bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pioneer in Pediatric Pathology: William A (Bill) Newton Jr (1923–)
Authors: Wright James R , Baker Peter B , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2018

William A (Bill) Newton Jr practiced pediatric pathology and hematology/oncology at Children’s Hospital of Columbus, Ohio, for over 40 years starting in 1952. Newton was an original member of the Pediatric Pathology Club, which preceded the Society for Pediatric Pathology, and was its president from 1968 to 1969. He published important independent observations in pediatric pathology, helped establish systematic cooperative pediatric tumor pathology review by experts, became an acclaimed expert on the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, was a critical contributor to many pediatric oncology clinical trials, made important early contributions to tumor banking in pediatrics, and trained numerous pediatric pathology and pediatric oncology fellows. Finally, he concluded his career as a humanitarian, leading important volunteer work aimed at improving pediatric cancer care in China. This most interesting pediatric pathologist was simultaneously a Brigadier General in the U.S. Army. Bill Newton’s life and career, which is reviewed in detail here, should be of immense interest and an inspiration to the Pediatric & Developmental Pathology readership.
Comments to Recent Studies Showing Systemic Mechanisms Enabling Drosophila Larvae to Recover From Stress-Induced Damages
Authors: Hayakawa Yoichi
Published: August 2018

Compensational recovery from the damage created by stressors is important for all animals. However, how organisms recover from stress-induced negative impacts has been poorly understood. An 1-hour exposure to heat stress at 35°C led to reduced feeding activity of Drosophila melanogaster larvae, which caused reduction in body weight 2 hours after the stress, but not at other times. Such weight losses seem to be rescued by following enhanced feeding activities. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the accelerated feeding activity after the stress-induced reduction in feeding behavior. Our data showed increased expression of sweet taste gustatory receptor genes ( Grs) and concomitant decreased expression of bitter taste Grs in the mouth parts 2 to 4 hours after the heat treatment for 1 hour. However, nontypical taste Gr expression was not changed. Furthermore, integration of both messenger RNA and protein expression analysis revealed that expression levels of tropomyosin and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthase β subunit were significantly increased in their mouths 3 to 5 hours after the heat stress. The increased expression of these genes would contribute to accelerated muscular movement of the mouth hooks. This study indicated that Drosophila larvae possess an efficient systemic mechanism that enables them to recover from growth delay caused by stress conditions.
Study of the residual axial capacities of shear-damaged reinforced concrete columns: Part 2—experimental verification of an evaluation model
Authors: Yang Yong , Matsukawa Kazuto , Choi Ho , Nakano Yoshiaki
Published: August 2018

This article presents an experimental program to further verify the arch resistance model, which was proposed for evaluating the residual axial capacities of shear-damaged reinforced concrete columns in part 1 of the companion papers. Three reinforced concrete columns with different transverse reinforcement ratios are designed and tested up to axial collapse under different axial force levels. Based on the experimental results, the transverse reinforcement within the shear-damaged region of the designed specimens is confirmed to be able to fully develop their strength at axial collapse. With regard to the evaluation of residual axial capacities, when the damage pattern of the concrete core is consistent with that described in the proposed model, the residual axial capacity of the column along with the included two contributions of the concrete core and longitudinal bars are estimated with a high level of accuracy. When the damage pattern of the concrete core is not completely consistent with that described in the proposed model, although the contribution of the concrete core is not accurately estimated, the contribution of the longitudinal bars is still accurately evaluated. Furthermore, because of the low percentage of the contribution of the concrete core, the damage pattern of the concrete core has little effect on the evaluation accuracy of the residual axial capacity of the column. Thus, using the proposed model, the residual axial capacities of the columns with slightly different damage patterns of the concrete core are still estimated with a high accuracy in this experimental program.
How ‘shared’ is shared reading: Book-focused infant–educator interactions in long day-care centres
Authors: Torr Jane
Published: August 2018

Children's language experiences in the first two years of life are inextricably connected with their current and future language and literacy development. Research has shown that mother–child shared reading of picture books is a practice that can promote this development. Little is known, however, about the shared reading experiences of infants attending early childhood education and care centres. This naturalistic study analysed the reading experiences of 10 infants observed during a three-hour period as they and their educators went about their typical activities in their early childhood education and care centres. Drawing on Halliday's systemic functional linguistic theory, which proposes a non-arbitrary relationship between language use and features of the material setting, this study analysed two aspects of the infants' shared reading experiences: the tenor (roles and relationships) realised in the educators' use of speech function, and the field (the topic or subject matter) realised in the vocabulary used. The manner in which these contextual variables are realised in the adult–child talk during shared reading affects the pedagogical potential of this practice. The findings reveal that the infants had little opportunity to initiate or participate in book-focused interactions with their educators, with implications for their language and literacy learning opportunities.
Retinal angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) response to hyperglycemia and an intervention with captopril
Authors: Senanayake Preenie deS , Bonilha Vera L , W Peterson John , Yamada Yoshiro , Karnik Sadashiva S , Daneshgari Firouz , Brosnihan K Bridget , Hollyfield Joe G
Published: August 2018

Hypothesis:

Hyperglycemia decreases angiotensin-(1-7), the endogenous counter-regulator of angiotensin II in the retina.

Materials and methods:

The distribution and levels of retinal angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) were evaluated by confocal imaging and quantitative immunohistochemistry during the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.

Results:

In the nondiabetic eye, Ang II was localized to the endfeet of Müller cells, extending into the cellular processes of the inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer; Ang-(1-7) showed a wider distribution, extending from the foot plates of the Müller cells to the photoreceptor layer. Eyes from diabetic animals showed a higher intensity and extent of Ang II staining compared with nondiabetic eyes, but lower intensity with a reduced distribution of Ang-(1-7) immunoreactivity. Treatment of the diabetic animals with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) captopril showed a reduced intensity of Ang II staining, whereas increased intensity and distribution were evident with Ang-(1-7) staining.

Conclusions:

These studies reveal that pharmacological inhibition with ACEIs may provide a specific intervention for the management of the diabetes-induced decline in retinal function, reversing the profile of the endogenous angiotensin peptides closer to the normal condition.
Exploring Intimate Partner Violence in Polynesia: A Scoping Review
Authors: Heard Emma , Fitzgerald Lisa , Whittaker Maxine , Va’ai Sina , Mutch Allyson
Published: August 2018

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major, global public health concern with significant impacts, particularly for women, worldwide. There is an immediate need to develop comprehensive understandings of the complex drivers of this multifaceted issue in diverse cultural and social contexts. This scoping review used a systematic approach to gather a broad scope of peer-reviewed, publisher-controlled, and gray literature investigating IPV in Polynesia, a region of the Pacific experiencing high rates of IPV. A total of 181 articles were identified through a comprehensive search that included five cross-disciplinary databases; government, intergovernmental, and nongovernment websites; and consultation with community organizations. Thirty-three articles met the inclusion criteria related to IPV in a Polynesian country or community abroad and were included in this review. Narrative synthesis, which included summarizing and sorting key findings into common themes, was conducted to provide an overview of what is currently known about IPV in Polynesia and Polynesian communities living aboard. Key themes, which arose from the data analysis included: high prevalence of IPV, attitudes supporting IPV, urbanization and migration, traditional protective factors, and formal leadership and laws. The paucity of rigorous literature highlights an immediate need for IPV prevention research and intervention within Polynesian communities. This review includes a discussion of the limitations of this small body of literature and makes recommendations for future research, policy, and program development to include intersectionality in order to deepen understandings and enhance inclusive and meaningful intervention and policy implementation.
Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 18 Acts as a Tumor Suppressor and a Diagnostic Indicator in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xue-Fang , Thin Khaing Zar , Ming Xin-Liang , Shuo-Li  , Ping-Luo  , Man-Zhu  , Li Nan-Di , Tu Jian-Cheng
Published: August 2018

Background:

Noncoding RNAs are crucial regulators acting as either tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes in human cancer progression. The aberrant expression of noncoding RNAs has been confirmed in different kinds of cancers. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, characterized by insidious onset, great malignancy, and high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Due to lack of early predictive markers, numerous patients are diagnosed in the late stages. As therapeutic options for advanced patients are quite limited, great efforts have been made to screen patients at early stages. A previous study reported that small nucleolar RNA host gene 18 played crucial role in glioma. However, its functions and roles in hepatocellular carcinoma are unknown.

Purpose:

To explore its functional role and diagnostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma, we investigated its expression level.

Methods:

We performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in tumor tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues derived from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma as well as in plasma, including samples from the healthy control, patients with hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Results:

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 18 was downregulated in liver tissues compared to paired adjacent noncancerous tissues ( P < .0001). Meanwhile, plasma small nucleolar RNA host gene 18 showed a relatively high sensitivity and specificity (75.61% and 73.49%) for distinguishing patients with hepatocellular carcinoma whose α-fetoprotein levels were below 200 ng/mL from the healthy controls.

Conclusion:

Our study suggested that small nucleolar RNA host gene 18 might act as a tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma and potentially a diagnostic indicator to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma from the healthy control and cirrhosis.
Increased Hematopoietic Stem Cells/Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Measured as Endogenous Spleen Colonies in Radiation-Induced Adaptive Response in Mice (Yonezawa Effect)
Authors: Wang Bing , Tanaka Kaoru , Ninomiya Yasuharu , Maruyama Kouichi , Varès Guillaume , Katsube Takanori , Murakami Masahiro , Liu Cuihua , Fujimori Akira , Fujita Kazuko , Liu Qiang , Eguchi-Kasai Kiyomi , Nenoi Mitsuru
Published: August 2018

The existence of radiation-induced adaptive response (AR) was reported in varied biosystems. In mice, the first in vivo AR model was established using X-rays as both the priming and the challenge doses and rescue of bone marrow death as the end point. The underlying mechanism was due to the priming radiation-induced resistance in the blood-forming tissues. In a series of investigations, we further demonstrated the existence of AR using different types of ionizing radiation (IR) including low linear energy transfer (LET) X-rays and high LET heavy ion. In this article, we validated hematopoietic stem cells/hematopoietic progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) measured as endogenous colony-forming units-spleen (CFU-S) under AR inducible and uninducible conditions using combination of different types of IR. We confirmed the consistency of increased CFU-S number change with the AR inducible condition. These findings suggest that AR in mice induced by different types of IR would share at least in part a common underlying mechanism, the priming IR-induced resistance in the blood-forming tissues, which would lead to a protective effect on the HSCs/HPCs and play an important role in rescuing the animals from bone marrow death. These findings provide a new insight into the mechanistic study on AR in vivo.
Safety and long‐term efficacy of AAV1.SERCA2a using nebulizer delivery in a pig model of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Watanabe Shin , Ishikawa Kiyotake , Plataki Maria , Bikou Olympia , Kohlbrenner Erik , Aguero Jaume , Hadri Lahouaria , Zarragoikoetxea Iratxe , Fish Kenneth , Leopold Jane A. , Hajjar Roger J.
Published: August 2018

Nebulization delivery of adeno‐associated virus serotype 1 encoding sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase2a (AAV1.SERCA2a) gene was examined in a Yukatan miniature swine model of chronic pulmonary hypertension (n = 13). Nebulization of AAV1.SERCA2a resulted in homogenous distribution of vectors, lower pulmonary vascular resistance, and a trend towards better long‐term survival compared to control animals.
Family Physicians Attaching New Patients From Centralized Waiting Lists: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Breton Mylaine , Smithman Mélanie Ann , Touati Nassera , Boivin Antoine , Loignon Christine , Dubois Carl-Ardy , Nour Kareen , Lamoureux-Lamarche Catherine , Brousselle Astrid
Published: August 2018

Purpose: In response to more than 15% of Canadians not having a family physician, 7 provinces have implemented centralized waiting lists for unattached patients. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between family physicians’ characteristics and their participation in centralized waiting lists. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study using administrative data in 5 local health networks in Quebec, between 2013 and 2015. All physicians who had attached at least 1 patient were included (n = 580). Multivariate linear regressions for the number of patients and proportion of vulnerable patients attached per physician were performed. Results: Physicians with more than 20 years of experience represented more than half of those who had participated in the centralized waiting lists and physicians in traditional primary care models represented more than 40%. Physicians’ number of years of practice, primary care model, local health network, and the number of physicians participating in the centralized waiting lists per clinic influenced physicians’ participation. Physicians with 0 to 4 years of experience and those practicing in network clinics were found to attach more patients. Practicing in a Centre Locaux de Services Communautaires (local community service center) was associated with attaching 19% more vulnerable patients compared with practicing in a Family Medicine Unit (teaching unit). Conclusion: Centralized waiting lists seem to be used by early career physicians to build up their patient panels. However, because of the large number of them participating in the centralized waiting lists, physicians with more experience and those practicing in traditional models of primary care might be of interest for future measures to decrease the number of patients waiting for attachment in centralized waiting lists.
Manuscript Submission Patterns of Authors Publishing in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Journals
Authors: Carver Trevor J. , Kraeutler Matthew J. , Amer Keenan B. , McCarty Eric C.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Previous studies have examined the most cited articles in orthopaedic sports medicine research and the journals in which they were published.

Purpose:

To analyze the manuscript submission patterns of authors who published manuscripts in various orthopaedic sports medicine journals.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Methods:

All articles published in the March 2017 and April 2017 issues of Arthroscopy, the American Journal of Sports Medicine ( AJSM), Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy ( KSSTA), and the Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ( OJSM) were searched. In addition, the past 50 sports medicine–related articles published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery ( JBJS) dating back from April 2017 to May 2015 were searched. The corresponding author of each article was asked whether the publishing journal was the first journal of submission. If the article was previously submitted elsewhere, authors were asked which other journals, the dates of submission, and the order of submission. The proportion of articles that were initially submitted to each journal, the mean number of submissions prior to publication, and the mean duration from initial submission to date of publication were calculated for each journal.

Results:

A total of 298 articles were included in this study, and 221 (74%) corresponding authors responded to the survey. The mean number of submissions before acceptance was 1.05 for AJSM, 1.18 for JBJS, 1.20 for KSSTA, 1.38 for Arthroscopy, and 2.19 for OJSM. The percentage of articles that were submitted to their accepting journal first (ie, not previously submitted elsewhere) was 95% for AJSM, 85% for JBJS, 82% for KSSTA, 68% for Arthroscopy, and 13% for OJSM.

Conclusion:

Among the orthopaedic sports medicine journals included in this study, articles published in AJSM have the highest percentage of first submissions.
Self-Generated Memory Cues: Effective Tools for Learning, Training, and Remembering
Authors: Tullis Jonathan G. , Finley Jason R.
Published: August 2018

People generate a variety of memory cues, such as mnemonic devices and to-do lists, to support memory for difficult information. Self-generated memory cues make difficult information understandable, create links to long-term memory, and ultimately support later retrieval. The primary challenge is generating a cue that is memorable across environmental and mental contexts. Yet, self-generated cues are more effective at supporting retrieval than normative (generic) cues because they are tied to personal experiences, distinctive, and strongly associated to the target information. The effectiveness of self-generated cues can be improved by training people in cue generation, by instructing people to generate stable cues, by combining cue generation with other beneficial strategies, and by using technology to support the creation and memory of the cues. People use their privileged access to their mental states and prior knowledge to flexibly generate memory cues that bolster their memory—useful for students, trainees, elders, and everyone else.
The Impact of A Service-Learning Project on Undergraduate Students’ Faith Development and Spiritual Formation: Outcomes of an Organization and Administrative Behavior Course
Authors: Helm-Stevens Roxanne , Kipley Dan , Pheifer Todd
Published: August 2018

Spiritual growth and development is frequently cited as an outcome of participation in service-learning projects.  However, little research has focused on measuring the students' ability to understand the connection between the service-learning experience and their personal faith and the ability to live out their Christian values in the field.  Notably missing from this particularly limited area of study is the Christian values convergence of being able to understand the worth of all people and a desire to be engaged in serving the community. Encompassing both quantitative and qualitative research methods, this study investigates undergraduate business students’ perceptions of the impact of a semester-long urban service-learning project on their spiritual lives and faith formation.  Specific attention is given to exploring the students' perception of faith as demarcated by the Christian praxis of the students' relationship with God and with others.
Flora da Bahia: Caricaceae
Authors: Giulietti Ana Maria , Oliveira Reyjane Patrícia de , Santos Herlon Alcântara , Carneiro-Torres Daniela Santos , Lima Carla Teixeira de
Published: August 2018

This is the taxonomic treatment of the Caricaceae from Bahia state, Brazil. Four species are recognized: Jacaratia corumbensis, J. heptaphylla, J. spinosa and Vasconcellea quercifolia. The treatment includes an identification key, descriptions and general comments for the taxa, as well as illustrations and distribution maps of the species in Bahia.
Evidence-informed policymaking and policy innovation in a low-income country: does policy network structure matter?
Authors: Shearer Jessica C , Lavis John , Abelson Julia , Walt Gill , Dion Michelle
Published: August 2018

The application of social network analysis to policy networks continues to grow, including the application of social network analysis tools and concepts in order to explain policy outcomes. Gaps in this field of study persist in terms of both policy issues studied, as well as types of polities or networks analysed. This study extends previous research on the role of network structure in shaping policy outcomes by analysing network structure’s effect on the use of research evidence by three health policy networks in Burkina Faso, a low-income West African country, and the resulting innovativeness of the policies made. This comparative case study confirms certain hypotheses related to the effect of network closure and heterogeneity on evidence use and innovation; namely, that heterogeneous networks are more likely to be exposed to new ideas, and thus to use research evidence and adopt innovative policies. High levels of centralised control and power may support innovation when the new ideas are consistent with the dominant network paradigms; otherwise, new ideas may receive less traction. These findings confirm previous research and point to opportunities to shape networks to achieve innovation and policy change based on the best evidence.
Scripting the virtual: Formats and development paths for recent Australian narrative 360-degree virtual reality projects
Authors: Dooley Kath
Published: August 2018

Since around 2015, an abundance of cinematic, short narrative virtual reality (VR) projects utilizing an immersive 360-degree format have emerged at film festivals around the world and on online platforms. While this medium is one that is increasingly being adopted by established, traditional 2D filmmakers, the specificity of the form gives rise to a number of challenges for the screenwriter when considering screen grammar, script formats and the writing process. This article begins to address a gap in knowledge in this area by reporting upon approaches to the script formats, development techniques and methods of collaboration utilized by three Australian practitioners working in this format. This research includes a study of the physical expression of a screen idea (recorded on the page or elsewhere) and an exploration of the working conditions within which these ideas are shaped to provide some insight into emerging practices. I draw upon detailed interviews with the three practitioners, and in doing so, I open up a discussion on how their approaches to 360-degree VR differ from traditional forms of screenplay writing.
Fact and fiction in Jackie (2016): Revisiting a biopic with Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Brenes Carmen Sofia
Published: August 2018

The film Jackie (2016) by Chilean filmmaker Pablo Larraín and American screenwriter Noah Oppenheim provides an excellent basis to reflect on biopics and this genre’s capacity to reconstruct and present historical figures. This article is grounded in Paul Ricoeur’s reflections on narrativity, time and history, which have given rise to a new branch of film and screenwriting studies that regards films as poetic narrations, that is, condensed representations of slices of life. Drawing on Ricoeur’s notion of narration and his concept of the relationship between story and history, I explore how Jackie, the fictional character, allows us to get to know part of the historical figure, Jacqueline Kennedy’s, personal life. This reflection may be of particular interest to screenwriters now that biopics are experiencing a revival as an auteur genre. In the first section, I describe some features of biopics and examine whether and how Jackie fits into this category of film genre. In the second, I outline the theoretical foundations of Ricoeur’s story/history duality. In the third part, acting on Ricoeur’s suggestion for an analytical approach, followed by a synthetic or global reading of the story that leads to the identification of the inner force that unifies the fictional narrative, I analyse the rhetorical and visual mechanisms used in Jackie, paying special attention to the timeline and the point of view of the narrator. An overview of the main character’s motivations both in the film script and the film version, and of the way in which the ending is presented, finally makes it possible to see where story and history come together. Ricoeur’s reflection on human actions and how they are represented in narrative works sheds light on the foundations of screenwriting studies. Similarly, so does Juan José García-Noblejas, when he suggests that the unifying object of a screenplay is ‘human action’. Thus, this article is a transdisciplinary reflection on the biopic genre through the analysis of a recent film, with Ricoeur’s practical philosophy as the starting point.
Book Reviews
Authors: Meera Suhaila , Sathe Namrata Rele , Singh Harleen
Published: August 2018

Dancing with the Nation: Courtesans in Bombay Cinema, Ruth Vanita (2018) New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic, 196 pp., ISBN: 9781501334429, h/bk, $120

The Extreme in Contemporary Culture: States of Vulnerability, PRAMOD K. NAYAR (2017) London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 165 pp., ISBN: 9781783483662, p/bk, $24.95

New Feminisms in South Asia: Disrupting the Discourse Through Social Media, Film, and Literature, Sonora Jha and Alka Kurian (eds) (2018) New York: Routledge, 296 pp., ISBN: 9781138668935, h/bk, $150
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Efficiencies
Authors: Abdulrahman Jabar A.
Published: August 2018

One of the objectives of this research was to determine the level of (linguistic & non-linguistic) communication efficiencies among the kindergarten teachers according to some demographic variables. The researcher used the Descriptive and Correlative Method, also they used observation tool, beside finding the validity, internal consistency and reliability of the tool through Cronbach's Alpha which was (0.92), then a consistency between the observers were found. The tool in its final form Consisted of (28) items. The final sample was (89) lessons observed of kindergarten teachers in Koya city. The results showed that the level of communication efficiencies in general was above average but not up to the required level educationally set at 80%, also the private kindergarten teachers was better comparing with Governmental kindergartens, also differences appeared by the years of service for the benefit of newly teachers. Based on the results the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.
أثر استخدام التجارة الالكترونية في تحقيق عدد من أبعاد الميزة التنافسية
Authors: Shukri Abdulwahid T. , Azab Sami A.
Published: August 2018

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة دور التجارة الالكترونية في تحقيق الميزة التنافسية في عدد من شركات الاتصال في إقليم كردستان العراق ، منطلقا من مخطط فرضي يأخذ بنظر الاعتبار اتجاه العلاقة بين المتغيرين ، ولتحقيق هدف البحث وإكمال متطلباته، باشر الباحثان بإعداد الإطار النظري للبحث بالاستفادة من أدبيات الموضوع ، وثم استخدام استمارة الاستبيان لأخذ آراء عينة البحث ، كما تم استخدام بعض الأساليب لتحليل و تفسير النتائج ، تمثلت أهم الاستنتاجات في إن الشركات التي تعتمد على التجارة الالكترونية كان لها  اثر مهم في تحقيق و تعزيز الميزة التنافسية مقارنة مع منافسيها، وتوصل البحث إلى جملة من التوصيات كان من أهمها هو العمل على تفعيل شبكة الانترنت كعامل مهم من عوامل نجاح الشركات والمؤسسات الاتصال في العصر الحديث.
كێشەى ئەرمەن لە ڕۆژنامەى نيويۆرك تايمزى ئەمريكى ١٨٧٧-١٨٩٨
Authors: Mahmood Hoshmand A. , Ahmed Saman H.
Published: August 2018

ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ له‌ كێشه‌ی ئه‌رمه‌ن له‌رۆژنامه‌ی نیۆرك تایمزی ئه‌مریكی له‌نێوان ساڵانی (1877-1898)دا ، چۆنیه‌تی كاركردنی ئه‌و رۆژنامه‌یه‌ له‌ سه‌ر ئه‌و پرسه‌ له‌و مه‌ودا مێژووییه‌دا .به‌گشتی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ له‌ پێنچ ته‌وه‌رە پێكهاتووه‌، ته‌وه‌ری یه‌كه‌م كورته‌یه‌ك ده‌رباره‌ی ئه‌رمه‌ن بە شێوەیەکی گشتی باس كراوه‌. ته‌وه‌ری دووه‌م تەرخانکراوە بۆ كێشه‌ی ئه‌رمه‌ن لە رۆژنامەی نیۆرک تایمزدا له‌ماوه‌ی شه‌ڕی روسیا-عوسمانی (1877-1878) ، ته‌وه‌ری سێیه‌میش تایبەتە بە رووداوەکانی كێشه‌ی ئه‌رمه‌ن دوای ئه‌و شه‌ڕه‌ لە رۆژنامەی نیۆرک تایمزدا.سەبارەت بە تەوەرەی چواره‌م تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ باس وخواسی ئەو کێشەیە له‌ماوه‌ی نزیك بوونه‌وه‌ی كوردو تورك تا رووداوه‌كانی ساڵی 1895. لە ته‌وه‌ری پێنجه‌م و كۆتاییشدا كێشه‌ی ئه‌رمه‌ن و رووداوه‌كانی نێوان ساڵانی (1895-1898)خراونەتە بەر باس ولێکۆڵینەوە و هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ رووداوه‌كانی کێشەکە، ریفۆرمی دووه‌م، هه‌ڵوێستی نیۆرك تایمز به‌رامبه‌ر زلهێزه‌كان و هه‌ڵوێستی به‌رامبه‌ر به‌ كورد به‌جیا باسیان لێوه‌كراوه‌.
Portrét myšlení a jednání učitelek občanské výchovy: Vícečetná případová studie subjektivních teorií učitelek o didaktické transformaci
Authors: Koubek Petr
Published: August 2018

Abstrakt: Cílem vícečetné případové studie je doložit, jak se tři kvalifi kované (ne aprobované) učitelky občanské výchovy na druhém stupni velmi dobře hodnocených pražských základních škol vyrovnávají s naléhavostí občanského vzdělávání v dnešní době, v komplexní společnosti s narušenými tradičními vztahy, vazbami, autoritami a hodnotami.Metody: Studie vychází z datové báze vzniklé postupným zkoumáním tří učitelek vyučujících občanskou výchovu, které proběhlo v letech 2015–2017 podle metodologie výzkumného programu Subjektivní teorie (Groeben et al., 1988). Studie se zaměřuje na subjektivní teorie učitelek, které se projevily v zaznamenané výuce, tedy jako handlungsleitende Kognitionen. Výsledky: Ve studii jsou diskutována zjištění, která mohou pro dané učitelky představovat limity profesního rozvoje a kvality výuky. Učitelky jsou sledovány nablízko a dlouhodobě, jejich subjektivní teorie o didaktické transformaci v občanské výchově jsou opakovaně analyzovány, pokaždé z pozměněné perspektivy. Zjištění mají tedy charakter hlubokého, situovaného a kontextově ukotveného poznání daných subjektů. Tím je dána nepřenositelnost zjištění této studie na jiné situace a učitele. Závěry: Výzkum týkající se realizace kurikula občanské výchovy ve školních třídách je â soudě podle autorovi dostupných oborovědidaktických přehledových studií â na počátku. Tato studie by proto mohla sloužit jako inspirační zdroj pro širší výzkum na bázi oborové didaktiky společenských věd.Klíčová slova: subjektivní teorie učitelů, subjektivní teorie řídící jednání, výzkumný program Subjektivní teorie, případová studie, didaktická transformace, školní občanská výchova.
Výukové cíle aneb cesta tam a zase zpátky
Authors: Stará Jana , Starý Karel
Published: August 2018

Abstrakt: Cíl: Popsat, jak o výukových cílech v sociálně-humanitním vzdělávání uvažují učitelé 1. stupně ZŠ, jaké cíle si ve výuce stanovují, jak je zprostředkovávají žákům a jak s nimi ve výuce pracují. Metody: Vícepřípadová explorační studie, případem je práce učitele se vzdělávacími cíli. Účastnicemi výzkumu bylo 10 učitelek 1. stupně ZŠ. Jako metody byly použity pozorování ve výuce, hloubkové polostrukturované individuální rozhovory s učitelkami a obsahová analýza výukových artefaktů. Výsledky: Vzdělávací cíle se ve výuce nevyskytují v explicitní formě. Při pozorování se implicitní cíle vynořovaly – na začátku hodin při sdělování programu, v průběhu hodin při řešení učebních úloh a především při hodnoticích procesech včetně závěrečné reflexe. Nejzřetelněji se vzdělávací cíle ozřejmovaly při používání kriteriálního hodnocení. Kvalita a způsoby práce s cíli u zkoumaných učitelek byla velmi různorodá. V mnohých hodinách byly v nesouladu vzdělávací cíle, výukové metody a hodnocení žáků. V rozhovorech učitelky explicitně neuváděly rozvoj hodnot jako to, o co ve výuce usilují. Závěry: Pokud jsou cíle, obsah a hodnoticí postupy v souladu, přináší to pozitivní důsledky pro učení žáků. Analýzou výroků učitele a jejich odezvy u žáků jsme dospěli k názoru, že zdokonalení práce s výukovými cíli má potenciál přinášet žákům větší zisky z učení a celkově zkvalitňovat jejich vzdělávání. Vzhledem k velkým rozdílům mezi učiteli nám připadá důležité individualizovat jejich podporu.Klíčová slova: výukový cíl, vzdělávací cíl, primární vzdělávání, realizované kurikulum, případová studie, sociálně-humanitní vzdělávání.
The role of NR2C2 in the prolactinomas
Authors: Zhuang Wang , Qian Liu , Fei Wang , Xiaolei Lan , Jing Guo , Bing Li , Hongyun Wang , Hua Gao , Yazhuo Zhang
Published: August 2018

Prolactinomas are the most frequently observed pituitary adenomas. Prolactinomas invasion is a key risk factor associated with operation results, and it is highly correlated with clinical prognosis. Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group C member 2 (NR2C2) first cloned from testis is involved in the invasion and metastasis of several human tumors. In 46 patients with prolactinamas, the expression levels of CCNB1, Notch2, and NR2C2 was determined with tissue micro-array (TMA). The association between NR2C2 levels and clinical parameters was established with univariate analysis. The levels of Notch2 and CCNB1 were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot techniques.The average methylation levels of the NR2C2 promoter were 0.505 and 0.825 in invasive prolactinomas (IPA) and non-IPA groups, respectively (p = 0.013). Univariate analysis also showed that there is a significant relationship between high NR2C2 expression and invasion (x2 = 7.043, p = 0.008), prolactin granules (x2 = 8.712, p = 0.003), and tumor size (x2 = 4.261, p = 0.039.) With the knockdown of NR2C2, cell proliferation was inhibited. Genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced the apoptosis in MMQ cells. In addition, the level of Notch2 and CCNB1 were down-regulated with the knockdown of NR2C2. Moreover, miR-129-5p reduced mRNA levels of NR2C2, and they inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis levels of MMQ cells. Our findings proved NR2C2 played the important role in tumorigenesis tumor invasion of prolactinomas; moreover, NR2C2 is identified as a potential target.
The main influencing factors of soil mechanical characteristics of the gravity erosion environment in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha river
Authors: Zhao Yangyi , Duan Xu , Han Jiaojiao , Yang Kun , Xue Yang
Published: August 2018

The dry-hot valley region counts as one of the most eco-sensitive zones in China, the issue of soil erosion is critical in regional ecological environment, soil mechanical property is one of the primary factors confining the occurrence of erosion, and it is attached crucial significance to in ascertaining the characteristics and principal factors of soil mechanics, and how to prevent and control soil erosion in arid red soil area of dry-hot valley. Through monitoring field location and directly shearing, the soil mechanical characteristics and the primary influencing factors of the mass erosion environment in the basin were ascertained. As the result indicates: (1) The soil moisture content, cohesion and internal friction angle are evidently correlated with each other abiding by power function, the relationship among soil cohesion, internal friction angle and volume moisture content goes as:

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
c=80.107e^{-5.451\frac{{\it\omega}}{1.64\,+\,{\it\omega}}},\phi=65.646{\rm e}^{-3.325\frac{\omega}{1.64\,+\,\omega}};
\end{array}$$

(2) The soil being large in pore radius vary in number and distribution evidently with structure and destruction degree (P<0.05). Soil aggregation was also significantly different (P<0.05), with the increasing of structural failure rate, the shear strength of soil decreased, and the probability of damage was increased as the external load increaseing. (3) The disintegration of soil can be effectively decelerated, and anti-disintegration ability of soil can be enhanced by the root system. The impact exerted by plant root system on shear strength of soil decreased as soil got deeper, more than a certain depth can be ignored; the impact exerted by plant root system on small-scale gravitational erosion was particularly evident, whereas the impact exerted by large-scale mass erosion was comparatively small. The ability of plant roots to optimize soil resistance was primarily through the roots shorter than 2 mm, the effective fibrous roots in the soil of the Leucaena Benth and the Dodonaea angustifolia were comparatively small, and the root of the herbaceous plants was comparatively large.
On groups containing the additive group of the residue ring or the vector space
Authors: Pogorelov Boris A. , Pudovkina Marina A.
Published: August 2018

Groups which are most frequently used as key addition groups in iterative block ciphers include the regular permutation representation$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle V_{n}^{+} \end{array}$of the group of vector key addition, the regular permutation representation$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathbb{Z}_{{2^n}}^{+} \end{array}$of the additive group of the residue ring, and the regular permutation representation$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathbb{Z}_{{2^n} + 1}^ \odot \end{array}$of the multiplicative group of a prime field (in the case where 2n+ 1 is a prime number). In this work we consider the extension of the groupGngenerated by$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle V_{n}^{+} \end{array}$and$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathbb{Z}_{{2^n}}^{+} \end{array}$by means of transformations and groups which naturally arise in cryptographic applications. Examples of such transformations and groups are the groups$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle \mathbb{Z}_{{2^d}}^{+} \times V_{n - d}^{+} ~\text{and}~ V_{n - d}^{+}\times \mathbb{Z}_{{2^d}}^{+} \end{array}$and pseudoinversion over the fieldGF(2n) or over the Galois ringGR(2md, 2m).
Pediatric hypertension: diagnostic patterns derived from electronic health records
Authors: Rao Goutham , Naureckas Sara , Datta Avisek , Mohanty Nivedita , Bauer Victoria , Padilla Roxane , Rittner Sarah S. , Tilmon Sandra , Epner Paul
Published: August 2018

Background

Pediatric hypertension is a serious problem associated with target organ damage in children and an increased risk for adult hypertension. African-American and Latino children are disproportionately affected. Unfortunately, due to a variety of factors, including the complexity of blood pressure (BP) standards, pediatric hypertension is undiagnosed in the majority of cases. We sought to identify factors associated with correct diagnosis and to better understand diagnosis of hypertension by studying the diagnostic paths of a small number of children.

Methods

Data were extracted from electronic health records (EHRs) of children who met criteria for hypertension. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with correct diagnosis. Diagnostic paths for 20 diagnosed children were extracted through chart review and analyzed.

Results

Among 1478 hypertensive children, only 85 were diagnosed (6.1%). Age ≥12 compared to age ≤6 was associated with correct diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) of 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.16, 3.32)]. Diagnostic paths revealed that primary care providers (PCPs) make the diagnosis based on multiple readings over time and order laboratory tests appropriately.

Conclusions

Hypertension is missed in a large proportion of all children. Effective, systematic approaches to diagnosis are necessary.
Muslims in Sri Lankan language politics: A study of Tamil- and English-medium education
Authors: Davis Christina P.
Published: August 2018

Sri Lanka is a conflict-ridden postcolonial nation-state that was ravaged by a civil war. Largely excluded from mainstream representations of the ethnic conflict, Muslims constitute the country’s second largest minority group. In contrast to Sinhalas and Tamils, they define their ethnic identities on the basis of religion rather than language. In this article, I draw on research at a multilingual government school to explore how Muslim teachers and students made sense of Tamil- and English-medium education in relation to ethnic, religious, and class differences. I investigate how Tamil-medium Muslim teachers responded to critiques of their speech by asserting that their heterogeneous linguistic practices were inextricably connected to their distinct ethno-religious identities. Muslim students’ lack of fit with the ethnolinguistic affiliations presupposed by the school enabled them to embrace English-medium education. However, the English bilingual program complicated Muslims’ narratives of identity by underscoring the relevance of English to class dispositions. I argue that English impacts the fraught relations of Tamil and Sinhala to ethnopolitical identities and mediates everyday social relations.
On determining orthometric heights from a corrector surface model based on leveling observations, GNSS, and a geoid model
Authors: Kim Su-Kyung , Park Jihye , Gillins Daniel , Dennis Michael
Published: August 2018

Leveling is a traditional geodetic surveying technique that has been used to realize a vertical datum. However, this technique is time consuming and prone to accumulate errors, where it relies on starting from one station with a known orthometric height. Establishing orthometric heights using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and a geoid model has been suggested [14], but this approach may involve less precisions than the direct measurements from leveling. In this study, an experimental study is presented to adjust the highly accurate leveling observations along with orthometric heights derived from GNSS observations and a geoid model. For the geoid model, the National Geodetic Survey’s gravimetric geoid model (TxGEOID16B) and hybrid geoid model (GEOID12B) were applied. Uncertainties in the leveled height differences, GNSS derived heights, and the geoid models were modeled, and a combined adjustment was implemented to construct the optimal combination of orthometric, ellipsoidal, and geoid height at each mark. As a result, the discrepancy from the published orthometric heights and the CSM (Corrector Surface Model) based adjusted orthometric heights with GEOID12B showed a mean and RMS of -8.5 mm and 16.6 mm, respectively, while TxGEOID16B had a mean and RMS of 28.9 mm and 34.6 mm, respectively. It should be emphasized that this approach was not influenced by the geodetic distribution of the stations where the correlation coefficients between the distance from the center of the surveying network and the discrepancy from the published heights using TxGEOID16B and GEOID12B are 0.03 and 0.36, respectively.
A Note on Economic Development in North Korea: Call for a Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik
Published: August 2018

North Korea is currently one of the most impoverished countries with a history of famine, but the country has a significant potential for economic development that could lift its population from poverty. Neighbored by some of the largest and most advanced economies in the world (South Korea, Japan, and China) and endowed with abundant mineral resources, industrial experience, and a history of successful economic development in the past, North Korea can embark on the path to rapid economic development, as its southern counterpart (South Korea) did so successfully since the 1960s. Yet, the successful economic development of North Korea requires a comprehensive approach, including obtaining a fund for development; normalizing relations with the West and the neighboring countries; improving its human rights conditions; prioritizing key industrial development; and reforming its political-economic system. This note discusses the comprehensive approach necessary for the successful economic development of North Korea.
A corpus-based study of the role of headshaking in negation in Auslan (Australian Sign Language): Implications for signed language typology
Authors: Johnston Trevor
Published: August 2018

Signed languages have been classified typologically as being manual dominant or non-manual dominant for negation. In the former negation is conveyed primarily by manual lexical signs whereas in the latter negation is primarily conveyed by nonmanual signs. In support of this typology, the site and spread of headshaking in negated clauses was also described as linguistically constrained. Headshaking was thus said to be a formal part of negation in signed languages so it was linguistic, not gestural. This paper aims to establish the role of headshaking in negation in Auslan with reference to this typology. In this corpus-based study, I show that Auslan users almost always negate clauses using a manual negative sign. Although headshakes are found in just over half of these manually negated clauses, the position and spreading behaviour of headshakes do not appear to be linguistically constrained. I also show that signers use headshakes as the sole negating element in a clause extremely rarely. I conclude that headshaking in Auslan appears similar to headshaking in the ambient face-to-face spoken language, English. I explore the implications of these findings for the proposed typology of negation in signed languages in terms of the type of data that were used to support it, and assumptions about the relationship between gesture and signed languages that underlie it.
CLICS2: An improved database of cross-linguistic colexifications assembling lexical data with the help of cross-linguistic data formats
Authors: List Johann-Mattis , Greenhill Simon J. , Anderson Cormac , Mayer Thomas , Tresoldi Tiago , Forkel Robert
Published: August 2018

The Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications (CLICS), has established a computer-assisted framework for the interactive representation of cross-linguistic colexification patterns. In its current form, it has proven to be a useful tool for various kinds of investigation into cross-linguistic semantic associations, ranging from studies on semantic change, patterns of conceptualization, and linguistic paleontology. But CLICS has also been criticized for obvious shortcomings, ranging from the underlying dataset, which still contains many errors, up to the limits of cross-linguistic colexification studies in general. Building on recent standardization efforts reflected in theCross-Linguistic Data Formatsinitiative (CLDF) and novel approaches for fast, efficient, and reliable data aggregation, we have created a new database for cross-linguistic colexifications, which not only supersedes the original CLICS database in terms of coverage but also offers a much more principled procedure for the creation, curation and aggregation of datasets. The paper presents the new database and discusses its major features.