bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A self-driven wideband wavelength sensor based on an individual PdTe2/Thin Si/PdTe2 heterojunction
Authors: Tong Xiao-Wei , Fan Min , Xie Chao , Wang Li , Wang Hai-Bo , Qian Qin-Qin , Lu Shi-Bin , Jin Lin , Zhang Zhong-Xiang
Published: September 2022

A single PdTe2/thin Si/PdTe2 heterojunction-based wavelength sensor shows excellent self-driven color recognition ability in a broad wavelength range of 265–1050 nm with a good resolution.
A wide‐angle beam scanning circularly polarized, tightly coupled dipole array based on two‐layer parasitic ring structure elements
Authors: Zhao Ming‐Yang , Lei Xue , Zhu Yi‐Jun , Gao Jun , Tang Zhuo‐ying , Jiang Pan‐pan
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a wide‐angle beam scanning circularly polarized (CP) phased array element, which consists of a concentric tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) element with a two‐layer parasitic ring structure and a wideband 90° phase shifter, is proposed. To solve the problem of the scanning blindness zone caused by a concentric layout, the grounded coupling patch for the traditional TCDA element is ‘split’ into a combination of a grounded parasitic ring and coupling patch. This combination structure can not only suppress the in‐band common‐mode resonance but also destroy the scanning blind zone mode formed by the dipole and grounded coupling patch. In addition, a two‐layer parasitic ring structure is introduced to obtain a wider axial ratio (AR) beamwidth relative to a single‐layer structure, so a wide‐angle beam scanning AR is realized. An 8 × 8 left‐handed CP planar array based on the proposed wide‐angle beam scanning CP elements is designed and prototyped. Results show that the array can operate over a 3.2:1 (3.75–12.0 GHz) overlapping bandwidth, meeting an AR < 3 dB in the main beam and an active voltage standing wave ratio <2.8 within a ±60° angle scanning range.
Search of strong lens systems in the Dark Energy Survey using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Rojas K. , Savary E. , Clément B. , Maus M. , Courbin F. , Lemon C. , Chan J. H. H. , Vernardos G. , Joseph R. , Cañameras R. , Galan A.
Published: September 2022

We present our search for strong lens, galaxy-scale systems in the first data release of the Dark Energy Survey (DES), based on a color-selected parent sample of 18 745 029 luminous red galaxies (LRGs). We used a convolutional neural network (CNN) to grade this LRG sample with values between 0 (non-lens) and 1 (lens). Our training set of mock lenses is data-driven, that is, it uses lensed sources taken from HST-COSMOS images and lensing galaxies from DES images of our LRG sample. A total of 76 582 cutouts were obtained with a score above 0.9, which were then visually inspected and classified into two catalogs. The first one contains 405 lens candidates, of which 90 present clear lensing features and counterparts, while the other 315 require more evidence, such as higher resolution imaging or spectra, to be conclusive. A total of 186 candidates are newly identified by our search, of which 16 are among the 90 most promising (best) candidates. The second catalog includes 539 ring galaxy candidates. This catalog will be a useful false positive sample for training future CNNs. For the 90 best lens candidates we carry out color-based deblending of the lens and source light without fitting any analytical profile to the data. This method is shown to be very efficient in the deblending, even for very compact objects and for objects with a complex morphology. Finally, from the 90 best lens candidates, we selected 52 systems with one single deflector to test an automated modeling pipeline that has the capacity to successfully model 79% of the sample within an acceptable computing runtime.
Tinnitus Assessment and Management: A Survey of Practicing Audiologists in the United States and Canada
Authors: Sheppard Adam , Ishida Ieda , Holder Thea , Stocking Christina , Qian Jinyu , Sun Wei
Published: September 2022

Abstract Background Tinnitus is a prevalent auditory disorder that can become severely debilitating. Despite decades of investigation, there remains no conclusive cure for tinnitus. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are available for assessing and managing
tinnitus. Even though such guidelines have been available for several years, the degree that audiologists adhere to them has remained unexplored. Purpose of Study To determine what clinical practices are commonly used by audiologists in the assessment and management of the
patient population with tinnitus, we administered an online survey to audiologists practicing in the United States and Canada. Results Among the audiologists that completed the survey and were included in the final analysis (n = 61), 70% were from the United
States and 30% were from Canada. The audiologists represented a wide range of clinical experience (1‐35 years). On average, those who completed the survey were relatively confident in their ability to assess and manage tinnitus patients indicated by a 0 to 100 Likert scale, with 0 representing
no confidence (mean 72.5, ± 21.5 standard deviation). The most commonly reported tinnitus assessment tools were pure tone audiogram (0.25‐8 kHz), administration of standardized questionnaires, and tinnitus pitch and loudness matching. Approximately half (55%)
of audiologists indicated they include otoacoustic emissions, while less audiologists (<40%) reported measuring high-frequency thresholds, minimum masking levels, or loudness discomfort levels. The most common recommendation for tinnitus patients was amplification (87%), followed by counseling
(80%) and sound therapy (79%). Conclusion Few audiologists administer a truly comprehensive tinnitus assessment and ∼20% indicated not recommending counseling or sound therapy to manage tinnitus. The results are discussed in the context of what is explicitly indicated in
published CPGs, professional organization recommendations, and recent findings of peer-reviewed literature.
Comprehensive Germline Genomic Profiling of Patients with Ovarian Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Pramanik Raja , Upadhyay Avinash , Khurana Sachin , Kumar Lalit , Malik Prabhat S. , Kumar Sunesh , Ray M. D. , Deo S. V. S. , Gupta Ritu , Thakral Deepshi , Thulkar Sanjay , Ramprasad V. L.
Published: September 2022

Introduction Ovarian cancer is the third most common cancer among Indian women. The data on the hereditary predisposition of these cancers and the clinical outcomes of those with pathogenic mutations is meager in India.

Objective The aim of the current study was to analyze the germline-genetic profile, clinicopathological characteristics, and outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer who were referred for genetic counseling at our Institute.

Materials and Methods It was a cross-sectional observational study. Patients with histological diagnosis of carcinoma ovary at our institute who were referred for genetic counseling from July 2017 to June 2020 were included in the study. All patients underwent pretest counseling. Most patients underwent multigene panel testing with reflex multiplication ligation-dependent probe amplification for large genomic rearrangements, while some received testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 only. The variants were classified as pathogenic or benign based on American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines. Data regarding the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, histopathological findings, family history, treatment received, and outcomes were extracted from the medical record system files.

Results One hundred and one patients were referred to the genetic clinic and underwent genetic counseling. All patients were advised for genetic testing; however, only 72 (71%) underwent testing. A multigene panel testing was done in 51 (70%) patients, and only BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were tested in 21 (30%). Among the 72 patients who underwent a genetic test, the median age was 47 years (range, 28–82). The most common histopathology was serous (90%), while 85% were diagnosed having stage 3 and 4 ovarian cancer. A pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) BRCA or non-BRCA mutation was detected in 32 (44%) patients. Six patients (8%) had a variant of unknown significance (VUS). Among P/LP mutations, 85% were in the BRCA gene (75% in BRCA1 and 10% in BRCA2), while 15% were in non-BRCA gene mutations (RAD51, PALB2, MER11, HMMR). Disease-free survival and overall survival were not different in mutation-positive and mutation-negative cohorts.

Conclusions We report 44% P/LP mutations in this selected cohort of patients with carcinoma ovaries. BRCA mutations constituted 85% of all the mutations, while 15% of mutations were in non-BRCA genes.
“PALLCARE Seva”—A Beacon Amid the Catastrophic COVID-19 Times: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Rural Oncology Institute in Western Maharashtra
Authors: Patil Chaitanya R. , Tanawade Prasad , Dhamne Nilesh , Anap Yogesh , Watve Parag
Published: September 2022

Introduction Advanced cancer patients often require clinic or hospital follow-up for their symptom control to maintain their quality of life. But it becomes difficult for the patients to attend the same due to financial, commutation, and logistic issues.

Objective The aim of this study was to audit the telephonic calls of the service and prospectively collected data to understand the quality of service provided to the patients at follow-up.

Materials and Methods An ambispective observational study was conducted on the advanced stage cancer patients referred to the palliative care department at Kolhapur Cancer Center, Kolhapur, Maharashtra. We conducted an audit of the 523 telephonic calls of our service—“PALLCARE Seva” from June 2020 to February 2021. Prospectively, we assessed the quality of service based on 125 telephonic calls (n = 125) for this; we designed a questionnaire consisting of 11 items on the 5-point Likert scale for satisfaction by the patients or their caregivers at the follow-up. After a pilot study, the final format of questionnaire was used to collect the data.

Results Of the 523 calls attended, we provided 30.11% patients with dosage change of medications for their symptom management, 16.25% patients have liaised with local general practitioners, and 14.34% of cases had to be referred for emergency management to our hospitals. We provided 23.9% of them with emotional and bereavement support and 6.21% with smartphone-based or video-assisted guidance to the patients and caregivers.

Conclusions Liaison of general practitioners was possible in more than one-tenth of cases. The core components of our service were politeness and caring attitude, helpfulness, handling doubts regarding the illness, and an opportunity to share thoughts from the patients or caregivers. More than three-fourth of the callers have rated their experience as satisfactory and would recommend this service to other patients in need.
Fear of Recurrence and Somatic Symptom Severity in Multiple Myeloma Patients: An Institution-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Shenoy V P Praveen Kumar , Raghavan Vineetha , Manuprasad Avaronnan , B. Sajeev Kumar P. , Raj Zoheb , Nair Chandran K.
Published: September 2022

Introduction Psychosocial concerns especially fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is less commonly addressed among patients with multiple myeloma in India. Myeloma being incurable, an understanding of this problem is essential for adequately addressing them.

Objectives To study the prevalence of FCR among patients with multiple myeloma and determine the prevalence of somatic symptoms among patients with multiple myeloma.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed at our institution among patients with multiple myeloma who had been on treatment for 1 year or more. The study was conducted between July 01 and July 31, 2015. At least 49 patients were required to be recruited into this study to meet its first objective. Patients were administered fear of cancer recurrence inventory (FCRI) questionnaire and Physical Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) questionnaire.

Results Sixty-four patients participated in the study. The median age was 60 years (34–80 years) and majority were females (N = 38, 60%). ISS staging information was available in 53 (83%) patients. Of 53, 24 (45%) were ISS stage 3, 12 (23%) were ISS stage 2 and remaining stage 1. The mean total FCRI score in the study population was 27.95 (SD: 24.5). Moderate to high levels of FCR were seen in 40% (N = 26). Using PHQ-15, 54 (84%) patients had mild or lesser somatic symptom burden. Disease status of patients at the time of this study had a significant statistical association with PHQ-15 scores (mean score in partial response (PR) or more group 6.02 versus 8.00 in less than PR group, p = 0.02).

Conclusions Overall, FCR scores and somatic symptom severity were low among our patients with multiple myeloma. However, a significant proportion had moderate to high levels of FCR. Further studies involving larger numbers in a prospective manner required to confirm our findings of fear of cancer recurrence among patients with multiple myeloma.
Collisions of proton or highly charged ion–atom in a strong magnetic field and dense quantum plasmas
Authors: Li Guozhuang , Zhang Sheng , Jiao Zhihong , Yan Qiang , Li Xinxia
Published: September 2022

Magneto inertial fusion driven by heavy ions beam (HIB) is a very attractive potential approach for the nuclear energy system. One of the key issues is to investigate the interaction process of the HIB-target considering the condition of plasma screening and strong magnetic field background. In this paper, the influence of the external magnetic field and the plasma screening was investigated by simplifying the process of beam bombarding into a two-body collision between the energetic ions and target atoms. The classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method was accommodated by modifying the Hamiltonian in the collision system, where the effects of plasma screening and the account for the strong magnetic field background were considered. The total cross sections of single electron ionization and charge transfer of the projectile (H+, He2+, Xe32+, Bi31+, U34+)–atom (H, He) collisions are computed. The results indicated that the magnetic field effect becomes more obvious in the low energy regime of the projectiles. With the increase in energy, the change of total cross sections and angular differential cross sections gradually disappears. In the dense quantum plasmas, plasma screening presents very different effects for protons and heavy ion projectiles. This work may pave the way for extending the study to other collision systems calculations.
Maximum power point tracking for a multi-layered piezoelectric heel charger with a levered mechanism toward impact-based energy harvesting
Authors: Hua Rui , Marin-Quiros Sebastian , Mohan Harsha Kalkunte , Wang Ya
Published: September 2022

The piezoelectric footstep energy harvester does not always work at its maximum power point when the external load is fixed, as the optimal load changes when the walking excitation alters. Thus, the harvesting efficiency is downgraded largely in real-life scenarios compared to in-lab experiments and theoretical or numerical predictions due to the mismatch between the actual load and the optimal load. To address this issue, the concept of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is investigated in this paper and the circuit design is implemented for a multi-layered levered piezoelectric footstep energy harvester (heel charger). The proposed event-driven MPPT circuit interface with a customized buck converter aims to maximize the power gained from daily walking using the heel charger to power a fixed load, such as smart insole or shoes. The MPPT circuit design is conceptually simulated and then tested with the heel charger to further validate if it works at its maximum power point when the frequency of the input excitation alters. Results show that the extracted power from the heel charger connected to a fixed resistance load with MPPT implementation is improved up to 300% compared to the one without MPPT implementation in simulation and up to 180% in the experiment when connected to a fixed load. The difference between simulation and experimental results is due to the optimization of using voltage sources as the heel charger and the control signals (pulse width modulation) from the microcontroller in the simulation.
Detailed investigation on x-ray emission from laser-driven high-Z foils in a wide intensity range: Role of conversion layer and re-emission zone
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Ghosh Karabi
Published: September 2022

Detailed radiation hydrodynamic simulations are carried out to investigate the x-ray emission process in four high-Z planar targets, namely, tungsten (W), gold (Au), lead (Pb), and uranium (U) irradiated by 1 ns, 351 nm flat top laser pulses. A thorough zoning analysis is performed for all laser-driven high-Z foils over a wide intensity range of 1012–1015 W/cm2 with appropriately chosen photon energy range and recombination parameter. The resulting variation of conversion efficiency over the full intensity range exhibits an optimum for all materials, which is explained by considering the characteristic emission contributions from two different regions of laser irradiated plasma, namely, conversion layer and re-emission zone. A new generalized single scaling relation based upon smooth broken power law is proposed for conversion efficiency variation along with the separate determination (ηS, ηM) in soft and hard/M-band x-ray regions. It has been observed that ηS for Pb and W always lies in between that for Au and U for intensities smaller than ∼3×1013 W/cm2. On further increase in intensity, ηS is observed to be maximum for Au and U, whereas it is minimum for W. Significant contribution to M-band conversion efficiencies is observed in all elements for intensities higher than ∼2×1013 W/cm2 with maximum and minimum values attained by W and U, respectively. The results are explained by considering the contributions from the emission coefficients of all materials in both conversion layer and re-emission zone up to corresponding photon cutoff energies at different laser intensities.
Properties and device performance of BN thin films grown on GaN by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Biswas Abhijit , Xu Mingfei , Fu Kai , Zhou Jingan , Xu Rui , Puthirath Anand B. , Hachtel Jordan A. , Li Chenxi , Iyengar Sathvik Ajay , Kannan Harikishan , Zhang Xiang , Gray Tia , Vajtai Robert , Glen Birdwell A. , Neupane Mahesh R. , Ruzmetov Dmitry A. , Shah Pankaj B. , Ivanov Tony , Zhu Hanyu , Zhao Yuji , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: September 2022

Wide and ultrawide-bandgap semiconductors lie at the heart of next-generation high-power, high-frequency electronics. Here, we report the growth of ultrawide-bandgap boron nitride (BN) thin films on wide-bandgap gallium nitride (GaN) by pulsed laser deposition. Comprehensive spectroscopic (core level and valence band x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman) and microscopic (atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy) characterizations confirm the growth of BN thin films on GaN. Optically, we observed that the BN/GaN heterostructure is second-harmonic generation active. Moreover, we fabricated the BN/GaN heterostructure-based Schottky diode that demonstrates rectifying characteristics, lower turn-on voltage, and an improved breakdown capability (∼234 V) as compared to GaN (∼168 V), owing to the higher breakdown electrical field of BN. Our approach is an early step toward bridging the gap between wide and ultrawide-bandgap materials for potential optoelectronics as well as next-generation high-power electronics.
Relativistic atomic structure calculations of KIX with plasma parameters
Authors: Paijwar Richa , Sharma Rinku , Jha Alok K. Singh
Published: September 2022

Systematic calculations for energy levels, lifetimes, and radiative data for the KIX are reported, including oscillator strengths, transition wavelengths, line strengths, and radiative rates of electric dipole (E1) transition, electric quadrupole (E2) transition, magnetic dipole (M1) transition, and magnetic quadrupole (M2) transition, using GRASP. Quantum electrodynamics and Breit correction have been considered in our calculations. The importance and effect of valence valence and core valence correlations on the excitation energies have been discussed in graphical and tabular forms. Analogous calculations using flexible atomic code (FAC) and the large-scale configuration interaction technique have also been done to confirm the accuracy of energy levels. The calculated results are in close agreement with NIST compiled data and other available results. The influence of plasma temperature (2 × 106–1 × 1010 K) on the line intensity ratio with the number of electron density has been studied for the hot dense plasma (HDP) graph for KIX. Our reported results will be valuable or beneficial for the characterization of HDP, astrophysical plasmas, and plasma modeling.
Kinetic theory of nonrelativistic electron beam–inhomogeneous plasma system instability
Authors: Sukhomlinov Vladimir S. , Mustafaev Alexander S. , Koubaji Hend , Timofeev Nikolai A. , Hiller Oscar Gabriel Murillo , Zissis Georges
Published: September 2022

On the basis of kinetic theory, the stability of an electron beam interacting with inhomogeneous plasma is investigated at Knudsen numbers of the order of 1. The theory has been tested on the example of a low-voltage beam discharge in a rear gas. It is shown that in the case of an inhomogeneous plasma even if the attenuation of a beam is neglected, several perturbations can propagate simultaneously at the same frequency, but with different phase and group velocities and increments. The case of a linear dependence of the plasma density on the coordinate is investigated in detail. In this case, there are two solutions: n- and p-waves, only the n-wave having a physical meaning. It is found that an increase in the plasma density gradient leads to a decrease in the increment and an increase in the phase and group velocities of propagation of perturbations with a frequency of the order of plasma frequency. A system with a growing plasma density along the beam direction is more stable than that with a constant density. For a significant change in the growth rate of the disturbance, the relative gradient of plasma density by an amount of about 10% at the wavelength is sufficient. All the observed features of the perturbation parameters depending on the plasma density gradient are physically interpreted. The calculations are confirmed by experimental data.
A multi-chord, two-color interferometer using Hilbert transform phase detection for measuring electron density in spheromak plasmas
Authors: Hossack A. C. , Morgan K. D. , Hansen C. J. , Sutherland D. A.
Published: September 2022

A new, four-chord, CO2/He–Ne heterodyne interferometer has been designed and built for measuring line-averaged plasma density in the HIT-SI3 and subsequent HIT-SIU sustained spheromak devices. The two-color system successfully eliminates vibration-induced errors caused by mirrors that are secured to the vacuum chamber and is able to resolve electron densities ne in the full operating range of 1018–1020 m−3 in both experiments with an integrated error of 4.7 × 1017 m−2. Data are presented from high toroidal current plasma discharges, showing the time evolution of electron densities ne and jϕ/ne along multiple chords.
Transport evidence of the spin-polarized topological surface states of α-Sn grown on CdTe by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Ding Yuanfeng , Li Chen , Zhou Jian , Lu Hong , Chen Yan-Feng
Published: September 2022

It is necessary but challenging to verify topological surface states of α-Sn by electrical transport. In this work, we demonstrate conclusive transport evidence on topological properties of an α-Sn film grown on a CdTe substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. A Berry phase determined from Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations is 0.98π. A two-dimensional (2D) Fermi surface is clearly demonstrated by angle-dependent oscillations. We believe the nontrivial topology originates from the 2D Dirac fermions of the topological surface states. In addition, both anisotropic magneto-resistance and planar Hall effect have negative amplitudes at higher fields, which we attribute to the spin-flip backscattering in the topological surface states. We also show that these topological surface states have a long relaxation time of ∼95 fs, making α-Sn a potential candidate for high-efficiency spintronics.
A multielement alloying strategy to tune magnetic and mechanical properties in NiMnTi alloys via Co and B
Authors: Liu Xin , Bai Jing , Sun Shaodong , Xu Jiaxin , Jiang Xinjun , Guan Ziqi , Gu Jianglong , Cong Daoyong , Zhang Yudong , Esling Claude , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: September 2022

The phase stability, martensitic transformation, and magnetic and mechanical properties of (Ni2-xCoxMn1.5Ti0.5)1-yBy (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.625; y = 0.03 and 0.06) alloys are systematically studied through the first-principles calculations method. The Co and B atoms are inclined to be aggregated distribution in the Ni2Mn1.5Ti0.5 alloy, and the phase stability of the austenite and non-modulated (NM) martensite decreases by co-doping. The ferromagnetic activation effect in the austenite occurs when x = 0.03 and y = 0.625. The magnetism of the austenite changes from an antiferromagnetic to a ferromagnetic state, which is ascribed to the elongation of the nearest neighboring distance of Mn–Mn, the nearest Mn–Mn distance increases from 2.50–2.79 to 2.90–2.94 Å, while the NM martensite always shows antiferromagnetism. Additionally, the doped B accelerates the change from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic for the austenite, but B-doping decreases the stability of the whole alloy system. The Co and B co-doping increases the stiffness of the NiMnTi alloy but decreases toughness and plasticity. However, the toughness and plasticity of the NiCoMnTiB alloy are better than those of the NiMnTiB alloy, indicating that the Co doping increases the d-orbital hybridization in the NiMnTiB alloy. The above results are expected to support the performance design of the NiMnTi-based alloy.
The impact of rapid thermal annealing for the ferroelectricity of undoped sputtered HfO2 and its wake-up effect
Authors: Gronenberg O. , Marquardt R. , Lamprecht R. , Ekici Y. , Schürmann U. , Kohlstedt H. , Kienle L.
Published: September 2022

Fundamental aspects of ferroelectric HfO2, a fluorite-type oxide, are not understood yet. This is evident by different theories regarding, e.g., the wake-up effect or the antiferroelectric-like behavior of HfO2 manufactured with different doping or deposition techniques. Therefore, we focus on sputtered and undoped HfO2 to gain deeper understanding of the ferroelectric properties of pure HfO2. A temperature gradient on a 10×10mm2 substrate during rapid thermal annealing led to different ferroelectric device performances in terms of remnant polarization and the wake-up effect. The results from the electrical characterization are compared to observations by transmission electron microscopy, performed on pristine and trained samples in plan-view as well as in cross section. We observed that different temperature treatments caused effects at the interfaces of the TiN electrodes and also affected the microstructure and defect concentration of the HfO2 itself. Devices from the hot corner showed wake-up free ferroelectricity with a remnant polarization below 10 μC/cm2, whereas devices from the cold corner showed a strong wake-up effect with remnant polarization starting from 0 to above 20 μC/cm2 after 106 cycles. After observing a small structural transformation in trained devices, we attributed this strong wake-up effect to gradual ferroelastic switching of pristine [110] oriented grains with in-plane polarization to partially out-of-plane polarization, while the predominantly ⟨111⟩ oriented grains in the hot corner can suppress the wake-up effect.
Dynamics of planar gas expansion during nanosecond laser evaporation into a low-pressure background gas
Authors: Morozov A. A. , Titarev V. A.
Published: September 2022

A numerical study in a one-dimensional planar formulation of the dynamics of the neutral gas expansion during nanosecond laser evaporation into a low-pressure background gas is carried out using two different kinetic approaches: the direct simulation Monte Carlo method and direct numerical solution of the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation. Results were obtained for a wide range of parameters: the background gas pressure, masses of evaporated and background particles, temperature and pressure of saturated vapor on the evaporation surface, and evaporation duration. They are in good agreement with the analytical continuum solution for unsteady evaporation into the background gas. The dynamics of the expansion is analyzed, and the characteristic times and distances that determine the main stages of the expansion process are established. General regularities are obtained that describe the dynamics of the motion of external and internal shock waves and the contact surface as well as the maximum density of evaporated particles and the characteristic temperatures of evaporated and background particles in the compressed layer. The obtained results are important for understanding and describing the change in the mixing layer during nanosecond laser deposition in a low-pressure background gas.
Controlling Fermi level pinning in near-surface InAs quantum wells
Authors: Strickland William M. , Hatefipour Mehdi , Langone Dylan , Farzaneh S. M. , Shabani Javad
Published: September 2022

Hybrid superconductor–semiconductor heterostructures are a promising platform for quantum devices based on mesoscopic and topological superconductivity. In these structures, a semiconductor must be in close proximity to a superconductor and form an Ohmic contact. This can be accommodated in narrow bandgap semiconductors, such as InAs, where the surface Fermi level is positioned close to the conduction band. In this work, we study the structural properties of near-surface InAs quantum wells and find that surface morphology is closely connected to low-temperature transport, where electron mobility is highly sensitive to the growth temperature of the underlying graded buffer layer. By introducing an In0.81Al0.19As capping layer, we show that we change the surface Fermi level pinning of the In0.81Al0.19As thin film as compared to the In0.81Ga0.19As, giving rise to a tuning of the Fermi level in the InAs layer. Experimental measurements show a strong agreement with Schrödinger–Poisson calculations of the electron density, suggesting the conduction band energy of the In0.81Ga0.19As and In0.81Al0.19As surface is pinned to 40 and 309 meV above the Fermi level, respectively.
A comparison study of high thermal stable and resistant polyimides
Authors: Li Jiang , Zhao Wenhua , Zhao Chenchen , Qi Tongqing , Ma Pengchang , Ning De , Yang Chunlei , Li Weimin
Published: September 2022

Polyimide thin films with high thermal stability and resistance will contribute to the development of flexible energy devices, which could be compatible with their high temperature fabrication process. Thus, we have prepared poly(amic acid) solutions with bisbenzimidazole and bisbenzoxazole based diamines and finally fabricated polyimide thin films. After comparing with commercial type polyimides, the polyimides containing bisbenzimidazole and bisbenzoxazole segments showed excellent thermal decomposition temperatures (of 581 and 584 °C, respectively), outstanding mechanical properties (with a tensile strength of 218 and 192 MPa, respectively), and relatively low water absorption percentages (of 0.68% and 0.63%, respectively). The superior properties should be ascribed to the rigid molecular chain skeleton, strong inter- and intra-molecular-chain forces, and hydrogen bonds.
Non-parabolic effective mass model for dissipative quantum transport simulations of III–V nano-devices
Authors: Deuschle Leonard , Rhyner Reto , Frey Martin , Luisier Mathieu
Published: September 2022

Thanks to their formidable electron transport properties, III–V compound semiconductors have established themselves as a possible alternative to strained-Si as future n-type logic switches. To predict the performance of such transistors, device simulators that can capture the peculiarities of the III–V band structure at low computational cost are required. In particular, their strong band non-parabolicity (NP) calls for advanced models going beyond the standard effective mass approximation (EMA). Previous studies have suggested ways to include NP effects into quantum transport calculations in the ballistic limit. Here, such a model is extended to account for electron–phonon interactions. It combines the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism and the EMA with NP corrections. The proposed method is validated through simulations of InGaAs nanowire field-effect transistors. The results are compared to full-band tight-binding calculations and to the solution of the subband Boltzmann transport equation, showing excellent agreement.
Shocked silica aerogel radiance transition
Authors: Henderson B. J. , Rygg J. R. , Marshall M. C. , Ginnane M. K. , Hansen L. E. , Davies E. , Celliers P. M. , Collins G. W.
Published: September 2022

Silica (SiO2) aerogel is widely used in high-energy-density shock experiments due to its low and adjustable density. Reported here are measurements of the shock velocity, optical radiance, and reflectivity of shocked SiO2 aerogel with initial densities of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g/cm3. These results are compared with similar data from three solid polymorphs of SiO2, silica, quartz, and stishovite with initial densities 2.2, 2.65, and 4.3 g/cm3, respectively. Interestingly, below a brightness temperature of Tbright≈35,000 K, the slope of the radiance vs shock velocity is the same for each of the SiO2 aerogels and solid polymorphs. At Tbright≈35000 K, there is an abrupt change in the radiance vs shock velocity slope for aerogels, but not seen in the solid polymorphs over the pressures and temperatures explored here. An empirical model of shock front radiance as a function of SiO2 density and laser drive parameters is reported to aid in the design of experiments requiring maximum shock front radiance.
A variational model for the hyperfine resolved spectrum of VO in its ground electronic state
Authors: Qu Qianwei , Yurchenko Sergei N. , Tennyson Jonathan
Published: September 2022

A variational model for the infra-red spectrum of vanadium monoxide (VO) is presented, which aims to accurately predict the hyperfine structure within the VO XΣ−4 electronic ground state. To give the correct electron spin splitting of the XΣ−4 state, electron spin dipolar interaction within the ground state and the spin–orbit coupling between XΣ−4 and two excited states, AΠ4 and 1Σ+2, are calculated ab initio alongside hyperfine interaction terms. Four hyperfine coupling terms are explicitly considered: Fermi-contact interaction, electron spin-nuclear spin dipolar interaction, nuclear spin-rotation interaction, and nuclear electric quadrupole interaction. These terms are included as part of a full variational solution of the nuclear-motion Schrödinger equation performed using program Duo, which is used to generate both hyperfine-resolved energy levels and spectra. To improve the accuracy of the model, ab initio curves are subject to small shifts. The energy levels generated by this model show good agreement with the recently derived empirical term values. This and other comparisons validate both our model and the recently developed hyperfine modules in Duo.
Introduction to nuclear spin waves in ferro- and antiferromagnets
Authors: Rezende Sergio M.
Published: September 2022

Collective nuclear spin excitations, called nuclear spin waves or magnons, are enabled in strongly magnetic materials by the hyperfine coupling of the nuclear and electronic spins in an atom and the exchange interaction between electronic spins of neighboring atoms. Nuclear spin waves attracted the interest of theoretical and experimental researchers worldwide about four to five decades ago and then waned. Very recently, two experimental reports of nuclear spintronic effects in the canted antiferromagnet MnCO3 have shown that spin currents can be generated using nuclear spin states, bridging two quite separate worlds, one of nuclear spin excitations and the other of spintronics. In this Tutorial, we briefly review the basic concepts and properties of nuclear spin waves in ferro- and antiferromagnetic (AF) materials and present a few significant experimental results obtained some time ago with the uniaxial anisotropy AF MnF2 and the cubic anisotropy AF RbMnF3 and compare them with theory. We also briefly present the recent experimental observations of the nuclear spin pumping effect and the nuclear spin Seebeck effect in the canted antiferromagnet MnCO3. Other possible AF candidates for studies of nuclear spintronic effects are discussed.
Efficient same-dimensional implicit time advancement parallel scheme and optimization methods for the iteration parameters using a graphics-processing unit
Authors: Zhou Bohao , Huang Xudong , Bi Dianfang , Zhang Ke , Zhou Ming
Published: September 2022

Many studies have focused on the acceleration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using multicore hardware such as graphics-processing units (GPUs) in the field of parallel computing. In GPU acceleration, CFD parallel granularity generally refers to the point granularity parallelization as a unit of the grid. An implicit time advancement scheme is more efficient and faster than an explicit time advancement scheme for CFD. However, for commonly used implicit schemes, such as the lower-upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel (LUSGS) scheme, the parallel dimensionality is reduced, resulting in a highly time-consuming procedure. In this paper, the data-parallel upper-lower relaxation (DPLUR) scheme based on Jacobi iteration is used and then implemented on a GPU. Numerical experiments are carried out and show that the computing speed of point granularity parallelization using the DPLUR scheme, especially implemented on a GPU, is much higher than that of dimensionality reduction using the LUSGS scheme. Moreover, the influence of different Jacobi inner iteration steps (JIIS) on the convergence time is discussed, and two JIIS optimization algorithms are proposed according to the characteristics of convergence. On the basis of the memory access form, a DPLUR red–black (DPRB) scheme with more stable and faster convergence than the conventional DPLUR scheme is developed. Finally, some standard cases are adopted to verify the effectiveness of DPRB schemes with the JIIS optimization algorithm.
A graphene temporary tattoo measures blood pressure
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: September 2022

A far cry from the bulky, uncomfortable cuff, the ultralight sensor takes measurements of the vital sign without the wearer feeling a thing.
Electric propulsion of spacecraft
Authors: Levchenko Igor , Goebel Dan M. , Bazaka Kateryna
Published: September 2022

The electrification of spacecraft could significantly extend the useful life of billion-dollar missions in outer space.
Automated classification of fuel types using roadside images via deep learning
Authors: Azim Md Riasat , Keskin Melih , Do Ngoan , Gül Mustafa
Published: September 2022

There is an urgent need to develop new data-driven methods for assessing wildfire-related risks in large areas susceptible to such risks. To assess these risks, one of the critical parameters to analyse is fuel. This research note presents a framework for classifying fuels through the analysis of roadside images to complement the current practice of assessing fuels through aerial images and visual inspections. Some of the most prevalent fuel types in North America were considered for automated classification, including grasses, shrubs and timbers. A framework was developed using convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which can automate the process of fuel classification. Various pre-trained neural networks were examined and the best network in terms of time efficiency and accuracy was identified, and had ~94% accuracy in identifying the chosen fuel types. This framework was initially applied to street view images collected from Google Earth. Indeed, the results showed that the framework has the potential for application for fuel classification using roadside images, and this makes it suitable for crowdsensing-based fuel mapping for wildfire risk assessment, which is the future goal of this research.
SARS-CoV-2 requires acidic pH to infect cells
Authors: Kreutzberger Alex J. B. , Sanyal Anwesha , Saminathan Anand , Bloyet Louis-Marie , Stumpf Spencer , Liu Zhuoming , Ojha Ravi , Patjas Markku T. , Geneid Ahmed , Scanavachi Gustavo , Doyle Catherine A. , Somerville Elliott , Correia Ricardo Bango Da Cunha , Di Caprio Giuseppe , Toppila-Salmi Sanna , Mäkitie Antti , Kiessling Volker , Vapalahti Olli , Whelan Sean P. J. , Balistreri Giuseppe , Kirchhausen Tom
Published: September 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cell entry starts with membrane attachment and ends with spike (S) protein–catalyzed membrane fusion depending on two cleavage steps, namely, one usually by furin in producing cells and the second by TMPRSS2 on target cells. Endosomal cathepsins can carry out both. Using real-time three-dimensional single-virion tracking, we show that fusion and genome penetration require virion exposure to an acidic milieu of pH 6.2 to 6.8, even when furin and TMPRSS2 cleavages have occurred. We detect the sequential steps of S1-fragment dissociation, fusion, and content release from the cell surface in TMPRRS2-overexpressing cells only when exposed to acidic pH. We define a key role of an acidic environment for successful infection, found in endosomal compartments and at the surface of TMPRSS2-expressing cells in the acidic milieu of the nasal cavity.
Complicating solidarity
Authors: Theng Andre Joseph , Tse Vincent Wai Sum , Wu Jasper Zhao Zhen
Published: September 2022

Prior to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, there had been an extended period of civic unrest which began as
opposition to an extradition bill but which later grew into a larger socio-political movement. We consider the relationship between ongoing
political sentiments and the Covid-19 pandemic as evident through public signs; particularly, how commercial signage aligns and disaligns
with government discourse on solidarity evident through recontextualization of the official tagline “Together, we fight the virus!” We
suggest three analytical categories: (1) signs which demonstrate an alignment stance with the institutional sense of solidarity; (2)
alignment with the pro-democracy movement, and thus disalignment from the institutional sense; and (3) politically ambiguous stances
appealing to a broad understanding of solidarity for commercial gain. The pandemic occurring at a politically sensitive time has caused and
made evident fractures in the way solidarity is construed, resulting in (dis)alignment and differing stances arising from the various social
actors who have emplaced signs.
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells require BATF to regulate gut homeostasis in mice
Authors: Wu Xiaopeng , Khatun Achia , Kasmani Moujtaba Y. , Chen Yao , Zheng Shikan , Atkinson Samantha , Nguyen Christine , Burns Robert , Taparowsky Elizabeth J. , Salzman Nita H. , Hand Timothy W. , Cui Weiguo
Published: September 2022

Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are crucial for the maintenance of host–microbiota homeostasis in gastrointestinal mucosal tissues. The mechanisms that maintain lineage identity of intestinal ILC3s and ILC3-mediated orchestration of microbiota and mucosal T cell immunity are elusive. Here, we identified BATF as a gatekeeper of ILC3 homeostasis in the gut. Depletion of BATF in ILC3s resulted in excessive interferon-γ production, dysbiosis, aberrant T cell immune responses, and spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which was considerably ameliorated by the removal of adaptive immunity, interferon-γ blockade, or antibiotic treatment. Mechanistically, BATF directly binds to the cis-regulatory elements of type 1 effector genes, restrains their chromatin accessibility, and inhibits their expression. Conversely, BATF promotes chromatin accessibility of genes involved in MHCII antigen processing and presentation pathways, which in turn directly promotes the transition of precursor ILC3s to MHCII+ ILC3s. Collectively, our findings reveal that BATF is a key transcription factor for maintaining ILC3 stability and coordinating ILC3-mediated control of intestinal homeostasis.
Observation and Simulation of n = 1 Reversed Shear Alfvén Eigenmode on the HL-2A Tokamak
Authors: Shi P. W. , Yang Y. R. , Chen W. , Shi Z. B. , Yang Z. C. , Yu L. M. , Wang T. B. , He X. X. , Ji X. Q. , Zhong W. L. , Xu M. , Duan X. R.
Published: September 2022

A branch of high-frequency Alfvénic modes is observed on the HL-2A tokamak. The electromagnetic mode can be driven unstably in the plasma with an off-axis neutral beam heating. Its mode frequency keeps almost unchanged or presents a slow-sweeping behavior, depending on the detail current evolution. The poloidal and toroidal mode numbers are m/n = 1/1. The mode has a quite short duration (≤20 ms) and usually appears 5–10 ms after the neutral beam being injected into the plasma. Hybrid simulations based on M3D-K have also been carried out. The result suggests that co-passing energetic particles are responsible for the mode excitation. The simulated mode structures are localized nearby location of minimum safety factor (q
min) and agree with the structures obtained through tomography of soft x-ray arrays. Further, the modes are localized in the continuum gap and their frequencies increase with variation of q
min in a wide range. Last but not least, the characteristic of unchanged frequency on experiment is also reproduced by the nonlinear simulation with a fixed safety factor. All those evidences indicate that the n = 1 high-frequency mode may belong to a reversed shear Alfvén eigenmode.
Influence of pulsed gas injections on the stability of Townsend dielectric barrier discharges in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Cacot L , Carnide G , Kahn M L , Caquineau H , Clergereaux R , Naudé N , Stafford L
Published: September 2022

This work investigates the effects of pulsed nitrogen gas injections on the stability of Townsend dielectric barrier discharges operated in continuous nitrogen gas flows at atmospheric pressure. For single-pulse injections with pulse durations lower than the continuous gas residence time (∼50 ms), current–voltage characteristics reveal homogeneous discharges with a single current peak per half-cycle of the applied voltage. However, a sudden decrease of the discharge power over time combined with a temporary transition from homogeneous to filamentary discharge is observed for longer pulses at fixed pulsed gas flows and for higher pulsed gas flows at fixed pulse duration. In addition, for multiple pulsed gas injections with repetition frequencies between 0.1 and 10 Hz, discharge destabilisation increases with the number of pulses. Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy reveals that, over the single pulse time scale, temporal variations of the emission intensities are longer than the expected residence times of the continuous and pulsed gas flows. Furthermore, a rise of oxygen impurities can be seen over both single and multiple-pulses time scales. Two-dimensional gas flow simulations reveal that pulsed injections introduce sharp and narrow temporal gas velocity profiles over the range of experimental conditions investigated, with no cumulative effects in the discharge cell from one pulse to the other. However, pulsed operation introduces significant changes in the neutral gas composition with time scales comparable to those revealed by electrical and optical diagnostics. In such conditions, the outgassing of impurities adsorbed on surfaces located upstream of the discharge cell plays a vital role in Townsend discharges’ physics and characteristics.