bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors contributing to the outcome of oxidative damage to nucleic acids
Authors: Evans Mark D. , Cooke Marcus S.
Published: April 2004

Oxidative damage to DNA appears to be a factor in cancer, yet explanations for why highly elevated levels of such lesions do not always result in cancer remain elusive. Much of the genome is non‐coding and lesions in these regions might be expected to have little biological effect, an inference supported by observations that there is preferential repair of coding sequences. RNA has an important coding function in protein synthesis, and yet the consequences of RNA oxidation are largely unknown. Some non‐coding nucleic acid is functional, e.g. promoters, and damage to these sequences may well have biological consequences. Similarly, oxidative damage to DNA may promote microsatellite instability, inhibit methylation and accelerate telomere shortening. DNA repair appears pivotal to the maintenance of genome integrity, and genetic alterations in repair capacity, due to single nucleotide polymorphisms or mutation, may account for inter‐individual differences in cancer susceptibility. This review will survey these aspects of oxidative damage to nucleic acids and their implication for disease. BioEssays 26:533–542, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A “Chiral Aldehyde” Equivalent as a Building Block Towards Biologically Active Targets
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Crawley Matthew L.
Published: April 2004

Chiral γ‐aryloxybutenolides, readily accessible through dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) of racemic acyloxybutenolides, were utilized as “chiral aldehyde” building blocks for intermolecular cycloadditions and Michael reactions. Unprecedented selectivity in trimethylenemethane cycloadditions with this building block allowed an efficient synthesis of a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist in development by the Bayer corporation. These studies further inspired work that culminated in the total synthesis of (+)‐brefeldin A, a natural product with a range of significant biological properties. All of the stereochemistry in this target molecule was derived from two palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions. The trans‐alkenes were synthesized by a Julia olefination and a ruthenium‐catalyzed trans‐hydrosilylation‐protodesilylation protocol. The route to (+)‐brefeldin A lends itself to analogue syntheses and was completed in 18 steps in 6 % overall yield.
Ultra‐Deep Desulfurization of Diesel: Oxidation with a Recoverable Catalyst Assembled in Emulsion
Authors: Li Can , Jiang Zongxuan , Gao Jinbo , Yang Yongxing , Wang Shaojun , Tian Fuping , Sun Fuxia , Sun Xiuping , Ying Pinliang , Han Chongren
Published: April 2004

A [(C18H37)2N+(CH3)2]3[PW12O40] catalyst, assembled in an emulsion in diesel, can selectively oxidize the sulfur‐containing molecules present in diesel into their corresponding sulfones by using H2O2 as the oxidant under mild conditions. The sulfones can be readily separated from the diesel using an extractant, and the sulfur level of the desulfurized diesel can be lowered from about 500 ppm to 0.1 ppm without changing the properties of the diesel. The catalyst demonstrates high performance (≥96 % efficiency of H2O2, is easily recycled, and ∼100 % selectivity to sulfones). Metastable emulsion droplets (water in oil) act like a homogeneous catalyst and are formed when the catalyst (as the surfactant) and H2O2 (30 %) are mixed in the diesel. However, the catalyst can be separated from the diesel after demulsification.
Thermodynamic/Kinetic Control in the Isomerization of the [{tBuNP(μ‐NtBu)}2]2− Ion
Authors: Bond Andrew D. , Doyle Emma L. , García Felipe , Kowenicki Richard A. , Moncrieff David , McPartlin Mary , Riera Lucía , Woods Anthony D. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: April 2004

The unique structure of [(tBuN)2PK]∞ (2) (containing [(tBuN)2P]− monoanions) is in stark contrast to the previously reported Li+ analogue [{[tBuNP(μ‐NtBu)]2}2]Li4 (1) (containing the dimeric [{tBuNP(μ‐NtBu)}2]2− ion). DFT and 31P NMR spectroscopic studies reveal that the formation of the monoanion arrangements are most thermodyamically favored for Li, Na, and K, 1 being the product of kinetic control and 2 being the product of thermodynamic control.
Crystal Structure, Phase Transition and Ferroelastic Properties of [N(CH3)4]3[As2Cl9].
Authors: Wojtas M. , Bator G. , Ciunik Z.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare Earth Iodates from the Corresponding Periodates. Part 2. Synthesis and Structures of Ln(IO3)3 (Ln: Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er) and Ln(IO3)3×2H2O (Ln: Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Tm, Yb).
Authors: Douglas Paul , Hector Andrew L. , Levason William , Light Mark E. , Matthews Melissa L. , Webster Michael
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Luminescent Phenomenon of ZnO Due to the Precipitate Trapping Effect of MgO.
Authors: Zhang Junying , Zhang Zhongtai , Wang Tianmin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies of Electrical Transport Properties of Sr2Fe(Mo, V)O6 Compound.
Authors: Chattopadhyay B. , Poddar A. , Das S. , Majumder C. , Ranganathan R.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Vibrational Spectra and Magnetic Properties of Eu3[BN2]2 and LiEu4[BN2]3.
Authors: Somer Mehmet , Guel Cem , Muellmann Ralf , Mosel Bernd D. , Kremer Reinhard K. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
High‐Temperature Heat Capacity and Lattice Anharmonicity of LiGaO2.
Authors: Neumann H.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Crystal Structure and Properties of Ga2Cr1.33Se5, a New Layered Semiconductor.
Authors: Okonska‐Kozlowska I. , Szamocka K. , Malicka E. , Waskowska A. , Heimann J. , Mydlarz T. , Gilewski A. , Gron T.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterobimetallic Catalysis in Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of O‐Alkylhydroxylamine to Enones.
Authors: Yamagiwa Noriyuki , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Spiro Bis(isoxazole) as a New Chiral Ligand.
Authors: Wakita Kazuhiko , Arai Midori A. , Kato Takahiro , Shinohara Toshio , Sasai Hiroaki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Cyclobutanone Core of Solanoeclepin A via Intramolecular Allene Butenolide Photocycloaddition.
Authors: Hue Bui T. B. , Dijkink Jan , Kuiper Sanne , Larson Kimberly K. , Guziec Frank S. Jr. , Goubitz Kees , Fraanje Jan , Schenk Henk , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Hiemstra Henk
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Wittig Reactions. A New Synthesis of Coumarins and 2‐Quinolones.
Authors: Desai Vidya G. , Shet Jyoti B. , Tilve Santosh G. , Mali Raghao S.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Reduction of C=O in α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls Through Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reaction over Mixed Metal Oxides.
Authors: Sonavane Sachin U. , Jayaram Radha V.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of Nitro Compounds. Part 11. NaNO2—Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Mediated Conversion of Acrylic Esters and Baylis—Hillman Derived Acrylic Esters into Corresponding β‐Nitro Acrylic Esters.
Authors: Jayakanthan K. , Madhusudanan K. P. , Vankar Yashwant D.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of erythro‐α‐Amino β‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid Esters by Diastereoselective Photocycloaddition of 5‐Methoxyoxazoles with Aldehydes.
Authors: Griesbeck Axel G. , Bondock Samir , Lex Johann
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Versatile Synthesis of α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via the Ugi Four‐Component Condensation with a Novel Convertible Isonitrile.
Authors: Rikimaru Kentaro , Yanagisawa Arata , Kan Toshiyuki , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Pericyclic Reactions in Cascade to Construct Decalin Frameworks Possessing Quaternary Centers. Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Farand Julie A. , Denissova Irina , Barriault Louis
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Aziridination of Olefins Catalyzed by a Unique Disilver(I) Compound.
Authors: Cui Yong , He Chuan
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidative Addition of Chloro‐ and Dichloroacetic Acid to Alkenes to Give α‐Chloro‐ and α,α‐Dichlorobutyrolactones with Manganese(III) Acetate.
Authors: Snider Barry B. , Che Qinglin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of New Potentially Antiviral Furan‐Fused Compounds by Thermolysis of Benzocyclobutene Derivatives.
Authors: Matsuya Yuji , Qin Hongbo , Nagaoka Mamiko , Nemoto Hideo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Neurotropic Activity of 1‐Ureido‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazoles.
Authors: Bokanov A. I. , Kukushkin S. Yu. , Parshin V. A. , Alekseeva L. M. , Kobrakov K. I. , Granik V. G.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Isoxazoles from Phenyl Vinylic Selenide.
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Xu Qu , Song Cai‐Sheng
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octa‐3,6‐dien‐2‐one Synthesis Using a Pyrylium 3‐Oxide Precursor Derived from a 4‐Oxo‐4H‐pyrazole 1,2‐Dioxide.
Authors: Hansen John F. , Kilpatrick Andre L. , Durairaj Anita
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Pyrano[2,3‐a]carbazoles.
Authors: Chellappan Kavitha , Rajendra Prasad Karnam Jayarampillai
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Geometrically Selective Synthesis of Sulfur‐Containing Heterocycles by Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed Sulfinylzincation.
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Yagi Suguru , Maeda Jun , Yoshigami Ryoko , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Cyclocondensation of α‐Bromoketones with 2‐Aminopyridine.
Authors: Xie Yuan‐Yuan , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fused Isoquinolines: 3‐Aryl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo [2,3‐c]isoquinoline‐1,5‐dione‐2‐spiro‐4′‐ (1′‐alkyl‐1′,4′‐dihydropyridine)s.
Authors: Kucherenko Tat'yana T. , Gutsul Roman , Kisel Vladimir M. , Kovtunenko Vladimir A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pyrrolopyrimidine CFF‐R1 Antagonists Containing A Tricyclic Core via an Intramolecular Heck Reaction.
Authors: Dyck Brian , McCarthy James R.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Procedure for the Synthesis of Novel Modified 3‐Substituted 1H‐Quinoxaline‐2‐thiones via Side‐Chain Lithiation of 3‐Alkyl‐1H‐quinoxaline‐2‐thiones.
Authors: El‐Hiti Gamal A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective and Enantioselective Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Ring Cyclic Arylguanidine and Urea Derivatives.
Authors: Zhou Hai‐Bing , Alper Howard
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Vinyl‐ and Dienylphosphonates with γ‐Alkoxycarbonyl Moiety.
Authors: Shen Yanchang , Li Ping
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
10‐Thia‐mesobilirubin‐XIIIα
Authors: Ghosh Brahmananda , Lightner David A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple and Efficient Synthesis of O‐Unprotected Glycosyl Thiourea and Isourea Derivatives from Glycosylamines.
Authors: Lopez Oscar , Maya Ines , Fuentes Jose , Fernandez‐Bolanos Jose G.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Review of the Effects of pH on the Synthesis of Heteropoly Tungstate Anions
Authors: Wasfi Sadiq H. , Johnson W. Leo III
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cubane Chalcogenide Complexes of Group IV‐VI Metals: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties
Authors: Kalinina I. V. , Fedin V. P.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallocryptands: Host Complexes for Probing Closed‐Shell Metal—Metal Interactions
Authors: Catalano Vincent J. , Bennett Byron L. , Malwitz Mark A. , Yson Renante L. , Kar Heidi M. , Muratidis Stamatis , Horner Stephen J.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unsymmetrical Sandwich Diphthalocyanine and Similar Complexes
Authors: Kulinich V. P. , Shaposhnikov G. P.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ligands of Modern Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Garnovskii Alexander D. , Vasilchenko Igor S. , Garnovskii Dmitry A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Acylation of Chiral Amines Catalyzed by Serine Hydrolases
Authors: van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Selective Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations with Alkenylzirconocenes
Authors: Wipf Peter , Nunes Ruth L.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4′C‐Modified Nucleotides as Chemical Tools for Investigation and Modulation of DNA Polymerase Function
Authors: Summerer Daniel , Marx Andreas
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amphidinolides, Bioactive Macrolides from Symbiotic Marine Dinoflagellates
Authors: Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Tsuda Masashi
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in Linker Design and Application
Authors: Wills A. Jonathan , Balasubramanian Shankar
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct Conversion of Sugar Glycosides into Carbocycles
Authors: Dalko Peter I. , Sinay Pierre
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Compounds Containing Five‐Coordinate Group 13 Elements
Authors: Atwood David A. , Hutchison Aaron R. , Zhang Yuzhong
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Models of the Bis‐Histidine‐Ligated Electron‐Transferring Cytochromes. Comparative Geometric and Electronic Structure of Low‐Spin Ferro‐ and Ferrihemes
Authors: Walker F. Ann
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Vanadium and the Biological Activities Exerted by Vanadium Compounds
Authors: Crans Debbie C. , Smee Jason J. , Gaidamauskas Ernestas , Yang Luqin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nature or Petrochemistry? — Biologically Degradable Materials
Authors: Mecking Stefan
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Computational Organic Chemistry
Authors: Yates Brian F.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interplay of Electronic, Environmental, and Vibrational Effects in Determining the Hyperfine Coupling Constants of Organic Free Radicals
Authors: Improta Roberto , Barone Vincenzo
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Communicating Original Research in Chemistry and Related Sciences
Authors: Garson Lorrin R.
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorescence of Organic Molecules in Chiral Recognition
Authors: Pu Lin
Published: April 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
System‐on‐a‐chip design platform with microcomputer co‐debugging interface
Authors: Kondo Hiroyuki , Nakajima Masami , Takata Hirokazu , Sakugawa Mamoru , Higuchi Takashi , Ohtani Sugako , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Inasaka Tomoyoshi , Shirai Kenji , Yamada Kunihiro , Shimizu Toru
Published: April 2004

The higher integration of the system‐on‐a‐chip (SoC) has intensified the need for a system‐on‐a‐chip design platform with a built‐in microcomputer. An important element in SoC design with a built‐in microcomputer is the debugging function. Here, we developed an SoC design platform equipped with a debugging interface shared by the microcomputer. By adopting the design methodology using this platform, we can shorten the SoC design period because we can concentrate on the new design or customization of the important hardware and software of the system and can nearly simultaneously start software and hardware development. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 13–23, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10192
An approach to understanding driving environment using network‐type sensor fusion method
Authors: Yamada Kenichi , Ito Toshio
Published: April 2004

A method for recognizing a driving environment by fusion processing using the concept of an immune network, which is a distributed diagnostic model, has been studied. The method classifies a recognition system into multiple modules from the point of view of sensor processing software, connects them into a network, and relates the network states obtained by interactive tests with a driving environment. As an experimental example, the lane of a car in front is determined. The method is advantageous in that constructing fusion processing is easy without requiring changes in lower‐level processing, because it applies interactive diagnostics only to upper‐level processing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 32–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20074
The chimeric FUS/CREB3l2 gene is specific for low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
Authors: Panagopoulos Ioannis , Tiziana Storlazzi Clelia , Fletcher Christopher D.M. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Nascimento Antonio , Domanski Henryk A. , Wejde Johan , Brosjö Otte , Rydholm Anders , Isaksson Margareth , Mandahl Nils , Mertens Fredrik
Published: April 2004

Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a variant of fibrosarcoma that was recognized as a distinct tumor entity only quite recently. We previously described a translocation, t(7;16)(q33;p11), that resulted in a fusion of the FUS and CREB3L2 (also known as BBF2H7) genes in two soft tissue tumors that fulfilled morphologic criteria for LGFMS. To delineate the spectrum of tumors that may harbor the FUS/CREB3L2 gene, we selected 45 low‐grade spindle cell sarcomas for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses; none of these tumors had originally been diagnosed as LGFMS. Furthermore, also included were two benign soft tissue tumors and nine high‐grade sarcomas with supernumerary ring chromosomes or 7q3 rearrangement and three tumors diagnosed as LGFMS prior to the genetic analysis. Of the 59 tumors analyzed, 12 were FUS/CREB3L2‐positive, all of which were diagnosed at histopathologic re‐examination as being LGFMS, of both the classical subtype and the subtype with giant collagen rosettes. The breakpoints in the fusion transcripts were always in exons 6 or 7 of FUS and exon 5 of CREB3L2. The results indicated that FUS/CREB3L2 is specifically associated with LGFMS and that RT‐PCR or FISH analysis may be useful for the differential diagnosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution mapping of amplicons of the short arm of chromosome 1 in two neuroblastoma tumors by microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Fix Anne , Peter Martine , Pierron Gaëlle , Aurias Alain , Delattre Olivier , Janoueix‐Lerosey Isabelle
Published: April 2004

Deletion of chromosome arm 1p is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in neuroblastoma. However, using conventional comparative genomic hybridization, we have observed amplifications on 1p in 2 neuroblastoma tumors at bands 1p34.2 and 1p36.3, respectively. Using a medium‐resolution genomic array containing 178 PACs/BACs from 1p and then 2 high‐resolution arrays containing contigs of overlapping PACs/BACs from the amplified regions, we could precisely map and delineate both amplicons. The 1p34.2 amplicon appeared as a homogeneous amplification unit, whereas the 1p36.3 amplicon had a more complex structure, with 2 noncontiguous, highly amplified regions and several moderate amplification units. In this case, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed the amplification of several clones and indicated that the 2 highest amplification units corresponded to 2 populations of double minute chromosomes, one of which also contained the MYCN locus. This is the first report of 1p amplifications in primary neuroblastomas. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Genes, Chromosomes, and Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045‐2257/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of testosterone on T cell‐mediated immunity in two species of mediterranean lacertid lizards
Authors: Belliure Josabel , Smith Linda , Sorci Gabriele
Published: April 2004

One of the primary assumptions of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis is that testosterone has an immunosuppressive effect, but conflicting results have been reported in a variety of bird species concerning the effect of testosterone on the humoral and the T cell‐mediated components of the immune system. The T cell‐mediated component of the immune system is particularly important during the breeding season, because the likelihood of injury during sexual competition is high and T cell‐mediated immunity is essential for healing wounds and resisting infection. In this study we examined the effect of experimentally increased levels of testosterone during breeding season on T cell‐mediated immunity in male lizards of two Mediterranean lacertid species, Psammodromus algirus and Acanthodactylus erythrurus. The hormonal treatment significantly increased testosterone of the experimental individuals. T cell‐mediated responses to phytohemagglutinin stimulation were significantly suppressed in testosterone‐treated males of both species. Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between individual variability in T cell‐mediated responsiveness and plasma testosterone concentration. The present study is the first to demonstrate testosterone‐induced suppression of T cell‐mediated immunity in lizards. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:411–418, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐frequency transient (time domain) electromagnetic fields propagating in a marine environment
Authors: Birsan Marius
Published: April 2004

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in seawater is quite different from the propagation in free air. Both the velocity of propagation and the attenuation of the wave reveal a strong dependency on frequency. When using electromagnetic methods for underwater purposes, the low‐frequency bands are preferable since high‐frequency components are attenuated very quickly. Consider a transmitted electromagnetic pulse travelling outward from a submerged electric dipole. Such a pulse contains many frequency components. Since the different components travel with different velocity, the shape of the pulse will become more and more distorted as it travels from the source. In seawater, the distance of propagation is very limited to encourage practical applications. However, when the environment contains several electrically different media, the electromagnetic wave can propagate along the boundaries to a much longer distance and this property makes them valuable tools in geophysical prospecting and radio communication. The purpose of this study is twofold: first the paper outlines a technique that generalizes the solution of Maxwell's equations to an arbitrary number of layers; the second goal is to investigate the propagation of low‐frequency transient electromagnetic fields in a marine environment modelled as a layered media. The frequency‐domain formula for the travelling field of a horizontal electric dipole excited by a current pulse is Fourier transformed to obtain the solution for the field in time domain. Possible application to remote sensing in the ocean is considered. © Crown Copyright 2004. Reproduced with the permission & Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid ADI‐FDTD subgridding scheme for efficient electromagnetic computation
Authors: Ahmed Iftikhar , Chen Zhizhang (David)
Published: April 2004

Subgridding has been a challenge in FDTD modelling. While it can significantly decrease memory requirements by using coarse and dense grids or meshes wherever they are needed, a small time step must normally be applied to the dense or fine mesh due to the Courant–Friedrich–Levy (CFL) stability condition. In this paper, a technique that combines FDTD and ADI‐FDTD methods for subgridding is proposed to circumvent the problem. The solution domain is divided into coarse grid regions and fine subgridded regions whenever necessary. The conventional FDTD is then applied to the coarse grid regions, while the ADI‐FDTD is used in the finely subgridded regions. In comparison with subgridding schemes using solely the conventional FDTD, the hybrid method allows the use of a much larger time step and therefore reduces the CPU time. In comparison between the subgridding scheme and pure ADI‐FDTD schemes, the hybrid method minimizes the use of the memory because the conventional FDTD algorithm is applied to the coarse grid region. Numerical examples are given to validate these advantages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of PSTD methods for transient electromagnetics
Authors: Huo Liu Qing , Zhao Gang
Published: April 2004

In this paper we review the recent development in pseudospectral time‐domain (PSTD) methods for broadband electromagnetics. Starting from the basic ideas for high‐order approximation of spatial derivatives in periodic and non‐periodic domains, we will discuss the pseudospectral time‐domain methods for Maxwell's equations. Furthermore, some recent time integration schemes for the PSTD methods will be also presented. We will demonstrate these efficient methods with some new results for large scale problems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary malignant tumors of the iliopsoas compartment
Authors: Behranwala Kasim A. , A'Hern Roger , Thomas J. Meirion
Published: April 2004

Background and Objectives

Primary malignant tumors of the iliopsoas compartment are rare entities that have been infrequently reported. We present our experience of iliopsoas malignancy to better characterize and define the natural history of this condition.

Methods

Primary iliopsoas tumors occurring from January 1990 were identified from the Royal Marsden Hospital's (RMH) Sarcoma Unit prospective database.

Results

Nineteen malignant tumors (11 limited to the psoas muscle only, 1 involving only the iliacus muscle and 7 involving both the iliacus and psoas) of the iliopsoas compartment were evaluated and treated at the RMH during this period. Leiomyosarcoma (n = 5) and liposarcoma (n = 3) were the most frequent histologic types. There were 3 G1, 5 G2, 10 G3 tumors and grade could not be assessed in 1 patient. There were 17 T2 tumors and size was not available in 2 patients. Surgery was done in 14 patients (negative microscopic margins‐7, positive microscopic margins‐3, and positive gross margins‐3 and the margin of excision was not known in 1 patient). Five of 14 surgically treated patients had local recurrence and 6 of 19 patients developed metastases. Ten patients died of their disease at a median follow‐up of 12 months. The estimated 2 and 5 year survival rates were 44 and 23%, respectively.

Conclusions

Tumors in this location have a poor prognosis due to the lack of early diagnosis, large size at presentation, multiple attachments of the psoas muscle, and being relatively surgically inaccessible. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:78–83. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional status and cytokine‐related protein breakdown in elderly patients with gastrointestinal malignancies
Authors: Inoue Yasuhiro , Miki Chikao , Kusunoki Masato
Published: April 2004

Background

Age‐related factors affecting cytokine‐related whole‐body protein breakdown and their relation to clinical outcomes in cancer patients were investigated.

Methods

For assessment of protein‐calorie malnutrition and protein breakdown, the creatinine height index (CHI) and daily urinary excretion of 3‐methylhistidine (3‐MH) were measured in 70 patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. Perioperative cytokine profile was evaluated to assess its relation to perioperative protein catabolism.

Results

In elderly patients, daily 3‐MH excretion during the stable preoperative period decreased with the increase of tumor interleukin (IL)‐6 production, suggestive of the activation of a metabolic compensation mechanism. However, these patients showed significant increases in postoperative 3‐MH excretion in accord with perioperative systemic IL‐6 response, and this deterioration of the compensating mechanism seemed to be associated with poor clinical outcome. An increase in 3‐MH excretion under surgical stress was positively correlated with postoperative consumption of IL‐6 soluble receptor (sR) in elderly patients with nutritional depletion.

Conclusions

In elderly cancer patients with protein‐calorie malnutrition, metabolic compliance against intrinsic IL‐6 may be compensated for in the preoperative stable period, but deteriorate from surgical insults. This mechanism might involve increased affinity of IL‐6 with IL‐6sR under surgical stress. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:91–98. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Literature, cultural identity and the limits of authenticity: a composite approach
Authors: Cohen‐Hattab Kobi , Kerber Jenny
Published: April 2004

Although tourism scholarship has paid much attention to the concept of authenticity in relation to the homogenisation of tourism representation, this term has limits that curb its usefulness for analysing subtle interrelations of place, representation and identity. Some recent work has attempted to recuperate authenticity by associating it with experience and activity, however we suggest that the concept of cultural identity allows for greater attention to the fluid movements of social power relations that inform the tourist site. By undertaking a comparative analysis of three global tourist sites located in the Middle East (Jerusalem), North America (Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan) and Europe (Isle of Wight), this article discusses the politics of representation vis à vis identity as manifested in a spectrum of tourism‐related literature ranging from pamphlets, maps and guidebooks, to more creative approaches in contemporary novels and poetry. This comparative survey of literature explores questions of identity on several fronts: first, it prompts questions about how religious, historical and national identities are formulated in and through the tourist site; second, it leads to an assessment of a site's claim to status as a work of art that prompts aesthetic identification; and finally, it allows one to consider how other works of art — in this case, novelistic or poetic representations — both affirm and question identities presented by standard tourist literature. These alternative textual representations demonstrate not only how cultural identity as represented in the tourist site is an active site of struggle, but also present alternative politics of place and identity that enable a greater diversity of interpretations of the tourist site. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐situ stress analyses during high temperature oxidation of mild steel and grey cast iron
Authors: Corkovic S. , Pyzalla A. R.
Published: April 2004

For a protective effect of oxide layers their density and their adherence to the substrate are essential. These are determined by the phase composition, the morphology and the strains in the substrate and the oxide layer. In order to determine the development of the phase composition and the strain in oxide layers in‐situ X‐ray investigations are performed. In addition to the in‐situ experiments the layer composition, morphology and texture are investigated ex‐situ after the oxidation process. The results of the experiments on a mild steel and grey cast iron reveal that the oxide layers develop fibre textures. Epitaxial strains influence the growth strains in the oxide layers. The strains and stresses present in the oxide layers after cooling to room temperature are dominated by the strain development caused by the misfit in the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate and the different oxide sub‐layers.
Influence of the mode of introduction of a reactive element on the high temperature oxidation behavior of an alumina‐forming alloy. Part I: Isothermal oxidation tests
Authors: Chevalier S. , Strehl G. , Buscail H. , Borchardt G. , Larpin J. P.
Published: April 2004

Different modes of introduction of yttrium have been tested with regard to the influence on the high temperature oxidation behavior of a FeCral alloy. Y2O3 sol‐gel coatings, Y2O3 metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) coatings, implanted yttrium ions and yttrium as alloying element (0.1 wt.%) in the same Fe‐20Cr‐5Al alloy were oxidized at 1100°C in air under atmospheric pressure. Whatever the mode of introduction of the reactive element, the oxidation rates were not decreased compared to the oxidation rate of the blank specimen. The observation of the oxidized surface indicated that the alumina scale largely spalled from the blank alloy. Spallation was reduced for the Y2O3 sol‐gel coated, the Y2O3 MOCVD coated alloys and the yttrium ion implanted steels. The Y‐containing alloy did not exhibit any detachment of the oxide scale, indicating the best high temperature oxidation behavior, at least from the viewpoint of scale adherence.
4.3 Degradation and modification of cellulose acetates by biological systems
Authors: Puls Juergen , Altaner Clemens , Saake Bodo
Published: April 2004

A survey is given on recent findings in the enzymology of cellulose acetate degradation. Acetyl esterases have been identified as the principal enzymes, initiating cellulose acetate degradation as a prerequisite for endoglucanase‐catalyzed cellulose acetate depolymerisation. Acetyl esterases are provided by nature to deacetylate naturally occurring partly acetylated polysaccharides, i.e. xylan and chitin. Accordingly they are not designed to attack high DS cellulose acetate. Under these circumstances acetyl esterases require a pretreatment of cellulose acetate, leading to some reduction in DS, in case highly substituted material should be degraded. One of these treatments is composting under the conditions of which a partial deacetylation may occur under the action of heat and high pH, facilitating the accessibility for acetyl esterases. However from the present knowledge it cannot be excluded that certain microbial specialists exist, being capable to degrade high DS cellulose acetate.
Growth factors and flap survival
Authors: Zhang Feng , Waller William , Lineaweaver William C.
Published: April 2004

Growth factors are members of a large functional group of polypeptide regulatory molecules that influence the biological activities of responsive cells. In the last decade, the use of a variety of growth factors as therapeutic agents to improve wound healing and the viability of ischemic skin flaps has aroused considerable interest. Here, we review the literature concerning the regulation of growth factors in a flap, the role of angiogenesis in flap survival, the effect of growth factors on the metabolism of a flap, and angiogenesis in flap prefabrication and maturation. The potential application of growth factors in gene therapies is also reviewed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Node‐by‐node parallel finite elements: a virtually meshless method
Authors: Yagawa G.
Published: April 2004

FEM‐based meshfree method named the free mesh method (FMM) or the node‐by‐node finite element method (NBN‐FEM), and a short review of recent meshless and meshfree methods are presented. Attempts to apply particle‐like finite element analysis to problems that are difficult to handle using global mesh generation, especially on massively parallel processors, are presented. Local finite elements are generated around each node, with local mesh data structures and a system of equations based on these nodes. Accordingly, the FMM or NBN‐FEM can overcome difficulties arising from the distortion of elements by simply adding or deleting nodes, similar to particle methods. This property is particularly advantageous for use in parallel computing environments. While parallelization of mesh generation is generally difficult, only the distribution of nodes needs to be considered to perform parallel remeshing computing. This node‐based finite element computation is realized by a robust local mesh generation technique based on the gift‐wrapping method. The method is implemented on parallel computers, including a PC cluster and a Hitachi SR8000 supercomputer. Numerical examples show that the method achieves high parallel performance, both in pre‐processing and main‐processing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shell structures—a sensitive interrelation between physics and numerics
Authors: Ramm E. , Wall W. A.
Published: April 2004

It is apparent that physics and numerics are strongly linked in every serious undertaking in computational mechanics. This is in particular pronounced when the matter of study excels through a very sophisticated, even sometimes tricky physical behaviour. Such a delicate characteristic is the trademark of shell structures, which are the most often used structural components in nature and technology. This outstanding position in the hierarchy of all structures is due to their curvature allowing to carry transverse loading in an optimal way by in‐plane membrane actions, despite an often extreme slenderness. As typical for optimized systems their performance might be on the one hand excellent, but can also be extremely sensitive to certain parameter changes on the other hand. This prima donna like mechanical behaviour with all its sensitivities is of course carried over to any numerical scheme. In other words it is a fundamental precondition to understand the principle features of the load carrying mechanisms of shells before designing and applying any numerical formulation.

The present study addresses this peculiar interrelation between physics and numerics. At first typical characteristics of shell structures are described; this include their benefits but also their extreme sensitivities. In the second part these aspects are reflected on related computational models and numerical procedures. This discussion is carried through a number of selected problems and examples.

It need to be said that the paper is the outcome of a general plenary lecture addressing fundamental aspects rather than concentrating on a specific formulation or numerical scheme. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the chemical structure of transfer agents in coordinated anionic ring‐opening polymerization: application to one‐step functional oligomerization of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Pantiru Magdalena , Iojoiu Cristina , Hamaide Thierry , Delolme Fréderic
Published: April 2004

Coordinated anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in the presence of alcohols enables functional oligocaprolactones to be obtained easily in a single step. As observed by NMR and Maldi Tof mass spectroscopy, the functionalization of the oligomers, as well as the molecular weight distribution, depend strongly on the chemical structure of the alcohol. Hydroxy telechelic polymers can also be used as transfer agents. Finally, it was found that the chemical nature of the alcohol has a great influence on the kinetics, which suggests a coordination of this moiety on the Lewis site, during all the reaction. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Heterogeneous anionic ring opening polymerization in a fixed‐bed reactor: description of the process and modelling
Authors: Pollet Eric , Hamaide Thierry , Tayakout‐Fayolle Melaz , Jallut Christian
Published: April 2004

Grafting active centres on a solid porous support and using alcohol molecules as a transfer agent permitted coordinated anionic ring opening polymerization of oxygenated heterocycles by a continuous process. Dehydrated porous silica or alumina have been employed as solid supports. After grafting aluminium alkoxides on these supports, ε‐caprolactone and dimethyltrimethylene carbonate have been polymerized. Conversion as well as molecular weights were dependent on the contact time of reactants within the porous phase. A model of this continuous process has been developed by a combination of a Monte Carlo simulation with a reactor model based on the contact time distribution concept. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Interrelations between the a priori and a posteriori BSSE correction schemes
Authors: Mayer I.
Published: April 2004

The a priori BSSE‐free chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA) of computing intermolecular interaction energies usually gives results close to those obtained by the a posteriori counterpoise (CP) basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction scheme of Boys and Bernardi. As the basis set improves, the difference between the results of these BSSE‐corrected methods diminishes much faster than BSSE disappears from the uncorrected interaction energies. Here we try to give a possible explanation of this behavior, by considering two different aspects of interrelations between the two schemes. We present a formal perturbation‐theoretical analysis indicating that the behavior can be rationalized on the basis of observing that BSSE and true intermolecular interactions can be considered additive effects under certain conditions, providing formal justification for the tacit additivity assumption inherent in the CP formalism. We also present an analysis of the alternative interpretations of the CP scheme, which allows one to define the CP‐corrected density matrix, permitting calculation of CP‐corrected quantities for electron density and bond orders. Diagonalizing the CP‐corrected density matrix, one can arrive at one‐electron orbitals, the use of which gives energies close to the CHA‐SCF ones. The results indicate that the two conceptually different BSSE correction schemes corroborate each other not only in the sense of giving close numerical results but also at the level of the theoretical analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Targets of communication during adolescence
Authors: Hortaçsu Nuran
Published: April 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate targets of communication during adolescence. Turkish high school students between the ages of 12 and 18 were asked to rank order a maximum of five people with whom (a) they enjoyed talking with the most, (b) they were most intimate with, and (c) they talked with the most frequently. It was found that the same sex friend and the mother were the preferred targets of communication for both sexes. Also, with increasing age, more friends and less family were cited by both sexes, but the trend was more prevalent for males.
Global Factory and Local Field: Convergence and Divergence in the International Cane-Sugar Industry, 1850–1940
Authors: Bosma Ulbe , Knight Roger
Published: April 2004

Technological convergence in the international sugar economy began in the 1830s and was substantially complete by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. By the end of the nineteenth century, the industrialized sugar factory was a global phenomenon like the steamship and the railway engine (to which key aspects of its innards were closely related). We will argue that the single most important fact about nineteenth-century sugar industries was the degree of technological convergence that came to characterize their manufacturing sectors, regardless of the type of labour involved. A revisiting of the literature of the past twenty-five years, both in the New and Old Worlds, suggests that historians have yet fully to come to terms with the global character of this convergence and with the question of why convergence in the factory had no parallel in the field, where there continued to be a striking global divergence between the means and modes by which the industry was supplied with raw material. This problem in the recent historiography of the subject also highlights issues relating to the “proletarianization” of labour and the assumption that industrial capitalist modernity was inextricably associated with the development of “free labour”. More specifically, it draws attention to major flaws in the terms of reference of the now classic debate about the nexus between technological change and the predominant forms of labour in the Caribbean production area. In so doing, it underlines the need for a global rather than simply regional approach to the dynamics of change in the international sugar industry of the late colonial era. The latter part of our article outlines the broad historical parameters of this divergence in the sugar-cane field, and suggests the need for exploring the political economies surrounding the sugar producing areas and their mechanisms of ethnic segmentation of the labour force in particular.
The Beginnings of Crony Capitalism: Business, Politics and Economic Development in Malaysia, c. 1955–70
Authors: WHITE NICHOLAS J.
Published: April 2004

The term ‘crony capitalism’ describes the close relationship between the state and big business in contemporary Southeast Asia. Yoshihara argued in 1988 that cronyism produced an entrepreneurially weak, ersatz capitalism. Crony capitalists were ‘private-sector businessmen who benefit[ed] enormously from close relations’ with leading officials and politicians, obtaining ‘not only protection from foreign competition, but also concessions, licences, monopoly rights, and government subsidies’. Yoshihara's thesis has been subject to some criticism, but, in summarizing that debate, Ian Brown states that ‘there are…substantial areas of the South-East Asian political-economic landscape where government and business remain bound to the protection of inefficient vested interest, to the defence of monopoly and preference, and where speculations and short-term profit-taking are rife’. Entrepreneurial weaknesses in Southeast Asia appeared fully exposed by the financial crisis of 1997, when the economies of the region could not withstand the cruel buffetings of the international economy.
Naval Warfare and the Refraction of China's Self-Strengthening Reforms into Scientific and Technological Failure, 1865-1895
Authors: Elman Benjamin A.
Published: April 2004

In the 1950s and 1960s, Chinese, Western, and Japanese scholarship debated the success or failure of the government schools and regional arsenals established between 1865 and 1895 to reform Qing China (1644-1911). For example, Quan Hansheng contended in 1954 that the Qing failure to industrialize after the Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) was the major reason why China lacked modern weapons during the Sino-Japanese War. This position has been built on in recent reassessments of the ‘Foreign Affairs Movement’ (Yangwu yundong) and Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 (Jiawu zhanzheng) by Chinese scholars. They argue, with some dissent, that the inadequacies of the late Qing Chinese navy and army were due to poor armaments, insufficient training, lack of leadership, vested interests, lack of funding, and low morale. In aggregate, these factors are thought to demonstrate the inadequacies of the ‘Self-Strengthening era’ and its industrial programs.