bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hats
Authors: Stern Gaius
Published: December 2017

Greeks and Romans wore a variety of hats, some of which denote office or status. The most widely seen Greek hats were the wide brimmed traveler's hat and the so‐called Odysseus Albanian hat (to which one could add boars’ tusks to make a helmet of status). The most famous Roman hat is the
pilleus
(freedman's cap), but also of note is the
galerus
, worn by certain priests. Much of our evidence comes from Greek vases and Roman coins.
Looms
Authors: Öhrman Magdalena
Published: December 2017

In weaving, the loom keeps the thread system stretched, allowing the combination of warp and weft threads. Ancient looms range from flexible devices (e.g., ground looms) to fixed frames (warp‐weighted loom; two‐beam loom). The development of loom types depends on availability of raw materials for textile production, desired features of woven textiles, craft, and cultural tradition.
Soap
Authors: Blonski Michel
Published: December 2017

Detergents, in classical antiquity, were of varied nature. Soap existed as such, but primarily in the form of a cosmetic designed for hair; however, after the first century
ce
, medical sources describe it as a cleansing material in its own right. The main material was
nitrum
, usually soda salt, commonly used in baths along with oil.
Glue
Authors: Hollander David B.
Published: December 2017

A variety of glues, made from hides, fish, and other substances, served a wide range of functions throughout the ancient world. Glue was used in the manufacture of arms and armor, carpentry, Egyptian cartonnage, and other craft products as well as being an ingredient in some paints, medicines, and cosmetics.
Wind gods
Authors: Cursaru Gabriela
Published: December 2017

Although they are usually labeled as “nature deities,” the Wind gods are rather atmospheric phenomena, personified or mythologized figures, anthropomorphic religious agents and minor deities, all at the same time. The winds were among the elemental forces which are animated, yet only partially endowed with anthropomorphic forms and divine personalities. Poorly defined, they often form obscure swarms of anonymous natural forces. Yet, four anthropomorphic (directional) wind spirits or atmospheric deities were personified as Wind gods.
Selge
Authors: Nollé Johannes
Published: December 2017

Alongside Termessos and Sagalassos, Selge was one of Pisidia's leading cities; Strabo refers to the Selgians as the most important of the Pisidians (12.7.1). Selge reached its heyday in Hellenistic times, but was unable to retain its former importance in the Roman imperial period. The city was situated approximately 1000 m above sea level, at the foot of the Bozburun mountain chain (2504 m), a southern branch of the main ridge of the Tauros. It lies some 3 km as the crow flies from the Eurymedon (Köprü çay) valley, within the modern Turkish village of Altınkaya. Until well into the twentieth century, Selge preserved its ancient name in the form of Zerk. It possessed a vast mountainous territory, which is praised by Strabo as unexpectedly rich and well developed with roads and bridges (12.7.3); some of which are still visible today. The city state of Selge yielded oil, wine, aromatic and medical herbs, and, in particular, timber (Nollé 2013); it was also very well suited to cattle breeding. Selge's neighbors may have been the cities of Perge, Sillyon, Aspendos, and Etenna (with Erymna and Kotenna ?) to the south, Pednelissos and Adada to the west, and Timbriada and Amblada to the north. The tribe of the Homonadeis is likely to have been Selge's eastern neighbor.
Queenship, Hellenistic
Authors: Carney Elizabeth
Published: December 2017

In the Hellenistic era, the roles of royal women became more institutionalized and more defined than previously. Being abasilissanever became an office with a clear job description, but royal women increasingly had widely recognized responsibilities and activities.
War in art, Roman
Authors: Faust Stephan
Published: December 2017

In the Roman world, non‐mythological images of war were a means of transforming military success as well as military qualities into prestige and power by presenting tendentious, culturally defined visions of events, patterns of behavior, and ideological concepts. According to the archaeological record, such scenes, which could refer to different stages and forms of warfare, mainly survive in the context of public as well as funeral monuments. Since military achievements were of the highest social importance, state institutions as well as individuals were equally keen to commission war images for honorary purposes or self‐promotion.
Sharuna
Authors: Huber Béatrice
Published: December 2017

Excavations of the University of Tübingen (Germany) at Kom el‐Ahmar/Sharuna (Middle Egypt) uncovered a settlement that dates from the Eary Dynastic to Late Roman‐Byzantine times. Excavations have been carried out in the settlement mound (
kom
) of the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, in the necropolis, which contains tombs from the end of the Old Kingdom and Ptolemaic period, and finally in a Late Roman funerary basilica surrounded by a vast cemetery. The monastery of Deir el‐Qarabin stands in the desert, with economic facilities and a religious compound. This was the center of a
laura
with several scattered hermitages. The site of Sharuna was probably abandoned in the seventh or eighth century.
Ammonios Sakkas
Authors: Hartmann Udo
Published: December 2017

Ammonios Sakkas was an Alexandrian philosopher and an influential leader of a Platonic school in the late second and the first half of the third century
ce
. Both the Christian theologian Origen of Alexandria and the Neoplatonist Plotinus were his pupils.
Iuventius Celsus, Publius (
pater
)
Authors: Bannon Cynthia
Published: December 2017

Publius Iuventius Celsus is a somewhat obscure jurist of the Flavian period. This article describes his legal career and legal writings as well as his political activity.
Himerios
Authors: Raimondi Milena
Published: December 2017

Himerios (ca. 300/320–83?
ce
) was a pagan sophist, orator and teacher of rhetoric in fourth‐century Athens.
Kleitomachos
Authors: Ioppolo Anna Maria
Published: December 2017

Kleitomachos, whose native name was Hasdrubal, was an Academic philosopher, head of the skeptical Academy from 127/6 to 110/9
bce
. Born at Carthage in Africa in 187/6
bce
, he moved to Athens at the age of twenty‐four and entered the Academy four years later in 159/8
bce
, becoming the most industrious of Karneades’ pupils. In 140/39
bce
he left the Academy and established his own school in the Palladium, only returning to the Academy as a scholarch after Karneades’ death (129/8
bce
). He died in 110/9
bce
and was succeeded by Philon of Larissa. He published over 400 books; however, only a few titles have survived. His fame is especially related to his most important teacher, Karneades, whose thought he clarified through his works, according to the ancient sources.
Longinos
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: December 2017

Cassius Longinos (born ca. 200–213
ce
, died 273) was a highly respected scholar, who taught rhetoric, literature, and philosophy in Athens. None of his works survive (if, as most modern scholars believe, the attribution of
On Sublimity
to him is incorrect), but the range of his academic activity is reflected in the testimonia and fragments of his extensive written output. His disagreements with Plotinus placed him outside the dominant trends of later Platonism; the consequent damage to his reputation as a philosopher may be undeserved. Late in his career he moved to Palmyra. He was executed on suspicion of complicity in Zenobia's revolt when Aurelian recaptured Palmyra.
Theodoros of Cyrene
Authors: Winiarczyk Marek
Published: December 2017

Theodoros was exiled from Cyrene in 313
bce
and stayed for some time in Athens. He gave public lectures and taught for money. In the first period of his life Theodoros emphasized self‐sufficiency and inner freedom. Therefore he rejected friendship and patriotism and asserted that the universe was his fatherland. Moreover he rejected conventional morality and proclaimed that theft, adultery, and sacrilege were justified by circumstances. His view was influenced by the sophistic antithesis of
nomos
and
physis
. His book
On the gods
repudiated not only the popular religion but also the idea of god in general. Therefore he was given the surname
atheos
. In Athens he was charged with impiety but managed to escape to Alexandria. Later Theodoros returned to Cyrene where he founded his own philosophical school, which competed with Epicurean hedonism. His supreme goal was joy (
chara
) grounded in prudence and its opposite was distress (
lype
) caused by foolishness.
Labyrinth of Crete
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron
Published: December 2017

In Greek Mythology, the Cretan Labyrinth was the lair of the Minotaur. King Minos ordered Daedalus to construct this maze‐like structure in order to contain the beast. Theseus entered the Labyrinth with the aid of Ariadne, killed the Minotaur, and freed the Athenian youths and maidens. Since antiquity, various travelers and scholars have been searching for this structure in various sites of central Crete. The ruins of the palace of Knossos and the cave of Agia Irene could have inspired the mythology of this Labyrinth.
Catalogue of Ships
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M.
Published: December 2017

The Catalogue of Ships is a designation for a passage in the

I
liad

book 2, from verse 484 to 759. It is a list of the Greek contingents brought to Troy, and details the number of ships commanded by the various Achaian heroes.
Amyntas I, Macedonian king
Authors: Landucci Franca
Published: December 2017

Amyntas I (sixth century
bce
), son of Alketas and father of Alexander I, known as the Philhellene, is the first truly historic figure of the kings of Macedonia. Amyntas ruled at the time when the Persian general Megabazos defeated the Paionians in about 512
bce
, and at Megabazos’ request became a Persian vassal. The king is supposed to have been a friend of the Peisistratids and is assumed to have died in about 498.
Chreophylakes
Authors: Migeotte Léopold
Published: December 2017

Chreophylakes
, literally “debt keepers,” were Greek magistrates attested in numerous cities, above all in the Hellenistic and imperial periods, and in the Seleucid kingdom, whose original duty was probably to officially record debts and lists of debtors. Their functions gradually extended in Hellenistic times because a growing number of individuals used to register various documents (such as adoptions, manumissions of slaves, sales, purchases, loans) in the public archives, for reasons of security and sometimes on payment of a fee. They are attested especially in Asia Minor and the Aegean islands, but in other regions of the Greek world every city had their equivalent under other names.
Frigidus River, Battle of
Authors: Crawford Peter
Published: December 2017

The Battle of Frigidus River was a one‐off civil war confrontation fought on September 5–6, 394
ce
, which saw Theodosius I defeat the forces of the western usurper Eugenius under the command of Arbogast, the western
magister militum
, due to the intervention of a local meteorological phenomenon.
Gaius and Lucius Caesar
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: December 2017

Gaius (20
bce
–4
ce
) and Lucius (17
bce
–2
ce
) Caesar were the eldest sons of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Adopted by Augustus in 17
bce
, they came of age in 5
bce
and 2
bce
, respectively. In 1
bce
, Gaius married Livia Julia (Livilla), the daughter of Drusus the Elder and Antonia Minor. He was consul in 1
ce
with his brother‐in‐law, Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Lucius Caesar was consul designate for 4
ce
, but died in Massilia on August 20, 2
ce
, en route to his first command in Spain. On February 21, 4
ce
, Gaius died in Lycia from a wound received during the siege of Artagira. Their deaths left Augustus bereft of sons.
Julia the Younger
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn
Published: December 2017

Julia the Younger (ca. 19
bce
–28
ce
), the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and granddaughter of Augustus, was the wife of the conspirator L. Aemilius Paullus (cos. 1
ce
) and mother of Aemilia Lepida. In 8
ce
, she was relegated to the island of Trimerus for illicit relations with Decius Iunius Silanus. Augustus refused to raise Julia's child by Silanus, demolished her house in Rome, and forbade her burial in his Mausoleum. She remained in exile until her death in 28
ce
.
Cervidius Scaevola, Q.
Authors: du Plessis Paul J.
Published: December 2017

This entry provides an overview of the life of Q. Cervidius Scaevola, a Roman jurist of the latter part of the second century
ce
. It focuses on his life and works and places him within in the larger context of Roman juristic culture of the later Principate.
Hierokles of Alexandria
Authors: Schibli Hermann S.
Published: December 2017

Hierokles of Alexandria was a Neoplatonic philosopher who flourished in the first half of the fifth century
ce
. He is the author of two works, the
Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans
and the treatise
On providence
. His Platonic philosophy is mainly directed toward ethics and strongly influenced by Pythagoreanism.
Phthia, mother of Philip V
Authors: D'Agostini Monica
Published: December 2017

The Epirot princess Phthia was the granddaughter of Pyrrhos. She married Demetrios II of Macedon and became queen of Macedon. Around 238
bce
she gave birth to Philip V, Demetrios’ heir. At Demetrios’ death in 229
bce
she married Antigonos Doson, who had been appointed tutor of the young Philip V and governor of the kingdom. Doson later became king of Macedon, but Phthia's fate is unknown.
Stratonike, wife of Eumenes
II
Authors: D'Agostini Monica
Published: December 2017

The Cappadocian princess Stratonike became queen of Pergamon in 188
bce
through her marriage to king Eumenes II. After her husband was presumed dead, she married his brother Attalos II. When Eumenes II returned, he was granted again his wife and throne. At Eumenes’ death she re‐married Attalos II. She survived Attalos II, and died during the reign of Attalos III. She was honored with statues in Delos and Pergamon.
Alexander Romance
Authors: Djurslev Christian Thrue
Published: December 2017

The most popular biography of Alexander the Great in the ancient world was the novelistic three‐book fiction, the
Life of Alexander of Macedon
or, simply, the
Alexander romance
(
AR
). The Greek work is attributed to various authors, including Aristotle, Aesop, and Callisthenes, but without any certainty. The text also survives in Latin and Armenian translations from the fourth and fifth centuries
ce
respectively. As it stands, the
AR
is a fanciful version of the historical campaigns of Alexander the Great. The text made a profound impact on later cultural traditions across the Mediterranean world and eventually in the rest of Eurasia.
Nag Hammadi Codices
Authors: Burns Dylan M.
Published: December 2017

Upon their discovery in 1945, the Nag Hammadi codices immediately became the largest and most important body of sources for the study of ancient Gnosticism. Comprising twelve books written in Coptic, they contain many Gnostic, apocryphal, and even Neoplatonic early Christian texts, most of which were hitherto unknown or lost. Their language is also instrumental for the study of Coptic linguistics, especially the dialects. The origin and even the history of the discovery of the codices remain hotly‐contested by scholars.
Cleopatra Thea
Authors: McAuley Alex
Published: December 2017

Cleopatra Thea Eueteria (ca. 164–121
bce
), second child of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II, was a Ptolemaic princess, first sent to Syria by her father, who would later go on to become the wife of three Seleucid kings and mother of four sons who would eventually take the Seleucid throne. She was the first woman in the Seleucid dynasty to rule alone over Phoenician Syria for a period in 126/125
bce
, and then as co‐regent until her death in 121/120.
Ammonios of Alexandria
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

A successor of Aristarchos of Samothrace in Alexandria, Ammonios purportedly wrote a work on Athenian courtesans. His fragments reveal an interest in determining the identity of historical individuals referred to by Aristophanes.
Alexander
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alexander (FGrH 739) was a Greek historian of Caria quoted in the Apollonius Scholia whose identity and date are uncertain.
Alexarchos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Alexarchos is an author of dubious provenance. His only citation in Pseudo‐Plutarch has cast doubt on his authenticity.
Amelesagoras of Athens
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Amelesagoras was an author of an
Atthis
, or local history of Athens from either the fourth or fifth century
bce
. There has been controversy over his authenticity, but recent scholarship has leaned toward accepting the author as authentic.
Charon of Lampsakos
Authors: Alley Dennis R.
Published: December 2017

Charon of Lampsakos was an important early Greek historian of the late sixth or early fifth century
bce
. His numerous works covered a wide range of topics. Perhaps most importantly, he is frequently cited as the earliest historian of the Greco‐Persian Wars and commonly put in comparison with Herodotus of Halicarnassus.
Androsthenes of Thasos
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: December 2017

Androsthenes of Thasos (
FGrH
711) was a member of Alexander the Great's eastern campaign. He was closely connected to Alexander's admiral Nearchos. He explored the Persian Gulf, and wrote a treatise titled,
Sailing Along the Indian Coast
.
Antandros of Syracuse
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: December 2017

Antandros was a brother of the Sicilian Greek tyrant Agathokles. He wrote an account of his brother's tyranny at Syracuse.
Antigenes (historian)
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: December 2017

Antigenes was a Greek historian of unknown provenance, writing most likely in the fourth century
bce
. He wrote on peoples and places, and perhaps on Alexander the Great.
Anaximenes of Lampsakos
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Anaximenes of Lampsakos was a fourth‐century
bce
historian, rhetorician, and intellectual. He was the author of several works, including the
Rhetorica ad Alexandrum
, histories of both Philip II of Macedon and Alexander III, the Great, and a universal history of Greece. He may have been an instructor of Alexander, and he accompanied him on his invasion of the East.
Andreas of Panormus
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Andreas of Panormus was the author of the
Sikelika
, a history of the
poleis
of Sicily written at an unknown date. The only surviving ancient reference to his work, in the
Deipnosophistae
of Athenaeus of Naukratis, mentions his description of the
sambuca
, a kind of siege engine supported by two ships. The existence of the
sambuca
is confirmed by other authors such as Polybius and Plutarch.
Andron of Halikarnassos
Authors: Goldberg Charles
Published: December 2017

Andron of Halikarnassos was an ancient historian and the author of
The kinsmen
, a prose work primarily concerning heroic myths and genealogies, which survives in numerous fragments by later authors. A sure date for Andron's career is not possible, but textual similarities to other authors, and two inscriptions honoring him and the historian Herodotus of Halikarnassos and the poet Panyassis, suggest dating him to the late fifth or early fourth centuries
bce
.
Amyntas
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Amyntas is the author of the
Stages of Asia
and perhaps one of Alexander's bematists. His fragments show a keen interest in animals and marvels.
Anagraphai (Pseudo‐Manetho)
Authors: Farrington Scott T.
Published: December 2017

Jacoby collected four fragments concerning Egyptian history and mythology under the heading “Anagraphai.” No information is known about the author or authors of these fragments.
Elymais, kingdom of
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo
Published: December 2017

The kingdom of Elymais was a Parthian client kingdom that existed between the second century
bce
and the early third century
ce
in the region of Ḵūzestān, to the southwest of the Iranian plateau. Its monarchs enjoyed a substantial autonomy from the Great King's authority and maintained the right to mint their own coins.
Toxicity of Potassium Chloride Compared to Sodium Chloride for Zebra Mussel Decontamination
Authors: Davis Eric A. , Wong Wai Hing , Harman Willard N.
Published: December 2017

The use of chemicals to decontaminate watercraft and/or equipment after exposure to zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha is one method of decontamination that has been recommended by multiple government agencies in the United States. The ideal chemical to be used for decontamination would be inexpensive and easily obtained, would have no or limited effect on nontarget species, and would be relatively environmentally friendly. Two chemicals that have been tested are potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The toxicity of each chemical to both adult zebra mussels and veliger larvae was examined. Sodium chloride was less effective at causing mortality than KCl within the exposure periods tested. Adult mussels required a 4× longer exposure period to exhibit complete mortality when exposed to NaCl at 30,000 mg/L (24 h) compared to KCl (6 h). At 10,000 mg/L, NaCl took 8× longer (96 h) than KCl (12 h) to cause 100% mortality of adult mussels. Veligers that were exposed to KCl at 1,250 mg/L required a 12-h exposure to attain complete mortality, while those exposed to NaCl at 10,000 mg/L required an 18-h exposure to exhibit the same result. To determine whether KCl is more advantageous as a decontamination chemical, the cost and chemical availability must be researched.
Tumor Microenvironment‐Enabled Nanotherapy
Authors: Wang Liying , Huo Minfeng , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin
Published: December 2017

Cancer is now one of the world's leading threats to human health. With the development of oncology in both biology and biomedicine, it has been demonstrated that abnormal physiochemical conditions and dysregulated biosynthetic intermediates in tumor microenvironment (TME) play a pivotal role in enabling tumor cells to defend or evade the damage by traditional clinical tumor therapeutics including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, etc. The fast advances of TME‐enabled theranostic nanomedicine have offered promising perspectives, strategies, and approaches for combating cancer based on the novel concept of TME‐enabled nanotherapy. In this comprehensive review, the origins of TME (e.g., enhanced permeability and retention effect, overexpressed biosynthetic intermediates, mild acidic nature, redox potentials, hypoxia) are initially introduced and discussed, followed by detailed discussion and overview on the state‐of‐the‐art progresses in TME‐enabled antitumor nanotherapies (e.g., chemo/chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, the obstacles and challenges of future development on TME‐enabled nanotherapies for further clinical translation are outlooked.
Recent Advances in Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Placone Jesse K. , Engler Adam J.
Published: December 2017

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, has become significantly more commonplace in tissue engineering over the past decade, as a variety of new printing materials have been developed. In extrusion‐based printing, materials are used for applications that range from cell free printing to cell‐laden bioinks that mimic natural tissues. Beyond single tissue applications, multi‐material extrusion based printing has recently been developed to manufacture scaffolds that mimic tissue interfaces. Despite these advances, some material limitations prevent wider adoption of the extrusion‐based 3D printers currently available. This progress report provides an overview of this commonly used printing strategy, as well as insight into how this technique can be improved. As such, it is hoped that the prospective report guides the inclusion of more rigorous material characterization prior to printing, thereby facilitating cross‐platform utilization and reproducibility.
Optical Detection and Spatial Modulation of Mid‐Infrared Surface Plasmon Polaritons in a Highly Doped Semiconductor
Authors: Di Paola Davide Maria , Velichko Anton V. , Bomers Mario , Balakrishnan Nilanthy , Makarovsky Oleg , Capizzi Mario , Cerutti Laurent , Baranov Alexei N. , Kesaria Manoj , Krier Anthony , Taliercio Thierry , Patanè Amalia
Published: December 2017

Highly doped semiconductors (HDSCs) are promising candidates for plasmonic applications in the mid‐infrared (MIR) spectral range. This work examines a recent addition to the HDSC family, the dilute nitride alloy In(AsN). Postgrowth hydrogenation of In(AsN) creates a highly conducting channel near the surface and a surface plasmon polariton detected by attenuated total reflection techniques. The suppression of plasmonic effects following a photoannealing of the semiconductor is attributed to the dissociation of the NH bond. This offers new routes for direct patterning of MIR plasmonic structures by laser writing.
Ultrastrong Coupling of Electrically Pumped Near‐Infrared Exciton‐Polaritons in High Mobility Polymers
Authors: Held Martin , Graf Arko , Zakharko Yuriy , Chao Pengning , Tropf Laura , Gather Malte C. , Zaumseil Jana
Published: December 2017

Exciton‐polaritons are quasiparticles with hybrid light–matter properties that may be used in new optoelectronic devices. Here, electrically pumped ultrastrongly coupled exciton‐polaritons in a high‐mobility donor–acceptor copolymer are demonstrated by integrating a light‐emitting field‐effect transistor into a metal‐clad microcavity. Near‐infrared electroluminescence is emitted exclusively from the lower polariton branch, which indicates efficient relaxation. A coupling strength of 24% of the exciton transition energy implies the system is in the ultrastrong coupling regime with a narrow and almost angle‐independent emission. The lower polariton energy, which can be adjusted by the cavity detuning, strongly influences the external quantum efficiency of the device. Driving the transistors at ambipolar current densities of up to 4000 A cm−2 does not decrease the coupling strength or polariton emission efficiency. Cavity‐integrated light‐emitting field‐effect transistors thus represent a versatile platform for polariton emission and polaritonic devices.
Thermo‐optical Tunable Ultracompact Chip‐Integrated 1D Photonic Topological Insulator
Authors: Li Chong , Hu Xiaoyong , Gao Wei , Ao Yutian , Chu Saisai , Yang Hong , Gong Qihuang
Published: December 2017

An on‐chip integrated one‐dimension topological insulator in the optical communication range is realized directly in an integrated photonic circuit. The system takes on a configuration of a 220 nm thick 1D photonic crystal heterostructure sandwiched between two gold films. A photonic topological edge state centered at 1550 nm is obtained for the chip‐integrated one‐dimension topological insulator made of a silicon/SiO2 photonic crystal heterostructure with a feature size of only 2.25 µm integrated with a silicon waveguide. On/off switching of the photonic topological edge state was also achieved in a 1D topological insulator made of a VO2/SiO2 photonic crystal heterostructure based on a thermally induced insulator‐to‐metal transition of VO2. This system not only paves the way for practical applications of photonic topological insulators in integrated photonic devices and chips but also provides a platform for fundamental studies of topological photonics.
Broadband Nonlinear Photoresponse of 2D TiS2 for Ultrashort Pulse Generation and All‐Optical Thresholding Devices
Authors: Ge Yanqi , Zhu Zhengfeng , Xu Yanhua , Chen Yunxiang , Chen Si , Liang Zhiming , Song Yufeng , Zou Yousheng , Zeng Haibo , Xu Shixiang , Zhang Han , Fan Dianyuan
Published: December 2017

2D titanium disulfide (TiS2) is recently found to have strong light absorption properties from visible to infrared (IR) region. This feature is highly attractive for applications in nonlinear photonics; however, the mechanism of broadband light–matter interaction is yet to be determined and nonlinear photonic devices are not developed. Here, for the first time, the experimental evidence supporting the mechanism of the broadband nonlinear photoresponse in ultrathin TiS2 nanosheets ranging from 400 nm to 1390 nm is reported through laser Z‐scan measurements. High‐performance nonlinear photonic devices operating in the telecommunication band are also demonstrated. A novel saturable absorber (SA) device is successfully fabricated based on a 2D TiS2‐decorated fiber, which exhibits outstanding ultrashort pulse generation performance with pulse duration of ≈1.04 ps centered at 1569.5 nm. Furthermore, as a stable all‐optical thresholding component, the device can effectively attenuate noise and boost the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the pulse from 1.90 to 10.68 dB. The findings indicate that TiS2‐based SA devices can be developed into excellent highly nonlinear photonic devices, which may advance the development of TiS2‐based optical communication technologies in the future.
Tattoo‐Like Transferable Hole Selective Electrodes for Highly Efficient, Solution‐Processed Organic Indoor Photovoltaics
Authors: Piva Nicola , Greco Francesco , Garbugli Michele , Iacchetti Antonio , Mattoli Virgilio , Caironi Mario
Published: December 2017

In solution‐processed organic photovoltaics the deposition of charge selective interlayers or electrodes on top of the photoactive layer is a well‐known critical step, typically involving either surface treatments or addition of surfactants. As a general strategy to overcome such processing issues, here a simple and scalable tattoo‐based technique is presented for the direct transfer of selective poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene‐sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) contacts, previously screen printed on commercial temporary tattoo paper, on top of poly(3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) films. The obtained structure works both in sunlight and in artificial low‐light indoor conditions. In the latter case, which represents a very interesting application scenario for cost‐effective flexible and lightweight photovoltaic chargers, excellent photo‐conversion performances, in excess of 7.0 %, are achieved, the best performance reported so far for artificial light conversion with OPV based on the well‐known P3HT and PCBM blend. As a proof‐of‐concept toward real applications, this electrode transfer strategy is adopted to fabricate a 6 cm2 mini‐module that in indoor low‐light conditions can power a temperature‐humidity sensor endowed with an LCD display. These results show that tattoo‐like transfer of charge selective electrodes is a promising strategy to simplify the fabrication process flow of organic photovoltaics tailored for low light conditions.
Pathological mechanisms underlying single large‐scale mitochondrial DNA deletions
Authors: Rocha Mariana C. , Rosa Hannah S. , Grady John P. , Blakely Emma L. , He Langping , Romain Nadine , Haller Ronald G. , Newman Jane , McFarland Robert , Ng Yi Shiau , Gorman Grainne S. , Schaefer Andrew M. , Tuppen Helen A. , Taylor Robert W. , Turnbull Doug M.
Published: December 2017

Objective

Single, large‐scale deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are a common cause of mitochondrial disease. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the genetic defect and molecular phenotype to improve understanding of pathogenic mechanisms associated with single, large‐scale mtDNA deletions in skeletal muscle.

Methods

We investigated 23 muscle biopsies taken from adult patients (6 males/17 females with a mean age of 43 years) with characterized single, large‐scale mtDNA deletions. Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency in skeletal muscle biopsies was quantified by immunoreactivity levels for complex I and complex IV proteins. Single muscle fibers with varying degrees of deficiency were selected from 6 patient biopsies for determination of mtDNA deletion level and copy number by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

We have defined 3 “classes” of single, large‐scale deletion with distinct patterns of mitochondrial deficiency, determined by the size and location of the deletion. Single fiber analyses showed that fibers with greater respiratory chain deficiency harbored higher levels of mtDNA deletion with an increase in total mtDNA copy number. For the first time, we have demonstrated that threshold levels for complex I and complex IV deficiency differ based on deletion class.

Interpretation

Combining genetic and immunofluorescent assays, we conclude that thresholds for complex I and complex IV deficiency are modulated by the deletion of complex‐specific protein‐encoding genes. Furthermore, removal of mt‐tRNA genes impacts specific complexes only at high deletion levels, when complex‐specific protein‐encoding genes remain. These novel findings provide valuable insight into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with these mutations. Ann Neurol 2018;83:115–130
Myeloid cell plasticity in the evolution of central nervous system autoimmunity
Authors: Giles David A. , Washnock‐Schmid Jesse M. , Duncker Patrick C. , Dahlawi Somiah , Ponath Gerald , Pitt David , Segal Benjamin M.
Published: December 2017

Objective

Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, are a prominent component of central nervous system (CNS) infiltrates during multiple sclerosis (MS) and the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although myeloid cells are generally thought to be proinflammatory, alternatively polarized subsets can serve noninflammatory and/or reparative functions. Here we investigate the heterogeneity and biological properties of myeloid cells during central nervous system autoimmunity.

Methods

Myeloid cell phenotypes in chronic active MS lesions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, immune cells were isolated from the CNS during exacerbations and remissions of EAE and characterized by flow cytometric, genetic, and functional assays.

Results

Myeloid cells expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicative of a proinflammatory phenotype, were detected in the actively demyelinating rim of chronic active MS lesions, whereas macrophages expressing mannose receptor (CD206), a marker of alternatively polarized human myeloid cells, were enriched in the quiescent lesion core. During EAE, CNS‐infiltrating myeloid cells, as well as microglia, shifted from expression of proinflammatory markers to expression of noninflammatory markers immediately prior to clinical remissions. Murine CNS myeloid cells expressing the alternative lineage marker arginase‐1 (Arg1) were partially derived from iNOS+ precursors and were deficient in activating encephalitogenic T cells compared with their Arg1− counterparts.

Interpretation

These observations demonstrate the heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells, their evolution during the course of autoimmune demyelinating disease, and their plasticity on the single cell level. Future therapeutic strategies for disease modification in individuals with MS may be focused on accelerating the transition of CNS myeloid cells from a proinflammatory to a noninflammatory phenotype. Ann Neurol 2018;83:131–141
Thermo‐triggered Release of CRISPR‐Cas9 System by Lipid‐Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhang Lingmin , Zheng Wenfu , Cong Liman , Guo Zhaorong , Xie Yangzhouyun , Wang Le , Tang Rongbing , Feng Qiang , Hamada Yoh , Gonda Kohsuke , Hu Zhijian , Wu Xiaochun , Jiang Xingyu
Published: December 2017

CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful toolbox for gene editing. However, the low delivery efficiency is still a big hurdle impeding its applications. Herein, we report a strategy to deliver Cas9‐sgPlk‐1 plasmids (CP) by a multifunctional vehicle for tumor therapy. We condensed CPs on TAT peptide‐modified Au nanoparticles (AuNPs/CP, ACP) via electrostatic interactions, and coated lipids (DOTAP, DOPE, cholesterol, PEG2000‐DSPE) on the ACP to form lipid‐encapsulated, AuNPs‐condensed CP (LACP). LACP can enter tumor cells and release CP into the cytosol by laser‐triggered thermo‐effects of the AuNPs; the CP can enter nuclei by TAT guidance, enabling effective knock‐outs of target gene (Plk‐1) of tumor (melanoma) and inhibition of the tumor both in vitro and in vivo. This AuNPs‐condensed, lipid‐encapsulated, and laser‐controlled delivery system provides a versatile method for high efficiency CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and targeted gene editing for treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases.
Cyclic Polymer Grafts That Lubricate and Protect Damaged Cartilage
Authors: Morgese Giulia , Cavalli Emma , Rosenboom Jan‐Georg , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy , Benetti Edmondo M.
Published: December 2017

Tissue‐reactive graft copolymers were designed to protect the cartilage against enzymatic degradation and restore its lubrication properties during the early stages of osteoarthritis (OA). The copolymers feature a poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) backbone bearing hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) functions and cyclic poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMOXA) side chains. PGA‐PMOXA‐HBA species chemisorb on the degraded tissue via Schiff bases and expose the biopassive and lubricious PMOXA cyclic grafts at the interface. The smaller hydrodynamic radius by cyclic PMOXA side chains coupled to the intrinsic absence of chain ends generate denser and more lubricious films on cartilage when compared to those produced by copolymers bearing linear PMOXA. Topology effects demonstrate how the introduction of cyclic polymers within tissue‐reactive copolymers substantially improve their tribological and biopassive properties, suggesting a plethora of possible applications for cyclic macromolecules in biomaterials formulations.
Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)/permutite fibrous film loaded with cinnamaldehyde for active food packaging
Authors: Shao Ping , Yan Zhipeng , Chen Hangjun , Xiao Jie
Published: December 2017

Electrospun ultra‐fine poly(vinyl alcohol)/permutite fibrous film loaded with cinnamaldehyde essential oil was successfully fabricated.The morphology of fibrous filmswas characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The fibrous film exhibited microstructure features with high porosity with the pore size distributed ranging from 1.7 nm to 56.7 nm. And the root‐mean‐squared roughness of fibers lifted to 546.5 nm when the addition of cinnamaldehyde essential oil (CEO) reached 0.25 mL. Attenuated total reflectance‐fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopyconfirmed the existence of CEO in fibrous films and revealed physical interaction rather than chemical interactions existing between the film matrix and CEO. Endothermic peaks presented in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile were probably rooted from existed mesoporous adsorption between the highly porous film matrix and CEO. Furthermore, the PVA/permutite/CEO fibrous film prolonged the shelf life of strawberries, confirming that the PVA/permutite/CEO fibrous film may be of interest for the development of active food packaging. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46117.
Investigation of dielectric properties of free standing electrospun nonwoven mat
Authors: Tahalyani Jitendra , Datar Suwarna , Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
Published: December 2017

Flexible materials with balanced dielectric as well as conductive characteristics have elucidated considerable demand in field of research where conventional dielectric or insulators can be replaced by recent advances in various electronics appliances. Our work describes the detailed analyses of dielectric properties like dielectric constant, losses, and electric modulus by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy over frequency ranging from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz and temperature ranging from 0 to 60 °C for poly(vinyl alcohol)‐polyaniline (PVA‐PANI) free standing electrospinning nonwoven mat. It has been contemplated that the dielectric constant was enhanced by increasing PANI concentration for complete range of frequency at room temperature. The enhanced dielectric constant value (5.14 at 0.1 Hz, 2.66 at 1 KHz, 2.58 at 10 KHz, and 2.19 at 10 MHz) was anticipated for 7 wt % loading of PANI which was attributed to the presence of dipoles and interfacial polarization enclosed by the polymers. The increased dielectric constant with PANI dosing as well as with temperature attributed to favorable interfacial polarization. Shifting of peak is noticed in the spectra of imaginary electric modulus with increase in temperature which indicates increased chain dynamics of polymers in the mat. Three‐dimensional analysis of the field emission scanning electron microscopy images was carried out by SPIP analytical software. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46121.
Chemical curing of alkyd resin catalyzed by benzoylferrocene: Performance, kinetics, and thickness effects
Authors: Honzíček Jan , Vinklárek Jaromír
Published: December 2017

Catalytic properties of benzoylferrocene, as a representative of cobalt‐free drier, was investigated on alkyd resin modified with soybean oil. Mechanical tests, performed on alkyd films, revealed promising activity at low metal concentrations. A detailed analysis of time resolved infrared spectra was used for in‐depth investigation of chemical curing in the films. The experiments, performed in transmission mode, enabled determination of kinetic parameters for the autoxidation process. Effects of film thickness were investigated using attenuated total reflectance technique. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46184.
The Lack of Nasolacrimal Ducts in Plethodontid Salamanders?
Authors: Siegel Dustin S. , Taylor Michael S. , Sever David M. , Trauth Stanley E.
Published: December 2017

Nasolacrimal ducts are a terrestrial vertebrate adaptation and appear to have co‐evolved with orbital glands. Although plethodontid salamanders possess orbital glands, a recent study concluded that plethodontid salamanders lack nasolacrimal ducts. Functionally, the absence of nasolacrimal ducts closes the route for orbital gland secretion passage into the nasal and vomeronasal organ cavities. Orbital glands have been implicated in enhancement of vomeronasal function so loss could have important implications for communication. Multiple older studies depict or discuss nasolacrimal ducts in plethodontid salamanders. Interestingly, the only consensus between recent and older literature is that Desmognathus lacks nasolacrimal ducts. To determine if plethodontid salamanders truly lack nasolacrimal ducts, we sectioned plethodontid salamander heads for general histological examination of species from the majority of the plethodontid tribes. From our representative sample, we found only two species that completely lacked nasolacrimal ducts (Desmognathus fuscus and Eurycea tynerensis) and one species that possessed nasolacrimal ducts that ended blindly before reaching the nasal cavities (E. spelaea). Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction resulted in the presence of nasolacrimal ducts on the branch leading to Plethodontidae and both subfamilies within Plethodontidae, with two independent losses in Desmognathus and Eurycea. Anat Rec, 301:765–775, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catalytic Water Oxidation by Iridium‐Modified Carbonic Anhydrase
Authors: Kim Min‐Chul , Lee Sang‐Yup
Published: December 2017

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a ubiquitous metalloenzyme with a Zn cofactor coordinated to trigonal histidine imidazole moieties in a tetrahedral geometry. Removal of the Zn cofactor in CA and subsequent binding of Ir afforded CA[Ir]. Under mild and neutral conditions (30 °C, pH 7), CA[Ir] exhibited water‐oxidizing activity with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 39.8 min−1, which is comparable to those of other Ir‐based molecular catalysts. Coordination of Ir to the apoprotein of CA is thermodynamically preferred and is associated with an exothermic energy change (ΔH) of −10.8 kcal mol−1, which implies that the CA apoprotein is stabilized by Ir binding. The catalytic oxygen‐evolving activity of CA[Ir] is displayed only if Ir is bound to CA, which functions as an effective biological scaffold that activates the Ir center for catalysis. The results of this study indicate that the histidine imidazoles at the CA active site could be exploited as beneficial biological ligands to provide unforeseen biochemical activity by coordination to a variety of transition‐metal ions.
Silver‐Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of Oxindoles and Pyrroloindolines via α‐Aminoalkylation of N‐Arylacrylamides with Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Makino Sohei , Shibata Takanori
Published: December 2017

α‐Aminoalkylation of N‐arylacrylamides with amino acid derivatives was achieved by silver‐catalysis in moderate to high yields. The reaction provides an efficient strategy for the synthesis of functionalized oxindoles, and is suitable for a wide range of N‐arylacrylamides and amino acids, both of which are inexpensive and readily available. The oxindoles obtained were readily transformed into densely functionalized pyrroloindolines by deprotection and cyclization in one pot.
Is food refusal in autistic children related to TAS2R38 genotype?
Authors: Riccio Maria Pia , Franco Chiara , Negri Rossella , Ferrentino Roberta Ida , Maresca Roberta , D'alterio Elisa , Greco Luigi , Bravaccio Carmela
Published: December 2017

Several studies suggest that atypical eating behaviors, in particular food selectivity, are more frequent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A link between bitter taste perception, namely PROP/PTC sensitivity and food preferences is known in healthy children. The aim of this study is to investigate whether genetic variants of the TAS2R38 taste receptor responsible for different bitter sensitivity could affect foods preferences and consequently food refusal in ASD children. We recruited 43 children with ASD and 41 with normotypic development (TD) with or without food selectivity, aged between 2 and 11 years. Children were characterized for bitter sensitivity by means of PROP strips and FACS analysis and genotyped for TAS2R38 polymorphisms. Food selectivity was assessed by a validated food preference questionnaire filled by parents. A statistically significant correlation between PROP sensitivity and food refusal was observed. Furthermore, a prevalence of the PAV‐sensitive haplotype compared to the AVI‐insensitive one was seen in ASD children with food selectivity. In agreement with the initial hypothesis the results show that food refusal in ASD children is mediated by bitter taste sensitivity thus suggesting that the bitter sensitivity test may be used as a device to orientate tailored food proposals for the practical management of food selectivity in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 531–538. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

A variation of the gene TAS2R38, associated with bitter taste sensitivity, can cause a different perception of some foods. In particular, some children are hypersensitive to bitterness and show a more restricted repertoire of accepted foods. We evaluate bitter sensitivity in ASD children with or without food selectivity, through a simple bitter taste test with edible strips. The results show that food refusal in ASD children can be mediated by bitter taste sensitivity thus suggesting that the bitter sensitivity test may be used as a device to orientate tailored food proposals for the practical management of food selectivity in ASD.