bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert consensus on protocol of rehabilitation for COVID‐19 patients using framework and approaches of WHO International Family Classifications
Authors: Zeng Bin , Chen Di , Qiu Zhuoying , Zhang Minsheng , Wang Guoxiang ,   Rehabilitation Group of Geriatric Medicine branch of Chinese Medical Association, division of Management of Medical Rehabilitation Institution of Chinese Hospital Association, Rehabilitation Institution Management division of Chinese Rehabilitation Medical Association, division of Rehabilitation Psychology, Chinese Psychological Association, division of Disability Classification Research, Chinese Association of Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has widely spread all over the world and the numbers of patients and deaths are increasing. According to the epidemiology, virology, and clinical practice, there are varying degrees of changes in patients, involving the human body structure and function and the activity and participation. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and its biopsychosocial model of functioning, we use the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO‐FICs) framework to form an expert consensus on the COVID‐19 rehabilitation program, focusing on the diagnosis and evaluation of disease and functioning, and service delivery of rehabilitation, and to establish a standard rehabilitation framework, terminology system, and evaluation and intervention systems based the WHO‐FICs.
Double‐blinded randomized prospective trial of intranasal capsaicin treatment for nonallergic rhinitis
Authors: Zebda Denna , Jiang Zi Yang , Gibson Micah M. , Pham Chauchau , Ahmadi Sorour , Floren Samuel , Yao William C. , Citardi Martin J. , Luong Amber U.
Published: July 2020

Background

Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is currently a diagnosis of exclusion with an unclear pathophysiologic mechanism and limited treatment options. In patients diagnosed with NAR based on symptoms, negative skin testing and positive optical rhinometry (ORM), the study's objective was to evaluate the therapeutic action of intranasal capsaicin in the management of rhinitic symptoms and the effect on ORM readings.

Methods

Patients with a history of NAR underwent screening by a diagnostic intranasal capsaicin challenge with ORM and skin‐prick testing. Twenty‐two NAR patients were enrolled and randomized to either treatment with 0.1mM capsaicin (n = 11) or placebo (n = 11). Treatment consisted of 5 consecutive intranasal applications separated by 1 hour with follow‐up at 4 and 12 weeks. At each visit, subjects underwent intranasal capsaicin challenge with ORM reading and a visual analog scale scoring of rhinitis symptoms.

Results

Treatment with intranasal capsaicin resulted in a median change with improvement in total symptom score (TSS) of –5 from baseline vs an increase of 2 with placebo at 4 weeks, which remained significantly different between the groups at 12 weeks (p = 0.03). At 12 weeks posttreatment, 60% of the intervention group vs 80% of placebo‐treated patients still met objective criteria for NAR by ORM.

Conclusion

Using ORM in the objective diagnosis of NAR, this trial showed that intranasal 0.1mM capsaicin not only improved rhinitic symptoms but also objectively reduced nasal reactivity and nasal congestion with a 40% responder rate at 12 weeks as noted by ORM.
Copper‐based metal–organic framework decorated by CuO hair‐like nanostructures: Electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Amiri Mandana , Tofighi Zahra , Khodayari Ali , Bezaatpour Abolfazl , Sohrabnezhad Shabnam , Mishyn Vladyslav , Boukherroub Rabah , Szunerits Sabine
Published: July 2020

We report a Cu‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) decorated by CuO nanostructures as an efficient catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). MIL‐53(Cu) was synthesized by a hydrothermal approach using 1,4‐bezenedicarboxylic acid as organic precursor and further annealed at 300°C to form CuO nanostructures on its surface. The produced electrocatalyst, CuO@MIL‐53(Cu), was characterized using various techniques. Under alkaline conditions, the developed electrocatalyst exhibited an overpotential of 801 and 336 mV versus RHE at 10 and 1 mA cm−2, respectively. The reproducibility of the catalytic performance was validated using several electrodes. It was confirmed that the CuO hair‐like nanostructures grown on MIL‐53(Cu) using thermal treatment exhibit high OER activity, good kinetics and durability. CuO@MIL‐53(Cu) is an economic noble‐metal‐free OER electrocatalyst. It has potential for application as anode material for sustainable energy technologies like batteries, fuel cells and water electrolysis.
Synthesis, Characterization, Theoretical Studies, and Antimicrobial/Antitumor Potencies of Salen and Salen/Imidazole Complexes of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Al (III) and La (III)
Authors: Abdalla Ehab M. , Abdel Rahman Laila H. , Abdelhamid Antar A. , Shehata Mohamed R. , Alothman Asma A. , Nafady Ayman
Published: July 2020

Although salens and imidazoles are well‐studied motifs among bioactive and therapeutic agents, their properties when combined in transition metal complexes are not well developed. To explore the structure/reactivity of this class of compounds, a salen‐based ligand, namely (2,2′‐{1,2‐ethanediylbis[nitrilo(E)methylylidene]}diphenol, S), and its binary (MS) and ternary (MSI) complexes (I = imidazole; M = Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Al (III), and La (III)) have been synthesized and fully characterized by standard physicochemical and theoretical methods. Evidence from structural analysis tools along with DFT modeling revealed an unusual monobasic tridentate salen binding mode, involving the phenolic oxygen, the nitrogen of the azomethine group, and NH group formed via phenol‐to‐cyclohexadienone tautomerization, giving rise to a general molecular formula of MSI complexes as [M(S)(I)2(Cl)] for M (II) = Co, Ni, Cu and Cd or [M(S)(I)(Cl)2] for M (III) = Al and La, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of S, MS, and MSI were screened against several bacterial and fungal strains. Of all tested complexes, CdS and CuSI were the most effective antimicrobials, giving larger inhibition zones than the reference antibiotics. The antimicrobial efficacy for the MS complexes follows the order: CdS > gentamicin > CuS > NiS > CoS > LaS > AlS > S, whereas MSI complex, potencies are ordered as CuSI > gentamicin > CdSI >NiSI > CoSI > LaSI > AlSI > S. In vitro cytotoxicity screening of MSI complexes disclosed that both CuSI and CdSI exhibited higher activity against human liver (Hep‐G2) and breast (MDA‐MB231) carcinoma cell lines than the reference (cisplatin) drug. The satisfactory bioactivities observed for several of these compounds supports the underlying design idea for combining important bioactive motifs for possible therapeutic benefit.
Synthesis of 2, 2, 4‐trimethyl‐1, 3‐pentaerediol monoisobutyrate catalyzed by homogeneous catalysis‐liquid/liquid separation catalytic system based on Bibasic sites Ionic Liquids
Authors: Zhang Shuying , Wang Jiaomei , Liu Xiangxue , Wang Ke , Zhang Chao , Song Hongbing , Guo Zhenmei , Lv Zhiguo
Published: July 2020

Herein a novel homogeneous catalysis‐liquid/liquid separation catalytic system based on 1, 8‐diazabicyclo‐[5.4.0] undec‐7‐ene (DBU)‐functionalized, 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetramethyl guanidine‐functionalized and imidazolium‐functionalized bibasic sites ionic liquids (BSILs) ([HDBU]IM, [Aemim]IM, [TMG]IM, [Aemim]Pro, [Aemim]Gly, [HDBU]Pro and [HDBU]Gly) with a room temperature liquid/liquid phase transition characteristic were reported. And for the first time, this novel catalytic system was employed for the synthesis of 2, 2, 4‐trimethyl‐1, 3‐pentaerediol monoisobutyrate (CS‐12), achieving homogeneous catalysis, easy recycling and long service‐life of the catalyst. Additionally, the mechanism of homogeneous catalysis‐biphasic separation might be explained by the solubility of reactant and product in BSILs/H2O catalytic system and the existence H‐bonding between BSILs and H2O. Bibasic sites were confirmed by two endothermic peaks on the TG‐DCS curve of [Aemim]IMC (the CO2captured by [Aemim]IM).
Reduction of time‐releasing ammonia from polymer foam using low acidic polymers
Authors: Cho Mi Yeon , Kim Tae Min , Kim Yeon Wook , Shin Min‐Seung , Jo Yong Yeon , Lee Kangtaek , Kim Bo‐Hyun , Lee Sunjong
Published: July 2020

Polymer foams are used in everyday life for industrial and household applications. However, the time‐releasing ammonia is environmentally harmful that becomes attractive. Here, we introduce a technically advanced synthetic process for the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam, in which the emission of ammonia gas is significantly reduced by using the polymeric acids. The PVC foam has processed with azodicarbonamide (ADCA) as a chemical blowing agent after the solid type polymeric acid is mixed as supporting agent. While the characteristic properties such as specific gravity (density) and chromaticity of PVC foams are not critically changed, the reduction of time‐releasing ammonia is up to 85% compared to the PVC foam without polymeric acid. This is attributed to the cell structure with small sub‐cells and lots of connecting channels and the chemically capturing ammonia of polymeric acids.
The circular economy and consumer behaviour: The mediating role of information seeking in buying circular packaging
Authors: Testa Francesco , Iovino Roberta , Iraldo Fabio
Published: July 2020

The transition towards a circular economy is a crucial issue to pursue a more sustainable development. In this transition, consumers' comprehension and engagement are necessary points to guide them towards more environmentally conscious purchases. This study extends the understanding of green consumer behaviour by testing an integrated conceptual model that explores the influence of personal concern, other pro‐environmental behaviours, greenwashing beliefs, consumer innovativeness, and personal predisposition to seeking information on the purchasing of circular packaging. We explored both the stand‐alone and the mediating effects of information seeking. Data were collected from a questionnaire‐based survey administered to a large and representative sample of Italian families, using 1,643 valid responses. We used structural equation modelling to test the proposed hypotheses. The results highlight the fundamental importance of seeking information in order to guide consumption choices that are more consistent with the circular economy. For managers, our paper suggests that packaging counts in purchasing decisions and that information is used by consumers to search for consistency between personal attitudes, other pro‐environmental behaviours, and the circular attributes of packaging.
Affecting the Formation of the Micro‐structure and Meso/macro‐structure of SAPO‐34 zeolite by Amphipathic Molecules
Authors: Shen Xuefeng , Du Yujue , Ding Jiajia , Wang Chuanming , Liu Hongxing , Yang Weimin , Xie Zaiku
Published: July 2020

SAPO‐34 is an important member in the family of zeolites, which shows excellent catalytic activity in MTO reaction, but suffers from the diffusion bottleneck. To overcome the diffusion problem, porogen was added to generate meso/macro pores in SAPO‐34 zeolite. In this work, amphipathic molecules were designed as CSDA to synthesize a tri‐level hierarchically porous SAPO‐34, and the introduction of CSDA could promote the Si atoms incorporating into the AlPO4 framework, change the morphology of particles and decrease the acidity of prepared SAPO‐34 zeolite. The prepared SAPO‐34 catalyst exhibits higher selectivity of C2H4 and C3H6 in the MTO reaction than the conventional SAPO‐34 zeolite. The morphology and the microstructure of the prepared samples vary with the carbon chain of the amphipathic molecules due to the matching between amphipathic molecules and topological structure of CHA.
In Vivo Reduction of Medium‐ to Long‐Chain Fatty Acids by Carboxylic Acid Reductase (CAR) Enzymes: Limitations and Solutions
Authors: Horvat Melissa , Winkler Margit
Published: July 2020

Fatty aldehyde production by chemical synthesis causes an immense burden to the environment. Within this study, we explored a sustainable, aldehyde‐selective and mild alternative approach by utilizing carboxylic acid reductases (CARs). CARs from Neurospora crassa (NcCAR), Thermothelomyces thermophila (TtCAR), Nocardia iowensis (NiCAR), Mycobacterium marinum (MmCAR) and Trametes versicolor (TvCAR) were overexpressed in E. coli K‐12 MG1655 RARE (DE3) and screened for medium‐ to long‐chain fatty acid (C6–C18) reduction. MmCAR showed the broadest tolerance towards all carbon‐chain lengths and was selected for further investigations of fatty aldehyde synthesis in whole cells. To yield relevant product concentrations, different limitations of CAR whole‐cell conversions were elucidated and compensated. We coupled an in vitro cofactor recycling system to a whole‐cell biocatalyst to support cofactor supply and achieved 12.36 g L−1 of octanal (STY 0.458 g L−1 h−1) with less than 1.5 % of 1‐octanol.
Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor for Sensitive Quantification of Prostate Specific Antigen in Human Serum Samples Exploiting BaTiO3−CdS
Authors: dos Reis Lima Fernanda M. , Soares Rossy‐Eric P. , Sinfrônio Francisco Sávio M. , Maciel Adeilton P. , de Menezes Alan S. , Pereira Silma Regina F. , Damos Flavio S. , Luz Rita de Cássia S.
Published: July 2020

A novel label‐free photoelectrochemical immunosensor was developed for the determination of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) based on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode modified with barium titanate and cadmium sulfide (BaTiO3−CdS/FTO). The photoelectrochemical current density of the BaTiO3 platform sensitized with CdS for the ascorbic acid (AA) donor molecule was higher than that observed in the absence of CdS. The BaTiO3−CdS/FTO platform was modified with PSA antibodies to produce the anti‐PSA/BaTiO3−CdS/FTO immunosensor, which was incubated in solutions of PSA to inhibit the photocurrent density of the immunosensor for AA. The photocurrent density of the anti‐PSA/BaTiO3−CdS/FTO immunosensor presented a linear relationship with the logarithm of the PSA concentration ranging from 1 pg mL−1 to 1 μg mL−1 with good sensitivity. The proposed method presented an experimental detection limit of 1 pg mL−1 (S/N=3). The immunosensor was successfully employed for the determination of PSA in blood serum samples, with recoveries between 98.7 %–104.4 %.
Burning magnesium in carbon dioxide for highly effective phosphate removal
Authors: Yao Ying , Yu Lei , Wang Meiling , Dai Alvin , Zhang Yan , Guo Qiubo , Lin Yulin , Wen Jianguo , Wu Feng , Ji Xiulei , Lu Jun
Published: July 2020

Magnesium oxide was found to have high‐phosphate‐affinity as an effective component to enhance the phosphate removal ability of common adsorbent materials. However, the currently prepared MgO‐based hybrid adsorbents by conventional methods still suffer from the limited low loading of MgO and inferior removal performances, much far away from practical application. In this study, an ingenious carbon coated MgO nanocomposite is designed by directly burning magnesium in CO2, a well‐known textbook reaction. X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscope and aberration‐corrected high‐resolution transmission electron microscope demonstrate the sample is well prepared. Consequently, the high content of nanosized MgO combined with defect‐rich carbon layer brings unprecedented phosphate removal capacity of 1135.0 mg/g, removal rate of 99% and benign compatibility with coexisting anions and solution pH. Furthermore, the removal mechanism is also investigated in detail by characterizing the sample before and after adsorption.
Die lästigen steirischen Arsenikesser
Authors: Wallau Wilhelm Martin
Published: July 2020

Dieser Artikel fasst die wesentlichen Argumente gegen die reale Existenz der immer wieder kolportierten Arsenikimmunisierung der steirischen Arsenikesser zusammen und beleuchtet die Gründe, aus denen sich dieser experimentell unbestätigte Mythos bis in die Gegenwart propagiert. Dabei sind die im 19. Jahrhundert mangelnde Vorabkontrolle wissenschaftlicher Publikationen, die auch durch „Post‐Publication“‐Kommentierung nicht ausreichend korrigiert werden konnte sowie, im konkreten Fall, die literarisch‐poetische Adaption, die trotz ihres fiktiven Charakters als Darstellung realer Fakten wahrgenommen wurde, zu nennen.
Light sheet microscopy of the gerbil cochlea
Authors: Hutson Kendall A. , Pulver Stephen H. , Ariel Pablo , Naso Caroline , Fitzpatrick Douglas C.
Published: July 2020

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) provides a rapid and complete three‐dimensional image of the cochlea. The method retains anatomical relationships—on a micrometer scale—between internal structures such as hair cells, basilar membrane (BM), and modiolus with external surface structures such as the round and oval windows. Immunolabeled hair cells were used to visualize the spiraling BM in the intact cochlea without time intensive dissections or additional histological processing; yet material prepared for LSFM could be rehydrated, the BM dissected out and reimaged at higher resolution with the confocal microscope. In immersion‐fixed material, details of the cochlear vasculature were seen throughout the cochlea. Hair cell counts (both inner and outer) as well as frequency maps of the BM were comparable to those obtained by other methods, but with the added dimension of depth. The material provided measures of angular, linear, and vector distance between characteristic frequency regions along the BM. Thus, LSFM provides a unique ability to rapidly image the entire cochlea in a manner applicable to model and interpret physiological results. Furthermore, the three‐dimensional organization of the cochlea can be studied at the organ and cellular level with LSFM, and this same material can be taken to the confocal microscope for detailed analysis at the subcellular level.
Affective matches of fabric and lighting chromaticity
Authors: Kim Juhee , Suk Hyeon‐Jeong
Published: July 2020

This study investigates the impact of lighting colors on subjective judgments of fabric: in particular, whether the influence of lighting varies depending on fabric types and color combinations. We conducted two visual assessments. In Study 1 (N = 44), eight illuminants and six types of fabric were presented as cloth stimuli. Derived from the literature review, four sets of adjectives (humble‐luxurious, cool‐warm, old‐new, and not preferred‐preferred) were used as metrics. In Study 2 (N = 41), five sets of fabric color combination swatches were assessed under lighting conditions that were identical to those of Study 1. Three bipolar scales (ordinary‐characterful, classic‐modern, and soft‐rigid), were employed from factor analysis along with three unipolar scales (luxurious, preferred, harmonious with lighting). The results showed that hue characteristics of lighting and cloth types influenced participants' perceptions of the fabric. Overall, white lighting with 4000 K was the most preferred and luxurious lighting across various types of clothes, while a pinkish white with 4700 K (duv = −0.0127) was the best matched in every color combination. In addition, there were interaction effects between lighting colors, clothes types, and fabric color combinations with regard to each of the perceptual qualities. This study provides empirical evidence for optimally match lighting colors with fabric in the presentation of fabric goods.
Dynamic spatio‐temporal logic based on RCC‐8
Authors: Cheng Haitao , Li Peng , Wang Ruchuan , Xu He
Published: July 2020

Qualitative spatio‐temporal reasoning is an important problem in artificial intelligence and has been widely and successfully applied in geographic information system and spatio‐temporal database. Currently, action features can be found in spatio‐temporal domain and the existing spatio‐temporal formalisms are not suitable for dealing with dynamic spatio‐temporal knowledge. Thus, how to represent and reason dynamic spatio‐temporal knowledge has become an important research issue. In this article, we present a dynamic spatio‐temporal logic for representing and reasoning dynamic spatio‐temporal knowledge. is a natural combination of spatio‐temporal logic ‐8 based on ‐8 and propositional dynamic logic. Timed actions of can be considered as temporal terms, moving the regions of topological space from one time point to another. can capture actions that change spatial relations between regions over time. For a formula from , we present a construction of a Büchi tree automaton. At the same time, we prove that deciding the satisfiability problem of is an EXPTIME‐complete problem.
Interrogating Adaptive Immunity Using LCMV
Authors: Dangi Tanushree , Chung Young Rock , Palacio Nicole , Penaloza‐MacMaster Pablo
Published: July 2020

In this invited article, we explain technical aspects of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) system, providing an update of a prior contribution by Matthias von Herrath and J. Lindsay Whitton. We provide an explanation of the LCMV infection models, highlighting the importance of selecting an appropriate route and viral strain. We also describe how to quantify virus‐specific immune responses, followed by an explanation of useful transgenic systems. Specifically, our article will focus on the following protocols. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: LCMV infection routes in mice

Support Protocol 1: Preparation of LCMV stocks

ASSAYS TO MEASURE LCMV TITERS

Support Protocol 2: Plaque assay

Support Protocol 3: Immunofluorescence focus assay (IFA) to measure LCMV titer

MEASUREMENT OF T CELL AND B CELL RESPONSES TO LCMV INFECTION

Basic Protocol 2: Triple tetramer staining for detection of LCMV‐specific CD8 T cells

Basic Protocol 3: Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) for detection of LCMV‐specific T cells

Basic Protocol 4: Enumeration of direct ex vivo LCMV‐specific antibody‐secreting cells (ASC)

Basic Protocol 5: Limiting dilution assay (LDA) for detection of LCMV‐specific memory B cells

Basic Protocol 6: ELISA for quantification of LCMV‐specific IgG antibody

Support Protocol 4: Preparation of splenic lymphocytes

Support Protocol 5: Making BHK21‐LCMV lysate

Basic Protocol 7: Challenge models

TRANSGENIC MODELS

Basic Protocol 8: Transfer of P14 cells to interrogate the role of IFN‐I on CD8 T cell responses

Basic Protocol 9: Comparing the expansion of naïve versus memory CD4 T cells following chronic viral challenge
Dim and Dmoc Protecting Groups for Oligodeoxynucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Fang Shiyue , Eriyagama Dhananjani , Yuan Yinan , Shahsavari Shahien , Chen Jinsen , Lin Xi , Halami Bhaskar
Published: July 2020

This protocol provides details for the preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidites with 1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl‐methyl (Dim) and 1,3‐dithian‐2‐yl‐methoxycarbonyl (Dmoc) as protecting groups, and a linker with Dmoc as the cleavable function, then using them for solid phase synthesis of sensitive oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Using these Dim‐Dmoc phosphoramidites and Dmoc linker, ODN synthesis can be achieved under typical conditions using phosphoramidite chemistry with slight modifications, and ODN deprotection and cleavage can be achieved under mild conditions involving oxidation with sodium periodate at pH 4 followed by aniline at pH 8. Under the mild deprotection and cleavage conditions, many sensitive functional groups including but not limited to esters, thioesters, alkyl halides, N‐aryl amides, and α‐chloroamides—which cannot survive the basic and nucleophilic deprotection and cleavage conditions such as concentrated ammonium hydroxide and dilute potassium methoxide used in typical ODN synthesis technologies—can survive. Thus, it is expected that the Dim‐Dmoc ODN synthesis technology will find applications in the synthesis of ODNs that contain a wide range of sensitive functional groups. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Synthesis, deprotection, cleavage, and purification of sensitive oligodeoxynucleotides

Support Protocol 1: Synthesis of Dim‐Dmoc nucleoside phosphoramidites

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of CPG with a Dmoc linker

Support Protocol 3: Synthesis of a phosphoramidite containing a sensitive alkyl ester group
A Fluorescence‐Based Assay to Monitor SUMOylation in Real‐Time
Authors: Tripathi Vasvi , Das Ranabir
Published: July 2020

The small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) is an important post‐translational modifier that regulates various cellular processes. Extensive investigations have been made to comprehend the enzymatic process and consequence of SUMOylation. In vitro SUMOylation assays are invaluable for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of SUMOylation. A majority of these assays monitor changes in the size of the substrate upon SUMO conjugation. Current methods typically detect the size difference through SDS‐PAGE and western blots, which makes these methods cumbersome, error‐prone, and time‐consuming. Here, we describe a fluorescence‐based assay for real‐time detection of SUMOylation. In the method, a fluorophore‐tagged substrate is used in the SUMOylation reaction. Upon SUMOylation, the size and correlation time (τc) of the substrate increases, and so does its anisotropy. The rate of change in anisotropy with time reflects the efficiency of the SUMOylation machinery. The real‐time SUMOylation assay protocol is elegant, time‐saving, and less prone to errors. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Fluorescent anisotropy‐based in vitro SUMOylation assay
Using Cytometry for Investigation of Purinergic Signaling in Tumor‐Associated Macrophages
Authors: Arnaud‐Sampaio Vanessa F. , Rabelo Izadora L. A. , Bento Carolina A. , Glaser Talita , Bezerra Jean , Coutinho‐Silva Robson , Ulrich Henning , Lameu Claudiana
Published: July 2020

Tumor‐associated macrophages are widely recognized for their importance in guiding pro‐tumoral or antitumoral responses. Mediating inflammation or immunosuppression, these cells support many key events in cancer progression: cell growth, chemotaxis, invasiveness, angiogenesis and cell death. The communication between cells in the tumor microenvironment strongly relies on the secretion and recognition of several molecules, including damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Extracellular ATP (eATP) and its degradation products act as signaling molecules and have extensively described roles in immune response and inflammation, as well as in cancer biology. These multiple functions highlight the purinergic system as a promising target to investigate the interplay between macrophages and cancer cells. Here, we reviewed purinergic signaling pathways connecting cancer cells and macrophages, a yet poorly investigated field. Finally, we present a new tool for the characterization of macrophage phenotype within the tumor. Image cytometry emerges as a cutting‐edge tool, capable of providing a broad set of information on cell morphology, expression of specific markers, and its cellular or subcellular localization, preserving cell–cell interactions within the tumor section and providing high statistical strength in small‐sized experiments. Thus, image cytometry allows deeper investigation of tumor heterogeneity and interactions between these cells. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Mapping potential effects of proposed roads on migratory connectivity for a highly mobile herbivore using circuit theory
Authors: Fullman Timothy J. , Wilson Ryan R. , Joly Kyle , Gustine David D. , Leonard Paul , Loya Wendy M.
Published: July 2020

Migration is common worldwide as species access spatiotemporally varying resources and avoid predators and parasites. However, long‐distance migrations are increasingly imperiled due to development and habitat fragmentation. Improved understanding of migratory behavior has implications for conservation and management of migratory species, allowing identification and protection of seasonal ranges and migration corridors. We present a technique that applies circuit theory to predict future effects of development by analyzing season‐specific resistance to movement from anthropogenic and natural environmental features across an entire migratory path. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by examining potential effects of a proposed road system on barren ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and subsistence hunters in northern Alaska. Resource selection functions revealed migratory selection by caribou. We tested five scenarios relating habitat selection to landscape resistance using Circuitscape and GPS telemetry data. To examine the effect of potential roads on connectivity of migrating animals and human hunters, we compared current flow values near communities in the presence of proposed roads. Caribou avoided dense vegetation, rugged terrain, major rivers, and existing roads in both spring and fall. A negative linear relationship between resource selection and landscape resistance was strongly supported for fall migration while spring migration featured a negative logarithmic relationship. Overall patterns of caribou connectivity remained similar in the presence of proposed roads, though reduced current flow was predicted for communities near the center of current migration areas. Such data can inform decisions to allow or disallow projects or to select among alternative development proposals and mitigation measures, though consideration of cumulative effects of development is needed. Our approach is flexible and can easily be adapted to other species, locations and development scenarios to expand understanding of movement behavior and to evaluate proposed developments. Such information is vital to inform policy decisions that balance new development, resource user needs, and preservation of ecosystem function.
Understanding “feeling fat” and its underlying mechanisms: The importance of multimethod measurement
Authors: Mehak Adrienne , Racine Sarah E.
Published: July 2020

“Feeling fat,” the somatic sensation of being overweight that does not entirely correlate with one's actual weight, is recognized clinically as a maintenance factor in eating disorders. Occurring amidst Western internalized thin ideals and weight stigma, “feeling fat” is wide‐reaching and also reported by those with subclinical and absent eating pathology. However, empirical study of “feeling fat” is limited. Regarding proposed mechanisms, “feeling fat” may (a) reflect the displacement of negative affect onto the body, (b) represent one element of a cognitive distortion related to the imagined consumption of fattening food, and/or (c) be a function of impaired interoceptive awareness. However, the relative and/or joint contributions of these mechanisms to “feeling fat” are unclear. Regarding measurement, retrospective assessment with single items has been the norm. Innovative measures of “feeling fat” will expand our understanding of this construct. Ecological momentary assessment can clarify the transitory nature of this experience, and physiological measures can allow for assessment of somatic elements of “feeling fat. Multi‐method and implicit measurement strategies of ‘feeling fat’” may clarify the mechanisms underlying this experience. Further research with improved measurement techniques may also benefit eating disorder treatment by highlighting new treatment foci (e.g., cognitive distortions, interoceptive awareness).
Morphological and trophic divergence of lake and stream minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus)
Authors: Scharnweber Kristin
Published: July 2020

Phenotypic divergence in response to divergent natural selection between environments is a common phenomenon in species of freshwater fishes. Intraspecific differentiation is often pronounced between individuals inhabiting lakes versus stream habitats. The different hydrodynamic regimes in the contrasting habitats may promote a variation of body shape, but this could be intertwined with morphological adaptations to a specific foraging mode.

Herein, I studied the divergence pattern of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), a common freshwater fish that has received little attention despite its large distribution. In many Scandinavian mountain lakes, European minnows are considered as being invasive and were found to pose threats to the native fish populations due to resource competition. Minnows were recently found to show phenotypic adaptations in lake versus stream habitats, but the question remained if this divergence pattern is related to differences in resource use. I therefore studied the patterns of minnow divergence in morphology (i.e., using geometric morphometrics) and trophic niches (i.e., using stomach content analyses) in the lake Ånnsjön and its tributaries to link the changes in body morphology to the feeding on specific resources. Lake minnows showed a strong reliance on benthic Cladocera and a more streamlined body shape with a more upward facing snout, whereas stream minnows fed on macroinvertebrates (larvae and adults) to a higher degree and had a deeper body with a snout that was pointed down. Correlations showed a significant relationship of the proportion of macroinvertebrates in the gut and morphological features present in the stream minnows. The results of this study highlight the habitat‐specific divergence pattern in morphology and resource use in this ubiquitous freshwater fish. Consequently, interspecific interactions of invasive minnows and the native fish population could differ in the respective food webs and resource competition could target different native fish species in the contrasting habitats.
Moving with the kines: Chemokine receptor expression regulates the migration and differentiation of IgG4‐expressing B cells
Authors: Herman Lou Salomé , James Louisa Katherine
Published: July 2020

IgG4 is the least abundant of the human IgG subclasses and for decades was only a curiosity among allergists, who spent several years debating its role in immune tolerance. Among the unusual features of IgG4, an inability to form immune complexes or engage with Fc receptors and complement cemented its place as a protolerogenic subclass, capable of inhibiting the potent effects of IgE. However, when reports emerged that a diverse set of fibrotic diseases were linked by the expansion of IgG4‐producing plasma cells, questions were raised about the role of IgG4 in immune‐mediated pathology. Understanding the biology of IgG4 has therefore taken on a new sense of importance. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Unger et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2020. 50: 1113–1125] demonstrate that human IgG4+ B cells have reduced expression of several key chemokine receptors and this limits their ability to access secondary lymphoid tissue and differentiate to long‐lived plasma cells leading to selective reduction of IgG4 following CD20+ B cell depletion with Rituximab. We discuss these findings in the context of the unusual properties of IgG4 and speculate on the role of IgG4‐producing cells in the resolution of inflammation.
Deep learning recognition of diseased and normal cell representation
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Ahmad Iftikhar , Bin Luo , Khan Suleman , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C.
Published: July 2020

Cell classification refers to detecting normal and diseased cells from small amount of data. Sometimes, classification of cells becomes difficult because some cells fall into more than one categories/classes. Current state‐of‐the‐art cell classification methods have been developed on the bases of tumor cell classification but these methods cannot classify diseased or normal cells. This study investigated the performance of two classification methods traditional machine learning and deep learning (normal and diseased cell classification) to categorize normal and diseased cells. Millions of normal cells undergo controlled growth and uncontrolled growth may be involved in disease causation but their clinical applications remain limited due to difficulties in distinguishing normal and diseased cells. Previous studies are limited to identify, systematically, the normal and diseased cells. This study collected information about diseased or normal cells to check the networks for correct cell detection and then eliminated false‐positive cells. We used machine learning methods along with logistic regression, support vector machine, and CNN (convolutional neural network). We found that our proposed method classified better the normal and diseased cells. With the help of two types of images: normal and diseased cells, we trained a CNN that identified diseased cells with 98% accuracy and enabled the discovery of normal and diseased cells. As a result, it will advance the clinical utility of human diseased cells.
The use of heavy mineral chemistry in reconstructing provenance: A case study from Mesozoic sandstones of Kutch Basin, India
Authors: Chaudhuri Angana , Banerjee Santanu , Prabhakar Naraga , Das Arpita
Published: July 2020

Petrography and geochemistry of the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Kutch Basin in western India reveal the predominance of felsic source rocks. Single‐grain chemistry of the detrital heavy minerals in these sediments refines the existing provenance interpretations by incorporating additional data related to source lithology. The study presents information on type, composition, and metamorphic grade of the source rocks for the Mesozoics of the Kutch Basin, which comprises Jhurio, Jhumara, Jhuran, and Bhuj formations. Chemistry of rutile, garnet, and tourmaline supports multiple sources of sediments. The ratio between Cr and Nb in rutile suggests the dominance of sediment input from metapelites. The relationship between (Fe + Mn)–Mg–Ca in garnets and Ca–Fetotal–Mg in tourmalines indicates the dominance of Ca‐poor felsic metamorphic source along with intermediate‐acidic plutonic rocks. The multivariate discrimination of the detrital garnets reveals the dominance of granulite and amphibolite facies source rocks. Rutile compositions indicate subordinate inputs from mafic sources across the investigated sedimentary succession. The single‐grain analysis of heavy minerals, therefore, infers a wide variation in source rock types.
Negative content enhances stimulus‐specific cerebral activity during free viewing of pictures, faces, and words
Authors: Reisch Lea Marie , Wegrzyn Martin , Woermann Friedrich G. , Bien Christian G. , Kissler Johanna
Published: July 2020

Negative visual stimuli have been found to elicit stronger brain activation than do neutral stimuli. Such emotion effects have been shown for pictures, faces, and words alike, but the literature suggests stimulus‐specific differences regarding locus and lateralization of the activity. In the current functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we directly compared brain responses to passively viewed negative and neutral pictures of complex scenes, faces, and words (nouns) in 43 healthy participants (21 males) varying in age and demographic background. Both negative pictures and faces activated the extrastriate visual cortices of both hemispheres more strongly than neutral ones, but effects were larger and extended more dorsally for pictures, whereas negative faces additionally activated the superior temporal sulci. Negative words differentially activated typical higher‐level language processing areas such as the left inferior frontal and angular gyrus. There were small emotion effects in the amygdala for faces and words, which were both lateralized to the left hemisphere. Although pictures elicited overall the strongest amygdala activity, amygdala response to negative pictures was not significantly stronger than to neutral ones. Across stimulus types, emotion effects converged in the left anterior insula. No gender effects were apparent, but age had a small, stimulus‐specific impact on emotion processing. Our study specifies similarities and differences in effects of negative emotional content on the processing of different types of stimuli, indicating that brain response to negative stimuli is specifically enhanced in areas involved in processing of the respective stimulus type in general and converges across stimuli in the left anterior insula.
Kinetics of pre‐myelodysplastic syndromes blood values correlate with disease risk and survival
Authors: Joffe Erel , Greenbaum Uri , Man‐El Gili , Filanovsky Kalman , Oster Howard S. , Levi Itai , Raanani Pia , Avivi Irit , Mittelman Moshe
Published: July 2020

We reviewed pre‐diagnosis clinical data of 420 patients with pathologically confirmed myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) presenting with anemia. In 232 patients with yearly pre‐diagnosis complete blood counts (CBCs), we also analyzed CBC kinetics in respects to a standardized timepoint in which all patients had similar levels of hemoglobin (Hgb). At the standardized timepoint (last documented 12 > Hgb ≥ 11 g/dL), occurring months‐years before diagnosis, median CBC values were Hgb 11.4 g/dL, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 2.7 × 103(k)/mcl, and platelets (PLTs) 181 k/mcl. Gradual changes in CBC could be observed years prior to this timepoint, for the most part while within normal/near‐normal limits. During this time, most patients had a coexisting alternative etiology for anemia. Patients with high‐risk cytogenetic/blast features had a rapid and steeper decrease in counts in the last year before developing a concerning anemia (decrease in: Hgb 0.75 g/dL vs 0.55 g/dL; PLT 29.5 vs 4.5 k/mcl; ANC 0.86 vs 0.4 k/mcl, P = .03). Low‐risk patients had a high rate of longstanding mild anemia (31% vs 16%, P = .05). Rate of development of cytopenia and number of involved hematopoietic lines were prognostic. In 65% of patients, with near normal CBC at the standardized timepoint, but in whom there was a decrease in multiple hematopoietic lines over the preceding year, the 5‐year overall survival (5yOS) was 53% compared to 71% in patients with isolated slowly progressing anemia (20% of patients). In 15% of patients with mild cytopenia developing after both a rapid decrease and multiple involved lines, prognosis was dismal (5yOS 34%). In conclusion, kinetics of pre‐MDS CBC values correlate with disease risk and survival.
Coaching techniques for sustained individual change during career transitions
Authors: Terblanche Nicky
Published: July 2020

Career development and transitions are forms of learning integral to human resource development (HRD). Understanding these phenomena is becoming critical due to the changing nature of work. Transition coaching, an individualized HRD learning intervention, is gaining traction as a career support mechanism, yet the details of how this type of coaching works are not clear. To investigate the potential role of transition coaching as an HRD intervention that facilitates learning beyond the acquisition of knowledge and skills, this study examined which coaching techniques, from the perspective of the transitioning manager (coachee), are likely to contribute to transformative individual learning during transition coaching. Perceptions of these coaching techniques were identified through deductive and summative content analyses of interview transcripts of 20 coached transitioning managers. Of the 13 coaching techniques identified, five were perceived to be experienced substantially more than the others: active experimentation, questioning, reflection, challenging views and assumptions, and using theories and frameworks. The findings suggest empirically that transition coaching could facilitate transformative individual learning during career transitions. The findings also indicate that, unlike what is generally professed during coaching, transitioning managers value a directive, knowledge‐imparting coach and confirm that reflection and experiential learning are key to succeed in a new role. This study advances HRD, transformative learning, and coaching theory and practice through the operationalization of coaching in the specific HRD context of career development and transitions aimed at transformative learning.
Hypoxia‐induced hsa_circ_0000826 is linked to liver metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Shi Li , Tao Chengzhe , Tang Yining , Xia Yongxiang , Li Xiangcheng , Wang Xuehao
Published: July 2020

Background

hsa_circ_0000826 has been previously linked to CRC through the competing endogenous RNA network; however, the upstream driver of hsa_circ_0000826 elevation remains unknown. In this study, we aim to elucidate the effect of hypoxia‐induced hsa_circ_0000826 on CRC tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Methods

RNA scope assay was used to evaluate the expression of hsa_circ_0000826 in CRC cells under hypoxia condition. The effects of hsa_circ_0000826 on phenotypes of CRC cells were evaluated through cell migration and invasion assay. The nude, AOM‐DSS model mice and APCMin/+ mice were used to investigate the relationship between circ_0000826, hypoxia, and CRC in mice. A total of 100 CRC tissue samples, as well as the paired adjacent tissues, were collected, and qRT‐PCR assay was used to detect the expression of hsa_circ_0000826 in these samples.

Results

Hypoxia‐induced hsa_circ_0000826 overexpression can increase the malignant phenotypes, tumor formation, and metastasis capability of CRC cells in vitro. mmu_circ_0000826 levels were significantly increased in the CRC tissues from AOM‐DSS and APC mice model under hypoxia conditions. Further, the hypoxia‐induced upregulation of mmu_circ_0000826 can also promote CRC tumorigenesis and liver metastasis in vivo. The expression of hsa_circ_0000826 in serum was significantly increased in CRC tissues in 100‐pair of CRC and according to the adjacent normal tissues by qRT‐PCR assays. Moreover, the expression levels of hsa_circ_0000826 in serum of patient with liver metastasis were significantly increased than those without metastasis.

Conclusion

Our results suggested that hsa_circ_0000826 was induced by the hypoxia in CRC, which can be a potential biomarker of CRC liver metastasis.
Assessment of Clinical Drug‐Drug Interactions of Elagolix, a Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Polepally Akshanth R. , Ng Juki W. , Salem Ahmed Hamed , Dufek Matthew B. , Parikh Apurvasena , Carter David C. , Kamradt Kent , Mostafa Nael M. , Shebley Mohamad
Published: July 2020

Elagolix is an oral gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor antagonist indicated for the management of endometriosis‐associated pain and in combination with estradiol/norethindrone acetate indicated for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) in premenopausal women. Elagolix coadministered with estradiol/norethindrone acetate is in late‐stage development for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine fibroids. Based on the in vitro profile of elagolix metabolism and disposition, 9 drug‐drug interaction (DDI) studies evaluating the victim and perpetrator characteristics of elagolix were conducted in 144 healthy volunteers. As a victim of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and transporter‐mediated DDIs, elagolix area under the curve (AUC) increased by ∼2‐fold following coadministration with ketoconazole and by ∼5‐ and ∼2‐fold with single and multiple doses of rifampin, respectively. As a perpetrator, elagolix decreased midazolam AUC (90% confidence interval) by 54% (50%‐59%) and increased digoxin AUC by 32% (23%‐41%). Elagolix decreased rosuvastatin AUC by 40% (29%‐50%). No clinically significant changes in exposure on coadministration with sertraline or fluconazole occurred. A elagolix 150‐mg once‐daily regimen should be limited to 6 months with strong CYP3A inhibitors and rifampin because of the potential increase in bone mineral density loss, as described in the drug label. A 200‐mg twice‐daily regimen is recommended for no more than 1 month with strong CYP3A inhibitors and not recommended with rifampin. Elagolix is contraindicated with strong organic anion transporter polypeptide B1 inhibitors (eg, cyclosporine and gemfibrozil). Consider increasing the doses of midazolam and rosuvastatin when coadministered with elagolix, and individualize therapy based on patient response. Clinical monitoring is recommended for P‐glycoprotein substrates with a narrow therapeutic window (eg, digoxin). Dose adjustments are not required for sertraline, fluconazole, bupropion (or any CYP2B6 substrate), or elagolix when coadministered.