bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particular Particulates
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter addresses how racially or ethnically marginalized and poor communities in the United States are likelier to be situated near landfills and pollution-producing industrial sites than majority white, affluent communities. This raises their exposure to harmful air particulates that impact lung and heart health. Particulate matter (PM) in the air is a combination of solid and liquid pollutants. In general, the smaller the particles, the more harmful they are to health. A 2018 report offers findings on the health impacts of disparate exposure to PM2.5, or particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Hispanic and black Americans tend to have a higher PM2.5 burden than their white counterparts. Similarly, those below the federal poverty line experience more exposure to PM2.5 than those with higher incomes. These data show how health is inextricably tied to place, race, and the economic composition of communities. Thus, identifying how these conditions intersect is key to creating a healthier world.
The New Elderly Surveillance State
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter studies how technology can help keep the older generation safe and at home. If media commentary on this subject is to be believed, the Internet of Things will carry part of the load of caring for the elders. New, in-home smart systems will reduce caregiver stress through electronic surveillance, allowing doctors to get real-time insights into the health of loved ones, improving their quality of life. Indeed, teams of clinical, economic, security, and technical experts are now at work on a new form of “assisted living.” The model patient will have, in their home, passive environmental sensors, medical devices, wearable technologies, and interactive apps connected to their body and bed, floor and door frames, collecting a fast-moving stream of data. However, will these new, technologically sophisticated homes really tackle the core problems of aging and dementia? Technology by itself will not be the full solution. People have to figure out the role that old-fashioned social networks—humans checking in on humans—will play, and how technology can help augment, not replace, the role that caregivers play in maximizing quality of life for those who can no longer care for themselves. This will require a serious examination of the role of work and obligation, borne by those in middle age, and how this can fit in with the increasing responsibilities they will inevitably bear as the population ages.
Racial Equity in Kidney Transplants
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines disparities between the health outcomes of white people and minorities in organ transplant allocation. Prior to 2015, kidney transplants went to white patients at a much higher rate. A new allocation system was devised in order to change that. The simple, yet ingenious solution attacked the structural cause of the inequity. It kept time on the donation list as the main selection criteria, but the fix by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) acknowledged that because of underlying health care disparities, black and Hispanic persons spend more time on dialysis before being put on the list. The new system places the starting point at the earliest date a patient was either put on the list for kidney transplants or started regular dialysis treatments. Work in Health Affairs shows that the new UNOS system worked as intended, and that the racial disparities in transplantation have been largely addressed. Transplants are the go-to treatment option for those with end-stage renal disease, increasing the likelihood of survival and better quality of life, while costing one third as much as long-term dialysis.
Broken Justice and the Public’s Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter looks at the effects of the broken justice system on public health. First of all, jail and prison are profoundly unhealthy environments. Disability-adjusted life years lost linked to incarceration is over double those attributed to other conditions commonly experienced in the general population. Although prisoners are the only US citizens with a constitutional right to health care, they often face delays in accessing care, restrictive medication formularies, a lack of acute care options, and understaffing of specialty care medical providers, particularly in the areas of mental health and addiction treatment. But well beyond this, the health effects of the justice system extend into all reaches of the population. A mother’s incarceration, for example, is associated with a 30% increase in infant mortality rate, with a stronger effect among blacks than whites. Moreover, residents of neighborhoods with high incarceration rates have a two- to threefold increase in rates of depression and anxiety. Ultimately, a broken justice system compromises the health of the public and deepens the unfairness that characterizes racial health inequities in the country.
How Far Do Women Have to Travel to Get an Abortion?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores women’s access to abortion. Abortion is a common experience for women across the United States. According to the Guttmacher Institute, about one in four women will have an abortion by the age of 45. Access to this care can be affected by a variety of factors, including state laws and policies, socioeconomic status, and geography. Indeed, women who want to have an abortion performed in the middle of the country must travel much farther than women living on the coasts to reach a provider. Traveling these long distances can be impossible for women who cannot take time off from work or afford the transportation costs. States that have implemented abortion restrictions in recent years have increased the distance women must travel. In Texas, 20% of women have had their travel distance to the nearest abortion provider increase by about 56 miles. Other states where distance and travel times have notably increased include Iowa, Montana, and Missouri.
Cancer Survival Is (Mostly) Improving
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses how the 5-year survival rates for the most common cancers in the United States improved by nearly 20% since the 1970s. While promising overall, low survival rates persist for pancreatic, liver, lung, esophageal, brain, and many other cancers. Meanwhile, 5-year survival for uterine and cervical cancers worsened. Pancreatic cancer has the lowest 5-year survival rate at 8.2%. In contrast, prostate cancer had the greatest 5-year survival increase from 67.8% to 98.6%, most likely reflecting a substantial uptick in prostate cancer screening and early detection. Five-year survival with leukemia also improved significantly, from 34.2% to 60.6%, likely resulting from improved treatments. As such, in both detection and treatment, the United States is making progress. For the millions of Americans who face a cancer diagnosis, this is cause for hope.
Learning from the Experiences of Practitioners
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model emphasizes that learning directly from human service practitioners represents an important element of practice research. Interviewing individual practitioners to capture their organizationally based stories or narratives provides one approach for researchers to explore the past, current, and future dynamics of practice. Case studies can be used to develop individual teaching cases or as the basis for cross-case thematic analysis. Chapter 2 provides an overview of case study methods that include preparation, data collection, data analysis, and reporting. One set of illustrations relates to the career trajectories and organizational change experiences of individual nonprofit and county human services leaders. An additional example features the experiences of mid-level managers participating in a leadership training program, identifying the developmental stages of emerging, becoming, acting, and thriving.
Learning from the Staff and Clients of Child Welfare Services
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model focuses on studies of child welfare practice in county human service agencies. An early multi-county project explored the tensions that arise in interprofessional relationships within the juvenile dependency system, using interviews and focus groups with legal and child welfare professionals, as well as foster youth and caregivers. A second project developed innovative qualitative data mining methods to examine an array of practice issues that included parental substance use, child trauma, and skillful social work practice with youth, using the case record documents created by child welfare workers as the data source. Practice research principles derived from the projects relate to the essential role of communications throughout the research process, the contrasting time frames that operate in agency and academic research settings, and the need for awareness of the potential for political sensitivity surrounding study findings.
Learning from Staff and Clients of Public Assistance Programs
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model describes practice research efforts in the area of welfare-to-work services. One major project used semistructured interviews to investigate the perspectives of employers participating in county administered subsidized employment programs. A second project examined the Family Stabilization program, which provides intensive, whole-family focused services to participants in CalWORKs (California’s TANF [Temporary Aid to Needy Families] program) experiencing destabilizing crises. The Family Stabilization project involved three phases, using a combination of interviews and focus groups to examine: (1) policy implementation decisions and strategies, (2) client perspectives on service experiences, and (3) worker perspectives on program services and client engagement. The chapter concludes with practice research principles related to developing practice-relevant literature reviews, ensuring flexibility and timeliness with respect to study procedures and results, and strengthening dissemination and utilization among agency practitioners.
Reasons Theory
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli
Published: April 2020

After rejecting deflationism, the central further question is whether our rejections and acceptances of words, in the articulation process, are based on reasons. Reasons-theorists say “yes” and look for some mental state that gives us a reason for accepting/rejecting a formulation. One kind of reasons-theorist argues that our reasons come from some knowledge we have of our thought. Another kind of reasons-theorist argues that our reasons come from feelings that result from sub-personally matching our thought with our words. Contra the reasons-theorists, this chapter maintains that we cannot make sense of the bulk of our responses in the articulation process by assimilating them into the reasons framework. Resolving the puzzle calls for an alternative model of rational control—one that may be implicated in learning and numerous other epistemologically central activities, ranging from basic perceptual categorization to sophisticated mathematical discovery.
Self-Knowledge in Plato? Recognizing the Limits and Aspirations of the Self as a Knower
Authors: Lane Melissa
Published: April 2020

This chapter defends two hypotheses about the extent to which we find a conception akin to ‘self-knowledge’ in Plato: (i) that the kind of second-order cognitive condition of interest to Plato would not be a post-Cartesian kind of privileged first-person access or authority, but rather a second-order assessment of the extent to which the self is a knower, achievable by effort and reflection; and (ii) that, in contrast to a post-Humean perspective, the Platonic self who is fully a knower would qua knower be motivated to realize that knowledge in action. The first is defended by showing how awareness of the extent of one’s knowledge is dramatized in the Apology and Protagoras, in its achievement in the former, and in the breach, in the latter. The second is defended by appeal to an account of the ‘rule of knowledge’ in the Protagoras, unpacked with the aid of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics.
Aristotle on Self-Knowledge
Authors: Gottlieb Paula
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that Aristotelian virtue of character involves knowledge of one’s own abilities and qualities, forms of self-knowledge that are implicit in Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean and in his account of practical reasoning. Support is found in the description of truthful people in EN IV 7, who, in contrast to boasters, give true, unexaggerated reports of their own qualities. It is also found in Aristotle’s discussion of the magnanimous person, who has knowledge of their own worth. The good person, then, has both kinds of knowledge, while the bad person may have knowledge about his non-ethical abilities, but not about his character. It is unclear whether the akratic, the person who knows the better course but voluntarily takes the worse, lacks self-knowledge or is self-deceived. Self-knowledge about one’s own character also appears in some of Aristotle’s discussion of friendship.
Optimization
Authors: Turk Alice , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces a theoretical framework, Optimal Control Theory, which will enable a phonology-extrinsic-timing-based, three-component model to determine values of controlled variables, and to model the influence of multiple factors on these parameter values. Key features of Optimal Control Theory models are discussed, as well as evidence for types of movement costs (including the cost of time) used in the models, and predictions of the models for the coordination of multiple effectors and hierarchical control. Finally, the chapter reviews Optimal Control Theory models currently used to account for timing phenomena in speech.
How do timing mechanisms work?
Authors: Turk Alice , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie
Published: April 2020

This chapter addresses the nature of the general-purpose timekeeping mechanisms that are assumed in phonology-extrinsic-timing models of speech production. The first part of the chapter discusses some current questions about the nature of these mechanisms. The second part of the chapter presents Lee’s General Tau theory (Lee 1998, 2009), a theory of the temporal guidance of action in voluntary movement. This theory provides a crucial component for our phonology-extrinsic-timing-based, three-component model of speech production because its tau-coupling mechanism provides a way to plan movements with appropriate velocity profiles, as well as endpoint-based movement coordination. In doing so, it provides a general-purpose, phonology-extrinsic alternative to AP/TD’s use of oscillators for the control of the time-course of articulatory movement and coordination.
The Intellectual Origins of Turkish Radical Republicanism
Authors: Turnaoğlu Banu
Published: April 2020

This chapter traces the radical heritage of Turkish republicanism to the political thought of the radical branch of the Young Ottoman secret society. It examines the core republican principles of several leading Young Ottoman radicals: Sağır Ahmed Beyzâde Mehmed, İskender Beyzâde Reşad, and Subhî Paşazâde Nuri. The core notions of their ideology entail freedom from oppression, a deep commitment to popular sovereignty and constitutionalism, an emphasis on political activism and revolution, a stress on international solidarity and peace, and a recognition of the need for social equality. Their republicanism was antithetical to monarchy, and a central aim was the abolition of the sultanate by force, but unlike European republican models they wanted the head of government to be a non-hereditary elected caliph. Although less known than some of their intellectual counterparts, the role they played in the development of Turkish republicanism proved no less pervasive and profound.
The Trouble with Literature
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2020

This book argues that the literature of the English Reformation marks a turning point in Western thinking about literature and literariness. But instead of arguing that the Reformation fostered English literature, as scholars have often done, I claim that literature helped undo the Reformation, with implications for both poetry and belief. Ultimately, literature in the Reformation is one vehicle by which religious belief was itself transformed into a human artifact, whether we understand this as a poetic artifact or a mental fiction. This transformation in turn helped produce the eighteenth-century discipline of aesthetics, with its emphasis on our experience of non-cognitive pleasure in the work of art, and the modern formalist definition of literature, according to which—in the words of one critic—“literature solves no problems and saves no souls.” This modern definition of literature, in short, has a history, this history is intertwined with the problem of belief, and by returning to the fraught years of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England, we can come to a new understanding of how the trouble with literature has shaped our discipline. The first chapter contrasts modern and early modern understandings of literature and literariness. The second and third chapters focus on Thomas Hobbes and John Milton. The fourth chapter treats the work of Kant, Kierkegaard, and J. M. Coetzee.
Northern World
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that the changes which took place in Scottish intellectual culture during the 1680s were not in themselves sufficient to produce this cultural moment. Instead, they interacted with and built upon the rich, long-standing cultural traditions of the north-east, ‘Scotland beyond the mountains’, which are here traced to the foundation of King’s College, Aberdeen, by Bishop William Elphinstone and the early development of a distinctively north-eastern humanist tradition. The scholars and scholarship discussed in the remainder of this book owed their intellectual and cultural world to this heady blend of Early Enlightenment intellectual ferment, revolution, and north-eastern humanism.
Stupendous Fabricks
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

This chapter turns towards artefacts, tracing the sudden rise in interest in prehistoric sites and monuments across Scotland during this period. It shows that cutting-edge approaches to the study of material as diverse as Roman forts and ancient megaliths could interact with older syncretist theories of knowledge and human origins to produce surprising, sometimes radical, reinterpretations of the distant past. Archaeologists and writers as diverse as the opera singer-turned-antiquary Alexander Gordon and the freethinker John Toland used these ancient monuments as telescopes through which to glimpse an almost unimaginable antiquity, one which could exert a dramatically destabilizing effect on present-day hierarchies of culture and geography.
Enlightenment in the Archive
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey
Published: April 2020

This chapter highlights the foundational role of the French textual scholar Jean Mabillon in setting the agenda for the study of medieval Scotland in the archive during the same period. From the first adoption of Mabillon’s methods by Scottish scholars to the triumphant 1739 publication of James Anderson’s Thesaurus—a Scottish response to Mabillon’s De re diplomatica—these methodologies went from being peripheral to axiomatic in Scottish historical studies, fundamentally transforming scholars’ engagement with the archive and its documents. Key figures discussed include, as well as Anderson, the historians Patrick Abercromby and Robert Keith and the forger and archival scholar Marianus Brockie.
State of Play and the Road Ahead
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju
Published: April 2020

In the globalizing twenty-first century, just about everything affects human rights and just about everything affects security. Conflicts large and small, detectable and covert, range across physical and virtual space, spurred by the proliferation of dramatic technological developments such as armed drones, lethal autonomous robots, and tools of cyberconflict. How do we reconcile these emerging security threats with a universal commitment to human rights? This chapter describes the political state of play in this complex landscape and explains how the chapters that follow in this part map the emerging legal and human rights dilemmas that flow from armed drone warfare, cyberconflict, ‘securitizing’ human rights, and pursuing sustainable security. It closes by offering the imperative of ‘humanizing security’ as the most promising way to reconcile these concepts in the future.
Application of the International Human Rights Law Framework in Cyber Space
Authors: McDermott Helen
Published: April 2020

The ability to access remotely, control, and disrupt critical infrastructure through cyberspace raises questions about the potential for cyber operations to affect the rights of individuals and the extent to which the international human rights law framework can respond to this. This chapter will consider how the current threshold test for establishing extraterritorial obligations is likely to raise a barrier to the application of the international human rights law framework to cyber operations. Although this issue and the challenge it poses to the realization of rights are not unique to cyber operations, this context serves to highlight its potential to cause a vacuum in protection and in turn, the need for a reconsideration of how the law is currently applied in this area.
Human Rights, Population, and Climate Change
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between human rights, population and climate change. Some argue that to address climate change it is necessary to implement policies that reduce world population growth and perhaps also population size. This chapter examines two ways of approaching this issue, both of which focus on what human rights people have. One calls for limits on people's human right to reproductive choice. A second approach holds that respecting core human rights will be sufficient to tackle the demographic drivers of climate change. This chapter critically evaluates both accounts and proposes a third one that builds on the second approach but goes beyond it.
Science of the Child in Late Imperial and Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

Between the 1880s and the 1930s, children and their development became the focus of unprecedented scientific and professional interest across modernizing societies worldwide. This book charts the rise and fall of the interdisciplinary field devoted to the study of the child in Russia across the late imperial and early Soviet eras. It follows the institutionalization of new domains of knowledge and occupational practice, including developmental and educational psychology, special needs education, child psychiatry, juvenile criminology, and the anthropology of childhood. The book represents an original contribution both to Russian and Soviet history (specifically the history of Russo-Soviet human sciences, professions, education, and childhood) and to the history of scientific interest in child biopsychosocial development in general. Drawing on ideas and concepts emanating from a variety of theoretical domains, the book provides new insights into the concerns of Russia’s professional and scientific intelligentsia with matters of biosocial reproduction and investigates the incorporation of scientific knowledge and professional expertise focused on child development and socialization into the making of the welfare/warfare state in the rapidly changing political landscape of the early Soviet era.
The Making of Pedology
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the institutionalization of ‘pedology’ as a Soviet ‘state science’ at the turn of the 1920s–1930s. It examines the shift in the field’s mobilization as pedology was turned into a framework of the field’s ‘integration’. In response to the failures of educational reformism, pedology was given the task of bolstering the construction of the Soviet education system. This prompted its leaders to define pedology as a discipline, though they still needed to negotiate its theoretical and methodological heterogeneity. They envisaged it both as a general science of human development and as a mediator between the plurality of specialist biopsychosocial sciences, on the one hand, and the teachers’ own professional expertise, on the other. Since pedology claimed to be charting the laws and norms of development, the field’s leaders became embroiled not only in debates about the nature of pedology as science but also the nature of development as such. The new context also required them to negotiate pedology’s relationship to pedagogy as the academic form of the education profession’s expertise. The latter half of the chapter focuses on the politics surrounding these developments. The period 1927–9 witnessed pedology’s enthusiastic institutionalization as a ‘state science’. From 1930, the demands of the First Five-Year Plan made themselves felt and the field was at this point subjected to a de facto ‘revolution from above’. The year 1931 marked a major turning point as 1920s’ progressive educational reforms were denounced as a mistake, while Soviet scientific institutions were subjected to stringent politico-ideological disciplining. Pedology managed to survive, but principally as a form of occupational work supporting the education system.
Optomechanical Interactions
Authors: Favero Ivan
Published: April 2020

Light exerts mechanical action on matter through various mechanisms, the most famous being radiation pressure, with the associated picture of a photon bouncing on a perfectly reflective movable mirror and transferring twice its momentum. But still today, unambiguously observing the effects of radiation pressure remains a challenge. In the quantum domain, the radiation pressure interaction between a moving mirror and light stored in a cavity accepts a simple Hamiltonian formulation. But this Hamiltonian description is sometimes oversimplified and underestimates or misses other mechanical effects of light accompanying radiation pressure in experiments. In this chapter, we will not only address radiation pressure but also other relevant optical forces such as the optical gradient force, electrostriction, or the photothermal and optoelectronic forces, which are key in micro- and nanoscale devices and must all be controlled on an equal footing to fully harness the technological and scientific potential of miniature optomechanical systems.
Acrobatic Modernism from the Avant-Garde to Prehistory
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

This is a book about artistic modernism contending with the historical transfigurations of modernity. As a conscientious engagement with modernity’s restructuring of the lifeworld, the modernist avant-garde raised the stakes of this engagement to programmatic explicitness. But even beyond the vanguard, the global phenomenon of jazz combined somatic assault with sensory tutelage. Jazz, like the new technologies of modernity, recalibrated sensory ratios. The criterion of the new as self-making also extended to names: pseudonyms and heteronyms. The protocols of modernism solicited a pragmatic arousal of bodily sensation as artistic resource, validating an acrobatic sensibility ranging from slapstick and laughter to the pathos of bereavement. Expressivity trumped representation. The artwork was a diagram of perception, not a mimetic rendering. For artists, the historical pressures of altered perception provoked new models, and Ezra Pound’s slogan “Make It New” became the generic rallying cry of renovation. The paradigmatic stance of the avant-garde was established by Futurism, but the discovery of prehistoric art added another provocation to artists. Paleolithic caves validated the spirit of all-over composition, unframed and dynamic. Geometric abstraction, Constructivism and Purism, and Surrealism were all in quest of a new mythology. “Making it new” yielded a new pathos in the sensation of radical discrepancy between futurist striving and remotest antiquity. The Paleolithic cave and the USSR emitted comparable siren calls on behalf of the remote past and the desired future. As such, the present was suffused with the pathos of being neither, but subject to both.
Luminous Sores
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the transformative interface of modernity and modernism, with special attention to its visage as the “Machine Age.” The impact of modernization, combined with industrial warfare, recalibrated the sensory ratios of the human organism. The age of nerves it was called, registering the impact of speed and the imperative to apprehend the new order in flashes of instantaneous apperception. Practitioners across the arts learned to articulate disarticulation. The ensuing dissonance spawned by innovation, threatening inherited forms with obsolescence, was at once invigorating and dispiriting. Aesthetic transformation was felt with pathic sensitivity as a kind of artistic bereavement, as well as a necessary cleansing. Past and future grinding against each other like tectonic plates precipitated what the Surrealists called convulsive beauty.
Gathering Hay in a Thunderstorm
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

Concentrating on two case histories—that of art historian Aby Warburg in a psychiatric institution, and poet H.D. in psychoanalysis with Freud—the war trauma of noncombatants provides insight into the curative properties of antiquity. These cases reveal an intermediate zone between pathos and pathology, or feeling and distress, as they are profiled against the backdrop of what Stefan Zweig identified as the “new pathos”—a phrase adopted as the title of an Expressionist journal in Germany. Urban modernity’s new rhythms provoked explorations of a new or transformed body, a visionary corporeal reanimation theorized by filmmaker Jean Epstein as the advent of a new health emerging from the collective pathogenesis of the Great War.
Make It New
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

Ezra Pound’s oft-cited 1934 slogan “Make It New” has long served as an unofficial mantra of modernism. But exhortations to artistic renovation had provided a steady background to modern art and literature for several decades by then. For many it meant starting from scratch, an initiative notably prominent after the First World War as many envisioned a new world, a new order displacing nationalist predation with cosmopolitan internationalism. Paeans to the new accelerated after the war, tautological, euphoric, feeding on a momentary energy reflecting not only new forms but a new form of life. After 1929 that optimism was countered by rival applications, booster slogans like the New Deal and the New Germany, as the aesthetic avowal of the new came under assault from reactionary political tendencies.
Multiplied Man
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

The title of this chapter comes from Marinetti’s uomo moltiplicato, a rallying cry for Italian Futurism. The artifice of optimism is here arrayed in a carnival procession or roll call of name changes, names in flux in the sprawl of pseudonyms endemic in modernism. The supreme instance of this phenomenon is Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa with his host of heteronyms, alternate identities with their own unique practices. The case of Pessoa illustrates and affirms Nietzsche’s hypothesis of the subject as multiple, appraised by William Butler Yeats as “the emotion of multitude.” The pseudonyms and heteronyms populate the modern arts as if “making it new” commenced with the proper name.
The New Mythology
Authors: Rasula Jed
Published: April 2020

After the Great War, the emerging values in art were purification and organization. Furthermore, Constructivism emerged in the early USSR as a determined effort to rethink the role of art in the milieu of a social tabula rasa. Artistic attempts to reconstitute primal qualities were linked with the effort to revitalize art by vanquishing “Art” altogether. The quest for a new realism affirmed the primal qualities in art as abstract or concrete, the terms of which were recapitulated in the 1936 publication Circle. Contemporaneously, Finnegans Wake was being serialized in the journal Transition, and James Joyce’s “Work in Progress” came to exemplify a new mythology for all the arts. The chapter concludes with a look at the exponents of abstraction and Surrealism in their American exile during the Second World War, as these opposing initiatives began to merge in their quest for a new mythology.
The Criminalization of Health and Safety at Work
Authors: Ford Michael
Published: April 2020

This chapter adopts a historical perspective on the development of criminalization of health and safety law. In so doing, it emphasizes the divergence in perspective between criminal lawyers and labour lawyers on fundamental matters of value. Criminal lawyers have tended to focus on the development of criminalization-limiting principles as an exercise in normative theory, whereas labour lawyers have tended to focus on instrumental outcomes in terms of whether health and safety outcomes are improved. If criminal law works in that instrumental sense, then so much the better, and that supersedes niceties about the justifiability of criminalization. This chapter identifies the central importance of criminalization as a tool of deregulation in the modern era, following the removal of a civil right to seek compensation for breach of statutory duties under the health and safety legislation. By channelling enforcement exclusively through the criminal law, the individual worker is thereby disempowered in their standing to control the legal process and its outcomes.
The Carceral State at Work
Authors: Zatz Noah D
Published: April 2020

This chapter presents a very striking configuration of the relationship between the criminal law and the world of work: in the United States, custodial punishment for criminal offences, bearing especially heavily upon the population of colour, is so extensive as to identify that country as a ‘carceral state’; and it is one in which this enormous resort to imprisonment has seemingly contradictory repressive effects upon the workforce. On the one hand, it excludes many people from the labour market through pervasive discrimination against those with a criminal record. But on the other hand, it coerces many people into work; several institutions require people not currently imprisoned to work or face incarceration as a sanction. The contradiction may be resolved by considering the quality of work at issue, as exclusion from better jobs is complemented by coercion into worse ones: ‘subordinated inclusion’. This transformative effect of criminalization alters one’s basic understanding of how labour law regulates personal work relations.
Internal Governance of the IETF, W3C, OASIS, and IEEE
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 explains the internal organization of SDOs. It outlines the four main layers which make up the Internet and focuses on the principal SDOs associated with them: the IETF, W3C, the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), and IEEE, analysing their governance structures and most salient areas of work. Standards are important for interoperability and to prevent lock-in to single company technology. SDOs enable a wider technical community to scrutinize proposals for errors and security. Nonetheless, procedures for decision-making are complex and often opaque. The chapter explores decision-making in a governance context. It charts the evolution of each SDO, and its main purpose, functions, and central decision-making processes. It highlights the differences as well as the degree of synergy and collaboration between each and then explains how procedures vary between the different fora and how moving goalposts and high barriers to entry make it difficult for civil society to participate.
The Internet of Things
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus
Published: April 2020

Apple iPhones do not use the standardized micro-Universal Serial Bus (USB) port but specialized ports for their proprietary Lightning connectors. However, in October 2018, Apple’s vice-president of hardware engineering John Ternus announced the switch to USB-C for the new generation of iPads from 2019. Apple iPhone is expected to follow suit. This marks the end to a long battle over port standardization for personal computers within the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The change came about due to a push from the European Commission for industry to agree on a universally proprietary free standard. This chapter documents how states have been increasingly involved in steering intellectual property rights (IPR) policies within standards-developing organization (SDO) fora. Civil society too has had a role to play from the stance of open source solutions to interoperability, albeit with less and varying degrees of success across the fora. The chapter focuses on how state pressure has counterbalanced historic corporate pressure for preserving patent protection.
The Structure of Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: April 2020

Donald Davidson’s 1970 Locke Lectures appear in print for the first time in this volume, accompanied by an introduction highlighting their significance as a snapshot of his evolving views in the philosophy of language and describing their relationship to the work he published during his lifetime. The lectures comprise an invaluable historical document that illuminates how Davidson was thinking about the theory of meaning, the role of a truth theory therein, the ontological commitments of a truth theory, the notion of logical form, and so on, at a pivotal moment in the development of his thought. Unlike Davidson’s previously published work, they are written so as to be presented to an audience as a fully organized and coherent exposition of his program in the philosophy of language. Had these lectures been widely available in the years following 1970, the reception of Davidson’s work, especially in the philosophy of language, might have been very different. Given the systematic nature of the presentation of Davidson’s semantic program in these lectures, it is hoped that they will be of use to those encountering his thought for the first time.
Modes of Time Travel
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses the ways in which one might travel back in time. Of course, there are no actual, known instances of time travel, so the different modes are drawn from fiction, historical thought, and speculative physics: perhaps we could ‘teleport’, discontinuously, back into the past; perhaps we could travel back into the past in the same way we persist forwards, traversing the intervening instants between ourselves and the past; perhaps we instead warp spacetime to allow us to come back to where we began. The chapter ends by discussing two things that are not technically time travel—cases of frozen time and time being an illusion—which are nevertheless closely connected.
The Time Discrepancy Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

If time travel were possible, you could—in five minutes’ time—be in the year 1930 ad. That sounds like a contradiction. So we have a set of premises leading to a contradiction, i.e. a paradox. So on these grounds we might think time travel is impossible. However, this paradox is not taken seriously anymore. The standard response is to introduce a distinction between ‘external’ and ‘personal’ time. This chapter explains that response in full. Further, it explores the ontological and ideological commitments of the distinction. It ends by arguing that we can reduce temporal relations to (immanent) causal relations.
Constrict Theories
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

‘Constrict theories’ are those theories whereby a law of nature resolves the Grandfather Paradox. This chapter introduces two such positions: the Chronology Protection Conjecture (whereby the laws rule out time travel) and Novikov’s Principle of Self-Consistency (which says that time travel is possible but that the laws of nature will ensure that there are no paradoxes). This chapter argues that because the Grandfather Paradox is a thought experiment, and aims to conclude something about metaphysical possibility, these theories are irrelevant. The chapter ends by discussing whether we should reinterpret the Grandfather Paradox as arguing for time travel’s physical impossibility instead.
Inconsistency Theories
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

Some believe dialetheism, i.e. that there can be true contradictions. If there can be true contradictions, then we might take the moral of the Grandfather Paradox to just be that, when time travelling, some contradictions turn out to be true (e.g., it’s true that my grandfather is both dead and alive in 1930). There has been little attention paid to this possible line of response to the Grandfather Paradox. This chapter remedies that omission. However, it argues that even if you are comfortable with true contradictions, that does little to help with the Grandfather Paradox. You either end up with a theory of time travel which is simply bizarre or one which is indistinguishable from a theory saying that time travel necessitates that the world is indexed (e.g. is a world of hypertime).
Pursue an easier approach, considering the Pigeonhole Principle
Authors: D'Agostino Susan
Published: April 2020

“Pursue an easier approach, considering the Pigeonhole Principle” offers an introduction to a mathematical principle by way of answering a version of a popular mathematics question: “are there are two non-bald people in London with the same number of hairs on their heads?” Formally, the Pigeonhole Principle is stated: If n items are put into m containers and n>m, then at least one container contains more than one item. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. The Pigeonhole Principle allows readers to solve problems that seem to require counting, without ever having to count. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to pursue engaging, if unconventional, paths as they work toward solutions in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Cooperate when possible, because of game theory
Authors: D'Agostino Susan
Published: April 2020

“Cooperate when possible, because of game theory” offers an accessible introduction to the mathematical subfield of game theory—the study of strategic interactions between decision makers—by way of the well-known story of the prisoners’ dilemma. The prisoners’ dilemma offers a thought exercise with real-life applications in interpersonal, commercial, and political negotiations. That is, people, institutions, and countries are wise to cooperate, lest they risk arriving at a worse outcome than if they had cooperated. The discussion is enhanced with numerous hand-drawn illustrations. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to cooperate in order to open themselves up to paths that lead to overall better outcomes than if they act alone. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Incorporate nuance, because of fuzzy logic
Authors: D'Agostino Susan
Published: April 2020

“Incorporate nuance, because of fuzzy logic” offers a basic introduction to fuzzy logic, a multi-valued logical system that accommodates a range of absolute and partial truths. Fuzzy logic differs from traditional logic in which statements are considered either absolutely true or absolutely false. Fuzzy logic offers a method for programming computers with intelligent instructions that emulate human thought and decision making. The discussion is supplemented with numerous hand-drawn sketches and explanations of real-life applications of fuzzy logic in electric trains, washing machines, digital cameras, rice cookers, facial recognition software, drones, and medical devices. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to fuzzify their mathematical and life pursuits involving uncertain circumstances in which an absolute “yes” or an absolute “no” may not be the best decision. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Be grateful when a solution exists, because of Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem
Authors: D'Agostino Susan
Published: April 2020

“Be grateful when solutions exist, because of Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem” offers a introduction to a mathematical theorem asserting the existence of solutions to problems in engineering, medicine, economics, and other fields, as long as certain criteria are satisfied. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. While this theorem assures the existence of a solution—a “fixed point”—it does not provide insight on how to find it. Still, it can be reassuring to know that a solution exists. For example, economist John von Newmann used this theorem in his 1937 economic model establishing that there exist prices at which supply equals demand. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to be grateful for knowledge that a solution exists in mathematical and life pursuits, even when the solution itself remains elusive. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Contours of Dignity
Authors: Killmister Suzy
Published: April 2020

Contours of Dignity develops a theory geared towards explaining the complex and varied role dignity plays in our moral lives. This includes the relationship between dignity and respect; the ways in which shame and humiliation can constitute dignity violations; and the relationship between dignity and human rights. Dignity, according to this theory, comes in three strands: personal dignity, social dignity, and status dignity. Each strand involves a specific form of respect. On the one hand, personal dignity involves self-respect while social and status dignity involve the respect of others. On the other hand, personal and social dignity both involve appraisal respect, while status dignity involves recognition respect. With these distinctions in hand, Contours of Dignity then explores the moral significance of dignity, offering a novel explanation of the source and scope of individuals’ claims to have their dignity respected. The book concludes with a discussion of the relationship between dignity and human rights, arguing that we should understand human dignity as a social construct, but one that nonetheless vindicates the human rights project.
A Theory of Dignity
Authors: Killmister Suzy
Published: April 2020

This chapter opens by critiquing the dominant philosophical approach to dignity, which has its origins in Kant, on the grounds that it excludes vulnerable individuals, and cannot account for the phenomenon of lost or damaged dignity. It then lays out the central theoretical framework that informs the remainder of the book. This framework involves three distinct strands of dignity: personal dignity; social dignity; and status dignity. The strands emerge from distinguishing between self-respect and the respect of others, on the one hand, and recognition respect and appraisal respect, on the other.