bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Monkeypox Virus Detection in Different Clinical Samples and Analysis of Temporal Viral Load Dynamics
Authors: Cordeiro Rita , Pelerito Ana , de Carvalho Isabel Lopes , Lopo Sílvia , Neves Raquel , Rocha Raquel , Palminha Paula , Verdasca Nuno , Palhinhas Cláudia , Borrego Maria José , Manita Carla , Ferreira Idalina , Bettencourt Célia , Vieira Patrícia , Silva Sónia , Água‐Doce Ivone , Roque Carla , Cordeiro Dora , Brondani Greice , Santos João Almeida , Martins Susana , Rodrigues Irene , Ribeiro Carlos , Núncio Maria Sofia , Gomes João Paulo , Batista Fernando da Conceição
Published: December 2024

Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the Monkeypox virus (MPXV), and since May 2022, tens of thousands of cases have been reported in non‐endemic countries. We aimed to evaluate the suitability of different sample types for mpox diagnostic and assess the temporal dynamics of viral load. We evaluated 1914 samples from 953 laboratory‐confirmed cases. The positivity rate was higher for lesion (91.3%) and rectal swabs (86.1%) when compared with oropharyngeal swabs (69.5%) and urines (41.2%), indicating higher viral loads for the former. Supporting this, lesion and rectal swabs showed lower median PCR Ct values (Ct = 23 and Ct = 24), compared to oropharyngeal swabs and urines (Ct = 31). Stable MPXV loads were observed in swabs from lesions up to 30 days after symptoms onset, contrasting with a considerable decrease in viral load in rectal and oropharyngeal swabs. Overall, these results point to lesion swabs as the most suitable samples for detecting MPXV in the 2022–2023 multicountry outbreak and show comparable accuracy to rectal swabs up to 8 days after symptoms onset. These findings, together with the observation that about 5% of patients were diagnosed through oropharyngeal swabs while having negative lesions, suggest that multisite testing should be performed to increase diagnostic sensitivity.
Effects of γ‐polyglutamic acid on the rheological, microstructural and sensory properties of low‐fat yogurt
Authors: Zhang Bobo , Zhu Hongshuai , Liang Dan , Chen Kai , Xie Xinhua , Yan Shuang , Gao Yulong
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

While low‐fat yogurt offers numerous health benefits, its texture and sensory qualities are poor. This study aimed to investigate the effects of γ‐polyglutamic acid (γ‐PGA) on the rheological, microstructural and sensory properties of low‐fat yogurt using rheological tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sensory evaluation.

RESULTS

The results showed that the syneresis of low‐fat yogurt added with 0.15% γ‐PGA was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced to 23.03%, compared to that of low‐fat yogurt without γ‐PGA (42.87%). An improvement in storage and loss moduli (G', G") and apparent viscosity was also observed. The power law model fitted to rheological data indicated that γ‐PGA enhanced the viscoelasticity and strength of the gel network though interaction with casein gel, which might lead to changes in the moduli of yogurts. Microstructural observation via SEM confirmed the enhanced crosslinking between casein micelles and the filling effect of γ‐PGA. Sensory liking scores were strongly correlated with rheological properties and apparent viscosity. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the positive effects of γ‐PGA on quality and rheological attributes of low‐fat yogurt.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study provided valuable references for the potential use of γ‐PGA as a fat replacer to stabilize the sensory quality of low‐fat yogurt. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Structural and Optical Anomalies in Thin Films Grown in a Magnetic Field by Electron‐Assisted Vacuum Deposition of PTFE
Authors: Ksianzou Viachaslau , Villringer Claus , Grytsenko Kostyantyn , Pekur Demyd , Lytvyn Petro , Sopinskyy Mykola , Lebedyeva Iryna , Niemczyk Agata , Baranowska Jolanta
Published: December 2024

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films are deposited in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields (MF) by electron‐enhanced vacuum deposition (EVD) and EVD + low‐temperature plasma (LTP) methods. The structure, morphology, and nanomechanical properties of the films are studied by infrared spectroscopy (IRS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry. The structure of the thicker films is closer to that of bulk PTFE than that of thin films. The films' crystallinity and surface roughness are higher than those deposited without MF. The birefringence of the refractive index (n) of the films deposited in the MF is inverse to the anisotropy of the n of the films deposited without MF. The hardness of the films is close to that of bulk PTFE.
Co‐Simulation Interface Model Reduction for Large‐Scale Coupled Simulations
Authors: Peeters Jari , Vermaut Martijn , Vanpaemel Simon , Naets Frank
Published: December 2024

The paper presents a novel approach for reducing the co‐simulation interface representation between multiple large‐scale models. The methodology leverages model order reduction through component mode synthesis in some specific small deformation flexible multibody formulations that yield a constant transformation matrix between Cartesian coordinates and general multibody coordinates, such as the flexible natural coordinates formulation or the generalized component mode synthesis. The constant transformation matrix stemming from these techniques is further modified using modified Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization and the effective independence methodology to create a constant interface model reduction matrix. This matrix effectively connects a minimal set of interface nodes to the entire nodal domain, while simultaneously projecting the forces acting on the entire nodal domain onto the interface nodes. Notably, the proposed methodology scales the size of the required co‐simulation interface representation with the considered set of mode shapes rather than the size of the numerical finite element mesh. This co‐simulation interface model reduction strategy not only renders large distributed load models compatible with the Functional Mock‐Up Interface but also extends its applicability to any structural model beyond the flexible multibody scope, provided that deformations remain relatively small. Numerical validation with a simply supported beam, connected to springs at each node, demonstrates that the interface model reduction error is significantly smaller than the co‐simulation error. This suggests that substantial interface model reduction can be achieved without compromising accuracy. Moreover, additional numerical validation performed with a rotor‐drum model showcases the versatility and scalability of the proposed approach, particularly in addressing dynamic structural systems.
Nucleation, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Bi Thin Films Electrodeposited on n‐Si(111) Substrate
Authors: Boudinar Salem , Benbrahim Nassima , Hamadou Lamia , Benfedda Baya , Chainet Eric
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the electrochemical nucleation and growth mechanisms of bismuth on a monocrystalline n‐Si(111) substrate from an acidic nitrate solution. It also examines the electrical and optical properties of the electroplated films. The qualitative analysis of the experimental current transients reveals a strong agreement with instantaneous nucleation on active sites and three‐dimensional diffusion‐controlled growth. Electrochemical kinetic parameters are derived using the Mirkin–Nilov–Heerman–Tarallo model, which is employed to fit the experimental curves. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott–Schottky analysis are used to assess the electronic characteristics of the materials. Scanning electron microscope observations show a uniform, smooth, and continuous deposit. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates a high texture along the [012] direction of the rhombohedral crystal structure in thin bismuth films with different thicknesses (118, 318, and 611 nm). UV–visible spectroscopy is employed to investigate the optical characteristics of the Bi/Si surface in the 200–1100 nm wavelength range. The study demonstrates that the thickness of the bismuth film affects the absorption response of the Bi/Si heterojunction, showing a notable increase in absorption in the visible and infrared ranges. Furthermore, it is found that the photoluminescence properties of the Bi/Si heterojunction are improved in the visible and infrared ranges.
Process Optimization for Fermentative Production of Black Rice Vinegar
Authors: Kaur Harmandeep , Kocher Gurvinder Singh
Published: December 2024

Black rice (Oryza sativa) also known as forbidden rice, restricted only in northeast Asia, is now being cultivated in some Indian states and has a huge potential for producing vinegar being rich in health‐promoting characteristics. In the current study, enzymatic saccharification of black rice carried out using commercial amylases was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) at 45°C with 5.5 pH. The optimized saccharified starch showed a Brix of 13.5°B with 10.937 g/100 mL and 8.602 g/100 mL of total sugars and reducing sugars, respectively. The saccharification validation of 2L showed a maximum of 14°B, 13.1 g/100 mL total sugars and 10.89 g/100 mL reducing sugars. The ethanolic fermentation of hydrolyzed starch was carried out using Saccharomyces cerevisiae KY069279, which led to 6.532% (v/v) ethanol at a fermentation efficiency of 93.11% and 0.47 g/g of ethanol productivity. The acetic acid fermentation was carried out post‐ethanol production using indigenous acetic acid bacteria, Acetobacter aceti AC1. The fermented vinegar showed 4.15% (w/v) volatile acidity at 64.7% fermentation efficiency and 0.38 g/g acetic acid productivity. The produced rice vinegar was found to be rich in antioxidants with a 77.8% DPPH scavenging activity at 50.93 µM concentration. The vinegar was found to be of standard quality with a mean sensory score of 7.92 ± 0.8 by a panel of 10 semitrained judges.
Longitudinal assessment of DNA recovery from post-mortem whole blood stored in EDTA, sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate and additive-free tubes
Authors: Grobbelaar Jana , Vuko Loyiso Abongile Marvin , Davies Bronwen , Pearce Brendon , Musiyandaka Fungisai Lorraine , Heathfield Laura Jane
Published: December 2024

Adverse drug reactions and fatalities can result from therapeutic drug use due to genetic deficiencies in drug-metabolizing enzymes. In cases where ancillary testing may not reveal a clear cause of death, molecular autopsies can be valuable. However, forensic mortuaries do not retain DNA samples in all cases, which hinders subsequent genetic testing if it is later deemed necessary. This study aimed to evaluate whether post-mortem whole blood samples collected for toxicological analysis, could provide viable DNA for genetic testing after varying storage periods. Thirty deceased individuals were recruited with informed consent. Blood collected at autopsy from each individual was stored in two sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (gray-top) tubes, two additive-free (red-top) tubes and one ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; purple-top) tube– the latter recommended for DNA analysis. Blood from one gray-top and one red-top tube were sampled for toxicological analysis prior to DNA analysis, while the remaining samples (acting as controls) underwent DNA analysis immediately. DNA analysis involved DNA extraction and DNA concentration and degradation assessment. Blood samples were stored at 4 °C and DNA extraction and analysis was repeated one year and then five years later. Toxicological sampling did not significantly influence DNA results. DNA concentration and quality significantly decreased over time for all sample types, with DNA from red-top tubes showing the greatest decline. The study showed that DNA testing for drug-metabolizing enzymes was feasible on whole blood that had been stored for five years. This finding supports the potential for retrospective genetic testing in cases of adverse drug reactions and fatalities.
Evaluation of alternative prognostic thresholds for SP142 and 22C3 immunohistochemical PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer: results from a population-based cohort
Authors: Sigurjonsdottir Gudbjörg , De Marchi Tommaso , Ehinger Anna , Hartman Johan , Ullén Susann , Leandersson Karin , Bosch Ana , Staaf Johan , Killander Fredrika , Niméus Emma
Published: December 2024

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are now a part of the treatment arsenal for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) but refinement of PD-L1 as a prognostic and predictive biomarker is a clinical priority. We aimed to evaluate the relevance of novel PD-L1 immunohistochemical (IHC) thresholds in TNBC with regard to PD-L1 gene expression, prognostic value, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and TNBC molecular subtypes.

Material & methods

PD-L1 was scored in a tissue microarray with the SP142 (immune cell (IC) score) and the 22C3 (combined positive score; CPS) IHC assays and TIL abundance evaluated in whole slides in a population-based cohort of 237 early-stage TNBC patients. Survival analysis was performed and RNA sequencing data employed for molecular profiling.

Results

As expected, PD-L1 positivity (IC ≥ 1% and/or CPS ≥ 1) was significantly associated with better prognosis compared to zero PD-L1 expression. Importantly however, also patients with intermediate expression (IC > 0%, < 1%; CPS > 0, < 1) showed a trend toward improved outcome. Tumors with intermediate PD-L1 IHC expression also had intermediate PD-L1 (CD274) gene expression (mRNA). Patients who were both low in TILs (< 30%) and PD-L1 (IC < 1%; CPS < 1) tended to have the poorest prognosis.

PD-L1 positive tumors clustered significantly more often as Immunomodulatory-high and Basal-Like 1-high TNBC molecular subtypes and were enriched in immune response and cell cycle/proliferation signaling pathways. PD-L1-zero tumors on the other hand were enriched in cell growth, differentiation, and metastatic potential pathways and clustered more prevalently as Luminal-Androgen-Receptor-high and Mesenchymal-high. PD-L1-intermediate tumors categorized with neither PD-L1-positive nor PD-L1-zero tumors on the hierarchical clustering level, consigning them as a unique subgroup.

Conclusion

With both SP142 and 22C3, we identified an intermediate IHC PD-L1 group within TNBCs that was supported on the molecular level. Any PD-L1 IHC expression, even though it is < 1, tended to have positive prognostic impact. We suggest that the generally accepted threshold of PD-L1 IHC positivity in TNBC should be investigated further.

The Swedish Cancerome Analysis Network – Breast (SCAN-B) study was retrospectively registered 2nd Dec 2014 at ClinicalTrials.gov; ID NCT02306096.
Aging and cell expansion enhance microRNA diversity in small extracellular vesicles produced from human adipose-derived stem cells
Authors: Tsubaki Toshiya , Chijimatsu Ryota , Takeda Taiga , Abe Maki , Ochiya Takahiro , Tsuji Shinsaku , Inoue Keita , Matsuzaki Tokio , Iwanaga Yasuhide , Omata Yasunori , Tanaka Sakae , Saito Taku
Published: December 2024

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and their small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) hold significant potential for regenerative medicine due to their tissue repair capabilities. The microRNA (miRNA) content in sEVs varies depending on ASC status; however, the effects of aging and cell passage on miRNA profiles remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of donor age and cell expansion on ASC characteristics and transcriptome using ASCs obtained from three young and three old donors. Cell expansion significantly impaired stem cell properties, notably reducing proliferation and differentiation capacities. In contrast, donor age had minimal effects on ASCs. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed differences in gene expression related to stemness, phagocytosis, and metabolic processes influenced by cell expansion. To investigate miRNA variability, we performed small RNA-seq on sEVs collected from ASCs of all six donors. The miRNA profiles were influenced by donor age and cell passage. Interestingly, functional enrichment analysis indicated that advanced donor age and increased cell passage may enhance the production of miRNAs associated with organ development through various pathways. These findings suggest that donor age and cell expansion differentially influence ASC characteristics and sEV miRNA content, highlighting the need for disease-specific conditioning of ASCs to optimize the therapeutic effects of sEVs in clinical applications.
Circulating small extracellular vesicles as blood-based biomarkers of muscle health in aging nonhuman primates
Authors: Mishra Shalini , Kumar Ashish , He Yangen , Su Yixin , Singh Sangeeta , Santos Mark F. , Singh Rakesh , Lee Jingyun , Furdui Cristina M. , Shively Carol A. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Register Thomas C. , Deep Gagan
Published: December 2024

Age-associated loss of muscle mass and function and subsequent mobility decline define poor health outcomes, reduced quality of life, and mortality risk. The rate and extent of aging-related muscle loss varies across older adults. It is challenging to understand the molecular pathogenesis of mobility decline, as anthropometric and imaging techniques, primarily used in muscle function assessment, do not offer much molecular information. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) are lipid membrane-bound, nano-sized (≤ 200 nm) vesicles which carry a wide array of biomolecules as their cargo. sEV contain cell/tissue-specific signatures on their surface and can be isolated from biofluids. These properties pose sEV as a minimally invasive means to monitor the functional and biological health of difficult-to-access tissues, establishing them as a promising liquid biopsy tool. Here, we first isolated skeletal muscle-derived sEV (sEVSKM) from the serum of vervet monkeys (16 to < 25 years old) using alpha sarcoglycan (SGCA) as a muscle-specific sEV surface marker. sEVSKM were extensively characterized for size, concentration, purity, and specificity. Further, sEVSKM isolated from young (11–15 years) and old (25–29 years) monkeys’ serum were characterized for oxidized proteins by mass spectrometry and miRNAs by small-RNAseq. Notably, the analysis of oxidized proteins indicated perturbation of metabolic pathways, actin cytoskeleton, muscle cytoskeleton regulation, and HIF-1 signaling in older monkeys. Furthermore, small-RNAseq analysis identified differential expression of several miRNAs regulating metabolic pathways, inflammation, and stress signaling. Altogether, these results suggest that it is feasible to isolate sEVSKM and use them to identify molecular biomarkers that reflect the physiological state of muscle tissue.
Cascading tipping points of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kubiszewski Ida , Adams Vanessa M. , Baird Rachel , Boothroyd Anne , Costanza Robert , MacDonald Darla Hatton , Finau Glenn , Fulton Elizabeth A. , King Catherine K. , King Matt A. , Lannuzel Delphine , Leane Elizabeth , Melbourne-Thomas Jess , Ooi Can-Seng , Raghavan Mala , Senigaglia Valeria , Stoeckl Natalie , Tian Jing , Yamazaki Satoshi
Published: December 2024

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are key elements in the physical and biological Earth system. Human-induced climate change, and other human activities in the region, are leading to several potential interacting tipping points with major and irreversible consequences. Here, we examine eight potential physical, biological, chemical, and social Antarctic tipping points. These include ice sheets, ocean acidification, ocean circulation, species redistribution, invasive species, permafrost melting, local pollution, and the Antarctic Treaty System. We discuss the nature of each potential tipping point, its control variables, thresholds, timescales, and impacts, and focus on the potential for cumulative and cascading effects as a result of their interactions. The analysis provides substantial evidence of the need for more concerted and rapid action to limit climate change and to minimise the impacts of local human activities to avoid these cascading tipping points.
Upcycling of Low Quality Aluminum Automotive Scrap: The DNA of Twitch
Authors: Shankar Shrivatsav , Gois Nicholas , Molstad Emily , Söderhjelm Carl , Apelian Diran
Published: December 2024

As our consumption of aluminum continues to grow, the demand to maximize the use of aluminum scrap grows proportionally. The challenge is to create value from waste, taking low quality scrap and upcycling it to high value “green aluminum alloys.” Automotive aluminum scrap from auto shredders dubbed “Twitch,” is an amalgamation of aluminum alloys which is traditionally melted and downcycled to a low value alloy. The first step in the development of green aluminum alloys is to have an in-depth knowledge of the Twitch feedstock, both geographically and temporally. In this work, Twitch was collected from the two coasts of US over a period of 12 months; a dynamic analysis of Twitch as well as metallurgical pathways to upcycle Twitch are given.
Current challenges in multilayer network engineering
Authors: Panayiotou Georgios , Magnani Matteo , Pinaud Bruno
Published: December 2024

Multilayer networks (MLNs) have become a popular choice to model complex systems. However, current MLN engineering solutions, that is, systems and methods to store, manipulate, and support the analysis of MLNs, are challenged by the size and complexity of contemporary sources of network data. We assess the maturity level of the MLN engineering ecosystem through an analysis of software libraries for MLNs, focusing on supported functionality, operators and their scalability. Based on this analysis, we provide an overview of the current status of the MLN engineering landscape, compile a list of current limitations to be addressed and propose future developments for more effective and broadly applicable MLN engineering solutions.
On the Effect of Liquid Crystal Orientation in the Lipid Layer on Tear Film Thinning and Breakup
Authors: Taranchuk M. J. , Braun R. J.
Published: December 2024

The human tear film (TF) is thin multilayer fluid film that is critical for clear vision and ocular surface health. Its dynamics are strongly affected by a floating lipid layer and, in health, that layer slows evaporation and helps create a more uniform tear film over the ocular surface. The tear film lipid layer (LL) may have liquid crystalline characteristics and plays important roles in the health of the tear film. Previous models have treated the lipid layer as a Newtonian fluid in extensional flow. We extend previous models to include extensional flow of a thin nematic liquid crystal atop a Newtonian aqueous layer with insoluble surfactant between them. We derive the resulting system of nonlinear partial differential equations for thickness of the LL and aqueous layers, surfactant transport and velocity in the LL. We find that in the limit used here, the liquid crystal director field becomes orientated at a constant angle through the depth of LL. Evaporation is taken into account, and is affected by the LL thickness, internal arrangement of its rod-like molecules, and external conditions. Despite the complexity, this system still represents a significant reduction of the full system. We solve the system numerically via collocation with finite difference discretization in space together with implicit time stepping. We analyze solutions for different internal LL structures and show significant effect of the orientation. Orienting the molecules close to the normal direction to the TF surface results in slower evaporation, and other orientations have an effect on flow, showing that this type of model has promise for predicting TF dynamics.
Disagreement, retraction, and the importance of perspective
Authors: Zeman Dan
Published: December 2024

In the semantic debate about perspectival expressions—predicates of taste, aesthetic and moral terms, epistemic modals, etc.—intuitions about armchair scenarios (e.g., disagreement, retraction) have played a crucial role. More recently, various experimental studies have been conducted, both in relation to disagreement (e.g., Cova, 2012; Foushee and Srinivasan, 2017; Solt, 2018) and retraction (e.g., Knobe and Yalcin, 2014; Khoo, 2018; Beddor and Egan, 2018; Dinges and Zakkou, 2020; Kneer 2021; 2022; Almagro, Bordonaba Plou, and Villanueva, 2023; Marques, 2024), with the aim of establishing a more solid foundation for semantic theorizing. Both these types of data have been used to argue for or against certain views (e.g., contextualism, relativism). In this talk, I discern a common thread in the use of these data and argue for two claims: (i) which perspective is adopted by those judging the armchair scenarios put forward and by the participants in experimental studies crucially matters for the viability of the intended results; (ii) failure to properly attend to this puts recent experimental work at risk. Finally, I consider the case of cross-linguistic disagreement and retraction and assess their importance for the semantic debate about perspectival expressions, as well as for the claim that perspective matters in putting forward the data on which decisions about the right semantic view are made.
Investigating Plagiarism in Second Language Writing
Authors: Lei Jun , Hu Guangwei
Published: December 2024

This Element aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the issue of plagiarism in second language writing. It first outlines the importance of plagiarism as a real-world issue cutting across educational and cultural contexts and touches upon several prominent controversies over the issue. Then the Element defines and conceptualises plagiarism by critically examining the diverse extant definitions and discussing various discourses on plagiarism. Following that, it explores L2 students' perceptions of and stances on plagiarism, and identifies factors that contribute to L2 students' plagiarism. Informed by the current theoretical and empirical research, the Element critically evaluates three major approaches to dealing with plagiarism and, based on the critical evaluation, proposes pedagogical activities and strategies for fostering L2 students' intertextual competence. Finally, the Element calls for a reconceptualisation of plagiarism that embraces a multidimensional approach to dealing with plagiarism in second language writing, and outlines directions for further research.
Machine Learning for Archaeological Applications in R
Authors: Argote Denisse L. , López-­García Pedro A. , Torres-­García Manuel A. , Thrun Michael C.
Published: December 2024

This Element highlights the employment within archaeology of classification methods developed in the field of chemometrics, artificial intelligence, and Bayesian statistics. These run in both high- and low-dimensional environments and often have better results than traditional methods. Instead of a theoretical approach, it provides examples of how to apply these methods to real data using lithic and ceramic archaeological materials as case studies. A detailed explanation of how to process data in R (The R Project for Statistical Computing), as well as the respective code, are also provided in this Element.
A shear and elongational decomposition approach of the rate-of-deformation tensor for non-Newtonian flows with mixed kinematics
Authors: Oliveira Paulo J.
Published: December 2024

We propose a novel approach for non-Newtonian viscoelastic steady flows based on a decomposition of the rate-of-deformation tensor which here, in a simplified version, leads to an anisotropic generalised Newtonian fluid-like model with separated treatment of kinematics pertaining to shear and extensional flows. Care is taken to assure that the approach is objective and does not introduce spurious effects due to dependence on a specific reference frame. This is done by separating the rate-of-deformation tensor into shear and elongational components, with the local scalar shear and elongation rates being the second invariant of each tensor separately, and by modifying the method used to separate the rate-of-deformation tensor so that it becomes independent of superimposed rigid rotations, thus satisfying the principle of material indifference. We assess the model with two test cases: planar contraction flow, often employed to evaluate numerical methods or constitutive equations and for which experimentally observed corner vortex enhancement and pressure drop increase are seldom found in numerical simulations; and flow past confined or unconfined cylinders, for which experiments indicate a drag increase due to elasticity and most predictions give a drag decrease. With our anisotropic model, incorporating additional elongational-flow-related terms, large vortices and accentuated pressure drop coefficients can be predicted for the contraction problem and enhanced drag coefficient for the cylinder problems. This is the first work where problems of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics are solved numerically with separation of strain rate into shear and elongational components.
Racial Context(s) in American Political Behavior
Authors: ANOLL ALLISON P. , DAVENPORT LAUREN D. , LIENESCH RACHEL
Published: December 2024

Since Key and Allport, scholars have argued that racial context affects political behavior, with some finding out-group contact increases intergroup hostility and others showing the opposite. We argue that Americans exist in multiple racial contexts simultaneously that may overlap or conflict, helping to explain past discord. Using novel data, we document in-group embeddedness among the four largest U.S. ethnoracial groups for three kinds of racial context: geographic, social, and psychological. These three contexts are only weakly correlated, we find, with social ties exhibiting distinctly high rates of in-group segregation. We next examine the relationship between racial contexts and political attitudes, showing that individuals who are highly embedded across contexts express notably different views than those who experience cross-cutting pressures. Our results underscore a need for greater care and specificity when examining the relationship between “racial context” and political phenomena.
The impact of cues on language switching: do spoken questions reduce the need for bilingual language control?
Authors: Timmer Kalinka , Wolna Agata , Wodniecka Zofia
Published: December 2024

The classical language switching paradigm using arbitrary cues to indicate the language to speak in has revealed switching between languages comes at a cost (i.e., switch cost) and makes one slower in the first than in the second language (i.e., reversed language dominance). However, arbitrary cues can create artificial requirements not present during everyday language interactions. Therefore, we investigated whether simulating elements of real-life conversations with question cues (‘Co?’ versus ‘What?’) facilitates language switching in comparison to the classical paradigm (Experiment 1: red versus blue outline; Experiments 2 and 3: low versus high tone). We revealed a dissociation between the two indices of language control: (1) question cues, compared to arbitrary cues, reduced switch costs but (2) did not modulate (in Experiment 1) or increase the reversed language dominance (Experiments 2 and 3). We propose that this conversational switching paradigm could be used as a conceptually more ‘true’ measure of language control.
Small Moments and Turning Points for Long-term Poor Families in Norway: The Lived Experience of Having a Family Coordinator
Authors: Danielsen Hilde , Lundberg Kjetil
Published: December 2024

This article contributes to the growing research field investigating intensive intervention programmes aimed at families with complex needs, focusing on the experiences of long-term poor families in Norway. There is a growing public concern about social inequalities in Norway, especially regarding child poverty and the negative effects of social and economic exclusion. The innovation project New Patterns is a means to compensate for the present silo-organised social welfare system, opting to develop holistic services targeting poor families with diverse challenges. Based on interviews and observation, the article examines how parents experience being subjected to extensive but voluntary family intervention by a designated family coordinator. We analyse what forms of change they are identifying as happening after working with the family coordinator. We find that the changes they identify can be labelled both as small moments and turning points and argue that small moments can instigate decisive changes.
Novel neuromuscular controllers with simplified muscle model and enhanced reflex modulation: A comparative study in hip exoskeletons
Authors: Manzoori Ali Reza , Messara Sara , Di Russo Andrea , Ijspeert Auke , Bouri Mohamed
Published: December 2024

Neuromuscular controllers (NMCs) offer a promising approach to adaptive and task-invariant control of exoskeletons for walking assistance, leveraging the bioinspired models based on the peripheral nervous system. This article expands on our previous development of a novel structure for NMCs with modifications to the virtual muscle model and reflex modulation strategy. The modifications consist firstly of simplifications to the Hill-type virtual muscle model, resulting in a more straightforward formulation and reduced number of parameters; and second, using a finer division of gait subphases in the reflex modulation state machine, allowing for a higher degree of control over the shape of the assistive profile. Based on the proposed general structure, we present two controller variants for hip exoskeletons, with four- and five-state reflex modulations (NMC-4 and NMC-5). We used an iterative data-driven approach with two tuning stages (i.e., muscle parameters and reflex gains) to determine the controller parameters. Biological joint torque profiles and optimal torque profiles for metabolic cost reduction were used as references for the final tuning outcome. Experimental testing under various walking conditions demonstrated the capability of both variants for adapting to the locomotion task with minimal parameter adjustments, mostly in terms of timing. Furthermore, NMC-5 exhibited better alignment with biological and optimised torque profiles in terms of timing characteristics and relative magnitudes, resulting in less negative mechanical work. These findings firstly validate the adequacy of the simplified muscle model for assistive controllers, and demonstrate the utility of a more nuanced reflex modulation in improving the assistance quality.
Association between youth blood pressure and exposure to pediatric fruit and vegetable prescriptions
Authors: Saxe-Custack Amy , Todem David , LaChance Jenny , Kerver Jean , Anthony James
Published: December 2024

Background

Health impacts of pediatric fruit and vegetable prescription programs (FVPPs) are unclear. This study assessed whether exposure to an FVPP that provided $15 produce prescriptions during pediatric visits was associated with differences in child diet, food security, physical activity, weight status, and blood pressure.

Methods

This cross-sectional analysis included data from caregiver-child dyads with varying levels of exposure to the FVPP. Dyads completed surveys at pediatric offices. Trained research assistants measured height and weight of children and recorded blood pressure through chart review. Causal inference analyses using propensity score adjustments compared outcomes of exposure groups.

Results

680 dyads enrolled. Youth who received ≥1 prescription (exposed) reported greater physical activity compared to youth who received no prescriptions (unexposed). Blood pressure percentiles were lower among exposed when compared to unexposed youth (63.273 versus 75.060 for SBP; 71.472 versus 77.548 for DBP); and fewer exposed children recorded elevated blood pressure when compared to unexposed (0.141 versus 0.343 for SBP; 0.199 versus 0.344 for DBP; and 0.286 versus 0.531 overall). Similar findings were obtained using duration as a measure of exposure.

Conclusion

Youth exposed to the FVPP experienced greater physical activity and healthier blood pressure. Findings may indicate novel health-promoting effects of pediatric FVPPs.

Impact

When compared to youth with no exposure, youth exposed to a pediatric fruit and vegetable prescription program recorded greater physical activity and healthier blood pressure.

Youth with high exposure (≥24 months) to the fruit and vegetable prescription program experienced greater physical activity and healthier blood pressure when compared to youth with low exposure (<24 months).

This extends evaluation of pediatric fruit and vegetable prescription programs beyond feasibility and preliminary effectiveness to indicate potential of such programs in positively influencing physical activity and blood pressure of participating youth.

Findings indicate novel health-promoting effects of pediatric fruit and vegetable prescription programs.
Heterogeneity-driven phenotypic plasticity and treatment response in branched-organoid models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Papargyriou Aristeidis , Najajreh Mulham , Cook David P. , Maurer Carlo H. , Bärthel Stefanie , Messal Hendrik A. , Ravichandran Sakthi K. , Richter Till , Knolle Moritz , Metzler Thomas , Shastri Akul R. , Öllinger Rupert , Jasper Jacob , Schmidleitner Laura , Wang Surui , Schneeweis Christian , Ishikawa-Ankerhold Hellen , Engleitner Thomas , Mataite Laura , Semina Mariia , Trabulssi Hussein , Lange Sebastian , Ravichandra Aashreya , Schuster Maximilian , Mueller Sebastian , Peschke Katja , Schäfer Arlett , Dobiasch Sophie , Combs Stephanie E. , Schmid Roland M. , Bausch Andreas R. , Braren Rickmer , Heid Irina , Scheel Christina H. , Schneider Günter , Zeigerer Anja , Luecken Malte D. , Steiger Katja , Kaissis Georgios , van Rheenen Jacco , Theis Fabian J. , Saur Dieter , Rad Roland , Reichert Maximilian
Published: December 2024

In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity increases chemoresistance and mortality rates. However, such morphological and phenotypic diversities are not typically captured by organoid models of PDAC. Here we show that branched organoids embedded in collagen gels can recapitulate the phenotypic landscape seen in murine and human PDAC, that the pronounced molecular and morphological intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity of organoids is governed by defined transcriptional programmes (notably, epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity), and that different organoid phenotypes represent distinct tumour-cell states with unique biological features in vivo. We also show that phenotype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities and modes of treatment-induced phenotype reprogramming can be captured in phenotypic heterogeneity maps. Our methodology and analyses of tumour-cell heterogeneity in PDAC may guide the development of phenotype-targeted treatment strategies.
Predicting control of cardiovascular disease risk factors in South Asia using machine learning
Authors: Reuter Anna , Ali Mohammed K. , Mohan Viswanathan , Chwastiak Lydia , Singh Kavita , Narayan K. M. Venkat , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Tandon Nikhil , Sudharsanan Nikkil
Published: December 2024

A substantial share of patients at risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) fail to achieve control of CVD risk factors, but clinicians lack a structured approach to identify these patients. We applied machine learning to longitudinal data from two completed randomized controlled trials among 1502 individuals with diabetes in urban India and Pakistan. Using commonly available clinical data, we predict each individual’s risk of failing to achieve CVD risk factor control goals or meaningful improvements in risk factors at one year after baseline. When classifying those in the top quartile of predicted risk scores as at risk of failing to achieve goals or meaningful improvements, the precision for not achieving goals was 73% for HbA1c, 30% for SBP, and 24% for LDL, and for not achieving meaningful improvements 88% for HbA1c, 87% for SBP, and 85% for LDL. Such models could be integrated into routine care and enable efficient and targeted delivery of health resources in resource-constrained settings.
From Circuits to Drug Targets: The Promise of Opto- and Chemogenetics for Drug Discovery
Authors: Kätzel D.
Published: December 2024

This chapter describes how genetically targeted expression of remote actuators to control neural activity, either gated by light (optogenetics) or by inert compounds (chemogenetics), can be applied to unravel the circuit mechanisms that underly schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models. These tools are applied within three principal paradigms: (1) the induction approach of causing schizophrenia-related symptoms by targeted circuit manipulation, thereby producing a new class of animal models, (2) the rescue approach of alleviating schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models of the disease to directly establish causality between circuit elements and deficits, and (3) the anatomical and functional characterization of neurons and neural projections thought to be relevant to schizophrenia. In recent years, using all three paradigms, the causal relationships between known endophenotypes seen in schizophrenia patients – such has thalamic hypoactivity, hippocampal hyperactivity, PV-interneuron hypofunction, or dopaminergic aberrations – and schizophrenia-related deficits have been established, thereby confirming novel therapeutic concepts (NTCs) and cellular targets for treatment. The further refinement of circuit models of schizophrenia and the successful translation of cellular targets into druggable molecular targets that can enter clinical development, however, still lie ahead of us.
Enhanced NH3-SCR activity of Cu–SAPO-34 by regulating Si distribution via an interzeolite conversion strategy
Authors: Xiao Yuxuan , Cai Bohui , Wu Huifang , Wang Hui , Wang Jiachen , Liu Junyan , Ma Runyu , Lv Tianming , Miao Lei , Liu Jiaxu , Yin Chengyang , Meng Changgong , Ren Limin
Published: December 2024

An interzeolite conversion strategy was designed for efficient one-pot synthesis of Cu–SAPO-34, achieving tailored silicon distribution and significantly enhanced NH3-SCR activity.
Near-infrared fluorescent HaloTag ligands for efficient organelle labelling in live cells
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiki , Taki Masayasu , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: December 2024

We reported a series of HaloTag ligands that incorporate NIR-emissive phospharhodamine dyes. These chemical tools allowed us to perform two-colour STED imaging and long-term time-lapse imaging with high temporal resolution.
A heterobimetallic MOF as a stable heterogeneous catalyst with high activity for ethylene oligomerization
Authors: Peng Anfeng , Li Gang , Wang Cong , Huang Zheng
Published: December 2024

Herein, the performance of heterobimetallic clusters MOF-1213(Dy/Ni) for ethylene oligomerization reactions was investigated.
Versatile NHC-based zinc and magnesium complexes for the synthesis and chemical recycling of aliphatic polyesters and polycarbonates
Authors: Tufano Federica , Santulli Federica , Liguori Concetta , Santoriello Giuseppe , Ritacco Ida , Caporaso Lucia , Grisi Fabia , Mazzeo Mina , Lamberti Marina
Published: December 2024

Applying the principles of green chemistry: synthesis of efficient catalysts, based on biocompatible metals, for the conversion of renewable monomers into sustainable polyesters and polycarbonates, and for the chemical recycling of polylactide.
A scalable, efficient, and facile ambient drying approach for preparing low shrinkage, compressive, and superporous nano-cellulose-based aerogels via a physicochemical crosslinking strategy
Authors: Tang Chunxia , Yang Jing , Liu Jian , Mao Yunshan , Fu Shaohai
Published: December 2024

A nanocellulose-based aerogel with a low volume shrinkage was prepared via a physicochemical crosslinking strategy without specialized equipment, high energy consumption, and generation of waste organic solvents.
Highly efficient oxidative cleavage of lignin β-O-4 linkages via synergistic Co-CoOx/N-doped carbon and recyclable hexaniobate catalysis
Authors: Li Jie , Shao Pengpeng , Geng Weijie , Lei Peng , Dong Jing , Chi Yingnan , Hu Changwen
Published: December 2024

Co-CoOx/N-doped carbon combined with the recyclable base K7HNb6O19 synergistically catalyze the selective and rapid cleavage of lignin β-O-4 models into aromatic products.
Vitamin C: friend or foe! A synopsis of ascorbic acid's reduction and oxidation of graphene oxide
Authors: El-Basha Hassan Omar , Chenavier Yves , Maurel Vincent , Pérard Julien , Bouzina Adnane , Dubois Lionel , Duclairoir Florence
Published: December 2024

l-ascorbic acid is being commonly used as a green reducing agent for graphene oxide. However, care must be taken regarding the reduction conditions so that the highest reduction extent and the highest conductivity values can be achieved.
Chalcogen-bonded cocrystals and salt cocrystals via automated resonant acoustic mixing with a button operative bot
Authors: Cosby Grace E. , Iftemie Téodor , Nari Alireza , Bryce David L.
Published: December 2024

Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) is shown to be a viable mechanochemical method for producing chalcogen-bonded cocrystals. A button operative bot is built to enable operation of the RAM instrument for extended periods required to form chalcogen bonds.
Mechanochemical synthesis of eucairite CuAgSe and investigation of physicochemical and transport properties
Authors: Drenčaková Dáša , Achimovičová Marcela , Baláž Matej , Navrátil Jiří , Tóthová Erika , Lisnichuk Maksym , Briančin Jaroslav , Puchý Viktor , Plecháček Tomáš
Published: December 2024

Mechanochemical synthesis of CuAgSe, characterization and investigation of transport properties.
Self-assembly of isolated plasmonic dimers with sub-5 nm gaps on a metallic mirror
Authors: Devaraj Vasanthan , Alvarado Isaac Azahel Ruiz , Lee Jong-Min , Oh Jin-Woo , Gerstmann Uwe , Schmidt Wolf Gero , Zentgraf Thomas
Published: December 2024

We present a cost-effective self-assembly method to fabricate low-density dimer NPs in an NPoM architecture, using the M13 phage as a spacer layer. This will enable the development of dynamic plasmonic devices and advanced sensing applications.
Decarbonizing specialty chemical manufacturing: opportunities for electrochemists
Authors: Hacku Robert J. , Henry Thomas J. , Kane Michael A. , Vance Maxwell J. , Sebastian Zachary J. , Cormack Glenn , Petek Tyler J. , Seddon Elisa , McKone James R.
Published: December 2024

The specialty chemical sector offers unique opportunities for the development of electrochemical reaction processes to integrate low-carbon electricity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Cellular mechanisms underlying pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-stimulated secretion in the adrenal medulla
Authors: Bell Nicole A. , Chen Xiaohuan , Giovannucci David R. , Anantharam Arun
Published: December 2024

The adrenal medulla is a key effector of the sympathetic nervous system in the periphery. Its primary function is to translate variations in sympathetic activity into hormone outputs that modify end organ function throughout the body. These hormones include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a variety of vasoactive peptides. Hormone secretion occurs when neurotransmitters, delivered by sympathetic nerves, bind to, and activate receptors on adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. In this context, two neurotransmitters of particular importance are acetylcholine (ACh) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). PACAP, discovered initially as a secretagogue in the hypothalamus, is now appreciated to provoke a strong secretory response from chromaffin cells in vitro and in situ. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying PACAP-stimulated secretion are still poorly understood. In the sections below, we will summarize what is known about the actions of PACAP in the adrenal medulla, discuss recent advances that pertain to the PACAP signaling pathway, and highlight areas for future investigation.