bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Insect Control with Insecticides Applied in the Transplant Water, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

Various insecticides applied as soil, foliar and transplant water treatments were evaluated for TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco. Tests were conducted on a Chesterfield- Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Nine treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Lorsban 4E treatment was applied with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 34 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003LP tips on 3 May. The treatment was immediately incorporated by double disking. The soil temperature was 60°F, the ambient temperature was 64 to 66°F, and the weather was cloudy. The Temik treatment was applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and it was immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 11 May (soil temperature, 67°F; ambient temperature, 75°F; soil pH, 5.8; soil moisture, good). ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted and the transplant water (TPW) treatments were applied in 215 gal solution/acre with a Holland plungertype transplanter on 12 May. The weather was sunny, and soil and ambient temperatures were 71"F and 77-80°F, respectively. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 22 Jun and 24 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-12 nozzles/row. Tobacco production followed Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations. TA were counted on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 1 to 13 wks after transplanting. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot once a wk for 3 wks after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yields and prices were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Logl0(x + 1) before analysis.
Aphid and Flea Beetle Control on Tobacco Grown in Fumigated Soil, 1994
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson III William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted to evaluate various combinations of soil insecticides and foliar treatments for TA and TFB control and the resulting effects on the yield and price of fluecured tobacco grown in fumigated soil. Seven treatments and an untreated control were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA. Plots, 4 × 40 ft (2 rows × 24 plants), were separated by single border rows. The entire test site was fumigated for control of the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera solanacearum. Telone C- 17 was applied broadcast at 19.1 gal/acre on 12 Apr. Most treatments of liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized, tractormounted boom sprayer that delivered at 30.4 gal/acre and 40 psi through 8003LP tips on 29 Apr. Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. The Temik treatments were applied in a 14 inch band using a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator and treatments were immediately covered with 6 inches of soil at bed formation on 17 May. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. Foliar applications of Orthene and Dipel were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer that delivered 30 gal/acre through 3 TX-12 nozzles at 60 psi. ‘K- 326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 18 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for production of the crop. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 6 to 11 wks after transplanting. TFB and TFB feeding holes in the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot during late May and early Jun. On 26 Aug, aphid damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no damage and 10 = very severe injury. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighed, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log,0(x + 1) before analysis.
Wheat Aphid Control in Spring Wheat, 1994
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, ID. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by solid set sprinklers. Seven treatments and one untreated check were replicated 4 times in a RCBD. Wheat was planted 12 May and all treatments were applied on 27 Jun. All materials were broadcast applied using 20 gal H20/acre with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (30 psi, four 10X hollow cone nozzles). Pre-treatment and post-treatment aphid counts were made by counting aphids from 10 tillers per plot that expressed symptoms of Russian wheat aphid infestation per tiller. Percent infestation was estimated by counting the total infested plants in 4 randomly-selected 1 ft row/plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple means comparison.
Influence of Application Time on the Efficacy of Insect Growth Regulators and Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on a Golf Course, 1994
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Atwood Resort, Delroy, OH. Insecticides were applied 11 Aug and 6 Sep to plots 4 × 10 ft (1.2 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 3 times. Granular materials were applied with a shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.19 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). After all treatments were applied each treatment date, the area was irrigated approximately V* inch (6 mm) of water using the golf course system. Environmental conditions at the 11 Aug treatments were as follows. White grubs: 8-10/ft2, 100% NMC, 30% 1st and 70% 2nd 3rd instars present. Turf: < 5° slope, dry, 1-2 inches height (2.5-5 cm height), 40% bentgrass, 40% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky bluegrass, no thatch. Soil: moist 75°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 74°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: cloudy and light rain, 67°F, 0 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 6 Sep treatments were as follows. White grubs: 2nd and 3rd instars present, no pretreatment count or species identification. Turf: <5° slope, dry, 1-2 inches height (2.5-5 cm height), 40% bentgrass, 40% annual bluegrass, and 20% Kentucky bluegrass, no thatch. Soil: very moist, 65°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 74°F at 3 inches (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 64°F, 0 mph wind. Efficacy data taken 27 Sep (47 & 21 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in five samples 7 × 7 inches (17.8 × 17.8 cm) from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test.
Black Cutworm and Sod Webworm Larval Control on Golf Course Putting Green Turf, Oh, 1994
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Power K. T. , Richmond D. , Niemczyk H. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the bentgrass nursery of the Westfield Country Club. Insecticides and nematodes were applied 11 Jul to plots 4 × 8 ft (1.2 × 2.4 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids were applied using a CO2 sprayer with TeeJefT* XR8006VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.11 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1.0 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Treatments were not irrigated after application. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. Turf: level, dense, 7/,6 inch (11 mm) height, heavy dew present. Thatch: loose, moist, W to 3/s inch (6-9 mm) or less. Soil: moist, 76°F (24.4°C) at 1.0 inch (2.5 cm), 75°F (23.9°C) at 3.0 inch (7.6 cm), sandy loam. Weather: mostly sunny, 76 to 82°F (24.4-27.8°C), 0 to 7 mph (0-11.7 km/h) wind. Efficacy data taken 18 Jul (7 DAT) and 25 Jul (14 DAT) were based on the number of BCW and SWW larvae flushed to the surface in a 1.0 yd2 (0.84 m2) area using a soap irritant drench of 15 ml Joy*9 dishwashing detergent in 2.0 gal (7.6 liter) water.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Golf Course Fairway, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Four different active ingredients were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae on a fairway at Stockbridge C.C., Stockbridge, MA. The fairway consisted primarily of creeping bentgrass (40%), annual bluegrass (25%), perennial ryegrass (10%), and Kentucky bluegrass (10%), and was mowed at ca. 0.8 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft × 8 ft, replicated 5 times, in a CRB design. All applications were made between 11:00 AM and 12:15 PM, 16 Aug 94. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows—75°F, sunny with light south wind (<5 mph), low humidity; soil type, silty loam. All plots were hand watered with 40 liters water immediately after the last materials were applied and received an additional 0.25 inch irrigation 1 hr after application. Nearly 1 inch of rain fell 36 hr after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 19 Sep (34 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam.) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (C Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of treatment materials were made on 3 May (half-inch green) and 1 Jun (petal fall). Dithane, Penncozeb, Bayleton and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations of RAA were made on 25 and 31 May, 7, 15, 22 and 29 Jun by examining 100 terminals per replicate or 400 terminals per treatment for the presence or absence of RAA.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Merit, Oftanol, and Dursban in Bedford County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (25 Apr), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 64°F; soil temperature at 2 inch dept, 58°F; RH, 61%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, silt-clay-loam; soil particle size analysis: 19.4% sand, 50.5% silt, 30.1% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 26.8%; organic matter, 7.6%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 5.2; and skies were partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.06 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 52 DAT (15 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4-inch cup cutter.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Vector Tl and Dursban in Bedford County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. , Silcox C.
Published: December 2017

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Two ft barriers were placed between each treatment replicate. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (23 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 38%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, soil-loam; soil particle size analysis: 27.0% sand, 51.8% silt, 21.2% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 8.9%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.3; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 23 DAT (15 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass weevil life stages (larva, pupa, adult) were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch cup cutter.
Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Experimental and Conventional Formulations on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pa, 1994
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%.), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (23 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 41.6% sand, 36.2% silt, 22.2% clay; organic matter, 17.9%; soil moisture (oven baked), 34.2%; water pH, 6-7; soil pH, 6.2; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.275 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 27 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against European Chafer Larvae, Home Lawn, 1994
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Six different active ingredients were tested for efficacy against European chafer larvae on a lawn in eastern Massachusetts (Waltham). The lawn consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (30%), annual bluegrass (25%), perennial ryegrass (25%), and assorted broad-leaved weeds (20%), mowed at ca. 2 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft × 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a CRB design. All applications were made between 11:45 AM and 1:00 PM 9 Aug. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with watering cans, 3 liters water per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: 85°F, sunny with light south wind (<5 mph), moderate humidity; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.2; water pH, 6.8. All plots received ca. 0.25 inch irrigation immediately after the last materials were applied. No additional rain fell in the area in the next 48 hr. Product efficacy was evaluated 28 Sep (50 DAT) by removing 4 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam.) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Control of Bluegrass Billbugs on a Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Saunders Co., Ne, 1994
Authors: Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P. , Riordan T. P. , Johnson-Cicalese J. M.
Published: December 2017

Conventional insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for control of bluegrass billbug larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 3 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.5 to 0.75 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was adequate throughout the study. Plots were 6 × 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul 1994. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides and nematodes were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an Lf-4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 5 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 0.76 inches of rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 15 DAT (25 Jul) by removing from each plot five, 6-inch diam turf-soil cores (0.98 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving billbug larvae and pupae. Estimate of life stages at the time of application were mid to late instar with 30% pupae.
Apple Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Bradley S. J.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with trees planted at a spacing of 6 × 20 ft. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with six single-tree replications. Insecticides were applied on 2 Aug with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 200 gpa. AA control was evaluated by counting the number of aphids on six randomly selected tagged shoots per treatment before application and 3 and 8 DAT.
Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose Plants, Eaton Co., Mi 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Rose plants of several varieties were used for this test at a residence in Eaton Co. The plants were 2-3 ft tall in 2 gal pots. The plants were treated on 21 Jul in the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses, Michigan State University, just before they were transported to a residence in Eaton Co. with an active Japanese beetle infestation. The liquid insecticides were mixed with one liter of water and sprayed with a hand-held CO, R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 38 psi except the Marathon which was incorporated into the top of the pot. All of the treatments were replicated 6 times, each replicate being a single plant. The varieties of roses were assigned to treatments such that each treatment had one plant of each variety. The plants were fertilized at the time of treatment and were watered every other d throughout the test. Treatments were evaluated on 29 Jul and 5 Aug by counting all Japanese beetle adults on the plants and by counting the no. of damaged leaves.
Evaluation of Pyridaben for Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Rose Plants in the Greenhouse, 1994
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Thirty 30-inch-tall roses were grown in 3 gal pots at the Pesticide Research Center, Michigan State University. In early Jun the plants were infested with twospotted spider mites, raised on bean plants in the laboratory, by placing infested leaves on the test plants. Precounts were made on 15 Jun by collecting 10 leaves from each rose plant and counting the no. of mites on the underside of each leaf with a dissecting microscope. The plants were blocked by the precounts. Plants were sprayed to runoff on 16 Jun with a R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 nozzle at 50 psi. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, each replicate being an individual plant. Postcounts were made on 21 Jun, 7 and 21 Jul in the same manner as the precounts.
Evaluation of Candidate Insecticides for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Commercial Grass Sod, 1994
Authors: Lockley Timothy C.
Published: December 2017

Nine candidate insecticides/rates were evaluated for control of RIFA in commercial sod at the Pearl River Sod Farm, Wiggins, MS. Applications of materials were made on 7 Sep, 1993. A trailer mounted boom system was used for application of liquid materials. The boom sprayer consisted of 5 TeeJet TSS4 nozzles spaced at intervals of 36 inches and overlapped by 5 TSS3 spray tips. Both pumps and both booms operated at 28 psi. Rate of output was ca. 32.0 gal finished spray/acre. Applications of granular materials were made using a hand-held radial seed spreader. Materials were applied to plots measuring 15’ × 100’ at rates indicated. All treatments were replicated three times. Pageant 50 DF was used as the control. Core samples were taken at monthly intervals. Bioassays were conducted in the lab by confining RIFA alate queens in containers in which ca. one ounce of soil had been placed. Mortality counts were made 7 days from the date of confinement.
European Elm Scale Control, Ft. Collins, Co, 1992
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney , Eckberg Thomas
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on the campus of Colorado State University on American elm heavily infested with European elm scale in the second instar. Applications were made 4 Aug to point of run-off on infested terminal branches. Plot design was an RCB with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 3 Sep by examining 6 leaves per treated plot and counting all of the living and dead scale nymphs.
Apple, Campylomma Control on ‘Golden Delicious’, 1994
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was performed in a ‘Golden Delicious’ orchard containing trees 4 to 5 m tall. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with seven treatments and four single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer to point of drip at 300 psi. Application rates were based on 400 gpa. The Lorsban 4E + dormant oil treatment was applied at half-inch green (29 Mar). All other treatments were applied at pink (7 Apr). MPB nymphs were sampled from 2 limbs of each replicate tree on each sampling date with the mean of the 2 samples representing that replication. A beating tray with black cloth (45 cm × 45 cm) was held beneath a limb that was struck sharply three times and the number of nymphs was then counted. Fruit damage evaluations were conducted 16 Jun and 2 Sep, just before commercial harvest. Eighty fruit per replicate were examined visually on the tree for MPB damage. Fruit with one or more stings were classed as damaged.
Control of Gall-Making Psyllids on Hackberry—A two Year Evaluation, 1993-1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on field grown hackberry trees, approximately 12-ft in height, at a nursery in Ft. Collins, CO. Plots consisted of individual trees, separated by untreated trees, arranged in a RCB design with 5 replications. All treatments were applied using a Kioritz® soil injector delivering 1 fl. oz. of insecticide diluted with water in each of 4 injection holes/plant. Total amounts of insecticide applied per plant are indicated in the following table. Treatments of Bay NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) were applied on 26 May and Orthene 75S (acephate) treatments were applied 28 May 1993. Plots were periodically furrow irrigated and subsoil moisture was high since the site was bounded by irrigation ditches. Evaluations in 1993 were made 28 Jun by counting the total number of galls on individual branches surveyed at each of 4 cardinal points per tree. Trials in 1994 were evaluated by examining 5 leaves, collected randomly from a branch of each cardinal point of the trees, on two dates (1 Jul, 15 Aug).
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge, 1994
Authors: Casey Sclar D. , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Plots were established 13 Jun at a commercial nursery north of Ft. Collins, CO. Trees were approximately 8-ft (1 inch DBH) and had been transplanted at the site the previous year. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied using a hand operated compressed air sprayer to point of run-off. At the time of application heavy oviposition from Generation III adults was occurring. Evaluations were made 20 Jun by counting all new galls on the 2 most newly expanded leaves at 4 points on each tree. (Note: This method overestimated galling as both complete, occupied galls and partial galls formed by insects that were apparently killed by the treatment were counted. In many treatments only the latter were present.)
Scotch Pine, Zimmerman Pine Moth Control, 1994
Authors: Ellis Thomas L. , McCullough Deborah G.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to 6-10 year old Scotch pine in 3 fields of a commercial Christmas tree plantation in Jackson County, MI. Sprays were applied to the stem and large branches of trees at a rate of 300 gpa with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer. Efficacy of treatments was determined using a CRD with 15 replicates per treatment (75 trees total). Trees treated with Dimilin 25W, Dimilin 25W + oil and Lorsban 4E were sprayed on 19 Apr 1994, to coincide with first larval activity. Trees in a fourth treatment were sprayed on 13 Aug 1993 (to coincide with adult mating) and 19 Apr 1994. The number of ZPM attacks was determined in Aug 1993, prior to spraying. Post-spray attacks, characterized by soft, oozing pitch masses, were recorded for each tree on 7 Jul and 9 Jul 1994.
Long Term Evaluation of Tempo 20Wp for Control of Lesser Mealworm in Poultry Houses, Wv, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D.
Published: December 2017

Tempo 20WP was applied at label rates to evaluate extended control of lesser mealworm larvae and adults in broiler-breeder houses where adult birds are maintained up to 1 yr without litter (manure) removal. Each house is 42 × 300 ft and initially stocked with 7,300 hens and 800 roosters. Tempo 20WP was applied at the “cleanout” rate of 0.1% or 19 g formulation/100 ft2 to floors and walls with a mist blower adjusted to produce a coarse spray at 1,600 psi. About 125 gal of water was used to treat each house. An outside perimeter spray of each house was applied to about 1 ft of building surface and 1 ft on the ground at the rate of 7 g formulation/1000 ft. The litter (manure) was also treated in layers as it was removed from a house and piled up for storage and later removal; the rate used was 227 g formulation in 125 gal water. Treatments were applied 3 Apr after cleaning each house with a disinfectant. For sampling, an Arends tube trap, consisting of rolled corrugated cardboard was inserted into a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe to trap (collect) larvae and adults. Traps were half buried in the litter/manure accumulation under the slat area of the house and adjacent to the scratch area. Twelve traps (2/location) were placed at 3 marked locations (6/house) about 75 ft apart along each side of the slot-scratch interface area. Traps were left in place for 2-3 d. Data are presented as mean larvae and adults/trap/day.
Evaluation of Neem Insecticides and Persistence for Control of Forest Tent Caterpillar, Ft. Collins, Co, 1994
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney , Casey Sclar D.
Published: December 2017

Ash leaves were sprayed to point of run-off at various dates (May 21, May 23, May 24) with either Azatin or Margosan-O. After sprays had dried on May 24, field collected forest tent caterpillars, in approximately the fourth instar, were placed in groups of ten in a petri dish and fed the treated foliage. Five petri dishes of larvae were used for each treatment. The larvae continued to be fed the treated foliage until May 29, after which time all remaining caterpillars were maintained on untreated ash until pupation. Mortality was periodically assessed for 23 days following initial exposure of larvae to the treated foliage.
Laboratory Evaluations of Bioinsecticides Against Dbm Larvae, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Head cabbage was seeded in community pots. Each pot contained approximately 10 cabbage plants. Potted head cabbage in the 5 true leaf seedling stage were dipped in each respective solution for complete coverage and allowed to air dry. Leaves from treated plants were detached and placed in a ventilated plastic petri dish. DBM larvae from a laboratory colony that originated from individuals collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii were used. Ten newly hatched larvae were placed on each leaf. Fresh leaves from the original treated plant were added every two days. The number of dead larvae was counted at 24 or 48 hour intervals. Larvae were recorded as dead when there was no movement when probed.
Apple, Secondary Pest Insecticide Testing, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (4 May), petal fall (27 May), and as cover sprays on 14 and 28 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul, 8 and 22 Aug. Treatments were replicated three times (two six-tree plots and one eight-tree plot) in a RCBD. At harvest (30 Aug-5 Sep), 100 ‘Mcintosh’ and 100 ‘Cortland’ apples per replication were scored for insect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected ‘Mcintosh’ leaves/replication on 5 Jul, 1 and 16 Aug. On 29 Jul (48 h posttreatment) aphids were counted on the third and fourth distal leaves on five terminals per tree on a ‘Mcintosh’ and ‘Cortland’ tree in each replication. WALH were counted on 50 spur leaves (‘Rhode Island Greening’, Rep I and II, and ‘Mcintosh’ trees, Rep III) on 31 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 ‘Mcintosh’ terminals or non-fruiting clusters per tree per replication on 6 Jul. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on the six distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off’ ‘Mcintosh’ terminals per replication on 29 Aug.
Spray Table Evaluation of Brigade, Pirimor, Admire and Diazinon for Hop Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Miller R. H. , Cone W. W.
Published: December 2017

Hop leaves infested on the lower side with Phorodon humuli (Shrank) were collected from Cluster LI hops in a yard in south-central Washington state in early October. Leaf squares measuring 2 to 3 cm on a side and containing from 20 to 100 aphids were placed on cotton padding in a square, polyethylene petri dish. Various concentrations of Brigade, Pirimor, Admire, and Diazinon were applied to each petri dish using a spray table. H20 checks were included in each spray series. Following treatment, aphids were examined under a magnifying scope at two post spraying intervals (PT), and the total number of aphids and the number of living aphids recorded. Percent mortality was computed.
Bioassay, Tests of B. Thuringiensis Products Against Overwintering and Non-Overwintering Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae from two sources, a non-diapausing laboratory colony and one collected from the field and destined to enter diapause. Egg masses were collected from the field in Sep, and larvae hatching from these were destined to stop development in the second or third instar and produce hibernacula for overwintering. These larvae were used in tests 1-2 d after hatching. The other source of larvae was from a laboratory colony that was reared continuously in a long-d photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Larvae from this colony would not stop feeding but continue development. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u,l) of wetting agent, X-77*, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 10 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (25 larvae per treatment per test). Larvae surviving in each test were collected after the last evaluation and stored in alcohol until head capsule widths could be measured. The average head capsule width is an indication of larval age and is thus a measure of sublethal effects of a treatment on larval development. Three tests were conducted using these methods. Rates in the first test were higher than those used in the final two.
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests Comparing Dipel and Xentari Against Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using artificial diet as a treatment substrate. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of B. thuringiensis (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A drop of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent. The pinto bean diet was dyed blue to make leafroller larvae more visible during post-treatment examinations. The diet was cut into small cubes of about Vz inch. Ten diet cubes were placed into a treatment solution for about 30 s, during which time it was stirred continuously. The diet cubes were removed by pouring the treatment solution through a wire sieve. Cubes were placed on a wire screen and allowed to dry. One diet cube was placed in a 1-oz plastic portion cup. Cups containing diet cubes were randomly chosen, and five 1- to 2- d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the cube. The cup lids were put in place, and cups were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Cups were examined after 3, 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten cups were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment). A leaf-dip bioassay was also used to compare the effect of treatment substrate on product efficacy. Apple leaves were collected from untreated Red Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped into the same concentrations of Dipel used for the bean-diet bioassay, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 3, 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Effects of Combinations of Mvp and Myd-0837 on Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: December 2017

The B. thuringiensis insecticide, MVP, and a related experimental B. thuringiensis product, MYD-0837, were evaluated alone and in combination using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u,l) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F)
Bioassay, Effects of Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC) on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Experimental ecdysone agonists or Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC), RH-5992 and RH-2485, were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay to determine their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Concentrations of RH-5992 and RH-2485 were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 ml of X-77® wetting agent. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent. Untreatedi apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri qishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus Thvring1Ensis Products on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

B. thuringiensis products were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 JJLI) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Test of Cryolite on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Kryocide (cryolite) was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Evaluation of Molluscicides Against Slugs, Hawaii, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B. K. S.
Published: December 2017

Bioassay tests were conducted from 18 Jan through 17 Mar at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Field collected slugs were held in a glass aquarium with a screen cover and fed ‘Iceberg’ lettuce daily until tests began. A 3 inch thick layer of peat covered the bottom of the aquarium. Molluscicides were applied at their recommended label rates to 1 ft2 plexiglass cages. A plexiglass cover with ½ inch holes (blocked on one end with aluminum screen) provided air circulation. Cages were held in a fiberglass greenhouse. Each cage contained a 1 inch thick layer of peat moss, a leaf of ‘Iceberg’ lettuce and half of a 3 inch pot cut longitudinally and pushed partially into the peat to provide shelter for the slugs during the day. Immediately after treatment, 10 slugs were added to each cage. Treatments were replicated four times for each species, and mortality assessed 6 DAT. Percentage mortality were transformed to arcsine squareroot and subjected to ANOVA.
Southwestern Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm Damage on Maize in Relation to Seed Treatment with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Kumar H. , Mihm J. A.
Published: December 2017

This study was undertaken with the objective of determining whether maize plants grown with insecticide treated seeds would affect damage by SWCB and FAW. The specific objective was to determine whether the systemic insecticide Gaucho, which is effective for protecting maize plants against the attack of leafhoppers and aphids, would also protect the maize plants against the attack of SWCB and FAW. Experiments were conducted at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center’s stations at Tlaltizapan (18°41’N; 940 m above sea level) and Poza Rica (20°30’N, 50 m above sea level), Mexico in summer season of 1993. Two single cross maize hybrids from the CIMMYT collection used were ‘Ki-3’ × ‘CML 131’ (susceptible) and ‘CML 67’ × ‘CML 135’ (resistant). Prior to planting, the seeds of each hybrid were treated with insecticides at the rate of 350 g Al/ha or 700 g Al/ha. The insecticides used were Semevin (AI Thiodicarb 31.5%, Rhone-Poulenc Agro Mexico), Furadan (AI Carbofuradan 27.5%, FMC Agroquimica de Mexico) and Gaucho (AI Imidacloprid 70%, Bayer, Mexico). These insecticides were used alone as well as in different combinations. For seed treatment, the calculated amount of insecticide was thoroughly mixed with the desired number of seeds in a plastic cup and dried. At each location, single-row plots were 2.5 m long, spaced 0.75 apart and thinned to 11 plants per row with 0.25 m space between plants within a row. Trials were planted in “zero” tillage plots. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates. At the whorl stage of plant development (6 leaves), plants at Tlaltizapan were artificially infested with 60 neonates of SWCB per plant and plants at Poza Rica were artificially infested with 40 neonates of FAW per plant using a ‘bazooka’. The plants were visually rated for leaf feeding damage on a scale of 1 to 9 at 2 and 3 wk after infestation with FAW and SWCB, respectively. Data were subjected to ANOVA and LSD tests.
Thrips Control/Variety Test in Cotton with Temik, Lonoke, Ar, 1993
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan April
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 15 May at the James R Ray farm near Lonoke, AR. Plots were treated with Terrachlor + Temik or Terrachlor + No Temik using Gandy boxes. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 1, 8, 14 Jun. Visual ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Plots were harvested on 7 Oct for first and only pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Apple, Tenlined June Beetle Control, 1994
Authors: Wennemann Ludger , Beers E. H.
Published: December 2017

Experiments were conducted in a two-year-old ‘Braeburn’ planting in Malaga, WA on sandy soil. Pest presence was identified by digging up trees with typical symptoms (wilting, curled leaves, water stress and reduced terminal growth) caused by larval feeding on roots. A complete randomized design with six replicates per treatment was used. Treatments consisted of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae (All Strain) Weiser; S. feltiae (SN strain) Filipjev; S. glaseri Steiner); and Nemacur 3ES, an insecticide/nematicide. Nematode species were applied on 31 May with a hand-operated soil injector (Marayuma 3MI, Tokyo, Japan) at three depths (10, 20 and 30 cm) and six locations 20 cm away from the base of the trunk. Nematodes were delivered at a rate of 240,000 per tree (1 billion/acre) in approximately 110 ml of water. Holes were filled with soil after application. After treatment trees were irrigated for 3 h with undertree impact sprinklers. Nemacur 3ES was applied on 9 Jun to a 2 m wide weed-free strip beneath the trees with a weed sprayer at a rate of 3.3 gal/treated acre. Plots were evaluated on 11 Jul by digging up the trees and the surrounding soil (1 m diameter × 0.6 m depth) and counting live TJB larvae.
Control of the Codling Moth with Experimental Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Hilton Richard , VanBuskirk Philip
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a 30 yr old Bartlett pear block with chemicals applied to 4 single tree replicates arranged in a RCB. Materials were applied with conventional, high pressure hand gun equipment and sprayed to runoff or about 400 gpa. Each chemical was applied three times in a season-long, phenologically timed CM program. Two different timings were employed, based on CM biofix as determined by the first male moth captured in pheromone baited traps. A standard larvicidal timing was used in treatments receiving Guthion, A 303,603 and one treatment of RH 5992. This standard program consisted of a first application at about 250 degree days (dd) following biofix; the second 28 days later and the final at about 1250 dd, or 250 dd after the predicted emergence of second generation moths. Corresponding dates to the above schedule were 12—13 May, 9 Jun and 13 Jul. An ovicidal timing was employed for the insect growth regulator (IGR) fenoxycarb. The timings for fenoxycarb was a first application at 50-100 dd after biofix (27 Apr), the second 28 days after the first, and the third at 1050 dd (7 Jul). Evaluation of CM damage was made by recording the number of larval entries per 50 fruit per replicate at the end of the first CM generations (7-9 Jul) and again at harvest (17 Aug). Densities of PP immatures, spider mites (TSM, ERM) and PRM were estimated at three post-treatment intervals (20 Jun, 25 Jul, 16 Aug) by recording their numbers from brushing of 20 leaves (10 old, 10 new) per replicate. Adult PP and predators (lacewings, earwigs, and predaceous bugs) were estimated from two beating tray samples per replicate taken on 22 Jun, 27 Jul, and 19 Aug.