bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure of [μ-S2{Ru(PCy3)('S4')}2] · 2.5 THF ·0.5 Et2O Containing Homochiral Metal Complex Fragments ['S4'2- = 1,2-Bis(mercaptophenylthio)-ethane (2-)]
Authors: Sellmann Dieter , Heinemann Frank W. , Gottschalk-Gaudig Torsten
Published: February 2015

A crystal of the title compound [μ-S2{Ru(PCy3)(′S4′)}2] · 2.5 THF · 0.5 Et2O (1 · 2.5 THF · 0.5 Et2O), grown from a THF/Et2O solution, was investigated by single-crystal X-ray analysis. 1 · 2.5 THF · 0.5 Et2O crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̄ with a = 14.209(4), b = 15.390(4), c = 19.526(6) Å, α = 111.29(2), ß = 100.43(2), γ = 95.65(2)°, and Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods (wR2= 0.1520 for 12565 reflections; R1 = 0.0507 for 9205 observed reflections). The molecular structure of 1 · 2.5 THF · 0.5 Et2O is characterized by a trans η1 -η1-S2 bridge connecting two homochiral [Ru(PCy3)(′S4′)] fragments. The S-S bond length of 1.982(2) Å and a mean Ru-S(bridge) distance of 2.234(2) Å indicate partial double bond character of these bonds. The RuSSRu unit in 1 · 2.5 THF · 0.5 Et2O is a chromophore as indicated by its UV spectrum and can be described by a delocalized 4c-6e 7π system.
One- and Two- Dimensional Copper(I) Halide Based Coordination Polymers with Bridging Pyridazine or Pyrimidine Ligands
Authors: Kromp T. , Sheldrick W. S.
Published: February 2015

1-Dimensional coordination polymers 1
∞ [CuX(μ-pydz)] 1 - 3 (X = Cl, Br, I; pydz = pyridazine) may be prepared by self-assembly in acetonitrile solution at 120 °C (1) or room temperature (2, 3). Individual chains contain (CuX)2 rings and dimeric [Cu(μ-pydz)]2 substructures. At a 2:1 molar ratio treatment of CuI with pydz in acetonitrile affords the lamellar complex 2
∞[(Cul)2(μ-pydz)] (4) whose novel 2
∞[(Cul)2] sheets contain fused 4-, 6- and 8-membered (Cul)n rings and are stabilized by pydz bridging between adjacent Cu atoms. In contrast,2
∞[(CuBr)2(μ-pym)2] (5) (pym = pyrimidine) contains separated 1
∞[CuBr] chains and (CuBr)2 rings as participating building units.
New Simple and One-Pot Synthetic Routes to Polyfunctionally Substituted Pyridines; 1,4-Dihydropyridazines and 4H-1,2-Oxazine
Authors: Mashaly M. M. , Hammoudab M.
Published: February 2015

Reactions of arylidenemalononitriles la-d with 2-cyano-1,1-diaminoethene (5); arylhydrazones 14a,b and syn-2-pyridinealdoxime 15 afforded the title derivatives 3a-d; 16a,b and 17, respectively. Bipyridyl derivatives 11-13 were also synthesized. Unambiguous syntheses and/ or spectral analyses confirmed the suggested structures of 3a-d, 11-13, 16a,b and 17.
Syntheses of Selected Quaternary Phenacylbromopyridinium Compounds and their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Khan Khalid M. , Saifyb Zafar S. , Zeeshan  , Khan Abdullah , Ahmed Mansoor , Saeed Muhammed , Abdel-Jalil Raid J. , Griibler Gerald , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

The studies, presented here, deal with the synthetic modification of 5-bromonicotinic acid on its nitrogen nucleus. The synthetic transformations were carried out by reacting equimolar amounts of 5-bromonicotinic acid and phenacyl halides in acetone. A range of phenacyl halides were used with the objective of getting a variety of quaternary ammonium salts of 5- bromonicotinic acid derivatives as multipurpose biologically active compounds. Twelve quaternary ammonium salts of 5-bromonicotinic acid have been synthesized and tested for cytotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. These compounds showed promising cytotoxicity against Artemia salina. Two compounds, 3-carboxy-1-(4′-methylphenacyl)-5-bromopyridinium bromide (2) and 3-carboxy-1-(4′-nitrophenacyl)-5-bromopyridinium bromide (12), were highly active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria among all the tested compounds. All the compounds were examined for antifungal activity against fifteen fungal cultures, but none of these compounds proved to be effective against these fungi. The parent compounds and its derivatives were also examined for their effect on mean arterial blood pressure in anaesthetized rats. Compounds 7 and 8 were found to be twofold more active than the parent compound. The rest of the products showed blood pressure lowering effects comparable to the parent compound. All compounds were characterised via elemental analysis UV, IR , mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Two New Polyiodides in the 4,4´-Bipyridinium Diiodide/Iodine System
Authors: Reiss Guido J. , Megen Martin van
Published: February 2015

The reaction of bipyridine with hydroiodic acid in the presence of iodine gave two new polyiodide-containing salts best described as 4,4´-bipyridinium bis(triiodide), C10H10N2[I3]2, 1, and bis(4,4´-bipyridinium) diiodide bis(triiodide) tris(diiodine) solvate dihydrate, (C10H10N2)2I2[I3]2 · 3 I2 ·2H2O, 2. Both compounds have been structurally characterized by crystallographic and spectroscopic methods (Raman and IR). Compound 1 is composed of I3 − anions forming one-dimensional polymers connected by interionic halogen bonds. These chains run along [101] with one crystallographically independent triiodide anion aligned and the other triiodide anion perpendicular to the chain direction. There are no classical hydrogen bonds present in 1. The structure of 2 consists of a complex I14
4− anion, 4,4´-bipyridinium dications and hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 2. The I14
4− polyiodide anion is best described as an adduct of two iodide and two triiodide anions and three diiodine molecules. Two 4,4´-bipyridinium cations and two water molecules form a cyclic dimer through N-H· · ·O hydrogen bonds. Only weak hydrogen bonding is found between these cyclic dimers and the polyiodide anions.
Syntheses, Structures and Photoluminescent Properties of Two New Pb(II) and Cd(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed from 1,10-Phenanthroline-derived and 1,4-Naphthalenedicarboxylate Ligands
Authors: Kong Zhi-Guo , He Yu , Xu Na , Guo Jia , Li Dan
Published: February 2015

Two new related coordination polymers, namely, [Pb(L)(1,4-ndc)] · 0.5H2O (1) and [Cd(L)(1,4- ndc)] · 0.5H2O (2), where L = 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline and 1,4- ndc = 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate, were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Crystal data for 1: C62H36F2N8O9Pb2, monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 15.874(3), b = 19.982(4), c = 16.045(3) Å, β = 94.26(3), V = 5075.3(18) Å3, Z = 4. Crystal data for 2: C62H36Cd2F2N8O9, monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 12.622(2), b = 14.038(3), c = 14.938(3) Å , β = 100.81(2), V = 2600.0(8) Å3, Z = 2. In compound 1, the 1,4-ndc ligands connect the Pb(II) atoms to yield a chain structure. The L ligands are attached on the same side of the chain. The π-π interactions between L ligands of neighboring chains result in a 2D supramolecular architecture of 1. In compound 2, 1,4-ndc ligands link the Cd(II) atoms to generate a layer structure. The L ligands from adjacent layers are paired to furnish strong π-π interactions. Further, these layers are extended into 3D supramolecular architectures through these π-π interactions. The structural differences of 1 and 2 suggest the importance of the metal centers in the construction of the coordination polymers. The luminescent properties of the compounds were also investigated.
A Study of the Cerium-catalyzed Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Reaction
Authors: Furrow Stanley D. , Cervellati Rinaldo , Greco Emanuela
Published: February 2015

Cerium(III) catalysts can replace manganese(II) in the classic Briggs-Rauscher oscillator also containing acid, iodate, hydrogen peroxide, and malonic acid. H2SO4 was used as an acid; if HClO4 is used, cerium iodate precipitates. Cerium(III) oxalate typically precipitates by the time oscillations end. Ce(III) at low concentrations is roughly three times as effective asMn(II). At higher catalyst concentrations, there is a leveling effect for both. Oscillatory behavior with different concentrations is explored. Response to concentration change and inhibitors is similar with both catalysts. The mechanistic steps involving the catalysts must be similar. Ce(IV) is also an effective catalyst, although some cerium(IV) iodate may precipitate immediately.
A Metal-Organic Framework Constructed of 1,2-Di(pyridin-4-yl)ethyne, Terephthalic Acid, and Zinc(II) Nitrate
Authors: Albrecht Marcel , Nieger Martin , Schmidt Andreas
Published: February 2015

A metal-organic framework (MOF) was prepared from 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethyne, terephthalic acid and zinc(II) nitrate in dimethylformamide, water and ethanol at 80 °C. The cavities of the MOF are occupied by disordered molecules of dimethylformamide. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c with Z = 4.
The Gold-rich Indide Eu5Au17.7In4.3 and its Relation with the Structures of SrAu4.76In1.24 and BaLi4
Authors: Muts Ihor , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Zaremba Vasyl’ I. , Pavlosyuk Orest , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2015

The gold-rich indide Eu5Au17.7In4.3 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum ampoule that was heated in a high-frequency furnace. Eu5Au17.7In4.3 crystallizes with a new monoclinic structure type: C2/m, a = 902.7(2), b = 722.8(3), c = 1734.1(4) pm, β = 94.31(3)°, wR2 = 0.0907, 2640 F2 values and 74 variables. Eu5Au17.7In4.3 has a pronounced gold substructure with Au-Au distances ranging from 278 to 300 pm. The striking structural motifs in the gold substructure are networks of Au6 hexagons and discrete units of corner- and edge-sharing Au4 tetrahedra. Eu5Au17.70In4.30 exhibits a small homogeneity range with In/Au mixing on two Wyckoff sites. Geometrically, the Eu5Au17.7In4.3 structure can be explained as an intergrowth variant of slightly distorted SrAu4.76In1.24- and BaLi4-related slabs. The europium coordination in the BaLi4 slabs is similar to binary EuAu2.
Gemischte Alkalimetall-Oxidosulfidomolybdate A2[MoOxS4– x] (x = 1, 2, 3; A = K, Rb, Cs, NH4). Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen und Eigenschaften / Mixed Alkali Oxidosulfidomolybdates A2[MoOxS4−x] (x = 1, 2, 3; A = K, Rb, Cs, NH4).Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties
Authors: Lehner Anna J. , Kraut Korina , Röhr Caroline
Published: February 2015

Mixed sulfido/oxidomolybdate anions [MoOxS4−x]2− (x = 1, 2, 3) have been prepared by passing H2S gas through a solution of oxidomolybdates. The alkali salts of K+, Rb+, Cs+, and NH+
4 precipitate as crystalline salts from these solutions depending on the pH, the polarity of the solvent, the educt concentrations and the temperature. Their structures have been determined by means of X-ray single-crystal diffraction data. All trisulfidomolybdates A2[MoOS3] (A = NH4/K/Rb/Cs) are isotypic with the tetrasulfido salts, exhibiting the β -K2[SO4] type (orthorhombic, space group Pnma, Z = 4; for A = Rb: a = 940.62(4), b = 713.32(4), c = 1164.56(5) pm, R1 = 0.0281). In contrast, the disulfidomolybdates exhibit a rich crystal chemistry, forming three different structure types depending on the preparation conditions and the size of the A cation: All four cations form salts crystallizing with the (NH4)2[WO2S2] structure type (monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4, for A = Rb: a = 1144.32(11), b = 732.60(4), c = 978.99(10) pm, β = 120.324(7)°, R1 = 0.0274). For the three alkali metal cations a second polymorph with a new structure type (monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 4) is observed in addition (for A = Rb: a = 674.83(2), b = 852.98(3), c = 1383.10(9) pm, β = 115.19(1)°, R1 = 0.0216). The cesium salt also crystallizes with a third modification of another new structure type (orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, Z = 4, a = 915.30(6), b = 777.27(7), c = 1120.02(7) pm, R1 = 0.0350). Only for K, an anhydrous monosulfidomolybdate could be obtained (K2[MoO4] structure type, monoclinic, space group C2/m, Z = 4, a = 1288.7(3), b = 615.7(2), c = 762.2(1) pm, β = 109.59(1)°, R1 = 0.0736). The intramolecular chemical bonding in the molybdate anions is discussed and compared with the respective vanadates. Hereby aspects like bond lengths, bond strengths and force constants derived from Raman spectroscopy, are taken into account. Especially for the polymorphic disulfido salts, in-depth analyses of the local coordination numbers and the packing of the ions are presented. The gradual bathochromic shift of the crystal color with increasing S content and increasing size of the counter cations A and molar volumes (for the polymorphic forms), respectively, is in accordance with the increase of the experimental (UV/Vis spectroscopy) and calculated (FP-LAPW band structure theory) band gaps.
Grayanane Diterpenoids from the Fruits of Pieris formosa
Authors: Wu Zhao-Yuan , Li Hong-Mei , Li Yuan-Dan , Li Rong-Tao
Published: February 2015

Four new acylated grayanane diterpenoids, pierisformosins E-H (1 - 4), together with two known ones, pierisformosins B and C (5, 6), were isolated from the fruits of Pieris formosa. The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry.
Kırsal bölgede yaşayan kadınların aile planlaması yöntemi tercihlerine yaş ve eğitimin etkisi
Authors: Çalışkan Binnaz Gür , Doğan Burcu , Olçum Gülçin Güngör
Published: February 2015

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Giresun’un kırsal bir bölgesinde yaşayan evli kadınların yaş ve eğitim durumlarının, aile planlaması yöntemi tercihlerine etkisini belirlemekti.Yöntem: Çalışma Giresun Dereli Şehit Er Necmettin Atik Aile Sağlığı Merkezine 01.08.2012-01.02.2013 tarihleri arasında başvuran 18-49 yaş grubundan 651 evli kadının bilgileri geriye dönük incelenerek yapılmıştır. Veriler doktor ve hemşireler tarafından doldurulan 15-49 yaş kadın izlem formlarından alınmıştır.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda yer alan 651 kadından 383’ü (%58,8) modern korunma yöntemlerini tercih etmekteydi. Modern korunma yöntemi kullanan kadınlar (34,6±7,9 yaş), geleneksel korunma yöntemi kullanan kadınlara (38,2±7,9 yaş) göre daha gençti (p=0,001). Kullanılan modern korunma yöntemleri de yaşa göre farklılık göstermekteydi (p=0,001). Doğum kontrol hapı ve kondom kullananlar, rahim içi araç ve kalıcı yöntemleri tercih edenlere göre daha gençti. Okuryazar olmayanlar, geleneksel korunma yöntemlerini diğer kadınlara göre daha yüksek oranda kullanmaktaydı (p=0,001). Eğitim düzeyi ilkokul olanların kalıcı yöntem kullanım oranları, ortaokul ve lise mezunu olanlardan daha fazla idi (p=0,020). Diğer modern korunma yöntemlerinin kullanımı kadınların eğitim durumuna göre bir farklılık göstermemekteydi (p>0,05).Sonuç: Aile planlaması yöntemi seçiminde kadınların yaşı ve eğitim durumu etkili görünmektedir. Daha genç yaştakiler ve eğitim düzeyi daha yüksek olanlar modern yöntemleri tercih etmektedirler.
Grand Illusion? The Phenomenon of Jewish Life in Poland after the Holocaust in Lower Silesia
Authors: Ilwicka Agnieszka
Published: February 2015

The Jewish Life in Poland inLower Silesia began with the end of World War II. Survivors from the local concentration camp in Gross Rosen created the first Jewish committee and, with German Jewish survivors, started a new chapter in the post war history of Lower Silesia. The fact that only 10% of the Jews from the whole population overcame the extermination should be borne in mind. There is a related branch of research that seeks to determine how long Jewish life continued in Europe, where and under what conditions. In the last few years, we have become aware of the extent to which Jews actually built new possibilities after World War II in Poland, 1945–1968. In fact, the prevailing popular image of post–war Jewry is a simplistic one that divides the Jewish population into basic groups: the assimilated Jews of Russia; the “Jewish Jews” of Poland and other western areas, annexed to the Soviet Union, who sought to preserve at least some aspects of Yiddishkayt (Jewishness); and the traditional Jews, who remained devout.In the period of 1945–1950, the Jews created the most important center of Jewish Life in Europe, in terms of culture, industry, education and intellectual life. A stabilization period of the Jewish settlement began with the autumn of 1946. The softening of emigration rules and the closure of the Polish borders in the winter of 1947 helped Jews fully concentrate on the Jewish life in Poland. At that time, political, social, economic and cultural activities continued to be carried out on a large scale. In 1946, 16,960 Jews were registered in Wrocław. With the change of the policy towards the Jewish community by the communist government of Poland, the Jewish settlement in Wrocław slowed down and eventually, at the beginning of the 70’s, Jewish life in the Lower Silesia disappeared from the cultural map of the local landscapes.Even though some of the Jewish settlers remained in the Lower Silesia to continue Jewish life in this territory, the community never became as strong and influential as it was at the beginning of the settlement.
Radio and the Church – a Historical Glance
Authors: Sultana Carl-Mario
Published: February 2015

Radio is a very powerful mass communication medium. In radio broadcasting, one can hear the echo of Christ’s words to his apostles in the missionary discourse: “You received without charge, give without charge…What you hear in whispers, proclaim from the house tops” (Mt 10,8b.27). Although the Church uses radio as a means to transmit the Good News of salvation, and we as human beings receive radio transmissions as a part of our daily life, we barely stop to think and reflect upon the underlying aspects of radio as a means of communication. In this paper, the Author endeavours to give a historical overview of what makes radio an important medium for evangelisation according to four key documents of the Church, while also studying the underlying theological positions found in these documents. These documents enable us to study radio as a broadcasting medium, highlighting the possible reactions of the Church to radio and how the Church changed its stance on radio over the years. The reason for focussing specifically on radio is for two particular reasons: from the very beginning, the Church has considered radio as a means for evangelising the masses. Notwithstanding this, what is going to be discussing in the paper can be equally applied to Television as a mass communication medium. Secondly, the Church took an active role in radio broadcasting by asking Guglielmo Marconi himself to construct the Vatican Radio in 1931. The documents of the Church also offer us a theology of radio as a mass communication medium, with unity, progress and evangelisation being the fundamental aspects. Church documents posit that not everything should be broadcasted over radio but only messages which bring about peace and unity.
La scelta missionaria nell’attività del consiglio pastorale parrocchiale
Authors: Rojowski Leszek
Published: February 2015

The article discusses the missionary option as indicated by Pope Francis in his first apostolic exhortation. This challenging option can be lived fully only through a total commitment of all church structures. That is why it is interesting to reflect how one of the parish structures, namely the pastoral council, can contribute – according to its competences – to put into practice what has been enunciated in Evangelii gaudium.A particular contribution of the parish pastoral council consists primarily in the development of an adequate parish pastoral plan, which would have as its main goal to educate the parish as a missionary community, responsible for the transmission of the Christian faith in today’s world. The article also features some directions from the Papal document which must be taken into account and some practical suggestions which aid in reaching the delineated goals. A commitment of the parish pastoral council to fulfil this missionary choice enables this structure to see its role as oriented “to promote conformity of the life and actions of the People of God with the Gospel”.
Documentary and Cognitive Theory: Narrative, Emotion and Memory
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: February 2015

This article deals with the benefits of using cognitive theory in documentary film studies. The article deals with general aspects of cognitive theory in humanities and social science, however the main focus is on the role of narrative, visual style and emotional dimensions of different types of documentaries. Dealing with cognitive theories of film and media and with memory studies, the article analyses how a cognitive approach to documentaries can increase our understanding of how documentaries influence us on a cognitive and emotional level and contribute to the forming of our social and cultural imagination. The article analyses case studies of documentaries dealing with climate change and the environment and documentaries dealing with social history.
Between Objectivity and Openness—The Mediality of Data for Journalism
Authors: Lesage Frédérik , Hackett Robert A.
Published: February 2015

A number of recent high profile news events have emphasised the importance of data as a journalistic resource. But with no definitive definition for what constitutes data in journalism, it is difficult to determine what the implications of collecting, analysing, and disseminating data are for journalism, particularly in terms of objectivity in journalism. Drawing selectively from theories of mediation and research in journalism studies we critically examine how data is incorporated into journalistic practice. In the first half of the paper, we argue that data's value for journalism is constructed through mediatic dimensions that unevenly evoke different socio-technical contexts including scientific research and computing. We develop three key dimensions related to data's mediality within journalism: the problem of scale, transparency work, and the provision of access to data as 'openness'. Having developed this first approach, we turn to a journalism studies perspective of journalism's longstanding "regime of objectivity", a regime that encompasses interacting news production practices, epistemological assumptions, and institutional arrangements, in order to consider how data is incorporated into journalism's own established procedures for producing objectivity. At first sight, working with data promises to challenge the regime, in part by taking a more conventionalist or interpretivist epistemological position with regard to the representation of truth. However, we argue that how journalists and other actors choose to work with data may in some ways deepen the regime's epistemological stance. We conclude by outlining a set of questions for future research into the relationship between data, objectivity and journalism.
The Nanking Atrocity: Still and Moving Images 1937–1944
Authors: Evans Gary
Published: February 2015

This manuscript investigates the facts of publication of the images of the Nanking Atrocity (December 1937–January 1938) in LIFE and LOOK magazines, two widely read United States publications, as well as the Nanking atrocity film clips that circulated to millions more in American and Canadian newsreels some years later. The publishers of these images were continuing the art of manipulation of public opinion through multimodal visual media, aiming them especially at the less educated mass public. The text attempts to describe these brutal images in their historical context. Viewing and understanding the underlying racial context and emotive impact of these images may be useful adjuncts to future students of World War II. If it is difficult to assert how much these severe images changed public opinion, one can appreciate how the emerging visual culture was transforming the way that modern societies communicate with and direct their citizens' thoughts.
The Problem of Realist Events in American Journalism
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: February 2015

Since the nineteenth century, more kinds of news outlets and ways of presenting news grew along with telegraphic, telephonic, and digital communications, leading journalists, policymakers, and critics to assume that more events became available than ever before. Attentive audiences say in surveys that they feel overloaded with information, and journalists tend to agree. Although news seems to have become more focused on events, several studies analyzing U.S. news content for the past century and a half show that journalists have been including fewer events within their coverage. In newspapers the events in stories declined over the twentieth century, and national newscasts decreased the share of event coverage since 1968 on television and since 1980 on public radio. Mainstream news websites continued the trend through the 2000s. Instead of providing access to more of the “what”, journalists moved from event-centered to meaning-centered news, still claiming to give a factual account in their stories, built on a foundation of American realism. As journalists concentrated on fewer and bigger events to compete, audiences turned away from mainstream news to look for what seems like an abundance of events in digital media.
Breaking Empirical Deadlocks in the Study of Partisanship: An Overview of Experimental Research Strategies
Authors: Green Donald P.
Published: February 2015

The vast literature on party identification has gradually become bogged down by disputes about how to interpret observational data. This paper proposes the use of experimental designs to shed light on the responsiveness of party identification to short term forces such as retrospective performance evaluations. Examples of recent field experiments are used to illustrate two types of experimental designs and the assumptions on which they rest.
Inter-Party Conflict Management in Coalition Governments: Analyzing the Role of Coalition Agreements in Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands
Authors: Moury Catherine , Timmermans Arco
Published: February 2015

In this article, we focus on manifest interparty conflict over policy issues and the role of coalition agreements in solving these conflicts. We present empirical findings on the characteristics of coalition agreements including deals over policy controversy and on inter-party conflict occurring during the lifetime of governments in Germany, Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. We analyze the ways in which parties in government were or were not constrained by written deals over disputed issues. Coalition agreements from all four countries include specific policy deals, one third of which are precisely defined. These policy deals concern both consensual and controversial issues. Our central finding is that, in the case of intra-party conflict, parties almost always fall back on the initial policy deals when these exist. As such, policy statements of the coalition agreement facilitate decision making in each of the countries studied.
Political Limits to the Processing of Policy Problems
Authors: May Peter J. , Jochim Ashley E. , Pump Barry
Published: February 2015

This contribution addresses political limits to the processing of policy problems in the United States. Our foci are the forces that limit policymakers' attention to different aspects of problems and how this affects the prospects for problem resolution. We theorize about three sets of forces: interest engagement, linkages among relevant institutions for policymaking, and partisan conflict. We show how the interplay of these forces limits efforts to address complex problems. Based on secondary accounts, we consider these underlying dynamics for ten complex problems. These include the thorny problems of the financial crisis, climate change, and health care; the persistent problems of K-12 education, drug abuse, and food safety; and the looming problems associated with critical infrastructure, the obesity epidemic, ocean health, and terrorism and extreme events. From these accounts we identify different patterns that we label fractured, allied, bureaucratic, and anemic policymaking.
The Devil’s in the Details: Evaluating the One Person, One Vote Principle in American Politics
Authors: Ladewig Jeffrey W. , McKee Seth C.
Published: February 2015

Ever since the Supreme Court instituted the one person, one vote principle in congressional elections based on its decision in Wesberry v. Sanders (1964), intrastate deviations from equal district populations have become smaller and smaller after each decennial reapportionment. Relying on equal total population as the standard to meet the Court’s principle, though, has raised some constitutional and practical questions stemming from, most basically, not every person has the right to vote. Specifically, there is considerable deviation between the current redistricting practices and a literal interpretation of this constitutional principle. This study systematically analyzes the differences between districts’ total populations and their voting age populations (VAPs). Further, we consider how congressional reapportionments since 1972 would change if, instead of states’ total populations, the standard for reapportioning seats were based on the VAP or the voting eligible population (VEP). Overall, the results indicate that the debate surrounding the appropriate apportionment and redistricting standard is not just normative, it also has notable practical consequences.
Engaging the Public in Policy Research: Are Community Researchers the Answer?
Authors: Richardson Liz
Published: February 2015

A case has been made for engaging the public in scientific research as co-producers of knowledge. These arguments challenge elite models of policy research and suggest the need for an ambitious expansion of more inclusive scientific public policy research. Enabling the public to be meaningfully involved in complex policy research remains a challenge. This paper explores a range of attempts to involving the public in public policy research. It uses a binary framing to typify some key debates and differences in approaches between community-based participatory research, and citizen science. Approaches to community-based participatory research in the social sciences offer a set of engagement principles which are an alternative to an elite model of policy research. Citizen science offers a focus on the use of scientific methods by lay people, but this approach is currently under-utilized in public policy research and could be expanded. How could the strengths of each be more fully integrated and harnessed? A case study of community policy research is presented, in which an attempt was made to use a more fully integrated approach in a local policy context, identifying the potential and challenges. Based on a framework of three features of democratic and scientific policy research, it argues that more public participation in public policy research would be helped by more attention to the strengths of the democratic potential emphasised by participatory community-based research, alongside the potential of scientific robustness em-phasised by citizen science. One conclusion drawn is that a professional and scientific orientation to public policy re-search can be retained without necessarily being professionally dominated. Research methods and skills are tools to which more people outside the profession could have access, if academics facilitate the process of democratization of policy research.
Policy Design and Non-Design: Towards a Spectrum of Policy Formulation Types
Authors: Howlett Michael , Mukherjee Ishani
Published: February 2015

Public policies are the result of efforts made by governments to alter aspects of behaviour—both that of their own agents and of society at large—in order to carry out some end or purpose. They are comprised of arrangements of policy goals and policy means matched through some decision-making process. These policy-making efforts can be more, or less, systematic in attempting to match ends and means in a logical fashion or can result from much less systematic processes. “Policy design” implies a knowledge-based process in which the choice of means or mechanisms through which policy goals are given effect follows a logical process of inference from known or learned relationships between means and outcomes. This includes both design in which means are selected in accordance with experience and knowledge and that in which principles and relationships are incorrectly or only partially articulated or understood. Policy decisions can be careful and deliberate in attempting to best resolve a problem or can be highly contingent and driven by situational logics. Decisions stemming from bargaining or opportunism can also be distinguished from those which result from careful analysis and assessment. This article considers both modes and formulates a spectrum of policy formulation types between “design” and “non-design” which helps clarify the nature of each type and the likelihood of each unfolding.
Book Review: Devolution and Localism in England. By David M. Smith and Enid Wistrich. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, 122 pp.; ISBN: 978-1-14724-3079-3.
Authors: Bratberg Øivind
Published: February 2015

Book Review: Devolution and Localism in England. By David M. Smith and Enid Wistrich. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, 122 pp.; ISBN: 978-1-14724-3079-3.
A Neo-Rawlsian Approach to Residential Integration
Authors: Brown Kevin J.
Published: February 2015

Over the past 40 years, the United States has engaged in various policies to integrate otherwise segregated black and white households within a shared space. However, little work has been done to fully articulate a moral argument for residential integration among black and white households. This paper offers what I refer to as the normative argument, which possesses two morally-impelled arguments for residential integration. Since the ethical appeal to integrate is often couched in the language of justice, I begin with a framework—based upon the work of the late philosopher John Rawls—for considering the moral aspects of residential integration. However, I go on to point out intractable problems related to the Rawlsian framework that would fail to flesh out all ethical considerations of the normative argument. From here, I provide a revised, or neo-Rawlsian, framework for understanding residential integration which addresses the aforementioned problems. This exercise is both important and necessary for the future of residential mixing, as better understanding the moral and ethical attributes of this discussion is, perhaps, the best means to lubricate the fundamental shift from 'spatial' to 'social' integration.
Social Capital and Stratification of Young People
Authors: Behtoui Alireza
Published: February 2015

This paper addresses the impact of social capital on the status attainment process of young people at the start of their careers and examines how social class, gender and ethnicity affect the accumulation of social capital and thereby labour market stratification of young people. A sample of young Swedes graduating from vocational schools and universities between 2005 and 2006, was surveyed via the telephone about their experiences acquiring jobs. Two research questions are posed: (i) Which characteristics (class, gender and ethnicity) affect young people's access to more social capital? (ii) How is social capital rewarded in the labour market? The results show that being female, coming from the lower social classes and being a member of a stigmatized immigrant groupare associated with a substantial social capital deficit. When socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds as well as the human capital of respondents are controlled, social capital is positively associated with salary level. The results indicate that social capital is a significant factor in the stratification process of young people.
Cash Transfers, Basic Income and Community Building
Authors: Forget Evelyn L. , Peden Alexander D. , Strobel Stephenson B.
Published: February 2015

The austerity movement in high-income countries of Europe and North America has renewed calls for a guaranteed Basic Income. At the same time, conditional and unconditional cash transfers accompanied by rigorous impact evaluations have been conducted in low- and middle-income countries with the explicit support of the World Bank. Both Basic Income and cash transfer programs are more confidently designed when based on empirical evidence and social theory that explain how and why cash transfers to citizens are effective ways of encouraging investment in human capital through health and education spending. Are conditional cash transfers more effective and/or more efficient than unconditional transfers? Are means-tested transfers effective? This essay draws explicit parallels between Basic Income and unconditional cash transfers, and demonstrates that cash transfers to citizens work in remarkably similar ways in low-, middle- and high-income countries. It addresses the theoretical foundation of cash transfers. Of the four theories discussed, three explicitly acknowledge the interdependence of society and are based, in increasingly complex ways, on ideas of social inclusion. Only if we have an understanding of how cash transfers affect decision-making can we address questions of how best to design cash transfer schemes.
Introduction to the Special Issue “Migrant Youth, Intercultural Relations and the Challenges of Social Inclusion”
Authors: Mansouri Fethi , Halafoff Anna
Published: February 2015

This Special Issue on “Migrant Youth, Intercultural Relations and the Challenges of Social Inclusion”, reports recent cutting edge research into the complex nature of migrant youth settlement in multicultural émigré societies. Drawing on multidisciplinary research, it explores the latest intersecting theories on cultural diversity, intercultural relations and multiculturalism in the context of globalised cities where access to and sharing of public spaces is becoming a highly contested issue.
Minority Youth and Social Transformation in Australia: Identities, Belonging and Cultural Capital
Authors: Jakubowicz Andrew , Collins Jock , Reid Carol , Chafic Wafa
Published: February 2015

Increasingly minority youth, especially from Muslim backgrounds, have been seen in Australian public policy and the media as potentially disruptive and transgressive. In some European societies similar young people have been portrayed as living in parallel and disconnected social spaces, self-segregated from interaction with the wider community. Yet Australian ethnic minority youth do not fulfil either of these stereotypes. Rather, despite their often regular experiences of racism or discrimination, they continue to assert a strong identification with and belonging to Australian society, albeit the society that marginalizes and denigrates their cultural capital. In particular it is the neighbourhood and the locality that provides the bridge between their home cultures and the broader world, contributing to a range of positive aspirations and fluid identities.
Social Engagement among Migrant Youth: Attitudes and Meanings
Authors: Kirpitchenko Liudmila , Mansouri Fethi
Published: February 2015

This article explores migrant young people’s engagement, participation and involvement in socially meaningful activities, events and experiences. This type of social participation is approached in the social inclusion literature using the notions of social capital and active citizenship (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 1993; Putnam, 2000). A key objective, therefore, is to explore the attitudes, values and perceptions associated with social participation for young people. They include the meanings that social engagement has for migrant young people, along with drivers and inhibitions to active participation. The article focuses on both the motives for being actively engaged as well as perceived barriers to social engagement. It is based on a large study conducted among migrant young people of African, Arabic-speaking and Pacific Islander backgrounds in Melbourne and Brisbane, and presents both quantitative and qualitative (discursive) snapshots from the overall findings, based on interviews and focus groups. While many studies have centred on the management of migration and migrants, this article draws attention to the individuals’ active position in negotiating, interpreting and appropriating the conditions of social inclusion. Accounting for the multidimensional and multilayered nature of social inclusion, the paper highlights the heuristic role of social engagement in fostering the feelings of belonging and personal growth for migrant youth.
Racial Profiling as Collective Definition
Authors: Gardner Trevor G.
Published: February 2015

Economists and other interested academics have committed significant time and effort to developing a set of circumstances under which an intelligent and circumspect form of racial profiling can serve as an effective tool in crime finding–the specific objective of finding criminal activity afoot. In turn, anti-profiling advocates tend to focus on the immediate efficacy of the practice, the morality of the practice, and/or the legality of the practice. However, the tenor of this opposition invites racial profiling proponents to develop more surgical profiling techniques to employ in crime finding. In the article, I review the literature on group distinction to discern its relevance to the practice and study of racial profiling. I argue that the costs of racial profiling extend beyond inefficient policing and the humiliation of law-abiding minority pedestrians and drivers. Racial profiling is simultaneously a process of perception and articulation of relative human characteristics (both positive and negative); it binds and reifies the concepts of race and criminality, fixing them into the subconscious of the profiled, the profiler, and society at large.
Introduction to the Special Issue “Policing Ethnicity: Between the Rhetoric of Inclusion and the Policies and Practices of Exclusion”
Authors: Peterson Abby , Åkerström Malin
Published: February 2015

On the one hand European countries talk the humanitarian and cosmopolitan politics of inclusion of ethnic minorities with a battery of integration policies, on the other hand these same societies practice the policies and practices of exclusion. In this special issue we address this disjuncture and what we refer to as the European moral dilemma, in much the same way that Gunnar Myrdahl, in his influential study from 1944—The American Dilemma—pointed out that the oppression of Black people living in the US was at odds with the country’s moral grounds, its founding creed that all men are created equal and are endowed “with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” (Declaration of Independence). This special issue does not only include articles from European contexts, however the majority are analyses of European ethnic minority policies and practices. Nonetheless, all of the articles address in different ways how the rhetoric of inclusion is all too often at odds with the practices and policies of exclusion and control. In focus is what we call the policing of ethnicity, that is, the governance of inclusion and exclusion along ethnic lines.
Safety Work with an Ethnic Slant
Authors: Wästerfors David , Burcar Veronika
Published: February 2015

Ethnic discrimination in the criminal justice system is a well-researched topic, but the significance of ethnicity in policing activities at more mundane levels has attracted less attention. This article analyzes ethnographic data on municipal ‘safety work’ in a Swedish city troubled with robberies, vandalism, and violence. It shows how the efforts of different safety workers, operating to curb crime and promote security, came to focus on the ‘soft’ policing of young men with various immigrant backgrounds. A set of street-level safety practices, performed within spatial demarcations, was found to represent a more-or-less silent orientation towards local minorities; a focus on non-Swedish ethnicities was embedded in the policing activity. This article points out the importance of implied ethnicities in the contemporary landscape of plural policing.
Bouncers, Policing and the (In)visibility of Ethnicity in Nightlife Security Governance
Authors: Søgaard Thomas Friis
Published: February 2015

This article explores the reproduction of ethnified urban spaces and inequalities in an ostensibly cosmopolitan city. It does so by means of a case study of bouncers’ policing practices in the nightlife of the Danish city, Aarhus. In recent years, a substantial body of research has explored the regulatory practices of bouncers operating in the urban night-time economy. This article contributes to the study of nightlife policing by paying special attention to the ethnic governance of bouncers. More specifically, the article investigates how ethnicity is produced in bouncers’ administration of nightlife accessibility; how inclusion and exclusion are negotiated in encounters between bouncers and ethnic minority youth; and how bouncers struggle to avoid allegations of discrimination and to uphold notions of colorblind good governance, while ethnified notions of troublesome individuals continue to inform bouncers’ production of nightlife safety.
Policing Norwegian Welfare: Disciplining and Differentiating within the Bottom Rungs
Authors: Gubrium Erika K. , Fernandes Guilherme Ariana
Published: February 2015

Policing is a disciplining means for using welfare services to govern welfare recipients towards a desired behaviour or goal. We apply Foucault’s (1977) definition of institutional discipline as a means for exploring how the distinctions made by state and local welfare authorities in Norway when policing recipients may take shape according to normative perceptions of ethnicity and deservingness. More particularly, we explore the regulating understandings and activities linked to the inclusion and exclusion of eligibility to welfare benefits and services and the form of the services offered. Our focus lies at the point of entry from the lowest tier of Norwegian welfare benefits (social assistance) into two semi-parallel and higher tiers promising more (higher benefits, better services). The tiers are represented by programmes that share aims, yet differ in reach: the 2004 Introduction Programme and the 2007 Qualification Programme. The Introduction Programme is an activation programme targeted at immigrants and refugees newly arrived to Norway. Its aim is to strengthen opportunities to participate in society and labour market, as well as to promote economic independence. The Qualification Programme is an activation programme that was explicitly modelled after the Introduction Programme, yet whose target group reaches more broadly to include long-term recipients of social assistance and those whose work ability is severely lowered. While both programmes have been premised on the need to transform participants from a status of passive welfare benefit recipients to active participants in qualifying measures and society, the target groups vary and it is this contrast that is our point of focus. We contrast the two policies at two ‘moments’ in the policy cycle: (1) policy framing (public and policymaker understandings/assumptions concerning the target group, the location of accountability for the marginal position of the policy recipient and the policy’s political/social goals); and (2) the shaping and formative structure of these policies (how the relevant policies came into existence and what they look like).