bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visco-resistive plasmoid instability
Authors: Comisso Luca , Grasso Daniela
Published: March 2016

The plasmoid instability in visco-resistive current sheets is analyzed in both the linear and nonlinear regimes. The linear growth rate and the wavenumber are found to scale as S1/4(1+Pm)−5/8 and S3/8(1+Pm)−3/16 with respect to the Lundquist number S and the magnetic Prandtl number Pm. Furthermore, the linear layer width is shown to scale as S−1/8(1+Pm)1/16. The growth of the plasmoids slows down from an exponential growth to an algebraic growth when they enter into the nonlinear regime. In particular, the time-scale of the nonlinear growth of the plasmoids is found to be τNL∼S−3/16(1+Pm)19/32τA,L. The nonlinear growth of the plasmoids is radically different from the linear one, and it is shown to be essential to understand the global current sheet disruption. It is also discussed how the plasmoid instability enables fast magnetic reconnection in visco-resistive plasmas. In particular, it is shown that the recursive plasmoid formation can trigger a collisionless reconnection regime if S≳Lcs(ϵclk)−1(1+Pm)1/2, where Lcs is the half-length of the global current sheet and lk is the relevant kinetic length scale. On the other hand, if the current sheet remains in the collisional regime, the global (time-averaged) reconnection rate is shown to be 〈dψ/dt|X〉≈ϵcvA,uBu(1+Pm)−1/2, where ϵc is the critical inverse aspect ratio of the current sheet, while vA,u and Bu are the Alfvén speed and the magnetic field upstream of the global reconnection layer.
Ag2ZnSn(S,Se)4: A highly promising absorber for thin film photovoltaics
Authors: Chagarov Evgueni , Sardashti Kasra , Kummel Andrew C. , Lee Yun Seog , Haight Richard , Gershon Talia S.
Published: March 2016

The growth in efficiency of earth-abundant kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells has slowed, due in part to the intrinsic limitations imposed by the band tailing attributed primarily to I-II antisite exchange. In this study, density functional theory simulations show that when Ag is substituted for Cu to form kesterite Ag2ZnSnSe4 (AZTSe), the I-II isolated antisite formation energy becomes 3.7 times greater than in CZTSSe, resulting in at least an order of magnitude reduction in I-II antisite density. Experimental evidence of an optoelectronically improved material is also provided. Comparison of the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe), CZTSSe, and AZTSe shows that AZTSe has a shallow defect structure with emission significantly closer to the band edge than CZTSe. Existence of suppressed band tailing is found in the proximity of the room-temperature PL peak of AZTSe to its measured band gap. The results are consistent with AZTSe being a promising alternative to CZTSSe and CIGSe for thin film photovoltaics.
The signature of initial production mechanisms in isotropic turbulence decay
Authors: Meldi M.
Published: March 2016

In the present work the quantification of the time-lasting effects of production mechanisms in homogeneous isotropic turbulence decay is addressed. The analysis is developed through the use of theoretical tools as well as numerical calculations based on the eddy damped quasinormal Markovian (EDQNM) model. In both cases a modified Lin equation is used, which accounts for production mechanisms as proposed by Meldi, Lejemble, and Sagaut [“On the emergence of non-classical decay regimes in multiscale/fractal generated isotropic turbulence,” J. Fluid Mech. 756, 816–843 (2014)]. The approaches used show that an exponential decay law can be observed if the intensity of the forcing is strong enough to drive the turbulence dynamics, before a power-law decay is eventually attained. The EDQNM numerical results indicate that the exponential regime can persist for long evolution times, longer than the observation time in grid turbulence experiments. A rigorous investigation of the self-similar behavior of the pressure spectrum has been performed by a comprehensive comparison of EDQNM data with direct numerical simulation (DNS)/experiments in the literature. While DNS and free decay EDQNM simulations suggest the need of a very high Reλ threshold in order to observe a clear −7/3 slope of the pressure inertial range, experimental data and forced EDQNM calculations indicate a significantly lower value. This observation suggests that the time-lasting effects of production mechanisms, which cannot be excluded in experiments, play a role in the lack of general agreement with classical numerical approaches. These results reinforce the urge to evolve the numerical simulation state of the art towards the prediction of realistic physical states.
Constructing criteria to diagnose the likelihood of extreme events in the case of the electric power grid
Authors: van Milligen B. Ph. , Carreras B. A. , Newman D. E.
Published: March 2016

A set of new criteria for the diagnosis of the possible occurrence of a large blackout are constructed, using the output from a model for the dynamics of the electric power grid (the OPA model). The approach used is to look for maximum values of the Transfer Entropy between time series of the system variables and the time series of large blackouts. The best criterion is found by looking at the number of overloaded lines at the beginning of the day.
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance measurements in inhomogeneous magnetic fields: A fast two-dimensional J-resolved experiment
Authors: Huang Yuqing , Lin Yung-Ya , Cai Shuhui , Yang Yu , Sun Huijun , Lin Yanqin , Chen Zhong
Published: March 2016

High spectral resolution in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a prerequisite for achieving accurate information relevant to molecular structures and composition assignments. The continuous development of superconducting magnets guarantees strong and homogeneous static magnetic fields for satisfactory spectral resolution. However, there exist circumstances, such as measurements on biological tissues and heterogeneous chemical samples, where the field homogeneity is degraded and spectral line broadening seems inevitable. Here we propose an NMR method, named intermolecular zero-quantum coherence J-resolved spectroscopy (iZQC-JRES), to face the challenge of field inhomogeneity and obtain desired high-resolution two-dimensional J-resolved spectra with fast acquisition. Theoretical analyses for this method are given according to the intermolecular multiple-quantum coherence treatment. Experiments on (a) a simple chemical solution and (b) an aqueous solution of mixed metabolites under externally deshimmed fields, and on (c) a table grape sample with intrinsic field inhomogeneity from magnetic susceptibility variations demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the iZQC-JRES method. The application of this method to inhomogeneous chemical and biological samples, maybe in vivo samples, appears promising.
A new design methodology of obtaining wide band high gain broadband parametric source for infrared wavelength applications
Authors: Maji Partha Sona , Roy Chaudhuri Partha
Published: March 2016

In this article, we have presented a new design methodology of obtaining wide band parametric sources based on highly nonlinear chalcogenide material of As2S3. The dispersion profile of the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been engineered wisely by reducing the diameter of the second air-hole ring to have a favorable higher order dispersion parameter. The parametric gain dependence upon fiber length, pump power, and different pumping wavelengths has been investigated in detail. Based upon the nonlinear four wave mixing phenomenon, we are able to achieve a wideband parametric amplifier with peak gain of 29 dB with FWHM of ≈2000 nm around the IR wavelength by proper tailoring of the dispersion profile of the PCF with a continuous wave Erbium (Er3+)-doped ZBLAN fiber laser emitting at 2.8 μm as the pump source with an average power of 5 W. The new design methodology will unleash a new dimension to the chalcogenide material based investigation for wavelength translation around IR wavelength band.
Improved performance in vertical GaN Schottky diode assisted by AlGaN tunneling barrier
Authors: Cao Y. , Chu R. , Li R. , Chen M. , Williams A. J.
Published: March 2016

In a vertical GaN Schottky barrier diode, the free electron concentration n in the 6-μm-thick drift layer was found to greatly impact the diode reverse leakage current, which increased from 2.1 × 10−7 A to 3.9 × 10−4 A as n increased from 7.5 × 1014 cm−3 to 6.3 × 1015 cm−3 at a reverse bias of 100 V. By capping the drift layer with an ultrathin 5-nm graded AlGaN layer, reverse leakage was reduced by more than three orders of magnitude with the same n in the drift layer. We attribute this to the increased Schottky barrier height with the AlGaN at the surface. Meanwhile, the polarization field within the graded AlGaN effectively shortened the depletion depth, which led to the formation of tunneling current at a relatively small forward bias. The turn-on voltage in the vertical Schottky diodes was reduced from 0.77 V to 0.67 V—an advantage in reducing conduction loss in power switching applications.
Understanding the tensile behaviors of ultra-thin ZnO nanowires via molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Wang Weidong , Pi Zhaoliang , Lei Fan , Lu Yang
Published: March 2016

By using molecular dynamics (MD) method, the tensile behavior of ultra-thin ZnO nanowires in <0001 > orientation with three different diameters have been investigated respectively. Through the numerical simulations, the tensile properties including Young’s modulus and yielding stress are obtained as functions of strain rates, temperatures and diameter sizes. The simulation results indicate that the nanowire Young’s modulus and yielding stress would decrease with the increasing of diameter size. In addition, a significant dependence of tensile properties on temperature was also observed with the Young’s modulus and yielding stress decreasing on average by 8% and 18% respectively, while the temperature rises from 0.1 K to 400 K. However, in our simulations the Young’s modulus and yielding stress have no obvious change with different strain rates. Lastly, the structure of ultra-thin ZnO nanowires could be transformed at the strain of ∼7%-11% while the nanowires eventually fracture at the strain of nearly 15%.
Size-dependent structure and magnetic properties of co-evaporated Fe-SiO2 nanoparticle composite film under high magnetic field
Authors: Ma Yonghui , Li Guojian , Du Jiaojiao , Li Mengmeng , Wang Jianhao , Wang Qiang
Published: March 2016

Composite film of Fe nanoparticles embedded in a SiO2 matrix has been prepared by the co-evaporation of Fe and SiO2. Both source temperature and in-situ high magnetic field (HMF) have been used to adjust the Fe particle size and the growth of Fe-SiO2 film. The size of Fe particle decreased with increasing the source temperature without HMF. When HMF was presented during the growth of the film, the size of Fe particle was enlarged and reduced for source temperatures of 1300 °C and 1400 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the preferred orientation of the film grown at 1400 °C became uniform with the application of HMF. In addition, it is also found that the film was formed in two layers. One layer is formed by the Fe particle, while the other is free of Fe particles due to the existence of more SiO2. The structural variation has a significant effect on the magnetic properties. The coercivity (90 Oe) of the 1300 °C film is much higher than that (6 Oe) of the 1400 °C film with a small particle size and uniform orientation. The saturation magnetization can be increased by increasing the Fe particle volume fraction. This study develops a new method to tune the soft magnetic properties by the co-evaporation of Fe and SiO2.
Exchange coupling between soft magnetic ferrite and hard ferromagnetic Sm2Fe17N3 in ferrite/Sm2Fe17N3 composites
Authors: Imaoka N. , Kakimoto E. , Takagi K. , Ozaki K. , Tada M. , Nakagawa T. , Abe M.
Published: March 2016

In our previous work, we succeeded in fabricating ferrite/Sm2Fe17N3 composite magnets from explosive-consolidating Sm2Fe17N3 powders (2μm size) which were coated with a continuous iron ferrite layer (50nm thick) in an aqueous solution. The magnetization curves had no inflection, which suggests that the soft magnetic ferrite layer is exchange-coupled with the hard ferromagnetic Sm2Fe17N3 particles. In this paper, we provide evidence of exchange coupling in ferrite/Sm2Fe17N3 composites by the following means: 1) measurements of recoil permeability, 2) detailed microstructural observation and 3) calculations of the reduction in remanence due to the introduction of a ferrite layer in the Sm2Fe17N3 magnets. Our ferrite/Sm2Fe17N3 composite magnets are a novel type of spring magnet in which an insulating soft magnetic phase is exchange-coupled with hard magnetic phase.
Pejorative prosody
Authors: Sendlmeier Walter , Steffen Ines , Bartels Astrid
Published: March 2016

Even in conversation with neutral semantics, listeners are capable of perceiving a speaker’s positive or pejorative attitude on the content of an utterance through voice and manner of speaking. The present study focuses on the analysis of such evaluative statements and investigates by which acoustic characteristics positive and negative evaluations are distinguished. Considerable differences regarding voice pitch, pitch variation, intonation contour, duration of prosodic units and the manner of stress realization are demonstrated. Positive evaluations are spoken with higher pitch and more pitch variation, evoking the impression of a varied, lilting speaking style. Pejorative prosody, by contrast, is marked by a rather monotonous speaking style, accompanied by a deeper voice, only little changes in pitch and a significantly slower speech rate. Accentuation in pejorative statements is mainly realized by syllable prolongation, while in positive evaluative statements accentuation is indicated by significant pitch ranges.
How do evaluative derivational meanings arise? A bit of Geforsche and Forscherei
Authors: Dammel Antje , Quindt Olga
Published: March 2016

We investigate the rise of pejorative functions in word formation in a diachronic corpus-based case study on the German derivation patterns Ge-e and -(er)ei. Both patterns derive action nouns, adding the feature ‘frequentative’ and implying a dismissive/ironic attitude towards the action referred to. Our corpus data from 1350–1850 suggest that incipient pejorative derivational meanings are heavily based on utterance contexts and base types with derogative connotation. Diachronically, they conventionalize to a certain degree. However, – as implicature tests (especially calculability) show for -(er)ei and Ge-e –, they need not become a part of affix semantics. This lack of emancipation may be due to the high pragmatic productivity of pejorative contexts in reference to frequentative actions, leading to +> ‘annoyance’ in the first place, but also precluding the critical mass of neutral contexts/bases needed to prove emancipation.
A multi-act perspective on slurs
Authors: Paola Tenchini Maria , Frigerio Aldo
Published: March 2016

This paper proposes a semantic interpretation of slurs based on a multi-speech act theory. According to this perspective, when a speaker utters a sentence containing a slur, he or she performs two different speech acts, one of which, following Searle’s taxonomy, is an expressive one. Therefore, slurs have two semantic components, the first being identical with the intension and extension of the corresponding neutral term. The second is an expressive speech act by means of which the speaker expresses derogation and denigration towards the class of individuals designated by the neutral component. This interpretation is in line with those theories which regard slurs as having a mixed semantics. However, unlike these theories, in this proposal slurs are not regarded as a type of conventional implicature.
The meaning and use of slurs
Authors: Technau Björn
Published: March 2016

This paper focusses on some aspects of the meaning and use of slurs that have been neglected in the literature so far. On the pragmatic side, it concentrates on non-pejorative uses and the distinction between target groups and in-groups. It shows that emotions play a critical role in all contexts of use, irrespective of whether these contexts are derogatory or not. On the semantic side, the paper adopts a multiple component approach and brings empirical evidence that slur terms do not only have a referential and pejorative component but also a component of degree of offensiveness. There are many sources informing a speech community about a term’s offensiveness, including racist institutions, stereotypes, prohibitions, perlocutionary effects, and meta-linguistic discussions. All of these fluctuating influencing factors add to the complex picture of slur terms and make their semantic components subject to enormous changes.
Pejoration via sarcastic irony and sarcasm
Authors: Dynel Marta
Published: March 2016

This chapter addresses two notions which have received hardly any attention in the studies on pejoration: irony and sarcasm. The two concepts are teased out in the light of ample and heterogeneous research. The author argues in favour of differentiating between the two with reference to neo-Gricean terms. The focus is on the negatively evaluative/pejorative potential of sarcasm, as well as sarcastic irony, which is proposed to be a combination of irony and sarcasm. This theoretical study is illustrated with examples extracted from “House”.
Gesture structuring strategies in English
and Spanish autobiographical narratives
Authors: Rodríguez-Redondo Ana-Laura
Published: March 2016

Based on new perspectives on the conceptual segmentation of oral emotional narratives (Romano & Porto 2010; Romano et al. 2013) and the development of cognitive gesture studies (McNeill 1992; Sweetser 2007; Cienki 2008b), this chapter aims at upgrading the descriptive tools used for the conceptual-gesture interaction in structuring oral narratives. Two oral autobiographical stories, in Spanish and British English, are analysed combining both cognitive approaches. The results show two different conceptual-gesture projecting strategies for physically guiding the listener through the narrative. Although extensive comparative analyses are needed to confirm the differences, the combined method proves quite useful for capturing the conceptual-gesture projections as structuring strategies in oral narratives.
Chapter 1. Pre-adoption stress, adversity and later development in IA children
Authors: Rice Jessica , Jackson Andrea , Mahoney E. Emily , Tan Tony Xing
Published: March 2016

In this chapter, we first review the research on internationally adopted (IA) children’s experiences with birth families. Then we focus on literature related to institutional care and its impact on young children’s development, as well as the impact of pre-adoption adversity on IA children’s post-adoption development. We aim to highlight the challenges facing adoption research in linking pre-adoption adversities with post-adoption outcomes. We emphasize that the challenges are mainly due to two methodological barriers: challenges in prospectively identifying and studying children who will be abandoned, institutionalized, and later adopted, and the lack of standardized post-adoption measures that can be used among IA children from different countries. Notwithstanding such limitations, findings point to the links between prolonged and severe pre-adoption deprivation and neurobiological impairments, post-adoption cognitive delays, attention problems, and learning disabilities. Finally, we emphasize that despite pre-adoption adversity, IA children demonstrate considerable resilience in recovery and developmental catch-up.
A Note on Selected Brand Names of E-Cigarettes
Authors: Nuessel Frank
Published: March 2016

This brief note has a fourfold purpose: (1) to define the concept of “e-cigarette”; (2) to discuss succinctly collateral aspects of e-cigarettes (product development, health and legal features, linguistic dimensions); (3) to explain the notion of brand name; and (4) to review selectively brand names for e-cigarettes in order to determine the marketing strategies employed. Finally, there is an appendix with a corpus of the selected e-cigarette brand names.
A Developmental Study of Latent Absolute Pitch Memory
Authors: Jakubowski Kelly , Müllensiefen Daniel , Stewart Lauren
Published: March 2016

The ability to recall the absolute pitch level of familiar music (latent absolute pitch memory) is widespread in adults, in contrast to the rare ability to label single pitches without a reference tone (overt absolute pitch memory). The present research investigated the developmental profile of latent absolute pitch (AP) memory and explored individual differences related to this ability. In two experiments, 288 children from 4 to12 years of age performed significantly above chance at recognizing the absolute pitch level of familiar melodies. No age-related improvement or decline, nor effects of musical training, gender, or familiarity with the stimuli were found in regard to latent AP task performance. These findings suggest that latent AP memory is a stable ability that is developed from as early as age 4 and persists into adulthood.
Loss of miR-203 regulates cell shape and matrix adhesion through ROBO1/Rac/FAK in response to stiffness
Authors: Le Lily Thao-Nhi , Cazares Oscar , Mouw Janna K. , Chatterjee Sharmila , Macias Hector , Moran Angel , Ramos Jillian , Keely Patricia J. , Weaver Valerie M. , Hinck Lindsay
Published: March 2016

Breast tumor progression is accompanied by changes in the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) that increase stiffness of the microenvironment. Mammary epithelial cells engage regulatory pathways that permit dynamic responses to mechanical cues from the ECM. Here, we identify a SLIT2/ROBO1 signaling circuit as a key regulatory mechanism by which cells sense and respond to ECM stiffness to preserve tensional homeostasis. We observed that Robo1 ablation in the developing mammary gland compromised actin stress fiber assembly and inhibited cell contractility to perturb tissue morphogenesis, whereas SLIT2 treatment stimulated Rac and increased focal adhesion kinase activity to enhance cell tension by maintaining cell shape and matrix adhesion. Further investigation revealed that a stiff ECM increased Robo1 levels by down-regulating miR-203. Consistently, patients whose tumor expressed a low miR-203/high Robo1 expression pattern exhibited a better overall survival prognosis. These studies show that cells subjected to stiffened environments up-regulate Robo1 as a protective mechanism that maintains cell shape and facilitates ECM adherence.
Infrared spectral normal emittance/emissivity comparison
Authors: Hanssen L , Wilthan B , Filtz J -R , Hameury J , Girard F , Battuello M , Ishii J , Hollandt J , Monte C
Published: March 2016

The National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) of the United States, Germany, France, Italy and Japan, have joined in an inter-laboratory comparison of their infrared spectral emittance scales. This action is part of a series of supplementary inter-laboratory comparisons (including thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) sponsored by the Consultative Committee on Thermometry (CCT) Task Group on Thermophysical Quantities (TG-ThQ). The objective of this collaborative work is to strengthen the major operative National Measurement Institutes' infrared spectral emittance scales and consequently the consistency of radiative properties measurements carried out worldwide. The comparison has been performed over a spectral range of 2 μm to 14 μm, and a temperature range from 23 °C to 800 °C. Artefacts included in the comparison are potential standards: oxidized Inconel, boron nitride, and silicon carbide. The measurement instrumentation and techniques used for emittance scales are unique for each NMI, including the temperature ranges covered as well as the artefact sizes required. For example, all three common types of spectral instruments are represented: dispersive grating monochromator, Fourier transform and filter-based spectrometers. More than 2000 data points (combinations of material, wavelength and temperature) were compared. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of the data points were in agreement, with differences to weighted mean values less than the expanded uncertainties calculated from the individual NMI uncertainties and uncertainties related to the comparison process.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCT, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
The challenges to inferring the regulators of biodiversity in deep time
Authors: Ezard Thomas H. G. , Quental Tiago B. , Benton Michael J.
Published: March 2016

Attempts to infer the ecological drivers of macroevolution in deep time have long drawn inspiration from work on extant systems, but long-term evolutionary and geological changes complicate the simple extrapolation of such theory. Recent efforts to incorporate a more informed ecology into macroevolution have moved beyond the descriptive, seeking to isolate generating mechanisms and produce testable hypotheses of how groups of organisms usurp each other or coexist over vast timespans. This theme issue aims to exemplify this progress, providing a series of case studies of how novel modelling approaches are helping infer the regulators of biodiversity in deep time. In this Introduction, we explore the challenges of these new approaches. First, we discuss how our choices of taxonomic units have implications for the conclusions drawn. Second, we emphasize the need to embrace the interdependence of biotic and abiotic changes, because no living organism ignores its environment. Third, in the light of parts 1 and 2, we discuss the set of dynamic signatures that we might expect to observe in the fossil record. Finally, we ask whether these dynamics represent the most ecologically informative foci for research efforts aimed at inferring the regulators of biodiversity in deep time. The papers in this theme issue contribute in each of these areas.
1-Benzyl-5-methylindoline-2,3-dione
Authors: Sharmila N. , Sundar T. V. , Satish G. , Venkatesan P.
Published: March 2016

The title compound, C16H13NO2, is an isatin (indole-2,3-dione) derivative. The isatin moiety is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.022 Å, and its mean plane makes a dihedral angle of 74.19 (12)° with the benzyl ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, formingC(6) chains propagating along thea-axis direction. The chains are linkedviaC—H...π interactions, forming slabs parallel to theabplane. Within the slabs there are weak π–π interactions present involving inversion-related isatin moieties.
Co-designing social marketing programs
Authors: Dietrich Timo , Rundle-Thiele Sharyn , Schuster Lisa , Connor Jason
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– Most alcohol education programs are designed by experts, with the target audience largely excluded from this process. Theoretically, application of co-creation which comprises co-design and co-production offers an opportunity to better orient programs to meet audience needs and wants and thereby enhance program outcomes. To date, research has centered on value co-creation, with content co-design receiving limited research attention. This study aims to understand how a target audience would design an intervention and continues by contrasting an audience-designed program with the earlier implemented expert-designed program.

Design/methodology/approach

– Six co-design sessions were conducted with 58 Year 10 adolescents, aged between 14-16 years old, who had participated in Game On: Know Alcohol, a program developed by experts to address binge drinking. The data were content analyzed.

Findings

– Analysis revealed that a co-designed program would differ substantially from the expert-driven Game On: Know Alcohol program recently trialed. The results indicate that adolescents prefer interactive activities that engage and challenge. Three alternative program solutions, catering to identified segments in the target audience, are suggested for future implementation and evaluation.

Research limitations/implications

– This sample is limited to adolescents from Catholic schools in one state of Australia, and future research is recommended to extend findings beyond this group. This study is limited to establishment of audience (adolescent) preferences, and future experimental field research is needed to develop, implement and evaluate a co-designed program.

Originality/value

– This study details a co-design process highlighting differences between expert-designed and audience-designed programs. Future research investigating whether a co-designed program will deliver superior outcomes to an expert-designed program is recommended.
Knowledge management for library building design
Authors: Yi Zhixian
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– In the digital age, constant changes in libraries inform contemporary building design. An innovative library building design is a complicated process and can be viewed as a continuous process of the use of tacit and explicit knowledge and innovative tools and approaches. Knowledge management (KM) can bring about the much needed innovation, and transform tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge. For the design of a library to be successful, it is necessary to apply KM to library building design. The purpose of this paper is to look at key change impacts, to explore how to manage knowledge in building design and to identify key design principles.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper looks at key change impacts, explores how to manage knowledge in library building design and pinpoints design principles.

Findings

– This paper finds that KM can be vital to library building design, and it can be used in all stages: to examine the internal and external environments, transform tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge by using portals, and analyze existing and future issues and trends. When effectively used, KM will result in innovative design strategies and also will reduce the time and costs of the building design and plan processes. The main principles of library building design are flexibility, accessibility, safety and security, applicability, adaptability, efficiency, and sustainability.

Practical implications

– This paper provides a useful overview of how to manage knowledge in library building design and design principles.

Originality/value

– The views, discussions, and suggestions will be of value to improve the effectiveness of library building design.
Development of accounting standards in selected Middle Eastern countries in comparison to the United States of America
Authors: Aghimien Peter A
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to compare the development of accounting standards in five diverse Middle Eastern countries with those of the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

– A comparative analysis of each country with what is obtained in the USA.

Findings

– While there are some similarities that influence the development of accounting standards in each country, there also exist a variety of differences, particularly in the areas of taxation, use of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), religion, population and so on.

Research limitations/implications

– The findings are limited to the five countries analyzed. Future research may want to expand the number of Middle Eastern countries included in the population studied.

Originality/value

– The study is original particularly due to the diversity of the countries selected. While the USA is an economically and technologically developed country, almost all of the other countries could be classified as developing. Additionally, the USA is the only country with its own uniquely developed standards, which are universally respected, but different from the single set of high-quality standards commonly referred to as the IFRS, which more than 100 countries have adopted.
The wound/burn guidelines – 4: Guidelines for the management of skin ulcers associated with connective tissue disease/vasculitis
Authors: Fujimoto Manabu , Asano Yoshihide , Ishii Takayuki , Ogawa Fumihide , Kawakami Tamihiro , Kodera Masanari , Abe Masatoshi , Isei Taiki , Ito Takaaki , Inoue Yuji , Imafuku Shinichi , Irisawa Ryokichi , Ohtsuka Masaki , Ohtsuka Mikio , Kadono Takafumi , Kawaguchi Masakazu , Kukino Ryuichi , Kono Takeshi , Sakai Keisuke , Takahara Masakazu , Tanioka Miki , Nakanishi Takeshi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Akira , Hasegawa Minoru , Hayashi Masahiro , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Maekawa Takeo , Matsuo Koma , Madokoro Naoki , Yamasaki Osamu , Yoshino Yuichiro , Le Pavoux Andres , Tachibana Takao , Ihn Hironobu ,   The Wound/Burn Guidelines Committee
Published: March 2016

The Japanese Dermatological Association prepared guidelines focused on the treatment of skin ulcers associated with connective tissue disease/vasculitis practical in clinical settings of dermatological care. Skin ulcers associated with connective tissue diseases or vasculitis occur on the background of a wide variety of diseases including, typically, systemic sclerosis but also systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), various vasculitides and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS). Therefore, in preparing the present guidelines, we considered diagnostic/therapeutic approaches appropriate for each of these disorders to be necessary and developed algorithms and clinical questions for systemic sclerosis, SLE, dermatomyositis, RA, vasculitis and APS.
Relationship between prior knowledge about herpes zoster and the period from onset of the eruption to consultation in patients with herpes zoster
Authors: Miyachi Motoko , Imafuku Shinichi
Published: March 2016

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a common internal infection caused by latent varicella zoster virus. Emergence of antiviral chemotherapy has changed the treatment of HZ dramatically, but the effects of such therapy are documented only in patients who started treatment within 72 h of HZ onset of the eruption. There have been few studies addressing the question of factors that determine early attendance of patients at a clinic. We questioned 256 patients with acute HZ about: (i) date from onset of the eruption to first clinic visit; and (ii) their prior knowledge of HZ. We found a tendency that patients who already knew about HZ had consulted dermatology clinics earlier (P < 0.05). People most commonly obtained information about the disease from friends and family members who had previously had HZ, but not from the Internet or other mass media. Our results indicate that patient education is important for early attendance at dermatology clinics, which in turn, should result in the improved outcome of antiviral chemotherapy and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia.
A test of the effects of timing of a pulsed resource subsidy on stream ecosystems
Authors: Sato Takuya , El‐Sabaawi Rana W. , Campbell Kirsten , Ohta Tamihisa , Richardson John S.
Published: March 2016

Spatial resource subsidies can alter bottom‐up and top‐down forces of community regulation across ecosystem boundaries. Most subsidies are temporally variable, and recent theory has suggested that consumer‐resource dynamics can be stabilized if the peak timing of a subsidy is desynchronized with that of prey productivity in the recipient ecosystem. However, magnitude of consumer responses per se could depend on the subsidy timing, which may be a critical component for community dynamics and ecosystem processes.

The aim of this study was to test (i) whether a recipient consumer (cutthroat trout) responds differently to a resource subsidy occurring early in its growing season than to a subsidy occurring late in the season and, if this is the case, (ii) whether the timing‐dependent consumer response has cascading effects on communities and ecosystem functions in streams.

To test those hypotheses, we conducted a large‐scale field experiment, in which we directly manipulated the timing of augmentation of the terrestrial invertebrates that enter stream (i.e. peak timing of June–August vs. August–October), keeping constant the total amounts of the invertebrates entered.

We found large increases in the individual growth rate and population biomass of the cutthroat trout, in response to the early resource pulse, but not to the late pulse. This timing‐dependent consumer response cascaded down to reduce benthic invertebrates and leaf breakdown rate, and increased water nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, the early resource pulse resulted in higher maturity rate of the cutthroat trout in the following spring, demonstrating the importance of the subsidy timing on long‐term community dynamics via the consumer's numerical response.

Our results emphasize the need to acknowledge timing‐dependent consumer responses in understanding the effects of subsidies on communities and ecosystem processes. Elucidating the mechanisms by which consumers effectively exploit pulsed subsidies is an important avenue to better understand community dynamics in spatially coupled ecosystems.
Structured promotion of breastmilk expression is associated with shortened hospitalisation for very preterm infants
Authors: Healy David B. , Brennan Ann‐Marie , O'Donovan Rebecca , Daly Veronica , Doolan Anne , Dempsey Eugene M.
Published: March 2016

Aim

This study assessed neonatal outcomes following implementation of a structured, practical approach for promotion of breastmilk expression in mothers of very preterm infants.

Methods

A multidisciplinary team developed a protocol that focussed on the enhancement of expression of human milk by mothers of very preterm infants. A pre‐ and poststudy intervention was subsequently performed. The group of infants enrolled in this time period was compared to a pre‐intervention group from 2010. Outcomes assessed included breastmilk expression, initiation of feeding, re‐attainment of birthweight, attainment of full enteral feeding, the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis and duration of hospitalisation.

Results

In total, 82 infants (39,43) were included. While there was no statistically significant difference in earlier initiation of enteral feeding with EBM (median = 2 days) nor earlier achievement of fully enteral feeding (median = 12 days), birthweight was regained earlier in the postintervention cohort (mean = 10.42 days; p = 0.038) and there was a reduced length of stay (mean = 50 days; p = 0.021).

Conclusion

A structured, focussed, multimodal approach to enhance breastmilk production has shown potential for producing positive end outcomes, particularly, a significant reduction in duration of hospitalisation.
Sézary‐Syndrom: von ungelösten Fragen zu neuen Therapieansätzen
Authors: Nicolay Jan P. , Felcht Moritz , Schledzewski Kai , Goerdt Sergij , Géraud Cyrill
Published: March 2016

Das Sézary‐Syndrom, die leukämische Variante des kutanen T‐Zell‐Lymphoms, stellt immer noch eine Erkrankung mit vielen ungelösten Fragen sowie einer sehr ungünstigen Prognose dar. In jüngeren Forschungsarbeiten wurde jedoch eine Vielzahl an fehlregulierten molekularen Signalwegen identifiziert, die zur malignen Transformation und Therapieresistenz von Sézary‐Zellen (SC) beitragen. Im Hinblick auf die T‐Zell‐Entwicklung repräsentieren SC entweder naive T‐Zellen, T‐Effektor‐Gedächtniszellen oder zentrale T‐Gedächtniszellen. Funktionell können SC in Th2‐, Treg‐ oder sogar Th17‐Zellen differenzieren. Trotz ihrer Plastizität exprimieren SC charakteristische diagnostische Markerproteine, darunter CD158k, CD164, FcRL3, und PD‐1, sowie Haut‐spezifische Homing‐Rezeptoren wie CLA und CCR4. Wie bereits in (vor)klinischen Studien getestet, sind CD158k, PD‐1, CTLA‐4 und CCR4 auch vielversprechende therapeutische Zielmoleküle. Die molekularen Veränderungen bei SC betreffen Transkriptionsfaktoren wie STAT3, 4 und 5 sowie TWIST1 und TOX. TWIST1 induziert die Expression von DNM3os, das den miR‐199a2/214‐Cluster enthält, ein wichtiger Knotenpunkt, über den viele verschiedene Krebs‐Netzwerke reguliert werden. Darüber hinaus verursacht die Aktivierung von NFκB und des MAPK‐Signalwegs sowie eine veränderte TCR‐Signalgebung Resistenz gegenüber Apoptose. Kürzlich wurde durch Genom‐ und Exomsequenzierung gezeigt, dass somatische Variationen der Kopienzahl die vorherrschenden Mutationen bei SC darstellen, wodurch vor allem Apoptose, NFκB‐Signalgebung, DNA‐Integrität und T‐Zell‐Aktivierung beeinflusst werden. Um die Entwicklung neuer Therapien zu ermöglichen, wird zurzeit an besseren In‐vivo‐Modellen gearbeitet, die die Pathogenese und den klinischen Verlauf des Sézary‐Syndroms genauer widerspiegeln.
Stressed skin? – a molecular psychosomatic update on stress‐causes and effects in dermatologic diseases
Authors: Peters Eva M.J.
Published: March 2016

A pathogenetically relevant link between stress, in terms of psychosocial stress, and disease was first described in the 1970s, when it was proven that viral diseases of mucous membranes (such as rhinovirus and Coxsackie virus infections) develop faster and more severe after stress exposure. Since then, there has been an annual increase in the number of publications which investigate this relationship and break it down to the molecular level. Nevertheless, the evidences for the impact of psychosocial stress on chronic inflammatory skin diseases and skin tumors are hardly known. In the present review, we outline current insights into epidemiology, psychoneuroimmunology, and molecular psychosomatics which demonstrate the manifold disease‐relevant interactions between the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. The focus is on stress‐induced shifts in immune balance in exemplary disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and malignant melanoma. The objective of this article is to convey basic psychosomatic knowledge with respect to etiology, symptomatology, and therapeutic options for chronic skin diseases. Particular attention is directed towards the underlying molecular relationships, both from a somatic to mental as well as a mental to somatic perspective.
Feeding behavior of Simulium vittatum larvae in response to various suspended materials: implications for control using biological larvicides
Authors: Iburg Joseph P. , Gray Elmer W. , Noblet Raymond
Published: March 2016

Biologically based larvicides used to suppress nuisance populations of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) require that the larvae ingest the larvicide for mortality to occur. Materials present in the habitat that alter larval feeding behavior may reduce the effectiveness of the larvicide. This study was conducted to determine the effects that commonly occurring materials in larval habitats have on Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt feeding behavior. Larvae were exposed to 50 p.p.m. of kaolinite clay and 4 p.p.m. of purified diatom frustules. Larvae were also exposed to 10 000 cells or colonies per ml of viable green algae, Chlorella vulgaris Pratt and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp) Bréb, and the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing to determine the effects that these materials have on larval feeding behavior. Individual larvae were recorded using a digital camcorder to determine the average number of times the larvae extended and retracted their cephalic fans per min (flick rate) in each medium. Following exposure to the selected material, neon red particles (NRP) (DayGlo) were added to the larval medium for 20 min. A spectrophotometric analysis was conducted to determine the average quantity of NRP consumed by larvae per min in each medium. The flick rate and quantity of NRP consumed by larvae was not significantly affected by clay material or viable Chlorella cells. When Scenedesmus colonies or Cyclotella cells were present in the larval medium, larval flick rate and NRP ingestion was significantly reduced. The presence of diatom frustules in the medium resulted in the most severe reduction in larval flick rate and NRP ingestion. The results suggest that larval flick rate can change depending on environmental conditions, and that suppression programs using biologically based larvicides may benefit from investigating the potential correlation between algal counts and treatment efficacy.
Autonomy, Vote Buying, and Constraining Options
Authors: Taylor James Stacey
Published: March 2016

A common argument used to defend markets in ‘contested commodities’ is based on the value of personal autonomy. (1) Autonomy is of great moral value; (2) removing options from a person's choice set would compromise her ability to exercise her autonomy; (3) hence, there should be a prima facie presumption against removing options from persons’ choice sets; (4) thus, the burden of proof lies with those who wish to prohibit markets in certain goods. Christopher Freiman has developed a version of this argument to defend markets in votes. I argue that Freiman's argument fails, and that its failure illustrates the falsity of the widespread claim that the more options a person has available to her the better able she will be to exercise her autonomy. In Part 1, I outline Freiman's argument from ‘the presumption of voter liberty’ for legalising markets in votes. In Part 2, I argue that the option to sell one's vote in a legal market for them would be a ‘constraining option’ – an option which, if chosen, would be likely to lead to a diminution in a person's future ability to exercise her autonomy. In Part 3, I respond to objections to my arguments.
Effect of lake size, isolation and top predator presence on nested fish community structure
Authors: Braoudakis Georgina V. , Jackson Donald A.
Published: March 2016

Aim

Predator–prey interactions are important determinants of community composition in freshwater habitats but have rarely been examined as a potential cause of nested community structure. In nested communities, species present in small assemblages are proper subsets of those present in larger assemblages. The goal of our study was to determine whether fish communities in the lakes of two regions were significantly nested, and if so, whether lake size, isolation and piscivorous fish (top predator) presence contributed to the nested pattern.

Location

We used fish community data from two regions in Ontario, Canada that differ in terms of range in lake size and lake isolation. The Black and Hollow Rivers and Manitoulin Island data sets contain fish community data from 52 and 49 lakes respectively.

Methods

Using two metrics, we tested whether fish assemblages were significantly nested. We evaluated the impact of lake size, isolation and top predator presence on both lake nested rank order and species richness. We then assessed idiosyncratic species that did not conform to the nested pattern.

Results

Fish assemblages in both regions were significantly nested. There was a significant positive correlation between lake size and nestedness of fish assemblages in both data sets. One measure of lake isolation explained some residual variation in species richness in both regions. Top predator presence was a significant predictor of richness of other fishes in one region. Examination of idiosyncratic species suggested that top predators may have affected community structure in both regions.

Main conclusions

Lake size was the strongest predictor of fish community nestedness in these regions. Although we found mixed results with respect to the effect of top predator presence, our study demonstrates that it can affect assemblage nestedness, and that spatial variables may influence the importance of predation as a causal mechanism.