bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in a meromictic lake (Lake Czarne, Drawieński National Park)
Authors: Klimaszyk Piotr , Heymann Damian
Published: January 2011

Investigations of the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Lake Czarne were conducted in fall 2005 and spring 2006. Samples were taken in three transects (at a depth of 0.5 m and at 5 m intervals).

It was noted that macrobenthos only inhabit depths to 10 m. Laminar sediments from 15 m to 29 m indicate that macrobenthos never inhabit the deepest part of the lake in spite of temporary oxygen abundance (between 15 and 20 m during the winter and spring mixing periods). The largest diversity and biomass of macrozoobenthos was observed in the littoral zone at a depth of 0.5 m. At a depth of 5 m in the characean stands and at a depth of 10 m the number and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly smaller. The reason for the decrease of benthos density seems to be gradual oxygen depletion.
Epizoic communities of Rotifera on freshwater bivalves
Authors: Bołtruszko Joanna
Published: January 2011

The species structure of epizoic communities of Rotifera was analyzed on three species of freshwater bivalves: Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus), A. cygnea (Linnaeus) and Unio tumidus (Philipsson) from lakes and rivers of north-eastern Poland. Epizoic rotifer communities were abundant and relatively rich in species. The communities were mostly built of common littoral species, like Colurella uncinata, Lecane flexilis, Lepadella quadricarinata, Ptygura melicerta. They were accompanied by species typical for pelagic waters (e.g. Trichocerca pusilla, T. similis). Bivalves inhabiting outflows of rivers from Knyszyn Forest had the most diversified and abundant epizoic communities. Large differences were also observed as regards particular species occurrence in different habitats. Maximum numbers of Ptygura melicerta living on the surface of bivalves from rivers accounted for 150 individuals per bivalve specimen, whereas those living on animals from lakes - up to 10 individuals. All studied bivalves were colonized by very large numbers of bdelloids.
Differences in reproduction and condition of Macoma balthica and Mytilus trossulus in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) under anthropogenic influences
Authors: Pierścieniak Karolina , Grzymała Justyna , Wołowicz Maciej
Published: January 2011

Seasonal changes in gametogenesis, spawning behaviour and morphometric parameters of Macoma balthica and Mytilus trossulus from two depth zones in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) were investigated. The studies allowed the authors to make observations of the ecophysiological features of both species and revealed major differences in the weight index between deep and shallow water subpopulations. Both condition and gametogenesis probably depend mainly on the availability of nutrients and on temperature changes. The data showed that Mytilus trossulus spawned earlier at the shallow water station than at the deeper one. No differences were observed between the run of the Baltic clam's reproductive cycle at 10 m and at 75 m depths.
Physicochemical features of Wadi Al-Arab Dam (reservoir), Jordan
Authors: Saadoun Ismail , Batayneh Erwah , Alhandal Adil , Hindieh Muna
Published: January 2011

Variations in physical and chemical conditions were investigated at Wadi Al-Arab Dam Reservoir (Jordan). Mean surface water temperature was 22.5°C and two distinctive temperature layers, epilimnion (down to 15 m, mean temperature 28.6°C) and hypolimnion (down to 35 m, mean temperature 21.1°C) were recognized in May. Minimum water transparency was recorded at 32 cm in July and maximum at 135 cm in August. The mean surface pH (8.0) and salinity (1.54 mg l-1) showed no pattern of variation, with pH values of 9.31-8.1 and 5.1-3.1 recorded between February and July at 0-15 m and 15-35 m, respectively; and higher values of salinity (1.88 mg l-1 and 1.84 mg l-1) in the wet season. Electrical conductivity values ranged between 912 and 1257 μS cm-1, with the highest values in summer. Records at station I and II showed a mean total alkalinity of 541.04 mg l-1 CaCO3 and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 6.2-8.9 mg l-1 with the observation of the highest (8.0 mg l-1) and lowest (4.0 mg l-1) DO values in April at the surface and 15 m, respectively. In May, DO values dropped from 7.31 mg l-1 in the upper layer to 3.85 mg l-1 in the deepest layer. Nutrients as nitrate revealed minimum (0.7 mg l-1 N-NO3) and maximum (30.4 mg l-1 N-NO3) concentrations at the surface in station I and II, respectively. Levels of P-PO4 were also high at stations I and II (0.73 mg l-1 PO4 and 1.02 mg l-1 PO4) in May and June, respectively. However, the minimum value (0.14-0.16 mg l-1 PO4) was recorded in October at both stations. Disolved reactive silica (DRS) levels showed low values of 2.55-11.46 mg l-1 (station I in June) and 2.33-7.60 mg l-1 (station II in May and December), respectively.
Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the French Mediterranean coast
Authors: Gwoździński Krzysztof , Gonciarz Marta , Kilańczyk Ewa , Kowalczyk Aleksandra , Pieniążek Anna , Brichon Gerard
Published: January 2011

Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the French Mediterranean coast

In the present work we have studied some of the indicators of oxidative damage of the digestive gland tissue of two populations of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis: native mussels cultured in an aquaculture farm and contaminated mussels collected from the polluted marine area of the French Mediterranean coast located nearby Tamaris and La Seyne-sur-mer - small towns in close proximity to Toulon.
Partial Differentiation of Real Ternary Functions
Authors: Inoué Takao , Xie Bing , Liang Xiquan
Published: January 2011

Partial Differentiation of Real Ternary Functions

In this article, we shall extend the result of [19] to discuss partial differentiation of real ternary functions (refer to [8] and [16] for partial differentiation).
Fixpoint Theorem for Continuous Functions on Chain-Complete Posets
Authors: Ishida Kazuhisa , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

Fixpoint Theorem for Continuous Functions on Chain-Complete Posets

This text includes the definition of chain-complete poset, fix-point theorem on it, and the definition of the function space of continuous functions on chain-complete posets [10].
Nilpotent Groups
Authors: Li Dailu , Liang Xiquan , Men Yanhong
Published: January 2011

Nilpotent Groups

This article describes the concept of the nilpotent group and some properties of the nilpotent groups.
Representation of the Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers in Terms of Floor and Ceiling
Authors: Jastrzębska Magdalena
Published: January 2011

Representation of the Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers in Terms of Floor and Ceiling

In the paper we show how to express the Fibonacci numbers and Lucas numbers using the floor and ceiling operations.
The Correspondence Between n-dimensional Euclidean Space and the Product of n Real Lines
Authors: Korniłowicz Artur
Published: January 2011

The Correspondence Between n-dimensional Euclidean Space and the Product of n Real Lines

In the article we prove that a family of open n-hypercubes is a basis of n-dimensional Euclidean space. The equality of the space and the product of n real lines has been proven.
The Sum and Product of Finite Sequences of Complex Numbers
Authors: Miyajima Keiichi , Kato Takahiro
Published: January 2011

The Sum and Product of Finite Sequences of Complex Numbers

This article extends the [10]. We define the sum and the product of the sequence of complex numbers, and formalize these theorems. Our method refers to the [11].
On Lp Space Formed by Real-Valued Partial Functions
Authors: Watase Yasushige , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

On Lp Space Formed by Real-Valued Partial Functions

This article is the continuation of [31]. We define the set of Lp integrable functions - the set of all partial functions whose absolute value raised to the p-th power is integrable. We show that Lp integrable functions form the Lp space. We also prove Minkowski's inequality, Hölder's inequality and that Lp space is Banach space ([15], [27]).
Miscellaneous Facts about Open Functions and Continuous Functions
Authors: Korniłowicz Artur
Published: January 2011

Miscellaneous Facts about Open Functions and Continuous Functions

In this article we give definitions of open functions and continuous functions formulated in terms of "balls" of given topological spaces.
Riemann Integral of Functions R into C
Authors: Miyajima Keiichi , Kato Takahiro , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

Riemann Integral of Functions R into C

In this article, we define the Riemann Integral on functions R into C and proof the linearity of this operator. Especially, the Riemann integral of complex functions is constituted by the redefinition about the Riemann sum of complex numbers. Our method refers to the [19].
Differentiation of Vector-Valued Functions on n-Dimensional Real Normed Linear Spaces
Authors: Inoué Takao , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari
Published: January 2011

Differentiation of Vector-Valued Functions on n-Dimensional Real Normed Linear Spaces

In this article, we define and develop differentiation of vector-valued functions on n-dimensional real normed linear spaces (refer to [16] and [17]).
Vitamin D and Pancreatic Cancer—An Update
Authors: Chiang Kun-Chun , Yeh Chun-Nan , Chen Tai C.
Published: January 2011

The non-classical actions of vitamin D, namely anti-proliferation, pro-differentiation, immune function modulation, and anti-inflammation, have received great attention during the past decade, in particular, the potential of vitamin D analogs alone or in combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The association between vitamin D status and the higher incidence of many forms of cancer has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in the etiology of these types of cancer. Although it is still controversial whether this association exists for pancreatic cancer, biochemical evidence clearly indicates pancreatic cancer cells are responsive to the inhibitory effect of vitamin D and its analogs. In this review, we discuss briefly the origin and current therapy of pancreatic cancer, the history, source, metabolism and functions of vitamin D, the recent progress in the epidemiological studies of sunlight, and vitamin D status, and biochemical studies of vitamin D analogs in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
The Effect of Handwashing with Water or Soap on Bacterial Contamination of Hands
Authors: Burton Maxine , Cobb Emma , Donachie Peter , Judah Gaby , Curtis Val , Schmidt Wolf-Peter
Published: January 2011

Handwashing is thought to be effective for the prevention of transmission of diarrhoea pathogens. However it is not conclusive that handwashing with soap is more effective at reducing contamination with bacteria associated with diarrhoea than using water only. In this study 20 volunteers contaminated their hands deliberately by touching door handles and railings in public spaces. They were then allocated at random to (1) handwashing with water, (2) handwashing with non-antibacterial soap and (3) no handwashing. Each volunteer underwent this procedure 24 times, yielding 480 samples overall. Bacteria of potential faecal origin (mostly Enterococcus and Enterobacter spp.) were found after no handwashing in 44% of samples. Handwashing with water alone reduced the presence of bacteria to 23% (p < 0.001). Handwashing with plain soap and water reduced the presence of bacteria to 8% (comparison of both handwashing arms: p < 0.001). The effect did not appear to depend on the bacteria species. Handwashing with non-antibacterial soap and water is more effective for the removal of bacteria of potential faecal origin from hands than handwashing with water alone and should therefore be more useful for the prevention of transmission of diarrhoeal diseases.
Effects of the Molecular Weight and the Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Antitumor Activity
Authors: Park Jae Kweon , Chung Mi Ja , Choi Ha Na , Park Yong Il
Published: January 2011

Effects of the degree of deacetylation (DDA) and the molecular mass of chitosan oligosaccharides (CTS-OS), obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC), on antitumor activity was explored. The DDA and molecular weights of CTS-OS were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. The CTS-OS were found to be a mixture of mainly dimers (18.8%), trimers (24.8%), tetramers (24.9%), pentamers (17.7%), hexamers (7.1%), heptamers (3.3%), and octamers (3.4%). The CTS-OS were further fractionated by gel-filtration chromatography into two major fractions: (1) COS, consisting of glucosamine (GlcN)n, n = 3–5 with DDA 100%; and (2) HOS, consisting of (GlcN)5 as the minimum residues and varying number of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)n, n = 1–2 with DDA about 87.5% in random order. The cytotoxicities, expressed as the concentration needed for 50% cell death (CC50), of CTS-OS, COS, and HOS against PC3 (prostate cancer cell), A549 (lung cancer cell), and HepG2 (hepatoma cell), were determined to be 25 mg∙mL-1, 25 mg∙mL-1, and 50 mg∙mL-1, respectively. The HMWC was approximately 50% less effective than both CTS-OS and COS. These results demonstrate that the molecular weight and DDA of chitosan oligosaccharides are important factors for suppressing cancer cell growth.
Integrating Quickbird Multi-Spectral Satellite and Field Data: Mapping Bathymetry, Seagrass Cover, Seagrass Species and Change in Moreton Bay, Australia in 2004 and 2007
Authors: Lyons Mitchell , Phinn Stuart , Roelfsema Chris
Published: January 2011

Shallow coastal ecosystems are the interface between the terrestrial and marine environment. The physical and biological composition and distribution of benthic habitats within these ecosystems determines their contribution to ecosystem services and biodiversity as well as their connections to neighbouring terrestrial and marine ecosystem processes. The capacity to accurately and consistently map and monitor these benthic habitats is critical to developing and implementing management applications. This paper presents a method for integrating field survey data and high spatial resolution, multi-spectral satellite image data to map bathymetry and seagrass in shallow coastal waters. Using Quickbird 2 satellite images from 2004 and 2007, acoustic field survey data were used to map bathymetry using a linear and ratio algorithm method; benthic survey field data were used to calibrate and validate classifications of seagrass percentage cover and seagrass species composition; and a change detection analysis of seagrass cover was performed. The bathymetry mapping showed that only the linear algorithm could effectively and accurately predict water depth; overall benthic map accuracies ranged from 57–95%; and the change detection produced a reliable change map and showed a net decrease in seagrass cover levels, but the majority of the study area showed no change in seagrass cover level. This study demonstrates that multiple spatial products (bathymetry, seagrass and change maps) can be produced from single satellite images and a concurrent field survey dataset. Moreover, the products were produced at higher spatial resolution and accuracy levels than previous studies in Moreton Bay. The methods are developed from previous work in the study area and are continuing to be implemented, as well as being developed to be repeatable in similar shallow coastal water environments.
Automatic Registration of Airborne and Spaceborne Images by Topology Map Matching with SURF Processor Algorithm
Authors: Brook Anna , Ben-Dor Eyal
Published: January 2011

Image registration is widely used in remote-sensing applications. The existing automatic image registration techniques fall into two categories: Intensity-based and feature-based; the latter (which extracts structures from both images) being more suitable for multi-sensor fusion, detection of temporal changes and image mosaicking. Conventional image registration algorithms have proven to be inaccurate, time-consuming, and unfeasible due to image complexity which makes it cumbersome or even impossible to discern the appropriate control points. In this study, we propose a novel method for automatic image registration based on topology (AIRTop) for change detection and multi‑sensor (airborne and spaceborne) fusion. In this algorithm, we first apply image‑processing methods (SURF—Speeded-Up Robust Features) to extract the landmark structures (roads and buildings) and convert them to a features (vector) map. The following stages are applied in GIS (Geographic Information System), where topology rules, which define the permissible spatial relationships between features, are defined. The relationships between features are established by weight-based topological map-matching algorithm (tMM). The suggested algorithm presents a robust method for image registration. The main focus in this study is on scale and image rotation, when the quality of the scanning system is constant. These seem to offer a good compromise between feature complexity and robustness to commonly occurring deformations. The skew and the anisotropic scaling are assumed to be second-order effects that are covered to some degree by the overall robustness of the sensor.
A Laser-Based Vision System for Weld Quality Inspection
Authors: Huang Wei , Kovacevic Radovan
Published: January 2011

Welding is a very complex process in which the final weld quality can be affected by many process parameters. In order to inspect the weld quality and detect the presence of various weld defects, different methods and systems are studied and developed. In this paper, a laser-based vision system is developed for non-destructive weld quality inspection. The vision sensor is designed based on the principle of laser triangulation. By processing the images acquired from the vision sensor, the geometrical features of the weld can be obtained. Through the visual analysis of the acquired 3D profiles of the weld, the presences as well as the positions and sizes of the weld defects can be accurately identified and therefore, the non-destructive weld quality inspection can be achieved.
La politique religieuse de la Chine au Tibet
Authors: Jagou Fabienne
Published: January 2011

La situation politique et religieuse tibétaine a considérablement changé depuis l'entrée de l'armée chinoise au Tibet en 1950. À partir de cette date, la Chine exerça au Tibet une politique équivalente à celle qu'elle imposa à ses habitants, notamment en matière religieuse. Compte tenu des spécificités bouddhiques du Tibet, la politique religieuse y fut menée de façon radicale. Elle attaquait les fondements de la culture tibétaine : le monastère, les moines et les maîtres réincarnés. Les monastères furent donc tour à tour détruits, rénovés et fermés. Les moines durent se séculariser, puis des ordinations furent autorisées et strictement réglementées. Les maîtres réincarnés, après avoir subi le même sort que les moines, furent récupérés par le gouvernement chinois pour l'aider à appliquer sa politique au Tibet.
Le principe de séparation de l'État et de la religion : aperçus sur le rôle du fait religieux dans les institutions et la vie politique japonaises
Authors: Seizelet Eric
Published: January 2011

Prime minister Mori Yoshirô's recent statements describing Japan as the "land of the gods", along with the coalition government formed in October 1999 by the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP, Jimintô), the Liberal Party and the New Kômeitô, focused the spotlight on debates about the separation between religion and state as well as about the political influence of religious organizations. The democratization of political institutions following WWII did much to both disestablish state Shinto and free religious activities from governmental control. At the same time however, it let religious groups play an active part, on the side of the government or of the opposition, in political and ideological confrontations around constitutional issues. Although these groups were not in a position to continually sway political decision-making, some of them did manage to influence the ideology and program of conservatives and rally electoral support for them. The 1994 modification of the law for electing the lower house of parliament reduced the weight of the "religious vote", but the instability of voting patterns and the fragility of successive coalition cabinets since 1993 have forced the LDP to rely on organized blocs of voters, such as the Sôka gakkai' s one, even though this might entail a major shift in its relations with the religious organizations supporting it.
Politique et religion en Thaïlande : dépendance et responsabilité
Authors: Gabaude Louis
Published: January 2011

In Thailand, the relations between religion and politics are still grounded in ancient world-views wherein karma defines the person's individual situation and the king guarantees the Dharma (or World Order). Dharma has a religious side as well, as exposed in the Buddha's teachings and transmitted by the Sangha (community of Buddhist monks). Accordingly, the king could not only use the Sangha (religion) for the benefit of Dharma (politics), but even intervene in the Sangha' s life to make it truer to its own Dharma (the rule bequeathed by the Buddha, or Vinaya). Since the establishment of the constitutional monarchy, the king still benefits from this traditional view even though daily political responsibilities are no longer his. Governments have used the Sangha to implement some important policies such as the construction of a Thai identity or the struggle against communism. But now that society is more open, they lack the kind of legitimacy that used to allow the king to discipline the Sangha. For their part, the monks want both more protection and more independence.
La robe et le fusil : le bouddhisme et la dictature militaire en Birmanie
Authors: Sisley John
Published: January 2011

Since 1962, the Burmese army has imposed a dictatorship justified as the Burmese Way to Socialism till 1988, and then inclined towards a market economy and based on traditional Buddhist values. Laden with honors and prebends, the Buddhist Sangha hierarchy overlooks deteriorating religious ethics and supports the junta's policy of exploiting the country's natural and human ressources. The population, imbued as it is with religious values, is caught between the traditional moral order preached by the monks and the political order imposed by the military. Religion is a fundamental factor in legitimating the junta's power. It inhibits yearnings for democracy and helps perpetuate the country's social and economic underdevelopment.
De la monarchie monastique à la séparation neutre : quatre siècles de relations passionnées entre politique et religion aux Philippines
Authors: Gazano Antoine
Published: January 2011

Filipino culture has a strong reference to religion given its history of religious - both native and foreign - influences. Since 1565, the state-church relationship (mainly with the Catholic Church) bears the deep marks left by this past. The legal framework of this relationship has evolved from union to neutral separation. Religions in the Philippines often convey opposite values and rules of conduct. Since 1987, the Catholic Church has progressively abandoned the political area and shifted its action to social grounds. Muslims, a minority in the southern Philippines, have developed an Islamic counterculture that challenges national stability in the name of a religious ideals gone astray.
Indonésie : de la tolérance religieuse à la guerre de religions ?
Authors: Raillon François
Published: January 2011

L'Indonésie multi-ethnique et pluri-religieuse, qui prétendait offrir un modèle de tolérance à l'époque du général Soeharto, est hantée aujourd'hui par le spectre de la guerre de religions. Cette situation conflictuelle est-elle due au dégel socio- politique de la transition démocratique et à la crise économique ? Ou était-elle déjà inscrite dans l'Indonésie soehartoïste qui maintenait la paix religieuse par des consensus forcés ? L'auteur examine cette question essentielle pour l'avenir de l'archipel, dont l'unité est menacée par les fondamentalismes et les séparatismes, en analysant les rapports complexes du religieux avec l'identité nationale, l'État, les partis politiques et la démocratie.
Sous-traitance internationale de façonnage et trafic de perfectionnement passif entre les pays de l'Union européenne et de l'Europe de l'Est
Authors: Andreff Wladimir , Andreff Madeleine , Boudier-Bensebaa Fabienne
Published: January 2011

La sous-traitance internationale de façonnage avec trafic de perfectionnement passif (TPP) se caractérise par l'exportation (d'un pays de l'Union européenne - UE) de biens intermédiaires ou de pièces détachées liée à une ré-importation de produits finis ou semi-finis. L'article en précise les règles et le régime douanier (pour le TPP avec les pays d'Europe de l'Est), les avantages et les inconvénients pour les pays d'origine et les pays d'accueil, les déterminants qui poussent les firmes européennes à délocaliser de cette façon un segment de leur production à l'Est, ainsi que le caractère transitoire de cette modalité de pénétration dans les pays d'Europe de l'Est. L'étude empirique du TPP entre l'ensemble de l'UE et ces pays fait apparaître son déclin relatif de 1993 à 1997, sa concentration sur quatre pays d'accueil et sur peu de secteurs (surtout le textile et l'habillement). Une analyse statistique indique les différences fines de spécialisation dans le TPP, selon les pays de l'Est, par delà la tendance générale à son développement dans des branches d'activité de faible technologie et à forte intensité en travail.
Stratégies multinationales et trafic de perfectionnement passif entre l'Italie et les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale : le cas du textile-habillement
Authors: Balcet Giovanni , Vitali Giampaolo
Published: January 2011

Among the most significant changes in the pattern of Italian foreign direct investments during the 1990s were : the growing role of traditional industries and the tendency for such investments to be made in Central and Eastern Europe. As a consequence, the internationalization of Italian firms tends to correspond to trade patterns, highly concentrated in traditional sectors and in mechanical engineering. Fast- growing medium-sized companies and groups, usually family-owned, have become the new actors in this phase of international expansion. The textile and clothing industry illustrates this new trend. The relation between the international expansion of Italian firms in the CEECs, as expressed by turnover and employment in their foreign affiliates, is analyzed along with the creation of foreign trade and outward processing trade in this zone. The impact of industrial redeployment on business and employment in Italy, as well as related policy issues, come under discussion.
Le trafic de perfectionnement passif entre la France et les pays d'Europe de l'Est : se substitue-t-il au TPP France-Maghreb ?
Authors: Andreff Madeleine , Andreff Wladimir
Published: January 2011

L'article débute par une étude macroéconomique quantitative comparant le trafic de perfectionnement passif (TPP) de la France avec les pays d'Europe de l'Est (PEE), d'une part, et avec les pays du Maghreb, d'autre part : orientation géographique, concentration sectorielle (surtout textile et habillement), avantages et désavantages comparés des différents partenaires de la France dans le TPP. Cette étude fait apparaître plusieurs spécificités de la France par rapport à l'Union europénne dans le TPP avec les PEE. On observe ensuite, entre 1993 et 1997, une substitution des exportations en TPP de la France vers les PEE à celles orientées vers le Maghreb et un effet d'éviction du Maghreb par les PEE dans les réimportations en TPP de la France. Durant cette période, l'investissement direct étranger (IDE) de la France se substitue au TPP dans les PEE, alors qu'au Maghreb, les exportations en TPP évincent l'IDE français. La première substitution s'explique par l'amélioration du cadre institutionnel et la diminution du risque-pays dans les PEE, plutôt que par l'évolution de leurs coûts unitaires du travail.
Transition et ouverture aux échanges : les facteurs de compétitivité dans les entreprises hongroises
Authors: Salabert-Céré Sylvie
Published: January 2011

The opening of Central and Eastern European countries to world markets during the transition process and the conditions for EU access, as set in 1993, lead us to inquire into Eastern Europe's ability to cope with international competition. This empirical study investigates the competitiveness of Hungarian firms. It is often thought that production costs are the only advantage that CEECs have in international competition. Herein, these costs are placed in the context of other competitiveness factors, examined through 176 variables. Key determinants are brought to light through a principal components analysis and a Pls regression : foreign direct investments rank first, followed by the adaptation of products to local needs, the market share and the product itself. Production costs come in fifth.
Le modèle de réforme préconisé par le FMI en Russie : entre inertie et changement
Authors: Jordan Anouk
Published: January 2011

In the second half of the 1990s, the IMF became heavily involved in financing the Russian transition, but was unable to foster fast reforms or to prevent the August 1998 financial crash. These disappointments have been interpreted in opposite ways. For some pundits, the IMF was much too imprudent ; for others, much too conformist. As the author's review of this debate shows, the IMF's model of interventions in Russia changed in contradictory ways between 1996 and 1998 : on the one hand, targets were redefined so as to favor institutional reforms ; but on the other, the conditions for IMF interventions were loosened out of support for Yeltsin and his allies and out of fear lest foreign capital suddenly start leaving the country. The IMF did not fail in Russia because it overlooked the importance of reforming institutions but because it had two other assignments incompatible with the principle of placing strict conditions on financing, namely : its backing of "reformers" and its promotion of "financial globalization".
La conformité du secteur des télécommunications en Bulgarie aux règles de l'acquis communautaire
Authors: Borissova Lora
Published: January 2011

The present study analyses some legal problems of the telecommunications sector in Bulgaria. As part of the Helsinki group, Bulgaria, like the other countries applying for EU membership, has to restructure its economy and make it competitive in order to comply with the 1993 Copenhagen economic criteria. The Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) must amend legislation and open several strategic sectors, such as telecommunications, energy and transport, to competition. A dynamic economy, characterised by more growth and efficiency, is the target towards a successful enlargement of the EU.
L'Allemagne et l'est européen. Le défi d'une configuration intégrative de l'Europe
Authors: Martens Stephan
Published: January 2011

Its eastern neighbors see reunified Germany as an advocate for their return to Europe, a mediator of security issues with Russia, and a necessary actor for economic prosperity. This perfectly corresponds to Germany's interests: German leaders are endeavoring to export stability eastwards (opening up NATO and the EU) in order to avoid importing instability westwards. Central European countries do not want to become the safety cordon along the eastern border of a bigger EU or NATO, since these institutions may not admit the next ring of countries to the east as members. Generally seen as the central power in Europe, Germany will always play a leading role. German leaders have the objective of, in agreement with their partners to the west, integrating eastern countries in a peaceful European order. However, Germany's pragmatic trade policy gives no evidence of an eastward drift. German foreign policy is determined by the primacy given to multilateralism. Europe's future is seen in the framework of EU-NATO institutions.
L'évolution des orientations axiologiques de l'élite économique post-communiste en Lituanie, 1999-2000
Authors: Matonyte Irmina
Published: January 2011

II y a dix ans, le régime soviétique s'est effondré en Europe centrale et orientale. Depuis lors, on peut raisonnablement parler de l'émergence d'une élite économique post-soviétique puisque son existence même dépend de l'autonomie de la sphère économique. Son développement est lié à la légitimation de la propriété et de l'initiative privées, à l'introduction des principes de l'économie de marché et à l'ouverture des économies au capital étranger et au commerce international. Structurellement, elle regroupe les décideurs des domaines politico-économique, économico-administratif, bancaire et des entreprises publiques et privées. L'élite économique des entrepreneurs est centrifuge, elle libère des forces sociales créatrices et accélère les changements au sein de l'élite au pouvoir. Après avoir cherché à définir et conceptualiser sa problématique, l'auteur s'intéresse plus précisément à l'élite économique lituanienne et à l'évolution de ses orientations axiologiques.
Le terrain contesté de la privatisation croate et le rôle des stakeholders
Authors: Franicevic Vojmir , Sisek Boris
Published: January 2011

The role and impact of privatisation-related stakeholders' activities is analyzed; and an attempt, made at a classification. The model and processes of privatization in Croatia is reviewed; and attention drawn to the ways selected groups of outside owners were given priority. A distinctive brand of "tycoon capitalism" has arisen, but is now in the throes of a crisis, as serious efficiency and equity problems have cropped up. Furthermore, political pressure is mounting in favor of reviewing the privatization process, and even questioning the very legitimacy of privatization. Stakeholders, particularly small shareholders, employees and local communities, self-organized or supported by the labor unions, are trying to cope with privatization and defend their rights, which have been alienated to outside owners or to the state as a majority owner in numerous firms. Examples of stakeholders' activism in twelve different companies are presented; and broader issues, discussed.
Le statut juridique et les institutions des villes russes face aux réformes décentralisatrices : une complexité croissante
Authors: Gazier Anne
Published: January 2011

Les villes russes sont, depuis une dizaine d'années, au cœur des réformes visant à instaurer, au niveau infra-régional, l'"auto-administration locale". Ces réformes, qui avaient vocation à s'appliquer à toutes les villes, ont eu d'importantes incidences sur leur statut juridique et leurs institutions. Toutefois, en raison notamment des obstacles posés à leur accomplissement par la plupart des pouvoirs régionaux, elles sont loin d'avoir permis aux agglomérations urbaines de bénéficier d'une décentralisation véritable et uniforme dans l'ensemble du pays. D'une part, en effet, si la majorité des villes sont considérées comme des "formations municipales" et censées disposer, à ce titre, de la très large autonomie reconnue par les textes et par la jurisprudence de la Cour constitutionnelle, un nombre croissant d'entre elles échappent à l'application de l'auto-admi- nistration locale pour être placées sous la subordination des autorités régionales. D'autre part, la tendance est à la différenciation du statut des villes. Elles sont ainsi réparties, selon leur importance administrative et territoriale, entre des catégories soumises à des régimes distincts, qui sont fixés par la législation régionale. Certaines d'entre elles, estimées "stratégiques" par le pouvoir central - les villes d'importance fédérale, les villes fermées et les villes scientifiques -, font, de leur côté, l'objet d'un véritable statut particulier.
La coopération intermunicipale : problèmes de conceptualisation juridique et d'utilisation de l'expérience étrangère (à partir de l'exemple de la coopération entre les villes de la région d'Irkoutsk)
Authors: Gricenko Elena
Published: January 2011

Le droit à la coopération est un élément important du droit de l' auto-administration locale. Pour mieux faire comprendre comment les villes réalisent ce droit, il est indispensable de mettre en lumière les spécificités de leur statut juridique en tant que sujets du droit à l'auto-administration locale dans la législation fédérale et régionale russe. À partir de l'exemple des villes de la région d'Irkoutsk, sont analysés les fondements juridiques de la coopération intermunicipale et l'efficacité des relations qui en résultent. Les associations de formations municipales sont également étudiées en prenant pour sources le statut des associations municipales de la région d'Irkoutsk, le statut des associations interrégionales (à travers l'exemple de l'Association des villes sibériennes et d'Extrême-Orient) et de niveau fédéral. L'utilisation de l'expérience étrangère (notamment allemande) dans le processus d'évolution et de développement des relations intermunicipales en Russie se voit accorder une place particulière et des recommandations sont émises dans le but de perfectionner la législation et d'améliorer l'efficacité de la coopération intermunicipale.
Dix ans de conflit. Les autorités municipales face à l'administration régionale à Omsk
Authors: Le Huérou Anne
Published: January 2011

During the past ten years, several conflicts have marked the relations between regions (oblasti) and big cities in Russia: personal rivalries, conflicts of interest over privatization, struggles to control the economic and financial resources for regional development. The chronicles of this decade in the Omsk Region (western Siberia) reflects changes in the relations between the federal center and regions, and sheds light on institutional and political misunderstandings about local self-administration, which has lost out in the configuration of powers that has emerged.
Construction du politique et fabrication du patrimoine dans un quartier de Moscou : le Soviet d'autogestion de la cité-jardin "Sokol"
Authors: Carton De Grammont Sarah
Published: January 2011

To understand the emergence and institutionalisation over the past twelve years of self-management in the Sokol Garden City in Moscow, we must go back to Communist times and bear in mind both the history of housing and the social history of this particular neighbourhood. What now seems to be interprétable as the rediscovery of original traditions of self-management has very much to do with the antagonism between a state administrative structure (the JEK) for managing housing and a structure (the Domkom) set up in the 1960s by a group of inhabitants ("Soviet bourgeoisie") who were in danger of losing social status.
La municipalisation complexe de la "sphère sociale" des entreprises russes : un aspect important et méconnu de la transition économique et sociale
Authors: Lefèvre Cécile
Published: January 2011

The traditionally well-developed "social sphere" refers to the services delivered by Russian companies at the workplace. Privatizing firms has raised questions about the ownership, liability, management... and future of this sphere. Its transfer toward local authorities started in 1993, and took the form of "municipalization" - a transfer toward urban authorities - in late 1994. Far from being simple and linear, municipalization is still a partial, heterogeneous process. It has served as a litmus test for relations between cities and firms and, in some cases, has led to redefining their roles in providing welfare and social services to the local population.
La « question du logement », l'appartement communautaire et la privatisation de l'habitat à Moscou
Authors: Azarova Katerina
Published: January 2011

Au cours de l'époque soviétique, les caractéristiques essentielles de l'économie socialiste influencent les formes de l'habitat et leurs fonctions. La plus typique de ces formes - l'appartement communautaire, organisé dans les années vingt pour combler temporairement le manque de logement - devient permanente et très largement répandue dans les villes. Malgré les tentatives des gouvernements successifs de supprimer ce type de logement, ce n'est qu'avec la fin du régime soviétique et la restauration de la propriété privée que commence la décollectivisation massive des logements communautaires, déclenchée notamment par l'apparition d'une demande de grands logements prestigieux pour la nouvelle élite. Les formes soviétiques de l'habitat s'adaptent ainsi aux nouvelles conditions en suivant des modèles identifiés comme occidentaux. Par ailleurs, le besoin d'appartements de grand standing va rapidement épuiser les possibilités de logement existantes et déterminer l'apparition d'un parc immobilier nouveau. La publicité pour ces nouveaux logements destinés à l'élite semble mettre en scène une utopie hédoniste, qui se veut à la fois conforme aux standards européens et tout à fait inédite.
Apport et réception française de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires : approche sociolinguistique
Authors: Viaut André
Published: January 2011

La Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires est une convention internationale qui a été proposée à l'adhésion des États membres du Conseil de l'Europe en 1992. Son élaboration remontait au début des années 1980 et elle ne put commencer à être mise en application qu'à partir de 1998. Après cette phase d'émergence un peu longue, elle connaît maintenant du succès depuis que de nombreux grands pays, notamment d'Europe occidentale, y ont adhéré, la France étant un des seuls à ne pas l'avoir fait en s'appuyant sur des conceptions de monolinguisme officiel et public très strict. Seul texte international à être aussi spécialisé dans ce domaine, la Charte ne concerne cependant ni les langues de migrants ni les dialectes. Elle a pour but la protection des langues régionales ou minoritaires sans que des territoires leur correspondent forcément. Les conditions d'adhésion sont souples puisque, par rapport à une centaine de dispositions et sur une base incompressible minimale (préambule et parties I et II), la ratification peut être validée à partir de 35 dispositions souscrites. Le résultat déjà observable est celui d'un standard européen en train de se dégager en matière de protection et de promotion de ces langues dans la vie privée et publique.
La sécurité en Europe centrale et orientale : un système en cours de changement
Authors: Kanet Roger E. , Ibryamova Nouray V.
Published: January 2011

La fin de la guerre froide a mis un terme à une période de division nette de l'Europe entre l'Est et l'Ouest, l'un étant étroitement lié, pour la sécurité ou pour d'autres desseins, à l'Union soviétique et l'autre aux États-Unis. Avec l'effondrement du Pacte de Varsovie en 1991 et la hâte de ses anciens membres à intégrer des structures d'organisation jusque-là occidentales, la définition de « l'Europe » est devenue imprécise. L'Occident a réagi en promouvant l'élargissement vers l'est aussi bien de l'OTAN que de l'Union européenne car il y voyait, entre autres objectifs, un moyen d'étendre la « zone de paix » à l'Europe du Centre et du Sud-Est. La préoccupation et l'opposition que l'extension de l'OTAN suscitaient en Russie étaient largement ignorées par Washington et ses alliés. Depuis les attaques terroristes du 1 1 septembre 2001 aux États- Unis, la Russie du président Poutine a mis une sourdine à ses revendications et mène une politique de collaboration avec les États-Unis et l'Europe occidentale.
Les privatisations à l'Est : une question de marchandage politico-économique
Authors: Labaronne Daniel
Published: January 2011

This article proposes a political economy of privatization in eastern Europe during the transition period. The normative, standard hypothesis of a welfare state is contrasted with a much more realistic conception based on an imperfect state. Thanks to this hypothesis, a positive analysis is made of the behavior of the political actors involved in defining and implementing public privatization policies. National privatization strategies are made endogenous by taking them to be dependent on existing interactions between political actors and pressure groups. Initial political choices made about privatization have affected the way economic reforms have been carried out, as the new elite produced by privatization has sped up or blocked reforms as a function of its own interests. Questions are raised about the factors that could, in the definition of public policies during the transition era, limit both the margin of maneuver for elected officials and the influence of pressure groups.
La trajectoire de transformation est-allemande : entre sismothérapie et assistanat
Authors: Boudier-Bensebaa Fabienne
Published: January 2011

The specific conditions of German reunification have led to reducing the switch from a centrally planned to a market economy in former East Germany to a macroeconomic problem of "catching up". Systemic problems have thus been covered up. Our initial hypothesis affirms, to the contrary, that the new German states should be subjected to studies of a systemic sort. After inquiring into the grounds for the choices made regarding systemic change in East Germany, the question is raised about the extent to which reunification has been a favorable condition. The detours away from initially traced plans and in relation to a social market economy's norms are discussed.
La Treuhandanstalt et son rôle dans la privatisation est-allemande : un cas exemplaire ?
Authors: Massol Joël
Published: January 2011

L'article met en évidence les traits spécifiques de la privatisation est-allemande. Il souligne le rôle joué par la Treuhandanstalt (THA), pierre angulaire du processus de transformation des entreprises industrielles de l'ancienne RDA, et expose notamment les logiques multiples, et parfois contradictoires, qui ont présidé aux décisions de la THA entre 1990 et 1994. Il dresse un bilan contrasté de cette institution en examinant les résultats obtenus à la lumière des engagements initiaux. Une étude empirique portant sur un échantillon de 396 entreprises du secteur de la construction mécanique complète ce bilan. Elle montre que les décisions de liquidation, de restructuration et de privatisation prises par la THA sont certes différentes, mais sous-tendues par une logique microéconomique qui n'exclut pas la prise en compte d'autres critères. L'article s'attache enfin à tirer les enseignements de la privatisation est-allemande. Il relève aussi les erreurs et les écueils d'ordre théorique, politique et économique que la voie allemande n'a pas évités et dont les nouveaux Lander portent aujourd'hui encore les stigmates.