bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach to long-range electron transfer mechanisms in metalloproteins:
In situ
scanning tunneling microscopy with submolecular resolution
Authors: Friis Esben P. , Andersen Jens E. T. , Kharkats Yu. I. , Kuznetsov A. M. , Nichols R. J. , Zhang J.-D. , Ulstrup Jens
Published: July 2002

In situ
scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of redox
molecules, in aqueous solution, shows interesting analogies and
differences compared with interfacial electrochemical electron transfer
(ET) and ET in homogeneous solution. This is because the redox level
represents a deep indentation in the tunnel barrier, with possible
temporary electronic population. Particular perspectives are that both
the bias voltage and the overvoltage relative to a reference electrode
can be controlled, reflected in spectroscopic features when the
potential variation brings the redox level to cross the Fermi levels of
the substrate and tip. The blue copper protein azurin adsorbs on
gold(111) via a surface disulfide group. Well resolved
in
situ
STM images show arrays of molecules on the triangular
gold(111) terraces. This points to the feasibility of
in
situ
STM of redox metalloproteins directly in their
natural aqueous medium. Each structure also shows a central brighter
contrast in the constant current mode, indicative of 2- to 4-fold
current enhancement compared with the peripheral parts. This supports
the notion of tunneling via the redox level of the copper atom and of
in situ
STM as a new approach to long-range electron
tunneling in metalloproteins.
Human deafness dystonia syndrome is a mitochondrial disease
Authors: Koehler Carla M. , Leuenberger Danielle , Merchant Sabeeha , Renold Anja , Junne Tina , Schatz Gottfried
Published: July 2002

The human
d
eafness
d
ystonia syndrome results from the mutation of a
p
rotein (DDP) of unknown function. We show now that DDP is a mitochondrial protein and similar to five small proteins (Tim8p, Tim9p, Tim10p, Tim12p, and Tim13p) of the yeast mitochondrial intermembrane space. Tim9p, Tim10p, and Tim12p mediate the import of metabolite transporters from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial inner membrane and interact structurally and functionally with Tim8p and Tim13p. DDP is most similar to Tim8p. Tim8p exists as a soluble 70-kDa complex with Tim13p and Tim9p, and deletion of Tim8p is synthetically lethal with a conditional mutation in Tim10p. The deafness dystonia syndrome thus is a novel type of mitochondrial disease that probably is caused by a defective mitochondrial protein-import system.
Core structure of the envelope glycoprotein GP2 from Ebola virus at 1.9-Å resolution
Authors: Malashkevich Vladimir N. , Schneider Brian J. , McNally Margaret L. , Milhollen Michael A. , Pang James X. , Kim Peter S.
Published: July 2002

Ebola virions contain a surface transmembrane glycoprotein (GP) that is responsible for binding to target cells and subsequent fusion of the viral and host-cell membranes. GP is expressed as a single-chain precursor that is posttranslationally processed into the disulfide-linked fragments GP1 and GP2. The GP2 subunit is thought to mediate membrane fusion. A soluble fragment of the GP2 ectodomain, lacking the fusion-peptide region and the transmembrane helix, folds into a stable, highly helical structure in aqueous solution. Limited proteolysis studies identify a stable core of the GP2 ectodomain. This 74-residue core, denoted Ebo-74, was crystallized, and its x-ray structure was determined at 1.9-Å resolution. Ebo-74 forms a trimer in which a long, central three-stranded coiled coil is surrounded by shorter C-terminal helices that are packed in an antiparallel orientation into hydrophobic grooves on the surface of the coiled coil. Our results confirm the previously anticipated structural similarity between the Ebola GP2 ectodomain and the core of the transmembrane subunit from oncogenic retroviruses. The Ebo-74 structure likely represents the fusion-active conformation of the protein, and its overall architecture resembles several other viral membrane-fusion proteins, including those from HIV and influenza.
Structural basis for the inhibitory effect of brefeldin A on guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins for ADP-ribosylation factors
Authors: Sata Makoto , Moss Joel , Vaughan Martha
Published: July 2002

Protein secretion through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicular trafficking system is initiated by the binding of ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) to donor membranes, leading to recruitment of coatomer, bud formation, and eventual vesicle release. ARFs are ≈20-kDa GTPases that are active with bound GTP and inactive with GDP bound. Conversion of ARF-GDP to ARF-GTP is regulated by guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins. All known ARF guanine nucleotide-exchange proteins contain a Sec7 domain of ≈200 amino acids that includes the active site and fall into two classes that differ in molecular size and susceptibility to inhibition by the fungal metabolite brefeldin A (BFA). To determine the structural basis of BFA sensitivity, chimeric molecules were constructed by using sequences from the Sec7 domains of BFA-sensitive yeast Sec7 protein (ySec7d) and the insensitive human cytohesin-1 (C-1Sec7). Based on BFA inhibition of the activities of these molecules with recombinant yeast ARF2 as substrate, the Asp
965
–Met
975
sequence in ySec7d was shown to be responsible for BFA sensitivity. A C-1Sec7 mutant in which Ser
199
, Asn
204
, and Pro
209
were replaced with the corresponding ySec7d amino acids, Asp
965
, Gln
970
, and Met
975
, exhibited BFA sensitivity similar to that of recombinant ySec7d (rySec7d). Single replacement in C-1Sec7 of Ser
199
or Pro
209
resulted in partial inhibition by BFA, whereas replacement of Gln
970
in ySec7d with Asn (as found in C-1Sec7) had no effect. As predicted, the double C-1Sec7 mutant with S199D and P209M was BFA-sensitive, demonstrating that Asp
965
and Met
975
in ySec7d are major molecular determinants of BFA sensitivity.
Stimulus–secretion coupling in neurohypophysial nerve endings: A role for intravesicular sodium?
Authors: Thirion Sylve , Troadec Jean-Denis , Pivovarova Natalia B. , Pagnotta Sophie , Andrews S. Brian , Leapman Richard D. , Nicaise Ghislain
Published: July 2002

It is generally accepted that Ca is essentially involved in regulated secretion, but the role of this cation, as well as others such as Na, is not well understood. An illustrative example occurs in neurohypophysial secretion, where an experimentally induced increase in the cytosolic concentration of Na
+
can induce continuous neuropeptide release. In contrast, an increase in cytosolic Ca
2+
will have only a transient stimulatory effect. The secretion-promoting targets for Ca
2+
are not known; they may be cytosolic, as is usually assumed, but they may also be intravesicular, especially in view of evidence that Ca-rich secretory vesicles are preferentially secreted. In the present work, we have investigated the movements of these cations into and out of secretory vesicles during stimulus–secretion coupling. Isolated rat neurohypophysial nerve endings were stimulated by potassium (55 mM) depolarization, and at 6 min (peak secretion) and 20 min after the onset of stimulation, the elemental content of individual secretory vesicles was measured by quantitative x-ray microanalysis. A depolarization-induced transient increase in intravesicular Na
+
concentration was found to coincide with the onset of secretion. Moreover, only a predicted small fraction of peripheral vesicles—presumably the docked ones—were Na
+
-loaded. The low sulfur concentration of Na
+
-rich vesicles most likely resulted from vesicle swelling. The results suggest that high intravesicular Na
+
concentrations in docked vesicles, occurring by Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchange or by transient fusion pore opening, is a proximal event in exocytosis.
Expression of
Batis maritima
methyl chloride transferase in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Ni Xinhai , Hager Lowell P.
Published: July 2002

Methyl chloride transferase, a novel enzyme found in several fungi, marine algae, and halophytic plants, is a biological catalyst responsible for the production of atmospheric methyl chloride. A previous paper reports the purification of this methylase from
Batis maritima
and the isolation of a cDNA clone of the gene for this enzyme. In this paper, we describe the isolation of a genomic clone of the methylase gene and the expression of recombinant methyl chloride transferase in
Escherichia coli
and compare the kinetic behavior of the wild-type and recombinant enzyme. The recombinant enzyme is active and promotes the production of methyl chloride by
E. coli
under
in vivo
conditions. The kinetic data indicate that the recombinant and wild-type enzymes have similar halide (Cl
−
, Br
−
, and I
−
)-binding capacities. Both the recombinant and wild-type enzymes were found to function well in high NaCl concentrations. This high salt tolerance resembles the activity of halobacterial enzymes rather than halophytic plant enzymes. These findings support the hypothesis that this enzyme functions in the control and regulation of the internal concentration of chloride ions in halophytic plant cells.
Blood pressure reduction and diabetes insipidus in transgenic rats deficient in brain angiotensinogen
Authors: Schinke Martina , Baltatu Ovidiu , Böhm Manfred , Peters Jörg , Rascher Wolfgang , Bricca Giampiero , Lippoldt Andrea , Ganten Detlev , Bader Michael
Published: July 2002

Angiotensin produced systemically or locally in tissues such as the brain plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and in the development of hypertension. We have established transgenic rats [TGR(ASrAOGEN)] expressing an antisense RNA against angiotensinogen mRNA specifically in the brain. In these animals, the brain angiotensinogen level is reduced by more than 90% and the drinking response to intracerebroventricular renin infusions is decreased markedly compared with control rats. Blood pressure of transgenic rats is lowered by 8 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa) compared with control rats. Crossbreeding of TGR(ASrAOGEN) with a hypertensive transgenic rat strain exhibiting elevated angiotensin II levels in tissues results in a marked attenuation of the hypertensive phenotype. Moreover, TGR(ASrAOGEN) exhibit a diabetes insipidus-like syndrome producing an increased amount of urine with decreased osmolarity. The observed reduction in plasma vasopressin by 35% may mediate these phenotypes of TGR(ASrAOGEN). This new animal model presenting long-term and tissue-specific down-regulation of angiotensinogen corroborates the functional significance of local angiotensin production in the brain for the central regulation of blood pressure and for the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Cycles and trends in cod populations
Authors: Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Fromentin Jean-Marc , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Gjøsæter Jakob
Published: July 2002

Year-to-year fluctuations in fish stocks are usually attributed to variability in recruitment, competition, predation, and changes in catchability. Trends in abundance, in contrast, are usually ascribed to human exploitation and large-scale environmental changes. In this study, we demonstrate, through statistical modeling of survey data (1921–1994) of cod from the Norwegian Skagerrak coast, that both short- and long-term variability may arise from the same set of age-structured interactions. Asymmetric competition and cannibalism between cohorts generate alternating years of high and low abundance. Intercohort interactions also resonate the recruitment variability so that long-term trends are induced. The coupling of age-structure and variable recruitment should, therefore, be considered when explaining both the short- and long-term fluctuations displayed by the coastal cod populations. Resonant effects may occur in many marine populations that exhibit this combination of traits.
T-type α1H Ca
2+
channels are involved in Ca
2+
signaling during terminal differentiation (fusion) of human myoblasts
Authors: Bijlenga Philippe , Liu Jian-Hui , Espinos Estelle , Haenggeli Charles-Antoine , Fischer-Lougheed Jacqueline , Bader Charles R. , Bernheim Laurent
Published: July 2002

Mechanisms underlying Ca
2+
signaling during human myoblast terminal differentiation were studied using cell cultures. We found that T-type Ca
2+
channels (T-channels) are expressed in myoblasts just before fusion. Their inhibition by amiloride or Ni
2+
suppresses fusion and prevents an intracellular Ca
2+
concentration increase normally observed at the onset of fusion. The use of antisense oligonucleotides indicates that the functional T-channels are formed by α1H subunits. At hyperpolarized potentials, these channels allow a window current sufficient to increase [Ca
2+
]
i
. As hyperpolarization is a prerequisite to myoblast fusion, we conclude that the Ca
2+
signal required for fusion is produced when the resting potential enters the T-channel window. A similar mechanism could operate in other cell types of which differentiation implicates membrane hyperpolarization.
Pseudomonas syringae
Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins
Authors: Collmer Alan , Badel Jorge L. , Charkowski Amy O. , Deng Wen-Ling , Fouts Derrick E. , Ramos Adela R. , Rehm Amos H. , Anderson Deborah M. , Schneewind Olaf , van Dijk Karin , Alfano James R.
Published: July 2002

Pseudomonas syringae
is a member of an important
group of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of plants and animals that
depend on a type III secretion system to inject virulence effector
proteins into host cells. In
P. syringae
,
hrp
/
hrc
genes encode the Hrp (type III
secretion) system, and
av
i
r
ulence
(
avr
) and
H
rp-dependent
o
uter
p
rotein (
hop
) genes
encode effector proteins. The
hrp
/
hrc
genes of
P. syringae
pv syringae 61,
P.
syringae
pv syringae B728a, and
P. syringae
pv
tomato DC3000 are flanked by an exchangeable effector locus and a
conserved effector locus in a tripartite mosaic Hrp pathogenicity
island (Pai) that is linked to a tRNA
Leu
gene found also in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
but without linkage to Hrp system
genes. Cosmid pHIR11 carries a portion of the strain 61 Hrp
pathogenicity island that is sufficient to direct
Escherichia
coli
and
Pseudomonas fluorescens
to inject
HopPsyA into tobacco cells, thereby eliciting a hypersensitive response
normally triggered only by plant pathogens. Large deletions in strain
DC3000 revealed that the conserved effector locus is essential for
pathogenicity but the exchangeable effector locus has only a minor role
in growth in tomato.
P. syringae
secretes HopPsyA and
AvrPto in culture in a Hrp-dependent manner at pH and temperature
conditions associated with pathogenesis. AvrPto is also secreted by
Yersinia enterocolitica
. The secretion of AvrPto depends
on the first 15 codons, which are also sufficient to direct the
secretion of an Npt reporter from
Y. enterocolitica
,
indicating that a universal targeting signal is recognized by the type
III secretion systems of both plant and animal pathogens.
Intercellular delivery of a herpes simplex virus VP22 fusion protein from cells infected with lentiviral vectors
Authors: Lai Zhennan , Han Ina , Zirzow Gregory , Brady Roscoe O. , Reiser Jakob
Published: July 2002

Effective gene therapy depends on the efficient transfer of
therapeutic genes and their protein products to target cells.
Lentiviral vectors appear promising for virus-mediated gene delivery
and long-term expression in nondividing cells. The herpes simplex virus
type 1 tegument protein VP22 has recently been shown to mediate
intercellular transport of proteins, raising the possibility that it
may be helpful in a setting where the global delivery of therapeutic
proteins is desired. To investigate the effectiveness of lentiviral
vectors to deliver genes encoding proteins fused to VP22, and to test
whether the system is sufficiently potent to allow protein delivery
from transduced cells
in vitro
and
in
vivo
, fusion constructs of VP22 and the enhanced green
fluorescent protein (EGFP) were prepared and delivered into target
cells by using HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors. To follow the spread of
VP22-EGFP to other cells, transduced COS-7 cells were coplated with a
number of different cell types, including brain choroid plexus cells,
human endothelial cells, H9 cells, and HeLa cells. We found that
VP22-EGFP fusion proteins were transported from transduced cells to
recipient cells and that such fusion proteins accumulated in the
nucleus and in the cytoplasm of such cells. To determine the ability to
deliver fusion proteins
in vivo
, we injected transduced
H9 cells as well as the viral vector directly into the brain of mice.
We present evidence that VP22-EGFP fusion proteins were transported
effectively from lentivirus transduced cells
in vivo
. We
also show that the VP22-EGFP fusion protein encoded by the lentivirus
is transported between cells. Our data indicate that such fusion
proteins are present in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of neighboring
cells. Therefore, lentiviral vectors may provide a potent biological
system for delivering genes encoding therapeutic proteins fused to
VP22.
Antagonistic role of
vega1
and
bozozok/dharma
homeobox genes in organizer formation
Authors: Kawahara Atsuo , Wilm Thomas , Solnica-Krezel Lilianna , Dawid Igor B.
Published: July 2002

During zebrafish development, zygotic gene expression initiated at
the midblastula transition converts maternal information on embryo
polarity into a transcriptional read-out. Expression of a homeobox
gene,
vega1
, is activated at midblastula transition in
all blastomeres, but is down-regulated dorsally before gastrulation.
Ubiquitous expression of
vega1
is maintained in
bozozok
mutants, in which the dorsal-specific homeobox
gene
bozozok
/
dharma
(boz
/
dha)
is disrupted and organizer formation
is impaired.
Vega1
inhibits expression of
boz
/
dha
and organizer-specific genes,
and causes ventralization resulting in a headless phenotype. In
contrast,
VP16-vega1
, a fusion including the Vega1
homeodomain and VP16 activation domain, elicits ectopic expression of
organizer genes and suppresses several aspects of the
boz
mutant phenotype. We propose that
boz
/
dha
-dependent down-regulation of
vega1
in the dorsal region is an early essential step in
organizer formation in zebrafish.
c-Mos forces the mitotic cell cycle to undergo meiosis II to produce haploid gametes
Authors: Tachibana Kazunori , Tanaka Daisuke , Isobe Tomohiro , Kishimoto Takeo
Published: July 2002

The meiotic cycle reduces ploidy through two consecutive M phases,
meiosis I and meiosis II, without an intervening S phase. To maintain
ploidy through successive generations, meiosis must be followed by
mitosis after the recovery of diploidy by fertilization. However, the
coordination from meiotic to mitotic cycle is still unclear. Mos, the
c-
mos
protooncogene product, is a key regulator of
meiosis in vertebrates. In contrast to the previous observation that
Mos functions only in vertebrate oocytes that arrest at meiotic
metaphase II, here we isolate the first invertebrate
mos
from starfish and show that Mos functions also in starfish oocytes that
arrest after the completion of meiosis II but not at metaphase II. In
the absence of Mos, meiosis I is followed directly by repeated
embryonic mitotic cycles, and its reinstatement restores meiosis II and
subsequent cell cycle arrest. These observations imply that after
meiosis I, oocytes have a competence to progress through the embryonic
mitotic cycle, but that Mos diverts the cell cycle to execute meiosis
II and remains to restrain the return to the mitotic cycle. We propose
that a role of Mos that is conserved in invertebrate and vertebrate
oocytes is not to support metaphase II arrest but to prevent the
meiotic/mitotic conversion after meiosis I until fertilization,
directing meiosis II to ensure the reduction of ploidy.
Searching for the prototypic eye genetic network:
Sine oculis
is essential for eye regeneration in planarians
Authors: Pineda D. , Gonzalez J. , Callaerts P. , Ikeo K. , Gehring W. J. , Salo E.
Published: July 2002

We have identified a
sine oculis
gene in the planarian
Girardia tigrina
(Platyhelminthes; Turbellaria; Tricladida). The planarian
sine oculis
gene (
Gtso)
encodes a protein with a sine oculis (Six) domain and a homeodomain that shares significant sequence similarity with so proteins assigned to the Six-2 gene family.
Gtso
is expressed as a single transcript in both regenerating and fully developed eyes. Whole-mount
in situ
hybridization studies show exclusive expression in photoreceptor cells. Loss of function of
Gtso
by RNA interference during planarian regeneration inhibits eye regeneration completely. Gtso is also essential for maintenance of the differentiated state of photoreceptor cells. These results, combined with the previously demonstrated expression of Pax-6 in planarian eyes, suggest that the same basic gene regulatory circuit required for eye development in
Drosophila
and mouse is used in the prototypic eye spots of platyhelminthes and, therefore, is truly conserved during evolution.
Design of three-dimensional domain-swapped dimers and fibrous oligomers
Authors: Ogihara Nancy L. , Ghirlanda Giovanna , Bryson James W. , Gingery Mari , DeGrado William F. , Eisenberg David
Published: July 2002

Three-dimensional (3D) domain-swapped proteins are intermolecularly
folded analogs of monomeric proteins; both are stabilized by the
identical interactions, but the individual domains interact
intramolecularly in monomeric proteins, whereas they form
intermolecular interactions in 3D domain-swapped structures. The
structures and conditions of formation of several domain-swapped dimers
and trimers are known, but the formation of higher order 3D
domain-swapped oligomers has been less thoroughly studied. Here we
contrast the structural consequences of domain swapping from two
designed three-helix bundles: one with an up-down-up topology, and the
other with an up-down-down topology. The up-down-up topology gives rise
to a domain-swapped dimer whose structure has been determined to 1.5 Å
resolution by x-ray crystallography. In contrast, the domain-swapped
protein with an up-down-down topology forms fibrils as shown by
electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. This demonstrates
that design principles can predict the oligomeric state of 3D
domain-swapped molecules, which should aid in the design of
domain-swapped proteins and biomaterials.
‘The Purdahnashin in Her Setting’: Colonial Modernity and the Zenana in Cornelia Sorabji's Memoirs
Authors: Burton Antoinette
Published: July 2002

This article focuses on two memoirs written by Cornelia Sorabji in the 1930s – India Calling (1934), and a subsequent book, India Recalled (1936) – in order to explore how discourses of space and place shaped the representations of femininity which structure these texts. Specifically, I will examine Sorabji's apprehensions of femininity in relation to the Muslim and Hindu women she viewed as her legal ‘clients.’ I am equally interested in these texts as evidence of how memory works as a practice of history – how events as they were recalled and recorded in the volatile 1930s and, especially in the wake of the Katherine Mayo controversy, how they helped shape the versions of the respectable feminine produced in her public writing of the period.
The Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Massage Parlours: Changes in the Norwegian Prostitution Setting in the 1990s
Authors: Skilbrei May-Len
Published: July 2002

This article is an attempt to bring together knowledge about the Norwegian prostitution market, public debates on prostitution and prostitution laws and regulation in order to explore the processes whereby the prostitution setting is constituted. Norway has been the site of changes in the ways female prostitution takes place, changes that are being experienced by the women involved due to a growth in indoor prostitution. These changes seem to have been produced by, and to take part in, the production of new images of prostitutes and new means of prostitution control.
Issues of Difference in Contemporary Caribbean Feminism
Authors: Baksh-Soodeen Rawwida
Published: July 2002

This paper interrogates Caribbean feminist theory and activism in relation to the Euro-American experience and to challenges emerging from the Third World discourse. The author argues from the standpoint position that second wave Caribbean feminism has been largely Afro-centric and simultaneously interlocked with processes of independence and national identity struggles. She suggests that there is a need for the movement to reflect the experiences of women of other ethnic groups in the region. In this regard, in Trinidad and Tobago the Indo-Caribbean voice has been emerging and broadening the feminist base. In more recent years also the divisions between feminist and non-feminist groups are subsiding, strengthening the ultimate capacity of this movement for change in the region.
In Search of Our Memory: Gender in the Netherlands Antilles
Authors: Cuales Sonia Magdalena
Published: July 2002

The history of class, race and gender relations is largely under researched for the island territories of Curaçao, Bonaire, St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten, the group of islands which comprise the Netherlands-Antilles. While there are archival sources which can depict some of this history, much of it remains submerged in our memories due to our self-imposed silences on these social issues. In this paper I extract some of this memory together with fragments of research already carried out, statistical evidence available, and some of the struggles which the feminist movement has waged in regard to oppressive legislation which discriminated against women, to provide a glimpse of this postcolonial variation which also constitutes part of the Caribbean.
‘Fanm Se Poto Mitan: Haitian Woman, the Pillar of Society
Authors: N'Zengou-Tayo Marie-José
Published: July 2002

In this paper Marie-Jose N'zengou-Tayo draws on a variety of sources, both historical and contemporary, to describe the journey of Haitian women from nineteenth-century post-War of Independence, to present-day Haitian society.

The paper is divided in two sections. In the first, the author traces a brief social history of women, quoting anthropological and sociological studies from the 1930s to the 1970s. She begins with rural peasant women noting their significant involvement in farming, marketing and in the internal food trade sector. The development of polygamy and common law unions as the most common form of conjugal union is seen as a practical response to survival in rural Haiti. The author notes the major impact on women's lives of continued political upheavals, violent repression, rural degradation and migration to the cities. Opportunities for employment in a deprived urban setting, and women's initiatives in income generating are also described under the Duvalier regimes. A brief overview of the lives of the middle class is included, although there is a paucity of research in this area available to the author. Violence against women is a regular threat facing domestic workers, and a means of repression used by the state against women across classes.

In the second section N'Zengou-Tayo addresses the literary representation of Haitian women by both female and male Haitian writers. The paper examines how female writers have developed subversive narrative strategies to shape a female identity in order to break away from the stereotypes portrayed in men's writing.

N'Zengou-Tayo concludes that the tremendous contribution of Haitian women to their society has neither been recognized nor documented. Despite this, the resilience of Haitian women, whether in their daily lives or in their writing, has enabled them to make strides towards improving their lives.
Gendered Testimonies: Autobiographies, Diaries and Letters by Women as Sources for Caribbean History
Authors: Brereton Bridget
Published: July 2002

Although history has been one of the main disciplines through which we can understand gender, the paucity of data written or recorded by women makes it more difficult for the historian to research women's lives in the past. In the Caribbean, this task has been made easier by the discovery of a few key sources which allow an insight into the private sphere of Caribbean women's lives. These records of women who have lived in the Caribbean since the 1800s consist of memoirs, diaries and letters. The autobiographical writings include the extraordinary record of Mary Prince, a Bermuda-born enslaved African woman. Other sources which have been examined are the diaries of women who were members of the élite in the society, and educated women who worked either in professions or through the church to assist others in their societies. Through her examination of the testimonies of these women, the author reveals aspects of childhood, motherhood, marriage and sexual abuses which different women – free and unfree, white, black or coloured – experienced. The glimpses allow us to see Caribbean women who have lived with and challenged the definitions of femininity allowed them in the past. It demonstrates that the distinctions created between women's private and public lives were as artificial then as they are at present.
When the Earth is Female and the Nation is Mother: Gender, the Armed Forces and Nationalism in Indonesia
Authors: Sunindyo Saraswati
Published: July 2002

This article examines how, through militarism, masculine imaginings of Indonesian nationalism construct a ‘national feminine’. Whether through popular song, national war heroines, or the institutionalization of feminine roles in the military, the positioning of the ‘national feminine’ is always contradictory. On the one hand, it is gendered and domesticized, while, on the other, it is employed as confirmation that Indonesia has already achieved gender equality. In most instances, once the national crisis is over, and before a new crisis emerges, both the rhetoric of equality and the representation of the nation used to mobilize women's participation in the popular armed struggle are once again adjusted to fit the heterosexual familial model. However, in the Indonesian military, discursive constructions of the ‘national feminine’ are not enough; the military must further define the ‘national feminine’ through institutionalized practices.
Metaphors of Inscription: Discipline, Plasticity and the Rhetoric of Choice
Authors: Brush Pippa
Published: July 2002

The metaphor of inscription on the body and the constitution of the body through those inscriptions have been widely used in recent attempts to theorize the body. Michel Foucault calls the body the ‘inscribed surface of events’ (Foucault, 1984: 83) and Elizabeth Grosz argues that the ‘female (or male) body can no longer be regarded as a fixed, concrete substance, a pre-cultural given. It has a determinate form only by being socially inscribed’ (Grosz, 1987: 2). The body becomes plastic, inscribed with gender and cultural standards. While Foucault assumes the existence of a pre-inscriptive body, many theorists reject that idea and argue that ‘there is no recourse to a body that has not always already been interpreted by cultural meanings’ (Butler, 1990: 8). The constitution of the body rests in its inscription; the body becomes the text which is written upon it and from which it is indistinguishable.

Starting from Catherine Belsey's suggestion that to ‘give the metaphor literal significance … is to … isolate it for contemplation’ (Belsey, 1988: 100), I discuss this metaphor of inscription, using cosmetic surgery as one literal example. While some theorists reject the pre-inscriptive body, the popular discourses advocating changing one's body assume unproblematically the existence of a body prior to these ‘elective’ procedures and reinforce the mind/body dualism which recent theory has sought so insistently to reject. I examine how popular discourses of body modification enforce a disciplinary regime (in Foucault's sense) and impose degrees of both literal and figurative inscription.

Juxtaposing these two perspectives, I explore how both discourses efface the materiality of the body and the social contexts within which bodies are experienced and constructed. While the rhetoric surrounding cosmetic surgery denies the physical process and the economic constraints, so theories of the body which stress the body's plasticity also deny the materiality of that process and the cultural and social contexts within which the body is always placed.
The ‘Civilizing Mission’: The Regulation and Control of Mourning in Colonial India
Authors: Mukta Parita
Published: July 2002

The control of women's public form of mourning in India was undertaken in the colonial era by male social reformers. The article argues that this was both a part of the process which enabled the consolidation of colonial rule – since laments were repositories for the social memory of the dead which could lead to vendettas – and that this fed into the construction of a specific domestic ideology. The latter was predicated on the privatization and interiorization of grief, whereby women were enjoined to bear themselves with rectitude. The taming of the transgressive form of mourning, whereby women who had earlier exhibited their grievances in a spectacular form through lament, took to more quietist (devotional) forms, has reconfigured the relationship to death and mourning. However, this has been a partial phenomenon, limited to the upper-caste, middle-class milieu. Where women continue to hold a dependent position within community, nation-state and international economy, the article suggests that, in contexts of modern conflicts and warfare, where death runs ‘wild’, the exhibitionist and ‘wild’ forms of showing grief and anger continue to be demonstrated by women as an appropriate public response.
Postmodern Concepts of the Body in Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body
Authors: Lindenmeyer Antje
Published: July 2002

This article is concerned with Jeanette Winterson's use and reworking of post-modern concepts of the body in her novel Written on the Body. Feminist appropriations of those concepts can be problematic: they tend to focus on the way in which a coherent body image is constructed and then imposed on the body parts, whereas many feminist theorists continue to emphasize the wholeness and integrity of the female body. Written on the Body offers constructive ways of theorizing the female body within a postmodern framework, because it is shaped by concepts of wholeness and fragmentation at the same time. Winterson develops a critique of androcentric science and medicine that strives to know the female body by dissecting it, analogous to the way modern society compartmentalizes human lives into neat manageable units. Against this, a concept of wholeness is strategically employed. Likewise, Winterson criticizes the equation of the female body with a penetrable surface. The androcentric concept of sexuality that associates penetration with the exploration of hidden depths and the achievement of power and knowledge is unmasked as necrophiliac. However, by constructing a lover/narrator whose gender remains undeclared, Winterson manages to unsettle perceptions of gendered difference. The text produces different meanings depending on whether the narrator is read as a man or a woman, and sexuality requires a basic human sameness from which a host of differences emerge that may or may not be gendered. In Written on the Body, Winterson disturbs fixed boundaries and rigidly gendered identities that objectify the body in order to build up a concept of the body that is fluid and leaves room for changes and mergings with other bodies, where bodies are held together not by a stable body image and a gendered identity, but by forces of connection and interaction between parts of the body.
‘Older Sisters Are Very Sobering Things’: Contemporary Women Poets and the Female Affiliation Complex
Authors: Dowson Jane
Published: July 2002

If, as history indicates, the directions of poetry are determined by its inheritance — that is, its perception of its past — in looking at literary records such as poems, reviews and other critical texts, it is possible to anticipate how twentieth-century women's poetry will come to be defined and the extent to which it will have value and authority. This in its turn will formulate the nature and status of women's poetry in the twenty-first century. In surveying twentieth-century poetry in Britain, the signs are that just as the label ‘poetess’ was a handicap to the self-perception of a woman at the beginning of this century, so the label ‘woman poet’ will shackle her in the next, largely because her end-of-the-twentieth-century predecessors will have become mythologized as a literary underclass, undermined and overlooked. One reason for the pattern of the last three hundred years, where women publish and then slip from literary histories, is that they do not receive proper attention from male-dominated literary criticism. Although women now seem to be sufficiently published to make segregation unnecessary, there is still a case for positive discrimination or their names will disappear from the records. Positive discrimination in the form of gendered segregation is, however, opposed by poets because of their uneasy relationship with one another. Women poets need an alternative line of development to the ‘masculinity complex’ whereby they unsuccessfully seek recognition within the male traditions, or the ‘female affiliation complex’ which prevents them from identifying themselves with one another. It will be argued that there is an emerging tendency in recent poets to plunder and appropriate the associations of the male tradition and that feminist critics need to theorize this aesthetic and make connections between poets so that they become positive role models for poets of the future.
British Lesbian Poetics: A Brief Exploration
Authors: Yorke Liz
Published: July 2002

In a post-feminist, post-lesbian feminist, postmodern or queer world, should lesbian work remain clearly identifiable, even when it refuses to claim lesbian identity as such? Scanning anthologies from the past three decades of lesbian poetry, and focusing particularly on the work of Maureen Duffy, Marge Yeo, Dorothea Smartt, Gillian Spraggs and Carol Ann Duffy, Liz Yorke addresses issues of lesbian visibility, lesbian identification, lesbian desire, and lesbian performativity. How do we identify what constitutes a lesbian poetic in an era when ‘lesbian’ as an identity is less overtly defended, and many anthologies gloss over lesbian difference in prioritizing a higher order dedication to theme?
Writing from Experience: The Place of the Personal in French Feminist Writing
Authors: Thomas Lyn , Webb Emma
Published: July 2002

Through a discussion of the work of Marie Cardinal and Annie Ernaux, this article aims to problematize the anglophone academic world's tendency to associate French feminisms predominantly with avant-garde or highly theoretical texts. The work of Ernaux and Cardinal is presented alongside a discussion of its reception by readers and critics in France, and by academics in English-speaking countries. The first part of the article identifies aspects of Ernaux's and Cardinal's works which cannot be encompassed within a critical framework based on the dichotomy between naïve realism on the one hand and the politically and linguistically radical text on the other. Ernaux's plain language, for instance, is clearly very unlike the linguistic experimentation of ‘feminine writing’; nonetheless the emphasis on social class in her writing constitutes a political intervention which is at least equally valid.

The reception study in the second part of the article provides further evidence of the relevance to gender politics in France of Cardinal's The Words to Say It (1975) and texts published by Annie Ernaux in the 1980s and 1990s. The ambivalent response of critics seems to indicate the troubling nature of writing which combines the codes of realism and autobiography (or autobiographical fiction in Cardinal's case) with the depiction of taboo subjects such as menstruation, or a daughter's response to her mother's debilitating illness and death. The article also charts the widespread popularity of these texts in France, particularly with women readers, and gives some examples of the pleasures described in letters to the authors. In conclusion, we argue that the ambivalent space between popular and high culture occupied (albeit differently) by Ernaux and Cardinal may be particularly effective in terms of gender politics, and that even in the late 1990s, the personal may be as political as ever.
Women's Studies: Between a Rock and a Hard Place or Just Another Cell in the Beehive?
Authors: Crowley Helen
Published: July 2002

The article traces the history of Women's Studies from its beginnings as the ‘intellectual arm of the women's movement’. It argues that the complex story of Women's Studies has been marked by both ambiguity and uncertainty as well as sustained political commitment in the face of both institutional opposition and feminist ambivalence about Women's Studies as a field of scholarship. The development of Women's Studies occurs through crucial shifts in the theoretical paradigms of feminism and the political preoccupations of the women's movement. These shifts have both deconstructed the founding premises of feminist theory and generated a greater depth to feminist thinking and research. These challenges to Women's Studies have paralleled a different set of problems arising from the increasingly market-oriented direction pursued throughout the tertiary education sector. In spite of these difficulties Women's Studies continues to survive and constitutes an important and contested site of contemporary feminist thought.
SMEs: Aligning is and the Strategic Context
Authors: Levy Margi , Powell Philip , Yetton Philip
Published: July 2002

Based on multiple-case research, this paper develops a model of strategic information systems (IS) investment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). IS investment is modelled as a function of an SME's strategic context as defined by its strategic focus, i.e. cost reduction versus value added and its market positioning, i.e. few versus many customers. The paper first investigates the ways in which IS may add value to organizations. It then outlines the use of IS in SMEs. This is followed by an analysis of competitiveness in small businesses. The paper develops an analytical model, which is termed the focus-dominance model, analyses case studies of 27 firms and reports that IS investment is strongly influenced by an SME's strategic context. Four cases are presented in order to illustrate the four different IS profiles identified. Finally, the implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Relationship Building and the use of ICT in Boundary-Crossing Virtual Teams: A Facilitator's Perspective
Authors: Pauleen David J. , Yoong Pak
Published: July 2002

Global virtual teams are playing an increasingly important role in international business by offering organizations the opportunity for reaching beyond traditional boundaries. However, their use has outpaced our understanding of their dynamics and unique characteristics. For example, global, multicultural, interorganizational, virtual teams and the effective use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) present real and compelling challenges to facilitators, but they also present teams with unparalleled opportunities for expanding on perspectives, approaches and ideas. However, crossing organizational, cultural and time and distance boundaries requires training, experience and organizational support. While research shows that the development of personal relationships between virtual team members is an important factor in effective working relationships, little research has been conducted on the effects of crossing organizational, cultural and time and distance boundaries on relationship building in virtual teams. This paper reports on a field study of New Zealand-based virtual team facilitators working with boundary-spanning virtual teams. From a facilitator's perspective, boundary-crossing issues (organizational, cultural, language and time and distance) can affect relationship building in many important ways. For instance, facilitators found that organizational boundary crossing was affected by differing organizational cultures and policies, while working across cultures required awareness and adjustment in relationship-building expectations and strategies. Crossing time and distance barriers necessitated the skilful use of synchronous and asynchronous ICTs and communication channels. These findings will be explored and the implications for practice and research will also be discussed.
Viewpoint-dependent recognition of scenes
Authors: Nakatani Chie , Pollatsek Alexander , Johnson Scott H.
Published: July 2002

Three experiments investigated scene recognition across viewpoint changes, involving same/different judgements on scenes consisting of three objects on a desktop. On same trials, the comparison scene appeared either from the same viewpoint as the standard scene or from a different viewpoint with the desktop rotated about one or more axes. Different trials were created either by interchanging the locations of two or three of the objects (location change condition), or by rotating either one or all three of the objects around their vertical axes (orientation change condition). Response times and errors increased as a function of the angular distance between the standard and comparison views, but this effect was bigger for rotations around the vertical axis than for those about the line of sight or horizontal axis. Furthermore, the time to detect location changes was less than that to detect orientation changes, and this difference increased with increasing angular disparity between the standard and comparison scenes. Rotation times estimated in a double-axis rotation were no longer than other rotations in depth, indicating that alignment was not necessarily simpler around a “natural” axis of rotation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that scenes, like many objects, may be represented in a viewpoint dependent manner and recognized by aligning standard and comparison views, but that the alignment of scenes is not a holistic process.
Feature sampling in categorization and recognition of objects
Authors: Lamberts Koen
Published: July 2002

This article presents an overview of some recent work on the time course of perceptual categorization and recognition memory. First, The EGCM-RT, which is a feature-sampling model of the time course of categorization, is described. It is shown that the model explains a wide range of categorization data. Second, an overview is given of a feature-sampling model of the time course of recognition that is derived from the EGCM-RT. This model explains results that have been interpreted in the past as evidence for dual-process models of recognition, and it provides a single-process alternative to dual-process accounts.
Case-mixing effects on children's word recognition: Lexical feedback and development
Authors: Mayall Kate
Published: July 2002

Presenting words in MiXeD cAsE has previously been shown to disrupt naming performance of adult readers. This effect is greater on nonwords than it is on real words. There have been two main accounts of this interaction. First, case mixing may disrupt naming via non-lexical spelling-to-sound correspondences to a greater extent than it disrupts lexical naming. Alternatively, stored lexical knowledge of words may feed back to a visual analysis level during processing of a visually presented word, helping known words to overcome the visual disruption caused by case mixing. In the present study, when young children (aged 6 and 8 years) were tested, case mixing did not disrupt nonword naming more than word naming. However, slightly older children (aged 9 years) demonstrated the same pattern of performance as adults. These results support the view that top-down lexical information can aid overcoming visual disruption to words, and that beginning readers have not developed the stored word knowledge necessary to allow this. In addition, a greater case-mixing effect on high-frequency words for the youngest age group (6-year-olds) suggests that their word recognition may be based more on wholistic visual features than is that of older children.