bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a three‐dimensional triband (L1L2 GPS and Wi‐Fi) prefractal tree antenna
Authors: Azaro Renzo , Zeni Edoardo , Gazzini Tommaso , Dallapiccola Ramona , Massa Andrea
Published: June 2007

In this article, the synthesis process of a 3D wire antenna with a tree‐like shape and operating at three different frequency bands (L1–L2 GPS bands and Wi‐Fi) is described. By exploiting the degrees of freedom of the reference tree geometry, the electrical project constraints are fitted by optimizing the antenna shape through a particle swarm‐based optimization procedure. Both numerical and experimental assessments confirm effectiveness of the synthesis procedure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2114–2118, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22699
Surface‐mount loop antenna for AMPS/GSM/DCS/PCS operation in the PDA phone
Authors: Li Wei‐Yu , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: June 2007

A surface‐mount loop antenna very suitable for application in the mobile devices such as the PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) phone for quad‐band operation is presented. The antenna comprises of a loop metal pattern for generating two wideband resonant modes at about 900 and 1800 MHz to cover the AMPS/GSM/DCS/PCS bands and a central coupling stub as the feed structure. Although quad‐band operation is obtained, the antenna occupies a small volume of 7 × 8 × 60 mm3or about 3.4 cm3only and is easy to be embedded inside the PDA phone as an internal antenna. Details of the proposed surface‐mount loop antenna are presented and discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2250–2254, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22700
A high‐power MMIC VCO utilizing metamorphic HEMT technology
Authors: Jun Dong‐Hwan , Kim Sung‐Won , Seo Kwang‐Seok , Jang Jae‐Hyung , Song Jong‐In
Published: June 2007

A high‐power monolithic microwave integrated circuit voltage controlled oscillator (MMIC VCO) that can drive optical devices such as an electro‐absorption and an electro‐optic modulators is presented. A common‐gate metamorphic HEMT (MHEMT) with 0.2 mm of gate width in conjunction with inductive feedback was used to generate negative resistance. The low‐loss coplanar waveguide transmission line on the 650 μm‐thick metamorphic GaAs substrate was utilized to minimize loss. The maximum generated output power of the MHEMT VCO was 40.1 mW at 24.1 GHz when biased atVds= 3.8 V andVgs= −0.44 V. Phase noise and frequency tuning range were estimated to be −93.4 dBc/Hz at 1 M Hz offset and 1 GHz, respectively. Experimental results show great promise for the MHEMT MMIC VCO to be used in future high‐power microwave source applications especially for driving optical devices. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2221–2224, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22702
Radiation performance of purely metallic waveguide‐fed compact Fabry–Perot antennas for space applications
Authors: Roncière O. , Arcos B. A. , Sauleau R. , Mahdjoubi K. , Legay H.
Published: June 2007

Metallic electromagnetic bandgap resonator antennas are highly attractive to design very efficient primary feeds of focal array fed reflector antennas for space Tx applications. The antennas analayzed in this work consists of purely metallic Fabry–Perot (FP) cavities with a single partially reflecting surface (PRS) and four perfect electrical conductor (PEC) walls on the sides. They are excited by a standard metallic waveguide. In contrast to prior work, we focus our attention on compact FP resonators whose size is in the order of a few wavelengths in free space. Their radiation characteristics (namely, their resonant frequency, maximum directivity, aperture efficiency, and radiation bandwidth) are investigated numerically in X‐band with the finite‐difference time‐domain method. The extensive study of their radiation performance as a function of their size and grid reflectivity of the PRS, as well as the comparison with the well‐known characteristics of large FP antennas, highlight three main features that must be taken into account for an optimum design: (1) for a given grid reflectivity, the resonant frequency increases while reducing the size of the shielded resonator, (2) for a given size of the antenna there exists an optimum reflectivity maximizing the aperture efficiency, (3) at resonance, the beam radiated by a square cavity is not circularly symmetric. In particular, we have shown that, for a 2 ×λocavity, it is possible to reach a high‐aperture efficiency (ηs= 80%) over a 2.8% (−1 dB radiation) bandwidth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2216–2221, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22703
Fast simulation of periodic guided‐wave structures based on commercial software
Authors: Xu F. , Patrovsky A. , Wu K.
Published: June 2007

The new forms of periodic electromagnetic field variables, which can be resolved from the Maxwell's equations, are shown. As a result, periodic guided‐wave problems can be converted into equivalent resonator problems and the eigen‐frequency algorithms of resonators can be used to extract the complex propagation constants of periodic structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2180–2182, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22704
Implementation of wave digital model in analysis of arbitrary nonuniform transmission lines
Authors: Stošić Biljana P. , Gmitrović Miodrag V.
Published: June 2007

An efficient method of analysis of nonuniform transmission lines (NTL), based on wave digital model composed of cascaded unit elements and two‐port adaptors, is described. The proposed technique treats NTL as a cascade connection of equal‐length or equal‐delay uniform transmission lines. A simple algorithm for calculating transmission and input reflection coefficients is derived. Two application examples, proving the efficiency and response accuracy of the new technique, are given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2150–2153, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22706
Optimization of optical modulator chirp measurement technique using differential frequency beating
Authors: Abdul‐Rashid H. A. , Al‐Qdah M. T. , Chuah H. T. , Tayahi M. , Abdullah M. K.
Published: June 2007

Optimization of the optical modulator chirp measurement technique using differential frequency beating is presented in this paper. The performance of the chirp measurement technique is studied in terms of the measurement range, sensitivity, and resonant frequency as the accumulated chromatic dispersion (CD) in the fiber is varied. Based on the mathematical model and experimental and simulation results, the technique's measurement range and sensitivity increase with reduced accumulated CD in the fiber. However, the resonant frequencies increase with reduced accumulated CD. The chirp measurement technique is optimized at an accumulated CD of ∼600 ps/nm, with a measurement range of ±4.75, maximum sensitivity of 3.3 GHz, and maximum resonant frequency of 14.28 GHz. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2306–2309, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22718
60 GHz multi‐chip module based on cost effective hybrid multilayer PWB
Authors: Choi Sung Tae , Hamaguchi Kiyoshi , Ogawa Hiroyo , Tokuda Kiyohito , Kim Yong Hoon
Published: June 2007

A novel cost‐effective 60‐GHz multi‐chip module (MCM) is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on a low‐cost multilayer printed wiring board (PWB) with a novel vertical transition and a single layer waveguide transition which enables the use of low‐cost substrates with high dielectric loss for millimeter wave applications. The proposed MCM technology has been successfully applied to the packaging of a 60‐GHz self‐heterodyne mixer, and no substantial difference in the RF performance is observed with the packaging. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2303–2305, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22719
Compact‐planar monopole loop antennas for 802.11b/g WLAN systems
Authors: Bledowski Mariusz , Kitlinski Marek
Published: June 2007

Two monopole antennas using Koch loop and Minkowski loop radiators fed by microstrip line are proposed for WLAN applications in the 2.45/5.25 bands. To achieve the desired resonances, new configurations of impedance transformer with transmission line length close to λ/12 were designed. The prototypes have been examined, fabricated, and experimentally tested and found to fulfill with excess WLAN system requirements. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2299–2303, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22720
State of the art of where we are at using stem cells for stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Furuta Akira , Jankowski Ron J. , Honda Masashi , Pruchnic Ryan , Yoshimura Naoki , Chancellor Michael B.
Published: June 2007

Aims

This review aims to discuss: 1) the neurophysiology, highlighting the importance of the middle urethra, and treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI); 2) current injectable cell sources for minimally‐invasive treatment; and 3) the potential of muscle‐derived stem cells (MDSCs) for the delivery of neurotrophic factors.

Methods

A PUB‐MED search was conducted using combinations of heading terms: urinary incontinence, urethral sphincter, stem cells, muscle, adipose, neurotrophins. In addition, we will update the recent work from our laboratory.

Results

In anatomical and functional studies of human and animal urethra, the middle urethra containing rhabdosphincter, is critical for maintaining continence. Cell‐based therapies are most often associated with the use of autologous multipotent stem cells, such as the bone marrow stromal cells. However, harvesting bone marrow stromal stem cells is difficult, painful, and may yield low numbers of stem cells upon processing. In contrast, alternative autologous adult stem cells such as MDSCs and adipose‐derived stem cells can be easily obtained in large quantities and with minimal discomfort. Not all cellular therapies are the same, as demonstrated by the differences in safety and efficacy from muscle‐sourced MDSCs versus myoblasts versus fibroblasts.

Conclusions

Transplanted stem cells may have the ability to undergo self‐renewal and multipotent differentiation, leading to sphincter regeneration. In addition, such cells may release, or be engineered to release, neurotrophins with subsequent paracrine recruitment of endogenous host cells to concomitantly promote a regenerative response of nerve‐integrated muscle. The dawn of a new paradigm in the treatment of SUI may be near. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:966–971, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Duloxetine compared with placebo for the treatment of women with mixed urinary incontinence
Authors: Bent Alfred E. , Gousse Angelo E. , Hendrix SL Susan L. , Klutke Carl G. , Monga Ash K. , Yuen Chui K. , Muram David , Yalcin Ilker , Bump Richard C.
Published: June 2007

Aims

Evaluate duloxetine in the treatment of women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).

Materials and Methods

588 women, 19–85 years old with ≥4 incontinence episodes/week were randomly assigned to duloxetine 80 mg/day (N = 300) or placebo (N = 288). Patients were classified into three symptom subgroups: stress or urge predominant MUI (SPMUI or UPMUI) or balanced MUI (BMUI) based on their responses to the validated Stress/Urge Incontinence Questionnaire. Half the population was randomly assigned to have urodynamics; SPMUI, UPMUI, and BMUI condition diagnoses were based on signs, symptoms, and urodynamic observations. The primary outcome measure was the change in incontinence episode frequency (IEF). Secondary outcome measures included the Incontinence Quality of Life (I‐QOL) scores, the ICI Quality of Life (ICIQ‐SF) score, and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI‐I) rating.

Results

At baseline, women with SPMUI averaged 15.9 IEF/week (61% stress), those with UPMUI averaged 13.2 (70% urge), and those with BMUI averaged 16.5 (52% urge). Overall IEF decreases were significantly greater with duloxetine than placebo (median percent reduction 60% vs. 47%, P < 0.001); both UUI and SUI episodes were significantly decreased with duloxetine (median SUI IEF reduction 59% vs. 43%, P = 0.001; UUI IEF reduction 58% vs. 40%, P < 0.001). Duloxetine IEF decreases were significantly greater for patients with SPMUI conditions and symptoms and for those with UPMUI conditions but not symptoms. Significant benefits were also demonstrated with duloxetine for improvements in I‐QOL total score (11.5 points vs. 8.1 points, P = 0.002), all three I‐QOL subscale scores, and for the ICIQ‐SF score (−2.6 vs. −1.7, P = 0.002) as well as for PGI‐I ratings (much/very much better 44.2% vs. 27.3%, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Duloxetine demonstrated significant efficacy in this population of women with MUI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:212–221, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re‐identification problems in forming of rigid‐visco‐poroplastic materials
Authors: Pokorska Iwona
Published: June 2007

A unified approach for parameter identification of a visco‐poroplastic material model is presented. A repressing powder forging process is analyzed. The numerical solutions for direct and inverse problems have been described. The inverse problem is solved by the use of gradient‐based methods and a sensitivity analysis. Numerical examples of the method proposed are presented, in which one and two parameters of the visco‐poroplastic material model were identified. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical analysis and computational testing of a high accuracy Leray‐deconvolution model of turbulence
Authors: Layton William , Manica Carolina C. , Neda Monika , Rebholz Leo G.
Published: June 2007

We study a computationally attractive algorithm (based on an extrapolated Crank‐Nicolson method) for a recently proposed family of high accuracy turbulence models, the Leray‐deconvolution family. First we prove convergence of the algorithm to the solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations and delineate its (optimal) accuracy. Numerical experiments are presented which confirm the convergence theory. Our 3d experiments also give a careful comparison of various related approaches. They show the combination of the Leray‐deconvolution regularization with the extrapolated Crank‐Nicolson method can be more accurate at higher Reynolds number that the classical extrapolated trapezoidal method of Baker (Report, Harvard University, 1976). We also show the higher order Leray‐deconvolution models (e.g. N = 1,2,3) have greater accuracy than the N = 0 case of the Leray‐α model. Numerical experiments for the 2d step problem are also successfully investigated. Around the critical Reynolds number, the low order models inhibit vortex shedding behind the step. The higher order models, correctly, do not. To estimate the complexity of using Leray‐deconvolution models for turbulent flow simulations we estimate the models' microscale.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2008
Free admission to museums and monuments: an exploration of some perceptions of the audiences
Authors: Gall‐Ely Marine Le , Urbain Caroline , Bourgeon‐Renault Dominique , Gombault Anne , Petr Christine
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the theme of the audiences' perceptions of free admission in national French museums and monuments. The results show that, from an individual perspective, perceptions of free admission are linked to perceptions of price, money and payment, hence complementing perceptions expressed in a collective perspective (a symbolic, political measure causing either adhesion or rejection). These perspectives are generally put forward by both advocates and opponents of the measure in their discussions. These different visions of free admission have managerial implications for managers of museums and monuments.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multilevel framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations and behaviours
Authors: Nezlek John B.
Published: June 2007

A conceptual and analytic framework for understanding relationships among traits, states, situations, and behaviours is presented. The framework assumes that such relationships can be understood in terms of four questions. (1) What are the relationships between trait and state level constructs, which include psychological states, the situations people experience and behaviour? (2) What are the relationships between psychological states, between states and situations and between states and behaviours? (3) How do such state level relationships vary as a function of trait level individual differences? (4) How do the relationships that are the focus of questions 1, 2, and 3 change across time? This article describes how to use multilevel random coefficient modelling (MRCM) to examine such relationships. The framework can accommodate different definitions of traits and dispositions (Allportian, processing styles, profiles, etc.) and different ways of conceptualising relationships between states and traits (aggregationist, interactionist, etc.). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different reaction parameters on the conductivity and dielectric properties of polyaniline synthesized electrochemically and modeling of conductivity against reaction parameters through regression analysis
Authors: Bhadra Sambhu , Singha Nikhil K. , Chattopadhyay Santanu , Khastgir Dipak
Published: June 2007

The polyaniline (PAni) is prepared electrochemically from an aqueous solution of aniline and HCl in a single compartment electrochemical cell. Different PAni samples obtained by varying monomer concentration, acid concentration, applied potential, reaction time, and reaction temperature are subjected to conductivity and dielectric tests. The degree of crystallinity, d‐spacing, interchain separation, and crystallite size are determined form X‐ray analysis, the oxidation state is determined from infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and the doping level is estimated from TGA analysis for all the PAni samples synthesized under different conditions. All these structural properties are correlated with electrical properties. The whole result reveals that all the aforementioned reaction parameters affect the structural properties, which in turn affect the electrical properties of PAni. The mathematical model correlations between conductivity and reaction parameters are established from the regression analysis for individual variables as well as for all the variables together. These relationships give the conductivity as an output when we input the value of reaction variables. The output obtained from the model relations found in well agreement with the experimental results under identical conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2046–2059, 2007
Applying Bootstrap method to the types I–II errors in the measurement system
Authors: Wang F. K. , Yang S. W.
Published: June 2007

This paper attempts to evaluate different methods of calculating the type‐I and type‐II errors in the measurement system. Furthermore, we apply the Bootstrap method to construct the confidence intervals for the type‐I and type‐II errors. Also, the proposed method is compared with the generalized inference method. Several factors such as the sample size, the measurement error, the process mean, and the process variation are simulated to validate the performance. The simulation results show that both methods almost have the same performance. In addition, we develop a computer program that can evaluate the error of measurement system without changing information or data. Two case studies of the nano measurement data are used to demonstrate the application. The simulation results indicate that the sample size has an influence for all cases. The type‐I and type‐II errors are decreased when the measurement error is increased. The type‐I and type‐II errors are affected by the measurement error, the process
mean, and the process deviation. The case studies show that the development of nano technology requires the immediate attention of the measurement capability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some relationships between gage R&R criteria
Authors: Woodall William H. , Borror Connie M.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, several commonly used gage repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) acceptance criteria are discussed. The number of distinct categories (ndc) is equivalent to an acceptance criterion based on another standard metric, the ratio of the estimated measurement system standard deviation to the estimated overall standard deviation of the measurements. This implies that the criterion based on ndc could be considered redundant. Several acceptance criteria are revisited and compared, including a discussion of more objective measures of capability based on misclassification rates. The relationship between ndc and the discrimination ratio is also given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of artificial neural networks for the estimation of tumour characteristics in biological tissues
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Mohsen , Amiri Mahmood , Najarian Siamak , Dargahi Javad
Published: June 2007

Background

Artificial tactile sensing is a method in which the existence of tumours in biological tissues can be detected and computerized inverse analyses used to produce ‘forward results’.

Methods

Three feed‐forward neural networks (FFNN) have been developed for the estimation of tumour characteristics. Each network provides one of the three parameters of the tumour, i.e. diameter, depth and tumour:tissue stiffness ratio. A resilient back‐propagation (RP) algorithm with a leave‐one‐out (LOO) cross‐validation approach is used for training purposes.

Results

The proposed inverse approach based on neural networks is a reliable and efficient tool for diagnostic tests in order to accurately estimate the basic parameters of the tumour in the tissue.

Conclusion

There is a non‐linear correlation between the tumour characteristics and their effects on the extracted features. In general, reliable estimation of tumour stiffness is obtained when the depth of tumour is small. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bibliographic records editor in XML native environment
Authors: Škrbić Srđan , Surla Dušan
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we examine the possibilities of XML native database usage in the construction of library information systems. We describe modelling and implementation of an editor designed for the processing of bibliographic matter in the form of UNIMARC XML bibliographic records. Modelling processes are described using UML notation. Java programming language and Tamino XML native database environment are used for the implementation of the editor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthogonal array experiment for architecting a system of systems responding to small boat attacks
Authors: Huynh Thomas V. , Kessler Andrew , Oravec Joseph , Wark Shaunnah , Davis Jennifer
Published: June 2007

In this work we solve the problem of architecting a conceptual, near‐term, cost‐effective system of systems (SoS) to respond to small boats used by terrorists to attack maritime commerce traffic and critical shore infrastructures in the United States, by formulating the architecting problem as an assignment problem which is then solved using the orthogonal array experiment. Also known as the Taguchi method in quality control, the orthogonal array experiment is efficient for this class of problems. The optimality of the resulting architecture, called optimal cost‐effective architecture, is validated against a heuristically developed architecture and an optimal effective architecture; the latter is obtained also with the orthogonal array experiment approach. The main purpose of this paper is an exploratory application of the Taguchi method to architecting a system of systems. The principal results of the orthogonal array experiment method reported herein underline this successful exploratory work in architecting a system of systems. This method can be extended to architecting other systems of systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 10: 241–259, 2007
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Navigating a turbulent business environment
Authors: Petricević Olga , Danis Wade M.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this article is to provide an up‐to‐date survey of the business environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina that may serve as a guide for doing business in this turbulent country. Our analysis provides a starting point for understanding the demographic, historical, political, economic, and cultural influences that have converged to produce one of the world's most perplexing business environments. We aim to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the political, social, and economic upheaval that has engulfed the country since 1990 and explain how this has impacted the business environment and managerial practices. Furthermore, we explain how managerial and systemic legacies stemming from the communist era from 1945 to 1989, and a range of cultural, political, and historical influences, continue to shape business practices in this dynamic country. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iraq: A new country in the making
Authors: Akoum Ibrahim , Zbib Imad , Ahmed Zafar U.
Published: June 2007

Iraq, a country endowed with enormous resources and the second‐largest oil reserves in the world, is anticipated to regain economic vitality. A new market‐oriented business environment is emerging with promising investment opportunities, as private enterprise is expected to be leading the economic recovery. Most business leaders in Iraq have a positive outlook on the future and welcome opening Iraq to the international business community. A new Iraq would offer enormous opportunities to multinational corporations. Though doing business in Iraq is currently fraught with risk, it should prove very profitable once the country gets hold of its security situation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Esophagogastric Cancers Secondary to a Breast Primary Tumor Do Not Require Resection
Authors: Ayantunde A. A. , Agrawal A. , Parsons S. L. , Welch N. T.
Published: June 2007

Background

Breast cancer metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is rare. When it does occur, the upper GIT is more frequently involved, and lobular infiltrating carcinoma apparently has a greater apparent predilection for the GIT than the ductal type does. This study reviewed the clinicopathological features of esophagogastric secondary tumors from breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

Patients with breast cancer metastases to the upper GIT referred to us for treatment of either esophageal or gastric cancers between November 1997 and November 2004 were identified from our database. The medical records of these patients were then reviewed for clinicopathological data and outcome.

Results

Nine patients with mean age of 71 (range: 57–90) years had median time of 6.5

(2.8–32.8) years between primary breast cancer diagnosis and upper GI metastasis. The sites of metastatic lesions included the lower esophagus (2 patients), gastroesophageal junction (1 patient), gastric body (3 patients), and pylorus (3 patients). Histological typing indicated 7 cases of the lobular form and 2 cases of ductal carcinoma. All but one biopsy specimen were estrogen receptor and CK7 positive. Treatment included hormonal therapy and stent in 3 patients, hormonal therapy alone in 1 patient, chemotherapy alone in 1 patient, chemotherapy and gastrojejunostomy in 1 patient, dilatation and stent in 1 patient, and palliative care only in 2 patients. The median survival following treatment of these metastases was 20 (range: 2.1–96.6) months.

Conclusions

The onset of nonspecific GIT symptoms in patients with a history of breast carcinoma should prompt the clinician to rule out the possibility of upper GIT metastasis even many years after the original breast cancer. The use of systemic therapy for breast cancer may result in longer survival.
The avant-garde elements in the May Fourth New Literature Movement
Authors: Sihe CHEN
Published: June 2007

The May Fourth “new literature” appeared in the early twentieth century China while the avant-garde was sweeping over the West. Both could be defined as radical literary movements by such characteristics as storming criticism of politics, subversive standpoints on traditional culture, language experiments for thoroughly novel forms and criticism with the aestheticism for l’art pour l’art (art for art’s sake). The avant-garde elements in the new literature, by contrast, are believed able to help us see two kinds of shifts in the course of twentiethcentury literature, that is, to see how it shifted from classical to modern literature in the last century: one change was the natural flow of the mainstream literature, subject to the social development and changes, and the other is an avant-garde movement that took a radical stance against the status quo, and was led by ideals of social reforms aiming to realize beyond the generation.
“Western discourse” and contemporary Chinese culture
Authors: Furen WANG
Published: June 2007

Starting with the differentiation between the basic terms such as discourse and discourse hegemony, and Western culture and Western discourse, this paper gives a survey of the relationship between contemporary Chinese culture and Western culture. It holds that we should be opposed to the hegemony of the Western discourse while affirming the general tendency that Chinese culture is shifting from being closed to being open. However, this tendency should not be entirely attributed to China’s submission to the hegemony of Western discourse when China accepts the influence from the Western culture in the process of renovating Chinese contemporary culture.
A review of the modern literary studies in the 1980s from the perspective of the disciplinary history
Authors: Rumin WEN
Published: June 2007

This article reviews and sorts out the major trends of the research on modern Chinese literature in the 1980s. The author deems that the research had come through the phases of “reassessment” and the resuscitation of the discipline, the prevalence of the study on literary trends and schools, the theory and methodology craze, the suggestion of an integral view on literary history as well as the adjustment of the disciplinary structure. This article comments on the representative works of each phase with the attention to the relationships among all the sectors of the academic “production” and changes as well as the spiritual and cultural causes that had brought about the transitions.
Sartre studies in China: From the new period to the new century
Authors: Xuezhi SONG , Jun XU
Published: June 2007

This essay, from four aspects of initiation study, author study, textual study and drama study, attempts to make a comprehensive, systematic and concise survey of the enormous research on Sartre and his existentialist literature done in China from the new period to the new century. Meanwhile, it also makes an objective analysis of the problems arising in the studying process, and offers constructive suggestions for future studies.
The ideal of Esperanto and the translation of the literatures of minor nationalities into Chinese
Authors: Binghui SONG
Published: June 2007

Esperanto movement presents a specific language and cultural phenomenon in the history of intercultural communication, which once exerted an extensive influence on modern Chinese culture. As an artificial international auxiliary language with a tinge of idealism, Esperanto has displayed complex cultural functions of translingual practices. In the 20th century, Esperanto was used in China as a medium to translate foreign literatures, mostly those from minor nationalities in central and eastern Europe, in which the contradiction between the cosmopolitism and antagonism of minor nationalities is reflected, and the inherent tension of modernity of the Chinese literature is exposed, which is worth noting for those engaged in the studies of the relations between Chinese and foreign literatures.
Surgical repair of anterior wall vaginal defects
Authors: Bai S.W. , Jung H.J. , Jeon M.J. , Chung D.J. , Kim S.K. , Kim J.W.
Published: June 2007

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of 3 surgical procedures for central types of anterior vaginal wall defect. Methods: A total of 138 patients diagnosed with central types of anterior vaginal wall defect who underwent classic transvaginal repair (n = 72), transvaginal repair with polypropylene mesh (n = 28), and internal repair (n = 38) were followed up for at least 1 year. Results: There were no differences in development of fever, vaginal erosion, detrusor overactivity, and voiding difficulty among the 3 groups, but the incidence of postoperative urinary tract infections was significantly higher in the polypropylene mesh repair group. The difference in preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels and wound infection incidence were significantly higher in the internal repair group. Moreover, the recurrence rate of the anterior vaginal wall defect was significantly higher at 1 year in the internal repair group. Conclusion: Transvaginal surgical repair seems to be more efficacious than internal surgical repair for central types of anterior vaginal wall defects.
Xanthine urolithiasis in a cat: A case report and evaluation of a candidate gene for xanthine dehydrogenase
Authors: Tsuchida Shuichi , Kagi Akiko , Koyama Hidekazu , Tagawa Masahiro
Published: June 2007

Xanthine urolithiasis was found in a 4-year-old spayed female Himalayan cat with a 10-month history of intermittent haematuria and dysuria. Ultrasonographs indicated the existence of several calculi in the bladder that were undetectable by survey radiographic examination. Four bladder stones were removed by cystotomy. The stones were spherical brownish-yellow and their surface was smooth and glossy. Quantitative mineral analysis showed a representative urolith to be composed of more than 95% xanthine. Ultrasonographic examination of the bladder 4.5 months postoperatively indicated the recurrence of urolithiasis. Analysis of purine concentration in urine and blood showed that the cat excreted excessive amounts of xanthine. In order to test the hypothesis that xanthinuria was caused by a homozygote of the inherited mutant allele of a gene responsible for deficiency of enzyme activity in purine degradation pathway, the allele composition of xanthine dehydrogenase ( XDH) gene (one of the candidate genes for hereditary xanthinuria) was evaluated. The cat with xanthinuria was a heterozygote of the polymorphism. A single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the cat XDH gene strongly indicated that the XDH gene of the patient cat was composed of two kinds of alleles and ruled out the hypothesis that the cat inherited the same recessive XDH allele suggesting no activity from a single ancestor.
Lithotectonic elements and geological events in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt: a synthesis and implications for the evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen
Authors: ZHAO GUOCHUN , KRÖNER ALFRED , WILDE SIMON A. , SUN MIN , LI SANZHONG , LI XUPING , ZHANG JIAN , XIA XIAOPING , HE YANHONG
Published: June 2007

The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt is located in the middle segment of the Trans-North China Orogen, a Palaeoproterozoic continental collisional belt along which the Eastern and Western blocks amalgamated to form the North China Craton. The belt consists of the medium- to high-grade Hengshan and Fuping gneiss complexes and the intervening low- to medium-grade Wutai granite–greenstone terrane, and most igneous rocks in the belt are calc-alkaline and have affinities to magmatic arcs. Previous tectonic models assumed that the Hengshan and Fuping gneiss assemblages were an older basement to the Wutai supracrustal rocks, but recent studies indicate that the three complexes constitute a single, long-lived Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic magmatic arc where the Wutai Complex represents an upper crustal domain, whereas the Hengshan and Fuping gneisses represent the lower crustal components forming the root of the arc. The earliest arc-related magmatism in the belt occurred at 2560–2520 Ma, marked by the emplacement of the Wutai granitoids, which was followed by arc volcanism at 2530–2515 Ma, forming the Wutai greenstones. Extension driven by widespread arc volcanism led to the development of a back-arc basin or a marginal sea, which divided the belt into the Hengshan–Wutai island arc (Japan-type) and the Fuping relict arc. At 2520–2480 Ma, subduction beneath the Hengshan–Wutai island arc caused partial melting of the lower crust to form the Hengshan tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic (TTG) suites, whereas eastward-directed subduction of the marginal sea led to the reactivation of the Fuping relict arc, where the Fuping tonalitic–trondhjemitic–granodioritic suite was emplaced. In the period 2360–2000 Ma, sporadic phases of isolated granitoid magmatism occurred in the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping region, forming 2360 Ma, c. 2250 Ma and 2000–2100 Ma granitoids in the Hengshan Complex, the c. 2100 Ma Wangjiahui and Dawaliang granites in the Wutai Complex, and the 2100–2000 Ma Nanying granitoids in the Fuping Complex. At c. 1920 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai island arc underwent an extensional event, possibly due to the subduction of an oceanic ridge, leading to the emplacement of pre-tectonic gabbroic dykes that were subsequently metamorphosed, together with their host rocks, to form medium- to high-pressure granulites. At 1880–1820 Ma, the Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping arc system was juxtaposed, intensely deformed and metamorphosed during a major and regionally extensive orogenic event, the Lüliang Orogeny, which generated the Trans-North China Orogen through collision of the Eastern and Western blocks. The Hengshan–Wutai–Fuping belt was finally stabilized after emplacement of a mafic dyke swarm at 1780–1750 Ma.
Generation of plasma wave and third harmonic generation at ultra relativistic laser power
Authors: Gupta M. K. , Sharma R. P. , Mahmoud S. T.
Published: June 2007

This paper investigates the generation of plasma wave and third harmonic generation in hot collision less plasma by a Gaussian ultra intense laser beam, when relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities are operative. First, we derive the dynamical equation for the pump laser beam when these two nonlinearities are operative. The solution of pump laser beam has been obtained within the paraxial ray approximation. Filamentary structures of the laser beam are observed. On account of V→ × B→ force, the generation of plasma wave at second harmonic frequency has been studied in these filamentary structures. Interaction of the plasma wave with the incident laser beam generates the third harmonic. For the typical laser plasma parameters: Nd: YAG laser beam (λ = 1064 nm), ro = 15 µm, laser power flux equals 6 × 1017 W/cm2, electron density equals no = 1.9 × 1019 per cm3, the third harmonic yield comes out to be equals to 2 × 10−6.
Laser fusion driver using stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirrors by a self-density modulation
Authors: Kong H.J. , Yoon J.W. , Beak D.H. , Shin J.S. , Lee S.K. , Lee D.W.
Published: June 2007

A new concept of laser fusion driver is proposed, which uses a beam combination technique with stimulated Brillouin scattering phase conjugate mirror (SBS-PCM). It is constructed systematically with a cross-type amplifier as a basic unit. In the first part of this paper, we introduce the cross-type laser amplifier using SBS-PCM, with several advantages by experimental results. These advantages are the ideal properties for practical laser fusion driver, such as the perfect isolation of leak beam, the compensation of thermally induced birefringence through the amplifiers, the easy maintenance and alignment insensitiveness, and the freely-scale-up energy. Next, some successful results for the phase control of SBS-PCM are presented, which is one of the main problems in the current beam combination laser using SBS-PCM. Particularly, a new technique for controlling the phase of SBS-PCM, “self-density modulation,” is introduced, which is the simplest ever among those reported. With the advantages of the cross-type amplifier using SBS-PCM and the novel method for controlling the phase of SBS-PCM, the proposed beam combination laser system is presented as the most promising one, which can contribute to the realization of high energy laser that can operate with high repetition rate over 10 Hz, even in the case of huge output energy over MJ.
Space-time characterization of laser plasma interactions in the warm dense matter regime
Authors: Cao L.F. , Uschmann I. , Zamponi F. , Kämpfer T. , Fuhrmann A. , Förster E. , Höll A. , Redmer R. , Toleikis S. , Tschentscher T. , Glenzer S.H.
Published: June 2007

Laser plasma interaction experiments have been performed using an fs Titanium Sapphire laser. Plasmas have been generated from planar PMMA targets using single laser pulses with 3.3 mJ pulse energy, 50 fs pulse duration at 800 nm wavelength. The electron density distributions of the plasmas in different delay times have been characterized by means of Nomarski Interferometry. Experimental data were compared with hydrodynamic simulation. First results to characterize the plasma density and temperature as a function of space and time are obtained. This work aims to generate plasmas in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime at near solid-density in an ultra-fast laser target interaction process. Plasmas under these conditions can serve as targets to develop X-ray Thomson scattering as a plasma diagnostic tool, e.g., using the Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) free-electron laser (FLASH) at Dentsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Hamburg.
Nonlinear interaction of a rippled laser beam with an electrostatic upper hybrid wave in collisional plasma
Authors: Gill T.S. , Saini N.S.
Published: June 2007

In this paper, authors have studied the growing interaction of the rippled laser beam with upper hybrid mode leading to enhanced Raman scattering for collisional plasma. The presence of ripple leads to additional coupling between the rippled laser beam and electrostatic upper hybrid mode via modified background density. Computational results show the focusing of the upper hybrid wave for the chosen set of plasma parameters. With coupling being strong, the excited upper hybrid wave further interacts with rippled laser beam and give rise to enhanced Raman scattering. The significant role of collisional parameter S is also highlighted in the present investigation. An expression for the scattered power is derived and the effect of the externally applied static magnetic field on enhancement of scattered power is observed. We conclude from present analysis that the effect of the increased magnetic field is useful in suppressing the growth of the ripple.
A Tesla pulse transformer for spiral water pulse forming line charging
Authors: Liu J.-L. , Zhan T.-W. , Zhang J. , Liu Z.-X. , Feng J.-H. , Shu T. , Zhang J.-D. , Wang X.-X.
Published: June 2007

A high voltage pulse Tesla transformer with a coupling coefficient of 0.75 was designed and experimentally investigated. The transformer was employed to charge a spiral water pulse forming line (PFL) in a high current electron beam accelerator, and was featured by its compactness, stability, and reliability. When the primary input voltage is 55 kV, the transformer can charge the PFL to 720 kV with an energy conversion efficiency of 36%. The formulas for calculating the primary and secondary inductances of the transformer were deduced, with which the main parameters of the transformer were calculated theoretically. The distributions for electrical and magnetic fields in the transformer were obtained by the simulations of calculation. In addition, the process of an accelerator of the transformer charging a spiral PFL was simulated through the Pspice software to get the waveform of charging voltage, the diode voltage, and diode current of accelerator. The theoretical and simulated results agree with the experimental results.
Bildung im Kindergarten und Früheinschulung
Authors: Dollase Rainer
Published: June 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die aktuelle frühkindliche Debatte um Bildung und Früheinschulung wird ohne Berücksichtigung der umfangreichen empirischen Evaluationsuntersuchungen der Head Start- und Vorklassenprojekte der 1970er Jahre geführt. Die damaligen Studien hatten keinen nennenswerten Effekt einer früher einsetzenden Beschulung bzw. einige Nachteile festgestellt. Auch aktuelle nationale und internationale Studien kommen zu demselben Ergebnis wie damals. Als Ursache für das schlechte Abschneiden schulischen Arbeitens mit Kleinkindern wird die Entwicklungsangemessenheit des situierten Lernens angenommen, das im Spiel der Kinder besser zu realisieren ist.
Motorische Rehabilitation zentralnervös bedingter Defizite
Authors: Jöbges Michael
Published: June 2007

Zusammenfassung: Im Bereich der motorischen Rehabilitation zentralnervös bedingter Defizite sind die durch Metaanalysen gestützten Aussagen der höchsten Evidenzklasse oft sehr allgemein gehalten und lassen sich nicht zu einem schlüssigen Behandlungskonzept zusammensetzen. Häufig führen kleine Gruppengrößen, erhebliche Unterschiede in der Patientenselektion, sehr differierende therapeutische Interventionen und unterschiedliche Messparameter in den zu Grunde liegenden primären Studien zu erheblichen Schwierigkeiten in der Konstruktion der Fragestellung von Metaanalysen. Andererseits sind in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Arbeiten erschienen, deren Ergebnisse die motorische Rehabilitation maßgeblich beeinflusst haben. In einem narrativen Review werden Kernkomponenten der Wirksamkeit motorisch rehabilitativer Interventionen, neue Verfahren, Evaluationsstudien traditioneller physiotherapeutischer Konzepte und ein neues Analyseverfahren zur Erfassung der klinischen Relevanz einer Untersuchung vorgestellt.
Evidenzbasierung, Methodik, therapeutische Freiheit und Kreativität
Authors: Dick Franz , Kringler Wolfgang
Published: June 2007

Zusammenfassung: Von therapeutischen Interventionen jeder Art wird erwartet, dass sich die vorhergesagten Wirkungen nachweisen lassen. Die wissenschaftliche und politische Bewegung “Evidenzbasierte Medizin” (EbM) gibt dem seit der einflussreichen Publikation von Sackett (1996) Nachdruck. Sie hat methodische Standards aufgestellt, die zunächst vor allem für die Pharmawirkungsforschung gelten sollen. Kann sich die Neuropsychologie an dem Standard der “randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie” (RCT), mit Kontrollgruppen und Konstanthaltung von Störvariablen, orientieren? Die Untersuchung der Experimentalmethodik in der Neuropsychologie, die Probleme der Operationalisierung und der Störbedingungen sowie die Besonderheiten der neuropsychologischen Aufgabenstellungen in der Praxis sprechen dafür, dass die Therapieforschung nicht einfach das Paradigma der Pharmaforschung übernehmen kann, sondern an die klinische Praxis angepasste Methoden entwickelt werden sollten. Es wird dafür geworben, dass die Forschung im Zusammenwirken mit der klinischen Praxis geeignete Methoden weiterentwickelt, die für die Arbeit mit dem Patienten geeignet sind.