bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Highly Substituted 1,3‐Dihydroazepin‐2‐ones Starting from 2‐Siloxycyclopropanecarboxylates.
Authors: Boettcher Gesine , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminomethylation of Aromatic Substrates with α‐Haloalkylamines.
Authors: Kachurin O. I. , Velichko L. I. , Zaraiskaya N. A. , Matvienko N. M. , Zaraiskii A. P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Optimization of the Pb—Tl Binary System
Authors: Fries S. G. , Ansara I. , Lukas H. L.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of New Optically Active 2‐Methylquinoline Derivatives and Their Application in the Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Aldehydes.
Authors: Xu Qianyong , Wang Guoxing , Pan Xinfu , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Acids. A Stereodivergent Approach.
Authors: Aoyagi Yutaka , Jain Rajendra P. , Williams Robert M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonenzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols: Enantioselective SN2 Displacement of Hydroxy Groups by Halogens in the Presence of Chiral BINAP.
Authors: Sekar Govindasamy , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Effect of Vinyl Esters on the Enantioselectivity of the Lipase‐Catalyzed Transesterification of Alcohols.
Authors: Kawasaki Masashi , Goto Michimasa , Kawabata Shigeki , Kometani Tadashi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropanation versus Carbon—Hydrogen Insertion. The Influences of Substrate and Catalyst on Selectivity.
Authors: Doyle Michael P. , Phillips Iain M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of the Kost—Sagitullin Rearrangement in a Series of 2‐Benzylpyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Danagulyan G. G. , Sahakyan L. G.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ozonolysis of Alkenes and Studies of Reactions of Polyfunctional Compounds. Part 63. Ozonolysis of 2,3,3,4,4‐Pentafluoro‐1‐methoxycyclobutene.
Authors: Odinokov V. N. , Akhmetova V. R. , Savchenko R. G. , Bazunova M. V. , Paramonov E. A. , Khalilov L. M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Fluorination Reagent: IF5/Et3N×3HF.
Authors: Yoneda Norihiko , Fukuhara Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Organic Halides with Tri‐2‐furylgermane: Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reduction.
Authors: Nakamura Tomoaki , Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Broensted Acid Catalyzed, Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Sickert Marcel , Abels Falko , Lang Matthias , Sieler Joachim , Birkemeyer Claudia , Schneider Christoph
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Regioselectivity in Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Coupling of Allylic Monoacetates and Nitroalkenes: One‐Pot Isomerization—Alkylation.
Authors: Khan Pasha M. , Bisht Kirpal S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Influence of centriole number on mitotic spindle length and symmetry
Authors: Keller Lani C. , Wemmer Kimberly A. , Marshall Wallace F.
Published: June 2010

The functional role of centrioles or basal bodies in mitotic spindle assembly and function is currently unclear. Although supernumerary centrioles have been associated with multipolar spindles in cancer cells, suggesting centriole number might dictate spindle polarity, bipolar spindles are able to assemble in the complete absence of centrioles, suggesting a level of centriole‐independence in the spindle assembly pathway. In this report we perturb centriole number using mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and measure the response of the mitotic spindle to these perturbations in centriole number. Although altered centriole number increased the frequency of monopolar and multipolar spindles, the majority of spindles remained bipolar regardless of the centriole number. But even when spindles were bipolar, abnormal centriole numbers led to asymmetries in tubulin distribution, half‐spindle length and spindle pole focus. Half spindle length correlated directly with number of centrioles at a pole, such that an imbalance in centriole number between the two poles of a bipolar spindle correlated with increased asymmetry between half spindle lengths. These results are consistent with centrioles playing an active role in regulating mitotic spindle length. Mutants with centriole number alteration also show increased cytokinesis defects, but these do not correlate with centriole number in the dividing cell and may therefore reflect downstream consequences of defects in preceding cell divisions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic Semiconductors: Impact of Disorder at Different Timescales
Authors: McMahon David P. , Troisi Alessandro
Published: June 2010

The charge transport in organic materials, from molecular crystals to polymers, is determined by their degree of disorder. The dynamic disorder in ideal molecular crystals at room temperature and the static disorder in disordered polymers are just two limiting cases of the timescale of the fluctuations in the electronic Hamiltonian caused by nuclear motions. In fact, a very large number of important materials (e.g. liquid crystalline semiconductors) are actually in an intermediate regime where the disorder is neither purely static nor purely dynamic. This Minireview discusses the recent contribution of computational chemistry (molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry) to the characterization of these transport regimes and outlines the theoretical methods that can be used to relate the system characteristics to the measurable mobility.
Efficient Photochemical Oxidation of Anisole in Protic Solvents: Electron Transfer driven by Specific Solvent–Solute Interactions
Authors: Lewandowska Anna , Hug Gordon L. , Hörner Gerald , Pedzinski Tomasz , Filipiak Piotr , Marciniak Bronislaw
Published: June 2010

The dynamics of the bimolecular quenching of triplet excited benzophenone by anisole was studied by nanosecond flash photolysis. We carried out a detailed study of the solvent dependence of the reaction rates and efficiencies in a number of protic and non‐protic solvents. These studies were augmented by theoretical modelling and experimental investigation of solute/solvent interactions in the triplet excited and the ground state, respectively. The triplet quenching that follows Stern–Volmer kinetics in all cases is profoundly dependent on the nature of the solvent, with the highest reactivity being consistently found in protic solvents. The results in non‐protic solvents are compatible with unproductive quenching via a charge‐transfer state, whereas the generally fast quenching in protic solvents is accompanied by efficient formation of free‐radical products. Analysis of the solvent dependence in terms of Marcus theory reveals the impact of specific solvation of benzophenone by protic solvents on the ET driving force and kinetics. Specific solvation is found to support efficient free radical ion formation in media of moderate and low polarity as well.
Reversal of type 1 diabetes by a new MHC II‐peptide chimera: “Single‐epitope‐mediated suppression” to stabilize a polyclonal autoimmune T‐cell process
Authors: Lin Marvin , Stoica‐Nazarov Cristina , Surls Jacqueline , Kehl Margaret , Bona Constantin , Olsen Cara , Brumeanu Teodor D. , Casares Sofia
Published: June 2010

Polyclonality of self‐reactive CD4+ T cells is the hallmark of several autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. We have previously reported that a soluble dimeric MHC II‐peptide chimera prevents and reverses type 1 diabetes induced by a monoclonal diabetogenic T‐cell population in double Tg mice [Casares, S. et al., Nat. Immunol. 2002. 3: 383–391]. Since most of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)‐specific CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse are tolerogenic but unable to function in an autoimmune environment, we have activated a silent, monoclonal T‐regulatory cell population (GAD65217–230‐specific CD4+ T cells) using a soluble I‐A/GAD65217–230/Fcγ2a dimer, and measured the effect on the ongoing polyclonal diabetogenic T‐cell process. Activated GAD65217–230‐specific T cells and a fraction of the diabetogenic (B9–23‐specific) T cells were polarized toward the IL‐10‐secreting T‐regulatory type 1‐like function in the pancreas of diabetic NOD mice. More importantly, this led to the reversal of hyperglycemia for more than 2 months post‐therapy in 80% of mice in the context of stabilization of pancreatic insulitis and improved insulin secretion by the β cells. These findings argue for the stabilization of a polyclonal self‐reactive T‐cell process by a single epitope‐mediated bystander suppression. Dimeric MHC class II‐peptide chimeras‐like approach may provide rational grounds for the development of more efficient antigen‐specific therapies in type 1 diabetes.
Multifunctional CD4+ T cells correlate with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Caccamo Nadia , Guggino Giuliana , Joosten Simone A. , Gelsomino Giuseppe , Di Carlo Paola , Titone Lucina , Galati Domenico , Bocchino Marialuisa , Matarese Alessandro , Salerno Alfredo , Sanduzzi Alessandro , Franken Willeke P. J. , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Dieli Francesco
Published: June 2010

Th1 CD4+ T cells and their derived cytokines are crucial for protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Using multiparametric flow cytometry, we have evaluated the distribution of seven distinct functional states (IFN‐γ/IL‐2/TNF‐α triple expressors, IFN‐γ/IL‐2, IFN‐γ/TNF‐α or TNF‐α/IL‐2 double expressors or IFN‐γ, IL‐2 or TNF‐α single expressors) of CD4+ T cells in individuals with latent M. tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (TB). We found that triple expressors, while detectable in 85–90%TB patients, were only present in 10–15% of LTBI subjects. On the contrary, LTBI subjects had significantly higher (12‐ to 15‐fold) proportions of IL‐2/IFN‐γ double and IFN‐γ single expressors as compared with the other CD4+ T‐cell subsets. Proportions of the other double or single CD4+ T‐cell expressors did not differ between TB and LTBI subjects. These distinct IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and TNF‐α profiles of M. tuberculosis‐specific CD4+ T cells seem to be associated with live bacterial loads, as indicated by the decrease in frequency of multifunctional T cells in TB‐infected patients after completion of anti‐mycobacterial therapy. Our results suggest that phenotypic and functional signatures of CD4+ T cells may serve as immunological correlates of protection and curative host responses, and be a useful tool to monitor the efficacy of anti‐mycobacterial therapy.
Sodium dichloroacetate selectively targets cells with defects in the mitochondrial ETC
Authors: Stockwin Luke H. , Yu Sherry X. , Borgel Suzanne , Hancock Chad , Wolfe Tracy L. , Phillips Lawrence R. , Hollingshead Melinda G. , Newton Dianne L.
Published: June 2010

The “Warburg effect,” also termed aerobic glycolysis, describes the increased reliance of cancer cells on glycolysis for ATP production, even in the presence of oxygen. Consequently, there is continued interest in inhibitors of glycolysis as cancer therapeutics. One example is dichloroacetate (DCA), a pyruvate mimetic that stimulates oxidative phosphorylation through inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. In this study, the mechanistic basis for DCA anti‐cancer activity was re‐evaluated in vitro using biochemical, cellular and proteomic approaches. Results demonstrated that DCA is relatively inactive (IC50 ≥ 17 mM, 48 hr), induces apoptosis only at high concentrations (≥25 mM, 48 hr) and is not cancer cell selective. Subsequent 2D‐PAGE proteomic analysis confirmed DCA‐induced growth suppression without apoptosis induction. Furthermore, DCA depolarizes mitochondria and promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in all cell types. However, DCA was found to have selective activity against rho(0) cells [mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deficient] and to synergize with 2‐deoxyglucose in complex IV deficient HCT116 p53(−/−) cells. DCA also synergized in vitro with cisplatin and topotecan, two antineoplastic agents known to damage mitochondrial DNA. These data suggest that in cells “hardwired” to selectively utilize glycolysis for ATP generation (e.g., through mtDNA mutations), the ability of DCA to force oxidative phosphorylation confers selective toxicity. In conclusion, although we provide a mechanism distinct from that reported previously, the ability of DCA to target cell lines with defects in the electron transport chain and to synergize with existing chemotherapeutics supports further preclinical development.
Development of a novel transdermal patch of alendronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, for the treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Kusamori Kosuke , Katsumi Hidemasa , Abe Mari , Ueda Asuka , Sakai Ryota , Hayashi Rie , Hirai Yuka , Quan Ying-shu , Kamiyama Fumio , Sakane Toshiyasu , Yamamoto Akira
Published: June 2010

Bisphosphonates are widely used for the treatment and prevention of bone diseases, including Paget disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and postmenopausal osteoporosis. In this study, we developed a novel transdermal patch of alendronate, a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, for the treatment of bone diseases. The maximum permeation fluxes of alendronate through rat and human skin after application of this patch were 1.9 and 0.3 µg/cm2 per hour, respectively. The bioavailability (BA) of alendronate in rats was approximately 8.3% after the application of alendronate patch and approximately 1.7% after oral administration. These results indicated that the transdermal permeation of alendronate using this patch system was sufficient for the treatment of bone diseases. The plasma calcium level was effectively reduced after application of the alendronate patch in 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3–induced hypercalcemia model rats. The alendronate patch also effectively suppressed the decrease in bone mass in model rats with osteoporosis. Modest alendronate-induced erythema of rat skin was observed after application of the alendronate patch. Incorporation of butylhydroxytoluene in the alendronate patch almost completely suppressed this alendronate-induced skin damage while maintaining the transdermal permeation and pharmacologic effects of alendronate. These findings indicate that our novel transdermal delivery system for alendronate is a promising approach to improve compliance and quality of life of patients in the treatment of bone diseases. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The effect of gas‐liquid counter‐current operation on gas hold‐up in bubble columns using electrical resistance tomography
Authors: Jin Haibo , Yang Suohe , He Guangxiang , Wang Mi , Williams R. A.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: In order to improve the performance of a counter‐current bubble column, radial variations of the gas hold‐ups and mean hold‐ups were investigated in a 0.160 m i.d. bubble column using electrical resistance tomography with two axial locations (Plane 1 and Plane 2). In all experiments the liquid phase was tap water and the gas phase air. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.02 to 0.25 m s−1, and the liquid velocity varied from 0 to 0.01 m s−1. The effect of liquid velocity on the distribution of mean hold‐ups and radial gas hold‐ups is discussed.

RESULTS: The gas hold‐up profile in a gas–liquid counter‐current bubble column was determined by electrical resistance tomography. The liquid velocity slightly influences the mean hold‐up and radial hold‐up distribution under the selected operating conditions and the liquid flow improves the transition gas velocity from a homogeneous regime to a heterogeneous regime. Meanwhile, the radial gas hold‐up profiles are steeper at the central region of the column with increasing gas velocity. Moreover, the gas hold‐up in the centre of the column becomes steeper with increasing liquid velocity.

CONCLUSIONS: The value of mean gas hold‐ups slightly increases with increasing downward liquid velocity, and more than mean gas hold‐ups in batch and co‐current operation. According to the experimental results, an empirical correlation for the centreline gas hold‐up is obtained based on the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, and ratio of axial height to column diameter. The values calculated in this way are in close agreement with experimental data, and compare with literature data on gas hold‐ups at the centre of the column. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Photodegradation of tetracyclines in aqueous solution by using UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes
Authors: López‐Peñalver Jesús J. , Sánchez‐Polo Manuel , Gómez‐Pacheco Carla V. , Rivera‐Utrilla José
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to analyse the kinetics of photodegradation of three antibiotics from the tetracycline group (tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC)), and the influence of the operational variables: (1) initial concentration; (2) initial solution pH; (3) addition of hydrogen peroxide; (4) effect of the aqueous matrix (ultrapure water (UW), surface water (SW), groundwater (GW) and waste‐water (WW) on these processes.

RESULTS: The results obtained show that the photodegradation of the three tetracyclines fits first‐order kinetics. The degradation rate depends on initial concentration and pH. Low concentrations of H2O2 markedly increased the efficacy of TC photolysis, with a linear relationship between degradation rate and H2O2 concentration for concentrations of 2 × 10−2 to 2 × 10−1 mmol L−1. The photodegradation rate is higher in real waters than in ultrapure water. The toxicity of oxidation by‐products formed during tetracyclines photooxidation process was determined by a bioluminescent test, showing that toxicity increases during the process.

CONCLUSIONS: Oxidation of tetracyclines by UV radiation alone is slow due to the low quantum yield determined. The UV/H2O2 process is an interesting alternative to oxidise tetracyclines in aqueous solution, because this process decreases total organic carbon concentration and tetracyclines oxidation by‐products toxicity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Copper‐catalyzed alkyne cycloaddition on electron deficient azides via tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Nilsson Linda I. , Ertan Anne , Weigelt Dirk , Nolsöe Jens M. J.
Published: June 2010

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Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines are capable of serving as masked azides in copper‐catalyzed Huisgen cyclization with a variety of terminal alkynes, providing a simple protocol for the generation of novel 4′‐substituted 2‐(1′,2′,3′‐triazol‐1′‐yl)pyrimidines. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Diuretic drug binding to human glutathione transferase P1‐1: potential role of Cys‐101 revealed in the double mutant C47S/Y108V
Authors: Quesada‐Soriano Indalecio , Parker Lorien J. , Primavera Alessandra , Wielens Jerome , Holien Jessica K. , Casas‐Solvas Juan M. , Vargas‐Berenguel Antonio , Aguilera Ana M. , Nuccetelli Marzia , Mazzetti Anna P. , Bello Mario Lo , Parker Michael W. , García‐Fuentes Luis
Published: June 2010

The diuretic drug ethacrynic acid (EA), both an inhibitor and substrate of pi class glutathione S‐transferase (GST P1‐1), has been tested in clinical trials as an adjuvant in chemotherapy. We recently studied the role of the active site residue Tyr‐108 in binding EA to the enzyme and found that the analysis was complicated by covalent binding of this drug to the highly reactive Cys‐47. Previous attempts to eliminate this binding by chemical modification yielded ambiguous results and therefore we decided here to produce a double mutant C47S/Y108V by site directed mutagenesis and further expression in Escherichia coli and the interaction of EA and its GSH conjugate (EASG) examined by calorimetric studies and X‐ray diffraction. Surprisingly, in the absence of Cys‐47, Cys‐101 (located at the dimer interface) becomes a target for modification by EA, albeit at a lower conjugation rate than Cys‐47. The Cys‐47 → Ser mutation in the double mutant enzyme induces a positive cooperativity between the two subunits when ligands with affinity to G‐site bind to enzyme. However, this mutation does not seem to affect the thermodynamic properties of ligand binding to the electrophilic binding site (H‐site) and the thermal or chemical stability of this double mutant does not significantly affect the unfolding mechanism in either the absence or presence of ligand. Crystal structures of apo and an EASG complex are essentially identical with a few exceptions in the H‐site and in the water network at the dimer interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index, concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Li Xuemei , Jiang Fengqing , Li Lanhai , Wang Guigang
Published: June 2010

This paper studied the spatial and temporal variability of the statistical structures of precipitation across Xinjiang, China, by analysing the time series of daily precipitation from 50 weather stations during the period from 1961 to 2008. Three indices precipitation concentration index (CI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP) were used to detect precipitation concentrations and the associated spatial patterns. The results show that higher precipitation CI values were mainly observed in Southern Xinjiang, whereas lower precipitation CI values were mostly detected in Northern Xinjiang. The precipitation CI values are noticeably larger in places where both annual total precipitation and number of rainy days are lower. The Mann–Kendall trend test demonstrates that the most parts of Xinjiang are characterized by no significant trends of precipitation CI at the 0.05 significance level. The periodicity characteristic of precipitation CI time series in Xinjiang could be detected by wavelet power spectrum analysis, and significant periods of that in most of Xinjiang were concentrated on 2–5 years band. The results of PCP reveal that rainfall in Xinjiang mostly occurs in summer, and the rainy season arrives earlier in Eastern Xinjiang than Western Xinjiang, whereas the results of PCD indicate that the rainfall in Northern Xinjiang was more dispersed within a year than that in Southern Xinjiang. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Integration of satellite‐measured LST data into cokriging for temperature estimation on tropical and temperate islands
Authors: Park Sunyurp
Published: June 2010

Cokriging, a multivariate geostatistical interpolation method, uses elevation information as a secondary variable to improve the prediction accuracy of air temperature in mountainous areas. Although the secondary variable plays an important role in cokriging, the performance of interpolation largely depends on the amount of input data. The purpose of this study was to improve air temperature estimation by merging hypertemporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land surface temperature (LST) data and ground observations as interpolation data. Two significantly different island environments, tropical Hawaii Island (USA) and temperate Jeju Island (Korea), were selected for interpolation experiments. Spatiotemporal characteristics of air temperature prediction were compared between three cokriging methods and the conventional inverse‐distance weighted interpolation. Due to the year‐round trade winds, there was significant difference in prediction errors between windward and leeward slopes of Hawaii Island. LST‐derived temperature was not regularly sampled from cloud‐prone, windward slopes. As a result, prediction reliability was lower on windward slopes than leeward slopes, and overall prediction accuracy decreased in the wet season. Jeju Island is a mid‐latitude volcanic island heavily influenced by the Asian monsoons. This climatic setting creates the seasonal variations of air temperature that is far greater than its spatial variations. The environmental lapse rate (ELR) of Jeju Island became much steeper in winter, and prediction accuracy and reliability were reduced due to an increase in the spatial variations of air temperature. With the addition of satellite‐derived air temperature data, the root mean square errors of cokriging decreased by 27.3–52.9% for Hawaii Island and 34.6–37.6% for Jeju Island depending on cokriging models. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Changes in in vivo knee loading with a variable‐stiffness intervention shoe correlate with changes in the knee adduction moment
Authors: Erhart Jennifer C. , Dyrby Chris O. , D'Lima Darryl D. , Colwell Clifford W. , Andriacchi Thomas P.
Published: June 2010

External knee adduction moment can be reduced using footwear interventions, but the exact changes in in vivo medial joint loading remain unknown. An instrumented knee replacement was used to assess changes in in vivo medial joint loading in a single patient walking with a variable‐stiffness intervention shoe. We hypothesized that during walking with a load modifying variable‐stiffness shoe intervention: (1) the first peak knee adduction moment will be reduced compared to a subject's personal shoes; (2) the first peak in vivo medial contact force will be reduced compared to personal shoes; and (3) the reduction in knee adduction moment will be correlated with the reduction in medial contact force. The instrumentation included a motion capture system, force plate, and the instrumented knee prosthesis. The intervention shoe reduced the first peak knee adduction moment (13.3%, p = 0.011) and medial compartment joint contact force (12.3%; p = 0.008) compared to the personal shoe. The change in first peak knee adduction moment was significantly correlated with the change in first peak medial contact force (R2 = 0.67, p = 0.007). Thus, for a single subject with a total knee prosthesis the variable‐stiffness shoe reduces loading on the affected compartment of the joint. The reductions in the external knee adduction moment are indicative of reductions in in vivo medial compressive force with this intervention. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1548–1553, 2010
Raman scattering features of lead pyroantimonate compounds: implication for the non‐invasive identification of yellow pigments on ancient ceramics. Part II. In situ characterisation of Renaissance plates by portable micro‐Raman and XRF studies
Authors: Rosi F. , Manuali V. , Grygar T. , Bezdicka P. , Brunetti B. G. , Sgamellotti A. , Burgio L. , Seccaroni C. , Miliani C.
Published: June 2010

The effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy (using a bench‐top system on standard pigments) for the characterisation of modified lead antimonate yellows was demonstrated in the already published Part I. The knowledge gained is employed here for the study of yellow glazes on genuine Renaissance plates with the aim of identifying non‐invasively lead pyroantimonate compounds by portable micro‐Raman equipment. The investigation was carried out directly on site, at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, UK) and at the Museo Statale d'Arte Medievale di Arezzo (Arezzo, Italy), combining Raman and X‐ray fluorescence analyses. In addition to the spectral features of both unmodified Naples yellow and Sn‐ and Zn‐modified lead antimonate compounds, the Raman patterns related to partially modified pyrochlore structures were observed. For this reason, the possible Sn‐induced modification of Naples yellow by cassiterite (SnO2), present within the glaze as opacifier was explored on lead antimonate yellow glaze mock‐ups fired at different temperatures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid transcriptome and proteome profiling of a non‐model marine invertebrate, Bugula neritina
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Huoming , Wong Yue Him , Voolstra Christian , Ravasi Timothy , B. Bajic Vladimir , Qian Pei‐Yuan
Published: June 2010

Non‐model organisms represent the majority of life forms in our planet. However, the lack of genetic information hinders us to understand the unique biological phenomena in non‐model organisms at the molecular level. In this study, we applied a tandem transcriptome and proteome profiling on a non‐model marine fouling organism, Bugula neritina. Using a 454 pyrosequencing platform with the updated titanium reagents, we generated a total of 48M bp transcriptome data consisting of 131 450 high‐quality reads. Of these, 122 650 reads (93%) were assembled to produce 6392 contigs with an average length of 538 bases and the remaining 8800 reads were singletons. Of the total 15 192 unigenes, 13 863 ORFs were predicated, of which 6917 were functionally annotated based on gene ontology and eukaryotic orthologous groups. Subsequent proteome analysis identified and quantified 882 proteins from B. neritina. These results would provide fundamental and important information for the subsequent studies of molecular mechanism in larval biology, development, antifouling research. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, the combined use of two high‐throughput technologies as a powerful approach for accelerating the studies of non‐model but otherwise important species.
Fold versus sequence effects on the driving force for protein‐mediated electron transfer
Authors: Perrin Bradley Scott , Ichiye Toshiko
Published: June 2010

Electron transport chains composed of electron transfer reactions mainly between proteins provide fast efficient flow of energy in a variety of metabolic pathways. Reduction potentials are essential characteristics of the proteins because they determine the driving forces for the electron transfers. As both polar and charged groups from the backbone and side chains define the electrostatic environment, both the fold and the sequence will contribute. However, although the role of a specific sequence may be determined by experimental mutagenesis studies of reduction potentials, understanding the role of the fold by experiment is much more difficult. Here, continuum electrostatics and density functional theory calculations are used to analyze reduction potentials in [4Fe‐4S] proteins. A key feature is that multiple homologous proteins in three different folds are compared: six high potential iron‐sulfur proteins, four bacterial ferredoxins, and four nitrogenase iron proteins. Calculated absolute reduction potentials are shown to be in quantitative agreement with electrochemical reduction potentials. Calculations further demonstrate that the contribution of the backbone is larger than that of the side chains and is consistent for homologous proteins but differs for nonhomologous proteins, indicating that the fold is the major protein factor determining the reduction potential, whereas the specific amino acid sequence tunes the reduction potential for a given fold. Moreover, the fold contribution is determined mainly by the proximity of the redox site to the protein surface and the orientation of the dipoles of backbone near the redox site. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recommended management of nocturnal enuresis in children
Authors: Cohn Anthony
Published: June 2010

Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the author describes the three systems approach used in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Saxagliptin (Onglyza): new DPP‐4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Vora Jiten
Published: June 2010

Saxagliptin (Onglyza) is a new DPP‐4 inhibitor licensed as add‐on therapy with metformin, a sulphonylurea or a thiazolidinedione in type 2 diabetes. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects as a component of dual therapy, and Professor Jiten Vora summarises the potential role of the DPP‐4 inhibitors.
Managing upper gastrointestinal disorders in older people
Authors: Haunton Victoria , Boovalingam Padmabushan , Lo Nelson
Published: June 2010

Our series Prescribing in older people gives practical advice for successful management of the special problems face by this age group. Here, the authors describe the diagnosis and recommended management of gastro esophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Optical bandgap modeling of thermal annealed ZnO:Ga thin films using neural networks
Authors: Kim Chang Eun , Moon Pyung , Yun Ilgu , Kim Sungyeon , Myoung Jae‐Min , Jang Hyeon Woo , Bang Jungsik
Published: June 2010

In this paper, the thermal annealing process modeling for the optical bandgap of ZnO:Ga thin films for transparent conductive oxide was presented using neural network (NNets) based on error backpropagation (BPNN) algorithm and multilayer perceptron (MLP). The thermal annealing process of ZnO:Ga thin films were analyzed by general factorial experimental design. The annealing temperature and film thickness were considered as input factors. To model the nonlinear annealing process, 6 experiments were trained by BPNN which has 2‐4‐1 structures and 2 additional samples were experimented to verify the predicted models. The output response model on optical bandgap and carrier concentration of ZnO:Ga thin films trained by BPNN was represented by surface plot of response surface model. Based on the modeling results, NNets can provide sufficient correspondence between the predicted output values and the measured. The optical bandgap variation of ZnO:Ga thin films by annealing is due to increased carrier concentration and explained by Burstein–Moss effect. The thermal annealing process is nonlinear and complex but the output response can be predicted by the NNets model.
Optically active nanoparticles: Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles
Authors: Hidalgo Francisco , Noguez Cecilia
Published: June 2010

A brief topical review of the optical activity of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and metallic clusters, is given. Using a recently developed first‐principles formalism, the particular case of the optical activity of the chiral C84 fullerene with D2 symmetry is studied in detail. In particular, the optical activity of the four possible isomers with this symmetry is studied by calculating the electronic circular dichroism (CD) and compared with experimental data. Although a similar line shape is found for the lowest‐energy isomer, the width and intensity of the main experimental peaks are not well reproduced. On the other hand, it is found that the average CD of the mixture of the three lower‐energy isomers is in better agreement with experiments. It is expected that this review would be useful as an introduction to optical activity at the nanometer scale, and motivate further experimental studies and the interpretation of natural optical activity in nanoparticles.

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Calculated CD of a mixture of different isomers of the fullerene C84 with D2 symmetry by using DFT and its comparison with experiment.
Vertical‐type InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes with high efficiency reflector ITO/APC alloy on p‐GaN
Authors: Hwang Sung Min , Cho Hyun Kyong , Kwon Ho Ki , Oh Tchang Hun
Published: June 2010

We demostrate the efficient p‐type reflector for high performance vertical InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) with 1 × 1mm2 chip size. The reflector consists of Indium‐Tin‐Oxide (ITO) and Ag‐Pd‐Cu (APC) alloy. The ITO was inserted between p‐GaN layer and APC alloy using RF magnetron sputtering to prevent inter‐diffusion of APC into GaN layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) result shows that ITO plays an impotant role as a diffusion barrier to APC alloy. In addition, the contact resistivity of ITO to p‐GaN layer was measured to be 1.32 × 10‐3 Ωcm2 at annealing temperature of 600 °C for 1 minute. APC alloy was adpoted to acheive a higher reflectance for improvement of a light extraction efficiency. The APC alloy reflector appeared to have a higher reflectivity compared to conventional Ni/Ag film reflector. The verical LEDs with ITO/APC alloy reflectors showed the light‐output power of 295 mW at an injection current of 350 mA, which is 15% higher than that with Ni/Ag reflectors. The output power enhancement is attributed to the increase of light extraction efficiency due to high reflectivity of APC alloy (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of high Al‐content AlGaN/AlN quantum wells fabricated by modified migration enhanced epitaxy
Authors: Banal Ryan G. , Funato Mitsuru , Kawakami Yoichi
Published: June 2010

High‐quality AlxGa1‐xN/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with high‐Al content (x > 0.69) were fabricated by modified migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE), characterized by the repetition of simultaneous supply and alternating supply of group III and group V sources. The fabrication of MQWs was confirmed from x‐ray diffraction satellite peaks. With higher growth temperatures, the Al incorporation in the well layer increased. The surface was atomically smooth, and the photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed negligible deep‐level emission, attesting the high quality of the active layers. The ratio of low‐temperature and room‐temperature PL, which approximates the internal quantum efficiency, was as high as ∼36% at an emission wavelength of ∼240 nm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical anisotropy in semipolar (Al,In)GaN laser waveguides
Authors: Scheibenzuber W. , Schwarz U. , Veprek R. , Witzigmann B. , Hangleiter A.
Published: June 2010

In this work, the optical eigenmodes of a semipolar (Al,In)GaN laser diode are calculated. A full vectorial one‐dimensional 4×4 transfer matrix method is used to correctly incorporate the influence of birefringence of the wurtzite crystal. Depending on the orientation of the laser waveguide relative to the c‐axis, the eigenmodes show TE/TM‐ or extraordinary/ordinary polarization. The polarization direction of the eigenmodes is crucial for the performance of the laser, as it determines the relevant interband matrix elements for the optical gain. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunomodulatory response of Cramoll 1,4 lectin on experimental lymphocytes
Authors: de Melo Cristiane Moutinho Lagos , de Castro Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz , de Oliveira Andresa Pereira , Gomes Fabiana Oliveira Santos , Pereira Valéria Rêgo Alves , Correia Maria Tereza Santos , Coelho Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso , Paiva Patrícia Maria Guedes
Published: June 2010

Cramoll 1,4 is a lectin extracted fromCratylia mollisMart. seeds that has shown antitumor and lymphocyte mitogenic activities in other studies. The aim of this work was to investigate,in vitro, the immunomodulatory activity of Cramoll 1,4 on experimental cultures of mice lymphocytes through cytotoxic assays, nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production. Cramoll 1,4 did not show cytotoxic activity at 1–25 μg/mL concentrations, similar results were observed with concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lectins. The minimum production of IL‐10 was observed in splenocytes cultivated with Con A, PHA and Cramoll 1,4 lectins. However, splenocytes treated with Cramoll 1,4 showed higher IFN‐γ production in comparison with PHA and Con A (p< 0.05 for both). Production of NO was effectively suppressed in murine cells stimulated with the lectins and was only detected after 72 h for PHA in relation to non‐stimulated lymphocytes (p< 0.05). Cramoll 1,4 was not toxic to murine lymphocytes, induced Th1 response through IFN‐γ production and showed antiinflammatory activity through NO suppression. Therefore, Cramoll 1,4 can be considered a lectin with immunomodulatory activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active principles of Grindelia robusta exert antiinflammatory properties in a macrophage model
Authors: La Vu Dang , Lazzarin Francesco , Ricci Donata , Fraternale Daniele , Genovese Salvatore , Epifano Francesco , Grenier Daniel
Published: June 2010

Plant extracts and/or secondary metabolites are receiving considerable attention as therapeutic agents for treating inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis, which affects the tooth supporting tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a Grindelia robusta extract enriched in saponins and polyphenols on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory mediator (IL‐6, TNF‐a, RANTES, MCP‐1, PGE2) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐13) secretion by macrophages. LPS induced a marked increase in the secretion of all inflammatory mediators and MMPs tested by macrophages, as determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. At non‐cytotoxic concentrations, the G. robusta extract inhibited dose‐dependently the secretion of IL‐6, RANTES, MCP‐1 and, to a lesser extent, PGE2 and TNF‐a. Such inhibition was also observed for MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9 and ‐13 secretion. This ability of G. robusta extract to reduce the LPS‐induced secretion of inflammatory mediators and MMPs was associated with a reduction of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) p65 activation. The results suggest that G. robusta extract possesses an antiinflammatory therapeutic potential through its capacity to reduce the accumulation of inflammatory mediators and MMPs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical analysis on the hydrogen bonding and reactivity that associated with the proton transfer reaction of carboxylic acid dimers and their monosulfur derivatives
Authors: Wu Dongling , Jia Dianzeng
Published: June 2010

Carboxylic acid dimers and their monosulfur derivatives are investigated by density functional theory calculations. Basis set superposition error (BSSE) counterpoise correction is included to compare the influence of BSSE on the interaction energies as well as on the geometries. The nature of hydrogen bond is determined on the basis of atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. Good correlations have been established between H‐bond length versus AIM topological parameter, orbital interaction, and barrier height for proton transfer. The reactivity behavior along the reaction path of the double proton transfer reaction has also been studied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Insight into Markovnikov regioselectivity rule via molecular face and ABEEM‐σπ theory
Authors: Ding Yan‐Li , Mu Ji‐Rong , Wang Chun‐Hui , Yang Zhong‐Zhi
Published: June 2010

Electrophilic additions of HCl to a series of asymmetric alkenes in the gas phase are investigated by the Molecular Face (MF) theory and ABEEM‐σπ model. The interesting features of regioselectivity for these reactions are characterized by the electron density (ED) encoded on the MF of alkenes and charge distribution of alkenes obtained via the ABEEM‐σπ model, respectively. It is then demonstrated that for a series of alkenes, the Hammett constant σp (substituent constant) has a good linear correlation with KED, where KED is character of the ED at the π region in the initial state of alkenes. Comparison between investigations using MF, ABEEM‐σπ, molecular electrostatic potential, and DFT theories, in essence, give similar conclusions for explaining the regioselectivity of the electrophilic additions to alkenes, although from different points of view. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011