bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great Lakes Transport of Western Coal: Economic and Technical Analysis
Authors: Elste Volker H. , Scher Robert M.
Published: January 2021

An investigation into the economics of transporting Western coal to consumers in the Midwestern and Eastern demand regions has been conducted, with a particular emphasis on the Great Lakes waterborne link. The design characteristics of Great Lakes coal-carrying vessels are discussed in detail. Specific problems involved in the transport of coal in bulk are related to design decisions, particularly in the areas of cargo-handling gear, cubic requirements, ship maneuvering, cargo thawing, and dust control. The relative performance of taconite carriers, specially built colliers, and combination vessels in the coal trade is discussed, together with a consideration of potential problems facing coal carriers diverted to the taconite trade. The economic effects of systematic variations in ship characteristics, including dimensions, materials, proportions, and speed are considered. The impact of fuel price and of operation through the winter is also examined. A comparison of transport alternatives for various pairs of sources and destinations, based on total delivered cost and energy expenditure, including rail transport and transshipment, is made. Finally, some conclusions are offered regarding the future of Great Lakes operations in view of the emerging coal traffic.
Ship and Lock Model Studies as an Aid to Increasing Cargo Tonnage Through the Welland Canal
Authors: Browne R. P. , Liou M.
Published: January 2021

The paper describes a program of research carried out by the National Research Council of Canada for the St. Lawrence Seaway Authority into the effect of vessel dimensions and lock modifications on lock transit times in the Welland Canal. Attention was also given to the propulsive effort required by marine shunters or special tugs to maneuver vessels through the locks and channels. This information was required as input to ongoing techno-economic studies being carried out by the Seaway Authority into the most efficient future mode of operation of the Canal—a matter of some importance since its central position in the Seaway system and the concentration of high-lift locks make the Canal a potential limiting factor in the expansion of Seaway trade. The study involved full-scale trials as well as lengthy testing with radio-controlled ship models in a hydraulic lock model. Salient features of the results are reported.
Flue Gas Inerting Systems: One Contractor's Experience
Authors: Hickman Wesley W.
Published: January 2021

The addition of flue gas inerting systems to tank vessels, either new or existing, necessitates an indepth study of ancillary systems. This paper discusses the rationale of flue gas inerting as well as critical areas of concern in the design approach to the system itself. It stresses the importance of the adequacy of the steam generating plant and the combustion control system. The necessity of owner input concerning proposed methods of system operation is also discussed.
Design and Construction of the New Staten Island Ferries
Authors: Ciechon Edward J. , Hairston Larry N.
Published: January 2021

Although cycloidal propulsion is well known and has been widely accepted in European service for many years, its applications in the United States are relatively rare. The reasons for selecting this unique propulsion concept for the two new ferries now under construction for Manhattan-Staten Island service are described in this paper, as well as the design and construction problems encountered.
Analysis and Design of the Cold-Water Pipe (CWP) for the OTEC System with Application to OTEC-1
Authors: Maris Allan T. , Paulling J. Randolph
Published: January 2021

OTEC--Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion--currently requires a large floating platform and a 1000-metre-long, large-diameter pipe to supply deep ocean cold water. The design of the pipe in this system requires the development and application of analysis procedures to determine the response of the coupled platform pipe system to sea loadings. This paper discusses the development of the analysis procedures and the results of the application of these procedures to several pipe designs which appear feasible for an OTEC-1 MW power plant system.
Recent Developments in Barge Design, Towing, and Pushing
Authors: Latorre Robert , Ashcroft Frederick
Published: January 2021

Estimating resistance and course stability is a twofold problem confronting the barge designer. This paper discusses recent Japanese research and development work on the towing resistance of simple hull forms, skeg design, and the relationship between skeg lift and towed barges' course stability. The University of Michigan's experience from numerous tank tests of oceangoing barge models with notched sterns is summarized, and a design aid to make preliminary resistance estimates for stern notches of various sizes is presented.
The Professional Liability of Marine Designers and Constructors
Authors: France William N.
Published: January 2021

The past 20 years have seen a rapid increase in the number of liability suits involving professionals and skilled tradesmen. While the discussions of liability for shoreside professionals are legion, a corresponding analysis for the marine designer and constructor does not exist. This paper describes the development and present application of the several theories of liability applicable to marine designers and constructors for vessel design and construction defects. Emerging theories of liability are discussed to discern trends that are likely to affect the marine designer and constructor in the future.
A Method for Deriving the Annual Costs of Capital Recovery for Commercial Sailing Ships
Authors: Benford Harry
Published: January 2021

The current interest in commercial sailing ships introduces some complications in economic analyses. This is because an appreciable part of the investment, namely, the sails, will usually have an economic life (and tax life) much shorter than that of the ship itself. This paper presents a technique for establishing annual costs of capital recovery for ship and sails as two distinct steps in finding the required freight rate. A numerical example is added in illustration of the proposed technique.
Combined Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Lineshaft Alignment on Main Reduction Gear
Authors: DeGeorge V. A.
Published: January 2021

Vertical lineshaft alignment has received a great deal of attention from the marine industry without a proper understanding of the reasons for it. Horizontal lineshaft alignment, however, has not been considered as important and in many cases has been completely neglected. This paper shows the relationship between lineshaft alignment and main reduction gear-pinion tooth loads. It is hoped that the reader can put in perspective the significance of this relationship.
Development of the Specialized Dry Bulk Carrier
Authors: Jacobs Clyde L.
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews the development of the modern oceangoing bulk carrier from turn-of-the-century designs through today's big ore/bulk/oil ships. The dramatic expansion of the world's dry bulk fleet in the decades following World War II is discussed along with the various types of specialized carriers and their cargoes. The author expects that bulk carrier design changes in the near future will evolve at a slower pace than in the immediate past, and that emphasis on improved fuel efficiency will result in slower-speed operation.
Conversion of the USNS Chepachet to the OTEC-1 Platform
Authors: Ramsden Harold D.
Published: January 2021

With the award of the OTEC-1 Early Ocean Test Platform contract, the Department of Energy took a giant step toward developing a practical system to extract energy from the sea. A World War II T2-SE-A1 tanker was selected for conversion to serve as an OTEC-1 platform. The ship conversion involved installing a centerwell (moonpool); modifying centerline cargo tanks Nos. 2, 3 and 4 to house the heat exchangers, pumps and auxiliary equipment; and modifying centerline tank No. 9 as an auxiliary power substation. The platform is single-point-moored in a 4000-ft water depth where warm surface water is used to evaporate liquid ammonia, and cold water from 2250 ft condenses ammonia gases utilizing a Rankine cycle. The major objective of the program is to test heat exchangers for efficiency, biofouling, macrofouling and general maintainability. Additional scientific and engineering data will be acquired in the areas of environment, materials and operations. The at-sea-test program for OTEC-1 is scheduled for three years.
Mode Coupling in Torsional and Longitudinal Shafting Vibrations
Authors: Parsons Michael G.
Published: January 2021

The effect of propeller coupling on the torsional and longitudinal vibration of marine propulsion shafting is studied. Recent research on the nature and computation of propeller added mass and damping is reviewed. It is now possible to estimate the inertia coupling and velocity coupling characteristics which couple the torsional and longitudinal vibration of a marine propeller. Regression equations suitable for estimating the torsional and longitudinal added mass and damping of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-bladed Wageningen B-Series propellers are presented in the Appendix. The torsional and longitudinal modeling of a typical marine propulsion plant is reviewed. The numerical techniques and computer programs used in solving the free vibration problem for natural frequencies and mode shapes and the forced vibration problem for vibratory response are introduced. Results for a realistic numerical example are presented to compare the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and vibratory response which are obtained when the propeller coupling is neglected with those obtained with the propeller coupling included. In general, the natural frequencies are shown to change by less than 2 percent. The modes shapes can show significant change. Vibratory response can be either increased or decreased. Some cases show that neglecting the propeller coupling can result in more than a 50 percent underprediction of the vibratory response. The coupling effects are greatest when a torsional natural frequency obtained with the propeller coupling neglected and a longitudinal natural frequency obtained with the propeller coupling neglected converge.
Marine Industry Standards: A General Discussion with Particular Reference to Pollution Abatement Equipment
Authors: Delikat Donald S. , Mackey Thomas P.
Published: January 2021

Industry standards are needed to help increase productivity in the U.S. Shipbuilding industry. Part of this overall need is standards for more effective pollution abatement equipment to supplement the existing USCG marine sanitation device, the oil/water separator, the oil content monitor, and incinerator regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations. This paper describes the marine industry's effort to respond to this need—The National Shipbuilding Standards Program. Also discussed are the basic USCG and international requirements for pollution abatement equipment, the recently formed ASTM F.25-11 Task Group on pollution abatement equipment, and Marpol 73/78 governing oil pollution from ships. All marine industry professionals, organizations, and governmental agencies, can provide valuable technical expertise in helping to write these and other needed standards.
A Method for “Punch-Through” Proof Design for Independent Leg Jack-Ups
Authors: Sengupta Sobhan , Breeden John O'R.
Published: January 2021

"Punch-through" is one of the most common types of failure affecting independent leg self-elevating-type mobile offshore drilling units (jack-ups), and existing rules do not provide any guidelines to design for "punch-through" induced forces. This paper presents a systematic method for analysis and design of independent leg jack-ups for such forces, identifying the important design and operating parameters and evaluating their effects. The method can be used to design the jack-up legs for a given set of operating parameters, or for an existing unit it can be used to define the limiting values of these parameters. Based on these limitations, operating procedures can be developed to eliminate or minimize the chances of leg damage due to punch-through. A realistic example is worked out to demonstrate the application of the method.
The Use of Transition Matrices for Weather Simulation
Authors: MacCallum K. J. , Bolland J.
Published: January 2021

The theory of transition matrices is well established, but to date has had only limited application in simulating weather conditions for offshore operations. This paper describes a technique developed at Scotland's University of Strathclyde for modeling the weather and its effects on offshore support activities in the northern zone of the North Sea. A significant conclusion of the study is that in order to provide useful transition matrices, a large quantity of reliable data gathered over a considerable period of time is required.
Semisubmersible Design Considerations—Some New Developments
Authors: Springett C. N. , Praught M. W.
Published: January 2021

This paper reviews the basic stability considerations applied in the design of semisubmersible drilling units. Rules and regulations governing the stability of mobile offshore drilling units (MODU's) were first introduced in the late 1960's. There has been considerable debate over the level of safety achieved in the present generation of MODU's based on existing rules. The assumptions implied in the early rules are discussed and the merits of a "yardstick" approach to the rules are presented. The paper summarizes the evolution of stability rules for mobile offshore drilling units and describes how the rules have changed due to public reaction to several major disasters.
Risk Analysis for Arctic Offshore Operations
Authors: Slomski Stephen , Vivatrat Vitoon
Published: January 2021

The ice conditions in the Beaufort Sea are very variable, particularly in the deeper water regions. This variability greatly influences the probability of success or failure of an offshore operation. For example, a summer exploratory program conducted from a floating drilling unit may require a period of 60 to 100 days on station. The success of such a program depends on:the time when the winter ice conditions deteriorate sufficiently for the drilling unit to move on station;the number of summer invasions by the arctic ice pack, forcing the drilling unit to abandon station;the rate at which first-year ice grows to the ice thickness limit of the supporting icebreakers; andthe extent of arctic pack expansion during the fall and early winter.

In general, the ice conditions are so variable that, even with good planning, the chance of failure of an offshore operation will not be negligible. Contingency planning for such events is therefore necessary. This paper presents a risk analysis procedure which can greatly benefit the planning of an offshore operation. A floating drilling program and a towing and installation operation for a fixed structure are considered to illustrate the procedure.
Full-Scale Maneuvering Tests in Level Ice of Canmar Kigoriak and Robert LeMeur
Authors: Tue-Fee Kin K. , Keinonen Arno J.
Published: January 2021

This paper gives an overview of the extensive full-scale maneuvering tests carried out during the period of September 1979 to July 1980 and May to June 1981 on the icebreaker Canmar Kigoriak and during November to December 1982 and June 1983 on the Robert LeMeur. The icebreakers with spoon-shaped bow and reamers perform well, with the Robert LeMeur rivalling and Kigoriak surpassing the performance of conventional Canadian icebreakers of comparable size and power. The effects of heel on the turning performance of the ships were tested and are discussed. Due to the proprietary nature of the full-scale data, only some of the results are presented in this paper.
Evaluation of Semisubmersible Motion Characteristics
Authors: Sengupta Sobhan , Chatterjee M.K.
Published: January 2021

Semisubmersibles are the most widely used offshore mobile units for deepwater drilling. Because of their improved motion characteristics they provide a more stable drilling platform. This feature of improved motion characteristics has become an important cost-effective design consideration as larger and more expensive drilling units are needed for deeper water and harsher environments. This paper presents a simple analytical method to compute semisubmersible motion characteristics. Programmed in a microcomputer, this becomes an important tool for designers to identify the important parameters affecting the platform motions, to study their effects, and then to choose desirable values of these parameters for improved design. The program is verified with experimental data, and example applications are given.
MV City of San Francisco: Design and Operations
Authors: Gow Paul A. , Hagemann Edward C. , McComb Russell E. , Watson P. Michael
Published: January 2021

One of the most active areas of vessel construction and operations today is in the field of excursion and dinner boats. Vessels for this service range from the austere, purely functional sightseers to those which serve meals in the style of the finest restaurants, in an atmosphere intended to enhance marketability. This paper describes the MV City of San Francisco, a totally modern dinner/excursion boat, providing first-class dining within the style of the 1920's passenger steamers.
Analysis of Japanese and Korean Shipbuilding Prices
Authors: Landsburg Alexander C. , Jenks Allan , Lee Sam , Schimler Edwin B.
Published: January 2021

The general elements of international shipbuilding costs and prices, including a brief overview of the shipbuilding market for the past 10 to 15 years, and a discussion of the factors which influence both the cost and price of a vessel are presented. Also included is a computer database of ship sales-price information for vessels contracted for in Japan and Korea during 1980–1984. The database was developed and maintained at the Maritime Administration for use in providing routine periodic reports analyzing shipbuilding prices and studying trends in the market. Recent computer-aided studies of the trends and parametric relationships of that five-year period are described and explained.
An Integrated Approach to Shipboard System and Equipment Testing for Improved Maintenance Management
Authors: Blatchley Charles , Connors Joseph , Vecino Anthony
Published: January 2021

Commercial operators today are required to maintain maximum vessels in-service levels and, with government vessel operators competing for decreasing operating funds, the management of ship maintenance and repair (M&R) has become a highly visible area which can have a significant impact on overall vessel operating costs. As an approach to consolidate, improve, and simply better manage a vessel's state of material condition and M&R requirements, an integrated shipboard Material Condition Assessment Program can be implemented which provides a comprehensive evaluation and assessment of the various critical components on a ship-specific basis. This approach will integrate all vessel material condition assessment techniques and periodic surveys whose results can be used for advanced maintenance planning and budgeting. The approach and methodology employed and described in this paper are not new, having been tried and proven to varying degrees in the marine and related industrial fields, and are considered within the constraints of day-to-day vessel operation and maintenance management.
Transporting Ships by Land as an Alternative to a New Panama Canal Project
Authors: Gorlov Alexander M.
Published: January 2021

In the light of an increased interest in new alternatives to the existing Panama Canal [1],2 an investigation of the possibility of transporting loaded ships over the Panama Isthmus by railroad or paved track [2, 3] was undertaken. Suggested transportational means should allow the following operations: in-water loading of a ship on an assembly of wheeled transporters, transporting it by land over the isthmus, and unloading it in the new water. The main problem of the present canal is the high tonnage and large size of modern ships. For this reason, the suggested transportation system is to be designed primarily for the heaviest and largest ships, while small and medium ships would continue to use the existing locks and canal. The author understands that, at first look, such a super project may seem to be/unrealistic. Nevertheless, the analysis shows that it is feasible and can be justified economically.
Boundary-Layer Explorations Over a Two-Dimensional Mast/Sail Geometry
Authors: Wilkinson Stuart
Published: January 2021

An experimental aerodynamic boundary-layer investigation is performed over the suction surfaces of a typical two-dimensional mast/sail geometry. Velocity profiles are obtained at a number of locations which, together with visualization data and the corresponding static pressure distribution, are used to describe the fundamental nature of the complex partially separated flow field associated with such geometries. The velocity profiles are fully analyzed to provide thickness parameters and skin friction coefficients, suitable for use as representative data in the development of predictive theories involving viscid-inviscid interactions. The chordwise variations of the thickness parameters are graphically presented and discussed.
The U.S. Merchant Marine Academy Liquid Cargo Handling Simulator
Authors: Jakobsen Bent K. , Miller Eugene R. , Alman Phil , Huber Mark , Gay J. Dennis
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the tanker cargo handling simulator recently installed at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. The tanker simulator is modeled on a nominal 80 000-dwt tank vessel with segregated ballast, crude oil wash, and inert gas systems. The loading console is typical in design, construction, and detail to that which is normally found in a shipboard cargo control room. Through the real-time operation of this console, the student receives training in tanker loading, discharging, and ballasting operations. In addition, a unique method of instructor interface and control allows the incorporation of spontaneous malfunctions in an exercise. The simulator is based on a computer model using hydraulic network theory to describe the piping systems and overall performance. This paper describes the development of the simulator and many of the features incorporated in it. Attention is given to the instructor's interface, which is made user friendly through the use of simulation control menus. These menus allow the instructor to completely command and monitor the simulation exercise.
Preliminary Design of a High-Speed SWATH Passenger/Car Ferry
Authors: Papanikolaou A. , Zaraphonitis G. , Androulakakis M.
Published: January 2021

The paper summarizes results of a recent research project of the National Technical University of Athens on the preliminary design and computer-aided optimization of a high-speed small waterplane area, twin hull (SWATH) passenger/car ferry. The projected vessel would be employed as a link in a rapid marine transit system connecting the Greek mainland (port of Piraeus) with the island of Crete (port of Heraklion). Alternative routes, leading to different vessel sizes and speeds, can be studied by the same developed design methodology and are currently under consideration for the local Greek or further Mediterranean market. Following a three-stage, techno-economical optimization to estimate the main dimensions and the hull form of the projected vessel, the preliminary design of a prototype SWATH vessel has been completed at NTUA, comprising all main steps of the well-known design spiral. Because the developed vessel is a prototype, it was essential to develop the proper analytical and numerical, computer-aided design tools to enable the necessary repetition of the various steps in the framework of a converging design. Theoretical predictions of the vessel's hydrodynamic behavior (powering and seakeeping) have been accompanied by a series of towing tank model experiments. The economic and operational advantages of the proposed concept are explained.
Ship of the Future
Authors: Paetow K.
Published: January 2021

In 1980 work began on one of the most intensive and comprehensive marine research and development projects—the German Ship of the Future. The main task was the reduction of the operational costs of a vessel. After five years of work the project was successfully finished with the maiden voyage of the first SdZ prototype ship. The paper describes first the R&D project itself. The organizational structure, the financial background and some examples of development topics are explained. The second part deals with the conversion of the outcomes of the R&D project into the reality of a containership. The third part gives, by example of some focal points of the newly developed ship service technique, a broad description of the HDW-SdZ prototype ships and their economy. A short outlook to further developments concludes the paper.
Behavior of a Moored Ship in Unsteady Current, Wind, and Waves
Authors: de Kat Jan O. , Wichers Johan E. W.
Published: January 2021

The influence of wind, waves and current on the dynamic behavior of a single-point moored ship is investigated. Numerical simulations were used to compute the low-frequency motions of a tanker in the horizontal plane and the bow hawser force. Parameters varied comprised loading condition, hawser length and environment. A detailed overview is given of the theory for calculating the various force contributions in the numerical model. The onset of unstable motion behavior is described for both steady and unsteady wind, wave and current conditions. Unstable behavior tends to be more predominant for the lightly loaded condition. In the fully loaded condition the vessel behavior is generally very stable, except when the current direction is unsteady.
Selection and Evaluation of Ship Roll Stabilization Systems
Authors: Sellars Frank H. , Martin John P.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes procedures for the selection and evaluation of ship roll stabilization systems. Stabilization systems considered include passive tanks, bilge keels, activated fins, and rudder roll stabilization with combined active and passive systems included. The paper is intended to assist vessel designers and operators in deciding if roll stabilization is cost effective and which system provides the maximum benefit. It reviews the establishment of stabilizer design criteria and procedures for stabilization system selection, including cost/benefit analyses of specific cases.
Surface Ship Machinery—A Survey of Propulsion, Electrical, and Auxiliary System Development
Authors: Doyle Timothy J. , Kornbau Raymond W. , Smookler Arthur L.
Published: January 2021

Propulsion, auxiliary, and electric machinery developments for surface combatants are surveyed---overall system characteristics are covered to permit a broad coverage of related activities. Prime movers in both propulsion and ship service sizes are discussed. All will demonstrate improved economy, especially at part power, and increased attention to thermal and acoustic signatures. Gas turbines are the source of propulsion power, but diesels join turbines in ship service application. Electric drives may be selected where machinery is widely separated or geometries are restrictive. Reversing motors or reversing gears will provide backing power without the inefficiencies of controllable--pitch (CP) propellers. Transmission component improvements, including surface-hardened gears and composite shafts, will increase power density. Shaftline elements compatible with contrarotating propellers may lead to significantly increased propulsive coefficients. Auxiliary machinery developments are driven by the need to improve performance in smaller, simpler packages with lower acquisition and operating costs. This encourages the development and adaption of new materials and design approaches such as composite structures, rotary screw pump and compressor arrangements, variable speed or geometry units, and molecular sieves and membrane separation for gas and fresh-water production. Ventilation system requirements will be expanded and integrated with the new demands of collective protection. The ship's service generation and distribution system will reflect the increasingly nonlinear character of electric loads. Developments will emphasize power quality and continuity in system arrangements which promote both survivability and energy efficiency. Propulsion-derived ship's service, uninterruptible power at the system and component levels, and variable-speed auxiliary motor drives reflect these thrusts.
One-Compartment Damage Survivability Versus 1992 IMO Probabilistic Damage Criteria for Dry Cargo Ships
Authors: Sonnenschein Richard J. , Yang Chi-Cheng
Published: January 2021

No international or U.S. Coast Guard requirements for the damage survival of dry cargo ships existed until February 1992, when an international, probabilistic damage standard for dry cargo ships was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the U.S. Coast Guard. A deterministic one-compartment damage standard has been applied to most U.S.-flag dry cargo ships built since 1937, either voluntarily or as a requirement for Federal assistance under the Maritime Administration. Despite some of its inherent deficiencies, it appears that the one-compartment standard has invariably resulted in the construction and operation of cargo ships whose damage survivability considerably exceeds the minimum survival criteria of the new IMO rules. Some weaknesses in the IMO damage rules are discussed and modifications suggested. The results of sensitivity studies incorporating proposed modifications are presented for a sample of U.S.-flag cargo ships. An evaluation of results suggests that the IMO rules in some instances may not go far enough in precluding unsafe ship design or operating practices; however, the proposed modifications will generally achieve much closer agreement between the survival requirements for these two methods. It is recommended that the proposed rules be modified to reflect a more rational approach in accordance with commonly accepted naval architectural practices, and to assure the highest level of damage survivability that is economically feasible.
The Lights of the Titanic
Authors: Woodward John B.
Published: January 2021

The Titanic sank ablaze with light, almost to the moment of its final plunge. This circumstance is of great credit to both the designers and engineering crew of the unfortunate ship, yet the innumerable authors who have described the tragedy have done virtually nothing to bestow that credit. The virtues of the design are easily discerned in the Board of Trade report on the sinking, and they are reviewed here. The actions of the crew are more obscure, since only a small fraction of the engineering staff survived, and none of the survivors were engineering officers. The lights are evidence of devotion to duty, but only surmise can tell what that devotion required. Surmise it is, then, based on what is known about the machinery and about the sinking, to piece together a story of how the lights were kept burning.
The Bismarck Encounter
Authors: Garzke William H. , Dulin Robert O.
Published: January 2021

The authors of this paper have been fortunate to have had the opportunity to assist Dr. Robert Ballard of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Quest Group in the discovery and analysis of the Bismarck wreck in June 1989. Although we did not participate in Dr. Ballard's expedition aboard the Star Hercules, we gave advice and counsel to his personnel and did much of the photo interpretation. We were greatly aided by two of the Bismarck survivors, former German Ambassador Baron von M(Jllenheim-Rechberg (former LCDR, German Navy), the senior surviving officer, whom we assisted in the republishing of his book, and Mr. Josef Statz, who was the sole survivor from the Damage Control Central on the Bismarck[1]. 3 These two men worked tirelessly with the authors and assisted in the preparation of drawings by Mr. Thomas Webb of various views of the damaged Bismarck, which shows her just before her capsizing. These views of the damaged Bismarck were prepared after many hours of intensive study of the videotapes and still photography brought back by Dr. Ballard's team from the wreck site some 15 317 ft below the water surface, 600 miles west of Brest, France. A number of these views have been published in various magazine articles and books [2–5].
A Method to Optimize the On-Time Performance of Containerships
Authors: Vea Reynaldo B.
Published: January 2021

A method to optimize the on-time performance of containerships is proposed. Two optimization criteria are considered: the maximization of the percentage of on-time arrivals and the minimization of the magnitude of arrival delays. In both cases, the problem is posed as a ship scheduling problem in which the randomness of cargo volumes, port productivity, and sea conditions is considered. Fuel oil costs corresponding to different levels of service are investigated. A solution method involving discrete simulation and nonlinear programming is developed. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the method.
Sea Beaver: Design, Construction, and Performance of a Human-Powered Submersible
Authors: Child Malcolm S. , Cangahuala L. Alberto
Published: January 2021

This paper reports on the history of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's entry in the 2nd International Human-Powered Submarine Race. The design of this entry was an evolution of the MIT design (named Icarus) from the first competition, held in 1989. Anticipating an increase in competitive entries, the new MIT entry (hereafter referred to as Sea Beaver) was designed to be more reliable and faster than Icarus. Sea Beaver was designed with a maximum diameter four inches smaller than Icarus. This change in cross section forced a change from a rotary to linear pedaling mechanism. The linear pedal motion was transferred to the drive shaft through an innovative arrangement of pulleys and one-way hub bearings. This arrangement allowed the pedals to remain independent from one another, opening up the possibility to experiment with different pedaling cadences. The propeller was designed for efficiency and to minimize the possibility of entanglement with lines along the course. The steering system was arranged to take up the least volume inside the hull as possible. In addition to taking advantage of experience gained in the design of Icarus, the MIT team also made significant advances in construction techniques. The hull, propellers, and nose cones were all fabricated from molds built by team members. Compared with the Icarus construction history, Sea Beaver was completed in less time, at less cost, with more spare parts available during the competition. For the design and construction of the propulsion system, the Sea Beaver team received the 1991 Medal of Engineering Excellence from Popular Science Magazine.
The BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System
Authors: Witmer David J. , Lewis Jack W.
Published: January 2021

BP Oil Company time-charters a fleet of American-flag tankers for the ocean transportation of crude oil and petroleum products to the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Commencing in 1991, ship response and structural monitoring instrumentation was installed on the four ships of the Atigun Pass-class. These crude carriers are operated in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Service, or "TAPS" trade, sailing the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska. The structural monitoring systems were designed to measure the effects of subjecting a ship to the typical loads and forces encountered while at sea: hogging, sagging, slamming, hydrostatic pressure, and hull girder springing. Additionally, BP was interested in developing a system that could provide shiphandling guidance to the master or watch officer so that the detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to such loads and forces could be effectively minimized. The paper describes in detail the physical arrangement of the BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System (BPSMS), including the suite of sensors employed to measure ship responses and hull girder stresses. It explains how the response data collected by the sensors is analyzed by the onboard computer located on the ship's bridge and how ship response data are presented back to the deck officers via a family of display monitor screens. These displays provide the officers with a "tool" that can be used to effectively monitor the physical and structural response of their ship to waves, and to quantify, in terms of lowering the wave bending moment and reducing the risk of slamming, the result of an action or actions taken to minimize the risk of incurring structural damage. Onboard ship response and structural monitoring is now an integral part of BP's tanker fleet structural management program. The units have greatly increased the awareness of the ship's officers regarding their role in helping to control the amount of structural damage done to the ships. Data from the units have also helped management make more informed decisions regarding operational requirements placed on the ships.
Our Submarine Wins the “Blue Ribbon”
Authors: Cherkashin L.
Published: January 2021

[Translated from Russian by Society member A. Homer Skinner, from the journal MorskoySbornik, No. 12, 1994, pp. 42–44.]
Transverse Dynamic Stability of Planing Craft
Authors: Lewandowski Edward M.
Published: January 2021

A method has been developed to evaluate the coupled roll-yaw-sway dynamic stability of hard-chine hulls in the planing regime. Expressions for the linear stability derivatives are presented as functions of geometry and loading, speed, trim angle, and wetted keel and chine lengths. A stability criterion is derived, and the effects of length / beam ratio, loading, LCG location, deadrise, and appendages on stability are examined. The importance of coupling among roll, yaw and sway is demonstrated. It is also shown that appendages tend to reduce the roll stability although this effect is mitigated by coupling effects. A simple method to check the transverse dynamic stability of a proposed design is presented.
Ship-Borne Wave Height Measurements
Authors: Dipper Martin J.
Published: January 2021

An extensive full scale performance evaluation of the USNS 17CTORIOUS T-AGOS 19 was undertaken by the ship design community to validate the hydrodynamic performance capabilities of this Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (SWATH) ship To assess the performance characteristics of the hull form, sensors, signal conditioning instrumentation, and data acquisition computer systems were installed on hoard. Real-time characterization of the seaway during trial operations represented a key element in the overall evaluation of the rough water performance of this SWATH ship, as would also he the ease for many other surface ships. During this full scale trial program the seaway was quantified through wave height measurements made at the how of the ship using a commercially available ship-borne wave height sensor. The major advantages of using a ship-horne wave height sensor include: measurement of seaway parameters in seas too severe to launch a buoy, reduced trial dawn-time associated with buoy launch and recovery, and an increase in collection time of seaway data available at zero speed as well as underway. A wave height buoy was also employed on several occasions primarily for comparison with the ship-horne wave height measurements. The comparisons of ship-home wave height measurements with wave buoy measurements show reasonable agreement and provide confidence in the overall accuracy of the wave height measurements. For comparison, wave spectra measured during the trials are also presented along with a theoretical Bretschneider spectrum at approximately the same significant wave height and modal period. The results indicate good agreement between the wave spectra derived from data measured using the ship-home sensor and what is expected in a theoretical spectral formulation of a well developed seaway
Innerbottom Design Problems in Double-Hull Tankers
Authors: Cheung Maxwell C. , Slaughter Stephen B.
Published: January 2021

OPA '90 and parallel IMO rules are driving a phased changeover in tanker design from single-hull to double-hull construction. This paper describes field observations and analyses of two of the more persistent innerbottom design problems: the joint between frame vertical stiffeners and longitudinals, and panel cracks along the innerbottom/longitudinal seams. Potential shortcomings in applicable classification society rules are addressed, and possible solutions at both the design and repair stage are offered.
Analysis of SWATH Ship Structures
Authors: Cheung Kwok Fai , Seidl Ludwig H. , Wang Suqin
Published: January 2021

Three methods of analysis of the primary structure of SWATH ships are examined. The quasistatic, rigid-dynamic and hydroelastic approaches are applied to analyze the structure of a detailed SWATH design. Deflections and stresses are calculated after each method and compared. The convergence of the hydroelastic approach with respect to the number of modes is also investigated. Although a relatively small ship is considered in this comparative study, hydroelastic effects are shown to be significant in areas of greater flexibility.
Integrated System Analysis and Design of Podded Ship Propulsors
Authors: Facinelli William A. , Muggeridge David
Published: January 2021

AlliedSignal has studied podded propulsion for surface combatants for the US Navy under a contract sponsored by DARPA. The integrated system analysis included mathematical models for the main components of a podded propulsor. The models addressed both performance and cost. Components modeled included the propulsor itself (single propeller, ducted propeller, etc.), bearings, coupling, gearbox, motor, and azimuthing system. Simplified, approximate methods, especially for propulsor sizing and performance, were used. Other information in the literature and product data from leading vendors was used to size the components and to estimate their efficiencies. In other sections of the model, life-cycle fuel costs and costs of reliability were computed. The model was used to size and estimate the total costs for different configurations for four surface ships. A conceptual design for each vessel was selected, and three-dimensional CAD renderings of four pods were prepared. Sensitivity studies were run to show the effects of variations in fuel cost and in the relative efficiencies of propulsor types. Subsequent to the naval program data on a typical cruise ship were obtained and the spreadsheet model was applied to that platform.
Superstructure Effectiveness in the Preliminary Assessment of the Hull Behavior
Authors: Mackney Michael D. A. , Ross Carl T. F.
Published: January 2021

In a study of hull-superstructure interaction, a parametric investigation was undertaken, which was designed to examine a large number of hull-superstructure arrangements, broadly representative of warship configurations. The study was essentially numerical, based on the finite element method, but was supported by an experimental program used to validate aspects of the modeling. The majority of the numerical work was the analysis of three-dimensional simplified models having either a single superstructure on a standardized hull, or a double superstructure arrangement on an alternative standardized hull. Such models represented simplified structural configurations from which preliminary assessments of the hull-superstructure behaviour could be systematically addressed within an initial design sequence. Superstructure effectiveness is not universally defined or used, in the literature. Since stresses are idiosyncratic, effectiveness in this work is defined in terms of overall structural displacement, as the ratio of the maximum displacement of the plain hull to the maximum displacement with superstructures. A variety of cases was considered, including single and double superstructure arrangements of various sizes and in various positions on the hulL Design curves were formed for the different arrangements showing the variation in the effectiveness. Superstructure effectiveness varies with superstructure length, becoming greater as the superstructure becomes longer. There is a finite limit to the maximum effectiveness which is dependent on the relative cross sectional properties. The position of the superstructure also affects the effectiveness, with the greatest effectiveness occurring at the mid hull position. The change in effectiveness is less when the superstructure is small and changing position than when it is long. Two superstructures having comparable total length to a single superstructure are less effective than the single superstructure. Three superstructures are more effective than two, but still less than one. As the number of superstructures increases for a given total length, the effectiveness tends towards the single superstructure value. Superstructures, even of modest dimensions, considerably to the cross-sectional properties and should be considered as part of the hull girder when doing the preliminary design.
Distributed Intelligent Navigation Systems
Authors: Grabowski Martha
Published: January 2021

Over the past several years, we have seen increasing levels of ship's automation accompanied by increasingly smaller ship's crews. Some forms of the automation introduced are derivatives of aerospace technology, including automated intelligent decision support for ship's crews. This paper discusses changes in waterway systems which have evolved over the past twenty years, and describes two projects illustrative of those changes, in different states of maturity: the Distributed Intelligent Piloting System (DIPS) for the St. Lawrence Seaway, and the Lockheed Martin SmartBridgeTM, an intelligent ship's bridge system which was deployed on a Chevron Shipping Company oil tanker. The paper discusses the impacts of such technology on users of waterway systems, as well as future directions for distributed intelligent navigation systems.
A Practical Formal Safety Assessment System for the Marine Design Environment
Authors: Cain C. F. , Birmingham R. W. , Sen P. , Cripps R. M.
Published: January 2021

In marine design safety, decisions are based largely on the experience of the designers, expressed in a semi-formal way. Dangers are inherent in this approach, in that there is a possibility of overlooking catastrophic failure scenarios. This paper investigates a procedure dedicated to design for safety and describes its practical application to the marine design process. The developed formal safety assessment system comprises various well established safety assessment methods and statistical techniques, which in combination facilitate a novel, holistic and practical approach in incorporating safety aspects at the initial design stages. The system has been developed in the context of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) rescue vessel design process and was validated using various rescue vessel case studies. The formal safety assessment system and the supporting software written to facilitate its implementation are now being fully used in the development of current RNLI rescue vessel designs.
Sea Spectra Revisited
Authors: Michel Walter H.
Published: January 2021

This paper comprises a compendium of updated spectrum formulations, Rayleigh factors, and associated wave height and period relationships—prepared for easy understanding and application.