bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal Speciation in Separate Stormwater Systems
Authors: Morrison G. M. P. , Revitt D. M. , Ellis J. B.
Published: May 2018

Biogeochemical processes, affecting metal speciation in a gullypot system and at stormwater outfalls, are investigated. Ionic Pb and Cu species released from road sediments by add rain are scavenged by dissolved organic material and suspended solids as a result of a rise in pH through the road/gullypot system. Cadmium and Zn tend to remain in the dissolved phase. Bacterial activity and add dissolution produce increases in dissolved metal in the gullypot liquor and it is these metals which contribute to the early storm profile. Metals in basal gullypot sediments are readily mobilised during high volume/intensity storms. The resulting stormwater contains dissolved ionic forms of Cd and Zn, while Pb is mostly adsorbed to suspended solid surfaces. Copper also binds to solids, although approximately 50% is transported by dissolved organic material (molecular weight ≈ 1000-5000). For the separation of directly toxic metal species, anodic stripping voltammetry at polymer coated electrodes is preferred. Lead and Cu are present as iron/humic colloids and organic complexes respectively, which are not directly toxic to algae. Cadmium is predominantly ionic and inorganically complexed and therefore directly toxic. It is recommended that the highly toxic lipid soluble metal species should be analysed in stormwater.
Comparison of Pollutant Load Calculation Methods Based on Measured Data – State of the Investigation
Authors: Russ H.-J. , Uhl M.
Published: May 2018

The State Agency for Water and Waste in North Rhine-Westfalia, in co-operation with the Institute for Hydraulic Engineering of the Technical University of Darmstadt and the Institute for Water Management of the University of Hannover, is carrying out an investigation to compare and evaluate different methods for the calculation of pollutant loads. The investigation consists of two parts:Measurement projects in the variously configured combined sewer systems of two partial catchment areas. The aim of this is to obtain measured data to form the basis for the comparison of the calculation methods. It is also expected that advanced knowledge about the measurement techniques will be obtained.The comparison of the pollutant load calculation methods, with and without calibration, for both the catchment areas. Fifteen different methods for the computation of pollutant load are being compared. The comparison process is subdivided into five phases.

The measurement projects have been running successfully since 1987. The data base for the calibration of the models is available for one partial catchment. The comparison of models without calibration has already been completed.
An Evaluation of the Impacts of Discharges from Surface Water Sewer Outfalls
Authors: Payne J. A. , Hedges P. D.
Published: May 2018

A broad-based approach has been used to assess the impacts of discharges to rivers from 47 surface water severs, with the objective of determining whether such discharges are damaging to stream quality.

In order to study as many sites as possible, sampling, laboratory and data analysis techniques were designed to be as simple and rapid as possible. This broad approach was deliberately chosen to contrast with other UK studies in which a small number of sites have been investigated in detail.

Three parameters were studied, all of which could reflect the effects of intermittent pollution on stream quality during dry weather. These were the numbers and types of benthic nacroinvertebrates upstream and downstream of the outfalls, the concentrations of metals in algae upstream and downstream of the outfalls, and the concentrations of metals in sediments upstream and downstream of the outfalls.

Information relating to the study catchments has been collected from local authorities and by observation at the time of sampling. This information includes catchment areas, land uses and receiving stream quality.

Methods used for site selection, sampling, analysis and data interpretation are described. Results show that there is a small but significant fall in biological water quality downstreap of outfalls, but no consistent detectable impact on the concentrations of metals in sediments or algae.

The biological effects are compared with the catchment characteristics to identify the factors governing the impact, and upstream water quality is found to be an important factor. Other factors influencing the impact are sewered catchment area and land use.
Dissolved Oxygen Stream Model for Combined Sewer Overflows
Authors: Schaarup-Jensen K. , Hvitved-Jacobsen T.
Published: May 2018

Dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in receiving streams during combined sewer overflows (CSO) is aphenomenon which comprises dry weather processes, including photosynthesis, and wet weather impacts. During a CSO event a distinction between immediate and delayed DO consumption in the stream caused by biodegradation of soluble and particulate organics, respectively, is made.

Two DO models have been developed in order to simulate the combined dry weather and wet weather effects. The first one is a simplified model based on the concept of an extended Streeter-Phelps equation and the second one is an advanced model, which is made from two integrated parts a hydro dynamic and a transport-dispersion model. The structure of the two models is described and model results are compared and evaluated.
Improved Overflow in a Sewerage System as a Pollutant Load-Reducing Device
Authors: van Mameren H. J. , Zuidervliet J.
Published: May 2018

The applicability of improved overflows in sewerage systems in the Netherlands have been investigated within the framework of the Dutch Research Programme of the National Working Group on Sewerage and Water Quality (NWRW). As a result of the first part of the investigation, a high-side-weir chamber was built in IJsselmonde-Dorp in the municipality of Rotterdam to test this design under field conditions. Between May 1987 and September 1988, 18 storm events were monitored and samples extracted for analyses. The overall efficiency of the high-side-weir chamber was measured to be about 27% for COD, and 20% for total filtrable residue. Thus it is concluded that improved overflows, such as a high-side-weir chamber, have practical application under conditions as prevail in the Netherlands, namely flat terrain and multiple connected sewerage systems. This type of structure is a good choice for places where space is limited and finance is a major consideration.
Tracer Measurements of Reaeration in Gravity Sewers
Authors: Aagaard Jensen Niels , Hvitved-Jacobsen Thorkild
Published: May 2018

In order to evaluate existing empirical equations for prediction of reaeration in gravity sewers a tracer method was adapted for use in partly filled gravity sewers. Preliminary investigations were carried out in an intercepting sewer line.
Sediment Movement in Combined Sewers in Dundee
Authors: Goodison M. J. , Ashley R. M.
Published: May 2018

An integrated programme of work is underway in Dundee to formulate engineering strategies to alleviate the flooding in the city centre and also to minimise the continuing maintenance costs for sewer sediment removal. The objectives of this programme are commensurate with current UK research initiatives which are investigating the nature and movement of sewer sediments and associated pollution. As a consequence the studies in Dundee are providing data to assist in the development of new models for sewer flow quality.
A Study of Trash and Trash Interception Devices
Authors: Carleton M. G. , Nielsen J. S.
Published: May 2018

The composition of trash found in urban stormwater runoff was analysed following its collection by a trash rack and two floating booms in Sydney, Australia. Basically garden refuse, plastic and paper products were the main components of the trash collected. The effectiveness of trash interception devices was examined using results of field trials. For various flow velocities, widths of channel or river, storm-related loads and cleansing frequency the choice of trash racks or booms can be made.

Testing of a range of trash rack designs was performed in the laboratory with the principal aim of preventing rack blockages. Whilst both spacing between bars and the angle of inclination of the rack were related to self cleansing, ultimate blockage could not be prevented for the configuration tested. Either the racks should be designed to allow for overtopping when blocked or booms be used, despite their lesser efficiency.
Summary of Papers on Water Pollution in Eastern Africa
Authors: Grau P. , Puhakka J. A. , Rintala J.
Published: May 2018

The paper reviews the state-of-the-art papers and posters on water pollution in Eastern Africa presented during the symposium.
Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater in Biological Ponds
Authors: Zhoorov Vladimir , Zhookov Dmitri
Published: May 2018

Stabilization ponds for tertiary treatment of wastewater are characterised by low concentration of biomass and low rates of biodegradation processes.As in such condition the power requirements for effective mixing of the pond's content are 10–15 times superior to those necessitated by oxygen supply, it is sometimes considered that the introduction of artificial aeration into the pond's system is uneconomical. Nevertheless, analysis of the factors determining performance and efficiency of ponds shows that power requirement for aeration could be significantly increased by raising the oxidation capacity of the pond, while those for mixing purposes could be noticeably reduced by choosing the suitable equipment and appropriate manner of aeration. The first becomes possible through maintaining the highest concentration of biomass admissible from the standpoint of better separation of suspended solids from the effluent and by intensifying biochemical processes of treatment. The second is achievable by using intermittent aeration, dependent on the settleability of biomass, and suitable aerating equipment. This paper considers some analytical and practical aspects of such approach to the problem of determining detention time and capacity of an artificially aerated pond that could ensure required quality of the effluent expressed in terms of BOD and SS concentration parameters. All the main engineering features of this approach,such as the arrangement of a pond in three units(operated in series), two of which are aerated and the third one is designated for SS separation; the augmentation of pond's depth up to 5–6 m in order to reduce its surface area and, subsequently, the heat losses through it; the determination of biomass concentration on the basis of its settleability and of admissible SS concentration in the effluent; the employment of floating mechanical aerators designed to perform “ to and fro motion ” in its zone of influence, are reflected in a proposed series of equations, forming the method of calculation of aerated stabilization ponds.
Studies on the Land Treatment Irrigation System of Municipal Wastewater in Shengyang
Authors: Gao Zhengmin , Sun Tiehang , Qu Xiangrong
Published: May 2018

To make use of wastewater resources in harmony with nature, relying upon the decomposition capacity of the terrestrial ecosystem with soil-plant-microorganism mechanisms for self-purification, converting of harm into good, an artificial ecosystem involving industrial point pollution control, sedimentation and stabilization ponds, followed by a soil-plant system with special varieties of willow, sorghum and rice was established in pilot scale and its purification function for organic pollutants and essential macronutrients was studied. As the key parameters of environmental quality, BOD5, COD, TOC, N and P were monitored. Furthermore, some selected priority organic pollutants such as DBP, DEHP and their behaviour in the system were determined and evaluated carefully.

From the holistic point of view, the results obtained show an excellent performance for wastewater treatment which can match conventional secondary and partially advanced wastewater treatment.

Based on the 1986-1989 intensive laboratory and field integrated investigation, a model ecological engineering land treatment system is proposed as a reform of the traditional wastewater irrigation pattern in China.
Temperature Influence on Performance of Oxidation Ponds
Authors: Zhao Qingliang , Zhang Zijie
Published: May 2018

By means of simulated tests of a laboratory–scale oxidation pond model, the relationship between BOD5 and temperature fluctuation was researched. Mathematical modelling for the pond's performance and K1determination were systematically described. The calculation of T–K1–CeCe/Ci) was complex but the problem was solved by utilizing computer technique in the paper, and the mathematical model which could best simulate experiment data was developed. On the basis of experiment results,the concept of plug–ratio–coefficient is also presented. Finally the optimum model recommended here was verified with the field–scale pond data.
Approach to the Reforms in Nightsoil Treatment Process Introduced Abroad
Authors: Guo S. B. , Chen R. Z. , Li G. , Shoichi H. Y.
Published: May 2018

In 1987 Guangzhou Liede Nightsoil Treatment Plant started commissioning. The purpose of the plant is to dispose of 400 tons of nightsoi1 from city public toilets per day. In the first year of the commissioning a biological process was basically used according to the original design made by a Danish company. Practically it has been proved that the design is effective. The process can reduce BOD from 3800 mg/l to about 133 mg/l, or by approximately 96.5 percent. The performance of the sludge digester system is satisfactory. Because the primary investigation on characteristics of the nightsoil was insufficient there were some problems raised during the commissioning. So in the first year the effluent failed to achieve the desired quality. After the analysis of the plant performance some necessary reforms have been carried out. Now the effluent quality can stably meet the national discharge limits and the treatment cost decreases.
Investigation of a New Approach to Predict Water Quality Extremes with a Case Study of Chemical Determinands in Stream Water
Authors: Jakeman A. J. , Whitehead P. G. , Robson A. , Taylor J. A. , Bai J.
Published: May 2018

The paper illustrates analysis of the assumptions of the statistical component of a hybrid modelling approach for predicting environmental extremes. This shows how to assess the applicability of the approach to water quality problems. The analysis involves data on stream acidity from the Birkenes catchment in Norway. The modelling approach is hybrid in that it uses: (1) a deterministic or process-based description to simulate (non-stationary) long term trend values of environmental variables, and (2) probability distributions which are superimposed on the trend values to characterise the frequency of shorter term concentrations. This permits assessment of management strategies and of sensitivity to climate variables by adjusting the values of major forcing variables in the trend model. Knowledge of the variability about the trend is provided by: (a) identification of an appropriate parametric form of the probability density function (pdf) of the environmental attribute (e.g. stream acidity variables) whose extremes are of interest, and (b) estimation of pdf parameters using the output of the trend model.
Stochastic Modeling of Combined Sewer Flows
Authors: Zheng Shuhai , Novotny Vladimir
Published: May 2018

Modeling of sewer flow and quality is essential for real-time control (RTC) of sewer system and minimization of combined sewer overflows (CSOs). In this paper, the Box-Jenkins type transfer function is applied to the daily rainfall and sewer flow data to incorporate the stochastic nature of the rainfall and flow series. Two system identification techniques, different from the traditional Box-Jenkins', approach, are developed to identify sewer flow models. Both techniques are illustrated through their application of modeling sewer flow with actual time series of flow and rainfall from a combined sewer system. The onestep ahead predicted flow values are found to be in good agreement with the measured values.
A Non-Linear Stochastic Model for Adsorption in Batch Reactors
Authors: Argyelan J. , Mathews A. P. , Nassar R. , Lee S. M.
Published: May 2018

A non-linear stochastic model utilizing the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is developed to represent adsorption kinetics in batch adsorbers. The Markov process model equations that result are simpler to solve than deterministic model equations. Model parameters are developed for trichloroethylene adsorption from aqueous solutions on activated carbon for various adsorbent size and loading conditions. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental data.
Water Quality Management of Keelung River, Northern Taiwan
Authors: Lo K. S. L. , Chen H. H.
Published: May 2018

The Keelung River is one of the major tributaries of the Tansui River in Northern Taiwan. It has been heavily polluted by municipal and industrial wastewater. Based on the anaerobic CBOD and DO models, nitrification in the Keelung River and flushing time of pollutants, the calibration and verification of water quality parameters were investigated and discussed. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that K1 is the most sensitive parameter and K2 is the least sensitive to DO values in non-tidal river reaches. For the tidal reaches, the analysis indicated that Kd and K2 have larger effects on the DO values and D1 has the least effect relatively. In order to meet the water quality standards of the Keelung River, a great amount of benthic oxygen demand should be removed in addition to the secondary treatment of all point sources at downstream reaches. From the analysis of the waste load allocation, it was found that the amount of removed waste will be underestimated due to the fact that the nitrification process in the Keelung River is ignored.
Hydrodynamic Water Quality Simulation - An Approximative Solution
Authors: Ristenpart E. , Wittenberg D.
Published: May 2018

Impacts from combined sewer systems on receiving waters are heavily polluting a lot of small river ecosystems. A simulation model which can be used to predict the development of water quality after combined sewer overflows and other impacts from the urban drainage system has been developed. This model works with hydrodynamic flow calculation because it is applied in a system of small wetland creeks with nonstationary flow conditions. The numerical solution of the differential equations is described as well as calibration results. It is shown that water quality simulation based on the one-dimensional mass transport equation is possible for nonstationary flow conditions and is going to become very useful in urban drainage planning.
Pictorial Simulation Applied to Water Quality Modeling
Authors: Câmara A. S. , Ferreira F. C. , Fialho J. E. , Nobre E.
Published: May 2018

Pictorial simulation models considering pictorial entities and operations are introduced. Pictorial entities are defined by their shape, size, color and position. Pictorial operators include reproduction (copy of a pictorial entity), mutation (expansion, rotation, translation, change in color), fertile encounters (intersection, reunion) and sterile encounters (absorption). Pictorial simulation is applied to two water quality management problems to illustrate its potential applications: oil spill accidents and waste stabilization ponds ecology. Future developments tied to cellular automata modeling are also discussed.
Aspects of Intelligent Tutoring Systems Applied to Small Water Treatment Plant Expert Systems
Authors: Collins A. G. , Searleman J. , Collins K. J.
Published: May 2018

An expert system has been developed to aid the operators of small water treatment plants. A tutorial component of the expert system explains the possible reasons for common problems by focusing on the jar test analysis for chemical dosage control. The tutor provides an operator with the opportunity to run the jar test, receive feedback on the parameters selected, visualize the results on the actual water treatment processes, and be tutored in the topics related to understanding the processes involved and additional supplemental areas such as concentrations and conversions. A background of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, along with a justification of the approach, is provided. The development of the jar test tutor including knowledge representation is described.
Prediction of Activated Sludge Sedimentation Based on Sludge Indices
Authors: Hultman B. , Löwén M. , Karlsson U. , Li P. H. , Molina L.
Published: May 2018

Present requirements on nitrogen removal in Sweden make it necessary to increase the sludge concentration in the aeration basin of the activated sludge process. A project has started with the purpose to evaluate the possibilities to use different sludge indices to predict activated sludge sedimentation. Based on literature and experimental studies, it is shown that the diluted sludge volume index (DSVI), the sludge quality index (SQI) and the stirred specific volume index (SSVI3.5) are suitable to predict the sedimentation performance. The traditional sludge volume index (SVI) is not as useful and should therefore be replaced. However, it is possible to recalculate old data on SVI to values of SQI. The SQI value is approximately equal to DSVI and proportional to the SSVI-3.5 value. Pre-precipitation and pre-sedimentation seem to increase the values of the sludge indices.
Human Waste Use: Health Protection Practices and Scheme Monitoring
Authors: Strauss Martin
Published: May 2018

The first part of the paper provides a short and non-exhaustive overview of human waste use practices in agriculture and aquaculture mainly in the southern hemisphere. In the second part, institutional settings as well as regulations, strategies and practices of health protection in selected reuse schemes are presented and discussed. The promulgation of new guidelines for health protection in human waste use in the late eighties has led authorities in a number of countries to formulate new or amended national guidelines and to devise the monitoring and control of wastewater treatment and reuse schemes. The third part deals with these aspects and the author presents monitoring schedules for treated wastewater irrigation schemes.
Effluent Reuse by Trickle Irrigation
Authors: Oron Gideon , DeMalach Yoel , Hoffman Zafrir , Manor Yosi
Published: May 2018

Trickle systems can be implemented for domestic effluent disposal and reuse for irrigation of edible crops. This hypothesis was examined in field experiments conducted recently with the treated domestic wastewater of the city of Beer-Sheva, Israel. The results indicate that minimal soil surface and plant contamination was detected under subsurface trickle irrigation and maximal under sprinkler irrigation.
The Clogging Capacity of Reclaimed Wastewater: A New Quality Criterion for Drip Irrigation
Authors: Teltsch B. , Juanico M. , Azov Y. , Ben Harim I. , Shelef G.
Published: May 2018

The paper proposes a new water quality criterion for the evaluation of the water potential to clog screen filters which protect drip irrigation systems. This additional parameter is required by the increasing use of reclaimed wastewater for drip irrigation. A filtrability test which simulates actual clogging processes is used to analyze reservoirs receiving different portions of reclaimed wastewater (0 to 100 %) and the use of fish to reduce the particle content of water. The study demonstrates the suitability of the filtrability test to measure and analyze the clogging capacity of irrigation water, and the possibility to reduce clogging problems by proper reservoir management.
Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Metro Chicago
Authors: Knight Earl W. , Sokol Robert
Published: May 2018

The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (District) operates seven wastewater treatment plants that, in 1989, treated 1.8 × 1012 | (4.8 × 1011 gal) of wastewater. Some of the wastewater that is treated is reused, either externally by outside sources or internally within the plants, as an alternative to using potable water. The exported plant effluent is used for purposes of irrigation and commercial plant processes. The plant effluent that is utilized internally is used for equipment washdown, irrigation, pump seal water and wear ring flush, filter backwash, aeration tank foam control, equipment cooling water, venturi pressure tap purge, pipe flush, polymer solution make-up, sludge thickener dilution, and odor control. There are some problems associated with the reuse, but the underlying basis for using plant effluent rather than potable water is cost. It is less expensive to use plant effluent and, as long as the treated wastewater does not cause harm or damage, plant effluent is used.
Reclaimed Wastewater for Industrial Application
Authors: Tay Joo-Hwa , Chui Peng-Cheong
Published: May 2018

For highly urbanized cities with limited potable water resources, reclaimed wastewater may be one of the feasible alternative water sources. Reclaimed wastewater can be used for toilet flushing, cooling, washing, general cleaning and watering plants. It can also be used as process water for industries that manufacture papers, textiles, plastic goods, chemicals, rubber and steel products. Reclaimed wastewater can replace potable water in cooling systems of refineries and as mixing water and curing agent for concrete making.
Monitoring the Quality of Secondary Effluents Reused for Unrestricted Irrigation after Underground Storage
Authors: Azov Y. , Juanico M. , Shelef G. , Kanarek A. , Priel M.
Published: May 2018

A new wastewater reclamation system in Israel supplied 75 million cubic metres of water for unresticted irrigation during the first year of operation and is designed to supply up to 135 million cubic metres per year to arid and semi-arid areas of the country in the future. It consists of biological-mechanical treatment of the raw sewage of Greater Tel-Aviv, spreading and infiltration of the secondary effluents over large sand dunes for soil-aquifer treatment (SAT), storage in the aquifer, 52 recovery wells, a 100 km long conveying pipe and a distribution net to the irrigated areas in southern Israel. A slight decrease in some quality parameters was observed in the open floating reservoirs along the conveyance system. Nevertheless, the reclaimed water supplied during the first year of operation was of very good quality and may be used to irrigate all crops, including vegetables eaten raw, without any restriction. Careful monitoring of such large-scale schemes is essential to maintain consistent high-quality water and to achieve farmers and public acceptance.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Models of Dispersion Based upon Measurements in the North Sea
Authors: van Dam G. C.
Published: May 2018

After a brief historical review some recent developments are discussed, with an emphasis on particle simulation methods. Examples are shown of relatively short and relatively long time scale applications in connection with accidental spills and problems of continuous sources respectively.
The Occurrence and the Sources of Black List Substances in Two River Basins in the Netherlands
Authors: Pols H. B. , Hieltjes A. H. M. , Kouwe F. A.
Published: May 2018

In order to determine the sources of pollution of surface waters, an investigation into the occurrence of black list substances in two river basins has been made. Both rivers, “Voorste Stroom” and “Mark-Dintel”, are transboundary ones, coming from Belgium, and both rivers of discharge indirectly into the North Sea. The “Voorste Stroom” flows through a rural area with a number of natural parks. The area of the “Mark-Dintel” is more industrialized and the downstream polders are in agricultural use.

Over 75,000 samples have been taken throughout a whole year, and have been analyzed on the presence of over one hundred substances, a large number of them belonging to the black list of the European Community. Not only the surface waters and sediments of the “Voorste Stroom” and the “Mark-Dintel” have been sampled in various places but also the surface waters of upstream rivers, flowing to these two basins. The effluents of all the municipal wastewater treatment plants in the area have been analyzed. Furthermore, a number of industries discharging into these sewage systems, were taken into account.

In the whole area of the two basins, 82 out of 121 substances have been found to be present once or more in the surface water, leaving 39 that have not been found at all. Only 14 substances were frequently present, i.e. in over 50% of all the surface water samples. Another 17 substances were present in frequencies between 30 and 50%. The substances withe the highest frequencies belong predominantly tot the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and to the polychlorobiphenyls (PCB).

In spite of the large number of samples it was not possible to trace the real sources of all the substances polluting the surface water of the “Voorste Stroom” and “Mark-Dintel”. In a small number of cases the discharge from a municipal waste water treatment plant was of major importance tot the surface water quality, but within this study it was not possible to trace the discharge into the sewerage system. In all other cases the pollution seems to be from diffuse sources: groundwater, agricultural run-off, transboundary transport, and urban run-off. Nevertheless, more insight into the importance of the loads from the upstream rivers has been gained. The relative importance of the loads within these two areas to the North Sea may be calculated.
Pollution of the North Sea by West European Rivers
Authors: Hupkes R.
Published: May 2018

The pollution loads of the major rivers flowing into the North Sea are calculated over the period of 1984 to 1987. The loads were calculated on the basis of data as provided by the measuring authorities concerned. For several substances the loads are compared with other sources of pollution.

In general it can be stated that the reliability of the loads is rather low. Changes in the annual loads are seldom statistically significant over the period of four years.

The highest concentrations are, in most of the cases, found in the river Scheldt. When loads are considered the Rhine and Elbe contribute the largest loads for most of the substances.
Strategy for Protecting the North Sea: A Chemical Industry Perspective
Authors: Lawrence J. R. , Craig N. C. D.
Published: May 2018

The public has ever-rising expectations for the environmental quality of the North Sea and hence of everreducing anthropogenic inputs; by implication society must be willing to accept the cost of reduced contamination.

The chemical industry accepts that it has an important part to play in meeting these expectations, but it is essential that proper scientific consideration is given to the potential transfer of contamination from one medium to another before changes are made.

A strategy for North Sea protection is put forward as a set of seven principles that must govern the management decisions that are made. Some areas of uncertainty are identified as important research targets.

It is concluded that although there have been many improvements over the last two decades, there is more to be done. A systematic and less emotive approach is required to continue the improvement process.
Filtration Calculations for Water Development Projects: Software Package
Authors: Shvachich Tatyana G.
Published: May 2018

The system as a means of automated calculation of groundwater filtration in non-homogeneous porous medium with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions is provided. The package consists of a series of modules. The programs are developed for designing screened dams and are characterized by a substantial reduction of input data volume. The package is successfully used for designing of water development projects, providing a means of maintaining and analysing different antifiltration techniques, namely: screens, upstream floors (fores), flow cores, cutoff walls, concrete screens, etc. while constnacting dams and water development structures of arbitrary contours.

This particular package is designed to provide automated calculation of groundwater filtration in non-homogeneous porous medium with arbitrary initial and boundary conditions. The system can also provide a means of computing the two-dimensional filtration flow in water development structures such as dams, concrete structures and the like.

The package consists of a series of modules for designing the filtration effect in water development projects with both multi-layered and homogeneous basements, simulating the two-dimensional discontinuity filtration flows (screened dams particularly), plotting the hydrodynamic grid.

The modules provide capabilities for determining:–depression curve coordinates, i.e. basic data for calculation of slope stability and the proper slope geometry depending on underground freezing severity are provided;–filtration rates and the maximum values, i.e. the source information for calculating antisuffosion ground stability is provided;–head gradients and the peak values;–areas of all the cross-section elements;–field of heads;–back pressure values;–field of flow function, i.e. the value of a filtration flow rate in a zone between a water confining layer and a given field point;– water development structure shear strength.
Methanotrophs for Clean-Up of Polluted Aquifers
Authors: Halden K. , Chase H. A.
Published: May 2018

Aquifers are vital reserves of drinking water which are under threat from pollution. Particular problems are posed by chlorinated compounds such as pesticides and solvents which native microbial populations are unable to degrade. Pump and treat regimes have proved unsuccessful since pollutants remain adsorbed to sediments but a possible solution is the use of introduced microorganisms to degrade pollutants in-situ. It is suggested that methanotrophs may be suitable candidates.

Methanotrophs have an extraordinary range of degradative powers due to the non-specificity of their methane mono-oxygenase enzyme. We have shown that Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b is capable of degrading many common chlorinated pollutants co-metabolically when it is grown in a copper-depleted, oxygen-rich medium at neutral pH. In the subsurface however, such conditions do not exist and cultures grown in a medium made with untreated Cambridge aquifer water have a reduced range of degradative powers compared to similar cells grown in a medium made with distilled water. This means that to use methanotrophs for aquifer clean-up, the cells may need to be cultured above ground in ideal conditions and then introduced by some method of injection or infiltration. This may be possible because the degradative reactions are not coupled to growth and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b cells maintain pollutant degrading ability up to 19 days after they have stopped growing. A suspension of these cells may thus be treated as a biocatalyst.
Uranium Isotopes as Radioactive Pollutants in Groundwaters of the Morro do Ferro Thorium Deposit, Brazil
Authors: Bonotto D. M.
Published: May 2018

Groundwater and surface water samples were collected at Morro do Ferro, a thorium and rare earth deposit located on the Poços de Caldas Plateau, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to evaluate if the mechanisms related to the migration of 238U and 234U isotopes can generate concentrations greater than the grossalpha activity contaminant limit. The 238U content range was 0.003-0.24 pCi/l and the 234U content range was 0.004-0.25 pCi/l, showing that the studied hydrologie environment doesn't indicate pollution by radioactivity due to these nuclides. However, 226Ra and 228Ra isotopes can be considered as radioactive pollutants in groundwaters but not in surface waters of the Morro do Ferro.
Gasoline Hydrocarbons: Groundwater Pollution Potential in Metropolitan São Paulo
Authors: Oliveira E. , Cleary R. W. , Cunha R. C. A. , Pacheco A.
Published: May 2018

The municipality of São Paulo currently faces a potential groundwater threat from thousands of underground gasoline storage tanks. This study presents data to demonstrate the reality and size of this threat and provides technical guidance on how to assess and remediate gasoline releases from underground storage tanks.
Remedial Action for an Industrial Open Dump – Proposed Activities and Prospectives
Authors: Bernardes C. , Hirata R. , Mendes J. M. B. , Cleary R. W.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a methodology used to investigate an industrial open dump for its contamination aspects and the possible time for groundwater quality recovery after the implementation of several remedial actions. After 11 years of use of the site for dumping of residues, by the combined use of modelling and geophysics, it was determined that the contamination plume was 65m wide and more than 300m long. The main pollutants are fluorides and other salts. The remedial scheme proposed is basically regrading, impermeabilising the top. As industry needs a place to dispose of its residues it was determined that the best option for the new landfill site is to continue to use the area. The residue must be pretreated to immobilise the fluorides, and the landfill will be impermeabilised at the bottom and at the top. The modelling showed that in a monitoring well 120m below the site, 3½ years after the implementation of the measures the contamination will be only 20% of the initial value, and after 6½ years the quality of the water at that point will be equal to that of the background.
Site Selection, Current Design and Management Practices for Land Treatment Units of Petroleum Wastes
Authors: Casarini D. C. P. , Gloeden E. , Cunha R. C. de A.
Published: May 2018

Land treatment is defined as the hazardous waste management technology related to application and incorporation of waste into the defined treatment zone of the soil where will occur the degradation, transformation and immobilization of the constituents contained in the applied waste, to ensure protection of surface water and groundwater.

This paper describes some criteria for site selection of land treatment facilities used by petroleum refineries, as well as the engineering design, management practices to optimize the process and closure and post-closure techniques.
The Use of the SMA-Test for Measuring Toxicity in Anaerobic Sludges
Authors: Campos C. M. M. , Chernicharo C. A. L.
Published: May 2018

Monitoring of anaerobic sludges exposed to toxic or potentially toxic compounds is important in order to control the efficiency of the sludge when treating toxic wastes.

A new methodology developed for measuring specific methanogenic activity (SMA) has shown great sensitivity in detecting inhibition, even when caused by less toxic compounds such as Lithium Chloride.

Since the SMA-test is carried out using batch flasks (James et al., 1989), it is able to simulate the continuous exposure of the anaerobic sludge to toxic substances. The test also showed capability in detecting variation of methanogenic activity of anaerobic sludges exposed temporarily to toxic compounds (Anderson et al., 1989).

Although Lithium Chloride is considered to be a non-toxic substance (Tomlinson and Chambers, 1979), the SMA-test demonstrated that when anaerobic sludge was exposed continuously to this compound at concentrations of about 250 mgLi+/l, the sludge showed signs of inhibition, whereas for concentration of about 2,000 mgLi+/l the methanogenic activity of the sludge ceased completely.

This paper aims at showing how the SMA-test can be used as means of measuring inhibition caused by potentially inhibitory compounds on anaerobic sludge, and at the same time, suggests its standardization as an efficient tool for such purposes.
The Use of Degraded Areas for Industrial Waste Disposal
Authors: Orth M. H. de A. , Almeida Y. de C.
Published: May 2018

The subject of this paper is a study approved by Filsan Engenharia e Serviços S/A, about the use of areas degraded by mining activities for final disposal of solid waste from either urban or industrial origin.

Provided that technical and environmental conditions are properly secure for executing a project and for adequate operation of a landfill, the use of such areas is useful mainly because it brings the solution for two problems basically considered as main responsible for substantial environmental damages.
Water Quality Management in the Yodo River Basin – Case Study
Authors: Goda Takeshi , Nakanishi Hiroshi
Published: May 2018

This study investigated an appropriate sewage treatment system to be applied in a river basin where river water is re-used repeatedly. Many sewage effluents are discharged into the river's up-streamside from intake points for drinking water. The Yodo river was selected as a case study. The obtained results are as follows; 1) Investigations of COD, NH4-N, THMFP are necessary in polluted rivers used as drinkingwater sources. 2) The effect of a sewage treatment system construction for river water conservation should be evaluated with the predicted water quality in the low flow and the average flow condition. 3) Time and place variations of NH4-N concentration in the Yodo river are predicted by adaptation of a two dimensional unsteady diffusion model. 4) The greater part of TN or NH4-N load deposited at the Yodo river branches in the dry weather condition are washed away by the wet flow condition. 5) It will be possible to maintain the present water quality level for TN and NH4-N in the future, despite an increase of population in the Yodo area and the construction of a conventional sewage treatment system. 6) However, an adaptation of an advanced sewage treatment system is recommended for re-use as drinking water of the Yodo river water.
Beyond the Decade: A Framework for Global Cooperation
Authors: Rotival Alexander H.
Published: May 2018

The International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) was launched by the General Assembly of the United Nations in November 1980 with the goal “to provide all people with water of safe quality and adequate quantity and basic sanitary facilities by 1990”. The World Bank estimates that despite the efforts during the Decade less than 50 percent of developing country populations have access to adequate water supplies and only 20 percent to adequate sanitation facilities.

Major factors for the situation are the continuing population explosion and the economic stagnation of developing countries. Qualitative breakthroughs have been made however, through (i) improved coordination for sector inputs at the global and country levels, (ii) systematic formulation of country strategies, (iii) rationalization of the management of the sector, and most significantly through (iv) community involvement and (v) the adoption of low-cost sustainable and replicable technologies. The UNDP/World Bank Programme and the UNDP/WHO Decade Programmes have played a catalytic role in developing activities in these five areas.

To maintain Decade momentum beyond 1990 and to accelerate the provision of water supply and sanitation services to all, with emphasis on the unserved rural and peri-urban poor, by using a coordinated programme “Decade” approach, a Framework for Global Cooperation has been established. A series of meetings of a Collaborative Council of External Support Agencies (ESAs) is involved, leading to a global consultation in India in 1990 for all developing countries to define and achieve consensus on a water and sanitation sector strategy for “Beyond the Decade”.
Development of Drinking Water Quality Surveillance in Malaysia
Authors: Lum W. K.
Published: May 2018

This paper seeks to outline the development of a national programme for surveillance of drinking water quality in Malaysia. The need for such a programme defining organisational responsibilities, functions, procedures, activities and follow-up remedial actions was identified in a country-wide survey on drinking-water quality surveillance problems in 1983. The programme was planned based on W H O's “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality” (Draft 1983), taking into consideration the survey findings, and implemented with reasonable success within the constraints of existing levels of manpower, facility and budgetary resources.
The Evaluation of Genotoxicity Using DNA Repairing Test for Chemicals Produced in Chlorination and Ozonation Processes
Authors: Ono Yoshiro , Somiya Isao , Kawamura Masasumi
Published: May 2018

The umu-test which can detect the induction of DNA repair is applied in order to analyze the genotoxicity of by-products of chlorination and ozonation. In this research work, the genotoxicities of 37 comnercial chemicals which are expected to be involved in the by-products of chlorination and ozonation processes are checked and evaluated by the umu-test. The genotoxicities of the following organic halogenated compounds are clearly detected: Without microsomal activation; m-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and bromoform: With microsomal activation; m-dichlorobenzene, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and chloral are detected. From the results on some compounds which are expected to be produced by ozonation, formaldehyde and ionone show positive genotoxicities without microsomal activation, and 5 compounds have positive genotoxicities with microsomal activation; formaldehyde, furfrol, carvone, glyoxal and acrolein. The effects of the concentration on genotoxicities of those chemicals are discussed and compared with the results obtained in other bacterial assays. Some of the selected organic compounds, chloroform and so on, are identified positive genotoxic, which were reported not to be mutagenic in other bacterial assays. As the Quantitative evaluation for genotoxicity on chemical dose, the time of DNA repairing on damaged spots by SOS genes and the induction rate of umu gene are experimentally evaluated.
Sorption Kinetics of Non-Ionic Organic Pollutants Onto Suspended Sediments
Authors: Liljestrand H. M. , Lee Y. D.
Published: May 2018

The results of controlled batch experimental studies of the adsorption and desorption kinetics of dichlorobenzene to 1) size fractionated, washed sediments, 2) aggregate, washed sediment, 3) dissolved/colloidal sediment materials, and 4) bulk sediments,are used to determine the effect of inhomogeneous mixtures on the overall sorption rates. The size-segregated sediments are modeled as spherical particles with a porous outer shell of organic matter for sorption and an inert, inorganic core. The characteristic times of intraparticle diffusive transport are found to vary with particle size by about two orders of magnitude. The distribution of natural organic matter content with particle size results in sorption rates which differ greatly from that predicted by the monodisperse, homogeneous particle model. Coupled, reversible reactions between the solute and each solid size fraction are presented as a conceptual model for the interpretation of the empirical results of batch experiments.
Mechanism of Abrupt Increase in Toxicity of Organophosphorothionates to Tiger Shrimp Larvae with Progress of Stages
Authors: Kobayashi K. , Rompas R. M. , Imada N. , Oshima Y.
Published: May 2018

To elucidate the cause of an abrupt increase in the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides to tiger shrimp Penaeusjaponicus with the progress of larval stages, the toxicity of the pesticides to the shrimp larvae and the inhibition of larval acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by the pesticides, and the metabolism of fenitrothion(FS) in the larvae were studied at different stages, respectively. The toxicity of thiono-forms to the larvae increased abruptly with the progress of stages, whereas that of oxo-forms was unchanged from nauplius to postlarva. The susceptibility of larval AChE to each pesticide was almost unchanged in these stages. FS metabolic activity of zoea was very low, but the activity increased abruptly with their growth and resulted in the increase of fenitro-oxon which displays extremely high toxicity as compared with FS, i.e., the increase in the toxicity of thiono-forms to shrimp larvae with the progress of the stages must be due to the increase in the oxidative desulfuration activity.