bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural Chiral Ligand Strategy: Metal-Catalyzed Reactions with Ligands Prepared from Amino Acids and Peptides
Authors: Gung Benjamin W. , Kubesch Cole , Bernstein Gavriella
Published: November 2024

Amino acids and peptides are readily available biomolecules and can function as chiral ligands for transition metal catalysis. An example is the copper complex catalyzed 1,4-addition of dialkylzinc to acyclic enones, which employs peptide ligands. This review provides a dataset of amino acids and peptides reported in the literature proving to be effective ligands for metal-centered catalysts. Several parameters were highlighted, including amino acid combination, metal atoms, carboxyl and amino protecting groups, modification of natural amino acids, and the mechanism of catalysis. Along with analyzing physical-chemical properties, the SMILES representation for each amino acid and/or peptide was generated and made available online, providing an easy-to-use means of training machine learning models. This review offers an opportunity for the development of more efficient peptide ligands for enantioselective metal-centered catalysts. The available online dataset is a reliable manually curated table, it enables the benchmark for comparison of new terminal functional groups. Moreover, the review provides insight into the structures of the more successful peptide ligands and can be used as the foundation for the development of the next generation of peptide-based chiral ligands.
KOH Activation Mechanism in the Preparation of Brewer’s Spent Grain-Based Activated Carbons
Authors: Liu Pengbo , Sun Shuo , Huang Sheng , Wu Youqing , Li Xueqin , Wei Xiao , Wu Shiyong
Published: November 2024

Understanding the mechanism of KOH activation in the preparation of activated carbon (AC) enables more efficient utilization of biomass. In this study, brewer’s spent grains (BSGs) were carbonized at 500 °C to produce biochar (BC), followed by KOH activation under different activation conditions. The gas and solid products generated during the activation process were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman analysis, a surface area and pore size analyzer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that increasing the KOH/BC ratio or the activation temperature could both promote gas production. XPS results indicated that the activator reacted first with -COOH and then with -OH of ACs, with AC5-700 having the highest C-OH content (50.04%). As the KOH/BC ratio increased, more aromatic structures were destroyed, and the porosity of ACs was significantly enhanced, with AC7-700 having the highest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area (SBET) (2997.69 m2/g). At low temperatures, KOH reacted with the active groups of BC and carbon at the edge of the aromatic structure. At high temperatures, the activator (KOH, K2O, and K2CO3) reacted with carbon in the aromatic structure to generate a large number of pores on ACs and expand them. ACs exhibited more pores with higher KOH addition, and a higher activation temperature did not generate more new pores, but expanded the pores more significantly than high KOH addition.
Heterogeneous Catalysts for Petrochemical Synthesis and Oil Refining, 2nd Edition
Authors: Glotov Aleksandr , Karakhanov Eduard
Published: November 2024

Heterogeneous catalysts play a crucial role in the petrochemical synthesis and oil refining industries [...]
Immigration Policy and Latinx/é Children from Mixed-Status Families: Mental Health Consequences and Recommendations for Mental Health Providers
Authors: Ramos-Sánchez Lucila , Llamas Jasmín D.
Published: November 2024

The impact of immigration policies on Latinx/é mixed-status families and their children is undeniable. Changes in immigration policy, focused on increased deportation enforcement, within the last three decades have led to an increased fear of deportation and unique circumstances mixed-status families must navigate. These circumstances, combined with fear of deportation, have had deleterious effects on the psychological well-being of the family, in general, and the children, in particular. This paper reviews the impact of immigration policies on Latinx/é mixed-status families, the unique circumstances of mixed-status families, and the mental health implications these have on the children specifically. Articles and books were selected from various sources that addressed Latinx/é mental health, mixed-status families, and immigration. After a review of the literature, these circumstances emerged: familial separation, citizen children second-class citizenry, developmental implications, psychological implications, and coping mechanisms and strategies of mixed-status families. Recommendations for mental health providers who work with children from mixed-status families are provided.
How Family Structure Can Influence Adolescents’ Eating Habits: An Italian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) 2022 Sample
Authors: Bocci Bianca Maria , Lipari Dario , Pammolli Andrea , Simi Rita , Frongillo Elena , Miserendino Antonella , Manini Ilaria , Lazzeri Giacomo
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Adolescence is an important period of psychophysical development. In this phase of life people acquire greater self-awareness and adopt behaviors that will later shape their lifestyle in adulthood. This study aimed to assess whether family structure can influence adolescents’ eating habits. Methods: Data were acquired from a survey titled ‘Italian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children’ (HBSC) given to a representative sample of Tuscan adolescents aged 11, 13, 15 and 17 years of age. Participants (3210) filled out a validated questionnaire answering questions about their eating habits and family structure. After adjusting for covariates, some interesting trends were highlighted in the survey results. Results: Adolescents living in single-mother families reported a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.55–0.83) and vegetables (OR 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53–0.81) and a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64). Living in a mother and stepfather family was associated with a higher intake of sugar-added soft drinks (OR 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02–2.28), whereas living in a father and stepmother family was associated only with a lower intake of fruits (OR 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.87). Participants living with other family types reported a lower intake of vegetables (OR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.47–0.98). Conclusions: The results of this study show a correlation between family structure and adolescents’ eating habits.
Profiles of Primary School Children’s Sports Participation and Their Motor Competencies
Authors: Kress Johanna , Bretz Kathrin , Herrmann Christian , Schuler Patricia , Ferrari Ilaria
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Children participate in various organized and informal physical activities (PAs) in their leisure time, presenting diverse objectives and environments for motor and social development. However, current research often focuses on specific, mostly organized activities, overlooking the complexity of participation across different settings. This study aimed to (1) identify groups of children with similar characteristics based on their participation in five organized and informal sports activities and (2) examine how the groups differ regarding gender, age, BMI, motor competencies (MCs), and attendance in institutionalized care at school. Methods: The study included n = 1717 1st and 2nd graders (M = 7.60 years, SD = 0.59, 50.7% girls) and n = 1319 3rd and 4th graders (M = 9.46 years, SD = 0.57, 49.4% girls) from the “EMOKK” study, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. Data were collected via parent questionnaires on leisure sports participation, and MCs were assessed using MOBAK-1-2 and 3-4 tests. Latent profile analyses (LPAs) and univariate ANOVAs were used to identify group differences. Results: A three-profile LPA model best fits the data, revealing differences in participation across individual and team sports, optional school sports, free play on the school playground, and informal activities during leisure time. Children involved more in team sports (profiles: allrounder and very active sportsperson) participate more in informal play and present better MCs than children participating mainly in individual sports (profile: individual sportsperson). Girls were predominantly in the individual sports profile, while boys were more evenly spread across all groups. These findings highlight the importance of designing targeted interventions that promote participation in both organized and informal sports, particularly for children with lower levels of PA. Conclusions: Children show different patterns of engagement in different interrelated organized and informal leisure PA contexts. These specific patterns and the children’s MCs should be taken into account for the targeted promotion of PAs during leisure time.
Comparison of the Short Time Effect of an Oral Hygiene Education in Four Sessions via Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Technology Versus Disclosing Agents in Children: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial
Authors: Han Sangkyu , Kim Seong Jin , Lee Taeyang , Jung Hoi-In , Lee Ko Eun , Song Je Seon
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of Qscan plus™ (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea) based on quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology and disclosing agents in oral health programs in children. Methods: A randomized crossover study was conducted for Korean children aged 6–11 years. Fifty-eight participants (29 to use Qscan plus™ first and 29 to use the disclosing agent first) were enrolled in this study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups. One group was assigned to brush with Qscan plus™, while the other group brushed with disclosed plaque visualization. One month later, the groups switched procedures. A total of 39 participants were analyzed, excluding those lost during the trial. There was no adverse event during the trial. The patient hygiene performance (PHP) index was used to assess oral hygiene status, and questionnaires about oral health behavior and attitude were completed. The data were analyzed using repeated-measure analysis of variance, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: The PHP score decreased significantly on post-brushing and follow-up compared to baseline in both methods (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the two methods. After oral hygiene education, participants’ brushing time increased, and their oral care attitudes improved. More participants preferred the Qscan device to the disclosed plaque visualization because it is more easily noticeable. Conclusions: The Qscan device has a similar educational effect as disclosing agents, and can be used as a supplementary tool to encourage children in oral hygiene education.
Inequalities and Differences in Health Status of Pre- and Perinatal Periods in Hungarian Long-Term Series Analysis (1997–2019)
Authors: Kornyicki Ágota M. , Fedor Anita R.
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The main goal of this study is to publish findings on the lifestyle factors of pregnant women in Hungary and their impact on early childhood health status by examining changes over time and regional/geographical disparities. Methods: The source of the data is the raw indicators reported by health visitors as per mandatory annual report data for the period of 1997–2019. To examine the association, we used indicators of pregnant women’s states as explanatory variables (for example, pregnant women in very late care, prenatal smoking habits, and pregnant women without care), and the outcome indicators were prematurity, intrauterine malnutrition, and newborn babies with developmental disorders. A univariate Poisson regression was used to examine the correlations. Results: Our results show a decreasing trend in the proportion of pregnant women who smoke and of pregnant women who apply late for care (after 28 weeks of pregnancy), with an increasing indicator of regional differences. The research results of the prenatal and perinatal indicators show that the counties Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg are the most critical areas in terms of health status in Hungary. The number of pregnancies attended very late (after 28 weeks) and the number of women who gave birth without health visitor care are associated with the number of preterm births (R2 = 0.7313; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.5519; p < 0.001) and intrauterine growth restrictions (R2 = 0.3306; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.2632; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Interventions to improve early childhood health in some counties of Hungary are urgently needed to reduce regional disparities. Such counties include Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Heves, Somogy, Bács-Kiskun, and Nógrád. Health education for pregnant women and activities to strengthen the compliance of pregnant women are key to improving early childhood health outcomes.
Exploring the Relationship of Paediatric Nutritional Status with Diarrhoeal Disease in Children Below Two Years of Age
Authors: Khaliq Asif , Nambiar-Mann Smita , Miller Yvette D. , Wraith Darren
Published: November 2024

Background and objective: Paediatric malnutrition has a synergistic relationship with diarrhoea. In children under two years of age, diarrhoea occurs in more than half of malnutrition cases and is associated with increased duration of illness, increased length of hospital stays, increased morbidity, and mortality. A well-established relationship exists between diarrhoeal and various standalone forms of malnutrition, but their association with coexisting forms of malnutrition (CFM) has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study assessed the association of CFM with diarrhoea among Pakistani children using datasets retrieved from Demographic Health & Survey and UNICEF. Study design: A pooled analysis of datasets of Pakistan Demographic & Health Surveys (PDHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) from the year 2010 to 2018 was conducted. Methods: Data of 70,723 children aged below two years were analysed after excluding those with incomplete anthropometry and outliers. Findings: Of the total study population, this study reported the presence of either diarrhoea or malnutrition or both in over half of Pakistani children aged between 0 and 23.9 months. Both standalone forms of undernutrition and coexisting forms of undernutrition were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea by 1.07 (1.02 to 1.12) and 1.21 (1.16 to 1.27) times. The practice of breastfeeding, secondary/higher level of maternal education, and improvement in socioeconomic status reduced the risk of diarrhoea, while the children aged between 6 and 23.9 months residing in urban areas showed a high risk of diarrhoea. Conclusions: The presence of any type of undernutrition, i.e., standalone and/or coexisting forms were associated with increased risk of diarrhoeal diseases in children. An improvement in socioeconomic status, adherence to the continuation of breastfeeding, and maternal education are keys to reducing the burden of diarrhoea among children.
Modification of Intestinal Flora Can Improve Host Metabolism and Alleviate the Damage Caused by Chronic Hypoxia
Authors: Chen Zheng , Liao Yang , Chai Shatuo , Yang Yingkui , Ga Qin , Ge Rili , Wang Shuxiang , Liu Shujie
Published: November 2024

Prolonged exposure to hypoxic conditions can lead to reduced appetite, stunted growth, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary hypertension. Previous studies have indicated a correlation between gut dysbiosis and the development of hypoxia-related hazards. We designed an experiment to investigate the effect of microbiota on mitigating hypoxic damage. Gut microbiota from high-altitude-adapted species (Ochotona curzoniae) were transplanted into Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, which were then housed in a simulated 6000 m altitude environment for 30 days. After the experiment, we conducted analyses on average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), gut flora, and fecal metabolism. The results demonstrated that the ADG in the transplantation group (2.98 ± 0.17 g) was significantly higher than in the control groups (2.68 ± 0.19 g and 2.26 ± 0.13 g) (p < 0.05). The FCR was reduced in the transplantation group (6.30 ± 0.33 g) compared to the control groups (8.20 ± 1.15 g and 8.83 ± 0.45 g) (p < 0.05). The mPAP was decreased in the transplantation group (38.1 ± 1.13 mmHg) compared to the control groups (43.4 ± 1.30 mmHg and 43.5 ± 1.22 mmHg) (p < 0.05). Multi-omics analysis revealed that Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and specific amino acid metabolic pathways play crucial roles in hypoxia and are associated with both inflammation and nutritional metabolism. This study proposes a novel approach to the treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and holds potential significance for improving high-altitude developmental potential.
Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative of the Evolving Understanding of the Role of α-Synuclein in Screening
Authors: Kaye Alan D. , Perkinson Kassady A. , Spillers Noah J. , Vega Alexis J. , Roberts Caylin J. , Downs Evan M. , Sheth Melissa M. , McGregor David W. , Ahmadzadeh Shahab , Mathew Jibin , Shekoohi Sahar
Published: November 2024

The present investigation aims to examine the role of α-synuclein seed amplification assays for screening Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, leading to symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, postural instability, dementia, and depression. It is classified as an α-synucleinopathy related to the role of α-synuclein aggregates in neuron degeneration. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment without premortem diagnostic tests or imaging, often resulting in delayed detection and impaired symptom management. In this regard, our study explores a screening technique using an amplification assay to measure α-synuclein levels in cerebrospinal fluid, which could potentially identify early pathological changes and improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. While preliminary results are promising, further studies are needed to evaluate this approach’s accuracy and clinical feasibility. A review of numerous trials demonstrates that α-synuclein seeding amplification assays (SAA) are a highly reliable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tool for PD. This assay offers a promising opportunity to improve early diagnosis and quantify severity, especially for asymptomatic individuals or those with a family history of PD, allowing for earlier intervention and more effective disease management. In summary, the emerging body of evidence supporting α-synuclein as a biomarker should allow patients with PD to be detected and treated sooner, enhancing patients’ quality of life and potentially changing the disease trajectory.
The Pre-/Post-Transplant Hepatitis C Antibody Associated with the IL-28B RS8099917 TT Genotype and miRNA-122 Expression May Protect Acute Cellular Rejection After LDLT
Authors: Chiu King-Wah , Lin Yu-Cheng , Li Wei-Feng , Huang Kuang-Tzu , Hsu Li-Wen , Wang Chih-Chi
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the IL-28B SNP rs8099917 genotype, miRNA-122 expression, and the immune mechanism of ACR after LT using anti-HCV antibody calibration. A total of 45 patients with HCV received LT. IL-28B SNP rs8099917 genotyping was used to divide patients into TT and GT groups. The relative expression levels of miRNA-122 were calculated by quantitative PCR. Anti-HCV titers before and after LT were tracked to observe the relationship with ACR. The ACR rates were 27.6% for genotype TT and 62.5% for genotype GT, indicating a significantly higher rate in the GT group compared to the TT group (p = 0.024). In the rs8099917 genotype, TT was significantly associated with higher serum miRNA-122 levels than GT (p < 0.001). The TT group had significantly better outcomes than the GT group (p = 0.005). The Mann–Whitney U test showed significant differences in pre-LT and post-LT anti-HCV titers between the IL-28B genotypes (TT and GT) (p values of 0.006 and 0.027, respectively). These results suggested that the IL-28B rs8099917 genotype TT may play a significant role in modulating immune responses, both in terms of anti-HCV titers and the risk of ACR, possibly mediated through miRNA-122 levels.
Assessment of the Concentration of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1–3 in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs of the Lumbosacral Region of the Spine
Authors: Staszkiewicz Rafał , Gładysz Dorian , Sobański Dawid , Bolechała Filip , Golec Edward , Sobańska Małgorzata , Strojny Damian , Turek Artur , Grabarek Beniamin Oskar
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the expression profile of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β-1-3) to assess the progression of L/S spine degenerative disease. The study group consisted of 113 lumbosacral (L/S) intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative disease patients from whom IVDs were collected during a microdiscectomy, whereas the control group consisted of 81 participants from whom IVDs were collected during a forensic autopsy or organ harvesting. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to exclude degenerative changes in the IVDs collected from the control group. The molecular analysis consisted of reverse-transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and an immunohistochemical analysis (IHC). In degenerated IVDs, we noted an overexpression of all TGF-β-1-3 mRNA isoforms with the largest changes observed for TGF-β3 isoforms (fold change (FC) = 19.52 ± 2.87) and the smallest for TGF-β2 (FC = 2.26 ± 0.16). Changes in the transcriptional activity of TGF-β-1-3 were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Significantly higher concentrations of TGF-β1 (2797 ± 132 pg/mL vs. 276 ± 19 pg/mL; p < 0.05), TGF-β2 (1918 ± 176 pg/mL vs. 159 ± 17 pg/mL; p < 0.05), and TGF-β3 (2573 ± 102 pg/mL vs. 152 ± 11 pg/mL) were observed in degenerative IVDs compared with the control samples. Determining the concentration profiles of TGF-β1-3 appears to be a promising monitoring tool for the progression of degenerative disease as well as for evaluating its treatment or developing new treatment strategies with molecular targets.
Computational Insights into Acrylamide Fragment Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease
Authors: Chen Ping , Wu Liyuan , Qin Bo , Yao Haodong , Xu Deting , Cui Sheng , Zhao Lina
Published: November 2024

The pathogen of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, has caused a severe global health crisis. So far, while COVID-19 has been suppressed, the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants has reduced the effectiveness of vaccines such as mRNA-1273 and drugs such as Remdesivir. To uphold the effectiveness of vaccines and drugs prior to potential coronavirus outbreaks, it is necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms between biomolecules and nanodrugs. The experimental study reported that acrylamide fragments covalently attached to Cys145, the main protease enzyme (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, and occupied the substrate binding pocket, thereby disrupting protease dimerization. However, the potential mechanism linking them is unclear. The purpose of this work is to complement and validate experimental results, as well as to facilitate the study of novel antiviral drugs. Based on our experimental studies, we identified two acrylamide fragments and constructed corresponding protein-ligand complex models. Subsequently, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to unveil the crucial interaction mechanisms between these nanodrugs and SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. This approach allowed the capture of various binding conformations of the fragments on both monomeric and dimeric Mpro, revealing significant conformational dissociation between the catalytic and helix domains, which indicates the presence of allosteric targets. Notably, Compound 5 destabilizes Mpro dimerization and acts as an effective inhibitor by specifically targeting the active site, resulting in enhanced inhibitory effects. Consequently, these fragments can modulate Mpro’s conformational equilibrium among extended monomeric, compact, and dimeric forms, shedding light on the potential of these small molecules as novel inhibitors against coronaviruses. Overall, this research contributes to a broader understanding of drug development and fragment-based approaches in antiviral covalent therapeutics.
Impact of Climate Change on the Bioclimatological Conditions Evolution of Peninsular and Balearic Spain During the 1953–2022 Period
Authors: Lorente Christian , Corell David , Estrela María José , Miró Juan Javier , Orgambides-García David
Published: November 2024

Climate change is altering the temperature and precipitation patterns in the Iberian Peninsula and on the Balearic Islands, with potential impacts on the distribution of plant communities. This study analyses the evolution of bioclimatic units in this region during the 1953–2022 period. Data from 3668 weather stations distributed throughout the study area were analysed. Two 35-year periods (1953–1987 and 1988–2022) were compared to assess changes in macrobioclimates and bioclimates. The results showed expansion of the Mediterranean macrobioclimate, whose total area increased by 6.93%, mainly at the expense of the Temperate macrobioclimate. For bioclimates, a trend towards more xeric and continental conditions was observed in the Mediterranean region, while temperate areas moved towards homogenisation of climate conditions. Likewise, two new bioclimates were detected, which indicate the emergence of new climate conditions. These results suggest a reorganisation of bioclimatic conditions, with particular implications for biodiversity in mountainous and transitional areas, where endemic species face higher risks of habitat loss. This study provides useful information for developing targeted conservation strategies, establishing a baseline for monitoring future changes and developing early warning systems for vulnerable ecosystems, thus supporting the design of climate-adapted conservation measures in the region studied.
Progress and Challenges in the Management of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Szulc Weronika , Szydłowska Natalia , Smyk Julia M. , Majewska Anna
Published: November 2024

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common intrauterine viral infection with a significant impact on the foetus and newborn. Current diagnostic practice includes serological testing for specific antibodies, but there are no global screening protocols. Maternal CMV screening is often performed in conjunction with antenatal ultrasound. While most infections are asymptomatic, severe cases can lead to long-term disability or death. Antiviral therapies, mainly ganciclovir and valganciclovir, are reserved for symptomatic patients, especially those with central nervous system involvement. Although effective, these treatments are associated with significant side effects such as neutropenia and hepatotoxicity. Foscarnet and cidofovir are used as alternatives, but their efficacy and safety require further study in paediatric patient populations. The effectiveness of passive prophylaxis is still uncertain. The lack of universally accepted guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and the risk of serious side effects highlight the need for continued research. This review evaluates current therapeutic strategies, discusses their efficacy and associated risks, and highlights the need for innovative approaches to improve outcomes for affected neonates.
Characteristics and Transition of Sleep–Wake Rhythm in Nursery School Children: The Importance of Nocturnal Sleep
Authors: Hasegawa Takehiro , Murata Shozo , Kagimura Tatsuo , Omae Kaoru , Tanaka Akiko , Takahashi Kaori , Narusawa Mika , Konishi Yukuo , Oniki Kentaro , Miike Teruhisa
Published: November 2024

In this study, we investigated the sleep–wake rhythm of nursery school children with the aim of supporting their health and mental/physical development. We analyzed 4881 children from infancy to 6 years of age, using 2 week sleep tables recorded by their guardians. The tables contained night bedtimes, wake times, nighttime/daytime sleep duration, and the differences in these between weekdays and weekends. The total sleep decrement of children with increasing age is attributed to a decrease in daytime sleep, while nighttime sleep duration remains almost unchanged at about 10 h, which is, therefore, referred to as the nighttime basic sleep duration (NBSD). Although bedtime stabilizes at around 9:30 p.m. by the age of 2, wake-up times tend to be before 7 a.m., which results in sleep insufficiency during weekdays. This lack of sleep is compensated for by long naps on weekdays and by catching up on sleep on weekend mornings, which may contribute to future social jet lag. Guardians are encouraged to know their children’s exact NBSD and set an appropriate bedtime to be maintained on weekdays. This helps to prevent sleep debt and fosters a consistent daily rhythm of waking up at the same time both on weekdays and weekends. These conditions are believed to support mental/physical development and school and social adaptation.
Design and Corrosion Resistance Performance of Nano-Multilayer Coatings for the Protection of Breathing Gas Cylinders Used in Diving
Authors: Yuan Feng , Yu Yunjiang , Li Yuekai , Xiang Yanxiong , Zou Changwei
Published: November 2024

Seamless gas cylinders for diving exhibit excellent low-temperature impact performance, lightweight characteristics, and good corrosion resistance, making them widely applicable in underwater activities. However, during use, the peeling of paint or corrosion on the surface of these cylinders poses a significant threat to their safety. In this study, environmentally friendly arc ion plating technology was used to deposit TiBN, CrAlN, and nano-multilayer coatings of CrAlN/TiBN. The surface morphology, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance of these coatings were investigated. The results indicated that both CrAlN and CrAlN/TiBN coatings possess fewer droplets, pinholes, and pits, and the cross-section of the CrAlN/TiBN coating exhibits a denser structure. The preferred orientation for TiBN was identified as TiB2 (101), while that for CrAlN was Cr(Al)N (200), with the preferred orientation for CrAlN/TiBN being TiB2 (101). The friction measurements revealed that the lowest coefficient was observed in the CrAlN/TiBN coating (0.489), followed by CrAlN (0.491) and then TiBN (0.642). Electrochemical tests conducted in artificial seawater demonstrated that the self-corrosion potential was highest for the CrAlN/TiBN coating, followed by CrAlN and lastly TiBN. The developed TiBN-based nano-multilayer coatings hold substantial application value in protecting seamless gas cylinders used in diving.
Rheology of Cellulosic Microfiber Suspensions Under Oscillatory and Rotational Shear for Biocomposite Applications
Authors: Vasconcelos Helena Cristina , Carrêlo Henrique , Eleutério Telmo , Meirelles Maria Gabriela , Özmenteş Reşit , Amorim Roberto
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the rheological behavior of cellulose microfiber suspensions derived from kahili ginger stems (Hedychium gardnerianum), an invasive species, in two adhesive matrices: a commercial water-based adhesive (Coplaseal®) and a casein-based adhesive made from non-food-grade milk, referred to as K and S samples, respectively. Rheological analyses were performed using oscillatory and rotational shear tests conducted at 25 °C, 50 °C, and 75 °C to assess the materials’ viscoelastic properties more comprehensively. Oscillatory tests across a frequency range of 1–100 rad/s assessed the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″), while rotational shear tests evaluated apparent viscosity and shear stress across shear rates from 0.1 to 1000 s−1. Fiber-free samples consistently showed lower moduli than fiber-containing samples at all frequencies. The incorporation of fibers increased the dynamic moduli in both K and S samples, with a quasi-plateau observed at lower frequencies, suggesting solid-like behavior. This trend was consistent in all tested temperatures. As frequencies increased, the fiber network was disrupted, transitioning the samples to fluid-like behavior, with a marked increase in G′ and G″. This transition was more pronounced in K samples, especially above 10 rad/s at 25 °C and 50 °C, but less evident at 75 °C. This shift from solid-like to fluid-like behavior reflects the transition from percolation effects at low frequencies to matrix-dominated responses at high frequencies. In contrast, S samples displayed a wider frequency range for the quasi-plateau, with less pronounced moduli changes at higher frequencies. At 75 °C, the moduli of fiber-containing and fiber-free S samples nearly converged at higher frequencies, indicating similar effects of the fiber and matrix components. Both fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced suspensions exhibited pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior. Fiber-containing samples exhibited higher initial viscosity, with K samples displaying greater differences between fiber-reinforced and non-reinforced systems compared to S samples, where the gap was narrower. Interestingly, S samples exhibited overall higher viscosity than K samples, implying a reduced influence of fibers on the viscosity in the S matrix. This preliminary study highlights the complex interactions between cellulosic fiber networks, adhesive matrices, and rheological conditions. The findings provide a foundation for optimizing the development of sustainable biocomposites, particularly in applications requiring precise tuning of rheological properties.
A Threefold Approach for Enhancing Fuzzy Interpolative Reasoning: Case Study on Phishing Attack Detection Using Sparse Rule Bases
Authors: Almseidin Mohammad , Alzubi Maen , Al-Sawwa Jamil , Alkasassbeh Mouhammd , Alfraheed Mohammad
Published: November 2024

Fuzzy systems are powerful modeling systems for uncertainty applications. In contrast to traditional crisp systems, fuzzy systems offer the opportunity to extend the binary decision to continuous space, which could offer benefits for various application areas such as intrusion detection systems (IDSs), because of their ability to measure the degree of attacks instead of making a binary decision. Furthermore, fuzzy systems offer a suitable environment that is able to deal with uncertainty. However, fuzzy systems face a critical challenge represented by the sparse fuzzy rules. Typical fuzzy systems demand complete fuzzy rules in order to offer the required results. Additionally, generating complete fuzzy rules can be difficult due to many factors, such as a lack of knowledge base or limited data availability, such as in IDS applications. Fuzzy rule interpolation (FRI) was introduced to overcome this limitation by generating the required interpolation results in cases with sparse fuzzy rules. This work introduces a threefold approach designed to address the cases of missing fuzzy rules, which uses a few fuzzy rules to handle the limitations of missing fuzzy rules. This is achieved by finding the interpolation condition of neighboring fuzzy rules. This procedure was accomplished based on the concept of factors (which determine the degree to which each neighboring fuzzy rule contributes to the interpolated results, in cases of missing fuzzy rules). The evaluation procedure for the threefold approach was conducted using the following two steps: firstly, using the FRI benchmark numerical metrics, the results demonstrated the ability of the threefold approach to generate the required results for the various benchmark scenarios. Secondly, using a real-life dataset (phishing attacks dataset), the results demonstrated the effectiveness of the suggested approach to handle cases of missing fuzzy rules in the area of phishing attacks. Consequently, the suggested threefold approach offers an opportunity to reduce the number of fuzzy rules effectively and generate the required results using only a few fuzzy rules.
Harnessing Artificial Intelligence for Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Fergus Paul , Chalmers Carl , Longmore Steven , Wich Serge
Published: November 2024

The rapid decline in global biodiversity demands innovative conservation strategies. This paper examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in wildlife conservation, focusing on the Conservation AI platform. Leveraging machine learning and computer vision, Conservation AI detects and classifies animals, humans, and poaching-related objects using visual spectrum and thermal infrared cameras. The platform processes these data with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transformer architectures to monitor species, including those that are critically endangered. Real-time detection provides the immediate responses required for time-critical situations (e.g., poaching), while non-real-time analysis supports long-term wildlife monitoring and habitat health assessment. Case studies from Europe, North America, Africa, and Southeast Asia highlight the platform’s success in species identification, biodiversity monitoring, and poaching prevention. The paper also discusses challenges related to data quality, model accuracy, and logistical constraints while outlining future directions involving technological advancements, expansion into new geographical regions, and deeper collaboration with local communities and policymakers. Conservation AI represents a significant step forward in addressing the urgent challenges of wildlife conservation, offering a scalable and adaptable solution that can be implemented globally.
Effect of Oxide’s Thermophysical Properties on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steels ATIG Welds
Authors: Djoudjou Rachid , Touileb Kamel , Attia Elawady , Ouis Abousoufiane , Hedhibi Abdeljlil Chihaoui , Abdo Hany S. , AlBaijan Ibrahim
Published: November 2024

Duplex stainless-steel grade 2205 (2205 DSS) is the most widely used of the current duplex materials. The duplex steel alloy is characterized by high strength and high corrosion resistance through enhancing nitrogen and molybdenum contents. The activated tungsten inert gas (ATIG) welding technique uses the same equipment as tungsten inert gas (TIG), but prior to the welding operation, a thin layer of flux is deposited. Activation fluxes are known to influence the shape and energy characteristics of the arc. They promote the change in shapes and dimensions of the welds, namely, increasing the depth and narrowing the weld width. This work is dedicated to investigate the influence of the thermophysical properties of individual metal oxide fluxes on 2205 DSS welding morphology. It helps also to identify the recommended flux properties in order to perform full penetrated ATIG welds. Thirteen kinds of oxides (SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, Mn2O3, V2O5, MoO3, Co3O4, SrO, ZrO2, CaO, and MgO) have been tested and three current intensity levels (120, 150 and 180 A) have been considered. The results showed that the main input factors affecting the weld depth (D) were the welding current intensity with a contribution of up to 53.36%, followed by the oxides enthalpy energy with 15.05% and then by the difference between the oxides and the base metal of 2205 DSS (BM 2205 DSS) melting points with a contribution of 9.71% of the data variance. The conditions on individual oxides’ thermophysical properties to achieve full penetrated weld beads have been also revealed.
Brain Metastasis in Pediatric Patients with Osteosarcoma
Authors: Murphy Jacob , Sundby R. Taylor , Resch Erin E. , Rahnama Ruyan , Lemberg Kathryn M. , Maalouf Alexandre , Suru Aditya , Fixler Jason , Ladle Brian H. , Rhee Daniel S. , Levin Adam S. , Pallavajjala Aparna , Gocke Christopher , Ladra Matthew M. , Groves Mari L. , Acharya Sahaja , Gross John M. , Llosa Nicolas J. , Pratilas Christine A.
Published: November 2024

Background: Brain metastases in pediatric osteosarcoma are infrequent but associated with a dire prognosis. Methods: This retrospective study examined six pediatric patients at Johns Hopkins Hospital who developed brain metastases from osteosarcoma between April 2015 and November 2023. Results: Median survival post-brain metastasis was 2.5 months. The patients underwent various treatments, including chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Despite these interventions, outcomes were uniformly fatal. Notably, one patient survived over 13 months post-brain metastasis with a treatment regimen of cabozantinib and nivolumab along with surgical resection and radiation, highlighting the potential efficacy of multimodal treatment regimens. This case demonstrated changes in the immune microenvironment, hinting at an anti-tumoral response, although no histologic response was observed. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the critical need for vigilant clinical monitoring, especially in patients with new neurological symptoms. The study highlights the diagnostic challenges and the rapid progression of brain metastases, underscoring the necessity for further research. Prospective studies and clinical trials focusing on novel therapeutic strategies are essential to improve outcomes. Disease biology studies examining tumor features across primary, pulmonary, and brain metastatic sites may offer insights into the mechanisms of metastasis and potential therapeutic targets, providing a foundation for better management of this devastating complication.
Human Activity Changed the Genetic Pattern of the Orchid Phaius flavus Population
Authors: Liang Cuiyi , Li Jun , Li Shixing , Zhang Huayuan , Zheng Jiahao , Miao Jianglin , Hao Siyuan , Wu Shasha , Liu Zhongjian , Zhai Junwen
Published: November 2024

Human activity often has profound effects on plant growth and evolution. Orchids are the most diverse group of flowering plants and are threatened by habitat fragmentation, over-harvesting, and urbanization. A population of Phaius flavus from Beikengding Mount (BM) in the Fujian Province of China was divided into two patches by road construction. This study evaluated its genetic characteristics using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) data, more than seven years post-road construction. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of road construction on the evolution of isolated patches within a population. The analysis revealed that the genetic diversity of patch B was slightly higher than that of patch A in the BM population of P. flavus. Principal component and phylogenetic analyses, genetic structure and genetic differentiation analysis, and bottleneck detection indicated relatively independent genetic differentiation between the two patches. Thus, the construction of the Y013 village road may have influenced different patches of this population on a genetic level. This study provides a case for understanding the impact of specific human activities on plant populations, and then biodiversity conservation. It is conducive to formulating more effective biological protection strategies to mitigate the damage inflicted by human activities on biodiversity.
The Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Leaf-Litter Dwelling Ants in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Colombian Caribbean
Authors: Camargo-Vanegas Jose , de la Hoz-Pedraza Sebastian , Sierra-Chamorro Hubert , Guerrero Roberto J.
Published: November 2024

There have been few advances in understanding the organization and dynamics of ants in tropical dry forests. The latter are a seriously threatened ecosystem, and ants are important indicators of diversity, disturbance, and restoration in forest ecosystems. Using diversity data and morphofunctional traits, we evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of taxonomic and functional ant groups; in addition, we explored the variation in functional traits and diversity among communities. Ants were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons using mini-Winkler bags. A total of 9 subfamilies, 57 genera, and 146 species were collected. Ant species composition and richness varied both spatially (75 to 119 species) and temporally (121 and 127 species). The fragments from N2 and N3 showed higher diversity than those from N1. The dissimilarity among all areas was moderate (50–60%), mainly attributable to species turnover processes (77%). Twenty functional groups were identified. The N3 fragments had the highest functional diversity, with lower resistance to species loss, while the N1 and N2 fragments reduced functional diversity and increased similarity among species. Our results highlight the importance of integrating a functional analysis with the taxonomic assessment of ants as an important contribution to understanding the organization and dynamics of this community of insects that inhabit the tropical dry forest.
Description of Oryzobacter telluris sp. nov., a New Species Isolated from Bank-Side Soil in Seomjin River, South Korea
Authors: Choi Ahyoung , Jang Sumin , Goh Jaeduk
Published: November 2024

A novel bacterial strain, designated 24SJ04S-52T, was isolated from bank-side soil in the Osucheon Stream of the Seomjin River, Republic of Korea. This strain is aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and short-rod-shaped, with optimal growth observed at 30 °C, pH 7, and 0% salinity, and growth occurring across a temperature range of 15–37 °C, pH 5–9, and salinity of 0–4%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain 24SJ04S-52T shares 98.3% sequence similarity with Oryzobacter terrae PSGM2-16T. However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 85.0% and 50.1%, respectively, which are well below the species delineation thresholds of 95–96% for ANI and 70% for dDDH, confirming the novelty of this species. Genomic analysis identified a genome size of 3.98 Mb with a G+C content of 72.9 mol%. Functional annotation revealed various genes involved in amino acid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, suggesting metabolic versatility that may support adaptation to nutrient-variable environments. Chemotaxonomic analyses revealed distinctive profiles, including major fatty acids such as C17:1 ω8c, iso-C16:0, and iso-C14:0, with MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol, and the peptidoglycan was of type A4γ with meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. These comprehensive analyses support the classification of strain 24SJ04S-52T as a novel species within the genus Oryzobacter, for which the name Oryzobacter telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 24SJ04S-52T (=KACC 23836T = FBCC-B16192T).