bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphine decreases ticagrelor concentrations but not its antiplatelet effects: a randomized trial in healthy volunteers
Authors: Hobl Eva‐Luise , Reiter Birgit , Schoergenhofer Christian , Schwameis Michael , Derhaschnig Ulla , Kubica Jacek , Stimpfl Thomas , Jilma Bernd
Published: October 2015

Background

Our recent drug interaction trial with clopidogrel shows that morphine decreases the concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects of clopidogrel, which could lead to treatment failure in susceptible individuals.

We hypothesized that the pharmacodynamic consequences of drug–drug interactions would be less between morphine and ticagrelor.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐four healthy subjects received a loading dose of 180 mg ticagrelor together with placebo or 5 mg morphine intravenously in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial. Pharmacokinetics were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and ticagrelor pharmacodynamic effects were measured by platelet function tests (whole blood platelet aggregation: multiplate, platelet plug formation: PFA‐100, vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation assay).

Results

Concomitant i.v. injection of morphine slows drug resorption of ticagrelor and its active metabolite (P < 0·05) by 1 h and decreases plasma levels of ticagrelor and its active metabolite by 25–31% (P ≤ 0·03) and the drug exposure (area under the curve) by 22–23% (P ≤ 0·01). Importantly, however, the pharmacodynamic effects of ticagrelor on platelet aggregation in whole blood, platelet plug formation and VASP phosphorylation are not affected by morphine.

Conclusions

Morphine co‐administration moderately decreases ticagrelor plasma concentrations but does not inhibit its pharmacodynamic effects in healthy volunteers within 6 h after drug administration.

Limitations of our trial include the investigation in healthy volunteers under standardized conditions, which does not necessarily reflect a realistic emergency scenario.
Ca2+–BK channel clusters in olfactory receptor neurons and their role in odour coding
Authors: Bao Guobin , de Jong Daniëlle , Alevra Mihai , Schild Detlev
Published: October 2015

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) have high‐voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels whose physiological impact has remained enigmatic since the voltage‐gated conductances in this cell type were first described in the 1980s. Here we show that in ORN somata of Xenopus laevis tadpoles these channels are clustered and co‐expressed with large‐conductance potassium (BK) channels. We found approximately five clusters per ORN and twelve Ca2+ channels per cluster. The action potential‐triggered activation of BK channels accelerates the repolarization of action potentials and shortens interspike intervals during odour responses. This increases the sensitivity of individual ORNs to odorants. At the level of mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, odour qualities have been shown to be coded by first‐spike‐latency patterns. The system of Ca2+ and BK channels in ORNs appears to be important for correct odour coding because the blockage of BK channels not only affects ORN spiking patterns but also changes the latency pattern representation of odours in the olfactory bulb.
Petroleum demand forecasting for Taiwan using modified fuzzy‐grey algorithms
Authors: Lu Shin‐Li , Tsai Chen‐Fang
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we adopt the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method to develop the residual modification EWMA grey forecasting model REGM(1,1) and combines it with fuzzy theory to derive the fuzzy REGM or the FREGM(1,1) model. The proposed model is used to forecast annual petroleum demand in Taiwan. The experimental results show that the mean absolute percentage errors, median absolute percentage error, and symmetric mean absolute percentage error of FREGM(1,1) model are higher by 23.71, 12.26, and 23.06% respectively, compared with those obtained using the traditional GM(1,1) model.
Decoupling of greenhouse gas emissions from global agricultural production: 1970–2050
Authors: Bennetzen Eskild H. , Smith Pete , Porter John R.
Published: October 2015

Since 1970 global agricultural production has more than doubled; contributing ~1/4 of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) burden in 2010. Food production must increase to feed our growing demands, but to address climate change, GHG emissions must decrease. Using an identity approach, we estimate and analyse past trends in GHG emission intensities from global agricultural production and land‐use change and project potential future emissions. The novel Kaya–Porter identity framework deconstructs the entity of emissions from a mix of multiple sources of GHGs into attributable elements allowing not only a combined analysis of the total level of all emissions jointly with emissions per unit area and emissions per unit product. It also allows us to examine how a change in emissions from a given source contributes to the change in total emissions over time. We show that agricultural production and GHGs have been steadily decoupled over recent decades. Emissions peaked in 1991 at ~12 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 and have not exceeded this since. Since 1970 GHG emissions per unit product have declined by 39% and 44% for crop‐ and livestock‐production, respectively. Except for the energy‐use component of farming, emissions from all sources have increased less than agricultural production. Our projected business‐as‐usual range suggests that emissions may be further decoupled by 20–55% giving absolute agricultural emissions of 8.2–14.5 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 by 2050, significantly lower than many previous estimates that do not allow for decoupling. Beyond this, several additional costcompetitive mitigation measures could reduce emissions further. However, agricultural GHG emissions can only be reduced to a certain level and a simultaneous focus on other parts of the food‐system is necessary to increase food security whilst reducing emissions. The identity approach presented here could be used as a methodological framework for more holistic food systems analysis.
Why Quotas Are Needed to Improve Women's Access to Services in Clientelistic Regimes
Authors: Benstead Lindsay J.
Published: October 2015

Using data from a survey of 200 Moroccan and Algerian parliamentarians, this article assesses the relationship between parliamentarian gender, quotas, and constituency service provision to females. The findings suggest that while electing women increases service provision to females, quotas are needed to create mandates in clientelistic, patriarchal settings, where serving women is a less effective electoral strategy than serving men. Deputies elected through quotas are more responsive to women than members of either sex elected without quotas. The article extends a theory of homosocial capital to explain gender gaps in parliamentarians' supply of and citizens' demand for services. By demonstrating a novel mandate effect and framing mandates in a positive light, the article extends the literature on gender, representation, and clientelism; urges scholars to examine service representation; and supports quotas to promote women's access to services, political participation, and electability.
Eating disorder professionals’ perceptions of oral health knowledge
Authors: Johnson LB , Boyd LD , Rainchuso L , Rothman A , Mayer B
Published: October 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the oral health knowledge among professionals who specialize in treating eating disorders, and identify to what extent their education, and training addresses oral health care delivery, and recommendations for individuals with eating disorders.

Method

Participants for this study were licensed behavioural and medical providers specializing in eating disorder treatment (n = 107), and recruited through professional eating disorder organizations. Participants completed an anonymous, online questionnaire (33 items) assessing level of oral health‐related education, knowledge and treatment recommendations within the participant's respective eating disorder discipline.

Results

The majority of respondents (85%) were formally trained in eating disorders, and of those trained, 64.4% were not satisfied with the level of oral health education during formal education, and 19.5% report no oral health education. Respondents consider their knowledge of risk of oral disease for their clients/patients as average or above (84%), and ranked tooth erosion as the greatest reason for oral care (63%) while dry mouth led in the rankings for least significant reason for oral care (33%). Referral for oral care was found to be more common after reports of complication (55%).

Discussion

According to these findings, eating disorder professionals regard oral health care for their clients as significant, and may be unaware of associated oral risk factors, current oral care standards and long‐term oral effects of disordered eating apart from enamel erosion.
Validation of active surveillance criteria for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men
Authors: Yamada Yasutaka , Sakamoto Shinichi , Sazuka Tomokazu , Goto Yusuke , Kawamura Koji , Imamoto Takashi , Nihei Naoki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Akakura Koichiro , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: October 2015

Objectives

To validate the ability of contemporary active surveillance protocols to predict pathologically insignificant prostate cancer among Asian men undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data on 132 patients eligible for any active surveillance criteria out of 450 patients that underwent radical prostatectomy at several institutions between 2006 and 2013. We validated the ability of seven contemporary active surveillance protocols to predict pathologically insignificant prostate cancer. Traditional and updated criteria to define pathologically insignificant prostate cancer were used. Predictive factors for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer were determined by logistic regression analysis.

Results

The predictive rate for updated pathologically insignificant prostate cancer of respective active surveillance criteria was 51% for Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, 41% for Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance Study, 39% for University of Miami, 32% for University of California, San Francisco, 32% for Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center, 31% for Kakehi and 27% for University of Toronto. Predictive rates for pathologically insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men were far lower than in USA men. On multivariate analysis, predictive factors of updated pathologically insignificant cancer was prostate volume (odds ratio 1.07, P = 0.004). By adding prostate volume to Prostate Cancer Research International: Active Surveillance Study criteria, the predictive rate for updated insignificant prostate cancer was improved up to 66.7%.

Conclusions

Active surveillance can be carried out considering the clinical characteristics of prostate cancers depending on ethnicity, as current active surveillance criteria seem to have a lower predictive ability value of insignificant prostate cancer in Asian men compared with men in Western countries.
Contribution of Fcγ receptors to human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and the impairment of T‐cell activation by dendritic cells
Authors: Gómez Roberto S. , Ramirez Bruno A. , Céspedes Pablo F. , Cautivo Kelly M. , Riquelme Sebastián A. , Prado Carolina E. , González Pablo A. , Kalergis Alexis M.
Published: October 2015

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization related to respiratory disease. Infection with hRSV produces abundant infiltration of immune cells into the airways, which combined with an exacerbated pro‐inflammatory immune response can lead to significant damage to the lungs. Human RSV re‐infection is extremely frequent, suggesting that this virus may have evolved molecular mechanisms that interfere with host adaptive immunity. Infection with hRSV can be reduced by administering a humanized neutralizing antibody against the virus fusion protein in high‐risk infants. Although neutralizing antibodies against hRSV effectively block the infection of airway epithelial cells, here we show that both, bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) and lung DCs undergo infection with IgG‐coated virus (hRSV‐IC), albeit abortive. Yet, this is enough to negatively modulate DC function. We observed that such a process is mediated by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) expressed on the surface of DCs. Remarkably, we also observed that in the absence of hRSV‐specific antibodies FcγRIII knockout mice displayed significantly less cellular infiltration in the lungs after hRSV infection, compared with wild‐type mice, suggesting a potentially harmful, IgG‐independent role for this receptor in hRSV disease. Our findings support the notion that FcγRs can contribute significantly to the modulation of DC function by hRSV and hRSV‐IC. Further, we provide evidence for an involvement of FcγRIII in the development of hRSV pathogenesis.
Fiscal Competition and Growth When Capital Is Imperfectly Mobile*
Authors: Becker Daniel , Rauscher Michael
Published: October 2015

Is tax competition good for economic growth? We address this question using a simple model of endogenous growth. Governments in a system of many small jurisdictions benevolently maximize the welfare of immobile residents. Quadratic (de‐)installation costs limit the mobility of capital. We look at optimal taxation and long‐run growth, and we analyse the effects of cost parameter variations on taxation and growth. A race to the bottom in capital tax rates is only one possibility; the relationship between capital mobility and capital tax rates is not monotonic. Growth and capital mobility are unambiguously positively related.
Information and College Access: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment*
Authors: Oreopoulos Philip , Dunn Ryan
Published: October 2015

High‐school students from disadvantaged high schools in Toronto were invited to take two surveys, about three weeks apart. Half of the students taking the first survey were also shown a three‐minute video about the benefits of post‐secondary education (PSE) and were invited to try out a financial‐aid calculator. Most students’ perceived returns to PSE were high, even among those not expecting to continue. Those exposed to the video, especially those initially unsure about their own educational attainment, reported significantly higher expected returns and lower concerns about costs, and expressed a greater likelihood of PSE attainment.
Nano‐Engineered Cements with Enhanced Mechanical Performance
Authors: Sobolev Konstantin , Lin Zhibin , Flores‐Vivian Ismael , Pradoto Rani
Published: October 2015

This article reports on the effect of liquid‐state mechano‐chemical activation on performance of nano‐engineered cements (NEC). Microstructural characterization of NEC and contribution of activated cement (AC) phase were investigated using dynamic light scattering, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and isothermal conduction calorimetry techniques. The effect of different parameters of liquid‐state activation, such as duration of activation and the composition of the AC is reported. Due to intensive milling and hydration, the AC is composed of up to 25% of nano‐ and submicrometer‐ sized cement grains and products of hydration, mainly, C–S–H and ettringite. Different quantities of AC (at 10%–30% cement replacing levels) were tested in NEC mortars. The compressive strength of NEC based materials with different types and dosages of AC was investigated. Research results demonstrated that proposed “top‐down” approach for production of nano‐sized and submicrometer phases of AC acting as seeds increases the rate of cement hydration and improves the compressive strength of cement‐based composites.
Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering of BiCuSeO Oxyselenide: Synthesis Process and Thermoelectric Properties
Authors: Wu Jin , Li Fu , Wei Tian‐Ran , Ge Zhenhua , Kang Feiyu , He Jiaqing , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: October 2015

BiCuSeO is a promising thermoelectric material but needs a complicated synthesis process. In this work, fine‐grained BiCuSeO samples with high phase purity were synthesized by a combination of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). It is found that BiCuSeO compounds can be formed by the reaction between BiSe and CuO, after BiSe appeared firstly when using Bi, Se, and CuO as raw materials during MA process. The electrical conductivity of the corresponding bulk attains a modest enhancement due to the significantly increased carrier concentration although the carrier mobility was reduced compared with the sample prepared by classical solid‐state reaction. The total thermal conductivity is below 0.7 W/mK in the whole measured temperature range, which is attributable to the increased defects and gain boundaries. As a result, a relatively high ZT value of 0.50 was obtained for the pristine BiCuSeO sample. In addition, when Bi was replaced by Ca element, the electrical transport property of the samples was improved, resulting in an enhancement of ZT in the whole measured temperature range.
Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Purcell M K , McKibben C L , Pearman‐Gillman S , Elliott D G , Winton J R
Published: October 2015

Renibacterium salmoninarum is a significant pathogen of salmonids and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Water temperature affects the replication rate of pathogens and the function of the fish immune system to influence the progression of disease. In addition, rapid shifts in temperature may serve as stressors that reduce host resistance. This study evaluated the effect of shifts in water temperature on established R. salmoninarum infections. We challenged Chinook salmon with R. salmoninarum at 12 °C for 2 weeks and then divided the fish into three temperature groups (8, 12 and 15 °C). Fish in the 8 °C group had significantly higher R. salmoninarum‐specific mortality, kidney R. salmoninarum loads and bacterial shedding rates relative to the fish held at 12 or 15 °C. There was a trend towards suppressed bacterial load and shedding in the 15 °C group, but the results were not significant. Bacterial load was a significant predictor of shedding for the 8 and 12 °C groups but not for the 15 °C group. Overall, our results showed little effect of temperature stress on the progress of infection, but do support the conclusion that cooler water temperatures contribute to infection progression and increased transmission potential in Chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum.
Characterising repetitive behaviours in young boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Oakes A. , Thurman A. J. , McDuffie A. , Bullard L. M. , Hagerman R. J. , Abbeduto L.
Published: October 2015

Background

Repetitive behaviours are frequently observed in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). The present study examined the profile, inter‐correlations and predictive correlates of repetitive behaviours in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading inherited cause of ID. Specific child characteristics examined as predictors included anxiety, nonverbal cognition and autism social–affective symptomatology.

Method

Participants were 39 boys with FXS (aged 6–10 years). Repetitive behaviours were measured using the Repetitive Behavior Scale – Revised (RBS‐R) – a 43‐item caregiver‐report measure normed on individuals with ID.

Results

Restricted Interests and Sensory Motor behaviours were reported as most problematic for this sample of boys, whereas Self‐injurious behaviours were less problematic. All subscales of the RBS‐R were significantly inter‐correlated. Nonverbal IQ was negatively related, whereas anxiety and social affective symptoms of autism spectrum disorder were positively related, to scores for Restricted Interests. Anxiety was also positively related to scores for Compulsive behaviours and Ritualistic Sameness behaviours.

Conclusions

This study provides a preliminary description of repetitive behaviours in boys with FXS, which may form the groundwork for future research.
Subduction initiation in the Neo‐Tethys: constraints from counterclockwise P–T paths in amphibolite rocks of the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, India
Authors: Bhowmik S. K. , Ao A.
Published: October 2015

High‐P metamorphic rocks that are formed at the onset of oceanic subduction usually record a single cycle of subduction and exhumation along counterclockwise (CCW) P–T paths. Conceptual and thermo‐mechanical models, however, predict multiple burial–exhumation cycles, but direct observations of these from natural rocks are rare. In this study, we provide a new insight into this complexity of subduction channel dynamics from a fragment of Middle‐Late Jurassic Neo‐Tethys in the Nagaland Ophiolite Complex, northeastern India. Based on integrated textural, mineral compositional, metamorphic reaction history and geothermobarometric studies of a medium‐grade amphibolite tectonic unit within a serpentinite mélange, we establish two overprinting metamorphic cycles (M1–M2). These cycles with CCW P–T trajectories are part of a single tectonothermal event. We relate the M1 metamorphic sequence to prograde burial and heating through greenschist and epidote blueschist facies to peak metamorphism, transitional between amphibolite and hornblende‐eclogite facies at 13.8 ± 2.6 kbar, 625 ± 45 °C (error 2σ values) and subsequent cooling and partial exhumation to greenschist facies. The M2 metamorphic cycle reflects epidote blueschist facies prograde re‐burial of the partially exhumed M1 cycle rocks to peak metamorphism at 14.4 ± 2 kbar, 540 ± 35 °C and their final exhumation to greenschist facies along a relatively cooler exhumation path. We interpret the M1 metamorphism as the first evidence for initiation of subduction of the Neo‐Tethys from the eastern segment of the Indus‐Tsangpo suture zone. Reburial and final exhumation during M2 are explained in terms of material transport in a large‐scale convective circulation system in the subduction channel as the latter evolves from a warm nascent to a cold and more mature stage of subduction. This Neo‐Tethys example suggests that multiple burial and exhumation cycles involving the first subducted oceanic crust may be more common than presently known.
RNAi‐mediated downregulation of oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) inhibits vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation
Authors: Zhao Xin , Liu Dongjuan , Wang Lili , Wu Ruiqing , Zeng Xin , Dan Hongxia , Ji Ning , Jiang Lu , Zhou Yu , Chen Qianming
Published: October 2015

Background

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the top ten tumors threatening human health. Oral cancer overexpressed 1 (ORAOV1) identified within chromosomal region 11q13, one of the most frequently amplified regions in OSCC, has been suggested as a novel candidate oncogene in OSCC, regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of ORAOV1 in OSCC‐induced angiogenesis in vitro.

Methods

EA.hy926 human endothelial cells were co‐cultured with OSCC cells (HSC‐3 and SCC‐25) transfected with ORAOV1‐specific shRNA to downregulate ORAOV1 expression, and analyzed for proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation by specific assays.

Results

EA.hy926 endothelial cells co‐cultured with ORAOV1‐deficient OSCC cells exhibited significantly lower proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as the activity in tube formation compared to that in the control cells.

Conclusions

Our results show, for the first time, that ORAOV1 expressed by OSCC cells promotes tube formation by endothelial cells, indicating its involvement in OSCC angiogenesis. Considering the importance of neovascularization in tumor development and metastasis, these findings suggest that targeting ORAOV1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy against OSCC.
Determining the Most Influential Sensory Attributes of Nuttiness in Soymilk: A Trial with Korean Consumers using Model Soymilk Systems
Authors: Hwang So‐Hee , Hong Jae‐Hee
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to identify individual sensory drivers of nuttiness using a controlled soymilk model system. The samples were prepared by adding various tastants to a soymilk base to elicit perception of nuttiness. Sensory profiles of the samples were evaluated using descriptive analysis with trained panelists and check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) tests using consumers. The perceptions of nuttiness by 110 consumers were assessed, and the sensory drivers of nuttiness were determined by multivariate correlations between sensory profiles and consumer nuttiness ratings. Overall, sucrose, salt, peanut flavoring and solid content increased perceptions of nuttiness significantly. Consumers were segmented into 3 clusters based on shared drivers of nuttiness: a cluster associating nuttiness primarily with saltiness (n = 47), a cluster emphasizing high solid content and peanut flavor (n = 26), and another cluster emphasizing sweetness (n = 37). CATA results suggested that rich, tasty and natural were consumer terms highly associated with nuttiness.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study provides a clearer understanding of which sensory characteristics are most influential in the perception of nuttiness in soymilk, and how the sensory drivers of nuttiness vary across consumer groups. Descriptors from the consumers’ perspectives, which were obtained by CATA, can complement our understanding of consumers’ perceptions and verbalization of nuttiness. The result of the present study should help researchers to uncover latent sensory elements that underlie multidimensional sensory attributes. Our findings can benefit the food industry by assisting researchers and sensory professionals in interpreting inconsistent consumer responses regarding nuttiness, and lead to the development of products with more consumer‐oriented sensory profiles.
Treatment Patterns and Patient Reported Outcomes in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients with Overactive Bladder Symptoms
Authors: PARK Yong Hyun , KIM Tae Hyo , LEE Seung Wook , CHUNG Byung Ha , CHO Jin Seon , LEE Ji Youl
Published: October 2015

Objectives

We aimed to examine the treatment patterns, and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients with overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.

Methods

Seven hundred and forty seven patients were included in this prospective observational study. The primary endpoint was to describe the medical treatment patterns for BPH patients with OAB symptoms. The secondary endpoint was to determine the PROs of these patients. Clinical outcome was assessed using International prostate symptom score (IPSS), and PROs were measured using BPH‐Related QoL Questionnaire Korea 1 (BPH QoL K1) and Euroqol‐5 Dimension (EQ‐5D).

Results

When starting the study, 391 patients (52.3%) received α‐blocker monotherapy, whereas 356 (47.7%) received combination therapy with anticholinergics. Of the 369 patients who completed the 6‐month treatment, 139 patients (37.7%) still received α‐blocker monotherapy, 122 (33.1%) still received combination therapy with anticholinergics, and 108 (29.3%) received subsequent anticholinergics in addition to α‐blocker. When the patients were stratified, storage subscore was higher (9.5 vs. 8.8, P = 0.034) and voiding subscore (9.7 vs. 11.6, P = 0.001) was lower in patients with anticholinergics than those without it. Although all treatment groups reported a significant improvement from baseline, no significant between‐group differences in changes in IPSS, EQ‐5D and BPH QoL K1 was found.

Conclusions

About one‐third of patients received α‐blocker monotherapy, one‐third received combination therapy with anticholinergics, and another one‐third received subsequent anticholinergics in addition to α‐blocker. Storage subscore was higher in patients with anticholinergics than those without it, but vice‐versa for voiding subscore. Similar improvement on clinical outcomes and PROs was observed in all treatment groups.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal
Authors: Khwakhali Ushana Shrestha , Denning David W.
Published: October 2015

There are few reports of serious fungal infections in Nepal though the pathogenic and allergenic fungi including Aspergillus species are common in the atmosphere. Herein, we estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. All published papers reporting fungal infection rates from Nepal were identified. When few data existed, we used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in those populations to estimate national incidence or prevalence. Of the 27.3 M population, about 1.87% was estimated to suffer from serious fungal infections annually. We estimated the incidence of fungal keratitis at 73 per 100 000 annually. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common with 215 765 cases, contributing to 1119 cases of invasive aspergillosis annually. Of 381 822 adult asthma cases, we estimated 9546 patients (range 2673–13 364) develop allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and 12 600 have severe asthma with fungal sensitisation. Based on 26 219 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, the annual incidence of new chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) cases was estimated at 1678 with a 5 year period prevalence of 5289, 80% of CPA cases. Of 22 994 HIV patients with CD4 counts <350 not on antiretrovirals, Pneumocystis pneumonia was estimated at 990 cases annually. Cases of oral and oesophageal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients were estimated at 10 347 and 2950, respectively. There is a significant burden of serious fungal infections in Nepal. Epidemiological studies are necessary to validate these estimates.
Burden of serious fungal infections in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Denning David W. , Gugnani Harish C.
Published: October 2015

The information on the prevalence of fungal infections in the Caribbean region including Trinidad and Tobago (population 1 339 000 million) is scanty. Tinea capitis is common in children, being predominant in those of African descent, with no definitive estimate. Asthma is also common affecting 77 000–139 000 adults with an estimated 1927–3491 affected by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and 2544–4608 with severe asthma and fungal sensitisation (SAFS). An estimated 23 763 women have ≥4 attacks of vaginal candidiasis annually. Among the estimated 14 000 HIV‐infected patients, 750 cases of oesophageal candidiasis, 400 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and 50 cases of cryptococcal meningitis are anticipated. Histoplasma capsulatum is endemic in the islands with a 49% skin positivity rate in those <60 years old. Three cases of cutaneous histoplasmosis in AIDS patients have been reported. Three cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis were reported among German biologists following exposure to bats in a cave in Trinidad. Using a low mean international incidence figure for candidaemia of 5/100 000, 67 cases of candidaemia are estimated. The burden of fungal infections in Trinidad and Tobago is considerable and requires appropriate diagnostic and clinical expertise.
The impact of acute kidney injury in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Johnson Faye , Phillips Dafydd , Talabani Bnar , Wonnacott Alexa , Meran Soma , Phillips Aled O
Published: October 2015

Background

Little data exist on outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in diabetes. We describe short‐term recovery of renal function, patient mortality and progressive renal dysfunction following AKI in diabetic patients.

Methods

Using the diagnosis of either diabetes or no diabetes as the defining variable, AKI episodes were identified from records of a clinical biochemistry department serving a population of 560 000. Patient co‐morbidity and mortality were collated from electronic patient records. Outcomes were compared with a non‐diabetic cohort with AKI.

Results

Acute kidney injury was identified in 101 diabetic and 392 non‐diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes had less severe AKI, compared with the non‐diabetic cohort (AKI stage 1 76% vs 55%, P = 0.0006). Overall acute mortality, and mortality adjusted for co‐morbidity, was comparable in the diabetic and non‐diabetic groups. Recovery to baseline renal function was greater in diabetic patients (87% vs 63% P = 0.001), and the proportion of patients developing progressive chronic kidney disease was lower in the (14%) compared with the non‐diabetic cohort (48%, P < 0.00001).

Conclusions

Although acute mortality is comparable following an AKI episode in diabetic patients compared with that associated with AKI in a non‐diabetic cohort, for those surviving the acute episode, its impact on renal function is significantly less than in a non‐diabetic group.
The ROP2‐RIC7 pathway negatively regulates light‐induced stomatal opening by inhibiting exocyst subunit Exo70B1 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hong Daewoong , Jeon Byeong Wook , Kim Soo Young , Hwang Jae‐Ung , Lee Youngsook
Published: October 2015

Stomata are the tiny valves on the plant surface that mediate gas exchange between the plant and its environment. Stomatal opening needs to be tightly regulated to facilitate CO2 uptake and prevent excess water loss. Plant Rho‐type (ROP) GTPase 2 (ROP2) is a molecular component of the system that negatively regulates light‐induced stomatal opening. Previously, ROP‐interactive Cdc42‐ and Rac‐interactive binding motif‐containing protein 7 (RIC7) was suggested to function downstream of ROP2. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown.

To understand the mechanism by which RIC7 regulates light‐induced stomatal opening, we analyzed the stomatal responses of ric7 mutant Arabidopsis plants and identified the target protein of RIC7 using a yeast two‐hybrid screen.

Light‐induced stomatal opening was promoted by ric7 knockout, whereas it was inhibited by RIC7 overexpression, indicating that RIC7 negatively regulates stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. RIC7 interacted with exocyst subunit Exo70 family protein B1 (Exo70B1), a component of the vesicle trafficking machinery. RIC7 and Exo70B1 localized to the plasma membrane region under light or constitutively active ROP2 conditions. The knockout mutant of Exo70B1 and ric7/exo70b1 exhibited retarded light‐induced stomatal opening.

Our results suggest that ROP2 and RIC7 suppress excess stomatal opening by inhibiting Exo70B1, which most likely participates in the vesicle trafficking required for light‐induced stomatal opening.
Multiple paths to similar germination behavior in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Burghardt Liana T. , Edwards Brianne R. , Donohue Kathleen
Published: October 2015

Germination timing influences plant fitness, and its sensitivity to temperature may cause it to change as climate shifts. These changes are likely to be complex because temperatures that occur during seed maturation and temperatures that occur post‐dispersal interact to define germination timing.

We used the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to determine how flowering time (which defines seed‐maturation temperature) and post‐dispersal temperature influence germination and the expression of genetic variation for germination.

Germination responses to temperature (germination envelopes) changed as seeds aged, or after‐ripened, and these germination trajectories depended on seed‐maturation temperature and genotype. Different combinations of genotype, seed‐maturation temperature, and after‐ripening produced similar germination envelopes. Likewise, different genotypes and seed‐maturation temperatures combined to produce similar germination trajectories. Differences between genotypes were most likely to be observed at high and low germination temperatures.

The germination behavior of some genotypes responds weakly to maternal temperature but others are highly plastic. We hypothesize that weak dormancy induction could synchronize germination of seeds dispersed at different times. By contrast, we hypothesize that strongly responsive genotypes may spread offspring germination over several possible germination windows. Considering germination responses to temperature is important for predicting phenology expression and evolution in future climates.
Caries preventive measures in orthodontic practice: the development of a clinical practice guideline
Authors: Oosterkamp B. C. M. , van der Sanden W. J. M. , Frencken J. E. F. M. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman A. M.
Published: October 2015

Structured Abstract

Objectives

White spot lesions (WSLs) are a side effect of orthodontic treatment, causing esthetic problems and a risk of deeper enamel and dentine lesions. Many strategies have been developed for preventing WSLs, but great variability exists in preventive measures between orthodontists. This study developed statements on which a clinical practice guideline (CPG) can be developed in order to help orthodontists select preventive measures based on the best available evidence.

Materials and methods

A nominal group technique (RAND‐e modified Delphi procedure) was used. A multidisciplinary expert panel rated 264 practice‐ and evidence‐based statements related to the management of WSLs. To provide panel members with the same knowledge, a total of six articles obtained from a systematic review of the literature were read by the panel in preparation of three consensus rounds. According to the technique, a threshold of 75% of all ratings within any 3‐point section of the 9‐point scale regarding a specific statement was accepted as consensus.

Results

After the first and second consensus rounds, consensus was reached on 37.5 and 31.1% of statements, respectively. For the remaining 31.4% of statements, consensus was reached during a 4‐h consensus meeting.

Conclusions

Statements on the management of WSLs derived from a systematic literature review combined with expert opinion were formally integrated toward consensus through a nominal group technique. These statements formed the basis for developing a CPG on the management of WSLs before and during orthodontic treatment.
Graptolite (Hemichordata,Pterobranchia) preservation and identification in theCambrianSeries 3
Authors: Maletz Jörg , Steiner Michael
Published: October 2015

Due to inadequate preservation, pterobranchs are often difficult to identify in the fossil record, and a better understanding of preservational modes and diagenetic and metamorphic effects is needed for their recognition. Pterobranch hemichordates are common inCambrianStage 5 and younger sedimentary rocks, but are frequently overlooked. Often, pterobranch hemichordate colonies have been considered to be algal remains or hydroids. Re‐examination ofCambrianBurgess Shale algae reveals that the generaYuknessiaandDalyiacan be recognized as putative early representatives of pterobranch hemichordates. Distinct fusellar construction of the individual zooidal tubes and branching of the creeping proximal part of the colonies are found in the morphologically similar rhabdopleurid pterobranch genusSphenoecium. The erect tubes ofSphenoeciumdo not branch and can reach a length of several centimetres. The development of the fusellar construction in this taxon shows a highly irregular development of the suture patterns, but a fairly consistent height of the individual fuselli. The taxon is widely distributed in theCambrianSeries 3, but has regularly been identified as a hydroid or an alga.Sphenoecium wheelerensisfrom theCambrianWheelerShale ofUtah is described as new.
Sexual problems and post‐traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: O'Driscoll Ciarán , Flanagan Esther
Published: October 2015

Objective

Difficulties with sex often develop following sexual trauma, yet are rarely targeted within treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Where outcomes of sexual function are included, they are secondary to other measures. This review aimed to assess whether psychological treatment for PTSD (from sexual trauma) has an effect on sexual functioning.

Methods

Systematic searches of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and trial registers were performed. Five studies met inclusion criteria. Pre‐post treatment effect sizes were also calculated.

Results

Data from four good‐quality RCTs were included in the meta‐analyses. These examined females (n = 799) who had experienced adult sexual trauma or child sexual abuse. Studies compared psychological treatment to control conditions, but no effect on outcomes of sexual concerns, standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.03 and dysfunctional sexual behaviour, SMD = 0.02, was found. Pre‐post treatment effect sizes were small to medium (SMD = 0.36 and 0.47, respectively).

Conclusions

While firm conclusions cannot be drawn, the available evidence suggests that psychological treatment for PTSD has no effect on sexual problems. Pre‐post effects indicate some improvement over the course of treatment, which may be strengthened if treatment actively targeted sexual problems. The paucity of evidence in this area suggests that there is substantial need for further research in order to establish a set of evidence‐based guidelines for practitioners implementing treatment in this area.

Practitioner points

The measurement of sexual problems is overlooked in psychological treatment RCTs for sexual trauma.

Current treatments for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from sexual trauma do not appear to be addressing sexual problems.

Integrated treatments for comorbid sexual problems and PTSD treatment may be warranted.

It is imperative that in future, RCTs that examine people with PTSD from sexual trauma use outcomes of sexual problems.
Oxidative Modification in Human Hair: The Effect of the Levels of Cu (II) Ions, UV Exposure and Hair Pigmentation
Authors: Grosvenor Anita J. , Marsh Jennifer , Thomas Ancy , Vernon James A. , Harland Duane P. , Clerens Stefan , Dyer Jolon M.
Published: October 2015

Protein oxidative degradation is implicated in a wide range of deleterious effects. For human hair, this oxidative damage can lead to significant observable changes in fiber physical and visual properties. A redox proteomic approach was applied to map molecular modification in human hair proteins and correlate this modification with the abundance of copper (II) ions, the levels of UV exposure and the general level of hair pigmentation. An increase in oxidative modification was observed with increasing copper (II) ion levels, regardless of the pigmentation level. Significantly, increased protein oxidative modification was also observed to occur in both lightly and darkly pigmented hair tresses even in the absence of irradiation, albeit at lower relative levels. Modification levels increased with increased copper (II) ion concentration. This new finding indicates that the level of copper (II) ions in human hair plays a key role in mediating protein oxidation, with or without exposure to UV light. Overall, these results strongly suggest that minimization of the level of copper (II) ions in human hair will mitigate and/or slow protein oxidative modification and therefore lower overall hair damage.
Sensitivity of UV Erythemal Radiation to Total Ozone Changes under Different Sky Conditions: Results for Granada, Spain
Authors: Antón Manuel , Cazorla Alberto , Mateos David , Costa Maria J. , Olmo Francisco J. , Alados‐Arboledas Lucas
Published: October 2015

This study focuses on the analysis of the sensitivity of UV erythemal radiation (UVER) to variations in the total ozone column (TOC) under different sky conditions at Granada (southeastern Spain). The sensitivity is studied both in relative terms by means of the Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF) and in absolute terms using the Ozone Efficiency (OE). These two variables are determined for diverse sky conditions characterized by the cloud cover information given by a sky camera (in oktas) and the cloud optical depth (COD) estimated from global solar radiation measurements. As expected, in absolute terms, the TOC variations cause substantially smaller UVER changes during completely overcast situations than during cloud‐free cases. For instance, the OE (SZA = 30°, TOC = 290 DU) decreases from 0.68 mW m−2 per unit of TOC (0 oktas) to 0.50 mW m−2 per unit of TOC (8 oktas). However, the opposite is observed when the analysis is performed in relative terms. Thus, the RAF (determined for SZA cases below 80°) increases from 1.1 for cloud‐free cases (0 oktas) to 1.4 for completely overcast situations (8 oktas). This opposite behavior is also found when both RAF and OE are analyzed as functions of COD. Thus, while the OE strongly decreases with increasing COD, the RAF increases as COD increases.
Effects of Transport Regulation on the Oil Market: Does Market Power Matter?
Authors: Kverndokk Snorre , Rosendahl Knut Einar
Published: October 2015

Instruments used to regulate the consumption of oil in the transport sector include fuel taxes, biofuel requirements, and fuel‐efficiency standards. However, the effects that these have on oil consumption and price vary. If market power is present in the oil market, the directions of change in consumption and price might contrast with those in a competitive market. As a result, the market structure affects not only the effectiveness of the policy instruments used to reduce oil consumption, but also the terms of trade and carbon leakage. In particular, reduced oil consumption, as a result of increased fuel‐efficiency standards, will unambiguously increase the price of oil under a monopoly.
Rent‐Seeking, Market Structure, and Growth
Authors: Brou Daniel , Ruta Michele
Published: October 2015

We study the role of productive and unproductive entrepreneurship in economic growth, in a setting where firms compete in both economic and political markets. Specifically, firms compete for market share through cost‐reducing technological innovation, and they vie for influence over government transfer policy through rent‐seeking activities. We find that rent‐seeking affects growth in two ways: it allows firms to ignore economic competition, leading to less innovation, and it alters the number of firms that are supported in equilibrium. The former effect is negative, while the latter is ambiguous. We show how these effects depend on various characteristics of economic and political markets.
Population Growth and Natural‐Resource Scarcity: Long‐Run Development under Seemingly Unfavorable Conditions
Authors: Bretschger Lucas
Published: October 2015

In this paper, I consider an economy that is constrained by the use of natural resources and driven by knowledge accumulation. Resources are essential inputs in all sectors. I show that population growth and poor input substitution are not detrimental but, on the contrary, are even necessary to obtain a sustainable consumption level. I find a general rule to define the conditions for a constant innovation rate. The rule does not apply to capital but to labor growth, which is the crucial input in research. Furthermore, the rule relates to the sectoral structure of the economy, and to demographic transition. The results continue to hold with a backstop technology, and are extended for the case of minimum resource constraints.
Explaining European Union Citizens’ Trust in the European Central Bank in Normal and Crisis Times
Authors: Ehrmann Michael , Soudan Michel , Stracca Livio
Published: October 2015

We study the determinants of trust in the European Central Bank (ECB) as measured by the European Commission's Eurobarometer survey, in particular during the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis. We find that the fall in trust in the ECB in crisis times can be rather well explained based on the pre‐crisis determinants. We also show that the fall in trust reflected the macroeconomic deterioration, a more generalized fall in the trust in European institutions in the wake of the crisis, and the severity of the banking sector's problems, to which the ECB was associated in the public opinion.