bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum (PROS): Diagnostic and testing eligibility criteria, differential diagnosis, and evaluation
Authors: Keppler‐Noreuil Kim M. , Rios Jonathan J. , Parker Victoria E.R. , Semple Robert K. , Lindhurst Marjorie J. , Sapp Julie C. , Alomari Ahmad , Ezaki Marybeth , Dobyns William , Biesecker Leslie G.
Published: December 2014

Somatic activating mutations in the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway underlie heterogeneous segmental overgrowth phenotypes. Because of the extreme differences among patients, we sought to characterize the phenotypic spectrum associated with different genotypes and mutation burdens, including a better understanding of associated complications and natural history. Historically, the clinical diagnoses in patients with PIK3CA activating mutations have included Fibroadipose hyperplasia or Overgrowth (FAO), Hemihyperplasia Multiple Lipomatosis (HHML), Congenital Lipomatous Overgrowth, Vascular Malformations, Epidermal Nevi, Scoliosis/Skeletal and Spinal (CLOVES) syndrome, macrodactyly, Fibroadipose Infiltrating Lipomatosis, and the related megalencephaly syndromes, Megalencephaly‐Capillary Malformation (MCAP or M‐CM) and Dysplastic Megalencephaly (DMEG). A workshop was convened at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to discuss and develop a consensus document regarding diagnosis and treatment of patients with PIK3CA‐associated somatic overgrowth disorders. Participants in the workshop included a group of researchers from several institutions who have been studying these disorders and have published their findings, as well as representatives from patient‐advocacy and support groups. The umbrella term of “PIK3CA‐Related Overgrowth Spectrum (PROS)” was agreed upon to encompass both the known and emerging clinical entities associated with somatic PIK3CA mutations including, macrodactyly, FAO, HHML, CLOVES, and related megalencephaly conditions. Key clinical diagnostic features and criteria for testing were proposed, and testing approaches summarized. Preliminary recommendations for a uniform approach to assessment of overgrowth and molecular diagnostic testing were determined. Future areas to address include the surgical management of overgrowth tissue and vascular anomalies, the optimal approach to thrombosis risk, and the testing of potential pharmacologic therapies. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of intracranial atherosclerotic disease under modern medical therapy
Authors: Leung Thomas W. , Wang Lily , Soo Yannie O. Y. , Ip Vincent H. L. , Chan Anne Y. Y. , Au Lisa W. C. , Fan Florence S. Y. , Lau Alex Y. L. , Leung Howan , Abrigo Jill , Wong Adrian , Mok Vincent C. T. , Ng Ping Wing , Tsoi Tak Hong , Li Siu Hung , Man Celeste B. L. , Fong Wing Chi , Wong Ka Sing , Yu Simon C. H.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Understanding how symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) evolves with current medical therapy may inform secondary stroke prevention.

Methods

In a prospective academic‐initiated study, we recruited 50 patients (mean age = 63.4 ± 9.0 years) with acute strokes attributed to high‐grade (≥70%) intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis for 3‐dimensional rotational angiograms before and after intensive medical therapy for 12 months. Treatment targets included low‐density lipoprotein ≤ 70mg/dl, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≤ 6.5%, and systolic blood pressure ≤ 140 mmHg. We analyzed infarct topography and monitored microembolic signal in recurrent strokes. The reference group was a published cohort of 143 ICAD patients.

Results

Overall, the stenoses regressed from 79% at baseline (interquartile range [IQR] = 71–87%) to 63% (IQR = 54–74%) in 1 year (p < 0.001). Specifically, the qualifying lesions (n = 49) regressed (stenosis reduced >10%) in 24 patients (49%), remained quiescent (stenosis same or ±10%) in 21 patients (43%), and progressed (stenosis increased >10%) in 4 patients (8%). There was no difference in intensity of risk factor control between groups of diverging clinical or angiographic outcomes. Higher HbA1c at baseline predicted plaque regression at 1 year (odds ratio = 4.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.4–14.5, p = 0.006). Among the 6 patients with recurrent strokes pertaining to the qualifying stenosis, 5 patients had solitary or rosarylike acute infarcts along the internal or anterior border zones, and 2 patients showed microembolic signals in transcranial Doppler ultrasound.

Interpretation

A majority of symptomatic high‐grade intracranial plaques had regressed or remained quiescent by 12 months under intensive medical therapy. Artery‐to‐artery thromboembolism with impaired washout at border zones was a common mechanism in stroke recurrence. Ann Neurol 2015;77:478–486
Controlled release of protein from core–shell nanofibers prepared by emulsion electrospinning based on green chemical
Authors: Wang Xiaoyuan , Yuan Yahong , Huang Xiaochen , Yue Tianli
Published: December 2014

Direct application of active protein in practical food system suffers from the major disadvantage of protein inactivation caused by food components and environmental factors. This study is the first to encapsulate water‐soluble protein into hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) polymer via emulsion electrospinning technique based on green chemical L‐limonene to achieve sustained release of protein. Core–shell nanostructure with elongated domains was observed in electrospun fibers. In vitro release profiles suggest that a sustained release of protein was achieved. The increased release rate with PS molecular weight reveals that the release of protein could be well tuned by tailoring polymeric molecular weight, which is possibly attributed to the association of release rate with fiber inner structure and protein distribution in matrix. These results demonstrate that an excellent protein delivery system could be obtained via emulsion electrospinning based on green chemical for the application in antimicrobial packaging and filtration in food industry. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41811.
A meta‐analysis of the educational effectiveness of three‐dimensional visualization technologies in teaching anatomy
Authors: Yammine Kaissar , Violato Claudio
Published: December 2014

Many medical graduates are deficient in anatomy knowledge and perhaps below the standards for safe medical practice. Three‐dimensional visualization technology (3DVT) has been advanced as a promising tool to enhance anatomy knowledge. The purpose of this review is to conduct a meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of 3DVT in teaching and learning anatomy compared to all teaching methods. The primary outcomes were scores of anatomy knowledge tests expressed as factual or spatial knowledge percentage means. Secondary outcomes were perception scores of the learners. Thirty‐six studies met the inclusion criteria including 28 (78%) randomized studies. Based on 2,226 participants including 2,128 from studies with comparison groups, 3DVTs (1) resulted in higher (d = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.02–0.62) factual knowledge, (2) yielded significant better results (d = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.20–0.80) in spatial knowledge acquisition, and (3) produced significant increase in user satisfaction (d = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.12–0.44) and in learners' perception of the effectiveness of the learning tool (d = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.14–0.43). The total mean scores (out of five) and ±SDs for QUESTS's Quality and Strength dimensions were 4.38 (±SD 1.3) and 3.3 (±SD 1.7), respectively. The results have high internal validity, for the improved outcomes of 3DVTs compared to other methods of anatomy teaching. Given that anatomy teaching and learning in the modern medical school appears to be approaching a crisis, 3DVT can be a potential solution to the problem of inadequate anatomy pedagogy. Anat Sci Educ 8: 525–538. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Amygdala subnuclei connectivity in response to violence reveals unique influences of individual differences in psychopathic traits in a nonforensic sample
Authors: Yoder Keith J. , Porges Eric C. , Decety Jean
Published: December 2014

Atypical amygdala function and connectivity have reliably been associated with psychopathy. However, the amygdala is not a unitary structure. To examine how psychopathic traits in a nonforensic sample are linked to amygdala response to violence, this study used probabilistic tractography to classify amygdala subnuclei based on anatomical projections to and from amygdala subnuclei in a group of 43 male participants. The segmentation identified the basolateral complex (BLA; lateral, basal, and accessory basal subnuclei) and the central subnucleus (CE), which were used as seeds in a functional connectivity analysis to identify differences in neuronal coupling specific to observed violence. While a full amygdala seed showed significant connectivity only to right middle occipital gyrus, subnuclei seeds revealed unique connectivity patterns. BLA showed enhanced coupling with anterior cingulate and prefrontal regions, while CE showed increased connectivity with the brainstem, but reduced connectivity with superior parietal and precentral gyrus. Further, psychopathic personality factors were related to specific patterns of connectivity. Fearless Dominance scores on the psychopathic personality inventory predicted increased coupling between the BLA seed and sensory integration cortices, and increased connectivity between the CE seed and posterior insula. Conversely, Self‐Centered Impulsivity scores were negatively correlated with coupling between BLA and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and Coldheartedness scores predicted increased functional connectivity between BLA and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how subnuclei segmentations reveal important functional connectivity differences that are otherwise inaccessible. Such an approach yields a better understanding of amygdala dysfunction in psychopathy. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1417–1428, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and tumor‐associated macrophages promotes the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and the differentiation and migration of macrophages
Authors: Meng Fanbin , Li Changling , Li Wan , Gao Zhigang , Guo Kejian , Song Shaowei
Published: December 2014

In this study, the impact of pancreatic cancer cell interaction with macrophages on the differentiation and function of macrophages and the behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro is evaluated. The expression of immunocompetent cell‐associated markers in 22 pancreatic cancer specimens was characterized by immunohistochemistry. The impact of pancreatic cancer cells (PANC‐1 and BxPC‐3) on the differentiation and migration of human U937 monocytes and the effect of U937‐derived macrophages on the proliferation and invasion of PANC‐1 and BxPC‐3 were determined by transwell assays. The potential effect on U937‐derived macrophages or on the behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells following coculture in a transwell system was analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The high levels of macrophage‐related CD68 and CD163 expression were detected in the pancreatic cancer specimens. Pancreatic cancer cells promoted the differentiation of U937 cells and migration of U937‐derived macrophages, but decreased the mRNA transcripts of macrophage polarization‐related genes of interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐12p40, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and CD163, particularly for iNOS. Furthermore, U937‐derived M2 macrophages inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, but promoted their invasion. Coculture of pancreatic cancer cells with U937‐derived macrophages upregulated the mRNA expression of genes associated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process, angiogenesis, and stemness of pancreatic cancer, but downregulated the expression of E‐cadherin in pancreatic cancer cells. The interaction between pancreatic cancer cells and tumor‐associated macrophages may play a pivotal role in the progression of pancreatic cancer. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(12):835–846, 2014
White matter microstructure in chronic moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury: Impact of acute‐phase injury‐related variables and associations with outcome measures
Authors: Håberg A.K. , Olsen A. , Moen K.G. , Schirmer‐Mikalsen K. , Visser E. , Finnanger T.G. , Evensen K.A.I. , Skandsen T. , Vik A. , Eikenes L.
Published: December 2014

This study examines how injury mechanisms and early neuroimaging and clinical measures impact white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and tract volumes in the chronic phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and how WM integrity in the chronic phase is associated with different outcome measures obtained at the same time. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 3 T was acquired more than 1 year after TBI in 49 moderate‐to‐severe‐TBI survivors and 50 matched controls. DTI data were analyzed with tract‐based spatial statistics and automated tractography. Moderate‐to‐severe TBI led to widespread FA decreases, MD increases, and tract volume reductions. In severe TBI and in acceleration/deceleration injuries, a specific FA loss was detected. A particular loss of FA was also present in the thalamus and the brainstem in all grades of diffuse axonal injury. Acute‐phase Glasgow Coma Scale scores, number of microhemorrhages on T2*, lesion volume on fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, and duration of posttraumatic amnesia were associated with more widespread FA loss and MD increases in chronic TBI. Episodes of cerebral perfusion pressure <70 mmHg were specifically associated with reduced MD. Neither episodes of intracranial pressure >20 mmHg nor acute‐phase Rotterdam CT scores were associated with WM changes. Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended scores and performance‐based cognitive control functioning were associated with FA and MD changes, but self‐reported cognitive control functioning was not. In conclusion, FA loss specifically reflects the primary injury severity and mechanism, whereas FA and MD changes are associated with objective measures of general and cognitive control functioning. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypoglycaemic effects of functional tri‐peptides from silk in differentiated adipocytes and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice
Authors: Han Bok Kyung , Lee Hyun Jung , Lee Hyun‐Sun , Suh Hyung Joo , Park Yooheon
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

In this study, the tri‐peptides Gly‐Glu‐Tyr (GEY) and Gly‐Tyr‐Gly (GYG), identified previously as active compounds from the silk peptide E5K6, significantly stimulated basal and insulin‐mediated glucose uptake by 3T3‐L1 fibroblasts in a dose‐dependent manner.

RESULTS

Synthetic GEY and GYG peptides at a concentration of 500 µmol L−1 significantly increased glucose transporter type 4 expression by 157% and 239%, respectively. Differentiation of 3T3‐L1 cells into adipocytes leads to accumulation of intracellular fat droplets, and GEY and GYG at a concentration of 250 µmol L−1 suppressed this effect by 72% and 75%, respectively. GYG improved glucose tolerance in steptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice in a dose‐dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that GYG isolated from E5K6 has anti‐diabetic potential and silk waste products containing bioactive peptides could be used to the developments of treatments to lower blood glucose. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Separation and enrichment of six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls from real waters using a novel magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube composite absorbent
Authors: Zhang Jiabin , Gan Ning , Pan Muyun , Lin Saichai , Cao Yuting , Wu Dazhen , Long Nengbing
Published: December 2014

A novel and effective magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotube composite for the separation and enrichment of polychlorinated biphenyls was developed. Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell structured nanoparticles were first synthesized, then the poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) was laid on its surface to prepare the polyanionic magnetic nanoparticles. The above materials were then grafted with polycationic multiwalled carbon nanotubes, which were modified by polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride through the layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly approach. Its performance was tested by magnetic solid‐phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of six kinds of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls in water samples. Under optimal conditions, the spiked recoveries of several real samples for six kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB138, PCB153, PCB180) were in the range of 73.4–99.5% with relative standard deviations varying from 1.5 to 8.4%. All target compounds showed good linearities in the tested range with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9993. The limits of quantification for six kinds of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls were between 0.018 and 0.039 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze polychlorinated biphenyls in real water samples. Satisfactory results were obtained using the effective magnetic absorbent.
Liver sharing and organ procurement organization performance
Authors: Gentry Sommer E. , Chow Eric K. H. , Massie Allan , Luo Xun , Zaun David , Snyder Jon J. , Israni Ajay K. , Kasiske Bert , Segev Dorry L.
Published: December 2014

Whether the liver allocation system shifts organs from better performing organ procurement organizations (OPOs) to poorer performing OPOs has been debated for many years. Models of OPO performance from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients make it possible to study this question in a data‐driven manner. We investigated whether each OPO's net liver import was correlated with 2 performance metrics [observed to expected (O:E) liver yield and liver donor conversion ratio] as well as 2 alternative explanations [eligible deaths and incident listings above a Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score of 15]. We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that the allocation system transfers livers from better performing OPOs to centers with poorer performing OPOs. Also, having fewer eligible deaths was not associated with a net import. However, having more incident listings was strongly correlated with the net import, both before and after Share 35. Most importantly, the magnitude of the variation in OPO performance was much lower than the variation in demand: although the poorest performing OPOs differed from the best ones by less than 2‐fold in the O:E liver yield, incident listings above a MELD score of 15 varied nearly 14‐fold. Although it is imperative that all OPOs achieve the best possible results, the flow of livers is not explained by OPO performance metrics, and instead, it appears to be strongly related to differences in demand. Liver Transpl 21:293–299, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Grape seed extract targets mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III and induces oxidative and metabolic stress leading to cytoprotective autophagy and apoptotic death in human head and neck cancer cells
Authors: Shrotriya Sangeeta , Deep Gagan , Lopert Pamela , Patel Manisha , Agarwal Rajesh , Agarwal Chapla
Published: December 2014

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major killer worldwide and innovative measures are urgently warranted to lower the morbidity and mortality caused by this malignancy. Aberrant redox and metabolic status in HNSCC cells offer a unique opportunity to specifically target cancer cells. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) to target the redox and bioenergetic alterations in HNSCC cells. GSE treatment decreased the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III activity, increased the mitochondrial superoxide levels and depleted the levels of cellular antioxidant (glutathione), thus resulting in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in human HNSCC Detroit 562 and FaDu cells. Polyethylene glycol‐SOD addition reversed the GSE‐mediated apoptosis without restoring complex III activity. Along with redox changes, GSE inhibited the extracellular acidification rate (representing glycolysis) and oxygen consumption rate (indicating oxidative phosphorylation) leading to metabolic stress in HNSCC cells. Molecular studies revealed that GSE activated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), and suppressed Akt/mTOR/4E‐BP1/S6K signaling in both Detroit 562 and FaDu cells. Interestingly, GSE increased the autophagic load specifically in FaDu cells, and autophagy inhibition significantly augmented the apoptosis in these cells. Consistent with in vitro results, in vivo analyses also showed that GSE feeding in nude mice activated AMPK and induced‐autophagy in FaDu xenograft tumor tissues. Overall, these findings are innovative as we for the first time showed that GSE targets ETC complex III and induces oxidative and metabolic stress, thereby, causing autophagy and apoptotic death in HNSCC cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Upregulation of interleukin‐1β/transforming growth factor‐β1 and hypoxia relate to molecular mechanisms underlying immobilization‐induced muscle contracture
Authors: Honda Yuichiro , Sakamoto Junya , Nakano Jiro , Kataoka Hideki , Sasabe Ryo , Goto Kyo , Tanaka Miho , Origuchi Tomoki , Yoshimura Toshiro , Okita Minoru
Published: December 2014

Introduction: In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying muscle contracture in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into immobilization and control groups, and soleus muscles of the right and left sides were selected for analyses. Results: The levels of CD11b and α‐SMA protein, IL‐1β, and TGF‐β1 mRNA, and type I and III collagen protein and mRNA were significantly greater in the immobilization group than in the control group at all time‐points. HIF‐1α mRNA levels were significantly higher in the immobilization group at 4 weeks. Moreover, HIF‐1α, α‐SMA, and type I collagen levels were significantly higher at 4 weeks than at 1 and 2 weeks in the immobilization group. Conclusions: In the early stages of immobilization, upregulation of IL‐1β/TGF‐β1 via macrophages may promote fibroblast differentiation that could affect muscle contracture. The soleus muscle became hypoxic in the later stages of immobilization, suggesting that hypoxia influences the progression of muscle contracture. Muscle Nerve 52:419–427, 2015
Three‐tesla magnetic resonance neurography of the brachial plexus in cervical radiculopathy
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Sueyoshi Takeshi , Suwazono Shugo , Suehara Masahito
Published: December 2014

Introduction: There have been no reports of the use of 3‐Tesla magnetic resonance neurography (3T MRN) to characterize cervical radiculopathy. In particular, there are no reports of MRN of brachial plexus involvement in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively 12 consecutive patients with cervical radiculopathy who underwent 3T MRN. Results: The median age was 54.5 years. Eleven of 12 patients were men. The distribution of nerve‐root signal abnormality was correlated with intervertebral foraminal stenosis and the presence of muscles that exhibited weakness and/or signs of denervation on electromyography. MRN abnormalities were found to extend into the distal part of the brachial plexus in 10 patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that MRN is potentially useful for diagnosis in patients with suspected cervical radiculopathy. Moreover, the finding of brachial plexus involvement on MRN may indicate a possible pathophysiological relationship between cervical radiculopathy and brachial plexopathy. Muscle Nerve 52:392–396, 2015
Reliability of the log‐transformed EMG amplitude‐power output relationship for incremental knee‐extensor ergometry
Authors: Eason Travis , Gavel Christine R. , Hawley Kyle A. , Galen Sujay S. , Malek Moh H.
Published: December 2014

Introduction: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the reproducibility of the log‐transformed model for electromyography (EMG) amplitude during incremental single‐leg knee‐extensor exercise. Methods: Eight healthy college‐aged men performed 3 incremental tests on separate occasions on a knee‐extensor ergometer. EMG amplitude was analyzed for each participant on each occasion for the rectus femoris and vastus medialis muscles at 4 different exercise power outputs (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) corresponding to each participant's maximal power output. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were determined for the slope and y‐intercept terms derived from the log‐transformed EMG amplitude‐power output relationship for each muscle. Results: The ICC values for the rectus femoris (slope = 0.779; y‐intercept = 0.787) and vastus medialis (slope = 0.756; y‐intercept = 0.763) muscles were high. Conclusions: The log‐transformed EMG amplitude‐power output relationship is a reliable index for measuring motor unit activation. Muscle Nerve 52:428–434, 2015
Demographic and clinical features of inclusion body myositis in north America
Authors: Paltiel A. David , Ingvarsson Einar , Lee Donald K. K. , Leff Richard L. , Nowak Richard J. , Petschke Kurt D. , Richards‐Shubik Seth , Zhou Ange , Shubik Martin , O'Connor Kevin C.
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Few studies of the demographics, natural history, and clinical management of inclusion body myositis (IBM) have been performed in a large patient population. To more accurately define these characteristics, we developed and distributed a questionnaire to patients with IBM. Methods: A cross‐sectional, self‐reporting survey was conducted. Results: The mean age of the 916 participants was 70.4 years, the male‐to‐female ratio was 2:1, and the majority reported difficulty with ambulation and activities of daily living. The earliest symptoms included impaired use and weakness of arms and legs. The mean time from first symptoms to diagnosis was 4.7 years. Half reported that IBM was their initial diagnosis. A composite functional index negatively associated with age and disease duration, and positively associated with participation in exercise. Conclusions: These data are valuable for informing patients how IBM manifestations are expected to impair daily living and indicate that self‐reporting could be used to establish outcome measures in clinical trials. Muscle Nerve 52: 527–533, 2015
Identifying causes of variability in outcomes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated in a resource‐rich developing country
Authors: Jastaniah Wasil , Elimam Naglla , Abdalla Khalid , Iqbal Basheer Ahmed Cittana , Khattab Taha M. , Felimban Sami , Abrar Mohammed Burhan
Published: December 2014

Background

The outcome of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in developing countries is less favorable than in developed countries, primarily due to resource constraints. However, it is unknown whether the therapeutic results differ. Thus, we hypothesized that outcomes in resource‐rich developing countries would be similar to those in industrialized regions.

Procedure

We performed a retrospective analysis of 224 consecutive children with ALL, who were treated according to the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocols between January 2001 and December 2007. High‐risk (HR) and standard‐risk (SR) patients were treated with modified CCG‐1961 and CCG‐1991 protocols, respectively. Modifications included substitution of dexamethasone for prednisone in HR patients and addition of two intrathecal methotrexate treatments for CNS2 patients during induction. All patients received double delayed intensification with two interim maintenance phases.

Results

Five‐year overall survival (OS), event‐free survival (EFS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were 84.7 ± 2.4%, 77.0 ± 2.9%, and 81.4 ± 2.7%, respectively. Remission was achieved in 98.1% of the patients. Induction failure and relapse rates were 1.9% and 15.1%, respectively. Death as the first event occurred in 6.4% of cases, of which 2.7% and 3.7% involved deaths in induction and remission, respectively. Interestingly, a significant reduction in induction deaths was observed over time.

Conclusions

Despite the encouraging results observed in the present study, our patients displayed significantly lower survival outcomes compared to subjects treated in major clinical trials conducted by leading leukemia cooperative groups. Furthermore, this work underscores the need for targeted interventions to reduce death as the first event in developing regions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:945–950. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theoretical and experimental characterization of amino‐PEG‐phosphonate‐terminated Polyphosphorhydrazone dendrimers: Influence of size and PEG capping on cytotoxicity profiles
Authors: Hameau Aurélien , Fruchon Séverine , Bijani Christian , Barducci Alessandro , Blanzat Muriel , Poupot Rémy , Pavan Giovanni M. , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Turrin Cédric‐Olivier
Published: December 2014

The synthesis of new series of PPH (poly(phosphorhydrazone)) dendrimers with amino‐PEG phosphonates or the corresponding amino‐PEG phosphonic acids as terminal groups is presented, from generations 1–3. The size of PEG‐terminated dendrimers is experimentally measured by diffusional NMR, and by means of dynamic light scattering. Classical molecular dynamics and well‐tempered metadynamics simulations are used to assess or confirm the formation of aggregates in some cases. The influence of PEG capping on the cytotoxicity profiles of the dendrimers is evaluated on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by means of LIVE/DEAD assays, and confirms the importance of PEG capping to ensure low cytotoxicity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 761–774
Evolution of particle morphology during the synthesis of hybrid acrylic/CeO2 nanocomposites by miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Aguirre Miren , Paulis Maria , Barrado Mariano , Iturrondobeitia Maider , Okariz Ana , Guraya Teresa , Ibarretxe Julen , Leiza Jose Ramon
Published: December 2014

The evolution of the morphology of an acrylic/CeO2 hybrid latex synthesized by a two step seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization process was investigated. The seed was produced by batch miniemulsion polymerization and in the second step a neat monomer preemulsion was fed to the seed to increase the solids content and encapsulate the inorganic material. The morphology of the hybrid miniemulsion droplets, the seed and the final latex was analyzed by TEM. The morphologies achieved could be explained by theoretical equilibrium morphology maps based on the interfacial tensions of the monomeric, polymeric, inorganic and aqueous phases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 792–799
Synthesis and chiral recognition of helical poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing l‐phenylglycinol and its phenylcarbamates as pendants
Authors: Zhang Chunhong , Wang Hailun , Yang Taotao , Ma Rui , Liu Lijia , Sakai Ryosuke , Satoh Toshifumi , Kakuchi Toyoji , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: December 2014

A series of novel stereoregular one‐handed helical poly(phenylacetylene) derivatives (PPA‐1 and PPA‐1a∼g) bearing l‐phenylglycinol and its phenylcarbamate residues as pendants was synthesized for use as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for HPLC, and their chiral recognition abilities were evaluated using 13 racemates. The phenylcarbamate residues include an unsubstituted phenyl, three chloro‐substituted phenyls (3‐Cl, 4‐Cl, 3,5‐Cl2), and three methyl‐substituted phenyls (3‐CH3, 4‐CH3, 3,5‐(CH3)2). The acidity of the phenylcarbamate N‐H proton and the hydrogen bonds formed between the N‐H groups of the phenylcarbamate residues were dependent on the type, position, and the number of substituents on the phenylcarbamate residues. The chiral recognition abilities of these polymers significantly depended on the dynamic helical conformation of the main chain with more or less regularly arranged pendants. The chiral recognition abilities seem to be improved by the introduction of substituents on the phenylcarbamate residues, and PPA‐1d bearing the more acidic N‐H groups due to the 3,5‐dichloro substituents, exhibited a higher chiral recognition than the others. PPA‐1d showed an efficient chiral recognition for some racemates, and baseline separation was possible for racemates 5, 11, 12, and 15. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 809–821
Synthesis of bio‐based poly(N‐phenylitaconimide) by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Okada Seiji , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: December 2014

Poly(N‐phenylitaconimide) (polyPhII) was prepared using initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization of PhII using FeBr3 complexes as catalysts. Conversion reached 69% in 24 h, yielding polyPhII with a number average molecular weight Mn = 11,900 and a molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn = 1.52. Copolymerizations of PhII with styrene at various molar ratios were performed providing a range of polyPhII‐copolySt polymers. When the copolymerization was carried out with higher [St]0 > [PhII]0 ratio, a one‐pot synthesis of poly(St‐alt‐PhII)‐b‐polySt was achieved. The thermal properties of the obtained copolymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry. PolyPhII prepared by ATRP showed high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 216 °C and the poly(St‐alt‐PhII)‐b‐polySt exhibited two Tgs, at 162 and 104 °C, corresponding to a poly(St‐alt‐PhII) and polySt segments, respectively. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 822–827
The role of sequential automation in improving process safety
Authors: Huffman David A.
Published: December 2014

Generally, process safety automation has been considered to be the responsibility of a specialized safety system and that remains true for Safety Integrity Level safety automation requirements. But, what if the basic automation of the process could be constructed in such a way that it significantly improved the ability to maintain the process within acceptable operating limits and not reach the conditions that would trigger a response from the safety system?

All processes operate based on procedures, usually written. Batch‐based processes more and more run on automated procedures. But, even continuous processes constantly use procedures. Among these are equipment and unit startup and shutdown procedures, product or grade change procedures, spare equipment in and out of service procedures, quality control procedures, alarm response procedures, and many more. Frequently, there can be significant benefits to automating a high percentage of these procedures.

Safety is one of those benefits and can be derived from opportunities ranging from consistent and mistake proof operations to simply removing the need for an operator to be exposed to potential process or physical hazards. Additionally, significant impacts can be realized on alarm management based on procedural control. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 34: 199–201, 2015
Preschool children's taxonomic knowledge of animal species
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: December 2014

Although taxonomic proficiency is a prerequisite for understanding ideas central to biology, previous research has established that learners frequently misclassify animals by not following the tenets of accepted taxonomic rubrics. This has immediate relevance with the recently revised English National Curriculum now requiring concepts of animal classification to be taught to 5–6 year‐olds. The current study represents an attempt to explore how preschool children aged 3–5 years classify animals, and patterns in the ways in which their taxonomic knowledge might progress with age were sought to illuminate potential origins of naive conceptions in the early years. A quantitative approach was employed with a sample of 75 children utilising a structured interview method to determine their ideas about the taxonomic labels animal, fish, amphibian, reptile, bird, mammal and insect. Findings revealed common learning trajectories as children's prototypes developed from 3 to 5 years. These trajectories confirmed that the preschool children held many of the same naive conceptions as those previously reported in older learners. Some of these conceptions started to dissipate with age; however, others began to emerge in the older children within the sample, representing a decline in performance with age. This decline is concerning though can be accounted for by contemporary categorization theory, giving support to the view that science misconceptions can emerge in the early years due to natural maturation (cognitive factors), as well as exposure to formal and informal learning experiences (socio‐cultural factors). To supplement established conceptual change strategies, which deal with already‐formed misconceptions, it is proposed that there be a fresh research emphasis towards conceptual creation where acceptable scientific ideas are seeded at the earliest years of schooling. Accordingly, the role of early years educators would become fundamental to effective science education. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 107–134, 2015
An investigation into the prevalence of exploratory behavior in captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Quirke Thomas , O'Riordan Ruth
Published: December 2014

Exploratory behavior in the wild is fundamentally linked to an animal's survival and natural life history. The ability to gather information about their environment, establish territories, assert dominance, communicate information regarding reproductive status and locate mates are closely associated with a range of exploratory behaviors. Understanding how these behaviors are performed within the captive setting is crucial in order to create a captive environment in which these behaviors can be expressed, and their function conserved. The objective of this research was to highlight the factors of captive husbandry and management that influence the occurrence of exploratory behaviour of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in captivity. One hundred and twelve cheetahs in 88 enclosures across nine zoological institutions in five countries were the subjects of this study. The presence of raised areas, number of movements between enclosures, group composition, sex and an interaction between group composition and the ability to view cheetahs in adjacent enclosures, all significantly influenced the prevalence of exploratory behavior in captive cheetahs. The presence of raised areas and an increasing number of movements between enclosures significantly increased the probability of observing exploratory behaviour, while this probability was significantly decreased for female cheetahs, when cheetahs were able to view conspecifics in adjacent enclosures, and were maintained in groups. A number of recommendations are discussed in relation to promoting exploratory behavior in captive cheetahs. Zoo Biol. 34:130–138, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
The consequences of genetic and pharmacologic reduction in sphingolipid synthesis
Authors: Schiffmann Raphael
Published: December 2014

A new therapy based on substrate synthesis reduction in sphingolipidoses is showing promise. The consequences of decreasing sphingolipid synthesis depend on the level at which synthetic blockage occurs and on the extent of the blockage. Complete synthetic blockage may be lethal if it includes all sphingolipids, such as in a global knockout of serine palmitoyltransferase. Partial inhibition of sphingolipid synthetic pathways is usually benign and may have beneficial effects in a number of lysosomal diseases and in more common pathologies, as seen in animal models for atherosclerosis, polycystic kidney disease, diabetes, and asthma. Studies of various forms of sphingolipid synthesis reduction serve to highlight not only the cellular role of these lipids but also the potential risks and therapeutic benefits of pharmacological agents to be used in therapy for human diseases.
Polymer‐Cationic Surfactant Interaction: 1. Surface and Physicochemical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)‐S‐Alkyl Isothiouronium Bromide Surfactant Mixed Systems
Authors: Negm Nabel A. , Mohamed Amouna S. , Ahmed Sahar M. , El-Raouf Mohamed Abd
Published: December 2014

Surface properties of polyvinyl alcohol (nonionic polymer) and three synthesized cationic surfactants, namely, S‐alkyl isothiouronium bromide at different mole fractions of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, and 9:1, were investigated. The values of the surface parameters were discussed according to the type of interaction between the cationic surfactant and type of polymer studied. The S‐alkyl isothiouronium bromide surfactant molecules are positively charged molecules, and the PVA chains contain hydroxyl groups that are partially negatively charged centers. The comparison between the surface properties of the individual cationic surfactants and their mixture with PVA polymer showed that the mixed systems have some advantages over the individual cationic surfactants.
Developing Strong Response Capacity: Training Volunteers in the Medical Reserve Corps
Authors: Ye Jiali , Stanford Stacy , Gousse Tahlia , Tosatto Robert J.
Published: December 2014

Objective

The success of the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) is dependent on the ability of volunteers to respond in a timely and effective manner. This study aimed to assess the current status of MRC volunteer training and to examine the association between MRC characteristics and provision of training.

Methods

The data for this study were drawn from the 2013 Network Profile Survey of the MRC, which was administered to active MRC unit leaders or designated alternates of 962 units across the country in April to May of 2013.

Results

Over 80% of MRCs had a training plan. Ninety-one percent of MRCs offered one or more training courses to volunteers, and 73% indicated requirements for mandatory training. Approximately 84% of MRC units collaborated with other organizations to conduct trainings. Units with more volunteers (>150) were 3 times as likely to have a plan for volunteer training as were those with fewer volunteers (≤50). Compared to units with a full-time leader, those with leaders who were volunteers were only 0.57 times as likely to have a training plan.

Conclusions

An overwhelming majority of MRC units provide critical training to their volunteers prior to an emergency deployment. To further strengthen the overall MRC capacities, it is important for MRC units to have a training plan tailored to their community needs and features, make full use of available training resources, and collaborate with partner organizations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:527-532)
Assessing Electronic Death Registration and American Red Cross Systems for Mortality Surveillance During Hurricane Sandy, October 29–November 10, 2012, New York City
Authors: Howland Renata E. , Madsen Ann M. , Nicaj Leze , Noe Rebecca S. , Casey-Lockyer Mary , Begier Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

Objective

We briefly describe 2 systems that provided disaster-related mortality surveillance during and after Hurricane Sandy in New York City, namely, the New York City Health Department Electronic Death Registration System (EDRS) and the American Red Cross paper-based tracking system.

Methods

Red Cross fatality data were linked with New York City EDRS records by using decedent name and date of birth. We analyzed cases identified by both systems for completeness and agreement across selected variables and the time interval between death and reporting in the system.

Results

Red Cross captured 93% (41/44) of all Sandy-related deaths; the completeness and quality varied by item, and timeliness was difficult to determine. The circumstances leading to death captured by Red Cross were particularly useful for identifying reasons individuals stayed in evacuation zones. EDRS variables were nearly 100% complete, and the median interval between date of death and reporting was 6 days (range: 0-43 days).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that a number of steps have the potential to improve disaster-related mortality surveillance, including updating Red Cross surveillance forms and electronic databases to enhance timeliness assessments, greater collaboration across agencies to share and use data for public health preparedness, and continued expansion of electronic death registration systems. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:489-491)
Legislative Explorer: Data-Driven Discovery of Lawmaking
Authors: Stramp Nicholas , Wilkerson John
Published: December 2014

Interactive visualizations are used widely in the natural sciences to facilitate discovery in “big-data” research. This article introduces a project that applies the same data-driven discovery approach to politics. Lawmaking is a complex process that can be diﬃcult to convey in a constructive way, whether the audience is the general public, students, or researchers.Legislative Explorer(available athttp://www.legex.org) visualizes the progress of more than 250,000 congressional bills and resolutions introduced since 1973. Users of all abilities can engage with actual data to discover how bills become law. Filters designed by domain experts guide them toward key insights. It is our hope thatLegislative Explorerpromotes greater understanding of a much-maligned institution.
Will Open Access Get Me Cited? An Analysis of the Efficacy of Open Access Publishing in Political Science
Authors: Atchison Amy , Bull Jonathan
Published: December 2014

The digital revolution has made it easier for political scientists to share and access high-quality research online. However, many articles are stored in proprietary databases that some institutions cannot afford. High-quality, peer-reviewed, top-tier journal articles that have been made open access (OA) (i.e., freely available online) theoretically should be accessed and cited more easily than articles of similar quality that are available only to paying customers. Research into the efficacy of OA publishing thus far has focused mainly on the natural sciences, and the results have been mixed. Because OA has not been as widely adopted in the social sciences, disciplines such as political science have received little attention in the OA research. In this article, we seek to determine the efficacy of OA in political science. Our primary hypothesis is that OA articles will be cited at higher rates than articles that are toll access (TA), which means available only to paying customers. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the mean citation rates of OA and TA articles from eight top-ranked political science journals. We find that OA publication results in a clear citation advantage in political science publishing.
Overcoming Barriers to Heterogeneous-Group Learning in the Political Science Classroom
Authors: Moore Ryan T.
Published: December 2014

Despite positive findings, small-group activities continue to lag behind lectures in political science classrooms. This article argues that one barrier to wider adoption of more innovative activities is uncertainty about how to efficiently and fairly create teams that each are heterogeneous and as a set are balanced across relevant characteristics. We first describe recent findings and strategies for creating teams; we then detail our concrete, general approach for incorporating several student characteristics into team creation. We then describe implementations of this approach using freely available software in two undergraduate political science courses—one in American politics and one in political methodology. In these applications and in a variety of simulated data, we demonstrate that teams created using our method are better balanced than those created by randomly allocating students to teams.