bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geometrical Language of Continuum Mechanics
Authors: Epstein Marcelo
Published: August 2011

Epstein presents the fundamental concepts of modern differential geometry within the framework of continuum mechanics. Divided into three parts of roughly equal length, the book opens with a motivational chapter to impress upon the reader that differential geometry is indeed the natural language of continuum mechanics or, better still, that the latter is a prime example of the application and materialisation of the former. In the second part, the fundamental notions of differential geometry are presented with rigor using a writing style that is as informal as possible. Differentiable manifolds, tangent bundles, exterior derivatives, Lie derivatives, and Lie groups are illustrated in terms of their mechanical interpretations. The third part includes the theory of fiber bundles, G-structures, and groupoids, which are applicable to bodies with internal structure and to the description of material inhomogeneity. The abstract notions of differential geometry are thus illuminated by practical and intuitively meaningful engineering applications.
Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys
Authors: Burckhardt John Lewis
Published: August 2011

John Lewis Burckhardt (1784–1817) was a Swiss explorer who is best remembered for his rediscovery of the ancient city of Petra, in Jordan. In 1809 he was commissioned by the African Association to discover the source of the River Niger. In preparation for this journey, for which he needed to pass as a Muslim, Burckhardt spent two years exploring and studying Arabic in Aleppo, before travelling widely in Arabia and Egypt. These volumes, first published in 1830, contain Burckhardt's description of Bedouin society and his history of the Wahhabi sect of Islam. He describes the different Bedouin tribes of Arabia and the Middle East and their political allegiances, and recounts in fascinating detail aspects of their society. He also narrates the history of the Wahhabi sect from its founding, and discusses its effect on the politics of the region. Volume 2 contains his history of the Wahhabi sect.
The Expansion of England
Authors: Seeley John Robert
Published: August 2011

J. R. Seeley (1834–1895) was Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. He was concerned that classics and the study of the distant past were far too dominant at the university, and believed that the academic study of contemporary history could provide a moral and intellectual foundation for modern political life. The Expansion of England, first published in 1883 and based on his lectures, was his most successful book, remaining in print for over seventy years. He believed that the purpose of the study of history was to see patterns and tendencies which could be used to make predictions about the future. Foreseeing the rise of America and Russia as world powers, he wanted to ensure that the British Empire retained its position of dominance in the twentieth century, which he saw as its destiny. His clear arguments, and skill in writing often-quoted epigrams, ensured the book's continued popularity.
The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812
Authors: Mahan A. T.
Published: August 2011

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914) was an American naval officer, considered one of the most important naval strategists of the nineteenth century. In 1885 he was appointed Lecturer in Naval History and Tactics at the US Naval War College, and became President of the institution between 1886–1889. These volumes, first published in 1893, contain Mahan's detailed analysis of British and French naval strategy during the French Revolution, defined as lasting between 1793–1812. Mahan recounts chronologically the major naval battles and campaigns between Britain and France and their allies, analysing the different naval strategies used and discussing Britain's successful naval tactics. Mahan was the first naval strategist to explore the importance of controlling and protecting commercial shipping and preventing blockades of ports during warfare, tactics which he fully explores using historical examples from the French Revolution in these volumes. Volume 1 covers the period 1793–1801.
The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793–1812
Authors: Mahan A. T.
Published: August 2011

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914) was an American naval officer, considered one of the most important naval strategists of the nineteenth century. In 1885 he was appointed Lecturer in Naval History and Tactics at the US Naval War College, and became President of the institution between 1886–1889. These volumes, first published in 1893, contain Mahan's detailed analysis of British and French naval strategy during the French Revolution, defined as lasting between 1793–1812. Mahan recounts chronologically the major naval battles and campaigns between Britain and France and their allies, analysing the different naval strategies used and discussing Britain's successful naval tactics. Mahan was the first naval strategist to explore the importance of controlling and protecting commercial shipping and preventing blockades of ports during warfare, tactics which he fully explores using historical examples from the French Revolution in these volumes. Volume 2 covers the period 1801–1812.
A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean
Authors: Burney James
Published: August 2011

Captain James Burney (1750–1821), the son of the musicologist Dr Charles Burney and brother of the novelist Fanny Burney, was a well-travelled sailor, best known for this monumental compilation of voyages of discovery in the Pacific Ocean. After joining the navy in 1764, he sailed on Cook's second voyage between 1772 and 1774, and was also present on the ill-fated third voyage. He retired from the navy in 1784 and turned to writing works on exploration. These volumes, published between 1803 and 1817, and regarded as the standard work on the subject for much of the nineteenth century, contain collected accounts of European voyages of discovery in the Pacific Ocean between 1492 and 1764. Burney provides summaries of Spanish, Dutch and English accounts, which include descriptions of voyages to China, Micronesia and Australia. Volume 4 covers voyages between 1689 and 1723, including accounts of buccaneer expeditions.
A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean
Authors: Burney James
Published: August 2011

Captain James Burney (1750–1821), the son of the musicologist Dr Charles Burney and brother of the novelist Fanny Burney, was a well-travelled sailor, best known for this monumental compilation of voyages of discovery in the Pacific Ocean. After joining the navy in 1764, he sailed on Cook's second voyage between 1772 and 1774, and was also present on the ill-fated third voyage. He retired from the navy in 1784 and turned to writing works on exploration. These volumes, published between 1803 and 1817, and regarded as the standard work on the subject for much of the nineteenth century, contain collected accounts of European voyages of discovery in the Pacific Ocean between 1492 and 1764. Burney provides summaries of Spanish, Dutch and English accounts, which include descriptions of voyages to China, Micronesia and Australia. Volume 5 covers voyages between 1724 and 1764, including Commodore George Aston's circumnavigation.
The History of the Maroons
Authors: Dallas Robert Charles
Published: August 2011

Born in Jamaica, Robert Charles Dallas (1754–1824) was prolific author in a variety of genres, dedicating all of his work to 'the defence of society and reason against Jacobinism and confusion', having been forced to leave his residence in France by the Revolution. Despite 'an ardent tendency in my heart to disapprove the slave-trade', The History of the Maroons, published in 1803, offered a qualified acceptance of the institution of slavery in a fallen world, and addressed criticisms of planters' behaviour and the government's conduct against the rebellious Jamaican Maroons - runaway slaves who formed their own communities in the West Indies. They settled the mountainous inland areas of Jamaica and resisted assimilation by the British; two Maroon Wars were fought in the eighteenth century. They were deported by the British to Canada and then to Sierra Leone, but many returned to Jamaica, where they remain.
Every Man his Own Broker
Authors: Mortimer Thomas
Published: August 2011

Thomas Mortimer (1730–1810) is chiefly remembered as a writer on economics. Every Man his Own Broker was first published in 1761, and ran to fourteen editions in the next forty years, this reissue being of the fourth edition. It was based on his own experience of the stock market, which in the first half of the eighteenth century was rapidly developing, but also suffered crises in which many speculators lost heavily. Increasing sales of government stock to pay for foreign wars led to concern, and Mortimer gives practical advice to readers to avoid making mistakes by relying on brokers. The book gives a good picture of how the stock market and the London financial world were operating at this time, although Mortimer's antipathy to brokers and jobbers is exaggerated. The book contains the first use of the terms 'bull' and 'bear' to describe types of markets.
Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España
Authors: Sahagûn Bernardino de
Published: August 2011

Friar Bernardino Sahagûn was in 1529 one of the first Catholic missionaries to the Aztecs. During his sojourn in Mexico he came to speak Nahuatl (the native language) fluently and to understand the Aztec culture, customs, religion and infrastructure intimately. He compiled the largest and most richly detailed record of the Aztecs and their history before the civilisation was wiped out by the Spanish conquest, and Sahagûn is sometimes considered 'the father of ethnology', as his study was the first to derive from the subjects' own point of view, through using native informants in his research. The work, written in 1540, was originally an illustrated manuscript of twelve books in a combination of Nahuatl and Spanish; this version, in Spanish only, was first published in 1829. This final volume contains a full natural history and geological description, general Aztec history, and a catalogue of spirits, demons and religious figures.
The Life of Nelson
Authors: Mahan Alfred Thayer
Published: August 2011

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840–1914) was an American naval officer, considered one of the most important naval strategists of the nineteenth century. In 1885 he was appointed Lecturer in Naval History and Tactics at the US Naval War College, and served as President of the institution between 1886 and 1889. In this highly influential two-volume biography, first published in 1897, Mahan focuses on Nelson's professional life and provides a detailed historical and tactical analysis of his naval career based on Nelson's personal correspondence. Through this analysis Mahan also explains and explores his concept of 'sea power', a strategic concept which was closely studied and subsequently adopted by early twentieth-century military powers. His book provides both a fascinating discussion of Nelson's achievements and an invaluable analysis of the most influential developments in naval strategy almost a century after Nelson's death. Volume 1 covers Nelson's career up to 1799.
The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome
Authors: Ranke Leopold von
Published: August 2011

This translation by Sarah Austin (1793–1867) of German historian Leopold von Ranke's work contributed significantly to early modern history and historiography. By some accounts 'the best living translator' of her time, Austin was a member of social circles that included Jeremy Bentham and J. S. Mill. Ranke (1795–1886) worked for most of his life at the University of Berlin, writing several histories covering the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. Austin's translation recognises Ranke's importance to Western historiography: his methodology stressed the centrality of using primary sources and of the historian's objectivity. Ranke's history engages with a much wider area than his title suggests; indeed, his subject is 'the struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism, between authority and innovation', as Austin writes. Volume 1 traces the impact and history of the popes from their 'epochs' to the sixteenth century. These volumes will be of interest to early modern historians and historiographers alike.
The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome
Authors: Ranke Leopold von
Published: August 2011

This translation by Sarah Austin (1793–1867) of German historian Leopold von Ranke's work contributed significantly to early modern history and historiography. By some accounts 'the best living translator' of her time, Austin was a member of circles that included Jeremy Bentham and J. S. Mill. Ranke (1795–1886) worked for most of his life at the University of Berlin, writing several histories covering the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. Austin's translation recognises Ranke's importance to Western historiography: his methodology stressed the centrality of using primary sources and of the historian's objectivity. Ranke's history engages with a much wider area than his title suggests; indeed, his subject is 'the struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism, between authority and innovation', as Austin writes. Volume 2 is almost wholly concerned with the Counter-Reformation (and coins the term), from 1563 to 1630. These volumes will be of interest to early modern historians and historiographers alike.
Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie
Authors: Lévi Éliphas
Published: August 2011

Born Alphonse Louis Constant, French magician Éliphas Lévi (1810–75) wrote prolifically on the occult sciences. This highly popular two-volume treatise on practical magic attempts to initiate the reader into the mysteries of occult philosophy. Identifying magic as the 'nurse or godmother' of all intellectual forces, Lévi proclaims his firm belief in man as microcosm of the universe, the strength of human willpower and the effectiveness of sympathetic magic. This first volume, 'The Doctrine of Transcendental Magic', establishes Lévi's own philosophical approach to the theory of magic, detailing the various methods of accessing esoteric knowledge of the universe through supernatural methods. Beginning with the ancient origins of occult philosophy and influence, Lévi chronicles the history of magic, including transmutations, black magic, bewitchments, astrology, divination and alchemy.
Esprits et Médiums
Authors: Flournoy Théodore
Published: August 2011

Written by renowned Swiss physician and experimental psychologist Théodore Flournoy (1854–1920), this 1911 publication offers a scientific treatment of nineteenth-century spiritual interests and beliefs. Dedicating his work to the Swiss scientist and psychical researcher Marc Thury and to the American psychologist and philosopher William James, Flournoy approaches the subject of 'spiritism', or communication with the dead, with great caution, claiming that it had never been adequately proven and that such practices could most likely be explained as mental processes inherent in the mediums themselves. While recognising and offering validation of the existence of phenomena such as telekinesis, clairvoyance and telepathy, as well as the survival of the soul after death, in this book Flournoy casts doubt on the living human's ability to contact the spirits of the deceased.
Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent
Authors: Humboldt Alexander von , Bonpland Aimé
Published: August 2011

The Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was one of the most famous explorers of his generation. Charles Darwin called him 'the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived'. In 1799, Humboldt and the botanist Aimé Bonpland secured permission from the Spanish crown for a voyage to South America. They left from Madrid and spent five years exploring the continent. Humboldt reported his findings in a total of thirty volumes, published in French over a period of more than twenty years beginning in 1805. This English translation by Helen Maria Williams of one important component of Humboldt's account, the Relation historique du voyage (1814–1825), consists of seven volumes and was published in London between 1814 and 1829. Volume 4 (1819) describes an earthquake in Caracas (which Humboldt links to the volcanoes of the West Indies), and mountains, plains, hot springs and river systems observed as the expedition travelled onwards.
Nanoscale MOS Transistors
Authors: Esseni David , Palestri Pierpaolo , Selmi Luca
Published: August 2011

Written from an engineering standpoint, this book provides the theoretical background and physical insight needed to understand new and future developments in the modeling and design of n- and p-MOS nanoscale transistors. A wealth of applications, illustrations and examples connect the methods described to all the latest issues in nanoscale MOSFET design. Key areas covered include:
• Transport in arbitrary crystal orientations and strain conditions, and new channel and gate stack materials
• All the relevant transport regimes, ranging from low field mobility to quasi-ballistic transport, described using a single modeling framework
• Predictive capabilities of device models, discussed with systematic comparisons to experimental results
Caxtoniana
Authors: Lytton Edward Bulwer
Published: August 2011

In 1849 Edward Bulwer Lytton published the popular novel The Caxtons, about an eccentric family who claimed descent from the printer William Caxton. Its hero, Pisistratus Caxton, was named as the author of two subsequent works, My Novel (1853) and What Will He Do With It? (1859), which were less successful. Bulwer Lytton was referring to those novels when he named this two-volume collection of literary and philosophical essays Caxtoniana, first published in 1863 and here reprinted from the 1864 edition. They were the result of his wide reading on scientific, philosophical and occult subjects which he made use of in several of his works, particularly the supernatural A Strange Story (1862). Many of the essays in Caxtoniana deal with morality and the artist, others with literary style, psychology, politics and readership. Lytton claimed that these subjects were expressed in the form of romance in the 'Caxton' novels.
Feminism, Absolutism, and Jansenism
Authors: Kostroun Daniella
Published: August 2011

Feminism, Absolutism, and Jansenism chronicles seventy years of Jansenist conflict and its complex intersection with power struggles between gallican bishops, Parlementaires, the Crown and the Pope. Daniella Kostroun focuses on the nuns of Port-Royal-des-Champs, whose community was disbanded by Louis XIV in 1709 as a threat to the state. Paradoxically, it was the nuns' adherence to their strict religious rule and the ideal of pious, innocent and politically disinterested behavior that allowed them to challenge absolutism effectively. Adopting methods from cultural studies, feminism and the Cambridge School of political thought, Kostroun examines how these nuns placed gender at the heart of the Jansenist challenge to the patriarchal and religious foundations of absolutism; they responded to royal persecution with a feminist defense of women's spiritual and rational equality and of the autonomy of the individual subject, thereby offering a bold challenge to the patriarchal and religious foundations of absolutism.
A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960
Authors: Hall Bruce S.
Published: August 2011

The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. From Sudan to Mauritania, the racial categories deployed in contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry. This book traces the development of arguments about race over a period of more than 350 years in one important place along the southern edge of the Sahara Desert: the Niger Bend in northern Mali. Using Arabic documents held in Timbuktu, as well as local colonial sources in French and oral interviews, Bruce S. Hall reconstructs an African intellectual history of race that long predated colonial conquest, and which has continued to orient inter-African relations ever since.
Cornelii Taciti Annalium Libri XIII-XVI
Authors: Tacitus
Published: August 2011

A classical scholar from the University of Oxford, Henry Furneaux (1829–1900) specialised in the writings of the Roman historian Tacitus. This work acquired the name of Annals for the style of history it presents, dealing with events year by year, rather than thematically. The Annals cover the reigns of four Roman emperors, beginning after the death of Augustus. The work originally consisted of sixteen books dealing with a period of 54 years, but several of them are incomplete or have not survived at all. This volume contains the text of Books 13 to 16 (the final book being incomplete), and covers the reign of Nero, a subject which brought out to the full Tacitus' famous style of condemnation through cutting irony. This reissue is taken from Pitman's 1904 edition, abridged 'to serve the needs of students requiring a less copious and advanced commentary' than that supplied by Furneaux.
The Political Theatre of David Edgar
Authors: Reinelt Janelle , Hewitt Gerald
Published: August 2011

David Edgar's writings address the most basic questions of how humans organize and govern themselves in modern societies. This study brings together the disciplines of political philosophy and theatre studies to approach the leading British playwright as a political writer and a public social critic. Edgar uses theatre as a powerful tool of public discourse, an aesthetic modality for engaging with and thinking/feeling through the most pressing social issues of the day. In this he is a supreme rationalist: he deploys character, plot and language to explore ideas, to make certain kinds of discursive cases and model hypothetical alternatives. Reinelt and Hewitt analyze twelve of Edgar's most important plays, including Maydays and Pentecost and also provide detailed discussions of key performances and critical reception to illustrate the playwright's artistic achievement in relation to his contributions as a public figure in British cultural life.
Noise-Induced Phenomena in the Environmental Sciences
Authors: Ridolfi Luca , D'Odorico Paolo , Laio Francesco
Published: August 2011

Randomness is ubiquitous in nature. Random drivers are generally considered a source of disorder in environmental systems. However, the interaction between noise and nonlinear dynamics may lead to the emergence of a number of ordered behaviors (in time and space) that would not exist in the absence of noise. This counterintuitive effect of randomness may play a crucial role in environmental processes. For example, seemingly 'random' background events in the atmosphere can grow into larger instabilities that have great effects on weather patterns. This book presents the basics of the theory of stochastic calculus and its application to the study of noise-induced phenomena in environmental systems. It will be an invaluable reference text for ecologists, geoscientists and environmental engineers interested in the study of stochastic environmental dynamics.
An Authentic Account of the Embassy of the Dutch East-India Company, to the Court of the Emperor of China, in the Years 1794 and 1795
Authors: Braam Houckgeest André Everard van
Published: August 2011

First published in French in Philadelphia in 1797 and translated into English for the London edition of 1798 reissued here, this travelogue by André Everard van Braam Houckgeest (1739–1801) was received with enthusiasm by readers hungry for exotic accounts of distant lands. It vividly describes a visit to the Chinese imperial court by a delegation from the Dutch East India Company soon after the British Macartney embassy, and delivers a rare glimpse of an unfamiliar landscape and culture. Fascinated by his experiences, van Braam records that he thought it 'far better to lose a few hours rest, than to let a single remarkable object escape me'. Volume 2 includes one of the last known Western descriptions of the spectacular Summer Palace, destroyed in 1860, and a detailed list of several hundred Chinese paintings and drawings that van Braam brought back and intended to donate to the French nation.
Best Practices in Medical Teaching
Authors: Stahl Stephen M. , Davis Richard L.
Published: August 2011

In medical education a lot of attention is given to what is said, but less consideration is given to how it is said. There is sometimes a misplaced focus on the content at the expense of the experience for the learner. Best Practices in Medical Teaching illustrates the general principles of effective medical presentation. Stahl and Davis are leading experts in medical communication and they effectively explain the practice and methods behind their success. Applying the principles of adult learning, they provide examples of how to design a successful lecture and teach the reader how to influence the behaviors of their audience. Each chapter ends with a chapter summary, progress check, and a performance self-assessment test to ensure that the concepts are understood. This book is an essential guide for all those involved in the process of educating the next generation of doctors and supporting them through their training.
The Convict King
Authors: Jorgenson Jorgen , Hogan James Francis
Published: August 2011

James Francis Hogan (1855–1924) wrote several histories of Irish colonisation in Australia. His family emigrated to Melbourne in 1856 where he became a respected author. After returning to Britain in 1893 he was elected a Member of Parliament, and he later became Professor of Irish History at University College Cork. This book, first published in 1891, retells the extraordinary life of Jorgen Jorgenson (1780–1841), a Danish adventurer, accomplished fraudster, amateur playwright and freelance preacher, who once declared himself the ruler of Iceland and eventually became Constable of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). Working from Jorgenson's autobiography (originally printed in the Van Diemen's Land Annual 1835 and 1838), Hogan describes his early adventures as a sailor, his 'liberation' of Iceland from Denmark in 1809, his employment as a British spy, his imprisonment at Newgate and arrival in Tasmania as a convict, and his participation in the infamous Aboriginal clearances there.
History of Australia
Authors: Rusden George William
Published: August 2011

When George William Rusden (1819–1903) was fourteen, his family emigrated from England to Australia, where he later became a prominent educationalist and civil servant. Already an author of numerous books and pamphlets, he began work on his History of Australia after his retirement, and it was published in 1883 in three volumes. Although the work is considered sympathetic to the Aboriginal people of Australia, it is also infused with Rusden's Tory politics, infuriating his critics – one wrote that the volumes were 'as untrustworthy as a partisan pamphlet well can be without deliberate dishonesty'. Despite initial criticism, these wide-ranging volumes form an important early contribution to the writing of Australian history. Volume 3 is mainly devoted to political matters, especially the Constitution Act of 1856 and the relationship between the colony and Britain. Rusden also gives a brief sketch of the governors who took office from this period onwards.
Autobiography of Hector Berlioz
Authors: Berlioz Hector
Published: August 2011

Hector Berlioz (1803–69) was one of the most original and colourful composers of his generation whose music was in many ways ahead of its time. He was also a respected journalist and critic. Begun in 1848, his celebrated Mémoires were completed by 1865 but published posthumously in 1870. They are the best-known of his writings and reflect the man - passionate, imaginative, idealistic, opinionated and witty - and give a fascinating, first-hand, insight into his life. He shares his uncompromising thoughts on his contemporaries and the musical establishment in France, writes candidly about his love affairs and engagingly on his music and travels. This first English translation from the original French, published in 1884, will appeal to the music lover and the general reader. Volume 2 (1842–65) includes an engaging account, assembled from previously published material and presented as letters to friends, of travels to Germany and Russia.
Nodal distribution of free polyamines in cotton ovaries
Authors: BIBI A. C. , OOSTERHUIS D. M. , GONIAS E. D. , MATTICE J. D.
Published: August 2011

The nodal distribution of free polyamines (important regulators of flower induction) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) ovaries was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The objective of the study was to investigate the nodal distribution of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Sp) of cotton lines (G. hirsutumL.), and to determine whether there are differences in ovarian polyamine content among three commercial cotton cultivars. A field study was conducted in 2005 and 2006 using the cultivars FM960BR, ST5599BR and DP444BR. Free polyamines Put, Spd and Sp were determined in ovarian tissue of first-position white flowers starting at the beginning of anthesis and collected from the 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th main-stem nodes for four consecutive weeks. There was no significant nodal position by cultivar interaction; thus, the main effects were tested. Put content decreased acropetally along the main stem of the cotton plant with the highest content observed at the 7th node and the lowest at the 13th node. Spd content decreased below and above the 9th node, with the 9th node showing the highest amount of Spd and the 13th node the lowest in both years of the study. Similarly, Sp content decreased below and above the 9th node. In general, the 7th and the 9th node had the highest titre of free polyamines. Among the cultivars tested, FM960BR showed higher polyamine content in one season; however, the observation was not consistent from year to year. The highest amounts of polyamines were observed at the 7th and the 9th node of cotton and this may be associated with the known yield distribution: almost 0·80 of the total yield of cotton is derived from these nodal positions.
Theorising about ageing, family and immigration
Authors: MCDONALD LYNN
Published: August 2011

This article critically reviews the ways in which theories in social gerontology have been used to explain the influence of ethnicity and immigration on older adults. The purpose of this cursory examination is to explore how these theories can be used for further theory advancement without serious modifications to existing theories. Current theories do not have the capacity to capture the effects of immigration at the structural level and its link to the social, psychological and family levels, let alone the physical ageing of individuals or societies. The overriding complexity of ageing and immigration requires at minimum, a long-term view and an integrating framework with multiple levels that can accommodate a variety of theoretical interests. The conclusions are that a lifecourse perspective, in conjunction with existing theories, can be employed in two different ways to further this theoretical agenda. A lifecourse perspective provides scaffolding for other theories where seemingly incommensurate epistemological positions can be easily accommodated and the principles of the lifecourse can be integrated into existing theories for a more fine-grained analysis of ethnicity and immigration. These approaches leave the theoretical door open to everyone including the positivists, the constructionists and critical and postmodern scholars with the possibility for interdisciplinary theory building to advance the understanding of the lives of immigrant families.
Linkages between East Antarctic Ice Sheet extent and Southern Ocean temperatures based on a Pliocene high‐resolution record of ice‐rafted debris off Prydz Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Passchier S.
Published: August 2011

Ice‐rafted debris mass accumulation rates (IRD MAR) at a drill site on the Antarctic continental margin are investigated to evaluate the linkages between East Antarctic Ice Sheet extent and Southern Ocean temperatures in the early to mid‐Pliocene. ODP Site 1165 is within 400 km of the Antarctic coastline and in the direct pathway of icebergs released by the Amery Ice Shelf. The Amery Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf in East Antarctica and it buttresses the Lambert Glacier drainage system, which accounts for 14% of the outflow from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. IRD MAR were low during peak Southern Ocean warming in the early Pliocene. After a brief precursor, a tenfold increase in IRD MAR at 3.3 Ma marks the termination of the early Pliocene ice sheet minimum, coincident with the M2 glacial. For the mid‐Pliocene, a strong correlation exists between the high‐amplitude signal in the LR04 benthic stack and IRD MAR, suggesting linkages between East Antarctic ice extent, global ice volume and deep‐water temperatures. The IRD record at Site 1165 provides evidence of greater sensitivity of the Lambert Glacier‐Amery Ice Shelf system to Southern Ocean warming than is currently predicted by ice sheet models, which may relate to uncertainties in the understanding of ocean heat uptake, poleward heat transport and ice sheet‐ocean interactions.
Novel composite right‐/left‐handed transmission lines using fractal geometry and compact microwave devices application
Authors: Xu He‐Xiu , Wang Guang‐Ming , Liang Jian‐Gang
Published: August 2011

In this paper, novel electrically small resonant‐type composite right‐/left‐handed transmission lines (CRLH TLs) combining fractal geometry are proposed and systematically exploited. Two sets of planar CRLH cell structure are involved including the proposed one based on cascaded complementary single split ring resonator (CCSSRR) and improved one based on complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). Fractal perturbation in these CRLH TLs is from the point of super compactness. The left‐handed (LH) electromagnetic wave propagation characteristic and miniaturization principle are investigated in depth by electrical simulation, EM simulation and finally demonstrated by effective constitutive EM parameters. To illustrate possible application, a dual‐band BPF covered satellite DMB band and WiMAX band, and a monoband branch‐line coupler covered GSM band are designed, fabricated, and measured. Consistent results between full‐wave simulation and measurement have confirmed the design concept. Measurement results indicate that the fractal perturbation is a good strategy for further miniaturization, enhanced selectivity and maintenance of good in‐band performance in both designs especially for the coupler which achieves a comparable 81% size reduction relative to its conventional counterpart.
Late orogenic exhumation of the Variscan high‐grade units (South Armorican Domain, western France), combined structural and40Ar/39Ar constraints
Authors: Turrillot Paul , Augier Romain , Monié Patrick , Faure Michel
Published: August 2011

The current structure of the South Armorican Domain in the French Variscan Belt, provides an excellent record of the late orogenic evolution, as documented by the complex interactions between extensional structures and partial melting. In the Golfe du Morbihan, the South Brittany Migmatite Belt (SBMB), tectonically overlain by non‐melted metamorphic units, was studied by combined structural and40Ar/39Ar methods. The recognition of successive deformation stages points to a strain continuum initiated at depth at the end of a partial melting event, and continued to near‐surface brittle faulting, encompassing ductile strain localization over a major top‐to‐the‐ESE extensional shear zone (SSZ) consistent with an overall WNW‐ESE orogen‐parallel stretching. This multidisciplinary study making the link between structure, texture, microchemistry and40Ar/39Ar geochronology allow distinguishing between cooling, recrystallization and syn‐tectonic crystallization ages. The first extensional insights, witnessed by dyke intrusion were dated at ∼319 ± 6 Ma immediately after the SBMB partial melting. Strain localization along the SSZ, occurred until ∼302–298 Ma when SBMB crossed the ductile‐brittle transition. Moreover, in situ40Ar/39Ar analysis, of syn‐tectonic white micas sampled in the ductile and brittle structures yield similar ∼300 Ma. Formation or reactivation of the SSZ may have occurred during the rapid cooling of the SBMB settled at ∼305 Ma by conventional40Ar/39Ar analysis. Large‐scale late orogenic extensional event of the previously overthickened Variscan crust thus lasted over ∼20 ± 3 Myr in the same extensional tectonic regime guided by the South Armorican Shear Zone.
Diachronous post‐orogenic magmatism within a developing orocline in Iberia, European Variscides
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Alonso Gabriel , Fernández‐Suárez Javier , Jeffries Teresa E. , Johnston Stephen T. , Pastor‐Galán Daniel , Murphy J. Brendan , Franco M. Piedad , Gonzalo J. Carlos
Published: August 2011

U‐Pb (zircon) crystallization ages of 52 late‐Variscan granitoid intrusions from NW Iberia (19 from new data, 33 from previous studies) constrain the lithospheric evolution of this realm of the Variscan belt of Western Europe and allow assessment of the relationship between oroclinal development and magmatism in late‐Carboniferous‐early Permian times. The U‐Pb ages, in conjunction with a range of geological observations, are consistent with the following sequence of events: (i) oroclinal bending starts at 310–305 Ma producing lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric upwelling in the outer arc of the orocline accompanied by production of mantle and lower crustal melts; (ii) between 305 and 300 Ma, melting continues under the outer arc of the orocline (Central Iberian Zone of the Iberian Variscan belt) and mid‐crustal melting is initiated. Coevally, the lithospheric root beneath the inner arc of the orocline thickened due to progressive arc closure; (iii) between 300 and 292 Ma, foundering of the lithospheric root followed by melting in the lithospheric mantle and the lower crust beneath the inner arc due to upwelling of asthenospheric mantle; (iv) cooling of the lithosphere between 292 and 286 Ma resulting in a drastic attenuation of lower crustal high‐temperature melting. By 285 Ma, the thermal engine generated by orocline‐driven lithospheric thinning/delamination had cooled down beyond its capability to produce significant amounts of mantle or crustal melts. The model proposed explains the genesis of voluminous amounts of granitoid magmas in post‐orogenic conditions and suggests that oroclines and similar post‐orogenic granitoids, common constituents of numerous orogenic belts, may be similarly related elsewhere.
Snow water equivalent along elevation gradients in the Merced and Tuolumne River basins of the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Rice Robert , Bales Roger C. , Painter Thomas H. , Dozier Jeff
Published: August 2011

We used daily remotely sensed fractional snow‐covered area (SCA) at 500 m resolution to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) across the Upper Merced and Tuolumne River basins of the Sierra Nevada of California for 2004 (dry and warm) and 2005 (wet and cool). From 1800 to 3900 m, each successively higher 300 m elevation band consistently melts out 2–3 weeks later than the one below it. We compared two methods of estimating SWE from SCA: (1) blending the fractional SCA with SWE interpolated from snow‐pillow measurements; and (2) retrospectively estimating cumulative snowmelt based on a degree‐day calculation after the snow disappeared. The interpolation approach estimates a lower snowmelt volume above 3000 m and a higher snowmelt contribution at elevations between 1500 and 2100 m. Snowmelt timing from the depletion approach matches observed streamflow timing much better than snowmelt estimated by the interpolation method. The snow‐pillow sites used in the interpolation method do not cover the highest elevations and melted out several weeks before the basin itself was free of snow. Middle elevations (2100–3000 m) contributed 40%–60% of the annual snowmelt in both basins, the lower elevations (1500–2100 m) 10%–15%, and elevations above 3000 m the remaining 30%–40%. The presence of snow in the highest elevations highlights their critical buffering effect in accumulating snow every year. Variability in lower‐elevation snow illustrates its susceptibility to climate variability and change.
On the ability to infer spatial catchment variability using streamflow hydrographs
Authors: Pokhrel Prafulla , Gupta Hoshin V.
Published: August 2011

Spatially distributed models can potentially provide improved hydrologic predictions because of their ability to exploit spatially distributed data while providing estimates of hydrologic variables at interior catchment locations. However, attempts to estimate spatially distributed parameter fields via model calibration have been fraught with difficulty. This paper examines the factors that can influence the ability to infer spatial properties of a distributed model when the only information available for model evaluation is catchment streamflow response. In particular, we investigate the conditions under which spatial variability in parameters and rainfall cause sufficiently strong variations in the streamflow hydrographs to justify their representation in catchment models and whether such information can be detected via commonly used model performance measures. Our results show that spatial variability in parameter and precipitation fields can, indeed, have a detectable impact on the properties of the streamflow hydrograph but that this impact can be so greatly diminished by the damping and dispersive effects of routing that it is virtually nondetectable by conventional performance measures by the time the water reaches the catchment outlet. And although measures based on information theory may be able to detect subtle variations of this kind, the information may not ultimately be useful in the face of model structure and data errors. The only reasonable way forward therefore is to explore other kinds of catchment information (including multiple interior flow gauging locations) for use in estimation of spatially distributed parameter fields.
How much improvement can precipitation data fusion achieve with a Multiscale Kalman Smoother‐based framework?
Authors: Wang Shugong , Liang Xu , Nan Zhuotong
Published: August 2011

With advancements in measuring techniques and modeling approaches, more and more precipitation data products, with different spatial resolutions and accuracies, become available. Therefore, there is an increasing need to produce a fused precipitation product that can take advantage of the strengths of each individual precipitation data product. This study systematically and quantitatively evaluates the improvements of the fused precipitation data as a result of using the Mulitscale Kalman Smoother‐based (i.e., MKS‐based) framework. Impacts of two types of errors, i.e., white noise and bias that are associated with individual precipitation products, are investigated through hypothetical experiments. Two measures, correlation and root‐mean‐square error, are used to evaluate the improvements of the fused precipitation data. Our study shows that the MKS‐based framework can significantly recover the loss of precipitation's spatial patterns and magnitudes that are associated with the white noise and bias when the erroneous data at different spatial scales are fused together. Although the erroneous data at a finer resolution are generally more effective in improving the spatial patterns and magnitudes of the erroneous data at a coarser resolution, data at a coarser resolution can also provide valuable information in improving the quality of the data at a finer resolution when they are fused. This study provides insights on the values of the MKS‐based framework and a guideline for determining a potentially optimal spatial scale over which improvements in both the spatial patterns and the magnitudes can be maximized based on given data with different spatial resolutions.
Turbulence and diapycnal mixing over the East Pacific Rise crest near 10°N
Authors: Thurnherr A. M. , St. Laurent L. C.
Published: August 2011

Turbulent mixing plays an important role in the return path of the global overturning circulation of the ocean. Previous measurements indicate that much of the mixing takes place near topography, in particular near seamounts and mid‐ocean ridges. Here we report on the first microstructure data set collected over the crest and flanks of a fast‐spreading ridge. The data indicate that in spite of weak tidally modulated background turbulence levels (ε ≈ 10−10 W kg−1) diapycnal diffusivity is elevated above 10−4 m2 s−1 below crest depth of the ridge throughout the entire region because of the weak density stratification. Near the peaks and in the narrow deep passages of a chain of seamounts, where large horizontal velocities have been observed, turbulence levels are elevated by up to an order of magnitude above background. We conclude that topographic organization plays an important role in determining spatial patterns of turbulence in this region and that both tidal and subinertial energy contribute to the mixing.
Spatial effects of HF multiple scattering in the ionosphere: Experimental observations
Authors: Zabotin Nikolay , Bullett Terence
Published: August 2011

The theory of multiple scattering of MF/HF radio waves by intermediate‐scale (0.1–5 km) ionospheric irregularities predicts a very distinctive distribution of the relative integral intensity of a signal reflected from the ionosphere in the vicinity of a ground‐based transmitter. It is significantly reduced within a distance of about several tens of kilometers. A ring of enhancement occurs at a greater distance. At still larger distances from the transmitter, effects of multiple scattering are weakened and the integral intensity returns to its undisturbed value. While there are experimental confirmations of the “anomalous attenuation” effect near the transmitter location, no attempt has yet been made to track the intensity features at the larger distances. This paper presents results of the first experimental campaign of this kind that was conducted in September–November 2009 in and around Boulder, CO. The results obtained confirm that significant deviations from the predictions of geometrical optics occur, and these deviations are in general agreement with the theory of multiple scattering in the ionosphere.
An iterative contractive framework for probe methods: LASSO
Authors: Potthast R. W. E.
Published: August 2011

We present a new iterative approach called Line Adaptation for the Singular Sources Objective (LASSO) to object or shape reconstruction based on the singular sources method (or probe method) for the reconstruction of scatterers from the far‐field pattern of scattered acoustic or electromagnetic waves. The scheme is based on the construction of an indicator function given by the scattered field for incident point sources in its source point from the given far‐field patterns for plane waves. The indicator function is then used to drive the contraction of a surface which surrounds the unknown scatterers. A stopping criterion for those parts of the surfaces that touch the unknown scatterers is formulated. A splitting approach for the contracting surfaces is formulated, such that scatterers consisting of several separate components can be reconstructed. Convergence of the scheme is shown, and its feasibility is demonstrated using a numerical study with several examples.