bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is job satisfaction enhancing learning-training transfer relationship?
Authors: Rahim Zumrah Abdul
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– One important factor that influences the success of transfer of training in the workplace is the employees' learning level following the training. The association between learning and transfer of training has been established by previous studies. However, to date only a few empirical studies have examined the moderating factor that could strengthen the link between these two variables. This study has been conducted to addresses this gap. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to explore the moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between learning and transfer of training.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data for this study have been collected from two sources: the employees of public sector organizations in Malaysia and their supervisors through surveys.

Findings

– The findings reveal that learning has an important role as a predictor of transfer of training but job satisfaction was found to have no moderating effect in this study.

Research limitations/implications

– The finding illustrate that management in public sector need to ensure that the employee gains new knowledge and skills from a particular training they have attended, in order to maximize return on training investment.

Originality/value

– This study extends the discussion and understanding on factors that influence transfer of training at public sector organizations in a non-Western context, specifically Malaysia, a developing country in Southeast Asia.
Drama-based role-play: a tool to supplement work-based learning in higher education
Authors: Kettula Kirsi , Berghäll Sami
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to determine how closely an in-class role-play can mirror and capture the features and characteristics of work-based learning with real-life working experiences. The aim is also to discuss the potential and drawbacks of using role-play as a form of work-related learning.

Design/methodology/approach

– This case study relies on qualitative data obtained from learning journals covering learning experiences on a role-play exercise. In total, 16 undergraduate students participated in a course in business-to-business marketing and took part in a series of face-to-face simulations.

Findings

– Compared to the characteristics, features and potential outcomes of work-based learning, role-play can entail several similar learning outcomes. The strengths of a role-play are many. Participants can practise real-life situations in a safe environment; their learning is not restricted to a particular work setting; they are able to learn through reflection, and conflicts between stakeholders can be avoided. The comparative weaknesses include a lack of support from senior colleagues and an unclear contribution to the real world. Furthermore, the method may produce stereotypes or anxiety in the participants.

Research limitations/implications

– Due to the small target group, reliance on one source of data, and the phenomenological nature of findings, further studies are needed with larger target groups and different research approaches.

Practical implications

– The findings reveal that role-play can offer higher education a supplementary tool for work-based learning.

Originality/value

– In higher education, role-play may serve as a tool to reach many of the learning objectives of work-based learning, especially if real workplace experiences cannot be arranged.
What drives the premium labour model, beta instability risk or human capital?
Authors: Soufian Mona , McMillan David , Horsburgh Stuart
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The paper examines the conditional capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) of Jagannathan and Wang using the UK data and develops a data-driven measure of beta instability risk that is pertinent to the UK stock market. In contrast to the view that the main part of the Jagannathan and Wang's model is the inclusion of human capital, however, the paper finds that human capital remains insignificant in most tests.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were taken from the London Share Price Database and Datastream. This paper therefore examines the premium labour (PL) model of Jagannathan and Wang using the UK data, while the paper attaches particular importance to the measure of beta instability as a source of time variation in betas. In analysing the measure of beta instability risk, this study considers a testable measure of instability risk that varies across markets and across time as the interaction between the stock market and the economy varies across different time periods. Hence, this paper develops a data-driven measure of beta instability risk that is pertinent to the UK stock market.

Findings

– The results confirm the premium version of the model, that is, the CCAPM without a proxy for human capital. In particular, the paper finds that over the entire time period of this study, the measure for beta instability risk and market portfolio has significant explanatory power for the variations of returns. More specifically, when using the average earnings index as a proxy for human capital in the PL model, the premium model performs better than the PL model. When total income from employment is used as a proxy for human capital, the performance of the PL model improves for the full period. However, the results for the two sub-periods are less favourable for the PL model as, again, labour income is not priced for these periods. These results indicate that the PL model is sensitive to proxies used for human capital.

Originality/value

– The results revive the importance of beta instability risk in CCAPM of Jagannathan and Wang's model and suggest that the beta instability drives this model.
Demand for sustainable office space in Poland: the results from a conjoint experiment in Krakow
Authors: Zieba Malgorzata , Belniak Stanislaw , Gluszak Michal
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess the demand and to estimate the willingness to pay for sustainable (certified) office space in Poland.

Design/methodology/approach

– Due to limited data on sustainable property performance in Poland, the research is based on stated-preference data. The main research tool is conjoint experiment, run on a sample of office tenants in Krakow.

Findings

– Highest utility for office tenants in Poland is linked to BREEAM certificate (highest willingness to pay for having BREEAM certified office space. Slightly lower propensity to pay was observed for LEED certificate. The lowest willingness to pay was estimated for DGNB certificate. One of possible explanations is connected to tenants awareness (BREEAM is the most common certificate in Poland).

Research limitations/implications

– The research results suggest increasing demand for sustainable office space in Poland, reflected by willingness to pay for sustainable office space. The main limitations of the research are twofold: geographical limitation (only one city) and hypothetical nature of choices made by tenants in the quasi-experiment.

Practical implications

– The results of the research can justify the engagement of investors in sustainable property development in Poland and foster the development of this respective sector.

Originality/value

– The paper is unique as it explores the potential for sustainable property development in emerging economies, which is not a common area of scientific interest mainly due to data availability. Traditionally most research focusses on mature markets in North America, and Western Europe, and empirical evidence from less developed markets is scarce. Few papers (if any) use quasi-experimental setting to elicit implicit price of ecological certificates.
Oral history centres and collections: a selective bibliography
Authors: L. Rhodes Gloria
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– -- The purpose of this paper is to identify unique oral history centres and collections which provide users with training and research methodology techniques necessary to planning an effective oral history programme

Design/methodology/approach

-- This article provides a list of oral history centres and collections with unique oral history programmes. Most centres listed also offer the user detailed instructions on planning oral history programmes and use of the collection in research methodology courses. The bibliography is an international list of oral history programmes and collections.

Findings

-- There are numerous oral history programmes within university departments, museums, and as part of state and regional organizations.

Originality/value

-- This bibliography includes international as well as programmes in the USA. The annotations describe the oral history programmes' subject content, and will be of interest to scholars looking to start and expand on research with an oral history methodology component.
Secured by Design – the story so far
Authors: Brooke Michael
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on the development of the Secured by Design (SBD) award scheme in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is an invited opinion piece and comment based upon the specialist experience and viewpoint of the author as a Development Officer at the Association of Chief Police Officers SBD.

Findings

– The paper describes the rationale for the development of the SBD award scheme and outlines the key elements which must be achieved to obtain SBD accreditation. The paper refers to the findings from a number of evaluations which have indicated that dwellings built to the SBD standard are less likely to experience crime and disorder compared to dwellings which have not been built to the standard.

Originality/value

– The paper provides a historical review of the development of the SBD scheme and outlines current and future areas of work.
Functional and phylogenetic assembly in a Chinese tropical tree community across size classes, spatial scales and habitats
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhang Guocheng , Ci Xiuqin , Swenson Nathan G. , Cao Min , Sha Liqing , Li Jie , Baskin Carol C. , Slik J.W. Ferry , Lin Luxiang
Published: October 2013

Increasingly, ecologists are using functional and phylogenetic approaches to quantify the relative importance of stochastic, abiotic filtering and biotic filtering processes shaping the pattern of species co‐occurrence. A remaining challenge in functional and phylogenetic analyses of tropical tree communities is to successfully integrate the functional and phylogenetic structure of tree communities across spatial and size scales and habitats in a single analysis.

We analysed the functional and phylogenetic structure of tree assemblages in a 20‐ha tropical forest dynamics plot in south‐west China. Because the influence of biotic interactions may become more apparent as cohorts age, on local scales, and in resource‐rich environments, we perform our analyses across three size classes, six spatial scales and six distinct habitat types, using 10 plant functional traits and a molecular phylogeny for the >400 tree taxa found in the plot.

All traits, except leaf area and stem‐specific resistance, had significant, albeit weak phylogenetic signal. For canopy species, phylogenetic clustering in small and medium size classes turned to phylogenetic overdispersion in the largest size class and this change in dispersion with size was found in each habitat type and across all spatial scales. On fine spatial scales, functional dispersion changed from clustering to overdispersion with increasing size classes. However, on larger spatial scales assemblages were functionally clustered for all size classes and habitats.

Phylogenetic and functional structure across spatial and size scales and habitats gave strong support for a deterministic model of species co‐occurrence rather than for a neutral model. The results also support the hypothesis that abiotic determinism is more important at larger scales, while biotic determinism is more important on smaller scales within habitats.
Nectar thieves influence reproductive fitness by altering behaviour of nectar robbers and legitimate pollinators in Corydalis ambigua (Fumariaceae)
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Wen , Zhao Ji‐Min , Inouye David W.
Published: October 2013

A pollination system whereby nectar resources are shared by nectar robbers, legitimate pollinators and nectar thieves, with interactions among the various types of flower visitors, was studied in a self‐incompatible ephemeral perennial herb, Corydalis ambigua, in north‐east China.

We conducted a three‐year study in nine populations, using a combination of observations, cages to exclude different combinations of flower visitors, and collars, on flowers to prevent nectar robbing.

The results showed that queens of the bumblebee Bombus hypocrita sapporensis, a robberlike pollinator, had higher pollination efficiency in C. ambigua than the legitimate bee pollinators, Apis cerana and Anthophora melanognatha, which served as pollinators for inflorescences that had nectar thieves.

Midges of the genus Scatopse (nectar thieves) frequently entered host flower spurs to forage for nectar and also mated there. Because nectar robbers avoided visiting nectar‐thieved flowers or inflorescences, the nectar‐thieved inflorescences experienced lower seed productivity. Furthermore, there was a negative relationship between the frequencies of nectar‐thieved and nectar‐robbed inflorescences in the nine natural populations investigated.

Results of controlled experiments showed that the varied flower‐visiting modes by different visitors influenced the plant's seed production.

Synthesis. Although nectar theft is not uncommon, its consequences for pollination have not been well studied, particularly in the context of an interaction web. Our results demonstrate that, especially in systems that include a mix of legitimate pollinators, nectar robbers and nectar thieves, an experimental approach is required to dissect their various effects on plant fitness.
Development, validation and high‐throughput analysis of sequence markers in nonmodel species
Authors: Zieliński P. , Stuglik M. T. , Dudek K. , Konczal M. , Babik W.
Published: October 2013

DNA sequences derived from multiple regions of the nuclear genome are essential for historical inferences in the fields of phylogeography and phylogenetics. The appropriate markers should be single‐copy, variable, easy to amplify from multiple samples and easy to sequence using high‐throughput technologies. This may be difficult to achieve for species lacking sequenced genomes and particularly challenging for species possessing large genomes, which consist mostly of repetitive sequences. Here, we present a cost‐effective, broadly applicable framework for designing, validating and high‐throughput sequencing of multiple markers in nonmodel species without sequenced genomes. We demonstrate its utility in two closely related species of newts, representatives of urodeles, a vertebrate group characterized by large genomes. We show that over 80 markers, c. 600 bp each, developed mainly from 3′ untranslated transcript regions (3′UTR) may be effectively multiplexed and sequenced. Data are further processed using standard, freely available bioinformatic tools, producing phase‐resolved sequences. The approach does not require barcoded PCR primers, and the cost of library preparation is independent of the number of markers investigated. We hope that this approach will be of broad interest for researchers working at the interface of population genetics and phylogenetics, exploring deep intraspecific genetic structure, species boundaries and phylogeographies of closely related species.
Effect of short‐duration high temperatures on weed seed germination
Authors: Vidotto F. , De Palo F. , Ferrero A.
Published: October 2013

Thermal soil disinfestation techniques are effective reducers of weed seedbank and weed emergence. Two experiments (Expt 1 and Expt 2) were conducted to test the effect of brief exposure to varying temperatures on the seed germination of Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus‐galli, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria viridis and Solanum nigrum. To this end, species seeds were moistened with loamy‐sand soil and placed into test tubes. The tubes were heated rapidly and then cooled by dipping them into a hot water bath until target temperatures were achieved. Expt 1 temperatures ranged between 55°C and 85°C at 5°C intervals and Expt 2 ranged between 48°C and 86°C at 2°C intervals. Thereafter, the tubes were dipped into a cooling (1°C) water bath. Exposure to target temperatures ranged between 2 s and 5 s. Soil temperatures were monitored using embedded thermocouples. A log‐logistic dose–response model described the effect of heating on seed germinability; temperatures required for 99% reductions were calculated. On the basis of the predictive model equation used, weed species' germination sensitivity to high temperature exposure can be ranked as follows: E. crus‐galli (79.6°C), S. viridis (75.8°C), S. nigrum (74.6°C), P. oleracea (72.2°C), A. retroflexus (70.9°C) and G. quadriradiata (68.1°C). The interval between no effects to complete seed devitalisation occurred at temperatures varying from 6.5°C to 15.7°C. Seed size and weight varied directly with heat tolerance. Study results not only inform the timing and optimal adjustment for effective thermal soil treatment, but also demonstrate a relatively simple and generalizable methodology for use in other studies.
Aging and sleep deprivation induce the unfolded protein response in the pancreas: implications for metabolism
Authors: Naidoo Nirinjini , Davis James G. , Zhu Jingxu , Yabumoto Maya , Singletary Kristan , Brown Marishka , Galante Raymond , Agarwal Beamon , Baur Joseph A.
Published: October 2013

Sleep disruption has detrimental effects on glucose metabolism through pathways that remain poorly defined. Although numerous studies have examined the consequences of sleep deprivation (SD) in the brain, few have directly tested its effects on peripheral organs. We examined several tissues in mice for induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) following acute SD. In young animals, we found a robust induction of BiP in the pancreas, indicating an active UPR. At baseline, pancreata from aged animals exhibited a marked increase in a pro‐apoptotic transcription factor, CHOP, that was amplified by SD, whereas BiP induction was not observed, suggesting a maladaptive response to cellular stress with age. Acute SD increased plasma glucose levels in both young and old animals. However, this change was not overtly related to stress in the pancreatic beta cells, as plasma insulin levels were not lower following acute SD. Accordingly, animals subjected to acute SD remained tolerant to a glucose challenge. In a chronic SD experiment, young mice were found to be sensitized to insulin and have improved glycemic control, whereas aged animals became hyperglycemic and failed to maintain appropriate plasma insulin concentrations. Our results show that both age and SD cooperate to induce the UPR in pancreatic tissue. While changes in insulin secretion are unlikely to play a major role in the acute effects of SD, CHOP induction in pancreatic tissues suggests that chronic SD may contribute to the loss or dysfunction of endocrine cells and that these effects may be exacerbated by normal aging.
Did hardening occur among smokers in England from 2000 to 2010?
Authors: Docherty Graeme , McNeill Ann , Gartner Coral , Szatkowski Lisa
Published: October 2013

Aims

To assess trends in the prevalence of ‘hardcore’ smoking in England between 2000 and 2010, and to examine associations between hardcore smoking and socio‐demographic variables.

Design

Secondary analysis of data from the United Kingdom's General Lifestyle Survey (GLF) and the Health Survey for England (HSE).

Setting

Households in England.

Participants

Self‐reported adult current smokers resident in England aged 26 years and over.

Measurements

Hardcore smokers were defined in three ways: smokers who do not want to quit (D1), those who ‘usually’ smoke their first cigarette of the day within 30 minutes of waking (D2) and a combination of D1 and D2, termed D3. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore associations between these variables and calendar year, age, sex and socio‐economic status, and P‐values for trends in odds were calculated.

Findings

The odds of smokers being defined as hardcore according to D3 increased over time in both the GLF (P < 0.001) and HSE (P = 0.04), even after adjusting for risk factors. Higher dependence (D2) was noted in men [odds ratio (OR): 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–1.24], those of 50–59 years (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.80–2.09) and smokers in lower occupational groups (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: (1.97–2.26). Lack of motivation to quit (D1) increased with age and was more likely in men.

Conclusions

The proportion of smokers in England with both low motivation to quit and high dependence appears to have increased between 2000 and 2010, independently of risk factors, suggesting that ‘hardening’ may be occurring in this smoker population.
Biology and key to theAustralian species ofHypogastruraandCeratophysella(Collembola:Hypogastruridae)
Authors: Greenslade Penelope , Ireson John , Skarżyński Dariusz
Published: October 2013

The familyHypogastruridae is represented by nine genera inAustralia, three of which:Mesogastrura Bonet,Hypogastrura Bourlet andCeratophysella Börner, consist only of species that have been probably introduced fromEurope within the last 250 years, with the exception of a new species described here. All species in these three genera are typical of, and abundant in, disturbed habitats. The 11 species currently recorded fromAustralia inHypogastruraandCeratophysellaareC. communis(Folsom, 1897),C. denticulata(Bagnall, 1941),C. gibbosa(Bagnall, 1940),C. succinea(Gisin, 1949),Hypogastrura assimilis(Krausbauer, 1898),H. distincta(Axelson, 1902),H. manubrialis(Tullberg, 1869),H. purpurescens(Lubbock, 1867,H. vernalis(Carl, 1901) andH. viatica(Tullberg, 1872), and a new speciesC. paucisetasp. nov.Ceratophysella communiswas misidentified in some published literature asC. engadinensis Gisin, 1949. AlthoughC. communisis confirmed as occurring inAustralia, there now seems to be no evidence thatC. engadinensisoccurs here, and the nameH. denticulatamay include more than one species. An illustrated dichotomous key and description is given here for all Australian species ofHypogastruraandCeratophysella, and their distributions and habitats documented. Their value as indicators of disturbed habitats inAustralia is discussed.Collembola in general have been shown to have a positive influence on nutrient cycling. It is not known what contributionHypogastruraandCeratophysellamake toAustralian arable and grazing systems in this respect, but it may be considerable because of their abundance.
Perceptions of desert landscape: a case study in southern New Mexico
Authors: Yu Yang , Parsons Anthony J , Wainwright John , Prell Christina , Hubacek Klaus
Published: October 2013

This research investigates perceptions of desert landscape held by different actor groups (resident versus expert group – including land developers, local politicians, city planners and NGOs) in New Mexico, USA. The results of this study found that although people share common appreciation of cultural and aesthetic landscape values, different perceptions and valuations are conflicting when special interests and needs of actors are apparent. NGOs and residents demonstrate their opposition to the current land development patterns and management practices. Results also revealed that the political and cultural elements of the landscape in the area are important drivers of growth patterns.
Plus Ça Change…
Authors: Marchiondo Lisa A. , Cortina Lilia M.
Published: October 2013

This study sought to capture the challenges facing working women in the wake of the late‐2000s recession; we also studied whether and how these challenges varied by race and leadership status. Drawing on qualitative data from 4,388 women employed in 2010 across Michigan (one of the most economically depressed states), we inductively analyzed accounts of the “biggest challenge facing working women.” We found that at a time when the workforce was reeling from major economic change, women's occupational difficulties remained largely unchanged. Their top five employment concerns mirrored decades past: work‐life imbalance, pay inequity, gender discrimination, childcare, and the glass ceiling. Emphases varied somewhat by race and leadership, but overall, women's chief concerns cut across these boundaries. We provide an abundance of quotes to bring life to these perspectives, letting the voices of working women be heard. Our findings suggest that the global economic crisis failed to outstrip challenges that working women have confronted for years. We conclude with a call for broad change to better support women (and men) in the workforce—during and after the Great Recession.
UNIVERSAL ACCESS, PARALLEL TRADE AND INCENTIVES TO INNOVATE
Authors: Acharyya Rajat , García‐Alonso María D. C.
Published: October 2013

Governments often subsidize poorer groups in society to ensure their access to new drugs. We analyse the optimal income‐based price subsidies in a strategic environment. We show that universal access is less likely to arise when price arbitrage prevents international price discrimination. When this is not the case, under some income ranges, bilateral universal coverage can be supported by equilibrium subsidies together with bilateral partial provision. In such a case, international health policy coordination becomes relevant. We also show that asymmetric universal access to medicines across countries can arise, even when countries are ex ante symmetric, when international price discrimination is possible and governments cannot design subsidies proportional to either income or quality.
Preclinical evaluation of 4‐[3,5‐bis(2‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐oxo‐piperidine‐1‐yl]‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid, in a mouse model of lung cancer xenograft
Authors: Yadav Vivek R , Sahoo Kaustuv , Awasthi Vibhudutta
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose

4‐[3,5‐Bis(2‐chlorobenzylidene)‐4‐oxo‐piperidine‐1‐yl]‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid CLEFMA is a new anti‐cancer molecule. Here, we investigated changes in apoptosis and inflammatory markers during CLEFMA‐induced tumour suppression.

Experimental Approach

Lung adenocarcinoma H441 and A549, and normal lung fibroblast CCL151 cell lines were used, along with a xenograft model of H441 cells implanted in mice. Tumour tissues were analysed by immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and/or biochemical assays. The ex vivo results were confirmed by performing selected assays in cultured cells.

Key Results

CLEFMA‐induced cell death was associated with cleavage of caspases 3/9 and PARP. In vivo, CLEFMA treatment resulted in a dose‐dependent suppression of tumour growth and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in tumours, along with a reduction in the expression of the proliferation marker Ki‐67. In tumour tissue homogenates, the anti‐apoptotic markers (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein‐1(cIAP1), Bcl‐xL, Bcl‐2, and survivin) were inhibited and the pro‐apoptotic Bax and BID were up‐regulated. Further, CLEFMA decreased translocation of phospho‐p65–NF‐κB into the nucleus. In vitro, it inhibited the DNA‐binding and transcriptional activity of NF‐κB. It also reduced the expression of COX‐2 in tumours and significantly depressed serum TNF‐α and IL‐6 levels. These effects of CLEFMA were accompanied by a reduced transcription and/or translation of the invasion markers VEGF, MMP9, MMP10, Cyclin D1 and ICAM‐1.

Conclusions and Implications

Overall, CLEFMA inhibited growth of lung cancer xenografts and this tumour suppression was associated with NF‐κB‐regulated anti‐inflammatory and anti‐metastatic effects.
Maternal, umbilical arterial and umbilical venous 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and adipocytokine concentrations in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes
Authors: McManus Ruth , Summers Kelly , de Vrijer Barbra , Cohen Nicole , Thompson Alexandra , Giroux Isabelle
Published: October 2013

Objective

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with inflammation as well as Vitamin D insufficiency. While Vitamin D has anti‐inflammatory properties, relationships between Vitamin D and inflammatory markers remain unexplored in GDM. Therefore, this case‐–control study investigated adipocytokine and Vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and correlations in GDM and control women, as well as their neonates.

Design/Participants/Measurements

seventy‐three women participated: 36 GDM and 37 controls. Maternal samples were drawn at 31 weeks. Umbilical arterial and venous samples were collected at birth. 25(OH)D and adipocytokine concentrations were compared for GDM vs control maternal, umbilical arterial and venous samples. Correlations were explored between biochemical results, maternal and neonatal demographics.

Results

Compared with age‐ and weight‐matched control participants, GDM women had significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D (77·3 ± 24·3 vs 93·2 ± 19·2 nm/l; P = 0·009); adiponectin (17·5 ± 11·8 vs 34·1 ± 20·3 μg/ml, P < 0·001); resistin (25·4 ± 9·1 vs 31·9 ± 12·1 ng/ml, P = 0·045); and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) 13·9 ± 10·0 vs 21·0 ± 12·6 ng/ml, P = 0·038), while delivering 1 week earlier (38·2 ± 1·2 vs 39·5 ± 0·9 weeks, P < 0·001). GDM maternal 25(OH)D concentrations positively correlated with PAI‐1, IL‐8 and TNF‐α concentrations. Umbilical 25(OH)D concentrations were not significantly different in GDM vs control offspring, whereas adiponectin, resistin and PAI‐1 concentrations were significantly lower in GDM offspring.

Conclusions

GDM women had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than controls, while neonatal umbilical concentrations of 25(OH)D did not differ. GDM maternal and GDM offspring had lower adiponectin, resistin and PAI‐1 concentrations compared with controls. Results suggest that both GDM women and their offspring demonstrate abnormal adipocytokine patterns.
Mechanisms of autoimmunity in the central nervous system: Disturbance of natural autoimmunity, infectious agents, cell contribution and antibody signatures
Authors: Ortega‐Hernandez Oscar‐Danilo
Published: October 2013

Autoimmunity in the central nervous system (CNS) seems to be a physiological process that might normally occur from the very early stages of fetal development. There is some evidence suggesting that CNS autoimmunity could participate in brain structuring, early antigen recognition and immune tolerance. Interestingly, clues to the occurrence of such early events can be discovered in cord blood samples from newborns and peripheral blood, as well as cerebrospinal fluid samples from adults by means of antibody profiling, through antigen microarray technology. In the past, results from those studies raised the possibility for the existence of a physiological autoantibody network recognizing self‐key antigens, as proposed by Irun Cohen many years ago. After examining those findings, I suggest the existence of a specific autoantibody network recognizing resident antigens, which would eventually behave as a two‐sided sword in the CNS. It might act as a framework for the organization of local immune homeostasis, which is necessary for the maintenance of neurophysiological processes. On the contrary, it might also participate in the pathogenesis of abnormal autoimmunity after the loss of tolerance to resident antigens. The disturbance of this synchronic homeostasis by environmental stimuli might trigger abnormal reactivity, influenced by favorable genetic conditions. In this regard, the evidence supporting some cutting‐edge concepts that are intended to comprehensively characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms likely implicated in abnormal CNS autoimmunity (primarily in multiple sclerosis) is presented. Finally, the usefulness of the detection of specific disease‐associated autoantibodies and autoantibody profiling as clinical tools is also approached.
A Two Factor Model for Water Prices and Its Implications for Evaluating Real Options and Other Water Price Derivatives
Authors: Truong Chi H.
Published: October 2013

Single stochastic water price processes may not be able to capture relevant impacts of temporary shocks and permanent shocks on water prices. In this paper, a two factor modeling framework is proposed to incorporate the impacts of these shocks. The model is used to analyze the optimal investment rule when such a composite water price process applies. It is found that ignoring the information on long‐run water price, as in one factor models, can cause an exercise of the real option too early, and result in even negative investment net present value when long‐run water price is low. Giving rise to closed form solutions of European option values, the modeling framework also contributes to facilitate the imminent emergence of water price derivatives in water markets.
The magnetic anal sphincter in faecal incontinence: is initial success sustained over time?
Authors: Barussaud M.‐L. , Mantoo S. , Wyart V. , Meurette G. , Lehur P.‐A.
Published: October 2013

Aim

In the short term, implantation of a magnetic anal sphincter (MAS) is a safe and effective treatment for faecal incontinence (FI). In this paper we show that the initial results stand the test of time and patient satisfaction remains high in the medium term.

Method

Data on 23 women [median age 64 (35–78) years] implanted with a MAS device between December 2008 and September 2012 were reviewed from a prospective database. Assessment was based on significant improvement of incontinence scores – the Cleveland Clinic Florida Incontinence Severity (CCF‐IS) score, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQoL) score – and patient satisfaction at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery.

Results

The device was removed in two patients owing to complications. Median follow‐up was 17.6 months. The median preoperative CCF‐IS score was 15.2 and fell to 6.9, 7.7, 7.8 and 5.3 at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. The median FIQoL score significantly (P < 0.001) improved from 1.97 preoperatively to 3.19, 3.11, 2.92 and 2.93, respectively, at the same time periods. The concordance of the CCF‐IS and FIQoL scores was 91%. Sixteen of the 23 patients were satisfied but only 14 would have recommended the MAS to someone else. Lack of improvement was the main reason for dissatisfaction.

Conclusion

Good initial results tend to remain stable over time and about two‐thirds of patients are satisfied after MAS implantation.
Mineralizing angiopathy with infantile basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma
Authors: Lingappa Lokesh , Varma Ravi Dandu , Siddaiahgari Sirisharani , Konanki Ramesh
Published: October 2013

Aims

The objective of this study was to describe a cohort of infants with basal ganglia stroke associated with mineralization in the lenticulostriate arteries and their clinical outcomes.

Method

Subcortical strokes occurring in infants during the study period were categorized as arterial ischaemic, venous, or haemorrhagic. A cohort of infants with basal ganglia infarcts and associated mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries were identified. This group was analysed for possible aetiological factors, clinical course, and recurrence rate of the stroke.

Results

Of 23 infants with basal ganglia arterial ischaemic stroke, 22 (16 males, six females; mean age 11mo [±SD 4.8mo]) were found to have lenticulostriate artery mineralization. Twenty infants presented with hemiparesis and two presented with recurrent episodes of hemidystonia. Eighteen infants had a history of minor trauma before onset of stroke. No other predisposing factors were identified in this cohort. There were no demonstrable causes for vascular and soft tissue calcification. The mean follow‐up was 11 months, during which five infants experienced stroke recurrence. Of the 17 infants who did not experience a recurrent stroke, eight exhibited complete neurological recovery, and nine had mild residual hemiparesis.

Interpretation

Acute basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma associated with mineralization of lenticulostriate arteries in infants is a distinct clinicoradiological entity. Investigations for prothrombotic states and vasculopathies are normal. Although neurological outcomes in most children are good, trauma is a risk factor for recurrence of stroke.
Clinical association between serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels and the development of insulin resistance in Korean men: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Ryoo J.‐H. , Oh C.‐M. , Kim H. S. , Park S. K. , Choi J.‐M.
Published: October 2013

Aims

In recent years, γ‐glutamyltransferase has emerged as a predictor of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome and hypertension. However, it is not yet certain whether γ‐glutamyltransferase is a predictor for insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between baseline γ‐glutamyltransferase level and the development of insulin resistance in Korean men.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study, involving 22 931 healthy Korean men without baseline insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA‐IR < 2.7) for 5 years. We checked the HOMA‐IR serially to monitor the development of insulin resistance (incidence of HOMA‐IR ≥ 2.7). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine hazard ratios for insulin resistance by quartile groups of baseline serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels.

Results

During 81 208.6 person‐years of follow‐up, 3856 (16.8%) cases of insulin resistance developed between 2006 and 2010. After adjusting for multiple covariates, including baseline HOMA‐IR, the hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident insulin resistance comparing the second to the fourth quartile of baseline serum γ‐glutamyltransferase levels with the first quartile were 1.19 (1.06–1.33), 1.38 (1.23‐1.53) and 1.58 (1.41‐1.77), respectively (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our findings show that serum γ‐glutamyltransferase level could be a predictor of the development of insulin resistance in Korean men.
An Adult Patient of Double‐Chambered Right Ventricle with Ventricular Septal Defect Incidentally Diagnosed after Presentation with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Shankarappa Ravindranath K. , Patra Soumya , Karur Satish , Singh Ajitpal , Nanjappa Manjunath C. , Chandrasekaran Dhanlakshmi
Published: October 2013

The double‐chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a rare congenital heart disease caused by hypertrophic anomalous muscle bands that divide the ventricular cavity, resulting in the formation of a high‐pressure proximal chamber and other low‐pressure distal one. Because of its evolving nature, its diagnosis is usually made during childhood/adolescence and very rarely during adulthood. It accounts for approximately 0.5–1% of patients with congenital heart disease. We report a case of a 50‐year‐old man who presented to us with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction (MI). Echocardiography revealed the features of DCRV and ventricular septal defect. Coronary angiogram revealed significant stenosis in right coronary artery. This is the first case where an adult patient with DCRV incidentally diagnosed after presentation with acute MI and had undergone successful coronary angioplasty.
Elevated Right Ventricular End‐Diastolic Pressure by Doppler Echocardiography—A Case Report
Authors: Fadel Bahaa M. , Al‐Mulla Khaled , Al‐Mahdi Bader , Di Salvo Giovanni
Published: October 2013

Careful analysis of the right‐sided Doppler signals provides important data regarding right heart hemodynamics. Here, we illustrate the value of the combined analysis of flow across the hepatic vein, tricuspid valve, and pulmonary valve for the diagnosis of elevated right ventricular end‐diastolic pressure.
Proximate effects of maternal oviposition preferences on defence efficacy and larval survival in a diet‐specialised tortoise beetle. Who knows best: mothers or their progeny?
Authors: VENCL FREDRIC V. , PLATA C. CAMILA A. , SRYGLEY ROBERT B.
Published: October 2013

The fate of an immature herbivorous insect depends on its mother's ability to locate a host that fosters optimal growth. However, immature performance and survival is often decoupled from female host preference.

We used defence manipulation and exclusion experiments to investigate how oviposition choices impact survival in the diet‐specialised leaf beetle, Acromis sparsa, whose larvae are defended by host‐derived chemical shields, gregariousness and maternal guarding, but can only migrate within a narrow range of leaf options upon the natal host.

Females preferred to oviposit on mature leaves of Merremia umbellate morning glory vines their sole host, that were high above ground where egg parasitism was least, although survival of fully defended larvae was greater on young leaves near to the ground.

Because ant attacks were prevalent in low sites, while bug and wasp attacks were frequent in high sites, we expected a relationship between sequesterable chemicals, defence efficacy and apparency to site‐specific predators.

Shields were effective in low but not in high sites. Guarding was effective against ants and bugs in high, but not in low sites. Shields and gregariousness were effective against ants on mature leaves, but ineffective against bugs on young leaves.

Shields derived from young leaves, which were richer in oleic acid, were more effective against wasps then bugs. Larvae in high sites migrated to young leaves that contained less phytol, a bug attractant.

Larval migration may be an adaptation for the exploitation of enemy‐free space when maternal oviposition choices are not optimal for survival.
Upregulation of axon guidance molecules in the adult central nervous system of Nogo‐A knockout mice restricts neuronal growth and regeneration
Authors: Kempf Anissa , Montani Laura , Petrinovic Marija M. , Schroeter Aileen , Weinmann Oliver , Patrignani Andrea , Schwab Martin E.
Published: October 2013

Adult central nervous system axons show restricted growth and regeneration properties after injury. One of the underlying mechanisms is the activation of the Nogo‐A/Nogo receptor (NgR1) signaling pathway. Nogo‐A knockout (KO) mice show enhanced regenerative growth in vivo, even though it is less pronounced than after acute antibody‐mediated neutralization of Nogo‐A. Residual inhibition may involve a compensatory component. By mRNA expression profiling and immunoblots we show increased expression of several members of the Ephrin/Eph and Semaphorin/Plexin families of axon guidance molecules, e.g. EphrinA3 and EphA4, in the intact spinal cord of adult Nogo‐A KO vs. wild‐type (WT) mice. EphrinA3 inhibits neurite outgrowth of EphA4‐positive neurons in vitro. In addition, EphrinA3 KO myelin extracts are less growth‐inhibitory than WT but more than Nogo‐A KO myelin extracts. EphA4 KO cortical neurons show decreased growth inhibition on Nogo‐A KO myelin as compared with WT neurons, supporting increased EphA4‐mediated growth inhibition in Nogo‐A KO mice. Consistently, in vivo, Nogo‐A/EphA4 double KO mice show increased axonal sprouting and regeneration after spinal cord injury as compared with EphA4 KO mice. Our results reveal the upregulation of developmental axon guidance cues following constitutive Nogo‐A deletion, e.g. the EphrinA3/EphA4 ligand/receptor pair, and support their role in restricting neurite outgrowth in the absence of Nogo‐A.
Structure–activity relationship of human bone sialoprotein peptides
Authors: Rapuano Bruce E. , MacDonald Daniel E.
Published: October 2013

In the current study, the relationship between the structure of the RGD‐containing human bone sialoprotein (hBSP) peptide 278–293 and its attachment activity toward osteoblast‐like (MC3T3) cells was investigated. This goal was accomplished by examining the comparative cell‐attachment activities of several truncated forms of peptide 278–293. Computer modeling of the various peptides was also performed to assess the role of secondary structure in peptide bioactivity. Elimination of tyrosine‐278 at the N‐terminus resulted in a more dramatic loss of cell‐attachment activity compared with the removal of either tyrosine‐293 or the arg‐ala‐tyr (291–293) tripeptide. Although replacement of the RGD (arg‐gly‐asp) peptide moiety with peptide KAE (lys‐ala‐glu) resulted in a dramatic loss of cell‐attachment activity, a peptide containing RGE (arg‐gly‐glu) in place of RGD retained 70–85% of the parental peptide's attachment activity. These results suggest that the N‐terminal RGD‐flanking region of hBSP peptide 278–293, in particular the tyrosine‐278 residue, represents a second cell‐attachment site that stabilizes the RGD–integrin receptor complex. Computer modeling also suggested that a β‐turn encompassing RGD or RGE in some of the hBSP peptides may facilitate its binding to integrins by increasing the exposure of the tripeptide. This knowledge may be useful in the future design of biomimetic peptides which are more effective in promoting the attachment of osteogenic cells to implant surfaces in vivo.
A comparison of two doses of omeprazole in the treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome: A blinded, randomised, clinical trial
Authors: Sykes B. W. , Sykes K. M. , Hallowell G. D.
Published: October 2013

Reasons for performing the study

Studies on omeprazole have reported that doses as low as 0.7 mg/kg bwtper osare potent suppressors of acid production. Yet, to date, no studies have compared treatment efficacy of different doses in clinical cases of equine gastric ulceration. Furthermore, no studies have been performed to compare the healing response of the squamous and glandular mucosa to acid suppression therapy.

Objectives

To compare: 1) the efficacy of 2 doses of omeprazole in the treatment of primary squamous and glandular gastric ulceration; and 2) the healing response of primary squamous and glandular gastric ulceration to acid suppression therapy.

Study design

A blinded, randomised, dose–response clinical trial.

Methods

TwentyThoroughbred racehorses withgrade≥2/4glandular ulceration were identified on gastroscopy. Seventeen horses also hadgrade≥2/4squamous ulceration. Horses were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups. Horses received either 2.0 g (high dose: 4.0 mg/kg bwt) or 0.8 g (low dose: 1.6 mg/kg bwt) of oral omeprazoleper osonce daily. Gastroscopy was repeated at 28–35 days.

Results

Time and dose significantly affected grades of squamous (P<0.0001, P = 0.02) and glandular (P = 0.006 and 0.005) ulceration. Data analysis did not support our hypothesis that the lower dose would have similar effects (i.e. be noninferior) to the higher dose when considering ulcer healing and ulcer improvement. Improvement was more likely with the high dose for the squamous (P= 0.05) but not glandular (P= 0.4) mucosa. The percentage of glandular ulcers that improved was less than squamous ulcers (P= 0.02).

Conclusions

The results suggest that a dose–response exists for the treatment of both squamous and glandular ulcers. Improvement of glandular ulcers was not as complete as observed with squamous ulcers and current equine gastric ulcer syndrome treatment recommendations may not be appropriate for glandular disease.