bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYLOGENIES CONSTRAINED BY THE CROSSOVER PROCESS AS ILLUSTRATED BY HUMAN HEMOGLOBINS AND A THIRTEEN-CYCLE, ELEVEN-AMINO-ACID REPEAT IN HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I
Authors: Fitch Walter M
Published: April 2021

Examination of human apolipoprotein A-I revealed a segment of eleven amino acids that repeated itself 13 times in succession without any additional intervening amino acids between the beginning of the repeats (amino acid 93) and their end at the carboxyl terminus of the sequence. The segments are not identical, but the pattern of their physical and chemical properties is highly conserved. The pattern is shown to be suitable to the formation of alpha helices with an amphipathic character consistent with the formation of a micellar structure, a process entirely appropriate to the protein's known function in the blood stream as a lipid carrier. The simplest hypothesis to account for repeated segments is a series of unequal crossovers. But such a series implies that some segments are more closely related to each other than they are to others, that is, they have a "phylogenetic" relationship. It is shown that only a small fraction of all possible phylogenies are consistent with a set of segments arising by simple unequal crossing over. Nevertheless, it is shown that the apolipoprotein A-I segments are readily interpretable as the result of simple unequal crossing over. Moreover, the crossover constraint applies with as much force to segments larger than a gene as to segments within a gene, and this is shown to require that the human gamma (Gly) hemoglobin gene lie to the left, rather than to the right, of the other non-alpha human hemoglobin genes, a conclusion for which there is no direct genetic evidence currently available.
A MODEL OF FUNCTIONAL EPISTASIS AND LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN POPULATIONS WITH OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS
Authors: Giesel James T
Published: April 2021

A model of functional epistasis is proposed in which it is assumed that coupling and repulsion genotypes differ in metabolic efficiency and thus in development time and net fecundity. The implications of this model are investigated for iteroparous populations with fluctuating rates of increase. It is found that the fluctuations in rate of increase can lead to large fluctuations in gamete frequency and D, the coefficient of linkage disequilibrium, but that D will almost always have a value of zero at some point during the populations' demographic cycle. Some of the model populations would be expected to be in a state of linkage disequilibrium only fleetingly: others would exhibit D-cycles interpretable as random fluctuation. Implications of the model for interpretations of existing data on linkage disequilibrium among enzyme loci in Drosophila are discussed.
Chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) sequencing of patient-derived xenografts: analysis guidelines
Authors: Dozmorov Mikhail G , Tyc Katarzyna M , Sheffield Nathan C , Boyd David C , Olex Amy L , Reed Jason , Harrell J Chuck
Published: April 2021

Background

Sequencing of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models allows investigation of the molecular mechanisms of human tumor samples engrafted in a mouse host. Thus, both human and mouse genetic material is sequenced. Several methods have been developed to remove mouse sequencing reads from RNA-seq or exome sequencing PDX data and improve the downstream signal. However, for more recent chromatin conformation capture technologies (Hi-C), the effect of mouse reads remains undefined.

Results

We evaluated the effect of mouse read removal on the quality of Hi-C data using in silico created PDX Hi-C data with 10% and 30% mouse reads. Additionally, we generated 2 experimental PDX Hi-C datasets using different library preparation strategies. We evaluated 3 alignment strategies (Direct, Xenome, Combined) and 3 pipelines (Juicer, HiC-Pro, HiCExplorer) on Hi-C data quality.

Conclusions

Removal of mouse reads had little-to-no effect on data quality as compared with the results obtained with the Direct alignment strategy. Juicer extracted more valid chromatin interactions for Hi-C matrices, regardless of the mouse read removal strategy. However, the pipeline effect was minimal, while the library preparation strategy had the largest effect on all quality metrics. Together, our study presents comprehensive guidelines on PDX Hi-C data processing.
Deep-learning assisted regularized elastic full waveform inversion using the velocity distribution information from wells
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Alkhalifah Tariq , Zhang Zhendong
Published: April 2021

Elastic full waveform inversion (EFWI) can, theoretically, give high-resolution estimates of the subsurface. However, in practice, the resolution and illumination of EFWI are limited by the bandwidth and aperture of seismic data. The often-present wells in developed fields as well as some exploratory regions can provide complementary information of the target area. We, thus, introduce a regularization technique, which combines the surface seismic and well log data, to help improve the resolution of EFWI. We use deep neural networks to learn the statistical relations between some selected features of the inverted model and the facies interpreted from well logs. The selected features are the means and variances of the inverted velocities defined within Gaussian windows. Using multiple fully connected layers, we train our neural networks to identify the relation between the means and variances at the well location and those from the inverted model. The network is used to map the means and variances extracted from the well to the whole model domain. We then perform another EFWI in which we fit the predicted data to the observed ones as well as fit the model over a Gaussian window to the predicted means and variances. The tests on synthetic and real seismic data demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively improve the resolution and illumination of deep-buried reservoirs, which often encounter poor illumination from seismic data.
Long-term outcomes after the paediatric Ross and Ross-Konno procedures
Authors: Schlein Johanna , Ebner Barbara Elisabeth , Geiger Ralf , Simon Paul , Wollenek Gregor , Moritz Anton , Gamillscheg Andreas , Base Eva , Laufer Günther , Zimpfer Daniel
Published: April 2021

OBJECTIVES

The Ross procedure is an attractive option for the management of aortic valve disease in paediatric patients. We reviewed our experience with the paediatric Ross procedure to determine survival and freedom from reoperation in the third decade after surgery.

METHODS

We reviewed the data of 124 paediatric patients [71% male, median age at time of surgery 11.1 years (interquartile range 6–14.8 years); 63.7% bicuspid aortic valve], who underwent the Ross procedure at 2 tertiary centres from April 1991 to April 2020. The Ross-Konno procedures were performed on 14 (11.3%) patients. Deaths were cross-checked with the national health insurance database, and survival status was available for 96.8% of the patients. The median follow-up time was 12.1 years (interquartile range 3–18 years).

RESULTS

There were 3 early and 6 late deaths. All early deaths occurred in patients aged <1 year at the time of surgery. The 25-year survival was 90.3%. Actuarial freedom from reoperation (linearized rates in parentheses) was as follows: Autograft reoperation was 90.8% (0.48%/patient-year) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) reoperation was 67% (2.07%/patient year) at 25 years. The univariable Cox-proportional hazard analysis revealed younger age at time of surgery (P < 0.001), smaller implanted valve size (P < 0.001) and the use of a xenograft rather than a homograft (P < 0.001) as predictors of RVOT reoperation. At multivariable Cox-proportional hazard analysis, only age was an independent risk factor for RVOT reoperation (P = 0.041).

CONCLUSIONS

The Ross and the Ross-Konno procedures are associated with good outcomes in paediatric patients. Reoperation of the RVOT is frequent and associated with younger age.
Clinical Utility of an Exoskeleton Robot Using Three-Dimensional Scanner Modeling in Burn Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Joo So Young , Lee Seung Yeol , Cho Yoon Soo , Yi Sangho , Seo Cheong Hoon
Published: April 2021

Hands are the part of the body that are most commonly involved in burns, and the main complications are finger joint contractures and nerve injuries. Hypertrophic scarring cannot be avoided despite early management of acute hand burn injuries, and some patients may need the application of an exoskeleton robot to restore hand function. To do this, it is essential to individualize the customization of the robot for each patient. Three-dimensional (3D) technology, which is widely used in the field of implants, anatomical models, and tissue fabrication, makes this goal achievable. Therefore, this report is a study on the usefulness of an exoskeleton robot using 3D technology for patients who lost bilateral hand function due to burn injury. Our subject was a 45-year-old man with upper limb dysfunction of 560 days after a flame and chemical burn injury, with resultant impairment of manual physical abilities. After wearing an exoskeleton robot made using 3D printing technology, he could handle objects effectively and satisfactorily. This innovative approach provided considerable advantages in terms of customization of size and reduction in manufacturing time and costs, thereby showing great potential for use in patients with hand dysfunction after burn injury.
Pathological progress of traumatic femur head necrosis after femoral neck fracture in children and adolescents: a case series study
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhuang Zhikun , Tu Yonggang , Hong Zhinan , Pang Fengxiang , He Wei , Wei Qiushi , Li Ziqi
Published: April 2021

The pathological progression and prognosis of traumatic femur head necrosis (TFHN) after femoral neck fracture (FNF) in children and adolescent is relatively unknown and has never been specifically characterized. As we speculated, the prognosis in such population would be poor and characterized as the high risk of femoral head collapse, hip deformity and degeneration in a short term. This retrospective case series enrolled 64 children and adolescent with TFHN who treated with observational treatment from 2000.1 to 2018.1. The primary outcomes, the progression of femoral head collapse, hip deformity (Stulberg classification) and hip degeneration (Tönnis grade), and their prognostic factors were analysed. Sixty-four patients with a mean age of 13 years (6–16 years) were included. A total of 28 hips (44%) showed unsatisfactory outcome and 25 (39%) hips collapsed progressively during a mean follow-up of 48 months (24–203 months). Finally, 38 hips (59%) experienced hip deformity, 20 of them were Class IV/V. Thirty-four hips (53%) generally progressed to osteoarthritis, 14 of them were classified as Grades II/III. The location of the lesion and the presence of subluxation were found to be related to progression of collapse; however, the presence of subluxation was the only independent risk factor of severe hip deformity and degeneration. TFHN in children and adolescent is a rapidly progressing disease with a poor prognosis characterized by a high risk of femoral head collapse progression. If the subluxation emerged, collapsed cases showed increasingly tendency towards hip deformity and degeneration.
Expect the Unexpected—First Case of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in Israel in 20 Years: A Case Report
Authors: Molad Michal , Gover Ayala , Ephros Moshe , Lavie-Nevo Karen , Waisman Dan , Levin Tal , Kanaaneh Yara , Indenbaum Victoria
Published: April 2021

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a devastating condition associated with significant morbidity. Due to universal vaccination programs, it is currently a rare condition, especially in developed countries. We report an infant born in Israel to a foreign worker from the Philippines who presented with a blueberry muffin rash immediately after birth. Initial workup revealed sonographic brain anomalies, abnormal hearing tests, and a patent ductus arteriosus. CRS was subsequently confirmed by laboratory diagnosis. Rubella virus genotype 1E was detected in the infant’s nasopharyngeal swab and urine samples. This was the first case of CRS in Israel in 20 years, emphasizing the need to “think outside the box” when dealing with infants of mothers who are foreign workers, refugees, or visitors of foreign relatives, in which rubella immune status is unknown. Additionally, public health authorities should consider the routine assessment of rubella immunity status of foreign workers in order to avoid such tragic, preventable diseases.

We present a case of congenital rubella syndrome – rarely seen in developed countries. This emphasis the need to “think out of the box” when dealing with infants of mothers who come from countries in which the vaccination program is not well established.
Modified laparoscopic toupet fundoplication with fundo-phrenico-pexy
Authors: Schriener Thomas , Berkhoff Stefan , Ezzy Mohsen , Kraus Thomas W , Elshafei Moustafa
Published: April 2021

This article presents an alternative technique to the common Toupet fundoplication. It is a modern combination of the standard Toupet procedure and an additional fundophrenicopexie of the gastric wrap. In 1963 Toupet first described his technique of a fundoplication for reflux surgery. Over the past years this procedure has been modified and expanded many times. We have learned that the short gastric vessels need to be divided to get the wrap closer and easier around the esophagus. Furthermore, it is likely necessary to perform a balanced hiatoplasty to avoid slippage of the wrap. Our procedure is a modification of the standard Toupet fundoplication, but is extended by fixing the wrap to the anterior wall of the diaphragm. We consider our modification successful and safe in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with type I/II hiatal hernia and prevent postoperative complications such as dysphagia or slippage of the wrap.
Social acceptance for commercialization of genetically modified food animals
Authors: Fan Ziyao , Mu Yulian , Sonstegard Tad , Zhai Xiaomei , Li Kui , Hackett Perry B , Zhu Zuoyan
Published: April 2021

Genetically modified food animals (GMFAs) are needed to address early the cumulative effects of livestock production on the environment, and to accommodate future food demands. In 2020 China and the USA, the world's two largest economies, embarked on regulatory reforms to boost the commercialization of such animals. However, gaining social acceptance of GMFAs for commercialization remains a global challenge. We propose a framework that focuses on social license for commercialization of GMFAs by defining four classes of improvement using precision genetics: (1) animals equivalent to natural variation to obtain the improved effect of cross-breeding (ENV); (2) animals with an inactivated gene that could occur via natural mutation (ENC−); (3) animals harboring a natural genetic sequence isolated from another species (ENC+); and (4) animals with synthetic sequences encoding novel genes (BNE). Our approach can guide regulators and the public to support orderly commercialization of GMFAs.
Medieval Chant for the Mass Ordinary
Authors: Vlhová-Wörner Hana
Published: April 2021

The Ordinary of the Mass (Lat.: ordinarium missae) is part of the Roman mass and comprises six chants whose texts remain the same through the year, namely Kyrie eleison, Gloria in excelsis Deo, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, and Ite, missa est. An initial repertory of these chants were established by the end of the first millenium, but compositions of new monophonic chants or full cycles along with polyphonic elaborations of older chant repertories continued up to the Early Modern period. While the texts of these chants did not change (although there are some exceptions), interpolations in the form of tropes (newly composed texts with music inserted before and between the phrases of established chants) or prosulas (newly composed texts underlaid to preexistent melodies) were cultivated from the 9th century on. The full scope of the repertory is still unknown; present catalogues count around two thousand melodies, but some of them were used for more than one chant in the group (most typically Sanctus and Agnus Dei or Kyrie eleison and Ite, missa est) or, in particular in the late Middle Ages, adapted from other genres. There was never a unified repertory of chants of the mass ordinary for the whole Western church, but individual regions (Spain, Central Europe, etc.), religious orders (Cistercians), or dioceses developed their own traditions. Melodies of the mass ordinary chants often had their own character, employing, among other elements, repetitions of short melodic formulas or, typically in the late period, moving in the modus mixtus (authentic and plagal range of one mode) and introducing rhythmized sections (cantus fractus).
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Authors: Bloch Amy R.
Published: April 2021

Born in, or just outside, Florence c. 1380, Lorenzo Ghiberti probably trained in the shop of a goldsmith. He established himself, in the early 15th century, as one of the most skilled bronze/brass sculptors on the Italian peninsula; indeed, he reinvigorated the art of casting metal sculpture in Florence. He demonstrated his abilities in working with cooper alloys first in the famous competition of 1401–1402, in which sculptors, vying for the commission to fashion the Florence Baptistery’s second set of doors, made trial reliefs representing the sacrifice of Isaac. His victory led to his completion of a set of doors (1403–1424) representing scenes from the New Testament. He carried out this project, along with many others, with the assistance of his large workshop. Ghiberti’s mastery of bronze/brass sculpture subsequently led to numerous commissions in these media: between 1412 and 1429, he sculpted three colossal statues for the church of Orsanmichele (St. John the Baptist, St. Matthew, and St. Stephen) and two reliefs for the Siena Baptistery (1417–1427). He received commissions in other materials as well. In the 1420s he produced a number of designs for marble tombs, cast another in bronze, and made two elaborate papal miters (1419 and c. 1434). Between 1425 and 1452, he completed the Florence Baptistery’s third and final set of doors, known as the Gates of Paradise, which both demonstrate his ability to represent—in reliefs made of copper alloys—fictive space through linear perspective and elegant bodies inspired by Antiquity, and highlight his understanding of the meaning and power of Old Testament stories. While working on the Gates he completed other projects, including, for Florence Cathedral, a tomb-shrine of St. Zenobius. In these years and earlier he also made designs for stained-glass windows throughout the cathedral. During his career, he dabbled in architecture, working on the project for the cathedral’s new dome and designing a sacristy-chapel space for the Strozzi family in Santa Trinita. Aside from his sculptures, he is in the early 21st century unquestionably best known for his remarkable Commentaries, a three-book treatise containing the first history of art penned after Antiquity—he included histories of ancient and recent Italian art, culminating in his autobiography—and an extensive section on the science of optics. Ghiberti was an avid collector of ancient art and also owned a number of books. His uncommon acumen as a businessman led him to acquire a great deal of wealth, including a number of properties. After a long, productive, and influential life, he died on 28 November 1455.
Postcolonial Political Theory
Authors: Busbridge Rachel
Published: April 2021

Postcolonial political theory is an emerging subfield of political theory, although its parameters and particular meanings are less than clearly defined and subject to contestation. Related to a more general critique of political theory’s traditional Eurocentric bias, postcolonial political theory is motivated by three key issues: first, how colonialism shaped the traditional Western canon; second, the broad silence on colonialism and its legacies in mainstream political theorizing; and third, the tensions, particularly within liberal political theory, between its universal pretentions and culturally specific Western location of articulation. The scope of inquiry in postcolonial political theory is broadly responsive to postcolonialism, a body of thought concerned with tracing, engaging, and responding to the cultural, political, social, and economic legacies of Western colonialism, particularly the period of European colonial rule between the 18th and mid-20th centuries. With a particular emphasis on the relationship between power and knowledge, postcolonial theories and approaches take the development of modernity as coterminous with European colonial and imperial projects, and therefore examine the ways in which modern systems of knowledge are implicated in colonial relations of power. Postcolonial political theory similarly treats political modernity as imprinted by Western colonialism and imperialism, making for distinct political dynamics, problems, and forms of injustice, on the one hand, and shaping the history of European political thought, on the other. In this regard, postcolonial political theory does not just call for a widening of the remit of political theory beyond the traditional European canon to include non-Western texts, voices, and perspectives. It also raises profound questions about the ways in which the categories, ideas, and assumptions of political theory have been complicit in and served to legitimize the domination of colonized peoples and indigenous, non-Western, and subaltern minorities. Postcolonial political theory seeks to articulate alternative modes of theorizing that can better speak to the concerns of justice for the formerly colonized, indigenous peoples, and those affected by the neo-imperial features of the current global order. An important element of this is concerned with methodology, in particular the use of multidisciplinary insights from history, cultural studies, and anthropology, among others, as well as thinkers and texts that would not conventionally be considered “political” according to dominant Western conceptions of politics.
Gendered Sexuality
Authors: Ronen Shelly
Published: April 2021

Sexuality encompasses diverse sexual practices including sexual behaviors, their sequencing, meanings, effects, pleasures, and risks, sexual identities, preferences or orientations, and the social construction of sexual acts and communities over history. Sexuality is undeniably shaped by gender as an individual, interpersonal, and institutional force. It is also shaped by intersecting axes of difference including class, race, ethnicity, age, and body morphology or disability status. These are in turn also affected by sexuality. The study of gendered sexuality has been an interdisciplinary undertaking. The sociological field incorporates insights from anthropology, feminist philosophy, gender and women’s studies, history, LGBTQIA+ studies, cultural studies, media studies, psychology, and queer studies. Early sociology failed to recognize sexuality as a domain of social study, so the subject only gained relevance in sociology in the second half of the 20th century. Touchstone texts from the subfield’s formation often draw on non-sociological works as well as biological, medical, and psychoanalytic approaches. Newer advances in the study of sexuality were initially spurred by feminisms and activist-scholars from the lesbian, bisexual, and gay liberation movement. As such, alongside theoretical development and empirical study, some work in the discipline retains a normative approach, seeking to clarify and advance varying definitions of sexual liberation. Contemporary sociological research on sexuality focuses on resultant inequalities: whether between genders (mostly still conceived of as either men and women) between sexual orientations (mostly still understood as either straight or gay) or between different races or ethnicities. As such, sociological study on sexualities focuses on the collective consequences of sexuality as a varied and changing institutional and normative force.
Ethnic Enclaves
Authors: Espinoza-Kulick Mario Alberto Viveros , Fennelly Maura , Beck Kevin
Published: April 2021

Ethnic enclaves have been defined in numerous ways. The word “ethnic” is often used to refer to a particular group with a shared nationality or cultural background. Enclaves sometimes refer to the concentration of ethnic groups within a geographic area. Academic inquiry of ethnic enclaves began with Kenneth Wilson and Alejandro Portes’s study of the “immigrant enclave” formed by Cubans in Miami, which they define as a concentration of ethnic businesses employing people from the same ethnic group. Researchers have tested, expanded, and modified the “enclave hypothesis”—ethnic concentration having a protective effect against a generally hostile climate facing immigrants and ethnic minorities. Depending on the author an enclave may refer to the geographic concentration of migrants and coethnics in a neighborhood; a place with social and economic structures that diverge from those in the surrounding area; or a concentration of economic activity, particularly businesses owned and staffed by members of a single ethnic group. In the strictest sense, ethnic enclaves are made up of a high concentration of an ethnic group within a geographic space, including a large number of business owners from that community. There have been examples throughout US history of ethnic enclaves, including Cubans in Miami, New York’s Chinatown, Japanese and Korean enclaves in California, and Jewish communities in Manhattan. There are also immigrant enclaves across the world. The protective effects of enclaves are largely related to the concentration of economic power to support social, cultural, and political development for immigrant communities committed to sustaining community life within the country where an enclave is formed. Many researchers have used a partial definition of ethnic enclaves only in terms of residential concentration. From this point of view, the existing evidence shows mixed effects for living in an enclave depending on the context, aspects of the enclave studied, and relative outcomes of interest. When applied and compared, the similarities between enclaves and other community formations, such as barrios and ghettos, become relevant. Segregation most frequently serves dominant groups who use isolation to disproportionately apportion resources and exploit marginalized workers. Yet, as Cathy Yang Liu has shown, a concentration of opportunities can lead to strong social and cultural networks within ethnic enclaves. Researchers using the concept of ethnic enclaves can benefit from considering the multilayered factors of immigration, ethnic difference, urban environments, economic systems, health, and power differentials between and among residents in ethnic enclave communities and beyond.
Dementia and Language
Authors: Macoir Joël
Published: April 2021

Neurodegenerative diseases progress over three distinct stages: (1) the preclinical stage, at which individuals can be placed on a continuum ranging from completely asymptomatic to a very subtle decline; (2) mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is the symptomatic predementia stage of dementia, characterized by impairment in memory or other domains of cognition; and (3) dementia itself. Dementia is a common condition that mainly occurs in older people. It is characterized by a significant decline of cognitive functioning severe enough to impact activities of daily living and social functioning. The loss of cognitive functioning in dementia may affect long-term and short-term memory, attention, visual perception, executive functions, motor planning and execution, problem-solving, and language. Dementia can be caused by a wide range of pathological entities, among which Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common. Other dementia types include vascular dementia (VaD), dementia in atypical parkinsonian syndromes such as dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While these are commonly associated with an impairment of episodic memory, the major forms of dementia are also characterized by deficits of language affecting comprehension and production abilities of words and sentences. Clinical linguistic profiles usually associated with common forms of dementia have been described, some more detailed than others. Neurolinguistic studies also went further than the mere description of symptoms and identified the functional localization of impaired and preserved processing components of the linguistic processing system in dementias. The initial evaluation is the first significant step toward the clinical management of dementia and is based on consensual diagnostic criteria. In some dementia syndromes, such as primary progressive aphasia (PPA), the characterization of language deficits is of major importance for the differential diagnosis of dementia. This article focuses on bibliographic resources related to language and communication disorders in mild cognitive disorders as well as in the most frequent primary progressive syndromes of dementia.
Mass Effects
Authors: Heino Jani , Bini Luis Mauricio
Published: April 2021

In the last two decades, community ecology has matured to consider biotic communities as a product of both local and regional processes. Therefore, local communities are currently thought to be connected by the dispersal of organisms, thereby forming a metacommunity. A metacommunity is organized by multiple processes, including environmental filtering, biotic interactions, dispersal, and ecological drift. Thus, spatial variations in local diversity (i.e., alpha diversity) and community composition (i.e., beta diversity) result from the relative roles of these major processes. In turn, these processes are mediated by organisms’ characteristics, environmental heterogeneity, and the connectivity between localities in a metacommunity. For a given environmental gradient, the role of environmental filtering is likely to be dependent on the dispersal rates shown by organisms. Unsuitable habitat patches (i.e., sinks), in terms of biotic and abiotic characteristics, may be occupied by different species due to high dispersal rates from suitable habitat patches (i.e., sources). Thus, mass effects occur when species are established at localities where their populations cannot be self-maintained. Even though it may be difficult to prove the action of mass effects per se, given the complex interactions between different mechanisms shaping biotic communities, there is some empirical evidence supporting their importance in nature. In addition, high dispersal rates that lead to mass effects may have important implications for biomonitoring and biodiversity conservation. This is because species occurring at sites beyond their niche requirements may provide false information about a site’s ecological quality or result in misleading plans to conserve species at sites where they cannot persist in the absence of continuous influx of propagules.
Prosody and Meter: Twentieth Century
Authors: Glaser Ben
Published: April 2021

If the 19th century was marked by competing systems, debates about how to write metrical poetry in English and disagreement over how to read and teach that poetry once written, then the 20th century was marked by first an artificial consolidation and subsequent rejection of so-called 19th-century “traditions” by the poets and critics associated with literary modernism and second, a reification of stress on the one hand (via Pound and the increased acceptance of “accentual-syllabic” verse form) and the attempt to measure verse form, in all its valences, scientifically, linguistically, and objectively (though never successfully) on the other. On the literary side, debates about “form” and value cycled throughout the century. On the linguistic side, unseating the false dominance, and abstraction, of stress as the main feature of meter was a main goal. Though overviews, histories, theories, and practical guides presented contrary paths, most focus on an unspoken concept of “the literary” as opposed to “the vernacular.” This bibliography therefore has not included a variety of work relating to particular prosodic traditions (Welsh, Irish, “African American,” Black) nor has it included the robust history of Black poetics, with its complicated relationship to the very terms “English prosody” and “English meter” and the latter’s underlying concepts of meter and rhythm. Indeed Black poetics deserves its own bibliography, as does Native American poetics, quite apart from the often exclusionary critical tradition outlined here.
The Philosophy of Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: April 2021

Philosophy of evolutionary biology is a major subfield of philosophy of biology concerned with the methods, conceptual foundations, and implications of evolutionary biology. It also concerns relationships between evolutionary biology and neighboring fields, such as biochemistry, genetics, cell and molecular biology, developmental biology, and ecology. Initially, many of the questions of central concern to philosophy of biology grew out of general philosophy of science. For instance, one long-standing debate in philosophy of science concerns the matter of what is distinctive of scientific inquiry. Various criteria have been proposed, and much of the early work in philosophy of biology concerned whether evolutionary biology meets these criteria. Another long-standing debate in philosophy of science concerns whether there is any legitimate role for values in science. The study of the evolution of human behavior and cognition has been scrutinized as an instance of both potentially pernicious and positive influence of values in science. More recently, philosophers of biology both collaborate with and draw upon evolutionary biology to either address broader philosophical concerns, such as the nature of consciousness, or engage directly with debates internal to evolutionary biology. For example, philosophers have engaged in conceptual and methodological debates within evolutionary biology over the appropriate conditions for testing hypotheses about adaptation, the units, targets, or levels of selection, mechanisms and measures of inheritance, modes of phylogenetic inference, and classification and systematics. In this category, the line between science and philosophy blurs; participants in many of these debates include both philosophers and biologists. This entry will focus on philosophers’ contributions. To be sure, evolutionary biologists have contributed far more. Please see the Oxford Bibliographies on these topics for scientific contributions to all of these topics. I also urge readers to review the excellent Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entries on topics including but not limited to “Evolution,” “Natural Selection,” “Teleological Notions in Biology,” “Units and Levels of Selection,” “Adaptationism,” “Evolutionary Genetics,” “Evolutionary Psychology,” and “Developmental Biology.”
The desert exploiter: An overabundant crow species exhibits a neighborhood diffusion pattern into the southern region of Israel
Authors: Salomon Amit , Kozhoridze Giorgi , Shochat Eyal , Ovadia Ofer
Published: April 2021

Understanding the causes of spread of overabundant species plays a key role in deciphering their invasion mechanisms, while providing managers with targeted management actions to control their spread. The objective of this research was to quantify the spread of Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) in Israel and to elucidate the causes of its spread. Long-term occurrence data of Hooded Crow sightings were used to analyze the species range expansion rate. This dataset was analyzed with a range of climatic, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land-use variables. Analysis of opportunistic presence-only data, corrected for possible sampling biases, illustrated traveling waves of eastward expansion, from the Mediterranean coast into Israel’s central mountain range, and a star-like pattern of spread southward into the northwestern Negev desert. A diffusion equation model revealed an expansion rate of 1.60 km year–1. Land-use analysis revealed an affinity of sighted individuals toward urban and low vegetation land types. Hooded Crow sightings were positively correlated with annual precipitation, with the remaining variation being negatively correlated with precipitation during the wettest quarter. Species distribution modeling suggested that the species has established new populations and is currently expanding its range. The slow rate of dispersal is consistent with a neighborhood diffusion pattern, corresponding to the species life-history traits. Human-managed environments, including low-cover agricultural fields, provide constant available food and nesting trees, allowing the Hooded Crow to thrive all year-round. Precipitation may aid in enhancing Hooded Crow tolerance toward other unfavorable physical conditions. In light of these new findings, management plans ought to recognize centers of Hooded Crow activity as indicators of highly disturbed native wildlife communities. Also, our findings emphasize the need to establish agri-environmental schemes (AES) in such areas, which would raise community resistance to overabundant species. As AES are currently not in place on a national scale, and since their creation has the power to improve landscape connectivity of native species, this last component is especially necessary.
Entrepreneurship as Networking
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco
Published: April 2021

This book presents entrepreneurship as networking as a perspective. Persistent problems around the dominant “individual-opportunity” approach in the entrepreneurship field motivated the authors to focus on the social-interactive aspects and action orientation of entrepreneurship. The work promises to address the challenge of providing a more integrated account in which the entrepreneur’s agency is combined with a greater emphasis on the social environment. The importance of social relations and the associated interactions between entrepreneurs and their environment give insight into key entrepreneurial processes. The authors address the guiding questions of what a viable network is for (nascent) entrepreneurs and how networking activities affect their entrepreneurial endeavors. Therefore, they first create a synthesis of key network mechanisms and networking dynamics. This allows them (a) to shed new light on the origins of opportunities and improve understanding of how entrepreneurs access resources and subsequently mobilize and deploy them, and (b) to explain how entrepreneurs build legitimacy, facilitating them to act on perceived new combinations and thereby exploit their potential. Thus, this book highlights how networking is a central constitutive force in entrepreneurship. Previous work showed how networks can or will lead to entrepreneurial action as a facilitator. Going one step further, the authors posit that networking is entrepreneurial action, and entrepreneurial action is networking, thereby opening an entirely new research agenda.
Cultural Models of Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes and illustrates the “cultural models” that inform what the vast majority of American religious parents assume and believe about the value and means of passing on religion to their children. It sketches out the cognitive maps that religious parents use to make sense of the task of religious transmission to children. Drawing upon the theory of cultural models developed by cognitive anthropologists, such as Naomi Quinn and Claudia Strauss, it reconstructs the operative cultural models that American religious parents presuppose or believe about the purpose of life, the job of parenting, and the positive role that religion can play in providing children greater resources of happy and successful lives. Emphasis is placed on the pragmatic and functional approach to religion that most parents assume.
How Family Life Shapes Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy
Published: April 2021

When parents think about how they want to pass on their religion to their children, they often consider their own experiences as children, as well as the individuals with whom their children spend a lot of time. These people include their own parents, grandparents, and, of course, partners. This chapter explores how these other people, both their physical presence as well as childhood memories of them, affect how they try to transmit religion to their offspring. The chapter examines general similarities and differences between adult children and their parents in their childrearing style. It also considers the extent to which adult children draw upon childrearing approaches learned from their parents. The role of grandparents is discussed, as well as the important influence of partners in shaping religious faith transmission. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different processes married parents and those who are divorced or single engage.
SCG and Corporate Law Theory
Authors: Anand Anita Indira
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the existing conception of the public corporation and questions whether any of these ideas appropriately account for the rise of shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG). In particular, it considers the contractarian model of the corporation as well as the agency theory, which explains the division of ownership and control as an agency relationship that necessarily produces agency costs. The chapter also addresses a newer and contrasting idea called principal cost theory, which argues that principal (or shareholder) control also comes at a cost, resulting from shareholders’ lack of expertise and the potential for conflicts of interest among them. This theory offers an important counterpoint to the normative arguments for SCG because it emphasizes the potential failings of shareholders and challenges the supposition that they are necessarily well positioned to play an active role in governance.
Panic, Scorched Earth, and Evacuation
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The state created the Soviet for Evacuation within days of the invasion. As German panzers roared over the border, the retreat of the Red Army created panic in the frontline zones. The SE provided a collective alternative to panic, successfully mobilizing party officials, managers, and workers to rescue millions of people and the industrial and agricultural bases. Within two months, the state decided to transfer the industrial base in the east, an idea without precedent in the history of warfare or disaster. By late 1942, at least seventeen million people had been evacuated, along with massive food stocks and thousands of factories. Under heavy bombing, floods, and fires, factory and railway workers worked around the clock. No such feat had ever been accomplished before, nor has any been repeated on such a scale since. The rescue of industry was arguably the single most significant factor in the Soviet victory.
La bohème’s travels
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: April 2021

This chapter, on La bohème’s international reception, considers initial responses to the work in Italy, across Europe, and in North and South America. It reveals that at the outset the opera was often performed by minor troupes in secondary theatres and took some time to establish itself in the operatic canon. Certain responses to the work’s music and drama were common whatever the national context; others were coloured by specific local considerations and preoccupations. Puccini’s opera was, variously, held up against the standard of Wagnerian music drama, criticised for its episodic structure, chastised for breaking the harmonic rulebook, and even considered immoral. The sheer popular appeal of the opera also prompted varying responses in different countries. Some unusual early performance practices are also discussed here.
Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony
Authors: Shadle Douglas W.
Published: April 2021

Antonín Dvořák’s New World Symphony exposed the deep wounds of American racism at the dawn of the Jim Crow era while serving as a flashpoint in broader debates about the national ideals of freedom and equality. Following several strands of musical thought during the second half of the nineteenth century, this richly textured account of the symphony’s 1893 premiere shows that even the classical concert hall could not remain insulated from the country’s fraught racial politics. The New World Symphony continued to wield extraordinary influence over American classical music culture for decades after its premiere as it became one of the most beloved pieces in the standard orchestral repertoire.
Inland Crustacean Fisheries
Authors: Abadilla Miles , McClain W. Ray , Sato Taku , Mejía-Ortíz Luis M. , Penna-Díaz Miguel A.
Published: April 2021

Freshwater crustacean inland fisheries are typically confined to small local areas that are associated with bodies of water, like rivers and swamps. They are small-scale fisheries, enough to supply the requirements for local commercial use, and considered mainly as a subsistence resource for small fishing communities. As such, inland crustacean fisheries exemplify a subsistence opportunity for small countries with limited economic power, particularly rural communities. Crustaceans are a relevant protein source alternative to fish, and they are often also associated with local gastronomical and cultural identity. Data for the most commonly caught species are often unavailable since these fisheries exist in remote areas where government or institutional monitoring is limited, making it difficult to obtain reliable data about small-scale fisheries. Nonetheless, the captured species and the techniques used are widely diverse. In inland fisheries, the main target species are prawns from the genus Macrobrachium, gathered within the tropics all over the world. Natural fisheries of crayfishes in their native range exist on several continents, with Procambarus clarkii, Pacifastacus leniusculus, and Astacus astacus as the main commercial species. Some of them have also become a fisheries resource in areas where they were introduced. The only terrestrial crab fishery is for an anomuran, the coconut crab Birgus latro. The future of most of these fisheries depends in part on the health of the water sources threatened by contamination and unrestricted waterways jeopardized by the construction of dam-like structures that block the migration of some species to complete their reproductive cycles. The creation of regulatory policies is key for keeping the fishery activity self-sustainable because most of the exploitation depends on wild populations. There are some conservation efforts implemented thanks to the relevant gastronomical value of the species, as well as to economically sustain local communities in remote areas.
Conclusion
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2021

The final chapter contextualizes past crackups in both parties and explains why this time is different. As shown in case studies about Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton, it has been possible for candidates to create a new party synthesis that papers over the divides between those defending the current orthodoxy and those trying to shift direction. This time is different because the institutions that evolved over the last two centuries for controlling the power of those in charge of the national government are no longer adequate to the challenge. Each Republican Speaker of the House since 2000 has had less ability to develop consensus as more and more representatives are financed by groups unwilling to compromise. Despite the rampant anti-partyism saturating our public discussions, it is precisely the ability of parties to work within their diverse interests and find common ground for legislation that is essential to the future of the United States. Rebuilding the parties will require strengthening party legislative leaders, doing more screening of presidential candidates, and changing IRS regulations to prevent major donors from hiding their identity and the motives behind their ads.