bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Titanium Dioxide in a H2–N2 Gas Mixture
Authors: Rezan Sheikh A. , Zhang Guangqing , Ostrovski Oleg
Published: July 2011

This article examines carbothermal reduction/nitridation of rutile in a H2–N2 gas mixture in the temperature‐programmed and isothermal experiments in a fixed‐bed reactor. The aim of this investigation was to establish the reduction/nitridation sequence, the reaction degree, and the rate of synthesis of titanium oxycarbonitride under different experimental conditions. The off‐gas composition was monitored using an infrared sensor (CO, CO2, and CH4) and a dew point analyzer (H2O). Extents of reduction and nitridation were determined from the off‐gas composition and LECO analysis. Phase composition of reduced samples was analyzed using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Rate and extent of conversion of titanium oxides to titanium oxycarbonitride increased with increasing temperature. The conversion of titania into titanium oxycarbonitride at 1150°C was completed in 180 min; the conversion time decreased to 30 min at 1300°C. Increasing temperature resulted in formation of titanium oxycarbonitride with higher TiC content. Porosity had a minor effect on the reduction/nitridation of titania with the tendency to increase the reduction rate with increasing porosity. Reduction/nitridation of titania at 1150°C followed the sequence: TiO2→Ti5O9→Ti4O7→Ti3O5→TiOxCyNz.
Coarsening Induced Phase Transformation of Hafnia in Polymer‐Derived Si–Hf–C–N–O Ceramics
Authors: Sujith Ravindran , Kousaalya Adhimoolam Bakthavachalam , Kumar Ravi
Published: July 2011

Coarsening induced reverse phase transformation of hafnia in polymer‐derived Si–Hf–C–N–O ceramics was studied experimentally. X‐ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to obtain information regarding nanocrystalline structure. Hafnia crystallites precipitated out from the amorphous ceramic matrix on heat treatment were observed to remain as tetragonal hafnia below a critical crystallite radius of 4 nm. Prolonged heat treatment has resulted in coarsening, as explained by Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner model, resulting in reverse phase transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic hafnia.
Effects of Dy and Mn Codoping on Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Do Dalhyun , Kim Jin Won , Kim Sang Su
Published: July 2011

Ferroelectric properties of Dy and Mn codoped BiFeO3, (Bi1‐xDyx)(Fe1‐xMnx)O3 (BDFM‐x, x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10), thin films were investigated. Improved ferroelectric properties were observed in the codoped thin film capacitors. Among them, BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor exhibited the best properties. The remnant polarization (2Pr) and coercive electric field (2Ec) of the BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor were 96 μC/cm2 and 695 kV/cm at an applied electric field of 1061 kV/cm, respectively. The leakage current density of the BDFM‐0.08 thin film capacitor was 8.3 × 10−5 A/cm2 at 400 kV/cm.
Preparation and Characterization of High‐Temperature Ferroelectric xBi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3–yBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3–zPbTiO3 Perovskite Ternary Solid Solution
Authors: Dwivedi Akansha , Qu Weiguo , Randall Clive A.
Published: July 2011

A new high‐temperature ferroelectric ternary solid solution xBi(Mg1/2Ti1/2)O3–yBi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3–zPbTiO3 has been developed and characterized. A detailed study on the preparation and characterization of the compositions along the pseudobinary line xPT‐(1−x)(0.9BMT‐0.1BZT) has been performed to study the property trends with composition. High c/a ratio of 1.04 has been observed for the composition with surprisingly low tolerance factor of 0.97. These compositions have been studied with focus mainly on the tetragonal phase field. Varied transition temperature trends have been observed along the pseudobinary line, which is then compared with the individual binary BZT‐PT and BMT‐PT systems. Structure property relationship is evaluated and discussed in terms of modern ferroelectric theories.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors and periodontal bone loss
Authors: Cantley M. D. , Bartold P. M. , Marino V. , Fairlie D. P. , Le G. T. , Lucke A. J. , Haynes D. R.
Published: July 2011

Cantley MD, Bartold PM, Marino V, Fairlie DP, Le GT, Lucke AJ, Haynes DR. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and periodontal bone loss. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 697–703. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Bone loss caused by enhanced osteoclast activity is a significant feature of periodontitis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress osteoclast‐mediated bone loss in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated whether HDACi can suppress bone loss in experimental periodontitis.

Material and methods:  Experimental periodontitis was induced in mice by oral inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Mice were treated orally with olive oil alone, with olive oil and a novel compound – 1179.4b – which targets both Class I and Class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) or with olive oil and MS‐275, which targets Class I HDACs. Micro‐computed tomography scans of live mice, stereo imaging and histological analyses were used to detect changes in bone.

Results:  In the absence of treatment there was a 13.2% increase in bone volume in controls compared with a 7.4% decrease in P. gingivalis‐inoculated mice. 1179.4b significantly reduced bone loss, with a 3.4% increase in bone volume (p < 0.01). MS‐275 did not have a significant effect on P. gingivalis‐induced bone loss. Histological analysis revealed that 1179.4b reduced bone loss despite having no effect on inflammation.

Conclusion:  HDACi were found to effectively suppress bone loss in the mouse model of periodontitis. 1179.4b – the inhibitor of Class I and Class II HDACs – was more effective at suppressing bone loss than MS‐275, which targets Class I HDACs only. These compounds may therefore have the potential to be used for the management of periodontitis.
The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Lee Y.‐M. , Shin S.‐I. , Shin K.‐S. , Lee Y.‐R. , Park B.‐H. , Kim E.‐C.
Published: July 2011

Lee Y‐M, Shin S‐I, Shin K‐S, Lee Y‐R, Park B‐H, Kim E‐C. The role of sirtuin 1 in osteoblastic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 712–721. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) promotes the differentiation of keratinocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, but inhibits the differentiation of muscle and fat cells. However, the involvement of SIRT1 in the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells into osteoblast‐like cells remains unclear. To identify the role of SIRT1 in human periodontal ligament cells, we measured SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein levels during the osteoblastic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. Additionally, we investigated the effects of overexpressing and underexpressing SIRT1 on the differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells, and the signaling mechanisms involved.

Material and Methods:  Expression of SIRT1 and osteoblastic differentiation markers was assessed by RT‐PCR, real‐time PCR, Alizarin red staining and western blotting.

Results:  Marked upregulation of SIRT1 mRNA and SIRT1 protein was observed in cells grown for 3 d in osteogenic induction medium (OM). Activation of SIRT1 using resveratrol and isonicotinamide stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in a dose‐dependent manner, as assessed by the expression of mRNAs encoding alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, osterix and Runx2, and induced calcium deposition. In contrast, inhibition of SIRT1 using sirtinol, nicotinamide and gene silencing by RNA interference suppressed mineralization and the expression of osteoblast marker mRNAs. Further mechanistic studies revealed that resveratrol treatment increased the phosphorylation of Akt, adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), Smad 1/5/8 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, but reduced OM‐induced activation of nuclear factor‐κB. Conversely, application of sirtinol suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, AMPK, Smad 1/5/8, p38, ERK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and enhanced nuclear factor‐κB activity, in OM‐stimulated cells.

Conclusion:  These data suggest that SIRT1 is a potent regulator of differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells and may have clinical implications for periodontal bone regeneration.
MODELING OF DIAFILTRATION PROCESSES FOR DEMINERALIZATION OF ACID WHEY: AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH
Authors: Román A. , Vatai Gy. , Ittzés A. , Kovács Z. , Czermak P.
Published: July 2011

In this paper, a mathematical model is provided to describe the dynamics of membrane diafiltration processes for desalting acid whey. A rich representation of the separation process is given due to the employment of concentration‐dependent solute rejections in the design equations. We propose an experimental design and a suitable empirical method for parameter estimation. This technique supports the disciplined use of experimental data and reduces the number of necessary a‐priori experiments. With the help of experimental data we demonstrate the power of the presented modeling method.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The annual volume of dairy whey produced globally exceeds 160 million tons. Demineralized whey is of large importance for the food industry. A suitable degree of demineralization can be achieved by diafiltration. Whey represents a complex multi‐component system. Modeling of nanofiltration of such complex systems is a difficult task. We provide a rigorous mathematical model to predict the dynamics of whey diafiltration. The presented robust simulation technique is able to predict the experimentally observed behavior. We propose a minimal experimental design and a suitable mathematical tool to convert the raw experimental data into useful information. The provided methodology might be particularly applicable for decision makers to choose an appropriate diafiltration technique for a given separation design problem.
TIME‐TEMPERATURE INDICATOR TO MONITOR COLD CHAIN DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH SALMON (SALMO SALAR)
Authors: SIMPSON R. , ALMONACID S. , NUÑEZ H. , PINTO M. , ABAKAROV A. , TEIXEIRA A.
Published: July 2011

This article summarizes the application and validation of a specific temperature‐time indicator (TTI) to monitor the shelf life of refrigerated salmon throughout its cold chain distribution. Reaction kinetics of the spoilage process was characterized by determining the kinetics for microbial population growth and chemical degradation (break down of nucleotides). The combined effect of these reactions on perceived organoleptic quality deterioration (appearance, odor, texture, gapping and color) was measured by a trained sensory panel. The TTI color change reaction from green to yellow was monitored with a colorimeter. The activation energies (Ea) for the spoilage reactions in the salmon and the TTI color change reaction were determined and compared for the required similarity. The color change reaction in the TTIs had Ea of 22–23 Kcal/mol, while the microbial growth and chemical degradation reactions were found to have Ea in the order of 17 and 15 Kcal/mol, respectively. Performance of the TTIs was tested under controlled constant and variable time‐temperature storage histories by comparing TTIs color change readings with sensory panel scores. Additionally, TTIs and data loggers were placed in a shipment of refrigerated salmon that traveled from Puerto Montt, Chile, to Gainesville, FL, U.S.A. via a combination of truck and air. Results showed that the TTIs used in this study with Ea of 22–23 Kcal/mol were capable of predicting the shelf life of refrigerated salmon within 10% error in cases of moderate temperature abuse (0–7C). However, TTIs with lower Ea closer to 18–19 Kcal/mol would be needed to accurately predict shelf life if product were to be subjected to more extreme temperature abuse with temperatures reaching 12–14C.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The list of products monitored by time‐temperature integrators or indicators (TTIs) has been steadily increasing, these include: fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh fish, flowers, frozen foods, dairy products, chocolates, photographic films, medical films, drugs and vaccines, cosmetics, beer, dog food, etc. TTIs can be used to monitor the distribution, and food and biological materials, and more diverse products. A tentative classification of the various applications of TTIs in food products would be:

monitoring the distribution and storage;

optimization of inventory management;

shelf‐life prediction; and

sanitary and quality prediction.

Several studies have focused on the application of indicators for frozen and chilled foods. Our studies in the evaluation of chilled fish fillets have shown that indicators can be used satisfactorily to evaluate the quality of the product during distribution. The distribution of fish is one of the areas that had the greatest potential for implementation of the TTIs.
INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY ASPECT OF JARS ON THE HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW PATTERN DURING STERILIZATION OF LIQUID FOODS
Authors: LESPINARD A.R. , MASCHERONI R H.
Published: July 2011

Natural convection heating of liquid food packed in glass jars of different sizes and volumes during sterilization is simulated by solving the governing equations for continuity, momentum and energy conservation, using the finite element method. The effect of the aspect ratio of the container on temperature distribution, flow pattern, position of the slowest heating zone (SHZ) and cooking value were analyzed. The position of the SHZ varied – depending of container volume and aspect ratio – in the range of 49.39–76.83% and 5.81–19.09% of jar radius and height, respectively. Sterilization times were estimated and differences between 135 and 105 s for containers of a same size of 360 or 660 cm3, respectively, were predicted depending on jar shape. A prediction model was developed that allows to calculate – with a simple procedure – sterilization times as a function of container dimensions.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It is frequent in low‐volume processing plants that work with foods packed in glass jars to change container size and/or shape between successive batches of production, but maintaining the same process schedule. This leads to products with lack of microbial innocuousness (underprocessing) or with low nutritional or sensory quality (overprocessing). In that sense, in this work velocity and temperature profiles, and the location of the “slowest heating zone” were modeled and simulated using the finite element method for liquid foods in glass jars of different volumes and shapes during their thermal treatment. This information allowed estimate sterilization times as well as quality losses during thermal treatment. Finally, a simplified method for the calculation of sterilization times as a function of container size and shape was developed. This method could be very practical for the design of thermal processes in low‐volume productions, whose operators usually lack simulation software and personnel trained in process calculations.
THE DRYING AND TABLETTING OF PITAYA POWDER
Authors: YUSOF Y.A. , MOHD SALLEH F.S. , CHIN N.L. , TALIB R.A.
Published: July 2011

Pitaya is commonly known as dragon fruit in Malaysia. It is a uniquely beautiful fruit with an intense color and shape and tastes delicious. Recently, it has become more popular among Malaysians because it is rich in minerals and vitamins. The main concern of this article was to form pitaya powder into tablets. Prior to that, pitaya fruits were dried and grounded into powder. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of the oven drying technique on the red flesh of pitaya fruits before the grinding process to form powder and to investigate the tabletting and the compressibility of pitaya fruit powder. Findings from this work are essential for product storage, transportation and packaging. The pitaya fruit was cut into slices and dried in an oven at 70C and was then ground to 300 µm. The color of the dried pitaya was characterized using a colorimeter. A 13‐mm uniaxial die was adopted, and a binder known as maltodextrin was added to the tabletting process. As the oven temperature increased, the red color of the dried pitaya became more intense, and the lightness decreased. The water activity was also reduced to 50% after drying. The compressibility and tabletting behavior of the powder are quite comparable with the behavior of other food powders and were further validated using the Kawakita and Lüdde equation. In conclusion, this study may induce further investigation of the potential of pitaya powder as a natural coloring agent and as a health supplement.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work evaluates the drying and tabletting applications on pitaya powder. Three parameters are considered in the drying process, moisture content, color and water activity of pitaya fruit and pitaya powder were measured. During tabletting, the compressibility and compactability of the materials were investigated. The experimental results are essential for packaging, transportation and shelf life. Additionally, the product may be used as a natural coloring agent and a health supplement.
EFFECT OF MODEL PARAMETER VARIABILITY ON THE UNCERTAINTY OF REFRIGERATED MICROBIAL SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATES
Authors: CHOTYAKUL NATTAPORN , LAMELA CONCEPCIÓN PÉREZ , TORRES J. ANTONIO
Published: July 2011

Monte Carlo procedures can be used to evaluate the uncertainty of food safety and quality estimations caused by the variability in model parameters. This study describes shelf‐life predictions based on the growth of Lactobacillus sakei in meat using Ratkowsky‐type models, considering the effect of temperature, water activity (Aw) and modified atmosphere. The shelf life predicted when parameter variability was not considered was 7.0 h for a temperature‐only model (Case 1, T = 4C), 184.6 h for a temperature and Aw model (Case 2, T = 4C, Aw = 0.98), 6.4 h for a temperature and CO2 model (Case 3, T = 4C, CO2 = 2,650 ppm) and 241.6 h for a temperature, Aw and CO2 model (Case 4.1, T = 4C, Aw = 0.98, CO2 = 2,650 ppm), whereas 7.4 ± 3.5, 190.4 ± 34.8, 7.5 ± 2.0 and 266.1 ± 65.8 h, respectively, were the values estimated considering parameter variability. Examining the frequency distribution of the predicted shelf life, as well as imposing a 95% confidence that meat will not spoil before its expiration date, leads to a recommended shelf life of 4, 141, 6 and 176 h for Cases 1–4.1, respectively. If the standard deviation (SD) of all model parameters in Case 4.1 could be lowered by 10, 50 and 90%, the recommended shelf‐life time would increase from 176 to 189, 198 and 202 h, respectively (Case 4.6). The analysis of the impact of lowering the individual SD of the model parameters (Cases 4.2–4.5) showed an even lower impact. This suggests that lowering the uncertainty of microbial shelf‐life predictions is very difficult when multiple factors are considered in the microbial model used for this estimation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

New and practical methodologies are needed to evaluate the uncertainty of estimations associated with the variability in the parameters of food process engineering models to satisfy new requirement in food regulations and high consumer expectations for product safety and quality. For example, processors face an increasing pressure from regulatory agencies and customers to declare the shelf life on the product label. Therefore, processors need to know the time that products will retain the quality desired and the safety expected. However, shelf life depends on many factors often described by statistical distributions and historical records such as temperature during storage and distribution. Therefore, deterministic calculation methods are not useful nor is it possible to test all possible scenarios in laboratory determinations of shelf life. The methodology here presented can be used to generate histograms of expected shelf‐life considering the variability in as many parameters as necessary. These Monte Carlo and predictive microbiology procedures to determine shelf‐life uncertainty can be used to reduce the risk of reaching consumers with unsafe or spoiled products.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS OF RAW AND BLANCHED ALMONDS
Authors: TAITANO L.Z. , SINGH R.P. , LEE J.H. , KONG F.
Published: July 2011

The equilibrium moisture content of raw and blanched almonds of California grown “Carmel” variety was determined by using static gravimetric method at 25, 35 and 45C over a range of water activities (Aw) from 0.11 to 0.97. The sorption data were fitted to the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model. The goodness of fit of the model was evaluated by standard error of estimate, mean relative percentage deviation modulus and randomness of residual, which showed good fit of the GAB equation to the experimental data. The moisture adsorption isotherms of almonds exhibited type II sigmoid shape. Thermodynamic properties such as differential enthalpy and entropy were determined from moisture adsorption data by using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The results showed that enthalpy–entropy compensation theory was applicable for the moisture adsorption phenomena of raw and blanched almonds. The adsorption process of almond was enthalpy‐controlled.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Over 80% of the world almond production is grown in California and shipped to over 90 countries around the world. When exported to distant markets in the tropical regions, the physical, chemical and microbiological changes in almonds could cause the deterioration of food products due to environmental factors. Despite the large‐scale production and export of almonds, very little information on the sorption characteristics of almond varieties grown in California can be found in the literature. Reliable information on sorption isotherms is critical to designing optimum storage and shipping conditions to ensure desired levels of almond quality at consumption. This paper presents results from a comprehensive study of the sorption characteristics of one of the most important almond varieties grown in California, namely “Carmel.”
MODELING USING A NEW THIN‐LAYER DRYING MODEL AND DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEET BASIL (OCIMUM BASLICUM LINN.) USING TRAY AND HEAT PUMP‐ASSISTED DEHUMIDIFIED DRYING
Authors: PHOUNGCHANDANG SINGHANAT , KONGPIM PRAPAKORN
Published: July 2011

The maturity of Thai sweet basil was based on leaf area, % inhibition and total phenolics. Desorption isotherms for sweet basil leaves were performed. It was found that the modified Henderson model showed the best fit to both fresh and blanched sweet basil leaves for Xe = f(Xe,T). Sweet basil leaves were pretreated by blanching prior to drying under three temperatures of 40, 50 and 60C in tray and heat pump‐dehumidified (HPD) dryers. The three‐parameter model was the most effective model in describing sweet basil leaf drying. The drying constant was related to air temperature using the Arrhenius model. Effective moisture diffusivities increased with increasing temperature and blanching treatment, as well as the HPD dryer. Quality evaluation by % inhibition, total phenolics, rehydration ratio and ΔE* showed that the best quality resulted from sweet basil leaves pretreated by blanching and dried at 40C in HPD dryer.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Tray drying of sweet basil leaves is commonly performed in many industries. Up to now, the exporters have faced the problem of low total phenolics and antioxidant activity in dried sweet basil leaves. The new methods proposed in this study are blanching and heat pump‐dehumidified (HPD) drying. The results revealed that blanching incorporated with HPD drying could reduce drying time and increase total phenolics, antioxidant activity and color values compared with the conventional tray drying.

The three‐parameter model proposed in this work was the most effective model to describe the mass transport behavior of dried sweet basil leaves.
Photodynamic Action of Rose Bengal Silica Nanoparticle Complex on Breast and Oral Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Uppal Abha , Jain Beena , Gupta Pradeep Kumar , Das Kaustuv
Published: July 2011

Rose Bengal, an anionic photosensitizer was conjugated to organically modified silica nanoparticles having 3‐amino propyl groups by electrostatic or covalent interaction. The drug‐nanoparticle complexes were characterized by FTIR, light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Significant changes were observed in the spectroscopic properties of the drug when it is conjugated with nanoparticles. The toxicity of the free drug and drug‐nanoparticle complex was studied against oral (4451) and breast (MCF‐7) cancer cell lines. Both complexes with nanoparticles were more phototoxic than free Rose Bengal, with the covalent complex being the more effective. Studies carried out on cellular uptake, photostability and singlet oxygen generation suggest that enhanced phototoxicity is primarily due to the enhanced uptake of the drug‐nanoparticle complex.
Bias in estimation of adult survival and asymptotic population growth rate caused by undetected capture heterogeneity
Authors: Fletcher David , Lebreton Jean‐Dominique , Marescot Lucile , Schaub Michael , Gimenez Olivier , Dawson Steve , Slooten Elisabeth
Published: July 2011

1. Mark–recapture studies are often used to estimate adult survival probability, which is an important demographic parameter for long‐lived species, as it can have a large impact on the population growth rate. We consider the impact of variation in capture probability among individuals (capture heterogeneity) on the estimation ofϕfrom a mark–recapture study and thence on estimation of the asymptotic population growth rate.

2. We review the mechanisms by which capture heterogeneity arises, methods of allowing for it in the analysis, and use simulation to assess the power of detecting three types of capture heterogeneity (two‐group heterogeneity, trap‐response and temporary emigration) using standard mark–recapture lack‐of‐fit tests.

3. We use simulation to assess the bias that can arise in the estimation ofϕfrom a mark–recapture study when we do not allow for capture heterogeneity. Using a generic population model, we assess the effect this bias has on estimation of.

4. We use our results on the power of the lack‐of‐fit tests, together with a measure of the size of the bias relative to the standard error of the estimate ofϕ, to assess which situations might lead to an important level of undetected bias. Our results suggest that undetected bias is not likely to be an issue when there is trap‐response, owing to the lack‐of‐fit tests having sufficient power to detect any trap‐response that could lead to non‐negligible bias. For two‐group heterogeneity, the worst bias generally occurs when the difference between the capture probabilities for the two groups is moderate and both capture probabilities are low. For temporary emigration, the worst bias generally occurs when the rate of emigration and the capture probability are both low.

5. We illustrate the issues for conservation management using data from studies of Hector’s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) in New Zealand and wolves (Canis lupus) in France.

6. Previous studies have suggested that capture heterogeneity will generally lead to a relatively small bias in the estimate ofϕ. However, given the high sensitivity of the asymptotic population growth rate to adult survival, a small bias inϕmight lead to nontrivial bias in the estimate of.
Response Set, Authoritarianism and Personality Questionnaires
Authors: EYSENCK H. J.
Published: July 2011

A number of questionnaires were administered to 137 neurotic subjects in order to test five hypotheses. It was predicted (1) that personality questionnaires would not show evidence of ‘acquiescence’ response set of the kind found in connection with the F scale, and (2) they would not show evidence of another response set, ‘indecisiveness’, measured by the number of ‘?’ responses endorsed. This new response set was predicted (3) to have high consistency from test to test. It was also predicted (4) that high scores on the ‘content’ of the F scale would correlate positively with ‘acquiescence’ and (5) negatively with ‘indecisiveness’ response set. All five predictions were verified.
Concepts of Space in the Mentally Subnormal Studied by Piaget's Method
Authors: WOODWARD MARY
Published: July 2011

A study has been made of the concepts of space of ninety‐four subnormal subjects whose concepts of number were previously investigated. Three of the experiments devised by Piaget and Inhelder to study concepts of space were repeated. The types of response and sequences reported by them in respect of normal children were found in a subnormal group, though there was little consistency as regards stages. When the results for the three problems were classified into stages as defined by Piaget and Inhelder, the subnormal subjects tended to have lower classifications for drawing than for the other two spatial concept problems; for one of the latter they tended to achieve higher stages than for number concept problems. Closer agreement was found when intermediate classifications were ignored, and only the main stages defined by Piaget as concrete operational and intuitive were considered.
Institutionalism in Mental Hospitals
Authors: WING J. K.
Published: July 2011

Ratings of mental symptoms, behaviour in the ward, and attitudes to discharge were made on random samples of male schizophrenic patients, aged under sixty, from two London mental hospitals. Those resident less than two years were omitted.

There was a concentration of unfavourable attitudes to discharge in the longer‐stay groups which remained significant when age, and mental symptom category, were allowed for. There was no significant association between mental symptom category and length of stay. There was no significant association between ward behaviour and length of stay except for one single item.

The results suggested that patients gradually develop an attitude of indifference towards events outside the hospital which is part of a syndrome of ‘institutionalism’. No such long‐term deterioration in mental symptoms or ward behaviour was demonstrated but relatively rapid changes, or deterioration before the two‐year point, could not be excluded.
Refractive Errors, Intelligence and Social Mobility
Authors: JAHODA GUSTAV
Published: July 2011

Existing evidence concerning the relationship between refractive error and intelligence, and the determinants of the former, is reviewed. This leads to the expectation that myopia and hypermetropia entail some tendency towards upward and downward social mobility respectively. Two hypotheses were framed accordingly, and tested with samples of ametropic school‐children and normal controls. The associations between type of refractive error, test performance and parental occupation were in conformity with the predicted patterns and highly significant. A tentative model is suggested which takes account of the time dimension in the mobility process, and the potential implications of the findings emerging from this exploratory investigation are discussed.
Individual Differences in Social Perception*
Authors: JACKSON DOUGLAS N. , MESSICK SAMUEL
Published: July 2011

This review highlights the importance of studying the role of the perceiver in social perception. While noting that there is often a strong temptation to simplify such cognized social attributes as status, dominance and leadership into single orderings, it is emphasized that measurement procedures must faithfully represent the complexity inherent in the domain if precision and understanding are to be achieved. Alternative multidimensional scaling models, including procedures for taking account of differently‐structured points of view, are described in terms of their relevance to social perception.
Changes Due to Noise in the Threshold of Fusion of Paired Light Flashes in Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Venables P. H.
Published: July 2011

The threshold inter‐flash interval at which pairs of flashes appear to fuse to produce the appearance of a single flash was measured in schizophrenic and normal subjects under quiet and noise conditions. The results show that while the performance of normal subjects is not affected by noise that of schizophrenics is. The amount of change of threshold due to noise shown by the schizophrenics is closely related to their threshold in quiet. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of a regulatory system on the cortical activity of normal subjects which is lacking in schizophrenics.
Base‐Rate Expectancies and Perceptual Alterations in Hypnosis
Authors: SARBIN THEODORE R. , ANDERSEN MILTON L.
Published: July 2011

Criticism is made of the hypothesis that hypnotic induction or the ‘hypnotic state’ is necessary to elicit many of the behaviours usually regarded as ‘hypnotic phenomena’. Support for this criticism is taken from recent research and reviews in the hypnosis literature. An experiment is reported which was a replication of an experiment in which hypnosis was utilized, where the production of visual hallucinatory behaviour was attributed to the effects of the ‘hypnotic state’. The replication experiment did not involve hypnosis, but demonstrated hallucinatory behaviour similar to that obtained in the original experiment. The similarity of the results of the two experiments is discussed in terms of: (1) Subject selection and base‐rates, and (2) Differences in instructions and motivation given to control subjects and to hypnosis subjects.
Individual Vocabulary and Semantic Currency: A Preliminary Study
Authors: OLDFIELD R. C.
Published: July 2011

A vocabulary test, whose items are chosen by random sampling of a large dictionary and which can therefore afford estimates of vocabulary on an absolute basis, is described and the data obtained on a group of 40 subjects are reported. The test is shown to have a high reliability as assessed by a split‐half criterion. Its application to the study of ‘semantic currency’—the diffusion of knowledge of word‐meanings‐in a social group is illustrated, and some implications for the analysis of some aspects of the cultural structure in a community are discussed. The possibility of deriving a short test capable of rapid and wide application is considered.
Inter‐generation Attitudes
Authors: MUSGROVE F.
Published: July 2011

A survey of adolescents ‘attitudes to adults and of adults’ attitudes to ‘teenagers’ was carried out in 1962 in two socially contrasted Midland areas. An open‐ended sentence‐completion schedule was the principal method used with both adolescents and adults.

Both boys and girls made a much higher proportion of favourable references to adults than the cross‐section of the adult population made to them. The proportion of favourable attitudes to adults did not decrease markedly as adolescents advanced in age, nor did the proportion of favourable attitudes to peers increase, though the proportion choosing adults as preferred companions dropped rapidly between 11 and 13. The behaviour and attributes ascribed to mothers were favourably commented on by a particularly high proportion of both boys and girls.

No marked social‐class or area differences in attitude were apparent. Neither boys nor girls distinguished sharply between the roles of mothers and fathers. Attitudes of boys to fathers and of girls to mothers showed slight signs of deterioration soon after puberty.
The Effect of Visual Distraction on Perception in Subjects of Subnormal Intelligence
Authors: BROWN ROY I.
Published: July 2011

Distractibility is a term often used in clinical psychology though its meaning is ill‐defined and little is known about the conditions under which it occurs.

A visual distraction task was given to 40 subjects of below average intelligence. A number of hypotheses related to brain damage, early environment and intelligence were investigated. Brain damage and low intelligence were not found to be associated with a high incidence of distractibility though early, and possibily long, institutionalization appeared to be important variables. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on deprivation.
A Control for Social Desirability in a Semantic Differential
Authors: Krieger Margery H.
Published: July 2011

A control for social desirability was introduced into a semantic differential appropriate for describing person concepts. The modified instrument consisted of 18 scales balanced for SD and four unbalanced evaluative scales as marker items. Two subject groups, 52 psychiatric patients and 40 non‐patients, described a doctor, a patient and myself. Data from each group yielded six orthogonal factors, with evaluative factors loaded primarily on the four unbalanced scales. Comparisons of factor structure by group and by concept showed much less factorial correspondence between these English‐speaking groups, and a higher degree of subject‐concept‐scale interaction, than is usually found with the semantic differential. Control for SD seems to make the scales more sensitive to subject and situational differences.
The Reliability of the Pressure Algometer
Authors: MERSKEY H. , SPEAR F. G.
Published: July 2011

The pressure algometer is a simple clinical instrument which has been used to measure the response to pressure pain in normal subjects. The point at which subjects first said they felt pain was called the Verbal Report of Pain (VRP). The point at which they said the pressure 'hurt a lot' was called the Pain Reaction Point (PRP). Both points were significantly lower in women than in men, but there was no significant difference between white male medical students, Afro‐Asian male medical students and white male student teachers. The method was shown to have a moderate degree of consistency and reliability when used independently by two observers. The VRP and PRP were highly correlated with each other, suggesting that both were a measure of the same tendency.
Communications in an Out‐patient Setting
Authors: LEY P. , SPELMAN M. S.
Published: July 2011

Recently there has been much interest in the problem of communication between doctors, nurses and patients, (Ministry of Health, 1963).

In an attempt to throw some light on one aspect of the problem, it was decided to investigate patients' memories of what the doctor had said to them in an out‐patient clinic.
Speed and Learning in the Diagnosis of Diffuse Brain Damage in Elderly Subjects: A Bayesian Statistical Approach*
Authors: KENDRICK D. C.
Published: July 2011

This study shows how the agreement between psychological test results and psychiatric diagnosis can be increased by a statistical decision process based upon Bayes's theorem.
Aggression and Denominational Membership
Authors: BROWN L. B.
Published: July 2011

To test the hypothesis that Catholics are extrapunitive and that Protestants are intropunitive, the Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study was given in a battery of personality and religious belief tests to 258 students. The mean scores for extrapunitiveness were higher for the Roman Catholics than for any other group, while the Roman Catholic females have the lowest mean score on intropunitiveness. Some limitations on these findings are discussed.
Some Psychological Correlates of Age and Dementia
Authors: WHITE J. GRAHAM , KNOX S. J.
Published: July 2011

Clinical psychologists are often asked to help in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in the setting of depression in the older age groups. The general problem here is that of differentiating the effects of senescence from the effects of dementia on various measures of cognitive functioning. The measures used for this purpose may be regarded as measures of intelligence and as measures of learning. To elucidate this problem two sets of data have been examined, one from a sample of seventy‐six normally healthy old men and women living in the community, the other from a sample of ninety psychiatric patients, suspected to be suffering from a dementing illness. The results suggest that the effects of age on various intelligence measures may generally be negative, as hypothesized, while the effects of dementia, as defined by abnormal EEG readings, cannot be inferred from any of the intelligence measures examined. In the case of auditory verbal learning, again as predicted, the effects of age are insignificant; while the results of the learning task coincide with those of the EEG in predicting dementia.
Validity of the Eysenck Extraversion Scale as Determined by Self‐Ratings in Normals1
Authors: VINGOE F. J.
Published: July 2011

The E.P.I. was administered to 58 normal Ss who were students in three adult psychology classes. Immediately after responding to the E.P.I., Ss were asked to rate themselves on a seven‐point introversion‐extraversion scale. The Ss were divided into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of their self‐ratings. The Ss were also dichotomized into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of E scores. Introvert and Extravert criterion groups were found to be significantly different from each other and from the total group. The results indicate that introverts as defined by self‐ratings are somewhat more aware of their position on the Introversion‐Extraversion continuum than are extraverts. Results support the validity of the E scale of the E.P.I. when using Introvert and Extravert criterion groups as defined above.
Response Bias in the Semantic Differential*
Authors: ARTHUR A. Z.
Published: July 2011

Two studies are reported which demonstrate that the frequency of checking extreme positions on the semantic differential (response bias) is related to severity of psychiatric illness insofar as the frequency is higher for psychotic patients than for neurotic patients; and that response bias is a reliable person characteristic. The findings are considered as further evidence against Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum's (1957) view that psychiatric groups are not characterized by dichotomous judgments.
An Empirical Investigation of the Jungian Typology
Authors: GORLOW LEON , SIMONSON NORMAN R. , KRAUSS HERBERT
Published: July 2011

The study examines the hypothesis that in the domain of self‐report individuals will order themselves into the types postulated by Jung. It also examines the usefulness of inverse factor analysis as a technique for studying typologies. The analysis of a Q‐sort of 100 self regarding propositions yielded a number of interpretable factors. In this fashion five of the eight types postulated by Jung were identified. These factors were correlated with other characteristics of the subjects.
The Educational Opinions of Teachers in Training
Authors: McINTYRE D. , MORRISON A.
Published: July 2011

The Manchester scales of opinions about education were administered to groups of students attending courses in a Scottish university and college of education, with the purpose of examining educational opinions in relation to different forms of professional training and higher education.

Results from this study and an earlier one made with student teachers in England are compared, and related to discussion of the differential effects of courses in both institutions on educational opinions, and of the relationships between scores on the three scales, and aspects of students' religious and political attitudes and behaviour.
Stereotyped Reactions to Regional Accents
Authors: STRONGMAN KENNETH T. , WOOSLEY JANET
Published: July 2011

The voices of four speakers, reading the same passage, were presented to two groups of subjects—one group from the north of England, the other from the south. Both groups rated the speakers on various personality traits.

Unknown to the Ss, there were only two speakers, each of whom recorded the passage twice, once with a London accent and once with a Yorkshire accent. It was thought that if there were any differences in the assessments of the Yorkshire and London speakers, these would be based on the Ss' attitudes towards the particular group as identified by its accent.

The results showed that both groups of Ss tended to hold the same stereotyped attitude towards each accent group but did not regard either of them particularly more favourably than the other. These results were compared with previous findings concerning the attitudes of majority and minority groups towards one another.
Development of a Rating Scale for Primary Depressive Illness
Authors: HAMILTON MAX
Published: July 2011

This is an account of further work on a rating scale for depressive states, including a detailed discussion on the general problems of comparing successive samples from a ‘population’, the meaning of factor scores, and the other results obtained. The intercorrelation matrix of the items of the scale has been factor‐analysed by the method of principal components, which were then given a Varimax rotation. Weights are given for calculating factor scores, both for rotated as well as unrotated factors. The data for 152 men and 120 women having been kept separate, it is possible to compare the two sets of results. The method of using the rating scale is described in detail in relation to the individual items.
Dominance‐Submissiveness and Competition in a Mixed‐Motive Game*
Authors: SERMAT VELLO
Published: July 2011

Two experiments were conducted, in which female subjects with either low scores (22–33) or high scores (42–51) on the MMPI Dominance scale were playing a mixed‐motive game against a simulated partner. Prior to the experiment, subjects met in pairs consisting of two high or two low scorers, or of one high and one low scorer, and were led to believe that they were paired with one another in the game. Actually, the preprogrammed ‘other player’ used an identical strategy against all subjects, initially simulating a vacillation between cooperation and competition, and then switching to a high degree of competitiveness. During the last‐mentioned part of the experiment, dominant subjects responded somewhat more competitively to the simulated partner than did submissive subjects. Secondly, in both experiments, subjects with low dominance scores who met with a similar person prior to the game were subsequently less competitive than subjects in other pairs.
Self‐Disclosure and Neurosis
Authors: MAYO P. R.
Published: July 2011

A modified form of Jourard's self‐disclosure questionnaire which included a measure of other‐disclosure was given to three groups of women: in‐patients with a neurotic diagnosis, normals with neurotic symptoms, and normals. Normals reported higher self‐disclosure than the other two groups; neurotic in‐patients reported lower reciprocity between self‐and other‐disclosure than the normals and the normals with neurotic symptoms. The relationship between self‐disclosure and personal illness, personality, intelligence and social class was also investigated.
The Structure of Political Judgement
Authors: WARR PETER B. , SCHRODER H. M. , BLACKMAN S.
Published: July 2011

The notions of content and structure of psychological systems are contrasted, and it is pointed out that most studies of personality, attitudes or judgement have examined content variables. Ways to measure more structural characteristics are described and these are applied to judgements within the domain of political stimuli. An investigation is reported in which left‐wing, centre and right‐wing subjects made several kinds of judgements about national governments. These judgements were analysed to generate a number of measures of differentiation of structure. Results indicate that a judge's political orientation is not related to the number of dimensions he uses, but that it is related to the nature of these dimensions. The implications which this methodology and conceptual framework have for investigations of other social stimuli and for cross‐national research are discussed.
Scores on Three Personality Variables as a Function of Age, Sex and Social Class
Authors: EYSENCK SYBIL B. G. , EYSENCK H. J.
Published: July 2011

An inventory containing 20 extraversion (E), 20 neuroticism (N) and 20 psychoticism (P) questions was administered to 1423 adult males, and 968 females, as well as to 1400 students of both sexes and to 327 housewives. Analysis by age, sex and social class showed that young people are high on E, high on N and high on P; that males are high on E, high on P, and low on N; and that middle‐class people are low on E, low on N, and low on P. Results were compared with previous findings, and with expectations from epidemiological research.