bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of blended learning model in subject fundamental automation and control system technology for electro technical cadets of Surabaya Merchant Marine Polytechnic
Authors: Nofandi Faris , Widyaningsih Upik , Hariyono Hariyono
Published: July 2020

This study aims to formulate planning, implement, and test the effectiveness of learning with a blended learning model in the basic courses of automation and control system technology. The method used in this study is the ADDIE Research and Development model. The research population is level II electro cadets. While the research sample is a class A and class B electrical cadets selected by cluster sampling technique. Data collection methods include documentation, observation, tests and questionnaires. The results showed that (1) learning planning with a blended learning model is fit to be used as a guideline for implementing learning in the classroom; (2) blended learning model can be implemented according to planning which includes orientation, organization, investigation, presentation, analysis, and evaluation; (3) learning with a blended learning model is proven effective in terms of (a) basic learning outcomes of automation and control system technology that uses a blended learning model >75 and there are significant differences in learning outcomes between groups that use the blended learning model and groups that do not use blended learning model; (b) the process of increasing activeness and motivation to learn cadets better. From the results of this study it is suggested the need for the development of a blended learning model as a supplement to face-to-face learning in the basic subjects of automation and control system technology and others.
Development of trainer sensor as media learning control systems for engine cadets at Merchant Marine Polytechnic Surabaya
Authors: Irfan Saiful
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this research designed to: (1) develop sensor trainers that fit the needs of control system subjects (2) develop sensor trainer with good performance, and (3) test the feasibility of sensor miner as media learning for control system learning at Surabaya Merchant Marine Polytechnic. This study was a Research and Development (R&D) in the field of education. The development research model used was ADDlE: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The instrument used in this study was questionnaire with four options answer of Likert scale.

The validity test of instrument carried out by consultation section with material experts and media experts. Instrument reliability calculated using alpha formula and produced a reliability value of 0.87 (very reliable). There are three aspects measured at this implementation stage, aspects of material quality, media operations, and learning aspects.

The results obtained for quality of material got a percentage of 78.76%, for media operations got 68.77%, and for learning got a percentage of 76.35%. Of the three percentages, a total percentage of 76.62% was obtained, so that the media trainer censor was declared feasible to be used as a learning media for the control system course after the feasibility test was conducted by the user.
Model Scheduling Optimization Workforce Management Marketing
Authors: Rahardja Untung , Andriyani Fitri , Triyono Triyono
Published: July 2020

This research focuses on completing workforce management marketing scheduling using genetic metaheuristic methods. Optimal scheduling to determine the duration of a job, the quality of employees, and meet the challenges to increase work scheduling targets according to marketing employee skills by maximizing operational time while providing satisfactory services to customers. Marketing employees increasingly rely on the right time to connect with their customers. The problem in this study considers marketing skills and activities to carry out work activities, namely promotion, follow-up, and stand-by in the office with the limitations of the existing workforce. This problem has the nature of NP-Hard so a quick solution requires the use of metaheuristic methods. The metaheuristic method was built in 11 constraints. The results show that the genetic metaheuristic method is capable of producing far better results. Therefore, employee scheduling is very important. This study aims to develop an optimization model for employee scheduling and to maximize operational time work. With this model, it is expected to achieve optimal scheduling for marketing management workforce.
ÇOMÜ Terzioğlu Yerleşkesinde Yaşanabilirlik ve Peyzaj Tasarımı İlişkisi
Authors: SAĞLIK Alper , SAĞLIK Elif , KELKİT Abdullah , ÖNCÜL Necla Ece , TEMİZ Merve
Published: July 2020

Üniversite yerleşkeleri; içerisinde eğitim yapıları, sosyal tesisler, lojmanlar vb. birçok açık veya kapalı mekanı bir arada bulunduran açık yeşil alanlardır. Önemli bir kent unsuru olan yerleşkeler, kentsel dokuya önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Bünyesindeki çalışan ve öğrenci potansiyeli ile bunların kullanımına sunulan açık ve kapalı mekanları barındıran üniversiteler, kentlere yaşanabilir alanlar oluşturmaktadır. Üniversite yerleşkeleri, açık ve yeşil alanlarındaki bitkiler ve kentsel donatı elemanları ile kullanıcıların yaşam kalitelerini artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Terzioğlu Yerleşkesi için yaşanabilirlik derecesini arttırmaya yönelik olarak mevcut durumdaki çevresel şartlar ve yaşam kalitesini oluşturan ölçütler; aktivite ve kullanımlar, ulaşılabilirlik, konfor ve imaj, sosyallik başlıkları altında tespit edilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda üniversite yerleşkesi dış mekanlarında malzeme ve uygulama kaynaklı birçok sorun tespit edilmiştir. Bu sorunların nedenleri araştırılarak çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir.
Urban climate research and planning applications in China: a scientometric and long-term review (1963-2018) based on CiteSpace
Authors: Chen F , Chen Y
Published: July 2020

Urban climate research is essential for sustainable development. Few review papers have focused on long-term research and planning applications in China. We conducted a bibliometric review by using CiteSpace to elaborate changes in hot spots, frontiers, development processes, and applications of urban climate research from 1963 to 2018. The identified research could be categorized into 4 major research hot spots: (1) the urban climate effect brought on by urbanization; (2) analysis of meteorological factors and conditions; (3) numerical simulation of urban climate; and (4) urban planning and design in the context of climate change. Moreover, 15 of the most frequently cited key words indicating research frontiers with specific time patterns were detected, and 4 key aspects were identified in terms of research topic: urban climate effects and mechanisms, progress and reform of meteorological service systems, multi-scale numerical modeling, and mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change. Climate applications in China have undergone changes from the early wind rose map, to the use of multiple meteorological elements as a guide to city planning, and recently, to the adoption of emerging applications. Challenges and prospects, including the probable effects of the government and policies, specific long-standing research gaps, the paradigm shift in urban planning, and the requirement for readily available urban data were also highlighted. This study provides a holistic perspective on the development process of long-term urban climate research in China. The findings may be pivotal in understanding the inner logic behind policies and their implementations and are expected to pave the way for exploring new paths in urban sustainable development and planning transformation.
Industrial synergies from “hidden structures”of knowledge. Towards the foundation of industrial ecosystems.
Authors: Aguiñaga Eduardo
Published: July 2020

Industrial strategies based on industrial ecology and circular economy have populated the current industrial landscape. However, these approaches focusing on the creation of symbiotic relationship among industries have beenrelatively insufficiently researched. Although economically and environmentally beneficial, the process of their emergence and development remains unclear. This conceptual research advances the potential role of knowledge in the creation of symbiotic linkages through a qualitative theoretical literature research. The result is a conceptual framework combining different theoretical streams. I conclude that by using absorptive capacity constructs coupled with the principles of industrial ecosystem framed under social network analysis, the genesis of industrial ecosystem can be unearthed.
Dynamics of mineral nitrogen in topsoil, during regrowth of pasture in two contrasting grassland systems
Authors: Ruz-Jerez B.E. , Ball P.Roger , White R.E.
Published: July 2020

Changes in soil mineral nitrogen(N) were monitored during regrowth of pasture between consecutive grazings in two contrasting grassland systems; Grass-clover (the norm in NZ) and a more intensive system, Grass+N400 (pure grass + 400 kg fertiliser N/ha/year). The experiment was carried out during autumn at DSIR Grasslands.Palmerston North. Net mineralisation of N under field conditions was estimate_d- i~n- an ancillary experiment, using soil samples from undisturbed soil cores contained in PVC tubes. The dynamics of mineral N in soil were dominated by a 'pulse' of ammonium, observable soon after grazing. Nitrification proceeded rapidly thereafter. Mineral N in soil then progressively declined, much of it going into organic combination presumably through uptake by plants. Since nitrate formation in the soil is minimised by maximising the residence time of N in plant (organic) form, differentmanagementoptions(varyinginfrequency and intensity of defoliation) may have important influences, not only on pasture utilisation and production, but also on the management of mineral N in the soil-plant-animal complex. Tubes embedded in soil and incubated in the field have provided some additional, useful perspectives. There was only limitedevidence for significant net mineralisation of organic N throughout the period of regrowth. Analyses of individual soil cores demonstrated a sharp contrast between the pasture at large and the 10 - 15% of total area influenced by urine from the previous grazing, in terms of mineral N content. 'Averaging' these by bulking numerous cores into a composite sample can provide an accurate quantitative estimate of mineral N, which can be related to herbage uptake of N over the whole area. But if losses of N (by leaching or volatilisation) are disproportionate to the concentration of mineral N in affected and unaffected volumes of soil, then bulking samples and averaging will not be the most appropriate way to estimate these losses. The results of this study point to the importance of the urine of grazing ruminants as a N substrate for pasture regrowth in the absence of fertiliser N. At the same time, urine patches provide the main avenue for Nescape to the wider environment from developed pastures. Keywords mineral N, N in pastures, N cycling by animals
Experiences with deferred grazing at the Taranaki Agricultural Research Station
Authors: Mccallum D.A. , Thomson N.A. , Judd T.G.
Published: July 2020

Deferred grazing is the practice of holding over pasture in situ that has been considered surplus to animal requirements in spring, to be grazed at a later date when a shortage of pasture occurs, usually in summer/autumn. This non-mechanical method of pasture conservation was developedandpractised from 1986-1989 at the Taranaki Agricultural Research Station as part of a low cost dairy system. At the low stocking rate (3.7 cows/ha) 13% of the farm area was conserved as deferred grazing and allowed to naturally reseed before grazing. The reseeding doubled the tiller density of perennial ryegrass, increasing pasture growth by 15 19% the following season. This, combined with the nil cost associated with conserving supplements, made this system more profitable than the traditional haysilage system. For the natural reseeding to be successful, the deferred grazed pasture should be removed from thegrazingrotationduringtheryegrassreproductive phase (mid-October to mid-November) and not grazed until after the ryegrass seed is mature (mid- January). The method developed to Wise deferred grazed pasture has been to strip graze between the morning and night milkings. Cows are offered a pasture allowance of 10 kg DM/cow/day or one, two hundred and fiftieth of the farm per day, to achieve a utilisation of around 50%. Cows graze selectively leavingaresidualofabout4000kg DM/ haofpredominantly dead material. Mowing before grazing increased utilisation, but there was no advantage in milk solids production. No benefits were observed when tall fescue or phalaris pastures were allowed to naturally reseed. Deferred grazing had no effect on grass grub or porina populations if grazed before April. No detrimental animal health effects have been measured with deferred grazing. To reduce farm operating costs and increase pasture growth, it is recommended that 10% of the farm is deferred and allowed to naturally reseed on an annual basis. Keywords deferred grazing, pasture conservation, naturalreseeding, tiller density,pasture growth, dairy production
The productivity of Maku Lotus as a forest understorey
Authors: West G.G. , Dean M.G. , Percival N.S.
Published: July 2020

Oversowing Lotus uliginosus cv. 'Grasslands Maku' offers considerable scope for improvement of understorey forage production in New Zealand's plantation forests. In a grazing trial in Kaingaroa Forest annual forage yields of predominantly Maku lotus were 3000-5000 kg/ha dry matter (DM) from tree age 4-7 years but declined to 1000-3000 kg DM/ha by age 11 years. Forage yields available for grazing under different tree stockings (100,200 and400 stems/ha) were (up to treeage 11) approximately the same, in spiteof the percentage area covered with slash being significantly affected by tree stocking. Forage species composition since time of oversowing has changed from initial stands of almost pure lotus to a mixture of lotus and lower fertility grasses, particularly Yorkshire fog, and flat weeds. By tree age 11 years (8 years after oversowing) lotus comprises 20-30% of understorey ground cover, both with and without cattle grazing. Keywords Maku lotus, forest understorey, forest grazing, oversowing, forage yields
Evaluation of dryland species and new ryegrass cultivars to increase pasture productivity in coastal Taranaki
Authors: Hainsworth R.J. , Thomson N.A. , Mccallum D.A. , Judd T.G.
Published: July 2020

Seasonal and annual DM production of direct drilled dryland species 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue (Festucuurundinuceu Schreb.) and perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne L.) cultivars 'Grasslands Pacific', 'Droughtmaster' and 'Yatsyn-1' was compared with that of established pasture in an environment prone to summer dry spells. Two methods of establishment using only Yatsyn-1 were examined: either the elimination of existing pasture with glyphosate and drilling, or drilling without spraying (undersowing). Average annual DM production (over 3 years) of Yatsyn-1 drilled into pasture previously sprayed with glyphosate was 12% more productive than established pasture. Maru phalaris, Droughtmaster and Pacific had similar annual DM production to established pasture, and Roa tall fescue produced 25% less. Yatsyn-1 undersown intopastures without previous spraying with glyphosate produced 9% less than Y atsyn- 1 established by the spray and drill technique. Phalaris established well but after 3 years the content of phalaris had declined markedly, suggesting poor persistency. Tall fescue was slow establishing but had good persistency, as did all ryegrass cultivars. Yatsyn-1 direct drilled into pastures eliminated with glyphosate before drilling is recommended for an environment prone to summer dryness to increase annual DM production. Keywords pasture production,established pasture, ryegrass cultivars, phalaris, tall fescue, establishment techniques, summer droughts
Stockpol: A decision support model for livestock farms
Authors: Marshall P.R. , Mccall D.G. , Johns K.L.
Published: July 2020

A computer program called Stockpol is described. It is a biological model designed for decision support applications on pastoral farms. Individual farm scenarios are defined in terms of component subfiles which define stock (numbers and performance), land (area, pasture growth rates and land use), prices and constants. Physical and financial reports are available for individual scenarios, and for comparisons among scenarios. Once defined, scenarios are tested for biological feasibility by calculating if there is enough pasture cover on the farm at all times to meet animal requirements for targetperformance levels. Policies for biologically unfeasible farms can be automatically modified if necessary. Stockpol can be used to analyse long-term policy changes or short-term feed budgets, but it is not suitabIe for paddock-level feed budgeting. Keywords sheep, beef, pasture growth, pasture cover, feed budget, biological feasibility, prices, profits, computer model
Nitrogen fertiliser use in early lambing systems
Authors: Sheath G.W. , Boom C.J. , Webby R.W.
Published: July 2020

Nitrogen fertiliser was applied in June 1990 to early-August lambing systems and production was compared with traditional September lambing. Nitrogen (30 kg N/ha) increased pasture growth rates by 3-4 kg DM/ha/day and increased production by 210 kg DM/ha during July-September inclusive, Nitrogen responses were greatest in southfacing paddocks; least on easy contoured paddocks; and did not differ between "resident" pastures and "improved" pastures that had been oversown with new pasture cultivars 5 years before. Compared with traditional September lambing, early-August lambing (plus N) resulted in20% fewer lambs at weaning; 2.4 kg heavier lamb weaning weights; similar ewe weaning weights; and similar bull live weights in January. While N applications to earlier lambing systems reduced the differences in ewe and bull weights previously recorded between the lambing date treatments, it was not a profitable strategy. Assessment of pasture response to N (30 kg N/ha) was repeated in 1991. Nitrogen increased production by 260 kg DM/ha and responses were similar for all paddock and pasture types. Keywords nitrogen fertiliser, early lambing, hill country
Integrated bull beef with sheep in eastern Southland
Authors: Mccraw Ashley
Published: July 2020

I have been farming full-time on my own account for eight years, after seven and a half years in Advisory Services Division with the Ministry of Agriculture in Gore. While I was employed by the MAF, I was leasing 60 hectares and working it part-time. My first five years of full-time farming were sharefarming the property I am currently leasing. At the conclusion of the sharefarming agreement a company wasformedinwhichmy wifeandIboughtat25% share. We lease the farm from the company.
Phosphorus in herbage grasses - prospects of reducing fertiliser phosphate requirements
Authors: Crush J.R. , Hunt W.F.
Published: July 2020

Previously published results show that herbage grasses vary in the severity with which they compete with white clover (Trifolium repens) for soil phosphorus. It is argued that grasses such as 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus willdenowio with lower herbage phosphorus concentrations than ryegrass, will maintain better productivity and clover contents in the sward as phosphate fertiliser rates are reduced, than a comparable ryegrass sward. Apart from prairie grass, there seems to be little variation in herbage phosphorus levels in current 'Grasslands' forage grasses and screening for reduced levels is advocated. Keywords Bromus willdenowii, competition, cultivars, grasses, herbage, Lolium perenne phosphate, phosphorus, superphosphate.
Nutrient reserves in Southland soils
Authors: Boswell C.C. , Risk W.H. , Littleiohn R.P. , Swanney B. , Gray G.M. , Smith L.C.
Published: July 2020

The major plant nutrients in soils were measured from 53 Southland sites arranged along 4 transects which extended inland from the southern coast and one which extended westwards from Papatowai on the east coast to Manapouri in the west. Soil samples were taken from 8 depths: O-75.75-150, 150-225, 225-300, 300-450, 450-600, 600-750, and 750-900 mm, at each site. In zonal soils, sulphate accumulated deeper in the soil profile and declined logarithmically with distance from the southern coast. In recent soils there was little accumulation in the profile. Rainfall sulphur is the most likely source of the reserves. Magnesium accumulated deep in the profile of inland soils in western transects, suggesting that serpentine rock parent material was its source. Generally, available phosphorus, calcium, potassium, total nitrogen and organic carbon concentrations were greatest in the surface layer of soil and declined with soil depth. However, very high phosphate reserves were present deep in the profile at a few specific inland sites. Short-term sustainable agricultural systems could involve the utilisation of at least some of these reserves. This would require the encouragement of deeper-rooting of plants than currently occurs under pastoral systems. Keywords magnesium, nutrient reserves, phosphorus, Southland, sulphate, sustainable agriculture, transects
Utilisation of inorganic and organic soil phosphorus in a hill country soil
Authors: Perrott K.W.
Published: July 2020

Changes in phosphorus (P) fractions of unfertilised and fertilised (superphosphate) soil were investigated over five years at a hill country site near Te Kuiti. Only soil inorganic P (Pi) reserves were utilised for plant uptake when superphosphate was withheld at the site. Immobilisation of P as soil organic P (PO) contributed to depletion of the soil Pi reserves during the first two years of this trial. Where superphosphate was applied, immobilisation of P as PO amounted to about 25% of applied P during the five years measurements were made. Changes in soil P fractions indicated that all forms of soil Pi were utilised when superphosphate was withheld. These included readily available Pi, Al- Pi, Fe-Pi, and residual phosphate rock from previous fertiliser applications. Depletion of the phosphate rock residues in the soil also occurred where superphosphate was applied and appears to have been completed within about two years. The phosphate rock residues had probably accumulated because of the relatively high amounts of unacidulated phosphate rock in superphosphate manufactured before 1983. Accumulation of Po associated with humic acid, or adsorbed on surfaces of hy drous oxides of Al and Fe, occurred in both fertilised and unfertilised soils. The more labile forms of PO also increased in the fertilised soil. Keywords inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus, phosphorus immobilisation, soil phosphorus, soil phosphorus fractions, soil phosphorus utilisation.
The range of pasture species in New Zealand and their use in different environments
Authors: Charltgn J.F.L. , Belgrave B. R.
Published: July 2020

The 29 different species of pasture plants, now commercially available to farmers in New Zealand, may make the choice of pasture seeds and seeds mixtures much more complicated, but their particular features can add significant value to farming. The suitability of these species is presented for the main categories of New Zealand's pastoral land: summer-moist lowland, cast coast dryland, hill country, and the South Island's high country. Important features of each species are summa&d. Invested returns from animal production on modem pastures can be more than 200%. However, farmers are advised to seek specialist advice before they invest Keywords species, environment, suitability, compatibility
An analysis of the physical condition of two intensively grazed Southland soils
Authors: Greenwood P.R. , Mcnamara R.M.
Published: July 2020

The treading effects of high-density winter grazing of sheep associated with all-grass wintering systems in Southland were studied for evidence of resultant soil physical degradation. Typical examples of Pukemutu (YGE) and Waikiwi (YBE) soils, extensive areas of which have been intensively managed in Southland for many years, were selected for assessments of mechanical impedance, bulk density, porosity, air permeability, and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that intensive winter grazing in this environment resulted in significant losses of large soil macropores. As a result, the transmission of water through the root-zone was significantly restricted. After rain, this can lead to waterlogging and soil oxygen deficiencies. Probably as a result of cumulative soil damage over several winters, soil had become more compacted to nearly the full depth of the A horizon. Natural ameliorative processes may therefore be too slow to overcome fully the effects of treading. Measurements of mechanical impedance and bulk density, while widely used, proved inappropriate for examination of the effects of treading. Both are insensitive to small, but important, changes in soil porosity. Air permeability and hydraulic conductivity were good indicators of relative degrees of soil compactness of the sites examined. Both are sensitive to small changes in effective macroporosity, and are useful measurements to diagnose soil structural damage. Keywords all-grass wintering, Southland, sheep, treading damage, soil physical degradation
Use of the Stockpol computer decision-support program in commercial consultancy
Authors: Mccall D.G. , Tither P.M.
Published: July 2020

Keywords: commercial consultancy, computer program, decision-support program, Stockpol Introduction Stockpol is a computer program designed for decision support on pastoral sheep and beef farms (Marshall et al. 1991). It was designed for use by consultants who give advice on stock policy decisions. A team of 8 consultants were a vital component of the Stockpol development team. They acted as clients to ensure the model performed the way they required. Since release, user suggestions have contributed to Stockpol's evolution. However, for Stockpol to be of use, a consultant needs the skill to adapt problems for analysis using Stockpol. This brief communication reports a case study of a commercial use of Stockpol in consultancy work.
Sustainable management of hill land
Authors: Mackay A.D. , Wedderburn M.E. , Lambert M.G.
Published: July 2020

One of the major environmental issues currently facing New Zealand is that of the sustainability of pastoral farming on North Island hill country. To be sustainable, a system must be resource conserving, environmentally compatible, socially supportive and commer-cially competitive. The Resource Management Act defines sustainable management as managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources in a way, or at a rate, which enables people and community to meet their needs without unduly compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Evidence shows that at present this is not so for some hill country, for reasons of on-site land degradation and soil loss, and off-site sediment loading. Socioeconomic sustainability is also in doubt through deterioration in rural infrastructure and social services and steadily decreasing average returns for produce. In the long term there is no conflict between environmental and economic sustainability. The major conflict arises in the short term when the environmental needs of the community can conflict severely with the economic survival of the individual land holder. Adoption of sustainable management will require a much greater understanding of the dynamic interaction between land resources and land use practices and improved matching of land uses with inherent soil and climatic properties. A quantitative understanding of the relationship between biophysical stability of our land resources and their productive capability is required. This paper attempts to: (i) examine how biophysical indicators could be used to quantify the impact of current land use on the productive capability of our hill land resource, and in so doing identify several critical issues facing hill country farmers, and (ii) discuss some of the possible solutions to what we see are currently unsustainable farming practices. It is our contention that the adoption of sustainable management practices will ensure the long-term viability of this sector of the pasture industry and not, as many suggest, its demise. Keywords: biophysical indicators, hill land, offsite effects, on-site effects, sustainability
INPROVEMENT OF TEACHING METHODS TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Authors: Medvedskaya Tatyana M. , Lebedeva Kseniya S.
Published: July 2020

The article considers the problems of the traditional approach to organizing lectures and offers the improved teaching methodology that takes into account the results of modern research and experience of foreign education systems. The advantages of the new approach to organizing lectures are highlighted.
SMART TECHNOLOGY TO TRAIN FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS
Authors: Shmigirilova Irina B. , Grigorenko Olga V.
Published: July 2020

The concept of smart technologies in education is analyzed and the need to establish the pedagogical utility of the technologies used is considered. Examples of the use of smart technologies in university training of future mathematics teachers are given. The strategy of conducting a smart class is described.
DIGITAL AGE: METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING CARTOGRAPHIC DISCIPLINES UNDER THE CHANGE OF GENERATIONS
Authors: Radchenko Lyudmila K.
Published: July 2020

The article discusses the teaching of cartographic disciplines in the global "digitalization" of modern generations. In accordance with the “theory of generations” the main characteristics of generations Y and Z are given. Methodological aspects of teaching cartographic disciplines are formulated taking into account the modern development of society and technology.
AN APPROACH ILLUSTRATING THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS
Authors: Logachova Olga M. , Logachov Artyom V.
Published: July 2020

The article offers the author's approach to the presentation of one of the main results of the probability theory. Theoretical proof of the law of large numbers, difficult for students to understand, is illustrated by an interesting and cognitive example, which has practical application in solving applied problems.
Hubungan Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (ASI) dengan Tumbuh Kembang Balita
Authors: Octasila Restu , Yana Mardi , Muniswatin Muniswatin
Published: July 2020

Growth and development of children from birth to adulthood, so it needs to be done early detection of developmental deviations. The results of the survey conducted at Puskesmas Parung Panjang there are 52 (0.5%) toddlers who get help MP-ASI because weight is very thin. Exclusive breastfeeding nutrition program at UPT Parung Panjang in 2016 which target 90%, but only reached 35.77%. The research method used is analytical descriptive with a Cross-Sectional approach with sampling technique with accidental sampling. The population used were children aged 6-60 months in Posyandu Bakti Husada, Puskesmas Parung Panjang with a sample of 41 respondents. The tool used is KPSP to detect the development, and table/chart BB/U and TB/U to measure the growth of children under five. The result of research from 41 respondents got the univariate results of good growth status as much 87,8% and less good as much as 12.2%. The result of the bivariate test showed statistically there was a significant relationship (p-value <0.05) between breastfeeding and infant growth. Conclusions and suggestions of the relationship of exclusive breastfeeding to the growth of babies, for mothers are expected to provide exclusive breastfeeding to babies and stimulate development early on.
Kombinasi Metode Pijat Woolwich dan Massage Rolling (Punggung) Memengaruhi Kecukupan ASI pada Ibu Post Partum
Authors: Usman Hastuti
Published: July 2020

One of the failures of exclusive breastfeeding is the lack of a mother's level of confidence that her mother's milk cannot fulfill her baby's nutritional needs. Efforts that can be made to stimulate the hormone prolactin and oxytocin in the mother after childbirth is to provide a relaxed sensation in the mother by doing Woolwich massage and rolling massage (back). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of Woolwich massage methods and Rolling Massage on Adequacy in postpartum mothers. Research site in the Work Area of Mapane Health Center, Poso Regency. The type of research used was Quasi-Experimental. Data analysis was performed by the chi square test. The results of the study showed that 95.8% of the intervention group respondents had enough baby weight while in the group without intervention it was 70.8% with a value of p = 0.048. Frequency of BAK: 87.5% of respondents in the intervention group had sufficient frequency while in the group without intervention it was 45.8% with a value of p = 0.006. BAB frequency in the intervention group 100% frequency is sufficient while in the group without intervention is 91.7% with a value of p = 0.015. This research is expected to be applied by midwives and taught to mothers and families to increase ASI production so that the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is achieved in the area of the Research Health Center.
Climate Change, Security, Sensors
Authors: Gregori Giovanni
Published: July 2020

A concise threefold illustration is given: (i) of climate change on the gigayear (Ga) time scale through the nanosecond (nsec) time scale, (ii) of the role of the performance of solid materials, concerning both manmade and natural structures with reference to security, and (iii) of the exploitation of the electrostatic energy of the atmospheric electrical circuit—which is an enormous reservoir of natural “clean” energy. Several unfortunate misunderstandings are highlighted that bias the present generally agreed beliefs. The typical natural pace of the Earth’s “electrocardiogram”, ~27.4 Ma, is such that, at present, for the first time humankind must challenge an Earth’s “heartbeat”. A correct use of sensors is needed to get an efficient monitoring of the ongoing climate change. Both anthropic and natural drivers are to be considered. A brief reminder is given about sensors that ought to monitor solid materials—with application (i) to every kind of machinery, building, viaduct or bridge, vehicle, aircraft, rocket, etc. and (ii) for a correct (and unprecedented) monitoring of the electric field at ground, which is the prerequisite for the exploitation of the electrostatic energy of the atmosphere. In every case, a systemic approach is always needed. Every specialized investigation often misses the true physics of phenomena. The resulting great complication can be tackled by means of suitable approximate and “simple” models, which always have to be correctly tested. The impact on the biosphere is manifested as a steady regeneration of microorganisms at the deep ocean floors, supplied by endogenous CH4. Microorganisms are thus the beginning of an ever rejuvenating food chain. The natural climate change implies a permanent evolution of living forms. On the longer time-scale, a permanent cycle occurs of species extinction and/or generation. In addition, owing to such a process, some living forms are likely to also exist underground on other planetary objects. That is, life ought to be a ubiquitous intrinsic endogenic feature of matter in the universe, while life’s survival, evolution and/or extinction, ought to depend on the available hosting environment.
Effect of Characteristic Phenomena and Temperature on Super-Cooled Large Droplet Icing on NACA0012 Airfoil and Axial Fan Blade
Authors: Takahashi Toma , Fukudome Koji , Mamori Hiroya , Fukushima Naoya , Yamamoto Makoto
Published: July 2020

Icing simulations involving super-cooled large droplets (SLDs) on a NACA0012 airfoil and a commercial axial fan were performed considering the characteristic behavior of SLD icing (i.e., splash-bounce, deformation, and breakup). The simulations were performed considering weak coupling between flow field and droplet motion. The flow field was computed using the Eulerian method, wherein the droplet motion was simulated via the Lagrangian method. To represent the ice shape, an extended Messinger model was used for thermodynamic computation. The ice shape and collection efficiency of the NACA0012 airfoil derived using the icing simulation exhibited a reasonable agreement with the existing experimental data. The icing simulation results for the axial fan, in terms of distribution of ice on the blade and its influence on the flow field, indicated that flow separation occurred, and the mass flow rate of the flow passage decreased. Moreover, the splash and bounce phenomena considerably influenced the icing process; however, the effect of the deformation and breakup phenomena was negligibly small. In terms of the effect of the SLDs on the icing phenomena, it was noted that, with the decrease in the SLD temperature (from −5 °C to −15 °C), the number of adhering SLDs increased, whereas the number of splashing and bouncing SLDs decreased.
MicroRNA Milk Exosomes: From Cellular Regulator to Genomic Marker
Authors: Cintio Michela , Polacchini Giulia , Scarsella Elisa , Montanari Tommaso , Stefanon Bruno , Colitti Monica
Published: July 2020

Recent advances in ruminants’ milk-derived exosomes (EXO) have indicated a role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cell-to-cell communication in dairy ruminants. The miRNAs EXO retain peculiar mechanisms of uptake from recipient cells, which enables the selective delivery of cargos, with a specific regulation of target genes. Although many studies have been published on the miRNAs contained in milk, less information is available on the role of miRNAs EXO, which are considered stable over time and resistant to digestion and milk processing. Several miRNAs EXO have been implicated in the cellular signaling pathway, as in the regulation of immune response. Moreover, they exert epigenetic control, as extenuating the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1. However, the study of miRNAs EXO is still challenging due to the difficulty of isolating EXO. In fact, there are not agreed protocols, and different methods, often time-consuming, are used, making it difficult to routinely process a large number of samples. The regulation of cell functions in mammary glands by miRNAs EXO, and their applications as genomic markers in livestock, is presented.
Genomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Originating from Hungarian Rabbit Farms Reinforce the Clonal Origin of Various Virulence Types
Authors: Német Zoltán , Albert Ervin , Dán Ádám , Balka Gyula , Szenes Áron , Sipos Rita , Bódizs Szabolcs , Biksi Imre
Published: July 2020

Staphylococcosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in rabbit medicine, especially in commercial farming. Previous studies revealed the existence of virulent variants adapted to rabbits. Typical and atypical, highly virulent as well as low virulent variants have been isolated and reported from industrial units in all major rabbit-meat-producing countries. Preceding the research focused on detecting defined nucleotide sequences, the genome of these organisms as a whole was rarely subjected to scientific investigations. The authors sequenced 51 Staphylococcus strains originating from industrial rabbit farms in Hungary. Another 12 draft genomes of rabbit isolates were constructed from read sequences available in digital repositories, and were compared based on whole-genome multilocus sequence typing. The clonal origin of highly virulent variants is confirmed, the strains from Hungary were closely related with the strains isolated in the UK, Italy, and Spain. Atypical highly virulent strains are the most prevalent in Hungary, they form a separate clonal cluster. The low virulent strains were genetically similar, but more heterogeneous than the highly virulent (HV) and aHV strains even by the traditional MLST typing scheme. Other “non-aureus” Staphylococcus species were also identified.
Meta-Transcriptomic Analysis of RNAseq Data Reveals Pacu and Loach Fish with Unusually High Levels of Myoglobin Expression in Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Chen Rui-Yi , Ngoc Hieu Bui Thi , Audira Gilbert , Lou Bao , Lin Ming-Der , Hsiao Chung-Der
Published: July 2020

Oxygen-binding proteins, such as myoglobin, hemoglobin, neuroglobin, and cytoglobin, play a role in oxygen binding and delivery to tissues. In icefish, the loss of myoglobin and hemoglobin genes has been reported to be an adaptive evolution event. This interesting finding prompted us to exam oxygen-binding protein expression in diverse fish species. Taking advantage of substantial RNAseq data deposited in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database, we adopted a meta-transcriptomic approach to explore and compare four oxygen-binding protein gene expression levels in the skeletal muscle of 25 diverse fish species for the first time. RNAseq data were downloaded from the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database, and de novo assembly was performed to generate transcript contigs. The genes encoding oxygen-binding proteins were then identified by the BLAST search, and the relative expression level of oxygen-binding protein genes was normalized by the RPKM (Reads per Kilobase Million) method. By performing expression profiling, hierarchy clustering, and principal component analysis, pacu and loach fish were noticed by their high myoglobin expression levels in skeletal muscle tissues among 25 diverse fish species. In conclusion, we demonstrated that meta-transcriptomic analysis of RNAseq data is an informative approach to compare the oxygen-binding protein expression and putative gene expansion event in fish.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Intestinal and Central Nervous System Morphology in an Obese Animal Model (Danio rerio) Treated with 3,5-T2: A Possible Farm Management Practice?
Authors: Imperatore Roberta , Tunisi Lea , Mavaro Isabella , D’Angelo Livia , Attanasio Chiara , Safari Omid , Motlagh Hamidreza Ahmadniaye , De Girolamo Paolo , Cristino Luigia , Varricchio Ettore , Paolucci Marina
Published: July 2020

The 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) is an endogenous metabolite of thyroid hormones, whose administration to rodents fed high-fat diet (HFD) prevents body weight increase and reverts the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory factors associated to HFD. The diet-induced obese (D.I.O.) zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been recently used as an experimental model to investigate fundamental processes underlying central and peripheral obesity-driven inflammation. Herein, we aim to understand the role of 3,5-T2 in regulating central and peripheral inflammation in D.I.O. model of zebrafish. 3,5-T2 (10 nM and 100 nM) was administered with the obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. with 3,5-T2) or after 4 weeks of obesity-inducing diet (D.I.O. flw 3,5-T2). 3,5-T2 significantly increased the body weight and serum triglyceride levels in D.I.O. zebrafish in both conditions. Moreover, 3,5-T2 sustained or increased inflammation in the anterior (AI) and mid (MI) intestine when administered with the obesity-inducing diet, as indicated by the immunoexpression of the inflammatory markers tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), calnexin, caspase 3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). On the contrary, when 3,5-T2 was administered after the obesity-inducing diet, partly reverted the intestinal alteration induced by D.I.O. In addition, brain inflammation, as indicated by the increase in the activation of microglia, was detected in D.I.O. zebrafish and D.I.O. treated with 3,5-T2. These findings reveal that the effects of 3,5-T2 on fish intestine and brain can deviate from those shown in obese mammals, opening new avenues to the investigation of the potential impact of this thyroid metabolite in different diseases including obesity.
Behavioral Methods for Severity Assessment
Authors: Kahnau Pia , Habedank Anne , Diederich Kai , Lewejohann Lars
Published: July 2020

It has become mandatory for the application for allowance of animal experimentation to rate the severity of the experimental procedures. In order to minimize suffering related to animal experimentation it is therefore crucial to develop appropriate methods for the assessment of animal suffering. Physiological parameters such as hormones or body weight are used to assess stress in laboratory animals. However, such physiological parameters alone are often difficult to interpret and leave a wide scope for interpretation. More recently, behavior, feelings and emotions have come increasingly into the focus of welfare research. Tests like preference tests or cognitive bias tests give insight on how animals evaluate certain situations or objects, how they feel and what their emotional state is. These methods should be combined in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the well-being of laboratory animals.
Review: Practical Use of n-3 Fatty Acids to Improve Reproduction Parameters in the Context of Modern Sow Nutrition
Authors: Roszkos Róbert , Tóth Tamás , Mézes Miklós
Published: July 2020

The effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) have been frequently investigated in sows because the profitability of pig production depends mainly on reproduction performance. In feeding trials, different sources and doses of n-3 PUFAs-rich feeds were used with various breeds and stages of production; however, a discrepancy in the response of n-3 PUFAs on sow reproduction has been observed. According to the results of the previous studies, n-3 fatty acids can postpone the time of parturition, decreasing the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are necessary for uterus contraction during labour. These effects could also be useful during the post-weaning period when low prostaglandin levels are indispensable for embryo survival. The n-3 fatty acids fed during the lactation period secreted in milk, may improve piglet performance. In this review, we will focus on the contradictory results of previous studies concerning practical swine nutrition. The main purpose of the review is to highlight those periods of swine breeding when the use of n-3 fatty acids may be advantageous in case of the deficiency of these essential nutrients. In finding the appropriate dose of n-3 PUFAs in terms of sow nutrition, the n-6 PUFAs levels in the given feeds must be taken into account to ensure that there are no significant reductions in the final n-6/n-3 ratio. Despite the numerous previous field trials, there are no current feeding recommendations available for PUFAs in swine nutrition. Hence, more research is required in different practical feeding situations to certify the assumptions and conclusions of this review.
Elo Method and Race Traits: A New Integrated System for Sport Horse Genetic Evaluation
Authors: Giontella Andrea , Sarti Francesca Maria , Biggio Giovanni Paolo , Giovannini Samira , Cherchi Raffaele , Silvestrelli Maurizio , Pieramati Camillo
Published: July 2020

This first survey on Sardinian Anglo-Arab horse (SAA) race traits highlights important aspects for the breeding purpose of this population. The heritability of the race traits were estimated through a trivariate model; the estimates were 0.39, 0.33, and 0.30 for the number of placings, total earnings and Elo rating, respectively. The genetic progress could be improved by using an MT genetic evaluation of stallions and mares, combining information from competition traits.