bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolated ventricular apical hypoplasia: A report of four cases and literature review
Authors: Liao Hai‐Qin , Peng Ze‐Fang , Zhang Ming , Tan Yi , Ouyang Min‐Zhi , Zhou Dan , Tang Kui , Tang Shi‐Xiong , Shang Quan‐Liang
Published: June 2020

Isolated ventricular apical hypoplasia (IVAH) is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly, with clinical manifestations depending on the age of the patient, ranging from no symptoms in children to congestive heart failure or even malignant tachycardia in adults. Herein, we describe the clinical and anatomical findings in four cases with hypoplasia of the right or left ventricular apex, and we discuss the possible mechanisms and differential diagnosis of this malformation. Echocardiography is a rapidly accessible, low cost, noninvasive technique for the detection and evaluation of IVAH.
A scoping review on social justice education in current undergraduate dental curricula
Authors: Noushi Nioushah , Enriquez Ninoska , Esfandiari Shahrokh
Published: June 2020

Background

A recent shift in educational components within healthcare has pushed dentistry toward a greater understanding of the role of social components on oral health. There has also been an increased awareness of inappropriate conduct among dental students.

Study design and methods

A scoping review was conducted to determine if, how, and when social‐justice‐oriented education has been incorporated into dental curricula worldwide. A systematic and reiterative search of articles was performed on February 22, 2018, and combined quantitative and qualitative synthesis of data. An updated search was done on September 26, 2019.

Primary results

Seventy‐three studies were evaluated: 46 quantitative (63%), 24 qualitative (33%), 3 multimethods (4%). The majority used self‐reported surveys and questionnaires (66%), while the remaining used interviews (9.5%), student reflections (16%) and focus groups (5.5%). Studies included dental students only (78%); dental students with dental hygiene students (5.5%) or faculty/staff (4.1%); dental students in year 1 (17%), year 2 (1.6%), year 3 (1.6%), year 4 (14.2%); first‐ and second‐year students (3%); third‐ and fourth‐year students (1.6%); all years of study (20%); and academic year not specified (41%). The study areas included “learning in dental school,” “experiencing dental school,” “focusing on cultural competency,” and “addressing dental ethics and social responsibility.”

Principal conclusions

Three major research gaps were identified: no discussion of a social contract between dentists and society, no explicit social justice‐oriented topics within undergraduate dental curricula, and no standardized tool to measure these topics. Further research is necessary to understand how such topics can be included in dental curricula to form socially competent dentists.
Most surface learning in the third year: Dental student learning approaches and implications for curriculum and assessment
Authors: Lee Jihyun , Kim Ryan Jin Young , Choi Hyoseon
Published: June 2020

Context

Dental schools seek to educate students to become inclined toward self‐directed, lifelong learning, an important mindset for healthcare professionals that may be linked to deep versus surface learning approaches. Students using a deep learning approach are more intrinsically motivated and actively engage in higher‐order thinking, while those using a surface learning approach are more extrinsically motivated and aim for passive learning.

Objectives

Because student learning approaches can be influenced by a wide variety of learning experiences, we sought to understand how student approaches to learning differ by year in dental school and are related to academic achievement.

Methods

A total of 244 students in a 4‐year dental school program in South Korea voluntarily participated in this study. We collected data on school year and academic achievement, and approaches to learning of participants using the validated Study Processes Questionnaire to assess learning approach, which included the constructs of deep motive, deep strategy, surface motive, and surface strategy.

Results

We conducted 3 sets of statistical analyses and found that most students adopted a deep approach to learning (DAL) in their first and second years (Y1 and Y2), with third‐year students (Y3) showing heavy dependence on a surface approach to learning (SAL) and sharp drops in intrinsic motives. Student approaches to learning were not significantly related to academic achievement. In the first 2 years of dental school, students tended to adopt a DAL, and viewed their learning as personal growth and their profession as necessitating deep intellectual inquiry.

Conclusions

In the third year, the change from a DAL to a SAL coincided with entry to clinical training. The lack of integration of biomedical science (Y1 and Y2) and clinical science (Y3 and Y4), and increased stress in the initial clinical context may account for this difference. The poor correlation between a DAL and high achievement may indicate a need for change in assessment methods. This study hopes to stimulate reflection regarding student learning approaches and educational efforts that prepare future dentists for lifelong learning.
Patient aggression toward dental students
Authors: Rhoades Kimberly A. , Heyman Richard E. , Eddy J. Mark , Fat Sammie Jo , Haydt Nicole C. , Glazman Jacqueline E. , Dispirito Zachary F. , Rascon Allison N. , Guerrera Charlotte M. , Wolff Mark S.
Published: June 2020

Aggression from patients is one of the risks faced by healthcare workers during a typical work week. This risk begins during training. Although rates of patient aggression have been estimated for nursing students and medical residents, studies of aggression toward dental students have not been conducted. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we surveyed 160 D.D.S. student dentists in their third‐ or fourth years who were attending a large urban college of dentistry during the 2018–2019 academic year. Each class had approximately 375 students, leading to a response rate of 21%. Approximately 28% of students reported experiencing at least 1 instance of physical aggression, 86% reported experiencing at least 1 instance of verbal aggression, and 36% reported experiencing at least 1 instance of reputational aggression. There were no differences in rates of experienced aggression by age or gender, but Hispanic or Latinx students were more likely to experience physical and reputational aggression than non‐Hispanic White or Asian students. We discuss implications for dental education, including modifications to training clinic procedures and curriculum additions or modifications that may help prepare students to prevent and address patient aggression within the dental clinic environment.
Diagnosing periodontal and dental indicators with horizontal and vertical bitewing radiographs
Authors: Hong Richard Y. , Kwon Stephen , Steffensen Bjorn , Jain Shruti , Levi Paul A.
Published: June 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to compare information provided by the 2 orientations of bitewing radiographs, horizontal (HBW) and vertical (VBW) taken in a dental school.

Methods and Materials

Radiographic records were reviewed at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine (TUSDM) for patients showing posterior bone loss who had both HBW and VBW. 320 records were reviewed with 6 criteria: visibility of crestal bone from the distal of the cuspids to the distal of the most posterior tooth, visibility of horizontal or angular bone loss, the crestal density of bone, visibility of interproximal contact areas, visibility of the entire anatomical crown, and visibility of furcations.

Results

Significantly higher number of VBW compared with HBW (P < 0.0001) showed the levels of alveolar bone loss (52.81% vs. 3.75%), the type of loss (angular or horizontal) (50.94% vs. 3.75%), the crestal bone density (28.75% vs. 0.63%), the contact areas (20.63% vs. 14.38%), and the furcations (43.44% vs. 1.25%). A greater number of HBW showed the entire anatomical crown compared with VBW. No significant difference was detected in the number of radiographs taken per HBW and VBW set.

Conclusion

For patients with alveolar bone loss, VBW are superior to HBW when assessing bone levels, density, morphology, tooth furcations, and evaluating interproximal contact areas for caries. It is recommended that the vertical bitewing technique be taught as a standard in dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting schools for adult patients showing evidence of posterior interdental bone loss.
The effect of project‐based learning modules on a community dental hygiene practicum in South Korea
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Hee , Bae Soo‐Myoung , Shin Bo‐Mi , Shin Sun‐Jung
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The goal of this study is to develop and apply learning modules to help community dental hygienists acquire the necessary competencies and verify the effectiveness of the modules.

Methods

On the basis of 12 domestic and international reference papers, the concept of a community dental hygiene process of care was defined, and 393 learning goals were found to perform the primary and secondary categorization processes. The final 52 learning goals were assigned as a 15‐week module series to develop project‐based learning modules. The modules were used in 2018 during the first semester of the community dental hygiene practicum at G University (bachelor's degree) and H University (associate's degree). Surveys were performed before and after the application of the modules to evaluate the method's effectiveness.

Results

Confidence in problem‐solving abilities, project value, teamwork competency, and community dental hygiene competency were compared before and after the application of the modules. Students at both G and H universities showed statistically significant improvements across all 4 indices. Project authenticity and learning outcomes were analyzed in students at G and H universities after applying the modules; the results demonstrated that project authenticity and learning outcomes were positive.

Conclusion

The learning modules can be presented as systematic educational modules, which have inherent academic significance for dental hygiene, and in turn can strengthen students’ competency in community practice areas.
Exploring teachers’ motivation to teach: A multisite study on the associations with the work climate, students’ motivation, and teaching approaches
Authors: Orsini Cesar A. , Tricio Jorge A. , Segura Cristina , Tapia Doris
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Using Self‐determination Theory, the purpose was to determine whether work climate, students’ motivation, and teachers’ basic psychological needs could predict clinical teachers’ autonomous and controlled motivation to teach and whether clinical teachers’ motivations could predict student‐ and teacher‐centered teaching approaches

Methods

A correlational cross‐sectional study was conducted in 2018 across 3 Dental Schools in Chile, in which 206 clinical teachers participated (80.4% response rate). Data were collected on demographic characteristics and 5 self‐reported questionnaires measuring teachers’ perceptions of the work climate, students’ motivation, the satisfaction and frustration of their basic psychological needs, motivation to teach, and teaching approaches. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations and structural equation modeling.

Results

Alpha coefficients were acceptable (0.701‐0.948). Correlation and structural equation modeling analyses showed that teachers’ perceiving a work climate characterized by a supportive supervisor‐teacher relationship and students’ autonomous motivation, predicted the satisfaction of their basic psychological needs leading to autonomous motivation to teach. Autonomous motivation to teach, in turn, predicted a student‐centered teaching approach. These results were controlled for the confounding effects of age, gender, teaching experience, and type of university.

Conclusions

These results suggest that clinical teachers' optimal motivation is of paramount importance for promoting an adequate learning environment. Therefore, efforts should be made to understand and foster different aspects that promote clinical teachers' satisfaction of their basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation, especially regarding the role of teachers’ supervisors and how teachers perceive their students’ motivation.
Should dental school faculty be measured and compensated using academic productivity models? Two viewpoints
Authors: Hoskin Eileen R. , Bertone Mary , Chun Yong‐Hee Patricia , Lee Alexander L. , Motahari Mindy Z. , Martin Amy B.
Published: June 2020

Operationalizing faculty contributions in ways that align with organizational mission can be difficult, particularly when monetizing effort. Conventional compensation methods may result in faculty effort going undefined, resulting in more subjectivity in recognition and compensation. Inequities lead to faculty marginalization, fragmentation, decreased motivation, and attrition. Dental faculty retirements are expected to increase, as 81% of men and 19% of women faculty aged 60 years and older in 2015–2016. We present opposing perspectives on the use of educational value units (EVUs) in academic dentistry. The first viewpoint articulates that such models improve recruitment and retention by objectifying (a) faculty performance measurement, (b) academic productivity improvements, and (c) compensation determination. The counterpoint suggests EVUs are deterrents to faculty retention due to challenges with objectively quantifying performance measures, a potential inherent bias linked to gender, and the undervaluing of teaching quality or collaborative practices.
Assessing dental hygiene students’ readiness for interprofessional learning and collaborative practice
Authors: Kanji Zul , Lin Diana , Karan Jelena
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The need for interprofessional education (IPE) has been well documented and communicated by many prominent governmental bodies and health organizations. However, more longitudinal outcomes research is needed to demonstrate the impact of IPE on students’ attitudes and behaviors. This study assessed dental hygiene students’ readiness for IPE and collaborative practice at the University of British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

A modified Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) survey was conducted on 23 (96% response rate) second‐year dental hygiene students prior to commencing the university's newly integrated 4‐week IPE curriculum and immediately following its completion 1 month later. A focus group comprising 5 students then explored learning experiences and impact on attitudes about collaborative practice in greater depth. Curriculum content included professionalism, ethical practice, Indigenous cultural safety, and resiliency.

Results

Attitudinal shifts were observed in 3 of the RIPLS measures suggesting that students found greater clarity regarding their professional roles and became more receptive to learning clinical problem‐solving skills with other disciplines. No statistically significant differences surfaced between the pre‐attitudinal and post‐attitudinal RIPLS measures. The focus group revealed 3 prominent themes: greater role clarification, recognition of similarities in knowledge and practice with other professions, and cultivation of professional identity, collegiality, and respect.

Conclusion

Students found greater clarity about professional roles and developed an enhanced appreciation for working with other health professions after completing the university's month‐long integrated IPE curriculum.
Proactive safety awareness and violence prevention training for professional students
Authors: Price Shelia S. , Stricker Janelle C. , Ridenour Wendy L. , Parker R. David
Published: June 2020

Purpose/objectives

In response to the growing number of violent acts on college/university campuses in the US, a pilot safety awareness and violence prevention (SAVP) training was developed and collaboratively implemented for first‐year dental and pharmacy students at a US academic health center. The study assessed student knowledge of violent behavior, warning signs emphasizing active shooter situations, response strategies when witnessing or experiencing violence, and awareness of available violence prevention resources.

Methods

In 2014, a presurvey/postsurvey design was approved by the Institutional Review Board and used to assess knowledge before and after SAVP training by the university police department. As part of the new student orientation, 90% of the dental students and 100% of the pharmacy students simultaneously participated in the training and afterwards completed both number‐coded surveys. This resulted in a 96% response rate. Data were analyzed using SAS.

Results

A comparison of presurvey/postsurvey responses show notable increases on 4 key topics: awareness of actions to take if witnessing violent crime (+49%) or encountering active shooter situation (+74%), awareness of violent behavior warning signs (+63%), and knowledge of available violence prevention resources (+86%).

Conclusions

Findings from this study demonstrate that integrating SAVP training in new student orientation can increase safety awareness among dental and pharmacy students. SAVP training can augment the uptake of current campus resources given there was an observed increase in knowledge of availability. Collaborating with the university police department is key to this replicable proactive SAVP program for dental and pharmacy students.
Types and roles of reviews of the literature in dental education
Authors: Nevius Amanda M. , Stellrecht Elizabeth M. , Schvaneveldt Nena , Dragan Irina F.
Published: June 2020

Systematic reviews have consistently grown in popularity and reputation. On behalf of the Dental Caucus of the Medical Library Association and with insight from the Director of Faculty Education & Instructional Development at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, we offer guidance on the wide variety of reviews of the literature available to aid researchers in dental education in selecting the best review to suit their question, team size, time, and needs of the profession.
Impact of emotional intelligence training in a communication and ethics course among second‐year dental students
Authors: Partido Brian B. , Stefanik Dawne
Published: June 2020

Emotional intelligence (EI) involves the awareness and management of personal and others’ emotions. Although EI has been found to be positively associated with the academic performance of dental students, limited evidence exists regarding methods to improve the EI among dental students.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of EI training in a communication and ethics course would improve EI levels among dental students.

Methods

Upon institutional review board exemption, this study used a pre‐test/post‐test research design. Second‐year dental students, enrolled in a Communication and Ethics in Dentistry course, were invited to participate. Participants completed a survey of demographic questions and a 30‐item Emotional Quotient Self‐Assessment Checklist at the beginning and end of the course. Participants received reports of their pre‐test and post‐test EI scores.

Results

Of the 120 enrolled, 97.5% (n = 117) completed the pre‐test survey and 91.7% (n = 110) completed the post‐test survey. Independent samples t‐tests revealed significant improvements in EI scores from pre‐test (M = 111.9, SD = 9.8) to post‐test (M = 118.8, SD = 11.2) (P < 0.001). About 75% of participants agreed that knowing their EI scores was helpful in general, knowing their EI scores was helpful in the classroom setting, and the course content and course activities helped the improvement of EI scores. Nearly 90% of participants agreed that knowing their EI scores would be helpful in the clinical setting.

Conclusion

Future research should evaluate the longitudinal effects and impact of the EI training to determine how EI should be addressed in the overall dental curriculum.
High depressive symptom prevalence in dental students associated with lifestyle and well‐being characteristics
Authors: Lerman Avigael R. , Yamamoto Karisa K. , Taylor George W. , Saeed Sophia G.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Studies show health professional students have a high prevalence of depression. Dental students are especially susceptible due to the burden of the highest debt, exposure to bloodborne pathogens and chronic pain frequency. However, few studies on depression among U.S. dental students exist. This study aims to determine: (1) the difference in depression prevalence between U.S. dental students, the general population, and medical students; and (2) demographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with depressive symptoms in dental students.

Methods

Researchers surveyed dental students in California in 2018 using a 36‐ item questionnaire. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), a validated diagnostic screening tool, measured depressive symptoms suggesting clinically significant moderate to severe depression. Additionally, participants answered demographic and lifestyle characteristics questions. Data analysis included bivariable chi‐square tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results

The response rate was 19.1%. The crude depressive symptom prevalence (27.7%) was similar to that of depression in medical students (27.2%) and higher than the U.S. population (7.7%). Bivariable analysis indicated several characteristics significantly associated (P ≤ 0.05) with moderate to severe depressive symptoms in dental students, including experience of injury/pain, financial insecurity, self‐reported minority status, perception of meaningful work, and year in school. Multivariable logistic regression modeling estimated 5 well‐being categories as significantly associated with higher odds of not having major depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among California dental students is similar to depression in medical students and higher than the general population. Results suggest a significant proportion of dental students experience moderate to severe depression and require accessible resources.
Contemporary appraisal of factors influencing pediatric dental program directors' selection of residents
Authors: Justema Rosalee Beredo , Majewski Robert F. , Salzmann Larry , Murdoch‐Kinch Carol Anne , Boynton James R.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

With the increasing number of applicants and changes to information available in applications, pediatric dentistry program directors must adapt the resident selection process. The evaluation approach was significantly impacted when the National Board Dental Examination (NBDE) changed to a pass/fail grading system. The purposes of this are study to examine what criteria pediatric dentistry program directors now use to select residents, and to evaluate current criteria against those used in the past.

Methods

A 30‐item survey was structured similar to a previous questionnaire used in 2005. An invitation to participate was sent via email to all pediatric dentistry program directors for the 82 Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA)‐accredited programs located in the United States and Canada. Anonymous responses were analyzed.

Results

There were 58 responses (70.7% response rate). The overall most important factors were clinical grades, dental school class rank, dental school grade point average (GPA), and applicant's essay. The least important factors were the applicant being a graduate of the program's dental school, Advanced Dental Admission Test (ADAT) score, and applicant's fluency in a second language. The factor that had the most significant increase in importance from 2005 is the applicant's essay, followed by dental school reputation and the dental school's pediatric program reputation.

Conclusions

The most important factors to program directors are clinical grades, dental school class rank, dental school GPA, and applicant's essay. The applicant's essay has increased in importance since 2005.
Audiology and oral health professional students: An interprofessional education collaboration
Authors: Klein Brittany A. , Weintraub Jane A. , Brame Jennifer L. , Kowlowitz Vicki , McKenna Nancy M. , Ciarrocca Katharine
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Audiology knowledge is important for oral health professionals because patients may present with hearing loss or temporomandibular joint dysfunction with referred pain to the ear. Additionally, their occupational environment may negatively affect their own hearing. An interprofessional learning experience for dental (DDS), dental hygiene (DH), and audiology students was created to increase DDS and DH students’ knowledge of the audiology profession, risks to their own hearing, and communication with hearing‐impaired patients. This study's purpose was to evaluate this new educational experience.

Methods

In 2018, audiology students presented information to DH and DDS students about audiology and offered optional supervised hearing screenings. DDS and DH students were surveyed to assess their self‐rated knowledge level on audiology topics (e.g., audiology profession, hearing assessment, noise‐induced hearing loss, and communicating with hearing impaired patients) before and after the educational sessions, as well as to evaluate their learning experience. Audiology students received didactic and hands‐on instruction by DDS and DH students and faculty on performing a head and neck exam and making appropriate referrals.

Results

The response rate was 48% (n = 57). Students' reported knowledge on all topics significantly improved (P < 0.05) after the educational program. The majority, 86%, agreed that this experience should be added to the curriculum, and 92% reported it increased their understanding of the importance of collaborating with other health professionals.

Conclusions

This experience increased students’ knowledge of the audiology profession and understanding of hearing loss, while also increasing their appreciation of interprofessional education.
Relationships between the postures of dentists and chairside dental assistants
Authors: Partido Brian B. , Henderson Rebecca , Washington Haley
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Dental professionals have been encouraged to maintain their neutral postures throughout their workday in order to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system. However, with 4‐handed dentistry, maintaining neutral postures becomes more challenging when the dentist and dental assistant work concurrently alongside the patient to complete dental procedures.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether relationships exist between the postures of dentists and dental assistants.

Methods

Upon institutional review board approval, this study used a cross‐sectional research design of a convenience sample of 31 unique pairings of dentists and dental assistants. The Modified‐Dental Operator Posture Assessment Instrument (M‐DOPAI) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) were used to assess ergonomic scores and ergonomic risks of captured photographs of dentists and dental assistants performing 4‐handed dentistry. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlational analysis.

Results

The dentists and dental assistants demonstrated higher ergonomic scores for the trunk, head, and arm positions and higher ergonomic risk scores for the neck/trunk/leg positions. The head position of dental assistants was positive correlated with hip position of dentists. The shoulder position of dental assistants was negatively correlated with the head position of dentists.

Conclusion

Ergonomic risks scores indicated further investigations and potential changes in postures to reduce ergonomic risks. Multiple postural components of the dentists and dental assistants were related. Ergonomic training should include consideration of dentists and dental assisting working concurrently in 4‐handed dentistry. More ergonomic training is needed with 4‐handed dentistry among dental and dental assisting students and faculty members.
Effectiveness of technology‐enhanced learning to improve periodontics educational outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Berry Maria C. de C. , de M. Neto Joao M. , de Souza Maria Isabel de C. , Figueredo Carlos Marcelo da S. , Reher Vanessa , Evans Jane L.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Technology‐enhanced learning (TEL) has been suggested as a suitable learner‐centered pedagogical approach in dental education. However, the results of TEL effectiveness in periodontics education are controversial. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of TEL to improve educational outcomes in the periodontics field compared to traditional learning methods.

Methods

The search comprised randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and crossover studies that were related to periodontics education from the following databases: MedLine, PsycINFO, Eric, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and assessed risk of bias. Kirkpatrick's 4‐level evaluation model was used to evaluate educational outcomes.

Results

From 1642 studies, after applying inclusion criteria, 7 studies remained for analysis. On level 1 (Reaction), undergraduate dental students reported positive attitudes related to TEL. On level 2 (Learning), 3 studies found that TEL improved knowledge gain compared to traditional learning methods. Three other studies did not show any difference between TEL and conventional learning methods, and one found that traditional learning methods presented superior results. On level 3 (Behavior), 1 study found that TEL application improved students’ performance. On level 4 (Results), 5 studies suggested that the implementation of TEL would improve educational outcomes in periodontics education if combined with traditional learning methods.

Conclusion

The findings showed that the exclusive use of TEL does not significantly improve periodontics educational outcomes when compared to traditional learning methods. However, the combination of TEL and traditional learning methods can be the key to enhancing periodontics education.
Intraprofessional education with dental hygienists: The post training impact on dentists
Authors: Satter Kimber E.G. , Jackson Sarah C. , DiMarco Arthur C. , Nagasawa Pamela R.
Published: June 2020

Purpose/objectives

Generally, dental and dental hygiene (DH) students are educated separately. When these students are educated together, studies show improvements in teamwork and understanding of their distinct roles. This longitudinal study was conducted to see if intraprofessional education (IntraPE) between dental and DH students can impact dentists in practice. Specifically, this study examined the attitudes of graduates from the University of Washington School of Dentistry (UWSOD), some of whom participated in the Regional Initiative in Dental Education (RIDE) program. The RIDE program, designed to meet the needs of underserved populations, combines courses of 8 first‐year dental students with 30–36 Eastern Washington University DH students.

Methods

In 2018, all 409 UWSOD dentists from 2012–2017, including 48 RIDE and 361 non‐RIDE dentists, were invited to participate in this study. Attitudes toward teamwork and roles and responsibilities were assessed using qualitative and quantitative measures. The RIDE and non‐RIDE responses were compared and tested using t‐tests for statistical significance.

Results

A total of 77 responses were analyzed with a response rate of 54% (n = 26) for RIDE and 14% (n = 51) for non‐RIDE. Results show the RIDE program improved attitudes toward DH in practice. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in understanding roles and responsibilities, but not teamwork. The majority of non‐RIDE dentists (n = 26, 51%) felt their education would have benefited from formal IntraPE.

Conclusion

To improve attitudes, dental schools should consider formal partnerships between dental and DH programs, specifically in clinical settings.
Hepatic osteodystrophy and fracture risk prediction using FRAX tool in Indian patients with cirrhosis
Authors: De Arka , Ray Debadrita , Lamoria Sandeep , Sharma Vishal , Khurana Tilak Raj
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim

The main clinical relevance of hepatic osteodystrophy is the increased risk of fractures. Dual‐energy X ray absorptiometry (DEXA)‐based assessment of bone mineral density, the current gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis, is not the sole determinant of fracture risk. Other clinical risk factors also play an important role. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hepatic osteodystrophy and estimate the entailed fracture risk by using the FRAX tool in a cohort of Indian cirrhotics.

Methods

Consecutive patients with cirrhosis (n = 120) were recruited. Etiologic workup, liver function tests, serum calcium, phosphate, 25(OH)D, HbA1c, and DEXA scan were performed. Hepatic osteodystrophy was defined as a T score of < −1. FRAX scores were calculated using the Indian calculator.

Results

The study cohort was predominantly male (86.7%) with a median age of 49 (40–65) years. Alcohol was the most common etiology (80%). All patients had Child‐Turcotte‐Pugh class B (63.3%) or class B (36.7%) cirrhosis. Hepatic osteodystrophy was present in 83.3% patients. On multivariate analysis, smoking (odds ratio [OR]: 3.1 [1.76–4.7], P < 0.001) and serum 25(OH)D (OR: 0.23 [0.09–0.94]; P = 0.03) showed significant association with hepatic osteodystrophy. The 10‐year probability of major osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture was 5.7% (2.1–28.9) and 2.5% (1.4–7.4), respectively. Using a FRAX probability cut‐off of 20% for major osteoporotic fracture and 3% for hip fracture, 30% patients qualified for osteoporosis treatment.

Conclusion

Hepatic osteodystrophy is widely prevalent among Indian patients with cirrhosis and entails a high risk of fractures. Approximately one‐third of patients with cirrhosis need treatment to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.
Clinical outcomes of 402 patients with COVID‐2019 from a single center in Wuhan, China
Authors: Wu Yingjie , Guo Wei , Liu Huan , Qi Bei , Liang Ke , Xu Haibo , Peng Zhiyong , Xiao Shu‐Yuan
Published: June 2020

The outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 has become a pandemic with significant mortality. Published studies described clinical characteristics of the disease contain small cohorts from individual centers or larger series consisting of mixed series from multiple different hospitals. We report here analyses of mortality and disease severity among 402 patients from a single hospital. The cohort includes 297 patients with confirmed and 105 with clinical diagnosis. The latter group consists of cases with inconclusive nucleic acid test but meeting the criteria for clinical diagnosis. Data are compared between sexes and among different age groups. The overall case fatality is 5.2%. However, age at 70 years or older is associated with a significantly higher mortality (17.8%) and higher rate of severe and critical illness (57.5%). Case fatality is 8% in patients 50 years of age or older, and 1.2% in those younger than 50 years. In addition, case fatality is 7.6% in male patients, as opposed to 2.9% in females, demonstrating a clear sex difference.
The secret life of pets: The intersection of animals and organizational life
Authors: Kelemen Thomas K. , Matthews Samuel H. , Wan Min (Maggie) , Zhang Yejun
Published: June 2020

Although often overlooked, pets and other animals intersect with organizations in interesting, important ways. We seek to define how various animals intersect with organizations, highlight opportunities for theory development, and illustrate important areas for future research. We also explore how pandemics such as COVID‐19 might affect the animals we highlight.
Hypoglycemic effect and bioactive compounds associated with the ripening stages of the Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché fruit
Authors: Moya‐Hernández Araceli , Bosquez‐Molina Elsa , Verde‐Calvo José Ramón , Blancas‐Flores Gerardo , Trejo‐Aguilar Gloria Maribel
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

The fruit of Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché is known in Mexico as ‘chilacayote’. The scientific interest that C. ficifolia Bouché has acquired is due to its important hypoglycemic effect. The present research aimed (i) to discover whether this hypoglycemic property is present at different stages of development of this fruit, and (ii) to characterize some bioactive compounds with antioxidant or anti‐inflammatory properties. Ethylene production, respiration rate, and maturity indices were determined during fruit development. The chemical characterization of the aqueous extracts of each stage of maturity studied was determined and their hypoglycemic effects were bioassayed using groups of normal mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin at a dose of 500 mg−1 kg−1 body weight.

RESULTS

Respiration rate and ethylene production showed a typical pattern for non‐climacteric fruit and the quality parameters did not show significant changes. Phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and chlorogenic acid were found to have the highest concentration at 15 days of development. Extracts at 15 days showed a hypoglycemic effect that was 11% greater than that of glibenclamide in diabetized mice.

CONCLUSION

All stages of development of C. ficifolia fruit had a hypoglycemic effect; however, the aqueous extract from the fruit at 15 days of development showed a better effect than glibenclamide. This finding highlights the potential of this maturity stage, and shows that it is appropriate for inclusion in treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results also indicate that phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for this effect and not d‐chiro‐inositol as previously thought. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Survival of Patients With Non‐Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Head and Neck
Authors: Rastatter Jeffrey C. , Sinard Rebecca N. , Dilger Amanda , Reichek Jennifer , Walterhouse David O. , Patel Urjeet
Published: June 2020

Objective

To evaluate factors associated with overall survival (OS) of patients with non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

The National Cancer Database was queried for cases of non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck between 2004 and 2014. Cases were categorized according to the World Health Organization classification of soft tissue tumors. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate associations with OS.

Results

A total of 4,555 patients (63.6% male, 36.4% female, mean age 59.6 years) met inclusion criteria. The majority of tumors were classified as miscellaneous (35.9%), followed by vascular (20.1%), smooth muscle (13.5%), fibroblastic/myofibroblastic (12.1%), peripheral nerve (8.5%), adipocytic (7.4%), and undifferentiated (2.5%) sarcomas. The mean follow‐up was 37.9 months, and overall mortality (MR) was 45.3%. The best prognosis was seen with fibroblastic/myofibroblastic sarcomas (MR = 20.6%, P < .001), whereas vascular sarcomas had the worst prognosis (MR = 67.6%, P < .001). Resection with clear margins had better OS than microscopically positive margins (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.43, P < .001) or grossly positive margins (HR = 2.97, P < .001). Radiation therapy was associated with better OS than no radiation (HR = 0.86, P = .001).

Conclusion

Non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck are associated with significant mortality. OS differs based on histologic subcategorization. Resection of the primary tumor with clear margins demonstrates improved OS for all histologies, suggesting this modality remains the preferred primary treatment when feasible.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:E500–E508, 2021
Cathodic protection design optimization of a buried vessel by FEM simulation
Authors: Attarchi Mehdi , Brenna Andrea , Ormellese Marco
Published: June 2020

Installing linear anode loops around a buried vessel is one of the latest cathodic protection anode arrangements for buried vessels. In this arrangement, besides the physical properties of the environment, for example, soil resistivity and oxygen content, the distance of anode loops to the vessel, number of anode loops, and distance between each loop are three main designing parameters. In the present study, the cathodic protection of a buried vessel (8‐m long; 2.5 m in diameter) with complete nonlinear polarization at the protected surface is studied with finite element method simulation. The analyzed variables are the number of anode loops from one to three, the anode‐to‐vessel distance from 0.2 to 0.6 m, the distance between loops from 0.2 to 1.6 m. Soil resistivity varies from 10 to 500 Ω·m, and oxygen limiting current density changes from 5 to 100 mA/m2. Increasing anode‐to‐vessel distances will reduce the potential differences, and the best condition is the maximum distance, 0.6 m. The optimum number of anode loops is two. Increasing soil resistivity will increase the potential difference, but in an optimum design, its effect is not significant.
Star Polymer Translocation into a Spheroidal Cavity
Authors: Nagarajan Karthik , Chen Shing Bor
Published: June 2020

Star polymer translocation into a spheroidal cavity has been studied using Langevin dynamics simulations. To isolate the effect of polymer architecture, the total number of monomers, N, is kept constant while the number of arms, f, is varied. For the special case of a spherical cavity, the mean translocation time, τ, exhibits nonmonotonic variation with f for large cavities, but decreases monotonically with f for sufficiently small cavities. The value of τ for a prolate cavity is generally similar to that for a spherical cavity of similar volume. In both cases, τ decreases monotonically with f for small cavities. In contrast, τ is significantly larger for an oblate cavity and exhibits nonmonotonic variation with f. If the attraction between the monomers and the cavity wall is sufficiently strong, the effect of cavity geometry largely vanishes and τ decreases monotonically with f, regardless of the cavity shape.
Challenges in dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum 5052 and 304 stainless steel alloys
Authors: Chitturi V. , Pedapati S.R. , Awang M.
Published: June 2020

In this study, dissimilar friction stir welding of aluminum 5052 and stainless steel 304 has been carried out with different process parameters. This investigation provides a better insight regarding the defect formation of the weld joints with tilt angles ranging from 0 ° to 2.5 °. The experiments were conducted according to Taguchi L9 orthogonal array by changing the tool rotational speed, and welding speed. The tool pin was kept 70 % towards the aluminum with the tool rotational speed ranging from 800 min−1 to 1200 min−1 with a varying traverse speed of 5 mm/min to 15 mm/min. The bottom part of the stir zone was perfectly welded without any defects. Tunnel defect was detected just above the bottom welded surface. Microstructural analysis reveals that the weld between both materials is formed on the retreating side, whereas on the advancing side, the weld was formed with void defects. Mostly, the stir zone is filled with irregular shaped aluminum and steel parts which were detached from the base material. Several other defects such as voids, cracks, and fragmental defects were observed in the stir zone irrespective of the process parameters. It was observed from the experimental investigations that the tunnel defect can be reduced by increasing the tilt angle.
Characterization of corrosion behavior of aluminum welds reinforced with copper powder
Authors: Abima C.S. , Akinlabi S.A. , Hassan S. , Fatoba O.S. , Akinlabi E.T.
Published: June 2020

This paper reports on the corrosion behavior of aluminum metal inert gas (MIG) welds reinforced with copper powder particles. Pure aluminum, AA1100 sheets, machined to a 45° v‐grooved were used for this experiment. Copper powder particle reinforced samples and unreinforced samples were investigated. The corrosion behavior of the samples were investigated in 3.5 % sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, using the potentiodynamic polarization technique. The results revealed that the corrosion resistance for reinforced samples were higher than those for unreinforced samples. Hence the corrosion resistance of aluminum AA1100 welds can be improved by the addition of copper powder particle in the weld seam, and it is therefore recommended for typical industrial applications.
Mechanical performance optimization of similar thin AA 7075‐T6 sheets produced by refill friction stir spot welding
Authors: Yamin M.F. , Awang M. , Suhuddin U.F.H. , Sallih N. , Klusemann B. , dos Santos J.F.
Published: June 2020

Refill friction stir spot welding was applied to weld similar thin AA 7075‐T6 aluminum alloy sheets in a spot‐like joint configuration without a keyhole. The welds were produced using a small tool consisting of sleeve and probe with diameters of 6 mm and 4 mm, respectively. Design of experiment was employed to optimize the welding parameters in terms of the cross tensile strength by using Box Behnken Design. Based on analysis of variance, it can be concluded that plunge depth strongly affects the mechanical performance of the weld. Optimal welding parameters in terms of rotational speed, plunge depth and speed are identified to reach a cross tensile strength of up to 660 N.
Synthesis and properties of bio‐waste‐based hydroxyapatite via hydrothermal process
Authors: Ng C.K. , Ng Z.L. , Ramesh S. , Tan C.Y. , Ting C.H. , Chuah Y.D. , Sutharsini U.
Published: June 2020

In this study, a facile hydrothermal method is applied to produce hydroxyapatite (HA) particles using egg shells as calcium precursors and fruit waste extracts (banana peel) as biomolecular templates at 150 °C for a reaction time period of 12 hours (h) and 24 hours. The sintering of the green samples of hydroxyapatite were conducted at 1250 °C in air for 2 h. The results showed that pectin extracted from banana peel extracts assisted in regulating crystal growth to obtain homogeneous hydroxyapatite powder, with higher purity observed for 24 h hydrothermal reaction time. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra revealed the presences of phosphate (PO43−) and hydroxyl (OH−) groups in the powders. A relative density of 89.6 % was achieved for sintered hydroxyapatite compacts produced via hydrothermal method for 24 h. The sintered body was characterized by having high Vickers hardness of 5.35 GPa and good fracture toughness of 1.23 MPa√m, suitable for biomedical application.
Consanguineous‐derived homozygous WNT1 mutation results in osteogenesis imperfect with congenital ptosis and exotropia
Authors: Chen Peng , Chen Jiaxi , Yang Zhantao , Lu Yang , Shen Liping , Zhou Kai , Ye Shenyi , Shen Bo
Published: June 2020

Background

Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in promoting ostergenesis. WNT1 mutations have been considered as a major cause of ostergenesis imperfect (OI). We identified an OI patient with pathogenic consanguineous‐derived homozygous WNT1 missense mutation.

Methods

We designed and applied a panel of known 261 genes associated with hereditary bone diseases for targeted next‐generation sequencing to examine clinically diagnosed OI patients. Detected mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

Results

The female proband presented with severe OI with low bone density, multiple long bone fractures, short stature, and absence of dentinogenesis imperfect and brain malformation. She had congenital ptosis and exotropia with her left eye, and absence of blue sclera. The proband came from a consanguineous family and had a homozygous WNT1 missense mutation (c.677C>T, (p.S226L)). In addition, three other compound heterozygous mutations (c.1729C>T in FKBP10, c.1958A>C in FGFR3, c.760G>C in TRPV4) were also detected in her family members.

Conclusion

We report the first identified case of consanguineous derived homozygous WNT1 mutation leading to severe osteogenesis imperfecta with congenital ptosis and exotropia.