their own hypotheses, then testing their predictions by constructing and phenotyping deletion strains, students self-reported significant gains in several areas, including computer modeling and exposure to a project where no one knows the outcome. Interestingly, most net gains self-reported by ORFan Gene Project participants were greater than published findings for CUREs assessed with the same survey instrument. The surprisingly strong impact of this CURE may be due to the incoming lack of experience of ORFan Project participants and/or the independent thought required to develop testable hypotheses from complex data sets.
Promoting student interest in plant biology through an inquiry-based module exploring plant circadian rhythm, gene expression, and defense against insects
Authors: Hsu Jeremy L. , Atamian Hagop S. , Avendano-Woodruff Kate
Published: January 2024

We present a weeklong curricular module for high school biology students that promotes knowledge of phytohormones, the circadian clock, and the Central Dogma. The module, which relies on easily accessible items and requires minimal space, integrates a hands-on experiment that guides students through replicating research examining circadian entrainment in postharvest cabbage from groceries. This work found that plants have cyclical, circadian expression of genes that produce phytohormones, and that such cyclical expression influences herbivory by caterpillars. Such cyclical patterns were found in plants both
in situ
and in postharvest cabbage. This work thus provides an ideal platform to shape student conceptions of circadian rhythms, gene expression, and plant herbivory by having students use light timers to entrain postharvest cabbage to alternating light and dark cycles and then measuring herbivory in these plants. The results should replicate previous work and demonstrate less herbivory when both plant and caterpillar are entrained to the same light and dark cycles since the expression of phytohormones involved in plant defense will be greatest when caterpillars are active. The module then concludes with a discussion of gene regulation and how this influences phytohormones. This module was field tested at four public schools, reaching over 600 students, and we present data demonstrating that the module led to learning gains and likely increases in interest in plant biology and self-efficacy.
Draft genomes of four
Kluyveromyces marxianus
isolates retrieved from the elaboration process of henequen (
Agave fourcroydes
) mezcal
Authors: Lozano-Aguirre Luis , Avitia Morena , Lappe-Oliveras Patricia , Licona-Cassani Cuauhtémoc , Cevallos Miguel A. , Le Borgne Sylvie
Published: January 2024

We report the draft genomes of four
Kluyveromyces marxianus
isolates obtained from the elaboration process of henequen (
Agave fourcroydes
) mezcal, a Mexican alcoholic beverage. The average nucleotide identity analysis revealed that isolates derived from agave plants are distinct from those from other environments, including agave fermentations.
Host–gut microbiota interactions shape parasite infections in farmed Atlantic salmon
Authors: Brealey Jaelle C. , Kodama Miyako , Rasmussen Jacob A. , Hansen Søren B. , Santos-Bay Luisa , Lecaudey Laurène A. , Hansen Martin , Fjære Even , Myrmel Lene S. , Madsen Lise , Bernhard Annette , Sveier Harald , Kristiansen Karsten , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Martin Michael D. , Limborg Morten T.
Published: January 2024

Studying host–microbiota interactions through the perspective of the hologenome is gaining interest across all life sciences. Intestinal parasite infections are a huge burden on human and animal health; however, there are few studies investigating the role of the hologenome during parasite infections. We address this gap in the largest multi-omics fish microbiota study to date using natural cestode infection of farmed Atlantic salmon. We find a clear association between cestode infection, salmon lifetime growth, and perturbation of the salmon gut microbiota. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that the genetic background of the host may partly determine how the gut microbiota changes during parasite-associated dysbiosis. Our study therefore highlights the value of a hologenomic approach for gaining a more in-depth understanding of parasitism.
Screening and characterization of thermostable enzyme-producing bacteria from selected hot springs of Ethiopia
Authors: Guta Meseret , Abebe Genet , Bacha Ketema , Cools Piet
Published: January 2024

Hot springs are potential sources of diverse arrays of microbes and their thermostable hydrolytic enzymes. Water and sediment samples were collected from three hot springs of Ethiopia and enriched on nutrient and thermus agar media to isolate pure cultures of potential microbes. A total of 252 bacterial isolates were screened and evaluated for the production of amylase, protease, cellulase, and lipase. About 95.23%, 84.12%, 76.58%, and 65.07% of the isolates displayed promising amylase, proteases, cellulase, and lipase activities, respectively. Based on the diameter of the clear zone formed, 45 isolates were further screened and identified to species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Five of the 45 isolates showed significantly high (
P
< 0.05) clear zone ratios as compared to others. The identified isolates were categorized under five bacterial species, namely,
Bacillus licheniformis
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus
,
Paenibacillus dendritiformis
, and
Brevibacillus borstelensis
. The most dominant species (66.7%) was
B. licheniformis
. It could be concluded that hot springs of Ethiopia are potential sources of thermostable extracellular hydrolytic enzymes for various industrial applications. Further optimization of the growth conditions and evaluation for better productivity of the desired products is recommended before attempting for large-scale production of the hydrolytic enzymes.

IMPORTANCE

Thermostable microbial enzymes play an important role in industries due to their stability under harsh environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures. Despite their huge application in different industries, however, the thermostable enzymes of thermophilic microorganism origin have not yet been fully explored in Ethiopia. Here, we explored thermophilic bacteria and their enzymes from selected hot spring water and sediment samples. Accordingly, thermophilic bacteria were isolated and screened for the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes. Promising numbers of isolates were found as producers of the enzymes. The potent enzyme producers were further identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-mass spectrometry analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The findings revealed the presence of potential hydrolytic enzyme-producing thermophilic bacteria in hot springs of Ethiopia and necessitate further comprehensive study involving other extreme environments. Our findings also revealed the potential of Ethiopian hot springs in the production of thermostable enzymes of significant application in different industries, including food industries.
A new method to evaluate the power ratio distributions of astronomical signals: A case study from Upper Cretaceous terrestrial sediments
Authors: Huang He , Zhong Hanting , Ma Chao , Sinnesael Matthias , Gao Yuan , Li Yuyin , Hou Mingcai , Wang Chengshan
Published: January 2024

Astronomical cycles reliably identified in the sedimentary record are useful for their paleoclimatic interpretations and construction of astrochronology. However, the depositional response and burial-diagenesis processes play a crucial role in distorting the time scales of geological records and introducing noise to orbital signals. How to evaluate the response of varied depositional environments to astronomical forcing remains a challenge. We developed the random-length average orbital power ratio calculation (RAOPR) method to evaluate average orbital power ratio distributions within a specific time interval and applied this new method to the theoretical eccentricity–tilt–precession (ETP) plus noise series and an astronomically tuned Cretaceous terrestrial stratigraphic record spanning ~24 m.y. (92–65 Ma, except for an ~3.8 m.y. gap from ca. 79.9 Ma to 76.1 Ma). Using the merged ETP plus noise series, we observed different orbital power ratio distributions for different background noise intervals. For the Cretaceous terrestrial Songliao Basin, we retrieved long-term orbital variations and used the RAOPR method to calculate the average orbital power ratios in different depositional environment intervals. Our results suggest that unusually high precession power in the Yaojia Formation resulted, in part, from autogenic processes, and unusually low precession power in the Nenjiang Formation can be attributed to marine incursion events. The eccentricity power of the meandering river facies was much higher than observed in other facies intervals. Conversely, the lowest precession power in the meandering facies may be attributed, in part, to the erosion “clipping” effect, which decreases the high-frequency precession band power and increases low-frequency eccentricity band power.
Neurodevelopment at age 5.5 years according to Ages & Stages Questionnaire at 2 years’ corrected age in children born preterm: the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study
Authors: Charkaluk Marie-Laure , Kana Gildas Delavoix , Benhammou Valérie , Guellec Isabelle , Letouzey Mathilde , Morgan Andrei Scott , Nuytten Alexandra , Torchin Héloïse , Twilhaar Sabrina , Cambonie Gilles , Marret Stéphane , Ancel Pierre Yves , Pierrat Véronique
Published: January 2024

Objective

To report neurodevelopment at age 5.5 years according to developmental delay screening with the Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) in late infancy in preterm-born children.

Design

Population-based cohort study, EPIPAGE-2.

Setting

France, 2011–2017.

Participants

2504 children born at 24–26, 27–31 and 32–34 weeks, free of cerebral palsy, deafness or blindness at 2 years’ corrected age.

Main outcome measures

Moderate/severe, mild or no disability at age 5.5 years using gross and fine motor, sensory, cognitive and behavioural evaluations. Results of the ASQ completed between 22 and 26 months’ corrected age described as positive screening or not.

Results

Among 2504 participants, 38.3% had ASQ positive screening. The probability of having moderate/severe or mild disability was higher for children with ASQ positive versus negative screening: 14.2% vs 7.0%, adjusted OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.8 to 3.4), and 37.6% vs 29.7%, adjusted OR 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9). For children with ASQ positive screening, the probability of having neurodevelopmental disabilities at age 5.5 years was associated with the number of domain scores below threshold, very low gestational age and severe neonatal morbidities. For children with ASQ negative screening, this probability was increased for boys and children born small-for-gestational age. For both groups, maternal level of education was strongly associated with outcomes.

Conclusion

In preterm-born children, ASQ screening at 2 years’ corrected age was associated with neurodevelopmental disabilities at age 5.5 years. However, other factors should be considered when interpreting the ASQ data to draw further follow-up.

Trial registration number

2016-A00333-48.
Unfavorable social determinants of health and risk of mortality in adults with diabetes: findings from the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Chang Ryan , Philip Jerrin , Javed Umair , Titus Anoop , Gardezi Syed Karam , Kundi Harun , Yousefzai Raman , Hyder Adnan A , Mossialos Elias , Nasir Khurram , Javed Zulqarnain
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Understanding the role of social determinants of health as predictors of mortality in adults with diabetes may help improve health outcomes in this high-risk population. Using population-based, nationally representative data, this study investigated the cumulative effect of unfavorable social determinants on all-cause mortality in adults with diabetes.

Research design and methods

We used data from the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Survey, linked to the National Death Index through 2019, for mortality ascertainment. A total of 47 individual social determinants of health were used to categorize participants in quartiles denoting increasing levels of social disadvantage. Poisson regression was used to report age-adjusted mortality rates across increasing social burden. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between cumulative social disadvantage and all-cause mortality in adults with diabetes, adjusting for traditional risk factors.

Results

The final sample comprised 182 445 adults, of whom 20 079 had diabetes. In the diabetes population, mortality rate increased from 1052.7 per 100 000 person-years in the first quartile (Q1) to 2073.1 in the fourth quartile (Q4). In multivariable models, individuals in Q4 experienced up to twofold higher mortality risk relative to those in Q1. This effect was observed similarly across gender and racial/ethnic subgroups, although with a relatively stronger association for non-Hispanic white participants compared with non-Hispanic black and Hispanic subpopulations.

Conclusions

Cumulative social disadvantage in individuals with diabetes is associated with over twofold higher risk of mortality, independent of established risk factors. Our findings call for action to screen for unfavorable social determinants and design novel interventions to mitigate the risk of mortality in this high-risk population.