bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simplified silver phosphate extraction method for oxygen isotope analysis of bioapatite
Authors: Shabaga Brandi M. , Gough Hilary , Fayek Mostafa , Hoppa Robert D.
Published: April 2018

Rationale

Although phosphatic materials are chemically complex and are prone to exchange oxygen isotopes with their environments, the phosphate (PO43−) component of these materials is robust and retains its original oxygen isotopic composition. As a result, there are currently several methods for the isolation of phosphate oxygen through the precipitation of silver phosphate (Ag3PO4). However, some of these techniques produce Ag3PO4 of questionable purity, while nearly all are lengthy and/or require relatively large sample sizes.

Methods

Five milligrams of bioapatite from modern cow teeth (enamel and cementum) were pre‐treated for removal of organic material prior to digestion in 2 M HF. The digested samples were titrated with silver ammine solution at 50°C to precipitate Ag3PO4. Oxygen isotopic data were collected using a Thermal Combustion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) paired with a Delta VPlus isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo III universal interface.

Results

The quality of Ag3PO4 is dependent on effective removal of organic material and the volume of silver ammine solution used during titration. A two‐step pre‐treatment of 2.5% NaOCl, followed by a 0.125 M NaOH solution, is the most effective treatment for the removal of organic material from both enamel and cementum. Optimal yields of Ag3PO4 were achieved using 1.8 mL of silver ammine solution. The reproducibility of the phosphate δ18O compositions ranges from 0.3 to 0.4‰ (1σ) for modern cow teeth.

Conclusions

We present a simplified method for phosphate extraction from organic‐rich phosphatic material. Our method gave reproducible δ18O values for enamel and cementum from cows' teeth.
Dynamic output‐feedback control for continuous‐time singular Markovian jump systems
Authors: Park Chan‐eun , Kwon Nam Kyu , Park PooGyeon
Published: April 2018

This paper considers a dynamic output‐feedback
control for continuous‐time singular Markovian jump systems, whereas the existing research studies in literature focused on state‐feedback or static output‐feedback
control. While they have only provided the sufficient conditions, this paper successfully obtains the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the dynamic output‐feedback
control. Furthermore, this condition is expressed with linear matrix inequalities by the so‐called replacement technique. Two numerical examples show the validity of the resulting control.
The Worst Kept Secret in Market Research
Authors: Chadwick Simon
Published: April 2018

Simon Chadwick interviews Gary S. Laben on the merger of Research Now and SSI
Cymene‐Osmium(II) Complexes with Amino‐Phosphane Ligands as Precatalysts for Nitrile Hydration Reactions
Authors: González‐Fernández Rebeca , Crochet Pascale , Cadierno Victorio
Published: April 2018

Three different series of half‐sandwich Os(II) complexes, namely [OsCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){PPh2(NR2)}] [R=Me (5a), Et (5b)], [OsCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){PPh(NR2)2}] [R=Me (6a), Et (6b)] and [OsCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){P(NR2)3}] [R=Me (7a), Et (7b)], have been synthesized. These species proved to be catalytically active for the selective hydration of organonitriles, with compound [OsCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){PPh2(NMe2)}] (5a) being the most effective. In addition, the catalytic activity of5awas found to be superior to those shown by related Ru(II), Ru(IV), Rh(I) and Pt(II) species containing the amino‐phosphane PPh2(NMe2), i. e. compounds [RuCl2(η6‐p‐cymene){PPh2(NMe2)}] (10), [RuCl2(η3:η3‐C10H16){PPh2(NMe2)}] (12), [RhCl(COD){PPh2(NMe2)}] (13) andcis‐[PtCl2{PPh2(NMe2)}2] (15). Details on the synthesis and characterization of complexes10,12and15are also included, along with a discussion on the role played by the ligand PPh2(NMe2) during the catalytic reactions. In this sense, the amino‐phosphane does not act as H‐bond acceptor for the water molecule, generating instead in the aqueous reaction medium the cooperative phosphinous acid ligand PPh2(OH).
Thermal Engineering in Low‐Dimensional Quantum Devices: A Tutorial Review of Nonequilibrium Green's Function Methods
Authors: Chen Xiaobin , Liu Yizhou , Duan Wenhui
Published: April 2018

Thermal engineering of quantum devices has attracted much attention since the discovery of quantized thermal conductance of phonons. Although easily submerged in numerous excitations in macrosystems, quantum behaviors of phonons manifest in nanoscale low‐dimensional systems even at room temperature. Especially in nanotransport devices, phonons move quasiballistically when the transport length is smaller than their bulk mean free paths. It has been shown that the phonon nonequilibrium Green's function method (NEGF) is effective for the investigation of nanoscale quantum transport of phonons. Here, two aspects of thermal engineering of quantum devices are discussed using NEGF methods. One covers transport properties of pure phonons; the other concerns caloritronic effects, which manipulate other degrees of freedom, such as charge, spin, and valley, via the temperature gradient. For each part, the basic theoretical formalisms are outlined first, then a survey of related investigations on models or realistic materials is presented. Particular attention is given to phonon topologies and the generalized phonon NEGF method. Finally, conclusions are offered and the study is summarized with an outlook.
Feasibility of Air Classification in Dust Recycling in the Iron and Steel Industry
Authors: Lanzerstorfer Christof , Angerbauer Albert , Gaßlbauer Michael
Published: April 2018

The potential of air classification of dusts from dry off‐gas cleaning for improved recycling of these dusts is investigated. By air classification, a dust can be separated into a coarse fraction and a fine fraction. Some components which are usually unwanted in recycled dust like alkali chlorides and Zn and Pb are often enriched in the fine dust fraction. Thus, air classification of dust before recycling will allow recycling of an increased amount of dust and, thereby reduce the amount of dust which has to be sent to landfill. The feasibility of such treatment is studied on the basis of estimated investment costs and operating costs. The main factors affecting the feasibility of such a treatment are the capacity of the unit, the cost of landfill of the respective dust, and the fraction of dust which can additionally be recycled after the treatment. The investigation of classification of BF dusts and sinter plant dust shows that economic operation can be reached under the assumed conditions at landfill costs above 35–60 EUR/t for BF dust and 90 EUR/t for sinter plant dry desulfurization and de‐dusting residue. The integration of air classification into EAF dust in‐plant recycling can be feasible, too.
An Improved CBR Model Based on Mechanistic Model Similarity for Predicting End Phosphorus Content in Dephosphorization Converter
Authors: Feng Kai , Xu Anjun , He Dongfeng , Wang Hongbing
Published: April 2018

There has been a lack of reliable online measuring equipment on end phosphorus content in dedicated dephosphorization converter, which leads to the low control accuracy of end phosphorus content. A Case‐based Reasoning (CBR) method based on mechanistic model similarity is proposed to predict the end phosphorus content in dephosphorization converter. The correlation between the influencing factors and target as well as the similarity between influencing factors of different cases are considered comprehensively in the proposed method. Firstly, the mechanistic model of end phosphorus content in dephosphorization converter is established by using the slag phosphorus distribution ratio and Matter Conservation. Then, the similarity calculation equation of mechanistic model is designed. Lastly, the prediction result is obtained by bringing the mechanistic model of end phosphorus content into the designed similarity calculation method. CBR method based on mechanistic model similarity (CBR‐MM), mechanistic model, Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), CBR based on Euclidean Distance similarity (CBR‐ED), and CBR based on Grey Distance similarity (CBR‐GD) are used to predict end phosphorus content by applying practical production data. The result shows CBR‐MM has higher prediction accuracy compared to other methods.
Neural network for software reliability analysis of dynamically weighted NHPP growth models with imperfect debugging
Authors: Rani Pooja , Mahapatra G.S.
Published: April 2018

This paper propose a learning algorithm of supervised back‐propagation neural networks for dynamic weighted combination of software reliability model. The proposed model is an assimilation of 3 well‐known non‐homogeneous poisson process (NHPP)–based software reliability growth models with imperfect debugging. The novel approach of proposed supervised back propagation–based neural network 2‐stage architecture has a great impact on the network by combining the imperfect debugging models based on the nature of fault introduction rate during testing and debugging. Function approximation metrics are used for comparing the proposed model with individual models. Three data sets are trained using supervised back‐propagation neural networks to compare the performance and validity evaluation of proposed and existing NHPP models and dynamic weighted combinational model. Reliability analysis among important NHPP models incorporating imperfect debugging is illustrated through numerical and graphical explanation of several metrics using supervised back‐propagation neural networks.
Phenological Diversity of Salmon Smolt Migration Timing within a Large Watershed
Authors: Carr‐Harris Charmaine N. , Moore Jonathan W. , Gottesfeld Allen S. , Gordon Jennifer A. , Shepert William M. , Henry James D. J. , Russell Harvey J. , Helin Wade N. B. , Doolan David J. , Beacham Terry D.
Published: April 2018

Although there is growing concern that climate change might drive phenological mismatches between predators and prey, it is possible that within‐ and among‐species phenological variation provides resilience against such a mismatch. One key life history event that may be vulnerable to climate‐induced mismatch is the seaward migration of juvenile salmon relative to the spring bloom of their marine zooplankton prey. Here, we quantified phenological diversity of out‐migration timing among salmon populations within a large watershed and its implications for climate mismatches with marine zooplankton. Specifically, we sampled juvenile Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka throughout the spring and early summer in the estuary of the Skeena River, a vast watershed with numerous locally adapted salmon populations that support commercial, recreational, and First Nations fisheries, and we used genetic stock identification to link the fish to their population of origin. We found that Sockeye Salmon were migrating through the estuary for more than 50 d, with peak emigration for different populations varying by over 5 weeks. The out‐migration timing of specific populations was related to geographic factors, including elevation of the rearing lake and the river distance between individual rearing lakes and the estuary, with different populations arriving 1.5 d later for every 100 m of elevation or 3 d later for every 100 km of river distance. Concurrent with sampling, we quantified the estuarine prey of juvenile Sockeye Salmon; zooplankton species composition and abundance varied throughout the smolt migration period, and the different salmon populations encountered different prey abundances upon ocean entry. Together, these results indicate underappreciated phenological diversity in this harvested metapopulation, which may contribute to response diversity and metapopulation‐level resilience to climate change.
The Uses and Misuses of Graphic Organizers in Content Area Learning
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy
Published: April 2018

Literacy instruction does not just happen during the language arts block, as students can learn more about reading and writing during science, social studies, and mathematics. This department features examples of how teachers can teach literacy across various content areas.
Light scalar dark matter at neutrino oscillation experiments
Authors: Liao Jiajun , Marfatia Danny , Whisnant Kerry
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Couplings between light scalar dark matter (DM) and neutrinos induce a perturbation to the neutrino mass matrix. If the DM oscillation period is smaller than ten minutes (or equivalently, the DM particle is heavier than 0.69×10−17 eV), the fast-averaging over an oscillation cycle leads to a modification of the measured oscillation parameters. We present a specific μ − τ symmetric model in which the measured value of θ
13 is entirely generated by the DM interaction, and which reproduces the other measured oscillation parameters. For a scalar DM particle lighter than 10−15 eV, adiabatic solar neutrino propagation is maintained. A suppression of the sensitivity to CP violation at long baseline neutrino experiments is predicted in this model. We find that DUNE cannot exclude the DM scenario at more than 3σ C.L. for bimaximal, tribimaximal and hexagonal mixing, while JUNO can rule it out at more than 6σ C.L. by precisely measuring both θ
12 and θ
13.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cysts, Cystlike Lesions, and Their Mimickers around the Knee Joint
Authors: Shikhare Sumer N. , See Poh Lye Paul , Chou Hong , Al-Riyami Abeer Mohamed , Peh Wilfred C.G.
Published: April 2018

While interpreting routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee joint, a radiologist may encounter various cystic lesions such as ganglion, synovial, and meniscal cysts, among others. In some cases, MRI may demonstrate cystlike lesions around the knee due to fluid distention of normal bursa and recesses, the diagnosis of which should not be difficult if a radiologist is familiar with their characteristic location and MRI appearance. In addition, there are cyst mimickers such as hematomas, abscesses, vascular lesions, and neoplasms around knee joint that may pose a diagnostic challenge on routine MRI. Due to their atypical location and variable morphology, contrast administration is helpful as the enhancement pattern aids to differentiate them from cysts and cystlike lesions. This pictorial essay aims to classify cysts, cystlike lesions, and cyst mimickers in and around the knee joint based on their anatomic location and highlight their characteristic MRI features.
Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Length as a Risk Factor of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in a Korean Male Population
Authors: Kim Jong Wook , Bae Young Dae , Ahn Sun Tae , Kim Jin Wook , Kim Je Jong , Moon Du Geon
Published: April 2018

Background

Testosterone action is mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), whose sensitivity is influenced by the AR CAG repeat polymorphism. However, the relation between late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) and AR CAG repeat length is unclear and studies of Asian populations are limited.

Aim

To investigate the relation between AR CAG repeat length and LOH in Korean men.

Methods

263 Korean men (mean age = 63.43 ± 10.9 years) were enrolled from 2014 to 2015. LOH diagnosis was based on a serum testosterone level lower than 3.5 ng/mL and positive androgen deficiency according to the Aging Males’ Symptom Scale (AMS). Total testosterone levels and answers to the LOH-related questionnaire were analyzed.

Outcomes

The relation between AR CAG repeat length and LOH was determined.

Results

Mean CAG repeat length was 22.1 ± 4.6 and mean serum testosterone levels were 2.6 ± 0.7 and 6.0 ± 2.0 ng/mL in men with and without LOH, respectively. Men with LOH showed significantly longer AR CAG repeat lengths than men without LOH (26.1 vs 21.6, P < .001). Longer CAG repeat lengths were correlated with higher AMS total scores (r = 0.454, P = .001) and AMS psychotic, somatic, and sexual sub-scores (r = 0.276, 0.246, and 0.571, P = .006, .007, .001, respectively) and significantly lower 5-item International Index of Erectile Function scores (r = −0.261, P = .001). Multivariate analysis showed that patient age and CAG repeat length were independently associated with LOH (odds ratio = 1.05 and 1.29, P = .041 and <.001, respectively).

Clinical Implications

A longer CAG repeat length is associated with LOH symptoms and LOH.

Strengths and Limitations

Associations between CAG repeats and LOH were verified in Korean patients. Moreover, a longer CAG repeat length was shown to be an independent risk factor for LOH. Limitations included the small number of LOH patients studied and that other sex hormone-associated factors were not measured.

Conclusions

AR CAG repeat length was associated with LOH prevalence and clinical symptoms in this Korean male population. Thus, it is important to measure CAG repeat length for patients with LOH symptoms with normal testosterone levels.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and risk of stroke and death in people with dementia
Authors: Tan Edwin C.K. , Johnell Kristina , Garcia‐Ptacek Sara , Haaksma Miriam L. , Fastbom Johan , Bell J. Simon , Eriksdotter Maria
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) use and risk of ischemic stroke and death in people with dementia.

Methods

A cohort study of 44,288 people with dementia registered in the Swedish Dementia Registry from 2007 to 2014. Propensity score‐matched competing risk regression models were used to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between time‐dependent AChEI use and risk of stroke and death.

Results

Compared with matched controls, AChEI users had a lower risk of stroke (hazard ratio: 0.85, 95% confidence interval: 0.75–0.95) and all‐cause death (hazard ratio: 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.72–0.80). After considering competing risk of death, high doses (≥1.33 defined daily doses) of AChEI remained significantly associated with reduced stroke risk.

Discussion

The use of AChEIs in people with dementia may be associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke and death. These results call for a closer examination of the cardiovascular effects of AChEIs.
Randomized, controlled, proof‐of‐concept trial of MK‐7622 in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Voss Tiffini , Li Jerry , Cummings Jeffrey , Farlow Martin , Assaid Christopher , Froman Samar , Leibensperger Heather , Snow‐Adami Linda , McMahon Kerry Budd , Egan Michael , Michelson David
Published: April 2018

Introduction

We evaluated the selective M1 muscarinic positive allosteric modulator, MK‐7622, as adjunctive cognitive enhancing therapy in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, proof‐of‐concept trial was performed. Participants with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease, being treated with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, were randomized 1:1 to 45 mg of MK‐7622 or placebo for 24 weeks. Endpoints included the mean change from baseline in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS‐Cog11) at 12 weeks and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory at 24 weeks.

Results

Two hundred forty participants were randomized. The trial was stopped for futility after meeting prospectively defined stopping criteria. MK‐7622 did not improve cognition at 12 weeks (group difference in ADAS‐Cog11: 0.18 [95% confidence interval: −1.0 to 1.3]) or function at 24 weeks (group difference in Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living Inventory: 0.06 [95% confidence interval: −2.4 to 2.5]). More participants taking MK‐7622 discontinued study medication because of adverse events than those taking placebo (16% vs 6%) and who experienced cholinergically related adverse events (21% vs 8%).

Discussion

MK‐7622 (45 mg) does not improve cognition or function when used as adjunctive therapy in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease.
Crowdsourcing Antiquities Crime Fighting
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: April 2018

In early 2017, Sarah Parcak used her $1 million TED Prize to build the GlobalXplorer° platform (https://www.globalxplorer.org) “to identify and quantify looting and encroachment to sites of archaeological and historical importance,” using a crowdsourced “citizen science” methodology popularized by the Zooniverse web portal. GlobalXplorer° invited the public to search satellite imagery from Peru for evidence of looting within 100 m × 100 m squares, training them along the way and gamifying participation. In this review, I test the platform and consider the applicability of GlobalXplorer° as a vector for changing the way that the general public perceives the global illicit trade in cultural objects.
Ecological Identity, Empathy, and Experiential Learning: A Young Child's Explorations of a Nearby River
Authors: Humphreys Chloe , Blenkinsop Sean
Published: April 2018

This article uses an unconventional format to explore the role of parent and nature and the development of a young child's ecological identity. It follows journal entries from a mother observing her young son, Julian, as he explores, interacts with, and learns from the Stawamus River on the west coast of British Columbia. By creating questions, discussing and analysing these written observations, we explore the role of parenting and nature and the implications this might have for environmental education. Some of the ideas explored in this article include early ecological identity, empathy, relational existence, experiential learning, and affordances in the natural world. We further suggest that nature and parent working together might become key educators for a child.
SPATIAL DEPENDENCE AND AGGREGATION IN WEATHER RISK HEDGING: A LÉVY SUBORDINATED HIERARCHICAL ARCHIMEDEAN COPULAS (LSHAC) APPROACH
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Tan Ken Seng , Porth Lysa , Wang Chou-Wen
Published: April 2018

Adverse weather-related risk is a main source of crop production loss and a big concern for agricultural insurers and reinsurers. In response, weather risk hedging may be valuable, however, due to basis risk it has been largely unsuccessful to date. This research proposes the Lévy subordinated hierarchical Archimedean copula model in modelling the spatial dependence of weather risk to reduce basis risk. The analysis shows that the Lévy subordinated hierarchical Archimedean copula model can improve the hedging performance through more accurate modelling of the dependence structure of weather risks and is more efficient in hedging extreme downside weather risk, compared to the benchmark copula models. Further, the results reveal that more effective hedging may be achieved as the spatial aggregation level increases. This research demonstrates that hedging weather risk is an important risk management method, and the approach outlined in this paper may be useful to insurers and reinsurers in the case of agriculture, as well as for other related risks in the property and casualty sector.
POLYMORPHISM AND THE OBSTINATE CIRCULARITY OF SECOND ORDER LOGIC: A VICTIMS’ TALE
Authors: PISTONE PAOLO
Published: April 2018

The investigations on higher-order type theories and on the related notion of parametric polymorphism constitute the technical counterpart of the old foundational problem of the circularity (or impredicativity) of second and higher-order logic. However, the epistemological significance of such investigations has not received much attention in the contemporary foundational debate.

We discuss Girard’s normalization proof for second order type theory or System F and compare it with two faulty consistency arguments: the one given by Frege for the logical system of the Grundgesetze (shown inconsistent by Russell’s paradox) and the one given by Martin-Löf for the intuitionistic type theory with a type of all types (shown inconsistent by Girard’s paradox).

The comparison suggests that the question of the circularity of second order logic cannot be reduced to Russell’s and Poincaré’s 1906 “vicious circle” diagnosis. Rather, it reveals a bunch of mathematical and logical ideas hidden behind the hazardous idea of impredicative quantification, constituting a vast (and largely unexplored) domain for foundational research.
Party Brands and the Democratic and Republican National Committees, 1952–1976
Authors: Heersink Boris
Published: April 2018

Political scientists have traditionally dismissed the Democratic and Republican National Committees as “service providers”—organizations that provide assistance to candidates in the form of campaign funding and expertise but otherwise lack political power. I argue this perspective has missed a crucial role national committees play in American politics, namely that national party organizations publicize their party's policy positions and, in doing so, attempt to create national party brands. These brands are important to party leaders—especially when the party is in the national minority—since they are fundamental to mobilizing voters in elections. In case studies covering the Democratic National Committee (DNC) and Republican National Committee (RNC) in the period 1952–1976, I show that minority party committees prioritize their branding role and invest considerably in their publicity divisions, inaugurate new publicity programs, and create new communication tools to reach out to voting groups. Additionally, I show that in cases where the party is out of the White House, the national committees have considerable leeway in deciding what party image to publicize. Rather than being mere powerless service providers, I show that party committees have played crucial roles in debates concerning questions of ideology and issue positioning in both parties.
More Than a Score: Interest Group Ratings and Polarized Politics
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: April 2018

This article examines the origins and influence of ideological index scores—where liberal and conservative interest groups rate legislator performance on selected roll call votes. Two such groups founded in the mid-twentieth century—the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the Americans for Constitutional Action (ACA)—were crucial to the development of this type of metric, transforming roll call analysis from detailed tabular scorecards into streamlined percentage scores showing how often a lawmaker voted “right.” ADA and ACA scores have been heavily utilized in political science as proxies for liberalism and conservatism and used to demonstrate the growing polarization of the congressional parties. Archival evidence suggests, however, that those scores were intended to create the very phenomenon they have been used to measure. They were deeply political rather than objective metrics, which the ADA and ACA used to guide their electoral activities in accordance with an increasingly partisan strategic plan. Each group directed campaign resources toward incumbent lawmakers they rated highly, but they did so unevenly—with the ADA favoring liberal Democrats over Republicans and the ACA showing a preference for conservative Republicans over time. By rewarding favored lawmakers in their preferred party, and using scores to highlight and discourage ideological outliers, they hoped to reshape the parties along more distinct and divided ideological lines—to create more “responsible” parties, as prominent political scientists then desired.
THEORY AND HISTORY OF FINANCIAL CRISES: EXPLAINING THE PANIC OF 1873
Authors: Nitschke Christoph
Published: April 2018

This article demonstrates the value of a joint application of the theory and history of financial crises of 1873. It weaves together concepts of financial and banking panic theory with a narrative explanation of the causes and triggers of the Panic of 1873. Basic concepts of economic theory, it suggests, can act as both a framework and a starting point to the historical interpretation of a financial panic.

Employing such theory, however, ultimately reinforces the need for contextual cultural explanations of financial panics. A theoretically grounded view of the cultural history of capitalism—and its sudden crises—can help explain why and how some structures of exchange systematized and conditioned human confidence within specific historical contexts.

Drawing together theoretical models of banking panic and historical evidence, this article thus emphasizes the importance of Gilded Age money-making culture for understanding the impact of Philadelphia financier Jay Cooke upon the causes of the Panic of 1873. Cooke's sudden and unexpected bankruptcy caused the deconstruction of confidence on the stock exchange and throughout the country. The cultural idiosyncrasy of Cooke's outstanding position in all matters of American finance multiplied the asymmetry that occurred in the wake of a major information shock.
WOBBLY VITALISM: BERGSON, SOREL, AND THE INTERPRETATION OF REVOLUTIONARY SYNDICALISM IN THE UNITED STATES, 1905–1915
Authors: Brown Jeffrey Scott
Published: April 2018

The vogue for the philosophy of Henri Bergson, and the popularity of vitalist ideas more generally, periodically claims the attention of historians of early twentieth-century American thought and culture. There is little appreciation, however, for either the broad epistemic significance of these ideas or for their profound ethical and political implications. This essay explores the activity of Bergsonian vitalism, particularly as applied by Bergson's radical compatriot, Georges Sorel, within the fractious conversation that attended the emergence of revolutionary syndicalism as a significant force in the pre-war 1910s. Understanding the ways in which this seemingly unprecedented menace to the status quo was understood facilitates a rethinking of the relationship between ideas and experience in the rise of the Industrial Workers of the World, and illuminates the attraction of radically empiricist approaches to interpreting social phenomena in the Progressive Era. Here, as elsewhere, Bergsonism challenged dominant materialistic and mechanistic explanations in the name of “life,” a seductive alternative for those alienated by, or suffering under, the juggernaut of urban-industrial modernization.
Die selbstberichtete Aggressivität von Thaiboxern, Fußballern und Tennisspielern
Authors: Jegher Ladina C. , Bertrams Alex , Englert Chris
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung. In der medialen Berichterstattung wurde der Sportart Thaiboxen (Muay Thai) eine potentiell aggressivitätsfördernde Wirkung zugeschrieben. In einer kürzlich veröffentlichten qualitativen Studie beschrieben sich Kickboxer jedoch eher als gewaltablehnend und -vermeidend. Während der kognitiv neo-assoziationistische Ansatz einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen Kampfsport und Aggressivität postuliert, geht man im Rahmen der Katharsis-Hypothese davon aus, dass Kampfsport die Aggressivität reduzieren kann. Das Ziel der vorliegenden quantitativen Studie war die Feststellung der selbstberichteten Aggressivität von Thaiboxer im Vergleich zu Sportler aus zwei anderen, gesellschaftlich sehr etablierten Sportarten (Fußball und Tennis). Dazu wurden 114 männliche Sportler aus zufällig ausgewählten Sportvereinen der Stadt Bern mittels einer standardisierten Aggressivitätsskala befragt. Thaiboxer gaben statistisch signifikant höhere generelle Aggressivitätswerte als Fußball- und Tennisspieler an. Dies lag vor allem an höheren Werten auf der Subskala körperliche Aggression. Fußball- und Tennisspieler unterschieden sich nicht signifikant voneinander hinsichtlich ihrer Aggressivitätswerte. Der Einsatz von Meditationstechniken während des Thaiboxtrainings könnte zur Reduktion von Aggressivität beitragen.
Vertical Profiles of Ice Cloud Microphysical Properties and Their Impacts on Cloud Retrieval Using Thermal Infrared Measurements
Authors: Khatri Pradeep , Iwabuchi Hironobu , Saito Masanori
Published: April 2018

Despite the vertically inhomogeneous (VIH) structure of ice clouds, current passive remote sensing methods assume plane‐parallel homogeneous (PPH) layers, which can lead to retrieval errors. An adequate VIH cloud model is required to improve retrieval performance. In this study, CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite measurements in a 1‐year period were analyzed to model cloud vertical inhomogeneity, and its impacts on cloud retrieval were assessed using thermal infrared (TIR) measurements. The satellite measurements revealed that the peak ice water content (IWC) located around the cloud vertical midpoint moved toward the cloud base as the ice water path (IWP) increased in clouds with small IWP values; thicker clouds exhibited a gradual shift in IWC peak location toward the cloud top as IWP increased. The vertical profiles of both the cloud‐particle effective radius (CER) and a proxy of cloud‐particle number concentration showed close associations with the vertical IWC profile. An empirical model linking cloud geometrical thickness to columnar optical properties (IWP and column‐mean CER) as a function of cloud‐top temperature was also proposed. Compared with a model assuming PPH clouds, the VIH cloud model improved retrieval performance by reducing the retrieval error of the TIR‐based passive remote sensing algorithm. Further, by increasing the retrieved values of cloud‐top height noticeably for high‐level clouds and column‐mean CER considerably, with minimal effects on cloud optical thickness retrieval, the VIH cloud model yielded results that were in better agreement with radar/lidar ice cloud products than those obtained under the assumption of PPH cloud layers.
Enhancement of a Parsimonious Water Balance Model to Simulate Surface Hydrology in a Glacierized Watershed
Authors: Valentin Melissa M. , Viger Roland J. , Van Beusekom Ashley E. , Hay Lauren E. , Hogue Terri S. , Foks Nathan Leon
Published: April 2018

The U.S. Geological Survey monthly water balance model (MWBM) was enhanced with the capability to simulate glaciers in order to make it more suitable for simulating cold region hydrology. The new model, MWBMglacier, is demonstrated in the heavily glacierized and ecologically important Copper River watershed in Southcentral Alaska. Simulated water budget components compared well to satellite‐based observations and ground measurements of streamflow, evapotranspiration, snow extent, and total water storage, with differences ranging from 0.2% to 7% of the precipitation flux. Nash Sutcliffe efficiency for simulated and observed streamflow was greater than 0.8 for six of eight stream gages. Snow extent matched satellite‐based observations with Nash Sutcliffe efficiency values of greater than 0.89 in the four Copper River ecoregions represented. During the simulation period 1949 to 2009, glacier ice melt contributed 25% of total runoff, ranging from 12% to 45% in different tributaries, and glacierized area was reduced by 6%. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreasing and increasing trends in annual glacier mass balance occurred during the multidecade cool and warm phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, respectively, reinforcing the link between climate perturbations and glacier mass balance change. The simulations of glaciers and total runoff for a large, remote region of Alaska provide useful data to evaluate hydrologic, cryospheric, ecologic, and climatic trends. MWBM glacier is a valuable tool to understand when, and to what extent, streamflow may increase or decrease as glaciers respond to a changing climate.
Mechanisms and Early Detections of Multidecadal Oxygen Changes in the Interior Subpolar North Atlantic
Authors: Tjiputra J. F. , Goris N. , Lauvset S. K. , Heinze C. , Olsen A. , Schwinger J. , Steinfeldt R.
Published: April 2018

The oxygen response in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) to future climate change is poorly understood. We investigate the multidecadal variability in interior oxygen and its association with the subpolar gyre index (a gyre strength proxy) for models and data. During positive phases, persistent strong Labrador Sea (LS) lateral and vertical mixing entrains oxygen‐rich water into the interior southern SPNA and vice versa during negative phases. This is indicated by the observed anomalously fresh, cold, and low apparent oxygen utilization, resembling LS water mass during positive phases. We use this relationship to benchmark Earth system models. Under a high CO2 future, the best performing models project a steady decline in SPNA oxygen, driven partly by lower solubility and increases in apparent oxygen utilization. The deoxygenation depends on the sensitivity of the LS mixing to warming. The time of emergence of interior oxygen is projected to be decades earlier than that of temperature and salinity.
Collapse and Earthquake Swarm After North Korea's 3 September 2017 Nuclear Test
Authors: Tian Dongdong , Yao Jiayuan , Wen Lianxing
Published: April 2018

North Korea's 3 September 2017 nuclear test was followed by several small seismic events, with one eight‐and‐a‐half minutes after the test and three on and after 23 September 2017. Seismic analysis reveals that the first event is a near vertical on‐site collapse toward the nuclear test center from 440 ± 260 m northwest of the test site, with its seismic source best represented by a single force with a dip angle of 70°–75° and an azimuth of ~150°, and the later events are an earthquake swarm located 8.4 ± 1.7 km north of the test site within a region of 520 m, with a focal depth of at least 2.4 km and a focal mechanism of nearly pure strike slip along the north‐south direction with a high dip angle of 50°–90°. The occurrence of the on‐site collapse calls for continued monitoring of any leaks of radioactive materials from the test site.
Examination of the Long‐Term Subsurface Warming Observed at the Apollo 15 and 17 Sites Utilizing the Newly Restored Heat Flow Experiment Data From 1975 to 1977
Authors: Nagihara S. , Kiefer W. S. , Taylor P. T. , Williams D. R. , Nakamura Y.
Published: April 2018

The Apollo heat flow experiment (HFE) was conducted at landing sites 15 and 17. On Apollo 15, surface and subsurface temperatures were monitored from July 1971 to January 1977. On Apollo 17, monitoring took place from December 1972 to September 1977. The investigators involved in the HFE examined and archived only data from the time of deployment to December 1974. The present authors recovered and restored major portions of the previously unarchived HFE data from January 1975 through September 1977. The HFE investigators noted that temperature of the regolith well below the reach of insolation cycles (~1 m) rose gradually through December 1974 at both sites. The restored data showed that the subsurface warming continued until the end of observations in 1977. Simultaneously, the thermal gradient decreased, because the warming was more pronounced at shallower depths. The present study has examined potential causes for the warming. Recently acquired images of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera over the two landing sites show that the regolith on the paths of the astronauts turned darker, lowering the albedo. We suggest that, as a result of the astronauts' activities, solar heat intake by the regolith increased slightly on average, and that resulted in the observed warming. Simple analytical heat conduction models with constant regolith thermal properties can show that an abrupt increase in surface temperature of 1.6 to 3.5 K at the time of probe deployment best duplicates the magnitude and the timing of the observed subsurface warmings at both Apollo sites.
Interaction of the primordial germ cell-specific protein C2EIP with PTCH2 directs differentiation of embryonic stem cells via HH signaling activation
Authors: Zuo Qisheng , Jin Kai , Song Jiuzhou , Zhang Yani , Chen Guohong , Li Bichun
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Although many marker genes for germ cell differentiation have been identified, genes that specifically regulate primordial germ cell (PGC) generation are more difficult to determine. In the current study, we confirmed thatC2EIPis a PGC marker gene that regulates differentiation by influencing the expression of pluripotency-associated genes such asOct4andSox2. Knockout ofC2EIPduring embryonic development reduced PGC generation efficiency 1.5-fold, whereasC2EIPoverexpression nearly doubled the generation efficiency both in vitro and in vivo.C2EIPencodes a cytoplasmic protein that interacted with PTCH2 at the intracellular membrane, promoted PTCH2 ubiquitination, activated the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway via competitive inhibition of the GPCR-like protein SMO, and positively regulated PGC generation. Activation and expression ofC2EIPare regulated by the transcription factor STAT1, histone acetylation, and promoter methylation. Our data suggest thatC2EIPis a novel, specific indicator of PGC generation whose gene product regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation by activating the HH signaling pathway via PTCH2 modification.
CCL4 enhances preosteoclast migration and its receptor CCR5 downregulation by RANKL promotes osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Lee Dabin , Shin Kyung-Ju , Kim Dong Wook , Yoon Kyung-Ae , Choi Young-Jin , Lee Bom Nae Rin , Cho Je-Yoel
Published: April 2018

Chemokine CCL4 (MIP-1β) is released from osteoblast cells to restore the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells during the activation of bone marrow. In this study, we investigated the function of CCL4 and its receptor CCR5 during osteoclastogenesis. CCL4 promoted the migration and viability of preosteoclast cells. However, CCL4 had no direct effect on the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in mouse preosteoclast cells. In addition, CCR5 expression was rapidly reduced by RANKL treatment, which was recovered by IFN-γ during osteoclastogenesis. CCR5 downregulation by RANKL was mediated by MEK and JNK in preosteoclast cells and promoted osteoclastogenesis. These results suggest that CCL4 can enhance the recruitment of preosteoclasts to bone in the early stage, and the reduction of CCR5 promotes osteoclastogenesis when RANKL is prevalent.
Nuclear fate of yeast snoRNA is determined by co-transcriptional Rnt1 cleavage
Authors: Grzechnik Pawel , Szczepaniak Sylwia A. , Dhir Somdutta , Pastucha Anna , Parslow Hannah , Matuszek Zaneta , Mischo Hannah E. , Kufel Joanna , Proudfoot Nicholas J.
Published: April 2018

Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) are conserved and essential non-coding RNA that are transcribed by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II). Two snoRNA classes, formerly distinguished by their structure and ribonucleoprotein composition, act as guide RNA to target RNA such as ribosomal RNA, and thereby introduce specific modifications. We have studied the 5ʹend processing of individually transcribed snoRNA in S. cerevisiae to define their role in snoRNA biogenesis and functionality. Here we show that pre-snoRNA processing by the endonuclease Rnt1 occurs co-transcriptionally with removal of the m7G cap facilitating the formation of box C/D snoRNA. Failure of this process causes aberrant 3ʹend processing and mislocalization of snoRNA to the cytoplasm. Consequently, Rnt1-dependent 5ʹend processing of box C/D snoRNA is critical for snoRNA-dependent methylation of ribosomal RNA. Our results reveal that the 5ʹend processing of box C/D snoRNA defines their distinct pathway of maturation.
Mixed-valence insulators with neutral Fermi surfaces
Authors: Chowdhury Debanjan , Sodemann Inti , Senthil T.
Published: April 2018

Samarium hexaboride is a classic three-dimensional mixed valence system with a high-temperature metallic phase that evolves into a paramagnetic charge insulator below 40 K. A number of recent experiments have suggested the possibility that the low-temperature insulating bulk hosts electrically neutral gapless fermionic excitations. Here we show that a possible ground state of strongly correlated mixed valence insulators—a composite exciton Fermi liquid—hosts a three dimensional Fermi surface of a neutral fermion, that we name the “composite exciton.” We describe the mechanism responsible for the formation of such excitons, discuss the phenomenology of the composite exciton Fermi liquids and make comparison to experiments in SmB6.
Glycine N-methyltransferase inhibits aristolochic acid nephropathy by increasing CYP3A44 and decreasing NQO1 expression in female mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Chang Ming-Min , Lin Chang-Ni , Fang Cheng-Chieh , Chen Marcelo , Liang Peir-In , Li Wei-Ming , Yeh Bi-Wen , Cheng Hung-Chi , Huang Bu-Miin , Wu Wen-Jeng , Chen Yi-Ming Arthur
Published: April 2018

Plants containing aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxins. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) acts to bind environmental toxins such as benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B1, translocate into nucleus, and alter hepatic metabolism. This study aims to determine the role of GNMT in AA-induced nephropathy. We established an AA nephropathy mouse model and found that AA type I (AAI)-induced nephropathy at a lower concentration in male than in female mice, implying sex differences in AAI resistance. Microarray analysis and AAI-treated mouse models showed that GNMT moderately reduced AAI-induced nephropathy by lowering the upregulated level of NQO1 in male, but significantly improved the nephropathy additionally by increasing Cyp3A44/3A41 in female. The protective effects of GNMT were absent in female GNMT knockout mice, in which re-expression of hepatic GNMT significantly decreased AAI-induced nephropathy. Mechanism-wise, AAI enhanced GNMT nuclear translocation, resulting in GNMT interaction with the promoter region of the genes encoding Nrf2 and CAR/PXR, the transcription factors forNQO1andCYP3A44/3A41, respectively. Unlike the preference forNrf2/NQO1transcriptions at lower levels of GNMT, overexpression of GNMT preferredCAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41transcriptions and alleviated kidney injury upon AAI treatment. In summary, hepatic GNMT protected mice from AAI nephropathy by enhancingCAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41transcriptions and reducingNrf2/NQO1transcriptions.
A 4-Week Model of House Dust Mite (HDM) Induced Allergic Airways Inflammation with Airway Remodeling
Authors: Woo L. N. , Guo W. Y. , Wang X. , Young A. , Salehi S. , Hin A. , Zhang Y. , Scott J. A. , Chow C. W.
Published: April 2018

Animal models of allergic airways inflammation are useful tools in studying the pathogenesis of asthma and potential therapeutic interventions. The different allergic airways inflammation models available to date employ varying doses, frequency, duration and types of allergen, which lead to the development of different features of asthma; showing varying degrees of airways inflammation and hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airways remodeling. Models that also exhibit airway remodeling, a key feature of asthma, in addition to AHR and airway inflammation typically require 5–12 weeks to develop. In this report, we describe a 4-week mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways inflammation, and compare the phenotypic features of two different doses of HDM exposures (10 µg and 25 µg) for 5 days/week with a well-characterized 8-week chronic HDM model. We found that 4 weeks of intranasal HDM (25 µg in 35 µl saline; 5 days/week) resulted in AHR, airway inflammation and airway remodeling that were comparable to the 8-week model. We conclude that this new 4-week HDM model is another useful tool in studies of human asthma that offers advantages of shorter duration for development and decreased costs when compared to other models that require longer durations of exposure (5–12 weeks) to develop.
Analog Approach to Constraint Satisfaction Enabled by Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Wijesinghe Parami , Liyanagedera Chamika , Roy Kaushik
Published: April 2018

Boolean satisfiability (k-SAT) is an NP-complete (k ≥ 3) problem that constitute one of the hardest classes of constraint satisfaction problems. In this work, we provide a proof of concept hardware based analog k-SAT solver, that is built using Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs). The inherent physics of MTJs, enhanced by device level modifications, is harnessed here to emulate the intricate dynamics of an analog satisfiability (SAT) solver. In the presence of thermal noise, the MTJ based system can successfully solve Boolean satisfiability problems. Most importantly, our results exhibit that, the proposed MTJ based hardware SAT solver is capable of finding a solution to a significant fraction (at least 85%) of hard 3-SAT problems, within a time that has a polynomial relationship with the number of variables(<50).