bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Communication in Managing Perceived Inequity
Authors: Kenton Sherron B.
Published: March 2007

Many destructive behaviors in the workplace result from a person's perception of unfair treatment and the attempt by that person to restore a feeling of equity in his or her life. This article proposes that the factors that affect the redress of inequity by the underrewarded person can be categorized, and that only one category is both tangible and manageable. Suggestions are made for applications of effective managerial communication as a tool to deter undesirable behavior resulting from the perception of inequity.
Malpractice and the Communication Consultant:
Authors: Montgomery Daniel J. , Heald Gary R. , MacNamara Stephen R. , Pincus Laura B.
Published: March 2007

This commentary provides communication practitioners with an overview of legal and ethical issues facing individuals who market themselves as professional communication consultants. We introduce the tort of negligence, discuss its impact on professionals, review various ethical principles underlying the law, and outline court-supported practices that professional consultants might use to help protect their clients and themselves. Throughout this discussion, we argue that an understanding of legal principles and practices can enhance consultant-client relationships. This in turn increases the probability of successful consulting engagements.
Choosing the Right Words
Authors: Coombs W. Timothy
Published: March 2007

Although crisis management has evolved rapidly over the past decade, the symbolic aspect of crisis management has been ignored. More specifically, little research has examined crisis-response strategies (public statements made after a crisis) to see how these messages can be used to shape public perceptions of the crisis and the organization in crisis. This article synthesizes existing literature to create a list of crisis-response strategies and develops a set of guidelines for appropriate use of a given strategy. The guidelines are based upon Attribution Theory and use the crisis situation and the publics as the factors that help to determine when a crisis-response strategy is appropriate.
Testing Hypotheses Derived from the Roy Adaptation Model
Authors: Frederickson Keville , Jackson Bettie S. , Strauman Timothy , Strauman Janice
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the role of perception and biopsychosocial adaptation in patients with cancer entering an aggressive cancer treatment program. The Roy adaptation model provided the framework from which hypotheses were derived and tested. The hypotheses proposed that physiological stimuli are translated by the cognator through perception that alters the biopsychosocial responses. Forty-five patients were tested as they entered into the chemotherapy program. The APACHE U was used to measure actual physiological status; the Symptom Distress Profile was used to measure subjects' perceived physiological discomfort, and the Sickness Impact Profile was used to measure subjects' perceived effect of the cancer on their psychosocial adaptation. The results supported the theoretical predictions that perception of symptoms is positively correlated with psychosocial adaptation and not with actual physiological status. In addition, perception of symptoms and psychosocial adaptation were correlated with survival at six months and not with actual physiological status. Discussion of findings addresses theoretical and practice issues.
The Consciousness Rainbow: An Explication of Rogerian Field Pattern Manifestations
Authors: DeCann Andersen Marcia , Smereck Geoffrey A. D.
Published: March 2007

The consciousness rainbow is a heuristic designed to be used in nursing practice in conjunction with the personalized nursing practice model based on Rogers' science of unitary human beings (Rogers, 1970, 1990). The first phase in practicing nursing is pattern manifestation appraisal, followed by deliberative mutual patterning. This article presents pattern manifestation appraisal by describing patterns associated with "being," "well-being," and "not being." Clients who enter well-being via another dimension are encouraged to experience "being" in the present as a step toward genuine well-being.
The Lived Experience of Aging in Community-Dwelling Elders in Valencia, Spain: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Rendon Diane C. , Sales Rafael , Leal Isabel , Pique Jordi
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to explore the lived experience of aging in community-dwelling elders in Valencia, Spain. A bilingual, bicultural endeavor, this research was a collaborative project conducted by nurse educators in New York City and Valencia. Parse's theory of human becoming guided the research, and van Kaam's phenomenological method of analysis was used to identify common elements and major themes of experience. Findings revealed the meaning of aging to be confirming triumphs through the forceful enlivening of bridled potency. These findings were conceptually consistent with Parse's major themes of meaning, rhythmicity, and cotranscendence. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Life Patterns of People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Isolation and Being Closed in
Authors: Jonsdottir Helga
Published: March 2007

This study is based on Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness and applies Newman's hermeneutic dialectic method and hermeneutic phenomenology in describing the experience of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The researcher engaged in five in-depth interviews with 10 people. Results demonstrate the participants' life pattern of isolation and being closed in. Core themes characterizing the life pattern are resignation to the situation as it is, unsuccessful solutions to traumatic events, and difficulties in expressing oneself and relating to others. None of the participants had experienced the turning point central to the process of expanding consciousness.
Weathering the Storm: Persevering through a Difficult Time
Authors: Alichin-Petardi Lynn
Published: March 2007

Parse's human becoming theory of nursing and research methodology were used to uncover the structure of the lived experience of persevering through a difficult time for eight women with ovarian cancer. Three core concepts surfaced: deliberately persisting, significant engagements, and shifting life patterns. Through conceptual integration these emerged as powering valuing in the connecting-separating of originating. Deliberately persisting, an active forging onward, was supported in the perseverance literature. The concept significant engagements, a variety of encounters uniquely important to an individual, was further clarified. Shifting life patterns, the changing ways of living as the difficult time emerged, was not addressed in the perseverance literature and represents new knowledge to the discipline of nursing.
Religion and Normative Education in the Light of Current Law
Authors: Keller Sharon
Published: March 2007

As a backdrop for the discussion of education and religious beliefs, the author conveys a sense of the terrain of this debate from a legal point of view. Both the U.S. and the various state constitutions are implicated and the law on many central questions is unsettled. At the end, the author expresses her view that the law should resolve on the side of strong separation of church and state, which is desirable for political, institutional, and educational reasons.
Financial Incentives for National Board Certification
Authors: Kelley Carolyn , Kimball Steven M.
Published: March 2007

Despite limited research on the use and impact of financial incentives for National Board Certification, financial incentives and award policies have increasingly been adopted at the national, state, and local level to encourage teachers to pursue certification. This study explores the use of financial incentives for National Board Certification, focusing on why teachers pursue certification; the impact of linking pay to certification; and the effects of Board Certification on the teacher, school, and district. Findings suggest that the presence and source of a pay incentive helped to shape interest, understanding, and appreciation of the Board Certification process among teachers and administrators. Consistent with other studies, our data suggest that the process of undertaking the National Board Certification assessment represents a significant professional growth experience for teachers. Implications for policy makers are discussed.
The Dialectic of Reform
Authors: Verstegen Deborah , McGuire C. Kent
Published: March 2007

Since the 1800s, reforms of the education system have steadily punctuated the decades, rolling even into the present. The authors provide a critical examination of the current education reform based on a S0-state survey. Legislation passed since 1983 and investments in reform in 1988 are specified and examined in the context of current issues in education, with attention to areas in need of further research. Data are also presented on special populations across the 50 states. It is concluded that the dialectic of reform will continue. Future reforms will be cast in response to what the states' emphases are -or are not -today.
Educational Marketing and the Public Schools: Policies, Practices, and Problems
Authors: Hanson E. Mark
Published: March 2007

Drawing from the research literature, the objectives of this article are to analyze the marketing concept and to illustrate its application to public school educational systems. Within these systems, there exists a crisis of confidence resulting in patterns of failed bond initiatives, increased political interventions, parent revolts, and community disenchantment. The inability of our schools to develop effective marketing techniques and strategies has rendered them relatively impotent in their struggles to counter the conditions of the crisis. This article identifies and analyzes the natural market forces that create bridges and/or barriers between schools and communities Private sector marketing strategies are proposed as means of establishing more effective school-community exchanges and ultimately more productive working relationships.
Differences that Make a Difference: Explaining Japan's Success
Authors: Rohlen Thomas P.
Published: March 2007

Japan's success is defined as a high level of average achievement with a low degree of variation over the entire population of students accomplished at relatively low cost. The various contextual explanations for this outcome—including motivational, cultural, societal, administrative, and behavioral—are discussed, and their fit with one another is emphasized. The overall stability and simplicity of focus are basic aspects of the system underscored. The meaning of the Japanese case for American education is considered, beginning with a distinction made between understanding another system, drawing lessons from its experience, and borrowing actual practices or organizational ideas from it. Emphasis is given to the initial task of grasping the whole context and the interplay between the elements before drawing lessons or selecting something for emulation.
Context, Courses, and the Curriculum Local Responses to State Policy Reform
Authors: Rossman Gretchen B. , Wilson Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

An important component of the first wave of recent policy reform included increased state-mandated high school graduation requirements. This article documents local variability in response to state-mandated reform and illustrates the challenges of implementing centralized policy as a tool to improve the quality of education. The longitudinal research, based on the experiences of students and staff in five diverse high schools, combines both quantitative and qualitative techniques to establish a convincing picture of local adaptability. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for state level policymakers to be more sensitive to local context and culture if they want to reform local practice and improve learning opportunities for students.
Centralized Goal Formation, Citizenship, and Educational Pluralism: Accountability in Liberal Democratic Societies
Authors: Strike Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

This article asks whether centralized goal formation of the sort involved in Goals 2000 or in the development of state curriculum standards is consistent with pluralism reasonably conceived. It argues that an educational system that is consistent with pluralism reasonably conceived must (a) provide or allow every culture fair and adequate time and resources for the reproduction of its distinctive or distinguishing values; (b) provide adequate time and resources for the reproduction of the society's public values, especially citizenship; and (c) provide adequate time and resources for members of different cultures to learn from and about one another It concludes that curriculum encompassing standards and accountability mechanisms that make schools fully accountable to the state are inconsistent with pluralism and argues for flexible standards and accountability that are more narrowly focused on the state's central interests in education, but that permit significant local variation.
Do School Councils Matter?
Authors: Leithwood Kenneth , Jantzi Doris , Steinbach Rosanne
Published: March 2007

Survey and interview data were collected through a two-staged, mixed method, research design to examine the effects on schools and classrooms of school councils formed in response to a large bundle of government reform initiatives in Ontario. Results suggested that, at best, councils had a weak positive influence on both classroom practice and school wide decisions. Councils that were relatively influential had, among other features, highly competent parent chairs, facilitative principals who wanted the councils to be useful to their schools, and a history of productive working relationships between teachers and parents.
The Use of Holistic Concepts in Professional Practice
Authors: Falsafi Nasrin
Published: March 2007

This article describes a caring interaction between a nurse and a client in emotional distress in the emergency department. The author demonstrates the use of holistic concepts such as self-care, self-awareness, intention, presence, imagery, and rituals in her relationship with the client.
Spirituality of Patients Recovering from an Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Walton Joni
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to discover what spirituality means to patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction and to identify patients’ perceptions of how spirituality influences recovery. Using the Glaserian method, spiritual concepts were used for theory building. Spirituality was described as a life-giving force nurtured by receiving presence of the divine, family, friends, health care providers, and creation (core category). Supporting categories were: developing faith, discovering meaning and purpose, and giving the gift of self. Five phases to discovering meaning and purpose were: (a) facing mortality, (b) releasing fear and turmoil, (c) identifying and making lifestyle changes, (d) seeking divine purpose, and (e) making meaning in daily life. Spirituality influenced recovery by providing the participants with inner strength, comfort, peace, wellness, wholeness, and enhanced coping. This substantive theory can be used by holistic nurses to facilitate spirituality in patients recovering from an acute myocardial infarction.
The Effects of Personal Relevance of Topic and Information Type on Older Adults’ Accurate Recall of Written Medical Passages About Osteoarthritis
Authors: Okun Morris A. , Rice G. Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Objectives:This study investigated the influence of information type (based on whether the text affirmed the reader’s veridical beliefs or disconfirmed the reader’s erroneous beliefs) and self-reported osteoarthritis status on older adults’ accurate recall of written medical passages about osteoarthritis. Methods:One week after reading the passages, adults aged 65 through 80 without osteoarthritis ( n= 46) and with osteoarthritis ( n= 31) completed a cued recall task that focused on accurate memory of what the passage said. Results:Disconfirming informationwas less accurately recalled than affirming information. Whereas self-reported osteoarthritis status was not significantly ( p> .05) related to accurate recall of affirming information, it was significantly ( p< .05) related to accurate recall of disconfirming information. Discussion:Older adults with osteoarthritis were more likely than older adults without osteoarthritis to misrepresent the content of the passages as supporting their misconceptions.
Urinary Incontinence in Wisconsin Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Nelson Richard , Furner Sylvia , Jesudason Victor
Published: March 2007

Objectives: This article reports the characteristics associated with fecal incontinence (FI) in a nursing home population that are also associated with urinary incontinence (UI). Method: Across-sectional survey composed of data from theWisconsin Center for Health Statistics’ Annual Nursing Home Survey in 1992 and 1993. Demographic characteristics, functional status, and disease histories were correlated with UI. Results: Data were available for 18,170 and 17,117 residents respectively, 56% of who were to varying degrees incontinent of urine in each year. Significant positive associations with UI included, in order of adjusted odds ratios: FI, truncal restraints, dementia, female gender, impaired vision, stroke, and constipation. Inverse associations were age, body mass index, tube feedings, and pressure ulcers. Diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, fecal impaction, and race were not associated with UI. Conclusion: UI frequently coexists with FI in nursing home residents. FI and UI differ in their association with age, body mass, and gender.
Medication and the Elderly
Authors: German Pearl S. , Burton Lynda C.
Published: March 2007

Use of medication has become an increasingly important issue in the health and health care of older populations. The demographic changes resulting in greater numbers of individuals 65 and over. accompanied by a higher prevalence of chronic disease, focus attention on prescription and over-the-counter drugs, the major strategy in treatment regimens for these conditions. In addition. the numbers of new and powerful drugs being developed increase daily. This article reviews and evaluates existing information on the prevalence of medication use and adverse drug reactions. It examines the role of physicians and patients in occurrence and management of side effects of drugs and in patterns of prescription and use. Following this, it identifies areas of research necessary to address the gaps in the current state of knowledge in these areas and discusses the need for strong and substantial information about this essential therapeutic strategy in health care for older people.
Changes in Health Service Use and Mortality among U.S. Elderly in 1980-1986
Authors: Manton Kenneth G. , Vertrees James C. , Wrigley J. Michael
Published: March 2007

Concern has emerged about the impact on quality of care of recent changes in Medicare reimbursement for acute hospital episodes (i.e., the introduction of the Prospective Payment System based on the Diagnosis Related Groups Reimbursement methodology). One aspect of those concerns is that very sick patients would be prematurely discharged to nursing homes in which the high level of medical care required would not be available. This was recently studied in terms of changes between 1981 and 1985 in the location of deaths (e.g., hospital, institutional) reported on U.S. death certificates. We analyzed the death certificate data for a longer period of time (1980 to 1986) and stratified the analysis by both age and cause of death-which we felt were important determinants of location of death. We also examined data from the 1982 and 1984 National Long Term Care Surveys linked to data on Medicare service use. In those analyses we could explicitly identify chronically disabled and institutionalized populations and study death rates in different locations within those populations. Our analyses showed little evidence of increased mortality rates due to premature hospital discharge. There were, however, significant changes in the patterns of service use. More home health agency (HHA) and skilled nursing facility (SNF) services were consumed though the rates of death per episode in those venues declined.
The Compression of Comorbidity
Authors: Wallace Robert B. , Lemke Jon H.
Published: March 2007

Epidemiologic evidence on the compression of morbidity issue suggests that despite the recent increase in longevity of older Americans, the age-specific prevalence rates for most chronic illnesses have not concomitantly declined. However, current morbidity survey methods may not be fully able to characterize the scope of illness, function, physiologic status, and homeostatic capacity of a population to the extent necessary to determine whether morbidity is actually being "compressed." This article considers some additional ways to assess long-term trends in population health status, emphasizing patterns of comorbidity and summary health measures, that may give insights into the overall biologic robustness of older persons.
Satisfaction with Medical Care among Elderly People in Fee-for-Service Care and an HMO
Authors: Kasper Judith D. , Riley Gerald
Published: March 2007

This study investigates satisfaction with care among elderly Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO) and beneficiaries in fee-for-service (FFS) care in the same geographic area. Satisfaction with two dimensions of care, access/quality and costs, are examined, to investigate differences in enrollee/FFS evaluation of these dimensions of care as well as predictors of satisfaction with care. In addition, satisfaction among healthy and chronically ill elderly people in these two care settings is explored. Results indicate higher satisfaction with access/quality of care among those in FFS and higher satisfaction with costs among HMO enrollees. These relationships hold controlling for other variables and among the chronically ill elderly. Sources of variation in satisfaction are somewhat different among the HMO and FFS elderly. Satisfaction with paperwork and ease of getting to care, however, influences satisfaction with other aspects of care in both populations.
Pain and the Use of Health Services among the Elderly
Authors: Cook Andrew J. , Thomas Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined pain management strategies and the relationship of pain to the use of health services in a sample of community-resident Canadian elderly. Analyses with the Andersen-Newman framework of need, enabling and predisposing variables revealed that pain did not make an incremental contribution to explaining service use. Traditional measures of need for services accounted for the majority of explained variance in health service use. The substantial number of participants who were found to be coping with chronic, frequent pain relied on themselves as much as formal health services for dealing with their pain. The most common coping style for these pain sufferers was a combination of analgesics and accepting mild pain as part of daily life. This combination of medical intervention and attitudinal factors appears to make the coping process very manageable.
Sector Blurring and Nonprofit Centers: The Case of the United Kingdom
Authors: Billis David
Published: March 2007

Fifteen years have passed since the Centre for Voluntary Organisation was founded in London. In reviewing the history of research on the voluntary sector in the United Kingdom, the author asks whether the progressive blurring of boundaries between the governmental, proprietary, and voluntary sectors means that in the long run the third sector will disappear. He argues that it will not, proposing that the core of the voluntary sector is the associational base out of which organizations grow. In turn, that base has connections to the personal, nonorganizational sector of life. Sector blurring occurs at the boundaries between the sectors, but mixed form organizations generally do not have associational bases.
The Role of Crises and Opportunities in Organizational Change: A Look at a Nonprofit Religious College
Authors: Dyck Bruno
Published: March 2007

This study examines the role of crises and opportunities in the 40-year organizational change history of a not-for-profit religious college. Findings suggest that crisis intensity (a) increases organizational members' commitment to the status quo and decreases their support for change, (b) triggers change attempts, and (c) may increase the likelihood that changes are implemented. Heightened opportunity levels (a) increase members' receptivity to change and decrease their support for the status quo but (b) do not increase the number of changes being attempted or (c) the likelihood that change is implemented.
Mapping Small Religious Nonprofit Organizations: An Illinois Profile
Authors: GrOnbjerg Kirsten A. , Nelson Sheila
Published: March 2007

Small religious nonprofit organizations in the human service field are relatively invisible to researchers, reflecting in part their disproportionate omission from the Internal Revenue Service list of charitable nonprofits. Drawing on a 1991 survey of Illinois nonprofit human service organizations, the authors describe their organizational and financial characteristics as well as their governance structures and relations with religious congregations. The authors conclude that the organizations are internally diverse and also differ in significant ways from their nonreligious counterparts in the field. Finally, the authors present research and policy implications.
Effects of Organizational Type and Localism on Volunteerism and Resource Sharing During Disasters
Authors: Zakour Michael J. , Gillespie David F.
Published: March 2007

After a disaster, community consensus is at its highest. This suggests that geographic distance is a barrier to coordination. This study found that geographic distance is negatively related to links among organizations, but most of this relationship is accounted for by organizational variables, including geographic service range, volunteerism, and appreciation shown to volunteers. Organizations with a local orientation have lower levels of volunteerism. Compared to emergency management organization, social service organizations have larger geographic service ranges, a less localistic orientation, and more network links. This study suggests that social service organizations promote resource redistribution and network coordination, whereas emergency management organizations with limited service ranges tend to block resource redistribution and limit volunteer participation.
International Grant Making by U.S. Foundations: Issues and Directions in the 1990s
Authors: Renz Loren
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes findings from the Foundation Center's 1997 benchmark study International Grantmaking: A Report on U.S. Foundation Trends. The study's purpose study was to foster better understanding among funders and the international community about the role foundations play in the international field and the ways they practice international grant making and to identify changes in giving patterns and practice in the post-cold war era. Over the past 15 years, the share of funding for international programs has doubled. Such growth suggests a dynamic area whose directions need to be understood. Those involved with international grant making and the international community-in the United States and overseas-need to understand changes in funding patterns within the context of domestic funding policies and in response to external factors. Deeper understanding of recent trends can also encourage dialogue about the evolving purpose of international grant making in the era of globalization.
Structural Changes in the Hospital Industry, Charity Care, and the Nonprofit Role in Health Care
Authors: Ferris James M. , Graddy Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

In an effort to understand the impact of cost-containment public policies on the relative roles of the sectors, the authors examine changes in the California hospital industry during the 1980s and associated changes in the provision of charity care. Industry structure and the relative strength of the sectors change as a result of industry entry, industry exit, and conversions (ownership changes across sectors). In the face of cost-containment policies, the nonprofit sector has been the most stable, with fewer exits than the for-profit sector and fewer conversions “out” than the public sector. This stability suggests that nonprofit hospitals are more likely to continue providing services as profit margins shrink. In addition, an analysis of the charity care behavior of converters suggests a stronger relationship between ownership and charity behavior than indicated by simple comparisons of the mean levels of provision, with committed nonprofits providing more charity care than for-profit hospitals.
Do Public Subsidies Leverage Private Philanthropy for the Arts? Empirical Evidence on Symphony Orchestras
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between public subsidies and private philanthropy is at the heart of a common claim that state subsidies “leverage” private donations to the arts. This claim might seem counterintuitive to some who find it more likely that state funding would crowd out private donations. This article empirically tests this question, using panel data on five major American symphony orchestras. The principal result of the statistical analysis is that neither claim is correct for these orchestras: The two funding sources are independent. This finding has significant managerial implications with respect to revenue-raising strategies for arts organizations as well as nonprofit firms in general. These implications and several related policy issues are discussed.
Theses on Nonprofit Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Herman Robert D. , Renz David O.
Published: March 2007

This article draws from the general literature on organizational effectiveness and the specialized literature on nonprofit organizational effectiveness to advance six theses about the effectiveness of public benefit charitable nonprofit organizations (NPOs). (a) Non-profit organizational effectiveness is always a matter of comparison. (b) Nonprofit organizational effectiveness is multidimensional and will never be reducible to a single measure. (c) Boards of directors make a difference in the effectiveness of NPOs, but how they do this is not clear. (d) More effective NPOs are more likely to use correct management practices. (e) Nonprofit organizational effectiveness is a social construction. (f) Program outcome indicators as measures of NPO effectiveness are limited and can be dangerous. The article concludes by considering three possible futures for NPO effectiveness research.
Diversification of Revenue Strategies: Evolving Resource Dependence in Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Froelich Karen A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effects of three major revenue strategies in nonprofit organizations. Evolving resource dependence is demonstrated by the shifting reliance on each source of funds: private contributions, government funding, and commercial activities. A wide-ranging literature review is condensed into summary profiles comparing revenue volatility, goal displacement, process, and structure effects of each strategy. The profiles are drawn upon to anticipate potential advantages and disadvantages of increasingly diversified revenue strategies employed by nonprofits to combat resource dependence. The potential interaction effects raise critical but unanswered questions about nonprofit performance, legitimacy, and public policy issues.
Underage and Under Fire
Authors: HØISKAR ASTRI HALSAN
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to identify under what circumstances some nations' armed forces or groups employ children in armed conflicts. Based on a multivariate analysis of 162 and 165 countries in the period 1994-8, the article concludes that child participation is primarily linked to repressive and unstable regimes, in addition to protracted conflicts. It also suggests that child employment reduces rather than enhances the recruitment of children, possibly because child labour works as a better and safer alternative to child soldiering.
Youth, Lifestyles and Society
Authors: HENDRY LEO B. , KLOEP MARION , OLSSON SUSANNA
Published: March 2007

This article sets out to consider the role of social class on present-day adolescents' development by briefly examining adolescents' `lifestyles' in western industrial societies. The article goes on to consider empirical evidence about possible social class influences on various aspects of adolescent socialization in Sweden, Germany and Britain within Abel and McQueen's theoretical framework of `resources', `orientations' and `behaviours'. In particular the article highlights findings from a large-scale and comprehensive study of adolescents' lifestyle development. Results show that lifestyle socialization in adolescence is still social class based, though allowing for transitional variations within social class boundaries. The analysis and interpretation suggest that despite opportunities for individual taste and choice to operate in present-day western cultures, elements of social class differentiate among various lifestyles across the teenage years and are especially powerful and pervasive in relation to Abel and McQueen's dimensions of `resources' (i.e. life chances) and behaviours (i.e. `life conduct').
Local Organizing for Environmental Conflict
Authors: Weinberg Adam S.
Published: March 2007

Grassroots groups continue to compose a large part of the environmental movement in the United States. In this article, I examine 41 attempts by grassroots groups to work with the Sierra Club to participate in local environmental conflicts. I argue that the difference between those groups who participated in a local conflict and those groups who were unable to participate in a conflict can be explained by the ability of a group to mobilize resources, gain access to information, create ties to other participants, control the framing of a conflict, and sustain these four factors across the duration of the conflict. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis, I argue that having resources and information is useful for participation but not sufficient to guarantee participation. Ultimately, participation occurs when local groups have ties with other participants in the conflict and/or the ability to control the framing of the conflict.
Constraining Leviathan
Authors: Falaschetti Dino , Miller Gary
Published: March 2007

Individuals attempting to supply themselves with public goods face well-known free-rider problems. Since at least Hobbes, social scientists have claimed that an `external agent' is necessary to check these problems and thus sustain efficient outcomes in political economies. Contributors to the relevant literature frequently characterize these agents as supplying efficiency-enhancing services (e.g. enforcement) in return for a share of associated efficiency gains. Any incentive scheme that eliminates moral hazard in the other players, however, must create moral hazard in the external agent. That is, the external agent has an incentive to increase its own share, to the detriment of overall efficiency. As a result, unless an external agent can credibly commit against opportunistic behavior, prospective subjects to its authority have a reduced incentive to `enter the game'.

In the present article, we evaluate how political economies might authorize external agents to punish free-riding but otherwise check their ability to opportunistically undermine efficiency. We gain insight into this dilemma by synthesizing theories of the state and firm to illustrate the pivotal role that credible commitments against opportunism play in sustaining efficient collective orders. Our synthesis suggests that a collection of external agents, rather than a unitary agent, has a greater capacity to produce credible commitments against opportunism. In other words, the same forces that work against the efficient provision of public goods (i.e. the incentive to free-ride) can check the incentive for a diffuse `external agent' to play opportunistic actions. Because such constraints are necessary for efficient collective orders, a team of external agents has a comparative advantage (on this dimension) in pushing political economies toward efficient equilibria. We suggest that diffusion of ownership amongst multiple shareholders (in the case of firms) or a broad democratic citizenry (in the case of the state) should therefore play a significant role in enhancing efficiency.
The Geometry of Majority Rule
Authors: Miller Nicholas R. , Grofman Bernard , Feld Scott L.
Published: March 2007

We present some basic results concerning the spatial theory of voting in such a way that the theorems and their proofs should be accessible to a broad audience of political scientists. We do this by making the presentation essentially geometrical. We present the following results in particular: Plott's `pairwise symmetry' condition for an unbeaten point; McKelvey's `global cycling' theorem; Ferejohn, McKelvey and Packel's cardioid construction for establishing bounds on a `win set'; and McKelvey's circular bound on the `uncovered set' of points.
Multiple Rules and the `Nesting' of Public Policies
Authors: Sproule-Jones Mark
Published: March 2007

This article argues that any single public policy appears to `nest' within a complex configuration of interdependent and multidimensional rules and policies. It uses a `bottom up' methodology to determine those rules that act as incentive systems for the operation of a Great Lakes Port. It finds that substantial competition and rivalry exists between ports, other transportation modes, vessel owners, ship charterers and other users of the port such as recreational boaters. These conclusions differ from what might have been predicted on the basis of a state-centred and `top downward' methodological strategy.
Barriers to Entry into a Political System
Authors: Doron Gideon , Maor Moshe
Published: March 2007

The article develops a theoretical framework for the analysis of the conditions which affect the creation of barriers to entry into political systems. Its main argument is that parties in power increase structural barriers to enhance their interests when they perceive a threat to their own power. Perceived threat is influenced by changes in two dimensions of the political system: the level of innovation in an elective party system, and the level of mobility in a parliamentary system. An increase in the level of mobility in a parliamentary party system, alongside a decrease in the level of innovation in an elective party system, increases the level of perceived threat by the parties in power. An increase in the level of perceived threat is followed by a `barriers' strategy by the parties in power, and, conversely, a decrease in the level of perceived threat may be followed by a strategy of maintenance or even decrease of barriers to entry.
Barriers to Entry and Political Competition
Authors: Holcombe Randall G.
Published: March 2007

Models of electoral competition tend to focus on competition between parties, but there are more significant alliances among incumbents of different parties than between incumbents and non-incumbents of the same party. The coalition of incumbents uses barriers to entry to place challengers at a competitive disadvantage, which frees incumbents from having to strictly follow the desires of the voters. This enhances the benefits of holding office. Models of political competition that leave out the competition between incumbents and non-incumbents overlook the most significant dimension of political competition.
Legislative Representation as Parallel-processing and Problem-Solving
Authors: Boynton G. R. , Kim Chong Lim
Published: March 2007

Research on representation as congruence has reached a point of diminishing learning. Three criticisms of congruence or mandatory politics are reviewed. Representation as parallel-processing in problem-solving is introduced, defined, and illustrated by the work of the Senate Agriculture Committee. In addition to a review of the interaction between Senators and witnesses in two committee hearings, the paper examines one decision in detail. The weaknesses of the congruence conception of representation are strong points of representation as parallel-processing in representation.
The Relevance of the State for Party System Change
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the state is relevant for explaining differences in the dynamics of West European parties and party systems, presenting a comprehensive framework illustrated by a number of empirical examples, followed by a systematic comparison of Austria and France. The state was highly relevant for party and party system dynamics in France. In Austria the state helps to explain both the long party system stability and more recent changes, offset by changes in the institutional environment.
Common Property and Private Property: The Case of Air Slots
Authors: Sened Itai , Riker William H.
Published: March 2007

The evolution of ownership institutions in landing/takeoff time slots at four high density airports is analyzed. Important insights are offered into how property rights institutions evolve, and how these institutions affect the evolution of markets. A detailed case study is presented of how governments and economic organizations brought about a shift from (a) government control of takeoff and landing slots in high density airports to (b) industry self-regulation of slots under a regime of common property ownership to (c) the establishment, by the US government, of a mechanism that endows individual airlines with private ownership of slots, with rights of transfer. Using this case study, we demonstrate how corporate actors shift efforts to the political arena in order to obtain more promising ownership arrangements and how government officials respond to such efforts by introducing changes in the institutional structures of ownership in the market. We also provide a quantitative analysis of the effects of the transition to private ownership on the efficiency of the use of scarce resources, on transaction costs, and on consumers' welfare.
Compact or Compound Republicanism?
Authors: Perry Robert L. , Robertson John D.
Published: March 2007

This paper compares the logical foundations and classical interpretations of compact and compound theories of federalism as they apply to the emerging European federal authority. The study outlines the critical criteria by which one would ascertain the dominance of one model relative to that of the other within the emerging structure of authority across Europe. Operationalizing the critical institutional authority patterns governing the coordination of general property interests throughout European democracies, the study concludes that between 1955 and 1992, major European democracies have evolved toward a hybrid logic of institutional authority consistent more with a compound than a compact theory of federal authority. The sample consists of 14 European democracies.
Proportional Representation
Authors: Potthoff Richard F. , Brams Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Using a recent article by Monroe as a springboard, we extend and generalize his system of proportional representation (PR) by developing a general method for determining a set of winners from the ballots. Central to our analysis is the use of integer programming, which is a type of linear programming. Under Monroe's system and our generalizations of it, one minimizes total misrepresentation, where misrepresentation is based on approval votes, the rankings of candidates, or other ballot information. Our method allows for a variety of PR systems, including those proposed by Monroe, by Chamberlin and Courant, and by Tullock, as well as a new system we call `hierarchical PR'. Ties, the filling of vacancies, and certain problems of both large and small electorates are all rendered manageable with integer programming. We discuss nonmanipulability, representativeness, and other criteria for selecting a PR system and conclude with some recommendations.
Taming the New History
Authors: Carrard Philippe
Published: March 2007

Alain Corbin, The Village of Cannibals, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. 164 pp.
The electronic archive
Authors: Myerson George
Published: March 2007

This article concerns the electronic archive, in relation to the academy and to culture. It explores the metaphors by which the archive is con ceived, proposing as an exploratory and imaginative device an installa tion of the archived material from a contemporary newspaper database. The debates over the electronic archive are then viewed through four voices, each with a distinctive ethos, voices which draw on the other voices of Kant, Baudrillard and Derrida, of the Bible and contempor ary social theory.
Women's work or household strategies?
Authors: Rakodi Carole
Published: March 2007

Women's work or household strategies considers some conceptual and methodological issues in seeking a better understanding of the position of women in urban areas. The author discusses the nature of the "household" and draws on the literature to highlight the unequal balance between male and female household members in terms of power and access to knowledge, resources and income.
Social engineering, occupying powers and evictions: the case of Lhasa, Tibet
Authors: Leckie Scott
Published: March 2007

Social engineering, occupying powers and evictions: the case of Lhasa, Tibet describes the forced evictions undertaken by the Chinese authorities in Lhasa, and the broader government housing and planning process of which they are part. It also considers their impact on the residents and on the urban form of Lhasa, the Tibetan capital.
Sleep as a cure for schizophrenia: a historical episode
Authors: Windholz G. , Witherspoon L.H.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1920s, the Swiss psychiatrist J. Kläsi, working under the directorship of E. Bleuler at Burghölzli, the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Zürich, proposed the treatment of schizophrenia by prolonged sleep therapy induced by the hypnotic Somnifen. Judging from contemporary literature, Kläsi's proposal, which was based upon clinical experience, was accepted by many European psychiatrists, especially those in German-speaking countries. Despite some doubts as to the effectiveness of the therapy and the relatively high mortality rate associated with its use, Somnifen and other related sleep-inducing compounds, were consistently advocated by Burghölzli psychiatrists for at least a decade. It is proposed that the insistence on the use of sleep inducing compounds in the therapy of mental disorders was based on the desperation of psychiatrists lacking effective treatment of schizophrenia. The use of prolonged sleep therapy waned in the mid-1930s with the emergence of other therapies, primarily with insulin and cardiazol.
The survival of the ritualistic over the 'scientific' element of hydrotherapy in Greece
Authors: Diamandopoulos A. , Vlachos J. , Marketos S.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present some elements of the history of 'scientific' psychiatric hydrotherapy and, moreover, of a particular form of the water purifying ritual - that is, foot washing - among the populations living in Greece and in Orthodox communities in the Balkans. We speculate on the reasons that caused the virtual disappearance of the former, while the latter still flourishes.