bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denis Burkitt: A legacy of global health
Authors: Esau Daniel
Published: September 2016

When first described in 1958, Burkitt lymphoma was considered by many to be an African curiosity. However, over the next few decades, over 10,000 publications on Burkitt lymphoma would influence many facets of oncology research including immunology, molecular genetics, chemotherapy, and viral oncology. At the time of discovery, its distribution in equatorial Africa was unique; it was where a child was born and lived, and not what race they were, that conveyed the greatest incidence risk. Its association with Epstein-Barr virus brought attention to the possibility that oncogenesis may be influenced by viruses. The influence that Burkitt lymphoma had on furthering oncology is far-reaching, and it is fitting that the physician credited with bringing attention to this disease was himself broad in his influence. Denis Burkitt was a humanitarian surgeon whose work was not limited to Burkitt lymphoma: he instigated a plan to rid an entire Ugandan district of yaws, he designed and created affordable orthopaedic equipment that could be locally produced in Kampala, and he was an early advocate of a high fiber diet. The following article will examine the biography of Denis Burkitt, with a focus on how he was able to further oncology and global health.
The music of war: Seven World War 1 composers and their experience of combat
Authors: Davidson Jonathan RT
Published: September 2016

The effect of World War 1 military service on composers has been neglected in comparison with poets and artists. This article describes the wartime service of Arthur Bliss, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ivor Gurney, EJ Moeran, Gordon Jacob, Patrick Hadley, and Maurice Ravel. The relationship between experiences of combat and the psychological health of these men is examined, with consideration being given to predisposition and possible causative influences of military service on their later careers, examined from individual and societal perspectives.
Emerging energy geographies: Scaling and spatial divergence in EUropean electricity generation capacity
Authors: Dahlmann Frederik , Kolk Ans , Lindeque Johan
Published: September 2016

This paper presents an evaluation of the impact of the related EU internal energy market and renewable energy policies by exploring the (sustainable) energy transition in the EUropean electricity sector and drawing on the emerging literatures on energy geographies. We use evidence aggregated from plant-level data on installed electricity generation capacity in the EUropean electric utilities sector over the period 1990–2013 to demonstrate how the unintended interaction between EU policies on energy market liberalization and climate change have led to new renewable energy entrants and more widely dispersed ownership of total generation capacity. Our empirical results suggest that six energy geography concepts enable deeper insights into the spatiality of the EUropean energy transition. Specifically, we find that territoriality and scaling are key lenses for interpreting the differentiated change processes occurring at EUropean, subregional and national levels. The EUropean energy transition is unlikely to converge onto a single trajectory any time soon, but particularly subregional approaches are argued to offer policy-makers with more spatially cognizant and effective levers.
Institutionalizing Global Citizenship
Authors: Aktas Fatih , Pitts Kate , Richards Jessica C. , Silova Iveta
Published: September 2016

While higher education internationalization efforts have traditionally been associated with the expansion of study abroad experiences, the recruitment of international students and scholars, as well as the growth of area studies and language programs, the past decade has seen an increase in a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches to “global citizenship” programs. These programs typically involve international service learning, international internships, study abroad, and academic study, which all work to provide students with “global” experiences. The aim of these experiences is to enhance students’ academic, professional, and personal development and expand their horizons to prepare them to function effectively in the “global” world. Building on Andreotti’s concept of critical global citizenship, this study examines how universities institutionalize global citizenship in their curricula by analyzing program mission statements, goals, and curriculum materials. Focusing on degree- and certificate-granting global citizenship programs, the study examines the different ways of conceptualizing “global citizenship” and discusses their implications for social justice and equity at both the theoretical and programmatic levels.
Neo-Racism and Neo-Nationalism Within East Asia
Authors: Lee Jenny , Jon Jae-Eun , Byun Kiyong
Published: September 2016

This research, based in South Korea, compares the experiences of international students from within and outside the Asian region and then examines Chinese international students’ perceptions of discrimination. Utilizing the concept of neo-nationalism, survey findings revealed that Asian students reported greater difficulties and unfair treatment compared with students coming from Europe, North America, and other regions. The interviews further revealed anti-Chinese sentiments resulting in verbal aggression, challenges securing housing, discriminatory employment practices, and more.
Things I wish I’d known: desiderata for early career psychiatrists
Authors: Ng Lillian , Steane Richard , Chacko Emme , Scollay Natalie
Published: September 2016

Objective:

The objective of this study was to disseminate advice imparted to early career psychiatrists by a panel of senior colleagues at a Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists symposium, reflecting on things they wished they had known at the earlier stage in their careers.

Methods:

Key themes were extracted from notes taken at the symposium, where opinions were expressed by three senior psychiatrists.

Results:

There are components in building a sustainable career as a psychiatrist, which include considering one’s work environment and relationships with colleagues; self-care, mentorship and reflective practice; and seeking opportunities to teach and research for career progression.

Conclusions:

The mentorship and advice from senior colleagues can be highly influential. In order to sustain a career that has reward, meaning and longevity, psychiatrists would do well to pay attention to aspects of self-care, stay connected to their loved ones, seek an optimal work–life balance and take an interest in their long term career plans.
Identification of an open crack in a beam with variable profile by two resonant frequencies
Authors: Rubio Lourdes , Fernández-Sáez José , Morassi Antonino
Published: September 2016

We consider the identification of a single open crack in a simply supported beam having nonuniform smooth profile and undergoing infinitesimal in-plane flexural vibration. The profile is assumed to be symmetric with respect to the mid-point of the beam axis. The crack is modeled by inserting a rotational linearly elastic spring at the damaged cross-section. We establish sufficient conditions for the unique identification of the crack by a suitable pair of natural frequency data, and we present a constructive algorithm for determining the damage parameters. The result is proved under a technical a priori assumption on the zeros of a suitable function determined in terms of the eigenfunctions of the problem. Extensions to beams under different sets of end conditions are also discussed. Theoretical results are confirmed by an extensive numerical investigation, both on simulated and experimental data.
Factors Affecting the Quality of Anticoagulation With Vitamin K Antagonists in Venous Thromboembolism Patients
Authors: Rivera-Caravaca José Miguel , Viedma-Viedma Inmaculada , Roldán Vanessa
Published: September 2016

Introduction:

Treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is classically based on oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). Due to the disadvantages and side effects of these drugs, monitoring the quality of anticoagulation by assessing time within therapeutic range (TTR) is recommended. Variables altering the TTR in patients with VTE are yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to analyze the quality of anticoagulation in patients with VTE treated with VKAs and to identify factors associated with poor-quality anticoagulation.

Methods:

A retrospective observational study was performed in a cohort of 94 patients diagnosed with VTE undergoing treatment with VKAs. The TTR at 6 months was analyzed by the Rosendaal method. Univariate and a multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to unravel factors that increase risk of poor-quality anticoagulation.

Results:

The TTR at 6 months in this cohort was 60.5%; 54 patients had a TTR < 65%. In the univariate analysis, female sex, age ≥ 65 years, and renal impairment were significantly associated with poor-quality anticoagulation. However, in the multivariate logistic regression model, only renal impairment was independently associated with poor-quality anticoagulation (odds ratio = 3.31, 95% confidence interval [1.049, 10.486], p = .041).

Discussion:

The average quality of anticoagulation was 60.5%, and a high percentage of patients had a quality of anticoagulation below recommended levels. Study findings indicate that renal impairment is an independent risk factor for poor-quality anticoagulation in patients with VTE treated with VKAs.
Combining experiential and conceptual learning in accounting education: A review with implications
Authors: Rodgers Waymond , Simon Jon , Gabrielsson Jonas
Published: September 2016

Within accounting education, both conceptual and experiential learning have been important learning approaches. However, while experiential learning has been extensively studied in accounting education, the critical role of conceptual learning has received considerably less attention. In this article, we review theory and research to develop a framework involving the Throughput Model that relates to both conceptual and experiential learning. Based on our review and combination, we suggest implications for the design and implementation of accounting education.
Ongoing increase in incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Newcastle, Australia: A 50-year study
Authors: Ribbons Karen , Lea Rodney , Tiedeman Clare , Mackenzie Laura , Lechner-Scott Jeannette
Published: September 2016

Background:

Since 1959, multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence has been estimated for the east coast Australian city of Newcastle. Previous surveys, conducted in 1988 and 2003, have described an increase in the prevalence and incidence of MS.

Objectives:

In this study, we evaluated whether these trends continue and provide 50 years of MS epidemiological follow-up for this southern hemisphere city.

Methods:

Expressed per 100,000 people, prevalence of MS in Newcastle was calculated for those with a confirmed diagnosis of MS on 9 August 2011 and incidence based on the number of cases with MS diagnosis made during the preceding decade. Data were age-standardised to the total Australian population. Statistical comparisons were undertaken using Poisson regression analysis.

Results:

In 2011, the estimate of MS prevalence was 124.2, with female-to-male ratio reaching 3.1, a 53% increase in female predominance since 1996. MS incidence increased to 6.7, with a significantly higher proportion of new female cases since the previous survey.

Conclusion:

Prevalence of MS in Newcastle has risen linearly and is contributed to by a substantial increase in new cases over the preceding decade. Female predominance of MS cases continues to increase with a new diagnosis three times more likely in women.
Taking a hard look at the Heart Truth campaign in Canada: A discourse analysis
Authors: Clark Marianne I , McGannon Kerry R , Berry Tanya R , Norris Colleen M , Rodgers Wendy M , Spence John C
Published: September 2016

The Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation launched the Heart Truth campaign to increase women’s awareness of heart disease. However, little is known about how such campaigns intersect with broader understandings of gender and health. This discourse analysis examined the construction of gender, risk, and prevention within campaign material. Two primary discourses emerged: one of acceptable femininity, which outlines whose risk, survivorship, and prevention matters, and another of selfless prevention. Women of diverse ethnic, sexual, and socio-economic background were largely absent. Prevention was portrayed as a personal choice, eclipsing conversations about social determinants of health and the socio-political context of heart disease.
A qualitative exploration of the daily experiences and challenges faced by parents and caregivers of children with Tourette’s syndrome
Authors: Ludlow Amanda K , Brown Rachel , Schulz Joerg
Published: September 2016

Few studies address the daily challenges faced by parents of children diagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome. This article reports on a qualitative interview study with 15 parents exploring their experiences, the challenges they face and the support mechanisms they have found to be most helpful. Thematic analysis identified four core categories which represented shared experiences of the participants: coping with children’s challenging behaviours, misconceptions and lack of understanding of professionals and the lay public, negative experiences of their children’s education and lack of support and services for families with Tourette’s syndrome. The findings highlight the challenges of parenting a child with Tourette’s syndrome, particularly with respect to family life and the child’s schooling.
Nutritionism and the construction of ‘poor choices’ in families facing food insecurity
Authors: Graham Rebekah , Stolte Ottilie , Hodgetts Darrin , Chamberlain Kerry
Published: September 2016

The dominant research approach to both food insecurity and charitable meal provision is nutritionistic, deficit-orientated and ignores wider socio-economic issues. This reinforces existing power dynamics and overlooks the agency of people living food-insecure lives. We critique this dominant approach and draw on the everyday experiences of families facing food insecurity to ground an alternative approach that emphasises food as a social determinant of health.
Police officer perspectives on the implementation of a sex offender community notification scheme
Authors: Whitting Laura , Day Andrew , Powell Martine
Published: September 2016

Community notification statutes, popularly known as ‘Megan’s Law’, were passed in rapid succession throughout the United States following the enactment of landmark legislation in the state of Washington in 1990. Calls for the adoption of similar legislation in Australia gained momentum following the introduction of ‘limited disclosure’ schemes in the United Kingdom and, in 2012, one Australian state introduced a limited form of community notification. This study presents an analysis of in-depth interviews with specialist police officers ( N=21) who are responsible for coordinating the ongoing management, registration and monitoring of sex offenders who live in the community in this jurisdiction to understand their perspectives on the scheme’s implementation. Systematic thematic analysis revealed that the officers were particularly interested in understanding the impact that notification has on offenders, victims and the broader community, and the police agency. The practice-based wisdom distilled from these interviews is used to inform a discussion about the more widespread implementation of this type of public policy both in Australia and in other countries that may be giving this consideration.
Determinants of religious tourism branding tactics in Kenya: A cross sectional study
Authors: Muriuki Lemmy Mureti , Bururia David , Mutegi James
Published: September 2016

Shrines’ market appeal and authenticity drive religious tourism branding initiatives. Ideal packaging strategies further determine product performance in religious destinations. This article examined the potential contribution of market appeal and authenticity to religious tourism branding in the Kenyan Coast, Western, and Eastern regions. Multistage Cluster Sampling was used to sample 700 respondents. Surveys were conducted using structured interviews between February 2012 and April 2013. Questionnaires targeted communities, tourists, and tourism developers. Questionnaires examined the types of shrines, utilization rate, perceived importance, and current development levels. It further assessed applicable religious tourism branding strategies within regions. Data analysis involved factor analysis, ANOVA, and t-tests. Results indicated that Kenyan shrines serve natural, physical, and cultural purposes, which determine their market appeal. New brands, line-extensions, and brand extensions emerged significant product branding strategies ( p < 0.05). Thus, it implied perceived loss of product authenticity.
Environmental footprint design tool: Exchanging geographical information system and computer-aided design data in real time
Authors: Mark Earl , Ultmann Zita
Published: September 2016

The pairing of computer-aided design and geographical information system data creates an opportunity to connect an architectural design process with a robust analysis of its environmental constraints. Yet, the geographical information system data may be too overwhelmingly complex to be fully used in computer-aided design without computer-assisted methods of filtering relevant information. This article reports on the implementation of an integrated environment for three-dimensional computer-aided design and environmental impact. The project focused on a two-way data exchange between geographical information system and computer-aided design in building design. While the two different technologies may rely on separate representational models, in combination they can provide a more complete view of the natural and built environment. The challenge in integration is that of bridging the differences in analytical methods and database formats. Our approach is rooted in part in constraint-based design methods, well established in computer-aided design (e.g. Sketchpad, Generative Components, and computer-aided three-dimensional interactive application). Within such computer-aided design systems, geometrical transformations may be intentionally constrained to help enforce a set of design determinants. Although this current implementation modestly relates to geometrical constraints, the use of probabilistic risk values is more central to its methodology.
Risk Factors for Graft Loss in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients After Transfer of Care
Authors: Coyne Bethany , Hollen Patricia J. , Yan Guofen , Brayman Kenneth
Published: September 2016

Background:

Improvements in transplantation have increased the survival of children after kidney transplantation. These patients have complex needs, and the current medical system is not prepared to effectively transfer the care of these individuals from pediatric to adult health-care systems. Too often, transfer occurs during moments of crisis and is associated with poor outcomes.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to use a national database, the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, to test the hypothesis that the increased risk of graft loss after transfer of care (from pediatric to adult services) for young adult kidney transplant recipients over a 2- to 3-year posttransfer follow-up period was related to these posttransfer risk factors (medication noncompliance, acute rejection, insurance status).

Design:

A retrospective, longitudinal, correlational design using secondary data was used to evaluate the transfer of care of 250 kidney transplant recipients (ages 16-25).

Results:

Seventy-seven (30.8%) individuals lost their graft within 3 years after transfer of care. Medication noncompliance, acute rejection, and serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL at transfer were significant predictors of graft loss after accounting for multiple other factors.

Conclusion:

These individuals are at risk for graft loss after transfer of care and may benefit from increased personalized care during this risky period.
Clinical Application of a Hybrid RapidArc Radiotherapy Technique for Locally Advanced Lung Cancer
Authors: Silva Scott R. , Surucu Murat , Steber Jennifer , Harkenrider Matthew M. , Choi Mehee
Published: September 2016

Objective:

Radiation treatment planning for locally advanced lung cancer can be technically challenging, as delivery of ≥60 Gy to large volumes with concurrent chemotherapy is often associated with significant risk of normal tissue toxicity. We clinically implemented a novel hybrid RapidArc technique in patients with lung cancer and compared these plans with 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and RapidArc-only plans.

Materials/Methods:

Hybrid RapidArc was used to treat 11 patients with locally advanced lung cancer having bulky mediastinal adenopathy. All 11 patients received concurrent chemotherapy. All underwent a 4-dimensional computed tomography planning scan. Hybrid RapidArc plans concurrently combined static (60%) and RapidArc (40%) beams. All cases were replanned using 3- to 5-field 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and RapidArc technique as controls.

Results:

Significant reductions in dose were observed in hybrid RapidArc plans compared to 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans for total lung V20 and mean (−2% and −0.6 Gy); contralateral lung mean (−2.92 Gy); and esophagus V60 and mean (−16.0% and −2.2 Gy; all P < .05). Contralateral lung doses were significantly lower for hybrid RapidArc plans compared to RapidArc-only plans (all P < .05). Compared to 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, heart V60 and mean dose were significantly improved with hybrid RapidArc (3% vs 5%, P = .04 and 16.32 Gy vs 16.65 Gy, P = .03). However, heart V40 and V45 and maximum spinal cord dose were significantly lower with RapidArc plans compared to hybrid RapidArc plans. Conformity and homogeneity were significantly better with hybrid RapidArc plans compared to 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans ( P < .05). Treatment was well tolerated, with no grade 3+ toxicities.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first report on the clinical application of hybrid RapidArc in patients with locally advanced lung cancer. Hybrid RapidArc permitted safe delivery of 60 to 66 Gy to large lung tumors with concurrent chemotherapy and demonstrated advantages for reduction in low-dose lung volumes, esophageal dose, and mean heart dose.
Examining the Relations Between Self-Regulation and Achievement in Third-Grade Students
Authors: Day Stephanie L. , Connor Carol McDonald
Published: September 2016

Children with stronger self-regulation skills generally demonstrate greater overall success in school both academically and socially. However, there are few valid and reliable measures of self-regulation in middle elementary school. Such a measure could help identify whether a child is truly having difficulties. Thus, the Remembering Rules and Regulation Picture Task (RRRP) was developed. The aim of this study was to develop scoring systems for the RRRP and then to examine the associations between RRRP and independent measures of self-regulation and academic achievement in mathematics and reading. Children ( N = 282) from 34 third-grade classrooms in Florida participated in this study. Results revealed that the RRRP captured three constructs: working memory, attentional flexibility, and inhibitory control. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) demonstrated that the RRRP was significantly and positively associated with other measures of self-regulation. The RRRP was significantly and positively associated with mathematics and reading as well. The RRRP appears to be a promising measure of children’s self-regulation skills.
Mechanical thrombectomy in patients with tumour-related ischaemic stroke
Authors: Zander Tobias , Maynar Javier , López-Zárraga Fernando , Herrera Rogelio , Timiraos-Fernández Juan José , Saraceni Andrea , Maynar Manuel
Published: September 2016

Ischaemic stroke is a common cause of death and incapacity and is related in most cases to vascular disease. Intracranial vessel occlusion due to tumour emboli is a rare entity and adequate treatment for this condition is not defined. The use of mechanical thrombectomy devices is considered the treatment of choice for major intracranial vessel occlusion; however, no recommendation can be made in the case of tumour thrombembolia. This report describes two cases who presented with a middle cerebral artery occlusion due to tumour emboli and that were treated using the Solitaire thrombectomy device.
Primary stroke prevention needs overhaul
Authors: Feigin Valery L
Published: September 2016

There is compelling evidence from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study that the burden of stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been increasing fast over the last two and half decades. These deficiencies are further highlighted by significant gender and ethnic disparities, and a trend towards more strokes in younger people. This suggests very strongly that currently used primary stroke and CVD prevention measures, which include high-risk (screening of the population for absolute CVD risk) and population-wide strategies, are not sufficiently effective. Identifying the causes of the failure in primary stroke and CVD prevention on individual and population levels and the most promising strategies to improve the situation is the first step in combating these leading causes of disease burden in the world.
Cardiac monitoring for detection of atrial fibrillation after TIA: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Korompoki Eleni , Del Giudice Angela , Hillmann Steffi , Malzahn Uwe , Gladstone David J , Heuschmann Peter , Veltkamp Roland
Published: September 2016

Background and purpose

The detection rate of atrial fibrillation has not been studied specifically in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients although extrapolation from ischemic stroke may be inadequate. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the rate of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation using different methods of ECG monitoring in TIA.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed following a pre-specified protocol the PRISMA statement. Prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials were considered that included TIA patients who underwent cardiac monitoring for >12 h. Primary outcome was frequency of detection of atrial fibrillation ≥30 s. Analyses of subgroups and of duration and type of monitoring were performed.

Results

Seventeen studies enrolling 1163 patients were included. The pooled atrial fibrillation detection rate for all methods was 4% (95% CI: 2–7%). Yield of monitoring was higher in selected (higher age, more extensive testing for arrhythmias before enrolment, or presumed cardioembolic/cryptogenic cause) than in unselected cohorts (7% vs 3%). Pooled mean atrial fibrillation detection rates rose with duration of monitoring: 4% (24 h), 5% (24 h to 7 days) and 6% (>7 days), respectively. Yield of non-invasive was significantly lower than that of invasive monitoring (4% vs. 11%). Significant heterogeneity was observed among studies (I2=60.61%).

Conclusion

This first meta-analysis of atrial fibrillation detection in TIA patients finds a lower atrial fibrillation detection rate in TIA than reported for IS and TIA cohorts in previous meta-analyses. Prospective studies are needed to determine actual prevalence of atrial fibrillation and optimal diagnostic procedure for atrial fibrillation detection in TIA.
Evaluation and Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Looze Christopher A. , Capo Jason , Ryan Michael K. , Begly John P. , Chapman Cary , Swanson David , Singh Brian C. , Strauss Eric J.
Published: September 2016

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are common injuries that affect a wide variety of active patients. The majority of these lesions are associated with ankle sprains and fractures though several nontraumatic etiologies have also been recognized. Patients normally present with a history of prior ankle injury and/or instability. In addition to standard ankle radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are used to characterize the extent of the lesion and involvement of the subchondral bone. Symptomatic nondisplaced lesions can often be treated conservatively within the pediatric population though this treatment is less successful in adults. Bone marrow stimulation techniques such as microfracture have yielded favorable results for the treatment of small (<15 mm) lesions. Osteochondral autograft can be harvested most commonly from the ipsilateral knee and carries the benefit of repairing defects with native hyaline cartilage. Osteochondral allograft transplant is reserved for large cystic lesions that lack subchondral bone integrity. Cell-based repair techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation and matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation have been increasingly used in an attempt to repair the lesion with hyaline cartilage though these techniques require adequate subchondral bone. Biological agents such as platelet-rich plasma and bone marrow aspirate have been more recently studied as an adjunct to operative treatment but their use remains theoretical. The present article reviews the current concepts in the evaluation and management of osteochondral lesions of the talus, with a focus on the available surgical treatment options.
PRP for Degenerative Cartilage Disease: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies
Authors: Laver Lior , Marom Niv , Dnyanesh Lad , Mei-Dan Omer , Espregueira-Mendes João , Gobbi Alberto
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To explore the utilization of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for degenerative cartilage processes and evaluate whether there is sufficient evidence to better define its potential effects.

Design:

Systematic literature reviews were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane electronic databases till May 2015, using the keywords “platelet-rich plasma OR PRP OR autologous conditioned plasma OR ACP AND cartilage OR chondrocyte OR chondrogenesis OR osteoarthritis (OA) OR arthritis.”

Results:

The final result yielded 29 articles. Twenty-six studies examined PRP administration for knee OA and 3 involved PRP administration for hip OA. The results included 9 prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (8 knee and 1 hip), 4 prospective comparative studies, 14 case series, and 2 retrospective comparative studies. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was used as a control in 11 studies (7 RCTs, 2 prospective comparative studies, and 2 retrospective cohort). Overall, all RCTs reported on improved symptoms compared to baseline scores. Only 2 RCTs—one for knee and one for hip—did not report significant superiority of PRP compared to the control group (HA). Nine out of 11 HA controlled studies showed significant better results in the PRP groups. A trend toward better results for PRP injections in patients with early knee OA and young age was observed; however, lack of uniformity was evident in terms of indications, inclusion criteria, and pathology definitions in the different studies.

Conclusion:

Current clinical evidence supports the benefit in PRP treatment for knee and hip OA, proven to temporarily relieve pain and improve function of the involved joint with superior results compared with several alternative treatments. Further research to establish the optimal preparation protocol and characteristics of PRP injections for OA is needed.
Of Mannequins and Men
Authors: Deska Jason C. , Almaraz Steven M. , Hugenberg Kurt
Published: September 2016

Recent research has demonstrated that ascribing minds to humanlike stimuli is a product of both their perceptual similarity to human faces and whether they engaged configural face processing. We present the findings of two experiments in which we both manipulate the amount of humanlike features in faces (in a doll-to-human morph continuum) and manipulate perceivers’ ability to employ configural face processing (via face inversion) while measuring explicit ratings of mind ascription (Study 1) and the spontaneous activation of humanlike concepts (Study 2). In both studies, we find novel evidence that ascribing minds to entities is an interactive product of both having strong perceptual similarity to human faces and being processed using configural processing mechanisms typical of normal face perception. In short, ascribing mind to others is bounded jointly by the featural cues of the target and by processes employed by the perceiver.
Arteriovenous Vascular Access Selection and Evaluation
Authors: MacRae Jennifer M. , Oliver Matthew , Clark Edward , Dipchand Christine , Hiremath Swapnil , Kappel Joanne , Kiaii Mercedeh , Lok Charmaine , Luscombe Rick , Miller Lisa M. , Moist Louise ,   on behalf of the Canadian Society of Nephrology Vascular Access Work Group
Published: September 2016

When making decisions regarding vascular access creation, the clinician and vascular access team must evaluate each patient individually with consideration of life expectancy, timelines for dialysis start, risks and benefits of access creation, referral wait times, as well as the risk for access complications. The role of the multidisciplinary team in facilitating access choice is reviewed, as well as the clinical evaluation of the patient.
Earnings Management and Board Structure
Authors: Obigbemi Imoleayo F. , Omolehinwa Eddy O. , Mukoro Dick Oluku , Ben-Caleb Egbide , Olusanmi Olamide Adeola
Published: September 2016

The board structure of an organization gives an overview of the standard of such organization, which also influences its public image. This study attempts to evaluate the role board structure plays in curtailing earnings management practices in Nigerian companies. This study sampled the data of 137 quoted companies in Nigeria for a period of 8 years (2003-2010). Earnings management was measured using the magnitude of the discretionary accruals as estimated by the performance matched modified Jones model. The ordinary least squares (OLS) regression technique was used to measure the research model as well as the Pearson moment correlation coefficient. The study shows that there is a significant relationship between board structure and earnings management practices in Nigeria. The study shows that there is a negative significant relationship between board size, gender, and board composition with earnings management; also, there is a positive significant relationship between board meeting and earnings management practices in Nigeria. There is a positive nonsignificant relationship between the presence of a remuneration committee and the dualization of CEO and chairman positions with earnings management practices in Nigeria. This study recommends that regulators at all levels should enforce the preparation and publication of financial reports by companies operating in Nigeria.
Being In-Between
Authors: Norlyk Annelise , Martinsen Bente , Hall Elisabeth , Haahr Anita
Published: September 2016

Many persons with leg amputations experience that using a prosthesis enriches their quality of life. However, there is an ongoing concern with underuse and non-use of artificial limbs in lower limb prosthetic rehabilitation. Studies have identified an initial critical stage among potential prosthetic users. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experience of becoming a prosthetic user as seen from the perspective of patients. The study is based on the phenomenological framework of Reflective Lifeworld Research (RLR). Data were collected through three in-depth interviews with each of the eight participants during the first year post-amputation. Data were analyzed according to the guidelines given in RLR. The findings showed that the participants found themselves in a state of in-between existence. They felt disconnected from their usual lives and not yet integrated in a new and different life. In this in-between existence, the participants oscillated between experiences of victory and defeat. The study adds to increased understanding of the initial critical stage of becoming a prosthetic user by showing that this in-between existence is inherent in the process of becoming a prosthetic user. To become a prosthetic user requires a high degree of stamina and resilience as this in-between existence takes its toll on patients’ recovering process.
Interobserver Agreement in the Classification of Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears Using the Snyder Classification System
Authors: Lee Christopher S. , Davis Shane M. , Doremus Brittany , Kouk Shalen , Stetson William B.
Published: September 2016

Background:

At present, there is no widely accepted classification system for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears, and as a result, optimal treatment remains controversial.

Purpose:

To examine the interobserver reliability and accuracy of classifying partial rotator cuff tears using the Snyder classification system. We hypothesized that the Snyder classification would be reproducible with high reliability and accuracy.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Twenty-seven orthopaedic surgeons reviewed 10 video-recorded shoulder arthroscopies. Each surgeon was provided with a description of the Snyder classification system for partial-thickness rotator cuff tears and was then instructed to use this system to describe each tear. Interrater kappa statistics and percentage agreement between observers were calculated to measure the level of agreement. Surgeon experience as well as fellowship training was evaluated to determine possible correlations.

Results:

A kappa coefficient of 0.512 indicated moderate reliability between surgeons using the Snyder classification to describe partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. The mean correct score was 80%, which indicated “very good” agreement. There was no correlation between the number of shoulder arthroscopies performed per year and fellowship training and the number of correct scores.

Conclusion:

The Snyder classification system is reproducible and can be used in future research studies in analyzing the treatment options of partial rotator cuff tears.
Contested Knowledge and Spillover
Authors: Roos J. Micah
Published: September 2016

This article introduces the concepts of contested knowledge and spillover to aid in understanding the relation between the controversy over evolution and related ideas and uncontested science knowledge. Contested knowledge exists wherever truth claims from multiple spheres of knowledge authority overlap, large or small. Spillover is a process of (1) a rejection of the authority of knowledge elites from an opposed knowledge sphere, and (2) devaluation of the set of heuristics for evidence tied to specific knowledges (contested and uncontested), a process that has wide-reaching implications. Using four waves of data from the General Social Survey (GSS; 2006–2012), I find evidence that conservative Protestant affiliation is associated with reduced knowledge of the physical and life sciences. This bivariate association is fully mediated, primarily through the rejection of mainstream scientific accounts of evolution. Findings also suggest that conservative Protestant affiliation increases the likelihood of that rejection. I argue that positions within this contested knowledge area spill over to other, uncontested forms of scientific knowledge. Results are validated using the 2014 wave of the GSS.
Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 and 3 coregulate murine erythropoietin in brain pericytes
Authors: Urrutia Andres A. , Afzal Aqeela , Nelson Jacob , Davidoff Olena , Gross Kenneth W. , Haase Volker H.
Published: September 2016

Key Points

Pericytes function as oxygen sensors and are major sites of erythropoietin production in the hypoxic brain. The ability to synthesize erythropoietin is a functional feature of pericytes in the brain and kidney.
Sleep quality disturbances and cognitive functioning in elderly patients with COPD
Authors: Cleutjens Fiona A.H.M. , Pedone Claudio , Janssen Daisy J.A. , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Incalzi Raffaele A.
Published: September 2016

Information about the association between cognitive functions, such as copying function, and sleep disturbances in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is lacking. This cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the association between copying function and self-reported sleep quality disturbances and disease severity in an elderly COPD population.

Cognitive function performances, assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, were compared in 562 ambulatory COPD patients with and without sleep disturbances; assessed using the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly questionnaire; and stratified by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) grades.

Sleep disturbances overall were not correlated with cognitive functioning. A trend was revealed towards worse design copying in patients with sleep disturbances overall. GOLD I patients with difficulties falling asleep and nocturnal awakenings had worse copying ability compared to GOLD I patients without these sleep disturbances. Copying ability was worse for GOLD III than GOLD I, orientation was worse for GOLD II than GOLD I and language was worse for GOLD II and III than GOLD I.

To conclude, sleep disturbances seem to be a weak correlate of cognitive functioning, and are not a marker of disease severity.
Is there an association between altered baroreceptor sensitivity and obstructive sleep apnoea in the healthy elderly?
Authors: Sforza Emilia , Martin Magali Saint , Barthélémy Jean Claude , Roche Frédéric
Published: September 2016

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with a rise in cardiovascular risk in which increased sympathetic activity and depressed baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) have been proposed. We examined this association in a sample of healthy elderly subjects with unrecognised OSA.

801 healthy elderly (aged ≥65 years) subjects undergoing clinical, respiratory polygraphy and vascular assessment were examined. According to the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI), the subjects were stratified into no OSA, mild–moderate OSA and severe OSA cases.

OSA was present in 62% of the sample, 62% being mild–moderate and 38% severe. No differences were found for BRS value according to sex and OSA severity. 54% of the group had normal BRS value, 36% mild impairment and 10% severe dysfunction. BRS was negatively associated with body mass index (p=0.006), 24-h systolic (p=0.001) and diastolic pressure (p=0.001), and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (p=0.03). Regression analyses revealed that subjects with lower BRS were those with hypertension (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.24–0.81; p=0.002) and overweight (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.25–0.81; p=0.008), without the effect of AHI and ODI.

In the healthy elderly, the presence of a severe BRS dysfunction affects a small amount of severe cases without effect on snorers and mild OSA. Hypertension and obesity seem to play a great role in BRS impairment.
SAMSA: a comprehensive metatranscriptome analysis pipeline
Authors: Westreich Samuel T. , Korf Ian , Mills David A. , Lemay Danielle G.
Published: September 2016

Background

Although metatranscriptomics—the study of diverse microbial population activity based on RNA-seq data—is rapidly growing in popularity, there are limited options for biologists to analyze this type of data. Current approaches for processing metatranscriptomes rely on restricted databases and a dedicated computing cluster, or metagenome-based approaches that have not been fully evaluated for processing metatranscriptomic datasets. We created a new bioinformatics pipeline, designed specifically for metatranscriptome dataset analysis, which runs in conjunction with Metagenome-RAST (MG-RAST) servers. Designed for use by researchers with relatively little bioinformatics experience, SAMSA offers a breakdown of metatranscriptome transcription activity levels by organism or transcript function, and is fully open source. We used this new tool to evaluate best practices for sequencing stool metatranscriptomes.

Results

Working with the MG-RAST annotation server, we constructed the Simple Annotation of Metatranscriptomes by Sequence Analysis (SAMSA) software package, a complete pipeline for the analysis of gut microbiome data. SAMSA can summarize and evaluate raw annotation results, identifying abundant species and significant functional differences between metatranscriptomes.

Using pilot data and simulated subsets, we determined experimental requirements for fecal gut metatranscriptomes. Sequences need to be either long reads (longer than 100 bp) or joined paired-end reads. Each sample needs 40–50 million raw sequences, which can be expected to yield the 5–10 million annotated reads necessary for accurate abundance measures. We also demonstrated that ribosomal RNA depletion does not equally deplete ribosomes from all species within a sample, and remaining rRNA sequences should be discarded. Using publicly available metatranscriptome data in which rRNA was not depleted, we were able to demonstrate that overall organism transcriptional activity can be measured using mRNA counts. We were also able to detect significant differences between control and experimental groups in both organism transcriptional activity and specific cellular functions.

Conclusions

By making this new pipeline publicly available, we have created a powerful new tool for metatranscriptomics research, offering a new method for greater insight into the activity of diverse microbial communities. We further recommend that stool metatranscriptomes be ribodepleted and sequenced in a 100 bp paired end format with a minimum of 40 million reads per sample.
Dynamics of nuclear receptor gene expression during Pacific oyster development
Authors: Vogeler Susanne , Bean Tim P. , Lyons Brett P. , Galloway Tamara S.
Published: September 2016

Background

Nuclear receptors are a highly conserved set of ligand binding transcription factors, with essential roles regulating aspects of vertebrate and invertebrate biology alike. Current understanding of nuclear receptor regulated gene expression in invertebrates remains sparse, limiting our ability to elucidate gene function and the conservation of developmental processes across phyla. Here, we studied nuclear receptor expression in the early life stages of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to identify at which specific key stages nuclear receptors are expressed

Results

We used quantitative RT-PCR to determine the expression profiles of 34 nuclear receptors, revealing three developmental key stages, during which nuclear receptor expression is dynamically regulated: embryogenesis, mid development from gastrulation to trochophore larva, and late larval development prior to metamorphosis. Clustering of nuclear receptor expression patterns demonstrated that transcriptional regulation was not directly related to gene phylogeny, suggesting closely related genes may have distinct functions. Expression of gene homologs of vertebrate retinoid receptors suggests participation in organogenesis and shell-formation, as they are highly expressed at the gastrulation and trochophore larval initial shell formation stages. The ecdysone receptor homolog showed high expression just before larval settlement, suggesting a potential role in metamorphosis.

Conclusion

Throughout early oyster development nuclear receptors exhibited highly dynamic expression profiles, which were not confined by gene phylogeny. These results provide fundamental information on the presence of nuclear receptors during key developmental stages, which aids elucidation of their function in the developmental process. This understanding is essential as ligand sensing nuclear receptors can be disrupted by xenobiotics, a mode of action through which anthropogenic environmental pollutants have been found to mediate effects.