bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-intensity inspiratory loaded exercises improve physical health perception in women with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad Mahdi , Ali Heba Mohammed
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Physical exercises improve quality of life in type 2 diabetes. Inspiratory muscle exercises may be an alternative option for diabetic patients with physical disabilities unable to engage in physical exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inspiratory muscle exercises on physical and mental health dimensions of the 12-Item Short Form (SF-12) Health Survey in women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Overall, 26 women with type 2 diabetes were allocated to the control (n = 14) or study group (n = 12). They were obese, aged 30–55 years, receiving oral hypoglycaemic medications. The inspiratory loaded exercise target intensity was 30% of maximal inspiratory pressure; sessions lasting 15–25 min were held on 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Quality of life was assessed as a primary outcome with the SF-12 questionnaire. Fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose levels were measured as secondary outcomes.

Results

Compared with the control group, significant improvements were observed in the study group after the intervention in all SF-12 physical health domains and in SF-12 role emotional and social functioning mental health domains. In addition, fasting blood glucose was reduced from 134 ± 40 to 126.8 ± 51 mg/dl, which was a non-statistically but clinically significant change.

Conclusions

Low-intensity inspiratory loaded exercises could be viewed as a successful alternative to physical exercises in improving physical quality of life in type 2 diabetic women. Health professionals interested in exercise therapy for type 2 diabetes may consider our findings.
Efficacy of shockwave-enhanced Aloe vera gel on full-thickness wound healing: experimental study
Authors: Mahran Hesham Galal
Published: May 2020

Introduction

To investigate the efficacy of shockwave-enhanced Aloe vera gel on full-thickness wounds in rats.

Methods

Overall, 45 adult male rats were selected. Under anaesthesia, a skin area of 6 cm2 on the upper back of each animal was surgically excised. Then, the rats were divided by a randomization process into 3 groups. In group A, 15 rats received combined administration of topical Aloe vera gel with shockwave therapy (600 shock pulses/session, 4 pulses/second, at 0.1 mJ/mm2 shock intensity). In group B, 15 rats received shockwave therapy with the same parameters as in group A, followed by topical application of Aloe vera gel for 150 seconds. In group C (control group), 15 rats received combined administration of topical Aloe vera gel with shockwave therapy while the device was switched off for 150 seconds. All groups received a total of 6 sessions: 2 sessions per week for 3 weeks. As outcome measures, wounded areas and shrinking rates were assessed at the third and sixth sessions in all groups.

Results

In the last session, there were significant wound contraction and shrinking rate measures in group A when compared with those in the other experimental group and in the control group.

Conclusions

Extracorporeal shockwave therapy may act as an efficient transdermal drug mediator as it maximized the healing effect of shockwave-combined Aloe vera gel on full-thickness wound healing.
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation students’ opinions on anatomy education: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Turhan Begumhan
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The study aim was to establish physiotherapy students’ opinions about anatomy education, to explore attitudes towards studying anatomy, and thus to evaluate possibilities to improve anatomy education.

Methods

Second-year physiotherapy students (98 females, 57 males) voluntarily participated in this study. Data were obtained by a questionnaire, which consisted of 35 questions.

Results

The participants’ mean age was 22 ± 1.77 years. The grade point average of females was higher than that of males (p = 0.001). Although the study duration per week and grade point average were moderately correlated in females (r = 0.397, p = 0.001), no correlation was determined in males. The statement ‘Anatomy courses motivate me for my carrier’ achieved the highest mean score (1.45 ± 0.8). The least mean score (0.21 ± 0.2) regarded the association between the given anatomy education and clinical practice. For 75.48% of the students, the endocrine system was the most interesting. The musculoskeletal system was learnt the best (69.03%). Video records and course notes given by the lecturer were the most beneficial studying materials for practical and theoretical anatomy lectures, respectively (p < 0.05). The textbook recommended by the lecturer turned out the least beneficial material for both practical (1.74 ± 0.82) and theoretical (1.17 ± 0.83) anatomy (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

It is anticipated that interactive educators will be more helpful to teach the lessons. Moreover, it seems that anatomy education in physiotherapy and rehabilitation departments may need revisions to enhance students’ motivation and improve academic learning.
“American Politics”
Authors: Vidal Cécile
Published: May 2020

This chapter unravels another paradox: that the relatively slow demographic and economic growth of French Louisiana did not accentuate the segmentation of the labor force between workers of various statuses. On the contrary, as local authorities and settlers were influenced by the Saint-Domingue model, they quickly became convinced that the only way they could succeed in developing the Lower Mississippi Valley would be to rely mainly on slaves of African descent. Their commitment to racial slavery never waned despite unfavorable circumstances. Consequently, heavy labor came to be reserved for slaves of African descent while slaveownership became the ultimate social fault-line among whites, including within New Orleans.
Introduction
Authors: Huler Scott
Published: May 2020

In the introduction, Huler outlines John Lawson’s background, journey to Carolina, and time spent documenting the life and culture of the natives he encountered. Also included are the locations and adventures in the Carolinas that lead to Lawson’s death. With Lawson as his muse, the author sets out on a journey to explore the Carolinas in hope of connecting to the world. Unlike Lawson, however, who documented his journey on paper, Huler records his adventure online through Instagram and writing blogs.
A Bed in Bath, and Beyond
Authors: Huler Scott
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, Huler reflects on Lawson’s adventures with the Indians, the danger of canoeing, and Lawson’s book. First, Huler comes across the Tar River where Lawson had spent a night with the Tuscaroras and noted that the people were starving. As Huler continues on his adventure, he takes his two son to canoe on the Pamlico River. Huler compares the dangers of canoeing with his sons to Lawson’s misadventures while canoeing in Charleston. Huler then recounts that Lawson left for London to publish his book after cofounding and surveying the North Carolina town known as Bath. Lawson then comes back to the Carolinas as a surveyor general and ends his journey as the first casualty of the Tuscarora War.
Not to Amuse My Readers Any Longer
Authors: Huler Scott
Published: May 2020

This chapter retraces Huler’s thoughts about Lawson’s book, including Lawson’s collection of plants and insects that benefitted the history of science. Huler does not fail to mention his admiration for Lawson’s voyage with the Indians and their tradition. Lawson provides his opinion of slaves and considers Indians the freest People in the World. Lastly, Huler makes his last stop in Grifton listening to lectures and learning of traditional crafts. Huler closes his book with thoughts about Lawson’s death and reminiscences about the beauty of nature.
Modern Ashtanga Yoga
Authors: Brown Candy Gunther
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 chronicles the development of modern Ashtanga yoga by the Indian Hindu Shri Krishna Pattabhi Jois (1915–2009) for the purpose of becoming “one with God.” Ashtanga pursues its spiritual goal through physical postures, āsanas, opening with Sūrya Namaskāra
(Sun Salutations), defined by Jois as “prayer to the sun god,” and closing with Padmāsana
(Lotus) and Savāsana (Rest/Corpse), to facilitate meditation and enlightenment. Postures incorporate symbolic gestures, añjali mudra (prayer) and jñāna mudra (wisdom), not only to express but also to instill devotion. Ashtanga exemplifies an experiential model of religion in which practitioners envision physical practices as transforming beliefs and achieving spiritual goals. Ashtanga arrived in the U.S. in 1975 in Encinitas, California, and attracted wealthy devotees, among them Sonia Jones, who created Jois Yoga and the Jois Foundation (K. P. Jois USA Foundation) in 2011. The Foundation’s “mission” is to bring the “philosophy, teachings and values of Sri K. Pattabhi Jois to “youths in underserved communities” and “support changes in public policy” to make yoga and meditation “essential,” even “compulsory,” in teacher credentialing and school curricula. The chapter argues that teaching Ashtanga yoga in public schools raises constitutional questions because Ashtanga exhibits the Malnak-Meyers indicia of religion.
The Jois Foundation Partnership with the Encinitas Union School District
Authors: Brown Candy Gunther
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 explores the partnership between the Jois Foundation and the Encinitas Union School District (EUSD) from 2011 to 2016. The Foundation gave EUSD $4 million in grants to introduce Ashtanga yoga; in return, EUSD helped the Foundation develop and validate a curriculum to roll out nationally. The chapter explains how the Foundation got a foothold at EUSD; describes the 2011–12 pilot program (in EUSD and Florida charter schools), grant and expansion in 2012–13; and reveals the Foundation’s ongoing involvement in training, hiring, and supervising yoga teachers, co-authoring a curriculum, and funding research by the Center for Education Policy and Law (CEPAL) at the University of San Diego and the Contemplative Sciences Center (CSC) at the University of Virginia. The Foundation and EUSD deflected parent complaints and defended against litigation by modifying language, while preserving Ashtanga yoga
practices—always opening with Sun Salutations and closing with Lotus and Rest. The chapter argues that the history and context of the Jois-Foundation-EUSD partnership shows that despite renaming “Ashtanga yoga” as “EUSD yoga” and disavowing Foundation control, EUSD still taught Ashtanga yoga, continued partnering with the Foundation, and promoted practices that critics and supporters perceived as religious.
Bounding American Indian Businesses
Authors: Lewis Courtney
Published: May 2020

Every Native Nation is a “border nation”— physically, economically, politically, and legally. As such, the volatile topic of these Native Nation boundaries is historically and contemporarily enmeshed with contestation and conflict, not only in the larger political actions of these states but also as it is felt in the daily lives of American Indian peoples. Boundaries of territory and citizenry in particular have always been crucial to the subject of American Indian rights. The delineations of these boundaries, then, have complications and consequences for the exercise of EBCI economic sovereignty as well as for the small- business owners that choose to operate there. These boundary formations are critical to understanding the contextual distinctiveness of federally recognized American Indian entrepreneurs through land rights, formation of citizenship requirements, and issues of representation (especially in relation to citizenship).
This chapter looks specifically at the issues of land scarcity, trust land for Native Nations and their citizens, the cultural capital of this land in a tourism context, and the environmental impacts of economic development. Land scarcity may also cause citizens to leave the Qualla Boundary, resulting in some instances in brain drain, networking loss, and economic drain. The importance of citizenship, along with its complications, are illustrated through the efforts of Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians artists and their strategies to market their work.
Government Support for Indianpreneurs
Authors: Lewis Courtney
Published: May 2020

The EBCI government recognizes that small- business owners on the Qualla Boundary face very distinctive challenges, and its sovereign status allows it to aid in ways particular to Native Nations. These small- business entrepreneurs have access to a variety of valuable support mechanisms, ranging from intergenerational business advantages (as seen in family enterprises) to federal and Native Nation government interventions, which can enhance opportunities and mitigate challenges. It is in these relationships that we see how Native Nations deploy economic sovereignty in a small- business context.
The EBCI government offers support specific to the needs of American Indian businesses located on trust land and for Eastern Band business owners. This includes financial support (e.g., loans – especially those that address the needs of trust land as collateral), the establishment of their own Tribal Employment Rights Commission (TERO) office, small business training (such as the Indianpreneurship course), and the managing of their Chamber of Commerce.
Conclusion
Authors: Lewis Courtney
Published: May 2020

Eastern Band citizens have shown that privately owned American Indian small businesses can have a positive and substantial impact on the development and economic stability of their entire Nation, especially for instances of one industry reliance. But for American Indians on reservations, the distinct challenges to small- business owner-ship must be addressed. Because my research testifies to the extensive positive value of small, private businesses to reservations, it is my hope that other Native Nations will include, as the EBCI has recently begun to, a focus on new policies that support local small businesses as a means of strengthening their economies. To accomplish this, Native Nation leaders can take a proactive stance in creating environments (an “entrepreneurial culture”) that are conducive to small- business ownership, address the pragmatics of training, infrastructure, and financing (especially with issues of debt) for American Indians, and stay attuned to potential local issues, such as representation. In order to do so, it is vital to understand economic sovereignty as an aggregate, living action— both in the ways that the small- business sector supports its practice and in how Native Nations use it in crafting the type of stable and sustainably diverse economy.
Occupied Territory
Authors: Balto Simon
Published: May 2020

In July 1919, an explosive race riot forever changed Chicago. For years, black southerners had been leaving the South as part of the Great Migration. Their arrival in Chicago drew the ire and scorn of many local whites, including members of the city’s political leadership and police department, who generally sympathized with white Chicagoans and viewed black migrants as a problem population. During Chicago’s Red Summer riot, patterns of extraordinary brutality, negligence, and discriminatory policing emerged to shocking effect. Those patterns shifted in subsequent decades, but the overall realities of a racially discriminatory police system persisted.
In this history of Chicago from 1919 to the rise and fall of Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s, Simon Balto narrates the evolution of racially repressive policing in black neighborhoods as well as how black citizen-activists challenged that repression. Balto demonstrates that punitive practices by and inadequate protection from the police were central to black Chicagoans’ lives long before the late-century "wars" on crime and drugs. By exploring the deeper origins of this toxic system, Balto reveals how modern mass incarceration, built upon racialized police practices, emerged as a fully formed machine of profoundly antiblack subjugation.
The Law Has a Bad Opinion of Me
Authors: Balto Simon
Published: May 2020

Overlapping chronologically with the preceding chapter, chapter 4 explores a localized “punitive turn” in Chicago’s policing arrangement during the late 1940s and especially in the 1950s. Driven by grassroots pressure from white citizens, the exposure of corruption both politically and within the police department, and the rise of the famed Daley machine, police power and the size of the police department itself both expanded dramatically during this period. Once elected, Daley radically expanded the number of police officers employed by the city. Those officers were also invested with increasing amounts of discretion, leading to the expanded use of stop and frisk and other tools that disproportionately were used against Black citizens. In a department lacking meaningful accountability mechanisms, this increased discretion also led to widespread accusations against police that they were engaged in the illegal detention of citizens and also of torture. The chapter also details the early onset of the urban crisis, especially on the West Side as neighborhoods there transitioned from white to Black, and an early-1950s “war on drugs” that police waged on the Black South Side.
Shoot to Kill
Authors: Balto Simon
Published: May 2020

The book’s penultimate chapter focuses on the late 1960s, as whatever tenuous accountability mechanisms Orlando Wilson had implemented were destroyed by his successor. With Black Power and left-wing critiques of the police ascendant, Chicago’s police, like those elsewhere, became increasingly reactionary and flirtatious with right-wing extremism, such as supporting George Wallace’s presidential candidacy and a cell of Ku Klux Klan members operating with the CPD. It also led to an overwhelmingly repressive operating ethos. While public memory canonizes that best in the CPD response to protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the chapter shows that a more representative display of police violence can be found in an urban uprising on Chicago’s West Side that same year, following the assassination of Martin Luther King. During that event, police visited extraordinary and lethal violence on Black citizens, culminating in a rash of police shootings and Mayor Richard Daley’s infamous “shoot-to-kill” order. That sort of violence was part and parcel of a larger culture of harassment and violence that pervaded the police department by that point, and that was made manifest in everything from the “War on Gangs” to the routine killing of unarmed Black people.
Reflections
Authors: Jacobson Matthew Frye
Published: May 2020

Two images and essays capture the author’s reflections on the Obama legacy and on the significance of hatred in American political culture.
Projections and Receptions of Religious Authority
Authors: Fuchs Simon Wolfgang
Published: May 2020

This chapter investigates the arguments exchanged about a lay believer’s obligation to emulate a high-ranking scholar (marji‘) in his daily conduct (taqlid). The findings question the view of Pakistan as a mere Shi‘i “backwater.” Instead, the chapter argues that the country should be understood as a veritable center of religious vitality in its own right. Local Shi‘i ‘ulama in the “periphery” displayed remarkable creativity when arguing about the “centers”, using a variety of strategies to bolster their own authority. This chapter explores how the leading grand ayatollahs, residing mostly in Najaf and Qum, attempted to influence the debate about who should be recognized in Pakistan as the preeminent global scholar and how these claims to authority were received and reinterpreted. The discussion illuminates the crucial moments of succession after the death of one widely accepted and revered marji‘, the Iraqi scholar Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim (d. 1970). His demise played into the hands of the decidedly internationally minded Iranian jurist Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Shari‘atmadari (d. 1986) who had acquired the largest following of any marji‘ in Pakistan by the mid-1970s.
Introduction
Authors: Valladares Licia do Prado
Published: May 2020

The introduction makes it clear that the book’s intention is to display the social representations created by the Rio Favela. The book proceeds to speak of the author’s journey through sociology as she finds her research focus. She recounts favela removal in Brazil, done in the sixties and resourced from the Alliance for Progress, a program funded by the U.S Agency for International Development. It is explained that the removal was uncalled for, and on the contrary, urban improvement is what there a need is for. It is further explained that the working-class housing market should be considered separate from the regular housing market because it has its own set of rules, adapted to working-class residents’ living situation.
A Happy Talent of Composition
Authors: Broadwater Jeff
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, Jefferson and Madison gain their first experience in constitution-writing. Madison served as a delegate to the Virginia convention of 1776 that produced Virginia’s first state constitution. As a novice lawmaker,Madison’s contribution was limited largely to strengthening protections for freedom of conscience. Although Jefferson was serving in the Continental Congress, he submitted a draft constitution of his own to the convention, but it had only a limited impact. At about the same time, Jefferson also drafted the Declaration of Independence, a process the chapter describes. Madison later reconciled the Declaration and the Constitution by describing the former as a statement of basic political principles and the later as a framework for a government that would respect the people’s rights. Although America’s Revolutionary-era Union was weak, Jefferson considered the emotional ties among Americans to be more binding than a formal alliance.
A New Government Must Be Made
Authors: Broadwater Jeff
Published: May 2020

In the year leading up to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, Jefferson, now serving as American minister to France, grew increasingly frustrated with Congress’s inability to retaliate against nations that discriminated against U.S. trade. Madison believed an unfavorable balance of trade drained specie out of the United States and created a demand for debt relief, paper money, and the postponement of tax collections, which left the states unable to support Congress financially. Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts reaffirmed his view that the preservation of republican government required a much stronger central government. At the Philadelphia convention, Madison supported giving Congress broad powers, including the right to veto state laws, and he proposed that representation in Congress be based on population. His fellow delegates rejected the so-called congressional negative, and small state delegates forced Madison to accept the Great, or Connecticut, Compromise in which in the House of Representatives would reflect a state’s population, but each state would have an equal vote in the Senate. When the convention adjourned, Madison feared the new federal government might still be too weak to survive, while Jefferson, viewing events from Paris, worried the Constitution did too little to protect the people’s liberties.
Mud Tax
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

With his mandate, Kerr Scott started one of the nation’s largest road building programs, designed to pave the thousands of dirt roads that most country people used. Scott used all his political skills to overcome a hostile legislature, oil companies, and the cities who didn’t want all the road money spent in the rural areas.
Dr. Frank and Aftermath
Authors: Christensen Rob
Published: May 2020

Kerr Scott shocked the political world by appointing Frank Porter Graham, the president of the University of North Carolina and the South’s leading liberal to a U.S. Senate vacancy. But Graham was unable to hold the seat, defeated in a red-baiting and race baiting campaign. The 1950 Senate campaign unsettled Scott, which caused him to retreat on the race issue and damaged him politically.
Caught between Two Fires
Authors: MacDonald James
Published: May 2020

This chapter contrasts the experience in the American Revolution of the Cherokee, the most important tribe in the Carolinas, with that of the Catawba, a much smaller group that was one of the few Native American peoples to fight alongside American patriots. The Sycamore Shoals Treaty, in which accommodationist Cherokee elders ceded over 31,000 acres of their homelands to North Carolina, triggered a split with younger Cherokee warriors. Led by Dragging Canoe, they allied with the British and suffered grievously in the ensuing warfare. Convinced their continued existence depended on cooperating with white Americans, the Catawba served as scouts and auxiliaries with the Continental Army and with militia forces throughout the South. They survived and earned a measure of goodwill, but continued to lose territory to land-hungry settlers.
Photography and the Development of Radical Poetics
Authors: Ehlers Sarah
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Langston Hughes’s overlooked archive of photographs and scrapbooks from his 1931 trip to Haiti, arguing that Hughes’s photographic encounter with Haiti is part of the construction of a transnational vision that starts in the Caribbean and moves through the U.S. South and Mexico. Photography becomes fundamental to Hughes’s attempts to map the connectedness of persons and locales in a capitalist world system and to imagine the formation of political communities. The chapter begins by considering how Hughes’s experience of taking photographs, along with organizing them in albums and scrapbooks, generated questions about the politics of representation in his subsequent political poems. The chapter then extends these considerations to Hughes’s interwar radical verse, showing how Hughes’s encounters with visual objects continue to influence his poetry during the 1930s. The chapter closes by demonstrating how Hughes’s contemplation of the relationship between photography and writing opens up new readings of James Agee and Walker Evans’s foundational documentary text, Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941). Hughes’s engagements with photography place him in a developing documentary modernist tradition that pushes beyond New Deal initiatives and employs documentary in the shaping of an international public sphere.
The Bear and How He Went over the Mountain
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

Surviving the federal reservation confinement, land allotment, and boarding school programs and policies, a generation of Native American peoples sought to avoid the traumas of previous generations while thinking and acting creatively as they maneuvered within and contributed to rapidly changing social, economic, and cultural contexts in the first three decades of the twentieth century.
These People Come and Go Whenever They Please
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

After fighting for their own Double Victory campaign (victory at home and victory abroad), Native American people, in the context of dual citizenship, demanded civil rights and a better standard of living. But they did not necessarily want to achieve these goals at the expense of their own histories, cultures, and persistence as Native American people representing sovereign nations. The initial conceptualization and introduction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs urban relocation program faltered as federal officials struggled to agree on program goals, and potential Native participants put their own communities’ economies and needs first.
I Can Learn Any Kind of Work
Authors: Miller Douglas K.
Published: May 2020

Beginning with the introduction of the federal urban relocation program in 1952, thousands of Native American people hoped to use the program on their own terms, with their own goals in mind. Many Native participants proved to be much more than passive subjects or victims--especially those who personally wrote federal officials to make specific requests and explain their particular needs within the program. This chapter provides an expansive view of Native American urban relocation program participants and their complicated and sometimes surprising experiences in cities during the 1950s-60s.
To Tremble in Fear
Authors: Pérez Jr. Louis A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 examines the pressure generated by US rice producers in Congress and within the Eisenhower administration in opposition to Cuban rice production, which in the end did indeed contribute to the collapse of Batista rice, with considerable political consequences for the Batista government.
Pilgrimage to a Ritual
Authors: Nejad Reza Masoudi
Published: May 2020

In this article, the author challenges the stereotypical definition of pilgrimage as a journey to a shrine or place of religious importance and shows how Dawoodi Bohras make a pilgrimage to wherever their spiritual leader chooses to deliver his Muharram sermons. Drawing on his ethnography among this religious group, he elucidates how the rituals around a yearly religious ritual shaped the annual pilgrimage of an Indian religious group.
Introduction
Authors: Horn James , Musselwhite Paul
Published: May 2020

This introduction frames the momentous events of 1619 as a coordinated and considered series of responses to the challenges that the Virginia Company faced in the second half of the 1610s. It outlines these challenges, including the Company’s financial struggles, difficulties with attracting colonists, changing Indigenous relations, and evolving political circumstances in England. In this context, the Company leadership debated the nature and purpose of the Virginia colony. This resulted in the new projects and ventures that led to the issuing of the so-called Great Charter, the gathering of the General Assembly, the transportation of the concerted numbers of women and bound servants, and the arrival of the pirate ships bringing the first Africans to the colony. The introduction provides an overview of the essays within the volume, framing their contributions to a new historiography of 1619 that emphasizes the deep interconnections between the ideas that inspired new forms of settler freedom and new institutions of African slavery. This conscious process of debating and reconceptualizing the Virginia colony, in London and on the ground in the Chesapeake, provided a new framework for English colonialism across the Atlantic world in the following decades.
Virginia and the Amazonian Alternative
Authors: Morris Melissa N.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers 1619 Virginia alongside contemporary efforts to colonize the Guianas. Though 1619 was a momentous year for Virginia, it is only in hindsight that we can recognize its importance. The 1619 charter for the Amazon Company demonstrates the appeal of contemporary alternatives. From the early seventeenth century, South American colonization schemes competed with those to the north. Many colonial enthusiasts argued that surer riches would be found closer to the Iberian empires. Building upon the explorations of Walter Ralegh, colonists there forged long-lasting indigenous alliances that were held as an ideal for the rest of the century. Guiana settlers and promoters also embraced tobacco as a viable export commodity at a time when the Virginia Company was admonishing its colonists for growing it. Yet, the Guiana settlements also provoked the protest of Spanish diplomats. The ultimate failure of the Amazon Company redirected investments and enthusiasm towards Virginia and other English settlements.
The Wild and the Toxic
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

Health figures centrally in late twentieth-century environmental activism. There are many competing claims about the health of ecosystems, the health of the planet, and the health of humans, yet there is little agreement among the likes of D.C. lobbyists, grassroots organizers, eco-anarchist collectives, and science-based advocacy organizations about whose health matters most, or what health even means. In this book, Jennifer Thomson untangles the complex web of political, social, and intellectual developments that gave rise to the multiplicity of claims and concerns about environmental health.
Thomson traces four strands of activism from the 1970s to the present: the environmental lobby, environmental justice groups, radical environmentalism and bioregionalism, and climate justice activism. By focusing on health, environmentalists were empowered to intervene in the rise of neoliberalism, the erosion of the regulatory state, and the decimation of mass-based progressive politics. Yet, as this book reveals, an individualist definition of health ultimately won out over more communal understandings. Considering this turn from collective solidarity toward individual health helps explain the near paralysis of collective action in the face of planetary disaster.
Introduction
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

The introductory chapter reinterprets Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) and its historiographical legacy. It begins with an exploration of lay and expert conceptualizations of the relationship between health and the environment in the United States in the pre-WWII period. It then situates health and environmentalism within both the broader political culture of liberal and progressive activism in the post-WWII period, and the legislative and regulatory trajectory of health and the environment.  From these broader histories, the chapter argues that the widespread lionization of Carson’s work and person, by embracing an influential yet bounded reformism for which health was a matter of personal choice and individual boundaries, has impeded a more wide-ranging scholarly engagement with the centrality of health to environmental politics.
Biocentrism and the Health of the Wild
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses the biocentric perspective on health, focusing particularly on bioregional activists and radical environmentalist organization Earth First! Following the 1972 UNCHE in Stockholm, biocentric activists endeavoured to protect the health of the wild in a way that did not begin and end with human welfare. They developed interventions as varied as ecological restoration, land medicine, and re-inhabitation. Their vision of the health of the wild held an aspiration for human-ecological integration in tension with pronounced anti-humanist tendencies.
Poll Power
Authors: Faulkenbury Evan
Published: May 2020

The civil rights movement required money. In the early 1960s, after years of grassroots organizing, civil rights activists convinced non-profit foundations to donate in support of voter education and registration efforts. One result was the Voter Education Project (VEP), which, starting in 1962, showed far-reaching results almost immediately and organized the groundwork that eventually led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In African American communities across the South, the VEP catalyzed existing campaigns; it paid for fuel, booked rallies, bought food for volunteers, and paid people to canvass neighborhoods. Despite this progress, powerful conservatives in Congress weaponized the federal tax code to undercut the important work of the VEP.
Though local power had long existed in the hundreds of southern towns and cities that saw organized civil rights action, the VEP was vital to converting that power into political motion. Evan Faulkenbury offers a much-needed explanation of how philanthropic foundations, outside funding, and tax policy shaped the southern black freedom movement.
NEOLIBERALISMO E EDUCAÇÃO: NOTAS DE UMA RACIONALIDADE EXCLUDENTE
Authors: Da Silva Robson Guedes , Rodrigues Ana Flor Fernandes , Fernandes Diogo Pedro da Silva , Alves Karina Mirian da Cruz Valença
Published: May 2020

Este ensaio teórico objetiva problematizar o neoliberalismo a partir das contribuições de Michel Foucault, compreendendo-o como uma racionalidade que articula uma sofisticação do poder biopolítico. Se lança a tecer notas que almejam problematizar os recentes acontecimentos no nosso país, percebendo cada vez mais, pautas neoliberais se alargando dentro do campo da educação sob os signos do progresso e da inovação, onde o “Future-se” e “Novos Caminhos” enquanto programas neoliberais bolsonaristas, de um lado articula a defesa de uma privatização e a desnacionalização da educação pública e do outro fomenta ideários e práticas conservadoras e autoritárias.
AUTOGESTÃO E DISCURSOS NEOLIBERAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO: O (CON)TEXTO PRÁXIS
Authors: Menegazzi Themis Karine Dutra , Da Costa Joacir Marques
Published: May 2020

Resumo: Este trabalho é parte de uma pesquisa desenvolvida ao longo do Curso de Especialização em Gestão Educacional, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Além disso, se configura como uma tentativa de releitura da prática de autogestão, a partir do contexto neoliberal atual com o objetivo de compreender os discursos produzidos acerca de autogestão no contexto do Coletivo Práxis de Educação Popular. O Práxis é um coletivo vinculado à UFSM que atua como movimento social de educação popular e é autogerido pelos seus componentes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise discursiva tanto em documentos como o Projeto do Coletivo quanto nas práticas sócio-político-discursivas do coletivo, entendendo o discurso como uma prática construtiva de significação do mundo. Assim, o Práxis se apresenta como uma produção discursiva hibridizada em que a educação e a autogestão são re/significadas frente a uma negociação/disputa discursiva democrática/neoliberal..

                                                                                                                   

Palavras-chave: Autogestão; Educação; Neoliberalismo; Práxis.
Physical, Physiological and Sanitary Quality of Canola Seeds After the Application of Maturing Herbicides
Authors: Pilla Thalita Pedrozo , Galon Leandro , Brandler Daiani , Bianchese Felipe , Tonin Rodrigo José , Toni Josiel Ricardo , Forte Cesar Tiago , Vargas Leandro
Published: May 2020

The use of herbicides to anticipate harvesting in species with easy seed dehiscence may be an alternative to avoid maturation losses. However, the appropriate time for herbicide application is extremely important as it prevents the seeds from remaining in the field for long periods. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the application of maturing herbicides in two distinct seasons, and their effects on the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of canola seeds. A randomized block experimental design arranged in a factorial scheme (herbicide x season + control) with four replications was used. Hybrid 50 canola plants were matured with the herbicides: glufosinate, paraquat, glyphosate, diquat, saflufenacil, 2,4-D, and paraquat + diuron twice during the crop cycle, G3 and G4, and two controls without application for each epoch, with the first being harvested the day of product application, and the second kept in the field until the final crop cycle. Analyses of one thousand seed weight, electrical conductivity, emergence speed index, and a sanity test were performed. The application of maturing herbicides to canola increases the one thousand seed weight and rate of emergence speed. At the same time, it increases electrical conductivity and the incidence of fungi. Plants that remained in the field until the end of the crop cycle and did not receive herbicide application resulted in higher quality seeds. The most appropriate moment to apply maturation herbicides to canola is in the G4 season.
Staying within planetary boundaries as a premise for sustainability: On the responsibility to address counteracting sustainable development goals
Authors: Nilsen Heidi Rapp
Published: May 2020

Sustainable development, as explained through the three pillars of environment, society and economy, is a well-known concept and has been used extensively in recent decades. There is finally a growing acknowledgement that environmental sustainability is the prerequisite for achieving the other two pillars of societal and economic sustainability. Nevertheless, there is a tendency to not explicate the negative interactions between the pillars of sustainability, as in the interlinkages between the UN’s sustainable development goals. In this paper, we draw attention to a method for explicating both reinforcing and counteracting goals. This is a conceptual paper but with short, illustrative examples from different levels of the R&D sphere on how this method can be used: one example is at the project level, two are from financiers of R&D projects, and the other is at the UN level. Finally, a longer discussion on relevant ethical guidelines is presented. This paper addresses the responsibility to recognize when and how sustainability goals counteract each other through two key actions. The first action is to identify transgressions of global ecological system boundaries and the resulting serious consequences for trading on environmental sustainability. The second involves bringing to the fore relevant ethical guidelines from the Norwegian National Research Ethics Committee. An update of these guidelines is suggested to reflect recent research on the transgression of planetary boundaries and the consequences for a safe operating space for humans on Earth.

Keywords: Environmental sustainability, ethical guidelines for research, UN sustainable development goals, counteracting goals
Land use quandaries
Authors: Stabell Espen Dyrnes
Published: May 2020

Book review of Finance or Food? The Role of Cultures, Values, and Ethics in Land Use Negotiations, edited by Hilde Bjørkhaug, Philip McMichael and Bruce Muirhead, 3-18. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487 517236-002
Neoliberals against Europe
Authors: Slobodian Quinn , Plehwe Dieter
Published: May 2020

Since the advent of the European debt crisis in 2009, it has become common to hear descriptions of the European Union as a neoliberal machine hardwired to enforce austerity and to block projects of redistribution or solidarity. Yet by adopting an explanatory framework associating neoliberalism with supranational organizations like the EU, NAFTA, and the WTO against the so-called populism of its right-wing opponents, many observers have painted themselves into a corner. The problems with a straightforward compound of “neoliberal Europe” became starkly evident with the success of the “leave” vote in the Brexit referendum in 2016. If the EU was neoliberal, were those who called to abandon it the opponents of neoliberalism? If the EU is indeed the “neoliberalism express,” then to disembark was by definition a gesture of refusal against neoliberalism. To make sense of the resurgent phenomenon of the far right in European politics, then, our chapter tracks such continuities over time and avoids misleading dichotomies that pit neoliberal globalism—and neoliberal Europeanism—against an atavistic national populism. The closed-borders libertarianism of nationalist neoliberals like the German AfD is not a rejection of globalism but is a variety of it.
Anti-Austerity on the Far Right
Authors: Cooper Melinda
Published: May 2020

After almost a decade of punishing austerity and social-democratic paralysis, the electoral success of the far right appears as a real and credible threat across Europe. This chapter focuses on the resurgence of a specifically anti-neoliberal or national-social far right in Europe today and investigates its complex relationship with a hitherto hegemonic neoliberal far right. This resurgent anti-capitalist far right has obvious affinities with the German conservative revolution of the Weimar Republic and the National Socialism of the Third Reich. But it also has more proximate origins in the French Nouvelle Droite of the late 1960s, which very rapidly distinguished itself through its opposition to neoliberal economics and its mimetic relationship to the new left. This chapter looks at the disquieting parallels between the German debt deflation of the 1930s and the long aftermath of the sovereign debt crisis today. It then turns to the complex relations between the pro-neoliberal and anti-neoliberal factions in the European far right, focusing in particular on the key influence of the French intellectual Alain de Benoist in articulating an anti-capitalist neofascism for the twenty-first century. The chapter argues that the left needs to take the anti-capitalist far right more seriously than it often does.
Neoliberalism, Rationality, and the Savage Slot
Authors: Elyachar Julia
Published: May 2020

This chapter upends usual discussions of neoliberal governmentality by focusing on the relation of neoliberalism to the irrational. The central task of neoliberalism in its early days was to resurrect a discredited liberalism. WW I and the problematic Versailles Peace of 1919 convinced many that irrationality lay at the core of the “civilized” European world. Those who became neo-liberal (before the hyphen was eliminated) embraced that which was irrational while resolutely attacking all kinds of collectivism. Early neoliberals such as Mises equated socialists with savages and put socialists in what Trouillot called “The Savage Slot,” thanks to their wilful overthrow of the free market price system, without which rationality itself could not exist. Hayek and the next generation of neoliberals shifted the source of irrationality into the physiology of individual humans. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union against which early neoliberal polemics were aimed, tacit knowledge moved out of the body to the corporation via Jean Lave’s concept of communities of practice. The chapter draws on classic works in anthropology; history of economic thought; US corporate history; and obscure annals of the public sector in Egypt to make these arguments.
Sexing Homo Œconomicus: Finding Masculinity at Work
Authors: Salzinger Leslie
Published: May 2020

Homo oeconomicus is the agent at the heart of neoliberalism, whose capacity to make autonomous, rational choices animates the system as a whole. This chapter calls the bluff on his claim to stand in for an unmarked humanity, identifying the ways he operates as a masculine figure. The chapter tracks him through three sites: Foucault’s lectures on neoliberalism; an ethnographic account of a trading desk set at a hub of the global money supply; and the scientific investigation and public discussion of the disruptive role of testosterone in financial markets during the 2008 crisis. In each arena, a distinctive iteration of masculinity emerges as crucial to its functioning. Viewed together these three snapshots illuminate neoliberalism’s fundamentally gendered nature and suggest masculinity’s role in keeping its social structuring out of view.
Feminist Theory Redux: Neoliberalism’s Public-Private Divide
Authors: Moodie Megan , Rofel Lisa
Published: May 2020

Conventional wisdom about neoliberalism is that it has led to the privatization of what were once public resources and that many state functions, particularly those related to social welfare, have been outsourced or privatized. While we do not dispute that many recent changes have led to what analysts call “privatization,” we argue that this story of neoliberalism is insufficient to understand its contemporary manifestations in India and China and, perhaps, more generally. Feminist theorists have long argued that “public” and “private” are ideologically defined and vary historically; that the division is empirically unfounded; and that it obscures the work these ideological distinctions do to maintain gender hierarchies. The chapter borrows from such insights to analyze recent mutations in the relationships between state and capital, or state-capital. It argues that much of what has been described as neoliberal privatization are actually blurred, hybrid mixtures of public-private endeavors that comprise “actually existing” neoliberalism.