bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Francis Suarez
Authors: Rommen Heinrick
Published: August 2009

This year the scholarly world celebrates the four hundredth birthday of Francis Suarez, perhaps the brightest star in the scholarly heavens of Spain's Siglo de Oro and the greatest master of the second flowering of Scholasticism, a flowering which began with the works of Francis de Vittoria. Suarez' life is that of the teacher, the prodigious writer, and of the religious, devoted to students, to study, and to the religious life as a member of the then still young Societas Jesu. In contradistinction to Saint Robert Bellarmine, he published only a few controversial books in the theological and political disputes of his time. His reputation was established by his exhaustive, systematic representation of the Philosophia Perennls and of Theology.
Voegelin's Response to the Disorder of the Age
Authors: Walsh David
Published: August 2009

The work of Eric Voegelin is primarily to be understood in relation to the problems created by the modern civilizational disorder. They are the problems that not only motivated his original search for order in man, society and history, but also determine the new directions in which his inquiry continues to move. This essay first traces the principal stages through which his thought acquired progressively more adequate instruments for a theoretical penetration of the nature of the modern disorder. Second, it examines the alternative vision of order that has correlatively emerged as the appropriate remedy in the course of this diagnostic analysis. Finally, it attempts a critical evaluation of the efficacy of Voegelin's critique as a response to the simultaneously spiritual, intellectual and political crisis of the age. In particular his reluctance to regard Christianity as the answer to the anxieties at the root of the modern disorder is explored at some length.
Administrative Centralization and Decentralization in the Making and Remaking of Modern Germany
Authors: Gunlicks Arthur B.
Published: August 2009

Centralization and decentralization have been applied in Germany not only to geographical relationships between levels of government and to hierarchical relationships within levels of government but also to hierarchical relationships between levels of government. American-style dual federalism is not a part of the German administrative tradition. Subnational units in Germany have traditionally been responsible for implementing the laws of larger units. With the creation of a German federal state in 1871, the Prussian system became in large part the German system of administration. Today there are five levels of administration in the Federal Republic, and strong parallels can be drawn to the earlier Prussian traditions. In spite of the institutional arrangements for decentralized administration and local self-government, there are complaints about the alleged lack of opportunities for popular participation and overcentralized decision-making. These complaints raise difficult questions concerning the requirements for national standards and equality on the one hand and local citizen demands on the other.
The Ethical Dimensions of Diplomacy
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: August 2009

Ancient traditions have stressed the intervention of the gods and contemporary moralists picture God as being on their side in international conflicts. Pharisaism, Manichaeism and the morality of progress are other distortions of political ethics. The first step in a more profound understanding of the ethical dimension of diplomacy is a clear-eyed view of the good and evil in human nature informed by philosophy and history. However, differences exist among political realists and international lawyers who have examined human nature in these terms. Some emphasize the relevance of ethics for international politics while others question it. Democratic foreign policy poses special problems for those who discuss international morality. Such issues are resolved at least partly within the tradition of practical morality which the article considers in conclusion.
Political Idealism in More's Utopia
Authors: Nendza James
Published: August 2009

While this century has witnessed large-scale attempts to actualize political Utopias, the study of such regimes is as old as political philosophy. The most famous of such imaginary republics is More's Utopia. In the form of a dialogue, Utopia presents the best regime of a philosophic character, Raphael Hythlodaeus. In constructing a regime based on the belief that happiness consists in the acquisition of pleasure, Utopia presents one of the first proposals for political hedonism. While the Utopian understanding of happiness restricts their pursuit of pleasure to those austere pleasures which are natural, their hedonism nevertheless causes problems which require strict political control. More important, an analysis of the text reveals that the Utopian understanding of the requirements of human nature is simplistic. Thus, the proper understanding of the dialogue reveals that More's purpose is not to recommend such radical change but to show the dangers of such idealistic proposals.
From Executive to Legislative Federalism? The Transformation of the Political System in Canada and India
Authors: Verney Douglas V.
Published: August 2009

Canada and India have hybrid systems of government. Both experienced constitutional crises in the 1970's. These crises have usually been treated as sui generis. It is the hypothesis of this article that the crises raise fundamental questions regarding the very nature of such systems, which are based on “parliamentary federalism,” a political system invented in Canada to provide strong central government. This hybrid system combines two classical models: British tradition, based on parliamentary supremacy and conventions, and American principles, which require a written constitution, the separation of powers and judicial review. The two models are contradictory, since parliamentary supremacy and constitutional supremacy are incompatible.
The Ethics of Power in American Diplomacy: The Statecraft of John Quincy Adams
Authors: Lang Daniel G. , Russell Greg
Published: August 2009

The article defends the proposition that the distinctive diplomatic legacy of John Quincy Adams constitutes an important case study documenting the significance of moral reasoning in the statesman's obligation to uphold the national interest in a universal system of power politics. Recourse to political ethics afforded Adams a vantage point from which to evaluate the volatile problem of intervention—viewed in terms of the moral responsibilities and limits of American power—at a crucial turning point in the diplomatic history of the young republic. Important in this connection is how Adams attempted to reconcile the blessings of liberty with the methods and purposes of American diplomacy within and beyond the Western Hemisphere.An attempt is made to evaluate the sources and meaning of statesmanship for Adams who—as perhaps the nation's most experienced diplomat and accomplished Secretary of State—judged the limits and opportunities of American power from a perspective that considered moral precepts and international law as compatible with the prudent pursuit of American national interest in world affairs.
John Locke and the Theological Foundation of Liberal Toleration: A Christian Dialectic of History
Authors: Mitchell Joshua
Published: August 2009

Locke's doctrine of toleration is best understood in the context of his larger argument about the political significance of Christ. Christ, Locke argues, separated the spiritual and political realm. His argument for separating the two realms, his basis for insisting that magistrates be tolerant of religious heterodoxy, is essentially theological. This claim is further developed by exploring Locke's thoughts of theunconcealmentof foundation of moral duty which Christ was purported to have brought about. The bearing thisunconcealmenthas on Locke's thoughts of the necessity of toleration is also explored. Finally, some comparisons between Locke and Hobbes's understanding of the significance of Christ are made, with a view to providing a new theoretical approach to their thought.
On the American Founders' Defense of Liberal Education in a Republic
Authors: Miller Eugene F.
Published: August 2009

An important strand of the republican tradition warns that liberal education harms republics by promoting aristocracy, breeding an idle and skeptical class of philosophers and undermining the civic virtues on which republics depend. The American Founding generation, in its writings on education, rejected this warning and maintained instead that the open cultivation and wide dissemination of liberal learning is favorable to republican government, if not essential to its very existence. The aristocratic tendencies of liberal education would by mitigated by the diffusion of knowledge. Philosophy would show its usefulness by increasing man's power over nature and multiplying the conveniences of life. The republican virtues would be strengthened by the elucidation of their rational ground.
Assessing Congressional Involvement in Foreign Policy: Lessons of the Post-Vietnam Period
Authors: Gregorian Hrach
Published: August 2009

This essay strives to counter conventional wisdom about the alleged secondary role of Congress in foreign policymaking. With the post-Vietnam era serving as the immediate backdrop, certain “lessons” are drawn regarding postwar congressional ascendency, both in terms of procedural manifestations and policy outcomes. A central conclusion is that Congress will always remain an essential component in the decision-making process, becoming involved in substantive policy on a selective basis. Some sixteen variables affecting the degree of involvement and likelihood of success are identified and rank ordered. The entire process of congressional-executive relations in foreign policymaking is ultimately viewed as highly untidy but fairly effective in maintaining some semblance of institutional balance throughout history.
Religious Parents, Secular Schools: A Liberal Defense of an Illiberal Education
Authors: Burtt Shelley
Published: August 2009

How far ought good liberals to go in accommodating parents with religious objections to the public school curriculum? This article argues that liberal democratic ideals are best honored when we allow parents to structure their children's education in ways compatible with their religious beliefs. Both liberal and democratic theorists, as well as a number of recent judicial decisions, are criticized for opposing such accommodation and for arguing their case against religious parents on a distorted characterization of religious parents' goals. An account of religious parents' concerns that avoids privileging a secular worldview is presented and this account is used to argue for the political benefits of a broad “principle of parental deference.” In conclusion, a new account of where public schools ought properly to draw the line, detailing three exceptional cases in which parental religious concerns oughtnotto be accommodated, is offered.
Machiavellianvirtùand Thucydideanaretē: Traditional Virtue and Political Wisdom in Thucydides
Authors: Palmer Michael
Published: August 2009

This article investigates an oft-alleged kinship between the political thought of Machiavelli and Thucydides concerning “virtue.” In the background is the current debate over whether or not Machiavelli initiates “modern” thought with (among other things) a radically new teaching on “virtue.” Machiavellianvirtùis reprised; Thucydidean attributions ofaretē, catalogued; observations proffered. Then Thucydides' assessment of the career of Nicias is discussed; this, to support the contention that when read in their proper contexts, contexts carefully crafted by Thucydides, Thucydidean attributions ofaretēdo not support the apparent kinship between Thucydides and Machiavelli: Thucydides is not a “Machiavellian.”
The Other Happy Life: The Political Dimensions to St. Augustine's Cassiciacum Dialogues
Authors: Foley Michael P.
Published: August 2009

Though they are often overlooked or studied for different reasons, St. Augustine's Cassiciacum dialogues have a subtle yet important political dimension. Much of Augustine's conversation with his interlocutors implicitly hinges on matters concerning political philosophy, as does the very dialogue format Augustine chooses. Yet on the other hand, the focal points of the dialogues are essentially nonpolitical, and some of Augustine's statements can be construed as hostile to civic life and to any thoughtful reflection on the best political order. This essay argues that these apparent inconsistencies are not signs of a contradictory attitude but reveal a three-pronged strategy by Augustine to forge a properly Christian attitude towards political life, a strategy that involves (1) debunking patriotic fervor, (2) inflaming the love of truth, and( 3) re-engaging thecivitasfrom a higher perspective.
“Strange Fire at the Altar of the Lord”: Francis Bacon on Human Nature
Authors: Studer Heidi D.
Published: August 2009

Francis Bacon's pronouncement that “Man is the Center of the World,” the final cause of all nature, seems to unleash us from all guidance and restraint, providing no grounds for judging any human action to be better or worse than any other. The political implications of such a position—combined with Bacon's efforts to advance technological power—are enormous. There would be little support for natural rights or any other kind of “right” except what is based on force. This famous promoter of scientific power, however, was neither oblivious to the danger, nor politically irresponsible, in his assessment of man's position in the cosmos, and his counsel seems closer to classical political philosophy than is normally acknowledged. This essay provides an examination of and detailed commentary on Bacon's argument, as presented in “Prometheus, or the State of Man.” It reveals that Bacon expects us to deal with the problem in terms of properly ranking humans themselves, discarding the notion that all humans are equal. In light of such a ranking we may come to recognize natural standards for evaluating humans and their actions.
J.G. Herder on Language and the Metaphysics of National Community
Authors: Fox Russell Arben
Published: August 2009

The study of national communal feeling is often limited by the reluctance many theorists have to consider the manifest, affective meaning which so many discover and embrace through their nations. The writings of Johann Gottfried Herder suggest a way to theorize about that affectivity without treating it as either incidental to the real nature of national communities, or as a threat to the individuals who inhabit them. Herder's approach is based on language, and involves a metaphysical assumption about the aesthetic operation of human thought and collective belonging. Herder's linking of the history and nature of nation-building with a vision of linguistic revelation through one'sVolkpresents a fairly original take on the question of nationality, one which approaches communal affections with a moral (and ultimately theological) seriousness, but is also flexible enough to recognize (and even anticipate) contemporary critiques of metaphysics which have complicated our traditional assumptions about national identity.
Natural Right and Philosophy
Authors: Umphrey Stewart
Published: August 2009

“The problem inherent in the surface of things, and only in the surface of things, is the heart of things.” So wrote Leo Strauss in his Thoughts on Machiavelli. The sentence may seem to be a passing remark, and yet it states his main hermeneutical principle. On the one hand it articulates the abiding hypothesis that what is first for us, the very looks of things, is somehow first in itself. On the other hand it guides his commentaries on great books, ancient as well as modern. What if we let this principle guide our commentaries on Strauss's own books? Then the heart of Natural Right and History, for example, is arguably the disproportion between what first appears to be his teaching about natural right and what first appears to be his skepticism about the knowability of natural right.
Meier on Strauss and Schmitt
Authors: Shell Susan
Published: August 2009

Heinrich Meier 's careful and illuminating study of the relation between Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss should come as something of a revelation to many* Through a painstaking analysis of the three editions of Schmitt's influential Concept of the Political, Meier uncovers a heretofore largely overlooked “dialogue,” albeit one partly conducted “in absentia.”

As Meier observes Schmitt is one of a relatively small number of contemporaries whose work Strauss publicly reviewed. The first edition of Schmitt's essay appeared in 1927; a second was published in 1932, and it is to this that Strauss's 1932 “Comments” is (openly) addressed. A second was published in 1932. A third edition, published in 1933, presents, on Meier's reading, Schmitt's implicit response. For a variety of reasons, not the least being Schmitt's increasing involvement with the National Socialists, Strauss's role as interlocutor went largely unacknowledged, it being “impossible,” as Strauss would later write, for Schmitt to admit his “dependence on a Jew” (p. 138).
“Law and Customs Thrust Us Bank into Infancy””: Rousseau's Historical Anthropology
Authors: Horowitz Asher
Published: August 2009

The view of Rousseau as a romantic for whom history is a fatal acquisition negating what is most essential and valuable in human nature has been powerfully renewed in many recent interpretations. It remains possible, however, to reinterpret Rousseau's view of history as both the key to the whole of his work and his most important contribution to the tradition of radical political thought. The identification of history with fatality is insufficient and misleading in as much as it misunderstands both the substance and the import of his philosophical anthropology. Rousseau's critique of liberalism and the Enlightenment rests not simply upon an intuitive transcendence of civilized artifice, but upon the first major attempt to construct a historical anthropology which, by undoing the identification of man with bourgeois man, poses the problem of human historicity as a social process entailing increasing alienation and repression.
Christianity, Magnanimity, and Statesmanship
Authors: Holloway Carson
Published: August 2009

This article investigates whether Aristotelian magnanimity is compatible with Christianity. According to Aristotle, this virtue is displayed in claiming and deserving great honors and accompanied by a disdain for others, all of which looks remarkably like the Christian sin of pride. This article argues that in spite of these apparent difficulties Aristotelian magnanimity is compatible with Christian morality, that the deserving Christian may, without prejudice to the virtue of humility, claim great honors, recognize his own superiority, and look down on others. The article concludes with an account of the contemporary political importance of these issues. Responding to scholarship that argues that Christianity's undermining of magnanimity is responsible for modernity's lack of great statesmanship, it is contended on the contrary that in the modern world Christianity alone can make magnanimous statesmanship possible.
Rethinking Secularism (with Raimon Panikkar)
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: August 2009

More than a century after Nietzsche's proclamation of the “death of God,” some recent books speak alarmingly of “the revenge of God” and the prospect of a “new cold war”—a conflict pitting religious “fundamentalists” against agnostic secularists on a worldwide scale. Remembering the cultural struggles of nineteenthcentury Europe, one might say that today Kulturkampfhas been globalized. At this juncture it seems timely to reexamine the meaning of secularism and secularization and their relation to religious faith.
Pluralizing Universal “Man”: The Legacy of Transcendentalism and Teleology in Habermas's Discourse Ethics
Authors: Gaon Stella
Published: August 2009

The central claim of this article is that Habermas's program of discourse ethics fails to “detranscendentalize” the Enlightenment subject. On the contrary, tacit assumptions concerning a transcendental conception of reason and a subject that is teleologically predisposed toward its rightful end are the logical pillars of Habermas's two most crucial claims. First, unless Habermas presupposes an abstract and decidedly unencumbered moral discussant, he cannot maintain his claim concerning the rationality—and hence the unconditionality—of the moral principle he describes. Secondly, unless Habermas begs the question of the proper end of individual and collective development, he fails to support the claim that discourse ethics speaks to the emphatic dimension of moral reason.
Liberal Ideology, An Eternal No; Liberal Institutions, A Temporal Yes? And Further Questions
Authors: Novak Michael
Published: August 2009

Michael Baxter's long review provides an outline of David Schindler's useful first book; concentrates on its treatment of John Courtney Murray; gives a free pass to its lengthy ontological and theological speculations; and calls attention to its impracticality. Like Baxter, I share de Lubac's view of grace and nature (mediated to me by three Jesuits, Henry Bouillard, Juan Alfaro, and Bernard Lonergan), although I draw from it practical applications quite different from those of Schindler and Baxter. Further, I agree with the main thrust of Baxter's criticism: just where one wants to test Schindler's grand hypotheses about how grace ought to work in a “civilization of love,” particularly with regard to politics and economics, Schindler has almost nothing practical to say, and such few gestures as he offers seem lamely indistinguishable from those he criticizes, for example Murray (on the First Amendment) and Richard John Neuhaus (on the public square). His reading of my own work, too, is excessively polemical.
American Human Rights Policy Toward Eastern Europe
Authors: Garrett Stephen A.
Published: August 2009

A number of analyses of American foreign policy suggest that over the course of some two hundred years there have been two distinct themes in the American diplomatic experience. These can be labeled the realist and idealist. At various times first one and then the other appears to have assumed at least a temporary predominance in American thinking and diplomatic activity. The classic statement of the realist approach still remains that which was offered by John Quincy Adams in 1823 in response to pressure on the United States to intervene to assist the Greeks in their war of independence against the Ottoman Turks. “Wherever the flag of freedom may be unfurled,” remarked Adams, the heartfelt sentiments and sympathy of the American people go out to those struggling for freedom. On the other hand, the United States should and could not assume a direct responsibility in such struggles. In Adams' vivid phrase, America “goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy.” The Adamsonian or realist approach to American foreign policy then posits that altruistic or moral concerns are essentially irrelevant to the real objectives of a sound national diplomacy, which are the protection of one's own sovereignty and political and economic well-being. In our external relations, then, the focus ultimately must be on power considerations, the development of our strictly personal national interests.
Der differenzielle Einfluss der Berufsorientierungen auf Berufserfolg und Arbeitsmotivation
Authors: Maier Günter W. , Wastian Monika , Rosenstiel Lutz von
Published: August 2009

In dieser Studie wurde der langfristige Einfluss der Berufsorientierungen (Karriereorientierung, Freizeitorientierung, alternatives Engagement) auf Indikatoren des extrinsischen Berufserfolgs und der Arbeitsmotivation untersucht. Teilnehmer waren 833 Personen mit wirtschafts- bzw. ingenieur-/naturwissenschaftlichem Studienabschluss, die zum ersten Erhebungszeitpunkt (T1) unmittelbar vor ihrem Abschlussexamen standen und beim zweiten Erhebungszeitpunkt (T2) seit 5.6 Jahren berufstätig waren. Zu T1 wurden die Berufsorientierungen, zu T2 der extrinsische Berufserfolg (Gehalt), motivationale Einstellungen (Job Involvement, Identifikation mit der Organisation) und Engagement (Arbeitszeit, Organizational Citizenship Behavior) erhoben. Eine Mehrgruppen-Pfadanalyse bestätigte, dass sich die Berufsorientierungen insgesamt als valide Prädiktoren erwiesen, wobei in der Gruppe der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler die Karriereorientierung deutlich bedeutsamer für die Ausprägung von motivationalen Einstellungen und Engagement war als in der Gruppe der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaftler.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung von Wissensintegrationsproblemen in interdisziplinären Projektteams (WIP)
Authors: Steinheider Brigitte , Bayerl Petra Saskia , Menold Natalja , Bromme Rainer
Published: August 2009

Zur Bearbeitung komplexer Probleme und zur Entwicklung innovativer Produkte in Industrie und Forschung kommen zunehmend interdisziplinäre Projektteams zum Einsatz. Die zum Teil hoch heterogene Zusammensetzung solcher Teams stellt jedoch hohe Anforderungen an alle Beteiligten, die das Erreichen der Projektziele erschweren oder sogar infrage stellen können. Insbesondere die Integration separater Wissensbestände bereitet hier häufig Schwierigkeiten. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir die Entwicklung und Validierung einer Skala zur Erfassung von Problemen der Wissensintegration in der interdisziplinären Projektarbeit vor, mit dem Ziel, ein Instrument zur Diagnose von häufigen Barrieren in interdisziplinären Kooperationen bereitzustellen. Die Entwicklung erfolgte anhand qualitativer Interviews mit Mitgliedern interdisziplinärer Projektteams. Eine erste Validierung der neu entwickelten Skala erfolgte im Rahmen von fünf nachfolgenden Studien (N = 290) und bestätigte Reliabilität und Validität der Skala.
Measuring Parenting Dimensions in Middle Childhood
Authors: Kuppens Sofie , Grietens Hans , Onghena Patrick , Michiels Daisy
Published: August 2009

Questionnaire ratings were used to obtain child, mother, and father ratings on three major parenting dimensions (behavioral control, psychological control, and support) in a sample of 600 children aged 8-to-10 years old. Results indicated that mothers, fathers, and children were able to reliably differentiate between the three parenting dimensions by means of questionnaire ratings. Convergent and discriminant validity were tested by analyzing a multitrait-multimethod matrix via confirmatory factor analysis. Convergence between mothers and fathers was satisfactory, while convergence between child and parents was significant, but fairly low. Discriminant validity was sufficiently supported, whereas informant-specific error was related to both child and father ratings. Criterion validity of the parenting dimension with regard to child behavior was established. Overall, behavioral control and support were positively associated with child prosocial behavior, while psychological control was positively correlated with child conduct problems, and to a lesser extent with child internalizing problems. The nature and implications of these findings are discussed.
Development and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Personality Adjective Checklist (GPAC)
Authors: Tsaousis Ioannis , Georgiades Stelios
Published: August 2009

This study presents the development and the psychometric properties of the Greek Personality Adjective Checklist (GPAC), a new instrument assessing personality in the Greek population. The GPAC is based on the lexical hypothesis tradition and its theoretical framework was derived from the emic study of the Greek personality lexicon ( Saucier, Georgiades, Tsaousis, & Goldberg, 2005 ). It consists of 94 adjectives measuring six concrete dimensions: Even Temper, Introversion/Melancholia, Prowess/Heroism, Agreeableness/Positive Affect, Conscientiousness, and Negative Valence/Honesty. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a six-factor solution for the structure of Greek personality. Additional results provided empirical evidence for the reliability of the GPAC. The Cronbach’s α coefficients for the six scales ranged between .85 and .95. The test-retest correlation coefficients ranged between .71 and .85. Finally, preliminary results provided evidence of construct validity based on convergence correlations with other personality measures such as the Traits Personality Questionnaire 5 (TPQue5), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the 50 Big Five Factor Markers (50 BFFM), as well as other criterion personality measures such as the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). It is concluded that the GPAC is a reliable and valid measure, useful for the assessment of normal personality in the Greek population.
Structure and Correlates of the German Version of the Brief UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scales
Authors: Keye Doris , Wilhelm Oliver , Oberauer Klaus
Published: August 2009

The article proposes a shortened German version of the UPPS impulsive behavior scales. In Study 1, 149 high-school students completed the UPPS questionnaire, a Big-Five questionnaire, additional established self-report scales to measure conscientiousness and impulsivity, as well as tests of working memory capacity, reasoning, and clerical speed. Measurement models were applied to the full translated UPPS scales using confirmatory factor analysis. A satisfactory measurement model could be established only by removing many of the initial items. The remaining items correlated as expected with other self-report and ability measures: Substantial correlations with impulsivity and conscientiousness contrasted with zero correlations with working memory and reasoning ability. The association between impulsivity factors and perceptual speed was primarily a result of the number of solved items rather than the number of mistakes in the speed tasks. In Study 2 the reduced item set from Study 1 was administered to 246 participants to replicate the model. The fit of this model supports the construct validity of the final item set. The generally low correlations of the UPPS with cognitive variables questions interpretations of self-reported impulsivity that are overly focused on cognition. More appropriate cognitive criteria for impulsivity constructs should be established.
Obtaining parsimonious hydraulic conductivity fields using head and transport observations: A Bayesian geostatistical parameter estimation approach
Authors: Fienen M. , Hunt R. , Krabbenhoft D. , Clemo T.
Published: August 2009

Flow path delineation is a valuable tool for interpreting the subsurface hydrogeochemical environment. Different types of data, such as groundwater flow and transport, inform different aspects of hydrogeologic parameter values (hydraulic conductivity in this case) which, in turn, determine flow paths. This work combines flow and transport information to estimate a unified set of hydrogeologic parameters using the Bayesian geostatistical inverse approach. Parameter flexibility is allowed by using a highly parameterized approach with the level of complexity informed by the data. Despite the effort to adhere to the ideal of minimal a priori structure imposed on the problem, extreme contrasts in parameters can result in the need to censor correlation across hydrostratigraphic bounding surfaces. These partitions segregate parameters into facies associations. With an iterative approach in which partitions are based on inspection of initial estimates, flow path interpretation is progressively refined through the inclusion of more types of data. Head observations, stable oxygen isotopes (18O/16O ratios), and tritium are all used to progressively refine flow path delineation on an isthmus between two lakes in the Trout Lake watershed, northern Wisconsin, United States. Despite allowing significant parameter freedom by estimating many distributed parameter values, a smooth field is obtained.
Reconciling the paradox that the heterotrophic waters of the East China Sea shelf act as a significant CO2 sink during the summertime: Evidence and implications
Authors: Chou Wen‐Chen , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Sheu David D. , Jan Sen , Hung Chin‐Chang , Chen Chung‐Chi
Published: August 2009

To explore the paradox that the heterotrophic waters of the East China Sea (ECS) shelf act as a significant CO2 sink in summer, vertical structures of carbon chemistry and hydrography were examined in July 2007. The results show that waters above the pycnocline (∼10 to 30 m) in the major CO2 sink area are supersaturated with oxygen (110 ± 7%; autotrophic) but undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO2 (ΔfCO2 = −130 ± 58 μatm; sink). In contrast, waters below the pycnocline are undersaturated with respect to oxygen (61 ± 16%; heterotrophic) but supersaturated with CO2 (ΔfCO2 = 116 ± 115 μatm; source). This demonstrates that summer stratification is the key factor maintaining the CO2 sink status in the heterotrophic ECS shelf waters. Furthermore, the shallow pycnocline can easily be broken down when strong mixing occurs, potentially allowing the respired CO2 stored in the subsurface waters to return to the atmosphere.
Escape of methane gas from the seabed along the West Spitsbergen continental margin
Authors: Westbrook Graham K. , Thatcher Kate E. , Rohling Eelco J. , Piotrowski Alexander M. , Pälike Heiko , Osborne Anne H. , Nisbet Euan G. , Minshull Tim A. , Lanoisellé Mathias , James Rachael H. , Hühnerbach Veit , Green Darryl , Fisher Rebecca E. , Crocker Anya J. , Chabert Anne , Bolton Clara , Beszczynska‐Möller Agnieszka , Berndt Christian , Aquilina Alfred
Published: August 2009

More than 250 plumes of gas bubbles have been discovered emanating from the seabed of the West Spitsbergen continental margin, in a depth range of 150–400 m, at and above the present upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Some of the plumes extend upward to within 50 m of the sea surface. The gas is predominantly methane. Warming of the northward‐flowing West Spitsbergen current by 1°C over the last thirty years is likely to have increased the release of methane from the seabed by reducing the extent of the GHSZ, causing the liberation of methane from decomposing hydrate. If this process becomes widespread along Arctic continental margins, tens of Teragrams of methane per year could be released into the ocean.
Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Rats—A 3 T MRI Study on Biphasic Blood–Brain Barrier Opening and the Dynamics of Edema Formation
Authors: Pillai Deepu R , Dittmar Michael S , Baldaranov Dobri , Heidemann Robin M , Henning Erica C , Schuierer Gerhard , Bogdahn Ulrich , Schlachetzki Felix
Published: August 2009

Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to investigate the temporal and spatial relationship between the biphasic nature of blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening and, in parallel, edema formation after ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. T2-weighted imaging combined with T2-relaxometry, mainly for edema assessment, was performed at 1 h after ischemia, after reperfusion, and at 4, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. T1-weighted imaging was performed before and after gadolinium contrast at the last three time points to assess BBB integrity. The biphasic course of BBB opening with a significant reduction in BBB permeability at 24 h after reperfusion, associated with a progressive expansion of leaky BBB volume, was accompanied by a peak ipsilateral edema formation. In addition, at 4 h after reperfusion, edema formation could also be detected at the contralateral striatum as determined by the elevated T2-values that persisted to varying degrees, indicative of widespread effects of I/R injury. The observations of this study may indicate a dynamic temporal shift in the mechanisms responsible for biphasic BBB permeability changes, with complex relations to edema formation. Stroke therapy aimed at vasogenic edema and drug delivery for neuroprotection may also be guided according to the functional status of the BBB, and these findings have to be confirmed in human stroke.
Cerebral Blood Flow, Blood Volume, and Oxygen Metabolism Dynamics in Human Visual and Motor Cortex as Measured by Whole-Brain Multi-Modal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Donahue Manus J , Blicher Jakob U , Østergaard Leif , Feinberg David A , MacIntosh Bradley J , Miller Karla L , Günther Matthias , Jezzard Peter
Published: August 2009

The development of neuroimaging methods to characterize flow-metabolism coupling is crucial for understanding mechanisms that subserve oxygen delivery. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast reflects composite changes in cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2). However, it is difficult to separate these parameters from the composite BOLD signal, thereby hampering MR-based flow-metabolism coupling studies. Here, a novel, noninvasive CBV-weighted MRI approach (VASO-FLAIR with 3D GRASE (GRadient-And-Spin-Echo)) is used in conjunction with CBF-weighted and BOLD fMRI in healthy volunteers ( n=7) performing simultaneous visual (8 Hz flashing-checkerboard) and motor (1 Hz unilateral joystick) tasks. This approach allows for CBV, CBF, and CMRO2 to be estimated, yielding (mean±s.d.): ΔCBF=63%±12%, ΔCBV=17%±7%, and ΔCMRO2=13%±11% in the visual cortex, and ΔCBF=46%±11%, ΔCBV=8%±3%, and ΔCMRO2=12%±13% in the motor cortex. Following the visual and motor tasks, the BOLD signal became more negative ( P=0.003) and persisted longer ( P=0.006) in the visual cortex compared with the motor cortex, whereas CBV and CBF returned to baseline earlier and equivalently. The proposed whole-brain technique should be useful for assessing regional discrepancies in hemodynamic reactivity without the use of intravascular contrast agents.
PET Functional Imaging of Deep Brain Stimulation in Movement Disorders and Psychiatry
Authors: Ballanger Benedicte , Jahanshahi Marjan , Broussolle Emmanuel , Thobois Stéphane
Published: August 2009

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) represents a major advance in the treatment of various severe movement disorders or neuropsychiatric diseases. Our understanding of the mechanism of action of this surgical treatment has greatly benefited from functional imaging studies. Most of these studies have been conducted in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) treated by bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation. These studies have notably underlined the fact that STN stimulation influences motor, limbic, or associative cortical-subcortical loops in various (sometimes contradictory) ways. We present an up-to-date review of the information provided by functional imaging studies in surgery for PD, dystonia, tremor, as well as in psychiatric disorders such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the basis of this information, proposed mechanisms of action of DBS are discussed, as well as the need for additional approaches such as improved anatomical localization of the contact used for stimulation or a better understanding of the electrical distribution around the electrode.
Design of a filter train for precipitate removal in monoclonal antibody downstream processing
Authors: Kandula Sunitha , Babu Sudha , Jin Mi , Shukla Abhinav A.
Published: August 2009

Protein A chromatography has become widely established for the preparative purification of mAbs (monoclonal antibodies). Low pH elution from Protein A columns followed by neutralization can often lead to precipitation of impurities in the product stream, leading to a visually turbid solution. Pretreatment of the cell culture harvest stream with an increased surface area of the depth filter was found to reduce the magnitude of this problem through exploitation of the adsorptive properties of harvest depth filters. However, this was not a complete solution. Clarification of this turbid product stream prior to the polishing chromatographic steps in the downstream process posed significant filtration challenges. Development of a staged filtration process with the use of low plugging glass fibre depth filters as the first stage prior to membrane filtration through an absolute pore size membrane is described. Finally, a cost calculation is used to drive the selection of the final filter train for this application. The results presented here are expected to have wide applicability in mAb downstream processing as well as for other turbid solutions encountered in the downstream processing of other biomolecules.
Nitration of tyrosine residues 368 and 345 in the β-subunit elicits FoF1-ATPase activity loss
Authors: Fujisawa Yasuko , Kato Kazunobu , Giulivi Cecilia
Published: August 2009

Tyrosine nitration is a covalent post-translational protein modification associated with various diseases related to oxidative/nitrative stress. A role for nitration of tyrosine in protein inactivation has been proposed; however, few studies have established a direct link between this modification and loss of protein function. In the present study, we determined the effect of nitration of Tyr345 and Tyr368 in the β-subunit of the F1-ATPase using site-directed mutagenesis. Nitration of the β-subunit, achieved by using TNM (tetranitromethane), resulted in 66% ATPase activity loss. This treatment resulted in the modification of several asparagine, methionine and tyrosine residues. However, nitrated tyrosine and ATPase inactivation were decreased in reconstituted F1 with Y368F (54%), Y345F (28%) and Y345,368F (1%) β-subunits, indicating a clear link between nitration at these positions and activity loss, regardless of the presence of other modifications. Kinetic studies indicated that an F1 with one nitrated tyrosine residue (Tyr345 or Tyr368) or two Tyr368 residues was sufficient to grant inactivation. Tyr368 was four times more reactive to nitration due to its lower pKa. Inactivation was attributed mainly to steric hindrance caused by adding a bulky residue more than the presence of a charged group or change in the phenolic pKa due to the introduction of a nitro group. Nitration at this residue would be more relevant under conditions of low nitrative stress. Conversely, at high nitrative stress conditions, both tyrosine residues would contribute equally to ATPase inactivation.
Electron-beam irradiation induced conductivity in ZnS nanowires as revealed by in situ transmission electron microscope
Authors: Liu Baodan , Bando Yoshio , Wang Mingsheng , Zhi Chunyi , Fang Xiaosheng , Tang Chengchun , Mitome Masanori , Golberg Dmitri
Published: August 2009

Electron transport variations in individual ZnS nanowires synthesized through a chemical vapor deposition process were in situ studied in transmission electron microscope under convergent electron-beam irradiation (EBI). It was found that the transport can dramatically be enhanced using proper irradiation conditions. The conductivity mechanism was revealed based on a detailed study of microstructure and composition evolutions under irradiation. EBI-induced Zn-rich domains’ appearance and related O doping were mainly responsible for the conductivity improvements. First-principles theoretical calculations additionally indicated that the generation of midbands within a ZnS band gap might also contribute to the improved conductivity.
Quantum cascade laser investigations of CH4 and C2H2 interconversion in hydrocarbon/H2 gas mixtures during microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of diamond
Authors: Ma Jie , Cheesman Andrew , Ashfold Michael N. R. , Hay Kenneth G. , Wright Stephen , Langford Nigel , Duxbury Geoffrey , Mankelevich Yuri A.
Published: August 2009

CH 4 and C2H2 molecules (and their interconversion) in hydrocarbon/rare gas/H2 gas mixtures in a microwave reactor used for plasma enhanced diamond chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been investigated by line-of-sight infrared absorption spectroscopy in the wavenumber range of 1276.5−1273.1 cm−1 using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer. Parameters explored include process conditions [pressure, input power, source hydrocarbon, rare gas (Ar or Ne), input gas mixing ratio], height (z) above the substrate, and time (t) after addition of hydrocarbon to a pre-existing Ar/H2 plasma. The line integrated absorptions so obtained have been converted to species number densities by reference to the companion two-dimensional (r,z) modeling of the CVD reactor described in Mankelevich et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 113304 (2008)]. The gas temperature distribution within the reactor ensures that the measured absorptions are dominated by CH4 and C2H2 molecules in the cool periphery of the reactor. Nonetheless, the measurements prove to be of enormous value in testing, tensioning, and confirming the model predictions. Under standard process conditions, the study confirms that all hydrocarbon source gases investigated (methane, acetylene, ethane, propyne, propane, and butane) are converted into a mixture dominated by CH4 and C2H2. The interconversion between these two species is highly dependent on the local gas temperature and the H atom number density, and thus on position within the reactor. CH4→C2H2 conversion occurs most efficiently in an annular shell around the central plasma (characterized by 1400<Tgas<2200 K), while the reverse transformation C2H2→CH4 is favored in the more distant regions where Tgas<1400 K. Analysis of the multistep interconversion mechanism reveals substantial net consumption of H atoms accompanying the CH4→C2H2 conversion, whereas the reverse C2H2→CH4 process only requires H atoms to drive the reactions; H atoms are not consumed by the overall conversion.
Enhanced critical parameters of nanocarbon doped MgB2 superconductor
Authors: Mudgel Monika , Chandra L. S. Sharath , Ganesan V. , Bhalla G. L. , Kishan H. , Awana V. P. S.
Published: August 2009

The high field magnetization and magnetotransport measurements are carried out to determine the critical superconducting parameters of MgB2−xCx system. The synthesized samples are pure phase and the lattice parameter evaluation is carried out using the Rietveld refinement. The R−T(H) measurements are done up to a field of 140 kOe. The upper critical field values, Hc2, are obtained from these data based on the criterion of 90% of normal resistivity, i.e., Hc2=H at which ρ=90%ρN, where ρN is the normal resistivity, i.e., resistivity of about 40K in our case. The Werthamer–Helfand–Hohenberg prediction of Hc2(0) underestimates the critical field value even below the field up to which measurement is carried out. After this model, the Ginzburg–Landau theory is applied to the R−T(H) data which not only calculate the Hc2(0) value but also determine the dependence of Hc2 on temperature in the low temperature high field region. The estimated Hc2(0)=157.2 kOe for pure MgB2 is profoundly enhanced to 297.5 kOe for the x=0.15 sample in MgB2−xCx series. Magnetization measurements are done up to 120 kOe at different temperatures and the other parameters such as irreversibility field Hirr and critical current density Jc(H) are also calculated. The nano carbon doping results in substantial enhancement of critical parameters such as Hc2, Hirr, and Jc(H) in comparison to the pure MgB2 sample.
On the Bures volume of separable quantum states
Authors: Ye Deping
Published: August 2009

We obtain two sided estimates for the Bures volume of an arbitrary subset of the set of N×N density matrices, in terms of the Hilbert–Schmidt volume of that subset. For general subsets, our results are essentially optimal (for large N). As applications, we derive, in particular, nontrivial lower and upper bounds for the Bures volume of sets of separable states and for sets of states with positive partial transpose.
Lie bialgebra structures on the Schrödinger–Virasoro Lie algebra
Authors: Han Jianzhi , Li Junbo , Su Yucai
Published: August 2009

In this paper we shall investigate Lie bialgebra structures on the Schrödinger–Virasoro algebra L. We found out that not all Lie bialgebra structures on the Schrödinger–Virasoro algebra are triangular coboundary, which is different from the related known results of some other Lie algebras related to the Virasoro algebra.