bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased prevalence of the alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency‐related S gene in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Authors: Ferreira Thalita Camêlo da Silva , Sampaio Erika Pereira , Argañaraz Gustavo Adolfo , Gondim Marcos Vinícius Pereira , Shapiro Leland , Argañaraz Enrique Roberto
Published: October 2013

Large variation exists in susceptibility to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV), and disease progression. These observations demonstrate a role for antiretroviral host factors. Several reports describe α1‐antitrypsin (A1AT), the most abundant circulating serine protease inhibitor, as a potent suppressor of HIV infection and replication. We identified the normal (M) and most common deficiency‐associated (S and Z) isoforms of the A1AT gene in patients infected with HIV from four multicenter cohorts. The level of disease progression in the patients was characterized and the patients were grouped into as elite controllers (EC), long‐term non‐progressors (LTNP), or progressors (Prog). No significant difference in the distribution of A1AT alleles was observed in the EC, LTNP, or Prog groups. However, significantly increased prevalence of the A1AT deficiency‐associated S allele was observed in HIV‐infected patients compared to the prevalence of S A1AT in the general population. These results suggest that deficiency in A1AT may be a risk factor for acquisition of HIV infection, but physiological A1AT concentrations do not affect disease progression after infection occurs. J. Med. Virol. 86:23–29, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential contribution of saliva to the sexual transmission of HIV through the secretion of CCL20 by genital epithelial cells
Authors: Lourenço Alan Grupioni , Komesu Marilena Chinali , Machado Alcyone Artioli , Bourlet Thomas , Pozzetto Bruno , Delézay Olivier
Published: October 2013

Saliva can be considered as an important actor during sexual intercourse. However, there is no data concerning its influence on HIV sexual transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of whole saliva on the in vitro secretion of CCL20 by monolayered HEC‐1A endocervical epithelium cells. HEC‐1A cells were cultivated in 96‐well microplates and incubated with specimens of whole saliva collected from 57 subjects tested seropositive (n = 34) or seronegative (n = 23) for HIV and presenting different oral conditions (healthy periodontally, n = 22, and gingivitis/periodontitis, n = 35). The production of CCL20 in the supernatants of HEC‐1A cells after overnight incubation at 37°C was quantified using ELISA. The salivary concentration of lactoferrin (Lf) and IL‐1β was tested by ELISA. Saliva samples were found able to stimulate dramatically the production of CCL20 by epithelial cells, increasing this synthesis by a mean factor of 38.1 with reference to untreated cells. This stimulation was equivalent to that observed with IL‐1β used as positive control. Although no difference was observed according to oral condition, HIV status or salivary concentration of Lf and IL‐1β, the high salivary concentration of the latter protein could acknowledge in large part for the overproduction of CCL20 by HEC‐1A cells when stimulated by saliva. Saliva was shown to significantly increase CCL20 secretion and may be responsible for an enhanced recruitment of dendritic/Langerhans cells at the genital level. These results suggest that saliva could facilitate HIV entry and possibly other pathogens through the genital mucosa during heterosexual intercourse. J. Med. Virol. 86:58–63, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic analysis of poliovirus strains isolated from sewage in Poland
Authors: Kuryk Ł. , Wieczorek M. , Diedrich S. , Böttcher S. , Witek A. , Litwińska B.
Published: October 2013

The study describes genetic characterization of poliovirus (PV) strains isolated from sewage samples in Poland. The analyses were performed for the detection of any putative polio revertants and recombinants in three genomic regions by sequencing analysis. Thirty‐six strains were analyzed. The analyzed strains were identified by neutralization assay as 7 strains of serotype P1, 10 strains of serotype P2, and 19 strains of serotype P3. Sewage isolates were sequenced in 5′UTR, VP1, and 3D genomic regions. All detected PVs were classified as vaccine strains on the basis of VP1 sequence. Mutational differences in the VP1 sequences of isolated viruses ranged from 0.0% to 0.4%, indicating a limited replication period. The genetic analysis of the 3D region showed that some strains have recombinant genomes. Nine strains were found as dipartite recombinants (seven strains—S3/S2, one strain—S2/S1, one strain—S3/S1), while one strain was found as tripartite recombinant (S3/S2/S1). No recombinants with non‐PV enteroviruses were identified. None of wild‐type PVs or vaccine‐derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were detected. This study showed the absence of wild or VDPV circulation in the country and demonstrated the usefulness of environmental surveillance in addition to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in support of polio eradication initiatives. J. Med. Virol. 86:1243–1248, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tyrosine phosphatase STEP61 negatively regulates amyloid β‐mediated ERK/CREB signaling pathways via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Zhang Lin , Xie Jing‐Wei , Yang Jing , Cao Yun‐Peng
Published: October 2013

Striatal‐enriched phosphatase 61 (STEP61) plays an essential role in synaptic plasticity and has recently been implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Here we characterized a possible role of STEP61 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology using a mouse model of AD (Tg‐APPswe/PSEN1dE9, APP/PS1 mice) and an in vitro model of AD [cortical neurons treated with amyloid β (Aβ)1–42 peptides]. Our data indicate age‐related elevation of STEP61 levels and the proportion of dephosphorylated STEP61 (active STEP61) in wild‐type mice, which was enhanced in APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, the increased STEP61 levels and active STEP61 were observed in the hippocampus and cortex from 12‐month‐old APP/PS1 mice and in Aβ1–42‐treated cortical neurons. An α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) antagonist, α‐bungarotoxin (BTX), inhibited the Aβ1–42‐induced increase of STEP61 expression and activation. In addition, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element binding (CREB) were impaired in Aβ1–42‐treated cortical neurons, and knockdown of STEP61 enhanced the activation of ERK1/2 and CREB. Collectively, these findings indicate two alternate pathological pathways effecting STEP61 regulation in AD. First, Aβ regulating STEP61 activity is mediated by Aβ binding to α7 nAChRs. Second, STEP61 negatively regulates Aβ‐mediated ERK/CREB pathway, an important signaling cascade involved in memory formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of minimum activity fragment of a novel Cry7Ab3 protein specific to Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Coleopteran: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Song Ping , Wang QinYing , Nangong ZiYan , Wang YongJuan , Zhang AnBang
Published: October 2013

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry7Ab3 toxin has insecticidal activity against larvae of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata. Cry7Ab3 toxin is solubilized under alkaline condition and activated by proteases within the larval gut. In order to assess the functions of the N‐ and C‐terminal regions, several N‐ and C‐terminal truncated forms of Cry7Ab3 were constructed. It was determined that amino acid removal at the N‐terminal, which disrupt the α‐helico structure, resulted in the inactivation of the protein. The deletion of 512 amino acids from the C‐terminus reduced the toxicity. However, the deletion of 481 amino acids from the C‐terminus resulted in the highest activity. These findings directly demonstrated the critical roles of N‐ and C‐terminal amino acids on the toxicity of Cry7Ab3.
Serine protease identification (in vitro) and molecular structure predictions (in silico) from a phytopathogenic fungus,Alternaria solani
Authors: Chandrasekaran Murugesan , Chandrasekar Raman , Sa Tongmin , Sathiyabama Muthukrishnan
Published: October 2013

Serine proteases are involved in an enormous number of biological processes. The present study aims at characterizing three‐dimensional (3D) molecular architecture of serine proteases from early blight pathogen,Alternaria solanithat are hypothesized to be markers of phytopathogenicity. A serine protease was purified to homogeneity and MALDI‐TOF‐MS/MS analysis revealed that protease produced byA. solanibelongs to alkaline serine proteases (AsP). AsP is made up of 403 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 42.1 kDa (Isoelectric point – 6.51) and its molecular formula was C1859H2930N516O595S4. AsP structure model was built based on its comparative homology with serine protease using the program, MODELER. AsP had 16 β‐sheets and 10 α‐helices, with Ser350(G347–G357), Asp158(D158–H169), and His193(H193–G203) in separate turn/coil structures. Biological metal binding region situated near 6th‐helix and His193residue is responsible for metal binding site. Also, calcium ion (Ca2+) is coordinated by the carboxyl groups of Lys84, Ile85, Lys86, Asp87, Phe88, Ala89, Ala90(K84–A90) for first Ca2+binding site and carbonyl oxygen atom of Lys244, Gly245, Arg246, Thr247, Lys248, Lys249, and Ala250(K244–A250), for second Ca2+binding site. Moreover, Ramachandran plot analysis of protein residues falling into most favored secondary structures were determined (83.3%). The predicted molecular 3D structural model was further verified using PROCHECK, ERRAT, and VADAR servers to confirm the geometry and stereo‐chemical parameters of the molecular structural design. The functional analysis of AsP 3D molecular structure predictions familiar in the current study may provide a new perspective in the understanding and identification of antifungal protease inhibitor designing.
Fatty acid profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its changes with environment
Authors: Xu Min , Wang Jing , Mou Haijin
Published: October 2013

The fatty acid (FA) profiles of 15 strains representing four genera (Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Shewanella) and seven species were compared by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. FA fingerprints of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were established by similarity calculation and principle component analysis. This provided a simple measure for distinguishing V. parahaemolyticus from other bacteria. The similarity scores indicated by correlation coefficient and vector cosine were divided into three regions and suggested that the strains with scores higher than 0.980 probably belonged to V. parahaemolyticus. However, samples with low scores (<0.850) were classified under other genera. Furthermore, the alterations in FA profiles of V. parahaemolyticus in the presence of various environmental pressures were investigated. The production of saturated FA (SFA) increased gradually concomitant with a decreased proportion of unsaturated FA (UFA) with rising temperature. Similarly, the SFA tended to increase at the expense of UFA with prolonged culture time. In addition, V. parahaemolyticus changed its FA profiles to contain increased short‐chained FA to resist an acidic environment, whereas alkaline conditions stimulated high production of long‐chained FA. Analysis on FA profile is valuable for the physiological study of V. parahaemolyticus and its rapid identification.
Southeastern Australian climate variability 1860–2009: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Ashcroft Linden , Karoly David John , Gergis Joëlle
Published: October 2013

Historical datasets of instrumental temperature, rainfall and atmospheric pressure observations have recently been developed for southeastern Australia (SEA), extending the regional climate record back to 1860. In this study we use the newly extended datasets to conduct the first multivariate examination of SEA climatic changes from 1860 to 2009.

The climate in SEA is highly variable in response to fluctuations in large‐scale circulation features including El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). To examine how teleconnection patterns in the SEA region have changed over time, we then applied a path analysis over the 1871–2009 period to isolate the independent relationships between SEA climate variables, ENSO and the IOD. The extended data revealed several relatively unknown periods of 19th century SEA climate variations. Cool and wet conditions were identified in the early parts of the 1860s, 1870s and 1890s, while dry conditions were found in the late 1870s, 1880–1885, and during the well‐known Federation Drought (1895–1902).

Path analysis identified a decrease in the influence of ENSO on SEA rainfall during 1920–1959, particularly in the austral winter. Increasing correlations between the IOD and annual SEA rainfall and pressure were found in the recent 1970–2009 period, but appear to be within the range of natural variability in the context of the last 140 years. Despite large changes in the correlations between SEA rainfall, ENSO and the IOD, correlations between SEA rainfall and temperature remained stable over 1871–2009. Similar results were obtained using 20th Century Reanalysis data for 1871–2009, supporting the quality of the extended historical datasets and providing verification for the reanalysis data in SEA from the late 19th century.
Spatial patterns of drought persistence in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Ford Trenton , Labosier Christopher F.
Published: October 2013

Short‐term drought forecasting can be aided with an understanding of the likelihood of dry periods persisting from one season to the next. This research examines drought persistence in the Southeastern United States by identifying spatial patterns of seasonal drought frequency and persistence, using logistic regression to calculate the odds and probability of drought persisting from one season to the next, and examining the effects of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought persistence in the Southeast. The 3‐month climate division‐scale Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) data from 1895 to 2011 is used to examine meteorological drought. Logistic regression is well‐suited to examining a binary independent variable (drought or no drought) and also circumvents many of the assumptions that limit linear regression. Results show generally weak seasonal drought persistence throughout the region. However, we do find that some areas in the Southeast United States, like North‐Central Alabama are more prone to drought and drought persistence than others. Logistic regression model outcome shows that the probability of spring drought varies as a strong function of winter SPI in the central Southeast United States region. While areas in the western portion of the study region, including Texas and Oklahoma are more prone to summer‐to‐fall drought persistence, as the probability of fall drought is strongly related to summer SPI. Overall we conclude that seasonal drought forecasts are difficult in the Southeast United States because of infrequent drought persistence. However, the logistic regression model does provide an accurate method for probabilistic seasonal drought forecasts in the region.
Recent spatiotemporal temperature and rainfall variability and trends over the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Mengistu Daniel , Bewket Woldeamlak , Lal Rattan
Published: October 2013

This study analyses the spatial and temporal variability and trends of rainfall, mean maximum and minimum temperatures at seasonal and annual timescales over the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Statistical and geostatistical techniques were applied to 1634 points on 10 × 10 km gridded data reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite records. The data were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia and cover the period between 1981 and 2010. Trends were evaluated from slopes of regression lines using the least squares method. The F‐distribution test was used to determine the statistical significance of the trends. Minimum temperatures significantly increased in northern, central, southern and southeastern parts of the Basin in all seasons. At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 °C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of the Basin experienced declining trends on annual and seasonal timescales. The minimum temperatures increased at a higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, summer, autumn and also at the annual timescale. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 °C and 26.43 to 26.91 °C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Rainfall showed statistically non‐significant increasing trends of 35 mm per decade at the annual timescale. All seasons except spring season exhibited similar statistically non‐significant trends. The spring season, however, showed a statistically non‐significant declining trend in the north eastern (11%) part of the Basin.
Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, rhizosphere respiration, and fine‐root characteristics of beech saplings: A rhizotron field study
Authors: Zang Ulrich , Goisser Michael , Häberle Karl‐Heinz , Matyssek Rainer , Matzner Egbert , Borken Werner
Published: October 2013

Soil drought influences the C turnover as well as the fine‐root system of tree saplings. Particularly during the period of establishment, the susceptibility to drought stress of saplings is increased because of incompletely developed root systems and reduced access to soil water. Here, we subjected beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.) to different levels of drought stress.

Beech saplings were planted in rhizotrons, which were installed in the soil of a Norway spruce forest before bud burst. Soil moisture was manipulated in the following year during May to September. We measured photosynthetic net CO2 uptake, volume production of fine roots, and rhizosphere respiration during the growing season. Biometric parameters of the fine‐root system, biomass, and nonstructural carbohydrates were analyzed upon harvest in October.

Photosynthesis and rhizosphere respiration decreased with increasing drought‐stress dose (cumulated soil water potential), and cumulative rhizosphere respiration was significantly negatively correlated with drought‐stress dose. Fine‐root length and volume production were highest at moderate soil drought, but decreased at severe soil drought. The proportion of fine‐roots diameter < 0.2 mm and the root‐to‐shoot ratio increased whereas the live‐to‐dead ratio of fine roots decreased with increasing drought‐stress dose.

We conclude that the belowground C allocation as well as the relative water‐uptake efficiency of beech saplings is increased under drought.
DFT study and quantitative detection by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of ethyl carbamate
Authors: Yang Danting , Mircescu Nicoleta E. , Zhou Haibo , Leopold Nicolae , Chiş Vasile , Oltean Mircea , Ying Yibin , Haisch Christoph
Published: October 2013

Ethyl carbamate (EC), a potentially toxic compound, is found in alcoholic beverages and fermented foodstuff. A combined experimental and theoretical study of Raman on EC is reported in this work for the first time. The Raman bands observed for EC in solid phase are characteristic for the carbonyl group, C―C, C―H and N―H stretching and deformation vibrations. These spectral features coupled with a pKa study allowed establishing the neutral species of EC present in the aqueous solutions experimentally tested at different concentrations. In addition, by performing a density functional theory study in the gas phase, the calculated geometry, the harmonic vibrational modes, and the Raman scattering activities of EC were found to be in good agreement with our experimental data and helped establish the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) behavior and EC adsorption geometry on the silver surfaces. The Raman peak at 1006 cm−1, assigned to the υs(CC) + ω(CH) modes, the strongest and best reproducible peak in the SERS spectra, was used for a quantitative evaluation of EC. The limit of detection, which corresponds to a signal‐to‐noise ratio equal to 3, was found to be 2 × 10−7 M (17.8 µg l−1). SERS spectra obtained by using hydroxylamine hydrochloride‐reduced silver nanoparticles provide a fast and reproducible qualitative and quantitative determination of EC in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Al content on the structure of Al‐substituted goethite: a micro‐Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Liu Haibo , Chen Tianhu , Zou Xuehua , Qing Chengsong , Frost Ray L.
Published: October 2013

The characterization of X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, and field emission scanning electron microscope were used to confirm the successful preparation of Al‐substituted goethite with different Al content. The micro‐Raman spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the effect of Al content on the goethite lattice. The results show that all the feature bands of goethite shifted to high wavenumbers after the occurrence of Al substitution for Fe in the structure of goethite. The shift of wavenumber shows a good linear relationship as a function of increasing Al content especially for the band at 299 cm−1 (R2 = 0.9992). The in situ Raman spectroscopy of thermally treated goethite indicated that the Al substitution not only hinders the transformation of goethite, but also retarded the crystallization of thermally formed hematite. All the results indicated that Raman spectrum displayed an excellent performance in characterizing Al‐substituted goethite, which implied the promising application in other substituted metal oxides or hydroxides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of postmortem proteolysis between Pekin and Muscovy duck breast muscles
Authors: Liao Chien‐Chang , Chou Rong‐Ghi R
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Duck muscle is a popular source of red meat in Asia. However, information regarding the postmortem proteolysis of skeletal muscle between duck species is very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the postmortem calpain and desmin degradations between Pekin (PD) and Muscovy (MD) duck breast muscles stored at 5°C.

RESULTS

The pH and μ/m‐calpain activity were not different (P > 0.05) between PD and MD postmortem muscles. However, μ‐calpain activity and desmin content decreased more rapidly (P < 0.05) in PD than in MD samples.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, our results suggest that the postmortem proteolysis is more rapid and extensive in breast muscle from PD compared to MD. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
An immunochromatographic assay for rapid and direct detection of 3‐amino‐5‐morpholino‐2‐oxazolidone (AMOZ) in meat and feed samples
Authors: Li Shuqun , Song Juan , Yang Hong , Cao Biyun , Chang Huafang , Deng Anping
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Furaltadone (FTD) is a type of nitrofuran and has been banned in many countries as a veterinary drug in food‐producing animals owing to its potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. FTD is unstable in vivo, rapidly metabolizing to 3‐amino‐5‐methylmorpholino‐2‐oxazolidinone (AMOZ); thus AMOZ can be used as an indicator for illegal usage of FTD. Usually, for the determination of nitrofurans, the analyte is often a derivative of the metabolite rather than the metabolite itself. In this study, based on the monoclonal antibody (mAb) against AMOZ, a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICA) using a colloidal gold–mAb probe for rapid and direct detection of AMOZ without a derivatization step in meat and feed samples was developed.

RESULTS

The intensity of red color in the test line is inversely related to the analyte concentration and the visual detection limit was found to be 10 ng mL−1. The performance of this assay was simple and convenient because the tedious and time‐consuming derivatization step was avoided. The ICA detection was completed within 10 min. The ICA strips could be used for 7 weeks at room temperature without significant loss of activity. The AMOZ spiked samples were detected by ICA and confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results of the two methods were in good agreement.

CONCLUSION

The proposed ICA provides a feasible tool for simple, sensitive, rapid, convenient and semi‐quantitative detection of AMOZ in meat and feed samples on site. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the ICA for direct detection of AMOZ. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Berry antioxidants: small fruits providing large benefits
Authors: Manganaris George A , Goulas Vlasios , Vicente Ariel R , Terry Leon A
Published: October 2013

Small berry fruits are consumed because of their attractive colour and special taste, and are considered one of the richest sources of natural antioxidants. Their consumption has been linked to the prevention of some chronic and degenerative diseases. The term ‘berry fruits’ encompasses the so‐called ‘soft fruits’, primarily strawberry, currants, gooseberry, blackberry, raspberry, blueberry and cranberry. The objective of this review is to highlight the nutraceutical value of berries and to summarize the factors affecting berry fruit antioxidants. Particular attention is given to postharvest and processing operation factors that may affect fruit phytochemical content. The structure–antioxidant relationships for phenolic compounds – the main group of antioxidants in this fruit group – are presented and major areas for future research are identified. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Monitoring of nitrites and nitrates levels in leafy vegetables (spinach and lettuce): a contribution to risk assessment
Authors: Iammarino Marco , Di Taranto Aurelia , Cristino Marianna
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Nitrites and nitrates are compounds considered harmful to humans and the major part of the daily intake of nitrates in foodstuffs is related to vegetable consumption. In this work, 150 leafy vegetables samples (75 spinach and 75 lettuce) were analysed in order to assess the levels of nitrites and nitrates. The analyses were carried out by a validated ion chromatography method and the samples with nitrate concentrations higher than legal limits and/or with quantifiable concentrations of nitrites were confirmed by an alternative ion chromatography method.

RESULTS

Nitrate levels higher than legal limits were detected both in spinach (four samples) and in lettuce (five samples). Nitrite residues were registered both at low concentrations – lower than 28.5 mg kg−1 (12 spinach samples) – and at high concentrations, up to 197.5 mg kg−1 (three spinach and one lettuce sample).

CONCLUSION

Considering the non‐negligible percentage of ‘not‐compliant’ samples for nitrates (6.0%), control is needed. Moreover, it is possible to suggest the introduction in the Communities Regulations of a ‘maximum admissible level’ for nitrites in leafy vegetables. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Scutellaria polysaccharide inhibits the infectivity of Newcastle disease virus to chicken embryo fibroblast
Authors: Xiaona Zhao , Jianzhu Liu
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

To select the antiviral active site of Scutellaria polysaccharide (SPS), safe concentrations of crude total Scutellaria polysaccharide (SPSt) and fractional polysaccharide SPS50, SPS60, SPS70 and SPS80 on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) were first compared using the MTT method. Then, SPSt, SPS50, SPS60, SPS70, and SPS80 at five concentrations within the safe concentration, together with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), were added to the cultivating system of CEF in three models: pre‐addition of polysaccharide, post‐addition of polysaccharide, and simultaneous addition of polysaccharides and NDV after mixing. The effects of SPS on the cellular infectivity of NDV (A570 value and the highest viral inhibitory rate) were compared using the MTT method.

RESULTS

At appropriate concentrations, the five polysaccharides could significantly inhibit the infectivity of NDV on CEF. Among the five polysaccharide groups, the SPS80 group exhibited the highest viral inhibitory rate in the three sample‐addition modes.

CONCLUSION

This finding indicates that SPS80 possesses the best efficacy as a component of antiviral polysaccharide drug. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Which is the best grape seed additive for frankfurters: extract, oil or flour?
Authors: Özvural Emin Burçin , Vural Halil
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Grape seed products (winery by‐products) are valuable vegetable sources to enhance the quality of meat products. In this study, 21 treatments of frankfurters, in three different groups, including 0%, 0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% grape seed extract (GSE), 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% grape seed oil (GSO), and 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% grape seed flour (GSF) were produced in order to compare the differences among them during refrigerated storage for 90 days.

RESULTS

Increasing the level of GSO made the frankfurters lighter in color (P < 0.05). Lipid oxidation of all the 21 frankfurters were under the limit of deterioration (2.0 mg malonaldehite kg−1 treatment) during 90 days' storage. However, increasing the amount of additives (GSE, GSO and GSF) led to a decrease in overall acceptability for each group. According to the general comparison of the three frankfurter groups in terms of lipid oxidation, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values of the frankfurters including GSE and GSF were found to be similar, but the frankfurters containing GSO exhibited the highest lipid oxidation (P < 0.05). While the products including GSE were the most acceptable group in terms of overall acceptability, the group produced with GSF received the lowest points (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Although the three grape seed products have partially undesirable effects on the sensory characteristics of the frankfurters, all these additives showed different positive influences in the production of frankfurters. The results showed that the group of frankfurters including GSE was the best of three different groups of products due to the lipid oxidation and overall acceptability results. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Advances in membrane emulsification. Part A: recent developments in processing aspects and microstructural design approaches
Authors: Spyropoulos Fotis , Lloyd David M. , Hancocks Robin D , Pawlik Aleksandra K
Published: October 2013

Modern emulsion processing technology is strongly influenced by the market demands for products that are microstructure‐driven and possess precisely controlled properties. Novel cost‐effective processing techniques, such as membrane emulsification, have been explored and customised in the search for better control over the microstructure, and subsequently the quality of the final product. Part A of this review reports on the state of the art in membrane emulsification techniques, focusing on novel membrane materials and proof of concept experimental set‐ups. Engineering advantages and limitations of a range of membrane techniques are critically discussed and linked to a variety of simple and complex structures (e.g. foams, particulates, liposomes etc.) produced specifically using those techniques. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Thyroid metastasectomy
Authors: Montero Pablo H. , Ibrahimpasic Tihana , Nixon Iain J. , Shaha Ashok R.
Published: October 2013

Metastases to the thyroid gland are uncommon. Renal, lung, breast, and colon cancer and melanoma are the most common primary diseases implicated. Few retrospective series have been reported. Treatment decisions must be individualized, and will depend on the state of systemic disease. Selected patients could benefit from surgical treatment. Although most patients selected for surgery will not be cured, the aim of surgery is to avoid the complications of uncontrolled central neck disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:36–41. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimizing blood loss during hepatectomy: A literature review
Authors: Huntington Justin T. , Royall Nelson A. , Schmidt Carl R.
Published: October 2013

There are numerous techniques surgeons employ to reduce blood loss during partial hepatectomy. In this literature review, prospective studies from the last 20 years are examined to determine the techniques that are best supported by the literature. Some of the techniques include vascular control, multiple parenchymal transection techniques, various hemostatic agents, low central venous pressure, and hemodilution. The strategies supported most convincingly by the literature include low CVP and total hepatic inflow occlusion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:81–88. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HER2 in resected gastric cancer: Is there prognostic value?
Authors: Fisher Sarah B. , Fisher Kevin E. , Squires Malcolm H. , Patel Sameer H. , Kooby David A. , El‐Rayes Bassel F. , Cardona Kenneth , Russell Maria C. , Staley Charles A. , Farris Alton B. , Maithel Shishir K.
Published: October 2013

Background and Objectives

The role of HER2 in patients with early stage/resected gastric cancer is controversial. This study investigates the prevalence and prognostic value of HER2 in patients undergoing curative intent resection for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Methods

HER2 status was evaluated in 111 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma treated surgically between 1/00 and 6/11 with tissue available for analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 was graded by two blinded pathologists. IHC was scored as 0+/1+: negative, 2+: equivocal, and 3+: positive. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2 was performed on equivocal (2+) samples, and in cases of pathologist disagreement.

Results

HER2 expression as measured by IHC was negative in 61 (55%), equivocal in 37 (33.3%), and positive in 13 (11.7%) cases. FISH was positive in 8 of 37 samples tested, for a total of 21 HER2‐positive cases (18.9%, 95% CI 11.6–26.2%). Patients with HER2‐positive tumors were less likely to have signet ring cell features (23.8% vs. 53.9%, P = 0.008). HER2 status was not associated with tumor size, location, perineural or lymphovascular invasion, margin status, nodal metastasis, or stage (P > 0.05). HER2 status was not associated with OS (P = 0.385).

Conclusions

HER2 amplification/over‐expression is present in patients with resected gastric adenocarcinoma, but is not associated with the presence of adverse prognostic factors. Our results suggest HER2 is not prognostic for patients with resected gastric adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:61–66. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Management of recurrent rectal cancer: Practical insights in planning and surgical intervention
Authors: Yeo Heather L. , Paty Philip B.
Published: October 2013

Over the last two decades the oncologic treatment results for primary rectal cancer have improved due to refinements in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Nevertheless, there is still a 10% rate of local recurrence, threatening the survival and quality of life of affected patients. Due to variability of anatomy and clinical presentation, detection, staging, and clinical management are complex. Without treatment, patients will suffer from progressive local symptoms—pain, obstruction, hemorrhage, sepsis—and rarely survive beyond five years. The overall goals of surgical treatment—complete tumor resection, preservation of function, and avoidance of complications—are identical to those of surgery for primary rectal cancer, but are unfortunately much more difficult to achieve in the setting of recurrence. Tumor resection is highly challenging, as the surgical field has generally been anatomically disrupted and irradiated, and the tumors are typically adherent or invasive into organs in the middle and low pelvis. Standard total mesorectal excision (TME) resections are rarely sufficient, and therefore techniques to achieve extended multivisceral resections are required. While aggressive resections offer the best opportunity for local control, palliation, and cure, they also carry a high risk of complications and long‐term morbidity. The aim of this review is to provide an updated look at surgical resection for recurrent rectal cancer, its indications, preoperative considerations, operative technique, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and long‐term outcomes and sequelae. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:47–52. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular factors associated with recurrence and survival following hepatectomy in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A guide to adjuvant clinical trials
Authors: Schiffman Suzanne C. , Nowacki Michael R. , Spencer Lena , McMasters Kelly M. , Scoggins Charles R. , Martin Robert C.G.
Published: October 2013

Background

This study sought to determine clinical and molecular factors related to recurrence and survival in patients with ICC following hepatectomy.

Methods

Database review identified 34 patients. Molecular markers (Ki67, p53, beta‐catenin) and standard pathological evaluations were performed.

Results

The most common resections were right (n = 11), extended right (n = 8), and left hepatectomy (n = 7). The 30‐ and 90 ‐day mortality rates were 5.9% and 11.8%. The median tumor size was 7.8 cm. Nine patients (26.5%) had positive lymph nodes and ten patients (29.4%) received adjuvant therapy. Median follow up was 33.5 months. The median disease‐free interval was 6 months. The median overall survival was 37.9 months. Univariate predictors of recurrence were tumor size (P = 0.02) and differentiation (P = 0.05). On multivariate analysis, differentiation (P = 0.03; OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.17–0.89) remained significant. Univariate predictors of survival were tumor size (P = 0.02), lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.02), satellite nodules (P = 0.006), beta‐catenin expression (P = 0.008), and recurrence (P = 0.026). On multivariate analyses, satellite lesions (P = 0.05, OR = 3.15, 95% CI: 0.96–10.4) and beta‐catenin (P = 0.04, OR = 3.23; 95% CI: 1.1–9.7) remained significant and differentiation (P = 0.045; OR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.18–0.98) was an additional predictor.

Conclusion

Future clinical trials could include certain molecular and pathologic factors to assist in determining the necessity and type of adjuvant therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:98–103. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A glance at achievements in the coupling of headspace and direct immersion single‐drop microextraction with chromatographic techniques
Authors: Kocúrová Lívia , Balogh Ioseph S. , Andruch Vasil
Published: October 2013

The present article offers a glance at achievements in single‐drop microextraction(SDME), with a focus on the two most commonly used modes of this technique: headspace and direct immersion. Factors affecting SDME, such as the pH and ionic strength of the sample solution, the stirring rate, and the extraction time are briefly summarized. The requirements for the acceptor phase and the influence of the sampling temperature are presented. In addition, the potential of the application of microwave and ultrasonic energy in SDME is also discussed. Examples of the application of the headspace and direct immersion modes of SDME are given in a table as additional Supporting Information.
Identification and quantification of 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐(2‐phenylethyl)chromones in Chinese eaglewood by HPLC with diode array detection and MS
Authors: Li Jun , Chen Dong , Jiang Yong , Zhang Qian , Zhang Liang , Tu Peng‐Fei
Published: October 2013

A sensitive and reliable HPLC coupled with diode array detection and MS method was developed and validated for the first time to simultaneously identify and quantify eight characteristic 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐2‐(2‐phenylethyl)chromones (THPECs) in Chinese eaglewood. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Zorbax SB C18 column with a gradient of acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid/water as the mobile phase. The MS fragmentation behavior of THPECs was characterized as the successive neutral loss of two molecules of H2O ([M+H–18–18]+) and then two molecules of CO ([M+H–18–18–28–28]+), which could be used to differentiate Chinese eaglewood from counterfeits. Validation of the developed analytical method showed good linearity, satisfactory precision, and good recovery. The established method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of eight THPECs in ten batches of Chinese eaglewood, which could be used as a tool for the quality control of Chinese eaglewood.
Separation and purification of antioxidants from Ampelopsis heterophylla by counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Chen Peng , Wu Datong , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: October 2013

In this study, bioactive components from Ampelopsis heterophylla were separated by counter‐current chromatography (CCC). The antioxidant activity of the crude extract was initially evaluated by an online HPLC method. Five compounds in the crude extract exhibited good antioxidant activities, namely, hyperoside (1), isoquercitrin (2), rutin (3), kaempferol‐3‐rutinoside (4), and quercetin (5). These compounds were further separated by CCC with biphasic solvent systems and their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectroscopy. All the compounds exhibited significant 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl radical scavenging activities with IC50 values at 18.2 ± 1.3, 17.0 ± 1.4, 24.2 ± 1.2, 38.1 ± 1.7, and 9.0 ± 1.2 μM, respectively. The scavenging ratios of the compounds against hydroxyl radicals were 65 ± 5, 68 ± 4, 96 ± 2, 70 ± 4, and 98 ± 2%, respectively.
Sialendoscopy‐assisted microsurgical repair of traumatic transection of Stensen's duct
Authors: Koch Michael , Iro Heinrich , Bozzato Alessandro , Zenk Johannes
Published: October 2013

Sialendoscopy is established in the diagnostics and treatment of obstructive salivary gland diseases, but has not previously been reported in patients with injuries to Stensen's duct. Sialendoscopy assisted repair of a transected Stensen's duct in zone B is reported. The duct injury itself, its location, and its severity could be visualized and precisely assessed and allowed intraductal assessment of the ductal tissue. Rapid atraumatic dissection and also postoperative endoscopic follow‐up examination with assessment of the anastomosis was provided by using the sialendoscope, which appears to be valuable for several reasons in the management of Stensen's duct trauma. Laryngoscope, 123:3074–3077, 2013
Tobacco dependence treatment: Influence of training experiences on clinical activities among otolaryngologists
Authors: Sutton Monica J. , Payne Thomas J. , Gaughf Natalie W. , Crews Karen M. , Elci Okan U. , Peck Shannon B. , Schweinfurth John
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Although one in five U.S. adults continue to smoke, healthcare providers often fail to provide basic, effective interventions. This is particularly true for physician specialists. This study sought to investigate perceived role, self‐efficacy, practice behaviors, and attitudes among otolaryngologists as they relate to the delivery of tobacco treatment services.

Study Design

This study involved a single administration of a survey questionnaire to current members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (AAO‐HNS).

Methods

A questionnaire was mailed up to three times to active members.

Results

Survey response rate was 39% (N = 2127). Based on an evaluation of treatment factors categorized according to the National Cancer Institute's 5A's approach, trained providers generally rated themselves consistently higher than untrained providers across areas of clinical activity. Minimal differences were noted for Ask and Advise, moderate for Assess, and the greatest for Assist and Arrange. Trained providers also indicated more positive attitudes towards treatment.

Conclusions

While the level of performance was reasonable for otolaryngologists relative to other specialists in the published literature, overall tobacco treatment activity remains unacceptably low. This study suggests the positive impact of training and the potential value of making such experiences widely available. Laryngoscope, 123:3005–3009, 2013
Possible participation of acidic pH in bone resorption in middle ear cholesteatoma
Authors: Nguyen Khac‐Hung , Suzuki Hideaki , Ohbuchi Toyoaki , Wakasugi Tetsuro , Koizumi Hiroki , Hashida Koichi , Baba Ryoko , Morimoto Hiroyuki , Doi Yoshiaki
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The etiopathology of bone resorption in cholesteatoma is unclear. We studied pH in middle ear cholesteatoma tissue and the permeability of the cholesteatoma epithelium in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of bone resorption in this disease.

Study Design

Laboratorial study.

Methods

Cholesteatoma tissue was collected from patients with primary acquired middle ear cholesteatoma. The pH of the keratin debris of cholesteatoma was measured using a pH meter. The cholesteatoma epithelium was examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope, and under a transmission electron microscope. Expression of filaggrin in the cholesteatoma tissue was explored by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Results

The pH of the keratin debris of cholesteatoma was acidic. The pH of the basal layer of the cholesteatoma epithelium was significantly lower than that of the antrum mucosa. Transmission electron microscope showed distinct penetration of lanthanum in the intercellular space of the basal, spinous, and granular layers of the cholesteatoma epithelium, but only a small amount of lanthanum in the granular layer in the normal skin. The expression of filaggrin mRNA was significantly lower in the cholesteatoma tissue than in the normal skin.

Conclusions

These results indicate that acid leakage through the cholesteatoma epithelium probably participates in the resorption of the underlying bone structure. The increased permeability of the cholesteatoma epithelium may be explained by a decrease in filaggrin expression.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:245–250, 2014
Hyaluronic acid gel weight: A nonsurgical option for the management of paralytic lagophthalmos
Authors: Martín‐Oviedo Carlos , García Irene , Lowy Alex , Scola Esteban , Aristegui Miguel , Scola Bartolome
Published: October 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Management of lagophthalmos should be a priority in the treatment of patients with facial palsy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of injecting hyaluronic acid gel into the upper eyelid as a nonsurgical alternative for patients with temporary facial palsy.

Method/Study Design

Retrospective study of 26 patients treated with hyaluronic acid gel injected into the pretarsal region of the upper eyelid. Measurements taken before and after treatment were standardized and compared using digitized photographs. Patients were followed up for 1 year, and overall outcomes were assessed.

Results

All patients initially demonstrated improvement in lagophthalmos, which decreased to 0.0 mm. After 1 month, a significant increase in lagophthalmos was observed in two patients (initial fissure of 8 and 9 mm), and a platinum weight was implanted to control keratopathy. The remaining patients (initial lagophthalmos below 6.5 mm) maintained the improvement until facial restoration. Only three patients had recurrent lagophthalmos (2 mm) due to resorption, which was resolved by injecting an additional 0.3 cc. The mean improvement in lagophthalmos was 4.6 mm (range, 3.5–6.5 mm). Complications included transient ecchymosis and minimal blepharoptosis due to nonreabsorption in five patients. These patients were successfully treated with hyaluronidase.

Conclusions

Hyaluronic acid gel has proven effective in reducing paralytic lagophthalmos and controlling keratopathy in patients with temporary facial palsy, especially those with palpebral fissure with attempted closure no greater than 6.5 mm. Injection of hyaluronic acid gel is safe, quick, and easily performed. In addition, it is more cost‐effective than surgery.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 123:E91–E96, 2013