bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Insightful Overview of Microbial Biosurfactant: A Promising Next‐Generation Biomolecule for Sustainable Future
Authors: Thundiparambil Venu Athira , Vijayan Jasna , Ammanamveetil Mohamed Hatha Abdulla , Kottekkattu Padinchati Krishnan
Published: June 2024

Microbial biosurfactant is an emerging vital biomolecule of the 21st century. They are amphiphilic compounds produced by microorganisms and possess unique properties to reduce surface tension activity. The use of microbial surfactants spans most of the industrial fields due to their biodegradability, less toxicity, being environmentally safe, and being synthesized from renewable sources. These would be highly efficient eco‐friendly alternatives to petroleum‐derived surfactants that would open up new approaches to research on the production of biosurfactants. In the upcoming era, biobased surfactants will become a dominating multifunctional compound in the world market. Research on biosurfactants ranges from the search for novel microorganisms that can produce new molecules, structural and physiochemical characterization of biosurfactants, and fermentation process for enhanced large‐scale productivity and green applications. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview of the recent state of knowledge and trends about microbially derived surfactants, various aspects of biosurfactant production, definition, properties, characteristics, diverse advances, and applications. This would lead a long way in the production of biosurfactants as globally successful biomolecules of the current century.
Controlling the antibacterial activity of surfactants by hydrotrope addition
Authors: Kurose Mina , Sato Tomohiro , Yano Shigekazu , Nonomura Yoshimune
Published: June 2024

Hydrotropes are amphiphiles that improve the water solubility of hydrophobic substances. In this study, we systematically evaluated the effects of eight hydrotropes on the antibacterial activity of fatty acids solubilized in a micellar system. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as an indicator, and CMC was calculated for interfacial properties based on the measurement of the surface tension and the solubilization behavior of the oil‐soluble dye. The solubilization of lauric acid (12:0 FA) in the micelles of nonionic surfactants increased and decreased the antibacterial activities of the surfactants against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively. The addition of the hydrotropes decreased the antibacterial activity of the surfactants against both Staphylococci. However, on introducing small amounts of 12:0 FA, the surfactants exhibited selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus. These antibacterial phenomena were observed at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration of the surfactants. These findings suggest that the addition of hydrotropes affects the interfacial properties and antibacterial activity of micellar systems containing antibacterial ingredients.
From leaf to harvest: achieving sustainable agriculture through advanced disease prediction with DBN‐EKELM
Authors: Rajasekar Deepa , Moorthy Vaishnavi , Rajadurai Priscilla , Ravikumar Sethuraman
Published: June 2024

Background

In the agricultural sector, the early identification of plant diseases presents a pressing challenge. Throughout the growing season, plants remain vulnerable to an array of diseases. Failure to detect these diseases at their early stages can significantly compromise the overall yield, thereby reducing profitability for farmers. To address this issue, several researchers have introduced standard methods that leverage machine learning and deep learning techniques. However, many of these methods offer limited classification accuracy and often necessitate extensive training parameter adjustments.

Method

The objective of this study is to develop a new deep learning‐based technique for detecting and classifying plant diseases at earlier stages. Thus, this paper introduces a novel technique known as the deep belief network‐based enhanced kernel extreme learning machine (DBN‐EKELM) that identifies a disease automatically and performs effective classification. The initial phase involves data preprocessing to enhance quality of plant leaf images, facilitating the extraction of critical information. With the goal of achieving superior classification accuracy, this paper proposes the use of the DBN‐EKELM technique for optimal plant leaf disease detection. Given that KELM parameters are highly sensitive to minor variations, proper parameter tuning is essential and introduces a novel binary gaining sharing knowledge‐based optimization algorithm (NBGSK).

Result

The efficacy of the proposed DBN‐EKELM method is evaluated by comparing its performance with other conventional methods, considering various measures like accuracy, precision, specificity, sensitivity and F‐measure.

Conclusion

Experimental analyses demonstrate that the DBN‐EKELM technique achieves an impressive rate of approximately 98.2%, 97%, 98.1%, 97.4% as well as 97.8%, surpassing other standard methods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Patellofemoral joint cartilage lesions frequently develop shortly after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft: A systematic review
Authors: Han Joo Hyung , Jung Min , Chung Kwangho , Moon Hyun‐Soo , Jung Se‐Han , Moon Seungeon , Kim Sung‐Hwan
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the development of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) cartilage lesions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hamstring tendon (HT) autograft through a systematic review.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases to find articles published from database inception until 15 November 2023. The search terms were [(‘Anterior Cruciate Ligament’ [mesh] OR ‘anterior cruciate ligament’ OR ‘ACL’) AND ‘reconstruction’ AND ‘cartilage’ AND (‘second look arthroscopy’ OR ‘second‐look arthroscopy’ OR ‘MRI’ OR ‘magnetic resonance imaging’)]. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported on the occurrence of PFJ cartilage lesions following ACLR using HT autograft, as determined by second‐look arthroscopy or follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Results

Fifteen studies (1084 patients) met the inclusion criteria, with follow‐up periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. In the results of second‐look arthroscopy, cartilage grade deterioration was observed, ranging from MDs of 0.1 to 2.0 in the patella and from 0 to 1.0 in the trochlea. Follow‐up MRI results reported the incidence of PFJ cartilage degeneration with rates ranging from 20% to 44%. Patient‐reported outcome measures often showed no significant association with PFJ cartilage lesions. The studies included in this review reported various risk factors for cartilage lesion development.

Conclusion

Cartilage lesions in the PFJ, detected using second‐look arthroscopy or follow‐up MRI, frequently develop shortly after ACLR using HT autograft. At this stage, patients might not show specific symptoms; however, those with risk factors require careful observation and evaluation by clinicians during follow‐up.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Color‐Tunable White Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence Triggered Using Chiral Co‐Assembly‐Sensitized Strategy
Authors: Zhang Yu , Tian Guokai , Li Dong , Jiang Zhenhao , Quan Yiwu , Cheng Yixiang
Published: June 2024

White circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes (CP‐WOLEDs) are central to prospective 3D displays and lighting sources. However, owing to the unwanted charge trapping effect and inefficient chirality transfer, the development of CP‐WOLEDs with a high color rendering index (CRI) and large dissymmetry factor (gEL) is challenging. Herein, a pioneering strategy of chiral co‐assembly‐sensitized circularly polarized luminescence (CCS‐CPL) is proposed for improving the performance of white circularly polarized electroluminescence (CP‐EL). Chiral co‐assembled sensitizers ((S‐/R‐Cz)0.2‐(I‐P)0.8) are smartly developed using π–π stacking interactions between the chiral binaphthyl derivatives (S‐/R‐Cz) and achiral conjugated pyrene‐based polymer (I‐P) in a molar ratio of 1:4. Using the chiral co‐assembly‐sensitized strategy on achiral aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) dyes for emitting layers (EMLs) of OLEDs, full‐color achiral AIE‐active dyes can be sensitized by chiral co‐assembly (S‐/R‐Cz)0.2‐(I‐P)0.8. The color‐tunable white CP‐EL performance can be achieved at the CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33) with an ultrahigh CRI of 93 and a large gEL value up to 0.071. This study thus provides a valuable guidance for CCS‐type CP‐WOLEDs.
Photonic Neural Network Fabricated on Thin Film Lithium Niobate for High‐Fidelity and Power‐Efficient Matrix Computation
Authors: Zheng Yong , Wu Rongbo , Ren Yuan , Bao Rui , Liu Jian , Ma Yu , Wang Min , Cheng Ya
Published: June 2024

Photonic neural networks (PNNs) have emerged as a promising platform to address the energy consumption issue that comes with the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, and thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers an attractive solution as a material platform mainly for its combined characteristics of low optical loss and large electro‐optic (EO) coefficients. Here, the first implementation of an EO tunable Mach‐Zehnder interferometer (MZI) mesh‐based TFLN PNN is presented. The device features ultra‐high fidelity, high computation speed, and exceptional power efficiency. The performance of the device is benchmarked with several deep learning missions including in situ training of Circle and Moons nonlinear datasets classification, Iris flower species recognition, and handwriting digits recognition. The work paves the way for sustainable up‐scaling of high‐speed, energy‐efficient PNNs.
Corrosion studies of SS 316H and Alloy 617 in thermally purified molten NaF‐KF‐UF4‐UF3 salts
Authors: Yang Qiufeng , Leong Amanda , Zhang Jinsuo
Published: June 2024

The study investigates salt chemistry and corrosion behavior of SS 316H and Alloy 617 in thermally purified molten NaF‐KF‐UF4‐UF3 salts (UF4/UF3 initial ratio 12–14) at 800°C for 120, 72, and 32 h. UF4/UF3 ratio increases after corrosion tests. Cr species concentration in salts keeps increasing. Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo species increase first, then decrease. Cr/Mn oxides are formed along grain boundaries in SS 316H. Cr near the surface of Alloy 617 is completely depleted. A thin layer composed of Fe, Co, Ni, and Mo is observed on the Alloy 617 surface in 72‐h and 32‐h tests.
Extrapolation results on variable exponent grand Lebesgue space with Bp(·)$B_{p(\cdot)}$ weights
Authors: Singh Monika
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we study Rubio de Francia extrapolation theorems in the framework of the variable grand Lebesgue spaces with weights. As an application of the extrapolation theorems, we prove the boundedness of the Hardy averaging operator and the fractional Riemann Liouville transform for nonnegative and nonincreasing measurable functions. Some structural properties of the weighted grand Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent are also investigated.
UV Light‐Driven Nitric Oxide Release from Porous Nitrogen Heterocyclic Polymers
Authors: Gregg Sharon T. , Nze René‐Ponce , Yuan Qingchun , He Su , Xie Tianchao , Xiao Bo
Published: June 2024

In this study, porous polymers with nitrogen heterocyclic core structures are synthesized through the condensation of enaminonitrile and terephthalaldehyde monomers. These polymers are used as a platform to store bioactive nitric oxide (NO) and control its release. NO loading is achieved by nitrosating the polymers with acidified nitrite, a process that also imparts photoresponsivity to the polymers. Polymer composition and porosity affect NO storage and release. It is observed that under UV light at 365 nm in a PBS solution, the polymers (NO@DHP‐POP) can release NO in a manner fully controlled by UV lighting. Under experimental conditions, these porous polymers release NO at a rate of ≈10.0–50.0 µmol g−1 over 60 min. These findings demonstrate the potential of these polymers for integrating NO delivery into phototherapy applications.
Mass spectrometry imaging of N‐linked glycans: Fundamentals and recent advances
Authors: Palomino Tana V. , Muddiman David C.
Published: June 2024

With implications in several medical conditions, N‐linked glycosylation is one of the most important posttranslation modifications present in all living organisms. Due to their nontemplate synthesis, glycan structures are extraordinarily complex and require multiple analytical techniques for complete structural elucidation. Mass spectrometry is the most common way to investigate N‐linked glycans; however, with techniques such as liquid‐chromatography mass spectrometry, there is complete loss of spatial information. Mass spectrometry imaging is a transformative analytical technique that can visualize the spatial distribution of ions within a biological sample and has been shown to be a powerful tool to investigate N‐linked glycosylation. This review covers the fundamentals of mass spectrometry imaging and N‐linked glycosylation and highlights important findings of recent key studies aimed at expanding and improving the glycomics imaging field.
5,7,4′‐Trimethoxyflavone triggers cancer cell PD‐L1 ubiquitin–proteasome degradation and facilitates antitumor immunity by targeting HRD1
Authors: Xia Jianhua , Xu Mengting , Hu Hongmei , Zhang Qing , Yu Dianping , Cai Minchen , Geng Xiangxin , Zhang Hongwei , Zhang Yanyan , Guo Mengmeng , Lu Dong , Xu Hanchi , Li Linyang , Zhang Xing , Wang Qun , Liu Sanhong , Zhang Weidong
Published: June 2024

Targeting the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) pathway has been identified as a successful approach for tumor immunotherapy. Here, we identified that the small molecule 5,7,4′‐trimethoxyflavone (TF) from Kaempferia parviflora Wall reduces PD‐L1 expression in colorectal cancer cells and enhances the killing of tumor cells by T cells. Mechanistically, TF targets and stabilizes the ubiquitin ligase HMG‐CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (HRD1), thereby increasing the ubiquitination of PD‐L1 and promoting its degradation through the proteasome pathway. In mouse MC38 xenograft tumors, TF can activate tumor‐infiltrating T‐cell immunity and reduce the immunosuppressive infiltration of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, thus exerting antitumor effects. Moreover, TF synergistically exerts antitumor immunity with CTLA‐4 antibody. This study provides new insights into the antitumor mechanism of TF and suggests that it may be a promising small molecule immune checkpoint modulator for cancer therapy.
Four‐party evolutionary game analysis of geographical indication product quality control issues with network media‐assisted supervision
Authors: Peng Xue , Chen Lianghua , Chi Yingying , Li Wan , Zhou Yiqiang
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on addressing quality supervision issues related to opportunistic behavior within the geographical indication product supply chain. It constructs an evolutionary game model comprising suppliers, distributors, government, and network media. Through analysis, it examines the influence of key factors on the decision‐making dynamics of game participants and presents management suggestions accordingly. The findings are as follows: firstly, the dual supervision model with the assistance of network media can compensate for the regulatory gaps of the government's single supervision model. Secondly, the credibility of network media plays a pivotal role in determining the efficacy of public opinion supervision. With high credibility, measures such as increasing the synergy coefficient, imposing higher fines or compensation amounts, and enhancing the impact of reputational factors can all restrain the misconduct of operating entities. Conversely, when credibility is low, not only does the supervisory function of network media falter, but it also leads to reputational damage for both the operating entities and the government. Thirdly, differentiated management should be adopted for entities in different nodes of the supply chain; higher constraint intensity should be imposed on distributors compared to suppliers. The outcomes of this study provide some analytical paths for supply chain quality supervision and corporate behavior management and underscore the significance of collaborative regulation for sustainable industry practices.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and MR imaging in peroneal neuropathy: A prospective, single‐center study
Authors: Oosterbos Christophe , Weerdt Olaf De , Lembrechts Matthias , Radwan Ahmed , Brys Peter , Brusselmans Marius , Bogaerts Kris , Peeters Ronald , Van Hoylandt Anaïs , Hoornaert Sophie , Lemmens Robin , Theys Tom
Published: June 2024

Introduction/Aims

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in peroneal neuropathy are not well documented and the prognostic value of imaging remains uncertain. Upper limits of cross‐sectional area (CSA) on ultrasound (US) have been established, but uncertainty regarding generalizability remains. We aimed to describe MRI findings of the peroneal nerve in patients and healthy controls and to compare these results to US findings and clinical characteristics.

Methods

We prospectively included patients with foot drop and electrodiagnostically confirmed peroneal neuropathy, and performed clinical follow‐up, US and MRI of both peroneal nerves. We compared MRI findings to healthy controls. Two radiologists evaluated MRI features in an exploratory analysis after images were anonymized and randomized.

Results

Twenty‐two patients and 38 healthy controls were included. Whereas significant increased MRI CSA values were documented in patients (mean CSA 20 mm2 vs. 13 mm2 in healthy controls), intra‐ and interobserver variability was substantial (variability of, respectively, 7 and 9 mm2 around the mean in 95% of repeated measurements). A pathological T2 hyperintense signal of the nerve was found in 52.6% of patients (50% interobserver agreement). Increased CSA measurements (MRI/US), pathological T2 hyperintensity of the nerve and muscle edema were not predictive for recovery.

Discussion

Imaging is recommended in all patients with peroneal neuropathy to exclude compressive intrinsic and extrinsic masses but we do not advise routine MRI for diagnosis or prediction of outcome in patients with peroneal neuropathy due to high observer variability. Further studies should aim at reducing MRI observer variability potentially by semi‐automation.
Route use of emigrating steelhead in a heavily modified river delta
Authors: Buchanan Rebecca A.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Low survival of emigrating salmonid smolts through the interior regions of California's Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta (hereafter, “Delta”) and large-scale water extraction from that region have prompted managers to seek to predict and manipulate smolt route use through the tidal Delta. The local flow variables previously used in modeling are not the metrics used in management. Here, I investigate the predictive utility of variables representing both localized flow conditions and remote management metrics to predict routing of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss at two river junctions on the San Joaquin River in the south Delta.

Methods

Individual-based generalized linear models were used with detections of over 4000 acoustic-tagged juvenile hatchery-reared steelhead to relate routing to the presence of a rock barrier, simulated localized flow conditions from a hydrodynamic model, and daily management metrics, including upstream river discharge and water pumping rates elsewhere in the Delta. Models were developed for the first two diffluences encountered by smolts entering the Delta (head of Old River and Turner Cut).

Result

Exclusive use of the management metrics in routing models underestimated the subdaily, tidally dominated fluctuations in fish routing compared to localized flow covariates. The daily rate of water extraction 20–30 km away contributed to use of non-main-stem routes, but the effect was small compared to subhourly flow conditions at the river junctions themselves.

Conclusion

Water resource and fish managers are advised to monitor conditions at the locations of interest rather than depending solely on remote metrics. In the Delta, use of a flow barrier and reduction of water pumping operations when smolts are migrating should be combined with habitat improvement in interior Delta regions to optimize migratory survival through this complex and heavily modified system.
Exploration of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Incorporated with Plant Capped Silver Nanoparticles for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater
Authors: Nxumalo Nonhlazeko , Mahlambi Precious , Mahlambi Mphilisi , Mngadi Sihle , Chokwe Tlou
Published: June 2024

The ineffectiveness of traditional wastewater treatment procedures to completely remove them results in their release into the environment. There is a pressing need to remove pharmaceuticals effectively using different methods. Using affordable technologies while maintaining standards for health and safety is one of the main problems in the wastewater treatment industry.  In this study, a cost effective and highly selective molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was combined with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) capped with platanus acerifolia (PL) and moringa oleifera (MO) for selective removal of sulfamethoxazole, nevirapine and ibuprofen in wastewater. Moreover, the study focused on adsorption parameters, including temperature, pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, and contact time. The transmission electron microscopy revealed that MO/PL‐AgNPs and MO/PL‐nanoMIPs are nanosized and spherical. XRD confirmed the formation of AgNPs onto MO/PL‐AgNPs and MO/PL‐nanoMIPs surface. Adsorption isotherms for MO/PL‐AgNPs and MO/PL‐nanoMIPs fitted with the linear Langmuir model. However, high Qmax values were obtained for MO/PL‐nanoMIPs compared to MO/PL‐AgNPs. The linear pseudosecond order second‐order kinetic model best fitted on MO/PL‐nanoMIPs, while the thermodynamics revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The findings revealed for the first time the high efficiency of MO/PL‐nanoMIPs to remove the selected target pharmaceuticals in wastewater.
The urinary and prostatic microbiome in non‐neurogenic male LUTS/BPH: A systematic review
Authors: Pina‐Vaz Teresa , Silva Alberto C. , Silva Carlos , Miranda Isabel , Cruz Francisco , Silva João A.
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Despite advancements in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the mechanisms underlying BPH development and progression remain elusive and lacks a one‐size‐fits‐all therapeutic solution. Prostatic inflammation contributes to BPH and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), but the initial trigger remains unknown. Current research suggests dysbiosis of the urinary microbiome as a potential culprit. This systematic review explores the emerging field of the male urinary and prostatic microbiome and its relationship with BPH/LUTS.

Methods

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines were followed. A systematic search in the Pubmed and Scopus databases was performed using specific terms. Inclusion criteria considered male non‐neurogenic patients with LUTS due to BPH with analyses of urinary microbiome, concerning evaluation of English‐language publications with relevance.

Results

Among seven articles involving 542 patients, there was an association between male LUTS/BPH and the urinary microbiome. Findings indicate a correlation between urinary microbiome dysbiosis and LUTS severity, with specific bacterial genera such as Streptococcus and Haemophilus linked to higher International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) scores and PSA levels. The fecal microbiome may be associated with LUTS, although contradictory findings are reported. The review also highlights methodological inconsistencies, small sample sizes, few negative controls and a lack of comprehensive clinical data as major limitations.

Conclusions

While there is an undeniable correlation between the microbiome and LUTS/BPH, future research should aim to standardize sampling techniques and expand the score to include functional microbiome characterization, potentially leading to novel, microbiome‐targeted therapeutic strategies for BPH.
Stakeholder perspectives on government subsidy programs: Trade‐in subsidy, consumption subsidy, or mixed subsidy?
Authors: Tang Fei , Ma Zu‐Jun , Dai Ying , Choi Tsan‐Ming
Published: June 2024

Many governments worldwide offer various types of consumer‐specific subsidy programs, such as a trade‐in subsidy (TS) program that targets existing consumers only, a consumption subsidy (CS) program that covers both new and existing consumers with undifferentiated subsidy levels, or a mixed subsidy (MS) program that targets the two consumer segments with differentiated subsidy levels. However, which program is more beneficial to social welfare and other stakeholders is largely unknown. In this paper, we establish a game‐theoretic model to explore the impacts of these subsidy programs on different stakeholders (i.e., the firm, consumers, the environment, and social welfare). Interestingly, we uncover that the TS and MS programs have equal effectiveness in stimulating demand (collecting old products) from existing consumers, whereas the CS and MS programs have relative advantages in expanding the total demand from both new and existing consumers. We further find that (i) when product durability is low, the flexible MS scheme can lead to a quadruple‐win for all stakeholders, (ii) when product durability is moderate, the MS scheme is better for social welfare and the environment, whereas the CS scheme benefits the firm and consumers more, and (iii) when product durability is high, the MS scheme can achieve a triple‐win for the firm, consumers, and social welfare, whereas the CS scheme is better for the environment. Moreover, we identify the differential impacts of each program on different stakeholders when considering that the earmarked subsidy is limited and a secondary market exists. Our findings not only shed light on why the TS, CS, and MS programs are all likely to be adopted in practice but also provide helpful guidelines for governments aiming to offer a more effective subsidy program.
Sleep and home parenteral nutrition in adults: A narrative review
Authors: Dashti Hassan S.
Published: June 2024

Infusions of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are often cycled at night coinciding with sleep episodes. Adult consumers of HPN are known to experience poor sleep attributed to frequent awakenings and long durations of wakefulness after falling asleep. Consequently, most consumers do not meet recommendations for sleep duration and quality or daytime napping. The primary underlying pathophysiology resulting in sleep problems is nocturia; however, other factors also exist, including disruptions caused by medical equipment (ie, pump alarms), comorbid conditions, dysglycemia, and medication use. Early guidance on sleep is imperative because of the central role of sleep in physical health and wellbeing, including mitigating complications, such as infection risk, gastrointestinal problems, pain sensitivity, and fatigue. Clinicians should routinely inquire about the sleep of their patients and address factors known to perturb sleep. Nonpharmacologic opportunities to mitigate sleep problems include education on healthy sleep practices (ie, sleep hygiene); changes in infusion schedules, volumes, rates, and equipment; and, possibly, behavioral interventions, which have yet to be examined in this population. Addressing comorbid conditions, such as mood disorders, and nutrition deficiencies may also help. Pharmacologic interventions and technological advancement in HPN delivery are also needed. Research on sleep in this population is considered a priority, yet it remains limited at this time.
Mass‐lumping discretization and solvers for distributed elliptic optimal control problems
Authors: Langer Ulrich , Löscher Richard , Steinbach Olaf , Yang Huidong
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of the use of mass‐lumping in the finite element discretization with mesh size of the reduced first‐order optimality system arising from a standard tracking‐type, distributed elliptic optimal control problem with regularization, involving a regularization (cost) parameter on which the solution depends. We show that mass‐lumping will not affect the error between the desired state and the computed finite element state , but will lead to a Schur‐complement system that allows for a fast matrix‐by‐vector multiplication. We show that the use of the Schur‐complement preconditioned conjugate gradient method in a nested iteration setting leads to an asymptotically optimal solver with respect to the complexity. While the proposed approach is applicable independently of the regularity of the given target, our particular interest is in discontinuous desired states that do not belong to the state space. However, the corresponding control belongs to whereas the cost as . This motivates to use in order to balance the error and the maximal costs we are willing to accept. This can be embedded into a nested iteration process on a sequence of refined finite element meshes in order to control the error and the cost simultaneously.
Perimortem cranial injury in the Bronze Age. A blunt object to the right parietal caused trauma in a preadolescent individual from Mokarta (Salemi‐Sicily)
Authors: Lauria Gabriele , Miccichè Roberto , Sineo Luca
Published: June 2024

Sicilian protohistory was characterized by a progressive flow of indigenous populations towards the hills of the western Sicilian hinterland. Especially during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, the island's hinterland was marked by isolated settlements due to Siculi, Ausoni, Morgeti, and Elimi invasions and Phoenician and Greek colonization. In this scenario, Mokarta is an example of territorial autonomy and ethnic isolation (Sicanian) within an area of Elimi colonization. Its demise in the 11th century B.C.E, presumably at the hands of the Elimi, was rapid and violent as the settlement was suddenly abandoned following its destruction by fire. Symbolic of this event is an individual found at the entrance of a burned and collapsed hut who appears to have died from a cranial injury. This paper focuses on the osteological analysis of this skeleton, highlighting the perimortem injury, related to his death, and places the results within a forensic archeological context. The morphological pattern of the lesion is the result of a high‐energy impact by a circular blunt object. The fracture, involving both the meningeal vessels and the brain, could have led to a fatal neurological trauma. The analysis of the cranial fracture and an anatomical evaluation of the affected area led us to conclude that the perimortem injury, inflicted on the right parietal, probably was the cause of death. The case proposed highlights how an integrated approach based on bioarcheology and forensic anthropology helps in interpreting an archeological scenario and formulating hypotheses about the circumstances of an individual's death.
Time‐dependent changes in feeding behavior and energy balance associated with weight gain in mice fed obesogenic diets
Authors: Fathi Payam A. , Bales Michelle B. , Ayala Julio E.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Obesity is characterized by dysregulated homeostatic mechanisms resulting in positive energy balance; however, when this dysregulation occurs is unknown. We assessed the time course of alterations to behaviors promoting weight gain in male and female mice switched to an obesogenic high‐fat diet (HFD).

Methods

Male and female C57BL/6J mice were housed in metabolic chambers and were switched from chow to a 60% or 45% HFD for 4 and 3 weeks, respectively. Food intake, meal patterns, energy expenditure (EE), and body weight were continuously measured. A separate cohort of male mice was switched from chow to a 60% HFD and was given access to locked or unlocked running wheels.

Results

Switching mice to obesogenic diets promotes transient bouts of hyperphagia during the first 2 weeks followed by persistent caloric hyperphagia. EE increases but not sufficiently enough to offset increased caloric intake, resulting in a sustained net positive energy balance. Hyperphagia is associated with consumption of calorically larger meals (impaired satiation) more frequently (impaired satiety), particularly during the light cycle. Running wheel exercise delays weight gain in male mice fed a 60% HFD by enhancing satiation and increasing EE. However, exercise effects on satiation are no longer apparent after 2 weeks, coinciding with weight gain.

Conclusions

Exposure to obesogenic diets engages homeostatic regulatory mechanisms for ~2 weeks that ultimately fail, and consequent weight gain is characterized by impaired satiation and satiety. Insights into the etiology of obesity can be obtained by investigating changes to satiation and satiety mechanisms during the initial ~2 weeks of HFD exposure.
Linking negative cognitive bias to short‐form video addiction: The mediating roles of social support and loneliness
Authors: Yue Heng , Yang Guang , Bao Hugejiletu , Bao Xinzhe , Zhang Xuemin
Published: June 2024

Although the relationships between some antecedents (such as affective disorders and negative emotions) and short‐form video addiction have been verified by previous studies, the association between negative cognitive bias and this addictive behavior has not been examined, and the underlying psychological mechanisms are still unclear. The present study explored the relationship between negative cognitive bias and short‐form video addiction as well as the mediating roles of social support and loneliness in this association. The participants of the current study included 336 university students (197 females). The findings showed that (1) negative cognitive bias was positively correlated with short‐form video addiction; (2) social support and loneliness separately mediated the relationship between negative cognitive bias and short‐form video addiction; and (3) social support and loneliness sequentially mediated the relationship between negative cognitive bias and short‐form video addiction. These results might be helpful for understanding the relationships and the underlying psychological mechanisms between these study variables. Future studies were encouraged to investigate effective intervention approaches for relieving negative cognitive bias, which might be conducive to decreasing the severity of short‐form video addiction.
Development of a bio‐based self‐healing waterborne polyurethane with dynamic phenol‐carbamate network for enhanced antimicrobial and antiseptic performance
Authors: Wang Yuan , Yu Zaixi , Zhang Pingbo , Wang Yunting , Chang Zhan , Jiang Pingping , Xia Jialiang , Gao Xuewen , Bao Yanmin
Published: June 2024

One of the major challenges in expanding the uses of polymer materials is the development of thermally driven, multifunctional, self‐healing water polyurethanes with superior mechanical properties. By adding nano‐inorganic fillers and incorporating phenol‐carbamate bonds into the molecular chains, a self‐healing waterborne polyurethane with strong mechanical properties as well as antibacterial, and antiseptic properties was created. Given that tannic acid (TA) can create an isocyanate‐group‐containing phenol‐carbamate network, the resulting TA‐based water polyurethane (TWPU) had great mechanical properties and superior thermal stability with tensile strength of 31.9 MPa and elongation at break of 1406.4%. The amount of dynamic phenol‐urethane linkages in the polyurethane backbone can also be adjusted and controlled to achieve excellent self‐healing efficiency. The coating's anti‐corrosion properties were good when the waterborne polyurethane was added to ZnO modified GO. Furthermore, the coating exhibited strong antibacterial capabilities due to the incorporation of nano‐zinc oxide. In this study, we create an environmentally friendly waterborne polyurethane that is antibacterial, antiseptic, and self‐healing using a straightforward and efficient design approach.
Quantifying leaf symptoms of sorghum charcoal rot in images of field‐grown plants using deep neural networks
Authors: Gonzalez Emmanuel M. , Zarei Ariyan , Calleja Sebastian , Christenson Clay , Rozzi Bruno , Demieville Jeffrey , Hu Jiahuai , Eveland Andrea L. , Dilkes Brian , Barnard Kobus , Lyons Eric , Pauli Duke
Published: June 2024

Charcoal rot of sorghum (CRS) is a significant disease affecting sorghum crops, with limited genetic resistance available. The causative agent, Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is a highly destructive fungal pathogen that targets over 500 plant species globally, including essential staple crops. Utilizing field image data for precise detection and quantification of CRS could greatly assist in the prompt identification and management of affected fields and thereby reduce yield losses. The objective of this work was to implement various machine learning algorithms to evaluate their ability to accurately detect and quantify CRS in red‐green‐blue images of sorghum plants exhibiting symptoms of infection. EfficientNet‐B3 and a fully convolutional network emerged as the top‐performing models for image classification and segmentation tasks, respectively. Among the classification models evaluated, EfficientNet‐B3 demonstrated superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 86.97%, a recall rate of 0.71, and an F1 score of 0.73. Of the segmentation models tested, FCN proved to be the most effective, exhibiting a validation accuracy of 97.76%, a recall rate of 0.68, and an F1 score of 0.66. As the size of the image patches increased, both models’ validation scores increased linearly, and their inference time decreased exponentially. This trend could be attributed to larger patches containing more information, improving model performance, and fewer patches reducing the computational load, thus decreasing inference time. The models, in addition to being immediately useful for breeders and growers of sorghum, advance the domain of automated plant phenotyping and may serve as a foundation for drone‐based or other automated field phenotyping efforts. Additionally, the models presented herein can be accessed through a web‐based application where users can easily analyze their own images.
Insight into material behavior via surface free energy calculations for common energetic materials
Authors: Brahmbhatt Janki , Chaudhuri Santanu
Published: June 2024

The Gibbs Free energy is a driving force for equilibrium crystal shapes and the formation of crystal facets in molecular crystals. Orientation dependence of interfacial properties is linked to surface free energy (SFE). Prediction of orientation‐dependent properties such as thermal stability, mechanical response, and compatibility with binders require a systematic approach to the quantification of SFE. In molecular crystals, entropy has a much larger contribution among all ordered crystalline materials. In this paper, we extend our previously developed method to quantify SFE and entropy of β‐HMX to other common energetic materials–TATB, α‐RDX, and PETN. Two complimentary approaches, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Integration (NETI) and Steered Molecular Dynamics (SMD) methods are used to obtain insight into interfacial phenomena along with surface free energy estimates. We discuss the relevance of surface free energy and the importance of surface entropy for facetted molecular crystals in understanding crystal properties, activation of slip planes, and potential pathways for fracture. These values allow us to predict theoretical crystal shape using Wulff Construction, better understand the effect of hydrogen bonding on SFE, and the diversity of bonding environment in energetic crystals. In particular, in crystals with low stacking fault energy, the SMD values can be inconclusive due to the triggering of slip plane motions. In cases where SMD simulations lead to large deformations and high uncertainty, the NETI approach can still provide SFE estimates.
Full‐Color Electroluminescence from ZnO Nanoparticles‐Based Homojunction Diodes
Authors: Deep Raj , Yoshida Toshiyuki , Fujita Yasuhisa
Published: June 2024

Wide‐bandgap zinc oxide (ZnO)‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have attracted considerable interest for application in solid‐state lighting; however, the absence of dependable high‐quality homojunction has impeded their progress. A p–n homojunction LED is fabricated in this study using arc discharge‐fabricated N‐doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) spin coated over a Ga‐doped ZnO thin film. The homojunction LEDs demonstrate pure ultraviolet (UV) emissions with a narrow linewidth even at elevated temperatures. The UV intensity initially increases as the injection current increases to the saturation limit with a change in the peak position, followed by a decrease at higher injection currents. A proportion of UV light is downconverted into visible light using phosphors. Furthermore, the mixing of phosphors and their application to UV‐LED results in white emission with high color rendering and superior optical stability. Notably, the visible spectral peaks do not discernibly change with variations in the operating current. These findings represent significant advancements in the development of stable p‐type ZnO nanostructures, leading to the development of cost‐effective photonic devices.
Light Logic Gates with GaAs‐Based Structures
Authors: Sonmez Feyza , Ardali Sukru , Arpapay Burcu , Mutlu Selman , Ergurhan Ayse Aygul , Senel Onur , Serincan Ugur , Erol Ayse , Tiras Engin
Published: June 2024

The novel XOR, OR, and NAND optical logic gates have been investigated using GaAs‐based Hot Electron Light Emission and Lasing in Semiconductor Heterostructures (HELLISH) devices. The HELLISH devices are fabricated in the Top Hat‐HELLISH (TH‐HELLISH) geometry to achieve a nonlinear potential distribution at the p–n junction, which consists of a 13 nm thick GaAs quantum well placed on the n‐side of the junction. Logic gates whose input part is designed as an electric field output beam incorporate four independent contacts to the p‐ and n‐type layers. Electroluminescence measurements of the output beam are performed by applying a pulsed voltage of ≈150 V with a pulse width of 200 ns and a frequency of 20 kHz to the contacts of the TH‐HELLISH device. At room temperature, the primary emission wavelength of the optical logic gates is around 840 ± 1 nm. It is expected that optical logic gates obtained using this type of GaAs semiconductor structure have crucial potential to be components for high‐speed optical communication technology due to their simplicity, polarity‐independent operation, and emission wavelength.
Correlation analysis between environmental factors and microphysical variables during the “Suizhou 812” heavy precipitation process in Suizhou City, Hubei Province of China
Authors: Guo Yinglian , Zhou Zhimin , Kang Zhaoping , Wang Minghuan , Li Jun , Cui Chunguang
Published: June 2024

Based on numerical simulation, this study investigates the relationship between environmental factors and microphysical variables of a heavy precipitation event in Suizhou on August 12, 2021, aiming to provide a reference for studying the interaction mechanisms of physical processes involved at different scales. The results demonstrate that environmental instability factors give an early indication of heavy precipitation occurrence and play a crucial role in connecting microphysical processes in the middle/upper layers with water vapor uplift in the lower layers before and during heavy precipitation events. Most of the peak/valley values of both environmental factors and microphysical variables occur simultaneously with those of precipitation on the hourly time series. The vertical profile reveals that, before the occurrence of heavy precipitation, there is an initial strengthening of ascending movement in the middle to upper troposphere, leading to an increase in ice‐phase particles and cloud water within these layers. Additionally, gravity sedimentation and melting significantly contribute to increased rainwater content within the lower to middle layers. When heavy precipitation occurs, intensified vertical velocity, vorticity, and water vapor convergence results in a decrease in cloud/rain particles' peak height and an increase in graupel particles' peak height. This leads to a prolonged collision process and heightened rainfall intensity. Furthermore, enhanced water vapor convergence promotes raindrops formation through colliding and coalescing with cloud droplets. By comparing variables/factors between extreme hourly heavy precipitation and general hourly heavy precipitation, it is suggested that the strengthened self‐feedback mechanism between microphysical latent heat release and vorticity may be one of the reasons for the occurrence of extreme hourly heavy rainfall.
Time variability and periodicities of cross‐regional hydroclimatic causation in the contiguous United States
Authors: Yang Xueli , Wang Zhi‐Hua , Li Qi , Lai Ying‐Cheng
Published: June 2024

Identifying and understanding various causal relations are fundamental to climate dynamics for improving the predictive capacity of Earth system modeling. In particular, causality in Earth systems has manifest temporal periodicities, like physical climate variabilities. To unravel the characteristic frequency of causality in climate dynamics, we develop a data‐analytic framework based on a combination of causality detection and Hilbert spectral analysis, using a long‐term temperature and precipitation dataset in the contiguous United States. Using the Huang–Hilbert transform, we identify the intrinsic frequencies of cross‐regional causality for precipitation and temperature, ranging from interannual to interdecadal time scales. In addition, we analyze the spectra of the physical climate variabilities, including El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation. It is found that the intrinsic causal frequencies are positively associated with the physics of the oscillations in the global climate system. The proposed methodology provides fresh insights into the causal connectivity in Earth's hydroclimatic system and its underlying mechanism as regulated by the characteristic low‐frequency variability associated with various climatic dynamics.
Magnon‐Squeezing‐Enhanced Phonon Lasering in Cavity Magnomechanics
Authors: Zhang Qing‐Feng , Zhou Yue‐Ru , Liu Fei‐Fei , Wang Xue‐Yan , Gao Yong‐Pan , Fan Ling , Cao Cong
Published: June 2024

Phonon lasers have long been a subject of interest and possess broad application prospects. Much effort is devoted to lay the foundation of realizing phonon lasers using cavity magnomechanical systems, but up to now no related work is carried out to explore the quantum‐squeezing‐engineered phonon laser action in cavity magnomechanics. Here, the phonon laser action is investigated in a three‐mode cavity magnomechanical system built based on a microwave resonator‐yttrium iron garnet sphere composite device, focusing on the effect induced by the magnon‐mode squeezing. It is found that the magnon squeezing can improve the effective magnon–photon and magnon–phonon coupling rates. It is demonstrated that the phonon laser action can be engineered and enhanced by changing the squeezing strength. This scheme provides a new mechanism to improve the effective magnon–photon and magnon–phonon couplings for various applications, and demonstrates the feasibility of realizing high‐gain and low‐threshold phonon lasers with cavity magnomechanical platforms.