bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL PATHS RELATED TO TRANSPORT PROBLEMS
Authors: XIA QINGLAN
Published: March 2003

In transport problems of Monge's types, the total cost of a transport map is usually an integral of some function of the distance, such as |x - y|p. In many real applications, the actual cost may naturally be determined by a transport path. For shipping two items to one location, a "Y shaped" path may be preferable to a "V shaped" path. Here, we show that any probability measure can be transported to another probability measure through a general optimal transport path, which is given by a vector measure in our setting. Moreover, we define a new distance on the space of probability measures which in fact metrizies the weak * topology of measures. Under this distance, the space of probability measures becomes a length space. Relations as well as related problems about transport paths and transport plans are also discussed in the end.
A NONEXISTENCE RESULT OF SINGLE PEAKED SOLUTIONS TO A SUPERCRITICAL NONLINEAR PROBLEM
Authors: AYED M. BEN , MEHDI K. EL , REY O. , GROSSI M.
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the nonlinear elliptic problem (Pε): -Δu = up+ε, u > 0 in Ω; u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω is a smooth bounded domain in ℝn, n ≥ 3, p + 1 = 2n/(n - 2) is the critical Sobolev exponent and ε is a small positive parameter. In contrast with the subcritical problem (P- ε) studied by Han [11] and Rey [17], we show that (Pε) has no single peaked solution for small ε.
NATURAL CLASSES AND TORSION THEORIES
Authors: DAUNS JOHN
Published: March 2003

Conditions under which a natural class of right R-modules is closed under quotient modules are determined. In this case the unique complementary natural class of c(Δ) is closed under direct products. Hence (Δ, c(Δ)) is a hereditary torsion theory with torsion class Δ. In general a natural class [Formula: see text] of right R-modules is not closed under direct products (or quotient modules), yet it has been shown by Y. Zhou that each natural class [Formula: see text] determines a unique hereditary torsion theory τ. The torsion and torsion free classes of this torsion theory τ are studied, and in particular, their dependence on the original natural class [Formula: see text]. As an application, the resulting torsion theories τ are used to define the class of τ-simple, i.e., τ-cocritical modules. Most of the above is done more generally for M-natural classes in the category σ[M].
Two phases of signalling between mitochondria during apoptosis leading to early depolarisation and delayed cytochromecrelease
Authors: Lum May-Ghee , Nagley Phillip
Published: March 2003

We investigated the mode of signalling between mitochondria during apoptosis by monitoring the behaviour of non-irradiated mitochondria following microscopic photosensitisation of half the mitochondria in single human osteosarcoma cells loaded with CMXRos. Following partial irradiation of cells,non-irradiated mitochondria underwent a rapid depolarisation (within 10 minutes). The depolarisation was not inhibited by the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk but was suppressed by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA and overexpression of Bcl-2. Significantly, such depolarisation occurred even after prior conversion of extended filamentous mitochondria into individual punctate structures, indicating that lumenal continuity is not required for communication between the irradiated and non-irradiated mitochondria. Partial irradiation of cells expressing cytochrome c-GFP revealed cytochrome c-GFP release from non-irradiated mitochondria at a delayed but unpredictable time interval (between 30 minutes and more than 2.5 hours) following irradiation, which was unaffected by zVAD-fmk. Once activated, cytochrome c-GFP release occurred within a 10 minute period. Immunocytochemistry failed to reveal the recruitment of Bax to non-irradiated mitochondria, which suggests that Bax does not mediate the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. We conclude that signals(mediated by Ca2+) emanating from irradiated mitochondria are processed by their non-irradiated counterparts and comprise two temporally distinct phases, both independent of caspase-mediated amplification, which generate an initial rapid depolarisation and subsequent delayed release of cytochrome c.
Migration of adult myogenic precursor cells as revealed by GFP/nLacZ labelling of mouse transplantation chimeras
Authors: Jockusch Harald , Voigt Sylvana
Published: March 2003

We studied the migratory behaviour of adult muscle precursor cells in the mouse into and from skeletal muscle grafts using green fluorescent protein(GFP) and nuclear LacZ transgenes as complementary and double markers of the cell's origin. Owing to the small molecular mass and extreme solubility of GFP, this label provided a drastically increased sensitivity for detection compared with the markers that had been used previously. During the first six weeks after the operation, the graft/host border was well defined, with only occasional local intermingling and co-fusion of host and donor myogenic cells. Seven to eleven weeks after the operation we found that the host myogenic cells had migrated into the graft, and graft myogenic cells had migrated into the adjacent host muscle, with integration of donor nuclei into pre-existing myotubes or muscle fibres. There was no indication of an origin of, or target for, these myogenic cells besides neighbouring muscles. Our observations indicate migration of these cells through solid muscle tissue, over a distance of several millimetres. The migratory activity of adult myogenic precursor cells can be stimulated by traumatic events in either the target muscle or the muscle of origin.
Stereospecific Reduction with Retention of Chiral Fluoral-derived 1,3-Oxazolidines with LiAlH4 : Asymmetric Synthesis of 1-Substituted 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamines
Authors: Ishii Akihiro , Miyamoto Fumie , Higashiyama Kimio , Mikami Koichi
Published: March 2003

The asymmetric synthesis of 1-substituted 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamines from chiral 1,3-oxazolidines having trifluoromethyl group derived from trifluoromethyl ketones and (R)-phenylglycinol is described. The stereospecific reduction of chiral 1,3-oxazolidines with LiAlH4 proceeds in retention fashion.
The Enzymatic Transformation of Leaf-Movement Factor in Lespedeza cuneata G. Don Controlled by a Biological Clock
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Ohnuki Takashi , Yamamura Shosuke
Published: March 2003

We have shown that enzymatic transformation of potassium lespedezate (leaf-opening substance) to potassium 4-hydroxyphehylpyruvate in a nyctinastic plant, Lespedeza cuneata G. Don, controls the leaf-movement of the plant. By this transformation in the evening, the balance of concentration between leaf-opening substance and leaf-closing substance is inversed through a day. A biological clock should control the leaf-movement by activation or expression of the enzyme concerned in this step.
Covalent Immobilization of Oligonucleotides on Modified Glass/Silicon Surfaces for Solid-phase DNA Hybridization and Amplification
Authors: Yang Mengsu , Kong Richard Y C , Kazmi Najam , Leung Andrew K C
Published: March 2003

Glass slides and silicon chips were modified with aminosilane and various linker molecules to provide activated surfaces for covalent immobilization of oligonucleotides under ambient condition, and the surface-attached oligonucleotides remain active for solid-phase DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction.
Reaction of Thiopivalophenones with Benzyne. Formation of 2H-Benzo[b]thietes
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Shiki Kyoko , Shioji Kosei
Published: March 2003

Reaction of thiopivalophenone with phenyl[2-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]iodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of tetrabutylammonium fluoride afforded the corresponding [2+2] cycloadduct, 2-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-2H-benzo[b]thiete, in 58% yield. On the other hand, reaction of thiopivalophenone with benzenediazonium 2-carboxylate gave 2-tert-butyl-2-p-tolyl-benzo[d][3,1]oxathiane-6-one in 82% yield. The difference in the reactivity might be owing to the leaving group ability.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Carbon Material by Electroreduction in Fused Alkali Carbonates
Authors: Kaplan Benjamin , Groult Henri , Komaba Shinichi , Kumagai Naoaki , Lantelme Frederic
Published: March 2003

Carbon fine powders were obtained by the electrochemical reduction of liquid ternary system lithium–sodium–potassium carbonates at 450 °C using nickel electrodes. The analysis of these powders by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the coexistence of three different forms of carbon: graphite, amorphous carbon and carbon nanostructures. The third has an average diameter of about 10 nm and is self-organized into long “ropes”.
Polyslipping: A New Approach to Polyrotaxane-like Assemblies
Authors: Sohgawa Yow-hei , Fujimori Hiroki , Shoji Junko , Furusho Yoshio , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu
Published: March 2003

“Polyslipping”, that is, multiple slipping of dumbbell components into macrocyclic ones having the appropriate size complementarity, of bis-ammonium salt 1 and bis-crown ether 5 in acetone or acetonitrile afforded polyrotaxane-like assembly 6, which quantitatively reverted to the monomers 1 and 5 by dissolving in DMSO.
A Strategy for Increasing Molecular Weight of Polyester by Lipase-Catalyzed Polymerization
Authors: Ebata Hiroki , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi
Published: March 2003

A strategy for increasing the molecular weight of a polyester by lipase-catalyzed polymerization of a lactone and hydroxy acid was developed using azeotropic dehydration with toluene and a Dearn–Stark trap packed with molecular sieves. Thus, polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(15-hydroxypentadecanoic acid) having number-average molecular weights of 81000 and 42000, respectively, were obtained by a 6-h polymerization at 70 °C.
Fabrication of Ultrathin, Protein-containing Films by Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Electrochemical Characterization of Hemoglobin Entrapped in the Film
Authors: Shang Libin , Liu Xinjian , Zhong Jun , Fan Chunhai , Suzuki Iwao , Li Genxi
Published: March 2003

Multilayers of hemoglobin were uniformly deposited on a pyrolytic graphite electrode surface through a layer-by-layer self-assembly approach. The well-known anionic polyelectrolyte, DNA, was used to attract cationic hemoglobin due to the strong electrostatic interaction between DNA and the protein. Interestingly, the electron transfer reactivity of hemoglobin was significantly improved in the film, which in turn facilitated the electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide.
Ionic Liquids‐Based Reconfigurable Frequency Selective Rasorber with Thermally Tunable Absorption Band
Authors: Yang Fulong , Wang Dayu , Zhu Xiaoqing , Xu Huan , Wang Teng , Shi Zhinan
Published: February 2025

This article proposes a novel ionic liquids‐based reconfigurable frequency selective rasorber (FSR) at microwave bands. The ionic liquids‐based FSR consists of a bandpass‐type frequency‐selective surface, a 3D resin container, and an ionic liquid layer. Numerical simulation analysis demonstrates that the transmission loss of the FSR is less than 3 dB within the range of 4.3–5.3 GHz, and the absorption rate exceeds 90% within the range of 8–27.5 GHz. The FSR exhibits reconfigurable characteristics: when the cavity is filled with the ionic liquid [EMIm][N(CN)2], it demonstrates low‐frequency transmission and high‐frequency absorption. In contrast, when no ionic liquid [EMIm][N(CN)2] is in the cavity, it exhibits low‐frequency transmission. The proposed ionic liquids‐based FSR also has a wide incidence angle with polarization‐insensitive characteristics. By studying the electromagnetic characteristics of frequency‐selective rasorbers at different temperatures, it is found that the frequency‐selective rasorber has a stable passband at low frequencies and the absorption bandwidth decreases with increasing temperature at high frequencies. Finally, a prototype of the FSR based on ionic liquid has been fabricated, and the experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed structure, indicating potential applications in antenna stealth technology.
Exploring the Effect of Lanthanum on the Corrosion Resistance and Antimicrobial Properties of Fe–20Cr–18Ni–6Mo–0.8Cu–0.2N Stainless Steel in Seawater
Authors: Li Haojun , Jiang Quantong , Liu Xingbin , Sun Chen , Lu Dongzhu , Liu Nazhen , Duan Jizhou , Hou Baorong
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the effects of lanthanum (La) on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Fe–20Cr–18Ni–6Mo–0.8Cu stainless steel in seawater. Microstructural analysis shows that La addition refines grain size and alters precipitated phases. X‐ray diffraction confirms austenitic structures, while transmission electron microscopy reveals the formation of Cu5La compounds and ferrite/σ phases. Electrochemical tests indicate that the sample without La has the highest open‐circuit potential and best corrosion resistance in nonseawater conditions. However, after 16 days of seawater exposure, the 0.5 wt% La sample exhibits superior corrosion resistance with a corrosion rate of 0.0175 mm/a, while higher La contents (1.0 wt% and 1.5 wt%) leads to poor corrosion resistance and large corrosion craters. Scanning electron microscopy confirms minimal surface corrosion for the 0.5 wt% La sample. In sulfate‐reducing bacteria environments, La enhances corrosion resistance, except for pitting corrosion observed in the 1.5 wt% sample. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy shows minimal surface potential fluctuation (from −30 to 10 mV) for the 0 wt% La sample, indicating the best corrosion resistance. This study provides insights into the role of rare earth elements in super austenitic stainless steels.
Fast Reverse Design of 4D‐Printed Voxelized Composite Structures Using Deep Learning and Evolutionary Algorithm
Authors: Wang Mengtao , Liu Zaiyang , Furukawa Hidemitsu , Li Zhuo , Ge Yifei , Xu Yifan , Qiu Zhe , Tian Yang , Wang Zhongkui , Xu Ren , Meng Lin
Published: February 2025

Designing voxelized composite structures via 4D printing involves creating voxel units with distinct material properties that transform in response to stimuli; however, optimally distributing these properties to achieve specific target shapes remains a significant challenge. This study introduces an optimization method combining deep learning (DL) and an evolutionary algorithm, focusing on a solvent‐responsive hydrogel as the target material. A sequence‐enhanced parallel convolutional neural network is developed and generated a dataset through finite element simulations. This DL model enables high‐precision prediction of hydrogel deformation. Furthermore, a progressive evolutionary algorithm (PEA) is proposed by integrating the DL model to construct a DL‐PEA framework. This framework supports rapid reverse engineering of the desired shape, and the average design time for specified target shapes is reduced to ≈3.04 s. The present findings illustrate how 4D printing of optimized hydrogel designs can effectively transform in response to environmental stimuli. This work provides a new perspective on the application of hydrogels in 4D printing and presents an efficient tool for optimizing 4D‐printed voxelized composite structures.
Ion Intercalation‐Mediated MoS2 Conductance Switching for Highly Energy‐Efficient Memristor Synapse
Authors: Zhao Bin , Zhao Xuan , Xun Xiaochen , Gao Fangfang , Li Qi , Sun Jiayi , Ouyang Tian , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Yue
Published: February 2025

Emerging memristor synapses with ion dynamics have the potential to process spatiotemporal information and can accelerate the development of energy‐efficient neuromorphic computing. However, conventional ion‐migration‐type memristors suffer from low switching speed and uncontrollable conductance modulation, hindering energy‐efficient neuromorphic hardware implementation. Here, ion intercalation‐mediated conductance switching in MoS2 is introduced for a highly energy‐efficient memristor synapse (HEMS) to accurately emulate the bio‐synaptic function. Li‐ion intercalation into the few‐layer MoS2 can induce structural evolution, thereby achieving high‐speed and controllable conductance modulation in HEMS. Consequently, the HEMS exhibits highly energy efficiency with a fast switching speed of 500 ns and low energy consumption of 2.85 fJ per synaptic event. The stable bidirectional modulation of synaptic plasticity by consecutive voltage pulses of 5000 times can be achieved in the HEMS. Besides, the HEMS is endowed with logic functions and can process multiple sets of inputs in parallel for information integration. This work offers an alternative strategy for fast‐speed conductance modulation via ion intercalation to develop energy‐efficient memristors in future neuromorphic computing.
Mobility‐Lifetime Products in Organic Infrared Photodiodes with Peak Absorption at 1550 nm
Authors: Seo Bogyeom , Bills Tyler , Mahalingavelar Paramasivam , Kim Woojo , Eun Hyeong Ju , Kim Jong H. , Azoulay Jason D. , Ng Tse Nga
Published: February 2025

Infrared photodiodes based on organic semiconductors are promising for low‐cost sensors that operate at room temperature. However, their realization remains hampered by poor device efficiency. Here, performance limitations are analyzed by evaluating the mobility‐lifetime products and charge collection efficiency of devices operating in the shortwave infrared with a peak absorption at 1550 nm. Through complementary impedance and current‐voltage measurements on devices with different donor‐to‐acceptor semiconductor ratios, a trade‐off between mobility and recombination time and the need to balance between transport and interfacial charge transfer are observed. Thus, this study revisits the mobility‐lifetime metric to shed new light on charge collection constraints in organic infrared photodiodes.
Rapid and Ultra‐Sensitive SARS‐CoV‐2 Subgenomic RNA Detection Using Single‐Molecule With a Large Transistor‐SiMoT Bioelectronic Platform
Authors: Macchia Eleonora , D'Erchia Anna Maria , Caputo Mariapia , Bianco Angelica , Leoni Claudia , Intranuovo Francesca , Scandurra Cecilia , Sarcina Lucia , Di Franco Cinzia , Bollella Paolo , Scamarcio Gaetano , Torsi Luisa , Pesole Graziano
Published: February 2025

The replication of Coronaviridae viruses depends on the synthesis of structural proteins expressed through the discontinuous transcription of subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). Thus, detecting sgRNAs, which reflect active viral replication, provides valuable insights into infection status. Current diagnostic methods, such as PCR‐based assays, often involve high costs, complex equipment, and reliance on highly trained personnel. Additionally, their specificity can be compromised by technical limitations in kit design. While viral culture remains highly accurate, it is impractical for routine diagnostics. In this study, the single‐molecule‐with‐a‐large‐transistor (SiMoT) technology is presented for detecting sgRNA encoding the nucleocapsid (N) protein in clinical samples. SiMoT incorporates a stable layer of complementary DNA strands on the sensing gate electrode, facilitating rapid, sensitive, and specific sgRNA detection. Among 90 tested samples, SiMoT achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 98.0% and a specificity of 87.8%, delivering results within 30 min. This user‐friendly platform requires minimal sample preparation and offers a cost‐effective point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostic solution. With its demonstrated diagnostic accuracy and scalability, SiMoT represents a promising tool for detecting active viral replication in SARS‐CoV‐2 and other coronaviruses. It addresses the limitations of existing molecular and culture‐based methods while enhancing accessibility to reliable diagnostics.
Dynamically Encircling Multiple Exceptional Points in Waveguides System: Asymmetric–symmetric Multimode Switching
Authors: Wang Xiaoxiao , Qi Huixin , Li Yandong , Hu Xiaoyong , Wang Xingyuan , Gong Qihuang
Published: February 2025

Dynamically encircling exceptional points in non‐Hermitian systems leads to counterintuitive chiral mode conversions, which provides a new platform for implementing information processing. Previous research has shown that the position of the starting point determines whether the dynamics are chiral or non‐chiral. Photonic devices that simultaneously realize chiral and non‐chiral mode converters are yet to be investigated. In this letter, a four‐state non‐Hermitian waveguide array with two exceptional points is presented and the dynamical encirclement of each exceptional point and double exceptional points, which possess chiral and non‐chiral dynamics is studied. Encircling a single exceptional point and both exceptional points gives the same outcome but a different encircling process. During non‐chiral dynamics, the initial states are not on the Riemann sheet that forms the EPs, encircling both exceptional points produces more branch cuts than encircling a single exceptional point. An asymmetric–symmetric multimode switch at telecommunication wavelengths is demonstrated. Chiral mode converter and non‐chiral mode converter can be implemented simultaneously on one photonic device. The research enriches the exploration of the physics associated with multiple exceptional points in non‐Hermitian multistate systems and inspires wide applications in on‐chip optical systems.
Cover Picture: Astron. Nachr. 1/2025
Authors: Friedrich S. , Maitra C. , Dennerl K. , Schwope A. , Werner K. , Stelzer B.
Published: February 2025

Hunting for white dwarfs in eROSITA surveys 1‐4 with special processing. The Gaia color‐magnitude diagram shows all white dwarf candidates from the Gaia white dwarf catalogue (Gentile Fusillo et al. 2021), colour‐coded with the probability of being a white dwarf. Black circles mark sources in the ROSAT white dwarf catalogue (Fleming et al. 1996) that match entries in the Gaia white dwarf catalogue (light blue crosses indicate those in the German half of the eROSITA sky). Orange crosses mark eROSITA sources with a hardness ratio of ≤ −0.94 and with counterparts in the Gaia white dwarf catalogue. Those highlighted with a dark green circle have a probability larger than 90 % of being a white dwarf in that catalogue. The cooling tracks of white dwarfs with masses between 0.4 and 1.2 solar masses are shown as gray lines in steps of 0.1 solar masses (top to bottom). For more details see the related paper by S. Friedrich et al. published in this issue e240139.

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Pyrolysis kinetics, thermodynamics, and reaction performance of wheat straw and water hyacinth using TGA‐DTG analysis: Bioenergy potential in Ethiopia
Authors: Gesese Tesfa Nega , Getahun Eshetu , Getahun Alelgn Anmaw
Published: February 2025

The kinetics and thermodynamics of biomass pyrolysis are crucial for its design, optimization, and industrial application. In this study, proximate analysis, together with higher heating value (HHV) and kinetic and thermodynamic studies of water hyacinth (WH) and wheat straw (WS) pyrolysis were performed. Nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at heating rates of 15, 20, and 25 °C min−1 were employed to investigate their pyrolysis kinetics experimentally. Detailed results from the proximate analysis and HHV measurements for both biomasses were documented and analyzed. Iso‐conversional kinetic analysis revealed that the effective activation energy varied significantly with the reacted fraction. For WS, the average activation energy values were 63.67 kJ mol−1 and 45.74 kJ mol−1 based on the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) methods, respectively. For WH, the corresponding values were 118.58 kJ mol−1 and 114.09 kJ mol−1.

The Coats–Redfern model demonstrated that the TGA data obtained in an inert environment were best described by a second‐order reaction mechanism and the ‘D3c’ three‐way diffusion model. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the pyrolysis of WH and WS is not spontaneous and requires external energy input for thermal decomposition. Both processes were identified as endothermic, with reactivity increasing as pyrolysis advanced.

The comprehensive pyrolysis index (CPI) increased with higher heating rates, suggesting that elevated heating rates were more favorable for the pyrolysis of these biomasses. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the reaction mechanisms and highlight the potential of WH and WS for bioenergy production.
Systematic characterization of horizontally transferred biosynthetic gene clusters in the human gut microbiota using HTBGC‐Finder
Authors: Wu Jiacheng , Yang Xiao , Zhao Lanlan , Li Ziyun , Zhao Guoping , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2025

The human gut microbiota contains biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that encode bioactive secondary metabolites, which play pivotal roles in microbe‐microbe and host‐microbe interactions and serve as a rich source of pharmaceutical lead compounds. Understanding the horizontal transfer of BGCs can reveal insights into microbial adaptation, resource utilization, and evolutionary mechanisms, thereby advancing biotechnological applications. Despite its importance, horizontal transfer of BGCs within the gut microbiota remains poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a novel tool, the Horizontally Transferred Biosynthetic Gene Clusters Finder (HTBGC‐Finder), designed to systematically identify potential horizontally transferred BGCs (HTBGCs) within the extensive human gut microbiota. Using HTBGC‐Finder, we identified 81 potential HTBGCs, underscoring the prevalence and significance of horizontal gene transfer in shaping the genetic landscape of the gut microbiome. Remarkably, ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) constituted the majority of these HTBGCs (76 out of 81, 93.83%), exhibiting a significantly higher transfer rate compared to non‐RiPPs (Chi‐squared test, p < 0.001). Upon detailed examination of BGCs, cyclic‐lactone‐autoinducer (CLA) and RiPP recognition element (RRE)‐containing BGCs were predominant, representing nearly three‐quarters of the total (45, or 55.56%, and 14, or 17.28%, respectively). Notably, CLA BGCs also demonstrated a higher transfer rate than non‐CLA BGCs (Chi‐squared test, p < 0.001). Taxonomy profiling revealed that horizontal BGC transfer occurred exclusively in the phyla Bacteroidota (synonym Bacteroidetes) and Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes), with 50 and 31 instances, respectively. Furthermore, cross‐phylum transfer events were observed, highlighting the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and host health. These findings offer valuable insights into the horizontal transfer dynamics of BGCs within the gut microbiome and their potential implications for host‐microbiota interactions.
Omission Bias in Adolescence: Asymmetric Perceptions of Morality, Intentionality and Causality
Authors: Wang Yanwei , Zhao Jiaxuan , Su Yanjie
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Humans are more tolerant of omissions than commissions when both cause similar negative outcomes, which is defined as omission bias. Although adults show omission bias in various moral contexts, it remains unclear how omission bias develops from adolescence to early adulthood. The current study aims to examine how adolescents perceive morality, intentionality, and causality of commissions and omissions.

Methods

We recruited 730 participants from junior and senior high schools, as well as universities, between 2022 and 2023. Participants came from three provinces (Beijing, Shanxi, Henan) in China, including 160 early adolescents (Mage = 12.55 ± 0.34 years, 74 females), 169 middle adolescents (Mage = 13.71 ± 0.71 years, 74 females), 223 late adolescents (Mage = 17.15 ± 0.60 years, 123 females), and 178 young adults (Mage = 21.75 ± 1.81 years, 123 females). We conducted a 2 (Behavior: commission, omission) × 4 (Age: early adolescents, middle adolescents, late adolescents, young adults) × 2 (Outcome: harm, no harm) analysis of variance with morality, intentionality, and causality ratings as dependent variables respectively.

Results

The results indicated late adolescents and young adults regarded commissions as more immoral than omissions. This tendency was consistent with the asymmetric perceptions of causality in the same age groups, but not with the asymmetric perceptions of intentionality, which existed even in early adolescence.

Conclusions

These findings suggested that omission bias becomes more pronounced in middle‐to‐late adolescence and causality perceptions may play an important role in omission bias on moral judgment.
Effect of 3D‐Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffold With Powdery/Smooth Micromorphology on Local Immune Environments
Authors: Hou Lan , Meng Zijie , Zhang Jiawei , Jiao Yangchi , Chang Kexin , He Jiankang , Zhang Juliang
Published: February 2025

Selective laser sintering (SLS) has become a viable approach for producing biodegradable medical implants in various clinical applications. The resulting scaffolds typically exhibit a powdery microstructure, which may potentially impact the behavior of immune cells and immune responses in surrounding tissues. However, limited research has been conducted to understand the effect of surface morphology in SLS‐fabricated scaffolds on local immune environments. This study aims to compare the effect of SLS‐fabricated polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with powdery and smooth surface morphologies on immune‐related biological responses. Compared with those on the powdery micromorphology, RAW264.7 macrophages displayed greater dispersion and adopted a spread and elongated morphology on the scaffolds with smooth surface. The expression levels of arginase‐1 and CD206 were found to be upregulated in macrophages adhering to the PCL scaffolds with smooth surface, accompanied by an augmented secretion of anti‐inflammatory cytokines TGF‐β and IL‐10. Conversely, there was a decrease in the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐12. When implanted in vivo, the SLS‐derived scaffolds were completely covered by host tissues, Withing increased collagen deposition, indicating good histocompatibility. At 1‐week post‐implantation, there was a significantly higher presence of M2‐type macrophages surrounding the scaffold compared to M1 macrophages in both groups. By 3 weeks post‐implantation, the overall level of macrophages had decreased in both groups. However, a significant higher level of M1 macrophages were observed in the powdery scaffold group. At the same time, the number of neutrophils around the powder scaffold increased significantly, demonstrating long‐term local inflammatory responses. The results suggested that post‐treated scaffolds with smooth surfaces can effectively reduce local inflammation, making them more suitable for clinical implantation.
Enhanced Biodegradation and Biocompatibility of Vascular Grafts Through Oriented Core‐Shell Fibrous Structure and Incorporation of Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate
Authors: Li Yunhuan , Yang Tao , Zhang Kuihua , Zou Chengyu , Hou Keqing , Yin Anlin
Published: February 2025

Microstructure and biological activity have been pivotal factors in the modification of vascular grafts. Equally crucial, however, are degradation behavior and mechanical stability, both of which are key to long‐term success of grafts. To optimize these properties, we prepared oriented fiber membranes with core‐shell structures through coaxial electrospinning, incorporating varying concentrations of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS). In this design, poly‐ethylene oxide (PEO)/STS served as the core layer, while poly‐L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone (PLCL) formed the shell. Our findings revealed that both random and oriented fiber membranes exhibited excellent mechanical properties. Notably, compared to random fiber membranes, the oriented counterparts showed enhanced hydrophilicity and a tunable degradation rate. Furthermore, the sustained release of STS from the membranes inhibited platelet adhesion and significantly promote cell diffusion, growth, and proliferation. Importantly, the oriented fiber membranes loaded with STS were able to induce a highly organized cell arrangement and upregulate the expression of CD144 and vWF in endothelial cells. These promising findings suggest that oriented core‐shell fiber membranes loaded with PEO/STS could offer valuable insights into vascular graft design and hold potential for further exploration in animal studies.
Liquid Metal‐Based Conductive Nerve Guidance Conduit Combined With Electrical Stimulation Boosts Peripheral Nerve Repair
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Song Chenchen , Yao Dongdong , Qiao Fangyu , Zou Yang , Lv Yonggang
Published: February 2025

The combination of nerve guide conduits (NGCs) and electrical stimulation (ES) is an effective treatment for peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Flexible conductive materials with mechanical properties similar to those of biological tissues have been shown to have better long‐term biointegration and functionality than rigid conductive materials. In this study, liquid metal (LM)‐based conductive polycaprolactone/gelatin/polypyrrole/LM (PCL/Gel/PPy/LM, PGPL) NGC was combined with exogenous ES to repair PNI. PGPL membranes had good hydrophilicity, degradability, and mechanical properties, and its conductivity reached 0.66 ± 0.02 S/m. In vitro studies showed that the combination of PGPL membranes and ES (2 Hz, 100 mV/cm, 30 min/d) could significantly increase the expression of neuromarkers and had a better pro‐neural differentiation effect. In vivo studies demonstrated that PGPL NGCs in combination with ES (2 Hz, 200 mV/mm, 30 min/d) could effectively promote morphological reconstruction and functional recovery of the sciatic nerve in rats. At 3 months post‐surgery, PGPL NGCs combined with ES restored the nerve conduction velocity to 73.85% ± 5.45% of the normal value. The LM‐based NGCs prepared in this study could effectively repair long sciatic nerve defects, which may further expand the application of LM in the field of nerve tissue engineering.
A comparative study on antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory activities of fermented whey and soy protein isolates and the release of biofunctional peptides: an in vitro and in silico studies
Authors: Vadher Kartikkumar Ramjibhai , Sakure Amar A , Mankad Pooja M , Rawat Anita , Bishnoi Mahendra , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Patel Ashish , Sarkar Preetam , Hati Subrota
Published: February 2025

Background

This study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory activities of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (M9) MTCC 25516 during the fermentation of whey and soy protein isolates. It also seeks to characterize protein profiles, identify multifunctional peptides, and assess structural changes using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Results

Fermentation with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (M9) significantly enhanced antidiabetic activity, with optimal peptide production at a 25 mL L−1 inoculation rate for 48 h at 37 °C. Proteolytic activity reduced inflammatory markers (IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, NO) in RAW 267.4 cells. SDS‐PAGE and 2D gel electrophoresis revealed distinct protein profiles, with 19 and 49 protein spots in whey and soy isolates, respectively. Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) identified multifunctional peptides, and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed structural changes post‐fermentation. Confocal microscopy further revealed protein modifications.

Conclusion

Fermentation of whey and soy protein isolates with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (M9) enhances antidiabetic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Optimal conditions (25 mL L−1 inoculation, 48‐h incubation) improved peptide production, with analytical techniques confirming structural and functional changes. These findings suggest fermented protein isolates could be valuable in functional foods with health benefits. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Unravelling Granulomatous‐Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease: A Case of Common Variable Immunodeficiency With Unusual Clinical Features and Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Pragash Nirosha , Mann Jennifer , Antonov Anton
Published: February 2025

Granulomatous‐lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GL‐ILD) is a rare pulmonary complication associated with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), complicating diagnosis due to overlapping symptoms with other chronic respiratory conditions. This case involves a 33‐year‐old male with a history of sarcoidosis, presenting with recurrent sino‐pulmonary infections, mediastinal and axillary lymphadenopathy, and significant splenomegaly. Despite initial treatment with prednisolone, his symptoms persisted, and FDG‐PET imaging showed metabolic activity in the sinuses and lymph nodes. Immunological assessment revealed markedly reduced immunoglobulin levels, leading to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, which resulted in substantial improvement. A critical learning point is recognising that splenomegaly is commonly associated with CVID, which can aid in distinguishing it from other conditions. This case underscores the importance of considering CVID, with or without GL‐ILD, as a differential diagnosis in patients with persistent respiratory symptoms and granulomatous lung disease, including sarcoidosis. Further research is needed to optimise treatment strategies for this rare condition.
Rapid On‐Site Digital Histopatholocal Evaluation (RODE) on Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) Mediastinal Lymph Node Cryobiopsy Sampling Using Confocal Laser Microscopy—A Proof‐Of‐Concept Study
Authors: Gonuguntla Hari Kishan , Vidyasagar Belgundi Preeti , Shah Milap , Radia Sejal B. , Tripathi Somesh , Poletti Venerino
Published: February 2025

The current standard for determining sample adequacy during Endobronchial Ultrasound guided Mediastinal Sampling is ROSE (Rapid on‐site Evaluation) on samples obtained by Fine needle Aspiration. There is an increasing interest in Mediastinal Lymph node cryobiopsy, where tissue samples are obtained using a 1.1 mm cryoprobe. Rapid onsite evaluation on cryobiopsy samples can also be performed by imprint cytology. This proof‐of‐concept study explores the use of Viva Scope 2500 for rapid on‐site digital histopathological evaluation of Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) guided mediastinal lymph node cryobiopsy samples. Confocal Laser Microscopy allows for high‐resolution imaging and expedites diagnosis. The study involved four cases of mediastinal lymph node cryobiopsy, and the samples obtained were subjected to rapid digital histopathological examination by Viva Scope 2500 (confocal laser microscopy), enabling lesion in tool confirmation and the results obtained were compared with the final conventional histopathology results. Confocal Laser microscopy by Viva Scope 2500 was found to be comparable to conventional histopathology, superior to conventional histopathology in providing rapid on‐site diagnosis minimising the time to diagnosis, with added advantage of better sampled tissue preservation for downstream molecular analysis. RODE reduces procedural time and increases confidence in the operator during mediastinal lymph node sampling enabling lesion in tool confirmation. RODE is a better alternative to ROSE and conventional histopathology decreasing the time to diagnosis.
LungDepth: Self‐Supervised Multi‐Frame Monocular Depth Estimation for Bronchoscopy
Authors: Xu Jingsheng , Guan Bo , Zhao Jianchang , Yi Bo , Li Jianmin
Published: February 2025

Background

Bronchoscopy is an essential measure for conducting lung biopsies in clinical practice. It is crucial for advancing the intelligence of bronchoscopy to acquire depth information from bronchoscopic image sequences.

Methods

A self‐supervised multi‐frame monocular depth estimation approach for bronchoscopy is constructed. Networks are trained by minimising the photometric reprojection error between the target frame and the reconstructed target frame. The adaptive dual attention module and the details emphasis module are introduced to better capture the edge contour and internal details. In addition, the approach is evaluated on a self‐made dataset and compared against other established methods.

Results

Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other self‐supervised monocular depth estimation approaches in both quantitative measurement and qualitative analysis.

Conclusion

Our monocular depth estimation approach for bronchoscopy achieves superior performance in terms of error and accuracy, and passes physical model validations, which can facilitate further research into intelligent bronchoscopic procedures.
The Impact of High Burden Idiopathic Premature Ventricular Contractions in Pediatric versus Adult Populations. A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Allam Lamyaa Elsayed , Nabih Mervat Aboulmaaty , Helal Mohamed Basyouni , Allam Abdallah R. , Ali Ahmed Nabil
Published: February 2025

Idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can occur in up to 40% of children with structurally normal hearts. The study aims to assess the impact of high-burden idiopathic PVCs on children in comparison with adults in terms of symptoms, distribution of origin, management strategies, and safety considerations. This is a single-center retrospective cohort study that included patients with frequent PVCs (> 10% burden in Holter monitoring) and categorized by age into adult group (≥ 18 years) and pediatric group. Data encompassed demographic profiles, clinical symptoms, echocardiographic findings, electrocardiographic analyses, and one-year follow-up management. A total of 224 PVC cases were collected during a 2-year study (120 children and 104 adults). Syncope occurred significantly more in children than adults (15.8% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.003). In children, the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) free wall was the predominant site (48 patients; 40%), while the septal RVOT was most common in adults (35 patients; 33.7%). Pediatric cases exhibited significantly higher PVCs originating from the outflow tract (92.5% vs. 69.2%; p = 0.001). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between groups regarding the safety, acute, and one-year outcomes of RF ablation. Age disparities were evident in syncope incidence and PVC origin, with no variance in PVC-induced myopathy prevalence or the safety and outcomes of RF catheter ablation between children and adults.
Recent advances in sustainable biopolymer films incorporating vanillin for enhanced food preservation and packaging
Authors: Matar Ghassan H. , Andac Muberra
Published: February 2025

With advances in food technology and research, the usability and effectiveness of biopolymer blended films are evolving rapidly. Sustainable biopolymer films derived from natural sources such as chitosan, alginate, gelatin, pectin, starch, and protein have attracted great attention due to their biodegradability and environmental benefits. Recent studies have shown that the integration of vanillin into biopolymer films generally offers enhanced mechanical strength, barrier properties, UV protection properties, and bioactive characteristics for efficient protection of food quality and extending shelf life. This review focuses on the newest developments in sustainable biopolymer films integrated with vanillin, with an emphasis on their preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, action mechanisms, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, and potential uses in food preservation and packaging, along with the metrics of publications. Using vanillin in biopolymer films for food packaging is safe and environmentally friendly, and it maintains food quality after it's been harvested, showing a significant advance with exciting prospects for further study. Overall, incorporating vanillin into biopolymer films signifies a promising step forward in creating environmentally friendly and effective solutions for food packaging.

Graphical abstract
MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2 immunohistochemistry as highly sensitive screening method for DNA mismatch repair deficiency syndromes in pediatric high-grade glioma
Authors: Friker Lea L. , Perwein Thomas , Waha Andreas , Dörner Evelyn , Klein Rebecca , Blattner-Johnson Mirjam , Layer Julian P. , Sturm Dominik , Nussbaumer Gunther , Kwiecien Robert , Spier Isabel , Aretz Stefan , Kerl Kornelius , Hennewig Ulrike , Rohde Marius , Karow Axel , Bluemcke Ingmar , Schmitz Ann Kristin , Reinhard Harald , Hernáiz Driever Pablo , Wendt Susanne , Weiser Annette , Guerreiro Stücklin Ana S. , Gerber Nicolas U. , von Bueren André O. , Khurana Claudia , Jorch Norbert , Wiese Maria , Kratz Christian P. , Eyrich Matthias , Karremann Michael , Herrlinger Ulrich , Hölzel Michael , Jones David T. W. , Hoffmann Marion , Pietsch Torsten , Gielen Gerrit H. , Kramm Christof M.
Published: February 2025

Pediatric high-grade glioma (pedHGG) can occur as first manifestation of cancer predisposition syndromes resulting from pathogenic germline variants in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2. The aim of this study was to establish a generalized screening for Lynch syndrome and constitutional MMR deficiency (CMMRD) in pedHGG patients, as the detection of MMR deficiencies (MMRD) may enable the upfront therapeutic use of checkpoint inhibitors and identification of variant carriers in the patients’ families. We prospectively enrolled 155 centrally reviewed primary pedHGG patients for MMR-immunohistochemistry (IHC) as part of the HIT-HGG-2013 trial protocol. MMR-IHC results were subsequently compared to independently collected germline sequencing data (whole exome sequencing or pan-cancer DNA panel next-generation sequencing) available in the HIT-HGG-2013, INFORM, and MNP2.0 trials. MMR-IHC could be successfully performed in 127/155 tumor tissues. The screening identified all present cases with Lynch syndrome or CMMRD (5.5%). In addition, MMR-IHC also detected cases with exclusive somatic MMR gene alterations (2.3%), including MSH2 hypermethylation as an alternative epigenetic silencing mechanism. Most of the identified pedHGG MMRD patients had no family history of MMRD, and thus, they represented index patients in their families. Cases with regular protein expression in MMR-IHC never showed evidence for MMRD in DNA sequencing. In conclusion, MMR-IHC presents a cost-effective, relatively widely available, and fast screening method for germline MMRD in pedHGG with high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (96%). Given the relatively high prevalence of previously undetected MMRD cases among pedHGG patients, we strongly recommend incorporating MMR-IHC into routine diagnostics.
Exploring biologically inspired mechanisms of adversarial robustness
Authors: Holzhausen Konstantin , Merlid Mia , Torvik Håkon Olav , Malthe-Sørenssen Anders , Lepperød Mikkel Elle
Published: February 2025

Backpropagation-optimized artificial neural networks, while precise, lack robustness, leading to unforeseen behaviors that affect their safety. Biological neural systems do solve some of these issues already. Unlike artificial models, biological neurons adjust connectivity based on neighboring cell activity. Understanding the biological mechanisms of robustness can pave the way toward building trustworthy and safe systems. Robustness in neural representations is hypothesized to correlate with the smoothness of the encoding manifold. Recent work suggests power law covariance spectra, which were observed studying the primary visual cortex of mice, to be indicative of a balanced trade-off between accuracy and robustness in representations. Here, we show that unsupervised local learning models with winner takes all dynamics learn such power law representations, providing upcoming studies a mechanistic model with that characteristic. Our research aims to understand the interplay between geometry, spectral properties, robustness, and expressivity in neural representations. Hence, we study the link between representation smoothness and spectrum by using weight, Jacobian and spectral regularization while assessing performance and adversarial robustness. Our work serves as a foundation for future research into the mechanisms underlying power law spectra and optimally smooth encodings in both biological and artificial systems. The insights gained may elucidate the mechanisms that realize robust neural networks in mammalian brains and inform the development of more stable and reliable artificial systems.