bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The social welfare effect of e-commerce product reputation information asymmetry from the perspective of network externality
Authors: Zhao Min , Wang Shuyun , Xia Tongshui
Published: January 2025

Reputation is the most important intangible asset of merchants. In the e-commerce platform market, reputation information has become an important signal of product quality. However, with increasingly fierce competition among merchants on these platforms, violations of reputation information, such as “click farming,” “cash rebate for favorable comments,” and “pay per click,” have caused information asymmetry and adverse selection. Based on the network externality perspective, considering the duopoly e-commerce platform market, this paper uses game theory to construct a theoretical model to compare and analyze the changes in consumers, merchants, platforms, and social total welfare when the reputation information of e-commerce products is symmetric and asymmetric. The research results show that when the reputation information of e-commerce products is symmetrical, the reputation mechanism of the e-commerce platform can play a positive role, the platform income decreases, and the consumer surplus and the total social welfare level increase. The increment increases with the increase in consumer-side network externality, and the e-commerce platform transfers part of the surplus value to consumers. Due to the influence of network externality, reputation information asymmetry, and violation penalty cost, reputation asymmetry decreases consumer, merchant, and total social welfare and increases platform profits, indicating that the e-commerce platform lacks the economic motivation to govern the violation of reputation information. We recommend that the healthy development of e-commerce platforms proceeds from three aspects: building a reputation mechanism for e-commerce platforms that is jointly supervised by e-commerce platforms, third-party institutions, and social organizations; increasing the cost of punishment for violations; and exerting platform network effects to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.
Effects of the non-native Arapaima gigas on native fish species in Amazonian oxbow lakes (Bolivia)
Authors: Rejas Danny , Winder Monika , Cholima Reinaldo , Oberdorff Thierry
Published: January 2025

The introduction of non-native fish species into new environments has raised global concerns due to potential ecological impacts on recipient ecosystems. A previous study focusing on the introduced fish species Arapaima gigas in Bolivian Amazon waters showed that its isotopic niche significantly overlapped with most co-occurring native fish species, suggesting potential competition. To evaluate this hypothesis, we extended here the investigation by comparing the trophic position and isotopic niche width of eleven abundant native fish species inhabiting both colonized and non-colonized floodplain lakes. We found lower trophic positions in colonized versus non-colonized lakes only for native piscivores, mostly driven by a shift towards increased dietary proportion of detritivorous fishes. Conversely, results showed that the isotopic niche width of most fish species analyzed (i.e. 10 over 11 species) did not significantly decrease in colonized compared to non-colonized lakes. Our overall results suggest potentially low competitive interactions between A. gigas and native fishes, with the notable exception of piscivorous species. We attribute our findings to the high abundance of available resources in Amazon oxbow lakes.
Why the gaze behavior of expert physicians and novice medical students differ during a simulated medical interview: A mixed methods study
Authors: Yamada Rie , Xu Kuangzhe , Kondo Satoshi , Fujimoto Makoto
Published: January 2025

Human cognition is reflected in gaze behavior, which involves eye movements to fixate or shift focus between areas. In natural interactions, gaze behavior serves two functions: signal transmission and information gathering. While expert gaze as a tool for gathering information has been studied, its underlying cognitive processes remain insufficiently explored. This study investigated differences in gaze behavior and cognition between expert physicians and novice medical students during a simulated medical interview with a simulated patient, drawing implications for medical education. This study employed an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. During the simulated medical interview, participants’ gaze behavior was measured across five areas: the patient’s eyes, face, body trunk, medical chart, and medical questionnaire. A hierarchical Bayesian model analyzed differences in gaze behavior between expert physicians and novice medical students. Then, a semi-structured interview was conducted with participants to discern their perceptions during their gaze behavior; their recorded gaze behavior was presented to them, and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. Model analyses indicated that experts looked at the simulated patient’s eyes less frequently compared to novices during the simulated medical interview. Expert physicians stated that because of the potential for discomfort, looking at the patient’s eyes was less frequent, despite its importance for obtaining diagnostic findings. Conversely, novice medical students did not provide narratives for obtaining such findings, but increased the number of times they did so to improve patient satisfaction. This association between different perceptions of gaze behavior may lead to new approaches in medical education. This study highlights the importance of understanding gaze behavior in the context of medical education and suggests that different motivations underlie the gaze behavior of expert physicians and novice medical students. Incorporating training in effective gaze behavior may improve the quality of patient care and medical students’ learning outcomes.
A systematic review to identify research gaps in studies modeling MenB vaccinations against Neisseria infections
Authors: Metelmann Soeren , Thompson Alexander , Donten Anna , Oke Segun , Sun Suzy , Borrow Ray , Xu Feng , Vivancos Roberto , Decraene Valerie , Pellis Lorenzo , Hall Ian
Published: January 2025

The genus Neisseria includes two major human pathogens: N. meningitidis causing bacterial meningitis/septicemia and N. gonorrhoeae causing gonorrhoea. Mathematical models have been used to simulate their transmission and control strategies, and the recent observation of a meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine being partially effective against gonorrhoea has led to an increased modeling interest. Here we conducted a systematic review of the literature, focusing on studies that model vaccination strategies with MenB vaccines against Neisseria incidence and antimicrobial resistance. Using journal, preprint, and grey literature repositories, we identified 52 studies that we reviewed for validity, model approaches and assumptions. Most studies showed a good quality of evidence, and the variety of approaches along with their different modeling angles, was assuring especially for gonorrhoea studies. We identified options for future research, including the combination of both meningococcal and gonococcal infections in studies to have better estimates for vaccine benefits, and the spill over of gonorrhoea infections from the heterosexual to the MSM community and vice versa. Cost-effectiveness studies looking at at-risk and the wider populations can then be used to inform vaccine policies on gonorrhoea, as they have for meningococcal disease.
Dropping the baton: Cognitive biases in emergency physicians
Authors: Ng Mingwei , Wong Evelyn , Sim Guek Gwee , Heng Pek Jen , Terry Gareth , Yann Foo Yang
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Clinical medicine is becoming more complex and increasingly requires a team-based approach to deliver healthcare needs. This dispersion of cognitive reasoning across individuals, teams and systems (termed “distributed cognition”) means that our understanding of cognitive biases and errors must expand beyond traditional “in-the-head” individual mental models and focus on a broader “out-in-the-world” context instead. To our knowledge, no qualitative studies thus far have examined cognitive biases in clinical settings from a team-based sociocultural perspective. Our study therefore seeks to explore how cognitive biases and errors among emergency physicians (EPs) arise due to sociocultural influences and lapses in team cognition.

Methodology

Our study team comprised four EPs of different seniorities from three different institutions and local and international academics who provided qualitative methodological guidance. We adopted a constructivist paradigm and employed a reflexive thematic analysis approach which acknowledged our researcher reflexivity. We conducted seven focus group discussions with 25 EPs who were purposively sampled for maximum variation. Our research question was: How do sociocultural factors lead to cognitive biases and medical errors among EPs?

Results

Our themes coalesce around sociocultural pressures related to team psychology. In theme one, the EP is compelled by sociocultural pressures to blindly trust colleagues. In the second, the EP is obliged by cultural norms to be “nice” and neatly summarise cases into illness scripts during handovers. In the last, the EP is under immense pressure to follow conventional wisdom, comply with clinical protocols and not challenge inpatient specialists.

Conclusion

Cognitive biases and errors in clinical decision-making can arise due to lapses in distributed team cognition. Although this study focuses on emergency medicine, these pitfalls in team-based cognition are relevant across the entire continuum of care and across all specialties of medicine. The hyperacute nature of emergency medicine merely exacerbates and condenses these into a compressed timeframe. Indeed, similar relays are run every day in every discipline of medicine, with the same unified goal of doing the best for our patients while not committing cognitive errors and dropping the baton.
It’s dark under the lamp? The moderating role of executives’ accounting competence on relationship between goodwill impairment signal and goodwill impairment
Authors: Deng Qiandan
Published: January 2025

This study examines the influence of executives’ accounting competence on relationship between goodwill impairment signal and goodwill impairment, considering the perspective of performance compensation commitment. The research employs an empirical research method and utilizes a sample of A-share listed companies in China that have signed performance compensation commitment agreements from 2007 to 2022. I found that the executives’ accounting competence weakens the relationship between goodwill impairment signal and goodwill impairment. The stronger the executives’ accounting competence is, the weaker the goodwill impairment signal is, that is, the probability of the goodwill impairment is lower and the scale of goodwill impairment is smaller. Further research shows that the negative effect of executives’ accounting competence is more significant when the performance compensation commitment of the target assets is between 80% and 100%. Through heterogeneity analysis, it is found that the negative effect of executives’ accounting competence will be suppressed when the sample is in the period of equity incentive or the auditor audits the key issues of goodwill impairment. The research in this paper not only enriches the relevant literature on the characteristics of executives, but also discusses the subsequent measurement of goodwill, which is also conducive to promoting the formulation of accounting standards and assisting the supervision of capital markets, and has important theoretical and practical significance.
Líber, Augusto e Marco Antônio
Authors: Serignolli Lya
Published: January 2025

A libertas era uma questão fundamental na política romana, ligada aos primórdios da República; e Líber era uma divindade que correspondia a esse aspecto sob as mais diversas perspectivas. O papel de Líber como libertador é tão antigo em Roma que se confunde com as lendas dos fundadores da República, que foram chamados de libertadores por sua atuação na expulsão dos reis. Líber e libertas, especialmente a política, estavam arraigados à mente romana, e as lideranças políticas achavam interessante estabelecer essa ligação. Entre as décadas de 40 e 30 a.C., vários líderes políticos adotaram divindades como patronos e modelos: Marco Antônio, Dioniso e Hércules; e Otaviano, a princípio, Apolo, e, posteriormente, Líber, um modelo oportuno por sua associação a Alexandre, o Grande (como símbolo da conquista do Oriente), e por seu papel como deus itálico da vegetação e do vinho, ligado aos antigos valores republicanos. No contexto da guerra civil, a acirrada disputa pelo poder era apresentada na poesia como um confronto entre modelos divinos. Aproveitando-se do caráter paradoxal de Baco, os poetas augustanos associam seu papel como herói deificado, símbolo de triunfo e poder civilizatório à figura de Augusto, reservando a Marco Antônio seus aspectos mais sombrios, como a embriaguez e o luxo excessivo. Este artigo analisa o modo como Horácio contribui para a assimilação de Líber ao repertório augustano, em um momento de profundas transformações políticas em Roma.
Para além da dicotomia entre corpo e alma: notas sobre o “argumento da afinidade” (77e-80d) no Fédon de Platão
Authors: De Simoni Milione Vitor
Published: January 2025

O terceiro argumento a favor da imortalidade da alma no Fédon, que a tradição exegética também costuma chamar de “argumento da afinidade” (77e-80d), apresenta uma curiosa relação entre corpo e alma que, por vezes, é vista por intérpretes como uma dicotoma radical. Para discutir esse trecho do Fédon na tentativa de ultrapassar a suposta dicotomia entre alma e corpo que se imputa a Platão neste diálogo, propõe-se neste artigo uma análise minuciosa do argumento em duas etapas, ele próprio consistindo em dois níveis: (i) a analogia entre a alma e as Ideias (78b-79c), (ii) e a analogia entre a alma e o divino (80a-c). Devido às controvérsias que este argumento tem gerado e na confiança de que esse debate está longe de atingir o seu termo, este artigo tem como objetivo responder a três perguntas: como entender o argumento da afinidade na economia do Fédon como um todo? Além disso, como compreender a relação entre corpo e alma nesse argumento? Por fim, a letra do texto platônico permite, de fato, inferir uma dicotomia radical entre alma e corpo? Como veremos, Sócrates está menos interessado em oferecer uma demonstração lógica da imortalidade da alma do que um discurso exortativo para curar os seus companheiros do temor de que a alma desaparece com a morte do corpo. Trata-se então da oportunidade perfeita para discutir esses dois elementos que constituem o fenômeno efêmero e transitório chamado “homem” (ánthropos), bem como seus modos de cognição e o seu comportamento ético.
Lugares de atuação e tarefas das mulheres: a natureza (φύσις) como justificativa dos costumes (νόμοι) no Econômico, de Xenofonte
Authors: Mafra Janaína Silveira
Published: January 2025

Xenofonte foi um dos autores clássicos mais desconsiderados do último século. O descrédito que marcou seus escritos socráticos é uma consequência das conclusões a que chegaram, no começo do século XX, alguns historiadores que buscavam uma solução à Questão socrática. Segundo alguns comentadores, desde as origens dessa Questão, o testemunho de Xenofonte foi submetido a críticas impiedosas: 1) Xenofonte não era um filósofo, mas, sim, um militar e político e 2) Xenofonte se empenhava em defender seu mestre da acusação de ser subversivo, representando a ordem estabelecida e os valores tradicionais. Em harmonia com tais comentadores (L.-A. Dorion, L. Brisson e L. Rossetti), pensamos que Xenofonte é um filósofo cuja obra tem qualidades que lhe são intrínsecas. Entretanto, pensamos também que, se, por um lado, hoje a reabilitação dos escritos socráticos de Xenofonte está bastante avançada, por outro lado, não devemos silenciar toda e qualquer problematização do conteúdo de sua filosofia, pois tal tentativa seria tão nociva quanto aquela de silenciar o filósofo. Partindo dessa consideração, o intento deste artigo é mostrar que – embora Xenofonte, no Econômico, estabeleça pela boca de Iscômaco qual é o lugar de atuação (χώρα) e quais são as tarefas ou funções (ἔργα) das mulheres no âmbito da cidade, alegando que elas devem se ater ao interior da casa e exercer as tarefas ou funções que lhe são próprias por natureza (φύσει), o que os costumes (νόμοι) confirmam – o argumento da natureza (φύσις) tem nesta obra o papel retórico de justificar os costumes (νόμοι), protegendo-os de investidas críticas.
Húbris, antiga e moderna
Authors: Cairns Douglas , Cardoso Sarinho Flávia
Published: January 2025

O presente artigo investiga algumas das principais relações entre a húbris moderna e a antiga, valendo-se tanto de resultados no campo da psicologia e dos estudos corporativos, de um lado, e dos estudos clássicos, de outro. Particular atenção é dada ao tratamento do tema por Aristóteles, em especial na Retórica e na Política, sem descuidar de outras fontes clássicas como Hérodoto e Ésquilo.
“O legislador não faz nada em vão”: uma nota sobre Pol. IV.1
Authors: Gonçalves de Sousa Victor
Published: January 2025

Neste artigo, pretendo oferecer algumas razões para se dizer que Aristóteles sustenta a tese de que a εὐδαιμονία não apenas oferece o critério normativo que orienta a instituição e a reforma de regimes que estão aquém do melhor regime, como também é aquilo que é visado pela instituição e pela reforma destes regimes, pois o melhor regime não é, para Aristóteles, senão o regime no qual a εὐδαιμονία pode ser alcançada em máximo grau (cf. Pol. VII.13 1332a4-7).
From rights to revolutions: on the rise of oligarchies and democracies in Aristotle’s political thought
Authors: Nascimento Daniel
Published: January 2025

This article offers an interpretation of a certain narrative about the political community which can be found in Pol., III 10, 1286b7-21; IV 10, 1297b16-28; and VI 4, 1321a5-16. According to this narrative, the monarchical regime prevailed in most political communities at first, whereas later, in Aristotle's time, it was the democratic regime which prevailed. Although the explanations given in these passages differ, it is argued that they are compatible and complementary; that, when taken together, they show us causes that could very well complement each other in order to make revolution strongly possible, if not inevitable; and that in order to understand an important part of this process, namely, the rise of oligarchies, we have to go through what Aristotle tells us about oikonomia, the appearance of money, commerce and the social changes they caused in book I of the Politics.
Sobre ἐλευθερία, τὸ ζῆν ὡς βούλεταί τις e virtude na teoria aristotélica da demokratia
Authors: Wolf Eduardo
Published: January 2025

Neste artigo, busco recusar a tese segundo a qual a democracia antiga se define, segundo Aristóteles, pelo governo da maioria em benefício próprio. Defendo a tese alternativa, que incorpora sem dificuldade o que há de verdadeiro na tese rejeitada, segundo a qual é o conceito de eleutheria, tal como compreendido em Política VI.2 e VI.9 especialmente, que tem o que chamo de “proeminência definicional” relativamente ao conceito de demokratia.
Classification of Animal Behaviour Using Deep Learning Models
Authors: Sowmya M. , Balasubramanian M. , Vaidehi K.
Published: January 2025

Damage to crops by animal intrusion is one of the biggest threats to crop yield. People who stay near forest areas face a major issue with animals. The most significant task in deep learning is animal behaviour classification. This article focuses on the classification of distinct animal behaviours such as sitting, standing, eating etc. The proposed system detects animal behaviours in real time using deep learning-based models, namely, convolution neural network and transfer learning. Specifically, 2D-CNN, VGG16 and ResNet50 architectures have been used for classification. 2D-CNN, «VGG-16» and «ResNet50» have been trained on the video frames displaying a range of animal behaviours. The real time behaviour dataset contains 682 images of animals eating, 300 images of animas sitting and 1002 images of animals standing, therefore, there is a total of 1984 images in the training dataset. The experiment shows good accuracy results on the real time dataset, achieving 99.43 % with Resnet50 compared to 2D CNN ,VGG19 and VGG166.
Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Combination Shampoo Against Pediculus humanus capitis
Authors: Anindita Reza , Harahap Salwa Zhafarina , Beandrade Maya Uzia , Putri Intan Kurnia
Published: January 2025

Some of the natural ingredients that have the potential to be developed into a health product for pediculosis are red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Secondary metabolite compounds in red ginger extract and star fruit that can potentially kill head lice Pediculosis humanus capitis include alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical fitness and effectiveness of the lethal power of the combination of red ginger extract and star fruit with formula 1 (F1) 1.5%, formula 2 (F2) 2%, and Formula 3 (F3) 2.5%. The tests carried out were phytochemical screening tests (alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids), physical stability of shampoo (organoleptic, homogeneity, foam height, viscosity, and pH) for four weeks of storage, and testing the effectiveness of shampoo killing power against head lice Pediculus humanus capitis. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and comparatively using one-way ANOVA. Phytochemical screening of red ginger extract and star fruit was positive for alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The organoleptic test of the shampoo on all three formulas produced a light brown colour, a distinctive aroma of lemon oil, and a thick shape. The homogeneity test showed a homogeneous shampoo preparation. F1 foam level test (7.7-11 cm), F2 (7.3-11 cm), and F3 (7.2-11 cm). F1 viscosity test (2,010-2,020 cps); F2 and F3 (2,020 cps). One-way ANOVA pH F1 test (8.54-8.77); F2 (8.01-8.70); F3 (8.61-8.77) and One-way ANOVA results for pH values obtained significant values of 0.096 > 0.05, while the killing power of aphids was 0.02 < 0.05. The three shampoo formulas of red ginger extract and star fruit showed good physical evaluation and still entered the test requirement range for four weeks of storage. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was shown that the variation in the concentration of the formula did not cause a change in pH during four weeks of storage. The administration of a combination shampoo of red ginger extract and star fruit with a formulation of F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% was able to have a natural effect on the average number of head lice deaths of Pediculus humanus capitis.
Chemical Constituents and Evaluation of Bioactivity of Vernonia hymenolepis A. Rich Root Extracts
Authors: Gelata Alemu , Jemal Mudin , Gershe Soressa , Abdissa Negera
Published: January 2025

The medicinal herb Vernonia hymenolepis has been used to cure a wide range of ailments such as cancer, gonorrhea, stomach ache, malaria, hepatitis, pneumonia, toothache, diarrhea, amoebiasis, typhoid, hypertension, and constipation by diverse societies in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. However, its biological and phytochemical data is extremely insufficient. Thus, the aim of this research work was to study the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the root part of this plant. The roots of plant were dried by air under shade and then successively extracted with chloroform and methanol. The chloroform root extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatographic separation which gave two compounds, namely; betulinic acid (1) and 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (2). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques and by comparing with literature reports. The crude extracts were assayed in vitro employing disc diffusion technique against four bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis ATCC11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853) and one fungal strain (Candida albicans ATCC 10231). Significant antibacterial activity was demonstrated by the crude extracts; with the chloroform extract exhibiting greater activity against Escherichia coli (18 mm) when compared to gentamicin (25 mm). The methanol extract revealed the highest activity (13 mm) against Candida albicans with the reference drug, clotrimazole showing an inhibition zone of 12 mm. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by root extracts of V. hymenolepis corroborates its traditional use against bacterial diseases.
Analyzing Customer Loyalty Levels through Segmentation in Aesthetic Clinics Using K-Means and RFAM
Authors: Sinarring  , Hermansyah Deny , Rithmaya Chitra Laksmi , Zainuddin Muhammad , Aji Geo Ardana Ihsan Purnama , Mukhlis Iqbal Ramadhani
Published: January 2025

Effective customer segmentation is crucial in optimizing marketing strategies, particularly in customer-oriented aesthetic clinics. This research aims to enhance customer segmentation in aesthetic clinics using a K-Means approach based on the RFAM (Recency, Frequency, Average-Monetary) model. This approach is utilized to leverage historical customer data to identify customer segments based on their purchasing behavior, including visit frequency, average purchase amount, and the last time they visited the clinic. The K-Means clustering method maps customers into homogeneous groups, enabling aesthetic clinics to adapt more focused and personalized marketing strategies. The research results indicate insights obtained from the analysis and interpretation of RFAM conducted on 493 data points, resulting in the formation of two distinct clusters. In Cluster 1, denoting low loyalty, there are 156 customers, while Cluster 2 comprises 337 customers, reflecting high loyalty. Practical implications of this research include improvements in service customization and promotions tailored to customer needs and preferences. In conclusion, the K-Means approach based on the RFAM model can be utilized as an effective tool to enhance customer segmentation in the aesthetic clinic industry.
Studies on Soundscapes of Polish Cities
Authors: Muszkalska Bożena
Published: January 2025

The soundscape of cities is a subject of research of various disciplines, e.g., acoustics, cultural anthropology, landscape architecture, geography, urban studies, sociology, musicology. Whereas the representatives of other sciences concentrate on non-musical phonic elements which co-create the audio sphere of towns, phenomena of the so-called melosphere or the characteristic, significant sphere, singled out by men from the sound background, are in the center of interest of musicologists. The aspect of significance in the above definition has a strict musical reference, but also a social one. It concerns significances and values of the melosphere as cultural transmission. Research on these phenomena covers not only its documentation but also an identification of the phonic identity of the city. Studies on functional and axiological aspects of musical sounds in the city space require taking into consideration their reception by inhabitants of the town which is examined through interviews.
Obraz české společnosti konstruovaný maďarskou cizineckou komunitou
Authors: Holas Jakub
Published: January 2025

The following text discusses the origin and the form of the picture of majority Czech society which is constituted by the Hungarian minority in Czech Republic. The Hungarian ethnic minority consists of several different groups with different structures. This article is based on the wave of migration from Hungary after 1992, the specific position of the minority within the Czech majority and their adaptation strategies. The first part discusses theories of picture and ethnic stereotypes, mainly the theories of Walter Lippmann (“Stereotypes” and “Pictures in our heads”) and Bedřich Loewenstein (dividing of the world into “us” and “them”). The article then introduces the theories of the truthful viewing of ethnic pictures (M. Moravcová), of the historical base of ethnic pictures (E. Krekovičová) and of the two kinds of ethnic pictures, i.e. authentic and vicarious (V. Todorov, Z. Urban). In the main part, the article is focused on the role of stereotypes in the process of constituting ethnic pictures, on its different forms and modifications in the process of individual adaptation, on who constitutes ethnic pictures in the Czech Republic and on the reasons of its deformity caused by this creation. This issue is resolved by the example of field research among the Hungarian minority in the Czech Republic.
Město a společnost v evropské historii
Authors: Ira Jaroslav , Kovářová Linda
Published: January 2025

10. mezinárodní konference urbánních dějin v Gentu (1.-4. září 2010) potvrdila, že v rámci oboru získává na důležitosti téma sociálního rozměru reprezentace urbánní minulosti a jejího společenského užití i využívání. Tato problematika se stala jak předmětem kritických analýz, tak otázkou prakticko-metodologickou. Část akademické pozornosti se proto zaměřila na otázky, jak nejrůznější sociální rámce ovlivňují psaní a prezentaci městských dějin, jak se utvářejí obrazy minulosti města v kontextu sociálních konfliktů či formování kolektivních identit, resp. jak se s městskou minulostí a historickou argumentací nakládá v dnešní době. Část odborných diskusí naproti tomu akcentuje spíše problémy, které směřují ke společenské relevanci urbánněhistorického bádání a sociálněpragmatickému využití urbánní expertizy, ale také k otázce, jak adekvátně zprostředkovat městskou minulost pro různorodá publika v soudobé společnosti.
Poslední ročník studentů sociologie po únoru 1948
Authors: Musil Jiří
Published: January 2025

The article deals with a rarely analysed era in the history of Czech sociology, the years after the February 1948 coup d'état in Czechoslovakia. The essay describes the fates of the last-year students of sociology at the Faculty of Arts and Letters of Charles University in Prague. The author uses objective research material, as well as his own experience and documents. Objective material includes the list of courses, exam reports, lecture notes, and themes presented at seminars. Subjective material includes the author's diary entries in the years 1947-52 and his personal memories of the events, situations and actors of the Faculty of Arts and Letters at the time. The participants are represented by three students, each representing a different way of adapting to the new situation after February 1948. Another group of participants are represented by the teachers Josef Král, Jan Blahoslav Kozák, Jan Patočka and Antonín Boháč and their attitudes, behaviour towards and relations with students. Part of the essay deals with the coping methods of students studying a major, whose professors were dismissed from the faculty, emigrated or died. In a sense, it was an "abandoned" field of studies. The conclusion of the essay represents an attempt to explain the causes of the irreconcilable conflict between traditional sociology, striving for an objective description of the structure and the development of society and the then-revolutionary Marxism-Leninism. This conflict constituted the ideological framework of the students of sociology. The ideocractic conception of Marxism-Leninism explains many phenomena of the era.
Bulharští Karakačani dnes
Authors: Fatková Gabriela
Published: January 2025

During the second half of the 20th century, nomadic Balkan shepherds known as Karakachans became fully sedentary. They mainly settled in cities, where they were forced to adapt their lifestyles, family organization, and ways of communication. Although they do not show any ethnic emancipation activity, they remain a clearly bordered population in the eye of the majority, against which a social distance is maintained. This study represents the ethnography of sedentary Karakachans in contemporary Bulgaria. Special attention is paid to subsistence and housing strategies, marriage patterns, social status of Karakachans in Bulgarian society, ways of communicating with the majority, and ways of group identification. The issue of Karakachan identification is analyzed with respect to recent theories of nationalism and ethnicity. The aim of this study is to describe recent Karakachan way of life in the broad context of the world it is adapting to.
Konference Works, Artists, Audiences. Art in Contemporary Cultural Systems
Authors: Bezoušková Markéta , Holas Jakub
Published: January 2025

Mezinárodní konference Díla, umělci, obecenstvo. Umění v současných kulturních systémech, pořádaná Institutem etnologie a kulturní antropologie Univerzity Adama Mickiewicze a Poznaňskou společností přátel umění a vědy, se zaměřila na teoretické práce a práce o umění uplatňovaném v minulosti i v současnosti v rámci majoritní společnosti i v rámci společností minoritních, založené na vlastních výzkumech. Na konferenci vystoupili odborníci a badatelé z Polska, České republiky, Slovenska, Litvy, Ukrajiny, Norska, Makedonie a Ruska. Mezi referujícími se objevili jak pracovníci z univerzitních pracovišť (hostitelská Univerzita Adama Mickiewicze, dále Univerzita Karlova, Masarykova univerzita, Národní univerzita kultury a umění v Kyjevě, Univerzita v Gdaňsku, Univerzita pedagogiky a inženýrství na Krymu, Univerzita Konstantina Filosofa v Nitře, Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metodějě ve Skopji, Telemark University v Porsgrunnu), tak i pracovníci různých dalších odborných institucí (Národní akademie věd Ukrajiny, Národní akademie umění Ukrajiny, Ruská akademie věd, Státní akademie designu a umění Ukrajiny, Muzeum Wnętrz Dworskich v Ożarówě, Kyjevské národní muzeum ruského umění a Akademie výtvarných umění Litvy).
Druhý břeh západu. výbor iberoamerických esejů. [the second coast of the West: Anthology of ibero-American essays.] introduction and editing by Anna Housková.
Authors: Halbich Marek
Published: January 2025

A review of the book.
Peter Salner: Minulý rok v Jeruzaleme. [Last Year in Jerusalem.]
Authors: Soukupová Blanka
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Peter Salner.
René Petráš (ed.): Aktuální problémy právního postavení menšin v České republice. [Current Problems of the Legal Status of Minorities in the Czech Republic.] Collection of papers from the seminar on Minorities and the Law in the Czech Republic, Prague.
Authors: Soukupová Soukupová
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by René Petráš.
Religious Cultures at the IXth Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia in Petrozavodsk 2011
Authors: Myslivcová Magdalena
Published: January 2025

Contemporary Russian anthropology and ethnography attentively monitor and reflect the ongoing revitalization and transformation of religious life in individual regions of the Russian Federation. The Congress held by the Association of Russian Ethnographers and Anthropologists on July 4–8, 2011 in Petrozavodsk, the capital of the Republic of Karelia, reserved, among 1,450 contributions presented by 1,300 scholars, considerable space to the issue of both historical and contemporary religious cultures related to the ethnic diversity of the country.
41st Conference of the International Council for Traditional Music
Authors: Jurková Zuzana
Published: January 2025

A World Conference of the International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM) takes place every two years, if possible each one on a different continent. This year’s in Canada (hosted by the Memorial University in St. John’s) was, in many respects, similar to the last one in the Republic of South Africa (2009) and the next-to-the-last one in Vienna (2007). Its themes were so broad that they provided the possibility of presentation of nearly every paper’s or panel’s topic; there were also film projections and complementary music workshops. The conference topics were: 1) Indigenous Modernities; 2) Cross-cultural Approaches to the Study of the Voice; 3) Rethinking Ethnomusicology through the Gaze of Movement; 4) Atlantic Roots/Routes; 5) Dialogical Knowledge Production and Representation: Implications and Ethics; 6) Acoustic Ecology; 7) New Research. More than three hundred active participants were involved in these themes, which made of the conference, rather than a place of concentration of the sharing of knowledge, some sort of a trade fair of data, theories, methodologies, methods…
Nesezdané soužití
Authors: Vítečková Miluše , Jílková Lucie
Published: January 2025

This article analyzes in-depth interviews with people who are not married, yet live together. This type of cohabitation, similar to marriage, but not conditioned by official legal marriage bonds, has been on the rise in the Czech Republic since the 1990s. The number of children born into this type of union is also increasing. The most common label for this type of union in specialized communication is nesezdané soužití [unmarried cohabitation]. The Czech Statistical Office is inclined toward the labels of de facto marriage or common-law marriage, and in the media and in everyday communication we can encounter phrases such as život na psí knížku or život na hromádce [shacking up, living in sin]. The in-depth interviews were conducted as a part of a qualitative research project realized in 2008-2010, and oriented toward what was originally a predominantly sociological analysis of unmarried cohabiting couples with children. A lexical and corpus analysis of the interviews revealed that the labels for this type of union, as well as the labels for the partners living in it, vary greatly. The respondents' attitudes toward the individual labels also vary. Only time will reveal whether any of the labels appearing in the interviews (přítel/přítelkyně, partner/partnerka, kamarád/kamarádka, druh/družka, milenec/milenka) [boyfriend/girlfriend, partner, friend, companion, lover] will become the dominant, definitive ones for unmarried partners.
Marek Jakoubek: Vojvodovo. Etnologie krajanské obce v Bulharsku.
Authors: Fatková Gabriela
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Marek Jakoubek.
Střední vrstvy v české společnosti a výzkumu
Authors: Večerník Jiří
Published: January 2025

In the article, the fates of the middle class in Czech society and its reflection in Czech sociology are briefly overviewed. The first part is devoted to interwar Czechoslovakia, which was reflected as a middle-class society by intellectuals and partly also shaped as such by leading politicians. The second part depicts the suppression of the entrepreneurial middle class by the Communist regime and its resurrection in the early 1990s. The third part is concerned with the post-war sociological research of this phenomenon, which has been developed somewhat more during the transition after 1989. Special attention is paid to the subjective perception of social positions and its empirical description. The conclusion reflects various definitions of the middle class, remarks about its political use and raises issues for further sociological research.
Rusové v Karlových Varech očima místních obyvatel
Authors: Čepelák Václav
Published: January 2025

The article is a study of the Russian presence in Karlovy Vary from the point of view of its inhabitants’. This presence is described from the viewpoint of the inhabitants’ perception and attitudes towards Russians. The causes of the presence of Russians in Karlovy Vary are also studied; causes are sought in the town’s history, especially in the context of the new colonization of border regions after 1945. The present is described in terms of statistical data, especially that regarding migration and the number of foreigners. The consequences of the Russian presence are found in changes in the urban zoning of the town, as well as in the relation between the Russian presence and the identity of local denizens. The interpretation of nine qualitative interviews provides the source of evidence for this.
Michael J. Halvorson – Karen E. Spierling (eds.): Defining Community in Early Modern Europe.
Authors: Čapská Veronika
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Michael J. Halvorson and Karen E. Spierling.
Jiří Kořalka (ed.): Lobkovický zámek v Neratovicích v životě a díle Františka Palackého.
Authors: Soukupová Blanka
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Jiří Kořalka.
Mark Andrejevic: iSpy. Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era.
Authors: Slavíček Daniel
Published: January 2025

A review of the book by Mark Andrejevic.
Nový historický časopis: Historie - Otázky - Problémy
Authors: Nešpor Zdeněk R.
Published: January 2025

Když Josef Dobiáš, Antonín Rezek a Jaroslav Goll zakládali před více než sto lety první specializované české historické časopisy, přáli si, aby odborné historické bádání mělo vlastní publikační platformu, pokrývající celou škálu aktuálního dějezpytného poznání a umožňující komunikaci poznaného uvnitř celé (zdaleka nejen akademické) badatelské obce. Současná situace je však namnoze odlišná. Vedle „oficiálního“ Českého časopisu historického, který vychází už ve 108. ročníku, funguje celá řada dalších historických periodik různého dosahu i zaměření. Z poslední doby lze vzpomenout třeba vznik revue Dějiny – teorie – kritika (2004), která se programově snaží o prohlubování teoretických a metodologických aspektů historické práce a – přes mimořádně ošklivou úpravu i (donedávna) prakticky absentující distribuci – získala už četné čtenáře i uznání. Z jiné strany tak zaplnila místo uprázdněné faktickým, ne-li už formálním zánikem jiného časopisu „mladších“ historiků – kulturněhistorické revue Kuděj (poslední číslo „starého“ Kuděje vyšlo v roce 2006). Aktuálně se na pulty knihkupectví, nebo spíš do regálů knihoven, dostává nový historický časopis HOP: je to důvod k jásotu?
The Roles of the City in the Books of CLIOHRES
Authors: Klusáková Luďa , Kubiš Karel , Radiměřská Božena
Published: January 2025

Through an analysis of the approach to the concepts of frontiers and identities in four books of the CLIOHRES Network the authors of this article found a very up-to-date contribution to the broad understanding of urban history. The article suggests pondering about current paths of the specific research field of urban history, which is not easy to define. The city itself was not the object of research of the members of the network, but rather a space for analysis of more general questions. Although the focus on the city was often instrumental, the authors understood its paradigmatic function. The analysis highlighted intensive interest in spatial scales and questioning of the two key concepts of frontiers and identities simultaneously in interaction. The urban perspective was not felt as a reduction or limitation. Frontiers and identities played a key role, even if they were not in focus. During the last two or three decades the research field of urban history went through considerable transformation. Some urban historians even speak about its semantic expansion. While classical urban historiography focused on the city and urban society as an object of analysis, current research very often studies past societies only through the optics of the life of cities. The microcosm of cities is explored as a showcase of the society or only as its sample, as a representation of the society of the period or of its mentali¬ty. These new approaches to urban studies are present in the books analyzed in the following pages.
The Big-Man from the “White House.”
Authors: Bittnerová Dana , Heřmanský Martin , Novotná Hedvika
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with the issue of negotiating power and exerting authority in a contemporary post-rural community. It analyzes various strate¬gies of village representatives by which they build their influence and create obligations among the villagers. At the same time it shows how the village inhabitants deal with incurred moral and economical dependence on village representatives. The issue will be addressed through the lens of the dynamics of the rise and fall of the village’s main representative. The big-man theory, proposed by Marshall Sahlins, will be used as the explication framework.
Ancestors and Posterity
Authors: Sokol Jan
Published: January 2025

Ancestor worship has attracted the attention of many scholars, of ethnologists and anthropologists more than of scholars studying western religions or theologians. Its sometimes odd expressions have been treated in the West – with some exceptions – rather as curiosities without asking about their deeper meaning. In the following article, I do not pretend to make a comparison between various highly developed religions, which is clearly beyond my competence. I shall merely try to bring together some traces left by the religion of the domus or home religion, whose various forms ethnologists have described in numerous cultures all around the world, and to show ancestor worship as a part of this larger system of customs and convictions. This simple yet ingenious system of mutual obligations between generations efficiently formed human behavior for millennia and probably shaped many of our present-day views and institutions, too. However evidently obsolete in some of its expressions, it perhaps contains some very fundamental ideas about humans and their relations to the past and to the future that went into oblivion in modern western societies. However modern societies cannot be organized in separate lineages; a deeper look at this ancient framework of human lives might remind us about things lacking and perhaps urgently needed in contemporary and future societies.
Ziriab
Authors: Skořepová Honzlová Zita
Published: January 2025

With its four musicians of Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi origin, Ziriab is the only and very first ensemble in the Czech Republic whose members declare their aim to be to perform “original” Arabic music. This idea of “original” Arabic music is a concept shared by the group, as has been articulated by the musicians. Their intentions have been expressed in relation to the character of the repertoire and its presentation. It is possible to depict four categories of performance – each one of a different context and audience type. The musicians’ choice of the repertoire as well as their behavior during the concert, then, reflect main aspects at each kind of performance. The founding members of the ensemble came from Syria to the former Czechoslovakia as exchange-program students in the ’80s and finally decided to stay in Prague as permanent residents. They mastered the Czech language and have fully integrated into the local society, as have the other two musicians from Lebanon and Iraq who joined the ensemble a few years later. Ziriab members’ opinions reveal the fact that their hobby of “dealing with Arabic music” arose during their several years of uninterrupted stay in the Czech Republic. As young men still living in their homeland, they never performed in public or studied music with a mentor’s guidance. This paper thus outlines specific conditions of the relationship between their long-term stay in a foreign country (and culture) and a need to perform music somehow related to the musicians’ – in this case ethnic and secular – identity.