bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Predisposing Factors for Rapid Dental Calculus Formation
Authors: Fons-Badal Carla , Fons-Font Antonio , Labaig-Rueda Carlos , Fernanda Solá-Ruiz M. , Selva-Otaolaurruchi Eduardo , Agustín-Panadero Rubén
Published: March 2020

Background: Calculus accumulation varies widely between individuals. Dental calculus has been associated with the principal periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze individual characteristics, and salivary and microbiological parameters among patients considered to be rapid calculus formers and patients who form calculus slowly. Methods: Individual characteristics were recorded in a sample of 74 patients (age, sex, smoking, periodontal diagnosis, and dental crowding), as well as salivary parameters (unstimulated saliva flow, pH, and biochemical analysis of saliva) and microbiological parameters (by means of semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis). Results: A statistically significant association (p = 0.002) was found between the rate of calculus formation and the diagnosis of periodontal disease. A greater presence of dental crowding was observed among the group of rapid calculus formers. Urea and phosphorus levels were higher among rapid calculus formers. Regarding microbiological parameters, differences were found in Streptococcus mutans, this being higher in the group of slow formers. Conclusions: Rapid calculus formation appears to be linked to patients diagnosed with more severe periodontal diseases. Rapid calculus-forming patients present more dental crowding and a lower proportion of S. mutans.
The Prognostic Value of High Platelet Reactivity in Ischemic Stroke Depends on the Etiology: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wiśniewski Adam , Filipska Karolina , Sikora Joanna , Ślusarz Robert , Kozera Grzegorz
Published: March 2020

Background: Reduced aspirin response may result in a worse prognosis and a poor clinical outcome in ischemic stroke. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to assess the relationship between platelet reactivity and early and late prognosis, and the clinical and functional status in ischemic stroke, with the role of stroke etiology. Methods: The study involved 69 subjects with ischemic stroke, divided into large and small vessel etiological subgroups. Platelet function testing was performed with two aggregometric methods—impedance and optical—while the clinical condition was assessed using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the functional status was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on the first and eighth day (early prognosis) and the 90th day of stroke (late prognosis). Results: The initial platelet reactivity was found to be higher in patients with severe neurological deficits on the 90th day after stroke, than in the group with mild neurological deficits (median, respectively, 40 area under the curve (AUC) units vs. 25 AUC units, p = 0.033). In the large vessel disease group, a significant correlation between the platelet reactivity and the functional status on the first day of stroke was found (correlation coefficient (R) = 0.4526; p = 0.0451), the platelet reactivity was higher in the subgroup with a severe clinical condition compared to a mild clinical condition on the first day of stroke (p = 0.0372), and patients resistant to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) had a significantly greater possibility of a severe neurological deficit on the first day of stroke compared to those who were sensitive to aspirin (odds ratio (OR) = 14.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–156.12, p = 0.0322). Conclusion: High on-treatment platelet reactivity in ischemic stroke was associated with a worse late prognosis regardless of the etiology. We demonstrated a significant relationship between high platelet reactivity and worse early prognosis and poor clinical and functional condition in the large vessel etiologic subgroup. However, due to the pilot nature of this study, its results should be interpreted with caution and further validation on a larger cohort is required.
Influence of the Fibre Content, Exposure Time, and Compaction Pressure on the Mechanical Properties of Ultraviolet-Cured Composites
Authors: G. Pérez-de-Eulate Natalia , Iztueta Ane Aranburu , Gondra Koldo , Vallejo Francisco Javier
Published: March 2020

A new process for the impregnation, consolidation, and curing of glass-fibre-reinforced polyester composites was developed to reduce manufacturing costs and secure end properties that compete with other traditional materials. This new process, based on the ultraviolet (UV) curing of prepregs, could be a viable alternative to infusion and other processes. In this paper, we showed that glass fibre composites 3 mm thick could be easily formed using suitable photoinitiating systems. We achieved improved mechanical properties through the application of favourable parameters to traditional manufacturing processes such as hand lay-up and infusion. The prepreg polymerization was monitored by dielectric analysis (DEA), and we evaluated the relationship between the UV radiation exposure time and curing degree. Both the exposure time and compaction pressure affected the fibre content of composites and interlaminar shear strength. Experimental results showed that compaction pressures higher than 4 bar are necessary to increase the mechanical properties of the UV-cured composites. Finally, the properties of the composites manufactured by this new process were compared to the properties of composites manufactured using traditional processes such as hand lay-up and infusion.
Numerical Investigation on Nonlinear Dynamic Responses of a Towed Vessel in Calm Water
Authors: Nam Bo Woo
Published: March 2020

In this study, we numerically investigated the nonlinear dynamic responses of an autonomous towing system where a vessel is passively towed by a tug via a towline. A three-degrees-of-freedom maneuvering mathematical model is utilized to describe the nonlinear dynamics of the towed vessel in calm sea. The hydrodynamic force acting on the towed vessel is modelled as a modular-type hull force model, which includes linear and nonlinear (third order) damping forces in sway and yawing directions. The towline force is simply modeled as a linear spring. First, the motion responses of a towing system, showing large sway-yaw coupled motions due to unstable towing characteristics, are studied by applying phase plane analysis. For the validation of the present numerical method, the simulation results are directly compared with the model test data. Then, simulation parameters, such as towing speed, initial positions and hull force coefficients, are changed and their resulting limit cycles are investigated. Finally, the effects of towline and tug motion are discussed based on the simulation results. It is found that the dynamic characteristics of the towed vessel come closer to being chaotic due to the nonlinear stiffness effect of the towline and tug motion effect.
Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles: A New Approach to Detect Life on Mars?
Authors: Simões Marta , Ottoni Cristiane , Antunes André
Published: March 2020

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been extensively studied. They can be produced via different methods (physical, chemical, or biogenic), but biogenic synthesis has become more relevant, mainly for being referred by many as eco-friendly and more advantageous than others. Biogenic MNPs have been largely used in a wide variety of applications, from industry, to agriculture, to health sectors, among others. Even though they are increasingly researched and used, there is still space for exploring further applications and increasing their functionality and our understanding of their synthesis process. Here, we provide an overview of MNPs and biogenic MNPs, and we analyze the potential application of their formation process to astrobiology and the detection of life on Mars and other worlds. According to current knowledge, we suggest that they can be used as potential biosignatures in extra-terrestrial samples. We present the advantages and disadvantages of this approach, suggest further research, and propose its potential use for the search for life in future space exploration.
A Novel Hydraulic Actuation System Utilizing Magnetorheological Fluids for Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgery Applications
Authors: El Wahed Ali K.
Published: March 2020

Single-port laparoscopic surgery (SLS), which utilizes one major incision, can deliver favorable cosmetic outcomes with fewer patient hospitalization stays and less postoperative pain. However, current SLS instruments, which are rigid and slender, have been suffering from several drawbacks, including their inability to provide the optimum articulation required to complete certain SLS tasks. This paper reports on the development of a lightweight smart hydraulic actuation system that is proposed to be embedded at selected joints along current SLS instruments, in order to enhance their adaptability with a higher level of stiffness and degrees-of-freedom. The developed smart actuation system utilizes both conventional hydraulic and magnetorheological (MR) fluid actuation technologies. Electromagnetic finite element analyses were conducted to design the electromagnetic circuit of the smart actuator. A prototype of the developed actuation system was manufactured, and its performance was assessed using a dedicated experimental arrangement, which was found to agree well with the results obtained using a Bingham plastic theoretical model. Finally, the present design of the developed smart actuation system permits an angulation of about 90° and a maximum force output in excess of 100 N, generated under a magnetic excitation of about 1.2 Tesla, which should be sufficient to resist torques of up to 500 mNm.
Electron Concentration Limit in Ge Doped by Ion Implantation and Flash Lamp Annealing
Authors: Prucnal Slawomir , Żuk Jerzy , Hübner René , Duan Juanmei , Wang Mao , Pyszniak Krzysztof , Drozdziel Andrzej , Turek Marcin , Zhou Shengqiang
Published: March 2020

Controlled doping with an effective carrier concentration higher than 1020 cm−3 is a key challenge for the full integration of Ge into silicon-based technology. Such a highly doped layer of both p- and n type is needed to provide ohmic contacts with low specific resistance. We have studied the effect of ion implantation parameters i.e., ion energy, fluence, ion type, and protective layer on the effective concentration of electrons. We have shown that the maximum electron concentration increases as the thickness of the doping layer decreases. The degradation of the implanted Ge surface can be minimized by performing ion implantation at temperatures that are below −100 °C with ion flux less than 60 nAcm−2 and maximum ion energy less than 120 keV. The implanted layers are flash-lamp annealed for 20 ms in order to inhibit the diffusion of the implanted ions during the recrystallization process.
Study on Microstructure Characteristics of Axially Braided Carbon/Carbon Composites Based on SEM and Micro-CT
Authors: Wang Chunguang , Tang Min , Liu Weikai , Zhu Tao
Published: March 2020

In order to study the microstructure characteristics of an axially braided Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composite, a comprehensive observation and study of the mesoscopic and microstructure characteristics of an axially braided C/C composite is conducted. Scanning electron microscopy and Micro-CT were used to obtain the microstructure characteristics and distribution rules of the axially braided C/C composite material. The physical model of the material and the geometric model of the representative unit were established. At the same time, the characteristics of this kind of material are also obtained. The microstructure characteristics show that the axially braided C/C composite is a polymer with cracks and pores of different sizes, which is a three-dimensional and four-directions carbon fiber braided body as the reinforcing phase and pitch carbon as the reinforcing matrix. The microcosmic data obtained in this chapter is the basis for carrying out material property prediction and qualitative comparison of macro performance.
Multipoint Fractional Iterative Methods with (2α + 1)th-Order of Convergence for Solving Nonlinear Problems
Authors: Candelario Giro , Cordero Alicia , Torregrosa Juan R.
Published: March 2020

In the recent literature, some fractional one-point Newton-type methods have been proposed in order to find roots of nonlinear equations using fractional derivatives. In this paper, we introduce a new fractional Newton-type method with order of convergence α + 1 and compare it with the existing fractional Newton method with order 2 α . Moreover, we also introduce a multipoint fractional Traub-type method with order 2 α + 1 and compare its performance with that of its first step. Some numerical tests and analysis of the dependence on the initial estimations are made for each case, including a comparison with classical Newton ( α = 1 of the first step of the class) and classical Traub’s scheme ( α = 1 of fractional proposed multipoint method). In this comparison, some cases are found where classical Newton and Traub’s methods do not converge and the proposed methods do, among other advantages.
Clavukoellians G–K, New Nardosinane and Aristolane Sesquiterpenoids with Angiogenesis Promoting Activity from the Marine Soft Coral Lemnalia sp.
Authors: Wang Qi , Tang Xuli , Liu Hui , Luo Xiangchao , Sung Ping Jyun , Li Pinglin , Li Guoqiang
Published: March 2020

The chemical examination of the marine soft coral Lemnalia sp., collected at the Xisha islands in the South China Sea, resulted in the isolation of four new nardosinane-type sesquiterpenoids, namely clavukoellians G–J (1–4), and one new aristolane sesquiterpene, namely clavukoellian K (5), together with five known compounds, 6–10. The structure elucidation of the isolated natural products was based on various spectroscopic techniques including HRESIMS and NMR, while their absolute configurations were resolved on the basis of comparisons of the ECD spectra with the calculated ECD data. The isolated new compounds 1–5 were evaluated for their anti- and pro- angiogenesis activities in a transgenic fluorescent zebrafish (Tg(vegfr2:GFP)) model. Quantitative analysis revealed that compound 5 displayed pro-angiogenesis activity in a PTK787-induced vascular injury zebrafish model at 2.5 μM. Data showed that compound 5 significantly promoted the angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner.
Exploring Ultrasound, Microwave and Ultrasound–Microwave Assisted Extraction Technologies to Increase the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae
Authors: Garcia-Vaquero Marco , Ummat Viruja , Tiwari Brijesh , Rajauria Gaurav
Published: March 2020

This study aims to determine the influence of (1) ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), (2) microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and (3) a combination of ultrasound–microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) on the yields of fucose-sulphated polysaccharides (FSPs), total soluble carbohydrates and antioxidants extracted from A. nodosum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the influence of the extraction technologies on the surface of macroalgae while principal component analysis was used to assess the influence of the extraction forces on the yields of compounds. UMAE generated higher yields of compounds compared to UAE and MAE methods separately. The maximum yields of compounds achieved using UMAE were: FSPs (3533.75 ± 55.81 mg fucose/100 g dried macroalgae (dm)), total soluble carbohydrates (10408.72 ± 229.11 mg glucose equivalents/100 g dm) and phenolic compounds (2605.89 ± 192.97 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dm). The antioxidant properties of the extracts showed no clear trend or extreme improvements by using UAE, MAE or UMAE. The macroalgal cells were strongly altered by the application of MAE and UMAE, as revealed by the SEM images. Further research will be needed to understand the combined effect of sono-generated and microwave-induced modifications on macroalgae that will allow us to tailor the forces of extraction to target specific molecules.
Application of the Progressive Forming Method in Simulation and Experimental Study of Rectangular Fins in a Heat Exchanger
Authors: Jin Chul Kyu
Published: March 2020

A progressive forming method is applied where stamping is continuously executed to produce the rectangular fins of the plate fin heat exchanger. This process produced the fins one-by-one instead of by bundles. In order to produce a fin having a depth of more than 6.0 mm, the forming load and effective stress according to the size of the edge radii of punch and die are predicted by forming simulation. Furthermore, the process of forming the second, as well as the third, fins is predicted. As the edge radii of the die and those of the punch became smaller, the effective stresses generated during deformation became smaller. The forming load during deformation also became smaller. The sizes of the edge radii of die and punch were set to 0.5 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively. When the second fin was formed, overforming occurred at the ribs. The punch was therefore modified so that the rib could be compressed at the same time the fin was formed. With the designed process, the inner fins close to the target size could be manufactured. The resulting fins had right-angled ribs, although the fin width was a slightly opened isosceles trapezoid due to the spring-back.
Monotonic Response of Exposed Base Plates of Columns: Numerical Study and a New Design Method
Authors: Díaz Héctor , Nuñez Eduardo , Oyarzo-Vera Claudio
Published: March 2020

This paper describes a numerical study of the behavior of exposed base plates of columns under the action of axial and bending loads. The aim of this research is to evaluate numerically the failure mechanisms on stiffened and non-stiffened base plates and propose a new design method. The effects of base plate thickness, location of anchor rods, location of stiffeners and tensile strength of anchor rods were considered in the analysis. Sixteen finite elements simulations were performed considering different combinations of the above mentioned parameters. The results show a fragile response in the base plates when high resistance anchor rods are used. The anchor rods worked as fuse elements in base plates with a large thickness or many stiffeners. Additionally, the models with anchor bars located outside of the column flanges showed lower flexural strength and rotational stiffness compared to the models with anchor rods located between column flanges. The simulations showed that the base plate strength was determined by the simultaneous failure mechanisms of two or more components, different to what is stated in current design guides. Finally, the new method is suitable to design base plates with stiffened and not stiffened configurations, which unlike traditional design methods, show a good adjustment with numerical models.
Selective Retrieval of Individual Cells from Microfluidic Arrays Combining Dielectrophoretic Force and Directed Hydrodynamic Flow
Authors: Thiriet Pierre-Emmanuel , Pezoldt Joern , Gambardella Gabriele , Keim Kevin , Deplancke Bart , Guiducci Carlotta
Published: March 2020

Hydrodynamic-based microfluidic platforms enable single-cell arraying and analysis over time. Despite the advantages of established microfluidic systems, long-term analysis and proliferation of cells selected in such devices require off-chip recovery of cells as well as an investigation of on-chip analysis on cell phenotype, requirements still largely unmet. Here, we introduce a device for single-cell isolation, selective retrieval and off-chip recovery. To this end, singularly addressable three-dimensional electrodes are embedded within a microfluidic channel, allowing the selective release of single cells from their trapping site through application of a negative dielectrophoretic (DEP) force. Selective capture and release are carried out in standard culture medium and cells can be subsequently mitigated towards a recovery well using micro-engineered hybrid SU-8/PDMS pneumatic valves. Importantly, transcriptional analysis of recovered cells revealed only marginal alteration of their molecular profile upon DEP application, underscored by minor transcriptional changes induced upon injection into the microfluidic device. Therefore, the established microfluidic system combining targeted DEP manipulation with downstream hydrodynamic coordination of single cells provides a powerful means to handle and manipulate individual cells within one device.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Microchannel Performance on Flow Maldistribution
Authors: Joseph Jojomon , Rehman Danish , Delanaye Michel , Morini Gian Luca , Nacereddine Rabia , Korvink Jan G. , Brandner Juergen J.
Published: March 2020

Miniaturized heat exchangers are well known for their superior heat transfer capabilities in comparison to macro-scale devices. While in standard microchannel systems the improved performance is provided by miniaturized distances and very small hydraulic diameters, another approach can also be followed, namely, the generation of local turbulences. Localized turbulence enhances the heat exchanger performance in any channel or tube, but also includes an increased pressure loss. Shifting the critical Reynolds number to a lower value by introducing perturbators controls pressure losses and improves thermal efficiency to a considerable extent. The objective of this paper is to investigate in detail collector performance based on reduced-order modelling and validate the numerical model based on experimental observations of flow maldistribution and pressure losses. Two different types of perturbators, Wire-net and S-shape, were analyzed. For the former, a metallic wire mesh was inserted in the flow passages (hot and cold gas flow) to ensure stiffness and enhance microchannel efficiency. The wire-net perturbators were replaced using an S-shaped perturbator model for a comparative study in the second case mentioned above. An optimum mass flow rate could be found when the thermal efficiency reaches a maximum. Investigation of collectors with different microchannel configurations (s-shaped, wire-net and plane channels) showed that mass flow rate deviation decreases with an increase in microchannel resistance. The recirculation zones in the cylindrical collectors also changed the maldistribution pattern. From experiments, it could be observed that microchannels with S-shaped perturbators shifted the onset of turbulent transition to lower Reynolds number values. Experimental studies on pressure losses showed that the pressure losses obtained from numerical studies were in good agreement with the experiments (<4%).
OXA-48 Carbapenemase in Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 307 in Ecuador
Authors: Villacís José E. , Reyes Jorge A. , Castelán-Sánchez Hugo G. , Dávila-Ramos Sonia , Lazo Miguel Angel , Wali Ahmad , Bodero Luis A. , Toapanta Yadira , Naranjo Cristina , Montero Lorena , Campos Josefina , Galas Marcelo G. , Gestal Mónica C.
Published: March 2020

Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes bronchopneumonia, abscesses, urinary tract infection, osteomyelitis, and a wide variety of infections. The ubiquity of this microorganism confounds with the great increase in antibiotic resistance and have bred great concern worldwide. K. pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 307 is a widespread emerging clone associated with hospital-acquired infections, although sporadic community infections have also been reported. The aim of our study is to describe the first case of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ST) 307 harboring the blaOXA-48-like gene in Ecuador. We characterized a new plasmid that carry OXA-48 and could be the source of future outbreaks. The strain was recovered from a patient with cancer previously admitted in a Ukrainian hospital, suggesting that this mechanism of resistance could be imported. These findings highlight the importance of programs based on active molecular surveillance for the intercontinental spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms with emergent carbapenemases.
New Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators and Their Impact on the RANK/RANKL Complex Activity
Authors: Błaszczak-Świątkiewicz Katarzyna
Published: March 2020

Breast cancer depends on women’s age. Its chemotherapy and hormone therapy lead to the loss of bone density and disruption of the skeleton. The proteins RANK and RANKL play a pivotal role in the formation of osteoclasts. It is also well established that the same proteins (RANK and RANKL) are the main molecules that play an important role in mammary stem cell biology. Mammary stem cells guarantee differentiation of the epithelial mammary cells, the growth of which is regulated by the progesterone-induced RANKL signaling pathway. The crosstalk between progesterone receptor, stimulated by progesterone and its analogues results in RANKL to RANK binding and activation of cell proliferation and subsequently unlimited expansion of the breast cancer cells. Therefore downstream regulation of this signaling pathway is desirable. To meet this need, a new class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SPRMs) with anti- and mesoprogestin function were tested as potential anti-RANK agents. To establish the new feature of SPRMs, the impact of tested SPRMs on RANK-RANKL proteins interaction was tested. Furthermore, the cells proliferation upon RANKL stimulation, as well as NFkB and cyclin D1 expression, induced by tested SPRMs were analyzed. Conducted experiments proved NFkB expression inhibition as well as cyclin D1 expression limitation under asoprisnil and ulipristal treatment. The established paracrine anti-proliferative activity of antiprogestins together with competitive interaction with RANK make this class of compounds attractive for further study in order to deliver more evidence of their anti-RANK activity and potential application in the breast cancer therapy together with its accompanied osteoporosis.
Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan/Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Phase Separation System: A Potential Topical Antibacterial Formulation with Enhanced Antimicrobial Effect
Authors: Ni Yunzhou , Qian Zhixiang , Yin Yu , Yuan Weien , Wu Fei , Jin Tuo
Published: March 2020

An aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CHT)/polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) blends (PVA/CHT/PHMB blends) has been developed as a potential low dose topical antibacterial formulation with enhanced antimicrobial effect. The preparation of PVA/CHT/PHMB blends was quite facilely, with just dissolved PVA, CHT, PHMB in water in order. There was the aggregates with 100 nm size around induced by phase separation in the blends and an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) formed, as non-ionic polymer PVA formed a continuous phase and cationic polymer CHT and PHMB formed dispersed phases. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PHMB in the PVA/CHT/PHMB blends was 0.5μg/mL, which was four times lower than the MIC of PHMB individually. A phase separation increased zeta potential mechanism was proposed to explain the enhanced antibacterial activities. In addition, the blends could easily form film on the skin surface with good water vapor permeability and be used as a liquid bandage to accelerate the scratch wound healing process of nude mouse. These findings provide experimental evidence that the PHMB-functionalized blends could be further explored as low-dose topical antibacterial formulations, and the nano-sized phase separation strategy could be used to design novel low-dose topical antibacterial formulations with an enhanced antimicrobial effect.
Thin-Film Engineering of Mechanical Fragmentation Properties of Atomic-Layer-Deposited Metal Oxides
Authors: Ruoho Mikko , Niemelä Janne-Petteri , Guerra-Nunez Carlos , Tarasiuk Natalia , Robertson Georgina , Taylor Aidan A. , Maeder Xavier , Kapusta Czeslaw , Michler Johann , Utke Ivo
Published: March 2020

Mechanical fracture properties were studied for the common atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, ZrO2, and Y2O3 thin films, and selected multilayer combinations via uniaxial tensile testing and Weibull statistics. The crack onset strains and interfacial shear strains were studied, and for crack onset strain, TiO2/Al2O3 and ZrO2/Al2O3 bilayer films exhibited the highest values. The films adhered well to the polyimide carrier substrates, as delamination of the films was not observed. For Al2O3 films, higher deposition temperatures resulted in higher crack onset strain and cohesive strain values, which was explained by the temperature dependence of the residual strain. Doping Y2O3 with Al or nanolaminating it with Al2O3 enabled control over the crystal size of Y2O3, and provided us with means for improving the mechanical properties of the Y2O3 films. Tensile fracture toughness and fracture energy are reported for Al2O3 films grown at 135 °C, 155 °C, and 220 °C. We present thin-film engineering via multilayering and residual-strain control in order to tailor the mechanical properties of thin-film systems for applications requiring mechanical stretchability and flexibility.
Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome
Authors: Gopalakrishna Kathyayini P. , Hand Timothy W.
Published: March 2020

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in maintaining health throughout life. The microbiota develops progressively after birth and is influenced by many factors, including the mode of delivery, antibiotics, and diet. Maternal milk is critically important to the development of the neonatal intestinal microbiota. Different bioactive components of milk, such as human milk oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and secretory immunoglobulins, modify the composition of the neonatal microbiota. In this article, we review the role of each of these maternal milk-derived bioactive factors on the microbiota and how this modulation of intestinal bacteria shapes health, and disease.
Ovalbumin-Derived Peptides Activate Retinoic Acid Signalling Pathways and Induce Regulatory Responses Through Toll-Like Receptor Interactions
Authors: Martínez-Blanco Mónica , Pérez-Rodríguez Leticia , Lozano-Ojalvo Daniel , Molina Elena , López-Fandiño Rosina
Published: March 2020

This study investigates the potential of a hydrolysate of ovalbumin with pepsin (OP) to preclude Th2-type immunity by the enhancement of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells. Through Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation, OP enhances the retinoic acid pathway on DCs by means of the induction of aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and it confers upon DC the ability to upregulate interleukin 10 (IL-10) as well as other tolerance-promoting mediators downstream of TRL signalling, such as IL-27, IL-33, Notch ligands, OX40L, and the transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8. OP-conditioned DCs induce the expansion of Foxp3+ and Tr1 cells in co-culture with CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, OP directly conditions CD4+ T cells from naïve mice, without the mediation of DCs, to express aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes and, in the presence of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and exogenous TGF-β, it enhances Foxp3 expression. It is noteworthy that, on CD4+ T cells isolated from egg-allergic mice, OP significantly enriches the levels of Foxp3+ and Foxp3+ RORγt+ CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, we show that food peptides may work, analogously to microbial-driven signals, through TLRs, to promote a tolerogenic phenotype on cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, a property that is further enhanced in the context of a Th2 cytokine-rich environment.
Citric Acid Assisted Phytoremediation of Chromium through Sunflower Plants Irrigated with Tannery Wastewater
Authors: Mallhi Ali Imran , Chatha Shahzad Ali Shahid , Hussain Abdullah Ijaz , Rizwan Muhammad , Bukhar Syed Asad Hussain , Hussain Afzal , Mallhi Zahid Imran , Ali Shafaqat , Hashem Abeer , Abd_Allah Elsayed Fathi , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: March 2020

Heavy metals are rapidly polluting the environment as a result of growing industrialization and urbanization. The presence of high concentrations of chromium (Cr), along with other pollutants, is widespread in tannery wastewater. In Pakistan, as a result of a severe shortage of irrigation water, farmers use tannery wastewater to grow various crops with a consequent decline in plants’ yield. This experiment was performed to assess growth revival in sunflower plants irrigated with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% tannery wastewater, by foliar application of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 mM citric acid (CA). The wastewater treatment curtailed biomass accumulation, the growth rate, and chlorophyll contents by exacerbating the oxidative stress in sunflowers. Foliar application of CA considerably alleviated the outcomes of Cr toxicity by curbing the Cr absorption and oxidative damage, leading to improvements in plant growth, biological yield, and chlorophyll contents. It is concluded that foliar application of CA can successfully mitigate the Cr toxicity in sunflower plants irrigated with tannery wastewater.
Recovery, Assessment, and Molecular Characterization of Minor Olive Genotypes in Tunisia
Authors: Saddoud Debbabi Olfa , Miazzi Monica , Elloumi Olfa , Fendri Mahdi , Ben Amar Fathi , Savoia Michele , Sion Sara , Souabni Hana , Mnasri Sameh , Ben Abdelaali Selma , Jendoubi Fadwa , Mangini Giacomo , Famiani Franco , Taranto Francesca , Montemurro Cinzia , Msallem Monji
Published: March 2020

Olive is one of the oldest cultivated species in the Mediterranean Basin, including Tunisia, where it has a wide diversity, with more than 200 cultivars, of both wild and feral forms. Many minor cultivars are still present in marginal areas of Tunisia, where they are maintained by farmers in small local groves, but they are poorly characterized and evaluated. In order to recover this neglected germplasm, surveys were conducted in different areas, and 31 genotypes were collected, molecularly characterized with 12 nuclear microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) markers, and compared with 26 reference cultivars present in the Tunisian National Olive collection. The analysis revealed an overall high genetic diversity of this olive’s germplasm, but also discovered the presence of synonymies and homonymies among the commercialized varieties. The structure analysis showed the presence of different gene pools in the analyzed germplasm. In particular, the marginal germplasm from Ras Jbal and Azmour is characterized by gene pools not present in commercial (Nurseries) varieties, pointing out the very narrow genetic base of the commercialized olive material in Tunisia, and the need to broaden it to avoid the risk of genetic erosion of this species in this country.
Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species
Authors: Han Hudong , He Hongshi , Wu Zhengfang , Cong Yu , Zong Shengwei , He Jianan , Fu Yuanyuan , Liu Kai , Sun Hang , Li Yan , Yu Changbao , Xu Jindan
Published: March 2020

Environmental factors that drive carbon storage are often used as an explanation for alpine treeline formation. However, different tree species respond differently to environmental changes, which challenges our understanding of treeline formation and shifts. Therefore, we selected Picea jezoensis and Betula ermanii, the two treeline species naturally occurring in Changbai Mountain in China, and measured the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots, stems and fine roots at different elevations. We found that compared with P. jezoensis, the NSC and soluble sugars concentrations of leaves and shoots of B. ermanii were higher than those of P. jezoensis, while the starch concentration of all the tissues were lower. Moreover, the concentration of NSC, soluble sugars and starch in the leaves of B. ermanii decreased with elevation. In addition, the starch concentration of B. ermanii shoots, stems and fine roots remained at a high level regardless of whether the soluble sugars concentration decreased. Whereas the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots and stems of P. jezoensis responded similarly changes with elevation. These findings demonstrate that compared with P. jezoensis, B. ermanii has a higher soluble sugars/starch ratio, and its shoots, stems and fine roots actively store NSC to adapt to the harsh environment, which is one of the reasons that B. ermanii can be distributed at higher altitudes.
Recent Progress on Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework-Involved Hybrid Materials for Rapid Determination of Contaminants in Environment and Food
Authors: Yao Chi-Xuan , Zhao Ning , Liu Ji-Chao , Chen Li-Jun , Liu Jing-Min , Fang Guo-Zhen , Wang Shuo
Published: March 2020

The high speed of contaminants growth needs the burgeoning of new analytical techniques to keep up with the continuous demand for monitoring and legislation on food safety and environmental pollution control. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of advanced crystal porous materials with controllable apertures, which are self-assembled by organic ligands and inorganic metal nodes. They have the merits of large specific surface areas, high porosity and the diversity of structures and functions. Latterly, the utilization of metal-organic frameworks has attracted much attention in environmental protection and the food industry. MOFs have exhibited great value as sensing materials for many targets. Among many sensing methods, fluorometric sensing is one of the widely studied methods in the detection of harmful substances in food and environmental samples. Fluorometric detection based on MOFs and its functional materials is currently one of the most key research subjects in the food and environmental fields. It has gradually become a hot research direction to construct the highly sensitive rapid sensors to detect harmful substances in the food matrix based on metal-organic frameworks. In this paper, we introduced the synthesis and detection application characteristics (absorption, fluorescence, etc.) of metal-organic frameworks. We summarized their applications in the MOFs-based fluorometric detection of harmful substances in food and water over the past few years. The harmful substances mainly include heavy metals, organic pollutants and other small molecules, etc. On this basis, the future development and possible application of the MOFs have prospected in this review paper.
Effect of Hydraulic Retention Time on Anaerobic Baffled Reactor Operation: Enhanced Biohydrogen Production and Enrichment of Hydrogen-producing Acetogens
Authors: Jiang Fan , Peng Zhiying , Li Huaibo , Li Ji , Wang Shuo
Published: March 2020

Biohydrogen production by fermentation has become a promising technology developed in the world. In this study, diluted normal molasses wastewater is used as the raw material, and biohydrogen production efficiency and operation characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) are studied. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) on biohydrogen production efficiency and operating characteristics of ABR is extensively discussed. Experimental results showed that methanogen residuals were still observed in the last three compartments under HRT of 24 h and COD(Chemical oxygen demand) concentration of 8000 mg/L. Meanwhile, the first three compartments presented an ethanol fermentation type. The characteristics of butyric acid fermentation in Compartment IV were also enhanced. The average removal efficiency of COD was reduced to 15.4%. The average rates of biohydrogen production and specific biohydrogen production were 12.85 and 360.22 L/kg COD, respectively. The extension of HRT was beneficial to enrich hydrogen-producing acetogens and could increase the production rate of biohydrogen by a factor of 1.65. However, with the decrease in the bioactivity of acidogenic fermentation bacteria, the biohydrogen production efficiency of ABR was significantly reduced when HRT was longer than 30 h. The specific biogas production rate decreased from 191 to 92 L/(kg MLVSS·d). The specific biohydrogen production rate also decreased from 24.34 to 2.7 L/(kg MLVSS·d).
Optimizing the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Bletilla ochracea Schltr. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Evaluating their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Wang Bulei , Xu Yan , Chen Lijun , Zhao Guangming , Mi Zeyuan , Lv Dinghao , Niu Junfeng
Published: March 2020

Bletilla ochracea Schltr. polysaccharides (BOP) have a similar structure to Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f. (Orchidaceae) polysaccharides (BSP). Therefore, BOP can be considered as a substitute for BSP in the food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics fields. To the best of our knowledge, little information is available regarding the optimization of extraction and antioxidant activity of BOP. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was firstly used for optimizing the extraction parameters of BOP. The results suggested that the optimal conditions included a temperature of 82 °C, a duration of 85 min and a liquid/material ratio of 30 mL/g. In these conditions, we received 26.45% ± 0.18% as the experimental yield. In addition, BOP exhibited strong concentration-dependent antioxidant abilities in vitro. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of BOP against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+·), hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide anion (·O2−) radicals and ferrous ions (Fe2+) were determined as 692.16, 224.09, 542.22, 600.53 and 515.70 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, our results indicate that BOP can be a potential natural antioxidant, deserving further investigation.
Inverse Tangent Functional Nonlinear Feedback Control and Its Application to Water Tank Level Control
Authors: Zhao Jian , Zhang Xianku
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the significance and feasibility of addressing a notion that the system error of a nonlinear feedback control can be decorated by an inverse tangent function in order to attain a sound energy-efficient performance. The related mathematical model and relevant evaluation of this concept are further illustrated by demonstrating a case study about the control performance of water tank level. The rationale of robust control and theoretical algorithm of Lyapunov stability theorem are outlined to evaluate the effectiveness of nonlinear feedback with inverse tangent function in terms of improving robustness of PID (Proportional–Integral–Derivative) controller and energy-saving capability. By demonstrating five simulations of different scenarios, it ultimately proves that the modified robust PID controller by inverse tangent function meets the requirement of energy-saving capacity. Comparing with the routine PID control, the mean control input of controlling water tank level can be reduced up to 39.2% by using modified nonlinear feedback controller. This nonlinear feedback PID controller is energy efficient and concise for its convenient use, which is feasible to expand its utility to other applications.
Current Use of Carbon-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications—A Prospective and Review
Authors: Rajakumar Govindasamy , Zhang Xiu-Hua , Gomathi Thandapani , Wang Sheng-Fu , Azam Ansari Mohammad , Mydhili Govindarasu , Nirmala Gnanasundaram , Alzohairy Mohammad A. , Chung Ill-Min
Published: March 2020

Among a large number of current biomedical applications in the use of medical devices, carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene (G), graphene oxides (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotube (CNT) are frontline materials that are suitable for developing medical devices. Carbon Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) are becoming promising materials due to the existence of both inorganic semiconducting properties and organic π-π stacking characteristics. Hence, it could effectively simultaneously interact with biomolecules and response to the light. By taking advantage of such aspects in a single entity, CBNs could be used for developing biomedical applications in the future. The recent studies in developing carbon-based nanomaterials and its applications in targeting drug delivery, cancer therapy, and biosensors. The development of conjugated and modified carbon-based nanomaterials contributes to positive outcomes in various therapies and achieved emerging challenges in preclinical biomedical applications. Subsequently, diverse biomedical applications of carbon nanotube were also deliberately discussed in the light of various therapeutic advantages.
U.S. Foreign Policy and the Defense of Religious Freedom in India
Authors: Teater Kristina M.
Published: March 2020

The defense of religious freedom around the world is a U.S. foreign policy initiative upheld by successive administrations since the passing of the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA). Supported by various religious constituencies that advocate for the freedom of religion of like-minded individuals across borders, the U.S. government engages with foreign governments, human rights groups, and NGOs to preserve an individual’s right to freedom of religion or belief. Their results, however, are mixed, especially in diverse contexts where religious rights are deeply contested. This paper explores the advocacy effort in response to the Government of India’s crackdown on the inflow of foreign funds to NGOs, many of which are faith-based. Using the revocation of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) license of faith-based NGO Compassion International as a case study, this paper finds that U.S. involvement in defense of religious freedom meets counter-narratives. These counter-narratives include the preservation of state sovereignty, the protection of national interest, and the privileging of religious tolerance over religious freedom.
Review: Cost-Effective Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform for Field Plant Breeding Application
Authors: Jang GyuJin , Kim Jaeyoung , Yu Ju-Kyung , Kim Hak-Jin , Kim Yoonha , Kim Dong-Wook , Kim Kyung-Hwan , Lee Chang Woo , Chung Yong Suk
Published: March 2020

Utilization of remote sensing is a new wave of modern agriculture that accelerates plant breeding and research, and the performance of farming practices and farm management. High-throughput phenotyping is a key advanced agricultural technology and has been rapidly adopted in plant research. However, technology adoption is not easy due to cost limitations in academia. This article reviews various commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms as a high-throughput phenotyping technology for plant breeding. It compares known commercial UAV platforms that are cost-effective and manageable in field settings and demonstrates a general workflow for high-throughput phenotyping, including data analysis. The authors expect this article to create opportunities for academics to access new technologies and utilize the information for their research and breeding programs in more workable ways.