bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Stuart Mill: Servant of the East India Company
Authors: Harris Abram L.
Published: June 2006

It is generally known that John Stuart Mill spent his working career in the service of the East India Company, but very little has been written about him in this capacity. As an administrative official of the company, the home government of India, John Mill's activities have been greatly overshadowed by the influence exerted upon Indian policies by his father, James Mill, historian of British India and a member of the Examiner's Office of the Company from 1819 until his death in 1836. Like his father, John Stuart recognized the company's government of India for what it actually was—a despotism of an alien race, which, despite the good accomplished by it in the last decades of its existence, was established by conquest, treaty, and annexation. And yet, he spent almost half of his life as an official of this establishment, drafting dispatches to the India government, and, in defence of the company's rule against extinction by Parliament, wrote what Lord Grey described as the ablest state paper he had ever read.

How did John Mill, the great exponent of nineteenth century liberalism, reconcile his employment as an official of a despotic government with his espousal of the principles of civil and political freedom? How, in other words, did he reconcile this freedom with colonialism? What conceptions did he entertain concerning: (1) the place of India in the history of civilization; and (2) its eventual emergence from British rule as an industrially transformed self-governing nation? These questions, arising out of Mill's career with the East India Company, have not been discussed in any of the numerous treatises on the great man. In considering them here we hope to fill this gap in the literature. Other questions, such as Mill's administrative skills and his influence upon the company's policies, cannot be taken up in this paper. The author does not share the view that Mill's influence at India House was insignificant. He is inclined to a moderate version of Henry Fawcett's opinion that all the important principles for governing the great dependency of India were laid down by Mill in the documents he drafted for the East India Company.
Caveolin-1 knockout alters β-adrenoceptors function in mouse small intestine
Authors: El-Yazbi Ahmed F. , Cho Woo Jung , Schulz Richard , Daniel Edwin E.
Published: June 2006

β-Adrenoceptors are G protein-coupled receptors whose functions are closely associated with caveolae in the heart and cultured cell lines. In the gut, they are responsible, at least in part, for the mediation of the sympathetic stimulation that might lead to intestinal paralysis postoperatively. We examined the effect of caveolin-1 knockout on the β-adrenoceptor response in mouse small intestine. The relaxation response to (−)-isoprenaline in carbachol-contracted small intestinal tissue segments was reduced in caveolin-1 knockout mice (cav1−/−) compared with their genetic controls (cav1+/+). Immunohistochemical staining showed that β-adrenoceptor expression was similar in both strains in gut smooth muscle. Selective β-adrenoceptor blockers shifted the concentration response curve (CRC) of (−)-isoprenaline to the right in cav1+/+intestine, but not in cav1−/−, with greatest shift in case of the β3-blocker, SR59230A. The CRC of the selective β3-agonist BRL 37344 was also shifted to the right in cav1−/−compared with cav1+/+. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor H-89 shifted the CRC of (−)-isoprenaline to the right in cav1+/+but not in cav1−/−. H-89 reduced the relaxation due to forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP in cav1+/+but not in cav1−/−, suggesting a reduction in PKA activity in cav1−/−. In cav1+/+, PKA was colocalized with caveolin-1 in the cell membrane, but PKA immunoreactivity persisted in cav1−/−. Examination of PKA expression in the lipid raft-rich membrane fraction of the jejunum revealed reduced PKA expression in cav1−/−compared with cav1+/+. The results of the present study show that the function of β-adrenoceptors is reduced in cav1−/−small intestine likely owing to reduced PKA activity.
Toll-like receptor 3 signaling evokes a proinflammatory and proliferative phenotype in human vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Yang Xin , Murthy Vanishree , Schultz Kelly , Tatro Jeffrey B. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Beasley Debbie
Published: June 2006

Inflammation plays a key role in atherogenesis, perhaps promoted by bacterial and viral products present within the artery wall. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can express certain bacterially responsive Toll-like receptors (TLR), which promote a proinflammatory and proliferative VSMC phenotype when activated, but it is unknown whether virally activated TLR can regulate VSMC phenotype. Here we tested the role in VSMC of TLR3, which is activated by double-stranded (dsRNA), a molecular signature of viruses. VSMC from multiple vessel types, including human coronary artery (HCoASMC) and mouse aorta (MAoSMC), expressed TLR3 constitutively, and HCoASMC were exquisitely sensitive to dsRNA-stimulated release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6. dsRNA-induced MCP-1 release was abolished by small interfering RNA-mediated TLR3 knockdown in HCoASMC and was absent in TLR3−/− MAoSMC but was unimpaired in TLR2−/− and in TLR4 signaling-deficient MAoSMC. Exposure to dsRNA also activated ERK1/2 and NF-κB in both human and murine SMC, but these effects were absent in SMC from TLR3-deficient mice, demonstrating a crucial role of TLR3 signaling. dsRNA also stimulated proliferation of HCoASMC, indicated by increased DNA synthesis, and induced persistent elevations in the intracellular levels of growth-promoting mediators, including interleukin-1α and phospho-ERK1/2. We conclude that exposure of HCoASMC to dsRNA elicits dramatic TLR3-mediated proinflammatory and proproliferative phenotypic changes, responses that could potentially be triggered by viral infection of cells within the arterial wall.
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase attenuates hyperoxia-induced cell death through activation of ERK/MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways in lung epithelial cells
Authors: Xu Dong , Guthrie Jill R. , Mabry Sherry , Sack Thomas M. , Truog William E.
Published: June 2006

Oxygen toxicity is one of the major risk factors in the development of the chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Using proteomic analysis, we discovered that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH or ALDH2) was downregulated in neonatal rat lung after hyperoxic exposure. To study the role of mtALDH in hyperoxic lung injury, we overexpressed mtALDH in human lung epithelial cells (A549) and found that mtALDH significantly reduced hyperoxia-induced cell death. Compared with control cells (Neo-A549), the necrotic cell death in mtALDH-overexpressing cells (mtALDH-A549) decreased from 25.3 to 6.5%, 50.5 to 9.1%, and 52.4 to 15.1% after 24-, 48-, and 72-h hyperoxic exposure, respectively. The levels of intracellular and mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mtALDH-A549 cells after hyperoxic exposure were significantly lowered compared with Neo-A549 cells. mtALDH overexpression significantly stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation partially eliminated the protective effect of mtALDH in hyperoxia-induced cell death, suggesting ERK activation by mtALDH conferred cellular resistance to hyperoxia. mtALDH overexpression augmented Akt phosphorylation and maintained the total Akt level in mtALDH-A549 cells under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation by LY294002 in mtALDH-A549 cells significantly increased necrotic cell death after hyperoxic exposure, indicating that PI3K-Akt activation by mtALDH played an important role in cell survival after hyperoxia. Taken together, these data demonstrate that mtALDH overexpression attenuates hyperoxia-induced cell death in lung epithelial cells through reduction of ROS, activation of ERK/MAPK, and PI3K-Akt cell survival signaling pathways.
Protective effects of Peganum harmala L. extract, harmine and harmaline against human low-density lipoprotein oxidation
Authors: Berrougui Hicham , Isabelle Maxim , Cloutier Martin , Hmamouchi Mohammed , Khalil Abdelouahed
Published: June 2006

Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles has been implicated in the process of atherogenesis. Antioxidants that prevent LDL from oxidation may reduce atherosclerosis. We have investigated the protective effect of Peganum harmala-extract (P-extract) and the two major alkaloids (harmine and harmaline) from the seeds of P. harmala against CuSO4-induced LDL oxidation. Through determination of the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated diene as well as the lag phase, the extract (P-extract) and compounds were found to possess an inhibitory effect. Moreover, harmaline and harmine reduced the rate of vitamin E disappearance and exhibited a significant free radical scavenging capacity (DPPH•). However, harmaline had a markedly higher antioxidant capacity than harmine in scavenging or preventive capacity against free radicals as well as inhibiting the aggregation of the LDL protein moiety (apolipoprotein B) induced by oxidation. The results suggested that P. harmala compounds could be a major source of compounds that inhibit LDL oxidative modification induced by copper.
Wireless Vibration Monitoring in a US Coal-Fired Plant
Authors: Gbur Gary L. , Wier Wane , Bark Torsten
Published: June 2006

Choosing a reliable wireless system able to provide data on vibration magnitudes in a coal pulverizer was never going to be easy, so two systems were tested alongside each other.
Acoustic Pressure Waveforms Measured in High Speed Jet Noise Experiencing Nonlinear Propagation
Authors: Petitjean Benoît P. , Viswanathan K. , McLaughlin Dennis K.
Published: June 2006

An experimental study has been carried out in a controlled environment in a large anechoic chamber at Boeing to clarify certain features associated with the nonlinear distortion of acoustic waves. The test points were chosen to yield both subsonic and supersonic convective Mach numbers. Both spectral and time-domain analyses have been performed to elucidate nonlinear effects. The spectral analysis indicates that there is agglomeration of energy at the higher frequencies as the propagation distance increases. The time-domain analysis shows strong positive peaks in the pressure signals; the skewness values of the acoustic signals jump from ∼0.05 to ∼0.3, when the convective Mach number is increased from low subsonic values to just above unity. An examination of the Morfey-Howell nonlinear indicator reveals that energy is transferred from the spectral peak to the higher frequencies as a consequence of long-distance propagation. It is established that the convective Mach number is a critical parameter that may be used to identify the onset of nonlinear effects. When the value exceeds unity, there is a dramatic difference in the wave characteristics. In addition, a set of high-quality data has been generated that can be used to guide the development and the validation of prediction methods for nonlinear propagation.
Semi-Empirical Noise Models for Forced Mixer Jet Noise Predictions
Authors: Garrison Loren A. , Dalton William N. , Lyrintzis Anastasios S. , Blaisdell Gregory A.
Published: June 2006

In recent years there has been a significant interest in the development of jet noise prediction models due to increased restrictions on aircraft noise near airports. However, currently there are no industry tools that can be used to predict the noise from the complex flows of modern jet engines that include internal forced mixers. The four-source method is a noise prediction tool applicable to simple coplanar, coaxial jets. In this study the fundamental components of the four-source model are used as the building blocks for a noise prediction method which would be applicable to coaxial jets with internal forced mixers. First, the four-source model is applied to an internally mixed jet with a confluent or axisymmetric mixer. Then, a two-source noise model is proposed to predict the noise for cases with an internal forced mixer. Three variable parameters in this two-source model are optimized to match the forced mixer experimental noise data. It is shown that the two-source noise model is capable of accurately modeling the noise spectra of internally mixed jets with forced mixers.
The Nature of Political and Economic Development in the British Dominions
Authors: Plumptre A. F. W.
Published: June 2006

Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa have two attributes which, taken together, distinguish them from all other countries: they are new countries and they are British Dominions. Economically, their outstanding feature is the relative abundance of their resources in relation to their population and supplies of capital. Politically, it is the fairly recent emergence of self-government under institutions modelled upon those of Great Britain and erected within the loose and conveniently ambiguous constitution of the British Empire. Culturally, too, they are predominantly British; although special reservations must be made in the cases of Canada and South Africa. As a result of their similarities it is possible to draw a number of general conclusions regarding the nature and direction of their growth.

The nature of development in new countries should be a matter of interest to all students of economics and political science because (as Professor Mackintosh has recently pointed out in this Journal) it is in such countries that the impact of development may be most clearly seen and the problems of open, internationally exposed economies most effectively studied. Moreover, the subject is one of great practical importance. It should be familiar to “the Legislators of the Empire, and all who are set in authority over us; that all things may be … ordered and settled by their endeavours upon the best and surest foundations”. Indeed, this paper has been prepared as the background for a larger work on the administrative problems of central banking in the Dominions. This may account for special emphasis on some points, and relatively little on others (such as immigration) which might have been treated rather differently had a more general object been in view.
The Dominion Companies Act, 1934: An Appraisal
Authors: Smails R. G. H.
Published: June 2006

It is self-evident that the existence of ten jurisdictions, each having the right to make its own laws for the incorporation and regulation of limited liability companies and each exercising that right, must not only complicate matters greatly for the individual investor, shareholder, or creditor but must also operate as a serious drag on the commercial and industrial development of the nation. One way out of the impasse in which Canada finds herself would be to secure an amendment to her constitution whereby the federal legislature would be given exclusive jurisdiction over companies, and the provinces would surrender their exclusive jurisdiction over property and civil rights so far as was necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the federal control over corporations. This solution is ideal rather than practical, for it assumes self-negation on the part of politicians and comprehension on the part of the electorates greatly exceeding any yet evinced.

An alternative, but distinctly inferior, solution would leave the jurisdiction divided as it is at present but induce all ten legislatures to agree upon uniformity in the essential features of their company laws. This plan would do nothing to remove the handicap under which the federal legislature labours by reason of its lack of jurisdiction in the law of contract, but it has been talked about and is regarded by the mass of people as a practical step—notwithstanding the abortive results of the two Dominion-Provincial Conferences already held on the subject.
The Role of Intelligence in the Social Process
Authors: Urwick E. J.
Published: June 2006

In his study of William Cobbett, Chesterton makes the paradoxical remark that poor Tom Paine really believed that the Age of Reason was just beginning when in fact it was just ending. For once, Chesterton is entirely wrong. The Age of Reason did begin at the close of the eighteenth century, and, like the nineteenth century, it has gone on ever since. The two preceding centuries had paved the way. Bacon gave it a definite start by holding out the dream of escaping, by the help of Intellect, from the “mera palpatio” (mere feeling our way) which had so far been our only mode of action in politics and all human affairs. The discoverers of the seventeenth century followed, with their shining proof of what Intellect could do to dissipate darkness and substitute certainty for mere groping, in our attempts to understand the world we live in. Astronomy, chemistry, physics were in turn illuminated by an almost dazzling light; and the very genuine triumphs of Intellect in its proper sphere predisposed the political and social thinkers of the eighteenth century (who believed that they too were intelligent) to have visions of a complete reign of Intellect in all departments of thought and activity.

Bentham's disastrous philosophy was a cold attempt to realize these visions. Hope was turned into apparent certitude by the hedonistic calculus and an intellectually enlightened Democracy, for which there need be no more groping in the dark. Auguste Comte carried the claim of Intellect farther. The realm of Science—with its proved motto of “Savoir, pour prévoir, pour pouvoir”—was definitely extended to all existence, including the whole life of human society. The intelligentzia of the British world, who had already proved their intelligence by swallowing as final truth a political economy which was much less than half true, embraced the new vision with enthusiasm. The Age of Reason had arrived.
The Fusion of Government and Business
Authors: Corry J. A.
Published: June 2006

Seventy years ago Bagehot composed his epitaph on the Poor Law Commissioners of 1834. To his own generation, it must have sounded like the last word on attempts to administer any aspect of public affairs by independent authorities without a responsible parliamentary head. The dethronement of the “three kings of Somerset House” demonstrated the prime condition of parliamentary government. The lesson they taught was obvious and the more thoroughgoing of Bagehot's contemporaries were all for denying to bureaucratic irresponsibility the solace even of a last sanctuary at the British Museum.

Even fools, we are told, will learn the lessons of experience but it seems that some still more elementary form of education will have to be devised for political democracies. Parliamentary government has been adopted all over the world but it has always been accompanied by some defiance of basic principle. Some branch of government activity has always been wrongly sheltered from parliamentary discipline and guidance. With the twentieth century, these occasional infractions have become chronic. In England itself, affairs of the gravest national import are being entrusted to bodies without any direct responsibility to Parliament. To the democracy, the story of the “three kings of Somerset House” is a political fairy tale. It laughs and then runs off to play at trains with the London Transport Board. In some such fashion, we may surmise, Bagehot might have reasoned on the facts of to-day.
The Arcand Act: A New Form of Labour Legislation?
Authors: Marsh L. C. , Findlay M. , McGoun A. F.
Published: June 2006

In a few economics text-books the labour market is still an area in which the free play of supply and demand brings about the equation of wages to the marginal product of labour. But the modern economist knows very well that “free competition” and “a living wage” are often incompatible, and that free competition itself is to-day little more than an expository device. The determination of wages, and of labour conditions generally, must take into account two important sets of influences, (a) the circumstances which affect the wage bargain between employers and employees, and (b) the extent to which “minimum wages” and basic living and working standards are fixed by the state. To the economic historian each of these opens up long chapters of social movements and state legislation which are more complete in most of the older industrial countries but to which many new pages have been added on this continent in recent times.

This experience has established the recognition of two main methods, and their accompanying sets of principles, by which wages and working conditions have been raised irrespective of the rate set in theory or practice “by the market”. The first is that of collective as distinct from individual bargaining. Collective—which is for all practical purposes, trade union— negotiation involves two principles, of which one is better known than the other. The first is that the ordinary wage-earner, even vis à vis the small employer, has little or no bargaining power on his own: not only is his labour a perishable commodity, but also his employer is likely to be a great corporation and he is beset by the potential competition of the army of the unemployed—and it may be added, even in the best of times by the potential competition of the migrant from the farm, the real “marginal worker” of an agricultural country.
The Administration of the Canadian Income Tax Law
Authors: Elliott C. Fraser
Published: June 2006

To administer the Canadian Income Tax Law, Canada is divided into nineteen districts. The districts are irregular in shape and of different areas. Their shape was influenced by the desire to have a district follow the railway lines. Recognition was given also to the main centres and provinces. In the beginning, sub-offices were required to serve the people, but experience has shown that they are not a necessity and most of them have been closed. The districts have remained unchanged for about ten years. Each is in charge of an inspector directly responsible to Ottawa.

The amount of the revenue collected in each district is not a true criterion of the wealth of the particular district. Some small districts have the head office of a few large corporations in them. The district of London, Ontario, for instance, has in it such companies as the Ford Motor Car and Imperial Oil. Their income is derived from world-wide sources. Consequently on a revenue collection basis the district appears to have more wealth in it than it really has. It is the same with Toronto and Montreal.

Usually a company files and pays its tax in the district where it has its head office, although the business of the company may be located in some other district. For example, the mines of northern Ontario are located in the Ottawa district but their corporate head offices are in Toronto, so they file and pay their taxes there. There is not any compulsion to pay in any particular district. Districts are established for the convenience of the public and returns can be filed in the district most convenient for the taxpayer.
Agricultural Income
Authors: Rutherford J. B.
Published: June 2006

The first part of this paper is given over to a discussion of definitions, terminology, and objectives in income analysis. The second part deals with methods and sources of material in the study of cash income. The third part describes some results obtained to date in this work.
“Agricultural income” is defined as the value of goods and services produced on farms which become available during a given period for consumption or investment, after providing for the maintenance and replacement of goods and services employed in production. Since the national income is the final test of the state of economic activity, it is essential that the national income data be as complete and accurate as possible. The completeness and accuracy of the national income estimate are dependent upon the completeness and accuracy of the estimates for the various industries. The income from agriculture should, therefore, be carefully appraised. The second main objective in measuring agricultural income is to enable a comparison of changes in the well-being of those engaged in farming with changes in the well-being of those engaged in other industries. These objectives constitute the important reasons for undertaking income analysis. The measurements of individual farm returns, such as labour income, labour earnings, or variations of gross or net income, are commonly used in studying the efficiency of management in the farm business. For this purpose they are very useful, but their field of service is definitely limited.
The Reserve Bank of South Africa
Authors: Day J. P.
Published: June 2006

During 1934 three countries of the British Empire established Central Banks. The Reserve Bank of India was established by an Act which received the Governor-General's assent on March 6 of that year; on July 3 assent was given to the Act to incorporate the Bank of Canada which opened for business in March, 1935; and on August 1, 1934, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand opened its doors. The fortunes of these new Central Banks will be keenly watched by those interested in central banking and the influence of monetary policy on economic welfare.

Only one British oversea Dominion has, as yet, any experience of the running of a newly-created Central Bank. In Australia, the Commonwealth Bank is a commercial bank which has acquired the functions of a Central Bank, but the Union of South Africa in 1920 established an entirely new bank, just as Canada has now done, and the fourteen years' experience of the Reserve Bank of South Africa may usefully be studied by those who are taking an interest in the future of the Bank of Canada. Indeed, in several respects there is similarity between Canada and South Africa; in neither country is there a developed money market for short loans, nor is there much scope for open market operations; both countries possess valuable gold fields; both are debtor countries; each is linked closely to a foreign financial centre, South Africa with London, and Canada with New York.
Population Movements in Canada, 1921–31: Some Further Considerations
Authors: Hurd W. Burton , Cameron Jean C.
Published: June 2006

In an earlier paper an attempt was made to isolate certain of the major population movements occurring in Canada during the last intercensal decade and to demonstrate their bearing on the current situation in, and the future outlook for, the country as a whole. Recently available provincial data have made possible the elaboration of the preceding analysis and the addition of many essential details to the picture. A summary of the more important findings from this supplementary study is given in part I. This article also affords an opportunity to make one or two minor revisions, the necessity for which was revealed when the provincial estimates were balanced against the earlier totals derived from figures for the Dominion as a whole.
The State and Medicine: A Comment
Authors: Moorhead E. S.
Published: June 2006

Seven years of depression and the rising cost of medical care, which has been taking place for more than twenty-five years, have forced a reconsideration of the relation of the state to the practice of medicine. The public is worried and the political opportunist is ready, as always, to capitalize this worry by providing a panacea in a hurry. There is little doubt in the minds of most thinking people that some form of health insurance must be provided; but the attempt to create a very complicated piece of machinery, and set it working at once, will lead to serious difficulties and hardships. The experience of European countries is not of much assistance to Canada. None can claim perfection, and most of them have to be satisfied with the best makeshift that circumstances will allow. England provides only such service in the home or office as a general practitioner can give. For ten years she has had, on paper, the provision of a complete but expensive medical service. Russia provides such a service at a cost which has been estimated at 20 to 25 per cent. of the employees' income.
Professor Cassel on the Statistical Determination of Marginal Productivity
Authors: Douglas Paul H.
Published: June 2006

In recent years, an attempt has been made by the present author to measure the probable slope of the marginal productivity functions of labour and capital in various economies. This has been done by computing indexes of capital (C), labour (L), and product (P) for manufacturing in the United States for the years 1899-1922, Massachusetts 1890-1926, New South Wales 1901-1927, and Victoria 1907-1929. The formula used is that P' (representing an index of computed product) = b LkC(1−k). By making the sum of exponents equal to unity, we assumed for purposes of simplicity that production could be described by a homogeneous function of the first degree and that equal proportionate increases in the quantities of labour and capital would cause the same proportionate increase in product. The exponents of L and C were found by the method of least squares, so that the sum of the squares of the deviation of P′ from P would be reduced to a minimum, and the sum of the arithmetic deviations to zero. The exponents for labour and capital in manufacturing which were found by this method were as follows:

It will be noticed that there is a substantial degree of similarity between the exponents found for these economies.

A mathematical analysis of the above function discloses: (1) that the share of the net product to be received by a factor should, according to marginal productivity theory, be equal to its exponent; (2) that the elasticity of the marginal productivity curve of, and hence, under competitive conditions, the demand curve for, a factor is the reciprocal of the sum of the exponents of other factors. This would mean a “normal” elasticity of demand for labour of between −2.86 and −4.0, and for capital of between −1.33 and −1.54.
Canada and the Abdication
Authors: Cronkite F. C.
Published: June 2006

In a recent work on constitutional law one finds the chapters prefaced by quotations from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass—a feature somewhat startling to the uninitiated but highly refreshing to any student of the Constitution of the British Empire. The complexities of this constitution have not been resolved with the passing of the years, rather have new difficulties arisen through the apparent achievement of autonomy by the Dominions. In search of a constitution there is almost a note of despair in the words of the Inter-Imperial Relations Committee (1926): “it [the British Empire] defies classification and bears no real resemblance to any other political organization which now exists or has ever yet been tried.”

A visitor to the House of Commons during the early days of the second session of the eighteenth Parliament of Canada might well have considered himself in Wonderland. The House had under consideration the abdication of His former Majesty King Edward VIII and the accession of His Majesty King George VI to the throne, and was concerned that rules of law should be followed and constitutional proprieties observed in this Dominion. The discussion called out an amazing variety of opinion. Eminent constitutional lawyers were in disagreement at almost every point. Probably the bewilderment of the average member was pretty well expressed by Mr. J. S. Woodsworth, leader of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, when he said: “I confess that as I have listened to the discussion so far I have not been greatly enlightened, but indeed somewhat confused. We have had brought before us a great many legal and metaphysical subtleties. Whether the Crown is unitary or divisible and multiple I do not quite know.” In this article it is proposed to discuss the abdication with reference to the more important legal and constitutional principles involved. No attempt will be made to examine the body of legal learning touching the nature of the kingship. Emphasis will rather be placed on the difficulties and anomalies which have developed along with the evolution of the British Commonwealth of Nations. This will involve a consideration of the propriety of the action of the Parliament and government of Canada in dealing with the situation created by the abdication of His former Majesty.
Classificatory Note on the Theory of Public Finance
Authors: Bates Stewart
Published: June 2006

The great extensions of government activities in all industrialized countries since the War have not been balanced by an equivalent development of the theory of public finance. The need for analysis of the relation of large government expenditures and taxes to the system of individualist enterprise is urgent.

It is true that many specific inquiries have been made into the repercussions of taxes and tariffs, into the inequalities of incidence as between industries and regions, into government financing, government investment in depression, and so on, but a survey of these attacks reveals the lack of a method adequate to cope with the questions. The existent theoretical structure, established by the classical writers, was evolved to handle a system of public finance and a system of individualist enterprise, which have been greatly modified in the twentieth century. Consequently many of the modern questions confronting economists are really outside the assumptions of classical theory, and are therefore unable to be grasped by the weapons of the classical analysis. Apart from this practical difficulty, it is to be expected that the post-war developments in economic science itself—the new knowledge of monetary systems, of business cycles, of imperfect competition, and of short-time analysis—necessitate a reconsideration of the theory of public finance. In the future the subject-matter of public finance will probably be systematized along these lines, but meanwhile the need is for a sifting of the materials.
The Political Ideas of William Lyon Mackenzie
Authors: MacKay R. A.
Published: June 2006

Few public men in Canadian history have so represented the spirit of their age as did William Lyon Mackenzie, and particularly during the pre-Rebellion stage of his career. This was the age of Catholic Emancipation and the Great Reform Bill, the age of Bentham and Byron, of Cobbett and Edinburgh Reviewers, of O'Connell and Huskisson; the age when the bourgeois monarchy of Louis Philippe triumphed over the last of the Bourbons at Paris, and when “King” Andrew Jackson succeeded the Adams dynasty at Washington. On both sides of the Atlantic the new wine of liberty and democracy was bursting the old bottles of restriction and privilege. Across the Atlantic the new stocks were of the vintage of the French Revolution or from the vineyards of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham; on this side it was largely “home brew” of the frontier. But there was still on hand much of the vintages of 1688 and 1776, neither of which had lost its power to stimulate men. In the 1820's and 1830's William Lyon Mackenzie was the principal purveyor of these various wines of liberty to the backwoods colony of Upper Canada.
The Economics of Federalism
Authors: Bladen V. W.
Published: June 2006

Some explanation of the origin of this short paper may assist in understanding its content and point of view. It is the result of a study of certain official papers dealing with cases of federal stress. These papers deserve, and indeed demand, careful study by all who exert any influence on government policy in Canada. I refer to (a) A Submission on Dominion-Provincial Relations and the Fiscal Disabilities of Nova Scotia within the Canadian Federation, presented by Professor Rogers to the Nova Scotia Royal Commission Provincial Economic Inquiry (1934); (b) Province of Nova Scotia, Report of the Royal Commission Provincial Economic Inquiry (1934), especially the supplementary report by Dr. Innis, and the memorandum by Professor R. A. MacKay on the “Financial Relations between the Provinces and the Dominion” published in the volume of Appendices to the Report; (c) British Columbia's Claim for Readjustment of Terms of Union presented by the Honourable T. D. Pattullo, the Honourable G. McG. Sloan, and the Honourable John Hart (1934); (d) The Case of the People of Western Australia in Support of their Desire to Withdraw from the Commonwealth of Australia (1934). Though these official papers have led me to try to think through the economic problems, and the economic philosophy, of federalism, the position I take is not new to me. It is simply a development of an attitude towards problems of regional conflict with an attempt to determine what difference exists when the state is federal rather than unitary. My attitude towards problems of regional conflict is exemplified in a paper contributed last year to The Canadian Economy and its Problems, but no reference is there made to the conflict of provinces as such. In view of this approach it may be less surprising if I add to the list of official papers given above one from the United Kingdom; (e) Reports of Investigations into the Industrial Conditions in Certain Depressed Areas of I West Cumberland, II Durham and Tyneside, III South Wales and Monmouthshire, IV Scotland (1934, Cmd. 4728).
The Report of the White Commission
Authors: Keirstead W. C.
Published: June 2006

In its report of 1926 the Duncan Commission found the claims of the Maritime Provinces for a larger federal subsidy so just and so urgent that it recommended an immediate increase in the form of interim payments (which were to form the minimum of any increased subsidy) and that the Dominion government should take immediate steps to secure “a complete revision”, “by detailed determination and assessment”, “of the financial arrangements as between them and the maritime provinces”.

The White Commission was accordingly appointed by the federal government in September, 1934, on the written request of the premiers of the Maritime Provinces to make this financial settlement. Sir Thomas White, as chairman, and Edward Walter Nesbitt, both of Ontario, and Chief Justice J. A. Mathieson of Charlottetown, P.E.I., were the Commission. Judge Mathieson brought in a dissenting report. Another Maritime commissioner would probably have changed materially the amount of the increase recommended, since in a report based not upon any accurate standards of measurement but upon “broad and general considerations”, political opinions and personal bias are important. Probably the personnel of the White Commission was not so favourable to these provinces as was that of the Turgeon Commission to the province of Manitoba. Yet the White Commission accepted without question the recommendations of the Duncan Commission and the Maritime Provinces were allowed to present their case before the Duncan Commission without any contesting case of the federal government.
The Employment and Social Insurance Bill. I. General Principles and European Experience
Authors: Richter L.
Published: June 2006

The great economic depression from which we still suffer to-day has dealt a severe blow to individualistic thought, and a social or collectivist tendency has set in. The individual producer is no longer left to decide for himself what he wants to export and how much and at what price. Restrictions are put upon him under the Natural Products Marketing Act with regard to quantity, quality, and prices, to which he must submit in the interests of industry as a whole, although it may be to his own individual disadvantage. These restrictions originate as a rule from a voluntary agreement among producers. As soon, however, as the state recognizes the importance of such a regulation in the interests of national economy, it enforces it by a law, so as to protect the producing community and the general public against such producers as are not sufficiently farsighted to fall into line of their own accord. But the state must go only so far in exercising this influence and control over production and commerce as is necessary in the interests of the community, without limiting too much the private initiative which is essential for commercial success. Those aims are by no means incompatible, but are complementary to one another, like authority and freedom in the purely political sphere.
The Natural Products Marketing Act, 1934. I. Constitutional Validity
Authors: Norris T. G.
Published: June 2006

In the interpretation of the British North America Act the question which seems of paramount importance to the lay mind—and sometimes to the legal one—is “what was the intention of the Fathers of Confederation when the sections under consideration were enacted?” If it were not apparent before, it should have become apparent as a result of the Aviation Case and the Radio Case that any such test must be entirely fallacious. The Fathers of Confederation could not have anticipated the development of the methods of communication which were under review in these cases. Still less could they have anticipated the problems of modern business. They could not have thought that the Dominion government would require the power to protect majorities engaged in business against the reckless acts of uncontrolled minorities. The thought was rather of the necessity for the protection of minorities against the oppressive combination of majorities, and the gradual concentration of business in the hands of the few. We have, then, in the questions which arise in connection with the Natural Products Marketing Act, in a broad sense, a new constitutional question. With reference to the questions of aviation and radio new questions also arose, but the basic principles governing communications were the same as formerly. The personal and psychological factor which enters into the development of modern business was absent. The judgments in the Aviation and Radio Cases, indicating as they do some of the principles justifying the enactment of the Natural Products Marketing Act as Dominion legislation, demonstrate the difficulty which arises in suggesting any amendment to the constitution which would obviate possible contention on the question of jurisdiction. While our federal scheme exists and business affairs develop, that which to-day is a matter of provincial concern may to-morrow be a matter affecting the Dominion as a whole or affecting interprovincial relations.
The Marketing of Whole Milk
Authors: Drummond W. M.
Published: June 2006

No exhaustive consideration of whole milk marketing in its many aspects is possible within the limits of a single paper. We propose, therefore, to consider but three phases of the subject, and to treat each of these more or less separately. These three sections deal with the general nature of the price making arrangements, the sharing of the producer's market, and the possibilities of narrowing the spread between farm and retail prices.

The price received for milk which is consumed as whole milk has always been considerably more remunerative than that received for milk which reaches consumers in any of the several processed forms. This relatively higher price for whole milk can be attributed to a variety of factors which vary in importance from market to market and time to time. They include the peculiar characteristics of the whole milk demand, the fact that a number of outlets for milk other than the whole milk market exist, the fact that milk production exhibits pronounced seasonal variation, and the fact that supplies offered for sale as whole milk whether by farmers or distributors are capable of being specially restricted in amount. Of these the special nature of the whole milk demand is by far the most important; indeed, in its absence, the other factors would lose most of their special significance. The peculiar characteristics referred to are that the demand is extremely inelastic, that it is decidedly less elastic than the demand for any processed dairy product, and that it is well-nigh constant throughout the year. Because pronounced changes in price in either direction are necessary before any significant change in consumption ensues, any ordinary price appeal will be relatively valueless and will not be used. Since consumption remains substantially unaltered within a considerable price range, the natural aim of sellers will be to secure the highest price permitted by this price range. This will be possible only if the existing milk supply corresponds with the quantity which consumers are willing to take at the price indicated, or if there is a possibility of restricting the supply to that amount.
Pareto's “General Sociology”: The Problem of Method in the Social Sciences
Authors: Macpherson C. B.
Published: June 2006

By sociology Pareto means a synthesis of all the particular researches and disciplines dealing with human society—law, economics, political history, the history of religion, and so on—in a search for the relationships between social facts (1, 2). Sociology is to provide a framework into which will fit the results of these specialized studies; it is to be a comprehensive study which aims at discovering the principles underlying the form and changes of society in general.

Such is Pareto's own formulation. It is apparent that he believes both that there are general principles underlying the form and changes of society, and that these can be discovered by a new discipline, sociology, working on the results of the specialized studies. The primary concern of the new discipline must therefore be methodology, and Pareto devotes much more attention to the problem of method in the social sciences than he does to the construction of his own theory of society. His justification for this is his belief that the methods of all previous sociologists have been basically faulty and can lead only to invalid conclusions. In this paper it is proposed to follow Pareto's emphasis, and to deal with his analysis of social facts and his general theory of society primarily with a view to bringing out those aspects which raise the problem of method in the social sciences.
The Cabinet Minister and Administration Winston S. Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–15
Authors: Dawson R. MacGregor
Published: June 2006

The history of the British Admiralty, like that of the War Office, furnishes an exceptionally good opportunity for reviewing the relationship which exists between a Cabinet Minister and his subordinates. This relationship, of course, presents in all departments essentially the same general features, namely, the control of a specialized group of officials by one who, though ignorant in a technical sense, nevertheless possesses unusual competence in his own field of administration and politics. But in the fighting services parts of this picture are etched with deeper and darker lines. In the first place, there is obviously a greater disparity of talent between Minister and official than occurs in most departments, and the experts seem as a rule less able, or willing, to appreciate the political implications of the demands they are constantly making. The relationship is thus apt to be more difficult and occasionally more exacerbating; but it creates by that very fact a greater need for providing the department with a sympathetic spokesman and advocate in the Cabinet, while insisting at the same time on the absolute supremacy of the political power. In the second place, the pervasive influences of bureaucracy and departmentalism, on which the Minister must wage relentless war, occur in the fighting services in an acute and aggravated form. Officials in other departments may hold narrow and circumscribed views, but their counterparts at the War Office and the Admiralty will frequently add to those a complacent and unimaginative professionalism of their own; the fondness of a civil servant for unnecessary formalism may have a military or naval parallel in ponderous methods and obsolete techniques; bureaucratic prejudice may become red-tabbed or gold-braided intolerance; an esprit de corps may be transmuted into an un-discriminating loyalty to the ship, to the battalion, or to the service.