bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophages: Development and Tissue Specialization
Authors: Varol Chen , Mildner Alexander , Jung Steffen
Published: April 2015

Macrophages are myeloid immune cells that are strategically positioned throughout the body tissues, where they ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, and foreign material and orchestrate inflammatory processes. Here we review two major recent paradigm shifts in our understanding of tissue macrophage biology. The first is the realization that most tissue-resident macrophages are established prenatally and maintained through adulthood by longevity and self-renewal. Their generation and maintenance are thus independent from ongoing hematopoiesis, although the cells can be complemented by adult monocyte-derived macrophages. Second, aside from being immune sentinels, tissue macrophages form integral components of their host tissue. This entails their specialization in response to local environmental cues to contribute to the development and specific function of their tissue of residence. Factors that govern tissue macrophage specialization are emerging. Moreover, tissue specialization is reflected in discrete gene expression profiles of macrophages, as well as epigenetic signatures reporting actual and potential enhancer usage.
Organizational Routines as Patterns of Action: Implications for Organizational Behavior
Authors: Pentland Brian T. , Hærem Thorvald
Published: April 2015

In recent years, organizational routines have been studied in a wide variety of settings, including law, medicine, accounting, and engineering. This fieldwork has led to a broader understanding of organizational routines as repetitive, recognizable patterns of interdependent action, carried out by multiple actors. Routines are seen as practices that are situated in a social/material context. Within an organizational routine, individual actions are situated in a broader pattern of actions that can be represented as a network. Recognizing patterns of interdependent action as a unit of analysis entails a research paradigm that has implications for a range of topics in organizational behavior.
Corporate Social Responsibility: Psychological, Person-Centric, and Progressing
Authors: Rupp Deborah E. , Mallory Drew B.
Published: April 2015

Micro-CSR, or the psychological study of how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects individuals, is gaining significant attention within industrial/organizational psychology and organizational behavior (IOOB). Although this research has the potential to offer insight into how CSR impacts individuals representing various stakeholder groups (e.g., consumers, shareholders), to date the term micro-CSR has generally been limited to describing research on employee responses to CSR initiatives. We argue that the taxonomic conscription of micro-CSR to employees alone exacerbates current friction within the field pertaining to the effects, utility, and importance of CSR. This review synthesizes the accruing research on employee-focused micro-CSR and summarizes current theories while addressing some of the concerns regarding CSR, particularly as it applies to other stakeholder groups. It repositions the study of CSR toward its ostensible ultimate purpose, reducing human suffering, and in doing so draws together theories and evidence focused on why CSR matters to employees and why the study of another stakeholder group—CSR recipients—is essential toward a valid understanding of the true micro-CSR experience (of employees, among others).
Human esophageal myofibroblasts secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to acid and Toll-like receptor 4 ligands
Authors: Gargus Matthew , Niu Chao , Vallone John G. , Binkley Jana , Rubin Deborah C. , Shaker Anisa
Published: April 2015

The pathophysiology of esophageal injury, repair, and inflammation in gastroesophageal reflux-disease (GERD) is complex. Whereas most studies have focused on the epithelial response to GERD injury, we are interested in the stromal response. We hypothesized that subepithelial esophageal myofibroblasts in GERD secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to injurious agents encountered via epithelial barrier breaches or through dilated epithelial intercellular spaces. We determined the percentage of myofibroblasts [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+vimentin+CD31−] in the subepithelial GERD and normal esophageal stroma by immunomorphologic analysis. We performed α-SMA coimmunostaining with IL-6 and p65. We established and characterized primary cultures of α-SMA+vimentin+CD31−CD45− human esophageal myofibroblasts (HuEso MFs). We modeled GERD by treatment with pH 4.5-acidified media and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligands, LPS and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and determined myofibroblast cytokine secretion in response to GERD injury. We demonstrate that spindle-shaped cell myofibroblasts are located near the basement membrane of stratified squamous epithelium in normal esophagus. We identify an increase in subepithelial myofibroblasts and activation of proinflammatory pathways in patients with GERD. Primary cultures of stromal cells obtained from normal esophagus retain myofibroblast morphology and express the acid receptor transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) and TLR4. HuEso MFs stimulated with acid and TLR4 agonists LPS and HMGB1 increase IL-6 and IL-8 secretion via TRPV1 and NF-κB activation. Our work implicates a role for human subepithelial stromal cells in the pathogenesis of GERD-related esophageal injury. Findings of this study can be extended to the investigation of epithelial-stromal interactions in inflammatory esophageal mucosal disorders.
Dietary intervention with serum-derived bovine immunoglobulins protects barrier function in a mouse model of colitis
Authors: Pérez-Bosque Anna , Miró Lluïsa , Maijó Mònica , Polo Javier , Campbell Joy , Russell Louis , Crenshaw Joe , Weaver Eric , Moretó Miquel
Published: April 2015

Dietary supplementation with immunoglobulins from animal plasma has anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal and lung models of acute inflammation. Here, we aimed to establish whether dietary intervention with serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI) can prevent alterations in intestinal barrier function in a mouse model with a genetic predisposition to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the mdr1a gene (KO) were fed diets supplemented with either SBI (2% wt/wt) or milk proteins (control diet), from day 21 (weaning) until day 56. The epithelial permeability of distal colon crypts was measured by confocal microscopy using a fluorescent marker. The expression of junctional epithelial E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins were determined by Western blot and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) by immunofluorescence. Mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC4), TFF3, cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ), and inducible nitric oxide synthase RNA expression were quantified by real-time PCR. SBI blocked the increase in colon crypt permeability and partially prevented the reduction in E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression that characterize the KO mouse model (both P < 0.05). SBI inclusion also reduced the mucosal expression of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IFN-γ, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (all P < 0.005). The number of goblet cells in the colon of KO mice was low and correlated well with MUC2 and TFF3 expression ( P < 0.001), whereas dietary supplementation with SBI attenuated these effects (all P < 0.05). In short, dietary SBI ameliorated colonic barrier alterations and reduced the expression of mucosal inflammatory markers in a genetic model of IBD.
Early hemorrhage triggers metabolic responses that build up during prolonged shock
Authors: D'Alessandro Angelo , Moore Hunter B. , Moore Ernest E. , Wither Matthew , Nemkov Travis , Gonzalez Eduardo , Slaughter Anne , Fragoso Miguel , Hansen Kirk C. , Silliman Christopher C. , Banerjee Anirban
Published: April 2015

Metabolic staging after trauma/hemorrhagic shock is a key driver of acidosis and directly relates to hypothermia and coagulopathy. Metabolic responses to trauma/hemorrhagic shock have been assayed through classic biochemical approaches or NMR, thereby lacking a comprehensive overview of the dynamic metabolic changes occurring after shock. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent progressive hemorrhage and shock. Baseline and postshock blood was collected, and late hyperfibrinolysis was assessed (LY30 >3%) in all of the tested rats. Extreme and intermediate time points were collected to assay the dynamic changes of the plasma metabolome via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sham controls were used to determine whether metabolic changes could be primarily attributable to anesthesia and supine positioning. Early hemorrhage-triggered metabolic changes that built up progressively and became significant during sustained hemorrhagic shock. Metabolic phenotypes either resulted in immediate hypercatabolism, or late hypercatabolism, preceded by metabolic deregulation during early hemorrhage in a subset of rats. Hemorrhagic shock consistently promoted hyperglycemia, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, fatty acid, amino acid, and nitrogen metabolism (urate and polyamines), and impaired redox homeostasis. Early dynamic changes of the plasma metabolome are triggered by hemorrhage in rats. Future studies will determine whether metabolic subphenotypes observed in rats might be consistently observed in humans and pave the way for tailored resuscitative strategies.
Influence of duty cycle on the time course of muscle fatigue and the onset of neuromuscular compensation during exhaustive dynamic isolated limb exercise
Authors: Sundberg Christopher W. , Bundle Matthew W.
Published: April 2015

We investigated the influence of altered muscle duty cycle on the performance decrements and neuromuscular responses occurring during constant-load, fatiguing bouts of knee extension exercise. We experimentally altered the durations of the muscularly inactive portion of the limb movement cycle and hypothesized that greater relative durations of inactivity within the same movement task would 1) reduce the rates and extent of muscle performance loss and 2) increase the forces necessary to trigger muscle fatigue. In each condition (duty cycle = 0.6 and 0.3), male subjects [age = 25.9 ± 2.0 yr (SE); mass = 85.4 ± 2.6 kg], completed 9–11 exhaustive bouts of two-legged knee extension exercise, at force outputs that elicited failure between 4 and 290 s. The novel duty cycle manipulation produced two primary results; first, we observed twofold differences in both the extent of muscle performance lost (DC0.6= 761 ± 35 N vs. DC0.3= 366 ± 49 N) and the time course of performance loss. For example, exhaustive trials at the midpoint of these force ranges differed in duration by more than 30 s ( t0.6= 36 ± 2.6 vs. t0.3= 67 ± 4.3 s). Second, both the minimum forces necessary to exceed the peak aerobic capacity and initiate a reliance on anaerobic metabolism, and the forces necessary to elicit compensatory increases in electromyogram activity were 300% greater in the lower vs. higher duty cycle condition. These results indicate that the fatigue-induced compensatory behavior to recruit additional motor units is triggered by a reliance on anaerobic metabolism for ATP resynthesis and is independent of the absolute level or fraction of the maximum force produced by the muscle.
Association between Plasma Fibrinogen Levels and Mortality in Acute-on-Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Failure
Authors: Shao Zhexin , Zhao Ying , Feng Limin , Feng Guofang , Zhang Juanwen , Zhang Jie
Published: April 2015

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (AoCLF) is the most common type of liver failure and is associated with high mortality. Fibrinogen is critical in maintaining primary and secondary hemostasis. Therefore, we prospectively analyzed the association between fibrinogen and outcomes in AoCLF patients. Plasma fibrinogen was measured in 169 AoCLF, 173 chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 171 healthy patients using a coagulation method. The predictive ability of fibrinogen for 3-month mortality in AoCLF patients was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Plasma fibrinogen was significantly lower in nonsurvivor AoCLF patients compared with survivor AoCLF, CHB, and control patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve of 1/fibrinogen predicting mortality in AoCLF patients were 66.7%, 72.5%, and 0.746 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.672–0.820,P<0.001), and the fibrinogen cutoff value was 0.90 g/L. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, low fibrinogen was an independent factor predicting mortality (odds ratio: 0.304; 95% CI: 0.094–0.983;P=0.047). Nonsurvivor AoCLF patients had significantly decreased fibrinogen levels, suggesting that low plasma fibrinogen may be a useful predictor of poor prognosis in AoCLF patients.
Approximate Controllability of Semilinear Impulsive Evolution Equations
Authors: Leiva Hugo
Published: April 2015

We prove the approximate controllability of the following semilinear impulsive evolution equation:z'=Az+Bu(t)+F(t,z,u), z∈Z, t∈(0,τ], z(0)=z0, z(tk+)=z(tk-)+Ik(tk,z(tk),u(tk)), k=1,2,3,…,p,where0<t1<t2<t3<⋯<tp<τ,ZandUare Hilbert spaces,u∈L2(0,τ;U),B:U→Zis a bounded linear operator,Ik,F:[0,τ]×Z×U→Zare smooth functions, andA:D(A)⊂Z→Zis an unbounded linear operator inZwhich generates a strongly continuous semigroup{T(t)}t≥0⊂Z. We suppose thatFis bounded and the linear system is approximately controllable on[0,δ]for allδ∈(0,τ). Under these conditions, we prove the following statement: the semilinear impulsive evolution equation is approximately controllable on[0,τ].
A Proposed Chaotic-Switched Turbo Coding Design and Its Application for Half-Duplex Relay Channel
Authors: Soliman Tamer H. M. , Yang Fengfan , Ejaz S.
Published: April 2015

Both reliability and security are two important subjects in modern digital communications, each with a variety of subdisciplines. In this paper we introduce a new proposed secure turbo coding system which combines chaotic dynamics and turbo coding reliability together. As we utilize the chaotic maps as a tool for hiding and securing the coding design in turbo coding system, this proposed system model can provide both data secrecy and data reliability in one process to combat problems in an insecure and unreliable data channel link. To support our research, we provide different schemes to design a chaotic secure reliable turbo coding system which we call chaotic-switched turbo coding schemes. In these schemes the design of turbo codes chaotically changed depending on one or more chaotic maps. Extensions of these chaotic-switched turbo coding schemes to half-duplex relay systems are also described. Results of simulations of these new secure turbo coding schemes are compared to classical turbo codes with the same coding parameters and the proposed system is able to achieve secured reasonable bit error rate performance when it is made to switch between different puncturing and design configuration parameters especially with low switching rates.
Novel Associations between Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants and Risk-Predicting Mammographic Density Measures
Authors: Stone Jennifer , Thompson Deborah J. , dos Santos Silva Isabel , Scott Christopher , Tamimi Rulla M. , Lindstrom Sara , Kraft Peter , Hazra Aditi , Li Jingmei , Eriksson Louise , Czene Kamila , Hall Per , Jensen Matt , Cunningham Julie , Olson Janet E. , Purrington Kristen , Couch Fergus J. , Brown Judith , Leyland Jean , Warren Ruth M.L. , Luben Robert N. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Smith Paula , Wareham Nicholas J. , Jud Sebastian M. , Heusinger Katharina , Beckmann Matthias W. , Douglas Julie A. , Shah Kaanan P. , Chan Heang-Ping , Helvie Mark A. , Le Marchand Loic , Kolonel Laurence N. , Woolcott Christy , Maskarinec Gertraud , Haiman Christopher , Giles Graham G. , Baglietto Laura , Krishnan Kavitha , Southey Melissa C. , Apicella Carmel , Andrulis Irene L. , Knight Julia A. , Ursin Giske , Alnaes Grethe I. Grenaker , Kristensen Vessela N. , Borresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Gram Inger Torhild , Bolla Manjeet K. , Wang Qin , Michailidou Kyriaki , Dennis Joe , Simard Jacques , Pharoah Paul , Dunning Alison M. , Easton Douglas F. , Fasching Peter A. , Pankratz V. Shane , Hopper John L. , Vachon Celine M.
Published: April 2015

Mammographic density measures adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) are heritable predictors of breast cancer risk, but few mammographic density-associated genetic variants have been identified. Using data for 10,727 women from two international consortia, we estimated associations between 77 common breast cancer susceptibility variants and absolute dense area, percent dense area and absolute nondense area adjusted for study, age, and BMI using mixed linear modeling. We found strong support for established associations between rs10995190 (in the region of ZNF365), rs2046210 (ESR1), and rs3817198 (LSP1) and adjusted absolute and percent dense areas (all P < 10−5). Of 41 recently discovered breast cancer susceptibility variants, associations were found between rs1432679 (EBF1), rs17817449 (MIR1972-2: FTO), rs12710696 (2p24.1), and rs3757318 (ESR1) and adjusted absolute and percent dense areas, respectively. There were associations between rs6001930 (MKL1) and both adjusted absolute dense and nondense areas, and between rs17356907 (NTN4) and adjusted absolute nondense area. Trends in all but two associations were consistent with those for breast cancer risk. Results suggested that 18% of breast cancer susceptibility variants were associated with at least one mammographic density measure. Genetic variants at multiple loci were associated with both breast cancer risk and the mammographic density measures. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms at these loci could help identify etiologic pathways implicated in how mammographic density predicts breast cancer risk. Cancer Res; 75(12); 2457–67. ©2015 AACR.
XPO1/CRM1 Inhibition Causes Antitumor Effects by Mitochondrial Accumulation of eIF5A
Authors: Miyake Takahito , Pradeep Sunila , Wu Sherry Y. , Rupaimoole Rajesha , Zand Behrouz , Wen Yunfei , Gharpure Kshipra M. , Nagaraja Archana S. , Hu Wei , Cho Min Soon , Dalton Heather J. , Previs Rebecca A. , Taylor Morgan L. , Hisamatsu Takeshi , Kang Yu , Liu Tao , Shacham Sharon , McCauley Dilara , Hawke David H. , Wiktorowicz John E. , Coleman Robert L. , Sood Anil K.
Published: April 2015

Purpose: XPO1 inhibitors have shown promise for cancer treatment, and yet the underlying mechanisms for the antitumor effects are not well understood. In this study, we explored the usefulness of selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) compounds that are specific inhibitors of XPO1.

Experimental Design: We used proteomic analysis in XPO1 inhibitor–treated ovarian cancer cell lines and examined antitumor effects in ovarian and breast cancer mouse models. We also studied the effects of XPO1 inhibitor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.

Results: XPO1 inhibitor treatment substantially increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (60%) after 72 hours of incubation. XPO1 inhibitor promoted the accumulation of eIF5A in mitochondria, leading to cancer cell death. Topotecan showed the greatest synergistic effect with XPO1 inhibitor. XPO1 inhibitors prevented the translocation of IGF2BP1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, thereby permitting the localization of eIF5A in the mitochondria. This process was p53, RB, and FOXO independent. Significant antitumor effects were observed with XPO1 inhibitor monotherapy in orthotopic ovarian (P < 0.001) and breast (P < 0.001) cancer mouse models, with a further decrease in tumor burden observed in combination with topotecan or paclitaxel (P < 0.05). This mitochondrial accumulation of eIF5A was highly dependent on the cytoplasmic IGF2BP1 levels.

Conclusions: We have unveiled a new understanding of the role of eIF5A and IGF2BP1 in XPO1 inhibitor–mediated cell death and support their clinical development for the treatment of ovarian and other cancers. Our data also ascertain the combinations of XPO1 inhibitors with specific chemotherapy drugs for therapeutic trials. Clin Cancer Res; 21(14); 3286–97. ©2015 AACR.
CD38-Targeted Immunochemotherapy in Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A New Horizon
Authors: Laubach Jacob P. , Richardson Paul G.
Published: April 2015

CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in multiple myeloma and is a promising target for immunotherapy. Daratumumab is a human monoclonal antibody that has potent anti-multiple myeloma activity both as monotherapy and in combination with other multiple myeloma treatments, and has breakthrough designation on this basis. Clin Cancer Res; 21(12); 2660–2. ©2015 AACR.

See related article by Nijhof et al., p. 2802
Local Allergic Nasal Reactions Convert to Classic Systemic Allergic Reactions: A Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Sennekamp Joachim , Joest Isabella , Filipiak-Pittroff Birgit , von Berg Andrea , Berdel Dietrich
Published: April 2015

Background: There is poor knowledge about the evolution of the negative skin test in local allergy over time. Does the negative skin test of patients with local allergies remain negative permanently or does it become positive? Methods: We describe our long-term observation concerning the evolution of the negative skin test over time. This is a retrospective, follow-up study using data from the medical records of a group of patients with local allergy. A total of 42 patients aged between 3 and 70 years (median age: 31.5 years) were studied. The duration of follow-up varied from 1 to 27 years. Skin tests were performed using the skin-prick test and intracutaneous techniques for pollen, molds, mites, feathers (goose and duck) and animal danders. Nasal provocation tests were conducted with the same allergens. Additionally, specific IgE in 17 patients was measured by enzyme allergosorbent test. Results: During the period of observation, the negative skin test reactions converted into positive reactions in 17 patients (40%). In addition to the negative skin reactions, 55% of the patients also presented positive skin reactions. The conversion rate was higher in children and adolescents than in adults. In 4 patients, conversions occurred >7 years after the initial examination. Specific IgE was negative in all but 2 patients, in whom the conversion in the skin test was accompanied by a switch from negative to positive specific IgE. Conclusion: Conversions from local to classic systemic respiratory allergic reactions appear to be a common phenomenon.
Bisphenol A Exposure during Oocyte Maturation in vitro Results in Spindle Abnormalities and Chromosome Misalignment in Bos taurus
Authors: Ferris Jacqueline , Favetta Laura A. , King W. Allan
Published: April 2015

Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure in humans is widespread, and BPA has been detected in a variety of samples including follicular fluid. BPA levels have been found to negatively correlate with the developmental potential of oocytes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and to induce meiotic abnormalities experimentally in human and mouse models. BPA may detrimentally affect oocyte maturation, and different concentrations of exposure can cause various outcomes. Because of the importance of oocyte maturation on developmental potential, disturbances during this time can significantly impact oocyte viability. Here, bovine oocytes were matured in vitro with and without BPA treatment of the media. The levels of BPA taken up by the oocytes were much lower than the initial exposure. Medium treatment with 30 ng/ml resulted in an average of 2.48 ng/ml BPA measured in mature oocytes. These oocytes exhibited decreased maturation and increased incidence of spindle abnormalities. Only 57.4% of oocytes exposed to 30 ng/ml BPA reached maturity compared to 72.4% of controls (p < 0.05). Mature oocytes following BPA exposure displayed increased abnormal spindle morphology (67.9%) and chromosome dispersal (60%) compared to all other groups analyzed (p < 0.05). Thus, exposure to BPA during in vitro oocyte maturation has the potential to decrease oocyte quality.
Anti-apoA-1 auto-antibodies increase mouse atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial necrosis and mortality triggering TLR2 and TLR4
Authors: Braunersreuther Vincent , Burger Fabienne , Lenglet Sébastien , Pelli Graziano , Carbone Federico , Fraga-Silva Rodrigo , Stergiopulos Nikolaos , Monaco Claudia , Mueller Christian , Pagano Sabrina , Dallegri Franco , Mach François , Vuilleumier Nicolas , Montecucco Fabrizio
Published: April 2015

Auto-antibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 (anti-apoA-1 IgG) were shown to promote inflammation and atherogenesis, possibly through innate immune receptors signalling. Here, we aimed at investigating the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on anti-apoA-1 IgG-induced athero-sclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial necrosis and mortality in mice. Adult male apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE)-/- (n=72), TLR2-/-ApoE-/- (n=36) and TLR4-/-Apo-/- (n=28) mice were intravenously injected with 50 µg/mouse of endotoxin-free polyclonal anti-apoA-1 IgG or control isotype IgG (CTL IgG) every two weeks for 16 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaque size and vulnerability were assessed by histology. Myocardial ischaemia and necrosis, respectively, were determined by electrocardiographic (ECG) changes assessed by telemetry and serum troponin I (cTnI) measurements. Impact on survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier analyses. In ApoE-/- mice, anti-apoA-1 IgG passive immunisation enhanced histological features of athero-sclerotic plaque vulnerability (increase in neutrophil and MMP-9 and reduction in collagen content), induced a substantial cTnI elevation (p=0.001), and increased mortality rate by 23 % (LogRank, p=0.04) when compared to CTL IgG. On a subgroup of ApoE-/- mice equipped with telemetry (n=4), a significant ST-segment depression was noted in anti-apoA-1 IgG-treated mice when compared to CTL IgG recipients (p< 0.001), and an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction preceding mouse death was observed in one case. The deleterious effects of anti-apoA-1 IgG on atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial necrosis and death were partially reversed in TLR2-/-ApoE-/- and TLR4-/-ApoE-/- backgrounds. In conclusion, anti-apoA-1 auto-antibodies seem to be active mediators of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, myocardial necrosis, and mortality in mice through TLR2- and TLR4-mediated pathways.
Advocacia sanitária, cidadania e participação social: análise, histórico e conquistas da Associação dos Portadores de Hepatite do Acre
Authors: Rocha Danúzia Da Silva , Zioni Fabíola , Caetano Ana Cássia Andrade
Published: April 2015

Este artigo relata a trajetória desde a fundação, passando pela consolidação até as conquistas da primeira organização não governamental criada por portadores de hepatites no Brasil. Trata-se de um relato de experiência, que objetivou descrever a luta dos portadores de hepatites crônicas do Estado do Acre pelo tratamento de saúde de que necessitavam. O Acre é o estado do Brasil com maior número de casos de portadores de hepatites. Devido a essa magnitude, fez-se necessário o ativismo dos portadores da doença, em busca de melhorias na assistência à saúde e de acesso ao tratamento gratuito. Para o alcance da assistência integral à saúde, conforme preconizado pela legislação, os ativistas valeram-se de vários artifícios, como o apelo ao poder público, a mobilização social, a mídia e ações judiciais. Assim, os portadores, organizados na forma de ONG, se empoderaram e, na busca pela efetivação de direitos constitucionalmente instituídos (mas, na prática, negados), exerceram ações de cidadania e advocacia sanitária.
Jurisprudência e Ementário
Authors: Sanitário Revista De Direito
Published: April 2015

Seleção de decisões de tribunais do Brasil e da América Latina envolvendo temas do direito sanitário.
A pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos no Brasil: cenário atual e desafios
Authors: Ferreira Maria Leonor Paes Cavalcanti
Published: April 2015

Este artigo objetiva discutir os riscos decorrentes da pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos, fazendo uma análise, ainda, de considerações sobre a nomenclatura desse tipo de produto e de sua contribuição para a configuração e o agravamento de uma sociedade de risco. Apresenta a legislação brasileira pertinente, propondo, em decorrência do princípio da prevenção, a necessidade urgente de proibir a modalidade de aplicação de agrotóxicos por meio de pulverização aérea.
Tempo e direito na construção da saúde
Authors: Schwartz Germano André Doerdelein
Published: April 2015

De acordo com as tendências atuais da dogmática constitucionalista brasileira, a saúde, no direito, resta centralizada nas discussões de eficácia da norma e de suas consequências interpretativas no interior do sistema jurídico. O propósito deste estudo é o de verificar as relações entre tempo e direito na construção da saúde. Assim, seu foco está relacionado à forma pela qual o direito pretende controlar o tempo, especificamente na questão sanitária. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada está alicerçada e repousa no funcionalismo estrutural de Niklas Luhmann, na vertente autopoiética de sua teoria dos sistemas sociais autopoiéticos. Os resultados demonstram que o sistema jurídico atua de forma paradoxal em relação à saúde, seja procurando dirigir-se ao futuro, seja prendendo-se ao passado para, no presente, construir uma descrição sociojurídica das comunicações sanitárias.
Lingüística x Poética = Estilística da Tradução
Authors: Staut Lea Mara Valezi
Published: April 2015

A partir da oposição lingüística x poética observada em teorias da tradução e em estudos estilísticos, este artigo propõe uma estilística da tradução conciliatória dos pressupostos lingüísticos e dos poéticos, capaz de fornecer os fundamentos para um estudo do estilo na tradução, particularmente em textos machadianos traduzidos para o francês.
Desafios da Tradução Cultural (As Aventuras Tradutórias do Askeladden)
Authors: Aubert Francis Henrik
Published: April 2015

Uma língua é, ao mesmo tempo, um fenômeno estrutural, cultural e individual e, por conseguinte, assim também toda e qualquer manifestação de língua e linguagem no discurso, inclusive no discurso identificado como tradução. Deste modo, toda e qualquer tradução, e não apenas traduções literárias, enfrenta o problema de traduzir a cultura, não podendo ser resumida a uma simples transcodificação de léxico e gramática. Mas os planos estrutural, cultural e individual da linguagem são de naturezas diversas e sua coexistência é marcada por tensões, conflitos, desequilíbrios. Tal fato, por sua vez, toma a tradução, inclusive a tradução dos elementos culturais, relativamente possível e faculta três abordagens principais: a tradução matricial, a tradução assimilativa e a tradução criativa, conforme exemplificada na tradução para o português do Brasil de contos do folclore norueguês. Sugere-se que uma tradução que pretenda obter um efeito polifônico, isto é, que almeje evitar o silenciamento da alteridade, quer da língua de partida ou da língua de chegada, freqüentemente exigirá a intervenção deliberada da abordagem criativa.
Terminografia das leis do meio ambiente: princípios teórico-metodológicos
Authors: Krieger Maria Da Graça , Maciel Anna Maria Becker , Finatto Maria José Bocorny
Published: April 2015

Com o objetivo de contribuir para o quadro teórico-metodológico da terminografia, este artigo expõe alguns princípios organizacionais adotados pela equipe do Projeto TERMISUL na elaboração de seu Dicionário de Direito Ambiental (1998). Destacam-se os critérios de identificação de termos, de tratamento de definições, da equivalência em língua estrangeira e da estruturação das versões papel e eletrônica. Os problemas enfrentados estão intimamente relacionados com o equacionamento terminológico da legislação ambiental, uma área pluridisciplinar em desenvolvimento.
Símbolos e tradução
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: April 2015

Este artigo propõe uma discussão sobre as implicações semióticas inseridas em cada escolha e tomada de decisão tradutória. O autor busca enfatizar que em qualquer tradução há a necessidade de se compreender as combinações das palavras nos textos e não o significado isolado de cada uma delas. São apresentadas também as especificidades dos significados icônicos, indexados e convencionais, bem como a importância dos signos não verbais no processo comunicativo entre duas ou mais comunidades lingüísticas. Os cinco sentidos também são tidos como os meios pelos quais adquirimos todo e qualquer conhecimento. Por meio de exemplos práticos, Eugene Nida ainda nos informa que muitos símbolos semióticos alteram radicalmente suas funções e suas formas, conforme as mudanças ocorridas na própria sociedade. Finalmente, dois filtros comunicativos (o estado emocional dos receptores e as pressuposições da cultura) são apontados como fatores determinantes para a compreensão de um texto e sua posterior tradução.
Dos graus da reformulação sintática em tradução: aspectos culturais e rítmicos
Authors: Benedetti Ivone Castilho
Published: April 2015

Este trabalho analisa a abordagem de um autor quinhentista, Jean de Léry, por dois tradutores (Sérgio Milliet e a autora do artigo), tomando como parâmetro as soluções sintáticas apresentadas por ambos na translação de um estilo capaz de causar estranheza no leitor moderno. A análise busca vislumbrar, por trás das opções sintáticas buscadas, a visão que o tradutor tem da cultura “traduzida”, da sua própria cultura e de seu fazer.
The interface between perception, evidentiality and discourse particle use - using a translation corpus to study the polysemy of see
Authors: Aijimer Karin
Published: April 2015

O objetivo geral deste artigo é demonstrar como traduções podem ser usadas para estudar a polissemia. O problema de pesquisa específico é investigar, com base nas suas traduções para outras línguas, o quanto o verbo see estendeu seus significados avançando para novos campos semânticos. Os dados são extraídos do Corpus Paralelo Inglês-Sueco. No plano geral, o verbo inglês see e o verbo sueco se são semelhantes, como era de se esperar por serem cognatos etimológicos e semânticos. Ambos referem-se à percepção com os olhos, mas divergem em outras esferas. Demonstra-se que see estende seus sentidos para campos como evidência, aspecto, ação causativa e discurso, e que o desenvolvimento depende, em grande parte do contexto, em especial de estruturas de complementação.
Discurso sobre tradução: aspectos da configuração identitária do tradutor
Authors: Coracini Maria José R. Faria
Published: April 2015

Inserido no bojo de uma pesquisa que se preocupa com a configuração identitária dos sujeitos da linguagem, este texto pretende trazer reflexões sobre a figura do tradutor, a partir da análise de artigos publicados, no Brasil, em periódicos especializados. Assumindo “identidade” como resultante da formação imaginária (no sentido lacaniano), sempre a partir do outro, foi possível concluir que o tradutor é um sujeito heterogeneamente constituído. Uma constituição que se dá por representações múltiplas e conflitantes, provenientes, ao mesmo tempo, de suas experiências como profissional e das representações. Aliás, experiências e representações que teóricos da tradução emitem ou deixam escapar pelos interstícios de seu discurso a seu respeito e a respeito de sua tarefa e que, por serem reconhecidos e legitimados, internalizam de forma mais ou menos consciente. Encontram-se, pois, entre a ânsia de fidelidade e a impossibilidade de ser fiel, entre a busca das intenções do autor e a impossibilidade desse encontro, entre o consciente e o inconsciente, entre a necessidade e a impossibilidade da tradução, entre a reprodução e a criação...
Patrono da amizade: as traduções de obras brasileiras da Alfred A. Knopf em meados do século XX
Authors: Tooge Marly D'Amaro Blasques
Published: April 2015

As décadas de 1940 e 1960 foram muito importantes para a história da literatura brasileira traduzida para o inglês. O número de traduções de obras brasileiras para o idioma inglês cresceu com o incentivo à atividade. No primeiro período, o mundo testemunhou as trágicas consequências da Segunda Guerra. Ocorreram então diversas negociações comerciais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos, mas Vargas só declarou seu apoio aos Estados Unidos em 1942. Projetos diplomáticos criados na época incluíam programas de tradução que, indiretamente, ajudaram a divulgar as ideias de “democracia racial” de Gilberto Freyre. Na década de 1960, a visibilidade trazida pela Revolução Cubana levou à criação de novos programas de tradução para a América Latina, que desta vez transformaram Jorge Amado em um bestseller americano. Este artigo apresenta o papel desempenhado pelo editor Alfred A. Knopf que agiu como um “embaixador informal” no processo acima descrito.
Uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento de Wordnets terminológicas em português do Brasil
Authors: Di Felippo Ariani , Almeida Gladis Maria De Barcellos
Published: April 2015

Para o desenvolvimento de vários sistemas computacionais que processam língua natural (p.ex., sistemas de sumarização, sistemas de tradução automática etc.), os pesquisadores da área do Processamento Automático das Línguas Naturais (PLN) necessitam de certos recursos linguísticos (os lingwares), os quais desempenham papel central na arquitetura desses sistemas, p.ex.: as “bases de conhecimento lexical”. Dada a necessidade crescente de se processar textos especializados, bases de conhecimento lexical especializado (ou terminológico) passaram a ser desenvolvidas para várias línguas, principalmente no formato wordnet. Ocorre que, embora exista um número razoável de wordnets terminológicas em diversas línguas, observa-se a carência de uma metodologia suficientemente clara que facilite e, sobretudo, estimule a criação dessas bases. Para o português do Brasil (PB), aliás, não há bases de conhecimento especializado no formato wordnet. Nesse cenário, está sendo desenvolvido o projeto TermiNet (do inglês, terminological wordnet), que objetiva: (i) a instanciação (ou seja, versão mais definida), para o desenvolvimento específico de wordnets terminológicas, da metodologia genérica de pesquisa no PLN proposta por Dias-da-Silva (2006) e (ii) a sua aplicação na construção de uma base desse tipo em PB. Acredita-se que o TermiNet pode beneficiar não só o PLN, mas também a Terminologia/ Terminografia em PB, pois o formato wordnet é um modelo robusto e eficaz para a sistematização do conhecimento léxico-conceitual, fundamental também para o desenvolvimento de produtos terminográficos tradicionais. Neste artigo, em especial, apresenta-se o referido projeto, focalizando a primeira etapa das atividades, que é a instanciação da metodologia trifásica de Dias-da-Silva (2006).
Erostrato: reflexões sobre a retradução de um conto de Jean Paul Sartre
Authors: Silva Felipe Cabañas da
Published: April 2015

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão a respeito da retradução do conto Erostrato, de Jean Paul Sartre, que integra a coletânea de contos O Muro. A partir da proposta de uma nova tradução para o conto, pretendeu-se analisar os efeitos do lapso de tempo entre as duas traduções, as divergências interpretativas, as distintas concepções tradutórias envolvidas em cada um dos projetos.
A dignidade da pessoa humana: da antropologia filosófica ao estado democrático de direito
Authors: Guardia Andrés Felipe Thiago Selingardi
Published: April 2015

A dignidade do homem, da pessoa humana, representa eterna perquirição filosófico-jurídica e pressupõe a compreensão do ser humano. A ciência jurídica contemporânea é capaz de dar a conhecer o problema, mas não tem aptidão para resolvê-lo. Este antagonismo de ideias não representa um mero problema teórico, mas uma grave ameaça ao homem e a dignidade que lhe é inerente. Se a dignidade da pessoa humana, inscrita na Constituição do Estado, representa valor e princípio jurídico que impõe norte ao sistema normativo e a todos sujeita, inevitável definila. A dignidade do homem não é um conceito jurídico ou político, mas filosófico. Desde a antiguidade greco-romana o homem, sua essência, sua existência, seu agir e sua dignidade representam o ponto de inflexão entre o direito e a filosofia. Através da dignidade, o pensamento filosófico afirma a dimensão axiológica do ser humano, proveniente do conjunto de prerrogativas que lhe conferem identidade, tornando-o único e irrepetível.
Exegese de Ulp. D. 7, 1, 68 pr.-2
Authors: Medina Francisco Sabadin
Published: April 2015

O presente texto é um exemplo de exegese de Ulp. D. 7, 1, 68 pr.-2, que trata de duas questões. De um lado, Ulpiano afirma que o filho de escrava dada em usufruto pertence ao nu-proprietário, cuja justificativa é fonte de grande divergência na doutrina romanística. De outro, o famoso jurista afirma que as crias de um rebanho pertencem ao usufrutuário, o qual, no entanto, tem o dever de conservar o rebanho e de efetuar a chamada summissio. No final, segue-se uma breve comparação do tratamento dessas questões no direito romano e no Código Civil Alemão (BGB).
Christianization of the Philippines
Authors: del Castillo Fides A.
Published: April 2015

This paper aims to contribute to discussion on how the Catholic religion took root, spread, survived, and progressed in the Philippines. It seeks to address the Christianization of the pre-Hispanic Filipinos and the subsequent embedded-ment of the Church in indigenous culture. It also discusses on H. Richard Niehbur’s typology of the gospel-culture relationship as discussed by De Mesa (2007). From the fundamental congruencies between Filipino traditional religion and Catholic Christianity, this paper asserts that the lack of tension between the traditional religion of the native Filipinos and Catholicism allowed Christianity to take root, develop, and dominate in the Philippines. In addition, the entrenchment of the Church in indigenous culture and its expression in church architecture, religious art, and popular devotions specifically in the Church of Saint James the Great at Paete, Laguna and San Pedro de Alcantara Church at Pakil, Laguna are discussed. This is to correlate the important contributions of Baroque churches and religious art in the Christianization of the people in the Philippines.
What Does Decolonisation Mean in Bolivia in Relation to the Position of Religion in the Country’s New Legislation and the New Curriculum?
Authors: Drange Live Danbolt
Published: April 2015

The article discusses challenges and obstacles in creating intercultural dialogue and coexistence across religious and cultural boundaries in a society that is ethnically and culturally multi-dimensional. Bolivian society has always been multicultural and multi-ethnic with a majority of indigenous peoples. The Roman Catholic Church has since colonization officially been dominating religious life and political power while evangelical churches have been growing considerably during the last decades. The majority of indigenous peoples have historically been oppressed by an elite of Spanish descent. In the last few decades there has been an ethnic revitalizing and indigenous representatives have for the first time in history gained positions in the government. They have taken an active part in the rewriting of the Constitution and an education act intending to create a more just and equal society under the slogan “decolonize the state”. A new Constitution and Education Act are establishing that the state is secular and that it guarantees freedom of religion and belief at the same time as it is marked by Andean spirituality. This spirituality and the position of religion in society and in education have been topics of controversy in the process of constructing new legislation. In the discussion the Catholic Church, evangelical Christians and indigenous participants advocating traditional Andean spirituality have been participating. I will look in to possible consequences of this Andeanization especially concerning the children’s religious upbringing.
Are CMIP5 Models Better than CMIP3 Models in Simulating Precipitation over East Asia?
Authors: Kusunoki Shoji , Arakawa Osamu
Published: April 2015

The performance of climate models participating in phases 5 and 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP3, respectively) is evaluated and compared with respect to precipitation over East Asia (20°–50°N, 110°–150°E). The target period covers the 20 years from 1981 through 2000. The CMIP5 and CMIP3 models underestimate precipitation amounts over East Asia in the warmer season (May–September), while they overestimate precipitation amounts in the colder season (October–April). Both sets of models have some difficulty in simulating the seasonal march of the rainy season over China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, and they also underestimate the precipitation intensity over East Asia. Nevertheless, the CMIP5 models show a higher reproducibility of precipitation over East Asia than the CMIP3 models with respect to the geographical distribution of precipitation throughout the year, seasonal march of the rainy season, and extreme precipitation events. Models with a higher reproducibility of annual precipitation tend to show a higher reproducibility of precipitation intensity for both the CMIP5 and CMIP3 models. Correlation analysis using all of the CMIP5 and CMIP3 models reveals that models with higher horizontal resolution tend to perform better than those with a lower resolution. The advantage of the CMIP5 models over the CMIP3 models in the simulation of the East Asian climate can be partly attributed to the improved representation of the west Pacific subtropical high in the CMIP5 models, especially during the summer.
Low-Frequency Variability of Monsoon-Driven Circulation with Application to the South China Sea
Authors: Yang Haiyuan , Wu Lixin , Shantong Sun , Zhaohui Chen
Published: April 2015

The interannual variability of the upper-ocean circulation forced by seasonally varying monsoonal wind is investigated in a two-layer quasigeostrophic (QG) model, with the aim to understand the low-frequency variability of the South China Sea (SCS) circulation. It is demonstrated that the seasonally varying monsoonal wind can force the upper-ocean circulation with significant internal variability, which is mainly associated with the intrinsic nonlinear dynamics of the summer double-gyre system. This arises from the fact that the intrinsic variability, characterized by the Rossby wave adjustment in the winter single-gyre system, is much weaker than that in the summer double-gyre system driven by the intergyre eddy potential vorticity flux through barotropic instability.
Guanxi Circles’ Effect on Organizational Trust
Authors: Luo Jar-Der , Cheng Meng-Yu
Published: April 2015

This article proposes a Chinese network structural phenomenon—the guanxi circle. Parallel to the reasoning of leader–member exchange theory, Chinese leaders categorize their staff members into in-group and out-group members and apply different rules of social exchange to them. In addition, they divide the guanxi circle into core and peripheral members. The latter forms a bridging link keeping the guanxi circle open, and thus maintains room for flexible operations. Five types of workers are identified—a supervisor’s core members, peripheral circle members, an informal leader’s core members, bridges, and outsiders. We surveyed 354 workers in a Chinese hi-tech company with our data analysis confirming the existence of the five role types. Our analyses illustrate the differences between the roles in terms of organizational trust.