bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment stability and emotional and behavioral regulation from infancy to preschool age
Authors: VONDRA JOAN I. , SHAW DANIEL S. , SWEARINGEN LAURE , COHEN MEREDITH , OWENS ELIZABETH B.
Published: July 2002

Relations between attachment and child emotional and behavioral regulation were studied
longitudinally in a sample of 223 children from urban, low-income families. Attachment in the
Strange Situation at 12 and 18 months was scored using the infant classification system and at 24
months was scored using a preschool classification system. Only modest stability was found in
attachment whether within or across classification systems, with the percentage of insecure
attachments consistently increasing over time. Results indicated both concurrent and predictive
associations with indices of child regulation based on observer ratings or maternal report.
However, only the 24-month classification predicted maternal report of externalizing and
internalizing behavior problems at age 3.5 years, with additional variance accounted for by
selected measures of child emotional and behavior regulation from the same assessment.
Attachment security (B) and atypical attachment classifications (D, A/C, and AD) appear to
provide the most consistently useful information about child functioning. Results are discussed in
terms of continuity and change from the perspective of developmental psychopathology.
The effects of neonatal stress on brain development:
Implications for psychopathology
Authors: GRAHAM YOLANDA P. , HEIM CHRISTINE , GOODMAN SHERRYL H. , MILLER ANDREW H. , NEMEROFF CHARLES B.
Published: July 2002

Recent studies have focused on the behavioral and neurobiological sequella of exposure to
early adverse events. We hypothesize that early adverse experiences result in an increased
sensitivity to the effects of stress later in life and render an individual vulnerable to stress-related
psychiatric disorders. This vulnerability may be mediated by persistent changes in
corticotropin-releasing-factor (CRF)-containing neurons, the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and the sympathetic nervous system. We
therefore present an overview of the CRF system and its role as a mediator in the development of
the stress response, major depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The literature pertaining
to behavioral and neurobiological alterations associated with exposure to early adverse life events
in rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans is reviewed. We focus on animal models that
precipitate depressive and anxiety symptoms while producing neuroendocrine alterations that
mimic those seen in adults with those disorders. The literature integrating neurobiological and
behavioral consequences of early life stress is also reviewed, focusing primarily on infants born
to mothers with depression and on infants who were abused or neglected.
Macroscopic models for melting derived from averaging microscopic Stefan problems
I: Simple geometries with kinetic undercooling or surface tension
Authors: LACEY A. A. , HERRAIZ L. A.
Published: July 2002

A mushy region is assumed to consist of a fine mixture of two distinct phases separated by
free boundaries. For simplicity, the fine structure is here taken to be periodic, first in one
dimension, and then a lattice of squares in two dimensions. A method of multiple scales
is employed, with a classical free-boundary problem being used to model the evolution of
the two-phase microstructure. Then a macroscopic model for the mush is obtained by an
averaging procedure. The free-boundary temperature is taken to vary according to
Gibbs–Thomson and/or kinetic-undercooling effects.
Functional runtime systems within the lambda-sigma calculus
Authors: HARDIN THÉRÈSE , MARANGET LUC , PAGANO BRUNO
Published: July 2002

We define a weak λ-calculus, λσw,

as a subsystem of the full λ-calculus with explicit substitutions

λσ[uArr ]. We
claim that λσw could be the archetypal
output
language of functional compilers, just as the λ-calculus is their
universal input
language. Furthermore, λσ[uArr ] could be
the adequate theory to establish the correctness of functional compilers.
Here we illustrate
these claims by proving the correctness of four simplified compilers and
runtime systems
modelled as abstract machines. The four machines we prove are the Krivine
machine, the
SECD, the FAM and the CAM. Thus, we give the first formal proofs of Cardelli's
FAM and
of its compiler.
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia
Authors: Purandare Nitin , Allen  , Burns Alistair
Published: July 2002

Introduction

Dementia is a syndrome which involves progressive disturbance of multiple cognitive functions, emotional control and social behaviour in clear consciousness (International Classification of Diseases, ICD-10).1 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for more than 50% of all dementias and hence is the most widely studied. Although Alzheimer’s first description of the condition included noncognitive features like hallucinations, delusions and screaming,2 most research has focused on the cognitive features, i.e. memory loss, perceptuo-motor skills and language disturbance.
Renal disease in elderly patients
Authors: Porush Jerome G , Faubert Pierre F
Published: July 2002

Like other organs in the body, the kidneys undergo age-associated
anatomical, structural and physiological changes. Starting at 50 years
of age, there is a 3-10% decline in kidney weight for each subsequent
decade of life, with the loss of cortical mass greater than
medullary mass. In fact, the number of glomeruli start to decrease
progressively after age 40, and the number of sclerotic glomeruli
increases, making the distinction between involutional and disease-related sclerosis unclear in some cases. The outer cortical
glomeruli are, in general, more extensively involved than deeper
glomeruli, but glomerular size does not change. In general, the loss of
the glomerular mass is proportional to the loss of tubular mass,
maintaining glomerulotubular balance. In addition to glomerular
sclerosis, there is a gradual increase in interstitial fibrosis, and
there is focal thickening of both glomerular and tubular basement
membranes, probably due to the accumulation of type IV
collagen.
A computational formalization for partial evaluation
Authors: HATCLIFF JOHN , DANVY OLIVIER
Published: July 2002

We formalize a partial evaluator for Eugenio Moggi's
computational metalanguage. This
formalization gives an evaluation-order independent view of binding-time
analysis and
program specialization, including a proper treatment of call unfolding.
It also enables us to
express the essence of ‘control-based binding-time improvements’
for let expressions.
Specifically, we prove that the binding-time improvements given by
‘continuation-based
specialization’ can be expressed in the metalanguage via monadic
laws.
Regular Böhm trees
Authors: HUET GÉRARD
Published: July 2002

We give a decision procedure for the extensional equality
of total Böhm trees presented by
regular systems of recursion equations.
France Accused: French North Africa before the United Nations, 1952–1962
Authors: Thomas Martin
Published: July 2002

In the decade after 1952 France faced sustained United Nations criticism of its colonial policies in north Africa. As membership of the UN General Assembly expanded, support for the non-aligned states of the Afro-Asian bloc increased. North African nationalist parties established their permanent offices in New York to press their case for independence. Tracing UN consideration of French North Africa from the first major General Assembly discussion of Tunisia in 1952 to the end of the Algerian war in 1962, this article considers the tactics employed on both sides of the colonial/anti-colonial divide to manipulate the UN Charter's ambiguities over the rights of colonial powers and the jurisdiction of the General Assembly in colonial disputes.
Strikes by Physicians in Public Hospitals in India
Authors: PANDYA SUNIL K.
Published: July 2002

Can strikes by resident doctors training to become
consultants in Indian public-sector teaching hospitals
be ethical? These hospitals were established for the medical
care of the very poor in a country where health insurance
and a national health service are nonexistent. In such
a situation, the paralysis of tertiary healthcare centers
by striking doctors runs contrary to the raison d'être
of the profession. It also violates the first dictum of
medicine: Primum, non nocere. And although there
is some discussion in the Western literature on strikes
by doctors, authorities in India are silent on the subject.
What Is Wrong with Global Bioethics? On the Limitations
of the Four Principles Approach
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA
Published: July 2002

Within the latter half of the 30-year history of
bioethics there has been an increasing pressure to address
bioethical issues globally. Bioethics is not traditionally
a theory-based enterprise, rather the focus has been problem
related. With the introduction of the global perspective,
theory has, however, become more important. One of the
best known, probably the best known, theory of
bioethics is the one presented by Tom L. Beauchamp and
James F. Childress in their Principles of Biomedical
Ethics in 1979. This theory is known as the “four
principles” or the “Georgetown mantra”
approach or “mid-level principlism.” It is the
attempt to create a global framework for bioethics on the
four principles—autonomy, justice, beneficence, and
nonmaleficence—that I will scrutinize in this paper.
The Blow-up Lemma
Authors: KOMLÓS JÁNOS
Published: July 2002

Extremal graph theory has a great number of conjectures concerning the embedding of
large sparse graphs into dense graphs. Szemerédi's Regularity Lemma is a valuable tool
in finding embeddings of small graphs. The Blow-up Lemma, proved recently by Komlós,
Sárközy and Szemerédi, can be applied to obtain approximate versions of many of the
embedding conjectures. In this paper we review recent developments in the area.
Activation of pig and cattle oocytes by butyrolactone I: morphological and biochemical study
Authors: Kubelka Michal , Anger Martin , Pavlok Antonín , Kalous Jaroslav , Schultz Richard M. , Motlík Jan
Published: July 2002

In this study a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), butyrolactone I (BL I), was used for activation of pig and cattle metaphase II (MII) oocytes. BL I at a concentration of 100 μM was able to induce activation of both pig and cattle MII oocytes in a manner dependent on exposure time; however, precise timing of BL I exposure was required for the best activation results. The optimum activation rates were obtained when cattle MII oocytes were treated for 5 h with BL I and subsequently for 3-11 h in control medium, and pig MII oocytes for 8 h in BL I and then for 8-16 h in control medium; the percentage of activated oocytes after such treatment varied between 55% and 74% and between 53% and 81% for cattle and pig oocytes, respectively. Shorter exposures to BL I led to re-entry of the oocytes to the metaphase state in 35-50% of oocytes, the remaining oocytes forming a pronuclear stage; longer exposure to BL I led to increased numbers of oocytes being abnormal or degenerated. The behaviour of histone H1 kinase and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, also measured during the experiment, reflected the morphological changes in the oocytes: both were inactivated after BL I treatment, though the inactivation of histone H1 kinase occurred 2 h ahead of that of MAP kinase. However, in the oocytes treated for a shorter time with BL I, with the reoccurrence of condensed chromatin in proportion of the oocytes cultured in control medium after BL I treatment, both kinases became reactivated. Taken together, these results suggest the possibility of using BL I for activation and cloning experiments in both species.
THE KITCHEN POLICE: SERVANT SURVEILLANCE AND MIDDLE-CLASS TRANSGRESSION
Authors: McCuskey Brian W.
Published: July 2002

I. Privileged Spies

TOWARD THE END of Lady Audley’s Secret (1862), the most infamous femme fatale of the Victorian novel retires to her dressing room after a long day of committing arson and attempting murder. Shamming a headache, Lady Audley sends her maid from the room. The narrator explains her motive:
The impact of observations on Mesoscale Model forecasts of three‐hourly rainfall accumulations
Authors: Anderson S R , Graham R J , Bader M J
Published: July 2002

The aim of data‐impact studies at the UK Met. Office is to investigate how observations affect the accuracy of model forecasts. Results from such experiments provide useful evidence on which to base the design of observational networks. This project, using a case study approach, investigated the relative benefit of different observation types within The Met. Office's Mesoscale Model domain on forecasts of three‐hourly precipitation accumulation over the UK up to 12 hours ahead. The method used assesses the impact of assimilating single observation types, or a limited combination of types, where impact is measured against a control forecast obtained after a dummy assimilation using no observations. In experiments for 13 case studies, the observation types that most frequently provided a beneficial impact when presented alone to the assimilation were sonde data, surface data and data from the Moisture Observation Processing System (MOPS). Copyright © 2000 Crown copyright
POLITICAL LIBERALISM AND TRUTH
Authors: Kraus Jody S.
Published: July 2002

Every theory of justice requires a first-order theory specifying principles of justice, and a second-order view explaining why those principles constitute the correct principles of justice. According to John Rawls, political liberalism is committed to the two principles of justice specified in its first-order theory, “justice as fairness.” Justice as fairness, according to Rawls, in turn presupposes the second-order view that justice is a political conception. A political conception of justice treats the principles derived from the fundamental ideas in the public political culture as the correct principles of justice. Political liberalism, however, nowhere offers a defense of the view that justice is a political conception. Indeed, it even strives to avoid the admission that it presupposes that justice is a political conception by stating only that it uses a political conception of justice, while allowing that justice might not actually be a political conception. As to the truth of its second-order presupposition, political liberalism chooses to remain agnostic. Rawls claims that political liberalism has no choice at all. To do otherwise, he argues, would lead to an internal contradiction.
EVALUATION OF THE STAGES OF CHANGE SCALES TO MEASURE CLIENT READINESS FOR TREATMENT IN A MENTAL HEALTH SAMPLE
Authors: Derisley Jo , Reynolds Shirley
Published: July 2002

The psychometric properties of the Stages of Change scales (McConnaughy, Prochaska, & Velicer, 1983) were examined in a clinical sample of clients referred for psychotherapy. Sixty clients completed the Stages of Change scales and the Brief Symptoms Inventory before their first session of psychotherapy. The scales means, standard deviations and high internal consistency (all coefficients exceeding 0.7) compared favourably with previous research conducted by McConnaughy et al. (1983, 1989). The study investigates two methods of interpreting the Stages of Change scales. It discusses the methodological limitations in interpreting the highest scale score, and recommends instead the interpretation of the samples mean scores for the scales. It further assesses the theoretical underpinnings of the scales intercorrelations and argues in support of the “states” of change model proposed by Sutton (1996).
Quantitative modeling of category learning in amnesic patients
Authors: FILOTEO J. VINCENT , MADDOX W. TODD , DAVIS JENNIFER DUNCAN
Published: July 2002

Category rule learning was examined in two amnesic
patients using the perceptual categorization task (e.g.,
Ashby & Gott, 1988; Filoteo & Maddox, 1999). Traditional
accuracy-based analyses as well as quantitative model-based
analyses were performed. Unlike accuracy-based analyses,
the model-based approach allowed us to examine both categorization
rule learning and variability in the trial-by-trial application
of the participant's categorization rule. The results
indicated that the amnesic patients were as accurate as
the controls in learning a complex, nonlinear rule over
a large number of trials. The model-based analysis indicated
that, in general, the amnesic patients learned the categorization
rule as well as controls and applied their rule as consistently
as controls. Categorization performance on a second day
of testing revealed that amnesic patients can retain the
categorization rule over a 24-h period. These results suggest
that the brain regions damaged in amnesia are not involved
in category learning or memory for the category structures.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 1–19.)
Sustainability accounting and green accounting
Authors: CAIRNS ROBERT D.
Published: July 2002

Theoretical issues arising in maximin and utilitarian programs are considered in order to shed light on the merits of various concepts of income and types of environmental accounting as guides for environmental policy. The accounting prices for sustaining an economy obey Hartwick's rule but are inconsistent with the principles of national accounting. Moreover, they would be formidably difficult to calculate. Green net national product is an approximate index of welfare in a utilitarian economy which maximises future discounted utility flows. These conclusions hold even if underlying conditions are non-autonomous.

JEL Codes: Q3, E2
Creating generic soundscapes in multichannel panning in Csound synthesis software
Authors: PULKKI VILLE
Published: July 2002

Vector base amplitude panning (VBAP) is a new method for soundscape creation. It generalises the pair-wise panning paradigm to the triplet-wise panning paradigm, which can be used in three-dimensional loudspeaker setups. Similar soundscapes can be created with differing numbers of loudspeakers in different positions. The VBAP implementation in Csound synthesis software presented in this paper is a powerful tool for producing generic soundscapes. Virtual sources are positioned by defining the virtual source directions as (azimuth, elevation) pairs; the loudspeaker setup is defined in the initial settings. Virtual sources can be moved in three different ways: they can be moved along a polyline between specified directions, angular velocities can be applied to them, or their directions can be controlled arbitrarily.
“Ticklish Points”: The English East India Company and Japan, 1621
Authors: Massarella Derek
Published: July 2002

The previously unpublished text of a letter written by John Osterwick in Hirado to Richard Fursland, President of the Council of Defence, around the end of September 1621. Its value lies in the detail which it provides of the state of the English East India Company's factory in Japan, eight years after it was established and two years before it closed.
An Evaluation of Protocols for
Child and Adolescent
Deliberate Self-harm
Authors: Dorer Claire
Published: July 2002

Child and adolescent deliberate self-harm is a common problem faced
by
medical services. In 1982 the Royal College of Psychiatrists recommended

that certain guidelines be followed in all cases of child and adolescent

self-harm. This paper examines to what extent these guidelines are being

incorporated into child and adolescent self-harm policies in the West
Midlands region. The implications of the findings are discussed for young

people and the NHS Trusts who treat them.
GLOBAL STABILITY OF INFLATION TARGET POLICIES WITH ADAPTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Bischi Gian-Italo , Marimon Ramon
Published: July 2002

We study a dynamic equilibrium model in which agents have adaptive expectations and monetary authorities pursue an inflation target. We show how alternative monetary stabilization policies become more effective when fiscal constraints on deficits are implemented, although they are not binding at the equilibrium target. In particular, we show that the inflation target equilibrium can be locally, or even globally, stable for a large class of adaptive learning schemes. We also compare alternative stabilization policies in terms of their stability properties. Commonly postulated conditional Taylor-type rules tend to be dominated by other rules, such as an unconditional Friedman type.
INTERVIEW WITH DAVID CASS
Authors: Spear Stephen E. , Wright Randall
Published: July 2002

David Cass is undoubtedly one of the central contributors to modern dynamic
economics. His fundamental contributions include work on optimal growth
problems, overlapping-generations models, sunspot equilibria, and general
equilibrium models with incomplete markets. His research has shaped in
profound ways the manner in which we do both micro- and macroeconomics.
From laying the foundations of real business-cycle theory via the
Cass-Koopmans model, to providing us with general tools and techniques to
analyze dynamic economic models, to furthering our understanding of
monetary economics, to making fundamental contributions to the economics of
extrinsic uncertainty, Cass's work has played a major part in the
development of much of modern macroeconomic theory. In addition to being a
first-class scholar, Cass is also truly his own man and a free spirit of
the highest order.

In this interview, we tried to gain some insights into the story of David
Cass and his approach to economic theory. Also, given the title as well as
the intended readership of Macroeconomic Dynamics, we made a real effort
to get him to discuss modern macroeconomics and the influence his work has
had on its development. We edited out some parts of the discussion in the
interests of space, but what remains is essentially unedited. As most
readers will know, David Cass has collaborated extensively with Karl Shell
over the years. We talked to Shell a few weeks after talking to Cass, and
that interview is scheduled to appear in a future issue.

We met with Dave in his office at the University of Pennsylvania's
Economics Department just before noon. Amid the boxes and piles of
articles, books and CD's, he sat in his standard jeans and T-shirt, looking
about as disheveled as he usually does. We chatted there for a while,
went out and continued over lunch, and
then returned to complete the
interview several hours later. It was an unseasonably warm day in
February, and Friday the 13th to be exact. That is traditionally
an unlucky day, but one that turned out in this case to be a real
treat, at least for us! We hope that you get as much out of this conversation with
Dave as we did.
Verb movement in French L2 acquisition
Authors: Ayoun Dalila
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the acquisition of verb movement phenomena in the interlanguage of English native speakers learning French as a second language. Participants (n=83), who were enrolled in three different classes, were given a grammaticality judgment task and a production task. The French native speakers' results (n=85) go against certain theoretical predictions for negation and adverb placement in nonfinite contexts, as well as for quantification at a distance. The production task results, but not the grammaticality judgment results, support the hypothesis that the effects of parameter resetting successfully appear in the interlanguage of adult L2 learners.
Characterization of Physical Gap Sizes at Human Telomeres
Authors: Lese Christa M. , Fantes Judy A. , Riethman Harold C. , Ledbetter David H.
Published: July 2002

Genome-wide physical and genetic mapping efforts have not yet fully addressed the problem of closure at the telomeric ends of human chromosomes. Targeted efforts at cloning human and mouse telomeres have succeeded in identifying unique sequences at most telomeres, but gap sizes between these telomere clones and the distal markers on integrated genetic/physical maps remain largely unknown. As telomeric regions are known to be the most gene-rich regions of the human genome, filling these gaps should have a high priority in completion of the Human Genome Project. We reported previously a first generation set of unique sequence probes for human telomeric regions. Of 41 human telomere regions, 33 were represented by unique clones with a known distance (≤300 kb) from the end of the chromosome; clones for the remaining eight telomeric regions had not yet been identified and were represented by the most distal markers on the integrated genetic/physical map. We have identified unique telomere clones for four of the remaining telomeres, 9p, 12p, 15q, and 16p. To determine the telomeric gap size for these chromosomes and five other human telomeres, interphase FISH analysis was performed to measure the distance between each telomere clone and the corresponding most distal marker. These studies provide distance estimates ranging from <100 kb to >1 Mb, thus defining the physical mapping task for filling telomeric gaps.
Isolation and Regulation of Accumulation of a Minor Chromoplast-Specific Protein from Cucumber Corollas
Authors: Libal-Weksler Y. , Vishnevetsky M. , Ovadis M. , Vainstein A.
Published: July 2002

The differentiation of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) corollas parallels flower development. Chromoplast biogenesis involves chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, and the appearance of a new set of proteins. To study factors involved in chromoplast biogenesis in floral tissues, a minor (in abundance) protein of about 14 kD, CHRD (chromoplast protein D), was isolated from cucumber corolla chromoplasts. Immunological characterization revealed that the protein is chromoplast-specific and that its steady-state level in corollas increases in parallel to flower development. The protein was not detected in cucumber leaves or fruits. Immunological analysis of corollas and fruits from a variety of other plants also did not reveal cross-reactivity with the CHRD protein antisera. Using an in vitro bud culture system, we analyzed the effect of phytohormones on CHRD expression. Gibberellic acid rapidly enhanced, whereas paclobutrazol down-regulated, the steady-state level of CHRD. Ethylene also down-regulated the protein's steady-state level. It is suggested that hormonal control of chromoplastogenesis is tightly regulated at the tissue/organ level and that mainly developmental signals control carotenoid accumulation in nonphotosynthetic tissues.
Chimeric Arabidopsis thalianaRibulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Containing a Pea Small Subunit Protein Is Compromised in Carbamylation1
Authors: Getzoff Timothy P. , Zhu Genhai , Bohnert Hans J. , Jensen Richard G.
Published: July 2002

A cDNA of pea (Pisum sativum L.) RbcS 3A, encoding a small subunit protein (S) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), has been expressed in Arabidopsis thalianaunder control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and the transcript and mature S protein were detected. Specific antibodies revealed two protein spots for the four Arabidopsis S and one additional spot for pea S. Pea S in chimeric Rubisco amounted to 15 to 18% of all S, as judged by separation on two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels from partially purified enzyme preparations and quantitation of silver-stained protein spots. The chimeric enzyme had 11 ± 1% fewer carbamylated sites and a 11 ± 1% lower carboxylase activity than wild-type Arabidopsis Rubisco. Whereas pea S expression, preprotein transport, and processing and assembly resulted in a stable holoenzyme, the chimeric enzyme was reproducibly catalytically less efficient. We suggest that the presence of, on average, one foreign S per holoenzyme is responsible for the altered activity. In addition, higher-plant Rubisco, unlike the cyanobacterial enzyme, seems to have evolved species-specific interactions between S and the large subunit protein that are involved in carbamylation of the active site.
Protection of Photosynthesis against Ultraviolet-B Radiation by Carotenoids in Transformants of the CyanobacteriumSynechococcus PCC79421
Authors: Götz Thomas , Windhövel Ute , Böger Peter , Sandmann Gerhard
Published: July 2002

The cyanobacteriumSynechococcus PCC7942 was transformed with various carotenogenic genes, and the resulting transformants either accumulated higher amounts of β-carotene and zeaxanthin or showed a shift in the carotenoid pattern toward the formation of zeaxanthin. These transformants were exposed to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, and the degradation of phycobilins, the inactivation of photosynthetic oxygen evolution, and the activity of photosystem II were determined. In the genetically modified cells, the influence on destruction of phycobilins was negligible. However, protection of photosynthetic reactions against UV-B damage was observed and was dependent on the carotenoid concentrations in the different transformants. Furthermore, it was shown that endogenous zeaxanthin is more effective than β-carotene. Our results suggest that carotenoids exert their protective function as antioxidants to inactivate UV-B-induced radicals in the photosynthetic membrane.
Biosynthesis and Immunolocalization of Lewis a-ContainingN-Glycans in the Plant Cell
Authors: Fitchette Anne-Catherine , Cabanes-Macheteau Marion , Marvin Laure , Martin Barry , Satiat-Jeunemaitre Béatrice , Gomord Véronique , Crooks Kim , Lerouge Patrice , Faye Loı̈c , Hawes Chris
Published: July 2002

We recently demonstrated the presence of a new asparagine-linked complex glycan on plant glycoproteins that harbors the Lewis a (Lea), or Galβ(1-3)[Fucα(1-4)]GlcNAc, epitope, which in mammalian cells plays an important role in cell-to-cell recognition. Here we show that the monoclonal antibody JIM 84, which is widely used as a Golgi marker in light and electron microscopy of plant cells, is specific for the Lea antigen. This antigen is present on glycoproteins of a number of flowering and non-flowering plants, but is less apparent in the Cruciferae, the family that includes Arabidopsis. Lea-containing oligosaccharides are found in the Golgi apparatus, and our immunocytochemical experiments suggest that it is synthesized in the trans-most part of the Golgi apparatus. Lea epitopes are abundantly present on extracellular glycoproteins, either soluble or membrane bound, but are never observed on vacuolar glycoproteins. Double-labeling experiments suggest that vacuolar glycoproteins do not bypass the late Golgi compartments where Lea is built, and that the absence of the Leaepitope from vacuolar glycoproteins is probably the result of its degradation by glycosidases en route to or after arrival in the vacuole.
Characterization of Ripening-Regulated cDNAs and Their Expression in Ethylene-Suppressed Charentais Melon Fruit
Authors: Hadfield Kristen A. , Dang Tam , Guis Monique , Pech Jean-Claude , Bouzayen Mondher , Bennett Alan B.
Published: July 2002

Charentais melons (Cucumis melo cv Reticulatus) are climacteric and undergo extremely rapid ripening. Sixteen cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs whose abundance is ripening regulated were isolated to characterize the changes in gene expression that accompany this very rapid ripening process. Sequence comparisons indicated that eight of these cDNA clones encoded proteins that have been previously characterized, with one corresponding to ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase, three to proteins associated with pathogen responses, two to proteins involved in sulfur amino acid biosynthesis, and two having significant homology to a seed storage protein or a yeast secretory protein. The remaining eight cDNA sequences did not reveal significant sequence similarities to previously characterized proteins. The majority of the 16 ripening-regulated cDNAs corresponded to mRNAs that were fruit specific, although three were expressed at low levels in vegetative tissues. When examined in transgenic antisense ACC oxidase melon fruit, three distinct patterns of mRNA accumulation were observed. One group of cDNAs corresponded to mRNAs whose abundance was reduced in transgenic fruit but inducible by ethylene treatment, indicating that these genes are directly regulated by ethylene. A second group of mRNAs was not significantly altered in the transgenic fruit and was unaffected by treatment with ethylene, indicating that these genes are regulated by ethylene-independent developmental cues. The third and largest group of cDNAs showed an unexpected pattern of expression, with levels of mRNA reduced in transgenic fruit and remaining low after exposure to ethylene. Regulation of this third group of genes thus appears to ethylene independent, but may be regulated by developmental cues that require ethylene at a certain stage in fruit development. The results confirm that both ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent pathways of gene regulation coexist in climacteric fruit.
Subcellular Localization of Expansin mRNA in Xylem Cells,
Authors: Im Kyung-Hoan , Cosgrove Daniel J. , Jones Alan M.
Published: July 2002

Terminal differentiation of many vascular cells involves cell wall changes. Cells first elongate their primary wall, then lay down a lignified secondary wall, which is often followed by digestion of the primary wall. Expansins are wall proteins that regulate wall changes, but little is known about the specific functions of the many individual expansin isoforms. An in vitro cell culture of synchronously differentiating tracheary elements was used to identify three new expansins and to compare their expression kinetics with the timing of wall changes. The genes encoding these expansins from zinnia (Zinnia elegans), designatedZeExp1, ZeExp2, ZeExp3, are expressed during cell elongation. ZeExp1 andZeExp2 mRNA decrease at the early stage of secondary wall formation, whereas ZeExp3 does not. In planta, all three ZeExp mRNAs are found predominantly in a single flank of cells adjacent to protoxylem and metaxylem vessels and in cells roughly at the radial position of the fasicular and interfasicular cambium. Furthermore, within these cells,Exp mRNA is localized exclusively either to the apical or basipetal end of cells depending on the expansin gene and organ, providing the first evidence for polar localization of mRNA in plant cells. ZeExp1 and ZeExp3 mRNA are localized at the apical tip, whereas ZeExp2 mRNA is found in the basal tip. These observations indicate that these three expansins are xylem cell specific and possibly involved in the intrusive growth of the primary walls of differentiating xylem cells.
Retrobiosynthetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Intermediary Metabolism. Metabolic Flux in Developing Maize Kernels
Authors: Glawischnig Erich , Gierl Alfons , Tomas Adriana , Bacher Adelbert , Eisenreich Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

Information on metabolic networks could provide the basis for the design of targets for metabolic engineering. To study metabolic flux in cereals, developing maize (Zea mays) kernels were grown in sterile culture on medium containing [U-13C6]glucose or [1,2-13C2]acetate. After growth, amino acids, lipids, and sitosterol were isolated from kernels as well as from the cobs, and their 13C isotopomer compositions were determined by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The highly specific labeling patterns were used to analyze the metabolic pathways leading to amino acids and the triterpene on a quantitative basis. The data show that serine is generated from phosphoglycerate, as well as from glycine. Lysine is formed entirely via the diaminopimelate pathway and sitosterol is synthesized entirely via the mevalonate route. The labeling data of amino acids and sitosterol were used to reconstruct the labeling patterns of key metabolic intermediates (e.g. acetyl-coenzyme A, pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, erythrose 4-phosphate, and Rib 5-phosphate) that revealed quantitative information about carbon flux in the intermediary metabolism of developing maize kernels. Exogenous acetate served as an efficient precursor of sitosterol, as well as of amino acids of the aspartate and glutamate family; in comparison, metabolites formed in the plastidic compartments showed low acetate incorporation.
Does Growth Correlate with Turgor-Induced Elastic Strain in Stems? A Re-Evaluation of de Vries' Classical Experiments
Authors: Peters Winfried S. , Farm Maggie S. , Kopf A. Jim
Published: July 2002

The correlation between growth and turgor-induced elastic expansion was studied in hypocotyls of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedlings under various growth conditions. Turgor-induced elastic cell wall strain was greater in hypocotyls of faster growing seedlings, i.e. in etiolated versus light-grown ones. It also was higher in rapidly growing young seedlings as compared with nongrowing mature ones. However, analysis of the spatial distribution of elastic strain and growth demonstrated that their correspondence was only apparent. Profiles of elastic strain declined steadily from the top of the hypocotyls toward the basis, whereas the profiles of relative elemental growth rate along the hypocotyls showed maxima within the growing zones. In contrast to earlier hypotheses, we conclude that turgor-induced elastic cell wall strain and growth do not correlate precisely in growing hypocotyls.
Anatomy of a good sales introduction ‐ part I
Authors: DeCormier Ray A. , Jackson Anita
Published: July 2002

First impressions last forever! Often this initial meeting sets the impression buyers will have about the salesperson and his or her company. For this reason, the introduction cannot be taken lightly. The introduction consists of these steps, the first three of which are presented in part I: assess the environment and prospect personality type; introduce the salesperson to include name, company name, reason and anticipated length of time for the call; establish first‐name terms. State the rules: business philosophy and payment terms. Request permission to ask questions. Reposition the salesperson ‐ remove physical barriers. To understand what constitutes a successful introduction, we also need to know what the goals or objectives of the introduction stage are and how they can be achieved. A successful introduction should enhance a fair and level “playing field” between the buyer and the seller.
Using e‐commerce to deliver high productivity
Authors: Fisher Michael
Published: July 2002

E‐commerce is either a major opportunity or a significant business threat. The cost of entry is low in terms of capital costs but high in terms of effort and opportunity cost. It can significantly lower the cost of trading but using it for this purpose is sub‐optimal; it allows restructuring of the supply chain, of business processes and of the nature of the business itself. Its effective deployment requires an understanding of the way in which the company operates now and of a vision of the way it could operate in the future. E‐commerce offers the technology to make, and can act as a catalyst for, this change.
Conundrums and confusion in organisations: the etymology of the word “bully”
Authors: Crawford Neil
Published: July 2002

Bullying behaviour has always been part of the human condition. On a global level we have witnessed fairly overt domination even recently. Its visibility level is not so obvious in current workplace practices but its existence is in no doubt. More subtle, less detectable actions and behaviours are employed by the bully and the emergence of e‐mail’s flame mail and spamming techniques in the workplace demonstrate this point. Bullying in the workplace is psychological violence. Two cases of bullying interventions are compared in this paper. Noticeably both organisations had detailed employment policies, personnel departments and occupational health departments. Their ability to manage bullying, however, was determined by their organisational culture, in part, through a Dignity at Work programme. Bullying is identified as immoral, as theft, and as a misuse of loyalty. The paper concludes by calling on the different disciplines involved in the analysis of this topic to collaborate and acknowledge plurality of perspective.
Rally the troops or make the trains run on time: the relative importance and interaction of contingent reward and transformational leadership
Authors: Brown F. William , Dodd Nancy G.
Published: July 2002

The positive association between transformational leadership and organizational and affective outcomes is well established in the literature. The relationship of contingent reward, a component of transactional leadership, to those outcomes and its additive and interactive relationship to transformational leadership is less well understood. In a study of 660 manufacturing workers working in 25 shop areas, transformational leadership and contingent reward had positive individual and additive impacts on supervisory and general satisfaction at both the individual and group level of analysis and on productivity at the group level. At the individual level of analysis, both satisfaction with supervision and overall satisfaction were enhanced by the interaction of contingent reward and transformational leadership operating together at certain levels. The operationalization of transformational leadership has contributed to the understanding of the inspirational and relationship aspects of leadership and contingent reward explains some, but not all, of the additional elements of successful leadership.
Finite element analysis of two‐phase instability for saturated porous hypoelastic solids under plane strain loadings
Authors: Bardet J.P.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the effects of two‐phase instability on finite element (FE) solutions for porous hypoelastic solids saturated with an insterstitial fluid. Demonstrates that two‐phase instability creates definite problems to the FE computations of coupled solid‐fluid systems. The eigenvectors of the tangential finite element matrices which are responsible for problems are not artificial, but are the bifurcating modes of physical solutions. The investigation, although limited to the plane strain undrained compression of hypoelastic models, is relevant to the investigation of the two‐phase instability of other materials and boundary value problems, and may lead towards an explanation for numerical problems in soil liquefaction analysis.
The future of relational research in international marketing: constructs and conduits
Authors: Ambler Tim , Styles Chris
Published: July 2002

Reviews relational research in marketing and makes suggestions for its application internationally. Issues relating to nature and role of relationships are highlighted. Specifically, suggests looking more widely, and to other cultures, for relational constructs. We illustrate this by considering the parallel Chinese literature on guanxi. Also argues that relationships should be seen merely as conduits; necessary but not sufficient for improved performance. Information and “animal spirits” are the two key factors that flow through these conduits. Finally, suggestions are made for applying relationship marketing internationally, relating to dynamics, dyads, contextual moderators, model completeness and culture.
The Evaluation of Training:
Authors: Lewis Philip , Thornhill Adrian
Published: July 2002

Recognizes the difficulties of evaluating training and argues that what
is required to make it more effective is the adoption of an integrated
approach to evaluation and, most significantly, the creation of an
appropriate organizational culture, which promotes and recognizes the
value of evaluation in general and training evaluation in particular.
Discusses reasons for the absence of, or ineffective practice of,
evaluation within so many organizations and these are shown to be
related to organizational cultures which discourage training evaluation,
especially organizational‐level evaluation. Discusses the nature and
meaning of organizational culture from a practical point of view before
providing advice to those responsible for training about how they can
attempt to change an organization′s culture towards one which supports
and values the evaluation of training.
Instructional materials: their preparation and evaluation
Authors: Campbell Clifton P.
Published: July 2002

Instructional materials enhance the teaching/learning process by exhibiting information necessary to acquire knowledge and skills. Focuses on printed forms of instructional materials and provides detailed information, including examples, on five types of job performance aids, three types of instruction sheets, and two types of modules. Checklists of considerations that affect the quality of finished products are also provided. Job performance aids (JPAs)provide procedural or factual guidance in the performance of tasks. They store essential details in a variety of functional forms for use just before or during task performance. Research shows that JPAs are a cost‐effective supplement or alternative to training. They reduce the time needed to master task performance and facilitate the transfer of learning from the training setting to the job. Instruction sheets assure that all trainees have the same complete and accurate information for performing practical work and for completing assignments. These sheets also help manage large groups of trainees with diverse abilities who are working simultaneously at several different tasks. Modules are carefully structured documents which facilitate self‐directed and self‐paced learning. While their components may vary, modules typically include learning objectives, an introduction, instructional content, directions, learning activities, and test questions with feedback answers. With modules, trainees assume personal responsibility for their progress. Regardless of the care used in their preparation, all types of instructional materials must be evaluated prior to general use. Presents a comprehensive quality control procedure for confirming effectiveness and value. This was prepared to enhance both formal classroom instruction and individual study. Figures, tables, checklists, appendices, and a glossary of keywords and terms, supplement the text in explaining the content.
The ternary analysis of work and working organisations
Authors: Stewart D.J.
Published: July 2002

The author’s ternality theory provides a ternary, or three‐domain, concept of mechanism, that forms the basis of a new paradigm for purpose and directiveness. A summary is given of this paradigm and of the one‐domain and two‐domain paradigms it replaces. One practical outcome is the technique of ternary analysis. Among other things, this enables any kind of human work to be analysed into one or more of three domains. It clarifies the place of evaluation and judgement in work and suggests the stages to be followed in the design and construction of work and tasks, to arrive at ternary mechanisms to achieve desired results. Ternary analysis also offers a way of designing working organisations divided horizontally into departments, each of which is concerned with a particular evaluative dimension, and shows how a Law of Sum of Intervention Ratios operates in the vertical structure of such a working organisation.
Internet real estate information: are home purchasers paying attention to it?
Authors: Littlefield James E. , Bao Yeqing , Cook Don L.
Published: July 2002

Many writers assume that consumers’ use of the Internet will follow the development of Web sites by Realtor.com and other Realtor‐sponsored sites on the Internet. This study examined this proposition by surveying consumers’ Internet use in their home purchases. A model of consumers’ Internet use in home purchases is developed and tested. Results showed that fewer than 40 percent of the home purchasers ever used the Internet for real estate related information during their home purchases. Awareness of Internet real estate information, access to Internet, age, perceived effectiveness of Internet in home purchase, and satisfaction with Realtor are found to be important factors in determining consumers’ use of Internet during home purchases.