bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Staked Tomatoes, 1995
Authors: Palmer C. R. , Walgenbach J. F.
Published: December 2017

Six-week-old transplants were set on 15 June at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set 2 ft apart within 20 ft rows and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Materials were applied on 21 and 31 July, 7, 14, 21, and 30 Aug and 6, 14 and 21 Sep with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 50-100 gpa (gpa increased as plants grew) through 7 hollow cone nozzles per row (three nozzles on each side and one overhead). Those treatments which were targeted specifically at lepidopterous (LEPS) pests (i.e., Biobit HP, Biobit HP + F-1512, Biobit XL, Dipel 2X, and Confirm 70W) all received Provado 1.6F at 3.75 oz/acre on 31 July, 14 and 30 Aug and 14 Sep for PA and SB control. PA populations were monitored on 11, 20 and 25 July, 1, 11, 16 and 22 Aug by observing 10 leaves (3rd most recently expanded leaf) per treatment and recording the number infested with ≥ 1 apterous aphid. Thrips were monitored on 20 July by counting the total number of thrips (FT, WFT, OT) on 10 flowers per treatment (40 flowers total per 4 reps). Fruit was harvested on 16, 21 and 28 Aug and 5, 11, 18 and 25 Sep and those damaged by LEPS, SB and thrips were recorded. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated by using LSD (P=0.05).
Insect Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1995
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

On 10 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-18 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a RCB design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 14, 21, 28 Mar, 5, 11, 18, 25 Apr, 3, 10, 17, 23, 30 May, 7 and 13 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa were applied the first five sprays (four nozzles), 90 gpa the next two sprays (six nozzles) and 120 gpa for the remaining three sprays (eight nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 13 Mar. These plots were then sprayed weekly with Danitol and Monitor beginning 25 Apr. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants on 18 Apr, 23 May, and 7 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupal exuviae of the silverleaf whitefly were counted. All counts data were totalled over all dates for analysis. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 15 May, 6 and 19 Jun and the fruit were separated by the presence of tomato pinworm, southern armyworm and thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on blossom end) damage and were counted and weighed.
Acaricide/Insecticide Evaluation, 1995
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Conn Bart , Field Michelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2.5 acre block of 12-yr old trees on M, 7A rootstock. Trees measured 11 ft. in height and 10 ft. in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 replications (2 ‘Delicious’, 2 ‘Criterion’) of 9-tree plots (3 rows X 3 trees/row) in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates (stages) of application were 7 Apr (tight cluster), 23 May (between petal fall and first cover), and 16 Aug. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Dithane, Ethrel, Nova, Penncap-M, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatments were evaluated by taking arthropod pest counts from the periphery of the center tree in each plot periodically during the season. Control of ERM was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves/tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. WALH and RLH control was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period/tree.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Drybeans, 1995
Authors: Haas M. J. , Landis D. A.
Published: December 2017

The plot was established 6 May on the Entomology Research Farm in East Lansing, MI. Plots were 4 rows X 50 feet long with 30 inch row spacing and arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Liquid treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer after PLH reached the threshold level of 1/trifoliate. The only non-threshold treatment consisted of a granular at-planting application of Di-Syston 15G applied as a T-band incorporated with drag chains. Soil temp at 2 inch was 71°F on the day of planting. The first foliar application was made 30 Jun and the second on 12 Jul. Potato leafhopper counts consisted of the total numbers of adults and nymphs on 5 randomly selected trifoliates in each of the 2 center rows for a total of 10 trifoliates per plot. Plots were harvested on 28 Sep. Plants from 17.4 ft in each of the 2 inside rows were pulled by hand then threshed in the field. Moisture readings were adjusted to 18%. After harvest, 100 seeds from each plot were examined for “stings” attributed to tarnished plant bug feeding. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means separated using DMRT.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1995
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Murray T. A.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established at the Washington State University Animal Science Farm in Pullman, WA. Treated and untreated seed were planted on 19 May with a small plot drill at a seeding rate of 6 lb/acre in 7 rows, 6 inches apart. The late seeding date insured an even distribution of flea beetle adults. Plots were 4 X 20 ft, replicated 5 times and were arranged in a RCBD. After cultivation and harrowing, the plots were rototilled twice and fertilized (100 lb 20-0-0-14 (NPKS)/acre) on 13 May. Seed treatments were evaluated by counting the number of adult flea beetles present on 20 randomly selected plants in the middle 3 rows. These plants were numerically ranked from 0-5 based on percent damaged surface area of cotyledons.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1995
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-six insecticides were applied for control of western corn rootworm larvae in no-till and conventional tillage corn. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 22 May in a randomized block design with 3 replicates of no-till and 3 replicates of conventional tillage. Individual plots consisted of single rows, 12 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All plots received Bicep 6L at 2.27 liters per acre and Roundup 3L at 2 pt/acre at planting plus Accent 75 SP (0.0356 lb [AI]/ acre) on 2 Jun. All insecticide treatments were applied at planting. Extended leaf heights were measured on each of 5 plants per plot on 26 Jun. Plani stand counts were recorded on 12 Jun. Numbers of lodged plants per plot was recorded 12 Jul. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was less than 45°. Root damage ratings were evaluated on 5 Jul by examining 5 plants per plot using the Iowa 1–6 system. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s (SAS Institute).
Comparison of Planting- and Cultivation-Time Applied Insecticides for Managing Corn Rootworm Larvae in South Dakota, 1995
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

Cavour and Aurora, South Dakota were chosen as sites for comparing at planting and cultivation time applied insecticides for rootworm control. Individual treatment plots consisted of single 15.2 m long rows which were spaced 96.5 cm apart. The study used a RCB design with 4 replications per location. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze 4-row corn planter. Metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Banded (B) insecticide treatments were applied in an 18-cm swath over the open seed furrow in front of furrow-closing wheels (T-band), and were incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. In-furrow (F) treatments were placed directly between double-disk furrow openers and into the open seed furrow. Cultivation-time liquid treatments were applied using a CO2-powered backpack canister sprayer system. A 1.8-m boom with 4 nozzles (Teejet 8003 flat fan) spaced 45.7 cm apart was used to deliver 20 gpa. Five roots per replicate were dug for each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for corn rootworm larval feeding damage, and rated in accordance with the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Percent root protection was calculated: % RP = 100 * (1 – [rating of treatment - l]/rating of untreated control). Root injury ratings were analyzed using SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure with root rating means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1995
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: December 2017

Soil insecticides were evaluated for stand protection and rootworm control at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. The test included 19 treatments compared to an untreated check treatment on reduced tillage plots that were 18.2 m (60 ft) in length and 2 rows wide for granular treatments and 4 rows wide for liquid treatments. Row spacing was 76.2 cm (30 inches). A RCBD was applied with 4 replicates. Planting time granular applications were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel or in-furrow using a 2 row John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular applicators. Post-emergence applications of liquid formulations were applied as a banded or broadcasted treatment with a boom sprayer equipped with flat spray nozzles and calibrated to deliver desired dosages at 3 mph. Granular treatments were applied 22 May at planting, and post-emergence treatments were applied 5 Jun to coincide with rootworm hatch. Treatments were evaluated 14 Jun for stand loss with counts of the total and injured plants per 15.1 m (50 ft) of row when corn was predominantly at the 4th or 5th leaf stage. Root ratings were conducted 5 Jul on 5 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale. Grain yields were determined by machine harvest of total plots on 12 Oct.
Aerial Application of Insecticides for Control of First Generation European Corn Borer, 1995
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

The cornfield was located in Cedar County, northwest of the town of Hartington, NE. Two treatments and an untreated check were arranged in a strip plot design with one replication. Six black headed egg masses were infested onto 30 marked plants (3, ten plant subsamples) per treatment on 6 Jul. A Cessna 188 Ag Truck was used to make the applications on 13 Jul. On 18 Aug, all artificially infested plants were disected from tassel to ground and examined for corn borer cavities. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures. Treatment means were separated using LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Cotton in Mississippi, 1995
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38 inch spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 unsprayed buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied on 12 Jul with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow cone nozzles spaced at 19 inches and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3.5 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of 3 levels on the plant: upper (4th true leaf), mid (mainstem leaf located a third down the plant), and lower (leaf on the bottom of the plant). Aphids were counted on one side of the leaf midvein (1/2 leaf) only.
Efficacy of Provado When Applied with Feed Grade Molasses to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Field studies were conducted to determine if addition of feed grade molasses to Provado would affect mortality to TPB caged on cotton plants. Cotton was planted 4 Jun on the ASU farm in Jonesboro in 4 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 60 ft long separated by a 4-row buffer Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 8 Aug using a 4-row CO2 charged tractor mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gpa at 40 psi with TI-50 8002 nozzles on 17 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in mustard plants and placed into 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomh selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB adults were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.
Cage Studies to Evaluate Foliar and Sidedressed Insecticide Applications for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995
Authors: Tugwell N. P. , Teague T. G. , Bearden S. L.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy studies were conducted using sleeve cages in cotton planted 15 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR. The 8 row (38 inch centers) X 50 ft plots were separated by 2 row buffer zones. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. On 27 Jun after rain (0.7 and 0.1 inches on 24 and 26 Jun) the Temik treatment was knifed in as a sidedress at 2 to 3 inch depth within 8 to 14 inches on both sides of plants and covered. Foliar insecticides were applied 14 Jul using a 4-row CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 23 psi with 1, TJ-50 8002vs nozzle per row. In each plot 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, had been secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminium foil. Following application the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB 3 to 5th instar nymphs were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. Insects had been collected by sweep net on mustard immediately prior to testing and held in 15 ml plastic vials (5/vial) on ice. After 72 hr plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.
Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for CEW control at the Peanut Belt Research Station, Lewiston, NC, in 1995. Each plot was 50 ft by 2 rows (36 inch centers), of NC-7 variety peanuts, and plots were arranged in RCBD with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by 5 ft barren strip and on each side by 2 buffer rows. Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil with pH of 5.4 and 1.1% humic matter. Treatments were applied on 14 Aug. A second application of Gemstar LC was applied on 16 Aug. Treatments were applied by using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 98°F. Sampling and the second application of Gemstar LC was moved up to 2 d after the first treatment (rather than the recommended 3 to 5 d interval) due to the threat of Hurricane Felix. In addition, Tropical Depression Jerry brought heavy rains exceeding 2.0 inches on 20 Aug. Caterpillars were sampled on 16 and 21 Aug by taking 2 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts per plot. Pretreatment counts on 14 Aug determined the CEW population to be 20.0 per 2 standard 3 ft foot beat cloth samples. All instars were present at the time of sampling. Only live caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were tranformed (square root of X + 0.05) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Effects of Insecticides on Thrips Populations, Peanut Injury, Growth and Yield, Oklahoma, 1994
Authors: Mulder P. G.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated for tobacco thrips control and for effects on growth and yield of ‘Okrun’ runner type peanut in Chickasha, OK. Peanuts were planted on 36-inch rows on 17 May. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted John Deere granular applicator. The hopperbox Orthene treatment was planted last, to avoid planter box contamination. Preweighed amounts of Orthene 75S were added evenly over the seed, alternating one-third seed then one-third chemical until the boxes were filled. The foliar treatment of Orthene 75S was applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. This post-emergent spray treatment was applied 16 d after planting (2 Jun). A RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows wide by 50 ft long. Treatments were evaluated by comparing: plant stand counts per 1/1000th of an acre; injury ratings based on a 0 to 6 scale where 0 = no thrips injured leaves and 6 = 100 percent injured leaves; and bloom counts per l/1000th of an acre. In addition, thrips control was evaluated by collecting 5 unopened quadrifoliate leaves per plot on 30 May, 6 Jun, 13 Jun and 20 Jun. Only the latter 3 d are reported. Unopened leaves were placed in vials of alcohol and returned to the laboratory where adult and larval thrips were separated and counted under a dissecting microscope. Yields were based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from 2 rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Management of Soybean Arthropods in Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Boyd M. L. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides for control of soybean insect pests in LA was evaluated in 2 small plot insecticide trials at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish. Tests I (‘Pioneer 9692’) and II (‘Hartz 7190’) were both conducted on 8 Sep when soybeans were in the R5 growth stage. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted, CO2 pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gpa at 40 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots in both tests were 5 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) by 50 ft, arranged in a RCB design, with four blocks. At 3 and 7 DAT in each test, one 25 sweep sample was taken from each plot with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net. Both nymph and adult SGSB were counted. No rainfall occurred during either test.
Standard and Below Labeled Rates of Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in Soybean in Virginia, 1995
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides at lowest labeled rates and 20% below lowest labeled rates was evaluated against CEW in soybean. GemStar LC (Biosys, Columbia, MD), a nuclear polyhedrosis containing bioinsecticide, was also included. ‘Hutcheson’ soybean was planted 4 Jul in Isle of Wight, VA using a 20-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied on 18 Aug, and GemStar LC was applied again on 21 Aug. Treatments were broadcast as sprays with water using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 12 gpa at 18 psi through 8002VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 3, 5, and 11 DAT by comparing numbers of small (1st and 2nd instars), medium (3rd and 4th instars), large (5th and 6th instars) and total larvae. Samples were taken using a 3-foot long rigid beat cloth device designed for sampling narrow-row planted soybean. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Evaluation of Naf 85 for Soybean Insect Control, 1995
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University, Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 50 ft X 8 rows (32 inch row spacing). Plots were planted 15 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. One d after planting, plots were treated with 2.8 oz/acre of Scepter 70DG and 2 pt/acre of Dual 8E. Soybeans emerged 21 Jun. On 27 Jul plots were treated with 2 pt/acre of Blazer and 1 pt/acre of Assure II (EC). On 25 Sep, when soybeans were R5/6 and Lepidoptera populations had caused an estimated 70% defoliation, assigned plots were treated with test insecticides using a hand-held, CO2 pressurized spray rig (4 row swath width) equipped with 800067 tip size nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Final spray volume was 25 gpa. Immediately before and 3 and 16 d after application of test insecticides, arthropods were sampled by taking 10 consecutive sweeps in each plot with a 15 inch diam sweep net. Each sweep covered 2 rows of soybeans. Sweep net samples were placed in plastic bags and frozen. On a later date, bags were thawed and the contents inspected for arthropods. Plots were not harvested. Data were transformed using x+0.5, analyzed by ANOVA, and, where appropriate, means separated by DMRT.
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Soil Insecticides Applied to Fumigated Soil, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate soil applied insecticides for TA control, and the resulting effects on value of flue-cured tobacco. Five treatments and an untreated control were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were 8 X 40 ft (2 rows X 24 plants). The entire test site was treated with Telone C-17 applied broadcast at 18 gpa on 12 Apr. Pretransplant soil treatments of the liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized, tractor-mounted boom sprayer that delivered at 32 gpa and 30 psi through 8003LP tips and immediately incorporated by double disking on 8 May. The Temik treatments were applied in a 14-inch band at bed formation using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inch of soil on 9 May. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 17 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations including disease and weed control, fertilization, topping, and sucker control were followed for production of the crop. Dipel 2X was applied to the entire test for tobacco hornworm control on 18 Jul. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a wk from 6 to 10 wk after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0-10 where 0 = no damage and 10 = very severe injury. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighted, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were used to calculate value. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). TA count data were transformed to Log10 (X+l) before analysis.
Imidacloprid (Gaucho) as an Aphicide in Spring Wheat
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were seeded by small plot drill on 14 May (80 lb/acre) at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Gaucho was applied as a seed treatment 2nd Dimethoate was applied 20 d after emergence (DAE) with a CO2 back-pack sprayer at 20 gpa and 20 psi, with the spray buffered to pH 5.0. Plots were 10 X 30 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. The experiment was designed to measure 1) the impact of Russian wheat aphid and other cereal aphids on spring wheat yield at economic injury levels, 2) the value of Gaucho as an aphicide in spring wheat, and 3) effects of aphid controls on parasitoids of RWA and other species.
Prophylactic Control of Aphids in Spring Wheat, Crookston, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby , Miller Jennifer
Published: December 2017

Plots 25 ft X 50 ft were established in bulk wheat at the Northwest Experiment Station. The wheat was planted on 18 May and chemical applications were applied at tillering (Feekes stage 3), flag leaf (Feekes stage 8) and at late milk (Feekes stage 11.1). Insecticides and fungicides were mixed separately and applied individually. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Two treatments with neither insecticide nor fungicide resulted because aphid numbers did not reach our present action level of 85% of stems with one or more aphids per stem. The total volume of material applied per acre was 40 gallons. Aphid populations were sampled at early dough by collecting 20 heads, placing them into alcohol, and counting aphids at a later date. Yields were collected using a small grain plot combine and harvesting a 5 ft swath 50 ft in length. The grain was dried and moisture adjustment made for final tabulated yields.
Control of Armyworm on Heading Wheat with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products and Baculoviruses, 1994
Authors: Young S. Y. , Steinkraus D. C.
Published: December 2017

All applications were made on 26 Apr to ‘Wakefield’ winter wheat drilled on 6 inch row spacings on heading wheat in Lonoke Co., AR. A bicycle-type CO2 sprayer with a 12 ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 20-inch spacing, calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi, was used for all treatments. Plots were 12 X 50 ft separated by 6 ft borders, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. A spreader sticker (CS-7) was added at a concentration of 1 ml/gal. The application was made late in the afternoon in a moderate breeze. No rainfall occurred during the test. Six Bacillus thuringiensis products and 3 viruses [Anagrapha falcifera NPV (AfNPV), Pseudaletia unipuncta NPV (AWNPV) and P. unipuncta GV (AWGV) were tested. Larval precounts made from the perimeter of the plots prior to the application showed a mean of 14.9 larvae per ft2. Post application larval counts were made at 4 and 7 DAT. Two samples per plot, each 3 ft in length and 12 inches in width, were taken by searching the soil surface, debris, and base of plants for larvae. Just prior to the search, the plants were jostled so that larvae on plants would fall to the ground. Yields were not taken. Larvae were collected from control and virus plots at 4 and 7 DAT. Larvae (25 per replicate) were individually placed in 1 oz plastic cups half-filled with pinto bean diet and held until death or adult emergence. Data from counts and collections were analyzed by ANOVA.
Preventative Control of Black Cutworm With Merit, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

A single high rate of Merit was applied 7 Sep at the Amherst Country Club for control of BCW larvae. Plots were 7X7, replicated 4X, in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. Third instar BCW were added to the plots 15 days post treatment (22 Sep). Plots were rated 29 Sep by flushing larvae with a soap solution. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 84.3°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 77.3°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; slope, 0%; soil pH, 5.7; soil texture, silt loam, sand 40%, silt 59%, clay 1%; soil moisture 22.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.1 inch, with daily irrigation; mowing height, 0.187 inch
Green June Beetle Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina 1995
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

Two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis japonesis Buibui were evaluated for control of GJB grubs on a bermudagrass fairway at the Quail Ridge Golf and Country Club in Sanford Turfgrass on the site is mowed at 0.88 inch and has 0.25 inch of thatch. The sandy loam soil had a pH of 5.6 and 0.51% humic matter. Plots 10 ft X 10 ft were established in an area with a history of GJB infestation and treatments (replicated 4 times) were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on 14 Aug under sunny skies (95°F) to a population of primarily 1st and 2nd instar grubs. The spray formulations were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8003 nozzles delivering approximately 30 gpa and operating at 40 psi. The area received 0.5 inch of irrigation the night before treatment and 0.25 inch of irrigation following treatment. All plots were oversprayed on 5 Sep with a 4.8 lb Al/acre rate of Sevin 80 WPS and were evaluated on 6 Sep (23 DAT) by counting all the dead grubs on the surface within two randomly placed one m2 frames in each plot. The dead grubs from the Sevin overspray are assumed to have survied the initial “test” treatments. The average number of grubs counted (per m2) in each plot are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil With Entomophagous Nematodes, 1994:
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

A large plot efficacy trial was conducted at Rutland Country Club, Rutland, VT on a golf course fairway. Plot size was 14 X 75 ft., arrayed in an RCB design, replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 8 June at 0800 with an FMC hydraulic sprayer using 8004 nozzles delivering 3.6 gal. water/1000 ft2. Within 30 minutes of application, 0.2 inch irrigation water was applied to the plots. Plots were 60% annual bluegrass and 40% bentgrass. Larvae were predominantly third instar. Plots were rated at 7 and 14 DAT. Five cup cutter plugs were then taken per plot and analyzed in the lab. The number of live larvae were recorded. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 64.4°F; wind, 2 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, 1 inch –66°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch soil pH, 5.2; slope, 3%; soil texture, loam: 48% sand, 42% silt, 10% clay; soil organic matter, 7.5%; soil moisture, 21.3%; post-treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch every other day.
Efficacy of Merit Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted at Hanover Country Club, Hanover, NH. Treatments were applied 3 May, at the beginning of adult emergence. The plots were 6 X 6 ft, replicated 4 times and randomly arranged along the collar of putting greens. Each plot was separated by a 3 ft buffer. Merit was applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 1.8 gal water/1000 ft2. After application treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inch water. Plots were rated 27 Jun by removing three, 0.1 ft2 plugs and counting live larvae in the laboratory. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 55°F; wind, 3 MPH; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, 50°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 5.9; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 4%; soil moisture, 20%; post treatment precipitation, light rain.
Control of a Serpentine Leafminer on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter, 1995
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A.
Published: December 2017

Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth (20-25 cm tall) before use. During week four, Marathon 1G was applied as a soil treatment and drenched into the soil with approximately 250 ml of water. One week later, plants were assigned to treatments prior to leafminer exposure. All plants (six replicates per treatment) were exposed to an existing leafminer colony for 2 h. Pre-treatment counts and remaining spray applications were made four days after leafminer exposure. Spray applications were made using a hand sprayer at 30-40 psi. When the plants were dry, they were tipped over trays filled with sand. Pupae dropped into the trays and the sand was sifted to collect them. Pupae were held in an environmental chamber until all adults had emerged (12 days). Post-treatment counts were then made of the number of pupae and emerging adults. Data were expressed as a mean percent mortality from the pre-treatment count and analyzed using ANOVA. One replicate of the control had an unusually high mortality rate. This replicate was removed as an outlier prior to analysis (Sokal and Rohlf 1981, Dixon 1950).
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Formulations of Chlorpyrifos on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 X 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 340 ml of water/30 ft2 or delivering 2 gal (1000 ft2). At treatment time (2 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 79° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 90° F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 82° F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 33.5% sand, 48.3% silt, 18.2% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 9.5%; organic matter, 6.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; application time, late afternoon; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period (sampling dates: 8, 17, 30 Aug). Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Allegheny Mound ant Control with Sevin and Malathion, Wv, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in a sparsely wooded area pastured to cattle and contained about 50 mounds per ha. Ant mounds were categorized for treatment by diam size as small (up to 1.11 m), medium (1.14 to 1.40 m) and large (½ than 1.40 m). Mounds were prepared for treatment by scraping off (with a hand trowel) the top of each mound to expose the large passage tunnels; amount of top removed on small, medium, and large mounds, respectively, was 20 to 25 cm, 30 to 35 cm, and 30 to 45 cm. The number of mounds treated with each compound included 3 small, 3 medium, and 3 large mounds; a similar number of untreated mounds were marked as checks for natural mortality. The amount of drench solution applied to the exposed scrape surface of each mound was 1, 2, and 3 liters for small, medium, and large mounds, respectively. Drenches were applied with a sprinkling can. Rates for mixing solutions (% AI) for Sevin and Malathion were similar to those recommended for fire ant control. Treatments were applied 28 Jul. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at about 2 wk intervals by excavating (with a hand trowel) a small opening into the undisturbed side of mounds and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. A mound was judged active or inactive depending on the presence or absence of ants at the excavation site. Air temperature and RH at the start and finish times of treatment were 20°C and 26°C, and 70% and 61%, respectively; partly cloudy. Accumulative precipitation at 15, 29, 43, and 56 DAT was 4.1, 16.3, 16.8, and 17.8 cm, respectively. Final evaluations (56 DAT) were made by excavating 1/3 to 1/2 of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity.
Effect of Spray Methods and Miticides on Control of Twospotted Spider Mites Infesting Commercial Greenhouse Roses, 1994
Authors: Tjosvold Steven A. , Greene Ian D. , Colbert Don
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in a commercial cut rose greenhouse in WatsonviUe, California. Each treatment plot was 24 X 3 ft and consisted of 72 mature rose plants. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replications. Before the treatments began, spider mite infested leaflets were selected and tagged to provide as uniform a spider mite population as possible to sample from during the experiment. Leaflets were selected from fully expanded 5-leaflet leaves. On 25 Oct, 3 leaflets in each treatment plot were randomly selected from the tagged infested leaflets; each leaflet was used as a subsample to determine the mean of the pretreatment population. In subsequent samplings, after the treatments were applied on 26 Oct, 5 leaflets were randomly selected in each treatment plot from the tagged leaflets and used as subsamples. Spider mites (motile stages) were counted immediately after removal of the leaflets from the treatment plots with the aid of a dissecting scope. Conventional spray application treatments were made with a standard spray wand with a 2 nozzled head at 500 gal/acre and 250 psi static pressure. Electrostatic spray application treatments were made with an Electrostatic Spraying Systems spray wand with a 3 nozzled head at 23 gal/acre.
Evaluation of Deltamethrin Granules for Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire ant in Residential Landscapes, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J.
Published: December 2017

Fall applications of granular Deltamethrin were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential turf on 14 Nov, 1995 in Dallas, TX. Material was applied with either a hand held shaker over the mound (including a 6 inch perimeter area around the mound) or with a drop spreader delivering either 2 or 3 lb per 1000 ft2 over a 4 ft2 area encompassing the mound. Each chemical treatment was washed in with 1 gal of water per mound. Diazinon 5G was used as the standard control and both a water check (1 gal of water sprinkled over each mound) and an untreated check were included. All treatments were replicated on 12 isolated mounds. Mound activity was assessed the day before treatments and 3-d, 1-wk, and 2-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 2 wk, each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each chemical treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted in an abandoned field in Durham, NH on 1 Jun. Four trees per treatment, 4-8 ft tall were sprayed with a hydraulic sprayer at the equivalent rate of 100 gpa. Larvae were 1-1.5 inchs in length. Foliage and nests were examined at 1 DAT and 3 DAT to determine the number of healthy, live larvae. Moribund larvae were counted as dead. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70°F; wind, 2 mph; sky, clear; post treatment precipitation, none.
Honeylocust Plant Bug Control, Ft. Collins, Co 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Spriggs Aaron , Bishop R. Jason
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on a mature thornless honey locust tree on the campus of Colorado State University. Plots consisted of the terminals of individual branches, each averaging over 4 ft in length and plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated pump mister on 6 Jun to point of run-off. Evaluations were made 16 Jun by striking the terminals over a tray to dislodge the insects on the terminal 2 ft of the branch.
Speed of Action in Siege and Maxforce Gel Baits, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett G. W.
Published: December 2017

Speed of action was determined for Siege and Maxforce baits (2.0 and 2.15% hydramethylnon, respectively) against the JWax susceptible strain of the German cockroach. Forty insects were used in the test, 10 each of the following age/sex classifications: 1) adult males; 2) newly mated females; 3) 4th instar nymphs; and 4) 2nd instar nymphs; all insects were newly eclosed (<48 h of eclosion). Cockroaches were housed in 30 X 24 X 10 cm plastic boxes supplied with two water vials (positioned along walls of arena) and two food dispensers (2X2 cm weigh boats positioned in the corners). Arenas were made escape-proof by use of ventilated, friction-fitted lids and an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:3) on the arena walls. Baits were applied in ca. 50 mg portions within a specially constructed crack and crevice device. These were fashioned from a 1“ by 1” piece of particle board and a 1“ by 1” piece of unpainted plywood, these being separated at a distance of 0.25” by a pine strip glued along one edge. Baits were applied as single 50 mg spherical beads. Siege was applied from the Xactadose Precision Baiting System; Maxforce was applied from the manufacturer’s syringe. Once the baits had been applied in the crack and crevice device, they were stored in lab-cabinets. Here the baits were aged for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28, 56, and 90 d before bioassay. Two bait placement schemes were used: 1) no-choice, where the bait in the device was placed in the opposing corners of the arena; and 2) choice, where supplemental food sources (2.5 g of Wayne™ rodent blox and grape jelly) were placed in the alternate corners of the arena. Cockroaches were released into the arenas and after a 24-h acclimation period, toxic baits and food sources were introduced to the arenas in a random order. Each combination of bait, competition, and aging was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The speed of kill (LT50, LT95) for each combination of bait, competition, and aging was determined by regression analysis of cumulative, probit mortality against the log 10 of time (d). Further, palatability ratios (PR50, PR95) were determined by comparing the statistics in the regression analysis of the cumulative mortality in the choice bioassay to those in the no-choice bioassay for each combination of bait and aging.
Evaluation of the Victor Roach Magnet Traps, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W.
Published: December 2017

Evaluation of sticky traps, with and without aggregation pheromones. was conducted to determine the effectiveness of these traps to attract cockroaches and to estimate their catch rates. Experiment was conducted in 1 m2 chambers, each provided 10,000 cm2 of floor surface area. To this floor, Plexiglas™ sheets (38 cm high by 6.35 mm thick) were fastened to form the walls. Arenas were made escape-proof by an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:3) applied to the arena walls. Cockroaches were provided a harborage unit (a stack of panels separated by 5 mm spacers, each providing 250 cm2 of horizontal surface space) placed in the center of the chamber. Water and food (Wayne™ rodent blox) sources were placed on the opposite sides near the wall. Victor traps with aggregation pheromones were placed on one side of the chamber and the traps without pheromones were placed on the opposite side. Populations were released into the chambers and allowed 3 d to acclimate and establish within the harborage before treatments began. The population consisted of 75% nymphs and 25% adults. The treatment was replicated 5 times, in a randomized complete block design. In daily observations, beginning one day after placement of the traps, the number of cockroaches caught in each trap type was recorded; data were analyzed as a cumulative trend. The same traps were placed back in the chambers after each count. Attractancy of the cockroaches to a specific roach trap and the cockroach catch increase during the test period were estimated by the “attractancy” and “trap catch increase” ratios. Population size was also determined at the end of the test period by counting the cockroaches residing in the harborage unit. Analysis for daily cockroach catch to determine the reducing power of the differing sticky traps (i.e., to compare the trap’s ability to catch roaches and prevent or reduce population growth) was based on a completely randomized one-way ANOVA.
Exploratory Trial to Determine the Efficacy of Yt-1C10B Pour-on for the Control of Lice Infesting Cattle, 1994
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was performed at the Waggoner Ranch, Laramie, Wyoming. Experimental animals were commercial cattle of mixed breeds born in the spring of 1993. Cattle were housed in 4 separate pens at the rate of 5 animals per pen. Each pen was approximately 20 X 60 ft. Cattle were fed at the rate of 2 lbs of corn per animal per d, plus free choice alfalfa/grass hay. Salt, mineral mix, and well water were provided ad libitum. Efficacy was determined by counting all species of lice present on the animals. Lice infestations were naturally acquired. At the time of the pretreatment counts (8, 9 Mar) all cattle were infested with Linognathus vituli, 18 were infested with Bovicola bovis and two were infested with Haematopinus eurysternus. Treatments were applied, following pretreatment lice counts on 9 Mar 1994. Post treatment counts were performed 6, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 DAT. For purposes of examination, cattle were restrained in a squeeze chute with a head catch. A high intensity lamp provided illumination. Lice were counted in eight examination sites on each animal. Examination sites and dimensions were as follows: topline 5 X 15 cm, withers 5X15 cm, around right eye 10 X 15 cm, around left eye 10 X 15 cm, right cheek 5 X 10 cm, left cheek 5 X 10 cm, muzzle 5 X 25 cm and dewlap 5X15 cm. Sample sites included predilection areas of L. vituli, B. bovis, and H. eurysternus. Following pretreatment lice counts, all animals were ranked by total counts of L. vituli. The two animals with the highest counts were randomly assigned to either replicate 1 or 2. The next two animals were then assigned to the other replicate. This procedure was repeated with each group of 4 similarly infested animals. Treatment was randomly assigned to each animal within a pair of similarly infested animals. Treatment was based on body wt: 15 ml per animal 750 lb or greater; 10 ml per animal 500 to 750 lb; and 5 ml per animal 250 to 500 lb. The cattle weighed between 302 and 846 lb. Insecticide was applied as a pour-on from a graduated container along the face, neck, shoulder and midline of each animal as far back as the dosage would allow. Total lice counts were transformed using In (total count + 1). A general linear model procedure (SAS) was used to analyze the transformed counts. Total variation in the lice count was partitioned into that attributable to the treatment, animal within treatment, sampling d, treatment X sampling d interaction, and residual. Geometric means for lice counts were estimated for each treatment group on each sampling d.