bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On History of Cultural Traditions Transformation
Authors: Karimova Risalat U.
Published: August 2016

The article examines the development of traditional arts and crafts among Kazakhstan’s Uyghurs under the influence of various historical factors. The Uyghurs of Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries comprise ethnographic group which developed over the last centuries separated from the main Uyghur population in Xinjiang, China, which resulted in emergence of their particular features. The article argues that the transformation of traditional arts and crafts among the Uyghurs of Kazakhstan occurred under the influence of political events, which changed dramatically the life of the entire population of the Russian Empire. With the establishment of Soviet power, the country’s rapid industrialization meant that products produced by individuals in workshops could not compete with less expensive and more practical products manufactures at factories and plants. Thus, blacksmiths, and artisanal producers of leather and cloth declined. Nevertheless, certain types of traditional art crafts (jewellery art, production of musical instruments, working out calabash) survived albeit on a limited scale due to the development of national idea, which requires symbols of ethnic culture. Modern artists exploit fantasy and go beyond traditional frames of ethnicity. The article argues that the arts and crafts of the Uyghurs received a new impetus in the Soviet era, despite the threat of a certain loss of ethnic peculiarities.
Mythologization of History and the Invention of Tradition in Kazakhstan
Authors: Galiev Anuar
Published: August 2016

This paper is dedicated to the issue of mythologized history andthe invention of traditions in independent Kazakhstan. Every nation state encounters this phenomenon, but it is particularly relevant during the struggle for independent and the process of state building. In this article the author reviews different sources for this in Kazakhstanand reviews often-encountered topics, which are used by mythologizators. First of all, there is the effort to show that the Kazakhs are a very ancient people and tribes and people that were well-known in ancient history like the Sumerians, Sakas, Huns and other ethnic groups were in fact Kazakh tribes. They also often try to prove that Chingiz khan was a Kazakh. Most of those who create these myths are not professional historians, they are mobilizorsof ethnicity, and usually they are physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. They invent traditions too. The mythologized history of Kazakhstan has various functions, one of them to delineate the territory of state. Another is to prove the special claims to authority of some Kazakh tribes. These myths are also used to counter the claims of other peoples to the territory of Kazakhstan.
Russian Colonial Policies of Education and the Spiritual Life of the Kazakh Population in Tashkent (Late 19th-early 20th Centuries)
Authors: Otarbaeva Gulzhan
Published: August 2016

The article discusses the traditional, predominantly Islamic, educational system (with its maktabs and madrasahs) in Tashkent and Turkestan in general, prior to the region’s colonization by the Russians, and the (limited) effects of the colonial authorities’ attempts to impose their policy of Russification through the establishment of Russian-indigenous schools. The Russian policies in Turkestan resemble those of the French in Algeria, but they were less successful.
The “Proceedings” of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission as a Historical Source
Authors: Uderbaeva Saule K.
Published: August 2016

In this article the author presents an analysis of the history of the “Proceedings” of the Orenburg Scientific Archive Commission (osac) as a historical source. In the course of the thirty years of its activities, the osac has done great work sorting out of archival files of the Orenburg Governor-General’s office and the archives of other institutions of the province, as well as of the archival institutions in other regions. From the beginning the osac’s members were engaged in active scientific-research work and publication of sources. By the efforts of the osac activists, 35 volumes of “Proceedings” have been published.
Regional Segment in the Demographic Processes in Kazakhstan in the Context of Cluster Division into Districts (1999-2009)
Authors: Aubakirova Zh. S.
Published: August 2016

The article looks at regional segment in the demographic processes in Kazakhstan during the decade of 1999-2009. The author uses method of cluster analysis to study demographic zones that includes specific weights of: a) Russian and Kazakh population in the total structure of the population, b) urban population in the total structure of population, c) people over 65, d) women of fertile age between 15 and 44, e) cumulative rate of natality, f) general mortality rate, g) rate of natural increase and h) crude marriage and divorce. These criteria enabled to distinguish several clusters using the concept of ‘ethnic and demographic area’ denoting a territory with relatively homogenous demography. Five clusters described comprise 1) Mangystau region, 2) region that includes East and North Kazakhstan with Akmola and Kokshetau, 3) South Kazakhstan with Atyrau and Kyzylorda, 4) Karaganda and Pavlodar regions (oblasts), 5) Aktobe, Almaty, Zhambyl and Western Kazakhstan region. Analysis of these areas made it possible to reveal their specific features. Differences between regions turned out to be substantial. While demographic situation in Mangystau and South Kazakhstan with Akmola and Kokshetau was favorable, demographic trends were negative in Eastern, Northern Kazakhstan and Akmola and Kokshetau regions as well as Karaganda and Pavlodar regions. Demographic trends in Aktobe, Almaty, Zhambyl regions and Western Kazakhstan can be characterized as transitional one from negative to positive extremes revealed between other two groups of clusters. The study of fertility in various regions of Kazakhstan allowed distinguishing two periods the first one being the 1989-1999s, when fertility declined dramatically and the period of its rise during the 1999-2009s. The article also discusses regional particularities of morality and reproduction in Kazakhstan, which are also determined by ethnic composition of these regions.
Political, Interparty and Moral Crisis of the “War Communism” Policy in Kazakhstan 1920-1922
Authors: Medeubayev Erlan
Published: August 2016

The article deals with the implementation of the complex of political and socio-economic measures of the Soviet state, called the policy of “war communism” in the cities of the Steppes and Turkestan in 1918-1921. Based on materials gleaned from various sources, the author endeavours to explore the processes of socialization and municipalization of private houses and dwellings, the nationalization of private property, which took place in the cities of the KazASSR and tassr; highlight some of the issues related to the subject policy of “war communism” in the cities of Kazakhstan. Various restrictive decrees and orders of the Soviet power in this period, aimed at limiting commodity-money relations and the prohibition of the right to private property put people into a rigid framework of survival. Approved in the sphere of public life, the ideology of “war communism” inevitably left its mark on the life of the city. This ideology was a special sociocultural phenomenon, strengthening other social psychology and ethics which propagandized the need to destroy the old “bourgeois” culture and create a new “proletarian culture”. “War Communism” as opposed to “bourgeois individualism” principles of the socialist community, broske vital foundations of society.

A characteristic feature of this period is the legitimization of violence and its use as a universal remedy of solving all problems. Under the pressure of revolutionary changes the sense of justice in society underwent considerable transformation. The right to inviolability of private property was completely ignored. The ruling regime no longer recognized the existing legal mechanisms, replacing them with the amorphous concept of “revolutionary legality.”
Imperial Statistical Research in the Kazakh Steppes (Late 19th-early 20th Centuries)
Authors: Jampeissova Zhanar
Published: August 2016

The notion of a ‘commune’ has become a part of evolutionistic view on social development over the course of 19th-20th cc. and heavily influenced various fields of Social Sciences and Humanities. The Russian statisticians have also accepted the category of a commune while they were investigating the Russian peasants’ household budgets. This theoretical pattern was also applied to Kazakh land tenure during the carrying out the Russian colonial project on searching land ‘surpluses’ for Russian settlers in the Kazakh steppes. In particular, it was used in the statistical research “Materials on Kirgiz land tenure collected and developed by the expedition for research of the Steppe area” under Fedor Shcherbina’s leadership (1896-1903).

In fact, the statisticians could not identify the commune borders among the nomads as those borders were very conditional. As a result, the surveyors turned from investigating commune to their creation. Soon the maps on Kazakh land tenure were made and ‘communes’ were established on the juridical base. After finishing that statistical research those invented communes served for colonial authorities as the ground for ceasing land in favor of the Russian peasants.
South-Eastern Policy of Tsarizm
Authors: Izbassarova Gulbanu Bolatovna
Published: August 2016

This article is devoted to the penetration of the Russian Empire to the territory of the Junior Horde of Kazakhs and the strengthening of Russian power in South Volga Region. Taking into consideration the ethnical origin and territorial contacts due to close proximity, cultural connections of Kazakhs and Bashkirs during the period under research, the article sheds light on the involvement of Kazakhs in Bashkir rebellions and looks into the changing character of the relations between these two Turkic ethnic groups. The nature of Orenburg expedition has been studied through the activities of the following rulers of the region: I.K. Kirillov, V.N. Tatishev, V.A. Urussov, I.I. Neplyuev. The construction of the city of Orenburg, the fortresses along the border with Bashkiriya and Western Kazakhstan, the colonization of the Orenburg region by Russians, and locating military units in a number of fortified cities was aimed at ensuring free and safe rear for further penetration into Central Asia.

The issue of the participation of Kazakhs in Bashkir rebellion in 1737-1740 and its causes are under study. The author dwells on the decision of Bashkir officers to surrender to the reign of Kazakhs and to invite one of the Kazakh sultans to become a sovereign Bashkir khan. The attitude of Kazakhs toward Bashkirs is studied through the activity of Abulkhair, the Kazakh Junior Horde khan, Semeke, the Kazakh Middle Horde аnd sultans Abulmambet, Ablay and others. The author estimates the number of casualties during the rebellion and the number of refugees seeking asylum in the Kazakh steppe. The marriage of Abulkhair Khan to a daughter of a Bashkir officer is considered as one of the methods of Bashkir influence on the Kazakh khan.
Feeling Like a Citizen, Living As a Denizen
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya
Published: August 2016

The implementation of restrictive immigration laws in 1997 in the United States has led to the deportation of hundreds of thousands of legal permanent residents—denizens who had made the United States their home. Mass deportations of denizens have given renewed importance to territorial belonging and legal citizenship for theories of citizenship, a relatively neglected area of scholarship in this field. This article draws from interviews with 30 deported Jamaicans who were once legal permanent residents of the United States to argue that denizens often feel “like citizens” based on their family and community ties to the United States, yet that their allegiance and sense of belonging is primarily to their family and community—not to the state. In this sense, there is a disconnect between the law—which privileges legal citizenship—and the daily lives of denizens—in which they can experience a profound sense of belonging in their communities.
External Validation of Randomized Trial Outcomes Following Carotid Interventions in the Modern Era
Authors: Paraskevas Kosmas I. , Naylor A. Ross
Published: August 2016

An essential prerequisite of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is “external validation,” that is, results obtained in the “real world” closely replicate those from RCTs. In this respect, contemporary administrative data set registries reporting outcomes after carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting (CAS) have recently reported death/stroke rates that exceed the accepted risk thresholds for intervening. The current article evaluates this controversy and offers reasons why this might continue to happen, namely: (1) difference in interventionists’ competence/experience, (2) patient selection, and (3) advances in CAS technology/technique. As CAS is a continuously evolving technique, the results obtained from patients recruited into the landmark RCTs (as early as the late 1990s) do not reflect contemporary practice. Although RCTs are not always the perfect solution, the process of randomization ensures minimization of selection bias. A possible way forward may be the introduction of prospective, randomized, controlled clinical registries.
Kappa and Rater Accuracy: Paradigms and Parameters
Authors: Conger Anthony J.
Published: August 2016

Drawing parallels to classical test theory, this article clarifies the difference between rater accuracy and reliability and demonstrates how category marginal frequencies affect rater agreement and Cohen’s kappa (κ). Category assignment paradigms are developed: comparing raters to a standard (index) versus comparing two raters to one another (concordance), using both nonstochastic and stochastic category membership. Using a probability model to express category assignments in terms of rater accuracy and random error, it is shown that observed agreement (Po) depends only on rater accuracy and number of categories; however, expected agreement (Pe) and κ depend additionally on category frequencies. Moreover, category frequencies affect Pe and κ solely through the variance of the category proportions, regardless of the specific frequencies underlying the variance. Paradoxically, some judgment paradigms involving stochastic categories are shown to yield higher κ values than their nonstochastic counterparts. Using the stated probability model, assignments to categories were generated for 552 combinations of paradigms, rater and category parameters, category frequencies, and number of stimuli. Observed means and standard errors for Po, Pe, and κ were fully consistent with theory expectations. Guidelines for interpretation of rater accuracy and reliability are offered, along with a discussion of alternatives to the basic model.
Hell is other people’s schedules: Canada’s limited-term military commitments, 2001–2015
Authors: Ettinger Aaron , Rice Jeffrey
Published: August 2016

Since 2001, Canada has participated in multilateral security operations in Afghanistan and Libya, and as part of the anti-ISIS coalition. Canada’s contributions have been the sum of eleven distinct time-delimited missions ranging from six months to four years. Until now, this variation in strategic duration has drawn little scholarly attention. This paper investigates the logic underpinning Canada’s variable mission commitments. We find that the actions of specific allies, as well as the NATO alliance as a whole, can account for the particular duration of Canadian military commitments. External pressure, combined with Canada’s internationalist orientation, reputational concerns, and the relative weakness of Canada’s Parliament, contributes to a cycle of engagement and re-engagement whereby extrication is perceived to come with high costs in reputation. This creates a dilemma for Canadian governments: participate in multilateral operations and be seen as a good ally, but cede control over strategic duration to forces beyond your control; or, don’t participate and risk that standing.
Hyperacetylation of Microtubules in Mesenchymal Cells Increases Cytokeratin 14–Positive Epithelial Progenitors in Developing Salivary Glands
Authors: Joo E.E. , Lombaert I.M.A. , Yamada K.M.
Published: August 2016

Cells engage in bidirectional communication with their surroundings. This reciprocal dialogue between cells and their cellular microenvironments often governs the maintenance and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. Here, the authors present evidence that in developing salivary gland explants, a single posttranslational change in microtubules in mesenchymal cells alters the mesenchymal microenvironment and promotes the maintenance and differentiation of a subset of epithelial progenitor cells that impairs branching morphogenesis. Specifically, the authors report that hyperacetylation of microtubules in mesenchymal cells increased cytokeratin 14–positive (K14+) progenitors and their differentiated progeny, myoepithelial cells, in epithelial basal and suprabasal layers in the distal endbud region of developing salivary glands. Mechanistically, this process engages the transforming growth factor β1 protein and Notch signaling pathways. This report establishes that a simple posttranslational change in the cytoskeletal system of mesenchyme dictates the maintenance and differentiation of adjacent epithelial progenitor cells to alter branching morphogenesis of the epithelium.
Situations analysis of the malt barley value chain integration and performance in Ethiopia
Authors: Watabaji Mulugeta D. , Molnár Adrienn , Gellynck Xavier
Published: August 2016

This study explores the malt barley value chain in Ethiopia with emphasis on value chain structure, integration, and performance and their respective interactions. Data were gathered from individual chain members through qualitative interviews and analyzed according to definitions of concepts in the literature and their arrangements within a conceptual framework. We identified several fragmentations that constrained value chain performance and weakened its integration. The major causes of fragmentation were a lack of value chain thinking, opportunistic traders, weak cooperative organizations, poor information sharing, and less support from the malt factory and breweries to upstream members of the chain. A conceptual framework was designed to guide future analysis, open managerial and policy dialogues, and initiate questions for future research to identify new ways of linking small-scale farmers to the large agro-processors in Sub-Saharan Africa.
A unique case of acute embolus in a renal transplant with salvage by catheter-directed thrombolysis
Authors: McIlveen E , Jackson A , Bowie J , Stirling C , Downie A , Kingsmore D
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Acute renal transplant emboli can be disastrous and result in loss of the renal transplant. This case was successfully treated with thrombolysis.

Case presentation

A 66-year-old female underwent a right-sided deceased heart-beating donor renal transplant. She had excellent transplant function but presented acutely three years later with pain in the transplanted kidney, an acute rise in serum creatinine and new onset atrial fibrillation. Bedside ultrasound scan demonstrated absent transplant perfusion. Emergency angiogram confirmed acute emboli in the transplant renal artery with some kidney perfusion. Thrombolysis with alteplase and anticoagulation with heparin was commenced. Serial imaging at 24 and 36 h demonstrated significant improvement in transplant perfusion. Following a period of supportive therapy, her transplant function recovered, although not to pre-morbid baseline levels.

Conclusion

Consider acute embolus in a renal transplant patient with acute kidney injury, transplant tenderness and cardiac arrhythmia. Early thrombolysis may salvage renal transplants and good transplant function may be regained.
Application of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to study unevenness of the structure of yarns
Authors: Toda Marta , Grabowska Katarzyna , Ciesielska-Wróbel Izabela
Published: August 2016

A study was conducted on the structure of a single cotton yarn using micro-computer tomography (micro-CT). This article describes two important parameters determining the unevenness of yarn structure, i.e. the migration of staple fibers and packing density of staple fibers in the yarn cross-section. Relationships were found between the variation of staple fiber migration characteristics and the relationship between yarn durability and twist. For the boundary value, the radius and range of migration are the highest, and the variation coefficient of the fiber migration range is the lowest. The number of fibers in the yarn cross-section decreases with twist. Above the boundary twist value, the number of fibers in the yarn cross-section stabilizes at the value corresponding to the number of fibers in the boundary twist.
Antibacterial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of alginate-AgNP fibers
Authors: Zhao Xihui , Li Qun , Li Xiaowen , Xia Yanzhi , Wang Bing , Zhao Zhihui
Published: August 2016

Biopolymer nanocomposites containing metal nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their excellent properties and broad applications. In this work, alginate fibers embedded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared. The as-obtained alginate-AgNP fibers exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram microorganisms of model microbes Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). A growth kinetic study with S. aureus and E. coli displayed the inhibition of bacterial growth at the logarithmic phase. The cytotoxic effect of the fibers in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells was assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry. The as-prepared alginate-AgNP fibers, particularly with high amount and long treatment time, showed high cell-killing efficiency. These findings emphasize that such alginate-AgNP fibers with multifaceted biological activities are a promising material for applications in the textile or biomedical fields.
Development of a new hybrid yarn construction from recycled carbon fibers (rCF) for high-performance composites. Part-II: Influence of yarn parameters on tensile properties of composites
Authors: Hengstermann M , Hasan MMB , Abdkader A , Cherif Ch
Published: August 2016

This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns from virgin staple CF (40 or 60 mm) or recycled staple CF (rCF) by mixing with polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibers of defined length. The hybrid yarns are produced using an optimized process route of carding, drawing, and flyer machine. Furthermore, the influence of CF length, CF type (i.e. virgin or rCF), CF volume content, and twist of the yarn are also investigated regarding the tensile properties of unidirectionally laid (UD) thermoplastic composites. The results show that CF length, yarn twist, and CF content of composites play a big role on the tensile properties of thermoplastic composites. From the comparison of tensile strength of UD composites produced from 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF, it can be seen that the increase of yarn twist decreases the tensile strength. However, the effect of twist on the tensile properties of UD composites manufactured from 40 mm virgin staple CF is insignificant. The tensile strength of UD thermoplastic composites manufactured from the hybrid yarn with 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF and rCF is found to be 771 ± 100, 838 ± 81, and 801 ± 53.4 MPa, respectively, in the case of 87 T/m containing 50 volume% CF.
Comparison of compression behaviors of fully covered biodegradable polydioxanone biliary stent for human body and uncovered biodegradable polydioxanone biliary stent: A numerical approach by finite element model
Authors: Liu Yanhui , Zhang Peihua
Published: August 2016

A comparison of compression behaviors between fully covered biodegradable polydioxanone (PDO) biliary stents (FCBPBSs) and uncovered biodegradable polydioxanone biliary stents (NBPBSs) was made by the finite element method. Numerical models for FCBPBSs and NBPBSs were established to investigate the relationship between the compression force and structural parameter (monofilament diameter and braid-pin number). The simulation and experimental results after calculating the compression force derived from both experiment and simulation results are in good agreement with each other, indicating that the simulation results can provide a useful reference for the investigation of biliary stents. The stress distributions for FCBPBSs and NBPBSs were studied, and the plastic dissipation analysis and plastic strain of FCBPBSs were obtained via simulation of compression of the film layer of the FCBPBSs. The film layer of FCBPBSs contributes greatly to the differences in mechanical properties, such as stress distribution, plastic dissipation and plastic strain, between FCBPBSs and NBPBSs.
Dyeing characteristics and functionability of tussah silk fabric with oak bark extract
Authors: Jia Yanmei , Liu Bo , Cheng Dehong , Li Jia , Huang Fang , Lu Yanhua
Published: August 2016

In order to realize the ultraviolet (UV) protection property and antimicrobial activity simultaneously, as well as the natural dyeing process, oak bark extract was prepared and applied to dye tussah silk fabric. The effects of dyeing pH value, temperature, time and mordant kinds on dyeing properties of tussah silk fabric were analyzed. The results indicated that the optimum direct dyeing conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, temperature 98℃, time 80 min. As for the mordant dyeing process, the K/ S values of the post-mordant dyed samples were higher than those of the pre-mordant dyed samples. The color of the direct, aluminum potassium sulfate, copper sulfate and the ferrous sulfate dyed samples were brown, yellow-brown, dark brown and gray black, respectively. The washing, rubbing and light fastness of the three mordants dyed samples were all good. Moreover, the dyed samples showed an excellent UV protection property and antimicrobial activity. The UV protection factor values of the mordant dyed sample were more than 40; the reduction in bacterial count percent against S. aureus and E. coli reached up to and above 85% and 80%, respectively; and the weight gain rate was more than 6%. Furthermore, the dyed samples had good washing durability of the UV protection function and antimicrobial activity even after 50 consecutive launderings.
The Meanings of Destination: A Q Method Approach
Authors: Huang Yinghua , Qu Hailin , Montgomery Diane
Published: August 2016

While researchers increasingly address place meaning and place attachment as the cornerstones for understanding human–place relations, the factors that make a tourism destination meaningful have received less attention. Using Q method, this study investigated the dynamic nature of place meanings from the tourist perspective, and developed a theoretical framework to explain the construction of destination meanings. Data analyses identified four subjective views toward the meanings of destination and four underlying continuums that illustrate how a complex process of co-construction reveals distinct patterns of destination meanings. This study makes theoretical as well as practical contributions to the literature.
Biological Children Versus Stepchildren: Interorganizational Learning Processes of Spinoff and Nonspinoff Suppliers
Authors: Uzunca Bilgehan
Published: August 2016

Interorganizational scholars have long thought about how firms learn through buyer relationships. However, it is not clear whether dyadic learning gains are susceptible to imitation or are only inherited and whether these gains decay over time or are of an enduring nature. In this paper, I import ideas from the organizational imprinting literature into the interorganizational literature and apply the knowledge-based and learning views of the firm to examine how suppliers with differing initial endowments learn to work together with a buyer. The findings from an inductive multiple case study of spinoff and nonspinoff suppliers of an automotive manufacturer parent in Turkey reveal the following three learning mechanisms: informal relationships and social capital, transfer of routines, and shared identity. Although nonspinoff suppliers also exhibit evidence of several learning processes to a certain extent, spinoff suppliers’ deeper relationship, in particular their shared identity, with their parent based on their direct parental heritage tends to be more difficult for them to copy. No matter how hard nonspinoff suppliers try, they have “one hand tied behind their back,” they remain stepchildren, and they never truly become a biological child. By providing a novel setting and a rich set of qualitative data on the learning behaviors of these two types of suppliers, this study teases apart the knowledge and resources that can be “learned from external sources” versus those that can “only be inherited.”
Outcomes of temperamental inhibition in young children are moderated by attentional biases
Authors: He Jie , Zhai Shuyi , Wu Weiyang , Lou Liyue
Published: August 2016

The current longitudinal study examined the association of temperamental inhibition (assessed by behavioral observation and parental reports) at three years old with reward and punishment bias (measured by a spatial cueing task) and mothers’ and teachers’ reports of internalizing behaviors and social competence at five years old in 153 Chinese children. As predicted, behavioral inhibition positively predicted later mother-rated internalizing behaviors. In addition, punishment bias moderated this relation such that children with higher punishment bias showed a positive inhibition–internalizing link. Furthermore, inhibition negatively predicted both mother-rated and teacher-rated social competence. However, novel findings were that reward bias moderated the relation between inhibition and teacher-rated social competence, such that inhibited children showed an increased risk of low competence when they had lower reward bias.
Spontaneous and Dosing Route–related Lung Lesions in Beagle Dogs from Oral Gavage and Inhalation Toxicity Studies
Authors: Mukaratirwa Sydney , Garcia Begonya , Isobe Kaori , Petterino Claudio , Bradley Alys
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to characterize lung microscopic lesions in control beagle dogs from inhalation and oral gavage toxicity studies, to determine differences associated with the route of administration, and to discuss distinguishing features from compound-induced lung lesions. Samples from 138 control dogs from oral gavage studies and 124 control dogs from inhalation (vehicle control) studies were evaluated microscopically. There was no significant sex-related difference in the incidence of all lesions. Perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration, centriacinar mixed cell infiltration, bronchopneumonia, subpleural septal fibrosis, and alveolar macrophage accumulation were the most common lesions. Aspiration pneumonia was more common in dogs from gavage studies, suggesting reflux after gavage dosing or accidental administration of test formulation as possible causes. Centriacinar mixed cell infiltration was more common in dogs from inhalation studies, suggesting mild irritation by the vehicles used. Vascular lesions, which included pulmonary arteriopathy and smooth muscle mineralization, were observed in a few animals. Some of the spontaneous lesions are similar to lesions induced by test compounds. Compared to spontaneous lesions, compound-induced lesions tend to be multifocal or diffuse, follow a pattern of distribution (e.g., centriacinar, perivascular, and interstitial), show a dose response in the incidence and severity, and may show cell-specific toxicity.
High-Stakes Systematic Reviews
Authors: Goesling Brian , Oberlander Sarah , Trivits Lisa
Published: August 2016

Background:

Systematic reviews help policy makers and practitioners make sense of research findings in a particular program, policy, or practice area by synthesizing evidence across multiple studies. However, the link between review findings and practical decision-making is rarely one-to-one. Policy makers and practitioners may use systematic review findings to help guide their decisions, but they may also rely on other information sources or personal judgment.

Objectives:

To describe a recent effort by the U.S. federal government to narrow the gap between review findings and practical decision-making. The Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Evidence Review was launched by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 2009 as a systematic review of the TPP literature. HHS has used the review findings to determine eligibility for federal funding for TPP programs, marking one of the first attempts to directly link systematic review findings with federal funding decisions.

Conclusions:

The high stakes attached to the review findings required special considerations in designing and conducting the review. To provide a sound basis for federal funding decisions, the review had to meet accepted methodological standards. However, the review team also had to account for practical constraints of the funding legislation and needs of the federal agencies responsible for administering the grant programs. The review team also had to develop a transparent process for both releasing the review findings and updating them over time. Prospective review authors and sponsors must recognize both the strengths and limitations of this approach before applying it in other areas.
A Structured Approach Using the Systematic Review Data Repository (SRDR)
Authors: Bonardi Alexandra , Clifford Christine J. , Hadar Nira
Published: August 2016

Background:

This review describes the methods used for a systematic review of oral health intervention literature in a target population (people with intellectual and developmental disability (I/DD)), which spans a broad range of interventions and study types, conducted with specialized software.

Objective:

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the review strategy, using the free, online systematic review data repository (SRDR) tool, for oral health interventions aimed at reducing disparities between people with I/DD and the general population.

Research Design:

Researchers used online title/abstract review (Abstrackr) and data extraction (SRDR) tools to structure the literature review and data extraction. A practicing clinician and an expert methodologist completed the quality review for each study. The data extraction team reported on the experience of using and customizing the SRDR.

Results:

Using the SRDR, the team developed four extraction templates for eight key questions and completed extraction on 125 articles.

Conclusions:

This report discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using an electronic tool, such as the SRDR, in completing a systematic review in an area of growing research. This review provides valuable insight for researchers who are considering the use of the SRDR.
Extension of thrust network analysis with joints consideration and new equilibrium states
Authors: Fantin Mathias , Ciblac Thierry
Published: August 2016

Thrust network analysis is usually applied to form finding of compressive-only structure. In order to study existing structures of historic interest, the joints of the structure need to be taken into account. We study the meaning of the three-dimensional thrust network with respect to the two-dimensional historical concepts of the line of pressure and line of resistance. We propose the refinement of the networks using additional branches with specific properties to widen the set of equilibrium solutions that can be computed. Finally, the application of the method to historic approaches of vault calculation is considered, as well as the convergence of the numerical geometrical coefficient of safety toward Heyman’s geometrical coefficient of safety.
Shaggy Lame Fox Syndrome in Pribilof Island Arctic Foxes (Alopex lagopus pribilofensis), Alaska
Authors: Spraker T. R. , White P. A.
Published: August 2016

A previously unrecognized condition is described in wild free-ranging Pribilof arctic foxes ( Alopex lagopus pribilofensis) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, USA. This condition is called shaggy lame fox syndrome (SLFS) denoting the primary clinical signs first observed. Criteria used to suspect SLFS on gross examination included emaciation, failure to shed winter pelage and moderate to severe polyarthritis. Criteria used to confirm SLFS histologically included polyarthritis (characterized by lymphoplasmacytic synovitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis, periosteal bony proliferation, and periarticular lymphoplasmacytic vasculitis) and systemic leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Other histological lesions often found included renal cortical infarcts, myocarditis with myocardial infarcts, lymphoplasmacytic meningitis, lymphoplasmacytic cuffing of meningeal and a few cerebral vessels, and cavitating infarcts of the brainstem and thalamus. The cause of SLFS is not known at this time; however, the gross and histological lesions suggest that the cause of SLFS may be a bacterial polyarthritis with a secondary immune-mediated vasculitis. These lesions are consistent with changes described with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in domestic dogs; E. rhusiopathiae was identified from the synovial membrane of a swollen stifle joint and the kidney from one fox using real-time polymerase chain reaction and with culture from a fox that had gross and histological lesions of SLFS. Therefore, E. rhusiopathiae is a possible etiological agent for SLFS.
Benevolent technotopias and hitherto unimaginable meats: Tracing the promises of in vitro meat
Authors: Jönsson Erik
Published: August 2016

Today, in vitro (Latin: in glass) meat researchers strive to overhaul meat production technologies by producing meat outside animal bodies, primarily by culturing cells. In the process, meat should become healthier, more environmentally friendly and kinder to animals. In this article, I scrutinize (and problematize) this promissory discourse by examining the world that proponents envision alongside the world from which promises emerge. First, I trace the increasing number of publications striving to pinpoint the nature of in vitro meat to unveil the creation of an in vitro meat canon wherein perceived possibilities become taken for granted. Second, I investigate how the promissory discourse is often relatively silent on key aspects of how this technology could remake the world. Wet laboratories, animals and end products become foregrounded at the expense of political economy and the biophysical properties of cultured cells. Thus, questions concerning how funding requirements shape representations of this new technology, together with in vitro meat’s particular socio-spatial and socio-ecological implications, become problematically de-emphasized.
Approaches to study across four year-levels of undergraduate occupational therapy students: Similar or different?
Authors: Brown Ted , Murdolo Yuki
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Past studies that have investigated approaches to study adopted by undergraduate students suggest that university learners enrolled in different year-levels in the same academic course may take up different approaches to study. No research to date has investigated how approaches to learning may differ among undergraduate occupational therapy students enrolled in their first, second, third or fourth year of tertiary level study. The aim of the current study was to examine the similarities and differences in approaches to study among four year-levels of occupational therapy students at one Australian university.

Method

First-, second-, third- and fourth-year undergraduate occupational therapy students ( N = 376; 92.8% response rate) completed the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD were conducted to identify differences in approaches to study across the four year-level cohorts of students.

Results

Fourth-year students differed significantly from first-, second- and third-year students on the mean scores of the deep and strategic approaches to study ( F(3,372) = 6.958, p = .01 and F(3,372) = 8.366, p = .001 respectively) and on a number of the associated Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students subscales. There was no statistically significant difference across the four student cohorts on the mean score of the surface study approach.

Conclusion

Findings from the current study highlighted the difficulties in facilitating a deep approach to study and the prevalence of a surface study approach among undergraduate occupational therapy students.
How Much Do Mental Health and Substance Use/Addiction Affect Use of General Medical Services? Extent of Use, Reason for Use, and Associated Costs
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Cheng Joyce , Bernards Sharon , Wells Samantha , Rehm Jürgen , Kurdyak Paul
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To measure service use and costs associated with health care for patients with mental health (MH) and substance use/addiction (SA) problems.

Methods:

A 5-year cross-sectional study (2007-2012) of administrative health care data was conducted (average annual sample size = 123,235 adults aged >18 years who had a valid Ontario health care number and used at least 1 service during the year; 55% female). We assessed average annual use of primary care, emergency departments and hospitals, and overall health care costs for patients identified as having MH only, SA only, co-occurring MH and SA problems (MH+SA), and no MH and/or SA (MH/SA) problems. Total visits/admissions and total non-MH/SA visits (i.e., excluding MH/SA visits) were regressed separately on MH, SA, and MH+SA cases compared to non-MH/SA cases using the 2011-2012 sample ( N = 123,331), controlling for age and sex.

Results:

Compared to non-MH/SA patients, MH/SA patients were significantly ( P < 0.001) more likely to visit primary care physicians (1.82 times as many visits for MH-only patients, 4.24 for SA, and 5.59 for MH+SA), use emergency departments (odds, 1.53 [MH], 3.79 [SA], 5.94 [MH+SA]), and be hospitalized (odds, 1.59 [MH], 4.10 [SA], 7.82 [MH+SA]). MH/SA patients were also significantly more likely than non-MH/SA patients to have non-MH/SA-related visits and accounted for 20% of the sample but over 30% of health care costs.

Conclusions:

MH and SA are core issues for all health care settings. MH/SA patients use more services overall and for non-MH/SA issues, with especially high use and costs for MH+SA patients.
Optimizing Outcomes for Mechanically Ventilated Patients in an Era of Endovascular Acute Ischemic Stroke Therapy
Authors: Lahiri Shouri , Schlick Konrad , Kavi Tapan , Song Shlee , Moheet Asma M. , Yusufali Taizoon , Rosengart Axel , Alexander Michael J. , Lyden Patrick D.
Published: August 2016

Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy is a new standard of care for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The majority of these patients receive mechanical ventilation (MV), which has been associated with poor outcomes. The implication of this is significant, as most neurointerventionalists prefer general compared to local anesthesia during the procedure. Consequences of hemodynamic and respiratory perturbations during general anesthesia and MV are thought to contribute significantly to the poor outcomes that are encountered. In this review, we first describe the unique risks associated with MV in the specific context of AIS and then discuss evidence of brain goal-directed approaches that may mitigate these risks. These strategies include an individualized approach to hemodynamic parameters (eg, adherence to a minimum blood pressure goal and adequate volume resuscitation), respiratory parameters (eg, arterial carbon dioxide optimization), and the use of ventilator settings that optimize neurological outcomes (eg, arterial oxygen optimization).
“I Know It When I See It”: Recent Victimization and Perceptions of Rape
Authors: Haugen Andrea D. , Salter Phia , Phillips Nia L.
Published: August 2016

This study examined various individual differences that influence perceptions of sexual assault (SA), specifically focusing on participants’ self-reported recent experiences of rape or sexual coercion. Female college students ( N = 214) read 16 short SA encounter vignettes, indicated whether what they read constituted rape, and completed individual difference measures. Results indicated that participants who confirmed a recent history of SA endorsed rape myths to a greater degree, held more adversarial sexual beliefs, reported higher levels of sociosexuality, and were less likely to construct the SA encounters as rape when compared with women who do not report recent SA or coercion. Further analyses showed that these variables interacted to predict rape perception in ambiguous SA vignettes, as identified by the participants. These findings illuminate some of the impacts of SA and coercion on women and provide suggestions for future research to further examine the relationship between recent assault history and perceptions of rape.
Intimate Partner Violence and Its Association With Self-Determination Needs and Gender-Power Constructs Among Rural South African Women
Authors: Mpondo Feziwe , Ruiter Robert A. C. , van den Borne Bart , Reddy Priscilla S.
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to identify psychosocial correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) by using constructs derived from the self-determination theory (SDT) and gender-power scales. Cross-sectional data ( N = 238) were collected from women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, and were used to test a structural equation model (SEM). The majority (87%) of the participants reported having sexual partners in the past 3 months, and in terms of IPV victimization, 36% and 26% of women had ever experienced verbal and physical abuse, respectively. Bivariate correlations showed that autonomy and beliefs about gender equality (BGE) were strongly associated with IPV. This finding was also confirmed in the SEM analysis, which indicated that autonomy had a direct effect on IPV suggesting that women who are in relationships that allow them to make decisions along with their partners possibly experience less IPV. In addition BGE, which was hypothesized to play a mediating role showed a significant direct association with IPV, suggesting that women who are aware of their rights may experience less IPV by choosing partners who do not espouse hegemonic masculinities or strong patriarchal beliefs. Our findings suggest that it would be important to incorporate decision-making skills and human rights awareness in future community-based sexual health and reproductive rights interventions.