bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wastewater treatment polymers identified as the toxic component of a diamond mine effluent
Authors: de Rosemond Simone J. C. , Liber Karsten
Published: November 2004

The Ekati™ Diamond Mine, located approximately 300 km northeast of Yellowknife in Canada's Northwest Territories, uses mechanical crushing and washing processes to extract diamonds from kimberlite ore. The processing plant's effluent contains kimberlite ore particles (≤0.5 mm), wastewater, and two wastewater treatment polymers, a cationic polydiallydimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) polymer and an anionic sodium acrylate polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer. A series of acute (48-h) and chronic (7-d) toxicity tests determined the processed kimberlite effluent (PKE) was chronically, but not acutely, toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Reproduction of C. dubia was inhibited significantly at concentrations as low as 12.5% PKE. Toxicity identification evaluations (TIE) were initiated to identify the toxic component of PKE. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium thiosulfate, aeration, and solid phase extraction with C-18 manipulations failed to reduce PKE toxicity. Toxicity was reduced significantly by pH adjustments to pH 3 or 11 followed by filtration. Toxicity testing with C. dubia determined that the cationic DADMAC polymer had a 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.32 mg/L and 7-d median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.014 mg/L. The anionic PAM polymer had a 48-h LC50 of 218 mg/L. A weight-of-evidence approach, using the data obtained from the TIE, the polymer toxicity experiments, the estimated concentration of the cationic polymer in the kimberlite effluent, and the behavior of kimberlite minerals in pH-adjusted solutions provided sufficient evidence to identify the cationic DADMAC polymer as the toxic component of the diamond mine PKE.
Pollution-induced community tolerance of soil microbes in response to a zinc gradient
Authors: Davis Miles R. H. , Zhao Fang-Jie , McGrath Steve P.
Published: November 2004

The long-term accumulation of Zn in soils provides the microbial community time to adapt to this heavy metal. To assess the effects of long-term exposure to Zn on the metabolic diversity and tolerance to Zn of soil microbial community, the pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) method, based on the Biolog microtitre plate system, was used. It especially is useful to study gradients of pollutants for detecting PICT. Such a Zn gradient was found by selecting soils at increasing distances from galvanized electricity pylons at two sites where Zn accumulation had occurred over a period of decades. Soil metabolic profiles showed a humpbacked response to increasing soil Zn concentrations, indicating that accumulation of Zn up to 2,000 mg/kg did not decrease the metabolic biodiversity in the culturable fraction of the microbial community. This fraction of the microbial community showed significant PICT, because the effective concentration that reduces the metabolic biodiversity by 50% (EC50), values for Zn added to the Biolog wells increased by up to two orders of magnitude with increasing soil-Zn concentration along the transects. Significant PICT was detectable at soil Zn concentrations above approximately 300 mg/kg. The EC50 values correlated more closely with soil total Zn than with soil pore water Zn. The results suggest that, although long-term exposure to Zn imposes stress on soil microbes, resulting in an increased tolerance, detectable PICT does not necessarily lead to a decrease in metabolic diversity.
Partial life-cycle toxicity and bioconcentration modeling of perfluorooctanesulfonate in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Kuehl Douglas W. , Kahl Michael D. , Jensen Kathleen M. , Butterworth Brian C. , Nichols John W.
Published: November 2004

A number of recent monitoring studies have demonstrated elevated concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in humans and wildlife throughout the world. Although no longer manufactured in the United States, the global distribution and relative persistence of PFOS indicates a need to understand its potential ecological effects. Presently, little is known concerning toxicity of PFOS in chronic exposures with aquatic species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of PFOS on survival and development of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) from early embryogenesis through complete metamorphosis. Exposures were conducted via water at measured PFOS concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 10 mg/L. Animals exposed to 10 mg/L began dying within approximately two weeks of test initiation. Survival was not affected by PFOS at lower concentrations; however, time to metamorphosis was delayed and growth reduced in the 3-mg/L treatment group. Tadpoles readily accumulated PFOS directly from water. Using a one-compartment bioaccumulation model, growth was shown to have a modest impact on steady-state PFOS concentrations. Variability in observed growth rates and the possible contribution of a size-dependent decrease in PFOS elimination rate contributed uncertainty to modeling efforts. Nevertheless, fitted uptake and elimination rate constants were comparable to those determined in earlier studies with juvenile rainbow trout. Overall, our studies suggest that R. pipiens is not exceptionally sensitive to PFOS in terms of either direct toxicity or bioconcentration potential of the chemical.
Influence of leaching medium and drying time between successive leaching periods on the emission of chromium, copper, and boron from treated wood
Authors: García-Valcárcel Ana I. , Bravo Isabel , Jiménez Cristina , Tadeo José Luis
Published: November 2004

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine leaching of Cu, Cr, and B from pine sapwood treated with Cr-Cu-B (CCB) preservative in different leaching media (ultrapure water [UPW], rainwater [RW], and soil water [SW]). Losses of metals from CCB-treated wood, expressed in percentage of initial content, were always highest for B (11.2–63.5%) and lowest for Cr (0.02–0.36%) in any of the leaching media assayed. Losses of B and Cr from treated wood were not affected by the leaching medium; however, losses of Cu were 1.5 to 2.5 times higher in SW than in UPW and RW. The influence of drying time between successive leaching periods on release of metals also was determined. Treated wood was submitted to wetting-drying cycles of 24 h/d, 18 h/d, and 6 h/d in contact with the leaching medium over a total contact time of 276 h. For an equivalent contact period of CCB-treated wood with either UPW or RW, leaching of B was from 1.1 to 1.9 times higher for continual wetting than under intermittent wetting conditions. Leaching of Cu was not affected by the wetting-drying periods when wood was in contact with RW, but it was 1.2 to 1.5 times higher for continual wetting with UPW. In general, leaching of Cr was not affected by the wetting-drying cycles when in contact with UPW or RW. However, when CCB-treated wood was in contact with SW under discontinuous wetting of 6 h/d, Cu and Cr emissions were approximately 1.2 and 2.5 times higher, respectively, than with continuous wetting. This study shows that the type of leaching medium and the drying time between successive wetting periods must be considered when evaluating metal losses from CCB-treated wood during service life.
Responses of nontarget lepidoptera to foray 48B® Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Boulton Timothy J.
Published: November 2004

Impacts of a gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) eradication program on native, nontarget Lepidoptera were assessed in 1999, on southeastern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada). The microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) was applied aerially over two areas totalling 12,805 ha on May 8, May 19, and June 8, 1999, at a dosage of 50 billion international units in 4.0 L/ha. Lepidoptera were collected from two host plant species: Garry oak (Quercus garryana) and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus). Lepidopteran larvae were collected from common snowberry foliage at 24 urban parks and from Garry oak foliage at 28 oak-dominated habitats, representing 12 and 14 replicates, respectively, of two treatments: unsprayed (reference) and sprayed (treatment). Prespray data were collected from March 25 to May 6 for S. albus, and from April 26 to May 6 for Q. garryana. Postspray data were collected from May 10 through June 15 for S. albus and from May 10 to July 6 for Q. garryana. The 15 most abundant lepidopteran species were analyzed statistically. However, the majority of species were collected infrequently, and, therefore were pooled for statistical analysis. After the Btk spray applications, 11 of the individual species and groups of uncommon species were found to be significantly less abundant in the treatment sites than in the reference sites. The effects of sample date were statistically significant on almost all groups of Lepidoptera analyzed, both before and after Btk spray applications, indicating temporal variation in lepidopteran abundance. Significant variation in diversity of members of the Lepidoptera, as a result of Btk spray application, was not detected on S. albus or Q. garryana. However, results showed significant variation in lepidoptera richness and abundance on both host plant species.
Susceptibility of the leaf-eating beetle, Galerucella calmariensis, a biological control agent for purple loosestrife (Lythrum salcaria), to three mosquito control larvicides
Authors: Lowe T. Peter , Hershberger Troy D.
Published: November 2004

We evaluated the susceptibility of Galerucella calmariensis, a species used to control purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), to three mosquito control larvicides. Larvae and adults were fed loosestrife cuttings dipped in Abate® (≤375 g · L−1), Altosid® (≤250 g · L−1), and Bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis (Bti) (<110 g · L−1). Eggs on cuttings were dipped in the same concentrations. Pupae were immersed in Abate and Altosid solutions (≤474.4 μg · L−1 and ≤1,169.2 μg · L−1, respectively). Hatching success of eggs dipped in Abate (≤3.75 g · L−1) was reduced significantly and survival was significantly lower among larvae and adults eating cuttings dipped in Abate (≤0.17 g · L−1 and ≥2.27 g · L−1, respectively). Hatching success of eggs dipped in Altosid (≥2.52 g · L−1) was reduced significantly. With exposure to Altosid, larval survival to pupation and adult emergence was reduced significantly at concentrations of ≥2.92 g · L−1 and ≥0.63 g · L−1, respectively. Altosid (≥0.23 g · L−1) also delayed the onset of pupation and adult emergence among larvae that survived to pupate. Larvae that survived with exposure to Altosid (≥1.72 g · L−1) grew to 70% larger than those exposed to lower concentrations. Pupal survival was unaffected with exposure to Abate and Altosid and adult survival was unaffected with exposure to Altosid. Bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis did not adversely affect any life stage of G. calmariensis. The mean Abate concentration on cuttings exposed to operational spraying was in the range that reduced egg hatchability and adult survival but was higher than concentrations that caused complete mortality of larvae. The mean Altosid concentration on cuttings exposed to operational spraying was in the range that reduced hatching success in eggs and delayed pupation and adult emergence of larvae.
In situ water and sediment toxicity in an agricultural watershed
Authors: Phillips Bryn M. , Anderson Brian S. , Hunt John W. , Nicely Patricia A. , Kosaka Rosemary A. , Tjeerdema Ron S. , de Vlaming Victor , Richard Nancy
Published: November 2004

The Salinas River receives inputs from extensive farmlands before flowing into the Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge and the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (CA, USA). Previous monitoring using laboratory toxicity tests and chemical analyses identified toxic agricultural drain-water inputs in this system. Using caged daphnids (Ceriodaphnia dubia) and amphipods (Hyalella azteca), we investigated in situ toxicity at stations downstream from an agricultural drain relative to a reference station. A flow sensor indicated highly variable inputs from irrigation, and daily synoptic chemical analyses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques demonstrated fluctuating concentrations of organophosphate pesticides. Test organism mortality in the field coincided with contaminant concentrations that exceeded chemical effect thresholds for the test species. Laboratory toxicity tests using C. dubia were comparable to results from field exposures, but tests with H. azteca were not. Laboratory exposures can be reasonable surrogates for field evaluations in this system, but they were less effective for assessing short-term temporal variability. Results from the field toxicity studies corroborated results of bioassessment surveys conducted as part of a concurrent study. Toxicity identification evaluations indicated that organophosphate pesticides caused toxicity to daphnids and that effects of suspended solids were negligible.
Cytokine profile of sickle cell disease in Oman
Authors: Pathare Anil , Al Kindi Salam , Alnaqdy Adel Alwan , Daar Shahina , Knox‐Macaulay Huxley , Dennison David
Published: November 2004

The aim of our study was to assess the cytokine profile of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in steady state and in vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC). VOC has a complex nature, involving interactions between sickle red blood cells (RBC), the endothelium, and leucocytes. Endothelial damage due to recurrent adhesion of sickle RBCs may disrupt endothelial function, leading to altered cytokine release. It is therefore pertinent to study the cytokine profile of SCD patients in steady state and in crisis prior to exploring its contribution to vaso‐occlusive manifestations, since it is believed that an altered balance of proinflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines plays an important role in painful crisis. Cytokines including IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ were measured by commercially available ELISA kits in SCD patients (n = 60); in steady state (n = 26) and in painful crisis (n = 34) and compared with nonanemic age‐ and sex‐matched normal Omani controls (n = 20). SCD patients in crisis showed elevated levels of TNF‐α (P < 0.092) and IL‐6 (P < 0.024) when compared with steady state. It was also observed that SCD patients in steady state showed a significant elevation in IL‐1β (P < 0.04), IL‐6 (P < 0.0001), and IFN‐γ (P < 0.02) as compared to normal subjects. It is thus evident that both type I and type II cytokines are significantly altered in SCD patients. In steady state, type II proinflammatory cytokines are elevated, whereas in crisis, an additional augmentation of type I cytokines occurs, with persistent elevation of type II cytokines, emphasizing the role of perturbed endothelium and activated monocytes in the pathophysiology of vaso‐occlusion in sickle cell crisis. Am. J. Hematol. 77:323–328, 2004 © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) polymorphisms and reduced risk of malignant lymphoma
Authors: Matsuo Keitaro , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Suzuki Ritsuro , Ogura Michinori , Kagami Yoshitoyo , Taji Hirofumi , Yasue Tetsuo , Mueller Nancy E. , Nakamura Shigeo , Seto Masao , Morishima Yasuo , Tajima Kazuo
Published: November 2004

Folate and methionine are important nutrients in the “one‐carbon” metabolism that is closely associated with DNA synthesis and DNA methylation. Genetic variation in these pathways may change susceptibility to cancer development. We have previously reported associations between lymphoma risk and germline polymorphisms in genes of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and methionine synthase (MTR A2756G), finding the genotype other than the MTHFR 677CC/1298AA to confer a half‐risk compared to the MTHFR 677CC/1298AA and a 3‐fold higher risk with the MTR GG genotype than the AA/AG genotypes. To confirm the association and explore the histological difference, we extended the previous case series. A case‐control study was conducted in Japan with a total of 372 lymphoma cases and 500 noncancer controls examined for genotypes. The relative risks were estimated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. In overall analyses, the age–sex adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the subjects harboring MTHFR 677T or 1298C alleles relative to 677CC/1298AA genotype was 0.58 (95% confidence interval: 0.41–0.83, P = 0.002). The MTR GG genotype showed an OR of 1.75 (0.87–3.52, P = 0.114). These findings were validated in separate analyses of the 273 new incident cases. Subgroup analyses according to histological subtype [diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLB), follicular lymphoma (FL), low‐grade lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and others] illustrated similar associations with certain exceptions for FL and MALT. Our data showed an association between the MTHFR polymorphisms and malignant lymphoma risk for all histological subtypes, although the extent of contribution of these polymorphisms may differ somewhat with histological subtype. Lack of association with MTR polymorphism was also confirmed. Am. J. Hematol. 77:351–357, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of community health workers for promoting use of safety eyewear by Latino farm workers
Authors: Forst Linda , Lacey Steven , Chen Hua Yun , Jimenez Rocio , Bauer Susan , Skinner Sara , Alvarado Ramona , Nickels Leslie , Zanoni Joseph , Petrea Robert , Conroy Lorraine
Published: November 2004

Background

To evaluate The Community Health Worker “promotor de salud” (CHW) model is evaluated as a tool for reducing eye injuries in Latino farm workers.

Methods

In 2001, 786 workers on 34 farms were divided into three intervention blocks: (A) CHWs provided protective eyewear and training to farm workers; (B) CHWs provided eyewear but no training to farm workers; (C) eyewear was distributed to farm workers with no CHW present and no training.

Results

Pre‐ and post‐intervention questionnaires demonstrated greater self‐reported use of eyewear in all blocks after the intervention (P < 0.0001), with Block A showing the greatest change compared to B (P < 0.0001) and C (P = 0.03); this was supported by field observations. Block A showed the greatest improvement in knowledge on questions related to training content.

Conclusion

CHWs were an effective tool to train farm workers in eye health and safety, improving the use of personal protective equipment and knowledge. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:607–613, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symbolic analytical solution of N‐dimensional radially symmetric polytropes
Authors: Saad A. S.
Published: November 2004

In this paper, accelerated power series solutions are developed for N‐dimensional symmetric radially polytropes. The solutions are valid for any geometric and polytropic index. The implementation of Padé technique and changing of the independent variable give us identical polytrope solutions to the numerical one. Physical parameters are presented for Ndimensional radially polytropes. In case of the isothermal sphere, the density profile is accurate to 10–5 per cent whatever the value of ξ is. All the computations are performed using Mathematica software. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Analyses of Mixture Vapor Pressure Data: The Hydrogen Peroxide/Water System and Its Excess Thermodynamic Functions
Authors: Manatt Stanley L. , Manatt Margaret R. R.
Published: November 2004

Reported here are some aspects of the analysis of mixture vapor pressure data using the model‐free Redlich–Kister approach that have heretofore not been recognized. These are that the pure vapor pressure of one or more components and the average temperature of the complex apparatuses used in such studies can be obtained from the mixture vapor pressures. The findings reported here raise questions regarding current and past approaches for analyses of mixture vapor pressure data. As a test case for this analysis approach the H2O2–H2O mixture vapor pressure measurements reported by Scatchard, Kavanagh, and Tickner (G. Scatchard, G. M. Kavanagh, L. B. Ticknor, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 3715–3720; G. M. Kavanagh, PhD. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA), 1949) have been used; there is significant recent interest in this system. It was found that the original data is fit far better with a four‐parameter Redlich–Kister excess energy expansion with inclusion of the pure hydrogen peroxide vapor pressure and the temperature as parameters. Comparisons of the present results with the previous analyses of this suite of data exhibit significant deviations. A precedent for consideration of iteration of temperature exists from the little‐known work of Uchida, Ogawa, and Yamaguchi (S. Uchida, S. Ogawa, M. Yamaguchi, Japan Sci. Eng. Sci. 1950, 1, 41–49) who observed significant variations of temperature from place to place within a carefully insulated apparatus of the type traditionally used in mixture vapor pressure measurements. For hydrogen peroxide, new critical constants and vapor pressure–temperature equations needed in the analysis approach described above have been derived. Also temperature functions for the four Redlich–Kister parameters were derived, that allowed calculations of the excess Gibbs energy, excess entropy, and excess enthalpy whose values at various temperatures indicate the complexity of H2O2–H2O mixtures not evident in the original analyses of this suite of experimental results.
Synthesis of a New Chiral Source, (1R,2S)‐1‐Phenylphospholane‐2‐carboxylic Acid, via a Key Intermediate α‐Phenylphospholanyllithium Borane Complex: Configurational Stability and X‐ray Crystal Structure of an α‐Monophosphinoalkyllithium Borane Complex
Authors: Sun Xiang‐Min , Manabe Kei , Lam William W.‐L. , Shiraishi Nobuyuki , Kobayashi Jun , Shiro Motoo , Utsumi Hiroaki , Kobayashi Shu
Published: November 2004

A synthetic route to enantiomerically pure (1R,2S)‐1‐phenylphospholane‐2‐carboxylic acid (1), which is a phosphorus analogue of proline, has been established. A key step is the deprotonation–carboxylation of the 1‐phenylphospholane borane complex 3 by using sBuLi/1,2‐dipiperidinoethane (DPE). Configurational stability of the key intermediate, the amine‐coordinated α‐phosphinoalkyllithium borane complex 4, was investigated by employing lithiodestannylation–carboxylation of both diastereomers of the 1‐phenyl‐2‐trimethylstannylphospholane borane complex 7 in the presence of several kinds of amines, and as a result, 4 was found to be configurationally labile even at −100 °C. The key intermediate, the DPE‐coordinated trans‐1‐phenyl‐2‐phospholanyllithium borane complex 9, was isolated, and the structure was identified by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. This is the first X‐ray crystal structure determined for an α‐monophosphinoalkyllithium borane complex. Remarkably, the alkyllithium complex is monomeric and tricoordinate at the lithium center with a slightly pyramidalized environment, and the existence of a LiC bond (2.170 Å) has been confirmed. Moreover, 1H–7Li HOESY and 6Li NMR analyses suggested the structure of 9 in solution as well as the existence of an equilibrium between 9, its cis isomer, and the ion pair 8 at room temperature, which was extremely biased towards 9 at −100 °C. Finally, 1 was used as a chiral ligand in a palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution, and the desired product was obtained in high yield with good enantioselectivity.
Monomeric Metal Aqua Complexes in the Interlayer Space of Montmorillonites as Strong Lewis Acid Catalysts for Heterogeneous Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Kawabata Tomonori , Kato Masaki , Mizugaki Tomoo , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: November 2004

Montmorillonite‐enwrapped copper and scandium catalysts (Cu2+‐ and Sc3+‐monts) were easily prepared by treating Na+‐mont with the aqueous solution of the copper nitrate and scandium triflate, respectively. The resulting Cu2+‐ and Sc3+‐monts showed outstanding catalytic activities for a variety of carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions, such as the Michael reaction, the Sakurai–Hosomi allylation, and the Diels–Alder reaction, under solvent‐free or aqueous conditions. The remarkable activity of the mont catalysts is attributable to the negatively charged silicate layers that are capable of stabilizing metal cations. Furthermore, these catalysts were reusable without any appreciable loss in activity and selectivity. The Cu2+‐mont‐catalyzed Michael reaction proceeds via a ternary complex in which both the 1,3‐dicarbonyl compound and the enone are coordinated to a Lewis acid Cu2+ center.
Bis(oxofluorenediyl)oxacyclophanes: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Complexation with Paraquat in the Gas Phase
Authors: Lukyanenko Nikolay G. , Kirichenko Tatiana I. , Lyapunov Alexander Yu , Mazepa Alexander V. , Simonov Yurii A. , Fonari Marina S. , Botoshansky Mark M.
Published: November 2004

The first three representatives of the new family of oxacyclophanes incorporating two 2,7‐dioxyfluorenone fragments, connected by [‐CH2CH2O‐]m spacers (m=2–4), have been synthesized. The yield of the smallest oxacyclophane (m=2) is considerably higher with respect to the larger ones (m=3 and m=4), which are formed in comparable yields. Molecular modeling and NMR spectra analysis of the model compounds suggest that an essential difference in oxacyclophanes yields is caused by formation of quasi‐cyclic intermediates, which are preorganized for macrocyclization owing to intramolecular π–π stacking interactions between the fluorenone units. The solid‐state structures of these oxacyclophanes exhibit intra‐ and intermolecular π–π stacking interactions that dictate their rectangular shape in the fluorenone backbone and crystal packing of the molecules with the parallel or T‐shape arrangement. The crystal packing in all cases is also sustained by weak CH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. FAB mass spectral analysis of mixtures of the larger oxacyclophanes (m=3 and m=4) and a paraquat moiety revealed peaks corresponding to the loss of one and two PF6− counterions from the 1:1 complexes formed. However, no signals were observed for complexes of the paraquat moiety with the smaller oxacyclophane (m=2). Computer molecular modeling of complexes revealed a pseudorotaxane‐like incorporation of the paraquat unit, sandwiched within a macrocyclic cavity between the almost parallel‐aligned fluorenone rings of the larger oxacyclophanes (m=3 and m=4). In contrast to this, only external complexes of the smallest oxacyclophane (m=2) with a paraquat unit have been found in the energy window of 10 kcal mol−1.
Mg7(AsO4)2(HAsO4)4: A New Magnesium Arsenate with a very Strong Hydrogen Bond.
Authors: Kolitsch Uwe , Bartu Petr
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
MoS2 Nanostructures: Synthesis and Electrochemical Mg2+ Intercalation.
Authors: Li Xiao‐Lin , Li Ya‐Dong
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The [NH3Cl]+ Ion.
Authors: Schneider Stefan , Haiges Ralf , Schroer Thorsten , Boatz Jerry , Christe Karl O.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of a One‐Dimensional Iron Arsenate, ∞1 [NH3(CH2)2NH (CH2)2NH3] [Fe2F4(HAsO4)2].
Authors: Chakrabarti Sandip , Pati Swapan K. , Green Mark A. , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Silica Gel Supported Chiral Biaryl‐Diphosphine Ligands for Enantioselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Steiner Ivo , Aufdenblatten Rhony , Togni Antonio , Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Pugin Benoit
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Catalyzed Acylation of Heteroatoms Using BiCl3 Generated in situ from the Procatalyst BiOCl and Acetyl Chloride.
Authors: Ghosh Rina , Maiti Swarupananda , Chakraborty Arijit
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Stilbene‐Based Pure Estrogen Antagonists.
Authors: Walter Georg , Liebl Renate , von Angerer Erwin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted‐4‐trichloromethyl Azetidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Govande V. V. , Deshmukh A. R. A. S.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclization of Dialkyl‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐butynyl)(3‐alkenyl‐propargyl)ammonium Salts and Recyclization of the 2,2‐Dialkyl‐4‐hydroxymethylisoindolinium Salts Obtained.
Authors: Gevorkyan A. R. , Chukhadzhyan E. O. , Chukhadzhyan El. O. , Panosyan G. A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Pyrrolidines Through a Multicomponent Ugi Reaction and Their Transformation into Bicyclic Scaffolds.
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Guanti Giuseppe , Riva Renata
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Reactions of Axially Chiral Amides: Use of Removable ortho‐Substituents in Radical Cyclizations of o‐Iodoacrylanilides and N‐Allyl‐N‐o‐iodoacrylamides.
Authors: Petit Marc , Geib Steven J. , Curran Dennis P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Axial‐Selective Prins Cyclizations by Solvolysis of α‐Bromo Ethers.
Authors: Jasti Ramesh , Vitale Justin , Rychnovsky Scott D.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses and anti‐MRSA Activities of the C3 Analogues of Mansonone F, a Potent Antibacterial Sesquiterpenoid: Insights into Its Structural Requirements for anti‐MRSA Activity.
Authors: Suh Young‐Ger , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two Directions of the Reaction of 4‐Bromobenzaldehyde with Substituted Acetophenones and Urea. Synthesis of Aryl‐Substituted Pyrimidin‐2‐one and Hexahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐2,7‐dione.
Authors: Sedova V. F. , Shkurko O. P.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rh‐Catalyzed Amination of Ethereal Cα—H Bonds: A Versatile Strategy for the Synthesis of Complex Amines.
Authors: Fiori Kristin Williams , Fleming James J. , Du Bois Justin
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indium(III) Chloride Catalyzed One‐Step Synthesis of Some New Dibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepines and 12H‐Dibenzo(d,g)(1,3)dioxocin Derivatives.
Authors: Tocco Graziella , Begala Michela , Delogu Giovanna , Picciau Carmen , Podda Gianni
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridoid Galactosides and a Benzofuran‐Type Sesquiterpene from Buddleja crispa
Authors: Ahmad Ijaz , Afza Nighat , Anis Itrat , Malik Abdul , Fatima Itrat , Azhar‐ul‐Haq Azhar‐ul‐Haq , Tareen Rasool Bakhsh
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Rapid Synthesis of Dipeptidyl Urea Acids Employing p‐Nitrophenyl‐(9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino)methyl Carbamates.
Authors: Patil Basanagoud S. , Babu Vommina V. Suresh
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Sesquiterpene Pyridine Alkaloids from Maytenus chuchuhuasca
Authors: Shirota Osamu , Sekita Setsuko , Satake Motoyoshi , Morita Hiroshi , Takeya Koichi , Itokawa Hideji
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐Anatoxin‐a via Enyne Metathesis.
Authors: Brenneman Jehrod B. , Machauer Rainer , Martin Stephen F.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Isoflavone from Indigofera linnaei.
Authors: Prasad Y. Rajendra , Chakradhar V.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Revision and Total Synthesis of Azaspiracid‐1. Part 1. Intelligence Gathering and Tentative Proposal.
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Inhibitors of Human Adipocyte Fatty Acid‐Binding Protein, a Potential Type 2 Diabetes Target.
Authors: Lehmann Fredik , Haile Saba , Axen Eva , Medina Carmen , Uppenberg Jonas , Svensson Stefan , Lundbaeck Thomas , Rondahl Lena , Barf Tjeerd
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ion‐Exchange Reaction of Cs+ Selective Layered γ‐Titanium and γ‐Zirconium Phosphates.
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Igarashi Megumi , Suzuki Hiromi , Itoh Mami , Komatsu Yu , Kanzaki Yasushi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electron Microscopy and the Materials Chemistry of Solid Catalysts
Authors: Thomas John Meurig , Gai Pratibha L.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transition Metal Complexes of Cyclopentadienyl Ligands
Authors: Butler Ian R.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Five‐Membered Ring Systems with More than One N Atom
Authors: Yet Larry
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Five‐Membered Ring Systems: Thiophenes and Se/Te Analogues
Authors: Pelkey Erin T.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Heterocycles via Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Walters Michael A.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Alkane Nanoparticles in Cryogenic Trichlorofluoromethane/N‐Alkane Systems: Their Use in the Study of the σ‐Basicity of N‐Alkanes
Authors: Ceulemans J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Colorimetric Tools for Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: Gaggini Francesca , Porcheddu Andrea , Reginato Gianna , Rodriquez Manuela , Taddei Maurizio
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NF‐ϰB: A Multifaceted Transcription Factor Regulated at Several Levels
Authors: Schmitz M. Lienhard , Mattioli Ivan , Buss Holger , Kracht Michael
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors?
Authors: Winter Martin , Brodd Ralph J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Hydrocarbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: McIntosh Steven , Gorte Raymond J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Engineering of the Composition of Pharmaceutical Phases. Do Pharmaceutical Co‐Crystals Represent a New Path to Improved Medicines?
Authors: Almarsson Oern , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of an Automated Oligosaccharide Synthesizer
Authors: Plante Obadiah J. , Palmacci Emma R. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Automated versus Manual Profiling of Peptide Libraries by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Aubagnac Jean‐Louis , Enjalbal Christine , Martinez Jean , Sanchez Pierre , Subra Gilles
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quantitative Protein Analysis by Solid Phase Isotope Tagging and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Huilin , Boyle Rosemary , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies on Solid 1,2‐Ethylenediamine Dihydrochloride Salt
Authors: Amado Ana M. , Otero Juan Carlos , Marques M. Paula M. , Batista de Carvalho Luís A. E.
Published: November 2004

A structural study of [H3N(CH2)2NH3)]2+⋅2Cl−, the smallest element of the homologous series of the α,ω‐diamine dihydrochlorides, was carried out by means of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy coupled to ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations. As a primary concern, an adequate molecular model for the representation of these solid amine salts was chosen. Thus, several models, varying in the number and position of the counterions as well as in the number of diamine units, were considered. It was found that the best molecular system (i.e., that yielding the best compromise between accuracy and computational requirements) consists of one ethylenediamine cation surrounded by six chloride ions in an arrangement based on the crystal structure reported in the literature for [H3N(CH2)2NH3)]2+⋅2Cl−. This conclusion will hopefully allow for a better understanding of the conformational preferences, in the solid state, of these biologically relevant linear polyamines.
Auditory–visual speech integration by prelinguistic infants: Perception of an emergent consonant in the McGurk effect
Authors: Burnham Denis , Dodd Barbara
Published: November 2004

The McGurk effect, in which auditory [ba] dubbed onto [ga] lip movements is perceived as “da” or “tha,” was employed in a real‐time task to investigate auditory–visual speech perception in prelingual infants. Experiments 1A and 1B established the validity of real‐time dubbing for producing the effect. In Experiment 2, 4½‐month‐olds were tested in a habituation‐test paradigm, in which an auditory–visual stimulus was presented contingent upon visual fixation of a live face. The experimental group was habituated to a McGurk stimulus (auditory [ba] visual [ga]), and the control group to matching auditory–visual [ba]. Each group was then presented with three auditory‐only test trials, [ba], [da], and [δa] (as in then). Visual‐fixation durations in test trials showed that the experimental group treated the emergent percept in the McGurk effect, [da] or [δa], as familiar (even though they had not heard these sounds previously) and [ba] as novel. For control group infants [da] and [δa] were no more familiar than [ba]. These results are consistent with infants' perception of the McGurk effect, and support the conclusion that prelinguistic infants integrate auditory and visual speech information. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 204–220, 2004.
Is the integration of heard and seen speech mandatory for infants?
Authors: Desjardins Renée N. , Werker Janet F.
Published: November 2004

For adults and children, speech perception can be significantly influenced by watching a speaker's mouth movements. While recent reports suggest that infants may be able to integrate heard and seen speech, the current research demonstrates that integration is neither as strong or consistent in infants as it is in adults. Three habituation experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, female (but not male) infants showed evidence of an adult pattern of integration following habituation with an audiovisual /bi/ and testing with audio /bi/‐visual /vi/ (perceived as /vi/ by adults). The interpretation of integration was supported, but only in part, by Experiment 2. In Experiment 3, infants were habituated to a mismatched audio /bi/–visual /vi/ combination and tested on concordant /bi/–/bi/ versus /vi/–/vi/ displays. Here, only male infants showed evidence of integration. These results suggest that an initial mechanism supports integration, but that integration is not mandatory for young infants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 187–203, 2004.
Factors affecting the concentration of acrylamide during deep‐fat frying of potatoes
Authors: Matthäus Bertrand , Haase Norbert U. , Vosmann Klaus
Published: November 2004

The paper describes the effect of different factors influencing the concentration of acrylamide in deep‐fat fried potato products. In French fries the amount of acrylamide increased with the temperature as well as the frying time, especially at temperatures higher than 175 °C. The increase of acrylamide with the time followed a linear function, whereas a non‐linear relationship was given with the temperature of frying. As a result, a reduction of the processing temperature led to lower concentrations of acrylamide in the product.

Both, oil type and silicon oil as antifoaming agents had no significant influence upon the acrylamide concentration in the food.

The variety of potatoes had a strong effect on the acrylamide concentration in potato crisps and French fries. The investigation showed a significant correlation (r = 0.73) between the concentration of acrylamide and reducing sugars in raw potatoes, and no significant correlation with the asparagine concentration. The storage temperature of the raw material had an effect on the acrylamide concentration in the product. Lowering of the storage temperature from 8 to 4 °C resulted in an increase of the concentration of reducing sugars in the raw material, which led to a higher potential of acrylamide formation in the products.

The experiments showed that the acrylamide concentration of French fries depended on the surface‐to‐volume ratio (SVR).
New theoretical and practical aspects of the frying process
Authors: Parkash Kochhar S. , Gertz Christian
Published: November 2004

The deep‐frying process, normally carried out at 140–200 °C, is a very complex system due to the combination of heat and mass transfer between food and frying medium. The system becomes more complicated as the frying operation proceeds, because the composition of the food being fried and the frying medium is changing continuously due to the progressive deterioration of the frying medium. Apart from a variety of chemical reactions occurring, several changes take place in the frying food, such as gelatinisation of starch, denaturation of protein, and decrease of moisture. These changes bring about swelling of the product, formation of a crusty layer, and the appearance of a golden colour, good texture and taste. The precise control of the fryer enables these physical and chemical changes in the frying of food to convert it into a desirable finished product. This article discusses various types of reactions occurring in the food frying operation, possible mechanisms, a new realistic method – OSET index for measuring heat stability of frying oils – and the protective behaviour of substances that enhance the frying stability of oils.
Economical micromethod for determination of polar components in frying fats
Authors: Schulte Erhard
Published: November 2004

The polar components, formed in fats during deep‐frying, comprise a multitude of different artifacts. Their content is a suited indicator of fat quality. As an alternative to the time‐ and chemicals‐consuming official methods a simplified micromethod is described. The method employs general laboratory equipment and disposable consumables. The eluent mixture of petroleum ether + diethyl ether (90 + 10) was substituted by a mixture of isohexane + diisopropyl ether (85 + 15), because the high volatility of the former eluent caused problems at elevated ambient temperatures, e.g. during hot summers.
Optimising the baking and frying process using oil‐improving agents
Authors: Gertz Christian
Published: November 2004

Despite slimness mania and acrylamide scare, the market of fried products is still growing. Frying is an extremely effective way to cook food. A fried product tastes good, has a good flavour and is prepared within a few minutes.

Every effort has been made to optimise the frying process. With regard to the quality of the fried food, the quality of the frying oil is very important. In the past, important characteristics of industrial frying oils were oxidative stability, high smoke point and low foaming. Nowadays, new frying fats with various additives, with a healthier fatty acid profile and higher heat stability are emerging. Emulsifiers, anti‐polymerising agents, and natural and synthetic antioxidants improve the performance during frying. Sesamol, rosemary and other natural extracts display strong stabilising effects during the frying operations. Filtration and the use of heat‐stabilising additives help to retard fat degradation and give the producer a larger time‐window for optimum frying. The effectiveness of the treatment with filter aids or mineral adsorbents and the stabilising effects of synthetic and natural agents were compared by using the Rancimat test for testing oxidative stability and the OSET (oxidative stability at elevated temperature) test to determine the stability at the frying temperature.
Formation of short‐chain glycerol‐bound oxidation products and oxidised monomeric triacylglycerols during deep‐frying and occurrence in used frying fats
Authors: Velasco Joaquín , Marmesat Susana , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Dobarganes M. Carmen
Published: November 2004

Heating fats and oils at high temperature in the presence of air, a common procedure in culinary practices such as frying, results in a complex mixture of oxidation products. These compounds may impair the nutritional value of the food. Among them, there is a growing interest in the group of oxidised triacylglycerol monomers because of their high absorbability. The main structures in this group include triacylglycerols (TG) containing short‐chain acyl groups formed by homolytic β‐scission of the alkoxy radicals coming from allylic hydroperoxides. In addition there are TG containing oxidised fatty acyl groups of molecular weight similar to that of their parent TG, i.e., epoxy, keto and hydroxy fatty acyl groups.

In this review, the main routes of formation of oxidised TG monomers are detailed. Also, the most relevant advances in the analysis of intact TG molecules by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are discussed. Special attention is paid to the present analytical possibilities for accurate quantification of the most important oxidised compounds formed at high temperature. Both the need to convert fats and oils into simpler derivatives, thus concentrating the compounds bearing the oxidised structure, and the methylation procedure selected to avoid artefact formation are justified. Typical concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids, short‐chain aldehydic acids, short‐chain diacids, and monoepoxy fatty acids, ketoacids and hydroxyacids in frying oils from restaurants and fried‐food outlets, with polar lipids levels at the limit of rejection for human consumption, are given.
Biophysical measurement of brain tumor cohesion
Authors: Winters Brian S. , Shepard Scott R. , Foty Ramsey A.
Published: November 2004

An advantage of using 3D multicellular spheres to study tumor biology is that they better approximate the interactions encountered by cells in vivo. Our previous studies have shown that the process of spheroid formation is governed by the same thermodynamic principles driving the formation of liquid droplets. This liquid‐like behavior enables us to measure a key property influencing tumor behavior, namely, intercellular cohesion. We have developed a method, tissue surface tensiometry (TST), to measure the cohesivity, expressible as surface tension (σ), of tissue aggregates under physiologic conditions. This study utilizes TST to measure the cohesivity of 3 widely used malignant astrocytoma cell lines of different in vitro invasive potentials. We compare invasiveness with aggregate cohesivity and with the expression of N‐cadherin, a key mediator of cell‐cell cohesion in neural tissues. We show that the cell lines exhibit liquid‐like behavior since they form spheroids whose surface tension is both force‐ and volume‐independent; that aggregates from each cell line have a distinct surface tension that correlates with their in vitro invasive capacity; that dexamethasone (Dex), a widely used therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumor‐related cerebral edema, increases aggregate cohesivity and decreases invasiveness; that dexamethasone treatment decreases invasion in a dose‐dependent manner but only when cells are in direct contact with one another; and that dex‐mediated decreased invasiveness correlates with increased aggregate cohesivity as measured by TST but not with N‐cadherin expression or function. Our results demonstrate that for these cell lines, cohesivity is an excellent predictor of in vitro invasiveness. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.