bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic innovations in Equine Parasitology: a Nanogold-ELISA for sensitive serodiagnosis of migratory strongylus vulgaris larvae infections
Authors: Baghdadi Hanadi B. A. , Abdelsalam Mohamed , Attia Marwa M.
Published: December 2024

Strongylus vulgaris, a devastating parasitic nematode in equids, causes life-threatening verminous aneurysms that are challenging to diagnose early. This study pioneered integrating nanotechnology into an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) system to enhance the sensitivity and specificity for detecting S. vulgaris larval antigens in equine serum samples, with PCR confirmation of the species. A conventional i-ELISA and an innovative nano-based ELISA were developed using excretory-secretory antigens from adult S. vulgaris worms. The nano-ELISA incorporated gold nanoparticles (17.4–41.4 nm) conjugated with detection antibodies, enabling remarkable signal amplification. Of the 120 examined equines, 100 (83.33%) were positive for S. vulgaris infection. A conventional i-ELISA and an innovative nano-ELISA incorporating 17.4–41.4 nm gold nanoparticles were optimized using S. vulgaris excretory-secretory antigens. Both assays demonstrated high specificity, with no cross-reactivity against sera from animals infected with other helminth parasites. Remarkably, optical density (OD) readings from both i-ELISAs exhibited a positive quantitative correlation with infection intensity. The i-ELISA OD ranged from 0.45–0.74 (G3), 0.75–0.94 (G2), to 0.95–2.5 (G1). The nano-ELISA showed enhanced signal amplification, with OD ranging from 0.40–0.84 (G3), 0.85–0.99 (G2), to 1.0–3.5 (G1). This nanotechnology-amplified ELISA opens new, highly sensitive, and specific techniques for parasitic diagnosis in equine medicine. Its superior performance, facilitated by signal-amplifying gold nanoparticles, illuminates nanotechnology's potential in revolutionizing parasitological diagnostics for enhanced animal health and welfare management.
Sex differences in disease: sex chromosome and immunity
Authors: Feng Zuxi , Liao Minjing , Zhang Liansheng
Published: December 2024

Sex is a fundamental biological variable that influences immune system function, with sex chromosomes (X and Y) playing a central role in these differences. Despite substantial evidence of disparities in immune responses between males and females, biomedical research has historically overlooked sex as a critical factor. This oversight has contributed to the observed disparities in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and malignancies between the sexes. In this review, we address the phenomena and mechanisms through which aberrant expression of sex chromosome-linked genes contributes to sex-based differences in immune responses. We specifically focus on the implications of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) escape and loss of Y chromosome (LOY). Our review aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving these sex-based differences, with particular emphasis on the interactions between sex chromosome genes and immune cells in both males and females. Additionally, we discuss the potential impact of these differences on disease susceptibility and identify prospective therapeutic targets. As personalized and precision medicine advances, it is crucial to integrate sex differences into immunological research and clinical trials. We advocate for an increased focus on sex-based considerations in fundamental, translational, and clinical research to promote personalized, sex-specific healthcare.
Assessing the impact of the iPeer2Peer program for adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nishat Fareha , Kelenc Lauren , Berard Roberta , Duffy Ciaran , Feldman Brian , Forgeron Paula , Huber Adam M. , Luca Nadia , Schmeling Heinrike , Spiegel Lynn , Tucker Lori , Watanabe-Duffy Karen , Killackey Tieghan , Lalloo Chitra , Wiles Brittany , Nair Anya , Olaizola Sofia , McDermott Brenna , Tavangar Farideh , Kohut Sara Ahola , Stinson Jennifer N.
Published: December 2024

Background

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a chronic pediatric illness, whereby youth experience physical, emotional and psychosocial challenges that result in reduced health related quality of life (HRQL). Peer mentoring has been shown to improve disease self-management in adults with chronic conditions, with mixed results in younger populations. Building on our pilot work – which supported the feasibility and initial effectiveness of the iPeer2Peer program – the objective of this study was to assess the clinical effectiveness of the program in youth with JIA through a waitlist randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Eighty-one youth (aged 12–18) were randomized to the intervention group and matched with trained peer mentors (18–25 years; successfully managing their JIA), completing of up to ten 30-min video calls over a 15-week period. Eighty-three youth in the control group received standard care. Outcome assessments occurred at enrollment, 15 weeks post randomization and 6-months post randomization. The primary outcome was self-management, measured using the TRANSITION-Q. Secondary outcomes were HRQL, pain, emotional distress, disease knowledge, self-efficacy, and perceived social support. These were assessed using linear mixed effects models. Content analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups was used to assess satisfaction with the program with mentors and mentees upon study completion.

Results

In total, 164 youth (mean age 14.4 ± 1.9 years, 78% female) were randomized to the study. The proposed sample size was not reached due to challenges in recruitment, likely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The iPeer2Peer program did not show significant improvement in self-management (p = 0.7), or any of the secondary outcomes. Three key categories emerged from content analysis: (1) Fulfillment and Support Through Shared Experience, (2) Enhancing Program Delivery and (3) Strategies to Boost Engagement. These findings highlight that mentees valued the ability to converse with mentors who empathized with their disease experience, while mentors found it fulfilling to support mentees, and noted that they could have benefited from this type of support themselves.

Conclusion

While the iPeer2Peer did not result insignificant changes in clinical outcomes, both mentors and mentees were satisfied with the program and felt that mentorship provided real-world benefits for disease management and overall wellbeing.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03116763. Registered 31, March 2017, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03116763
When care hurts: parents’ experiences of caring for a child with epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Daae Elisabeth , Feragen Kristin Billaud , Naerland Terje , von der Lippe Charlotte
Published: December 2024

Background

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases characterized by skin fragility and blistering. EB is incurable, and treatment consists of preventing blisters in addition to painful and time consuming skin care, often performed by the parents, in addition to monitoring other symptoms in cases of severe EB.

Results

The purpose of this study was to explore parental experiences of caring for a child with EB. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, and analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. The sample consisted of 15 parents. Our analysis revealed three main themes: Becoming a self-taught provider of home-based skin care; Balancing roles; and Ahead of every challenge. The results indicate aspects of caring for a child with EB that may be under-recognized by healthcare professionals (HCPs) and allied caretakers. Examples of this was extensive home care, learning skin care through trial-and-error, tension between illness-demands and the child’s psychological needs, and parents being gatekeepers of their child’s well-being.

Conclusions

Caring for a child with EB may imply practical and emotionally demanding tasks for the parents, and possible unmet healthcare needs. It is important that HCPs recognize and understand the potential burden of extensive home care these parents experience as part of providing for their child with EB and the family.
Enrolment patterns in a randomized controlled trial of probiotics in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis of the PROSPECT trial
Authors: Takaoka Alyson , Johnstone Jennie , Lauzier François , Heels-Ansdell Diane , Davis Megan , Zytaruk Nicole , Duan Erick , Dionne Joanna , Saunders Lois , Arabi Yaseen M. , Marshall John , Thabane Lehana , Clarke France , Hand Lori , Masse Marie-Helene , Rochwerg Bram , McIntyre Lauralyn , Girard Martin , Freitag Andreas , Karachi Tim , Cook Deborah J. ,   For The PROSPECT Investigators, Copland Mary , Anderson-White Shelley , Shears Melissa , Wachmann Kristine ,   The Canadian Critical Care Trials Group, Patterson Lisa , Slessarev Marat
Published: December 2024

Background

Understanding site-related factors that influence enrolment within multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCT) may help reduce trial delays and cost over-runs and prevent early trial discontinuation. In this analysis of PROSPECT (Probiotics: Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial), we describe patient enrolment patterns and examine factors influencing site-based monthly enrolment.

Design

Retrospective analysis of a multicenter RCT.

Methods

The PROSPECT multicenter RCT enrolled patients in the main trial from July 2015 to March 2019. We documented site characteristics and trial metrics including data from the methods center tracking documents, site-level data at trial initiation, screening logs submitted by research coordinators, and prospectively collected case report forms. In this retrospective analysis of trial data, we analyzed enrolment patterns across sites using negative binomial regression to explore the association between monthly enrolment rate accounting for number of ICU beds, site characteristics, and trial metrics.

Results

Overall, 41 sites enrolling 2365 patients in the PROSPECT main trial were analyzed. After accounting for number of beds in each ICU, site launch early in the trial was associated with higher monthly enrolment rates, but time to first enrolment and research coordinator experience was not. We observed considerable variability in the number of active screening months and enrolment rates across sites.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the complexity of recruitment dynamics in critical care RCTs and emphasize the need for tailored approaches to trial planning and execution.

Trial registration

PROSPECT (Probiotics: Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial): NCT02462590 (registered June 2, 2015).
Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diabetic ketoacidosis and insulin-dependent diabetes: a case report
Authors: Jung Yungee , Lau Anthony , Bednarczyk Joseph
Published: December 2024

Background

Immunotherapy, including the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab, is increasingly common in cancer treatment and can lead to various immune-related adverse effects, including rare cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. This case report highlights an unique instance of nivolumab-induced diabetic ketoacidosis in a patient without prior history of diabetes, emphasizing the importance of careful monitoring even in those without traditional risk factors.

Case presentation

We report a case of a 70-year-old Caucasian male with metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma who developed diabetic ketoacidosis 3 weeks after stopping nivolumab therapy. The patient had no previous history of diabetes, nor had he used sodium–glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors or corticosteroids. Diagnostic tests confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis, and while he was initially treated following the institutional protocol, he continued to require insulin therapy indefinitely.

Conclusions

This case report underscores the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis linked to nivolumab, even in patients without predisposing factors, emphasizing the need for increased vigilance among both oncologists and physicians. It highlights the importance of monitoring for new-onset diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis, whether immunotherapy is active or discontinued, and ensuring comprehensive care including hospitalization, insulin management, and diabetes education if diabetic ketoacidosis is diagnosed.
STOUT V2.0: SMILES to IUPAC name conversion using transformer models
Authors: Rajan Kohulan , Zielesny Achim , Steinbeck Christoph
Published: December 2024

Naming chemical compounds systematically is a complex task governed by a set of rules established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These rules are universal and widely accepted by chemists worldwide, but their complexity makes it challenging for individuals to consistently apply them accurately. A translation method can be employed to address this challenge. Accurate translation of chemical compounds from SMILES notation into their corresponding IUPAC names is crucial, as it can significantly streamline the laborious process of naming chemical structures. Here, we present STOUT (SMILES-TO-IUPAC-name translator) V2, which addresses this challenge by introducing a transformer-based model that translates string representations of chemical structures into IUPAC names. Trained on a dataset of nearly 1 billion SMILES strings and their corresponding IUPAC names, STOUT V2 demonstrates exceptional accuracy in generating IUPAC names, even for complex chemical structures. The model's ability to capture intricate patterns and relationships within chemical structures enables it to generate precise and standardised IUPAC names. While established deterministic algorithms remain the gold standard for systematic chemical naming, our work, enabled by access to OpenEye’s Lexichem software through an academic license, demonstrates the potential of neural approaches to complement existing tools in chemical nomenclature.

Scientific contribution STOUT V2, built upon transformer-based models, is a significant advancement from our previous work. The web application enhances its accessibility and utility. By making the model and source code fully open and well-documented, we aim to promote unrestricted use and encourage further development.

Graphical Abstract
Fully-automated segmentation of muscle and inter-/intra-muscular fat from magnetic resonance images of calves and thighs: an open-source workflow in Python
Authors: Tam Kenneth , Liu Si Wen , Costa Sarah , Szabo Eva , Reitsma Shannon , Gillick Hana , Adachi Jonathan D. , Wong Andy Kin On
Published: December 2024

Background

INTER- and INTRAmuscular fat (IMF) is elevated in high metabolic states and can promote inflammation. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) excels in depicting IMF, the lack of reproducible tools prevents the ability to measure change and track intervention success.

Methods

We detail an open-source fully-automated iterative threshold-seeking algorithm (ITSA) for segmenting IMF from T1-weighted MRI of the calf and thigh within three cohorts (CaMos Hamilton (N = 54), AMBERS (N = 280), OAI (N = 105)) selecting adults 45–85 years of age. Within the CaMos Hamilton cohort, same-day and 1-year repeated images (N = 38) were used to evaluate short- and long-term precision error with root mean square coefficients of variation; and to validate against semi-automated segmentation methods using linear regression. The effect of algorithmic improvements to fat ascertainment using 3D connectivity and partial volume correction rules on analytical precision was investigated. Robustness and versatility of the algorithm was demonstrated by application to different MR sequences/magnetic strength and to calf versus thigh scans.

Results

Among 439 adults (319 female(89%), age: 71.6 ± 7.6 yrs, BMI: 28.06 ± 4.87 kg/m2, IMF%: 10.91 ± 4.57%), fully-automated ITSA performed well across MR sequences and anatomies from three cohorts. Applying both 3D connectivity and partial volume fat correction improved precision from 4.99% to 2.21% test–retest error. Validation against semi-automated methods showed R2 from 0.92 to 0.98 with fully-automated ITSA routinely yielding more conservative computations of IMF volumes. Quality control shows 7% of cases requiring manual correction, primarily due to IMF merging with subcutaneous fat. A full workflow described methods to export tags for manual correction.

Conclusions

The greatest challenge in segmenting IMF from MRI is in selecting a dynamic threshold that consistently performs across repeated imaging. Fully-automated ITSA achieved this, demonstrated low short- and long-term precision error, conducive of use within RCTs.
Combinations of job demands are associated with increased risk of depression in clinical veterinary practice: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Christiansen Simone Vestergaard , Clausen Thomas
Published: December 2024

Background

Veterinarians have a high prevalence of mental health disorders, such as depression. Previous research suggests that veterinarians are highly exposed to emotional demands at work and that these emotional demands are associated with adverse mental health outcomes. However, little is known about the consequences of the simultaneous exposure to emotional demands and other types of job demands in clinical veterinary practice. In this cross-sectional study, we investigate the combined effect of simultaneous exposure to emotional demands and other types of job demands on the risk of depression. We invited 1,757 employees in clinical veterinary practice in Denmark to participate in an online survey in the spring of 2022.

Results

We obtained response from 885 employees (50.4%). Mean age was 38.2 years and 90.2% of the sample identified as women. The majority of the respondents worked in small animal practice (80.6%). We assessed psychosocial job demands (emotional demands, quantitative demands, role conflicts, work pace, and threats) and depressive symptoms in the study questionnaire, and defined depression as a score of ≥ 21 on the Major Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. 15.1% of the participants had an indication of depression. Results showed an increased risk of depression for participants reporting high emotional demands in combination with high quantitative demands (OR:8.37; 95%CI:4.31–16.24), high role conflicts (OR:8.95; 95%CI:4.71–16.99), threats at work (OR:7.06; 95%CI:4.06–12.28) and high work pace (OR:14.24; 95%CI:6.51–31.15). The combined effects indicated additive but not synergistic interaction.

Conclusions

Combinations of emotional demands and other types of job demands are associated with an increased risk of depression among employees in clinical veterinary practice in Denmark. The results have implications for preventing negative health-related consequences of adverse psychosocial working conditions among employees in clinical veterinary practice. Preventive strategies and initiatives to promote a healthy psychosocial work environment and well-being among veterinary employees are discussed, and we further encourage employers and relevant authorities in veterinary practice to prioritize efforts to enhance the psychosocial work environment and employee well-being in clinical veterinary practice.
Tranexamic acid in hip and spine surgery for children with cerebral palsy — a PRISMA-compliant scoping review
Authors: Gould Daniel , Cui Haoze , Ma Norine , Chalkiadis George , Davidson Andrew , Graham Kerr , Rutz Erich
Published: December 2024

Many children with cerebral palsy (CP) are frail and require major hip and/or spine surgeries associated with substantial blood loss. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is commonly used to reduce blood loss, but there is uncertainty around the optimal dose and timing of administration. There have been reviews in sub-populations and specific dosing regimens, but a broad overview of the available literature is lacking.

The aim of this review was to map available evidence on TXA in hip and spine surgery for children with CP.

Given the heterogeneous literature, a prospectively registered scoping review was conducted. Eligibility criteria were broad. Three screeners were involved, with the senior author consulted when disagreements were not resolved through discussion.

Titles and abstracts of 14,609 records were screened, with 52 records included. Two additional records were obtained from grey literature and citation searching. Cohort studies (50.0%) were the most common. Most records (76.9%) were on spine surgery. TXA dose varied widely. Loading doses range from 5 to 100 mg/kg and intraoperative infusions from 1 to 10 mg/kg/h. Dose was not reported in 35.2% of records. Primary outcome measures included blood loss and transfusion requirements. TXA was generally reported to be safe. None of the included records reported postoperative TXA administration.

While TXA is generally considered safe, there was mixed evidence on efficacy. Much of the evidence was drawn from studies in which TXA was used in patients at higher risk of bleeding or with reduced physiological reserve. There was no evidence for TXA being used postoperatively, when a large proportion of transfusions occur.
N-terminus α-synuclein detection reveals new and more diverse aggregate morphologies in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wiseman James A. , Fu YuHong , Faull Richard L. M. , Turner Clinton P. , Curtis Maurice A. , Halliday Glenda M. , Dieriks Birger V.
Published: December 2024

Background

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are classified as α-synucleinopathies and are primarily differentiated by their clinical phenotypes. Delineating these diseases based on their specific α-synuclein (α-Syn) proteoform pathologies is crucial for accurate antemortem biomarker diagnosis. Newly identified α-Syn pathologies in PD raise questions about whether MSA exhibits a similar diversity. This prompted the need for a comparative study focusing on α-Syn epitope-specific immunoreactivities in both diseases, which could clarify the extent of pathological overlap and diversity, and guide more accurate biomarker development.

Methods

We utilised a multiplex immunohistochemical approach to detect multiple structural domains of α-Syn proteoforms across multiple regions prone to pathological accumulation in MSA (n = 10) and PD (n = 10). Comparison of epitope-specific α-Syn proteoforms was performed in the MSA medulla, inferior olivary nucleus, substantia nigra, hippocampus, and cerebellum, and in the PD olfactory bulb, medulla, substantia nigra, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex.

Results

N-terminus and C-terminus antibodies detected significantly more α-Syn pathology in MSA than antibodies for phosphorylated (pS129) α-Syn, which are classically used to detect α-Syn. Importantly, C-terminus immunolabelling is more pronounced in MSA compared to PD. Meanwhile, N-terminus immunolabelling consistently detected the highest percentage of α-Syn across pathologically burdened regions of both diseases, which could be of biological significance. As expected, oligodendroglial involvement distinguished MSA from PD, but in contrast to PD, no substantial astrocytic or microglial α-Syn accumulation in MSA occurred. These data confirm glial-specific changes between these diseases when immunolabelling the N-terminus epitope. In comparison, N-terminus neuronal α-Syn was present in PD and MSA, with most MSA neurons lacking pS129 α-Syn proteoforms. This explains why characterisation of neuronal MSA pathologies is lacking and challenges the reliance on pS129 antibodies for the accurate quantification of α-Syn pathological load across α-synucleinopathies.

Conclusions

These findings underscore the necessity of utilising a multiplex approach to detect α-Syn, most importantly including the N-terminus, to capture the entire spectrum of α-Syn proteoforms in α-synucleinopathies. The data provide novel insights toward the biological differentiation of these α-synucleinopathies and pave the way for more refined antemortem diagnostic methods to facilitate early identification and intervention of these neurodegenerative diseases.
Enhanced GNSS-acoustic positioning method implementing with constraints on underwater sound speed structure
Authors: Tomita Fumiaki
Published: December 2024

It is important to appropriately model underwater sound speed structures to detect seafloor displacements accurately using GNSS-acoustic seafloor geodetic observations. In recent years, various sea surface platforms (e.g., wave gliders) have been developed for GNSS-acoustic observations. Sub-mesoscale oceanic phenomena can be detected by simultaneously employing multiple sea surface platforms. However, the use of a single sea surface platform with slow navigation speeds may degrade the modeling accuracy of underwater sound speed structures, even when compared to conventional ship-based observations. Therefore, the development of a GNSS-acoustic positioning technique that expresses a complex underwater sound speed structure and simultaneously provides constraints on sound speed parameters, if necessary. This study arranges the observation equation by considering multiple-layered sound speed gradients and develops a GNSS-acoustic positioning scheme using a Bayesian framework. The performance of the proposed GNSS-acoustic positioning method was investigated using synthetic datasets. The proposed method successfully modeled a complex underwater sound speed structure (e.g., temporal variations in sound speed gradients) using a dataset collected by dual sea surface platforms, which is highly sensitive to the underwater sound speed structure. It also provides robust solutions, even for a dataset with low sensitivity, by appropriately introducing constraints on the sound speed parameters. Moreover, the proposed method was applicable to an actual observational dataset, and it was confirmed that the GNSS-acoustic positioning method under special conditions (assumption of a temporally constant single-layered sound speed gradient) in a previous study can be reproduced by the constraints in the proposed method. Thus, the proposed method enabled us to flexibly model the underwater sound speed structure and accurately detect seafloor displacements for various types of observation datasets. The proposed method was implemented in the open-source GNSS-acoustic positioning software “SeaGap.”

Graphical abstract
Comprehensive characterization of solar wind interaction with lunar crustal magnetic fields: Kaguya low-altitude observations
Authors: Ogino Kohei , Harada Yuki , Nishino Masaki N. , Saito Yoshifumi , Yokota Shoichiro , Kasahara Yoshiya , Kumamoto Atsushi , Takahashi Futoshi , Shimizu Hisayoshi
Published: December 2024

Although the Moon does not have a global intrinsic magnetic field, lunar crustal magnetic anomalies (LMAs) are nonuniformly distributed over the lunar surface. The interaction between the solar wind and LMAs leads to the formation of mini-magnetospheres. Since the spatial scales of LMAs are very small, below several tens of kilometers, solar wind ions are demagnetized while electrons are still magnetized, forming Hall electric fields typically at low altitudes ($$<\sim$$

<
∼

30 km). Since direct observations of these interaction regions are challenging from typical nominal altitudes of lunar orbiters ($$>\sim$$

>
∼

100 km), the solar wind-LMA interaction has not been fully understood. In this study, we analyze low-altitude data obtained by Kaguya over various LMAs to comprehensively characterize the plasma environment and electromagnetic fields in the solar wind-LMA interaction region. We observe strong solar wind ion reflection and whistler mode waves at 1–10 Hz under high solar wind dynamic pressure and strong interplanetary magnetic field conditions, respectively. These trends are particularly clear over spatially extended LMAs. Over both spatially isolated and extended LMAs, strong Broadband Electrostatic Noise at 1–10 kHz tends to be observed when the spacecraft is magnetically connected to the lunar surface. In addition, our results suggest that anti-moonward electrostatic fields at low altitudes contribute to the acceleration, deceleration, and reflection of incident solar wind particles, and the resulting modification of particle velocity distribution functions can strongly influence the nature of the solar wind-LMA interaction including plasma wave excitation. Based on Kaguya data, we also develop a predictable indicator of the central interaction region where solar wind ions and electrons are decoupled. We propose that this indicator can be utilized to define regions of interest for future low-altitude or lander missions to LMA.

Graphical Abstract
Spatiotemporal distribution and seismic interaction of very-low-frequency earthquakes in the northern Ryukyu Trench
Authors: Nakamura Mamoru , Kuo Ban-Yuan , Lin Pei-Ying Patty , Kodaira Shuichi , Ishihara Yasushi
Published: December 2024

Slow earthquakes play a crucial role in understanding stress accumulation and release along plate interfaces in subduction zones. The northern Ryukyu Trench, where the Philippine Sea Plate subducts northwestward beneath the Eurasian Plate, experienced a major earthquake in 1911 and is currently regarded as a low-seismicity area (LSA). Understanding the seismic activity in this region, particularly the relationship between very-low-frequency earthquakes (VLFEs) and regular seismic events, is crucial for understanding subduction zone dynamics. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of VLFE activity in the northern Ryukyu Trench using broadband ocean-bottom seismometers deployed around Amami Island between September 2018 and June 2019. Our analysis, employing the envelope correlation method, revealed that VLFE activity is primarily concentrated northeast of Amami Island, an area characterized by low regular earthquake activity, with the distribution of VLFEs spatially segregated from that of regular earthquakes. Furthermore, we observed earthquake swarm activity at the edges of the LSA in the northern Ryukyu Trench following VLFE activity. In November 2018, intense VLFE activity northeast of Amami Island migrated northeastward, which was followed by a regular earthquake swarm at the edge of this LSA. Following VLFE activity in January 2019, additional seismic activity, including foreshocks, occurred at the edges of this LSA approximately 1 month later. The spatial segregation of VLFEs and regular earthquakes suggests that VLFE activity may be influenced by the migration of high-pressure fluids within the subducted slab. This migration appears to trigger related time-delayed seismic activity, similar to mechanisms observed in other subduction zones such as Hikurangi. Understanding these dynamics is essential for assessing the coupling state of subduction zones and associated fluid behaviors, which play a critical role in evaluating seismic hazards in LSAs.

Graphical Abstract
Achieving malaria-free: Egypt's journey to WHO certification and global implications for disease control
Authors: Amisu Blessing Olawumi , Okesanya Olalekan John , Ahmed Mohamed Mustaf , Abdelbar Sohaila Mohamed Mohamed , Lucero-Prisno Don Eliseo
Published: December 2024

Egypt's recent malaria-free certification by the World Health Organization (WHO) marks a significant achievement in public health, underscoring the effectiveness of sustained national efforts in disease eradication. This milestone, achieved after nearly a century of strategic intervention, highlights the importance of integrated public health programmes and cross-sector collaboration. Egypt's journey involved early initiatives to reduce human–mosquito contact, the establishment of malaria control stations, and comprehensive outbreak management strategies. This country's success serves as an exemplar for other African nations, emphasizing the need for adaptable, community-focused approaches to disease control. Despite challenges such as drug-resistant malaria strains and pesticide-resistant mosquitoes, Egypt's experience demonstrates the potential for successful malaria elimination through coordinated efforts and innovative solutions. This accomplishment contributes to regional health improvements, and provides valuable insights into global malaria eradication strategies.
Neurosurgery in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a historical review
Authors: Kabulo Kantenga Dieu Merci , Mutomb Ntshindj Sarah , Yengayenga Kingombe , Mudegereza Safari Paterne , Neba Glennie Ntsambi , Beltchika Antoine , Kalangu Kazadi Kaluile Ntenga , Ntalaja Jeff
Published: December 2024

Background

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is a Central African country with the second largest surface area and the fourth largest population on the continent. DRC has witnessed numerous innovations and faced several challenges including health, economic, and social crises.

Research question

This historical review aims to outline major developments in DRC neurosurgical practice with an emphasis on challenges and potential solutions.

Material and methods

This historical review was compiled using data from stakeholder interviews, grey literature (health policy and event documentation at the hospital, provincial, and national levels) and peer-reviewed document analysis. The authors used triangulation to verify the data collected by each method and the final data were abstracted and presented narratively.

Results

The first neurosurgery unit was established in the capital, Kinshasa, in 1979. This centre aimed to provide much needed neurosurgical services and training with the limited resources available at the time. As of July 2023, DRC has 19 neurosurgeons including 2 of female gender. Four neurosurgeons from the diaspora deliver care part-time supplementing the local specialist workforce and 7 residents are enrolled at the University of Kinshasa residency programme. In addition, there are at least 22 DRC residents training in other centres worldwide.

Conclusions

DRC neurosurgery has faced numerous challenges, some of which have been overcome in the past decade. The recent improvements are encouraging for this country of more than 95 million inhabitants but more effort and time will be needed to fully overcome existing challenges.
Intravascular ultrasound-derived virtual fractional flow reserve in the superficial femoral artery
Authors: Shimada Takenobu , Iwasaki Yoshihiro , Funatsu Atsushi , Kobayashi Tomoko , Nakamura Shigeru , Fukuda Daiju
Published: December 2024

Background

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) can be estimated by analysis of intravascular imaging in a coronary artery; however, there are no data for estimated FFR in an extremity artery. The aim of this concept-generating study was to determine whether it is possible to estimate the value of peripheral FFR (PFFR) by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analysis also in femoropopliteal artery lesions.

Methods

Between April 2022 and February 2023, PFFR was measured before endovascular therapy in 31 stenotic femoropopliteal artery lesions. High-definition IVUS measurement was simultaneously performed in automatic pullback mode in 6 of those 31 lesions. IVUS-derived PFFR was calculated by an algorithm based on fluid dynamics as the following equation: ΔP = FV + SV2. F is the coefficient of pressure loss because of viscous friction (Poiseuille’s equation) and S is the coefficient of local pressure loss because of flow separation (Bernoulli’s equation). The values of F and S were calculated by analysis of IVUS. V is velocity and the value of V was obtained from previously reported data in a duplex ultrasound study. The mean pressure was assumed to be 80 mmHg, and IVUS-derived PFFR was calculated by the following equation: IVUS-derived PFFR = (80 – ΔP) / 80.

Results

The values of IVUS-derived PFFR and actual PFFR were similar: 0.73 and 0.72, 0.87 and 0.92, 0.90 and 0.92, 0.66 and 0.73, and 0.79 and 0.72, respectively. In one case in which run-off of the below-the-knee artery was poor, PFFR (0.91) was higher than the IVUS-derived PFFR (0.73).

Conclusion

Virtual PFFR in the superficial femoral artery can be estimated from IVUS analysis.
Protein expression of CD44 in patients with meningioma tumors: association with clinicopathological parameters and survival
Authors: Trivedi Trupti , Bhalala Neha , Dialani Kirti , Trivedi Priti
Published: December 2024

Objective

Meningiomas are a molecularly ill-defined heterogeneous group of indolent intracranial tumors. Though, WHO grade 1 tumors are histologically benign, sometimes they transform into malignant and may be recurrent which remains always challenging to clinicians. Therefore, the current study sought to discover the clinical relevance of CD44 in meningioma patients.

Method

Protein expression of CD44 was investigated using immunohistochemistry in a total of 70 meningioma patients. Immunoscore performed using modified H-score, CD44 expression correlated with clinicopathological parameters and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate survival analysis was analyzed. The data was evaluated using SPSS statistical software and P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant.

Results

The membranous and cytoplasmic protein expression of CD44 was noted in meningioma tumors. Based on H-score, the weak (0–190 score) and strong (191–300 score) immunoreactivity was observed in 62.9% and 37.1% of patients, respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between strong CD44 expression and WHO grade 2/3 tumors (χ2 = 33.551, r = + 0.692, P = 0.0001), and with the presence of brain invasion (χ2 = 19.521, r = + 0.528, P = 0.001). In Kaplan–Meier univariate survival analysis for PFS and OS, apart from WHO grade of tumors (PFS; log-rank = 12.309, P = 0.0001, OS; log-rank = 17.830, P = 0.0001) and brain invasion status (PFS; log-rank = 11.941, P = 0.001, OS; log-rank = 13.554, P = 0.0001) CD44 expression (PFS; log-rank = 14.942, P = 0.0001, OS; log-rank = 20.986, P = 0.0001) remained significant prognostic factor for PFS and OS. In multivariate survival analysis, at step 1, only CD44 remained independent prognosticator for PFS (HR = 11.014, 95% CI = 2.256–23.602, P = 0.001) and OS (HR = 8.553, 95% CI = 2.831–25.847, P = 0.0001). In relation to treatment offered, patients with strong CD44 expression and if treated with surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy showed a high incidence of death (log-rank = 13.402, P = 0.0001) as compared to patients treated with surgery only. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves also confirmed a good efficacy of CD44 as a prognosticator for disease outcome (PFS; P = 0.0001, OS; P = 0001).

Conclusion

Our overall findings addressed that a study of CD44 protein expression would be beneficiated to meningioma patients from unnecessary overtreatment and drug-induced toxicity. Also, CD44 could be one of the promising biomarkers that might differentiate high-risk meningioma patients for better treatment management.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapeutic potential in human diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical studies
Authors: Alam Manzar , Gulzar Mehak , Akhtar Mohammad Salman , Rashid Summya , Zulfareen  , Tanuja  , Shamsi Anas , Hassan Md. Imtaiyaz
Published: December 2024

Green tea has garnered increasing attention across age groups due to its numerous health benefits, largely attributed to Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), its key polyphenol. EGCG exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties, as well as benefits for cardiovascular and oral health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the therapeutic potential of EGCG in various human diseases. Neuroprotective effects of EGCG include safeguarding neurons from damage and enhancing cognitive function, primarily through its antioxidant capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during physiological stress. Additionally, EGCG modulates key signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, Delta-Notch, and TNF, all of which play critical roles in neuronal survival, growth, and function. Furthermore, EGCG is involved in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle progression, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, further clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of EGCG and to optimize its delivery to target tissues. While many reviews have addressed the anticancer properties of EGCG, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways by which EGCG used in specific human diseases, particularly cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals, revealing the potential of EGCG in managing neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic diseases and highlighting its broader therapeutic values.
Comparative study to analyze the overall performance of upstream and downstream wedge ribs microchannels using thermal lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Biswas Runu , Sohel Nurunnabi , Taher Mohammad Abu
Published: December 2024

The thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM) is used to analyze the overall performance for upstream and downstream wedge ribs microchannels (MC) under slip flow conditions. The thermal–hydraulic enhancement criterion is investigated to evaluate the performance of the channel and compare it for various roughness MC. In order to improve the channel performance, two alternative artificial roughness geometry, upstream and downstream wedge ribs, are taken both on the top and bottom walls of the microchannel with aspect ratio (AR) 7, where AR = L/H; L and H are channel length and height respectively in micrometer (μm). This study focused on simulating temperature profiles, velocity vectors in terms of stream lines, pressure gradients, and friction factor in terms of Poiseuille number as well as heat transfer rate in terms of Nusselt number (Nu). The overall performance of the channel is calculated based on flow friction and heat transfer rate for different Knudsen numbers (Kn) ranging from 0.01 to 0.10 with upstream and downstream wedge ribs height up to 20% of channel height. The results have been compared with previously published work and are found a very good agreement. The analysis revels that, the vortices are formed behind each upstream wedge rib, whereas they are created in front of each downstream wedge rib. The size and shape of vortices are influenced by Kn. As Kn increases from 0.0 to 0.10, the fluid circulation area becomes smaller for upstream wedge ribs MC, while it is changing very slowly for downstream wedge ribs MC; hence, the pressure gradient is also responsible for changing Kn. The flow friction is linearly decreased with increasing Kn but significantly increased with ribs height. But compared to the smooth channel, the friction is significantly increased for upstream and downstream wedge ribs MC. The average rate of heat transfer in terms of Nu is also linearly decreased with increasing Kn, but Nu increased with ε for lower Kn and decreased for higher Kn. Therefore, compared to smooth MC, Nu increased and decreased for the same for upstream and downstream wedge ribs MC. Finally, the performance enhancement (η) is calculated, and it is found that η decreased with increasing Kn for upstream and downstream wedge ribs MC. The higher performances are indicated for lower Kn as well as lower ribs height. For all cases, the better performance is noted for downstream wedge ribs MC compared to upstream MC.
Differences associated with different prior mental disorders among earthquake-exposed treatment-seeking individuals
Authors: Woods Cate F. , McIntosh Virginia V. W. , Frampton Christopher M. , Carter Frances A. , Colhoun Helen C. , Jordan Jennifer , Smith Rebekah A. , Bell Caroline
Published: December 2024

Background

History of prior mental disorder, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increases risk for PTSD following subsequent trauma exposure. However, limited research has examined differences associated with specific prior mental disorders among people with PTSD.

Aims

The current study examined whether different prior mental disorders were associated with meaningful differences among individuals presenting to a specialist service for severe earthquake-related distress following the Canterbury earthquakes (N = 177).

Method

Two sets of comparisons were made: between participants with no history of prior disorder and participants with history of any prior disorder; and between participants with history of prior PTSD and those with history of other prior disorders. Comparisons were made in relation to sociodemographic factors, earthquake exposure, peri-traumatic distress, life events and current psychological functioning.

Results

Participants with any prior mental disorder had more current disorders than those with no prior disorder. Among participants with history of any prior disorder, those with prior PTSD reported more life events in the past 5 years than those with other prior disorders.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a history of any prior mental disorder contributes to increased clinical complexity, but not increased PTSD severity, among people with PTSD seeking treatment. Although post-disaster screening efforts should include those with prior mental disorders, it should also be recognised that those with no prior disorders are also at risk of developing equally severe PTSD.
Family Planning practices among the parents of beta thalassemia major patients in Makran division, Balochistan: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Uzair  , Malik Mehtab , Gul Zarnum , Bohair Jeehand , Naeem Syeda Khalida , Sadiq Noman
Published: December 2024

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of family planning practice among the parents of children affected with beta thalassemia major (BTM) and to determine the relationship between various factors and family planning practice in Makran division Balochistan.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 190 parents having BTM children registered in thalassemia care centers throughout the Makran division from May 2023 to October 2023. The structured questionnaire was used and data was collected using the non-probability convenience technique. SPSS 20 was used for analysis.
Results: A total of 190 parents were interviewed and only 111 (58.42%) couples were practicing family planning. A significant relation was found between Family planning and monthly income, religious belief, parents with more than three children, and different districts of the Makran division. (p<0.05) The most common methods of contraception used by participating couples were oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (18.4%) followed by barriers (16.8%). The predominant reason for not practicing family planning was the desire to have more children and religious beliefs.
Conclusion: The religious beliefs, economic status of the family, area of residence, and total number of children play a significant role in family planning practices among the parents of children affected with BTM.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.1.10263
How to cite this: Uzair, Malik M, Gul Z, Bohair J, Naeem SK, Sadiq N. Family Planning practices among the parents of beta thalassemia major patients in Makran division, Balochistan: A cross-sectional study. Pak J Med Sci. 2025;41(1):230-234. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.41.1.10263
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.