bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La inserción laboral de las principales corrientes migratorias latinoamericanas en Argentina: Periodo 1991-2010 / The labor insertion of the main latin american migration flows in Argentina: Period 1991-2010
Authors: Manzano Fernando Ariel , Velázquez Guillermo Ángel
Published: March 2018

Argentina es el país con mayor porcentaje de inmigrantes latinoamericanos en relación a su población total. Las corrientes migratorias latinoamericanas históricas en Argentina, fueron las procedentes de Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia y Uruguay. Sin embargo, durante el periodo 1991-2010 solo los flujos migratorios de los paraguayos y bolivianos, continúan incrementando su participación, desplazando a los inmigrantes chilenos y uruguayos, además se produce un crecimiento repentino de inmigrantes de nacionalidad peruana bajo el periodo mencionado. El objetivo de esta investigación es poder dar una respuesta los más integral posible, a estos dos hechos. Mediante la utilización de información empírica generada por los relevamientos censales analizaremos las dinámicas migratorias. La complementariedad con otros paradigmas de las ciencias sociales conduce a un conocimiento integral de un fenómeno multidisciplinario como es el migratorio.

Palabras clave: Mercado laboral; Migración; Género; Ramas de actividad.

Abstract:

Argentina is the country with the highest percentage of Latin American immigrants in relation to its total population. Historical Latin American migratory flows in Argentina, were those from Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia and Uruguay. However, during the 1991-2010 period only the migratory flows of Paraguayans and Bolivians, continue to increase their participation, displacing immigrants Chilean and Uruguayan, in addition there is a sudden growth of immigrants of Peruvian nationality under the mentioned period. The objective of this research is to be able to give an answer the most comprehensive as possible, these two facts. Through the use of empirical information generated by the census surveys we will analyze migratory dynamics. Complementarity with other social sciences paradigms leads to a comprehensive knowledge of a multidisciplinary phenomenon as is the migration.

Keywords: Labor market; Migration; Gender; Branches of activity.
Expansão da produção agrícola no território do Matopiba: territorialização de agentes econômicos do setor sojicultor em Porto Nacional – TO / Expansion of agricultural production in the territory of Matopiba: territorialisation of economic agents (...)
Authors: Ribeiro Rocua Carlos Eduardo , Foschiera Atamis Antonio
Published: March 2018

O município de Porto Nacional – TO vem passando por transformações no setor agrícola. Estas transformações estiveram e estão vinculadas a fatores como, políticas de Estado voltadas para modernização do processo produtivo no campo, programas de financiamentos agrícolas públicos e privados, territorialização do agronegócio e migrações. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar os agentes econômicos que promoveram e promovem a expansão do agronegócio, tendo como referencia a soja, nesse município. Em meados da década de 2000 inicia-se a segunda fase da modernização agrícola em Porto Nacional ocasionado pela territorialização do capital privado, baseado na produção de soja. A partir desse momento tem-se um número crescente de empresas de suporte a produção de soja se instalando em Porto Nacional e região. Uma parte dessas empresas ocupam espaços já consolidados e outras estão produzindo novos espaços, reconfigurando a lógica econômica da cidade, que por séculos foi voltada para a atividade pecuária.

 

Palavras chave: Territorialização, Agentes Econômicos, Agronegócio, Porto Nacional.

Abstract

The city of Porto Nacional - TO come passing through changes in the agricultural sector. These transformations have been and are linked to factors such as, State policies aimed at modernizing the productive process in the field, programs of agricultural funding public and private, territorialisation of agribusiness and migrations. The present study aims to characterize the economic agents who have promoted and promotes the expansion of agribusiness, taking as a reference the soybean, in this county. In the mid-1990s 2000 begins the second phase of the modernization of agriculture in Porto National caused by the territorialisation of private capital, based on soybean yield. From that moment has become an increasing number of companies to support the production of soya, installing themselves in Porto National and region. A part of these companies occupy spaces already consolidated and others are producing new spaces, reconfiguring the economic logic of the county, which for centuries has been facing the livestock.

Key words: Territorialization, economic agents, Agribusiness, Porto Nacional.

 
FTA Cards for Preservation of Nucleic Acids for Molecular Assays: A Review on the Use of Cytologic/Tissue Samples
Authors: da Cunha Santos Gilda
Published: March 2018

Context.—

Traditional methods for storing histologic and cytologic specimens for future use in molecular assays have consisted of either snap-freezing with cryopreservation or formalin-fixing, paraffin-embedding the samples. Although snap-freezing with cryopreservation is recommended for better preservation of nucleic acids, the infrastructure and space required for archiving impose challenges for high-volume pathology laboratories. Cost-effective, long-term storage at room temperature; relatively easy shipment; and standardized handling can be achieved with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, but formalin fixation induces fragmentation and chemical modification of nucleic acids. Advances in next-generation sequencing platforms, coupled with an increase in diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive molecular biomarkers have created a demand for high-quality nucleic acids. To address issues of the quality of nucleic acid and logistics in sample acquisition, alternatives for specimen preservation and long-term storage have been described and include novel universal tissue fixatives, stabilizers, and technologies.

Objective.—

To collect, retrieve, and review information from studies describing the use of nucleic acids recovered from cytologic/tissue specimens stored on Flinders Technology Associates (FTA, GE Whatman, Maidstone, Kent, United Kingdom) cards for downstream molecular applications.

Data Sources.—

An electronic literature search in the PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland) database allowed the selection of manuscripts addressing the use of FTA cards for storage of cytologic samples for molecular analysis. Only articles published in English were retrieved.

Conclusions.—

The use of FTA cards is a versatile method for fostering multicenter, international collaborations and clinical trials that require centralized testing, long-distance shipment, and high-quality nucleic acids for molecular techniques. Studies with controlled temperature are required to test the quality of recovered RNA after long-term storage.
Foundations for Fitness: A Multi-Cohort Pediatric Weight Management Intervention
Authors: Morrison Kyle M. , Smith Steven
Published: March 2018

This study examined the benefits of a 10-week childhood obesity intervention program on various measures of health. The program involved parents and children who met once weekly for two hours. Each session of the intervention program consisted of a structured dynamic warm-up an aerobic exercise component in a game play setting and a motor-skill specific instruction period. Subjects were recruited from pediatrician recommendation and a total of 99 subjects (n=48 boys, n=51 girls) completed both pretest and posttest intervention measures. The mean age was 9.86 (SD=0.02 years). Each of the following were assessed on pediatric assessment prior to and following the intervention program: height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, habitual physical activity, percent body fat, and quality of life. Assessment of the participant’s cardiovascular fitness and the state of home environment in regards to nutrition and physical activity were completed as part of the first and tenth (final) intervention program sessions. Results indicated that the changes observed that were statistically significant included the categories of systolic blood pressure, height, weight, quality of life, habitual physical activity, FNPA score, and PACER scores. Improvements in outcomes measured were modest but this result was expected due to the short intervention program of only ten-weeks duration. Recommendations include increasing the length of the intervention and conducting follow-up assessment to determine long-term impact.
Maternal Gestational Diabetes Associated with Higher Child BMI Z-Score at Preschool and Lower Likelihood of Breastfeeding Initiation
Authors: Mosli Rana H. , Al-Lahyani Manal N. , Najjar Amani , Zoghbi Doaa A. , Al-Haddad Rawan H. , Mosli Hala H.
Published: March 2018

Objectives: To examine the association of maternal GDM with 1) child BMI z-score at preschool; 2) breastfeeding initiation and duration, while adjusting for child birthweight in addition to potential confounders.
Method: Sample included 53 children (3 - 5 years old) recruited from two preschools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Mothers completed a self-administered questionnaire. Child anthropometry was completed using standardized procedures. BMI z-scores were calculated using the WHO standards/reference data. Linear regression models were tested to examine the association between maternal GDM and child BMI z-score, as well as breastfeeding duration. Logistic regression models were tested to examine the association between maternal GDM and breastfeeding initiation. Models were adjusted for child birthweight, maternal BMI, and maternal age at pregnancy.
Results: Mean child BMI z-score was 1.10 (SD= 1.22). About one quarter (24.5%) of mothers reported being diagnosed with GDM. Mean birthweight of children whose mothers were diagnosed with GDM was 3.10 kg (SD= 0.74). Adjusting for covariates, we found that maternal GDM was associated with increased child BMI z-score (B= 1.04, 95% CI= 0.14 - 1.94, P-value= 0.02), and lower odds of breastfeeding initiation (OR= 0.10, 95% CI= 0.02 – 0.49, P-value= 0.005). Maternal GDM was not associated with breastfeeding duration (B= -4.75, 95% CI: -11.79 – 2.29, P-value= 0.18).
Conclusion: Findings suggest that maternal GDM is associated with higher child BMI z-score at preschool and lower likelihood of breastfeeding initiation. Studies are needed in order to identify the underlying mechanisms of associations. Obesity prevention programs may target children whose mothers were diagnosed with GDM; prenatal breastfeeding counseling may be offered.
Dietary Pattern, Anthropometric Indices and Developmental Milestone of Children Aged 6-60 Months in Peri-Urban Communities East of Nigeria
Authors: Ibeanu Vivienne N. , Onyechi Uchenna A. , Ani Peace N. , Omeh Ozioma A.
Published: March 2018

Background: Good nutritional status is of paramount importance for a child’s physical, mental and social development after inter-uterine life.
Objective: Dietary pattern, anthropometric indices and developmental milestone of children aged 6-60 months in peri-urban communities were investigated.
Design: The children (236) were randomly selected from health centers and nursery schools in three selected communities. Data were collected with structured questionnaire and anthropometry. The questionnaire administered to the mothers of the children elicited information on their socioeconomic characteristics, dietary pattern and developmental milestones of the children. Anthropometric parameters of the children were measured using standard instruments and procedures. The mean length/height and weight of the children in relation to their ages were compared with WHO child growth standard. Data collected were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Results: Less than 6% of the mothers introduced complementary food at 6 months, 31.4% introduced before 6 months and 63.2% after 7 months. Majority (97.5%) of the mothers enriched complementary foods with fish (73.7%), infant formular (72.9%), soybean powder (66.5%) and egg (64.0%). A total of 10.6% and 1.7% of the children were moderately and severely stunted, respectively while 4.7% of them had moderate wasting. Underweight was observed more among children within 6 – 24 months. The mean ages for sitting, crawling, standing with support and standing without support reported in this study were 6, 7, 8 and 10 months, respectively.
Conclusion: Scaling up actions on optimal complementary feeding of children would go a long way in improving their nutritional status and physical development.
La situación de las profesoras hispanas en el sistema universitario estadounidense
Authors: Juan Rubio Antonio Daniel , Garcia Conesa Isabel María
Published: March 2018

Resumen Estados Unidos, según datos de World University Rankings, cuenta en su haber con seis de las diez mejores universidades del mundo. Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, la población latina ha representado la mayor parte del crecimiento demográfico del país durante la última década (56%). Pero desafortunadamente, este crecimiento no se ha visto reflejado en la educación superior. Mientras que los estudiantes hispanos se están matriculando en mayor número cada año, los profesores latinos, y muy especialmente las profesoras, no han visto un crecimiento similar, constituyendo sólo el 4% del profesorado universitario en todo el país. Este artículo pretende ofrecer una visión general de la situación actual con respecto al profesorado femenino de origen hispano en la educación superior estadounidense y analizar el importante papel desempeñado por el mismo por medio de sus figuras más relevantes o destacadas. Para ello, debido a la naturaleza de nuestra investigación, vamos a seguir una metodología histórica, teniendo en cuenta que en la elaboración del estudio nos hemos basado en una combinación de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Y como conclusión final, un objetivo importante debería ser el aumento del profesorado universitario femenino de origen hispano en el sistema universitario estadounidense.

Abstract The United States, according to the World University Rankings, has six out of the ten best universities in the world. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Latino population has accounted for most of the country's population growth during the last decade (56%). But unfortunately, this growth has not been reflected in higher education. While Hispanic students are enrolling in higher numbers each year, Latino teachers, and very especially the female ones, have not seen a similar growth, making up only around the 4% of university faculty nationwide. This article aims to provide an overview of the current situation regarding Hispanic female professors in American higher education and analyze the important role played by them throughout their most relevant or prominent figures. For this, due to the nature of our research, we will follow a historical methodology, taking into account that in the elaboration of the study we have based ourselves on a combination of primary and secondary sources. And as a final conclusion, we will conclude that an important goal should be then the increase of female university professors of Hispanic origin in the higher education system in the United States.

Keywords Hispanic population, university system, Hispanic professors, influence, educational charges. 
A customizable microscopy system for the automated quantification and characterization of multiple adherent cell types: an alternative to flow cytometry
Authors: Asthana Vishwaratn , Tang Yuqi , Ferguson Adam , Bugga Pallavi , Asthana Anantratn , Evans Emily R , Chen Allen L , Stern Brett S , Drezek Rebekah A
Published: March 2018

Cell quantification assays are essential components of most biological and clinical labs. However, many currently available quantification assays, including flow cytometry and commercial cell counting systems, suffer from unique drawbacks that limit their overall efficacy. In order to address the shortcomings of traditional quantification assays, we have designed a robust, low-cost, automated optical cell cytometer that quantifies individual cells in a multiwell plate using tools readily available in most labs. Plating and subsequent quantification of various dilution series using the automated optical cytometer demonstrates the single-cell sensitivity, near-perfect R2 accuracy, and greater than 5-log dynamic range of our system. Further, the optical cytometer is capable of obtaining absolute counts of multiple cell types in one well as part of a co-culture setup. To demonstrate this ability, we recreated an experiment that assesses the tumoricidal properties of primed macrophages on co-cultured tumor cells as a proof-of-principle test. The results of the experiment reveal that primed macrophages display enhanced cytotoxicity towards tumor cells while simultaneously losing the ability to proliferate, an example of a dynamic interplay between two cell populations that our optical cytometer is successfully able to elucidate.
Cell Differentiation Processes as Spatial Networks: identifying four-dimensional structure in embryogenesis
Authors: Alicea Bradly J , Gordon Richard
Published: March 2018

There are two basic forms of animal development: mosaic (as found in roundworms and sea squirts) and regulative (as found in amphibians and mammals). How might one distinguish between each type of development? Using a four-dimensional spatial representation (x,y,z,t), major features of the developmental process are revealed. To establish the role of mosaic mechanisms, we can map the cell division process to a computational representation of C. elegans embryogenesis using a directed, acyclic graph (DAG) and a differentiation code. Mosaic development is identifiable by observing spatial localization of progenitor and descendent cells. This three-dimensional compartmentalization should be consistent with nesting in the cell lineage tree. Regulative development should demonstrate spatial “smearing”, or deviations from the compartmentalization of the mosaic process. In a complementary manner, complex network statistics should confirm this by providing an approximation of embryo geometry. Characterizing the spatial organization and geometry of embryos in this way allows for heuristic indicators of developmental patterns both within and between organisms.
Microplastic adhering to marine invertebrates - first observations and discussion of potential effects
Authors: Barnich Ruth
Published: March 2018

During a recent biodiversity study marine invertebrates were found with blue microplastic granules attached to their body surface. The animals originated from subtidal samples collected in a British estuary. In nearly half of the samples animals with blue granules were present. The granules were regularly distributed on the body surface and firmly attached, but not all specimens of the same species were affected. If present in a sample, granules were usually found on oligochaetes, but also on other animals (eg. crustaceans or polychaetes). Most studies on the immediate effects of microplastic on marine invertebrates focus on ingestion of particles (uptake of sediment containing plastic or via gills and subsequent endocytosis; see review by Duis & Coors 2016). The adherence of microplastic to the body and the related threats are not well understood. Potential physical damage as well as altered behaviour, such as reduced ability to move (oligochaetes) or swim (amphipod shrimps), are other effects worth investigating. In the course of routine biodiversity assessments, affected animals could easily be extracted to allow for further studies such as nature of microplastics or to monitor changes in their presence after a ban of microbeads is introduced for example in cosmetics.
The voluntary control of piloerection
Authors: Heathers James AJ , Fayn Kirill , Silvia Paul J , Tiliopoulos Niko , Goodwin Matthew S
Published: March 2018

Autonomic systems in the human body are named for their operation outside of conscious control. One rare exception is voluntarily generated piloerection (VGP) – the conscious ability to cause goosebumps – whose physiological study in scientific history is confined to three single-individual case studies. Almost nothing is known about the physiological nature and emotional correlates of this ability. The current manuscript investigates the physiological, personality, and emotional phenomenology of a sample of thirty two individuals capable of VGP. Physiological descriptions were consistent with previous reports, describing a consistent stereotypical pattern of sensation and action. Most participants reported VGP was accompanied by psychological states that typically accompany involuntary piloerection (e.g. absorption), and using VGP during activities that elicit involuntary piloerection (e.g. music). Compared to previously collected samples, participants reported significantly higher openness to experience, and absorption in response to aesthetic situations. These preliminary findings suggest that this rare and unusual physiological ability has strong emotional and personality correlates.
Rapid remote sensing assessment of impacts from Hurricane Maria on forests of Puerto Rico
Authors: Feng Yanlei , Negron-Juarez Robinson I , Patricola Christina M , Collins William D , Uriarte Maria , Hall Jazlynn S , Clinton Nicholas , Chambers Jeffrey Q
Published: March 2018

Hurricane Maria made landfall as a strong Category 4 storm in southeast Puerto Rico on September 20th, 2018. The powerful storm traversed the island in a northwesterly direction causing widespread destruction. This study focused on a rapid assessment of Hurricane Maria’s impact to Puerto Rico’s forests. Calibrated and corrected Landsat 8 image composites for the entire island were generated using Google Earth Engine for a comparable pre-Maria and post-Maria time period that accounted for phenology. Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) using image-derived endmembers was carried out on both composites to calculate the change in the non-photosynthetic vegetation (ΔNPV) spectral response, a metric that quantifies the increased fraction of exposed wood and surface litter associated with tree mortality and crown damage from the storm. Hurricane simulations were also conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model to estimate wind speeds associated with forest disturbance. Dramatic changes in forest structure across the entire island were evident from pre- and post-Maria composited Landsat 8 images. A ΔNPV map for only the forested pixels illustrated significant spatial variability in disturbance, with patterns that associated with factors such as slope, aspect and elevation. An initial order-of-magnitude impact estimate based on previous work indicated that Hurricane Maria may have caused mortality and severe damage to 23-31 million trees. Additional field work and image analyses are required to further detail the impact of Hurricane Maria to Puerto Rico forests.
Brain network connectivity underlying decisions between the "lesser of two evils"
Authors: Mills-Finnerty Colleen , Hanson Catherine , Hanson Stephen J
Published: March 2018

In daily life we are often forced to choose between the “lesser of two evils,” yet there remains limited understanding of how the brain encodes choices between aversive stimuli, particularly choices involving hypothetical futures. We tested how choice framing affects brain activity and network connectivity by having participants make choices about individualized, aversive, hypothetical stimuli (i.e. illnesses, car accidents, etc.) under approach and avoidance frames (“which would you rather have/avoid”) during fMRI scanning. We tested whether limbic and frontal regions show patterns of signal intensity and network connectivity that differed by frame, and compared this to response to similar appetitive choices involving appetitive preferences (i.e. hobbies, vacation destinations). We predicted that regions such as the insula, amgydala, and striatum would respond differently to approach vs. avoidance choices during aversive hypothetical choices. We identified activations for both choice frames in areas broadly associated with decision making, including the putamen, insula, and anterior cingulate, as well as deactivations in areas shown to be sensitive to valence, including the amygdala, insula, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. Connectivity between brain regions differed based on choice frame, with greater connectivity among deactive regions including the amygdala, insula, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex during avoidance frames compared to approach frames. These differences suggest that approach and avoidance frames lead to different behavioral and brain network response when deciding which of two evils are the lesser.
Transport Routes Optimization Model Through Application of Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Bortas Ivan , Brnjac Nikolina , Dundović Čedomir
Published: March 2018

The transport policy of the European Union is based on the mission of restructuring road traffic into other and energy-favourable transport modes which have not been sufficiently represented yet. Therefore, the development of the inland waterway and rail transport, and connectivity in the intermodal transport network are development planning priorities of the European transport strategy. The aim of this research study was to apply the scientific methodology and thus analyse the factors that affect the distribution of the goods flows and by using the fuzzy logic to make an optimization model, according to the criteria of minimizing the costs and negative impact on the environment, for the selection of the optimal transport route. Testing of the model by simulation, was performed on the basis of evaluating the criteria of the influential parameters with unprecise and indefinite input parameters. The testing results show that by the distribution of the goods flow from road transport network to inland waterways or rail transport, can be predicted in advance and determine the transport route with optimal characteristics. The results of the performed research study will be used to improve the process of planning the transport service, with the aim of reducing the transport costs and environmental pollution.
Teori Imperialisme Baru dan Debat Marxisme-Realisme dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional
Authors: Alvian Rizky Alif
Published: March 2018

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk membahas kontribusi teori imperialisme baru bagi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Kontribusi gagasan tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan mengajukan teori imperialisme baru yang dihadapkan dengan perdebatan Marxisme-Realisme. Perdebatan ini berpusat pada pertanyaan tentang bagaimana hubungan antara negara dan cara produksi seharusnya dirumuskan. Sementara Realisme cenderung mengucilkan peran moda produksi dalam hubungan internasional, Marxisme cenderung mengucilkan peran negara. Artikel ini kemudian berargumen bahwa teori imperialisme baru dapat dipahami sebagai gagasan segar dalam menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Dengan memisahkan "ekonomi" dan "logika kapitalisme" dari "politik" dan "logika teritorial", teori imperialisme baru mencoba untuk mendamaikan peran negara dan cara produksi dalam analisis hubungan internasional.
Kerja Sama Pembangunan Korea Selatan di Vietnam dalam Pengembangan Area Pedesaan melalui Model Saemaul Undong
Authors: Lestari Indah
Published: March 2018

Dalam dekade terakhir ini, sebuah kerjasama erat dalam pembangunan pedesaan "Saemaul Undong" antara Korea Selatan dan Vietnam telah terbentuk. Saemaul Undong adalah contoh model sukses pembangunan pedesaan Korea Selatan. Seiring dengan itu, muncul adanya kemungkinan untuk mengadopsi Saemaul Undong oleh negara berkembang. Dengan hal ini, penelitian ini mencoba menjelaskan alasan mengapa kerjasama ini telah terbentuk. Dengan menggunakan konsep kerja sama, penelitian ini mencoba mengamati tujuan dan manfaat kerjasama "Saemaul Undong" antara Korea Selatan dan Vietnam. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan beberapa tujuan yang ingin dicapai serta berbagai manfaat dalam mendorong kerja sama "Saemaul Undong" antara kedua belah pihak. Di satu sisi, Korea Selatan bertujuan untuk menginternasionalisasi "Saemaul Undong", sementara Vietnam bertujuan untuk mencapai keberhasilan pembangunan pedesaan. Dalam upaya kerja sama ini, Korea Selatan memberikan dana, pengalaman, dan pengetahuan untuk memobilisasi partisipasi masyarakat pedesaan, sementara Vietnam dapat membenarkan kemungkinan penerapan SU oleh negara-negara berkembang. Sebagai kesimpulan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerja sama tidak terlepas dari motif tujuan dan manfaat dari dua belah pihak.
Contesting Global Civil Society’s Legitimacy Claims: Evaluating International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs)’ Representation of and Accountability to Beneficiaries
Authors: Tamzil Cazadira Fediva
Published: March 2018

Masyarakat sipil global (global civil society) seringkali dianggap sebagai kekuatan moral progresif yang memberikan pembelaan dan perlindungan terhadap kelompok termarjinalisasi dalam arena politik global. Namun demikian, berangkat dari keyakinan bahwa masyarakat sipil memiliki kekuatan dan pengaruh yang besar terhadap dinamika global, tulisan ini menilai bahwa klaim-klaim legitimasi yang mereka utarakan sendiri maupun disampaikan oleh para akademisi sangat penting untuk dievaluasi, khususnya yang berkenaan dengan representasi dan akuntabilitas mereka terhadap kelompok dan individu penerima manfaat (beneficiaries). Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa klaim-klaim legitimasi masyarakat sipil kurang dapat dijustifikasi, baik secara normatif maupun empiris. Dari sisi normatif, klaim representasi masyarakat sipil bermasalah karena seringkali kurang etis dan justru menimbulkan efek kontraproduktif terhadap kemaslahatan beneficiaries. Selain itu, mereka lebih akuntabel terhadap donor dan keberlangsungan institusi terkait dibandingkan pokok kepentingan para beneficiaries. Dari segi empiris, legitimasi masyarakat sipil pun dipertanyakan karena kini bermunculan diskursus-diskursus dari para beneficiaries mereka sendiri yang menentang aksi representative yang dilakukan serta minimnya akuntabilitas ditunjukkan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Internasional terhadap para “Beneficiaries” Penerima Manfaat. Tulisan ini diakhiri dengan rekomendasi terhadap LSM Internasional agar kembali menjadikan kepentingan Penerima Manfaat sebagai prioritas utama dan berhenti memproyeksikan beneficiaries sebagai pihak yang pasif, mute, dan tidak memiliki agensi politik.
Negara dan Kapasitas Adopsi Inovasi: Studi Kasus Tranformasi Pertahanan Indonesia Periode 1998-2014
Authors: Dzikri Ilman
Published: March 2018

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor eksplanatif yang menyebabkan reformasi sektor keamanan Indonesia kurang efektif. Secara umum, reformasi militer Indonesia dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa aspek: normatif (kerangka regulatif), substantif (doktrin militer), struktural (organisasi militer) dan ekonomi pertahanan. Artikel ini menerapkan kerangka kerja difusi militer yang dikemukakan Horowitz, terutama dalam melihat intensitas keuangan dan modal organisasional, sebagai faktor utama dalam menjelaskan adaptasi inovasi militer dalam sistem internasional. Di akhir artikel ini, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kedua aspek tersebut terbukti menjadi faktor utama dibalik kurang efektifnya transformasi pertahanan Indonesia .
The Evolving Security Policy of Japan and the Adherence to Antimilitarism Culture
Authors: Anindya Chaula Rininta
Published: March 2018

Jepang telah menafsirkan ulang Pasal 9 dalam konstitusinya sebagai landasan fundamental budaya antimilitaris mereka dan menunjukkan kesediaan untuk memainkan peran lebih aktif dalam keamanan internasional. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menelaah perubahan kebijakan keamanan Jepang dan potensi pergeseran budaya strategis antimilitaris. Didasari oleh dalil rasional bahwa meskipun terjadi perubahan terus-menerus, Jepang belum pernah mengubah budaya strategisnya karena keberlangsungan perdebatan dalam politik domestik yang sangat penting dalam membentuk persepsi dan keamanan. Praktek keamanan yang berubah hanyalah respons alami terhadap dinamika lingkungan keamanan Internasional saat ini. Oleh karena itu, dalam jangka waktu ini tetap tidak mungkin, pemerintahan Shinzo Abe mencapai tujuannya untuk melakukan reformasi konstitusi dalam hal kebijakan keamanan.
Understanding the Body of Christ: A Literature Review on Roman Catholic Church in International Relations
Authors: Kristiono Michael Joseph
Published: March 2018

Artikel ini merupakan review article mengenai bagaimana literatur-literatur terkini dalam ilmu Hubungan Internasional ("HI") memaknai Gereja Katolik Roma. Dalam artikel ini akan ditunjukkan bagaimana keaktoran Gereja direpresentasikan dalam literatur-literatur terutama yang ditulis setelah Perang Dingin. Pembatasan tersebut dipilih karena perhatian HI terhadap aktor-aktor non-negara baru mulai muncul semenjak kebangkitan kajian transnasionalisme pasca Perang Dingin. Pertama-tama artikel ini akan menelusuri jejak awal Kekatolikan dalam HI. Kemudian, artikel ini akan membahas bagaimana kecendekiaan HI saat ini memahami Gereja. Berdasarkan temuan pada artikel ini, kebanyakan literatur HI terkini berlandaskan kepada asumsi bahwa Vatikan, Tahta Suci, jejaring gereja, dan NGO-NGO Katolik merupakan entitas-entitas yang terpisah. Selanjutnya, artikel ini juga akan membahas pendekatan entitas Gereja baru sebagai aktor tunggal ragam-rupa. Dengan meminjam pendekatan teologi Katolik, penulis menawarkan sintesis Gereja sebagai aktor tunggal ragam-rupa, layaknya pemahaman realisme terhadap negara sebagai aktor uniter. Dengan demikian, review article ini juga dapat dilihat sebagai tantangan terhadap (kurangnya) pemahaman kolektif HI terhadap salah satu aktor politik global tertua, yaitu Gereja Katolik Roma.
Peran Jabhat Al-Nusra dalam Memberikan Tantangan terhadap Kebijakan Amerika Serikat Mendukung Kelompok Oposisi pada Konflik Bersenjata di Suriah
Authors: Kamrullah Muhammad Rizky Nur
Published: March 2018

Peran aktor non-negara di dalam politik dunia kontemporer semakin penting bagi dinamika politik global. Pasca peristiwa 9/11, perhatian para akademisi maupun praktisi dalam bidang studi-studi keamanan internasional tertuju pada aktor non-negara yang sering diklasifikasikan sebagai kelompok atau organisasi teroris. Karakter penggunaan kekerasan yang erat kaitannya dengan aktor ini membuat mereka dapat di klasifikasikan sebagai violent non-state actor (VNSA). Tak dapat dipungkiri, bahwa aktor ini juga mampu berperan membentuk kebijakan keamanan aktor negara dan memprovokasi negara untuk berperang. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini akan menjadikan kasus keterlibatan Jabhat al Nusra; salah satu aktor non-negara yang berafiliasi dengan Al Qaeda; pada konflik sipil bersenjata di Suriah, sebagai salah satu fenomena yang menggambarkan peran dan pengaruh aktor non-negara yang berkekerasan dalam mempengaruhi sikap atau perilaku negara. Artikel ini berusaha untuk menunjukkan faktor-faktor apa saja yang memungkinkan Jabhat al Nusra mampu mempengaruhi dinamika kebijakan luar negeri aktor negara; khusunya dalam hal ini adalah kebijakan Amerika Serikat dalam konflik bersenjata di Suriah. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa  kondisi lingkungan kenegaraan di Suriah yang rentan (fragile statehood) dan karakter dari aktor non-negara itu sendiri yang memiliki potensi politik global (global actorness), merupakkan faktor-faktor yang menjadikan Jabhat al Nusra mampu berkembang dan memberikan pengaruh terhadap sikap Amerika Serikat terkait strategi keterlibatannya mendukung kelompok oposisi dalam konflik bersenjata di Suriah.
A new role for a tumor-suppressing protein
Authors: Setton Jeremy S , Powell Simon N
Published: March 2018

In addition to its role in preventing tumors, the protein p53 appears to participate in a DNA repair process known as the replication-stress response.
Factors affecting sustainable adoption of e-health technology in developing countries: an exploratory survey of Nigerian hospitals from the perspective of healthcare professionals
Authors: Zayyad Musa Ahmed , Toycan Mehmet
Published: March 2018

Background

E-health technology applications are essential tools of modern information technology that improve quality of healthcare delivery in hospitals of both developed and developing countries. However, despite its positive benefits, studies indicate that the rate of the e-health adoption in some developing countries is either low or underutilized. This is due in part, to barriers such as resistance from healthcare professionals, poor infrastructure, and low technical expertise among others.

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate, identify and analyze the underlying factors that affect healthcare professionals decision to adopt and use e-health technology applications in developing countries, with particular reference to hospitals in Nigeria.

Methods

The study used a cross sectional approach in the form of a close-ended questionnaire to collect quantitative data from a sample of 465 healthcare professionals randomly selected from 15 hospitals in Nigeria. We used the modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the dependent variable and external factors as independent variables. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS statistical analysis such as frequency test, reliability analysis, and correlation coefficient analysis.

Results

The results obtained, which correspond with findings from other researches published, indicate that perceived usefulness, belief, willingness, as well as attitude of healthcare professionals have significant influence on their intention to adopt and use the e-health technology applications. Other strategic factors identified include low literacy level and experience in using the e-health technology applications, lack of motivation, poor organizational and management policies.

Conclusion

The study contributes to the literature by pinpointing significant areas where findings can positively affect, or be found useful by, healthcare policy decision makers in Nigeria and other developing countries. This can help them understand their areas of priorities and weaknesses when planning for e-health technology adoption and implementation.
Inulin-type fructan improves diabetic phenotype and gut microbiota profiles in rats
Authors: Zhang Qian , Yu Hongyue , Xiao Xinhua , Hu Ling , Xin Fengjiao , Yu Xiaobing
Published: March 2018

Background & Aims

Accumulating research has addressed the linkage between the changes to gut microbiota structure and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inulin is one type of soluble dietary fiber that can alleviate T2D. As a prebiotic, inulin cannot be digested by humans, but rather is digested by probiotics. However, whether inulin treatment can benefit the entire gut bacteria community remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the differences in gut microbiota composition among diabetic, inulin-treated diabetic, normal control, and inulin-treated normal control rats.

Methods

A diabetic rat model was generated by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injections (HF/STZ). Inulin was orally administered to normal and diabetic rats. To determine the composition of the gut microbiota, fecal DNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene 454 pyrosequencing were performed.

Results

We found that inulin treatment reduced fasting blood glucose levels and alleviated glucose intolerance and blood lipid panels in diabetic rats. Additionally, inulin treatment increased the serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level, reduced serum IL-6 level,Il6expression in epididymal adipose tissue, andPepck,G6pcexpression in liver of diabetic rats. Pyrophosphate sequencing of the 16s V3–V4 region demonstrated an elevated proportion ofFirmicutesand a reduced abundance ofBacteroidetesat the phylogenetic level in diabetic rats compared to normal control rats. The characteristics of the gut microbiota in control and inulin-treated rats were similar. Inulin treatment can normalize the composition of the gut microbiota in diabetic rats. At the family and genus levels, probiotic bacteriaLactobacillusand short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteriaLachnospiraceae,Phascolarctobacterium, andBacteroideswere found to be significantly more abundant in the inulin-treated diabetic group than in the non-treated diabetic group. In addition, inulin-treated rats had a lower abundance ofDesulfovibrio, which produce lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The abundance ofLachnospiraceaewas negatively correlated with the blood glucose response after a glucose load.

Conclusion

In summary, diabetic rats have different gut microbiota from control rats. Inulin treatment can alleviate gut microbiota dysbiosis in T2D model rats. Moreover, inulin treatment enhanced serum GLP-1 level to suppress IL-6 secretion and production and hepatic gluconeogenesis, resulted in moderation of insulin tolerance.
Grazing influences Stipa breviflora seed germination in desert grasslands of the Inner Mongolia Plateau
Authors: Liu Wenting , Wang Tianle , Zhang Shuang , Ding Lijun , Wei Zhijun
Published: March 2018

Seed germination plays an important role in determining the composition and regeneration of plant populations (Stipa breviflora). However, the influencing factors and strategies employed for seed germination in desert grasslands under grazing remain unknown. Therefore, in this study, the reproductive allocation, seed density, seed properties, and corresponding seed germination rates of S. breviflora were examined. Possible situations encountered during dispersal were also simulated to determine their effects on seed germination. The results showed that reproductive individual density not subjected to grazing were significantly higher than those subjected to moderate and heavy grazing. For seed density and seed bank in soil, the highest values were observed for the no grazing treatment, followed by the moderate and heavy grazing treatments. The seed density for germination of soil seed banks was nearly one-fourth of seed density during the growing season. In addition, grazing treatments affected the phenotypic characteristics of seeds and reduced the lower limit of the weight of germinable seeds. Awn removal significantly increased germination. The longest germination time was observed for seeds that entered the soil at an angle of 0°. Our research demonstrated that grazing negatively affected the desert grassland edificator. Individual plants adopted different adaptation strategies under different grazing intensities; for example, a fixed proportion of the seed number and seed germination number of S. breviflora in the soil seed bank was maintained by exceeding the minimum weight of a seed for seed germination. During seed dispersion, the awn effectively prevented germination under unfavourable conditions and helped seeds enter the soil at an optimal angle for promoting germination.
O SISMÓGRAFO SOCIAL DE DECROUX
Authors: Oliveira Jr Antonio Carlos , Faleiro José Ronaldo
Published: March 2018

Este artigo descreve alguns desequilíbrios nas relações entre tendência política e textualidade corporal na representação da figura histórica do trabalhador na obra l’usine de étienne decroux (1898-1991), a fim de elaborar uma reflexão sobre o papel político da arte. Apropriando-se dos conceitos benjaminianos de tendência política e qualidade literária, tomados aqui por seus correlatos – conteúdo político e textualidade corporal – é defendida a ideia de que a relação dialética entre espanto e encanto frente às novas coreografias da modernidade, especificamente àquelas determinadas pelas novas relações de produção industrial, distendem formalmente o potencial crítico da obra. Considerando o contexto histórico dos dois “personagens” deste artigo – a frança de decroux e a alemanha de walter benjamin (1892-1940) no período do entre-guerras – estes desencaixes formais são compreendidos como registros sismográficos de alguns tremores sociais da modernidade.
Structural characterization of the intrinsically disordered domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine kinase A
Authors: Niesteruk Anna , Hutchison Marie , Sreeramulu Sridhar , Jonker Hendrik R.A. , Richter Christian , Abele Rupert , Bock Christoph , Schwalbe Harald
Published: March 2018

Although intrinsically disordered proteins or protein domains (IDPs or IDD) are less abundant in bacteria than in eukaryotes, their presence in pathogenic bacterial proteins is important for protein‐protein interactions. The protein tyrosine kinase A (PtkA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an 80‐residue disordered region (IDDPtkA) of unknown function, located N‐terminally to the well‐folded kinase core domain. Here, we characterize the conformation of IDDPtkA under varying biophysical conditions and phosphorylation using NMR‐spectroscopy. Our results confirm that the N‐terminal domain of PtkA exists as an IDD at physiological pH. Furthermore, phosphorylation of IDDPtkA increases the activity of PtkA. Our findings will complement future approaches in understanding molecular mechanisms of key proteins in pathogenic virulence.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions Estimated With the CarbonTracker‐Lagrange North American Regional Inversion Framework
Authors: Nevison Cynthia , Andrews Arlyn , Thoning Kirk , Dlugokencky Ed , Sweeney Colm , Miller Scot , Saikawa Eri , Benmergui Joshua , Fischer Marc , Mountain Marikate , Nehrkorn Thomas
Published: March 2018

North American nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions of 1.6 ± 0.3 Tg N/yr over 2008–2014 are estimated using the CarbonTracker‐Lagrange regional inversion framework. The estimated N2O emissions are largely consistent with the EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research) global inventory and with the results of global atmospheric inversions but offer more spatial and temporal detail over North America. Emissions are strongest from the Midwestern Corn/Soybean Belt, which accounts for nearly one third of the total North American N2O source. The emissions are maximum in spring/early summer, consistent with a nitrogen fertilizer‐driven source, and also show a late winter spike suggestive of freeze‐thaw effects. Interannual variability in emissions across the primary months of fertilizer application is positively correlated to mean precipitation. The estimated N2O flux from the Midwestern Corn/Soybean Belt and the more northerly United States/Canadian wheat belt corresponds to 4.2–4.6% and 2.2–3.0%, respectively, of total synthetic + organic N fertilizer applied to those regions. Consideration of nonagricultural sources and additional N inputs from soybean N2 fixation could reduce the N2O yield from the Midwestern Corn/Soybean Belt to ~2.2–2.4% of total N inputs.
Establishment and development process of nonformal school environments in a Nairobi slum: Focusing on the relationship between the school and the local community
Authors: Imoto Saori , Otsuki Toshio
Published: March 2018

This paper found the following environmental setting characteristics of nonformal schools in a Nairobi slum: (i) The schools tend to move from rental houses to their own properties. (ii) In “congested areas,” they lay out classrooms that are scattered in the community. Meanwhile, in “not‐congested areas,” they lay them out from the corner of the plot to protect them from “land‐grabbing.” (iii) Many of the schools do not have latrines or playgrounds and do not serve lunch. They supplement these functions by using community resources, such as rental latrines, open lands, and children's houses. Therefore, children spend break time outside, making children's activities more diverse and producing greater demand for neighboring shops.