bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicomponent Hydrogels for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications
Authors: Bates Jeffrey S. , Toews Parker M. , Pachauri Abhishek , Velraj Ashwin , Holdeman Cassidy J. , Sullivan Sydney D.
Published: May 2023

Multicomponent hydrogels are practical materials for bioimaging and biosensing applications because of their biocompatibility, selectivity, and ability to interact with biological molecules. For biosensing, hydrogel-based sensors include both a signal recognition and a transduction component. For biosensing, the applications are broad and include the use of signal transducers that can be used in simple systems that may have applications in wearable electronics through mechanisms that require the use of complicated instrumentation. For bioimaging, multicomponent hydrogels have some of the same imaging properties as systems found in the body, but can easily bond with proteins and other biological molecules and can target specific tissues or other systems that are imaged. In bioimaging, multicomponent hydrogels are coupled with imaging equipment, including ultrasound, computed tomography, fluorescence, and others. In this chapter, we discuss methods used for both bioimaging and biosensing, the stimuli response of hydrogel materials, the types of signals obtained, signal transduction methods, and applications in both biosensing and bioimaging.
Water splitting and CO2 reduction over an AgSr2Ta5O15 photocatalyst developed by a valence band control strategy
Authors: Takayama Tomoaki , Iwase Akihide , Kudo Akihiko
Published: May 2023

Ag+ substitution was applied to a tungsten-bronze-type metal oxide photocatalyst for water splitting and CO2 reduction.
Strong quenching of dye fluorescence in monomeric perylene orange/TMDC hybrid structures
Authors: Völzer Tim , Schubert Alina , von der Oelsnitz Erik , Schröer Julian , Barke Ingo , Schwartz Rico , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Speller Sylvia , Korn Tobias , Lochbrunner Stefan
Published: May 2023

Hybrid structures of TMDCs and monomers of the perylene diimide dye perylene orange (PO) exhibit charge transfer after optical excitation. This results in drastic PO fluorescence quenching and may be exploited in optoelectronic devices.
Stereoselective coronas regulate the fate of chiral gold nanoparticles in vivo
Authors: Baimanov Didar , Wang Liming , Liu Ke , Pan Mengmeng , Cai Rui , Yuan Hao , Huang Wanxia , Yuan Qingxi , Zhou Yunlong , Chen Chunying , Zhao Yuliang
Published: May 2023

Formation of chirality-specific protein corona on gold nanoparticles promotes recognition by lipoproteins, complements, and acute phase proteins that mediates LDL receptor-involved cell uptake and tissue accumulation in vivo.
Facile fabrication of a printable conductive self-healing hydrogel for human motion and electrocardiogram monitoring
Authors: Xing Ruizhe , Huang Renliang , Su Rongxin , Qi Wei
Published: May 2023

Conductive self-healing hydrogels (CSHs) are a class of materials that possess both electrical conductivity and the ability to autonomously repair mechanical damage.
Enhancement of birefringence and refractive index dispersion optimization from iodates to fluorooxoiodates
Authors: Wang Shibin , Zhang Jie , Chen Jianbang , Han Peng , Lei Na , Huang Xuchu
Published: May 2023

The introduction of fluorine into iodates can modulate the optical anisotropy resulting in fluorooxoiodates with excellent performance, promoting the application of iodates and fluorooxoiodates in nonlinear optics.
Capturing the domain crosstalk in full length LRRK2 and LRRK2RCKW
Authors: Störmer Eliza , Weng Jui-Hung , Wu Jian , Bertinetti Daniela , Kaila Sharma Pallavi , Ma Wen , Herberg Friedrich W. , Taylor Susan S.
Published: May 2023

LRR-kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multi-domain protein with three catalytically inert N-terminal domains (NtDs) and four C-terminal domains, including a kinase and a GTPase domain. LRRK2 mutations are linked to Parkinson's Disease (PD). Recent structures of LRRK2RCKW and a full-length inactive LRRK2 (fl-LRRK2INACT) monomer revealed that the kinase domain drives LRRK2 activation. The LRR domain and also an ordered LRR–COR linker, wrap around the C-lobe of the kinase domain and sterically block the substrate binding surface in fl-LRRK2INACT. Here, we focus on the crosstalk between domains. Our biochemical studies of GTPase and kinase activities of fl-LRRK2 and LRRK2RCKW reveal how mutations influence this crosstalk differently depending on the domain borders investigated. Furthermore, we demonstrate that removing the NtDs leads to altered intramolecular regulation. To further investigate the crosstalk, we used Hydrogen–Deuterium exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) to characterize the conformation of LRRK2RCKW and Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics (GaMD) to create dynamic portraits of fl-LRRK2 and LRRK2RCKW. These models allowed us to investigate the dynamic changes in wild-type and mutant LRRK2s. Our data show that the α3ROC helix, the Switch II motif in the ROC domain, and the LRR–ROC linker play crucial roles in mediating local and global conformational changes. We demonstrate how these regions are affected by other domains in fl-LRRK2 and LRRK2RCKW and show how unleashing of the NtDs as well as PD mutations lead to changes in conformation and dynamics of the ROC and kinase domains which ultimately impact kinase and GTPase activities. These allosteric sites are potential therapeutic targets.
Optimal number and locations of automatic vehicle identification sensors considering link travel time estimation
Authors: Zhu Yiting , He Zhaocheng , Zhang Xinshao
Published: May 2023

The problem of optimally locating Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) sensors on a traffic network for travel time estimation has been a topic of growing interests in recent years. Even though great progresses have been made on AVI sensor deployment for path‐level travel time estimation, very few contributions exist in the literatures that address the AVI sensor deployment for link‐level travel time estimation on an urban network. In this paper, considering the link travel time estimation, two deployment sub‐problems are addressed: (1) where to deploy a certain number of AVI sensors? (2) What is a cost‐effective number of AVI sensors to deploy? To address the first problem, a potential game of sensors is developed to find their optimal locations which maximize the objective function that consists of estimation coverage and estimation accuracy. Then, based on the optimal locations, an incremental search method is proposed to find the optimal number of sensors considering the cost. The case in Shanghai shows the proposed game‐theoretic method is superior to other two heuristic algorithms. Moreover, compared to the real‐world sensor locations, the optimally redeployed locations improve both the estimation coverage and estimation accuracy. The case in Xuancheng City validates the proposed incremental search uses less computations to find an optimal number that close to the global optimal number solved from the brute‐force search.
A radar anti‐jamming strategy optimisation based on Stackelberg game
Authors: Feng Cheng , Fu Xiongjun , Dong Jian , Zhao Congxia , Chang Hao , Lang Ping , Pan Teng
Published: May 2023

Radar is an important sensor in electromagnetic spectrum warfare. Its confrontation with naval vessels has become increasingly competitive in recent years. However, current radar anti‐jamming methods are limited to some extent in complex electromagnetic environments, which poses a severe challenge to radar's detection and anti‐jamming capabilities. To improve the anti‐jamming capacity of radar, the authors propose a Stackelberg game‐based optimisation method to enhance the decision‐making of anti‐jamming strategies. First, we analyse the radar's winning conditions by considering the temporal constraints of non‐real‐time radar recognition and preparation actions and construct the radar's actual utility matrix. Second, we construct a Stackelberg game‐based model under the condition of a certain recognition probability, and update the recognition probability and recognition interval during the game. Finally, we discuss the conditions under which the radar can obtain a positive benefit in the game and compare the benefit to the reinforcement learning optimisation method. The simulation experimental results show that the proposed strategy can significantly improve the radar's winning probability in the confrontation.
Die Bedeutung der ersten Rippe beim Hund
Authors: Hohmann Mima
Published: May 2023

Bei einer Rippenblockierung ist es wichtig zu klären, ob die Blockierung
Ursache oder Folge der vorliegenden Erkrankung oder Symptome ist. Darum den Hund
von der Schnauze bis zur Rutenspitze untersuchen, alle Befunde sammeln,
auswerten und erst dann mit der Behandlung anfangen – ob
physiotherapeutisch, osteopathisch, homöopathisch oder mit Akupunktur.
Wie immer hängt alles mit allem zusammen und kann nicht gesondert
behandelt werden.
Manuelle Therapietechniken an der Wirbelsäule zur Stimulation des autonomen Nervensystems - ein Scoping Review
Authors: Rogan Slavko , Taeymans Jan , Berger Ina , Baur Heiner
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund Physikalische Maßnahmen oder manualtherapeutische Techniken (MTTe) wie Mobilisationen, Manipulationen oder Weichteiltechniken führen zu einer Verbesserung des Metabolismus oder einer Senkung hypertoner Muskulatur und werden auch zur Balanceregulierung bei zentralnervösen Veränderungen des autonomen Nervensystems (ANS) eingesetzt. Bisher fehlen empirische Erkenntnisse über Wirkungsmechanismen und Reizorte von MTTe auf das ANS. Das Ziel dieses vorliegenden Scoping Reviews war es, einen Überblick zu geben über den Erkenntnisstand der Anwendung von MTTe auf diverse Niveaus der Wirbelsäule auf das ANS.

Methode Als Grundlage für die Durchführung des Scoping Reviews dienten die Datenbanken CENTRAL, Osteopathic Research Web, PEDro und PubMed. Umfang und Inhalte der Literatur wurden dokumentiert. Die Ergebnisse der einbezogenen und herangezogenen Studien wurden in narrativer Weise zusammengefasst, wobei der Fokus auf den signifikantesten klinischen Aspekten lag.

Ergebnisse Manipulationen, Mobilisationen, myofasziale Techniken und zervikale Traktionen wurden als MTTe definiert. In 27 von 35 Studien wurden gesunde Probanden therapeutisch behandelt. Zehn Studien analysierten unmittelbare Effekte an Patienten, während 2 Studien als Longitudinalstudie bei Bluthochdruckpatienten konzipiert waren. In einem Zeitraum von 4–8 Wochen betrug die Interventionshäufigkeit wöchentlich zwischen einer und 3 MTTe-Einheiten.

Schlussfolgerung Die Studienergebnisse erweisen sich als heterogen. Aus diesem Grund lassen sich keine verbindlichen, eindeutigen und allgemeingültigen Aussagen ableiten, in welcher Form, Intensität sowie in welchem Umfang MTTe angewendet werden sollen, um gezielt positive Wirkungsmechanismen am ANS in Gang zu setzen. Für zukünftige Studien sind demzufolge Longitudinalstudien mit Follow-up empfehlenswert. Darüber hinaus sollten umfassende Effekte von MTTe bei Patientengruppen mit unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen untersucht werden.
Angst-Vermeidungs-Modell bei chronischen Schmerzen
Authors: Schwertfellner Christoph , Weber Jonas
Published: May 2023

Menschen mit chronischen Schmerzen können in einen negativen Kreislauf
geraten, der zu Angst vor Bewegung und Dekonditionierung führt. Ein
therapeutischer Ansatz, diese negative Spirale zu vermeiden, ist die Integration
psychologischer Ansätze in die Physiotherapie. Graded-Modelle
stärken die Selbstwirksamkeit und den internen Locus of Control.
Graded-Modelle in der Praxis
Authors: De Baets Liesbet , Matheve Thomas , Moog Martina Egan , Hasenbring Monika I. , Levenig Claudia
Published: May 2023

Die Autor*innen dieses Artikels stellen je eine Patientengeschichte vor
und erläutern, wie sie das jentsprechende Graded-Modell angewandt haben.
Eindrücklich wird klar, dass, unabhängig von der Wahl des
Modelles, eine sorgfältige Begleitung und eine gute Adhärenz
notwendig sind – für das Ziel, ein Leben mit weniger Schmerzen
und mehr Aktivität und Teilhabe zu führen.
Trainingsinduzierte Hypoalgesie im Ausdauersport
Authors: Weiß Thomas , Luomajoki Hannu , Geisler Maria
Published: May 2023

Menschen nehmen Schmerz sehr unterschiedlich wahr. Interessanterweise scheinen
diejenigen, die Ausdauersport betreiben, über ein effizienteres
Schmerzmodulationssystem zu verfügen als Nichtsportler*innen.
Könnte Ausdauersport demnach einer Chronifizierung von Schmerzen
entgegenwirken?
Ganzheitlich zum Erfolg bei der idiopathischen Epilepsie des Hundes
– ein Fallbeispiel
Authors: Treuel-Janz Sinje
Published: May 2023

Aufgrund der Nebenwirkungen der schulmedizinischen Behandlung der idiopathischen
Epilepsie sind viele Hundebesitzer auf der Suche nach einer ganzheitlichen
Alternative. Dieser Artikel stellt anhand eines Fallbeispiels dar, wie eine
erfolgreiche ganzheitliche Behandlung mit Kombination aus Chiropraktik,
Akupunktur, Vitalpilzen, Phytotherapie, Homöopathie und
Nahrungsergänzung aussehen kann.
A Nickel(II) Chloride and Tetrahydroxydiboron Cocatalyzed Facile Synthesis of Benzo[b]azepines with an Appended Fluorinated Side Chain
Authors: Zhao Wentao , Wang Guangwei , Lei Wenqing , Yang Yingfan , Guo Minjie
Published: May 2023

A novel nickel-catalyzed chemoselective cascade reaction strategy towards the synthesis of benzo[b]azepines was developed. The method is characterized by simple and mild conditions, low cost, and a wide range of substrates. This method enabled the facile and efficient synthesis of a series of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine analogues with an appended fluorinated side chain.
The Association of Periconception Asthma Medication Discontinuation with Adverse Obstetric Outcomes
Authors: Rohn Matthew C. H. , Stevens Danielle R. , Grobman William A. , Kumar Rajesh , Chen Zhen , Deshane Jessy , Biggio Joseph R. , Subramaniam Akila , Grantz Katherine L. , Sherman Seth , Mendola Pauline
Published: May 2023

Objective This study aimed to investigate asthma medication reduction in the periconceptional period as it relates to asthma status and adverse outcomes in pregnancy.

Study Design In a prospective cohort study, self-reported current and past asthma medications were collected and analyzes compared measures of asthma status in women who discontinued asthma medication in the 6 months prior to enrollment (“step-down”) versus those who did not (“no change”). Evaluation of asthma was done at three study visits (one per trimester) and by daily diaries, including measures of lung function (percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 and 6 s [%FEV1, %FEV6], peak expiratory flow [%PEF], forced vital capacity [%FVC], FEV1 to FVC ratio [FEV1/FVC]), lung inflammation (fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO], ppb), rate of asthma symptoms (activity limitation, night symptoms, rescue inhaler use, wheeze, shortness of breath, cough, chest tightness, chest pain), and rate of asthma exacerbations. Adverse pregnancy outcomes were also evaluated. Adjusted regression analyses examined whether adverse outcomes differed by periconceptional asthma medication changes.

Results Of 279 participants included in analyses, 135 (48.4%) did not change asthma medication in the periconceptional period, whereas 144 (51.6%) reported a step down in medication. Those in the step-down group were more likely to have milder disease (88 [61.1%] in the step-down vs. 74 [54.8%] in the no change group), exhibited less activity limitation (rate ratio [RR]: 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–0.98), and experienced fewer asthma attacks (RR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.84) during pregnancy. The step-down group had a nonsignificant increase in overall odds of experiencing an adverse pregnancy outcome (odds ratio: 1.62, 95% CI: 0.97–2.72).

Conclusion Over half of women with asthma reduce asthma medication in the periconceptional period. Although these women typically have milder disease, a step down in medication may be associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Key Points
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of arabino-Configured Bicyclic Nucleosides
Authors: Prasad Ashok K. , Singla Harbansh , Maity Jyotirmoy , Kumar Sandeep , Kavita Kavita , Chaudhary Riya
Published: May 2023

A convergent route for the synthesis of a new class of bicyclic nucleosides has been developed. The synthetic route to the corresponding arabino-configured uracil and thymine bicyclic nucleosides proceeds in 24 and 27% overall yields, respectively, starting from 1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose. This synthetic protocol includes some crucial steps such as Vorbrüggen base coupling and chemo-enzymatic regioselective acetylation of the primary hydroxyl group by using Lipozyme® TL IM where it was found that Lipozyme® TL IM could be recovered and reused for selective acetylation without losing its selectivity.
Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of H-Phosphinates
Authors: Zhang Qing , Cui Ran-Ran , Zhang Qing-Wei
Published: May 2023

An asymmetric arylation of H-phosphinates with aromatic iodo or bromo compounds, catalyzed by cheap and easily available nickel(II) salts, provides access to P-stereogenic phosphinates. This method features mild reaction conditions and a good functional-group compatibility that includes aniline and phenol derivatives.
Lagrangian and orthogonal splittings, quasitriangular Lie bialgebras, and almost complex product structures
Authors: Montani H.
Published: May 2023

We study complex product structures on quadratic vector spaces and on quadratic Lie algebras analyzing the Lagrangian and orthogonal splittings associated with them. We show that a Manin triple equipped with generalized metric G+B such that B is an O-operator with extension G of mass −1 can be turned into another Manin triple that admits also an orthogonal splitting in Lie ideals. Conversely, a quadratic Lie algebra orthogonal direct sum of a pair of anti-isomorphic Lie algebras, following similar steps as in the previous case, can be turned into a Manin triple admitting an orthogonal splitting into Lie ideals.
Disordered hyperuniform solid state materials
Authors: Chen Duyu , Zhuang Houlong , Chen Mohan , Huang Pinshane Y. , Vlcek Vojtech , Jiao Yang
Published: May 2023

Disordered hyperuniform (DHU) states are recently discovered exotic states of condensed matter. DHU systems are similar to liquids or glasses in that they are statistically isotropic and lack conventional long-range translational and orientational order. On the other hand, they completely suppress normalized infinite-wavelength density fluctuations like crystals and, in this sense, possess a hidden long-range correlation. Very recently, there have been several exciting discoveries of disordered hyperuniformity in solid-state materials, including amorphous carbon nanotubes, amorphous 2D silica, amorphous graphene, defected transition metal dichalcogenides, defected pentagonal 2D materials, and medium/high-entropy alloys. It has been found that the DHU states of these materials often possess a significantly lower energy than other disorder models and can lead to unique electronic and thermal transport properties, which results from mechanisms distinct from those identified for their crystalline counterparts. For example, DHU states can enhance electronic transport in 2D amorphous silica; DHU medium/high-entropy alloys realize the Vegard's law and possess enhanced electronic bandgaps and thermal transport at low temperatures. These unique properties open up many promising potential device applications in optoelectronics and thermoelectrics. Here, we provide a focused review on these important new developments of hyperuniformity in solid-state materials, taking an applied and “materials” perspective, which complements the existing reviews on hyperuniformity in physical systems and photonic materials. Future directions and outlook are also provided, with a focus on the design and discovery of DHU quantum materials for quantum information science and engineering.
Enhance high harmonic generation (HHG) efficiency via compact multi-plate continuum post-compression for time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Jia Hao-Hsiang , Yeh Tien-Tien , Cheng Cheng-Maw , Luo Chih-Wei , Chen Ming-Chang , Lin Ping-Hui
Published: May 2023

Time-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (Tr-APRES) gives direct insight into electron dynamics by providing temporal-, energy-, and momentum-resolved information in one experiment. A major obstacle to using high harmonic generation (HHG) probe pulses for photoemission spectroscopy is the low conversion efficiency, that is, the low flux of probe photons. We use a Yb-KGW based duo-laser source with an oscillator to pump two separate amplifiers and generate two synchronized pulsed laser sources with average energies of 7.5 and 6 W. By using the multiplate continuum method and chirped mirrors, the resulting flux of HHG photons at 33–70 eV can be increased 50-fold (up to 1011 photons/s) by using post-compressed 30 fs pulses compared with the photon flux generated by the fundamental 190 fs pulses. Moreover, pulses from the 6 W amplifier are used to pump an optical parametric amplifier that can vary the wavelengths for photoexcitation. The system performance is demonstrated by applying Tr-ARPES to single-crystal graphite. The front tilt broadening is significantly suppressed by the off-plane mounted conical grating, leading to a 184 fs temporal resolution that is mainly limited by the pump pulse. The energy resolution is 176 meV.
Experimental and theoretical comparison of ion properties from nanosecond laser-produced plasmas of metal targets
Authors: Polek M. P. , Kautz E. J. , Ahmed T. , Kowash B. R. , Beg F. N. , Harilal S. S.
Published: May 2023

The ion emission properties of laser-produced plasmas as a function of laser intensities between 4–50 GW cm−2 and varying angles with respect to the target normal were investigated. The plasmas were produced by focusing 1064 nm, 6 ns pulses from an Nd:YAG laser on various metal targets. The targets used for this study include Ti, Mo, and Gd (Z=22,42,64). It is noted that all ion profiles are composed of multiple peaks—a prompt emission peak trailed by three ion peaks (ultrafast, fast, and thermal). Experimentally, it is shown that each of these ion peaks follows a unique trend as a function of laser intensity, angle, and distance away from the target. Theoretically, it is shown that simple analytical models can be used to explain the properties of the ions. The variations in the ion velocity and density as a function of laser intensity are found to be in good agreement with theoretical models of sheath acceleration, isothermal self-similar expansion, and ablative plasma flow for various ion peaks.
Improving crystal quality of β-phase MgGaO thin films by using low-temperature homo-buffer layer
Authors: Shou Chengyun , Yang Tianchen , Almujtabi Abdullah , Yang Theodore , Li Yuan , Mahmud Quazi Sanjid , Xu Mingjie , Zheng Jian-Guo , Liu Jianlin
Published: May 2023

Ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors are promising for many applications, such as power electronics and deep-ultraviolet photonics. In this research, UWBG β-phase magnesium gallium oxide (MgGaO) thin films with a bandgap of 5.1 eV were grown using low-temperature homo-buffer layers in a plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy system. The role of the growth temperature and thickness of low-temperature buffer layer on the quality of the active layer was studied using x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and by analyzing the properties of metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector devices based on these films. It is found that lower buffer growth temperature at 300 °C leads to higher crystal quality of active layer. For the same low buffer growth temperature, different crystal quality in the active layer is attained with different buffer layer thickness. A buffer layer thickness at 40 nm has the best active layer quality with the highest photo current under 265 nm illumination and long decay time as a result of reduced recombination of photo-generated carriers through fewer defects in the active layer.
Analytical and experimental on the capillary rise of aluminum multi-scale microgroove wick structures
Authors: Wu Chunxia , Tang Yong , Zhang Shiwei , Yuan Xuepeng , Yan Caiman , Tang Heng
Published: May 2023

Ultrathin vapor chambers (VCs) are the most typically used heat-sink components in the development of thin and light electronic products. In this study, microgrooved aluminum wicks with multi-scale structures fabricated by two-step laser processing are developed to enhancing the performance of ultrathin VCs. The multi-scale microgroove wick is composed of the main groove and the multi-scale microstructures that include cluster particles, the gradient structure, and holes formed between cluster particles. The effects of the second step laser processing scan interval and the scan number on the surface morphology, wettability, capillary rise rate, and capillary performance parameters of the multi-scale microgroove structured wicks are investigated. The second-step laser processing changes the morphology of the main groove surface, which affects the wettability of the multi-scale microgroove structure. When the scan interval of second step laser processing is 0.05 mm and the scan number is 1, the droplets on the surface of the multi-scale microgrooves are completely immersed within 23.5 ms, which is 80.6% less than all the time of A1. In addition, the capillary rise velocity of the two-step laser processing multi-scale microgroove structure in the initial 3 s is 150% higher than that of the one-step laser processed microgroove wick, and the capillary performance parameters K/Reff improves by 114.15%.
Experimental observation of super-Klein tunneling in phononic crystals
Authors: Zhu Yifan , Merkel Aurélien , Cao Liyun , Zeng Yi , Wan Sheng , Guo Tong , Su Zihao , Gao Siyuan , Zeng Haohan , Zhang Hui , Assouar Badreddine
Published: May 2023

We numerically and experimentally report the acoustic analogue of the super-Klein tunneling in a heterojunction of phononic crystals formed with Willis scatterers that exhibit pseudospin-1 Dirac cones. By comparing with the pseudospin-1/2 Dirac cones, pseudospin-1 ones require in the band structure an additional flatband across the Dirac points. The conventional Klein tunneling, which is predicted in pseudospin-1/2 systems like graphene, consists of perfect transmission only under normal incidence through a potential barrier of any width. However, the super-Klein tunneling that we evidence here is defined for pseudospin-1 systems as a perfect transmission for all incidence angles at one single frequency within the energy barrier. This direct observation may have important implications in the exploration of the rich physics of pseudospin-1 quasiparticles.
Universal scaling of droplet retraction dynamics on vibrating surfaces
Authors: Song Mingkai , Liu Xiaonan , Wang Ting , Xu Wanghuai , Zhao Shengteng , Wang Shunbo , Wang Zuankai , Zhao Hongwei
Published: May 2023

Over the past decade, extensive efforts have been made in the study of droplet impact, especially on stationary surfaces, owing to its direct applications in thermal cooling, self-cleaning, and power generation. However, many practical applications, such as ultrasonic cleaning, aerosolized drug delivery, and vibration-assisted welding, involve the direct interaction of droplets with vibrating surfaces, on which droplets undergo spreading and retraction. Distinct from stationary surfaces where the retraction behaviors, such as the retraction velocity and rate, are mainly governed by the surface wettability and droplet inertia, the retraction behaviors on vibrating surfaces become complicated due to the vibration velocity, which dictates the outcomes of droplet impact, such as the pinning, bouncing, gyrating, and jetting. Here, we revealed the synergistic effect of droplet inertia and vibration velocity on droplet retraction. We found that the droplet retraction behaviors on both stationary and vibrating surfaces could be characterized by a universal scaling law, allowing us to analyze and predict the maximum droplet retraction velocities. Moreover, we found that the maximum retraction rate increased with the maximum spreading radius at low Weber numbers. We demonstrated that the droplet retraction dynamics at both low Weber numbers and high Weber numbers could be unified into one integrated model, which indicates the decisive role of the maximum droplet spreading in droplet retraction dynamics.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering optical activity: Theory, symmetry considerations, and quantum chemistry applications
Authors: Bonvicini Andrea , Forbes Kayn A. , Andrews David L. , Champagne Benoît
Published: May 2023

This work reports on the first computational quantum-chemistry implementation of the hyper-Rayleigh scattering optical activity (HRS-OA), a nonlinear chiroptical phenomenon. First, from the basics of the theory, which is based on quantum electrodynamics, and focusing on the electric dipole, magnetic-dipole, and electric-quadrupole interactions, the equations for the simulation of the differential scattering ratios of HRS-OA are re-derived. Then, for the first time, computations of HRS-OA quantities are presented and analyzed. They have been enacted on a prototypical chiral organic molecule (methyloxirane) at the time-dependent density functional theory level using a broad range of atomic orbital basis sets. In particular, (i) we analyze the basis set convergence, demonstrating that converged results require basis sets with both diffuse and polarization functions, (ii) we discuss the relative amplitudes of the five contributions to the differential scattering ratios, and (iii) we study the effects of origin-dependence and derived the expression of the tensor shifts and we prove the origin-independence of the theory for exact wavefunctions. Our computations show the ability of HRS-OA as a nonlinear chiroptical method, able to distinguish between the enantiomers of the same chiral molecule.
Cortical activity emerges in region-specific patterns during early brain development
Authors: Suárez Rodrigo , Bluett Tobias , McCullough Michael H. , Avitan Lilach , Black Dylan A. , Paolino Annalisa , Fenlon Laura R. , Goodhill Geoffrey J. , Richards Linda J.
Published: May 2023

The development of precise neural circuits in the brain requires spontaneous patterns of neural activity prior to functional maturation. In the rodent cerebral cortex, patchwork and wave patterns of activity develop in somatosensory and visual regions, respectively, and are present at birth. However, whether such activity patterns occur in noneutherian mammals, as well as when and how they arise during development, remain open questions relevant for understanding brain formation in health and disease. Since the onset of patterned cortical activity is challenging to study prenatally in eutherians, here we offer an approach in a minimally invasive manner using marsupial dunnarts, whose cortex forms postnatally. We discovered similar patchwork and travelling waves in the dunnart somatosensory and visual cortices at stage 27 (equivalent to newborn mice) and examined earlier stages of development to determine the onset of these patterns and how they first emerge. We observed that these patterns of activity emerge in a region-specific and sequential manner, becoming evident as early as stage 24 in somatosensory and stage 25 in visual cortices (equivalent to embryonic day 16 and 17, respectively, in mice), as cortical layers establish and thalamic axons innervate the cortex. In addition to sculpting synaptic connections of existing circuits, evolutionarily conserved patterns of neural activity could therefore help regulate other early events in cortical development.
The Montreal Protocol is delaying the occurrence of the first ice-free Arctic summer
Authors: England Mark R. , Polvani Lorenzo M.
Published: May 2023

The rapid melting of Arctic sea ice is the largest and clearest signal of anthropogenic climate change. Current projections indicate that the first ice-free Arctic summer will likely occur by mid-century, owing to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. However, other powerful greenhouse gases have also contributed to Arctic sea ice loss, notably ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). In the late 1980s, ODSs became strictly regulated by the Montreal Protocol, and their atmospheric concentrations have been declining since the mid-1990s. Here, analyzing new climate model simulations, we demonstrate that the Montreal Protocol, designed to protect the ozone layer, is delaying the first appearance of an ice-free Arctic summer, by up to 15 y, depending on future emissions. We also show that this important climate mitigation stems entirely from the reduced greenhouse gas warming from the regulated ODSs, with the avoided stratospheric ozone losses playing no role. Finally, we estimate that each Gg of averted ODS emissions results in approximately 7 km
2
of avoided Arctic sea ice loss.
The visible gorilla: Unexpected fast—not physically salient—Objects are noticeable
Authors: Wallisch Pascal , Mackey Wayne E. , Karlovich Michael W. , Heeger David J.
Published: May 2023

It is widely believed that observers can fail to notice clearly visible unattended objects, even if they are moving. Here, we created parametric tasks to test this belief and report the results of three high-powered experiments (total n = 4,493) indicating that this effect is strongly modulated by the speed of the unattended object. Specifically, fast—but not slow—objects are readily noticeable, whether they are attended or not. These results suggest that fast motion serves as a potent exogenous cue that overrides task-focused attention, showing that fast speeds, not long exposure duration or physical salience, strongly diminish inattentional blindness effects.
Regenerative engineering of long bones using the small molecule forskolin
Authors: Awale Guleid M. , Barajaa Mohammed A. , Kan Ho-Man , Seyedsalehi Amir , Nam Ga Hie , Hosseini Fatemeh S. , Ude Chinedu C. , Schmidt Tannin A. , Lo Kevin W.-H. , Laurencin Cato T.
Published: May 2023

Bone grafting procedures have become increasingly common in the United States, with approximately 500,000 cases occurring each year at a societal cost exceeding $2.4 billion. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMPs) are therapeutic agents that have been widely used by orthopedic surgeons to stimulate bone tissue formation alone and when paired with biomaterials. However, significant limitations such as immunogenicity, high production cost, and ectopic bone growth from these therapies remain. Therefore, efforts have been made to discover and repurpose osteoinductive small-molecule therapeutics to promote bone regeneration. Previously, we have demonstrated that a single-dose treatment with the small-molecule forskolin for just 24 h induces osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow–derived stem cells in vitro, while mitigating adverse side effects attributed with prolonged small-molecule treatment schemes. In this study, we engineered a composite fibrin–PLGA [poly(lactide-co-glycolide)]-sintered microsphere scaffold for the localized, short-term delivery of the osteoinductive small molecule, forskolin. In vitro characterization studies showed that forskolin released out of the fibrin gel within the first 24 h and retained its bioactivity toward osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow–derived stem cells. The forskolin-loaded fibrin–PLGA scaffold was also able to guide bone formation in a 3-mo rabbit radial critical-sized defect model comparable to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) treatment, as demonstrated through histological and mechanical evaluation, with minimal systemic off-target side effects. Together, these results demonstrate the successful application of an innovative small-molecule treatment approach within long bone critical-sized defects.
ARL6IP1 mediates small-molecule-induced alleviation of Alzheimer pathology through FXR1-dependent BACE1 translation initiation
Authors: Zhou Gui-Feng , Tang Jing , Ma Yuan-Lin , Fu Xian , Liu Jun-Yan , Yang Ren-Zhi , Zhang Hong-Sheng , Cai Xiang-Hai , Wang Jing-Wen , Xie Xiao-Yong , Song Li , Luo Biao , Chen Jian , Chen Long , Deng Xiao-Juan , Chen Guo-Jun
Published: May 2023

Exploring the potential lead compounds for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains one of the challenging tasks. Here, we report that the plant extract conophylline (CNP) impeded amyloidogenesis by preferentially inhibiting BACE1 translation via the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and rescued cognitive decline in an animal model of APP/PS1 mice. ADP-ribosylation factor–like protein 6–interacting protein 1 (ARL6IP1) was then found to mediate the effect of CNP on BACE1 translation, amyloidogenesis, glial activation, and cognitive function. Through analysis of the 5′UTR-targetd RNA-binding proteins by RNA pulldown combined with LC-MS/MS, we found that FMR1 autosomal homolog 1 (FXR1) interacted with ARL6IP1 and mediated CNP-induced reduction of BACE1 by regulating the 5′UTR activity. Without altering the protein levels of ARL6IP1 and FXR1, CNP treatment promoted ARL6IP1 interaction with FXR1 and inhibited FXR1 binding to the 5′UTR both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, CNP exhibited a therapeutic potential for AD via ARL6IP1. Through pharmacological manipulation, we uncovered a dynamic interaction between FXR1 and the 5′UTR in translational control of BACE1, adding to the understanding of the pathophysiology of AD.
Phylogenomic comparative methods: Accurate evolutionary inferences in the presence of gene tree discordance
Authors: Hibbins Mark S. , Breithaupt Lara C. , Hahn Matthew W.
Published: May 2023

Phylogenetic comparative methods have long been a mainstay of evolutionary biology, allowing for the study of trait evolution across species while accounting for their common ancestry. These analyses typically assume a single, bifurcating phylogenetic tree describing the shared history among species. However, modern phylogenomic analyses have shown that genomes are often composed of mosaic histories that can disagree both with the species tree and with each other—so-called discordant gene trees. These gene trees describe shared histories that are not captured by the species tree, and therefore that are unaccounted for in classic comparative approaches. The application of standard comparative methods to species histories containing discordance leads to incorrect inferences about the timing, direction, and rate of evolution. Here, we develop two approaches for incorporating gene tree histories into comparative methods: one that constructs an updated phylogenetic variance–covariance matrix from gene trees, and another that applies Felsenstein's pruning algorithm over a set of gene trees to calculate trait histories and likelihoods. Using simulation, we demonstrate that our approaches generate much more accurate estimates of tree-wide rates of trait evolution than standard methods. We apply our methods to two clades of the wild tomato genusSolanumwith varying rates of discordance, demonstrating the contribution of gene tree discordance to variation in a set of floral traits. Our approaches have the potential to be applied to a broad range of classic inference problems in phylogenetics, including ancestral state reconstruction and the inference of lineage-specific rate shifts.
Therapeutic antagonism of the neurokinin 1 receptor in endosomes provides sustained pain relief
Authors: Hegron Alan , Peach Chloe J. , Tonello Raquel , Seemann Philipp , Teng Shavonne , Latorre Rocco , Huebner Harald , Weikert Dorothee , Rientjes Jeanette , Veldhuis Nicholas A. , Poole Daniel P. , Jensen Dane D. , Thomsen Alex R. B. , Schmidt Brian L. , Imlach Wendy L. , Gmeiner Peter , Bunnett Nigel W.
Published: May 2023

The hypothesis that sustained G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling from endosomes mediates pain is based on studies with endocytosis inhibitors and lipid-conjugated or nanoparticle-encapsulated antagonists targeted to endosomes. GPCR antagonists that reverse sustained endosomal signaling and nociception are needed. However, the criteria for rational design of such compounds are ill-defined. Moreover, the role of natural GPCR variants, which exhibit aberrant signaling and endosomal trafficking, in maintaining pain is unknown. Herein, substance P (SP) was found to evoke clathrin-mediated assembly of endosomal signaling complexes comprising neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), Gαq/i, and βarrestin-2. Whereas the FDA-approved NK1R antagonist aprepitant induced a transient disruption of endosomal signals, analogs of netupitant designed to penetrate membranes and persist in acidic endosomes through altered lipophilicity and pKa caused sustained inhibition of endosomal signals. When injected intrathecally to target spinal NK1R+ve neurons in knockin mice expressing human NK1R, aprepitant transiently inhibited nociceptive responses to intraplantar injection of capsaicin. Conversely, netupitant analogs had more potent, efficacious, and sustained antinociceptive effects. Mice expressing C-terminally truncated human NK1R, corresponding to a natural variant with aberrant signaling and trafficking, displayed attenuated SP-evoked excitation of spinal neurons and blunted nociceptive responses to SP. Thus, sustained antagonism of the NK1R in endosomes correlates with long-lasting antinociception, and domains within the C-terminus of the NK1R are necessary for the full pronociceptive actions of SP. The results support the hypothesis that endosomal signaling of GPCRs mediates nociception and provides insight into strategies for antagonizing GPCRs in intracellular locations for the treatment of diverse diseases.
Dimer-assisted mechanism of (un)saturated fatty acid decarboxylation for alkene production
Authors: Rade Leticia L. , Generoso Wesley C. , Das Suman , Souza Amanda S. , Silveira Rodrigo L. , Avila Mayara C. , Vieira Plinio S. , Miyamoto Renan Y. , Lima Ana B. B. , Aricetti Juliana A. , de Melo Ricardo R. , Milan Natalia , Persinoti Gabriela F. , Bonomi Antonio M. F. L. J. , Murakami Mario T. , Makris Thomas M. , Zanphorlin Leticia M.
Published: May 2023

The enzymatic decarboxylation of fatty acids (FAs) represents an advance toward the development of biological routes to produce drop-in hydrocarbons. The current mechanism for the P450-catalyzed decarboxylation has been largely established from the bacterial cytochrome P450 OleT
JE
. Herein, we describe OleTP
RN
, a poly-unsaturated alkene-producing decarboxylase that outrivals the functional properties of the model enzyme and exploits a distinct molecular mechanism for substrate binding and chemoselectivity. In addition to the high conversion rates into alkenes from a broad range of saturated FAs without dependence on high salt concentrations, OleTP
RN
can also efficiently produce alkenes from unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) acids, the most abundant FAs found in nature. OleTP
RN
performs carbon–carbon cleavage by a catalytic itinerary that involves hydrogen-atom transfer by the heme-ferryl intermediate Compound I and features a hydrophobic cradle at the distal region of the substrate-binding pocket, not found in OleT
JE
, which is proposed to play a role in the productive binding of long-chain FAs and favors the rapid release of products from the metabolism of short-chain FAs. Moreover, it is shown that the dimeric configuration of OleTP
RN
is involved in the stabilization of the A-A’ helical motif, a second-coordination sphere of the substrate, which contributes to the proper accommodation of the aliphatic tail in the distal and medial active-site pocket. These findings provide an alternative molecular mechanism for alkene production by P450 peroxygenases, creating new opportunities for biological production of renewable hydrocarbons.
Mast cell-derived prostaglandin D
2
limits the subcutaneous absorption of honey bee venom in mice
Authors: Fujiwara Yuki , Nakamura Tatsuro , Maehara Toko , Hayashi Akane , Aritake Kosuke , Murata Takahisa
Published: May 2023

Mast cells play pivotal roles in innate host defenses against venom. Activated mast cells release large amounts of prostaglandin D
2
(PGD
2
). However, the role of PGD
2
in such host defense remains unclear. We found that c-kit-dependent and c-kit-independent mast cell–specific hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (
H-pgds
) deficiency significantly exacerbated honey bee venom (BV)–induced hypothermia and increased mortality rates in mice. BV absorption via postcapillary venules in the skin was accelerated upon endothelial barrier disruption resulting in increased plasma venom concentrations. These results suggest that mast cell–derived PGD
2
may enhance host defense against BV and save lives by inhibiting BV absorption into circulation.
All human social groups are human, but some are more human than others: A comprehensive investigation of the implicit association of “Human” to US racial/ethnic groups
Authors: Morehouse Kirsten N. , Maddox Keith , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: May 2023

All human groups are equally human, but are they automatically represented as such? Harnessing data from 61,377 participants across 13 experiments (six primary and seven supplemental), a sharp dissociation between implicit and explicit measures emerged. Despite explicitly affirming the equal humanity of all racial/ethnic groups, White participants consistently associated Human (relative to Animal) more with White than Black, Hispanic, and Asian groups on Implicit Association Tests (IATs; experiments 1–4). This effect emerged across diverse representations of Animal that varied in valence (
pets
,
farm animals
,
wild animals
, and
vermin
; experiments 1–2). Non-White participants showed no such Human=Own Group bias (e.g., Black participants on a White–Black/Human–Animal IAT). However, when the test included two outgroups (e.g., Asian participants on a White–Black/Human–Animal IAT), non-White participants displayed Human=White associations. The overall effect was largely invariant across demographic variations in age, religion, and education but did vary by political ideology and gender, with self-identified conservatives and men displaying stronger Human=White associations (experiment 3). Using a variance decomposition method, experiment 4 showed that the Human=White effect cannot be attributed to valence alone; the semantic meaning of Human and Animal accounted for a unique proportion of variance. Similarly, the effect persisted even when Human was contrasted with positive attributes (e.g., God, Gods, and Dessert; experiment 5a). Experiments 5a-b clarified the primacy of Human=White rather than Animal=Black associations. Together, these experiments document a factually erroneous but robust Human=Own Group implicit stereotype among US White participants (and globally), with suggestive evidence of its presence in other socially dominant groups.