bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Quantitative Gene Expression of TGF-β in Patients with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and the Normal Population
Authors: Naeimi Behrouz , Shamsizadeh Forough , Mohammadi Seyed Amin , Khamisipour Gholamreza , Sadeghzadeh Farzaneh , Hashemi Najmeh , Ahmadi Bahram
Published: February 2024

Background: Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a widespread opportunistic gynecological condition resulting from infections by Candida albicans and non-C. albicans (NAC) species. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a significant cytokine involved in cell-mediated immunity (CMI), plays a crucial role in vaginal infections. Objectives: The current study was conducted to evaluate the differences in TGF-β gene expression between patients with RVVC and healthy individuals using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: This case-control study involved 124 patients diagnosed with RVVC and 225 age-matched healthy individuals as controls. The mRNA expression of the TGF-β gene was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Data analysis and the creation of graphs were carried out using SPSS and GraphPad PRISM software. Results: The QRT-PCR findings showed higher TGF-β expression in RVVC patients compared to the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.2538). Conclusions: Our study revealed that the expression of the TGF-β1 isoform was elevated in patients with clinical manifestations in the vagina, although the increase was not statistically significant. Based on this outcome, further in vivo studies are necessary to elucidate the precise role of TGF-β isoforms in the vaginal tract of patients with RVVC.
Relıable securıty of economıc ındependence
Authors:   Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Abbasova G.A.
Published: February 2024

Today, Azerbaijan is developing and becoming stronger as a result of the purposeful policy of the great leader. New development model New Azerbaijan model was created. This development showed itself in every field. The process of actively involving the natural-economic, technical-production and scientific-technical potential in the country into the economy has accelerated. The state of Azerbaijan has demonstrated its long-term viability and strength.
Analysıs of the relatıonshıp of the labor market and employment ın our country ın the modern stage
Authors:   Azerbaijan University of Tourism and Management, Alasgarova F.G. , Fataliyev I.A. ,   Baku Eurasian University
Published: February 2024

The relationship between the labor market and employment is how the supply and demand for labor affects the level and structure of employment in the economy. Unemployment rates, labor force structure, worker education and skills, government policies, and global factors play a role in this relationship. Analysis of these dynamics helps to understand the current state of the labor market and to develop strategies for maintaining employment and creating new jobs.
Analysis of the current situation of the state administration system (municipalities) in Azerbaijan
Authors:   Academy of Public Administration under the President   of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Hasanov M.M.
Published: February 2024

This comprehensive analysis provides a comprehensive examination of the current picture of the state management system within municipalities in Azerbaijan. By examining system efficiency, transparency and accountability, the research aims to provide insights into the complex dynamics that shape local governance. Key challenges and opportunities are explored, shedding light on the multifaceted roles municipalities play in the broader administrative framework. In addition, the study examines recent reforms, assessing their impact on the functionality and adaptation of the public administration system at the grassroots level. This study helps to understand the intricacies of the evolving administrative structures that are important to Azerbaijan s governance landscape.
Characteristics of formation of product unit costs in oil extraction
Authors:   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Uzarayeva M.D.
Published: February 2024

Costs incurred in the process of producing and delivering a good or service are included in production costs. This can include costs of raw materials, labor, equipment, rent, and marketing. Simply put, it is the total cost of producing and selling a product or service. During the production of the product, raw materials, fuel, energy and various types of labor are used. During production, the equipment, which is part of the fixed capital, adds its value to the product in the form of depreciation.
The Problematic Rationality of Private Property Rights
Authors: Picavet Emmanuel ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: February 2024

The “private” dimension of social life is problematic, posing conceptual, political, and ecological challenges. Some of these problems arise from the very nature of private property as it is enshrined in social life, which demands special privileges be granted to “private” matters on the grounds that these are private, because the predominant representation of the involved rights is that they reflect claims of the holders, rather than legitimate claims of society as a whole in allocating responsibilities, benefits, and duties. The claim to the rationality of allocations of property rights, this article argues, must be questioned in light of the kind of commonality that is revealed in a striking manner by environmental issues (although it is not restricted to environmental matters). This questioning makes sense in relation to an analysis of social interactions, beyond the problematic opposition between the private sphere and public life.
Model of Islamic Religious Education for Children in Indonesia Minority Muslim Families
Authors: Purwanto Purwanto , Aryanti Yosi , Susanti Weti
Published: February 2024

This research aims to find out the form of Islamic religious education in Muslim families in Pasakiat Taileleu Village, then to find out the implementation of Islamic religious education in Muslim families in Pasakiat Taileleu Village and to find out the opportunities and challenges in the implementation of Islamic religious education in Muslim families in Pasakiat Taileleu Village. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques: observation, interview, and documentation with data analysis through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and verification. The results of this research analysis show that the Islamic religious education model in Pasakiat Taileleu Village includes a model of cultivating awareness, omission, wisdom, interaction, commands and prohibitions, advice, habits, punishment, and reward. The implementation of Islamic religious education in Muslim families in this village includes faith education tauhid, worship education, and moral education. Among the three types of education, the most prioritized is faith education because Muslims in this village are a Christian minority. The opportunities for implementing Islamic religious education in this village are the example of parents, the availability of parental time, the existence of Islamic religious education institutions, support from immigrants, the minimal influence of social media, the presence of preachers who serve, and peaceful social conditions. Meanwhile, the challenges in implementing Islamic religious education in this village are the majority Christian environment, the large number of tourists who come to travel, the parents' lack of knowledge about religion, poor economic conditions, limited religious information, and the lack of religious figures. The results of this research can provide guidance for minority Muslim families and perhaps also in other places, and can be used as initial data for future researchers in studying this problem in different contexts and issues.
Sustainable Development Implementation of the Jibril Method in Learning Quran
Authors: Melinda Desi , Elfira Nini , Sabrina Rifdah
Published: February 2024

The minimal variation in Quran learning methods has an impact on students' lack of interest in paying attention to the teacher when giving lessons on how to read the Quran properly and correctly. This research aims to describe the methods used in learning the Quran at the Birrul Walidain Foundation. This research uses qualitative methods, with a descriptive approach. The key informants in this research were teachers at the Birrul Walidain Foundation while supporting informants were students studying at the Birrul Walidain Foundation. Researchers used interviews, documentation, and observation techniques. The collected data was then analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The results of this research are that students are taught to memorize, read, write, and meditate on the Quran. Supporting factors for the Quran learning process are manners, parents, and teacher competence. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are bad manners and lack of parental control at home. The solution offered is one-on-one dialogue with students and communication between teachers and parents. The results of this research can be applied by other teachers in providing learning about reading the Quran properly and correctly.
La période de ḥasūm à Djerba : la fête des êtres de l'au-delà sur terre
Authors: Földessy Edina
Published: February 2024

In the Muslim world, as elsewhere, supernatural phenomena are associated with meteorological peculiarities characterizing the weather at certain times of the year. In Djerba, beings from the afterlife come to earth to celebrate during the period of ḥasūm, which falls at the boundary between the winter and spring seasons. The article presents the findings of the author’s fieldwork in Guellala, a Berber-speaking village on the island of Djerba (Southern Tunisia).
Crimes against the border barrier in Hungary – Effective tools in the fight against irregular migration?
Authors: Bartkó Róbert , Sántha Ferenc
Published: February 2024

Migration, or irregular migration is not a recent phenomenon. It has been present in our world for a long time and has historically posed challenges for countries affected by immigration. Keeping immigration under control has also been an important issue for the European Union since its beginnings. However, the situation has changed significantly in 2014 and 2015. The wave of migration that hit Hungary in 2015 marked the beginning of a new era in the history of migration in Europe and in Hungary, both in terms of quality and scale. In response, the Hungarian government formulated a package of measures consisting of several points. The first step was the construction of the temporary security border (also known in the literature as the “physical border barrier”), and the second was the adoption of Act CXL of 2015 by the Hungarian Parliament, which created the legal background for the management of mass immigration (the “legal border closure”). As the Hungarian solution was a unique one in the European Union in our paper we have to examine first the legality of constructing the border barrier. Once the test of legality has been met – as the second step – we turn to the presentation of the Hungarian substantive criminal law and its analysis. Finally, we evaluate the Hungarian legislation in the light of the principle of legality and from the perspective of symbolic criminal legislation. To support our arguments we also use criminal statistics provided by the Hungarian Prosecutor General’s Office for our research.
Gain Calculation of 0-Degree Homogeneous Controllers
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Iglesias Rios Matías , Fridman Leonid ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Moreno Jaime ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

This paper presents sets of gains for the nested discontinuous controller family. The methodology for obtaining gains is based on a control Lyapunov function, this function determines the conditions for the value of each of the controller gains, the last gain being the one that is directly related to the boundaries of the disturbances and uncertainties. In this way the algorithm for obtaining gains can be summarized in three steps. The first step concerns about establishing the value of the weight vector, the degrees of homogeneity of the r-homogeneous functions that make up the proposed Lyapunov function. The second step consists of establishing the value of the first gain, which, for second and higher order controllers, is sufficient for it to be real positive. The third step is to determine the maximum value of an objective function. Moreover, it allows us to obtain the lower bound of the set of values for the gain that stabilize the system. The results show that the set of gains obtained stabilize the closed-loop system.
Leader-Follower Formation of Unicycle Mobile Robots Using Quasi-Sliding Modes
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Díaz Yoshua , Dávila Jorge ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
Published: February 2024

This article presents a distributed control of unicycle mobile robots for the leader-follower configuration while maintaining a specific geometric distribution in the horizontal plane. The proposed control algorithm facilitates the formation of the follower robots with respect to the leader by using a quasi-sliding mode. The technique uses a pair of sliding variables, and the proposed controller guarantees the convergence of the sliding variables to a region close to zero. The particular formulation of these sliding variables ensures that their convergence to a bounded region around zero, provides asymptotic convergence of the formation errors towards a bounded region around the origin.
Pipeline Leak Detection System
Authors:   Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, Sadovnychiy Sergiy , Canul García Edgar ,   Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, Moya Ochoa Samuel ,   Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, López Carreto Manuel ,   Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México, Hernandez Rojo Marco ,   Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, México
Published: February 2024

This article deals with a development of a pipeline leak detection system for monitoring hydrocarbon pipelines in real time. This system is based on the integration of methods of negative pressure waves of propagation and mass and momentum balance calculation. The system is designed to receive real-time data from multiple remote terminals which operate in the field and its processing in a monitoring center. For validation of the system, a liquefied gas pipeline of 20” diameter and 60 km in length was used. The validation of the system was done by comparing the events detected and located by the developed system and the results of verification of real leak locations. Some inspection results using this system are presented.
Estimation of Faults in Fractional Nonlinear Systems via Fractional Observers
Authors:   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Martínez-Guerra Rafael , Govea Vargas Arturo ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México
Published: February 2024

In this work three fractional observers are implemented in order to estimate faults of a fractional nonlinear system and a Bergman model which gives us a real application model, the faults considered are additive faults. In this work observer-based diagnosis is implemented and we compare the fractional observers with a criterion of a performance index function. Based on this performance index, the fractional observers are compares, and is verified which one gives the best performance. We characterized three fractional observers, selecting the observer gains in order to give the best performance of each observer.
Fault Estimation Based on Generalized Learning Observer for a Class of Nonlinear Algebro-Differential Parameter-Varying Systems
Authors:   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Zetina Rios Israel , Osorio-Gordillo Gloria ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Alma Marouane ,   Université de Lorraine, Francia, Darouach Mohamed ,   Université de Lorraine, Francia, Astorga-Zaragoza Carlos ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the design of a generalized learning observer (GLO) structure for simultaneous estimation of variable states and actuator faults in a wider class of systems known as descriptor nonlinear parameter varying (D-NLPV) systems. This generalized structure provides additional degrees of freedom in the observer design to improve robustness and reduce the convergence time for fault estimation. Its design is obtained in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities. The performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated in the model of a heat exchanger with two countercurrent cells with actuator faults.
Application of High Gain and Sliding Mode Observers for Estimating Key Variables in Bioprocesses
Authors:   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Reza López Víctor , Torres Muñoz J. ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Guerrero Jesús ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México
Published: February 2024

The monitoring and control of bioreactors is essential for any bioprocess. Therefore, measuring some essential biochemical key variables is crucial, such as the reaction rates, whose structure is usually barely known. Although many high gain and sliding mode observers-based estimators were designed to estimate these variables, these strategies are not robust against external disturbances. This work extends the high gain and sliding mode techniques to simultaneously estimate the reaction rates and an external disturbance under a persistent excitation condition that is easy to verify. Furthermore, the proposed algorithms are exponentially and finite-time stable, respectively. Finally, both observers are tested in a continuous fermentation process simulation.
Robust Observer-Based Parameter Identification and State Estimation for COVID-19 Modeling: Analyzing the Omicron Variant in Mexico using Fractional-Order SIR and SEIR Models
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Chávez Gustavo , González-Olvera Marcos ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

This work presents a robust observer-based approach for parameter identification and state estimation in fractional-order SIR and SEIR models, applied to analyze the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Mexico from December 26, 2021, to March 26, 2022. By utilizing measurements of changes in the infected population, a robust observer is proposed to reconstruct the transmission rate within the fractional model. The method accounts for noisy measurement cases and incorporates parametric reconstruction and state observation. The proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical results, showcasing its capabilities in effectively estimating parameters and states. The findings of this study have implications for formulating strategies to prevent, slow, and halt the spread of infectious diseases, offering valuable insights for combating future disease outbreaks.
Nonlinear Time-Delayed Quorum Sensing System: State Estimation Via a Robust Observer
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, González-Olvera Marcos , Flores Pérez Anahi ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Paleo Ehecatl ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

This paper proposes an innovative method to estimate the states in a nonlinear time-delayed quorum sensing (QS) model using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) observer. By addressing the inherent time delays in QS system which arise as a delayed response of bacteria to population fluctuations, the study introduces variable structure dynamical estimators, specifically the EKF, to approximate missing states based on available measurements. The EKF observer is applied to estimate four out of five internal non-measurable nonlinear states in a time-delayed QS model. This is the first attempt to utilize the EKF state estimation in nonlinear time delay QS models. The research contributes to the understanding of QS systems, provides insights into the communication dynamics inside biological systems, and offers a practical solution for estimating states in realistic scenarios.
About PMSM Current Tracking Control with Parameter Uncertainty
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ramos-García Fernanda , Davila-Tenorio Sinuhe ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Granados-Salazar Christian ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Espinosa-Pérez Gerardo ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

In this work, the problem of parameter uncertainty of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) model in the $dq$ reference frame is studied by implementing an adaptive control scheme. The starting point of this paper is to analyze the system structure and represent the system as an interconnection between the electric subsystem, which is a completely actuated system, and the mechanical subsystem which is not actuated. This decomposition allows the design of a current tracking control based on the Passivity Based Control (PBC) methodology for the electrical subsystem. The interconnection, which is power preserving, allows to consider the unactuated mechanical subsystem as a passive perturbation that is proven to be bounded. The numerical evaluation was done by a MATLAB Simulink simulation with a comparison that shows that the designed control is able to deal with the parameters uncertainties of the electrical subsystem.
Modification of permanent magnet ac electric scooter motor to test controlled stator electrical faults
Authors:   Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, México, Mata Barbosa Melanie , Maldonado Ruelas Víctor ,   Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosi, México, Ortiz-Medina Raúl ,   Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, México
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the electrical modification of the windings of a 350 W three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) of an electric scooter to insert short-circuit faults in a controlled manner. The in-wheel motor (outer rotor) was altered in two of its windings in order to cause two types of faults: short-circuit fault between windings and short-circuit faults between winding and stator structure (chassis). The type of fault of interest to cause is the incipient type (small in magnitude); therefore the selection of the taps will be in the same coils or close to the star point. To guarantee that the values of the electrical parameters in the windings (resistance and self inductance) correspond to those of the manufacturer, they are measured by means of instruments and the industrial method is also used to obtain the nominal values without the presence of a fault and in the presence of incipient short-circuit faults. Faults are entered manually and temporarily by means of electrical contactors; the information is measured by means of an RLC instrument and an oscilloscope for current and voltage measurement in each phase.
A Linear Interval Observer for a Class of Linear Systems of Dimension 2n with N Measurements of the State
Authors:   Universidad de Guanajuato, México, López-Caamal Fernando , Avilés Jesús ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México
Published: February 2024

In this paper an interval observer is designed for a continuous-time plant with an even number of states. We assume that the measured output corresponds to half of the states of the plant. The observer is designed in such a way that the estimation error is a linear cooperative system, whose state matrix can be assigned arbitrarily. The observer’s performance is exemplified by numerical simulations of a mechanical system.
Control for a Delayed System with Two Unstable Poles
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Palacios Pantoja Alejandra , Márquez-Rubio J. ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Del Muro Cuéllar Basilio ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Vázquez-Guerra Rocio ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
Published: February 2024

This paper deals with the stabilization problem for unstable second order systems with time delay. The implementation of an observer scheme that makes use of a static gain parameter and a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is proposed. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the control scheme proposed are obtained. The performance of the proposed method is showed through numeric examples on simulations.
Proportional Integral Observer-Based Controller for an H2AT System under the Takagi-Sugeno Representation
Authors:   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Domínguez Lagunas Ezequiel , Osorio-Gordillo Gloria ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Guadarrama Estrada Angel ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET
Published: February 2024

In this article the main objective is the design of a proportional integral (PI) observer that allows estimate the nonmeasurable states of an H2AT pendulum, who represents a person with spinal cord injury and contributes to a better understanding of the behavior of individuals with spinal cord injury. Based on the PI observer, a state feedback controller is designed for a system T-S representation.
Proportional-Derivative Plus Integral Controller Tuning for Led Lighting Based on the Mathematical Model
Authors:   Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Occidente del Estado de Hidalgo, México, Estrada Cruz Edgar , Barrera González Ismael ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Occidente del Estado de Hidalgo, México, Lozano Hernández Braulio ,   Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Occidente del Estado de Hidalgo, México
Published: February 2024

The depletion of energy resources have made saving energy a challenge in recent decades. One of the main components of energy consumption is lighting, it represents up to 20% of total energy consumption in the world; the largest amount consumed in residential and commercial buildings. Led technology, due to its characteristics of long life, high efficiency, low consumption and dimming capacity, has become an alternative to illuminate spaces. This work proposes a control scheme for LED lamp lighting with a double control loop, proportional- derivative in the internal loop and integral in the external one, based on the mathematical model in the absence of external lighting. In addition, the tuning strategy for the controller gains is proposed based on the design parameters of the standard second-order system. Through simulation it is shown that the tuning of the control strategy is adequate.
Design of an observer for detectable systems with time-delay and unknown inputs
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Suárez Jesús , Bejarano Francisco ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México
Published: February 2024

This paper investigates an unknown input observer for time delay systems in the strong observable and strong detectable cases. Conditions are derived to transform the system into an observer normal form and to decouple the unknown inputs. This decoupling allows us to use the measurements obtained at the output of the system to compensate for the missing information. These conditions enable the design of a Luenberger-like observer for systems that are strongly observable and to generalize to the case of strongly detectable systems, thereby relaxing the conditions for this type of System.
A Sampled-time Controller for a Class of Constrained Nonlinear Systems Via Interval Prediction
Authors:   Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. La Laguna, México, Ríos Héctor , Gutiérrez Ariana ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. La Laguna, México, Mera Manuel ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Efimov Denis ,   Université de Lille, Francia, Ushirobira Rosane ,   Université de Lille, Francia
Published: February 2024

In this paper a solution for the stabilization problem is proposed for continuous-time nonlinear systems, taking into account state and input constraints. The proposed sampled-time controller includes the design of a control law based on an interval predictor-based state-feedback controller and a model predictive control (MPC) approach that deals with the system constraints. The interval predictor-based state-feedback controller is designed based on Lyapunov function approach, which provides a safe set where the state constraints are not violated, out of this set the MPC is activated. The practical, uniform, and asymptotic stability of the considered nonlinear systems is guaranteed. A constructive method based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) is proposed to compute the controller gains.
High-Gain Observer-Based Predictor for a Flexible Joint Robot with Input Delay
Authors:   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Rojas-Ricca Bryan , Mondié Sabine ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Castaños Fernando ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, Garrido Rubén ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México
Published: February 2024

This article presents the prediction problem for uniformly observable nonlinear systems with input delay. The prediction problem is addressed using high-gain observer-based predictors. A modified Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is used to analyze the exponential convergence of the prediction error. The predictor design and tuning are illustrated through a flexible joint robot with input delay.
Estimation of Multiple Unknown Parameters Using Adaptive Observers for Lipschitz Nonlinear Systems
Authors:   Tecnológico Nacional de México /CENIDET, Alvarado-Méndez Pedro , Astorga-Zaragoza Carlos ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México /CENIDET, Aguilera González Adriana ,   Institute Of Technology, México, Osorio-Gordillo Gloria ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Reyes-Reyes Juan ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México
Published: February 2024

This work presents the design of an adaptive observer for a class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems, where the observer is able to estimate more than one unknown parameter. Thanks to this, it is possible to estimate the system states, which facilitates the monitoring of nonlinear Lipschitz systems. The proposed observer is tested for monitoring a semiactive suspension, in order to know the stiffness parameters of the tire and chassis, allowing the detection of possible anomalies in the system. To ensure observer stability, the gains are calculated by LMI obtained by Lyapunov analysis. The proposed observer is evaluated by estimating the unknown states and parameters of a mechanical system allowing monitoring of its performances.
Design of an Arbitrary-Order PID Controller for a Pneumatic Levitation System
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México, Sánchez-López Carlos , Ruíz-Serrano Oscar ,   Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, México
Published: February 2024

In this paper, an arbitrary-order proportional-integral-derivative controller is designed to control a pneumatic levitation system. To do it, an integer-order proportional-integral-derivative controller is tuned using the Matlab/Simulink PID Tuning block. Subsequently, the Curve-Fitting method is applied to approximate the behavior of the arbitrary-order of the integral and derivative part associated with the arbitrary-order controller. The proportional, integral and derivative gains obtained from the integer-order controller are used during the design of the arbitrary-order controller. Numerical simulations are performed in Matlab/Simulink, demonstrating a better transient response of the nonlinear system in comparison with the use of integer-order controllers.
Parametric Reconstruction and State Observation in a Maglev System Via I&I
Authors:   Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México, Rodríguez-Cortes Hugo , González-Olvera Marcos ,   Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México
Published: February 2024

In this work, the principle of Immersion and Invariance (I&I) is used in the design of an observer/estimator for a closed-loop magnetic levitation system in order to reconstruct the magnetic levitator speed, the internal resistance of the coil and the mass of the levitating ball. By relying on Lyapunov function theory and analysis around a neighborhood of the operation point of the closed-loop dynamics, the stability and convergence of the observed states and estimated parameters to actual ones are guaranteed. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design of Observers with Sigmoid Function in Their Structure with Numerical Application to a Sulfate Reducing Bioreactor
Authors:   Universidad de Guanajuato, México, Peña Caballero Vicente , Villaseñor Villagómez Luis ,   Universidad de Guanajuato, México, Neria-González María ,   Tecnológico de Estados Superiores de Ecatepec, México
Published: February 2024

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are currently important for the design of alternative technologies for bioremediation. The design of observers and/or controllers are necessary to estimate and/or control the dynamics of SRB bioprocesses. In this work, two adaptive observers with numerical application to the phenomenological model of sulfate removal by Desulfovibrio alaskesis 6SR are proposed to observe the biomass concentration with hydrogen sulfide measurement. The proposed observers contain in their structure an adaptivity term designed by the absolute error weighted by a sigmoid function. The proposed observers are compared using the ITE performance index. The numerical results indicate a better performance for the proposed estimators in contrast to the extended Luenberger observer.
Observer Design for Detection of Attack Patterns in Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors:   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Guadarrama Estrada Ángel , Osorio-Gordillo Gloria ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Astorga-Zaragoza Carlos ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET, Reyes-Reyes Juan ,   Tecnológico Nacional de México/CENIDET
Published: February 2024

This article focuses on the design of a Luenberger structure observer with residual generation for the detection of different attack schemes (Denial of Service (DoS) and False Data Injection (FDI)) targeting the sensors and actuators of a discrete cyber-physical system. To simulate a more realistic attack signal, Markovian distribution logic is used to simulate the behavior of the signals. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, a system of three interconnected tanks is used.
Energy Management Strategy in a Grid-Connected Microgrid Accomplishing an Energy Balance
Authors:   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Vargas Méndez Rodolfo , Toledo Pérez María ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Claudio Sánchez Abraham ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, González Flores Juan ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Pérez Juarez Luis ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Bravo Torres Adan ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México
Published: February 2024

Distributed generation has emerged as an alternative for energy production, which can combine clean and renewable energies with energies produced based on fossil resources. The microgrids allow to interconnect different type of resources, generation and storage systems, which imply to harmonize their characteristics to reach a good performance as a whole. The complexity to coordinate, synchronize and optimize the better operation conditions of the microgrids, require an energy management system (EMS) that decides the dispatch of energy, which meets the objective function, in addition to satisfying the marked restrictions and maintaining a balance between generation and consumption. In this work, an energy management system is proposed for a grid-connected microgrid that decides the dispatch and interaction of the equipment together, the energy dispatch suggested by the EMS gives the lowest operating prices and also satisfies the energy balance between generation and demand.
Strategy for Hydrogen Generation from a Photovoltaic System Using a Boost Converter
Authors:   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Cervantes-Mejia Gabriel , Guerrero-Ramírez Gerardo ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Mares-Gardea Arturo ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Adam-Medina Manuel ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, García Morales Jarniel ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Cervantes-Bobadilla Marisol ,   Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, México
Published: February 2024

This research presents two schemes for hydrogen generation by alkaline water electrolysis using a photovoltaic system and a boost converter as a power source. The first scheme aims to extract the maximum power from the photovoltaic system using the P&O algorithm and use this energy to generate hydrogen. Thus, obtaining the maximum efficiency of the photovoltaic-electrolytic cell system. The second scheme aims to generate hydrogen on demand, eliminating the need for storage and reducing the associated costs and risks. Nevertheless, this approach does not fully maximize the power available in the PV system, resulting in lower overall efficiency. Finally, it concludes with the proposal of an approach that combines on-demand hydrogen generation and maximum energy extraction from solar panels. Any unused energy from the electrolytic reactor is stored in a battery bank through a bidirectional converter. However, the simulation and implementation of this third scheme are proposed as future work.
Characterization of Transparent Solar Cells
Authors:   CENIDET, México, Valle Diaz Hugo , López López María ,   CENIDET, México, Alvarado Martínez Victor ,   CENIDET, México
Published: February 2024

This article presents the results of the characterization of a transparent photovoltaic cell, which is part of one of the most recent technologies in photovoltaic system developments. The study emphasizes the parameters that best determine the performance of the Transparent Solar Cell (TSC), with the purpose of supporting future research aimed at understanding its performance. Additionally, a mathematical model representing the electrical dynamics of the system is proposed. The model is obtained through identification, a technique based on the treatment of experimental data. Its formulation is achieved using a Hammerstein-Wiener mathematical structure for non-linear MISO systems.
A Novel Backstepping Controller Based on Saturations Gains for Power Converters
Authors:   Universidad del Istmo, México, Gómez Yoswaldo , Campos Mercado Eduardo ,   CONAHCYT, México
Published: February 2024

The following paper presents the modeling and design of a backstepping controller based on saturation functions for a single-phase off-grid inverter system. The proposed controller consists of an algorithm that modifies the controller gains as a function of the error, which is intended to avoid the windup effect and to adapt to changes in system parameters, such as inverter load. The objective of the bakstepping controller acting on the system is to reduce the tracking error and improve the voltage quality at the inverter output by reducing the total harmonic distortion. The results of the backstepping controller with saturated gains are compared against backstepping with constant gains in order to test its performance improvement.
From PID to Set Point Weighted PID: A Teaching DC-DC Buck Converter Platform
Authors:   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Asiain Erick , Cantera-Cantera Luis ,   Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Gutierrez-Giles Alejandro ,   Institito Nacional de Astrofisica Optica y Electronica INAOE, México, Luna Pineda Jose ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México, López-Pacheco Mario ,   CINVESTAV-IPN, México
Published: February 2024

This article presents a lowcost educational platform based on a DC-DC Buck Converter to implement real-time control laws for engineering students. The motivation for this work arises from what happened during the COVID-19 pandemic when students did not have access to laboratory equipment and instruments necessary for their academic development. Particularly in the subjects of electrical circuits, electronics, and control, there has been a significant drop in the development of projects. This work shows the Buck converter's modeling and design to build and program different control laws like the Proportional Integral Derivative and the Setpoint weighted PID. Real-time experiments show the performance of the DC-DC Buck converter. The control algorithms are implemented using the MatLab / Simulink programming platform under the Waijung real-time control environment and an STM32704 data acquisition card.
Design and Application of a SCADA-IoT Platform for Monitoring a Raw Water Distribution Network
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Avilés Jesús , Miranda Rafael ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Flores-Resendiz Juan ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Márquez Claudia ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Martínez Clark Rigoberto ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, México, Morales Valdez Jesús ,   Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Becerra Guillermo ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Quintana Roo, México
Published: February 2024

This paper presents the design and application of a SCADA-IoT (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-Internet of Things) platform for monitoring an hydraulic system which simulates the operation of the raw water distribution network in the municipality of Tecate, Baja California (B.C.), Mexico. Based on the design and construction of an academic prototype, which represents the called Las Auras-Nopalera-Cuchumá hydraulic system, we analize the behaviour of physical variables and the integration of hardware and software components with Industry 4.0 in order to develop on-field applications using the LOGO! Web Editor software from Siemens, and cloud applications using the open source Node-RED IoT platform. Experimental results illustrate the efectiveness of the proposed prototype which retrieves level, pressure, caudal and pH real-time values as well as some signals from actuators.
Performance Analysis of Bluetooth Audio Devices As Wireless Data Acquisition Systems
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ramírez-Chavarría Roberto , López-Rico Omar ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

Data acquisition is an ubiquitous process to gather information about real-world phenomena to be processed in the digital domain. Currently, portable and wireless devices have become attractive devices for measuring several processes. However, when a high-sampling-rate is required, data acquisition systems (DAS) are still expensive and targeted at a very small niche market. Moreover, low-cost DAS are affordable but they are resource-limited mainly resulting in a low-sample-rate. Interestingly, audio-based systems are versatile, their sampling frequency ranges from 1 kHz to 192 kHz, and support input voltages from ±1.0 V at 16-bit resolution. Furthermore, Bluetooth audio devices (BTAD) are currently, popular in personal devices, which stream bunches of data using electromagnetic waves in the radio-frequency band. Nonetheless, audio-focused devices are optimized to respond to signals within the audible spectral range (20 Hz to 20 kHz), which represents a limitation to work as general-purpose DAS. In this work, we assess the advantages and limitations of low-cost BTAD to work as wireless DAS by increasing its performance and reliability. For this purpose, we introduce a robust data processing technique based on spectral analysis. Finally, the functionality of different BTADs is evaluated over a frequency range out of their native limits, and a compensation method for the frequency bias is proposed.
Real-time monitoring system for damage diagnosing on civil structures using the Internet of Things (IoT)
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mujica-Ortega Hoover , Morales Valdez Jesús ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

This article presents the evaluation of a real-time monitoring system based on acceleration data obtained from a reduced-scale 5-story building prototype. Development is achieved under the Internet of Things (IoT) approach through the cloud using the MQTT messaging protocol. The damage evaluation is achieved by comparing 2 different states of the structural system, for this, the parameters of the civil structure model are used, which are estimated using the normalized least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. In this stage, the algorithms are programmed in Matlab-Simulink and executed on a RaspBerry PI 4. The experimental results confirm the versatility of the proposal and the relevance of the used decentralized communication architectures for real-time monitoring.
Estimation of the Wetting Efficiency of an Evaporator by a Dual Extended Kalman Filter
Authors:   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Canela-Sanchéz Isaac , Escobar-Jiménez Ricardo ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Carrera-Avendaño Edgar ,   Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, México, Juárez-Romero David ,   UAEM-CIICAp, México
Published: February 2024

This work presents the development of a Dual Extended Kalman Filter (DEKF) used to calculate the parameter known as wetting efficiency of a falling film evaporator. The wetting efficiency refers to the part of the tube that is in contact with the falling film. This parameter depends on different factors as the type of surface, physical properties of the fluid, and mainly the mass flow rate. The knowledge of the value of this parameter gives information about the lack or the abundance of the mass flow rate of the falling film. The evaporator consists of 13 tubes, in which the wetting efficiency of the first tube is estimated using the experimental outlet temperature of the fluid flowing inside the tubes. The results show that the predicted temperature for the first tube matches adequately the measured temperature. Alternatively, the wetting efficiency and the overall heat transfer coefficient were estimated together as a single parameter. The results show that both approaches can be used to estimate the unknown evaporator parameters, however, estimating the wetting efficiency gives more system information because it determines the lack of fluid on the tubes.
A Passivity-Based PI Control of Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sánchez-Contreras Agustín , Rodríguez Benítez Oscar ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ortega-Velázquez Isaac ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Espinosa-Pérez Gerardo ,   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Published: February 2024

In order to guarantee the stability of quasi-resonant converters, the zero-current switching quasi-resonant buck topology is supplied with a PI passivity-based controller in this study. An adequate and full-order model with constant steady-state solutions is generated, via the interconnection of port-Hamiltonian systems based on the principal structure of the converter. The passivity-based approach is employed to complete the control design, and numerical validation results are provided to ensure performance estimations.