bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coseismic compression/dilatation and viscoelastic uplift/subsidence following the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes quantified from satellite gravity observations
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Pollitz Fred
Published: April 2015

The 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake sequence (Mw 8.6, 8.2) is a rare example of great strike‐slip earthquakes in an intraoceanic setting. With over a decade of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data, we were able to measure and model the unanticipated large coseismic and postseismic gravity changes of these events. Using the approach of normal mode decomposition and spatial localization, we computed the gravity changes corresponding to five moment tensor components. Our analysis revealed that the gravity changes are produced predominantly by coseismic compression and dilatation within the oceanic crust and upper mantle and by postseismic vertical motion. Our results suggest that the postseismic positive gravity and the postseismic uplift measured with GPS within the coseismic compressional quadrant are best fit by ongoing uplift associated with viscoelastic mantle relaxation. Our study demonstrates that the GRACE data are suitable for analyzing strike‐slip earthquakes as small as Mw 8.2 with the noise characteristics of this region.
Reentrant albedo proton fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment
Authors: Adriani O. , Barbarino G. C. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Bellotti R. , Boezio M. , Bogomolov E. A. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Bruno A. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Carlson P. , Casolino M. , Castellini G. , Donato C. De , De Santis C. , De Simone N. , Di Felice V. , Formato V. , Galper A. M. , Karelin A. V. , Koldashov S. V. , Koldobskiy S. , Krutkov S. Y. , Kvashnin A. N. , Leonov A. , Malakhov V. , Marcelli L. , Martucci M. , Mayorov A. G. , Menn W. , Mergé M. , Mikhailov V. V. , Mocchiutti E. , Monaco A. , Mori N. , Munini R. , Osteria G. , Palma F. , Panico B. , Papini P. , Pearce M. , Picozza P. , Ricci M. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sarkar R. , Scotti V. , Simon M. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stozhkov Y. I. , Vacchi A. , Vannuccini E. , Vasilyev G. I. , Voronov S. A. , Yurkin Y. T. , Zampa G. , Zampa N.
Published: April 2015

We present a precise measurement of downward going albedo proton fluxes for kinetic energy above ∼70 MeV performed by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment at an altitude between 350 and 610 km. On the basis of a trajectory tracing simulation, the analyzed protons were classified into quasi‐trapped, concentrating in the magnetic equatorial region, and untrapped spreading over all latitudes, including both short‐lived (precipitating) and long‐lived (pseudotrapped) components. In addition, features of the penumbra region around the geomagnetic cutoff were investigated in detail. PAMELA results significantly improve the characterization of the high‐energy albedo proton populations at low‐Earth orbits.
Precessional forced evolution of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Wang Yue , Jian ZhiMin , Zhao Ping , Chen JunMing , Xiao Dong
Published: April 2015

In a transient accelerated simulation of a coupled climate model, we identified a zonal dipole‐like pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean, which is forced by precessional insolation changes since 300 ka and named as the paleo‐IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole). A positive paleo‐IOD mean state at 23 kyr precessional band exhibits warmer and wetter conditions over the western Indian Ocean and cooler and drier conditions over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean from August to October. This zonal thermal seesaw at the sea surface can extend downward to the subsurface ocean between 60 and 80 m and accompanies stronger oceanic upwelling in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean. The associated boreal summer‐autumn tropospheric circulation anomalies are characterized by anomalous ascent over the western Indian Ocean and anomalous descent over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, with anomalous easterlies at the surface along the equatorial Indian Ocean. The positive paleo‐IOD largely originates from local air‐sea interactions that are induced by the increased summer insolation, and is also contributed by the reduced boreal winter insolation through an oceanic “heat memory effect.” Our simulated dipole mode index (DMI) of SST is qualitatively consistent with the paleoceanographic reconstructed DMI based on the UK37 proxy of SST at precessional band and provides a possible explanation for the in‐phase precessional variation between boreal winter insolation and the UK37 proxy of SST in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Socio‐hydrologic modeling: Tradeoffs, hypothesis testing, and validation
Authors: Troy Tara J. , Pavao‐Zuckerman Mitchell , Evans Tom P.
Published: April 2015

Socio‐hydrology focuses on studying the dynamics and co‐evolution of coupled human and water systems. Recently, several new socio‐hydrologic models have been published that explore these dynamics, and these models offer unique opportunities to better understand these coupled systems and to understand how water problems evolve similarly in different regions. These models also offer challenges, as decisions need to be made by the modeler on trade‐offs between generality, precision, and realism. In addition, traditional hydrologic model validation techniques, such as evaluating simulated streamflow, are insufficient, and new techniques must be developed. As socio‐hydrology progresses, these models offer a robust, invaluable tool to test hypotheses about the relationships between aspects of coupled human‐water systems. They will allow us to explore multiple working hypotheses to greatly expand insights and understanding of coupled socio‐hydrologic systems.
Hydrology: The interdisciplinary science of water
Authors: Vogel Richard M. , Lall Upmanu , Cai Ximing , Rajagopalan Balaji , Weiskel Peter K. , Hooper Richard P. , Matalas Nicholas C.
Published: April 2015

We live in a world where biophysical and social processes are tightly coupled. Hydrologic systems change in response to a variety of natural and human forces such as climate variability and change, water use and water infrastructure, and land cover change. In turn, changes in hydrologic systems impact socioeconomic, ecological, and climate systems at a number of scales, leading to a coevolution of these interlinked systems. The Harvard Water Program, Hydrosociology, Integrated Water Resources Management, Ecohydrology, Hydromorphology, and Sociohydrology were all introduced to provide distinct, interdisciplinary perspectives on water problems to address the contemporary dynamics of human interaction with the hydrosphere and the evolution of the Earth's hydrologic systems. Each of them addresses scientific, social, and engineering challenges related to how humans influence water systems and vice versa. There are now numerous examples in the literature of how holistic approaches can provide a structure and vision of the future of hydrology. We review selected examples, which taken together, describe the type of theoretical and applied integrated hydrologic analyses and associated curricular content required to address the societal issue of water resources sustainability. We describe a modern interdisciplinary science of hydrology needed to develop an in‐depth understanding of the dynamics of the connectedness between human and natural systems and to determine effective solutions to resolve the complex water problems that the world faces today. Nearly, every theoretical hydrologic model introduced previously is in need of revision to accommodate how climate, land, vegetation, and socioeconomic factors interact, change, and evolve over time.
Charge Photogeneration in Few‐Layer MoS2
Authors: Borzda Tetiana , Gadermaier Christoph , Vujicic Natasa , Topolovsek Peter , Borovsak Milos , Mertelj Tomaz , Viola Daniele , Manzoni Cristian , Pogna Eva A. A. , Brida Daniele , Antognazza Maria Rosa , Scotognella Francesco , Lanzani Guglielmo , Cerullo Giulio , Mihailovic Dragan
Published: April 2015

The 2D semiconductor MoS2 in its mono‐ and few‐layer form is expected to have a significant exciton binding energy of several 100 meV, suggesting excitons as the primary photoexcited species. Nevertheless, even single layers show a strong photovoltaic effect and work as the active material in high sensitivity photodetectors, thus indicating efficient charge carrier photogeneration. Here, modulation spectroscopy in the sub‐ps and ms time scales is used to study the photoexcitation dynamics in few‐layer MoS2. The results suggest that the primary photoexcitations are excitons that efficiently dissociate into charges with a characteristic time of 700 fs. Based on these findings, simple suggestions for the design of efficient MoS2 photovoltaic and photodetector devices are made.
Wafer Scale Solventless Adhesive Bonding with iCVD Polyglycidylmethacrylate: Effects of Bonding Parameters on Adhesion Energies
Authors: Jeevendrakumar Vijay Jain Bharamaiah , Pascual Daniel N. , Bergkvist Magnus
Published: April 2015

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) thin films are investigated as adhesives for wafer‐scale bonding of 300 mm silicon substrates and demonstrated to form highly uniform, void‐free bond interfaces. The effects of bonding temperature and pressure on critical adhesion energy (Gc) between iCVD PGMA and silicon are studied using the four‐point bend technique. Gc values can be varied over an order of magnitude (0.59–41.6 J m−2) by controlling the bonding temperature and the observed dependence is attributed to changes in the physical (diffusion) and chemical (crosslinking) properties of the film. Thermal degradation studies using spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal that the iCVD PGMA films can crosslink when annealed above 120 °C in air. Further, changes in polymer behavior associated with annealing temperature are demonstrated to influence the crack propagation interface between the bonded substrates. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of iCVD polymer films for both temporary “thermoplastic,” and permanent “thermoset” bonding with potential applications in 3D integrated circuit technologies.
Enhanced Light Extraction from Mechanically Flexible, Nanostructured Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Plasmonic Nanomesh Electrodes
Authors: Lee Sung‐Min , Cho Yunil , Kim Dong‐Young , Chae Joon‐Sik , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: April 2015

Characteristics of light extraction from nanostructured organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating plasmonic metal nanomesh anodes are investigated for achieving high‐performance, flexible OLEDs. Given that flexibility of devices is limited by rigid and fragile constituents such as indium tin oxide electrodes, alternative transparent, and flexible electrodes including nanomesh‐type metal films have been widely studied, where high transparency, low resistance, and good flexiblity were regarded as essential requirements of high‐performance flexible applications due to the expectation that they are closely related to the device performance. However, here it is reported that a metal nanomesh optimized for high transmittance cannot promise high device efficiency when it is used as an anode of OLEDs. Systematic experiments together with analytic simulations elucidate that the surface plasmon loss is singnificantly reduced by metallic cathode nanostructures that were inherently formed from a periodic nanomesh anode, which results in huge enhancement of the light extraction, though the optimal period of the nanomesh anode for high light extraction is inconsistent with that for high transmittance. Further performance characterization of nanostructured OLEDs with metal nanomesh anodes provides insight into strategies to realize highly efficient flexible OLEDs.
Grignard Reagents and Non‐Precious Metals: Cheap and Eco‐Friendly Reagents for Developing Industrial Cross‐Couplings. A Personal Account
Authors: Cahiez Gérard , Moyeux Alban , Cossy Janine
Published: April 2015

Grignard reagents are probably the best organometallics to develop large‐scale eco‐friendly cross‐couplings compatible with the requirements of sustainable development. This account aims to highlight some reactions having an interesting industrial potential and gives the personal point of view of the authors on some attractive fields of research in this area.

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Copper‐Catalyzed β‐Selective Hydroborylation of Ynamides: A Facile Access to (E)‐β‐Alkenylamide Boronates
Authors: Bai Yihui , Zhang Fang , Shen Jiajia , Luo Fang , Zhu Gangguo
Published: April 2015

A Cu‐catalyzed, highly β‐selective borylation of ynamides with bis(pinacolato)diboron as the hydroboration reagent is reported, giving (E)‐β‐alkenylamide boronates in excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions, which provides a complementary regioselectivity to the existing methods.
Body height of mummified pharaohs supports historical suggestions of sibling marriages
Authors: Habicht Michael E. , Henneberg Maciej , Öhrström Lena M. , Staub Kaspar , Rühli Frank J.
Published: April 2015

Body height is an important factor in reconstructing health conditions and it serves as an indicator of socio‐economic status. Researchers rely on ancient data to analyze evolutionary aspects of human health and its interrelation with environmental influences. This study presents body height estimates from all periods of ancient Egyptian history and compares the general population with the existing mummies of the members of royal families. A sample of 259 adult Egyptian mummies originating from various collections and published sources with body lengths (long bone measures or/and overall measurements, CT data) were analyzed, and royal mummies were scored with respect to the level of consanguinity. Male royals were taller than males in the general ancient Egyptian population, while female royals were shorter than females in the general population. The body height variation of the royals is significantly reduced when compared with a pool of non‐royal mummies. This provides evidence for inbreeding resulting from consanguineous marriages. However, there appears to be no correlation between the level of inbreeding and individual body height. The random sample of general population does not show signs of inbreeding. Due to the present lack of larger, technically and ethically challenging genetic studies, the selected non‐invasive approach of body height is the most reliable indicator of sibling marriages of pharaohs based on direct physical evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:519–525, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrahospital transport of mechanically ventilated intensive care patients using new equipment attached to a transfer board
Authors: Matsumura Yosuke , Nakada Taka‐aki , Hayashi Yosuke , Oshima Taku , Oda Shigeto
Published: April 2015

Aim

Multiple lines and tubes often complicate bed transfer in critically ill patients. To solve this problem, the authors developed medical equipment attached to a transfer board (“transfer board tree”) that integrates the patient, transfer board, and medical equipment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the transfer board tree.

Methods

Forty mechanically ventilated patients (20 transfer board tree, 20 conventional) in the intensive care unit who were transported for computed tomography were enrolled. Transfer times and adverse events were recorded.

Results

Transfer board tree patients had significantly shorter transfer times. There were two adverse events only in the conventional group.

Conclusions

The transfer board tree enables rapid intrahospital transport of intensive care patients with sufficient monitoring.
Successful treatment of a case with concurrent ingestion of carbamazepine overdose and grapefruit juice
Authors: Mochizuki Katsunori , Hamano Yujiro , Miyama Hiroshi , Arakawa Kazuki , Kobayashi Takashi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: April 2015

Case

We report a case with concurrent ingestion of carbamazepine (CBZ) overdose and grapefruit juice. A 23‐year‐old man, with a history of epilepsy, was admitted to our emergency department 2 h after ingesting 10 g CBZ with 1 L grapefruit juice. On arrival, the patient's Glasgow Coma Scale score was 9 and he showed signs of restlessness. Grapefruit juice‐like gastric fluid, with tablet residue, was observed in his stomach after we inserted a gastric tube. Our initial test detected a blood CBZ level of 41.5 mg/L.

Outcome

We treated the patient with gastric lavage, activated charcoal, and charcoal hemoperfusion. His blood CBZ level began to decrease after gastrointestinal decontamination, and he was discharged without any sequelae on day 9.

Conclusion

Gastric lavage or aspiration may be considered in cases where drug residue is found in the stomach, especially if materials are involved that might exacerbate the drug's toxicity.
Electrostatic Assembly/Disassembly of Nanoscaled Colloidosomes for Light‐Triggered Cargo Release
Authors: Li Song , Moosa Basem A. , Croissant Jonas G. , Khashab Niveen M.
Published: April 2015

Colloidosome capsules possess the potential for the encapsulation and release of molecular and macromolecular cargos. However, the stabilization of the colloidosome shell usually requires an additional covalent crosslinking which irreversibly seals the capsules, and greatly limits their applications in large‐cargos release. Herein we report nanoscaled colloidosomes designed by the electrostatic assembly of organosilica nanoparticles (NPs) with oppositely charged surfaces (rather than covalent bonds), arising from different contents of a bridged nitrophenylene‐alkoxysilane [NB; 3‐nitro‐N‐(3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl)‐4‐(((3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl)‐amino)methyl)benzamid] derivative in the silica. The surface charge of the positively charged NPs was reversed by light irradiation because of a photoreaction in the NB moieties, which impacted the electrostatic interactions between NPs and disassembled the colloidosome nanosystems. This design was successfully applied for the encapsulation and light‐triggered release of cargos.
Non‐Invasive In Situ Dynamic Monitoring of Elastic Properties of Composite Battery Electrodes by EQCM‐D
Authors: Shpigel Netanel , Levi Mikhael D. , Sigalov Sergey , Girshevitz Olga , Aurbach Doron , Daikhin Leonid , Jäckel Nicolas , Presser Volker
Published: April 2015

Reversible Li‐ion intercalation into composite Li‐ion battery (LIB) electrodes is often accompanied by significant dimensional electrode changes (deformation) resulting in significant deterioration of the cycling performance. Viscoelastic properties of polymeric binders affected by intercalation‐induced deformation of composite LIB electrodes have never been probed in situ on operating electrochemical cells. Here, we introduce a newly developed noninvasive method, namely electrochemical quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM‐D), for in situ monitoring of elastic properties of polymeric binders during charging of LIB electrodes. As such, we find EQCM‐D as a uniquely suitable tool to track the binder’s structural rigidity/softness in composite Li insertion electrodes in real‐time by the characteristic increase/decrease of the dissipation factor during the charging–discharging process. The binders partially swollen in aprotic solutions demonstrate intermediate viscoelastic charge‐rate‐dependent behavior, revealing rigid/soft behavior at high/low charging rates, respectively. The method can be adjusted for continuous monitoring of elastic properties of the polymeric binders over the entire LIB electrodes cycling life.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of 1,1‐Disubstituted Allenes Employing the Self‐Assembling 6‐DPPon System
Authors: Köpfer Alexander , Breit Bernhard
Published: April 2015

A rhodium‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1,1‐disubstituted allenes is reported. Using a RhI/6‐DPPon catalyst system, one can obtain β,γ‐unsaturated aldehydes in high regio‐ and chemoselectivity. The Z‐configured product is formed with up to >95 % selectivity when unsymmetrically 1,1‐disubstituted allenes are submitted to the reaction conditions. This is the first time that these interesting building blocks are accessible by hydroformylation of allenes. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by further transformations of one of the obtained products.
Oxygen Reduction Mediated by Single Nanodroplets Containing Attomoles of Vitamin B12: Electrocatalytic Nano‐Impacts Method
Authors: Cheng Wei , Compton Richard G.
Published: April 2015

We report the use of single Vitamin B12 nanodroplets to mediate the reduction of oxygen in neutral buffer. Electron transfer to single Vitamin B12 nanodroplets is observed using the nano‐impacts method and shown to be quantitative. The mechanism of mediated oxygen reduction by single VB12 droplets is revealed as via both CoII and CoI reduced from CoIII in VB12 through one or two electron transfer followed by the four‐electron reduction of oxygen.
Five‐Membered Cyclic Metal Carbyne: Synthesis of Osmapentalynes by the Reactions of Osmapentalene with Allene, Alkyne, and Alkene
Authors: Zhu Congqing , Yang Yuhui , Wu Jingjing , Luo Ming , Fan Jinglan , Zhu Jun , Xia Haiping
Published: April 2015

The synthesis of small cyclic metal carbynes is challenging due to the large angle strain associated with the highly distorted nonlinear triple bonds. Herein, we report a general route for the synthesis of five‐membered cyclic metal carbyne complexes, osmapentalynes, by the reactions of an osmapentalene derivative with allene, alkyne, and alkene. Experimental observations and theoretical calculations document the aromaticity in the fused five‐membered rings of osmapentalynes. The realization of transforming osmapentalene to osmapentalyne through this general route would not only allow further exploration of metallapentalyne chemistry but also show promising applications of this novel aromatic system with broad absorption band and high molar absorption coefficient.
POSS‐based molecular hybrids with low dielectric constant: Effect of chemical structure and molecular architecture
Authors: Ke Fuyou , Zhang Chao , Guang Shanyi , Xu Hongyao , Lin Naibo
Published: April 2015

Three kinds of hybrids with different architectures including dumbbell‐type, bead‐type, and cross‐linked structure, were prepared via the Heck reaction between octavinyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OV‐POSS) and different bromo‐substituted aromatic amide monomers. The molecular architecture can be successfully achieved by simply varying the feed ratio of OV‐POSS to monomers. Their structure and properties were characterized by FTIR,1H NMR,29Si NMR, provide the expansion for FTIR and NMR] All the POSS‐based hybrids exhibited good thermal stability and low dielectric constant properties. The relationship between chemical structure, molecular architecture, and the dielectric constant of these hybrids were investigated in detail. The results show that POSS content dominated the low dielectric constant of the hybrids, while the chemical structure of organic chains and molecular architecture also play an important role on the formation of low dielectric constant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 42292.
GLUTATHIONE S‐TRANSFERASE Genes IN THE RICE LEAFFOLDER, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE): IDENTIFICATION AND EXPRESSION PROFILES
Authors: Liu Su , Rao Xiang‐Jun , Li Mao‐Ye , Feng Ming‐Feng , He Meng‐Zhu , Li Shi‐Guang
Published: April 2015

In insects, glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) play critical roles in the detoxification of various insecticides, resulting in insecticide resistance. The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, is an economically important pest of rice in Asia. GST genes have not been largely identified in this insect species. In the present study, by searching the transcriptome dataset, 25 candidate GST genes were identified in C. medinalis for the first time. Of these, 23 predicted GST proteins fell into five cytosolic classes (delta, epsilon, omega, sigma, and zeta), and two were assigned to the “unclassified” subgroup. Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis showed that these GST genes were differentially expressed in various tissues, including the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and fat body of larvae, and the antenna, abdomen, and leg of adults, indicating diversified functions for these genes. Transcription levels of CmGSTd2, CmGSTe6, and CmGSTe7 increased significantly in larvae following exposure to chlorpyrifos, suggesting that these GST genes could be involved in the detoxification of this insecticide. The results of our study pave the way to a better understanding of the detoxification system of C. medinalis.
Characterization of a Pre‐Trajan Wall by Integrated Geophysical Methods
Authors: Orlando Luciana , Cardarelli Ettore , Cercato Michele , De Donno Giorgio
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to characterize a pre‐Trajan mosaic‐decorated wall structure located beneath the Cryptoporticus of the ‘Baths of Trajan’ complex in Rome. The surveyed wall is 15 m long, 0.9 m wide and 3 to 5 m high. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and P‐wave seismic refraction tomography profiles were used to reconstruct the wall's inner structure, generate a map of the fractures and to evaluate the seismic velocities of the building materials. The wall was surveyed with horizontally and vertically dense GPR profiles and two seismic lines. The seismic lines and GPR profiles were capable of detecting a discontinuity between brick and travertine materials that compose the wall. The combined interpretation of the two non‐invasive techniques allowed us to locate weak zones and fractures. This rapid, non‐destructive and multi‐parametric approach has proved to be effective for characterizing the current status of the wall and the results will be used by archaeologists to evaluate the wall's integrity and to preserve the structure in the future archaeological excavations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective intraoperative cholangiography and risk of bile duct injury during cholecystectomy
Authors: Törnqvist B , Strömberg C , Akre O , Enochsson L , Nilsson M
Published: April 2015

Background

Whether intraoperative cholangiography can prevent iatrogenic bile duct injury during cholecystectomy remains controversial.

Methods

Data from the national Swedish Registry for Gallstone Surgery, GallRiks (May 2005 to December 2010), were analysed for evidence of iatrogenic bile duct injury during cholecystectomy. Patient- and procedure-related risk factors for bile duct injury with a focus on the rate of intended intraoperative cholangiography were analysed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 51 041 cholecystectomies and 747 bile duct injuries (1·5 per cent) were identified; 9008 patients (17·6 per cent) were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis. No preventive effect of intraoperative cholangiography was seen in uncomplicated gallstone disease (odds ratio (OR) 0·97, 95 per cent c.i. 0·74 to 1·25). Operating in the presence (OR 1·23, 1·03 to 1·47) or a history (OR 1·34, 1·10 to 1·64) of acute cholecystitis, and open surgery (OR 1·56, 1·26 to 1·94), were identified as significant risk factors for bile duct injury. The intention to perform intraoperative cholangiography was associated with a reduced risk of bile duct injury in patients with concurrent (OR 0·44, 0·30 to 0·63) or a history of (OR 0·59, 0·35 to 1·00) acute cholecystitis.

Conclusion

Any proposed protective effect of intraoperative cholangiography was restricted to patients with (or a history of) acute cholecystitis.
Efficient free fatty acid production in engineered Escherichia coli strains using soybean oligosaccharides as feedstock
Authors: Wang Dan , Wu Hui , Thakker Chandresh , Beyersdorf Jared , Bennett George N. , San Ka-Yiu
Published: April 2015

To be competitive with current petrochemicals, microbial synthesis of free fatty acids can be made to rely on a variety of renewable resources rather than on food carbon sources, which increase its attraction for governments and companies. Industrial waste soybean meal is an inexpensive feedstock, which contains soluble sugars such as stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, glucose, galactose, and fructose. Free fatty acids were produced in this report by introducing an acyl‐ACP carrier protein thioesterase and (3R)‐hydroxyacyl‐ACP dehydratase into E. coli. Plasmid pRU600 bearing genes involved in raffinose and sucrose metabolism was also transformed into engineered E. coli strains, which allowed more efficient utilization of these two kinds of specific oligosaccharide present in the soybean meal extract. Strain ML103 (pRU600, pXZ18Z) produced ∼1.60 and 2.66 g/L of free fatty acids on sucrose and raffinose, respectively. A higher level of 2.92 g/L fatty acids was obtained on sugar mixture. The fatty acid production using hydrolysate obtained from acid or enzyme based hydrolysis was evaluated. Engineered strains just produced ∼0.21 g/L of free fatty acids with soybean meal acid hydrolysate. However, a fatty acid production of 2.61 g/L with a high yield of 0.19 g/g total sugar was observed on an enzymatic hydrolysate. The results suggest that complex mixtures of oligosaccharides derived from soybean meal can serve as viable feedstock to produce free fatty acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis acts as a much more efficient treatment than acid hydrolysis to facilitate the transformation of industrial waste from soybean processing to high value added chemicals. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:686–694, 2015
Cell culture media supplementation of bioflavonoids for the targeted reduction of acidic species charge variants on recombinant therapeutic proteins
Authors: Hossler Patrick , Wang Min , McDermott Sean , Racicot Christopher , Chemfe Kofi , Zhang Yun , Chumsae Christopher , Manuilov Anton
Published: April 2015

Charge variants in recombinant proteins are an important series of protein modifications, whose potential role on protein stability, activity, immunogenicity, and pharmacokinetics continues to be studied. Monoclonal antibodies in particular have been shown to have a wide range of acidic species variants, including those associated with the addition of covalent modifications as well as the chemical degradation at specific peptide regions on the antibody. These variants play a significant role toward the overall heterogeneity of recombinant therapeutic proteins and are typically monitored during manufacturing to ensure they lie within proven acceptable ranges. In this work, it has been found that the supplementation of members of the bioflavonoid chemical family into mammalian cell culture media was effective toward the reduction of acidic species charge variants on recombinant monoclonal antibodies and dual variable domain immunoglobulins. The demonstrated reduction in acidic species through the use of bioflavonoids facilitates the manufacturing of a less heterogeneous product with potential improvements in antibody structure and function. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1039–1052, 2015
A Stable Chemical SUMO1–Ubc9 Conjugate Specifically Binds as a Thioester Mimic to the RanBP2–E3 Ligase Complex
Authors: Sommer Stefanie , Ritterhoff Tobias , Melchior Frauke , Mootz Henning D.
Published: April 2015

Ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like (Ubl) modifiers such as SUMO are conjugated to substrate proteins by E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. In the presence of an E3 ligase, the E2∼Ubl thioester intermediate becomes highly activated and is prone to chemical decomposition, thus making biochemical and structural studies difficult. Here we explored a stable chemical conjugate of the E2 enzyme from the SUMO pathway, Ubc9, with its modifier SUMO1 as a structural analogue of the Ubc9∼SUMO1 thioester intermediate, by introducing a triazole linkage by biorthogonal click chemistry. The chemical conjugate proved stable against proteolytic cleavage, in contrast to a Ubc9–SUMO1 isopeptide analogue obtained by auto‐SUMOylation. Triazole‐linked Ubc9–SUMO1 bound specifically to the preassembled E3 ligase complex RanBP2/RanGAP1*SUMO1/Ubc9, thus suggesting that it is a suitable thioester mimic. We anticipate interesting prospects for its use as a research tool to study protein complexes involving E2 and E3 enzymes.
Predicting the transition from juvenile delinquency to adult criminality: Gender‐specific influences in two high‐risk samples
Authors: Rhoades Kimberly A. , Leve Leslie D. , Eddy J. Mark , Chamberlain Patricia
Published: April 2015

Background

Most juvenile offenders desist from offending as they become adults, but many continue and ultimately enter the adult corrections system. There has been little prospective examination of which variables may predict the latter transition, particularly for women.

Aims

Our aim was to find out, for men and women separately, what variables identifiable in adolescent offenders predict their continuation of offending into adult life.

Methods

Participants were 61 male and 81 female youths who had been referred from the juvenile justice system for chronic delinquency and recruited into randomised controlled trials comparing Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care with group care (‘treatment as usual’). All participants had attained adulthood by the time of our study. We first examined gender differences in childhood risk factors and then used Cox proportional‐hazards models to estimate the relationship of potential risk factors to first adult arrest.

Results

Results indicated that, for men, juvenile justice referrals alone predicted risk of any first adult arrest as well as arrest for felony arrest specifically. Each additional juvenile referral increased the risk of any adult arrest by 9% and of adult felony arrest by 8%. For women, family violence, parental divorce and cumulative childhood risk factors, but not juvenile justice referrals, were significant predictors of adult arrest. Each additional childhood risk factor increased the risk of adult arrest by 21%. Women who experienced parental divorce were nearly three times more likely to be arrested as an adult, and those who experienced family violence 2.5 times more so than those without such experiences.

Conclusions and implications for practice

We found preliminary evidence of gender differences in childhood risk factors for adult offending, and, thus potentially, for the development and use of interventions tailored differently for girls and boys and young men and young women to reduce their risk of becoming adult recidivists. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Phospholane–Phosphoramidite Ligands and their Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Hammerer Tim , Leitner Walter , Franciò Giancarlo
Published: April 2015

A set of phospholane–phosphoramidite ligands, which possess four elements of chirality, has been synthesized through a modular diastereoselective process. The ligands were applied in the Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric CC hydrogenation of several functionalized olefins with enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee and a turnover frequency of up to 12 000 h−1, in the Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of vinyl arenes with enantioselectivities of up to 79 % ee, and in the Ir‐catalyzed asymmetric CN hydrogenation of different aryl imines with enantioselectivities of up to 79 % ee.
Vanadium Pentoxide Nanorods Anchored to and Wrapped with Graphene Nanosheets for High‐Power Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Ge , Wang Xiaolei , Hassan Fathy M. , Li Matthew , Batmaz Rasim , Xiao Xingcheng , Yu Aiping
Published: April 2015

Asymmetric lithium‐ion supercapacitors have been obtaining great attention, owing to their significantly increased energy density. However, transition‐metal‐oxide‐based electrode materials with poor conductivity and sluggish electrode kinetics often sacrifice power performance and cycling stability. Herein, we report the in situ growth of V2O5 nanorods on highly conductive graphene sheets as anode materials with high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability, which is mainly attributed to the intimate contact between the nanorods and graphene sheets. The asymmetric supercapacitor based on graphene/V2O5 composites and activated carbon is fabricated and evaluated, where a high energy density of approximately 50 Wh kg−1 can be achieved at a power density of 136.4 W kg−1, as well as long cycling stability. This work provides an effective and efficient method for the fabrication of high‐performance asymmetric supercapacitors.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Primary Amines with Internal Alkynes through CH Bond Activation: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Ruiz Sara , Villuendas Pedro , Ortuño Manuel A. , Lledós Agustí , Urriolabeitia Esteban P.
Published: April 2015

The oxidative coupling of primary amines with internal alkynes catalyzed by Ru complexes is presented as a general atom‐economy methodology with a broad scope of applications in the synthesis of N‐heterocycles. Reactions proceed through regioselective CH bond activation in 15 minutes under microwave irradiation or in 24 hours with conventional heating. The synthesis of 2,3,5‐substituted pyridines, benzo[h]isoquinolines, benzo[g]isoquinolines, 8,9‐dihydro‐benzo[de]quinoline, 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroisoquinolines, pyrido[3,4g]isoquinolines, and pyrido[4,3g]isoquinolines is achievable depending on the starting primary amine used. DFT calculations on a benzylamine substrate support a reaction mechanism that consists of acetate‐assisted CH bond activation, migratory‐insertion, and CN bond formation steps that involve 28–30 kcal mol−1. The computational study is extended to additional substrates, namely, 1‐naphthylmethyl‐, 2‐methylallyl‐, and 2‐thiophenemethylamines.
Aminorhodamine (ARh): A Bichromophore with Three Emission Bands in Low Temperature Glasses
Authors: Sørensen Thomas Just , Kilså Kristine , Laursen Bo W.
Published: April 2015

At first glance, aminorhodamine (ARh) is a typical pH responsive fluorescent, rhodamine‐type dye. However, hidden under the typical rhodamine absorption band, ARh has another electronic transition of similar energy, but polarized orthogonal to that of the rhodamine chromophore. This transition—assigned to an arylpyrylium type chromophore contained in the system—is responsible for the sensor action of the dye. ARh is non‐fluorescent, while protonation of a donor amino group turn on a strong rhodamine‐type emission. At low temperature in frozen solution emission from both electronic subsystems of ARh are observed. In order to achieve more complete understanding of the photophysical mechanisms in this type of fluorescent probes, ARh and its protonated counterpart HARh were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, computational chemistry, and at low temperatures in solid solution. Results from fluorescence anisotropy and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra establish a bichromophore model and suggest that a remarkable weak coupling between the two nearly isoenergetic excited states in ARh enables the dual emission. All the complicated properties observed for ARh was accounted for by a bichromophore model describing the electronic system of ARh as a bichromophore constituted by a rhodamine and an arylpyrylium subsystem.
A New Simple Chromo‐fluorogenic Probe for NO2 Detection in Air
Authors: Juárez L. Alberto , Costero Ana M. , Sancenón Félix , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Parra Margarita , Gaviña Pablo
Published: April 2015

A new chromo‐fluorogenic probe, consisting of a biphenyl derivative containing both a silylbenzyl ether and a N,N‐dimethylamino group, for NO2 detection in the gas phase has been developed. A clear colour change from colourless to yellow together with an emission quenching was observed when the probe reacted with NO2. A limit of detection to the naked eye of about 0.1 ppm was determined and the system was successfully applied to the detection of NO2 in realistic atmospheric conditions.
Enantiogroup‐Differentiating Biocatalytic Reductions of Prochiral Cs‐Symmetrical Dicarbonyl Compounds to meso Compounds
Authors: Skoupi Marc , Vaxelaire Carine , Strohmann Carsten , Christmann Mathias , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: April 2015

The stereoselective reduction of symmetrical prochiral dicarbonyl compounds bearing enantiotopic carbonyl groups yields several stereogenic centers in one step. In a proof‐of‐concept study, a new approach is described for the enzymatic desymmetrization of 5‐nitrononane‐2,8‐dione via sequential biocatalytic reduction steps utilizing ketoreductases to yield all possible diastereomers of 5‐nitrononane‐2,8‐diol.
Enantioseparation on Riboflavin Derivatives Chemically Bonded to Silica Gel as Chiral Stationary Phases for HPLC
Authors: Kumano Daisuke , Iwahana Soichiro , Iida Hiroki , Shen Chengshuo , Crassous Jeanne , Yashima Eiji
Published: April 2015

Acetylated and/or 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamated riboflavins were prepared and the resulting riboflavin derivatives as well as natural riboflavin were regioselectively immobilized on silica gel through chemical bonding at the 5’‐O‐ or 3‐N‐position of the riboflavin to develop novel chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for enantioseparation by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chiral recognition abilities of the obtained CSPs were significantly dependent on the structures of the riboflavin derivatives, the position of the chemical bonding on the silica gel, and the structures of the racemic compounds. The CSPs bonded at the 5’‐O‐position on the silica gel tended to well separate helicene derivatives, while the CSPs bonded at the 3‐N‐position composed of acetylated and 3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamated riboflavins showed a better resolving ability toward helicene derivatives and bulky aromatic racemic alcohols, respectively, and some of them were completely separated into the enantiomers. The observed difference in the chiral recognition abilities of these riboflavin‐based CSPs is discussed based on the difference in their structures, including the substituents of riboflavin and the positions immobilized on the silica gel. Chirality 27:507–517, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐liquefaction of lignite and biomass over Ni7W3 and Ni3W7 catalysts
Authors: Yao Songdong , Du Yongming , Huang Feng , Wang ShaoJun , Wang Mengmeng
Published: April 2015

Co‐liquefaction of lignite and biomass was carried out in an autoclave by varying the biomass type and initial hydrogen pressure as well as the catalyst. The properties of the catalysts, raw materials, and residues were characterized by Ultimate analyses, BET, H2‐TPR, TG/DTG, and TPO. The results showed that synergetic effect between lignite and biomass (pine shoot, corn cob, and corn stalk) might be positive, insignificant, or even negative depending on biomass type and reaction conditions. Higher hydrogenation pressure favours the formation of oil and reduction of asphaltene. Catalysts also play important roles in the performance of co‐hydrogenation of lignite and biomass. Highly active catalysts (Ni3W7) may form more active hydrogen species in the solution, stabilizing smaller fragments and increasing the formation of oil.
QUADRELAX: A Program for Computing Relaxation Data for Quadrupolar Nuclei, Including Chemical Exchange Effects
Authors: Marhabaie Sina , Tafazzoli Mohsen
Published: April 2015

Based on Redfield's theory of nuclear magnetic relaxation, a computer package capable of computing longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates and amplitudes as well as dynamic frequency shift for all quadrupolar nuclei (all integer spin numbers from 1 to 6 and all half‐integer spin numbers from
to
) in all molecular movement regimes including the effects of two‐site chemical exchange was introduced. As an example, the calculated longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates for spin
nuclei were plotted versus
which had not been reported previously. These diagrams show the possibility of the usage of the central transition
in the NMR of biomolecules containing spin
nuclei. The data produced by this package can be used for simulating the NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei, involving in exchange processes, which can be used to extract kinetic data from NMR spectra. The accuracy of this package was confirmed using it for reproducing of the data in some problems investigated earlier. Our data are in full accordance with the conducted research in this area. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 43A: 228–236, 2015.
Long‐term neuroplasticity of the face primary motor cortex and adjacent somatosensory cortex induced by tooth loss can be reversed following dental implant replacement in rats
Authors: Avivi‐Arber Limor , Lee Jye‐Chang , Sood Mandeep , Lakschevitz Flavia , Fung Michelle , Barashi‐Gozal Maayan , Glogauer Michael , Sessle Barry J.
Published: April 2015

Tooth loss is common, and exploring the neuroplastic capacity of the face primary motor cortex (face‐M1) and adjacent primary somatosensory cortex (face‐S1) is crucial for understanding how subjects adapt to tooth loss and their prosthetic replacement. The aim was to test if functional reorganization of jaw and tongue motor representations in the rat face‐M1 and face‐S1 occurs following tooth extraction, and if subsequent dental implant placement can reverse this neuroplasticity. Rats (n = 22) had the right maxillary molar teeth extracted under local and general anesthesia. One month later, seven rats had dental implant placement into healed extraction sites. Naive rats (n = 8) received no surgical treatment. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and recording of evoked jaw and tongue electromyographic responses were used to define jaw and tongue motor representations at 1 month (n = 8) or 2 months (n = 7) postextraction, 1 month postimplant placement, and at 1–2 months in naive rats. There were no significant differences across study groups in the onset latencies of the ICMS‐evoked responses (P > 0.05), but in comparison with naive rats, tooth extraction caused a significant (P < 0.05) and sustained (1–2 months) decreased number of ICMS‐defined jaw and tongue sites within face‐M1 and ‐S1, and increased thresholds of ICMS‐evoked responses in these sites. Furthermore, dental implant placement reversed the extraction‐induced changes in face‐S1, and in face‐M1 the number of jaw sites even increased as compared to naive rats. These novel findings suggest that face‐M1 and adjacent face‐S1 may play a role in adaptive mechanisms related to tooth loss and their replacement with dental implants. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2372–2389, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between Energy and Spatial Distribution of Intragap Trap States in the TiO2 Photoanode of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yi , Wu Dapeng , Fu Li‐Min , Ai Xi‐Cheng , Xu Dongsheng , Zhang Jian‐Ping
Published: April 2015

The energy and spatial distribution of intragap trap states of the TiO2 photoanode of dye‐sensitized solar cells and their impact on charge recombination were investigated by means of time‐resolved charge extraction (TRCE) and transient photovoltage (TPV). The photoanodes were built from TiO2 nanospheroids with different aspect ratios, and the TRCE results allowed differentiation of two different types of trap states, that is, deep and shallow ones at the surface and in the bulk of the TiO2 particles, respectively. These trap states exhibit distinctly different characteristic energy with only a slight variation in the particle size, as derived from the results of the density of states. Analyses of the size‐dependent TPV kinetics revealed that in a moderate photovoltage regime of about 375–625 mV, the dynamics of electron recombination are dominated by shallow trap states in the bulk, which can be well accounted for by the mechanism of multiple‐trap‐limited charge transport.