bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence but Low Impact of Cognitive Dysfunction on Quality of Life in Patients With Lupus and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Monahan Rory C. , Middelkoop Huub A. M. , Beaart‐van de Voorde Liesbeth J. J. , Fronczek Rolf , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Kloppenburg Margreet , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Steup‐Beekman Gerda M.
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence and impact of cognitive impairment on health‐related‐quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms.

Methods

Patients with SLE and NP symptoms referred to the Leiden NPSLE clinic (2007–2019) were included. In a multidisciplinary evaluation, NP symptoms were attributed to SLE (NPSLE: inflammatory, ischemic, or both combined) or other causes. Four cognitive domains were determined: global cognitive function (score 0–30), learning and memory, executive function and complex attention, and psychomotor speed (all T scores). HRQoL was determined using the mental component score and physical component score of the Short Form 36 health survey. The associations between cognition and NPSLE phenotype and cognition and HRQoL were assessed with multiple regression analyses and linear mixed models corrected for confounding and expressed in SDs.

Results

A total of 357 patients (86% female, mean age 44 years) were included. Of those 357 patients, 169 had a follow‐up visit (median follow‐up 11 months). Impairment in global cognitive function was present in 8% of patients, and in all other cognitive domains in ±50%. The most severe impairment (all domains) was seen in patients with a combined NPSLE phenotype. Diffuse cognitive impairment (learning and memory, executive function and complex attention, and psychomotor speed) was most common and was present more often in patients with an inflammatory phenotype. A weak association between cognition and HRQoL was found both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. In general, 1 SD lower scores on the cognitive domains were associated with at most one‐fifth SD lower HRQoL.

Conclusion

Objective cognitive impairment is common in SLE patients with NP symptoms, but may have a limited influence on HRQoL.
High‐Strength Composites Based on 3D Printed Porous Scaffolds Infused with a Bioresorbable Mineral–Organic Bone Adhesive
Authors: Kirillova Alina , Kelly Cambre , Liu Samuel , Francovich Jaedyn , Gall Ken
Published: April 2022

Bioresorbable bone adhesives are attractive materials for applications where bone repair, regeneration, or reconstruction is involved. They can potentially augment or replace metal fixation while allowing to avoid follow‐up procedures upon bone healing. Combining such bone adhesives with other clinically relevant materials could significantly improve the mechanical and biological properties of the resulting composite due to the strong adhesive interactions between the adhesive and the material. Herein, an efficient strategy is presented to create biomedically relevant biphasic scaffolds through filling 3D printed gyroid polymer or metal structures with a bioresorbable mineral‐organic bone adhesive. Due to the high interfacial adhesion of the bone adhesive and both polymers and metals, the biphasic scaffolds are efficiently stabilized by the bone adhesive, leading to a significant increase in the compressive strength and modulus. The 3D printed composite scaffolds infused with the bone adhesive possess improved mechanical properties and bioactivity while providing adhesion to bone facilitated by the bone adhesive regions and could potentially considerably improve clinical outcomes in orthopedic applications.
Ultrahigh‐Resolution Optical Fiber Thermometer Based on Microcavity Opto‐Mechanical Oscillation
Authors: Liu Yize , Jiang Junfeng , Liu Kun , Wang Shuang , Niu Panpan , Xu Tianhua , Zhang Xuezhi , Wang Ziyihui , Wang Tong , Ding Zhenyang , Liu Tiegen
Published: April 2022

High‐resolution temperature measurement is nerve‐wracking obstruction for precise characterization of many physical, chemical, and biological processes. To solve this problem, a novel microcavity–optomechanical–oscillation‐based thermometer is proposed. The microcavity serving as a link parametrically couples the mechanical resonator and optical resonator in the same structure and provides a natural and highly sensitive temperature transduction mechanism and ultrahigh‐resolution optical demodulation. The mathematical model of geometrical parameters, mechanics, and material properties for temperature response mechanism is established and verified experimentally. The proposed thermometer has a thermal sensitivity of 11 300 Hz °C−1 and an ultrahigh‐temperature resolution of 1 × 10−4 °C, to the best of one's knowledge, which is the highest temperature resolution with a silica cavity.
High‐Precision Printing of Complex Glass Imaging Optics with Precondensed Liquid Silica Resin
Authors: Hong Zhihan , Ye Piaoran , Loy Douglas A. , Liang Rongguang
Published: April 2022

3D printing of optics has gained significant attention in optical industry, but most of the research has been focused on organic polymers. In spite of recent progress in 3D printing glass, 3D printing of precision glass optics for imaging applications still faces challenges from shrinkage during printing and thermal processing, and from inadequate surface shape and quality to meet the requirements for imaging applications. This paper reports a new liquid silica resin (LSR) with higher curing speed, better mechanical properties, lower sintering temperature, and reduced shrinkage, as well as the printing process for high‐precision glass optics for imaging applications. It is demonstrated that the proposed material and printing process can print almost all types of optical surfaces, including flat, spherical, aspherical, freeform, and discontinuous surfaces, with accurate surface shape and high surface quality for imaging applications. It is also demonstrated that the proposed method can print complex optical systems with multiple optical elements, completely removing the time‐consuming and error‐prone alignment process. Most importantly, the proposed printing method is able to print optical systems with active moving elements, significantly improving system flexibility and functionality. The printing method will enable the much‐needed transformational manufacturing of complex freeform glass optics that are currently inaccessible with conventional processes.
Time Rules the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wu Qinghua , Chen Yang , Li Qing , Chen Junmeng , Mo Junfeng , Jin Ming , Yang Qianzhan , Rizzello Loris , Tian Xiaohe , Luo Lei
Published: April 2022

Lack of adequate effector T cells infiltrated in tumor is one of the main problems in the failure of immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induced acute inflammation can sensitize tumors and activate T cells, thus assisting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) against tumor growth and metastasis. T cells maturation and activation lag 3 to 7 days behind PDT. However, such timing in the combination therapy of ICI and PDT is commonly ignored in designing numerous multi‐functional integrated nanomedicines. Herein, the authors illustrate that intervention timing of ICI after PDT affects the anti‐tumor efficacy. A tumor‐targeting nanomedicine is prepared by encapsulating indocyanine green into CD44 specifically binding material, a hyaluronic acid conjugated lipid poly(ethylene glycol). The PDT nanomedicine is designed to induce a robust immune response in tumor. The optimal group (Combo‐STAR), ICI gave 5 days after PDT, significantly suppresses local tumor growth and eliminates metastasis. What should be highlighted is the time point of administration because if ICI is given too early, T cells are immature, otherwise, T cells are exhausted if ICI is given too late. This work presents theoretical guidance for raising awareness of intervention timing when augmenting ICBT with immune response inducers in clinic.
The crucial factors influencing the development and outcomes of postoperative delirium in proximal femur fractures
Authors: Rajeev Aysha , Railton Catherine , Devalia Kailash
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this study is to find the incidence, risks, and reasons for prolonged length of hospital stay, short, long‐term mortality, and the factors contributing to mortality of postoperative delirium in proximal femoral fractures.

Methods

The data for the study was obtained from National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) and internal hospital computer systems (Medway, ICE, Clinic letters) between January 2018 and December 2019. One hundred seventy‐five patients were found have developed postoperative delirium. The outcomes measured were postoperative anemia, lower respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, acute kidney injury, urinary retention, cardiac event and stroke, alcohol or drug withdrawal, length of hospital stay, and 30 day and 1 year mortality.

Results

The patients who developed delirium were 68 (38.9%) with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade 4 and 94 (22.3%) without delirium (p < 0.05). The average length of stay after developing postoperative delirium was 19.69 days compared to 17.4 days for patients without delirium. The mortality at 30 days and 1 year was 10.9% and 37% in patients who had postoperative delirium compared to 2.1% and 2.8% to those without delirium, respectively.

Conclusion

Postoperative delirium is three times more common in hip fractures. Early detection and timely management are crucial in the improvement of functional outcomes and mortality.
Burden of disease, treatment utilization, and the impact on education and employment in patients with sickle cell disease: A comparative analysis of high‐ and low‐ to middle‐income countries for the international Sickle Cell World Assessment Survey
Authors: Osunkwo Ifeyinwa , James John , El‐Rassi Fuad , Nero Alecia , Minniti Caterina P. , Trimnell Cassandra , Paulose Jincy , Ramscar Nicholas , Bailey Tom , Rajkovic‐Hooley Olivera , Andemariam Biree
Published: April 2022

The international Sickle Cell World Assessment Survey (SWAY) reported a high impact of sickle cell disease (SCD) on patients' daily lives globally. In this study, we analyzed whether the reported burden differed between patients from the USA (n = 384) and other high‐income (HI; n = 820) or low‐ to middle‐income (LMI; n = 941) countries. We assessed symptoms and complications, incidence/management of vaso‐occlusive crises (VOCs), treatment utilization/satisfaction, and the impact of SCD on education/employment. Certain symptoms (bone aches, insomnia, and joint stiffness) and complications (swollen/painful fingers/toes, gallstones, vision problems, blood clots, and asthma) were reported proportionally more by patients in the USA than in the HI/LMI countries. Self‐reported VOCs were more common (mean [SD]: 7.1 [5.7] vs. 5.5 [8.9] and 4.4 [4.6] in the previous 12 months) and were managed more often by hospitalization (52% vs. 24% and 32%) in the USA than the HI and LMI countries. A higher proportion of patients from the USA than the HI/LMI countries reported a negative impact of SCD on their employment/schooling. Although high overall satisfaction with current treatments was reported globally, most patients indicated a strong desire for alternative pain medications. There are likely several reasons for the relatively high patient‐reported burden in the USA group compared with the HI/LMI countries, including an older population and differences in newborn screening programs and pediatric/adult transition of care. It is clear that there is an urgent need for improved understanding and management of SCD globally, not just in the USA.
The role of cilia for hydrocephalus formation
Authors: Wallmeier Julia , Dallmayer Marlene , Omran Heymut
Published: April 2022

Hydrocephalus is a common finding in newborns. In most cases, it is caused by intraventricular hemorrhage associated with prematurity, whereas in some patients the cause of hydrocephalus can be traced back to genetic changes, associated with disease syndromes such as RASopathies, lysosomal storage diseases, dystroglycanopathies, craniosynostosis but also ciliopathies. Ciliopathies are a group of diseases that can affect multiple organ systems due to dysfunction or the absence of cilia. Cilia are small organelles, extending from the cell surface. Nonmotile monocilia are ubiquitously present during cell development fulfilling chemosensory functions, whereas specialized epithelia such as the ependyma, lining the inner surface of the brain ventricles, exhibit multiciliated cells propelling fluids along the cell surface. This review highlights ciliopathies and their pathophysiology in congenital hydrocephalus. While nonmotile ciliopathies are often associated with severe prenatal hydrocephalus combined with other severe congenital brain malformations, motile ciliopathies, especially those associated with defects in multiciliogenesis can cause hydrocephalus and chronic lung disease.
“Celts” up and down the Alps. Insights on mobility patterns in thepre‐Roman/Celtic population from Verona (NEItaly, 3rd–1st c.BCE): A multi‐isotopic approach
Authors: Laffranchi Zita , Granados‐Torres Arsenio , Lösch Sandra , Zink Albert , Dori Irene , Delgado‐Huertas Antonio , Milella Marco
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The Late Iron Age in continental Europe featured complex demographic processes including, among others, the establishment of transalpine “Celtic” communities on the Italian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries BCE. To date, only few data are available about mobility and migration in these populations. Here we explore these topics among the Cenomani of Seminario Vescovile (SV‐Verona, Italy, 3rd–1st c. BCE) through a multi‐isotopic approach and test the possible associations with sex, age and funerary treatment.

Materials and methods

We analyzed isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) from bone phosphate and collagen, respectively, of 49 individuals (23 males, 17 females, and 9 nonadults). In addition, we explored possible intraindividual lifetime changes by comparing collagenδ13C from bone and dentine of 26 individuals. We assessed nonlocality based on individual deviation of isotopic values from the population mean plus three times the median absolute deviation from the median (±3MAD). We then checked for isotopic differences between sexes and type of funerary treatment using Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

One individual shows isotopic values consistent with a nonlocal origin. Five more individuals may have originated from a different locality. No statistical differences separate sexes and types of funerary treatment.

Discussion

Results suggest a local origin of most of the individuals of SV with the few exceptions pointing especially to an Alpine origin. The low frequency of nonlocals at SV suggest a reduced mobility in this population, or the preeminence of short distance movements undetected by our analyses.
Menopause Status Moderates Sex Differences in Tau Burden: A Framingham PET Study
Authors: Buckley Rachel F. , O'Donnell Adrienne , McGrath Emer R. , Jacobs Heidi I.L. , Lois Cristina , Satizabal Claudia L. , Ghosh Saptaparni , Rubinstein Zoe B. , Murabito Joanne M. , Sperling Reisa A. , Johnson Keith A. , Seshadri Sudha , Beiser Alexandra S.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Women have a higher lifetime risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than men. Among cognitively normal (CN) older adults, women exhibit elevated tau positron emission tomography (PET) signal compared with men. We explored whether menopause exacerbates sex differences in tau deposition in middle‐aged adults.

Methods

328 CN participants from the Framingham Study (mean age = 57 years (±10 years), 161 women, of whom, 104 were post‐menopausal) underwent tau and β‐amyloid (Aβ)‐PET neuroimaging. We examined global Aβ‐PET, and tau‐PET signal in 5 regions identified a priori as demonstrating significant sex differences in older adults (in temporal, inferior parietal, middle frontal, and lateral occipital regions). We examined sex and menopause status‐related differences in each region‐of‐interest, using linear regressions, as well as interactions with Aβ and APOEε4 genotype.

Results

Women exhibited higher tau‐PET signal (p < 0.002), and global Aβ‐PET (p = 0.010), than men in inferior parietal, rostral middle frontal, and lateral occipital regions. Compared with age‐matched men, post‐menopausal women showed significantly higher tau‐PET signal in parieto‐occipital regions (p < 0.0001). By contrast, no differences in tau‐PET signal existed between pre‐menopausal women and men. Aβ‐PET was not associated with menopausal status or age. Neither Aβ‐PET nor APOEε4 status moderated sex or menopause associations with tau‐PET.

Interpretation

Clear divergence in tauopathy between the sexes are apparent approximately 20 years earlier than previously reported. Menopause status moderated sex differences in Aβ and tau‐PET burden, with tau first appearing post‐menopause. Sex and menopause differences consistently appeared in middle frontal and parieto‐occipital regions but were not moderated by Aβ burden or APOEε4, suggesting that menopause‐related tau vulnerability may be independent of AD‐related pathways. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:11–22
Unique structure and new thermophysical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in nanocomposites based on nanoporous polypropylene matrices
Authors: Yarysheva Alena Yu. , Bakirov Artem V. , Yarysheva Larisa M. , Arzhakov Maxim S. , Arzhakova Olga V. , Chvalun Sergey N.
Published: April 2022

Polypropylene (PP)−poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanocomposites were prepared by tensile drawing of PP films in water–ethanol solutions containing PEO with molecular masses of 4, 20, and 200 kDa via environmental crazing (EC). EC of PP films is accompanied by the development of nanoporous structure, which is loaded with the PEO component. The content of PEO in the PP − PEO nanocomposites can achieve 40%. Crystallization of PEO within the nanoporous PP matrix proceeds under the conditions of the confined space: as a result, the degree of crystallinity and melting temperature of PEO are markedly reduced. This effect appears to be more pronounced as the molecular mass of PEO increases. The direction of orientation of the PEO crystalline lamellae also depends on the molecular mass of PEO. The prepared PP‐PEO composites with new thermophysical properties of PEO can be used as gas‐separation membranes as well as in microelectronics and electrochemical devices.
Fabrication of flexible ternary polymer blends comprising polypyrrole, polyvinylalcohol, and poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid): Study of structural, morphological, and dielectric properties
Authors: Pandey Mayank , Deshmukh Kalim
Published: April 2022

A new ternary polymer blend was synthesized and characterized in the present work. A series of ternary polymer blends comprising water soluble polypyrrole, polyvinyl alcohol, and poly(4‐styrenesulfonic acid) were prepared by solution casting method. The structural, electrical, and thermal properties of prepared ternary blends were investigated. X‐ray diffraction studies indicated the semicrystalline nature of the polymer blends and chemically interacted polymer chain were revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The morphological phase transformations were observed from scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy images. Thermogravimetric analysis explained the thermal degradation process. The ternary blends also possess excellent mechanical stability observed through force versus extension plot. The dielectric constant value of ternary blends was obtained in the range of 600–800 at low frequency range. The highest conductivity obtained was between 10−1 to 10−3 S cm−1 for ternary blends at higher frequency range. The overall results explains the charge transportation and relaxation process in the ternary blends due to presence of an electric field. The excellent dielectric constant values of ternary blends will be efficient for various electronics applications.
Machine Learning Applications for Chemical Reactions
Authors: Park Sanggil , Han Herim , Kim Hyungjun , Choi Sunghwan
Published: April 2022

Machine learning (ML) approaches have enabled rapid and efficient molecular property predictions as well as the design of new novel materials. In addition to great success for molecular problems, ML techniques are applied to various chemical reaction problems that require huge costs to solve with the existing experimental and simulation methods. In this review, starting with basic representations of chemical reactions, we summarized recent achievements of ML studies on two different problems; predicting reaction properties and synthetic routes. The various ML models are used to predict physical properties related to chemical reaction properties (e. g. thermodynamic changes, activation barriers, and reaction rates). Furthermore, the predictions of reactivity, self‐optimization of reaction, and designing retrosynthetic reaction paths are also tackled by ML approaches. Herein we illustrate various ML strategies utilized in the various context of chemical reaction studies.
Recent Advances in Nanomaterial‐based Optical Biosensors as Potential Point‐of‐Care Testing (PoCT) Probes in Carcinoembryonic Antigen Detection
Authors: Suan Ng Siew , Ling Lee Hooi , Bothi Raja Pandian , Doong Ruey‐an
Published: April 2022

For the past decades, several cancer biomarkers have been exploited for rapid and accurate prognosis or diagnosis purposes. In this review, the optical biosensor is targeted for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection. The CEA level is a prominent parameter currently used in clinical cases for the prognosis of cancer‐related diseases. Many nanomaterial‐based biosensors are invented as alternatives for the commonly used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) immunoassay method in CEA detection as the traditional approach. But they possess certain drawbacks such as tedious procedure, high technical demand, and costly. Nevertheless, the effort appears to be wasted as none of them are being actualised. Generally, the sensor function was carried out by converting bio‐signals generated upon the interface of the receptor into light signals. These sensors were popular due to specific advantages such as sensitivity, being free from chemical and electromagnetic interferences, wide dynamic range, and being easy to be monitored. The features of PoC diagnostics are discussed and associated to the various applications of colorimetric‐based and chemiluminescent‐based biosensors. The roles of nanomaterials in each application were also summarised by comparing the modification, incubation period, lowest detection limit (LOD) and linear range of detection amount. The challenges and future perspectives were highlighted as well at the end of the review.
Determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceuticals using flow injection with rhodamine 6G–diperiodatoargentate(III) chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shoaib , Asghar Muhammad , Yaqoob Mohammed , Ali Samar , Haider Shah Syed , Siddiqui Masood Ahmed
Published: April 2022

A chemiluminescence (CL) method based on rhodamine 6G (R6G)–diperiodatoargentate(III) (silver(III) complex) reaction in acid solution is reported for the determination of lansoprazole (LNP) combined with a flow injection (FI) technique. The most likely mechanism for CL reaction was elucidated considering reported data, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric studies. The weak CL reaction between R6G and silver(III) complex could be magnanimously increased in the presence of LNP with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 mg L−1 (S/N = 3), a linear range of 0.01 to 10 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.9997, n = 7), a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.2 to 3.2% (n = 4) and an injection throughput of 140 h−1. No interference activity of commonly found excipients in LNP was detected. After LNP extraction from pharmaceutical samples, the recovery rate ranging from 93 to 110% (RSD, 1.4–3.3%, n = 4) was calculated. The results of the proposed flow CL method were assessed with a spectrophotometric approach applying paired Student's t‐test and the calculated value (0.178) was lower than the distributed value (2.20) at a 95% confidence limit.
Development of a chemically intuitive filter for chemical graph convolutional network
Authors: Jeong Yoonho , Kim Jihoo , Kim Yeji , Choi Insung S.
Published: April 2022

This work proposes the use of (: identity matrix; : adjacency matrix), instead of , the normalized form of which has intensively been used for the construction of graph convolutional networks (GCNs), in deep‐learning chemistry. The performance of the GCN model with in its convolution step is at least on a par with the vanilla GCN that uses (: degree matrix of ) in various chemistry datasets, such as FreeSolv, ESOL, lipophilicity, and blood–brain barrier penetration datasets. It could be seen that the use of might be more chemically intuitive than the use of , potentially embracing the information on bond properties, such as dipole moment, and functional groups in a molecule. This work suggests unavoidable necessity of tackling molecular‐representation problems in deep‐learning chemistry from unprecedented angles of view for advanced development and construction of chemically intuitive deep‐learning models.
Fluorescent nucleobase analogs constructed by aldol‐type condensation: Design, properties, and synthetic optimization for fluorogenic labeling of 5‐formyluracil
Authors: Choi Hayeon , Kim Hokyung , Kim Ki Tae
Published: April 2022

Fluorescent nucleosides play essential roles in designing functional nucleic acid systems for various biological applications. Therefore, expanding the scope of fluorescent nucleosides with unique properties has become an important challenge. Herein, we report novel fluorescent nucleosides constructed by aldol‐type condensation between 5‐formylpyrimidine and a fluorogenic dye. Two new fluorescent nucleobase analogs (4a and 4c), derived from 2‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐cyano‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran and a quinolinium moiety, respectively, were determined through reaction screening, and their photophysical properties and formation kinetics were investigated. Among the two, 4a exhibits a unique fluorescence featuring a large Stokes shift (67–117 nm) and high environmental sensitivity, as evidenced by its viscosity‐induced fluorescence and aggregation‐induced emission behavior. The kinetic study revealed that 4a was readily synthesized even in aqueous solutions with pH 7 (kobs = 6.4 × 10−5/s). The overall results indicate that 4a is a promising molecule for use in fluorescent nucleic acid systems, particularly for selective fluorogenic labeling of 5‐formyluracil.
Validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantitation of bendamustine and copanlisib in mouse plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study in mice
Authors: Tripathy Harsha K. , Manju S. V. Nair , Bestha Rama Murthy , Kiran Vinay , Dittakavi Sreekanth , Mullangi Ramesh
Published: April 2022

In this study, we report the development and validation of an LC–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantitation of bendamustine and copanlisib in mouse plasma as per the US FDA regulatory guidelines. The sample processing involves extraction of bendamustine and copanlisib along with internal standard (IS; warfarin) from 50 μL mouse plasma using a liquid–liquid extraction method. The chromatographic separation of bendamustine, copanlisib and the IS was achieved on an Atlantis dC18 column using an isocratic mobile phase (5 mM ammonium acetate:methanol, 20:80 v/v). Bendamustine, copanlisib and the IS eluted at 0.88, 1.39 and 0.74 min, respectively, with a total run time of 2.5 min. The calibration curve ranged from 3.99–2996 and 4.33–3248 ng/mL for bendamustine and copanlisib, respectively. Inter‐ and intra‐day precision and accuracy, stability in processed samples and upon storage, dilution integrity and incurred sample reanalysis were investigated for both the analytes. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were in the ranges of 2.01%–5.05% and 2.74%–6.13% and 1.98%–7.64 and 8.62%–9.04% for bendamustine and copanlisib, respectively. Stability studies showed that both analytes were stable on bench top for 6 h, in auto‐sampler for 24 and at −80°C for 30 days. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in mice.
Proactive and reactive inhibitory control are differently affected by video game addiction: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Fathi Mazyar , Mazhari Shahrzad , Pourrahimi Ali Mohammad , Poormohammad Ahmad , Sardari Sara
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Video game addiction (VGA) is associated with physical and mental disorders, one of which is problem in executive function, particularly inhibitory control. The present study aimed to investigate reactive and proactive inhibitory controls by event‐related potential (ERP).

Methods

Thirty video game (action video games)‐addicted subjects and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study, who were tested by the selective stop‐signal task.

Results

The main results revealed that the VGA group had significantly more problems in preparatory processes and proactive stop trials, showing that VGA has a negative effect on proactive inhibition.

Conclusion

Finding the problem in proactive inhibitory control might be helpful in developing new treatments and rehabilitation methods in these fields.
Towards a circular disruption: On the pivotal role of circular economy policy entrepreneurs
Authors: Droege Hinrika , Kirchherr Julian , Raggi Andrea , Ramos Tomás B.
Published: April 2022

The shift towards sustainable development is argued to be achieved by a circular disruption triggered or supported by circular economy (CE) policies. CE policies can pressure the disruption of currently predominant linear socio‐technical systems across sectors towards a circular paradigm. Knowledge on how these policies appear on the agenda is essential to accelerate the circular disruption. Several works highlight the importance of policy entrepreneurs as agenda setters. However, they were not explored by the scholarly community on CE yet. Therefore, this article analyses the characteristics and strategies of CE policy entrepreneurs in Portugal as a circular frontrunner in the European Union (EU). Two groups of policy entrepreneurs were distinguished based on their different characteristics and strategies. Successfully driving the adoption of national CE policies required ambitious, tenacious and perfectionist CE expert(s) who create a CE vision, derive concrete solutions and gather support for their ideas, the CE initiator. Influencing CE implementation and evaluation required politically savvy CE implementers who openly and tenaciously develop projects and secure the continuous development of the policy.
Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Opuntia Milpa Alta Polysaccharides Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria in Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells
Authors: Zhang Yuzhi , Liu Pingping , You Shiquan , Zhao Dan , An Quan , Wang Dongdong , Zhang Jiachan , Li Meng , Wang Changtao
Published: April 2022

Opuntia milpa alta polysaccharides (ODP) are bioactive compounds extracted from Opuntia milpa alta and widely used in the treatment of diseases, but the therapeutic mechanism of ODP on inflammatory injury remains unclear. Therefore, this study explores the effects and mechanisms of ODP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation of human keratinocytes (HaCaT). In this experiment, ODP was extracted via the water extraction and fermentation methods, respectively. LPS was then used to induce inflammatory damage in HaCaT cells, and the stimulated cells were treated with different concentrations of ODP. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay, and the concentrations of COX‐2, iNOS, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Changes in inflammatory cytokines and related mRNA expression were observed to assess LPS‐induced cell damage. In the experiment, it was found that the LPS stimulation of HaCaT cells can induce cellular inflammatory response, reduce cell viability, increase cell apoptosis and increase the expression of COX‐2, iNOS, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α. However, the experimental data shows that ODP can reverse the above results by increasing cell viability, inhibiting cell apoptosis, reducing the expression of the above genes and inactivating antioxidant pathways, which revealed the specific mechanism of ODP repairing LPS‐induced inflammatory damage to Hacat cell. In addition, The experimental results showed that fermentation could improve the anti‐inflammatory effect of ODP. In conclusion, our experimental results indicate that ODP fermented by lactic acid bacteria can be used as an anti‐inflammatory agent.
Primary alveolar soft part sarcoma of the chest wall: A case report
Authors: Salarzaei Omid , Khoroushi Farzaneh , Aminzadeh Behzad , Jafarian Amir Hossein , Ghodsi Alireza , Soleimani Bami Hourieh
Published: April 2022

A 26‐year‐old man presented to the emergency department due to headache, nausea, and vomiting. He had a right subclavicular slow‐growing mass. Histopathological evaluation showed alveolar soft part sarcoma. The patient was found to have multiple cerebral and pulmonary metastases. So far, he has got three cycles of brain radiotherapy.
Acute organoaxial gastric volvulus—A dangerous twist
Authors: Chinnappan Justine , Hussain Murtaza S. , Deliwala Smit S. , Bachuwa Ghassan
Published: April 2022

Acute gastric volvulus is a rare yet life‐threatening condition with mortality ranging from 30% to 50% if not treated promptly. The stomach rotates on itself causing strangulation precipitating necrosis, cameron lesions, and perforation. Long‐standing paraesophageal hernia is a common cause of organoaxial gastric volvulus.
Cholangitis‐related biliary pneumatosis cysts in the dawning era of routine direct endoscopic visualization of biliary diseases
Authors: Zimmer Vincent
Published: April 2022

Biliary pneumatosis has recently been reported in intrahepatic amd extrahepatic bile ducts complicating bacterial cholangitis, as characterized by cholangioscopy. This clinical report adds another case of small‐scale pneumatosis cysts in the common bile duct to the literature. Similary to previously reported cases, the recent patient likewise had a history of acute cholangitis. It might be tempting to speculate that this finding might prove more common than expected in the dawning era of routine use of cholangioscopic characterization of biliary tract diseases.
Cross‐Talks Between Sulfane Sulfur and Thiol at a Zinc(II) Site
Authors: Sahana Tuhin , Kakkarakkal Dhanusree C. , Kundu Subrata
Published: April 2022

Transformations of sulfane sulfur compounds (e. g. organic polysulfides (R−Sn−R, n>2) and elemental sulfur (S8)) play pivotal roles in the biochemical landscape of sulfur, and thus supports signaling activities of H2S. Although a number of previous reports illustrate amine mediated reactions of S8 and thiol (RSH) yielding R−Sn−R, this report illustrates that a tripodal [ZnII] complex [(Bn3Tren)ZnII−OH2](ClO4)2 (1) facilitates the reactions of sulfane sulfur and thiol (RSH), thereby offering an amine‐free biologically relevant complementary route. UV‐vis monitoring of the reactions and a set of control experiments underline the definitive role of [ZnII] coordination motif in the reactions of sulfane sulfur (e. g. S8 and R−Sn−R) with RSH. Detailed investigations (UV‐vis, NMR, ESI‐MS, intermediate trapping, and TEMPO radical interference experiments) disclose the key differences in the [ZnII] versus previously known amine mediated routes. Moreover, the persulfide (RSS−) trapping experiments using 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (F‐DNB) reveal the intermediacy of RSS− species in the [ZnII] mediated reactions of sulfane sulfur and thiol, thereby demonstrating [ZnII] assisted persulfidation of thiol in the presence of sulfane sulfur species. Of broader impact, this study underscores the feasible influence of biologically relevant [ZnII] coordination motifs (e. g. carbonic anhydrase) on the sulfane sulfur chemistry in biology.
On‐Chip Chemical Synthesis Using One‐Step 3D Printed Polyperfluoropolyether
Authors: Goralczyk Andreas , Mayoussi Fadoua , Sanjaya Mario , Corredor Santiago Franco , Bhagwat Sagar , Song Qingchuan , Schwenteck Sarah , Warmbold Andreas , Pezeshkpour Pegah , Rapp Bastian E.
Published: April 2022

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has already shown its high relevance for the fabrication of microfluidic devices in terms of precision manufacturing cycles and a wider range of materials. 3D‐printable transparent fluoropolymers are highly sought after due to their high chemical and thermal resistance. Here, we present a simple one‐step fabrication process via stereolithography of perfluoropolyether dimethacrylate. We demonstrate successfully printed microfluidic mixers with 800 µm circular channels for chemistry‐on‐chip applications. The printed chips show chemical, mechanical, and thermal resistance up to 200 °C, as well as high optical transparency. Aqueous and organic reactions are presented to demonstrate the wide potential of perfluoropolyether dimethacrylate for chemical synthesis.
Computational Study of Double Transition Metal Atom Anchored on Graphdiyne Monolayer for Nitrogen Electroreduction
Authors: Hu Li‐Gang , Wang Hong‐Juan , Su Yaqiong
Published: April 2022

Converting N2 to NH3 is an essential reaction but remains a great challenge for industries. Developing more efficient catalysts for N2 reduction under mild conditions is of vital importance. In this work, double transition metal atoms (TM=Mo, W, Nb and Ru) anchored on graphdiyne monolayer (TM2@GDY) as electrocatalysts are designed, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms of N2 electroreduction are systematically investigated by means of first‐principles calculations. The results show that the double TM atoms can be strongly anchored on the acetylenic ring of GDY and Ru2@GDY exhibits the highest catalytic activity for NRR with a maximum free energy change of 0.55 eV through the enzymatic pathway. The significant charge transfer between the substrate and the adsorbed N2 molecule is responsible for the superior catalytic activity. This work could provide a new approach for the rational design of double‐atom catalysts for NRR and other related reduction reactions.
Electrophoresis of a highly charged fluid droplet in dilute electrolyte solutions: Analytical Hückel‐type solution
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Yu , Fan Leia , Tseng Jessica , Lin Jason , Tseng Andy , Lee Eric
Published: April 2022

An analytical formula is presented here for the electrophoresis of a dielectric or perfectly conducting fluid droplet with arbitrary surface potentials suspended in a very dilute electrolyte solution. In other words, when the Debye length (κ−1) is very large, or κa1, where κ is the electrolyte strength and a stands for the droplet radius. This formula can be regarded as an extension of the famous Hückel solution valid for weakly charged rigid particles to arbitrarily charged fluid droplets. The formula reduces successfully to the ones obtained by Booth for a dielectric droplet, and Ohshima for a perfectly conducting droplet, both under Debye–Hückel approximation valid for weakly charged droplets. Moreover, the formula is valid for a gas bubble and a rigid solid particle as well. Classic results obtained by Hückel for a rigid particle are reproduced as well. We found that for a dielectric droplet, the more viscous the droplet is, the faster it moves regardless of its surface potential, contrary to the intuition based on the purely hydrodynamic consideration. For a perfectly conducting liquid droplet, on the other hand, the situation is reversed: The less viscous the droplet is, the faster it moves. The presence or absence of the spinning electric driving force tangent to the droplet surface is found to be responsible for it. As a result, an axisymmetric exterior vortex flow surrounding the droplet is always present for a dielectric liquid droplet, and never there for a conducting liquid droplet.
Piezo/Triboelectric Effect Driven Self‐Powered Gas Sensor for Environmental Sensor Networks
Authors: Joo Hyeonseo , Lee Keun Young , Lee Ju-Hyuck
Published: April 2022

With the growing concern about the safety of the spaces where people work and live, the development of fast and accurate real‐time safety monitoring systems such as gas sensors to detect harmful gas such as H2S, NH3,and NOxis essential. For effective monitoring, a wireless sensor system that can be used anytime, anywhere is required, but there is still a limit to the power supply to operate it. Self‐powered gas sensors with piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators (PENGs/TENGs) are receiving considerable attention because they can implement portable gas sensors that do not require an additional power source. Herein, the latest developments in piezoelectric/triboelectric effect based self‐powered gas sensors are summarized and discussed. The first part of this review discusses the fundamental aspects and strategies of the self‐powered active gas sensor based on the piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. The second part focuses on the self‐powered gas sensors that operate on energy generated by piezoelectric and TENGs.
Unraveling the irreversible transformation by nucleophilic substitution: A hint for fully transparent perovskite
Authors: Liang Zihui , Hou Yuchen , Li Jing , Wang Shimin , Li Jin , Wang Kai , Wu Congcong
Published: April 2022

Methylamine molecular treatment (MMT) either in precursor ink or final film of perovskite has been widely proposed to trigger either high‐efficiency, room‐temperature, green‐solvent, fast crystallization, and high‐throughput in processing perovskite solar cells but exclusively limited in methylammonium (MA)‐based perovskites, which is due to the reversible exchange between external methylamine (MA0) molecule and the same molecule's cation form (MA+) in the crystallographic A‐site of MA‐based perovskites. Executing MMT into formamidinium (FA)‐based perovskite (e.g., FAPbI3) that has optimal electronic band structure may bring new insights not only in high‐quality FAPbI3 towards higher efficiency but also in manufacturing merits such as fast and low‐temperature processability. By this motivation, we introduced MMT into the processing of FAPbI3 but obtained a new stabilized bleached crystal with complete transparency in the visible range. This can be ascribed to the irreversible reaction between the external MA0 molecule and the larger‐size FA+ cation in the lattice. We systematically investigated the chemical interaction in the MMT‐FAPbI3 system and proposed a nucleophilic substitution mechanism to understand this irreversible transformation. Surprisingly, this highly stable transparent crystal exhibits high transparency with average visible transmission (AVT) of 77.07% and color rendering index (CRI) of 95.81, and shows promising photodetector performance with response time less than 2 ms and on/off ratio of 1.18 × 103 under ultraviolet (UV) radiation, providing a novel and stable transparent candidate for UV photodetector application.

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Bioinspired hierarchical evaporator via cell wall engineering for highly efficient and sustainable solar desalination
Authors: Zhang Haotian , Li Lin , He Nan , Wang Haonan , Wang Bingsen , Dong Tongyu , Jiang Bo , Tang Dawei
Published: April 2022

Solar interfacial evaporation holds great potential for desalination. Currently, abundant and renewable biomass appears to be the most sustainable evaporator candidate for addressing environmental and energy challenges. However, the widespread use of biomass‐based evaporators is hampered by the formation and deposition of salt on the evaporation surface. Herein, we present a hierarchical photothermal aerogel inspired by the leaves‐on‐stems architecture in pristine plants. It is formed with microchannels severing as stems and nanospikes as leaves. Microchannels with large pores enable quick brine replenishment, while numerous nanospikes increase the available surface area for vapor generation. In contrast to the macro‐scale salt‐resistant design, which ruins the overall structure of the evaporator, we modified the microchannel structure within the biomass, allowing the biomass evaporator to effectively resist salt while maintaining efficient evaporation performance. The unique hierarchical micro‐nano structure of this photothermal aerogel allows it to achieve a high evaporation rate of 1.78 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun and a continuous evaporation time of 100 h without salt deposition in a high‐salinity brine (15 wt%), outperforming most previously reported evaporators derived from biomass. Additionally, the anti‐biofouling capacity of the evaporator is effectively demonstrated for long‐term operation through the development of an enhanced freshwater collection prototype, highlighting the potential for sustainable off‐grid solar desalination.

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Highly basic and active ZnO–x% K2O nanocomposite catalysts for the production of methyl ethyl ketone biofuel
Authors: Halawy Samih A. , Osman Ahmed I. , Rooney David W.
Published: April 2022

Herein we demonstrate the preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline ZnO, either pure or promoted with 1–10 wt.% K2O. All catalysts calcined at 400°C were in the nano‐crystallite scale as confirmed by X‐ray powder diffraction analysis in the 22.9–28.0 nm range. According to the CO2‐temperature‐programmed desorption study using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry techniques, they have a broad spectrum of surface basic sites. Because of the significance of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as a next‐generation biofuel candidate with high‐octane, low boiling point, and relatively high vapor pressure. The prepared catalysts were examined during the direct production of MEK via 2‐butanol (2B) dehydrogenation. Among catalysts tested, ZnO promoted with 1% K2O showed a superior catalytic activity towards the conversion of 2B to MEK, that is, 71.7% at a reaction temperature of 275°C. The selectivity for the production of MEK over all catalysts was ≥95% across all catalysts when using N2‐gas as a carrier. The use of airflow in this reaction resulted in a clear loss of selectivity toward MEK production as well as the appearance of undesirable products such as acetone and methanol. All catalytic properties of catalysts, particularly those of moderate strength, were highly correlated with the distribution of surface basic sites. Finally, a reaction mechanism was proposed for the dehydrogenation of 2B, followed by the partial oxidation of MEK.
A narrative review on conformational structure characterization of natural polysaccharides
Authors: Du Bin , Nie Shaoping , Peng Fei , Yang Yuedong , Xu Baojun
Published: April 2022

Polysaccharides are structurally varied groups of biological macromolecules which broadly occurrence in nature. The structural features like detailed glycosidic linkages, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight (MW), and chain conformation could impact their functions. This paper attempts to review the current development on conformational characterization of polysaccharides and includes the influence of chain conformations on their biological activities. The chain conformations characterization methods mainly include static and dynamic light scattering, multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS) detector, high‐performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), viscosity analysis in the base of the theory of dilute polymer solution, circular dichroism (CD), Congo red test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), single molecular AFM, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), single‐molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, HPSEC‐MALLS analysis, as well as HPSEC‐MALLS‐refractive index (RI)‐viscosity detector (VS) system. This would be also helpful for development and application of polysaccharides from different natural sources.