bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authors, editors, and the signs, symptoms and causes of plagiarism
Authors: Shashok Karen
Published: August 2011

Plagiarism and inadequate citing appear to have reached epidemic proportions in research publication. This article discusses how plagiarism is defined and suggests some possible causes for the increase in the plagiarism disease. Most editors do not have much tolerance for text re-use with inadequate citation regardless of reasons why words are copied from other sources without correct attribution. However, there is now some awareness that re-use of words in research articles to improve the writing or “the English” (which has become a common practice) should be distinguished from intentional deceit for the purpose of stealing other authors’ ideas (which appears to remain a very rare practice). Although it has become almost as easy for editors to detect duplicate text as it is for authors to re-use text from other sources, editors often fail to consider the reasons why researchers resort to this strategy, and tend to consider any text duplication as a symptom of serious misconduct. As a result, some authors may be stigmatized unfairly by being labeled as plagiarists. The article concludes with practical advice for researchers on how to improve their writing and citing skills and thus avoid accusations of plagiarism.
Negative pressure pulmonary edema revisited
Authors: Bhaskar Balu , Fraser John F.
Published: August 2011

Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a dangerous and potentially fatal condition with a multifactorial pathogenesis. Frequently, NPPE is a manifestation of upper airway obstruction, the large negative intrathoracic pressure generated by forced inspiration against an obstructed airway is thought to be the principal mechanism involved. This negative pressure leads to an increase in pulmonary vascular volume and pulmonary capillary transmural pressure, creating a risk of disruption of the alveolar–capillary membrane. The early detection of the signs of this syndrome is vital to the treatment and to patient outcome. The purpose of this review is to highlight the available literature on NPPE, while probing the pathophysiological mechanisms relevant in both the development of this condition and that involved in its resolution.
Low-dose sequential combined-spinal epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section in patient with uncorrected tetrology of Fallot
Authors: Solanki Sohan Lal , Jain Amit , Singh Amanjot , Sharma Arun
Published: August 2011

Tetrology of Fallot (TOF) is the most commonly encountered congenital cardiac lesion in pregnancy. Although there are controversies regarding safe anesthetic technique for parturient with TOF, we use low-dose sequential combined-spinal epidural anesthesia in such a case posted for Cesarean section and found that low dose (0.5 ml of 0.5%) intrathecal bupivacaine and fentanyl with sequential epidural bupivacaine supplementation was adequate for the performance of an uncomplicated Cesarean section with minimal side effects and good fetal outcome. Thus, though the choice of anesthesia can vary in such patients, low-dose sequential combined-spinal epidural can be a safe alternate to achieve good anesthesia with impressive cardiovascular stability.
Tracheal intubation in the prone position with an intubating laryngeal mask airway following posterior spine impaled knife injury
Authors: Samantaray Aloka
Published: August 2011

A prone position is not a standard position for anesthesia induction and associated with problems like difficult mask fit, impairment of orotracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy, and reduction of pulmonary compliance. However anesthetic management of trauma victims presenting with penetrating posterior lumbar spine injury requires airway securement and induction of anesthesia in the prone position to avoid further neurological impairment. We herein present the first reported case of an adult trauma patient presented with an impaled knife protruding out of lower back, who underwent endotracheal intubation with an intubating laryngeal mask airway under general anesthesia in the prone position. Our experience indicates that this technique would be easier and less risky compared to direct laryngoscopy or awake fiber optic intubation and might be considered in an emergency situation.
Ogilvie's syndrome following cesarean delivery
Authors: Kotsev Strahil
Published: August 2011

We present a case of acute colonic pseudo obstruction (Ogilvie's Syndrome) post Cesarean Section in a 35 years old Arabic patient with co-existing systemic lupus erythematosus. Due to developed complications-perforations of the colon and peritonitis, the patient required laparotomy and right hemicolectomy. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Ogilvie's syndrome, reported from the Middle East. The possible etiologic factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic work up and treatment are discussed. The need for awareness about the syndrome and early diagnosis is emphasized.
Potential role of coronary computed tomography angiogram in cardiac preoperative evaluation
Authors: Fathala Ahmed
Published: August 2011

Preoperative assessment of the cardiac patients before noncardiac surgery is concern in the clinical practice of anesthesiologist, surgeon, and medical consultant. The preferred stress testing is exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients who are able to exercise and have normal ECG; however, either stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) or stress echocardiography is necessary if further testing is appropriately indicated before surgery. Unfortunately, stress MPs or stress echocardiography is not widely available and has some limitations. Coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) has demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy in detecting coronary artery disease and accurate left ventricle function measurement. CCTA seems to be feasible, reliable, and has strong potential of becoming sole screening test before surgery.
Pointed Torsors
Authors: Jardine J. F.
Published: August 2011

This paper gives a characterization of homotopy fibres of inverse image maps on groupoids of torsors that are induced by geometric morphisms, in terms of both pointed torsors and pointed cocycles, suitably defined. Cocycle techniques are used to give a complete description of such fibres, when the underlying geometric morphism is the canonical stalk on the classifying topos of a profinite group G. If the torsors in question are defined with respect to a constant group H, then the path components of the fibre can be identified with the set of continuous maps from the profinite group G to the group H. More generally, when H is not constant, this set of path components is the set of continuous maps from a pro-object in sheaves of groupoids to H, which pro-object can be viewed as a “Grothendieck fundamental groupoid”.
C*-Algebras over Topological Spaces: Filtrated K-Theory
Authors: Meyer Ralf , Nest Ryszard
Published: August 2011

We define the filtrated K-theory of a C*-algebra over a finite topological spaceXand explain how to construct a spectral sequence that computes the bivariant Kasparov theory overXin terms of filtrated K-theory.

For finite spaces with a totally ordered lattice of open subsets, this spectral sequence becomes an exact sequence as in the Universal Coefficient Theorem, with the same consequences for classification. We also exhibit an example where filtrated K-theory is not yet a complete invariant. We describe two C*-algebras over a spaceXwith four points that have isomorphic filtrated K-theory without being KK(X)-equivalent. For this spaceX, we enrich filtrated K-theory by another K-theory functor to a complete invariant up to KK(X)-equivalence that satisfies a Universal Coefficient Theorem.
The flux of soluble organic‐iron(III) complexes from sediments represents a source of stable iron(III) to estuarine waters and to the continental shelf
Authors: Jones Morris E. , Beckler Jordon S. , Taillefert Martial
Published: August 2011

Iron speciation in the Satilla River Estuary was investigated using competitive ligand equilibration–adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE‐ACSV) with the ligand 1‐nitroso‐2‐naphthol (1N2N). The blackwater Satilla River contains high concentrations of dissolved organic matter and iron, suggesting that it could provide a source of dissolved iron to the continental shelf. Total dissolved iron in the water column decreases along the estuary, likely due to flocculation and precipitation processes associated with the increase in salinity. Simultaneously, the percentage of dissolved organic‐Fe(III) complexes measured by CLE‐ACSV in overlying waters of sediment cores increases with salinity. The speciation of dissolved iron in the pore waters indicates that these complexes originate in the underlying sediments. Diffusive fluxes calculated from depth profiles in the sediments indicate that only 8% of the sedimentary flux of Fe(III) is delivered to the continental shelf during low riverine discharge. During normal flow conditions, however, the sediment flux of Fe(III) represents 63% of the total riverine flux of Fe(III). These findings suggest that the flux of dissolved iron to the continental shelf is controlled by the sedimentation of iron in the estuary and the remobilization of soluble organic‐Fe(III) complexes produced either during iron reduction deep in the sediment or oxidation of Fe(II) close to the sediment–water interface. The Satilla River Estuary generates five to eight times higher concentrations of dissolved Fe(III) than the average major world rivers, suggesting that it is, along with other small blackwater rivers, currently underrepresented in world average river flux calculations.
Distribution of hopanoids along a land to sea transect: Implications for microbial ecology and the use of hopanoids in environmental studies
Authors: Zhu Chun , Talbot Helen M. , Wagner Thomas , Pan Jian-Ming , Pancost Richard D.
Published: August 2011

Bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) are lipid constituents of diverse bacteria and have great potential as taxonomically and environmentally diagnostic biomarkers. In order to examine their environmental behavior and potential for tracing biogeochemical processes, we analyzed BHPs and geohopanoids (the diagenetic products of BHPs) in soils and surface sediments from the middle Yangtze River catchment to the East China Sea (ECS) shelf. These data are compared to an up‐to‐date survey of BHP distributions in soils, including regions collectively covering the Arctic, temperate, subtropics, and tropics. Regional climatic differences, particularly temperature, likely exert an important control on BHP distributions in soils. In the aquatic (river–estuary–shelf) setting, BHP concentrations and structural diversity are substantially lower than in soils, suggesting that in aquatic environments either bacterial biodiversity is lower or there is not the same requirement for hopanoid synthesis. However, different aquatic regimes vary substantially: high BHP diversity and enhanced BHP production occur in the biogeochemically dynamic Yangtze estuary, whereas BHP distribution is uniform with much less structural diversity in the oligotrophic ECS open shelf. The Rsoil index, based on the relative abundances of soil‐marker BHPs against bacteriohopanetetrol, is suggested as a new approach to trace soil organic matter input into marine sediments. The Rsoil indices decrease from the river to the ECS, correlating strongly with branched and isoprenoid tetraether indices and moderately correlating with δ13C of organic carbon values and the concentrations of higher plant biomarkers, demonstrating their ability to trace soil organic matter inputs at least to the ECS.
Enciclopédia eletrônica: semelhanças e diferenças com o documento tradicional
Authors: Teixeira Magda Chagas
Published: August 2011

Acreditando que o estudo aprofundado dos documentos eletrônicos poderá contribuir para o seu aperfeiçoamento enquanto ferramentas importantes que são na disseminação e recuperação de informações, realiza-se, neste trabalho, uma análise do Almanaque Abril CD-ROM 98, procurando conhecer suas características e potencialidades, bem como suas semelhanças e diferenças com a enciclopédia tradicional. Para tanto, toma-se como base o trabalho desenvolvido por Hoey (1986) com relação às obras de referência, por ele denominadas de Colônias de Discursos. Após a análise, foi possível perceber que todas as características apresentadas pelo autor podem ser encontradas no Almanaque Abril CD-ROM 98, sendo que muitas delas aparecem de forma acentuada devido aos recursos oferecidos pela recuperação eletrônica de informações.
Business ethics, CSR, sustainability and the MBA
Authors: Wright Norman S , Bennett Hadyn
Published: August 2011

The issues of business ethics, corporate social responsibility and sustainability have come to attract increasing attention in management education in recent years, at least from the perspective of potential employers, accrediting bodies and business school alumni. This paper examines the extent of penetration of these three subjects in to global MBA curricula through an examination of course content and structure pertaining to the Financial Times Global MBA Rankings top 100, the Australian Financial Review BOSS top 17 ranked Australian MBAs, and the seven MBA programmes currently offered by universities in New Zealand. The findings reveal that: a variety of delivery modes are utilised; while the teaching of ethics has achieved considerable penetration, only about fifty percent of MBA programmes include it as a required subject (and even then it may only constitute part of a larger subject); and that the teaching of sustainability has achieved much lower penetration, with only six percent of MBA programmes examined incorporating the topic into their core curriculum. Implications for the design of MBA programmes and future research directions are then discussed within the context of a business environment in which increasing prominence is being given to these subject areasx.
The technological community as a framework for educating for sustainability in business schools
Authors: Benn Suzanne , Rusinko Cathy
Published: August 2011

This paper adapts and extends the technological community perspective (e.g., Van de Ven, 1993), to review and analyze the outcomes of a series of three research projects funded by the Australian Government as reported in a number of publicly available documents. The projects were designed to support education for sustainability within Australian business schools and to promote knowledge sharing between the business schools and industry around sustainability. Project participants included seven business schools and their industry collaborators.

The technological community perspective, which is particularly well-suited to examining this innovative education for sustainability project, is a theoretical framework that examines evolution of innovation at the community level; this includes multiple internal and external stakeholders, and is beyond the more traditional uni-dimensional focus on organization or industry levels. This approach provides lessons with respect to complex and dynamic interactions between and among multiple stakeholders responsible for successful development and dissemination of sustainability in business schools, corporations, and beyond.

Hence, this paper addresses issues raised in the call for papers for the special issue of Journal of Management and Organization, ‘Educating for Sustainability and CSR: What is the role of business schools?’ The paper addresses the questions: (1) What are the barriers for business schools with respect to integrating sustainability in the curricula; (2) What role do partnerships with other stakeholders play in such initiatives?
Sustainability in the undergraduate and postgraduate business curriculum of a regional university: A critical perspective
Authors: von der Heidt Tania , Lamberton Geoff
Published: August 2011

The challenge to embed sustainability in the formal curriculum has been greatest for the business studies curriculum. Schools of business have been perceived as key socialising agencies for the intelligentsia of advanced capitalist societies, whereas the students of sustainability need to be helped to critique the dominant capitalist paradigm and consider its alternatives. Drawing on a critical perspective of education for sustainability, this paper presents a detailed examination of the sustainability curriculum at a regional university in Australia. The paper contributes to the discussion needed to understand what sustainability skills are required by managers and how tertiary education programs may need to change to develop these skills. In this way the nature of the role that business schools should be playing in leading and managing change towards sustainability is further informed.
Oxidation photochemistry in the Southern Atlantic boundary layer: unexpected deviations of photochemical steady state
Authors: Hosaynali Beygi Z. , Fischer H. , Harder H. D. , Martinez M. , Sander R. , Williams J. , Brookes D. M. , Monks P. S. , Lelieveld J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Ozone (O3) is a photochemical oxidant, an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas. As the main precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH) it strongly affects the oxidation power of the atmosphere. The remote marine boundary layer (MBL) is considered an important region in terms of chemical O3 loss; however surface-based atmospheric observations are sparse and the photochemical processes are not well understood. To investigate the photochemistry under the clean background conditions of the Southern Atlantic Ocean, ship measurements of NO, NO2, O3, JNO2, J(O1D), HO2, OH, ROx and a range of meteorological parameters were carried out. The concentrations of NO and NO2 measured on board the French research vessel Marion-Dufresne (28° S–57° S, 46° W–34° E) in March 2007, are among the lowest yet observed. The data is evaluated for consistency with photochemical steady state (PSS) conditions, and the calculations indicate substantial deviations from PSS (Φ>1). The deviations observed under low NOx conditions (5–25 pptv) demonstrate a remarkable upward tendency in the Leighton ratio (used to characterize PSS) with increasing NOx mixing ratio and JNO2 intensity. It is a paradigm in atmospheric chemistry that OH largely controls the oxidation efficiency of the atmosphere. However, evidence is growing that for unpolluted low-NOx (NO + NO2) conditions the atmospheric oxidant budget is poorly understood. Nevertheless, for the very cleanest conditions, typical for the remote marine boundary layer, good model agreement with measured OH and HO2 radicals has been interpreted as accurate understanding of baseline photochemistry. Here we show that such agreement can be deceptive and that a yet unidentified oxidant is needed to explain the photochemical conditions observed at 40°–60° S over the Atlantic Ocean.
A continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics model
Authors: Lebo Z. J. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A two-dimensional (2-D) continuous spectral aerosol-droplet microphysics model is presented and implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for large-eddy simulations (LES) of warm marine stratocumulus clouds. Activation and regeneration of aerosols are treated explicitly in the calculation of condensation/evaporation. The model includes a 2-D spectrum that encompasses wet aerosol particles (i.e. haze droplets), cloud droplets, and drizzle droplets in a continuous and consistent manner and allows for the explicit tracking of aerosol size within cloud droplets due to collision-coalescence. The system of differential equations describing condensation/evaporation (i.e. mass conservation and energy conservation) is solved simultaneously within each grid cell. The model is demonstrated by simulating a marine stratocumulus deck for two different aerosol loadings (100 and 500 cm−3), and comparison with the more traditional microphysics modeling approaches (both 1-D bin and bulk schemes) is evaluated.
Analysis of ozone and nitric acid in spring and summer Arctic pollution using aircraft, ground-based, satellite observations and MOZART-4 model: source attribution and partitioning
Authors: Wespes C. , Emmons L. , Edwards D. P. , Hannigan J. , Hurtmans D. , Saunois M. , Coheur P.-F. , Clerbaux C. , Coffey M. T. , Batchelor R. , Lindenmaier R. , Strong K. , Weinheimer A. J. , Nowak J. B. , Ryerson T. B. , Crounse J. D. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. In this paper, we analyze tropospheric O3 together with HNO3 during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) program, combining observations and model results. Aircraft observations from the NASA ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) and NOAA ARCPAC (Aerosol, Radiation and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate) campaigns during spring and summer of 2008 are used together with the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) to assist in the interpretation of the observations in terms of the source attribution and transport of O3 and HNO3 into the Arctic. The MOZART-4 simulations reproduce the aircraft observations generally well (within 15 %), but some discrepancies in the model are identified and discussed. The observed correlation of O3 with HNO3 is exploited to evaluate the MOZART-4 model performance for different air mass types (fresh plumes, free troposphere and stratospheric-contaminated air masses). Based on model simulations of O3 and HNO3 tagged by source type and region, we find that the anthropogenic pollution from the Northern Hemisphere is the dominant source of O3 and HNO3 in the Arctic at pressure greater than 400 hPa, and that the stratospheric influence is the principal contribution at pressures less 400 hPa. During the summer, intense Russian fire emissions contribute some amount to the tropospheric columns of both gases over the American sector of the Arctic. North American fire emissions (California and Canada) also show an important impact on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic boundary layer. Additional analysis of tropospheric O3 measurements from ground-based FTIR and from the IASI satellite sounder made at the Eureka (Canada) and Thule (Greenland) polar sites during POLARCAT has been performed using the tagged contributions. It demonstrates the capability of these instruments for observing pollution at Northern high latitudes. Differences between contributions from the sources to the tropospheric columns as measured by FTIR and IASI are discussed in terms of vertical sensitivity associated with these instruments. The first analysis of O3 tropospheric columns observed by the IASI satellite instrument over the Arctic is also provided. Despite its limited vertical sensitivity in the lowermost atmospheric layers, we demonstrate that IASI is capable of detecting low-altitude pollution transported into the Arctic with some limitations.
Evaluating meteorological climate model inputs to improve coastal hydrodynamic studies
Authors: Bellafiore D. , Bucchignani E. , Gualdi S. , Carniel S. , Djurdjeviæ V. , Umgiesser G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. This work compares meteorological results from different regional climate model (RCM) implementations in the Mediterranean area, with a focus on the northern Adriatic Sea. The need to use these datasets as atmospheric forcings (wind and atmospheric pressure fields) for coastal hydrodynamic models to assess future changes in the coastal hydrodynamics, is the basis of the presented analysis. It would allow the assessment of uncertainties due to atmospheric forcings in providing coastal current, surge and wave climate changes from future implementations of hydrodynamic models. Two regional climate models, with different spatial resolutions, downscaled from two different global climate models (whose atmospheric components are, respectively, ECHAM4 and ECHAM5), were considered. In particular, the RCM delivered wind and atmospheric pressure fields were compared with measurements at four stations along the Italian Adriatic coast. The analyses were conducted using a past control period, 1960–1990, and the A1B IPCC future scenario (2070–2100). The chosen scenario corresponds to a world of very rapid economic and demographic growth that peaks in mid-century, with a rapid introduction of new efficient technologies, which balance fossil and non-fossil resources (IPCC, 2007). Consideration is given to the accuracy of each model at reproducing the basic statistics and the trends. The role of models' spatial resolution in reproducing global and local scale meteorological processes is also discussed. The Adriatic Sea climate is affected by the orography that produces a strengthening of north-eastern katabatic winds like bora. Therefore, spatial model resolution, both for orography and for a better resolution of coastline (Cavaleri et al., 2010), is one of the important factors in providing more realistic wind forcings for future hydrodynamic models implementations. However, also the characteristics in RCM setup and parameterization can explain differences between the datasets. The analysis from an ensemble of model implementation would provide more robust indications on climatic wind and atmospheric pressure variations. The scenario-control comparison shows a general increase in the mean atmospheric pressure values while a decrease in mean wind speed and in extreme wind events is seen, particularly for the datasets with higher spatial resolution.
Anthropogenic impact on amorphous silica pools in temperate soils
Authors: Clymans W. , Struyf E. , Govers G. , Vandevenne F. , Conley D. J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Human land use changes perturb biogeochemical silica (Si) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. This directly affects Si mobilisation and Si storage and influences Si export from the continents, although the magnitude of the impact is unknown. A major reason for our lack of understanding is that very little information exists on how land use affects amorphous silica (ASi) storage in soils. We have quantified and compared total alkali-extracted (PSia) and easily soluble (PSie) Si pools at four sites along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance in southern Sweden. Land use clearly affects ASi pools and their distribution. Total PSia and PSie for a continuous forested site at Siggaboda Nature Reserve (66 900 ± 22 800 kg SiO2 ha−1 and 952 ± 16 kg SiO2 ha−1) are significantly higher than disturbed land use types from the Råshult Culture Reserve including arable land (28 800 ± 7200 kg SiO2 ha−1 and 239 ± 91 kg SiO2 ha−1), pasture sites (27 300 ± 5980 kg SiO2 ha−1 and 370 ± 129 kg SiO2 ha−1) and grazed forest (23 600 ± 6370 kg SiO2 ha−1 and 346 ± 123 kg SiO2 ha−1). Vertical PSia and PSie profiles show significant (p < 0.05) variation among the sites. These differences in size and distribution are interpreted as the long-term effect of reduced ASi replenishment, as well as changes in ecosystem specific pedogenic processes and increased mobilisation of the PSia in disturbed soils. We have also made a first, though rough, estimate of the magnitude of change in temperate continental ASi pools due to human disturbance. Assuming that our data are representative, we estimate that total ASi storage in soils has declined by ca. 10 % since the onset of agricultural development (3000 BCE). Recent agricultural expansion (after 1700 CE) may have resulted in an average additional export of 1.1 ± 0.8 Tmol Si yr−1 from the soil reservoir to aquatic ecosystems. This is ca. 20 % to the global land-ocean Si flux carried by rivers. It is necessary to update this estimate in future studies, incorporating differences in pedology, geology and climatology over temperate regions, but data are currently not sufficient. Yet, our results emphasize the importance of human activities for Si cycling in soils and for the land-ocean Si flux.
Are paleoclimate model ensembles consistent with the MARGO data synthesis?
Authors: Hargreaves J. C. , Paul A. , Ohgaito R. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Annan J. D.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. We investigate the consistency of various ensembles of climate model simulations with the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO) sea surface temperature data synthesis. We discover that while two multi-model ensembles, created through the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Projects (PMIP and PMIP2), pass our simple tests of reliability, an ensemble based on parameter variation in a single model does not perform so well. We show that accounting for observational uncertainty in the MARGO database is of prime importance for correctly evaluating the ensembles. Perhaps surprisingly, the inclusion of a coupled dynamical ocean (compared to the use of a slab ocean) does not appear to cause a wider spread in the sea surface temperature anomalies, but rather causes systematic changes with more heat transported north in the Atlantic. There is weak evidence that the sea surface temperature data may be more consistent with meridional overturning in the North Atlantic being similar for the LGM and the present day. However, the small size of the PMIP2 ensemble prevents any statistically significant results from being obtained.
Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energy in the Central Mediterranean: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion
Authors: Sorgente R. , Olita A. , Oddo P. , Fazioli L. , Ribotti A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of eddy and mean kinetic energy of the Central Mediterranean region has been investigated, from January 2008 to December 2010, by mean of a numerical simulation mainly to quantify the mesoscale dynamics and their relationships with physical forcing. In order to understand the energy redistribution processes, the baroclinic energy conversion has been analysed, suggesting hypotheses about the drivers of the mesoscale activity in this area. The ocean model used is based on the Princeton Ocean Model implemented at 1/32° horizontal resolution. Surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes are interactively computed by mean of standard bulk formulae using predicted model Sea Surface Temperature and atmospheric variables provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast operational analyses. At its lateral boundaries the model is one-way nested within the Mediterranean Forecasting System operational products. The model domain has been subdivided in four sub-regions: Sardinia channel and southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily channel, eastern Tunisian shelf and Libyan Sea. Temporal evolution of eddy and mean kinetic energy has been analysed, on each of the four sub-regions, showing different behaviours. On annual scales and within the first 5 m depth, the eddy kinetic energy represents approximately the 60 % of the total kinetic energy over the whole domain, confirming the strong mesoscale nature of the surface current flows in this area. The analyses show that the model well reproduces the path and the temporal behaviour of the main known sub-basin circulation features. New mesoscale structures have been also identified, from numerical results and direct observations, for the first time as the Pantelleria Vortex and the Medina Gyre. The classical kinetic energy decomposition (eddy and mean) allowed to depict and to quantify the permanent and fluctuating parts of the circulation in the region, and to differentiate the four sub-regions as function of relative and absolute strength of the mesoscale activity. Furthermore the Baroclinic Energy Conversion term shows that in the Sardinia Channel the mesoscale activity, due to baroclinic instabilities, is significantly larger than in the other sub-regions, while a negative sign of the energy conversion, meaning a transfer of energy from the Eddy Kinetic Energy to the Eddy Available Potential Energy, has been recorded only for the surface layers of the Sicily Channel during summer.
Micrometeorological processes driving snow ablation in an Alpine catchment
Authors: Mott R. , Egli E. , Grünewald T. , Dawes N. , Manes C. , Bavay M. , Lehning M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Mountain snow covers typically become patchy over the course of a melting season. The snow pattern during melt is mainly governed by the end of winter snow depth distribution and the local energy balance. The objective of this study is to investigate micrometeorological processes driving snow ablation in an Alpine catchment. For this purpose we combine a meteorological model (ARPS) with a fully distributed energy balance model (Alpine3D). Turbulent fluxes above melting snow are further investigated by using data from eddy-correlation systems. We compare modelled snow ablation to measured ablation rates as obtained from a series of Terrestrial Laser Scanning campaigns covering a complete ablation season. The measured ablation rates indicate that the advection of sensible heat causes locally increased ablation rates at the upwind edges of the snow patches. The effect, however, appears to be active over rather short distances except for very strong wind conditions. Neglecting this effect, the model is able to capture the mean ablation rates for early ablation periods but strongly overestimates snow ablation once the fraction of snow coverage is below a critical value. While radiation dominates snow ablation early in the season, the turbulent flux contribution becomes important late in the season. Simulation results indicate that the air temperatures appear to overestimate the local air temperature above snow patches once the snow coverage is below a critical value. Measured turbulent fluxes support these findings by suggesting a stable internal boundary layer close to the snow surface causing a strong decrease of the sensible heat flux towards the snow cover. Thus, the existence of a stable internal boundary layer above a patchy snow cover exerts a dominant control on the timing and magnitude of snow ablation for patchy snow covers.
Corrosion Study of Steel API 5A, 5L and AISI 1080, 1020 in Drill-Mud Environment of Iranian Hydrocarbon Fields
Authors: Farzam M. , Baghery P. , Mardan Dezfully H. R.
Published: August 2011

API 5A and 5L (grades J55, H40, N80, and K55) are used in making drill pipe and well casing. In this paper after studying the rheological and chemical properties of the mud, the effective corrosion parameters were reviewed and studied. The drill pipe corrosion management, with reference to NACE PRO 502-2002 was made and showed that for 50 drilling rigs 120 million dollars is to be spent in 21 years for corrosion damage. Potentiodynamic polarization tests were made to study the drill-pipe (API 5A), well casing (API 5L), a connecting tube (AISI 1020), and drill cable (AISI 1080) corrosion behavior in different pH and mud chemistry; following these tests, the pitting potential at which wash-out of drill pipe occurs was determined.
Marble Filler: Does It Retard the Dissolution of Cement Constituents?
Authors: Messaoudene Ibrahim , Jauberthie Raoul
Published: August 2011

We showed In previous studies, that partial substitution of Portland cement with fillers from industrial by-products, slag and marble, have enabled the development of new hydraulic cements (ternary or quaternary) with a good mechanical performance, in addition to their economic and ecological benefits. This paper examines the influence of partial Portland cement replacement (CEM-I) with marble filler and other mineral additions on physicochemical properties of cement paste. A rapid preliminary test, the pH measurement of a binder suspension, reveals that marble powder lowers the pH of the cement. The solutions were stirred for 24 hours, the pH was recorded automatically. The hydration kinetics changed completely; it appears that even the slow setting phase disappears. To confirm the results, tests were carried out on mortars with partial substitution of Portland cement with fillers: measurement of shrinkage, swelling, and strength. The evolution of crystalline phases was monitored by XRD, and the portlandite content (Ca(OH)2) at 28 days was determined indirectly by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA and DTA). The characterization methods indicate that marble filler retards various cement constituents from passing into solution.
Social, Religious and Spiritual Capital and Physical/Emotional Functioning in a National Sample of African Americans
Authors: Holt Cheryl L. , Schulz Emily , Williams Beverly R. , Clark Eddie M. , Wang Min Qi
Published: August 2011

Spiritual and religious capital are forms of the broader construct of social capital. The present study, using probability‐based sampling methods, surveyed a national sample of African American adults to examine the relative contributions of spiritual and religious capital to their physical and emotional functioning. Analyses were conducted to determine if these constructs made a unique contribution above and beyond general social capital. African American men and women (N = 803) were interviewed by telephone. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that, across the full sample, although social capital was a positive predictor of physical and emotional functioning (p < .05 and p < .001), neither religious nor spiritual capital made an additional contribution to these outcomes. However, the relationships among these variables differed for men and women. Among men, social capital predicted positive emotional functioning (p < .001) but not physical functioning; spiritual and religious capital made no additional contribution to either outcome variable. Among women, social capital predicted positive emotional functioning (p < .01) but not physical functioning. However, religious capital did make a significant additional contribution to the prediction of emotional functioning (ΔR2, p < .01). Dividing the sample into different age groups did not produce any different findings from those found with the sample as a whole. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for church‐ and faith‐based health promotion interventions aimed at health disparities reduction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
So many teams, so little time: Time allocation matters in geographically dispersed teams
Authors: Cummings Jonathon N. , Haas Martine R.
Published: August 2011

Geographically dispersed teams whose members do not allocate all of their time to a single team increasingly carry out knowledge‐intensive work in multinational organizations. Taking an attention‐based view of team design, we investigate the antecedents and consequences of member time allocation in a multi‐level study of 2055 members of 285 teams in a large global corporation, using member survey data and independent executive ratings of team performance. We focus on two distinct dimensions of time allocation: the proportion of members' time that is allocated to the focal team and the number of other teams to which the members allocate time concurrently. At the individual level, we find that time allocation is influenced by members' levels of experience, rank, education, and leader role on the team, as predicted. At the team level, performance is higher for teams whose members allocate a greater proportion of their time to the focal team, but surprisingly, performance is also higher for teams whose members allocate time to a greater number of other teams concurrently. Furthermore, the effects of member time allocation on team performance are contingent on geographic dispersion: the advantages of allocating more time to the focal team are greater for more dispersed teams, whereas the advantages of allocating time to more other teams are greater for less dispersed teams. We discuss the implications for future research on new forms of teams as well as managerial practice, including how to manage geographically dispersed teams with the effects of member time allocation in mind. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venture capital funding in the middle of the year 2011: are we back to pre‐crisis boom levels?
Authors: Block Joern H. , Sandner Philipp
Published: August 2011

Those ventures that have survived the crisis are now collecting funds even more than during the pre‐crisis boom.
Project valuation in the presence of loss aversion during economic crises
Authors: Ashta Arvind , Otto Philipp E.
Published: August 2011

The impact of loss aversion on project values during the economic crises can be measured by up‐scaling the risk premium properly within the traditional methods.
Financial crisis: lessons from microfinance
Authors: Constantinou Dinos , Ashta Arvind
Published: August 2011

Microfinance institutions require funding more rather than less during periods of financial crisis.
Refocusing and leveraging management research in the new era of austerity
Authors: O'Regan Nicholas , Hughes Tim
Published: August 2011

With research funds being squeezed, it is imperative that research is seen to make a difference and can demonstrate societal value.
Analysis of C‐glycosyl Flavonoids from South American Passiflora Species by HPLC‐DAD and HPLC‐MS
Authors: Zucolotto Silvana Maria , Fagundes Carize , Reginatto Flávio Henrique , Ramos Freddy A. , Castellanos Leonardo , Duque Carmenza , Schenkel Eloir Paulo
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Leaves and fruits of Passiflora species are widely used around the world in popular medicine, mainly as sedatives and tranquilisers. C‐glycosyl flavonoids are the main components of these species.

Objective

To investigate the constituent patterns and to develop a chromatographic method for the characterisation of the C‐glycosyl flavonoids profile of the extracts of the leaves and the pericarp of South American Passiflora species.

Methodology

The chemical composition of extracts from the leaves and the fruits' pericarp of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa, P. edulis var. edulis, Passiflora alata, Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima, Passiflora quadrangularis, Passiflora manicata and Passiflora ligularis was evaluated for the presence of C‐glycosyl flavonoids. Two separate HPLC methods were developed suitable for a diode array detector (DAD) and a MS detector. Separation by HPLC‐DAD was achieved on a Luna C‐18 column, using solvent A (tetrahydrofuran–isopropanol–acetonitrile) and solvent B (H3PO4 0.5%) in an isocratic elution mode. In the HPLC‐MS, the components were separated on a Luna RP‐18A column by a gradient elution (water–acetonitrile–formic acid).

Results

The presence of C‐glycosyl flavonoids was identified in leaves and pericarp of P. edulis var. flavicarpa, P. alata, P. edulis var. edulis and P. tripartita var. molissima, but only in leaf extracts of P. quadrangularis and P. manicata and not at all in P. ligularis. The different species and varieties showed different major constituents. The C‐glycosyl flavonoids identified more frequently were orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin.

Conclusion

The methods established are simple and can be used as a tool for the characterisation and quality control of pharmaceutical preparations containing these Passiflora extracts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A trust‐based noise injection strategy for privacy protection in cloud
Authors: Zhang Gaofeng , Yang Yun , Yuan Dong , Chen Jinjun
Published: August 2011

Cloud promises users that they can present and deploy IT services in a pay‐as‐you‐go fashion in an open and virtualized cloud environment while saving huge capital investment in their own IT infrastructure. In this sense, protection of users' privacy is critical and has become one of the most concerned issues as otherwise users may eventually lose the confidence and passion of deploying cloud in practice. Under some special cloud circumstances, some users' privacy, such as plans or habits, could be induced from their service requests by service providers without permissions from users. In this regard, obfuscation strategy can protect this kind of privacy by injecting ‘noise’ service requests to confuse potential ‘immoral’ service providers. However, existing noise obfuscation strategies focus on single noise injection whereas investigation of noise injection architecture has been neglected. Especially, a common service pattern in inter‐clouds environment, the cooperative service process including different service providers, makes the risk of privacy serious and uncontrollable by the spread of users' privacy. To address this, we present a novel trust‐based noise injection strategy for privacy protection in cloud. To support the strategy, we describe our noise injection architecture in cloud which specializes in the relations between various service roles in inter‐clouds based on our trust model. The simulation can demonstrate that our noise injection strategy could significantly improve the effectiveness of privacy protection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The forgotten crisis
Authors: Kallberg Jarl
Published: August 2011

“ … financial markets are like the mirror of mankind, revealing every hour of every working day the way we value ourselves and the resources of the world around us. It is not the fault of the mirror if it reflects our blemishes as clearly as our beauty.”
The global financial crisis and Islamic finance
Authors: Kayed Rasem N. , Hassan M. Kabir
Published: August 2011

The conventional view holds that the current global financial crisis was caused by extraordinarily high liquidity, reckless lending practices, and the rapid pace of financial engineering, which created complex and opaque financial instruments used for risk transfer. There was a breakdown of the lender‐borrower relationship and informational problems caused by a lack of transparency in asset market prices, particularly in the market for structured credit instruments. There was outdated, lax, or absent regulatory‐supervisory oversight; faulty risk management and accounting models; and the emergence of an incentive structure that not only encouraged excessive risk taking but also created a complicit coalition of financial institutions, real estate developers and appraisers, insurance companies, and credit rating agencies whose actions led to a deliberate underpricing of risk. Such a crisis would not have occurred under an Islamic financial system—due to the fact that most, if not all, of the factors that have caused or contributed to the development and spread of the crisis are not allowed under the rules and guidance of Shariah. The current global financial crisis is largely seen as a real test of the resilience of the Islamic financial services industry and its ability to present itself as a more reliable alternative to the conventional financial system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The global financial crisis: Some suggestions for reform of the global financial architecture in the light of Islamic finance
Authors: Chapra M. Umer
Published: August 2011

The article argues that the primary cause of the current subprime mortgage crisis in the United States is the absence of adequate market discipline in the financial system. This tends to promote excessive lending, high leverage, speculation, and an unsustainable rise in asset prices. Unwinding later on gives rise to a vicious cycle of selling that feeds on itself and leads to a steep decline in asset prices followed by financial crisis and economic slowdown. The solution lies in introducing risk sharing along with the availability of credit for primarily the purchase of real goods and services that Islamic finance aims at introducing. This can help inject greater discipline into the system and, thereby, substantially reduce financial instability. Since the introduction of greater discipline into the financial system may deprive the subprime borrowers of credit, the article also discusses the need for finding ways of satisfying their genuine credit needs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.