bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Rapallo
Authors: Arrington Lauren
Published: May 2021

The outbreak and aftermath of the Second World War meant that Ezra Pound’s political allegiances became undeniable, and writers who had been in Rapallo felt compelled to account for their proximity to Pound and their presence in Italy during Mussolini’s regime. This chapter interrogates the way that the poets of Rapallo represented Pound and Rapallo’s importance to their development, and it challenges critics’ convenient acceptance of these narratives. This chapter places particular importance on the lives of George Yeats, Dorothy Pound, and Brigit Patmore, challenging Virginia Woolf’s idea of the “totalitarian man” by showing the multifarious political alignments of Rapallo’s women.
Fallenness and Flourishing
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

This book opens with defenses of the philosophy of pessimism, first on secular grounds and then again on distinctively Christian grounds with reference to the fallenness of human beings. It then details traditional Christian reasons for optimism with which this philosophy of pessimism can be qualified. Yet even among those who accept the general religious worldview underlying this optimism, many nevertheless willfully resist the efforts required to cooperate with God and instead pursue happiness and well-being (or flourishing) on their own power. On the assumption that we can acquire knowledge in such matters, arguments are presented in favor of objective-list theories of well-being and the Psychic Affirmation theory of happiness, and the question—“How are people faring in this quest for self-achieved happiness and well-being?”—is critically investigated. The unfortunate result is that nearly everywhere people are failing. The causes of failure, it is argued, are found in the noetic effects of sin—especially in inordinate self-love and self-deception, but also in insufficient self-love—and such failure manifests both in widespread unhappiness and in that most misunderstood of the seven deadly sins, sloth. After a literary tour designed to reveal the many different ways that sloth can damage a life, a constructive proposal for responding to this predicament featuring the virtue of obedience is articulated and defended. This virtue is analyzed, illustrated, located in a new theory of well-being, and recommended to the reader.
Libido Sentiendi, Libido Sciendi, Libido Dominandi
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

This chapter offers a report from the front lines where the battle for self-achieved happiness and well-being (or flourishing) is decidedly not going well. After counter-reports of success from those in the field are examined, secular reasons are offered for thinking that these reports are very likely to be unreliable and so lack the power to trump the mountain of evidence for the view that there are precious few who flourish when drawing only on the resources of their own willpower, creativity, and ingenuity. But it’s not due to lack of trying; people want desperately to enjoy happiness and well-being. The real causes of failure, it is argued, are found in the noetic effects of sin—particularly in inordinate self-love and self-deception, but also (especially in those who have been further harmed and humiliated by relentless and systemic oppression) in insufficient self-love and the lack of safety, resources, and opportunities. The tale to be told is not merely a chronicle of failed bids at happiness and well-being ultimately grounded in our shared condition of sin; it is also a tale of the unhappiness that visits so many of those who fall into this pattern of failure. This portion of the story will be informed and structured by the seven capital vices (also known as the seven deadly sins), and it will culminate in a sustained examination and exploration of the sin of sloth.
The Masks of Sloth
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

One peculiarity of the theses defended in the foregoing chapters is that they diagnose a condition which predicts that the diagnosis will be resisted by those it accurately describes. Literature provides artistic illustrations as accompaniments to philosophical texts which can capture one’s attention in ways academic prose might not. In particular, literature can elicit many of the same emotional experiences that arise in everyday life and can mimic the chaotic and multi-dimensional reality of interpersonal interaction. Consequently, the reader can be deeply engaged by way of imaginative immersion into a richly nuanced narrative, subjective reactions to which provide brand new experiential data with which to theorize. This chapter offers a literary tour of the different masks of sloth in the hopes of rendering the reader receptive to the diagnosis of the preceding three chapters, which, thus illustrated, may seem less foreign than it might otherwise appear. As a result, sloth will be seen to be a misfortune with many faces. Under its onerous influence, one can race from boredom into mindless diversions, or convince oneself that the world is at bottom absurd, or languish in melancholy, or give oneself over to evil, or abdicate one’s agency and be ruled by chance, or play the aesthete and frantically pursue the diminishing pleasures of sensual novelty, or attempt to explain one’s misfortune by appeal to some invented offensive or indifferent feature of God’s, or despair over a perceived spiritual deformity in oneself rooted in guilt or shame.
Ye Cannot Serve God and Mammon
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: May 2021

This final chapter begins by articulating a particular conception of the virtue of obedience and detailing its four components—humility, restraint, response, and love—and by showing how they work together both to nurture an abiding and deeply seated pro-attitude towards uniting one’s will with God’s will and also to create and maintain a robust and stable set of dispositions aimed at succeeding in this aim. It then illustrates the virtue of obedience in action, discusses its relation to happiness, and remarks on the role of perseverance, the difficult mission of anyone who commits to acquiring and developing this virtue in life. A refinement to the objective-list theories of well-being (or flourishing) is then proposed, followed by a formulation and defense of a new objective-list theory that attempts to state the conditions of receptivity in a subject in addition to identifying the range of welfare goods in the world. The virtue of obedience, it is argued, is not only one among many welfare goods, but plays a unique role vis-à-vis the other goods on the list, insofar as it serves as the priming condition under which they can realize the full extent of their value in the subject in which they manifest. Finally, the most worrisome aspects of the views defended in this book are identified, sympathetically presented with force and fairness, and addressed.
“This Obscure Desire toward a Better Understanding”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

Barth studied theology because of his confirmation instruction which introduced him to theological topics. He went to Bern, Berlin, Tübingen and Marburg, preferring liberal approaches over conservative ones. But in his autobiographical notes, he later overstated things when he stressed that at that time he preferred a very different theology than his father. Adolf von Harnack, Wilhelm Herrmann, and Martin Rade became his most important teachers. Kantian and Neo-Kantian philosophy interested him, and he enthusiastically read Schleiermacher’s speeches On Religion. In Bern Barth joined the Zofingia student fraternity (where he became known for his views on “the social questions”) and experienced his first great love. After finishing his studies he worked as editorial assistant for the journal Die Christliche Welt in Marburg, where his outspokenness soon became evident.
“Not a Stone Left Standing”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

In 1920, it became clear to Barth that in his Epistle to the Romans he had taken for granted that he knew something of God, and he concluded that he needed to rewrite the entire work. He now stressed even more that there is no passage from human beings to God. Even when God is revealed, God does not enter this world. God is known in Jesus Christ as the unknown God. Human faith is the impossible possibility. This new version drew widespread attention, both critical and supportive, in the theological world. The 1923 controversy between Barth and Harnack was representative of the critical reactions. Barth began to clarify his Dialectical Theology in several lectures. For a few years, Barth worked with several other theologians, esp. Brunner, Bultmann, Gogarten, Thurneysen. This work gave Dialectical Theology new prominence and impact.
“The White Whale”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

Barth’s Church Dogmatics is the most extensive theological work of the twentieth century. Barth worked on it from 1932 until 1967, reconceptualizing theology from the very foundations. He distinguishes three forms of the Word of God, avoiding a biblicistic reading of the Bible. The doctrine of the Trinity is a consequent exposition of the concept of God’s self-revelation in Jesus Christ. This God is the one who loves in freedom, that is who relates to human beings because of grace. Barth therefore completely transforms the Reformed doctrine of double predestination. The doctrine of creation as well has to be derived from God’s self-revelation; God created the world because God wanted a covenantal partner. To this creation belong shadow sides as well as nothingness. God in Jesus Christ entered the confrontation with nothingness and reconciled the world with God. Only from reconciliation can we understand the essence of sin.
“All Things Considered, a Little Tired”
Authors: Tietz Christiane
Published: May 2021

After his retirement, Barth traveled for the first time to give lectures and public discussion in the United States, where the public interest was enormous. He also received several international honors, including an honorary doctorate from Sorbonne University. In September 1966, Barth traveled to Rome, where he met with the Curia and the Pope. Barth reconciled with Emil Brunner and became friends with the Catholic writer Carl Zuckmayer. During his final years, Barth experienced a steady decline in health. Charlotte von Kirschbaum developed dementia and in 1966 was moved to a clinic; after that the relationship between Karl and Nelly Barth eased. In 1967, Barth decided to end the work on his Church Dogmatics and published the fragments of CD IV/4. Barth died on December 10, 1968, in his sleep at his home in Basel.
Speedier Subtractions and Sums
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents methods to add and subtract numbers more swiftly. These include breaking a subtraction or addition down into two, simpler steps. It also includes a way to add or subtract when the numbers involved fall on either side of a round number, such as 10, 100, or 1,000. These methods rely on two fundamental properties of numbers, namely the associative and commutative laws. Each of the methods presented contains a worked example. Furthermore, an intriguing property of three-digit numbers, involving “mirror numbers” and the number 1,089 is shown and proved. Fifty challenge problems conclude the chapter, to provide practice for the reader.
Interlude II
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk. (God made the integers, all else is the work of man.)

LEOPOLD KRONECKER

Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, and he followeth not us.

MARK 9:38 (KING JAMES VERSION)...
Super Powers: Calculate Squares, Square Roots, Cube Roots, and More
Authors: Lipscombe Trevor Davis
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how to compute square roots, find cube roots and fifth roots of mystery integers, with amazing rapidity. It introduces the concept of the Steinhaus Cyclus. Practical examples include the calculation of body mass index, body surface area, the conversion of acres to square feet, and from square inches to square centimeters. The methods were developed in the ancient world, as well as in early modern Europe. Examples are drawn from cuneiform tablets of the second millennium BCE. The techniques for finding the root of a cubic and fifth power lend themselves to “street” mathematics, or performing mathematics in front of an audience.
Bridging the Gap? Naïve Realism and the Problem of Consciousness
Authors: Allen Keith
Published: May 2021

How should we decide between philosophical theories of perception? This paper addresses this question by considering the debate between naïve realists and their opponents, and in particular the claim that naïve realism provides a distinctive way of resolving the Problem of Consciousness. I argue that the naïve realist’s solution requires rejecting what many consider to be a ‘fixed point’ in theorizing about perception: a commitment to physicalism. In light of this, I consider different ways of understanding naïve realism and its motivation, suggesting that naïve realism might be best understood as a transcendental theory of perception.
The Tractability of the Debate on Relationalism
Authors: Locatelli Roberta
Published: May 2021

The debate between relationalism and representationalism in the philosophy of perception seems to have come to a standstill where opponents radically disagree on methodological principles or fundamental assumptions. According to Fish (this volume) this is because, not unlike Kuhnian scientific paradigms, the debate displays some elements of incommensurability. This diagnosis makes advancing the debate impossible. I argue that what is hindering progress is not a clash of research programmes, but a series of misunderstandings that can be avoided by disentangling the different questions each theory is invested in and by making explicit the hidden assumptions at play in the debate. One such central assumption is what I call the Superficiality Constraint. This is the idea that the phenomenal character of experience is superficial with respect to introspection. I argue that we can make progress in the debate by assessing to what extent and at what cost relationalism can accommodate this constraint.
Neopragmatism and Philosophy of Perception
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: May 2021

Neopragmatism is an anti-metaphysical approach to philosophical problems. It addresses such problems by taking the focus off of metaphysics, and turning it onto language. That is, the neopragmatist seeks philosophically uncontentious explanations of the sort of talk that often gives rise to the sense that there is a deep philosophical puzzle to solve. In the domain of perception, reflection on apt ways of describing perceptual experiences have led to various metaphysically committing theories, including (i) sense data theory, (ii) representationalism, and (iii) naïve realism. This chapter uses neopragmatist techniques to undermine the case for the last of these. The attack is two-pronged. First, some of the metaphysical commitments of naïve realism are criticized. Second, neopragmatism is used to explain some of the ideas that were thought to lend naïve realism support. These include the idea that perceptual experience has a peculiar sort of openness or presentational character, and the related idea that such experience gives insight into the mind-independent character of the world. Beyond forming the basis for criticizing other views, neopragmatism also suggests a positive view of perception. This is a form of adverbialism that relies on the idea that our sensory states are information-bearing, but not, in any robust sense, representational.
Introduction
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

In this chapter the basic properties of the neutron and the different neutron scattering cross sections are introduced, the nuclear and the magnetic SANS cross sections are derived, and the various origins of magnetic SANS are discussed in relation to the microstructure of polycrystalline magnetic materials.
Basics of Sans
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

In this chapter the general aspects of SANS are addressed. This includes discussions of the experimental setup, instrumental resolution, the influence of inelastic contributions due to phonon and magnon scattering to the elastic SANS cross section, the basics of nuclear SANS, the magnetic SANS cross sections, and their relation to the particle-matrix model.
Basics of Static Micromagnetism
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 introduces the continuum expressions for the magnetic energy contributions, which are employed for describing the mesoscale magnetic microstructure of magnetic materials. It is then shown how the static equations of micromagnetics, the so-called Brown's equations, can be solved in the high-field regime and how the Fourier components of the magnetization are related to the magnetic SANS cross section.
Real-Space Analysis
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

Spin-misalignment correlations in real space are the subject of this chapter. The correlation function and correlation length of the spin-misalignment SANS cross section are introduced, their properties are discussed within the context of micromagnetic theory, and selected experimental data on Nd-Fe-B-based permanent magnets and nanocrystalline elemental soft (Cobalt and Nickel) and hard (Gadolinium and Terbium) magnets are reviewed.
Micromagnetic Simulations
Authors: Michels Andreas
Published: May 2021

In this chapter we report the progress made in using full-scale micromagnetic simulations for the understanding of the fundamentals of magnetic SANS. These studies take into account the nonlinearity of Brown's static equations of micromagnetics. Prototypical sample microstructures, the implementation of the different energy contributions, and the state-of-the-art regarding simulations on multiphase nanocomposites and nanoparticle assemblies are discussed.
Hatred and Malevolence
Authors: Firnhaber-Baker Justine
Published: May 2021

Meaux and Mello have conventionally served to mark the end of the Jacquerie, but in fact, large contingents of Jacques survived and continued operations until at least the middle of July. What began as a social revolt in May developed over the summer into a social war. This chapter covers the commoners’ defeat of the nobles’ attack on the city of Senlis, which remained a rebel stronghold, unlike other urban allies of the Jacques. The discussion then moves to Champagne, where nobles taking vengeance for the Jacquerie after Meaux may have incited rebellion in a region that had not previously been implicated in the movement, and the villages of the southern Île-de-France, where the Parisians tried to create a new front in the war to divert the Dauphin’s troops away from Paris. Back in the Beauvaisis, Charles of Navarre took charge of the nobles’ ongoing efforts to suppress and punish the rebels. In Rouen and in places far distant from the Jacquerie’s heartlands, contemporaneous confrontations between nobles and non-nobles were identified with the rebellion and may have been inspired by it.
Introduction
Authors: Zverovich Vadim
Published: May 2021

This chapter gives a brief overview of selected applications of graph theory, many of which gave rise to the development of graph theory itself. A range of such applications extends from puzzles and games to serious scientific and real-life problems, thus illustrating the diversity of applications. The first section is devoted to the six earliest applications of graph theory. The next section introduces so-called scale-free networks, which include the web graph, social and biological networks. The last section describes a number of graph-theoretic algorithms, which can be used to tackle a number of interesting applications and problems of graph theory.
Graph Models for Backbone Sets and Limited Packings in Networks
Authors: Zverovich Vadim
Published: May 2021

Here, a graph-theoretic approach is applied to some problems in networks, for example in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) where some sensor nodes should be selected to behave as a backbone/dominating set to support routing communications in an efficient and fault-tolerant way. Four different types of multiple domination (k-, k-tuple, α- and α-rate domination) are considered and recent upper bounds for cardinality of these types of dominating sets are discussed. Randomized algorithms are presented for finding multiple dominating sets whose expected size satisfies the upper bounds. Limited packings in networks are studied, in particular the k-limited packing number. One possible application of limited packings is a secure facility location problem when there is a need to place as many resources as possible in a given network subject to some security constraints. The last section is devoted to two general frameworks for multiple domination: -domination and parametric domination. Finally, different threshold functions for multiple domination are considered.
Graphs in Molecular Epidemiology
Authors: Zverovich Vadim
Published: May 2021

Graphs and networks are used in molecular epidemiology to model the evolution of viruses and their spread during outbreaks and epidemics. They are instrumental at different stages of the computational pipelines. This includes the inference of transmission networks using viral sequences sampled from infected individuals, and studies of selection and accumulation of mutations in viral populations and their interactions with hosts' immune systems. This chapter describes some algorithmic and graph-theoretic problems associated with these stages to illustrate the relevance of the concepts of graph theory to molecular epidemiology of viral infections. The chapter will demonstrate how graph-theoretic methods combined with the machinery of differential equations, the Bayesian inference, and computational genomics uncover hidden biological and epidemiological patterns of virus evolution and transmission.
Networks of Modernity
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

This book offers a fresh perspective on the history of Germany by investigating the origins and impact of the ‘communications revolution’ that transformed state and society during the nineteenth century. It focuses upon the period 1830–80, exploring the interactions between the many different actors who developed, administered, and used one of the most important technologies of the period—the electric telegraph. Drawing upon evidence from Prussia, Bavaria, Bremen, and a number of towns across Central Europe, it reveals the channels through which knowledge circulated across the region, stimulating both collaboration and confrontation between the scientists, technicians, businessmen, and bureaucrats involved in bringing the telegraph to life. It highlights the technology’s impact upon the conduct of trade, finance, news distribution, and government in the tumultuous decades that witnessed the 1848 revolutions, the wars of unification, and the establishment of the Kaiserreich in 1871. Following the telegraph lines themselves, it weaves together the changes which took place at a local, regional, national, and eventually global level, revisiting the technology’s impact upon concepts of space and time, and highlighting the importance of this period in laying the foundations for Germany’s experience of a profoundly ambiguous, networked modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

The Introduction presents the historiographical context and main themes of the book. It situates the book within discussions surrounding the process of scientific innovation and industrialization during the Sattelzeit, the process of ‘time-space’ compression associated with the communications revolution, the role of networks of transport and communication in the creation of regional and national identities, and the emergence of a new, connected middle class during the nineteenth century. Bringing together these narratives, the Introduction introduces the book’s principal argument—that, once shorn of its normative connotations, modernization remains a useful concept to illuminate the process through which state and society were transformed during the nineteenth century, and that networks played a crucial role in producing the profoundly ambivalent experience of modernity most often associated with the turn of the twentieth century. It ends with a description of the structure of the book as a whole.
Realities
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights the collaboration between individuals in state institutions and the private sector during the 1840s in Bremen, Bavaria, Prussia, and Austria. Earlier expectations for the potential of telegraphy were confronted with the sobering reality of technological development. On the one hand, the efforts of the state, scientists, and railway companies were supported by the increasingly free circulation of technical knowledge between institutions, experts, and private citizens scattered across the German ‘landscape of innovation’. This circulation is illustrated by an examination of various technical periodicals, while the example of Werner Siemens, a Prussian lieutenant posted in Berlin, is used to illustrate the social connections which also often supported these exchanges of information. On the other hand, the period also witnessed an accentuation of the tensions between and within the private sector and the state, as the latter sought to establish its own interest in obtaining the technology. This combination of necessary collaboration and disagreement caused frustrations which, by 1847, threatened to stall the process of development.
Resolution
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the period of the 1848/9 revolutions, and in particular the geopolitical reconfiguration of Germany which was initiated as a result. These events, it argues, released many of the tensions which had emerged in the preceding decade between the actors involved in developing the electric telegraph. The revolutions encouraged German governments to take charge of the production process and to establish telegraph networks for administrative purposes. This chapter investigates the process of negotiation which took place between governments seeking to establish their first extensive telegraph lines, suggesting that these created a new form of interdependence between states. This chapter also provides an opportunity to revisit the role of the Frankfurt National Assembly, which was convened in 1848, and the extent to which it came to influence the arrangements made between German governments. The constitution drafted by the Assembly highlights efforts to impose an understanding of communications networks based upon liberal economic principles.
The Dawn of the Network Society
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

This chapter follows the implementation of telegraphic communication during the so-called era of ‘reaction’ in the 1850s. It investigates the influence of parliaments in Prussia and Bavaria in shaping the initial outline of state networks and the conditions of their use by the public, as well as the emergence of a regional telegraph association, the Deutsch-Österreichischer Telegraphen-Verein. It traces the adoption of telegraphic communication by banks, stock markets, and news agencies across Germany, and the creation of a ‘two-speed’ society, as privileged sections of the economic bourgeoisie (Wirtschaftsbürgertum) in commercial centres adopted more rapid and coordinated rhythms of business. It also considers the efforts of governments to keep up with the pace of communication by managing the circulation of information to the press, and by adopting the technology for policing purposes. This chapter also describes the ambiguous culture of progress which surrounded the implementation of telegraphic communication. It does so using a variety of sources, from articles in Die Gartenlaube and Kladderadatsch to the work of the economist Karl Knies. While some praised the technology’s capacity to ‘annihilate’ space, others feared that the time sensitivity it engendered among certain users, businessmen in particular, was practically pathological. Both the advantages of rapid communication and its potentially nefarious consequences were highlighted during the period, from early instances of ‘fake news’ during the Crimean War to the unstoppable diffusion of the ‘Panic of 1857’. The work of Karl Knies, meanwhile, illustrates the ways in which these developments influenced new understandings of society and the economy.
Epilogue
Authors: Johnston Jean-Michel
Published: May 2021

The Epilogue opens up the narrative to consider the longer history of communications networks in Germany. It begins with a brief discussion of the reception of the telephone in scientific circles and by state representatives in the 1870s and 1880s, to demonstrate how the expectations associated with the telegraph half a century earlier were raised once again by a new technology. Drawing upon this example, it proposes a reflection on the role of communications technologies in fostering characteristically modern hopes and anxieties, and brings together the main themes evoked throughout the book. In doing so, it highlights some of the ways in which the development and implementation of telegraphic communication shaped the peculiarities of German modernity, while also tying the region into a much longer-term and geographically widespread process of ‘modernization’.
Is Prudential Discourse Normative?
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues for the following thesis—Prudential Judgements are Normative (pjn): Prudential judgements are normative judgements. It begins by distinguishing various ways by which one could argue that prudential judgements are normative. After outlining the weaknesses of these alternative approaches it undertakes a ‘parity strategy’ by assuming that moral judgements are normative and finding a set of relevant features that prudential judgements hold in common with moral judgements, which provide reasons to think that prudential judgements are normative. It then argues against various purported disanalogies between moral and prudential judgements which are designed to undermine the parity strategy and PJN.
Prudential Judgements and Motivation
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

In an earlier chapter it was argued that the features of moral judgements which are typically pointed to as explanations of the normativity of moral discourse are also to be found within prudential judgements. One such feature discussed there was the motivational profile of prudential judgements. This chapter explores in detail how prudential judgements are related to motivation. It proceeds by examining a number of possible theses concerning their interrelation, and grounds of these theses. It argues that a small subset of prudential judgements are necessarily connected to motivation in rational agents.
Conclusion
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins by recapitulating the answers given to the main questions pursued in the earlier chapters of book. It then tries to map out some of the issues that are raised but not pursued herein, in order to provide a guide for future inquiry. The first such question is: which meta-prudential view should we adopt? Should we realists, for example, or is some form of anti-realism superior? More generally, is it plausible that the true metaethical view also applies to prudential discourse, so there is one meta-normative theory to rule them all, so to speak? The chapter lays out options and explain some ways in which the foregoing discussion is probative for these debates.
A Methodological Framework for the Analysis of Panel Conditioning Effects
Authors: Bach Ruben L.
Published: May 2021

Panel conditioning refers to the phenomenon whereby respondents’ attitudes, behaviour, reporting of behaviour and/or knowledge are changed by repeated participation in a panel survey. Uncovering such effects, however, is difficult due to three major methodological challenges. First, researchers need to disentangle changes in behaviour and attitudes from changes in the reporting of behaviour and attitudes as panel conditioning may result in both, even at the same time and in opposite directions. Second, the identification of the causal effect of panel participation on the various forms of change mentioned above is complicated as it requires comparisons of panel respondents with control groups of people who have not been interviewed before. Third, other sources of error in (panel) surveys may easily be mistaken for panel conditioning if not properly accounted for. Such error sources are panel attrition, mode effects, and interviewer effects. In this chapter the challenges mentioned above are reviewed in detail and a methodological framework for the analysis of panel conditioning effects is provided by identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the various designs that researchers have developed to address the challenges. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a future research agenda on panel conditioning effects in longitudinal surveys.
Modelling Mode Effects for a Panel Survey in Transition
Authors: Biemer Paul P. , Harris Kathleen Mullan , Liao Dan , Burke Brian J. , Halpern Carolyn Tucker
Published: May 2021

Funding reductions combined with increasing data-collection costs required that Wave V of the USA’s National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) abandon its traditional approach of in-person interviewing and adopt a more cost-effective method. This approach used the mail/web mode in Phase 1 of data collection and in-person interviewing for a random sample of nonrespondents in Phase 2. In addition, to facilitate the comparison of modes, a small random subsample served as the control and received the traditional in-person interview. We show that concerns about reduced data quality as a result of the redesign effort were unfounded based on findings from an analysis of the survey data. In several important respects, the new two-phase, mixed-mode design outperformed the traditional design with greater measurement accuracy, improved weighting adjustments for mitigating the risk of nonresponse bias, reduced residual (or post-adjustment) nonresponse bias, and substantially reduced total-mean-squared error of the estimates. This good news was largely unexpected based upon the preponderance of literature suggesting data quality could be adversely affected by the transition to a mixed mode. The bad news is that the transition comes with a high risk of mode effects for comparing Wave V and prior wave estimates. Analytical results suggest that significant differences can occur in longitudinal change estimates about 60 % of the time purely as an artifact of the redesign. This begs the question: how, then, should a data analyst interpret significant findings in a longitudinal analysis in the presence of mode effects? This chapter presents the analytical results and attempts to address this question.
Longitudinal Measurement (Non)Invariance in Latent Constructs
Authors: Leitgöb Heinz , Seddig Daniel , Schmidt Peter , Sosu Edward , Davidov Eldad
Published: May 2021

The chapter discusses the basic principles and core problems of latent variable panel modelling, with a focus on the specification of error structures and (the evaluation of) longitudinal measurement invariance. We address alternative specifications of autocorrelative error structures, and demonstrate how to decompose the indicators’ residual variances into indicator-specific and random error components. Furthermore, besides describing the conventional global testing strategy for measurement (non)invariance, we contribute to the literature by integrating theoretical and analytical elements not yet extensively discussed outside the respective disciplines. We (i) introduce response shift theory as viable theoretical basis for the occurrence of noninvariance across time; (ii) provide a detailed description of model and scale identification strategies, accompanied by a critical reflection of their potential to adequately detect noninvariant parameters; and (iii) discuss the concepts of partial and approximate measurement invariance as well as the decomposition of response shifts and true change as different strategies of how to deal with measurement noninvariance.
Measurement Invariance with Ordered Categorical Variables
Authors: Gerosa Tiziano
Published: May 2021

Multi-item ordered categorical scales and structural equation modelling approaches are often used in panel research for the analysis of latent variables over time. The accuracy of such models depends on the assumption of longitudinal measurement invariance (LMI), which states that repeatedly measured latent variables should effectively represent the same construct in the same metric at each time point. Previous research has widely contributed to the LMI literature for continuous variables, but these findings might not be generalized to ordered categorical data. Treating ordered categorical data as continuous contradicts the assumption of multivariate normality and could potentially produce inaccuracies and distortions in both invariance testing results and structural parameter estimates. However, there is still little research that examines and compares criteria for establishing LMI with ordinal categorical data. Drawing on this lack of evidence, the present chapter offers a detailed description of the main procedures used to test for LMI with ordered categorical variables, accompanied by examples of their practical application in a two-wave longitudinal survey administered to 1,912 Italian middle school teachers. The empirical study evaluates whether different testing procedures, when applied to ordered categorical data, lead to similar conclusions about model fit, invariance, and structural parameters over time.
Self-Evaluation, Differential Item Functioning, and Longitudinal Anchoring Vignettes
Authors: Paccagnella Omar
Published: May 2021

Anchoring vignettes are a powerful instrument to detect systematic differences in the use of self-reported ordinal survey responses. Not taking into account the (non-random) heterogeneity in reporting styles across different respondents may systematically bias the measurement of the variables of interest. The presence of such individual heterogeneity leads respondents to interpret, understand, or use the response categories for the same question differently. This phenomenon is defined as differential item functioning (DIF) in the psychometric literature. A growing amount of cross-sectional studies apply the anchoring vignette approach to tackle this issue but its use is still limited in the longitudinal context. This chapter introduces longitudinal anchoring vignettes for DIF correction, as well as the statistical approaches available when working with such data and how to investigate stability over time of individual response scales.
Comparison of Reliability in Seventeen European Countries Using the Quasi-Simplex Model
Authors: Chylíková Johana
Published: May 2021

The aim of this chapter is to illustrate the application of the quasi-simplex model (QSM) for reliability estimation in longitudinal data and to employ it to obtain information about the reliability of the European Union—Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data collected between 2012 and 2017. Reliability of two survey questions is analysed: one which asks respondents about the financial situation in their households, and one which requests information about respondents’ health. Employing the QSM on the two items resulted in 80 reliability estimates from 17 and 11 European countries, respectively. Results revealed statistically significant differences in reliability between post-communist Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and the rest of Europe, and similar patterns of the size of reliability estimates were observed for both items. The highest reliability (i.e. reliability over 0.8) was observed in CEE countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Poland, and Hungary. The lowest reliability (i.e. reliability lower than 0.7) was observed for data from Sweden, Slovenia, Norway, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Italy, and the Netherlands. The remarkable variation in longitudinal reliability across culturally and historically different European regions is discussed both from substantive and methodological perspectives.
Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Methods for quantitative sampling of open marine and freshwaters are described, including fishing nets, plankton nets, pump samplers, the Patalas–Schindler volume sampler, and specialized methods for freshwater insects. Specialist methods for sampling freshwater floating, emergent, and submerged vegetation are described. Methods for quantitatively sampling the bottom fauna in the various substrates found in streams, rivers, lakes, and the sea bed are reviewed. The use of various poisons and anaesthetics for sampling fish are described.
Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Relative sampling methods usually requiring comparatively simple equipment are described. These often concentrate the animals and provide impressive collections. Factors affecting the size of relative samples are reviewed to show that biological interpretation can be difficult. A wide variety of methods for aquatic and terrestrial sampling are reviewed, including pitfall, interception, light, sticky, and flight traps, electric fishing, drift samplers, and gill nets. The use of baited traps, including vertebrate hosts, is discussed. Removal trapping to estimate population density is described, and R software code listed.
Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products, and Effects
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Comparative surveys of species richness for some animal groups can be undertaken by surveying signs or products such as footprints, faeces, nests, burrows, or cast skins. Measures of the size of populations based on the magnitude of their products or effects are often referred to as population indices. Methods based on the collection of insect exuviae and frass are described and their efficiency discussed. Vertebrate monitoring based on a variety of signs is described. Methods that use plant damage criteria to assess insect herbivore abundance are presented. Methods to determine the relationship between plant damage and insect abundance are described.
Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Methodologies based on counting the number of sightings to estimate are described. These techniques are particularly useful for large or easily seen animals such as birds, large grassland mammals, whales, crocodilians, and large, active insects such as butterflies. Point and line survey methods are described. Distance sampling methods, including Fourier series estimators, are presented, and R code listings to undertake the computations presented. Plotless density estimators are described based on nearest-neighbour, and closest-individual measurements are described.
Age-Grouping, Time-Specific Life-Tables, and Predictive Population Models
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes techniques to create life-tables for animals whose generations overlap widely. Age-grouping is a prerequisite for these methods, which have been most widely applied to vertebrate populations. Age cannot be inferred from the developmental stage without reference to the environment. The speed of development may be temperature-dependent or influenced by factors such as oxygen and food availability. The methods for ageing animal groups, including invertebrates, fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, are reviewed. Time-specific life-tables, population modelling, and Leslie matrices are described. R code to analyze Leslie matrix dynamics is presented.
Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Methods to assess the size of a population and the interactions between populations in terms of biomass (weight of living material) or energy content are described. Biomass can be expressed as wet weight, dry weight (DW), shell-free dry weight (SFDW), ash-free dry weight, or as the amount of organic carbon present. The energy content of a material may be determined directly by oxidation, either by potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, or by burning in oxygen and determining the amount of heat liberated. The latter method—bomb calorimetry—is most convenient and is widely used in ecology, but it involves drying the material, and volatile substances can be lost. Methods to estimate standing-crop, energy density, feeding and assimilation, and production are reviewed. Energy budgets can usefully be summarized and compared if the efficiencies of various processes are calculated. Dynamic energy budget models are introduced.
Studies at Large Spatial Scales, Citizen Science, and the Classification of Habitats
Authors: Henderson Peter A.
Published: May 2021

Technological advances over the past forty years have greatly increased the opportunities for the study of population and community processes over large spatial distances and to follow changes in large populations. A number of important developments, such as remote sensing, has made this possible. Remote sensing is the measurement of reflected, emitted, or backscattered electromagnetic radiation from the Earth’s surface by using instruments placed at a distance, most often on a satellite, although aircraft are frequently used. Methods to study populations over large spatial scales are introduced. The use of satellites and remote sensing using piloted aircraft and drones and distributed networks of sensors such as camera traps is described. The creation of biodiversity record systems and the development of citizen science with the internet are described. The perception of the change in species richness with spatial scale is discussed. The concept of ecosystem services is introduced. A general system for habitat classification is presented.
From Classroom to a Criminal Courtroom
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the author’s transition from being a teacher to being an international criminal Judge. The life of a Judge is much more circumscribed by rules and traditions than the life of a teacher. Both national and international courts have typically adopted codes of professional and ethical conduct, which often include or are accompanied by disciplinary rules to ensure compliance and accountability. It is important to understand that the core mandate of an international criminal court is to try individuals within a governing legal framework and to determine whether—given the specific evidence presented and admitted by the court—the responsibility of an individual accused of international crimes has been established beyond reasonable doubt. The chapter then recounts the author’s experience as an international criminal Judge and assesses whether academics make good criminal Judges.
Fleshing Out Principles of Fairness
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the principles of fairness. The international criminal tribunals made a major contribution to fleshing out principles of fairness, on which their legitimacy and credibility rests, in matters such as fair trials, recusals, disqualification of judges, proportionality and sentencing. The chapter discusses some of these developments by referring to specific decisions, mostly of the Appeals Chamber. These include an order to Turkey to release a mechanism Judge arrested in violation of his immunity and another concerning independence, impartiality and allegations of bias. The other decisions deal with fair trial, self-representation, the principle of proportionality and the presumption of innocence.