bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senescent stroma promotes prostate cancer progression: The role of miR‐210
Authors: Taddei Maria Letizia , Cavallini Lorenzo , Comito Giuseppina , Giannoni Elisa , Folini Marco , Marini Alberto , Gandellini Paolo , Morandi Andrea , Pintus Gianfranco , Raspollini Maria Rosaria , Zaffaroni Nadia , Chiarugi Paola
Published: July 2014

We focused our interest on senescent human‐derived fibroblasts in the progression of prostate cancer. Hypoxic senescent fibroblasts promote prostate cancer aggressiveness by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and by secreting energy‐rich compounds to support cancer cell growth. Hypoxic senescent fibroblasts additionally increase: i) the recruitment of monocytes and their M2‐macrophage polarization, ii) the recruitment of bone marrow‐derived endothelial precursor cells, facilitating their vasculogenic ability and iii) capillary morphogenesis, proliferation and invasion of human mature endothelial cells. In addition, we highlight that overexpression of the hypoxia‐induced miR‐210 in young fibroblasts increases their senescence‐associated features and converts them into cancer associated fibroblast (CAF)‐like cells, able to promote cancer cells EMT, to support angiogenesis and to recruit endothelial precursor cells and monocytes/macrophages.
Decentred autonomy and authenticity in Honneth
Authors: Wilhelm Dagmar
Published: July 2014

Axel Honneth proposes a recognition theoretical approach to justice, where justice is a matter of the recognition of individuals in the three spheres of ethical life he identifies. The value of recognition is based on the value of ‘self-realization’. Given the intimate relation between self-realization on the one hand and autonomy and authenticity on the other, autonomy and authenticity also play an important normative role in Honneth’s recognition theoretical approach to justice. In this paper I will examine Honneth’s conceptions of autonomy and authenticity. I will argue that these conceptions manage to meet some of the descriptive challenges faced by recognition theories, but fail to provide recognition with the required normative underpinnings. In order to gain or retain normative force, Honneth needs to provide an account of ‘true self’ or objective human well-being, which in turn would fail to meet the descriptive challenge and move dangerously close to traditional theory.
Hegel and Kant on rational willing: The relevance of method
Authors: Stein Sebastian
Published: July 2014

Hegel’s account of rational willing has recently been misrepresented by both critics and supporters who argue that the content of willing is externally received from history, social context, practices of recognition, etc. This contradicts the conceptual structure of Hegel’s notion of rational action as free individuality, according to which the difference between the willing subject and the content of willing is an internal relation of identity. Since this ‘difference within identity’ can only be grasped by speculative thinking and not through understanding and reflection, the interpreters can be charged with employing the wrong method. Although reliance on the speculative method opens Hegel to the charge of unintelligibility, it helps explain the frequent misrepresentations of his account of freedom and why methodologically uninformed comparisons between Hegel and other thinkers run the risk of being counterproductive.
Shear-imposed falling film
Authors: Samanta Arghya
Published: July 2014

The study of a film falling down an inclined plane is revisited in the presence of imposed shear stress. Earlier studies regarding this topic (Smith, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 217, 1990, pp. 469–485; Wei, Phys. Fluids, vol. 17, 2005a, 012103), developed on the basis of a low Reynolds number, are extended up to moderate values of the Reynolds number. The mechanism of the primary instability is provided under the framework of a two-wave structure, which is normally a combination of kinematic and dynamic waves. In general, the primary instability appears when the kinematic wave speed exceeds the speed of dynamic waves. An equality criterion between their speeds yields the neutral stability condition. Similarly, it is revealed that the nonlinear travelling wave solutions also depend on the kinematic and dynamic wave speeds, and an equality criterion between the speeds leads to an analytical expression for the speed of a family of travelling waves as a function of the Froude number. This new analytical result is compared with numerical prediction, and an excellent agreement is achieved. Direct numerical simulations of the low-dimensional model have been performed in order to analyse the spatiotemporal behaviour of nonlinear waves by applying a constant shear stress in the upstream and downstream directions. It is noticed that the presence of imposed shear stress in the upstream (downstream) direction makes the evolution of spatially growing waves weaker (stronger).
Weighted Estimates for Solutions of the General Sturm-Liouville Equation and the Everitt-Giertz Problem. I
Authors: Chernyavskaya N. A. , Shuster L. A.
Published: July 2014

Consider the equation

whereƒ∈Lp(ℝ),p∈ (1, ∞) and

By a solution of (*), we mean any functionyabsolutely continuous together with (ry′) and satisfying (*) almost everywhere on ℝ. In addition, we assume that (*) is correctly solvable in the spaceLp(ℝ), i.e.

(1) for any function, there exists a unique solutiony∈Lp(ℝ) of (*);

(2) there exists an absolute constantc1(p) > 0 such that the solutiony∈Lp(ℝ) of (*) satisfies the inequality

We study the following problem on the strengthening estimate (**). Let a non-negative functionbe given. We have to find minimal additional restrictions forθunder which the following inequality holds:

Here,yis a solution of (*) from the classLp(ℝ), andc2(p) is an absolute positive constant.
Uses and Forms of Violence among the Urban Poor
Authors: AUYERO JAVIER , DE LARA AGUSTÍN BURBANO , BERTI MARÍA FERNANDA
Published: July 2014

Based on 30 months of collaborative fieldwork in a poor neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this paper scrutinises the multiple uses of violence among residents and the concatenations between private and public forms of physical aggression. Much of the violence reported here resembles that which has been dissected by students of street violence in the United States – that is, it is the product of interpersonal retaliation and remains encapsulated in dyadic exchanges. However, by casting a wider net to include other forms of aggression (not only criminal but also sexual, domestic and intimate) that take place inside and outside the home, and that intensely shape the course of poor people's daily lives, the paper argues that diverse forms of violence among the urban poor (a) serve more than just retaliatory purposes, and (b) link with one another beyond dyadic relationships.
Research trends in mobile assisted language learning from 2000 to 2012
Authors: Duman Guler , Orhon Gunseli , Gedik Nuray
Published: July 2014

In order to trace how mobile assisted language learning (MALL) has evolved in recent years, we analysed studies published from 2000 to 2012 to examine their characteristics and research trends. These studies were published in international journals listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Sixty-nine studies that fit the time frame and study parameters were examined using a classification form. The results indicate that research in the field increased at a fast pace from 2008 and reached a peak in 2012. Teaching vocabulary with the use of cell phones and PDAs has remained popular over this period. A significant number of studies did not base their research on any theoretical framework. Applied and design-based research dominated the field, and these studies generally adopted quantitative research methods. Reflecting on these results, we suggest directions for future research and practices in the field.
Tabling, Rational Terms, and Coinduction Finally Together!
Authors: MANTADELIS THEOFRASTOS , ROCHA RICARDO , MOURA PAULO
Published: July 2014

Tabling is a commonly used technique in logic programming for avoiding cyclic behavior of logic programs and enabling more declarative program definitions. Furthermore, tabling often improves computational performance. Rational term are terms with one or more infinite sub-terms but with a finite representation. Rational terms can be generated in Prolog by omitting the occurs check when unifying two terms. Applications of rational terms include definite clause grammars, constraint handling systems, and coinduction. In this paper, we report our extension of YAP's Prolog tabling mechanism to support rational terms. We describe the internal representation of rational terms within the table space and prove its correctness. We then use this extension to implement a tabling based approach to coinduction. We compare our approach with current coinductive transformations and describe the implementation. In addition, we present an algorithm that ensures a canonical representation for rational terms.
Causal Graph Justifications of Logic Programs
Authors: CABALAR PEDRO , FANDINNO JORGE , FINK MICHAEL
Published: July 2014

In this work we propose a multi-valued extension of logic programs under the stable models semantics where each true atom in a model is associated with a set of justifications. These justifications are expressed in terms ofcausal graphsformed by rule labels and edges that represent their application ordering. For positive programs, we show that the causal justifications obtained for a given atom have a direct correspondence to (relevant) syntactic proofs of that atom using the program rules involved in the graphs. The most interesting contribution is that this causal information is obtained in a purely semantic way, by algebraic operations (product, sum and application) on a lattice of causal values whose ordering relation expresses when a justification is stronger than another. Finally, for programs with negation, we define the concept ofcausal stable modelby introducing an analogous transformation to Gelfond and Lifschitz's program reduct. As a result, default negation behaves as “absence of proof” and no justification is derived from negative literals, something that turns out convenient for elaboration tolerance, as we explain with a running example.
Introduction to the 30th International Conference on Logic Programming Special Issue
Authors: LEUSCHEL MICHAEL , SCHRIJVERS TOM
Published: July 2014

The 30th edition of the International Conference of Logic Programming took place in Vienna in July 2014 at the Vienna Summer of Logic - the largest scientific conference in the history of logic. Following the initiative in 2010 taken by the Association for Logic Programming and Cambridge University Press, the full papers accepted for the International Conference on Logic Programming again appear as a special issue of Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP) - the 30th International Conference on Logic Programming Special Issue. Papers describing original, previously unpublished research and not simultaneously submitted for publication elsewhere were solicited in all areas of logic programming including but not restricted to: Theory: Semantic Foundations, Formalisms, Non- monotonic Reasoning, Knowledge Representation; Implementation: Compilation, Memory Management, Virtual Machines, Parallelism; Environments: Program Analysis, Transformation, Validation, Verification, Debugging, Profiling, Testing; Language Issues: Concurrency, Objects, Coordination, Mobility, Higher Order, Types, Modes, Assertions, Programming Techniques; Related Paradigms: Abductive Logic Programming, Inductive Logic Programming, Constraint Logic Programming, Answer-Set Programming; Applications: Databases, Data Integration and Federation, Software Engineering, Natural Language Processing, Web and Semantic Web, Agents, Artificial Intelligence, Bioinformatics.
The crisis as catalyst for reframing health care policies in the European Union
Authors: Helderman Jan-Kees
Published: July 2014

Seen from the perspective of health, the global financial crisis (GFC) may be conceived of as an exogenous factor that has undermined the fiscal sustainability of European welfare states and consequently, their (expanding) health systems as well. Being one of the core programs of European welfare states, health care has always belonged to the sovereignty of European Member States. However, in past two decades, European welfare states have in fact become semi-sovereign states and the European Union (EU) no longer is an exogenous actor in European health policy making. Today, the EU not only puts limits to unsustainable growth levels in health care spending, it also acts as an health policy agenda setter. Since the outbreak of the GFC, it does so in an increasingly coercive and persuasive way, claiming authority over health system reforms alongside the responsibilities of its Member States.
The reactions to macro-economic crises in Nordic health system policies: Denmark, Finland and Sweden, 1980–2013
Authors: Lehto Juhani , Vrangbæk Karsten , Winblad Ulrika
Published: July 2014

Denmark, Finland and Sweden have experienced two major recessions during the last 25 years. The adjustments to the earlier crisis in the late 1980s (Denmark) and early 1990s (Finland and Sweden) resembled the policies in many other European countries during the present crisis. The analysis of relationship of deep economic crises and growth period between them to the health system policies and institutions in the three countries from the 1980s to 2013 is based on a categorisation of reactions to external shocks as path conforming or path breaking. The results of the empirical long-term trends show that the reactions to deep recessions have been mainly temporary adjustments and acceleration of changes already prepared before economic crisis. The economic crisis in the three countries has not been ‘good enough’ to enable paradigmatic changes in the Nordic public, decentralised and equity-oriented health systems. Changes such as the slow privatisation in care funding and production and the adoption of new management practices indicate an ongoing paradigmatic change related to longer-term societal, ideological and political developments rather than directly to economic crises or growth.
The health effects of the global financial crisis: can we reconcile the differing views? A network analysis of literature across disciplines
Authors: Stuckler David , Reeves Aaron , Karanikolos Marina , McKee Martin
Published: July 2014

Why are researchers studying the health effects of economic change reaching markedly varying conclusions? To understand these differences, we first systematically searched Web of Science for the literature on recessions and health yielding 461 articles and 14,401 cited documents. We then undertook a network analysis of co-citation pattern by disciplines, journals and backgrounds of the authors, followed by a chronological review of the literature, to trace the evolution of ideas. We then examined the extent to which earlier literature predicted what has happened in the 2007–2012 crisis. Our analysis finds the literature is dominated by disciplinary silos, with economics studies predominantly citing each other and relative isolation of psychiatry and substance abuse journals. Different philosophical approaches to assessing causality appear to contribute to varying interpretations, a tendency that is unlikely to be resolved without a shift in research norms. We conclude by calling for more inter-disciplinary research that combines empirical findings with a search for plausible mechanisms. This approach would evaluate not only the effects of economic shocks but also the mechanisms that offer protection against them.
Life history profiles for 27 strepsirrhine primate taxa generated using captive data from the Duke Lemur Center
Authors: Zehr Sarah M , Roach Richard G , Haring David , Taylor Julie , Cameron Freda H , Yoder Anne D
Published: July 2014

Since its establishment in 1966, the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) has accumulated detailed records for nearly 4,200 individuals from over 40 strepsirrhine primate taxa—the lemurs, lorises, and galagos. Here we present verified data for 3,627 individuals of 27 taxa in the form of a life history table containing summarized species values for variables relating to ancestry, reproduction, longevity, and body mass, as well as the two raw data files containing direct and calculated variables from which this summary table is built. Large sample sizes, longitudinal data that in many cases span an animal’s entire life, exact dates of events, and large numbers of individuals from closely related yet biologically diverse primate taxa make these datasets unique. This single source for verified raw data and systematically compiled species values, particularly in combination with the availability of associated biological samples and the current live colony for research, will support future studies from an enormous spectrum of disciplines.
Portable and sensitive quantitative detection of DNA using personal glucose meters and exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification
Authors: Xue-tao Xu , Kai-yi Liang , Jia-ying Zeng
Published: July 2014

A portable and sensitive quantitative DNA detection method using personal glucose meters and Exonuclease III-assisted signal amplification.
Reagentless uric acid biosensor based on Ni microdiscs-loaded NiO thin film matrix
Authors: Arora Kashima , Tomar Monika , Gupta Vinay
Published: July 2014

The development of a noninvasive test for uric acid has been the holy grail of uric acid detection research over the last decade.
A metal free domino synthesis of 3-aroylindoles via two sp3C–H activation
Authors: Gogoi Anupal , Modi Anju , Guin Srimanta , Rout Saroj Kumar , Das Debapratim , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: July 2014

A metal free synthesis of 3-aroylindole involving two sp3C–H activation has been achieved starting fromo-alkynyl-N,N-dialkylamines using TBAI–TBHP.
Highly double selective nitration of nitrostilbenes over zeolite
Authors: Xu Jun-Hui , Wei Jian-Ping , Hao Zheng , Ma Qing-Guo , Peng Xin-Hua
Published: July 2014

A feasible zeolite-assisted ortho C–H nitration of nitrostilbenes has been developed for the first time.
Influence of the molecular structures of dithiolate ligands on crystal packing modes and magnetic properties in salts (Bz-Et3N)[Ni(dmit)x(mnt)2−x] (x = 0–2)
Authors: Chen Xuan-Rong , Sui Yun-Xia , Zhai Lu , Ning Wei-Hua , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: July 2014

Nickel-bis-dithiolene salts, (Bz-Et3N)[Ni(dmit)x(mnt)2−x] (x= 0–2 for1–3and mnt2−= maleonitriledithiolate, dmit2−= 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate), have been prepared and characterized.
Multi-colour pulses from seeded free-electron-lasers: towards the development of non-linear core-level coherent spectroscopies
Authors: Bencivenga Filippo , Capotondi Flavio , Casolari Francesco , Dallari Francesco , Danailov Miltcho B. , De Ninno Giovanni , Fausti Daniele , Kiskinova Maya , Manfredda Michele , Masciovecchio Claudio , Pedersoli Emanuele
Published: July 2014

We report on new opportunities for ultrafast science thanks to the use of two-colour extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses at the FERMI free electron laser (FEL) facility. The two pulses have been employed to carry out a pioneering FEL-pump/FEL-probe diffraction experiment using a Ti target and tuning the FEL pulses to the M2/3-edge in order to explore the dependence of the dielectric constant on the excitation fluence. The future impact that the use of such a two-colour FEL emission will have on the development of ultrafast wave-mixing methods in the XUV/soft X-ray range is addressed and discussed.
Oolong, black and pu-erh tea suppresses adiposity in mice via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase
Authors: Yamashita Yoko , Wang Liuqing , Wang Lihua , Tanaka Yuki , Zhang Tianshun , Ashida Hitoshi
Published: July 2014

It is well known that tea has a variety of beneficial impacts on human health, including anti-obesity effects.
Characterization of a noncytotoxic bacteriocin from probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum DM5 with potential as a food preservative
Authors: Das Deeplina , Goyal Arun
Published: July 2014

Lb. plantarum DM5 exhibited in vitro probiotic properties and cholesterol assimilation activity. It displayed broad bacteriocin activity against several food borne pathogens. Cytotoxicity analysis of purified plantaricin DM5 on human cell lines revealed its nontoxic and biocompatible nature, rendering its use as bio-preservant.
Sequential glycan profiling at single cell level with the microfluidic lab-in-a-trench platform: a new era in experimental cell biology
Authors: O'Connell Tríona M. , King Damien , Dixit Chandra K. , O'Connor Brendan , Walls Dermot , Ducrée Jens
Published: July 2014

It is now widely recognised that the earliest changes that occur on a cell when it is stressed or becoming diseased are alterations in its surface glycosylation.
Facile synthesis and photoluminescence of graphene oxide quantum dots and their reduction products
Authors: Zhang Yin , Gao Hui , Niu Jingjing , Liu Bitao
Published: July 2014

Small-sized graphene oxide quantum dots synthesized by acid cutting.
Binding studies of aristololactam-β-d-glucoside and daunomycin to human serum albumin
Authors: Das Abhi , Kumar Gopinatha Suresh
Published: July 2014

The binding of two carbohydrate containing molecules aristololactam-β-d-glucoside and daunomycin with human serum albumin was evaluated by biophysical techniques.
Pickering emulsion engineering: fabrication of materials with multiple cavities
Authors: Fujii S. , Eguchi Y. , Nakamura Y.
Published: July 2014

Materials with millimeter to centimeter dimensions containing multiple cavities were fabricated based on Pickering emulsion engineering.
Facile synthesis of few-layer-thick carbon nitride nanosheets by liquid ammonia-assisted lithiation method and their photocatalytic redox properties
Authors: Yin Ying , Han Jiecai , Zhang Xinghong , Zhang Yumin , Zhou Jigang , Muir David , Sutarto Ronny , Zhang Zhihua , Liu Shengwei , Song Bo
Published: July 2014

High-quality few-layer-thick graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets (NSs) were fabricated by a simple, highly efficient, and rapid method namely, liquid ammonia (LA)-assisted lithiation.
Photophysical, bandstructural, and textural properties of o-FeNbO4in relation to its cocatalyst-assisted photoactivity for water oxidation
Authors: Babu Robin , Kelkar Sarika , Kashid Vikas , Achary Srungarpu N. , Salunke Hemant G. , Gupta Narendra M.
Published: July 2014

In this study, a relationship between physicochemical, photophysical and photocatalytic properties of hydrothermally synthesized orthorhombic iron niobate (FeNbO4) is investigated.
A highly sensitive TTF-functionalised probe for the determination of physiological thiols and its application in tumor cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhao Na , Geng Yan , Cui Shi-Bin , Hauser Jürg , Decurtins Silvio , Liu Shi-Xia
Published: July 2014

A tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-fused piazselenole as a novel redox-active and fluorescent probe for highly sensitive determination of physiological thiols is presented.
Template-assisted synthesis of CoP nanotubes to efficiently catalyze hydrogen-evolving reaction
Authors: Du Hongfang , Liu Qian , Cheng Ningyan , Asiri Abdullah M. , Sun Xuping , Li Chang Ming
Published: July 2014

CoP nanotubes were fabricated by phosphidation of Co salt inside an anodic aluminum oxide template as an efficient hydrogen-evolving electrocatalysts.
Dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole-based organic dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Huang Zu-Sheng , Feng Hao-Lin , Zang Xu-Feng , Iqbal Zafar , Zeng Heping , Kuang Dai-Bin , Wang Lingyun , Meier Herbert , Cao Derong
Published: July 2014

Organic dyes with a large planar dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole unit as a π-bridge for efficient DSSCs.
Rapid prototyping of chitosan-coated alginate scaffolds through the use of a 3D fiber deposition technique
Authors: Colosi Cristina , Costantini Marco , Latini Roberta , Ciccarelli Serena , Stampella Alessandra , Barbetta Andrea , Massimi Mara , Conti Devirgiliis Laura , Dentini Mariella
Published: July 2014

A novel dispensing system based on two coaxial needles is used to fabricate three dimensional, periodic scaffolds by rapid prototyping.
Silica cross-linked nanoparticles encapsulating a phenothiazine-derived Schiff base for selective detection of Fe(iii) in aqueous media
Authors: Gai Fangyuan , Li Xiang , Zhou Tianlei , Zhao Xiaogang , Lu Dongdong , Liu Yunling , Huo Qisheng
Published: July 2014

This work demonstrates the design and synthesis of an ET-based fluorescence quenching chemosensor using silica cross-linked micellar nanoparticles as scaffolds to encapsulate EDDP for highly selective determination of Fe3+ in aqueous media.
Two-photon lithography in visible and NIR ranges using multibranched-based sensitizers for efficient acid generation
Authors: Jin Ming , Xie Jianchao , Malval Jean-Pierre , Spangenberg Arnaud , Soppera Olivier , Versace Davy-Louis , Leclerc Tiffanie , Pan Haiyan , Wan Decheng , Pu Hongting , Baldeck Patrice , Poizat Olivier , Knopf Stephan
Published: July 2014

Branching effects lead to a cooperative enhancement of the two-photon absorption (2PA) in the NIR and visible ranges.
RF communication with implantable wireless device: effects of beating heart on performance of miniature antenna
Authors: Murphy Olive H. , Borghi Alessandro , Bahmanyar Mohammad Reza , McLeod Christopher N. , Navaratnarajah Manoraj , Yacoub Magdi , Toumazou Christofer
Published: July 2014

The frequency response of an implantable antenna is key to the performance of a wireless implantable sensor. If the antenna detunes significantly, there are substantial power losses resulting in loss of accuracy. One reason for detuning is because of a change in the surrounding environment of an antenna. The pulsating anatomy of the human heart constitutes such a changing environment, so detuning is expected but this has not been quantified dynamically before. Four miniature implantable antennas are presented (two different geometries) along with which are placed within the heart of living swine the dynamic reflection coefficients. These antennas are designed to operate in the short range devices frequency band (863–870 MHz) and are compatible with a deeply implanted cardiovascular pressure sensor. The measurements recorded over 27 seconds capture the effects of the beating heart on the frequency tuning of the implantable antennas. When looked at in the time domain, these effects are clearly physiological and a combination of numerical study and posthumous autopsy proves this to be the case, while retrospective simulation confirms this hypothesis. The impact of pulsating anatomy on antenna design and the need for wideband implantable antennas is highlighted.
Social science research on Indigenous wildfire management in the 21st century and future research needs
Authors: Christianson Amy
Published: July 2014

This article reviews social science research on Indigenous wildfire management in Australia, Canada and the United States after the year 2000 and explores future research needs in the field. In these three countries, social science research exploring contemporary Indigenous wildfire management has been limited although there have been interesting findings about how Indigenous culture and knowledge influences fire management. Research with Indigenous communities may be limited not because of a lack of interest by social scientists, but rather by obstacles to doing research with Indigenous communities, such as ethical and time concerns. Research needs on Indigenous wildfire management are presented, centred on the four pillars of emergency management (preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery).
Patterned iconicity in sign language lexicons
Authors: Padden Carol A. , Meir Irit , Hwang So-One , Lepic Ryan , Seegers Sharon , Sampson Tory
Published: July 2014

Iconicity is an acknowledged property of both gesture and sign language. In contrast to the familiar definition of iconicity as a correspondence between individual forms and their referents, we explore iconicity as a shared property among groups of signs, in what we callpatterned iconicity. In this paper, we focus on iconic strategies used by hearing silent gesturers and by signers of three unrelated sign languages in an elicitation task featuring pictures of hand-held manufactured tools. As in previous gesture literature, we find that silent gesturers largely prefer ahandlingstrategy, though some use aninstrumentstrategy, in which the handshape represents the shape of the tool. There are additional differences in use of handling and instrument strategies for hand-held tools across the different sign languages, suggesting typological differences in iconic patterning. Iconic patterning in each of the three sign languages demonstrates how gestural iconic resources are organized in the grammars of sign languages.
The emerging grammar of nouns in a first generation sign language
Authors: Haviland John B.
Published: July 2014

A first generation family homesign system, dubbed “Z”, from the Tzotzil-speaking township of Zinacantán, in Chiapas, Mexico, provides insight into how a new sign language can begin to distinguish formally different “part-of-speech” categories. After describing the small signing community, consisting of 3 deaf sibling and their intermediate hearing sister, plus a younger cousin — the entire set of fluent adult signers — plus the hearing child of the oldest deaf signer, and setting out some of the theoretical issues surrounding the nature of “part-of-speech” in sign languages, the paper considers three sorts of mechanisms the language has developed to help distinguish signs that refer to objects from signs that refer to actions. These include a set of size-shape specifiers that co-occur with presumed nominal signs, an iconic contrast between different sign formational elements that somewhat inconsistently signal a noun/verb distinction, and, perhaps most interestingly, a construction involving a clearly grammaticalized locative or copular element that allows Z signers to make clear that they are referring to (physical) objects rather than actions. The paper concludes by considering the overall effect of these quite different formal strategies on the evolving language structure.
“…but there were no broken legs”
Authors: Chovanec Jan
Published: July 2014

The appearance of sports reporting was among the major developments of nineteenth-century journalism. While sports were only very exceptionally covered in the newspapers during the first half of the century, by the end of the Victorian era a diverse array of sports stories provided staple content for the pages of both broadsheet and popular papers. Dealing with the phenomenon of football match reports inThe Times, this article documents the early specimens of the novel genre from the 1860s and the 1870s, tracing some of the linguistic forms and structural features that characterise the early search for the discursive conventions of the new genre. By focusing on a popular topic in a serious newspaper, the analysis illustrates that the emergence of the popular topic of football in a serious daily newspaper was not only very gradual and tentative, but was also marked with substantial uncertainty about the macrostructural and microstructural composition of the reports.
Popular newspaper discourse
Authors: Rixon Paul
Published: July 2014

Journalistic discourse, the world over, has developed over time, reflecting changes in the news industry and the wider society. Likewise television criticism, a specific form of journalism, has also had to evolve over time. Initially, as television critics sought recognition and respectability in the quality newspapers, they developed a form of writing similar to the way other forms of culture and art were reviewed. However, as journalists began to develop more popular ways of writing, and with the spread of soft news throughout newspapers and into new magazine supplements, television critics also found themselves having to follow suit. This was such that by the 1970s a number of critics had moved away from trying to mimic other forms of reviewing or criticism to creating their own, more popular form of discourse. In this article I will explore some of the ways the language of critics changed between the 1950s and the 1980s, and how these developments were similar or different to the wider changes in journalism happening at this time.
Examining first-order localised politeness
Authors: Mugford Gerrard
Published: July 2014

In this paper, I examine perceived (im)politeness practices in a specific geographical location and argue that not only do patterns and practices need to be understood in relation to particular understandings and attitudes but also in terms of participants’ objectives. By examining impoliteness practices in a Mexican context, I argue that not only are interactants impolite in locally effective ways but may also hold individually differing and often conflicting views regarding the acceptability of engaging in a specific instance of impolite behaviour. Given the strong preference for positive politeness strategies in Mexican social encounters (Curcó 1998, 2007, 2011), I argue that verbal and non-verbal positive impoliteness strategies are often used to exclude interactants from social groups through short-term group-coordinated strategies such ashacer la ley de hielo(to give someone the silent treatment) andfregar(to verbally annoy) and through more long-lasting measures such asno dirigir la palabra(not to be on speaking terms) orhacerla burla(to make fun of). By conducting semi-structured interviews in Guadalajara, Mexico, I identified how participants saw themselves employing a range of positive impoliteness strategies and examined how such strategies reflect interpersonal choices such as having fun or censuring others’ behaviour.
Blood, blessing and sacrifice in Germanic and beyond
Authors: Markey Thomas
Published: July 2014

Here, Hamp’s (1980) etymology of Gmc. *blōđ- ‘blood’ from a participial adjective *bhlō-tó-m‘gushed, spurted’ from a State II *bhleh3- that was left behind after the deletion of its head noun is accepted and reiterated. It is then shown that Gmc. *blōđ- ‘blood’ andblōtan‘to worship, reverence, honor, (blood) sacrifice’ are not related and that the latter ultimately derives from an IE *-bhleh3-d-reflected in Gk.έφλαδον. Along the way, etymologies for most IE terms for ‘blood’ are critiqued. Various procedures for blood sacrifices in a variety of cultures are then examined, and finally the light these rites may shed on the contents of early Germanic sacrifices is considered.
Revisiting pragmatic abilities in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: de Villiers Jessica , Myers Brooke , Stainton Robert J.
Published: July 2014

In a 2007 paper, we argued that speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) exhibit pragmatic abilities which are surprising given the usual understanding of communication in that group. That is, it is commonly reported that people diagnosed with an ASD have trouble with metaphor, irony, conversational implicature and other non-literal language. This is not a matter of trouble with knowledge and application of rules of grammar. The difficulties lie, rather, in successful communicative interaction. Though we did find pragmatic errors within literal talk, the transcribed conversations we studied showed many, many successes. A second paper reinforced our finding of a general level of success (de Villiers, Myers, and Stainton 2012). It considered differences within the class of pragmatically-inflected yet literal speech acts. The present paper carries our project forward. It overcomes some of the methodological limitations of the second paper, by increasing sample size, and looking at frequency of use rather than just seeming errors. It also includes a control sample. The emerging results are two-fold. On the one hand, there was a slight, statistically significant difference in frequency of use between our participants and the controls in four sub-categories: indexicals, possessives, polysemy and degree on a scale. In all four, the participants diagnosed with ASDs had fewer occurrences overall, relative to controls. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in error rates between ASDs and controls — not in any of the eight categories of pragmatic determinants of literal content that we coded for. The upshot is that, though there were less-preferred forms for participants with ASDs, they do very well indeed with pragmatic determinants of literal content.
What is said by a metaphor
Authors: Martínez-Manrique Fernando , Vicente Agustín
Published: July 2014

Contextualist theorists have recently defended the views (a) that metaphor-processing can be treated on a par with other meaning changes, such as narrowing or transfer, and (b) that metaphorical contents enter into “what is said” by an utterance. We do not dispute claim (a) but consider that claim (b) is problematic. Contextualist theorists seem to leave in the hands of context the explanation about why it is that some meaning changes are directly processed, and thus plausibly form part of “what is said”, while some others are not. While granting the role of context in this respect, we contend that there are elements that play an instrumental role in providing direct access to the metaphorical content, namely, the conventionality of the expressions and the salience of the concepts involved. We will start by criticizing Recanati’s and Relevance Theory’s accounts of metaphor. Then we examine the claims of Carston’s and Giora’s two-process accounts that set the stage for a revision of the main elements involved, namely, the properties of conventionality and salience. Finally we examine a number of representative examples, explaining why some cases involve a direct access to the metaphorical content and others require an intermediate non-figurative interpretation.
Insectes perspicaces dans une parodie des débats scolastiques
Authors: Alemany Ferrer Rafael
Published: July 2014

Dans la Disputa de l’ase (1418), le franciscain converti à l’islam Anselme Turmeda (Majorque, ca. 1352-Tunis, ca. 1424/32) soulève un débat sur la supériorité des hommes sur les animaux. Ce débat oppose le frère Anselme lui-même, sage et instruit, et un âne décrépit. Bien qu’il ait lieu essentiellement entre ces deux personnages, il se produit à un moment une exception: sept insectes méprisables (une mouche, un moustique, une punaise, un pou, une puce, un morpion et “le verm des dents mâchelières” prennent part au débat avec des arguments confortant ceux avancés par l’âne et réfutant ceux de son opposant. Ces personnages secondaires n’apparaissent pas dans l’apologue arabe dont s’inspire l’auteur. Ils représentent un élément original au service, très probablement, de la parodie d’une pratique dialectique propre à la scolastique: les disputationes generales, dans lesquelles un respondens se soumettait aux objections de plusieurs opponentes.
How the “cerf sanz tache” found its way into the Vulgate Cycle
Authors: Endress Laura
Published: July 2014

The white stag that appears in the 13th-century Vulgate Cycle of Arthurian romances is a symbolically many-faceted being, which looks back on a long series of textual antecedents. One of its most noticeable traits is its christological nature and the interpretation of its spotless white color as a sign of spiritual purity. These Christianized characteristics of the animal likely developed under the influence of various hagiographic and historiographic sources (among others), where one encounters cervids with similar or analogous attributes. The present study examines some such examples of white stags, focusing on a corpus of texts relating the founding legend of the Norman abbey of Fécamp, and aims at shedding light on the gradual Christianization of the white stag on its evolutionary path into and through the Vulgate Cycle.
The Aesthetics of the Calligraphic Works of Mirza Gholamreza Isfahani
Authors: Bayani Bahram
Published: July 2014

Mirza Gholamreza's status in Persian calligraphy and the artistic quality of his works is well acknowledged both in Iran and abroad. Many of the calligraphic pieces of Mirza Gholamreza (d. 1887) are close in appearance to siahmashq and on the surface can hardly be distinguished from ordinary calligraphic studies, so much so that some critics have come to call him “the siahmashq nevis.” This article is an attempt, to investigate the aesthetics of Mirza Gholamreza's calligraphic art with reference to these so-called siahmashq works. By analyzing some of these works it will be shown that they are not siahmashq, i.e. calligraphic exercises, in the ordinary sense. Far from it, these pieces are perfect examples of high-art, demonstrating Mirza Gholamreza's full understanding as well as ability to use intrinsic plastic features of the nast'aliq form. Mirza's work is therefore the forerunner of what, more than a century later, became a major strain in modern Iranian painting known as naqqashi-khat (script-painting).
Klar ensures thermal robustness of oskar localization by restraining RNP motility
Authors: Gaspar Imre , Yu Yanxun V. , Cotton Sean L. , Kim Dae-Hwan , Ephrussi Anne , Welte Michael A.
Published: July 2014

Communication usually applies feedback loop–based filters and amplifiers to ensure undistorted delivery of messages. Such an amplifier acts during Drosophila melanogaster midoogenesis, when oskar messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) anchoring depends on its own locally translated protein product. We find that the motor regulator Klar β mediates a gain-control process that prevents saturation-based distortions in this positive feedback loop. We demonstrate that, like oskar mRNA, Klar β localizes to the posterior pole of oocytes in a kinesin-1–dependent manner. By live imaging and semiquantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization, we show that Klar β restrains oskar ribonucleoprotein motility and decreases the posterior-ward translocation of oskar mRNA, thereby adapting the rate of oskar delivery to the output of the anchoring machinery. This negative regulatory effect of Klar is particularly important for overriding temperature-induced changes in motility. We conclude that by preventing defects in oskar anchoring, this mechanism contributes to the developmental robustness of a poikilothermic organism living in a variable temperature environment.
Excess centrosomes disrupt endothelial cell migration via centrosome scattering
Authors: Kushner Erich J. , Ferro Luke S. , Liu Jie-Yu , Durrant Jessica R. , Rogers Stephen L. , Dudley Andrew C. , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: July 2014

Supernumerary centrosomes contribute to spindle defects and aneuploidy at mitosis, but the effects of excess centrosomes during interphase are poorly understood. In this paper, we show that interphase endothelial cells with even one extra centrosome exhibit a cascade of defects, resulting in disrupted cell migration and abnormal blood vessel sprouting. Endothelial cells with supernumerary centrosomes had increased centrosome scattering and reduced microtubule (MT) nucleation capacity that correlated with decreased Golgi integrity and randomized vesicle trafficking, and ablation of excess centrosomes partially rescued these parameters. Mechanistically, tumor endothelial cells with supernumerary centrosomes had less centrosome-localized γ-tubulin, and Plk1 blockade prevented MT growth, whereas overexpression rescued centrosome γ-tubulin levels and centrosome dynamics. These data support a model whereby centrosome–MT interactions during interphase are important for centrosome clustering and cell polarity and further suggest that disruption of interphase cell behavior by supernumerary centrosomes contributes to pathology independent of mitotic effects.
Ankyrin-G palmitoylation and βII-spectrin binding to phosphoinositide lipids drive lateral membrane assembly
Authors: He Meng , Abdi Khadar M. , Bennett Vann
Published: July 2014

Ankyrin-G and βII-spectrin colocalize at sites of cell–cell contact in columnar epithelial cells and promote lateral membrane assembly. This study identifies two critical inputs from lipids that together provide a rationale for how ankyrin-G and βII-spectrin selectively localize to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lateral membranes. We identify aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine 5/8 (DHHC5/8) as ankyrin-G palmitoyltransferases required for ankyrin-G lateral membrane localization and for assembly of lateral membranes. We also find that βII-spectrin functions as a coincidence detector that requires recognition of both ankyrin-G and phosphoinositide lipids for its lateral membrane localization. DHHC5/8 and βII-spectrin colocalize with ankyrin-G in micrometer-scale subdomains within the lateral membrane that are likely sites for palmitoylation of ankyrin-G. Loss of either DHHC5/8 or ankyrin-G–βII-spectrin interaction or βII-spectrin–phosphoinositide recognition through its pleckstrin homology domain all result in failure to build the lateral membrane. In summary, we identify a functional network connecting palmitoyltransferases DHHC5/8 with ankyrin-G, ankyrin-G with βII-spectrin, and βII-spectrin with phosphoinositides that is required for the columnar morphology of MDCK epithelial cells.
A RAB5/RAB4 recycling circuitry induces a proteolytic invasive program and promotes tumor dissemination
Authors: Frittoli Emanuela , Palamidessi Andrea , Marighetti Paola , Confalonieri Stefano , Bianchi Fabrizio , Malinverno Chiara , Mazzarol Giovanni , Viale Giuseppe , Martin-Padura Ines , Garré Massimilliano , Parazzoli Dario , Mattei Valentina , Cortellino Salvatore , Bertalot Giovanni , Di Fiore Pier Paolo , Scita Giorgio
Published: July 2014

The mechanisms by which tumor cells metastasize and the role of endocytic proteins in this process are not well understood. We report that overexpression of the GTPase RAB5A, a master regulator of endocytosis, is predictive of aggressive behavior and metastatic ability in human breast cancers. RAB5A is necessary and sufficient to promote local invasion and distant dissemination of various mammary and nonmammary tumor cell lines, and this prometastatic behavior is associated with increased intratumoral cell motility. Specifically, RAB5A is necessary for the formation of invadosomes, membrane protrusions specialized in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. RAB5A promotes RAB4- and RABENOSYN-5–dependent endo/exocytic cycles (EECs) of critical cargos (membrane-type 1 matrix metalloprotease [MT1-MMP] and β3 integrin) required for invadosome formation in response to motogenic stimuli. This trafficking circuitry is necessary for spatially localized hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling that drives invasive, proteolysis-dependent chemotaxis in vitro and for conversion of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive ductal carcinoma in vivo. Thus, RAB5A/RAB4 EECs promote tumor dissemination by controlling a proteolytic, mesenchymal invasive program.
Optimal regularity of the convex envelope
Authors: De Philippis Guido , Figalli Alessio
Published: July 2014

We prove sharp regularity results for the convex envelope of a continuous function inside a convex domain.
Progression of Symptoms on Blueberry Infected with Blueberry shock virus
Authors: Pscheidt Jay W. , Harper Nick
Published: July 2014

A half acre of blueberries, planted in 1999, was free of virus symptoms until 2004 when Blueberry shock virus (BlShV) was first identified in a single plant. The progression of shock symptoms and recovery of plants was monitored until all plants were free of shock symptoms in 2013. The disease was greatest in 2008 with 53% of the plants expressing a shock reaction of blossom blight and no yield. Of the 408 plants, 53 expressed symptoms for 2 years in a row, 4 plants expressed symptoms 3 years in a row, 10 plants expressed shock symptoms after full recovery, and 8 never showed shock symptoms. Letting the disease run its course in small blocks will result in years in which growers may suffer up to 53% yield loss. In the years before and after this peak, growers may experience an average yield loss of 18%.

Accepted for publication 27 March 2014. Published 20 June 2014.