bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of a deep learning based artificial intelligence for automatic identification of gold fiducial markers in an MRI-only prostate radiotherapy workflow
Authors: Gustafsson Christian Jamtheim , Swärd Johan , Adalbjörnsson Stefan Ingi , Jakobsson Andreas , Olsson Lars E
Published: August 2020

Identification of prostate gold fiducial markers in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images is challenging when CT images are not available, due to misclassifications from intra-prostatic calcifications. It is also a time consuming task and automated identification methods have been suggested as an improvement for both objectives. Multi-echo gradient echo (MEGRE) images have been utilized for manual fiducial identification with 100% detection accuracy. The aim is therefore to develop an automatic deep learning based method for fiducial identification in MRI images intended for MRI-only prostate radiotherapy. MEGRE images from 326 prostate cancer patients with fiducials were acquired on a 3T MRI, post-processed with N4 bias correction, and the fiducial center of mass (CoM) was identified. A 9 mm radius sphere was created around the CoM as ground truth. A deep learning HighRes3DNet model for semantic segmentation was trained using image augmentation. The model was applied to 39 MRI-only patients and 3D probability maps for fiducial location and segmentation were produced and spatially smoothed. In each of the three largest probability peaks, a 9 mm radius sphere was defined. Detection sensitivity and geometric accuracy was assessed. To raise awareness of potential false findings a ‘BeAware’ score was developed, calculated from the total number and quality of the probability peaks. All datasets, annotations and source code used were made publicly available. The detection sensitivity for all fiducials were 97.4%. Thirty-six out of thirty-nine patients had all fiducial markers correctly identified. All three failed patients generated a user notification using the BeAware score. The mean absolute difference between the detected fiducial and ground truth CoM was 0.7 ± 0.9 [0 3.1] mm. A deep learning method for automatic fiducial identification in MRI images was developed and evaluated with state-of-the-art results. The BeAware score has the potential to notify the user regarding patients where the proposed method is uncertain.
An approach to identifying unconventional superconductivity in highly-compressed superconductors
Authors: Talantsev E F
Published: August 2020

Since the milestone experimental discovery by Drozdov et al( 2015 Nature
525 73–6) who reported the observation of near-room-temperature (NRT) superconductivity in highly-compressed sulphur hydride, the quest for room-temperature superconductivity is primarily focused on highly-compressed materials. Extreme conditions and space confinement inside a diamond anvil cell (DAC) dramatically limits the number of experimental techniques which can be applied to study highly-compressed superconductors. For this reason, the development of new approaches to characterize materials at extreme conditions is one of the central topics in the field of NRT superconductivity. In this paper, we describe an approach to categorize highly-compressed superconductors, including NRT superconductors, as unconventional superconductors. The primary idea for the classification is based on the empirical finding of Uemura (1997 Physica C
282–7 197) who showed that all unconventional superconductors have the ratio of the superconducting transition temperature, T
c, to the Fermi temperature, T
F, within a range of 0.01 ≤ T
c/T
F ≤ 0.05. To deduce the Fermi temperature in highly-compressed superconductors, we utilize temperature dependence of the upper critical field and the resistance data (which both can be more or less routinely measured for highly-compressed superconductors) and reported results by first principles calculations for these materials. We demonstrate the application of the approach for highly-compressed oxygen, sulphur, lithium, and recently discovered yttrium superhydride polymorphs, YHn( n = 4,6,7,9) (Troyan et al( 2019 arXiv:1908.01534) and Kong et al( 2019 arXiv:1909.10482)). We also show the application of the approach for the newly discovered uncompressed Nd2-xSrxNiO2 nickelate superconductor.
First performance test of the iron-based superconducting racetrack coils at 10 T
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Wang Dongliang , Wei Shaoqing , Wang Yingzhe , Wang Chengtao , Zhang Zhen , Yao Huanli , Zhang Xianping , Liu Fang , Liu Huajun , Ma Yanwei , Xu Qingjin , Wang Yifang
Published: August 2020

Iron-based superconducting (IBS) racetrack coils were firstly fabricated by using 100-m 7-filamentary Ba1-xKxFe2As2 (Ba122) tapes at the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IHEP, CAS). The IBS tape was wound in parallel with stainless steel tape to withstand the high tensile hoop stress under high magnetic field. After the heat treatment, the coils were impregnated with epoxy resin. Then the IBS coils were tested in a low-temperature superconducting Common-Coil dipole magnet which provided a maximum background field of 10 T at 4.2 K. Most importantly, the best IBS racetrack coil quenched at 4.2 K and 10 T with an operating current of 65 A, which is still as high as 86.7% of critical current of the short sample at 10 T. The details of the fabrication process and performance test results were presented in this paper. The performance test demonstrated the IBS conductor is a promising candidate for the application of high field magnets especially for future high-energy accelerators.
Extensive early mineralization of pre-osteoblasts, inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and faster peri-implant bone healing in osteoporotic rat model: principle effectiveness of bone-specific delivery of Tibolone as evaluated in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Barik Anwesha , Ray Suman Kumar , Byram Prasanna Kumar , Sinha Rashmi , Chakravorty Nishant
Published: August 2020

Hydrophobic drug molecules pose a significant challenge in immobilization on super-hydrophobic metallic surfaces like conventional titanium implants. Pre-coating surface modifications may yield a better platform with improved wettability for such purposes. Such modifications, as depicted in this study, were hypothesized to provide the requisite roughness to assist deposition of polymers like silk fibroin (SF) as a drug-binding matrix in addition to significant improvement in early protein adsorption, which facilitates faster cellular adhesion and proliferation. A silk-based localized drug delivery module was developed on the titanium surface and tested for its surface roughness, wettability, biocompatibility and in vitro differentiation potential of cells cultured on the coated metallic surfaces with/without external supplementation of the active metabolite of Tibolone. Conditioning of the matrix-coated implants with osteogenic as well as osteoclastogenic media supplemented with Tibolone stimulated the expression of early osteogenic gene and calcium deposition in the extracellular matrix. Significant inhibition in resorptive activity was also observed in the presence of the drug. To assess the efficacy of localized delivery of Tibolone via topographically modified titanium implants for inducing early peri-implant bone formation, osteoporosis was artificially induced in rats subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and implants were placed thereafter. Bone-specific release of Tibolone through the biomimetic matrix in osteoporotic rats collectively indicated significant improvement in peri-implant bone growth after 2 and 4 weeks (p < 0.05 compared to dummy-coated implants). These findings demonstrate for the first time that Tibolone released from SF matrix-coated implants can accelerate the biological stability of bone fixtures.
The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Cheyette Bryan
Published: August 2020

The Ghetto: A Very Short Introduction provides an overview of the history of the ghetto, focusing on specific times and places throughout history. Is the ghetto real or imagined? The word ‘ghetto’ would not have existed without 16th-century Italian economic interests, which led to the policy of placing the Jewish population in enclosed enclaves in around twenty-four Italian towns and cities. During the Holocaust, there were many hundreds of Nazi ghettos in Eastern Europe varying in size, duration, and purpose. The history of the ghetto was adopted by African-Americans in the mid-20th century and is still used to describe both the concrete and abstract qualities of segregated urban life. There is no single idea or place which encompasses ‘the ghetto’.
Ecology: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Ghazoul Jaboury
Published: August 2020

Ecology is the science of how organisms interact with each other and their environment to form communities and ecosystems. Ecology: A Very Short Introduction explains the history of ecology, the principles of ecological thinking, how ecology affects our everyday lives, and how it guides environmental decisions, especially in the light of current and future environmental challenges. What are the factors behind ‘boom and bust’ cycles in species populations? How and why do two species cooperate? Do humans need so many species? The cultural significance of ecology is also explored, with examples of different schools of thought that envisage ecology as a science and a worldview.
Intraspecific variation and structuring of phenotype in a lake-dwelling species are driven by lake size and elevation
Authors: Koene J Peter , Elmer Kathryn R , Adams Colin E
Published: August 2020

The fragmented, heterogeneous and relatively depauperate ecosystems of recently glaciated lakes present contrasting ecological opportunities for resident fish. Across a species, local adaptation may induce diverse and distinct phenotypic responses to various selection pressures. We tested for intraspecific phenotypic structuring by population in a common native lake-dwelling fish species across a medium-scale geographic region with considerable variation in lake types. We investigated potential lake-characteristic drivers of trophic morphology. Using geometric morphometric techniques, we quantified the head shapes of 759 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from 28 lakes and reservoirs across Scotland. Multivariate statistical analyses showed that almost all populations differed from one another. Trout from larger and deeper lakes had deeper, but shorter heads, and smaller eyes. Higher elevation lakes were associated with fish with shorter heads and jaws. Within-population shape variation also differed by population, and was positively correlated with lake surface area and depth. Trout within reservoirs differed subtly from those in natural lakes, having larger eyes, shorter jaws and greater variability. This study documents an extraordinary morphological variation between and within populations of brown trout, and demonstrates the role of the extrinsic environment in driving phenotypic structuring over a medium-scale and varied geographic area.
Consumption Inequality Among Children: Evidence from Child Fostering in Malawi
Authors: Penglase Jacob
Published: August 2020

The share of household resources devoted to a child may depend on their gender, birth order, or relationship to the household head. However, it is challenging to determine whether parents favour certain children over others as consumption data are collected at the household level and goods are shared among family members. I develop a new methodology using the collective household framework to identify consumption inequality between different types of children. I apply this method to child fostering in Malawi. I find little evidence of inequality between foster and non-foster children.
Labor shares and inequality: insights from Italian economic history, 1895–19701
Authors: Gabbuti Giacomo
Published: August 2020

This article develops theoretical and practical motivations for studying the functional distribution of income in the past. Italy is adopted as a case study, because of the availability of long-run estimates on personal inequality and of the long-lasting incidence of self-employment. New labor shares for 1895–1970 show Italian workers accruing a low share of income until 1945; by the end of the 1950s, they rapidly converged to the European average. Italian history shows that functional income distribution deepens our understanding of long- and short-run distributional trends and makes a compelling case for approaching inequality by combining diverse sources and methodologies.
Bayesian inversion of magnetotelluric data considering dimensionality discrepancies
Authors: Seillé Hoël , Visser Gerhard
Published: August 2020

Bayesian inversion of magnetotelluric (MT) data is a powerful but computationally expensive approach to estimate the subsurface electrical conductivity distribution and associated uncertainty. Approximating the Earth subsurface with 1-D physics considerably speeds-up calculation of the forward problem, making the Bayesian approach tractable, but can lead to biased results when the assumption is violated. We propose a methodology to quantitatively compensate for the bias caused by the 1-D Earth assumption within a 1-D trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler. Our approach determines site-specific likelihood functions which are calculated using a dimensionality discrepancy error model derived by a machine learning algorithm trained on a set of synthetic 3-D conductivity training images. This is achieved by exploiting known geometrical dimensional properties of the MT phase tensor. A complex synthetic model which mimics a sedimentary basin environment is used to illustrate the ability of our workflow to reliably estimate uncertainty in the inversion results, even in presence of strong 2-D and 3-D effects. Using this dimensionality discrepancy error model we demonstrate that on this synthetic data set the use of our workflow performs better in 80 per cent of the cases compared to the existing practice of using constant errors. Finally, our workflow is benchmarked against real data acquired in Queensland, Australia, and shows its ability to detect the depth to basement accurately.
Impact of the Patent Cooperation Treaty in Latin America
Authors: Correa Juan I , Correa Carlos M
Published: August 2020

This study shows that the main beneficiaries of the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) in three Latin American countries, which adhered to it as a result of the obligations provided for in free trade agreements, have been non-residents rather than local companies and individual inventors. This rebuts the frequently made argument that acceding to the PCT would generate incentives for local innovation and benefit local inventors by boosting their capacity to protect their developments in third countries. In the three countries considered in this study, the number of patents granted increased after accession to the treaty. This points to the risk of an erosion of the countries’ flexibilities in designing and implementing patent policies, as allowed by the TRIPS Agreement, with respect to the standards applied to assess eligibility for patent protection.
A peripheral heretic? An early fourteenth-century heresy trial from Sweden*
Authors: Zamore Gustav
Published: August 2020

This article examines the inquisition against Botulf, the only person known to have been executed for heresy in medieval Sweden. It analyses the tactics of evasion that Botulf employed to escape detection and apprehension by tapping into common conceptions of the Eucharist to gloss his dissent. Through a close reading of the sentence in its historical, cultural and liturgical context, the article argues that it not only records a unique case in medieval Sweden, but that it performs clerical and elite identities by drawing on biblical and liturgical topoi, as well as antiheretical rhetoric to depict Botulf as a ‘membrum diaboli’.
Publicity, authority and legal radicalism at John Lilburne’s treason trial, 1649*
Authors: Sargeant Jack David
Published: August 2020

This article uses John Lilburne’s 1649 treason trial to explore the function of publicity in Leveller thought. It sets Lilburne’s demand for an open trial within the long- and short-term contexts of public trials in early modern England and the advent of extraordinary tribunals by parliament during the civil war of the 1640s. It argues that the Levellers attributed a particular significance to the transparency of legal proceedings. Publicity offered a means for the ‘free-born Englishman’ to verify that power was wielded legitimately, and opened up the possibility of resistance if they judged their fundamental rights and liberties to have been violated. In so doing, the article explores proposals for radical legal reform that emerged in the 1640s, and contrasts the Levellers’ immanent political ontology with the transcendental logic of monarchical power.
Positive Entropy Using Hecke Operators at a Single Place
Authors: Shem-Tov Zvi
Published: August 2020

We prove the following statement: let $X=\textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{Z}}})\backslash \textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{R}}})$ and consider the standard action of the diagonal group $A<\textrm{SL}_n({{\mathbb{R}}})$ on it. Let $\mu $ be an $A$-invariant probability measure on $X$, which is a limit $$\begin{equation*} \mu=\lambda\lim_i|\phi_i|^2dx, \end{equation*}$$where $\phi _i$ are normalized eigenfunctions of the Hecke algebra at some fixed place $p$ and $\lambda>0$ is some positive constant. Then any regular element $a\in A$ acts on $\mu $ with positive entropy on almost every ergodic component. We also prove a similar result for lattices coming from division algebras over ${{\mathbb{Q}}}$ and derive a quantum unique ergodicity result for the associated locally symmetric spaces. This generalizes a result of Brooks and Lindenstrauss [2].
Fibrous g-C3N4@Tio2 Nanocomposites-Based Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction for Chromium Speciation in Cow Milk by ICP-MS after Digestion Treatment with Artificial Gastric Juice
Authors: Chen Shizhong , Liu Yuxiu , Yan Juntao , Wang Chunlei , Lu Dengbo
Published: August 2020

Background

Chromium is an interesting element because its toxicity depends on its speciation. Thus, knowledge of Cr speciation in cow milk is essential to human health.

Objective

This study aims to achieve real bioaccessible species in cow milk, including Cr(III), Cr(VI), residual, digestible, and total Cr.

Methods

Samples were treated with artificial gastric juice, followed by dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) combined with ICP-MS for Cr speciation. Fibrous g-C3N4@TiO2 nanocomposites (FGCTNCs) were used as a novel adsorbent for DMSPE.

Results

The method detection limits were 110 pg/g (Cr(III)) and 260 pg/g (Cr(VI)) for milk powder (0.1 g), and 5.1 pg/g (Cr(III)) and 13 pg/g (Cr(VI)) for liquid cow milk (2 mL). The relative standard deviations (RSDs), obtained by analyzing the standard solutions containing 1.0 ng/mL of the analytes in sequence for nine times, were 4.3% and 5.1% for Cr(III) and Cr(VI), respectively. Linearity was observed over the range of 4 magnitude orders with correlation coefficients better than 0.9961. The enrichment factor of 100 was obtained. The majority of Cr in the samples was transferred into digestion solution. The content of Cr(III) is much higher than that of Cr(VI) in the digestion solution.

Conclusions

This method has the advantages of reduced solvent consumption, less adsorbent dosage, and high extraction efficiency. It may become a valuable strategy for elemental species in food samples.

Highlights

The samples were treated with artificial gastric juice to avoid the inter-conversion of species. FGCTNCs exhibit the merits of N-rich functional groups and selective adsorption for the analytes.
Potential for inter-state spread of Covid-19 from Arizona, USA: analysis of mobile device location and commercial flight data
Authors: Watts Alexander , Au Natalie H , Thomas-Bachli Andrea , Forsyth Jack , Mayah Obadia , Popescu Saskia , Bogoch Isaac I
Published: August 2020

A significant rise of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Arizona in June 2020 prompted the need to evaluate potential dispersion to other regions in the United States. We evaluate the potential for domestic dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 from Arizona using mobile device-location and scheduled flights data.
Evaluations for Sentencing of Juveniles in Criminal Court
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court imposed special requirements for sentencing juveniles who have been transferred to criminal court for conviction and sentencing as adults. Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) also required that all juveniles sentenced to life without parole in the past must be resentenced. For these cases, the Court required that consideration of life without parole and any alternative sentences must include a review of potentially mitigating factors associated with a youth’s developmental immaturity. This is the first book to offer guidance to forensic mental health examiners when performing evaluations to assist attorneys and judges in Miller sentencing and resentencing cases. The first three chapters review relevant legal, conceptual, and research background for examiners. The Court’s specific developmental factors are defined, as well as relevant case law and legal process for juvenile sentencing cases. Then psychological concepts and theory related to those developmental factors are reviewed, and a chapter identifies research that examiners can use to inform their assessment and interpretation process. With that conceptual background, the next four chapters offer recommendations for conducting these evaluations. Preparation for the evaluation is described, including managing the requirements and expectations of referring parties. Then the process of data collection is outlined, including interviews and psychological and developmental testing tailored for this type of evaluation. Final chapters offer guidance for interpreting the data to address the law’s relevant developmental factors, as well as an outline and advice for written reports and oral testimony in juvenile sentencing cases.
Forensic Developmental Concepts
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

Chapter 2 identifies and describes developmental and clinical psychological concepts that may be useful in forensic Miller evaluations when addressing Miller’s standards for immaturity. Concepts related to the decisional immaturity factor include two models of psychosocial immaturity and the “maturity gap” concept. The dependency immaturity factor is examined through the lens of trauma concepts and individual differences in dependency. The offense context factor offers conceptual ways of thinking about the impact of immaturity on the offense drawn from reasoning in other types of forensic evaluations. The prospects for rehabilitation factor is examined with concepts related to amenability to rehabilitation and the appropriateness of interventions. Concepts relevant for Miller’s “irreparable corruption” include life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited offending patterns, psychopathy, sophistication and maturity, and the Risk-Needs-Responsivity model. A model is provided for the forensic process of analyzing irreparable corruption. Finally, several concepts from general developmental psychology are reviewed for their relevance to Miller cases.
Empirical Foundations and Limits
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

Chapter 3 identifies, reviews, and provides references to reviews of research relevant for various factors assessed in Miller cases. The first section reviews research on serious and violent offending and re-offending among adolescents, patterns of life-course offending, and research specifically on homicides by juveniles. The next section reviews neuroscience and psychological research on adolescent decision making and risk taking. The research on personality and psychopathology of adolescent offenders is reviewed, followed by research on factors related to youths’ amenability to rehabilitation as well as what is known about the effectiveness of various interventions to reduce re-offending among youth. Finally, the chapter offers background and research on structured assessment tools useful for assessing the characteristics associated with the Miller immaturity factors.
Preparation for the Evaluation
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 offers guidance for the clinician in the earliest stages of the evaluation process before engaging in the evaluation itself. The first section focuses on whether the clinician is competent to perform Miller evaluations. It focuses on what is required of the clinician in terms of specialized knowledge, ways to avoid bias, and other special demands of Miller cases. The second section focuses on communications with the party requesting the evaluation (typically an attorney) and describes how to reach agreement about objectives and creating the proper expectations for both the attorney and the clinician. Finally, various logistical matters are discussed regarding location of evaluations, time frames, and gaining access to relevant records and collateral interviewees. The chapter concludes with suggestions for planning the evaluation itself.
Data Collection
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers guidance for the collecting the various types of information needed for Miller evaluations. It begins with a general section on the process, focusing on the need for multiple sources of data, checking consistencies and inconsistencies in information across sources, attending to dissimulation, and adjusting one’s assessment plan as unexpected information arises. Then separate sections are provided for obtaining data from various specific sources. Guidance is offered for the various types of records that should be obtained and why they are important. Suggestions are made for interviewing the defendant and for interviewing caregivers and other collateral informants. Finally, recommendations are offered for various types of structured assessment tools that will provide normative data on the defendant’s personality, psychopathology, decision-making and risk-taking characteristics, and amenability to rehabilitation.
Interpretation
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers guidance on using the data collected to make inferences and form opinions about the essential questions in Miller evaluations. The first section offers guidance on general matters of interpretation: forming opinions based on data and theory/research foundations, the logic employed, the use of corroboration to shape inferences, and the formation of alternative hypotheses. Then commentary is offered separately for forming interpretations related to each of the Miller factors: decisional immaturity, dependency immaturity, analyzing the offense context, and making interpretations about prospects for rehabilitation. A final section focuses specifically on interpretations related to the legal concept of irreparable corruption.
Report Writing and Testimony
Authors: Kavanaugh Antoinette , Grisso Thomas
Published: August 2020

This chapter offers guidance for writing one’s report and testifying in Miller cases. It begins with recommendations for discussing the evaluation results and one’s interpretation with the referring party before drafting the report, then describes the value and limitations of discussing the written draft prior to final signing of the report. Then guidance is offered for depositions, which are common in Miller evaluations. Finally, a number of resources are identified that prepare forensic examiners for testimony, followed by examples of, and possible ways to answer, challenging questions that often arise specifically in Miller evaluations. The chapter ends with a general conclusion for the book.
Assessment
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an overview of how to conduct a clinical assessment when doing acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). It outlines the functional basis of ACT as a therapeutic model and its implication: ACT is focused on the effect or purpose of behaviors, rather than their form. The four main areas of assessment covered in this chapter are as follows: (1) how to determine the primary clinical concern; (2) how to determine the functional context maintaining the target behaviors (identified in area 1); (3) how to assess for contextual, historical, or cultural variables that play into the case presentation; and (4) how to set up an ongoing assessment program over the course of treatment.
General Guide to the ACT Therapeutic Context
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to the worldview underlying the therapeutic context in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and how this worldview influences what ACT sessions typically look like. In ACT, the therapeutic relationship is seen as a context in which clients learn to become more psychologically flexible or to interact with their thoughts and feelings in new ways that may be more beneficial to their own well-being. The chapter provides tips for how to stay consistent with ACT principles in the areas of therapeutic stance, the therapeutic relationship, therapist behavior in session, and word choices, among other things.
Session 2
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter builds on work described in Chapter 4, on creative hopelessness. Specifically, the therapist will continue to focus clients’ attention on the effects and effectiveness of trying to control thoughts and feelings. Once clients are able to track the limited effectiveness of attempts to control thoughts and feelings, the therapist can segue into exploring if attempts to control thoughts and feelings not only do not work as expected but may even be detrimental to well-being (control as the problem). Several examples of exercises to illustrate this point are provided. Finally, the chapter describes how to begin a discussion of practicing acceptance or willingness as an alternative to control. This session is the first in which structured homework tasks are assigned, and, accordingly, details on how to collaboratively set behavioral goals are included.
Sessions 3 and 4
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides session outlines for covering acceptance and defusion with clients. It also describes how to be experiential when doing acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). At this point in therapy, we expect that clients may not be fully on board with the idea of acceptance. Thus, the chapter provides some guidance on how to practice acceptance with clients again, recognizing that doing so is novel for most people. In addition, work on acceptance provides a natural segue into work on defusion, as noticing thoughts and feelings for what they are can make being willing to experience them that much easier.
Sessions 5 and 6
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter covers content that would be helpful after clients have been practicing willingness in the service of living a more meaningful life. More explicit work on values begins here, to give clients context for practicing difficult skills, such as acceptance and defusion. The chapter also describes how to further build on acceptance and defusion skills in these sessions, with more experiential exercises (e.g., self-compassion, ways to flexibly interact with a difficult current emotion, interacting with thoughts like an object). Mindfulness is introduced in this chapter to further expand acceptance and defusion work in the context of flexibly attending to one’s experiences in the present moment.
Session 11
Authors: Twohig Michael P. , Levin Michael E. , Ong Clarissa W.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an outline for a typical last session of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The chapter describes how to assess readiness for therapy termination and debrief the course of therapy. In addition, the chapter highlights a few points that may be worth covering in a last session: predicting barriers to behavior change, troubleshooting potential issues, reminding clients to focus on moving toward their values, and formulating strategies to maintain therapeutic gains (e.g., setting reminders, reading relevant books). The chapter also discusses how to say goodbye to clients at the end of their time with the therapist.
Reset
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

Behavior change is a hot topic in many fields nowadays, from public health to marketing to web design to architecture and public policy. However, there is little consensus about how to approach it: there are over 100 change theories in health psychology alone, and the field of behavioral economics has over 100 “nudges” for inspiring behavior change as well (just to mention the two most prominent fields dealing with this topic). This book is about a new, generic way of approaching behavior change called Behavior Centered Design (BCD). It provides a theory-based framework for designing behavior change programs in any field. Further, BCD is based on more fundamental sources of theory than alternatives: evolutionary biology and neuroscience—basically because these are more reliable sources of ideas about behavior than the cognitive psychology on which other methodologies have traditionally depended. BCD is one of the few approaches out there that constitutes an entire “framework”—both a general theory of how to change behavior and a generic process for developing change programs. It is also unique in mixing the latest from the relevant behavioral sciences and from studies of creativity for understanding how to intervene effectively. Finally, it is the only approach that resurrects the behavior-setting concept from ecological psychology, using it to ground both change theory and the design process. The behavior-setting concept is a powerful way to unify many of the concerns of other approaches. It concludes with an extensive description of how to use BCD to develop behavior change programs.
Changing Behavior
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

The second chapter outlines what the author calls the “behavior change challenge,” given the perspective adopted, namely, that behavior change is about setting up conditions within which an individuals will naturally learn to perform the desired behavior as a consequence of the modified situation facing them. From this perspective, the challenge is to create new kinds of stimuli (e.g., by modifying the environment) that grab attention, so that they will be properly processed by the brain and, ideally, cause the target behavior (and the outcomes associated with performing that behavior) to be revalued and, thus, become more likley to be performed. However, performance itself can be promoted or facilitated in various ways associated with the situation in which the behavior typically occurs (which the author calls its “behavior setting,” following earlier work in ecological psychology). This constitutes the third type of change facilitation discussed.
Behavior Determination
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

The third chapter takes a step back to present details about the factors involved in determining behavior (i.e., the influences on what makes current practices happen the way they do), which individuals need to know before they can effectively change them. The discussion is organized commonsensically to ensure that all possible types of causes are covered. Crucial again is the notion of a behavior setting as the suite of proximate causes of behavior, with others being more distal. Having covered the problem of behavior change from two different perspectives, in terms of the process that target individuals must go through in Chapter 2 (Surprise, Revaluation, and Performance) and, in this chapter, what kinds of factors can cause people to go through this process, this part of the book comes to a close.
The Program Development Process
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

Behavior Centerd Design (BCD) follows a mnemonically assisted process of ABCDE (Assess, Build, Create, Deliver, and Evaluate) in which those seeking to change behavior are naturally led through a variety of specific logical moves involving existing data collection, additional data collection, creative development, activities to implement the planned changes, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the campaign or program. An extended example of a public health project is used to illustrate the steps throughout. This chapter introduces the problem of developing programs and an overall picture of how BCD approaches the problem, together with some of the specific tools used at particular points in the process.
Assess
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

Chapter 5 is an extensive discussion of the first step involved in developing a behavior change program or campaign. This chapter covers the first step, Assess, which is concerned with getting everyone on the same page, and figuring out what is already known about the target behavior. This typically involves a survey of previously conducted research and collecting the opinions of experts, together with as much contextualization to the program context as possible. It can also involve meetings or a workshop to ensure that everyone’s knowledge has been probed and consensus reached, so that the project can move forward efficiently.
Build
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

In most cases, programmers don’t have complete knowledge of the behavioral situations they wish to change in some way. There may be a rather abstract sense that many people would like to exercise more or take advantage of breast screening exam services, but little knowledge of what kinds of things would induce people to leave their current patterns of behavior behind, to adopt a new daily routine incorporating exercise, or actually go out to get a mammogram. This chapter outlines numerous ways that programmers can learn the information they need to produce creative campaigns and interventions.
Create
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

This chapter is devoted to a description of a process typically left out of behavior change programming: the step in which an idea is converted through an iterative innovation process into a fully fledged intervention. Quite often interventions in public health, for example, are complex, with many activities and components. Generating the plans for these elements of a promotional campaign or program requires creativity—especially if they are to be surprising and cause the target behavior to be easier to perform and more rewarding. But they are largely based strictly on the ideas of those guiding the project, rather than involving creative professionals, or at least use of a design process to convert knowledge into behavioral insights. The Behavior Centered Design Create process emphasizes use of tools derived from the field of design to guide the identification of powerful insights that can effectively change behavior.
What’s Next?
Authors: Aunger Robert
Published: August 2020

This chapter winds up the book with a brief recap of the argument, and discussion of a couple of developments that could increase the ability of Behavior Centered Design to even more powerfully change behavior: through the application of computerized agent-based models of the settings within which health behaviors take place (to make disruption more predictable) and the ongoing developments in sensor networks for the continuous collection of behavioral data. The chapter concludes with some extensions—or uses of the approach beyond health behaviour change programming (which is the primary application type addressed in the book), such as toward institutional behavior change.
Diseases in the District of Maine 1772 - 1820
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

This previously unpublished primary source allows modern readers to reimagine medicine as practiced two hundred years ago by a rural physician in New England through his case histories, correspondence, biographical sketches, and personal commentary. Throughout his fifty-year practice, beginning with a preceptorship in Hingham, Massachusetts, Jeremiah Barker documented his constant efforts to keep up with and contribute to the medical literature in a changing medical landscape, as practice and authority shifted from historical to scientific methods. He performed experiments and autopsies, became interested in the new chemistry of Lavoisier, risked scorn in his use of alkaline remedies, studied epidemic fever and approaches to bloodletting, and struggled to understand epidemic fever, childbed fever, cancer, public health, consumption, mental illness, and the “dangers of spirituous liquors.” He corresponded with luminaries such as Benjamin Rush, Samuel Mitchill, and Lyman Spalding, and he published several articles in the first US medical journal, the Medical Repository. Perhaps many rural physicians practiced at this level, but few such written records have survived. Barker’s rare transcribed manuscript, never before published, is presented in its entirety with extensive annotations, a five-chapter introduction to contextualize the work, and a glossary to make it accessible to twenty-first-century general readers, genealogists, students, and historians.
Jeremiah Barker: Background, Education, and Writings
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

An overview of Barker’s life includes a brief genealogy of his family, his marriages and children, the Penobscot Expedition, and a description of the geographic, social, religious, economic, and demographic setting of Gorham and Portland, Maine, in the late 1700s. The provenance of the Barker manuscript is followed by a summary of its contents, including material from the diary of Portland’s Rev. Thomas Smith detailing epidemics and diseases from 1735 to 1780 and Barker’s own discussion of mental illness, consumption, and a wide assortment of ailments and issues such as epidemic fever, bloodletting, childbed fever, cancer, public health, consumption, yellow fever, and the “dangers of spirituous liquors.” The chapter concludes with Dr. Samuel Mitchill’s 1798 article on medical geography and its relationship to epidemics in the United States and Britain, comments on the American medical book trade, a list of Barker’s articles published in the first and second US medical journals, and comments on yellow fever in Maine.
Obtaining and Sharing Medical Literature, 1780–1820
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

The quest for timely medical literature was a concern for elite as well as rural physicians in the United States, as evidenced by comments from Drs. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia; Benjamin Vaughan of Hallowell, Maine; and Lyman Spalding of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was the focus of an 1800 correspondence about the new cowpox (vaccination) between Barker and John G. Coffin of Boston who, in 1823, would found and edit the Boston Medical Intelligencer, precursor to the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, now the New England Journal of Medicine; smallpox inoculation is also discussed. Topics include obtaining and sharing medical books and journals, the importance of both personal correspondence and newspapers for dissemination of medical information, problems with and for booksellers, medical nationalism, and publishing by subscription.
Thoughts to Consider While Reading Barker’s Manuscript: Presentism, Whiggish History, and the Post Hoc Fallacy
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

The holistic tradition of Hippocrates and Galen ended in the nineteenth century with the arrival of disease specificity. Thus, the correction of imbalances provoked by noxious air, inappropriate behavior, the environment, air, water, food, emotions, exercise, rest, and evacuations gave way to the biomedical model, reductionist medicine, and positive scientific authority. By the late nineteenth century, medicine had incorporated Rudolf Virchow’s cellular pathology (1858), Joseph Lister’s surgical antisepsis (1865), Louis Pasteur’s bacteriology (1860s), and Robert Koch’s discovery of the tuberculosis germ (1880s). But John Harley Warner maintains that in Barker’s era, therapeutic action was an essential part of professional identity, as physicians struggled with skepticism regarding medical therapy and the relative merits of nature healing versus the need for therapeutics such as bleeding, purging, and mercurials. Charles Rosenberg emphasizes the importance to the physician–patient relationship of “exhibiting” a drug. To evaluate the validity of Barker’s knowledge and treatments, the twenty-first-century reader must avoid presentism, whiggish history, and the post hoc fallacy, and must consider confirmation bias. Was Barker using the best available evidence in 1820? Were his decisions evidence-based?
Chapter 1
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

Barker discusses the causes, frequency, and treatment of insanity, with references to contemporary articles and authorities on mental illness such as Benjamin Rush, Philippe Pinel, and Thomas Arnold. Case presentations include delirium, suicide, and problems associated with use of ardent spirits. A case of frenzy alternating with dejected behavior would today be called bipolar disorder or manic depression. Treatments include diet, bloodletting, blisters, mercurials and salivation, cathartics, cold baths, and other modalities.
**2** Chap. 2.d
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on epidemics in New England before 1780. Barker describes his move from Barnstable, Massachusetts, to Gorham, Maine, with information about the town, dietary habits, and physicians in Cumberland County. He cites the diary of the Reverend Thomas Smith, who began his ministerial duties at the First Parish Church in Falmouth (Portland) in 1727 and cared for his parishioner’s medical as well as spiritual needs, keeping a diary of diseases and epidemics beginning in 1735. Diary entries describe the severe epidemic of throat distemper, also known as cynache maligna or putrid sore throat, in 1735, with recurrences in 1754, 1784, and 1801–1802. Various treatments including the use of blistering are discussed, as well as the use of mercury (calomel) in a long excerpt from John Warren’s article, “View of mercurial practice” published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1813.
**19** Chap 3.d
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

In the spring of 1784, wounds and bruises, even trivial ones, led to the death of many patients, and at the same time Barker reports that women were dying of puerperal or childbed fever, even after normal pregnancies and deliveries. This was an epidemic Barker had never before experienced. He describes the clinical picture, his treatments, outcomes, and dissections, what books and journals he read, and how he communicated with other New England physicians asking for help dealing with this devastating epidemic that would inexplicably resolve within a year, never to recur except sporadically.
**51** Chap 5.
Authors: Kahn Richard J.
Published: August 2020

From November 1797 to March 1798, scarlatina angiosa occurred in almost every town in the county of Cumberland, Maine. Barker reports on fifty cases treated, with the deaths of two children, one of whom was dissected. He comments on a change of medical philosophy in which “bile . . . [was considered] the mischievous cause” in 1784 but the cause was thought to be “septic acid” in 1797. He reviewed inflammatory fevers in 1799–1800 and measles in 1803–1804 in seaport towns, and scarlatina angiosa inland, with descriptions of patients aged eighteen months to thirty years. Barker referred to a “golden opportunity,” that is, an ideal time to see and treat patients for the best outcomes. He also wrote about hooping (whooping) cough in Maine from 1795–1806 and about quinsy or croup as he had found it earlier in Barnstable county, 1774–1780.