bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral lichen planus: hypersensitivity to dental restoration material
Authors: Mobacken H. , Hersle K. , Sloberg K. , Thilander H.
Published: April 2006

67 patients with oral lichen planus of the atrophic‐erosive or reticular plaque type were examined. Dental amalgam in contact with mucosal lesions was present in 64 patients, and gold fillings in 33. Patch testing with a standard procedure was performed with components of dental fillings. 11 patients (16%) reacted to at least one of the mercury compounds compared to 8% in a reference group. Most positive reactions were caused by elemental mercury and ammoniated mercury. No patient reacted to gold or capper. Readings at days 10–14 did not increase the number of responders. 13 patients were patch tested with palladium; all were negative. It is not clear whether in the mercury‐positive patients allergy to dental amalgam is a causative or aggravating factor, or merely on epiphenomenon.
24 and 48 h allergen exposure in patch testing
Authors: Kalimo Kirsti , Lammintausta Kalja
Published: April 2006

Patch test reactions to 11 common contact allergens were studied after 24 h and 48 h occlusion with Finn Chambers in 390 patients. Concordant allergic results were found in 96 cases (74%). In 22 patients (17%), the reaction was positive only after 48 hand in 11 cases (8.5%) only after 24 h exposure. Most of the discordant reactions were to nickel, cobalt, neomycin, formaldehyde and perfume mix. Irritant reactions were found in 55 cases, the majority occurring after 48 h occlusion. Nickel chloride tested in parallel with 48 h exposure lead to more positive allergic and toxic reactions than nickel sulphate.
Nickel release from ear piercing kits and earrings
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Fregert Sigfrid , Gruvberger Birgitta , Rystedt Ingela
Published: April 2006

Ear piercing with nickel‐alloyed studs/clasps involves considerable risk of nickel sensitisation. Stainless steel studs/clasps for ear piercing and different types of earring were stored in synthetic sweat for 1 week. The nickel release was determined. One “hypoallergenic” stud/clasp released 0.005 μg Ni; 21 unused studs/clasps and earrings released 0.05–3 μg Ni, and 11 unused studs/clasps and earrings released 6–25 μg Ni. 6 earrings which caused dermatitis released 14–442 μg Ni. Thus, all studs/clasps and earrings released nickel. Neither gold nor silver plating prevented the nickel release. Nickel‐sensitive women were asked to wear studs/clasps releasing various amounts of nickel. The most sensitive of them showed eczematous reactions to studs/clasps releasing nickel down to 0.05 μg. The dimethylglyoxime test was positive only when more than 10 μg Ni was released.
The influence on the dermal cellular infiltrate of topical steroid applications and vehicles in guinea pig skin: normal skin, allergic and toxic reactions
Authors: Anderson C. D. , Groth O.
Published: April 2006

The mechanisms of the anti‐inflammatory effects of carticosteroids are uncertain but could be explained by an influence on infiltrating leukocytes. Our method for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of the dermal cellular infiltrate makes it possible to study the effects of topically applied corticosteroid preparations and vehicles on the infiltrating leukocytes of normal skin, allergic and toxic reactions in guinea pig skin. Ointment and cream vehicles as well as corticosteroid cream and ointment preparations often caused erythema and increased mononuclear infiltrate after only short periods of application (24‐72 h). The strongest steroid ointment gave the most marked macroscopic response and propylene glycol preparations the most marked cellular response. In both toxic and allergic reactions, application of steroid preparations after the provocation gave no beneficial result cither macroscopically or microscopically. Macroscopic scores were worsened by cream and ointment preparations. Although steroid solutions had no beneficial effect, they caused no detrimental effect. The guinea pig seems to be extremely sensitive to irritants and has not proved to be a suitable model for this approach to the study of the efficacy of topically applied steroids.
Hand dermatitis in dental technicians
Authors: Estlander Tuula , Rajaniemi Risto , Jolanki Riitta
Published: April 2006

The incidence of hand dermatitis and contact allergies was analyzed among dental technicians. A survey was carried out by postal questionnaire. It was returned by 106 technicians (88%): 30 had had skin problems, and 20 (19%) had present eruptions. All 20 were invited to a detailed dermatological investigation, hut only seven participated. Epicutaneous tests to prosthetic materials were negative in these patients. The hand eruptions in 4 patients appeared 10 be irritant. 4 other patients (4%). who had had previous hand dermatitis, had a history of positive patch Jest reactions to methyl methacrylate, but they hail become symptomless and refused to participate in further studies.
Use of buffer solutions for patch testing
Authors: Bruze Magnus
Published: April 2006

Acid and alkaline products must usually be diluted before patch testing in order to be non‐irritant. The use of ordinary solvents for the dilution often means low‐concentration products to be tested. By using buffer solutions, the possible test concentrations can be increased at least many hundred fold.
Flare‐up reactions and desensitization from oral dosing in chromate‐sensitive guinea pigs
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Christensen Monica B. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Flare‐up reactions were induced in potassium dichromate hypersensitive guinea pigs by a single oral dose of 55 mg/kg. This dose is systemically toxic and higher than the dose required to induce the same reactions in humans. A total oral dose of potassium dichromate of 90‐115 mg/kg induced immunological unresponsiveness for at least 6 weeks. With limitations, the guinea pig model maybe helpful in screening the hyposensitization capacity of different haptens dosed orally.
How sensitizing is chlorocresol?
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud
Published: April 2006

Chlorocresol is a biocide with widespread use in industry and pharmaceutical products. It is an occasional human contact sensitizer.

The sensitizing potential of chlorocresol was judged strong using the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and doubtful in the less sensitive open epicutaneous test (OET). When different induction concentrations were used, the results indicated an optimal sensitizing concentration above which no further increase in the sensitization rate occurred. Re challenge 2 weeks later showed a marked decrease in sensitivity.

Consecutive human patch tests with chlorocresol 2% in pet. showed 11 reactions among 1462 patients tested, but none were explainable and reproducible during re‐tests and provocative use tests, indicating that the GPMT overestimated the sensitization potential.

The results from guinea pig allergy tests cannot stand alone but have to be validated by other sources of information.
Reduced skin threshold to irritation in the presence of allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig
Authors: Arlette John P. , Fritzler Marvin J.
Published: April 2006

The skin is more susceptible to irritation when an active eczematous process is present. This reduced threshold to irritation occurs in skin distant from the site of the eczematous skin. Data is presented to demonstrate the appearance of irritant dermatitis lo lower concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate during the presence of an allergic contact dermatitis in the guinea pig.
Delayed‐type allergy to spices
Authors: Niinimäki A.
Published: April 2006

9 common spices were tested epicutaneously in 338 dermatological patients, 118 of whom were allergic to balsam of Peru. Positive reactions to one or more spices were seen in 50 patients till of whom except 2 were allergic 10 balsam of Peru, The spices giving positive reactions most often were clove, Jamaica pepper and cinnamon (cassia). 2/3 of the patients allergic to balsam of Peru or spices were women, usually suffering from hand eczema. Peroral challenge with spices was carried out in 71 patients allergic to balsam of Peru. Pompholyx on the palms and other objective symptoms were encountered in 7 cases, 3 of whom showed no reactions to spices in epicutaneous tests.
Attempts to induce contact allergy to nickel in the mouse
Authors: Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Various attempts to sensitize mice to nickel salts are described. The antigen was applied once or repeatedly by the epicutaneous or intracutaneous route and by combinations of the two. The procedures included prior irritation of the skin, treatment with Freund's complete adjuvant, cyclophosphamide or Tetramisol®, and prior sensitization to picryl chloride. Contact allergy was achieved only by repeated epicutaneous application of a strong nickel solution over a 3‐week period. The resulting dermatitis was demonstrated by a weak but significant wet weight increase of inflamed skin.
Patch and photopatch testing in chronic actinic dermatitis
Authors: Barber Kirk A. , Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

Photopatch tests in 47 patients with chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) showed musk ambrette to be the only significant allergen in our standard photopatch test series. The incidence of positive patch tests to a standard series of contact allergens in this group was compared with 213 men over the age of 50 years with eczema investigated in the contact clinic. Among the photosensitive patients, there was an increased incidence of reaction to thiuram‐mix (CAD 10%: controls 3%), curbs mix (CAD 6% controls 1%), nickel sulphate (CAD 6%; controls 2%) and vioform (CAD 10%; controls 0.5%). A decreased incidence of reaction to potassium dichromate (CAD 0%; controls 8%) and balsam of Peru (CAD 4% controls 10%) was recorded.
Inflammatory response to sodium lauryl sulfate in aqueous solutions applied to the skin of normal human volunteers
Authors: Novak Ervin , Francom Steven F.
Published: April 2006

In this double‐blind study, the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response induced by various concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) solution on the forearms of 36 normal male volunteers was dependent, upon the concentration and number of applications of SLS. One 24‐h application of the 4% or 5% aqueous SLS solution or two successive 24‐h applications of the 2% or 3% SLS solutions were sufficient to cause an inflammatory response in the epidermis. Such response makes the skin more permeable for the testing of topical formulations of compounds to document their propensity to irritate.
Patch testing in Japanese subjects
Authors: Rapaport Marvin J.
Published: April 2006

Experience with various patch tests, usage tests, and other studies on Japanese and Caucasian subjects is presented. Differences between the races are noted by their responses.
Contact and photocontact allergy in persistent light reactivity
Authors: Thune P. , Eeg‐Larsen T.
Published: April 2006

The patient group consisted of 18 elderly male patients with persistent light reactivity who were subjected to extensive phototesting with different wavelengths, including patch and photopatch testing. All reacted adversely to ultraviolet light and some also to longer wavelengths when tested on normal appearing skin. 17 patients showed contact or photocontact reactions, of which 12 were positive photopatch test reactions and 11 were plain contact reactions. Contact allergy to constituents of oak moss and different lichen compounds was twice as common as allergy to Compositae oleoresins. 72 patients with chronic polymorphic light eruption were used as a control group. 10 of these patients had either a positive photopatch test reaction or a plain contact allergy. Patients with persistent light reactivity are characterized by a particular susceptibility to develop a delayed‐type hypersensitivity. They frequently have both photo and plain contact allergy, often to substances used in cosmetics. In 13 of the 16 patients in whom a biopsy was carried out, the histology supported the clinical diagnosis. In none of the biopsies was the picture diagnostic in itself. This underlines the inadequacy of light microscopy as the only diagnostic procedure.
Sensitizing potential of urethane (meth)acrylates in the guinea pig
Authors: Björkner Bert
Published: April 2006

Urethane (meth)acrylates arc used as prepolymers in ultraviolet‐curable inks, varnishes and coating formulations for industrial purposes as well as resins for dental applications. The sensitizing capacity of 3 commonly used urethane (meth)acrylates was investigated using the guinea pig maximization test. The study shows that an aliphatic urethane acrylate is not only a more potent sensitizer than an aromatic one. but also more sensitizing than a (meth)acrylated aliphatic urethane.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to 1,2‐benzisothiazolin‐3‐one in gum arabic
Authors: Freeman Susanne
Published: April 2006

Benzisothiazolin‐3‐one is a preservative widely used in industry. The manufacturer states that it is a known skin irritant and sensitiser, but these facts are not well‐known. A case is described of contact allergy in a lithoprinter caused by it when used as a preservative in gum arable. The literature is reviewed and a suitable patch‐test concentration is suggested. It should be included in the patch‐test battery for lithoprinters.
Lymphocytes and Langerhans cells in patch tests
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Ranki Annamari , Lauharanta Jorma
Published: April 2006

The distribution of immunocompetent cells was analysed in allergic (nickel) and irritant (dithranol) patch tests using conventional transmission electron microscopy and labelling with monoclonal antibodies in an avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase study. The biopsies were taken 24 or 48 h after the allergen/irritant application.

In allergic and irritant reactions, most inflammatory cells were OKT11 positive (pan T lymphocytes). The majority of these cells were also OKT4 positive (pan T lymphocytes), while the minority were OKT8 positive (suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes). NK9 positive cells (natural killer cells) were observed in small numbers. The number of dendritic OKT6 and OKIaI positive cells (Langerhans cells) in the epidermis was unaffected in allergic reactions. In irritant reactions, a normal number of OKT6 positive Langerhans cells was observed, while the number of OKIaI positive cells had increased in the epidermis. Dithranol caused prominent fine structural changes in the mitochondria of the Langerhans cells, while the keratinocytes appeared largely unaffected.

The present study indicates that allergic and irritant patch tests cannot be differentiated reliably using current immunohistopathological or electron microscopic techniques, in spite of the small differences observed.
Human maximization testing of D&C Yellow no. 10 and Yellow no. 11
Authors: Kita Sehchi , Kobayashi Toshiaki , Kutsuna Hiroshi , Kligman Albert M.
Published: April 2006

By the maximization test, using 0.5% D&C Yellow no, 11 in pet, 15 of 20 human volunteers became contact sensitized. All reacted to a challenge concentration of 1000 ppm and one down to 1 ppm. The high allergenic potential of this dyestuff was confirmed. There were no cross reactions to purified samples of D&C Yellow no. 10. In contrail, 5% solutions of pure D&C Yellow no. 10 Tailed to sensitize human subjects. Cross reactions to this jubilance in persons sensitized to O&C Yellow no. 11 are due to impurities.
Patch test allergens in petrolatum: a reappraisal
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

Patch test materials in petrolatum, from 3 different manufacturers and 14 different types were evaluated by gross and microscopic examination. The allergens were noted to be suspended as particles or droplets in the vehicle. Obvious variations in berth size and structure of the included allergen were found with the same chemicals but: of different manufacture. Several materials do not meet the pharmeceutical standards which should be requested regarding stability, particle size and packing. A more detailed declaration is proposed.
Prediction of patch test results
Authors: Podmore P. , Burrows D. , Bingham E. A.
Published: April 2006

Test on 100 consecutive patients, 59 with a suspected allergen and 41 with eczema or contact dermatitis without a suspected allergen, yielded 23 unsuspected positives in 17 patients. The clinical diagnosis was not confirmed in 27 of the 59 cases with suspected allergens.
Amount of nickel applied with a standard patch test
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

The concentration of nickel sulphate was determined in 9‐16 mg test samples from commercially available patch test antigens. With two different manufacturers of 2.5% nickel sulphate in pet, the concentration range of 25 samples was 0.7 and 1.1% (±2 SD) respectively, and with one manufacturer of 5.0% nickel sulphate in pet, the range was ±0.5%. In a normal patch test, the volume of patch test material applied with the Finn chamber technique should be 12–18μl (9–16 mg), but has been found to range between 9 and 50 μl. Thus the amount of nickel applied in standard patch tests varies within at least 6‐fold limits.
Occupational dermatoses in Singapore
Authors: Goh C. L. , Soh S. D.
Published: April 2006

A study of occupational dermatoses is described. 97% of 389 cases were contact dermatitis, of which 66.3% were irritant and 33.7% allergic, in both male and female workers. Cutting oils, solvents and flux from the engineering and electronic industries were the commonest irritants, and chromate from cement in the construction industry was the commonest allergen. The other occupational allergens were rubber chemicals and epoxy resin. The construction industry was the largest source of occupational dermatoses cases seen; possible preventive measures are discussed.
Textile fiber dermatitis*
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

The review discusses acute and cumulative irritant, allergic contact dermatitis, contact Urticaria, and exacerbation of atopic dermatitis due to the physical and chemical nature of textile fibers.
Occupational pigmented contact dermatitis from azo‐dyes
Authors: Fujimoto Keiichi , Hashimoto Sehchi , Kozuka Takehito , Tashiro Minoru , Sano Shigemaru
Published: April 2006

A 51‐year‐old man had been working in a dye factory for 25 years and had noticed itching and pigmentation on the extremities for the past 5 years. Patch testing showed positive reactions to Sudan I and Vacanceine Red, among the azo dyes which he had been handling. After he changed his work, he became free from erythematous lesions with itching. The pigmentation almost disappeared III months later.
Disodium cromoglycate inhibits allergic patch test reactions
Authors: Meffert Hans , Wischnewski Gerd G. , Günther Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

Disodium cromoglycate was applied before patch testing in patients with contact allergy to propipocaine hydrochloride, nickel and formaldehyde. The responses obtained were mitigated to a high degree when compared with similar effects, due to corticoids.
Biocide patch tests
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Velen Niels K.
Published: April 2006

Routine path testing with a series of 6 industrial biocides containing methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate (Cytoc 3522®), benzosothizolin‐3‐one (BIT), chlorocresol (Preventol CMK®), 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (Kathon 863®), polyhdroxymethylene monobenzylether (Preventol D2®) or 1,3,5‐tris (hydroxy‐ethyl) hexahydrotrizine (Grotan BK®) was carried out in 6 Danish out‐patient clinics to evaluate guinea pig allergy test results with the same compounds.

A total of 1652 consecutive patients with dermatitis were tested. The usefulness of this patch test battery was limited. There were a few positive reactions to Cytoc 3522®, BIT and the 2 formaldehyde releasers, Preventol D2® and Grotan BK®. These reactions could not, however, be explained.

The MOAHL‐index (% of Male patients. Occupational cases, Atopic patients, Hand eczemas, and 1 eg ulcers/stasis dermatitis) for patients from the 6 clinics showed equal frequencies of male patients and atopics, but significant differences in the frequencies of occupational cases, hand eczemas, and leg ulcers/stasis dermatitis, indicating possible variations in referral patterns, use of patch tests, and/or environmental factors.
Dermatitis in small‐scale metal industries
Authors: Coenraaos P. J. , Foo S. C. , Phoon W. O. , Lun K. C.
Published: April 2006

A survey in 21 small metal factories in Singapore revealed that 6.6% of 751 workers (530 male. 221 female) had a skin disorder (in their hands and arms, Dermatitis accounted for 4.5 % (34 cases) and follicular rashes for 1% (8 case). Positive patch tests were found in 23% (8 cases) of 11 lose with dermatitis and in 9,8% (21 workers) of a control group without any skin problem. Dermatitis was found in he associated with exposure to solvents. Simultaneous analysis of various exposure risk factors by multiple logistic regression indicated a significant effect of combined exposure to oils and solvents (interaction). Being over 35 years of age was also a significant risk factor, whereas the role of contact allergy. detected by patch testing, was less pronounced.
Identification of psoralen, 8‐methoxypsoralen, isopimpinellin, and 5,7‐dimethoxycoumarin in Pelea anisata H. Mann
Authors: Marchant Y. Yoke , Turjman M. , Flynn T. , Balza F. , Mitchell J. C. , Towers G. H. Neil
Published: April 2006

5.7‐dimethoxyeoumarin and isopimpinellin, together with the well‐known phototoxic, photo‐irritant furanocoumarins psoralen and 8‐methoxypsoralen, were isolated and identified from leaves and fruits of pelea anisata H. Mann, a plant whose fruit arc used in the construction of mohikana leis used in parts of the Hawaiian Islands, The presence of presence of phototoxic furanocoumarins would explain the occurrence of photodermatitis in the wearers of the leis.
Aluminium in Finn chambers® reacts with cobalt and nickel salts in patch test materials
Authors: Fischer Torkel , Maibach Howard
Published: April 2006

Aluminium has n greater affinity for electrons than cobalt and nickel. Therefore, cobalt and nickel ions would be expected to exchange with metallic aluminium in Finn chambers®. This theory has been proven to be valid, as shown in 2 series or experiment: first, cobalt and nickel sail solutions (0.25 M) etch a metallic aluminium surface; secondly, aluminium Finn chambers kept in 10‐3 M nickel salt solutions significantly reduce the concentration of dissolved nickel. Dichromate solutions do not etch an aluminium metal surface significantly. Petrolatum, which is routinely used as vehicle in standard patch tests, probably protects the aluminium of Finn chambers® from the interaction of cobalt and nickel sails. The interaction may have significance in tests with solutions.
Sensitizing potential of 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate
Authors: Clemmensen Steen
Published: April 2006

Guinea pigs exhibited none or slight responses to sensitization with low concentrations of 2‐hydroxythylmethacrylate in the guinea pig maximization test, while 60–100% reacted to high concentrations regardless of the vehicle used for induction. Petrolatum, water, Soybean oil and a mixture of oil and 2‐butanone (sbomek) were used as vehicles for elicitation. The neat methacrylate was less effective than dilutions in any vehicle, petrolatum being the best. The major determinant of the frequency of response was the concentration used for intradermal induction. An increase in frequency and in duration of responsiveness after treatment with cyclophosphamide 3 days before challenge suggests that hydroxyethylmethacrylate preferentially stimulates the suppressor cell function.
Dermatitis from aziridine hardener in Printing ink
Authors: Garabrant David H.
Published: April 2006

13 of 51 workers developed dermatitis of the hands and face after handling a water‐based ink containing a polyfunctional aziridine hardening agent. Improper work practices resulted in skin contamination with the ink and its ingredients. The aziridine hardener contained trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The incidence of dermatitis was highest among the ink mixers who handled the undiluted aziridine (6 of 8 workers affected), was lower among printers who handled ink containing 2 to 4% aziridine (7 of 22 workers affected), and was absent in workers who did not handle ink. The mean latency from first contact with the ink to the development of the rash was 3.2 months among the ink mixers, and 6.2 months among the printers.

The present findings demonstrate the risk of handling aziridine hardeners when protective clothing is not properly used and when work practices result in direct skin contact. Further research should be performed to discern whether aziridine compounds themselves, free of TMPTA, can cause dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis to some medicaments
Authors: Angelini G. , Vena G. A. , Meneghini C. L.
Published: April 2006

Over the years, changes have had to be made in the list of topical drags most frequently responsible for allergic contact dermatitis. The 4 most common sensitizers in Italy in the past have been penicillin. Sulfonamide, promethazine and neomycin. Now the list is headed by neomycin, benzoeaine and ethylenediamine. Antihislumines and parabens are less frequently observed as sensilizers. The increasing topical use of new drujis and additives, as well as older sensitizers, produces reactions 10 other substances, such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, some antimycotic drugs, propylene glycol and benzoyl peroxide.
Treatment of dermatitis from parthenin
Authors: Picman Jaroslav , Picman Anna K.
Published: April 2006

Composites and some other plants containing sesquiterpene lactones, frequently cause allergic contact dermatitis in man. No treatment is available m control this disease successfully. We have used an amino acid, cysteine, to treat allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs sensitized to parthenin, a major sesquiterpene lactone of an allergenic weed. Parthenium hysterophorus L Cysteine treatment of the allergic reactions induced by parthenin resulted in (a) reduced lime of recovery and (b) reduced intensity of the skin reaction.
Naphthol AS as a cause of pigmented contact dermatitis
Authors: Hayokawa Ritsuko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Kojima Shigeo , Kaniwa Masaaki , Nakamura Akitada
Published: April 2006

Naphthol AS is a coupling agent of cotton dyeing. 2 elderly women with hyperpigmentation of the neck and limbs are described. Both felt itching on the neck, forearms, and lower extremities and noted hyperpigmentation a month later Both had worn cotton flannel nightdresses in winter. Patch testing with cotton flannel and methanol extracts were positive, but after estraction with methanol, the residual flannel did not react. The methanol extracts of cotton flannel, were analysed. The patients were tested with 5 extracted components; Naphthol AS was found to be the causative agent.
Patch testing for nickel allergy The influence of the vehicle on the response rate to topical nickel sulphate
Authors: Mendelow Anne Y. , Forsyth Angela , Florence Alexander T. , Baillie Alan J.
Published: April 2006

A group of 43 patients with a clinical history of nickel allergy who exhibited an equivocal or no allergic reaction to a patch test al 48 h were further challenged using several different formulations of nickel sulphate. This experimental test battery comprised aqueous, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol(PG) solutions of nickel sulphate, and nickel sulphate incorporated into cetomacrogol cream and yellow soft paraffin (PMF).

Although some of these vehicles were irritant a formulation‐dependent test response was observed, such that in terms of the number of responses per unit weight of nickel sulphate applied in the skin, the vehicles could be ranked: DMSO > PG > aqueous solution cetomacrogol cream > PMF preparations. This ranking could be correlated with the relative ease with which nickel sulphate could be dialysed from each vehicle in vitro

This study demonstrates that for nickel sulphate, the vehicle can influence the outcome of patch testing apparently by modifying the quantity of nickel released into the skin for elicitation of the allergic response.
Skin contact with gold and gold alloys
Authors: Rapson W. S.
Published: April 2006

3 types of reaction to gold merit discussion. First, there is the effect known us black dermographism, in which stroking with certain metals immediately produces well‐defined black lines on the skin. Some gold alloys art amongst such metals. The evidence indicates that the effect is the result of impregnation of the skin with black metallic particles generated by mechanical abrasion of the metals by contaminants of the skin. There is no positive and unequivocal evidence of the ability of metals lo mark uncontaminated skin so rapidly that it is possible to write upon it.

Secondly there are the 2 related phenomena of the wear of gold jewellery, and the susceptibility to certain individuals to blackening of the skin where it is in contact with such jewellery. The occurrence of smudge, as it is often called, is not very common, but is brought to the attention of most jewellers from time to lime. In extreme cases it may make it embarrassing for She person concerned to wear metallic; jewellery. It would appear as if gold smudge also results mainly from mechanical abrasion of jewellery, though this may be aided and/or supplemented in some instances by corrosion of gold or gold alloy induced by certain components of I he sweat.

Finally, there is the question of true allergic responses to contact of the skin with gold and us alloys. Judging from the very few cases which have been recorded, such responses arc extremely rare. Some recent observations on the reactions of metallic gold with amino acids, und of reaction lo contact of the skin with gold on the part of rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing gold therapy, are, however, relevant in this connection.
The phototoxic and allergenic potential of EDS liquids
Authors: McKee Richard H. , Maibach Howard J.
Published: April 2006

Liquid fuels derived by direct coal liquefaction may be similar in boiling range and chemical Composition to final tar products. In the past, phototoxicity. an occupational skin disorder, has been associated with coal distillation. Consequently, the phototoxic properties of 5 materials representing the full boiling range of liquids derived from the EDS process were characterized utilizing a guinea pig model. Results with low boiling, coal derived liquids (< 200°C) were not different from unirradiated controls; however. liquids boiling above 200°C induced phototoxic effects. These results suggest that high boiling EDS liquids may possess phototoxic potential Differences in the phototoxic activities of liquids of similar boiling range may be related to chemical composition.

A study of the allergenic potential of the EDS liquids described above was conducted utilizing the guinea pig maximization test. None of the lest materials produced positive responses, suggesting that EDS liquids are; low in allergenic potential.
Clinical patterns of hand eczema in women
Authors: Cronin Etain
Published: April 2006

The hand eczema of 263 women was studied as 4 clinical patterns: palms and fingers, dorsa and lingers, lingers only and the entire hands. The palmar pattern was the commonest. Sensitisers affected the patterns equally but irritants were of less significance in the palmar group than among the rest. Atopics did not appear to have a distinctive pattern. Among the occupational group, irritants were of much greater importance than allergens.
Possible adverse reactions to an enzyme‐containing washing powder
Authors: White Ian R. , Lewis J. , Alami Alison El
Published: April 2006

Following the launch of an enzyme (alcalase) containing washing powder, the manufacturers received numerous complaints from domestic users suggesting that it was responsible cither for the precipitation of a rash or the exacerbation of a pre‐existing rash. The 255 individuals living in London postal districts who complained to the manufacturers were contacted: 80 of Shem agreed to be investigated by patch and prick testing, and to it user test involving the double blind wearing of vests washed with the product. The results failed to substantiate that the enzyme containing washing powder was responsible for any dermatological problem.
Atopy, occupation and domestic work as risk factors for hand eczema in hospital workers
Authors: Nilsson Eskil , Mikaelsson Bo , Andersson Sture
Published: April 2006

By means of a multivariate regression analysis, we have studied the importance of atopy, “wet” and “dry” occupations, and domestic work as risk factors for hand eczema. Hand eczema was identified by questionnaire. The studied cohort consisted of 2452 newly employed hospital workers with a median follow‐up lime of 20 months. Of the total cohort studied. 86% were female. The total occurrence of hand eczema in the 4 occupational groups studied were: nursing staff 41% kitchen workers/cleaners 37%, office workers 25% and caretakers craftsmen 17%.

A topic dermatitis increased the odds of developing hand eczema by 3 times in wet as well as in dry work. Subjects with atopic dermatitis developed a more severe hand eczema than subjects with atopic mucosal symptoms and non‐atopics. Wet hospital work increased the odds by a factor of 2 compared to dry office work. 2 anamnestically available parameters of domestic work, namely “nursing of children, younger than 4 years” and “absence of dish‐washing machine” were found to significantly increase the risk of developing hand eczema. Wet work in combination with unfavourable domestic factors increased the odds by a factor of 4. The caretakers/craftsmen group, which was dominated by men, showed the lowest figure for hand eczema.
Musk ambrette and chronic actinic dermatitis
Authors: de Castro J. L. Crine , Pereira M. Angela , Nunes F. Prates , Santos A. Pereira dos
Published: April 2006

A patient with persistent photosensitivity and positive photopatch tests to musk ambrette and an after‐shave lotion is reported. Phototests showed extreme sensitivity to UV radiation, especially UVB. Patch tests with the European Standard Series and some plant allergens were negative. Histology showed a granulomatous reaction with epithelioid and giant cells in the dermis.
Contact dermatitis due to Madecassol
Authors: Eun Hee Chul , Lee Ai Young
Published: April 2006

Madecassol is an extract of Centella asiatica, a member of the Umbelliferae family. It contains madecassic acid, asiatic acid and asiaticoside. It has been used as a wound healing agent and for the prevention of cicatrization. We report contact dermatitis due to Madecassol and a control study with its individual ingredients.
Hand protection for car‐painters
Authors: Jepsen Jørgen R. , Jørgensen Annelise Sparre , Kyst Anders
Published: April 2006

In a single blind cross‐over study, the skin compatibility and comfort of cotton inner gloves were compared with a special astringent cream in 64 car painters. 38/64 (33%) painters preferred cream under disposable polyethylene gloves, while 20/64 (33%) preferred cotton gloves under polyethylene gloves. This difference was not statistically significant. Persons with a tendency hyperidrosis under gloves tended to prefer cotton inner gloves. According to preference, a special astringent cream may be a suitable alternative to cotton inner gloves. Such creams should not contain sensitizing components.
Textile chemical finish dermatitis
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Chemicals used on fabrics to improve 10 different performance characteristics have resulted in irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. The most significant problem is due to formaldehyde and N‐methylol compounds to produce durable press fabrics. Little is known about incidence of finish dermatitis or mode and amount of transfer of chemicals from fabric to skin.
Unusual contact allergens from plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae
Authors: Reynolds Gary W. , Epstein William L. , Rodriguez Eloy
Published: April 2006

The dermatitic constituents of the glandular hairs of plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae comprise a class of uncommon natural products called “phacelioids”. The chemical structures consist of various elaborations of hydroquinone attached to a C10 to C20 prenyl chain. Certain of these compounds are equivalent to the urushiols of Toxicadendron (Rhus) in their capacity to sensitize humans. Although structurally related to the urushiols, the phacelioids do not appear to cross‐react in humans either with urushiol, or between phacelioids with different prenyl chains.
Contact allergy to hydrocortisone and thixocortol pivalate: problems in the detection of corticosteroid sensitivity
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Verschaeve H. , Degreef H. , von Berendoncks J.
Published: April 2006

Several of the difficulties involved in the detection of corticosteroid allergy are illustrated by the problems encountered in a patient sensitive to a preparation containing hydrocortisone and miconazole nitrate. The importance of appropriate concentrations and vehicles for patch testing, the possible role of impurities, and cross‐sensitivity of corticosteroid molecules are discussed.
The repeated open application test (ROAT)
Authors: Hannuksela Matti , Salo Heikki
Published: April 2006

Repeated open application tests (ROATs) were performed with common ingredients of vehicles in 86 patients with contact dermatitis. The substances were applied twice daily for 7 days to the flexor aspect of the forearm near the cubital fossa, unless dermatitis appeared earlier. Of the patients with a questionable (?+) patch test result, 44% were positive in ROATs. The corresponding figure was 80% in the patients with B positive (+ or ++) response in the patch lest, when the results of ROAT with propylene glycol were excluded. Only 5 of 14 patients reacting lo 30% or to 10% propylene glycol but not in 15 in water in patch testing, showed a positive result to a cream containing 5% propylene glycol in ROAT. All 5 patients with a positive patch test reaction to 1% propylene glycol reacted to 5% propylene glycol in ROAT.

The results suggest that ROATs should be performed more often, especially in patients in whom little known or new allergens are suspected as being the cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
Dose‐response assessments of Kathon® biocide (II) Threshold prophetic patch testing
Authors: Cardin Caroline W. , Weaver James E. , Bailey Paul T.
Published: April 2006

Biocidal preservative agents are important in preventing the growth of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms in a variety at personal care, household and industrial products. Nearly all effective. Commonly used preservative materials possess skin sensitization potential. In a Series of 13 prophetic human repeat instill patch tests involving a total of 1450 subjects, no skin sensitization was induced at conclusion of 10 ppm. and 6 ppm or 5 ppm (1121 subjects) or at 15 ppm (200 subjects) of a new isothiazolinone preservative mixture (Kathon® CG). Delayed contact hypersensitivity was induced in I of S4 subjects at 12.5 ppm and in 2 of 45 subjects at 20 ppm. These results add Further support use the previously reported conclusion that use of this new biocide at the very low concentrations required for effective preservation of rinse‐off products involves an extremely low risk of clinical derma loses.
Assessment of the ability of mice fed on vitamin A supplemented diet to respond to a variety of potential contact sensitizers
Authors: Miller J Majsey
Published: April 2006

The contact sensitizing potential of various compounds was tested in mice maintained on a did supplemented with vitamin A acetate. Substances, were applied epicutaneously. After challenge. increases, in ear thickness were measured and the differences in response between control and treated groups determined by the Mann Whitney lest. A number test sensilizers. including Dowicil® 200, einnamaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal and Kathon® CG gave positive sensitivity responses.
Demonstration of Kathon® CG in some commercial products
Authors: Gruvberger Brigitta , Persson Karin , Björkner Bert , Bruze Magnus , Dahlquist Inger , Fregert Sigfrid
Published: April 2006

The preservative Kathon® CG has become one of the most common sensitizers It has. however, been difficult 10 explain the sensitization and to assess the clinical relevance of the contact allergy, partly due to lack of specification of the preservative m products. A high‐performance liquid chromatography method was used to demonstrate Kathon® CO in 12.1 commercial products of both “leave on” and “rinse off” types. 38 of these contained Kathon® CG in the range of 1‐15 ppm of active ingredients. There were no differences between “leave on” and “rinse off” products concerning the relative number of products containing Kathon® CG and the concentrations of the preservative.
Contact urticaria and rhinitis from latex surgical gloves
Authors: Carrillo T. , Cuevas M. , Muñoz T. , Hinojosa M. , Moneo I.
Published: April 2006

Latex used in the manufacture of surgical gloves should be included in a list of allergens. It is found in the tree Hevea braziliensis.

For approximately the last year, minutes after using surgical gloves a female doctor had severe pruritus followed by a rash and angio‐oedema of the contact areas. During the last 4 months, on opening the glove‐bag, she experienced severe rhinitis and respiratory distress. The symptoms ceased in 1 h Standard patch tests and with substances used in the manufacture of rubber were negative.

Prick tests with glove and natural latex were strongly positive. The presence of specific IgE against natural latex was demonstrated by means of a histamine release asssay as well as by immunoenzymatic methods. The antigen seems to have MW higher than 30,000 d and is trypsin‐sensitive. These facts that the allergen could be a protein present in the “crude natural latex”.
Contact dermatitis from Grevillea‘Robyn Gordon’
Authors: Menz Jennifer , Rossi Ric , Taylor Wal C. , Wall Leon
Published: April 2006

Grevillea‘Robyn Gordon’is an Australian hybrid plant which may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Over the past 8 years, in bag been planted extensively in Australia and is now being exported to the United Slates mid other Western countries. Recently, fin explosion in incidence of contact dermatitis due to this plant has been seen. 24 patients who were suspected of being sensitive to it were patch tested to fresh plant and extracts with confirmation of sensitivity.

A cross sensitivity to Toxicodendron was demonstrated clinically and on patch testing. The allergen in Toxicodendron, 3 pentadecylcatechol, is closely linked in chemical structure to 5‐penladecylresorcinol. present in Grevillea banksii and tridecylresorcinol in Grevillea robusta. Patch letting in patients sensitive to Grevillea‘Robyn Gordon’with tridecylresorcinol produced positive reactions, thus implicating the sensitizing role of long chain alkyl resorcinols in Grevillea‘Robyn Gordon’allergy. There is a likelihood that (his sensitizing potential extends to other plants of the Grevillea genus, e.g. Grevillea robusta.

With the spread of Grevillea‘Robyn Gordon’to other markets, this problem will become increasingly common.
Animal model for assessment of skin irritancy
Authors: Anderson Chris , Sundberg Karin , Groth Ove
Published: April 2006

Irritant skin reactions from repeated open applications of low concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) have been studied microscopically and microscopically in guinea pigs. After 3 applications daily for 3 days. 2% SLS aqueous solutions gave a naked eye assessment, increase in epidermal thickness and total dermal inflammatory cell response, which was greater than for a 1% SLS solution. The dermal inflammatory cell response was mainly mononuclear (lymphocytic) in nature. With the SLS reactions as control, various organic solvents were studied and ranked against the SLS reactions and internally. Trichlorethylene was the most irritant solvent, ranking as high as 2% SLS Other chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons tested caused irritant reactions. The alcohols and acetone gave no reaction. White spirit was us irritant as trichlorethylene. Thinners were less irritant, around the level of the 1% SLS control reaction. The 4‐day experimental design is a convenient and suitable animal model for screening irritant potential, and provides information relevant to the pathogenesis of irritant contact reactions
Chloracne from pentachlorphenol ‐preserved wood
Authors: Cole Gary W. , Stone Orville , Gates Duane , Culver Dwight
Published: April 2006

A patient is presumed who developed chloracne after exposure to lumber which was pressure‐treated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) it was poisoned that his disease arose via percutaneous absorption of polychlorinated aromatic compounds (dioxins and furans) which are known to contaminate technical grade PCP The patient's condition improved after treatment with oral isotretinoin.
Eyelid dermatitis: the rôle of atopy and contact allergy
Authors: Svensson ÅKe , Möller Halvor
Published: April 2006

Patients with eyelid dermatitis were studied with patch tests and a clinical point method for the diagnosis of atopic skin disease. In 38 patients, contact allergy was found in II. The dermatitis was an expression of atopic dermatitis in 15 patients.
Does sodium cromoglycate have an effect on contact dermatitis?
Authors: Christensen Ole B. , Christensen Monica B. , Wall Leon M.
Published: April 2006

Sodium cromoglycate was applied to the Forearm of 9 subjects with known delayed hypersensitivity, and to the back of 14 dinitrochlorobenzene‐sensitized guinea pigs before challenge with the allergen and sodium lauryl sulphate, Sodium cromoglycate did not decrease the intensity of allergic or toxic‐irritant reactions in either humans or guinea pigs.
High‐frequency ultrasound measurement of patch test reactions
Authors: Brazier Steven , Shaw S.
Published: April 2006

53 patients who produced 34 positive pinch test reactions (±15, + 10), ++ 4, + 4,+++5) had their reactions read by a high‐frequency pulsed ultrasonic (A‐scan) dermal depth detector with a resolution of 0.05 mm. The positive reactions were compared with both random and regional controls. The machine could not differentiate between + or ± reactions from the control readings. However, for 75% of ++ cases and 80% of +++ cases, a significant change was confirmed by the detector. It is concluded that the high‐frequency ultrasound method is of little use in confirming or quantifying of positive patch test results.
Rôle of a metabolite in allergenicity of Sudan I
Authors: Kato Shinobu , Itagaki Hiroshi , Uchiyama Mariko , Kobayashi Toshiaki , Fujiyama Yoshio
Published: April 2006

A metabolite of Sudan I (l‐phenylazo‐2—naphthol) was isolated alter in vitro incubation with the supernatant of guinea pig liver homogenate (S·9). The metabolite was found to be 4′‐hydroxy‐l‐phenylazo‐2—naplithol by gas chromatography‐mass spectrormetry (GC‐MS), and proton and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. It elicited positive reactions in guinea pigs sensitized ot Sudan I. It was also shown to be allergenic. The results suggest that para‐hydroxylation of the phenyl group of Sudan I may play an important rôle in its allergenicity.
Contact allergy to preservatives – II
Authors: de Groot Anton C. , Bos Jan D. , Jagtman Berend A. , Bruynzeel Derk P. , van Joost Theodoor , Weyland J. Willem
Published: April 2006

To determine whether the prevalence of allergic reactions to certain preservatives warrants their inclusion in a routine series for patch testing, a tray of 14 preservatives was tested in 501 consecutive suspected contact dermatitis patients. More than l% positive reactions were found with DMDM hydantoin. Kathon CG® and alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride only. The concentration of alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (0.1% aqua) was considered too high. Of 6 patients reacting to the formaldehyde releaser DMDM hydantoin. 4 were positive to formaldehyde. Kathon CG® may be an important allergen in the Netherlands, and it is worthwhile for dermatologists there to add it to the standard test series. The recent inclusion afquaternium‐15 in the ICDRG standard series appears to be of little value to them.