bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the quality of life among African medical and health science students using the WHOQOL-BREF tool
Authors: Galgam Fatima Alzahra , Abdalla Adil , Shahin Mahmoud , Yousif Magda , Abdulrahman Nahla , Alamoudi Fatmah , Ahmad Mehrunnisha , Yahia Amira , Sidiq Mohammad , Chahal Aksh , Ahmad Fuzail , Shaphe Mohammad Abu , Nambi Gopal , Rizvi Moattar Raza , Kashoo Faizan
Published: February 2025

Background

The quality of life (QoL) among health professional students is available in the literature, yet there is a paucity of information concerning QoL among African students. The study aimed to measure the QoL with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) tool among African medical and health science students.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 349 African medical and health science students from various disciplines at the International African University in May 2024. A purposive sampling method was used to recruit participants from five different faculties. Data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF tool, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and multiple linear regression to determine the predictors of QoL among students.

Results

The overall QoL among 349 African medical and health science students was moderate, with a mean score of 67.5% ± 10.8%. The highest mean scores were observed in the physical health domain (69.3% ± 12.0%), while the lowest scores were in the environmental domain (62.9% ± 12.0%). The multiple regression analysis using demographic data as predictors of QoL revealed that dentistry students were significant predictors of higher overall QoL scores compared to other student groups (β = 7.059, p < 0.05), as well as specific QoL domains including physical health (β = 6.328), psychological health (β = 8.415), social relationships (β = 7.823), and environment (β = 7.017). Furthermore, students from the fields of laboratory sciences and medicine significantly predicted higher scores in the physical health domain (β = 5.223) and the psychological health domain (β = 4.433), respectively. Age was also a significant predictor; students aged between 20 and 23 years showed a positive impact on social relationship domain of QoL (β = 10.296). However, second year (β = −11.146), third year (β = −13.629), and fourth-year students (β = −10.144) exhibited lower social relationship domain of QoL scores.

Conclusion

Students of medical and health sciences in Africa exhibited moderate quality of life (QoL). The findings indicate that dentistry students generally experience higher QoL across multiple domains, which contrasts with students from other disciplines, such as pharmacy and nursing. Age and academic year were also significant predictors of QoL, with younger students and those in their initial years of study reporting lower scores. These results align with existing literature and underscore the need for targeted interventions to support students, particularly those in high-stress disciplines or at earlier stages of their education.
Imaging of Postpartum Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome- A Case Series
Authors: Raghavan Dillibabu , Rajalakshmi P Prathiba , Kumar G Navaneetha , Srinivasan K , Murugan G
Published: February 2025

Postpartum Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS), previously known as postpartum angiopathy, presents within four weeks of delivery. Recurrent episodes of severe headache, seizures, focal neurologic deficits and photophobia are the common presentations of RCVS. Hereby the authors report a series of patients (30-year-old, 26-year-old and 29-year-old females) who presented with neurologic symptoms ranging from severe headache to altered sensorium and seizures. Imaging revealed a multitude of findings, from normal-appearing parenchyma to lobar and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Angiographic (MRA) studies showed multiple areas of vasoconstriction and beaded appearance of the cerebral arteries in all three patients, which completely resolved within 12 weeks of the onset of symptoms, suggesting RCVS. Imaging in the acute setting plays a pivotal role in identifying the vasoconstriction and ruling out other neurological emergencies in the postpartum period.
Ossified Cephalohaematoma: An Unusual Case of Calvarial Mass in Infancy
Authors: Mohan Hamsavahini , Solomon Allen David , Vasudevan Nandini , Jose Priya
Published: February 2025

Cephalohaematoma is a subperiosteal blood collection seen in newborns born through instrumental delivery. Although most cases resolve spontaneously, some may have complications such as ossification. An ossified cephalohaematoma, a rare condition, presents as a hard scalp swelling in infants, resulting in high concern for the parents and requiring proper diagnosis for effective management; it usually resolves without complications. Hereby, the authors present a case report of a two-month-old male infant with a persistent hard swelling in the right parietal region since, birth was diagnosed with a calcified cephalohaematoma. The present case highlights a rare presentation of ossified cephalohaematoma, where the initial soft swelling at birth gradually hardened over time. Despite the condition’s tendency to resolve spontaneously, surgical excision was required, leading to the successful correction of the skull deformity with no recurrence. Early intervention ensured favourable cosmetic and functional outcomes. In the present case, surgical excision successfully resolved the issue with no recurrence. While cephalohaematomas usually resolve spontaneously, some may ossify. Differentiating them from other skull lesions is crucial, and surgical intervention may be necessary for persistent cases. Ossified cephalohaematomas should be considered in infants with hard scalp swellings, and early intervention can ensure favourable outcomes and reduce parental anxiety. Timely diagnosis and surgical management of ossified cephalohaematoma can ensure successful outcomes, preventing recurrence and effectively resolving cosmetic or structural concerns.
Design, Development and Implementation of iALERTS (Informatics Analytics for Long-term Evaluation and Repercussions Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Infection): A Research Protocol
Authors: Surapaneni Krishna Mohan , Singhal Manmohan , Joshi Ashish
Published: February 2025

Introduction: The global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has led to significant morbidity and mortality, with many survivors experiencing long-term sequelae known as Post Acute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2) infection (PASC) or “long Coronavirus Disease (COVID).” Addressing the healthcare challenges posed by PASC requires an innovative approach to monitoring and management.

Need of the study: Traditional systems are often underequipped to monitor and manage these prolonged effects comprehensively. An alert system is crucial for filling this gap, offering a data-driven approach to track, analyse, and manage the long-term repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Aim: To design, develop, and implement an informatics decision support tool that leverages data analytics to track and analyse the long-term effects of COVID-19, facilitating early identification and management of PASC.

Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study will be conducted at Panimalar Medical College Hospital and Research Institute (PMCHRI), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from December 2023 to December 2024. Primary data will be collected through a predictive survey tool from patients who have recovered from COVID-19, in addition to secondary data from hospital records, to develop a clinical decision support system. This platform employs machine learning algorithms to predict the likelihood of PASC development among Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) survivors. The project involves three phases: the creation of the predictive survey tool, the development of the iALERTS platform (Informatics Analytics for Long-term Evaluation and Repercussions Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 infection), and the implementation and evaluation of the system in clinical settings. Evaluation metrics will include user satisfaction, predictive accuracy, and the impact on clinical decision-making and patient outcomes. Statistical analysis will be conducted using multivariable regression models to identify predictors of PASC and to evaluate the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection characteristics and long-term outcomes. A p-value of <0.05 will be considered statistically significant for all analyses.
Dermoscopic Patterns of Facial Melanoses in Adult Patients: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Malladi Manjari Annapurna , Abdul Rameez Raja Mullan , Vaka Divya Sri , Pampana Abhilash Bhavani Satya Venkata Subrahmanya , Kattamsetty Susmitha
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Facial melanoses encompass a heterogeneous group of diseases characterised by altered pigmentation on the face, including melasma, lentigines, freckles, Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (LPP), actinic lichen planus, periorbital hyperpigmentation, nevus of Ota, nevus of Hori, Riehl’s melanosis and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH). Dermoscopy is a non invasive and reliable tool for the direct visualisation of skin pigmentation and early diagnosis due to its distinctive dermoscopic patterns.

Aim: To evaluate various patterns of dermoscopy in disorders of facial melanoses.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation in Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India, over a period of 20 months, involving patients attending the Dermatology, Venereology, Leprosy (DVL) Outpatient Department (OPD). The study included both sexes aged over 18 years with clinical evidence of facial pigmentation. Clinical and dermoscopic examinations were performed using a contact polarised DE-3100 dermoscope attached to a smartphone. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0.

Results: A total of 114 subjects with facial melanosis were included in the study, with the majority of patients in the age group of 31-40 years (42, 36.8%), followed by 41-50 years (33, 29%) and a female predominance (82, 71.93%). The pigment network was present in 87.7% of the cases and absent in 12.3%. The most common dermoscopic pattern observed was reticular observed in 46 (40.4%), followed by reticulo-globular in 23 (20.2%). The most common non melanocytic feature identified was arciform structures seen in 42 (36.8%), followed by crista cutis and sulcus cutis in 17 (14.9%). Vascular structures such as telangiectasia were seen in 36 (31.6%) patients, while arborising vessels were observed in 1 (0.9%) patient.

Conclusion: In this study, the most commonly reported condition was melasma, followed by facial acanthosis. Different pigmentary conditions exhibit specific pigment patterns, networks and special features on dermoscopy, which aid in their diagnosis. This study emphasises the importance of pigmentoscopy in facial melanosis and its significant role in assessing prognosis, treatment response and follow-up.
Concept of 3D printed powder feeder for thermal spray process – A case study
Authors: Kamuda Patryk , Góral Marek , Ochał Kamil , Nabel Damian , Kubaszek Tadeusz
Published: February 2025

Thermal spraying is playing an increasingly important role among coating manufacturing methods because of its properties and ecology. An obstacle to their development is the price of the available equipment used in this process. The article presents the concept of making individual elements of a powder feeder by 3D printing. The designs are equipped with a volumetric feeding system using a disk driven by an electric motor and a worm gearbox. The individual elements of the feeder were designed and based on the drawings; they were made using several types of 3D printers. The design and fabrication were limited to the use of a small number of parts made of metal including little machining. In the following part, a prototype of the feeder was made and tested. It was shown to have correct characteristics of its operation and, in particular, correct linear characteristics of powder feed rate from disk speed similarly to commercial devices. Tests of the made feeder indicate the possibility of its use in thermal spraying systems.
Patron-Client in Socio Economic Relations of Fisherman in the Coastal Area of Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia
Authors: Rajab Muhammad Arhan , Suhaeb Firdaus W , Kamaruddin Syamsu A
Published: February 2025

The existence of patrons (juragan) in fishing communities is very strong because patrons are people of a higher socio-economic level. Meanwhile, worker fishermen (clients) who do not have fishing equipment or boats are forced to work for patrons by borrowing boats and their fishing equipment. The aim of this research is to describe and interpret the characteristics of the socio-economic relations between patrons (juragan) and fishermen workers (clients) who live in the coastal area of Kotakarang District, Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. This type of research was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. Data collection techniques through observation or field observations and in-depth interviews. Data analysis was used by looking at observation notes supported by collected research photo documentation which was then analyzed using qualitative analysis. The research results showed that the fishing community carried out fishing activities using fishing gear. In its operation, it requires the help of a motorboat which is an asset owned by the boss. Apart from that, the patrons also provides operational capital assistance for working fishermen at sea. Therefore, the socio-economic position of the skipper is higher than that of the worker fisherman, so they have a very large level of influence and dependence. With this support, fishermen workers feel emotionally indebted, causing them to obey and obey their patrons as owners of capital. However, even though working fishermen continue to work hard, the fact is that they are still faced with economic problems, so that in these conditions the boss will be present to provide compensation assistance to solve the problems they are facing. Therefore, the socio-economic relationship between bosses and fishermen will continue because it is mutually beneficial for both of them.
Quality Assurance and Institutional Development in Agricultural Graduate Programs: A Case Study of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Philippines
Authors: Homillano Ludivico B.
Published: February 2025

Using a thorough mixed-methods research technique, this study looks at the state and evolution of agricultural graduate programs at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) between 2017 and 2023. The study offers a comprehensive picture of graduate agriculture education at a regional Philippine university by integrating an investigation of enrollment trends, faculty composition, accreditation status, and institutional issues. This study evaluated the graduate programs at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) through a mixed-methods research design that combined quantitative and qualitative methods. The Master of Science in Agricultural Education program has steady enrollment, a 4.2% yearly growth rate, and an 89.4% student retention rate, according to key results. Faculty composition shows a strong female representation (57-89%) and high proportion of doctorate holders, particularly in the PhD Plant Science program. The university maintained 94.8% of its normal student population during the COVID-19 epidemic, demonstrating its resilience, according to the research. Accreditation achievements include Level IV certification for the Agricultural Education and Agricultural Extension program in 2021. By illustrating the interaction between institutional resources, academic quality, and community engagement, the research offers important new insights into the complicated field of agricultural graduate education.
Molecular Detection of blaNDM-1 Gene of Escherichia coli isolates from Different Clinical Samples in Khartoum State
Authors: Aloob Husham M Taha , Alhag Amal Alfatih Babeker , Ali Abdelhakam H , Ismail Samia S Mohamed , Arman Amira H , Ibrahem Ahmed AbdElhadi Abdlhamed , Wahaj.M.M  , Hussein Waleed Abdelateif
Published: February 2025

Background: Increasing reports on NDM-1 producing E. coli constitute a serious threat to global health since it is found to be highly resistant to most of the currently available antibiotics, including carbapenems family like Meropenem and Imipenem.
Objective: This study aim to detect the NDM-1 Gene in E. coli isolates recovered from the various clinical samples (85(85%) from urine, 10(10 %) wound swabs, 3(3%) sputum and 2(2%) vaginal swabs) at Khartoum state in Sudan.
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates were recovered from various clinical samples at Khartoum state.  The isolates were identified at the species level using standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer method, the following antibiotics disks were used: amoxicillin (30µg), Cefepime (30µg), Ceftriaxone (30µg), Cefpodoxime (10µg), Meropenem(10µg) and Imipenem (10µg). DNA was extracted using boiling (100%) method, and they were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction detection of bla NDM-1 gene.
Results: The E. coli recovered in this study were highly resistant to cephalosporins, including Cefepime (60%) Ceftriaxone (81%), and found to be completely resistant to the Cefpodoxime (100%). Similar high level of resistance was also observed amongst the E. coli isolates to Penicillin including Amoxicillin (82%), Also showed reduced susceptibility to the Carbapenems including meropenem and imipenem at the rate of (94%) and (90%) respectively, in which 9 isolates harbored NDM-1 gene.
Conclusions: Our findings highlight the incidence of bla NDM-1 gene in E. coli isolates (9%). This finding is less than that obtained from previous study.  The differences in the time of study, the number and sites of sample collection, and the differences in the antibiotics' use and consumption may explain this.
Evaluation the Effect of Solanum melongena on Some Coagulation Parameters among Sudanese People in Khartoum State, Sudan
Authors: Monem Elabbas Abdel , Elneel Eman Jouma , Elbadawi Ferdos Ali , Mahmoud Hayba Aljailee , Daffaalla Shahinda Abdalla Alyas , Gamea Muslih Haroun Elhussein
Published: February 2025

Background: Eggplant is the fifth most economically important solanaceous crop after potato, tomato, pepper, and tobacco. Eggplant is rich in vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin C, vitamin D and protein and calcium, blood vessels can become soft.
Objectives: this study was conducted to determine the effect of Solanum melongenaon some coagulation parameter among Sudanese people in Khartoum state.
Materials and Methods: A cross -sectional study was conducted at Dar Eloloum College for Science and Technology in Khartoum state among 30 Sudanese who eat eggplant and 30 who are non-eat eggplant (sensitive) during the period from August 2021_September 2021.The venous blood sample was collected in sodium citrate anticoagulant, the analysis was done using manual technique.
Results: The study showed that there is no significant differences in mean of PT in study group compared to the mean of the normal control (p value =0.493). In other hand the mean of INR is not significantly decreased (P value = 0.691) in study group compared to the mean of normal value (mean =1). Whereas APTT was not significantly decreased in study group compared to the mean of normal value (P value=0.195) (mean=32).
Discussion: We have studied the effect of eggplant on coagulation parameter PT and aPTT in the period from April to September, and we conducted the study on 60 individuals 30 eat eggplant and 30 not eat eggplant in the age group (15-25) male and female in Khartoum state in at Dar El oloum College for Science and Technology. There is no previous studies were founded concerning the current study. Up to our knowledge the result showed that there are no significant differences in mean of PT and aPTT in study group compared to the mean normal control.
Conclusion: The take of Solanum melongena had no effect on PTand aPTT.
Prevalence of Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in a Sudanese Cohort: A Single-center Retrospective Study
Authors: Abdallah Rayan A. , Elhassan Falag M. E. A. , Okasha Shahd Y. A. , Mohamadain Amna Y. M. , Eltahir Alaa E. , Abdon Faris , Abbadi Osama S.
Published: February 2025

Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and dementia are major contributors to disability worldwide. However, data from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Sudan, remain limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PSCI and dementia among Sudanese stroke survivors and identify associated risk factors.
Methods: A hospital-based study was conducted at Al-Nou Hospital in Omdurman, Sudan. We adopted a cross-sectional design rather than a purely retrospective one. Eighty-one patients with a prior stroke diagnosis were recruited via purposive sampling (initially targeting 93 based on estimated stroke mortality but adjusted due to local constraints). A structured questionnaire and review of hospital records were used to collect demographic and clinical data; the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used for cognitive evaluation. Descriptive statistics were obtained for all variables. Bivariate analyses (chi-square or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests, depending on assumptions) and ordinal logistic regression were used to examine associations with four-level MoCA outcomes.
Results: Of 81 stroke survivors (mean age 61.9±13.9 years), 72.8% had ischemic stroke, and 27.2% had hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension (61.2%) and diabetes mellitus (36.2%) were the most common comorbidities. Right-hemisphere strokes were more frequent (64.2%) than left-hemisphere events (35.8%). In a four-level MoCA analysis, sex (female) and higher education were significantly associated with better cognitive outcomes (p<0.05). Comorbidity categories approached significance (p=0.075; exact p=0.063). Ordinal logistic regression confirmed higher education as an independent predictor of improved cognitive status (adjusted OR=4.07, p=0.018).
Conclusion: PSCI was highly prevalent in this Sudanese stroke cohort, underscoring the need for systematic cognitive screening and aggressive management of vascular risk factors, particularly hypertension. Higher education and female sex were associated with better cognitive outcomes.
Bicarbonate Versus Alternative Treatments in Chemotherapy Oral Mucositis in Children: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Muniz Millena Fernandes Silva , Rocha Gabriela Fonseca , Santos Henrique Costa dos , Protásio Ana Cláudia Rocha , Neves Edwin Cardoso , Almeida Rafael Santiago de , Claudino Valéria Medeiros , Flecha Olga Dumont
Published: February 2025

Aims: To investigate the effectiveness of alternative treatments (honey, olive oil, aloe vera) in children with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, compared to the use of sodium bicarbonate.
Study Design: The study consists of a systematic and qualitative review using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines through a search for articles was conducted in May 2024 in the PubMed, VHL, Embase and Google Scholar databases, with the following terms in the search strategy: Mucositis AND Child AND Chemotherapy AND Clinical Trial, including clinical trials that met the eligibility criteria.
Results: Three randomized clinical trials comparing the use of olive oil, honey and aloe vera with sodium bicarbonate were analyzed and classified as moderate risk of bias. The alternative treatments were effective in reducing oral mucositis and delaying its onset, with statistically significant differences in relation to bicarbonate.
Conclusion: It seems that honey, olive oil and aloe vera may be a promising approach to minimizing the symptoms of this condition, as well as being more accessible and practical options for improving patients' quality of life.
Corporate Governance and Audit Delay of Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Iyekekpolor A. E. , Ozele C. E. , Olufemi G.
Published: February 2025

This study is on corporate governance and the influence of audit delay on firms in Nigeria. The study is guided by two specific objectives. These are to examine the influence of board size on audit delay of firms in Nigeria, and secondly, to determine the effect of board independence on audit delay of firms in Nigeria.
From the 19,200 total staff of the six firms, each from the six geopolitical zones that make up the Nigeria, a sample size of 400 was derived by the use of Taro Yamane formula. Structured questionnaire was used to gather data from the respondents and the hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The results show that board size significantly influence audit delay of some firms in  Nigeria and the board independent significantly influence audit delay of some firms in  Nigeria. Therefore, it could be concluded that corporate governance significantly influence audit delay of some firms in  Nigeria. The following recommendations are therefore suggested. Firstly, adequacy, in terms of relevant experience and number of members required should be given serious consideration when selecting members into the board. Secondly, dual loyalties of members should be minimized. Situation where executive members of management dominate decision making should not be entertained, because the purpose of the audit report is to access the activities of management in the organization for the period under review.
AI-Powered Assistive Technologies for People with Disabilities: Developing AI Solutions that Aid Individuals with Various Disabilities in Daily Tasks
Authors: Singh Vedant
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the viewpoints of people with disabilities are also examined, focusing on the positive impact that modern innovations based on artificial intelligence will have on these people's lives. Currently, more than one billion people worldwide have a disability, and AI offers an opportunity in the areas of mobility, communication and cognitive functions. Mobility assistive technologies with AI, like innovative wheelchairs and exoskeletons, enhance users' independence by providing adaptive self-driven support and control. In interaction, speech recognition and text-to-speech technologies help the physically disabled interact with others. Cognitive support technologies are applications that assist users with memory problems, autism, or learning disabilities and serve to manage activities and train cognition. The paper also identifies major technologies that underpin these innovations, such as Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision and Machine Learning. However, there has not been a total eradication of the challenges associated with using AI, including but not limited to massive costs, data privacy acts, and biased AI models. Other ethical factors should be considered to make access fair for all. The future of AI-enabled assistive technologies is with Smart Cities & IoT: Embracing social connectedness and improving health and well-being. Efforts by policymakers, technologists, and society are needed to develop solutions that are open, cheap, and user-centered.
Knowledge of Liquid Biofertilizers among the Soybean Growers in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Kamble Prashil , Kapse Pravin Sharadchandra , Madake Pratik Nitin , Hiwarale Abhishek Suresh , Jakkawad Sunildutt Rajeshwar
Published: February 2025

Liquid biofertilizers, derived from natural sources and enriched with beneficial microorganisms, offer a sustainable solution for enhancing soil fertility, reducing reliance on chemical inputs, and promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices. The study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of liquid biofertilizers among the soybean growers in Parbhani district of Marathwada region of Maharashtra state. 120 respondents were randomly selected for the present study from 12 villages of 2 talukas of Parbhani district namely, Parbhani and Jintur taluka. Data were collected using a well-structured interview schedule, which was prepared with the expertise of Subject Matter Specialist. There were two dependent variables namely “knowledge” and “adoption” and ten independent variables. Data was analysed by using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. It was observed that majority of soybean growers (75.00%) had medium level of knowledge about liquid biofertilizer, followed by low (13.33%) and high (11.67%) level of knowledge. It was observed that more than 90.00 per cent of the soybean growers had correct knowledge about liquid-biofertilizers that are recommended for soybean, recommended application method of liquid-biofertilizer in soybean, use of liquid-biofertilizer and chemical fertilizers separately, proper application of liquid-biofertilizer after fungicide treatment only, drying of seed treated with liquid-biofertilizer in shade before sowing. The study identified some knowledge gaps, particularly regarding the shelf-life of liquid-biofertilizers and the impact of high temperatures on the microorganisms present. Overall, the study suggests that promoting the adoption of liquid-biofertilizers among soybean growers requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses knowledge gaps, ensures availability and accessibility, and provides policy support.
Episode-Based Cost Sharing to Prospectively Guarantee Patients’ Out-of-Pocket Costs
Authors: Horný Michal , Anderson David M. , Fendrick A. Mark
Published: March 2024

This Viewpoint proposes episode-based cost sharing as a way to prospectively guarantee out-of-pocket costs for patients while also preventing insurers from absorbing cost differentials created by unexpected complications of care.
Cost-Effectiveness of Strategies for Treatment Timing for Perinatally Acquired Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Curtis Megan Rose , Epstein Rachel L. , Pei Pamela , Linas Benjamin P. , Ciaranello Andrea L.
Published: March 2024

Importance

Prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among pregnant people is increasing in the US. HCV is transmitted vertically in 7% to 8% of births. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy was recently approved for children with HCV who are 3 years or older. The clinical and economic impacts of early DAA therapy for young children with HCV, compared with treating at older ages, are unknown.

Objective

To develop a state-transition model to project clinical and economic outcomes for children with perinatally acquired HCV to investigate the cost-effectiveness of treating at various ages.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The study team modeled the natural history of perinatally acquired HCV to simulate disease progression and costs of a simulated a cohort of 1000 US children with HCV from 3 years old through death. Added data were analyzed January 5, 2021, through July 1, 2022.

Interventions

The study compared strategies offering 8 weeks of DAA therapy at 3, 6, 12, or 18 years old, as well as a comparator of never treating HCV.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes of interest include life expectancy from 3 years and average lifetime per-person health care costs. Other clinical outcomes include cases of cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Results

The study team projected that treating HCV at 3 years old was associated with lower mean lifetime per-person health care costs ($148 162) than deferring treatment until 6 years old ($164 292), 12 years old ($171 909), or 18 years old ($195 374). Projected life expectancy was longest when treating at 3 years old (78.36 life years [LYs]) and decreased with treatment deferral until 6 years old (76.10 LYs), 12 years old (75.99 LYs), and 18 years old (75.46 LYs). In a cohort of 1000 children with perinatally acquired HCV, treating at 3 years old prevented 89 projected cases of cirrhosis, 27 cases of HCC, and 74 liver-related deaths compared with deferring treatment until 6 years old. In sensitivity analyses, increasing loss to follow-up led to even greater clinical benefits and cost savings with earlier treatment.

Conclusions and Relevance

These study results showed that DAA therapy for 3-year-old children was projected to reduce health care costs and increase survival compared with deferral until age 6 years or older. Measures to increase DAA access for young children will be important to realizing these benefits.
Unlocking the potential of tumor‐derived DNA in urine for cancer detection: methodological challenges and opportunities
Authors: Wever Birgit M. M. , Steenbergen Renske D. M.
Published: March 2024

High cancer mortality rates and the rising cancer burden worldwide drive the development of innovative methods in order to advance cancer diagnostics. Urine contains a viable source of tumor material and allows for self‐collection from home. Biomarker testing in this liquid biopsy represents a novel approach that is convenient for patients and can be effective in detecting cancer at a curable stage. Here, we set out to provide a detailed overview of the rationale behind urine‐based cancer detection, with a focus on non‐urological cancers, and its potential for cancer diagnostics. Moreover, evolving methodological challenges and untapped opportunities for urine biomarker testing are discussed, particularly emphasizing DNA methylation of tumor‐derived cell‐free DNA. We also provide future recommendations for technical advancements in urine‐based cancer detection and elaborate on potential mechanisms involved in the transrenal transport of cell‐free DNA.
Wave Manipulation in Intelligent Metamaterials: Recent Progress and Prospects
Authors: Wu Bin , Jiang Wei , Jiang Jiaqing , Zhao Zinan , Tang Yuqi , Zhou Weijian , Chen Weiqiu
Published: March 2024

Metamaterials (MMs), which include phononic crystals (PCs) as a particular type, exhibit anomalous wave propagation properties through artificial design of topologies or lattice forms of unit‐cells. Recent advancements in MMs signify an ascendant research trend, providing promising design ideas and means for unprecedented wave propagation properties. The imperative for on‐demand, real‐time active control of wave propagation underscores the significance of tunable manipulation of acoustic/elastic waves, promoting the design and development of tunable MMs. Furthermore, the versatility of intelligent materials and their ongoing development and innovation contribute significantly to the emergence of diverse intelligent MMs. This comprehensive survey provides an overview of recent advancements and current research trends in the interdisciplinary field of intelligent MMs with electro‐/magneto‐mechanical couplings. The primary objective of the review is to emphasize significant progress in agile manipulation of acoustic/elastic waves in electro‐/magneto‐mechanical coupled MMs, followed by an in‐depth exploration of intelligent metasurfaces, topological MMs, non‐Hermitian parity‐time symmetric wave systems, odd elastic MMs, and spatiotemporally modulated MMs. Special emphasis is given to multi‐field coupling effects. The review concludes with a summary and outlines potential prospects, offering a timely and informative guide for future studies on actively tunable PCs and MMs in practical engineering applications.
Multi‐Functional Spin Photogalvanic Device Based on 2D Half‐Metallic Ferromagnets
Authors: Fu Zhentao , Yan Pinglan , Li Jin , He Chaoyu , Ouyang Tao , Tang Chao , Zhong Jianxin
Published: March 2024

Generating fully spin‐polarized currents (FSPC) and pure spin currents (PSC) are of great importance for spintronics. Half‐metallic ferromagnets, which generate 100% spin polarization, are considered as one of the most promising materials for applications in spintronics. However, the knowledge of intrinsic half‐metallic materials in the spin‐dependent photogalvanic effect is still poorly understood. Using first‐principle transport calculations, a robust approach is introduced to obtain FSPC and PSC by spin‐dependent photogalvanic effect in intrinsic half‐metallic materials. Based on the recently synthesized monolayer half‐metallic C(CN)3, a 2D spin photogalvanic device is built and it is demonstrated that the FSPC can be achieved in a wider photon energy range under both linearly and elliptically polarized light due to the half‐metallicity. It is intriguing to note that the device can be easily manipulated to transition between two modes: one for generating FSPC and another for generating PSC by setting the two leads in anti‐parallel configurations. Furthermore, a significant spin‐valve effect can be attained across various photon energies for both linearly and elliptically polarized light. The research shows that half‐metallic materials are an ideal platform for studying and generating FSPC and PSC, which presents a remarkable avenue for the development of advanced spintronic devices in the next generation.
2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes: Synthesis, Properties, and Validation as Bioisosteres of ortho‐ and meta‐Benzenes
Authors: Levterov Vadym V. , Panasiuk Yaroslav , Shablykin Oleh , Stashkevych Oleksandr , Sahun Kateryna , Rassokhin Artur , Sadkova Iryna , Lesyk Dmytro , Anisiforova Anna , Holota Yuliia , Borysko Petro , Bodenchuk Iryna , Voloshchuk Nataliya M. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: March 2024

We have developed a general and practical approach towards 2‐oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes with two and three exit vectors via an iodocyclization reaction. The obtained compounds have been easily converted into the corresponding building blocks for use in medicinal chemistry. 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes have been incorporated into the structure of five drugs and three agrochemicals, and validated biologically as bioisosteres of ortho‐ and meta‐benzenes.
Boryl Ancillary Ligands: Influencing Stability and Reactivity of Amidinato‐Silanone and Germanone Systems in Ammonia Activation
Authors: Wang Yuwen , Crumpton Agamemnon E. , Ellwanger Mathias A. , McManus Caitilín , Aldridge Simon
Published: March 2024

While the nucleophilic addition of ammonia to ketones is an archetypal reaction in classical organic chemistry, the reactivity of heavier group 14 carbonyl analogues (R2E=O; E=Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) with NH3 remains sparsely investigated, primarily due to the synthetic difficulties in accessing heavier ketone congeners. Herein, we present a room‐temperature stable boryl‐substituted amidinato‐silanone {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si=O (Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) (together with its germanone analogue), formed from the corresponding silylene under a N2O atmosphere. This system reacts cleanly with ammonia in 1,2‐fashion to give an isolable sila‐hemiaminal complex {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si(OH)(NH2). Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the formation of this sila‐hemiaminal is crucially dependent on the nature of the ancillary ligand scaffold. It is facilitated thermodynamically by the hemi‐lability of the amidinate ligand (which allows for the formation of an energetically critical intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅HO hydrogen bond within the product) and is enabled mech‐anistically by a process in which the silanone initially acts in umpolung fashion as a base (rather than an acid), due to the strongly electron‐releasing and sterically bulky nature of the ancillary boryl ligand.
Electrochemical Azo‐free Mitsunobu‐type Reaction
Authors: Guo Quanping , Jiang Yangye , Zhu Rongjin , Yang Wenhui , Hu Pengfei
Published: March 2024

The classic chemical Mitsunobu reaction suffers from the need of excess alcohol activation reagents and the generation of significant by‐products. Efforts to overcome these limitations have resulted in numerous creative solutions, but the substrate scope of these catalytic processes remains limited. Here we report an electrochemical Mitsunobu‐type reaction, which features azo‐free alcohol activation and broad substrate scope. This user‐friendly technology allows a vast collection of heterocycles as the nucleophile, which can couple with a series of chiral cyclic and acyclic alcohols in moderate to high yields and excellent ee's. This practical reaction is scalable, chemoselective, uses simple Electrasyn setup with inexpensive electrodes and requires no precaution to exclude air and moisture. The synthetic utility is further demonstrated on the structural modification of diverse bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical derivatives and its straightforward application in a multiple‐step synthesis of a drug candidate.
Polyols and polyurethane foams based on chitosans of various molecular weights
Authors: Strzałka Anna Maria , Dębska Bernardeta , Lubczak Jacek
Published: March 2024

Shrinking resources of fossil oil prompt search for other biosphere‐present substrates to obtain polyols, which in turn are basic components to synthesize polyurethane foams (PUF). Widely available examples are biopolymers like starch, cellulose, and chitosan. It has been shown that oligomeric chitosan as well as water soluble chitosan can be applied to obtain polyols and rigid PUF of good performance properties. In this paper, the higher molecular mass chitosans, insoluble in organic solvents and water, were converted to polyols and ultimately into foamed polyurethane plastics. The polyols were characterized by the infrared spectra (IR), 1H‐NMR, and MALDI‐ToF methods. Their properties, such as density, viscosity, surface tension and hydroxyl numbers, were determined. The PUF were obtained from these polyols of various molecular mass. The biodegradable, rigid PUF of enhanced thermal resistance were obtained. Their physical parameters like apparent density, water volume absorption, dimension stability, heat conductance, compressive strength, and heat resistance at 150 and 175°C were studied and compared with those synthesized previously from oligomeric chitosan and water soluble chitosan.
You are not alone: Characterizing users' relationship‐layer identities in online health communities
Authors: Chen Kejun , Zhao Yuehua , Song Ningyuan , Han Yufei , Peng Jiaer , Wang Jiaqing
Published: March 2024

Online health communities (OHCs) function as significant platforms that people use to obtain information and emotional support. Despite many studies on user behavior and relationships, little attention has been paid to user identities and how different layers of identities are interwoven. To address this potential research gap, this study examined users' relationship‐layer identities and their evolution by elaborating on the communication theory of identity (CTI) and social support theory. Additionally, based on our previous study on users' personal‐layer identities in OHCs, we investigated how users' relationship‐layer identities interacted with their personal‐layer identities. This study classified users' posts and replies into providing informational support, seeking informational support, providing emotional support, seeking emotional support, and companionship using the bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT), with F1‐scores above 0.848. Through social network analysis, this study found that users of OHCs constructed their relationship‐layer identities more through informational interactions than through emotional interactions. Users with various personal‐layer identities presented different relationship‐layer identities. Users' relationships were more initiated by information exchange, and users with more interactions had more companionship activities. OHCs provided efficient communication channels for people to exchange social support.
Simplifying stable CHO cell line generation with high probability of monoclonality by using microfluidic dispensing as an alternative to fluorescence activated cell sorting
Authors: Chakrabarti Lina , Savery James , Mpindi John Patrick , Klover Judith , Li Lina , Zhu Jie
Published: March 2024

Single cell cloning is a critical step for cell line development (CLD) for therapeutic protein production, with proof of monoclonality being compulsorily sought in regulatory filings. Among the different single cell deposition technologies, we found that fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) offers high probability of monoclonality and can allow selective enrichment of the producer cells. However, FACS instruments are expensive and resource‐intensive, have a large footprint, require highly skilled operators and take hours for setup, thereby complicating the cell line generation process. With the aim of finding an easy‐to‐use alternative to FACS, we identified a flow cytometry‐based microfluidic cell dispenser, which presents a single cell sorting solution for biopharmaceutical CLD. The microfluidic cell dispenser is small, budget‐friendly, easy‐to‐use, requires lower‐cost consumables, permits flow cytometry‐enabled multiparametric target cell enrichment and offers fast and gentle single cell dispensing into multiwell plates. Following comprehensive evaluation, we found that single cell deposition by the microfluidic cell dispenser resulted in >99% probability of monoclonality for production cell lines. Moreover, the clonally derived producer cell lines generated from the microfluidic cell dispenser demonstrated comparable or improved growth profiles and production capability compared to the FACS derived cell lines. Taken together, microfluidic cell dispensing can serve as a cost‐effective, efficient and convenient alternative to FACS, simplifying the biopharmaceutical CLD platform with significant reductions in both scientist time and running costs.
Surface decoration of low molecular weight polyethylenimine (LMW PEI) by phthalated dextrin for improved delivery of interleukin‐12 plasmid
Authors: Keshavarz Valiollah , Kazemi Maryam , Khalvati Bahman , Zare Fateme , Dehshahri Ali , Sadeghpour Hossein
Published: March 2024

In this investigation, low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (LMW PEI; 1.8 kDa branched PEI) was conjugated to phathalated dextrin. The aim of this chemical modification was to decorate PEI molecules with a hydrophilic layer to improve its biophysical properties while the phthalic moiety may improve the hydrophilic‐hydrophobic balance of the final structure. The polymers were prepared at various conjugation degrees ranging from 6.5% to 16.5% and characterized in terms of biophysical characteristics as well as their gene transfer ability and cell‐induced toxicity. The results showed that dextrin‐phthalated‐PEI (DPHPEI) polymer was able to form nanoparticles with the size range of around 118–170 nm, with the zeta potential of 6.2–9.5 mV. DPHPEI polymers could increase the level of desired protein expression in the cells by up to three folds compared with unmodified LMW PEI while the cell viability of the modified polymers was around 80%. The result of this study shows a promising approach to improve the transfection efficiency of LMW PEI while maintaining its low toxic effects.