bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of traditional processing methods of linseed oil on the composition of its triacylglycerols
Authors: van den Berg Jorrit D.J. , Vermist Nicoletta D. , Carlyle Leslie , Holčapek Michal , Boon Jaap J.
Published: February 2004

Different oil processing methods were performed, which included washing with water and treatment with lead‐based driers, with and without heating to different temperatures, giving a set of 7 oils to be investigated. The effects of the traditional processing methods of linseed oil on its triacylglycerol (TAG) composition were studied, using the following analytical methods: high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high‐performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation‐mass spectrometry (HPLC‐APCI‐MS), direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS), and electrospray ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI‐FTICR‐MS). A decrease of the initial cis‐double bonds and the formation of trans‐double bonds upon heating of the oils was observed. Heating a lead and oil mixture to 150°C, or heating the oil alone to 300°C led to the highest degree of oxidation. A difference was observed for the oxidation patterns for oils with and without the addition of lead. Furthermore, levels of oxygen incorporation were higher when lead was added to the oil. High temperature treatment of the oils resulted in an increased average molecular weight. The changes in the initial conformation of the double bond systems observed with FTIR were supported by HPLC‐APCI‐MS measurements that showed the formation of a number of new isomeric TAGs in the heated oil compared to freshly pressed, untreated oil. Oligomerisation up to hexamers was observed with HPSEC, and MALDI‐TOF‐MS. The formation of oligomers up to trimers only, however, was observed with ESI‐FTICR‐MS. Incorporation of oxygen was mainly observed with MALDI‐TOF‐MS and ESI‐FTICR‐MS whereas with DTMS and FTIR hardly any evidence was found for this.
Identification of “insoluble” red dyewoods by high performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection (HPLC‐PDA) fingerprinting
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Nowik Witold , Trojanowicz Marek
Published: February 2004

The paper describes a high performance liquid chromatography‐UV/Vis spectrometry detection analytical approach to the identification of some redwood species of historical importance in textile dyeing. The group of extracted dyestuffs considered as “insoluble” because of their non‐aqueous or alkaline extraction conditions is present in the wood of the Pterocarpus family and Baphia nitida species. First, the crude extracts of tinctorial and related species and their chromatographic fingerprints were studied. This part of work shows that some species not yet mentioned in the literature have potential dyeing properties. Subsequent experiments performed on the redwood cargo of a 200‐year‐old archaeological shipwreck allowed identification of the waterlogged wood species. Furthermore, the different methods of dyestuff extraction used for dyeing according to traditional recipes and their impact on analytical results were studied. They show that standard recovery obtained by acid hydrolysis of dyestuff from dyed yarns is inadequate. Hence, alternative solvent‐based procedures were proposed. The identification of species in textile threads then becomes possible. The applied approach was validated by analysis of dyed reference yarns with some indications of crude material extraction mode. The employed method of analysis seems to be useful for “insoluble” wood species identification in cultural heritage artifacts as well as for phytochemical purposes, despite the fact that very few detected color compounds were chemically identified.
Characterisation of proteinaceous binders in artistic paintings by chromatographic techniques
Authors: Colombini Maria Perla , Modugno Francesca
Published: February 2004

This review discusses the application of chromatographic techniques (GC, HPLC and Py‐GC) for the characterisation of proteinaceous materials in artistic paintings. The focus is on the various analytical steps that are needed to determine these natural materials in paint samples, from sampling and sample pre‐treatment, including various methods of hydrolysis and derivatisation for GC and HPLC, to approaches for data evaluation.
Impact of biological factors on binding media identification in art objects: Identification of animal glue in the presence ofAspergillus niger
Authors: Tsakalof Andreas K. , Bairachtari Kyriaki A. , Aslani Ioanna S. , Chryssoulakis Ioannis D. , Kolisis Fragiskos N.
Published: February 2004

The materials and especially organic materials used for creation of art objects can be utilized by various microorganisms for their growth and facilitate the microbial colonization of the object. An understanding of the chemical alterations in artefacts caused by the presence of microorganisms can be crucial for correct identification of the materials initially used for the artefact creation – nowadays an important step in restoration and/or art‐historical investigation of the art object. The present article describes a model experiment in which we investigated the possible chemical alterations in animal glue films used as substrate for growth of the fungusAspergillus niger. The sterilized animal glue solution was poured into Petri dishes, inoculated withAspergillus niger, and subsequently incubated at 15°C for 0, 7, 9, 14, and 28 days. After interruption of incubation, the content of the Petri dish was analyzed for amino acid composition by the GC‐MS based method. It was found that the growth ofAspergillus nigeron animal glue films did not cause significant changes in the amino acid composition of the film and had no impact on animal glue identification.
Guided-mode phase-matching strategies for organic nonlinear optics
Authors: Giorgetti E , Giammanco F , Sottini S , Zheltikov A M
Published: February 2004

Waveguide strategies of phase-matching second-harmonic
generation in nonlinear organic materials are examined. The
mismatches of propagation constants of guided modes in planar
waveguides are expressed through waveguide parameters, and the
ability of multimode waveguides to phase-match nonlinear-optical
processes in organic materials is assessed.
Optical two-colour superfluorescence in biphenyl crystal with pyrene:
the influence of crystal symmetry
Authors: Zinoviev P V , Kalachev A A , Kalinkin A A , Samartsev V V , Silaeva N B
Published: February 2004

The influence of crystal symmetry on the polarization
properties of two-colour optical superfluorescence in biphenyl
crystal with pyrene is investigated both theoretically and
experimentally. It is shown that polarization of superfluorescence
signal is determined by the asymmetry between absorbtion and
emission spectra of pyrene molecules in biphenyl, which results in
polarization decoupling of pumping and superfluorescence pulses.
Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Magnesium‐Druckgusslegierungen nach langzeitiger thermischer Beanspruchung
Authors: Regener D. , Dietze G. , Heyse H.
Published: February 2004

Die thermische Belastbarkeit von Magnesium‐Druckgusslegierungen ist noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Um die Auswirkung einer thermischen Belastung auf die Gefügestabilität und damit auf das Festigkeits‐ und Verformungsverhalten einschätzen zu können, werden die Legierungen AZ91, AM50 und AE42 bei 150 °C und 200 °C einer 1000 h‐Langzeitglühung unterworfen. Nach der Glühung werden Zugversuche, in situ‐Zugversuche und Mikrohärtemessungen bei Raumtemperatur durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse anhand der mikrostrukturellen Veränderungen diskutiert.
Three‐dimensional vibration analysis of rectangular thick plates on Pasternak foundation
Authors: Zhou D. , Cheung Y. K. , Lo S. H. , Au F. T. K.
Published: February 2004

The free‐vibration characteristics of rectangular thick plates resting on elastic foundations have been studied, based on the three‐dimensional, linear and small strain elasticity theory. The foundation is described by the Pasternak (two‐parameter) model. The Ritz method is used to derive the eigenvalue equation of the rectangular plate by augmenting the strain energy of the plate with the potential energy of the elastic foundation. The Chebyshev polynomials multiplied by a boundary function are selected as the admissible functions of the displacement functions in each direction. The approach is suitable for rectangular plates with arbitrary boundary conditions. Convergence and comparison studies have been performed on square plates on elastic foundations with different boundary conditions. It is shown that the present method has a rapid convergent rate, stable numerical operation and very high accuracy. Parametric investigations on the dynamic behaviour of clamped square thick plates on elastic foundations have been carried out in detail, with respect to different thickness–span ratios and foundation parameters. Some results found for the first time have been given and some important conclusions have been drawn. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two kinds of tube elements for transient thermal–structural analysis of large space structures
Authors: Xue Mingde , Ding Yong
Published: February 2004

Two kinds of thin‐walled tube elements are presented for transient thermal–structural analysis of large space structures by the finite element method. Not only the average temperature, but also the perturbation temperature in the cross‐section of the tube is considered in the present elements. These two temperatures are decoupled in the deduction about the new elements and the non‐linear analysis is restricted to solving the equations of average temperature. Therefore, the magnitude of the non‐linear analysis can be reduced by the presented method. The main difference between the two kinds of thin‐walled tube elements is in the shape functions of the temperature along the circumference of cross‐section. Corresponding to the transient temperature field, quasistatic thermo‐elastic analysis is also introduced. Three examples are shown and the effectiveness of the new elements is discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact determinant for infinite order FEM representation of a Timoshenko beam–column via improved transcendental member stiffness matrices
Authors: Williams F. W. , Kennedy D. , Djoudi M. S.
Published: February 2004

Transcendental stiffness matrices for vibration (or buckling) have been derived from exact analytical solutions of the governing differential equations for many structural members without recourse to the discretization of conventional finite element methods (FEM). Their assembly into the overall dynamic structural stiffness matrix gives a transcendental eigenproblem, whose eigenvalues (natural frequencies or critical load factors) can be found with certainty using the Wittrick–Williams algorithm. A very recently discovered analytical property is the member stiffness determinant, which equals the FEM stiffness matrix determinant of a clamped ended member modelled by infinitely many elements, normalized by dividing by its value at zero frequency (or load factor). Curve following convergence methods for transcendental eigenproblems are greatly simplified by multiplying the transcendental overall stiffness matrix determinant by all the member stiffness determinants to remove its poles. In this paper, the transcendental stiffness matrix for a vibrating, axially loaded, Timoshenko member is expressed in a new, convenient notation, enabling the first ever derivation of its member stiffness determinant to be obtained. Further expressions are derived, also for the first time, for unloaded and for static, loaded Timoshenko members. These new expressions have the advantage that they readily reduce to corresponding expressions for Bernoulli–Euler members when shear rigidity and rotatory inertia are neglected. Additionally, the total equivalence of the normalized transcendental determinant with that of an infinite order FEM formulation aids understanding and evaluation of conventional FEM results. Examples are presented to illustrate the use of the member stiffness determinant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A procedural guide to metacarpal radiogrammetry in archaeology
Authors: Ives R. , Brickley M. B.
Published: February 2004

The technique of metacarpal radiogrammetry was devised in 1960 as a clinical method to aid in the identification of thinned cortical bone, which may help in diagnosis of osteoporosis. Through taking measurements from radiographs, calculations of the amount of cortical bone can be made. The technique is relatively simple and is not destructive. This paper examines the value of the application of this technique to archaeological remains. A standardized methodology of bone assessment is incorporated to enhance the comparability of future research. Statistical tests demonstrate that the technique is robust, as the position of the bone on the film, radiographic enlargement and use of either the left or right metacarpal will not affect the results obtained. However, differences in film type and measurement position can introduce unacceptable variance into the results. Therefore, guidance is given on future applications of the technique. The technique does have value as a widely available, non‐destructive technique for assessing cortical bone loss and the probable prevalence of osteoporosis in archaeological collections. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two cases of atlar anomalies
Authors: Tyrrell A. J. , Benedix D. C.
Published: February 2004

We present two cases with first cervical (atlas) vertebral anomalies. The individuals exhibiting these anomalies were recovered as part of the United States Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii's global mission to recover missing United States service personnel. Both of these anomalies were potentially clinically significant to the individuals in vivo but it appears that both managed to survive the hardships of military life until the incidents associated with their loss. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drugs used for euthanasia in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Vander Stichele R. H. , Bilsen J. J. R. , Bernheim J. L. , Mortier F. , Deliens L.
Published: February 2004

Purpose

Our aim was to describe and assess the medicinal products and doses used for euthanasia in a series of cases, identified within an epidemiological death certificate study in Belgium, where euthanasia was until recently legally forbidden and where guidelines for euthanasia are not available.

Methods

In a random sample of the deaths in 1998 in Belgium, the physicians who signed the death certificates were identified and sent an anonymous mail questionnaire. The questionnaires of the deaths classified as euthanasia cases were reviewed by a multi‐disciplinary panel.

Results

A total of 22 among 1925 questionnaires pertained to voluntary euthanasia. In 17 cases, detailed information on the euthanatics (medicinal substances used for euthanasia) used was provided. Opioids were used in 13 cases (in 7 as a single drug). Time between last dose and expiry ranged from 4 to 900 min. The panel judged that only in 4 cases effective euthanatics were used.

Conclusions

In the end‐of‐life decision cases perceived by Belgian physicians as euthanasia, pharmacological practices were disparate, although dominated by the use of morphine, in the very late phase of dying, in doses which were unlikely to be lethal. Most physicians clandestinely engaging in euthanasia in Belgium seemed unaware of procedures for guaranteeing a quick, mild and certain death. Information on the pharmacological aspects of euthanasia should be included in the medical curriculum and continuing medical education, at least in countries with a legal framework permitting euthanasia under specified conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naratriptan for the treatment of acute migraine: meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ashcroft Darren M. , Millson David
Published: February 2004

Objective

To evaluate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of naratriptan in the treatment of acute attacks of migraine.

Design

Meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials using a random effects model.

Subjects

A total of 4499 patients suffering from moderate or severe attacks of acute migraine reported in ten trials.

Main outcome measures

Response rate ratios for headache relief, pain‐free response and sustained relief (4–24 hours). Adverse events were estimated with the rate ratio (RR), risk difference and number needed to harm.

Results

Pooled RRs relative to placebo for pain‐free response at 2 and 4 hours for naratriptan 2.5 mg were 2.52 (95% CI: 1.78–3.57) and 2.58 (1.99–3.35). Naratriptan 2.5 mg was more effective than naratriptan 1 mg; the corresponding RRs for pain‐free response at 2 and 4 hours were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.28–1.86) and 1.35 (1.20–1.51). In contrast, naratriptan 2.5 mg was less effective in pain‐free response than either rizatriptan 10 mg at 4 hours (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.55–0.85) or sumatriptan 100 mg at 4 hours (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67–0.93). However, significantly fewer patients experienced adverse effects with naratriptan 2.5 mg than with rizatriptan 10 mg (RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.97) or sumatriptan 100 mg (RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.55–0.86).

Conclusions

Naratriptan is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment for acute attacks of migraine. Head‐to‐head comparisons suggest that naratriptan 2.5 mg is significantly more effective than the 1 mg dose. Rizatriptan 10 mg and sumatripatn 100 mg were superior to naratriptan in terms of headache relief, while zolmitriptan 2.5 mg seemed to have comparable efficacy. Randomised controlled trials have shown that at licensed doses (1 and 2.5 mg), naratriptan is associated with a lower incidence of adverse effects than rizatriptan, sumatriptan and zolmitriptan. The incidence rates of adverse effects were similar to placebo. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between language and social competence: How language impairment affects social growth
Authors: McCabe Paul C. , Meller Paul J.
Published: February 2004

Given the research that suggests the social use of language is the latest developing aspect of language, it was hypothesized that children with speech/language impairment (SLI) are particularly susceptible to social interaction difficulties, resulting in diminished social competence. This hypothesis was explored with SLI and non‐language‐impaired (NLI) 4‐ and 5‐year‐old children by gathering measures of social problem solving ability (as rated by teachers, parents, and peers), emotion knowledge, and language development. Results provided partial support for the hypothesis above. Speech/language‐impaired children were rated significantly lower on parent ratings of self‐control and higher in internalizing behaviors, and lower on teacher ratings of assertiveness, than the NLI controls. There were no differences noted on peer sociometric ratings or mutual friendships. However, SLI children scored lower on a stereotypical test of emotional knowledge, while scoring similarly to NLI controls on a nonstereotypical test. A test of language development (TELD‐2) differentiated the SLI and NLI groups, both expressively and receptively. In addition, the TELD‐2 indicated a significant difference in semantic processing errors, but not syntax errors, between the two groups. The differential effects of speech/language impairment on the development of social competence were explored. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 313–321, 2004.
An examination of the contributions of interactive peer play to salient classroom competencies for urban head start children
Authors: Fantuzzo John , Sekino Yumiko , Cohen Heather L.
Published: February 2004

Relations between children's peer play competence and other relevant competencies were investigated using two samples of urban Head Start children. Dimensions of peer play were examined concurrently with emotion regulation, autonomy, and language. Children exhibiting high levels of peer play interaction were found to demonstrate more competent emotional‐regulation, initiation, self‐determination, and receptive vocabulary skills. Assessments of positive engagement in play early in the year were associated with lower levels of aggressive, shy, and withdrawn adjustment problems at the end of the year. Children who successfully interacted with peers early in the year evidenced greater cognitive, social, and movement/coordination outcomes. Disruptive and disconnected peer play behaviors were associated with negative emotional and behavioral outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 323–336, 2004.
The effects of parental teaching on compliance behavior of children
Authors: Marchant Michelle , Young K. Richard , West Richard P.
Published: February 2004

In this study, we examined how effectively parents learn and apply the techniques of reinforcement, effective praise, instructive praise, direct teaching, and corrective teaching with noncompliant children in their homes. Four children considered at risk for antisocial behavior problems participated with their parents in the project. The parents received training from a parent coach in techniques that they then implemented to teach their child to be compliant. A multiple baseline‐probe design was used to evaluate the procedures. Throughout the study, the parents' implementation of the techniques and the children's responses were observed. The results showed an increase in the parents' application of these skills and an increase in the children's overall compliance in the home. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 337–350, 2004.
Adolescents' attachment and coping with stress
Authors: Howard Michelle S. , Medway Frederic J.
Published: February 2004

This study examined how high school students cope with stress as a function of their attachment style. Data were gathered from 75 adolescent–parent pairs in Texas and included measures of attachment, coping style, life stress, and whom the respondent would turn to in times of stress. Adolescents' attachment security was positively related to family communication and negatively related to negative avoidance behaviors such as drinking or using drugs. Attachment insecurity was positively related to negative avoidance. Parent and child attachment ratings were related for secure and preoccupied but not fearful or dismissing styles. Research limitations and implications for school psychologists are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 391–402, 2004.
Mastectomy patients' decision‐making for or against immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola
Published: February 2004

This multi‐centred study examined how 93 women due to undergo mastectomy had elected for (n=37) or against (n=56) immediate breast reconstruction. Initial semi‐structured interviews were conducted prior to undergoing surgery whilst follow‐up interviews 6 and 12 months later examined particpants' experiences of surgery and their views on their decision.

Three decision‐making styles were identified. Most women (76) reported making quick, ‘instant’ decisions, whilst 14 sought further information before making their choice. Three women deliberated over their options and found decision‐making particularly difficult.

Decision‐making was influenced by the perceived salience of alternatives, prevailing ‘norms’ regarding surgical practice within each hospital system and interactions with health professionals. Experiences of surgery often failed to match patients' pre‐surgical expectations and the process of adjusting to the impact of surgery continued throughout the following year, during which women contended with a range of problems including pain, scarring and adjusting to a reconstructed breast. However, most women reported themselves satisfied with their decision and justified their choices by focussing on positive aspects of their surgery.

Whilst many women make a quick decision about breast reconstruction, research needs to explore ways of facilitating decision‐making amongst those who find this decision particularly difficult. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of life in patients diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcinoma: Hepatic arterial infusion of Cisplatin versus 90‐Yttrium microspheres (Therasphere®)
Authors: Steel Jennifer , Baum Andrew , Carr Brian
Published: February 2004

Background. The aims of the study were to test the difference in health‐related quality (HRQL) of life and survival in patients diagnosed with primary hepatocellular carcionma (HCC) and treated with either hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) of Cisplatin or 90‐Yttrium microspheres (Therasphere®).

Method. The design of the study was a non‐randomized parallel cohort study. Twenty‐eight patients participated in the present study. HRQL was assessed by administration of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Hepatobiliary. Survival was measured using Kaplan Meier methods.

Results. The results of present study suggest treatment with Therasphere® had an advantage in regard to HRQL and survival when compared to Cisplatin. At 3‐month follow‐up, patients who were treated with Therasphere® had a higher level of functional well‐being as well as overall quality of life when compared to patients treated with Cisplatin. At 6‐month follow‐up patients (treated with Therasphere®) continued to have better functional well‐being when compared to patients being treated with HAI of Cisplatin. At 6‐month follow‐up, survival was found to be similar for patients treated with Therasphere® when compared to patients being treated with Cisplatin.

Conclusions. Preliminary data suggest that treatment with Therasphere® has a modest advantage in regard to HRQL when compared patients treated with HAI of Cisplatin. Future research with Therasphere®, that includes a larger sample size and longer follow‐up, is necessary to make definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy and effect on HRQL. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relation of family history of prostate cancer to perceived vulnerability and screening behavior
Authors: Jacobsen Paul B. , Lamonde Laurie A. , Honour Melissa , Kash Kathryn , Hudson Perry B. , Pow‐Sang Julio
Published: February 2004

Men with a positive family history of prostate cancer are known to be at increased risk for the disease; however, relatively little is known about their risk perceptions or screening behavior. To address these issues, the current study examined the relationship of family history of prostate cancer to perceived vulnerability of developing prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening practices. Participants were 83 men with a positive family history of prostate cancer and 83 men with a negative family history of prostate cancer. As predicted, men with a positive family history reported greater (p⩽0.05) perceived vulnerability of developing prostate cancer and stronger intentions to undergo screening (p⩽0.05). They also reported greater past performance of prostate‐specific antigen screening and were more likely to request information about prostate cancer (p⩽0.05). Additional analyses indicated that perceived vulnerability mediated the relation between family history and intentions to undergo prostate cancer screening. Findings confirm the increased likelihood of men with a positive family history to undergo prostate cancer screening and suggest that heightened concerns about developing the disease are an important motivating factor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief report: Total pelvic exenteration‐A retrospective clinical needs assessment
Authors: Carter Jeanne , Chi Dennis S. , Abu‐Rustum Nadeem , Brown Carol L. , McCreath Wayne , Barakat Richard R.
Published: February 2004

This clinical needs assessment retrospectively identified 11 women with a history of gynecologic cancer who had undergone pelvic exenteration within the last 4 years, of whom six were available for interview. All patients agreed to telephone interviews, which lasted approximately 45–60 min and addressed their surgical experience. Seven themes emerged from the interviews: concerns about recovery, complications, ostomies, social support, sexuality, disclosure, and fear.

The findings of our needs assessment concur with the existing literature noting decreased sexual interest/activity and difficulties with body image. An improvement in mood and an increase in activities over time postoperatively were noted. We also found reluctance by participants to disclose information about their exenterative procedure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial impact of breast cancer surgeries in chinese patients and their spouses
Authors: Yeo W. , Kwan W.H. , Teo P.M.L. , Nip S. , Wong E. , Hin L.Y. , Johnson P.J.
Published: February 2004

Background and purpose: This pilot study assesses the psychosocial impact of different modalities of breast cancer surgery in Chinese patients and their husbands.

Methods: Thirty‐six patients who underwent conservative breast therapy (BCT) for breast cancer were compared with 36 women who underwent total mastectomy (TM) on four aspects of psychosocial adjustment. They were matched in pairs in terms of stage of disease, age and time since surgery. Where available, their husbands were also consented for similar assessment.

Results: Women who underwent BCT showed a significantly better response to their body and sexual image than those who underwent TM. This difference did not translate into any significant difference in terms of emotional and symptomatic aspects, daily activities, or fear of recurrences. The husbands of patients in the TM group showed significantly more emotional and symptomatic distress and greater change in the perception of their wives' body and sexual images.

Conclusion: This is the first of such study conducted in a Chinese population. The lack of differences in certain psychosocial aspects may indicate a generally good adjustment in the TM patients after their surgery. It may also relate to the fact that volunteers for the study were themselves representative only of the patient population who adapted well to the surgery, and those patients who were emotionally distressed tended to decline to participate. Psychosocial disruption in the patients' families is reflected in our study where patients' husbands in the TM group were significantly more disturbed. However, due to the limited number of patients studied, the findings are not yet conclusive and require further studies for confirmation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particle Size Distribution by Combined Elastic Light Scattering and Turbidity Measurements. A Novel Method to Estimate the Required Normalization Factor
Authors: Vega Jorge R. , Frontini Gloria L. , Gugliotta Luis M. , Eliçabe Guillermo E.
Published: February 2004

Turbidity (T) and Elastic Light Scattering (ELS) measurements can be combined to estimate the particle size distribution (PSD) of a polymer latex. To this effect a “normalization factor” must be employed to adequately scale both measurements. In a real application, such factor is a priori unknown, and it must be estimated for determining the PSD. In a previous publication, a method was proposed to simultaneously estimate the normalization factor and the PSD by solving an inverse nonlinear problem. In this work, a simpler technique is presented which estimates the normalization factor and the PSD by sequentially solving two inverse linear problems. To evaluate the proposed technique, a synthetic example based on a polystyrene latex sample with a bimodal PSD was solved. It is shown that, for slight noise measurements, the errors in the estimation of the normalization factor are quite small and have a low effect on the PSD recovery.
Particle Sizes of Fumed Oxides: A New Approach Using PCS Signals
Authors: Batz‐Sohn Christoph
Published: February 2004

Fumed oxides produced in gas‐phase processes, such as silicas and aluminum oxide, consist of a cluster of aggregated primary particles. The aggregate size of these particles is an important variable in many applications. However, current procedures for measuring particle sizes all assume that the particles have a spherical shape and are thus not truly capable of determining aggregate size. The results of such particle size measurements are consequently called “equivalent spherical diameter” (ESD), but these results vary from method to method. This publication shows that it is feasible to use the number of primary particles per aggregate, rather than the ESD, as a measure for the particle size of clusters of this type. The method is based on dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy, PCS), which has proven itself in the analysis of fumed oxides. A numerical simulation based on random, computer‐generated model aggregates is used to modify the well‐known Stokes‐Einstein equation so that the number of primary particles can be determined.
Two‐Phase Flow Characterization by Automated Digital Image Analysis. Part 1: Fundamental Principles and Calibration of the Technique
Authors: Kashdan Julian T. , Shrimpton John S. , Whybrew Adam
Published: February 2004

A recently developed digital image analysis technique potentially capable of sizing particles of arbitrary shape and size and with wide dynamic range is examined. Shadow images of droplets or particles are produced in this case by back‐illumination using an infra‐red diode laser. The measurement performance of the particle/droplet image analysis (PDIA) system has been assessed initially in terms of individual object diameters and the aim of this experimental investigation was to assess the robustness and accuracy of the technique. The first part of this paper provides a description of the fundamental principles of the technique followed by a thorough description of the calibration procedure in which the image processing routine was verified with calibration data of known particle sizes. The lens‐camera optical behavior has been characterized whilst the relative uncertainties of various parameters such as the depth‐of‐field dependence on particle diameter, threshold level sensitivity and image signal‐to‐noise issues have been quantified and their effects on measurement accuracy discussed. Calibration data revealed that the depth‐of‐field varied with object diameter approximately linearly in the measured range 18 to 145 μm. The calibration data is subsequently incorporated into the PDIA processing algorithm and for defocused droplets or particles, enables their true diameter to be estimated by analyzing the droplet image properties. Greater emphasis on the application of the PDIA technique is deferred to the second part of this two‐part paper where droplet size data obtained from a hollow‐cone spray is compared with similar data measured via phase Doppler anemometry (PDA).
Einführung eines Risikomanagement‐Systems bei Freudenberg
Authors: Back Martin , Bauer Heinz , Multerer Frank , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: February 2004

Das Umfeld jedes Unternehmens und die Bedingungen, unter denen es arbeitet, sind einem stetigen und schneller werdenden Wandel unterworfen. Diese Veränderungen eröffnen eine Vielzahl Chancen, bedingen gleichzeitig aber auch Risiken, die es im Rahmen eines konsequenten Frühwarn‐ und Risikomanagements zu handhaben gilt. In der Unternehmensgruppe Freudenberg ist der bewusste Umgang mit den vielseitigen unternehmerischen Risiken schon immer ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Handelns gewesen, bei dem neben wirtschaftlichen Aspekten auch die Arbeitssicherheit einen hohen Stellenwert einnimmt.
Alles im grünen Bereich: Risiko‐Indikatoren bei der Dresdner Bank
Authors: van den Brink Gerrit Jan
Published: February 2004

Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) sind wesentliche Instrumente für ein proaktives Management der Operationellen Risiken. Sie sollen in der Lage sein, eine Änderung des Risiko‐Profils vorherzusehen. Die Implementierung der KRIs verfolgt zwei Ziele: (1) Die Vorbeugung von Risiko‐Ereignissen und (2) die rechtzeitige Entdeckung von ungünstigen Trends. Um diese Ziele zu erfüllen, muss ein KRI eine Reihe von Eigenschaften aufweisen. Insbesondere das Zeitfenster für Reaktionen spielt eine zentrale Rolle. Eine erste Hilfe für die Definition kann in Prozessabbildungen, Verlust‐ und Self‐Assessment‐Daten sowie dem Risiko‐Kapital gefunden werden.
Was ist Risiko?
Authors: Romeike Frank , Erben Roland Franz
Published: February 2004

Risiken bezeichnen Noch‐Nicht‐Ereignisse, die wir uns hier und jetzt vergegenwärtigen müssen, ohne sie bereits wirklich zu kennen. Risiken lauern bösartigerweise in den Seitengängen einer Zukunft, die uns den Blick um die Ecke verweigert.
„Auf sein Auventura und Risigo handeln”︁: Zur Sprach‐ und Kulturgeschichte des Risiko‐Begriffs
Authors: Keller Hildegard Elisabeth
Published: February 2004

Zur europäischen Begriffsbildung im Wortfeld des Risikos gehören die Ausdrücke „Angst”︁, „Abenteuer”︁ und „Risiko”︁. Mittelalterliche Ideologeme der höfisch‐ritterlichen und der christlichen Denkkultur sind für diese Begriffsgeschichte grundlegend und werden in der frühen Neuzeit durch merkantile Praktiken überlagert. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass der Mensch sich selbst als Risiko‐Faktor allerersten Ranges begreift. Dies wird zu allen Zeiten auch erzählerisch verarbeitet. Bereits im jüdisch‐christlichen Mythos vom Sündenfall ist dies vorgezeichnet und setzt sich fort bis hin zu den modernsten Technologien (sei es die Kernenergie, die Umweltsituation, die Mikrobiologie oder humanmedizinische Forschungszweige) sowie den Debatten der daraus resultierenden ethischen Probleme.
Mehr Transparenz wagen!: Der Deutsche Corporate Governance Kodex (Teil I)
Authors: Dörner Dietrich , Orth Christian
Published: February 2004

Mit dem Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex (DCGK) und der für börsennotierte Unternehmen geltenden gesetzlichen Verpflichtung, sich zur Einhaltung der Empfehlungen des Kodex regelmäßig in einer Entsprechenserklärung zu äußern, wurde eine gänzlich neue Regelungstechnik im deutschen Unternehmensrecht verankert. Allerdings ist vielen Unternehmen nach wie vor nicht klar, was die Einführung dieses Kodex letztlich bedeutet und welche konkreten Auswirkungen er hat. Der folgende Beitrag geht daher zunächst auf die Bedeutung „guter Unternehmensführung”︁ ein. Im zweiten Teil der Serie (erscheint in der RISKNEWS 02/2004) werden dann die Hintergründe und Zielsetzungen dieser Regelungen beleuchtet.
Genome size in Echinops L. and related genera (Asteraceae, Cardueae): karyological, ecological and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Garnatje Teresa , Vallès Joan , Garcia Sònia , Hidalgo Oriane , Sanz María , Canela Miguel Ángel , Siljak‐Yakovlev Sonja
Published: February 2004

Abstract Genome size was assessed by flow cytometry in 33 species belonging to seven genera of the tribe Cardueae (Asteraceae), which can be grouped in three taxonomic complexes. 2C nuclear DNA content ranged from 1.49 to 16.98 pg, which is more than elevenfold variation. Genome size correlated well with some karyological traits. Nuclear DNA amount variations also have systematic and evolutionary implications and/or are linked to adaptations to ecological conditions.
Hepatitis C virus ultrastructure and morphogenesis
Authors: Roingeard Philippe , Hourioux Christophe , Blanchard Emmanuelle , Brand Denys , Ait‐Goughoulte Malika
Published: February 2004

Abstract Details of the ultrastructure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) virion remain unclear because it has proved extremely difficult to visualise virus particles from infected serum and tissues directly. In addition, although much is known about the viral genome, first cloned in 1989, little is known about HCV morphogenesis, due to the lack of an efficient in vitro culture system for HCV propagation. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) obtained by expressing genes encoding the HCV structural proteins in mammalian cells can be used as an alternative model for studying HCV morphogenesis. In particular, this HCV‐LP model has made it possible to demonstrate that HCV budding occurs at the ER membrane and that the core protein drives this process. The HCV‐LP model opens up new possibilities for the investigation of viral morphogenesis and virus‐host cell interactions, which may make it possible to establish the long‐awaited in vitro culture system for HCV.
The protein kinase kin1 is required for cellular symmetry in fission yeast
Authors: La Carbona Stéphanie , Allix Caroline , Philippe Michel , Le Goff Xavier
Published: February 2004

Abstract The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a highly polarized unicellular eukaryote with two opposite growing poles in which F‐actin cytoskeleton is focused. The KIN1/PAR‐1/MARK protein family is composed of conserved eukaryotic serine/threonine kinases which are involved in cell polarity, microtubule stability or cell cycle regulation. Here, we investigate the function of the fission yeast KIN1/PAR‐1/MARK member, kin1p. Using a deletion allele (kin1Δ), we show that kin1 mutation promotes a delay in septation. Kin1p regulates the structure of the new cell end after cytokinesis by modulating cell wall remodeling. Abnormal shaped interphase kin1Δ cells misplace F‐actin patches and the premitotic nucleus. Thus, mitotic kin1Δ cells misposition the F‐actin ring assembly site that is dependent on the position of the interphase nucleus. The resulting asymmetric cell division produces daughter cells with distinct shapes. Overexpressed kin1p accumulates asymmetrically at the cell cortex and affects cell shape, F‐actin organization and microtubules. Our results suggest that correct dosage of kin1p at the cortex is required for spatial organization of the fission yeast cell.
Differential mucin expression in colon carcinoma HT‐29 clones with variable resistance to 5‐fluorouracil and methotrexate
Authors: Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Gouyer Valérie , Rousseau Karine , Moreau Odile , Barbat Alain , Swallow Dallas , Huet Guillemette , Lesuffleur Thécla
Published: February 2004

Abstract A current challenge is to define the biological characteristics of colon tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy. Distinct sub‐populations of mucus‐secreting cells were previously obtained from the colon cancer cell line HT‐29 after long‐term treatment with the anti‐cancer drugs, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and methotrexate (MTX). Since mucins are increasingly implicated as playing a role in carcinogenesis, we studied the pattern of mucin expression in two HT‐29 clones of mucus‐secreting and two clones of enterocyte‐like phenotype which differ in their capacity to resist to 5‐FU and/or MTX. The expression of both transmembrane (MUC1, MUC3, MUC4) and secreted gel‐forming (MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6) mucins in clones was studied by northern and/or western blotting. The four HT‐29 clones showed three cellular phenotypes: (1) The mucus‐secreting clone HT29‐5F12 consists of unpolarized cells with mucus secretions that have anti‐colonic mucin immunoreactivity, and mainly expresses MUC2 and is resistant to 5‐FU and sensitive to MTX; (2) The mucus‐secreting clone HT29‐5M21 forms a monolayer of polarized cells with strong anti‐gastric mucin immunoreactivity and mainly expresses MUC5AC and MUC5B and is resistant to MTX and sensitive to 5‐FU; (3) The two enterocyte‐like clones, HT29‐5F7 and HT29‐5M12 are resistant to both MTX and 5‐FU and express mainly MUC1 and MUC5B, respectively. These clones which originate from a same colorectal tumour and display different patterns of mucin expression as well as differing resistance to MTX and 5‐FU will make useful in vitro models for studying the potential role of mucins or other biological markers in drug resistance pathways.
Re‐expression of NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors in vitro by suppression of neuronal activity
Authors: Kiyosue Kazuyuki , Hiyama Takeshi Y. , Nakayama Kimiko , Kasai Michiki , Taguchi Takahisa
Published: February 2004

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are known to play critical roles in the development of the nervous system, and their expression is regulated in an activity‐dependent fashion during development. However, the regulation of NMDAR expression after circuit formation is less well understood. To examine this, we performed patch‐clamp recordings from chick cerebral neurons in an activity‐controlled culture. Analysis of NMDAR channels from neurons before synapse formation showed that there are two components in channel open kinetics. The major slow component is clearly blocked by ifenprodil, a specific inhibitor of NR2B‐containing NMDARs. In contrast, slow component of NMDAR channel opening from neurons after synapse formation became minor and ifenprodil had little effect on the NMDAR channel openings. Furthermore, this change is reversibly regulated by neuronal activity, in that suppression induces the re‐expression of NR2B‐containing NMDARs, even after circuit formation.
RpS3, a DNA repair endonuclease and ribosomal protein, is involved in apoptosis
Authors: Jang Chang-Young , Lee Jae Yung , Kim Joon
Published: February 2004

It is known that mammalian rpS3 functions as a DNA repair endonuclease and ribosomal protein S3. It was also observed that several ribosomal proteins or DNA repair enzymes are related to apoptosis. We report here a third function of rpS3, induction of apoptosis. The localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐rpS3 is changed to the nuclear membrane when lymphocytic cells undergo rpS3‐induced apoptosis. Transient expression of GFP‐rpS3 activates caspase‐8/caspase‐3 and sensitizes cytokine‐induced apoptosis. Deletion analysis reveals that the two functions of rpS3, DNA repair and apoptosis, use independent functional domains.
Combinatorial engineering to enhance amylosucrase performance: construction, selection, and screening of variant libraries for increased activity
Authors: van der Veen Bart A , Potocki-Véronèse Gabrielle , Albenne Cécile , Joucla Gilles , Monsan Pierre , Remaud-Simeon Magali
Published: February 2004

Amylosucrase is a glucosyltransferase belonging to family 13 of glycoside hydrolases and catalyses the formation of an amylose‐type polymer from sucrose. Its potential use as an industrial tool for the synthesis or the modification of polysaccharides, however, is limited by its low catalytic efficiency on sucrose alone, its low stability, and its side reactions resulting in sucrose isomer formation. Therefore, combinatorial engineering of the enzyme through random mutagenesis, gene shuffling, and selective screening (directed evolution) was started, in order to generate more efficient variants of the enzyme. A convenient zero background expression cloning strategy was developed. Mutant gene libraries were generated by error‐prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using Taq polymerase with unbalanced dNTPs or Mutazyme™, followed by recombination of the PCR products by DNA shuffling. A selection method was developed to allow only the growth of amylosucrase active clones on solid mineral medium containing sucrose as the sole carbon source. Automated protocols were designed to screen amylosucrase activity from mini‐cultures using dinitrosalicylic acid staining of reducing sugars and iodine staining of amylose‐like polymer. A pilot experiment using the described mutagenesis, selection, and screening methods yielded two variants with significantly increased activity (five‐fold under the screening conditions). Sequence analysis of these variants revealed mutations in amino acid residues which would not be considered for rational design of improved amylosucrase variants. A method for the characterisation of amylosucrase action on sucrose, consisting of accurate measurement of glucose and fructose concentrations, was introduced. This allows discrimination between hydrolysis and transglucosylation, enabling a more detailed comparison between wild‐type and mutant enzymes.