bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Dio Difference”: Social Class and Anglican Girls’ Secondary Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1877-1975
Authors:   , Swanson Bethany
Published: June 2021

This study examines the histories of Anglican girls’ secondary schools from 1877-1975, placing them within a social class setting. This thesis argues that these schools, despite the diversity of their location and the dates of their founding, existed largely to educate the daughters of Aotearoa New Zealand’s ruling class. The ruling class can be defined as an active class made up of social elites, who were influential in society and possessed economic, social and cultural capital. This capital appears in the form of the ability to set an agenda in civic society, as membership in networks, and as the possession of a formal education. The Anglican girls’ private schools were a means through which this class replicated itself. The Anglican church possessed many such influential members of society and was driven, on a diocesan level, to establish private schools for girls in defence of a curriculum which included religious education.

The schools in this study were all founded between 1878 and 1918 and remain in existence today. Over their lifetimes they have remained exclusively girls’ schools, with a mix of day-students and boarders. The thesis uses data collected from school archives, libraries, and school histories as well as a wider literature on education and class theory in order to situate the schools firmly within a class analysis. The thesis makes particular use of admissions registers to analyse the demographic of students attending the schools, situating students within their geographical catchments. Further, admissions registers have been used to determine the social status of parental occupation of students and their relative social class position. Each of the schools engaged in discourses surrounding the purpose of an education for girls. Schools strived to offer students both an academic and a social education. These two goals often existed in tension. The schools grappled with the aim of educating their students to be young Anglican women of good character who were able to fulfil their roles as future wives and mothers in affluent households, whilst also offering an academic curriculum which promised rigour for those most able. As the role of women in the workplace and wider society evolved, so too did the pedagogy of the schools both in terms of curriculum and in the conveyance of symbolic capital through membership in elite ruling class networks. Throughout the time period under examination, 1877-1975, the schools consistently offered an alternative to state schools, an alternative that described the ‘difference’ that private schooling could offer. That ‘difference’, this thesis suggests, was one that signified superiority, locating the schools within the upper ranks of social class hierarchy in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, Russia, December 2020
Authors: Pyankova Olga G , Susloparov Ivan M , Moiseeva Anastasia A , Kolosova Natalia P , Onkhonova Galina S , Danilenko Aleksey V , Vakalova Elena V , Shendo Gennady L , Nekeshina Natalia N , Noskova Lyudmila N , Demina Julia V , Frolova Natalia V , Gavrilova Elena V , Maksyutov Rinat A , Ryzhikov Aleksandr B
Published: June 2021

This study presents the isolation of influenza A(H5N8) virus clade 2.3.4.4b from a poultry worker during an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) among chickens at a poultry farm in Astrakhan, Russia in December 2020. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from seven poultry workers were positive for influenza A(H5N8), as confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. The influenza A(H5N8) virus was isolated from one of the human specimens and characterised. Sporadic human influenza A(H5)2.3.4.4. infections represent a possible concern for public health.
Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths in elderly long-term care facility residents, Spain, weeks 53 2020 to 13 2021
Authors: Mazagatos Clara , Monge Susana , Olmedo Carmen , Vega Lorena , Gallego Pilar , Martín-Merino Elisa , Sierra María José , Limia Aurora , Larrauri Amparo ,   Working Group for the surveillance and control of COVID-19 in Spain
Published: June 2021

Residents in long-term care facilities (LTCF) experienced a large morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and were prioritised for early COVID-19 vaccination. We used the screening method and population-based data sources to obtain estimates of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness for elderly LTCF residents. The estimates were 71% (95% CI: 56–82%), 88% (95% CI: 75–95%), and 97% (95% CI: 92-99%), against SARS-CoV-2 infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic), and COVID-19 hospitalisations and deaths, respectively.
Physical, chemical and microstructural characterization of two problematic soils from the Paraguayan Chaco
Authors: Scheuermann Filho Hugo Carlos , Miguel Gustavo Dias , Festugato Lucas , Quiñonez Samaniego Rubén Alejandro , Marín Eduardo José Bittar
Published: June 2021

It is not uncommon for Geotechnical Engineering works to be carried out under unfavorable conditions that compromise the earth-stability. In this context, the Paraguayan Region of Chaco is notably known owing to the presence of problematic soils that possess dispersive characteristics and/or present high amounts of soluble-sulfates content. Geomaterials of such nature affect mainly the road infrastructure earthworks due to, respectively, their promptness to erosive phenomena when in contact with water and swelling owing to the grown and hydration of expansive minerals such as ettringite and thaumasite, when treated with calcium-based materials. Therefore, present research presents a detailed characterization of a dispersive soil and a sulfate-rich dispersive soil, both collected in the Western Region of Paraguay. Physical, chemical and microstructure tests were carried out in order to verify and explain the deleterious behavior observed in both soils.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Deradicalisation: The Development of MIKRA Risk Assessment
Authors:   University of Indonesia.
Published: June 2021

Instruments for identifying risk of terrorist offenders could help counterterrorism practitioners define parameters of effective rehabilitation and detect a change in risk level of offenders before and after treatment. This study aims to develop Motivation-Ideology-Capability Risk Assessment, known as MIKRA, to examine the level of risk of terrorist offenders. The study involved Indonesian counterter-rorism experts and practitioners for examining the construct validity of MIKRA and terrorist offenders at a maximum-security prison for analysing the external and criterion-related validity. External validity was implemented by comparing offenders’ MIKRA scores with their risk categories reported by Counterterror-rism Special Task Force. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) was also applied to examine MIKRA’s psychometric properties. The results indicate alpha reliability α= 0.933. Furthermore, offenders’ MIKRA scores are correlated significantly with categories of risk released by the official, but not correlated with the non-offenders’ scores. This means MIKRA is valid to investigate risks of terrorist offenders.
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant effect of Ficaria verna Huds.
Authors: İNCİ Şule , EREN Ayşe , KIRBAĞ Sevda , ÖZKAN Ahmet İsmail
Published: June 2021

Ficaria verna Huds. is a plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, known as mole grass and celandine among the people. It is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-haemorrhagic pharmaceutical effects. In this study, it was aimed to determine the antimicrobial effect of different concentrations of F. verna extracts obtained from methanol, ethanol and chloroform and the antioxidant activity of different concentrations of the extract obtained from methanol. In the results obtained, the best antimicrobial effect (17-20 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella thypii and Candida albicans was determined in the methanol extract of F. verna at a concentration of 1000 µg. It was observed that the scavenging effect of the DPPH radical of F. verna increased depending on increasing concentrations.
Effect of Cutting Time and IBA Application on the Rooting of Goji Berry Cuttings
Authors: ÇELİK Hüseyin , ÇETİN Figen
Published: June 2021

This study was carried out between 2017-2018 and goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) varieties were propagated with cuttings. In this study, the effects of cutting take time and indole-3-butryic acid (IBA) doses on rooting, shooting, root and shoot characteristics were investigated. Cuttings collected from Damaye and NQ7 goji berry cultivars grown in Karkin Village of Aksaray Province from the year of 2015. Cuttings collected at 4 different times (August-15, October-15, December-15 and February-15) and applied with 4 different IBA doses (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm). They planted in trays with perlite medium under misting and bottom heating for rooting. The study planned with three replication and 25 cuttings for each replication under randomised complate block design under greenhouse. Cuttings were mowed after two months and alive cutting rate (%), rooting rate (%), transplantation and sapling rate (%) were determined. The highest rooting rate (88.00%) obtained from Damaye cuttings taken in August and 1000 ppm IBA dose applied. Damaye cuttings rooted good than NQ7 and August is the best cutting time and 1000 ppm IBA is the best application for all investigated characteristics.
Modeling of Health Status Home Telemonitoring in the Healthcare System
Authors:   North-West State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Gelman V. Ya.
Published: June 2021

Currently, home monitoring of patients' health with delayed consultations is becoming one of the main methods of telemedicine. However, the lack of scientific research prevents the widespread introduction of home health monitoring into health care practice. The paper analyzes the inclusion of home health monitoring of patients suffering from chronic diseases, functional disorders and other conditions in the existing health care system. A case with a delayed doctor's consultation is considered. The mathematical modeling of monitoring was carried out considering the periodicity of observations. It is shown that the more reliable home monitoring detects critical conditions and the smaller the proportion of conditions not detected by it, the less often stationary observations are required. Accordingly, with the same expenses for clinical examination, the quality of examinations can be significantly improved. Methods for calculating the period between observations for a given probability of missing life-threatening conditions are proposed.
Alterações em comportamento motor, ingesta, massa corporal e gasto energético de camundongos adultos e meia-idades submetidos a exercícios físicos em roda de corrida
Authors: Costa Filho Paulo Nunes , Oliveira Felipe Leite de , Oliveira Alexandre Palma de , COELHO VALERIA DE MELLO
Published: June 2021

Introdução: A prática regular de exercícios físicos pode contribuir para vários benefícios à saúde, principalmente nos idosos que passam boa parte do tempo em estado de vigília (WULLEMS et al., 2016).
Pathogen identification and control of sooty spot caused by Cladosporium ramotenellum, appearing on fresh easy peeler mandarins from Perú
Authors: Celia Murciano
Published: June 2021

During the 2018 season, superficial dry and firm black spots, where sometimes an aerial mycelium developed, appeared on the rind of easy peeler mandarins causing high economic losses in fresh citrus exports from Perú. In this work, we have identified the causal agent, a species of Cladosporium not previously reported as a citrus pathogen. The pathogen was isolated from rind lesions of affected fruit and was identified by sequencing as Cladosporium ramotenellum; and fulfilment of Koch postulates was proven. This species was present on the surface of immature fruit in the groves, indicating that the infection is likely initiated before harvest. Cladosporium ramotenellum is resistant to the postharvest fungicides imazalil, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole, but sensitive to propiconazole, prochloraz, and ortho-phenylphenol. We designed a postharvest industrial treatment to decrease the Cladosporium sp. load on the fruit surface that limited the incidence of infection and reduced the postharvest losses caused by the fungus. Although this species is quite ubiquitous, this is the first description of C. ramotenellum causing decay of citrus fruit, being the symptoms of this disease similar to the ones described previously and caused by Cladosporium cladosporoides in cv. Satsuma mandarins from Japan.
Investigating violence against Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs): a mixed methods study from rural North Karnataka, India
Authors: Rao Lavanya , Prakash Ravi , Rai Prathibha , Tharakan Mallika , DL Kavitha , Kar Arin , HL Mohan , Jayanna Krishnamurthy
Published: June 2021

Background

Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) are female community health workers who primarily work to improve local reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health across India. As ASHAs often hail from patriarchal environments and are positioned at the bottom of the healthcare hierarchy, they are vulnerable to experiencing different forms of violence from the various individuals that they interact with. There is a gap in knowledge about the violence ASHAs experience. The purpose of this study was to assess the working condition of ASHAs, the extent and types of violence they experienced, and the corresponding perpetrators of this violence in two districts of Northern Karnataka.

Methods

Using a mixed methods approach, we first surveyed 396 ASHAs to characterize their experiences of violence. We then conducted in-depth interviews with 16 ASHAs to elaborate on survey findings. Data was analyzed using quantitative prevalence statistics and qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

The majority of ASHAs reported economic (88%) or emotional violence (73%), while many ASHAs reported sexual (32%) or physical violence (26%). ASHAs reported high levels of economic violence from their beneficiaries and their beneficiaries’ families (64%), emotional violence from their co-workers (44%), and physical and sexual violence from their husbands (17% and 12% respectively). Mixed methods findings revealed that violence was often rooted from their low positioning on the healthcare hierarchy, a lack of respect from community members, and limited autonomy at home.

Conclusions

Evidence from this study suggests that violence perpetrated against ASHAs is highly prevalent, diverse in forms, and often arises from the ASHA’s immediate circles. Interventions aiming to decrease violence against ASHA workers requires multi-level approach, with collaborative components empowering ASHAs, sensitizing ASHA families and co-workers, implementing regulations at the health facility level, and increasing community-wide respect for ASHAs and their role in the health care.
Economic burden of pain in back and extremities in the adult population: a community-based estimate in rural Gadchiroli, India
Authors: Bang Anand A. , Bhojraj Shekhar Y. , Deshmukh Mahesh , Kalkotwar Sameer , Joshi Vinay R. , Yarmal Tushar , Bang Abhay T.
Published: June 2021

Background

Population-based estimates of economic burden due to pain in the back and extremities (PBE) are lacking from rural India. We aimed to estimate the burden by measuring the annual cost of: (i) medical consultation, (ii) purchasing medications, and (iii) work-days lost due to PBE in a rural adult population in Gadchiroli, India.

Methods

This population-based recall study was conducted in two villages randomly selected from a cluster of 7 eligible villages in Gadchiroli district in India. All adults ≥20 years in these villages were surveyed by trained community health workers in January 2010 by making household visits. The data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire on the history of PBE and the consequent economic cost of pain during the previous 12 months.

Results

Out of the 2535 eligible adults in two villages, 2259 (89%) were surveyed. Among these, 1876 (83%) had an episode of PBE in the preceding 12 months, 617 (27%) sought medical consultation and 1535 (68%) purchased medicines. Total expenditure in the study population (2259) over 12 months for PBE was 62,880 Indian Rupees, INR ($1298.6 at the annual mean currency conversion rate of $1 = 48.422 INR for the study year of 2009) on medical consultation and 855,203 INR ($17661.45) for purchasing medicines. Total 833 participants lost 24,205 work-days due to PBE. The mean work-days lost per adult participant were 11 days. The total estimated wages lost at the rate of 100 INR ($2.09) per day were 24,20,500 INR ($49987.6). The total cost of PBE in these two villages over 12 months was 33,38,583 INR ($68947.6) or 1317 INR ($27.19) per adult in the population. The mean annual economic loss due to PBE per symptomatic adult was 1789 INR ($36.94) which was 4.9% of the annual per capita income of 36286 INR ($725.72) for Gadchiroli in 2009-10. Women and the higher age groups were more likely to lose days at work due to PBE as well as experience higher out-of-pocket expenditure on treatment of PBE.

Conclusions

This study showed substantial economic burden due to PBE in rural Gadchiroli. There is need to develop interventions to reduce the pain, loss of work-days and the out-of-pocket expenditure on medical consultation and purchasing medicines.
An Analysis of Students’ Mathematical Competencies: The Relationship between Units
Authors: Jaikla Jitlada , Inprasitha Maitree , Changsri Narumon
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to investigate students’ mathematical competence in learning relationships between units according to the students’ performance in a SUKEN test of Level 6. A total of 139 students were selected as our target group and involved as examinees. Research instruments include students’ answer sheets, test item analyses, and textbook analysis. SUKEN test is a mathematical proficiency test used to identify related issues to improve teaching practices. The results from the first phase showed that there were 24 examinees or 17.27 percent of them had been successfully passed the passing criterion as 70 percent of the total marks 100. However, there was a lowest percentage (33.21%) of examinees showed that they were able to answer correctly in the questions related to the content domain of Quantities and Measurement compared to other content domains. On top of that, only 38.49 percent and 31.09 percent of the examinees possessed their competencies in content knowledge and the method of application respectively while they answered the Quantities and Measurement questions. Besides, the results of in-depth analyses from students’ answer sheets revealed that there were seven different groups of answers by analyzing examinees' responses in terms of their reasoning skills to support their responses. Examinees were found to have problems finding the relationship between cm3 and m3, whenever they have to use a relationship in three dimensions. Therefore, teachers are suggested to use the geometry model to assist students in understanding the relationships between the units.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a potential tool for bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil
Authors: Herath BMMD  , Madushan KWA  , Lakmali JPD  , Yapa PN
Published: June 2021

Human activities have introduced large amounts of heavy metals into natural ecosystems in recent years. As a result, the accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids in plants, animals, and humans, which may have caused some health problems. Chemical and physical methods can remove the heavy metal in contaminated soil, but both are very expensive and ineffective. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are mutualistic symbionts in most plant roots. Furthermore, AMF are the essential mycorrhizae for phytoremediation, and the extensive hyphal network of them can increase the uptake of micro and macronutrients, water and heavy metals from the soil. However, AMF hyphae colonized in plant roots have an ability for compartmentalizing heavy metals inside plant roots. Furthermore, AMF hyphae are capable of secreting a glycoprotein, named glomalin, which can bind heavy metals and subsequently remove heavy metals absorbed by the plants from contaminated soil. Glomalin can develop the properties and structure of the soil, which helps to enhance soil fertility. This paper presents the role of AMF in the ecosystems and as potential tools for bioremediation of heavy metals in the soil.
Aspek Hukum Dalam Pelaksanaan Pengiriman Barang
Authors: Nuswardhani Nuswardhani , Izziyana Wafda Vivid
Published: June 2021

kemajuan teknologi khususnya di era E-Commerce, saat ini sangatlah berkembang pesat. Pengangkutan adalah mengangkut, membawa barang dari satu tempat pemuatan sampai ketempat tujuan yang akan dituju oleh pengangkut. Sedangkan perjanjian adalah suatu peristiwa/perbuatan hukum dimana seorang mengikatkan dirinya kepada orang lain untuk mengikatkan suatu hal (pasal 1313 KUH perdata).Maka dari itu perjanjian pengangkutan adalah suatu peristiwa dimana pengangkut dengan pengirim telah mengikat untuk melakukan pengiriman barang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif. aspek hukum Pengiriman barang dilaksanakan dengan melalui perjanjian antara pengangkut dan pengirim. Sebelum melakukan perjanjian pengiriman barang pengangkut dan pengirim harus memenuhi syarat sahnya perjanjian yang terdapat dalam pasal 1320 KUH Perdata yaitu : kesepakatan, kecakapan,  hal tertentu, suatu sebab yang halal. pengirim tidak bisa merubah isi perjanjiannya beserta ketentuan-ketentuan dalam pengiriman barang yang telah dibuat oleh pengangkut. pengirim hanya dapat membaca, memahami isi ketentuan dalam perjanjian pengiriman barang. perjanjian pengiriman barang tersebut memberlakukan asas konsensualisme dimana setelah terjadi kesepakatan antara pengirim dan pengangkut maka pada saat itulah barang dapat dikirim ke tempat tujuan dengan selamat. terjadilah hubungan hukum antara pengirim dan pengangkut yang menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban secara timbal balik. kewajiban tersebut harus dipenuhi oleh kedua pihak secara timbal balik Jika ada salah satu pihak melakukan kesalahan dan kesalahan tersebut yang diakibatkan karena tidak dipenuhinya kewajiban sesuai dengan perjanjian maka ia harus bertanggung jawab berdasarkan wan prestasi dan jika ada salah satu pihak yang tidak mentaati peraturan yang berlaku dalam pengiriman barang maka ia dapat dipertanggung jawabkan berdasarkan perbuatan melawan hukum. penyelesaiannya jika salah satu pihak melakukan kesalahan, maka pihak yang bersangkutan harus mengganti kerugian sesuai dengan kesepakatan.
YAHUDİ VE İSLAM KAYNAKLARINA GÖRE İLYÂS PEYGAMBER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: ÜNSAL ÖLMEZ Sacide
Published: June 2021

Yahudilik kendini hem teolojik hem etnik nesep olarak Hz. Musa, Hz. Yakub, Hz. İshak ve nihayet Hz. İbrahim’e refere eden bir dindir. Özellikle Hz. İbrahim İslam dininde de önemli bir şahsiyettir. Dolayısıyla İslam ve Yahudilik arasındaki irtibat çok sıkı ve ileri düzeydedir. Bu husus Kur’an’da, özellikle de Bakara, Mâide gibi Medenî surelerde rahatlıkla tespit edilebilir. Yine Kur’an kıssalarının önemli bir bölümünün İsrailoğulları ve Yahudilerle ilgili olması İslam dini ile Yahudilik arasındaki tarihsel ve teolojik ilişkinin çok sıkı olduğunu gösterir. Bu bakımdan gerek Yahudi gerekse Hıristiyan kültürüne ait birçok unsurun İslami kaynaklarda yer alması gayet tabiidir; ancak bu durum dinî bilgide zenginlik gibi bir imkân oluşturmasının yanında bilginin menşei ve sıhhati gibi konularda da ciddi sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık gibi farklı dinî kültürlere ait bilgilerin özellikle İslam tefsir geleneğinde “sorun”dan ziyade, “imkân” niteliğinde olduğunu söylemekte sakınca olmasa gerektir. Zira bu alanda sorun olarak görünen şey, aslında farklı bir dinî kültürden tedarik ettiğimiz bir bilginin hâlihazırdaki kelâmî ve fıkhî kabullerimizle örtüşmemesiyle ilgilidir. Ancak şu da var ki hem kelâm hem fıkıh alanındaki görüşler ve kabuller sabit değil, değişkendir. Bu yüzden de tarihin bir uğrağında makbul sayılan bir bilgi ve görüş, daha sonraki bir uğrakta reddedilebilmektedir ki İslam ilim tarihi bununla ilgili sayısız örnek içerir. Konuyla ilgili en ilginç örnek ise, son dönemde çok ciddi bir tefsir sorunu olarak görülen ve “İsrâiliyyât” diye nitelendirilen rivayet malzemesinin özellikle ilk nesil müslümanlarca tefsirin vazgeçilmez bilgi kaynağı olarak algılanmış ve geçmiş peygamberlerle ilgili kıssalar bağlamında sıkça kullanılmış olmasıdır. Bu durumu ‘imkân’ ölçüsünde ele alırsak makalemizin konusunu teşkil eden İlyâs peygamberle ilgili İslami gelenekteki bilgilerin Yahudi kültüründeki verilerle hem daha zenginleşmesi ve hem de iki farklı kültüre ait bilgi malzemesinin mukayeseli olarak değerlendirilmesi gibi bir imkân sahibi olduğumuz söylenebilir. Bu makalede Yahudilik ve İslam’da önemli bir yeri olan peygamberlik inancına göre peygamber olarak genel kabul gören İlyâs’ın Yahudi geleneğinde yeri ve önemini ortaya koyarak İslam dinindeki algı ile kıyaslanması ve aynı zamanda bu kişi hakkındaki gelenekteki görüşlerin aksi yönde olan fikirlerin de sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Ba’l inancının tek tanrı inancı karşısındaki tehlike arz eden boyutu izaha çalışılarak her iki tek tanrılı dinde nasıl bir literatürün oluştuğunun ortaya konması hedeflenmiştir.
İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ HAZIRLIK SINIFI ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN YABANCI DİL ÖĞRENME GAYRETLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ (Ç.Ü. İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Authors: ÖZCAN Yusuf , GEÇİOĞLU Ahmet Rifat
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, İlahiyat Fakültesi Arapça hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin Arapça dersine yönelik dil öğrenim çabalarının incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Ç.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesinde 2019-2020 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı içinde Arapça hazırlık eğitimi görmekte olan 264 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Veriler, bilgi formu (cinsiyet, öğrenim türü (I.-II. öğretim), mezun olunan lise, Arapça öğrenme amacı, Arapça puan aralığı, bireysel Arapça seviyesi algısı ve günlük ortalama Arapça çalışma süresi) ile Kurallara Uymama, Prosedürel Çaba, Substantif Çaba ve Odaksal Çaba olmak üzere (4) dört alt ölçekten oluşan Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler bağımsız gruplar t testi ve tek yönlü ANOVA analizi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar şu şekildedir: Cinsiyete göre Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti, Substantif Çaba ve Odaksal Çaba farklılaşmamakta, bununla birlikte Kurallara Uymama ve Prosedürel Çaba farklılaşmaktadır. Öğrenim türüne göre yalnızca Kurallara Uymama boyutunda farklılaşma tespit edilmiş, Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve diğer alt ölçeklerde farklılığa rastlanmamıştır. Mezun olunan liseler ile Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve onun alt ölçekleri arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktur. Arapça öğrenme amaçları ile Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve alt ölçeklerden Kurallara Uymama, Substantif Çaba ve Odaksal Çaba arasında anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiş, Prosedürel Çaba ile ise anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Arapça puan aralıklarıyla Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve alt ölçeklerden Kurallara Uymama, Substantif Çaba ve Odaksal Çaba arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu belirlenmiş, Prosedürel Çaba ile ise anlamlı bir farka rastlanılmamıştır. Katılımcıların bireysel Arapça seviyesi algılarıyla Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve alt ölçeklerden Kurallara Uymama, Substantif Çaba ve Odaksal Çaba arasında anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmiş, Prosedürel Çaba ile ise anlamlı bir fark bulgulanmamıştır. Günlük Arapça çalışma süreleriyle Yabancı Dil Öğrenme Gayreti ve alt ölçeklerden Prosedürel Çaba ve Substantif Çaba arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu görülmüş, Kurallara Uymama ve Odaksal Çaba ile ise anlamlı bir farka rastlanmamıştır. Ulaşılan bu araştırma sonuçları, ilgili literatürle karşılaştırılarak tartışılmış ve yorumlanmış, gelecekte bu konuyla ilgili yapılması düşünülen çalışmalar için öneriler sunulmuştur.
HZ. EBÛ BEKİR'İN HİLÂFETİNİN KUR’ÂN’A DAYANDIRILMASI ‘RÂZÎ’NİN MÂİDE 54. ÂYETE YAPTIĞI TEFSİR ÖZELİNDE’
Authors: AĞKUŞ Yusuf
Published: June 2021

Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra halifenin kim olacağı meselesi sahabe döneminde büyük oranda çözüme kavuşturulmuş olsa da bu dönemdeki kırgınlıklar sonraki dönemlerde yaşanan büyük tartışmaların, ayrışmaların fitilini ateşlemiştir. Özellikle Şîa’nın ortaya çıkmasında hilafet meselesinin son derece etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Hz. Peygamber’in ardından halifenin Hz. Ali olması gerektiğini, onun hakkının yendiğini iddia eden Şiî ulemâ, âyetleri olmadık te’villerle yorumlayarak bu iddiayı ispat etmeye çalışmışlardır. Şîa’nın bu tutumu Hz. Peygamber’den sonra halifeliğin ilk olarak Hz. Ebû Bekir’in hakkı olduğunu düşünen Sünnî ulemanın karşıt refleks geliştirmesine neden olmuştur. Kur’ân âyetlerini nazil olduğu zaman dilimindeki muhatapları ve onlara ne dediği göz önünde bulundurulmadan Hz. Peygamber sonrası dönemlerle ilişkilendirmek, Kur’ân’ı konuşmadığı konularda konuşturmak anlamına geleceğinden dolayı oldukça sakıncalıdır. Bu araştırmada, Mâide sûresi 54. âyeti sözü edilen bakış açısına benzer bir bakış açısıyla ele alarak, bu âyetin Hz. Ebû Bekir hakkında olduğunu ve onun halifeliğini teyit ettiğini söyleyen Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin iddiasının gerçeği yansıtıp yansıtmadığı, söz konusu âyetlerde vurgulanan ana mesajın ne olduğu tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Söz konusu âyette, İslâm dinini terk edenlerin olması durumunda Allah’ın yeni bir kavim getireceği vadedilmektedir. Râzî, âyette yer alan bazı ifadelere ve konuyla ilgili nakledilen rivayetlere istinaden Allah’ın getireceğini vadettiği topluluğun Hz. Ebû Bekir ve arkadaşları olduğunu söyler. Ayrıca bu âyetin Hz. Ebû Bekir’in hilafetinin geçerliliğini teyit ettiğini iddia eder. Aynı zamanda Sünnî gelenek içerisinde zikredilebilecek birçok müfessir de geleceği vadedilen topluluğun Hz. Ebû Bekir ve onu destekleyenlerin olduğunu dile getirir. Fakat Râzî’nin bu iddiayı ayrıntısıyla ele alması, iddianın doğruluğunu ispat etmek için birçok gerekçe öne sürmesi, bununla birlikte âyetin Hz. Ebû Bekir’in hilafetini teyit ettiğini iddia etmesi bu çalışmada Râzî’nin düşüncelerinin ele alınmasında tercih nedeni olmuştur. Râzî, yorumlarını özellikle âyette yer alan “irtidat, cihat” kelimeleri etrafında şekillendirmiş ve öncelikle İslam tarihinde irtidat edenlerin kimler olduğu, irtidat eden bu kavimlerle kimlerin savaştığı bilgilerine yer vermiştir. Daha sonra da âyette özel olarak bir topluluğun kastedildiğini düşündüğünden dolayı tercihini Hz. Ebû Bekir ve onu destekleyenlerden yana kullanmıştır. Ayrıca farklı görüşlerin neden doğru olmayacağını da delilleriyle izah etmeye çalışmıştır. Her ne kadar Râzî iddiasını ispat etmek için birçok delil sıralamışsa da kimi zaman bu delillerin birbiriyle çeliştiğine şahit olunmaktadır. Bu durumun da daha çok mezhebî ön kabullere bağlı olarak bağlamın ve nüzûl ortamının göz önünde bulundurulmamasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Improvement of Decision-Making System during Designing of Complex Space Systems
Authors:   JC Corporation VNIIEM, Minaev I. V. , Zolotoi S. A. ,   JC Corporation VNIIEM
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes the relevance of the problem of structuring the integrated system of standardization and certification of space systems, created within the Union State program “Standardization-US”, the scientific novelty of the work and the practical significance of the results obtained. The methodological foundations for automating the corresponding models of the monitoring process are justified to improve the efficiency of technologies and methods for monitoring the design of space systems. As an example of the implementation of the developed system of normative documentation, the possibility of regulating the monitoring of the design processes of space facilities by the provisions of state standards of the Republic of Belarus in the space activities is considered.
Participation of Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems” in Realization of National Space Programs of Deep Space Exploration
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Kruglov A. V. , Molotov E. P. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Vatutin V. M. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”
Published: June 2021

The article describes the role of Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems” in realization of national space programs, in study of space and planets of the solar system by automatic spacecraft and interplanetary complexes. The history of the creation of the national ground control system for long-range spacecraft in realization of the program of scientific research in deep space is briefly described. The main scientific results of these studies are given.
Shielding Device for Microwave Electronic Components of a Multilayer Board for the AFAR Transceiver Module for Space Purposes
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Poymalin V. E. , Buyankin A. V. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Nelin A. A. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Ragulina L. E. ,   Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University)”, Ryzhakov M. V. ,   Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University)”
Published: June 2021

A method of shielding the elements of a microwave module based on the principles of forming a Faraday cage, with different power and different frequency paths of the AFAR receiving-transmitting module, excluding their mutual electromagnetic influence, is presented. A description of the structure of a multilayer board and various structural elements is given, allowing to limit (screen) the signal in a small volume, commensurate with the size of a monolithic integrated circuit or a set of monolithic integrated circuits, isolating parasitic electromagnetic interference. Polyimide is considered as a dielectric material of a multilayer microwave board for use in space technology devices, as well as promising design solutions for reducing the mass and dimensions of the module.
Electrical, Electronic and Electromechanical Parts for Space Applications
Authors:   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”, Krasnov M. I. , Steshenko V. B. ,   Joint Stock Company “Russian Space Systems”
Published: June 2021

The electrical, electronic and electromechanical parts (EEE parts) used in spacecraft onboard equipment must fully provide the target technical characteristics of radio-electronic equipment in terms of functional and electrical characteristics, as well as resistance to external factors and reliability indicators. The authors of the article analyze the current situation with the EEE parts and consider the prospects for the development and creation of the necessary electronics products. Currently, the results of the work are confirmed by the active use of the created space components in space technology.
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN KOSOVO NATIONAL PROTECTION COMMITTEE AND THE ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT DURING (1918-1924)
Authors: KACELI Ilirjana
Published: June 2021

The Kosovo National Protection Committee (KNPC), which was founded in Shkodra on May 1, 1918, was one of the most important organizations of Albanian political pluralism in the years 1918-1924. The Committee had a broad political, democratic and national program that would have played the role of the government for Kosovo and strongly represented its voice. With such a status, the Committee could play an important role in Albanian political life at that time. Hoping that the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 would resolve the Albanian question, the leadership of the Committee sent successive memoranda and telegrams respecting the independence of Albania and reversing the injustices inflicted by the Great Powers on the Albanian people in 1913. During these years, the Committee established close relations with the Albanian governments. At first, it objected to the pro-Italian capitulation policy of the Durres government and condemned its actions. Later, when the patriots decided to convene a new national congress due to the international political circumstances and the danger of the disintegration of the country, they endorsed this initiative and praised it as a historic congress. They joined the decisions of the Lusnya Congress and participated as members of the resulting national government. If one recognizes the names of the members of this organization, one can say that the KNPC was one of the most important influences in the history of Albanian statehood in the years 1918-1924.
MAKEDONYA SORUNUNUN KONSTRÜKTİVİZM BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: KARLIOVA SOYSAL Esra , YILDIZ Sevcan
Published: June 2021

Makedonya Sorunu, uzun yıllardır Balkan coğrafyasında kendine yer edinen ve taraflarını Makedonya ile komşu ülkelerin oluşturduğu bir meseledir. Bugüne kadar uluslararası birtakım girişimlerin de olmasına rağmen meselenin çözümüne yönelik kesin sonuç alınabilen bir gelişme yaşanmamıştır. Sorunun çözümü için geliştirilen Ohrid süreci ya da Makedonya halkının katıldığı isim referandumu gibi birtakım eylemler olsa da söz konusu girişimlerin ne kadar etkili ya da kalıcı olacağı konusunda şüpheler bulunmaktadır. Uluslararası örgütlere üyelik ve tanınma engeli gibi sıkıntılar yaşayan Makedonya ise süreçten en olumsuz etkilenen taraf konumundadır. Makedonya Sorununun temelini oluşturan en önemli faktörlerin kimlik ve normatif değerler olduğu varsayıldığında, mesele uluslararası ilişkiler teorilerinden konstrüktivizmin kapsamında değerlendirilebilir. Bu kapsamda, sorun konstrüktivizm bağlamında ele alınarak bir analiz çerçevesi oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Fatih Fuat Tuncer, Türkiye-Arnavutluk İlişkilerinde Kimlik ve Söylem, Cinius Yayınları, I. Baskı, İstanbul, Haziran 2020, 342 Sayfa, ISBN: 978-625-7863-50-6.
Authors: SEZER Uğur
Published: June 2021

Fatih Fuat Tuncer, Türkiye-Arnavutluk İlişkilerinde Kimlik ve Söylem, Cinius Yayınları, I. Baskı, İstanbul, Haziran 2020, 342 Sayfa, ISBN: 978-625-7863-50-6.
Factors Affecting The Use Of WTO Fiscal Protection Instruments
Authors: KARAŞ Göksel
Published: June 2021

Many countries, especially developed countries, have been trying to liberalize international trade for many years. Although it is intended to liberalize international trade, countries do not hesitate to use protection policy instruments. Within the means of protectionism, fiscally protection instruments are the most popular instruments, consisting of anti-dumping, countervailing duty, and safeguards, following the invisible obstacles. This article examines the macroeconomic factors affecting the use of fiscally protection instruments for country groups and each country through the negative binomial regression analysis between the years 1995-2016. As a result of the analysis, only the real exchange rate affected the use of fiscally protection instruments in high-income countries, while the growth rate, real exchange rate, and unemployment rate affect the low and middle-income countries. This shows that high-income countries do not use fiscal protection instruments fairly, and the low and middle-income countries act with completing their economic development and macroeconomic concerns.
Chất lượng đào tạo giáo dục thể chất tại Trường Đại học Tài chính - Marketing
Authors: Giao Ha Nam Khanh , Van Ut Dang
Published: June 2021

Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện nhằm đánh giá chất lượng đào tạo giáo dục thể chất tại Trường Đại học Tài chính - Marketing (University of Finance and Marketing- UFM), bằng việc khảo sát 327 sinh viên năm 3 và năm 4. Phương pháp phân tích hồi quy bội được sử dụng, với sự hỗ trợ của phần mềm SPSS 20.0. Kết quả đã đưa ra được mô hình chất lượng đào tạo giáo dục thể chất tại UFM gồm 6 nhân tố, sắp xếp theo thứ tự độ mạnh giảm dần: (1) Chương trình đào tạo, (2) Cơ sở vật chất, (3) Hoạt động thể dục thể thao (TDTT) ngoại khóa, (4) Hoạt động chuyên môn, (5) Cung cấp thông tin, (6) Hoạt động ngoài chuyên môn. Từ đó, nghiên cứu đề xuất các hàm ý quản trị đến Ban Chủ nhiệm Khoa Giáo dục quốc phòng (GDQP) và Giáo dục thể chất (GDTC) của UFM nhằm nâng cao chất lượng đào tạo.
Highly Sensitive, Ambient Temperature CO Sensor using Tin Oxide based Composites
Authors: Kishnani Vinay , Verma Gulshan , Gupta Ankur
Published: June 2021

In the present work, we report an excellent gas sensing performance of the unique nanocomposite films prepared with the help of different materials such as semiconductor metal-oxide, polymer and metal for carbon monoxide gas sensing at ambient temperature. The fabrication of SnO2/PANI/Pd nanocomposite film was performed using the hydrothermal route. The fabricated films were characterized with various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) etc. Furthermore, DFT results are used to examine the transport and electronic properties of all prepared films. The computing results show that after hybridizing with Pd and SnO2, the response of the fabricated SnO2 and polyaniline (PANI) films to CO gas molecules is considerably improved. At room temperature, sensing characterization of the fabricated sensing films was carried out by using target gas concentrations with varying ppm level of 50 to 300. At ambient temperature, the SnO2/PANI/Pd film has the maximum sensitivity ~400.8% out of all the fabricated films at 0.3% of the target gas. Our findings show that SnO2, SnO2/Pd, PANI, and SnO2/PANI/Pd composite sensing films have a bright future in the gas sensing application with incredibly-higher sensitivity towards CO gas.
How to Measure Camouflaging? A Conceptual Replication of the Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire in Dutch Adults.
Authors: van der Putten Wikke , Agelink van Rentergem Joost , Radhoe Tulsi , Torenvliet Carolien , Groenman Annabeth , Mol Audrey , Geurts Hilde
Published: June 2021

Background: Camouflaging behavior is often defined as using strategies to hide autistic characteristics. In this study, we investigated how to measure camouflaging behavior by performing a conceptual replication of the original study of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and testing whether the self-reported camouflaging behavior is measuring the same construct as the second most used manner to measure camouflaging behavior, the discrepancy method.Method: In total, 674 individuals (356 autistic) aged 30 to 92 years, filled out the Dutch translation of the CAT-Q (CAT-Q-NL) and the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). In 90 autistic adults the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) was administered. We executed preregistered analyses (AsPredicted #37800) to investigate the factor structure, measurement invariance, internal consistency, convergent validity and group differences.Results: Our analyses showed that the original three-factor structure had an acceptable fit and internal consistency ranged from sufficient to good. However, there was no measurement invariance between autistic and non-autistic individuals and correlations between CAT-Q-NL-scores and the discrepancy between AQ and ADOS-2 varied between low to mediocre (r = .04 to .28). Conclusions: The CAT-Q-NL can be used to measure camouflaging between and within autistic adults, but not between autistic and non-autistic adults and its convergent validity is limited. Despite these caveats, the CAT-Q-NL can serve as a useful addition to the clinical assessment toolbox because gaining insight in the level of camouflaging of autistic adults may help provide better mental health care. However, more research is needed into how to optimally measure the camouflaging construct.
Sixty years after Orne’s American Psychologist article: A Conceptual Framework for Subjective Experiences Elicited by Demand Characteristics.
Authors: Corneille Olivier , Lush Peter
Published: June 2021

Unlike objects, study participants form beliefs from cues present in a testing situation (demand characteristics). These beliefs can alter study outcomes (demand effects). Neglecting demand effects can threaten the internal and external validity of studies (including their replication). While demand characteristics garnered much attention following Orne's introduction of this notion, consideration of their effects has become sparse in experimental reports. Moreover, the concept remains confusing. Here, we introduce a conceptual framework for subjective experiences elicited by demand characteristics. The model distinguishes between participants' awareness of the hypothesis, their motivation to comply with it, and the strategy they use to meet situational requirements. We stress that demand effects may elicit genuine experiences. To illustrate the heuristic value of the model, we apply it to Evaluative Conditioning and the Rubber Hand Illusion. The General Discussion summarizes the main insights of our current analysis and discusses risk and opportunities associated with demand characteristics.
Recognition of masked faces in the era of the pandemic: No improvement, despite extensive, natural exposure
Authors: Freud Erez , Stajduhar Andreja , Rosenbaum R. Shayna , Avidan Galia , Ganel Tzvi
Published: June 2021

Face masks became prevalent across the globe to minimize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research highlighted their negative qualitative and quantitative impact on face recognition. An outstanding question is whether these effects would attenuate following persistent natural exposure to masked faces in the era of the pandemic. This question also pertains, more generally, to potential effects of training on face recognition in natural settings. 1,236 participants were tested on masked, non-masked, upright and inverted versions of the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) at different time points over one year. The results showed persistent deficits in recognizing masked faces across time points. This was followed by persistent qualitative change, a reduced inversion effect for masked compared to non-masked faces. Together, these findings provide compelling support for the idea that the mature face processing system in humans is rigid in nature, even following prolonged, real-life exposure to altered faces.
Buying a Blind Eye: Campaign Donations, Regulatory Enforcement, and Deforestation in Colombia
Authors: Harding Robin , Prem Mounu , Ruiz Nelson A. , Vargas David
Published: June 2021

While existing work has demonstrated that campaign donations can buy access to benefits such as favorable legislation and preferential contracting, we highlight another use of campaign contributions: buying reductions in regulatory enforcement. Specifically, we argue that in return for campaign contributions, Colombian mayors who rely on donor-funding (compared to those who do not) choose not to enforce sanctions against illegal deforestation activities. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that deforestation is significantly higher in municipalities that elect donor-funded as opposed to self-funded politicians. Further analysis shows that only part of this effect can be explained by differences in contracting practices by donor-funded mayors. Instead, evidence of heterogeneity in the effects according to the presence of alternative formal and informal enforcement institutions, and analysis of fire clearance, support the interpretation that campaign contributions buy reductions in the enforcement of environmental regulations.