bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Driven Water Oxidation by a Highly Active Ruthenium‐Based Catalyst
Authors: Shatskiy Andrey , Bardin Andrey A. , Oschmann Michael , Matheu Roc , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Eriksson Lars , Kärkäs Markus D. , Johnston Eric V. , Gimbert‐Suriñach Carolina , Llobet Antoni , Åkermark Björn
Published: February 2019

The highly active ruthenium‐based water oxidation catalyst [RuX(mcbp)(OHn)(py)2] [mcbp2−=2,6‐bis(1‐methyl‐4‐(carboxylate)benzimidazol‐2‐yl)pyridine; n=2, 1, and 0 for X=II, III, and IV, respectively], can be generated in a mixture of RuIII and RuIV states from either [RuII(mcbp)(py)2] or [RuIII(Hmcbp)(py)2]2+ precursors. The precursor complexes are isolated and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, NMR, UV/Vis, EPR, and FTIR spectroscopy, ESI‐HRMS, and elemental analysis, and their redox properties are studied in detail by electrochemical and spectroscopic methods. Unlike the parent catalyst [Ru(tda) (py)2] (tda2−=[2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine]‐6,6′′‐dicarboxylate), for which full transformation into the catalytically active species [RuIV(tda)(O)(py)2] could not be carried out, stoichiometric generation of the catalytically active Ru–aqua complex [RuX(mcbp)(OHn)(py)2] from the RuII precursor was achieved under mild conditions (pH 7.0) and short reaction times. The redox properties of the catalyst were studied and its activity for electrocatalytic water oxidation was evaluated, reaching a maximum turnover frequency (TOFmax) of around 40 000 s−1 at pH 9.0 (from foot‐of‐the‐wave analysis), which is comparable to the activity of the state‐of‐the‐art catalyst [RuIV(tda)(O)(py)2].
Radcliffe ARFID Workgroup: Toward operationalization of research diagnostic criteria and directions for the field
Authors: Eddy Kamryn T. , Harshman Stephanie G. , Becker Kendra R. , Bern Elana , Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Hilbert Anja , Katzman Debra K. , Lawson Elizabeth A. , Manzo Laurie D. , Menzel Jessie , Micali Nadia , Ornstein Rollyn , Sally Sarah , Serinsky Sharon P. , Sharp William , Stubbs Kathryn , Walsh B. Timothy , Zickgraf Hana , Zucker Nancy , Thomas Jennifer J.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Since its introduction to the psychiatric nomenclature in 2013, research on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) has proliferated highlighting lack of clarity in how ARFID is defined.

Method

In September 2018, a small multi‐disciplinary pool of international experts in feeding disorder and eating disorder clinical practice and research convened as the Radcliffe ARFID workgroup to consider operationalization of DSM‐5 ARFID diagnostic criteria to guide research in this disorder.

Results

By consensus of the Radcliffe ARFID workgroup, ARFID eating is characterized by food avoidance and/or restriction, involving limited volume and/or variety associated with one or more of the following: weight loss or faltering growth (e.g., defined as in anorexia nervosa, or by crossing weight/growth percentiles); nutritional deficiencies (defined by laboratory assay or dietary recall); dependence on tube feeding or nutritional supplements (≥50% of daily caloric intake or any tube feeding not required by a concurrent medical condition); and/or psychosocial impairment.

Conclusions

This article offers definitions on how best to operationalize ARFID criteria and assessment thereof to be tested in existing clinical populations and to guide future study to advance understanding and treatment of this heterogeneous disorder.
Distinguishing three distinct biogeographic regions with an in‐house developed 39‐AIM‐InDel panel and further admixture proportion estimation for Uyghurs
Authors: Lan Qiong , Shen Chunmei , Jin Xiaoye , Guo Yuxin , Xie Tong , Chen Chong , Cui Wei , Fang Yating , Yang Guang , Zhu Bofeng
Published: February 2019

In the forensic field, ancestry‐informative markers (AIMs) showing remarkable allele frequency discrepancies can be useful in deducing the likely ancestral origin of a person or estimating the ancestry component proportions of an admixed population or individual. Diallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms are genetic markers commonly used for ancestry inference, but the genotyping methods of single nucleotide polymorphisms fail to fulfil the demands of cost‐effectiveness and simplicity of experimental manipulation. To overcome the limitations, a 39 ancestry‐informative insertion/deletion polymorphism multiplex panel was developed in the present study to perform ancestry assignment of individuals from three distinct biogeographic regions (Africa, Europe, East Asia). And in the panel design, we also attempted to incorporate AIM‐insertion/deletion polymorphisms exhibiting allelic frequency differences in Han, Uyghur, and Tibetan populations into the multiplex assay, further expecting to provide valuable information for refining ancestry inference within Chinese populations. Statistical analyses were performed to estimate efficiency of this panel in clustering individuals from three continents mentioned above into their corresponding populations, which indicated the potential of the panel in ancestry inference. Besides, we also estimated the ancestral component proportions of Uyghur group and STRUCTURE analysis revealed that Uyghurs from Urumchi city of northern Xinjiang exhibited a distinctly admixed pattern of East Asian and European ancestry components with a ratio of 49:44, reflecting the relatively higher East Asian ancestry component contribution in the gene pool of the Uyghur group.
Evaluation of aerobic/anaerobic industrial wastewater treatment processes: The application of multi‐criteria decision analysis
Authors: Saghafi Sahar , Ebrahimi Atieh , Mehrdadi Naser , Bidhendy Gholamreza Nabi
Published: February 2019

Various technological methods are available for industrial wastewater treatment; from conventional to advanced treatment processes. Hence, it is a difficult task to select the most appropriate technology to treat industrial wastewater at a particular location. Many factors are involved in the decision‐making process, including capital, operation, and maintenance costs, as well as land requirement. The present work reports the results of the application of multiple‐attribute decision‐making (MADM) tool to industrial wastewater treatment plants operated under a hybrid aerobic/anaerobic biological process. At the first step, nine industrial wastewater treatment plants were evaluated and ranked by eight criteria using the Vikor method. Among the selected criteria, land requirements, energy consumption, and excess sludge production had the most pronounced effect on the decision‐making process. The results also indicated that the integration of upflow anaerobic fixed bed with intergraded fixed‐film activated sludge process could be used as the most appropriate treatment technology with a Vikor index of one. The result can provide wastewater treatment professionals and water agencies with an effective tool to choose the most appropriate hybrid process for industrial wastewater treatment plants. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Observed Scores as Matching Variables in Differential Item Functioning Under the One‐ and Two‐Parameter Logistic Models: Population Results
Authors: Guo Hongwen , Dorans Neil J.
Published: February 2019

We derive formulas for the differential item functioning (DIF) measures that two routinely used DIF statistics are designed to estimate. The DIF measures that match on observed scores are compared to DIF measures based on an unobserved ability (theta or true score) for items that are described by either the one‐parameter logistic (1PL) or two‐parameter logistic (2PL) item response theory (IRT) model. We use two different weighting schemes (uniform weights and item discrimination weights) to construct the observed score matching variable. Our results show that (a) under the 1PL item response model, the observed score‐based DIF measures always approximate the true score‐based DIF measures very closely; (b) under the 2PL model, when the observed score is the simple sum score, the observed score‐based DIF measures underestimate or overestimate the true score‐based DIF measures under the null hypothesis of no DIF when the groups are different in ability, and this bias is related to the degree to which the average discrimination parameter underestimates or overestimates the studied discrimination parameter; and (c) under the 2PL model, when the item discrimination weights are used to define the observed score, the observed score‐based DIF measures always approximate the true score‐based DIF measures very closely. These results will hold for any sets of item responses that are described by either the 1PL or 2PL IRT model.
Graphite Whiskers Derived from Waste Coffee Grounds Treated at High Temperature
Authors: Melvin Gan Jet Hong , Wang Zhipeng , Morimoto Shingo , Fujishige Masatsugu , Takeuchi Kenji , Hashimoto Yoshio , Endo Morinobu
Published: February 2019

Graphite whiskers (GWs) are obtained from coffee grounds (CGs) treated at 2500 °C for 1 h in the presence of Ar gas at 1 atm. The majority of the GWs formed inside the CGs shell are rod‐like with a conical tip with diameter and length in the range between 1 to 3 µm and 4 to 10 µm, respectively. At first, the carbon layer might be grown in a turbostratic manner, and then progressively graphitized at higher temperature. The strong G′ peak intensity might be induced by the disclination of graphitized carbon layers.
Fasting serum glucose, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, and thyroid hormones and risk of papillary thyroid cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Hu Ming‐Jun , Zhang Chi , Liang Ling , Wang Sheng‐Ying , Zheng Xu‐Cai , Zhang Qian , Jiang Chun‐Xiao , Zhong Qi , Huang Fen
Published: February 2019

Background

This study was to investigate the association of fasting serum glucose (FSG), thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid hormones with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

Methods

A total of 649 participants were included in this case‐control study. The associations of FSG, TSH, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) with PTC were estimated using an unconditional logistic regression.

Results

Compared with the lowest quintile of TSH levels, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for association between PTC risk and highest quintile of TSH levels were 1.67 (95% CI, 0.99‐2.83). However, this risk correlation was more significant in PTC cases with ≤1.0 cm tumor size (adjusted OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.08‐3.54; adjusted P‐trend, 0.05). The PTC risk was also inversely associated with the serum FT3 level in all participants (adjusted P‐trend, 0.001), but positively associated with the serum FT4 (adjusted P‐trend, 0.001) and FSG (adjusted P‐trend, 0.01) levels. Among the participants without diabetes, the individuals with high FSG levels and abnormal TSH concentration had an increased PTC risk (adjusted OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.78‐6.42).

Conclusion

The current study provides evidence for the association of FSG, TSH, and thyroid hormones (FT3 and FT4) with PTC risk. However, larger relative studies are needed.
Exploring the relationship between psychoacoustic and affective variables in a shutter‐press sound
Authors: Rhie Ye Lim , Kim Ga Won , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: February 2019

Whereas smart products have emerged as a new product category, almost no studies have introduced product sounds that give a smart impression. Moreover, technological development has increased the need to shape or design consequential sounds, which have been recognized to depend on the mechanical properties of a product. Therefore, we introduce an approach to design consequential sounds for a camera‐shutter sound. First, we elicit design variables from existing camera‐shutter sounds and conduct an experiment to examine their effects on smartness and satisfaction. Next, the time structure‐related variables of a camera‐shutter sound are modified and evaluated with eight sound descriptors. The results demonstrate the relationship between design variables and affective variables by adopting the concept of psychoacoustic variables. The proposed method might be able to assist in designing a consequential sound to present both smart impressions and other targeted sound impressions depending on the research purpose.
Pelvic floor myofascial pain in patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection
Authors: Wolff Birte J. , Joyce Cara J. , Brincat Cynthia A. , Mueller Elizabeth R. , Fitzgerald Colleen M.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To correlate lower urinary tract symptoms typically associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI) with physical examination findings of pelvic floor myofascial pain (PFMP).

Methods

This retrospective review included all new patients presenting to a urogynecology clinic between August 2 and December 19, 2016. Patients completed validated questionnaires, had a catheterized urine specimen, and underwent pelvic examination. Associations between demographics, symptoms, urine culture, and PFMP were analyzed.

Results

We included 250 patients with urinary frequency (n=160, 64.0%), urgency (n=155, 62.0%), urgency incontinence (n=140, 56.0%), pelvic pain (n=43, 17.2%), and dysuria (n=25, 10.0%). PFMP was detected in 125 (50.0%) patients and culture‐proven UTI in 15 (6.0%) patients. Demographics associated with PFMP were lower prolapse stage (P<0.001), age younger than 50 years (P<0.001), lower parity (P=0.028), and non‐white ethnicity (P=0.003). Symptoms associated with PFMP were dysuria (adjusted odds ratio 4.13, 95% confidence interval 1.08–15.78), urgency/frequency (2.72, 1.47–5.04), and patient‐reported pelvic pain (2.57, 1.08–6.12). These symptoms were independent predictors in multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions

Most patients had symptoms associated with UTI; however, culture‐confirmed diagnosis was infrequent and PFMT was diagnosed in half of participants. Clinicians treating women with these symptoms are advised to examine the pelvic floor muscles.
Renal transplant anastomotic pseudoaneurysms: Case report of open repair and endovascular management
Authors: Sharma Nitin , Bidnur Samir , Caldas Mauricio , McNally Dermot , Murray Allan , Turnbull Robert , Todd Gerald T , Moore Ronald B
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Anastomotic pseudoaneurysm is one of the rarest vascular complications after renal transplant surgery. Therapeutic options include open surgical repair or endovascular stenting.

Case presentation

Case 1 had pseudoaneurysm involving external iliac artery and was managed by jump graft to allograft using cadaveric donor iliac arteries and patch angioplasty repair of external iliac artery after excising pseudoaneurysm. Case 2 had undergone orthotopic renal transplant with spleno‐renal arterial anastomosis and developed a massive pseudoaneurysm proximal to spleno‐renal arterial anastomosis. This patient underwent endovascular stenting preserving allograft vascularity and graft function. Outcome in both patients was successful with normalization of renal function to baseline levels.

Conclusion

Treatment of renal transplant anastomotic pseudoaneurysms is difficult and associated with high rates of graft loss. Open surgery is the gold standard providing several possibilities for arterial reconstruction preserving graft and limb circulation. Endovascular treatment should be considered in high‐risk surgical patients with favorable anatomy.
The Emerging Role of Osteocytes in Cancer in Bone
Authors: Atkinson Emily G , Delgado‐Calle Jesús
Published: February 2019

Advances in the last decade have established the osteocyte, the most abundant cell in bone, as a dynamic and multifunctional cell capable of controlling bone homeostasis by regulating the function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In addition, accumulating evidence demonstrates that osteocyte function is altered in several skeletal disorders, and targeting osteocytes and their derived factors improves skeletal health. Despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of osteocyte biology, there has been a paucity of information regarding the role of osteocytes in the progression of cancer in bone. Exciting, recent discoveries suggest that tumor cells communicate with osteocytes to generate a microenvironment that supports the growth and survival of cancer cells and stimulates bone destruction. This review features these novel findings and discussions regarding the impact of chemotherapy on osteocyte function and the potential of targeting osteocytes for the treatment of cancer in bone. © 2019 The Authors.JBMR Pluspublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Therapeutic effect of double plasma molecular adsorption system and sequential half‐dose plasma exchange in patients with HBV‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Yao Jia , Li Shuang , Zhou Li , Luo Lei , Yuan Lili , Duan Zhongping , Xu Jun , Chen Yu
Published: February 2019

Objective

The artificial liver support system (ALSS) is used frequently as a first‐line treatment for hepatitis B virus‐associated acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (HBV‐ACLF). This study aims to compare the therapeutic efficacy of double plasma molecular adsorption system (DPMAS) with sequential half‐dose plasma exchange (PE) (DPMAS+PE) and full‐dose PE in patients with HBV‐ACLF.

Methods

A total of 131 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed with HBV‐ACLF and underwent DPMAS+PE or PE were retrospectively analyzed. According to the treatment methods used, they were divided into PE group (n = 77) and DPMAS+PE group (n = 54). The main evaluation indexes included the change of liver function and the 28‐days liver transplant‐free survival rates after the different treatments.

Results

There were no significant differences on severity of illness between PE group and DPMAS+PE group (P > 0.05). The total bilirubin (TBIL) levels immediately after treatment, and at 24 and 72 hours after treatment were markedly decreased in DPMAS+PE group than that in PE group (52.3 ± 9.4% vs 42.3 ± 7.2%, P < 0.05; 24.2 ± 10.0% vs 13.5 ± 13.0%, P < 0.05; 24.8 ± 13.1% vs 14.9 ± 14.9%, P < 0.05; respectively). The 28‐days survival rates was 62.3% and 72.2% in PE and DPMAS+PE groups (P = 0.146). Furthermore, the 28‐days survival rates were significantly higher in DPMAS+PE group than that in PE group (57.4% vs 41.7%, P = 0.043) in the intermediate‐advanced stage patients.

Conclusion

Compared with PE alone, DPMAS+PE might more effectively improve temporary TBIL in ACLF patients, and improve the 28‐days survival rates in HBV‐ACLF patients with intermediate‐advanced stage. Therefore, DPMAS+PE may be an available ALSS treatment for HBV‐ACLF patients.
PKM2‐regulated STAT3 promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via TGF‐β1‐induced EMT
Authors: Ma Rong , Liu Qing , Zheng Shutao , Liu Tao , Tan Doudou , Lu Xiaomei
Published: February 2019

Recent studies have demonstrated pleiotropic roles of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) in tumor progression. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of PKM2 on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) metastasis and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) remain to be established. In this study, we observed upregulation of PKM2 in ESCC tissues that was markedly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. High PKM2 expression in tumor tissues frequently coincided with the high pSTAT3Tyr705 expression and low E‐cadherin expression. Furthermore, altered PKM2 expression was significantly associated with proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells, in addition to expression patterns of EMT markers (Snail, E‐cadherin, and vimentin) and pSTAT3Tyr705/STAT3 ratio. Overexpression of STAT3 significantly attenuated the effects of PKM2 knockdown on cell proliferation and motility as well as expression of pSTAT3
Tyr705 and EMT markers. Consistently, stable short hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐mediated silencing of PKM2 reversed the effects of TGF‐β1 treatment, specifically, upregulation of PKM2, phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705, and increased EMT, migration, and invasion. We propose that PKM2 regulates cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via phosphorylation of STAT3 through TGF‐β1‐induced EMT. Our findings collectively provide mechanistic insights into the tumor‐promoting role of PKM2, supporting its prognostic value and the therapeutic utility of PKM2 inhibitors as potential antitumor agents in ESCC.
Circular RNA expression profiles during the differentiation of human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocyte‐like cells
Authors: Ruan Zhong‐Bao , Chen Ge‐Cai , Zhang Rui , Zhu Li
Published: February 2019

So far, there were no reports on circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles in the differentiation of human umbilical cord–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) into cardiomyocyte‐like cells induced by 5‐aza. In this study, hUCMSCs were isolated from umbilical cords and induced with 5‐aza for 14 days. Immunofluorescence staining, real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and western blot of cardiac troponin I and α‐sarcomeric actin on hUCMSCs between Days 14 and 0 were performed. The expression profile of circRNAs was analyzed by microarray and validated with RT‐PCR. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to identify the functions of differentially expressed genes and related pathways. The connections between circRNAs and microRNAs were explored by using Cytoscape. The results showed that a total of 226 circRNAs were calculated as differentially expressed during the differentiation. Among them, 127 were upregulated and 99 were downregulated. We selected circRNAs that were upregulated by more than five‐fold and downregulated by more than three‐fold. Ultimately, 74 differentially expressed circRNAs that were highly conserved on Day 14 after induction compared to Day 0 were identified. Among them, 41 were upregulated and 33 were downregulated. Four upregulated circRNAs (circRNA_01536, circRNA_04411, circRNA_09169, and circRNA_09905) and four downregulated circRNAs (circRNA_00699, circRNA_01183, circRNA_01978, and circRNA_16804) were randomly confirmed by RT‐PCR. GO analysis suggested a number of cell proliferation and differentiation related physiological processes and pathways, such as the Wnt signaling pathway and others. Network analysis uncovered three potential key circRNAs, that is, circRNA_05432, circRNA_08441, and circRNA_01536.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: Safety and efficacy of local injections of mesenchymal stem cells in perianal fistulas
Authors: Ciccocioppo Rachele , Klersy Catherine , Leffler Daniel A , Rogers Raquel , Bennett Dimitri , Corazza Gino Roberto
Published: February 2019

Perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (CD) represent a highly debilitating and difficult‐to‐treat condition. Given emerging supportive evidence, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all trials/observational studies to establish the safety and efficacy of local injections of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The PRISMA‐P statement was applied for planning and reporting, and MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov database, and ECCO 2017 proceedings were searched for published observational studies and one‐arm and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Safety was assessed in terms of acute local/systemic events, long‐term events, and relatedness with MSC treatment. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of external and/or radiological closure of fistula tracks. After a review of 211 citations, 23 studies, including 696 participants, were evaluated. Four were RCTs with a total of 483 patients. Overall, fistula closure occurred in 80% of MSC‐treated patients. In RCTs, this rate was 64% in the MSC arm and 37% in the control arm (relative risk (RR) = 1.54). Radiological response occurred in 83% of MSC‐treated patients. Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 1% of MSC‐treated patients, with severe treatment‐related adverse events reaching 0% over a median follow‐up of 6 months. In RCTs, treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 13% in the MSC arm and 24% in the control arm (RR = 0.65). The relapse rate was 0. These results suggest that a local MSC injection is safe and efficacious. Further clinical trials with standardized end‐points are required to ensure the timely implementation of this new therapy in the management of perianal CD.
Long‐term modelling of wind speeds using six different heuristic artificial intelligence approaches
Authors: Maroufpoor Saman , Sanikhani Hadi , Kisi Ozgur , Deo Ravinesh C. , Yaseen Zaher Mundher
Published: February 2019

Wind speed is an essential component that needs to be determined accurately, especially over long‐term periods for various engineering and scientific purposes including renewable energy productions, structural building sustainability and others. In this study, six different heuristic methods: multi‐layer perceptron artificial neural networks, (ANN), adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with grid partition (GP), ANFIS with subtractive clustering (SC), generalized regression neural networks (GRNN), gene expression programming (GEP) and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) are developed to model monthly wind speeds using meteorological input information. The atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall values are obtained from Jolfa and Tabriz meteorological stations, Iran, and are used to build the proposed predictive models.. Different statistical indicators are computed to evaluate and comprehensively assess the performance of the six heuristic methods. Over the testing phase, the ANFIS‐GP and GRNN models are seen to exhibit the highest predictive performance for the Jolfa and Tabriz stations, respectively. That is, the maximum coefficient of determination are found to be 0.874, 0.858, 0.850, 0.849, 0.847 and 0.826, for the GRNN, ANFIS‐GP, ANFIS‐SC, ANN, GEP and MARS models, respectively, for Jolfa station, respectively, revealing the superiority of GRNN over the five counterpart models. The results show the generalization capability of the tested heuristic artificial intelligence techniques for both study stations, and therefore could be explored for windspeed prediction and various decisions made in regards to climate change studies.
Impact of atmospheric heat and moisture transport on the Arctic warming
Authors: Alekseev Genrikh , Kuzmina Svetlana , Bobylev Leonid , Urazgildeeva Alexandra , Gnatiuk Natalia
Published: February 2019

The effect of the meridional atmospheric heat and moisture transport on the Arctic warming is estimated using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis over 1979–2015. Major influx of sensible and latent heat into the Arctic occurs through the Atlantic sector 0°–80°E between the surface and the 750 hPa level. This influx explains more than 50% of the average temperature variability in the area 70°–90°N in winter with almost equal contribution of both fluxes. Calculations using MPI‐ESM‐MR Earth System model from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble showed the similar effect of the meridional atmospheric heat and moisture transport and its increase by the end of the century. Mean summer transport in the low troposphere is directed from the Arctic and transfers out the moisture produced by summer melting of sea ice. The major drivers of summer warming are the radiation processes especially downwards longwave radiation.
CTGF induces tenogenic differentiation and proliferation of adipose‐derived stromal cells
Authors: Li Xiaoning , Pongkitwitoon Suphannee , Lu Hongbin , Lee Chang , Gelberman Richard , Thomopoulos Stavros
Published: February 2019

Intrasynovial tendons are paucicellular and hypovascular, resulting in a poor response to injury. Surgical repair of ruptured or lacerated tendons often lead to complications such as adhesions, repair site gapping, and repair site rupture. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) have shown promise for enhancing tendon repair, as they have the capacity to differentiate into tendon fibroblasts and augment the healing response. Furthermore, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been shown to promote tendon regeneration via the stimulation of endogenous tendon stem cells. Here, we evaluated the potential of CTGF to promote tenogenic differentiation of ASCs in vitro. Gene and protein expression, cell proliferation, and FAK and ERK1/2 signaling were assessed. CTGF increased tenogenic genes in mouse ASCs in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Western blot and immunostaining analyses demonstrated increases in tenogenic protein expression in CTGF‐treated ASCs at all timepoints studied. CTGF increased ASC proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. CTGF induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 within 5 min and FAK within 15 min; both signals persisted for 120 min. Blocking FAK and ERK1/2 pathways by selective inhibitors SCH772984 and PF573228, respectively, attenuated the CTGF‐induced tenogenic differentiation and proliferation of ASCs. These results suggest that CTGF induces tenogenic differentiation of ASCs via the FAK and ERK1/2 pathway. Statement of clinical significance: Although prior research has led to advances in tendon operative techniques and rehabilitation methods, clinical outcomes after tendon repair remain variable, with high rates of repair site gapping or rupture. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Effect of protected areas in reducing land development across geographic and climate conditions of a rapidly developing country, Spain
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rodríguez David , Sebastiao Joana , Salvo Tierra Ángel Enrique , Martínez‐Vega Javier
Published: February 2019

Protected areas (PAs) aim at safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services in the long term. Despite the remarkable growth in area covered by PAs in recent years, biodiversity trends continue to worsen as a result of serious global pressures such as habitat destruction and degradation. One main cause of habitat destruction and degradation is land development that implies the replacement of natural land uses–land covers (LULCs) with artificial ones. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of four PA networks at preventing land development in Spain, a biodiversity‐rich country that has experienced recent rapid environmental transformations, using two models of increased validity: an original model and a biophysically enhanced model. We applied a before–after control–impact (BACI) design whereby absolute artificial area increase (AAI) and relative artificial area increase (RAI) were compared across PA categories (nature reserves [NRs], nature parks [NPs], Sites of Community Importance [SCIs], and Special Protection Areas [SPAs]), study zones (coastal and inland), and climates (Atlantic and Mediterranean) using CORINE Land Cover (CLC) data and two control zones: 1‐ and 5‐km buffers around protected polygons. NRs prevented land development, whereas other categories reduced it moderately to very substantially in the assessed period. AAI was especially intense in inland SPAs and NPs. NRs and NPs were the most effective PA categories inland, whereas NRs and SPAs were the most effective ones on the coast. Land development was greater on the Spanish coast than inland inside and outside PAs, especially around Macaronesian and Mediterranean PAs. Atlantic PAs experienced similar or greater land development values than surrounding areas. Our results are intended to guide future conservation efforts in Spain, chiefly on its heavily pressured coastal environment.
Annual bacterial community cycle in a seasonally ice‐covered river reflects environmental and climatic conditions
Authors: Cruaud Perrine , Vigneron Adrien , Fradette Marie‐Stéphanie , Dorea Caetano C. , Culley Alexander I. , Rodriguez Manuel J. , Charette Steve J.
Published: February 2019

Bacteria are key players in biogeochemical cycles and control water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about the identity and ecology of riverine bacteria, especially during ice‐covered periods that are often mistakenly perceived as periods with negligible biological activities. Here, we analyzed in detail the effects of environmental and climatic conditions on freshwater bacterial community structure and diversity over a 2‐yr sampling campaign, targeting a seasonally ice‐covered river of the Quebec City (Canada) area, the Saint‐Charles River. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S ribosomal RNA gene high‐throughput sequencing demonstrated a strong seasonal cycle of the bacterial community composition with rapid successions of bacterial lineages, reflecting the harsh climatic condition of the region. During the summer, the bacterial community was dominated by typical freshwater microorganisms such as Limnohabitans, Sporichthyaceae hgcI/acI clade, and Pseudarcicella. In contrast, the results suggest that during the cold season, the low water temperatures, combined with other prevailing conditions such as reduced light availability and minimal particulate inputs from the catchment, created various environmental niches for potential methanotrophic Gammaproteobacteria, such as Crenothrix and Methylobacter, other Betaproteobacteria, such as Candidatus Methylopumilus, Candidatus Nitrotoga, and Rhodoferax, as well as Verrucomicrobia and Parcubacteria. The presence of these taxa in the winter suggests active carbon, iron, and nitrogen cycling under ice, whereas summer lineages are dormant or in a phase of reduced activity. These results increase our understanding of bacterial dynamic and potential metabolic processes occurring in seasonally ice‐covered inland waters, providing evidence that winter can be an especially important period for freshwater ecological processes.
Groundwater inflows control patterns and sources of greenhouse gas emissions from streams
Authors: Lupon Anna , Denfeld Blaize A. , Laudon Hjalmar , Leach Jason , Karlsson Jan , Sponseller Ryan A.
Published: February 2019

Headwater streams can be important sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. However, the influence of groundwater–stream connectivity on the patterns and sources of carbon (C) gas evasion is still poorly understood. We explored these connections in the boreal landscape through a detailed study of a 1.4 km lake outlet stream that is hydrologically fed by multiple topographically driven groundwater input zones. We measured stream and groundwater dissolved organic C (DOC), CO2, and CH4 concentrations every 50 m biweekly during the ice‐free period and estimated in‐stream C gas production through a mass balance model and independent estimates of aquatic metabolism. The spatial pattern of C gas concentrations was consistent over time, with peaks of both CH4 and CO2 concentrations occurring after each groundwater input zone. Moreover, lateral C gas inputs from riparian soils were the major source of CO2 and CH4 to the stream. DOC mineralization and CH4 oxidation within the stream accounted for 17–51% of stream CO2 emissions, and this contribution was the greatest during relatively higher flows. Overall, our results illustrate how the nature and arrangement of groundwater flowpaths can organize patterns of stream C concentrations, transformations, and emissions by acting as a direct source of gases and by supplying organic substrates that fuel aquatic metabolism. Hence, refined assessments of how catchment structure influences the timing and magnitude of groundwater–stream connections are crucial for mechanistically understanding and scaling C evasion rates from headwaters.
Spatial Variability in Size Structure, Growth, and Recruitment of Spotted Seatrout among Six Florida Estuaries
Authors: Herdter Elizabeth , Mahmoudi Behzad , Peebles Ernst , Murawski Steven A.
Published: February 2019

Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus in Florida, USA, are managed under four geographical regions, including Apalachicola Bay and Cedar Key (northwest region), Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor (southwest region), northeast Florida (northeast region), and the northern Indian River Lagoon (southeast region). Two of these management regions are composed of more than one major estuary system (northwest and southwest regions). However, previous life history research suggests that the management regions do not accurately reflect the unique biological populations of Spotted Seatrout in Florida. Our objective was to determine (1) whether there is significant spatial variation in size structure, the age–length relationship, and recruitment patterns among populations of Spotted Seatrout in Florida; and (2) whether there is agreement in these life history parameters among estuary populations comprising individual management regions. We used long-term fishery-independent and fishery-dependent data sets on recruitment, age, and size structure among six estuaries and the four management regions. Young-of-the-year recruitment patterns and the length-at-age relationship over all ages differed significantly among estuarine populations and within management regions. Additionally, all estuaries differed significantly in length distributions of Spotted Seatrout caught by the recreational fishery. Our results highlight the need to understand the relative contributions of estuary-specific data to regional assessment models if the four-region boundary scheme for Florida is continued. Moreover, as variation in growth and recruitment among estuaries likely reflects estuary-specific environmental conditions, we suggest that environmental variables be considered in future assessments and management of this recreationally valuable species.
Dimethyl fumarate, a two‐edged drug: Current status and future directions
Authors: Saidu Nathaniel Edward Bennett , Kavian Niloufar , Leroy Karen , Jacob Claus , Nicco Carole , Batteux Frédéric , Alexandre Jérôme
Published: February 2019

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester registered for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). It induces protein succination leading to inactivation of cysteine‐rich proteins. It was first shown to possess cytoprotective and antioxidant effects in noncancer models, which appeared related to the induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF‐E2)–related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway. DMF also displays antitumor activity in several cellular and mice models. Recently, we showed that the anticancer mechanism of DMF is dose‐dependent and is paradoxically related to the decrease in the nuclear translocation of NRF2. Some other studies performed indicate also the potential role of DMF in cancers, which are dependent on the NRF2 antioxidant and cellular detoxification program, such as KRAS‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma. It, however, seems that DMF has multiple biological effects as it has been shown to also inhibit the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), thus blocking downstream targets that may be involved in the development and progression of inflammatory cascades leading to various disease processes, including tumors, lymphomas, diabetic retinopathy, arthritis, and psoriasis. Herein, we present the current status and future directions of the use of DMF in various diseases models with particular emphases on its targeting of specific intracellular signal transduction cascades in cancer; to shed some light on its possible mode of action.
Measurement of microvascular cerebral blood volume changes over the cardiac cycle with ferumoxytol‐enhanced T2* MRI
Authors: Rivera‐Rivera Leonardo A. , Johnson Kevin M. , Turski Patrick A. , Wieben Oliver , Schubert Tilman
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This feasibility study investigates the non‐invasive measurement of microvascular cerebral blood volume (BV) changes over the cardiac cycle using cardiac‐gated, ferumoxytol‐enhanced MRI.

Methods

Institutional review board approval was obtained and all subjects provided written informed consent. Cardiac gated MR scans were prospectively acquired on a 3.0T scanner in 22 healthy subjects using ‐weighted sequences with 2D‐EPI and 3D spiral trajectories. Images were collected before and after the intravenous administration of 2 doses of ferumoxytol (1 mg FE/kg and 4 mg FE/kg). Cardiac cycle‐induced (1/) changes (Δ) and BV changes (ΔBV) throughout the cardiac cycle in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) were quantified and differences assessed using ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis.

Results

Δ was found to increase in a dose‐dependent fashion. A significantly larger increase was observed in GM compared to WM in both 2D and 3D acquisitions (P < 0.050). In addition, Δ increased significantly (P < 0.001) post versus pre‐contrast injection in GM in both MRI acquisitions. Mean GM Δ derived from 2D‐EPI images was 0.14 ± 0.06 s−1 pre‐contrast and 0.33 ± 0.13 s−1 after 5 mg FE/kg. In WM, Δ was 0.19 ± 0.06 s−1 pre‐contrast, and 0.23 ± 0.06 s−1 after 5 mg FE/kg. The fractional changes in BV throughout the cardiac cycle were 0.031 ± 0.019% in GM and 0.011 ± 0.008% in WM (P < 0.001) after 5 mg FE/kg.

Conclusion

Cardiac‐gated, ferumoxytol‐enhanced MRI enables characterization of microvascular BV changes throughout the cardiac cycle in GM and WM tissue of healthy subjects.
Multi‐expansion modal reduction: A pragmatic semi–a priori model order reduction approach for nonlinear structural dynamics
Authors: Naets Frank , De Gregoriis Daniel , Desmet Wim
Published: February 2019

A novel model order reduction scheme for nonlinear finite element (NL‐FE) structural dynamics models is proposed in this work, which enables an overall accelerated model evaluation. The proposed multi‐expansion modal (MEM) reduction employs a set of modal bases evaluated for a number of representative statically deformed configurations, combined with these static deformation patterns, to obtain a reduced order basis (ROB). This ROB is then exploited in an a priori element sampling to obtain a hyper‐reduced model based on the energy‐conserving sampling and weighting approach. The proposed element sampling scheme uses a nonnegative L1 optimization of the element weights where an equality between the projected and hyper‐reduced linearized stiffness matrix or static deformation forces is added. A procedure and several guidelines on the reduced order model setup and evaluation are presented, with specific attention to how the presented approach allows to exploit existing NL‐FE frameworks. The MEM approach is validated numerically on an academic cantilever beam model and is shown to provide good accuracy and consistent convergence properties.
Understanding, measuring, and addressing the financial impact of cancer on adolescents and young adults
Authors: Salsman John M. , Bingen Kristin , Barr Ronald D. , Freyer David R.
Published: February 2019

The financial impact of cancer treatment among adolescents and young adults (AYAs, 15–39 years) is deep and long lasting. Compared with other age groups, because of their life stage, AYAs are particularly vulnerable to the adverse economic effects of cancer treatment, also known as financial toxicity. Clinical manifestations of cancer‐related financial toxicity include interrupted work and income loss, accumulated debt, treatment nonadherence, avoidance of medical care, and social isolation. Effective clinical interventions should include efforts to increase financial self‐efficacy as well as direct support. Measures that are valid, reliable, multidimensional, and age‐appropriate are needed to study and address financial toxicity in the AYA population.
Bloodstream infections exacerbate incidence and severity of symptomatic glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis
Authors: Finch Emily R. , Janke Laura J. , Smith Colton A. , Karol Seth E. , Pei Deqing , Cheng Cheng , Kaste Sue C. , Inaba Hiroto , Pui Ching‐Hon , Wolf Joshua , Relling Mary V.
Published: February 2019

Background

Osteonecrosis is a common toxicity associated with glucocorticoid (e.g., dexamethasone and prednisone) treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but risk factors are incompletely defined. Infections are also a common complication of ALL therapy. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used experimentally to mimic infection‐related systemic effects. To our knowledge, the contribution of systemic infections to the risk of glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis has not been investigated.

Procedure

Patients with ALL on St. Jude Total Therapy XV (n = 365) were assessed for documented bacteremia prior to development of osteonecrosis, which was confirmed by MRI, and graded using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology for Adverse Events (version 3.0). In a preclinical model, Balb/cJ mice treated with dexamethasone plus or minus LPS were assessed for frequency and severity of osteonecrosis and arteriopathy.

Results

We found that patients with ALL who experienced bacteremia had a higher frequency of symptomatic osteonecrosis (≥grade 2) than those who did not (OR: 1.88; 95% CI, 1.03–3.41, P = 0.038). LPS exacerbated experimental dexamethasone‐induced osteonecrosis. Mice treated with dexamethasone plus LPS had a higher incidence of osteonecrosis (P = 0.00086) and arteriopathy (P = 0.0047) than did those treated with dexamethasone alone, and the severity of osteonecrosis (P = 0.00045) and arteriopathy (P = 0.0048) was also more pronounced with the addition of LPS treatment. The increase in osteonecrosis was not explained by any alteration of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics by LPS.

Conclusions

These data identify systemic infection during ALL therapy as a novel risk factor in the development of glucocorticoid‐induced osteonecrosis.
Expanded carrier screening for autosomal recessive conditions in health care: Arguments for a couple‐based approach and examination of couples' views
Authors: Plantinga Mirjam , Birnie Erwin , Schuurmans Juliette , Buitenhuis Anne H. , Boersma Elise , Lucassen Anneke M. , Verkerk Marian A. , van Langen Irene M. , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: February 2019

Background

Expanded carrier screening (ECS) is aimed at detecting carrier states for autosomal recessive (AR) or X‐linked conditions in couples from the general population planning a pregnancy. ECS is currently usually offered on an individual basis despite the fact that, for AR conditions, only carrier couples are at risk of affected offspring. In this paper, we present a couple‐based ECS test‐offer for AR conditions, where results are offered as couple‐results only, and describe how couples view such an offer.

Methods and results

An online survey covering attitudes, perceived difficulty, and intention to take up couple‐based ECS was used to examine couples' views. Results show that in 76% of the participating couples there is no objection at all towards receiving couple‐results only. Most couples display similar views. Observed discrepancies usually involved one of the couple members having a positive view, whilst the other was neutral. Although views stayed strikingly stable after discussion, the partner's opinion was regarded as important in deciding whether or not to have testing.

Conclusion

This study shows that most couples do not object to receiving couple rather than individual ECS results, have similar views towards the offer, and are able to discuss differences in views and intentions.
Cover Image, Volume 68, Issue 3
Authors: Kilic Deniz , Karaca Balta Demet , Saloglu Didem , Temel Gokhan
Published: February 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article Synthesis and characterization of POSS hybrid organogels using Menschutkin quaternization chemistry by Deniz Kilic et al. DOI: 10.1002/pi.5719.

image