bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics Associated With Functional Changes During Systemic Cancer Treatments: A Systematic Review Focused on Older Adults
Authors: Loh Kah Poh , Lam Vivian , Webber Katey , Padam Simran , Sedrak Mina S. , Musinipally Vivek , Grogan Madison , Presley Carolyn J. , Grandi Janice , Sanapala Chandrika , Castillo Daniel A. , DiGiovanni Grace , Mohile Supriya G. , Walter Louise C. , Wong Melisa L.
Published: September 2021

Background: Maintaining functional status is important to older adults with cancer, but data are limited on how systemic treatments affect functional status. We systematically reviewed changes in functional status during systemic cancer treatments and identified characteristics associated with functional decline and improvement. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials for articles examining characteristics associated with functional changes in older adults during systemic cancer treatment published in English between database inception and January 11, 2019 (PROSPERO CRD42019123125). Findings were summarized with descriptive statistics. Study characteristics between older adult–specific and non–older adult–specific studies were compared using the Fisher exact test. Results: We screened 15,244 titles/abstracts and 519 full texts. The final analysis included 44 studies, which enrolled >8,400 patients; 39% of studies focused on older adults (1 study enrolled adults aged ≥60 years, 10 enrolled adults aged ≥65 years, and 6 enrolled adults aged ≥70 years). Almost all studies (98%) used patient-reported outcomes to measure functional status; only 20% used physical performance tests. Reporting of functional change was heterogeneous, with 48% reporting change scores. Older adult–specific studies were more likely to analyze functional change dichotomously (29% vs 4%; P=.008). Functional decline ranged widely, from 6% to 90%. The most common patient characteristics associated with functional decline were older age (n=7 studies), worse performance status (n=4), progressive disease status (n=4), pain (n=4), anemia (n=4), and worse nutritional status (n=4). Twelve studies examined functional improvement and identified 11 unique associated characteristics. Conclusions: Functional decline is increasingly recognized as an important outcome in older adults with cancer, but definitions and analyses are heterogeneous, leading to a wide range of prevalence. To identify patients at highest risk of functional decline during systemic cancer treatments, trials need to routinely analyze functional outcomes and measure characteristics associated with decline (eg, nutrition).
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Delays in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Rao Ashwin , Rich Nicole E. , Marrero Jorge A. , Yopp Adam C. , Singal Amit G.
Published: September 2021

Background: Delays in diagnosis and treatment have been reported for many cancers, with resultant stage migration and worse survival; however, few data exist in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These data are of particular importance in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused disruptions in healthcare processes and may continue to impact cancer care for the foreseeable future. The aim of our study was to characterize the prevalence and clinical significance of diagnostic and treatment delays in patients with HCC. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients diagnosed with HCC between January 2008 and July 2017 at 2 US health systems. Diagnostic and treatment delays were defined as >90 days between presentation and HCC diagnosis and between diagnosis and treatment, respectively. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with diagnostic and treatment delays and Cox proportional hazard models to identify correlates of overall survival. Results: Of 925 patients with HCC, 39.0% were diagnosed via screening, 33.1% incidentally, and 27.9% symptomatically. Median time from presentation to diagnosis was 37 days (interquartile range, 18–94 days), with 120 patients (13.0%) experiencing diagnostic delays. Median time from HCC diagnosis to treatment was 46 days (interquartile range, 29–74 days), with 17.2% of patients experiencing treatment delays. Most (72.5%) diagnostic delays were related to provider-level factors (eg, monitoring indeterminate nodules), whereas nearly half (46.2%) of treatment delays were related to patient-related factors (eg, missed appointments). In multivariable analyses, treatment delays were not associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.60–1.35); these results were consistent across subgroup analyses by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage and treatment modality. Conclusions: Diagnostic and therapeutic delays exceeding 3 months are common in patients with HCC; however, observed treatment delays do not seem to significantly impact overall survival.
PTCH1-GLI1 Fusion–Positive Ovarian Tumor: Report of a Unique Case With Response to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Pazopanib
Authors: Alwaqfi Rofieda R. , Samuelson Megan I. , Guseva Natalya N. , Ouyang Michelle , Bossler Aaron D. , Ma Deqin
Published: September 2021

Recurrent GLI1 gene fusions have been recently described in a subset of soft tissue tumors showing a distinct monotonous epithelioid morphology with a rich capillary network and frequent S100 protein expression. Three different fusion partners—ACTB, MALAT1, and PTCH1—have been reported with the PTCH1-GLI1 fusion from 2 patients only, both with head and neck tumors. Herein, we report for the first time a PTCH1-GLI1 fusion in a primary ovarian tumor from a female patient aged 54 years who presented with a 21-cm right ovarian mass and mesenteric metastasis. The tumor was diagnosed as “favor malignant melanoma” based on histologic examination and extensive immunohistochemistry studies. The patient received 4 cycles of pembrolizumab and 2 cycles of trabectedin but developed multiple metastases. A next-generation sequencing-based assay detected a PTCH1-GLI1 fusion, which led to a revised pathologic diagnosis and a change of the patient’s management. The patient was switched to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) pazopanib to target the sonic hedgehog pathway. Her disease was stable 49 months post TKI therapy. Our case report is the first to show that a tumor with GLI1 oncogenic activation was sensitive to a TKI. The morphologic and immunohistochemistry similarities of our patient’s tumor to other recently described tumors harboring GLI1 fusions suggest that these tumors may all belong to the same entity of GLI1 fusion–positive neoplasms and may be treated similarly.
Les services de soutien à domicile au Québec
Authors: Grenier Josée , Marchand Isabelle , Bourque Mélanie
Published: September 2021

L’article discute des réformes survenues dans les politiques de soutien à domicile depuis les années 1980 et, plus précisément, au regard de la reconfiguration des rapports entre la personne aînée, destinataire de soins et des services, la famille (les aidants familiaux), l’État et la communauté. Ces transformations ont eu des impacts directs sur les personnes bénéficiaires de services et les personnes proches aidantes. L’article démontre l’apparition progressive d’une logique de l’investissement social et de l’activation des personnes dans les services à domicile découlant des principes de la Nouvelle gestion publique.
Représentations médiatiques et opinion publique de l’assistance sociale au Québec
Authors: Landry Normand , Blanchet Alexandre , Rocheleau Sylvain , Gagné Anne-Marie , Caidor Pascale , Caneva Christiane
Published: September 2021

Cet article présente les méthodes, les analyses et les résultats de travaux de recherche portant sur la couverture médiatique de l’assistance sociale au Québec et sur les opinions des Québécois quant aux politiques d’assistance sociale et à leurs prestataires. Il discute des conclusions de recherche dans le contexte plus large des réformes des politiques d’assistance sociale au Québec. Il positionne de ce fait les activités de communication publique menées par des acteurs sociaux et politiques en lien étroit avec les rapports de force qui influencent les réformes apportées aux politiques sociales.
L’impact de l’action publique sur les stratégies d’un collectif régional de lutte à la pauvreté entre 2008 et 2015
Authors: Doré Christine , Thomas Daniel , Chouinard Isabelle
Published: September 2021

Cet article examine les changements produits par le Plan d’action gouvernemental pour la solidarité et l’inclusion sociale 2010-2015 sur les choix stratégiques de la Table d’action contre la pauvreté de l’Abitibi-Témiscamingue pour la période 2008-2015. Dans le domaine de la lutte à la pauvreté et dans le cas étudié, les réformes publiques qui tentent d’orienter l’action collective des organismes communautaires ont à la fois rencontré de la résistance au modèle proposé et entraîné l’adoption de nouvelles pratiques par une reconfiguration des choix stratégiques de cet acteur collectif. Cette analyse à l’échelon régional est mise en perspective avec d’autres constats réalisés à l’échelon provincial, dont la co-construction des politiques publiques et les résistances aux transformations de la protection sociale.
Le traitement punitif des prestataires de l’aide sociale
Authors: Fortin Véronique , Chesnay Catherine , Greissler Elisabeth
Published: September 2021

Plusieurs situations appellent des mesures dites « punitives », soit ayant un effet matériel de sanctions, dans le dispositif d’aide sociale au Québec. Dans cet article, partant du cas de figure du contrôle des prestataires d’aide sociale en situation de vie maritale, nous montrerons que le droit administratif a pour effet de construire le profil du prestataire d’aide sociale comme un sujet déviant à punir. Notre recherche s’est notamment intéressée aux mécanismes juridiques déclenchés en raison de la supposée non-conformité aux règles du dispositif d’aide sociale en lien avec la vie maritale ainsi qu’aux effets de ces mécanismes punitifs sur les prestataires, à partir des récits d’expériences de ces derniers.
L’Organisation populaire des droits sociaux
Authors: Tremblay-Marcotte Yann
Published: September 2021

L’Organisation populaire des droits sociaux (OPDS) de Montréal est un organisme en défense collective des droits des personnes assistées sociales qui a conservé l’esprit « par et pour » des premiers groupes populaires. L’équipe de travail, composée de militant.e.s salarié.e.s et bénévoles, a développé des pratiques démocratiques ainsi que des stratégies de résistance aux préjugés, au mépris et à des politiques d’aide sociale punitives, stigmatisantes et de surveillance. Peu documentées, ces pratiques en défense collective des droits permettent de questionner certaines notions importantes en travail social, dont l’empowerment et l’interdépendance.
Le FCPASQ et le GRFPQ en lutte contre les injustices sociales et les inégalités épistémiques vécues par les personnes assistées sociales
Authors: Boucher Maxime , Hébert Audrey
Published: September 2021

Deux salarié.e.s du Front commun des personnes assistées sociales du Québec (FCPASQ) et du Groupe de recherche et de formation sur la pauvreté au Québec (GRFPQ) présentent leurs efforts pour lutter contre les injustices sociales vécues par les personnes assistées sociales à travers leur travail pour réduire les inégalités épistémiques.
La violence conjugale en contexte migratoire
Authors: Fané Fanta , Beaulieu Marie , Lenoir Annick
Published: September 2021

Cette réflexion porte sur la problématique de la violence conjugale dans les communautés ethnoculturelles. Nos propos visent à faire la lumière sur certaines approches ou pratiques d’intervention peu adaptées aux besoins et aux attentes des communautés ethnoculturelles, tout en proposant de nouvelles avenues pour bonifier la prévention et l’intervention directe. Dans cet article, nous réitérons également la pertinence de s’approprier une démarche éthique en contexte de pratique comme moyen permettant aux intervenantes de se doter d’un esprit critique et analytique face à la complexité des situations rencontrées.
(Re)donner au bénévolat sa juste valeur
Authors: Del Fa Sophie , Lamoureux Samuel , Vásquez Consuelo
Published: September 2021

Cet article propose une réflexion néomarxiste sur les pratiques de travail bénévoles (PTB) afin de sortir d’une conception pure et idéalisée du bénévolat comme don de soi pour l’inscrire comme un ensemble de pratiques de travail productrices de valeurs insérées dans le capitalisme néolibéral. À partir de trois exemples de bénévolat contemporain, l’article démontre l’ancrage des PTB dans une guerre des valeurs dans lesquelles ces dernières sont cooptées par le capitalisme néolibéral, par le fait même de leur idéalisation et de leur naturalisation comme don libre de soi. Cet article s’intègre dans une réflexion plus générale sur la valeur du travail dans le capitalisme d’aujourd’hui ; il propose un geste analytique et politique.
Les professions de soins en temps de COVID-19
Authors: Meek-Bouchard Catherine
Published: September 2021

La pandémie de COVID-19 nous pousse à réfléchir aux valeurs de la société néolibérale, à la conception du care et à la division genrée et raciale du travail. À partir des théories du care de Carol Gilligan et de Joan Tronto, cet article propose une analyse féministe de l’importance de la valorisation des professions de soins dans les établissements de santé au Québec. Cette crise sanitaire permettra-t-elle de mettre en lumière l’apport colossal du travail de care, si souvent dévolu aux femmes et aux personnes racisées et immigrantes ?
“The Eternal Triangle of Barrie Moviedom”
Authors: Armstrong Aaron E.
Published: September 2021

Between 1908 and 1938, Barrie went from having no permanent movie theatres to the city with the most per capita in the county. Barrie not only furnished a sizable audience, but one large enough to sustain multiple theatres that seated 600, reinforcing the importance of studying rural audiences. By examining the development of cinema, the struggles between theatre operators, and how local audiences interacted with the new medium it becomes clear that people in Barrie and comparable rural municipalities engaged with cinema in similar but not identical ways as those in large urban centres. This study shifts the current dialogue from one of metropole imposing change on the periphery to a better understanding of rural theatre culture as a unique entity worthy of study.
“Uncertain as to future fate”
Authors: Raible Chris
Published: September 2021

Through first-hand accounts, most notably that of prisoner John Goldsworthy Parker, this article examines the lives of the men who were imprisoned following their failed rebellion in 1837 in Upper Canada. As a close camaraderie developed, they began to think of themselves as the men in “John Montgomery’s Room” (named after the owner of the tavern where the rebels had rallied in the Rebellion). Included are descriptions of their daily lives, how they interacted, their meals, devotions, sicknesses, and entertainments, how they coped with the execution of some of their fellow prisoners, and, most closely, the carving of many unique commemorative boxes many of which remain today as artifacts of the failed rebellion.
Egerton Ryerson and the Mississauga, 1826 to 1856, an Appeal for Further Study
Authors: Smith Donald B.
Published: September 2021

The topic of Egerton Ryerson’s relationship with the First Nations is complex, a very large story. The key question returns again and again, what kind of relationship did the founder of Ontario’s school system have with the Indigenous Peoples? The focus of this article is on the First Nations group he knew best, the Mississauga, in particular the Credit Mississauga, the Ojibwe-speaking Anishinaabeg at the western end of Lake Ontario. As Ryerson is such a central figure in Ontario history, and even has a major university in the province named after him, I hope that young scholars, both Indigenous and non-Indigenous, will advance this discussion in future work.
The key characteristics of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities: criminological aspect
Authors: Sukhareva Kseniia
Published: September 2021

The object of this research is corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities as a separate significant phenomenon from the perspective of criminology. The subject of this research is the norms of international and Russian legislation that regulate the legal status of the representative bodies of municipalities in the Russian Federation, as well as scientific work of the experts in criminology, constitutional, municipal and criminal law, which allow disclosing the key characteristics of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities. The goal of this article lies in formation of holistic view of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities. The task is set to examine and analyze the legislation and scientific literature on the activity of the representative bodies of municipalities and their members (deputies), determine the key attributes of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities, as well as establish this negative sociopolitical and legal phenomenon. The scientific novelty consists in studying the peculiarities of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities, describing the key characteristic features of this phenomenon (sphere of existence, constituencies, scope of objectives), and giving the working definition to the concept of corruption among the representative bodies of municipalities. The acquired results lead to the conclusion that corruption in the representative bodies of municipalities is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that negatively impacts the activity of a particular municipality, as well as the system of local administration overall.
Vibrational dynamics of hydrogen molecules under intense THz waves
Authors: Ning Hui , Wang Kai-Cheng , Wang Shao-Meng , Gong Yu-Bin ,   College of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
Published: September 2021

The physical properties and dynamics of molecules can be studied by the interaction between electromagnetic field and molecular system. The continuous development of terahertz technology provides a terahertz source capable of generating a sub-picosecond directional intense electric field. The generated intense-field terahertz wave has the same electric field intensity as the molecular local electric field environment, and on a sub-picosecond time scale of the directional electric field there can happen many ultrafast physical and chemical reactions. At present, the interaction between terahertz waves and molecules is limited mainly to the resonance interaction, that is, the molecules transition at different vibrational levels, caused through dipole interaction. In this work, based on the density functional theory calculation and the finite difference time domain solution method of Schrödinger equation, the intense non-resonance effect of intense terahertz wave electric field on hydrogen molecules is studied. The results show that under the action of intense terahertz wave sub-picosecond directional intense electric field, hydrogen molecule will produce an induced dipole moment. This dipole interacts with the external terahertz field, resulting in the fluctuation of proton probability density distribution and the change of vibration energy level population. Based on the non-resonant interaction between non-polar diatomic molecule hydrogen and intense terahertz wave, a unique way of producing the interaction between electromagnetic waves and molecules is displayed in this work, which is a method of studying the dynamics of non-polar molecules and molecules with weak polarity in intense terahertz field.
A survey of Sybil attack countermeasures in IoT-based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Arshad Akashah , Mohd Hanapi Zurina , Subramaniam Shamala , Latip Rohaya
Published: September 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been among the most prevalent wireless innovations over the years exciting new Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT based WSN integrated with Internet Protocol IP allows any physical objects with sensors to be connected ubiquitously and send real-time data to the server connected to the Internet gate. Security in WSN remains an ongoing research trend that falls under the IoT paradigm. A WSN node deployed in a hostile environment is likely to open security attacks such as Sybil attack due to its distributed architecture and network contention implemented in the routing protocol. In a Sybil attack, an adversary illegally advertises several false identities or a single identity that may occur at several locations called Sybil nodes. Therefore, in this paper, we give a survey of the most up-to-date assured methods to defend from the Sybil attack. The Sybil attack countermeasures includes encryption, trust, received signal indicator (RSSI), encryption and artificial intelligence. Specifically, we survey different methods, along with their advantages and disadvantages, to mitigate the Sybil attack. We discussed the lesson learned and the future avenues of study and open issues in WSN security analysis.
Transcriptome and structure analysis in root of Casuarina equisetifolia under NaCl treatment
Authors: Wang Yujiao , Zhang Jin , Qiu Zhenfei , Zeng Bingshan , Zhang Yong , Wang Xiaoping , Chen Jun , Zhong Chonglu , Deng Rufang , Fan Chunjie
Published: September 2021

Background

High soil salinity seriously affects plant growth and development. Excessive salt ions mainly cause damage by inducing osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidation stress. Casuarina equisetifolia is a highly salt-tolerant plant, commonly grown as wind belts in coastal areas with sandy soils. However, little is known about its physiology and the molecular mechanism of its response to salt stress.

Results

Eight-week-old C. equisetifolia seedlings grown from rooted cuttings were exposed to salt stress for varying durations (0, 1, 6, 24, and 168 h under 200 mM NaCl) and their ion contents, cellular structure, and transcriptomes were analyzed. Potassium concentration decreased slowly between 1 h and 24 h after initiation of salt treatment, while the content of potassium was significantly lower after 168 h of salt treatment. Root epidermal cells were shed and a more compact layer of cells formed as the treatment duration increased. Salt stress led to deformation of cells and damage to mitochondria in the epidermis and endodermis, whereas stele cells suffered less damage. Transcriptome analysis identified 10,378 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with more genes showing differential expression after 24 h and 168 h of exposure than after shorter durations of exposure to salinity. Signal transduction and ion transport genes such as HKT and CHX were enriched among DEGs in the early stages (1 h or 6 h) of salt stress, while expression of genes involved in programmed cell death was significantly upregulated at 168 h, corresponding to changes in ion contents and cell structure of roots. Oxidative stress and detoxification genes were also expressed differentially and were enriched among DEGs at different stages.

Conclusions

These results not only elucidate the mechanism and the molecular pathway governing salt tolerance, but also serve as a basis for identifying gene function related to salt stress in C. equisetifolia.
A sexualidade feminina no Brasil: controle do corpo, vergonha e má-reputação
Authors: De Oliveira Lorena
Published: September 2021

O trabalho investigou como a sexualidade feminina no Brasil é considerada um objeto de vergonha e uma má-reputação. Utilizou referenciais teóricos preocupados em analisar as formas de controle da sexualidade de mulheres na história. Investigou também como a sociedade atual reflete este controle por meio de comportamentos machistas, focando na análise de denúncias de crimes sexuais cometidos contra mulheres no Brasil. Em ambas as análises, o estudo destacou formas de controle do corpo feminino e reprodução de papéis de gênero, em que o masculino deve ser livre e o feminino controlado. Assim, a mulher que não se submete aos regramentos morais que a sociedade impõe sobre sua sexualidade é marcada por uma má-reputação e responsabilizada pelas violações sofridas.
A PRÁTICA DELITIVA DO ESTUPRO CORRETIVO E A HETERONORMATIVIDADE COMPULSÓRIA: UM ESTUDO ACERCA DA CORRELAÇÃO ENTRE CRIME E PATRIARCADO
Authors: Costa Letícia dos Santos d'Utra
Published: September 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a correlação entre o estupro corretivo, tipificado como majorante do crime de estupro no Código Penal brasileiro, e a heteronormatividade compulsória. Aborda-se o conceito, a prática e a penalização do delito, em consonância com a ideologia dominante masculina e a manutenção do patriarcado. Foi utilizado método descritivo, bibliográfico e qualitativo para embasar a formulação do conteúdo. A metodologia consiste no levantamento de bibliografia contida na legislação e em doutrinas. O problema de pesquisa neste artigo consiste em: teriam as plurais manifestações da sexualidade, ao modificar a estrutura tradicional da sociedade, e ao atuar como vetor de ressignificação de gênero, afligido o patriarcado de modo que este, visando manter o seu sistema imperando, passou a utilizar-se da figura delituosa do estupro corretivo como uma tentativa de impor, compulsoriamente, a heteronormatividade?
O DIREITO À ALTERAÇÃO DO PRENOME SOCIAL NO REGISTRO CIVIL DE PESSOAS TRANSEXUAIS, TRAVESTIS E TRANSGÊNEROS NO BRASIL
Authors: Reis Elis da Cruz , Cavalheiro Nathan Pereira
Published: September 2021

A presente pesquisa analisou o Direito a alteração do prenome social no Registro Civil de pessoas transexuais, travestis e transgêneros no Brasil, observando como o impacto das questões sociais podem alterar e transformar o direito. Com o surgimento de novas legislações, houveram atualizações nos entendimentos das jurisprudências e doutrinas em relação ao uso do prenome social de pessoas trans – transexuais, travestis e transgêneros, as quais foram motivadas pelas transformações sociais, o que faz necessária uma nova reflexão sobre o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de revisão bibliográfica, ao analisar o que já foi produzido em relação ao direito à alteração do prenome social de pessoas trans no Brasil, como também a análise de legislações, jurisprudências, entrevistas e documentos eletrônicos. Posteriormente, apresentou-se quais foram as decisões jurisprudenciais para a alteração do nome civil de pessoas trans. Por fim, a pesquisa demonstrou como o direito também pode transformar a sociedade, e como o efeito tende a ser positivo, quando atende as necessidades sociais e a fins específicos, por meio da aplicação da lei.
Ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) exerts significant antigrowth effects in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of c‐MYC
Authors: Ali Amjad , Shafarin Jasmin , Abu Jabal Rola , Aljabi Nour , Hamad Mohamad , Sualeh Muhammad Jibran , Unnikannan Hema , Hamad Mawieh
Published: September 2021

Overexpression of ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) often associates with good prognosis in breast cancer (BCa), particularly in the triple‐negative subtype (triple‐negative breast cancer). However, the mechanism by which FTH1 exerts its possible tumor suppressor effects in BCa is not known. Here, we examined the bearing of FTH1 silencing or overexpression on several aspects of BCa cell growth in vitro. FTH1 silencing promoted cell growth and mammosphere formation, increased c‐MYC expression, and reduced cell sensitivity to chemotherapy. In contrast, FTH1 overexpression inhibited cell growth, decreased c‐MYC expression, and sensitized cancer cells to chemotherapy; silencing of c‐MYC recapitulated the effects of FTH1 overexpression. These findings show for the first time that FTH1 suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the expression of key oncogenes, such as c‐MYC.
Gallus Gallus Domesticus
: Introduction
Authors: Kocsis Katalin , Bódi Ildikó , Fejszák Nóra , Oláh Imre
Published: September 2021

The chicken is a squat bird with a rounded appearance. Individuals are no taller than 0.7 m, weighing approximately 2.6 kg on average. Fleshy combs on the head and lobed wattles below the bills are among the differentiating features. Chickens have high, arched tails, which may be 0.3 m or more in length. Sexual dimorphism is remarkable. Males have sickle feathers in their tails and hackle feathers on their backs. Males typically exhibit bolder, brighter colors than the females. Species‐specific clucking sounds are characteristic of them.
The Mongolian Gerbil (
Meriones Unguiculatus
): Nervous System
Authors: Leonel Ellen C. R. , Campos Silvana G. P. , Bedolo Carolina M. , Falleiros Luiz R. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2021

The nervous system of Mongolian gerbils has widely been studied as a general model in neurobiology and clinical research, e.g. cerebral ischemia, inherited epilepsy, hippocampal seizure, and pathogenesis of the central nervous system infections. A stereotaxic brain atlas, including high‐quality histological material and CT/MRI‐aided stereotaxic coordinates, has been published. In this article, we present a short overview that does not aim for a complete description of the microscopic anatomy of the brain and peripheral structures.
The Mongolian Gerbil (
Meriones Unguiculatus
): Respiratory System
Authors: Leonel Ellen C. R. , Campos Silvana G. P. , Bedolo Carolina M. , Falleiros Luiz R. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2021

The respiratory system contains specialized structures that function for gas conduction and exchange. The trachea and lungs are described. The trachea connects the larynx to the lungs. It also has the function of warming and humidifying the air. Gerbils show a respiratory system similar to other rodents. The right lung is composed of four lobes, while the left lung has three lobes. There are two types of pneumocytes: type I that represents the blood–air barrier where gas exchange occurs, and type II that secretes the surfactant substance to reduce surface tension.
The Mongolian Gerbil (
Meriones Unguiculatus
): Gametes
Authors: Leonel Ellen C. R. , Campos Silvana G. P. , Bedolo Carolina M. , Falleiros Luiz R. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2021

Female gametes develop in ovarian follicles; their number is established by the time of birth. The ovaries of Mongolian gerbils are divided into cortical and medullary regions. The male gamete population is constantly renewed in the testis. In this article, different stages of Mongolian gerbil's gamete development of both sexes are described.
The Mongolian Gerbil (
Meriones Unguiculatus
): External Morphology
Authors: Leonel Ellen C. R. , Campos Silvana G. P. , Bedolo Carolina M. , Falleiros Luiz R. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2021

The most common fur color of the Mongolian gerbil is the golden agouti. The body and tail measure 11–15 cm each. Mongolian gerbils have a prominent ventral abdominal gland composed of sebaceous skin glands whose secretions are used for marking. Males have a dark and prominent scrotum, and females have four pairs of mammary glands. All histological images shown hereafter have been stained with hematoxylin and eosin, unless otherwise stated.
The Mongolian Gerbil (
Meriones unguiculatus
): Endocrine System
Authors: Ruiz Thalles F. R. , Grigio Vitor , Leonel Ellen C. R. , Campos Silvana G. P. , Bedolo Carolina M. , Falleiros Luiz R. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2021

Mongolian gerbils have been used as experimental models in studies about the metabolism of the endocrine glands. Of main interest is the adrenal gland, which is well developed and has a large adrenal/body weight ratio. Other endocrine glands present similar morphology to rodents. The pituitary gland shows anterior, intermediate, and posterior lobes. Numerous cystic structures in the intermediate lobe are observed. The thyroid gland is composed of large follicles containing PAS‐positive colloid. Parathyroid glands present poorly defined lobes, and their endocrine cells are arranged in sheet of cells or cord‐like structures. The endocrine pancreas of the adult gerbil comprises islets of Langerhans presenting abundant B and A cells, and scarce D cell types, interposed by capillaries. The reproductive organs also have endocrine structures such as the interstitial glands and the Leydig's cells, responsible to produce sex hormones.
Phyllomedusa Azurea
: Reproduction and Development
Authors: Candioti Florencia Vera
Published: September 2021

The life cycle of
Phyllomedusa azurea
shows astonishing anatomical and biological aspects. The embryonic morphology shares most features with other phyllomedusines (e.g. overdeveloped external gills and body ciliation), but some traits (adhesive and hatching glands) appear to be exclusive of the
Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis
group and likely evolved in parallel in
Agalychnis callidryas
. Tadpoles are similar to other
Phyllomedusa
, with the main differences concerning oral aspects (e.g. length of tooth rows, shape of labial teeth, and papillation). Cranial musculoskeletal anatomy is conserved, and at least three larval characters are proposed as synapomorphies of the subfamily.
Poecilia Mexicana
: Nervous System
Authors: Torres‐Martínez Aarón , Hernández‐Franyutti Arlette , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M.
Published: September 2021

The general structure of the brain of the cave molly
Poecilia mexicana
is similar to other teleost species. However, compared to the surface‐dwelling
P. mexicana
, the brain of the cave molly possesses a reduced optic tectum and an enlarged cerebellum. These adaptations allow the navigation of this species in the dark, while minimizing the energy expenditure in a highly energy‐demanding environment.
Poecilia Mexicana
: Respiratory System
Authors: Torres‐Martínez Aarón , Hernández‐Franyutti Arlette , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M.
Published: September 2021

Alike other teleosts, the gill of the cave molly
Poecilia mexicana
is a multifunctional organ involved in osmoregulation and respiration but with specific morphological adaptations to survive in a karstic environment with hydrogen sulfide, hypoxia, and a range of osmotically active substances. Increased interlamellar space may favor osmoregulation and oxygen uptake. A high number of secretive mitochondria‐rich cells in this teleost may protect the gills from physicochemical damage.
Poecilia Mexicana
: Reproductive Organs
Authors: Torres‐Martínez Aarón , Hernández‐Franyutti Arlette , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M.
Published: September 2021

The cave molly
Poecilia mexicana
is a viviparous teleost belonging to the Poeciliidae family. The ovary of this species is a multifunctional organ where the oogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development occur. The germinal epithelium of the ovary can store spermatozoa for prolonged periods. The testes are paired organs where spermatogenesis occurs longitudinally, from the periphery of the testis toward the efferent duct system. Spermatogenesis occurs within cysts, and spermatozoa are released as packages termed spermatozeugmata.
Poecilia Mexicana
: Gametes
Authors: Torres‐Martínez Aarón , Hernández‐Franyutti Arlette , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M.
Published: September 2021

The oogenesis of the cave molly
Poecilia mexicana
occurs in the germinal epithelium. The process begins when oogonia enter meiosis and become oocytes. During oogenesis, oocytes accumulate several organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions such as oil droplets, cortical alveoli, and yolk globules. Oogenesis ends with the formation of an egg filled with homogeneous fluid yolk. Ovulation is absent, and fertilization and development occur inside the ovarian follicles.
Poecilia Mexicana
: Intestinal System
Authors: Torres‐Martínez Aarón , Hernández‐Franyutti Arlette , Sanlúcar‐González Meritxell , Contreras‐Sánchez Wilfrido M.
Published: September 2021

The cave molly
Poecilia mexicana
feeds almost exclusively on the colonies of chemoautotrophic bacteria living at Cueva del Azufre. The intestine is a simple tube harbored in the abdominal cavity. Histologically, the intestine consists of numerous intestinal folds bordered by absorptive epithelium. The general histological organization of the cave molly's intestine is described.
Gallus Gallus Domesticus
: Respiratory System
Authors: Kocsis Katalin , Bódi Ildikó , Fejszák Nóra , Oláh Imre
Published: September 2021

The avian respiratory system shows unique morphological features compared to other vertebrates. According to the current explanations it is optimized for gas exchange. The air passages start with the nasal and oral cavities, which are followed by the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and syrinx. Primary bronchus enters the lung, and secondary bronchi branch from the intrapulmonary part of it. Primary and secondary bronchi are connected to the air sacs, which are air reservoirs. The tertiary bronchi, or parabronchi, offshoot from the secondary bronchi. The parabronchial unit is a complex structure of air passages and gas‐exchange areas including atria, infundibulums, and air capillaries.
Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Dermatomyositis: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Kronzer Vanessa L. , Kimbrough Bradly A. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Davis John M. , Holmqvist Marie , Ernste Floranne C.
Published: September 2021

Objective

We aimed to determine the population‐based incidence, prevalence, and mortality of dermatomyositis (DM) using European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria.

Methods

This population‐based cohort study included incident DM from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2019. We manually reviewed all individuals with at least 1 code for DM or polymyositis to determine if they met EULAR/ACR criteria, subspecialty physician diagnosis, and/or Bohan and Peter criteria. We age‐ and sex‐adjusted incidence and prevalence estimates to the US non‐Hispanic White year 2000 population and estimated prevalence on January 1, 2015. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) compared observed to expected mortality adjusting for age, sex, and year.

Results

We identified 40 cases of verified DM, with 29 cases incident in Olmsted County from 1995 to 2019. The mean age was 57 years, 26 (90%) were female, and 12 (41%) had clinically amyopathic DM (CADM). The median follow‐up time was 8.2 years. The overall adjusted incidence of DM was 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.5) per 100,000 person‐years, and prevalence was 13 (95% CI 6–19) per 100,000. The SMR was significantly elevated among the myopathic DM cases (3.1 [95% CI 1.1–6.8]) but not CADM cases (1.1 [95% CI 0.2–3.3]). The positive predictive value of ≥2 DM codes was only 40 of 82 (49%).

Conclusion

This population‐based study found that DM incidence and prevalence were higher than previously reported. Mortality was significantly elevated for myopathic DM but not for CADM.
Efficacy and Safety of Blood Flow Restriction Training in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wang Hao‐Nan , Chen Yan , Cheng Lin , Cai Yi‐Hui , Li Wei , Ni Guo‐Xin
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of blood flow restriction training (BFRT) in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Method

Seven electronic databases were searched to identify trials comparing BFRT and conventional resistance training in a population with knee OA. Studies were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to compare outcome measures of the groups. The methodologic quality of selected studies and the quality of evidence were evaluated for included studies.

Results

A total of 5 studies were included in this meta‐analysis, with very low to moderate risk of bias. The pooled results showed no significant difference between BFRT and conventional resistance training for knee OA, including pain (SMD –0.04 [95% CI –0.31, 0.24], P = 0.79), physical function performance (SMD 0.12 [95% CI –0.55, 0.78], P = 0.73), self‐reported function (SMD 0.14 [95% CI –0.24, 0.52], P = 0.48), and adverse events (RR 0.45 [95% CI 0.20, 1.01], P = 0.05). In subgroup analysis, BFRT had a lower incidence of adverse events when compared with high‐load resistance training (HLRT).

Conclusion

Data from pooled studies showed that BFRT may not have greater efficacy for treating patients with knee OA, and it is less likely to have a higher risk of adverse events. However, limited evidence supports the idea that BFRT is likely safer than HLRT. More evidence with high quality is needed in further research on efficacy and safety.
Refractive‐Index‐Matching‐Based Encryption of Photonic Crystal Prints with Multistage and Reconfigurable Information
Authors: Yu Siyi , Tian Ziqiang , Yang Dongpeng , Zhou Xiaobo , Ma Dekun , Huang Shaoming
Published: September 2021

Encryption of photonic prints with multiple information is highly desired due to their potential applications in high security of anticounterfeiting and information protection. Here, a new refractive‐index‐matching‐based technology is developed to construct encrypted photonic crystals (EPCs) with multistage and reconfigurable information by introducing solvents with different refractive indexes into PCs. The multilevel information of the EPCs can be hidden at normal conditions since the similar refractive index between the PC and solvent induces the diminishment of the structural color of the EPC. Programmable showing of multistage information can be realized by simply heating EPCs for different times owing to the diverse evaporation rate of the solvents. The switch of the EPCs between the encryption and decryption states is fully reversible. Based on these unique characteristics, the information of EPCs can be reconfigured repeatedly by rational design and choosing of solvents. This work paves a new way in the fabrication of EPCs with multilevel and reconfigurable information and will promote their applications in displays, printing, and anticounterfeiting.
Bioinspiration and Microtopography As Nontoxic Strategies for Marine Bioadhesion Control
Authors: Védie Elora , Brisset Hugues , Briand Jean‐François , Bressy Christine
Published: September 2021

Marine biofouling is the unwanted accumulation of biological origin matters on submerged surfaces. Biofouling is a major economic burden on navy and commercial ships, as well as civil structures, piping systems, sensors, and power generating facilities. Due to the vast variety of marine organisms that colonize submerged surfaces, no surface has been found that is completely resistant to marine biofouling. The development of bioinspired and textured surfaces and their effects on marine biofouling are reviewed here. Different parameters such as mechanical properties, wettability, and surface topography are shown to have an influence on the settlement, attachment, and growth of marine organisms on marine surfaces. The effect of texturation is especially investigated with a special focus on how marine animals are affected. Techniques for creating artificial textures and methods to characterize them are introduced. Bioinspired textures are currently developed using mostly photolithographic technique with patterns showing a high efficiency on single marine species through laboratory bioassays. The efficiency of a texture with spaced features appears clearly dependent on its dimensions in regard of the size of the targeted organisms. On the grounds of how marine species fight against biofoulers, further research on the development of multistrategies antifouling solutions should be conducted.
Practices of disciplinary symbiosis: (Re)blending theory and method, anthropology and public health
Authors: McClure Stephanie M. , Kuhlmann Anne Sebert
Published: September 2021

Background

If you are dually trained in anthropology and public health and your goal is an academic career, in what academic unit should you make your professional home? Should you be a public health‐trained academic anthropologist or an anthropologist in a public health school or program?

Aims

Associate Professor of Public Health Anne Sebert Kuhlmann and Assistant Professor of Anthropology Stephanie McClure see their dual training as essential to enacting the career goal of fostering understanding of and positively affecting health in people's everyday lives and preparing students to do the same. “We credit our dual training for our robust perspectives on the nature and causes of health and illness and our recognition that theory and methods are complementary tools in teaching and research. We also recognize that though dual training brings conceptual power and functional applicability to our work, it can also be a challenge to navigate a career path that effectively blends the two. Conventional hierarchies in academia and in public health practice can position the two disciplines for conflict rather than complementarity”.

Materials and Methods

In this article, the two first review the complementarity and conflict between anthropology and public health.

Discussion

Next, shifting to a conversational mode, they compare their paths to dual training, their attempts and successes at bringing those blended perspectives to bear in their current positions, and their ideas about more robustly inhabiting (within themselves) and fostering (between the disciplines) public health/anthropology collaborations.
Construction of CF3‐containing Oxepino[2,3‐c]pyrazole Motif via Sulfur Ylide‐mediated Annulation or Me2S involved One‐pot Reaction
Authors: Yang Kaichuan , Li Zhi , Sheng Yiqun , Deng Junfeng , Song Yanxia , Liu Zhenxiang , Jia Aiqiong
Published: September 2021

Base promoted [4+3] annulation of trifluoromethylpyrazole(TFPZ) derived α,β‐unsaturated ketones with crotonate‐derived sulfur ylides provided a diverse set of CF3‐containing oxepino[2,3‐c]pyrazole motif in good to excellent yields through a simple, mild and fast manner. Significantly, one‐pot strategy could be successfully applied to this transformation from available materials. Also, the utility of our versatile protocol was further demonstrated by gram‐scale reaction and useful derivation.
Carbene‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cascade Reaction of Benzofuran‐2‐ones and Enals: Construction of Spirobenzofuranone‐δ‐lactones
Authors: Wang Zhan‐Yong , Shen Fumin , Yang Ting , Zhang Jun‐Kai , Chen Rongxiang , Wang Kai‐Kai , Liu Hongxin
Published: September 2021

A convenient method was developed via an NHC mediated three‐component cascade reaction for the construction of medicinally important spirobenzofuranone derivatives. The reaction features mild reaction conditions and generates three consecutive stereocenters, one of which is an all‐carbon substitution. The protocol can accommodate various substituents and substitution patterns, afford the products in moderate to good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and moderate enantioselectivity.
Elimination of Grain Boundary Defects in Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ZIF‐95 Membrane via Solvent‐Free Secondary Growth
Authors: Deng Aishan , Shen Xintian , Wan Zheng , Li Yanhong , Pang Shuyue , He Xiao , Caro Jürgen , Huang Aisheng
Published: September 2021

Metal–organic framework membranes are usually prepared by in situ or secondary growth in a solution/hydrogel. The use of organic solvents may cause safety and environmental problems and produce solvent‐induced defects. Here, highly oriented and permselective ZIF‐95 membranes are prepared for the first time via a solvent‐free secondary growth method. The solvent‐free growth is not only helpful to control the membrane microstructure and thickness, but also to reduce the intercrystalline defects. In case of solvent‐free growth, a perfectly oriented structure leads to an outstanding reduction of intercrystalline defects and transport resistances. For the separation of equimolar binary gas mixtures by using the highly oriented ZIF‐95 membrane at 25 °C and 1 bar, the mixture separation factors of H2/CO2 and H2/CH4 are 184 and 140, respectively, with H2 permeance of over 1.9×10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1 which are much higher than those of the randomly oriented ZIF‐95 membrane.