bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral Connections to Water Mains—Part II Dry Tapping
Authors: Morrow Darrel , Breheny Michael J. , Seevers F.R. Dick
Published: June 2018

The procedure for dry tapping a water main, tapping into a section of main that has been shut down for that purpose, is presented.
Ground Water Quality and Protection
Authors: Stein Russell B.
Published: June 2018

The basics of groundwater are presented, including groundwater sources, factors affecting water quality, and sources and prevention of groundwater pollution.
The Basics of Cross‐Connection Control
Authors: Anderson George D.
Published: June 2018

Cross‐connection control is essential in preventing water contamination. The concepts of backflow, cross‐connections, backpressure, and backsiphonage are discussed. Water system protection and installation and maintenance of the necessary equipment are also covered.
SDWA and Public Notification: An Experience in Paris, Tennessee
Authors: Dougherty Ward
Published: June 2018

When the water supply of Paris, Tennessee was found to be contaminated, city officials were not sure whether the contamination was real or the result of human error. In accordance with the Safe Drinking Water Act the city had to notify consumers of the problem, yet officials managed to meet the legal requirements without creating undue panic or confusion. Followup check samples proved to be negative. It is suggested that public notification be required only when a definite health hazard exists, thus safeguarding the public from unnecessary alarm.
Operator Offers Tip on Cleaning of Microstrainers
Authors: Herman Lyle
Published: June 2018

The Loveland Water Treatment Plant in Colorado uses both acid base and alkaline detergents for microstrainer cleaning. The procedure is described here.
“Small” Utility Identifies Self
Authors: Tomlinson G.R.
Published: June 2018

The Barrie, Ontario water utility is discussed in terms of operation, population served, operating problems, and employees' attitudes about being a small utility.
Select Meters to Fit Needs Based on Expected Demand
Authors: Christenson Eugene A.
Published: June 2018

This article provides guidelines for correct sizing and selection of water meters.
Low‐Level and High‐Level Chlorine Kits for Plant and Field Use
Authors: Fung Leo C.
Published: June 2018

Low‐level and high‐level chlorine kit equipment and procedures are described in this article. Both in‐plant and field uses are covered.
How to Cope With Freeze Damage and Ice Buildup on Outside Storage Tanks
Authors: Miller Al
Published: June 2018

Damage caused by freezing and ice buildup has ruined many storage tanks in recent winters. This article gives examples of ice damage and suggests methods of preventive maintenance, handling of ice buildups, and preventing outside ice buildup on the tank structure. Pumping schedules to keep water moving and use of fire hydrants or end‐of‐line blowoff valves are covered.
Emergency Planning for Water Supply Protection
Authors: Norseth Palmer
Published: June 2018

The City of Portland, Oregon, is approximately 50 miles from Mt. St. Helens, and the City's Bureau of Water Works was warned that an eruption of the volcano could have serious effects on water supply in the area. The city's emergency plan included preparations for caustic soda addition to adjust pH, for increased chlorination if turbidity increased, for possible bypass of open distribution reservoirs, and for ash collection and rain sampling stations to determine composition and quantity of ash fallout in the watershed. The eruptions' impacts on the City of Yakima are discussed as well.
Emergency Operations
Authors: Newell Bill
Published: June 2018

This article describes preventive emergency operations for covered storage and deep wells for the water system of Moses Lake, Washington during the eruption of Mt. St. Helens and subsequent periods of massive ash fallout associated with the volcanic activity. Heavy dust conditions, water conservation, protection of ventilation fixtures, and good communications systems are covered.
Reflective Valve‐Markers Lead to System Upgrade
Authors: Hopper George H.
Published: June 2018

The Utility Department of Margate, Florida installed blue double reflectors on streets throughout the city to mark the locations of valves in the street and in the area between sidewalks and curbs. Reflector installation is combined with valve inspection and repair, and the city's records and maps are updated and corrected at the same time.
Vancouver Finds Alternative to Escalating Gasoline Prices
Authors: Goodwin Lee
Published: June 2018

In an effort to combat rising gasoline costs, the city of Vancouver, Washington chose propane for a pilot program that was initiated in August 1979. Benefits of propane include comparatively lower costs, wide availability of the fuel in the Pacific Northwest, and evidence that propane‐driven vehicles require less maintenance than those driven by gasoline.
Alternative Energy Sources Slated in Future Water Facilities Projects
Authors: Carroll Charles B.
Published: June 2018

The city of Aurora, Colorado plans to use alternative energy sources in future water‐facilities projects. A Trombe wall, which uses indirect solar gain, will be built into the administrative and laboratory areas of a new water treatment plant, and a greenhouse will heat the lobby, reception area, and control room. Other forms of alternative energy under consideration include low‐head hydroelectric power and wind power.
Metal Locking Device Keeps Gas Cans on Trucks
Authors: Lannatto Louis B.
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” feature is a locking device designed to prevent theft of gasoline cans from utility trucks. The metal locking rod fits through holes in two support strips that extend above a metal ring and through the gas can handle. The support strips are bolted to the truck bed.
Variable Length Valve Key Saves Trips to the Shop
Authors: Salyer Jesse Clinton
Published: June 2018

Most utility crew trucks carry only normal‐size valve keys to be used for opening valves. If a longer key is needed, a trip back to the shop must be made. To save these extra trips, a variable length valve key can be used. This article describes the necessary materials needed to design and construct a variable length key. The key can be extended from 5.5 feet to 10 feet and costs approximately $15.00 to assemble.
Safety Procedures Necessary During Fluoridation Process
Authors: Hansen Ed
Published: June 2018

This article discusses safety procedures which should be followed when working with and handling fluoride. Operators should learn three basic safety procedures for dealing with fluoride, namely avoiding overexposure, symptoms of fluoride poisoning, and basic first aid. Precautions for avoiding overexposure include wearing proper protective clothing. Some of the obvious signs of poisoning are vomiting, stomach cramps, and diarrhea.
Tire Pump Sounds Out Questionable Water Service Leaks
Authors: Sprotte Roger
Published: June 2018

This invention is an inexpensive backup for sounding out questionable leaks from the curb stop to the meter setting. The device consists of a tire pump, a brass tee, a truck tire valve stem, a pressure gauge, a brass nipple, brass bushing, and bushing. A diagram of the device is presented and the procedure for its use is described.
A Filter Nuisance
Authors: Lombardo Linda R.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the appearance, attempts at elimination, and a possible explanation for the Plumatella bryozoan which began growing on filters in the Southern Nevada Water System, which services Las Vegas, Nevada and surrounding areas. Laboratory tests and application of HTH, copper sulfate, and potassium permanganate at concentration above those normally considered lethal had no effect on the Plumatella. After one year, the Plumatella disappeared on its own. One explanation for its demise is that prechlorination was increased from previous levels.
Record‐Keeping Program Prevents Winter Problems
Authors: Nelson LaVern M.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a record‐keeping program designed by the Madison Water Utility in Madison, Wisconsin to monitor and help determine when pipelines will freeze. Throughout the winter of 1976‐77, the utility recorded the occurrence of every frozen main and consumer water pipe, along with current weather conditions, primarily temperatures. This list was arranged according to the severity of the weather conditions and divided into groups, with group 1 being the least severe conditions. The list was used in succeeding winters to prevent frozen pipes. For example, when the utility receives calls from two or three people on the first list reporting frozen water services, the utility calls all people on this list telling them to run their water continuously in order to prevent frozen pipes. An effective public relations program works in conjunction with the record‐keeping program, which allows the utility to contact individuals on its list.
Hydrant Diverter Solves Problems
Authors: Thomas Donald
Published: June 2018

A hydrant flow diverter can be used to help avoid traffic disruption and erosion problems created during hydrant flushing. The diverter can be constructed for about $20.
Nine Words Used to Bridge Receding Waters
Authors: Birmingham Thomas H.
Published: June 2018

Emergency water shortages require cooperation among utilities, consumers, the media, and other agencies. This article suggests nine areas of operation and management that need to be addressed to deal effectively with such a situation. They include: communication with the public and media; motivation of employees; monitoring of supply sources, storage facilities, and distribution systems; water conservation; enforcement of codes and ordinances; repair of shortage‐causing and secondary equipment problems; research on system history and evolution; planning of crisis management techniques; and adequate system funding for preventative maintenance and repairs to minimize the possibility of a shortage.
Microcomputer Billing for the Small Water Utility
Authors: Edson David F.
Published: June 2018

The billing process is one that many water utilities can afford to automate, due to dramatic price reductions for increasingly efficient microcomputers. This article describes the various components of a microcomputer system and considerations in selection of a billing program, or software.
Slip Ring Sharpening Method Saves Time and Effort
Authors: Parks Robert C.
Published: June 2018

Many treatment plants have synchronous motors driving the pumps. Occasionally, the motor slip rings require machining in place with a special lathe cutting tool and holder designed for that purpose. This machining operation can be simplified with the method described in this article.
Valve Lifting Device Easy to Handle, Easy to Build
Authors: Miller Leroy A.
Published: June 2018

A valve lifting device is described which causes the valve to hang perfectly vertical for ease of removal or installation and to swivel easily on a hoisting sling for alignment. The device can be easily handled and hooked up by one person using one hand, which leaves the other handle free to signal the operator of the hoisting equipment. Method of construction and cost are detailed.
Tips for the Safe Storage of Laboratory Chemicals
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the safe storage of laboratory chemicals. Proper chemical storage is necessary in order to avoid storing incompatible chemicals together. Storage of the following substances is addressed: acids, bases, flammable liquids, peroxide‐forming chemicals, oxidizers, water‐reactive chemicals, pyrophoric substances, light‐sensitive chemicals, toxic chemicals, and dry media. A list of incompatible chemicals is included.
Maintenance of Wells Includes Redevelopment
Authors: Duncan William S.
Published: June 2018

The length of a well's life is determined by how often and how effectively it is redeveloped and maintained. This article discusses the process of well development and how the efficiency of a well is improved. Topics covered include: determining water level, charting performance, well development, and monitoring the progress of redevelopment work.
Crunching Numbers With an Electronic Spreadsheet
Authors: Benear Alan K.
Published: June 2018

Electronic spreadsheets are software designed for personal computers to assist with keeping track of numerical data, calculating numbers, and printing reports based on large amounts of data. This article is a discussion of electronic spreadsheets, how to use them, and some tips on purchasing a spreadsheet.
Subluminator Improves Underwater Lighting
Authors: Maples A. Craig
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of sublimator to provide underwater lighting for inspection purposes. This device is constructed of a 6 inch diameter piece of PVC pipe, two elbows, and two stop‐sign shaped mirrors. Construction details and a schematic drawing of the sublimator are provided.
Aqua‐Scope Eliminates Bailing
Authors: Pino Bruce A.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the aqua‐scope designed by the author to simplify reading meters that are submerged in water‐filled meter pits. The aqua‐scope is inexpensive and easy to build. Instructions for constructing an aqua‐scope are provided.
Rehabilitation Techniques for Water Storage Tanks
Authors: Calkins Donald C. , Ahlers Phyllis C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the approach of the Boulder, Colorado, water utility to determine the conditions of its storage facilities and necessary rehabilitation. Inspection, modified refinishing of the corroded existing tank exterior coating, and refinishing of the corroded interior coating of the Devils's Thumb tank are described. When inspection of the Kohler and Maxwell reservoirs indicated that punctured blisters and bulges in the asphalt liners were allowing water to migrate between the liner and the original floor slab, potential alternatives such as rigid liners, flexible liners, or no liners were evaluated. It was decided to postpone new linings since current annual costs associated with leakage and maintaining the existing liner did not justify installing new liners. Instead, regular cleaning and physical inspections will be continued and leakage tests will be conducted annually. Major deterioration of the overflow structure of the Chautauqua reservoir was observed during an inspection, and options for installing a liner were evaluated. Instead of lining the reservoir, maintenance work was determined to be more cost effective.
Proper Maintenance for Small Distribution Systems
Authors: Margetts Richard L.
Published: June 2018

This article identifies those items that are in need of maintenance in most small water distribution systems. Routine maintenance for valves, fire hydrants, and pressure‐reducing valves is discussed.
Traffic Arrows Increase Crew and Driver Safety
Authors: McDonald Gerald R.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the use of white, flexible traffic arrows that lie flat on the ground to guide motorists through construction areas. The arrows increase crew safety and the safety of vehicular traffic.
One Tank is Better Than Two: A “Split‐Level” Solution
Authors: Steadman Sam , Herman James A. , Partner P.E.
Published: June 2018

When the aging water system in Germantown, Ohio, needed replacement and the topography of the area seemed to dictate two separate storage facilities, the financially pressed city searched for a unique solution. The result was a combination water tower/standpipe that kept the city's capital investment and subsequent maintenance to a minimum. The split‐level tank is an elevated tank with steel supporting walls in place of legs, which serve as the walls of a standpipe located directly beneath the elevated tank. The design provides a standpipe to service the city's low lying areas, as well as an elevated tank to supply water to a subdivision located on a plateau overlooking the city.
What to Look for in Centrifugal Pump Maintenance
Authors: Salvina Louis C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses factors that contribute to good centrifugal pump performance. These factors include the following: pump design and operation; development of a preventive maintenance plan; and pump installation, and its effect on pump operation and vibration.
Measuring Customer Opinion of Your Utility
Authors: Simantel Gary J.
Published: June 2018

The Canby Utility Board, Canby, Oregon, has developed a methodology of assessing customer opinion of the water provided by the utility. While utility personnel conduct chlorine checks at a customer's residence, the customer is asked to rate the water on a questionnaire. Survey results and benefits are described, and a sample questionnaire is illustrated.
Controlling Tank Corrosion Through Design
Authors: Driscoll James T.
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on the design criteria as a tool for fighting corrosion in water storage tanks. Some “do's” to remember when designing a storage tank are: use circular structure members where possible, avoid back angles or channels, and use proper welds. Several available tank design options are discussed including: putting all stiffeners, etc., outside the tank and to seam weld plates continuously, using an aluminum dome, and coating the tank with elastomeric polyurethane making sure to give an extra coat to overhead areas, and to use brush application on problem areas within the tank. Aesthetic design is also mentioned.
Computer Models for Mapping Programs
Authors: McMaine Ronald C.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the use of a mapping program to develop a computer model of a water utility's entire distribution system. The steps for developing such a model, and how a computer model can help in the management of a system are discussed. Hypothetical cases are presented including: the existing system with an opened fire hydrant, analysis of the effects of cleaning and lining the mains, and an industrial or commercial area that needs a substantially improved fire flow.
Modified Needle Valve Replaces Ball Valve
Authors: Brixey Dennis
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how the Springfield, Mo. City Utilities solved their problem of alum application at low ranges of feed. The original PVC ball valve provided sluggish flow at low ranges, thus costing the utility $12,000 annually in wasted material. The ball valve was replaced with a needle valve which solved the feed problem but which was not compatible with the position controller. Rather than buying new position controllers the utility was able to modify the needle valve to work with its original position controller.
Intercom Station Serves a Variety of Vehicles
Authors: Sigman John G.
Published: June 2018

A new intercom security system was installed at the City of Jackson, Miss. Water Treatment Plant. The new system incorporates a dual‐level call station to service a variety of vehicle sizes, as well as automatic gates which close after a preset time and display an open or closed status on a control panel in the operations office.
Cooperation Helps Prevent Pipe Corrosion
Authors: Cruse Henry
Published: June 2018

In new construction, utilities have the opportunity to take action before corrosion begins in plumbing systems. Advisories about problems that may result from using certain materials with the water supplied by the utility may be issued. Suggestions for information to be included in advisories and a sample advisory for rapid pitting corrosion of copper tubing are presented.
Keeping Copper Sulfate Bags Afloat
Authors: Parsons Donald
Published: June 2018

This article provides an alternative method of applying copper sulfate to reservoirs for algae control. Instead of dragging burlap bags of the chemical behind a boat, the city of Monroe City, Missouri, floats the bags in a basket which rests inside an inner tube.
Watershed Management Creates Added Revenue
Authors: Grear Michael
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the use of the Patuxent Watershed for multiple purposes such as flood control, hydroelectric power, controlled recreation, and commercial ventures. These programs provide additional income to the water district which offsets costs of providing recreational amenities on the watershed. This multi‐use can, however, cause conflicts among these competing elements for use of the water. A watershed management program then comes into play by prioritizing all these elements but always giving top priority to protecting raw‐water quality and supply.
New Culture Medium Detects Stressed Coliforms
Authors: Clark Thomas F.
Published: June 2018

A new medium has been developed for the detection of stressed bacteria. This medium, designated m‐T7, will minimize inhibition of stressed coliform. To ensure that stressed coliforms do not leave the water treatment plant and enter the distribution system, m‐T7 or a similar selective medium should be used.
Valves: Solving the External Corrosion Mystery
Authors: Tibbs Judith P.
Published: June 2018

Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the proper procedure for identifying an external corrosion problem on valves. Theories of corrosion are presented: uniform attack, two‐metal corrosion, area effect, and crevice corrosion.
Fight Consumer Fear, Suspicion With Straight Talk
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Communication with consumers about water quality is effective in improving public relations. The article discusses starting a newsletter, publicizing meetings, using bill stuffers, and making speeches as ways of improving communication.
Distribution System Network Analysis Made Easy
Authors: McMaine Ronald C.
Published: June 2018

The information presented here will help nontechnical people‐water operators, managers, and superintendents‐to better understand and use a computer‐based study of a distribution system. Information on creating and analyzing the computer model of a distribution system, the cost of analysis, what should be determined before the study is conducted, and how to make the engineer's job easier and the resulting analysis more accurate is presented.
Bench Gives Free Access to One End of Hydrant
Authors: Whitcher Thomas A.
Published: June 2018

When you work on fire hydrants in the shop, you need a way to use both hands, hold the hydrant still, and have free access to one end of the hydrant. A bench developed by the City of Grosse Pointe Woods Public Works Department make handling repairs easier. Included in the article are construction materials and costs.
How to Prolong the Life of Your Gas Chlorinator
Authors: Wolf Jesse
Published: June 2018

Chlorinators meter and deliver a set dosage of chlorine gas from a chlorine cylinder. To do this, gas chlorinators must be operated and maintained properly. This article provides an overview of the steps to operating and maintaining gas chlorinators. The easiest and most safest way to make the connection from gas cylinder to chlorinator is by direct cylinder mounting; step by step instructions are given. A general discussion of interconnection manifold and isolation valve is given for those situations in which several cylinders are used. The ejector is the heart of the system and must be maintained. The check valve assembly keeps water from getting into the regulator; instructions for preventing that and for removing water from the chlorinator are given. Some troubleshooting tips for detecting problems with the chlorinator's vacuum integrity are given.
Effective Coagulation to Meet the New Regulations
Authors: Clark Thomas F.
Published: June 2018

On June 29, 1989, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) published the new rules and regulations governing surface water treatment. Turbidity performance standards for filtered water were included in these regulations. For a system using conventional treatment or direct filtration, USEPA will require that the turbidity reading of a plant's filtered water be less than or equal to 0.5 NTU in at least 95 percent of the samples taken each month. The article discusses metal salts as coagulants, flocculation for better filtration, polymers as coagulants, selecting the right coagulant, and testing coagulant effectiveness.
Computers Can Reduce Langelier Index Test Time
Authors: Clement Bob
Published: June 2018

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recently finalized two regulations that will dramatically increase the need for water systems to know and test the corrosivity of their water. These regulations are the Lead and Copper Rule and Phase II Rule (asbestos monitoring). Treating for corrosion can be a time‐consuming process. However, if your system uses the Langelier Index (LI) to calculate corrosion, this article will explain how to dramatically reduce the time it takes for the LI test by using a computer spreadsheet.
Metal Scrap Pile Yields Tool With Multiple Uses
Authors: Brown John F.
Published: June 2018

Old metal scrap was transformed into a versatile tool that can be used in a variety of ways, such as straightening out the ends of culvert pipes and holding sheet metal in place for welding. Using recycled metal scrap, this gadget can also be used as a pry bar to help dislodge stuck pipe being dug out of the ground. Materials and construction are described.
Improved Service Box Threader Makes Change Outs Easier
Authors: Bridgeman Carl
Published: June 2018

When buried service boxes must be replaced, the pipe on which they are housed is frequently damaged or rusted and must be rethreaded to allow for the installation of a new service box or coupling and extension. Service box threaders normally require a large hole be made around the service box connection so that the threader handle can be turned horizontally. This design for a service box threader, however, allows for use with only 3 in. (75 mm) of soil removed around the top of the pipe. this is especially significant when service boxes are in older subdivisions, sometimes buried below the grade under a driveway. The threader helps keep damage to such expensive‐to‐repair areas to a minimum.
Computerphobia — Will It “Byte” or Be a Friend?
Authors: Post Dallas
Published: June 2018

The article describes what computers are and what they can be used for in easy to understand terms. Uses for the computer include billing, record keeping, tracking expenses, tracking information on wells, valves, and other hardware, and word processing. Tips on selecting and buying a computer and software, and care of the computer are also given.
Efficient Teamwork Solves Corrosion Mystery
Authors: Lucas H. Gail
Published: June 2018

This article offers a case study of corrosion control used in the city of Louisville, Colorado, highlighting cooperation between the water and wastewater departments. The city's water is aggressive before treatment, and coagulation with alum further depresses the pH and removes alkalinity. The aggressive water contributed to high levels of zinc and copper at the wastewater treatment plant's influent; these heavy metals made it impossible for the wastewater plant to meet stream standards. This article explains how the problem was solved, from sampling of the distribution system and other initial tests through compliance concerns, factors in selecting new treatment (budget constraints, water quality, and so forth). Bench testing, full scale testing, problems with the chemical handling and feeding system, and final results are discussed in some detail. Soda ash and sodium silicate were selected to use in full‐scale plant testing. Problems were scaling with the soda ash feed equipment were solved by feeding sodium silicate to lay down a coating in the feed lines. Cost and savings estimates are given.
Safety Equipment Cabinet Cuts Clutter, Aids Access
Authors: Tardif Jack
Published: June 2018

Personal protective equipment must be accessible to employees and stored in a designated location. It must be protected and routinely checked to ensure that it can perform its function. But sometimes workers become careless and leave equipment in poor condition. Often it is scattered about because so many different people use it. To help reduce the clutter, the author designed an ammonia safety equipment cabinet. The cabinet's only purpose is to store the personal protective equipment required for the utility's treatment chemical rooms. The cabinets are mounted in designated areas for easy accessibility by plant employees. Materials and instructions for construction are included.
Let Your Customers Know Who You Are — Communicate
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

In a small community water system, customer service may not even be mentioned as a responsibility in an employee's job description. It may not even be included in the system's policies and procedures manual. This doesn't mean customer service isn't important or necessary. The article discusses various points of customer service.
Hydraulic Hand Pump Calibrates Pressure‐relief Valves
Authors: Kleinheinz Jay
Published: June 2018

This device enables pressure‐relief, pressure‐regulating, and other hydraulically operated diaphragm globe valves to be calibrated, diagnosed, and operated with a hydraulic hand pump. The pump, used in conjunction with a pressure gauge, takes the guesswork out of determining which pressures are needed to open, regulate, and close a valve. It is especially valuable because it allows the tester to know exactly at which pressure the main valve will open, regulate, or close, without waiting for an actual high‐pressure situation.
Prepare for Winter Using Dry‐Barrel Hydrant Purger
Authors: Enderby David
Published: June 2018

Preparing nondraining hydrants for winter has always been a tedious task for crews in Menominee, Michigan. Exposed to dirt and rust from the hydrants, the rubber impellers on electric pumps wear out. Pitcher and diaphragm‐type hand pumps are both time consuming and exhausting to use when emptying water from 8‐in. (203‐mm) barrels that are buried 6 ft (183 cm) deep. However, the hydrant purger now makes it easy to empty hydrant barrels quickly. The article lists materials and gives instructions for making and using the purger.
New Standards Protect Infants From Blue Baby Syndrome
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

New federal standards for nitrate and nitrite took effect in June 1992. The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate is 10 mg/L‐N, and the MCL for nitrite is 1 mg/L‐N. Both nitrate and nitrite can occur together in drinking water. Because their health impacts are related, a combined MCL has been set at 10 mg/L‐N. This means that the sum of nitrate and nitrite, as nitrogen, must not exceed 10 mg/L‐N. This article provides an overview of the reasons for the regulation and some ways that nitrate and nitrite can be removed from drinking water.
Part 4 —Area Calculations of Four Basic Shapes
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

This article explains in simple, step‐by‐step instructions how to calculate the area of four basic shapes: rectangles, triangles, circles, and trapezoids.
Choose Best Treatment Option for SWTR Compliance
Authors: Post Dallas
Published: June 2018

The rule's purpose is to protect the public from waterborne diseases. Considering the variety of water conditions, local conditions and methods of treatment, the rule permits a number of treatment options to remove or inactivate disease‐causing organisms. This article summarizes the reasons for the regulation and means of disinfection.
Part 7—Another Common Calculation, Flow Conversions
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

A common conversion calculation is flow conversion. As with other conversion calculations, either dimensional analysis or the box method may be used. This article explains how to do flow conversions both ways in simple, step‐by‐step instructions.
Community Service Project Paints Town Red
Authors: Gehin Joseph L.
Published: June 2018

A routine fire hydrant painting program is important to your community's safety, yet it is often put off in favor of more “important” tasks. The Wausau, Wisconsin, Water Utility has overcome this problem by enlisting the aid of local scout troops. The effort not only gets fire hydrants painted, but also supports local youth and earns the community's appreciation.
Part I: Horsepower Measures Work Over Time
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

This month's column explains how to calculate power, ft‐lb/min, horsepower, and kilowatts power. It also includes two examples, and the formula is also listed for converting horsepower to kilowatts.
How to Improve Water Quality With SCMs
Authors: de Haas Robert
Published: June 2018

Many operators have heard of streaming current monitors but aren't sure if they're worth the money. If you work in a small system and aren't sure if a streaming current monitor is worth the cost, then our experience just might interest you. The authors details their system's experiences with SCMs.
Sniff New Mains & Before Customers Complain
Authors: Burlingame Gary , Choi Jung , Fadel Michel , Gammie Les , Rahman Jameel , Paran John
Published: June 2018

Pipe joint lubricants are used during the installation of plastic and ductile iron water mains. The odor problem caused by commonly used lubricants is not broadly recognized.
Boiling Water Effective for Crypto and Other Microbes
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

When a waterborne disease outbreak occurs or the serious threat of an outbreak exists, state and local health agencies issue boil‐water advisories to the public. By boiling water intended for consumption, consumers can protect themselves against microbial disease‐causing agents that may be present. The author discusses how waterborne microbes are inactivated through temperature and also lists contact times.
In Situ Cleaning—Effective Answer to Sticky Problem
Authors: Underwood Richard
Published: June 2018

A problem in many treatment plants is the increasing size of filter media particles in filter beds. If left unchecked, this condition can have potentially serious consequences for drinking water systems. An easy, cost‐effective method to handle this problem is in situ cleaning of filter media. This article outlines the steps to clean your filters in situ.
Gadget Lifts S5‐Gallon Plastic Barrels Safely
Authors: Loy Bill , Benzel Dave
Published: June 2018

The corrosion inhibitor used at our water treatment plant is stored in 55‐gallon barrels, weighing 600 lb each. It is, unfortunately, necessary to move these heavy plastic barrels from our loading dock to the plant's basement. After investigating many products, we constructed our own barrel lifter. Materials and construction information are included.
Ace Leak Detective Captures 547 Elusive Suspects
Authors: Haag Steven
Published: June 2018

The Southwest Florida Management Water District is one of five regional water management districts charged by the state to manage and protect the state's water resources for the public. Key to the District's mission is a water conservation program that focuses on leak detection. The District's leak detection program offers several benefits: utilities save money in pumping and treatment costs; the District conducts the survey at no charge; and finding and fixing a leak conserves water.
Operator Achieves Success Doing What She Loves
Authors: Baruth Monica
Published: June 2018

If you like change and a variety of challenges–get into water treatment. Or at least that's what Lorraine Reynolds, Chief Operator of the City of Pasco, Washington, Treatment Plant, will tell you. Once she discovered the challenges of drinking water treatment, she found her true vocation.
Cryptosporidium: Answers to Common Questions
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

Cryptosporidium and the threat of cryptosporidiosis have emerged since 1976 when it was learned that this organism could cause disease in humans. New attention is being focused on determining and reducing the risk for cryptosporidiosis from drinking water. Answers to frequently asked questions are provided in this article.
What, Sexual Harassment in My Utility?
Authors: Miller Ellen G.
Published: June 2018

What has gone on for years in your utility may be illegal today. Does this ever happen in your system? An elderly director regularly given the “girls” in the office a hug. During breaks, employees tell off‐color jokes. Some employees bring Playboy‐type magazines and calendars to work. The superintendent/operator/manager sees to it that he's often alone with one employee. The superintendent/operator/manager teases about sexual favors in return for getting ahead. If so, you may be courting a sexual harassment complaint and/or lawsuit.
Cryptosporidium: Guidance for the Immunocompromised
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

Cryptosporidium is a parasite found in lakes and rivers, especially where the water is contaminated with sewage and animal wastes. Very resistant to disinfection, Cryptosporidium has caused several large waterborne disease outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness. Symptoms of the disease, cryptosporidiosis, include diarrhea, nausea, and stomach cramps. This article discusses the recommendations made by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Environmental Protection Agency to immunocompromised individuals in regards to avoiding cryptosporidiosis.
One County's Battle Plan for Crypto and Giardia
Authors: Schombert John W. , Conley Sean
Published: June 2018

After responding to a waterborne outbreak of giardiasis in 1984 in McKeesport, Penn., the Allegheny County Health Department and Allegheny County Surface Water Treatment Plants learned a great deal about treatment optimization. They recognized that chemical treatment, rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection should all perform at peak efficiency at all times, as each of these processes represents a barrier to the passage of pathogenic organisms.
Cryptosporidium and Treatment Plant Optimization
Authors: Green Jonathan M.
Published: June 2018

Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation are the first line of defense for plant optimization. At the heart of these processes is the coagulant. Selecting the correct type of coagulant for your treatment facility is vital. Selection can be accomplished through jar testing, although full‐scale evaluation is the best way to determine the most effective coagulant or combination of coagulants. Another consideration is the raw water changes that may occur with seasonal changes. Consider and evaluate the use of coagulant aids such as polymers. These chemicals may be beneficial in maximizing the effectiveness of the coagulant chosen. Many consultants will assist operators in jar testing coagulants and auxiliary chemicals. State and federal agencies may also be able to provide operators with data regarding coagulants and their use.
Balancing Trade‐offs When Selecting Check Valves for Your Utility
Authors: Landon Phillip
Published: June 2018

If you're searching for the best check valve to fit your needs, there are three factors to consider: non‐slamming characteristics, head loss characteristics, and cost when considering new valves for your application.
The Pros and Cons of Contracting
Authors: Miller Ellen G.
Published: June 2018

If personnel management problems and costs are getting you down, it's time to take a look at the alternative. This article shines a spotlight on the growing practice of using contractors. Topics covered include staying legal, how to write and evaluate an RFP (request for proposals), evaluating proposals, and measuring contractor performance.
Simulating Chlorine Leak Teaches Safe Handling
Authors: Jr. Sanders Francis A.
Published: June 2018

Handling chlorine gas, the most widely used disinfectant in water treatment, in a safe manner is a top priority for plant operators and maintenance personnel. Chlorine gas is highly toxic, so its proper use and leak containment require major emphasis in safety training programs. In the past, the public utilities department in Chesapeake, Virginia, used its chlorine supplier to provide chlorine safety training. Besides the normal lectures, videos, and exams, the supplier would sometimes bring in a test cylinder to simulate leaks from a chlorine container. Following a recent safety program, a treatment plant employee suggested that we could build a test cylinder that would be available year‐round for various types of training. The idea was to make the equipment simulate a true gas leak situation.
Choosing the Right Engineer for Your Project
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about selecting an engineering firm that is familiar with small communities and upflow clarification units and who would cooperate with the chief plant operator to help expand the facility to accommodate projected growth. The answer lists six steps for selecting an engineering firm suited for a specific project. The six steps include: educate yourself about the need for the work to be done and possible options for doing it; identify prospective engineering firms; issue a request for proposals (RFP); interview the candidates who respond; check the references; and, select a firm and make a contract for its services.
Who Ya Gonna Call? Sludge Buster!
Authors: Rader Russell
Published: June 2018

One Midwestern water department was having trouble draining sludge from its clarifier. Two or three times a year, the sludge in the clarifier drainpipe was packed so tightly that the drain would not function, and the process of clearing it took up to two hours. The solution was to install a ball valve that could be used to create a back pressure that breaks the sludge loose.
SDWA Reauthorization Becomes a Reality
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

On August 6, 1996, the president signed into law the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996. The new law makes extensive changes to current requirements. A few of the major highlights are described in this paper, including the new state revolving loan fund and consumer confidence reports.
Matching Training, Inspections to Your Needs
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article provides a list of the safety training and inspections that utility employees need to perform on a regular basis. The list includes training for those who work with asbestos, training in the use of personal protective equipment and the correct operation of equipment as well as hazard communication. Inspections of some equipment such as cranes, hoists, and forklifts must be done daily. Drenching showers, eye wash stations, emergency lighting, respiratory equipment and fire extinguishers must be inspected monthly.
How Prepared Are You for Chlorine Leaks?
Authors: Young Clyde W.
Published: June 2018

One of the most intense situations that can develop in a water treatment facility is a chlorine leak. While most leaks are minor, it only takes a small amount of chlorine to create an emergency situation. A release of 30 ppm of chlorine is considered immediately dangerous to life and health. A well‐developed emergency plan is the best protection for employees, the public, and the environment. This paper makes suggestions for improving emergency plans and responding to chlorine leaks.
Firefighting System Defies San Franciso Earthquakes
Authors: Van Dyke Steve
Published: June 2018

Few people know that most of the damage from the great San Francisco Earthquake of April 18, 1906, resulted from the ensuing fires—the worst in US history. In 1908, the city's chief engineer conducted a study of 250 cities worldwide to develop plans for a guaranteed water supply. This paper describes the Auxiliary Water Supply System for fire protection, beginning with the original system which was approved by voters in 1908 Also included are an update of the current status of the system and details of the new SCADA system.
Conserving Water Through Landscape Assessments
Authors: Hawn Joellyn
Published: June 2018

This article is an overview of a landscape water assessment program implemented by two water purveyors in the Seattle area during the 1995 and 1996 irrigation seasons. A small database provides some indication of program effectiveness and the trend of decreased water use observed after the assessments were completed. The average reduction in water use for landscapes was 38.2 percent when comparing use for 1994 and 1996, the years preceding and following the 1995 assessments. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the described landscape assessment program as a viable and beneficial program that should be considered when evaluating an overall conservation strategy.
USEPA to Set Opetator Certification Guidelines
Authors: Pontius Nancy L. , Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

With the passage of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments, the federal government will, for the first time, set minimum standards for operator certification and recertification on a nationwide level. An operator certification work group has been established under the National Drinking Water Advisory Council (NDWAC) to provide advice, recommendations, and development assistance to USEPA. This article contains a listing of the USEPA's deadlines for developing operator certification guidelines and a brief discussion on how the regulation will impact state programs.
Whole‐System Approach Meets Public Needs
Authors: Barnes Michael J. , Pristou Walter , Hiltebrand David ,   AWWA Water Quality Division's Coagulation and Filtration Committee
Published: June 2018

Despite the mandate of new drinking water regulations on improving water quality in the United States, the public insists on the inclusion of additional safety features and is willing to pay for these safeguards if cost effective. In many utilities, treatment plant operators are driving finished water quality standards ahead of the regulatory process in an effort to maintain the public's confidence in the water industry's ability to produce a safe product at all times. This article details some of the challenges water utilities face as they strive to produce a product that meets or surpasses current and future water quality rules and regulations as well as the public's increasing demands. United Water New York is used as an example of how water utilities attempt to improve finished water quality by implementing operational changes and upgrades to the treatment plant.
Transmitter Telescoping Mount Beats Tight Places
Authors: Close Duane R.
Published: June 2018

The Occupational Health and Safety Administration requires that persons entering all permitted confined spaces, such as a vault, follow procedures outlined in the permit. These procedures include atmospheric monitoring, use of safety harnesses and retrieval lines, and a top person among other precautions. In the past, what might have been a quick trip to the vault is now a time‐consuming and labor‐intensive procedure. This article explores how to reduce time and personnel requirements by changing a vault so that it no longer requires a permit or so that the required work can be removed from the space. Equipment, cost, and construction issues are all addressed.
Probing Sticky Questions on the Internet
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns liability related to lead and copper analysis results. The reader was referred to the Technical Discussion Forum on the internet website, and the forum question‐and‐answer exchange is given in this column.
SDWA Capacity Development Often Misunderstood
Authors: Shanaghan Peter E.
Published: June 2018

The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments bring significant, positive change to the national drinking water program. Water system capacity development is one of the most interesting but misunderstood provisions of the amendments. This article discusses the two major components of the capacity development framework: a state program to ensure that new water systems demonstrate adequate technical, financial, and managerial capacity prior to commencing operations; and, a state capacity development strategy to assist existing systems in acquiring and maintaining technical, financial, and managerial capacity. The article also discusses the formation of a stakeholder working group by the USEPA for the purpose of ensuring effective implementation of the SDWA amendments.