bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community‐level obesity prevention is not associated with dieting behaviours and weight dissatisfaction in children: The Healthy Communities Study
Authors: Plimier Colleen C. , Hewawitharana Sridharshi C. , Webb Karen L. , Au Lauren E. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Ritchie Lorrene D.
Published: December 2019

Background

Within the context of high childhood obesity prevalence, there is a concern that community efforts intended to reduce childhood obesity may lead to unintended adverse outcomes.

Objective

This analysis examined relationships between community programs, policies, and environmental changes (CPPs) for obesity prevention with unhealthy dieting behaviours and body weight satisfaction in children.

Methods

Using the Healthy Communities Study 2013 to 2015 survey sample of 5138 US children aged 4 to 15 years old, multilevel models examined associations between standardized CPP intensity scores and child dieting behaviours and weight satisfaction, adjusting for community and child‐level covariates and clustered study design.

Results

In fully adjusted models, higher total, physical activity, and nutrition CPP intensity scores were associated with lower odds of dissatisfaction with weight (1 year total CPP odds ratio [OR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22‐0.73; 6 year total CPP OR: 0.48, 0.29‐0.80). Higher physical activity CPP intensity over the past year was associated with greater odds of weight satisfaction (OR: 1.77, 95% CI, 1.10‐2.84). No associations were observed with dieting behaviours.

Conclusions

Results suggest that community efforts focusing on nutrition and physical activity to prevent childhood obesity may be associated with weight satisfaction and not with unhealthy dieting behaviours.
Reactions of molten silicate deposits with yttrium monosilicate
Authors: Summers William D. , Poerschke David L. , Taylor Aidan A. , Ericks Andrew R. , Levi Carlos G. , Zok Frank W.
Published: December 2019

The article addresses effects of silicate deposit composition on reactions with yttrium monosilicate (YMS), a candidate environmental barrier coating for aero‐engine components. Computed phase equilibria are used to predict the nature and relative proportions of reaction products and the extent of YMS consumption upon reaction with twelve deposits of varying composition at 1300°C. These predictions are compared with results of a corresponding experimental study on three exemplary deposits. Although the nature and sequence of reaction products formed (typically apatite and yttrium disilicate) depend on the Ca:Si ratio of the deposit, the degree of consumption of YMS at equilibrium is relatively insensitive to deposit composition and is predicted to proceed to a greater extent than that in yttrium disilicate. However, sluggish reaction kinetics associated with the formation of a thin apatite layer above the YMS prevents reactions from reaching their terminal equilibrium states within the experimental times investigated (250 hours). For deposit loadings of 18 mg/cm2(corresponding to a thickness of about 100 µm), the degree of consumption following 250 hours exposures is only about 10%‐40% of the predicted terminal values, depending on deposit composition.
Linear correlation of crystal structure and spectral properties of Nd3+ in Ca1‐xSrxF2 mixed crystals
Authors: Tian Xueqi , Ma Fengkai , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Bo , Jiang Dapeng , Wang Jingya , Wu Qinghui , Qian Xiaobo , Su Liangbi
Published: December 2019

Crystal structure and the optical spectral properties of 0.5 at.% Nd3+, 5 at.% Gd3+‐codoped Ca1‐xSrxF2 (0 ≤ x≤1) crystals grown by the temperature gradient technique (TGT) were investigated. The linear variations of the crystal structure and spectral parameters as a function of Sr2+ proportion (x) were observed and correlated with each other. The results indicated that Sr2+ ions introduced as matrix‐substituted ions could regulate the crystal structures and the spectroscopic properties.
Bi@Bi4Ti3O12/TiO2 films on glass with photocatalytic and self‐cleaning performance
Authors: Lv Xiang , Zhang Zhengyi , Cao Zhiqiang , Jiang Wei , Shi Lifen , Zhao Xiaojuan , Ma Liyun , Wang Tianhe , Peng Shou
Published: December 2019

A stable and translucent Bi@Bi4Ti3O12/TiO2 film was fabricated on conventional glass substrates for the first time. The film exhibited a good photocatalytic performance and efficient self‐cleaning capability against organic dyes under full spectral irradiation and visible light irradiation. Bi4Ti3O12/TiO2 film was first prepared on a glass substrate with colloidal silica as a high temperature binder, followed by implantation of nanoscale Bi in it by an in‐situ partially reduction of Bi4Ti3O12 to generate Bi@Bi4Ti3O12/TiO2 films. The improved photocatalytic ability is probably attributed to the surface plasmon resonance of Bi atom as well as the enhanced electron transfer efficiency and synergistic effect of Bi4Ti3O12 and TiO2. According to trapping experiments, hydroxyl radicals (OH) were active species in the photocatalytic degradation of dyes under full spectral light irradiation and possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. The film prepared in this work may well have potential practical applications in many aspects, such as cleansing treatments for high building external decorative panels and also systematic characterization of the film suggests that the in‐situ reduction is an effective and simple way to produce nanoscale Bi@Bi4Ti3O12.
Do shareholder protection and creditor rights have distinct effects on the association between debt maturity and ownership structure?
Authors: Martins Henrique Castro , Schiehll Eduardo , Terra Paulo Renato Soares
Published: December 2019

This study examines the effects of the firm's ownership concentration and its institutional environment on corporate debt maturity choices. As ownership concentration and debt maturity are alternative governance mechanisms, we theorize and investigate whether their association is influenced by country‐level governance factors that enhance outside monitoring by minority shareholders and debtholders. Our investigation is based on a dataset of 50,599 firm‐year observations from 38 countries. We use a propensity‐score matching approach and find that the effect of ownership concentration on debt maturity is conditional to country‐level governance attributes. Ownership concentration has a negative effect on debt maturity in countries where both shareholder protection and creditor rights are weak. Ownership concentration, however, tends to lengthen debt maturity as protection increases, and this positive effect on the length of debt maturity is stronger in countries enhancing protection towards debtholders (instead of shareholders). We also explore other characteristics of ownership structure, such as the identity and presence of controlling shareholders. These results corroborate the view that entrenched shareholders may use debt maturity opportunistically. Our study provides new insights into the interplay between firm‐ and country‐level governance mechanisms and a deeper understanding of cross‐country differences in the association between ownership structure and debt financing.
Insulin‐derived amyloidosis without a palpable mass at the insulin injection site: A report of two cases
Authors: Nagase Terumasa , Iwaya Keiichi , Kogure Koichiro , Zako Tamotsu , Misumi Yohei , Kikuchi Minoru , Matsumoto Koichi , Noritake Masayuki , Kawachi Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Masaki , Ando Yukio , Katsura Yoshiya
Published: December 2019

To date, almost all case reports of insulin‐derived amyloidosis described the presence of a subcutaneous mass that was observable on physical examination. This report presents two cases of insulin‐derived amyloidosis without palpable masses at insulin injection sites. In both cases, blood glucose concentrations improved, and the insulin dose could be reduced by an average of 45% after changing the insulin injection sites. The insulin absorption at the site was reduced to at most 40% of that at a normal site in one case. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography were useful to screen and differentiate insulin‐derived amyloidosis without a palpable mass. This report showed that insulin‐derived amyloidosis without a palpable mass can be present at the insulin injection site, and has similar clinical effects to insulin‐derived amyloidosis with palpable masses.
Whole genome bisulfite sequencing of human spermatozoa reveals differentially methylated patterns from type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Chen Xiongfeng , Lin Qinghua , Wen Junping , Lin Wei , Liang Jixing , Huang Huibin , Li Liantao , Huang Jianxin , Chen Falin , Liu Deli , Chen Gang
Published: December 2019

Aims/Introduction

The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide, and it might partly cause metabolic disorder and type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in patients’ offspring through epigenetic modification. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Recent studies have shown a potential link between deoxyribonucleic acid methylation in paternal sperm and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in offspring, so this article focuses on whether the whole‐genome methylation profiles of spermatozoa in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients have changed.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the genome‐wide deoxyribonucleic acid methylation profiles in spermatozoa by comparing eight individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nine non‐diabetic controls using whole‐genome bisulfite sequencing method.

Results

First, we found that the proportion of methylated cytosine in the whole genome of the type 2 diabetes mellitus group was slightly lower than that of the control group. Interestingly, the proportion of methylated cytosines in the CG context decreased, and the proportion of methylated cytosines in the CHG context (H = A, T or C) increased in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group, but the proportion of methylated cytosines in the CHH context (H = A, T or C) barely changed. The methylated cytosines in the CG context were mainly distributed at the high methylated level, whereas methylated cytosines in the CHG context and methylated cytosines in the CHH context were mainly distributed at the low and middle methylated level in both groups. Second, functional enrichment analysis showed that differentially methylated genes played a significant role in nervous system development and cell metabolism. Finally, we identified 10 top type 2 diabetes mellitus‐related differentially methylated genes, including IRS1, PRKCE, FTO, PPARGC1A, KCNQ1, ATP10A, GHR, CREB1, PRKAR1A and HNF1B.

Conclusions

Our study provides the first evidence for deoxyribonucleic acid methylation reprogramming in spermatozoa of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and provides a new basis for explaining the complex mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in offspring.
The prevalence of self‐declared sensitive skin: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen W. , Dai R. , Li L.
Published: December 2019

Background

Sensitive skin is a common cutaneous condition that affects many people. The exact prevalence of sensitive skin remains unknown.

Objectives

We aim to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the published literatures to determine the global self‐declared prevalence of sensitive skin.

Methods

A systematic review of studies reporting the prevalence of sensitive skin was conducted searching electronic database of PubMed. Data were extracted and proportion meta‐analyses were carried out to obtain the pooled prevalence.

Results

A total of 26 studies were included representing general population in 18 countries with 51 783 individuals. The pooled proportion of individuals with self‐reported sensitive skin to some degrees was 71% [95% confidence interval (CI) 62%–81%] in the general population and 40% (95% CI 32%–47%) among individuals having very or moderately sensitive skin. Sensitive skin affected both women (45%, 95% CI 36%–55%) and men (33%, 95% CI 24%–42%), and women tended to be a risk factor with the development of sensitive skin compared to men (Risk Ratio=1.741, 95% CI 1.38–2.20). The corresponding estimates for prevalence were 38% (95% CI 25%–51%) among America, 35% (95% CI 32%–37%) among South America, 44% (95% CI 39%–50%) among Europe, and 31% (95% CI 16%–45%) among Asia, respectively. The pooled proportion of self‐diagnosed facial sensitive skin to some degree was 64% (95% CI 49%‐76%). For subjects responded as having very or moderately facial sensitive skin, the pooled proportion was 34% (95% CI 21%‐46%).

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis based on published data showed that the global prevalence of self‐declared sensitive skin to some degrees was 71% in the adult population, and 40% among individuals having very or moderately sensitive skin. However, the prevalence of sensitive skin was dependent on the diagnostic method and the prevalence might be over‐estimated in the questionnaire‐based epidemiological studies.
Microencapsulation optimization of cinnamon essential oil in the matrices of gum Arabic, maltodextrin, and inulin by spray‐drying using mixture design
Authors: Shahidi Noghabi Mostafa , Molaveisi Mohammad
Published: December 2019

A simple centroid mixture design was used to optimize the ratio of the wall materials for the production of the cinnamon essential oil microcapsules by spray‐drying. Gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD), and inulin (IN) were used as wall materials. Four parameters were evaluated as responses, containing the surface cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation efficiency of cinnamaldehyde, the release of cinnamaldehyde (RC), and powder recovery (PR). The cinnamon essential oil was purely formed of cinnamaldehyde (about 99.96%), based on results obtained from the gas chromatography device. The multiple response optimization analysis showed that the optimum compound concentration for walls will be 27.87% wt/wt GA, 27.59% MD, and 44.53% IN. It can be concluded that the optimal compound was suitable to the RC in the mouth medium due to its Tg. The microscopy images of the optimal compound showed a smooth surface, spherical, and slight crack in the microparticles. Furthermore, the optimum compound improved the stability of antioxidant activity compared to the pure oil during 30 days storage. It was observed that the Fickian diffusion was the main mechanism involved in the release process of the microencapsulated cinnamon essential oil in the mouth medium.

Practical Applications

In the food industry, the major aromatic components utilized are essential oils, synthetic flavoring agents, and natural oleoresin. The key constituent of cinnamon essential oil is cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde is often used as a flavoring agent, but its importance as a natural antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiseptic agent has recently been established. The knowledge of encapsulation techniques allows the control of the bioactive components, the release time, and the dosage of essential oil in the structure of the food. Moreover, the encapsulation of essential oils helps to reduce the oxidation of process by exposure to the environment, increasing the shelf life and the solubility. The results of this work lead to the use of flavored components for implementation in similar products, thereby improving their flavor.
Key Ingredients of an Ideal System for High‐Quality Community Care for Persons With Dementia
Authors: Oh Anna , Smith Alexander K. , Allison Theresa A.
Published: December 2019

This editorial comments on the article by Cross et al.
Intraoperative Use of Functional MRI for Surgical Decision Making after Limited or Infeasible Electrocortical Stimulation Mapping
Authors: Rigolo Laura , Essayed Walid Ibn , Tie Yanmei , Norton Isaiah , Mukundan Srinivasan , Golby Alexandra
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is becoming widely recognized as a key component of preoperative neurosurgical planning, although intraoperative electrocortical stimulation (ECS) is considered the gold standard surgical brain mapping method. However, acquiring and interpreting ECS results can sometimes be challenging. This retrospective study assesses whether intraoperative availability of fMRI impacted surgical decision‐making when ECS was problematic or unobtainable.

METHODS

Records were reviewed for 191 patients who underwent presurgical fMRI with fMRI loaded into the neuronavigation system. Four patients were excluded as a bur‐hole biopsy was performed. Imaging was acquired at 3 Tesla and analyzed using the general linear model with significantly activated pixels determined via individually determined thresholds. fMRI maps were displayed intraoperatively via commercial neuronavigation systems.

RESULTS

Seventy‐one cases were planned ECS; however, 18 (25.35%) of these procedures were either not attempted or aborted/limited due to: seizure (10), patient difficulty cooperating with the ECS mapping (4), scarring/limited dural opening (3), or dural bleeding (1). In all aborted/limited ECS cases, the surgeon continued surgery using fMRI to guide surgical decision‐making. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative deficits between cases with completed ECS and those with limited/aborted ECS.

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative fMRI allowed for continuation of surgery in over one‐fourth of patients in which planned ECS was incomplete or impossible, without a significantly different incidence of postoperative deficits compared to the patients with completed ECS. This demonstrates additional value of fMRI beyond presurgical planning, as fMRI data served as a backup method to ECS.
Perceived Parenting Styles and Values Development: A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Authors: Williams Kathryn E. , Ciarrochi Joseph
Published: December 2019

This study explored parenting styles and values internalization. Perceived parenting styles were measured in Grade 7 (n = 749) and Grade 12 (n = 468), and values were measured in Grade 12 (n = 271) and one year postschool (n = 291). We measured three aspects of valuing: priority (extrinsic, intrinsic importance); regulation (controlled, autonomous); and successful enactment of values (success). Mothers’ authoritative parenting in Grade 7 predicted increased importance and autonomous regulation of values one year postschool. Fathers’ authoritative parenting in Grade 7 predicted decreased importance of extrinsic values. Fathers’ permissive parenting in Grade 7 predicted decreased importance of intrinsic values. Authoritarian parenting in Grade 12 predicted more controlled values regulation postschool, particularly for extrinsic values. Parenting in early and late adolescence predicts values internalization in emerging adulthood.
The experience of donating and receiving a kidney: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Rota‐Musoll Laura , Subirana‐Casacuberta Mireia , Oriol‐Vila Ester , Homs‐Del Valle Mercè , Molina‐Robles Esmeralda , Brigidi Serena
Published: December 2019

Background

The experiences described by people who have undergone kidney transplant are complex. Understanding how donors and recipients experience kidney transplantation can help us to design strategies that provide a more person‐centred health care.

Objectives

To review articles that report the experiences of donors and recipients in the living‐donor kidney transplantation process.

Method

A systematic review of qualitative studies was carried out. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were used to search for articles published in English, French and Spanish between 2005 and 2018.

Results

Twenty‐nine articles were included in this review. For recipients, receiving a kidney is a positive experience (positive feelings and significant experience) that also involves certain difficulties and stressors (making a difficult decision, fears and worries). The experience of the donors is positive as they are motivated to improve the life of the recipient. They are committed to donating and use coping strategies as well as experiencing personal growth. On the contrary, being a donor involves certain difficulties and stressors (personal investment, mental, physical and economic impact and overcoming opposition) and a perception of deficiency in the health system (lack of information and attentiveness).

Conclusion

Donating and receiving a kidney is a positive experience that involves certain difficulties and a variety of stressors for both the donors and recipients. Moreover, the donors note deficiencies in the health system.
Effect of helmet therapy in the treatment of positional head deformity
Authors: Wen Juan , Qian Jun , Zhang Lei , Ji Chenbo , Guo Xirong , Chi Xia , Tong Meiling
Published: December 2019

Aim

Most positional head deformities can be treated conservatively with postural correction training or a head orthosis (‘helmet’). We aimed to investigate whether infants with helmet therapy have cosmetic improvement in head deformity.

Methods

A total of 376 infants at age 2–40 months who were diagnosed with mild–moderate–severe positional head deformity were enrolled. Among these infants, 101 infants were treated with helmet therapy or postural correction training. After matching by infant's age and time of therapy, three retrospective cohort studies of 56 infants were conducted for infants with plagiocephaly, brachycephaly and asymmetrical brachycephaly, respectively. The cephalic ratio (CR), radial symmetry index (RSI), cranial vault asymmetry (CVA) and cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI) were compared between two groups before and after treatment.

Results

Before treatment, no significant differences in CR, RSI, CVA and CVAI between groups were found. After treatment, compared with the postural correction training group, the helmet therapy group had significant improvements in CR, RSI, CVA or CVAI (Plagiocephaly: PCVA = 0.017, PCVAI = 0.028; Brachycephaly: PCR = 0.002; Asymmetrical brachycephaly: PRSI = 0.002, PCVA < 0.001, PCVAI < 0.001). Moreover, there was no significant difference in head circumference growth between the groups.

Conclusions

Helmet therapy may be more effective in the treatment of mild–moderate–severe positional head deformity than postural correction training in infants. And helmet therapy may not hinder head circumference growth.
Effects of acupuncture on obstructive sleep apnea severity, blood pressure control and quality of life in patients with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Silva Marcus Vinícius F. P. , Lustosa Thais C. , Arai Victor J. , Couto Patriota Tarcya L. G. , Lira Maria P. F. , Lins‐Filho Ozeas L. , Chalegre Sintya T. , B.B.A.S. Kamilla , Secundo Isaac V. , Pedrosa Rodrigo P.
Published: December 2019

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition among patients with hypertension and treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can decrease blood pressure (BP). However, CPAP is not well tolerated by a significant proportion of patients. The authors investigated the effects of acupuncture on OSA severity and BP control in patients with hypertension. Hypertensive patients with mild to moderate OSA (apnea–hypopnea index, 5–30 events/hr) were randomly assigned to receive acupuncture or sham‐acupuncture treatment. Patients were assessed at baseline and after 10 acupuncture sessions using polysomnography, 24‐hr ambulatory BP monitoring and a quality of life questionnaire. Forty‐four patients (34% men; mean age, 57.0 ± 5.4 years; body mass index, 29.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2; apnea–hypopnea index, 16.3 ± 6.7 events/hr) completed the study. There were no differences in pre–post‐intervention apnea–hypopnea index, daytime or nocturnal BP, or quality of life between the acupuncture and sham‐acupuncture groups (p > .05). Acupuncture therapy in hypertensive patients with OSA did not reduce OSA severity, daytime or nocturnal BP, or quality of life.
A moderated mediation model of the link between counterfactual processing at bedtime and insomnia diagnosis: The role of depressive symptoms and nocturnal maladaptive strategies of mental control
Authors: Lebrun Cindy , Gély‐Nargeot Marie‐Christine , Bayard Sophie
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the relationship between bedtime counterfactual thoughts, depressive symptoms, nocturnal counterproductive thought‐control strategies and insomnia disorder. Six hundred and fifty adults from the general population were recruited and provided data on their counterfactual thoughts' frequency at bedtime, depressive symptoms and use of nocturnal maladaptive strategies of thought control. In addition, all participants followed a face‐to‐face clinical interview for the diagnosis of insomnia disorder. A model positing moderated mediation was tested using conditional process modelling. Overall, 19% of participants met diagnostic criteria for a chronic insomnia diagnosis. Bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated that the association of bedtime counterfactual processing and insomnia diagnosis is mediated by depressive symptoms (B = 0.035, SE = 0.007, bootstrapped 95% CI = 0.023, 0.051). Furthermore, the effects of such a mediation model were significantly larger among individuals with high levels of aggressive suppression than those with low levels of aggressive suppression (B = 0.002, SE = 0.001, bootstrapped 95% CI = 0.001, 0.004). A second model in which a worry strategy moderates the relationship between bedtime counterfactual processing and depressive symptoms was not statistically significant (B = 0.0036, SE = 0.013, p = .78). The present study adds to the literature on the importance of self‐attacking thoughts and negative affects at bedtime. We recommend the evaluation of the impact of adding self‐attacks management strategies to cognitive behavior therapy for individuals with an insomnia disorder.
Re‐treatment for severe hepatitis flare in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B: An appraisal with combined HBsAg/ALT kinetics
Authors: Chien Rong‐Nan , Liaw Yun‐Fan
Published: December 2019

To test the concept that off‐therapy hepatitis flares with increasing qHBsAg require immediate re‐treatment whereas re‐treatment can be held or not necessary for those with decreasing qHBsAg, pre‐retreatment combined HBsAg/ALT kinetics were classified in 22 patients with severe hepatitis flare (ALT > 30X ULN) and checked against their clinical response and qHBsAg changes during entecavir re‐treatment. Timely re‐treatment in 16 patients with increasing qHBsAg during hepatitis flare (Pattern I HBV/ALT kinetics) not only improved hepatitis and rescued impending/ensuring hepatic decompensation but also led to ‘rapid HBsAg decline’ with 14 patients showing HBsAg decline >1‐4 log10 IU/mL within 12 months. In contrast, re‐treatment in 6 patients with decreasing qHBsAg (Pattern II) resulted in small HBsAg decline in one patient and initial further HBsAg decline but rebound to pre‐retreatment level in 3 patients. Of note, stopping 8‐day re‐treatment in a patient with pre‐retreatment HBsAg decline >1 log10 IU/mL allowed further HBsAg decline to a low level (4 IU/mL) towards HBsAg loss. These findings suggest that immediate re‐treatment is appropriate in severe hepatitis flare with Pattern I HBsAg/ALT kinetics but can be held or even not necessary in those with Pattern II HBsAg/ALT kinetics. Serial qHBsAg assays, more frequently during hepatitis flare, are helpful for re‐treatment decision and close monitoring is mandatory to start, to hold or to stop re‐treatment in patients with hepatitis flare.
The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis on immune response, hematological parameters, growth performance, and resistance of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) against Streptococcus iniae
Authors: Lee Chorong , Cha Ji‐Hoon , Kim Min‐Gi , Shin Jaehyeong , Woo Seo Hyung , Kim Sung Hun , Kim Jae Won , Ji Seung‐Cheol , Lee Kyeong‐Jun
Published: December 2019

We investigated the effects of different levels of dietary Bacillus subtilis (BS) on innate immunity, growth performance, feed utilization, and disease resistance of juvenile olive flounder. A control diet was formulated without probiotic, and three other diets were prepared adding different doses (1 × 107, 3 × 107, and 5 × 107 CFU/g feed) of BS (designated as Control, BS1, BS3, and BS5, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight, 25 g) were fed for 12 weeks. Fish fed BS‐containing diets showed significantly higher nonspecific immune responses than fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the BS5 diet showed significantly higher growth performance and feed utilization efficiency than fish fed the control diet. Fish fed the BS diets showed remarkably higher resistance against Streptococcus iniae than fish fed the control diet. These results indicate that BS supplementation at a dose of 5 × 107 CFU/g diet can improve innate immunity, growth performance, feed utilization, and disease resistance against S. iniae in olive flounder.
Making as worlding: young children composing change through speculative design
Authors: Wargo Jon M. , Alvarado Jasmine
Published: December 2019

A pedagogical perspective for rendering ways of knowing, being and being known, making and the larger maker movement are shaping contemporary educational places, practices and discourses. Despite these advances, its intersection with early literacy and childhood education are nascent. Thinking with theories of multiliteracies and speculative design, this article puts forth a making as worlding analytic frame for literacy research and practice. In doing so, we examine how two young children operate as speculative designers working towards possible, not solely plausible or preferable futures. Drawing on data from a multi‐sited study exploring making in early childhood settings, this article charts how early years and primary students used the contemporary affordances of analogue and immersive technologies to ‘make' a difference. Findings suggest that making provided opportunities not only for re‐storying realities but speculative worldbuilding encouraging young people to participate and problematise present realities.
Optimal hibernation theory
Authors: Boyles Justin G. , Johnson Joseph S. , Blomberg Anna , Lilley Thomas M.
Published: December 2019

Hibernation has received considerable attention from physiologists and natural historians, but theoretical and ecological treatments of hibernation are rarer. There is ample recent evidence that costs associated with hibernation affect the degree to which hibernation is expressed in nature, but we currently lack a quantitative framework under which to make predictions about how the costs and benefits of hibernation interact under various environmental conditions. Here, we attempt the first steps towards building an optimal hibernation theory for making specific predictions about the expression of hibernation (i.e. the depth and duration of torpor bouts), metabolic functioning, and the total period of hibernation in mammals and birds. Our current understanding of the costs associated with hibernation do not allow for parameterisation of optimal hibernation theory, but we hope this work provides a roadmap for physiologists and ecologists to collect the necessary data in the future.
Identification of a genetic network for an ecologically relevant behavioural phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Zhang Wenyu , Reeves Guy Richard , Tautz Diethard
Published: December 2019

Pupation site choice of Drosophila third‐instar larvae is critical for the survival of individuals, as pupae are exposed to various biotic and abiotic dangers while immobilized during the 3–4 days of metamorphosis. This singular behavioural choice is sensitive to both environmental and genetic factors. Here, we developed a high‐throughput phenotyping approach to assay the variation in pupation height in Drosophila melanogaster, while controlling for possibly confounding factors. We find substantial variation of mean pupation height among sampled natural stocks and we show that the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) reflects this variation. Using the DGRP stocks for genome‐wide association (GWA) mapping, 16 loci involved in determining pupation height could be resolved. The candidate genes in these loci are enriched for high expression in the larval central nervous system. A genetic network could be constructed from the candidate loci, which places scribble (scrib) at the centre, plus other genes known to be involved in nervous system development, such as Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) and p53. Using gene disruption lines, we could functionally validate several of the initially identified loci, as well as additional loci predicted from network analysis. Our study shows that the combination of high‐throughput phenotyping with a genetic analysis of variation captured from the wild can be used to approach the genetic dissection of an environmentally relevant behavioural phenotype.
The impact of mindfulness‐based interventions on doctors’ well‐being and performance: A systematic review
Authors: Scheepers Renée A. , Emke Helga , Epstein Ronald M. , Lombarts Kiki M. J. M. H.
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The well‐being of doctors is at risk, as evidenced by high burnout rates amongst doctors around the world. Alarmingly, burned‐out doctors are more likely to exhibit low levels of professionalism and provide suboptimal patient care. Research suggests that burnout and the well‐being of doctors can be improved by mindfulness‐based interventions (MBIs). Furthermore, MBIs may improve doctors’ performance (eg in empathy). However, there are no published systematic reviews that clarify the effects of MBIs on doctor well‐being or performance to inform future research and professional development programmes. We therefore systematically reviewed and narratively synthesised findings on the impacts of MBIs on doctors’ well‐being and performance.

Methods

We searched PubMed and PsycINFO from inception to 9 May 2018 and independently reviewed studies investigating the effects of MBIs on doctor well‐being or performance. We systematically extracted data and assessed study quality according to the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI), and narratively reported study findings.

Results

We retrieved a total of 934 articles, of which 24 studies met our criteria; these included randomised, (un)controlled or qualitative studies of average quality. Effects varied across MBIs with different training contents or formats: MBIs including essential mindfulness training elements, or employing group‐based training, mostly showed positive effects on the well‐being or performance of doctors across different educational and hospital settings. Doctors perceived both benefits (enhanced self‐ and other‐understanding) and challenges (time limitations and feasibility) associated with MBIs. Findings were subject to the methodological limitations of studies (eg the use of self‐selected participants, lack of placebo interventions, use of self‐reported outcomes).

Conclusions

This review indicates that doctors can perceive positive impacts of MBIs on their well‐being and performance. However, the evidence was subject to methodological limitations and does not yet support the standardisation of MBIs in professional development programmes. Rather, health care organisations could consider including group‐based MBIs as voluntary modules for doctors with specific well‐being needs or ambitions regarding professional development.
Chronic activation of anti‐oxidant pathways and iron accumulation in epileptogenic malformations
Authors: Zimmer T. S. , Ciriminna G. , Arena A. , Anink J. J. , Korotkov A. , Jansen F. E. , van Hecke W. , Spliet W. G. , van Rijen P. C. , Baayen J. C. , Idema S. , Rensing N. R. , Wong M. , Mills J. D. , van Vliet E. A. , Aronica E.
Published: December 2019

Aims

Oxidative stress is evident in resected epileptogenic brain tissue of patients with developmental brain malformations related to mammalian target of rapamycin activation: tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb). Whether chronic activation of anti‐oxidant pathways is beneficial or contributes to pathology is not clear.

Methods

We investigated oxidative stress markers, including haem oxygenase 1, ferritin and the inflammation associated microRNA‐155 in surgically resected epileptogenic brain tissue of TSC (n = 10) and FCD IIb (n = 8) patients and in a TSC model (Tsc1GFAP−/−mice) using immunohistochemistry,in situhybridization, real‐time quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Using human foetal astrocytes we performed anin vitrocharacterization of the anti‐oxidant response to acute and chronic oxidative stress and evaluated overexpression of the disease‐relevant pro‐inflammatory microRNA‐155.

Results

Resected TSC or FCD IIb tissue displayed higher expression of oxidative stress markers and microRNA‐155.Tsc1GFAP−/−mice expressed more microRNA‐155 and haem oxygenase 1 in the brain compared to wild‐type, preceding the typical development of spontaneous seizures in these animals.In vitro, chronic microRNA‐155 overexpression induced haem oxygenase 1, iron regulatory elements and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. Overexpression of iron regulatory genes was also detected in patients with TSC, FCD IIb andTsc1GFAP−/−mice.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that early and sustained activation of anti‐oxidant signalling and dysregulation of iron metabolism are a pathological hallmark of FCD IIb and TSC. Our findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling the pathological link between both processes.
The role of estrogens in the adipose tissue milieu
Authors: Bracht John R. , Vieira‐Potter Victoria J. , De Souza Santos Roberta , Öz Orhan K. , Palmer Biff F. , Clegg Deborah J.
Published: December 2019

One of the leading causes for the development of adverse metabolic effects, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, is the accumulation of excess body weight, often measured by body mass index (BMI). Although BMI, calculated using weight and height, is the standard measure used to determine body adiposity in clinical and public health guidelines, an inherent limitation is that BMI does not distinguish where in the body adiposity is deposited. Central obesity, characterized by greater accumulation of adiposity in the abdominal region, has been associated with a higher risk of mortality, independent of BMI. Importantly, one of the determinants of body fat distribution is sex hormones. Both estrogens and androgens appear to directly and indirectly influence body fat distribution. Our review will focus specifically on the role of estrogens and their influence in determining body fat distribution and overall health of adipose tissues, and the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the production and function of estrogens.
Reducing preoperative anxiety with Child Life preparation prior to intravenous induction of anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: West Nicholas , Christopher Nancy , Stratton Kirsten , Görges Matthias , Brown Zoë
Published: December 2019

Background

Induction of anesthesia can be stressful: Up to 60% of children suffer significant anxiety immediately before surgery. Anxiety is associated with higher postoperative analgesia requirements, higher incidence of emergence delirium, and detrimental effects on sleep and behavior. Child Life preparation includes role‐play, expectation‐setting, and teaching coping strategies.

Aim 

The aim of this trial was to determine whether preoperative Child Life preparation reduces anxiety prior to intravenous induction of anesthesia.

Methods

Children aged 3‐10 years, with no known preexisting anxiety and no preoperative anxiolytics, undergoing elective day surgery lasting ≤ 2 hours, were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. Each child's baseline anxiety was assessed in the anesthetic care unit, using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale—Short Form (mYPAS‐SF, observational scores from 22.9, minimal anxiety, to 100, maximal anxiety) as the primary outcome. The child was randomly assigned to intervention (minimum 15 minutes Child Life preparation) or control (standard practice without Child Life preparation). Participants entered the operating room with one parent. A researcher (blinded to group allocation) scored the child's operating room anxiety using mYPAS‐SF, up to the first attempt at intravenous cannulation.

Results

Fifty‐nine children completed the study, aged median [interquartile range] 5 [3‐7] years. Baseline mYPAS‐SF anxiety was 29.2 [22.9‐37.5] for all children, and operating room anxiety was 29.2 [22.9‐49.0]. Operating room anxiety was higher than baseline in 16/31 (52%) children in the control group and 6/28 (21%) in the Child Life preparation group. ANCOVA revealed a significant effect of baseline mYPAS‐SF anxiety and group on operating room anxiety (F = 10.31, P < .001, adjusted R2 = .24); individual parameter estimates indicated that Child Life preparation reduced operating room anxiety by 13.8 (95% CI 4.4‐23.1) points compared to control, P = .005.

Conclusion

A brief, targeted Child Life preparation session had a statistically significant effect on reducing preoperative anxiety prior to intravenous induction of anesthesia in young children, with no known preexisting anxiety. This effect may be clinically important and suggests that Child Life can be a valuable component of pediatric surgical care. Further research is required in specific populations.
Regenerative Medicine for Axial and Radicular Spine‐Related Pain: A Narrative Review
Authors: Desai Mehul J. , Mansfield John Taylor , Robinson David M. , Miller Benjamin C. , Borg‐Stein Joanne
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Regenerative injection‐based therapy has established itself as a therapeutic option for the management of a variety of painful musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this work was to review the current literature regarding regenerative injection therapy for axial/radicular spine pain.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted on the use of regenerative medicine for axial/radicular spine pain. Eligible articles analyzed the therapeutic injection effects of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), prolotherapy, or mesenchymal signaling cells (MSCs) via intradiscal, facet joint, epidural, or sacroiliac joint delivery.

Results

Regarding intradiscal PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding intradiscal prolotherapy, there are level III to IV studies supporting its use. Regarding intradiscal MSCs, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use with the exception of one level IV study that found no significant improvement at 12 months. Regarding facet joint injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding facet joint injections with prolotherapy, there are level IV studies supporting its use, though the one level I study did not demonstrate any statistical significance supporting its use. Regarding epidural injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding epidural injections with prolotherapy, there are level IV studies supporting its use, though the one level I study did not demonstrate statistical significance beyond 48 hours. Regarding sacroiliac joint injections with PRP, there are level I/IV studies supporting its use. Regarding sacroiliac joint injections with prolotherapy, there are level I/III studies supporting its use.

Conclusions

Currently, there are level I studies to support the use of PRP and MSC injections for discogenic pain; facet joint injections with PRP; epidural injections of autologous conditioned serum and epidural prolotherapy; and PRP and prolotherapy for sacroiliac joint pain. One level I study showed that facet joint prolotherapy has no significant benefit. Notably, no intervention has multiple published level I studies.
The development of a parental attachment recognition scale for mothers nurturing preschool children
Authors: Tanaka Yoko
Published: December 2019

Background

Attachment theory shows that childhood experiences influence the parenting style that the child shows later, as a parent. Nevertheless, at present there are no instruments to efficiently quantify the emotions associated with parents’ early attachment.

Objective

This study aims to develop a cognitive scale that measures both the positive and negative emotions reflecting the early attachment experience of Japanese mothers now nurturing their own preschool‐age children.

Design

A Parental Attachment Recognition Scale is developed in three phases that include concept analysis, item pool development and validity analysis, and investigation of the scale's statistical features, factor structure, validity, and reliability.

Measurements and Sample

The scale development is based on a self‐administered questionnaire survey, answered by 639 mothers.

Results

The scale consists of 27 items, grouped by factor analysis into three subordinate scales, named: (1) Parent–child contact; (2) Emotional bond; and (3) Parental impressions.

Conclusions

The study proposes a new scale to measure the recognition of early childhood attachment experiences among mothers raising their own preschool children. The instrument has a considerable degree of validity and reliability. The scale is expected to be useful in helping public health nurses assess mothers in need of childrearing support.
The PRIDE Study: Evaluation of online methods of data collection
Authors: van Gelder Marleen M. H. J. , Merkus Peter J. F. M. , van Drongelen Joris , Swarts Jessie W. , van de Belt Tom H. , Roeleveld Nel
Published: December 2019

Background

Large birth cohort studies are extremely valuable in assessing associations between early life exposures and long‐term outcomes. Establishing new birth cohorts is challenging due to declining participation rates. Online methods of data collection may increase feasibility, but have not been evaluated thoroughly.

Objective

The primary objective of the ongoing PRegnancy and Infant DEvelopment (PRIDE) Study is to identify exposures during pregnancy and in early life that may affect short‐term or long‐term health of mother and/or child. In this manuscript, we aimed to evaluate methods of recruitment and online data collection applied.

Population

Dutch women aged ≥18 years in early pregnancy.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Initially, only prenatal care providers recruited participants, but alternative recruitment methods were added as a result of disappointing participation rates, including collaboration with “Moeders voor Moeders” (organisation that visits women in early pregnancy) and Facebook advertisements. Data on demographic characteristics, obstetric history, maternal health, life style factors, occupational exposures, nutrition, pregnancy complications, and infant outcomes are primarily collected through Web‐based questionnaires at multiple time points during and after pregnancy. Additional data collection components include paternal questionnaires, blood and saliva sampling, and linkage to medical records.

Preliminary results

By September 2019, 9573 women were included in the PRIDE Study, of which 1.3% completed paper‐based questionnaires. Mean age of the women analysed was 30.6 years, 71.1% had a high level of education, 57.2% were primiparae, and mean gestational age at enrolment was 9.9 (range 3, 37) weeks, with slight differences between recruitment methods. Pregnancy outcome was known for 89.8%. Retention rate at 6 months after the estimated date of delivery was estimated at 70%. Multiple validation studies conducted within the PRIDE Study indicated high data quality.

Conclusion(s)

Although challenging and time‐consuming, online methods for recruitment and data collection may enable the establishment of new birth cohort studies.