bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production Efficiency and Total Protein Yield in Quinoa Grown under Water Stress
Authors: Pinto Antonio A. , Fischer Susana , Wilckens Rosemarie , Bustamante Luis , Berti Marisol T.
Published: November 2021

The increasing water scarcity affects the agricultural sector, and it is a significant constraining factor for crop production in many areas of the world. Water resource management and use related to crop productivity is the most important factor in many crops. Since consumer demands healthy food, the nutritive quality and the active ingredient need to be considered within the productive issue. The objective of this study was to determine water technical efficiency related to seed yield and seed protein content and composition in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under water stress using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study was conducted in Chillan, Chile in two growing seasons. As water availability increased, seed yield, globulin, and albumin yield increased, particularly in the genotype Cahuil. The higher average efficiency levels for the DEA were 46.7% and 39.2% in Cahuil in both seasons at 20% available water (AW). The highest average efficiency of globulin yield was recorded in the same genotype (Cahuil). The highest multi-product technical efficiency levels in all input and output included in this study were observed in Cahuil, Regalona, and Morado under water scarcity in both seasons. In future studies related to crop management, DEA provides a good framework for estimating efficiency under restricted factors and multi-product results.
Comparative Physiological, Biochemical, and Proteomic Responses of Photooxidation-Prone Rice Mutant 812HS under High Light Conditions
Authors: Almakas Aisha , Chen Guoxiang , Wattoo Fahad Masoud , Rana Rashid Mehmood , Saleem Muhammad Asif , Gao Zhiping , Amjid Muhammad Waqas , Rehmani Muhammad Ishaq Asif , Hashem Abeer , Abd_Allah Elsayed Fathi
Published: November 2021

Photosynthetic efficiency decreases as light energy surpasses the photosynthesis capacity. This study was designed to investigate the potential effects of high-intensity light on the photooxidation-prone mutant 812HS of rice and its wild-type 812S during yellow and recovering stages. Results showed that in the yellowing stage, light oxidation occurs due to the exposure of mutant 812HS leaves to the high sunlight, which causes yellowing of the leaves, leading to a reduction in the photochemical activities, physiological mechanisms, and protein contents in mutant 812HS. In the recovery stage, mutant 812HS leaves were exposed to the maximum high brightness, the mutant’s leaves were draped with a dark cover to decrease the exposure of leaves of the plants from direct sunlight, which leads to the restoration of the green color again to the mutant 812HS leaves, leading to improving the performance of the photochemical activities, physiological mechanisms, and protein contents in mutant 812HS. Exposing leaves of mutant 812HS to high light at the yellow stage also resulted in a decrease in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in carotenoids content and chlorophyll a and b. Similarly, chlorophyll fluorescence of mutant 812HS decreased in (O-I-J-I-P) curves, and the ATP content, Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase activities also decreased. An increase in energy dissipation was observed, while ABS/RC, DI0/RC, and TR0/RC values in mutant 812HS at the yellow stage increased. During photooxidation, an increase in O2•– and H2O2 contents was observed in mutant 812HS. While O2•– and H2O2 contents were decreased in mutant 812HS at the recovery stage. The rate of thylakoid membrane protein content was significantly decreased in mutant 812HS at the yellow stage, while at the recovery stage, there was no significant decrease. Our findings showed that photooxidation prompted oxidative damages and lipid peroxidation that caused severe damages to the membranes of the cell, photosynthetic pigments degradation, protein levels, and photosynthesis inhibition in mutant 812HS.
Uses of Selenium Nanoparticles in the Plant Production
Authors: Bano Iqra , Skalickova Sylvie , Sajjad Hira , Skladanka Jiri , Horky Pavel
Published: November 2021

Plant production today depends on the ability of agriculturists to transport and recycle minerals, particularly those minerals which are nutritionally important to animals and human beings, through various agriculture products. It is important to note that the attenuation of these mineral deposits by green plants, as well as their subsequent role in the production of organic compounds, is fundamental to almost all known forms of life. Selenium (Se) is among those trace mineral which are crucial for the maintenance of plant physiology. The significance, production, and biological effects of this element, as well as its application in sustainable development, are remaining an interesting topic of discussion. Moreover, there has been a huge rise in the potential applications of nanotechnology in the food and agriculture industries. Several studies have been conducted on the various biological activities of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their biosynthesis. There is plenty of research performed on the effects of Se in plant nutrition and physiology, but there is a lack of information about the effects of SeNPs in SeNPs toxicity, and other aspects of using SeNPs in agriculture. The current review is focused on recent information related to the effects and fate of SeNPs in agronomy. We also aimed attention at the primary sources and behavior of Se in different environments, such as soil, water, air, and plants. All the data provides an extremely fertile domain for future investigation and research.
Systematic Review of Antimicrobial Combination Options for Pandrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Karakonstantis Stamatis , Ioannou Petros , Samonis George , Kofteridis Diamantis P.
Published: November 2021

Antimicrobial combinations are at the moment the only potential treatment option for pandrug-resistant A. baumannii. A systematic review was conducted in PubMed and Scopus for studies reporting the activity of antimicrobial combinations against A. baumannii resistant to all components of the combination. The clinical relevance of synergistic combinations was assessed based on concentrations achieving synergy and PK/PD models. Eighty-four studies were retrieved including 818 eligible isolates. A variety of combinations (n = 141 double, n = 9 triple) were tested, with a variety of methods. Polymyxin-based combinations were the most studied, either as double or triple combinations with cell-wall acting agents (including sulbactam, carbapenems, glycopeptides), rifamycins and fosfomycin. Non-polymyxin combinations were predominantly based on rifampicin, fosfomycin, sulbactam and avibactam. Several combinations were synergistic at clinically relevant concentrations, while triple combinations appeared more active than the double ones. However, no combination was consistently synergistic against all strains tested. Notably, several studies reported synergy but at concentrations unlikely to be clinically relevant, or the concentration that synergy was observed was unclear. Selecting the most appropriate combinations is likely strain-specific and should be guided by in vitro synergy evaluation. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of such combinations.
Exercise Ameliorates Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Fatty Rats
Authors: Monno Itaru , Ogura Yoshio , Xu Jing , Koya Daisuke , Kitada Munehiro
Published: November 2021

Lifestyle improvement, including through exercise, has been recognized as an important mode of therapy for the suppression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which exercise exerts beneficial effects in the suppression of DKD have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigate the effects of treadmill exercise training (TET) for 8 weeks (13 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week) on kidney injuries of type 2 diabetic male rats with obesity (Wistar fatty (fa/fa) rats: WFRs) at 36 weeks of age. TET significantly suppressed the levels of albuminuria and urinary liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein (L-FABP), tubulointerstitial fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the kidneys of WFRs. In addition, TET mitigated excessive apoptosis and restored autophagy in the renal cortex, as well as suppressed the development of morphological abnormalities in the mitochondria of proximal tubular cells, which were also accompanied by the restoration of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) activity and suppression of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). In conclusion, TET ameliorates diabetes-induced kidney injury in type 2 diabetic fatty rats.
Comparison of Camera Calibration and Measurement Accuracy Techniques for Phase Measuring Deflectometry
Authors: Ge Renhao , Li Dahai , Zhang Xinwei , Wang Ruiyang , Zheng Wanxing , Li Xiaowei , Zhao Wuxiang
Published: November 2021

Phase measuring deflectometry (PMD) is a competitive method for specular surface measurement that offers the advantages of a high dynamic range, non-contact process, and full field measurement; furthermore, it can also achieve high accuracy. Camera calibration is a crucial step for PMD. As a result, a method based on the calibration of the entrance pupil center is introduced in this paper. Then, our proposed approach is compared with the most popular photogrammetric method based on Zhang’s technique (PM) and Huang’s modal phase measuring deflectometry (MPMD). The calibration procedures of these three methods are described, and the measurement errors introduced by the perturbations of degrees of freedom in the PMD system are analyzed using a ray tracing technique. In the experiment, a planar window glass and an optical planar element are separately measured, and the measurement results of the use of the three methods are compared. The experimental results for the optical planar element (removing the first 6 terms of the Zernike polynomial) show that our method’s measurement accuracy reached 13.71 nm RMS and 80.50 nm PV, which is comparable to accuracy values for the interferometer.
A Novel Measurement Standard for Surface Roughness on Involute Gears
Authors: Steinmeyer Felix , Hüser Dorothee , Meeß Rudolf , Stein Martin
Published: November 2021

Although manufacturers of coordinate measurement systems and gear measurement systems already provide instruments that enable an end-of-line-monitoring of the roughness properties of gears, the roughness measurement on gear flanks still lacks traceability with respect to the standardised SI-units. There is still a gap between well standardised roughness measurements on planar surfaces and gear measurements on involutes. This gap is bridged by a novel physical measurement standard (PMS), also referred to as material measure, for roughness measurements on involute gears that has been developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The necessary transformations between the systems of roughness and gear measurements have been implemented. The measurement standard itself represents calibrated roughness values for the parameters Ra, Rz, Rq, Rk, Rpk and Rvk and Mr1 and Mr2. Furthermore, the PMS can be measured both with classic profilometers as well as gear measurement systems with integrated roughness probes.
Analysis of Equivalent Flexural Stiffness of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams in Frame Structures
Authors: Tao Mu-Xuan , Li Zi-Ang , Zhou Qi-Liang , Xu Li-Yan
Published: November 2021

Vertical deflection of a frame beam is an important indicator in the limit-state analysis of frame structures, particularly for steel–concrete composite beams, which are usually designed with large spans and heavy loads. In this study, the equivalent flexural stiffness of composite frame beams is analysed to evaluate their vertical deflection. A theoretical beam model with a spring constraint boundary and varied stiffness segments is established to consider the influence of both the rotation restraint stiffness at the beam ends and the cracked section in the negative moment region, such that the inelastic bending deformation of the composite beams can be elaborately described. By an extensive parametric analysis, a fitting formula for evaluating the equivalent flexural stiffness of the composite beams, including the effects of the rotational constraint and the concrete cracking, is obtained. The validity of the proposed formula is demonstrated by comparing its calculation accuracy with those of existing design formulas for analysing the equivalent flexural stiffness of the composite beam members. Moreover, its utility is further verified by conducting non-linear finite element simulations of structural systems to examine the serviceability limit state and the entire process evolution of beam deflections under vertical loading. Finally, to facilitate the practical application of the proposed formula in engineering design, a simplified method to calculate the deflection of composite beams, which utilises the internal force distribution of elastic analysis, is presented based on the concept of equivalent flexural stiffness.
The EU-SENSE System for Chemical Hazards Detection, Identification, and Monitoring
Authors: Gawlik-Kobylińska Małgorzata , Gudzbeler Grzegorz , Szklarski Łukasz , Kopp Norbert , Koch-Eschweiler Helge , Urban Mariusz
Published: November 2021

Chemical reconnaissance, defined as hazards detection, identification, and monitoring, requires tools and solutions which provide reliable and precise data. In this field, the advances of artificial intelligence can be applied. This article aims to propose a novel approach for developing a chemical reconnaissance system that relies on machine learning, modelling algorithms, as well as the contaminant dispersion model to combine signals from different sensors and reduce false alarm rates. A case study of the European Union Horizon 2020 project–EU-SENSE is used and the main features of the system are analysed: heterogeneous sensor nodes components, chemical agents to be detected, and system architecture design. Through the proposed approach, chemical reconnaissance capabilities are improved, resulting in more effective crisis management. The idea for the system design can be used and developed in other areas, namely, in biological or radiological threat reconnaissance.
Infrastructure BIM Platform for Lifecycle Management
Authors: Jang Keunyoung , Kim Jong-Woo , Ju Ki-Beom , An Yun-Kyu
Published: November 2021

Recently, the application of the BIM technique to infrastructure lifecycle management has increased rapidly to improve the efficiency of infrastructure management systems. Research on the lifecycle management of infrastructure, from planning and design to construction and management, has been carried out. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature on recent research is performed to analyze the current state of the BIM technique. State-of-the-art techniques for infrastructure lifecycle management, such as unmanned robots, sensors and processing techniques, artificial intelligence, etc., are also reviewed. An infrastructure BIM platform framework composed of BIM and state-of-the-art techniques is then proposed. The proposed platform is a web-based platform that contains quantity, schedule (4D), and cost (5D) construction management, and the monitoring systems enable collaboration with stakeholders in a Common Data Environment (CDE). The lifecycle management methodology, after infrastructure construction, is then completed and is developed using state-of-the-art techniques using unmanned robots, scan-to-BIM, and deep learning networks, etc. It is confirmed that collaboration with stakeholders in the CDE in construction management is possible using an infrastructure BIM platform. Moreover, lifecycle management of infrastructure is possible by systematic management, such as time history analysis, damage growth prediction, decision of repair and demolition, etc., using a regular inspection database based on an infrastructure BIM platform.
Preoperative Planning for Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm
Authors: Dumitrescu Cristiana Iulia , Ciobirca Catalin , Popa Radu Teodoru , Dumitrescu Daniela , Tambura Cornel Gheorghe , Ciobirca Diana Maria , Stavaru Radu , Tiuca Mihai Florin , Maces Suzana , Barbulescu Lucian Florentin , Popa Liliana Didi , Cazacu Sergiu Marian
Published: November 2021

Surgical procedures on various artery aneurysms are difficult to perform and require careful preparation. We have developed and now present in this paper a software platform, CardioCTNav, that can help in planning such procedures. The planning consists of a 3D rendering of the area of interest, virtual angiography, automated measurements, and virtual stent simulation.
A Simple Graphene Functionalized Electrochemical Aptasensor for the Sensitive and Selective Detection of Glycated Albumin
Authors: Aye Nang Noon Shean , Maraming Pornsuda , Tavichakorntrakool Ratree , Chaibunruang Attawut , Boonsiri Patcharee , Daduang Sakda , Teawtrakul Nattiya , Prasongdee Prinya , Amornkitbamrung Vittaya , Daduang Jureerut
Published: November 2021

Glycated albumin (GA) has been previously introduced as a promising biomarker for glycemic monitoring in diabetes patients with thalassemia. In this study, a label-free graphene oxide (GO)-modified aptasensor was developed for the rapid detection of GA. The fabrication of the aptasensor was dependent on the covalent interaction of the amine-functionalized GA-specific aptamer with the carboxylic groups of GO. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) analysis was carried out for the measurement of GA-aptamer binding to their specific proteins. The peak current changes before and after incubation with GA protein were directly proportional to the concentration. The developed aptasensor exhibited a broad linearity (1–10,000 µg mL−1), a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.031 µg mL−1, and high selectivity for GA detection. In addition, the aptasensor was successfully applied to detect GA in both spiked and clinical serum samples. The comparison of the developed method with a commercial assay validated the reliability of the aptasensor for clinical application. Therefore, the newly developed aptasensor is a promising tool for GA measurements in diabetic patients with underlying thalassemia.
Mass, Direct Cost and Energy Life-Cycle Cost Optimization of Steel-Concrete Composite Floor Structures
Authors: Kravanja Stojan , Klanšek Uroš , Žula Tomaž
Published: November 2021

This paper presents a study showing the optimization of the mass, direct (self-manufacturing) costs, and energy life-cycle costs of composite floor structures composed of a reinforced concrete slab and steel I-beams. In a multi-parametric study, mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) optimizations are carried out for different design parameters, such as different loads, spans, concrete and steel classes, welded, IPE and HEA steel profiles, and different energy consumption cases. Different objective functions of the composite structure are defined for optimization, such as mass, direct cost, and energy life-cycle cost objective functions. Moreover, three different energy consumption cases are proposed for the energy life-cycle cost objective: an energy efficient case (50 kWh/m2), an energy inefficient case (100 kWh/m2), and a high energy consumption case (200 kWh/m2). In each optimization, the objective function of the structure is subjected to the design, load, resistance, and deflection (in)equality constraints defined in accordance with Eurocode specifications. The optimal results calculated with different criteria are then compared to obtain competitive composite designs. Comparative diagrams have been developed to determine the competitive spans of composite floor structures with three different types of steel I beam: those made of welded sections and those made of IPE or HEA sections, respectively. The paper also answers the question of how different objective functions affect the amount of the calculated costs and masses of the structures. It has been established that the higher (more wasteful) the energy consumption case is, the lower the obtained masses of the composite floor structures are. In cases with higher energy consumption, the energy life-cycle costs are several times higher than the costs determined in direct cost optimization. At the end of the paper, a recommended optimal design for a composite floor system is presented that has been developed on the multi-parametric energy life-cycle cost optimization, where the energy efficient case is considered. An engineer or researcher can use the recommendations presented here to find a suitable optimal composite structure design for a desired span and uniformly imposed load.
From Lean Production to Lean 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review with a Historical Perspective
Authors: Gil-Vilda Francisco , Yagüe-Fabra José A. , Sunyer Albert
Published: November 2021

Over recent decades, the increasing competitiveness of markets has propagated the term “lean” to describe the management concept for improving productivity, quality, and lead time in industrial as well as services operations. Its overuse and linkage to different specifiers (surnames) have created confusion and misunderstanding as the term approximates pragmatic ambiguity. Through a systematic literature review, this study takes a historical perspective to analyze 4962 papers and 20 seminal books in order to clarify the origin, evolution, and diversification of the lean concept. Our main contribution lies in identifying 17 specifiers for the term “lean” and proposing four mechanisms to explain this diversification. Our research results are useful to both academics and practitioners to return to the Lean origins in order to create new research areas and conduct organizational transformations based on solid concepts. We conclude that the use of “lean” as a systemic thinking is likely to be further extended to new research fields.
The Effects of Exergames on Muscle Architecture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Shida Nami , Yagiz Gokhan , Yamada Takumi
Published: November 2021

Muscle architectural parameters play a crucial role in the rate of force development, strength, and sports performance. On the other hand, deteriorated muscle architectural parameters are associated with injuries, sarcopenia, mortality, falls, and fragility. With the development of technology, exergames have emerged as a complementary tool for physical therapy programs. The PRISMA 2020 statement was followed during the systematic review and meta-analysis. CENTRAL, CINAHL, PROQUEST, PubMed, and OpenGrey databases were searched last time on 22 September 2021. In total, five controlled trials were included in the systematic review. Twelve weeks of virtual dance exercise (Dance Central game for Xbox 360®) showed a medium effect on the improvement of hamstrings (g = 0.55, 95% CI (−0.03, 1.14), I2 = 0%) and the quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area (g = 0.58, 95% CI (0.1, 1.00), I2 = 0%) in community-dwelling older women. Additionally, a four-week virtual balance-training program (the ProKin System) led to significant increments in the cross-sectional areas of individual paraspinal muscles (14.55–46.81%). However, previously investigated exergame programs did not show any medium or large effects on the architectural parameters of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in community-dwelling older women. Distinct exergame programs can be used as a complementary therapy for different prevention and rehabilitation programs.
Micro Activities Recognition in Uncontrolled Environments
Authors: Abbas Ali , Haslgrübler Michael , Dogar Abdul Mannan , Ferscha Alois
Published: November 2021

Deep learning has proven to be very useful for the image understanding in efficient manners. Assembly of complex machines is very common in industries. The assembly of automated teller machines (ATM) is one of the examples. There exist deep learning models which monitor and control the assembly process. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no deep learning models for real environments where we have no control over the working style of workers and the sequence of assembly process. In this paper, we presented a modified deep learning model to control the assembly process in a real-world environment. For this study, we have a dataset which was generated in a real-world uncontrolled environment. During the dataset generation, we did not have any control over the sequence of assembly steps. We applied four different states of the art deep learning models to control the assembly of ATM. Due to the nature of uncontrolled environment dataset, we modified the deep learning models to fit for the task. We not only control the sequence, our proposed model will give feedback in case of any missing step in the required workflow. The contributions of this research are accurate anomaly detection in the assembly process in a real environment, modifications in existing deep learning models according to the nature of the data and normalization of the uncontrolled data for the training of deep learning model. The results show that we can generalize and control the sequence of assembly steps, because even in an uncontrolled environment, there are some specific activities, which are repeated over time. If we can recognize and map the micro activities to macro activities, then we can successfully monitor and optimize the assembly process.
Comparison of Fitness and Physical Activity Levels of Obese People with Hypertension
Authors: Krzysztoszek Jana , Maciaszek Janusz , Bronikowski Michał , Karasiewicz Monika , Laudańska-Krzemińska Ida
Published: November 2021

This study assessed the relationships between the current level of physical activity (PA) and PA in childhood and the level of physical fitness (PF) of obese people aged 40+ with co-existing hypertension (HT). The study included 82 obese patients with co-existing HT in their history. In order to assess the level of PA, we used the IPAQ. PF was assessed by observing the performance of patients in a fitness test (a 30-s chair stand, a handgrip strength test, a sit-and-reach test, a one leg stand test, a plank test, a wall squat test, and a 2-min step-in-place test). According to the IPAQ category, 24.4% were classified as having a high level of PA, 45.1% a sufficient level of PA, and 30.5% an insufficient level of PA. We noted that the higher the level of PA, the higher the PF—even in obese participants with HT. On the other hand, co-existing diabetes lowered almost all analysed parameters, both biochemical and fitness. The current PA level, a deficiency in which seems to be related to low PF and/or HT, does seem to be related to the degree of PF.
Study on Nanosecond Laser Ablation of 40Cr13 Die Steel Based on ANOVA and BP Neural Network
Authors: Yin Zhenshuo , Liu Qiang , Sun Pengpeng , Wang Jian
Published: November 2021

Microstructured steel 40Cr13, which is considered a hard-to-machine steel due to its high mechanical strength and hardness, has wide applications in the dies industry. This study investigates the influence of three process parameters of a 355 nm nanosecond pulse laser on the ablation results of 40Cr13, based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and back propagation (BP) neural network. The ANOVA results show that laser power has the greatest influence on the ablation depth, width, and material removal rate (MRR), with influence levels of 52.5%, 60.9%, and 70.4%, respectively. The scan speed affects the ablation depth and width to a certain extent, and the influence of the pulse frequency on the ablation depth and MRR is non-negligible. BP neural network models with 3-8-3, 3-10-3, and 3-12-3 structures were applied to predict the ablation results. The results show that the prediction accuracy is relatively high for the ablation width and MRR, with average prediction accuracies of 96.0% and 93.5%. The 3-8-3 network model has the highest prediction accuracy for the ablation width, and the 3-10-3 network model has the highest prediction accuracy for the ablation depth and MRR.
Hydrogen Production in Methane Decomposition Reactor Using Solar Thermal Energy
Authors: Kim Haneol , Kim Hakjoo , Kim Sungeun , Lee Sangnam , Kim Jongkyu
Published: November 2021

This study investigates the decomposition of methane using solar thermal energy as a heat source. Instead of the direct thermal decomposition of the methane at a temperature of 1200 °C or higher, a catalyst coated with carbon black on a metal foam was used to lower the temperature and activation energy required for the reaction, and to increase the yield. To supply solar heat during the reaction, a reactor suitable for a solar concentrating system was developed. In this process, a direct heating type reactor with quartz was initially applied, and a number of problems were identified. An indirect heating type reactor with an insulated cavity and a rotating part was subsequently developed, followed by a thermal barrier coating application. Methane decomposition experiments were conducted in a 40 kW solar furnace at the Korea Institute of Energy Research. Conversion rates of 96.7% and 82.6% were achieved when the methane flow rate was 20 L/min and 40 L/min, respectively.
A Novel Excitation Approach for Power Transformer Simulation Based on Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Chang Wen-Ching , Kuo Cheng-Chien
Published: November 2021

Power transformers play an indispensable component in AC transmission systems. If the operating condition of a power transformer can be accurately predicted before the equipment is operated, it will help transformer manufacturers to design optimized power transformers. In the optimal design of the power transformer, the design value of the magnetic flux density in the core is important, and it affects the efficiency, cost, and life cycle. Therefore, this paper uses the software of ANSYS Maxwell to solve the instantaneous magnetic flux density distribution, core loss distribution, and total iron loss of the iron core based on the finite element method in the time domain. In addition, a new external excitation equation is proposed. The new external excitation equation can improve the accuracy of the simulation results and reduce the simulation time. Finally, the three-phase five-limb transformer is developed, and actually measures the local magnetic flux density and total core loss to verify the feasibility of the proposed finite element method of model and simulation parameters.
State-of-the-Art Modification of Plastic Aggregates Using Gamma Irradiation and Its Optimization for Application to Cementitious Composites
Authors: Lee Heonseok , Cheon Hyeonwook , Kang Yonghak , Roh Seungjun , Kim Woosuk
Published: November 2021

In the past few decades, there have been numerous attempts to add plastic aggregates composed of polymeric materials to cementitious composites, either as an alternative to using natural aggregates or as fillers and fibers. However, the addition of plastic aggregates often results in cementitious composites with lower mechanical performance. In this paper, we attempt to address this issue by applying gamma irradiation technology to restore the mechanical performance. We aimed to determine the optimal gamma irradiation and mixing combinations by comparing the experimental results with information summarizing the recent literature related to the use of gamma-irradiated plastic aggregates within cementitious composites. To this end, the effects of changes in the physical and chemical properties of plastics due to irradiation with gamma irradiation on the strength of cementitious composites were evaluated using irradiation doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 kGy and various plastic materials as key parameters. In the compressive strength test, it was found that adding gamma-irradiated plastic increased the compressive strength of the cementitious composites compared to the nonirradiated plastic. This suggests that the irradiation of plastic aggregates with gamma rays is an effective method to recover some of the strength lost when plastic aggregates are added to cementitious composites. In addition, modifications in the microstructure and chemical properties of the gamma-irradiated plastic were analyzed through SEM and FT-IR analysis, which allowed the determination of the strength enhancement mechanism. The results of this study show the possibility of the state-of-the-art performance improvement method for using plastic aggregate as a substitute for natural aggregate, going further from the plastic performance improvement technology for limited materials and radiation dose presented in previous studies.
Optical Diagnostics during Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (PLAL) for the Production of Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Dell’Aglio Marcella , De Giacomo Alessandro
Published: November 2021

Pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) is gaining an important role as a methodology for producing nanostructures without the use of chemicals and stabilizers. Several nanomaterials have been produced and the engineering of PLAL is becoming an important task for the dissemination of this approach for nanostructure production. Monitoring the processes involved in the PLAL during nanostructure production can be extremely useful for improving the experimental methods and for pushing PLAL to new material formation. In this paper, we discuss the use of optical techniques for investigating the specific stages involved in the production of nanomaterials with PLAL. In particular, the recent advancements of these optical techniques for each specific stage of the PLAL process will be discussed: optical emission spectroscopy and imaging for the investigation of the plasma phase, shadowgraph imaging for the investigation of the cavitation bubble dynamics and different scattering techniques for the visualization of the produced nanostructure.
Lipid Vesicles and Other Polymolecular Aggregates—From Basic Studies of Polar Lipids to Innovative Applications
Authors: Walde Peter , Ichikawa Sosaku
Published: November 2021

Lipid vesicles (liposomes) are a unique and fascinating type of polymolecular aggregates, obtained from bilayer-forming amphiphiles—or mixtures of amphiphiles—in an aqueous medium. Unilamellar vesicles consist of one single self-closed bilayer membrane, constituted by the amphiphiles and an internal volume which is trapped by this bilayer, whereby the vesicle often is spherical with a typical desired average diameter of either about 100 nm or tens of micrometers. Functionalization of the external vesicle surface, basically achievable at will, and the possibilities of entrapping hydrophilic molecules inside the vesicles or/and embedding hydrophobic compounds within the membrane, resulted in various applications in different fields. This review highlights a few of the basic studies on the phase behavior of polar lipids, on some of the concepts for the controlled formation of lipid vesicles as dispersed lamellar phase, on some of the properties of vesicles, and on the challenges of efficiently loading them with hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds for use as delivery systems, as nutraceuticals, for bioassays, or as cell-like compartments. Many of the large number of basic studies have laid a solid ground for various applications of polymolecular aggregates of amphiphilic lipids, including, for example, cubosomes, bicelles or—recently most successfully—nucleic acids-containing lipid nanoparticles. All this highlights the continued importance of fundamental studies. The life-saving application of mRNA lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines is in part based on year-long fundamental studies on the formation and properties of lipid vesicles. It is a fascinating example, which illustrates the importance of considering (i) details of the chemical structure of the different molecules involved, as well as (ii) physical, (iii) engineering, (iv) biological, (v) pharmacological, and (vii) economic aspects. Moreover, the strong demand for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field of lipid vesicles and related aggregates is also an excellent and convincing example for teaching students in the field of complex molecular systems.
Appraisal of Nuclear Energy as an Alternative Option in South Africa’s Energy Scenario: A Multicriteria Analysis
Authors: Uhunamure Solomon Eghosa , Agyekum Ephraim Bonah , Durowoju Olatunde Samod , Shale Karabo , Nethengwe Nthaduleni Samuel , Ekosse Georges-Ivo Ekosse , Adebayo Tomiwa Sunday
Published: November 2021

South Africa is being confronted with an irregular power supply, leading to persistent load shedding due to aged and unreliable coal-fired power plants. Connected with coal as a generating source for electricity from fossil fuels are environmental concerns such as emissions of greenhouse gases and climate change impacts. Nuclear energy can allay the country’s dependence on coal as a source of energy. This article, therefore, reviews the feasibility of nuclear energy using a multicriteria analysis technique. A combination of Strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to evaluate the external and internal factors that could either positively or negatively affect the country’s nuclear energy expansion drive. From the analysis, the country’s enabling laws and regulatory framework recorded the highest score of 39.2% under the strengths for the sector. In the case of the weaknesses, the high cost of construction and long construction framework recorded the highest weight, of 50.47%. Energy export and demand under the opportunities recorded a weight of 52.09%, ranking it as the highest opportunity for the sector. Seismic events were identified as the biggest threat for nuclear power expansion in the country, and the experts assigned a weight of 42.5% to this factor.
Prediction of Cloud Fractional Cover Using Machine Learning
Authors: Svennevik Hanna , Riegler Michael A. , Hicks Steven , Storelvmo Trude , Hammer Hugo L.
Published: November 2021

Climate change is stated as one of the largest issues of our time, resulting in many unwanted effects on life on earth. Cloud fractional cover (CFC), the portion of the sky covered by clouds, might affect global warming and different other aspects of human society such as agriculture and solar energy production. It is therefore important to improve the projection of future CFC, which is usually projected using numerical climate methods. In this paper, we explore the potential of using machine learning as part of a statistical downscaling framework to project future CFC. We are not aware of any other research that has explored this. We evaluated the potential of two different methods, a convolutional long short-term memory model (ConvLSTM) and a multiple regression equation, to predict CFC from other environmental variables. The predictions were associated with much uncertainty indicating that there might not be much information in the environmental variables used in the study to predict CFC. Overall the regression equation performed the best, but the ConvLSTM was the better performing model along some coastal and mountain areas. All aspects of the research analyses are explained including data preparation, model development, ML training, performance evaluation and visualization.
The Identification of RNA Modification Gene PUS7 as a Potential Biomarker of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Li Huimin , Chen Lin , Han Yunsong , Zhang Fangfang , Wang Yanyan , Han Yali , Wang Yange , Wang Qiang , Guo Xiangqian
Published: November 2021

RNA modifications are reversible, dynamically regulated, and involved in a variety of diseases such as cancers. Given the lack of efficient and reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer (OV), this study was designed to explore the role of RNA modification genes (RMGs) in the diagnosis of OV. Herein, 132 RMGs were retrieved in PubMed, 638 OV and 18 normal ovary samples were retrieved in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and GSE18520 cohorts were collected for differential analysis. Finally, PUS7 (Pseudouridine Synthase 7) as differentially expressed RMGs (DEGs-RMGs) was identified as a diagnostic biomarker candidate and evaluated for its specificity and sensitivity using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis in TCGA and GEO data. The protein expression, mutation, protein interaction networks, correlated genes, related pathways, biological processes, cell components, and molecular functions of PUS7 were analyzed as well. The upregulation of PUS7 protein in OV was confirmed by the staining images in HPA and tissue arrays. Collectively, the findings of the present study point towards the potential of PUS7 as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
Soluble Complement Component 1q Receptor 1 (sCD93) Is Associated with Graft Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Kielar Małgorzata , Dumnicka Paulina , Ignacak Ewa , Będkowska-Prokop Alina , Gala-Błądzińska Agnieszka , Maziarz Barbara , Ceranowicz Piotr , Kuśnierz-Cabala Beata
Published: November 2021

Cluster of differentiation 93 (CD93), also known as complement component 1q receptor 1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and associated with phagocytosis, cell adhesion, angiogenesis and inflammation. The extracellular part, soluble CD93 (sCD93), is released to body fluids in inflammation. Data on sCD93 in kidney diseases are limited. Our aim was to evaluate serum sCD93 in long-term kidney transplant recipients as a marker of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction that may be potentially useful in early recognition of graft dysfunction. Seventy-eight adult patients with functioning kidney graft and stable clinical state were examined at least one year after kidney transplantation. Serum sCD93 was measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria or proteinuria were assessed at baseline and over one-year follow-up. Increased sCD93 was associated with lower baseline eGFR independently of the confounders. Moreover, sCD93 was negatively associated with eGFR during one-year follow-up in simple analysis; however, this was not confirmed after adjustment for confounders. Baseline sCD93 was positively associated with baseline albuminuria and with increased proteinuria during the follow-up. Serum sCD93 was not correlated with other studied inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and C3 and C4 complement components). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the concentrations of sCD93 in kidney transplant recipients and one of the first reports showing the inverse association between sCD93 and renal function. Serum sCD93 should be further evaluated as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in renal transplantation.
Revisiting the Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium (BKCa) Channels in the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Guntur Divya , Olschewski Horst , Enyedi Péter , Csáki Réka , Olschewski Andrea , Nagaraj Chandran
Published: November 2021

Potassium ion concentrations, controlled by ion pumps and potassium channels, predominantly govern a cell′s membrane potential and the tone in the vessels. Calcium-activated potassium channels respond to two different stimuli-changes in voltage and/or changes in intracellular free calcium. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels assemble from pore forming and various modulatory and auxiliary subunits. They are of vital significance due to their very high unitary conductance and hence their ability to rapidly cause extreme changes in the membrane potential. The pathophysiology of lung diseases in general and pulmonary hypertension, in particular, show the implication of either decreased expression and partial inactivation of BKCa channel and its subunits or mutations in the genes encoding different subunits of the channel. Signaling molecules, circulating humoral molecules, vasorelaxant agents, etc., have an influence on the open probability of the channel in pulmonary arterial vascular cells. BKCa channel is a possible therapeutic target, aimed to cause vasodilation in constricted or chronically stiffened vessels, as shown in various animal models. This review is a comprehensive collation of studies on BKCa channels in the pulmonary circulation under hypoxia (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction; HPV), lung pathology, and fetal to neonatal transition, emphasising pharmacological interventions as viable therapeutic options.
Tumor Marker B7-H6 Bound to the Coiled Coil Peptide-Polymer Conjugate Enables Targeted Therapy by Activating Human Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Kalousková Barbora , Skořepa Ondřej , Cmunt Denis , Abreu Celeste , Krejčová Kateřina , Bláha Jan , Sieglová Irena , Král Vlastimil , Fábry Milan , Pola Robert , Pechar Michal , Vaněk Ondřej
Published: November 2021

Targeted cancer immunotherapy is a promising tool for restoring immune surveillance and eradicating cancer cells. Hydrophilic polymers modified with coiled coil peptide tags can be used as universal carriers designed for cell-specific delivery of such biologically active proteins. Here, we describe the preparation of pHPMA-based copolymer conjugated with immunologically active protein B7-H6 via complementary coiled coil VAALEKE (peptide E) and VAALKEK (peptide K) sequences. Receptor B7-H6 was described as a binding partner of NKp30, and its expression has been proven for various tumor cell lines. The binding of B7-H6 to NKp30 activates NK cells and results in Fas ligand or granzyme-mediated apoptosis of target tumor cells. In this work, we optimized the expression of coiled coil tagged B7-H6, its ability to bind activating receptor NKp30 has been confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry, and the binding stoichiometry of prepared chimeric biopolymer has been characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation. Furthermore, this coiled coil B7-H6-loaded polymer conjugate activates NK cells in vitro and, in combination with coiled coil scFv, enables their targeting towards a model tumor cell line. Prepared chimeric biopolymer represents a promising precursor for targeted cancer immunotherapy by activating the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells.
Dyslipidemia, Diabetes and Atherosclerosis: Role of Inflammation and ROS-Redox-Sensitive Factors
Authors: Hasheminasabgorji Elham , Jha Jay C.
Published: November 2021

The prevalence of diabetes is growing at an alarming rate with increased disability, morbidity, and often premature mortality because of the various complications of this disorder. Chronic hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and other metabolic alterations lead to the development and progression of macro- and microvascular complications of diabetes including cardiovascular, retinal and kidney disease. Despite advances in glucose and lipid lowering treatments, a large number of diabetic individuals develop one or more types of these complications, ultimately leading to end-organ damage over the time. Atherosclerosis is the major macro-vascular complications of diabetes and the primary underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) posing heavy burden on the health care system. In this review, we discuss the involvement of dyslipidemia in the progression of atherosclerosis by activating the pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress-related factors. In addition, we also provide information on various pharmacological agents that provides protection against diabetic atherosclerosis by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.