bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4.2: Polymer‐Stabilized Blue‐Phase Material Driven at Low Voltage
Authors: Ishitani Tetsuji , Niikura Yasuhiro , Ikenaga Makoto , Kobayashi Manabu , Kato Momoko , Nagi Tsudoi , Oe Yuko , Nakano Masaru , Seo Satoshi , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Sato Rai , Okazaki Kenichi , Katayama Masahiro
Published: October 2012

We achieved low‐voltage driving of a blue‐phase liquid crystal display by employing liquid crystal with high dielectric anisotropy and a chiral material with high helical twisting power. A prototype of a 3.4‐inch polymer‐stabilized blue‐phase display was made, which includes a highly reliable crystalline oxide semiconductor and operates favorably.
5.3: Active Light Field Rendering in Multi‐View Display Systems
Authors: Park Juyong , Nam Dongkyung
Published: October 2012

To provide clear 3D images regardless of the viewer's 3‐dimensional position, we proposed a light field rendering method in multi‐view displays. In the method, we process each light element individually for the viewer's 3D eye positions obtained by eye detection unit. To deliver clear images to the directions of the eyes, we used the models of the angular visibility responses of the light elements. Combining directional rendering with contents matching for the light field elements, we can provide clear image with realistic parallax on multi‐view displays, even whose number of views are not so large.
5.4: The Autostereoscopic System with Diffractive Optical Elements
Authors: Chen Chien‐Yue , Deng Qing‐Long , Lin Boy‐shyh
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we introduce two kind of beam splitter for applied on the autostereoscopic displays, which is diffractive optical element, and holographic optical element. From the results showing the high performance, they have high brightness and suitable three‐dimensional effects that own higher diffractive efficiency and lowest crosstalk.
6.1: Influence of TV Media Content on Display Lifetime and Image Sticking Measurement Techniques
Authors: Johnson Andrew W. , O'Regan Marie , Trujillo Johann
Published: October 2012

Both lifetime and image sticking measurement techniques are well established but are somewhat uncharacteristic of actual TV usage. The purpose of this paper is to quantify TV usage under various media categories and propose modifications to the standard experimental techniques to better represent the usage demands from TV media.
6.2: Viewing Angle Measurements on Reflective E‐Paper Displays
Authors: Hertel Dirk
Published: October 2012

The viewing angle characterization of reflective displays is more demanding than for emissive displays because defined illumination‐detection geometries must be maintained for each viewing angle. In addition, the geometry should mimic the behavior of a viewer who tends to exclude the reflection of discrete sources from a handheld reflective display. This paper explores strategies to gain viewing angle data from measured Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDF).
6.4: A Computational Color Difference Metric to Evaluate the Viewing Angle Range for FPDs
Authors: Wen Chao‐Hua
Published: October 2012

The viewing angle characteristics of displays were evaluated using CIE DE2000 formula. This paper proposed a new metric to measure the quality over all viewing angles. Results revealed that hue difference was useful in judgment of color shift and chroma difference was the key feature for evaluating color washout.
7.5L: Late‐News Paper: Developments of a 145‐inch Diagonal Super Hi‐Vision Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Ishii Keiji , Usui Takenobu , Murakami Yukio , Motoyama Yasushi , Seki Masahiko , Noguchi Yasuyuki , Furutani Takashi , Nakakita Tomoki , Yamashita Takeru
Published: October 2012

We have developed a prototype full‐resolution Super Hi‐Vision (SHV) plasma display panel (PDP) that has 4,320 scanning lines and over 33‐million pixels. Highly realistic SHV programs were the first successfully reproduced on a 145‐inch diagonal PDPs with a 0.417‐mm pixel pitch by applying a new panel driving method.
8.1: Invited Paper: A High‐Brightness Electrofluidic Display Film
Authors: Heikenfeld Jason , Hagedon Matt , Russell Ann , Yang Shu , Kreit Eric , Zhou Kaichang , Smith Steve , Atkuri Hari , Salem Lucy , Dean Kenneth , Rudolph John
Published: October 2012

Electrofluidic displays operate by transposing a pigment between an optically hidden or revealed state. The transposition is powered by electromechanical force, and over similar distance switches ∼100X faster than electrophoresis by moving the pigment with the fluid, not through the fluid. We report on progress with our previously reported pixel structures, and on a new electrofluidic film that is the first of its kind for all fluidic displays (electrowetting, electrophoretic, electrokinetic, electrofluidic). The new structure operates without capsules or pixel walls for fluid confinement, and requires no pixel electrode alignment.
8.3: Transparent Silver Nanowire Film as Pixel Electrode for Flexible Electrophoretic Display
Authors: Tseng Shih‐Hao , Hung Shih‐Hsing , Hwu Keh‐Long , Hu Chih‐Jen , Huang Wei‐Ming
Published: October 2012

In this study, we clearly demonstrated a novel flexible conductor, silver nanowires (Ag NWs), to successfully achieve the pixel electrode pattern by using simple solution‐spin‐coating method followed by conventional photolithography process. Accordingly, both a 6″ SVGA active‐matrix flexible EPD and a 2″ passive‐matrix flexible E‐tag had successfully developed.
10.3: Polymerization Effect on Electro‐Optic Properties of Blue Phase Liquid Crystals
Authors: Zhu Ji‐Liang , Ni Shui‐Bin , Zhong En‐Wei , Lu Jian‐Gang , Su Yikai
Published: October 2012

The effect of polymerization on electro‐optic properties of blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is investigated. Once the monomer is added to the pure BPLC, chiral pitch and Kerr constant increase, but decay time decreases. In spite that the chiral pitch of polymer stabilized BPLC is almost no change after polymerization, Kerr constant decreases significantly and the decay time increases.
10.4: Aerosil Gels‐Dispersed Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystals: A New Technique to Control the Electro‐Optical Behavior of a Fast‐Switching Display
Authors: Hwang Jeoung‐Yeon , Chien Liang‐Chy
Published: October 2012

This study explores the roles of aerosil gels dispersed blue phase (AG‐d‐BP) liquid crystals and the influence on thermal, optical and electro‐optical behaviors of the resultant blue phase liquid crystal composites. Adding the aerosil nanoparticles in blue phase media leads to broadening the blue phase temperature range and reducing the switching voltage for a fast switching Kerr device. Additionally, the polarity‐controlled nanoparticles enable one to stabilize the thermal‐sensitive Bragg reflection property which opens pathways for applications such as active transformation optical elements and low power consumption displays.
11.1: Video‐Wall Matrix of Stereoscopic Displays using FPR
Authors: Abileah Adi , Dixon John
Published: October 2012

We built a video wall matrix of stereoscopic displays using film patterned retarder (FPR). We developed a model to calculate the vertical angular behavior of the FPR structure and compared it with conoscopic measurements. A second model developed to calculate viewing arena of stereo video walls with acceptable 3D crosstalk.
11.2: Fast Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Modes for Field ‐Sequential‐ Color and 3D Displays
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir , Pozhidaev Eugene , Srivastava Abhishek , Qi Guo , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: October 2012

The development of novel photoaligned fast ferroelectric LCD based on Deformed Helix Ferroelectric (DHF) and Electrically Suppressed Helix (ESH) mode is discussed. A high quality dark state of DHF FLCD has been obtained as well as V‐shape switching with a high frequency. A fast response time and a high contrast ratio in ESH mode was observed. The applications in Field Sequential Color (FSC) and 3D LCD are envisaged.
12.2: Characterization of 3D Gray‐to‐Gray Crosstalk with a Matrix of Lightness Differences
Authors: Van Parys Hans , Teunissen Kees , Ševo Aleksandar
Published: October 2012

Stereoscopic televisions, mainly striped retarder displays with passive glasses and time‐sequential displays with active glasses, are emerging in the consumer market. 3D crosstalk is an important characteristic that defines the quality of these displays. As opposed to characterizing 3D crosstalk with one percentage value, we propose an intuitive matrix representation with perceptually relevant lightness‐difference values.
12.4: Novel Evaluation Method of 3D Color Crosstalk for Stereoscopic Displays
Authors: Park Sunhee , Lee Don Gyou , Lim Kyong Ho , Kim Jae Hong , Shin Hong Soep , Park Jongjin , Shin Hyun‐Ho
Published: October 2012

As the recent development of stereoscopic display, 3D image quality, especially for 3D crosstalk, has been extensively studied. Approach to 3D color crosstalk, however, is insufficient although most 3D contents consist of color images. This paper, therefore, describes novel evaluation method for 3D crosstalk in terms of color distortion, and presents results from primary, memory and gray color. Our studies will contribute to the understanding and improvement of 3D image quality.
13.1: Invited Paper: Carbonation Reaction of (Ca, Mg)O Protective Layer on PDP
Authors: Motoyama Yasushi , Kato Daisuke , Seki Masahiko
Published: October 2012

We have been applying a low discharge voltage (Ca, Mg)O protective layer to plasma display panels (PDPs) to reduce their power consumption. However, (Ca, Mg)O is highly reactive with CO2, and the resulting carbonate formation during high‐temperature panel sealing in air impairs the low discharge voltage characteristic. We investigated the mechanism of the carbonation reaction that occurs on a (Ca, Mg)O surface during annealing in air at 450°C and found that the CO2 diffuses through the formed CaCO3 layer and that a (Ca, Mg)O + CO2 r̊ CaCO3 + MgO reaction then occurs. This carbonation reaction evidently stops when the growing MgO finally forms a layer at all boundaries between the CaCO3 and (Ca, Mg)O regions.
13.3: CaMgO(CMO) Film Properties Study
Authors: Xing Fangli , Xue Daoqi , Lu Zhengxian , Luo Xianghui , Ji Nan , Yan Qun
Published: October 2012

We have investigated CaMgO(CMO) film by E‐beam(EB) and plasma gun(PG). By varying different deposition conditions, film show difference in contamination level, structure and discharge voltage characteristic. The film analysis is critical to develop manufacture process for high efficiency PDP with CMO.
13.5L: Late‐News Paper: Development of MgCaO Protective Layer of Plasma Display Panels for Decreased Discharge Voltage
Authors: Zukawa Takehiro , Yoshino Kyohei , Oe Yoshinao , Kawarazaki Hideji , Aoto Koji , Tanaka Yoshito , Murai Ryuichi
Published: October 2012

Plasma display panels (PDPs) with an MgCaO protective layer and a new manufacturing process were achieved, with discharge voltage decreased while productivity was maintained. The evaporation rate of MgCaO became lower with the increasing Ca content, decreased by 20% at Ca 8 wt%. However, by changing several settings of evaporation, the evaporation rate of the Ca 8 wt% was improved to be comparable to that of MgO. The PDP with the Ca 8 wt% MgCaO protective layer decreased the discharge voltage by 12 V compared to that with the MgO protective layer. The life characteristics of the PDP with the MgCaO protective layer were the same as those with the MgO protective layer.
14.2: New Transparent Electrodes for Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Pellerite Mark J. , Baetzold John P. , Boulos Marie A. , Campbell Patrick M. , Haus Eileen M. , Hite Amy J. , Nirmal Manoj , Radcliffe Marc D. , Roberts Ralph R. , Stradinger John J. , Wardhana Jane K. , Weber Brian T.
Published: October 2012

Cholesteric liquid crystals are an important class of optical materials for bistable full‐color reflective displays. ITO and PEDOT are commonly used for transparent electrodes in ChLCD constructions. Both have limitations. Recent 3M work has shed light on new transparent electrodes for ChLCD displays that can give higher performing devices.
14.3: Patterned Image Flexible Reflex Displays
Authors: Montbach Erica , Krinock John , Chiu Joanna , Braganza Clinton , Schlemmer Matthew , Pishnyak Oleg , Marhefka Duane , Khan Asad , Doane J. William
Published: October 2012

Flexible Reflex™ electronic skin and writing tablet displays can be patterned with translucent or opaque ink images for dynamic device case covers and tablets providing the user with new functionality and personalization. These displays result in complex images and multiple colors per display image at a low cost due to unpatterned conductors.
14.4: Optimization of Black Color in Electronic Paper Using Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ashikawa Kenichi , Fukuda Makoto , Kurosaki Yoshihisa , Morimoto Hiroshi , Yoshihara Toshiaki
Published: October 2012

Simulating the reflectance of electronic paper (e‐paper) using cholesteric liquid crystals, we found that the e‐paper's black color was tinged red with the light reflected on the electrode. To make the black color achromatic, we optimized the interfacial reflectance of electrodes by changing their thickness. Finally, we developed some new e‐paper improved black color.
15.2: WITHDRAWN 15.3: Stabile AMOLED Displays by Process Tuning and Backplane‐OLED Compensation
Authors: Chaji G. Reza , Moradi Maryam , Dionne Marcel , Huras Jonathan , Ma Maran , Aziiz Yaser , Striakhilev Denis , Alexander Stefan , Nathan Arokia
Published: October 2012

Although IGNIS technology support any type of backplane, we believe a‐Si:H backplanes have significant advantages for a wide range of applications. This paper studies how the first product‐ready a‐Si:H AMOLED works for applications ranging from mobile displays to large high‐frame rate displays intended for TV.
15.4: Backplane Process Technology for AMOLEDs with Bottom‐Gate TFTs and Laser Annealing
Authors: Saitoh Tohru , Oda Tomohiko , Kanegae Arinobu , Hidaka Yoshiharu , Komori Kazunori
Published: October 2012

TFT backplane process for AM‐OLED was developed by integrating a G8 compatible CW green laser annealing into conventional bottom‐gate TFT process. Novel coating channel‐etching‐stopper (CES) and contact doping processes achieved the same high TFT performance as LTPS without critically increasing extra process steps.
16.3: Polarization‐independent and Fast‐response Blue Phase Liquid Crystal Lens with a PEDOT: PSS Film
Authors: Liu Yifan , Li Yan , Lee Chao‐Te , Lin Hoang‐Yan , Li Qing , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: October 2012

A new polarization‐independent and fast‐response adaptive microlens using a polymer‐stabilized blue phase liquid crystal is proposed. The top electrode is coated with a transparent and conductive PEDOT:PSS film to generate linearly varying electric potential from center to edge, while the bottom ITO electrode has a constant potential. Such an adaptive lens is useful for switchable 2D/3D displays.
16.4: Identification of Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystal by CIE
Authors: Lan Yi‐Fen , Tsai Cheng‐Yeh , Ku Po‐Jen , Wang Ling‐Yung , Huang Tai‐Hsiang , Liu Chu‐Yu , Sugiura Norio
Published: October 2012

We reported a new characterization of polymer stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PSBPLC) by using CIE examination. The results of CIE curve rendered a remarkable turning point when BPII formed in the test cell. We believe this new finding will be useful in manufacturing PSBPLC displays.
17.1: Hardware and Software Technologies for Glasses‐Free 3D TVs and PCs
Authors: Itoh Goh
Published: October 2012

We have developed several technologies for glasses‐free 3D displays to produce a clear 3D image and offer an attractive application. Hardware technologies such as one‐dimensional integral imaging method, a new moiré‐free pixel design using a vertical lenticular sheet, and 2D/3D switching with liquid‐crystal gradient index (LC GRIN) lens are useful for 3D panels. Software technologies such as 2D3D image conversion, face tracking for 3D viewing zone shift, and 3D super‐resolution image processing are for enjoying 3D movies. We continue to invent a 3D new technology especially for mobile devices and for business use.
17.2: Large‐scale Color Omnidirectional‐view Three‐dimensional Display Based on Projector Array
Authors: Xia Xinxing , Peng Yifan , Zhong Qing , Wang Han , Li Haifeng , Zheng Zhenrong , Liu Xu
Published: October 2012

Combining the characteristic of autostereoscopic and volumetric displays, large‐scale omnidirectional‐view three‐dimensional (3D) display utilizes projector array and cylindrical selective‐diffusing screen to reconstruct 3D light field. Large‐scale color omnidirectional‐view 3D display without any mechanical moving component is implemented. This paper presents principle of this method and analyzes display characteristics.
17.3: 3D Display using Active Liquid Crystal Parallax Barrier with Supersonic Position Detector
Authors: Kusunoki Koji , Kaneyasu Makoto , Harada Hikaru , Katagiri Haruki , Moriya Koji , Ohnuma Hideto , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Shima Yukinori , Kurosaki Daisuke
Published: October 2012

We fabricated a 3D panel by combining an OLED display and a liquid crystal parallax barrier including a driver using a crystalline oxide semiconductor in a backplane. The combination with a supersonic sensor for detecting the positions of the user and the panel can correct the position of the barrier.
17.5: High‐Resolution Floating Autostereoscopic 3D Display Based on Iris‐Plane‐Dividing Technology
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Kawakami Tohru , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: October 2012

We have investigated a high‐resolution floating autostereoscopic 3D display using stacked liquid crystal optical shutters dividing an iris‐plane. Newly developed front diffusing film and LC shutters realized high‐quality 3D images in the real space with wide depth of the observation area and high light efficiency.
18.2: Depth Sensing and Augmented Reality Technologies for Mobile 3D Platforms
Authors: Yuan Chang , Liao Miao , Hu Xiaoyan , Mordohai Philippos
Published: October 2012

This paper presents novel depth sensing and augmented reality technologies based on mobile 3D platforms. The mobile stereoscopic cameras are utilized to provide a “soft depth sensor” generating instant depth estimation of the physical world. The depth sensing algorithms are proposed to recover the 3D geometric structure captured in single or multiple stereoscopic images. Then, two augmented reality applications are developed to showcase the advantages of the depth sensing capability, namely visual measurement and a 3D AR shooter game. In particular, the AR technology allows occlusion between physical and virtual objects. Both visual and quantitative results are shown to illustrate the novelty and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
19.1: Invited Paper: From Backlight to Luminaire
Authors: Dekker Tim , Bergman Tom , Vissenberg Gilles
Published: October 2012

As display‐ and lighting technologies are growing closer together, concepts from both worlds can be used to accelerate future innovation. In this paper we present a novel office luminaire concept which uses only proven technologies known from the backlight industry. The new luminaire is semi‐transparent and creates a glare free beam of light. Moreover, it enables a single luminaire with a dual beam character i.e. task lighting downwards and indirect general lighting upwards.
19.2: Asymmetrical TIR Lens Design for Compact and Coplanar Automotive Daytime Running Lights
Authors: Zhang Jain‐Hong , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Cheng Yao‐Chien , Wang Alex
Published: October 2012

An asymmetrical TIR lens design, which brings compact and coplanar advantages for automotive daytime running lights (DRLs), is presented. On the basis of fulfilling the regulation (UNECE Regulation No. 87) by a single oval TIR lens, the DRL module can be made compactly and of any coplanar arrangement, e.g., linear or round arrangements. Besides, the oval TIR lens design also has the advantages of depressed‐elliptical angular intensity distribution, which is 99% correlated to the regulation standard values, and high utilization efficiency of 59.4%. The values of the traditional reflector type DRLs are 90% and 46%, respectively.
19.3: Multispectral Optimization for Cluster LEDs with Wide Operable Range
Authors: Chien Ming‐Chin , Tien Chung‐Hao
Published: October 2012

LED cluster is probably the most relevant among the emerging solid‐state lighting techniques. Impressive scenarios of a wide range of color quality and luminous efficiency have been obtained, mostly at the condition of constant ambient temperature. In this paper, we unleash the above constraint; all main factors influencing the spectral power distribution (SPD) are discussed, alongside the implementation of a pentachromatic R/G/B/A/CW platform suitable for clinic use. The proposed algorithm enables the multispectral cluster to modulate the color temperature from 2800K to 8000K in the full range ambient temperature (10°C ∼ 100°C) with high color quality scale (CQS > 85 points) and the possibly highest luminous efficiency.
20.1: Invited Paper: Robust TFT Backplane for Flexible AMOLED
Authors: Jang Jin , Choi Min Hee , Kim Byung Soon , Lee Won Gyu , Seok Man Ju , Ryu Deug‐soo
Published: October 2012

We report the fabrication and flexibility of the TFTs based on poly‐Si and a‐IGZO on polyimide (PI). The performances of the TFTs do not degrade upon 10,000 times rolling with 2 mm radius for a‐IGZO and 4 mm for poly‐Si TFTs. It is found that there is no electrostatic damage for the TFT backplane on PI with a conducting backbone.
20.4: An 8‐in. Oxide‐TFT‐Driven Flexible AMOLED Display with Solution‐Processed Insulators
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiki , Nakata Mitsuru , Takei Tatsuya , Sato Hiroto , Tsuji Hiroshi , Fujisaki Yoshihide , Shimizu Takahisa , Motomura Genichi , Fukagawa Hirohiko , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Fujikake Hideo
Published: October 2012

An 8‐inch VGA flexible AMOLED display driven by oxide TFTs was successfully fabricated at a process temperature of 130°C. InGaZnO4 (IGZO) was used as the semiconductor layer. Solution‐processed organic materials were employed as the gate insulator of the TFTs and the passivation layer on the backplane. Phosphorescent polymers as OLEDs were formed by an ink‐jet printing technique. Some properties of the IGZO‐TFTs were evaluated. The fabricated flexible display exhibited clear color moving images.
22.2: Variable Liquid Crystal Pretilt Angle using Nano‐Alignment Surfaces
Authors: Lee Chung Yung , Tseng Man Chun , Ho Jacob Yeuk Lung , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: October 2012

A new kind of nano‐structured alignment surface is proposed and demonstrated. Such alignment surface is capable of generating arbitrary pretilt angles for liquid crystal. The new alignment surface is based on nano‐imprinting and plasma etching. The domain sizes are fixed and controllable; in addition, no random process is involved. The alignment surface is robust and highly reproducible. Moreover, the processing window is maximized and suitable for mass manufacturing.
23.2: Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Multi‐View, Glasses Free, 3D Displays
Authors: Nirmal Manoj , Marttila Charles A. , Aho Erik A. , Casner Glenn E. , Haus Eileen M. , Schwabacher Charlie O. , Schwabacher Abraham M.
Published: October 2012

Precision lenticular and lens arrays were fabricated for multiview 3D displays based on a high resolution LCD panel. Optical and human factors considerations were taken into account. Content for horizontal parallax only and both horizontal and vertical parallax displays was generated. Crosstalk between views was measured and analyzed in detail.
24.1: Detection of Ionizing Radiation by Plasma‐Panel Sensors: Cosmic Muons, Ion Beams, and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Friedman Peter S. , Ball Robert , Chapman J. W. , Ferretti Claudio , Levin Daniel S. , Weaverdyck Curtis , Zhou Bing , Benhammou Yan , Etzion Erez , Guttman Nir , Moshe M. Ben , Silver Yiftah , Beene James R. , Varner Robert L.
Published: October 2012

The plasma panel sensor is an ionizing photon and particle radiation detector derived from PDP technology with high gain and nanosecond response. Experimental results in detecting cosmic ray muons and beta particles from radioactive sources are described along with applications including high energy and nuclear physics, homeland security and cancer therapeutics.
24.2: A Novel 5.8 inch Borderless Dual‐display Design and Optimization
Authors: Niu Tzu‐Ling , Fan Fu‐Cheng , Kuo Han‐Ping
Published: October 2012

We propose a novel borderless design for dual displays by using novel BLU and innovative light deflecting film above the display panel. Compared to the previous design, this new structure provides much better borderless image quality, thinner module, and higher brightness. We also set up a simulation model to optimize the borderless performance. Finally, we demonstrate great borderless effect on 5.8 inch dual displays and successfully eliminate the 3mm border width from A‐A to A‐A visually.
24.3: Optical Rewritable Diffraction Grating based on Photo‐Alignment Materials
Authors: Sun Jiatong , Srivastava Abhishek K. , Wang Lu , Chigrinov Vladimir
Published: October 2012

In this article, an optical rewritable diffraction grating is disclosed. A periodically grating pattern is written on the photoactive material, the photo‐alignment material periodically defines the liquid‐crystal director distribution in a cell sandwiched between two glass plates. The pattern can be erased, and then after can be rewritten with different period, simply by exposing the photo active layer with different polarization of blue light (Λ=450nm). 1D and 2D gratings can be achieved, for the same cell, using different masks with diffraction efficiency, for the 1st order, up to 13.0% and 19.0% respectively.
25.1: Characteristics of Infrared Photosensor Using Amorphous SiGe for In‐cell Touch Panel
Authors: Han Sang Youn , Jeon Kyung Sook , Seo Mi Seon , Kim DaeCheol , Cho Byeonghoon , Jeong Kihun , Seo Seung Mi , Jung Suk‐Won , Kim Woongkwon , Yang Sung‐Hoon , Song Junho , Kong Hyang‐Shik , Kim Hyung Guel
Published: October 2012

The a‐SiGe:H TFT photosensor for embedded touch screen panel (TSP) was characterized compared with a‐Si:H TFT. The photo sensitivity of a‐SiGe:H sensor at 850 nm IR light was ∼15 times higher than that of a‐Si:H, indicating that a‐SiGe:H is a strong candidate material to an IR sensor. In order to increase the signal to noise ratio, the incoming of visible layer was blocked by visible cutting layer. A 40‐inch panel in which a‐SiGe:H IR sensor was embedded was successfully demonstrated, showing the excellent multi‐touch property without ambient light interferences. This technology can be applied to broad use in the multi‐functional TSPs without ambient light limitation.
27.1: Invited Paper: P‐OLED Displays: RGB T95 Lifetime Performance of Ink Jet Printed 2nd Order Cavity OLED Devices
Authors: Forsythe Daniel , Grizzi Ilaria , Strevens Adam , Anderson Graham , Isaac Jonathan , Young William , Burroughes Jeremy
Published: October 2012

Micro‐cavity architectures can be applied to printed P‐OLED devices to improve the efficiency and colour that LEP materials can deliver in a display. As a result we have demonstrated not only high efficiency and required display colours, but also good T95 performance on a scalable platform.
27.4: 13.5‐inch Quad‐FHD Top‐Emission OLED Display Using Crystalline‐OS‐FET
Authors: Eguchi Shingo , Shinoda Hiroto , Isa Toshiyuki , Miyake Hiroyuki , Kawashima Susumu , Takahashi Masahiro , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Yamazaki Shunpei , Katayama Masahiro , Okazaki Ken‐ichi , Nakamura Ami , Kikuchi Katsuhiro , Niboshi Manabu , Tsukamoto Yuto , Mitsui Seiichi
Published: October 2012

We have fabricated a 13.5‐inch top‐emission OLED display including an oxide semiconductor FET element. This display has a high pixel density exceeding 300 dpi and is applicable to a Quad‐HDTV (number of pixels: 3840 × RGB × 2160). There have been few reports on fabrication of OLED displays with such a high pixel density so far. Color display is achieved by combining an EL element having a tandem structure and emitting white light with a microcavity structure and a color filter.
29.1: Overview of Factors Affecting Lens Performance for 3D Displays
Authors: Li Liwei , Bryant Doug , Van Heugten Tony , Duston Dwight , Bos Philip J.
Published: October 2012

In response to the demand for high quality tunable lenses in 3‐D display applications, we discuss the effects of different design factors on liquid crystal based electro‐optic lens performance with LC modeling and lens modeling methods. In addition, a high quality LC lens is demonstrated, and measurement approaches are introduced to evaluate the performance in terms of particular metrics, and verify the modeling results.
29.2: Distinguished Student Paper: Tunable Polymer Localized Liquid Crystal Lenses for Autostereoscopic 3D Displays
Authors: Lu Lu , Sergan Vassili V. , Van Heugten Tony , Duston Dwight , Bhowmik Achintya , Bos Philip J.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we demonstrate a polymer localized liquid crystal (PLLC) lens for autostereoscopic 3D application. The no‐voltage focal length of a PLLC lens is set by the polymerization conditions, but can be varied by the application of a voltage which is promising for tracking the viewer position. The fabrication process does not require a shaped substrate, complicated electrode patterns or an optimized driving voltage to make a parabolic optical phase shape. Therefore, both fabrication and driving process are relatively simple with this type of lens.
30.3: Invited Paper: Improvement of 3D Image Quality by Using High Frame Rate from 3D Camera to 3D Display
Authors: Kuroki Yoshihiko
Published: October 2012

The 3D motion image shot and displayed using 240fps allows finer discrimination of depth for the viewer compared to systems using 120fps or 60fps. High frame rate provides rich information of depth for motion images, and the resulting perception of depth brings more realistic visual image quality.
31.1: Invited Paper: Programmable Electrostatic Surface for Tactile Perceptions
Authors: Radivojevic Zoran , Beecher Paul , Bower Chris , Cotton Darryl , Haque Samiul , Andrew Piers , Henson Brian , Wall Stephen A. , Howard Ian S. , Ingram James N. , Wolpert Daniel M. , Salo Antti O. , Xue Tom
Published: October 2012

We describe a fully programmable Electrostatic Tactile (ET) feedback system that delivers a range of tactile textures to a mobile display. The ET system is a robust, thin, and optically transparent structure that can be overlaid unobtrusively on top of a display screen. The system exploits the phenomenon of electrovibration to create a controllable frictional force between a user's fingertip and the surface. The system enables the realization of localized tactile information delivered to the user's skin directly, without moving parts. A tactile image is formed in accordance with the visual information displayed (virtual textures, tactile silhouettes, etc.). The magnitude and pattern of the frictional force on the display can be programmed to correspond to the images shown on the display and actual coordinates of the touch interaction in real time. This has been achieved using a variety of different materials, including those that are compatible with flexible devices.
31.3: Bare Finger 3‐Dimentional Touch with Multi‐wavelength Sensing
Authors: Wang Guo‐Zhen , Fang Hsuan‐He , Huang Yi‐Pai , Hu Kuo‐Jui , Chen Tsu‐Han
Published: October 2012

Recent 3D touch systems could only be applied to large display, none of those is suitable for portable devices. Therefore, we presented a 3D (x, y, z) near distance touch system for portable devices. In the proposed system, multi‐wavelength sensing was used to reduce capturing time of bare finger 2D/3D touch system. The resolution in xy‐plane and along z‐axis is 2mm and 4mm individually. Moreover, a 4 inch 3D LCD with the 3‐dimentional finger touch system was successfully demonstrated.
32.2: Invited Paper: Printable Organic Thin Film Transistor Backplanes for Mass Produced Displays
Authors: Jamesn Mark , Afonina Irina , Bäcklund Tomas , Bain Stephen , Brookes Paul , Lloyd Giles , Miskiewicz Pawel , Tan Li‐Wei , Wierzchowiec Piotr , Verrall Mark
Published: October 2012

We demonstrate the co‐development of organic semiconductors, passive materials and formulations with process optimization to enable the manufacture of high performance Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT) arrays suitable for mass production of printable display backplanes. These materials can be printed or coated to fabricate top and bottom gate OTFT's with charge carrier mobility greater than amorphous silicon.
32.4: Invited Paper: Broad Implications Arising from Photonic Curing Process For Printed Electronics and Displays
Authors: Farnsworth Stan , Schroder Kurt , Wenz Bob , Pope Dave , Rawson Ian
Published: October 2012

Photonic curing has been shown to be effective in heating inks and functional films to very high temperatures, in excess of 1000C, on low‐temperature substrates such as polymers and paper. This paper reviews the basic principles of the technology and expounds on implications to applications and materials, including cost and performance. Specifically, application with thin film transistors and with radio frequency identification tags are presented. Some of this work has been previously presented by the authors.
33.3: Distinguished Student Paper: Improved Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs with a Linearly‐Graded Mixed Host Architecture
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Tang Ching W. , Rothberg Lewis J.
Published: October 2012

A blue PhOLED with a linearly‐graded mixed host architecture is compared to a uniformly‐mixed host device. We show that the recombination region is moved into the interior of the emissive layer and results in higher efficiency through avoiding quenching of the phosphor by species in the electron transporting layer.
33.4: A New Class of Host Materials for Blue Phosphorescent Organic Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Macdonald James , O'Connell Jenny , Weber Karl , Hirai Tadahiko , Groarke Michelle , Andresen Sven , Bown Mark , Ueno Kazunori
Published: October 2012

We report a new class of host materials for phosphorescent iridium complexes. These materials were designed to have ambipolar character. The host materials share a 2,2′‐diimidazole core and typically triarylamine or carbazole containing motifs which may give the materials electron‐transporting and hole‐transporting utility, respectively.

We have since synthesised a new host material (MMH‐001) and have applied this material in OLED devices with two different emitters; FIrpic, and our own proprietary blue Iridium emitter; MMPBD‐001. The MMH‐001/FIpic device has CIE1931 coordinates measured as (0.15, 0.34) and performance measured as 5.5 V, 27.2 cd/A, 15.6 lm/W, at 1 mA/cm2. The MMH‐001/MMPBD‐001 device shows a deeper blue colour (CIE1931 0.15, 0.24) and performance measured as 5.4 V, 21.0 cd/A, 12.0 lm/W, at 1 mA/cm2.
34.2: Electro‐Optical Response of Compensated Helix Ferroelectric: Continuous Gray Scale, Fastest Response and Lowest Control Voltage Demonstrated to Date
Authors: Andreev Alexander L. , Andreeva Tatiana B. , Kompanets Igor N.
Published: October 2012

Electrooptical response of display cells with helix‐free FLC is considered at high frequencies of the electric field. The light modulation frequency 3.5 kHz at ±1.5 V and the response time 35 μs are achieved due to the soliton mode of FLC director reorientation.
34.3: Fast Orthoconic Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystals for Field‐Sequential Color Applications
Authors: Wessling Mattias , Elfström David , Engström David , Lagerwall Sven T. , Rudquist Per
Published: October 2012

Orthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystals (OAFLCs) allow fast (submillisecond) in‐plane switching with a wide‐angle dark state insensitive to misalignment. In this paper we demonstrate RGB field‐sequential‐color using OAFLCs at a pixel switching rate of 720Hz, i.e., a “frame rate” of 240Hz.
35.2: Generation method of orthoscopic elemental image array from a sparse camera array
Authors: Deng Huan , Li Da‐Hai , Luo Cheng‐Gao , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: October 2012

We propose a generation method of orthoscopic elemental image array from a sparse camera array. A parallax image array obtained by a sparse camera array is different perspectives of a real 3D scene, and it has all the information that the elemental image array needs. In‐depth analysis on the generation method and relationships between the sparse camera array and the elemental image array are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the proposed method.
35.3: Overview of Computational Photography
Authors: Freeman William T.
Published: October 2012

Computational Photography explores the design space at the interaction of optics, sensing, and computation. I'll review my favorite research projects within this area, most of them by other people, and a few that I was involved with. These projects involve modifications to the camera lens, aperture, shutter, light source or image sensor. By designing algorithms appropriate for each camera modification, novel image capture or manipulation capabilities can be achieved.
36.4: Subjective and Objective Visual Quality Evaluation of 4K Video Using AVC and HEVC Compression
Authors: Deshpande Sachin
Published: October 2012

Subjective study was conducted for 4K (3840 × 2160) video content on a true 4K LCD display to determine required bitrates to achieve various levels of perceived visual quality. State‐of‐the‐art H.264/ AVC and HEVC compression was used. Additionally performance of objective metrics for 4K video was evaluated.
37.2: A 10.4‐in. On‐Cell Touch‐Panel LCD with Correlated Noise Subtraction Method
Authors: Haga Hiroshi , Yanase Jiro , Nonaka Yoshihiro , Sugimoto Daisuke , Takatori Kenichi , Asada Hideki
Published: October 2012

We demonstrated a 10.4‐in on‐cell touch‐panel LCD using an ITO layer formed on a color filter substrate as a capacitive sensor. To enhance noise immunity for larger capacitive sensors, we developed a correlated noise subtraction method, which improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio even under an environment where noise frequency coincides with signal frequency.
38.2: Color Filters on Flexible Glass Substrates by Roll‐to‐Roll Processing
Authors: Nirengi Takayoshi , Umeya Masanori , Morizumi Daigo
Published: October 2012

Products using rolled flexible glass substrates have been considered difficult to realize due to their brittleness even though they have advantages such as low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), high barrier property and thermal and dimensional stability. However, we have successfully developed color filters on flexible rolled glass substrates using roll‐to‐roll processing. One example of the color filter on a roll substrate is 15m in length, and 300mm in width, with a resolution of more than 228 ppi.
38.3: Invited Paper: Inkjet Technology Comes of Age for Display Manufacturing
Authors: Schoeppler Martin
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the utility of piezo DOD inkjet technology in microfabrication of displays and many other products, notes the basic differences between inkjet technologies, and identifies the recent advances and current issues in scaling the application of Piezo inkjet from the R&D lab to the manufacturing floor.
39.2: Fully Integration of Transflective Hybrid Device Consisting of PDLC, OLED and OPV
Authors: Chang Wei‐Fu , Wu Cheng‐Che , Chiu Tien‐Lung , Lee Jiun‐Haw
Published: October 2012

In this paper, fully vertical integration of a hybrid transflective device consisting of a PDLC and an OLED with OPV, encapsulated by two glass substrates, were demonstrated. These three devices can be functioned by applying the driving voltage or illuminant, individually. Self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) and passivation layer are dominant factors of this hybrid device. SAM played as a key role to tandem the OPV and TOLED by raising the work function. Passivation also used to prevent the OPV and TOLED from liquid crystal penetration. In this hybrid device, PDLC and TOLED offer a good contrast ratio (CR) in ambient and dark, respectively. The OPV serves to enhance the ambient CR due to the absorptive black background behind this hybrid device. In addition, the OPV also acts as a power generator and recycler to achieve the power saving.
39.4: Dual Efficiency Enhancement by Delayed Fluorescence and Dipole Orientation in High‐efficiency Fluorescent Organic Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Beomjin , Park Youngil , Yokoyama Daisuke , Park Jongwook
Published: October 2012

To explain the origin of extremely high efficiencies of deep‐blue fluorescent OLEDs with anisotropic‐shaped anthracene derivatives, the enhancements of singlet‐exciton generation efficiency and outcoupling efficiency were investigated by transient electroluminescence measurement and spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. This dual efficiency enhancement is important for understanding and further improving high‐performance fluorescent OLEDs.
40.2: Novel Phototunable Chiral Materials for Single Layer Color Cholesteric Display
Authors: Chin Chih‐Lung , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Wang Yi‐Rong , Tsai Chen‐Chu , Shiu Jyh‐Wen
Published: October 2012

Non‐symmetric phototunable chiral compounds (1a, 1b) were designed and synthesized, which exhibited high helical twisting power (about 60um−1). The materials tuned the colors for the entirely visible light region from 450nm to 670nm with high color stability and good NTSC. Single layer full color cholesteric display can be generated by the chiral compounds.
40.3: Distinguished Student Paper: Dual Mode Reflective Cholesteric Display
Authors: Zola Rafael S. , Nemati Hossein , Yang Young‐Cheol , Yang Deng‐Ke , Cheng Kung‐Lung , Liang Chao‐Chiun , Shiu Frank , Tsai Chen‐Chu
Published: October 2012

We developed a dual mode reflective cholesteric display which works in the traditional bistable mode as well as in a monostable mode. In the bistable mode, it is operated between the reflecting planar state and non‐reflecting focal conic state, both of which are stable at zero voltage. The bistable mode is suitable to display static images. In the monostable mode, it is operated on all the intermediate states between the planar and focal conic states. It is fast and has low driving voltage, and can exhibit gray levels of reflectance determined by the applied voltage. The monostable mode is suitable to display video rate dynamic images.
40.4: Generation of Uniform and Multitude Gray Scales on Cholesteric LCD by Using a Fast Low Voltage Driving Scheme
Authors: Fu Qiang , Xu Chihao
Published: October 2012

New fast driving scheme of the Cholesteric LCD with low driving voltages and high image quality has been developed for driving black‐write as well as stable gray scales. Comparing to the dynamic driving scheme, this method could generate more grayscales in the same driving conditions. Combined with the multi‐selection method, even more middle tone gray levels can be distinguished. In addition, the uniformity of the gray scales is considerably better.
41.4: Daylight Matching with Blended‐CCT LED Lamp
Authors: Gilman Jacob M. , Miller Michael E.
Published: October 2012

Energy‐conscious facility designs strive to include natural daylight in workspaces. Daylight's correlated color temperature (CCT) varies throughout the day and conflicts with existing fixed‐CCT artificial light sources, delivering poor color rendering for users. A prototype blended‐CCT LED lamp demonstrates a simple control concept for matching daylight variations.
42.3: A 720‐Channel Source Driver with a 2.5Gbps Point‐to‐Point Interface
Authors: Miao Hui‐Wen , Chao Jason , Chang Matt , Wu Yale , Lo Edward , Tso Ko‐Yang , Chao Chin‐Chieh
Published: October 2012

A 720‐channel, 8‐bit source driver has been developed for high resolution and high refresh‐rate applications. A source synchronous point‐to‐point interface has been adopted. The timing relationship between the received clock and the received data is calibrated and configured in the timing controller (TCON). This simplifies the implementation of the source driver as the sensitive DLL or CDR circuits are not required in the source driver. The source driver is implemented in a 0.15μm 1.8V/16.5V high‐voltage process. The achieved data rate is 2.5Gbps. It is applicable to a 240Hz FHD panel or a 120Hz 4K2K panel.
43.1: Low‐power Display System Driven by Utilizing Technique Using Crystalline IGZO Transistor
Authors: Nishijima Tatsuji , Yoneda Seiichi , Ohmaru Takuro , Endo Masami , Denbo Hiroki , Fujita Masashi , Kobayashi Hidetomo , Ohshima Kazuaki , Shionoiri Yutaka , Kato Kiyoshi , Maehashi Yukio , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: October 2012

The low‐power display technology of liquid crystal display (LCD) including crystalline IGZO by variable frame frequency has been previously reported. Application of the technology to controller and processor unit as well as the LCD and the driver(s) proposes a method for saving power of the whole display system.
43.2: Energy and Area‐Efficient Driving Scheme in Cholesteric LCD by Embedded Fully Symmetric Self‐biased Switched‐Capacitor
Authors: Lee Yu‐Huei , Huang Po‐Hsien , Fan Ming‐Yan , Chen Wei‐Chung , Chen Ke‐Horng , Liu Sheng‐Fa , Chiu Pao‐Hsien , Chen Sandy , Shen Chun‐Yu , Hsieh Ming‐Ta , Li Huai‐An , Ho Chang‐An , Chen Chih‐Jen , Liang Chao‐Chiun
Published: October 2012

The paper‐like cholesteric liquid crystal display (Ch‐LCD) has become the next generation of electronic readers in consuming market. The embedded fully symmetric self‐biased switched‐capacitor (FSSBSC) with single‐inductor high voltage bipolar‐output (SIHBO) converter is proposed to achieve the energy and area‐efficient driving scheme. As the compact power management module, SIHBO converter can provide +/−35V bipolar outputs for row driving. In addition, the embedded FSSBSC is utilized to generate the different voltage levels for modulating the gray‐color in column driving scheme. This combination carries out the effective driving operation for Ch‐LCD through the demand of timing control unit. Simulated results show the achievement of +/‐35V output voltage in the SIHBO converter and the variety voltage levels generated from FSSBSC. The peak efficiency is derived of 85% with the integrated chip area of 6.53 mm2.
43.3: Intensity Modulation of Light Sources for Gray Scales in Projection Displays
Authors: Ruckmongathan Temkar N.
Published: October 2012

Intensity modulation of light source(s) is proposed to achieve a drastic (logarithmic) reduction in number of time intervals that are necessary to display grayscales in DMD and other projection displays. Methods to reduce power consumption of light sources in projection system are also proposed.
44.1: Distinguished Paper: High‐Transmission Optically Matched Conductive Film with Sub‐Wavelength Nano‐Structures
Authors: Kajiya Shunichi , Hayashibe Kazuya , Muramoto Yutaka , Ohkawara Shigehisa , Endoh Sohmei , Shinya Yoshihisa
Published: October 2012

We developed conductive roll film, which exhibits an internal transmittance of over 99%, by using sub‐wavelength nano‐structures. Our film also has a reflectance difference (ΔR) of only 0.1% between w/ and w/o ITO layers. Fabrication of innovative high‐contrast touch screens is possible with this film.
44.5: Roll‐to‐Roll UV Embossing‐Process‐Based Sub‐Wavelength Gratings for Backlight
Authors: Liu Chun‐Wei , Lee Chi‐Hung , Ting Chia‐Jen , Lin Tsung‐Hsin , Wu Tsung‐Cho , Lin Shih‐Chieh
Published: October 2012

A sub‐wavelength gratings (SWG) patterned light bar (LB) was proposed to reduce the coupling length and improve the white color balance for display applications. In this design, we used ultra‐precision machining and a roll‐to‐roll imprinting process based UV resin process to make SWG for display applications.