bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Richtlinien für die einheitliche Vorrechnung von Schmiedestücken
Authors: Euler Hans , Rummel Kurt
Published: December 2016

Die Bedeutung der Einheitlichkeit der Vorrechnung. Die Zwecke der Vorrechnung: Preisstellung, Vergleich mit der Nachrechnung [Zeitvergleich], Werksvergleich. Die Grundlagen einheitlicher Vorrechnung: Normalkosten und Beschäftigungsgrad, Gliederung des Schmiedebetriebes und Platzkostenrechnung, Gliederung der Vorrechnung und Kostenarten in: Einsatzkosten, Verarbeitungskosten, Sonderkosten, Ausschußrate, Vertriebskosten, Gewinnzuschlag. Der Gang der Vorrechnung: Vorschläge für den Aufbau der Vorrechnung, Beispiele für Vorrechnungsvordrucke. Schlußbemerkungen.
Eigenspannungen in wärmebehandelten Hohlzylindern aus Stahl
Authors: Buchholtz Herbert , Bühler Hans
Published: December 2016

Entstehung von Eigenspannungen beim Abschrecken von Hohlzylindern. Spannungsverhütung bei verschiedenen Abschreckarten. Einfluß des Bohrungsquerschnittes und des Kohlenstoffgehaltes auf die Härte‐ und Wärmespannungen. Zusammenhänge zwischen Durchhärtung und Spannungshöhe bei gehärteten und vergüteten Hohlzylindern. Verminderung und Beseitigung der Eigenspannungen durch Anlassen.
Der Einfluß von Arsen und Antimon auf Gußeisen
Authors: Piwowarsky Eugen , Vladescu Jon , Nipper Heinrich
Published: December 2016

Einfluß von Arsen bei verschiedenen Phosphor‐ und Schwefelgehalten sowie von Antimon auf Gefüge, Festigkeitseigenschaften, Verschleißwiderstand, Wachsen und Korrosionsbeständigkeit von Gußeisen. Versuche zur Reduktion von arsen‐ und antimonhaltigem Roteisenstein im Graphittiegel und Kleinkupolofen. Eigenschaften des erhaltenen Roheisens nach mehrmaligem Umschmelzen.
Betriebsnachrechnung und Kostenplanung im Stahlwerksbetrieb
Authors: Czermak Erich
Published: December 2016

Die „Betriebsphasen‟. — Schmelzen, Leerlauf, Warmhalten, Anheizen sind bei schlechtem Beschäftigungsgrad ausschlaggebend für die Kosten; diese sind zum größten Teil der Zeiteinheit der einzelnen Betriebsphasen und nur zum geringsten Teil den erzeugten Tonnen proportional. Nach den von Rummel entwickelten Gesichtspunkten der Kostenproportionalität wird eine Kostenberechnung durchgeführt.
Untersuchungen an Gußeisen auf einer neuen Verschleißprüfmaschine
Authors: Heimes Friedrich , Piwowarsky Eugen
Published: December 2016

Beschreibung einer Maschine, die die Prüfung bei rollender und gleitender Reibung, mit der Spindel‐Säge und bei Verschleiß in Sand u. ä. gestattet. Untersuchungen an verschiedenen Gußeisensorten.
Abhängigkeit der Elastizität und Zugfestigkeit des Gußeisens vom Gefüge
Authors: Schlechtweg Heinz
Published: December 2016

Das Elastizitätsgesetz für spröde Stoffe wie Gußeisen. Untersuchungen an einigen Gußeisenstäben über den Einfluß der Graphit‐ und Ferritausbildung auf die Elastizität und die Zugfestigkeit.
Einfluß verschiedener Legierungselemente auf die Graphitbildung im Gußeisen
Authors: v. Keil Othmar , Ebert Franz
Published: December 2016

Der Einfluß von Aluminium, Kupfer, Mangan, Nickel und Vanadin, teilweise gemeinsam mit Silizium, auf die Höhe des Kohlenstoffgehaltes in Eisen‐Kohlenstoff‐Legierungen, oberhalb dessen bei gegebener Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit Erstarrung nach dem stabilen System eintritt. Abhängigkeit dieses kritischen Kohlenstoffgehaltes von der Abkühlungsgeschwindigkeit.
Die chemische Untersuchung feuerfester Stoffe. VI. Die Bestimmung der Tonerde in Tonen und Schamotten
Authors: van Royen H. J. , Grewe H.
Published: December 2016

Schnellverfahren nach Mattheis; Versuchsergebnisse. Glühen von Tonerdehydrat und Aluminiumphosphat; Versuchsergebnisse. Glühbedingungen bei der Analyse.
Die Auswirkung der Röntgenstrahlenuntersuchung auf die Entwicklung der Metallkunde
Authors: Dehlinger Ulrich
Published: December 2016

Untersuchung von Zustandsschaubildern und des Kristallaufbaues durch Röntgeninterferenzverfahren. Aufstellung einer natürlichen Systematik der Legierungen danach. Prüfung des Verlaufs von Umwandlungen und Ausscheidungsvorgängen, der Auswirkung von Verformung und der Rekristallisation mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrahlen.
Die Umwandlung des Austenits im Schnellarbeitsstahl
Authors: Steinberg Sergius , Süsin Victor
Published: December 2016

Magnetometrische Messungen an Stahl mit 0,7 bis 0,85 % C, 16 bis 18 % W, 3,5 bis 4,5 % Cr und 0,7 bis 1 % V über die Umwandlungsgeschwindigkeit des Austenits unterhalb 800°, über den Einfluß der Abschrecktemperatur und des Teilzerfalls unterhalb 800° auf die Temperatur der Martensitbildung sowie über den Beginn der Austenit‐Martensit‐Umwandlung beim Anlassen abgeschreckter Proben.
Die Erzeugung von Werkzeugstahl im kernlosen Induktionsofen
Authors: Bardenheuer Peter , Bottenberg Werner
Published: December 2016

Versuchsschmelzen in einem kernlosen Induktionsofen von 300 kg Fassungsvermögen auf saurem Futter. Nichtmetallische Einschlüsse. Einfluß der Schmelzbehandlung auf die Güte des Stahles. Empfindlichkeit gegen Ueberhitzung. Vielhärtung.
Einfluß der Schnittbedingungen beim Schlichten auf das Oberflächenaussehen
Authors: Wallichs Adolf , Frank Rudolf
Published: December 2016

Einfluß der Schnittgeschwindigkeit, des Vorschubes, der Schnittiefe sowie einer Kühlung mit Rüböl oder Emulsion auf die Höhe der Aufbauschneide und damit auf die Rauheit der Werkstückoberfläche beim Schlichten. Zusammenhang der kritischen Schnittgeschwindigkeit, bei der die Rauhigkeit der Bearbeitungsfläche stark ansteigt, mit der Zugfestigkeit des Werkstücks. Einfluß der Drehgeschwindigkeit auf den Schnittdruck. Günstigste Arbeitsbedingungen beim Genauigkeitsgewindeschneiden.
Einfluß der Querschnittsverminderung beim Kaltziehen auf die Spannungen in Rundstangen
Authors: Bühler Hans , Buchholtz Herbert
Published: December 2016

Ausbohrversuche zur Bestimmung von Eigenspannungen in kalt gezogenen Stahlstäben. Der Einfluß der Querschnittsverminderung auf die Spannungsverteilung beim Ziehen. Drei Fälle der Spannungsverteilung. Zusammenhänge zwischen Festigkeitseigenschaften und Ziehspannungen bei gleicher Querschnittsverminderung.
Die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Graphits in flüssigem Eisen
Authors: Piwowarsky Eugen
Published: December 2016

Feststellungen über die Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Graphits in den verschiedensten Gußeisen auf Grund von Zeit‐Temperatur‐Kurren und nach Gefügeuntersuchungen an einseitig abgeschmolzenen und dann abgeschreckten Proben. Feststellung, daß eutektischer Graphit unmittelbar aus der Schmelze kristallisiert.
Bestimmung von Oberflächen dichter und poriger Körper
Authors: König Hermann
Published: December 2016

Bisheriges Verfahren für massive Körper. Seine Mängel und ein Vorschlag zur Abänderung. Ein einwandfreies Verfahren auf photographischem Wege. Anwendung auf einen Magneteisenstein. Weiterentwicklung des Prinzips für porige Körper. Bestimmung der Porenoberfläche durch Abzählung.
Schnittdruck und Standzeit beim Drehen legierter Baustähle
Authors: Plagens Helmut
Published: December 2016

Untersuchungen über Schnittdruck und Schnittgeschwindigkeit im Grobschnitt bei Einsatz‐ und Vergütungsstählen für den Automobilbau. Abhängigkeit des spezifischen Schnittdrucks von Spantiefe, Vorschub, Meißelform und Brinellhärte. Beziehung zwischen dem Schnittdruck und der für 1 h Standzeit des Meißels zulässigen Schnittgeschwindigkeit.
Der Einfluß der Kalkulationszwecke auf die Kalkulationsformen
Authors: Müller Adolf
Published: December 2016

Kostenrechnung als Zweckrechnung. A. Die Kalkulationsformen bei einheitlicher und uneinheitlicher Erzeugung: Aequivalenzziffernrechnung, Zuschlagskalkulation (Verrechnung der Gemeinkosten, Abgrenzung der Kostenträger). B. Die Kalkulationszwecke: Der Preis‐, Erfolgs‐, Kontrollzweck. C. Kritik der Kalkulationsformen im Hinblick auf die Zwecke: Divisionskalkulation; Aequivalenzziffernrechnung und Zuschlagskalkulation, Wesensunterschiede, Rechnungsformen und Proportionalitätsgesetz; die, verschiedenen Verfahren der Gemeinkostenverrechnung und der Kostenträgerabgrenzung. Zusammenfassung.
Zur Kennzeichnung der Reibung beim Umformen durch einen geeigneten Kennwert
Authors: Bühler Hans , Löwen Joachim
Published: December 2016

Überlegungen zur Kennzeichnung des Reibungszustandes beim Umformen. Messen der Normal‐ und Tangentialspannungen beim Warmstauchen mit Hilfe eines kombinierten Meßstiftes. Betrachtungen zur Gültigkeit des Amontons‐Coulombschen Gesetzes beim Umformen.
Querschnittsmessung an Rundwalzdraht und Rundstahl mit Hilfe des Wirbelstromverfahrens mit Durchlaufspulen
Authors: Höller Paul , Thoma Christian , Neumann Rudolf , Höhne Helmut
Published: December 2016

Verhalten eines metallischen zylindrischen Stabes im homogenen magnetischen Wechselfeld einer Spule. Beschreibung des Verhaltens durch die effektive Permeabilität und deren Abhängigkeit vom Verhältnis der Frequenz zur Grenzfrequenz. Einfluß des Querschnitts und der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Stabes auf die Grenzfrequenz und damit auf die Spuleninduktivität. Trennung von Leitfähigkeits‐ und Durchmessereinflüssen. Beseitigung des Einflusses der Leitfähigkeit durch hohe Frequenzen; Messung der Schwingfrequenz eines Oszillators mit Durchlaufspule. Vergleich von Wirbelstromverfahren und Meßverfahren mit Hilfe der Compton‐Streuung harter γ‐Strahlung. Erste Ergebnisse von Betriebsversuchen mit dem Wirbelstromverfahren.
Sehr schnelle Abkühlung von Metallschmelzen Aufbau einer Klatschkokille und Erstarrung der Schmelze darin
Authors: Blank Eberhard
Published: December 2016

Beschreibung des Aufbaus der verwendeten Klatschkokille einschließlich der Auslösevorrichtung. Untersuchungen und Erörterungen zum Erstarrungsvorgang geklatschter Proben im Hinblick auf die Verteilung der Schmelze zwischen den Kühlplatten, örtlichem Verlauf der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit und Probenhomogenität. Vorteile gegenüber bisherigen Anordnungen und Konstruktionshinweise für weiteres Vorgehen.
The Clinical Value of Assessing Lumbar Posteroanterior Segmental Stiffness: A Narrative Review of Manual and Instrumented Methods
Authors: Wong Arnold Y.L. , Kawchuk Gregory N.
Published: December 2016

Abnormal spinal segmental motion/stiffness is purported to be a cause, or an effect of, low back pain. Therefore, the assessment of posteroanterior segmental spinal stiffness is a common practice in clinical and research settings. In clinical settings, manipulative practitioners routinely assess spinal stiffness manually to guide clinical decision‐making. Unfortunately, the reliability of manual segmental spinal stiffness assessment is poor. As a result, various spinal stiffness‐testing devices have been developed to improve the reliability and accuracy of spinal stiffness measures. Although previous critical and systematic reviews have summarized the evidence regarding the reliability and confounding factors of manual and/or instrumented spinal stiffness measurements, no available review has summarized the principles of various spinal stiffness measurement methods nor pragmatic recommendations to optimize these measurements. Importantly, although posteroanterior segmental spinal stiffness is hypothesized to be related closely to low back pain or clinical outcomes after treatments, no review has been conducted to summarize evidence related to these premises and to discuss factors that can confound these relations. Against this background, this narrative review revisits the concept of both manual and instrumented spinal stiffness assessments, summarizes the pragmatic recommendations for minimizing measurement errors, reviews the potential relations between segmental spinal stiffness and low back pain, and provides future clinical research directions that can benefit clinicians and researchers alike.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable.
Speculators, Prices, and Market Volatility
Authors: Brunetti Celso , Büyükşahin Bahattin , Harris Jeffrey H.
Published: December 2016

We use data from 2005–2009 that uniquely identify categories of traders to test how speculators such as hedge funds and swap dealers relate to volatility and price changes. In examining various subperiods where price trends are strong, we find little evidence that speculators destabilize financial markets. To the contrary, hedge fund position changes are negatively related to volatility in corn, crude oil, and natural gas futures markets. Additionally, swap dealer activity is largely unrelated to contemporaneous volatility. Our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that hedge funds provide valuable liquidity and largely serve to stabilize futures markets.
The Strategic Behavior of Firms with Debt
Authors: Reboul Jérôme , Toldrà-Simats Anna
Published: December 2016

We empirically study the strategic behavior of levered firms in competitive and noncompetitive environments. We find that regulation induces firms to increase leverage, and this reduces their ability to compete when deregulation occurs. Large and small levered firms adopt different strategies upon deregulation. Whereas more levered small firms charge higher prices to increase margins at the expense of market shares, highly levered large firms prey on their rivals by increasing output and reducing prices to increase their market shares. The difference in their behavior is due to differences in their probability of bankruptcy and their financing constraints.
The Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Dryden Donna M. , Saunders L. Duncan , Rowe Brian H. , May Laura A. , Yiannakoulias Niko , Svenson Lawrence W. , Schopflocher Donald P. , Voaklander Donald C.
Published: December 2016

Objectives:

To describe the incidence and pattern of traumatic spinal cord injury and cauda equina injury (SCI) in a geographically defined region of Canada.

Methods:

The study period was April 1, 1997 to March 31, 2000. Data were gathered from three provincial sources: administrative data from the Alberta Ministry of Health and Wellness, records from the Alberta Trauma Registry, and death certificates from the Office of the Medical Examiner.

Results:

From all three data sources, 450 cases of SCI were identified. Of these, 71 (15.8%) died prior to hospitalization. The annual incidence rate was 52.5/million population (95% CI: 47.7, 57.4). For those who survived to hospital admission, the incidence rate was 44.3/million/year (95% CI: 39.8, 48.7). The incidence rates for males were consistently higher than for females for all age groups. Motor vehicle collisions accounted for 56.4% of injuries, followed by falls (19.1%). The highest incidence of motor vehicle-related SCI occurred to those between 15 and 29 years (60/million/year). Fall-related injuries primarily occurred to those older than 60 years (45/million/year). Rural residents were 2.5 times as likely to be injured as urban residents.

Conclusion:

Prevention strategies for SCI should target males of all ages, adolescents and young adults of both sexes, rural residents, motor vehicle collisions, and fall prevention for those older than 60 years.
Lazaroid Attenuates Edema by Stabilizing ATPase in the Traumatized Rat Brain
Authors: Durmaz Ramazan , Kanbak Güngör , Akyüz Fahrettin , Isiksoy Serap , Yücel Ferruh , Inal Mine , Tel Esref
Published: December 2016

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to determine the potential therapeutic value of the lazaroid U-83836E on blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and edema with respect to the changes in the synaptosomal Na+/K+and Mg2+/Ca2+- adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities, tissue malondialdehyde levels and the neuronal viability in the rat brain subjected to cerebral trauma.

Methods:

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was introduced by applying a 75 gm. cm force to the right parietal cortex using the weight-drop method. The first set of animals was used for determining time course changes of the synaptosomal Na+/K+and Mg2++/Ca2+-ATPase and the malondialdehyde levels and were sacrificed 2, 6 and 24h after lesion production. A group of the animals was treated with U-83836E proir to TBI and sacrificed 24h after cerebral injury. A second set of animals was used for evaluating the alterations in BBB disruption and tissue water content and were sacrificed 2, 6 and 24h after lesion production. Two groups of animals were treated with U-83836E and sacrificed after 2 and 24h following TBI. U-83836E was given intraperitoneally thirty minutes before trauma at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Neuronal necrosis was also evaluated in the groups of U-83836E and physiological saline-treated animals.

Results:

Extravasation of Evans blue into the traumatized hemisphere was maximum at 2h (p<0.001) and returned close to the control levels at 24h after TBI (p>0.05). Edema had developed progressively over time and reached the maximum degree of 2.1 % (p<0.001) at 24 h. U-83836E showed no effect on the BBB breakdown and the tissue water content at 2h and still had no effect on the BBB breakdown after 24h following the trauma (p>0.05), although it reduced edema after 24h (p<0.01). The losses of Na+/K+and Mg2+/Ca2+-ATPase activities were found as 39.5 % (p<0.001) and 29.4 % (p<0.01) of the control value, respectively, and remained at the decreased levels throughout the experiment. Malondialdehyde level continued to increase over time reaching up to 209 % (p<0.001) of the control value 24h after TBI. Both ATPase activities were improved to near control values (p>0.05) by the effect of U-83836E. U-83836E inhibited the increase of lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and also salvaged neuronal necrosis (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

U-83836E given prophylactically after cerebral trauma appears to reduce edema, possibly by inhibiting increases in lipid peroxidation and by stabilizing ATPase. Further studies are recommended to verify the similar effects of the brain penetrating lazaroids when they are given after trauma.
Magnetic Resonance Image Findings and Surgical Considerations in T1-2 Disc Herniation
Authors: Caner H. , Kilinçoglu B.F. , Benli S. , Altinörs N. , Bavbek M.
Published: December 2016

Objective:

To report a case of disc herniation at Tl-2.

Clinical presentation:

A 57-year-old man presented with hand weakness, Horner's syndrome, and pain radiating along the medial aspect of one upper extremity. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated extruded Tl-2 disc herniation with upward herniation of a sequestrated fragment.

Intervention:

An anterior approach was used to excise the disc, that was compressing the spinal cord and the Tl nerve root. All the patient's symptoms resolved completely, including Horner's syndrome.

Conclusion:

Anterior discectomy may be the simplest and most effective method for disc excision and relief of spinal cord and Tl nerve root compression.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Associated with Pasteurella multocida Meningitis
Authors: Proulx Normand L. , Freedman Mark S. , Chan James W. , Toye Baldwin , Code Cathy C.
Published: December 2016

Objective:

To describe a case of Pasteurella multocida meningitis associated with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Case report:

A 33-year-old woman employed in a dog pound presented herself to hospital with fever and meningismus and was found to have culture positive Pasteurella multocida meningitis. Despite appropriate antibiotic treatment her clinical course was characterized by a persistent fever and worsening encephalopathy, which prompted further neurological investigation. Spinal fluid exam and serial MRI scans as well as her one-year clinical course were found to be compatible with ADEM.

Conclusion:

Persistent fever and worsening encephalopathy in meningitis may indicate a para-infectious immune process such as ADEM, and may serve as indications for further neurological investigation.
Serum C-reactive protein levels and body mass index in children and adolescents with CHD
Authors: Goulart Maíra Ribas , Schuh Daniela Schneid , Moraes David W. , Barbiero Sandra Mari , Pellanda Lucia Campos
Published: December 2016

Background

The prevalence of overweight in children with CHD is about 26.9%. Increase in adipose tissue is related to the secretion of proinflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein. Assuming that children with CHD are exposed to other inherent risk factors for heart disease, our objective was to evaluate the correlation between levels of C-reactive protein and body mass index in children and adolescents with CHD.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with 377 children and adolescents with CHD in a clinical setting of a reference hospital was carried out. C-reactive protein data were collected after 12 hours of fasting. Nutritional status was classified according to body mass index. The patients were divided into three groups: cyanotic, acyanotic, and minimal heart defects (controls).

Results

The mean age was 9.9±4.2 years, and 53.6% of the sample included males. The cyanotic group represented 22.3%, acyanotic 42.2%, and minimal defects 35.5% of the sample. The average body mass index percentile was 57.23±32.06. The median values of C-reactive protein were as follows: cyanotic 0.340, acyanotic with clinical repercussion 0.203, and minimal defects 0.128. There was a significant difference between the minimal defects and the cyanotic groups (p=0.023). There was a significant correlation between C-reactive protein and body mass index percentile (r=0.293, p<0.01). C-reactive protein levels were higher in girls (p=0.034). There were no significant correlations between C-reactive protein and age or birth weight.

Conclusion

The correlation between body mass index percentile and C-reactive protein was confirmed in this population. The prevention of overweight is paramount to avoid overlapping modifiable risk factors to those already inherent to the CHD.
A Prospective Analysis of Patients Presenting for Medical Attention at a Large Electronic Dance Music Festival
Authors: Friedman Matt S. , Plocki Alex , Likourezos Antonios , Pushkar Illya , Bazos Andrew N. , Fromm Christian , Friedman Benjamin W.
Published: December 2016

Mass-Gathering Medicine studies have identified variables that predict greater patient presentation rates (PPRs) and transport to hospital rates (TTHRs). This is a descriptive report of patients who presented for medical attention at an annual electronic dance music festival (EDMF). At this large, single EDMF in New York City (NYC; New York, USA), the frequency of patient presentation, the range of presentations, and interventions performed were identified.

This descriptive report examined consecutive patients who presented to the medical tent of a summertime EDMF held at an outdoor venue with an active, mobile, bounded crowd. Alcohol was available for sale. Entry was restricted to persons 18 years and older. The festival occurred on three consecutive days with a total cumulative attendance of 58,000. Medical staffing included two Emergency Medicine physicians, four registered nurses, and 86 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. Data collected included demographics, past medical history, vital signs, physical exam, drug and alcohol use, interventions performed, and transport decisions.

Eighty-four patients were enrolled over 2.5 days. Six were transported and zero died. The ages of the subjects ranged from 17 to 61 years. Forty-three (51%) were male. Thirty-eight (45%) initially presented with abnormal vital signs; four (5%) were hyperthermic. Of these latter patients, 34 (90%) reported ingestions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or other drugs. Eleven (65%) patients were diaphoretic or mydriatic. The most common prehospital interventions were intravenous normal saline (8/84; 10%), ondansetron (6/84; 7%), and midazolam (3/84; 4%).

Electronic dance music festivals are a growing trend and a new challenge for Mass-Gathering Medicine as new strategies must be employed to decrease TTHR and mortality. Addressing common and expected medical emergencies at mass-gathering events through awareness, preparation, and early, focused medical interventions may decrease PPR, TTHR, and overall mortality.

FriedmanMS, PlockiA, LikourezosA, PushkarI, BazosAN, FrommC, FriedmanBW. A prospective analysis of patients presenting for medical attention at a large electronic dance music festival. Prehosp Disaster Med.2017; 32(1):78–82.
Word2Vec
Authors: CHURCH KENNETH WARD
Published: December 2016

My last column ended with some comments about Kuhn and word2vec. Word2vec has racked up plenty of citations because it satisifies both of Kuhn’s conditions for emerging trends: (1) a few initial (promising, if not convincing) successes that motivate early adopters (students) to do more, as well as (2) leaving plenty of room for early adopters to contribute and benefit by doing so. The fact that Google has so much to say on ‘How does word2vec work’ makes it clear that the definitive answer to that question has yet to be written. It also helps citation counts to distribute code and data to make it that much easier for the next generation to take advantage of the opportunities (and cite your work in the process).
Robustness up to 400°C of the passivation of c-Si by p-type a-Si:H thanks to ion implantation
Authors: Defresne A. , Plantevin O. , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere
Published: December 2016

Heterojunction solar cells based on crystalline silicon (c-Si) passivated by hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films are one of the most promising architectures for high energy conversion efficiency. Indeed, a-Si:H thin films can passivate both p-type and n-type wafers and can be deposited at low temperature (<200°C) using PECVD. However, such passivation layers, in particular p-type a-Si:H, show a dramatic degradation in passivation quality above 200°C. Yet, annealing at 300 – 400°C the TCO layer and metallic contacts is highly desirable to reduce the contact resistance as well as the TCO optical absorption. In this work, we show that as expected, ion implantation (5 - 30 keV) introduces defects at the c-Si/a-Si:H interface which strongly degrade the effective lifetime, down to a few micro-seconds. However, the passivation quality can be restored and lifetime values can be improved up to 2 ms over the initial value with annealing. We show here that effective lifetimes above 1 ms can be maintained up to 380°C, opening up the possibility for higher process temperatures in silicon heterojunction device fabrication.
Design and characterization of microstrip based E-field sensor for GSM and UMTS frequency bands
Authors: Narang N. , Dubey S. K. , Negi P. S. , Ojha V. N.
Published: December 2016

An Electric (E-) field sensor based on coplanar waveguide-fed microstrip antenna to measure E-field strength for dual-band operation at 914 MHz and 2.1 GHz is proposed, designed, and characterized. The parametric optimization of the design has been performed to obtain resonance at global system for mobile communication and universal mobile telecommunication system frequency band. Low return loss (−17 dB and −19 dB), appropriate gain (0.50 dB and 1.55 dB), and isotropic behaviour (directivity ∼ 1 dB), respectively, at 914 MHz and 2.1 GHz, are obtained for probing application. Antenna factor (AF) is used as an important parameter to characterize the performance of the E-field sensor. The AF measurement is explained in detail and results are reported. Finally, using the designed E-field sensor, the E-field strength measurements are carried out in a transverse electromagnetic cell. The key sources of uncertainties in the measurement are identified, evaluated, and incorporated into the final results. The measurement results are compared with theoretical values, which are found in good agreement. For comparative validation, the results are evaluated with reference to an already calibrated commercially available isotropic probe.
The Evolution of the Chinese Sìhū 四呼 Concept of Syllable Classification
Authors: Simmons Richard VanNess
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the origins and evolution of the Chinese linguistic concept known as the sìhū 四呼 “four types of rime onset” that is frequently applied to the description and analysis of Mandarin and Chinese dialect phonology. Through the examination of phonological texts primarily of the Míng (1368–1644) and Qīng (1644–1911) periods, the author follows the evolution of the sìhū as a phonological feature and outlines the development of the sìhū concept as well as the evolution of the actual term “sìhū” The underlying phonology of the sìhū emerged following the divergence of Mandarin from the other dialects in the Sòng (960–1279), through the Yuán (1271–1386), and into the Míng. The discovery and description of the sìhū was closely related to developments in phonological analysis made by Míng scholars as they departed from Middle Chinese tradition (of the 7th to the 12th centuries) and mapped out contemporary Mandarin pronunciation, especially that of the prestige Mandarin koinē known as Guānhuà. The emergence and description of the sìhū are thus found to parallel the evolution of Mandarin, as the phonological categories the sìhū represent evolved in concert with characteristic Mandarin features. The attention that Míng and Qīng scholars gave to the rime onset types of the sìhū analysis demonstrates that the phonological features represented by this four-way paradigm were considered to be important elements of contemporary forms of prestige Mandarin.
Gender Asymmetries in Iroquoian Languages and their Cultural Correlates
Authors: Kilarski Marcin
Published: December 2016

This article examines the approaches to grammatical gender in Northern Iroquoian languages, ranging from the earliest references made by French missionaries in the 1630s to contemporary studies. The author focuses on two motifs in descriptions of Iroquoian gender: the supposedly ‘primitive’ nature of its morphological expression, which was mentioned predominantly in 18th-century accounts of Huron, and the asymmetries between the expression of masculine and feminine reference, which have been the main topic of the accounts of Mohawk, Oneida and Onondaga since the late 19th century. By tracing the two motifs the close links that were established between gender and culture patterns are illustrated, frequently leading to contradictory explanations concerning diachronic scenarios as well as more general impressionistic properties attributed to the languages and their speakers.
Cultural dimensions and an intercultural study of narratorial behavior
Authors: Cattrysse Patrick
Published: December 2016

This paper introduces the concept of ‘cultural dimension’ as developed in intercultural communication, into the field of intercultural narrative studies. Since cultural dimensions describe and explain social human behavior, the question emerges whether they can also help to study narratorial behavior. If so, cultural dimensions may assist scholars to study the cultural localization of global values in narratives. When conceiving of narrative as the representation of characters acting in situations, one may distinguish two levels of narrative behavior: the level of character behavior, i.e. the represented, and the level of a narrator behaving narratively, i.e. the representation. This paper focuses on the level of the narrative agency. Borrowing some classical concepts from narratology (real authors, implied authors, narrator, narratee, implied audience and real audiences), it examines how narratorial behavior may display cultural, i.e. localized values at various levels. By way of conclusion, this essay suggests how the concept of ‘cultural dimension’ could assist a study of cross-cultural audience empathy.
How to bridge the gap between translators and technical communicators?
Authors: Meex Birgitta , Straub Daniela
Published: December 2016

In this contribution, it will be shown which tasks within the process of the development of information products in the source language have high relevance for later translation, localization, and interculturality. Put differently, while focusing on intercultural issues we will outline the knowledge areas to be shared by translators/localizers and technical communicators. The overarching aim is to foster the mutual understanding and learning of translators/localizers and technical communicators, hence facilitating the translation and localization workflow. It will further be shown which knowledge competencies are necessary to fulfill the typical tasks within the process of global information development and should therefore be part of academic programs in technical communication and its neighboring disciplines.
Reading across cultures
Authors: Ochoa Gabriel García
Published: December 2016

Higher Education institutions worldwide are aware of the fact that intercultural and interdisciplinary collaborations will be an essential part of their students’ professional lives. To that effect, it is crucial to develop pedagogical strategies to provide students with the skills that will give them the mobility and flexibility to operate efficiently in different cultural contexts. ‘Reading Across Cultures’ is a module taught at Monash University that was specifically designed to enhance students’ levels of Cultural Literacy. The module is particularly innovative in that its structure follows that of a literary studies course, but it focuses on teaching students how to transfer the analytical and interpretative skills learnt in the classroom to real life scenarios. This article presents a detailed description of how ‘Reading Across Cultures’ does this. In the context of Localization and Internationalization Studies, the article discusses the need to teach our students how to ‘localize themselves’, and how this can be achieved by means of Cultural Literacy. It also provides an explanation of the overall structure of ‘Reading Across Cultures’, including a description of assignments that will be particularly useful for educators at a tertiary level who seek to plan similar courses aimed at enhancing students’ levels of Cultural Literacy or Intercultural Competence. The article focuses on two specific techniques that were used throughout the module to enhance students’ levels of Cultural Literacy: ‘destabilization’ and ‘reflection’.
Falling on deaf ears
Authors: Rubrecht Brian
Published: December 2016

Second or foreign language learners study or are taught various language skill areas, one of which is speaking. In order to speak in the target language, learners must gain some proficiency in the target language’s vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation so that their verbal utterances are meaningful to listeners. However, although pronunciation may be said to be the most fundamental of these three components, it is by far the one that receives the least amount of attention in second or foreign language learning situations. Insufficient attention placed on the pronunciation component can lead to detrimental effects on learners, potentially negatively impacting them in their attempts at bridging the interculturality gap between their first language and the language being learned. The present article will make a call for increased inclusion of pronunciation instruction and training in second and foreign language teaching and learning by relating pronunciation’s importance in verbal communicative acts and by addressing the issue of pronunciation localization. In addition, the article will present a discussion explaining why those involved in such language teaching and learning tend to overlook the pronunciation component in second and foreign language teaching and learning situations.
Face attack in Italian politics
Authors: Bortoluzzi Maria , Semino Elena
Published: December 2016

The second largest party in the Italian Parliament, the ‘5-Star Movement’, is led by comedian-turned-politician Beppe Grillo. Grillo is well-known for a distinctive and often inflammatory rhetoric, which includes the regular use of humorous but insulting epithets for other politicians, such asPsiconano(‘Psychodwarf’) for Silvio Berlusconi. This paper discusses a selection of epithets used by Grillo on his blog between 2008 and 2015 to refer to Berlusconi and three successive centre-left leaders. We account for the functions of the epithets in terms of Spencer-Oatey’s (2002, 2008) multi-level model of “face” and of Culpeper’s (2011) “entertaining” and “coercive” functions of impoliteness. We suggest that our study has implications for existing models of face and impoliteness and for an understanding of the evolving role of verbal aggression in Italian politics.
Fuelling ethno-sectarian conflicts
Authors: Al-Tahmazi Thulfiqar
Published: December 2016

The paper investigates how (de)legitimization and impoliteness are interconnected in the ethno-sectarian conflicts that take place in online news response threads. (De)legitimization is conceptualized as a micro argumentative practice that can index the interlocutors’ sociopolitical stances and position them in relation to each other in inter-group contestations. Using multi-tiered positioning analysis, a distinction was made between exogenous and endogenous impoliteness assessments each of which occurred at a different spatiotemporal level of the interactions. This distinction elucidates how impoliteness assessments can trigger and be triggered by (de)legitimization. To understand how (de)legitimization might trigger impoliteness assessments, I differentiate between face-related and identity-related impoliteness, which were both used strategically to deepen the ethno-sectarian divisions in this online context. In the online conflicts in question, collective impoliteness was sometimes motivated by legitimization, rather than delegitimization, even though legitimization involves no violation of the genre-sanctioned interactional norms or the moral order. That was because legitimization functioned in binary oppositions, and, as such, was perceived by out-group members as provocative impingement on their ethno-sectarian communities’ sociopolitical rights.
Why we need to investigate casual speech to truly understand language production, processing and the mental lexicon
Authors: Tucker Benjamin V. , Ernestus Mirjam
Published: December 2016

The majority of studies addressing psycholinguistic questions focus on speech produced and processed in a careful, laboratory speech style. This ‘careful’ speech is very different from the speech that listeners encounter in casual conversations. This article argues that research on casual speech is necessary to show the validity of conclusions based on careful speech. Moreover, research on casual speech produces new insights and questions on the processes underlying communication and on the mental lexicon that cannot be revealed by research using careful speech. This article first places research on casual speech in its historic perspective. It then provides many examples of how casual speech differs from careful speech and shows that these differences may have important implications for psycholinguistic theories. Subsequently, the article discusses the challenges that research on casual speech faces, which stem from the high variability of this speech style, its necessary casual context, and that casual speech is connected speech. We also present opportunities for research on casual speech, mostly in the form of new experimental methods that facilitate research on connected speech. However, real progress can only be made if these new methods are combined with advanced (still to be developed) statistical techniques.
Impact of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (Koi herpesvirus) on wild and cultured fish.
Authors: Steinhagen D. , Jung-Schroers V. , Adamek M.
Published: December 2016

Common carp is a widespread freshwater fish inhabiting lower and mid streams of rivers and shallow confined waters in Eurasia. Carp aquaculture in shallow, man-made ponds has a long history and now common carp is the most widely cultured freshwater fish species in the world. In many regions, carp aquaculture secures food for the population and carp ponds constitute characteristic elements in the landscape, which contribute to local biodiversity and water balance. Farmed and natural populations of common carp can be threatened by the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3, syn. Koi herpesvirus (KHV)), the cause of KHV disease. Carp affected by this disease develop severe clinical signs and suffer from high morbidity and mortality. The infection was rapidly dispersed into naive populations by healthy appearing latently infected individuals. During initial outbreaks, the disease killed farmed carp in Europe, Israel and Indonesia as well as a high percentage of carp from natural populations in China, Europe, Japan and the USA. However, in subsequent years the number of carp mortalities declined in affected populations. In carp aquaculture, economic losses related to fish mortalities, reduced stocking density in ponds at risk of infection and trade restrictions incurred upon infected carp populations, are still significantly challenging the economic basis of carp farming. Possible control measures include disinfection of contaminated ponds by quick lime and re-stocking with virus-free fish, the development of effective vaccines and the breeding of disease-resistant carp lines.
EpiHRMAssay, in tube and in silico combined approach for the scanning and epityping of heterogeneous DNA methylation
Authors: Cirilli Marco , Delfino Ines , Caboni Emilia , Muleo Rosario
Published: December 2016

Reliable and cost-effective assays with adequate sensitivity are required to detect the DNA methylation profile in plants for scientific and industrial purposes. The proposed novel assay, named EpiHRMAssay, allows to quantify the overall methylation status at target loci and to enable high-throughput analyses. It combines in tube High Resolution Melting Analysis on bisulphite-treated templates with the in silico prediction of the melting profile of virtual epialleles using uMELTSM software. The predicted melting temperatures (Tm-s) of a set of epialleles characterized by different numbers of methylated cytosines (#mC) or different mC configurations were obtained and used to build calibration models, enabling the quantification of methylation in unknown samples using only the in tube observed melting temperature (Tm-o). EpiHRMAssay was validated by analysing the promoter region of CMT3, DDM1, and ROS1 genes involved in the regulation of methylation/demethylation processes and chromatin remodelling within a population of peach plants. Results demonstrate that EpiHRMAssay is a sensitive and reliable tool for locus-specific large-scale research and diagnostic contexts of the regulative regions of genes, in a broad range of organisms, including mammals. EpiHRMAssay also provides complementary information for the assessment of heterogeneous methylation and can address an array of biological questions on epigenetic regulation for diversity studies and for large-scale functional genomics.
Satellite infall and mass deposition on the Galactic Centre
Authors: Gallego Sofía G. , Cuadra Jorge
Published: December 2016

We model the infall of an ∼2 × 105 M⊙ satellite galaxy on to the inner 200 parsec of our Galaxy, to test whether the satellite could perturb the gas previously on stable orbits in the central molecular zone, as proposed by Lang et al. This process would have driven a large gas inflow around 10 Myr ago, necessary to explain the past high accretion rate on to the supermassive black hole, and the presence of young stars in the inner parsecs of the Galaxy. Our hydrodynamical simulations show a much smaller inflow of gas, not sufficient to produce the aforementioned effects.
TNF superfamily members promote hepatitis C virus entry via an NF-κB and myosin light chain kinase dependent pathway
Authors: Fletcher N. F , Clark A. R , Balfe P , McKeating J. A
Published: December 2016

Preventing virally induced liver disease begins with an understanding of the host factors that define susceptibility to infection. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health issue, with an estimated 170 million infected individuals at risk of developing liver disease including fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is the major reservoir supporting HCV replication and this hepatocellular tropism is defined by HCV engagement of cellular entry receptors. Hepatocytes are polarized in vivo and this barrier function limits HCV entry. We previously reported that activated macrophages promote HCV entry into polarized hepatocytes via a TNF-α-dependent process; however, the underlying mechanism was not defined. In this study, we show that several TNF superfamily members, including TNF-α, TNF-β, TWEAK and LIGHT, promote HCV entry via NF-κB-mediated activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and disruption of tight junctions. These observations support a model where HCV hijacks an inflammatory immune response to stimulate infection and uncovers a role for NF-κB-MLCK signalling in maintaining hepatocellular tight junctions.
Kinematic analysis of an electric stair-climbing wheelchair
Authors: Quaglia Giuseppe , Franco Walter , Nisi Matteo
Published: December 2016

This paper presents the functional design and the kinematic synthesis of the last version of an electric stair-climbing wheelchair. The proposed device represents the latest evolution of the ‘Wheelchair.q’ project and introduces several improvements over previous designs. This updated solution has greater stability during stair-climbing operation and satisfy the safety requirements introduced by ISO 7176-28:2012, “Requirements and test methods for stair-climbing devices”. The main improvement presented, concerns the regularity of the user trajectory during stair-climbing, which ensures a more comfortable perception. This result has been achieved through the introduction of a cam mechanism between the frame connected to the locomotion unit and the seat frame, which properly manages the seat orientation. With an appropriate cam profile it is possible to compensate the oscillations introduced on the wheelchair during the climbing sequence and allow the user to obtain a translational trajectory. The proposed design and its working principle are firstly described and illustrated through schematic and graphic representations. A brief explanation of the procedure for obtaining the cam profile is also given. Two different architectures for the cam mechanism are then compared and the advantages and disadvantages for each solution are identified. Finally, the kinematic wheelchair performances are tested through a simulation obtained in the MSC-ADAMS multibody environment.
Source level and calling depth distributions of migrating bowhead whale calls in the shallow Beaufort Sea
Authors: Thode Aaron M. , Blackwell Susanna B. , Seger Kerri D. , Conrad Alex S. , Kim Katherine H. , Michael Macrander A.
Published: December 2016

Automated and manual acoustic localizations of migrating bowhead whales were used to estimate source level and calling depth distributions of their frequency-modulated-modulated calls over seven years between 2008 and 2014. Whale positions were initially triangulated using directional autonomous seafloor acoustic recorders, deployed between 25 and 55 m water depth near Kaktovik, Alaska, during the fall westward migration. Calling depths were estimated by minimizing the “discrepancy” between source level estimates from at least three recorders detecting the same call. Applying a detailed waveguide propagation model to the data yielded broadband source levels of 161 ± 9 dB re 1 μPa2 s at 1 m (SEL) for calls received between 20 and 170 Hz. Applying a simpler 15 log10(R) power-law propagation model yielded SEL source levels of 158 ± 10 dB. The most probable calling depths lay between 22 and 30 m: optimal depths for long-range acoustic signal transmission in this particular environment.
Antiserum to the 33,000-dalton periplasmic-flagellum protein of "Treponema phagedenis" reacts with other treponemes and Spirochaeta aurantia
Authors: Limberger R J , Charon N W
Published: December 2016

"Treponema phagedenis" periplasmic flagella (PF) have two major protein bands at molecular weights of 33,000 and 39,800 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (R. J. Limberger and N. W. Charon, J. Bacteriol. 166:105-112, 1986). By use of Western blotting and a polyclonal antiserum directed toward the 33,000-molecular-weight PF protein, cell lysates of 12 species of spirochetes were surveyed for reactivity. Eight species of Treponema as well as Spirochaeta aurantia were positive. The results suggest that epitopes residing on the 33,000-molecular-weight PF protein of "T. phagedenis" are evolutionarily well conserved among the spirochetes.