bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ABILITY OF STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS FOR SUCCESSFUL EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES AS AN INDICATOR OF THE PEDAGOGICAL REHABILITATION SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
Authors: Siliavina Yuliia
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the problem of standardization for the markers of the pedagogical rehabilitation system effectiveness in a secondary education institution. The problem is essential for secondary education in Ukraine and establishing inclusive educational practice. Scientific explorations in this area demonstrate the diversity of analytical positions, the allocation of many essential characteristics given by researchers (students' self-education, willingness to behavior self-regulation, interest in learning, informational needs of students, awareness of their own resources, etc.). Those characteristics may correlate with educational and rehabilitation influences. Alongside with that there are also indirect characteristics of the pedagogical rehabilitation effectiveness, such as physical and mental health, emotional stability and others. The current state of the problem has led to the author's theoretical and empirical consideration of the successful educational activity phenomenon among the students with special educational needs. The ability for successful educational activity is an indicator of the pedagogical rehabilitation system effectiveness in secondary school institutions. The abilities for successful educational activities among students with special educational needs are considered by the author as a set of properties which characterize capabilities of children with special educational needs to learn the school curriculum in accordance with the requirements of state educational standards and, secondly, are the result of a dynamic system of rehabilitation educational measures applied in the institutions of secondary education. The theoretical reflection of the phenomenon allowed to distinguish four positions (motivational, cognitive, competence-based and reflexive) for its deeper comprehension and systematic measurement. The criteria for studying the researched indicator are: the level of student's educational motivation, the direction of educational motivation, the development of achievement motivation, the level of educational achievements, the level of students' information and self-educational competences, their ability to exercise personal and intellectual reflections. The research was based on the above-mentioned criterion and indicators and it revealed a significant influence of the pedagogical rehabilitation system on the studied characteristics. This allowed the author to suggest that the increase of the ability to succeed in learning among students with special needs is a standard for effective pedagogical rehabilitation of children with special educational needs in the inclusive educational process.
ANALISIS PENGARUH PERSEDIAAN BARANG DAN PENJUALAN TERHADAP LABA PERUSAHAAN (STUDI KASUS CV DAVIN JAYA KARIMUN)
Authors: Ferawati  , Davita Fersiartha Kyushu , Yuliana Ira
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh baik secara simultan maupun parsial antara persediaan barang dagang dan penjualan kredit terhadap laba perusahaan pada CV. Davin Jaya Karimun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan data sekunder. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah laporan keuangan CV. Davin Jaya Karimun dengan sampel sebanyak 33 data. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah statistik deskriptif dan regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan SPSS 22. Hasil analisa regresi menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel yang terdiri dari persediaan barang dagang (X1) dan penjualan (X2) mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap laba perusahaan (Y) dengan ini nilai koefisien regresi sebesar 1,000. Ketidaksamaan antara persediaan barang dagang dan penjualan mengakibatkan penurunan laba perusahaan. Dalam melakukan perhitungan penjualan kredit hendaknya perusahaan dapat memperhatikan nasib perusahaan kedepannya sehingga profitabilitas perusahaan selalu naik setiap tahunnya.
Dimensions of Existential, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) Needs of Medical Students for Rural Posting: An Analytical Study
Authors: Shanmugapriya J , Saxena Tanjul , Mehta Seema
Published: March 2021

The retention of rural doctors in India is a very big challenge. Despite the mandatory rural postings, year by year rural health statistics indicate an abysmal picture of rural doctors’ vacancies and their shortfalls in many states. Various studies stipulate that rural doctors are quitting rural postings; the reasons are job dissatisfaction, lack of physical facilities, and the dearth of educational exposure for children, low advancements opportunities, etc. A reliable instrument to identify the motivational needs of doctors towards their rural postings, suitable to Indian context is the need of the hour for both policymakers and doctors alike. So, this study aims to acquire the reliability of the Existential, relatedness, and Growth needs of Doctors’ questionnaire and to obtain the dimensions of needs as an initial attempt. An ERG motivational need questionnaire was developed to determine the needs of medical students and doctors to practice in rural areas of India. A literature search and pilot study with 203 medical students were carried out and appropriate items were extracted. This study was conducted in Jaipur, Chennai, and Pondicherry with 203 medical students. The developed questionnaire was initially with 58 items and reduction of items was done through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The reliability of the instrument was measured using internal consistency reliability, by Cronbach alpha coefficient. The instrument is developed with three constructs namely Existential needs (EN), Relatedness Needs (RN), and Growth Needs (GN) with a 5-point Likert scale. The exploratory factor analysis after five rotations converged to 10 factors with 65.971% of the total variance and 0.855 Kaiser-Meyer- Olkin index indicating sampling adequacy. The initial 58 items were reduced by 32 items in the final questionnaire. Factor loading ranged from 0.439- 0.797, consequently the 10 factors were labelled, and their reliability scores are 0.794, 0.782, 0.760, 0.708, 0.788, 0.802, 0.711, 0.615, 0.645, and 0.525. The result obtained has proven that the extracted 10 factors have good reliability to obtain the dimensions of Existential, relatedness, and growth needs. The study results have implications in addressing the problem of rural doctors’ shortage.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE MÍDIAS SOCIAS COMO INSTRUMENTOS DE DIVULGAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA, INSTITUCIONAL E DE CONSTRUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO POR ALUNOS DOS CURSOS DE SAÚDE DE UMA FACULDADE PARTICULAR DO MUNICÍPIO DE LAURO DE FREITAS – BAHIA
Authors: Santos Marcus Vinicius Peralva
Published: March 2021

O presente capítulo visou analisar o uso das mídias sociais por alunos de uma instituição de ensino superior particular do município de Lauro de Freitas - BA, verificando se as mídias sociais ofertadas pela IES atendiam aos anseios dos alunos e consequentemente da própria instituição. Deste modo, foi aplicado de um questionário com 12 perguntas, para alunos de 6 cursos de saúde distintos, englobando semestres variados. Ao todo participaram do estudo 136 alunos, os quais demonstraram fazer maior uso do aplicativo WhatsApp (>50,0%), sendo o blog a mídia de menor uso (>90,0%). Deste modo verificou-se que o WhatsApp atende aos anseios da comunidade universitária, seja para a comunicação, lazer, dentre outros aspectos, enquanto o blog não atende à demanda dos alunos, e sendo atualizado apenas por mera formalidade dos coordenadores da instituição.
State-owned enterprises and foreign infrastructure investment in Brazil after the 2008 international financial crisis
Authors: Amorim Teixeira Fernando , Ferreira da Silva Gustavo
Published: March 2021

The article aims to analyze the participation of BNDES, Eletrobras and foreign investors in infrastructure megaprojects in Brazil after the 2008 international financial crisis. The research adopts a heterodox, Keynesian and institutionalist perspective, to conduct an empirical analysis, using the World Bank’s database on private participation in infrastructure. The results show that the ten largest projects carried out in the Brazilian electricity sector after 2008 had the participation of foreign capital, of which eight had the participation of BNDES and six with the participation of Eletrobras.
Underground pumped storage hydropower (UPSH) and its interaction with the saturated subsurface medium: effects of the water exchanges on the environment and the plant efficiency
Authors: Pujades Estanislao
Published: March 2021

Underground pumped storage hydropower (UPSH) is an alternative energy storage system (ESS) for flat regions, where conventional pumped storage hydropower plants cannot be constructed due to topographical limitations. UPSH plants consist in two reservoirs, the upper one is located at the surface or possibly underground (but at shallow depth) while the lower one is underground. Although the underground reservoir can be drilled, the use of abandoned mines (deep or open pit mines) as underground reservoir is a more efficient alternative that is also beneficial for local communities after the cessation of mining activities. Given that mines are rarely waterproofed, water exchanges between UPSH plants and the underground medium are expected. Water exchanges may have negative consequences for the environment, but also for the feasibility of UPSH plants. The impacts on the environment and the plant efficiency may have hydraulic (changes of the natural piezometric head distribution, effects in the hydraulic head difference between the two reservoirs, etc.) or hydrochemical nature (dissolution and/or precipitation of minerals in the aquifer and in the reservoirs, corrosion of facilities, modification of pH, etc.). At this stage, it is required a sound understanding of all the impacts produced by the water exchanges and evaluate under which circumstances they are mitigated. This assessment will allow ascertaining criteria for the selection of the best places to construct future UPSH plants.
Modeling of microbial interaction in degradable polymers under simulated water environment
Authors: Ramesh Prasanth Babu , Shukla Shobha , Saxena Sumit , Adyel Tanveer
Published: March 2021

Nearly 80% of oceanic plastic waste is from land-based sources including degradable polymers. The recent trend towards the use of degradable polymers in the form of photodegradable and biodegradable polymers promises to be a sustainable solution to plastic pollution, whereas microplastics (MPs) impose higher ecological risk due to limited knowledge of its physicochemical properties and behavioral dynamics in the aquatic environment.  This study is aimed at modeling the effect of the weathering process of degradable microplastics by plastic surface-based microbial communities. Source-specific degradable polymers with different weathering processes such as abrasion, solar radiation, microbial colonization, UV radiation, chemical, and thermal oxidation, and other environmental factors were assessed.  Cluster analysis of efficient degradable microorganisms over MPs weathering conditions highlighted to understand the microbial kinetics.  Simulation models are also used to mechanistically characterize and analyze the behavioral patterns of microorganism colonization of MPs and its weathering influence are discussed in detail. Multispecies microbial colonization is largely understudied and experimentally exhaustive to quantify, nevertheless, there is minimal literature on the parameterization of such models and more experimental work is needed to better optimize the parameters in these models for a broad range of microbial communities and microplastic leachate chemicals.  This work not only provides a better understanding of the fate and behavior of degradable microplastics in the aquatic environment, but these findings also serve as a requisite to better design and optimize the essential parameters for experimental strategies for the development of environmentally friendly novel polymers.
Reconstructing the Holocene glacial history of northern Norway 
Authors: Leigh Joshua , Stokes Chris , Evans David , Jones Richard , Andreassen Liss , Carr Rachel
Published: March 2021

Detailed investigations into Holocene glacier fluctuations are a fundamental tool in developing reliable reconstructions of past climate variability and the detection of global climate change. There are, however, many mountain areas that have escaped detailed scrutiny. Here we present a large-scale glacial geomorphological and geochronological study of the central Troms and Finnmark county region in Arctic Norway (covering an area of 6,810 km2) in order to reconstruct glacier change from the early Holocene to present. We undertake the first glacial chronological study in the Rotsund Valley, central Troms and Finnmark county, based on moraine dating using a combination of absolute, calibrated, and relative age dating techniques (terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND), Schmidt hammer dating, and soil chronosequencing). Together with our chronological data, our detailed mapping from a much wider area reveals a complex picture of early-Holocene deglaciation and late-Holocene glacier re-advance and we postulate that specific moraine formations are linked to key climatic events including: the Erdalen Event (between 10,100 and 9,700 cal. yrs. BP), the Finse / ‘8.2 ka' Event (between 8,500 and 8,000 cal. yrs. BP), and the Neoglacial (from ~4,500 cal. yrs. BP to the LIA maximum).
Weakened impact of the Atlantic Niño on the future Guinean coast rainfall
Authors: Worou Koffi , Goosse Hugues , Fichefet Thierry
Published: March 2021

Much of the rainfall variability in the Guinean coast area during the boreal summer is driven by the sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, amplified by land-atmosphere interactions. This oceanic region corresponds to the center of action of the Atlantic Equatorial mode, also termed Atlantic Niño (ATL3), which is the leading SST mode of variability in the tropical Atlantic basin. In years of positive ATL3, above normal SST conditions in the ATL3 area weaken the sea level pressure gradient between the West African lands and the ocean, which in turn reduces the monsoon flow penetration into Sahel. Subsequently, the rainfall increases over the Guinean coast area. According to observations and climate models, the relation between the Atlantic Niño and the rainfall in coastal Guinea is stationary over the 20th century. While this relation remains unchanged over the 21st century in climate model projections, the strength of the teleconnection is reduced in a warmer climate. The weakened ATL3 effect on the rainfall over the tropical Atlantic (in years of positive ATL3) has been attributed to the stabilization of the atmosphere column above the tropical Atlantic. Analysis of historical and high anthropogenic emission scenario (the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5-8.5) simulations from 31 models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project suggests an additional role of the Bjerkness feedback. A weakened SST amplitude related to ATL3 positive phases reduces the anomalous westerlies, which in turn increases the upwelling cooling effect on the sea surface. Both the Guinean coast region and the equatorial Atlantic experiment the projected rainfall reduction associated with ATL3, with a higher confidence over the ocean than over the coastal lands.
Using COVID19 as an Opportunity to Measure Seismic Silences and Bring Geoscience Projects to Students
Authors: Nath Artash
Published: March 2021

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared Covid19 a pandemic. Countries around the world rushed to declare various states of emergencies. Canada also implemented emergency measures to restrict the movements of people including the closure of borders, non-essential services, and schools and offices to slow the spread of Covid19. I used this opportunity to measure changes in seismic vibrations registered in Canada before, during, and after the lockdown due to the slowdown in transportation, economic, and construction activities. I analyzed continuous seismic data for 6 Canadian cities: Calgary and Edmonton (Alberta), Montreal (Quebec), Ottawa, and Toronto (Ontario), and Yellowknife (Northwest Territories). These cities represented the wide geographical spread of Canada. The source of data was seismic stations run by the Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN). Python and ObSpy libraries were used to convert raw data into probabilistic power spectral densities. The seismic vibrations in the PPSDs that fell between 4 Hz and 20 Hz were extracted and averaged for every two weeks period to determine the trend of seismic vibrations. The lockdown had an impact on seismic vibrations in almost all the cities I analyzed. The seismic vibrations decreased between 14% - 44% with the biggest decrease in Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories. In the 3 densely populated cities with a population of over 1 million - Toronto, Montreal, and Calgary, the vibrations dropped by over 30%.

To enable other students to undertake similar projects for their cities, I created a comprehensive online training module using Jupyter notebooks available on Github. Students can learn about seismic vibrations, how to obtain datasets, and analyze and interpret them using Python. They can share their findings with local policymakers so that they become aware of the effectiveness of the lockdown imposed and are better prepared for lockdowns in the future. When we make data and technology accessible, then lockdowns because of pandemics can be an opportunity for students to take up practical geoscience projects from home or virtual classrooms.
Geophysical evidence of gas seepage and mass movement in the Laacher See volcanic lake, western Germany
Authors: Albers Stijn , Verwimp Anouk , Caudron Corentin , Hermans Thomas , Versteeg Wim , Jouve Guillaume , De Batist Marc
Published: March 2021

The Laacher See caldera lake, formed by a series of phreatomagmatic and Plinian eruptions around 12,900 years BP, has been receiving increased attention lately with several studies investigating the present-day volcanic and geodynamic activity in the eastern Eifel, a densely populated area in western Germany. Volcanic activity beneath Laacher See is most notably evidenced by several gas seeps in the lake and its surrounding shore, emitting CO2 of magmatic origin. During a 2019 survey, several geophysical techniques were used to investigate the CO2 seeps at the lake floor. Here, we present results from multibeam echosounder and sub-bottom profiler data showing the presence of gas in both the water column (i.e. gas flares) and the lake sedimentary infill. Enhanced seismic reflections and acoustic blanking illustrate different levels at which free gas is accumulated in the lake sediments. Additionally, several stratigraphic horizons containing mass-transport deposits (MTDs) are observed in the laminated lake infill. The origin of these MTDs remains unclear, yet possible causes of slope failure in Laacher See might include seismic shaking, anthropogenic lake level fluctuation, and an increased fluid/pore pressure in the sediment due to free gas. Our results give a first indication of free gas in the lake infill, with further research needed to investigate the possible link between gas presence and mass movement in the lake. The monitoring of gas seeps at Laacher See and a further understanding of its gas-laden sedimentary infill can ultimately contribute to a better volcanic hazard assessment in the area.
The karst and the furious – ways to keep calm when dealing with karst hydrology
Authors: Hartmann Andreas
Published: March 2021

The dissolution of carbonate rock ‘karstification’ creates pronounced surface and subsurface heterogeneity and results in complex flow and transport dynamics. Consequently, water resources managers face significant challenges keeping calm when dealing with karst water resources especially in times of environmental change. My lecture not only will provide an overview of the peculiarities of karst hydrology but it will also offer some approaches that facilitate the assessment of environmental changes on karst water resources. Using two case studies, one at the plot scale and the other at the scale of an entire continent, I will contrast the opportunities and challenges of dealing with karst across different scales and climatic regions. Along these case studies, I will elaborate (1) how understanding on dominant karst processes can be obtained, (2) how this understanding can be incorporated into karst specific modelling approaches, and (3) how karst models developed at different scales can be used for water management. The presentation will conclude with some thoughts to facilitate less furious implementations of karst approaches for everyone.
Basal melting at the floating tongue of the 79° North Glacier – on the impacts of ice-shelf basal channels
Authors: Mohammadi-Aragh Mahdi , Zeising Ole , Humbert Angelika , klingbeil knut , schaffer janin , Timmermann Ralph , Burchard Hans
Published: March 2021

 The floating ice tongue of the 79° North Glacier (Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier) in Northeast Greenland has been found to thin over the past two decades. Recent studies suggest the warming of the ocean as one of the main drivers of destabilizing outlet glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet by enhanced subglacial melting. Using a horizontal two-dimensional numerical plume model, we study the hydrodynamic processes determining basal melt rates beneath the glacial tongue of the 79° North Glacier. We specifically investigate the spatial distribution of submarine melting and assess the importance of ice base morphology in controlling basal melting. For our study, we design a suite of simulations by implementing a synthetic network of basal channels. Additionally, we determine the role of subglacial discharge in driving melting along the glacier base. Our model results lead us to the conclusion that channelised basal topographies at the glacier base are the dominant control on the basal melt rates and its spatial distribution. 
Dwindling impact of large volcanic eruptions on global glacier changes in the Anthropocene
Authors: Zemp Michael , Marzeion Ben
Published: March 2021

Large volcanic eruptions impact climate through the injection of ash and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. While the ash particles fall out rapidly, the gas is converted to sulfate aerosols, which reflect solar radiation in the stratosphere and cause a cooling of the global mean surface temperature. Earlier studies suggested that major volcanic eruptions resulted in positive mass balances and advances of glaciers. Here we perform a multivariate analysis to decompose global glacier mass changes from 1961 to 2005 into components associated with anthropogenic influences, volcanic and solar activity, and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We find that the global glacier mass loss was mainly driven by the anthropogenic forcing, interrupted by a few years of intermittent mass gains following large volcanic eruptions. The relative impact of volcanic eruptions is dwindling due to strongly increasing greenhouse gas concentrations since the mid of the 20th century. Furthermore, our study indicates that solar activity and ENSO have limited impacts on climate conditions at glacier locations and that volcanic eruptions alone can hardly explain decadal periods of glacier advances documented since the 16th century.
Evaluation of geochemical anomaly classification models based on the relevant uncertainties and error propagation per class to select the most robust model(s) for the follow-up exploration 
Authors: Sadeghi Behnam
Published: March 2021

A significant issue in all geochemical anomaly classification methods is uncertainty in the identification of different populations and allocation of samples to those populations, including the critical category of geochemical anomalies or patterns that are associated with the effects of mineralisation. This is a major challenge where the effects of mineralisation are subtle. There are various possible sources of such uncertainty, such as (i) gaps in coverage of geochemical sampling within a study area; (ii) errors in geochemical data analysis, spatial measurement, interpolation; (iii) misunderstanding of geological and geochemical processes; (iv) fuzziness or vagueness of the threshold between geochemical background and geochemical anomalies. In this research, the well-established concentration-area (C-A) and the newly established concentration-concentration (C-C) fractal models were applied to centered-logratio (clr) transformed data, and highly correlated elements of Cu-Te, respectively. Such models were applied to the available till samples (2578 samples) collected by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) from 75% of the country area, to generate the Cu volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) geochemical anomaly classified map and define the highly promising areas for further exploration. However, to be confident more about the robustness of each class recognised by the thresholds obtained from the C-A and C-C log-log plots, Monte Carlo simulation (MCSIM) was applied to each class to simulate a higher number of values per class and consider the relevant error propagation. Under the MCSIM approach, the P50 value (the average 50th percentile of the multiple simulated distributions represents a neutral probability in decision-making) is defined as the expected ‘return’. The uncertainty is calculated, in this approach, as 1/(P90-P10) for which P10 (lower decile) and P90 (upper decile) are the average 10th and 90th percentiles of the multiple simulated values, associated with each class. The most reliable classes are those with high returns and low risks. Based on the results obtained, C-A could not provide robust enough results since in the defined classes, the risk was almost equal or even higher than the return, however, the C-C model provided high returns and very low uncertainties, demonstrating the robustness of C-C compared to C-A. This approach can improve the quality of the decision-making in choosing the most robust classification models, and consequently getting more reliable results.
Origins of Multi-decadal Variability in Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Dimdore-Miles Oscar , Gray Lesley , Osprey Scott
Published: March 2021

Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) are major disruptions of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric polar vortex and occur on average approximately 6 times per decade in observation based records. However, within these records, intervals of significantly higher and lower SSW rates are observed suggesting the possibility of low frequency variations in event occurrence. A better understanding of factors that influence this decadal variability may help to improve predictability of NH mid-latitude surface climate, through stratosphere-troposphere coupling. In this work, multi-decadal variability of SSW events is examined in a 1000-yr pre-industrial simulation of a coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land-Sea ice model. Using a wavelet spectral decomposition method, we show that hiatus events (intervals of a decade or more with no SSWs) and consecutive SSW events (extended intervals with at least one SSW in each year) vary on multi-decadal timescales of period between 60 and 90 years. Signals on these timescales are present for approximately 450 years of the simulation. We investigate the possible source of these long-term signals and find that the direct impact of variability in tropical sea surface temperatures, as well as the associated Aleutian Low, can account for only a small portion of the SSW variability. Instead, the major influence on long-term SSW variability is associated with long-term variability in amplitude of the stratospheric quasi biennial oscillation (QBO). The QBO influence is consistent with the well known Holton-Tan relationship, with SSW hiatus intervals associated with extended periods of particularly strong, deep QBO westerly phases. The results support recent studies that have highlighted the role of vertical coherence in the QBO when considering coupling between the QBO, the polar vortex and tropospheric circulation.
Observations and simulations of meteorological conditions over Arctic thick sea ice in late winter during the Transarktika 2019 expedition
Authors: Heinemann Günther , Willmes Sascha , Schefczyk Lukas , Makshtas Alexander , Kustov Vasilii , Makhotina Irina
Published: March 2021

The parameterization of ocean/sea-ice/atmosphere interaction processes is a challenge for regional climate models (RCMs) of the Arctic, particularly for wintertime conditions, when small fractions of thin ice or open water cause strong modifications of the boundary layer. Thus, the treatment of sea ice and sub-grid flux parameterizations in RCMs is of crucial importance. However, verification data sets over sea ice for wintertime conditions are rare. In the present paper, data of the ship-based experiment Transarktika 2019 during the end of the Arctic winter for thick one-year ice conditions are presented. The data are used for the verification of the regional climate model CCLM. In addition, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data are used for the comparison of ice surface temperature (IST) simulations of the CCLM sea ice model. CCLM is used in a forecast mode (nested in ERA5) for the Norwegian and Barents Seas with 5km resolution and is run with different configurations of the sea ice model and sub-grid flux parameterizations. The use of a new set of parameterizations yields improved results for the comparisons with in-situ data. Comparisons with MODIS IST allow for a verification over large areas and show also a good performance of CCLM. The comparison with twice-daily radiosonde ascents during Transarktika 2019, hourly microwave water vapor measurements of first 5 km in the atmosphere and hourly temperature profiler data shows a very good representation of the temperature, humidity and wind structure of the whole troposphere for CCLM.
Evaluation of methods for calculating potential evapotranspiration in climate change scenarios
Authors: Vicente-Torres Maria-Carmen , Perez Martin Miguel Angel
Published: March 2021

Despite uncertainties involved by future scenarios, the acknowledgement of climate change problem (WMO 2019/1248 reinforces the past five years as the warmest in industrial records, part of the warmest decade on record 2010-2019, and the need for urgent mitigation and adaptation actions have only grown in recent years. In the European Territory (EEA 1/2017), a significant decrease in summer soil moisture content in the Mediterranean region, while increases in north-eastern countries are projected for the coming decades. The current temperature increase derived from the emission of gases to the atmosphere, in the range of 0.1-0.3 ºC per decade by the IPCC experts Special Report 2018, obliges a deep review of the agricultural productivity factors, according to the FAO-56 /2006.

Soil moisture content is thus approached as a dynamic variable, with changes in temperature as well as precipitation constantly affecting evapotranspiration and infiltration rates. In this paper, five computing methods for crop water evapotranspiration (Penman-Monteith proposed by FAO-56, Thornwaite, and three temperature-based methods: Hargreaves 1975, Hargreaves-Samani 1985, Samani 2000) are not only scientifically compared but also applied to a Spanish Study Case at Valencian Community in the Mediterranean Basin. Results are affected by local single crops coefficient (also proposed by FAO-56) for citrus trees in upper Palancia River catchment, representative of intensive agriculture in the area, and calculated under four future scenarios (from +1ºC to 4ºC of unitary temperature increase).

Analysed results by percentual comparison with Penman-Monteith estimation, demonstrate a similar application range (from -1% of variation in +1ºC scenario to -4% of variation in 4ºC scenario) for scarcer data-based methods (Hargreaves 1975, Hargreaves-Samani 1985 and Samani 2000) except Thornthwaite. Allowing to conclude that Thornthwaite projections in the Mediterranean Climate overestimate up to 3% (+1ºC scenario), 6% (+2ºC scenario), 11% (+3ºC scenario) and 16% (+4ºC scenario) the monthly values of crop evapotranspiration.
Exploring LEO cube satellite technology for space geodesy: SLR-VLBI POD in the GGOS era
Authors: Kłopotek Grzegorz , Schartner Matthias , Rothacher Markus , Soja Benedikt
Published: March 2021

With test satellites already in space, the Swiss company Astrocast is currently in the process of establishing a constellation of about 80 nanosatellites for commercial purposes that are operating in a low Earth orbit (LEO). As a result of the collaboration with ETH Zürich, such satellites will be equipped with both low-cost multi-GNSS dual-frequency receivers and a small array of laser retroreflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). In the future, this set of geodetic instruments could be also extended with a simple, compact and low-power transmitter compliant with the next-generation very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) system, known as the VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS). Therefore, apart from scientific studies based on such state-of-the-art multi-GNSS receivers in space, the Astrocast nanosatellite network could also be examined in terms of satellite co-locations. In this case, the new geometrical connections in space could be realized together with all ground-based instruments that can observe the co-location satellites. Assuming sufficient precision of such observations and good knowledge of the spacecraft environment, this approach could result in an enhanced quantity of tie measurements at a high spatio-temporal resolution, potentially leading also to an enhanced quality of common geodetic parameters. However, accurate orbit determination is of high importance, whenever considering potential co-location in space or, in general, estimating various global parameters of geophysical interest.
In this contribution, we focus on precise orbit determination (POD) of LEO Astrocast-type nanosatellites based on global SLR-only, VGOS-only as well as combined SLR-VGOS observations. The impact of this concept on various geodetic parameters and the derived orbits is studied on the basis of Monte-Carlo simulations carried out with the c5++ analysis software. All simulated data are combined on the observation level and used to derive satellite orbits and to estimate both, station-based and global geodetic parameters. Our study is based on VGOS-type schedules created in VieSched++ and consisting of both quasar and satellite observations. In addition to the simulated laser measurements to Astrocast satellites, the SLR-related solutions include also global observations to LAGEOS-1/2 satellites. Our considerations involve solutions with different time intervals, satellite observation precision levels and quantity of the considered cube satellites, providing thus initial insights concerning prospective utilization of LEO cube satellite technology for space geodesy in the era of the Global Geodetic Observing System.
Evaluation of the precipitation-type dependent uncertainty in rain/no-rain classification using PCT from GPM/GMI data
Authors: Kim Jiseob , Shin Dong-Bin
Published: March 2021

Spaceborne passive microwave sensors have been developed to improve the knowledge of precipitation systems based on channels that interact directly with hydrometeors in clouds. In particular, understanding the global distribution of precipitation is one of the main missions. Prior to these precipitation studies, many researchers tend to implement the rain/no-rain classification (RNC) procedure. As a simple way, the polarized corrected temperature at 89 GHz (PCT89) from passive microwave radiometry has been widely used to identify rain pixels. The PCT89 can estimate the scattering intensity accompanied by precipitating clouds while minimizing the effects of the surface at high resolution, however, the diversity of the hydrometeor distributions can be a problem in the use of a consistent cut-off threshold. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate differences in the accuracy of the PCT-based RNC method induced by the various hydrometeor distributions and to present a new perspective to users so that it can be used appropriately. Precipitation data observed by the global precipitation measurement (GPM) microwave imager (GMI) for the period from January to December of 2015 in the tropics were used in the study. Based on the classification algorithm of the GPM dual precipitation radar (DPR), the precipitation data were subdivided into 11 types (3 stratiform types, 4 convective types, and others), and then a statistical verification was attempted to ensure that the cut-off threshold was appropriate. The PCT89-based RNC method leads to an increase of 70% and 54% in the number of two significant stratiform types compared to the DPR precipitation flag. On the other hand, the convective types decreased by up to 53%. Although regional diversity could lead to systematic differences in the verification, they did not exceed magnitudes of the difference between precipitation types. Therefore, this study suggests that the precipitations identified by the PCT89-based RNC method have features that enhance the bias toward the stratiform type.
Mixed layers along the Atlantic water path in the Nordic seas in HighResMIP models
Authors: Tréguier Anne Marie , Koenigk Torben , Doroteaciro Iovino , Camille Lique , Docquier David
Published: March 2021

Atlantic water flows over the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge into the Norwegian Sea. Along its path towards the Arctic, the Atlantic water is cooled by strong air-sea fluxes. Deep winter mixed layers modify the stratification and properties of the Atlantic water and precondition its flow into the Arctic, thus influencing Arctic sea ice and climate. Atlantic water also recirculates in the Greenland sea where deep water formation contributes to the dense limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. It is thus of paramount importance to represent mixed layer deepening and lateral heat exchanges processes in the Nordic Seas in climate models.

Heat exchanges in the Nordic Seas are influenced by narrow current branches, instabilities and eddies, which are not accurately represented in low resolution climate model (with grid ~ 50-100km).  Here we examine the mixed layer dynamics and heat exchanges using the latest generation of European high resolution global coupled models in the framework of HighResMip (5-15km grids in the Nordic Seas). We investigate in detail the effect of model resolution on the mixed layer depth and water mass formation in relation with the Atlantic water circulation and modification between the Norwegian and the Greenland Sea. First results show an increased northward ocean heat transport, a more realistic representation of the ocean current system in the Nordic Seas, and consequently an improved spatial distribution of the turbulent surface heat flux compared to standard resolution CMIP6 models. The mixed layer depth itself however varies strongly between different HighResMIP models. Summarizing, our assessment of the high resolution coupled simulations of the historical period demonstrates that future climate projections at high resolution have a huge potential, but also limitations.
EOT20: A new global empirical ocean tide model derived from multi-mission satellite altimetry.
Authors: Hart-Davis Michael , Dettmering Denise , Piccioni Gaia , Schwatke Christian , Passaro Marcello , Seitz Florian
Published: March 2021

EOT20 is the latest in a series of empirical ocean tide (EOT) models derived using residual tidal analysis of multi-mission satellite altimetry at DGFI-TUM. The amplitudes and phases of seventeen tidal constituents are provided on a global 0.125-degree grid based on empirical analysis of eleven satellite altimetry missions. The EOT20 model shows significant improvements compared to the previous iteration of the global model (EOT11a) throughout the ocean, particularly in the coastal and shelf regions, due to the inclusion of more recent satellite altimetry data as well as more missions, the use of the updated FES2014 tidal model as a reference to estimated residual signals, the inclusion of the ALES retracker and improved coastal representation. In the validation of EOT20 using tide gauges and ocean bottom pressure data, these improvements in the model compared to EOT11a are highlighted with the root-square sum (RSS) of the eight major tidal constituents improving by ~3 cm for the entire global ocean with the major improvement in RSS (~3.5 cm) occurring in coastal regions (<1 km to the coast). Compared to the other global ocean tidal models, EOT20 shows a clear improvement of ~0.4 cm in RSS compared to the closest model (FES2014) in the global ocean. Compared to the FES2014 model, the RSS improvement in EOT20 is mainly seen in the coastal region (~0.45 cm) while in the shelf and open ocean regions these two models only vary in terms of RSS by ~0.005 cm. The significant improvement of EOT20, particularly in the coastal region, provides encouragement for the use of the EOT20 model as a tidal correction of satellite altimetry in coastal sea level research. 
Ordovician zircons as detrital markers in the Ötztal Nappe (Austroalpine, Italy)
Authors: Klug Linus , Froitzheim Nikolaus , Tomaschek Frank , Lagos Markus
Published: March 2021

The Austroalpine Ötztal Nappe shows pervasive Eoalpine and local Variscan high-pressure metamorphism and deformation in its southeastern end, which obscure prior structures. We used magmatic and detrital zircon U-Pb dating by laser ablation ICP-MS to identify the precursor units of the Ötztal Nappe and the relationships among them.

Magmatic protolith dating of granitoid othogneisses in the Ötztal basement yielded Ordovician ages (450 – 470 Ma). The zircons of the Ordovician magmatism are important markers in the detrital zircon record. The paragneisses of the Ötztal basement, in which the Ordovician granitoids intruded, show no Ordovician zircons. The partly calcareous metasediments of the Schneeberg Complex and the Laas Series record some Ordovician detrital zircons. While the Schneeberg Complex is in tectonic contact to the Ötztal Nappe (Klug & Froitzheim, subm.), the Laas Series is the post-Ordovician sedimentary cover of the Ötztal basement. A Permo-Triassic basal metasandstone of the Brenner Mesozoic shows next to a strong Ordovician zircon age population some Variscan and Permo-Triassic zircons.

Zircon dating allowed to identify pre-Ordovician basement with Ordovician intrusions covered by post-Ordovician-pre-Variscan and Permo-Mesozoic sediments. This supports the concept of a non-tectonic unity in the southeastern Ötztal Nappe outside of the Schneeberg Complex.

 
Deep uncertainties in shoreline change projections: an extra-probabilistic approach applied to sandy beaches
Authors: Thiéblemont Rémi , Le Cozannet Gonéri , Rohmer Jérémy , Toimil Alexandra , Alvarez Moisés , Losada Iñigo J.
Published: March 2021

Global mean sea-level rise and its acceleration are projected to aggravate coastal erosion over the 21st century, which constitutes a major challenge for coastal adaptation. Projections of shoreline retreat are highly uncertain, however, namely due to deeply uncertain mean sea-level projections and the absence of consensus on a coastal impact model. An improved understanding and a better quantification of these sources of deep uncertainty are hence required to improve coastal risk management and inform adaptation decisions. In this work we present and apply a new extra-probabilistic framework to develop shoreline change projections of sandy coasts that allows considering intrinsic (or aleatory) and knowledge-based (or epistemic) uncertainties exhaustively and transparently. This framework builds upon an empirical shoreline change model to which we ascribe possibility functions to represent deeply uncertain variables. The model is applied to two local sites in Aquitaine (France) and Castellón (Spain). First, we validate the framework against historical shoreline observations and then develop shoreline change projections that account for possible (although unlikely) low-end and high-end mean sea-level scenarios. Our high-end projections show for instance that shoreline retreats of up to 200m in Aquitaine and 130m in Castellón are plausible by 2100, while low-end projections revealed that 58m and 37m modest shoreline retreats, respectively, are also plausible. Such extended intervals of possible future shoreline changes reflect an ambiguity in the probabilistic description of shoreline change projections, which could be substantially reduced by better constraining SLR projections and improving coastal impact models. We found for instance that if mean sea-level by 2100 does not exceed 1m, the ambiguity can be reduced by more than 50 %. This could be achieved through an ambitious climate mitigation policy and improved knowledge on ice-sheets. 
Zonal asymmetry of Southern Ocean air-sea carbon fluxes
Authors: Prend Channing , Gray Alison , Talley Lynne , Gille Sarah , Haumann Alexander , Johnson Kenneth , Riser Stephen , Rosso Isabella , Sauvé Jade , Sarmiento Jorge
Published: March 2021

The Southern Ocean modulates the climate system by exchanging heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and deep ocean. While this region plays an outsized role in the global oceanic anthropogenic carbon uptake, CO2 is released into the atmosphere across large swaths of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Southern Ocean outgassing has long been attributed to remineralized carbon from upwelled deep water, but the precise mechanisms by which this water reaches the surface are not well known. Using data from a novel array of autonomous biogeochemical profiling floats, we estimate Southern Ocean air-sea CO2 fluxes at unprecedented spatial resolution and determine the pathways that transfer carbon from the ocean interior into the mixed layer where air-sea exchange occurs. Float-based flux estimates suggest that carbon outgassing occurs predominantly in the Indo-Pacific sector of the ACC due to variations in the mean surface ocean partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Within the Polar Frontal Zone and Antarctic Southern Zone of the ACC, the annual mean pCO2 difference between the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic is 40.1 ± 12.9 μatm and 17.9 ± 12.4 μatm, respectively. We show that this zonal asymmetry in surface pCO2 and consequently air-sea carbon fluxes stems from regional variability in the mixed-layer entrainment of carbon-rich deep water. These results suggest that long-term trends of the Southern Ocean carbon sink inferred from sparse shipboard data may depend on the fraction of measurements from each basin in a given year. Furthermore, sampling these different air-sea flux regimes is necessary to monitor future changes in oceanic carbon release and uptake.