bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universal Free School Meals and School and Student Outcomes
Authors: Spill Maureen K. , Trivedi Rupal , Thoerig Rachel C. , Balalian Arin A. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Gundersen Craig , Odoms-Young Angela , Racine Elizabeth F. , Foster Margaret J. , Davis Julie S. , MacFarlane Amanda J.
Published: August 2024

Importance

The White House National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health included expanding free school meals to all students, regardless of income, which has sparked debate in the United States.

Objective

To assess the association between universal free school meals (UFSMs) and school and student outcomes in the United States.

Evidence Review

An expert panel–informed protocol was developed to evaluate intervention or cohort studies comparing UFSM programs, such as the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP), with non-UFSM programs in US schools from August 2012 (excluding 2020-2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in peer-reviewed publications or government reports. Outcomes included meal participation rates, attendance, dietary intake and quality, food waste, economic impact, food insecurity, anthropometrics, disciplinary actions, stigma, and shaming. A search of Medline, Econlit, Business Source Ultimate, ERIC, Agricola, Cab Abstracts, and CINAHL was performed in April 2024. Two researchers screened articles for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias, using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tool, for each included study. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations was used to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome.

Findings

The search identified 2784 records, with 6 studies included, representing more than 11 000 elementary, middle, and high schools. Nonrandomized intervention studies performed difference-in-difference or rate ratio analysis to investigate CEP participation rates, attendance, anthropometrics, and/or suspensions. CEP was associated with increased lunch (3 studies; moderate certainty) and breakfast (1 study; very low certainty) participation. School attendance was unchanged or improved in schools with CEP compared with schools without UFSM (2 studies; low certainty). CEP was associated with lower obesity prevalence (1 study; very low certainty) and fewer suspensions (1 study; very low certainty). Reasons for downgrading the certainty ratings included indirectness (data not fully representative of the United States) and inconsistency (small number of studies limiting ability to assess consistency). Despite the limitations, the evidence reflected well-designed longitudinal intervention studies appropriate for decision-making.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this systematic review, UFSMs were associated with increased meal participation, no or slight improvements in attendance, and decreased obesity prevalence and suspension rates; certainty of evidence was moderate for lunch participation and low or very low for other outcomes. Studies did not report several important outcomes, such as diet quality and food security, suggesting the need for more high-quality research encompassing policy-relevant indicators.
Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Biological Aging During Pregnancy and in Newborns
Authors: Dye Christian K. , Alschuler Daniel M. , Wu Haotian , Duarte Cristiane , Monk Catherine , Belsky Daniel W. , Lee Seonjoo , O’Donnell Kieran , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Scorza Pamela
Published: August 2024

Importance

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), potentially traumatic experiences occurring before the age of 18 years, are associated with epigenetic aging later in life and may be transmitted across generations.

Objective

To test evidence of the transmission of biological embedding of life experience across generations by analyzing maternal ACEs and epigenetic clocks measured in mothers during pregnancy and in their children at birth.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this cross-sectional study, data from the Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomic Studies (ARIES) substudy of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were analyzed. The ALSPAC study recruited 14 541 women who gave birth in the Avon Health District in the UK between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992. The ARIES substudy comprised 1018 mother-offspring dyads based on the availability of DNA samples profiled in 2014. Epigenetic age was estimated using DNA methylation-based epigenetic clocks (including Horvath, Hannum, GrimAge, PhenoAge, and DunedinPACE) in mothers during pregnancy and the Knight and Bohlin cord blood epigenetic clocks in newborns. Analyses were performed between October 1, 2022, and November 30, 2023.

Exposures

A composite measure of maternal ACEs was the primary exposure in both maternal and offspring models; as a secondary analysis, individual ACEs were measured separately. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to investigate depression during pregnancy as an exposure.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Changes in epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) were investigated as the primary outcome in maternal models during pregnancy. Changes in epigenetic gestational age acceleration (GAA) were the primary outcome in offspring analyses. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the association between maternal ACEs and both outcomes.

Results

This study included 883 mother-child dyads. The mean (SD) maternal age at delivery was 29.8 (4.3) years. Pregnant women with higher ACE scores exhibited higher GrimAge EAA (β, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.33] years; P < .001). Maternal ACEs were not associated with GAA in newborns using P < .05 as a cutoff to determine statistical significance. Depression was associated with higher GrimAge EAA (β, 0.06 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.10] years; P = .01) in mothers during pregnancy, but not in newborns, and did not mediate the association between ACEs and EAA.

Conclusions and Relevance

The findings of this study suggest that maternal ACEs may be associated with epigenetic aging later in life, including during pregnancy, supporting a role for maternal ACEs in offspring development and health later in life.
The mevalonate pathway contributes to breast primary tumorigenesis and lung metastasis
Authors: Conde Javier , Fernández‐Pisonero Isabel , Lorenzo‐Martín L. Francisco , García‐Gómez Rocío , Casar Berta , Crespo Piero , Bustelo Xosé R.
Published: August 2024

The mevalonate pathway plays an important role in breast cancer and other tumor types. However, many issues remain obscure as yet regarding its mechanism of regulation and action. In the present study, we report that the expression of mevalonate pathway enzymes is mediated by the RHO guanosine nucleotide exchange factors VAV2 and VAV3 in a RAC1‐ and sterol regulatory element‐binding factor (SREBF)‐dependent manner in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, in vivo tumorigenesis experiments indicated that the two most upstream steps of this metabolic pathway [3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A synthase 1 (HMGCS1) and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR)] are important for primary tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and cell survival in breast cancer cells. HMGCR, but not HMGCS1, is also important for the extravasation and subsequent fitness of breast cancer cells in the lung parenchyma. Genome‐wide expression analyses revealed that HMGCR influences the expression of gene signatures linked to proliferation, metabolism, and immune responses. The HMGCR‐regulated gene signature predicts long‐term tumor recurrence but not metastasis in cohorts of nonsegregated and chemotherapy‐resistant breast cancer patients. These results reveal a hitherto unknown, VAV‐catalysis‐dependent mechanism involved in the regulation of the mevalonate pathway in breast cancer cells. They also identify specific mevalonate‐pathway‐dependent processes that contribute to the malignant features of breast cancer cells.
Setup errors analysis in iterative kV CBCT: A clinical study of cervical cancer treated with Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy
Authors: Xiao Hui , Han Qiman , Wei Shuhua , Du Minghao , Deng Xiuwen , Zhang Nan , Li Chunxiao , Wang Junjie , Qu Ang , Jiang Ping
Published: August 2024

Objective

This study aims to analyze setup errors in pelvic Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) for patients with non‐surgical primary cervical cancer, utilizing the onboard iterative kV cone beam CT (iCBCT) imaging system on the Varian Halcyon 2.0 ring gantry structure accelerator to enhance radiotherapy precision.

Method

We selected 132 cervical cancer patients who underwent VMAT with daily iCBCT imaging guidance. Before each treatment session, a registration method based on the bony structure was employed to acquire iCBCT images with the corresponding planning CT images. Following verification and adjustment of image registration results along the three axes (but not rotational), setup errors in the lateral (X‐axis), longitudinal (Y‐axis), and vertical (Z‐axis) directions were recorded for each patient. Subsequently, we analyzed 3642 iCBCT image setup errors.

Results

The mean setup errors for the X, Y, and Z axes were 4.50 ± 3.79 mm, 6.08 ± 6.30 mm, and 1.48 ± 2.23 mm, respectively. Before correction with iCBCT, setup margins based on the Van Herk formula for the X, Y, and Z axes were 6.28, 12.52, and 3.26 mm, respectively. In individuals aged 60 years and older, setup errors in the X and Y axes were significantly larger than those in the younger group (p < 0.05). Additionally, there is no significant linear correlation between setup errors and treatment fraction numbers.

Conclusion

Data analysis underscores the importance of precise Y‐axis setup for cervical cancer patients undergoing VMAT. Radiotherapy centers without daily iCBCT should appropriately extend the planning target volume (PTV) along the Y‐axis for cervical cancer patients receiving pelvic VMAT. Elderly patients exhibit significantly larger setup errors compared to younger counterparts. In conclusion, iCBCT‐guided radiotherapy is recommended for cervical cancer patients undergoing VMAT to improve setup precision.
Retina as a potential biomarker for the early stage of Alzheimer's disease spectrum
Authors: Gao Rong , Luo Huan , Yan Su , Ba Li , Peng Sirui , Bu Bitao , Sun Xufang , Zhang Min
Published: August 2024

Objective

To characterize the retinal microvasculature and structure in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and identify the potential biomarker for the early stage of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum.

Methods

In this study, 35 patients with SCD, 36 with cognitive impairment, and 29 with normal cognition (NC) were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography angiography was employed to assess retinal vascular density, fovea avascular zone area, and retinal thickness. The parameters reflecting retinal perfusion and structure were compared among the three groups. In addition, the association between retinal parameters, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and peripheral blood biomarkers in the SCD stage was analyzed.

Results

The superficial vascular complex (SVC) vascular density in the macula and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the peripapillary were significantly reduced in individuals with SCD compared to NC. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between macular ganglion cell complex thickness and CBF in SCD.

Interpretation

The retinal microvasculature and structure exhibit alterations in individuals with SCD. Macular ganglion cell complex thickness demonstrates correlations with cerebral perfusion. The retina holds potential as a novel biomarker for early detection of AD.
A Nanoparticle ZnMn2O4/Graphene Composite Cathode Doubles the Reversible Capacity in an Aqueous Zn‐Ion Battery
Authors: Katsuyama Yuto , Ooka Chie , Zhu Ruijie , Iimura Reona , Matsui Masaki , Kaner Richard B. , Honma Itaru , Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: August 2024

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising grid‐scale energy storage devices owing to their low cost, high energy/power densities, high safety, benign environmental impact, etc. Among various cathode materials, ZnMn2O4 spinel has attracted attention because of its high theoretical capacity (448 mAh g−1) associated with the two‐electron redox reaction of Mn ions (2+/4+), a higher voltage (≈1.4 V vs Zn/Zn2+) than V2O5‐based cathodes (≈1.0 V), and better cyclability among manganese oxide‐based cathodes. However, so far only the one‐electron reaction of Mn ions is used with ZnMn2O4 spinel (≈224 mAh g−1), impairing its attractive features. In this study, the two‐electron reaction is successfully enabled by synthesizing ultrasmall ZnMn2O4 spinel nanoparticles (≈5 nm) composited with graphene (US‐ZMO/G) via a rapid room‐temperature alcohol reduction process, achieving the reversible capacity of 445 mAh g−1 at the second cycle. As far as it is known, the US‐ZMO/G composite achieves the highest gravimetric energy/power densities among cathodes for ZIBs. The combination of high capacity and high voltage enables an outstanding energy density approaching that of lithium‐ion batteries.
Development of A 3D Lung Tumor Model For Cell Death Assessment in Microwave Ablation
Authors: Gallagher Laura B. , Mitra Tapas , Ward Victoria , Tarpey Ruth , Brennan Benjamin , Farina Laura , Ruvio Giuseppe , Lowery Aoife , Duffy Garry P.
Published: August 2024

Primary lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Recent statistics estimate 1.8 million new cases and 1.6 million deaths per year. Despite significant advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the 5‐year survival rate remains at just 18%. Thermal ablation is an established treatment that is safe and effective. It refers to the local application of controlled heat to induce irreversible cell injury and ultimately tumor apoptosis and necrosis. This approach is particularly suitable for the treatment of small tumors in patients who are not suitable for surgery. However, the lack of suitable benchtop models to assess ablation devices complicates prognostic prediction and the development of effective treatment strategies. In this context, the development of a 3D lung tumor model is presented using a cancer cell‐laden hydrogel composed of 2% hyaluronic acid–tyramine (HA‐TA) and 0.5% agarose, resulting in a tumor mimetic of clinically relevant size. This innovative model provides a valuable platform for testing ablation devices and provides insights that can significantly improve prognostic ability and refine treatment approaches for lung cancer patients.
An Ultra‐Robust and 3D Proton Transport Pathways iHOF with Single‐Crystal Superprotonic Conductivity Around 0.4 S cm−1
Authors: Cao Xiao‐Jie , Cao Li‐Hui , Bai Xiang‐Tian , Hou Xiao‐Ying , Li Hai‐Yang
Published: August 2024

The weak intermolecular forces of hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) make it relatively difficult to synthesize and design HOFs with superprotonic conductivity and robustness. The self‐assembly of ionic hydrogen bonding organic frameworks (iHOFs) through acid–base pairing strategies are possible on account of the rich hydrogen bonding, strong ionic bonding, and π–π stacking interactions and so on. Herein, a case of iHOF (iHOF‐16) with a three‐dimensional (3D) hydrogen bonding network is reported, the doughty ionic bond interactions in the structure and π–π stacking interactions between layers make it exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability, it can maintain high crystallinity and robust structure even under extreme conditions. Importantly, iHOF‐16 exhibits highly anisotropic proton conductivity of 0.388, 5.56 × 10−3, and 3.25 × 10−4 S cm−1 in the direction of a‐axis, b‐axis, and c‐axis, respectively. The proton transfer paths of single crystal on each axis are calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and, supported by joint experimental–theoretical calculations, protons are most easily transported in the a‐axis direction resulting in superprotonic conductivity. The present study provides a promising approach for the design of stable superprotonic conductivity materials through a simple yet effective charge‐assisted synthesis strategy.
Advancements of Flexoelectric Materials and Their Implementations in Flexoelectric Devices
Authors: Liang Xu , Dong Huiting , Wang Yifan , Ma Qianqian , Shang Hongxing , Hu Shuling , Shen Shengping
Published: August 2024

Flexoelectricity, a universal electromechanical coupling phenomenon, has triggered new feasibilities of advancements in functional materials, especially for nanoscale materials. The strong flexoelectric response is initially discovered in ceramic materials with high permittivity, and then the past decades have witnessed the expansion of flexoelectricity to a broader range of material systems including semiconductors, polymers, and soft elastomers, which in turn raise emerging applications of flexoelectricity. Moreover, flexoelectricity is demonstrated to be significantly enhanced in thin films and nanostructures where ultra‐high strain gradients are easier to achieve, rendering flexoelectricity attractive for modifying the functional properties of advanced materials and devices at the nanoscale. To provide a comprehensive drawing of the above aspects, this review highlights the recent progress of flexoelectricity in diverse materials, covering the characterization of flexoelectricity, the fundamental mechanisms of the enhancement flexoelectric response as well as the multi‐functional applications. Finally, some open questions and perspectives are presented, underlining the fascinating future of this field.
Instant Disinfecting Face Masks Utilizing Electroporation Powered by Respiration‐Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Sim Moh Terng , Ee Zhi Yin , Lim Yuan Hao , Sia Tee Sheng , Ong Daniel Tze Kheng , Koay Jason Soon Chye , Goh Boon Tong , Yong Yoong Soon , Aw Kean Chin , Tan Swee Tiam , Gan Wee Chen
Published: August 2024

Wearing face masks is an effective non‐pharmaceutical strategy to inhibit the transmission of airborne diseases. Nonetheless, most commercial face masks lack disinfecting capabilities, posing risks of secondary transmission, while those with antimicrobial coatings are incapable of instant pathogen inactivation. Herein, a proof‐of‐concept instant disinfecting face mask is demonstrated consisting of a Cu(OH)2‐nanowire electroporation filter powered by a respiration‐driven triboelectric nanogenerator (R‐TENG). The R‐TENG comprises electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. A dome‐shaped PVA membrane is specifically designed to maximize the effective contact area. Coupling the novel dome‐shape design with maximized β‐phase crystallites of PVDF, the enhanced R‐TENG generates an open‐circuit voltage of 120 V under the normal breathing rate of an adult, resulting in an amplified electric field of 19 MV m−1 at the nanowire tips of the electroporation filter. Under this high localized electric field, effective inactivation of bacteria (>99.9%) is achieved via a synergy of electroporation and physical penetration. Conversely, when the R‐TENG is disconnected, only partial inactivation (90%–99%) via physical penetration is realized. For the first time, it shows that R‐TENG powered electroporation is a viable solution to achieve instant, effective disinfection, paving the way for next‐generation face masks.
Reconfigurable Magnetic Liquid Metal Microrobots: A Regenerable Solution for the Capture and Removal of Micro/Nanoplastics
Authors: Wu Xianghua , Peng Xia , Ren Long , Guan Jianguo , Pumera Martin
Published: August 2024

The pervasive presence of micro/nanoplastics in the environment is a significant threat to ecosystems and human health, demanding effective remediation strategies. Traditional methods for extracting these pollutants from water are often inadequate, typically leaving environmentally harmful residues. In response, this work introduces an innovative approach using reconfigurable and regenerable liquid metal microrobots (LiquidBots) that are magnetically driven to actively sequester micro/nanoplastics from aquatic environments. These LiquidBots utilize a coating of gallium oxide for enhanced adhesion and electrostatic interaction to capture over 80% of nanoplastics present in the solution. Additionally, the LiquidBots can be easily regenerated through sonication, which dislodges captured nanoplastics, allowing the microrobots to be reused. This novel technology offers a highly efficient, adaptable, and sustainable solution to combat the micro/nanoplastic pollution crisis.
Integration of ZnS: Mn2⁺ Microparticles into Electrospun PVDF‐Based Nanofibers for Enhanced Mechanoluminescence
Authors: Wang Zhongxiang , Tai Youyi , Ye Zuyang , Nam Jin , Yin Yadong
Published: August 2024

Incorporating mechanoluminescent (ML) materials into piezoelectric polymer nanofibers enables the development of advanced pressure sensors and human–machine interactive devices by providing mechanical flexibility and enhancing processibility. This study demonstrates that introducing water during the electrospinning process significantly improves the piezoelectric properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐based polymers, attributed to the enhanced formation of piezoelectrically active β‐phases. A biphasic relationship between piezoelectricity and water concentration is revealed, with an optimal water concentration of 4 wt.% for both polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene (PVDF‐TrFE). Furthermore, the inclusion of water in the electrospinning solution facilitates the integration of ZnS: Mn2+ mechanoluminescent microparticles into the polymer fibers, resulting in fibrous composite membranes with significantly enhanced mechano‐optical responses. After thermal annealing, the fibrous membrane by electrospinning PVDF‐TrFE and ZnS: Mn2+ microparticles with 8 wt.% water addition demonstrates the best ML performance with high light emission intensity and reduced pressure threshold down to 18 kPa. This exceptional performance can be attributed to the local electric field generated by the encapsulation of microparticles within the PVDF‐TrFE fibers, which facilitates electroluminescence and subsequently boosts the overall light emission.
Functional‐Nanochannel‐Based Artificial Postsynaptic Membrane for Neural Signal Transduction
Authors: Wang Senyao , Zhang Wenyuan , Wu Minghui , Wu Yitian , Xu Guoheng , Liu Wenchao , Mei Tingting , Chen Lu , Xiao Kai
Published: August 2024

Biological‐machine interface (BMI) devices represent a significant step toward adaptive and cognitive technologies. However, current BMI devices emphasize the analysis of electrophysiology and often overlook the chemical information of neurotransmitters in the process of signaling between neurons. To bridge this gap, a light‐gated artificial postsynaptic membrane (APM) is introduced, capable of reading dopamine (DA) released from rat pheochromocytoma cells and regulate neural signal transmission. Like the biological postsynaptic membrane, the APM is a porous membrane functionalized by DA‐specific aptamers and azobenzene (Azo) molecules in different regions. Azo molecules act as a light‐responsive trigger that controls DA release, while DA‐specific aptamers capture DA, which converts its concentration information into an ionic current signal. By light‐enhanced responses to DA exocytosis from rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, the APM confirms its ability to communicate with biological systems, which lays the foundation for developing biological‐machine interaction systems with more advanced functionalities.
An Immune‐Enhancing Injectable Hydrogel Loaded with Esketamine and DDP Promotes Painless Immunochemotherapy to Inhibit Breast Cancer Growth
Authors: Yin Xiali , Ke Yaohua , Liang Ying , Zhang Shuxian , Chen Ziqi , Yu Lixia , Jiang Ming , Liu Qin , Gu Xiaoping
Published: August 2024

Chemotherapy is the cornerstone of triple‐negative breast cancer. The poor effectiveness and severe neuropathic pain caused by it have a significant impact on the immune system. Studies confirmed that immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), have critical roles in tumor immune regulation and prognosis. In this study, it is revealed that the painless administration of Esketamine, combined with Cisplatin (DDP), can exert an anti‐tumor effect, which is further boosted by the hydrogel delivery system. It is also discovered that Esketamine combined with DDP co‐loaded in Poloxamer Hydrogel (PDEH) induces local immunity by increasing mature Dendritic Cells (mDCs) and activated T cells in PDEH group while the regulatory T cells (Tregs) known as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+decreased significantly. Finally, , CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the spleen exhibited a significant increase, suggesting a lasting immune impact of PDEH. This study proposes that Esketamine can serve as a painless immune modulator, enhancing an anti‐tumor effect while co‐loaded in poloxamer hydrogel with DDP. Along with improving immune cells in the microenvironment, it can potentially alleviate anxiety and depression. With its outstanding bio‐safety profile, it offers promising new possibilities for painless clinical therapy.
A β‐Lactamase Responsive Peptide Inhibits MRSA Infection through Self‐Assembled Nanonet
Authors: Wu Minghao , Li Yuting , Shen Huaxing , Zhang Yanan , Cong Wei , Hu Xiaochun , Shi Yejiao , Hu Honggang
Published: August 2024

Gram‐positive S. aureus is one of the leading pathogens for death associated with antimicrobial resistance. The β‐lactamase (Bla) secreted by methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) hydrolyzes nearly all β‐lactam antibiotics, leaving only a few antibiotics available for the clinical treatment of MRSA infections. Thereby, a Bla‐responsive peptide (BLAP) is designed here with the capacity of inhibiting MRSA infection through mimicking the host defense mechanism of human defensin‐6. The BLAP comprising a self‐assembling peptide sequence can respond specifically to the secreted Bla and assemble in situ surrounding MRSA. The assembled nanofibrous network is able to trap MRSA, preventing its invasion into the host cells effectively. As a consequence, the intramuscular injection of BLAP significantly restricted bacterial infection and abscess formation in mice. The biomimetic BLAP holds great potential for the efficient treatment of drug‐resistant gram‐positive bacterial infections.
Methodology for Liquid Foam Templating of Hydrogel Foams: A Rheological and Tomographic Characterization
Authors: Jouanlanne Manon , Ben‐Djemaa Imene , Egelé Antoine , Jacomine Leandro , Farago Jean , Drenckhan Wiebke , Hourlier‐Fargette Aurélie
Published: August 2024

Hydrogel foams are widely used in many applications such as biomaterials, cosmetics, foods, or agriculture. However, controlling precisely foam morphology (bubble size or shape, connectivity, wall and strut thicknesses, homogeneity) is required to optimize their properties. Therefore, a method is proposed here for generating, controlling, and characterizing the morphology of hydrogel foams from liquid foam templates: Using the example of Alginate‐CaHPO4‐based hydrogel foams, a highly controllable foaming process is provided by bubbling nitrogen through nozzles into the solution, which produces hydrogel foams with millimeter‐sized bubbles. A rheological characterization protocol of the foam's constituent material is first implemented and highlights the impact of the initial liquid foam properties and of the competition between the solidification kinetics and the foam aging mechanisms on the resulting morphology. X‐ray tomographic characterization performed on solidifying and solidified samples then demonstrates that by controlling the temporal evolution of the foam via its formulation, it is possible to tune the final morphology of the alginate foams. This method can be adapted to other hydrogel or polymer formulations, foam characteristics and length scales, as soon as solidification processes happen on timescales shorter than foam destabilization mechanisms.
The Brain–Gut–Bone Axis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Li Rong , Miao Zong , Liu Yu'e , Chen Xiao , Wang Hongxiang , Su Jiacan , Chen Juxiang
Published: August 2024

Neurodegenerative diseases are global health challenges characterized by the progressive degeneration of nerve cells, leading to cognitive and motor impairments. The brain–gut–bone axis, a complex network that modulates multiple physiological systems, has gained increasing attention owing to its profound effects on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. No comprehensive review has been conducted to clarify the triangular relationship involving the brain–gut–bone axis and its potential for innovative therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. In light of this, a new perspective is aimed to propose on the interplay between the brain, gut, and bone systems, highlighting the potential of their dynamic communication in neurodegenerative diseases, as they modulate multiple physiological systems, including the nervous, immune, endocrine, and metabolic systems. Therapeutic strategies for maintaining the balance of the axis, including brain health regulation, intestinal microbiota regulation, and improving skeletal health, are also explored. The intricate physiological interactions within the brain–gut–bone axis pose a challenge in the development of effective treatments that can comprehensively target this system. Furthermore, the safety of these treatments requires further evaluation. This review offers a novel insights and strategies for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, which have important implications for clinical practice and patient well‐being.
Laser Fabrication of Multi‐Dimensional Perovskite Patterns with Intelligent Anti‐Counterfeiting Applications
Authors: Xu Xiangyu , Liu Shoufang , Kuai Yan , Jiang Yuxuan , Hu Zhijia , Yu Benli , Li Siqi
Published: August 2024

Perovskites have gained widespread attention across various fields such as photovoltaics, displays, and imaging. Despite their promising applications, achieving precise and high‐quality patterning of perovskite films remains a challenge. In this study, femtosecond laser direct writing technology is utilized to achieve rapid and highly precise micro/nanofabrication on perovskites. The study successfully fabricates multiple structured and emission‐tunable perovskite patterns composed of A2(FA)n−1PbnX3n+1 (A represents a series of long‐chain amine cations, and X = Cl, Br, I), encompassing 2D, quasi‐2D, and 3D structures. The study delves into the intricate interplay between fabrication technology and the growth of multi‐dimensional perovskites: higher repetition rates, coupled with appropriate laser power, prove more conducive to perovskite growth. By employing precise halogen element design, the simultaneous generation of two distinct color quick‐response (QR) code patterns is achieved through one‐step laser processing. These mirrored QR codes offer a novel approach to anti‐counterfeiting. To further enhance anti‐counterfeiting capabilities, artificial intelligence (AI)‐based methods are introduced for recognizing patterned perovskite anti‐counterfeiting labels. The combination of deep learning algorithms and a non‐deterministic manufacturing process provides a convenient means of identification and creates unclonable features. This integration of materials science, laser fabrication, and AI offers innovative solutions for the future of security features.
Homeostatic Shrinkage of Dendritic Spines Requires Melatonin Type 3 Receptor Activation During Sleep
Authors: Li Shiyin , Li Xin , Lu Minmin , Chen Quanhui , Yao Di , Yu Xiaoqian , Li Zhen , Ge Woo‐ping , Wang Na , Jin Jiehua , Wang Yaling , Liao Yixiang , Luo Fenlan , Yan Jie , Chen Xuedan , Jiang Chenggang , Yue Faguo , Gao Dong , Tang Xiangdong , Guo Hong , Wang Yanjiang , Chen Xiaowei , Xia Jianxia , Xu Min , Ren Shuancheng , He Chao , Hu Zhian
Published: August 2024

High‐frequency oscillatory activity in cognition‐related neural circuits during wakefulness consistently induces the growth of dendritic spines and axonal terminals. Although these structural changes are essential for cognitive functions, it is hypothesized that if these newly expanded structures fail to establish functional connections, they may become superfluous. Sleep is believed to facilitate the reduction of such redundant structures to maintain neural homeostasis. However, the mechanisms underlying this pruning process during sleep remain poorly understood. In this study, that melatonin type 3 receptors (MT3Rs) are selectively expressed in the stellate neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is demonstrated, an area where high melatonin levels are detected during sleep. Activation of MT3Rs during sleep initiates the shrinkage of dendritic spines in stellate neurons by downregulating neural network activity and dephosphorylating synaptic proteins in the MEC. This process is disrupted when MT3R expression is knocked down or when MT3Rs are blocked during sleep. Notably, interference with MT3Rs in the MEC during sleep impairs the acquisition of spatial memory but does not affect object memory acquisition following sleep. These findings reveal novel molecular mechanisms involving melatonin and MT3Rs in the regulation of dendritic spine shrinkage during sleep, which is crucial for the acquisition and consolidation of spatial memory.
Optimal Electrocatalyst Design Strategies for Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Wu Qilong , Wu Liyun , Cheng Lina , Huang Keke , Chen Jun , Yao Xiangdong
Published: August 2024

Hydrogen, a clean resource with high energy density, is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil. Proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers are beneficial for hydrogen production because of their high current density, facile operation, and high gas purity. However, the large‐scale application of electrochemical water splitting to acidic electrolytes is severely limited by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic reaction and the inadequate development of corrosion‐ and highly oxidation‐resistant anode catalysts. Therefore, anode catalysts with excellent performance and long‐term durability must be developed for anodic oxygen evolution reactions (OER) in acidic media. This review comprehensively outlines three commonly employed strategies, namely, defect, phase, and structure engineering, to address the challenges within the acidic OER, while also identifying their existing limitations. Accordingly, the correlation between material design strategies and catalytic performance is discussed in terms of their contribution to high activity and long‐term stability. In addition, various nanostructures that can effectively enhance the catalyst performance at the mesoscale are summarized from the perspective of engineering technology, thus providing suitable strategies for catalyst design that satisfy industrial requirements. Finally, the challenges and future outlook in the area of acidic OER are presented.
The Matrix Protein Tropoelastin Prolongs Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Vitality and Delays Senescence During Replicative Aging
Authors: Lee Sunny Shinchen , Al Halawani Aleen , Teo Jonathan D. , Weiss Anthony S. , Yeo Giselle C.
Published: August 2024

Cellular senescence leads to the functional decline of regenerative cells such as mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), which gives rise to chronic conditions and contributes to poor cell therapy outcomes. Aging tissues are associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) dysregulation, including loss of elastin. However, the role of the ECM in modulating senescence is underexplored. In this work, it is shown that tropoelastin, the soluble elastin precursor, is not only a marker of young MSCs but also actively preserves cell fitness and delays senescence during replicative aging. MSCs briefly exposed to tropoelastin exhibit upregulation of proliferative genes and concurrent downregulation of senescence genes. The seno‐protective benefits of tropoelastin persist during continuous, long‐term MSC culture, and significantly extend the MSC replicative lifespan. Tropoelastin‐expanded MSCs further maintain youth‐associated phenotype and function compared to age‐matched controls, including preserved clonogenic potential, minimal senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase activity, maintained cell sizes, reduced expression of senescence markers, suppressed secretion of senescence‐associated factors, and increased production of youth‐associated proteins. This work points to the utility of exogenously‐supplemented tropoelastin for manufacturing MSCs that robustly maintain regenerative potential with age. It further reveals the active role of classical structural ECM proteins in driving cellular age‐associated fitness, potentially leading to future interventions for aging‐related pathologies.
SEC16A Variants Predispose to Chronic Pancreatitis by Impairing ER‐to‐Golgi Transport and Inducing ER Stress
Authors: Wang Min‐Jun , Wang Yuan‐Chen , Masson Emmanuelle , Wang Ya‐Hui , Yu Dong , Qian Yang‐Yang , Tang Xin‐Ying , Deng Shun‐Jiang , Hu Liang‐Hao , Wang Lei , Wang Li‐Juan , Rebours Vinciane , Cooper David N. , Férec Claude , Li Zhao‐Shen , Chen Jian‐Min , Zou Wen‐Bin , Liao Zhuan
Published: August 2024

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease with genetic and environmental factors at play. Through trio exome sequencing, a de novo SEC16A frameshift variant in a Chinese teenage CP patient is identified. Subsequent targeted next‐generation sequencing of the SEC16A gene in 1,061 Chinese CP patients and 1,196 controls reveals a higher allele frequency of rare nonsynonymous SEC16A variants in patients (4.90% vs 2.93%; odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–2.33). Similar enrichments are noted in a French cohort (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.67–4.50) and in a biobank meta‐analysis (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.04–1.31). Notably, Chinese CP patients with SEC16A variants exhibit a median onset age 5 years earlier than those without (40.0 vs 45.0; p = 0.012). Functional studies using three CRISPR/Cas9‐edited HEK293T cell lines show that loss‐of‐function SEC16A variants disrupt coat protein complex II (COPII) formation, impede secretory protein vesicles trafficking, and induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to protein overload. Sec16a+/− mice, which demonstrate impaired zymogen secretion and exacerbated ER stress compared to Sec16a+/+, are further generated. In cerulein‐stimulated pancreatitis models, Sec16a+/− mice display heightened pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis compared to wild‐type mice. These findings implicate a novel pathogenic mechanism predisposing to CP.
MAPK Signaling‐Mediated RFNG Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation Restrain Oxaliplatin‐Induced Apoptosis and Ferroptosis
Authors: Di Yuqin , Zhang Xiang , Wen Xiangqiong , Qin Jiale , Ye Lvlan , Wang Youpeng , Song Mei , Wang Ziyang , He Weiling
Published: August 2024

Chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, it is crucial to develop novel strategies to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Here, the fringe family is screened to determine their contribution to chemotherapy resistance in CRC. It is found that RFNG depletion significantly sensitizes cancer cells to oxaliplatin treatment. Mechanistically, chemotherapy‐activated MAPK signaling induces ERK to phosphorylate RFNG Ser255 residue. Phosphorylated RFNG S255 (pS255) interacts with the nuclear importin proteins KPNA1/importin‐α1 and KPNB1/importin‐β1, leading to its translocation into the nucleus where it targets p53 and inhibits its phosphorylation by competitively inhibiting the binding of CHK2 to p53. Consequently, the expression of CDKN1A is decreased and that of SLC7A11 is increased, leading to the inhibition of apoptosis and ferroptosis. In contrast, phosphor‐deficient RFNG S225A mutant showed increased apoptosis and ferroptosis, and exhibited a notable response to oxaliplatin chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. It is further revealed that patients with low RFNG pS255 exhibited significant sensitivity to oxaliplatin in a patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model. These findings highlight the crosstalk between the MAPK and p53 signaling pathways through RFNG, which mediates oxaliplatin resistance in CRC. Additionally, this study provides guidance for oxaliplatin treatment of CRC patients.
PRMT6 Epigenetically Drives Metabolic Switch from Fatty Acid Oxidation toward Glycolysis and Promotes Osteoclast Differentiation During Osteoporosis
Authors: Chu Wenxiang , Peng Weilin , Lu Yingying , Liu Yishan , Li Qisheng , Wang Haibin , Wang Liang , Zhang Bangke , Liu Zhixiao , Han Lin , Ma Hongdao , Yang Haisong , Han Chaofeng , Lu Xuhua
Published: August 2024

Epigenetic regulation of metabolism profoundly influences cell fate commitment. During osteoclast differentiation, the activation of RANK signaling is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming, but the epigenetic mechanisms by which RANK signaling induces this reprogramming remain elusive. By transcriptional sequence and ATAC analysis, this study identifies that activation of RANK signaling upregulates PRMT6 by epigenetic modification, triggering a metabolic switching from fatty acids oxidation toward glycolysis. Conversely, Prmt6 deficiency reverses this shift, markedly reducing HIF‐1α‐mediated glycolysis and enhancing fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, PRMT6 deficiency or inhibitor impedes osteoclast differentiation and alleviates bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. At the molecular level, Prmt6 deficiency reduces asymmetric dimethylation of H3R2 at the promoters of genes including Ppard, Acox3, and Cpt1a, enhancing genomic accessibility for fatty acid oxidation. PRMT6 thus emerges as a metabolic checkpoint, mediating metabolic switch from fatty acid oxidation to glycolysis, thereby supporting osteoclastogenesis. Unveiling PRMT6's critical role in epigenetically orchestrating metabolic shifts in osteoclastogenesis offers a promising target for anti‐resorptive therapy.
Multi‐Metallic Nanosheets Reshaping Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment through Augmenting cGAS‐STING Innate Activation and Adaptive Immune Responses for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Yuxuan , Liang Shuang , Liu Dan , Ma Kongshuo , Yun Kaiqing , Zhou Mengli , Hai Linna , Xu Mengdi , Chen Yiyang , Wang Zhaohui
Published: August 2024

The highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) restricts the efficient activation of immune responses. To restore the surveillance of the immune system for robust activation, vast efforts are devoted to normalizing the TME. Here, a manganese‐doped layered double hydroxide (Mn‐LDH) is developed for potent anti‐tumor immunity by reversing TME. Mn‐LDH is synthesized via a one‐step hydrothermal method. In addition to the inherent proton neutralization capacity of LDH, the introduction of manganese oxide endows LDH with an additional ability to produce oxygen. Mn‐LDH effectively releases Mn2+ and Mg2+ upon exposure to TME with high levels of H+ and H2O2, which activates synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes pathway and maintains the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells respectively, achieving a cascade‐like role in innate and adaptive immunity. The locally administered Mn‐LDH facilitated a “hot” network consisting of mature dendritic cells, M1‐phenotype macrophages, as well as cytotoxic and helper T cells, significantly inhibiting the growth of primary and distal tumors. Moreover, the photothermal conversion capacity of Mn‐LDH sparks more robust therapeutic effects in large established tumor models with a single administration and irradiation. Overall, this study guides the rational design of TME‐modulating immunotherapeutics for robust immune activation, providing a clinical candidate for next‐generation cancer immunotherapy.
Creatine Promotes Endometriosis by Inducing Ferroptosis Resistance via Suppression of PrP
Authors: Chen Siman , Ma Xiaoqian , Liu Yukai , Zhong Zhiqi , Wei Chunyan , Li Mingqing , Zhu Xiaoyong
Published: August 2024

Endometriosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, significantly impairs the quality of life of women in their reproductive years; however, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The accumulation of retrograde menstruation and recurrent bleeding fosters a high‐iron environment in ectopic lesions, triggering ferroptosis in ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESCs), thereby hindering the establishment of endometriosis. However, abnormal EESCs demonstrate resistance to ferroptosis in high‐iron environments, promoting the progression of this disease. Here, novel findings on the accumulation of creatine, derived from endogenous synthesis, in both peritoneal fluid and EESCs of patients with endometriosis are presented. Creatine supplementation reduces cellular iron concentrations, mitigating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thereby enhancing cell viability and preventing ferroptosis under high‐iron conditions. Utilizing the drug affinity–responsive target stabilization (DARTS) assay, prion protein (PrP) as a potential creatine‐sensing protein is identified. Mechanistically, creatine binds to the active site of PrP, inhibits the conversion of trivalent iron to divalent iron, and decreases iron uptake, promoting the tolerance of EESCs to ferroptosis. This interaction contributes to the development of endometriosis. The novel association between creatine and ferroptosis provides valuable insights into the role of creatine in endometriosis progression and highlights its potential as a therapeutic target for endometriosis.
Ultrahigh Power Factor of Sputtered Nanocrystalline N‐Type Bi2Te3 Thin Film via Vacancy Defect Modulation and Ti Additives
Authors: Gong Tingrui , Gao Lei , Kang Lingfeng , Shi Maolin , Hou Gu , Zhang Shenghui , Meng Dechao , Li Juntao , Su Wei
Published: August 2024

Magnetron‐sputtered thermoelectric thin films have the potential for reproducibility and scalability. However, lattice mismatch during sputtering can lead to increased defects in the epitaxial layer, which poses a significant challenge to improving their thermoelectric performance. In this work, nanocrystalline n‐type Bi2Te3 thin films with an average grain size of ≈110 nm are prepared using high‐temperature sputtering and post‐annealing. Herein, it is demonstrated that high‐temperature treatment exacerbates Te evaporation, creating Te vacancies and electron‐like effects. Annealing improves crystallinity, increases grain size, and reduces defects, which significantly increases carrier mobility. Furthermore, the pre‐deposited Ti additives are ionized at high temperatures and partially diffused into Bi2Te3, resulting in a Ti doping effect that increases the carrier concentration. Overall, the 1 µm thick n‐type Bi2Te3 thin film exhibits a room temperature resistivity as low as 3.56 × 10−6 Ω∙m. Notably, a 5 µm thick Bi2Te3 thin film achieves a record power factor of 6.66 mW mK−2 at room temperature, which is the highest value reported to date for n‐type Bi2Te3 thin films using magnetron sputtering. This work demonstrates the potential for large‐scale of high‐quality Bi2Te3‐based thin films and devices for room‐temperature TE applications.