bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Entrepreneur's Guide to Understanding the Cost of Venture Capital
Authors: Anshuman V. Ravi , Martin John , Titman Sheridan
Published: October 2012

Entrepreneurs who deal with a venture capital firm (VC) for the first time often find themselves unprepared for the experience. The deal structure language used to describe financing terms, and the methods used to value the investment, are unique to the VC world.

The authors have two objectives in preparing this entrepreneur's guide to venture capital finance: First, they explain why VCs require rates of return that are considerably higher—even after adjusting for difference in risk—than the returns required by the shareholders of established companies. Their explanation focuses on differences of opinion between overly optimistic entrepreneurs and less sanguine VCs. Second, the authors discuss the difficulty faced by entrepreneurs when trying to understand the actual cost of VC financing (including the dilution of value that occurs when entrepreneurs fail to meet targets or milestones). The problem can be traced to deal structure terms that typically call for the VC to receive preferential treatment in the event the entrepreneur's scenario does not turn out to be accurate. More specifically, entrepreneurs often grant VCs control rights as well as liquidation rights that, when things go wrong, dramatically increase the effective cost to entrepreneurs of venture financing.
Arendt and the Theological Significance of Natality
Authors: Biss Mavis Louise
Published: October 2012

In her 1958 book The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt points to the potential of human action to initiate new beginnings, a capacity she calls natality, as the source of political renewal that could save the modern age from ruin. The question of the relationship between natality and theological concepts is one of the most perplexing points of dispute in the Arendt scholarship of the last two decades. The overall function of the concept of natality in Arendt’s thought has been variously categorized as ontological, political, “covertly” theological and “inconspicuously” messianic. This essay addresses the question of whether Arendt’s understanding of the essential natality of human action should be read as straightforwardly philosophical, as secularized theology or as “covert” or “inconspicuous” theology with a focus on how textual and contextual elements might be assessed in a way that does justice to the complexity of Arendt’s thought.
Bradley’s Regress
Authors: Maurin Anna‐Sofia
Published: October 2012

Ever since F. H. Bradley first formulated his (in)famous regress argument philosophers have been hard at work trying to refute it. The argument fails, it has been suggested, either because its conclusion just does not follow from its premises, or it fails because one or more of its premises should be given up. In this paper, the Bradleyan argument, as well as some of the many and varied reactions it has received, is scrutinized.
Hobbes on ‘The Woman Question’1
Authors: Sreedhar Susanne
Published: October 2012

The classical social contract tradition of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has come under significant scrutiny from those interested in the place of women in the philosophical canon, and Thomas Hobbes has been indicted along with John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and Jean‐Jacques Rousseau. These philosophers have been accused of holding misogynistic beliefs and, more damningly, founding their theories on sexist and patriarchal assumptions. This paper explores the extent to which Hobbes deserves his place on the list of the condemned.
Universalism and the Problem of Hell
Authors: Patsalidou Ioanna‐Maria
Published: October 2012

Christian tradition speaks mainly of two possible post‐mortem human destinies. It holds that those human beings who, in their earthly lives, acted according to God’s will and accepted God’s love will be reconciled to Him in heaven; whereas those who have acted against God’s will and refused His love will be consigned to the everlasting torments of hell. The notion that hell is everlasting and also a place of unending suffering inevitably gives rise to the following question for theists: how could an omnipotent, all‐good and all‐loving God allow anyone to suffer the torments of hell for eternity? There have been several attempts to shore up the doctrine of hell in the face of this problem. Universalists, in particular, try to evade the problem by claiming that a doctrine of hell is not in fact taught in the scriptures (at least in its traditional form), and that Christians are therefore able to affirm that all human beings will be saved in the end. The paper begins with an explanation of the doctrine of hell and an identification of the main problems and criticisms against it. This will assist us in understanding the increasing popularity of universalism and moreover, on what grounds it is challenged.
Making sense of symptoms in men with prostate cancer: a longitudinal qualitative exploration
Authors: Brunton Lisa , Booker Jane , Molassiotis Alex
Published: October 2012

Within the UK, prostate cancer is now the most common cancer in men. Treatments for prostate cancer are associated with short‐term and long‐term side effects. Previous research in this area has mainly concentrated on symptom severity in relation to quality of life and has been largely quantitative in nature. The aim of this research study was to explore the perception and meaning of symptoms experienced by men with prostate cancer, from the patients' perspective. Ten men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer, undergoing treatment, were interviewed four times over 1 year. Interviews were analysed using an analytic framework underpinned by the common sense model. The men tended to minimize their symptom experience and cancer diagnoses over all four interviews. They were less likely to minimize symptoms if they believed their symptoms might be due to disease progression. Men appeared passive in their care and reluctant to ask questions; they did not appear to understand post‐treatment follow‐up procedures and this led to feelings of abandonment. This study is one of the only studies to explore how men perceive, appraise and manage symptoms related to prostate cancer over the first year after diagnosis. This may help health professionals when planning interventions and services for men with prostate cancer. Passivity in care appeared related to information deficits; patients need to be empowered to become active partners in their care.
Effect of Potato Orientation on Evaporation Front Propagation and Crust Thickness Evolution during Deep‐Fat Frying
Authors: Lioumbas John S. , Karapantsios Thodoris D.
Published: October 2012

Abstract:  The various theoretical approaches that have been proposed for modeling heat and mass transport during deep‐fat frying of potatoes do not take into account the effect of potato orientation with respect to gravity. This can be partly attributed to lack of systematic experimental information at different orientations. The objective of the present work is to experimentally study the effect of potato orientation on the evaporation front propagation and crust thickness evolution and how this effect varies with frying conditions. To achieve this goal, a special device has been constructed which, among others, permits: (a) exposure of only one surface of a potato stick to hot oil, (b) rotation of this potato surface at 0o, 90o, and 180o with respect to gravity, and (c) accurate placement of miniature thermocouples under—but very close to—the exposed potato surface. Crust thickness is determined by 2 independent methods: (a) microphotography and (b) a micrometer. It is found that the evaporation front propagation and crust thickness evolution are different among the examined surface orientations. The fastest heat penetration and thickest crust are measured at vertical (90o) surfaces. The implications of this finding regarding potato texture and energy consumption are discussed.

Practical Application:  Understanding the role of surface orientation on the crust evolution and the propagation of the evaporation front inside the food is of particular value to:

Deterministic modeling efforts of the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena during deep‐fat frying, and

food industry; the present data suggest that crispier food is produced and less energy is consumed when the food is placed at a nonhorizontal position inside the fryer.
Identifying key knowledge needs for evidence‐based conservation of wild insect pollinators: a collaborative cross‐sectoral exercise
Authors: Dicks Lynn V. , Abrahams Andrew , Atkinson John , Biesmeijer Jacobus , Bourn Nigel , Brown Chris , Brown Mark J.F. , Carvell Claire , Connolly Chris , Cresswell James E. , Croft Pat , Darvill Ben , De Zylva Paul , Effingham Philip , Fountain Michelle , Goggin Anthony , Harding Debbie , Harding Tony , Hartfield Chris , Heard Matthew S. , Heathcote Richard , Heaver David , Holland John , Howe Mike , Hughes Brin , Huxley Theresa , Kunin William E. , Little Julian , Mason Caroline , Memmott Jane , Osborne Juliet , Pankhurst Tim , Paxton Robert J. , Pocock Michael J.O. , Potts Simon G. , Power Eileen F. , Raine Nigel E. , Ranelagh Elizabeth , Roberts Stuart , Saunders Rob , Smith Katie , Smith Richard M. , Sutton Peter , Tilley Luke A.N. , Tinsley Andrew , Tonhasca Athayde , Vanbergen Adam J. , Webster Sarah , Wilson Alan , Sutherland William J.
Published: October 2012

In response to evidence of insect pollinator declines, organisations in many sectors, including the food and farming industry, are investing in pollinator conservation. They are keen to ensure that their efforts use the best available science.

We convened a group of 32 ‘conservation practitioners’ with an active interest in pollinators and 16 insect pollinator scientists. The conservation practitioners include representatives from UK industry (including retail), environmental non‐government organisations and nature conservation agencies.

We collaboratively developed a long list of 246 knowledge needs relating to conservation of wild insect pollinators in the UK. We refined and selected the most important knowledge needs, through a three‐stage process of voting and scoring, including discussions of each need at a workshop.

We present the top 35 knowledge needs as scored by conservation practitioners or scientists. We find general agreement in priorities identified by these two groups. The priority knowledge needs will structure ongoing work to make science accessible to practitioners, and help to guide future science policy and funding.

Understanding the economic benefits of crop pollination, basic pollinator ecology and impacts of pesticides on wild pollinators emerge strongly as priorities, as well as a need to monitor floral resources in the landscape.
Nutlet micro‐morphology of the genus Microula (Boraginaceae) from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and its systematic implications
Authors: Yu Wen‐Tao , Jacques Frédéric M. B. , Chen Shao‐Tian , Zhou Zhe‐Kun
Published: October 2012

The micro‐morphology of nutlets in 30 taxa (28 species and 2 varieties) of Microula Benth. (Boraginaceae) was surveyed by light and scanning electron microscopy. A principal coordinate‐based ordination analysis (PCO) (8 morphological and 14 micro‐morphological characters) was applied to explore whether taxa clustered according to the current sectional taxonomy. The nutlet epidermis showed three major features: trichomes, papillae and lamellae. Two basic trichome types could be identified: branched and unbranched. Stellate trichomes (STT) and stipitate stellate trichomes (SST) can be considered as two subtypes of branched trichomes based on shape and branching location. Three kinds of unbranched trichomes were recognized by their shapes: slender trichomes (SLT), spear‐like trichomes (SPT) and conical trichomes (CT). Four types of papillae were revealed in this genus: central apiculate papillae (CAP), debris‐covered convex papillae (DCP), rugous papillae (RP) and tabular papillae (TP). The lamellae was classified in five types: glossy lamellae (GL), thread‐like lamellae (TL), rugous lamellae (RL), interrupted lamellae (IL) and debris‐covered lamellae (DCL). The variation in the nature of surface sculpturing, nutlet shape and size, dorsal aperture shape, and attachment scar positions proved useful diagnostic characters. Taxa belonging to the same section generally clustered together in the PCO analysis. A key based on the morphology and micro‐morphology of nutlets is provided to distinguish the sections of Microula. The presence of SLT, STT, DCP and DCL is consistent with the macro‐morphological classification and provides additional evidence for the subgeneric delimitations. The SST, SLT, CAP, DCP, RP, DCL, GL and RL are useful in discriminating species in Microula. Additionally, the distribution of some trichomes, papillae and lamellae types is correlated with the altitudinal distribution of the species.
Rhabdosciadium urusakii sp. nov. (Apiaceae) from east Anatolia (Turkey)
Authors: Akalın Emine , Akpulat Aşkın
Published: October 2012

Rhabdosciadium urusakii E. Akalın sp. nov. (Apiaceae) is described and illustrated. It occurs very locally on scree slopes in Kemaliye (Erzincan), east Anatolia. This slender species is closely related to R. aucheri (Iran) and R. oligocarpum (south Anatolia). It is a very rare and critically endangered species. A key to all Rhabdosciadium species is given in this paper. The new species is characterized by dichotomous branched, long petiolate, pinnate and linear leaves, ovate‐lanceolate bracts, a brownish band and hairs on the dorsal side of the petals.
Ruminative thinking exacerbates the negative effects of workplace violence
Authors: Niven Karen , Sprigg Christine A. , Armitage Christopher J. , Satchwell Adam
Published: October 2012

In this article, we investigate the impact of engaging in ruminative‐style thoughts after exposure to workplace violence. Rumination is a form of self‐focused thinking characterized by abstract and passive negative thoughts. In an experimental study in which student volunteers were exposed to simulated violence using a video manipulation, the unpleasant affect of participants instructed to ruminate about the violence persisted, while the affect of participants in a distraction condition was quickly repaired. In a field study of violence experienced by social workers in their everyday working lives, employees who had a high tendency to engage in ruminative thinking exhibited a stronger negative relationship between exposure to violence and poor well‐being and health complaints compared with those who had a low tendency to ruminate. Together, our findings suggest that ruminative thinking may exacerbate the negative effects of workplace violence.

Practitioner Points

Being subjected to violence at work can have negative implications for employees' health and well‐being, but it is not always possible for organizations to prevent violent attacks (e.g., from members of the public).

Our findings indicate that the negative consequences of violence may be intensified when the victim engages in rumination, a negative type of thinking about the self that involves passive, abstract thoughts about what happened and the effects on one's life.

Organizations should therefore seek to discourage ruminative thinking among victims of workplace violence.
‘Learning to live with OCD is a little mantra I often repeat’: Understanding the lived experience of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in the contemporary therapeutic context
Authors: Murphy Helen , Perera‐Delcourt Ramesh
Published: October 2012

Objectives

While there has been an abundance of quantitative studies that examine the clinical features and treatment modalities of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), only a few qualitative research studies examining the experience of OCD have been documented. Our objectives were to explore and understand psychosocial aspects of OCD and to provide qualitative accounts of the condition and its treatment rather than concentrating on its psychopathology. We also wanted to locate the role cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) played in the condition for our participants.

Design

Data for the study came from a series of nine semi‐structured interviews carried out with individuals who self‐identified as having OCD. Participants were recruited through two leading UK‐based OCD charities.

Methods

We used interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to analyse the accounts and participants gave feedback as to the validity of the themes in early stages of analysis.

Results

We report two superordinate themes – Having OCD (with subordinate themes ‘wanting to be normal and fit it’, ‘failing at life’ and ‘loving and hating OCD’) and The Impact of Therapy (with subordinate themes of ‘wanting therapy’, ‘finding the roots’ and ‘a better self’).

Conclusions

Having OCD as a condition meant that individuals experienced a sense of overwhelming personal failure matched against age appropriate life cycle goals. This crisis of the self was bolstered by public and self‐stigma about the condition. While clinical diagnosis and therapeutic interventions were significant, participants reported dialectical tensions experienced with OCD, pointing to the complexity of psychological functioning in the condition.

Practitioner Points

Participants experienced a ‘deficit

identity’ as a result of OCD, impacting on

self‐esteem and self‐confidence.

While participants valued a medical diagnosis of OCD,

there was ambivalence in ‘letting go’ of OCD

behaviours.

Some participants experienced CBT as an intervention

which prevented them telling their OCD story.

Participants valued the therapeutic relationship,

especially in understanding and talking through the origins of

OCD.
Nitrogen Assimilation and Growth of Cotton Seedlings under NaCl Salinity and in Response to Urea Application with NBPT and DCD
Authors: Kawakami E. M. , Oosterhuis D. M. , Snider J. L.
Published: October 2012

Salinity stress and inefficient nitrogen fertilization adversely affect cotton growth and yield. The effect of salinity on the growth and stress response of cotton seedlings and the effect on N‐use efficiency from the use of the inhibitors of urease (NBPT) and nitrification (DCD) under salinity stress were studied in growth chambers. The study consisted of three levels of salinity – low (0.45 dS m−1), moderate (8 dS m−1) and high (16 dS m−1) – and five N treatments – unfertilized control, 100 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT and 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT + DCD. The results indicated that salinity stress reduced plant growth (low leaf area and plant dry matter), decreased N assimilation (low NR, GS and protein), increased plant stress response (high GR and SOD), and decreased leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and quantum yield. Addition of NBPT to urea improved N uptake by 22 % under low salinity; however, this effect was not observed with increasing salinity. No benefit of addition of DCD was observed in any of the parameters collected. In conclusion, salinity stress hindered the performance of the additive NBPT and negatively affected the growth and physiology of cotton.
Soybean Pollen Anatomy, Viability and Pod Set under High Temperature Stress
Authors: Djanaguiraman M. , Prasad P. V. V. , Boyle D. L. , Schapaugh W. T.
Published: October 2012

High temperature (HT) stress is one of the major environmental factors influencing yield of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in the semi‐arid regions. Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to study the effects of HT stress on anatomical changes of pollen and their relationship to pollen function in soybean genotype K 03‐2897. Objectives of this study were to (a) quantify the effect of HT stress during flowering on pollen function and pod set and (b) observe the anatomical changes in pollen grains of soybean plants grown under HT stress. Plants were exposed to HT (38/28 °C) or optimum temperature (OT, 28/18 °C) for 14 days at flowering stage. HT stress significantly decreased in vitro pollen germination by 22.7 % compared to OT. Pollen from HT stress was deformed; it had a thicker exine wall and a disintegrated tapetum layer. HT stress decreased pod set percentage (35.2 %) compared to OT. This study showed that decreases in pollen in vitro germination by HT stress were caused by anatomical changes in pollen, leading to decreased pod set percentage under HT stress.
Why nursing? Applying a socio‐ecological framework to study career choices of double degree nursing students and graduates
Authors: Hickey Noelene , Sumsion Jennifer , Harrison Linda
Published: October 2012

Aim

To report a study that investigated the career development, aspirations, and choices of undergraduate students and graduates of nursing double degree programmes.

Background

Over one‐third of Australian undergraduate nursing students study by double degree mode. Their career destinations will have an impact on the availability of graduates in a time of nursing shortages, but little is known about why nursing students choose double degrees or take up a career in nursing vs. the other specialization.

Design

A qualitative study using two longitudinal methods.

Methods

The study was conducted in 2008–2009 with 68 participants from an Australian regional university offering double degrees in nursing. A time series method involved interviews with 12 first year students followed by focus group interviews with 22 final year students. A longitudinal method involved repeated interviews with 34 graduates. Interview transcripts were analysed thematically.

Results

Enrolment in a double degree was influenced by advice from significant others; previous experiences of health care; and the anticipated rewards associated with a choice of two careers. Career development and decisions of undergraduates were influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic rewards distinctive to each area of specialization and marketing and job availability. For graduates, the impact of workplace experiences such as prior practicums and past and present workplace support were foremost.

Conclusion

This study provides previously unknown information about double degree nursing students' and graduates' career development and career choices over time. A socio‐ecological framework adapted to nursing enabled a broad understanding of the many environments and contexts that confirm or discourage a nursing career.
Obesity, waist circumference, weight change and the risk of psoriasis in US women
Authors: Kumar S. , Han J. , Li T. , Qureshi A. A.
Published: October 2012

Objective  To evaluate the associations between body mass index (BMI), weight change, waist circumference, hip circumference and risk of incident psoriasis.

Methods  A prospective study of female nurses who were followed up over a 12‐year period (1996–2008) in Nurses’ Health Study, a cohort of 121 700 US women at the inception in 1976. The study included 67 300 women who responded to a question about a history of physician‐diagnosed psoriasis in last 12 years in 2008 (mean age at 1996, 62 years). The primary outcome was self‐reported, physician‐diagnosed psoriasis.

Results  During the 12 years of follow‐up, there were a total of 809 incident psoriasis cases. There was a graded positive association between BMI (both baseline and updated) and the risk of psoriasis (both P values for trend <0.0001). Compared to women with updated BMI of <25, the multivariate relative risks (RRs) of incident psoriasis were 1.21 (95% CI, 1.03–1.43) for a BMI of 25.0–29.9, 1.63 (95% CI, 1.33–2.00) for a BMI of 30.0–34.9 and 2.03 (95% CI, 1.58–2.61) for a BMI of 35.0 or greater. Higher waist circumference, hip circumference and waist–hip ratio were associated with a higher risk of incident psoriasis, but became non‐significant after additionally adjusting for BMI. The BMI at age of 18 years was not associated with the risk of psoriasis. Weight gain since the age of 18 years was associated with an increased risk of psoriasis, and RR of 10 lb gain was 1.08 (95% CI, 1.06–1.11; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion  This large prospective study indicates that higher BMI and weight gain are risk factors for incident psoriasis in older US women.
Pretherapeutic laboratory findings, extent of metastasis and choice of treatment as prognostic markers in ocular melanoma– a single centre experience
Authors: Schicher N. , Edelhauser G. , Harmankaya K. , Schindler K. , Gleiss A. , Pehamberger H. , Hoeller C.
Published: October 2012

Background  Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular neoplasm with a high tendency to metastasize predominantly to the liver. Prognostic parameters for progression and overall survival are not well defined. The aim of this study was to assess the value of pretherapeutic serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and fibrinogen in patients with uveal melanoma and to evaluate their significance as prognostic parameters for survival.

Methods  Forty‐nine patients with metastatic uveal melanoma treated between 2000 and 2010 were retrospectively analysed. The potential influence of levels of CRP, lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen and albumin as well as other commonly known prognostic variables on progression‐free and overall survival were investigated.

Results  Patients’ age and treatment with systemic chemotherapy were the only variables to show significant influences on progression‐free and overall survival in a univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis confirmed the influence of these variables on progression‐free survival, presence of metastasis, pretherapeutic CRP levels and treatment with systemic chemotherapy were associated with overall survival.

Conclusion  In this patient cohort elevated pretherapeutic CRP and extent of metastasis are independent prognostic factors for decreased overall survival, whereas treatment with systemic chemotherapy showed a significant association with improved overall survival.
Phosphodiesterase isoform‐specific expression induced by traumatic brain injury
Authors: Oliva Anthony A. , Kang Yuan , Furones Concepcion , Alonso Ofelia F. , Bruno Olga , Dietrich W. Dalton , Atkins Coleen M.
Published: October 2012

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in significant inflammation which contributes to the evolving pathology. Previously, we have demonstrated that cyclic AMP (cAMP), a molecule involved in inflammation, is down‐regulated after TBI. To determine the mechanism by which cAMP is down‐regulated after TBI, we determined whether TBI induces changes in phosphodiesterase (PDE) expression. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received moderate parasagittal fluid‐percussion brain injury (FPI) or sham injury, and the ipsilateral, parietal cortex was analyzed by western blotting. In the ipsilateral parietal cortex, expression of PDE1A, PDE4B2, and PDE4D2, significantly increased from 30 min to 24 h post‐injury. PDE10A significantly increased at 6 and 24 h after TBI. Phosphorylation of PDE4A significantly increased from 6 h to 7 days post‐injury. In contrast, PDE1B, PD4A5, and PDE4A8 significantly decreased after TBI. No changes were observed with PDE1C, PDE3A, PDE4B1/3, PDE4B4, PDE4D3, PDE4D4, PDE8A, or PDE8B. Co‐localization studies showed that PDE1A, PDE4B2, and phospho‐PDE4A were neuronally expressed, whereas PDE4D2 was expressed in neither neurons nor glia. These findings suggest that therapies to reduce inflammation after TBI could be facilitated with targeted therapies, in particular for PDE1A, PDE4B2, PDE4D2, or PDE10A.
Neuroprotection afforded by adenosine A2A receptor blockade is modulated by corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) in glutamate injured cortical neurons
Authors: Valadas Jorge S. , Batalha Vânia L. , Ferreira Diana G. , Gomes Rui , Coelho Joana E. , Sebastião Ana M. , Diógenes Maria José , Lopes Luísa V.
Published: October 2012

In situations of hypoxia, glutamate excitotoxicity induces neuronal death. The release of extracellular adenosine is also triggered and is accompanied by an increase of the stress mediator, corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF). Adenosine A2A receptors contribute to glutamate excitoxicity and their blockade is effective in stress‐induced neuronal deficits, but the involvement of CRF on this effect was never explored. We now evaluated the interaction between A2A and CRF receptors (CRFR) function, upon glutamate insult. Primary rat cortical neuronal cultures (9 days in vitro) expressing both CRF1R and CRF2R were challenged with glutamate (20–1000 μM, 24 h). CRF1R was found to co‐localize with neuronal markers and CRF2R to be present in both neuronal and glial cells. The effects of the CRF and A2A receptors ligands on cell viability were measured using propidium iodide and Syto‐13 fluorescence staining. Glutamate decreased cell viability in a concentration‐dependent manner. Urocortin (10 pM), an agonist of CRF receptors, increased cell survival in the presence of glutamate. This neuroprotective effect was abolished by blocking either CRF1R or CRF2R with antalarmin (10 nM) or anti‐Sauvagine‐30 (10 nM), respectively. The blockade of A2A receptors with a selective antagonist SCH 58261 (50 nM) improved cell viability against the glutamate insult. This effect was dependent on CRF2R, but not on CRF1R activation. Overall, these data show a protective role of CRF in cortical neurons, against glutamate‐induced death. The neuroprotection achieved by A2A receptors blockade requires CRF2R activation. This interaction between the adenosine and CRF receptors can explain the beneficial effects of using A2A receptor antagonists against stress‐induced noxious effects.
Identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ Associated with Tree Peony Yellows Disease in China
Authors: Gao Ying , Qiu Ping‐Ping , Liu Wen‐Hao , Su Wen‐Min , Gai Shu‐Peng , Liang Yuan‐Cun , Zhu Xiao‐Ping
Published: October 2012

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosais) plants with yellowing symptoms suggestive of a phytoplasma disease were observed in Shandong Peninsula, China. Typical phytoplasma bodies were detected in the phloem tissue using transmission electron microscopy. The association of a phytoplasma with the disease was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using phytoplasma universal primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 followed by R16F2n/R16R2 as nested PCR primer pair. The sequence analysis indicated that the phytoplasma associated with tree peony yellows (TPY) was an isolate of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ belonging to the stolbur (16SrXII) group. This is the first report of a phytoplasma associated with tree peony.
Papaya Leaf Curl Guangdong Virus and Ageratum Yellow Vein Virus Associated with Leaf Curl Disease of Tobacco in China
Authors: Yang Caixia , Zheng Limin , Wu Zujian , Xie Lianhui
Published: October 2012

Two samples (YC7, YC27) of Nicotiana tabacum showing leaf curling, vein swelling and enations on undersides of leaves were collected in the Fujian Province of China in 2007. Virus isolates YC7‐1 and YC7‐2 (associated with betasatellite, YC7‐2β) were detected in both samples. The complete DNA‐A sequence of YC7‐1 (FJ869907) comprised 2741 nucleotides (nt). The complete DNA‐A (FJ869908) and betasatellite (FJ869909) sequence of YC7‐2 consisted of 2754 and 1344 nt, respectively. YC7‐1 had the highest nucleotide sequence identity (97.3%) with Papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus (PaLCuGuV‐[CN:Gd2:02], AJ558122). YC7‐2 had the highest sequence identity (90.1%) with Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV‐TW[TW:Tai:99], AF307861) and its betasatellite (96.5%) with Ageratum yellow vein betasatellite (AYVB‐[TW:CHu:02], AJ542495). These indicate that YC7‐1 and YC7‐2 are isolates of PaLCuGuV and AYVV, respectively. Symptoms including leaf curling, vein swelling and enations on undersides of leaves were observed in N. tabacum and N. glutinosa when infected by whiteflies with sample YC7 as the viral source under greenhouse conditions. PCR results showed that these infected plants contained both YC7‐1 and YC7‐2/YC7‐2β. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PaLCuGuV and AYVV/AYVB co‐infecting N. tabacum in China.
Characterization of Two Fungal Isolates from Cotton and Evaluation of their Potential for Biocontrol of Verticillium Wilt of Cotton
Authors: Zhu He‐Qin , Feng Zi‐Li , Li Zhi‐Fang , Shi Yong‐Qiang , Zhao Li‐Hong , Yang Jia‐Rong
Published: October 2012

Two isolates (CVd‐WHw and CVn‐WHg) recovered from Verticillium‐wilt‐symptomatic cotton grown in Hubei Province of China were identified based on their morphology, growth characteristics in culture, specific amplification and identification of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence. According to the morphological characteristics, specific PCR amplification and ITS sequences, CVd‐WHw was identified as V. dahliae and CVn‐WHg as Gibellulopsis nigrescens. In bioassays, the two isolates had significantly lower pathogenicity to cotton plant than V. dahliae isolate CVd‐AYb. Cotton pre‐inoculated with isolate CVn‐WHg or CVd‐WHw exhibited reduced disease indices of Verticillium wilt compared with those inoculated with CVd‐AYb alone. Cotton co‐inoculated with CVn‐WHg or CVd‐WHw and CVd‐AYb provided increased protection from subsequent CVd‐AYb inoculation. These results suggest that the two isolates have the potential to be developed as biocontrol agents for the control of Verticillium wilt in cotton. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a cross‐protection phenomenon using Gibellulopsis nigrescens against Verticillium wilt caused by V. dahliae on cotton.
Molecular Characterization of Begomoviruses Infecting Sauropus androgynus in Thailand
Authors: Shih Su‐Ling , Tsai Wen‐Shi , Lee Li‐Mei , Kenyon Lawrence
Published: October 2012

Begomoviruses were detected in leaf samples of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. plants showing leaf curling with or without yellowing symptoms in Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand in 2009 and 2010. From eight plants with symptoms, 17 complete begomoviral DNA‐As were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. No DNA‐B was detected in any of the plants. All the DNA‐As had the characteristic begomovirus genome organization of six open reading frames, two in the virion‐sense orientation and four in the complementary orientation. Sequence comparison of these virus isolates indicated that one isolate belongs to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus, 12 isolates belong to Ageratum yellow vein virus and four isolates belong to a novel species with the tentative name Sauropus leaf curl virus. Five of the eight samples were found to be co‐infected by isolates of two different begomovirus species. Recombination analysis indicated that all but one of the isolates were probably the product of one or more recombination events. The results indicated that S. androgynus plants act as natural hosts as well as potential nurseries for genetic recombination between begomovirus species and strains.
Fusarium langsethiae – a HT‐2 and T‐2 Toxins Producer that Needs More Attention
Authors: Imathiu Samuel M. , Edwards Simon G. , Ray Rumiana V. , Back Matthew A.
Published: October 2012

Fusarium langsethiae is a toxigenic fungus that was formally described as a new species in 2004. This fungus was first detailed in the 1990s but was initially referred to as ‘powdery Fusarium poae’ having a spore morphology similar to F. poae but a mycotoxin profile like that of Fusarium sporotrichioides. The species has been isolated from infected oat, wheat and barley grains but has been reported as more problematic in the former crop rather than the latter two. Whilst the epidemiology of F. langsethiae remains unclear, the fungus has been shown to produce high levels of type‐A trichothecenes HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins in small‐grain cereals. HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins are two of the most potent trichothecenes capable of inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotes. In this regard, mycotoxin contamination caused by F. langsethiae is clearly a food and feed safety hazard. With the European Commission considering legislation of HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins, more information is required not only on the producer and conditions favouring mycotoxin production, but also on reliable methods of pathogen detection and reduction of cereal contamination. This review describes recent research concerning the known epidemiology of F. langsethiae and suggestions of what needs to be known about the fungus in order to be able to understand and employ measures for preventing its infection and contamination of cereals with HT‐2 and T‐2 toxins.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: a hypothesis related to melatonin's primary function and evolution in eukaryotes
Authors: Tan Dun‐Xian , Manchester Lucien C. , Liu Xiaoyan , Rosales‐Corral Sergio A. , Acuna‐Castroviejo Dario , Reiter Russel J.
Published: October 2012

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are major sources of free radical generation in living organisms. Because of this, these organelles require strong protection from free radicals and associated oxidative stress. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant. It meets the criteria as a mitochondrial and chloroplast antioxidant. Evidence has emerged to show that both mitochondria and chloroplasts may have the capacity to synthesize and metabolize melatonin. The activity of arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT), the reported rate‐limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, has been identified in mitochondria, and high levels of melatonin have also been found in this organelle. From an evolutionary point of view, the precursor of mitochondria probably is the purple nonsulfur bacterium, particularly, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and chloroplasts are probably the descendents of cyanobacteria. These bacterial species were endosymbionts of host proto‐eukaryotes and gradually transformed into cellular organelles, that is, mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, thereby giving rise to eukaryotic cells. Of special importance, both purple nonsulfur bacteria (R. rubrum) and cyanobacteria synthesize melatonin. The enzyme activities required for melatonin synthesis have also been detected in these primitive species. It is our hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the original sites of melatonin synthesis in the early stage of endosymbiotic organisms; this synthetic capacity was carried into host eukaryotes by the above‐mentioned bacteria. Moreover, their melatonin biosynthetic capacities have been preserved during evolution. In most, if not in all cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts may continue to be the primary sites of melatonin generation. Melatonin production in other cellular compartments may have derived from mitochondria and chloroplasts. On the basis of this hypothesis, it is also possible to explain why plants typically have higher melatonin levels than do animals. In plants, both chloroplasts and mitochondria likely synthesize melatonin, while animal cells contain only mitochondria. The high levels of melatonin produced by mitochondria and chloroplasts are used to protect these important cellular organelles against oxidative stress and preserve their physiological functions. The superior beneficial effects of melatonin in both mitochondria and chloroplasts have been frequently reported.
Periodontal therapy decreases serum levels of adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein in systemically healthy subjects: a pilot clinical trial
Authors: Li X. , Tse H. F. , Yiu K. H. , Zhang C. , Jin L. J.
Published: October 2012

Background and Objective

Adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (A‐FABP) is expressed in adipocytes, macrophages and microvascular endothelial cells, and it plays a central role in inflammation, atherosclerosis and metabolic responses. This pilot study investigated the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on the serum levels of A‐FABP in subjects with chronic periodontitis.

Material and Methods

A pilot clinical trial was conducted in 24 otherwise healthy Chinese subjects with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. The treatment group (n = 12) received nonsurgical periodontal therapy immediately, whereas in the control group (n = 12) the treatment was delayed for 3 months. The serum levels of A‐FABP were measured by ELISAs. Other inflammatory and endothelial biomarkers and periodontal conditions were evaluated at baseline and at the 3‐month follow‐up appointment.

Results

A‐FABP levels decreased significantly in the treatment group compared with the control group (treatment effect: −1.7 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval: −2.8 to −0.6; p = 0.003). The treatment also significantly improved periodontal conditions but had no significant effect on other biomarkers. In the multivariable regression model, the change in the percentage of sites with detectable plaque was significantly associated with the change in the level of A‐FABP (beta: 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.06, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this pilot study, the current findings suggest that treatment of periodontitis may significantly decrease the serum levels of A‐FABP. Further longitudinal study with a large sample size is warranted to confirm this finding and elaborate the relevant clinical implications.
Sleep‐Wake profiles in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Montagnese Sara , Nsemi Letizia M. , Cazzagon Nora , Facchini Silvia , Costa Laura , Bergasa Nora V. , Amodio Piero , Floreani Annarosa
Published: October 2012

Background

Impaired sleep quality and daytime sleepiness have been described in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, no information is available on their sleep timing/diurnal preference.

Aims

To evaluate such variables and determine their relationship with sleep quality, fatigue, pruritus and quality of life.

Methods

Seventy‐four patients with PBC (58 ± 12 years), 79 healthy volunteers (56 ± 8 years) and 60 patients with cirrhosis (58 ± 12 years) underwent formal assessment of sleep quality/timing, diurnal preference and daytime sleepiness. Patients with PBC also underwent assessment of fatigue, quality of life and the daytime course of sleepiness/pruritus.

Results

Sleep timing was significantly delayed in both patients with PBC and with cirrhosis, compared to healthy volunteers (sleep onset time: 23:18 ± 01:00 vs. 23:30 ± 01:00 vs. 22:54 ± 00:54 hours, respectively; P < 0.05). In patients with PBC, delayed sleep timing was associated with impaired sleep quality (P < 0.05). Sleepiness showed a physiological daily rhythm, with early afternoon/evening peaks. Pruritus was absent in the morning and increased over the afternoon/evening hours. Both the daytime course of pruritus and sleepiness changed in relation to diurnal preference. Patients with PBC and significant pruritus (upper quartile) had prolonged sleep latency (39 ± 37 vs. 21 ± 23 min, P = 0.05) and earlier wake‐up times (5.9 ± 0.8 vs. 6.7 ± 0.9 min, P < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between sleep timing and quality of life.

Conclusions

Patients with PBC exhibited a delay in sleep timing that was associated with impaired sleep quality/quality of life. In addition, an interplay was observed between diurnal preference and the daytime course of pruritus/sleepiness.
Liver transplantation for overlap syndromes of autoimmune liver diseases
Authors: Bhanji Rahima A. , Mason Andrew L. , Girgis Safwat , Montano‐Loza Aldo J.
Published: October 2012

Background/Aims

The term overlap syndrome describes variant forms of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that present in combination with either characteristics of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This study analysed the outcomes and evidence of recurrent liver disease after liver transplantation in patients with overlap syndromes compared with patients transplanted for single autoimmune liver disease.

Methods

We evaluated 231 adult patients who received a liver transplant as a result of autoimmune liver diseases; including 103 with PBC, 84 with PSC, 32 with AIH and 12 with overlap syndrome (7 AIH‐PBC and 5 AIH‐PSC).

Results

Patients with overlap syndromes had a higher probability of recurrence than patients with a single autoimmune liver disease (5 years: 53% vs. 17%; 10 years 69% vs. 29%, P = 0.001). Furthermore, median time for recurrence in overlap syndrome was shorter when compared with patients with single autoimmune liver disease (67 ± 20 vs. 172 ± 9 months, P = 0.001). The diagnosis of overlap syndrome was independently associated with a higher risk to develop recurrent disease than patients transplanted with a single disease (HR 3.39, P = 0.007). Median graft survival for overlap syndrome was 123 ± 16 months and 180 ± 8 months in patients with single autoimmune liver diseases (P = 0.9), and median patient survival for overlap syndrome was 135 ± 13 months and 193 ± 8 months in patients with single autoimmune liver disease (P = 0.6).

Conclusions

Patients that received an allograft for end‐stage liver disease secondary to overlap syndrome had a higher rate of disease recurrence when compared with transplant recipients with single autoimmune liver disorders, but the overall survival was comparable.
Non‐IBD immunological diseases are a risk factor for reduced survival in PSC
Authors: Rupp Christian , Mummelthei Anne , Sauer Peter , Weiss Karl H. , Schirmacher Peter , Stiehl Adolf , Stremmel Wolfgang , Gotthardt Daniel N.
Published: October 2012

Background

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease. It is known to be associated with immunological diseases (IDs), such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).

Aim

We evaluated the presence of IDs besides IBD and AIH in a cohort of PSC patients, and its association with clinical outcome.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study of 195 PSC patients that were evaluated over the period 1987–2010 in our tertiary care centre. The presence of ID was determined using a retrospective chart review. IDs were subclassified into autoimmune disease (AID) and immune‐mediated inflammatory disease (IMID), according to current guidelines.

Results

Twenty‐seven of 195 (13.8%) PSC patients had at least one additional ID other than IBD (70%) or AIH (5%). The most frequent AIDs were autoimmune thyroiditis (2.6%) and diabetes mellitus type 1 (2.1%). The most frequent IMIDs were psoriasis (3.6%) and sarcoidosis (2.1%). After more than 20 years of follow‐up, concomitant IDs represent an independent risk factor for reduced transplantation‐free survival in patients with PSC (mean: 8.9 years vs. 16.3 years, P = 0.012). Further subgroup analysis revealed a significantly reduced survival especially in patients with concomitant IMID (P = 0.017).

Conclusion

Patients with concomitant IDs, especially IMID, are a clinically important subgroup of PSC patients. This significant phenotype warrants further genetic and immunological studies.