bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing optical nonlinearities in GaInAs/AlInAs quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Gajic Aleksandra , Radovanovic Jelena , Milanovic Vitomir , Indjin Dragan , Ikonic Zoran
Published: May 2014

Regardless of the huge advances made in the design and fabrication of
mid-infrared and terahertz quantum cascade lasers, success in accessing the
~3-4 mm region of the electromagnetic spectrum has remained limited. This
fact has brought about the need to exploit resonant intersubband transitions
as powerful nonlinear oscillators, consequently enabling the occurrence of
large nonlinear optical susceptibilities as a means of reaching desired
wavelengths. In this work, we present a computational model developed for the
optimization of second-order optical nonlinearities in
In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As quantum cascade laser structures based on the
implementation of the Genetic algorithm. The carrier transport and the power
output of the structure were calculated by self-consistent solutions to the
system of rate equations for carriers and photons. Both stimulated and
simultaneous double-photon absorption processes occurring between the second
harmonic generation-relevant levels are incorporated into rate equations and
the material-dependent effective mass and band non-parabolicity are taken
into account, as well. The developed method is quite general and can be
applied to any higher order effect which requires the inclusion of the photon
density equation.
Environmental dose rate assessment of ITER using the Monte Carlo method
Authors: Karimian Alireza , Beheshti Amir , Abdi Mohammadreza , Jabbari Iraj
Published: May 2014

Exposure to radiation is one of the main sources of risk to staff employed in
reactor facilities. The staff of a tokamak is exposed to a wide range of
neutrons and photons around the tokamak hall. The International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a nuclear fusion engineering project and the
most advanced experimental tokamak in the world. From the radiobiological
point of view, ITER dose rates assessment is particularly important. The aim
of this study is the assessment of the amount of radiation in ITER during its
normal operation in a radial direction from the plasma chamber to the tokamak
hall. To achieve this goal, the ITER system and its components were simulated
by the Monte Carlo method using the MCNPX 2.6.0 code. Furthermore, the
equivalent dose rates of some radiosensitive organs of the human body were
calculated by using the medical internal radiation dose phantom. Our study is
based on the deuterium-tritium plasma burning by 14.1 MeV neutron production
and also photon radiation due to neutron activation. As our results show, the
total equivalent dose rate on the outside of the bioshield wall of the
tokamak hall is about 1 mSv per year, which is less than the annual
occupational dose rate limit during the normal operation of ITER. Also,
equivalent dose rates of radiosensitive organs have shown that the maximum
dose rate belongs to the kidney. The data may help calculate how long the
staff can stay in such an environment, before the equivalent dose rates reach
the whole-body dose limits.
Influence of the scintillation crystal option on the detector response of pet devices
Authors: Antic Vojislav , Stankovic Koviljka , Vujisic Milos , Osmokrovic Predrag
Published: May 2014

Positron emission tomography is a technology that provides unique and
exquisite possibilities in functional diagnostics, in the sense that it is
the most efficient and most reliable method for obtaining information about
biochemical activity and cellular metabolism in the body, by determining
exact localization and performing semi-quantitative assessment of the
distribution of a radioactive tracer. This paper compares the characteristics
of recently introduced lutetium based crystals to those of conventionally
used bismuth-ortho-germanate scintillators; both options are used as
scintillation detectors within the positron emission tomography systems.
Energy resolution and scintillation decay time of lutetium based crystals and
bis-muth-ortho-germanate crystals was experimentally tested. Main
scintillation detector parameters which affect the resulting detector
response are considered and analyzed, since they serve as the basis for a
positron emission tomography medical image.
‘A dance for all the outcasts’: Class and Postcolonialism in Brendan Behan's An Giall and The Hostage
Authors: Pierse Michael
Published: May 2014

As Susan Bassnett and Harish Trivedi argue, ‘translation does not happen in a vacuum, but in a continuum; it is not an isolated act, it is part of an ongoing process of intercultural transfer’. In understanding Brendan Behan's most celebrated and controversial translation, of his spare Irish language play An Giall (1958) to its riotous English counterpart The Hostage (1958), understanding the problematic ‘intercultural transfer’ between British and Irish life in the 1950s is crucial. Comparisons between both works reveal significant changes that illuminate Behan's relationship with both nations and provide a sometimes oblique metacommentary regarding his most pressing political and personal anxieties. Yet for all their differences, the plays also share a common desire to transcend the divisions forged by the colonial experience through critical understandings of life on either side of the Irish Sea. In this essay, I argue that Behan's act of transculturation reveals a great deal more reflexivity and depth than many of his critics would allow, developing an iconoclastic dialogue between British and Irish mid-century life.
Direct Energy Supply to the Reaction Mixture during Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal and Combustion Synthesis of Inorganic Materials
Authors: Rosa Roberto , Ponzoni Chiara , Leonelli Cristina
Published: May 2014

The use of microwaves to perform inorganic synthesis allows the direct transfer of electromagnetic energy inside the reaction mixture, independently of the temperature manifested therein. The conversion of microwave (MW) radiation into heat is useful in overcoming the activation energy barriers associated with chemical transformations, but the use of microwaves can be further extended to higher temperatures, thus creating unusual high-energy environments. In devising synthetic methodologies to engineered nanomaterials, hydrothermal synthesis and solution combustion synthesis can be used as reference systems to illustrate effects related to microwave irradiation. In the first case, energy is transferred to the entire reaction volume, causing a homogeneous temperature rise within a closed vessel in a few minutes, hence assuring uniform crystal growth at the nanometer scale. In the second case, strong exothermic combustion syntheses can benefit from the application of microwaves to convey energy to the reaction not only during the ignition step, but also while it is occurring and even after its completion. In both approaches, however, the direct interaction of microwaves with the reaction mixture can lead to practically gradient-less heating profiles, on the basis of which the main observed characteristics and properties of the aforementioned reactions and products can be explained.
The Role of microRNA in Head and Neck Cancer: Current Knowledge and Perspectives
Authors: Courthod Giulia , Franco Pierfrancesco , Palermo Loredana , Pisconti Salvatore , Numico Gianmauro
Published: May 2014

Head and neck cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Patients with advanced disease stages frequently develop recurrences or distant metastasis, which results a five-year survival rates of less than 60% despite considerable advances in multimodality therapy. A better understanding of molecular basis of tumorigenesis is required to improve clinical outcomes and to develop new anti-cancer drugs. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non-coding, RNA molecules that modulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They are important regulator in normal biological process; however miRNAs deregulation has been observed in many different tumors and is involved in tumorigenesis. miRNAs may act as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes. Several studies on head and neck cancer demonstrated how aberrant expression of miRNAs is involved in proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistence, and radioresistance. In addition, miRNAs are excellent biomarker targets because they circulate stable in human body fluids and can be obtained with non-invasive methods. Moreover, miRNAs up and down regulation has been correlated with specific cancer phenotype (poor prognosis, aggressiveness and resistance to treatment), playing a role as prognostic biomarkers. This review summarizes current finding on miRNAs in head and neck cancer and their potential role as target for next drug therapy.
Exploiting Illumina Sequencing for the Development of 95 Novel Polymorphic EST-SSR Markers in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa)
Authors: Liu Zhipeng , Liu Peng , Luo Dong , Liu Wenxian , Wang Yanrong
Published: May 2014

The common vetch (Vicia sativa subsp. sativa), a self-pollinating and diploid species, is one of the most important annual legumes in the world due to its short growth period, high nutritional value, and multiple usages as hay, grain, silage, and green manure. The available simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for common vetch, however, are insufficient to meet the developing demand for genetic and molecular research on this important species. Here, we aimed to develop and characterise several polymorphic EST-SSR markers from the vetch Illumina transcriptome. A total number of 1,071 potential EST-SSR markers were identified from 1025 unigenes whose lengths were greater than 1,000 bp, and 450 primer pairs were then designed and synthesized. Finally, 95 polymorphic primer pairs were developed for the 10 common vetch accessions, which included 50 individuals. Among the 95 EST-SSR markers, the number of alleles ranged from three to 13, and the polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.09 to 0.98. The observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, and the expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.11 to 0.98. These 95 EST-SSR markers developed from the vetch Illumina transcriptome could greatly promote the development of genetic and molecular breeding studies pertaining to in this species.
Relationship between Erythrocyte Omega-3 Content and Obesity Is Gender Dependent
Authors: Howe Peter , Buckley Jonathan , Murphy Karen , Pettman Tahna , Milte Catherine , Coates Alison
Published: May 2014

Epidemiological evidence of an inverse association between consumption of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and obesity has been conflicting, even though studies in animal models of obesity and limited human trials suggest that LC n-3 PUFA consumption may contribute to weight loss. We used baseline data from a convenience sample of 476 adults (291 women, 185 men) participating in clinical trials at our Centre to explore relationships between erythrocyte levels of LC n-3 PUFA (a reliable indicator of habitual intake) and measures of adiposity, viz. body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and body fat (BF) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Means ± SD of assessments were BMI: 34 ± 7 and 31 ± 5 kg/m2; WC: 105 ± 16 and 110 ± 13 cm; BF: 48 ± 5 and 35% ± 6% in women and men respectively. Erythrocyte levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were similar in men and women while docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) was higher and EPA + DHA (Omega-3 Index) slightly lower in men than in women. Both DHA and EPA + DHA correlated inversely with BMI, WC and BF in women while DPA correlated inversely with BF in men. Quartile distributions and curvilinear regression of the Omega-3 Index versus BMI revealed a steep rise of BMI in the lower range of the Omega-3 Index in women, but no association in men. Thus the results highlight important gender differences in relationships of specific LC n-3 PUFA in erythrocytes to markers of adiposity. If these reflect causal relationships between LC n-3 PUFA consumption and risk of obesity, gender specific targeted interventions should be considered.
Influence of Posture and Frequency Modes in Total Body Water Estimation Using Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy in Boys and Adult Males
Authors: Kagawa Masaharu , Wishart Connie , Hills Andrew
Published: May 2014

The aim of the study was to examine differences in total body water (TBW) measured using single-frequency (SF) and multi-frequency (MF) modes of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) in children and adults measured in different postures using the deuterium (2H) dilution technique as the reference. Twenty-three boys and 26 adult males underwent assessment of TBW using the dilution technique and BIS measured in supine and standing positions using two frequencies of the SF mode (50 kHz and 100 kHz) and the MF mode. While TBW estimated from the MF mode was comparable, extra-cellular fluid (ECF) and intra-cellular fluid (ICF) values differed significantly (p < 0.01) between the different postures in both groups. In addition, while estimated TBW in adult males using the MF mode was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than the result from the dilution technique, TBW estimated using the SF mode and prediction equation was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in boys. Measurement posture may not affect estimation of TBW in boys and adult males, however, body fluid shifts may still occur. In addition, technical factors, including selection of prediction equation, may be important when TBW is estimated from measured impedance.
Recent Advances in Plasmonic Sensors
Authors: Tong Lianming , Wei Hong , Zhang Shunping , Xu Hongxing
Published: May 2014

Plasmonic sensing has been an important multidisciplinary research field and has been extensively used in detection of trace molecules in chemistry and biology. The sensing techniques are typically based on surface-enhanced spectroscopies and surface plasmon resonances (SPRs). This review article deals with some recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors and SPR sensors using either localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) or propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The advances discussed herein present some improvements in SERS and SPR sensing, as well as a new type of nanowire-based SPP sensor.
A Space Weather Forecasting System with Multiple Satellites Based on a Self-Recognizing Network
Authors: Tokumitsu Masahiro , Ishida Yoshiteru
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes a space weather forecasting system at geostationary orbit for high-energy electron ﬂux (>2 MeV). The forecasting model involves multiple sensors on multiple satellites. The sensors interconnect and evaluate each other to predict future conditions at geostationary orbit. The proposed forecasting model is constructed using a dynamic relational network for sensor diagnosis and event monitoring. The sensors of the proposed model are located at different positions in space. The satellites for solar monitoring equip with monitoring devices for the interplanetary magnetic ﬁeld and solar wind speed. The satellites orbit near the Earth monitoring high-energy electron ﬂux. We investigate forecasting for typical two examples by comparing the performance of two models with different numbers of sensors. We demonstrate the prediction by the proposed model against coronal mass ejections and a coronal hole. This paper aims to investigate a possibility of space weather forecasting based on the satellite network with in-situ sensing.
Thermoresistive Strain Sensor and Positioning Method for Roll-to-Roll Processes
Authors: Liao Kuan-Hsun , Lo Cheng-Yao
Published: May 2014

This study uses the Joule heating effect-generated temperature difference to monitor in real-time and localize both compressive and tensile strains for the polymer substrates used in the roll-to-roll process. A serpentine gold (Au) line was patterned on a polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN) substrate to form the strain sensor based on thermoresistive behavior. This strain sensor was then subjected to either current or voltage to induce the Joule heating effect on the Au resistor. An infrared (IR) detector was used to monitor the strain-induced temperature difference on the Au and PEN surfaces and the minimal detectable bending radius was 0.9 mm with a gauge factor (GF) of 1.46. The proposed design eliminates the judgment ambiguity from conventional resistive strain sensors where resistance is the only physical quantity monitored. This study precisely and successfully indicated the local strain quantitatively and qualitatively with complete simulations and measurements.
Evaluation of Candidate Measures for Home-Based Screening of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Taiwanese Bus Drivers
Authors: Ting Hua , Huang Ren-Jing , Lai Ching-Hsiang , Chang Shen-Wen , Chung Ai-Hui , Kuo Teng-Yao , Chang Ching-Haur , Shih Tung-Sheng , Lee Shin-Da
Published: May 2014

Background: Sleepiness-at-the-wheel has been identified as a major cause of highway accidents. The aim of our study is identifying the candidate measures for home-based screening of sleep disordered breathing in Taiwanese bus drivers, instead of polysomnography. Methods: Overnight polysomnography accompanied with simultaneous measurements of alternative screening devices (pulse oximetry, ApneaLink, and Actigraphy), heart rate variability, wake-up systolic blood pressure and questionnaires were completed by 151 eligible participants who were long-haul bus drivers with a duty period of more than 12 h a day and duty shifting. Results: 63.6% of professional bus drivers were diagnosed as having sleep disordered breathing and had a higher body mass index, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure, arousal index and desaturation index than those professional bus drivers without evidence of sleep disordered breathing. Simple home-based candidate measures: (1) Pulse oximetry, oxygen-desaturation indices by ≥3% and 4% (r = 0.87~0.92); (2) Pulse oximetry, pulse-rising indices by ≥7% and 8% from a baseline (r = 0.61~0.89); and (3) ApneaLink airflow detection, apnea-hypopnea indices (r = 0.70~0.70), based on recording-time or Actigraphy-corrected total sleep time were all significantly correlated with, and had high agreement with, corresponding polysomnographic apnea-hypopnea indices [(1) 94.5%~96.6%, (2) 93.8%~97.2%, (3) 91.1%~91.3%, respectively]. Conversely, no validities of SDB screening were found in the multi-variables apnea prediction questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, night-sleep heart rate variability, wake-up systolic blood pressure and anthropometric variables. Conclusions: The indices of pulse oximetry and apnea flow detection are eligible criteria for home-based screening of sleep disordered breathing, specifically for professional drivers.
The Ugi four-component reaction as a concise modular synthetic tool for photo-induced electron transfer donor-anthraquinone dyads
Authors: Bay Sarah , Makhloufi Gamall , Janiak Christoph , Müller Thomas J J
Published: May 2014

Phenothiazinyl and carbazolyl-donor moieties can be covalently coupled to an anthraquinone acceptor unit through an Ugi four-component reaction in a rapid, highly convergent fashion and with moderate to good yields. These novel donor–acceptor dyads are electronically decoupled in the electronic ground state according to UV–vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. However, in the excited state the inherent donor luminescence is efficiently quenched. Previously performed femtosecond spectroscopic measurements account for a rapid exergonic depopulation of the excited singlet states into a charge-separated state. Calculations of the Gibbs energy of photo-induced electron transfer from readily available UV–vis spectroscopic and cyclovoltammetric data applying the Weller approximation enables a quick evaluation of these novel donor–acceptor dyads. In addition, the X-ray structure of a phenothiazinyl–anthraquinone dyad supports short donor–acceptor distances by an intramolecular π-stacking conformation, an important assumption also implied in the calculations of the Gibbs energies according to the Weller approximation.
Consecutive isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions: synthesis of cyclic pentadepsipeptoids
Authors: Barreto Angélica de Fátima S , Vercillo Otilie E , Wessjohann Ludger A , Andrade Carlos Kleber Z
Published: May 2014

The synthesis of six cyclic depsipeptoids inspired by the natural depsipeptide sansalvamide A is described. An efficient and fast synthetic strategy was developed using a combination of consecutive isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (Ugi and Passerini reactions). This methodology can be used to access a variety of cyclic oligodepsipeptoids.
The impact of poor working memory skills on a Grade 2 learner’s written and oral literacy performance
Authors: Linnegar Kate , Condy Janet , McKinney Emma
Published: May 2014

This research examines the effects of poor working memory skills on a Grade 2 learner. Mediated learning is the theoretical framework that underpins this research project as the focus is on developing cognitive functions, particularly focusing on the working memory of a learner. An independent case study was conducted on one learner, using a qualitative research approach. Interviews and observations were conducted and inductively analysed. The learner followed a six-week intervention programme which was dynamically informed by recent literature as well as observations, interviews and a psychologist’s report. The findings indicated that the learner’s working memory, with particular reference to processing and storage, was challenged. The large demands of the classroom environment led to memory failure and he was prone to making errors. He experienced slow progress in his reading abilities, was unable to retain words and his reading was inconsistent. To alleviate some of his working memory demands, activities and instructions were broken down into smaller components to minimise his memory load, thus avoiding working memory related failures.
Some Results on the Domination Number of a Zero-divisor Graph
Authors: Kiani Sima , Reza Maimani Hamid , Nikandish Reza
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we investigate the domination, total domination, and semi-total domination numbers of a zero-divisor graph of a commutative Noetherian ring. Also, some relations between the domination numbers of Γ(R/I) and Γ1(R), and the domination numbers of Γ(R) and Γ(R[x, α, δ]), where R[x, α, δ] is the Ore extension of R, are studied.
Complexifying Lie Group Actions on Homogeneous Manifolds of Non-compact Dimension Two
Authors: Ruhallah Ahmadi S. , Gilligan Bruce
Published: May 2014

If X is a connected complex manifold with dX = 2 that admits a (connected) Lie group G acting transitively as a group of holomorphic transformations, then the action extends to an action of the complexification Ĝ of G on X except when either the unit disk in the complex plane or a strictly pseudoconcave homogeneous complex manifold is the base or fiber of some homogeneous fibration of X.
Biogenic SOA formation through gas-phase oxidation and gas-to-particle partitioning – comparison between process models of varying complexity
Authors: Hermansson E. , Roldin P. , Rusanen A. , Mogensen D. , Kivekäs N. , Boy M. , Swietlicki E.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by the vegetation play an important role for the aerosol mass loadings since the oxidation products of these compounds can take part in the formation and growth of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The concentrations and properties of BVOCs and their oxidation products in the atmosphere are poorly characterized, which leads to high uncertainties in modeled SOA mass and properties. In this study the formation of SOA has been modeled along an air mass trajectory over the northern European boreal forest using two aerosol dynamics box models where the prediction of the condensable organics from the gas-phase oxidation of BVOC is handled with schemes of varying complexity. The use of box model simulations along an air mass trajectory allows us to, under atmospheric relevant conditions, compare different model parameterizations and their effect on SOA formation. The result of the study shows that the modeled mass concentration of SOA is highly dependent on the organic oxidation scheme used to predict the oxidation products. A near-explicit treatment of organic gas-phase oxidation (Master Chemical Mechanism version 3.2) was compared to oxidation schemes that use the volatility basis set (VBS) approach. The resulting SOA mass modeled with different VBS-schemes varies by a factor of about 7 depending on how the first generation oxidation products are parameterized and how they subsequently age (e.g. how fast the gas-phase oxidation products react with the OH-radical, how they respond to temperature changes and if they are allowed to fragment during the aging process). Since the VBS approach is frequently used in regional and global climate models due to its relatively simple treatment of the oxidation products compared to near-explicit oxidation schemes; better understanding of the abovementioned processes are needed. Compared to the most commonly used VBS-schemes, the near-explicit method produces less – but more oxidized – SOA.
Long-term trend of CO2 and ocean acidification in the surface water of the Ulleung Basin, the East/Japan Sea inferred from the underway observational data
Authors: Kim J.-Y. , Kang D.-J. , Lee T. , Kim K.-R.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Anthropogenic carbon is responsible for both global warming and ocean acidification. Efforts are underway to understand the role of ocean in a high CO2 world on a global context. However, marginal seas received little attention despite their significant contribution to biogeochemical cycles. Here we report the CO2 increase and ocean acidification in the surface waters of the Ulleung Basin (UB) of the East/Japan Sea, and possible causes are discussed. Fourteen observations of surface fCO2 were made in the period from 1995 to 2009. The contribution of temperature variation to the seasonality of fCO2 was almost equivalent to the non-thermal effect in the UB. However, the difference of relative contribution with the season makes two seasonal peaks of fCO2 in the surface water of the UB. Non-thermal effect contributed to the surface fCO2 drawdown in summer, whereas the surface fCO2 elevation in winter. The decadal trend of fCO2 increment was estimated by harmonic analysis. The estimated rates of increase of fCO2 were 1.8 ± 0.4 μatm yr−1 for the atmosphere and 2.7 ± 1.1 μatm yr−1 for the surface water. The ocean acidification trend, calculated from total alkalinity and fCO2, was estimated to be −0.03 ± 0.02 pH units decade−1. These rates seem to be higher than observations at most other ocean time-series sites during the same period of time. Sustained observations are required to understand more accurate trend in this area.
Seasonal Patterns in Syndromic Surveillance Emergency Department Data due to Respiratory Illnesses
Authors: Johnson Kelly , Alianell Alecia , Radcliffe Rachel
Published: May 2014

This abstract assesses the seasonal trends in respiratory illnesses using South Carolina syndromic surveillance emergency department data. The use of syndromic surveillance emergency department data to track respiratory illnesses is useful for the early detection of illness clusters in a particular area and for the development of prevention strategies in preparation of increases in respiratory illnesses.
Simulation-based Testbed for Bio-Surveillance Systems
Authors: Larocque Gerald , Locke Taylor , Lee Micah , Kite-Powell Aaron
Published: May 2014

The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is funding multiple development efforts directed at enhanced platforms to support bio-surveillance analysts under their Bio-surveillance Ecosystem (BSVE) program. These efforts include well-integrated user interface systems and advanced algorithmic concepts to facilitate analysis of diverse, pertinent data sources including traditional bio-surveillance data sources as well as social media inputs. A central challenge in this development effort is a practical, effective, method to test these prototype systems. This presentation discusses a simulation-based testbed to allow quantitative evaluation of analytical methods through controlled injection of simulated outbreak-related information into test data streams.
Staff Perceptions and Barriers to ED Based HIV Testing in an Urban Academic ED
Authors: Hustey Fredric M. , Phelan Michael P. , O'keefe Sharon , Barbour Tracy M.
Published: May 2014

In 2003, the CDC estimated that 1 million people in the USA were living with HIV/AIDS, and 25% were undiagnosed. For many such patients the ED may be the only contact with the health care system. We surveyed ED staff to evaluate attitudes and barriers towards ED based HIV testing. We found that in spite of recent CDC recommendations for HIV testing in high risk ED patients, there are still significant barriers to acceptance among ED health care providers.
Surveillance of Human Papilloma Virus in the United States to Evaluate Vaccine Impact
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Welch Ryan , She Rosemary
Published: May 2014

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a vaccine-preventable virus that can cause cervical cancer.  Widespread positivity rates in target groups before and since the introduction of the vaccine in 2006 would provide insight into the uptake of the vaccine. Data: Archived patient records were queried and formatted to allow analysis and determination of positivity rates. Results/Conclusions: Positivity rate estimates show a decrease in positivity for younger age groups. From 2004 to 2013, high-risk rates dropped 20% in women 14-24 years. After the vaccine introduction, HPV positivity has declined at a rate consistent with widespread inoculation, especially in younger women.
Tool for Detection of Spatio-temporal Clusters of Legionellosis in Toronto: The Legionella Alert Mapping Program (LAMP)
Authors: Arthur Anne , Banaszewska Anna , Gournis Effie
Published: May 2014

Describes a tool for the identification of spatio-temporal clusters of legionellosis in Toronto for the purpose of early outbreak detection - the Legionella Alert Mapping Program (LAMP).
Towards One Health: Increasing Awareness of Animal Health Among Public Health Stakeholders
Authors: Dórea Fernanda C. , Dupuy Céline , Akkina Judy E.
Published: May 2014

The recent focus on the 'One Medicine' concept has resulted in an increased awareness that the control of diseases in animal populations, whether zoonotic or not, can be of great public health importance. However, awareness of the activities developed in the field of animal health is still low among public health workers. In this roundtable the facilitators will encourage discussion regarding what can public and animal health learn from each other, focusing particularly on how this cooperation can be promoted.
Translating Heat-related Illness Surveillance Into Action Through Partnerships
Authors: Swenson David J. , Dufault Kenneth A. , Cahillane Matthew J.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this presentation is to communicate best practices NH realized in the development of an excessive heat surveillance response partnership for action through planning activities, partnership building, and the use of automated technology, with a focus on the use of surveillance data for actionable results.
Trend of Hospital Readmissions, Mortality, ER Visits and Observation Room Stays in Clostridium difficile Infection Cases in Medicare Advantage Population
Authors: Bhattacharjee Reshma , Pulungan Zulkarnain , Tiegland Christie
Published: May 2014

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of healthcare associated infection, morbidity and mortality - especially in the elderly - resulting in high readmission rates and posing a huge burden to rising healthcare costs. Due to its potentially preventable nature, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented rules in the Hospital Value Based Purchasing Program to penalize hospitals with high CD infection (CDI) rates. This study used a large nationally representative Medicare Advantage population to profile demographic traits and analyze trends in readmissions, mortality, emergency room visits and observation room stays in patients discharged with CDI from 2008 to 2011.
Use of Severity Indicators in a Public Health Surveillance System
Authors: Lizewski Rhonda A. , Burkom Howard , Lombardo Joseph , Cuellar Christopher , Elbert Yevgeniy , Pavlin Julie
Published: May 2014

While other surveillance systems may only use death and admissions as severity indicators, these serious events may overshadow the more subtle severity signals based on appointment type, disposition from an outpatient setting, and whether that patient had to return for care if they their condition has not improved.  This abstract discusses how these additional data fields were utilized in a fusion model to improve the Electronic Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE).
Using a Syndromic Approach to Study Health Impact and Risk Factors of Alcohol Intoxication in Reunion Island
Authors: Vilain Pascal , Larrieu Sophie , Combes Xavier , Bourdé Arnaud , Marianne dit Cassou Pierre-Jean , Mougin Damour Katia , Jacques-Antoine Yves , Filleul Laurent
Published: May 2014

In Reunion Island, alcohol is a major public health problem. Syndromic surveillance system based on ED data was used for describe alcohol intoxication visits between 2010-2012 and factors associated with their variations. During the study period, alcohol intoxication was the second leading cause of all visits in ED. Time-series models showed a robust association between ED visits and days of minimum social benefits payment, weekends, public holidays. These results will be transmitted to health authorities in order to orient the public health policies.
Using Social Media for Biosurveillance: Gap between Research and Action
Authors: Reynolds Tera , Cameron Mark , Conway Mike , Ising Amy , Lau Eric H.Y. , Olsen Jennifer , Pavlin Julie , Storm Bill , Suda Katie , Courtney Courtney
Published: May 2014

There is a significant body of literature on the use of social media for biosurveillance. However, less is known about the impact of integrating social media into public health practice, and resulting interventions. This motivated the ISDS Social Media for Disease Surveillance Workgroup to conduct a systematic literature review on the use of social media for actionable disease surveillance. Based on the preliminary results, there is little published literature on this topic, possibly suggesting that it is particularly challenging to translate research using social media for disease surveillance into practice.
Using Syndromic Surveillance to Investigate Tattoo-related Skin Infections in NYC
Authors: Kotzen Mollie , Mathes Robert , Lee Lillian , Weiss Don
Published: May 2014

Mycobacterium chelonae is not reportable in NYC. To investigate tattoo-associated M. chelonae infections, we used NYC ED syndromic surveillance for case finding and trend analysis. No significant trend emerged from 5 years of ED surveillance data. Thirty-one ED visits for tattoo complications were identified in the five-month period preceding a reported case of M. chelonae. Fourteen patients were interviewed, and none were suspected or confirmed with M. chelonae. Syndromic surveillance is an option for case finding when the event under surveillance is described by a unique and specific word or phrase, such as tattoo.
Utility of Data Fusion for Public Health Monitors: Lessons Learned from a Beta Test
Authors: Lizewski Rhonda A. , Burkom Howard , Lombardo Joseph , Cuellar Christopher , Elbert Yevgeniy , Ramac-thomas Liane , Pavlin Julie
Published: May 2014

The on-site beta test of system upgrade to the Early Notification of community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) allowed user feedback to the development team to aid in the evaluation of an analytic combination of weighted clinical and syndromic evidence, known as fusion, and direct the completion of the upgrade prior to launch.  The analytic fusion capability was improved particularly in the area of severity-related indicator data, improving algorithms, and user interfaces.
Village Doctors' Acceptability to a Syndromic Surveillance System in Rural China
Authors: Fei Yang , Ding Yan , Xu Biao , Nie Shaofa , Yan Weirong , Diwan Vinod K. , Sauerborn Rainer , Dong Hengjin
Published: May 2014

The present abstract is part of a broader research project to establish a syndromic surveillance system (ISS) in rural areas of China. Four counties in Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province were selected as study sites. As more than half of data collectors in the broader project are village doctors, a deeper understanding of the acceptability of village doctors is needed to guide decision makers. The purpose of this study is to identify different acceptability groups of village doctors and to explore factors influencing acceptability from their perspective.
Panorama internacional e nacional da estratégia do tratamento diretamente supervisionado (DOTS) nas políticas de controle da tuberculose
Authors: Ibanês Aline Santos , Carneiro Junior Nivaldo
Published: May 2014

A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa de grande impacto social causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) 2010 estima em 14 milhões o número de pessoas com tuberculose no mundo, com concentração crescente nos países com baixo desenvolvimento social. Em 1993, a OMS lançou o Tratamento Diretamente Supervisionado de Curto Prazo (DOTS), considerado a estratégia mais efetiva no controle da tuberculose em grandes proporções. O DOTS foi introduzido no Brasil em 1998, priorizando cidades com altos índices de casos. Estudos afirmam que houve progresso em diagnóstico, tratamento e rastreamento da tuberculose. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre as políticas de controle da tuberculose no mundo e no Brasil, enfatizando a estratégia DOTS. Foram selecionados documentos técnicos da OMS e do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e artigos científicos nas bases Pubmed e Scielo, estes últimos publicados entre janeiro de 1993 e janeiro de 2010, utilizando-se os descritores: DOTS-plus, treatment, HIV, tuberculosis e DOTS. Foram selecionados 21 artigos científicos de 178 publicações em periódicos e 11 documentos técnicos. Esta literatura enfatiza as políticas de controle da tuberculose no Brasil, no mundo e sua trajetória. Conclui-se que estratégias como o DOTS demandam longo período de adaptação dos profissionais da saúde e dos governos locais, mas já se observa melhora dos indicadores de controle da tuberculose com essas políticas.
As ilhas de fome e de exclusão social do “Brasil Sem Miséria”: comentário sobre o artigo Insegurança alimentar em povos de terreiros
Authors: Vasconcelos Francisco de Assis Guedes de
Published: May 2014

Não disponível
Imaging the high‐frequency energy radiation process of a main shock and its early aftershock sequence: The case of the 2008 Iwate‐Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, Japan
Authors: Sawazaki Kaoru , Enescu Bogdan
Published: May 2014

To understand the energy release process that operates at the end of the main shock rupture and start of the aftershock activity, we propose an inversion method that uses continuous high‐frequency seismogram envelopes of the main shock and early aftershocks (i.e., events that occur at short times after the main shock). In our approach, the aftershock sequence is regarded as a continuous energy release process, rather than a discrete time series of events. To correct for the contribution of coda wave energy excited by multiple scattering, we use the theoretical envelope synthesized on the basis of the radiative transfer theory as a Green's function. The site amplification factors are corrected considering the conservation of energy flux and using the coda normalization method. The inverted temporal energy release rate for the 2008 MW 6.9 Iwate‐Miyagi Nairiku earthquake, Japan, decays following t−1.1, at the lapse time t of 40–900 s after the main shock origin time. This exponent of the decay rate is similar to the p value of the modified Omori law. The amount of estimated energy release is consistent with that calculated from the magnitude listed in the aftershock catalog. Although the uncertainty is large, the location of large energy release at the lapse times of 40–900 s approximately overlaps to that of the aftershocks, which surrounds the large energy release area during the main shock faulting. The maxima of the energy release rate normalized by the average decay rate distributes following a power law, similar to the Gutenberg‐Richter law.
Nd isotopic structure of the Pacific Ocean 70–30 Ma and numerical evidence for vigorous ocean circulation and ocean heat transport in a greenhouse world
Authors: Thomas Deborah J. , Korty Robert , Huber Matthew , Schubert Jessica A. , Haines Brian
Published: May 2014

The oceanic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is a crucial component of the climate system, impacting heat and nutrient transport, and global carbon cycling. Past greenhouse climate intervals present a paradox because their weak equator‐to‐pole temperature gradients imply a weaker MOC, yet increased poleward oceanic heat transport appears to be required to maintain these weak gradients. To investigate the mode of MOC that operated during the early Cenozoic, we compare new Nd isotope data with Nd tracer‐enabled numerical ocean circulation and coupled climate model simulations. Assimilation of new Nd isotope data from South Pacific Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program Sites 323, 463, 596, 865, and 869 with previously published data confirm the hypothesized MOC characterized by vigorous sinking in the South and North Pacific ~70 to 30 Ma. Compilation of all Pacific Nd isotope data indicates vigorous, distinct, and separate overturning circulations in each basin until ~40 Ma. Simulations consistently reproduce South Pacific and North Pacific deep convection over a broad range of conditions, but cases using strong deep ocean vertical mixing produced the best data‐model match. Strong mixing, potentially resulting from enhanced abyssal tidal dissipation, greater interaction of wind‐driven internal wave activity with submarine plateaus, or higher than modern values of the geothermal heat flux enable models to achieve enhanced MOC circulation rates with resulting Nd isotope distributions consistent with the proxy data. The consequent poleward heat transport may resolve the paradox of warmer worlds with reduced temperature gradients.
Range of monthly mean hourly land surface air temperature diurnal cycle over high northern latitudes
Authors: Wang Aihui , Zeng Xubin
Published: May 2014

Daily maximum and minimum temperatures over global land are fundamental climate variables, and their difference represents the diurnal temperature range (DTR). While the differences between the monthly averaged DTR (MDTR) and the range of monthly averaged hourly temperature diurnal cycle (RMDT) are easy to understand qualitatively, their differences have not been quantified over global land areas. Based on our newly developed in situ data (Climatic Research Unit) reanalysis (Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications) merged hourly temperature data from 1979 to 2009, RMDT in January is found to be much smaller than that in July over high northern latitudes, as it is much more affected by the diurnal radiative forcing than by the horizontal advection of temperature. In contrast, MDTR in January is comparable to that in July over high northern latitudes, but it is much larger than January RMDT, as it primarily reflects the movement of lower frequency synoptic weather systems. The area‐averaged RMDT trends north of 40°N are near zero in November, December, and January, while the trends of MDTR are negative. These results suggest the need to use both the traditional MDTR and RMDT suggested here in future observational and modeling studies. Furthermore, MDTR and its trend are more sensitive to the starting hour of a 24 h day used in the calculations than those for RMDT, and this factor also needs to be considered in model evaluations using observational data.
Graphene‐Based Electroresponsive Scaffolds as Polymeric Implants for On‐Demand Drug Delivery
Authors: Servant Ania , Leon Veronica , Jasim Dhifaf , Methven Laura , Limousin Patricia , Fernandez‐Pacheco Ester Vazquez , Prato Maurizio , Kostarelos Kostas
Published: May 2014

Stimuli‐responsive biomaterials have attracted significant attention in the field of polymeric implants designed as active scaffolds for on‐demand drug delivery. Conventional porous scaffolds suffer from drawbacks such as molecular diffusion and material degradation, allowing in most cases only a zero‐order drug release profile. The possibility of using external stimulation to trigger drug release is particularly enticing. In this paper, the fabrication of previously unreported graphene hydrogel hybrid electro‐active scaffolds capable of controlled small molecule release is presented. Pristine ball‐milled graphene sheets are incorporated into a three dimensional macroporous hydrogel matrix to obtain hybrid gels with enhanced mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. These electroactive scaffolds demonstrate controlled drug release in a pulsatile fashion upon the ON/OFF application of low electrical voltages, at low graphene concentrations (0.2 mg mL–1) and by maintaining their structural integrity. Moreover, the in vivo performance of these electroactive scaffolds to release drug molecules without any “resistive heating” is demonstrated. In this study, an illustration of how the heat dissipating properties of graphene can provide significant and previously unreported advantages in the design of electroresponsive hydrogels, able to maintain optimal functionality by overcoming adverse effects due to unwanted heating, is offered.
Zur Brønsted‐Basizität von Diaminoboryl‐Anionen: Reaktivität gegenüber methylierten Benzolverbindungen und Wasserstoff
Authors: Dettenrieder Nicole , Aramaki Yoshitaka , Wolf Benjamin M. , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Zhao Xiaoxi , Yamashita Makoto , Nozaki Kyoko , Anwander Reiner
Published: May 2014

Die Umsetzung von Toluol oder p‐Xylol mit Diaminoboryllithium induziert Folgereaktionen, die eine Boryl‐Anion‐vermittelte Deprotonierung an der Benzylposition umfassen, gefolgt von einer nukleophilen Substitution am Borzentrum, die Benzylboran‐Spezies und LiH produziert. Diaminoboryllithium spaltet außerdem heterolytisch H2 unter Bildung von Diaminohydroboran und LiH, wohingegen die Reaktion von Lithiumdiaminoboryl(bromo)cuprat mit H2 unter gleichzeitiger Reduktion von CuI erfolgt, wobei Diaminohydroboran, LiH und Cu0 entstehen.
Dielectric behavior induced by vitamin E and electron beam irradiation in ultra high molecular weight polyethylene
Authors: Puértolas Jose Antonio , Martínez‐Morlanes Maria Jose , Teruel Roberto , Martinez‐Felipe Alfonso , Oral Ebru , Javier Pascual Francisco , Ribes Amparo
Published: May 2014

Radiation cross‐linked ultra high molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMWPEs) have been successfully used as wear resistant bearing surfaces in total joint arthroplasty. A recent development in this field is the incorporation of the antioxidant vitamin E into radiation cross‐linked UHMWPE. This study investigates the effects of radiation cross‐linking and vitamin E incorporation on the dielectric behavior of UHMWPE. The dielectric relaxations of virgin and 0.1 wt % vitamin E‐blended UHMWPE and their irradiated counterparts (up to 300 kGy dose) were investigated. To determine the effect of vitamin E content alone, vitamin E‐loaded UHMWPEs were used. The results showed that radiation cross‐linking and vitamin E content both increased dielectric polarization in UHMWPE and under some conditions induced electrical conductivity. This result is significant because it shows that the conductive response of UHMWPE‐bearing surfaces may depend on manufacturing processes and additives. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2014,131, 40844.