In Situ STM Investigations of Cu(100) and Bimetallic Ag/Cu(100) Model Catalysts for CO2 Electroreduction in Bicarbonate Solution
Authors: Amirbeigiarab Reihaneh , Magnussen Olaf M 
Published: February 2024

The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) to valuable chemicals and fuels plays a crucial role in the sustainable energy economy as it represents a promising potential for the renewable energy storage as well as closing the carbon loop.[1,2] Thus, the design and development of a highly efficient and selective electrocatalyst for CO2RR has become a topic of great importance in recent years. Among elemental metals, copper exhibits unique catalytic behaviour to reduce CO2 towards multi-carbon products with reasonable Faradaic efficiency due to its moderate CO-binding energy.[3,4] However, the selectivity and activity of pure copper is still far away for a practical application. The integration of a secondary metal species provides a promising strategy to improve the catalytical performance of the copper catalyst. Combination with silver is particularly interesting for such bimetallic catalysts, since Ag is a highly efficient catalyst for CO2RR to CO, probably the most important intermediate in the CO2RR, and has been shown to promote the formation of multi-carbon products.[5]

Here, we present in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of well-defined Cu and AgCu electrodes in CO2-satured 0.1 M KHCO3, which is one of the most common electrolytes for CO2 electroreduction. For Cu(100) in the double layer potential range, coexistence of two ordered (bi)carbonate adlayer phases was observed (Fig. 1a,b, published in [6]). These adlayer phases have a highly complex structure, exhibit dynamic fluctuations, and undergo a potential dependent order-disorder transition at about 0 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. Detailed density functional calculations reveal that the observed layer is composed of carbonate and water that coadsorb on the electrode surface, underlining the key role of water in the stabilization of the (bi)carbonate adlayers.[6]

Upon decreasing the potential to the onset of CO2RR, the formation of Cu nanoclusters is observed on the Cu(100) surfaces by in situ STM. This surface restructuring can be assigned to the influence of CO intermediates formed in the CO2RR. Upon subsequent increase of the potential back into the double layer range, the clusters disperse, resulting in a highly disordered interface structure that contains Cu adatoms, (bi)carbonates, and further molecular adsorbates. This irreversible change of the molecular-scale electrode surface is supported by spectroscopic results.

AgCu bimetallic model catalysts were prepared by electrodeposition of submonolayer Ag coverage on Cu(100) in 0.1 M H2SO4. Silver forms islands on Cu(100) with a hexagonal quasi-Ag(111) atomic lattice. After the preparation and characterization of the Ag-decorated Cu(100), the electrolyte was exchanged under potential control to 0.1 M KHCO3. The electrolyte exchange results in the distinct restructuring on the surface in the double layer potential range, in which the islands develop a strongly anisotropic shape. In addition, appearance of new islands and a reduced surface mobility are observed. Furthermore, in contrast to the Ag-free Cu(100), high-resolution STM images show a disordered molecular adlayer.

Our results demonstrate the pronounced role of adsorbed (bi)carbonate at the catalyst/electrolyte interface and its impact on the surface morphology and dynamics already at potentials in the double layer regime. These adsorbate-induced structural changes need to be considered for a fundamental understanding and rational design of electrocatalysts for CO2RR.

The Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) via SPP 2080, project no. 327886311.

References:

[1] P. De Luna, C. Hahn, D. Higgins, S.A. Jaffer, T.F. Jaramillo, E.H. Sargent, Science 364 (2019) 6438

[2] S. Nitopi, E. Bertheussen, S.B. Scott, X. Liu, A.K. Engstfeld, S. Horch, B. Seger, I.E.L. Stephens, K. Chan, C. Hahn, J.K. Norskov, T.F. Jaramillo, I. Chorkendorff, Chem. Rev. 119 (2019) 7610.

[3] Y. Hori. Modern Aspects of Electrochem. 42 (2008) 89.

[4] A. Bagger, W. Ju, A.S. Varela, P. Strasser, J. Rossmeisl, ChemPhysChem.18 (2017) 3266

[5] A. Herzog, A. Bergmann, H.S. Jeon, J. Timoshenko, S. Kühl, C. Rettenmaier, M. Lopez Luna, F.T. Haase, B. Roldan Cuenya, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60 (2021) 7426

[6] R. Amirbeigiarab, A. Bagger, J. Tian, J. Rossmeisl, O.M. Magnussen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 61 (2022) e202211360

Figure 1