bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new model for predicting the timing of leukapheresis on the basis of CD34+ cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell levels
Authors: Teng Hao‐Wei , Hsiao Liang‐Tsai , Chaou Shu‐Chou , Gau Jyh‐Pyng , Lee Tzu‐Chi , Shih Ying‐Yih , Liu Chun‐Yu , Hong Ying‐Chung , Chen Ming‐Huang , Chang Mu‐Hsin , Yang Ya‐Hsu , Chen Po‐Min
Published: February 2007

We developed a model (depending on peripheral CD34+ cell count and hematopoietic progenitor cell count) to determine the optimal timing of 3‐day leukapheresis in patients pretreated with chemotherapy and G‐CSF. Marrow potentials were identified on the basis of three patterns of leukapheretic yield. Pattern 1 predicted good marrow potential. The positive predictive value of a first‐day leukapheretic yield of >1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg (mean 3‐day yield = 8.18 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg, n = 11) was 100%. Pattern 2 predicted poor marrow potential. The negative predictive value of a 3‐day leukapheretic yield of >1 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg (3‐day yield = 0.26 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg, n = 1) was 100%. Pattern 3 met neither of the above criteria (mean 3‐day yield = 1.37 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg, n = 19). The marrow potential was borderline and patients could be further divided into two subgroups according to peripheral CD34+ cell counts when WBC reached >10,000/μl. The mean yield differed significantly between pattern 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). For patients with good marrow potential, leukapheresis should begin as soon as the WBC count is >5,000/μl. Patients with borderline marrow potential may benefit from delaying leukapheresis until the WBC level is >10,000/μl and leukapheresis extended more than 3 days. J. Clin. Apheresis 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression and dynamic changes of SOX3 during gametogenesis and sex reversal in protogynous hermaphroditic fish
Authors: Yao Bo , Zhou Li , Wang Yang , Xia Wei , Gui Jian‐Fang
Published: February 2007

SOX3 has been suggested to play significant roles in gametogenesis and gonad differentiation of vertebrates, but the exact cellular localization evidence is insufficient and controversial. In this study, a protogynous hermaphrodite fish Epinephelus coioides is selected to analyze EcSox3 differential expression and the expression pattern in both processes of oogenesis and spermatogenesis by utilizing the advantages that gonad development undergoes transition from ovary to intersexual gonad and then to testis, and primordial germ cells and different stage cells during oogenesis and spermatogenesis are synchronously observed in the transitional gonads. The detailed and clear immunofluoresence localization indicates that significantly differential expression and dynamic changes of Sox3 occur in the progresses of gametogenesis and sex reversal, and EcSOX3 protein exists in the differentiating primordial germ cells, oogonia, and different stage oocytes of ovaries, and also in the differentiating primordial germ cells and the Sertoli cells of testis. One important finding is that the EcSox3 expression is a significant time point for enterable gametogenesis of primordial germ cells because EcSOX3 is obviously expressed and localized in primordial germ cells. As EcSox3 continues to express, the EcSOX3‐positive primordial germ cells develop toward oogonia and then oocytes, whereas when EcSox3 expression is ceased, the EcSOX3‐positive primordial germ cells develop toward spermatogonia. Therefore, the current finding of EcSOX3 in the differentiating primordial germ cells again confirms the potential regulatory role in oogenesis and germ cell differentiation. The data further suggest that SOX3, as a transcription factor, might have more important roles in oogenesis than in spermatogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:207–219, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High hydrostatic pressure treatment and storage of carrot and tomato juices: Antioxidant activity and microbial safety
Authors: Dede Saner , Alpas Hami , Bayındırlı Alev
Published: February 2007

The application of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (250 MPa, 35 °C for 15 min) and thermal treatment (80 °C for 1 min) reduced the microbial load of carrot and tomato juices to undetectable levels. Different combinations of HHP did not cause a significant change in the ascorbic acid content of either juice (P > 0.05). Both heat treatments (60 °C for 5–15 min and 80 °C for 1 min) resulted in a significant loss (P < 0.05) in the free‐radical scavenging activity as compared to untreated samples. HHP‐treated juices showed a small loss of antioxidants (below 10%) during storage. The ascorbic acid content of pressurized tomato and carrot juices remained over 70 and 45% after 30 days of storage, respectively. However, heat treatment caused a rapid decrease to 16–20%. Colour changes were minor (ΔE = 10) for pressurised juices but for heat‐pasteurised samples it was more intense and higher as a result of insufficient antioxidant activity. HHP treatment (250 MPa, 35 °C for 15 min) led to a better product with regard to anti‐radical scavenging capacity, ascorbic acid content and sensory properties (colour, pH) of the tomato and carrot juices compared to conventional pasteurisation. Therefore, HHP can be recommended not only for industrial production but also for safe storage of fresh juices, such as tomato and carrot, even at elevated storage temperatures (25 °C). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Organoleptic characterization and PAH content of salmon (Salmo salar) fillets smoked according to four industrial smoking techniques
Authors: Varlet Vincent , Serot Thierry , Knockaert Camille , Cornet Josiane , Cardinal Mireille , Monteau Fabrice , Le Bizec Bruno , Prost Carole
Published: February 2007

Four industrial processes for smoking food were studied through their effects on the organoleptic properties of smoked salmon and on the occurrence of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known as being contaminants of smoking processes. The contamination by PAHs of the food might be measured by their corresponding toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) expressed in µg kg−1. The results show a significant correlation between the smoking process parameters, the odour of the smoked fish and the presence of PAHs. Smouldering, thermostated plates and friction smoking processes allow smoked fish with very close odorant characteristics to be obtained. However, differences of pyrolysis temperature (between 380 and 500 °C) causes significant differences of PAHs concentration even if the contents are under the legal threshold concerning benzo(a)pyrene (5 µg kg−1). Smoked fish obtained by liquid smoke vaporisation presented the lowest level of PAHs but benzo(a)pyrene concentration is nevertheless important. The odours brought by the liquid smoke process are more ‘cold smoke’ and ‘vegetal/green’ than the other techniques, which are smokier and fishier. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Gene expression changes in postmortem tissue from the rostral pons of multiple system atrophy patients
Authors: Langerveld Anna Jelaso , Mihalko Daniel , DeLong Cari , Walburn Jeff , Ide Charles F.
Published: February 2007

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by various degrees of Parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and autonomic dysfunction. In this report, Affymetrix DNA microarrays were used to measure changes in gene expression in the rostral pons, an area that undergoes extensive damage in MSA, but not other synucleinopathies. Significant changes in expression of 254 genes (180 downregulated and 74 upregulated) occurred in pons tissue from MSA patients when compared with control patients. The downregulated genes were primarily associated with biological functions known to be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurological diseases; for example, downregulation occurred in genes associated with mitochondrial function, ubiquitin‐proteasome function, protein modification, glycolysis/metabolism, and ion transport. On the other hand, upregulated genes were associated with transcription/RNA modification, inflammation, immune system function, and oligodendrocyte maintenance and function. Immunocytochemistry, in conjunction with quantitative image analysis, was carried out to characterize α‐synuclein protein expression as glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the pontocerebellar tract in rostral pons tissue and to determine the relationship between the amount of aggregated α‐synuclein protein and changes in specific gene expression. Of the regulated genes, 86 were associated with the amount of observed aggregated α‐synuclein protein in the rostral pons tissue. These data indicate that cells in the pons of MSA patients show changes in gene expression previously associated with the substantia nigra of PD patients and/or other neurological diseases, with additional changes, for example related to oligodendrocyte function unique to MSA. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Marcus Gunn Jaw‐Winking synkinesis in a neonate
Authors: Koelsch Emily , Harrington John W.
Published: February 2007

This report describes a 9‐day‐old female infant admitted for hypocalcemic seizures. The hypocalcemia was treated, but the infant was noted to have vesico‐ureteral reflux and a mild ptosis of her left eye with rhythmic blinking during bottle feeding. The eye findings were subsequently diagnosed as Marcus Gunn jaw‐winking Synkinesis. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Eating‐induced facial myoclonic dystonia probably due to a putaminal lesion
Authors: Gaig Carles , Muñoz Esteban , Valls‐Solé Josep , Martí María José , Tolosa Eduardo
Published: February 2007

Myoclonic dystonia is considered a form of dystonia. We present the unusual case of a 36‐year‐old woman with HIV infection, who developed left facial myoclonic dystonia, triggered by eating in the setting of probable progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy involving the contralateral basal ganglia. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Pathological laughter and crying in patients with multiple system atrophy‐cerebellar type
Authors: Parvizi Josef , Joseph Jeffrey , Press Daniel Z. , Schmahmann Jeremy D.
Published: February 2007

In the cerebellar type of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐C), the burden of pathological changes involves the cerebellum and its associated brainstem structures in the basis pontis and the inferior olivary nucleus, and as a result, the clinical phenotype is dominated early on by the cerebellar dysfunction. We report our clinical and post mortem findings in a patient with MSA‐C who exhibited pathological laughter in the absence of any congruent changes of mood. A review of the clinical notes of 27 other patients with MSA‐C revealed a problem with pathological laughter, or crying, or both in 9 more patients. Our finding of about 36% occurrence suggests that the problem of dysregulation of emotional expression is more prevalent in MSA‐C than the paucity of reports in the literature suggests. Our findings are consistent with the view that the cerebellum and its interconnected structures may be involved in the regulation of emotional expression. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
New family with paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia and epilepsy
Authors: Kamm Christoph , Mayer Petra , Sharma Manu , Niemann Gerhard , Gasser Thomas
Published: February 2007

To date, there are few reports of paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia associated with familial epilepsy. We describe a family with 4 affected members spanning 3 generations, suggestive of autosomal‐dominant inheritance, who exhibited typical exercise‐induced dystonia, different types of epilepsy (absence and primary generalized seizures), developmental delay, and migraine in variable combinations. Linkage of the disease to loci on chromosome 2 (paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia) and chromosome 16 (paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis, infantile convulsions with choreoathetosis) was excluded, suggesting an as yet unidentified underlying genetic basis. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Constantin von Economo's contribution to the understanding of movement disorders
Authors: Ransmayr Gerhard
Published: February 2007

Constantin von Economo's (CvE) main scientific achievements were his studies on the cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex, sleep, and encephalitis lethargica (EL). He found a close relationship between motor symptoms and psychiatric and behavioral disorders in EL and postencephalitic Parkinsonism and identified the underlying neuropathology in the diencephalon and the brainstem. In agreement with Tretiakoff's findings in Parkinson's disease, CvE related postencephalitic Parkinsonism to neuronal loss in the substantia nigra. Several of CvE's early, less well‐known publications also deal with the basal ganglia and movement disorders. He demonstrated in rabbits that the substantia nigra modulates automatization, coordination, and succession of masticatory movements and swallowing. In a study on the effects of experimental lesions of the cerebral peduncle in cats and monkeys, CvE hypothesized a corticotegmental pathway that maintains motor functions after pyramidal tract lesions. Recent studies have identified this pathway, which ends in the pedunculopontine nucleus. In a study on posthemiplegic chorea, CvE discussed various pathophysiological hypotheses that partly resemble modern concepts of chorea. In a clinicopathological study on Wilson's disease, CvE traced the striofugal fibers and visualized the basal ganglia outflow pathways. CvE was an outstanding multidisciplinary movement disorder specialist who contributed substantially to modern basal ganglia research. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Predicting the cost of Parkinson's disease
Authors: McCrone Paul , Allcock Liesl M. , Burn David J.
Published: February 2007

The degenerative nature of Parkinson's disease (PD) suggests that it will lead to high levels of resource use. This study measures service use and costs for a representative community sample of PD patients and identifies cost predictors. Patients were identified from general practices and were interviewed twice, separated by a 12‐month interval. Demographic and clinical data on patients were collected and 6‐month costs were calculated. Regression analysis was used to identify significant baseline predictors of follow‐up costs. The annual service costs (baseline and follow‐up combined) were £13,804 per person. Formal service costs accounted for 20% of this figure with informal care from families/friends accounting for 80%. The regression model explained 42% of total follow‐up costs and significant predictors included gender (with men having higher costs), disability, and depression. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Interhemispheric and ipsilateral connections in Parkinson's disease: Relation to mirror movements
Authors: Li Jie‐Yuan , Espay Alberto J. , Gunraj Carolyn A. , Pal Pramod K. , Cunic Danny I. , Lang Anthony E. , Chen Robert
Published: February 2007

Mirror movements (MM) occur in early, asymmetric Parkinson's disease (PD). To examine the pathophysiology of MM in PD, we studied 13 PD patients with MM (PD‐MM), 7 PD patients without MM (PD‐NM), and 14 normal subjects. Cross‐correlogram did not detect common synaptic input to motoneuron pools innervating homologous hand muscles in PD‐MM patients. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies showed no significant difference in ipsilateral motor‐evoked potentials between PD‐MM patients and normal subjects. The MM side of PD‐MM patients showed a slower increase in ipsilateral silent period area with higher level of muscle contraction than the non‐MM side and normal subjects. There was less interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) at long interstimulus intervals of 20 to 50 ms in PD‐MM than PD‐NM. IHI reduced short interval intracortical inhibition in normal subjects and PD‐NM, but not in PD‐MM. IHI significantly increased intracortical facilitation in PD‐MM and PD‐NM patients, but not in normal subjects. Our results suggest that MM in PD is due to activation of the contralateral motor cortex. PD‐MM patients had reduced transcallosal inhibitory effects on cortical output neurons and on intracortical inhibitory circuits compared to PD‐NM patients and controls. These deficits in transcallosal inhibition may contribute to MM in PD patients. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Contributions to the Experimental Investigation of the Nascent Polymerisation of Ethylene on Supported Catalysts, 2
Authors: Di Martino Audrey , Weickert Guenter , McKenna Timothy F.L.
Published: February 2007

A series of experiments in a novel quench flow reactor was used to study the influence of the means of adding TEA to the catalyst, the reaction temperature and the hydrogen concentration on the kinetics and morphology of the nascent phase of the polymerisation of ethylene in heptane slurry. It was shown that regardless of the way in which the alkyl was added, an extremely rapid reaction rate was observed for the first few fractions of a second, but that precontacting the catalyst and the TEA cocatalyst led to a slightly higher initial rate. On the other hand, the nascent morphology of the particle/support complex was strongly influenced by the means of adding the alkyl, with precontacting of the two components leading to a better defined product. The influence of the temperature was found to be less significant; however, this was attributed to the particular catalyst.

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Modeling of Nitroxide‐Mediated Semibatch Radical Polymerization
Authors: Fu Yao , Cunningham Michael F. , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: February 2007

A mechanistic model is developed for high‐temperature (138 °C) styrene semibatch thermally and conventionally initiated FRP, as well as NMP with a two‐component initiating system (tert‐butyl peroxyacetate, 4‐hydroxy‐TEMPO). The model, using kinetic coefficients from literature, provides a good representation of the FRP experimental results. Implementation of a gel effect correlation to represent the change in the diffusion‐controlled termination rate coefficient with conversion improves the fit to the thermally initiated system, but is not required to represent the production of low molecular weight material ($\overline M _{\rm n} < 10\,000$ Dalton) by conventionally initiated FRP or NMP. The low initiator efficiency found in NMP is well explained by a reaction network involving combination of free nitroxide with methyl radicals formed from initiator decomposition.

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Myosin heavy chain–based fiber types in the adult human cricopharyngeus muscle
Authors: Mu Liancai , Su Hungxi , Wang Jun , Sanders Ira
Published: February 2007

The cricopharyngeus (CP) muscle is a major component of the upper sphincter of the esophagus. Its physiology is complex; a variety of reflexes maintain CP sustained contraction except during swallowing, when it relaxes to allow a food bolus to pass into the esophagus. In order to understand CP function, we previously studied the normal adult human CP and found that it has an unusual layered structure, with a slow inner and fast outer layer. In addition, a majority of its muscle fibers express unusual myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms (slow‐tonic, α‐cardiac, neonatal, and embryonic) as well as the major MHC isoforms (types I, IIa, and IIx). In this study, autopsied adult human CP muscles were studied with immunocytochemical techniques to determine the patterns of MHC coexpression in CP muscle fibers. The results show that CP fibers were hybrids expressing from two to six MHC isoforms. Ten different combinations of MHC isoforms were identified in CP fibers, with the most common (54%) containing three MHC isoforms. The variety of hybrid CP fiber types suggests that the CP is capable of a wide range of contraction characteristics. Determination of MHC expression patterns of the CP muscle fibers is critical for evaluating the contractile properties of the sphincter. Muscle Nerve, 2007
The electromyographic diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Does the evidence support the El Escorial criteria?
Authors: Makki Achraf A. , Benatar Michael
Published: February 2007

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to examine the accuracy of the El Escorial electromyographic criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Based on a consecutive series of 73 patients with suspected ALS, the sensitivity of electromyography (EMG) ranged from 0.2 in the cranial segment to 0.74 in the thoracic segment. Specificity was highest (0.92–1.0) in the cranial and thoracic segments. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to examine the effect of varying the number of abnormal segments required for the diagnosis, we found an overall accuracy of 0.90 and 0.87 if one or two abnormal segments, respectively, were required. The best combination of sensitivity and specificity was achieved by requiring EMG changes in two segments with abnormalities in a single muscle in the cranial and thoracic segments, but abnormalities in two muscles in the cervical and lumbosacral regions. These findings lend support to the EMG criteria proposed at El Escorial. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Time to failure of a sustained contraction is predicted by target torque and initial electromyographic bursts in elbow flexor muscles
Authors: Rudroff Thorsten , Christou Evangelos A. , Poston Brach , Bojsen‐Møller Jens , Enoka Roger M.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the study was to identify factors that could predict differences among individuals in the time to failure of a submaximal contraction. Twenty subjects (10 men, 25 ± 6 years) supported an inertial load equivalent to 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force with the elbow flexor muscles for as long as possible. The time to failure was predicted by the frequency of electromyographic bursts in the long head of biceps brachii during the first 20% of the contraction, the amplitude of bursts in the brachioradialis during the first 20% of the contraction, and the target torque. Subjects who could sustain the task longer exhibited greater initial (first 20% of contraction) electromyographic burst frequency in the long head of biceps brachii, lower initial burst amplitudes in the brachioradialis muscle, and lower target torque. Knowing the main predictors of a submaximal fatiguing contraction with the elbow flexor muscles may assist clinicians in personalizing therapeutic interventions. Muscle Nerve, 2007
A mixed augmented Lagrangian‐extended finite element method for modelling elastic–plastic fatigue crack growth with unilateral contact
Authors: Elguedj T. , Gravouil A. , Combescure A.
Published: February 2007

The complete modelling of fatigue crack growth is still an industrial challenging issue for numerical methods. A new technique for the finite element modelling of elastic–plastic fatigue crack growth with unilateral contact on the crack faces is presented. The extended finite element method (X‐FEM) is used to discretize the equations, allowing for the modelling of arbitrary cracks whose geometries are independent of the finite element mesh. This paper presents an augmented Lagrangian formulation in the X‐FEM framework that is able to deal with elastic–plastic crack growth with treatment of contact. An original formulation, which takes advantages of two powerful numerical methods, is presented. Next the numerical issues such as contact treatment and numerical integration are addressed, and finally numerical examples are shown to validate the method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endothelial cell KIT expression in human tumours
Authors: Sihto H , Tynninen O , Bützow R , Saarialho‐Kere U , Joensuu H
Published: February 2007

Receptor tyrosine kinases expressed in endothelial cells are potential targets for therapy with specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Endothelial cell KIT expression has not been systematically evaluated in human cancer. In the present study, endothelial cell KIT expression was assessed in 345 tumours consisting of 34 different histological types using a tissue microarray technique. Marked KIT expression occurred in the tumour endothelial cells only in primary glioblastomas in the microarray. Moderate to strong KIT and phosphorylated KIT expression was detected in the tumour endothelial cells in six (16%) and seven (19%) of the 37 primary glioblastomas examined, respectively. In whole tissue sections, KIT and phosphorylated KIT were expressed in tumour endothelial cells in 13 (59%) and 11 (50%) of the 22 glioblastomas examined, respectively. RNA in situ hybridization showed KIT mRNA expression in most glioblastomas both in tumour vessel endothelial cells and in perinecrotic palisading glioblastoma cells, whereas little KIT mRNA was found in the endothelial cells of colon or pancreatic carcinomas. Phosphorylated KIT, its ligand stem cell factor, and the downstream signalling molecules phosphorylated Akt and mTOR were often expressed in glioblastoma cells located in the perinecrotic tumour areas that often also contained abundant HIF‐1α. It is concluded that marked KIT and phosphorylated KIT expression is frequently present in the endothelial cells of glioblastomas, which are known to harbour florid microvascular proliferation with characteristic morphological features. Glioblastomas also express phosphorylated KIT and its activated downstream signalling molecules in the tumour cells. Lower levels of KIT and phosphorylated KIT are present in endothelial cells of other tumour types and in normal tissues. Endothelial cell and tumour cell expression of activated KIT might explain in part the responsiveness of glioblastomas to the combination of imatinib (an inhibitor of KIT) and hydroxyurea. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model competencies in regulatory therapeutic product assessment: Health Canada's good review guiding principles as a reviewing community's code of intellectual conduct
Authors: Lim Robyn R.
Published: February 2007

Purpose

This article describes some work from the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada regarding Good Review Practices (GRP).

Methods and Results

Background information is provided on the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) and its regulatory activities regarding drug and medical device assessment in both the pre‐ and post‐market setting. The TPD Good Review Guiding Principles (GRGP) are described which include a Definition of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review, Ten Hallmarks of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review and Ten Precepts. Analysis of the guiding principles discusses possible linkages between the guiding principles and intellectual virtues.

Conclusions

Through this analysis an hypothesis is developed that the guiding principles outline a code of intellectual conduct for Health Canada's reviewers of evidence for efficacy, safety, manufacturing quality and benefit‐risk regarding therapeutic products. Opportunities to advance therapeutic product regulatory review as a scientific discipline in its own right and to acknowledge that these reviewers constitute a specific community of practice are discussed. Integration of intellectual and ethical approaches across therapeutic product review sectors is also suggested. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis by hydrogen chloride in the gas‐phase elimination kinetics of 2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol and 3‐methyl‐1‐buten‐3‐ol
Authors: Rasse Rafael J. , Domínguez Rosa M. , Herize Armando , Tosta Maria , Brusco Doris , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: February 2007

A homogeneous, molecular, gas‐phase elimination kinetics of 2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol and 3‐methyl‐1‐ buten‐3‐ol catalyzed by hydrogen chloride in the temperature range 325–386 °C and pressure range 34–149 torr are described. The rate coefficients are given by the following Arrhenius equations: for 2‐phenyl‐2‐propanol log k1 (s−1) = (11.01 ± 0.31) − (109.5 ± 2.8) kJ mol−1 (2.303 RT)−1 and for 3‐methyl‐1‐buten‐3‐ol log k1 (s−1) = (11.50 ± 0.18) − (116.5 ± 1.4) kJ mol−1 (2.303 RT)−1. Electron delocalization of the CH2CH and C6H5 appears to be an important effect in the rate enhancement of acid catalyzed tertiary alcohols in the gas phase. A concerted six‐member cyclic transition state type of mechanism appears to be, as described before, a rational interpretation for the dehydration process of these substrates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses and characterization of 16‐arm star and star diblock copolymer and AB8 9‐miktoarm star copolymer via NMRP and ROP from dendritic multifunctional macroinitiators
Authors: Miura Yozo , Dote Hiroyuki , Kubonishi Hiroyuki , Fukuda Kenichi , Saka Tomoko
Published: February 2007

A dendritic macroinitiator having 16 TEMPO‐based alkoxyamines, Star‐16, was prepared by the reaction of a dendritic macroinitiator having eight TEMPO‐based alkoxyamines, [G‐3]‐OH, with 4,4′‐bis(chlorocarbonyl)biphenyl. The nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) of styrene (St) from Star‐16 gave 16‐arm star polymers with PDI of 1.19–1.47, and NMPR of 4‐vinylpyridine from the 16‐arm star polymer gave 16‐arm star diblock copolymers with PDI of 1.30–1.43. The ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone from [G‐3]‐OH and the subsequent NMRP of St gave AB8 9‐miktoarm star copolymers with PDI of 1.30–1.38. The benzyl ether linkages of the 16‐arm star polymers and the AB8 9‐miktoarm star copolymers were cleaved by treating with Me3SiI, and the resultant poly(St) arms were investigated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The SEC results showed PDIs of 1.23–1.28 and 1.18–1.22 for the star polymers and miktoarm stars copolymers, respectively, showing that they have well‐controlled poly(St) arms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1159–1169, 2007.
Solvothermal Route to Synthesize Well‐Dispersed YBO3:Eu Nanocrystals
Authors: Li Zhihua , Zeng Jinghui , Li Yadong
Published: February 2007

Well‐dispersed YBO3:Eu nanocrystals have been fabricated by a solvothermal method. The size and morphology of the products are controlled successfully via adjusting the reaction conditions. The prepared YBO3:Eu phosphors were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and other techniques. The luminescence mechanism and the size dependence of their fluorescence properties are also explained.
The Synergism Effect Between Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate and a Block Copolymer in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Azzam E. M. S.
Published: February 2007

The synergistic behavior of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) with poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) block copolymer was studied using surface tension measurements. The surface tension of single and mixed solutions of SDBS and the block copolymer in this study was measured at different concentrations and at 25 °C. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of these solutions was determined from the surface tension measurements. The SDBS gives higher CMC values than those of the block copolymer. The results show that the CMC value of SDBS decreases as the molar ratio of SDBS increases in the mixture solution with the block copolymer. The surface parameters of adsorption and micellization for single and mixed solutions were investigated. The results show that the surface and micellization properties of SDBS were improved as a result of mixing with the block copolymer. The mole fractions in the micelles and interaction parameters of the mixed solutions were calculated. The foam stability of single and mixed solutions at 25 °C was determined. The results show that the SDBS has more foam stability than the block copolymer and the foam stability increases as the molar ratio of SDBS increase in mixed solution of it with block copolymer.
Fatty acid production in Schizochytrium sp.: Involvement of a polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase and a type I fatty acid synthase
Authors: Hauvermale A. , Kuner J. , Rosenzweig B. , Guerra D. , Diltz S. , Metz J. G.
Published: February 2007

Schizochytrium sp. is a marine microalga that has been developed as a commercial source for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22∶6 ω−3), enriched biomass, and oil. Previous work suggested that the DHA, as well as docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22∶5 ω−6), that accumulate in Schizochytrium are products of a multi‐subunit polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase (1). Here we show data to support this view and also provide information of other aspects of fatty acid synthesis in this organism. Three genes encoding subunits of the PUFA synthase were isolated from genomic DNA and expressed in E. coli along with an essential accessory gene encoding a phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase). The resulting transformants accumulated both DHA and DPA. The ratio of DHA to DPA was approximately the same as that observed in Schizochytrium. Treatment of Schizochytrium cells with certain levels of cerulenin resulted in inhibition of 14C acetate incorporation into short chain fatty acids without affecting labeling of PUFAs, indicating distinct biosynthetic pathways. A single large gene encoding the presumed short chain fatty acid synthase (FAS) was cloned and sequenced. Based on sequence homology and domain organization, the Schizochytrium FAS resembles a fusion of fungal FAS β and α subunits.
Different kinetic in incorporation and depletion of n−3 fatty acids in erythrocytes and leukocytes of mice
Authors: Mu H. , Thøgersen R. L. , Maaetoft‐Udsen K. , Straarup E. M. , Frøkiær H.
Published: February 2007

n−3 PUFA are well known for their anti‐inflammatory effects. However, there has been only limited study on the kinetics of incorporation and depletion of n−3 PUFA in immune cells. In the present study we investigated the incorporation and depletion of n−3 PUFA in erythrocytes and leukocytes in mice during a 6‐wk feeding period. Over the first 3‐wk period (the incorporation period) the mice were fed a special diet with a high n−3/n−6 PUFA ratio. In the following 3‐wk period (the depletion period) the mice were fed a standard chow diet. A linear incease of the concentration of EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes was observed during the incorporation period, whereas a stagnation was observed after the second week for leukocytes. The level of EPA did not fall to the background level after the depletion period, and the level of DHA was kept almost constant during the depletion period in the erythrocyte membranes. In leukocytes the concentration of both EPA and DHA decreased during the depletion period, but did not reach the background level after the 3‐wk depletion. In conclusion, the kinetics of EPA and DHA in the different cells are different. The rate of incorporation is faster than that of depletion for n−3 PUFA. More n−3 PUFA can be incorporated into leukocytes in comparison with erythrocytes. The ratio of n−3/n−6 PUFA is more important than the amount of n−3 FA in changing the FA compositions of membrane lipids.
Antioxidant effects of black rice extract through the induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities
Authors: Chiang An‐Na , Wu Hua‐Lin , Yeh Hung‐I , Chu Chi‐Shuen , Lin Hui‐Chiao , Lee Wei‐Chin
Published: February 2007

Our ex vivo study revealed that BRE had significantly stronger ability to inhibit LDL oxidation than white rice extract (WRE). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether black rice extract (BRE) supplementation might ameliorate oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities in HepG2 cells and in C57BL/6 mice. In the cellular study, superoxide anions (O2.−) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the BRE group were significantly suppressed. The BRE group also showed significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 161.6% and 73.4%, respectively. The major components responsible for the free‐radical‐scavenging and antioxidative properties might be cyanidin−3‐O‐glucoside chloride and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucuside chloride. In the animal study, male C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups (control, BRE, and WRE). Plasma HDL‐cholesterol was significantly higher, and thiobarbituric, acid‐reactive substances were significantly lower in the BRE group, whereas plasma levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride were not affected by BRE supplementation. Increased hepatic SOD and CAT activities were observed in BRE‐treated mice as compared to the control mice. However, no changes were detected for the protein expression of antioxidant enzymes by Western blot analysis. Our data suggest that antioxidative effects exerted by BRE are mediated through decreases in free‐radical generation as well as increases in SOD and CAT activities both in vitro and in vivo.
Lymphatic recovery of exogenous oleic acid in rats on long chain or specific structured triacylglycerol diets
Authors: Vistisen Bodil , Mu Huiling , Høy Carl‐Erik
Published: February 2007

Specific structured triacylglycerols, MLM (M=medium‐chain fatty acid, L=long‐chain fatty acid), rapidly deliver energy and long‐chain fatty acids to the body and are used for longer periods in human enteral feeding. In the present study rats were fed diets of 10 wt% MLM or LLL (L=oleic acid [18∶1n−9], M=caprylic acid [8∶0]) for 2 wk. Then lymph was collected 24 h following administration of a single bolus of 13C‐labeled MLM or LLL. The total lymphatic recovery of exogenous 18∶1n−9 24 h after administration of a single bolus of MLM or LLL was similar in rats on the LLL diet (43% and 45%, respectively). However, the recovery of exogenous 18∶1n−9 was higher after a single bolus of MLM compared with a bolus of LLL in rats on the MLM diet (40% and 24%, respectively, P=0.009). The recovery of lymphatic 18∶1n−9 of the LLL bolus tended to depend on the diet triacylglycerol structure and composition (P=0.07). This study demonstrated that with a diet containing specific structured triacylglycerol, the lymphatic recovery of 18∶1n−9 after a single bolus of fat was dependent on the triacylglycerol structure of the bolus. This indicates that the lymphatic recovery of long‐chain fatty acids from a single meal depends on the overall long‐chain fatty acid composition of the habitual diet. This could have implications for enteral feeding for longer periods.
Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA
Authors: Yuhas Rebecca , Pramuk Kathryn , Lien Eric L.
Published: February 2007

Many published studies of breast milk FA composition are limited to populations from one or two countries. We aimed to examine the degree to which FA compositions vary across a number of diverse populations. Because diet and maternal adipose stores influence breast milk FA composition, differences in FA composition between groups most likely reflect habitual dietary differences. Approximately 50 breast milk samples (full breast expression) were collected from women in Australia, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The proportion of saturated FA was relatively constant among countries, with the exception of the Philippines, where levels of lauric and myristic acids were elevated (means greater than two times the mean of most other countries). Monounsaturated FA also varied little, with the exception of low levels of oleic acid in the Philippines and high levels of erucic acid in China. Although arachidonic acid (C20∶4n−6) levels were similar among all countries (means ranging from 0.36 wt% to 0.49 wt%), mean DHA (C22∶6n−3) levels ranged from 0.17 to 0.99 wt%, with the highest levels in Japanese milk and the lowest levels in Canadian and U.S. samples. The results of this study demonstrate that the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated FA are relatively constant across a large number of countries, whereas the level of some of the PUFA, especially DHA, are highly variable.
Convenient and efficient syntheses of 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal
Authors: Kurangi Reshma F. , Tilve Santosh G. , Blair Ian A.
Published: February 2007

Lipid peroxidation products 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE) and 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal (ONE) were conveniently synthesized using Wittig and Horner‐Wardsworth‐Emmons (HWE) reaction. Wittig or HWE reaction between an easily prepared phosphorane or phosphonate with glyoxal dimethyl acetal gave a protected 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal. Hydrolysis gave 4‐oxo‐2(E)‐nonenal, whereas reduction followed by hydrolysis gave 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal.
Characterization of scavenger receptor class B, type I in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Kleveland E. J. , Syvertsen B. L. , Ruyter B. , Vegusdal A. , Jørgensen S. M. , Gjøen T.
Published: February 2007

The scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR‐BI) is an important player in regulation of mammalian lipid homeostasis. We therefore wanted to study this receptor in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), which requires a diet with particular high lipid content. We have for the first time cloned and characterized SR‐BI from a salmonid fish. The predicted 494 amino acid protein contained two transmembrane domains, several putative N‐glycosylation sites, and showed 72% sequence identity with the predicted homolog from zebrafish. SR‐BI expression was analyzed by reverse transcription Real‐Time PCR in several tissues, and a high relative expression in salmon midgut was detected, which may suggest that SR‐BI has a role in uptake of lipids from the diet. We also expressed a construct of salmon myc‐tagged SR‐BI in salmon TO cells and HeLa cells, which gave a protein of approximately 80 kDa on reducing SDS‐PAGE using an antibody against the myc‐epitope. Immunofluorescence microscopy analyses of the salmon SR‐BI protein in transiently transfected HeLa cells revealed staining in the cell periphery and in some intracellular membranes, but not in the nucleus, which indicated that the salmon protein may be a functional membrane protein. We also observed a high degree of co‐localization using an anti‐peptide SR‐BI antiserum. We found that 20 μg mL−1 insulin up‐regulated the SR‐BI mRNA levels in primary cultures of salmon hepatocytes relative to untreated cells. Oleic acid, EPA, DHA, or dexamethasone did not affect the relative expression of SR‐BI in this liver model system. In conclusion, the salmon SR‐BI cDNA encoded a protein with several features common to those of mammalian species. SR‐BI gene expression was high in the intestine, which leads us to propose that SR‐BI may contribute to the uptake of lipids from the diet.
1H and 13C NMR studies of melon and head blubber of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
Authors: Scano P. , Cesare Marincola F. , Locci E. , Lai A.
Published: February 2007

Intact portions of melon, the echolocation organ of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), and the corresponding raw oils were analyzed by means of one‐ and two dimensional 1H and 13C NMR techniques. For comparative purposes the tissue and the raw oil of head blubber were also examined. Complete assignments of the spectra were obtained. Furthermore, dynamics of the lipid components was investigated by means of 13C NMR spin lattice relaxation time (T1). Analysis of the data revealed that lipid molecules in the tissue compartments experience a liquid‐like microenvironment and that T1 values depend on the lipid composition and/or organization in the intact tissue framework. In particular, a dependence of the T1 values on the wax esters content in melon intact tissues was found. A possible correlation between dynamic parameters and sound propagation properties has been hypothesized.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production by respiratory cells in response to mast cell mediators
Authors: Bryan Dani‐Louise , Forsyth Kevin D. , Hart Prue H. , Gibson Robert A
Published: February 2007

A protective association between breastfeeding and the development of bronchial asthma has been demonstrated. However, a mechanism remains unclear. FA present in human milk but rare in infant formula have been associated with marked immunological modulation as well as some indications of protection from asthma development. We examined the effect of in vitro manipulation of membrane phospholipid on the production of cytokines and prostaglandin (PG)E2 by respiratory epithelial cells (A549) in response to stimulation by mast cell mediators of allergic disease [histamine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐5]. DHA and CLA significantly decreased the production of IL‐8 in response to stimulation by TNF‐α [2907±970 (DHA) and 6471±1203 (CLA) vs. 12,287±2309 (control) pg/ml; P≤0.05, mean±SEM], whereas both EPA and DHA reduced histamine‐stimulated RANTES (regulation on activation, T cell‐expressed and‐secreted) production [2314±861 (EPA) and 877±326 (DHA) vs. 8526±1118 (control) pg/ml; P≤0.03]. PGE2 released in response to histamine was decreased by n−3 [1305±399 (α‐linolenic acid), 406±73 (EPA), and 265±32 (DHA) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P≤0.05] and increased by n−6 [18,843±4439 (arachidonic acid) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P=0.02], with CLA producing a decrease of the same magnitude as DHA [553±126 (CLA) vs. 9324±3672 (control) pg/mL; P=0.03]. This study demonstrates the potential for immunological manipulation of the respiratory epithelium by FA in situ during allergic responses and suggests that further investigation into FA intervention in infants via human milk or supplemented infant formula, to prevent the development of allergic disease, may be worthwhile.
Dietary fish oil n−3 fatty acids increase regulatory cytokine production and exert anti‐inflammatory effects in two murine models of inflammation
Authors: Sierra Saleta , Lara‐Villoslada Federico , Comalada Mònica , Olivares Mónica , Xaus Jordi
Published: February 2007

The higher incidence of inflammatory diseases in Western countries might be related, in part, to a high consumption of saturated fatty acids and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and an insufficient intake of n−3 fatty acids. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dietary n−3 fatty acids on innate and specific immune response and their anti‐inflammatory action in models of contact and atopic dermatitis. Balb/C mice were fed for 3 wk either n−6 or n−3 PUFA‐fortified diets. After inducing a contact or an atopic dermatitis, immunological parameters were analyzed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory potential of these n−3 PUFA. n−3 PUFA reduced innate and specific immune responses through inhibition of TH1 and TH2 responses, increase of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL‐10, and regulation of gene expression. The inhibition of both kinds of responses was confirmed by the anti‐inflammatory effect observed in contact and atopic dermatitis. Reduction in weight, edema, thickness, leukocyte infiltration, and enhancement of antioxidant defenses in the inflamed ears of mice from both models along with the prevention of delayed‐type hypersensitivity induced in atopic dermatitis proved n−3 PUFA efficacy. Our data suggest that dietary fish oil‐derived n−3 fatty acids have immunomodulatory effects and could be useful in inflammatory disorders.