bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bicuspid Aortic Valves in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Brown Cindy , Sane David C. , Kitzman Dalane W.
Published: December 2004

Identical bicuspid valve anomalies were found in monozygotic twins. Screening echocardiography should be considered for first‐degree relatives of patients with bicuspid aortic valve. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, February 2003)
Relationship Between Noninvasive Reperfusion Criteria and Pulsed‐Wave Tissue Doppler Parameters in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Receiving Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Iyisoy Atilla , Amasyali Basri , Kilic Ayhan , Aytemir Kudret , Kursaklioglu Hurkan , Kose Sedat , Genc Celal , Karaeren Hayrettin , Isik Ersoy , Demirtas Ertan
Published: December 2004

Several studies have proven that noninvasive reperfusion criteria (NRC) have prognostic significance in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy (TT) after acute myocardial infarction (acute MI). In this study, we investigated the relationship between NRC and pulsed tissue Doppler (PTD) parameters in patients receiving TT after acute MI, and the role of PTD in the management and follow‐up of patients with acute MI. The study group

(n= 41)

was divided into four subgroups defined as: anterior and posterior MI, with or without NRC. In the first PTD measurements (2–3 days after acute MI), all acute MI patients had significantly smaller peak systolic (S‐wave) velocity in all evaluated segments and longer Q‐Speak durations (time elapsed from the inscription of the Q‐wave on the surface ECG to the peak of the S‐wave in PTD) as compared with control patients

(n= 22; P < 0.001

for both). Among the diastolic parameters, the E/A ratio was significantly smaller in the study group compared with the control group

(P < 0.001)

.
Among the patients who had received TT in the first 2 hours, those patients who had NRC displayed significantly higher peak S‐wave values in all evaluated segments than those without NRC

(P < 0.05)

.
The second PTD study (4–5 weeks after acute MI), revealed that the difference between the systolic PTD parameters of the noninfarcted regions of the study and control groups disappeared. Infarct‐related segments, however, displayed significant improvement only in patients having NRC. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean mitral annular S‐wave velocity and left ventricular ejection fraction

(r = 0.59, P < 0.001)

.
In conclusion, a significant relationship was observed between the PTD parameters and the NRC, which are known to have prognostic significance. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, April 2003)
Disruption of the odour‐mediated mating behaviour of Plodia interpunctella using high‐frequency sound
Authors: Svensson Glenn P. , Skals Niels , Löfstedt Christer
Published: December 2004

Abstract Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), have ears which are sensitive to high‐frequency calls produced by echolocating, insectivorous bats. The influence of artificially generated, high‐intensity, ultrasound signals (25 kHz, 106 dB SPL at 1 m distance) on different parameters involved in the odour‐mediated mating behaviour of this species and its potential use in population control was investigated. All moths flying towards olfactory cues in flight tunnel experiments reacted strongly to a 1 s ultrasound pulse by cessation of flight and falling out of the odour plume. The source contact proportion of both male moths orienting towards the female‐produced sex pheromone and of mated female moths orienting towards an oviposition cue was reduced by 40%, compared to unexposed moths. Calling females responded to the sound by retraction of the ovipositor or by falling to the ground. Long‐term exposure to repetitive pulses of ultrasound suppressed female calling by up to 27%. Furthermore, mating in plastic tents was disrupted by up to 58% in ultrasound‐treated tents using different sound regimens, compared to control tents. The results are discussed in relation to the potential use of ultrasound technology for the population control of pyralid stored product pests.
Effects of endosymbioticWolbachiaon the diapause inTrichogrammahosts and effects of the diapause onWolbachia
Authors: Pintureau B. , Pizzol J. , Bolland P.
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsed as an agent in biological control,Trichogrammawhich has been infected by endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genusWolbachiaand inducing the thelytokous mode of reproduction, increases rearing productivity in commercial insectaries. These insectaries can now make use ofTrichogrammadiapause to spread out and optimise their production. We therefore studied the effect ofWolbachiaon the diapause inTrichogramma evanescens. The symbionts show no beneficial or harmful effect on the proportion of emergence in diapausing individuals or on their fecundity. Therefore, infected strains can easily be used in crop protection. On the other hand, low temperatures exert a slightly negative effect onWolbachia,as detected from the proportion of females in the offspring of symbiotic diapausing females.
Different bioassays for investigating orientation responses of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus, show additive effects of host plant volatiles and a synthetic male‐produced aggregation pheromone
Authors: Tinzaara William , Dicke Marcel , Van Huis Arnold , Van Loon Joop J. A. , Gold Clifford S.
Published: December 2004

Abstract Three different bioassay methods to investigate the orientation behaviour of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), to host plant volatiles and a synthetic pheromone (cosmolure+) were compared. A locomotion compensator was used to separately record walking tracks in response to three odour sources. The data show that C. sordidus uses odour‐conditioned anemotaxis in its orientation to the odour sources tested. Of the two olfactometers tested, a dual port olfactometer using a continuous airflow showed stronger discrimination by C. sordidus to the different odours compared with a double pitfall olfactometer. The results of all three bioassays indicate that C. sordidus responds in an additive way to the combination of fermentation plant volatiles and the synthetic pheromone.
The effect of Fusarium verticillioides on oviposition behaviour and bionomics of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests attacking the stem and cobs of maize in West Africa
Authors: Ako Mouhoubè , Schulthess Fritz , Gumedzoe Mawuena Y. D. , Cardwell Kitty F.
Published: December 2004

Abstract The effect of Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. (Nirenberg) in maize stem and grain on the oviposition behaviour and bionomics of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests in West Africa was studied in olfactometer, greenhouse, and field trials in Benin. In a choice experiment, the pyralid Eldana saccharina (Walker) laid on average 31.9 eggs on inoculated maize stems vs. 9.2 and 7.8 on stems from plants, grown from hot‐water or fungicide treated seeds, respectively. For the pyralid Mussidia nigrivenella (Ragonot) the values were 42.1 in the inoculation and 7.8 eggs in the fungicide treatment. The survival of E. saccharina larvae was significantly higher from the inoculation than the hot‐water or fungicide treatments. Fecundity in the three treatments was 494, 307, and 268 eggs per female, respectively. In an olfactometer experiment, no significant differences were found in the time spent by the curculionid Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky between the odor field with Fusarium‐infected grain and with uninfected grain, but both were significantly different from the controls. Significant differences were obtained for the nitidulid Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) with 50.5 and 35.8%, respectively, of the time spent in the Fusarium‐infected and non‐infected odor field. For both species, no differences were found between sexes. For S. zeamais, development time was significantly higher when reared on infected (37.2 days) than on non‐infected grain (34.4 days), whereas fecundity, expressed as number of progenies during the first 4 weeks, was lower on the inoculated grain (11 vs. 16 offspring per female). For C. dimidiatus the situation was the reverse: development time was shorter and fecundity was higher on infected grain (32.4 vs. 34.4 days, and 18 vs. 13 offspring per female, respectively). It was concluded that the higher pest densities found in the stem and ear of field grown maize was due to a higher attraction to and higher immature survival and adult fecundity on F. verticillioides infected plants.
Effect of leaf surface extraction on palatability of romaine lettuce to Diabrotica balteata
Authors: Huang Juan , McAuslane Heather J. , Nuessly Gregg S.
Published: December 2004

Abstract The leaf surface of a plant, especially its chemical components, constitutes the first line of resistance to herbivores and other pests. Our previous research indicated that ‘Valmaine’ (Val) romaine lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., was highly resistant to feeding by adult banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, while ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG) was highly susceptible. We investigated the leaf surface chemistry of these two cultivars for its possible role in their resistance to D. balteata. Three solvents with different polarity (hexane, methylene chloride, and methanol) were tested to remove leaf surface chemicals, but only methylene chloride and methanol extracts were used in feeding bioassays. Adult D. balteata consumed much more of the leaf tissue of Val and TG when their surface chemicals were removed with methylene chloride, but not methanol, compared to nonextracted leaf tissue, leading us to hypothesize that methylene‐chloride extractable leaf surface chemicals may have a role in the expression of lettuce resistance. However, leaf surface chemicals extracted from Val with methylene chloride were not a deterrent to adult D. balteata when applied to palatable lima bean leaf surfaces at various concentrations in dual‐choice tests. Furthermore, the application of surface extracts from TG did not stimulate beetle feeding in similar choice tests. In a no‐choice feeding test, there was no significant difference in leaf area consumption on lima bean leaves sprayed with extracts of Val or TG. These results suggest that leaf surface chemicals in romaine lettuce do not explain the resistance of Val to adult D. balteata, and that factors inside the leaf may play a role in resistance. We discuss the possibility that the solvent may have increased the palatability of lettuce leaves to D. balteata by causing enzymatic browning and cellular damage, which is likely to have degraded internal feeding deterrents and impaired the plant's ability to emit latex.
Geographical variation in photoperiodic induction of larval diapause in the bruchid beetle, Bruchidius dorsalis: polymorphism in overwintering stages
Authors: Kurota Hiroyuki , Shimada Masakazu
Published: December 2004

The bruchid beetle, Bruchidius dorsalis Fahraeus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), has a multivoltine life cycle and shows geographical variation of overwintering stages in Japan. Our previous study found that B. dorsalis enters larval diapause in the final instar under short photoperiods. In cooler areas, we observed that most individuals overwinter in the final larval stage in diapause, whereas beetles at different developmental stages (non‐diapausing young instars, diapausing instars, and adults) were overwintering in warmer areas. In this study, we investigated geographical variation in the photoperiodic response for induction of larval diapause at 20 °C (three populations) and 24 °C (two populations) to clarify the overwintering strategy of B. dorsalis. We observed that (1) diapause incidence at 20 °C changed sharply from ca. 100% to 0% with a change in photoperiod in all the populations, (2) critical photoperiod was longer at 20 °C in populations from cooler areas, and (3) critical photoperiod at 24 °C was shorter than at 20 °C and a fraction of the larvae did not enter diapause, even under short photoperiods. Overwintering stages estimated from these results were consistent with those actually observed in the field. This study indicates that the geographical variation of overwintering stages is likely to reflect adaptive diapause induction in each local environment.
Larval distributions of the ectoparasitoid wasp Eurytoma robusta relative to the host tephritid gall fly Urophora cardui
Authors: Johannesen Jes , Seitz Alfred
Published: December 2004

Parasitism may explain the patchy distributions of host populations. The present paper is a study of larval distributions of the parasitoid Eurytoma robusta in galls of the tephritid gall fly Urophora cardui. It focuses on E. robusta's choice of U. cardui gall and whether this changes relative to the rate of parasitism. Oviposition patterns were inferred by direct counts of larvae in galls and genetically, for both species, using indirect relatedness estimates between gall‐members. Furthermore, rates of parasitism in four populations were monitored for 4 years. The modal distribution of E. robusta larvae per gall was one and independent of the level of parasitism. The mean number of E. robusta per gall did not differ from Poisson distributions at different parasitism rates. We were not able to demonstrate a parasitoid preference for gall size. In contrast, parasitoids may have a negative effect on gall growth. Relatedness estimates showed that E. robusta gall members were often unrelated, whereas U. cardui were siblings. Thus, larval distributions of E. robusta suggest that oviposition behaviour is generally constrained and density independent. In four populations monitored over 4 years, parasitism was initially high (up to 70%), but suddenly declined with no apparent effect on fly (gall) abundance.
Interhabitat differences in ant activity on plant foliage: ants at extrafloral nectaries ofHibiscus pernambucensisin sandy and mangrove forests
Authors: Cogni Rodrigo , Freitas André V. L. , Oliveira Paulo S.
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe association between visiting ants and the extrafloral nectaries (EFN)‐bearing shrubHibiscus pernambucensisArruda (Malvaceae) was investigated in two different coastal habitats – a permanently dry sandy forest and a regularly inundated mangrove forest. In both habitats the frequency of plants with ants and the mean number of ants per plant were much higher onH. pernambucensisthan on non‐nectariferous neighbouring plants. In the sandy forest the proportion of live termite baits attacked by ants onH. pernambucensiswas much higher than on plants lacking EFNs. In the mangrove, however, ants attacked equal numbers of termites on either plant class. Ant attendance to tuna/honey baits revealed that overall ant activity in the sandy forest is higher than in the mangrove area. The vertical distribution (ground vs. foliage) of ant activity also differed between habitats. While in the mangrove foraging ants were more frequent at baits placed on foliage, in the sandy forest ant attendance was higher at ground baits. Plants housing ant colonies were more common in the mangrove than in the sandy forest. Frequent flooding in the mangrove may have resulted in increased numbers of ant nests on vegetation and scattered ant activity across plant foliage, irrespective of possession of EFNs. Thus plants with EFNs in the mangrove may not experience increased ant aggression towards potential herbivores relative to plants lacking EFNs. The study suggests that the vertical distribution of ant activity, as related to different nest site distribution (ground vs. foliage) through a spatial scale, can mediate ant foraging patterns on plant foliage and probably affect the ants’ potential for herbivore deterrence on an EFN‐bearing plant species.
Effects of methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces on the attractiveness and responsiveness of adult leafrollers
Authors: Hoelscher Jennifer A. , Barrett Bruce A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract The attractiveness and responsiveness of the adult redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), exposed to surfaces treated with the ecdysteroid agonist methoxyfenozide were investigated in wind tunnel and orientation tube assays. For both species, when males were exposed to water‐treated surfaces for 48 h, and regardless of what treatment surfaces the females had been exposed to, the mean percentage recaptures of such treated males in the wind tunnel assays were always significantly greater than the recaptures of males that had been exposed to methoxyfenozide. However, exposure to surfaces treated with surfactant (Latron B‐1956) also negatively affected the responsiveness (or attractiveness) of both moth species. In the orientation tube assays, males exposed to methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces always had significantly lower mean levels of individuals exhibiting sexual excitability, and the mean distances traveled upwind, regardless of females’ exposure. In addition, exposure to surfactant‐treated surfaces did not affect mean levels of sexual excitibility and distances traveled upwind. The two bioassays demonstrated that male A. velutinana and C. rosaceana exposed to methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces were not as responsive to calling females (treated and non‐treated) as were the non‐treated males. Conversely, females exposed to methoxyfenozide‐treated surfaces were just as attractive to non‐treated males as water‐treated females. It appears that a male's ability to respond to a calling female is more negatively affected by the ecdysone agonist than a female's ability to call and attract males.
Diel activity pattern and predation rate of the generalist predator Dicyphus hesperus
Authors: VanLaerhoven Sherah L. , Gillespie David R. , Roitberg Bernard D.
Published: December 2004

Abstract This study examined the diel activity pattern and the effect of diel activity pattern on predation rate and prey finding of Dicyphus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). To determine the diel activity pattern of D. hesperus, starved females were placed on tomato leaflets Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae) under zero, low, or high light intensities at 02:00, 08:00, and 14:00 h, respectively, and the amount of time spent walking or resting during a 30‐min interval was recorded. Predation rates of D. hesperus females on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) egg patches were determined under either a L16:D8 (long day) or L8:D16 (short day) diel period. Egg patches were removed from D. hesperus females after either 8 or 16 h of dark or 16 or 8 h of light, and the number of eggs consumed was counted. Dicyphus hesperus females spent more time searching for prey at night than during the day. Females ate eggs at a higher rate during the night than during the day. Overall, D. hesperus females had higher predation rates when reared under a long day diel cycle compared with females reared under a short day diel cycle. More females reared at the L16:D8 diel cycle found the egg patch during the night than during the day. There was no difference in egg patch finding between night and day for females reared at L8:D16. Overall, L16:D8 reared females found more egg patches than females reared at L8:D16. Therefore, D. hesperus females are more active and find and consume prey at a higher rate at night than day.
Life history characteristics ofFrankliniella occidentalison cucumber leaves with and without supplemental food
Authors: Hulshof Jan , Ketoja Elise , Vänninen Irene
Published: December 2004

The development time, fecundity, longevity, and resultant intrinsic growth rate of the western flower thripsFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] encaged on a cucumber leaf were compared among seven types of food supplied: six pollen species and a mixture of milk powder and yeast. The rationale was to find a food source that offers the least benefit for thrips and could therefore be considered as a food source for the preventative introduction of thrips predators. With the exception of the mixture of milk powder and yeast, all the food sources tested offered a nutritional benefit for the thrips. The addition of pollen increased fecundity and reduced development time, mainly during the larval stage.Betula pubescensandCorylus avellanapollen also increased adult longevity. The nutritional benefit ofPinus sylvestrispollen was greater than that of the other five pollen species, as manifested by its significantly greater positive effect on fecundity. The other pollen species could not be ranked in terms of nutritional benefit toF. occidentalis. The negative effect of the milk powder plus yeast mix on the life‐table parameters ofF. occidentalisprobably only occurs in an encaged situation where thrips cannot escape from the unfavorable environment. The crude estimate of the intrinsic growth rate ofF. occidentalisincreased from 0.163 on the plain cucumber leaf to 0.240 whenP. sylvestrispollen was added to the leaf. The differences in intrinsic growth rate mainly reflect the differences in fecundity among the food sources. Thus, the peak oviposition rate may be used as a measure of the nutritional benefitF. occidentaliscan obtain by feeding on supplemental food sources. The positive effect of a supplemental food source on thrips does not necessarily mean it is unsuitable for the preventative introduction of thrips predators, because the supplemental food can also affect the population dynamics of the predator and the predator–prey interaction and, hence, the outcome of biological control.
Evidence for single gene resistance in apple to brownheaded leafroller, Ctenopseustis obliquana, and implications for resistance to other New Zealand leafrollers
Authors: Wearing C.H. , Colhoun K. , McLaren G.F. , Attfield B. , Bus V.G.M.
Published: December 2004

The survival and development rate of Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae, and weight of pupae were measured on detached mature leaves of two apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) progenies derived from the resistant (R) parent ‘Prima’ crossed with the susceptible (S) cultivars ‘Liberty’ (n = 44) and ‘Red Delicious’ (n = 35). The R:S ratio in both these modified backcross families did not differ significantly from the 1:1 expected in the case of monogenic resistance, carried in a heterozygous condition in the resistant parent. The survival to pupation on the individual seedlings was either zero/very low (R) or high (S). With all resistant seedlings being heterozygous, this indicates that the resistance allele shows complete dominance over the susceptible allele. We have named this putative gene Cob1. The expression of the resistance was found to be influenced by both the colony of C. obliquana used and the time of the season when resistance was assessed. In a separate experiment with another tortricid, there was no survival of Planotortrix octoDugdale larvae on the apple cultivar ‘Prima’ and high survival on the cultivars ‘Liberty’ and ‘Red Delicious’. The similarity of the responses of the two leafroller species to these cultivars, and other published evidence concerning Planotortrix excessana (Walker) and Ctenopseustis herana(Felder and Rogerhofer), suggest that the resistance discovered to C. obliquana may be effective against all four endemic tortricid species. The implications of these findings for apple breeding and leafroller control in New Zealand are discussed.
Sexual selection in a tropical fruit fly: role of a plant derived chemical in mate choice
Authors: Raghu S. , Clarke A.R.
Published: December 2004

The specific mechanisms by which selective pressures affect individuals are often difficult to resolve. In tephritid fruit flies, males respond strongly and positively to certain plant derived chemicals. Sexual selection by female choice has been hypothesized as the mechanism driving this behaviour in certain species, as females preferentially mate with males that have fed on these chemicals. This hypothesis is, to date, based on studies of only very few species and its generality is largely untested. We tested the hypothesis on different spatial scales (small cage and seminatural field‐cage) using the monophagous fruit fly, Bactrocera cacuminata. This species is known to respond to methyl eugenol (ME), a chemical found in many plant species and one upon which previous studies have focused. Contrary to expectation, no obvious female choice was apparent in selecting ME‐fed males over unfed males as measured by the number of matings achieved over time, copulation duration, or time of copulation initiation. However, the number of matings achieved by ME‐fed males was significantly greater than unfed males 16 and 32 days after exposure to ME in small cages (but not in a field‐cage). This delayed advantage suggests that ME may not influence the pheromone system of B. cacuminata but may have other consequences, acting on some other fitness consequence (e.g., enhancement of physiology or survival) of male exposure to these chemicals. We discuss the ecological and evolutionary implications of our findings to explore alternate hypotheses to explain the patterns of response of dacine fruit flies to specific plant‐derived chemicals.
Effects of size and morphology on swimming performance in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)
Authors: Ojanguren A. F. , Braña F.
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  Our study assesses swimming capacity (speed and stamina) and possible morphometric determinants of locomotor performance of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). We addressed these issues at the individual level to have an approach of the functional significance of intraspecific variation in morphological design. Both swimming speed and endurance time showed significant positive relationships with fish length. Size‐corrected values of speed and endurance time were negatively correlated suggesting a phenotypic trade‐off between burst and prolonged swimming. Size was also highly correlated with all the morphological variables measured. Therefore, we used the residuals of the regressions of those variables on fish length to remove the effect of body size. A principal components analysis (PCA) summarised the 12 morphological variables into two factors, which accounted for 44.3% of the variance. PC1 combined several measures of body depth and width, whereas PC2 represented mainly postanal length relative to abdomen length. Relationships between the scores of the two factors and size‐corrected values of maximum swimming speed and endurance time were weak. PC2 showed a significant positive relationship with endurance time; that is, individuals with longer caudal regions were able to swim against water flow for longer periods of time. Stoutness (PC1) showed a marginally significant negative correlation with endurance time. The lack of stronger relationships could be because of the low morphometric variability among the test individuals, all proceeding from the same population, reared in a common environment, and measured at the same ontogenetic stage.
Einsatz hochdosierter intravenöser Immunglobuline in der Dermatologie
Authors: Enk Alexander , Hertl Michael , Messer Gerald , Meurer Michael , Rentz Ellen , Zillikens Detlef
Published: December 2004

Hochdosierte intravenöse Immunglobuline (IVIG) haben einen bedeutenden Stellenwert in der Behandlung zahlreicher Erkrankungen in der Dermatologie und Rheumatologie. Aufgrund der oft seltenen Krankheitsbilder, die mit IVIG therapiert werden, stützt sich ihr Einsatz allerdings meist nicht auf Erfahrungen in kontrollierten und randomisierten Studien, die im Rahmen der evidence‐based medicine sonst üblicherweise eingefordert werden. Da die hohen Therapiekosten des Einsatzes von IVIG ihre Anwendung als Therapie der ersten Wahl in der Regel einschränken und es keine klaren Richtlinien für ihren Einsatz bei dermatologischen Erkrankungen gibt, fand am 8. 9. 2001 in Wiesbaden eine Konsensuskonferenz unter Expertenbeteiligung zum Einsatz von IVIG in der Dermatologie statt. Dieses Manuskript gibt den Konsensus der versammelten Experten und somit die derzeitige klinische Praxis wieder und soll dem Praktiker als Entscheidungshilfe für den Einsatz von IVIG bei dermatologischen Erkrankungen dienen.
Kryochirurgie – ultima ratio oder chirurgische Alternative beim vulvären Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSAV)?
Authors: Kastner U. , Altmeyer P.
Published: December 2004

Schlußfolgerung: Die Kryochirurgie ist beim therapieresistenten LSAV ein effizientes und relativ nebenwirkungsarmes lokales Therapieverfahren. Sie stellt besonders auch bei Kindern eine empfehlenswerte Alternative zu lokalen Behandlungen dar.

Hintergrund: Zur Behandlung des Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus vulvae (LSAV) finden vorwiegend verschiedene Externa (Glukokortikoid‐, Progesteron‐ oder Testosteron‐haltig) Anwendung. Nicht selten lassen sich klinisches Bild und Beschwerden hierunter nicht ausreichend bessern. Inwieweit in diesen Fällen die Kryochirurgie ein geeignetes Therapieverfahren darstellt, soll überprüft werden.

Patienten und Methodik: Neun Mädchen zwischen 5 und 15 Jahren (Durchschnittsalter 9 Jahre) und 22 Frauen zwischen 33 und 74 Jahren (Durchschnittsalter 54 Jahre) mit klinisch und histologisch gesichertem, therapieresistentem, progredientem LSAV wurden zwischen 1996 und 2001 nach einem einheitlichen Therapieprotokoll kryochirurgisch behandelt.

Ergebnisse: Im postoperativen Verlauf zeigte sich bei allen Patientinnen nach einem einmaligen Behandlungszyklus eine deutliche Besserung der klinischen Symptomatik. Bei 5 Patientinnen erfolgte aufgrund eines Rezidivs im Abstand von durchschnittlich 10,6 Monaten ein zweiter Vereisungszyklus, 2 weitere Frauen wurden ein 3. Mal behandelt.
Klinische Wertigkeit einer dermatoskopischen Klassifikation von Clark‐Nävi
Authors: Teban Ligia , Pehamberger Hubert , Wolff Klaus , Binder Michael , Kittler Harald
Published: December 2004

Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die klinische Wertigkeit einer dermatoskopischen Klassifikation von Clark‐Nävi zu untersuchen.

Patienten/Methodik: Die dermatoskopischen Bilder von 268 konsekutiven Läsionen, die klinisch und dermatoskopisch als Clark‐Nävi imponierten, wurden von zwei Dermatologen ohne Kenntnis der histologischen Diagnose begutachtet. Die begutachteten Läsionen wurden in Anlehnung an das von Hofmann‐Wellenhof vorgeschlagenen Klassifikationsschema für Clark‐Nävi in 12 verschiedene Grundtypen unterteilt.

Ergebnisse: Insgesamt vorherrschend war der retikulär‐homogene Typ (n = 64, 23,9 %) gefolgt vom globulär‐homogenen Typ (n = 32, 12 %) und vom homogenen Typ (n = 30, 11,2 %). In bezug auf die Klassifikation fand sich insgesamt eine moderate bis gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Untersuchern (kappa = 0,58). Die höchste Übereinstimmung fand sich beim peripher hyperpigmentiertenTyp (kappa = 0,83). Histologisch wurden siebzehn (6,3 %) Läsionen als Melanome befundet. Die meisten Melanome fanden sich, je nach Untersucher, beim peripher hyperpigmentierten Typ und beim homogenen Typ. Kein Melanom fand sich beim globulären Typ, retikulär‐globulären Typ und zentral hyperpigmentierten Typ.

Schlußfolgerungen: Eine dermatoskopische Klassifikation von Clark‐Nävi ist praktisch anwendbar und erlaubt mit Einschränkungen eine gewisse Risikoeinschätzung, die das klinische Management von Clark‐Nävi erleichtern kann.
Far Transmission of Air Blast Waves
Authors: Cox Everett F.
Published: December 2004

A semiacoustic theory of blast energy propagation, incorporating Sachs' scaling modified for altitude of observation, gives excellent agreement with experiments, providing Hilliar's similarity principle is restricted to similar ambient (weather) conditions. Comparisons between this theory and experiments are made for free air (no reflections) blast pressures; ground-level blast pressures in an isothermal, still atmosphere; and blast pressures under a linear temperature inversion.
On the Ionization and Ohmic Heating of a Helium Plasma
Authors: Berger J. M. , Bernstein I. B. , Frieman E. A. , Kulsrud R. M.
Published: December 2004

A method which is used for the ionization and heating of helium plasmas in various stellarator models consists of inducing an approximately constant electric field along the main axial confining magnetic field. In this paper we present the details and results of various calculations pertaining to this method. The gas is assumed initially to be 10% ionized and at a temperature of a few electron volts.

The major approximations on which the calculations are based are (1) Maxwellian velocity distributions for the particles and (2) negligible charged particle loss across the confining magnetic field. The equations for the power balance and number balance were integrated in time numerically for a variety of initial conditions. The results indicate that temperatures of a few hundred electron volts are attainable within milliseconds with an applied field of the order 0.1 volt per cm at densities of 3 × 1013 particles per cm3. It was found that the maximum temperature is limited by power loss in bremsstrahlung radiation.
Evaporation into a Boundary Layer
Authors: Bauer Ernest , Zlotnick Martin
Published: December 2004

The evaporation rate of a solid or liquid into a stream of gas flowing across its surface is considered as a function of surface temperature and of material and gas properties neglecting chemical reactions. One of the boundary conditions to be used at the interface between the gas and the solid (or liquid) is derived.
Spherical Bubble Growth
Authors: Birkhoff G. , Margulies R. S. , Horning W. A.
Published: December 2004

Plesset and Zwick [M. S. Plesset and S. A. Zwick, J. Appl. Phys. 23, 95–98 (1952); 25, 493–500 (1954); J. Math. Phys. 33, 308–330 (1955)] have calculated the rate of growth of vapor bubbles in slightly superheated steam under constant external pressure. Their calculation assumes that the temperature drop is localized in a thin ``boundary layer'' near the bubble wall; the predicted bubble radius R(t) is asymptotically proportional to t1/2 when R is large enough for surface tension to be negligible. An analysis of this asymptotic phase is given, which avoids the above ``boundary layer'' assumption, and contains that part of the analysis of Plesset and Zwick dealing with this phase as a limiting case. The analysis is shown to be (approximately) applicable also to gas bubbles in supersaturated liquids.
Structure of a Centered Rarefaction Wave in a Relaxing Gas
Authors: Wood William W. , Parker F. R.
Published: December 2004

The structure of a centered rarefaction wave in a relaxing ideal gas is studied theoretically, both analytically and numerically, with neglect of the Navier-Stokes terms (viscosity, etc.) in the hydrodynamic equations. The role of the ``frozen'' sound speed is clarified, in that it is shown that there is a transition from ``frozen'' flow at short times to equilibrium flow at long times.
Approximate Formula for the Thermal Conductivity of Gas Mixtures
Authors: Mason E. A. , Saxena S. C.
Published: December 2004

An approximate formula for the thermal conductivity of multicomponent gas mixtures is derived from rigorous kinetic theory by well-defined approximations. Numerical calculations with the formula are relatively simple, and the only data needed are the molecular weights, thermal conductivities, and either viscosities or heat capacities of the pure components at the same temperature as the mixture. The form of the formula is quite similar to the earlier empirical Lindsay-Bromley equation. The formula is tested by comparison with experimental results on a number of binary and ternary mixtures involving both monatomic and polyatomic nonpolar gases. Agreement is satisfactory, and is nearly as good as obtained with the full rigorous theory.
The Divertor, a Device for Reducing the Impurity Level in a Stellarator
Authors: Burnett C. R. , Grove D. J. , Palladino R. W. , Stix T. H. , Wakefield K. E.
Published: December 2004

A divertor, designed to reduce the flow of impurities from the wall into a gas discharge, has been used with a small stellarator. In the divertor an outer shell of magnetic flux is bent away from the discharge channel into a large auxiliary chamber. Ions diffusing toward the wall tend to follow the lines of force of this outer shell into the divertor chamber. Impurities produced by wall bombardment in this chamber do not readily return to the discharge. The magnetic design of this device is described, and a phenomenological theory of its performance is outlined. The spectroscopic data with and without the divertor activated indicate that the divertor reduces the influx of impurities by a factor of two to three, while the impurity concentration at the core, or central region, may be diminished by an order of magnitude when the divertor is activated. Kinetic temperatures of positive ions determined from spectroscopic measurements of Doppler broadening increase from 40 ev without the divertor to 60 ev for He+ and to 130 ev for O++++ with use of the divertor.
Surface Wake of a Submerged Sphere
Authors: Eckart Carl
Published: December 2004

The problem of a sphere moving in an infinite homogeneous incompressible liquid has been discussed by many writers. The corresponding problem for a semi-infinite liquid with a free surface has not been treated earlier.

It is shown that the surface wake of such a submerged sphere is approximately the same as that which would be caused by a traveling pressure disturbance in the atmosphere above the free surface. This is, essentially, a consequence of the Bernoulli theorem.

If the motion is sufficiently slow, the surface reacts to this equivalent pressure as a barometer (equilibrium theory). For more rapid motions, dynamic effects reduce the response of the surface, but leave a wake in the region already traversed by the sphere. The calculation of this wake involves the usual distinction between incoming and outgoing waves, which is introduced in the Fourier transform of the solution. The resulting integrals are evaluated by Kelvin's approximate method of stationary phase.
Spray Combustion and Atomization
Authors: Williams F. A.
Published: December 2004

A statistical formalism for describing the behavior of sprays is presented, which includes the effects of droplet growth, the formation of new droplets, collisions, and aerodynamic forces. Criteria for the efficiency of impinging jet atomization are developed. It is shown that if the incident jets have a size distribution of a generalized Rosin-Rammler type, then the resulting spray belongs to the same class of distributions. The size history of evaporating sprays is also obtained from the theory. A spray combustion analysis given by Probert is extended to include more general size distributions and the effects of droplet interactions and the relative motion of the droplets and the fluid. It is shown that the over-all spray evaporation rate is largest for uniform sprays.
Two-dimensional diagnostic of edge plasma structure using a lithium beam probe in a compact helical system
Authors: Nakamura K. , Iguchi H. , Ueda M. , Narihiro Z. , Shimizu A. , Morisaki T. , Isobe M. , Takahashi C. , Nishimura S. , Suzuki C. , Yoshimura Y. , Nagaoka K. , Minami T. , Yoshinuma M. , Ida K. , Okamura S. , Matsuoka K.
Published: December 2004

A neutral lithium beam probe for two-dimensional diagnosis of edge plasmas has been designed and installed on the compact helical system. A lithium beam with an energy of 15keV and a current of 0.1mA is used. The spatial resolution is about 10mm, and the time response is about 10ms. The beam penetration depth is expressed in terms of the line integral density ⟨nel⟩, which is about 2×1018m−2. The beam injection angle can be varied and the observation point covers the edge and separatrix region of the helical diverter configuration. Two-dimensional electron density profiles for electron cyclotron heating and neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas are obtained near and outside the last closed flux surface (LCFS). Analysis for two-dimensional density profile reconstruction indicates that significant amounts of surface plasma are confined outside the LCFS for NBI plasmas even though the ergodic layer is cut by the vacuum chamber wall (inboard limiter configuration). The usefullness of this new two-dimensional diagnostic in the edge region is demonstrated.
Microwave leakage from field modulation slots in TE011 electron paramagnetic resonance cavities
Authors: Mett Richard R. , Hyde James S.
Published: December 2004

This article considers a Q-band cylindrical TE011 electron paramagnetic resonance cavity with slots cut parallel to wall currents to allow penetration of magnetic field modulation and with mode suppression gaps in the end regions of zero wall currents to reduce interference from nearby modes. Origins of the small amount of rf leakage generally observed from modulation slots have been studied using a finite element computer program and ways to eliminate this leakage have been found. The leakage is caused by field distortions from the waveguide coupling iris, which is centered on the cylindrical sidewall. The distortion is of two distinct types, which result in comparable leakage levels. One is from iris fields that have components perpendicular to the fields of the mode of interest. The iris near fields couple to a nonresonant circumferential radial mode in the modulation slots, like that of a sectorial waveguide horn. The other type of rf leakage is caused by coupling of the aperture to nearby cavity modes that leak from the modulation slots if they have currents across the slots. End gaps have been used to “suppress” the TM modes that, without the gaps, are degenerate with the TE011. We find that the TM modes are not suppressed, but rather altered, as are most modes. The modes are combinations of coaxial modes that are excited in the end-gap regions coupled to normal cavity modes. The most desirable way to reduce leakage is the combination of a thin slotted iris, thin modulation slots and sufficiently thick cavity walls. Electric discharge machining techniques can be used to produce slots of the required dimensions. A less desirable way to reduce the rf leakage is to place a floating conducting shield just outside the modulation slots. If resistive material is placed in the end gaps, rf leakage from the modulation slots decreases because the amount of energy coupled to an adjacent cavity mode is reduced, which increases the Q of the TE011 mode.
Cascading delay line time-to-digital converter with 75 ps resolution and a reduced number of delay cells
Authors: Xie D. K. , Zhang Q. C. , Qi G. S. , Xu D. Y.
Published: December 2004

A time-to-digital converter (TDC) is described, integrated on a single field-programmable gate array device with 75 ps single-shot resolution (LSB). Multiple-shot measurement statistically improves resolution to about 5 ps. The circuit is based on a counter and a two-step cascading delay line method that uses only 24 delay cells to provide 128 LSBs in the interpolator that resolves the time interval within the reference clock cycle. The relevant calibration method is also presented to obtain the time parameters of the TDC at the current temperature and voltage. This TDC can measure time intervals from 0 to 1.3 ms and the maximum range is only limited by the range of the counter. The temperature dependence is 0.1 ps/°C.
High throughput ultrasoft x-ray polychromator for embedded impurity pellet injection studies
Authors: Stutman D. , Finkenthal M. , Delgado-Aparicio L. , Tritz K. , Tamura N. , Kalinina D. , Matsubara A. , Sato K. , Sudo S.
Published: December 2004

A prototype ultrasoft x-ray polychromator has been developed for local particle transport measurements in magnetic fusion devices using the Hα charge exchange emission from low-Z impurity pellets. High throughput together with few cm radial resolution in the plasma are achieved using a toroidally aligned grid collimator, while a few Å spectral bandpass together with strong background rejection are obtained using planar multilayer mirrors and foil filters. As high sensitivity detectors we use a new type of compact, efficient and high-gain multichannel plates. The prototype instrument has been evaluated in the laboratory and tested on the Large Helical Device in Japan. In addition to transport studies, this type of device is of interest for next step experiments, where high beam energy and strong attenuation will make visible charge exchange recombination spectroscopy difficult.
Tapping mode quartz crystal resonator based scanning force microscopy
Authors: Seo Yongho , Jhe Wonho
Published: December 2004

We have built a high-speed, tapping mode scanning force microscope using a high frequency quartz crystal resonator. In our design, a cantilever tip was attached to the end of an optical fiber which was glued to a thickness shear mode, AT-cut quartz crystal resonator so as to vibrate in the longitudinal direction. This design allows the microscope to be operated in tapping mode with the flexibility of shear mode operation, which leads to an expected improvement of image quality. Furthermore, combining this geometry with an optical microscope leads to the possibility of commercial applications.
Method to study temperature and stress induced magnetic transitions
Authors: Chopra Harsh Deep , Sullivan Matthew R.
Published: December 2004

A new method called magnetic transition spectrum (MTS) is described for studying magnetic phase transitions. The MTS method is an electronic method that monitors the dynamics of the micromagnetic structure as a function of temperature, stress, or any other perturbation that can cause a sudden variation in flux inside the magnetic material. It is based on the same principle upon which the well-known and established Barkhausen method is based, namely, Faraday’s law. However, instead of applying a magnetic field as in the Barkhausen method, temperature or stress is the external “force.” The efficacy of the MTS method is illustrated by studying magnetic transitions in magnetic shape memory alloys. The MTS method is simple to implement and is equally applicable for studying magnetic transitions in other systems, such as, for example, dynamics of exchange anisotropy, using the Co–CoO system, by cooling the sample across the Néel temperature. In general, it can be used to study magnetic phase transitions driven by any external influence that would cause an abrupt change in the micromagnetic state of the sample (for example, change in temperature, pressure, etc.).
Enhanced electrical performance for conductive atomic force microscopy
Authors: Blasco Xavier , Nafria Montserrat , Aymerich Xavier
Published: December 2004

A new configuration of a conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) is presented, which provides enhanced electrical specs and performance while keeping the nanometer spatial resolution. This is achieved by integrating in the same measurement system a CAFM and a semiconductor parameter analyzer (SPA). The CAFM controls the tip position and scanning parameters, and the SPA is used for sample biasing and measurement. To test this set up, thin SiO2 gate oxides of MOS devices have been characterized. For current measurements, the resulting dynamic range was from 1 pA up to 1 mA. The good performance of the conductive tip at such high currents is demonstrated.
Particle simulation of Alfvén waves excited at a boundary
Authors: Tsung F. S. , Tonge J. W. , Morales G. J.
Published: December 2004

A particle-in-cell (PIC) code has been developed that is capable of describing the propagation of compressional and shear Alfvén waves excited from a boundary. The code is used to elucidate the properties of Alfvén wave cones radiated from sources having transverse scale comparable to the electron skin depth. Good agreement between theoretical predictions and simulation results is found over a wide range of frequencies. An investigation has been undertaken of the effect of hot ions on the Alfvén wave cones. The PIC simulations demonstrate that as the ion temperature is increased there is a reversal in the cone angle. The reversal implies that there is a cross-field focusing of the shear Alfvén waves. This is a feature which is presently being considered in studies of field-line resonances in the earth’s magnetic field. The PIC results also illustrate the damping of shear modes due to the Doppler-shifted cyclotron resonance with hot ions.