bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High altitude flights by ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea during trans‐Himalayan migrations
Authors: Parr N. , Bearhop S. , Douglas D. C. , Takekawa J. Y. , Prosser D. J. , Newman S. H. , Perry W. M. , Balachandran S. , Witt M. J. , Hou Y. , Luo Z. , Hawkes L. A.
Published: June 2017

Birds that migrate across high altitude mountain ranges are faced with the challenge of maintaining vigorous exercise in environments with limited oxygen. Ruddy shelducks are known to use wintering grounds south of the Tibetan Plateau at sea level and breeding grounds north of Himalayan mountain range. Therefore, it is likely these shelducks are preforming high altitude migrations. In this study we analyse satellite telemetry data collected from 15 ruddy shelduck from two populations wintering south of the Tibetan Plateau from 2007 to 2011. During north and south migrations ruddy shelduck travelled 1481 km (range 548–2671 km) and 1238 km (range 548–2689 km) respectively. We find mean maximum altitudes of birds in flight reached 5590 m (range of means 4755–6800 m) and mean maximum climb rates of 0.45 m s–1 (range 0.23–0.74 m s–1). The ruddy shelduck is therefore an extreme high altitude migrant that has likely evolved a range of physiological adaptations in order to complete their migrations.
Unpacking students' conceptualizations through haptic feedback
Authors: Magana A.J. , Balachandran S.
Published: June 2017

While it is clear that the use of computer simulations has a beneficial effect on learning when compared to instruction without computer simulations, there is still room for improvement to fully realize their benefits for learning. Haptic technologies can fulfill the educational potential of computer simulations by adding the sense of touch. Visuohaptic simulations may not only help students visualize these concepts, but they may also have the capability of enriching the learning experience and enhancing retention. To provide additional insights about how students conceptualize abstract and difficult concepts in science, this study proposes a sequencing approach. The research questions are: (1) what are undergraduate students' ways of conceptualizing electric fields through haptic feedback? And (2) what are undergraduate students' perceptions of using visuohaptic simulations for their learning of electric force concepts? Participants included nine undergraduate students who participated in a think aloud procedure. Data were analysed qualitatively using open coding followed by axial coding. The results suggest that students' conceptualized electric force concepts through embodied haptic experiences by inferring force–distance relationship, sign inference, shape of field and indirectly inferring the concept of electric potential. Students also perceived the value of using visual plus haptic simulations to help them understand and retain concepts.
Flexible mate choice may contribute to ecotype assortative mating in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)
Authors: Jarvis W. M. C. , Comeau S. M. , Colborne S. F. , Robinson B. W.
Published: June 2017

Gene flow is expected to limit adaptive divergence, but the ecological and behavioural factors that govern gene flow are still poorly understood, particularly at the earliest stages of population divergence. Reduced gene flow through mate choice (sexual isolation) can evolve even under conditions of subtle population divergence if intermediate phenotypes have reduced fitness. We indirectly tested the hypothesis that mate choice has evolved between coexisting littoral and pelagic ecotypes of polyphenic pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) that have diverged in morphology and resource use and where intermediate phenotypes have reduced performance. We assessed the ecotype of nesting males and females using stable isotope estimates of diet and a divergent male morphological trait, oral jaw width. We found positive assortative mating between ecotypes in a common spawning habitat along exposed lake shorelines, but contrary to expectations, assortative mating was variably expressed between two sampling years. Although the factors that influence variable assortative mating remain unclear, our results are consistent with mate choice being expressed by ecotypes. Despite being variably expressed, mate choice will reduce gene flow between ecotypes and could contribute to further adaptive divergence depending on its frequency and strength in the population. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence indicating mate choice behaviour can be a plastic trait, an idea that should be more explicitly considered in empirical studies of mate choice as well as conceptual frameworks of mate choice evolution and adaptive divergence.
Can members of the south‐western Gila robusta species complex be distinguished by morphological features?
Authors: Moran C. J. , O'Neill M. W. , Armbruster J. W. , Gibb A. C.
Published: June 2017

The goal for this project was to re‐examine key morphological characters hypothesized to differentiate Gila intermedia, Gila robusta and Gila nigra and outline methods better suited for making species designations based on morphology. Using a combination of meristic counts, morphological measurements and geometric morphometrics, morphological dissimilarities were quantified among these three putative species. Traditional meristic counts and morphological measurements (i.e. distances between landmarks) were not useful for species identification. Geometric morphometrics, however, identified differences among species, while also suggesting an effect of geographic location on morphological variation. Using canonical variate analysis for the 441 fish sampled in this study, geometric morphometrics accurately predicted true group membership 100% of the time for G. nigra, 97% of the time for G. intermedia and 91% of the time for G. robusta. These results suggest that geometric morphometric analysis is necessary to identify morphological differences among the three species. Geometric morphometric analysis used in this study can be adopted by management officials as a tool to classify unidentified individuals.
A systematic review of feeding practices among postoperative patients: is practice in‐line with evidenced‐based guidelines?
Authors: Rattray M. , Roberts S. , Marshall A. , Desbrow B.
Published: June 2017

Background

Early oral feeding after surgery is best practice among adult, noncritically ill patients. Evidenced‐based guidelines (EBG) recommend commencing liquid and solid feeding within 24 h of surgery to improve patient (e.g. reduced morbidity) and hospital (e.g. reduced length of stay) outcomes. Whether these EBG are adhered to in usual clinical practice remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify the time to commencement of first oral feed (liquid or solid) and first solid feed among postoperative, noncritically ill, adult patients.

Methods

MEDLINE, CINAHL, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to June 2016 for observational studies reporting liquid and/or solid feeding practices among postoperative patients. Studies reporting a mean/median time to first feed or first solid feed within 24 h of surgery or where ≥75% of patients were feeding by postoperative day one were considered in‐line with EBG.

Results

Of 5826 articles retrieved, 29 studies were included. Only 40% and 22% of studies reported time to first feed and time to first solid feed in‐line with EBG, respectively. Clear and free liquids were the first diet types commenced in 86% of studies. When solids were commenced, 44% of studies reported using various therapeutic diet types (e.g. light) prior to the commencement of a regular diet. Patients who underwent gastrointestinal procedures appeared more likely to experience delayed postoperative feeding.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate a gap between postoperative feeding evidence and its practical application. This information provides a strong rationale for interventions targeting improved nutritional care following surgery.
Comparison of different regimens of pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis
Authors: Zhao Juemin , Sun Wenjia , Zhang Chengfeng , Wu Jiaqiang , Le Yan , Huang Chunyun , Liu Ye , Xiang Leihong
Published: June 2017

Background

Pimecrolimus 1% cream has already been proved to be an effective and safe alternative to treat seborrheic dermatitis. However, the treatment periods were inconstant in previous studies.

Objective

To evaluate the comparative efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream with different regimens for the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis.

Method

Thirty patients with facial seborrheic dermatitis were enrolled and randomly distributed to three groups. Patients of Group 1 were treated with topical pimecrolimus cream 1% twice daily for 2 weeks and then a moisturizer cream twice daily for 2 weeks. Patients of Group 2 were treated with pimecrolimus cream 1% twice daily for 2 weeks and then once daily for another 2 weeks. Patients of Group 3 had a consecutive course of pimecrolimus cream 1% twice daily for 4 weeks. Objective symptoms, subjective symptoms, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) were measured at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6.

Results

At week 4, the clinical severity scores of all three regimens significantly decreased (P<.01). The improvement of total severity score in Group 3 was more remarkable than groups 1 and 2 (both P<.05). This effect was maintained until the end of the study in Group 3. Life quality of all three groups was significantly improved at week 4 (P<.001), while there was no statistical difference on the improvement of life quality among three groups.

Conclusion

We recommend pimecrolimus 1% cream could be applied twice a day for 4 weeks to treat seborrheic dermatitis.
Inter‐observer reliability in reading amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram in the newborn intensive care unit
Authors: Mehta Bhavesh , Griffiths Nadine , Spence Kaye , Laing Sharon
Published: June 2017

Aim

Amplitude‐integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) is widely used in neonates to detect electrical seizure and predict outcome following hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and other encephalopathy. Because accurate interpretation is important for clinical decision‐making and family counselling, inter‐observer reliability is a major concern. We aimed to evaluate inter‐observer reliability in the interpretation of aEEG tracings in a neonatal intensive care unit.

Methods

Three neonatal intensive care unit clinicians with different levels of experience in reading aEEG independently reviewed and scored aEEG traces using standardised criteria, categories and interpretation rules. Inter‐observer reliability was evaluated using weighted Cohen's κ and intra‐class correlation coefficients.

Results

All 131 tracings from 120 neonates were reviewed by the neontalogist, 128 (97.7%) by the clinical nurse specialist, 73 (55.7%) by the nurse educator and 70 (53.4%) by all three clinicians. The majority (88 of 120, 73.3%) were term infants (mean gestational age 38 weeks, standard deviation 3.2). Average duration of recording was 27 h (standard deviation 19.1, range 1–105 h). Inter‐observer reliability varied across categories and observers – from very good to excellent for the main background activity (intra‐class correlation coefficients 0.93–0.98); good to very good for seizures; and moderate to very good for sleep–wake cycle and quality of recording (weighted κs’ 0.71–0.85, 0.50–0.75, 0.46–0.81, respectively).

Conclusion

While certain aEEG features appear challenging to inter‐observer reliability, our findings suggest that with training and consensus guidelines, levels of reliability needed to enhance clinical and prognostic usefulness of aEEG are achievable across clinicians with different levels of experience in reading aEEG.
Safety First! The Topic of Safety in Reversed Integration of People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Venema Eleonora , Vlaskamp Carla , Otten Sabine
Published: June 2017

Background: Physical integration is believed to be a precondition for social integration. One might expect that in so‐called reversed integration, where people without intellectual disabilities (ID) actively choose to live next to people with ID, conditions for physical integration are more optimal, and social integration is enhanced. If this hypothesized benefit of reversed integration settings indeed holds, however, is yet unknown. Specific aims: The aim of the present study is to examine barriers for social integration of people with ID. In this context, the present article focuses on the role of safety and safety concerns. Method: A semi structured interview was conducted with 28 direct support professionals (DSPs), 25 family members, and 25 neighbors, aimed at their attitude toward social integration in a reversed integration neighborhood. Several topics were dealt with, like the neighborhood and contact between people with ID and neighbors. There were no explicit questions about safety in the interview. Findings: The topic of safety was spontaneously mentioned 90 times by 26 DSPs, 15 times by 9 neighbors, and 36 times by 18 family members. Three main themes were found in the total group of statements touching upon the issue of safety: environmental aspects, client characteristics, and working conditions. The most often mentioned subthemes were the openness of the neighborhood and the traffic. Discussion: In reversed integration, safety is still a highly relevant topic and of great concern for the DSPs and the family members. DSPs are more concerned with controlling risks and keeping everybody safe than looking at the opportunities the new environment offers, like enhancing social integration.
Boys as writers: perspectives on the learning and teaching of writing in three primary schools
Authors: Edwards Gillian , Jones Jane
Published: June 2017

Boys' attitude to writing is widely perceived as an issue in English primary and secondary schools. Prior research has identified a link between negative attitudes to writing and lower achievement and raised the issue of the stereotyping of boys as underachievers in literacy. The study reported here suggests that if we are to understand the problems associated with the underachievement of boys, we should take into account boys' perspectives on their experiences as literacy learners. In this study, boys aged 8–11 drawn from three London schools in the UK, were interviewed in small groups annually over 3 years of their primary schooling. The boys' teachers were also interviewed separately. These interviews generated insights into the teachers' views of the boys and the boys' views of themselves as literacy learners, especially as writers. The data indicated the boys were highly sensitive to the social situation in the classroom. The boys responded best to their literacy learning when their teachers treated them as individuals, valued their ideas and incorporated strategies for developing learner agency into their daily classroom practice. This article concludes that a teaching approach that includes consulting children about what helps or hinders their learning and a fresh teacher focus on gender issues would increase gender awareness.
Resilience as a mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health‐related quality of life: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pozuelo‐Carrascosa Diana P. , Martínez‐Vizcaíno Vicente , Sánchez‐López Mairena , Bartolomé‐Gutiérrez Raquel , Rodríguez‐Martín Beatriz , Notario‐Pacheco Blanca
Published: June 2017

In this cross‐sectional study, we analyzed the relationship between resilience, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mental health‐related quality of life, and examined whether resilience acts as a mediator between the latter two. The study included 770 university students, aged 18–30 years, from Cuenca, Spain. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, cardiorespiratory fitness (20 m shuttle run test), biochemical parameters, resilience, and mental health‐related quality of life measurements were analyzed. The results showed that mental health‐related quality‐of‐life values were significantly higher in students who had good cardiorespiratory fitness and a high level of resilience. Moreover, resilience acted as a partial mediator between cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health‐related quality of life at 33.79%. Therefore, in young adults, resilience mediates the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and mental health‐related quality of life. These findings should be taken into account by nurses and other public health professionals, because in addition to the development of physical activity interventions to improve mental health‐related quality of life, it is necessary to implement measures that increase resilience to achieve mental wellness.
Transgenerational effects of mild heat in Arabidopsis thaliana show strong genotype specificity that is explained by climate at origin
Authors: Groot Maartje P. , Kubisch Alexander , Ouborg N. Joop , Pagel Jörn , Schmid Karl J. , Vergeer Philippine , Lampei Christian
Published: June 2017

Transgenerational environmental effects can trigger strong phenotypic variation. However, it is unclear how cues from different preceding generations interact. Also, little is known about the genetic variation for these life history traits.

Here, we present the effects of grandparental and parental mild heat, and their combination, on four traits of the third‐generation phenotype of 14 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes. We tested for correlations of these effects with climate and constructed a conceptual model to identify the environmental conditions that favour the parental effect on flowering time.

We observed strong evidence for genotype‐specific transgenerational effects. On average, A. thaliana accustomed to mild heat produced more seeds after two generations. Parental effects overruled grandparental effects in all traits except reproductive biomass. Flowering was generally accelerated by all transgenerational effects. Notably, the parental effect triggered earliest flowering in genotypes adapted to dry summers. Accordingly, this parental effect was favoured in the model when early summer heat terminated the growing season and environments were correlated across generations.

Our results suggest that A. thaliana can partly accustom to mild heat over two generations and genotype‐specific parental effects show non‐random evolutionary divergence across populations that may support climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean.
Barriers and facilitators to young children's physical activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative literature
Authors: Hesketh K. R. , Lakshman R. , van Sluijs E. M. F.
Published: June 2017

Positive activity behaviours (i.e. higher physical activity [PA]/lower sedentary behaviour [SB]) are beneficial from infancy, yet evidence suggests that young children (0‐ to 6‐year‐olds) are relatively inactive. To better understand the perceived influences on these behaviours and to aid intervention development, this paper systematically synthesizes the extensive qualitative literature regarding perceived barriers and facilitators to PA and SB in young children (0–6 years old). A search of eight electronic databases (July 2016) identified 43 papers for inclusion. Data extraction and evidence synthesis were conducted using thematic content analysis, underpinned by the socio‐ecological model (i.e. individual, interpersonal, community, organizational and policy levels). Parents, childcare providers and children perceived seven broad themes to be important for PA and SB, including the child; the home; out‐of‐home childcare; parent–childcare provider interactions; environmental factors; safety; and weather. Each theme mapped onto between one and five levels of the socio‐ecological model; barriers and facilitators at the interpersonal level (e.g. parents, care providers and family) were most frequently cited, reflecting the important (perceived) role adults/peers play in shaping young children's behaviours. We provide an overarching framework to explain PA and SB in early childhood. We also highlight where gaps in the current literature exist (e.g. from male carers; in developing countries; and barriers and facilitators in the environmental and policy domains) and where future quantitative work may focus to provide novel insights about children's activity behaviours (e.g. safety and weather).
Computer‐assisted Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Hernandez David , Garimella Roja , Eltorai Adam E M , Daniels Alan H
Published: June 2017

Nowadays, operating rooms can be inefficient and overcrowded. Patient data and images are at times not well integrated and displayed in a timely fashion. This lack of coordination may cause further reductions in efficiency, jeopardize patient safety, and increase costs. Fortunately, technology has much to offer the surgical disciplines and the ongoing and recent operating room innovations have advanced preoperative planning and surgical procedures by providing visual, navigational, and mechanical computerized assistance. The field of computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) broadly refers to surgical interface between surgeons and machines. It is also part of the ongoing initiatives to move away from invasive to less invasive or even noninvasive procedures. CAS can be applied preoperatively, intraoperatively, and/or postoperatively to improve the outcome of orthopaedic surgical procedures as it has the potential for greater precision, control, and flexibility in carrying out surgical tasks, and enables much better visualization of the operating field than conventional methods have afforded. CAS is an active research discipline, which brings together orthopaedic practitioners with traditional technical disciplines such as engineering, computer science, and robotics. However, to achieve the best outcomes, teamwork, open communication, and willingness to adapt and adopt new skills and processes are critical. Because of the relatively short time period over which CAS has developed, long‐term follow‐up studies have not yet been possible. Consequently, this review aims to outline current CAS applications, limitations, and promising future developments that will continue to impact the operating room (OR) environment and the OR in the future, particularly within orthopedic and spine surgery.
Cytopathologic findings of cell block materials from the vitreous: Diagnostic distinction between intraocular lymphoma and non‐lymphomatous diseases
Authors: Kanno‐Okada Hiromi , Takakuwa Emi , Tagawa Yoshiaki , Kase Satoru , Hatanaka Kanako C. , Hatanaka Yutaka , Namba Kenichi , Mitsuhashi Tomoko , Matsuno Yoshihiro
Published: June 2017

Intraocular lymphoma is a rare neoplasm that occurs only in the eyes and/or central nervous system. Diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma is difficult because its clinical manifestations mimic chronic uveitis. Pathological examination of the vitreous is one of the main diagnostic tools for intraocular lymphoma, but this is challenging due to the sparse cellularity and specimen degeneration. Here, we reviewed 33 cell block preparations from vitreous perfusion fluid in order to examine the significance of cytopathological findings for differential diagnosis using vitreous samples. The cases comprised 12 intraocular lymphomas and 21 non‐lymphomatous diseases. Cytologically, vitreous samples from non‐lymphoma cases showed lower cellularity than the lymphoma cases. Whereas vitreous material from cases with infectious endophthalmitis showed prominent neutrophilic infiltration, material from sarcoidosis cases showed infiltration of small lymphoid cells, especially CD4‐positive T cells. On the other hand, lymphoma cases showed higher cellularity, with large, irregular and atypical lymphoid cells, frequent necrotic cells in the background, and less pronounced neutrophil infiltration. Immunocytochemically, 11 of the 12 lymphoma cases were of the B‐cell phenotype and the remaining case was of the T/NK‐cell phenotype. In conclusion, careful cytopathological examination or immunocytochemistry of vitreous material facilitates appropriate diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma.
Height at Ages 7–13 Years in Relation to Developing Type 2 Diabetes Throughout Adult Life
Authors: Bjerregaard Lise G. , Jensen Britt W. , Baker Jennifer L.
Published: June 2017

Background

Short adults have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Although adult height results from childhood growth, the effects of height and growth trajectories during childhood are sparsely investigated. We investigated sex‐specific associations between childhood height, growth and adult type 2 diabetes, including potential influences of birthweight and childhood body mass index (BMI).

Methods

We followed 292 827 individuals, born 1930–83, from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register in national registers for type 2 diabetes (11 548 men; 7472 women). Weights and heights were measured at ages 7–13 years. Hazard ratios (HR) of type 2 diabetes (age ≥30 years) were estimated without and with adjustment for birthweight and BMI.

Results

In men, associations between height and type 2 diabetes changed from inverse for below‐average heights at age 7 years to positive for above‐average heights at 13 years. No consistent associations were observed among women. These associations were not affected by birthweight. After adjustment for BMI, below‐average childhood heights were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes among men (HR range: 0.91–0.93 per z‐score) but above‐average heights were not. Among women, after adjustment for BMI, below‐ and above‐average heights in childhood were inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (HR range: 0.91–0.95). Greater height growth from 7 to 13 years was positively associated with type 2 diabetes in men and women.

Conclusions

After adjustment for BMI, short childhood height at all ages and greater growth during childhood are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, suggesting that this period of life warrants mechanistic investigations.
Variation in Maternal Co‐morbidities and Obstetric Interventions across Area‐Level Socio‐economic Status: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Adhikari Dahal Kamala , Premji Shahirose , Patel Alka B. , Williamson Tyler , Peng Mingkai , Metcalfe Amy
Published: June 2017

Background

Multiple studies indicate a significant association between area‐level socio‐economic status (SES) and adverse maternal health outcomes; however, the impact of area‐level SES on maternal co‐morbidities and obstetric interventions has not been examined.

Objective

To examine the variation in maternal co‐morbidities and obstetric interventions across area‐level SES.

Methods

This study used data from the Discharge Abstract Database that comprised birth data in Alberta between 2005–2007 (n = 120 285). Co‐morbidities and obstetric interventions were identified using validated case‐definitions. Material deprivation index was obtained for each dissemination area through linkage of hospitalisation and census data. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyse the data adjusting for potential confounding variables.

Results

The prevalence of any co‐morbidity varied across area‐level SES. Drug abuse odds ratio (OR) 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8, 3.5), pre‐existing diabetes OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.1, 2.6), and prolonged hospital stay OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.4, 1.6) were significantly more likely to occur in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas. In contrast, caesarean delivery OR 0.9 (95% CI 0.8, 0.9) was less likely to occur in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas. Area‐level deprivation explained area‐level variance of drug abuse, HIV, and other mental diseases only.

Conclusion

Many co‐morbidities and obstetric interventions vary at the area‐level, but only some are associated with area‐level SES, and few of them vary due to the area‐level SES. This indicates that other area‐level factors, in addition to area‐level SES, need to be considered when investigating maternal health and use of health interventions.
The Promise of Experiments for Studying the Presidency
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey E.
Published: June 2017

Presidency scholars, like political scientists in general, have increasingly used experiments in their research. This article argues that, to differentiate itself from other experimental political science, presidency scholars should bring to bear their knowledge of the institution when using experiments and focus on issues of governance. Doing so, however, raises a host of issues and complications in designing experiments to study presidential governance. This article discusses some of these concerns and offers suggestions to improve and stimulate experimental research on the presidency.
Functional capacity and obesity reflect the cognitive performance of older adults living in long‐term care facilities
Authors: Gonçalves Damascena Karine , Batisti Ferreira Cristiane , dos Santos Teixeira Pâmela , Madrid Bibiano , Gonçalves Alexandre , Córdova Cláudio , de Toledo Nóbrega Otávio , Pimentel Ferreira Aparecido
Published: June 2017

Background

With the increase in life expectancy, the elderly Brazilian population has grown considerably. However, longevity is usually accompanied by problems such as the loss of functional capacity, cognitive decline, and deterioration in anthropometric parameters, particularly among those living in long‐term care facilities. We analyzed the relationship among cognitive performance, anthropometry, and functional capacity in institutionalized elderly individuals.

Methods

In a sample of 38 older adults (20 men, 18 women) aged 73.4 ± 8.1 years, data regarding anthropometric and functional measurements as well as the Mini‐Mental State Examination were collected. Functional tests were based on a battery adapted from the Functional Fitness Test. The independent t‐test and χ2 test were applied. P < 0.05 was set as the significance threshold.

Results

The rate of cognitive impairment among obese individuals (78.6%) differed from that among eutrophic subjects (45.8%), but there was no difference between sexes. There was a significant positive correlation between handgrip strength and Mini‐Mental State Examination score, and the scores of the timed up‐and‐go test and the sitting‐rising test were negatively correlated with Mini‐Mental State Examination score.

Conclusion

Cognitive impairment in the elderly living in long‐term care facilities was more pronounced and frequent in obese individuals. This study also demonstrated that better functional capacity reflects better cognitive performance.
Choto‐san versus placebo for patients with dementia: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Imai Hissei , Takeshima Nozomi , Oda Haruhiko , Chen Peiyao , Sawada Etsuko , Furukawa Toshiaki A.
Published: June 2017

Background

Choto‐san is a traditional medicine used for hypertension and headaches in Japan and China. Some studies have shown its effectiveness in the treatment of dementia. The present review aimed to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of Choto‐san in the treatment of adults with cognitive impairment.

Methods

We included randomized controlled trials comparing Choto‐san with placebo for patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.

Results

Three randomized controlled trials evaluating 219 participants were included. Two were studies on vascular dementia, and the other was on Alzheimer's dementia. There was no difference between Choto‐san and placebo in terms of short‐term dichotomous judgement of improvement, but Choto‐san was more effective than placebo in terms of short‐term improvement of cognitive function as measured by continuous outcomes. Also, dropouts judged it to be acceptable. However, the results were imprecise and/or heterogeneous. The number of participants included in the analysis was small (n = 199 in the primary analysis) and sometimes inconsistent, as indicated by the large I
2 (72% in the primary analysis).

Conclusion

Low‐quality evidence was suggestive of Choto‐san's efficacy for vascular dementia, but the present results may be overestimated. Studies with a larger sample size and conducted over longer periods should be performed. Regardless, Choto‐san can be one of the choices for the treatment of vascular dementia as it is well tolerated.
Regulation under uncertainty: The coevolution of industry and regulation
Authors: Sabel Charles , Herrigel Gary , Kristensen Peer Hull
Published: June 2017

As production and design disintegrate and become more collaborative, involving dynamic relations between customers and firms supplying complex subsystems and service, products and production methods become more innovative but also more hazardous. The inadvertent co‐production of latent hazards by independent firms is forcing firms and regulators to address the problem of uncertainty – the inability to anticipate, much less assign a probability to future states of the world – more directly than before. Under uncertainty, neither the regulator nor the regulated firms know what needs to be done. The regulator must induce firms to systematically canvas their practices and identify potential hazards. But recognizing the fallibility of all such efforts, the regulator must further foster the institutionalization of incident or event reporting procedures: systems to register failures in products or production processes that could be precursors to catastrophe; to trace out and correct their root causes; to alert others in similar situations to the potential hazard; and to make certain that countermeasures to ensure the safety of current operations are taken and the design requirements for the next generation of the implicated components or installations are updated accordingly. In this essay we develop these arguments and look closely at changes in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry and its regulator, the Petroleum Safety Authority to better understand the coevolution of vertically disintegrated industry and new forms of regulation.
NHF and hypercapnia: How brief can you look?
Authors: Bräunlich Jens , Wirtz Hubert
Published: June 2017

See DOI: 10.1111/resp.13050
Informality: Causes, consequences and policy responses
Authors: Kanbur Ravi
Published: June 2017

A stylized prediction of the development economics discourse is that informality will disappear with development, and yet in the last 20 years conventional measures of informality, far from declining, have either remained stagnant or have actually increased. This includes countries such as India where economic growth has been at historically high levels. What exactly is informality and what are its magnitudes and trends? What are the causes of informality and why is it not decreasing as predicted by standard theories of development? What are the consequences for inclusive economic growth of a large and increasing informal sector? What are feasible and desirable policy responses to informality? These are the questions that motivate this broad based overview of informality. The questions will be addressed based on recent and ongoing research on India and globally.
European Populist Parties in Government: How Well are Voters Represented? Evidence from Greece
Authors: Andreadis Ioannis , Stavrakakis Yannis
Published: June 2017

In this paper we focus on the two populist parties, one radical left and one radical right, that have formed a coalition government after the January 2015 elections in Greece: SYRIZA and Independent Greeks (ANEL). Using data from the Greek Candidate Study 2015 and the Greek Voter Study 2015 we study the congruence between party voters and party elites for these two parties, also comparing them with mainstream, non‐populist parties. Employing a slightly modified ?many to many’ approach, we measure congruence on a variety of issues (economic policy, austerity, Euroscepticism, immigration, law and order) and ideological divides (left/right, populism/anti‐populism) in order to assess the factors explaining the paradoxical resilience of Greek populism in power. The evidence generated can help us account for the trajectory of political antagonism in the Greek context throughout 2015 and in drawing some broader conclusions and challenges for future populism research.
Antiquity of cleptoparasitism among bees revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analysis of a Paleocene fossil nomadine (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: DEHON MANUEL , PERRARD ADRIEN , ENGEL MICHAEL S. , NEL ANDRÉ , MICHEZ DENIS
Published: June 2017

Cleptoparasitism is a way of life involving the theft of resources by one animal from another. This behaviour occurs in many bee tribes but its origin and evolution remain obscure, particularly owing to the relative scarcity of bees in the fossil record. Hitherto, no fossil evidence has been recorded to trace the origin of cleptoparasitim among bees. In the current study, we present the first cleptoparasitic bee fossil, providing analyses of its taxonomic affinities and a complete description. The specimen also happens to be one of the earliest bee fossils, having been discovered in the spongo‐diatomitic volcanic paleolake of Menat (Paleocene) in France. We employed geometric morphometrics of the forewing shape to assess the taxonomic affinities of the fossil with modern apoid tribes. Our dataset included 979 specimens representing 50 tribes and 225 extant species. Based on linear and geometric morphometrics, we demonstrate that the fossil's forewing shape is similar to that of Apidae, and particularly to that of the tribe Epeolini (Nomadinae). The fossil is described as Paleoepeolus micheneri gen.n., sp.n. and provides the first direct evidence on the antiquity of cleptoparasitism among bees.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank,
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BBBE22176CAE48F9851F716B813DFEBF.
HLA‐DRB3*02:61Q, a novel HLA‐DRB3 allele identified in a volunteer bone marrow donor
Authors: Ulrich S. , Matzhold E. , Posch U. , Schlenke P. , Helmberg W.
Published: June 2017

HLA‐DRB3*02:61Q
, a novel HLA‐DRB3 allele identified in a volunteer bone marrow donor.
Sequence‐based typing identification of a novel HLA‐C allele, C*12:214, in a Han Chinese individual
Authors: Yang H. J. , Mo X. D. , Fang J. B. , Yang X. Q. , Zhang T.
Published: June 2017

One nucleotide substitution at position 497 of HLA‐C*12:02:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐C*12:214.
Free trade agreement and transport service trade
Authors: Lee Jaimin , Cho Seong‐Hoon
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade in transport services using OECD data from 2003 to 2006. Our analysis found that FTAs had a positive overall impact on transport services for multiple countries (i.e., 26 home and 56 partner countries). The resulting positive overall impact assures that, even with the challenges associated with different layers of services and the obstacles formed by generally low trade openness in the sector, the provisions in FTAs (e.g., national treatment and market access for goods and services) promote transport service trades. Our findings suggest that the provisions in FTAs encourage economic agents to increase engagement in transport services because of expanded openness of the physical movement of goods across international borders.
Roles and Responsibilities of Family Home Caregivers for Elderly People in Qatar: Experiences and Challenges
Authors: Abdelmoneium Azza O , Rankin Janet , Corman Michael
Published: June 2017

The family, as a social institution in Qatar, is the main care provider for its older adult members. In this paper we examine what caregivers do – their work practices – and the different roles and responsibilities that home caregivers perform when providing care for elderly persons in Qatar. The findings of this study were based from a larger study using qualitative descriptive design. This article demonstrates the work practices and main challenges that caregivers face while taking care of their elderly. We argue that a main source of stress for caregivers is the lack of formal services and supports geared towards individuals caring for their ageing loved ones; addressing this service gap would alleviate some of the demands associated with caregiving. The paper will present exemplars of caregivers taking care of their elderly relative. These exemplars are used to support the analysis which is clustered around identified related themes. The main findings regarding the challenges that caregivers face include: feelings of responsibility; dependency on caregiver; emotional care; social planning; problem solving; and environmental quality. All of the themes impacted the health of the caregivers and led to stress and burden on the life of the caregiver.
Co-Combustion of Pulverized Coal and Biomass in Fluidized Bed of Furnace
Authors: Wladyslaw Mitianiec
Published: June 2017

Combustion processes of two fuels, pulverized coal and biomass, in furnaces take place at steady state. Combustion of condensed fuels involves one-way interfacial flux due to phenomena in the condensed phase (evaporation or pyrolysis) and reciprocal ones (heterogeneous combustion and gasification). Many of the species injected in the gas phase are later involved in gas phase combustion. This paper presents results of combustion process of two-phase charge contained coal and wetted biomass, where the carrier was the air with given flow rate. The furnace has three inlets with assumed inlet flow rate of coal, biomass, and air, and combustion process takes place in the furnace fluidized space. The simulation of such combustion process was carried out by numerical code of open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program code_saturne. For both fuels, the moist biomass with following mass contents: C = 53%, H = 5.8%, O = 37.62%, ash = 3.6, and mean diameter of molecules equal to 0.0008 m and pulverized coal with following mass contents: C = 76.65%, H = 5.16%, O = 9.9%, ash = 6.21%, and mean molecule diameter 0.000025 m were used. Devolatilization process with kinetic reactions was taken into account. Distribution of the main combustion product in furnace space is presented with disappearance of the molecules of fuels. This paper presents theoretical description of the two-phase charge, specification of the thermodynamic state of the charge in inlet boundaries and furnace space, and thermal parameters of solid fuel molecules obtained from the open source postprocessor paraview.
Experimental and Theoretical Quantification of Nonequilibrium Phase Behavior and Physical Properties of Foamy Oil Under Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Shi Yu , Yang Daoyong
Published: June 2017

A novel and pragmatic technique has been proposed to quantify the nonequilibrium phase behavior together with physical properties of foamy oil under reservoir conditions. Experimentally, constant-composition expansion (CCE) experiments at various constant pressure decline rates are conducted to examine the nonequilibrium phase behavior of solvent–CO2–heavy oil systems. Theoretically, the amount of evolved gas is first formulated as a function of time, and then incorporated into the real gas equation to quantify the nonequilibrium phase behavior of the aforementioned systems. Meanwhile, theoretical models have been developed to determine the time-dependent compressibility and density of foamy oil. Good agreements between the calculated volume–pressure profiles and experimentally measured ones have been achieved, while both amounts of evolved gas and entrained gas as well as compressibility and density of foamy oil were determined. The time-dependent effects of entrained gas on physical properties of oleic phase were quantitatively analyzed and evaluated. A larger pressure decline rate and a lower temperature are found to result in a lower pseudo-bubblepoint pressure and a higher expansion rate of the evolved gas volume in the solvent–CO2–heavy oil systems. Apparent critical supersaturation pressure increases with either an increase in pressure decline rate or a decrease in system temperature. Physical properties of the oleic phase under nonequilibrium conditions follow the same trends as those of conventionally undersaturated oil under equilibrium conditions when pressure is higher than the pseudo-bubblepoint pressure. However, there is an abrupt increase of compressibility and decrease of density associated with pseudo-bubblepoint pressure instead of bubblepoint pressure due to the initialization of gas bubble growth. The amount of dispersed gas in the oleic phase is found to impose a dominant impact on physical properties of the foamy oil. Compared with CCE experiment at constant volume expansion rate, a rebound pressure and its corresponding effects on physical properties cannot be observed in the CCE experiments at constant pressure decline rate.
Evaluating the Performance of a Newly Developed Carbon Capture Device for Mobile Emission Sources
Authors: Ahmed Samer F. , Atilhan Mert
Published: June 2017

In the present study, a new carbon capture device that can be carried on-board vehicles has been developed and tested. The developed device uses absorption and adsorption methods of postcombustion CO2 capture. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 have been used as solvents and sorbents in the device. The CO2 capture efficiency has been evaluated at a wide range of operating conditions. The results showed that the higher the concentration of the solvent, the higher the capture efficiency, i.e., w 100% capture efficiency, being obtained at full saturation of NaOH. In addition, the increase in the solution temperature increases the capture efficiency up to 50 °C. Design of the gas distributer in the device has also a notable effect on CO2 capture. It was found that solvent prepared with seawater can provide high capture efficiency over a wide range of operation, but in general, it has a lower capture efficiency than that prepared by tap water. Moreover, solvents prepared by NaOH have a superior CO2 capture efficiency over those prepared by Ca(OH)2. For the adsorption technique, a 50% NaOH and 50% Ca(OH) mixture by mass has provided the highest capture efficiency compared with each sorbent when used alone.
A Novel Geometry for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Based on the Savonius Concept
Authors: Mari Michele , Venturini Mauro , Beyene Asfaw
Published: June 2017

In this study, we present the results of a two-dimensional fluid-dynamic simulation of novel rotor geometry with spline function which is derivative of the traditional S-shape Savonius blade. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis is conducted using the Spalart–Allmaras turbulent model, validated using experimental data released by Sandia National Laboratory. Results are presented in terms of dimensionless torque and power coefficients, assuming a wind speed of 7 m/s and height and rotor diameter of 1 m. Furthermore, analysis of the forces acting on the rotor is conducted by evaluating frontal and side forces on each blade, and the resultant force acting on the central shaft. A qualitative representation of the vorticity around the traditional and spline rotor is shown to prove that the novel blade allows less turbulent flow through the rotor.