bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergy of active and passive airborne observations for heating rates calculation during the AEROCLO-SA field campaign in Namibia
Authors: Ventura Mégane , Waquet Fabien , Chiapello Isabelle , Brogniez Gérard , Parol Frédéric , Auriol Frédérique , Loisil Rodrigue , Delegove Cyril , Blarel Luc , Dubovik Oleg , Mallet Marc , Flamant Cyrille , Formenti Paola
Published: August 2024

Abstract. Aerosols have important effects on both local and global climate, as well as on clouds and precipitations. We present some original results of the airborne AErosol RadiatiOn and CLOud in Southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) field campaign led in Namibia in August and September 2017. In order to quantify the aerosols radiative impact on the Namibian regional radiative budget, we use an innovative approach that combines the OSIRIS polarimeter and lidar data to derive heating rate of the aerosols. To calculate this parameter, we use a radiative transfer code and meteorological parameters provided by dropsondes. This approach is evaluated during massive transports of biomass burning particles above clouds. We present vertical profiles of heating rates computed in the solar and thermal parts of the spectrum. Our results indicated strong positive heating rate values retrieved above clouds due to aerosols, between +2 and +5 Kelvin per day (vertically averaged). Within the smoke layer, water vapor's cooling effect through infrared radiation generally balances its warming effect from solar radiation. At the top of the layer, a stronger cooling effect of −1.5 K/day often dominates due to water vapor. In order to validate this methodology, we use irradiance measurements acquired during sounding performed with the aircraft during dedicated parts of the flights, which provides direct measurements of irradiances distribution and heating rates in function of the altitude. Finally, we discuss the possibility to apply this method to available and future spaceborne passive and active sensors.
Exploring the mechanisms of Devonian oceanic anoxia: impact of ocean dynamics, palaeogeography and orbital forcing
Authors: Gérard Justin , Sablon Loïc , Huygh Jarno J. C. , Da Silva Anne-Christine , Pohl Alexandre , Vérard Christian , Crucifix Michel
Published: August 2024

Abstract. The Devonian is a warmer-than-present geological period spanning from 419 to 359 million years ago (Ma) characterized by multiple identified ocean anoxic/hypoxic events. Despite decades of extensive investigation, no consensus has been reached regarding the drivers of these anoxic events. While growing geological evidence has demonstrated a temporal correlation between astronomical forcing and anoxia during this period, underlying physical mechanisms remain unknown, hence questioning causality. Here, we perform multiple sensitivity experiments, using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity (cGENIE), to isolate the influences of specific Devonian climate and palaeogeography components on ocean oxygen levels, contributing to the better understanding of the intricate interplay of factors preconditioning the ocean to anoxia. We quantify the impact of continental configuration, ocean-atmosphere biogeochemistry (global mean oceanic PO4 concentration and atmospheric pO2), climatic forcing (pCO2) and astronomical forcing on background oceanic circulation and oxygenation during the Devonian. Our results indicate that continental configuration is crucial for Devonian ocean anoxia, significantly influencing ocean circulation and oxygen levels while consistently modulating the effects of other Devonian climate components such as oceanic PO4 concentration, atmospheric pO2 and pCO2, and orbital forcing. The evolution of continental configuration provides a plausible explanation for the increased frequency of ocean anoxic events identified during the Middle and Late Devonian periods, as it contributed to the expansion of oxygen-depleted zones. Our simulations also show that both the decreased atmospheric pO2 and increased oceanic PO2 concentration exacerbate ocean anoxia, consistent with established knowledge. The variation of pCO2 reveals a wide range of ocean dynamics patterns, including stable oscillations, multiple convection cells, multistability and hysteresis; all leading to significant variations of the ocean oxygen levels, therefore strongly impacting the preconditioning of the ocean to anoxia. Furthermore, multistability and important hysteresis (particularly slow ocean time response) offer different mechanisms to account for the prolonged duration of some ocean anoxic events. Finally, we found that astronomical forcing substantially impacts ocean anoxia by altering ocean circulation and oxygen solubility, with obliquity consistently emerging as the primary orbital parameter driving ocean oxygen variations.
Multidecadal satellite-derived Portuguese Burn Severity Atlas (1984–2022)
Authors: Jahanianfard Dina , Parente Joana , Gonzalez-Pelayo Oscar , Benali Akli
Published: August 2024

Abstract. Long-term burn severity assessment can support better pre- and post-fire management plans. In this study, Portuguese Burn Severity Atlas was created containing historical fires in Portugal from 1984 to 2022. As prerequisites, fire data were gathered and delimited for all years. Due to the availability of satellite images, for different years, different imagery from Landsat sensors (30 m) were applied. Exploratory analysis showed that burn severity estimates are significantly affected by the time lag between the satellite imagery acquisition and the fire date. We explicitly incorporated the effect of time lag in the degradation of burn severity estimates in the selection of the most suitable pre- and post-fire satellite images for each fire. Using Google Earth Engine, burn severity estimates were calculated for fires equal to or larger than 500 ha between 1984 and 2000 and larger than 100 ha for fires from 2001 to 2022 with known start and end dates (valid fires). Different indices were calculated, such as the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), relative dNBR (RdNBR), Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR), and a burn severity index that combines dNBR with enhanced vegetation index (dNBR-EVI). Overall, in Portugal, 4.92 M ha burned over the 38-year period (1984–2022), from which 3.19 million ha were caused by valid fires (64.8 %). Among these, a total area of 3.11 million ha had burn severity estimates via the applied indices (97 % of valid and 63 % of all fires). Results show that Portugal has experienced, on average, “high” burn severity throughout this period, with large percentages of dNBR pixels between 0.419 and 0.66 (29 %) and > 0.66 (20 %). Estimates from different burn severity indices provided a more complete representation of the burn severity impacts. Via the analysis of only three fires throughout the study period, the dNBR-EVI showed potential in differentiating the “unburned” and “regrowth” burn severity while RBR was more prone to signal saturation, i.e., inability to show “high” and “very high” burn severity. However, more in-depth research is needed to fully confirm these properties. This atlas can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12773611 (Jahanianfard et al., 2024) and be used by researchers to have a better understanding of historical fires, their corresponding impacts on vegetation cover, air, soil, and water quality, and identification of the most influential environmental and climatical drivers of burn severity.
Role of serum estradiol and C-telopeptide on musculoskeletal pain in menopausal women
Authors: Siregar Muhammad FG. , Terauchi Masakazu , Lumbantobing Jonathan T. , Pasaribu Hotma P. , Prabudi Muhammad O. , Ardiansyah Edy , Effendi Iman H. , Tobing Immanuel DL. , Azmeila Selly , Nabila Nabila
Published: August 2024

Musculoskeletal pain is one of the common symptoms of menopause syndrome throughout the world. Estradiol is the most potent and abundant derivative of estrogen and is associated with musculoskeletal pain, stiffness, and depressed mood during the menopausal transition. C-telopeptide is a molecule released during osteoclastic bone resorption and degradation of type I collagen, which is reported to have higher levels in individuals with musculoskeletal pain. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design was used in this research. Estradiol and C-telopeptide levels were measured in this study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Musculoskeletal pain was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and the Menopause Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL). Musculoskeletal pain was determined if the participant answered “yes” on questions number 12, 14 and 25 on the MENQOL. Data analysis was performed using the independent Student t-test for normally distributed data and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normally distributed data. A correlation test was performed using the Pearson correlation test for normally distributed data and the Spearman correlation test for non-normally distributed data. The results showed a non-significant relationship between estradiol and C-telopeptide levels with musculoskeletal pain assessed using the NMQ or MENQOL questionnaires. The correlation test also showed no correlation between estradiol and C-telopeptide levels in women with and without musculoskeletal pain.
‘The Language of Eden in God’s Own Country: Gaelic Presbyterianism in Aotearoa New Zealand’
Authors: Holmes Martin
Published: August 2024

This article explains the rise and fall of Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) in the Presbyterian churches of Aotearoa New Zealand during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this period, Scottish Gaelic went into steep decline in Scotland and in diaspora communities. This phenomenon was especially notable within Presbyterian churches. Several case studies have charted the decline of Gaelic Presbyterianism in Highland Scotland, Lowland Scotland, Canada, Australia, and the United States of America. This article does the same for Aotearoa New Zealand. It explains that Gaelic in Aotearoa New Zealand was subject to the same pressures as elsewhere. The language’s widespread association with poverty and backwardness meant that many Gaels discarded it for the sake of social advancement. Church leaders tended to favour the assimilation of Gaels after the first generation. Finally, those committed to the language struggled to maintain it in an Anglophone society.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF MINING ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA: EMPLOYING GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES TO MONITOR SUBSURFACE CHANGES AND MITIGATE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE.
Authors: MOLUA O.C. , VWAVWARE J. O. , NWACHUKWU D.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the environmental impacts of mining activities across various sites in Nigeria by employing comprehensive geophysical surveys. The research problem centres on understanding how subsurface modifications due to mining influence land degradation, water pollution, and habitat destruction. The methodology involved seismic, radar, and electromagnetic surveys using equipment such as seismographs, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and electromagnetic flow meters to measure subsurface disruption depths, groundwater flow velocities, and subsurface feature depths. Data were collected from 15 mining sites, with notable results including subsurface disruption depths ranging from 6.8 meters at Ogochi to 15.0 meters at Ophemii. Groundwater flow velocities varied from 0.021 m/s at Ogochi to 0.038 m/s at Ophemii, and environmental impact scores ranged from 4.5 at Itsawhe to 9.0 at Ophemii. Statistical tools such as Pearson correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, and linear regression analyses were utilized to assess the relationships between geophysical data and environmental impact scores. The study revealed strong positive correlations, with Pearson correlation coefficients as high as 0.92 at Ophemii, indicating that more significant subsurface disturbances are associated with higher environmental impacts. The linear regression analysis further quantified this relationship, with considerable regression coefficients (β1=0.78\beta_1 = 0.78β1=0.78 and β2=0.58\beta_2 = 0.58β2=0.58 at Ophemii) suggesting that subsurface changes can predict environmental impacts. In conclusion, the study highlights the critical role of geophysical changes in driving environmental degradation at mining sites. These findings emphasize the need for stringent monitoring and management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of mining activities. By integrating geophysical data into environmental impact assessments, stakeholders can better protect natural resources and promote sustainable mining practices in Nigeria. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence of the link between subsurface modifications and environmental impacts in mining regions.
Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) Pencarian Wisata di Probolinggo Menggunakan Sequential Search dan Location Based Service (LBS)
Authors: Ainin Fadlilah Annisa , Putro Fidi Wincoko , Rahmanti Farah Zakiyah
Published: August 2024

Probolinggo merupakan daerah yang terdiri atas kota dan kabupaten. Berada pada lokasi yang strategis, menjadikan Probolinggo sebagai daerah transit atau tempat beristirahat bagi masyarakat yang akan pergi ke kota-kota di sekitarnya. Probolinggo memiliki destinasi wisata menarik yang memikat para peminatnya. Akan tetapi, dari sekian destinasi wisata hingga kuliner yang ada, tidak sedikit di antaranya masih jarang dikunjungi atau kurang terekspos. Hal ini disebabkan karena kurangnya informasi mengenai lokasi wisata, sehingga tidak jarang calon pengunjung merasa ragu-ragu ketika ingin mengunjungi suatu destinasi wisata. Solusi dalam mengatasi situasi tersebut, dibangun sistem informasi geografis yang dijalankan melalui situs web, dengan menerapkan algoritma pencarian sequential search dan metode Location Based Service. Sistem ini berhasil mengakses lokasi pengguna dan menguji algoritma pencarian lokasi wisata dengan akurasi 100%. Sedangkan pengujian yang menerapkan metode System Usability Scale, mendapat nilai sebesar 78.25, berarti termasuk ke dalam grade C, dengan adjective ratings yaitu good, serta acceptability ratings bernilai acceptable.
Desain dan Implementasi Sistem Pengelolaan Kerja Praktik dan Magang Perguruan Tinggi Terintegrasi dengan Sistem Informasi Akademik
Authors: Fidi Wincoko Putro  , Khodijah Amiroh  , Rokhmatul Insani  , Syahfril Nizammudin  , William Kurniawan  , Rizki Fadillah
Published: August 2024

Kerja Praktik dan Magang merupakan salah satu bentuk program pendidikan  di suatu institusi pendidikan, baik di institusi pendidikan tingkat kejuruan maupun tingkat perguruan tinggi. Telah banyak Perguruan Tinggi yang melakukan pengelolaan administrasi Kerja Praktik dan Magang menggunakan Sistem Informasi. Meskipun demikian, muncul permasalahan ketika suatu Perguruan Tinggi telah memiliki Sistem Informasi Akademik sebelumnya tetapi belum tersedia sistem pengelolaan Kerja Praktik dan Magang yang harusnya saling terintegrasi. Integrasi perlu dilakukan karena Kerja Praktik dan Magang merupakan salah satu bagian dari penilaian akademik dimana menjadi mata kuliah yang menjadi syarat kelulusan mahasiswa. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat rancangan dan melakukan implementasi sistem pengelolaan Kerja Praktik dan Magang yang akan diintegrasikan dengan Sistem Informasi Akademik yang telah berjalan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan metode SUS, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa sistem yang diusulkan memeperoleh SUS Score yaitu 52.29 hal ini berarti bahwa sistem yang diusulkan bernilai cukup bisa diterima oleh user.
Analisa Kecacatan pada Produk Koja L Menggunakan Metode Borda dan Kaizen di PT. Industri Sumber Mesin Indonesia
Authors: Suroso Hastawati Chrisna , Arifin Syamsul
Published: August 2024

Pengendalian kualitas merupakan sebuah aktivitas non value added yang harus tetap dilakukan oleh perusahaan guna menjaga standar produk agar tetap sesuai dengan keinginan konsumen. Dari data terdahulu part koja L di PT. ISUMI memiliki cacat sebesar 3,9% dari keseluruhan total produk yang diproduksi. Oleh karenanya, dirasa perlu untuk mengurangi jumlah cacat dari produk koja L guna meningkatkan keuntungan produksi. Jenis metode yang diterpakn pada permasalahan ini adalah dengan metode kuantitatif dan juga diimbangi dengan metode yang bersifat kualitatif guna mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal. Metode kuantitatif yang digunakan adalah dengan seven tools dan metode kualitatif adalah dengan borda. Setelah didapatkan hasil dari kedua metode diatas maka proses perbaikan dengan menggunakan kaizen juga dilakukan untuk mendapatkan solusi akan terjadinya cacat pada produk ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah didapatkan cacat dominan dengan metode kuantitatif maupun kualitatif yaitu cacat tinggi produk yang seringkali tidak sesuai sehingga perlu dilakukan perbaikan dan solusi dengan 5W+1H
Қаржылық есептілік цифрлық экономика жағдайында кәсіпорынның қызметін бағалау құралы ретінде
Authors: Мусипова Л. , Березюк В.
Published: August 2024

В статье рассматривается цель, основные положения и методика формирования финансовой отчетности в соответствии с Международными стандартами финансовой отчетности, перечислены все утвержденные нормативными документами формы финансовой отчетности.

Мақалада қаржылық есептіліктің халықаралық стандарттарына сәйкес қаржылық есептілікті қалыптастырудың мақсаты, негізгі ережелері мен әдістемесі қарастырылады, қаржылық есептіліктің нормативтік құжаттармен бекітілген барлық нысандары келтірілген.

The article discusses the purpose, main provisions and methodology of the formation of financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, lists all the forms of financial statements approved by regulatory documents.
Кешенді қосылыстардың түзілу механизмі
Authors: Исабаева Г. , Шохинова А.
Published: August 2024

Данная статья рассматривает механизм образования комплексных соединений, приводятся области, в которых они используются, и какую важную роль они играют в нормальном функционировании нашего организма.

Бұл мақалада кешенді қосылыстардың пайда болу механизмі қарастырылады, олардың қолданылатын аймақтары және олар біздің ағзамызды қалыпты жұмыс істеуінде қандай маңызды рөл атқаратыны сипатталады.

This article examines the mechanism of formation of complex compounds, describes the areas where they are used and what important role they play in the normal functioning of our body.
Абайсыз қылмыстық құқық бұзушылықтар туралы заңнаманың қалыптасу және даму тарихы
Authors: Бакишев К.
Published: August 2024

Статья посвящена историческому аспекту развития национального уголовного законодательства об ответственности за правонарушения, совершенные по неосторожности. Такая необходимость обусловлена возрастающей опасностью и распространенностью этих деяний, особенно в сфере взаимодействия человека и техники. Исторический анализ дает возможность более полно понять их сущность, определить более перспективные направления дальнейшего развития системы уголовно-правовых норм в современных условиях противодействия неосторожной преступности. Особое внимание автор уделяет институту неосторожной вины в обычном уголовном праве казахов, подчеркивает его значение для дальнейшего развития вины в Уголовном кодексе Республики Казахстан.

Мақала абайсызда жасалған құқық бұзушылықтар үшін жауапкершілік туралы ұлттық қылмыстық заңнаманы дамытудың тарихи аспектісіне арналған. Мұндай қажеттілік осы әрекеттердің, әсіресе адам мен техниканың өзара әрекеттесу саласындағы қауіптілігі мен таралуының артуына байланысты. Тарихи талдау олардың мәнін неғұрлым толық түсінуге, абайсыз қылмысқа қарсы іс-қимылдың қазіргі жағдайында қылмыстық-құқықтық нормалар жүйесін одан әрі дамытудың перспективалы бағыттарын анықтауға мүмкіндік береді. Автор қазақтардың әдеттегі қылмыстық құқығындағы абайсыз кінә институтына ерекше назар аударады, оның Қазақстан Республикасының Қылмыстық кодексіндегі кінәні одан әрі дамыту үшін маңыздылығын атап көрсетеді.

The article is devoted to the historical aspect of the development of national criminal legislation on liability for offences committed by negligence. This need is due to the increasing danger and prevalence of these acts, especially in the field of human-technology interaction. Historical analysis makes it possible to understand their essence more fully, to identify more promising areas for further development of the system of criminal law norms in modern conditions of countering reckless criminality. The author pays special attention to the institution of careless guilt in the ordinary criminal law of the Kazakhs, emphasizes its importance for the further development of guilt in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
ОНЛАЙН ФОРМАТТА ҚОҒАМДЫҚ ІС-ШАРАЛАРДЫ ҰЙЫМДАСТЫРУ ЖӘНЕ ӨТКІЗУ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ
Authors: КЛАММ С.
Published: August 2024

В данной работе проводится анализ многогранной правовой природы цифровых публичных мероприятий и их правовое осмысление, что является актуальным в контексте расширения сферы публичного взаимодействия. Использование как общенаучных, так и специализированных методов познания, включая формально-юридический и компаративный подходы, позволяет выявить не только критерии допустимости проведения таких мероприятий в цифровой среде, но и определить направления развития нормативной базы для организации и проведения цифровых публичных акций. Статья также представляет сравнительный анализ традиционных и дистанционных форм проведения публичных мероприятий, акцентируя внимание на специфические правовые проблемы, возникающие при регулировании дистанционного формата.

Бұл жұмыста цифрлық қоғамдық іс-шаралардың көп қырлы құқықтық сипатына талдау және олардың құқықтық түсінігі жүргізіледі, бұл қоғамдық өзара іс-қимыл саласын кеңейту контекстінде өзекті болып табылады. Ресми-құқықтық және компаративті тәсілдерді қоса алғанда, жалпы ғылыми және мамандандырылған таным әдістерін қолдану цифрлық ортада осындай іс-шараларды өткізуге рұқсат беру өлшемдерін ғана емес, сонымен қатар цифрлық жария акцияларды ұйымдастыру және өткізу үшін нормативтік базаны дамыту бағыттарын анықтауға мүмкіндік береді. Мақала сонымен қатар қашықтықтан форматты реттеу кезінде туындайтын нақты құқықтық мәселелерге назар аудара отырып, қоғамдық іс-шараларды өткізудің дәстүрлі және қашықтықтан жүргізілетін нысандарына салыстырмалы талдау ұсынады.

This paper analyzes the multifaceted legal nature of digital public events and their legal comprehension, which is relevant in the context of expanding the scope of public interaction. The use of both general scientific and specialized methods of cognition, including formal-legal and comparative approaches, allows us to identify not only the criteria of admissibility of such events in the digital environment, but also to determine the directions of development of the regulatory framework for the organization and conduct of digital public events. The article also presents a comparative analysis of traditional and remote forms of public events, emphasizing the specific legal problems arising in the regulation of the remote format.
Dança Afro-Brasileira em Cena: Expressão e Resistência da Subjetividade do Corpo Negro
Authors: Da Silva Junior Francisco Elismar , Da Silva Robson Carlos
Published: August 2024

Este texto objetiva discutir sobre as subjetividades do corpo negro, considerando suas percepções de corporeidades, suas memórias, noções de espaço e tempo a partir das narrativas das participantes da pesquisa. Metodologicamente trabalhamos com uma perspectiva da trança e com a História oral, tendo esta como ponto chave para a análise das informações acessadas. A trança é entendida como forma de interpretação de experiências performáticas individuais e coletivas, dimensão metafórica, subjetiva e pessoal, por meio da qual, acreditamos, melhor nos aproximarmos do entendimento acerca do fluxo dos sentidos concedidos a estas experiências investigadas. Assim, este trabalho, explora a noção do corpo como uma inscrição no mundo, vinculando tempo, espaço, oralidade e ancestralidade à constituição das representações da corporeidade negra destacando as simbologias associadas ao corpo na cultura negra e nas danças produzidas pelo Grupo Afoxá. Concluímos que o corpo e a dança emergem como cernes da manutenção e preservação da identidade cultural das pessoas negras engajadas com a construção de uma esfera de poder, que não se pretende superior a nenhuma outra, mas sim uma forma equânime de convivência.
Competitividad e innovación en la industria manufacturera en el Uruguay
Authors: Horta Roberto , Silveira Luis , Camacho Micaela
Published: August 2024

A partir de los conceptos estrechamente vinculados de competitividad e innovación, este estudio profundiza la importancia que tiene la capacidad de innovar y de manejar diferentes tipos de innovación como condición básica para la construcción de competitividad. El análisis se aplica a la realidad de la industria manufacturera en el Uruguay, caracterizada mayoritariamente por pequeñas y medianas empresas, a partir de información relevada entre 2001 y 2009. Se encuentra que son diversas las actividades de innovación en la industria manufacturera uruguaya, aunque el esfuerzo innovador varía mucho entre los diferentes sectores industriales, y que las empresas que innovaron lograron mejorar su competitividad.
Pájaros y ornitólogos. Una conversación sobre el pasado, el presente y el futuro de la relación ciencia- filosofía
Authors: González García Marta , López Cerezo José Antonio
Published: August 2024

MG: Bueno, José Antonio, yo no sé si recuerdas lo que decía Richard Feynman de que la filosofía de la ciencia era tan interesante o tan poco interesante para los científicos como la ornitología para los pájaros. ¿Tú qué piensas de eso?
A Survey on the Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems into Commercial and Industrial Electrical Energy Usage
Authors: Kumari Nirmala
Published: August 2024

In this study, the main research hypotheses are the market for energy technologies and the contribution of innovation to solar energy. The solar photovoltaic (PV) energy industry is seeing incredible expansion. Global government policy has changed in response to technological breakthroughs that have cut down the cost of solar PV generating. The solar photovoltaic system is one of the more widely used solar energy systems. Examining pro-poor technological solutions is therefore necessary. This includes evaluating their environmental effect, field performance, consumer uptake, grid connections, and energy storage. The technological problems and difficulties with solar PV plant energy-generating components are examined in this research. Additionally, solar PV modelling is emphasized. Lastly, the report synthesizes the key studies in a coherent way to highlight the research gaps by analyzing them from the perspectives of fault analysis and the necessity of energy storage. Highly educated customers could be able to misunderstand the facts about electricity and solar energy. As a result, this article will offer insight into modern solar PV energy technology and energy management systems, facilitating interaction between industry, information, integration, and communication with society. Additionally, the use of technology for communication and information and its advantages in conjunction with the “Environmental Impact Assessment” will be discussed in detail.
1 Aspekte gemeinsamer Agrarpolitik 2000
Authors: Manegold Dirk
Published: August 2024

Agricultural Markets at the Turn of 2000/2001 (1) EU agricultural policy discussion focussed on two issues in 2000: EU enlargement and WTO negotiations. The approaching - yet unknown - date of Eastern enlargement is alerting EU farmers who fear growing competition to endanger their protected markets. Those fears are, however, countered by hinting to both, the impediments on the path of East European producers struggling for higher efficiency and the chances offering themselves to West European entrepreneurs on enlarged markets. Ongoing preparations for another round of agricultural trade negotiations give rise to highlight the weaknesses of the UR Agreement on Agriculture. Thereafter the positions of WTO member groupings are contrasted for better understanding the difficulties which the negotiations are likely to run into later this year.
2 Die Märkte für Getreide, Ölsaaten und Kartoffeln
Authors: Uhlmann Friedrich
Published: August 2024

(2) World cereals production in 2000 fell short of the 1999 harvest and most exporting countries ran down stocks. Nevertheless, key world grain prices kept on falling. More and more, genetically modified organisms become an issue to international trade in cereals and oilseeds since importing countries are getting concerned about potential health or environmental risks. In spite of periodically or regionally adverse weather conditions the cereals harvest of EU member countries finally turned out to be the biggest ever - almost 24 mt above domestic use. Due to the price reduction through CAP reform (Agenda 2000), the weak Euro, and less ample supplies in several exporting or importing countries EU producers expected improved export conditions. At the same time, however, EU imports started to increase for matching particular quality requirements of the domestic processing industry.
4 Der Markt für Milch
Authors: Salamon Petra
Published: August 2024

(4) Driven by demand expansion and favourable prices world dairy production continued to rise and international trade in milk products slowly recovered from the consequences of the various economic crises in 1998-99. Assuming continued economic growth, demand and prices are likely to increase. Extremely low stocks and scarce market supplies of skimmed milk powder in the EU caused the Commission to reduce the level of subsidies spent on milk powder for calf raising. Butter stocks, however, remained high and EU exports failed to improve due to sluggish demand. Export subsidies on cheese were repeatedly reduced reflecting both firm demand and the weak Euro. With regard to milk production quotas, several EU member countries made special arrangements for allotting parts of the additional quotas to their producers while others introduced some kind of regulated quota exchange. The latter is expected not only to better bring together quota demand and supply but also to avoid transactions at extremely high prices.
Market power of selected German food and beverage exporters on international markets
Authors: Glauben Thomas , Loy Jens-Peter
Published: August 2024

In this paper we applied two well known empirical models, the 'pricing-to-market' and the 'residual demand elasticity' approach, to test for market power of German food and beverage exporters on the main international markets (beer, cocoa powder, chocolate, and sugar confectionary). We compared the estimation results and considered the time series properties of the model variables, which both had an impact on the conclusions drawn from the model estimates.On many international food markets conditions for the existence of market power are fulfilled, such as concentrated supply and/or demand structures, or specific product qualities. For the products under study we have shown that the supply side is highly concentrated. For instance, for beer, cocoa powder, chocolate, and sugar confectionary the six biggest importers hold a significant share of total imports of the respective destinations. In addition, many products are well known for their specific quality characteristics.The 'pricing-to-market' model identifies market power by the estimation of the exchange rate transmission elasticity. A significant transmission elasticity above minus one indicates the use of market power. The 'residual demand elasticity' approach signalizes market power if the estimates for the elasticity lie in the range of minus one to less than infinity. Both frameworks utilize the effects of exchange rate variations on export volumes and prices.On four markets, US and Canadian beer market, UK sugar confectionary, and Italian cocoa powder market, we find significant parameters for the exchange rate transmission elasticity which indicate a 'pricing to market' behavior with similar estimates around -0.7. Thus, the use of market power by German exporters cannot be rejected for these products and destinations. Because the RDE model results do not indicate market power at all, both approaches partly result inconsistent conclusions, which further do not fit to the fact that the law of one price is significantly violated for all products. Even though markets obviously indicate to some extent market power, the applied model approaches do not consistently detect it. Therefore, the observed price discrimination must be caused by some other factors than the deviation of demand elasticities between international markets. The explicit consideration of competitors' behaviour on the international markets can be one factor that might be worthwhile to enhance the understanding of the pricing process on these markets.
Die Europäische Agrarpolitik im Spannungsfeld von Osterweiterung und WTO-Verhandlungen
Authors: Henning Christian H.C.A. , Glauben Thomas , Wald Andreas
Published: August 2024

EU Enlargement and WTO Restrictions Shaping the CAP - A political economy analysis of the present and future CAP reform with special reference to Germany and France. The paper presents a political economy analysis of the present and future CAP reform induced under different policy scenarios regarding future EU enlargement and future WTO agreements. Theoretically, the analysis is based on a political exchange model suggested by Henning (2000). Main results are: (i) Both present and future CAP reforms are significantly biased by the political influence of farmers' lobby. (ii) In quantitative terms an EU enlargement would induce a much stronger shift in the future CAP when compared to increased WTO restrictions. (iii) The timing of the reform is important, given the fact that induced CAP reforms would be supported by a qualified majority within the EU-15, but within the EU-25 these reforms would be defeated by coalition of the new Eastern European member states using their common veto-power. (iv) The majority of political actors within the EU-15 including both politicians and interest groups evaluate induced CAP reforms negatively in comparison to the status quo, while from society's perspective these imply a positive shift of total economic welfare within EU-15.
Agrarpolitik als Management öffentlicher Güter: Zur Ökonomik der dezentralen Bereitstellung von Natur in der Kulturlandschaft
Authors: Nuppenau Ernst-August
Published: August 2024

Managing landscapes as public goods: on the economics of providing for nature in cultivated landscapes in decentralized ways Political procedures aimed at solving conflicts of agriculture and the environment are becoming increasingly important. In contrast to previous research, property rights solutions are regarded as inappropriate to solve the conflicts between farming and nature conservation due to transaction costs. The political process is considered as a substitute for market transactions in an agri-environment being a public good and advised as an ecological main structure (EMS). The paper addresses the problem by introducing a public manager who is responsible for the provision of an ecological main structure. It applies a political economy model of social bargaining, shows how a tragedy of the commons problem may prevail in field margin provision, and outlines a social optimum for an EMS. Finally, it provides for a solution to the problem of establishing socially acceptable rules for individuals in a political economy framework. In that solution farmers', environmentalists', and a manager's interests are considered simultaneously and the paper provides for a unified solution on the basis of a derived public objective function.
Pricing patterns and promotion activities in the German grocery retail industry
Authors: Möser Anke
Published: August 2024

The present article discusses several pricing patterns and promotion activities in the German grocery retail industry. Special sales offers on the one hand and continuous pricing on the other hand affect the price instability of several selected products. Altogether the grocery retail industry exerts a stabilizing effect on prices in comparison with the price instability of agricultural commodities in the world market. Different price levels for products in some retail outlets show that a mixed price calculation is used. Price elasticities in the elastic part of the demand function for four selected products indicate that consumers react strongly to price discounts at the point of sale. Beside pricing strategies, different promotion activities affect demand for individual products strongly.
The influence of the image of organic products on market development
Authors: Simons Johannes , Vierboom Carl , Härlen Ingo
Published: August 2024

According to several surveys organic products widely meet consumers demand, but the corresponding market share in Germany is less than 2,5 %. Missing confidence in the authenticity of organic products, high prices compared to other foods, a low density of distribution, and a lack of a uniform label are regarded as hampering factors for market growth. The influence of the image of organic products on market development, however, is analyzed insufficiently by now. This paper therefore aims at investigating the implications of the image of organic foods on its acceptance by consumers and deriving hints for the development of the market. The actual study is based on a concept of morphological market research, the results refer to Germany and can be summarized as follows. 1. The tradition of the image of organic products is closely associated with the production methods and some kind of ascetic lifestyle. Using those products is classified as part of this lifestyle. Consumers are impressed by a concept of living that is regarded as fundamental. On the other hand perceived changes of the products and prospects for future developments are of less relevance for the image. 2. Consumers' blending of organic products and the ascetic lifestyle might be an important explanation for the low market share of organic products. 3. Positioning organic products within a market segment of tasteful foods necessarily needs to detach the connection between organic products and the "organic lifestyle". This is possible by co-operating with strong brands for example on the market of frozen food or baby food. 4. Moreover, sales opportunities could arise in the segment for wellness-products because organic products are regarded as healthy and thus meet the demands for products in this segment. In any case, one might take into account the competition with other constitutional foods that are produced in a substantial´ly different way, as e.g. dietary supplement or functional-food. Thus a strategy to benefit from these market opportunities could result in severe problems with the supplying farmers.
Opportunities and barriers for niche marketing of lamb in European LFAs based on consumer attitudes to product quality
Authors: Rahmann Gerold , Ashworth Stuart W. , Boutonnet Jean-Pierre , Brunori Gianluca , Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: August 2024

With commodity prices continuing to decrease and with policy constraint that farmers cannot easily increase their incomes by increasing volumes of production, they must find alternative ways to maintain their standard of living. This can be achieved by either niche marketing of agricultural products or by environmental payments, which are paid by either the government or the consumer. The results of a consumer survey carried out in Less Favoured Areas in Scotland, Germany, Greece, France and Italy to assess consumer attitudes of what constitutes the quality of lamb and the extent to which this provides an opportunity to exploit niche marketing, are discussed. Consumers generally have much less interest in the use of regional labelling, ecologically friendly production systems or the linkage of landscape and production systems in the buying decision. It is concluded that potential exists to develop niche markets for lamb and that these niches demonstrate significant regional differences. Equally, however, it is concluded that there are only limited rewards for production systems which are sympathetic to the environment. To achieve this goal, policy intervention is required, geared directly to environmental management practices. Future policy support towards farmers in LFAs is needed as a mix of policy instruments. Nowadays, financial support of farming in LFAs is necessary to grant farmers income, but structural support (e. g. in marketing products under reliable labelling towards consumers' requests with trust in the "added values") can help to increase LFA-farmers income without increasing subsidies.
Entwicklungen und Erfordernisse für Anpassungen im Agribusiness
Authors: Grunert Klaus G. , Wendlmaier Hannes
Published: August 2024

Dieser Artikel ist nur in deutscher Sprache verfügbar.
The article is only available in German language.
Strukturwandel durch Fusionen im Ernährungssektor: Ein anhaltender Konzentrationsprozess?
Authors: Neumann Gyde , Weiss Christoph
Published: August 2024

Structural change in the food industry by mergers and acquisitions: a persistent process of concentration? Mergers and acquisitions substantially affect the structure of the German food industry. This study analyses changes in the number of mergers and acquisitions for 21 German industries between 1976 and 1994. The results of an econometric panel data analysis show (a) a high degree of persistence, (b) distinct anti-cyclical fluctuations and a positive trend of merger activities as well as (c) significant effects of industry specific characteristics. Contrary to the available empirical literature the econometric model differentiates between industry characteristics of "acquiring" and "acquired" firms.
Agro-food Business Strategies for Origin Labelled Products
Authors: Albisu Luis Miguel , Corcoran Kate
Published: August 2024

Traditional and typical food products are, at present, fully recognised by European Union institutions and regulations. The name Origin Labelled Products (OLPs) brings together all those food products, which have legal recognition under the EU legislation, defined as produced in a particular place or region, while complying with certain EU rules. The term includes products of either Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). Globalisation of food markets has reinforced the attractiveness of these products, as seen in the trend for consumers to appreciate locally produced products more in response to global brands and homogeneous food products. Food safety concerns among consumers, either rationally or emotionally driven, have contributed to the desire for established and traditional processes and origins in products. In this paper, the most important features that identify OLP enterprises and their business environment are described. Although they are small and medium size enterprises (SMEs), they have some distinctive features that might allow them to become more competitive. Following this, the principal characteristics of OLPs and their marketing characteristics are exposed. Future business strategies are discussed in the global economic context and a number of recommendations provided.
Consumer Perception of Traceability in the Meat Chain
Authors: Gellynck Xavier , Verbeke Wim
Published: August 2024

Despite growing interest in meat traceability systems, very little research has been done on consumer needs and perception of traceability. This gap is partly filled by the present study of consumer perception of meat traceability in Belgium, based on cross-sectional data collected in June 2001. Respondents are segmented, based on their subjective perception of meat quality, and differences in the perceived need for traceability systems between the various segments are investigated. Functional traceability attributes, such as organizational efficiency, chain monitoring and individual responsibility, are important to all consumers. Extensions with respect to process attributes, such as production methods, are less relevant to the general population, being only of interest to specific market segments, i.e. consumers with a more negative perception of meat quality and lower consumption levels. In conclusion, it is recommended that public policy focuses on the level of functional traceability attributes, whereas extensions with respect to process attributes are left to private initiatives, which focus on specific market segments.
Ökonomische Aspekte des ökologischen Landbaus
Authors: Köhne Manfred
Published: August 2024

Risk perception and consumer trust after a food scare: An experimental analysis
Förderung des ökologischen Landbaus in Deutschland: Entwicklung und Zukunftsaussichten
Authors: Nieberg Hiltrud , Strohm-Lömpcke Renate
Published: August 2024

Promotion of Organic Farming in Germany: Development and Perspectives for the Future. Organic farming is promoted financially in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1989. The entire segment shows a very dynamic development since that time. In the past eleven years, the organically managed land area has increased more than ten-fold. Now, a large bouquet of measures are offered which target the promotion of organic farming. Among the supports are grants for organically managed land, investment incentives, the promotion of producer co-operatives, the promotion of on-farm processing and direct marketing, publicity measures and measures to raise consumer awareness as well as the support of training, extension and research in the field of organic farming. In addition, a series of pilot and demonstration projects in the area of processing and marketing of organic products have been carried out. Since large portions of the agricultural structure and the agri-environmental policy fall under the jurisdiction of the federal states (the "Bundesländer"), the concrete forms of the support measures as, for example the rates of payments for organically managed land, differ significantly from state to state. This is also reflected in the varying reaction of the states to the new orientation in agricultural policy taken by the federal government. It begins to emerge that the emphasis of support policy for organic farming will remain on the payment of area related premiums despite the new accents in national policy. This article identifies and discusses the current form of these support measures as well as possible approaches for further development. With regard to the total spectrum of measures promoting organic farming, a better co-ordination of the existing activities is recommended, for example within the internationally approved framework of an action plan for organic farming.
Agentenbasierte Politik- und Sektoranalyse - Perspektiven und Herausforderungen
Authors: Balmann Alfons , Happe Kathrin
Published: August 2024

Agent-based Policy and Sector Analysis - Perspectives and ChallengesDuring the last decade a new modeling approach, known as agent-based modeling, was developed and made its way into several areas of research. It greatly benefited from rapid developments in computing technology. As for economics, agent-based modeling is based on the observation that social systems can be understood and modeled explicitly as systems of interacting agents. Because of their flexibility with respect to the representation of agents, the interactions between agents as well as the resulting dynamic and spatial relationships, these models offer a great variety of perspectives for future research. In this contribution, the underlying modeling concept is presented, and exemplary applications to the field of sector and policy analysis are discussed. Future perspectives of agent-based modeling are pointed out, but also challenges to the agent-based approach are presented.