bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causal inference to scope environmental impact assessment of renewable energy projects and test competing mental models of decarbonization
Authors: Gazar Amir M , Borsuk Mark E , Calder Ryan S D
Published: November 2024

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), life cycle analysis (LCA), and cost benefit analysis (CBA) embed crucial but subjective judgments over the extent of system boundaries and the range of impacts to consider as causally connected to an intervention, decision, or technology of interest. EIA is increasingly the site of legal, political, and social challenges to renewable energy projects proposed by utilities, developers, and governments, which, cumulatively, are slowing decarbonization. Environmental advocates in the United States have claimed that new electrical interties with Canada increase development of Canadian hydroelectric resources, leading to environmental and health impacts associated with new reservoirs. Assertions of such second-order impacts of two recently proposed 9.5 TWh yr−1 transborder transmission projects played a role in their cancellation. We recast these debates as conflicting mental models of decarbonization, in which values, beliefs, and interests lead different parties to hypothesize causal connections between interrelated processes (in this case, generation, transmission, and associated impacts). We demonstrate via Bayesian network modeling that development of Canadian hydroelectric resources is stimulated by price signals and domestic demand rather than increased export capacity per se. However, hydropower exports are increasingly arranged via long-term power purchase agreements that may promote new generation in a way that is not easily modeled with publicly available data. We demonstrate the utility of causal inference for structured analysis of sociotechnical systems featuring phenomena that are not easily modeled mechanistically. In the setting of decarbonization, such analysis can fill a gap in available energy systems models that focus on long-term optimum portfolios and do not generally represent questions of incremental causality of interest to stakeholders at the local level. More broadly, these tools can increase the evidentiary support required for consequentialist (as opposed to attributional) LCA and CBA, for example, in calculating indirect emissions of renewable energy projects.
Hobbes on Justice
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan
Published: November 2024

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) is widely regarded as one of the most important political thinkers in the western tradition. Justice is one of the main political concepts today. This is the first book-length analysis of Hobbes’s ideas on justice. Hobbes made many startling claims about justice. Norms of justice have no place outside the commonwealth, the civil law determines what is just and unjust, and nothing sovereigns do is unjust to their citizens. But what exactly did Hobbes mean by justice? And how did he convince his audience that he was speaking about justice when advancing such controversial views, and not about something else? In Hobbes on Justice, Olsthoorn traces the place of justice in Hobbes’s moral, legal, political, and international thought as developed over time. The book reconstructs his idiosyncratic glosses on notions like justice, rights, injury, obligation, and law; proposes new solutions to some long-standing interpretive puzzles; and provides in-depth discussions of property, slavery, treason, just war, and other neglected aspects of Hobbes’s thought. Olsthoorn shows that Hobbes’s theory of justice doubled as a civil theodicy: it aimed to morally empower sovereign rulers by vindicating them from all stains of injustice, no matter how horrid their rule.
Psychiatric learning experiences in PGY1 pharmacy residency training: A 5-year analysis
Authors: Harris Suzanne C , Bostwick Jolene R , Cates Marshall E , Goldstone Lisa Whittington , Werremeyer Amy B , Caley Charles F
Published: November 2024

Purpose

A growing shortage of mental health providers and the increasing prevalence and severity of mental illness necessitate a qualified pharmacist workforce to increase access and care. Psychiatric learning experiences (PLEs) completed during pharmacy residency training are one way to address this need. The purpose of this study was to characterize PLEs offered by postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) programs and completed by PGY1 residents over a 5-year period.

Methods

A retrospective review of data from PharmAcademic was conducted. All ASHP-accredited PGY1 programs from the 2016-2017 through 2020-2021 residency years were included in the descriptive analysis. PLE presence was identified using a keyword search of learning experience titles and descriptions. A post hoc analysis was conducted to compare yearly PLE completion rates during the study period and annual completion rates relative to presence or absence of a postgraduate year 2 psychiatric pharmacy residency.

Results

Of 1,461 PGY1 programs, 511 programs (34.9%) offered a PLE. Most PLEs were elective (82%). During the study period, 20.8% of PGY1 residents completed a PLE despite 77% having access.

Conclusion

PGY1 residents complete PLEs at low rates. The reasons for this are unclear and need to be further explored. The growing need for qualified pharmacists to care for patients with mental illness calls for strategies to increase mental health training, including greater completion of PLEs by PGY1 residents and an understanding of how PLEs are promoted to PGY1 residents.
Optimizing power output in hybrid photovoltaic/wind systems: a nonlinear back-stepping approach for enhanced efficiency and stability
Authors: Sabri Khadija , El Maguiri Ouadia , Farchi Abdelmajid
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the challenge of controlling hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES), specifically those combining wind energy and photovoltaic sources, under varying environmental conditions such as fluctuating wind speeds and partial shading. The primary objective is to develop a robust backstepping control strategy that enhances the system’s stability and energy efficiency while ensuring seamless grid integration through the use of dual-fed induction generators. The study uses advanced modeling techniques, including maximum power point tracking for wind turbines and particle swarm optimization for photovoltaic systems, to optimize energy capture. A detailed simulation framework was designed to validate the effectiveness of the control strategy under different climatic scenarios. Quantitative results show that the wind turbine achieved over 95% power recovery, the DC link voltage remained stable within 0.5% of the reference, and photovoltaic energy extraction was optimized with 98% accuracy, even under partial shading. These findings indicate that the proposed control strategy significantly enhances the performance, reliability, and adaptability of the HRES. This work offers a promising contribution to the integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical grid, supporting a more sustainable energy future.
The aging of emotional words processing in implicit and explicit emotion task: an ERP study
Authors: Bao Ling , Zhang Qingfang
Published: November 2024

This study examined how cognitive aging affects emotional word processing using event-related potential technique. Young and older adults completed both implicit lexical decision and explicit emotion categorization tasks involving positive, negative, and neutral words. Behaviorally, older adults displayed a negative emotion effect in the implicit task, which was absent in young adults. While both age groups exhibited both positive and negative emotion effects in the explicit task, older adults demonstrated a greater positivity bias compared to young adults. Event-related potential technique data revealed that young adults exhibited an early negative emotion effect on the P2 and a late emotion effect on the late positivity potentials in the implicit task. In contrast, older adults exhibited an early negativity bias effect on the P2, as well as both negative and positive emotion effects on the N400, and positive emotion effects on the late positivity potentials. In the explicit task, young adults showed both early and late negative emotion effects on the P2 and late positivity potentials, while older adults showed both negative and positive emotion effects on the late positivity potentials. The results suggest distinct processing mechanisms for emotion words in young and older adults, involving both bottom–up and top–down mechanisms, which support the socioemotional selectivity theory.
Managing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after cervical radiotherapy for a head and neck cancer: esophagectomy remains a viable option
Authors: Liu Chia , Lan Tien-Li , Tsai Ping-Chung , Chien Ling-I , Huang Chien-Sheng , Huang Pin-I , Hsu Po-Kuei
Published: November 2024

Managing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in patients with a history of cervical radiotherapy for a head and neck cancer (HNC) often requires a careful evaluation of esophagectomy due to concerns regarding complications and prognosis. This study evaluates the periesophagectomy and oncological outcomes of such patients. Patients diagnosed with ESCC between January 2010 and August 2023 and who had undergone esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of a history of radiotherapy for as HNC. After 1: 2 propensity score matching, the perioperative and oncological outcomes, including overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), were evaluated. A total of 481 patients, 32 in group 1 and 449 in group 2, were included. After matching, group 1 patients and 64 patients in the group 2 were analyzed. All the patients in group 1 were males, and their mean age was 56 years. The median radiation dose was 69 Gy. The rates of anastomosis leakage, pneumonia, respiratory failure, and reoperation were comparable between the two groups. However, vocal cord palsy occurred more frequently in group 1, particularly in those with recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection (37.5%). The 3-year OS (69.6% vs. 75.2%; p = 0.26) and RFS (50.8% vs. 55.9%; p = 0.63) were similar between groups 1 and 2. In conclusion, perioperative and oncological outcomes were comparable between ESCC patients with and without prior HNC radiotherapy, supporting esophagectomy as a feasible option.
High voltinism, late-emerging butterflies are sensitive to interannual variation in spring temperature in North Carolina
Authors: Hamon Laura E , Kingsolver Joel G , Moore Kati J , Hurlbert Allen H
Published: November 2024

Climate change has been repeatedly linked to phenological shifts in many taxa, but the factors that drive variation in phenological sensitivity remain unclear. For example, relatively little is known about phenological responses in areas that have not exhibited a consistent warming trend, making it difficult to project phenological responses in response to future climate scenarios for these regions. We used an extensive community science dataset to examine changes in the adult flight onset dates of 38 butterfly species with interannual variation in spring temperatures in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, a region that did not experience a significant overall warming trend in the second half of the 20th century. We also explored whether voltinism, overwintering stage, and mean adult flight onset dates explain interspecific variation in phenological sensitivity to spring temperature. We found that 12 out of 38 species exhibited a significant advance in adult flight onset dates with higher spring temperatures. In comparison, none of the 38 species exhibited a significant advance with year. There was a significant interaction between mean onset flight date and voltinism, such that late-emerging, multivoltine species tended to be the most sensitive to spring temperature changes. We did not observe a significant correlation between phenological sensitivity and the overwintering stage. These results suggest that butterfly arrival dates may shift as temperatures are projected to rise in the southeastern United States, with late-emerging, multivoltine species potentially exhibiting the greatest shifts in adult flight onset dates.
‘Where the Wild Things Are’: The Medieval Augustinian Order’s Perception of Nature between Tree Lore and Environmental History
Authors: Ilko Krisztina
Published: November 2024

This article examines how medieval woodlands around Augustinian convents could convey messages of power. In the thirteenth century, the papacy threatened the Augustinian friars with suppression on the grounds of their ‘lack of antiquity’. Previous scholarship showed that, in reaction to this, the friars developed a fictive past in which they claimed to have been founded by St Augustine. This article shifts attention away from human agencies to the environment. It argues that natural landscapes, most prominently woodlands, were key resources which could be used as powerful assets when asserting the antiquity of the Order. The two cornerstones of this investigation are a cluster of hermitages around Siena with a sacred ilex forest, the claimed dwelling place of the eremitical predecessors of the Augustinian friars, and the convent of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, erected on the locus of an ‘evil walnut tree’ above the tomb of Nero. This study examines how these key spiritual centres used woodlands to display antiquity and prestige. Further attention is paid to convents on the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea to show how the sea could be perceived as equivalent to the forest. A close analysis reveals that Augustinian convents were often situated in a liminal position framed between the urban fabric and natural landscapes, such as the forest and the sea. This article thus illuminates how, in a similar way to secular rulers and their palaces, the Augustinian friars used the natural environment in strategic ways to enhance the power of their convents.
Accumulation of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products Promotes Age-Related Decline of Type H Vessels in Bone
Authors: Zhao Kai , Zhu Guo-Zheng , Li Hong-Zhou , Gao Jia-Wen , Tu Chen , Wu Di-Zheng , Huang Yu-Sheng , Han Dong , Chen Xing-Yu , Wu Long-Yan , Zhong Zhao-Ming
Published: November 2024

Type H vessels have been proven to couple angiogenesis and osteogenesis. The decline of type H vessels contributes to bone loss in the aging process. Aging is accompanied by the accumulation of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). However, whether AOPP accumulation is involved in age-related decline of type H vessels is unclear. Here, we show that the increase of AOPP levels in plasma and bone was correlated with the decline of type H vessels and loss of bone mass in old mice. Exposure of microvascular endothelial cells to AOPPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation; increased NADPH oxidase activity and excessive reactive oxygen species generation; upregulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1; and eventually impaired angiogenesis, which was alleviated by redox modulator N-acetylcysteine and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Furthermore, reduced AOPP accumulation by NAC treatment was able to alleviate significantly the decline of type H vessels, bone mass loss, and deterioration of bone microstructure in old mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that AOPPs accumulation contributes to the decline of type H vessels in the aging process, and illuminate a novel potential mechanism underlying age-related bone loss.
Application of first- and second-order adjoint methods to glacial isostatic adjustment incorporating rotational feedbacks
Authors: Yu Ziheng , Al-Attar David , Syvret Frank , Lloyd Andrew J
Published: November 2024

This paper revisits and extends the adjoint theory for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of Crawford et al. (2018). Rotational feedbacks are now incorporated, and the application of the second-order adjoint method is described for the first time. The first-order adjoint method provides an efficient means for computing sensitivity kernels for a chosen objective functional, while the second-order adjoint method provides second-derivative information in the form of Hessian kernels. These latter kernels are required by efficient Newton-type optimization schemes and within methods for quantifying uncertainty for non-linear inverse problems. Most importantly, the entire theory has been reformulated so as to simplify its implementation by others within the GIA community. In particular, the rate-formulation for the GIA forward problem introduced by Crawford et al. (2018) has been replaced with the conventional equations for modelling GIA in laterally heterogeneous earth models. The implementation of the first- and second-order adjoint problems should be relatively easy within both existing and new GIA codes, with only the inclusions of more general force terms being required.
Investigating the velocity of magmatic intrusions and its relation with rock fracture toughness: insights from laboratory experiments and numerical models
Authors: Gaete Ayleen , Maccaferri Francesco , Furst Séverine , Pinel Virginie
Published: November 2024

A key question for those who study magmatic and volcanic processes is: ‘How fast can a magmatic intrusion travel?’ Observations and models indicate ranges between 10−2 and 1 m s−1 depending on several parameters, including magma buoyancy (or driving pressure), viscosity and rock fracture toughness (Kc). However, Kc values are difficult to constrain, as effective values inferred from large magmatic intrusions may be 2–3 orders of magnitude larger than measured values from small laboratory samples. This can be attributed to non-elastic processes that dissipate energy at different rates, depending on factors such as the fracture dimension and fracture propagation velocity. Here, we aim to investigate this aspect and provide a scheme for estimating effective fracture toughness values (Keff) by considering fluid-filled fracture processes across different ranges of propagation velocities. To do so, we combine (i) analogue laboratory experiments involving the propagation of oil- and air-filled cracks within a solidified gelatin block, with (ii) numerical simulations, reproducing the crack shape and velocity and providing an estimate of the energy dissipated by the fluid flow between the crack walls. We show that even at the scale of our experiments, Keff values exhibit significant variations spanning over an order of magnitude. Over the velocity ranges relative to our two sets of experiments, we identify two empirical relations for an effective, velocity-dependent fracture energy (∆Ef (v)), showing that when such an empirical relation is implemented into the numerical model, it improves the prediction of velocities and velocity variations. Following a similar procedure and building empirical relations for ∆Ef (v) or Keff(v) at the scale of magmatic intrusions would improve predictions on dyke propagation velocities in the crust. In order to do so, a considerable amount of observations on the geometry and propagation velocity of magmatic dykes should be gathered.
Environmental and molecular regulation of flowering in cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)
Authors: Darby Ethan , Islam Tabibul
Published: November 2024

Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is a globally important fruit crop that shows promise as a candidate for various methods of controlled environment production. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms of the regulation of flowering is needed, as more frequent or consistent flowering would be advantageous in controlled production. It is well understood that flowering in F. x ananassa responds to both photoperiod and temperature; however, the mechanism behind this response is not fully understood, particularly in perpetually flowering cultivars. While some genes of interest have been identified, a more complete model has not been established. This is largely due to the complexity of the octoploid genome and a lack of current knowledge on the mechanism of temperature response in both seasonal- and perpetual-flowering F. x ananassa. A starting point for developing a better model of flowering response in cultivated strawberries lies in the simpler Fragaria vesca, which indicates an FvCO-FvFT1-FvSOC1-FvTFL1 module for control of seasonal flowering and a lack of functional FvTFL1 responsible for perpetual flowering. However, there are some key differences when discussing F. x ananassa’s perpetual flowering characteristics. Recent studies have helped to elucidate some of these differences, allowing for a putative model of seasonal flowering in F. x ananassa, as well as indicating where further questions need to be asked regarding perpetually flowering cultivars.
At the Mercy of the Artificial Intelligence Algorithm: Discrepant Polymerase Chain Reaction Results
Authors: Zuckerman Mark , Lampejo Temi , Smith Melvyn
Published: November 2024

As pathogen molecular diagnostics technology develops, the software analysis of polymerase chain reaction sigmoidal curves, cycle threshold (Ct) values, and the limit of nucleic acid detection for that assay is not always available when reporting test results. These are critical components in interpreting results and can affect the management of patients. Our view is that all commercial assay providers must ensure that users, as they can with laboratory-developed tests, are able to see the curve and Ct value for all samples. Some examples demonstrating this principle are included. Regulatory bodies have a key role to play.
Use and de-implementation of fecal occult blood tests in the acute care setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Russell Rebekah O , Arroliga Alejandro C , Myers Nanette L , Ogola Gerald O , McNeal Tresa M , Sonpal Niket , Cable Christian , Danesh Valerie
Published: November 2024

Background

To determine methods of FOBT de-implementation in acute care practice while summarizing the reasons and contraindications for inappropriate FOBT in acute care settings. Fecal occult blood testing is valuable for colorectal cancer screening in ambulatory settings but is not valuable for diagnostics in acute care with consistent indications for discontinuation as a tradition-based practice.

Methods

We included all English language prospective and retrospective evaluation studies of FOBT use in acute care settings with or without de-implementation interventions and published as original research articles in peer-reviewed journals. A meta-analysis of FOBT positivity was conducted using a random effects model. Quality was assessed using Critical Appraisals Skills Programme criteria.

Results

Of 2471 abstract/titles screened, 157 full-text articles were reviewed, and 22 articles met inclusion criteria of measuring prevalence or de-implementation of FOBT use in acute care settings. All 22 studies evaluated either FOBT use or de-implementation. Twenty articles reported FOBT positivity, with some illustrating that FOBT results were inconsequential to subsequent endoscopy decisions (n = 7, 32%). The included studies represent a publication date range spanning 32 years, with limited documentation of de-implementation strategies. Four published studies described system-level disinvestment to administratively eliminate access to inpatient FOBT orders.

Conclusion

Overall, all studies endorse that the use of FOBTs in acute care settings results in increased workload and/or cost without diagnostic benefit. Critical appraisal of low-value tradition-based practices such as FOBT use in acute care settings are essential for deploying deliberate and effective de-implementation strategies.
Saliva-based point-of-care assay to measure the concentration of pyrazinamide using a mobile UV spectrophotometer
Authors: Chen Ricky Hao , Nguyen Thi Anh , Kim Hannah Yejin , Stocker Sophie L , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Pyrazinamide, one of the first-line antituberculosis drugs, displays variability in drug exposure that is associated with treatment response. A simple, low-cost assay may be helpful to optimize treatment. This study aimed to develop and validate a point-of-care assay to quantify the concentration of pyrazinamide in saliva.

Methods

All measurements were conducted using the nano-volume drop function on the mobile ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer (NP80, Implen, Germany). Assay development involved applying second derivative spectroscopy in combination with the Savitzky–Golay filter between wavelengths of 200–300 nm to increase spectral resolution. Assay validation included assessing selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, carry-over and matrix effects. Specificity was also analysed by evaluating the impact of co-administered medications on pyrazinamide results. Sample stability was measured at various temperatures up to 40°C.

Results

The calibration curve (7.5–200 mg/L) was linear (R2 = 0.9991). The overall accuracy (bias%) and precision (CV%) ranged from −0.66% to 5.15%, and 0.56% to 4.95%, respectively. Carry-over and matrix effects were both acceptable with a bias% of <±4% and CV% of <7.5%. Commonly co-administered medications displayed negligible interferences. Levofloxacin displayed analytical interference (bias% = −10.21%) at pyrazinamide concentrations < 25 mg/L, but this will have little clinical implications. Pyrazinamide was considered stable in saliva after 7 days in all storage conditions with a CV% of <6.5% and bias% of <±10.5% for both low- and high-quality control concentrations.

Conclusions

A saliva-based assay for pyrazinamide has been successfully developed and validated using the mobile UV spectrophotometer.
Quality of Life Assessment 4 Years after a More than 90% Total Body Surface Area in 2 Survivors with Burns: Case Report
Authors: Chang Stephanie , Malkoc Aldin , Cerceo Jaclyn R , Daoud Amanda , Wong David T
Published: November 2024

There are few reports in the literature detailing the quality of life (QOL) of survivors with greater than 90% total body surface area burns. The objective was to assess 2 such individuals seen at our center with the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) survey 4 years after discharge. Subject responses were categorized into their respective BSHS-B health domains (heat sensitivity, affect, hand function, treatment regimens, work, sexuality, interpersonal relationships, simple abilities, and body image), and a raw score was calculated for each domain. Lower scores indicated a greater perceived decrease in QOL. The 9 domains of BSHS-B survey questions were further separated into 3 categories: physical (hand function, work, and simple abilities), treatment (treatment regimens and heat sensitivity), and psychosocial (interpersonal relationships, affect, body image, and sexuality). The psychosocial category had higher scores and better outcomes, while the physical and treatment ones had lower scores and worse outcomes compared to the other categories. For both individuals, interpersonal relationships and simple task domains were considered important in their QOL, while work, heat sensitivity, and hand function received lower scores. Family support, intense physical rehabilitation, and psychosocial management were crucial during the postoperative and follow-up periods.
Potential of Cellulomonas fimi for polysaccharide-fueled microbial fuel cells
Authors: Hirose Naoto , Kazama Iori , Aso Yuji , Ohara Hitomi
Published: November 2024

To generate power from various biomass using microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microorganisms with high potential are essential. Therefore, this study examined the feasibility of using Cellulomonas fimi and Shewanella oneidensis as MFCs fueled by starch, cellulose, chitin, and chitosan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of power generation using C. fimi fueled by these polysaccharides other than cellulose, furthermore the first report of S. oneidensis fueled by chitosan. No differences were observed in the power generation capacities between C. fimi and S. oneidensis when chitin and chitosan were used. However, C. fimi demonstrated effective power generation from starch and cellulose, showing a maximum current density of 17.4 mA m−2 for starch and 38.8 mA m−2 for cellulose. Shewanella oneidensis could not utilize these fuels. Power generation using C. fimi fueled by starch and cellulose produced acetic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid. However, when chitin and chitosan were used, only acetic acid was produced. These results indicate that electron transfer from C. fimi to the anode may be inefficient. To improve power generation efficiency, it may be necessary to enhance electron transfer from the cells to the anode, e.g. by adding a mediator.
Challenges to School Success Among Children in U.S. Military Families
Authors: Soto Melissa , Crouch Elizabeth , Odahowski Cassie , Boswell Emma , Brown Monique J , Watson Paul
Published: November 2024

Introduction

More than 90% of children in military families attend civilian schools that may lack understanding of the unique experiences and stressors of military life. School success in children of military families has important implications on future academic achievement, health outcomes, and military groups; yet there has not been an examination of challenges of school success among children of military families in the United States using nationally representative data.

Materials and Methods

Data captured in the 2021-2022 National Survey of Children’s Health, limited to children aged 6 to 17 years, were used to examine the association between child’s caregiver military status and challenges of school success: lack of school engagement measured through caring about school and completing schoolwork, school absenteeism, and grade repetition (n = 60,599). Weighted to be nationally representative, bivariate analyses used chi-squared tests to examine estimates between selected variables and caregiver military status. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the association between caregiver military status and challenges of school success measures.

Results

In both unadjusted and adjusted analyses, we found that children of military families were more likely to not be engaged in school (adjusted odds ratios 1.35; 95% CI 1.19–1.53) and more likely to repeat a grade (adjusted odds ratios 1.33; 95% CI 1.09–1.64) than their civilian counterparts. There were no statistically significant differences in school absenteeism between children of military families and of civilian families.

Conclusions

This study extends beyond previous research findings that have focused primarily on academic achievement by including school engagement, attendance, and grade repetition for a more holistic and complete understanding of school success of children in military families. Our findings can be informational for school systems and policymakers to create educational and connective interventions for children in military families to improve school success.
Multiwavelength variability of the blazar AO 0235+164
Authors: Vlasyuk V V , Sotnikova Y V , Volvach A E , Mufakharov T V , Kovalev Y A , Spiridonova O I , Khabibullina M L , Kovalev Y Y , Mikhailov A G , Stolyarov V A , Kudryavtsev D O , Mingaliev M G , Razzaque S , Semenova T A , Kudryashova A K , Bursov N N , Trushkin S A , Popkov A V , Erkenov A K , Rakhimov I A , Kharinov M A , Gurwell M A , Tsybulev P G , Moskvitin A S , Fatkhullin T A , Emelianov E V , Arshinova A , Iuzhanina K V , Andreeva T S , Volvach L N , Ghosh A
Published: November 2024

We present a study of the multiwavelength (MW) variability of the blazar AO 0235$+$164 based on the radio-to-$\gamma$-ray data covering a long time period from 1997 to 2023. The radio data are represented by the 1–22 GHz measurements from the SAO RAS RATAN-600 radio telescope, the 5 and 8 GHz data from the IAA RAS RT-32 telescopes, and the 37 GHz data from the RT-22 telescope of CrAO RAS. The optical measurements in the R-band were collected with the SAO RAS 1-m Zeiss-1000 and 0.5-m AS-500/2 telescopes. Additionally, we used the archive data at 230 GHz from the Submillimetre Array and the $\gamma$-ray data in the 0.1–100 GeV band from the Fermi-LAT point source 4FGL-DR2 catalogue. The variability properties during four epochs containing major flares and one epoch of relatively low activity were analysed using the fractional variability indices, discrete correlation functions, Lomb–Scargle periodograms, and structure functions. A significant correlation ($\ge \!2\sigma$) between the radio, optical, and $\gamma$-ray bands is found for all these periods with time delays from 0 to 1.7 yr. The relation between time delay and frequency is described by a linear law with a negative slope of $-10$ d GHz$^{-1}$. The discovered properties of MW variability for the low-activity period and for flaring states suggest that the mechanisms dominating the radio–$\gamma$-ray variations are not substantially different. The detected quasi-periodic oscillations of about 6 and 2 yr are tentative, as the time span of the observations includes fewer than four full cycles for the radio and optical data and only about three cycles for the Fermi-LAT data. These results should be interpreted with caution, given the limited number of observed cycles and the influence of red noise. We used cluster analysis to reliably separate the high and low-activity states and determined statistical differences in the main properties of AO 0235$+$164 non-thermal emission. The physical parameters of the radio jet were obtained using the Hedgehog model applied to the average radio spectrum of AO 0235$+$164 in the range 0.1–300 GHz. The effectiveness of replacing electrons with protons in the synchrotron radio emission of relativistic jets is shown for describing the nature of blazars and the generation of high-energy neutrinos.
Optimizing marked power spectra for cosmology
Authors: Cowell Jessica A , Alonso David , Liu Jia
Published: November 2024

Marked power spectra provide a computationally efficient way to extract non-Gaussian information from the matter density field using the usual analysis tools developed for the power spectrum without the need for explicit calculation of higher-order correlators. In this work, we explore the optimal form of the mark function used for re-weighting the density field, to maximally constrain cosmology. We show that adding to the mark function or multiplying it by a constant leads to no additional information gain, which significantly reduces our search space for optimal marks. We quantify the information gain of this optimal function and compare it against mark functions previously proposed in the literature. We find that we can gain around $\sim 2$ times smaller errors in $\sigma _8$ and $\sim 4$ times smaller errors in $\Omega _\mathrm{m}$ compared to using the traditional power spectrum alone, an improvement of $\sim 60~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to other proposed marks when applied to the same data set.
A resolved, multiwavelength study of gas-rich dwarf galaxies in the Fornax cluster using MUSE, MeerKAT, and ALMA
Authors: Zabel Nikki , Loni Alessandro , Sarzi Marc , Serra Paolo , Chawla Arjun , Davis Timothy A , Kleiner Dane , Loubser S Ilani , Peletier Reynier
Published: November 2024

We combine new and archival Multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (MUSE) observations with data from the MeerKAT Fornax Survey and the ALMA Fornax Cluster Survey to study the ionized, atomic, and molecular gas in six gas-rich dwarf galaxies in the Fornax cluster in detail. We compare the distributions and velocity fields of the three gas phases with each other, with MUSE white-light images, and with the stellar velocity fields. Additionally, we derive the resolved molecular Kennicutt–Schmidt relation for each object, and compare these with existing relations for field galaxies and for the Fornax and Virgo clusters. Finally, we explore global measurements such as gas deficiencies and star formation rates to paint as complete a picture of their evolutionary state as possible. We find that all six gas-rich dwarf galaxies have very disturbed interstellar medium, with all three gas phases being irregular both in terms of spatial distribution and velocity field. Most objects lie well below the Kennicutt–Schmidt relations from the literature. Furthermore, they are quite deficient in H i (with def$_{{\rm{H}{\small I}}}$ between $\sim$1 and $\sim$2 dex), and moderately deficient in H$_2$ (with def$_{\mathrm{ H}_{2}}$ between $\sim$0 and $\sim$1), suggesting that, while both cold gas phases are affected simultaneously, H i is removed in significant quantities before H$_2$. We suggest that these dwarfs are on their first infall into the cluster, and are in the process of transitioning from star-forming to passive. A combination of tidal interactions, mergers/pre-processing, and ram pressure stripping is likely responsible for these transformations.
HD 34736: an intensely magnetised double-lined spectroscopic binary with rapidly rotating chemically peculiar B-type components
Authors: Semenko E , Kochukhov O , Mikulášek Z , Wade G A , Alecian E , Bohlender D , Das B , Feliz D L , Janík J , Kolář J , Krtička J , Kudryavtsev D O , Labadie-Bartz J M , Mkrtichian D , Monin D , Petit V , Romanyuk I I , Shultz M E , Shulyak D , Siverd R J , Tkachenko A , Yakunin I A , Zejda M ,   the BinaMIcS collaboration
Published: November 2024

We report the results of a comprehensive study of the spectroscopic binary (SB2) system HD 34736 hosting two chemically peculiar (CP) late B-type stars. Using new and archival observational data, we characterize the system and its components, including their rotation and magnetic fields. Fitting of the radial velocities yields $P_\mathrm{orb}=83\rm{.\!\!^{ {\rm{d}}}}219(3)$ and $e=0.8103(3)$. The primary component is a CP He-wk star with $T_{{\rm eff}A}$$\,\,=13000\pm 500$ K and $\upsilon _{\rm e}\sin i\,$$\,\,=75\pm 3$ km s$^{-1}\,$, while the secondary exhibits variability of Mg and Si lines, and has $T_{{\rm eff}B}$$\,\,=11500\pm 1000$ K and $\upsilon _{\rm e}\sin i\,$$\,\,=110$–180 km s$^{-1}\,$. Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope photometry reveal clear variability of the primary component with a rotational period $P_{\mathrm{rot}A}=1\rm{.\!\!^{ {\rm{d}}}}279\, 988\, 5(11)$, which is lengthening at a rate of 1.26(6) s yr$^{-1}$. For the secondary, $P_{\mathrm{rot}B}=0\rm{.\!\!^{ {\rm{d}}}}522\, 693\, 8(5)$, reducing at a rate of $-0.14(3)$ s yr$^{-1}$. The longitudinal component $\langle B_{\rm z}\rangle$ of the primary’s strongly asymmetric global magnetic field varies from $-6$ to +5 kG. Weak spectropolarimetric evidence of a magnetic field is found for the secondary star. The observed X-ray and radio emission of HD 34736 may equally be linked to a suspected T Tau-like companion or magnetospheric emission from the principal components. Given the presence of a possible third magnetically active body, one can propose that the magnetic characteristics of the protostellar environment may be connected to the formation of such systems.
Systematic opacity calculations for kilonovae – II. Improved atomic data for singly ionized lanthanides
Authors: Kato Daiji , Tanaka Masaomi , Gaigalas Gediminas , Kitovienė Laima , Rynkun Pavel
Published: November 2024

Lanthanides play the most important roles in the opacities for kilonova, ultraviolet–optical–infrared emission from neutron star mergers. Although several efforts have been made to construct atomic data, the accuracy of the opacity is not fully assessed and understood. In this paper, we perform atomic calculations for singly ionized lanthanides with improved strategies, aiming at understanding the physics of the lanthanide opacities in kilonova ejecta and necessary accuracy in atomic data. Our results show systematically lower energy level distributions as compared with our previous study (Paper I). As a result, the opacities evaluated with our new results are higher by a factor of up to $3 \!-\! 10$, depending on the element and wavelength range. For a lanthanide-rich element mixture, our results give a higher opacity than that in Paper I by a factor of about 1.5. We also present opacities by using the results of ab initio atomic calculations by using grasp2k code. In general, our new opacities show good agreements with those with ab initio calculations. We identify that structure of the lanthanide opacities is controlled by transition arrays among several configurations, for which derivation of accurate energy level distribution is important to obtain reliable opacities.
Ionization chemistry in the inner disc: a combined treatment of ionic and thermionic emission and arbitrary grain size distributions
Authors: Williams Morgan , Mohanty Subhanjoy
Published: November 2024

In the inner regions of protoplanetary discs, ionization chemistry controls the fluid viscosity, and is thus key to understanding various accretion, outflow and planet formation processes. The ionization is driven by thermal and non-thermal processes in the gas phase, as well as by dust-gas interactions that lead to grain charging and ionic and thermionic emission from grain surfaces. The latter dust–gas interactions are moreover a strong function of the grain size distribution. However, analyses of chemical networks that include ionic/thermionic emission have so far only considered grains of a single size (or only approximately treated the effects of a size distribution), while analyses that include a distribution of grain sizes have ignored ionic/thermionic emission. Here, we (1) investigate a general chemical network, widely applicable in inner disc regions, that includes gas phase reactions, ionic and thermionic emission, and an arbitrary grain size distribution; (2) present a numerical method to solve this network in equilibrium; and (3) elucidate a general method to estimate the chemical time-scale. We show that (a) approximating a grain size distribution by an ‘effective dust-to-gas ratio’ (as done in previous work) can predict significantly inaccurate grain charges; and (b) grain charging significantly alters grain collisional time-scales in the inner disc. For conditions generally found in the inner disc, this work facilitates (i) calculation of fluid resistivities and viscosity; and (ii) inclusion of the effect of grain charging on grain fragmentation and coagulation (a critical effect that is often ignored).
Multiple-Wave Admixture and Adaptive Evolution of the Pamirian Wakhi People
Authors: Xu Wanxing , Liu Jiaojiao , Zhang Xiaoxi , Wen Jia , Feng Qidi , Gao Yang , Pan Yuwen , Lu Yan , Khan Asifullah , Xu Shuhua
Published: November 2024

While whole-genome sequencing has been applied extensively to investigate the genetic diversity of global populations, ethnic minority groups in Pakistan are generally underrepresented. In particular, little is known about the genetic origin and highland adaptation of the Pamirian Wakhi people. According to Chinese historical records, the geographical location and language usage of Wakhi may be closely related to Xinjiang Tajiks. In this study, based on high-coverage (∼30×) whole-genome sequencing of eight Wakhi and 25 Xinjiang Tajik individuals, we performed data analyses together with worldwide populations to gain insights into their genetic composition, demography, and adaptive evolution to the highland environment. The Wakhi derived more than 85% of their ancestry from West Eurasian populations (European ∼44.5%, South Asian ∼42.2%) and 10% from East Eurasian populations (Siberian ∼6.0%, East Asian ∼4.3%). Modeling the admixture history of the Wakhi indicated that the early West–East admixture occurred ∼3,875 to 2,250 years ago and that the recent admixture occurred ∼750 to 375 years ago. We identified selection signatures across EGLN3, in particular, a distinctive evolutionary signature was observed, and a certain underlying selected haplotype showed higher frequency (87.5%) in the Wakhi than in nearby Xinjiang Tajiks and other highlanders. Interestingly, we found high-frequency archaic sequences in the Wakhi genome, which overlapped with several genes related to cellular signaling transduction, including MAGI2, previously associated with high-altitude adaptation. Our analysis indicates that the Wakhi are distinct from the Xinjiang Tajiks and Tajikistan Tajiks and sheds light on the Wakhi's ancestral origin and genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation.
Safety and efficacy of filgotinib in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Week 156 interim results in FINCH 4
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiya , Matsubara Tsukasa , Atsumi Tatsuya , Amano Koichi , Ishiguro Naoki , Hirata Shintaro , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Combe Bernard G , Nash Peter , Genovese Mark , Pechonkina Alena , Liu Jie , Kondo Akira , Fukada Haruhiko , De Leonardis Francesco , Takeuchi Tsutomu
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The aim of this article is to describe the safety and efficacy of filgotinib 200 mg (FIL200) or FIL 100 mg (FIL100) in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a long-term extension (NCT03025308).

Methods

Patients who completed any of three parent studies (NCT02889796: inadequate response to methotrexate; NCT02873936: inadequate response to biologic disease–modifying antirheumatic drugs; NCT02886728: methotrexate-naïve) without rescue therapy could enter the long-term extension; patients taking FIL continued their dosage, and those who received comparators were rerandomised to FIL200 or FIL100. This analysis includes Week 156 interim results.

Results

Among Japanese patients, 110 received FIL200, and 97 received FIL100. Mean (SD) FIL200 and FIL100 exposure was 157.0 (51.49) and 156.0 (52.45) weeks. The exposure-adjusted incidence rates (95% confidence interval) for FIL200/FIL100 were 2.7 (1.4, 5.2)/2.4 (1.2, 5.1) for herpes zoster, 0.9 (0.3, 2.8)/1.0 (0.3, 3.2) for malignancy (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer), and 0.6 (0.2, 2.4)/0.3 (0.0, 2.4) for major adverse cardiovascular events. More patients receiving FIL200 with prior FIL200 exposure achieved clinical remission vs other groups (including Clinical Disease Activity Index remission in 40% vs ≤27% at Week 156).

Conclusions

FIL200 and FIL100 were generally well tolerated by Japanese patients, without new, unexpected adverse events.
Robust dioxin-linked metallophthalocyanine tbo topology covalent organic frameworks and their photocatalytic properties
Authors: Jin Yucheng , Zhi Qianjun , Wang Hailong , Zhan Xiaoning , Qi Dongdong , Yu Baoqiu , Ding Xu , Wang Tianying , Liu Heyuan , Tang Mingxue , Liu Jie , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: November 2024

Constructing 3D functional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with both robust linkage and planar macrocycle building blocks still remains a challenge due to the difficulty in adjusting both the crystallinity and the dominant 2D structures. In addition, it is also challenging to selectively convert inert C(sp3)–H bonds into value-added chemicals. Herein, robust 3D COFs, USTB-28–M (M=Co, Ni, Cu), have been polymerized from the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of D3h-symmetric 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexahydroxyltriptycene with D4h-symmetric hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (MPcF16) under solvothermal conditions. These chemically stable dioxin-linked COFs show isostructural tbo topology made up of three kinds of polyhedron subunits, exhibiting high Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface areas of ≤1477 m2 g−1. In particular, the multiple polyhedron subunits in USTB-28–M could trap N-hydroxyphthalimide at their corners for easily forming stable phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals under visible-light irradiation. The generated radicals efficiently promote the aerobic oxidation of alkyl benzenes with an inert C(sp3)–H bond into various ketones. Among the three investigated COFs, the USTB-28–Co radical initiator exhibits the best photocatalytic oxidation activity, converting ethylbenzene into acetophenone with a turnover frequency of 63 h−1, which is much higher than those of the monomer CoPcF16 (8 h−1) and 2D dioxin-linked counterparts (13 h−1). This is due to the much prolonged lifetime of the excited state for USTB-28–Co based on the femtosecond transient absorption result. The present work not only presents 3D functional COFs with robust connection and permanent porosity, but also illustrates the uniqueness of porous structures of 3D COFs for high-performance photocatalysis.