bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Recall Regimen and Maintenance Regimen of Patients with Dental Restorations. Part 2: Implant‐Borne Restorations
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. , Daubert Diane M. , Garcia Lily T. , Gauthier Marissa F. , Kosinski Timothy F. , Nenn Conrad A. , Olsen John A. , Platt Jeffrey A. , Wingrove Susan S. , Chandler Nancy Deal , Curtis Donald A.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the current scientific evidence on patient recall and maintenance of implant‐supported restorations, to standardize patient care regimens and improve maintenance of oral health. An additional purpose was to examine areas of deficiency in the current scientific literature and provide recommendations for future studies.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search for articles in the English language literature from the past 10 years was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process. After application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed to meet the objectives of this review.

Results

The initial electronic search resulted in 2816 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 14 articles that satisfied the study objectives. An additional 6 articles were added through a supplemental search process for a total of 20 studies. Of these, 11 were randomized controlled clinical trials, and 9 were observational studies. The majority of the studies (15 out of 20) were conducted in the past 5 years and most studies were conducted in Europe (15), followed by Asia (2), South America (1), the United States (1), and the Middle East (1). Results from the qualitative data on a combined 1088 patients indicated that outcome improvements in recall and maintenance regimen were related to (1) patient/treatment characteristic (type of prosthesis, type of prosthetic components, and type of restorative materials); (2) specific oral topical agents or oral hygiene aids (electric toothbrush, interdental brush, chlorhexidine, triclosan, water flossers) and (3) professional intervention (oral hygiene maintenance, and maintenance of the prosthesis).

Conclusions

There is minimal evidence related to recall regimens in patients with implant‐borne removable and fixed restorations; however, a considerable body of evidence indicates that patients with implant‐borne removable and fixed restorations require lifelong professional recall regimens to provide biological and mechanical maintenance, customized for each patient. Current evidence also demonstrates that the use of specific oral topical agents and oral hygiene aids can improve professional and at‐home maintenance of implant‐borne restorations. There is evidence to demonstrate differences in mechanical and biological maintenance needs due to differences in prosthetic materials and designs. Deficiencies in existing evidence compel the forethought of creating clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with implant‐borne dental restorations.
A Systematic Review of Recall Regimen and Maintenance Regimen of Patients with Dental Restorations. Part 1: Tooth‐Borne Restorations
Authors: Bidra Avinash S. , Daubert Diane M. , Garcia Lily T. , Gauthier Marissa F. , Kosinski Timothy F. , Nenn Conrad A. , Olsen John A. , Platt Jeffrey A. , Wingrove Susan S. , Chandler Nancy Deal , Curtis Donald A.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the current scientific evidence on patient recall and maintenance of dental restorations on natural teeth, standardize patient care regimens, and improve maintenance of oral health. An additional purpose was to examine areas of deficiency in the current scientific literature and provide recommendations for future studies.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search for articles in the English language literature from the past 15 years was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process. After application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed in depth to meet the objectives of this review.

Results

The initial electronic search resulted in 2161 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 12 articles that met the objectives of the study. An additional 4 articles were added through a supplemental search process for a total of 16 studies. Out of these, 9 were randomized controlled clinical trials and 7 were observational studies. The majority of the studies (14 out of 16) were conducted in the past 5 years, and most of the studies were conducted in Europe (10). Results from the qualitative data, on a combined 3569 patients, indicated that outcome improvements in recall and maintenance regimen were related to (1) patient/treatment characteristics (adherence to recall appointments, type of restoration and type of restorative material); (2) agent (chlorhexidine, fluoride, triclosan); and (3) professional interventions (repeated oral hygiene instruction, regular oral hygiene intervention).

Conclusions

There is minimal evidence related to recall regimens in patients with removable and fixed tooth‐borne restorations; however, there is considerable evidence indicating that patients with tooth‐borne removable and fixed restorations require lifelong dental professional maintenance to provide repeated oral hygiene instruction and regular oral hygiene intervention customized to each patient's treatment. Current evidence also indicates that use of specific oral topical agents like chlorhexidine, fluoride, and triclosan can aid in reducing risk for gingival inflammation, dental caries, and candidiasis. Therefore, these agents may aid in improvement of professional and at‐home maintenance of various tooth‐borne dental restorations. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneity of patient populations, restorations, and treatment needs, the evidence compels forethought of creating clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with tooth‐borne dental restorations.
Management of a Fractured Multiunit Maxillary Implant‐Supported Fixed Prosthesis with Stripped Abutment Screws Using a Hybrid Cement‐Retained and Screw‐Retained Design: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up Clinical Report
Authors: Al Amri Mohammad D.
Published: December 2015

Fracture and loosening of implant‐supported prostheses (ISPs) are complications encountered in routine dental practice. In the present report, management of a fractured maxillary full‐arch cement‐retained (CR) fixed dental prosthesis supported by six implants is presented. Due to stripped screws, complications were encountered that prevented the retrieval of two of the six abutment screws, which was managed by using a hybrid retention approach, whereby a single full‐arch CR and screw‐retained (SR) ISP was used. The techniques used to successfully retrieve four of the abutment screws are described. The final retention design involved a combination of three CR and three SR restorations, which offers the advantages of both retention designs.
Evaluating the functional importance of secretive species: A case study of aquatic snake predators in isolated wetlands
Authors: Willson J. D. , Winne C. T.
Published: December 2015

Although the need to prioritize limited conservation resources has prompted increased interest in understanding the functional importance of species within ecosystems, species that are infrequently observed are often written off as being unimportant. In this study, we use aquatic snakes as a case study for examining the importance of secretive predators. Most snakes are extremely cryptic and secretive, traits that not only lead to the perception that they are rare, and of minor importance, but also impede attempts to quantify densities. We used high sampling effort and robust‐design capture–recapture analyses to estimate density of aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated 5.4‐ha wetland in South Carolina, USA. We assessed snake diets and coupled field measurements of growth rates with laboratory‐derived data on mass conversion efficiency to estimate prey consumption by snakes over a 1‐year period. We found a peak density 171 snakes ha−1 of wetland habitat, corresponding to a standing biomass of 7.77 kg ha−1. We calculated that snakes within the wetland consumed a total of over 200 kg (>55 000 individuals) of amphibian prey annually, translating into >150 000 kJ ha−1 of energy flow from secondary to tertiary consumers within the wetland food web. Further, because many amphibians are primarily terrestrial as adults and are consumed by aquatic snakes only when they return to wetlands to breed, snakes can be responsible for substantial transfer of energy and biomass between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Our study is one of the first comprehensive evaluations of the importance of snakes as predators and underscores the need to consider snakes in initiatives aimed at preserving overall ecosystem integrity.
Dialogue isn't working: the case for collaboration as a model of legislative–judicial relations
Authors: Carolan Eoin
Published: December 2015

In the past two decades, it has become commonplace for legislative–judicial engagement on contested constitutional questions to be described as a dialogue. This paper argues that the time has come to abandon the notion of dialogue. The first part of the paper describes the difficulties with dialogue theories. Despite the existence of many different versions, these theories share certain constitutionally problematic characteristics. Dialogue theories promote a view of government that is unrealistic, susceptible to normative bias and that overlooks the critical importance of disagreement and institutional differences to a system of democratic government based on the rule of law. The second part of the paper argues that Christopher Ansell's idea of collaboration-as-fruitful-conflict provides a more descriptively and normatively appropriate account of the relationship between the legal and political branches of government.
In vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in promastigotes of Leishmania donovani from Nepal: genomic and metabolomic characterization
Authors: Shaw C. D. , Lonchamp J. , Downing T. , Imamura H. , Freeman T. M. , Cotton J. A. , Sanders M. , Blackburn G. , Dujardin J. C. , Rijal S. , Khanal B. , Illingworth C. J. R. , Coombs G. H. , Carter K. C.
Published: December 2015

In this study, we followed the genomic, lipidomic and metabolomic changes associated with the selection of miltefosine (MIL) resistance in two clinically derived Leishmania donovani strains with different inherent resistance to antimonial drugs (antimony sensitive strain Sb‐S; and antimony resistant Sb‐R). MIL‐R was easily induced in both strains using the promastigote‐stage, but a significant increase in MIL‐R in the intracellular amastigote compared to the corresponding wild‐type did not occur until promastigotes had adapted to 12.2 μM MIL. A variety of common and strain‐specific genetic changes were discovered in MIL‐adapted parasites, including deletions at the LdMT transporter gene, single‐base mutations and changes in somy. The most obvious lipid changes in MIL‐R promastigotes occurred to phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines and results indicate that the Kennedy pathway is involved in MIL resistance. The inherent Sb resistance of the parasite had an impact on the changes that occurred in MIL‐R parasites, with more genetic changes occurring in Sb‐R compared with Sb‐S parasites. Initial interpretation of the changes identified in this study does not support synergies with Sb‐R in the mechanisms of MIL resistance, though this requires an enhanced understanding of the parasite's biochemical pathways and how they are genetically regulated to be verified fully.
A phospholipase A1 antibacterial Type VI secretion effector interacts directly with the C‐terminal domain of the VgrG spike protein for delivery
Authors: Flaugnatti Nicolas , Le Thi Thu Hang , Canaan Stéphane , Aschtgen Marie‐Stéphanie , Nguyen Van Son , Blangy Stéphanie , Kellenberger Christine , Roussel Alain , Cambillau Christian , Cascales Eric , Journet Laure
Published: December 2015

The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a multiprotein machine that delivers protein effectors in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, allowing interbacterial competition and virulence. The mechanism of action of the T6SS requires the contraction of a sheath‐like structure that propels a needle towards target cells, allowing the delivery of protein effectors. Here, we provide evidence that the entero‐aggregative Escherichia coli Sci‐1 T6SS is required to eliminate competitor bacteria. We further identify Tle1, a toxin effector encoded by this cluster and showed that Tle1 possesses phospholipase A1 and A2 activities required for the interbacterial competition. Self‐protection of the attacker cell is secured by an outer membrane lipoprotein, Tli1, which binds Tle1 in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with nanomolar affinity, and inhibits its phospholipase activity. Tle1 is delivered into the periplasm of the prey cells using the VgrG1 needle spike protein as carrier. Further analyses demonstrate that the C‐terminal extension domain of VgrG1, including a transthyretin‐like domain, is responsible for the interaction with Tle1 and its subsequent delivery into target cells. Based on these results, we propose an additional mechanism of transport of T6SS effectors in which cognate effectors are selected by specific motifs located at the C‐terminus of VgrG proteins.
Structural and functional analysis of RopB: a major virulence regulator in Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Makthal Nishanth , Gavagan Maire , Do Hackwon , Olsen Randall J. , Musser James M. , Kumaraswami Muthiah
Published: December 2015

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is an exclusive human pathogen that causes significant disease burden. Global regulator RopB of GAS controls the expression of several major virulence factors including secreted protease SpeB during high cell density. However, the molecular mechanism for RopB‐dependent speB expression remains unclear. To understand the mechanism of transcription activation by RopB, we determined the crystal structure of the C‐terminal domain of RopB. RopB‐CTD has the TPR motif, a signature motif involved in protein–peptide interactions and shares significant structural homology with the quorum sensing RRNPP family regulators. Characterization of the high cell density‐specific cell‐free growth medium demonstrated the presence of a low molecular weight proteinaceous secreted factor that upregulates RopB‐dependent speB expression. Together, these results suggest that RopB and its cognate peptide signals constitute an intercellular signalling machinery that controls the virulence gene expression in concert with population density. Structure‐guided mutational analyses of RopB dimer interface demonstrated that single alanine substitutions at this critical interface significantly altered RopB‐dependent speB expression and attenuated GAS virulence. Results presented here suggested that a properly aligned RopB dimer interface is important for GAS pathogenesis and highlighted the dimerization interactions as a plausible therapeutic target for the development of novel antimicrobials.
Oxidative‐stress detoxification and signalling in cyanobacteria: the crucial glutathione synthesis pathway supports the production of ergothioneine and ophthalmate
Authors: Narainsamy Kinsley , Farci Sandrine , Braun Emilie , Junot Christophe , Cassier‐Chauvat Corinne , Chauvat Franck
Published: December 2015

Using genetics and metabolomics we investigated the synthesis (gshA and gshB genes) and catabolism (ggt) of the conserved antioxidant glutathione in the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. These three genes are crucial to Synechocystis, in agreement with the proposed invention of glutathione by ancient cyanobacteria to protect themselves against the toxicity of oxygen they produced through photosynthesis. Consistent with their indispensability, gshA and gshB also operate in the production of another antioxidant, ergothioneine, as well as of the glutathione analogues ophthalmate and norophthalmate. Furthermore, we show that glutathione, ophthalmate and norophthalmate are accumulated in cells stressed by glucose, and that the two glutathione‐dependent glyoxalase enzymes operate in the protection against glucose and its catabolite methylglyoxal. These findings are interesting because ophthalmate and norophthalmate were observed only in mammals so far, where ophthalmate is regarded as a biomarker of glutathione depletion. Instead, our data suggest that ophthalmate and norophthalmate are stress‐induced markers of cysteine depletion triggered by its accelerated incorporation into glutathione, to face its increased demand for detoxification purposes. Hence, Synechocystis is an attractive model for the analysis of the role of glutathione, ergothioneine, ophthalmate and norophthalmate, in signalling and detoxification of oxidants and metabolic by‐products.
Mechanistic insight into mycobacterial MmpL protein function
Authors: Székely R. , Cole S. T.
Published: December 2015

Mycobacterial cell walls are complex structures containing a broad range of unusual lipids, glycolipids and other polymers, some of which act as immunomodulators or virulence determinants. Better understanding of the enzymes involved in export processes would enlighten cell wall biogenesis. Bernut et al. () present the findings of a structural and functional investigation of one of the most important transporter families, the MmpL proteins, members of the resistance‐nodulation‐cell division (RND) superfamily. A Tyr842His missense mutation in the mmpL4a gene was shown to be responsible for the smooth‐to‐rough morphotype change of the near untreatable opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium bolletii due to its failure to export a glycopeptidolipid (GPL). This mutation was pleiotropic and markedly increased virulence in infection models. Tyr842 is well conserved in all actinobacterial MmpL proteins suggesting that it is functionally important and this was confirmed by several approaches including replacing the corresponding residue in MmpL3 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Structural modelling combined with experimental results showed Tyr842 to be a critical residue for mediating the proton motive force required for GPL export. This mechanistic insight applies to all MmpL proteins and probably to all RND transporters.
Reflexivity and exploring the meaning of delirium through media depictions: Methodological insights from a phenomenological study
Authors: Day Jenny , Higgins Isabel
Published: December 2015

In the course of a phenomenological study that explored the experiences of family members during their older loved one's delirium, a range of delirium experiences depicted in artistic, creative, and linguistic media were reviewed. The search for, and compilation of, media sources for reflection during data analysis is described in this paper. In doing so, the researcher reveals how attentiveness and openness to varied depictions of lived experiences, as well as a valuing attitude toward challenging subjective perspectives, can enhance researcher reflexivity and appreciation of interpretive meanings. Turning to media depictions of delirium offered alternative perspectives on the experience. It challenged the researcher's assumptions, enhanced phenomenological reflection, promoted critique of evolving interpretations, and suggested meanings that might not have otherwise been realized. The approach used is a potent, although often overlooked, way to differentiate the nature of phenomena shared through lived experience data. Media‐based methods and their use in phenomenology continue to be explored. Illustrations of how to integrate media sources, as well as discussion about the benefits and alternatives to more common uses, are needed.
The human and murine hematopoietic stem cell niches: are they comparable?
Authors: van Pel Melissa , Fibbe Willem E. , Schepers Koen
Published: December 2015

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in specific niches that provide various instructive cues that regulate HSC self‐renewal and their development into all mature cells of the peripheral blood. Progress in this research field has largely been guided by mouse studies. However, parallel studies with human subjects, tissues, and cells, in combination with xenotransplantation experiments in immunodeficient mice, have contributed to our increased understanding of the human HSC niche. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the various specialized subsets of both stromal and hematopoietic cells that support HSCs through cell–cell interactions and secreted factors, and the many parallels between the murine and human HSC niches. Furthermore, we discuss recent technological advances that are likely to improve our understanding of the human HSC niche, a better understanding of which may allow further identification of unique molecular and cellular pathways in the HSC niche. This information may help to further improve the outcome of HSC transplantation and refine the treatment of hematopoietic diseases.
Gut microbiota‐derived lipopolysaccharide uptake and trafficking to adipose tissue: implications for inflammation and obesity
Authors: Hersoug L. ‐G. , Møller P. , Loft S.
Published: December 2015

The composition of the gut microbiota and excessive ingestion of high‐fat diets (HFD) are considered to be important factors for development of obesity. In this review we describe a coherent mechanism of action for the development of obesity, which involves the composition of gut microbiota, HFD, low‐grade inflammation, expression of fat translocase and scavenger receptor CD36, and the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR‐BI). SR‐BI binds to both lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram‐negative bacteria, which may promote incorporation of LPS in chylomicrons (CMs). These CMs are transported via lymph to the circulation, where LPS is transferred to other lipoproteins by translocases, preferentially to HDL. LPS increases the SR‐BI binding, transcytosis of lipoproteins over the endothelial barrier,and endocytosis in adipocytes. Especially large size adipocytes with high metabolic activity absorb LPS‐rich lipoproteins. In addition, macrophages in adipose tissue internalize LPS‐lipoproteins. This may contribute to the polarization from M2 to M1 phenotype, which is a consequence of increased LPS delivery into the tissue during hypertrophy. In conclusion, evidence suggests that LPS is involved in the development of obesity as a direct targeting molecule for lipid delivery and storage in adipose tissue.
WHY STRONG COORDINATION AT ONE LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH STRONG COORDINATION ACROSS LEVELS (AND HOW TO LIVE WITH IT): THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: EGEBERG MORTEN , TRONDAL JARLE
Published: December 2015

The European Union (EU) inherited ‘indirect administration’ from classical international organizations: policies adopted by the international organization are subsequently to be implemented nationally by member states themselves, and not by bodies owned by the international organization. This arrangement has often led to legislation being incorporated and applied rather differently across countries. In order to harmonize implementation practices within the EU, we have witnessed a development from ‘indirect administration’ to more ‘direct administration’ in the sense that national agencies work closely with the European Commission, EU agencies and sister agencies in other member states, partly bypassing national ministries. Thus, stronger coordination across levels may counteract strong coordination at the national level. This ‘coordination dilemma’ seems to have been largely ignored in the literatures on EU network governance and national ‘joined‐up government’, respectively. The ambition of this article is twofold: first, the coordination dilemma is theoretically and empirically illustrated by the seeming incompatibility between a more direct implementation structure in the multilevel EU administrative system and trends towards strengthening coordination and control within nation states. Second, the article discusses organizational arrangements that may enable systems to live with the coordination dilemma in practice.
Motivation for Aid Allocation and Political Ideology: A Case Study of South Korea
Authors: Sohn Hyuk‐Sang , Yoo Nari
Published: December 2015

According to traditional wisdom in the foreign aid community, a donor country's official development assistance policy tends to be influenced by the political regimes' ideology. A progressive government is more likely to be humanitarian in implementing foreign aid, whereas a conservative one is apt to be more strategic and economic‐interest oriented. Given South Korea's regime change between conservatives and progressives from the Roh Tae‐woo (1988) to the Lee Myung‐bak () administrations, this article attempts to identify shifts in South Korea's aid allocation in terms of economic, security strategic, social and humanitarian aspects. The empirical analysis of the South Korean case demonstrates that aid policies did not follow the ideological differences between governments. One of the key results is that aid allocation is more attributed to the distinct characteristics of the official development assistance management system and policies than to the party politics of South Korea.
What is Subregionalism? Analytical Framework and Two Case Studies from Asia
Authors: Hamanaka Shintaro
Published: December 2015

When scholars and policy‐makers use the term subregionalism or subregional cooperation rather than regionalism or regional cooperation, they seem to emphasize certain elements of cooperation that tend to be overlooked or neglected by regional cooperation. What are they? This study first discusses the elements that make cooperation or a project subregional rather than regional. Then the article conducts a comparative case study analysis of subregionalism using the proposed framework to assess how much an actual project is “subregional.” This article covers two case studies: the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation program and the Greater Tumen Initiative.
Effect of PMX‐DHP for sepsis due to ESBL‐producing E. coli in an extremely low‐birthweight infant
Authors: Nishizaki Naoto , Nakagawa Mayu , Hara Satoshi , Oda Hisayuki , Kantake Masato , Obinata Kaoru , Uehara Yuki , Hiramatsu Keiichi , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: December 2015

We report a case of early onset sepsis caused by (CTX for cefotaximase and M for Munich)‐type extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) in a preterm infant weighing 601 g. He was given meropenem and treated for endotoxin absorption with polymyxin B‐immobilized fibers with only 8 mL of priming volume. The patient survived without any short‐term neurological or respiratory sequelae. The choice of antibiotics is particularly important in seriously ill neonates with sepsis due to ESBL‐producing organisms. Polymyxin B hemoperfusion might be an innovative therapy for severe neonatal sepsis and could improve outcome even in an extremely low‐birthweight infant.
Focal Coxsackie virus B5 encephalitis with synchronous seizure cluster and eruption: Infantile case
Authors: Shiohama Tadashi , Omata Taku , Muta Kaori , Kodama Kazuo , Fujii Katsunori , Shimojo Naoki
Published: December 2015

Enterovirus focal encephalitis is a rare clinical entity that is characterized by focal neurological signs including seizure, hemiparesis, hemichorea, and headache, which are mainly followed by rapid spontaneous improvement. We herein describe the case of a 9‐month‐old boy who developed Coxsackie virus B5 (CVB5) focal encephalitis with seizure clusters in the eruption stage of roseola infantum‐like illness, which were followed by rapid improvement and benign outcome. Lumbar puncture indicated pleocytosis, and CVB5 infection in the cerebrospinal fluid was subsequently identified on genome sequencing and virus isolation. Magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography showed no abnormal findings at the acute stage or on 2 month follow up. Although the pathogenesis of enterovirus focal encephalitis currently remains unclear, the pure synchronism of seizure cluster and eruption in this case suggests the involvement of local vascular impairment as the underlying pathogenesis.
Coronary ostium occlusion by coronary cusp displacement in Williams syndrome
Authors: Shiohama Tadashi , Fujii Katsunori , Ebata Ryota , Funabashi Nobusada , Matsumiya Goro , Saito Yuko Kazato , Takechi Fumie , Yonemori Yoko , Nakatani Yukio , Shimojo Naoki
Published: December 2015

Williams syndrome is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome resulting from a heterozygous deletion on chromosome 7q11.23, and is characterized by distinctive facial features and supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS). This syndrome rarely presents unpredictable cardiac death, and yet, as illustrated in the present case, it is still not possible to predict it, even on close monitoring. We herein describe the case of a 6‐year‐old Japanese girl with Williams syndrome, who had sudden cardiac collapse due to cardiac infarction after pharyngitis. Cardiac failure followed a critical course that did not respond to catecholamine support or heart rest with extracardiac mechanical support. Although marked coronary stenosis was not present, the left coronary cusp abnormally adhered to the aortic wall, which may synergistically cause coronary ostium occlusion with SVAS. Altered hemodynamic state, even that caused by the common cold, may lead to critical myocardial events in Williams syndrome with SVAS.
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with post‐transplant high‐dose cyclophosphamide in high‐risk children: A single‐center study
Authors: Yesilipek M. Akif , Uygun Vedat , Karasu Gulsun , Daloglu Hayriye , Dincer Zeynep
Published: December 2015

Recently, haploidentical transplantations have been performed with unmanipulated BM or PBSC. This approach is becoming more widely adopted with the use of PTCY. However, there is limited evidence about this approach in children. We present 15 children who received 16 haploidentical HSCT with unmanipulated BM or PBSC using PTCY for GVHD prophylaxis. Post‐transplant CY(50 mg/kg IV) was given on the third and fifth day, and CsA or tacrolimus with MMF or MP was also used for GVHD prophylaxis. All patients engrafted at a median of 16 and 18 days for neutrophil and thrombocyte recovery, respectively. Grades II–III acute GVHD developed in seven patients, and mild chronic GVHD was found in two patients. Two patients died within the first 100 days due to sepsis (TRM 12.5%). Eleven patients are currently alive, with a median follow‐up of 12 months (range 6–22 months). The 12‐month OS and DFS were 75 ± 10.8% and 68.8 ± 11.6%, respectively. Our results with these high‐risk patients are encouraging for haploidentical HSCT in pediatric patients. Future studies should continue to assess haploidentical HSCT, including comparison of other modalities, in a primary pediatric population.
Structuring innovation funnels for R&D projects under uncertainty
Authors: Wang Juite
Published: December 2015

An innovative R&D project that creates a great business opportunity usually involves high technological and market uncertainty. It is easy to see that developing only one solution approach in the R&D project is too risky. The selectionism or the parallel development strategy can be applied to construct an innovation funnel that increases the flexibility to hedge against the uncertainty. However, little research has been devoted to selection of which alternative solution approaches should be included for the innovation funnel. This research aims to develop a simulation‐based methodology that can help R&D managers evaluate and construct an innovation funnel containing promising alternative approaches for a novel R&D project to maximize project profit, while minimizing downside risk within an allowable loss. A new risk measure based on the concept of conditional value‐at‐risk from the finance literature is defined to evaluate the project downside risk. An example of drug development project is used to illustrate the proposed methodology. We recommend that firms should improve their capabilities on market research, concept screening, and R&D efficiency for taking full advantages of selectionism.
Modeling Resources Allocation in Attacker‐Defender Games with “Warm Up” CSF
Authors: Guan Peiqiu , Zhuang Jun
Published: December 2015

Like many other engineering investments, the attacker's and defender's investments may have limited impact without initial capital to “warm up” the systems. This article studies such “warm up” effects on both the attack and defense equilibrium strategies in a sequential‐move game model by developing a class of novel and more realistic contest success functions. We first solve a single‐target attacker‐defender game analytically and provide numerical solutions to a multiple‐target case. We compare the results of the models with and without consideration of the investment “warm up” effects, and find that the defender would suffer higher expected damage, and either underestimate the attacker effort or waste defense investment if the defender falsely believes that no investment “warm up” effects exist. We illustrate the model results with real data, and compare the results of the models with and without consideration of the correlation between the “warm up” threshold and the investment effectiveness. Interestingly, we find that the defender is suggested to give up defending all the targets when the attack or the defense “warm up” thresholds are sufficiently high. This article provides new insights and suggestions on policy implications for homeland security resource allocation.
Trends in Reported Foodborne Illness in the United States; 1996–2013
Authors: Powell Mark R.
Published: December 2015

Retrospective review is a key to designing effective food safety measures. The analysis examines trends in the reported incidence of illness due to bacterial pathogens commonly transmitted by food in the United States during 1996–2013 with and without specifying a model form for trend. The findings indicate early declines in reported incidence followed by a period of no significant trend for Campylobacter, Listeria, Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157, and Yersinia. The results are inconclusive about whether there is no trend or an increasing trend for Salmonella. While Shigella exhibits a continuous decline, Vibrio exhibits a continuous increase. Overall, the findings indicate a lack of evidence for continuous reduction in illness due to bacterial pathogens commonly transmitted by food in the United States during 1996–2013.
Effect on plaque control in children patients with Down syndrome using Digital Brush with or without chlorhexidine: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Stefanini Martina , Sangiorgi Matteo , Roncati Marisa , D'Alessandro Giovanni , Piana Gabriela
Published: December 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy in children affected by Down syndrome of “Digital Brush” in terms of Plaque Index reduction added to the daily oral hygiene procedures.

Methods

A total of 56 patients with Down syndrome were recruited and randomly assigned in two groups: both control and test groups underwent standard hygiene procedures of tooth brushing twice a day followed by the intervention of Digital Brush, TNT gauze impregnated with chlorhexidine 0.12%, for the test group and by sterile gauze soaked in water for the control group. Initial plaque index was measured for all patients (T0), subsequently were instructed to use either Digital Brush or gauze soaked with water for 2 weeks. At last, patients were reevaluated (T1) and the plaque index measured.

Results

Plaque index improvement from T0 to T1 in control group was 11.7%, while in test group was 24.1%. The mean differences between test and control group was statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates how the Digital Brush, added to the daily oral hygiene procedures, obtains significant improvements in supragingival plaque control in children with Down syndrome.
Imagining the Canadian Internet: A Case of Discursive Nationalization of Technology
Authors: Dumitrica Delia
Published: December 2015

This article explores the discursive nationalization of the Internet in the context of Canadian new media policy. A textual analysis of the federal policy documents on new media (1994–2001) brings forth four discursive strategies through which technology is temporarily articulated as a material, economic, and spatial resource for the Canadian nation. It is argued that nationalism remains an important mechanism to legitimize policy recommendations. More importantly, nationalism is a means through which the format and social roles of an unknown and emerging technology become imagined in official discourse.
Police Killings and Sociological Research
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard
Published: December 2015

This essay serves as a response to Hirschfield's (2015) article, “Lethal Policing: Making Sense of American Exceptionalism,” published in the December 2015 issue of this journal.
Police and Lethal Force: A Response to Hirschfield
Authors: Miller Lisa L.
Published: December 2015

This essay serves as a response to Hirschfield's (2015) article, “Lethal Policing: Making Sense of American Exceptionalism,” published in the December 2015 issue of this journal.
Preschool Children's Negative Emotionality and Peer Acceptance: The Moderating Role of Sleep
Authors: Lu Ting , Tu Kelly M. , El‐Sheikh Mona , Vaughn Brian E.
Published: December 2015

Preschool children's sleep was examined as a moderator of the association between negative emotionality and both peer acceptance and peer rejection. Participants were 115 children (47 percent girls, M age = 4.29 years, SD = .63). Preschool teachers reported on children's negative emotionality (anger/frustration, sadness, and fear). Sleep was measured objectively using actigraphy in the child's home for seven consecutive nights. Peer acceptance and rejection were assessed using children's choices in sociometric interviews. Controlling for potential confounds, moderation analyses revealed that negative emotionality predicted peer acceptance and rejection only among children with poorer sleep quality (lower sleep efficiency, more frequent wake episodes, longer sleep latency), but not better sleep quality. Findings suggest that sleep is important not only for predicting child functioning but also for moderating the adverse effects of negative emotionality on a salient indicator of interpersonal functioning for preschool age children.
Placing Science for Natural Resource Management and Climate Variability: Lessons from Narratives of Risk, Place and Identity
Authors: Leith Peat , Vanclay Frank
Published: December 2015

Making salient, credible and legitimate knowledge for natural resource management (NRM) and adaptation to climate change is achievable when scientific knowledge is grounded in place. Making scientific knowledge locally relevant can be assisted by an understanding of the way ‘placed knowledge’ comes into being. Taking two prominent conceptions of place (Massey and Ingold), we ground these empirically using narratives from graziers in the eastern Australian rangelands. We examine placed conceptions of risk and uncertainty and the ways they are linked to narratives of identity, local environmental change, and understandings of place. Paying heed to narratives enables a reframing of risk and uncertainty into locally‐meaningful forms. This fosters dialogue between various epistemic communities in ways that acknowledge and respect different ways of knowing and differences in the content of knowledge. It provides an analytical basis for scientists and institutions to reflect on the applicability of their information and technology in particular contexts. With this approach, scientists, policymakers and other rural community stakeholders can develop their awareness of how placed narratives link social practices and locally‐legitimate understandings of good farm management and biophysical systems. This will help to ‘place’ science for NRM, agricultural extension and rural development.
Modern‐day management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: Jairath V. , Desborough M. J. R.
Published: December 2015

Acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (AUGIH) is a common medical emergency and can present with life threatening haemorrhage. In the UK, there are 70 000 hospital admissions per year. In the majority of cases, the aetiology is non‐variceal in origin, but in other cases it is due to variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. It is also a leading indication for transfusion of blood components. This review explores recent randomised data on the efficacy and safety of red blood cell transfusion for AUGIH. In addition, the evidence base for use of other blood components and pro‐haemostatic pharmacological agents is discussed, including acid suppression, antifibrinolytics and fibrinogen.
Two NYN domain containing putative nucleases are involved in transcript maturation in Arabidopsis mitochondria
Authors: Stoll Birgit , Binder Stefan
Published: December 2015

Plant mitochondrial transcripts frequently undergo maturation processes at their 5′ ends. This almost completely enigmatic process requires the function of several proteins such as RNA processing factors, which are selectively involved in distinct 5′ processing events. As RNA processing factors represent pentatricopeptide repeat proteins without apparent enzymatic function, it is hypothesized that a ribonuclease, most likely with endonucleolytic activity is involved in the 5′ end maturation. We have now applied a reverse genetic approach to analyze the role of two potential mitochondrial nucleases, MNU1 and MNU2, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both proteins contain several RNA‐binding domains and NYN domains found in other endonucleases. A thorough analysis of various mitochondrial transcripts in MNU1 and MNU2 mutants revealed aberrant transcript pattern characterized by a decrease in mature RNA species often accompanied by an accumulation of larger, 5′ extended precursor molecules. In addition, severely reduced amounts of nad9 mRNAs in the rpf2‐1/mnu2‐1 double mutant indicate a corporate function of RNA processing factor 2 and MNU2 in the maturation of these transcripts. However, the dramatic reduction of the nad9 mRNA is not reflected by the level of the corresponding Nad9 protein, which is found to be only moderately lowered. Collectively, our analysis strongly suggests a function of MNU1 and MNU2 in 5′ processing of plant mitochondrial transcripts.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and blood transfusion: updated results of the UK Transfusion Medicine Epidemiology Review Study
Authors: Urwin P. J. M. , Mackenzie J. M. , Llewelyn C. A. , Will R. G. , Hewitt P. E.
Published: December 2015

Background and Objectives

This paper reports the results to 31 May 2015 of an ongoing UK study to look for additional cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) transmission by blood transfusion, and to seek evidence whether other subtypes of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) may be transmissible via blood components.

Materials and Methods

All vCJD cases of appropriate age and any sporadic CJD (sCJD) or familial CJD (fCJD) cases with a history of blood donation or transfusion are notified to the UKBS. Donation records are sought and the usage of all donations is determined by look back. Death certificates are obtained for all donors to patients with CJD and recipients of transfused components from patients with CJD who are deceased.

Results

The study identified 29 sCJD blood donors, of 370 reported, with transfusion to 211 recipients. Five of these recipients were reported to have died with or of dementia, but were not believed to be cases of CJD. The vCJD arm found 18 vCJD blood donors who had donated blood which was issued for clinical usage, of 24 traced donors from 177 UK vCJD cases. To date, 3 cases of vCJD have occurred in 67 recipients identified in this recipient group, and one recipient had post‐mortem confirmation of abnormal prion protein deposition in the spleen (all previously reported).

Conclusion

The results of the ongoing TMER study show no new cases of transfusion‐associated vCJD since 2007 and no evidence of transfusion transmission of sCJD.
International Society for Blood Transfusion international survey on blood product wastage in hospitals
Authors: Yazer M. H. , Abraham S. , Beckman N. , Folléa G.
Published: December 2015

Background and Objectives

The ISBT Working Party on Blood Supply Management undertook an international survey of blood component wastage rates.

Materials and Methods

Using a survey website, questions were developed and validated to collect information on component wastage rates and the mechanisms for this wastage at hospital transfusion services around the world. Wastage was calculated as a percentage of the units issued (WAPI), which accounts only for the issued products not the size of the blood bank's inventory.

Results

There were 85 useable responses over an approximately 6‐month period. The majority of respondents were from Europe (53/85, 62%) and North America (19/85, 22%). The rest were from Oceania, Asia and the Middle East. Most respondents were from major academic teaching hospitals (45/85, 53%) with >1000 beds (32/85, 38%). There was no significant difference in the median regional WAPI wastage rates for RBCs and platelets between Europe (1·6%, 3·3%), North America (1·3%, 2·9%) and the rest of the world (2·4%, 7·2%) (P > 0·05 for all comparisons). Plasma wastage rates were also not different between these 3 regions. Neither RBC shelf life (≤35 days vs. 42 days) nor platelet shelf life (5 days vs 7 days) significantly affected the rate of product expiration in the hospital blood bank.

Conclusion

The median wastage rates are low around the world; a more detailed understanding of the specific mechanisms that lead to wastage around the world will help further reduce the rate.
Properties of nanostructured undoped ZrO2 thin film electrolytes by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition for thin film solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Cho Gu Young , Noh Seungtak , Lee Yoon Ho , Ji Sanghoon , Hong Soon Wook , Koo Bongjun , An Jihwan , Kim Young-Beom , Cha Suk Won
Published: December 2015

Nanostructured ZrO2 thin films were prepared by thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) and by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD). The effects of the deposition conditions of temperature, reactant, plasma power, and duration upon the physical and chemical properties of ZrO2 films were investigated. The ZrO2 films by PEALD were polycrystalline and had low contamination, rough surfaces, and relatively large grains. Increasing the plasma power and duration led to a clear polycrystalline structure with relatively large grains due to the additional energy imparted by the plasma. After characterization, the films were incorporated as electrolytes in thin film solid oxide fuel cells, and the performance was measured at 500 °C. Despite similar structure and cathode morphology of the cells studied, the thin film solid oxide fuel cell with the ZrO2 thin film electrolyte by the thermal ALD at 250 °C exhibited the highest power density (38 mW/cm2) because of the lowest average grain size at cathode/electrolyte interface.
A Case Study on Power and Politics in Organizations
Authors: Hemme Florian , Dixon Marlene A.
Published: December 2015

James Park has been hired as the new CEO by the board of directors of GoSports Inc., a large national sporting goods retailer, which has been battling economic and internal issues over the previous years. Despite Park’s experience at the helm of large companies in need of profound strategic and structural change, in his new position at GoSports he has been “butting heads” with a powerful collective of executives unhappy with the hire and threatened by the new CEO’s accolades. To complicate matters, rumor has it that the decision to hire Park was far from unanimous, with various factions vying for control in the company, waiting for a chance to fill the power vacuum a quick departure by Park would leave behind. After two weeks with the company, Park is called before the board of directors to report on the progress made and how he plans to return GoSports to its former glory.