bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CAPSULES OR SHEATHS OF BACILLUS ACTINOIDES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The production of capsules or sheaths is subject to considerable variation in this species. Thus far coagulated serum has been found the only substrate to stimulate its appearance. It is not known whether the capsular substance is induced by the parasitism. The presence of sheaths within epithelial cells and their absence in cellular exudates suggest the inference that the sheath is a protective substance when the parasite multiplies in living cells. The complete absence of sheaths in some strains might make the recognition of this species difficult, but if its other characters both positive and negative are kept in mind, this difficulty will not be serious.

Next in importance to fluctuations in the presence or absence of capsules is the change in metabolic processes leading to the production and accumulation of fatty substances in the cultures. The original capsular material resembles in its optical characters myelins. In the course of artificial cultivation fat granules make their appearance at the expense of the original myelin-like substance. This process may be regarded as a degenerative one in the sense that it accompanies the gradual loss of the function of secreting the capsular substance.
HETEROGENIC SERUM, AGE, AND MULTIPLICATION OF FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

The presence in a culture medium of heterogenic serum of various concentrations exerts a definite influence on the rate of multiplication of fibroblasts. Dog serum does not inhibit the growth of

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chicken fibroblasts markedly until its concentration reaches 15 per cent. Beyond this figure, each increase of the concentration brings about a rapid decrease in the rate of cell multiplication. When the concentration reaches from 30 to 45 per cent, no growth takes place. The inhibiting action of cat serum begins to manifest itself at a concentration of 25 per cent and prevents cell proliferation completely at a concentration of 55 and 60 per cent. The ratio,

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can be taken as expressing the action of the serum on fibroblast multiplication; that is, as the growth index of the serum.

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The inhibiting influence of heterogenic serum was found to vary in direct ratio to the age of the animal from which it was obtained. The rate of proliferation of chicken fibroblasts was studied comparatively in media containing varied concentrations of serum from young and old animals. For each concentration of serum, the rate of growth in the serum of the old animal was expressed in relation to the rate of growth in the serum of the young animal. When cat serum was used, the curve obtained in plotting this ratio in ordinates and the serum concentration in abscissæ showed a rapid increase in the inhibiting action of the old serum as soon as the concentration reached 30 per cent. The same tests were repeated with the serum from young and old dogs. The general results were identical, although

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the quantitative inhibiting action of both sera was greater than that of cat serum. It may be concluded that under the conditions of the experiments:

1. Heterogenicsera inhibit and prevent the growth of chicken fibroblasts when their concentration is made to vary within certain limits.

2. A relation exists between the rate of growth of chicken fibroblasts, the concentration of the heterogenic serum, and the age of the animal from which the serum is taken. Thus, the rate of proliferation of chicken fibroblasts expressed by the growth index of the serum can be used as a means for detecting certain changes brought about by age in a heterogenic serum.
STUDIES ON AGGLUTINATION WITH THE AID OF THE CENTRIFUGE. THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON ABSORPTION AND FLOCCULATION
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

The flocculation of bacteria which have absorbed specific agglutinins may be mechanically effected by means of the centrifuge, with results that coincide with those obtained by the standard method of test. Specific serological differences between meningococci, for example, may be determined by the centrifuge method. The technique is described.

By the elimination of the inconstant time factor in the flocculation phase opportunity is given for a closer analysis of specific absorption, and of the influence of various conditions upon both phases of agglutination.

The velocity of the absorption reaction is a function of the temperature at which it occurs, and the acceleration with increasing temperature is of the order of chemical phenomena. The absorption reaction proceeds most rapidly near the temperature of antibody destruction. The injurious effect of high temperature is revealed first in the serum; the antigen-antibody complex is not less sensitive.

The flocculation phase is also promoted by higher temperature, but lags far behind absorption, and consumes most of the time required for spontaneous agglutination.

The presence of an excess of antibodies greatly accelerates absorption and flocculation. The absorption reaction, under such circumstances, is ordinarily completed within a relatively short time.
THE FREQUENCY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THE NOSE AND THROAT IN ACUTE LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stillman Ernest G.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacillus influenza is frequently found in association with lobar pneumonia.

2. In lobar pneumonia both Bacillus influenza and pneumococcus are frequently found in the nose.

3. The influenza bacilli found in the upper respiratory tract of cases of lobar pneumonia are of various types.

4. The exact significance of these findings is at the present time not clear.
THE EFFECT OF PULMONARY CONGESTION ON THE ON THE VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Peabody Francis W. , Blumgart Herrmann L.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for producing pulmonary congestion, together with what may be termed a differential spirometer method for studying lung ventilation.

2. The method utilized permits an approximately accurate prediction of degrees of pulmonary edema in the living animal, and suggests avenues of approach for the very difficult problems of pulmonary capillary pressure.

3. It is shown that intravascular blood can encroach markedly upon the pulmonary air space. Although the methods used in these animal experiments do not resemble vital capacity measurements in man, their result is so definite that their applicability to clinical conditions may be considered.

4. The similarity between the experiments described and certain conditions of cardiac decompensation, of which mitral stenosis is the best example, is pointed out.
DO SPECIES LACKING A GALL BLADDER POSSESS ITS FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT?
Authors: McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

In a previous paper the point has been brought out that the influence of the gall bladder upon the bile differs entirely from that of the ducts, the one organ acting to concentrate the secretion markedly and the other to dilute it slightly. The question arises, in species lacking a gall bladder, whether the concentrating function of this organ will be found lodged in the ducts. To test the point, observations have been made upon the mouse and rat, since these animals though so nearly related have, the mouse, a gall bladder and the rat, none.

The normal bile was first studied. Both animals were found to secrete larger quantities than do cats and dogs, but less than the guinea pig and rabbit. Methods were worked out for the quantitation of the pigment which was used as the index to changes in concentration.

Bladder bile of the mouse was regularly found to be more concentrated than that collected from the common duct of the same animal. The bile collecting during stasis regularly showed a great increase in pigment content, such as in other species is brought about by the action of the gall bladder. In the rat, on the other hand, stasis bile never became more concentrated in pigment than the normal.

The gall bladder, then, is not only absent from the rat in form, but in one at least of its important functions. That its other obvious function—that of a reservoir—cannot be assumed in the rat by the ducts would seem to be indicated, not only by the small size of these channels, but by the recent observation of Mann that the tonus of the sphincter of Oddi is almost negligible in the rat, in contradistinction to animals which possess a gall bladder.

It is an interesting fact that the bile of the rat, which as has been said, undergoes no condensation of bulk after leaving the liver, contains on the average eight times as much pigment as does the liver bile of the mouse which is submitted to concentration. Whether it is correspondingly strong in substances useful for digestion, and therefore ab initio requires no concentration, is a matter upon which little can be said at present. However, in this connection the fact that the bulk of bile secreted per gram of liver weight is identical in both animals may be significant. Although this output is the same, the mouse liver when compared with the body weight (1 to 14.6) is relatively larger than that of the rat (1 to 21.7), so that the mouse secretes somewhat more bile per 100 gm. of body weight. This bile as it comes from the liver is but one-eighth as strong at least in pigment as rat bile, but the concentrating activity of the gall bladder is so great that the products yielded to the intestine may become not dissimilar.
SOURCES OF THE ANTIBODIES DEVELOPING AFTER REPEATED TRANSFUSION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

The massive agglutination observable in the shed blood of transfused rabbits, and associated not infrequently with sudden marked blood destruction, has a practical significance in connection with the untoward results of repeated transfusion from donors originally compatible; and it has special theoretical interest because the clumping of the cells is apparently an autoagglutination. To determine the actual source of the antibodies has been the object of the present work.

The agglutination in its most marked form has been traced to isoantibodies elicited by the presence in the body of corpuscles originally found compatible; and the frequently associated, rapid blood destruction is doubtless of similar origin. Occasionally antibodies develop in the donor bloods during the period of transfusion, but they are so weak as to be negligible. There remain instances of what would seem to be true autoagglutination due to serum bodies induced by the transfusions as a by-product, so to speak, in the manufacture of isoagglutinins. The antigenic relationship between the red cells of different rabbits is so close that normal isoagglutinins became fixed in the cold upon their elaborator's own corpuscles.

Agglutinins exist within the red cells of rabbits—as has been claimed by Klein. They are readily demonstrable in watery extracts of the dried corpuscles. Whether similar agglutinins ever exist within human cells remains to be determined. We have not found them in the normal corpuscles.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Roentgen radiation of the thorax (abdomen shielded) in dogs, even with large doses (up to 512 milliampere minutes), gives no clinical evidence of intoxication. There may be a transient leucopenia and a slight rise in urinary nitrogen.

Roentgen radiation of the abdomen (thorax shielded) in dogs, with a dose of 350 milliampere minutes, will almost certainly cause a fatal intoxication. Smaller doses may be survived but usually with signs of gastrointestinal intoxication.

This lethal intoxication due to abdominal radiation presents a remarkably uniform clinical and anatomical picture. There is a latent period of 24 to 36 hours, during which the dog is perfectly normal clinically. The 2nd day usually shows the beginning of diarrhea and perhaps some vomitus. The 3rd and 4th days show progressive intoxication with increasing vomiting and bloody diarrhea until the dog becomes stuporous. Death is almost always on the 4th day.

Anatomically the only lesions of significance are to be found in the small intestine. The epithelium of the crypts and villi shows more or less complete necrosis, and this condition may involve almost all of the small intestine. The epithelium may vanish completely except for a few cells here and there which have escaped and are often found in mitosis, probably an effort at repair and regeneration.

We are forced to the conclusion that this remarkable injury of the epithelium of the small intestine is responsible for the various abnormal reactions and final lethal intoxication which follow a unit dose of Roentgen radiation over the abdomen of a normal dog. This sensitiveness of the intestinal epithelium to x-rays is not appreciated and should be given proper consideration in clinical work.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Roentgen radiation in lethal dosage, given over the abdomen of a normal dog, is followed by a physiological reaction of remarkable uniformity.

The first 24 hour period following the exposure is negative clinically and anatomically, but histologically we see frank changes in the bone marrow, spleen, lymph glands, and ovaries. There are definite nuclear changes with degeneration in the crypt epithelium of the small intestine.

The second 24 hour period shows slight clinical disturbances of gastrointestinal nature (vomitus and diarrhea). The mucosa of the small intestine shows scattered ecchymoses, but the histology of the small intestine is important. The necrosis of the crypt epithelium may be almost complete, while the epithelium of the villi remains practically intact. There are a little edema and invasion of wandering cells.

The third 24 hour period shows increasing clinical disturbance with vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Anatomically the small intestine from the edge of the pylorus to the rim of the ileocecal valve looks raw, red, and inflamed. The crypt and villous epithelium has in large part vanished, leaving a collapsed framework of the mucosa showing a little edema and invasion of wandering cells.

The 4th day marks the peak of the intoxication, and death usually takes place at this time, preceded by coma. Anatomically and histologically the picture is like that of the 3rd day. There is more evidence of mitosis and efforts of repair on the part of the intestinal epithelium.

The stomach is not concerned in this reaction, but the colon may show evidences of a slight injury. The colon is obviously much more resistant than is the small intestine.

We believe the evidence is conclusive that the injury done the epithelium of the small intestine is wholly responsible for the stormy clinical picture and fatal intoxication.
A STUDY OF RENAL FUNCTION IN ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: McQuarrie Irvine , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Our experiments give no support to the current belief that an x-ray nephritis may be produced by direct or indirect action of the hard Roentgen rays.

Moderate doses of x-rays given repeatedly over considerable periods of time have no demonstrable influence on renal function or renal structure.

With x-ray exposures of the abdomen and shielding of the kidneys fatal intoxication may be produced without the slightest disturbance of kidney function as measured by the ability of the kidney to eliminate phenolphthalein and urea.

Large doses of the x-rays given directly over the kidney may cause a slight but distinct lowering of renal function which lasts for a period of a few days. We have been unable to recognize any corresponding histological change.

We feel that the usual therapeutic doses of the x-rays can be given over the kidneys without apprehension. The renal tissue is much more resistant to x-rays than is the epithelium of the small intestine.
HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES IN CONTACT WITH GLASS
Authors: Fenn Wallace O.
Published: June 2004

1. Washed erythrocytes, in both acid and alkaline solutions, hemolyze more rapidly when allowed to settle out on a clean microscope slide than when kept in suspension.

2. This is also true on slides coated with paraffin, paraffin oil, or vaseline, and on mica surfaces.

3. The presence of as little as 0.1 per cent serum inhibits such contact hemolysis, particularly in alkaline solutions.

4. Contact hemolysis is most marked on slightly soiled glass, and may occur so rapidly with unfixed cells in a hemocytometer that accurate counts are rendered impossible.

5. Erythrocytes are more sticky than normally in acid solutions and less sticky in alkaline solutions.

6. The increased stickiness of erythrocytes in acid solutions and their larger size during contact hemolysis in acid media provide some experimental evidence for the view that contact hemolysis is to be correlated with an attempt on the part of the corpuscles, or some ingredient of the corpuscle, to spread on the glass after the manner of leucocytes and invertebrate blood cells.
THE CULTIVATION AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIROCHÆTA OBERMEIERI (RECURRENTIS)
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Robertson O. H.
Published: June 2004

A study of the growth requirements of Spirochœta obermeieri resulted in the perfection of a method which enabled us (1) to cultivate the organisms consistently from the blood of infected mice and rats, (2) to maintain the viability of cultures for periods of at least 3 to 7 weeks, and (3) to carry them on in successive subcultures by transplanting at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks. This method is essentially the same as the Noguchi technique for the cultivation of the Leptospira group, but emphasizes control of the physicochemical factors that act to limit and prevent growth and prescribes the conditions necessary to counteract the injurious influences. The main facts may be briefly summarized as follows:

(a) Ascitic fluid, horse or rabbit serum may be used as culture fluids.

(b) These fluids become progressively more alkaline on exposure to air.

(c) Uniformly successful results depend chiefly on the proper adjustment and stabilization of the reaction.

(d) A balanced reaction can be secured by adding 1.0 per cent peptone broth or egg albumin as buffer, and covering the culture with a layer of oil.

(e) The reaction limits for growth and survival are between pH 6.8 and 8.2, with the optimum at pH 7.2 to 7.4.

(f) Spirochœta obermeieri is a strict aerobe, consequently in order to permit adequate aeration, the oil layer should not exceed 1.5 cm. in height.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DEXTROSE IN THE MEDIUM OF TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed
Published: June 2004

It is not advisable to enter into a discussion of these findings at the present time, owing to the lack of experimental evidence as to the exact nature of the vacuoles. Regardless of the nature of these bodies or of what factors produce them, they are structures abnormal to the connective tissue cells. The lack of dextrose in the medium of tissue cultures leads to some condition distinctly detrimental to the cells, resulting in their vacuolation and death, even when the medium contains abundant protein material. The addition of small amounts (0.5 to 1 per cent) of dextrose to the medium delays the formation of vacuoles and prolongs the life of the culture. The addition of large amounts (2 to 5 per cent) prevents vacuolation of the cells, but so much dextrose usually leads to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration of the culture resulting in an acid condition which arises coincidentally with the degeneration of the cells.
A THREE MONTHS OLD STRAIN OF EPITHELIUM
Authors: Fischer Albert
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of pure epithelial cells was obtained from the part of the iris which adheres to the extirpated lens.

2. The optimum condition under which epithelial cells grow in vitro is on the free surface of the plasma clot under a film of embryonic tissue juice.

3. The epithelial cells did not dedifferentiate. Although the strain is 3 months old, they grow as a pavement membrane and have kept their epithelial characteristics.
HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF A STAPHYLOCOCCUS DUE TO A FAT-SPLITTING ENZYME
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. , Howe Paul E.
Published: June 2004

A staphylococcus was isolated from milk which is hemolytic with horse blood only in the presence of fat. Similar results were obtained with two other strains of staphylococci.

The hemolysis is the result of the action of a fatty acid (or soap) upon the red blood cells. The fatty acid is formed by the action of a lipase elaborated by the staphylococcus.

The corpuscles of different animals show slight variations in the ease with which they are hemolyzed by the staphylococcus.

Attention is called to the desirability of testing for lipases in the study of staphylococci or of hemolysis.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

In the filtrates of typhus-infected tissues of guinea pigs can be occasionally found a substance which produces in these animals thermic reactions, lesions characteristic of experimental typhus, and, still less frequently, immunity to later injections of active virus. The general indications are that this substance is not a living organism.
THE EFFECT OF FLOOD DIURESIS ON HEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: Haessler Herbert
Published: June 2004

Flood diuresis so far lowers the renal threshold for hemoglobin that the pigment appears in quantity in the urine as result of a hemoglobinemia insufficient under ordinary circumstances to lead to the elimination of even a trace of it. In pathological conditions that involve blood destruction hemoglobin probably passes into the tubules much more often than it reaches the urine, being prevented therefrom by the resorptive activity of the tubular epithelium.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEMOSIDEROSIS OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton , Larimore Louise C.
Published: June 2004

The selective deposition of hemosiderin in the liver parenchyma during pernicious anemia does not constitute evidence that there is a hemolytic cause for the disease located in the portal region. The repeated introduction of small amounts of free hemoglobin into the general circulation, by the subcutaneous route, leads, as we have shown, to an identical siderosis. Larger amounts of hemoglobin cause a renal pigmentation equalling or exceeding the hepatic, a fact that is in keeping with what is known of the physiology of hemoglobin excretion and of the findings in human beings afteroutspoken hemolysis.
THE RENAL ELIMINATION OF BILIRUBIN
Authors: Haessler Herbert , Rous Peyton , Broun G. O.
Published: June 2004

The elimination of bile pigment during jaundice is, for practical purposes, unincreased by diuresis from water by mouth. Possibly, though, the flushing of the kidneys tends to lessen pigment accumulation within these organs and thus to diminish a serious potential source of trouble in long continued jaundice. Flood diuresis from intravenous injections of salt solution markedly increases the output of bile pigment. It is important to know the effect of variations in the urinary output on the elimination of bile salts, but methods for the purpose are not available at present.

The passage of bile pigment into the kidney cells during jaundice is attested by the presence in the freshly voided urine of desquamated renal elements specifically stained, stippled, or granulated with bilirubin. Pigmentation of this sort is readily to be distinguished from the indiscriminate staining of cellular debris that occurs in icteric urines on standing. It has clinical significance, furnishing direct evidence on the degree of renal change.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

Cultivation of Bacterium pneumosintes in the collodion sac dialysate of a tissue medium produces an antigen suitable for serological tests.

Injection of dialysate cultures of Bacterium pneumosintes into rabbits results in the production of antibodies demonstrable by agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation, and phagocytic reactions.

Four strains of Bacterium pneumosintes, three from the first epidemic influenzal wave (1918–19) and one from the second (1920), show identical antigenic characters.

The blood serum of rabbits experimentally injected with the glycerolated active material of rabbit passages contains specific agglutinins for Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum does not.
MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H.
Published: June 2004

Type G microbes, discovered in pure cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, have been demonstrated to arise from the parent D form by mutation.

The D → G mutation takes place in broth cultures of pure-line strains of Microbe D, when these are kept for several days without transplant at 37°C., or at room temperature, or in the ice box.

The mutation is greatly inhibited by filtrates from 6 and 24 hour cultures of Microbe D, and to some extent by filtrates from 48 hour cultures.

The process of transformation takes place to a very slight extent or not at all in undiluted rabbit serum, but Type G colonies subcultured to this medium do not revert to the parent D form.

The D → G change is strongly inhibited in cultures made in simple beef infusion, or in 5 per cent rabbit serum-beef infusion.

Peptone would seem to be the constituent of plain broth which favors the process. In high concentrations of peptone, the mutation is rapid and may reach a degree of 90 per cent of the total organisms in 5 to 6 days.

A distinct maximum of the relative number of Type G colonies as compared to the parent Type D is observable in plain broth and in some concentrations of peptone, when these are kept at 37°C. for some days without transplant. Subsequent tests show the concentration of Type G microbes to diminish.

The change in acid agglutination optimum exhibited by the mutant G forms implies a distinct change in bacterial protoplasm and would seem to be one of the most fundamental mutations so far described.
A CUTANEOUS NEMATODE INFECTION IN MONKEYS
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Boots Ralph H. , Miller C. Philip
Published: June 2004

A number of monkeys (Macacus rhesus) were found to be infected with a nematode which gave rise to several types of skin lesions, subcutaneous nodules, edema about the joints, and elongated serpiginous blisters of the palms and soles.

In the subcutaneous nodules were found larval forms of the nematode and possibly adult male forms.

The reaction about these worms consisted of proliferation of fixed cells, and invasion of eosinophils, with subsequent presence of giant cells, young blood vessels, and finally capsule formation; eventually the worms were killed, eliminated, and the nodule disappeared.

In the skin of the palms and soles the adult female worm burrowed in the epidermis, producing an elongated serpiginous blood blister that eventually became purulent. In this blister the worm laid her eggs; and by the bursting of the blister the eggs were discharged into the outer world and placed in a position to infect new hosts. The reaction in the epidermis was evidently not severe enough to interfere seriously with the health of the host or with the continuation of the egg-bearing period of the female parasite. This condition of almost perfect parasitism is an ideal one for the continuation of the life of this species of nematode. In so far as we are able to determine this is the first description of a nematode that lays its eggs in the epidermis.

The provisional name of the parasite is Trichosoma cutaneum, 1922.
HEAT AND GROWTH-INHIBITING ACTION OF SERUM
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

The inhibiting action of homologous serum on the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro was increased after the serum had been heated at 56° and 70°C. This action decreased after the serum had been heated at 100°C.
THE VASELINE TUBE AND SYRINGE METHOD OF MICRO GAS ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL CULTURES
Authors: Brown J. Howard
Published: June 2004

There has been described the use of the vaseline tube and the tuberculin syringe for the study of gas production by bacteria.

A comparison is made of some of the results obtained by the use of the method here described, the Smith fermentation tube, and the tube of Eldredge and Rogers.

The reports of CO2 production by certain streptococci by Ayers, Rupp, and Mudge and by Bacterium typhosus by Nichols have been confirmed by the author's method.

The data presented serve to illustrate the accuracy and technical possibilities of the method.

In addition to economy of glassware, medium, and labor, the vaseline tube and syringe method of micro gas analysis possesses the following advantages. (1) Gas produced above either liquid or solid media may be measured and analyzed. (2) The gas produced may be measured in terms of a definite and constant quantity of medium used. (3) The vaseline tube provides a closed system from which gases do not escape into the air. (4) Separate determinations of the CO2 produced in and above fluid media may be made. (5) Determinations may be made from very small samples of material. (6) Numerous gas analyses of the same culture may be made at various times during the growth of the culture without contaminating or destroying it. (7) Gas production may be observed under both anaerobic and controlled aerobic conditions.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of living pneumococci in approximately isotonic standard solutions and in approximately isotonic bouillon with pH varying from about 4.0 to 8.0 after incubation show dissolution of organisms in those solutions having a pH higher than about 5.0. Dissolution is most marked at a critical range of about pH 5.0 to 7.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale.

Dissolution in the standard solutions occurs at incubator, room, and ice box temperature. It is less marked at ice box temperature. Dissolution takes place in standard pH solutions with pneumococci allowed to grow and die out in glucose bouillon but unlike dissolution with living organisms is progressive from the acid toward the alkaline end of the scale. Pneumococci killed by heat for I hour undergo less dissolution than living organisms, the general character of the curve being similar to that with living organisms. Pneumococci killed by heat at 100°C. for 5 minutes do not undergo dissolution. The addition of fresh human serum to the suspensions of pneumococci at varying pH prevents dissolution. Dissolution of pneumococci takes place more rapidly at pH 6.1 in standard solutions in which large numbers of pneumococci have been previously dissolved than in fresh standard solutions at the same pH.

The dissolution of pneumococci under the conditions of the experiments may be ascribed to an enzyme derived from the bacteria themselves.

Other organisms such as Streptococcus viridans and hœmolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus do not undergo dissolution under conditions similar to those to which the pneumococcus was exposed.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci of Types I, II, and III undergo dissolution when mixed with cellular material from the pneumonic lung at a pH of 6.95 and 5.5, but not at a pH of 4.5. An enzyme derived from the bacteria themselves or from the cellular material may be the cause of the dissolution. Streptococcus hœmolyticus and Streptococcus viridans do not undergo dissolution under similar experimental conditions.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N.
Published: June 2004

Dissolution of pneumococci takes place most rapidly in bile at a slightly alkaline reaction. This is probably due to death of the organisms and activation of the endocellular enzyme at its optimum hydrogen ion concentration.
PATHOLOGY OF THE DERMATITIS CAUSED BY MEGALOPYGE OPERCULARIS, A TEXAN CATERPILLAR
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler
Published: June 2004

1. The dermatitis caused by contact with the larva of Megalopyge opercularis is produced by a poison introduced by the hollow, specialized setæ of its cuticular tubercles. It is not produced by the ornamental hairs, or by the tissue juices of the animal.

2. The poison appears to be of the nature of a venom, combined with protein vehicles, and may be itself a protein.

3. It is rendered inert by boiling, or by heating to 55°C. for a considerable period of time.

4. It is apparently stored in sacs at the base of the setæ, but whether secreted there, or by hypodermal glands, remains to be determined.

5. It diminishes in virulence after the larva has spun its cocoon, and is no longer active after the caterpillar is dead.

6. The poisonous spines cause localized necrosis of the human epidermis, followed by the formation of small vesicles. The cellular reaction to the poison is chiefly lymphocytic.
A FURTHER INQUIRY INTO THE SOURCE OF THE VIRUS IN BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS, TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF IPECAC AND OF SULFUR
Authors: Tyzzer Ernest Edward , Fabyan Marshal
Published: June 2004

That the ovum of Heterakis papillosa is an important source of the virus in the natural transmission of blackhead in turkeys is suggested by experimental evidence obtained in the present investigation. Confirmatory morphological evidence has not thus far been obtained to establish definitely that this worm serves as the invertebrate host of Histomonas meleagridis.

It is possible occasionally to produce blackhead in turkeys by feeding large amounts of the virus alone, as obtained in liver lesions. This artificial procedure is, however, not duplicated in nature since the lesions of the disease are not eaten by young turkeys.

The intentional contamination of the food of young turkeys with dirt taken from hen yards has in the present experiments invariably produced blackhead. The conditions provided are essentially those that prevail in many farmyards.

The identity of blackhead infection in common fowls with that of turkeys is indicated by the production of the typical disease in a turkey by the inoculation of liver lesions obtained from a diseased chicken.

It is not known whether variation in the period between the ingestion of Heterakis ova and the onset of the disease is dependent on the absence of the virus for a time or on the absence of the conditions necessary for invasion.

Under experimental conditions a large proportion of the Heterakis ova fail, at least when fed by hand, to hatch out in the intestine, but, passing through, may later be taken up with contaminated food. This is shown by the occurrence in the ceca of larvæ in various stages of development long after the Heterakis material is fed.

Ipecac, like other drugs previously tested, is found to be of no practical value in the control of blackhead. It has no deleterious effect on Histomonas in the tissues and does not prevent the development of Heterakis. Its daily administration to the limit of tolerance fails to prevent infection or a fatal outcome in the naturally acquired disease.

The fact that ipecac may delay the onset of the infection may perhaps be due to some physiological property of this drug. Sulfur administered daily in large amount likewise, possibly on account of its evacuant action, tends to delay infection.

Recovery from inoculated blackhead is associated with a degree of immunity. That this is not permanent is indicated by the appearance of symptoms of blackhead several months after recovery from the inoculated disease. The fact that blackhead sometimes appears in mature turkeys that have been kept constantly on infested ground suggests that these birds may suffer from repeated attacks.

Observations made during the course of the present investigations confirm previous conclusions as to the flagellate character of Histomonas meleagridis.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

After artificial cultivation for a period of over 3 years Bacterium pneumosintes has maintained its original morphological and cultural characteristics, when grown in the original medium. Adaptation to a saprophytic existence has been accompanied by a loss of pathogenicity. Our strains now grow readily under strictly anaerobic conditions in a variety of media with peptone broth as a base, enriched with fresh tissue, blood, or by the growth of other bacteria. Surface colonies have been obtained on blood agar plates in. an anaerobic jar. These various methods of cultivation are adapted to special purposes. In broth cultures Bacterium pneumosintes grows in larger forms than in the ascitic fluid-tissue medium, but the identity of the microorganisms is proved by their serological reactions and by reversion to the minute forms on transfer to the original medium.
THE PEPTASE, LIPASE, AND INVERTASE OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , West Randolph
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been outlined by which the enzymes of hemolytic streptococcus may be extracted with comparative ease.

2. The peptolytic enzyme is active between pH 4.4 and 8.7 with an optimum action at pH 7.2. It is destroyed in neutral phosphate solution at a temperature of 57°C. continued for 10 minutes and at pH 5.0 deteriorates slowly at 37°C. Concentration experiments with solutions of the enzyme have shown that it resembles other enzymes. It is exceedingly susceptible to chloroform and its action is inhibited by dilutions of gentian violet. Casein is attacked but serum albumin is not digested after 3 days at 37°C.

3. The invertase is active between approximately pH 5.0 and 8.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0. It is destroyed by a temperature of 52°C. continued 10 minutes at an acid concentration of pH 7.0, or after 6 hours at 37°C. at pH 5.0. At this acidity it is more susceptible to heat than the peptase.

4. The lipase is active above pH 5.6. The greatest activity was observed at pH 7.9. It is completely destroyed after heating to temperatures over 55°C. for 10 minutes and resembles the invertase in its susceptibility to acid.
MEGACARYOCYTES IN THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION
Authors: Minot George R.
Published: June 2004

A megacaryocyte is seen commonly as an occasional cell in the peripheral blood of patients with myelogenous leucemia. Less commonly they appear in relatively large numbers.

These giant cells also may occur in the blood under other conditions.

Their presence is indicative of a bone marrow under intense strain.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The equilibrium of the serum corresponding to its normal minimal surface tension is as stable and difficult to break, under ordinary conditions, as the osmotic tension equilibrium. The addition of a strong surface-active substance (sodium oleate, glycocholate, or taurocholate), will not lower it definitely, unless the substance is present in large amounts and in solution. After the first rapid drop has occurred, a process of recovery takes place, which brings back the normal surface tension in a short time (from 2 to 6 minutes in the case of pure serum). As a drop in the surface tension of the serum of animals may be very injurious to the red cells, this process of recovery is a normal one of defense in all cases in which surface-active substances (bile) are set free in the blood.

2. When diluted, the serum shows the same phenomenon to a smaller extent; the time of recovery is very much longer and the final surface tension is always lower than the original value. At a dilution of 1/10,000, no recovery takes place, the dilution being too high to overcome the lowering action of 1/10,000 of sodium oleate.

3. The recovery is stronger when the surface-active substance is added powdered or in a highly concentrated solution, and not stirred.

4. The recovery does not seem to be inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium oleate, when added superficially. Doubling the concentration at 1/2,000, for example, gives the same curve of recovery. This happens under certain conditions; namely, when the liquid is not stirred after the addition of sodium oleate.

5. This recovery is due to a purely physical phenomenon, namely adsorption, and is not specific for the serum. Other colloidal solutions, such as gum arabic, egg albumin, gelatin, and silver and gold sols, show it, only to a smaller degree. The process of recovery follows a logarithmic law in all cases, expressed by an equation of the form

See PDF for Equation

6. Temperature affects this phenomenon. At first it enhances it, but finally decreases it. This would seem to connect the loss of the property of the serum known as complement in a serum with a modification of the physical properties of this serum. This phenomenon is being investigated further.
THE STRUCTURE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF THE SPECIFIC CELLULAR ELEMENTS OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE DOMESTIC PIG
Authors: Maurer Siegfried , Lewis Dean
Published: June 2004

The bearing of these results on the Herring-Cushing theory of pituitary secretion is apparent. For the first time a true secretion antecedent has been demonstrated in the cells of the pars intermedia, an antecedent which appears in the cells at the same period of development at which active pressor effects may be obtained from the gland extracts. The route of export of this material from the gland to its point of utilization, however, is unknown; it may go by way of the blood or, as required by the Herring theory, by the transneural route to the third ventricle. The objections to the latter conclusion have been amply expanded in the introduction to this paper, but here may be emphasized the fact that the fetal pig hypophysis contains no hyaline bodies. Indeed they are rare in the adult, though there may be seen in the cells of the pars nervosa in the processes of its intrinsic cells, granular deposits which we believe to be the antecedents of the hyaline bodies but which in the pig rarely are discharged and aggregated into discrete masses as in other mammals. The fact that some observers have obtained positive pressor effects from the nervous part of the posterior lobe, exclusive of the pars intermedia, need not weigh very heavily in attempting to trace the course of the secretion, when we reflect that the difficulties of making such a mechanical separation are almost insuperable, and that the chemical product of the pars intermedia is so soluble and vanishes from the cells so rapidly that it may well be diffusible through the thin membranes which intervene and penetrate post mortem into adjacent parts. We are inclined, therefore, to the view that the secretion leaves the gland by the vascular route rather than by way of the interfibrillar spaces of the pars nervosa.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

In this paper we have described the first part of an experimental study of the epidemiology of mouse typhoid. One set of data has been presented on the basis of which little or no analysis has been attempted. The immediate object has been rather to collect materials than to undertake to account for the phenomena encountered. It is obvious that the factors involved in the inquiry are intricate, but it is believed that they are not necessarily or all beyond disentanglement. About 500 mice in all have been studied in an experimental village, brought together in increments among a population in which mouse typhoid experimentally induced was prevailing.

The results have been presented according to two phenomena; namely, mortality or death rate, and bacillus carriage rate. The material does not lend itself to consideration according to morbidity rates. If it were established that every instance of attack, when not fatal, was attended by carrier production for the bacillus of mouse typhoid, reliable morbidity tables could be constructed. In the absence of this certain criterion, the materials here presented can be dealt with only as mortality data. This fact is attended with obvious disadvantages in respect to the epidemiological material assembled regarding infectious disease in man. In spite, however, of the drawbacks, it is already evident that the results obtained by the sort of inquiry here described may come to throw no inconsiderable light on moot problems on the origin, mode of spread, and manner of decline of epidemic diseases in general.

The analysis of the strains by selecting single cells and thus establishing substrains has yielded results which may eventually have value in explaining fluctuations in virulence. Among the positive data arising from the experiments with such cultures are, first, that there have been obtained by mechanical means from the ordinary bacteriologically pure culture, single cell strains exhibiting slightly different pathogenic activity, whether administered by mouth or parenterally, and second, that more regular results are obtained with intraperitoneal injections of these strains than with the parent strain. Among the negative results to be recorded are the failures of two single cell strains to incite an epidemic among mice under conditions known to be suitable when the parent strain is used.
IDENTIFICATION OF A PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS STRAIN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIZOOTICS OF MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

A bacillus of the paratypnoid-enteritidis group associated with epizootics among laboratory mice has been identified with Bacillus festis caviæ Smith which produces similar affections in guinea pigs and has been very closely related to the type "mutton" aertrycke strain of Schütze.

This identification is based upon the cultural reactions of the organism, direct and cross-agglutinations, and similar absorptive capacities of the unknown and type strains.
THE LOSS OF HEMOLYTIC CAPACITY BY A FRACTION OF A CULTURE OF A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS WITHOUT CHANGE IN AGGLUTINATION CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Krumwiede Charles
Published: June 2004

A culture of hemolytic streptococcus developed a non-hemolytic fraction which as determined by its agglutinogenic, agglutination, and agglutinin absorotion characters was identical with the hemolytic fraction, the only variation being one of function, or physiological action. This functional variation has proved permanent, as long as observed, for both fractions have continued to breed true.

This study is offered as additional evidence in favor of the hypothesis that functional changes among bacteria are, at most, only very infrequently associated with changes in the antigenic matrix of bacteria.
INFLUENCE OF GLANDS WITH INTERNAL SECRETION ON THE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE
Authors: Scott W. J. M.
Published: June 2004

1. Severe and sufficient non-fatal injury to the suprarenal cortex by freezing or by ligation in cats causes a significant and prolonged increase in heat production.

2. Lethal injury to the suprarenals by freezing, ligation, or partial excision in cats causes a fall in heat production.

3. Insufficient injury to the suprarenals by freezing, ligation, or partial excision in cats produces no significant alteration in heat production.

4. Further evidence of a dose thyroid-suprarenal cortex interrelationship is indicated by the rapidity of thyroid hyperplasia and by the effects of KI after suprarenal crippling.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES
Authors: Duval Charles W. , D'Aunoy Rigney
Published: June 2004

1. There is present as a causal agent in the nasopharyngeal secretions of measles cases a filter-passing virus.

2. The rabbit and the guinea pig react specifically to the intratracheal and intracirculatory injections of filtered nasopharyngeal secretions secured from cases of human measles.

3. Enanthem, exanthem, and pyrexial disturbances characterize this specific reaction in the rabbit; in the guinea pig the reaction manifests itself by pyrexia, marked leucopenia, and grave nephritis in the fatal cases.