bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of14C-Halosulfuron in Grafted Eggplant and Tomato
Authors: Chaudhari Sushila , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Jordan David L. , Gunter Christopher C. , Louws Frank J.
Published: September 2017

Grafted plants are a combination of two different interspecific or intraspecific scion and rootstock. Determination of herbicidal selectivity of the grafted plant is critical given their increased use in vegetable production. Differential absorption, translocation, and metabolism play an important role in herbicide selectivity of plant species because these processes affect the herbicide amount delivered to the site of action. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron in grafted and non-grafted tomato and eggplant. Transplant type included non-grafted tomato cultivar Amelia, non-grafted eggplant cultivar Santana, Amelia scion grafted onto Maxifort tomato rootstock (A-Maxifort) and Santana scion grafted onto Maxifort rootstock (S-Maxifort). Plants were treated POST with commercially formulated halosulfuron at 39 g ai ha-1followed by14C-halosulfuron under controlled laboratory conditions. Amount of14C-halosufuron was quantified in leaf wash, treated leaf, scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment (HAT) using liquid scintillation spectrometry. No differences were observed between transplant types with regard to absorption and translocation of14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of14C-halosulfuron increased with time, reaching 10 and 74% of applied at 6 and 96 HAT, respectively. Translocation of14C-halosulfuron was limited to the treated leaf, which reached maximum (66% of applied) at 96 HAT, whereas minimal (<4% of applied) translocation occurred in scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root. Tomato plants metabolized halosulfuron faster compared to eggplant regardless of grafting. Of the total amount of14C-halosulfuron absorbed into the plant, 9 to 14% remained in the form of the parent compound in tomato compared with 25 to 26% in eggplant at 48 HAT. These results indicate that grafting did not affect absorption, translocation, and metabolism of POST halosulfuron in tomato and eggplant.
Playing with Water: Humans Are Altering Risk of Nuisance Floods
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2017

New research suggests that excessive groundwater usage and damming have changed the natural risk of nuisance floods, for better or worse, in eastern U.S. coastal cities.
Reply to ‘Climate of doubt: a re-evaluation of Büntgen and Di Cosmo’s environmental hypothesis for the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary, 1242 CE’
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Cosmo Nicola Di
Published: September 2017

In our 2016 article in Scientific Reports, we advanced a new hypothesis for the Mongol withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 CE, based on a joint analysis of climatic, environmental, and historical data. The re-evaluation now offered by Pinke et al. casts doubt on this hypothesis. However, their arguments are based on a level of generality that fails to appreciate the specific conditions of the Mongol invasion, do not offer new or different climatic data, and are supported by anachronistic production data and environmental information, which cannot be related to the period in question. While we acknowledge the importance of an open debate, we stand by our conclusions.
The lncRNA BORG Drives Breast Cancer Metastasis and Disease Recurrence
Authors: Gooding Alex J. , Zhang Bing , Jahanbani Fereshteh Kenari , Gilmore Hannah L. , Chang Jenny C. , Valadkhan Saba , Schiemann William P.
Published: September 2017

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potent regulators of breast cancer development and progression, including the metastatic spread of disease. Through in silico and biological analyses, we identified a novel lncRNA, BMP/OP-Responsive Gene (BORG), whose expression directly correlates with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes, as well as with metastatic competence and disease recurrence in multiple clinical cohorts. Mechanistically, BORG elicits the metastatic outgrowth of latent breast cancer cells by promoting the localization and transcriptional repressive activity of TRIM28, which binds BORG and induces substantial alterations in carcinoma proliferation and survival. Moreover, inhibiting BORG expression in metastatic breast cancer cells impedes their metastatic colonization of the lungs of mice, implying that BORG acts as a novel driver of the genetic and epigenetic alterations that underlie the acquisition of metastatic and recurrent phenotypes by breast cancer cells.
Sequence analysis of feline immunoglobulin mRNAs and the development of a felinized monoclonal antibody specific to feline panleukopenia virus
Authors: Lu Zhengchun , Tallmadge Rebecca L. , Callaway Heather M. , Felippe M. Julia B. , Parker John S. L.
Published: September 2017

In response to immunization, B-cells generate a repertoire of antigen-specific antibodies. Antibody-based immunotherapies hold great promise for treating a variety of diseases in humans. Application of antibody-based immunotherapy in cats is limited by the lack of species-specific complete sequences for mRNAs encoding rearranged heavy and light chain immunoglobulins in B cells. To address this barrier, we isolated mRNAs from feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and used available immunoglobulin sequences and 5′ and 3′ RACE to clone and sequence heavy and light chain immunoglobulin mRNAs. We recovered mRNA from PBMCs from two cats, cloned and sequenced the variable and constant domains of the feline heavy chains of IgG1a (IGHG1a), IgG2 (IGHG2), and IgA (IGHA), and the light chains (lambda and kappa). Using these sequences, we prepared two bicistronic vectors for mammalian expression of a representative feline heavy (IGHG1a) together with a light (lambda or kappa) chain. Here we report novel feline Ig sequences, a technique to express antigen-specific felinized monoclonal antibodies, and the initial characterization of a functional felinized monoclonal antibody against feline panleukopenia virus.
One-Pot Synthesis of Polypyrazoles by Click Reactions
Authors: Wang Shasha , Cheng Bin
Published: September 2017

Abastract

We developed an efficient one-pot metal-free click polymerization procedure for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted polypyrazoles with high yields, high molecular weights, and narrow molecular weight distribution. The method involved two click reactions in a one-pot synthesis. The first reaction was the carbonyl chemistry of “non-aldol” type (condensation reaction of aldehydes with p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide), and the second was a click polymerization reaction of diazo compounds with alkynes. The reactions occurred sequentially by adding the reactants step by step. The diazo compound needed for the second click reaction was generated in situ by the first click reaction. The structures of the polypyrazoles were characterized by IR and 1H NMR analyses. And their thermal properties and solubility were also tested.
Characterization of a putative Plasmodium falciparum SAC1 phosphoinositide-phosphatase homologue potentially required for survival during the asexual erythrocytic stages
Authors: Thériault Catherine , Richard Dave
Published: September 2017

Despite marked reductions in morbidity and mortality in the last ten years, malaria still takes a tremendous toll on human populations throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The absence of an effective vaccine and resistance to most antimalarial drugs available demonstrate the urgent need for new intervention strategies. Phosphoinositides are a class of lipids with critical roles in numerous processes and their specific subcellular distribution, generated through the action of kinases and phosphatases, define organelle identity in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have highlighted important functions of phosphoinositide kinases in several parts of the Plasmodium lifecycle such as hemoglobin endocytosis and cytokinesis during the erythrocytic stage however, nothing is known with regards to the parasite’s putative phosphoinositide phosphatases. We present the identification and initial characterization of a putative homologue of the SAC1 phosphoinositide phosphatase family. Our results show that the protein is expressed throughout the asexual blood stages and that it localises to the endoplasmic reticulum and potentially to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, conditional knockdown and knockout studies suggest that a minimal amount of the protein are likely required for survival during the erythrocytic cycle.
Oxidant-free synthesis of benzimidazoles from alcohols and aromatic diamines catalysed by new Ru(ii)-PNS(O) pincer complexes
Authors: Luo Qi , Dai Zengjin , Cong Hengjiang , Li Renjie , Peng Tianyou , Zhang Jing
Published: September 2017

A greener method for synthesizing 2-substituted benzimidazole through the acceptorless dehydrogenative condensation of alcohols and ortho-arylenediamine is developed.
Assembly of high-symmetry silver(i) alkyl-1,3-diynyl cluster complexes via core transformation
Authors: Hau Sam C. K. , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: September 2017

Supramolecular precursors [(R–CC–CC)Ag]4(PPh3)4 (R = iPr and chx) are employed to construct three iso-structural silver(i) alkyl-1,3-diynyl cluster complexes that bear the same novel trigonal bipyramidal Ag5 core.
Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of new cyclometallated platinum(iv) iodido complexes
Authors: Bauer Emma , Domingo Xavier , Balcells Cristina , Polat Ibrahim H. , Crespo Margarita , Quirante Josefina , Badía Josefa , Baldomà Laura , Font-Bardia Mercè , Cascante Marta
Published: September 2017

Six novel cyclometallated platinum(iv) iodido complexes are prepared and their cytotoxic activity against a panel of human adenocarcinoma is reported.
Decision‐aided Jacobi iteration for signal detection in massive MIMO systems
Authors: Lee Yinman
Published: September 2017

Massive MIMO with high spectral efficiency is one of the key technologies for future 5G wireless communications. For signal detection in such systems, a decision‐aided Jacobi (DA‐Jacobi) iteration is proposed, which can improve the convergence speed as compared with the conventional Jacobi iteration for calculating the result of the linear minimum mean‐squared error (MMSE) detection, and, at the same time, can come with lower computational complexity. Simulation results confirm these advantages and demonstrate that the error‐rate performance of the proposed DA‐Jacobi iteration can be even better than that of the exact linear MMSE detection.
New double V‐groove plasmonic waveguide for electro‐optic modulator
Authors: Salehi Mohsen , Granpayeh Nosrat
Published: September 2017

In this study, a novel plasmonic waveguide structure consisting of two mutually positioned V‐grooves for using as an electro‐optic phase modulator has been designed. The key challenge in designing an active plasmonic channel is that the bias field distribution should properly overlap the plasmonic field distribution. The active performance of the waveguide structure has been studied in a single electro‐optic phase modulator and also in an all‐plasmonic Mach–Zehnder structure. A new plasmonic splitter has been also proposed and analysed for using in the Mach–Zehnder structure. A high overlapping of bias field and plasmonic field along with low loss of 0.22 dB/µm, low value of Uπ Lπ  = 0.1 V mm, high bandwidth and high extinction ratio of 32 dB has been achieved simultaneously through the authors' new proposed plasmonic waveguide structure.
Integrated signature and recommendation‐based trust evaluation protocol for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kaur Supreet , Mahajan Rajiv
Published: September 2017

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network containing of spatially distributed autonomous nodes utilising sensors to evaluate the physical or environmental circumstances. In several critical applications, an external user can directly monitor the real‐time information from sensor nodes. In this case, before providing access, authenticity of the user is required to be proved by a suitable technique. Thus, in critical WSNs based real‐time applications, authenticity of the users are very significant. Till now, many techniques have been developed to design a secure protocol for WSNs, to prevent unauthorised access. However, these techniques are vulnerable to wormhole attacks, which happen due to lesser synchronisation among the sensor nodes. Therefore, to handle this problem, an integrated modified‐signature and recommendation‐based trust evaluation protocol for WSNs is proposed. The extensive experiments have shown that the proposed technique outperforms over the available approaches.
Bar quenching in gas-rich galaxies
Authors: Khoperskov S. , Haywood M. , Di Matteo P. , Lehnert M. D. , Combes F.
Published: September 2017

Galaxy surveys have suggested that rapid and sustained decrease in the star-formation rate (SFR), “quenching”, in massive disk galaxies is frequently related to the presence of a bar. Optical and near-IR observations reveal that nearly 60% of disk galaxies in the local universe are barred, thus it is important to understand the relationship between bars and star formation in disk galaxies. Recent observational results imply that the Milky Way quenched about 9–10 Gyr ago, at the transition between the cessation of the growth of the kinematically hot, old, metal-poor thick disk and the kinematically colder, younger, and more metal-rich thin disk. Although perhaps coincidental, the quenching episode could also be related to the formation of the bar. Indeed the transfer of energy from the large-scale shear induced by the bar to increasing turbulent energy could stabilize the gaseous disk against wide-spread star formation and quench the galaxy. To explore the relation between bar formation and star formation in gas rich galaxies quantitatively, we simulated gas-rich disk isolated galaxies. Our simulations include prescriptions for star formation, stellar feedback, and for regulating the multi-phase interstellar medium. We find that the action of stellar bar efficiently quenches star formation, reducing the star-formation rate by a factor of ten in less than 1 Gyr. Analytical and self-consistent galaxy simulations with bars suggest that the action of the stellar bar increases the gas random motions within the co-rotation radius of the bar. Indeed, we detect an increase in the gas velocity dispersion up to 20−35 km s-1 at the end of the bar formation phase. The star-formation efficiency decreases rapidly, and in all of our models, the bar quenches the star formation in the galaxy. The star-formation efficiency is much lower in simulated barred compared to unbarred galaxies and more rapid bar formation implies more rapid quenching.
The thermal emission of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects at millimeter wavelengths from ALMA observations
Authors: Lellouch E. , Moreno R. , Müller T. , Fornasier S. , Santos-Sanz P. , Moullet A. , Gurwell M. , Stansberry J. , Leiva R. , Sicardy B. , Butler B. , Boissier J.
Published: September 2017

The sensitivity of ALMA makes it possible to detect thermal mm/submm emission from small and/or distant solar system bodies at the sub-mJy level. While the measured fluxes are primarily sensitive to the objects’ diameters, deriving precise sizes is somewhat hampered by the uncertain effective emissivity at these wavelengths. Following recent work presenting ALMA data for four trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with satellites, we report on ALMA 233 GHz (1.29 mm) flux measurements of four Centaurs (2002 GZ32, Bienor, Chiron, Chariklo) and two other TNOs (Huya and Makemake), sampling a range of sizes, albedos, and compositions. These thermal fluxes are combined with previously published fluxes in the mid/far infrared in order to derive their relative emissivity at radio (mm/submm) wavelengths, using the Near Earth Asteroid Standard Model (NEATM) and thermophysical models. We reassess earlier thermal measurements of these and other objects – including Pluto/Charon and Varuna – exploring, in particular, effects due to non-spherical shape and varying apparent pole orientation whenever information is available, and show that these effects can be key for reconciling previous diameter determinations and correctly estimating the spectral emissivities. We also evaluate the possible contribution to thermal fluxes of established (Chariklo) or claimed (Chiron) ring systems. For Chariklo, the rings do not impact the diameter determinations by more than ~5%; for Chiron, invoking a ring system does not help in improving the consistency between the numerous past size measurements. As a general conclusion, all the objects, except Makemake, have radio emissivities significantly lower than unity. Although the emissivity values show diversity, we do not find any significant trend with physical parameters such as diameter, composition, beaming factor, albedo, or color, but we suggest that the emissivity could be correlated with grain size. The mean relative radio emissivity is found to be 0.70 ± 0.13, a value that we recommend for the analysis of further mm/submm data.
Large time step HLL and HLLC schemes
Authors: Prebeg Marin , Flåtten Tore , Müller Bernhard
Published: September 2017

We present Large Time Step (LTS) extensions of the Harten-Lax-van Leer (HLL) and Harten-Lax-van Leer-Contact (HLLC) schemes. Herein, LTS denotes a class of explicit methods stable for Courant numbers greater than one. The original LTS method (R.J. LeVeque, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 22 (1985) 1051–1073) was constructed as an extension of the Godunov scheme, and successive versions have been developed in the framework of Roe's approximate Riemann solver. In this paper, we formulate the LTS extension of the HLL and HLLC schemes in conservation form. We provide explicit expressions for the flux-difference splitting coefficients and the numerical viscosity coefficients of the LTS-HLL scheme. We apply the new schemes to the one-dimensional Euler equations and compare them to their non-LTS counterparts. As test cases, we consider the classical Sod shock tube problem and the Woodward-Colella blast-wave problem. We numerically demonstrate that for the right choice of wave velocity estimates both schemes calculate entropy satisfying solutions.
A Comparison of the Double-Half Bilobe Flap to the Traditional Bilobe Flap: Cohort Analysis of a Single Surgeon Experience
Authors: Baird Brandon , Moubayed Sami , Most Sam
Published: September 2017

The double-half bilobe flap was initially described by the senior author (S.P.M.) in 2012 to address defects of the midline nasal tip typically after ablative carcinoma resection. It is a unique reconstructive option for the nasal tip, as it does not depend on a unilateral tissue advancement vector, instead using bilateral and opposing vectors to maintain symmetry. In this retrospective cohort series, we evaluated patient- and physician-derived outcomes and baseline characteristics from a group of 17 patients that underwent reconstruction with the double-half bilobe flap. A control group of 65 patients that underwent traditional bilobe reconstruction for defects of one nasal subunit (tip, side wall, or dorsum) was used for comparison. Outcome measures included infection, symmetry, pin-cushioning, scarring, reoperation, and adjunct procedures. Also, patient satisfaction was evaluated by using frequency of follow-up as a surrogate for patient discontentment with aesthetic outcome. The double-half bilobe flap provides improved symmetry and otherwise similar overall outcomes compared with the traditional bilobe flap, and should be considered as a primary option for the reconstruction of midline nasal tip defects less than 15 mm in diameter.
The Facial Soft Tissue Effects of Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Lloyd Timothy , East Charles , Naini Farhad , Gill Daljit
Published: September 2017

Orthognathic surgery is undertaken to correct anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse anomalies of the maxilla and mandible. Surgery has significant effects on the overlying soft tissue envelope. Some of these effects are beneficial while others may be detrimental to facial aesthetics. This review aims to update the reader on what soft tissue changes occur following orthognathic surgery to the mandible and maxilla. It is important to anticipate the detrimental effects of orthognathic surgery as this will allow the patient to be warned about them before treatment and in some cases, adjunctive procedures may be planned to limit the unwanted changes.
An Alternative Technique of Coronary Button Implantation in Patients Undergoing Modified Bentall's Procedure
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal , Rao Keerthi , Narang Rajiv , Kapoor Poonam , Choudhury Minati , Choudhury Arindam , Ramakrishnan Pradeep
Published: September 2017

We present two modifications of the “button technique” and proximal aortic conduit suturing for patients undergoing modified Bentall's procedure. We interposed a glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardial strip between the graft and native coronary ostia during coronary ostial implantation and placed interrupted aortic annular pledgeted mattress sutures to ensure perfect hemostasis at the suture lines.
Quality of Life—Changes after Rhinoplasty
Authors: Niehaus Richard , Kovacs Lazlo , Machens Hans-Günther , Herschbach Peter , Papadopulos Nikolaos
Published: September 2017

Our study group has researched for >10 years in the field of Quality of Life after plastic, aesthetic, and reconstructive surgery, asking the following questions: “Does aesthetic surgery improve the Quality of Life?” and “Can a higher Quality of Life offset the risk of surgical procedures.” As part of our series of studies examining the correlation of cosmetic surgery and the postoperative well-being, this study examines the influence of rhinoplasty, as a single indication, specifically on the Quality of Life (QoL) of patients. The data of 90 patients who underwent rhinoplasty between 1997 and 2007 were prospectively collected and were retrospectively analyzed. For a competitive analysis, our evaluation was divided into the following five parts: a self-developed indication-specific questionnaire and the standardized instruments Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), Questions on Life SatisfactionModules (FLZM), Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI-R), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSES). Numerous improvements in patients' QoL were observed. The result of the GBI (17.19) based on a scale –100 to 100 indicates an improved QoL after rhinoplasty. Significant improvements in the item relationship/sexuality were shown in the general part of the FLZM (p = 0.042). The average score (6.32) on a scale of 0 to 14 in the FPI-R questionnaire resulted in a common emotionality and self-assessment, while the RSES (33.64) on a scale 10 to 40 indicated a high self-confidence and a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.0001) compared with German norm data. The knowledge of positive social and psychological benefits and an improved sexuality in the partnership support the meaningfulness of rhinoplasty.
A novel ability of endocytoscopy to diagnose histological grade of differentiation in T1 colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Sako Tomoya , Kudo Shin-ei , Miyachi Hideyuki , Wakamura Kunihiko , Igarashi Kenta , Misawa Masashi , Mori Yuichi , Kudo Toyoki , Hayashi Takemasa , Katagiri Atsushi , Ishida Fumio , Azuma Takeshi , Inoue Haruhiro , Hamatani Shigeharu
Published: September 2017

Background and study aims Endocytoscopic images closely resemble histopathology. We assessed whether endocytoscopy could be used to determine T1 colorectal cancer histological grade.

Patients and methods Endocytoscopic images of 161 lesions were divided into three types: tubular gland lumens, unclear gland lumens, and fused gland formations on endocytoscopy (FGFE). We retrospectively compared endocytoscopic findings with histological grade in the resected specimen superficial layer, and examined the incidence of risk factors for lymph node metastasis.

Results Of the 118 eligible lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio of tubular or unclear gland lumens to identify well-differentiated adenocarcinomas were 91.0 %, 93.1 %, 91.5 %, 77.1 %, and 13.20, respectively. To identify moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas for FGFE, these values were 93.1 %, 91.0 %, 91.5 %, 97.6 %, and 10.36, respectively. In the 35 lesions with FGFE, the rates of massive invasion, lymphovascular infiltration, and tumor budding were 97.1 %, 60.0 %, and 37.1 %, respectively.

Conclusions Endocytoscopy could be used to diagnose T1 colorectal cancer histological grade, and FGFE was a marker for recommending surgery.
Morin Pretreatment Attenuates Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Experimental Animal Models
Authors: Ben-Azu Benneth , Aderibigbe Adegbuyi , Omogbiya Itivere , Ajayi Abayomi , Iwalewa Ezekiel
Published: September 2017

Objectives Morin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that flavones modulate neurotransmission through enhancement of gamma amino butyric acid activity in the central nervous system; which led to the hypothesis that they could exert tranquilizing effects in rodents. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of morin on experimental animal models.

Methods The antipsychotic effect of morin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was assessed on novelty-induced locomotion, apomorphine-induced stereotypy, ketamine-induced stereotypy, ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test (FST). Catalepsy and rota rod tests were also carried out to evaluate the extrapyramidal side effects of morin.

Results Morin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatments significantly (p<0.05) demonstrated anti-schizophrenia-like behavior by inhibiting ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Moreover, morin (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p<0.05) reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. Also, morin suppressed apomorphine-induced stereotypy and ketamine-induced stereotypy. The increase in immobility in FST due to ketamine administration was reduced by morin in a significant dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antipsychotic activity of morin was not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, as evidenced by decreased decent latency and increased motoric coordination and performance in mice.

Conclusion The results of the study revealed that morin demonstrated antipsychotic-like property devoid of extrapyramidal side effects in experimental animal models and may be beneficial in the treatment of schizophrenia-like behaviors; particularly in patients with behavioral hyperactivity and negative symptoms.
Reading for translation
Authors: Schaeffer Moritz , Paterson Kevin B. , McGowan Victoria A. , White Sarah J. , Malmkjær Kirsten
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes an eye tracking study which compared eye movements during reading for comprehension with reading for translation. In addition, the number of target words likely to be used for the translation of a single source word was manipulated. Results showed large significant task effect on Total Reading Time, Average Fixation Duration, Fixation Count, Regression Count and Progressive Saccade Amplitude and the manipulation had a 23ms effect on first fixation durations. This is the first eye tracking study which charts the time course of the effect of translation on source text reading in detail. The results are interpreted in terms of co-activation of the two linguistic systems during translation, in line with previous studies which used different methods.
The effects of exposure on awareness and discrimination of regional accents by five- and six year old children
Authors: Beck Erica
Published: September 2017

This study compares bi-dialectal and mono-dialectal five-and six-year-old children’s sociolinguistic awareness and ability to discriminate regional accents in their native language. Children who regularly hear multiple regional varieties in their input are expected to have better awareness and discrimination accuracy. The children participated in two tasks: an awareness task, assessing their knowledge of regional variation, and a similarity judgment task, assessing their ability to discriminate between speakers based on accents. Results show that both groups reliably discriminate between regional accents, and can identify a local regional accent. However, no advantage is found for either group of participants on either task. The effects of exposure to regional phonological variation on perception and awareness are discussed in light of these findings.
Acquiring attitudes towards varieties of Dutch
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther , Toye Jolien
Published: September 2017

Even though adolescence is well-known to be a key period for the acquisition of vernacular varieties, there seems to be little research on how attitudes change during adolescence. In addition, most sociolinguistic studies on adolescent language hardly discuss developmental factors. This study tries to mend these gaps in our knowledge, by investigating how attitudes towards a number of varieties of Dutch change in Flemish children between 8 and 18 years of age. Adolescence is shown to be a period in which attitudes further emerge and change considerably. The youngest children in our sample do seem to recognize Standard Dutch as a model for their own speech, and are thus competent to distinguish between different varieties of Dutch, but they hardly attribute any non-linguistic significance to language variation. As children grow older, they realize that there is a correlation between language variation and societal prestige. In addition, they become more sensitive to the ‘covert prestige’ of, especially, the local variety, which is increasingly evaluated as indexing integrity and as a means towards social and/or in-group success. Significant parallels are revealed between sociolinguistic and psychosocial development, including 11–12-year-olds’ tendency to think in terms of ‘perceived popularity’ (Cillessen and Rose 2005), and the peak around the age of 16 in conventional and social-clique dominated reasoning about friendship (Turiel 1983; Horn 2003).
What is the target variety?
Authors: Ender Andrea
Published: September 2017

The coexistence of dialect and standard varieties is a challenge for adult learners of German as a second language in the Swiss context. This paper presents data from three individuals showing how they handle the two varieties in their second language system. The insights gathered on their use of dialect and/or standard in free speech and in elicited language tasks illustrate that these second language users differ substantially in the respective extent of incorporation of dialect and standard into their second language system (showing more use of standard, of dialect, or a high amount of mixing). The three individuals thereby serve as examples of the possible range of how second language learners deal with variation depending on their social experiences, their social expectations about the surrounding linguistic community, and their intended position within it. The results also reveal that even though acquisition of variation is generally intricate, some variant forms, such as relative clause markers, are more complex and used with less ease than others.
The relationship between segregation and participation in ethnolectal variants
Authors: Farrington Charlie , Renn Jennifer , Kohn Mary
Published: September 2017

The social structure provided by schools may play a significant role in shaping the speech of youth by fostering contact between distinct varieties (Britain 1997; Trudgill 1998). This analysis uses data from a longitudinal study of language and literacy development to explore the role of school demographics in determining trajectories of dialect patterns among African American school children in central North Carolina. Results identify distinct relationships between phonetic and morphosyntactic subsystems and school demographics. These results have implications for educational and policy issues related to the U.S. academic achievement gap and point to the need for further research on factors that influence the language of young speakers.
Socializing language choices
Authors: Ghimenton Anna
Published: September 2017

A child’s family network helps scaffold his/her language acquisition, transmitting style and variation through language choice and usage. By way of this knowledge, the child becomes a competent speaker in his/her community. We conducted a case study in Veneto (Italy), where children grow up in contact with both the regional language, Veneto, and Italian, the official national language. Adopting a (psycho)sociolinguistic approach to our corpora, we observed the language production of a young boy, Francesco (25 months) as he participated in multiparty interactions with his nuclear (his parents) and extended family members (his grandparents and one aunt). All utterances were transcribed and assigned to a category: Veneto, Italian, or mixed. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the child’s utterances and those produced by his interlocutors. The overall results show that (1) adults prefer using Italian in their child-addressed speech, (2) Francesco uses mainly Italian, and (3) lexical choices made during multiparty interactions showed that Francesco’s Veneto production was greater when he was interacting with speakers who use more Veneto. The qualitative analyses focus on the adults’ different recasts of vocalic elements produced by Francesco in the determiner slot. We discuss how variation might guide the process of language socialization.
Developmental sociolinguistics and the acquisition of T-glottalling by immigrant teenagers in London
Authors: Schleef Erik
Published: September 2017

This study examines the acquisition of T-glottalling among teenage migrants in London. Results show that constraint hierarchies based on native input begin to be approached after two years in England. Initially, variation is completely reallocated; however, as teenagers spend more time in England, constraints are becoming increasingly similar to those of native speakers. While some constraints are replicated completely, there is also evidence that, even after three years in the country, some are altered, some are rejected, and some are re-interpreted, resulting in new constraints. Three tentative generalisations are made, relating to the order of constraint acquisition, constraint complexity and the role of grammatical category and word frequency as interpretative frameworks. In addition, the progression of constraint acquisition interacts with the increasing use of (t) as a stylistic resource, which allows teenagers to express identities based on the variation in (t) and other linguistic features. While style (as in attention paid to speech) does not appear until after three years in England in this study, qualitative analysis of interview data reveals that (t) is already available for stylistic work and experimentation after two years in England.
Sport expertise in perception–action coupling revealed in a visuomotor tracking task
Authors: Mallek Maroua , Benguigui Nicolas , Dicks Matt , Thouvarecq Regis
Published: September 2017

We compared the visuomotor coordination of tennis players with different levels of expertise (Super‐Experts, Experts and Non‐Experts) in a visuomotor tracking (VMT) task. Participants were asked to track a moving target which could rebound on the sides of a 2D screen. Results indicated that the VMT task allowed the discrimination of expertise. Multiple regression analysis revealed that performance could be explained by the temporal adaptation of participants to rebounds and the number of movement adaptations. Compared to Non‐Experts, the Experts had a shorter perturbation time with higher adaptation and regulation. This corresponds to a better perception–action coupling and the predominant use of a prospective control process. Results also indicate that perception–action coupling capacities are transferable to virtual tasks, and allow us to reveal processes of visuomotor coordination that differentiate experts and novices.
Self-Care for the Body, Mind, and Spirit
Authors: Yang Jingduan , Monti Daniel A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter details the tradition of ancient Chinese medicine that puts self-care for disease prevention and health promotion first and advocates the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle while keeping in mind sensitivities to the seasonal and environmental energies. It discusses the essential components of lifestyle, including sleep, diet, exercise, sex, meditation, and life cultivation, that address the health of the mind, body, and spirit. It emphasizes energetic circadian times of the day and seasons of the year in relation to the management of health. This book also uniquely introduces the ancient concept of Xiu Liang, or cultivating one’s life for health, and an example of its modern practice.
Tropical Medicine Notebook
Authors: Matthews Philippa C.
Published: September 2017

The Tropical Medicine Notebook provides a concise overview of the key topics in tropical medicine using short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables. The book is divided into eight sections. The first five cover infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. The following three present the topics of vector biology, disease syndromes, and envenomation. A final section listing relevant guidelines, publications, and other resources guides the reader to more detailed information when required.
Writing up a research study
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 describes the steps required to write up the conduct and findings of a research study using the conventional format: abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion. It discusses writing for different audiences such as for a conference abstract, or for a short report or research letter.
Introduction to presenting statistical analyses
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 5 discusses presenting statistical analyses, and covers numerical data, results section, describing the results, assessing non-response bias, presenting results for different media, and drawing up subject profiles, graphs and tables, and categorical and continuous data. It shows how to present data that have been transformed for analysis. It contains helpful tips and information about reporting descriptive data clearly. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Multifactorial analyses
Authors: Peacock Janet L. , Kerry Sally M. , Balise Raymond R.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 10 covers multifactorial analyses, including one-way analysis of variance and what is meant by reference categories, multiple regression, and logistic regression. The chapter describes how to present both unadjusted and adjusted estimates. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
Revision Notes for the FRCEM Intermediate SAQ Paper
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

The Intermediate FRCEM SAQ revision book is the only book currently available for candidates preparing for the examination. This book is fully updated to reflect the new 2016 Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) syllabus and exam format and is arranged according to the curriculum to aid revision. It contains a chapter on exam tips, which focuses on new exam layout, as well as providing tips for preparing and sitting the exam. The book is subdivided into different sections based on the curriculum to aid revision. For example, there are chapters on resuscitation, trauma, and paediatrics, as well as system-based chapters. Every chapter contains two SAQs with explanations and further reading to maximize preparation for the challenges of this new exam. Its layout in bullet point structure is perfect for revision and each chapter has sample SAQ questions to consolidate knowledge. Each chapter relates to current national guidance in conjunction with the RCEM curriculum.
Surgical sub-specialties
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

The surgical sub-specialties can may be an area of concern for emergency medicine trainee due to a lack of previous training and exposure for such problems, however they are commonly assessed in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper. This chapter covers ear, nose, and throat (ENT)-related problems such as epistaxis, throat infections, and ear infections. As well as useful section on vertigo, specifically on differentiating between central and peripheral causes which may appear in the SAQ paper. This chapter also covers common eye emergencies and focuses on the assessment of the red eye, as well as dental emergencies, which can easily be assessed in the SAQ paper.
Endocrine emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

The endocrine system encompasses a large variety of medical problems. This chapter covers the common causes relevant to the emergency department in line with the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum. It covers a section on the management of diabetic patients, including the differentiation between type one and type two diabetes and the associated complications and management. Included in this chapter is the diagnosis and management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS). In addition, the key aspects of adrenocortical deficiency in terms of identifying and managing an individual with an acute Addison’s crisis as well as conditions associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, are also included. Thyroid disorders are also included, as well as the pathophysiology of electrolyte disturbances such as calcium and sodium, which commonly appear in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper.
Infectious diseases
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Infectious diseases is a large topic; however, the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum focuses on the key areas which this chapter covers. One of the most important areas in emergency medicine is sepsis and its early recognition. The management of sepsis is currently changing in line with current research. This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of the diagnosis and management of sepsis, with particular respect to early goal-directed therapy and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, knowledge of which is required for the Intermediate Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine short-answer question (FRCEM SAQ) paper. In addition, this chapter also covers the pathophysiology and management of fever, as well as neutropenic sepsis and central nervous system infections. This chapter also covers the public health aspect of infections, as well as the management of needlestick injuries.
Dermatology
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

Dermatology encompasses a large number of conditions including both primary skin diseases as well as multisystem disease. This chapter covers the pertinent areas of dermatology required for the Intermediate FRCEM examination. It is highly possible that skin conditions could appear in the short-answer question (SAQ) paper and therefore this chapter provides candidates with the tools to describe a rash in terms of nomenclature as well as constructing a differential diagnosis and management plan. This chapter covers the common life-threatening rashes such as Steven-Johnson syndrome, as well as rashes associated with multisystem disease such as erythema nodosum and primary skin conditions.
Paediatric emergencies
Authors: Banerjee Ashis , Oliver Clara
Published: September 2017

This chapter relates to the paediatric Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and follows a symptom-based approach. It is divided into the major and acute paediatric presentations highlighted in the curriculum. Although there is certain overlap between the adult and paediatric curriculum, this chapter focuses on the differences in management of adults and children. Specific sections in this chapter include advanced paediatric life support, management of the shocked child, as well as paediatric trauma. In addition to being specifically focused on the paediatric population, this chapter also covers apparent life-threatening events, neonatal presentations, the floppy child, and concerning presentations.
Disciplinary infractions and restricted housing
Authors: Perrien Mary , O’Keefe Maureen L.
Published: September 2017

Misbehavior occurs within jails and prisons. It is generally handled by a formal disciplinary process. Symptoms and impairments associated with mental illness may play a role in such misbehaviour. One of the many concerns in correctional settings is the use of restricted housing units. Segregation units function as the prison within a prison. Designed for the dangerous and violent offender who cannot be managed safely within the general prison environment, segregation is characterized by single-cell confinement, with minimum time out of cell for showers and exercise (e.g., 5 hours per week). Other features include highly restricted movement, limited contact with others, and few privileges and services. Segregation has been criticized as an inhumane practice due to the degree of social isolation. Specifically, the lack of treatment, programs, and activities to engage the mind; restricted personal contact; lack of control over light and sound; lack of windows; and little or no access to the outdoors are considered to be more extreme than is required for the safe operation of prisons. The most significant issue is whether prisoners are able to psychologically adapt to the austere conditions for long periods, particularly those with mental illness. Because mentally ill inmates may be more prone to rule infractions due to manifestation of their illness, they are more likely to be segregated unless specific rules prohibit their placement. This chapter reviews segregation practices, the data on the potential impact of segregated housing on mental illness, and the role of psychiatry in the disciplinary process.
Detoxification or supervised withdrawal
Authors: Lubelczyk Rebecca
Published: September 2017

Drugs or alcohol are used at the time of the offense by over half of all detainees, necessitating screening for both intoxication and risk of withdrawal from substances at intake. Intoxication and withdrawal can mimic signs and symptoms of an acute mental disorder or exacerbate an underlying chronic disease. One of the most difficult challenges a clinician may face is differentiating whether the presentation is due to a combination of intoxication/withdrawal and mental illness versus mental illness alone. Using substances while on psychiatric medications can alter the pharmacology, change the effectiveness, and exacerbate the side effects of medications, potentially causing lack of response, nonadherence, or dangerous physical effects. Substance use also puts the patient at risk for trauma and exposure to infections from risky behaviors while intoxicated. The clinician faces an imposing challenge in any attempt to accurately assess underlying psychopathology in the midst of acute detoxification. It is a generally accepted practice to reassess the patient’s psychotropic treatment needs once their detoxification is complete, but individual cases may require acute intervention based on the severity of the patient’s mental illness. This chapter attempts to educate the correctional clinician on the common presentations of intoxication and withdrawal syndromes of various substances. The similarities and distinctions of such syndromes with mental illnesses are discussed. Standardized medical management approaches to safeguard patient safety during supervised withdrawal are also presented. Following such a process allows the clinician to subsequently assess the patient’s true mental health and substance abuse treatment needs.