bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forcible Rape and Sexual Violence
Authors: GIBBONS DONALD C.
Published: March 2007

Although forcible rape and other sexual crimes have been neglected by criminologists until relatively recently, the last decade or so has witnessed a good deal of theoretical and/or research work on these matters. The lines of activity pursued by investigators have been quite varied, but samples of these different interests are included in this review. One major direction has involved macro-level studies of rape rates, both cross-culturally and within the United States. One well-known macro-level theory holds that forcible rape is a means employed by males to maintain sexual inequality, whereas other arguments represent theories of sexual access. Several macro-level research investigations are reviewed, the findings of which appear to be mixed or equivocal. Research focused on individual offenders, such as probing inside the heads of rapists, has also been conducted. Research has been directed at criminal justice system processing of accused rapists, rape law reform, and the impact of the rape experience upon victims. This review also argues that sexual diversity is marked in American society and that more research is called for which identifies the varieties of sexual conduct. Additionally, although some progress has been made in recent years in the direction of a detailed and sophisticated body of theory regarding sexual socialization, more effort needs to be expended upon the articulation of basic theory. Finally, marked progress toward a full understanding of forcible rape may depend upon the accomplishment of this theoretical task.
Official Reactions to Hispanic Defendants in the Southwest
Authors: LaFREE GARY D.
Published: March 2007

Despite a long-term interest in the treatment of minorities by the legal system, few criminologists have specifically considered the case of Hispanics. The purpose of this study was to determine whether and to what extent criminal justice outcomes and their determinants differ for Hispanics and non-Hispanics in two southwestern jurisdictions. An analysis of 755 defendants whose most serious charge was robbery or burglary showed major differences between the two jurisdictions. There was no evidence of unfavorable Hispanic treatment in Tucson. Being Hispanic had no effect on the type of adjudication received, verdicts, or sentence severity. Tucson Hispanics received more favorable pretrial release decisions than whites. In contrast, Hispanic defendants in El Paso received less favorable pretrial release outcomes than white defendants, were more likely to be convicted in jury trials, and received more severe sentences when they were found guilty by trial. Interviews suggested that treatment differences in Tucson and El Paso may be due to differences between established Hispanic citizens and less well-established Mexican-American citizens and Mexican nationals, different mechanisms for providing attorneys to indigent defendants, and differential language difficulties in the two jurisdictions.
The Pattern of Violence in Urban Public Schools: The Influence of School and Community
Authors: HELLMAN DARYL A. , BEATON SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This research investigates links between school crime, school characteristics, and community characteristics using suspension data from all public schools in Boston for the 1982-1983 school year. Examination of suspension rates across Boston school districts reveals higher rates of suspension in districts with higher rates of reported crime. Community income levels, unemployment, and racial composition were found not to be significant. Examination of suspension rates across schools, as a function of school characteristics, revealed differences between middle schools and high schools. For middle schools, the results indicate that school crime is a function of the school environment, not that of the community. The most significant characteristic of the schools is the ratio of students to teachers, where higher ratios are associated with more problems. For high schools, while suspensions tend to be higher in schools with low academic quality and high student instability, the community exerts a strong, independent influence. It is argued that this may, in part, be due to the “intruder problem.”
New Diagnostic Methods in Criminology: Assessing Organic Sources of Behavioral Disorders
Authors: FISHBEIN DIANA H. , THATCHER ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

Multidisciplinary researchers are investigating the biochemical and physiological correlates of maladaptive behavior. Literature reviews and data analyses have isolated specific genetic, neurological, metabolic, and ecological factors that aggravate or intensify behavioral disturbances by influencing brain function and behavior. Recent advances in brain electrophysiological measurements promise to shed light on the dynamic interaction among physiology, biochemistry, the environment, and behavior by elucidating the neural mechanisms involved in the production of behavior. The purposes of brain analyses, in conjunction with conventional measurement procedures, are to identify those factors that have a deleterious impact on brain development and functioning, predict maladaptivity from these measures, and ascertain the remedial effectiveness of treatment modalities. In the present article, an effort is made to introduce new technologies in the measurement of brain function and behavior to criminological methodologies in order to investigate early detection, prevention, and remediation of maladaptive behaviors.
A Snowball's Chance in Hell: Doing Fieldwork with Active Residential Burglars
Authors: WRIGHT RICHARD , DECKER SCOTT H. , REDFERN ALLISON K. , SMITH DIETRICH L.
Published: March 2007

Criminologists long have recognized the importance of field studies of active offenders. Nevertheless, the vast majority of them have shied away from researching criminals “in the wild” in the belief that doing so is impractical. This article, based on the authors' fieldwork with 105 currently active residential burglars, challenges that assumption. Specifically, it describes how the authors went about finding these offenders and obtaining their cooperation. Further, it considers the difficulties involved in maintaining an on-going field relationship with those who lead chaotic lives. And lastly, the article outlines the characteristics of the sample, noting important ways in which it differs from one collected through criminal justice channels.
The Generality of Deviance: Replication of a Structural Model among High-Risk Youths
Authors: DEMBO RICHARD , WILLIAMS LINDA , WOTHKE WERNER , SCHMEIDLER JAMES , GETREU ALAN , BERRY ESTRELLITA , WISH ERIC D.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on previous research completed on young adults in the general population, the authors report the results of a test of a structural equation model separating general and specific deviance components of deviant behavior on data collected in a longitudinal study of a cohort of juvenile detainees. Consistent with earlier work, the authors' findings indicate that each deviant behavior is, in part, a manifestation of a general tendency toward deviance and, in part, a unique phenomenon among the high-risk youths they studied. In addition, analysis suggests that the youths' self-report measures of deviance reflect a tendency toward self-disclosure, which accounts for part of the covariance among these measures.
Growth Curve Analysis in Accelerated Longitudinal Designs
Authors: RAUDENBUSH STEPHEN W. , CHAN WING-SHING
Published: March 2007

Accelerated longitudinal designs enable researchers to study individual development over a long interval of the life course by gathering data during a comparatively short interval of time. Such designs also create possibilities not available in standard panel designs for separating developmental effects from cohort and period effects. However, these designs confront the investigator with a special set of inferential challenges and introduce complexity into statistical analysis. In this article the authors employ a hierarchical linear model to illustrate the application of growth curve analysis to data from an accelerated longitudinal design. The goal is to construct a picture of the development of attitudes toward deviance from ages 11 to 18 by linking data from two cohorts of the National Youth Survey, each observed for only 5 years. The example illustrates how the analyst may control for time-varying and time-invariant covariates and test for cohort effects and cohort-by-age interactions. Interesting features of growth include an inflection point (age at which the rate of increase in prodeviant attitude begins to slow down) and a peak age (age of maximally prodeviant attitude).
The Role of Juvenile Gangs in Facilitating Delinquent Behavior
Authors: THORNBERRY TERENCE P. , KROHN MARVIN D. , LIZOTTE ALAN J. , CHARD-WIERSCHEM DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

This study examines alternative explanations for why gang members are more likely to have higher rates of serious and violent crime than nongang members. Specifically, three models are posited: (a) a selection or “kind of person” model; (b) a social facilitation or “kind of group” model; and (c) an enhancement model that combines aspects of the selection and social facilitation models. Each model has different implications for the rate of delinquency and drug use of gang members before, during, and after membership in a gang. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a panel study that overrepresents adolescents at high risk for serious delinquent behavior and drug use, are used to compare these models. Findings indicate that gang members, as compared to nongang members, did not have higher rates of delinquent behavior or drug use before entering the gang, but once they became members, their rates increased substantially. Moreover, when gang members left the gang their rates of delinquency typically were reduced. These results are interpreted as being supportive of the social facilitation model.
Is the Religiosity-Delinquency Relationship Spurious? A Test of Arousal and Social Control Theories
Authors: COCHRAN JOHN K. , WOOD PETER B. , ARNEKLEV BRUCE J.
Published: March 2007

Criminologists have long observed an inverse relationship between personal religiosity and self-reported delinquency. However, some scholars would argue that the observed relationship is spurious. Two claims of spuriousness dominate. First, arousal theory argues that individuals vary in their demand for arousal. Those requiring high levels of stimulation are said to be bored with church but aroused by delinquency. Likewise, those who require less stimulation will find comfort in church and exhibit little delinquency. Second, it is charged that the negative effect of religiosity on delinquency is simply the by-product of general social control. Should other more proximate measures of social control be included, the impact of religiosity would wash out. The authors examine these two claims using self-report data from a sample of approximately 1,600 high school students in Oklahoma. OLS and LISREL analyses produce findings which reveal strong support for both claims of spuriousness. When controlling for both arousal theory and social control indicators, the effect of religiosity is reduced to insignificance in the case of assault, theft, vandalism, illicit drug use, and truancy, although it remains significant regarding the use of legalized substances (i.e., tobacco and alcohol). In addition to supporting claims of spuriousness in the religion-delinquency relationship, the authors' work demonstrates: (a) the primacy of self- and social controls, and (b) the utility of an arousal/thrill-seeking perspective in understanding causes and motivations for juvenile delinquency.
A Dollar or a Day: Sentencing Misdemeanants in New York State
Authors: NELSON JAMES F.
Published: March 2007

This research estimates disparities in sentencing for 105,000 persons arrested for misdemeanor crimes and convicted of misdemeanor or violation offenses. Black and Hispanic defendants are categorized as minority defendants, and all other defendants are categorized as White. After controlling for differences in arrest charges, prior criminal records, conviction charges, and county of processing, the analysis shows that Whites were sentenced to pay fines more often than minorities. Minorities without prior arrest records were sentenced to conditional discharge more often than Whites, and minorities with prior arrests were sentenced to jail more often than Whites. Minorities and Whites were sentenced to the same length of incarceration. In most counties, minorities were fined fewer dollars than Whites. The disparities suggest that judges lacked alternatives for sanctioning offenders who had prior criminal records and lacked resources needed to pay fines.
Racial Prejudice and Support for the Death Penalty by Whites
Authors: BARKAN STEVEN E. , COHN STEVEN F.
Published: March 2007

Although many studies have found that Whites are more likely than Blacks to support the death penalty, little research has investigated the reasons for this difference. Using data from the 1990 General Social Survey, this study finds that White support for capital punishment is associated with prejudice against Blacks. Final remarks discuss the implications of the results for legislative and judicial decisions regarding capital punishment.
Carrying Guns for Protection: Results from the National Self-Defense Survey
Authors: KLECK GARY , GERTZ MARC
Published: March 2007

The article reviews research on gun carrying and reports new findings from the National Self-Defense Survey on the prevalence, incidence, and patterns of adult gun carrying for protection. About 8.8 percent of adults carried guns in the preceding year, 3.7 percent carried guns on their person, and 6.5 percent carried guns in a vehicle. Within a given year, about 16.8 million U.S. adults carry a gun, 7.1 million who carry do so on the person and 12.4 million do so in a vehicle. On an average day, 2.7 million U.S. adults carry a gun for protection on their person and 5.0 million carry one in a vehicle. Less than one in a thousand instances of gun carrying involves a violent gun crime. Carrying was more common among males, Blacks, people in the South and West, people with a job requiring a gun, those who know someone who was recently the victim of a crime, believe that crime is above average in their neighborhood, have been a robbery victim, or believe people must depend on themselves for protection.
What to Do about Differences? A Study of Multicultural Education for Teacher Trainees in the Los Angeles Unified School District
Authors: McDiarmid G. Williamson
Published: March 2007

At the end of their initial year in the Teacher Trainee Program of the Los Angeles Unified School District, teacher trainees attend a series of presentations entitled Multicultural Week. I analyzed the content of the presentations and the teachers' views of stereotypes and of teaching culturally diverse children before and after the multicultural presentations. The presentations appeared to have little effect on how teachers think about these issues. On the basis of this analysis, I raise questions about the content and pedagogy of multicultural programs.
Trade and Development Problems of the Under-Developed Countries : the Back Ground To the United Nations' Conference
Authors: Maizels A. , Campbell-Boross L. F. , Rayment P. B. W.
Published: March 2007

The United Nations' Conference on Trade and Development now in session in Geneva is concerned essentially with the evolution of new policies for international trade which would assist the under-developed countries to expand substantially their current level of earnings from exports. The purpose of the present article is not to discuss the many alternative proposals which have been put forward at Geneva, but rather to examine the facts behind the slow growth in the export earnings of the underdeveloped countries over the past decade or so.
Chapter I. The Home Economy
Authors: Pain Nigel
Published: March 2007

Although the data for the recent past are still somewhat patchy at the time of writing, a limited turnaround in the non-oil economy can be expected in the third quarter of the year, accompanied by a recovery in North Sea output. We expect oil production in the latter half of the year to be some 10 per cent higher than in the first half, with the reopening of fields following installation of new equipment. Growth in the onshore economy is likely to prove hesitant, with the overall level of output in the second half of the year being little changed from that in the first.
The UK Economy
Authors: Sheldon Marie , Young Garry
Published: March 2007

The main slogan of the Conservative Party during the 1997 general election campaign has been ‘Britain is booming: don't let Labour blow it’. In our analysis of the UK economy, we discuss the extent to which Britain is indeed booming and how we expect it to develop once the election is over. Given their lead in the opinion polls, we have assumed that Labour will win the election and have built some of their policies into the forecast. This therefore provides some means of assessing whether Labour will ‘blow it’, although this will obviously depend on how they actually behave in office.
Fiscal Report
Authors: Sheldon Marie , Weale Martin , Young Garry
Published: March 2007

The new government will inherit an unhealthy fiscal position, with public sector borrowing higher than would normally be expected at this stage of the economic cycle. Chart 1 shows the public sector financial deficit as a proportion of GDP when compared with an estimate of the cyclically adjusted deficit. This shows for each date an estimate of what the deficit would have been if the economy had been operating at full capacity, as in early 1973 and late 1988, and achieved a level of output higher than has been normal over the past twenty five years.(1) In cyclically adjusted terms, the budget was in surplus throughout the 1980s but went strongly into deficit around the time of the 1992 election. Since this also coincided with the recession, the actual budget deficit deteriorated sharply around this time, reaching a peak at the beginning of 1994. Since then there has been a decline in both the actual and the cyclically adjusted deficit.
How Did English Schools and Pupils Really Perform in the 1995 International Comparisons in Mathematics ?
Authors: Prais S.J.
Published: March 2007

The recently published results of mathematics tests set to representative samples of pupils in over forty countries provide an important opportunity to re-assess priorities for reforms in English schooling. Five Western European countries—Austria, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Switzerland—are suggested in this critical study as providing appropriate standards for England's immediate aims. Attainments there are shown to be about a year ahead of England for average pupils at age 14; the gap is larger for those of below-average attainment, suggesting some structural bias in English schooling. The gap is particularly evident in those arithmetical fundamentals which need to be mastered by all school-leavers (rather than in advanced aspects suitable only for mathematical specialists); and that gap has its clear origins at the primary level of schooling.
The UK economy
Authors: Kneller Richard , Riley Rebecca , Young Garry
Published: March 2007

The economic outlook is sometimes strongly influenced by what people expect to happen. In the late summer of last year, prospects for the British economy worsened partly because people had become more pessimistic about the world economic outlook. Among other things, it was feared that this would lead to postponement of investment projects and extra precautionary saving which would dampen demand, weaken output and so justify the greater pessimism.
The world economy
Authors: Barrell Ray , Pain Nigel , te Velde Dirk , Holland Dawn , Hubert Florence
Published: March 2007

The short-term prospects for the world economy appear to have brightened since the beginning of this year. Growth has continued at a rapid pace in the North American economies, helped by the prompt monetary response of the Federal Reserve to the turbulence in the global financial and currency markets in the latter half of last year and renewed vigour in equity prices. GDP in the United States is expected to rise by close to 4 per cent for the third year in succession. Some improvement in growth prospects now appears likely in Europe. After the marked slowdown at the turn of the year economic activity in the Euro Area and the UK appears set to return towards trend rates from the second half of this year, helped by relaxed monetary conditions.
Housing and regeneration: the problem or the solution
Authors: Kleinman Mark , Whitehead Christine
Published: March 2007

Housing policy has traditionally been highly specific, concentrating on providing decent affordable homes. Now, however, housing is being seen more as a major factor in locating wider problems of deprivation and social exclusion, as well as an important part in solutions, not only by increasing housing quality, but more widely through its impact on the neighbourhood, regeneration and even urban renaissance. The article reviews a range of research findings on the role that housing plays in concentrating problems of deprivation and decay, on the relationship between deprivation and housing conditions, on how the housing market operates in relation to successful area-based employment and regeneration policies, and the implications that these results have on how area-based policies should be evaluated.
Forging the Frontiers Between State, Church, and Family: Religious Cleavages and the Origins of Early Childhood Education and Care Policies in France, Sweden, and Germany
Authors: MORGAN KIMBERLY J.
Published: March 2007

European states differ tremendously in the extent to which their national education systems administer preschool programs, and whether or not these services can serve as day care for working parents. This article traces contemporary policy differences in three countries—France, Sweden, and Germany—to the effects of nineteenth-century conflicts between religious and secular forces over education. Intense, clerical-anticlerical conflict in France led to the incorporation of preschools into the national education system. In Sweden and Germany, the more accommodating relationship between church and state assured that no such incorporation took place. These decisions had lasting consequences for the nature and extensiveness of child care services for preschool-aged children.
The Use of 'Only English' in a Learner-Centred University Classroom in Japan
Authors: Burden Peter
Published: March 2007

Language learning pedagogy makes many claims about the use of the students' mother tongue (MT) in monolingual classrooms, but only rarely makes any references to what the students in our classrooms themselves believe or feel they need. Tertiary education has to make teaching accountable to the needs of the students, and to recognise that all participants in the classroom have a legitimate interest in educational activity. This paper examines students' beliefs about when the English 'conversation' teacher should use the students' mother tongue, and the findings suggest that students have well defined opinions about the use and usage of the target language (TL). They recognize that communicative lessons with native speakers should be conducted in the TL, while reserving the right to ask about usage through the MT, thus creating a more relaxed, humanistic classroom where they can freely express themselves.
Gender, Academic Major, and Vocabulary Learning Strategies of Chinese Efl Learners
Authors: Gu Yongqi
Published: March 2007

Gender and academic major are often seen as amongst the major factors that influence language learning. However, empirical studies on these two factors have produced inconsistent results. This paper bases itself upon the contention that specific tasks and contexts of learning may confound the relationship among gender, academic major, learning strategies and learning outcomes.

A large-scale survey was conducted amongst a group of adult Chinese EFL learners on their vocabulary learning strategies. Female students significantly outperformed their male counterparts in both a vocabulary size test and a general proficiency test. Females also reported significantly more use of almost all vocabulary learning strategies that were found to be correlated with success in EFL learning. Academic major, on the other hand, was found to be a less potent background factor. Science students slightly outperformed arts students (though insignificantly) in vocabulary size, but arts students significantly outperformed science students on the general proficiency test. Strategy differences were also found between arts and science majors, but differences on most strategy categories were less clear-cut than were those between male and female participants. Interpretation of these results and pedagogical implications are presented.
Authenticity in College English Textbooks - an Intercultural Perspective
Authors: Anwei Feng  , Byram Michael
Published: March 2007

The use of 'authentic texts' is one of the most important criteria acknowledged by writers of textbooks for language teaching. How do textbook writers define authentic materials? How have scholars in language education challenged conventional beliefs in authenticity in recent years? Is authenticity really an illusion as some scholars claim? This paper is to focus on these issues. The following pages will first briefly review different perspectives in discussing authenticity in foreign language education. On the basis of the review, the paper suggests a perspective that takes intercultural communicative competence as a starting point addressing four fundamental issues of authenticity for textbook writing in countries where English is spoken as a foreign or second language. The four issues include intercultural representation, mediation of intention and interpretation, balance of diachrony and synchrony and image representations, and principles of contrivance. To illustrate the perspective, the prevailing definition of authentic texts by Chinese textbook writers will be examined as represented in recent literature about College English teaching and in some survey data. College English2, one of the most widely-used College English textbook series, will be used as the focus of analysis in broad terms in accordance with the four dimensions identified.
The Effect of the Reciprocal Teaching Approach On the Reading Comprehension of Efl Students
Authors: Soonthornmanee Reongudee
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether metacognitive awareness and comprehension monitoring, as employed by reciprocal teaching involving summarization, question-generation, clarification, and prediction, helps EFL readers to comprehend texts and whether this method could be applied to both skilled and less-skilled learners. A group of 42 students was taught using the reciprocal teaching approach (RT) while the other group of 42 students were given a skill- oriented instruction (ST). Findings indicate that reciprocal teaching has a significant positive effect on EFL learners' reading. In addition, while both skilled and less-skilled learners in the RT group benefited from the reciprocal teaching method, the skill-based teaching method helped the less-skilled learners, not the skilled learners, improve their reading comprehension The RT students also reported their preference on the reciprocal teaching method.
Function and Form in Essay Examination Prompts
Authors: Horowitz Daniel
Published: March 2007

A genre analysis of 284 essay examination prompts reveals specific discoursal characteristics which function to communicate what type of response will be considered legitimate. The main pedagogical implication is that for test takers to the able to decode prompts, they must draw upon the same functional/linguistic knowledge of genre that the test constructor did. This suggests that academic writing teachers should familiarize their students with the discoursal characteristics of examination prompts.
A Genre Description of the Argumentative Essay
Authors: Hyland Ken
Published: March 2007

The difficulties faced by EFL/ESL students when asked to pro duce a piece of writing are often due to an inadequate understanding of how texts are organized. To facilitate effective writing therefore, teachers have to familiarize students with the rhetorical structures which are an important part of the meanings of texts.

This article focuses on an important type of written discourse, the argumentive essay, and proposes a preliminary descriptive frame work of its rhetorical structure. Presenting research results, the author shows that a "categories analysis" can clarify the structure of written texts and provide pedagogically useful materials. A case is argued for the importance of explicit linguistic knowledge in deve loping writing skills and some implications for teaching strategies are drawn.
Analytical Assessments of Foreign Students' Writing
Authors: Astika Gusti Gede
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the assessment of foreign students' writing by native speaker ESL teachers. The assessment used an analytical scoring technique based on the ESL Composition Profile which contains the following features : Content, Organization, Vocabulary, Language Use, and Mechanics. 210 writing samples were used and evaluated by at least 2 raters each. A multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate how much each component contributed to the total score variance. The analysis indicated that Vocabulary accounted for the largest amount of variance in the total scores (83.75%), with Content, Language Use, Organization, and Mechanics accounting for 8.06%, 4.05%, 2.48% and .29%, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of appropriate instructional strategies for teaching ESL writing.
Appropriateness of Advice as L2 Solidarity Strategy
Authors: Hinkel Eli
Published: March 2007

Researchers have established that advice-giving is an intrinsically face threatening act in the Anglo-American culture. However, NSs of English and NNSs may view the appropriateness of giving advice differently and use it with different communicative goals. This study focuses on the differences in native speaker and non-native speaker judgments of situations in which giving advice is appropriate and the forms which this advice can take. In a survey based on written role-plays, NNSs and NSs similarly recognized the difference in social distance between a peer acquaintance and an authority figure, but in both contexts, NNSs chose substantially more direct and hedged advice than did NSs. L2 learners are not necessarily aware of the negative politeness impact in L2 of advice- giving, a strategy often viewed positively in several L1s, and they need to be taught conversational strategies more appropriate in L2.
Critical Thinking Skills Among Third Year Indonesian English Students
Authors: Pikkert Joost J J , Foster Leslie
Published: March 2007

Critical thinking is not a subject that needs to be taught separately, but is a skill that can easily be included in any educational activity. As a skill it may be more important than the subject matter being taught because it is a skill that never goes out of date. English education, like any other form of education, should equip students with thinking skills that will enable them to evaluate and analyze constantly changing issues. As Indonesia prepares a cadre of English—speaking students whose role will be to interface with the influx of English information before it is translated into Indonesian, these students need analytical and critical thinking skills to evaluate what is important and what is not. The question this research attempted to analyze is as follows: are critical thinking skills presently part of the tool chest of third year Indonesian English language students. By using the Cornell Critical Thinking Test Level Z, students were analyzed in a series of subscales in order to provide data for improving educational instruction. Research showed that critical thinking skills among third year university English students in Indonesia lag far behind American secondary and university students.
Evaluating and Discovering During Peer Response
Authors: Lockhart Charles , Ng Peggy
Published: March 2007

This study analyses the talk that occurs when students give opinions and suggestions during response sessions. Discussions of four pairs of ESL university students were audiotaped and transcribed. Discourse segments containing suggestions and opinions were coded according to who initiated the topic, whether or not there was a development of ideas, and the way in which the development occurred. Two major patterns of development were identified in our data: 1) the "evaluate —> suggest" pattern, where the reader transmits suggestions and opinions based on evaluations of the text, and 2) the "observe —> discover" pattern, where the reader and writer mutually explore suggestions and opinions based on their observations about the text. Our findings indicate that the second pattern engages students in collaborative reflection and allows the writer to articulate ideas and strategies for revision. The analysis also indicates that students need coaching in three areas: giving in-depth commentary on the text, participating interactively, and engaging in collaborative reflection. Teaching approaches for addressing these areas are offered.
Memorizing New Words: Does Teaching Have Anything To Do With It?
Authors: Laufer Batia , Shmueli Karen
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the relationship between memorization of new words (short-term and long-term) and teaching techniques involving different modes of vocabulary presentation and different language of vocabulary glossing. The four modes were: 1- words presented in isolation, 2 - in 'minimal context', i.e., in one meaningful sentence, 3 - in text-context, 4 - in 'elaborated' text context, i.e., in the original text supplemented by clarifying phrases and sentences. In each mode of presentation, half (ten) of the words were translated into learners' L 1 and half were explained in English. An additional group of learners served as a control. They were asked to learn the words for a quiz by themselves. All subjects were tested on the short-term and long-term retention of the target words. Retention scores were compared by mode of presentation, language of glossing and the interaction between the two. Words glossed in L 1 were always better retained than those glossed in L2. As for context effect, words presented in lists and in sentences were remembered better than words presented in text and elaborated text. The control group received the lowest scores. The results underscore the importance of attending to newly learnt vocabulary and relating it to the first language. It is suggested that mental elaboration which is claimed to affect retention may not necessarily take place when words are encountered in texts. On the other hand, bilingual lists may be conducive to such elaboration.
Teacher Input in Singapore English Classrooms
Authors: Saravanan Vanithamani , Gupta Renu
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the English used by teacher trainees, both in their classroom pedagogy and in their written journals. We compared our trainees' language with what they had to say about their own pupils' work. At the same time, we looked at the trainees' language from the viewpoint of exonormative standards expected of them, that is, in Singapore, Standard British English is used as the norm. The purpose was to see how far these forms have become established. The analysis shows that the teachers consistently and systematically used language displaying syntactic features that differ from an exonormative standard. A comparison of the trainees' language with their comments on their pupils' work shows that there is partial awareness of an exonormative standard. The analysis indicates that a subset of syntactic constructions is likely to become established in Singapore. Further, some of these features are being explicitly taught in the English language classroom. Teachers' use of these forms in the classroom could be considered as a trend toward their establishment. It may be argued that with more extensive use, there is potential for the spread of these forms.

A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the Second International Conference on World Enalishes held in Nagoya, Japan, May 25-29, 1995. We would like to thank Robert Hvitfeldt for his invaluable comments.
Change in Affect and Language Use Choices
Authors: Wilhelm Kim Hughes , Hu Shu-May
Published: March 2007

Elements of ethnographic, qualitative, and quantitative research methodology were combined in this case study of a bilingual Chinese- English adolescent involved in an individualized reading program (IRP). Midway through the subject's fifth grade in U.S.A. school, the IRP was implemented by his parent, who also acted in the role of tutor. Pre- and post -IRP quantitative comparisons indicated that reading proficiency improved from below-level to appropriate age group level. Attitudes toward recreational reading also improved.
Extensive Reading With Adult Learners of English as a Second Language
Authors: Renandya Willy A. , Sundara Rajan B.R. , Jacobs George M.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study of the impact of extensive reading (ER) on the language proficiency of a group of Vietnamese government officials studying English. Two questions were of interest. First, we wanted to examine if ER could be successfully implemented with older adult second language learners. Secondly, we were interested in the relationship between learning gain and a set of ER variables, such as amount of ER material read, the extent to which this material was perceived as interesting, easy/difficult, and comprehensible, and whether or not extensive reading was perceived to be a useful and enjoyable activity. The results indicated that older adult ESL learners could indeed benefit from a carefully planned and systematically implemented extensive reading program. Further, a regression analysis showed that amount of ER was the only significant predictor of participants' gain scores.
Europe and Religions: the Dialogue between the European Commission and Churches or Religious Communities
Authors: JANSEN Thomas
Published: March 2007

The Treaties establishing the European Community and the European Union make no mention of churches or religious communities. However, the Amsterdam Treaty, which came into force on 1 May 1999, is accompanied by a declaration stating that the Union “respects and does not prejudice the status under national law of churches and religious associations or communities in the Member States”. Despite the lack of a legal basis, the European Commission began in the early 1990s to develop and maintain relations with the Christian churches and other religious communities. These informal but regular links were forged largely at the request of the churches and religious communities. In the face of Europeanization, churches and spiritual associations are under pressure to adapt their own structures to the changing context and to harmonize their forms of organization with the newly emerging, enlarged “public space”, i.e. the European Union.
Seeking the Seekers in the Sociology of Religion
Authors: WARBURG Margit
Published: March 2007

In the sociology of religion the terms “seekers” and “seekership” have been widely used in studies of recruitment and conversion, although with some inconsistency as regards definitions and conclusions. A distinction between “seekers” and “non-seekers” by independent criteria is rarely made. In this study of the Danish Baha'is the author applies a pragmatic characterization of seekership based upon a set of defined attitudes and behaviour of the Baha'is in their pre-Baha'i religious lives. A subsequent analysis of the conversion stories of 88 informants showed that of those who had responded to Baha'i advertisements or had been recruited through public meetings, nearly all could be defined as seekers. This indicates that the proportion of seekers among proselytes in religious movements partly depends on the mission strategy applied. Seekers also remarried more often than non-seekers, suggesting that the concept of seekership has the potential of being developed into a more general sociological category.
The Illusion of Neutrality: Reflections on the Term “Popular Religion”
Authors: MEJIDO Manuel J.
Published: March 2007

Using the insights of the sociology of knowledge, the author attempts to elucidate some of the central biases which he argues have prevented US sociologists of religion from grasping the power dynamics behind the use of the concept of popular religion. He ends with some theoretical and historical observations about this concept that are intended to overcome the central shortcomings of its use in the US context.
The Ecclesiastical Minister and Marriage
Authors: Bunnik R.J.
Published: March 2007

La problématique du célibat demande à être systématiquement revue et ce de manière urgente; elle suppose entre autre que soit clairement établie la distinction entre virginité et célibat. La législation actuelle ne possède quasi aucun fondement écrit et s'est développée dans le cadre d'une vision pessimiste de la sexualité et du mariage. Un examen ordonné et critique des arguments théologiques et pratiques pour ou contre la légis lation actuelle laisse flaner un sérieux doute sur la nécessité et le droit d'existence de la loi de célibat. C'est pourquoi on peut se poser la question de savoir si la loi ne constitue pas une atteinte non motivée á la liberté humaine et évangélique du fait que la charge ecclésiale n'implique pas de manière impé rieuse l'état de célibat.
Studien zu Berufsbild und Berufswirklichkeit evangelischer Pfarrer in Württemberg
Authors: Bormann Günther
Published: March 2007

Im Rahmen unserer Untersuchung über 'Berufsbild und Berufswirklich keit des evangelischen Pfarrers in Württemberg' haben wir als einen der berufsbildprägenden Faktoren die Herkunft der Pfarrer ins Auge gefaßt. Die diesbezüglichen Angaben der für unsere qualitative pilotstudy be fragten Pfarrer, die dort in dem Abschnitt iiber das Befragtenmodell aufgeführt sind, haben keine repräsentative Bedeutung. Um ein Bild von der Zusammensetzung der württembergischen Pfarrerschaft nach ihrer sozialen Herkunft in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart zu gewinnen, stellten wir eine Berufsstatistik der Väter der württembergischen Theologen für verschiedene Zeitabschnitte zusammen, die sich über den Zeitraum von 1700-1965 verteilen. Ihre regionale Herkunft und Mobilität haben wir ebenfalls über größere Zeitabschnitte untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser statistischen Auswertungen und Vergleiche darzustellen, ist Aufgabe der vorliegenden Studie.
An « Anatomy » of the Buddhist Renaissance in Ceylon in the Work of K.N. Jayatilleke
Authors: Wilson Howard A.
Published: March 2007

La renaissance bouddhiste s'amorça au XIXe siècle comme une réaction aux quatre siècles de colonisation et de domi nation occidentale. Aujourd'hui, le bouddhisme ceylanais est pris dans l'ensemble des courants qui luttent en vue de dé finir une identité nationale.

L'anatomie de la renaissance bouddhiste à Ceylan que pré sente l'auteur est réalisée à partir d'une analyse de l'œuvre de K.N. Jayatilleke, qui fut directeur du département de phi losophie à l'Université de Ceylan jusqu'à sa mort en 1969.

L'œuvre de Jayatilleke est une apologie de la tradition Theravada, largement conçue en termes occidentaux et écrite en anglais. Jayatilleke est un artisan typique de la renaissance bouddhiste : éduqé selon les normes de l'élite occidentalisée, il appartient à deux mondes et à aucun des deux. Son apologie du bouddhisme contient une conception scientifique de l'uni vers, une conception empirique du savoir. une conception de la personnalité comparable à celle de la psychologie moderne et un intérêt pour la vie de l'homme en société. Il croit en la nécessité de réformer la société en vue du bien-être humain le plus grand. La renaissance bouddhiste dans l'œuvre de Jayatilleke est encore captive de la mentalité coloniale qui rejette la civilisation occidentale tout en cheichant à se jus tifier dans des termes occidentaux. Une telle justification est inauthentique et dénie le génie non occidental de la vérité bouddhiste.
Se raconter une histoire
Authors: Billette André
Published: March 2007

Based on various accounts of conversion experiences, this study first attempts to go beyond an analysis of conversion as a change in affiliation. But unable to verify the experience of change, the author is led to revise his method in order not to be trapped by the " commemorative naturalness " of the conversion accounts. So he stresses the retroactive dimension of the accounts in relation to the experience by paying particular attention to their speech patterns (Sorokin). The research then shows that the conversion account is a re productive, even a productive, remembering. And as for this reproduction, it is seen that the converted talk about their conversion according to already transmitted narrative models which depend on their socio-economic, and consequently their cultural situation.
Production de sens et légitimation sociale Karl Marx et Max Weber
Authors: Bohler Antoine
Published: March 2007

The article begins with a survey and comparison of Marx's critique of religion and Weber's sociology of religion. Marx prefers to analyze religion as an ideology, i.e., he sees above all the negative function of religion which is to legitimize social relations of domination, and interprets it 1) as a neces sary but inverted reflection of a social reality in which men do not control nature ; 2) as a mechanism of projection in which man projects his genuine being into a world beyond, a projection destined to fade away when man in society is capable of rationally controlling his collective existence. In his analysis Weber prefers the meaning-producing function that religion performs in different ways during different periods of historical development. Nevertheless he does not neglect the legitimizing function of religion which he analyzes minutely.
Religion and Social Protest in Indonesia
Authors: Utrecht Ernst
Published: March 2007

L'Indonésie est un pays nominalement musulman. Il est important de bien distinguer les types de croyants et d'ap partenance religieuse. Cela est très lié à l'implantation de L'Islam dans le pays : entreprise marchande debouchant sur des royaumes resultant en un amalgame avec les religions tradition nelles et L'hindouisme. La colonisation néerlandaise détruisit les royaumes et les santis (musulmans de stricte observance) voulurent rétablir ensuite l'Islam comme religion d'Etat. En fait L'Islam en Indonésie a peu de solidité théologique et une faible organisation.
Charisme, sacerdoce, fondation
Authors: Séguy Jean
Published: March 2007

Can Weber's theory of charisma be of use in the study of reli gious orders, of the founders themselves and the foundation pro cess more especially? In that perspective, the present paper raises the question whether the founder, when he is a priest, can enjoy personal charisma, and if so, with what consequences, particu larly in the case of quasi prophetic charisma.

The problem is here approached both in theorical and histori cal perspective, around the case of St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673-1716), the founder of the Missionaries of the Society of Mary (Montfortian Fathers) and the Daughters of Wis dom.