bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“That Impious Maxim of the Ancient Philosophy”
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

Kuehn is right, chapter 3 argued, to hold that Kant’s reference to Epicurus in the Antinomy is an allusion to Hume on creation. However, Kant does not simply identify Hume with Epicurean empiricism. The passage in which Kant refers to Epicurus has a footnote in which Kant entertains the possibility that Epicurus was not a dogmatic empiricist, but advanced his principles merely as "maxims for the speculative employment of reason." This footnote, chapter 4 argues, was suggested by Enquiry 12.29 note (d), where Hume rejects ex nihilo nihil fit as a basis either for excluding the creation of matter or for proving it. Hume thereby supplied the hint both for the dynamical antinomies and for their solution via the rejection of the psr.
Global Measles and Rubella Eradication
Authors: Andrus Jon Kim , Capozzi Eleanor , Drew Jessica , Kolar Katie , Lipson Hayley , Nelson Sydney , Robinson Emma , Khanal Sudhir
Published: January 2025

The consequences of measles or rubella infection are devastating, especially among children of developing countries. Both diseases are preventable with excellent existing vaccines. Undervalued regional elimination efforts face challenges of the gaps in population immunity and declines in surveillance performance due to the barriers imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The global eradication of measles and rubella, the ultimate prevention strategy, is argued to be an extremely advantageous and effective public health investment. Committing to global measles and rubella eradication will result in millions of lives and billions of dollars saved. The feasibility of eradication is discussed for each, exploring both scientific and delivery factors that influence eradication efforts. While there are many challenges to be addressed, measles and rubella eradication will undoubtedly save and improve millions of lives and enhance immunization programs to bolster global health security moving forward.
The Elimination of Group A Meningococcal Meningitis From Sub-Saharan Africa After the Introduction of a New Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Marc LaForce F. , Djingarey Mamoudou , Bita Andre , Jadhav Suresh S. , Kulkarni Prasad S. , Viviani Simonetta , Pierre Preziosi Marie
Published: January 2025

Until recently, epidemic group A Neisseria meningitidis meningitis was a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To more effectively respond to these epidemics, the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) was created in 2001 as a Gates Foundation–funded 10-year partnership between the World Health Organization (WHO) and PATH, a Seattle-based nongovernmental organization, that was aimed at developing a new and affordable group A N. meningitidis conjugate vaccine. The MVP resulted in the development of a new group A conjugate vaccine (PSA (Group A meningococcal polysaccharide)-TT (tetanus toxoid) that was found to be superior to a licensed group A polysaccharide vaccine in field trials conducted in India and West Africa from 2005 to 2009. The vaccine, PSA-TT (MenAfriVac), was approved for use in 1- to 29-year-olds by the drug controller general of India in 2009 and prequalified by the WHO in 2010. PSA-TT was introduced at a public health scale in Burkina Faso in December 2010 when all 1- to 29-year-olds were targeted to receive a single 10-mcg dose. Vaccine coverage exceeded 94% and no group A meningococcal infections were seen in vaccinees in 2011. Over the next 12 years over 350 million Africans were vaccinated with MenAfriVac in 24 sub-Saharan countries, and group A meningococcal meningitis has disappeared. The vaccine proved to be cost saving because it eliminated household and public health costs related to responding to these epidemics. The MVP is a sound example of the public health benefits that can accrue when affordable and effective vaccines are developed and introduced to receptive populations.
HIV Principles and Elimination Efforts
Authors: O’Shea Jesse , Wortley Pascale , Bonacci Robert A.
Published: January 2025

With more than 1.5 million new cases annually worldwide, HIV remains a public health crisis. After 40 years since the discovery of HIV, there are now remarkably effective HIV diagnostic, prevention, and treatment tools, including preexposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy. However, significant inequities in access to HIV prevention and care and HIV-related stigma persist and threaten progress toward ending the HIV epidemic in the US and globally. HIV eradication (or even widespread elimination) also remains unlikely without a preventive vaccine or cure. This chapter reviews topics related to the principles of HIV elimination including the natural history, epidemiology, prevention, and surveillance of HIV. Biologic and operational factors that impact efforts to end the HIV epidemic are also addressed.
Global Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis
Authors: Newman Lori M. , Taylor Melanie M. , Newman Owiredu Morkor , Wi Teodora Elvira C. , Mello Maeve B. , Broutet Nathalie J. , Kamb Mary L.
Published: January 2025

In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners launched a global initiative to eliminate congenital syphilis as a public health problem based on a foundation of universal access to antenatal care (ANC) and reproductive health services. In 2012, this initiative joined with the ongoing global campaign to eliminate mother-to-child (“vertical”) transmission of HIV, becoming the combined elimination of mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis initiative. Integration of these two global initiatives takes advantage of the important synergies for HIV and syphilis in ANC, such as joint implementation logistics and service delivery, monitoring and evaluation systems, and a combined voice for sustained political commitment. In 2022, elimination of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B was added to this integrated initiative based on the ANC platform, resulting in the current triple elimination initiative—EMTCT of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. EMTCT is distinctive among global elimination efforts in both its integrated approach and its inclusion of human rights, gender equality, and community engagement in addition to public health and disease prevention pillars. Countries validated as achieving elimination as a public health problem are required to provide representative data indicating disease prevention and care thresholds have been met, as is usual in elimination initiatives. Additionally, countries also must provide evidence indicating that accessible and quality ANC services (including quality diagnostic testing and counseling and access to adequate treatment) are in place; the country has supportive polices to ensure services are not coercive; and the rights of women, children, and families are protected.
Kahneman and Tversky: Gaining Acceptance, Dropping Uncertainty
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter presents the perspective based on Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s (hereafter K-T) research. The KT research demonstrates the extent to which human behavior deviates from neoclassical norms, where the latter are used as the benchmark for economic rationality. K-T’s research on biases, which had a paradigmatic and practical appeal that Simon’s work had lacked, established a foothold for the new behavioral boom. The chapter explains that the mainstream perspective ignores uncertainty and other critical features of Simon’s approach, such as satisficing organizational routines. It highlights how the K-T research strengthened and broadened the foothold by developing prospect theory and propositions about framing.
The Evolution of Dynamic Bureaucracies
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of dynamic bureaucracies. It examines the distinctiveness of large company dynamism through a historical and bottom-up analysis. The now-defunct East India Company seems an unlikely progenitor for the large modern public corporation. The chapter then discusses the development of distinctive organization structures and collectivized decision-making routines. It also considers the dominant position of large, professionally managed corporations after World War II and then their subsequent struggle in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Although giant corporations have lost their aura of invincibility, many of their critical attributes have endured, which influenced their distinctive entrepreneurial twenty-first-century role.
To Reform the People
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 5 details Confucian virtuous cultivation as a non-ideal theory. Rather than relying merely on optimistic assumptions about humanity, the Confucian sociopolitical order is designed to bring about virtuous cultivation in non-ideal reality. This chapter argues that the Confucian sociopolitical order fundamentally relies on a hierarchy which is instituted through a ritual hierarchical system, meritocracy, elite leadership, and an all-embracing social hierarchy. It is through these four components that virtuous cultivation is possible under the non-ideal political reality. Hierarchical and authoritarian rule in both political and social contexts are thus not a self-evident natural order but useful functional practices that allow Confucians to approach their moral ideal in the non-ideal world.
Toward Confucian Republicanism II
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 8 goes into deeper detail on how a Confucian republican political order is constituted. Yet forming a partnership between to distinct political traditions is not an easy task. The chapter addresses the potential conflicts between Confucianism and republicanism. Confucians will need to accept significant adjustments so as to avoid conflicting with the core tenets of republicanism. The adjustments, nonetheless, will be conducted in a principled manner, staying faithful to the commitment to the core Confucian ideals. It also describes the institutional features of a Confucian republic as well as the virtuous citizenry needed for the proper functioning of the republic. It shows that a Confucian republic must be built on a realistic understanding of how power counter power without losing the ethical guidance of political virtues.
What Should Enforcement Do, and Not Do?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 7 examines immigration enforcement, with a focus on the intensification of enforcement in the United States beginning in the 1990s. This trend continues today. It has taken many forms, including stringent laws on detention and deportation of immigration law violators, substantial resources for border fortifications and enforcement in the country’s interior, and the deputization of state and local governments and the private sector. The chapter then addresses the wide gap between law on the books and law in action. Due to this gap, discretion plays a vast role in enforcement. This discretion is the foundation for the discrimination in enforcement that can evade detection and remedy. The chapter next applies this analytical framework to specific approaches to immigration enforcement, including border walls, detention, inadequate due process, criminal penalties, privatized enforcement, state and local enforcement, databases, and externalized borders. The chapter closes by addressing the limits of enforcement without more fundamental reform of the system being enforced.
How Can We Take Skeptics Seriously, and Why?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 8 discusses taking immigration skeptics and opponents seriously. The chapter starts with immigration’s economic effects. These effects are positive overall, but what matters for making immigration policy are smaller-scale economic effects and how they are perceived politically. The key fact is that immigration may have some labor market effects that disadvantage some people in the country’s workforce. The chapter next addresses fiscal impact: the economic effects of newcomers on federal, state, and local treasuries. For both labor market effects and fiscal impact, the key to sound policy is more equitable distribution of the prosperity that immigration produces. The chapter addresses how to accomplish this and the obstacles to doing so. It then explains the need to address economy anxiety that migration can generate. Some anxiety can understandably arise in historically disadvantaged groups, including racial minorities, in the destination country. Economic anxiety is an essential political fact, and ignoring this anxiety can lead to backlash and resentment toward immigrants.
What Does It Mean to Address Migration’s Root Causes?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 9 explores what it means to address the root causes of migration in countries of origin. The chapter opens by acknowledging that many root causes of migration are traceable to laws, policies, and economic needs in destination countries. That said, essential to sound migration policy is attention to root causes in countries of origin and also in countries of transit, where conditions can influence whether a migrant stays there or moves onward. The chapter continues by addressing the complex relationship between migration and economic development, as well as other factors that influence migration in countries of origin and transit. The chapter suggests that remittances sent by migrants can address root causes without the inefficiency and dilution that often is a consequence of control by governments or others in the countries where people get remittances. But remittances presuppose migration. This suggests that migration in the short term may be the most effective way to manage migration in the long term.
Conclusion
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

The Conclusion wraps up by returning to key themes in the Introduction. Especially foundational is the notion of realistic utopia. This means a utopian vision of immigration policy as an essential compass, but combined with the need to understand what is realistic and sustainable. This combination identifies an urgent need to identify and take steps forward, even if complete success doesn’t seem realistically attainable. Essential for meeting this need is moving beyond false choices that oversimplify complex realities. Also essential is anticipating migration trends, instead of reacting to migration after it happens. We can do much better than we’re doing now.
Ethical Issues in the Helping Professions
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter is written by Frederic Reamer, one of the most well-known experts on ethical standards for practice. It reviews the critical ethical standards and principles that should guide any form of practice within the broader world of behavioral, mental health, and healthcare settings. Some enduring ethical issues include challenges related to protection of clients’ confidential information, management of complex boundary issues, and identifying the limits of clients’ right to self-determination. Other ethical issues are of much more recent origin, especially related to practitioners’ increasing use of digital and other technology. The author provides guidelines for working through ethical dilemmas that can emerge in various practice settings.
Mood and Cognition
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Emotions or mood, as well as thinking ability, can be affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). Grief, a strong and sometimes overwhelming feeling of loss, is a normal response to sudden change, such as the diagnosis of MS. Depression, however, is neither healthy nor normal. Feelings of sadness, despair, and hopelessness are characteristic of depression, and treatment from a mental health provider may be essential. Anxiety, the feeling of intense worry, is also possible with MS, particularly given the unpredictable nature of the disease: It can be so intense that it becomes overwhelming. Cognitive dysfunction, or changes in thinking, can range from mild and annoying to disruptive to home and work life. Often, information processing is slowed, and short-term memory is affected. Screening and assessment of mood and cognitive issues need to be done regularly so that issues can be identified and treatment initiated.
Bladder and Bowel
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Changes in bladder and bowel function, which are very common in multiple sclerosis (MS), can be disruptive to daily activities. Urinary urgency—the “gotta go” feeling—and the inability to empty the bladder (urinary retention) are due to disruption of messages in the spinal cord and brain. Constipation is a common issue for people with MS. Involuntary bowel—the sudden need to empty the bowel—is less common but can be terribly upsetting. Most of the bladder and bowel issues can be effectively treated. Adequate fluid, avoidance of fluids that irritate the bladder, medications, and procedures such as pelvic floor physical therapy or percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation can help with urinary urgency. Bowel issues can often be successfully treated with diet changes and increased activity. This chapter discusses the issues and management strategies.
Intimacy and Sexuality
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can impact intimacy and sexuality in a variety of ways. Changes in sexual feelings and responses are common in women and men with MS, and they are often difficult to understand or discuss. Primary sexual changes, which are caused by the disease process itself, include problems with sensation, arousal, erectile function, vaginal lubrication, and orgasm. Secondary changes result from MS symptoms such as fatigue, pain, stiffness, and bladder dysfunction that can interfere with the spontaneity and comfort of sexual activity. Tertiary changes are related to changes in body image and the feelings and attitudes people with MS and their partners may have about sexuality and disability. Learning how to talk comfortably about these changes with each other and with the health care team is the first step to learning how to manage the changes and enjoy intimacy and sexual activity despite them.
Orienting Tenets and Concepts
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab
Published: January 2025

The questions posed when undertaking a dialogic methodology in research may seem daunting. Some may wish for clear signposts to show the way, but these do not exist. In this chapter, we explore the tenets of dialogic philosophy and what these mean for the formation of dialogic methodology. We look at some key concepts arising from these tenets that can be operationalised for practice-based research. We then look at how other dialogic scholars have achieved this, and the necessary tensions occurring along the way. By the end of this chapter, we hope you may be ready to begin designing a project methodologically grounded in dialogic thought for practice.
Against the Ontological Homogeneity of Temporal Reality
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste
Published: January 2025

This chapter argues, by considering temporal differentiation, the phenomenon of the world going from one way (at one moment) to a different way (at a distinct moment), that temporal reality is not ontologically homogeneous. Temporal differentiation is indisputable; indeed, no one disputes it. There is disagreement only regarding what things, what structure, in the world is needed to account for the phenomenon. The chapter discusses the passage of time as it has traditionally been understood and maintains there is no such phenomenon. The chapter then examines what appears to be the minimal structure needed to account for temporal differentiation and one’s experience of it, viz., distinct moments bearing temporal relations, to determine whether this is in fact a satisfactory basis. The chapter argues that it is not and, therefore, no account of the world in time on which it is ontologically homogeneous can be successful.
The Idea of Rome
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: January 2025

In popular entertainment, Rome is remembered for persecutions, gladiators, and sexual high-jinks. Clashes with the new religion of Christianity began as early as 64 ce, when the emperor Nero blamed them for a fire that all but destroyed the city. But empire-wide persecution did not start for almost two more centuries, and no sooner had the worst of these—Diocletian’s Great Persecution that lasted from 303 to 313—ended than the emperor Constantine (306–37) himself converted, opening the door for the eventual growth of a Christian empire. Yet for all its faults, the Roman empire continues to be the gold standard for a durable world state. The reason can be traced to a principle of accountability that the great orator Cicero used to convict a corrupt governor, and even more to the poet Virgil (70–19 bce). whose epic poem the Aeneid established “Generosity to the conquered, and firmness against aggressors” as Rome’s imperial duty. When the Antonine Constitution of 212 ce made everyone in the empire a citizen, it symbolized the completion of a process of inclusion that began a thousand years earlier. This “idea of Rome” outlived the fall of the empire.
Introduction
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

The introduction provides an overview of Indian Americans and their rising political profile, particularly the 2007 U.S.-India nuclear deal and the importance of Indian American lobbying in getting the legislation passed through the U.S. Congress. It points to the unique nature of Indian American patterns of activism with multiple types of advocacy organizations mobilizing around various identities and goals which do not follow the model of other powerful American ethnic groups. It then presents and overview of the literature and the theoretical frameworks dealing with the mobilization of ethnic groups in Western countries, locating the Indian American case within this literature. A background to Indian Americans and the methodology of the research follows. The chapter ends with the plan of the book.
Enacting Transnational Citizenship
Authors: Kurien Prema A.
Published: January 2025

Chapter 5 examines how majority and minority religious status in the homeland affects the foreign policy activism of immigrant organizations. Hindu American organizations have generally explicitly or implicitly supported a Hindu-centric perspective, while Muslim, Sikh, and Christian Indian American organizations have rallied to publicize attacks on their communities by Hindu groups and the state in India, to seek U.S. intervention and support. The chapter looks at four examples of mobilization around India-based issues that demonstrate a fundamental divergence in the goals of organizations supporting the interests of Hindu Americans (and even some ostensibly secular Indian American organizations), the dominant religious group in India, and those representing minority Indian religious groups (Muslim, Sikh, Christian, and Ambedkarite). The examples include mobilization around the status of religious minorities in India; caste discrimination, particularly the position of Dalits; and the political situation in Punjab and in Kashmir.
Nato’s Special Operations Forces Strategic Utility for Strategic Competition
Authors: Schwarzbauer Matthias , Tuinman Joost
Published: January 2025

In the context of the changing paradigm from the “War on Terror” to strategic competition with near-peer rivals and state actors Western Special Operations Forces (SOF) must (re)consider refining their mission sets and unique offerings to political and military leaders. Schwarzbauer & Tuinman discuss the strategic utility of SOF from an Alliance perspective. They introduce an analytic tool, the “StrategicSupport Framework,” to assist NATO in pursuing more and better strategic utility out of its SOF. The proposed framework suggests that NATO’s SOF can, and likely will, provide strategic utility for NATO in a strategic competition environment, albeit in changing manifestations in different phases of the conflict continuum. SOF expands the strategic options available to political and military leaders—expansion of choice—to anticipate and respond, especially in the early stage of a crisis below the threshold of armedconflict. SOF also achieve significant results with limited forces—economy of force—when conventional formations are not available or capable. It is not about what SOF can and should do; the heart of the matter is what makes the strategic difference that defines the future of SOF for NATO and its Allies.
The Rise of China and the Consequences for Special Operations
Authors: Kilcullen David
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the strategic utility of Western Special Operations Forces (SOF) in the context of a rising China. Today’s threat environment is characterized by heightened Sino-American tension, currently sitting below the threshold of open conflict, alongside a broader pattern of Great Power competition (GPC) between an alignment of like-minded democratic states and autocracies, including China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, and their partners and proxies. To be strategically useful, SOF must therefore cover a range of tasks across GPC and Irregular Warfare (IW), against states and non-state actors, in multiple domains and campaign phases, at all points on a competition continuum, and in an increasingly unforgiving technological setting.This chapter first examines the rise of Chinese SOF and the emerging approach to IW and Unrestricted Warfare (URW) of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), including potential use of PLA SOF against the democracies as part of GPC. With this as context, the second section examines western SOF tasks before, during and after a hypothetical conflict involving China. Finally, the chapter offers considerations for employment of Western SOF in this environment.
From Counterterrorism to Great Power Competition
Authors: Brust Bas , Kitzen Martijn
Published: January 2025

After almost thirty years of so-called low-intensity conflicts—including more than two decades of Global War on Terror (GWoT)—, today’s security environment is dominated by a new era of Great Power competition (GPC). In principle GPC refers to all forms of competition “under the threshold of full armed conflict” between the great powers. This means that there are limited conflicts with each other, or conflicts in which “only” one of the great powers is involved, such as Russia being at war with Ukraine. Very many countries realize that they cannot rest on their laurels in the shadowy area of the GPC and must act proactively in this situation, but are struggling with how to do so and under what mandate. However, these countries are convinced that SOF in particular should be designated for this purpose. Chapter 7 uses a model developed specifically for this occasion to elaborate on what the utility and roles of SOF—from mainly Western countries—should be. The model provides insight and tangible advice for strategic leadership and guidance for operational commanders.
Introduction
Authors: Gustafson Thane
Published: January 2025

Perfect Storm tells the story of Russia’s failed opening to the West between 1992 and 2022. Unlike the geopolitical story, on which there is already a large literature, this book focuses on its socioeconomic and technological dimensions, which have received much less attention. Yet they are equally essential to an understanding of what happened. Russia’s failed opening was nothing less than a confrontation between two civilizations--a decayed Soviet system isolated from the West for nearly a century, and a triumphant West at the height of its self-confident belief in the power of liberal markets and globalization. The result was a clash of beliefs and expectations, which soon produced misunderstanding and resentment in both Russia and the West, and provided fuel for Putin’s increasingly anti-Western narrative.
Germany and Namibia
Authors: Melber Henning
Published: January 2025

In 2015 the German government admitted that the atrocities committed in German South West Africa were genocide. The colonial warfare and its lasting consequences for the descendants of the most affected indigenous communities of the Ovaherero and Nama are summarized. The bilateral negotiations between the German and Namibian government since 2015, resulting in an initialed Joint Declaration in 2021 and subject to further negotiations since then are critically analyzed, pointing at the lack of convincing atonement and remorse. It is argued that from the perspective of the main agencies of the descendant communities, this falls short of meaningful efforts to reconcile. While the return of human remains and looted cultural artefacts mark some progress, the applied notions of the intertemporal principle and the refusal to pay reparations are challenged as a form of neocolonial double standards in contradiction to the willingness of German compensation for the Holocaust.
Time Series
Authors: Diggle Peter , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

This book is an introductory account of statistical methods for analysing time-series data, with a focus on the application of the methods to biomedical and population health research. In its simplest form, a time series is a single set of observations measured at equally spaced times. Extensions to this basic format that are particularly relevant in biomedical and population health settings include measurements at irregularly spaced times and independently replicated time series, also called longitudinal or repeated measurement data. The book starts by presenting a set of examples that we use in later chapters to show how the methods can be used to answer specific research questions. Later chapters cover simple descriptive methods for the display and exploratory analysis of time series data without any specific research objective; methods for discrete-time, continuous-time, and replicated time series; and spectral analysis and bivariate time series analysis. Three appendices summarize mathematical and statistical prerequisites. We have aimed to write a book that can be used either as a textbook for a masters-level course in biostatistics or as a manual for applied statisticians and epidemiologists.
Continuous-time linear models for unreplicated series
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we develop methods for the analysis of time-series data in a continuous-time setting. We argue that this is the natural framework for most life-sciences applications, especially when the data are obtained at unequally spaced measurement times. We introduce the Matérn class of correlation functions for stationary Gaussian processes, describe some other constructions for stationary or non-stationary processes, and present a conditional interpretation of the Matérn model that points to a method for analysing non-Gaussian data.
Bivariate time-series analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, we show how correlation analysis and spectral analysis can be applied to bivariate (and, by direct extension, multivariate) time series derived from Gaussian process models. We define the cross-correlogram and cross-spectrum and show how each of these can be used to explore lead–lag relationships between pairs of series.
Clause chaining in Eibela
Authors: Aiton Grant
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the morphosyntactic and semantic features of clause chaining in Eibela, a Papuan language spoken in the Bosavi region of Western Province and Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. In Eibela, systems of switch-reference marking, topicalization, and relative tense coordinate to generate a large degree of cohesion within a clause chain. Particularly in Eibela, referent-tracking and event sequencing functions require an awareness of discourse pragmatics and inter-clausal relations, which are expressed by relative categories such as relative tense and switch-reference rather than absolute clause internal categories such as tense or verbal argument agreement morphology. Additionally, medial clauses in Eibela may be desubordinated in certain pragmatic contexts, including child-directed command strategies and the introduction of unexpected or non-topical referents.
Delineating typological categories
Authors: Marianne Mithun
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses Central Alaskan Yup’ik, a North American language indigenous to southeastern Alaska, which contains constructions resembling both the canonical and non-canonical clause chains described for Papuan languages. The canonical chains, which consist of one or more Subordinative mood clauses followed by an independent mood clause, often portray sequences of sub-events leading up to a final one. Non-canonical clause chains show an opposite order, with an independent mood clause followed by one or more Subordinative clauses. The functions of these constructions are slightly different, typically presenting an idea followed by some kind of elaboration. Both of these constructions have been extended from the domain of syntax into discourse, where Subordinative marking no longer indicates dependency of clauses within the sentence, but larger relationships of whole sentences to the discussion at hand.
Object-oriented switch-reference in Pano
Authors: Zariquiey Roberto , Valenzuela Pilar M.
Published: January 2025

The label switch-reference has been used to refer to a widely-attested grammatical category whose principal function is to indicate co-reference relations among arguments of different clauses in discourse. Switch-reference is attested in languages of most regions of the world and is widespread in Amazonia, where Pano languages seem to exhibit some of the most complex switch-reference systems documented so far. This chapter explores switch-reference in Pano languages, focusing on what is called here ‘object-oriented switch-reference’ (i.e. a diverse range of switch-reference markers that encode co-reference relations based on the object argument of either any or both the marked and the controlling clause). After introducing the most important facts about switch-reference in Pano, the chapter discusses and illustrates the synchronic morphosyntactic and semantic properties of object-oriented switch-reference. It also provides some diachronic hypothesis about their origin and evolution, proving that this typologically uncommon type of switch-reference evolved from nominalizations.
Clause chaining in Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian)
Authors: Forker Diana
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores clause chaining in Adyghe, a West Caucasian language. The major means of combining clauses into larger chains are the additive suffix, two general converbs, and two specialized converbs. Adyghe also has a number of conjunctions, but their use for the purpose of clause chaining is not very common. Morphosyntactically, the clause chaining constructions by means of the additive and the converbs exhibit properties of coordination and subordination, albeit to different degrees. In general, Adyghe does not clearly differentiate between verb forms that are mainly or exclusively used in main clause coordination (i.e. ‘finite’ verb form) and those that form subordinate clauses (‘non-finite’), which makes the analysis of clause chaining particularly challenging. In natural texts, clause chaining constructions are frequently used and mostly consist only of two or maximally three clauses of which the last clause is a main clause with a fully inflected verb form.
The development of clause chaining in Turkish
Authors: Aksu-Koç Ayhan , Ögel-Balaban Hale
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines Turkish-speaking children’s acquisition of clause chaining and the role of input in this process. Longitudinal recordings of three children between 1;6–3;0 years and their caregivers were analysed for frequency and function of converb clauses, and length of clause chains they form in child and child-directed speech. Children’s productions were aligned with the input, but with some temporal lag. Chains of children between 3;0–4;11 years were also two clauses long, but more frequent. Since neither children, their caregivers, nor adult narrators generated long chains composed of only converb clauses, clause chaining in modern Turkish may be said to involve long sentential units where multiple converb and other subordinate clause types are joined.
Clause chaining in Buryat (North Mongolic)
Authors: Skribnik Elena
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses the North Mongolic language Buryat, which has productive clause chaining, with a highly elaborated system of medial predicates based on about 20 converbs and ten participles/action nouns (the latter marked with case suffixes and able to be accompanied by postpositions and particles). Many medial predicate types have inherent same-subject characteristics, but the majority are switch-reference neutral and rely on additional markers, traditionally called the ‘possessive suffixes’, to assist with referent tracking. Here, the unchanging reflexive suffix indicates same-subject and the set of personal possessive suffixes, which index subject person and number, indicate different-subject. Summary bridging linkage is provided by two pronominal verbs, the proximal ii(ge)- ‘to do/act like this’ and the distal tii(ge)- ‘to do/act like that’, in one of the medial forms; some of the medial forms of these verbs are grammaticalized as conjunctions.
Clause chains and intonation units in Japanese narratives
Authors: Clancy Patricia M.
Published: January 2025

The structure and functions of intonation units (IUs), clauses, and clause chains in Japanese are analysed in the narratives of 45 children and 10 adults. Defined as stretches of speech under a single intonation contour, IUs serve propositional and/or staging functions. Staging IUs hold the floor and set the scene for propositional IUs, which bear the primary burden of narration. Clauses consisting of multiple IUs, which children use more frequently than adults, ease the narrator’s cognitive load by allowing more time for challenging tasks, such as breaking down syntactically complex constituents and increasing the number of overt arguments a clause can accommodate. The two types of clause-linking in Japanese, nonfinite (connective suffixes) and finite (tensed verbs plus connectives), are used to construct clause chains that differ in size, frequency, and function. By combining IUs into clauses and clauses into chains, narrators create a complex functional architecture of chains within chains.
Summary of ‘Early awareness of Alzheimer’s disease: a neurologist’s personal perspective’ *
Authors: Gibbs D. M.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus: new complications and concepts
Authors: Conn H.O.
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
Books by doctors/scientists recounting their personal experience of dementia
Authors: Kapur Narinder , Bell Vaughan , Friedland Daniel , Kemp Steven
Published: January 2025

This chapter brings together 17 narratives from those having to deal with dementia. Article 1 features a professor recounting early Alzheimer's symptoms. Article 2 discusses a GP's Alzheimer's and heart problems. Articles 3 and 4 include a neurologist's observations and reflections related to his Alzheimer's Disease. Articles 5 and 6 describe a neurologist's Parkinson's Disease (PD). Article 7 details a professor's fluctuating Parkinson's symptoms, whilst Article 8 shares a surgeon's PD experiences and effective treatment. Articles 9 and 10 see a doctor reflecting on early PD symptoms and patient-inspired insights. Article 11 provides a physician's insights on his PD's daily life impact. Article 12 by a physician, discusses PD, Lewy Body Dementia, and its effect on his identity. Article 13 narrates a neurologist's Lewy Body Dementia encounter. Articles 14 and 15 present a hepatologist's PD and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Articles 16 and 17 discuss the experiences with Primary Progressive Aphasia of a scientist and a physician respectively.
“Grey Matters”
Authors: Rose K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Me, Myself, and the Meningioma
Authors: Braun K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter collects seven personal accounts of those who suffered a brain tumour. Article 1 is by a rheumatology professor who observed changes in speech and writing due to a left parietal glioma. Article 2 features a clinical neuropsychologist’s journey following multiple treatment for a right parietal glioma. Article 3 recounts a social work student’s battle with a right temporal ependymoma at the age of 15 years. Article 4 offers insights from a general practitioner who had a benign fourth ventricle subependymoma. Article 5 details a medical student’s confrontation with a golf ball-sized meningioma adjacent to her brainstem. Article 6 describes an oncology physician’s symptoms leading to an ependymoma diagnosis, involving the fourth ventricle and brainstem. Article 7 presents a cardiologist’s narrative on living with a left frontal astrocytoma, and the accompanying uncertainty and perpetual fear of recurrence.
Summary of ‘Full circle’ *
Authors: Kay A. H.
Published: January 2025

In this chapter, there are seven articles dealing with serious infectious and inflammatory diseases. Article 1 provides a cardiologist’s detailed account of limbic encephalitis, emphasizing the fluctuating cognitive and emotional symptoms due to hippocampal and amygdala involvement. Article 2 offers insights from a neurologist on a unique presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis that affected him. Article 3 shares a physician’s personal journey with autoimmune encephalitis, highlighting the condition’s significant impact on mental well-being. Article 4 focuses on a psychiatrist’s challenging experience with COVID-19-related delirium and the lingering effects of long COVID. Article 5 discusses a doctor’s delirium episode following COVID-19, which included a period in intensive care. Article 6 reports another doctor’s experience with delirium, which followed a presumed meningitis infection. Finally, Article 7 is a gripping story of survival from a psychiatrist who battled streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
‘Living for today’ with a progressive condition
Authors: Marhoon A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter compiles six articles that provide a window into the varied experiences of those with multiple sclerosis (MS). Article 1 discusses a young postgraduate student in psychology grappling with the progressive form of MS, a variant less common than the typical relapsing–remitting type. Article 2 tells the story of a doctor who works as both an oncologist and a haematologist, and whose long history with MS intersects poignantly with personal loss. Article 3 is about a young lady who has a master’s in public health and works in a university setting. She describes the unique challenges in facing MS as a Pakistani-American, providing insights into the challenges of having a condition more prevalent in Western countries. Article 4 reveals how an obstetrician and gynaecologist navigates her professional duties while managing MS symptoms. Article 5 presents a physician’s account of living with MS and the complexities of treatment. Finally, Article 6 features a medical researcher’s reflections on the profound impact of good communication, or the lack thereof, in the journey with MS.
Summary of ‘What should I say? Communication around disability’ *
Authors: Iezzoni L.
Published: January 2025

This chapter compiles six articles that provide a window into the varied experiences of those with multiple sclerosis (MS). Article 1 discusses a young postgraduate student in psychology grappling with the progressive form of MS, a variant less common than the typical relapsing–remitting type. Article 2 tells the story of a doctor who works as both an oncologist and a haematologist, and whose long history with MS intersects poignantly with personal loss. Article 3 is about a young lady who has a master’s in public health and works in a university setting. She describes the unique challenges in facing MS as a Pakistani-American, providing insights into the challenges of having a condition more prevalent in Western countries. Article 4 reveals how an obstetrician and gynaecologist navigates her professional duties while managing MS symptoms. Article 5 presents a physician’s account of living with MS and the complexities of treatment. Finally, Article 6 features a medical researcher’s reflections on the profound impact of good communication, or the lack thereof, in the journey with MS.
My epilepsy story
Authors: Seaborg K.
Published: January 2025

This chapter assembles four articles that delve into the personal experiences of those with epilepsy. Article 1 presents a family doctor’s narrative, highlighting the role of compassion and hope in confronting epilepsy-related stigma and low mood. Article 2 offers the reflections of a medical student on the stigma surrounding epilepsy and the complexities of disclosing such a diagnosis. Article 3 chronicles a paediatrician’s journey with epilepsy, from the early onset of complex partial seizures, to the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis, to surgical intervention, and then to dealing with career progression.