bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Properties of Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Tiberto P. , Baricco M. , Olivetti E. , Piccin R.
Published: June 2007

The discovery and large scale investigation of rapidly solidified alloys have brought to light in the last three decades a new scenario in basic and applied magnetism. With a range of composition and microstructural states unavailable to conventional materials, the rapidly quenched alloys have in fact demonstrated unprecented versatile properties, provide unique opportunities in applications and enlarged the domain of physical theories. In this paper, the basic magnetic features of two classes of magnetic bulk metallic glasses, soft and hard magnetic alloys, will be briefly highlighted.
Alcohol use among immigrant Latino farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Grzywacz Joseph G. , Quandt Sara A. , Isom Scott , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: June 2007

Background

Heavy alcohol use among Latino farmworkers is believed to be common, but it remains poorly documented.

Methods

Interviewer‐administered survey questionnaires were administered to 151 Latino male farmworkers in Eastern North Carolina; topics included frequency of alcohol consumption, amount of alcohol typically consumed, frequency of consuming five or more drinks in a single setting, and signs of alcohol abuse/dependence.

Results

Over one‐quarter (26%) completely abstain from alcohol, but 27% report frequent heavy drinking, or drinking five or more alcoholic beverages two or more times per month. Over one‐third of farmworkers (39%) may be alcohol‐dependent. Frequent heavy drinking is more common among single farmworkers and among those who do not follow the crops, and dependence is more common among farmworkers living in camps comprised of both H2A and non‐contract workers.

Conclusions

There is substantial variation in alcohol use among Latino farmworkers. Although a substantial proportion of farmworkers abstain from alcohol, an equally substantial proportion report alcohol use that poses significant risk for injury on and off the job. More research is needed to document the potential threat to Latino farmworkers by their alcohol use. Interventions targeting alcohol are needed to minimize the risk of injury in an already dangerous occupation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:617–625, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association of migraine to the GABA‐A receptor complex on chromosome 15
Authors: Oswell G. , Kaunisto M.A. , Kallela M. , Hämäläinen E. , Anttila V. , Kaprio J. , Färkkilä M. , Wessman M. , Palotie A.
Published: June 2007

To date, no gene variants predisposing to common forms of migraine have been convincingly identified. Recently, significant linkage to a cluster of gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA)‐A receptors on Chr 15q11–q13 was reported. We performed an extensive association study using 898 MA cases and 900 matched controls by covering the same gene cluster with 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). No association to MA was detected, suggesting that common variants of the GABA cluster are unlikely to be major contributors of MA susceptibility. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐based association analysis of a statistically derived quantitative traits for ADHD reveal an association inDRD4with inattentive symptoms in ADHD individuals
Authors: Lasky‐Su Jessica , Lange Christoph , Biederman Joseph , Tsuang Ming , Doyle Alysa E. , Smoller Jordan W. , Laird Nan , Faraone Stephen
Published: June 2007

The objective of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes for ADHD are associated with quantitative phenotypes generated from inattentive and hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms. One hundred forty‐three SNPs were genotyped in and around five ADHD candidate genes. A highly heritable quantitative phenotype was generated at each SNP by weighting inattentive and hyperactive‐impulsive symptoms. Once these phenotypes were generated, a screening procedure was used to select and test the five SNP/phenotype combinations with the greatest power to detect an association for each candidate gene. Adjacent SNPs in the promoter region ofDRD4, hCV26775267 and hCV26775266, were associated with the quantitative phenotypes generated from the ADHD symptoms (correctedP‐values = 0.012 for both SNPs). The correlations between the ADHD symptoms and quantitative phenotype revealed that inattentive symptoms had a strong influence on the generated phenotype. Subsequent family‐based association test‐principal components (FBAT‐PC) analyses using inattentive symptoms only also had significant associations. SNPs in the promoter region ofDRD4are associated with the phenotypes generated from ADHD symptoms. The strong correlation of the inattentive symptoms with these quantitative phenotypes and the subsequent FBAT‐PC analyses suggest this region is primarily associated with inattentive symptoms. This analysis adds to previous findings by suggesting that variants at these loci may be specifically associated with inattentive symptoms. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutational screening analysis of DHCR24/seladin‐1 gene in Italian familial Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tedde Andrea , Cellini Elena , Bagnoli Silvia , Sorbi Sandro , Peri Alessandro
Published: June 2007

There is evidence that both environmental and genetic factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The amount of brain cholesterol, for instance, has been suggested to play a role in the development of the disease. Accordingly, the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele has been identified as a major risk factor for the occurrence of AD. The product of the DHCR24/seladin‐1 gene has enzymatic activity, which converts desmosterol into cholesterol. The expression of this gene, which confers protection against β‐amyloid toxicity and from oxidative stress, is downregulated in AD vulnerable brain regions and it has been proposed as possibly involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we evaluated the possible genetic contribution of the DHCR24/seladin‐1 gene to Italian familial cases of AD. The exons 1–9 of this gene from 100 patients were subjected to mutation screening analysis. We identified a new C to T transition in exon 1 (Leu60Leu) and a previously described C to T transition in exon 7 (Ile342Ile‐rs718265). Our preliminary results suggest the absence of an association between DHCR24/seladin‐1 genotypes and AD in the Italian population. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The BDNF Val66Met × 5‐HTTLPR × child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms: An attempt at replication
Authors: Wichers Marieke , Kenis Gunter , Jacobs Nele , Mengelers Ron , Derom Catherine , Vlietinck Robert , van Os Jim
Published: June 2007

Kaufman et al. [2006] reported a higher order interaction effect between specific genetic and environmental factors in a model of depressive symptoms, requiring independent replication. BDNF Val66Met and 5‐HTTLPR genotypes were determined in female participants pertaining to a large ongoing twin study. Participants also filled in questionnaires on childhood adversity and depressive symptoms. Two‐ and three‐way interactions between genetic polymorphisms and early adversity were examined in models of depressive symptoms. BDNF Met allele(s) moderated the effect of early adversity on depressive symptoms (two‐way interaction), and this BDNF Met × childhood adversity interaction in turn was moderated by 5‐HTTLPR genotype (three‐way interaction). However, a main effect of BDNF Met on childhood adversity was also observed, possibly indicating confounding by gene–environment correlation. Higher order interaction effects involving BDNF Val66Met, 5‐HTTLPR and childhood adversity may contribute to the etiology of depressive illness. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polystyrene–fluorohectorite nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing with and without latex precompounding: Structure and mechanical properties
Authors: Siengchin S. , Karger‐Kocsis J. , Apostolov A. A. , Thomann R.
Published: June 2007

Sodium fluorohectorite (FH) was dispersed in polystyrene (PS) by direct melt blending with and without a master batch composed of PS and FH and produced by latex compounding. FH was not intercalated by PS when it was prepared by direct melt compounding. In contrast, FH was well dispersed (mostly intercalated) in PS via the PS‐latex‐mediated predispersion of FH following the master‐batch route. The dispersion of FH was studied with transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques and discussed. The nanocomposites produced by the master‐batch technique outperformed the directly melt‐compounded microcomposites with respect to stiffness, strength, and ductility according to dynamic mechanical analysis and static tensile tests. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Degumming of Persian silk with mixed proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Arami Mokhtar , Rahimi Sharam , Mivehie Leila , Mazaheri Firoozmehr , Mahmoodi Niyaz Mohammad
Published: June 2007

The feasibility of degumming Persian silk with alcalase, savinase, and mixtures of these enzymes with different alcalase/savinase weight ratios (0/1, 0.25/0.75, 0.5/0.5, 0.75/0.25, and 1/0 g/L) was investigated. The results were compared with those of soap degumming, which is a common silk degumming process. The effectiveness of parameters such as the treatment time, concentration of enzymes, and liquid ratio on degumming was studied. The enzymatic degumming process was performed at 55°C with an operation time of approximately 30 min, whereas the soap degumming process was carried out around the boiling point in 120 min. The evaluation of the data was carried out through the measurement of the weight loss, strength, and elongation of the samples. The optimum amount of sericin removed was 21.52 wt % for alcalase in 30 min, 20.08 wt % for savinase in 60 min, and 22.58 wt % for soap in 120 min. Also, the enzymatic treatment improved properties of the silk yarn such as the strength (33.76 cN/tex for alcalase and 32.03 cN/tex for savinase) and elongation (20.08% for alcalase and 18.42% for savinase). The obtained values were better than the strength (29.90 cN/tex) and elongation (18.59%) from the soap degumming method. Through the use of an enzyme mixture (0.5/0.5 g/L), good weight loss (22.43%), strength (33.22 cN/tex), and elongation (17.74%) were achieved in 30 min. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed and supported the observed data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Comparative study on quiescent crystallization kinetics of isotactic polyolefins
Authors: Suh Jaein , White James L.
Published: June 2007

Quiescent melt crystallization rates of various polyolefins including high density polyethylene (PE), isotactic form of polypropylene (PP), polybutene‐1 (PB1), and poly(4‐methyl pentene‐1) (P4MP1) were investigated under both isothermal and nonisothermal conditions using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The order of overall crystallization rates under quiescent conditions from fast to slow was found to be: PE, P4MP1, PP and PB1. The Avrami equation was used to analyze isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization processes, respectively. In order to compare relative crystallization rates of these polymers, continuous cooling transformation curves for each polymer under nonisothermal condition as well as the plot of crystallization half‐time as a function of crystallization temperature under isothermal conditions were constructed. Comparisons were made of the relative rate of crystallization of the different isotactic polyolefins with each other and with reports in the literature. Isotactic polyolefins with linear side groups crystallize increasingly more slowly as the side group lengthens with polypentene‐1 (PPT1) and polyhexene‐1 (PH1) crystallizing even more slowly than PB1. It is notable that P4MP1, which has isobutyl as a bulky side group, and apparently poly(3‐methyl butene‐1) (P3MB1) showed fairly high crystallization rates. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dolphins in a bottle: abundance, residency patterns and conservation of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the semi‐closed eutrophic Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Agazzi Stefano , Bonizzoni Silvia , Costa Marina , Azzellino Arianna
Published: June 2007

Boat surveys were conducted between 2002 and 2005 to study bottlenose dolphins living in the 400 km2 Amvrakikos Gulf, western Greece. During 116 survey days, 4705 km of total effort resulted in the individual photo‐identification of 106 animals, through long‐term natural markings on their dorsal fins.

Mark–recapture analyses based on the Mth model provided estimates of 82 marked individuals in 2003 (95% CI=80–91), 92 in 2004 (95% CI=86–108) and 98 in 2005 (95% CI=94–110). To include the unmarked portion of the population, the proportion of unmarked individuals was computed based on the number of photographs of marked and unmarked dorsal fins. The mean proportion of unmarked animals in the population was 0.338 (95% CI=0.288–0.389). By adding this to the estimate for marked animals in 2005, considered as the most robust, a total population estimate of 148 individuals (95% CI=132–180) was obtained.

Dolphin encounter rates in 2003–2005 did not show significant variations, and averaged 7.2 groups per 100 km or 72.5 individuals per 100 km. Encounter rates within the Gulf were about one order of magnitude greater than those found for bottlenose dolphins in nearby eastern Ionian Sea coastal waters.

Mean dolphin density in the Gulf was 0.37 animals km−2. This relatively high density, together with high levels of site fidelity shown by most individuals, was thought to be related primarily to prey availability, particularly of epipelagic schooling fish.

The importance of the semi‐closed Amvrakikos Gulf for bottlenose dolphins and other threatened species encourages the adoption of measures aimed to conserve its valuable ecosystems and raise the naturalistic profile of the area, while promoting environment‐conscious development. Meaningful action includes restoring natural hydrology (e.g. freshwater input from rivers), curtailing pollution from various sources, responsible fisheries and aquaculture management, and control of illegal fishing. Interactions between dolphins and fisheries also deserve careful quantitative investigation.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital period variations of four Algol‐type eclipsing binaries: SWCyg, UU Leo, XX Cep and BO Vul
Authors: Erdem A. , Doğru S. S. , Bakış V. , Demircan O.
Published: June 2007

The orbital period behaviours of four Algol‐type eclipsing binaries SW Cyg, UU Leo, XX Cep and BO Vul are studied, by using all available times of minimum light in the literature. Their O – C diagrams were represented by long–period sinusoidal variations superimposed on parabolic forms. The parabolic forms for SWCyg and UU Leo correspond to secular period increases, while for XX Cep and BO Vul to secular period decreases. To explain these observed secular changes in these four Algol systems, we considered the combined effect of the mass transfer from the less massive component to the more massive one and the mass loss from the system.We concluded that the dominant mechanism for observed long–term period change of SW Cyg and UU Leo is the mass transfer, and that of XX Cep and BO Vul is the mass loss from the systems. It is interesting that the mass transfer rates (i.e., 10–7–10–8 M⊙/yr) found for all four Algol binaries are at the upper limit of those generally accepted for Algols. However, assuming the mass loss via circumbinary disks of Chen et al. (2006) reduces the rate to 10–8–10–9 M⊙/yr. We interpreted the tilted sinusoidal variations in all cases in terms of the light‐time effect due to unseen components in the systems. Unacceptably large hypothetical third body masses in the case of SW Cyg and UU Leo, and common nature of the cyclic O – C variations in semi‐detached Algols recall the cyclic magnetic activity effects of the secondary components as the working hypothesis in explaining cyclic period variations of these systems. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new numerical method for solving radiation driven winds from hot stars
Authors: Curé M. , Rial D. F.
Published: June 2007

We present a general method for solving the non‐linear differential equation of monotonically increasing steady‐state radiation driven winds. We graphically identify all the singular points before transforming the momentum equation to a system of differential equations with all the gradients explicitly given. This permits a topological classification of all singular points and to calculate the maximum and minimum mass‐loss of the wind. We use our method to analyse for the first time the topology of the non‐rotating frozen‐in ionisation m‐CAK wind, with the inclusion of the finite disk correction factor, and find up to 4 singular points, three of the x‐type and one attractor‐type. The only singular point (and solution passing through) that satisfies the boundary condition at the stellar surface is the standard m‐CAK singular point. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The S(c) spectrum machine to visualize the motion in galaxies
Authors: Caranicolas N.D. , Papadopoulos N.J.
Published: June 2007

The behavior of the orbits in a galaxy model composed of an harmonic core and a strong bar potential is studied. Numerical calculations show that a large number of orbits display chaotic motion. These orbits are low angular momentun orbits. The percentage of chaotic orbits increases as the angular velocity of the system increases or the strength of the harmonic term decreases. A new dynamical parameter, the S(c) spectrum, is introduced and used to detect the island motion and the evolution of the sticky regions. Comparison to previously obtained results reveals the leading role of the new spectrum. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The applications of the MHD Alfvén wave oscillation model for kHz quasi‐periodic oscillations
Authors: Zhang C.M. , Yin H.X. , Zhao Y.H. , Chang H.K. , Song L.M.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we improve the previous work on the MHD Alfvén wave oscillation model for the neutron star (NS) kHz quasi‐periodic oscillations (QPOs), and compare the model with the updated twin kHz QPO data. For the 17 NS X‐ray sources with the simultaneously detected twin kHz QPO frequencies, the stellar massMand radiusRconstraints are given by means of the derived parameterAin the model, which is associated with the averaged mass density of the star as 〈ρ〉 = 3M/(4πR3) ≃ 2.4 × 1014(A/0.7)2g/cm3, and we also compare theM‐Rconstraints with the stellar equations of state. Moreover, we also discuss the theoretical maximum kHz QPO frequency and maximum twin peak separation, and some expectations on SAX J1808.4–3658 are mentioned, such as its highest kHz QPO frequency ∼ 870 Hz, which is about 1.4–1.5 times less than those of the other known kHz QPO sources. The estimated magnetic fields for both Z sources (about Eddington accretion rate$ {\dot M}_{\rm Edd} $) and Atoll sources (∼ 1%$ {\dot M}_{\rm Edd} $) are approximately ∼109G and ∼108G, respectively. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The inner structure of the S0 galaxy NGC 3384
Authors: Meusinger H. , Ismail H.A. , Notni P.
Published: June 2007

We re‐investigate the lenticular galaxy NGC 3384, a member of the Leo I galaxy group, using HST and multi‐colour Calar Alto observations. Various approaches are used to visualize the two known peculiar components, the so‐called inner component (IC) and the elongated component (EC), on the HST images. The methods were checked in detail using synthetical images from simulated galaxies. For the first time, we make the IC as well as the inner part of the EC visible on direct images. The results confirm both the bar‐like appearance of the inner EC and the quasi‐elliptical shape of the IC. The IC resembles an inclined disk where the surface brightness becomes successively shallower towards the centre compared to an exponential profile. The orientation of the inner part of the EC is perpendicular to the major axis of the IC. The broad‐band colour indices are shown to be in agreement with model predictions for a 5 to 7 Gyr old stellar population of quasi‐solar metallicity. No significant large‐scale variations of the colour indices over the main body of the galaxy are found. We discuss the previously reported colour gradients close to the nucleus and argue that the most plausible explanation is reddening by small amounts of dust though unsharp masked HST images do not provide significant hints for clumpy dust. According to the episodic dust settling scenario suggested by Lauer et al. (2005), the very low dust fraction indicates that NGC 3384 is in a post‐activity phase and at the beginning of a new dust‐settling cycle. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oldmetal‐rich globular cluster populations: Peak color and peak metallicity trends with mass of host spheroids
Authors: Kravtsov V.V.
Published: June 2007

We address the problem of the factors contributing to a peak color trend of old metal‐rich globular cluster (MRGC) populations with mass of their hosts, early‐type galaxies and spheroidal subsystems of spiral ones (spheroids). The colormass trend is often converted to a metallicity‐mass trend under the assumption that age effects are small or negligible. While direct estimates of the ages of MRGC populations neither can rule out nor reliably support the populations' age trend, key data on timing of the formation of spheroids and other indirect evidence imply it in the sense: the more massive spheroid the older on average its MRGC population. We show that the contribution of an allowable age trend of the MRGC populations to their peak color trend can achieve up to ∼50% or so. In this event the comparable value of the color trend, ∼30%, is due to alpha‐element ratio systematic variations of the order of Δ[α /Fe] ≈ 0.1 to 0.2 dex because of a correlation between the [α /Fe] ratios and age. Hence a systematic variation of exactly [Fe/H] ratios may turn out to be less significant among the contributors, and its range many times lower, i.e. of the order of Δ[Fe/H]∼0.1 or even none, than the corresponding range deduced by assuming no age trend. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Space‐time curvature and recession velocities
Authors: Liebscher D.‐E.
Published: June 2007

The problem of interpretation of recession velocities reflects straightforwardly the curvature of space‐time. In a recent article it was claimed that this problem would show that the General Relativity Theory had to and would overrule the Special Relativity Theory (Davis & Lineweaver 2003; Lineweaver & Davis 2005). This must be corrected. It is shown that the simplistic definition of the recession velocity as change in distance on a space of constant cosmological time yields in fact a pseudo‐euclidean angle and that the simplest correct definition of the recession velocity fits perfectly with the SRT formula for the Doppler effect. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulations of the anisotropic kinetic and magnetic alpha effects
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Subramanian K.
Published: June 2007

Using simulations of isotropically forced helical turbulence the contributions to kinetic and magnetic alpha effects are computed. It is shown that for the parameter regimes considered in an earlier publication (Brandenburg & Subramanian 2005), the expressions for isotropic and anisotropic alpha effects give quantitatively similar results. Both kinetic and magnetic alpha effects are proportional to a relaxation time whose value, in units of the turnover time, is shown to be approximately unity and independent of the magnetic Reynolds number. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evolution of magnetic fields in stars across the upper main sequence: II. Observed distribution of the magnetic field geometry
Authors: Hubrig S. , North P. , Schöller M.
Published: June 2007

We re‐discuss the evolutionary state of upper main sequence magnetic stars using a sample of Ap and Bp stars with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes and definitely determined longitudinal magnetic fields. We confirm our previous results obtained from the study of Ap and Bp stars with accurate measurements of the mean magnetic field modulus and mean quadratic magnetic fields that magnetic stars of mass M < 3 M⊙ are concentrated towards the centre of the main‐sequence band. In contrast, stars with masses M > 3 M⊙ seem to be concentrated closer to the ZAMS. The study of a few known members of nearby open clusters with accurate Hipparcos parallaxes confirms these conclusions. Stronger magnetic fields tend to be found in hotter, younger and more massive stars, as well as in stars with shorter rotation periods. The longest rotation periods are found only in stars which spent already more than 40% of their main sequence life, in the mass domain between 1.8 and 3 M⊙ and with log g values ranging from 3.80 to 4.13. No evidence is found for any loss of angular momentum during the main‐sequence life. The magnetic flux remains constant over the stellar life time on the main sequence. An excess of stars with large obliquities β is detected in both higher and lower mass stars. It is quite possible that the angle β becomes close to 0. in slower rotating stars of mass M > 3 M⊙ too, analog to the behaviour of angles β in slowly rotating stars of M < 3 M⊙. The obliquity angle distribution as inferred from the distribution of r ‐values appears random at the time magnetic stars become observable on the H‐R diagram. After quite a short time spent on the main sequence, the obliquity angle β tends to reach values close to either 90. or 0. for M < 3 M⊙. The evolution of the obliquity angle β seems to be somewhat different for low and high mass stars. While we find a strong hint for an increase of β with the elapsed time on the main sequence for stars with M > 3 M⊙, no similar trend is found for stars with M < 3 M⊙. However, the predominance of high values of β at advanced ages in these stars is notable. As the physics governing the processes taking place in magnetised atmospheres remains poorly understood, magnetic field properties have to be considered in the framework of dynamo or fossil field theories. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interval recording for duration events: a re‐evaluation
Authors: Rapp John T. , Colby Amanda M. , Vollmer Timothy R. , Roane Henry S. , Lomas Joanna , Britton Lisa N.
Published: June 2007

In two experiments, events that were recorded using continuous duration recording (CDR) were rescored using 10‐s partial interval (PIR), 10‐s momentary time sampling (MTS) and 20‐s MTS. Results of Experiment 1 showed that data paths generated by each interval method produced conclusions about functional control that were similar to those based on CDR when using reversal designs; however, for multielement designs, 10‐s PIR was prone to showing differentiation between data paths that was not evident with CDR. Results of Experiment 2 showed that both 10‐s and 20‐s MTS yielded data paths on behavior–behavior relations (e.g., covarying responses) that were consistent with CDR whereas 10‐s PIR produced some behavior–behavior patterns that were not. In both experiments, 10‐s MTS generated data paths that were nearly identical to the respective CDR data paths. The implications of these findings for researchers and clinicians are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late results of skin-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Meretoja T J , Rasia S , von Smitten K A J , Asko-Seljavaara S L , Kuokkanen H O M , Jahkola T A
Published: June 2007

Background

Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) facilitates optimal immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) by preserving the inframammary fold and most of the breast skin. Concerns persist that SSM might increase the rate of local recurrence as the surgical approach is less extensive. Patients who had SSM and IBR over 10 years at a single institution were reviewed.

Methods

A total of 207 consecutive women who underwent SSM and IBR from 1992 to 2001 were included in the study. The patient records were analysed retrospectively and follow-up data were included.

Results

Postoperative complications included native skin flap necrosis (10·1 per cent), haematoma (10·6 per cent), infection (3·4 per cent), anastomotic thrombosis (5·3 per cent) and hernia (2·6 per cent). During a mean follow-up of 70 months, 5·8 per cent of patients with stage 0–2 disease developed a locoregional recurrence, although none of these later had a systemic recurrence. The rate of locoregional recurrence was 31 per cent (five of 16) in women with stage 3 breast cancer.

Conclusion

SSM followed by IBR was both surgically and oncologically safe, especially for early-stage breast cancer.
Autologous tissue repair of large abdominal wall defects
Authors: de Vries Reilingh T S , Bodegom M E , van Goor H , Hartman E H M , van der Wilt G-J , Bleichrodt R P
Published: June 2007

Background and method

Techniques for autologous repair of abdominal wall defects that could not be closed primarily are reviewed. Medline and PubMed were searched for English or German publications using the following keywords: components separation technique (CST), Ramirez, da Silva, fascia lata, tensor fasciae latae, latissimus dorsi, rectus femoris, myocutaneous flap, ((auto)dermal) graft, dermoplasty, cutisplasty, hernia, abdominal wall defect, or combinations thereof. Publications were analysed for methodological quality, and data on surgical technique, mortality, morbidity and reherniation were abstracted.

Results and conclusions

The CST is the best documented procedure; it is associated with a high morbidity rate of 24·0 per cent and a recurrence rate of 18·2 per cent. Although the results of the da Silva technique are good (morbidity 5–20 per cent and reherniation 0–3 per cent), the poor methodological quality of the studies precludes firm conclusions. Repair with free fascia lata or dermal grafts is an alternative if the above techniques cannot be used, but wound complications affect 42 per cent of patients and recurrent hernia up to 29 per cent. Pedicled or free vascularized flaps are reserved for complex situations.
Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis
Authors: McGuire B B , Brannigan A E , O'Connell P R
Published: June 2007

Background

Since 1977, restorative proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis (IAA) has evolved into the surgical treatment of choice for most patients with intractable ulcerative colitis. Construction of an ileal pouch reservoir is now standard, usually in the form of a pouch (IPAA). The aim of this report is to review selection criteria for, and functional outcomes, follow-up and management of complications of IPAA after 30 years of widespread clinical application.

Methods and results

Literature published in English on the clinical indications, surgical technique, morbidity, complications and outcome following IAA and IPAA was sourced by electronic search, performed independently by two reviewers who selected potentially relevant papers based on title and abstract. Additional articles were identified by cross-referencing from papers retrieved in the initial search.

Conclusion

The functional results of IPAA are good. Pouchitis, irritable pouch syndrome and cuffitis are specific long-term complications but rarely result in failure. Pouch salvage is possible in selected patients with poor functional outcomes. One-stage operations are increasingly performed.
Studies on the endogenous phospholipids of chick embryo myocardium and their in vitro hydrolysis by endogenous phospholipases during embryogenesis
Authors: Helmy Fatma M. , Aikins Anthea , Hughes Jeniter , Belfield Carrie , Juracka Amal
Published: June 2007

The phospholipid profiles of the myocardium (from 10‐ and 18‐day old chick embryos and 13‐day old chick) and their in vitro response to the endogenous lipolytic enzymes (mainly of the phospholipase group) at pH 7.4 and 38°C for 60 min were analyzed by TLC technology and densitometry. Cardiolipin (CL) was shown to be one of the major phospholipids of the chick embryo myocardium and its concentration increased as the chick embryo advanced in development. Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) was produced subsequent to in vitro incubation of whole tissue homogenates in all myocardia studied as well as a concurrent reduction in CL. This deacylation of CL increased in magnitude as the chick embryo advanced in development indicating its age relatedness. The level of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) plasmalogen was also high in all myocardia studied. Lyso alkenyl PE (LPE) was produced subsequent to in vitro incubation and its level increased as the chick embryo advanced in development, indicating PLA2 action on the sn‐2 fatty acid of PE. Phosphatidyl choline (PC) plasmalogen was also present in the chick embryo myocardium and its level increased gradually as the chick embryo advanced in development. In contrast, yolk‐sac membrane contains very minute amounts of CL and PE. No PC was detected and no LPE was formed following in vitro incubation. The yolk of the unfertilized chicken egg has no CL and has very minute amounts of PE, no PC and no lysophospholipids were detected following in vitro incubation in all samples analyzed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internationalizing community colleges: Barriers and strategies
Authors: Green Madeleine F.
Published: June 2007

This chapter examines variables that make international education an essential component for community colleges and identifies barriers to institutionalization.
What every community college leader needs to know: Building leadership for international education
Authors: Boggs George R. , Irwin Judith
Published: June 2007

This chapter focuses on issues that community college leaders constantly grapple with to ensure that their graduates are globally educated and able to work and succeed in an independent and complex world. It also describes major obstacles that limit and confine international education and suggests strategies to overcome these obstacles.
Transcendence and globalization: Our education and workforce development challenge
Authors: Milliron Mark David
Published: June 2007

This chapter describes how globalization is changing the U.S. economy and the job market for community college students and discusses the skills students need to participate in a globalized world.
Expanding the vision of international education: Collaboration, assessment, and intercultural development
Authors: Emert Holly A. , Pearson Diane L.
Published: June 2007

This chapter explores the Education for Global Learning (EGL) consortiums efforts to assess intercultural competence as an outcome of study abroad. The chapter concludes with lessons learned and next steps in EGL's international education journey.
Campus politics and the challenges of international education in an urban community college district
Authors: Ng Jacob
Published: June 2007

This chapter presents a case study of challenges that the Peralta Community College District faced in institutionalizing its international student program and describes how the district overcame these challenges.
Treatment of drug‐eluting stent restenosis with the same versus different drug‐eluting stent
Authors: Garg Shaila , Smith Kimberly , Torguson Rebecca , Okabe Teruo , Slottow Tina L. Pinto , Steinberg Daniel H. , Roy Probal , Xue Zhenyi , Gevorkian Natalie , Satler Lowell F. , Kent Kenneth M. , Suddath William O. , Pichard Augusto D. , Waksman Ron
Published: June 2007

Objective:

The authors aimed to compare the clinical outcomes with repeat drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation utilizing the same type versus an alternate DES type for in‐stent restenosis (ISR) of DES.

Background:

DES are proven as an effective treatment for bare metal ISR.

Methods:

A cohort of 116 patients previously treated with a sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) or a paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES) who presented with angiographic ISR were treated with repeat DES. Of these, 62 (53.4%) were treated with different DES and 54 (46.6%) were treated with the same DES. This cohort was followed for clinical events at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year.

Results:

Baseline characteristics were similar except for more diabetes among patients receiving the different type of DES. Of the 116, overall 16.4% of the DES were implanted for previous ISR and 2.6% had previously received brachytherapy. At 6 months, the overall target vessel revascularization (TVR) rate was 12.2% for the entire cohort. The TVR‐major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rate for the patients treated with different DES was 14.5% and 16.7% for the same DES (P = 0.750). Overall TVR rate at 1 year was 28.8%. The TVR‐MACE was 32.6% for different DES and 35.0% for the same DES (P = 0.814).

Conclusions:

Reimplantation of DES for the treatment of DES ISR (same or different) is safe but associated with a high rate of recurrences at 1 year regardless of the initial DES type. Other treatment modalities for ISR of DES should be considered to further improve the overall TVR‐MACE. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmission of Binding Information across Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Dijkstra Harmen P. , Hutchinson Jordan J. , Hunter Christopher A. , Qin Haiyuan , Tomas Salvador , Webb Simon J. , Williams Nicholas H.
Published: June 2007

A synthetic transmembrane receptor that is capable of transmitting binding information across a lipid bilayer membrane is reported. The binding event is based on aggregation of the receptor triggered by copper(II) complexation to ethylenediamine functionalities. By labelling the receptor with fluorescent dansyl groups, the copper(II) binding event could be monitored by measuring the extent of fluorescence quenching. Comparing the receptor with a control receptor lacking the transmembrane linkage revealed that the transmembrane receptor binds copper(II) ions more tightly than the non‐spanning control receptor at low copper(II) concentrations. Since the intrinsic binding to copper(II) is the same for both receptors, this effect was attributed to synergy between the connected interior and exterior binding sides of the transmembrane receptor. Thus, this is the first reported artificial signalling event in which binding of a messenger on one side of the membrane leads to a cooperative binding event on the opposite side of the membrane, resembling biological signalling systems and helping us to get a better understanding of the requirements for more effective artificial signalling systems.
A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Study of the Protein–Ligand Interaction for Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Integrase
Authors: Alves Cláudio N. , Martí Sergio , Castillo Raquel , Andrés Juan , Moliner Vicent , Tuñón Iñaki , Silla Estanislao
Published: June 2007

Human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 integrase (HIV‐1 IN) is an essential enzyme for effective viral replication. Diketo acids such as L‐731,988 and S‐1360 are potent and selective inhibitors of HIV‐1 IN. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulations, within the hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach, to determine the protein–ligand interaction energy between HIV‐1 IN and L‐731,988 and 10 of its derivatives and analogues. This hybrid methodology has the advantage that it includes quantum effects such as ligand polarisation upon binding, which can be very important when highly polarisable groups are embedded in anisotropic environments, as for example in metal‐containing active sites. Furthermore, an energy decomposition analysis was performed to determine the contributions of individual residues to the enzyme–inhibitor interactions on averaged structures obtained from rather extensive conformational sampling. Analysis of the results reveals first that there is a correlation between protein–ligand interaction energy and experimental strand transfer into human chromosomes and secondly that the Asn‐155, Lys‐156 and Lys‐159 residues and the Mg2+ ion are crucial to anti‐HIV IN activity. These results may explain the available experimental data.
Dinuclear Amine–Thiophenolate Complexes Coligated by Ferrocenemonocarboxylate and 1,1′‐Ferrocenedicarboxylate Anions: Preparation, Characterization and Structures of Trinuclear [LMII2(O2CC5H4FeCp)]+ and Pentanuclear [(LMII2)2(O2CC5H4)2Fe]2+ Complexes (M=Co, Ni, Zn)
Authors: Lozan Vasile , Buchholz Axel , Plass Winfried , Kersting Berthold
Published: June 2007

A series of novel tri‐ and pentanuclear complexes composed of dinuclear LM2 units (M=Co, Ni, Zn; L=24‐membered macrocyclic hexaazadithiophenolate ligand) and ferrocenecarboxylate ([CpFeC5H4CO2]−) or 1,1′‐ferrocenedicarboxylate ([Fe(C5H4CO2)2]2−) groups is reported. The complexes [LMII2(O2CC5H4FeCp)]+ (M=Co (6), Ni (7), Zn (8)) and [(LMII2)2(O2CC5H4)2Fe]2+ (M=Co (9), Ni (10)) have been prepared by substitution reactions from labile [LMII2L′]+ precursors (L′=Cl, OAc) and the respective ferrocenecarboxylate anions in methanol. Mixed‐valent [(LCoIICoIII)2(O2CC5H4)2Fe]4+ (11) was prepared by oxidation of 9 with bromine. Complexes 7[BPh4], 8[BPh4], 9[BPh4]2, 10[BPh4]2, and 11[ClO4]4 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography; showing that the ferrocenyl carboxylates act as bidentate (7, 8) or bis‐bidentate (9–11) bridging ligands towards one or two bioctahedral LM2 subunits, respectively. The structures are retained in solution as indicated by NMR spectroscopic studies on the diamagnetic Zn2Fe complex 8[ClO4]. Electrochemical studies reveal significant anodic potential shifts for the oxidation potential of the ferrocenyl moieties upon complexation and the magnitude of the potential shift appears to correlate with the charge of the LM2 subunits. This is qualitatively explained in terms of destabilizing electrostatic (Coulomb) interactions between the M2+ ions of the LM2 unit and the proximate ferrocenium fragment. An analysis of the temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility data for 10[BPh4]2 shows the presence of weak ferromagnetic magnetic exchange interactions between the NiII ions in the LNi2 units. The exchange coupling across the ferrocenedicarboxylate bridge is negligible.
Exogenous hormone use and meningioma risk
Authors: Claus Elizabeth B. , Black Peter M. , Bondy Melissa L. , Calvocoressi Lisa , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Wiemels Joseph L. , Wrensch Margaret
Published: June 2007

The decision to commence or continue use of hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives in women presumed or known to be diagnosed with intracranial meningioma is a common clinical question in neurosurgery. A review of the English‐language literature was undertaken to examine the association between the use of exogenous hormones and meningioma risk. Seven publications were identified, 6 of which met criteria for inclusion. No randomized clinical trial data were available, hence, results were collected from 2 population‐based case‐control studies, 2 hospital‐based case‐control studies, 1 nested case‐control study drawn from a large national cohort, and 1 retrospective cohort study. At present, there is no statistical evidence of an increased risk of meningioma among users of oral contraceptives. Although not definitive, available data suggest an association between the use of hormone replacement therapy and increased meningioma risk. Further evaluation of exogenous hormone use in women with meningioma is needed with particular attention to stratification by hormone (ie, estrogen and/or progesterone) composition, duration of and age at use as well as tumor receptor subtype. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Patient survival by Hsp70 membrane phenotype
Authors: Pfister Karin , Radons Jürgen , Busch Raymonde , Tidball James G. , Pfeifer Michael , Freitag Lutz , Feldmann Horst‐Jürgen , Milani Valeria , Issels Rolf , Multhoff Gabriele
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in tumor immunity. The authors prospectively investigated the correlation between the tumor‐specific Hsp70 membrane expression as an independent clinicopathological marker and overall survival in tumor entities that differ in their route of metastasis.

METHODS

Hsp70 membrane expression was examined by flow cytometry in 58 colon, 19 gastric, 54 lower rectal carcinoma, and 19 squamous cell carcinoma specimens and the corresponding normal tissues at time of first diagnosis. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were analyzed to determine the relation of Hsp70 expression to the patients' prognosis.

RESULTS

An Hsp70 membrane‐positive phenotype was found in 40% (colon), 37% (gastric), 43% (lower rectal), and 42% (squamous cell) of the analyzed tumor specimens. None of the corresponding normal tissues was found to be Hsp70 membrane‐positive. In patients with colon (P = .032) and gastric (P = .045) carcinomas, an Hsp70 membrane expression correlated significantly with an improved overall survival; a negative association was seen in lower rectal (P = .085) and squamous cell carcinoma (P = .048).

CONCLUSIONS

The authors hypothesized that differing relations between surface expression of Hsp70 on tumor cells and clinical outcomes may reflect differences in the route of metastases. Colon and gastric carcinomas metastasize into the liver where hepatic natural killer cells may have the capacity to recognize and kill Hsp70 membrane‐positive tumor cells and thus account for a better overall survival. Cancer 2007; 110:926–35. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Nanoscale Organization of the Pathogen Receptor DC‐SIGN Mapped by Single‐Molecule High‐Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: de Bakker Bärbel I. , de Lange Frank , Cambi Alessandra , Korterik Jeroen P. , van Dijk Erik M. H. P. , van Hulst Niek F. , Figdor Carl G. , Garcia‐Parajo Maria F.
Published: June 2007

DC‐SIGN, a C‐type lectin exclusively expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), plays an important role in pathogen recognition by binding with high affinity to a large variety of microorganisms. Recent experimental evidence points to a direct relation between the function of DC‐SIGN as a viral receptor and its spatial arrangement on the plasma membrane. We have investigated the nanoscale organization of fluorescently labeled DC‐SIGN on intact isolated DCs by means of near‐field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) combined with single‐molecule detection. Fluorescence spots of different intensity and size have been directly visualized by optical means with a spatial resolution of less than 100 nm. Intensity‐ and size‐distribution histograms of the DC‐SIGN fluorescent spots confirm that approximately 80 % of the receptors are organized in nanosized domains randomly distributed on the cell membrane. Intensity–size correlation analysis revealed remarkable heterogeneity in the molecular packing density of the domains. Furthermore, we have mapped the intermolecular organization within a dense cluster by means of sequential NSOM imaging combined with discrete single‐molecule photobleaching. In this way we have determined the spatial coordinates of 13 different individual dyes, with a localization accuracy of 6 nm. Our experimental observations are all consistent with an arrangement of DC‐SIGN designed to maximize its chances of binding to a wide range of microorganisms. Our data also illustrate the potential of NSOM as an ultrasensitive, high‐resolution technique to probe nanometer‐scale organization of molecules on the cell membrane.