bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Urban NeighBorhood Its Analytical and Social Contexts
Authors: Hunter Albert
Published: March 2007

This introductory paper summarizes three analytical approaches to the study of neighbor hoods : (1) typologies, (2) stages of change, and (3) functions-which include economic, administrative, political, and social. A central characteristic of urban neighborhoods is seen to be their embeddedness in city, metropolitan, and national contexts. This, in turn, is hypothesized as leading to a newly emergent organization of neighborhoods into a "hierarchy of community." A central persisting dilemma for neighborhoods is seen to be that between diffuse "sentiments of place" and the more formal "organization of interests." The urban neighborhood is a unique locus of the convergence and clash of these elements.
Urban Problems From State Commissions
Authors: Florestano Patricia S. , Marando Vincent L.
Published: March 2007

This research examines how sixteen state commissions on local governments concep tualized and defined urban problems. The research indicates that the commissions had a reform-oriented definition which stressed governmental fragmentation and multi plicity. It was found that the commissions took their cues on defining urban problems from organizations such as the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and the Committee for Economic Development. The note concludes with observations on how urban research is related to urban policy formation.
The Disappearance of Skid Row
Authors: Lee Barrett A.
Published: March 2007

Census tract data are employed to examine demographic changes between 1950 and 1970 for skid row neighborhoods in 41 American cities. While the directions of trends in skid row population composition parallel those of the central city, such changes have not been of sufficient magnitude to alter skid row-central city differences which were present in 1950: skid rows remain disproportionately comprised of single, older, low-status males. However, major losses in population threaten the existence of many traditional skid row districts. The declining number of skid row residents appears to be empirically related to demographic characteristics of both the skid row neighborhood and the central city. These results are discussed in terms of ecological theories of urban growth, with attention given to the evolving functional role played by skid row in the larger urban context.
The Progressive City?
Authors: Nickel Denise R.
Published: March 2007

Minneapolis is a city steeped in a rich heritage of progressive politics. The author evaluates the city's reputation as a progressive city by applying recent theories about the origins and development of progressive city politics during the postwar era. The case study also shows how the concept of progressivism can be used to characterize a particular form of urban development politics.
Patterns of Federal Urban Spending
Authors: Parker R. Andrew
Published: March 2007

A review of federal expenditures between 1983 and 1992 is presented in this study of per capita spending in central cities and their metropolitan suburbs. The Census Bureau provides data for 41 of the nation's metropolitan areas, of which 7 central cities are defined as county units of government and analyzed in greater detail. In constant dollars, central cities led suburbs in per capita receipt of federal funds; however, suburbs generally received an increase in their relative shares. In central cities, grants-in-aid increased but changed to entitlements directed to individuals.
The Economic Impact of the Baseball Strike of 1994
Authors: Zipp John F.
Published: March 2007

Using the seven weeks of canceled baseball games caused by the 1994 strike as a natural experiment, the author analyzes the degree to which the absence of baseball affected retail trade and hotel room sales in the 24 U.S. cities hosting baseball franchises and in 4 control cites. The most important finding is that the strike had little, if any, economic impact on host cities. Retail trade appeared to be almost completely unaffected by the strike, and the declines in hotel room sales in 10 baseball cities were not consistent with decreases expected by changes associated with the strike.
Community-Based Restructuring?
Authors: Indergaard Michael
Published: March 2007

The author examines change agents, agendas, and processes involved in community-based efforts to promote collaborative manufacturing in Cleveland, Athens, and Toledo, Ohio. The goals are to redefine relationships of firms with competitors, customers, and community entities and to remake institutions so as to support small firms. Contributing factors include the threat that communities will be relegated to the periphery, new pressures on small firms to design products for diverse customers, the importation of network models by state governments, and the ability of community-based organizations to translate these models to resonate with local constituencies.
The Path-Dependent City
Authors: Woodlief Anthony
Published: March 2007

Urban policy making approximates the components of a path-dependent model-random selection and self-reinforcement-which suggests that cities get locked into suboptimal policies. Thus, despite rigid rules of individual and collective behavior posited by many urban theorists, identical cities can evolve along drastically different paths. The author shows how simple time-series models can overlook path dependence and demonstrates the trends of a path-dependent series using budget data from Chicago and New York. New York exhibited policy lock-in in the decades following the Great Depression, but Chicago did not.
The Microfoundations of the Tiebout Model
Authors: Bickers Kenneth N. , Stein Robert M.
Published: March 2007

The authors extend the argument of the marginal consumer to show an important way in which the microlevel requirements of the Tiebout model can be met. They critique the existing literature on the microlevel requirements and argue that the way research has been conducted on the information about public goods possessed by citizens has been flawed in its theoretical presumptions. An alternative view is articulated in which citizens are viewed not to use "objective" information about tax service bundles that might be detectable in survey research but, instead, to use informational heuristics and proxies that permit them nonetheless to locate in jurisdictions that provide them with desired levels of public services.
The White House Beat at the Century Mark
Authors: Kumar Martha Joynt
Published: March 2007

It has become a commonplace to refer to President Theodore Roosevelt as the person who brought reporters into the White House and provided them with space to do their work. A search through White House records from the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, reveals a different version of the time and manner in which reporters acquired space in the White House. When it was in the mutual interest of news organizations and the presidents they covered, reporters acquired a work table in the White House office corridor. The year when that occurred was 1896, a full century ago.
“Finally, I Have My Mother Back”
Authors: Van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: March 2007

In this article, the meaning of popular culture for political communication is analyzed—in theoretical and empirical terms—by examining coverage of Dutch female and male politicians in gossip magazines over a period of twenty years. It is argued that the unlikely articulation of politics with popular culture is achieved through a personalization of politics in which the moral behavior and attitudes of politicians are central. Virtue, however, is constructed differently for women and men, which is especially evident in the coverage of family lives. For male politicians, family lives present an opportunity to show their reliability and integrity. The coverage of the families of female politicians, however, indicates women's split responsibilities between public and private duties. In general, the schematic and dichotomous moral schemes of popular culture tend to construct politicians as moral icons, which prevents an informed evaluation of how their private lives affect their public performance.
Preelection Polls and Issue Knowledge in the 1996 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Meyer Philip , Potter Deborah
Published: March 2007

Many media leaders and some survey researchers in the United States have begun to question whether preelection polls to determine the relative standings of candidates have any useful purpose. Some even say that such polls harm the democratic process. Their arguments follow an attention-displacement model in which public attention paid to polls reduces the amount of attention available for substantive issues. The counterargument proposes a catalytic model in which polls ignite interest in a campaign and lead voters to consider the issues that account for the standings. We used a panel design in a twenty-market sample to test for poll knowledge and issue knowledge in August and November 1996. We found that poll knowledge in August had a small, positive, and decidedly significant effect on issue knowledge in November. The effect persists after age, education, prior issue knowledge, and interest in the election are held constant. Therefore, catalysis appears to be the stronger of the two competing models.
No Small-Town Poll
Authors: Farnsworth Stephen J. , Lichter S. Robert
Published: March 2007

Content-coded network newscasts were used to determine the importance of news coverage to the poll standings of leading candidates in the 1992 New Hampshire Democratic Primary. It was found that “horse-race” coverage mattered much more than reporting on more substantive matters, such as a candidate's capacity to be president. This was particularly true for Bill Clinton, who suffered an “antibandwagon” effect from the predominantly negative coverage he received. The findings here raise questions about whether there really is anything special about the New Hampshire primary. The state's 1992 Democratic primary differed little from the television-dominated contests seen elsewhere in American electoral politics.
On a Circular Inclusion with Inhomogeneous Imperfect Interface in Plane Elasticity
Authors: Sudak L. J.
Published: March 2007

In Sudak et al., a general method is developed for the rigorous solution of a circular inclusion with inhomogeneously imperfect interface in plane elasticity. In this paper, the authors extend the results presented in Sudak et al. by finding exact closed-form solutions of a more general case arising from a choice of interface parameters that leads to a coupled and seemingly intractable system of differential equations. The results again illustrate how the pointwise variation of the parameter describing the interface imperfections has a pronounced effect on the average mean stress within the inclusion.
Some Properties of Solutions in Dynamical Theory of Mixtures
Authors: Iesan D. , Nappa L.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors consider the linearized dynamic theory of a binary mixture consisting of an elastic solid and a gas. First, the continuous dependence of solutions on initial data and body forces is established. Then, a spatial decay estimate of an energetic measure associated to an admissible process is derived.
On the Correspondence between Micromechanical Models for Isothermal Pseudoelastic Response of Shape Memory Alloys and the Preisach Model for Hysteresis
Authors: Lagoudas D. C. , Bhattacharyya A.
Published: March 2007

In this work, the authors derive the weighting functions of the Preisach model of hysteresis (used for real-time control applications) corresponding to the uniaxial isothermal psuedoelastic response of an SMA polycrystal. A uniform distribution of single crystals is taken to constitute the polycrystal. The assumed phase transformation criterion is based on the shear component of the traction vector on a habit plane reaching a threshold value. The derived weighting functions are correlated analytically to the isothermal transformation properties of the single crystals and through the orientation distribution function to the polycrystalline SMA. The purpose of the present work is to provide a point of departure from the traditional practice by which the weighting functions are being determined from experimental data on polycrystalline SMA actuators.
Steady Diffusion within a Finitely Extended Mixture Slab
Authors: Reynolds R. A. , Humphrey J. D.
Published: March 2007

In this work, the authors present new solutions to a class of boundary value problems using the continuum theory of mixtures. These problems correspond to uniaxial and biaxial loadings on a thin rectangular specimen and involve the specification of a fluid velocity boundary condition within a centralized region.
On Nonessential Descriptions of Crystal Multilattices
Authors: Ericksen J. L.
Published: March 2007

In considering crystal symmetries, crystallographers tend to think in terms of particular configurations. In using nonlinear continuum theory to analyze such things as phase transitions and twinning, one needs to consider a variety of configurations having different symmetries. Correlating these leads to some unanswered questions in crystallography. This article deals with one that relates to continuum descriptions of crystal multilattices. Briefly, one can encounter ambiguities in describing symmetries of configurations for a subset of the configurations of interest. Primarily, the aim here is to characterize such subsets.
Dislocation Arrays at the Interface between an Epitaxial Layer and Its Substrate
Authors: Lubarda Vlado A.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the film thickness and dislocation spacing in the interface dislocation arrays is studied by using a criterion based on the energy difference between the relaxed film configuration and a selected, partially relaxed or unrelaxed reference configuration. It is shown that arrays with lower dislocation density are formed in relaxation processes that are more gradual. Stability of arrays is examined, and new bounds of the stable range are constructed.
Transformations and Equation Reductions in Finite Elasticity III: A General Integral for Plane Strain Deformations
Authors: Hill James M. , Arrigo Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

In parts I and II of this work, for plane strain, plane stress, and axially symmetric deformations, a number of first integrals are obtained for the so-called perfectly elastic Mirga materials. These first integrals, together with the constraint of material incompressibility, give rise to various second-order nonlinear partial differential equations, some of which are shown in I and II to admit linearization by means of contact transformations. In this paper, for the same perfectly elastic NVrga materials, a general integral involving seven arbitrary real constants is deduced that includes as special cases the various integrals discussed in part I. Moreover, this general integral, in conjunction with the condition of incompressibility, is also shown to be linearized to the standard Helmholtz equation. In part IV of this work, the integral is illustrated with reference to a plane strain similarity deformation.
A Method for Advancing Quality of Life in Home Care
Authors: Barrett Virginia W. , Gurland Barry J.
Published: March 2007

Improved quality of life for clients in the community is the goal of home care, but a strategy is needed to bring that goal to the forefront of service and to advance its focus in clinical practice. A model for advancing a quality-of-life focus in home care, developed as part of a research intervention, has been utilized in several large home care settings. The model addresses the planning and documentation of services, case conferences, and administrative issues. The intervention is directed at nurses involved in care planning.
APN Elder Home Care: A Successful Model
Authors: Pierson Cheryl
Published: March 2007

Advanced practice nursing can play an important role in home care and particularly in elder care with the complexity of issues that exists. The author chronicles the care of an elderly female patient living in suboptimal conditions in an urban environment. By employing accurate assessments, appropriate interventions, and collaborative approaches, a model of care evolved that allows for an elder to remain safely in her home, avoid hospitalizations, and delay placement in a long-term care facility. Quality of life and quality of care are both positively affected with advanced practice nursing in elder care.
Infection control: Regulatory impact on the home care setting
Authors: Presdorf Karen A.
Published: March 2007

What is the impact of infection control regulations, standards, and recommendations on the home care practice setting? This article discusses regulations, such as the OSHA bloodborne pathogen rules, and other standards and recommendations that mandate or influence the practice of home health. In a health care environment where more care, particularly more complex care, is delivered in the home setting, adherence to good infection control practices is of primary importance to protect home care employees, patients, and their informal and formal caregivers.
The impact of managed care on rehabilitation in home health care
Authors: Schulman Carrie Carter
Published: March 2007

This article defines and describes home health rehabilitation currently in practice and how it has evolved with reimbursement for those services. It discusses managed care and the impact it is having on home health rehabilitation, including what services are being authorized, coordination of multidisciplinary teams, and the effect "stepping down" care will have on scope of practice.
Dobutamine therapy in the home
Authors: Hall Holly
Published: March 2007

Escalating costs of health care and the realization that home care is an alternative to hospitaliza tion has resulted in an increase in patients receiving home intravenous (IV) therapy. At St. Elizabeth Home Infusion, Dayton, Ohio, stage III or IV congestive heart failure (CHF) patients must be stabilized on dobutamine prior to acceptance. Dobutamine therapy in the home causes less interruption in the patient's lifestyle and provides convenience for the patient with CHF at a decreased cost of treatment. Although patient survival may not be prolonged, quality of life may be improved, and the number of hospitalizations are reduced. Key words: dobutamine, heart failure, inotropic, intermittent therapy
Home Health Care: A Dynamic, Complex Field Requiring Dynamic, Competent Managers
Authors: Pratt John R.
Published: March 2007

Home health care is experiencing dramatic growth, which presents its managers with challenges of a magnitude unseen in the past. As their organizations become more complex and their staffs become larger and more diversified, these managers must demonstrate skill in directing and guiding their organizations. They face the same administrative situations as other health care managers, but have some additional handicaps to overcome. Specifically they have to be unusually innovative and creative. The components of management that differentiate effective managers from ineffective are discussed in terms of their application to home health care.
Herbs, Hormones, and Holistic Medicine: lmplications for the Fetus and Nursing Infant
Authors: Engle Maria H.
Published: March 2007

The resurgence of "natural " remedies and holistic drugs warrants special noting by health care professionals, especially within the context of their use in pregnant and nursing mothers. As home health care takes a more visible stance in prenatal and postpartum care, health care providers will be called upon to be resources of information regarding these therapies. Popular holistic therapies for insomnia, weight loss, and fatigue will be discussed as well as their implications on the fetus and nursing infant.
Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Older Adults Sharon
Authors: Valente M.
Published: March 2007

Despite the growing numbers of older adults in the home health care system, those who suffer from anxiety disorders often are not detected or effectively treated. Untreated anxiety disorders reduce the patient's quality of life, activities of daily living, and compliance with treatment. In worse cases, the patient may decide that life is not worth living and may contemplate suicide. Untreated anxiety accounts for costly visits for medical care (3.5 million visits in 1995) and unnecessary visits for emergency care when the patient mistakes anxiety for a heart attack. Careful assessment by the nurse is the key to detection and evaluation of anxiety disorders among older adults receiving home care. This article presents a case study to illustrate evaluation, identification of risk factors, diagnosis, and management of panic disorder.
A New Look at Old Data: Infection Control Case Study
Authors: Arnold Carol M.
Published: March 2007

This case study demonstrates the process one accredited home care organization followed to reduce its infection rate. Ongoing benchmarking of urinary tract infection (UTI) rates was the basis of measuring the performance of the organization. The project culminated in the development of a UTI patient education tool and improved outcomes to care.
Does Ecology Need Marx?
Authors: Gimenez Martha E.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between ecology and Marx in the United States is difficult because of the lack of working-class politics and labor parties; the pragmatic, undialectical reception of Marxism among most intellectuals; and the strength of the ideological, political and academic consensus against Marx. This essay is an intervention in the ideological struggle to establish the relevance of Marx for ecology. The author briefly outlines mainstream, ecocentric and ecofeminist perspectives and offers a Marxist critique of their accounts of the causes of ecological problems. The author then proceeds to present some of the elements of Marx’s ecology and recent contributions by marxist ecologists, and arguing that an ecology without Marx is, in the last instance, an ecology for the privileged, the author concludes with a call for a red/green dialogue conducive to the development of a movement that seeks the end of the exploitation of both labor and the earth.
Political issue management with common sense
Authors: von Wartburg Walter P.
Published: March 2007

Political issue management is becoming increasingly important as the reper cussions of criticized industrial behavior and practices are of growing conse quence to corporate success. Political issues are those that have an impact on a large part of the population and involve widespread personal experience. They are attractive for broad media coverage and they are suitable for address by politicians, legislators and public interest groups. State-of-the-art political is sue management is the application of common sense to difficult situations of public concern. It draws on elements of strategic planning and crisis manage ment. This paper presents a 16-step process for the management of issues with prominent political features. Broadly characterized, the process involves anal ysis, evaluation and response. It is based on the strategic deployment of cor porate resources related to obtaining change, gaining influence or engaging in negotiation. When practised as recommended, political issue management can improve any situation in which a company or industry is confronted with a potentially volatile political issue.
Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD
Authors: Barkley R.A. , Murphy K. , Kwasnik D.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared a group of 25 young adults with ADHD to 23 young adults drawn from the community equated for age (Mean = 25 yrs.) and educational level (Mean 13 yrs.) using a structured psychiatric interview (non-blinded), self-report ratings of psychological distress, and psychological tests of inattention, impulsive responding, working memory, verbal fluency, sense of time, and creativity. Most measures of prior educational and occupational adjustment did not differentiate the young adults with ADHD from the control group. However, those with ADHD reported having experienced more symptoms of both ADHD and opposition al defiant disorder on their jobs as well as in college than control subjects. ADHD adults also were found to have had shorter durations of employment in their full-time jobs than adults in the control group. The young adults with ADHD rated themselves as having greater psychological distress and maladjustment on all scales of the SCL-90-R and reported committing more antisocial acts, particularly involving thefts and disorderly conduct, than the control group. As a result they had been arrested more often than young adults in the control group. The groups did not differ, however, in other types of criminal activity nor in the types and frequency of legal and illegal substances they used. On psychological testing, the ADHD group had significantly poorer response inhibition and sustained attention on a continuous performance test. They were also poorer on tasks of verbal and nonverbal working memory. No significant group differences were found, however, in accuracy of time estimations or productions, verbal fluency, or creativity. It appears that the psychiatric and psychological difficulties found in young adults with ADHD are qualitatively similar to those seen in children with the disorder.
Long-Term Development of Water and Sewage Services in Finland
Authors: Katko Tapio S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the evolution of urban and rural water supply and sanitation in Finland over the past 150 years. In addition to technology development, it explores various institutional issues related to the water sector such as legislation, utility management, human resources development, research and development, professional associations, sector enterprises such as consulting companies and contractors, and exporting activities. Though utilities in Finland are mostly publicly owned, they today adhere to commercial principles. Planning, construction, operation, and maintenance services are often bought from the private sector. The services have been, and still are, covered by direct consumer payments, whereas governmental subsidies have been small. Rural water supply is organized through consumer-managed water cooperatives. Water supply and sanitation systems and services have expanded gradually. Sometimes old treatment methods have been reintroduced. In the future, there will be more focus in the sector on increasing customer orientation, intermunicipal cooperation of utilities, and international cooperation. The gained long-term experience will be a cornerstone of future water policy and strategy development.
Implementing A National Small Aircraft Transportation System
Authors: Bowen Brent D. , Hansen Frederick D.
Published: March 2007

Reshaped by recent legislative deregulation, the existing U.S. transportation infrastructure is becoming increasingly constrained by capacity. Policies that have favored continued highway construction and large commercial service airports are being challenged by forecasts that the demand for transportation will continue to outgrow our ability to construct new interstate lanes and runways. In response, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has proposed a national Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS), a revolutionary solution that would combine emerging aircraft and communications technologies with underutilized aviation infrastructure to meet our future transportation needs. This article briefly reviews (a) watershed legislation that has affected the transportation infrastructure in the United States and (b) how transportation has failed to keep pace with demographic changes. The article concludes with a discussion of issues relevant to the development of a national transportation policy for the 21st century that includes SATS.
Clinical Assessment of Homicide Offenders
Authors: WEST ADRIAN
Published: March 2007

Clinical psychologists are sometimes asked to provide operational support to senior investigating officers in major crime inquiries including murder, abduction, and serious violent and sexual assault. Working directly with police officers investigating an offense inevitably forces psychologists to focus on the phenomenology of the offense. This can lead to an enhanced understanding of the critical relationship between the detail of the crime scene and the offender. This article sets out some of the relevant theoretical frameworks that underpin clinical psychologists' role in the police investigative context. It is argued that such offense analysis should already be a routine component of forensic clinical assessment; however, anecdotal evidence would indicate that this is not so. Improving this aspect of the assessment process, when used in conjunction with other actuarial and structured clinical approaches, should improve any attempts at treatment planning and risk assessment.
Deindustrialization, Economic Distress, and Homicide Rates in Midsized Rustbelt Cities
Authors: MATTHEWS RICK A. , MAUME MICHAEL O. , MILLER WILLIAM J.
Published: March 2007

Over the past several years, the United States has experienced a significant decline in homicide rates. For the most part, analyses of this decline have focused on homicide trends in large cities and metropolitan areas. Unfortunately, few people have noticed that smaller cities have not seen a comparable decline in homicide rates. This article examines the relationship between deteriorated economic conditions and homicide rates in 85 midsized cities in the industrial Northeast and Midwest, or “Rustbelt” region of the United States. The authors find that unemployment, inelasticity (i.e., population density), and population change are either directly or indirectly (via socioeconomic deprivation) associated with homicide rates in these cities. Implications for homicide studies of urban locales are discussed.
Gender, Attributional Styles, and Direction of Lethal Violence
Authors: VOLLUM SCOTT , TITTERINGTON VICTORIA BREWER
Published: March 2007

The present study is a partial test of Unnithan, Huff-Corzine, Corzine, and Whitt's integrated model of suicide and homicide, focusing specifically on gender differences in the suicide-to-homicide ratio (SHR). In light of prior research on the differential attributional styles of men and women, the underlying assumption of Unnithan et al. regarding attribution of blame and direction of lethal violence is assessed. Using aggregate national suicide and homicide rates for the years 1979 through 1997, SHRs and lethal violence rates (LVRs) are calculated and compared by gender. Analyses reveal that women's SHRs are substantially higher than those for men. In addition, it is found that trends in LVRs over time are significantly different for men and women, exhibiting a cyclical pattern in the case of men and a linear pattern in the case of women. Implications of these findings for the integrated model and for future research are discussed.
The Structure of Crime-Scene Actions in Finnish Homicides
Authors: SANTTILA PEKKA , CANTER DAVID , ELFGREN THOMAS , HÄKKÄNEN HELINÄ
Published: March 2007

The structure of crime-scene actions in Finnish homicides was analyzed using the theoretical distinction between instrumental and expressive aggression. Thirty-eight crime-scene actions were derived from the files of single-offender, single-victim Finnish homicides (N = 502). A multidimensional scaling procedure was used to investigate their structure. An expressive core indicating an emotional and impulsive attack without any indication of planning or post-mortem dealing with the body was found. Over 40% of the cases had no additional variables present. A distinction between expressive and instrumental types of aggression was observable in the rest of the crime-scene actions. The instrumental actions were further divided into subthemes indicating either a sexual or a resource-acquirement theme. Likewise, the expressive actions were divided into three subthemes, where the main emphasis had to do with the use of firearms, hiding and moving the body, and removing parts of the body.
The Epidemiology of Child Homicide in California, 1981 through 1990
Authors: CHEW KENNETH S.Y. , McCLEARY RICHARD , LEW MARICRES A. , WANG JOHNSON C.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of 30,929 California homicides (including 1,498 homicides younger than age 15) revealed important differences in child and adult risk factors. Adult victims and offenders were predominantly male, and Black or Hispanic; child victims and offenders were closer in race and sex composition to the general population. Adults were most likely to be killed by a stranger or acquaintance, children by a relative. Adult homicides peaked overnight and on weekends, child homicides at midday and midweek. Most adult homicides occurred in public, precipitated by a felony or a dispute; most child homicides occurred at home, precipitated by child abuse or homicide-suicide.
Financing the Metropolis
Authors: Crecine John P.
Published: March 2007

Struggling to keep their heads above water, cities are trying every means from increased real-estate taxes to off-track betting to squeeze all the dollars they can. In FINANCING THE METROPOLIS, noted economists and urbanologists team up to examine this ailing patient. They decide, surprisingly, that the outlook is not so hopeless as many believe. Among prognoses: "Local governments are not broke; they just think they are;" and "The current fiscal crisis of our cities is a political problem, not an economic one." A lengthy bibliography is appended.
Spatial Variations in Unemployment and Inflation: Some Implications for Fiscal Policy
Authors: Johnson David B. , Beard Thomas R. , Carson Garyl.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we consider the spatial dispersion of unemployment vis-à-vis that of inflation and the implication of this relative dispersion for fiscal policy. Two empirical tests yield results that are consistent with our a priori expectations that inflation is more evenly distributed throughout the economy (i.e., less dispersed spatially) than is unemployment. Using a simple short-run model, we argue that tax policy should be geared to a price stability objective and expenditure policy to a full employment objective. Consequently, the Phillips curve dilemma could be lessened by the appropriate use of tax and expenditure policy.
Political Competition for Government Funds: Research and Development Obligations
Authors: Link Albert N. , Morrell Stephen O.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the extent to which the distribution of federal research and development funds deviates from economic efficiency norms as a result of political competition. Our analysis indicates that these federal funds are allocated across states in a manner to reward majority party constituents as well as to help the majority party compete for additional congressional seats.
Assets and Employment in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Weisbrod Burton A.
Published: March 2007

Employment in the public sector cannot be understood apart from employment in the part of the private nonprofit sector that provides collective-type goods. The nonprofit sector exists in signifticant part because of governmental decisions that encourage this alternative to increased direct governmental provision. Estimates developed in this article suggest that employment in the nonprofit sector in the United States is between 8 and 10 million, compared with some 15 million for tatal federal, state, and local employment, and less than 3 million for the federal government alone. In other countries the forms of institutions may differ and the term nonprofit may not be used, but private nonmarket organizations do exist, and they are more important than is commonly realized In any country, recognition of the relationship between the government and nonprofit sectors highlights the choice that exists for consumer citizens; they are not limited to government as the only institutional mechanism through which to obtain collective-type goods. Some evidence suggests that reliance on the nonprofit sector is growing.
Fiscal Externalities and Residential Growth Controls: a Theory-of-Clubs Perspective
Authors: Blewett Robert A.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a model that extends the theory of clubs to the case in which a local congestible public good requires a capital facility for its pro vision in a community facing population growth. The trade-offs facing officials planning the capital facility are examined. The model offers an explanation as to why formerly progrowth communities may now vigorously oppose growth. Many communities imposing growth controls cite inadequate public facilities. An implication of the model is that this inadequacy may be planned. The article exammes other implications of the model and gives some indication of its explanatory and predictive powers.
Finite Horizons, Intertemporal Substitution, and Fiscal Policy
Authors: Aschauer David Alan
Published: March 2007

This article synthesizes two strands of current macroeconomic research in fiscal policy by allowing for finite lifetimes in an intertemporal substitution model. Among other things, the article establishes that in such a model, public debt issuance is contractionary with respect to current output, a conclusion in strong contrast with conventional macroeconomic analysis.
The Impact of Federal Income Taxes and Cash Transfers On the Distribution of Lifetime Household Income, 1969-1981
Authors: Fitzgerald John , Maloney Tim
Published: March 2007

This study uses a longitudinal sample of stable households to assess the impact of federal taxes and transfers on the distribution of household income during the period 1969-1981. After controlling for the upward movement in age-income profiles across birth year cohorts, earned lifetime incomes are found to be more equally distributed than earned annual incomes. The overall tax and transfer system is found to have a larger redistributive effect on lifetime incomes. While taxes are relatively more important than transfers in reducing lifetime income inequality among married couples, the opposite is true for single-headed households. Taxes and transfers also redistribute lifetime income from married couples to single-headed households.
Tax Amnesties and Tax Revenues
Authors: Alm James , Beck William
Published: March 2007

This article examines some unexplored and unresolved issues surrounding the Abstract impact of tax amnesties on tax revenues. The results indicate that amnesties can have a positive impact on compliance and tax collections, if the amnesty makes individuals see that paying taxes is the norm and if individuals anticipate a future amnesty that will have a tougher enforcement package than the current regime. However, the results also suggest that amnesties can reduce compliance if the individual jointly chooses the amount of past evasion to report in the amnesty and the amount of current income to declare to the authorities, or if the taxpayer anticipates another future amnesty with lax enforcement. In sum, the overall impact of tax amnesties on tax collections is uncertain.
Budgetary Deficits and Government Expenditure Growth: Toward a More Accurate Empirical Specification
Authors: Tridimas George
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate perspective of the empirical relationship between government expenditure growth and budget deficits. It specifies a model of demand for government expenditures that focuses on the effects of the tax revenue ratio, the relative price ofgovernment spending, income, population, political factors, and the dynamic structure of the relationship. The model is tested with United Kingdom data for the period 1955-1988. Similar to previous studies, the results show that deficit finance increases the demand for government spending, but they reject the implicit restrictions imposed on the empirical specifications of the previous studies.
Noncompliance Behavior of Risk-Averse Firms Under the Minimum Wage Law
Authors: Chang Yang-Ming
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the law evasion (reduced wages) and law avoidance (modified employment) aspects of noncompliance behavior by risk-averse firms under the minimum wage law. It demonstrates that the adverse disemployment effects of a legal minimum wage under the conventional "full compliance" assumption should be modified by an "employment effect" of noncompliance, although it is shown that risk-averse violating firms would employ less labor than they would if they were risk-neutral. Findings suggest that the most effective strategy for motivating risk-averse firms to comply with minimum wage laws is imposing stiffer penalty fees.
Price and Income Elasticities of Charitable Giving: How Should Income Be Measured?
Authors: Greenwood Daphne T.
Published: March 2007

The sensitivity of price and income elasticities to alternative measurements of income is tested using ordinary least squares regresscon techniques on a sample of income tax itemizers. Price elasticity was found to be much more sensitive to changes in income measurement than was income elasticity. Of three specifications examined, only one showed price elasticity clearly exceeding unity.
Changing Demographics and State Fiscal Outlook: the Case of Sales Taxes
Authors: Mullins Daniel R. , Wallace Sally
Published: March 2007

Broad-scale demographic changes have implications for state and local finance in terms of the composition of the base of revenue sources and their yields. This article examines the effect of such changes on the potential future yield of consumption-based taxes. The effect of household characteristics and composition on the con sumption of selected groups of goods subject to ad valorem retail sales taxes is estimated, generating demographic elasticities of consumption. These elasticities are applied to projected demographic changes in eight states through the year 2000. The results show rather wide variation in expected consumption shifts and potential tax bases across the states, with income growth having the greatest effect, as expected. Excluding the effects of income and population change, the expected real growth in the consumption base is varied over states. It remains to be seen whether state and local tax structures can or will adjust to capitalize on their potential and whether this growth will be sufficient to offset expenditure pressures likely associated with these demographic shifts.
Measurement of Personality via Conditional Reasoning
Authors: James Lawrence R.
Published: March 2007

People often rely on reasoning processes whose purpose is to enhance the logical appeal of their behavioral choices. These reasoning processes will be referred to as justification mechanisms. People favor only certain types of behaviors and develop justification mechanisms to support them because these behaviors allow them to express underlying dispositions. People with different dispositions are prone to develop different justification mechanisms. Reasoning that varies among individuals due to the use of these different justification mechanisms is described as conditional. A new system for measuring dispositional tendencies, or personality, was based on conditional reasoning. This system was applied to develop measures of achievement motivation and aggression. Initial tests suggested that the measurement system is valid. An additional study examined relationships between conditional reasoning and both self-report and projective measurements of the motives to achieve and to avoid failure.
Expectation Processes in Satisfaction Formation
Authors: Oliver Richard L. , Burke Raymond R.
Published: March 2007

Expectations of a novel restaurant dining experience were manipulated in a controlled field setting to test for the role and persistence of expectation and expectation-related effects within the expectancy disconfirmation and performance model. In an effort to ensure external validity, preconsumption expectations were manipulated via real-appearing reviews, actual service experience was recorded through protocol methods, and postconsumption perceptions were measured in the immediate postusage period. Results showed that the expectation manipulation and the expectations thereby created had an immediate but declining effect over the consumption period, that expectations acted as forward assimilation agents for performance, that retrospective expectations were partially influenced by performance observations in the manner of backward assimilation, that expectation-initiated performance comparisons (disconfirmation) and performance judgments were important satisfaction influences, and that the expectancy disconfirmation model is dimension-specific with regard to operation of its components. These findings shed insight into the operation of expectations, performance, and disconfirmation in service environments and illustrate some effects of consumption tracking.
Combining Service and Sales at the Point of Customer Contact
Authors: Evans Kenneth R. , Arnold Todd J. , Grant John A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors examine the organizational factors contributing to the successful commingling of employee service and sales responsibilities at the point of customer contact. Findings indicate that the key to successful commingling is a balanced orientation among customer contact personnel where their service and sales roles are viewed as complementary rather than contradictory. To ensure this, the organizational environment must support both service and sales roles, or it might run the risk of encouraging the cross-selling of additional products without creating employee concern for delivering customer satisfaction. In addition, the performance of both service and sales roles in an environment that is not conducive to these roles appears to adversely affect contact employee levels of felt stress.
“You Talk a Good Game”
Authors: KENNEDY EILEEN
Published: March 2007

This article represents one aspect of an inquiry into the gendered character of the address of British televised sports. To answer the research question, “Why are televised sports disproportionately popular with a male, and not female, television audience?” football is chosen for analysis as one sport whose appeal has traditionally been limited to men. Using semiotics to enable the elicitation of a gendered address to a television audience, a match between England and Holland broadcast by ITV as part of Euro '96 was analyzed. The results prompt a consideration of how Easthope's delineation of three aspects of masculine style might inform an investigation into football's masculine address. Finally, the work of Gilligan on the gendering of psychological development theories is discussed to further identify masculine style in televised football.
Real Footballers Don't Eat Quiche
Authors: FITZCLARENCE LINDSAY , HICKEY CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors examine the way that sport acts as a contradictory and complex medium for masculinity making. The analysis illustrates the way that many discourses now unite in a cybernetic mix that offers both new opportunities and presents complex challenges for educators, coaches, and administrators. The method used combines a number of strategies and narratives pitched at the local, national, and international levels. The analysis is grounded in the game of football, although it is argued that the issues raised translate to other settings. At the same time, the authors demonstrate that large-scale, macro level analyses miss an important force working within the dynamics of masculinity making and sport, namely, peer group power. The analysis concludes with insights from a junior coach who has consciously “worked” the peer group dynamics to foster a strong sense of personal and group responsibility.