bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial — Research in Ophthalmology and Vision in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Singapore Eye Research Institute Story
Authors: Tan Donald , Foulds Wallace S.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the story of the Singapore Research Institute and the research in ophthalmology in the Asia Pacific region.
The Asia-Pacific Society of Eye Genetics
Authors: Lam Dennis S. C. , Pang Calvin C. P.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the Asia Pacific society of eye genetics.
SEARCHING FOR GENES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EYE DISEASE
Authors: Beuerman Roger
Published: September 2007

The article is about the gene that are responsible for eye disease. It touches on the gene as well as the disorders of the eye.
Refractive Surgery for the Correction of Myopia
Authors: Chan Wing Kwong
Published: September 2007

The article is about the refractive surgery for the correction of myopia. It discusses about LASIK and how it is effective in the correction of myopia.
Ocular Surface Disease in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Tan Donald
Published: September 2007

This article explains the various ocular surface diseases in the Asia Pacific region.
Infective Endopthalmitis
Authors: Chan Tat Keong , Song Keang Peng , Pan James
Published: September 2007

The article discusses about the disease, infective endopthalmitis. It touches on the severity of the disease and how it requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Artificial Intelligence in Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Keating D. , Parks S. , McDonagh J. , Evans A. L.
Published: September 2007

The article is about diabetic retinopathy. It touches on diabetic retinopathy image, new technologies and the current status of the disease.
Retinal Photography for Stroke Risk Prediction
Authors: Wong Tien Yin
Published: September 2007

The article is about retinal photography and stroke risk prediction. It is an analysis of the study data that revealed a statistically significant correlation between the presence of retinal microvascular lesions and the occurrence of stroke.
Drug Delivery to the Retina
Authors: Foulds Wallace S.
Published: September 2007

The article is about drug delivery to the retina. It discusses about the various types of drug delivery to the retina.
Biotechnology in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Robert I. T.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in Taiwan. It touches on current status and forecast of biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in Taiwan.
Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park: Integration of Knowledge-based Economy and Biotechnology — Managing Taiwan's Future
Authors: Hsu Su-Ming
Published: September 2007

The article is about the key factors to the successful development of the biomedical science park in Hsinchu. It touches on the new look of biomedical scientific development.
New Drug Clinical Trial Center, National Taiwan University Hospital
Authors: Cheng Ann-Lii , Yang Chih-Hsin
Published: September 2007

The article is about the clinical trial center in National Taiwan University Hospital.
Rice Bioinformatics: From Sequences to Applications
Authors: Antonio B. A. , Namiki N. , Matsumoto T. , Sasaki T.
Published: September 2007

Rice genomics data are rapidly expanding in number and complexity. This is further intensified as the international collaboration aimed at sequencing the entire genome accelerates the release of sequence data to the public domain. An overview of available resources for processing, elucidating and propagating genomic information in rice is described here. As the genome sequencing nears its completion, the future challenges in rice bioinformatics lies in developing an informatics infrastructure that would facilitate integration across various data types and sources, and eventually lead to the development of viable strategies for improvement of rice and other major cereal crops.
Rice Microarray Project in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Shoshi
Published: September 2007

The article is about the Rice Genome Microarray Project, DNA probes for the microarray analysis and the rice full-length cDNA project and the activities of the microarray center.
Hybrid Rice: The Future of Rice Cultivation
Authors: Virmani S. S.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the future of rice cultivation in China and outside China. It also touches on the economic assessment and the extent of adoption of technology.
Rice Biotech Research at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute
Authors: Wang Chang-Sheng , Tseng Tong-Hai , Lin Chien-Yih
Published: September 2007

The article is about the rice biotech research at the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute.
An International Campaign for Agricultural and Livestock Genomics (CALG)
Authors: Yu Jun , Wang Jian , Yang Huanming
Published: September 2007

A coordinated international effort to sequence agricultural and livestock genomes has come to its time. While human genome and genomes of many model organisms (related to human health and basic biological interests) have been sequenced or plugged in the sequencing pipelines, agronomically important crop and livestock genomes have not been given high enough priority.

Although we are facing many challenges in policy-making, grant funding, regional task emphasis, research community consensus and technology innovations, many initiatives are being announced and formulated based on the cost-effective and large-scale sequencing procedure, known as whole genome shotgun (WGS) sequencing that produces draft sequences covering a genome from 95 percent to 99 percent.

Identified genes from such draft sequences, coupled with other resources, such as molecular markers, large-insert clones and cDNA sequences, provide ample information and tools to further our knowledge in agricultural and environmental biology in the genome era that just comes to its accelerated period.

If the campaign succeeds, molecular biologists, geneticists and field biologists from all countries, rich or poor, would be brought to the same starting point and expect another astronomical increase of basic genomic information, ready to convert effectively into knowledge that will ultimately change our lives and environment into a greater and better future. We call upon national and international governmental agencies and organizations as well as research foundations to support this unprecedented movement.
Feature — Intellectual Property Strategy in Bioinformatics and Biochips
Authors: Fernandez Dennis , Chow Mary
Published: September 2007

Intellectual property rights are essential in today's technology-driven age. A strong intellectual property protection strategy is crucial in the bioinformatics and biochips technology spaces as monetary and temporal resources are tremendous in finding a blockbuster drug or gene therapy, as well as in deploying advanced biosensor and other medical systems. Current problems and intellectual property practice in the genomic space are presented and analyzed. Various strategy and solutions are proposed to guide bioinformatic and biochip companies in forming an aggressive strategy to protect one's intellectual property and competitive positioning.
Bioinformatics Research in Australia
Authors: Chen Yi-Ping Phoebe , McLachlan Geoff
Published: September 2007

Bioinformatics is the intersection of computer science, statistics, molecular biology and genetics. It is one of the most important emerging research areas of the 21st century and has already attracted worldwide interest. It is clear that major initiatives are being undertaken which will establish Australia both as a vital link in the international bioinformatics community for research and development and also as an Asia-Pacific service for bioinformatics. This article briefly notes some groups carrying out bioinformatics research in Australia.
Bioinformatics Service, Research and Education at CBI
Authors: Luo Jingchu
Published: September 2007

Bioinformatics plays an important role for in the research and development of the life science and biotechnology. This paper intends to give an overview of the activities of bioinformatics service, research and education at the Center of Bioinformatics, Peking University; the national node of the European Molecular Biology Network and the Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Network.
Bioinformatics and Oracle Extensibility
Authors: Blackwell Bruce
Published: September 2007

The Oracle relational database management system, with object-oriented extensions and numerous application-driven enhancements, plays a critical role worldwide in managing the exploding volumes of bioinformatics data. There are many features of the Oracle product which support the bioinformatics community directly already and there are several features which could be exploited more thoroughly by users, service vendors, and Oracle itself to extend that level of support. This paper will present an overview of Oracle features which support storage of bioinformatics data and will discuss extensibility features which give the product room to grow. Some attention will be given to Oracle's own efforts to use that extensibility to exploit emerging standardization of many of the complex data and computation requirements of the life sciences.
IP ISSUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Lin Maria C. H.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the industry’s need for intellectual protection rights. It touches on the IP system: patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and exclusive drug approvals.
Intellectual Property Protection OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
Authors: Chan Albert Wai Kit , Lin Jason Chih-Sheng
Published: September 2007

The article discusses about trade secrets, trademarks and patents and plant patents. It is about the intellectual property protection while dealing with natural products.
Protective Provisions in Biotech Strategic Alliances
Authors: Sunberg Randall B. , Glazer David G. , Chiu Irene
Published: September 2007

The article is about the protective provision in Biotech Strategic Alliances. It is written by three associates/partners at Morgan Lewis. The article is about the strategic partnership between companies and how large and small companies can structure an alliance to protect their investments as well as progress their collaboration.
What Can Kampo Drugs Be Used For?
Authors: Hinoshita Fumihiko
Published: September 2007

The articles is about Kampo drugs and its usage.
The Millennium of Chinese Herbal Medicine? But Safety First!
Authors: Ernst Edzard
Published: September 2007

The article is discusses about the importance of Chinese herbal medicine in the millenium. It explains the toxicity of herbal ingredients, contamination and drug interactions.
Processing Control of Chinese Herbal Products: An Ultimate Approach for Quality Assurance
Authors: Ko Kam-Ming , Ng Ka-Ming
Published: September 2007

This article is about the modernization of chinese herbal product, product design and the chemical analysis of Chinese herbal products.
INDIAN BIOTECH: Reaching Across The Boundaries
Authors: Gandhi B. M. , Gupta Shailaja V.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the India's collaboration biotechnology.
Regulatory and Investment Framework for Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Valda W. L.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the regulatory and investment framework for Traditional Chinese in Hong Kong.
Chinese Medicine Education at the Chinese University of Hong Kong
Authors: Che Chun-Tao
Published: September 2007

This article is about the Chinese Medicine Education at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. It discusses the postgraduate programs and the research activities as wellas the sub-degree programs in the University.
The Status of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States: The Johns Hopkins University Perspective
Authors: Dupree Kendall , Dobs Adrian S.
Published: September 2007

The article provides a perspective of the status of complementary and alternative medicine in the US. Scientists from the John Hopkins Hospital discusses about the complementary and alternative medicines in the US.
SPIRULINA: THE WONDER FOOD OF THE 21ST CENTURY
Authors: Desai Krutika , Sivakami Subramanian
Published: September 2007

This article is about spirulina and how it can be used as a nutrient supplement, a therapeutic agent, trace metal supplement, antioxidant, pigments, enviroment protector and a source of enzymes.
The Importance of Geographic Pathology in Understanding Causes and Approaches to Prevention of Chronic Diseases in the World
Authors: Weisburger John H.
Published: September 2007

Geographic pathology provides information that a disease may have a quite different incidence and mortality as function of area of residence. Research in animals can model fairly precisely what is learned through geographic pathology, and provides the basis for understanding possible mechanisms of action. These approaches can yield public health recommendations and health promotion activities. Frequent intake of foods with saturated fats such as meat and dairy products raises the risk of coronary heart disease, especially so in smokers. The total mixed fat intake accounts for the high incidence of the nutritionally linked cancers, i.e. of the post-menopausal breast, distal colon, prostate, pancreas, ovary and endometrium, in Western countries, and of increasing impact in Asia, as people there adopt Western eating habits. Monounsaturated oils such as olive oil are low risk fats, as found in animal models, and through the fact that the incidence of coronary heart and neoplastic diseases is lower in the Mediterranean region, where such oils are customarily used. Fish and fish oils are protective, as is noted in countries with a high intake. The genotoxic carcinogens for a number of these cancers are heterocyclic amines that are produced during the broiling or frying of meaty foods that contain creatinine. Excessive salt intake can cause high blood pressure and with stomach cancer, especially with inadequate intake of potassium, from fruits and vegetables, and calcium from certain vegetables and low fat dairy products. Bran cereal fiber intake, especially with adequate calcium, yields an increased stool bulk, eliminating factors involved in colon and breast cancer. Vegetables and fruits, as well as soy products, are rich in antioxidants that are essential to lower disease risk stemming from reactive oxygen species in the body. Green and black tea are excellent sources of such beneficial antioxidants of a polyphenol nature, as is cocoa and chocolates. Antioxidants also extend healthy aging and may protect against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Nutritional lifestyles can be described for most populations in the world that offer the possibility of a healthy long life.
SNAPSHOT OF SINGAPORE BIOTECHNOLOGY BOOM INDICATORS
Authors: Muralitharan Morley
Published: September 2007

The article is a short overview of the biotech industry in Singapore.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS TO THE REGULATION OF HUMAN CLONING, GENETIC TESTING AND RESEARCH IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Lai Stanley , Hong Farn Ling
Published: September 2007

This article reports on the recent developments to the regulation of human cloning and genetic testing and research in Singapore.
Agrobiotechnology Potential in Singapore
Authors: Teng Paul S. , Powell Andrew D.
Published: September 2007

The article is about the potential of Singapore grooming its agrobiotechnology potential.
Venture Capital Funding for the Biotech Industry
Authors: Ng Marvin
Published: September 2007

The article is about the venture capital funding in Singapore's Biotech industry.
Survey Commentaries and Analysis on SWOT Analysis of Singapore Biotechnology Boom Indicators
Authors: Muralitharan Morley , Agricola Sebastian , Chandler Stephen
Published: September 2007

This article states the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Singapore biomed sector.
Korean National Biotechnology (BT) Fostering Situation
Authors: Hyeon Byung-Hwan
Published: September 2007

The article is about the Korean National Biotechnology.
BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPETITIVENESS INDEX SITUATION IN KOREA
Authors: Hyeon Byung-Hwan
Published: September 2007

The article is a short look upon the Korean's biotechnological competitive index situation.
Korean Systems Biology and Biotechnology Research
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Kim Do Han , Kim Jin Sik , Kim Hyun Uk , Yun Hongseok
Published: September 2007

This article exhibits standardise biological and biotechnology research.
THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK GOVERNING CLINICAL TRIALS IN SINGAPORE
Authors: Munn Mak Wei
Published: September 2007

This Article Elaborates about the Framework Governing for good clinical Practice in Singapore.
Clinical Trials and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Woo Keng-Thye , Lau Yeow-Kok , Chan Choong-Meng , Wong Kok-Seng
Published: September 2007

This article offers a Long-term perspective of clinical trials and management of chronic Kidney disease.
Clinical Trials In Singapore
Authors: Tan Say-Beng , Soh Eugene Fidelis , Toh Han-Chong
Published: September 2007

The article deals about the strong reputation for the quality of Clinical Trails in Australia.
World Courier and Clinical Trials
Authors: Lim Rosalind
Published: September 2007

This article states about the Specialty logistics services for medical and biopharmaceutical by World Courier.
ARC CENTER IN BIOINFORMATICS
Authors: Ragan Mark A.
Published: September 2007

This article express about how the ARC Center plays a key role in developments of bioinformatics R&D in Australia.
Bioinformatics Research and Activities in Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Ming-Jing , Suen Ching-Shu
Published: September 2007

This article Indicate the interdisciplinary interaction with Biologist to establish a significant and sustainable bioinformatics research program in Taiwan.
The Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) in Bioinformatics
Authors: Hsu Wen-Lian
Published: September 2007

This article reveals the purpose of the program is to develop the research manpower pool in multidisciplinary fields for Taiwan's future economic and social development.
ESTs: Gene and Transcriptome Discovery Foundation
Authors: Lin Wen-Chang
Published: September 2007

This article deals with the utility of ESTs in gene discovery.
Bioinformatics Research at CSCL, IIS, Academia Sinica
Authors: Ho Jan-Ming , Lin Wen-Dar
Published: September 2007

This article deals about Bioinformatics Research through collaborations with biologists at CSCL, IIS, Academia Sinica.
Bioinformatics Research and Activities in Singapore
Authors: Wong Limsoon
Published: September 2007

This article provides a brief overview of the Bioinformatics research and related activities in Singapore.
Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group at NUS
Authors: Chen Yu Zong
Published: September 2007

This article gives the overview of Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group at NUS.
AMBIS: Charting the Growth of Bioinformatics in Singapore and the Region
Authors: Suresh Anita
Published: September 2007

This article is a short overview of the Growth of Bioinformatics in Singapore and the Region.
Fostering Growth of Bioinformatics and Allied Disciplines in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Tan Tin-Wee
Published: September 2007

This article gives the short overview on Fostering Growth of Bioinformatics and Allied Disciplines in the Asia-Pacific.
THE EFFECT OF LOAD CARRIAGE AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL BOYS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: SHASMIN H. N. , ABU OSMAN N. A. , RAZALI R. , USMAN J. , WAN ABAS W. A. B.
Published: September 2007

Backpack carrying is a considerable daily "occupational" load among schoolchildren. Most of the research on children's backpacks have focused on gait pattern and trunk forward lean; only a few researches have investigated the impact of backpack carrying on children using the measurements of static posture and gait kinetics. This study investigated the changes in ground reaction force (GRF) and trunk inclination among primary students when carrying heavy backpacks. A randomized controlled experimental study was conducted on seven boys aged between 9 and 11 years old with a similar body mass index. Observations were done when the boys were carrying school bags of 0% (as control), 10%, 15%, and 20% of their own body weight while walking normally. Data acquisition was carried out using force platforms and a 3D motion analysis system. A significant difference in GRF at a load of 20% of body weight was found: the vertical GRF increased almost three times when loads increased up to 20% of body weight compared to 10% of body weight. The anterior–posterior GRFs were asymmetrical when loads were increased. When carrying a load of 15% of body weight, all of the seven subjects adopted a compensatory trunk inclination. The emphasis on GRF and trunk inclination suggests that the safest load applied does not exceed 15% of body weight.
ROLE OF SLIP VELOCITY IN BLOOD FLOW THROUGH STENOSED ARTERIES: A NON-NEWTONIAN MODEL
Authors: MISRA J. C. , SHIT G. C.
Published: September 2007

A mathematical model is developed in this paper for studying blood flow through a stenosed arterial segment by taking into account the slip velocity at the wall of the artery. Consideration of the non-Newtonian character of blood is made, where a constitutive relation of blood is described by the Herschel–Bulkley equation. The effect of slip at the arterial wall in the presence of mild, moderate, and severe stenosis growth at the lumen of an artery is investigated. Analytical expressions for skin friction, flow resistance, and the flow rate are derived by using the model. The derived expressions are computed numerically by considering an illustrative example. The study provides an insight into the effects of slip velocity on the volumetric flow rate of blood, flow resistance, and skin friction.
TIME DELAY MODEL OF RNA SILENCING
Authors: NIKOLOV SVETOSLAV , PETROV VALKO
Published: September 2007

RNA silencing (also known as RNA interference) suppresses the expression of genes posttranscriptionally. We propose a time delay model of RNA silencing through a system consisting of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), messenger RNA (mRNA), and RISC–mRNA complex. The time delay model is based on the consideration that the regeneration (or degradation) of the RISC–mRNA complex needs a finite time τ. The model equations are analyzed using nonlinear dynamics methods, in particular the Hopf bifurcation theorem, and they are solved numerically. From the accomplished analytical and numerical calculations, it becomes clear that time delay τ is a key factor in the behavior of the model. In this case, it has a destabilizing effect on the silencing process.
ASSESSMENT AND CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH COMPONENTS OF HUMAN FEMUR TRABECULAR BONE USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH JESU , RAMAKRISHNAN SWAMINATHAN
Published: September 2007

In this work, the assessment of the mechanical strength of human femur trabecular bone and its classification into normal or abnormal are carried out using digital image processing and neural networks. The mechanical strength components of femur trabeculae, such as primary compressive (PC), primary tensile (PT), secondary tensile (ST), and Ward's triangle (WT), are delineated by the semiautomatic image processing procedure from the planar radiographic images (N = 90) of subjects that are acquired under controlled clinical settings. Parameters such as apparent mineralization and total area of the individual mechanical strength components are calculated for normal and abnormal samples. The data are trained with neural networks and validated. The classifications are carried out using feed-forward neural networks trained with the standard backpropagation algorithm. The abnormal and normal outputs are validated by sensitivity and specificity measurements. The observation shows that the investigation of bone mechanical strength at the various strength components is useful in classifying normal and abnormal human femur trabeculae from conventional radiographs. Furthermore, the results confirm the effectiveness of the neural network–based classification of femur trabeculae into normal and abnormal conditions. The sensitivity and specificity are found to be 100% and 80%, respectively. In this paper, the methodology, data collection procedures, and neural network–based analysis and results are discussed in detail.
MUSCULOSKELETAL STABILIZATION OF THE ELBOW — COMPLEX OR REAL
Authors: WAGNER HEIKO , GIESL PETER , BLICKHAN REINHARD
Published: September 2007

Both sensory information and mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system are necessary for fast and appropriate reactions of humans and animals to environmental perturbations. In this paper, we focus on the musculoskeletal system and study the stability of a human elbow in an equilibrium state. We derive a biomechanical model of the human elbow, including an antagonistic pair of muscles, and investigate the stability analytically based on the theory of Ljapunov. Depending on the elbow angle and the level of coactivation, we obtain the following three qualitatively different behaviors: unstable, stable with real eigenvalues, and stable with complex eigenvalues. If the eigenvalues are real, then the system is critically damped; for complex eigenvalues, solutions near the equilibrium are oscillating. Based on experimental data, we found that in principle real and complex behaviors may occur in human arm movements. The experiments support the analytical predictions. Furthermore, in agreement with the simulations, we found differences in the experimental results among the subjects. The results of this study support the assumption that arm movements around an equilibrium point may be self-stabilized without sensory feedback or motor control, based only on mechanical properties of musculoskeletal systems.
Southern hemisphere palaeobathymetry
Authors: Sykes T. J. S. , Royer J.-Y. , Ramsay A. T. S. , Kidd R. B.
Published: September 2007

Digital grids, with a spatial resolution of 0.5°, were compiled using bathymetry, sediment thickness and oceanic crustal ages for the southern hemisphere to calculate sediment-free palaeobathymetric charts for late Cretaceous (110 Ma) to the present. These reconstructions allow the definition and quantification of the bathymetric evolution of the seaways and gateways within this region. Pre-60 Ma the palaeobathymetry and the interconnection of the deeper ocean basin was dominated by the formation of hotspot-related ridges and plateaux. Between 40 Ma and the present the palaeobathymetry is characterized by the opening of numerous gateways as the Tasman Rise separated from Antarctica, the Mascarene Plateau split from the Chagos—Laccadive Ridge, Broken Ridge rifted from the northern Kerguelen Plateau, the Crozet Plateau separated from the Madagascar Ridge, and the Scotia Sea opened.

The validity of these palaeobathymetric reconstructions is demonstrated by comparing the digital gridded data sets, from which they were calculated, with data derived from 39 Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program drill sites. Comparison of drill site data with the gridded data revealed positive correlations between crustal ages and bathymetry, whereas the sediment thickness data showed no correlation. The lack of any correlation for the sediment thickness data, however, did not preclude a positive correlation between sediment-free bathymetries.

The difference between expected ‘true’ palaeobathymetry, that is with sediments older than the time of reconstruction decompacted and reloaded back onto oceanic crust, and the sediment-free palaeobathymetry was shown to be less than 600 m for 87.5% of the data. The greatest differences occur where sediment thicknesses are greatest, i.e. within the deep ocean basins which are in close proximity to the continental margin.
Mid-Cretaceous radiolarian zonation for the North Atlantic: an example of oceanographically controlled evolutionary processes in the marine biosphere?
Authors: Erbacher Jochen , Thurow Jürgen
Published: September 2007

Mid-Cretaceous (Aptian-Turonian) sediments from seven Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites in the North Atlantic have been investigated in order to establish a mid-Cretaceous radiolarian biostratigraphy for the North Atlantic. One of the results, a new zonation for mid-Cretaceous North Atlantic radiolaria, is presented here. From parallel investigations of calcareous sections in central Italy an accurate calibration to standard planktonic foraminiferal zonations is possible. The evolution of mid-Cretaceous radiolaria appears to be strongly related to sea-level changes, nutrient supply and the extension of the oxygen minimum zone. A model was proposed that explains extinction/radiation events of mid-Cretaceous radiolaria as being controlled by sea-level fluctuations and resulting changes of productivity. These are the parameters that control the dimensions of the oxygen minimum zone, the fluctuation of which destroys and creates habitats.
Two 30 000 year high-resolution greyvalue time series from the Santa Barbara Basin and the Guaymas Basin
Authors: Schaaf Michael , Thurow Jürgen
Published: September 2007

Two 30000 year records of sedimentary greyvalues from the Santa Barbara Basin and the Guaymas Basin are presented. The records exhibit substantial variability on all timescales from millennial to annual. Strong shifts towards darker greyvalues parallel the postglacial sea-level rise. Approximately 1500 year cycles occur persistently in both records. Spectral analyses proved the existence of Gleissberg (86 year), sunspot (11 year, 22 year), and El Niño (3–9 year). cycles in almost all cores from both sites. In particular El Niño Southern Oscillation forcing could be traced back until the end of the last glacial cold period. Both time series show a high degree of similarity both in the time and the frequency domain, indicating equivalent system responses to external forcing events.
Equatorial western Atlantic Ocean circulation changes linked to the Heinrich events: deep-sea sediment evidence from the Amazon Fan
Authors: Maslin Mark
Published: September 2007

The Amazon Fan is an excellent area to obtain climatic records of the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Glacial sedimentation rates ranging from 1 to over 50 m ka
−1
provide an opportunity to obtain marine records approaching the resolution of the Greenland ice cores. Ocean Drilling Program Leg 155 Sites 932 and 933 from the Eastern Middle Amazon Fan complex have been studied at a resolution of 50 cm (100–400 years). The identification of palaeomagnetic excursions, distinctive patterns in the palaeomagnetic remanence intensity records and AMS
14
C dates have provided an age framework for both Sites 932 and 933. However, due to extensive reworking in the Site 933 records, it was only possible to construct a detailed age model for Site 932. Planktonic foraminiferal stable oxygen and carbon isotope records of six species were obtained for both sites.

The planktonic foraminiferal carbon isotope records of both Sites 932 and 933 show a distinct negative deviation during Termination I (13–15 calendar ka). We suggest this could have been caused by an increase in the sediment discharge of the Amazon River because of the deglaciation of the Andes and/or the release of significant quantities of gas hydrates as large parts of the Amazon Fan sediment column failed because of increased sea level. Positive δO deviations are also observed in the Site 932 records which seem to be coeval with the Heinrich events. It is suggested that the enhanced ice-rafting in the North Atlantic during the Heinrich events increased the latitudinal thermal gradient and thus the zonal component of the wind system. This reduced the northward penetration of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, curtailing the cross-equatorial export of the North Brazilian Coastal Current (NBCC) and resulting in a permanent NBCC-reroflection. This increased the surface water salinity of the Amazon Fan and thus led to the observed positive δO deviations.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of Bay of Bengal deep-sea fan sediments, ODP Leg 116: evidence for an Indian subcontinent contribution to distal fan sedimentation
Authors: Crowley Stephen F. , Stow Dorrik A. V. , Croudace Ian W.
Published: September 2007

Sediments recovered during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 116 (Bay of Bengal deep-sea fan) fall into three mineralogically and geochemically distinct groups. The first of these groups (Group I), characterized by quartz-mica-rich turbidites, constitutes the largest proportion of distal fan sediments. Trace element patterns are similar to modern River Ganges suspended sediment and are consistent with a Himalayan (meta)sedimentary/granitic source. The second group of sediments (Group II) is represented by organic carbon-rich, smectite-kaolinite turbidites. Trace element data reveal significant enrichment in compatible and ferromagnesian elements consistent with a significant contribution from a basaltic crustal source. Although mixing of a basaltic source with granitic crust can account for specific geochemical relationships, mixing of these components cannot account for observed rare earth element (REE) patterns. REE data are best explained by mixing of basaltic detritus (e.g. Deccan Trap basalts of central India) with Precambrian tonalitic crust of the Indian subcontinent. A third group of carbonate-rich sediments (Group III), containing a low-latitude marine fauna, is characterized by a clastic component similar in composition to smectite-kaolinite turbidites. Although carbonate-rich sediments are superficially similar to Group II turbidites, geochemical data indicate a reduced contribution from basaltic crustal sources compared with smectite-kaolinite turbidites. A possible southern India/Sri Lankan provenance has been assigned to Group III turbidites on the basis of faunal content and geochemical composition, although insufficient information exists to substantiate this using geochemical data alone.

The distribution of lithofacies and provenance-sensitive geochemical signatures suggests that the relative contribution of Himalayan and Indian subcontinent sources to distal fan sedimentation varied with time. Controls on sediment supply include variations in uplift, weathering and erosion rates, eustatic sea-level changes, and switching of major distributary fan channels. Although a degree of correlation is observed between the occurrence of coarser-grained Himalayan-derived turbidites and relative low-stands, the relationship is patchy. Assuming that the rate of sediment supply from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal remained relatively constant, the most likely controls on distal fan sedimentation are thought to be related to an interplay between sea-level change and channel switching. As a consequence attempts to reconstruct major Himalayan tectonic and climatic events based on data obtained from a record of distal fan sedimentation may be unreliable due to the discontinuous nature of Himalayan sediment supply to distal fan sites.
Sediment accumulation rates from Deep Tow profiler records and DSDP Leg 70 cores over the Galapagos spreading centre
Authors: Mitchell Neil C.
Published: September 2007

Variations in pelagic input rates over abyssal hill areas cannot be inferred easily from sedimentation rate variations between cores because of redistribution by downslope gravity processes and bottom currents. Some spatial averaging or adjustment for sediment transport is required. Relatively accurate mean sedimentation rates may be obtained, however, by regressing sediment thickness with distance from a mid-ocean ridge spreading centre, where the regression averages out the variations due to local redistribution. This is shown using sediment profiler records from the Galapagos spreading centre (SC) at 1° N in the eastern Pacific. Physical property data from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 70 are used to correct sediment thicknesses for compaction and to convert sedimentation rates to mass accumulation rates (MARs), which are
c
. 2 g cm
−2
ka
−1
in this region. These high MARs are due to enhanced equatorial productivity of pelagic organisms, which is also reflected in a
c
. 6% higher MAR for the ridge flank closest to the equator, corresponding to a rate of change of MAR with latitude of
c
. 16% per degree. The equatorial high productivity zone in the Panama Basin lies further south than in the central Pacific; peak sedimentation along the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 138 transect (110° W) occurs near 1° N so has nearly zero gradient at this latitude, but has comparable gradient to the Galapagos SC north of 2° N. The zone of peak enhancement at 86° W in the Panama Basin may therefore be 1° or more further south than at 110° W. Some further sedimentation characteristics of the Galapagos spreading centre are also described, such as a scaling of thickness variability and the possibility of dating sea floor using sediment thickness.
Collision-related break-up of a carbonate platform (Eratosthenes Seamount) and mud volcanism on the Mediterranean Ridge: preliminary synthesis and implications of tectonic results of ODP Leg 160 in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Robertson A. H. F. , Emeis K.-C. , Richter C. , Blanc-Valleron M.-M. , Bouloubassi I. , Brumsack H-J. , Cramp A. , Di Stefano G. J. , Flecker R. , Frankel E. , Howell M. W. , Janecek T. R. , Jurado M.-J. , Kemp A. E. S. , Koizumi I. , Kopf A. , Major C. O. , Mart Y. , Pribnow D. F. C. , Rabaute A. , Roberts A. P. , Rullkötter J. , Sakamoto T. , Spezzaferri S. , Staerker T. S. , Stoner J. S. , Whiting B. M. , Woodside J. M.
Published: September 2007

Drilling of the Eratosthenes Seamount south of Cyprus documented incipient collision of the African and Eurasian plates. The oldest sediments recovered, mid?-Cretaceous shallow-water limestones, are overlain by Upper Cretaceous to Lower Oligocene pelagic carbonates, with several hiatuses. Following uplift, a carbonate platform was established in the Miocene; Eratosthenes was then below eustatic sea level during the Messinian desiccation crisis. The platform subsided to bathyal depths during the Lower Pliocene, associated with localized breccia deposition. Further subsidence occurred in Late Pliocene-early Quaternary, coeval with strong surface uplift of southern Cyprus. Subsidence and break-up of Eratosthenes was achieved by a combination of flexural loading and normal faulting. In addition, the Milano and Napoli mud volcanoes were drilled on the northern flank of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex, south of Crete. A mainly extrusive, sedimentary origin is indicated. Multiple debris flows include clasts of sandstone and limestone of at least partly Miocene age. Both mud volcanoes are dated as τ1 Ma old and have been active episodically. Hydrocarbon gas is associated with both mud volcanoes, while methane hydrates (clathrates) exist locally at Milano. The driving force of mud volcanism is overpressuring caused by incipient plate collision. Messinian evaporites may have acted as a localized seal. Material escaped through a zone of backthrusting against rigid Cretan crust to the north.
Application of FMS images in the Ocean Drilling Program: an overview
Authors: Lovell M. A. , Harvey P. K. , Brewer T. S. , Williams C. , Jackson P. D. , Williamson G.
Published: September 2007

Piecing together the evolution of the ocean basins increasingly relies on the integration of data from both recovered core and downhole measurements. This task is often complicated by the limited amount of core recovered by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and the lack of understanding of the downhole data. The availability of downhole electrically based images since ODP Leg 126 in 1989 provides scientists with the visual means of examining the nature of the subsurface, and for tying disparate core to the continuous downhole data. These Formation MicroScanner (FMS) images are unfortunately based on a relatively crude resistivity measurement which provides the interpreter with only an estimate of the resistivity of the rock but, where there are variations in resistivity which correspond to variations in fabric or structure, the measurement response is often sufficient to provide a detailed visual record. Scientists participating in the ODP have explored the use of these images in tackling a wide range of problems from volcanic and sediment stratigraphy to structure and tectonic applications. The determination of core orientation and the mapping of intervals where core recovery is incomplete in particular provide the geologist with a means of carrying out field studies based on borehole and core observations which were previously unthinkable. This paper aims to provide a brief introduction to this subject, and in reviewing some of the principal results to date, illustrates the use of downhole FMS images in the ODP.
A statistical study of hydraulic piston coring, ODP Legs 101–149
Authors: Lee Yir-Der E. , Francis T. J. G.
Published: September 2007

The operational performance of the Advanced Piston Corer over the first 49 legs of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is compared to the physical properties of the cores recovered. Piston coring performance in different sediment types is summarized. The pullout force measured on extracting the piston corer from the sediment is shown to correlate with the shear strength of the sediment cored. Pullout force thus provides a direct measurement of the
in situ
shear strength. Hydraulic piston coring could be used to determine the tensional load-bearing capabilities of sediments where Tension Leg Platforms may be tethered.
Geophysical and geological constraints on the evolution of the Guadalquivir foreland basin, Spain
Authors: Fernàndez M. , Berástegui X. , Puig C. , García-Castellanos D. , Jurado M. J. , Torné M. , Banks C.
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a compilation and reinterpretation of available geophysical and geological data recently acquired for the ENE-WSW Guadalquivir foreland basin, located on the northern margin of the Betic orogen in southern Iberia. The data include seismic reflection and refraction profiles, well logs, gravity, geoid, surface heat-flow data and field observations. The deep structure of the southern Iberian margin is characterized by large variations in crustal thickness and high heat-flow values, which result in a very low lithospheric rigidity for the whole area. Geoid and gravity data show that deformation affected the crust and the lithospheric mantle differently, producing anomalous mass distributions that could act as subsurface loads. Seismic sequence analysis of the basin infill has permitted the re-assessment of the depositional sequential arrangement of the sediments deposited from Late Langhian-Early Serravallian to Messinian. They are arranged in six sequences and do not show any E-W progradational pattern indicating that during this period the acting loads moved essentially in a NNW direction. A careful analysis of the southern border of the basin shows that the ‘so-called olistostromes’ correspond to lateral diapirs of squeezed Triassic evaporites and internally imbricated Miocene wedges. We discuss the results obtained in terms of palaeo-geographic environments, time distribution and nature of acting loads, and constraints for future basin modelling approaches.
Alluvial gravel sedimentation in a contractional growth fold setting, Sant Llorenç de Morunys, southeastern Pyrenees
Authors: Williams Edward A. , Ford Mary , Vergés Jaume , Artoni Andrea
Published: September 2007

New data are presented on the classic growth structure at Sant Llorenç de Morunys (NE Ebro Basin, Spain). During the late Eocene to Oligocene thick alluvial-fan gravel sediments accumulated principally by repetitive sub-aerial mass flow (cohesionless debris flow and fluidal sediment flow) events, with smaller volumes of fan-stream flows. Subaerial, high-viscosity (cohesive) debris flows contributed comparatively small volumes of sediment to the succession. These sediments constructed a complex architecture of conglomeratic and sandstone-bearing lithosomes that were affected by stratal thickening and erosion across a growth fold pair and genetically related internal unconformities, which formed a long-lived thrust-related structure in the immediate footwall of the SE Pyrenean mountain front. Four periods of evolution for the Sant Llorenç growth structure are defined on the basis of distinctive stratigraphical architecture. These describe a gross evolution from onlapping to overlapping growth strata, related to the ultimate demise of growth folding. In detail complex erosional and offlapping events punctuated the growth history, which shows extreme variation parallel to the axis of the structure. Patterns of palaeoflow were highly complex, showing distinct axial and transverse directions relatable to growth fold evolutionary periods. Palaeocurrents are considered to have been deflected and diverted by surficial differential subsidence and areas of relative uplift and erosion generated by fold growth. The complexity of sediment dispersal is compounded by variables intrinsic to alluvial fan environments. The Sant Llorenç de Morunys growth strata provide information on how sediments are reorganized by syndepositionally-growing structures and on the nature of sediment distribution between external fold-and-thrust belts and foreland basins.
Quantified vertical motions and tectonic evolution of the SE Pyrenean foreland basin
Authors: Vergés J. , Marzo M. , Santaeulària T. , Serra-Kiel J. , Burbank D. W. , Muñoz J. A. , Giménez-Montsant J.
Published: September 2007

Local isostatic backstripping analysis is performed across the eastern part of the Ebro foreland basin between the Pyrenees and the Catalan Coastal Ranges. The subsidence analysis is based on two well-dated field-based sections and four oil-wells aligned parallel to the tectonic transport direction of the eastern Pyrenean orogen. The marine infill of the foreland basin is separated into four, third-order, transgressive-regressive depositional cycles. The first and second depositional cycles are located in the Ripoll piggy-back basin and the third and fourth ones are located south of the syn-depositional emergent Vall-fogona thrust. Subsidence curves display a typical convex-up shape with inflection points recording the onset of rapid tectonic subsidence. Inflection points coincide roughly with the base of depositional cycles. Rates of tectonic subsidence are less than 0.1 mm a
−1
in distal parts of the basin and up to 0.53 mm a
−1
in proximal parts during second depositional cycle. Younger depositional cycles show maximum rates of tectonic subsidence of 0.26 mm a
−1
. The locus of subsidence within the basin migrated southward at a rate of
c
. 10 mm a
−1
. This flexural wave crossed the complete Ebro foreland basin in 10–11 Ma. The intraplate Catalan Coastal Ranges at the southeastern margin of the Ebro foreland basin produced an increase of tectonic subsidence rate at 41.5 Ma. Maximum rates of tectonic subsidence coincide with deep-marine infill of the basin, maximum rates of shortening and thrust front advance, and low topographic relief orogenic wedge. Transgressive-regressive depositional cycles can be controlled partly by reductions of available space within the basin during tectonic thickening of the sedimentary pile by layer parallel shortening, folding and thrusting.

Although much less constrained, an approximation of post-thrusting exhumation and isostatic and tectonic uplift, as well as a first determination of possible amounts of eroded material of parts of the Ebro basin illustrate the impact of post-depositional erosion and uplift on the foreland.