bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New algorithms for the minimum coloring cut problem
Authors: Bordini Augusto , Protti Fábio , da Silva Thiago Gouveia , de Sousa Filho Gilberto Farias
Published: December 2017

The minimum coloring cut problem is defined as follows: given a connected graph G with colored edges, find an edge cut E' of G (a minimal set of edges whose removal renders the graph disconnected) such that the number of colors used by the edges in E' is minimum. In this work, we present two approaches based on variable neighborhood search to solve this problem. Our algorithms are able to find all the optimum solutions described in the literature.
Contractual structures and consumer misperceptions
Authors: Michel Christian
Published: December 2017

We analyze how firms can design contracts to strategically induce consumer misperceptions. A fraction of consumers is naive and underestimates the costs of claiming a warranty payment in the event of product breakdown. This leads to an inference error that makes consumers prone to overpredict product quality, which a firm can profitably exploit. The channel persists under different market structures and can reduce the quality provision to sophisticated consumers. We argue that our results apply more generally to cases in which consumers are inattentive or illiterate with respect to contract fine print, and provide supporting evidence from TV infomercials.
Optical and Mechanical Properties of Newly Developed Monolithic Multilayer Zirconia
Authors: Elsaka Shaymaa E.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the optical and mechanical properties of newly introduced monolithic multilayer zirconia with two types of monolithic zirconia.

Materials and Methods

Three brands of monolithic zirconia were used in this study: Ceramill Zolid FX Multilayer (CZF), Prettau Anterior (PA), and Zenostar T (ZT). Translucency parameter (TP), contrast ratio (CR), flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness, brittleness index, and microstructures were assessed. Data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. A Weibull analysis was conducted on the flexural strength data.

Results

CZF revealed significantly higher TP and lower CR compared with PA and ZT monolithic zirconia (p < 0.05). ZT showed higher flexural strength and fracture toughness compared with CZF and PA (p < 0.001). On the other hand, CZF revealed significantly higher hardness values compared with PA and ZT (p < 0.001). CZF and PA revealed higher brittleness index than ZT monolithic zirconia (p < 0.001). ZT showed small grain microstructure while CZF and PA showed larger grains. ZT had a higher characteristic strength (σ0), Weibull modulus (m), and a lower probability of failure compared with CZF and PA.

Conclusions

The optical and mechanical properties of the tested monolithic zirconia are material dependent. Fully stabilized monolithic zirconia materials (CZF and PA) are relatively more translucent than partially stabilized zirconia (ZT).
Reinforcement of Single Implant‐Retained Mandibular Overdenture with a Cobalt‐Chromium Framework before Implant Surgery
Authors: Amaral Camilla Fraga do , Pinheiro Mayara Abreu , Rodrigues Garcia Renata Cunha Matheus
Published: December 2017

Previous clinical research has shown promising results in oral rehabilitation of elderly adults by a single implant‐retained mandibular overdenture; however, the high incidence of fracture in the anterior region of these overdentures is a concern for clinicians. To minimize catastrophic overdenture fracture, we propose a technique to insert an individualized metal framework in single implant‐retained overdentures prior to implant surgery.
Intestinal P-glycoprotein inhibitors, benzoxanthone analogues
Authors: Chae Song Wha , Lee Jaeok , Park Jung Hyun , Kwon Youngjoo , Na Younghwa , Lee Hwa Jeong
Published: December 2017

Objectives

The inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which limits an access of exogenous compounds in the luminal membrane of the intestine have been studied to enhance the intestinal P-gp-mediated absorption of anticancer drugs.

Methods

Inhibition of the efflux pump by synthesized benzoxanthone derivatives was investigated in vitro and in vivo. MCF-7/ADR cell line was used for cytotoxicity assay and [3H]-daunomycin (DNM) accumulation/efflux study. Eight benzoxanthone analogues were tested for their effects on DNM cytotoxicity. Among them, three analogues were selected for the accumulation/efflux and P-gp ATPase studies. Paclitaxel (PTX), a P-gp substrate anticancer drug, was orally administered to rats with/without compound 1 (8,10-bis(thiiran-2-ylmethoxy)-7H-benzo[c]xanthen-7-one). The pharmacokinetic parameters of PTX in the presence/absence of compound 1 were evaluated from the plasma concentration-time profiles.

Key-findings

Compound 1 increased the DNA accumulation to 6.5-fold and decreased the DNM efflux to approximately 1/2 in the overexpressing P-gp cell line. Relative bioavailability (RB) of PTX in rats was significantly increased up to 3.2-fold by compound 1 (0.5 or 2 mg/kg).

Conclusions

Benzoxanthone analogue, compound 1 is strongly suggested to be a promising inhibitor of P-gp to improve an oral absorption of compounds for cancer therapy.
Weight status, diet quality, perceived stress, and functional health of caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Li Xiaoyin Sara , Pinto‐Martin Jennifer A. , Thompson Aleda , Chittams Jesse , Kral Tanja V.E.
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Caring for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be highly demanding and can put significant strain on caregivers. To date, little is known about the extent to which caregivers of children with ASD experience increased levels of stress which may adversely affect health outcomes. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to compare caregivers of children with ASD and caregivers of typically developing children (TDC) in weight status, diet quality, perceived stress related to the parenting role, and functional health and well‐being.

Design and methods

Caregivers of 25 children with ASD and 30 TDC completed the 2005 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, the 36‐item Short Form of the Parenting Stress Index (PSI/SF), and the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) and had their heights and weights measured during an onsite visit. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)‐2010 and its dietary components and conformance to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Results

ASD caregivers did not differ significantly from TDC caregivers in body mass index or overweight/obesity prevalence (p ≥ .28), even when controlling for covariates. In univariate analyses, ASD caregivers consumed significantly fewer empty calories from solid fats, alcohol, and added sugars than TDC caregivers (p = .03), but they did not differ significantly in any other dietary outcomes including nutrient adequacy (p ≥ .10) and mean total HEI scores (p = .20). ASD caregivers, when compared to TDC caregivers, reported significantly greater parenting stress for the subscales difficult child and parent–child dysfunctional interaction as well as total stress (p < .001). In addition, 56% of ASD caregivers compared with 6.7% of TDC caregivers showed clinically significant levels of stress (p < .0001); a finding which remained statistically significant when controlling for covariates. ASD and TDC caregivers did not differ significantly in any SF‐36 health domains related to functional health and well‐being (p ≥ .10).

Practice implications

Despite higher reported levels of stress, ASD caregivers did not differ significantly from TDC caregivers in diet‐ and health‐related outcomes. Nurses and other health professionals should use comprehensive screening tools to assess overall caregiver stress and levels of resilience.
Cobinamide is effective for treatment of hydrogen sulfide–induced neurological sequelae in a mouse model
Authors: Anantharam Poojya , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Mahama Belinda , Kim Dong‐Suk , Sarkar Souvarish , Santana Cristina , Chan Adriano , Kanthasamy Anumantha G. , Kanthasamy Arthi , Boss Gerry R. , Rumbeiha Wilson K.
Published: December 2017

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly neurotoxic gas. Acute exposure can lead to neurological sequelae among survivors. A drug for treating neurological sequelae in survivors of acute H2S intoxication is needed. Using a novel mouse model we evaluated the efficacy of cobinamide (Cob) for increasing survival of, and reducing neurological sequalae in, mice exposed to sublethal doses of H2S. There were two objectives: (1) to determine the dose–response efficacy of Cob and (2) to determine the effective therapeutic time window of Cob. To explore objective 1, mice were injected intramuscularly with Cob at 0, 50, or 100 mg/kg at 2 min after H2S exposure. For objective 2, mice were injected intramuscularly with 100 mg/kg Cob at 2, 15, and 30 min after H2S exposure. For both objectives, mice were exposed to 765 ppm of H2S gas. Cob significantly reduced H2S‐induced lethality in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). Cob‐treated mice exhibited significantly fewer seizures and knockdowns compared with the H2S‐exposed group. Cob also reversed H2S‐induced weight loss, behavioral deficits, neurochemical changes, cytochrome c oxidase enzyme inhibition, and neurodegeneration in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner (P < 0.01). Overall, these findings show that Cob increases survival and is neuroprotective in a mouse model of H2S‐induced neurological sequelae.
The self‐curing phenomenon of schistosome infection in rhesus macaques: insight from in vitro studies
Authors: Torben Workineh , Molehin Adebayo J. , Blair Robert V. , Kenway Carys , Shiro Faith , Roslyn Davis , Chala Bayissa , Gutu Dereje , Kebede Michael A. , Ahmad Gul , Zhang Weidong , Aye Pyone , Mohan Mahesh , Lackner Andrew , Siddiqui Afzal A.
Published: December 2017

A reduction in the burden of schistosomiasis is potentially achievable by integrating a schistosomiasis vaccine with current control measures. Here, we determine parasite‐specific in vitro responses of B, T, and NK cells from naive uninfected rhesus macaques to Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) egg (SmEA) and worm antigen (SmWA) preparations isolated from infected baboons. Pronounced B cell responses to SmEA and NK cell responses to both SmEA and SmWA were observed. High levels of IL‐2 and IL‐21 responses against Sm antigens were observed in T and non‐T cells of lymph nodes (LNs) and gut lamina propria–derived lymphocytes (LPLs). Data analysis showed multifunctionality of LN‐derived CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ double positive T cells against either SmWA or SmWA+SmEA antigen preparations. Distinct SmEA‐specific multifunctional responses were observed in gut LPLs, suggesting simultaneous responses against egg antigens. These data provide insight into the immune effectors involved in schistosome responses by rhesus macaques.
Effects of grazing intensity on plant richness and diversity: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Herrero‐Jáuregui Cristina , Oesterheld Martín
Published: December 2017

Most of our knowledge of the effect of grazing on grassland structure is based on grazed–ungrazed contrasts. The effects of grazing in the most common scenario, where grazing intensity varies from low to high grazing intensity, are less known. The objectives of this paper were to 1) quantify the effect of stocking rates on species richness and diversity of grasslands world‐wide, and 2) evaluate the response under different environmental and experimental conditions. We conducted a meta‐analysis of experiments with at least two levels of controlled stocking rates and evaluated their effect on species richness and diversity. The results showed that the response of richness and diversity to either reducing or increasing stocking rate from a moderate level mostly fell within the range  25% or  5 species. Mean response of species richness and diversity to increasing stocking rate from moderate to high levels was negative. Mean response to lowering stocking rate from moderate levels was not different from zero. However, overall, species richness significantly decreased as stocking rate increased. The response of richness and diversity to stocking rate was not related to mean precipitation, productivity or aridity. However, the most negative responses of richness to stocking rate were larger in arid, low productivity systems than in subhumid and humid systems. The effects of grazing on richness and diversity found in this review were smaller than the effects on species composition shown by the literature. Thus, grazing drastically changes species composition, but the net change of species and diversity is much smaller.
The effect of emotionally valenced eye region images on visuocortical processing of surprised faces
Authors: Li Shuaixia , Li Ping , Wang Wei , Zhu Xiangru , Luo Wenbo
Published: December 2017

In this study, we presented pictorial representations of happy, neutral, and fearful expressions projected in the eye regions to determine whether the eye region alone is sufficient to produce a context effect. Participants were asked to judge the valence of surprised faces that had been preceded by a picture of an eye region. Behavioral results showed that affective ratings of surprised faces were context dependent. Prime‐related ERPs with presentation of happy eyes elicited a larger P1 than those for neutral and fearful eyes, likely due to the recognition advantage provided by a happy expression. Target‐related ERPs showed that surprised faces in the context of fearful and happy eyes elicited dramatically larger C1 than those in the neutral context, which reflected the modulation by predictions during the earliest stages of face processing. There were larger N170 with neutral and fearful eye contexts compared to the happy context, suggesting faces were being integrated with contextual threat information. The P3 component exhibited enhanced brain activity in response to faces preceded by happy and fearful eyes compared with neutral eyes, indicating motivated attention processing may be involved at this stage. Altogether, these results indicate for the first time that the influence of isolated eye regions on the perception of surprised faces involves preferential processing at the early stages and elaborate processing at the late stages. Moreover, higher cognitive processes such as predictions and attention can modulate face processing from the earliest stages in a top‐down manner.
Associations between developmental changes in error‐related brain activity and executive functions in early childhood
Authors: Grammer Jennie K. , Gehring William J. , Morrison Frederick J.
Published: December 2017

Behavioral evidence indicates that skills associated with children's cognitive control (e.g., response inhibition and attentional control) undergo rapid development during early childhood. A particularly important time is the transition to elementary school. Yet, at present, relatively little is known about developmental changes in the brain processes linked to cognitive control during this period, including those associated with error monitoring, including the error‐related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Moreover, understanding how ERP correlates of cognitive control relate to behavioral measures of these skills over time is also limited. In the present study, repeated assessments of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children's (N = 49, mean age = 5 years 10 months) performance on a go/no‐go task were collected to examine developmental changes in error processing and response inhibition across 6 months. Data revealed the presence of both the ERN and Pe at each time point, but also showed individual differences in the test‐retest associations for each component. Behavioral changes in response inhibition on the go/no‐go task and a standardized measure of attentional control were associated with changes in electrophysiological measures of error processing. Additional analyses comparing children of the same age who had completed the go/no‐go task once to those who participated longitudinally revealed that, with repeated assessments, children exhibited behavioral changes in performance that could be attributed to both development and to the effects of practice, such as strategic accommodation.
Plerixafor and granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor for mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells for autologous transplantation in Chinese patients with non−Hodgkin's lymphoma: a randomized Phase 3 study
Authors: Zhu Jun , Huang Huiqiang , Chen Huan , Zhang Xi , Li Zengjun , Wu Depei , Zhou Daobin , Song Yongping , Hu Yu , Liang Yingmin , Ren Hanyun , Huang He , Li Nainong , Chen Hu , Hu Jiong , Li Jianyong , Meng Robin , Wu Junlong , Yu Dong , Huang Xiaojun
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

This Phase 3 randomized, double‐blind study evaluated the efficacy and safety of plerixafor plus granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells in Chinese patients with non−Hodgkin's lymphoma.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Adults (ages 18‐75 years) with non−Hodgkin's lymphoma in first or second complete or partial remission, without previous hematopoietic stem cell mobilization or autologous transplant, were included. Patients received granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor 10 µg/kg/day from Days 1 through 4 before they were randomized (1:1) to receive either plerixafor 0.24 mg/kg/day or placebo subcutaneously on Days 4 through 7 plus continued granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor on Days 5 through 8. Apheresis began on Day 5 and continued for no more than 4 days. The primary endpoint was collection of 5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg or greater over no more than 4 days of apheresis. Other endpoints included the collection of 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg or greater and safety.

RESULTS

Overall, 101 patients were enrolled, and 50 were randomized to each group. More patients in the plerixafor group achieved 5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg or greater (62 vs. 20%; p < 0.0001) or 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg or greater (88 vs. 66%) and underwent transplantation (88 vs. 68%) compared with those in the placebo group. The most common plerixafor‐related adverse events were nausea (7.8%) and diarrhea (3.9%).

CONCLUSION

Plerixafor plus granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor is superior to placebo plus granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor for the mobilization of CD34+ cells for autologous transplantation and is generally well tolerated in Chinese patients with non−Hodgkin's lymphoma.
A retrospective review of acute myeloid leukaemia in 35 dogs diagnosed by a combination of morphologic findings, flow cytometric immunophenotyping and cytochemical staining results (2007‐2015)
Authors: Davis L. L. , Hume K. R. , Stokol T.
Published: December 2017

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is an uncommon, rapidly progressive neoplasm in dogs. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize the clinical presentation, haematologic findings, diagnostic imaging results, treatment and survival time of a contemporary cohort of dogs with AML. Diagnosis was based on >20% blasts in bone marrow or blood identified as myeloid based on morphologic findings, flow cytometric immunophenotyping and cytochemical staining. Medical records of 35 dogs diagnosed with AML from 2007 to 2015 were included. Most dogs presented with inappetence (66%) and lethargy (57%) and physical examination findings of peripheral lymphadenopathy (74%) and tachypnea (62%). Common haematologic findings were quantifiable circulating blasts (85%; median blast count 35 700/μL; range: 300‐276 500/μL), anaemia (median haematocrit 34%; range: 11%‐52%) and thrombocytopenia (median 57 000/μL; range: 9000‐252 000/μL). Bicytopenia and pancytopenia were each found in 44% of dogs. Follow‐up information was available for 34 dogs. The overall median survival time from diagnosis was 19 days (range: 1‐121 days). Clinical progression in some dogs was not as rapid as previously reported. Haematologic responses to various chemotherapeutics were documented in 3 dogs, with associated survival times of 62, 103 and 121 days. Dogs treated with prednisone or a combination of chemotherapy and prednisone had improved survival compared to dogs that received symptomatic care only (P < .0001). Our results show canine AML has an overlapping clinical presentation with lymphoma. The prognosis for canine AML remains extremely guarded. Further studies are needed to optimize therapeutic regimens for dogs with AML.
Reflexiones epistemológicas y metodológicas sobre la investigación cualitativa en terapias de sustitución de la función renal
Authors: Mesa Melgarejo Lorena
Published: December 2017

En este artículo de reflexión se analizan los aspectos metodológicos y epistemológicos de artículos derivados de investigación cualitativa sobre el fenómeno de vivir con una terapia de sustitución de la función renal (TSFR), publicados durante los últimos años. La reflexión emerge como parte de un metaestudio sobre las TSFR. Para ello, se describen cada una de las etapas del metaestudio y algunos hallazgos que sirven para ilustrar las contradicciones y los vacíos de las publicaciones, a luz de las premisas del paradigma cualitativo de investigación. En términos generales, este análisis pone en tensión los procesos de investigación cualitativa, y su publicación, sobre las experiencias de personas en TSFR, ya que se reproducen procesos de lo cuantitativo y, sobre todo, porque se conceptualiza la salud, la enfermedad y a las personas desde la lógica positivista.
Tiempo requerido de enfermería para un cuidado con calidad
Authors: Puerta Cataño Ana Margarita , Gaviria Noreña Dora Lucía , Duque Henao Sandra Lorena
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: Identificar el tiempo requerido de enfermería para el cuidado, la educación, la investigación y la gestión del cuidado y del servicio, a fin de determinar el talento humano necesario para la prestación del cuidado con calidad en un hospital de primer nivel de atención. Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal realizado con estudiantes de enfermería del último semestre de pregrado. Se aplica el proceso de atención de enfermería (PAE), siguiendo los criterios de la NANDA y la valoración con cada sujeto de cuidado. Desde los diagnósticos y las intervenciones de enfermería se determina el tiempo para el cuidado, se utiliza la técnica de análisis por consenso desde la evidencia para calcular el tiempo para la investigación, la educación, la gestión del cuidado y del servicio. Resultados: Se identifican 182 diagnósticos de enfermería con sus intervenciones y el respectivo tiempo para el cuidado, por paciente y por profesional y auxiliar de enfermería en el servicio de hospitalización. También se evidencia el tiempo para las funciones que el personal de enfermería debe realizar que no son cuidado directo, pero que facilitan el logro de objetivos y ayudan al ideal de un cuidado con calidad y centrado en el sujeto del cuidado. Se elaboran 68 guías de enfermería para la unificación de criterios. Conclusiones: Calcular el talento humano de enfermería debe partir de las necesidades de los sujetos de cuidado en su contexto y de la estimación del tiempo para la gestión del cuidado y del servicio, así como para la educación e investigación.
Crítica ao Pensamento de Karel Vasak e Norberto Bobbio Acerca do Surgimento dos Direitos Humanos em Face aos Tratados e Convenções Internacionais
Authors: DIAS Norton Maldonado Dias
Published: December 2017

El trabajo titulado "La Era de los Derechos", escrito por Norberto Bobbio es una de las principales fuentes que afirman uno primero tiempo de la protección en la historia del constitucionalismo que, en la línea del pensamiento de Karel Vasak, determina la aparición de los llamados derechos civiles y políticos como de primera generación o dimensión derechos. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de los tratados y convenciones internacionales, las primeras protecciones no se produjo con los derechos civiles y políticos como propuso la idea de Vasak y Bobbio, pero con los derechos sociales protegidos por la Convención de la OIT (Organización Internacional del Trabajo) 1919. Por lo tanto, las desviaciones de la idea de "generaciones" y "dimensiones" de los derechos sobre la primera formalización de los tratados y convenciones internacionales problemas de puntuación final que afirman que la aparición de los derechos humanos no depende de la época estaban protegidos legalmente. El documento concluye que la aparición de los derechos es un proceso multifactorial, reduciendo el criterio positivista que se parece al momento histórico de la protección legal de los derechos, como sólo uno de varios factores que deben influir en la aparición de estos derechos. En resumen, surgen los derechos de muchos factores, entre los cuales, antropológicos, históricos, sociológicos, tecnológicos y otros; comprendiendo el tiempo para la protección y la formalización de los derechos legales, no como un factor determinante, sino más bien una de las muchas influencias a considerar en el proceso de surgimiento y la determinación de las prerrogativas fundamentales
Eventos Kaizen: una valoración de su impacto en el Sistema sociotécnico de una empresa mexicana
Authors: Cavazos Arroyo Judith , Máynez-Guaderrama Aurora Irma , Valles-Monge Leticia
Published: December 2017

En virtud de los altos niveles de complejidad y competitividad, las organizaciones se han visto en la necesidad de implementar estrategias que les permitan mejorar su desempeño. En ese sentido destaca el pensamiento esbelto, técnica aplicable no solo a la manufactura sino también como útil en el subsistema social de la organización, ya que desafía constantemente a los empleados. Dada la poca investigación en esta vertiente, este trabajo valora la influencia que tienen las habilidades desarrolladas en eventos Kaizen, sobre tres variables: actitud del empleado respecto a su trabajo, motivación e impacto en el área laboral. Para ello, se realizó un trabajo cuantitativo, explicativo y transversal, en una empresa mexicana en la que cotidianamente se realizan eventos Kaizen. Los resultados evidencian que las habilidades obtenidas en este tipo de eventos impactan positiva y significativamente sobre las tres variables estudiadas. Asimismo, se identificó que el área laboral también se ve influida por la motivación. Finalmente, es de resaltar la relación entre las actitudes del empleado respecto a su trabajo y la motivación del trabajador, la cual forma parte de la concatenación virtuosa que inicia con las habilidades desarrolladas en eventos Kaizen y finaliza con el impacto en el área laboral.
Paradiplomacia: una herramienta de poder blando de China
Authors: Mesa Bedoya Juan Camilo , González Parias Carlos Hernán
Published: December 2017

El sistema internacional actual presenta un escenario interdependiente ideal para la actividad internacional de las ciudades y regiones, fenómeno denominado paradiplomacia, que cada día ocupa un lugar más significativo en el contexto académico. En este escenario, las ciudades chinas han interactuado con sus similares, en un proceso que ha tomado mayor relevancia con las reformas impulsadas por la República Popular China desde 1978. De ahí que el objetivo del artículo es demostrar que las diferentes actividades de gestión internacional realizadas por las unidades subnacionales chinas han generado que la paradiplomacia sirva como elemento complementario a las estrategias de poder blando de la política exterior del gigante asiático. El aporte del artículo es evidenciar que las ciudades chinas son actores de la política exterior del Estado y serán cada vez más representativas, no solo por sus dinámicas internas de consolidación urbana, crecimiento económico y desarrollo social, sino por el papel que se les ha dado desde el Gobierno central en el proceso de reemergencia de China como potencia global.
Opciones de tratamiento en un paciente con pérdida prematura de segundos molares primarios: zapato distal modificado / Treatment Options in a Patient with Primary Second Molar Premature Loss: Modified Distal Shoe Space Maintainer
Authors: Cardoso María Lorena , Falcón Diana Emilia , Galiana Andrea Verónica
Published: December 2017

RESUMEN. Antecedentes: La pérdida prematura de un molar primario conlleva a malposición de los dientes contiguos y del sucesor permanente. El efecto depende de las fuerzas que actúan sobre el diente, que están condicionadas a su vez por el estado de erupción del primer molar permanente. Propósito: Describir una opción de tratamiento para la pérdida prematura de segundos molares primarios hasta la erupción de los primeros molares permanentes. Descripción del caso: El caso clínico presentado involucra la rehabilitación oral de un niño de 5 años de edad que presentaba pérdida prematura de los segundos molares primarios. Se decidió colocar un mantenedor de espacio tipo zapato distal modificado. Se realizaron controles trimestrales y, cuando erupcionaron los primeros molares permanentes, aproximadamente a los nueve meses, se les utilizó como pilares para confeccionar el arco lingual. Conclusiones: El tratamiento propuesto mostró resultados satisfactorios en el mantenimiento del espacio hasta la erupción de los primeros molares permanentes.ABSTRACT. Background: The premature loss of a deciduous molar leads to malposition of adjacent teeth and the permanent successor. The effect depends on the forces acting on the tooth, which are conditioned at the same time by the grade of eruption of the first permanent molar. Purpose: To describe a treatment option for primary second molar premature loss until first permanent molars erupt. Case description: This clinical case involves the oral rehabilitation of a 5-year-old boy who lost prematurely his primary second molars. The decision was to place a modified distal shoe space maintainer. Controls were performed every three months and when the first permanent molars erupted, approximately nine months later they were used as pillars, to make the lingual arch. Conclusions: The treatment used showed satisfactory results in maintaining the space until permanent first molars erupted.
A Comparison Between the Accuracy of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Strain Measurements
Authors: Desai Niranjan , Poling Joel , Fischer Gregor , Georgakis Christos
Published: December 2017

This investigation determined the effect of specimen out-of-plane movement on the accuracy of strain measurement made applying two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) measurement approaches using the representative, state-of-the-art digital image correlation (DIC)-based tool ARAMIS. DIC techniques can be used in structural health monitoring (SHM) by measuring structural strains and correlating them to structural damage. This study was motivated by initially undetected damage at low strains in connections of a real-world bridge, whose detection would have prevented its propagation, resulting in lower repair costs. This study builds upon an initial investigation that concluded that out-of-plane specimen movement results in noise in DIC-based strain measurements. The effect of specimen out-of-plane displacement on the accuracy of strain measurements using the 2D and 3D measurement techniques was determined over a range of strain values and specimen out-of-plane displacements. Based upon the results of this study, the 2D system could measure strains as camera focus was being lost, and the effect of the loss of focus became apparent at 1.0 mm beam out-of-plane displacement while measuring strain of the order of magnitude of approximately 0.12%. The corresponding results for the 3D system demonstrate that the beam out-of-plane displacement begins to affect the accuracy of the strain measurements at approximately 0.025% strain for all magnitudes of out-of-plane displacement, and the 3D ARAMIS system can make accurate strain measurements at up to 2.5 mm amplitude at this strain. Finally, based upon the magnitudes of strain and out-of-plane displacement amplitudes that typically occur in real steel bridges, it is advisable to use the 3D system for SHM of stiff structures instead of the 2D system.
Propagation of monopole source excited acoustic waves in a cylindrical high-density polyethylene pipeline
Authors: Li Zhao , Jing Liwen , Murch Ross
Published: December 2017

Acoustic wave propagation (up to 50 kHz) within a water-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline is studied using laboratory experiments and theoretical analysis. Experiments were carried out in a 15 m length of cylindrical HDPE pipeline using acoustic transducers to acquire signals uniformly spaced along the axis of the pipe. By proposing the use of the iterative quadratic maximum likelihood algorithm to this experimental configuration, wavenumbers, attenuations, and mode amplitudes could be accurately extracted from the measurement data. To allow comparisons with theoretical analysis, dispersion curves of the wavenumbers, attenuations, and acoustic power characteristics of the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric modes are predicted by extending an existing waveguide model. The model extensions included the introduction of a monopole acoustic source into the water medium so that amplitude variations with respect to individual modes and frequencies could be investigated in detail. In addition, stiffness coefficients of HDPE material are carefully used to account for viscoelastic effects. The comparisons between the theoretical predictions and experimental results demonstrate a very good match and are a validation of the theoretical model.
France nabs foreign climate science talent
Authors: Pain Elisabeth
Published: December 2017

Emmanuel Macron's government hires 18 to help “Make Our Planet Great Again.”
Anomalous spin correlations and excitonic instability of interacting 2D Weyl fermions
Authors: Hirata Michihiro , Ishikawa Kyohei , Matsuno Genki , Kobayashi Akito , Miyagawa Kazuya , Tamura Masafumi , Berthier Claude , Kanoda Kazushi
Published: December 2017

Finding correlations in a Dirac-cone material

Researchers have long been on the lookout for signatures of electron-electron interactions in materials whose electrons have linear energy dispersions represented by Dirac cones, such as graphene. However, these effects have remained frustratingly small. Hirata
et al.
used nuclear magnetic resonance to study the layered organic material α-(BEDT-TTF)
2
I
3
, in which a phase featuring Dirac cones is known to be adjacent to one with enhanced electronic correlations. The unusual temperature dependence of spin-related properties in this material indicated strong correlations among the linearly dispersing electrons.

Science
, this issue p.
1403
Single-stranded DNA and RNA origami
Authors: Han Dongran , Qi Xiaodong , Myhrvold Cameron , Wang Bei , Dai Mingjie , Jiang Shuoxing , Bates Maxwell , Liu Yan , An Byoungkwon , Zhang Fei , Yan Hao , Yin Peng
Published: December 2017

Large origami from a single strand

Nanostructures created by origami-like folding of nucleic acids are usually formed by base-pairing interactions between multiple strands. Han
et al.
show that large origami (up to 10,000 nucleotides for DNA and 6000 nucleotides for RNA) can be created in simple shapes, such as a rhombus or a heart. A single strand can be folded smoothly into structurally complex but knot-free structures by using partially complemented double-stranded DNA and the cohesion of parallel crossovers. The use of single strands also enables in vitro synthesis of these structures.

Science
, this issue p.
eaao2648
Arabidopsis
pollen tube integrity and sperm release are regulated by RALF-mediated signaling
Authors: Ge Zengxiang , Bergonci Tabata , Zhao Yuling , Zou Yanjiao , Du Shuo , Liu Ming-Che , Luo Xingju , Ruan Hao , García-Valencia Liliana E. , Zhong Sheng , Hou Saiying , Huang Qingpei , Lai Luhua , Moura Daniel S. , Gu Hongya , Dong Juan , Wu Hen-Ming , Dresselhaus Thomas , Xiao Junyu , Cheung Alice Y. , Qu Li-Jia
Published: December 2017

Timing a switch in tissue integrity

In plants, sperm cells travel through the pollen tube as it grows toward the ovule. Successful fertilization depends on the pollen tube rupturing to release the sperm cells (see the Perspective by Stegmann and Zipfel). Ge
et al.
and Mecchia
et al.
elucidated the intercellular cross-talk that maintains pollen tube integrity during growth but destroys it at just the right moment. The signaling peptides RALF4 and RALF19, derived from the pollen tube, maintain its integrity as it grows. Once in reach of the ovule, a related signaling peptide, RALF34, which derives from female tissues, takes over and causes rupture of the pollen tube.

Science
, this issue p.
1596
, p.
1600
; see also p.
1544
Comprehensive computational design of ordered peptide macrocycles
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Parisa , Bhardwaj Gaurav , Mulligan Vikram Khipple , Shortridge Matthew D. , Craven Timothy W. , Pardo-Avila Fátima , Rettie Stephen A. , Kim David E. , Silva Daniel-Adriano , Ibrahim Yehia M. , Webb Ian K. , Cort John R. , Adkins Joshua N. , Varani Gabriele , Baker David
Published: December 2017

Macrocycles by design

Macrocyclic peptides have diverse properties, including antibiotic and anticancer activities. This makes them good therapeutic leads, but screening libraries only cover a fraction of the sequence space available to peptides comprising D and L amino acids. Hosseinzadeh
et al.
achieved near-complete coverage in sampling the sequence space for 7- to 10-residue cyclic peptides and identified more than 200 designs predicted to fold into stable structures. Of 12 structures determined, nine were close to the computational models. They also sampled and designed 11- to 14-residue macrocycles, but without complete coverage. The designed macrocycles provide a path forward for engineering new therapeutics.

Science
, this issue p.
1461
Closing the tubulin detyrosination cycle
Authors: Akhmanova Anna , Maiato Helder
Published: December 2017

Enzymes that detyrosinate the microtubule cytoskeleton are identified
Corrected and Republished from: Identification of Peptidoglycan Hydrolase Constructs with Synergistic Staphylolytic Activity in Cow's Milk
Authors: Verbree Carolin T. , Dätwyler Steven M. , Meile Susanne , Eichenseher Fritz , Donovan David M. , Loessner Martin J. , Schmelcher Mathias
Published: December 2017

Peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) have been suggested as novel therapeutics for the treatment of bovine mastitis. However, activity in the presence of cow's milk is an important requirement for drugs administered into the bovine udder. We have used a microtiter plate-based protocol to screen a library of >170 recombinant PGHs, including engineered bacteriophage endolysins, for enzymes with activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
in milk. Eight suitable PGH constructs were identified by this approach, and their efficacies against
S. aureus
in heat-treated milk were compared by time-kill assays. The two most active enzymes (lysostaphin and CHAPK_CWT-LST) reduced
S. aureus
numbers in milk to undetectable levels within minutes at nanomolar concentrations. Due to their different peptidoglycan cleavage sites, these PGH constructs revealed synergistic activity, as demonstrated by checkerboard assays, spot assays, and time-kill experiments. Furthermore, they proved active against a selection of staphylococcal mastitis isolates from different geographical regions when applied individually or in synergistic combination. The PGH combination completely eradicated
S. aureus
from milk: no more bacteria were detected within 24 h after the addition of the enzymes, corresponding to a reduction of >9 log units from the level in the control. Efficacy was also retained at different inoculum levels (3 log versus 6 log CFU/ml) and when
S. aureus
was grown in milk as opposed to broth prior to the experiments. In raw cow's milk, CHAPK_CWT-LST showed reduced efficacy, whereas lysostaphin retained its activity, reducing bacterial numbers by >3.5 log units within 3 h.

IMPORTANCE
Staphylococci, and
S. aureus
in particular, are a major cause of bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland in cows that is associated with high costs and risks for consumers of milk products.
S. aureus
-induced mastitis, commonly treated by intramammary infusion of antibiotics, is characterized by low cure rates and increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, alternative treatment options are highly desirable. PGHs, including bacteriophage endolysins, rapidly and specifically kill selected pathogens by degrading their cell walls and are refractory to resistance development; thus, they have promise as novel antibacterial agents. This study employed a screening approach to identify PGH constructs with high staphylolytic activity in cow's milk among a large collection of enzymes. Our results suggest that the most promising enzymes identified by this strategy hold potential as novel mastitis therapeutics and thus support their further characterization in animal models.
Variation in the Early Host-Pathogen Interaction of Bovine Macrophages with Divergent Mycobacterium bovis Strains in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jensen Kirsty , Gallagher Iain J. , Johnston Nicholas , Welsh Michael , Skuce Robin , Williams John L. , Glass Elizabeth J.
Published: December 2017

Bovine tuberculosis has been an escalating animal health issue in the United Kingdom since the 1980s, even though control policies have been in place for over 60 years. The importance of the genetics of the etiological agent,
Mycobacterium bovis
, in the reemergence of the disease has been largely overlooked. We compared the interaction between bovine monocyte-derived macrophages (bMDM) and two
M. bovis
strains, AF2122/97 and G18, representing distinct genotypes currently circulating in the United Kingdom. These
M. bovis
strains exhibited differences in survival and growth in bMDM. Although uptake was similar, the number of viable intracellular AF2122/97 organisms increased rapidly, while G18 growth was constrained for the first 24 h. AF2122/97 infection induced a greater transcriptional response by bMDM than G18 infection with respect to the number of differentially expressed genes and the fold changes measured. AF2122/97 infection induced more bMDM cell death, with characteristics of necrosis and apoptosis, more inflammasome activation, and a greater type I interferon response than G18. In conclusion, the two investigated
M. bovis
strains interact in significantly different ways with the host macrophage. In contrast to the relatively silent infection by G18, AF2122/97 induces greater signaling to attract other immune cells and induces host cell death, which may promote secondary infections of naive macrophages. These differences may affect early events in the host-pathogen interaction, including granuloma development, which could in turn alter the progression of the disease. Therefore, the potential involvement of
M. bovis
genotypes in the reemergence of bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom warrants further investigation.
Childhood psychosocial adversity and female reproductive timing: a cohort study of the ALSPAC mothers
Authors: Magnus Maria C , Anderson Emma L , Howe Laura D , Joinson Carol J , Penton-Voak Ian S , Fraser Abigail
Published: December 2017

Background

Previous studies of childhood psychosocial adversity and age at menarche mostly evaluated single or a few measures of adversity, and therefore could not quantify total psychosocial adversity. Limited knowledge is currently available regarding childhood psychosocial adversity in relation to age at menopause and reproductive lifespan.

Methods

We examined the associations of total and specific components of childhood psychosocial adversity with age at menarche (n=8984), age at menopause (n=945), and length of reproductive lifespan (n=841), in mothers participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We used confirmatory factor analysis to characterise lack of care, maladaptive family functioning, non-sexual abuse, overprotective parenting, parental mental illness and sexual abuse. These specific components of childhood psychosocial adversity were combined into a total psychosocial adversity score using a second-order factor analysis. We used structural equation models to simultaneously conduct the factor analysis and estimate the association with the continuous outcomes of interest.

Results

Total childhood psychosocial adversity was not associated with age at menarche, age at menopause or length of reproductive lifespan. When we examined the separate psychosocial adversity constructs, sexual abuse was inversely associated with age at menarche, with a mean difference of −0.17 (95% CI −0.23 to −0.12) years per SD higher factor score, and with age at menopause, with a mean difference of −0.17 (95% CI −0.52 to 0.18) per SD higher factor score.

Conclusion

Childhood sexual abuse was associated with lower age at menarche and menopause, but the latter needs to be confirmed in larger samples.
Geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of bimetallic AlnPdm (n = 1–10, m = 1,2) clusters
Authors: Li Ya-Fen , Zhang Fu-Qiang , Ren Fang-Qin , Ma Wen-Jin
Published: December 2017

The geometries, stabilities and electronic properties of Al[Formula: see text]Pd[Formula: see text] (n = 1–10, m = 1, 2) have been systematically investigated by using the DFT method at B3PW91/GENECP level. The optimized results indicate that the lowest-energy structures of Al[Formula: see text]Pd clusters prefer to form three-dimensional (3D) structures and the Pd atom occupies a peripheral position of Al[Formula: see text]Pd clusters. The most stable Al[Formula: see text]Pd2 clusters can be obtained by adding one Al atom to the most stable structure of Al[Formula: see text]Pd2 clusters except for n = 7 and 10. The two Pd atoms are found to occupy the exclusive surface sites. The analysis of stabilities reveals that Al3Pd[Formula: see text] and Al7Pd[Formula: see text] clusters are more stable than their neighbors. The doping of Pd atoms enhances the stabilities of aluminum clusters. The charges always transfer from Al atoms to Pd atoms in Al[Formula: see text]Pd[Formula: see text] clusters. There exists strong spd orbital hybridization between Pd and Al. The results of polarizability imply that the nucleus and electron cloud of these clusters are easily affected by the external field and the nonlinear optical effect of Al[Formula: see text]Pd and Al[Formula: see text]Pd2 clusters is enhanced with the increase of cluster size.
Approximating 3D Navier–Stokes equations driven by space-time white noise
Authors: Zhu Rongchan , Zhu Xiangchan
Published: December 2017

In this paper we study approximations to 3D Navier–Stokes (NS) equation driven by space-time white noise by paracontrolled distribution proposed in Ref. 13. A solution theory for this equation has been developed recently in Ref. 27 based on regularity structure theory and paracontrolled distribution. In order to make the approximating equation converge to 3D NS equation driven by space-time white noise, we should subtract some drift terms in approximating equations. These drift terms, which come from renormalizations in the solution theory, converge to the solution multiplied by some constant depending on approximations.
Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee: How Unusual Were They in the Catskill Mountains?
Authors: Frei Allan , Kelly-Voicu Petra
Published: December 2017

During the late summer and early autumn of 2011, the Catskill Mountains in south-central New York State experienced devastating flooding associated with former Hurricane Irene and former Tropical Storm Lee. Even in this particularly flood-prone region, the events of fall 2011 are perceived to be unique in the known history of the region and marked a turning point in the perceptions of residents about climate change. Here, precipitation and stream gage records are analyzed to determine just how unusual this season was. The historical precipitation gage record requires careful analysis due to the changing availability of stations. After a set of stations is developed that is appropriate for this analysis, events of lengths 1 day, 5 days, and 60 days are analyzed to identify regionally significant events (as opposed to events localized to one basin) since the early 20th century and to evaluate Irene and Lee in that historical context. Gage record results corroborate the perceptions of local residents that the period between 1996 and 2011, and in particular the events of fall 2011, were unprecedented in the last 100 years and as inferred from analyses of regional tree rings, probably in the last 500 years.