bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pluralistic Planning within the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Hamm Carl W.
Published: March 2007

If urban complexes are to become functioning entities with a cohesive sense of purpose, central and regional planning will be necessary to achieve coordination and a sense of unity. Such planning, however, demands the cooperation and allegiance of all the municipal fragments of a region and must be on a human scale, taking into account not only the smaller neighborhood group but the individual as well. To apply this same premise to institutions within the criminal justice system requires that the "client," who is involuntarily caught up in the system's bureaucracies, be given a chance to articulate his own evaluation of himself and his problem, thus participating in planning his future.
Police Responses to a Course in Psychology
Authors: Mann Philip A.
Published: March 2007

Although much police activity involves dealing with human behavior and mental health, policemen typically receive little training in behavioral science concepts and techniques. Recent events have dramatized the need for such training, and some efforts are being made to provide it.
Employers and Employees in the Work-Release Program in North Carolina
Authors: Cooper W.D.
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger study of North Carolina's work-release pro gram for prisoner rehabilitation, questionnaires were sent to both work-release employers and employees. Their responses indi cate some of the attitudes and circumstances affecting the work- release program in the state.
Myths, Misconceptions, and the Misuse of Statistics in Correctional Research
Authors: Waldo Gordon P.
Published: March 2007

Research has been acknowledged recently to be an integral part of the correctional system. To place correctional research in its proper perspective, however, we must overcome several myths and misconceptions as well as some misuses of statistics. Among the myths and misconceptions are the following: 1. Other programs are suitable for evaluation; ours is not. 2. We obtain suitable evaluation by informal methods. 3. We do not need a comparative base in evaluating programs. 4. Random assignment means that we place any inmate in a program and it is an injustice to some inmates. 5. All evaluations result in viewing a program as either a total success or a total failure. 6. Correctional knowledge grows by leaps and bounds. 7. Re search costs too much.
Intake: Informal Disposition or Adversary Proceeding?
Authors: Ralston William H.
Published: March 2007

The Gault decision has provoked extended discussion and de bate because of its revolutionary impact on juvenile justice. Every facet of the juvenile justice system, from police to institu tions, has been affected. This paper discusses the application of the decision to the pre-adjudication stage of the juvenile court proceeding. It shows how one court has made practical adjust ments at this stage and has found the guidelines established by Gault to be reasonable and workable.
The Impact of the Juvenile Court Hearing on the Child
Authors: Snyder Eloise C.
Published: March 2007

This study shows that the juvenile court hearing has a signifi cant impact on the child involved (particularly if it is his first hearing), rendering at least some children more capable of change during this phase in the delinquency pattern than during any later phase. This change capability seems to decrease markedly with the passage of time. It is suggested that if the change capability is not utilized the child's delinquent tendencies may be strengthened, rendering him less capable of change after the hearing than he was before it. Fear was the dominant emotion experienced by the children both before and during the hearing. The children felt most hostile toward the police and least hostile toward the judge, probably because (1) the children come to the hearing with a more negative stereotype of police than of the judge, (2) the police are more directly involved in uncovering the offense than is the judge, and (3) the judge is less directly accessible to the children and their parents, giving his role a greater aura of mystery than that of the police. Finally, it was found that during the interviews most children experienced difficulty in using abstractions, suggesting that delinquent children may learn to deal with abstractions at a later age (if at all) than non- delinquent children.
The Future of Correction: A Defense Attorney's View
Authors: Meltsner Michael
Published: March 2007

The author, former legal director of an organization conducting a national program of test litigation in the correctional area, describes a variety of cases that have led him to take a pessimistic view of the future of correction. He states that (1) a defendant cannot put much faith in a criminal justice system which makes his pretrial freedom dependent on the amount of money he has; (2) considering the lack of resources provided for those in jail but presumably innocent pending trial, one can expect little in the way of correctional resources for convicts; (3) longstanding prison abuses are still widespread; (4) judges and administrators ignore the failures of experimental programs in order that they may continue to require inmates to participate in them; and (5) the correctional process is perhaps most dangerous when it justifies itself as acting in the defendant's best interests. In conclusion, the author suggests that correctional personnel should play a more active role in exposing negative aspects of imprisonment to the public.
"Until Discharged by Law"
Authors: Bettman Gilbert
Published: March 2007

Most criminals are in desperate need of attention, educational assistance, self-insight, and awareness of realistic goals. The Ohio prison system does not come close to meeting these needs. It has antiquated or ill-designed buildings; underpaid and insufficient staff ; a pitiful shortage of vocational training facilities, equip ment, and personnel; and a prison industries system that gives the inmate no useful work skills or work habits. Our society has been penny-wise and pound-foolish in handling lawbreakers. Unless we wish to perpetuate crime, our prisons must have ade quately trained and paid staffs. Institutions must be small and located in or near cities. Universities, businesses, and labor unions must be closely drawn into the correctional process. Advantage must be taken of skilled volunteers and of social and religious groups.
The Future of Correctional Bookkeeping
Authors: Reckless Walter C.
Published: March 2007

Correction needs to develop informative statistics on the admission and outcome of its clients. Three kinds of statistics will be in great demand if correction is to be guided by pertinent information on its caseload: volume statistics, to reveal the nature of input and output; diagnostic statistics, to reveal the differential handling of cases according to screening procedures; and outcome statistics, to provide data on the impact of correc tional handling.
Needed—New Legislation in Correction
Authors: Rubin Sol
Published: March 2007

Although some courts no longer feel restrained by the "hands off" policy under which correctional administration and treat ment were rarely interfered with, the few decisions thus far have had a very limited effect on practice. The basic structure of cor rectional work is statutory. The statutes governing correctional work today are extremely primitive, hardly any more advanced than the earliest statutes and, on occasion, retrogressing to avoid the effect of a court decision.
A Psychoanalytic Theory of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Schoenfeld C.G.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a psychoanalytic theory of juvenile delin quency, the essence of which is that juvenile delinquency (like other behavioral disturbances that tend to appear during puberty and adolescence) often reflects an inner struggle between a per son's moral faculty—his superego—and the oral, anal, and phallic impulses of early childhood that are revived in him just before puberty. The view is advanced that juvenile delinquency may result not only when a person's superego is too strict or has criminal tendencies but more especially when it is too weak, defective, or incomplete to control properly these resurrected primitive, violent, and amoral—indeed, "criminalistic"—urges of infancy. In addition, some of the factors responsible for the im proper formation of the superego (maternal deprivation, incon sistent discipline, etc.) are considered, as are ways of strengthen ing the superego through better methods of child rearing. Em phasis is on the need for better inner controls, as well as better outer or societal controls, to curb the growing incidence of ju venile delinquency.
The United States Supreme Court: Definitions of Obscenity
Authors: Schnall Marc
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the activity of the United States Supreme Court in formulating and applying definitions of what constitutes obscenity. For almost ninety years, American courts applied a test of obscenity established by a British court in 1868. In 1957, after lower courts in the United States had expanded the British definition, the Supreme Court, in Roth v. United States, defined as obscene such material which, "to the average person, apply ing contemporary community standards," appealed to prurient interests and lacked redeeming social value. Between 1957 and 1966, the Court added several dimensions to its definition of obscenity. The current test of obscenity was framed in 1966 in Memoirs v. Massachusetts, which reworded the Roth definition and included a third standard—namely, that the material must also be "patently offensive." This article examines not only the Supreme Court's actual definitions of obscenity but also the trends in these definitions and the Court's continual efforts to define and redefine obscenity.
Civil Commitment of the Narcotic Addict
Authors: Huberty David J.
Published: March 2007

A number of legal, niedical-psychiatric, and social develop ments since the early 1900's have culminated in what is currently one of the main modalities for the treatment of narcotic drug addiction: civil commitment to an initial inpatient treatment phase followed by continuance of that civil commitment to outpatient supervision. This treatment process combines the legal pressure of civil commitment with the necessary medical- psychiatric and social components in an effort to deal with narcotic addiction in a manner quite different from the tradi tional criminal or strictly psychiatric polar extremes.
Gauging Public Opinion about the Crime Problem
Authors: Gibbons Don C. , Jones Joseph F. , Garabedian Peter G.
Published: March 2007

A number of studies dealing with citizens' views of the crime problem, forms of crime, and actions which should be taken against lawbreakers are reviewed. The paper reports on an opinion survey in San Francisco, Calif., and Portland, Oreg., in which perceptions of the crime problem, personal fear of crime, and attitudes toward due process for adults and juveniles and punitive measures were examined. In general, San Francisco residents saw crime as a more serious problem in their own city than those from Portland did. Several differences between these two samples were also observed on other attitude items.
White Middle-Class Attitudes toward an Urban Policemen's Union
Authors: Goldner Norman S. , Koenig Ronald
Published: March 2007

Police professionalization and militancy are important factors in community-police relations. The respondents in this survey were drawn from a segment of Detroit's population that was expected to be highly supportive of the major police union in the police department. They were surprisingly critical of the police union's activities regarding professionalism and militancy, and only by an insubstantial majority did they approve of the union's contribution to police work. The major question raised here concerns the consequences for police departments and cities if community-police relations deteriorate further.
Wit and Humor: A Neglected Aid in Crowd and Mob Control
Authors: Coates Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents background information and theories which suggest the use of humor to reduce tensions between control forces (notably the police) and the masses during demonstrations, marches, and other crowd actions. Because the basic responsibility for preserving order belongs to the police, this paper presumes that most planned attempts at humor to reduce tension will be theirs.

No attempt has been made to relate the use of humor to the rightness or wrongness of the primary issues in a demonstration since the only type of humor effective in crowd control is irrele vant to the primary issue and directed at preventing and control ling secondary antagonisms. Humor as a technique of social control is only likely to help when the objective of the control forces is to preserve the peace and to discharge duties with a minimum of unnecessary antagonsim. Humor should not and probably could not becloud the primary issues of a confronta tion. Guidelines for the use of humor are proposed.
Keepers of Men Need Keepers of Books
Authors: Burt Lesta Norris
Published: March 2007

Libraries do not receive much stress in correction textbooks, and librarians are not ordinarily scheduled as speakers at correctional conferences or published in correctional journals. For these reasons and because good library services are not generally available in state prison libraries across the nation, administrators may not be aware of the advantages a good library and librarian can offer.

A survey of the fifty state institutional library consultants concerning adult correctional institution libraries resulted in forty-two replies representing 223 major libraries and 202 camp libraries.

As of the winter of 1970, librarians holding masters' degrees or bachelors' degrees plus school certification served full- or part-time in fifty-eight libraries in twenty-nine states. There were 955,154 volumes in the libraries in the reporting states; however, many of the books were described as old, outdated, or unsuitable. To meet minimum standards, there should have been 1,422,580 books of quality.

The lack of qualified librarians together with inadequate budgets has resulted in uncatalogued, unclassified collections, insufficient discarding, poor staff libraries, a shortage of related staff services, and a lack of reference service, reading guidance, book discussions, writers' groups, and other library-sponsored activities. Information was also gathered on public library assistance to institutions, bookmobiles, inmate access to shelves, and separate rooms for reading, listening, and viewing.
The Peer Group and Marijuana Use
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of 1,704 suburban adolescents and guided by Sutherland's theory of differential association, this paper focuses on the peer group and marijuana use. The peer group is said to be particularly influential in the initial and continued use of marijuana.

This paper tests the following two hypotheses as they relate to marijuana use, defined here as a deviant behavior: (1) Ex posure to deviant patterns and definitions to the exclusion of conformist patterns and definitions increases the likelihood of deviant behavior. (2) Given constant exposure to deviant patterns of behavior and dèfinitions, the more attached an individual is to those exhibiting or supporting deviant patterns of behavior compared with his attachment to those exhibiting or supporting conformist patterns, the greater the likelihood that he will participate in this deviant pattern. The first hypothesis refers to Sutherland's theory of differential associa tion ; the second, to his concept of intensity.
Restitution and Rehabilitation
Authors: Galaway Burt , Hudson Joe
Published: March 2007

While most victim compensation schemes dwell on the situa tion of the victim, the use of restitution within criminal justice systems is comparatively unexplored. This concept may have rehabilitative potential for offenders, but before the potential can be realized a number of issues must be resolved: Should the aim be complete restitution or partial, symbolic restitution? Can restitution be more effective as a rehabilitative measure if it is required or if it is made voluntarily? What would be the effect of personal victim-offender interaction within a restitution scheme? Should the offender be held responsible for making restitution in crimes that were clearly victim-precipitated? These issues are considered and suggestions are made for their resolution.
Force versus Restraint in Prison Riots
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: March 2007

The 1971 tragedy at Attica has prompted a controversy over whether a policy of force or restraint should be used to settle prison riots. Many prison administrators maintain that restraint encourages further resistance. This article analyzes the official policy (restraint or force) adopted at each nationally reported prison riot since the Civil War. According to this historical analysis, a policy of restraint does not encourage further rebel lion, and it is almost without exception more successful than force in preserving human life.
Report on the Nassau County Jail
Authors: Cahn William
Published: March 2007

Rumors of brutality, corruption, and unrest in the Nassau County Jail in 1969 prompted the district attorney to initiate a thorough investigation of conditions within the jail. D.A. Wil liam Cahn enlisted the services of a San Francisco-based detective firm and, since February of 1970, fifteen undercover agents have spent time as inmates in the jail. The agents reported that in general the jail is run properly and that most of the problems were caused by overcrowding and the unprofessional and corrupt conduct of a handful of guards.
Negative Labels
Authors: Payne William D.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is the process by which a deviant role is created and maintained through the imposition of negative labels. The potentially undesirable consequences of negative labels are discussed as passageways that direct and initiate a deviant career and as prisons that restrain a person within a deviant role. It is suggested that these negative labels create a highly visible deviant identity, damaging self-concepts, and socie tal expectations that may tend to perpetuate and intensify the very behavior objected to. Negative labels are stereotypes that may become overgeneralized and inaccurate. The problems they create for the deviant may channel him into new forms of deviance. They may also direct action by society which insures the accuracy and perpetuation of the label. Finally, punishing labels often drive people into deviant communities and subcul tures that support their members in their deviant roles and insulate them from change.
Delinquency Labeling
Authors: Faust Frederic L.
Published: March 2007

The early identification and labeling of delinquent behavior has captured the interest of many who are concerned with preventing and controlling juvenile delinquency. A number of intervention activities have been designed and implemented on the basis of the assumed validity of predictive instruments and techniques. The position taken in this paper is that no accurate assessment of the impact of intervention activities can be made without awareness of the differences between potentially delin quent, predelinquent, and delinquent children—specifically, the underlying assumptions of these labels and the processes and related consequences of their use. The conclusion is reached that the "potential delinquent" label is virtually useless for practical application and that corrective intervention based on the assign ment of that label is totally unjustified. Consideration is also given to the relative utility of formal institutional systems, as opposed to informal systems, for the delivery of corrective intervention services to predelinquent and delinquent youth.
Marijuana Use by White College Students
Authors: Meyer John C.
Published: March 2007

Marijuana users are a distinct class, even among drug users. They tend to be more intelligent and come from more affluent and more stable families than users of other drugs do. If these differences are not recognized, certain problems arise when mari juana offenders are sentenced to probation. The failure to de velop a typology of marijuana users precludes adequate super vision and treatment.
Toward a Rational Doctrine of Rehabilitation
Authors: Cooper H.H.A.
Published: March 2007

Rehabilitation is seen, essentially, as a reorientation of the offender toward society's values. The delinquent is distinguished by an inner conviction that his way is right and that of society wrong. All effective correctional theories must take this as their point of departure. An integrated approach to offender rehabili tation is necessary, and the impact of the criminal justice system from the moment of arrest must be studied from the point of view of its effect on the offender's attitudes. Conduct can be affected only through accord or coercion, but the latter, influenc ing the offender to retain his antisocial values, produces no permanent benefit to society. Prison, as long as it is thought of as punishment, is inconsistent with the therapeutic goals of reha bilitation. Rehabilitation is not a lesson to be taught but rather one to be learned by each individual. The system must provide the conditions to make such learning possible. There is no uni versal recipe for rehabilitation. Treatment must be geared to individual needs and this requires a radical rethinking of dis posal methods. Rehabilitation is seen as another term for re- education embracing all aspects of the offender's attitude toward society, as something akin to a religious conversion; it demands of society a just conduct in all its dealings with the offender at all levels of processing.
The Failure of Correctional Management
Authors: Cohn Alvin W.
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature indicates that correction has sig nificantly failed to "correct," "rehabilitate," or otherwise change its clients. Some attribute this failure to the so-called profound philosophical cleavage between custody and treatment forces; others say that treatment, as currently conducted in most cor rectional agencies, is nothing more than a euphemism for custody or control. This paper discusses these positions and concludes that the custody-treatment cleavage is more myth than reality and that it is not the primary basis for correctional failure. The failure, instead, is attributable in part to inadequate and in competent management and leadership by correctional execu tives. A number of reasons for managerial inadequacy and sev eral possible ameliorative steps that can be taken to produce success instead of failure are suggested.
Social Theory, Civil Rights, and Crime
Authors: Miles Arthur P.
Published: March 2007

Fundamental changes have occurred in juvenile court pro cedure, the administration of probation and parole, and the op eration of correctional institutions. While they do not constitute a "criminal law revolution," they are steps in "an orderly evolu tion." These changes, which re-emphasize our constitutional guar antees of civil rights, have been brought about largely through decisions in the federal and state supreme courts, not through sociological theory. Sociological theories of the causes of crime- especially individual psychological, social psychological learning, and functional sociological theories—have not been validated by empirical research and do not explain crime from a truly scien tific point of view. They have not been of much practical utility to correctional workers.
The Cycle of Juvenile Court History
Authors: Schultz J. Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Some long-held assumptions about the origins of the juvenile courts have recently been challenged by Anthony M. Platt and Sanford J. Fox, who argue that middle-class and conservative in terests dominated the juvenile court movement. Generally, the efforts of these writers to correct previous exaggerated claims for the 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act are valid and valuable; how ever, both seem to overstate the claims that the reformers them selves made for the Act. Their evidence does not prove that the Act reflected an imposition of middle-class values upon immi grants, racial minorities, and the poor. Furthermore, they pay too little attention to the role of private charity in providing for the new detention facilities and probation services mandated by the 1899 legislation, they overlook the importance of probation as the keystone of juvenile court reform, and, reflecting a long standing tendency, they exaggerate and distort the meaning and role of informal procedures in the early juvenile courts. Under standing the significance of the basic elements and intellectual tendencies of the first juvenile courts can help put present controversies about juvenile court reform in perspective.
Horizons in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Clear Val , Clear Scott
Published: March 2007

Witch drownings and the rock pile were once thought to be enlightened penology. Road gangs and the lash are still used in certain areas but are on the way out. The juvenile court and the indeterminate sentence were revolutionary innovations only a few years ago. Change is a constant in the criminal justice system. What lies just ahead?
Ethnic Self-Help Groups in Prison and on Parole
Authors: Burdman Milton
Published: March 2007

Inmates and parolees have begun to organize themselves along ethnic lines for purposes of self-expression. Traditionally correc tion has taken a dim view of ethnic organizations and of most indigenous efforts by inmates or parolees at organizing.
A Police-Social Work Team Model
Authors: Treger Harvey , Thomson Doug , Jaeck Gordon Sloan
Published: March 2007

Police and social workers have together developed an effective service model that alleviates overloading in the criminal justice system, develops new cooperative relationships within the system and social welfare, and expands the roles of law enforcement, prosecution, and correction.
Use of the Death Penalty v. Outrage at Murder
Authors: Glaser Daniel , Zeigler Max S.
Published: March 2007

Three explanations are considered for the fact that the states which have historically used executions most are the same ones which have the highest murder rates. The argument that both murder and capital punishment rates reflect a low valuation of life is supported by the finding that the states which have used the death penalty most are now the ones most lenient in the length of time they confine murderers before releasing them on parole.
"Experts" and Diagnosis in Correctional Agencies
Authors: Shover Neal
Published: March 2007

Almost three years as a caseworker in correctional institutions and interviews with twelve practitioners in the field underlie this study of institutional diagnosis, or classification. The procedure was essentially to determine the process by which novice prepro fessional employees learn the techniques and diagnostic argot of institutions, interview and "diagnose" inmates, and train their successors.
Vicarious Expiation: A Theory of Prison and Social Reform
Authors: Else John F. , Stephenson Keith D.
Published: March 2007

Expiation both as a theological and as a criminological concept is examined in conjunction with two sociological concepts—so cialization and differential association—to develop a new perspec tive on prison rebellions and on both prison and social reform. In the conventional wisdom, expiation is considered a sound justification for imprisonment. A man commits a crime: he must "pay," must atone for it. On the basis of an examination of the traditional concept of expiation, this article suggests new impli cations for the criminal justice system. Studying the implications of socialization and differential association within a larger, legal- moral dimension evokes what some might regard—and dismiss out of hand-as a more startling proposal: that society at large should be held at least partially responsible for crimes whose guilt is normally imposed solely on the imprisoned offender.
Criminal Justice Higher Education- Its Growth and Directions
Authors: Senna Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the development of higher education in criminal justice in the United States, in regard to the numbers of programs and numbers of students enrolled, from the early 1920's to the present. Particular emphasis is placed on a review of this growth during the 1960's, when many of these educational programs were developed.
A Perspective for Graduate-Level Education in Criminal Justice
Authors: Klyman Fred I. , Karman Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of information gathered from the Carnegie Com mission on Higher Education, the National Institute of Law En forcement Education and Criminal Justice of the Law Enforce ment Assistance Administration, and the Professional Standards Division of the International Association of Chiefs of Police, projections are made regarding the number of programs in criminal justice education and the structure they might acquire by 1980.
If Addiction Is Incurable, Why Do We Try to Cure It?
Authors: Barbara John , Morrison June
Published: March 2007

The method of controlling opiate addiction in the United States is compared with the method being used in Great Britain. Al though both start with the concept that the addict is ill and needs treatment, the methods used by the two nations are different. In the United States it is illegal for a physician to prescribe any form of opium to addicts; in Britain, registered addicts are maintained on heroin legally by authorized medical personnel. There is a small amount of illicit traffic in heroin in Britain; in the United States, the bureaucratized federal and state criminalization of addicts has created the most widespread black market in heroin in the Western world, and intensifying the criminal law penalties —which have been among the most severe in the world—has suc ceeded only in further inflating the price charged for inferior and adulterated substances. The condition of the addict in the United States continues to deteriorate. The high profits to be made by the sale of this small bulk commodity have made drugs a large con tributor to organized crime. Addiction may be an incurable dis ease. Treatment efforts have been surpassed in their lack of success only by the efforts of law enforcement to conquer addiction by making it illegal. Perhaps we should accept the addict as a person who has an incurable disease, treat him medically as required, and stop supporting unenforceable legislation.
Judicial Resistance to Sentencing Accountability
Authors: Robin Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

A social-psychological interpretation of judicial resistance to sentencing accountability is presented against a background of or ganizational theory and institutional change. The provision of documented reasons in sentencing is related to a predictable in crease in appellate review and reversal, heightened criticism by the press and the public, and consequent diminution of the judiciary's role. The reaction by judges to reform of their sentencing function is viewed as entirely rational: they desire to preserve their advan tageous position in the criminal justice system. Efforts to avoid infringement upon their most valued discretionary domain are de termined by the innovation's incentives and impediments per ceived and felt by the judges. The court's response to sentencing accountability is compared with the police response to the now- defunct civilian review boards. The relinquishment of discretion, especially that exercised by high echelon administrators, does not yield easily to the transparent rhetoric of the criminal justice re formers and intellectuals attempting to convince the functionaries involved that guided, controlled, benevolently monitored "innova tion" applied to operational power and authority will be painless, worth the sacrifice, or fully justified by the contribution to "im provement of the system." Those who have the most have the most to lose from the prospect and implementation of social change. Ac cordingly, the targets of the change agents are highly inventive and effective in guarding their possessions and in maintaining their social status and the bureaucratic status quo. Nonetheless, the case for sentencing accountability is compelling, and, as a result of pro cesses and forces largely external to the court itself, we may be wit nessing the beginning of the criminal law revolution coming home to roost.
Compensations in a Total Institution: The Forms and Functions of Contraband
Authors: Guenther Anthony L.
Published: March 2007

An assessment is made of the deprivations experienced by in voluntary clients of total institutions, particularly prisons. Com pensations made by inmates in response to their restricted circum stances often involve stealing, fabricating, or smuggling in contra band (illicit commodities). Some observations are then made on the reactions by prison correctional officers to prisoners' compensa tions, and a final section is devoted to the forms of contraband in a penitentiary setting.
Rate and Length of Imprisonment
Authors: Doleschal Eugene
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the rate and length of imprisonment in The Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden, which have possibly the most advanced and most humane criminal justice systems in the world. Sen tencing policy and practice in these countries produce commitment figures which carry a message for the United States: increasing the harshness of criminal penalties and the size of the prison population is an irrational— and certainly ineffective—response to crime.
The Use of Restitution
Authors: Galaway Burt
Published: March 2007

"Restitution" refers to the payment of money to victims of crime, payment of money to other community organizations, and community service. Possible purposes include redress to the victim, less severe sanction for the offender, rehabilitation of the offender, reduction of demands on the criminal justice system, and the reduction of vengeance. Restitution is being used as a sanction for crime in several exploratory projects, including pretrial diversion programs, special probation proj ects, and community correction centers. A number of unresolved issues have developed from these preliminary efforts to integrate it into correctional programs. A useful classification scheme reflecting the different types of restitution must be developed, and program purposes must be clarified. What is the proper relationship of restitution to other sanctions? When is restitution appropriately used as the sole sanction, when should it be used in conjunction with other requirements, and when is it inappropriate? What role should the victim play in a restitution program? Should the victim have veto power over the use of restitution? Should victim-offender communication be encouraged? Attention to these issues is necessary for the orderly development of the concept of restitution and appraisal of its place in the criminal justice system.
Is Rehabilitation Dead?
Authors: Halleck Seymour L. , Witte Ann D.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines rising crime rates, findings on the relative effectiveness of deterrence and rehabilitation, and the rise of a civil rights movement in correction, all of which have led to greater emphasis on deterrence and incapacitation and less emphasis on rehabilitation in correctional philosophy and practice. The conclusiveness of the findings that "nothing rehabilitates" and "deterrence works" is questioned. A more careful reading of existing evidence leads to no decisive conclusion on the relative effectiveness of these two philosophies of correction. Much of the failure of rehabilitative programs to date stems from programs limited in duration and quality and evaluated for their ability to alter lifestyles dramatically; many that have been shown to be failures are the result of an inadequate tailoring to offender problems. The great increase in economic crimes points to the need to improve the economic opportunities of offenders rather than altering personality. The civil rights movement in correction alerts us to the need for curbs on certain types of rehabilitative programs, but it should not force us to abandon all attempts at rehabilitation. Adherence to a strict deterrence philosophy because of its economic and humanistic cost is questioned. Finally, a more careful application of rehabilitative programs and their continued use are called for as one approach to the crime problem.
The Mystification of Social Deviance
Authors: Hills Stuart L.
Published: March 2007

In Western societies there are two fundamental views of social deviance: the absolutist and the relativist. This paper examines the assumptions underlying the predominant, absolutist conception of de viant behavior and their consequences for control and treatment of deviants. It then contrasts these with the relativist position. In highlight ing the differences between the absolutist and the relativist viewpoints, the author stresses (1) the significance of power in shaping public views of deviance, (2) the conception of diversity and dissent as pathological, (3) the role of moral indignation in social reactions to deviance, (4) the strategies of mystification used by dominant groups to bolster the ideological and moral monopoly of their views in the conventional social order, and (5) the cooptation of scientists, psychiatrists, and other social control agents in this mystification progress.
Intrinsic Rewards in School Crime
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly , Larson Reed
Published: March 2007

The systemic structure of a school provides opportunities for both prosocial and antisocial behavior. Actions in a school may be motivated by (1) the extrinsic mechanisms of discipline and grades, (2) the means-end rela tionship of school behavior to students' long-term goals, and (3) the immediate intrinsic satisfactions obtainable in different activities. This paper treats the third type, intrinsic motivation. Using previous research, the authors propose that the state of enjoyment occurs when a person is challenged at a level matched to his level of skills. According to the model, the experience of meetable challenges requires the perception of a constrained set of possible actions, clearly defined goals, and opportunities for unambiguous feedback. The system of rules in a formal game provides these prerequisites. The systemic structure of a school can also provide the conditions of enjoyable involvement. Ideally, learning should involve systemic involvement in sequences of challenges internalized by students. However, evidence indicates that such involvement is rare and is often subverted by the school itself. Without such opportunities, antisocial be havior provides an alternate framework of challenges for bored students. Disruption of classes, vandalism, and violence in schools are, in part, attempts by adolescents to obtain enjoyment in otherwise lifeless schools. Restructuring education in terms of intrinsic motivation would not only reduce school crime but would also accomplish the goal of teaching youths how to enjoy life constructively.
Classification of Military Offenders
Authors: Gaensbauer Theodore J. , Lazerwitz Jerrold L.
Published: March 2007

The developing of criteria for matching specific treatment programs with specific types of offenders is an important issue in correction. In this de tailed clinical study of twenty military offenders participating in the Air Force retraining program, three types of offenders were identified: a neu rotic type, an immature yet socially conforming type, and an antisocial type. These three groups differed consistently in almost all factors assessed, including personality makeup, family background, preservice adjustment, Air Force performance, type of offense, and adjustment to the Retraining Group. Similar groupings have been found by a variety of researchers to be applicable to juvenile offenders. Our findings suggest a continuity between personality patterns exhibited by juvenile delinquents and the patterns in adult offenders. The implications for effective man agement and treatment are discussed.
Project Newgate: The First Five Years
Authors: Clendenen Richard J. , Ellingston John R. , Severson Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Newgate program uses full-time college work as part of a comprehensive service that includes classes within the correctional institu tion, group counseling, and, upon parole, transfer to a halfway house on the University of Minnesota campus. The program's aim is to orient the student toward a promising career; it provides each participant with in tensive group guidance and support as he undertakes unfamiliar tasks and new roles; and it bridges the transition from the correctional institu tion to the community.
Sex Role Stereotypes and Justice for Women
Authors: Feinman Clarice
Published: March 2007

Sexual stereotyping can be seen as affecting the incarceration of women, their treatment in prisons and jails, and their reception in the community following release. While women's organizations have played a major role in improving conditions facing incarcerated women, they have per petuated the stereotypes. These factors have affected female offenders in the past, and they remain very much a part of correction today. Because of sex role stereotyping, we have denied—and we continue to deny—justice to women. The stereotypes are a fundamental reason why we know so little about the causes of female criminality and about the types of women found in prison.
The Correction Academy
Authors: Cohen Jay
Published: March 2007

In the 1960s, the training of prison guards became an important issue among prison reformers and others seeking to improve correctional practices. Substantial federal funds were made available to state correction departments, and by 1973 a number of correction academies had been established.
Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach
Authors: Goldstein Herman
Published: March 2007

The police have been particularly susceptible to the "means over ends" syndrome, placing more emphasis in their improvement efforts on organization and operating methods than on the substantive outcome of their work. This condition has been fed by the professional movement within the police field, with its concentration on the staffing, management, and organization of police agencies. More and more persons are questioning the widely held assumption that improvements in the internal man agement of police departments will enable the police to deal more effectively with the problems they are called upon to handle. If the police are to realize a greater return on the investment made in improving their oper ations, and if they are to mature as a profession, they must concern them selves more directly with the end product of their efforts.
Juvenile Justice: The Second Revolution
Authors: Hellum Frank
Published: March 2007

Emerging trends in the administration of juvenile justice, although viewed today as gradual adjustments in policy and practice, may eventually be interpreted as a revolutionary shift comparable to the earlier movement that established separate courts for children. The focus of this potential second revolution is on the diversion of noncriminal, status offenders from institutional confinement and the adoption of more punitive re sponses to serious criminal violations. Following an analysis of the major forces for institutional change confronting the juvenile courts, and a re view of recent federal and state responses likely to promote further mod ifications in the present system, the author discusses a modified system capable of accommodating demands for basic alterations of juvenile justice
"Crimesim": A Computer Simulation Model
Authors: Smith Gerald W. , Debenham Jerry D.
Published: March 2007

"Crimesim" is a new computer simulation model that can be adapted for use in any criminal justice system or agency without extensive knowledge of computers or computer languages. The model is designed to be used by researchers, planners, and decision makers. Crimesim models a system by allowing one to determine which of available alternatives will provide the greatest benefit, in terms of stated priorities and cost effectiveness. The model can be used as a tool in decision making by helping the user to organize and analyze information and assess possible alternatives.
Juvenile Aid Panels: An Alternative to Juvenile Court Processing in South Australia
Authors: Sarri Rosemary , Bradley Patrick W.
Published: March 2007

Diversion and other alternatives to juvenile court processing are being used increasingly in many countries. Juvenile aid panels were developed and implemented in South Australia as a part of the 1971 revised Juvenile Courts Act. Findings from the study of a five-year cohort of youths pro cessed through the juvenile aid panels and the juvenile court are presented and analyzed. The findings indicate that the rate of reappearance of youths processed through the panels was essentially similar to that of youths processed through the court. Thus, as far as the criterion of re cidivism is concerned, this more benign and less stigmatizing mechanism is at least as effective as court processing. Panels were not successful in removing all minor and status offenders from processing in the court, nor were the numbers of cases processed by the court reduced as a result of the panels. Quite the opposite—the entire juvenile justice system grew rapidly during this five-year period, largely because of increased numbers pro cessed by the panels.
What Can Be Done about Juvenile Homicide?
Authors: Sorrells James
Published: March 2007

Using information available regarding juvenile homicide, it is possible to draw several conclusions. First, a disproportionate number of juveniles who commit homicide reside in communities where the high incidence of poverty and the frequency of infant mortality indicate that life is not valued highly. Second, these juveniles are the products of violent, chaotic families. Third, kids who kill are likely to be either (1) youngsters who lack the capacity to identify with other human beings, (2) prepsychotic juveniles who kill as an expression of intense emotional conflicts, and who are also high suicide risks, or (3) neurotically fearful youngsters who kill in overreacting to a genuinely threatening situation.
The Cooptation of Fixed Sentencing Reform
Authors: Greenberg David F. , Humphries Drew
Published: March 2007

Criticism of indeterminate sentencing was initially advanced as part of a larger radical program to transform American society. Yet recent sentencing reform legislation legitimated by this criticism has taken on a con servative character. This development is documented here, and explained in terms of political and social change over the past decade.
Community Correction and Diversion
Authors: McSparron James
Published: March 2007

Community correction is fast becoming an undefinable cliché in the criminal justice community. To help create a uniform basis for discussion and study, I consider some structures and objectives common to many com munity correction efforts, and some of the pitfalls a correctional system may encounter in making a commitment to community correction. Mech anisms for subsidizing and implementing these programs and models for pretrial diversion are also discussed.
The Politics of Secure Care in Youth Correctional Reform
Authors: Miller Alden D. , Ohlin Lloyd E.
Published: March 2007

Changes in secure care in Massachusetts juvenile correction over the last decade are understood in the context of the larger processes of reform and counterreform during the same period. The decision-mak ing process used for placing youths in secure care since 1978 is ex amined in more detail. Secure care as a statewide system caught up in a struggle over community-based correction is seen to reflect changes in the system as a whole.