bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological detection of enzymes for sulfate reduction in anaerobic methane‐oxidizing consortia
Authors: Milucka Jana , Widdel Friedrich , Shima Seigo
Published: September 2012

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) coupled to sulfate reduction (SR) at marine gas seeps is performed by archaeal‐bacterial consortia that have so far not been cultivated in axenic binary or pure cultures. Knowledge about possible biochemical reactions in AOM consortia is based on metagenomic retrieval of genes related to those in archaeal methanogenesis and bacterial sulfate reduction, and identification of a few catabolic enzymes in protein extracts. Whereas the possible enzyme for methane activation (a variant of methyl‐coenzyme M reductase, Mcr) was shown to be harboured by the archaea, enzymes for sulfate activation and reduction have not been localized so far. We adopted a novel approach of fluorescent immunolabelling on semi‐thin (0.3–0.5 μm) cryosections to localize two enzymes of the SR pathway, adenylyl : sulfate transferase (Sat; ATP sulfurylase) and dissimilatory sulfite reductase (Dsr) in microbial consortia from Black Sea methane seeps. Both Sat and Dsr were exclusively found in an abundant microbial morphotype (c. 50% of all cells), which was tentatively identified as Desulfosarcina/Desulfococcus‐related bacteria. These results show that ANME‐2 archaea in the Black Sea AOM consortia did not express bacterial enzymes of the canonical sulfate reduction pathway and thus, in contrast to previous suggestions, most likely cannot perform canonical sulfate reduction. Moreover, our results show that fluorescent immunolabelling on semi‐thin cryosections which to our knowledge has been so far only applied on cell tissues, is a powerful tool for intracellular protein detection in natural microbial associations.
Airway metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma: A rare presentation
Authors: Liebling Maryjane , Boyd Michael , Rubio Edmundo , Foroozesh Mahtab
Published: September 2012

Airway metastasis from primary lung carcinoma is rare and typically associated with non‐small cell histology. While small cell lung cancer is a particularly aggressive form of cancer, few cases of endotracheal or endobronchial metastasis have been reported. Airway involvement can go undetected because of the spread along the perilymphatic drainage system with mostly submucosal involvement causing significant airway compromise before onset of symptoms. We present a patient with recurrent small cell lung cancer, presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea as a result of metastasis to the trachea and bilateral bronchi without significant mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. We discuss the related literature, as well as the suspected pathophysiology causing this unique presentation.
Metformin vs. insulin in gestational diabetes. A randomized study characterizing metformin patients needing additional insulin
Authors: Tertti K. , Ekblad U. , Koskinen P. , Vahlberg T. , Rönnemaa T.
Published: September 2012

Aims

We compared metformin with insulin as treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Furthermore, we aimed to characterize metformin‐treated patients needing additional insulin to achieve prespecified glucose targets.

Methods

We conducted a single centre randomized controlled study with non‐inferiority design comparing metformin and insulin in the treatment of 217 GDM patients having birth weight as primary outcome variable.

Results

There were no significant differences in mean birth weight expressed in grams [+15 (90% confidence interval (CI): −121 to 89)] or SD units [+0.04 (90% CI: −0.27 to 0.18)] between the metformin and insulin groups. There were no significant differences in neonatal or maternal data between the groups. Only 23 (20.9%) of the 110 patients in the metformin group needed additional insulin. Compared with the patients on metformin only, those needing additional insulin were older (p = 0.04), their oral glucose tolerance test had been performed earlier and diabetes therapy started earlier in gestation (p = 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively). The risk for additional insulin was 4.6‐fold in women with baseline serum fructosamine concentration above median compared with those below median.

Conclusions

Metformin is an effective alternative to insulin in the treatment of GDM patients. Serum fructosamine may help in predicting the adequacy of metformin treatment alone.
Sigmoidal crack growth rate curve: statistical modelling and applications
Authors: PAOLINO D. S. , CAVATORTA M. P.
Published: September 2012

The present paper proposes a statistical model for describing sigmoidal crack growth rate curves. Major novelties are: a) exploitation of the maximum likelihood principle for obtaining material estimates by pooling together experimental data belonging to the different crack propagation regions; b) a general formulation which allows to adopt different sigmoidal models and any kind of statistical distribution for the model variables; c) fatigue life predictions through numerical integration of analytical functions with no need of Monte Carlo simulations. Experimental data taken from NASGRO database are used to check the validity of the statistical model in estimating material parameters included in the crack growth NASGRO algorithm. Illustrative plots of number of cycles to failure and crack length after a given number of cycles are presented, showing good agreement between the proposed statistical model and NASGRO results.
Potent effects of, and mechanisms for, modification of crosstalk between macrophages and adipocytes by lactobacilli
Authors: Miyazawa Kenji , He Fang , Yoda Kazutoyo , Hiramatsu Masaru
Published: September 2012

The murine macrophage‐like cell line J774.1 was treated with heat‐killed cells of Lactobacillus GG (LGG) and L. gasseri TMC0356 (TMC 0356). Interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor‐α were profiled from the J774.1 cells using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods. The conditioned medium from cultured J774.1 cells was transferred to the preadipocyte cell line 3T3‐L1 (which is a mouse embryonic fibroblast‐adipose‐like cell line). Growth and differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cells were monitored by analyzing lipid accumulation and expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ mRNA. The medium conditioned by 3T3‐L1 cells was added to J774.1 cells and the cytokines in the supernatant analyzed. Compared with that of cells exposed to a PBS‐conditioned medium, lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells was significantly suppressed in a dose‐dependent manner by each medium that had been conditioned with LGG and TMC0356. PPAR‐γ mRNA expression in 3T3‐L1 cells was also significantly downregulated (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). The conditioned medium of 3T3‐L1 adipose phenotype significantly stimulated production of IL‐6 and IL‐12 in J774.1 cells treated with LGG and TMC0356. These results suggest that lactobacilli may suppress differentiation of preadipocytes through macrophage activation and alter the immune responses of macrophages to adipose cells.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the histamine H3 receptor antagonist, ABT‐288, in healthy young adults and elderly volunteers
Authors: Othman Ahmed A. , Haig George , Florian Hana , Locke Charles , Zhang Jun , Dutta Sandeep
Published: September 2012

Aim

The objective of this work was to characterize the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ABT‐288, a highly selective histamine H3 receptor antagonist, in healthy young adults and elderly subjects following single and multiple dosing in a phase 1 setting.

Methods

Single doses (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 20 and 40 mg ABT‐288) and multiple doses (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg ABT‐288 once‐daily for 14 days) were evaluated in young adults and multiple doses (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 5 mg ABT‐288 once‐daily for 12 days) were evaluated in elderly subjects using randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐escalating study designs. The effect of food on ABT‐288 pharmacokinetics (5 mg single dose) was evaluated using an open label, randomized, crossover design.

Results

ABT‐288 safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics were comparable in young and elderly subjects. Single doses up to 40 mg and multiple doses up to 3 mg once‐daily were generally safe and well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse events were hot flush, headache, abnormal dreams, insomnia, nausea and dizziness. ABT‐288 exposure (AUC) was dose‐proportional over the evaluated dose ranges. The mean elimination half‐life ranged from 40 to 61 h across dose groups. Steady state was achieved by day 10 of once‐daily dosing with 3.4‐ to 4.2‐fold accumulation. Food did not have a clinically meaningful effect on ABT‐288 exposure.

Conclusions

Based on the above results, 1 and 3 mg once‐daily doses of ABT‐288 were advanced to phase 2 evaluation in Alzheimer's patients.
Do elderly intensive care unit patients receive less intensive care treatment and have higher mortality?
Authors: ANDERSEN F. H. , KVÅLE R.
Published: September 2012

Background

The number of elderly (≥ 80 years) will increase markedly in Norway over the next 20 years, increasing the demand for health‐care services, including intensive care. The aims of this study were to see if intensive care unit (ICU) resource use and survival are different for elderly ICU patients than for younger adult ICU patients.

Materials and methods

A retrospective cohort study comparing ICU patients between 50 and 79.9 years (Group I) with patients over 80 years (Group II) registered in the Norwegian Intensive Care Registry from 2006 to 2009. A subgroup analysis of 5‐year age groups was performed.

Results

A total of 27,921 patients were analysed. The ICU/hospital mortalities were 14.3%/21.4% (Group I) and 19.8%/32.4% (Group II). Overall mortality increased with increasing age, and hospital mortality rate increased more than ICU mortality. The observed difference in admission categories could not explain the significant difference in median length of stay (LOS), 2.3 days (Group I) vs. 2.0 days (Group II). The elderly received less mechanical ventilatory support (40.6% vs. 56.1%) and had shorter median ventilatory support time, 0.8 days vs. 1.9 days. Median LOS dropped from around 80 years on, ventilator support time from around 65–70 years.

Conclusion

Octogenarians had shorter ICU stays, had higher overall mortality, had a shift of dying at the ward rather than in the ICU, and received less and shorter mechanical ventilatory support.
Cerebral energy metabolism during induced mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: NIELSEN T. H. , BINDSLEV T. T. , PEDERSEN S. M. , TOFT P. , OLSEN N. V. , NORDSTRÖM C. H.
Published: September 2012

Background

In patients with traumatic brain injury as well as stroke, impaired cerebral oxidative energy metabolism may be an important factor contributing to the ultimate degree of tissue damage. We hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction can be diagnosed bedside by comparing the simultaneous changes in brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2) and cerebral cytoplasmatic redox state. The study describes cerebral energy metabolism during mitochondrial dysfunction induced by sevoflurane in piglets.

Methods

Ten piglets were included, seven in the experimental group (anesthetized with sevoflurane) and three in the control group (anesthetized with midazolam). PbtO2 and cerebral levels of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were monitored bilaterally. The biochemical variables were obtained by intracerebral microdialysis.

Results

All global variables were within normal range and did not differ significantly between the groups except for blood lactate that was slightly higher in the experimental group. Mitochondrial dysfunction was observed in the group of animals initially anesthetized with sevoflurane. Cerebral glucose was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group whereas lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly higher. Pyruvate and tissue oxygen tension remained within normal range in both groups. Changes of intracerebral variables indicating mitochondrial dysfunction were present already from the very start of the monitoring period.

Conclusion

Intracerebral microdialysis revealed mitochondrial dysfunction by marked increases in cerebral lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio simultaneously with normal levels of pyruvate and a normal PbtO2. This metabolic pattern is distinctively different from cerebral ischemia, which is characterized by simultaneous decreases in PbtO2 and intracerebral pyruvate.
The multiple chronological techniques applied to the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sediment core, central Japan
Authors: Staff Richard A. , Nakagawa Takeshi , Schlolaut Gordon , Marshall Michael H. , Brauer Achim , Lamb Henry F. , Bronk Ramsey Christopher , Bryant Charlotte L. , Brock Fiona , Kitagawa Hiroyuki , van der Plicht Johannes , Payne Rebecca L. , Smith Victoria C. , Mark Darren F. , Macleod Alison , Blockley Simon P. E. , Schwenninger Jean‐Luc , Tarasov Pavel E. , Haraguchi Tsuyoshi , Gotanda Katsuya , Yonenobu Hitoshi , Yokoyama Yusuke ,   Suigetsu 2006 Project Members
Published: September 2012

The varved sediment of Lake Suigetsu (central Japan) provides a valuable opportunity to obtain high‐resolution, multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental data across the last glacial/interglacial cycle. In order to maximize the potential of this archive, a well‐constrained chronology is required. This paper outlines the multiple geochronological techniques being applied – namely varve counting, radiocarbon dating, tephrochronology (including argon–argon dating) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) – and the approaches by which these techniques are being integrated to form a single, coherent, robust chronology. Importantly, we also describe here the linkage of the floating Lake Suigetsu (SG06) varve chronology and the absolute (IntCal09 tree‐ring) time scale, as derived using radiocarbon data from the uppermost (non‐varved) portion of the core. This tie‐point, defined as a distinct (flood) marker horizon in SG06 (event layer B‐07–08 at 1397.4 cm composite depth), is thus derived to be 11 255 to 11 222 IntCal09 cal. years BP (68.2% probability range).
Gambling Severity, Impulsivity, and Psychopathology: Comparison of Treatment‐ and Community‐Recruited Pathological Gamblers
Authors: Knezevic Bojana , Ledgerwood David M.
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Because most studies of pathological gambling gather data from participants recruited from treatment, this study compared community and treatment‐enrolled pathological gamblers (PGs) with respect to demographics, gambling severity, impulsivity, and psychopathology.

Methods: One hundred six PGs were recruited as part of two larger studies in Farmington, Connecticut (n= 61) and Windsor, Ontario (n= 45) using radio advertising, word of mouth, and/or newspaper ads, as well as a gambling treatment program at each location.

Results: Community (n= 49) and treatment‐enrolled (n= 57) PGs did not differ on age, education, gender, race, employment, or marital status. Treatment‐enrolled PGs were more likely to report past year illegal behaviors, preoccupation with gambling, and higher scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) Attention Impulsivity subscale. Assessment of psychopathology in the Ontario study indicated that treatment‐enrolled PGs were more likely to present with Major Depressive and Dysthymic Disorders. Community‐recruited PGs in the Connecticut study were overall more likely to present with any substance use disorder relative to their treatment‐enrolled counterparts.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Our findings inform intervention and research within the field of pathological gambling. Specifically, the distressing aspects of pathological gambling, such as legal issues, preoccupation with gambling, and depression, may be present more in treatment‐enrolled PGs than in those recruited from the community. Such emotional disturbances should be further explored to increase motivation and treatment adherence in PGs. In addition, due to relative absence of overall differences between the groups, research findings utilizing treatment‐enrolled PGs may be a good representation of both groups. (Am J Addict 2012;21:508–515)
Depression Symptoms Associated with Cannabis Dependence in an Adolescent American Indian Community Sample
Authors: Gilder David A , Ehlers Cindy L
Published: September 2012

Background: Depression and substance use disorders, including cannabis dependence, arise during adolescence, are frequently comorbid, and represent major health burdens in the general US population. Yet little is known about the association of depression symptoms with cannabis and other substance use and use disorders in Native American adolescents.

Objective: To investigate the comorbidity of cannabis use and depression symptoms in Native American adolescents.

Methods: This study used the Children's Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (Adolescent Version) to obtain lifetime DSM‐III‐R diagnoses from a community sample of 202 (98 boys, 104 girls) American Indian adolescents living on contiguous reservations.

Results: Thirteen percent of boys and 38% of girls had a lifetime DSM‐III‐R major depression disorder (MDD) independent of substance use. Fifteen percent of boys and 41% of girls had a major depression episode (MDE) either coincident with or independent of cannabis use. MDE and several individual depression symptoms were significantly associated with cannabis dependence in boys but not in girls. The median ages of onset of MDE were the same in the boys and girls who had experienced both depression and cannabis use.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that the association of depression with cannabis dependence is more significant in boys than girls in this population of adolescents.

Scientific Significance: Understanding comorbidity between depression and cannabis use is important in order to disentangle the etiological relationship between the two and also for designing more effective treatment and prevention strategies, particularly in Native Americans who are at high risk for both disorders. (Am J Addict 2012;21:536–543)
Differences in Drinking Patterns, Occupational Stress, and Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events among Firefighters: Predictors of Smoking Relapse
Authors: VanderVeen Joseph W. , Gulliver Suzy B. , Morissette Sandra B. , Kruse Marc I. , Kamholz Barbara W. , Zimering Rose T. , Knight Jeffrey , Keane Terence M.
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Despite the increased awareness regarding the risks of cigarette smoking, this behavior continues to be a serious public health concern. As such, the goal of the current study was to examine risk factors for smoking relapse among individuals employed through fire service.

Methods: In this report, drinking changes, trauma exposure, and occupational stress were compared among firefighters (N = 81) who reported a relapse to cigarette smoking (n = 27), a lifetime former history of smoking (n = 27), or no history of smoking (n = 27). Mechanisms behind tobacco relapse occurring after employment in fire service were explored.

Results: Firefighters who relapsed to smoking, when compared to their nonsmoking peers, had higher rates of weekly alcohol consumption throughout their first year of fire service and had greater increases in drinking from preacademy to postacademy.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Gaining a better understanding of these behaviors within this understudied and high‐risk population may provide valuable information that can be used in designing future relapse prevention strategies as well as smoking cessation interventions. (Am J Addict 2012;21:550–554)
Self‐Reported Psychotic Disorders among Individuals with Substance Use Disorders: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: Lev‐Ran Shaul , Imtiaz Sameer , Le Foll Bernard
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychotic disorders (PDs) presents many challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Most reports to‐date focus on the prevalence of SUDs among clinical populations of patients with PDs, and there is a lack of data pertaining to rates of PDs among individuals with substance use and SUDs.

Methods: We analyzed data on 43,093 respondents age 18 and above from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative US survey (Wave 1, 2001–2002). Cross‐tabulations were used to derive prevalence estimates of PDs among individuals with 12‐month substance use or SUDs across 10 categories of substances. Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from bivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationships between lifetime PDs and 12‐month substance use or SUDs for the specific categories of substances.

Results: Among individuals with 12‐month substance use, prevalence of PDs was found to be elevated in 8 of 10 categories of substances, particularly among amphetamine (OR = 8.8) and cocaine (OR = 10.3) users compared to nonusers. Among individuals with SUDs, prevalence of PDs was elevated in 9 of 10 categories of substances compared to individuals without SUDs.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Our findings on the increased rates of PDs among substance users and individuals with SUDs across a wide range of substances emphasize the importance of screening for PDs while treating patients with substance use and SUDs. This may allow for early intervention and adequate referral to appropriate settings. (Am J Addict 2012;21;531–535)
Effects on Smokers of Exposure to Graphic Warning Images
Authors: Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S. , Rooke Sally E. , MacDonell Gail
Published: September 2012

Background and Objectives: Several countries have introduced graphic warning images aimed at discouraging smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact on smokers of graphic warnings showing cosmetically important harm caused by smoking.

Methods: Fifty‐six adult smokers were randomly assigned to view either written smoking warnings or the same written warnings with related graphic images. The smokers viewed the warnings at a rate of one per week for 4 weeks. The smokers were assessed before and after the warnings with regard to stage of change toward smoking cessation and level of smoking.

Results: The randomized control trial showed that the warnings with graphic images led to significantly more progress in stage of change toward smoking cessation than written warnings alone. However, the images did not lead to decreases in smoking rates.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance: The results indicate that written smoking warnings accompanied by images of cosmetically important harm caused by smoking have more potential than warnings alone in prompting changes in the direction of quitting. (Am J Addict 2012;21:555–557)
Impact of Nursing Intervention on Decreasing Substances among Homeless Youth
Authors: Nyamathi Adeline , Branson Catherine , Kennedy Barbara , Salem Benissa , Khalilifard Farinaz , Marfisee Mary , Getzoff Daniel , Leake Barbara
Published: September 2012

Background: Alcohol use, and in particular, binge drinking, and methamphetamine use is pervasive among homeless youth and remains a social pressure among this vulnerable population. However, there is no compelling evidence that specific interventions for reducing drug and alcohol use are effective for homeless youth.

Objectives: This community‐based participatory action pilot study assessed the impact of an intervention study focused on decreasing use of drugs and alcohol among a sample of homeless young adults (N= 154) visiting a drop‐in site in Santa Monica, California. The two programs consisted of an HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis Health Promotion (HHP) program led by nurses and an Art Messaging (AM) program led by artists. Six‐month follow‐up data were obtained from 100 of these individuals.

Results: Findings revealed significant reductions in alcohol and marijuana use and binge drinking in both the HHP and AM programs. However, homeless youth in the HHP program reported additional reductions in methamphetamine, cocaine, and hallucinogen use at 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions: Reductions in drugs and alcohol are important as these substances are linked to HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and other health risks in homeless youth.

Scientific Significance: The successful outcomes of the study intervention validate the utility of nurse‐led and artistic health promotion strategies to decrease drug and alcohol use and other risky behaviors in homeless youth populations. (Am J Addict 2012;21:558–565)
Sterile Folliculitis as an Important Diagnostic Clue to Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Kempeneers Céline , Paquot Isabelle , Philippet Pierre , Goossens Annieta , Bernier Vincent
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Sterile folliculitis is known to be one of the rare cutaneous manifestations of Crohn’s disease (CD). To our knowledge it has never been emphasized as a marker of significant diagnostic value, perhaps maybe even more significant than more common cutaneous manifestations such as erythema nodosum (EN).
Assessment of Research Quality of Telehealth Trials in Pain Management: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: McGeary Donald D. , McGeary Cindy A. , Gatchel Robert J. , Allison Sybil , Hersh Allison
Published: September 2012

Although telehealth‐based pain management research has grown over the last decade, it is difficult to determine the state of the research because of methodological differences and variability in quality among existing studies. In a previous systematic review, we outlined these differences and preliminarily explored the promise of telehealth for pain intervention. We completed a PRISMA compliant meta‐analysis of telehealth pain management research to more precisely describe the state of the research and to uncover gaps in the existing literature that highlight directions for future research. We identified 10 relevant studies completed between 2000 and 2011 including 3 noninferiority and 7 superiority studies. Meta‐analysis revealed an overall benefit of telehealth interventions over control conditions and equivalence with in‐person intervention. However, some of the reviewed studies found no benefit for telehealth over control conditions. Some methodological concerns among the examined research included poor research quality, small sample sizes, and the examination of telehealth pain interventions without proven efficacy for in‐person treatment. Recommendations for future studies are reviewed.
My Child You Must Have Patience and Kreng Jai: Thai Parents and Child Pain
Authors: Jongudomkarn Darunee , Forgeron Paula A. , Siripul Pulsuk , Finley G. Allen
Published: September 2012

Purpose: To elicit the experiences of parents in providing care for their hospitalized child's acute pain needs.

Design: Phenomenology, using in‐depth interviews with 45 parents whose children were being cared for in five hospitals in Northeastern (Isan) Thailand.

Findings: The findings address Thai cultural beliefs regarding the experience of pain and the role societal expectations have on parental behavior in trying to meet their child's acute pain needs. Two themes emerged—“Understanding my child's pain: it's karma” and “Maintaining Kreng Jai”—which identify parent beliefs toward pain and pain treatment, as well as perceived barriers in securing pain management for their children. Together these two themes describe the essence of this study as parents experienced an “inner struggle in providing pain care.” Pain was perceived as an inescapable part of life, and participants identified a preference for traditional remedies. Parents experienced a tension as they wanted to provide and secure pain care for their child but at the same time were reticent to approach staff with concerns about their child's care.

Conclusions: Thai parents viewed pain as a normal consequence of life, and one had to use traditional remedies in addition to medicine to successfully treat pain. Societal behavioral expectations required children to have patience. Nevertheless, parents wanted professionals to show more empathy and provide more effective pain care.

Clinical Relevance: Improvements in pediatric pain care must formally include parents. Culturally sensitive approaches that do not stereotype parents and children are needed to ensure that evidence‐informed pain care is available for all children.
The Influence of Rural Versus Urban Residence on Utilization and Receipt of Care for Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Goode Adam P. , Freburger Janet K. , Carey Timothy S.
Published: September 2012

Purpose: (1) To describe demographic and health‐related characteristics among rural/urban residents with chronic low back pain (LBP); (2) To determine if the utilization of diagnostics and treatments differs between rural and urban residents with chronic LBP; and (3) To determine the association between rural/urban residence and health care provider usage and if associations differ by race or gender.

Methods: A 2006 cross‐sectional telephone survey of a representative sample of North Carolina residents. Subjects with chronic LBP were questioned regarding their health and health care use. Wald and chi‐square tests were used to determine differences between demographic and health‐related characteristics of rural/urban residents. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between rural/urban residence and health care provider use. Differences in race or gender were explored with stratified analysis with a P < .10.

Findings: 588 residents of North Carolina with self‐reported chronic LBP sought care from a provider in the previous year. In bivariate analyses, when compared to urban residents, rural residents were younger, more likely to be uninsured, reported significantly higher levels of disability, and reported more depression/sadness. Rural residents were less likely to receive care from a rheumatologist (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.47 [95% CI, 0.22‐0.99]). Rural blacks were less likely to receive care from a physical therapist when compared to urban blacks (aOR 0.26 [95% CI, 0.07‐0.87]).

Conclusion: Despite similarities of high provider use, imaging and therapeutics, when compared to urban residents, rural residents reported higher levels of functional limitation and depression.
Cytologic identification of erythrophagocytic neoplasms in dogs
Authors: Barger Anne M. , Skowronski Melissa C. , MacNeill Amy L.
Published: September 2012

Background

Erythrophagia has been identified in multiple types of tumors in human medicine, but information in veterinary medicine is limited. In dogs and cats, erythrophagia has been reported to occur in mast cell and plasma cell tumors, lymphoma, megakaryocytic leukemia, and hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma. On the basis of clinical experience, we believed this to be an incomplete list that might bias veterinarians toward a diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma when erythrophagia is observed in neoplastic spindle‐shaped cells.

Objective

The objective of this retrospective study was to identify neoplasms in dogs that exhibit erythrophagia within the neoplastic cell population.

Methods

Reports of cytologic samples collected from dogs and submitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 2003 and May 2011 were searched for a description of erythrophagia. Only cases with a diagnosis confirmed by histopathologic examination using immunohistochemical analysis or by cytochemical staining were included. Slides were reviewed by one pathologist to confirm the presence of erythrophagocytic neoplastic cells.

Results

Of 20,016 reports searched, 897 contained the term “erythrophagia.” In 55 reports, neoplastic cells exhibiting erythrophagia were identified. Of these, 21 cases were excluded because the cytologic diagnosis was not confirmed, and the remaining 34 cases included 12 hemangiosarcomas, 11 hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcomas, 9 osteosarcomas, one mast cell tumor, and one T‐cell lymphoma.

Conclusion

Erythrophagia can be found in many tumor types. When erythrophagia is observed in spindle‐cell sarcomas, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma should be considered in addition to hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma.
Short‐lived radioactivity in the early solar system: The Super‐AGB star hypothesis
Authors: LUGARO Maria , DOHERTY Carolyn L. , KARAKAS Amanda I. , MADDISON Sarah T. , LIFFMAN Kurt , GARCÍA‐HERNÁNDEZ D. A. , SIESS Lionel , LATTANZIO John C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract– The composition of the most primitive solar system condensates, such as calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) and micron‐sized corundum grains, show that short‐lived radionuclides (SLR), e.g., 26Al, were present in the early solar system. Their abundances require a local or stellar origin, which, however, is far from being understood. We present for the first time the abundances of several SLR up to 60Fe predicted from stars with initial mass in the range approximately 7–11 M⊙. These stars evolve through core H, He, and C burning. After core C burning they go through a “Super”‐asymptotic giant branch (Super‐AGB) phase, with the H and He shells activated alternately, episodic thermal pulses in the He shell, a very hot temperature at the base of the convective envelope (approximately 108 K), and strong stellar winds driving the H‐rich envelope into the surrounding interstellar medium. The final remnants of the evolution of Super‐AGB stars are mostly O–Ne white dwarfs. Our Super‐AGB models produce 26Al/27Al yield ratios approximately 0.02–0.26. These models can account for the canonical value of the 26Al/27Al ratio using dilutions with the solar nebula of the order of 1 part of Super‐AGB mass per several 102 to several 103 of solar nebula mass, resulting in associated changes in the O‐isotope composition in the range Δ17O from 3 to 20‰. This is in agreement with observations of the O isotopic ratios in primitive solar system condensates, which do not carry the signature of a stellar polluter. The radionuclides 41Ca and 60Fe are produced by neutron captures in Super‐AGB stars and their meteoritic abundances are also matched by some of our models, depending on the nuclear and stellar physics uncertainties as well as the meteoritic experimental data. We also expect and are currently investigating Super‐AGB production of SLR heavier than iron, such as 107Pd.
Deep mitochondrial introgression and hybridization among ecologically divergent vole species
Authors: Bastos‐Silveira Cristiane , Santos Sara M. , Monarca Rita , Mathias Maria da Luz , Heckel Gerald
Published: September 2012

The completion of speciation is typically difficult to ascertain in rapidly diverging taxa but the amount of hybridization and gene flow in sympatry or parapatry contains important information about the level of reproductive isolation achieved. Here, we examined the progress in speciation between the Mediterranean (Microtus duodecimcostatus) and the Lusitanian pine vole (M. lusitanicus), which are part of the most rapid radiation of species known in mammals. These two Iberian pine voles are classified as separate species because of differences in morphology and ecology, but relatively many ambiguous individuals can be found in sympatric conditions. Our phylogenetic analyses of rangewide data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (mtDNA) demonstrated high levels of diversity and a basal separation in two parapatric lineages. However, mtDNA affiliation was at odds with morphological classification or geographical distribution of the taxa. In contrast, statistical analyses of microsatellites (nucDNA) showed two clear genetic clusters in allopatry and sympatry generally matching morphological classification. This cytonuclear discordance over a large geographic area suggests historical introgression of mtDNA from M. duodecimcostatus to M. lusitanicus. There was statistical evidence for at least two recent hybrids in the sympatry zone but gene flow is apparently low given clear‐cut differences in nucDNA. Our results indicate a relatively advanced speciation process in these Iberian pine voles without fully established reproductive isolation. This situation enables use of combined population genomic and experimental approaches for the separation of patterns and mechanisms in the ongoing explosive diversification of these and other Arvicoline rodents in the future.
Environmental conditions affect spatial genetic structures and dispersal patterns in a solitary rodent
Authors: Messier Gabrielle Dubuc , Garant Dany , Bergeron Patrick , Réale Denis
Published: September 2012

The study of the spatial distribution of relatives in a population under contrasted environmental conditions provides critical insights into the flexibility of dispersal behaviour and the role of environmental conditions in shaping population relatedness and social structure. Yet few studies have evaluated the effects of fluctuating environmental conditions on relatedness structure of solitary species in the wild. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of interannual variations in environmental conditions on the spatial distribution of relatives [spatial genetic structure (SGS)] and dispersal patterns of a wild population of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), a solitary rodent ofNorthAmerica. Eastern chipmunks depend on the seed of masting trees for reproduction and survival. Here, we combined the analysis of theSGSof adults with direct estimates of juvenile dispersal distance during six contrasted years with different dispersal seasons, population sizes and seed production. We found that environmental conditions influences the dispersal distances of juveniles and that male juveniles dispersed farther than females. The extent of theSGSof adult females varied between years and matched the variation in environmental conditions. In contrast, theSGSof males did not vary between years. We also found a difference inSGSbetween males and females that was consistent with male‐biased dispersal. This study suggests that both the dispersal behaviour and the relatedness structure in a population of a solitary species can be relatively labile and change according to environmental conditions.
Geographical and ecological stability of the symbiotic mid‐gut microbiota in European firebugs, Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae)
Authors: Sudakaran Sailendharan , Salem Hassan , Kost Christian , Kaltenpoth Martin
Published: September 2012

Symbiotic bacteria often play an essential nutritional role for insects, thereby allowing them to exploit novel food sources and expand into otherwise inaccessible ecological niches. Although many insects are inhabited by complex microbial communities, most studies on insect mutualists so far have focused on single endosymbionts and their interactions with the host. Here, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiota of the red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae), a model organism for physiological and endocrinological research. A combination of several culture‐independent techniques (454 pyrosequencing, quantitative PCR and cloning/sequencing) revealed a diverse community of likely transient bacterial taxa in the mid‐gut regions M1, M2 and M4. However, the completely anoxic M3 region harboured a distinct microbiota consisting of facultative and obligate anaerobes including Actinobacteria (Coriobacterium glomerans and Gordonibacter sp.), Firmicutes (Clostri‐dium sp. and Lactococcus lactis) and Proteobacteria (Klebsiella sp. and a previously undescribed Rickettsiales bacterium). Characterization of the M3 microbiota in different life stages of P. apterus indicated that the symbiotic bacterial community is vertically transmitted and becomes well defined between the second and third nymphal instar, which coincides with the initiation of feeding. Comparing the mid‐gut M3 microbial communities of P. apterus individuals from five different populations and after feeding on three different diets revealed that the community composition is qualitatively and quantitatively very stable, with the six predominant taxa being consistently abundant. Our findings suggest that the firebug mid‐gut microbiota constitutes a functionally important and possibly coevolved symbiotic community.
Low population genetic differentiation in the Orchidaceae: implications for the diversification of the family
Authors: Phillips Ryan D. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Peakall Rod
Published: September 2012

A leading hypothesis for the immense diversity of the Orchidaceae is that skewed mating success and small, disjunct populations lead to strong genetic drift and switches between adaptive peaks. This mechanism is only possible under conditions of low gene flow that lead to high genetic differentiation among populations. We tested whether orchids typically exhibit high levels of population genetic differentiation by conducting a meta‐analysis to compare mean levels of population genetic differentiation (FST) between orchids and other diverse families and between rare and common orchids. Compared with other families, the Orchidaceae is typically characterized by relatively low genetic differentiation among populations (mean FST = 0.146) at allozyme loci. Rare terrestrial orchids showed higher population genetic differentiation than common orchids, although this value was still lower than the mean for most plant families. All lines of evidence suggest that orchids are typically characterized by low levels of population genetic differentiation, even in species with naturally disjunct populations. As such, we found no strong evidence that genetic drift in isolated populations has played a major role in the diversification of the Orchidaceae. Further research into the diversification of the family needs to unravel the relative roles of biotic and environmental selective pressures in the speciation of orchids.
Genome scans reveal candidate regions involved in the adaptation to host plant in the pea aphid complex
Authors: Jaquiéry J. , Stoeckel S. , Nouhaud P. , Mieuzet L. , Mahéo F. , Legeai F. , Bernard N. , Bonvoisin A. , Vitalis R. , Simon J‐C.
Published: September 2012

A major goal in evolutionary biology is to uncover the genetic basis of adaptation. Divergent selection exerted on ecological traits may result in adaptive population differentiation and reproductive isolation and affect differentially the level of genetic divergence along the genome. Genome‐wide scan of large sets of individuals from multiple populations is a powerful approach to identify loci or genomic regions under ecologically divergent selection. Here, we focused on the pea aphid, a species complex of divergent host races, to explore the organization of the genomic divergence associated with host plant adaptation and ecological speciation. We analysed 390 microsatellite markers located at variable distances from predicted genes in replicate samples of sympatric populations of the pea aphid collected on alfalfa, red clover and pea, which correspond to three common host‐adapted races reported in this species complex. Using a method that accounts for the hierarchical structure of our data set, we found a set of 11 outlier loci that show higher genetic differentiation between host races than expected under the null hypothesis of neutral evolution. Two of the outliers are close to olfactory receptor genes and three other nearby genes encoding salivary proteins. The remaining outliers are located in regions with genes of unknown functions, or which functions are unlikely to be involved in interactions with the host plant. This study reveals genetic signatures of divergent selection across the genome and provides an inventory of candidate genes responsible for plant specialization in the pea aphid, thereby setting the stage for future functional studies.
PDZ domains of RseP are not essential for sequential cleavage of RseA or stress‐induced σE activation in vivo
Authors: Hizukuri Yohei , Akiyama Yoshinori
Published: September 2012

The Escherichia coli σE extracytoplasmic stress response monitors and responds to folding stress in the cell envelope. A protease cascade directed at RseA, a membrane‐spanning anti‐σ that inhibits σE activity, controls this critical signal‐transduction system. Stress cues activate DegS to cleave RseA; a second cleavage by RseP releases RseA from the membrane, enabling its rapid degradation. Stress control of proteolysis requires that RseP cleavage is dependent on DegS cleavage. Recent in vitro and structural studies found that RseP cleavage requires binding of RseP PDZ‐C to the newly exposed C‐terminal residue (Val148) of RseA, generated by DegS cleavage, explaining dependence. We tested this mechanism in vivo. Neither mutation in the putative PDZ ligand‐binding regions nor even deletion of entire RseP PDZ domains had significant effects on RseA cleavage in vivo, and the C‐terminal residue of DegS‐processed RseA also little affected RseA cleavage. Indeed, strains with a chromosomal rseP gene deleted for either PDZ domain and strains with a chromosomal rseA V148 mutation grew normally and exhibited almost normal σE activation in response to stress signals. We conclude that recognition of the cleaved amino acid by the RseP PDZ domain is not essential for sequential cleavage of RseA and σE stress response in vivo.
Response to Comment on “The Geometric Structure of the Brain Fiber Pathways”
Authors: Wedeen Van J. , Rosene Douglas L. , Wang Ruopeng , Dai Guangping , Mortazavi Farzad , Hagmann Patric , Kaas Jon H. , Tseng Wen-Yih I.
Published: September 2012

In response to Catani
et al
., we show that corticospinal pathways adhere via sharp turns to two local grid orientations; that our studies have three times the diffusion resolution of those compared; and that the noted technical concerns, including crossing angles, do not challenge the evidence of mathematically specific geometric structure. Thus, the geometric thesis gives the best account of the available evidence.
A Coevolutionary Tale
The Story of Earth
The First 4.5 Billion Years, from Stardust to Living Planet

by Robert M. Hazen

Viking, New York, 2012. 318 pp. $27.95, C$29.50. ISBN 9780670023554.
Authors: Anbar A. D.
Published: September 2012

Writing for nonspecialists, Hazen presents the geological and biological history of our planet from the perspective of his "mineral evolution" hypothesis.
How Oblate Is the Sun?
Authors: Gough Douglas
Published: September 2012

Recent measurements show that the Sun appears to be rounder than current understanding predicts.
Insecticide Resistance After
Silent Spring
Authors: Heckel David G.
Published: September 2012

Combating insecticide resistance is a continual challenge for the preservation of both traditional and transgenic crops.
A Radical Route for Nitrogenase Carbide Insertion
Authors: Boal Amie K. , Rosenzweig Amy C.
Published: September 2012

The NifB protein inserts a carbon atom from
S
-adenosyl-
l
-methionine into the complex iron-sulfur cluster cofactor of the nitrogenase enzyme.
U.S. Study Shows Unconscious Gender Bias in Academic Science
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: September 2012

A new study suggests that unintentional gender bias is deeply rooted in U.S. academic science despite scientists' efforts to overcome it.
ERRATUM: SOME DEFORMATION PROPERTIES OF THE EVEN–EVEN YTTERBIUM, HAFNIUM AND TUNGSTEN NUCLEI
Authors: DOMA S. B. , EL-GENDY H. S.
Published: September 2012

No abstract received.