bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diminished Insulin-Mediated Forearm Blood Flow and Muscle Glucose Uptake in Young Men with Low Birth Weight
Authors: Sonne M.P. , Højbjerre L. , Alibegovic A.C. , Vaag A. , Stallknecht B. , Dela F.
Published: September 2009

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We studied endothelial function and insulin sensitivity in young men with LBW (n = 22) and controls (n = 22). Methods: Insulin sensitivity and endothelial function was studied with venous occlusion plethysmography and intra-arterial infusions of adenosine and acetylcholine, before and during a hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp. Results: Forearm blood flow response to systemic hyperinsulinemia was diminished in LBW compared to controls (p < 0.05). Fractional arteriovenous glucose extraction was similar, and consequently insulin-stimulated forearm glucose clearance was diminished in LBW compared with controls (0.8 ± 0.09 vs. 1.4 ± 0.36 ml·100 ml–1·min–1, respectively, p < 0.05). Forearm blood flow response to adenosine and acetylcholine with or without insulin stimulation did not differ between groups. Whole-body glucose uptake was lower in LBW than controls (8.7 ± 0.5 and 9.1 ± 0.6 mg·min–1·kg–1 lean body mass); however, this was not significant. Conclusions: Forearm blood flow response to insulin is impaired in LBW, whereas the response to adenosine and acetylcholine is preserved. The impaired insulin-mediated increase in bulk flow in LBW may be due to an impairment of insulin-mediated capillary recruitment independent of – or preceding – whole-body insulin resistance in LBW subjects.
Speech Intelligibility of Flemish Children as Judged by Their Parents
Authors: Baudonck N.L.H. , Buekers R. , Gillebert S. , Van Lierde K.M.
Published: September 2009

Objective: Reduced intelligibility is a central concern in speech-impaired children, especially for parents. The main purpose of this study was to develop normative data for the intelligibility of Flemish-speaking boys and girls (age 2;06–5;0 years) as judged by their parents. Additionally, the influence of familiarity, gender and age of the child was determined. Patients and Methods: Word, sentence and story productions of 163 healthy children (83 boys and 80 girls) between 2;06 and 5;0 years were transcribed by their own parents. Speech intelligibility was determined according to the intelligibility index described by Shriberg. Additionally, a panel of 12 unfamiliar judges listened to the recordings of a subgroup of 24 randomly selected children. Results: Speech intelligibility improved with increasing age and was around 90% for children aged 4;6–5;0 years. Boys and girls performed equally on the task. For the intelligibility of words, mothers scored significantly better than unfamiliar listeners did. Conclusion: The reported normative speech intelligibility data provide important reference information for speech pathologists who assess child speech. Moreover, it enables them to measure the effect of a specific therapeutic approach and the spontaneous transfer to daily speech.
Subtherapeutic Dose of Pioglitazone Reduces Expression of Inflammatory Adipokines in db/db Mice
Authors: Mohapatra Jogeswar , Sharma Manoranjan , Singh Satinder , Chatterjee Abhijit , Swain Prabodha , Balaraman R. , Patel Pankaj R. , Jain Mukul R.
Published: September 2009

Agonists of the thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ exhibit both insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesized that pioglitazone might be able to exert its anti-inflammatory properties at a lower dose than that required for its insulin-sensitizing effect. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of pioglitazone on inflammatory as well as metabolic biomarkers in serum and white adipose tissue (WAT) at 2 different doses. Female db/db mice were treated orally with therapeutic (30 mg/kg) and subtherapeutic (3 mg/kg) doses of pioglitazone for 14 days followed by an oral glucose tolerance test. Other parameters measured were inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and metabolic biomarkers in serum (insulin, glucose and adiponectin). Moreover, adiponectin, fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression in WAT were determined by real-time PCR. A subtherapeutic dose of pioglitazone significantly suppresses the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA in WAT, but does not alter the serum glucose, insulin and WAT expression of adiponectin, adipocyte aP2 and LPL. A therapeutic dose of pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, enhances LPL, aP2 and adiponectin expression, and also suppresses TNF-α and IL-6 expression. In conclusion, the current study indicates that the anti-inflammatory effect of pioglitazone is produced at a subtherapeutic dose, which is considerably lower than the dose needed to produce any desired metabolic effects. Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone may precede its insulin-sensitizing effects in db/db mice.
Effect of Low-Dose Paclitaxel and Docetaxel on Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Muta Mariko , Yanagawa Tomonori , Sai Yoshimichi , Saji Shigehira , Suzuki Eiji , Aruga Tomoyuki , Kuroi Katsumasa , Matsumoto Gaku , Toi Masakazu , Nakashima Emi
Published: September 2009

Objective: Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) play an important role in neovascularization and tumor growth. It has been reported that docetaxel and paclitaxel inhibit angiogenesis, but the effect of docetaxel and paclitaxel on EPC-induced neovascularization has not been examined. We aimed to clarify the cytotoxic and inhibitory effects of these drugs on EPC. Methods: The effects of drugs on growth, tube formation, and migration of EPC were analyzed in vitro using a rat BM-derived EPC cell line (TR-BME). Fluorescence-labeled TR-BME cells were injected into tumor-bearing rats and accumulation at the tumor site was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Results: In in vitro cytotoxicity assays of these drugs in TR-BME, rat endothelial cell line TR-BBB and rat tumor cell line Walker 256, the IC50 values for TR-BME were higher than those for TR-BBB or Walker 256. Both drugs inhibited tube formation and migration of TR-BME at lower concentrations than the cytotoxic IC50. In vivo studies showed that a low dose of both drugs inhibited EPC accumulation at the tumor site in tumor-bearing rats, as determined by FACS, and caused a decrease in microvessel density. Conclusion: Docetaxel and paclitaxel directly inhibited EPC-initiated vasculogenesis at low (non-cytotoxic) concentrations, causing suppression of tumor growth.
Macroscopic Borrmann Type as a Simple Prognostic Indicator in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Li Chen , Oh Sung Jin , Kim Sungsoo , Hyung Woo Jin , Yan Min , Zhu Zheng Gang , Noh Sung Hoon
Published: September 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of macroscopic Borrmann type in advanced gastric cancer. Methods: From 1987 to 2001, we retrospectively studied the clinicopathological features and prognoses of 3,966 patients with advanced gastric cancer according to the macroscopic classification of Borrmann type. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that gender, Borrmann type and depth of invasion were all associated with the status of nodal involvement. There were statistically significant differences in overall survival among patients with Borrmann type I and II tumors, Borrmann type III tumors, and Borrmann type IV tumors according to depth of invasion (pT) and nodal involvement (pN), except in pN3 tumors. Borrmann type was an independent prognostic factor in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Furthermore, the 5-year survival rates of patients with Borrmann type III and type IV tumors after curative resection were 62.0 and 51.2%, respectively; this was significantly higher than after noncurative resection (17.8 and 18.0%, respectively). Conclusion: Macroscopic Borrmann type is a simple and valuable predictor for lymph node metastasis and survival in advanced gastric cancer patients.
Weekly Docetaxel with or without Gemcitabine as Second-Line Chemotherapy in Paclitaxel-Pretreated Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Study Conducted by the Hellenic Co-Operative Oncology Group
Authors: Papadimitriou Christos A. , Kalofonos Haralambos , Zagouri Flora , Papakostas Pavlos , Bozas George , Makatsoris Thomas , Dimopoulos Meletios-A. , Fountzilas George
Published: September 2009

Objective: A randomized phase II trial was conducted to test whether the addition of gemcitabine to weekly docetaxel could improve the objective response rate and survival outcomes as second-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have failed a paclitaxel-containing regimen. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive either weekly docetaxel 40 mg/m2 (group A, n = 34) or the combination of weekly docetaxel 35 mg/m2 with gemcitabine 600 mg/m2 (group B, n = 41). Three consecutive weekly infusions followed by a 1-week rest period represented 1 chemotherapy cycle. Results: The objective response rate was 18% and 27.5% in group A and B, respectively (p = 0.413). No statistically significant differences were demonstrated in terms of median overall survival and time to disease progression. The rate and grade 3 and 4 neutropenia were higher in group B (23 vs. 3%). Conclusions: The weekly administration of docetaxel and gemcitabine did not result in superior clinical outcomes over weekly docetaxel.
Considerations for Designing a Prototype Genetic Test for Use in Translational Research
Authors: Wade C.H. , McBride C.M. , Kardia S.L.R. , Brody L.C.
Published: September 2009

Background: Translational research is needed to explore how people will respond to personal genetic susceptibility information related to common health conditions. Maximizing the rigor of this research will require that genetic test results be returned to study participants. Currently, there is no established method that guides the selection of genetic variants to be used in research with these objectives. Methods and Results: To address this question, we designed a process to identify gene variants and health conditions to be included in a prototype genetic test for use in a larger research effort, the Multiplex Initiative. The intention of this exploration was to facilitate research that generates individual genetic test results that are returned to study participants. Inclusion criteria were developed as part of a transdisciplinary and iterative process that considered the weight of evidential support for genetic association with common health conditions, the appropriateness of use in human subjects research, and the recommendations of expert peer reviewers. Conclusions: The selection process was designed to identify gene variants for the limited purpose of translational research and, therefore, should not be seen as producing a valid clinical test. However, this example of an applied selection process may provide guidance for researchers who are designing studies to evaluate the implications of genetic susceptibility testing through the return of personalized genetic information. As the rate of genomic discoveries increases, such research will be essential in steering the translation of this information towards the greatest public health benefit.
Fall Incidence in a Population of Elderly Persons in Nigeria
Authors: Bekibele C.O. , Gureje O.
Published: September 2009

Background: Falls are a common public health problem amongst the elderly in many communities. There is a need for information on the causes as well as the impact of this preventable risk on health among the elderly in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: To examine the prevalence and factors associated with falls among a population of elderly persons in Nigeria. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling of households was implemented to select persons aged 65 years and older in the south-western and north-central parts of Nigeria (n = 2,096). Respondents were asked about the occurrence, number, and consequences of falls in the previous 12 months. They were also assessed for the presence of vision impairment, chronic pain and medical conditions. Results: Falls were reported by 23% (n = 482) of the sample. Females (24.0%) were more likely than males (17.9%) to report falls. Respondents with chronic pain conditions, especially those with arthritis, and those with insomnia were at increased risk for falls. Among fallers, females were more likely than males to sustain injuries, including fractures (45.0 vs. 30.1%; p = 0.001). Persons with near vision impairment were less prone to serious falls with injuries than those with no visual impairment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Falls are an important health problem among elderly Nigerians. A fall prevention program must have a particular focus on females, those with chronic pain conditions and those experiencing insomnia.
Genome-Wide Association Identifies the ABO Blood Group as a Major Locus Associated With Serum Levels of Soluble E-Selectin
Authors: Paterson Andrew D. , Lopes-Virella Maria F. , Waggott Daryl , Boright Andrew P. , Hosseini S. Mohsen , Carter Rickey E. , Shen Enqing , Mirea Lucia , Bharaj Bhupinder , Sun Lei , Bull Shelley B. ,   the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group
Published: September 2009

Background—

Elevated serum soluble E-selectin levels have been associated with a number of diseases. Although E-selectin levels are heritable, little is known about the specific genetic factors involved. E-selectin levels have been associated with the ABO blood group phenotype.

Methods and Results—

We performed a high-resolution genome-wide association study of serum soluble E-selectin levels in 685 white individuals with type 1 diabetes from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) study to identify major loci influencing levels. Highly significant evidence for association (
P
=10
−29
) was observed for rs579459 near the ABO blood group gene, accounting for 19% of the variance in E-selectin levels. Levels of E-selectin were higher in O/O than O/A heterozygotes, which were likewise higher than A/A genotypes. Analysis of subgroups of A alleles reveals heterogeneity in the association, and even after this was accounted for, an intron 1 SNP remained significantly associated. We replicate the ABO association in nondiabetic individuals.

Conclusion—

ABO is a major locus for serum soluble E-selectin levels. We excluded population stratification, fine-mapped the association to sub-A alleles, and also document association with additional variation in the ABO region.
The α11β1 Integrin Has a Mechanistic Role in Control of Interstitial Fluid Pressure and Edema Formation in Inflammation
Authors: Svendsen Ø.S. , Barczyk M.M. , Popova S.N. , Lidén Å , Gullberg D. , Wiig H.
Published: September 2009

Objective—

Collagen-binding integrins may be involved in controlling interstitial fluid pressure (Pif), transcapillary fluid flux, and tissue fluid volume. Our aim was to explore whether the newly discovered collagen binding α11β1 integrin has a mechanistic role in inflammatory edema formation.

Methods and Results—

In collagen matrices seeded with a mixture of mast cells and fibroblasts, fibroblasts lacking the α11 integrin subunit (α11
−/−
) contracted collagen gels less efficiently than control fibroblasts, suggesting that the α11β1 integrin is able to mediate tensile force in connective tissues. In α11
−/−
mice, control Pif in skin did not differ from the pressure found in wild-type mice. Whereas a reduction in Pif was found in control mice after inducing inflammation, thereby contributing to fluid extravasation and edema formation, such a reduction was not seen in α11
−/−
mice. That this effect is mediated through the extracellular compartment is suggested by a similar plasma protein extravasation ratio in α11
−/−
and wild-type mice.

Conclusions—

Our data suggest that α11β1 integrins on dermal fibroblasts mediate collagen lattice remodeling and have a mechanistic role in controlling Pif in inflammation and thereby fluid extravasation and edema formation in vivo.
Stimulation of Cholesterol Efflux by LXR Agonists in Cholesterol-Loaded Human Macrophages Is ABCA1-Dependent but ABCG1-Independent
Authors: Larrede Sandra , Quinn Carmel M. , Jessup Wendy , Frisdal Eric , Olivier Maryline , Hsieh Victar , Kim Mi-Jurng , Van Eck Miranda , Couvert Philippe , Carrie Alain , Giral Philippe , Chapman M. John , Guerin Maryse , Le Goff Wilfried
Published: September 2009

Objective—

Maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in human macrophages is essential to prevent foam cell formation. We evaluated the relative contribution of the ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters to cholesterol efflux from human macrophages, and of the capacity of LXR agonists to reduce foam cell formation by stimulating export of cellular cholesterol.

Methods and Results—

ABCG1 mRNA levels were strongly increased in acLDL-loaded THP-1 macrophages and in HMDM on stimulation with LXR agonists. However, silencing of ABCG1 expression using ABCG1-specific siRNA indicated that ABCG1 was not essential for cholesterol efflux to HDL in cholesterol-loaded human macrophages stimulated with LXR agonists. Indeed, ABCA1 was solely responsible for the stimulation of cholesterol efflux to HDL on LXR activation, as this effect was abolished in HMDM from Tangier patients. Furthermore, depletion of cellular ATP indicated that the LXR-induced export of cholesterol was an ATP-dependent transport mechanism in human macrophages. Finally, use of an anti–Cla-1 blocking antibody identified the Cla-1 receptor as a key component in cholesterol efflux to HDL from cholesterol-loaded human macrophages.

Conclusion—

Our data indicate that stimulation of cholesterol efflux to HDL by LXR agonists in human foam cells involves an ATP-dependent transport mechanism mediated by ABCA1 that it appears to be independent of ABCG1 expression.
The Phosphorylation Motif at Serine 225 Governs the Localization and Function of Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Resistance Arteries
Authors: Lidington Darcy , Peter Bernhard Friedrich , Meissner Anja , Kroetsch Jeffrey T. , Pitson Stuart M. , Pohl Ulrich , Bolz Steffen-Sebastian
Published: September 2009

Objective—

The purpose of this study was to characterize a phosphorylation motif at serine 225 as a molecular switch that regulates the pressure-dependent activation of sphingosine kinase 1 (Sk1) in resistance artery smooth muscle cells.

Methods and Results—

In isolated hamster gracilis muscle resistance arteries, pressure-dependent activation/translocation of Sk1 by ERK1/2 was critically dependent on its serine 225 phosphorylation site. Specifically, expression of Sk1
S225A
reduced resting and myogenic tone, resting Ca
2+
, pressure-induced Ca
2+
elevations, and Ca
2+
sensitivity. The lack of function of the Sk1
S225A
mutant could not be entirely overcome by forced localization to the plasma membrane via a myristoylation/palmitylation motif; the membrane anchor also significantly inhibited the function of the wild-type Sk1 enzyme. In both cases, Ca
2+
sensitivity and myogenic tone were attenuated, whereas Ca
2+
handling was normalized/enhanced. These discrete effects are consistent with cell surface receptor-mediated effects (Ca
2+
sensitivity) and intracellular effects of S1P (Ca
2+
handling). Accordingly, S1P
2
receptor inhibition (1μmol/L JTE013) attenuated myogenic tone without effect on Ca
2+
.

Conclusions—

Translocation and precise subcellular positioning of Sk1 is essential for full Sk1 function; and two distinct S1P pools, proposed to be intra- and extracellular, contribute to the maintenance of vascular tone.
Level of Macrophage uPA Expression Is an Important Determinant of Atherosclerotic Lesion Growth in
Apoe
−/−
Mice
Authors: Krishnan Ranjini , Kremen Michal , Hu Jie Hong , Emery Isaac , Farris Stephen D. , Slezicki Katherine I. , Chu Talyn , Du Liang , Dichek Helén L. , Dichek David A.
Published: September 2009

Objective—

Enhanced plasminogen activation, mediated by overexpression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–null mice. However, the mechanisms through which uPA acts remain unclear. In addition, although elevated uPA expression can accelerate murine atherosclerosis, there is not yet any evidence that decreased uPA expression would retard atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

We used a bone marrow transplant (BMT) approach and apolipoprotein E–deficient (
Apoe
−/−
) mice to investigate cellular mechanisms of uPA-accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic dilation, and sudden death. We also used BMT to determine whether postnatal loss of uPA expression in macrophages retards atherosclerosis. BMT from uPA-overexpressing mice yielded recipients with macrophage-specific uPA overexpression; whereas BMT from uPA knockout mice yielded recipients with macrophage-specific loss of uPA expression. Recipients of uPA-overexpressing BM acquired all the vascular phenotypes (accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic medial destruction and dilation, severe coronary stenoses) as well as the sudden death phenotype of uPA-overexpressing mice. Moreover, fat-fed 37-week-old recipients of uPA-null BM had significantly less atherosclerosis than recipients of uPA wild-type marrow (40% less aortic surface lesion area;
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—

The level of uPA expression by macrophages—over a broad range—is an important determinant of atherosclerotic lesion growth in
Apoe
−/−
mice.
Endogenous Activation of Mitochondrial K
ATP
Channels Protects Human Failing Myocardium From Hydroxyl Radical–Induced Stunning
Authors: Maack Christoph , Dabew Ewtim R. , Hohl Mathias , Schäfers Hans-Joachim , Böhm Michael
Published: September 2009

Rationale
:

During reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, a burst of hydroxyl radicals (ȮH) induces contractile dysfunction (“myocardial stunning”), and ȮH in the plasma of patients after myocardial infarction predict the development of heart failure. The effects of ȮH on myocardial function in patients with heart failure; however, have never been assessed. Furthermore, although ATP-dependent K
+
channels (K
ATP
channels) are implicated in myocardial protection during ischemia/reperfusion (“ischemic preconditioning”), their role in heart failure has hardly been elucidated.

Objective
:

To investigate the effects of ȮH on cardiac contractile function in human failing myocardium, and to clarify the role of K
ATP
channels during this response.

Methods and Results
:

In isolated left ventricular trabeculae of nonfailing hearts, ȮH (produced by Fe
3+
-nitrilotriacetic acid and H
2
O
2
) induced substantial systolic and diastolic dysfunction, whereas in failing myocardium, stunning was virtually absent. Although in failing myocardium, protein expression of sarcolemmal K
ATP
channels (Kir6.2/SUR2) was ≈2-fold upregulated, their blockade with HMR-1098 did not impair contractile function in the presence of ȮH. In contrast, when blocking mitochondrial K
ATP
channels during ȮH exposure (with 5-HD), failing myocardium developed contractile dysfunction to a degree that was comparable to ȮH-induced stunning in nonfailing myocardium without K
ATP
channel blockade.

Conclusions
:

Human failing left ventricular myocardium is resistant to ȮH-induced stunning, and this resistance is related to endogenous activation of putative mitochondrial K
ATP
channels. Given that certain sulfonylurea drugs that also block mitochondrial K
ATP
channels (eg, glibenclamide) are frequently used for the treatment of diabetes, our results imply that in patients with heart failure and diabetes, these drugs may impair left ventricular function during ischemia/reperfusion.
Three-Year Survival and Stroke Recurrence Rates in Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Zia Elisabet , Engström Gunnar , Svensson Peter J. , Norrving Bo , Pessah-Rasmussen Hélène
Published: September 2009

Background and Purpose—

There are few studies on the prognosis after primary intracerebral hemorrhages, and they reported big differences in mortality rates. Our aim was to evaluate mortality and stroke recurrence rates in relation to hemorrhage characteristics, demographic and clinical factors, in a large unselected patient cohort.

Methods—

We analyzed consecutive cases of first-ever primary intracerebral hemorrhages from 1993 to 2000 in a prospective stroke register covering the Malmö region, Sweden (population approximately 250 000). Mortality rates during 28 days and 3 years of follow-up and recurrence rates were analyzed.

Results—

A total of 474 cases were identified (46% women). In patients <75 years of age, 20% of the women and 23% of the men died within 28 days (
P
=0.38). The corresponding figures in patients ≥75 years were 26% and 41%, respectively (
P
=0.02). Male sex was an independent risk factor both for 28-day (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.008 to 2.2) and 3-year mortality (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.3). Other independent predictors of death were high age, central and brain stem hemorrhage location, intraventricular hemorrhage, increased volume, and decreased consciousness level. The recurrence rate was 5.1 per 100 person-years, 2.3 per 100 person-years for intracerebral hemorrhage and 2.8 per 100 person-years for cerebral infarction. Only age >65 years was significantly related to recurrent stroke.

Conclusion—

Women had better survival than men after primary intracerebral hemorrhages. The difference is largely explained by a higher 28-day mortality in male patients >75 years. However, the underlying reasons are yet to be explored.
Carotid Artery Imaging for Secondary Stroke Prevention
Authors: Wardlaw Joanna M. , Stevenson Matt D. , Chappell Francesca , Rothwell Peter M. , Gillard Jonathan , Young Gavin , Thomas Steven M. , Roditi Giles , Gough Michael J.
Published: September 2009

Background and Purpose—

Patients with transient ischemic attack require carotid imaging to diagnose carotid stenosis. The differing sensitivity/specificity and availability of carotid imaging methods have created uncertainty over which noninvasive method is best and whether intra-arterial angiography is still required. We evaluated the influence of carotid imaging methods on secondary stroke prevention.

Methods—

We modeled the effect of different carotid imaging strategies and timing on endarterectomy workload, stroke, and death at 1 and 5 years. We used all available data on stroke prevention after transient ischemic attack from systematic reviews (carotid imaging, medical and surgical interventions), population-based transient ischemic attack/stroke studies, government statistics, and stroke prevention clinics.

Results—

Choice of imaging strategy affected speed of assessment, strokes prevented, and endarterectomy workload. The number of strokes prevented at 5 years varied by up to 22 per 1000 patients between imaging strategies for a given time to assessment. Delaying endarterectomy from 14 to approximately 30 days would fail to prevent up to 11 strokes per 1000 patients depending on the imaging strategy. Sensitive fast imaging (eg, ultrasound) was best for patients seen early; specific imaging (eg, CT angiography or contrast-enhanced MR angiography) was best for patients seen late after transient ischemic attack. Intra-arterial angiography conferred no advantage over noninvasive imaging.

Conclusions—

Rapid access to sensitive noninvasive carotid imaging prevents most strokes. However, imaging strategies differ in their effect on stroke prevention by as much as 22 per 1000 patients and optimal imaging varies with time after transient ischemic attack TIA. Routine intra-arterial angiography should be avoided.
The Second Golden Age of Theosophy in Denmark: An Existential “Template” for Late Modernity? Le second Âge d'Or de la Théosophie au Danemark: Un “Modèle” existentiel pour la Modernité Tardive?
Authors: Pedersen René Dybdal
Published: September 2009

Bien que la Société Théosophique ait subi, de par le monde, un déclin progressif en matière d'adhérents, au Danemark elle a vu quadrupler leur nombre au cours des vingt dernières années. L'article présente certains des facteurs essentiels qui ont transformé cette religion par ailleurs périclitante en une foi vibrante sur un plan national, faisant ainsi, de nouveau, de la théosophie une source d'inspiration agissant au coeur du nouveau paysage religieux danois. En m'appuyant sur des théories portant sur les rapports sociaux dans la société contemporaine, sur une analyse de revues théosophiques, ainsi que sur une série d'interviews plus ou moins structurés conduits auprès de personnalités officielles importantes à l'intérieur de la Société, je tente de montrer que le fait de tenir compte seulement des tendances théologiques et organisationnelles de la société contemporaine ne rend pas suffisamment compte du récent succès de la Société Théosophique au Danemark. Tout aussi déterminante, en effet, a été l'influence exercée par des facteurs situationnels et par certaines initiatives prises en vue de surmonter des défis variés.
Atrial Septal Aneurysm and Patent Foramen Ovale Are Less Prevalent in the Indo-Asian Than in the Caucasian or Afro-Caribbean Population
Authors: Salmasi Abdul-Majeed , Salmasi Huda , Rawlins Sara , Baakil Mustapha , Dancy Mark
Published: September 2009

Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) are not uncommon during routine echocardiographic scanning and were reported to be associated with stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and migrainous headache. To assess the prevalence of ASA and PFO according to ethnicity, we retrospectively studied 887 consecutive referrals to a General Cardiology and Hypertension clinics. All participants underwent trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE). In some patients, the TTE was repeated using bubble contrast. Results: Atrial septal aneurysm was detected in 70 participants (7.9%) and PFO in 18 (2%). Atrial septal aneurysm, PFO, or their combination was detected in 12% of the Caucasian patients, 15% of the Afro-Caribbean, and 3.7% of the Indo-Asian patients. Conclusions: There was a lower prevalence of ASA and PFO and their combination in Indo-Asians and a higher rate in Afro-Caribbeans than in Caucasians. The higher prevalence in the Afro-Caribbean participants may contribute to the high incidence of stroke in black participants.
Periodontal Disease and Sjögren Syndrome: A Possible Correlation?
Authors: Scardina Giuseppe Alessandro , Ruggieri Alessia , Messina Pietro
Published: September 2009

Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by a progressive lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, especially salivary and lachrymal ones, leading to xerostomia, parotid gland enlargement, and xerophthalmia. The aim of this study is to describe the capillaroscopic pattern of the interdental papilla in patients with SS and to evaluate a possible correlation with periodontal disease. Methods: A total of 25 patients affected by SS and 25 healthy controls were examined. The patients with conditions that compromise microcirculation, such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or some pharmacological treatments, were not included in the study. All the patients were nonsmokers. Periodontal capillaroscopy has been used to investigate the features of microcirculation. Visibility, course, tortuosity, as well as the possible presence of microhemorrhage, the average caliber of the capillary loops, and the number of visible capillary loops per square millimeter were evaluated for each patient. Results: The results show evident alterations to the capillaries and a typical conformation of the interdental papilla microcirculation in patients with SS; it was possible to observe a reduced caliber of capillaries, as well as a greater number and tortuosity of capillary loops. Conclusion: This study shows that capillary alterations to patients with SS occur in gingival microcirculation.
The Mathematics Value Inventory for General Education Students: Development and Initial Validation
Authors: Luttrell Vickie R. , Callen Bruce W. , Allen Charles S. , Wood Mark D. , Deeds Donald G. , Richard David C. S.
Published: September 2009

The goal of this study was to develop a self-report inventory that measures individual differences in the perceived value of mathematical literacy for general education students.The Mathematics Value Inventory (MVI) is grounded in the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices and surveys students’ beliefs in four areas: interest, general utility, need for high achievement, and personal cost. This study describes the development and initial score validation of the MVI. As hypothesized, it was found that (a) MVI scores for students who were not majoring in math did not differ by gender, (b) students who had higher MVI scores had completed more college course work in math than did students with lower scores, and (c) MVI scores were not related to scores on a measure of social desirability.
Optimization of Laser Transmission Welding Process for Thermoplastic Composite Parts using Thermo-Mechanical Simulation
Authors: Labeas G.N. , Moraitis G.A. , Katsiropoulos Ch V.
Published: September 2009

An innovative methodology for the thermo-mechanical simulation of the laser transmission welding (LTW) process for thermoplastic components is presented. The work consists of two parts. In the first part, a finite element (FE) thermal model is developed, for the prediction of the transient spatial temperature history developing during the LTW process. Experimental measurements have been used for the calibration of the developed thermal model. Through this thermal model, a parametric study on the main welding parameters is performed, in order to investigate their effect on the maximum temperature. Using the parametric study results, the optimal combination of the welding parameters is derived taking into account the welding cost. In the second part, the optimized set is used in a model developed for the thermo-mechanical simulation of the LTW process and the calculation of the thermal stresses, strains, and distortions of the welded parts. The benefit of the proposed methodology is that it offers the capability of optimizing the LTW process, and also provides a reliable estimation of the developed temperature, as well as the thermal stress and strain fields reducing the experimental effort.
Dynamic Responses of 3-D Multi-structured Knitted Composite T-beam under Transverse Impact
Authors: Jiwei Zhang  , Hong Hu  , Baozhong Sun  , Bohong Gu
Published: September 2009

The dynamic responses of a new kind of multi-structured knitted composite T-beam under transverse impact were investigated with a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar. The multi-structured knitted composite is composed of two knitted fabrics: biaxial warp-knitted fabric and weft double-faced interlock knitted fabric. The impact load-displacement curves were obtained to analyze the influences of impact velocity and flange height on the damage of the T-beam. A user-defined material behavior and critical damage area failure criterion were developed to calculate the impact damage evolution. The failure mechanisms of the T-beam with different flange height were discussed from the finite element results.
Experimental Investigation of the Dynamic Response of a Symmetric Laminated Composite Beam Via Laser Vibrometry
Authors: Kiral Zeki , Malgaca Levent , Akdag Murat , Kiral Binnur Goren
Published: September 2009

This article reports the experimental analysis of free and forced vibrations of a cantilever symmetric laminated composite beam with different lay-up sequences. The free vibrations generated due to initial displacements are recorded by two laser displacement sensors. The damping ratios for different ply orientations are determined by using the ratios between the successive peaks in the free vibration responses and the corresponding envelope curves. The dynamic response of the beam to a moving load with constant velocity is also investigated. The pressured air is blown out onto the beam to create the load and the movement of the load is achieved by an industrial robot manipulator. The moving load mechanism is peculiar to this study. The free and moving load responses are also examined by the finite element method. A commercial finite element package ANSYS® is used for numerical analyses. The results reported in this study show that the lay-up sequence has an important role on the dynamic response of the laminated composites and the velocity of the moving load affects the dynamic response considerably, especially for [90]2s lay-up.
Compression Strength Degradation of Nanocomposites after Lightning Strike
Authors: Mall S. , Ouper B.L. , Fielding J.C.
Published: September 2009

This study investigated five conductive nanocomposites for their compressive strength degradation after subjecting them to a simulated lightning strike. These systems consisted of a ply of nickel-coated carbon woven fabric as lightning strike protection component besides the four plies of standard carbon fibers (AS4) fabric embedded in the epoxy (EPON 862). The other four systems had an additional protection system, which was nickel-nanostrand veil (NiNS), aligned buckypaper, random buckypaper, or mixed buckypaper made up of vapor-grown carbon fibers and single-walled nanotubes. All other buckypapers were made of single-walled nanotubes. Failure and damage mechanisms were also investigated. The ultimate compressive strength reduced by about 75—30% from a simulated lightning strike. This reduction as well as the damage was maximum with NiNS and minimum with random buckypaper. Damage from the lightning strike was related to the electrical conductivity and degradation in the compressive strength of the tested systems.
The Effect of Maleic Anhydride Graft on the Interfacial Adhesion of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polystyrene Composite
Authors: Li J. , Sun F.F.
Published: September 2009

The quality of interfacial interaction is dictated by the surface chemistry of the carbon fibers and the composition of the matrix. The composition of polystyrene was modified by the addition of maleic anhydride (MAH)-grafted polystyrene (MAH-g-polystyrene). The surface properties of the various matrix formulations were characterized by contact angle. Carbon fibers were modified by oxidation in nitric acid. The surface composition of the carbon fibers was characterized. The interaction between modified polystyrene and the carbon fibers was studied by single fiber pull-out tests. The best adhesion behavior was achieved between polystyrene containing grafted MAH and nitric acid oxidation carbon fibers. The addition of MAH-g-polystyrene to the unmodified polystyrene caused the interfacial shear strength to increase. The apparent interfacial shear strength of this fiber-matrix combination allowed for the utilization of 100% of the yield tensile strength of polystyrene.
Theoretical Considerations: Implant Positional Index Design
Authors: Semper W. , Kraft S. , Krüger T. , Nelson K.
Published: September 2009

Rotational freedom of implant positional indices in two-piece implants was investigated. The aim of the study was to determine, analytically, the rotational freedom of three different positional index designs, based on the hypothesis that it is not influenced by their geometric principle. Regular polygonal, polygon profile, and cam-groove patterns were analyzed. Schematic descriptions were made and idealized equations developed. Parameters influencing the extent of rotational freedom were identified for the different positional index designs. A general equation that describes the rotational freedom of differently designed indices was also formulated. The present analysis showed that the rotational freedom of positional indices can be analytically calculated and is influenced by different parameters. The rotational freedom of the positional index of commonly used implant-abutment connections depends on their geometric design and size.
Epithelial GM-CSF Induction by Candida glabrata
Authors: Li L. , Dongari-Bagtzoglou A.
Published: September 2009

The main cytokine induced by the interaction of oral epithelial cells with C. glabrata is granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); however, the mechanisms regulating this response are unknown. Based on previously published information on the interactions of C. albicans with oral epithelial cells, we hypothesized that interaction with viable C. glabrata triggers GM-CSF synthesis via NF-κB activation. We found that C. glabrata-induced GM-CSF synthesis was adhesion-dependent, enhanced by endocytosis, and required fungal viability. NF-κB activation was noted during interaction of epithelial cells with C. glabrata, and pre-treatment with an NF-κB inhibitor partly inhibited GM-CSF synthesis. Blocking TLR4 with anti-TLR4 antibody did not inhibit GM-CSF production. In contrast, an anti-CDw17 antibody triggered significant inhibition of NF-κB activation and GM-CSF synthesis. β-glucans did not stimulate GM-CSF synthesis, suggesting that the CDw17/NF-κB/GM-CSF pathway may be β-glucan-independent. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of GM-CSF induction by C. glabrata.
Post-translational Regulation of Runx2 in Bone and Cartilage
Authors: Jonason J.H. , Xiao G. , Zhang M. , Xing L. , Chen D.
Published: September 2009

The Runx2 gene product is essential for mammalian bone development. In humans, Runx2 haploinsufficiency results in cleidocranial dysplasia, a skeletal disorder characterized by bone and dental abnormalities. At the molecular level, Runx2 acts as a transcription factor for genes expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts. Runx2 gene expression and protein function are regulated on multiple levels, including transcription, translation, and post-translational modification. Furthermore, Runx2 is involved in numerous protein-protein interactions, most of which either activate or repress transcription of target genes. In this review, we discuss expression of Runx2 during development as well as the post-translational regulation of Runx2 through modification by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation.
Acceleration of Palatal Wound Healing in Smad3-deficient Mice
Authors: Jinno K. , Takahashi T. , Tsuchida K. , Tanaka E. , Moriyama K.
Published: September 2009

Wound healing is a well-orchestrated complex process leading to the repair of injured tissues. It is suggested that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad3 signaling is involved in wound healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in palatal wound healing in Smad3-deficient (Smad3−/−) mice. Histological examination showed that wound closure was accelerated by the proliferation of epithelium and dermal cells in Smad3−/− mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Macrophage/monocyte infiltration at wounded regions in Smad3−/− mice was decreased in parallel with the diminished production of TGF-β1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α compared with WT mice. Fibrocytes, expressing hematopoietic surface marker and fibroblast products, were recruited and produced α-smooth-muscle actin in WT mice, but were not observed in Smad3−/− mice. These results suggest that TGF-β/Smad3 signaling may play an important role in the regulation of palatal wound healing.
The prisoner ’s right to vote and civic responsibility: Reaffirming the social contract?
Authors: Easton Susan
Published: September 2009

This article considers the issue of the prisoner’s right to vote in the light of recent developments in law and policy. It critically reviews the purported justifications for disenfranchisement and argues that re-enfranchisement should be pursued on the grounds of both principle and policy.
Probation officers’ perspectives on recent Belgian changes in the probation service
Authors: Bauwens Aline
Published: September 2009

Throughout the last decade Belgium’s criminal justice sector — and its probation service in particular — has undergone a period of rapid change generated by public criticism, political pressure and calls for reform. This qualitative study highlights how structural changes have influenced probation practice by focusing on how probation officers themselves have perceived these recent organizational changes. These preliminary findings draw on a qualitative study of probation officers working in the House of Justice in Brussels and are compared with developments in England and Wales.
Probation and offender manager training: An argument for an integrated approach
Authors: Knight Charlotte , Stout Brian
Published: September 2009

De Montfort University (DMU) was commissioned by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) to carry out skills profile research to inform the proposed new probation training framework and curriculum. This article will outline the findings of this research and discuss the future of probation training. It will argue that the future training arrangements for probation staff need to take account of the fact that complex offender-focused work is now being carried out by various grades of staff and that the issue of role boundaries should be central to the debate about competency and qualifications. Whilst training resources can no longer be disproportionately targeted at the probation officer grade, to the detriment of other grades, the importance of higher education in enabling the development of critical and reflective skills as well as knowledge for all staff is emphasized.
Ingraining Product-Relevant Social Good into Business Processes in Subsistence Marketplaces: The Sustainable Market Orientation
Authors: Viswanathan Madhubalan , Seth Anju , Gau Roland , Chaturvedi Avinish
Published: September 2009

This article uses insights gained from the unique context of subsistence marketplaces, or the base of the pyramid, to put forth a sustainable market orientation for businesses. Using qualitative research and case studies of businesses, ingraining social good in a product-relevant sense is argued to be central and essential for businesses in subsistence contexts to be successful. This analysis is unique in taking a bottom-up in orientation and begins at the microlevel, drawing on psychological and sociological aspects of subsistence marketplaces to derive macrolevel implications.
Does the Situational Couple Violence- Intimate Terrorism Typology Explain Cohabitors’ High Risk of Intimate Partner Violence?
Authors: Brownridge Douglas A.
Published: September 2009

This study examines M. P. Johnson’s assertion that violence in marital unions is more likely to be intimate terrorism (IT) and violence in cohabiting unions is more likely to be situational couple violence (SCV). Having overcome limitations of the data on which Johnson based his assertion, the results show that cohabiting and married victims of violence are equally likely to report experiencing SCV and IT. Moreover, cohabitors have higher odds of experiencing SCV and IT compared to their counterparts living in a marital union. These marital status differences are explained by selection and relationship factors theorized to account for them. Although the SCV— IT typology does appear to shed light on gender differences, the results of this study suggest that, where relevant, researchers using this typology should not neglect risk factors derived from theories for understanding intimate partner violence (IPV).