bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational Trends
Authors: Russ Alex , Krasny Marianne E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses five trends related to urban environmental education: City as Classroom, Problem Solving, Environmental Stewardship, Individual and Community Development, and City as Social-Ecological System. City as Classroom aims to facilitate learning about urban and other environments, ecology, science, geography, history, and other subjects using urban outdoor and indoor settings. Problem Solving aims to solve or mitigate environmental problems and related social problems. The goal of Environmental Stewardship is to foster community-based management of urban ecosystems, involve community members in decision making and action to improve urban natural resources. Individual and Community Development seeks to promote positive youth development and social capital. City as Social-Ecological System aims to develop an understanding of cities as social-ecological systems, and reimagine how to manage cities to achieve desired environmental and social outcomes. The chapter shows that urban environmental education contributes to urban sustainability by addressing social and environmental issues.
From Lancaster County to Lowville
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the arrival of four Old Order Amish families from the Path Valley in Pennsylvania to Lowville in Lewis County. More progressive than Swartzentruber and less progressive than Clymer-area Amish, the Amish in Lowville brought to New York's North Country traditions that have their origins in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the oldest Amish settlement in North America. Descendants of the first Amish to make their homes in the New World, the Lowville settlers left Lancaster County to escape conflict with state and local authorities over their children's education. For the first half of the twentieth century, the Amish struggled with local school boards in several states, and these conflicts have historically been one of the major forces driving the Amish to establish new settlements.
Marriage Defines the Parish Priest
Authors: Armstrong-Partida Michelle
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates the pervasiveness of clerical unions and the proclivity of parish priests to form de facto marriages with women. These were enduring unions in which clerics were fully committed to their women and children. Moreover, maintaining a family did not hinder the careers of priests since many clerics were promoted from the minor to major orders, and even to the position of rector, in spite of their unions and households of children. The omnipresence of long-term unions and sexual affairs among the clergy illustrates that forming a sexual relationship with a woman became an element of clerical manliness in medieval Catalunya. Meanwhile, visitation records show that episcopal officials worked not to eradicate clerical unions among the clergy but to prevent the clergy from flagrantly displaying their families in public.
Domestic Politics and Nationalism in East Asian Security
Authors: Schweller Randall L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter works within the neoclassical realist tradition to examine the role of nationalism in foreign policymaking and the implication for the international politics of East Asia. Whereas the rise of China is an important structural factor necessarily affecting states' security policies throughout East Asia, China's rise does not determine these states' security policies. Rather, domestic politics ultimately determines how a state responds to changing security circumstances. In particular, nationalism can drive states to adopt more belligerent policies than warranted by their strategic environment, thus contributing to heightened bilateral conflicts and regional tension. The chapter argues that, in contemporary East Asia, rising China sets the context of policymaking, but domestic politics has been the primary factor shaping policy.
Protecting the Status Quo
Authors: Bowers Ian , Grønning Bjørn Elias Mikalsen
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the domestic and international sources of Japan's adjustment to the power shift in Sino-Japanese relations. It argues that the growth of the Chinese economy, which is now larger than the Japanese economy, and the modernization of the Chinese Navy pose a mounting challenge to Japanese security and its secure access to sea lanes of communication. China's rise and developments in Japanese domestic politics have produced a multifaceted Japanese strategic response to prevent China from posing a significant threat to Japanese security. Under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's leadership, Japan has strengthened its domestic capabilities with reform of its national security policymaking institutions and relaxed restrictions on international military cooperation.
The NGO Game
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

In most post-conflict countries nongovernmental organizations are everywhere, but their presence is misunderstood. This book investigates the unintended outcomes of what it calls the NGO boom in Bosnia and Kosovo. The book argues that when international actors try to rebuild and reconstruct post-conflict countries, they often rely on and look to NGOs. Although policymakers and scholars tend to accept and even celebrate NGO involvement in post-conflict and transitioning countries, they rarely examine why NGOs have become so popular, what NGOs do, or how they affect everyday life. After a conflict, international NGOs descend on a country, local NGOs pop up everywhere, and money and energy flow into strengthening the organizations. In time, the frenzy of activity slows, the internationals go home, local groups disappear from sight, and the NGO boom goes bust. Instead of peace and stability, the embrace of NGOs and the enthusiasm for international peacebuilding turns to disappointment, if not cynicism. For many in the Balkans and other post-conflict environments, NGOs are not an aid to building a lasting peace but are part of the problem because of the turmoil they foster during their life cycles in a given country. This book will be useful to practitioners and policymakers interested in improving peacebuilding, the role of NGOs in peace and development, and the sustainability of local initiatives in post-conflict countries.
Booms and Busts in Peacebuilding
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter describes a process called the “NGO game,” a recurring phenomenon the author has observed across Bosnia, Kosovo, and elsewhere. The game involves having the well-intentioned Westerners do their thing—by creating lots of “local” partners, investing in capacity building, and funding scores of important projects—all in the name of peace, democracy, and stability. All the while, the locals do what is necessary and rational: they show up to meetings, organize activities, and feign interest in the newest pet theories of donors. This process lends itself to a more complex and largely overlooked dynamic, which a Bosnian interviewee has summarized as: the NGO leaders waste the Westerners' money, and they waste our time.
Uncertain Times
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers why NGOs were involved in peacebuilding in the Balkans and other countries in the 1990s by providing a historical backdrop to the NGO boom, explaining why and how NGOs had become involved in liberal peacebuilding. It shows how there have been different explanations for the growth of NGOs in international politics. The chapter does not necessarily disagree with these other accounts, but it highlights how understandings of violent conflict and security can change the strategies that governmental actors have used, the actors that have been implicated, and thus ideas on how and who should respond to post-Cold War threats.
Identification of the fungal endophyte of Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) as Epichloë amarillans
Authors: Drake Ian , White Jr James F. , Belanger Faith C.
Published: January 2018

The grass Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) is known to host an endophyte of the genus Epichloë. Based on morphological characteristics it was originally identified as Acremonium typhinum var. ammophilae and is currently designated as Epichloë typhina var. ammophilae. However, the Epichloë species has not previously been identified based on DNA sequence data. Based on phylogenetic placement of beta-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequences the endophyte is identified as a member of E. amarillans rather than E. typhina.
Targeting glioma stem‐like cell survival and chemoresistance through inhibition of lysine‐specific histone demethylase KDM2B
Authors: Staberg Mikkel , Rasmussen Rikke Darling , Michaelsen Signe Regner , Pedersen Henriette , Jensen Kamilla Ellermann , Villingshøj Mette , Skjoth‐Rasmussen Jane , Brennum Jannick , Vitting‐Seerup Kristoffer , Poulsen Hans Skovgaard , Hamerlik Petra
Published: January 2018

Glioblastoma (GBM) ranks among the most lethal cancers, with current therapies offering only palliation. Inter‐ and intrapatient heterogeneity is a hallmark of GBM, with epigenetically distinct cancer stem‐like cells (CSCs) at the apex. Targeting GSCs remains a challenging task because of their unique biology, resemblance to normal neural stem/progenitor cells, and resistance to standard cytotoxic therapy. Here, we find that the chromatin regulator, JmjC domain histone H3K36me2/me1 demethylase KDM2B, is highly expressed in glioblastoma surgical specimens compared to normal brain. Targeting KDM2B function genetically or pharmacologically impaired the survival of patient‐derived primary glioblastoma cells through the induction of DNA damage and apoptosis, sensitizing them to chemotherapy. KDM2B loss decreased the GSC pool, which was potentiated by coadministration of chemotherapy. Collectively, our results demonstrate KDM2B is crucial for glioblastoma maintenance, with inhibition causing loss of GSC survival, genomic stability, and chemoresistance.
Lagrangian Timescales of Southern Ocean Upwelling in a Hierarchy of Model Resolutions
Authors: Drake Henri F. , Morrison Adele K. , Griffies Stephen M. , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Weijer Wilbert , Gray Alison R.
Published: January 2018

In this paper we study upwelling pathways and timescales of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) in a hierarchy of models using a Lagrangian particle tracking method. Lagrangian timescales of CDW upwelling decrease from 87 years to 31 years to 17 years as the ocean resolution is refined from 1° to 0.25° to 0.1°. We attribute some of the differences in timescale to the strength of the eddy fields, as demonstrated by temporally degrading high‐resolution model velocity fields. Consistent with the timescale dependence, we find that an average Lagrangian particle completes 3.2 circumpolar loops in the 1° model in comparison to 0.9 loops in the 0.1° model. These differences suggest that advective timescales and thus interbasin merging of upwelling CDW may be overestimated by coarse‐resolution models, potentially affecting the skill of centennial scale climate change projections.
Constraining the Ratio of Micrometeoroids From Short‐ and Long‐Period Comets at 1 AU From LADEE Observations of the Lunar Dust Cloud
Authors: Janches Diego , Pokorný Petr , Sarantos Menelaos , Szalay Jamey R. , Horányi Mihaly , Nesvorný David
Published: January 2018

We interpret recent observations of the secondary dust ejecta cloud around the Moon from the Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX) on board the NASA Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) spacecraft with help from dynamical models of meteoroids. Results suggest that in order to match the spatial structure of observed ejecta profiles, the flux of meteoroids on the Moon must be primarily provided by short‐period comets with an excess ratio of at least 1.3:1 compared to long‐period comets. This ratio increases significantly if the dependence of the ejecta yield on impactor velocity is stronger than generally believed. The model accounts for the orbital geometry of LADEE and shows no indication of a large asymmetry in the meteoroid flux impacting from the Helion and Anti‐Helion directions.
Formation of the Lunar Fossil Bulges and Its Implication for the Early Earth and Moon
Authors: Qin Chuan , Zhong Shijie , Phillips Roger
Published: January 2018

First recognized by Laplace over two centuries ago, the Moon's present tidal‐rotational bulges are significantly larger than hydrostatic predictions. They are likely relics of a former hydrostatic state when the Moon was closer to the Earth and had larger bulges, and they were established when stresses in a thickening lunar lithosphere could maintain the bulges against hydrostatic adjustment. We formulate the first dynamically self‐consistent model of this process and show that bulge formation is controlled by the relative timing of lithosphere thickening and lunar orbit recession. Viable solutions indicate that lunar bulge formation was a geologically slow process lasting several hundred million years, that the process was complete about 4 Ga when the Moon‐Earth distance was less than ~32 Earth radii, and that the Earth in Hadean was significantly less dissipative to lunar tides than during the last 4 Gyr, possibly implying a frozen hydrosphere due to the fainter young Sun.
Prompt Disappearance and Emergence of Radiation Belt Magnetosonic Waves Induced by Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Variations
Authors: Liu Nigang , Su Zhenpeng , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: January 2018

Magnetosonic waves are highly oblique whistler mode emissions transferring energy from the ring current protons to the radiation belt electrons in the inner magnetosphere. Here we present the first report of prompt disappearance and emergence of magnetosonic waves induced by the solar wind dynamic pressure variations. The solar wind dynamic pressure reduction caused the magnetosphere expansion, adiabatically decelerated the ring current protons for the Bernstein mode instability, and produced the prompt disappearance of magnetosonic waves. On the contrary, because of the adiabatic acceleration of the ring current protons by the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement, magnetosonic waves emerged suddenly. In the absence of impulsive injections of hot protons, magnetosonic waves were observable even only during the time period with the enhanced solar wind dynamic pressure. Our results demonstrate that the solar wind dynamic pressure is an essential parameter for modeling of magnetosonic waves and their effect on the radiation belt electrons.
Bed Load Variability and Morphology of Gravel Bed Rivers Subject to Unsteady Flow: A Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Redolfi M. , Bertoldi W. , Tubino M. , Welber M.
Published: January 2018

Measurement and estimation of bed load transport in gravel bed rivers are highly affected by its temporal fluctuations. Such variability is primarily driven by the flow regime but is also associated with a variety of inherent channel processes, such as flow turbulence, grain entrainment, and bed forms migration. These internal and external controls often act at comparable time scales, and are therefore difficult to disentangle, thus hindering the study of bed load variability under unsteady flow regime. In this paper, we report on laboratory experiments performed in a large, mobile bed flume where typical hydromorphological conditions of gravel bed rivers were reproduced. Data from a large number of replicated runs, including triangular and square‐wave hydrographs, were used to build a statistically sound description of sediment transport processes. We found that the inherent variability of bed load flux strongly depends on the sampling interval, and it is significantly higher in complex, wandering or braided channels. This variability can be filtered out by computing the mean response over the experimental replicates, which allows us to highlight two distinctive phenomena: (i) an overshooting (undershooting) response of the mean bed load flux to a sudden increase (decrease) of discharge, and (ii) a clockwise hysteresis in the sediment rating curve. We then provide an interpretation of these findings through a conceptual mathematical model, showing how both phenomena are associated with a lagging morphological adaptation to unsteady flow. Overall, this work provides basic information for evaluating, monitoring, and managing gravel transport in morphologically active rivers.
Structured Goal Planning and Supportive Telephone Follow‐up in Rheumatology Care: Results From a Pragmatic, Stepped‐Wedge, Cluster‐Randomized Trial
Authors: Berdal Gunnhild , Bø Ingvild , Dager Turid N. , Dingsør Anne , Eppeland Siv G. , Hagfors Jon , Hamnes Bente , Mowinckel Petter , Nielsen Merete , Sand‐Svartrud Anne‐Lene , Slungaard Bente , Wigers Sigrid H. , Hagen Kåre B. , Dagfinrud Hanne S. , Kjeken Ingvild
Published: January 2018

Objective

To evaluate patient‐reported health effects of an add‐on structured goal‐planning and supportive telephone follow‐up rehabilitation program compared with traditional rehabilitation programs in patients with rheumatic diseases.

Methods

In this pragmatic stepped‐wedge, cluster‐randomized, controlled trial, 389 patients with rheumatic diseases recruited from 6 rehabilitation centers received either traditional rehabilitation or traditional rehabilitation extended with an add‐on program tailored to individual needs. The add‐on program comprised a self‐management booklet, motivational interviewing in structured individualized goal planning, and 4 supportive follow‐up phone calls after discharge. Data were collected by questionnaires on admission and discharge from rehabilitation stay, and at 6 months and 12 months after discharge. The primary outcome was health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) measured by the Patient Generated Index (range 0–100, where 0 = low). Secondary outcomes included patient‐reported health status, self‐efficacy, pain, fatigue, global disease activity, and motivation for change. The main statistical analysis was a linear repeated measures mixed model performed on the intent‐to‐treat population using all available data.

Results

A significant treatment effect of the add‐on intervention on HRQoL was found on discharge (mean difference 3.32 [95% confidence interval 0.27, 6.37]; P = 0.03). No significant between‐group differences were found after 6 or 12 months. Both groups showed positive changes in HRQoL following rehabilitation, which gradually declined, although the values remained at higher levels after 6 and 12 months compared with baseline values.

Conclusion

The add‐on program enhanced the short‐term effect of rehabilitation with respect to patient‐specific HRQoL, but it did not prolong the effect as intended.
New Layered Triazine Framework/Exfoliated 2D Polymer with Superior Sodium‐Storage Properties
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Lyu Pengbo , Zhang Yu , Nachtigall Petr , Xu Yuxi
Published: January 2018

The efficient synthesis of 2D polymers (2DPs) with tailorable structures and properties is highly desired but remains a considerable challenge. Here, the first solution synthesis of millimeter‐size crystalline covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) with a clear lamellar structure, which can be exfoliated into micrometer‐size few‐layer 2DP sheets via both micromechanical cleavage and liquid sonication, is reported. The obtained CTFs or 2DPs show a unique staggered AB stacking with a dominant pore size of ≈0.6 nm, which is different from the common eclipsed AA stacking in various covalent organic frameworks. The preference for AB stacking is due to the specific interaction of triflic acid with CTFs as revealed computationally. When explored as new polymeric anodes for sodium‐ion batteries, both crystalline bulk CTF and exfoliated 2DP exhibit very high capacities (225 and 262 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, respectively), impressive rate capabilities (67 and 119 mA h g−1 at 5.0 A g−1, respectively), and excellent cycling stability (95% capacity retention after 1200 cycles) due to their robust conjugated porous structure, outperforming most organic/polymeric sodium‐ion battery anodes ever reported.
Cosensitized Quantum Dot Solar Cells with Conversion Efficiency over 12%
Authors: Wang Wei , Feng Wenliang , Du Jun , Xue Weinan , Zhang Linlin , Zhao Leilei , Li Yan , Zhong Xinhua
Published: January 2018

The improvement of sunlight utilization is a fundamental approach for the construction of high‐efficiency quantum‐dot‐based solar cells (QDSCs). To boost light harvesting, cosensitized photoanodes are fabricated in this work by a sequential deposition of presynthesized Zn–Cu–In–Se (ZCISe) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) on mesoporous TiO2 films via the control of the interactions between QDs and TiO2 films using 3‐mercaptopropionic acid bifunctional linkers. By the synergistic effect of ZCISe‐alloyed QDs with a wide light absorption range and CdSe QDs with a high extinction coefficient, the incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency is significantly improved over single QD‐based QDSCs. It is found that the performance of cosensitized photoanodes can be optimized by adjusting the size of CdSe QDs introduced. In combination with titanium mesh supported mesoporous carbon as a counterelectrode and a modified polysulfide solution as an electrolyte, a champion power conversion efficiency up to 12.75% (Voc = 0.752 V, Jsc = 27.39 mA cm−2, FF = 0.619) is achieved, which is, as far as it is known, the highest efficiency for liquid‐junction QD‐based solar cells reported.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Aerobic Allylic C−H Oxygenation: Direct Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes and Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Li Chunsheng , Chen Huoji , Li Jianxiao , Li Meng , Liao Jianhua , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: January 2018

A protocol for the synthesis of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and allylic alcohols from simple allylic hydrocarbons with water via palladium‐catalyzed functionalization of allylic C−H bonds was described. Molecular oxygen is utilized as the sole oxidant in this oxygenation of terminal alkenes. This protocol features good functional group compatibility, broad substrate scope, and high atom‐ and step‐economy. Moreover, the synthetic utility of this method can be highlighted by its application to the synthesis of ibuprofen, which is a highly potent analgesic.

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Hierarchically Porous Network‐Like Ni/Co3O4: Noble Metal‐Free Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Methanation
Authors: Wang Yuan , Arandiyan Hamidreza , Scott Jason , Dai Hongxing , Amal Rose
Published: January 2018

The impasse always present regarding catalysts for energy conversion reactions is that noble metals with promising activity are limited by their high price and scarcity, whereas base metals with a lower price show moderate activity performance. Herein, a purely transition metal‐based, Ni‐promoted 3D draped porous Co3O4 (Ni/3DDP‐Co3O4) catalyst is demonstrated to be highly effective for CO2 methanation, achieving 100% CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity at 250 °C and a space velocity of 48 000 mL (g h)−1. Dispersing Ni nanodeposits on the large surface of the 3DDP‐Co3O4 promotes a 2.6 times increase in reaction rate and a 20% drop in apparent activation energy relative to 3DDP‐Co3O4. An abundance of surface oxygen vacancies extrinsically forms on the Ni/3DDP‐Co3O4 by both Co–Ni charge‐compensating mechanisms and hydrogen treatment, in conjunction with the low‐temperature reducibility, high surface area, and strong Co–Ni interaction effect, enabling the enhanced catalytic performance for CO2 methanation.
Capacitor‐Integrated Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Metal–Metal Contact for Current Amplification
Authors: Chung Jihoon , Yong Hyungseok , Moon Haksung , Choi Seung Tae , Bhatia Divij , Choi Dukhyun , Kim Dongseob , Lee Sangmin
Published: January 2018

The electrical power of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is increased by surface modifications, and they can successfully power portable devices alone. However, modifying the material and its surface may limit the device lifetime, and most of the portable applications demonstrated in previous studies have excessive input conditions. In this study, a capacitor‐integrated TENG (CI‐TENG) that uses the fundamental mechanisms of the Leyden jar is developed. In this device, a long sheet metal (capacitor electrode)–polymer–metal composite (TENG electrode) is rolled inside the casing cylinder, and a capacitor unit is fabricated at the end of the sheet composite. This new operating mechanism of the CI‐TENG is analyzed in terms of the dielectric constant of the capacitor unit and the metal‐to‐metal contact between electrodes. By instantaneous charging and discharging of the capacitor unit inside the CI‐TENG, it can generate a peak open‐circuit voltage of 156 V and a peak closed‐circuit current of 4.3 mA under manual input. It charges a capacitor more than three times faster than a conventional TENG does. Furthermore, the internal impedance of the CI‐TENG is decreased to 200 kΩ without any external circuit.
Accelerating Population Transfer in a Transmon Qutrit Via Shortcuts to Adiabaticity
Authors: Chen Ye‐Hong , Shi Zhi‐Cheng , Song Jie , Xia Yan , Zheng Shi‐Biao
Published: January 2018

In this paper, a method to accelerate population transfer by designing nonadiabatic evolution paths is proposed. We apply the method to realize robust and accelerated population transfer with a transmon qutrit. By numerical simulation, we show that this method allows a robust population transfer between the ground states in a Λ system. Moreover, the total pulse area for the population transfer is low as 1.9π that verifies the evolution is accelerated without increasing the pulse intensity. Therefore, the method is easily implementable based on the modern pulse shaper technology and it provides selectable schemes with interesting applications in quantum information processing.
Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte
Authors: Möhle Sabine , Zirbes Michael , Rodrigo Eduardo , Gieshoff Tile , Wiebe Anton , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: January 2018

Die stoffliche Nutzung von Elektrizität anstelle stöchiometrischer Mengen an Oxidations‐ oder Reduktionsmitteln ist ökonomisch und ökologisch sehr attraktiv und stellt eine wichtige Triebkraft für die Forschungen in der Elektrosynthese dar. Um den Elektronentransfer an der Elektrode für eine organische Umsetzung zu nutzen, müssen die intermediär gebildeten Radikalspezies stabilisiert werden. Die Kombination der Elektrosynthese mit anderen Ansätzen der organischen Chemie oder aktuellen Synthesekonzepten ermöglicht die Entwicklung effizienter Synthesewege. Die zentrale Aufgabe des 21. Jahrhunderts besteht darin, möglichst wenig fossilen Kohlenstoff zu verwenden, weshalb die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien immer wichtiger wird. Von steigendem Interesse ist auch die direkte Umsetzung erneuerbarer Rohstoffe, die zuvor hauptsächlich verbrannt wurden. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über viele der wichtigsten, zukunftsweisenden Entwicklungen der letzten Zeit, welche die Zukunft dieses sich rasch entwickelnden Feldes bestimmen werden.
Bioorthogonal Catalytic Activation of Platinum and Ruthenium Anticancer Complexes by FAD and Flavoproteins
Authors: Alonso‐de Castro Silvia , Cortajarena Aitziber L. , López‐Gallego Fernando , Salassa Luca
Published: January 2018

Recent advances in bioorthogonal catalysis promise to deliver new chemical tools for performing chemoselective transformations in complex biological environments. Herein, we report how FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), FMN (flavin mononucleotide), and four flavoproteins act as unconventional photocatalysts capable of converting PtIV and RuII complexes into potentially toxic PtII or RuII−OH2 species. In the presence of electron donors and low doses of visible light, the flavoproteins mini singlet oxygen generator (miniSOG) and NADH oxidase (NOX) catalytically activate PtIV prodrugs with bioorthogonal selectivity. In the presence of NADH, NOX catalyzes PtIV activation in the dark as well, indicating for the first time that flavoenzymes may contribute to initiating the activity of PtIV chemotherapeutic agents.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed anti‐Carboboration of Alkynoates with 9‐BBN‐Based 1,1‐Diborylalkanes: Synthesis and Use of Multisubstituted γ‐Borylallylboranes
Authors: Yamazaki Ayaka , Nagao Kazunori , Iwai Tomohiro , Ohmiya Hirohisa , Sawamura Masaya
Published: January 2018

Trialkylphosphine organocatalysis has enabled the regioselective anti‐carboboration of alkynoates with 9‐BBN‐based 1,1‐diborylalkanes to produce secondary allylboranes with β‐alkoxycarbonyl and γ‐boryl substituents. The utility of the densely functionalized allylboranes was demonstrated by the highly diastereoselective allylation of N‐(trimethylsilyl)aldimines to produce homoallylamines containing tertiary allylborane and acrylate moieties.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Homopropargylallene‐Alkynes through C(sp3)−C(sp) Bond Activation
Authors: Kawaguchi Yasuaki , Yabushita Kenya , Mukai Chisato
Published: January 2018

Upon exposure to a catalytic amount of [RhCl(CO)2]2 in 1,4‐dioxane, homopropargylallene‐alkynes underwent a novel cycloisomerization accompanied by the migration of the alkyne moiety of the homopropargyl functional group to produce six/five/five tricyclic compounds in good yields. A plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of an experiment with 13C‐labeled substrate. The resulting tricyclic derivatives were further converted into the corresponding bicyclo[3.3.0] skeletons with vicinal cis dihydroxy groups.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Carboacylation/Aromatization Cascade Initiated by Regioselective C−C Activation of Benzocyclobutenones
Authors: Sun Tianwen , Zhang Yuna , Qiu Bo , Wang Yafei , Qin Yuting , Dong Guangbin , Xu Tao
Published: January 2018

Described here is the first example of a rhodium‐catalyzed carboacylation/aromatization cascade of a C=O bond by C−C activation. In this transformation, a reactive rhodaindanone complex is regioselectively generated and adds across a C=O bond with subsequent elimination, thus providing a unique strategy to access a multisubstituted benzofuran scaffold. A diverse range of benzofuran analogues were obtained in good yields. Mechanistic studies show a tricyclic lactone was a viable intermediate. Application of this methodology to the total synthesis of C13‐deOH‐viniferifuran and C13‐deOH‐diptoindonesin G was achieved.
Hybrid of bamboo charcoal and silica by tetraethoxysilane hydrolysis over acid catalyst reinforced styrene‐butadiene rubber
Authors: Li Qingyuan , Li Xiangxu , Lee Dam‐Hee , Fan Yuan , Nam Byeong‐Uk , Lee Jong‐Eun , Cho Ur‐Ryong
Published: January 2018

The hybrid of bamboo charcoal (BCC) and silica‐reinforced styrene‐butadiene rubber was prepared by a modified sol–gel method of hydrolyzing tetraethoxysilane over an acid catalyst. The fracture surface of the samples after tensile test was characterized by field emission‐scanning electron microscopy. The tensile strength, storage modulus, hardness, friction coefficient, and swelling test were discussed based on the samples with or without 3‐(methacryloxy) propyl trimethoxy silane modification. The results showed that the storage modulus clearly increased with the increasing of silica contents among the hybrid of BCC and silica‐reinforced samples. The storage modulus of the sample decreased after modification by 3‐(methacryloxy) propyl trimethoxy silane, indicating the improvement of the filler in SBR matrix. The tensile stress and the hardness both increased with the increasing of silica contents in the SBR matrix. Besides, the friction coefficient and the swelling ratio for the hybrid of BCC and silica‐reinforced SBR decreased with the decreasing of BCC contents in SBR matrix. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46219.
Highly Sensitive Bioluminescent Probe for Thiol Detection in Living Cells
Authors: Hemmi Mayu , Ikeda Yuma , Shindo Yutaka , Nakajima Takahiro , Nishiyama Shigeru , Oka Kotaro , Sato Moritoshi , Hiruta Yuki , Citterio Daniel , Suzuki Koji
Published: January 2018

The sensitive detection of thiols including glutathione and cysteine is desirable owing to their roles as indispensable biomolecules in maintaining intracellular biological redox homeostasis. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of SEluc‐1 (sulfinate ester luciferin), a chemoselective probe exhibiting a ratiometric and turn‐on response towards thiols selectively in fluorescence and bioluminescence, respectively. The probe, which was designed based on the “caged” luciferin strategy, displays excellent selectivity, high signal/noise ratio (>240 in the case of bioluminescence), and a biologically relevant limit of detection (LOD, 80 nm for cysteine), which are all desirable traits for a sensitive bioluminescent sensor. SEluc‐1 was further applied to fluorescence imaging of thiol activity in living human cervical cancer HeLa cell cultures, and was successfully able to detect fluctuations in thiol concentrations induced by oxidative stress in a bioluminescent assay utilizing African green monkey fibroblast COS‐7 cells and human breast adenocarcinoma MCF‐7 cells.
Measurement properties of tools used to assess depression in adults with and without autism spectrum conditions: A systematic review
Authors: Cassidy S. A. , Bradley L. , Bowen E. , Wigham S. , Rodgers J.
Published: January 2018

Depression is the most commonly experienced mental health condition in adults with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is unclear what tools are currently being used to assess depression in ASC, or whether tools need to be adapted for this group. This systematic review therefore aimed to identify tools used to assess depression in adults with and without ASC, and then evaluate these tools for their appropriateness and measurement properties. Medline, PsychINFO and Web of Knowledge were searched for studies of depression in: (a) adults with ASC, without co‐morbid intellectual disability; and (b) adults from the general population without co‐morbid conditions. Articles examining the measurement properties of these tools were then searched for using a methodological filter in PubMed, and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using the COSMIN checklist. Twelve articles were identified which utilized three tools to assess depression in adults with ASC, but only one article which assessed the measurement properties of one of these tools was identified and thus evaluated. Sixty‐four articles were identified which utilized five tools to assess depression in general population adults, and fourteen articles had assessed the measurement properties of these tools. Overall, two tools were found to be robust in their measurement properties in the general population—the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ‐9). Crucially only one study was identified from the COSMIN search, which showed weak evidence in support of the measurement properties of the BDI‐II in an ASC sample. Implications for effective measurement of depression in ASC are discussed. Autism Res 2018, 11: 738–754. © 2018 The Authors Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Depression is the most common mental health problem experienced by adults with autism. However, the current study found very limited evidence regarding how useful tools developed for the general population are for adults with autism. We therefore suggest how these tools could be adapted to more effectively assess depression in adults with autism, and improve these individuals access to mental health assessment and support.
Diminished respiratory sinus arrhythmia response in infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: McCormick Carolyn E.B. , Sheinkopf Stephen J. , Levine Todd P. , LaGasse Linda L. , Tronick Ed , Lester Barry L.
Published: January 2018

Indicators of risk for developing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are difficult to detect within the first year of life. In this study, infants who were originally followed prospectively to examine general developmental risks due to substance exposure interacted with their mother and an unfamiliar experimenter for 2‐min episodes at 4 months of age. Electrocardiogram was collected to measure respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and the session was video recorded for behavioral coding. Two groups of infants were compared: infants with a diagnosed ASD outcome (N = 8) and matched controls (N = 186). Infants were compared on mean RSA and infant behavioral codes for each 2‐min episode. No significant group differences were revealed on RSA or behavior during interactions between the infants and mothers. However, in response to play with a stranger, infants with an ASD outcome had lower RSA (M = 2.49, 95% CI [2.30, 2.98]) than controls (M = 3.12, 95% CI [3.06, 3.18]). During the interaction with a stranger, lower RSA response was associated with more protesting behaviors (P < 0.01), whereas higher RSA response was associated with more social monitoring (P = 0.001). Lower RSA suggests that 4‐month‐old infants later diagnosed with ASD exhibited poorer autonomic regulation during interaction with an unfamiliar adult than did controls. Physiological regulation during interactions with a new social partner may be disrupted early in infancy in children with ASD, as indicated here by lower RSA, and therefore be a potential target for developing early risk screening tools for ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 726–731. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) emerges within the first years of life; however, it is difficult to identify children who will develop autism before 12 months of age based on behavioral measures. In a study of infants who were followed from birth, infants who were later diagnosed with ASD had poorer physiological regulation during play with a new adult. With additional evidence, poorer physiological regulation may function as an early sign of ASD risk.
Combat biofilm by bacteriostatic aptamer‐functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Mao Biyao , Cheng Lijuan , Wang Sheng , Zhou Jiaqi , Deng Le
Published: January 2018

Biofilms are the main reason for a large number deaths and high health costs. Their better protection compared to planktonic form against conventional antibiotics leads to poor treatment efficiency. Nanoagent‐targeted delivery is a promising avenue for disease therapeutic, but its application targeting biofilms has not been reported currently. The roles, if any, of aptamers acting as delivery carrier and targeting factor, the graphene oxide (GO), and GO modified with aptamers against biofilms were then systematically evaluated. Here, we successfully developed an aptamer‐targeted GO strategy against biofilms. We investigated the efficacy of aptamer–GO conjugates by UV spectrophotometer, inverted microscopy, and atomic force microscopy; 93.5 ± 3.4% Salmonella typhimurium biofilms were inhibited and 84.6 ± 5.1% of biofilms were dispersed by a ST‐3‐GO conjugate. More importantly, this conjugate represented distinctively toxicity to S. typhimurium. Thus, this strategy significantly displays excellent antibiofilm properties and may serve as a long‐term solution for biofilm control.
Understanding ‘Unlikely (20% Likelihood)’ or ‘20% Likelihood (Unlikely)’ Outcomes: The Robustness of the Extremity Effect
Authors: Jenkins Sarah C. , Harris Adam J.L. , Lark R.M.
Published: January 2018

Calls to communicate uncertainty using mixed, verbal‐numerical formats (‘unlikely [0–33%]’) have stemmed from research comparing mixed with solely verbal communications. Research using the new ‘which outcome’ approach to investigate understanding of verbal probability expressions suggests, however, that mixed formats might convey disadvantages compared with purely numerical communications. When asked to indicate an outcome that is ‘unlikely’, participants have been shown to often indicate outcomes with a value exceeding the maximum value shown, equivalent to a 0% probability —an ‘extremity effect’. Recognising the potential consequences of communication recipients expecting an ‘unlikely’ event to never occur, we extend the ‘which outcome’ work across four experiments, using verbal, numerical, and verbal‐numerical communication formats, as well as a previously unconsidered numerical‐verbal format. We examine how robust the effect is in the context of consequential outcomes and over non‐normal distributions. We also investigate whether participants are aware of the inconsistency in their responses from a traditional ‘how likely’ and ‘which outcome’ task. We replicate and extend previous findings, with preference for extreme outcomes (including above maximum values) observed in both verbal and verbal‐numerical formats. Our results suggest caution in blanket usage of recently recommended verbal‐numerical formats for the communication of uncertainty. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Titer and Titer Normalized to Confluence Are Complementary Strategies for Obtaining Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lines with High Volumetric Productivity of Etanercept
Authors: Pristovšek Nuša , Hansen Henning Gram , Sergeeva Daria , Borth Nicole , Lee Gyun Min , Andersen Mikael Rørdam , Kildegaard Helene Faustrup
Published: January 2018

The selection of clonally derived Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines with the highest production rate of recombinant glycoproteins remains a big challenge during early stages of cell line development. Different strategies using either product titer or product titer normalized to cell number are being used to assess suspension‐adapted clones when grown statically in microtiter plates. However, no reported study so far has performed a direct head‐to‐head comparison of these two early reporters for predicting clone performance. Therefore, a screening platform for high‐throughput analysis of titer and confluence of etanercept‐producing clones is developed. Then an unbiased comparison of clone ranking based on either titer or titer normalized to confluence (TTC) is performed. Using two different suspension cultivation vessels, the authors demonstrate that titer‐ or TTC‐based ranking gives rise to the selection of clones with similar volumetric productivity in batch cultures. Therefore, using both titer‐ and TTC‐based ranking is proposed, allowing for selection of distinct clones with both high integral of viable cell density (IVCD) and high specific productivity features, respectively. This contributes to selection of a versatile panel of clones that can be further characterized and from which the final producer clone can be selected that best fits the production requirements.
Glutamine synthetase gene knockout‐human embryonic kidney 293E cells for stable production of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Yu Da Young , Lee Sang Yoon , Lee Gyun Min
Published: January 2018

Previously, it was inferred that a high glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293E cells results in elevated resistance to methionine sulfoximine (MSX) and consequently hampers GS‐mediated gene amplification and selection by MSX. To overcome this MSX resistance in HEK293E cells, a GS‐knockout HEK293E cell line was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the endogenous human GS gene. The GS‐knockout in the HEK293E cell line (RK8) was confirmed by Western blot analysis of GS and by observation of glutamine‐dependent growth. Unlike the wild type HEK293E cells, the RK8 cells were successfully used as host cells to generate a recombinant HEK293E cell line (rHEK293E) producing a monoclonal antibody (mAb). When the RK8 cells were transfected with the GS expression vector containing the mAb gene, rHEK293E cells producing the mAb could be selected in the absence as well as in the presence of MSX. The gene copies and mRNA expression levels of the mAb in rHEK293E cells were also quantified using qRT‐PCR. Taken together, the GS‐knockout HEK293E cell line can be used as host cells to generate stable rHEK293E cells producing a mAb through GS‐mediated gene selection in the absence as well as in the presence of MSX.
Femoral rotational asymmetry is a common anatomical variant
Authors: Newman Christopher R. , Walter William L. , Talbot Simon
Published: January 2018

The sulcus line (SL) is a three‐dimensional landmark that corrects for individual variation in the coronal alignment of the trochlear groove in contrast to the traditional Whiteside's line (WL). Femoral rotational asymmetry (FRA) is an anatomical variation in which the posterior condyles and trochlear groove are not perpendicular to each other. This study aims to measure the SL and assess its reliability relative to WL, in addition to measuring and classifying the FRA. A retrospective analysis of a series of 191 CT scans of nonarthritic knees was performed. Measurements were taken of rotational landmarks in three‐dimensional reconstructions. The variability and outlier rate of SL was less than WL (P < 0.05), however, it was also greater than the posterior condylar line (PC) (P < 0.05). Averaging the PC + 3° and the SL did not change the rate of femoral malrotation relative to the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) (P > 0.05), however it decreased the rate of change of the rotational alignment of the trochlear groove between the native knee and the prosthetic knee from 31% to 5% (P < 0.05). FRA was classified and was >5° in 56/191 (29%) of cases. The SL technique is more accurate than WL for determining the rotational alignment of the trochlear groove. Nonarthritic femora have a high rate of rotational asymmetry. Identifying and classifying FRA in individual cases allows the femoral component to be inserted in a position which gives the best possible match to both the native posterior condyles and trochlear groove. Clin. Anat. 31:551–559, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adoption of the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention and rates of vascular complications following transfemoral procedures: Insights from NCDR
Authors: Badri Marwan , Shapiro Timothy , Wang Yongfei , Minges Karl E. , Curtis Jeptha P. , Gray William A.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

This study was designed to examine the association between adopting the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and rates of vascular complications following transfemoral PCI.

Background

Recent studies raised concerns that operators adopting the transradial approach may lose their transfemoral access skills and experience increased rates of vascular complications.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of data from the NCDR CathPCI Registry to examine the rates of vascular complications among physicians who were femoral operators (>90% of cases) in 2010–2011 and later adopted the transradial approach to PCI among low‐, intermediate‐, or high‐level adopters (≤33%, 34–66%, and >66%, respectively) in 2014–2015. Propensity score matching was used to control for confounding factors.

Results

A total of 1,704,708 procedures performed by 4,697 operators were included. Most operators were low‐level adopters (80.7%), followed by intermediate (15.7) and high‐level adopters (3.6%). Compared to the preadoption period, vascular complications of transfemoral PCIs following transradial adoption increased among low‐level adopters (1.29%–1.59%, adjusted OR [95% CI]: 1.24[1.20–1.28], P < 0.001), intermediate‐level adopters (1.37%–1.92%, adjusted OR 1.40[1.29–1.53], P < 0.001), and high‐level adopters (1.54%–1.93%, adjusted OR 1.26[1.00–1.58], P = 0.053).In the post‐adoption period, there was increase in access site bleeding that is likely due to change in registry definition. There was no increase in hematomas, retroperitoneal bleeding or other vascular complications.

Conclusions

Adoption of the transradial approach for PCI is not associated with clinically meaningful increase in rates of vascular complications of transfemoral PCIs.