bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicenter retro-prospective observational study on chronic hypoparathyroidism and rhPTH (1–84) treatment
Authors: Marcucci G. , Beccuti G. , Carosi G. , Cetani F. , Cianferotti L. , Colao A. M. , Di Somma C. , Duradoni M. , Elefante A. , Ghizzoni L. , Giusti M. , Lania A. G. , Lavezzi E. , Madeo B. , Mantovani G. , Marcocci C. , Masi L. , Parri S. , Pigliaru F. , Santonati A. , Spada A. , Vera L. , Brandi M. L.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 months of rhPTH (1–84) (Natpar®) treatment in a cohort of patients selected according to the indications of hypoparathyroidism guidelines. The use of recombinant human PTH (1–84) [rhPTH (1–84)] is approved as hormonal replacement therapy in patients with hypoparathyroidism not adequately controlled with conventional therapy.

Methods

It is a multicenter, observational, retro-prospective, open label study. Eleven Italian Endocrinological centers, members of Hypoparathyroidism Working Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology (HypoparaNET) were involved. Main outcome measures were serum and urinary calcium and phosphate concentration, calcium-phosphate product, renal function, oral calcium and vitamin D doses, and clinical manifestations.

Results

Fourteen adult subjects, affected by chronic hypoparathyroidism, were treated with rhPTH (1–84) for 12 months. At 12 months of rhPTH (1–84) treatment, 61.5% of patients discontinued calcium supplement and 69.2% calcitriol. Mean albumin-adjusted total serum calcium levels quickly normalized after initiation of rhPTH (1–84) treatment compared to baseline (p = 0.009), remaining in the normal range until 12 months. Rare hypo-hypercalcemia episodes were reported. Renal function was maintained normal and no renal complications were reported. Serum and urinary phosphate and urinary calcium were maintained in the normal range. Mean phosphatemia levels linearly decreased from 3 months up to 12 months compared to baseline (p = 0.014). No severe adverse events were described.

Conclusions

Biochemical and clinical results confirm the efficacy and safety of rhPTH (1–84) therapy, which represents an important option for hypoparathyroid patients unresponsive to conventional therapy.
Heat and sun related medical concerns in Australian led outdoor activities: a three-year prospective study
Authors: Fortington Lauren V. , Goode Natassia , Finch AO Caroline F. , Salmon Paul M.
Published: April 2022

Active participation in the outdoors is beneficial for health and wellbeing. However, the impact of extreme weather, particularly heat, on safe participation is causing concern for organisations who lead these activities. Local mitigation strategies and acute management of heat- and sun-related illness (HSRI) are generally well understood by researchers and medical practitioners, however, cases continue to occur so further understanding of why this happens is required. This study aimed to identify the number, nature and contributory factors of HSRI in Australian led outdoor activities in order to seek opportunities for their prevention. This study presents a descriptive analysis of contributory factors to HSRI occurring during led outdoor activities. Cases were prospectively collected across 3 years (2014-2017) from a national Australian incident reporting system. Cases were included by identification of keywords linked with sun or heat exposure. From 2,015 incident cases, 48 cases were included: 25 termed heat stroke and 23 as “other adverse outcomes related to sun or heat.” One in three (35%) cases occurred during outdoor walking or running, and one in four occurred while camping. A total 146 contributory factors were identified. These factors were attributed to the activity participant (e.g. competence, decision making); equipment and resources (e.g. food/drink, dehydration); and environment (e.g. hot weather.). Mild to moderate HSRI was identifiable by signs/symptoms. Contributory factors were linked to the individual participant. Potentially, these factors could be mitigated through system focused approaches. Awareness of wider responsibility for preventing HSRI should be promoted across led outdoor activities.
Lost in translation: how comparing the uses of the term ‘foreigner’ can help explain China’s immigration policy shift
Authors: Xu Lingyu
Published: April 2022

Scholars normally explore China’s international migration policy through a pure social sciences lens. This article aims to investigate the policy evolution trajectory, adding a linguistic viewpoint. It explores the question of how the word ‘foreigner’ changed to reflect shifting policies. Theoretically, it engages historical institutionalism and focuses on the critical junctures in Chinese history, especially after 1949. Methodologically, it uses document interrogation. To collect data, it mainly relies on Chinese encyclopaedic dictionaries (e.g. The Great Chinese Dictionary, Chinese Etymology Dictionary), Chinese historical ancient books, the Peking University Law database [PKULAW] and some regulation compilation books. In China, a variety of words can signify ‘foreigner’ (Waiqiao, Waiguoren, Yimin), yet each word has another connotation. Waiqiao suggests that China regards foreigners from an ethnic and cultural perspective, revealing an ethnic orientation of the policy makers in Chinese immigration policies in the 1950s. Waiguoren has a more political undertone and strengthens the administrative orientation of immigration policies after the 1960s. While, as a more recent phenomenon, the use of Yimin is a sign for the turn of integration-oriented policies. By differentiating those terms and clarifying their applications in different historical periods, we expect to unveil a clear link between the use of the different terms and China’s immigration policy changes.
An analysis of changes in wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
Authors: Murphy Jen , Elliot Mark
Published: April 2022

Purpose

We investigated the trajectory of wellbeing over the course of the first wave and sought to determine whether the change in wellbeing is distributed equally across the population. Specifically we investigated pre-existing medical conditions, social isolation, financial stress and deprivation as a predictor for wellbeing and whether there were community level characteristics which protect against poorer wellbeing.

Methods

Using online survey responses from the COVID-19 modules of Understanding society, we linked 8379 English cases across five waves of data collection to location based deprivation statistics. We used ordinary least squares regression to estimate the association between deprivation, pre-existing conditions and socio-demographic factors and the change in well-being scores over time, as measured by the GHQ-12 questionnaire.

Results

A decline in wellbeing was observed at the beginning of the first lock down period at the beginning of March 2020. This was matched with a corresponding recovery between April and July as restrictions were gradually lifted. There was no association between the decline and deprivation, nor between deprivation and recovery. The strongest predictor of wellbeing during the lock down, was the baseline score, with the counterintuitive finding that for those will pre-existing poor wellbeing, the impact of pandemic restrictions on mental health were minimal, but for those who had previously felt well, the restrictions and the impact of the pandemic on well-being were much greater.

Conclusions

These data show no evidence of a social gradient in well-being related to the pandemic. In fact, well-being was shown to be highly elastic in this period indicating a national level of resilience which cut across the usually observed health inequalities.
The Kastler–Kalau–Walze Type Theorems for the Perturbation of the de Rham Hodge Operator
Authors: Liu Siyao , Wu Tong , Wang Yong
Published: April 2022

As applications of the noncommutative residue, we prove the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on 4-dimensional and 6-dimensional compact manifolds. To get these theorems, we give the Lichnerowicz type formulas for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on compact manifolds without boundary and the calculation formulas of the boundary term on compact mani-folds with boundary. Additionally, some concrete examples of the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator are provided for our main theorems. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator have not been considered in the literature. Thus, the current study hopes to serve such a need, in this paper, we investigate the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on 4-dimensional and 6-dimensional compact manifolds with or without boundary. We compute the Lichnerowicz formulas for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator and the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on n-dimensional compact manifolds without boundary. And then we prove the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems on 4-dimensional and 6-dimensional compact manifolds with boundary for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator. Results: The motivation of this paper is to prove the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator. Specically, we calculate $$\widetilde{\mathrm{Wres}}[\pi ^+D_{A}^{-1}\circ \pi ^+ {{D_A^*}^{-1}}]$$

Wres
~

[

π
+

D

A

-
1

∘

π
+

D
A
∗

-
1

]

, $$\widetilde{\mathrm{Wres}}[\pi ^+D_{A}^{-1}\circ \pi ^+ {{D_A}^{-1}}]$$

Wres
~

[

π
+

D

A

-
1

∘

π
+

D
A

-
1

]

, $$\widetilde{\mathrm{Wres}}[\pi ^+D_{A}^{-1}\circ \pi ^+ {{D_A^*}D_{A}{D_A^*}^{-1}}]$$

Wres
~

[

π
+

D

A

-
1

∘

π
+

D
A
∗

D
A

D
A
∗

-
1

]

. The main work of this paper is to prove the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on 4-dimensional and 6-dimensional compact manifolds with (resp.without) boundary. Theorem 2.2 shows that the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator on n-dimensional compact manifolds without boundary. On 4-dimensional compact manifolds with boundary, the main results of this paper are Theorem 3.8 and Theorem 3.18, which are the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator. On the other hand, on 6-dimensional compact manifolds with 1 boundary, the main results of this paper are Theorem 4.3 and Theorem 4.15, which are the Kastler–Kalau–Walze type theorems for the perturbation of the de Rham Hodge operator. Comparing with the previous conclusion, we use new operator to study. Although the calculation process is more complex, the better conclusions we have. The results are useful for analyzing and interpreting certain physical theories.
Intraoperative endoscopy through enterotomy for overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tao Qingsong , AL-Magedi Ahmed A.S. , Wang Zhi , Xu Wei , Wu Rong
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Overt obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) is challenging and often needs intraoperative endoscopy (IOE) with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. The study was to compare the different approaches to perform IOE for overt OGIB.

Patients and methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 98 patients who underwent trans-enterotomy IOE (IOE-E) or other approaches such as peroral IOE (IOE-oral), trans-anal IOE (IOE-anal), or combined route (IOE-combo). Patient characteristics, demographics, diagnostic tests, IOE findings, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.

Results:

All 98 patients underwent IOE. There are 31 patients in the IOE-E group, 26 patients in the IOE-oral group, 23 patients in the IOE-anal group, and 18 patients in the IOE-combo group, respectively. Long-term follow-up information (>6 months) was successfully obtained in 72 patients. IOE-E has the lowest postoperative morbidity rate (16%, P < 0.05), the shortest time of operation (43.2 ± 17.4 min, P < 0.05) and shortest hospital length of stay (6.7 ± 5.1 days, P < 0.05), as compared to the other three approaches.

Conclusions:

Intraoperative endoscopy through enterotomy represents a safer and more ideal strategy in the management of overt OGIB.

Graphical abstract

Highlights
The Texas Community-Engagement Research Alliance Against COVID-19 in Disproportionately Affected Communities (TX CEAL) Consortium
Authors: Seguin-Fowler Rebecca A. , Amos Chris , Beech Bettina M. , Ferrer Robert L. , McNeill Lorna , Opusunju Jasmine J. , Spence Emily , Thompson Erika L. , Torres-Hostos Luis R. , Vishwanatha Jamboor K.
Published: April 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires urgent implementation of effective community-engaged strategies to enhance education, awareness, and inclusion of underserved communities in prevention, mitigation, and treatment efforts. The Texas Community-Engagement Alliance Consortium was established with support from the United States’ National Institutes of Health (NIH) to conduct community-engaged projects in selected geographic locations with a high proportion of medically underserved minority groups with a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 disease and hospitalizations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the Consortium. The Consortium organized seven projects with focused activities to address COVID-19 clinical and vaccine trials in highly affected counties, as well as critical statewide efforts. Five Texas counties (Bexar, Dallas, Harris, Hidalgo, and Tarrant) were chosen by NIH because of high concentrations of underserved minority communities, existing community infrastructure, ongoing efforts against COVID-19, and disproportionate burden of COVID-19. Policies and practices can contribute to disparities in COVID-19 risk, morbidity, and mortality. Community engagement is an essential element for effective public health strategies in medically underserved minority areas. Working with partners, the Consortium will use community engagement strategies to address COVID-19 disparities.
On separating plumes from boundary layers in turbulent convection
Authors: Shevkar Prafulla P. , Vishnu R. , Mohanan Sanal K. , Koothur Vipin , Mathur Manikandan , Puthenveettil Baburaj A.
Published: April 2022

We present a simple, novel kinematic criterion – that uses only the horizontal velocity fields and is free of arbitrary thresholds – to separate line plumes from local boundary layers in a plane close to the hot plate in turbulent convection. We first show that the horizontal divergence of the horizontal velocity field (

$\boldsymbol {\nabla _H} \boldsymbol {\cdot } \boldsymbol {u}$

) has negative and positive values in two-dimensional (2D), laminar similarity solutions of plumes and boundary layers, respectively. Following this observation, based on the understanding that fluid elements predominantly undergo horizontal shear in the boundary layers and vertical shear in the plumes, we propose that the dominant eigenvalue (

$\lambda _D$

) of the 2D strain rate tensor is negative inside the plumes and positive inside the boundary layers. Using velocity fields from our experiments, we then show that plumes can indeed be extracted as regions of negative

$\lambda _D$

, which are identical to the regions with negative

$\boldsymbol {\nabla _H} \boldsymbol {\cdot } \boldsymbol {u}$

. Exploring the connection of these plume structures to Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS) in the instantaneous limit, we show that the centrelines of such plume regions are captured by attracting LCS that do not have dominant repelling LCS in their vicinity. Classifying the flow near the hot plate based on the distribution of eigenvalues of the 2D strain rate tensor, we then show that the effect of shear due to the large-scale flow is felt more in regions close to where the local boundary layers turn into plumes. The lengths and areas of the plume regions, detected by the

$\boldsymbol {\nabla _H}\boldsymbol {\cdot }\boldsymbol {u}$

criterion applied to our experimental and computational velocity fields, are then shown to agree with our theoretical estimates from scaling arguments. Using velocity fields from numerical simulations, we then show that the

$\boldsymbol {\nabla _H}\boldsymbol {\cdot }\boldsymbol {u}$

criterion detects all the upwellings, while the available criteria based on temperature and flux thresholds miss some of these upwellings. The plumes detected by the

$\boldsymbol {\nabla _H}\boldsymbol {\cdot }\boldsymbol {u}$

criterion are also shown to be thicker at Prandtl numbers (

$Pr$

) greater than one, expectedly so, due to the thicker velocity boundary layers of the plumes at

$Pr>1$

.
Comprehension of different types of novel metaphors in monolinguals and multilinguals
Authors: Werkmann Horvat Ana , Bolognesi Marianna , Littlemore Jeannette , Barnden John
Published: April 2022

It has been suggested that multilingualism can lead to increased cognitive flexibility and creativity. No studies to date, however, have investigated whether this advantage leads to a greater propensity to find meaning in different kinds of novel metaphors. This article reports a self-paced reading study that focuses on whether such an increased propensity is displayed by multilingual English speakers, as opposed to monolingual English speakers. The article explores the difference between two broad types of novelty in metaphorical expressions, which are distinguished by how readily they conform to existing metaphorical schemata. The results indicate that both monolinguals and multilinguals find novel metaphors that conform readily to an existing schema easier to comprehend those that do not. They also take longer to seek meaning in metaphors that conform readily to an existing schema. Multilinguals are more likely than monolinguals to find meaning in both types of novel metaphor. The theoretical distinction drawn between metaphors that conform readily to an existing schema and those that do not highlights the variability of meaning in novel metaphors. It also focuses attention on the different extents to which hearers seek rich meanings as opposed to less rich but more easily derived ones.
The book crisis: Africa’s other famine
Authors: Crowder Michael
Published: April 2022

For the past three years the media of the Western World have been full of news about the great famine in Africa. The horrific pictures of the starving in Ethiopia or Mali have resulted in large sums of money being collected from the pockets of the well-fed rich of the first world for redistribution to the starving poor of the third. Bob Geldof’s Live Aid Concert was not only the most spectacular concert of any kind ever sponsored: it was the most successful one-off fund-raising event ever staged. So much money was raised that Geldof and his colleagues responsible for administering it could not spend it all immediately on supplies for famine relief and began to consider using some of the funds at their disposal for long-term developmental and research projects that would help avert future famines of the kind which still, alas, continue to plague some parts of the African continent.
Factors Associated with In-Patient Mortality in the Rapid Assessment of Adult Earthquake Trauma Patients
Authors: Hu Hai , Lai Xiaoqin , Tan Chunping , Yao Ni , Yan Longping
Published: April 2022

Objective:

To date, there is limited evidence for health care providers regarding the determinants of early assessment of poor outcomes of adult in-patients due to earthquakes. This study aimed to explore factors related to early assessment of adult earthquake trauma patients (AETPs).

Methods:

The data on 29,933 AETPs in the West China Earthquake Patients Database (WCEPD) were analyzed retrospectively. Then, 37 simple variables that could be obtained rapidly upon arrival at the hospital were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were performed. A nomogram was then constructed.

Results:

Nine independent mortality-related factors that contributed to AETP in-patient mortality were identified. The variables included age (OR:1.035; 95%CI, 1.027-1.044), respiratory rate ([RR]; OR:1.091; 95%CI, 1.050-1.133), pulse rate ([PR]; OR:1.028; 95%CI, 1.020-1.036), diastolic blood pressure ([DBP]; OR:0.96; 95%CI, 0.950-0.970), Glasgow Coma Scale ([GCS]; OR:0.666; 95%CI, 0.643-0.691), crush injury (OR:3.707; 95%CI, 2.166-6.115), coronary heart disease ([CHD]; OR:4.025; 95%CI, 1.869-7.859), malignant tumor (OR:4.915; 95%CI, 2.850-8.098), and chronic kidney disease ([CKD]; OR:5.735; 95%CI, 3.209-10.019).

Conclusions:

The nine mortality-related factors for ATEPs, including age, RR, PR, DBP, GCS, crush injury, CHD, malignant tumor, and CKD, could be quickly obtained on hospital arrival and should be the focal point of future earthquake response strategies for AETPs. Based on these factors, a nomogram was constructed to screen for AETPs with a higher risk of in-patient mortality.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met and neuropsychological functioning after early childhood traumatic brain injury
Authors: Treble-Barna Amery , Wade Shari L. , Pilipenko Valentina , Martin Lisa J. , Yeates Keith Owen , Taylor H. Gerry , Kurowski Brad G.
Published: April 2022

Objective:

The present study examined the differential effect of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism on neuropsychological functioning in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) relative to orthopedic injury (OI).

Methods:

Participants were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study of children who sustained a TBI (n= 69) or OI (n= 72) between 3 and 7 years of age. Children completed a battery of neuropsychological measures targeting attention, memory, and executive functions at four timepoints spanning the immediate post-acute period to 18 months post-injury. Children also completed a comparable age-appropriate battery of measures approximately 7 years post-injury. Parents rated children’s dysexecutive behaviors at all timepoints.

Results:

Longitudinal mixed models revealed a significant allele status × injury group interaction with a medium effect size for verbal fluency. Cross-sectional models at 7 years post-injury revealed non-significant but medium effect sizes for the allele status x injury group interaction for fluid reasoning and immediate and delayed verbal memory. Post hoc stratified analyses revealed a consistent pattern of poorer neuropsychological functioning in Met carriers relative to Val/Val homozygotes in the TBI group, with small effect sizes; the opposite trend or no appreciable effect was observed in the OI group.

Conclusions:

The results suggest a differential effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on verbal fluency, and possibly fluid reasoning and immediate and delayed verbal memory, in children with early TBI relative to OI. The Met allele—associated with reduced activity-dependent secretion of BDNF—may confer risk for poorer neuropsychological functioning in children with TBI.
Disconnection and Reconnection in Plasma Bubbles Observed by OI 630 nm Airglow Images From Cariri Observatory
Authors: Carrasco A. J. , Batista I. S. , Wrasse C. M. , Takahashi H. , Pimenta A. A.
Published: April 2022

We use OI 630 nm airglow images obtained with the All‐sky imager installed at São João do Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W) to report the very rare phenomenon of disconnection and reconnection between adjacent plasma bubbles. We report here for the first time observations of the phenomenon at Cariri. These observations show that the phenomenon is independent of the solar flux and occurs between September and December in the Brazilian sector. The phenomenon consists first in separating a part of the bubble followed by its capture by other adjacent bubbles via electrostatic potential fields. Statistically, the phenomenon is of very low occurrence and its probability varies between 1/120 and 1/165 per year, and on certain occasions it is zero.
Detection of Equatorial Plasma Velocity Modulations Associated With Planetary Period Oscillations in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Bradley T. J. , Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Wilson R. J.
Published: April 2022

We analyze a database of 8920 measurements of thermal ion vector velocities obtained by the Cassini CAPS/IMS instrument in the near‐equatorial (±10° latitude) region of Saturn's magnetosphere in the radial range of 5.5–21.5 Saturn radii (RS) for the presence of modulations due to planetary period oscillations (PPOs). The data span 2004–2012, from Saturn late southern summer to early northern spring, and are analyzed using PPO phases derived previously from Cassini magnetic field data. For the near‐equinox and northern spring data 2008–2012 we show that both northern and southern PPO modulations are present in the azimuthal velocity component with similar amplitudes, typically ∼3 ± 1.5 km s−1 in the inner part of the system inside ∼10–12 RS, rising to typically ∼9 ± 3.5 km s−1 in the outer part of the system to ∼20 RS. Oscillation phases are overall consistent with expectations for PPO modulations driven from the corresponding polar ionospheres in both cases. For the late southern summer data 2004–2007, southern PPO modulations are also present with similar properties, but no clear northern modulations were detected, indicating weaker amplitudes in this case. These findings mirror similar properties in the amplitudes of magnetic field PPO oscillations observed in previous studies. Our results constitute the first direct detection of PPO‐related velocity modulations in Saturn's magnetospheric plasma. However, no clear PPO effects were found in either the radial or colatitudinal velocities, indicating weaker modulations, if any, in these components.
The High‐Frequency Tidal Response of Ocean Worlds: Application to Europa and Ganymede
Authors: Hay H. C. F. C. , Matsuyama I. , Pappalardo R. T.
Published: April 2022

Europa and Ganymede, whose liquid water oceans are of uncertain thickness, are subject to tidal forces across a broad frequency spectrum. Tidal deformation is inherently frequency dependent, an effect which is enhanced when a subsurface ocean is present. We model the tidal response of Europa and Ganymede, taking into account ocean dynamics and the viscoelastic coupling to the ice shell. Tidal deformation at high frequencies ‐ a result of moon‐moon interactions ‐ is resonantly amplified by ocean dynamics. We find the corresponding tidal Love numbers to be extremely sensitive to ocean thickness and weakly sensitive to ice shell thickness, shear modulus, and viscosity. Measuring these high‐frequency deformations would provide a unique determination of ocean thickness, though the minimum sensitivity required to detect the relevant deformation (0.1 mm, 2 nGal) makes this an extreme challenge. Detection of a large signal on the order of centimeters would only be possible if the ocean was tuned to a particular thickness, which would suggest that moon‐moon tides play a role in the thermal/orbital evolution of the moon. Scaling laws are also derived that predict the resonant enhancement of tidal Love numbers and associated tidal dissipation in the ocean and ice shell.
Vertical Aerosol Distribution and Mesospheric Clouds From ExoMars UVIS
Authors: Streeter Paul M. , Sellers Graham , Wolff Michael J. , Mason Jonathon P. , Patel Manish R. , Lewis Stephen R. , Holmes James A. , Daerden Frank , Thomas Ian R. , Ristic Bojan , Willame Yannick , Depiesse Cédric , Vandaele Ann Carine , Bellucci Giancarlo , López‐Moreno José Juan
Published: April 2022

The vertical opacity structure of the martian atmosphere is important for understanding the distribution of ice (water and carbon dioxide) and dust. We present a new data set of extinction opacity profiles from the NOMAD/UVIS spectrometer aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, covering one and a half Mars Years (MY) including the MY 34 Global Dust Storm and several regional dust storms. We discuss specific mesospheric cloud features and compare with existing literature and a Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM) run with data assimilation. Mesospheric opacity features, interpreted to be water ice, were present during the global and regional dust events and correlate with an elevated hygropause in the MGCM, providing evidence that regional dust storms can boost transport of vapor to mesospheric altitudes (with potential implications for atmospheric escape). The season of the dust storms also had an apparent impact on the resulting lifetime of the cloud features, with events earlier in the dusty season correlating with longer‐lasting mesospheric cloud layers. Mesospheric opacity features were also present during the dusty season even in the absence of regional dust storms, and interpreted to be water ice based on previous literature. The assimilated MGCM temperature structure agreed well with the UVIS opacities, but the MGCM opacity field struggled to reproduce mesospheric ice features, suggesting a need for further development of water ice parameterizations. The UVIS opacity data set offers opportunities for further research into the vertical aerosol structure of the martian atmosphere, and for validation of how this is represented in numerical models.
Comprehensive Quantification of the Responses of Ecosystem Production and Respiration to Drought Time Scale, Intensity and Timing in Humid Environments: A FLUXNET Synthesis
Authors: Jiao Wenzhe , Wang Lixin , Wang Honglang , Lanning Matthew , Chang Qing , Novick Kimberly A.
Published: April 2022

Drought is one of the most important natural hazards impacting ecosystem carbon cycles. However, it is challenging to quantify the impacts of drought on ecosystem carbon balance and several factors hinder our explicit understanding of the complex drought impacts. First, drought impacts can have different time dimensions such as simultaneous, cumulative, and lagged impacts on ecosystem carbon balance. Second, drought is not only a multiscale (e.g., temporal and spatial) but also a multidimensional (e.g., intensity, time‐scale, and timing) phenomenon, and ecosystem production and respiration may respond to each drought dimension differently. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive drought impact assessment on ecosystem productivity and respiration in humid regions by including different drought dimensions using global FLUXNET observations. Short‐term drought (e.g., 1‐month drought) generally did not induce a decrease in plant productivity even under high severity drought. However, ecosystem production and respiration significantly decreased as drought intensity increased for droughts longer than 1 month in duration. Drought timing was important, and ecosystem productivity was most vulnerable when drought occurred during or shortly after the peak vegetation growth. We found that lagged drought impacts more significantly affected ecosystem carbon uptake than simultaneous drought, and that ecosystem respiration was less sensitive to drought time scale than ecosystem production. Overall, our results indicated that temporally‐standardized meteorological drought indices can be used to reflect plant productivity decline, but drought timing, antecedent, and cumulative drought conditions need to be considered together.
Resiliency of Silica Export Signatures When Low Order Streams Are Subject to Storm Events
Authors: Fernandez N. M. , Bouchez J. , Derry L. A. , Chorover J. , Gaillardet J. , Giesbrecht I. , Fries D. , Druhan J. L.
Published: April 2022

Silicon stable isotope ratios (30Si) of over 150 stream water samples were measured during seven storm events in six small critical zone observatory (CZO) catchments spanning a wide range in climate (sub‐humid to wet, tropical) and lithology (granite, volcanic, and mixed sedimentary). Here we report a cross‐site analysis of this dataset to gain insight into stream 30Si variability across low‐order catchments and to identify potential climate (i.e., runoff), hydrologic, lithologic, and biogeochemical controls on observed stream Si chemical and isotopic signatures. Event‐based 30Si exhibit variability both within and across sites (−0.22‰ to +2.27‰) on the scale of what is observed globally in both small catchments and large rivers. Notably, each site shows distinct 30Si signatures that are preserved even after normalization for bedrock composition. Successful characterization of observed cross‐site behavior requires the merging of two distinct frameworks in a novel combined model describing both non‐uniform fluid transit time distributions and multiple fractionating pathways in application to low‐order catchments. The combined model reveals that site‐specific architecture (i.e., biogeochemical reaction pathways and hydrologic routing) regulates stream silicon export signatures even when subject to extreme precipitation events.
Ice‐Dynamical Glacier Evolution Modeling—A Review
Authors: Zekollari H. , Huss M. , Farinotti D. , Lhermitte S.
Published: April 2022

Glaciers play a crucial role in the Earth System: they are important water suppliers to lower‐lying areas during hot and dry periods, and they are major contributors to the observed present‐day sea‐level rise. Glaciers can also act as a source of natural hazards and have a major touristic value. Given their societal importance, there is large scientific interest in better understanding and accurately simulating the temporal evolution of glaciers, both in the past and in the future. Here, we give an overview of the state of the art of simulating the evolution of individual glaciers over decadal to centennial time scales with ice‐dynamical models. We hereby highlight recent advances in the field and emphasize how these go hand‐in‐hand with an increasing availability of on‐site and remotely sensed observations. We also focus on the gap between simplified studies that use parameterizations, typically used for regional and global projections, and detailed assessments for individual glaciers, and explain how recent advances now allow including ice dynamics when modeling glaciers at larger spatial scales. Finally, we provide concrete recommendations concerning the steps and factors to be considered when modeling the evolution of glaciers. We suggest paying particular attention to the model initialization, analyzing how related uncertainties in model input influence the modeled glacier evolution and strongly recommend evaluating the simulated glacier evolution against independent data.
Big Data Seismology
Authors: Arrowsmith S. J. , Trugman D. T. , MacCarthy J. , Bergen K. J. , Lumley D. , Magnani M. B.
Published: April 2022

The discipline of seismology is based on observations of ground motion that are inherently undersampled in space and time. Our basic understanding of earthquake processes and our ability to resolve 4D Earth structure are fundamentally limited by data volume. Today, Big Data Seismology is an emergent revolution involving the use of large, data‐dense inquiries that is providing new opportunities to make fundamental advances in these areas. This article reviews recent scientific advances enabled by Big Data Seismology through the context of three major drivers: the development of new data‐dense sensor systems, improvements in computing, and the development of new types of techniques and algorithms. Each driver is explored in the context of both global and exploration seismology, alongside collaborative opportunities that combine the features of long‐duration data collections (common to global seismology) with dense networks of sensors (common to exploration seismology). The review explores some of the unique challenges and opportunities that Big Data Seismology presents, drawing on parallels from other fields facing similar issues. Finally, recent scientific findings enabled by dense seismic data sets are discussed, and we assess the opportunities for significant advances made possible with Big Data Seismology. This review is designed to be a primer for seismologists who are interested in getting up‐to‐speed with how the Big Data revolution is advancing the field of seismology.
In‐Situ Quantification and Prediction of Water Yield From Southern US Pine Forests
Authors: Acharya Subodh , Kaplan David A. , McLaughlin Daniel L. , Cohen Matthew J.
Published: April 2022

Forest management can play an important role in landscape‐scale water balances and thus regional water supply planning, necessitating improved quantification and prediction of forest water yield (i.e., rainfall minus evapotranspiration (ET)). We used high frequency soil moisture data to quantify soil ET and interception in 30 pine stands capturing regional variation in aridity, hydrogeology, and forest management. We evaluated typical forest rotation stages (i.e., clear cuts through mature stands), as well as stands restored to historical, lower biomass conditions. Our results supported the expectation that forest management can strongly influence local water yield. A simple model using leaf area index (LAI), hydrogeologic setting, and climate aridity (P:ET) explained nearly 80% of observed water yield variation. LAI emerged as the dominant forest structural control, influencing both soil ET and interception rates, with each unit decrease in LAI increasing water yield by nearly 10 cm. While other forest attributes (e.g., basal area, groundcover, species) were less important for predicting stand‐level water balances, aridity and hydrogeologic setting emerged as highly significant predictors of water yield. We further observed small and short‐lived effects of low‐intensity prescribed fires on soil ET and no discernible effect of pine species, suggesting that maintaining low density pine forests—regardless of species—is a viable management strategy for increasing water yield. Overall, our results illustrate the utility of soil moisture‐based methods for stand‐level water balances and provide useful models for predicting landscape water yield under a range of forest management and hydroclimatic settings now and in the future.
A New Clue to Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapse
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: April 2022

A particular kind of storm coincided with 13 of the 21 recent calving events in Antarctica.
Myths, Legends, and Buried Hair
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: April 2022

In our May issue of Eos, we’re seeking out innovations in volcanology.
Statistical Study of Magnetospheric Conditions for SAPS and SAID
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Hussein A. , Erickson P. J. , Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: April 2022

Inner‐magnetospheric conditions for subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) and subauroral ion drifts (SAID) have been investigated statistically using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms and RBSP observations. We found that plasma sheet electron fluxes at its earthward edge are larger for SAID than SAPS. The ring current ion flux for SAID formed a local maximum near SAID, but the ion flux for SAID was not necessarily larger than for SAPS. The median potential drop across SAID and SAPS is nearly the same, but the potential drop for intense SAID is substantially larger than that for SAPS. The plasmapause is sharper and electromagnetic waves were more intense for SAID. The SAID velocity peak does not strongly correlate with solar wind or geomagnetic indices. These results indicate that local plasma structures are more important for SAPS/SAID velocity characteristics as compared to global magnetospheric conditions.
Thank You to Our 2021 Reviewers
Authors: Balikhin Michael , Hickey Michael , Ganushkina Natalia , Pierrard Viviane , Song Paul , Zong Qiugang
Published: April 2022

Key Point

The editors thank the 2021 peer reviewers
Signaling cascades in the failing heart and emerging therapeutic strategies
Authors: He Xin , Du Tailai , Long Tianxin , Liao Xinxue , Dong Yugang , Huang Zhan-Peng
Published: April 2022

Chronic heart failure is the end stage of cardiac diseases. With a high prevalence and a high mortality rate worldwide, chronic heart failure is one of the heaviest health-related burdens. In addition to the standard neurohormonal blockade therapy, several medications have been developed for chronic heart failure treatment, but the population-wide improvement in chronic heart failure prognosis over time has been modest, and novel therapies are still needed. Mechanistic discovery and technical innovation are powerful driving forces for therapeutic development. On the one hand, the past decades have witnessed great progress in understanding the mechanism of chronic heart failure. It is now known that chronic heart failure is not only a matter involving cardiomyocytes. Instead, chronic heart failure involves numerous signaling pathways in noncardiomyocytes, including fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells, and crosstalk among these cells. The complex regulatory network includes protein–protein, protein–RNA, and RNA–RNA interactions. These achievements in mechanistic studies provide novel insights for future therapeutic targets. On the other hand, with the development of modern biological techniques, targeting a protein pharmacologically is no longer the sole option for treating chronic heart failure. Gene therapy can directly manipulate the expression level of genes; gene editing techniques provide hope for curing hereditary cardiomyopathy; cell therapy aims to replace dysfunctional cardiomyocytes; and xenotransplantation may solve the problem of donor heart shortages. In this paper, we reviewed these two aspects in the field of failing heart signaling cascades and emerging therapeutic strategies based on modern biological techniques.
Microbiota in health and diseases
Authors: Hou Kaijian , Wu Zhuo-Xun , Chen Xuan-Yu , Wang Jing-Quan , Zhang Dongya , Xiao Chuanxing , Zhu Dan , Koya Jagadish B. , Wei Liuya , Li Jilin , Chen Zhe-Sheng
Published: April 2022

The role of microbiota in health and diseases is being highlighted by numerous studies since its discovery. Depending on the localized regions, microbiota can be classified into gut, oral, respiratory, and skin microbiota. The microbial communities are in symbiosis with the host, contributing to homeostasis and regulating immune function. However, microbiota dysbiosis can lead to dysregulation of bodily functions and diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, respiratory diseases, etc. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of how microbiota links to host health or pathogenesis. We first summarize the research of microbiota in healthy conditions, including the gut-brain axis, colonization resistance and immune modulation. Then, we highlight the pathogenesis of microbiota dysbiosis in disease development and progression, primarily associated with dysregulation of community composition, modulation of host immune response, and induction of chronic inflammation. Finally, we introduce the clinical approaches that utilize microbiota for disease treatment, such as microbiota modulation and fecal microbial transplantation.
Trophic interactions between predatory protists and pathogen-suppressive bacteria impact plant health
Authors: Guo Sai , Tao Chengyuan , Jousset Alexandre , Xiong Wu , Wang Zhe , Shen Zongzhuan , Wang Beibei , Xu Zhihui , Gao Zhilei , Liu Shanshan , Li Rong , Ruan Yunze , Shen Qirong , Kowalchuk George A , Geisen Stefan
Published: April 2022

Plant health is strongly impacted by beneficial and pathogenic plant microbes, which are themselves structured by resource inputs. Organic fertilizer inputs may thus offer a means of steering soil-borne microbes, thereby affecting plant health. Concurrently, soil microbes are subject to top-down control by predators, particularly protists. However, little is known regarding the impact of microbiome predators on plant health-influencing microbes and the interactive links to plant health. Here, we aimed to decipher the importance of predator-prey interactions in influencing plant health. To achieve this goal, we investigated soil and root-associated microbiomes (bacteria, fungi and protists) over nine years of banana planting under conventional and organic fertilization regimes differing in Fusarium wilt disease incidence. We found that the reduced disease incidence and improved yield associated with organic fertilization could be best explained by higher abundances of protists and pathogen-suppressive bacteria (e.g. Bacillus spp.). The pathogen-suppressive actions of predatory protists and Bacillus spp. were mainly determined by their interactions that increased the relative abundance of secondary metabolite Q genes (e.g. nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene) within the microbiome. In a subsequent microcosm assay, we tested the interactions between predatory protists and pathogen-suppressive Bacillus spp. that showed strong improvements in plant defense. Our study shows how protistan predators stimulate disease-suppressive bacteria in the plant microbiome, ultimately enhancing plant health and yield. Thus, we suggest a new biological model useful for improving sustainable agricultural practices that is based on complex interactions between different domains of life.
Targeting DRD2 by the antipsychotic drug, penfluridol, retards growth of renal cell carcinoma via inducing stemness inhibition and autophagy-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Tung Min-Che , Lin Yung-Wei , Lee Wei-Jiunn , Wen Yu-Ching , Liu Yu-Cheng , Chen Ji-Qing , Hsiao Michael , Yang Yi-Chieh , Chien Ming-Hsien
Published: April 2022

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary malignancies with poor prognoses, since it is largely resistant to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. The persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is the major cause of treatment failure with RCC. Recent evidence showed that dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)-targeting antipsychotic drugs such as penfluridol exert oncostatic effects on several cancer types, but the effect of penfluridol on RCC remains unknown. Here, we uncovered penfluridol suppressed in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumorigenicity of various RCC cell lines (Caki-1, 786-O, A498, and ACHN) and enhanced the Sutent (sunitinib)-triggered growth inhibition on clear cell (cc)RCC cell lines. Mechanistically, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) was critical for autophagy-mediated apoptosis induced by penfluridol. Transcriptional inhibition of OCT4 and Nanog via inhibiting GLI1 was important for penfluridol-induced stemness and proliferation inhibition. The anticancer activities of penfluridol on ccRCC partially occurred through DRD2. In clinical ccRCC specimens, positive correlations of DRD2 with GLI1, OCT4, and Nanog were observed and their expressions were correlated with worse prognoses. Summarizing, DRD2 antagonists such as penfluridol induce UPR signaling and suppress the GLI1/OCT4/Nanog axis in ccRCC cells to reduce their growth through inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis and stemness inhibition. These drugs can be repurposed as potential agents to treat ccRCC patients.