Ketamine and Esketamine Use for Mood Disorders with Psychosis: A Systematic Review of Dissociative and Psychotic Symptoms
Authors: Costa Renzo , Imtiaz Ayyub , Adelman Jacob , Kopatsis Katherine , Guieb John , Zaidi Muhammad 
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Ketamine is used off-label for suicidality and mood disorders, whereas esketamine is FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression in adults. However, many of these studies have excluded patients with a history of or currently presenting with psychosis. A significant number of patients who have primary mood disorders with psychotic features need novel psychopharmacological interventions. We conduct a systematic review of ketamine and esketamine usage in patients with treatment-resistant mood disorders (either depression or bipolar) with psychotic features to assess the safety and tolerability of these medications in this population.

Methods

PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOHost databases were searched systematically using a curated search strategy involving keywords and subheadings. A total of 199 abstracts were reviewed after duplicates and 25 full text articles were screened. All selected publications were reviewed independently by three authors. We only included non-review articles in patients with primary mood disorder presenting with psychotic features measuring dissociative and psychotic outcomes with ketamine or esketamine administration.

Results

A total of 12 articles were included: nine articles reported case reports/series and three reported observational studies. All combined, there was a total of 64 patients with depression and psychotic features and 19 adults with bipolar and psychotic features. The majority of case reports involved female adults and there was one pediatric patient of unknown sex. Either ketamine or esketamine was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg for all patients, either intravenously, subcutaneously, or orally. Six articles mentioned dissociative symptoms, but only two used a validated scale, Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS), to measure symptoms. While six articles reported a transient increase of dissociation during and within 2 hours of the medication infusion, no article reported sub-acute or chronic worsening of dissociative symptoms. Furthermore, one article reported a significant decrease in baseline CADSS over four weeks. 12 articles mentioned psychotic symptoms, but only three used a validated scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), to measure symptoms. Every article reported that psychotic symptoms did not worsen. Furthermore, one article reported a significant decrease in baseline BPRS over four weeks and eight articles reported resolution of psychotic symptoms.

Conclusion

Ketamine and esketamine are being used for both depression and bipolar with psychotic features by some clinicians when other treatment modalities are not successful. This has usually resulted in fast recovery and maintained remission. Dissociative symptoms can be impactful near the time of infusions but resolves within a few hours in most cases. Psychotic symptoms often improve on repeated administration with none to minimal worsening during the short-term period.

Funding

No Funding