bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selective representation of task‐relevant objects and locations in the monkey prefrontal cortex
Authors: Everling Stefan , Tinsley Chris J. , Gaffan David , Duncan John
Published: April 2006

In the monkey prefrontal cortex (PFC), task context exerts a strong influence on neural activity. We examined different aspects of task context in a temporal search task. On each trial, the monkey (Macaca mulatta) watched a stream of pictures presented to left or right of fixation. The task was to hold fixation until seeing a particular target, and then to make an immediate saccade to it. Sometimes (unilateral task), the attended pictures appeared alone, with a cue at trial onset indicating whether they would be presented to left or right. Sometimes (bilateral task), the attended picture stream (cued side) was accompanied by an irrelevant stream on the opposite side. In two macaques, we recorded responses from a total of 161 cells in the lateral PFC. Many cells (75/161) showed visual responses. Object‐selective responses were strongly shaped by task relevance – with stronger responses to targets than to nontargets, failure to discriminate one nontarget from another, and filtering out of information from an irrelevant stimulus stream. Location selectivity occurred rather independently of object selectivity, and independently in visual responses and delay periods between one stimulus and the next. On error trials, PFC activity followed the correct rules of the task, rather than the incorrect overt behaviour. Together, these results suggest a highly programmable system, with responses strongly determined by the rules and requirements of the task performed.
Development Policy Lending, Conditionality, and Ownership: A Dynamic Agency Model Perspective
Authors: Paloni Alberto , Zanardi Maurizio
Published: April 2006

Is the World Bank's Development Policy Lending likely to enhance ownership and have greater effectiveness than structural adjustment? We specify a dynamic common agency model in which a government considering economic reform faces domestic opposition from interest groups. The dynamic specification, which is original in the context of policy reforms supported by the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), is essential to allow the strength of special interest groups to arise endogenously during the reform process. We show that conditionality may alter the country's political equilibrium and lead to higher social welfare. However, under certain circumstances which depend on country‐specific circumstances, conditional assistance could lead to lower social welfare. Thus, for conditionality not to be inconsistent with ownership, its design must be appropriate to the country circumstances and directly affect the domestic political constraint.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania in a Patient with a Macroprolactinoma
Authors: Sarov M , Valade D , Jublanc C , Ducros A
Published: April 2006

We report a patient with headaches meeting the criteria of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania, as defined by the International Headache Society classification. Headaches were fully responsive to indomethacin during the first 3 months of treatment but recurred when daily doses were lowered. Investigations revealed a macroprolactinoma. Headaches stopped after cabergoline treatment. This report further suggests that patients with paroxysmal hemicrania should be investigated for pituitary abnormalities.
Multiple nodules of the scrotum: histopathological findings and surgical procedure. A study of five cases
Authors: Noël B , Bron C , Künzle N , De Heller M , Panizzon RG
Published: April 2006

Background  Multiple nodules of the scrotum are uncommonly reported. Their origin is controversial. Treatment is always surgical but the best procedure is still to be determined.

Materials and methods  Five new cases are reported with description of the histopathological findings and surgical procedure.

Results  Nodules of the scrotum were more frequent in patients with dark skin suggesting an ethnic susceptibility. No other predisposing factors were noted. Screening for disturbances of phosphate or calcium balance was negative. The following histopathological findings were observed: non‐calcified epidermoid cysts (3 patients), calcified epidermoid cysts (1 patient) and nodular calcifications without epithelial or glandular structures (1 patient). Subtotal excisions of the scrotum wall using tumescent anaesthesia were performed in all patients without any significant complications. Cosmetic results were excellent. No new lesions were observed during the 1‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusions  Most cases of multiple nodules of the scrotum are due to non‐calcified epidermoid cysts. The term scrotal calcinosis is therefore probably abusively used by many authors. Some cases of nodular calcifications may be due to dystrophic calcification of epidermoid cysts, but calcifications may also occur without any visible epithelial or glandular structure. Subtotal excision of the scrotum wall is a safe and effective surgical procedure to treat multiple nodules of the scrotum. Cosmetic results are excellent and recurrences are rare.
Individual planning: an exploration of the link between quality of plan and quality of life
Authors: Adams Lynn , Beadle‐Brown Julie , Mansell Jim
Published: April 2006

Individual plans for people with intellectual disabilities were evaluated for quality and effectiveness in improving quality of life. Quality was assessed by rating whether goals were relevant, observable, age appropriate, necessary, timetabled, developmental, measurable, realistic, assigned to staff and improving at least one of O'Brien's five service accomplishments [O'Brien & Tyne (1981)The principle of normalization: a foundation for effective services. London, Campaign for the Mentally Handicapped]. Effectiveness was assessed by examining quality of life outcomes for participants with and without individual plans rated as higher quality. No significant difference in outcomes associated with having a higher quality individual plan was found. Findings present a challenge to current expectations that presence and quality of individual plan goals are associated with improved outcomes. Written individual plan goals may not be directly correlated with actual practice, and further research is required to examine this.
Suicidal Behavior in Alcohol‐Dependent Subjects: The Role of Personality Disorders
Authors: Preuss Ulrich W. , Koller Gabriele , Barnow Sven , Eikmeier Markus , Soyka Michael
Published: April 2006

Background: Comobidity of personality disorders (PDs) and alcohol dependence are considered to increase the risk for suicidal behavior. The aim of this study is to assess the influence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder—fourth edition (DSM–IV) personality characteristics and comorbid axis I disorders on suicidal behavior in alcohol‐dependent inpatients.

Methods: Characteristics of alcohol dependence and suicidal behavior were obtained using the Semi‐Structured Assessment on Genetics in Alcoholism (SSAGA). Personality disorder characteristics were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Axis II Disorders.

Results: Three‐hundred seventy‐six treatment‐seeking alcohol‐dependent subjects, of whom 55% were diagnosed to have a PD and approximately 25% had a history of at least 1 suicide attempt, were enrolled into the study. Subjects with PDs in all clusters reported a higher rate of suicide attempt history, depression episodes, and depression during the most serious attempt. As indicated by univariate and multivarate analysis, this pattern of suicide attempt characteristics was most pronounced in borderline disordered subjects and alcoholic individuals who live alone.

Conclusion: Subjects with alcohol dependence who have various comorbid PDs and depression deserve special attention in psychiatric care to prevent suicide. Psychotherapeutic strategies may have to be adapted to treat this high‐risk population.
Chronic Smoking and Alcoholism Change Expression of Selective Genes in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Flatscher‐Bader Traute , Wilce Peter A.
Published: April 2006

Background:Alcoholism is commonly associated with chronic smoking. A number of gene expression profiles of regions within the human mesocorticolimbic system have identified potential alcohol‐sensitive genes; however, the influence of smoking on these changes was not taken into account. This study addressed the impact of alcohol and smoking on the expression of 4 genes, previously identified as alcoholism‐sensitive, in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC).

Methods:mRNA expression of apolipoprotein D, tissue inhibitor of the metalloproteinase 3, high‐affinity glial glutamate transporter and midkine, was measured in the PFC of alcoholic subjects and controls with and without smoking comorbidity using real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:The results show that alcohol affects transcription of some of these genes. Additionally, smoking has a marked influence on gene expression.

Conclusion:This study emphasizes the need for careful case selection in future gene expression studies to delineate the adaptive molecular process associated with smoking and alcohol.
Dislocation Loops in Pressureless‐Sintered Undoped BaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Wu Yu‐Chuan , Chen Ching‐Ying , Lu Hong‐Yang , Mc Cauley Daniel E. , Chu Mike S.H.
Published: April 2006

Dislocation loops in pressureless‐sintered undoped BaTiO3 ceramics have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The Burgers vector of the loops and its sense b=+1/2[010] were determined using the g·b=0 invisibility criteria, combined with the inside–outside contrast technique using (g·b)sg>0 or<0, keeping the deviation parameter sg>0. The edge‐vacancy nature was further ascertained by determining the loop habit plane normal n=[010]. Weak‐beam dark‐field imaging reveals that loops contained no stacking fault fringes; they are edge‐vacancy partial dislocation loops lying in {020} or {010} where parts of the TiO2 or BaO layer are vacant. It is suggested that the extrinsic defects of both cations and oxygen vacancies generated by non‐stoichiometry have condensed during sintering in air and are responsible for the formation of such vacancy loops.
Fatal Capnocytophaga Infection Associated with Splenectomy*
Authors: Dudley Mary H. , Czarnecki Lawrence A. , Wells Mark A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT: A case of fatal sepsis due to Capnocytophaga species is described. Capnatophaga canimorsus and C. cynodegmi can cause localized wound infections and/or systemic infections in people who have been bitten, licked, scratched, or merely exposed to cats or dogs, especially splenectomized individuals. A thorough social, medical, and surgical history, the clinical presentation, and cultures are important in making the diagnosis of Capnocytophaga infections. It is important that the forensic pathologist be aware of this zoonotic disease.
The Development and Application of a Diatom‐Based Quantitative Reconstruction Technique in Forensic Science
Authors: Horton Benjamin P. , Boreham Steve , Hillier Caroline
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT: Diatoms are a group of unicellular algae that have been recorded and classified for over 200 years and have been used in a range of applications in forensic science. We have developed a quantitative diatom‐based reconstruction technique to confirm drowning as a cause of death and localize the site of drowning in two recent, high‐profile, case studies. In both case studies we collected diatom samples from the local and/or regional area to act as a control in the examination of diatom assemblages associated with lungs and clothing. In Case Study 1 the modern analog technique suggested that all lung and clothing samples have statistically significant similarities to control samples from shallow water habitats. In Case Study 2, the analog matching suggested that the majority of lung samples show a statistically significant relationship to samples from a pond, indicating that this was the drowning medium.
Post–Uruguay Round price linkages between developed and developing countries: the case of rice and wheat markets
Authors: Yavapolkul Navin , Gopinath Munisamy , Gulati Ashok
Published: April 2006

The Uruguay Round Agreement on agriculture attempted to lower distortions in global agricultural markets. However, the significant fall in commodity prices in the late 1990s may have reduced the incentives for both developed and developing countries to better integrate into world markets. This study analyzes price linkages and adjustment between developed and developing countries during the post–Uruguay Round period. Prices of two key commodities, long‐grain rice and medium‐hard wheat, are assembled for major exporters and producers. Results of multivariate cointegration analysis suggest partial market integration between developed and developing countries in the post–Uruguay Round period. Developed countries are found to be price leaders in these two markets, and in most cases, changes in their prices have relatively large impacts on those of the developing countries. Developing countries (e.g., Vietnam and Argentina) have faced considerable price adjustment due to changes in the developed countries' prices.
Food consumption dynamics: a nonparametric approach using maximum entropy estimation
Authors: Stokes J. R. , Frechette D. L.
Published: April 2006

We model dynamic consumer choice in a stochastic optimal control framework and show conditions under which observable market share data possess the Markov property. Using 30 years of annual aggregate milk consumption data differentiated by fat content, maximum entropy is used to estimate nonstationary transition probabilities showing how consumer tastes and preferences have changed over time. The maximum entropy approach allows for the estimation of a 4 × 4 transition probability matrix for each year of the sample. Results suggest that skim milk was an absorbing state over most of the sample but that the trend toward skim milk has decelerated and possibly reversed itself since 1998. Our approach provides a useful complement to existing parametric approaches to demand analysis when data are limited or the problem is ill‐posed.
Differences in Trait Anger Among Children with Varying Levels of Anger Expression Patterns
Authors: Rice Marti , Howell Carol
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Little research has been done with children to determine effects of using various patterns of anger expression on trait anger. The purpose was to examine differences in trait anger of children who indicated high, moderate, or low use of three patterns of anger expression.

METHODS:  A convenience sample of 1,060 third through sixth graders completed trait anger and patterns of expressing anger instruments.

FINDINGS:  High users of anger‐out (anger expressed outwardly) had the highest trait anger for every grade while high users of anger‐reflection/control had the lowest.

CONCLUSIONS:  Anger‐reflection/control may be more effective than anger‐out in reducing trait anger in school‐age children.
Aromatherapy, Used as an Integrative Tool for Crisis Management by Adolescents in a Residential Treatment Center
Authors: Fowler Nancy A.
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Little is known about the acceptance and effectiveness of aromatherapy as a complementary support for agitated and aggressive adolescents.

METHODS:  Chi‐square test was applied to satisfaction surveys, administration records of p.r.n. medication, aromatherapy, and seclusion/ restraint data.

FINDINGS:  Seventy‐seven percent of the population accepted and used aromatherapy for crisis management. A trend indicates this population uses less p.r.n. medication for crisis management.

CONCLUSIONS:  This adolescent population was receptive to using less invasive tools for crisis management. A longitudinal study is needed to determine the long‐term efficacy of this treatment modality.
Recovery of forest soil fauna diversity and composition after repeated summer droughts
Authors: Lindberg Niklas , Bengtsson Janne
Published: April 2006

To examine the resilience of soil animal communities to large‐scale disturbances. we studied the recovery of total abundance, diversity and community composition of forest soil mesofauna after a 6‐year climatic disturbance. This was done in a pre‐established experiment in a Norway sprucePicea abiesstand in southern Sweden in which long‐term summer droughts had been experimentally imposed and had caused large changes in soil fauna communities. We included both predators (mesostigmatid mites) and fungivores/detritivores (oribatid mites, collembolans) in the study because of the likelihood that they would differ in recovery ability due to differences in their feeding habits, dispersal ability and reproductive strategies. Total abundances of Collembola, Oribatida and Mesostigmata were similar in recovery and control plots after three years, but species richness, the Shannon‐Wiener diversity index, and community composition recovered more slowly, particularly among the Oribatida. To only use total abundance of higher taxonomic groups was thus not sufficient when measuring community recovery. There was a tendency for more mobile groups to recover faster than the slow‐moving oribatids, indicating the importance of dispersal ability for the resilience of soil communities.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Unsteady Surface Pressure in a Three-Stage Model of an Axial High Pressure Turbine
Authors: Kachel Carmen E. , Denton John D.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents the results of a numerical and experimental investigation of the unsteady pressure field in a three-stage model of a high pressure steam turbine. Unsteady surface pressure measurements were taken on a first and second stage stator blade, respectively. The measurements in the blade passage were supplemented by time resolved measurements between the blade rows. The explanation of the origin of the unsteady pressure fluctuations was supported by unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic calculations of which the most extensive calculation was performed over two stages. The mechanisms affecting the unsteady pressure field were: the potential field frozen to the upstream blade row, the pressure waves originating from changes in the potential pressure field, the convected unsteady velocity field, and the passage vortex of the upstream blade row. One-dimensional pressure waves and the unsteady variation of the pitchwise pressure gradient due to the changing velocity field were the dominant mechanisms influencing the magnitude of the surface pressure fluctuations. The magnitude of these effects had not been previously anticipated to be more important than other recognized effects.
Effectiveness of a Serpentine Inlet Duct Flow Control Technique at Design and Off-Design Simulated Flight Conditions
Authors: Scribben Angie Rabe , Ng Wing , Burdisso Ricardo
Published: April 2006

An experimental investigation was conducted in a static ground test facility to determine the effectiveness of a serpentine inlet duct active flow control technique for two simulated flight conditions. The experiments used a scaled model of a compact, diffusing, serpentine, engine inlet duct developed by Lockheed Martin with a flow control technique using air injection through microjets at 1% of the inlet mass flow rate. The experimental results, in the form of total pressure measurements at the exit of the inlet, were used to predict the stability of a compression system through a parallel compressor model. The inlet duct was tested at cruise condition and angle of attack flight cases to determine the change in inlet performance due to flow control at different flight conditions. The experiments were run at an inlet throat Mach number of 0.55 and a resulting Reynolds number, based on the hydraulic diameter at the inlet throat, of 1.76*105. For both of the flight conditions tested, the flow control technique was found to reduce inlet distortion at the exit of the inlet by as much as 70% while increasing total pressure recovery by as much as 2%. The inlet total pressure profile was input in a parallel compressor model to predict the changes in stability margin of a compression system due to flow control for design and off-design flight conditions. Without flow control, both cases show a reduction in stability margin of 70%. With the addition of flow control, each case was able to recover a significant portion (up to 55%) of the undistorted stability margin. This flow control technique has improved the operating range of a compression system as compared to the same inlet duct without flow control.
ASYMPTOTICS FOR NONLINEAR NONLOCAL EQUATIONS ON A HALF-LINE
Authors: CARDIEL ROSA E. , KAIKINA ELENA I. , NAUMKIN PAVEL I.
Published: April 2006

We study the initial-boundary value problem for a general class of nonlinear pseudo-differential equations on a half-line [Formula: see text] where the number M depends on the order of the pseudo-differential operator [Formula: see text] on a half-line. The nonlinear term [Formula: see text] is such that [Formula: see text] as u, v → 0, with ρ, σ > 0. Pseudo-differential operator [Formula: see text] is defined by the inverse Laplace transform. The aim of this paper is to prove the global existence of solutions to the initial-boundary value problem (0.1) and to find the main term of the asymptotic representation of solutions taking into account the influence of inhomogeneous boundary data and a source on the asymptotic properties of solutions.
NMDA Receptor Antibodies Predict Adverse Neurological Outcome After Cardiac Surgery in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Bokesch Paula M. , Izykenova Galina A. , Justice Joseph B. , Easley Kirk A. , Dambinova Svetlana A.
Published: April 2006

Background and Purpose—

The goal of this study was to compare the predictive ability of S100B,
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies (NR2Ab) and C-reactive protein (CRP) for neurological deficits after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Methods—

We investigated 557 high-risk adult patients who underwent coronary artery or valve replacement surgery using CPB as a substudy of a prospective, blinded, multicenter clinical trial. Serum concentrations of S100B (n=513 patients), NR2Ab (n=398) and CRP (n=510) were measured preoperatively, 24 and 48 hours after CPB. Neurological adverse events were assessed at baseline and postoperative days 1 and 2; neurocognitive function (mini-mental status examination) was assessed at baseline and on postoperative days 1, 7 and 28.

Results—

Fifty-five (9.9%) patients had moderate or severe neurological adverse events (confusion/delirium, transient ischemic attack, or stroke) within 48 hours of CPB. Women had significantly more neurological complications than men (15.5% versus 7.8%;
P
=0.007). Ninety-six percent (24/25) of patients with NR2Ab concentrations ≥2.0 ng/mL preoperatively had neurological complications within 48 hours post-CPB, versus only 5.4% (20/373) of patients with NR2Ab concentrations <2.0 ng/mL, resulting in a 17.9-fold increase (95% CI, 11.6 to 27.6) in postoperative neurological complications for patients with high levels of NR2A antibodies. Preoperative serum S100B and CRP did not predict neurological complications from CPB. Decreased mini-mental status examination scores for orientation, attention and recall were associated with neurological adverse events early after CPB.

Conclusions—

Preoperative serum concentrations of NR2Ab, but not S100B or CRP, are predictive of severe neurological adverse events after CPB. Patients with a positive NR2Ab test (≥2.0 ng/mL) preoperatively were nearly 18 times more likely to experience a postoperative neurological event than patients with a negative test (<2.0 ng/mL).
Retrieval with gene queries
Authors: Sehgal Aditya K , Srinivasan Padmini
Published: April 2006

Background

Accuracy of document retrieval from MEDLINE for gene queries is crucially important for many applications in bioinformatics. We explore five information retrieval-based methods to rank documents retrieved by PubMed gene queries for the human genome. The aim is to rank relevant documents higher in the retrieved list. We address the special challenges faced due to ambiguity in gene nomenclature: gene terms that refer to multiple genes, gene terms that are also English words, and gene terms that have other biological meanings.

Results

Our two baseline ranking strategies are quite similar in performance. Two of our three LocusLink-based strategies offer significant improvements. These methods work very well even when there is ambiguity in the gene terms. Our best ranking strategy offers significant improvements on three different kinds of ambiguities over our two baseline strategies (improvements range from 15.9% to 17.7% and 11.7% to 13.3% depending on the baseline). For most genes the best ranking query is one that is built from the LocusLink (now Entrez Gene) summary and product information along with the gene names and aliases. For others, the gene names and aliases suffice. We also present an approach that successfully predicts, for a given gene, which of these two ranking queries is more appropriate.

Conclusion

We explore the effect of different post-retrieval strategies on the ranking of documents returned by PubMed for human gene queries. We have successfully applied some of these strategies to improve the ranking of relevant documents in the retrieved sets. This holds true even when various kinds of ambiguity are encountered. We feel that it would be very useful to apply strategies like ours on PubMed search results as these are not ordered by relevance in any way. This is especially so for queries that retrieve a large number of documents.
Do teachers have more health problems? Results from a French cross-sectional survey
Authors: Kovess-Masféty Viviane , Sevilla-Dedieu Christine , Rios-Seidel Carmen , Nerrière Eléna , Chan Chee Christine
Published: April 2006

Background

Although only a few studies have been published on teachers' health, certain ideas are widely accepted, such as for example, the preconceived notion that teachers suffer from an excessively high rate of mental health problems. The objective of this study is to compare teachers' mental and physical health to that of a control group.

Methods

A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted among a sample of 3,679 teachers and 1,817 non-teachers aged 20 to 60 years old.

Results

No lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder (with the exception of undifferentiated somatoform disorder in men) or mean scores of psychological distress were found to be significantly higher in teachers. However, multiple analyses, adjusted for all confounding variables, revealed a higher risk of lifetime anxiety disorders in male teachers. On the other hand, significant differences were observed for some physical ailments: a higher lifetime prevalence of rhinopharyngitis/laryngitis in both male and female teachers, of conjunctivitis and lower urinary tract infection in male teachers and of bronchitis, eczema/dermatitis and varicose veins in female teachers. No significant difference was found for chronic pain between the two groups.

Conclusion

Teachers do not seem to have poorer mental health. However, their physical condition is characterized by a higher prevalence of health problems related to the ENT tract, and to a lesser extent, depending on the gender, to skin, eyes, legs and lower urinary tract.
Tyard's Graphic Metamorphoses: Figuring the Semiosic Drift in theDouze Fables de fleuves ou fontaines
Authors: Campo Roberto E.
Published: April 2006

Ponttis de Tyard, a lesser-known member of the Pleiade poets of mid-sixteenth-century France, was deeply influenced by the concerns of his comrades and contemporaries about the elemental remoteness of all “reality “ and the resulting “semiosic drift “ undermining any attempt to denote it. He expresses this preoccupation during the mid 1550s, in theDouze Fables de fleuves ou fontaines, his long underrated collection of twelve mythological fables, each accompanied by directions for a fable-based painting and an explanatory sonnet. Like the author's more highly regardedDiscours du tempsfrom the same years, theDouze Fablesregisters traces of not only the “strong” hermeneutic paradigm of the hermetic Neoplatonic tradition, but also the anxiety-ridden mannerist aesthetic of the period.
“Tout mon office:” Body Politics and Family Dynamics in the verse epîtres of Marguerite de Navarre*
Authors: Middlebrook Leah
Published: April 2006

“Voylà tout mon office. “

— Marguerite de Navarre, Epître 12 (16)1

Among the writings of Marguerite de Navarre, the intimate epîtres she exchanged with her mother, Louise de Savoie, and brother, François I are relatively unknown. Of moderate literary interest, these poems are most important for the insight they provide into the role of the princess in the complex negotiation of gender and power that was necessary when women sought powers of rule. The epîtres reveal a “division of labor” in the representation of femininity: through the symbolism of the family “trinité” the family distanced Louise from the constraints of gender and embodied existence, displacing the physical and symbolic burden of female flesh onto Marguerite.
Labyrinth Dances in the French and English Renaissance
Authors: Greene Thomas M.
Published: April 2006

Some descriptions of ballets performed at the late Valois court in France draw upon accounts of choreographic and equestrian maze-like performances extending back into early antiquity. Common elements include a convoluted complexity in the dancers’ movements, repeated reversals, and a series of patterns variously reformed after regular interruptions. The practice of medieval dances at Easter upon the labyrinth designs of one or more French cathedrals may also have exercised an influence on Renaissance dancing. A sonnet by Ronsard describing a labyrinthine ballet invites at least two metaphysical interpretations. Neoplatonic theories of magic are apparently reflected in the choreography by Balthazar de Beaujoyeulx for hisBalet Comique de la Royne. Labyrinth dances in Ben Jonson's masques are associated with Orphic cosmogony. The description of an angelic labyrinth dance in Milton'sParadise Lostleads to historical and theoretical questions concerning the intermittent persistence of the phenomenon.

“Here's a maze trod indeed Through forth-rights and meanders!“

— The Tempest
Marked Angels: Counterfeits, Commodities, and The Roaring Girl*
Authors: Forman Valerie
Published: April 2006

This article traces the connections between the circulation of commodities and counterfeit coins inThe Roaring Girl. Contextualizing the play's representation of counterfeits within a discussion of the relationship between real and counterfeit money in the early modern period, I argue that the play registers and addresses economic pressures, in part through its commentary on, and revision of, the conventions of stage comedy. In particular, the play offers enhanced forms of realism and the fiction of the “individual” in the title character, Moll, to compensate for the absence of legible material guarantees for value, legitimacy, or status. I conclude with a reading of the play's representation of masterless persons as the necessary shadow side of the plethora of opportunities seemingly offered by the market.
The Right to Fortify the Panama Canal
Authors: Wambaugh Eugene
Published: April 2006

As a canal is part of the territory of the country through which it passes, the general principle of sovereignty gives to that country, and to that country alone, the right of fortification. This general principle is capable of modification by treaty. Thus, as the Suez Canal is wholly in Egypt, a right of fortification resided with Egypt, or with its suzerain, Turkey; and, in order to destroy the right, there had to be express provisions in the Constantinople Convention of 1888 — “ respecting the free navigation of the Suez Canal ” — to which Turkey was a party. In that treaty as to Suez, there was ample recognition of the prima facie right and duty of the local country to protect the canal. Similarly, the right to fortify the Panama Canal would still reside with the Republic of Panama, and not with the United States, if the convention of 1903 with Panama did not grant to the United States control of the Canal Zone, with all the rights which the United States would possess if it were the sovereign, and “ to the entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panama of any such sovereign rights.” The treaty specifically adds that “ the United States shall have the right * * * to establish fortifications.”
The Use of Submarine Mines and Torpedoes in Time of War
Authors: Stockton C.H.
Published: April 2006

This subject, which was brought so forcibly to the attention of the civilized world by the operations of the Russo-Japanese war in the vicinity of Port Arthur, was one of the questions at the Hague conference last year, being thus brought for the first time to the attention of an international conference.
The "Act of State" Doctrine
Authors: Kingsbury Howard Thayer
Published: April 2006

The field of international law in general is sharply demarked from that of municipal law, but it is the individuals, composing the population of the various states and nations, who furnish the points of contact where international friction may be generated. With the claims of a citizen or subject against his own government, and its officers and agencies, international law naturally has nothing to do. But when an individual asserts a claim against a government not his own, or against the individuals who carry on its operations, such a claim falls on one side or the other of the boundary between international law and municipal law, according to whether the claimant has or has not an adequate remedy in the ordinary courts of the state against which the claim exists.
French Nationality Laws Imposing Nationality at Birth
Authors: McGovney D. O.
Published: April 2006

France has had a richer legislative experience in matters of nationality than any other country. Scarcely a decade has passed since the Revolution in which some project for legislation has not been proposed, and during the intervals between these projects the subject has been kept alive by very intelligent discussion on the part of statesmen and writers. A resumé of French legislation will indicate the trend of thought in France and throw light upon the policies behind the present law. In so brief a summary as is here presented it will be impossible, however, to refer to the numerous proposals which never passed beyond the stage of debate. We shall confine ourselves to the laws as adopted, and these will suffice for our purpose.

The law existing in France immediately anterior to the Revolution conferred French nationality on persons (1) born on French soil; (2) born in a foreign country of a French father who had not established his domicile in that country nor lost his intent to return, provided the person so born returned to France.
Studies on the Eastern Question
Authors: Scelle G.
Published: April 2006

In states which possess a written constitution and a constituent power, constitutional laws are, as early writers on international law expressed it, fundamental laws. In them is the source of the several governmental powers; they determine the form of the state, and of its organs and their functions, and they regulate the exercise of the legislative power. Briefly, they are the fundamental and the essential act of national sovereignty, the expression of the will of a self-organizing people.

Unlike other provinces detached from the Ottoman Empire and endowed with autonomy, the Island of Crete, for example, which the Powers furnished with a constitution prepared by themselves, Bulgaria received at Berlin the power to undertake the elaboration of its own constitution.
The Fourth International Conference of American Republics
Authors: Reinsch Paul S.
Published: April 2006

The International Conference of American Republics has assumed a well-defined and dignified position among the great international organizations of the world. Four conferences have met up to the present time. The suspicions and misrepresentations by which the first of these meetings were surrounded, while still occasionally cropping up in the press and among persons who are not entirely well informed, are no longer of any effect among serious publicists. As the general character of the International Union becomes more and more established, many matters that originally led to heated discussion may now be taken for granted and left to a purely academic forum.
Principles of International law Applied by the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission
Authors: Crandall Samuel B.
Published: April 2006

The treaty of peace, concluded at Paris, between the United
States and Spain, December 10, 1898, provided, in Article VII, as
follows:

The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba, and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article.
State Loans in Their Relation to International Policy
Authors: Drago Luis M.
Published: April 2006

The Argentine Republic, like all America, was deeply moved by the military steps taken by England, Germany and Italy in the month of December, 1902, against Venezuela for the settlement of claims of various sorts. Among these claims, arising some from special contracts and others from material injuries sustained by the subjects of the nations mentioned in the revolutionary commotions and civil wars of the unfortunate Republic, was made to figure the collection of the deferred interest on the foreign public debt, outstanding in the form of bonds issued by the Venezuelan government for the construction of railways and other public works. The coercive measures adopted assumed at one time a character of extreme violence, the Powers going so far as to seize the Venezuelan fleet, bombard the cities of La Guerra, Puerto Cabello and Maracaibo and establish a rigorous blockade of the coast.

It was at this moment of veritable consternation for America that the Argentine Republic sent to its Minister in Washington the note of December 29, 1902, that has given rise to most important controversies and debates, which now, after the lapse of so long an interval, are far from exhausted.
Unjustifiable War and the Means to Avoid It
Authors: Lammasch Heinrich
Published: April 2006

In the beginnings of international law, in Grotius and his predecessors and immediate successors, discussion of the Right of War, the jus ad bellum, takes up a great deal of room by the side of the Right in War, the jus in bello. Today, however, the question, When is war justified? has almost ceased to be discussed. The so-called predecessors of Grotius, like himself and his immediate followers, accepted from the Roman law the notion of the bellum justum piumque. This concept was purely formal. To make a war a bellum justum piumque nothing more was required than compliance with the precepts of the fetial law as to the formalities of declaring war. To be sure, these, at least originally, required a resolution of the Senate and its ratification by the Centuriate Comitia. Later, however, this requisite, to which one could perhaps not always deny some material significance, completely disappeared behind the empty ceremony which the Pater Patratus performed at the boundary of the enemy country with the “hasta ferrata aut sanguinea prœusta” hurled across the same. Nay, in the war with Pyrrhus, a deserter from the former’s army was allowed to buy a piece of ground in Rome, into which the spear was flung as into hostile territory, in order that the Pater Patratus might not have to go all the way to the frontier. On these formalities, which naturally became more and more futile, Roman historians based their country’s reputation of never having waged an unjust war. Still, the fetial law had at least the one advantage of giving the adversary a 33 days’ respite for deliberation.
The Relations Between China, Russia and Mongolia
Authors: Williams E. T.
Published: April 2006

The Russo-Mongolian Agreement of November 3, 1912, with its protocol; the Russo-Chinese Declaration of November 5, 1913, with the notes exchanged on that date; the Russo-Mongolian Railway Agreement of September 30, 1914, and the Tripartite Agreement between China, Russia, and Mongolia signed on June 7, 1915, together with the declaration of China and Russia, accompanying this last-mentioned document, are all printed in the Supplement to this number of the Journal and are deserving of more than a passing notice, for they undertake to define the relations of three great nations and recall historic events of considerable importance.
The International Opium Conference
Authors: Wright Hamilton
Published: April 2006

There is nothing that would please the writer more than to describe the international atmosphere in which the Opium Conference convened and proceeded to its deliberations and conclusions. That, however, must reside in memory for the present.
The French Spoliation Claims
Authors: King George A.
Published: April 2006

The first article on this subject in the April number of The American
Journal of International Law (pp. 359–380), dealt with the general
principles upon which these claims have been held by the Court of Claims to
have been in their origin valid international demands against France, and to
have been assumed as obligations of the United States by force of the treaty
of September 30, 1800, the ratifications of which were exchanged July 31,
1801.

The present article will be devoted to a review of some of the rules on
which the Court of Claims proceeded in the details of its
allowances.
The Doctrine of Servitudes in International Law
Authors: Potter Pitman B.
Published: April 2006

The doctrine of servitudes as it stands at present in international law is in a very incoherent state. From the Roman law the concept, with an elaborate set of rules for its operation but with no philosophic or theoretical development, was transmitted at the time of “the Reception” to the semi-feudal jus publicum of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the doctrine was taken over by the developing jus gentium.

This experience, this double growing over from private law to public law and thence to international law, has sadly shattered the doctrine. The modifications made by feudal and dynastic and mercantilist manipulation have warped the concept out of all symmetry. Indeed, it is possible that traits picked up en route have ruined the doctrine for modern use.
The Prisoner of War
Authors: Davis Geo. B.
Published: April 2006

There is probably no branch of the laws of war which stands in greater need of explanatory comment than do the chapters relating to prisoners of war. The generation preceding the great peace conferences at The Hague was marked by a number of important wars of which continental Europe was the theater; during these conflicts the number of persons reduced to captivity surpassed all experience, as did the number of problems which arose in connection with their safe-keeping and repatriation; but during the entire period the regulations governing their administration and detention remained substantially unchanged. It is true that several European states caused their regulations in that regard to be revised, but as those regulations were strictly internal in character and had no external operation, save in the territory of the enemy which they held in military occupation, the condition of prisoners of war remained substantially unchanged. Indeed, until the condition of this unfortunate class was made the subject of conventional regulation at The Hague, but few important ameliorations had been brought about in their status since the activity of the Emperor Napoleon was brought to a close at the battle of Waterloo.
The Development and Formation of International Law
Authors: Nys Ernest
Published: April 2006

We have seen that in private law the Canonists and Romanists made open war on custom, and took sides against it on behalf of the written law — the formal, written word, emanating direct from the will of the supreme authority. Custom has contributed a large number of rules to the law of nations. To the examples already given we may add the formalities of treaties and the necessity of ratification; rules which appear in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries of our era, and in accordance with which the signature of the plenipotentiaries does not make conventions binding in the absence of their confirmation by the supreme authority. Hand in hand with laws, edicts and decrees, which together form the “consular laws,” custom is still to be found in so far as regards the laws in force in the European and American States, over the territory of different important political communities, such as the Ottoman Empire, various Asiatic Powers, and certain African governmental communities. Is it necessary to recall that almost all of the laws of war are the result of customs recognized during hundreds of years, and upon which intellectual and moral progress has not ceased to exert a beneficent influence?
The French Spoliation Claims
Authors: King George A.
Published: April 2006

From time to time the cases known by the generic name of French Spoliation Claims come up for discussion in Congress and in the press and are often debated without any very definite conception of their origin or basis. It may seem strange that claims against the government whose inception is connected with the very beginning of our national existence should still be the subject of consideration as present demands against the government, both before the courts and in the legislative forum.

But dilatoriness in dealing with matters of private right between the citizen and the government seems to have become traditional. Not until 1885 was there any tribunal before which these claims could be prosecuted. Even under the Act of 1885, as will be seen hereafter, a decision of the court has not the legal effect of a final judgment. Hence, it is that the liability of the government for the payment of these claims settled by unanimous judicial decision a quarter of a century ago is often reopened in Congress and the press and the subject threshed out anew, often in apparent ignorance of the laborious investigation long since made by the Court of Claims into the history and basis of these claims, and the result of that investigation as announced in a number of thorough and well-reasoned opinions.