bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties and microstructure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) microfiber prepared by carbon dioxide laser heating
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Mochizuki Noriaki
Published: September 2003

We determined that a poly(ethylene terephthalate) microfiber was easily obtained by irradiating a carbon dioxide laser to an annealed fiber. The annealed fiber was prepared by zone drawing and zone annealing. First, an original fiber was zone drawn at a drawing temperature of 90°C under an applied tension of 4.9 MPa, and the zone‐drawn fiber was subsequently zone annealed at 150°C under 50.9 MPa. The zone‐annealed fiber had a degree of crystallinity of 48%, a birefringence of 218.9 × 10−3, tensile modulus of 18.8 GPa, and tensile strength of 0.88 GPa. The microfiber prepared by laser heating the zone‐annealed fiber had a diameter of 1.5 μm, birefringence of 172.8 × 10−3, tensile modulus of 17.6 GPa, and tensile strength of 1.01 GPa. The draw ratio estimated from the diameter was 9165 times; such a high draw ratio has thus far not been achievable by any conventional drawing method. Microfibers may be made more easily by laser heating than by conventional technologies such as conjugate spinning. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1955–1958, 2003
Modeling dynamic inconsistency with a changing reference point
Authors: Barkan Rachel , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: September 2003

A rational principle of decision making called dynamic consistency was tested by presenting decision makers with a sequence of two gambles. The first gamble was obligatory. Before playing the first gamble, participants were asked to make a planned choice as to whether they would take the second gamble. After experiencing the actual results of the first gamble, decision makers were asked to make a final choice regarding the second gamble. Dynamic consistency requires agreement between the planned and final choices. Violations of dynamic consistency were observed, e.g. anticipating a gain in the first gamble, decision makers planned to take the second gamble; after experiencing the gain, they changed their minds and rejected the second gamble. Two models of dynamic inconsistency were compared. One assumes that experience shifts the reference point and changes the utility associated with the gamble; another assumes that experience changes the subjective probability associated with the gamble. The reference point model provided the best account for the findings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The lure of choice
Authors: Bown Nicola J. , Read Daniel , Summers Barbara
Published: September 2003

We report three studies demonstrating the ‘lure of choice’ people prefer options that allow them to take further choices over those that do not, even when the extra choices cannot improve the ultimate outcome. In Studies 1 and 2, participants chose between two options: one solitary item, and a pair of items between which they would then make a further choice. Consistent with the lure of choice, a given item was more likely to be the ultimate choice when it was initially part of a choice pair than when it was offered on its own. We also demonstrate the lure of choice in a four‐door version of the Monty Hall problem, in which participants could either stick with their original choice or switch to one of two unopened doors. Participants were more likely to switch if they could first ‘choose to choose’ between the two unopened doors (without immediately specifying which) than if they had to choose one door straightaway. We conclude by suggesting that the lure of choice is due to a choice heuristic that is very reliable in the natural world, but much less so in a world created by marketers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of affect in the WTA/WTP disparity
Authors: Peters Ellen , Slovic Paul , Gregory Robin
Published: September 2003

Four studies demonstrated robust within‐ and between‐subject differences in willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) and willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) measures of the value of lottery tickets. Buyers and sellers attended to different numerical cues and interpreted the same numbers differently when setting these two kinds of monetary values. Affective influences appeared to guide the valuation process. Buyers with stronger positive feelings about owning a ticket were willing to pay more for a ticket; sellers with stronger negative feelings about no longer having a ticket required a greater minimum payment in exchange for their ticket. In addition, the WTA/WTP disparity tended to be greater for more affectively‐laden lottery tickets. The results suggest that WTA and WTP prices are constructed using salient numerical cues and affective feelings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and the risk of perforated colonic diverticular disease
Authors: Morris C R , Harvey I M , Stebbings W S L , Speakman C T M , Kennedy H J , Hart A R
Published: September 2003

Background

Acute perforated colonic diverticular disease has a mortality rate of up to 30 per cent, but little is known about its aetiology. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that three classes of drugs, namely non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics and corticosteroids, are risk factors for perforated diverticular disease.

Methods

All patients with confirmed perforated colonic diverticular disease were identified over a 5-year period in two hospitals in Norfolk, UK. Two control groups were selected and matched for age, sex and hospital of admission. Data on medication use were obtained from hospital records. Odds ratios for each drug were calculated using conditional logistic regression.

Results

Opioid analgesics, NSAIDs and corticosteroids were all positively associated with perforated colonic diverticular disease. The odds ratio for opioid analgesics was 1·8 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·1 to 3·0) in the analysis with ophthalmology controls and 3·1 (95 per cent c.i. 1·8 to 5·5) in that with dermatology controls. Respective odds ratios for NSAIDs were 4·0 (95 per cent c.i. 2·1 to 7·6) and 3·7 (95 per cent c.i. 2·0 to 6·8), and those for corticosteroids were 5·7 (95 per cent c.i. 2·2 to 14·4) and 7·8 (95 per cent c.i. 2·6 to 23·3).

Conclusion

Opioid analgesics, NSAIDs and corticosteroids are all positively associated with perforated colonic diverticular disease. The consistency of these associations, together with plausible biological mechanisms, suggests that these drugs may have a causative role in this condition.
Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy
Authors: Senagore A J , Delaney C P , Mekhail N , Dugan A , Fazio V W
Published: September 2003

Background

This randomized clinical trial compared the use of thoracic epidural anaesthesia–analgesia (TEA) with morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for pain relief after laparoscopic colectomy.

Methods

Patients scheduled for segmental laparoscopic colectomy were randomized to receive TEA or PCA. Patients in the TEA group received bupivacaine and fentanyl before incision and after surgery by continuous infusion for 18 h. Patients in the PCA group self-administered morphine using an intravenous pump. The postoperative care plan was otherwise identical for the two groups. Postoperative pain was measured during ambulation using a visual analogue pain score.

Results

The study included 38 patients (18 TEA, 20 PCA), 16 of whom underwent right hemicolectomy or ileocolectomy and 22 sigmoid colectomy. Operating times, patient weight and distribution of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade were similar in the two groups. The mean(s.e.m.) total dose of drugs administered was 64(41) mg morphine in the PCA group, and 79(42) mg bupivacaine and 205(140) µg fentanyl in the TEA group. Postoperative pain scores were significantly better in the TEA group at 6 h (mean(s.e.m.) 2·2(0·4) versus 6·6(0·5) with PCA; P = 0·001) and 18 h (2·2(0·3) versus 4·0(0·4); P = 0·003). Hospital stay was similar in the two groups.

Conclusion

TEA significantly improved early analgesia following laparoscopic colectomy but did not affect the length of hospital stay.
Evaluation of POSSUM and P-POSSUM scoring systems in assessing outcome after laparoscopic colectomy
Authors: Senagore A J , Delaney C P , Duepree H J , Brady K M , Fazio V W
Published: September 2003

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the actual and predicted risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic colectomy (LAC) calculated using both the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and Portsmouth POSSUM (P-POSSUM) scoring systems.

Methods

All patients who underwent LAC performed by a single surgeon between March 1999 and December 2000 were analysed. The observed morbidity and mortality rates were compared with those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and the observed mortality rate with that predicted by P-POSSUM. The operative severity component of the operative score was sequentially decreased from 4 (standard score for open colectomy) to 2, then 1, in an attempt to correct overprediction.

Results

Two hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients underwent LAC, with a conversion rate of 8·0 per cent. The morbidity rate (6·8 per cent) was significantly lower than the predicted rates calculated with an operative score of 4 or 2 (12·4 per cent, P < 0·001; 9·6 per cent, P = 0·001), but was fully corrected with an operative score of 1 (7·0 per cent, P = 0·325). The observed mortality rate (0·8 per cent) was significantly different from the expected mortality rates calculated using either uncorrected POSSUM (9·6 per cent, P = 0·001) or P-POSSUM (3·5 per cent, P = 0·001). POSSUM (2·6 per cent, P = 0·007) continued to overpredict mortality but P-POSSUM (1·0 per cent, P = 0·001) accurately predicted mortality with an operative score of 1.

Conclusion

LAC appeared to be associated with lower morbidity and mortality rates than those predicted by the POSSUM scoring system, and with a lower mortality rate than that predicted using the P-POSSUM system.
Survival of the quality of life concept
Authors: Koller M , Lorenz W
Published: September 2003

Will depend on making clinical work more efficient
Developmental changes in expression patterns of two dopamine receptor genes in mushroom bodies of the honeybee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Kurshan Peri T. , Hamilton Ingrid S. , Mustard Julie A. , Mercer Alison R.
Published: September 2003

The expression patterns of two dopamine receptor genes, Amdop1 and Amdop2, in the developing mushroom bodies of the honeybee brain were determined by using in situ hybridisation. Both genes were expressed throughout pupal development, but their patterns of expression in the three major divisions of mushroom body intrinsic neurons (outer compact cells, noncompact cells, and inner compact cells) were quite distinct. Amdop1 expression could be detected in all three mushroom body cell groups throughout development. Staining for Amdop1 mRNA was particularly intense in newly born Kenyon cells, suggesting that levels of Amdop1 expression are higher in newborn cells than in more mature mushroom body neurons. This was not the case for Amdop2. Amdop2 expression in the mushroom bodies was restricted to inner and outer compact cells during most of pupal development, appearing in noncompact cells only late in metamorphosis or at adult eclosion. In contrast to the case with Amdop1, staining for Amdop2 mRNA was observed in glial cells. Expression of Amdop2 in glial cells was detected only at early stages of glial cell development, when the cells are reported to be actively dividing. This study not only implicates dopamine in the development of honeybee mushroom bodies but also suggests different roles for the two dopamine receptors investigated. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:91–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression pattern of the ether‐a‐gogo‐related (ERG) k+ channel‐encoding genes ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3 in the adult rat central nervous system
Authors: Papa Michele , Boscia Francesca , Canitano Adriana , Castaldo Pasqualina , Sellitti Stefania , Annunziato Lucio , Taglialatela Maurizio
Published: September 2003

Voltage‐dependent K+ channels play a pivotal role in controlling cellular excitability within the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression in the adult rat brain of the three ether‐a‐gogo‐related gene (ERG) family members ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3, encoding for K+ channel subunits. To this aim, the distribution of ERG transcripts was studied by means of reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and nonradioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry (NR‐ISH). Furthermore, ERG1 subunit distribution was studied by immunohistochemical analysis. RT‐PCR analysis revealed ERG1, ERG2, and ERG3 expression in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. NR‐ISH experiments detected transcripts encoded by all three ERG genes in the cerebral cortex and in all CA subfields and in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; strong ERG1 signals were also detected in scattered large elements throughout the oriens, pyramidal, and radiatum layers, and in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. In the thalamus, positively labeled neurons were detected in the reticular nucleus with ERG1 and ERG3 and in the anterodorsal nucleus with ERG2 riboprobes. Transcripts for ERG1 and, to a lesser degree, also for ERG3, were detected in the basal ganglia and in several brainstem nuclei. All three ERG genes appeared to be expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Finally, ERG1 expression was also revealed in non‐neuronal elements such as ependymal and subependymal cells along the ventricular walls and hippocampal astrocytes. These results suggest that the K+ channel isoforms of the ERG family appear to be expressed in different central nervous system regions where they might differentially control the firing of neurons engaged in several networks. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:119–135, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and neurochemical features of postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the superior mesenteric ganglion of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Krol Karmen M. , Kawaja Michael D.
Published: September 2003

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons, which are exquisitely sensitive to small changes in levels of target‐derived nerve growth factor (NGF), express two transmembrane receptors: 1) the trkA receptor mediates neuron survival and neurite outgrowth; and 2) the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) enhances neuronal responsiveness of trkA to NGF. Elevating levels of NGF induces several morphological and neurochemical alterations in sympathetic neurons, including axonal sprouting, increased levels of p75NTR mRNA relative to trkA mRNA, and increased accumulations of NGF in hypertrophied somata. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) display both elevated NGF levels and increased sympathetic axonal innervation of the mesenteric vasculature. In this investigation we assessed whether sympathetic neurons innervating the mesenteric vasculature of SHR display other features indicative of increased levels of target‐derived NGF. In 5‐week‐old SHR, levels of both p75NTR and trkA mRNA in mesenteric sympathetic neurons were significantly elevated compared to levels in age‐matched control rats. By 15 and 30 weeks of age, levels of p75NTR mRNA expression in mesenteric sympathetic neurons were similar between SHR and control rats. Accumulations of NGF were depleted in the sympathetic somata of 15‐ and 30‐week‐old SHR compared to age‐matched control rats. Moreover, sympathetic neurons in SHR were not hypertrophied, as the sizes of somata were comparable between SHR and control rats. Our data illustrate that despite having augmented levels of NGF in the mesenteric vasculature, SHR do not display many of the morphological and neurochemical features that are associated with an enhanced responsiveness by sympathetic neurons to elevated levels of target‐derived NGF. J. Comp. Neurol. 466:148–160, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of T helper 2‐type responses, IgE production and eosinophilia by synthetic lipopeptides
Authors: Akdis Cezmi A. , Kussebi Fatimah , Pulendran Bali , Akdis Mübeccel , Lauener Roger P. , Schmidt‐Weber Carsten B. , Klunker Sven , Isitmangil Gülbu , Hansjee Natasha , Wynn Thomas A. , Dillon Stephanie , Erb Peter , Baschang Gerhard , Blaser Kurt , Alkan Sefik S.
Published: September 2003

In allergy and asthma, the fine balance between the T helper (Th) 1, Th2 and T regulatory cytokine responses appears to be shifted towards Th2. Here, we report that synthetic lipopeptides which contain the typical lipid part of the lipoprotein of gram‐negative bacteria stimulate a distinct regulatory cytokine pattern and inhibit several Th2 cell‐related phenomena. The most potent analogue of synthetic lipopeptides, lipopeptide CGP 40774 (LP40) was not active in MyD88‐deficient mice and stimulated Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2, but not TLR‐4. LP40 potentiated the production of IFN‐γ and IL‐10, but not IL‐4 and IL‐5 by human T cells. In addition, triggering of TLR‐2 by lipopeptides promoted the in vitro differentiation of naive T cells towards IL‐10‐ and IFN‐γ‐producing T cells and suppressed IL‐4 production by Th2 cells. Accordingly, LP40 inhibited IgE production induced by allergen, anti‐IgD antibody,
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or murine acquired immunodeficiency virus. Furthermore, ovalbumin‐induced lung eosinophilic inflammation was abolished and Schistosoma mansoni egg‐induced granuloma size and eosinophil counts were suppressed in mice by LP40. These results demonstrate that stimulation of TLR‐2 by lipopeptides represents a novel way for possible treatment of allergy and asthma by regulating the disrupted cytokine balance.
Mannose‐binding lectin engagement with late apoptotic and necrotic cells
Authors: Nauta Alma J. , Raaschou‐Jensen Nicoline , Roos Anja , Daha Mohamed R. , Madsen Hans O. , Borrias‐Essers Maria C. , Ryder Lars P. , Koch Claus , Garred Peter
Published: September 2003

The serum opsonin mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) has been shown to be involved in the handling of apoptotic cells. However, at what stage in the process this happens and whether this mediates activation of complement is unknown. Cells rendered apoptotic or necrotic were incubated with purified MBL/MBL‐associated serine protease (MASP) complexes and assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. MBL bound specifically to late apoptotic cells, as well as to apoptotic blebs and to necrotic cells, but not to early apoptotic cells. Binding of MBL could be inhibited by EDTA as well as with an antibody against the CRD region. Addition of C1q, another serum opsonin involved in the handling of apoptotic cells, prior to MBL partly inhibited MBL binding to apoptotic cells and vice versa. MBL/MASP could initiate deposition of purified complement C4 on the target cells. However, addition of MBL/MASP to whole serum deficient for both C1q and MBL did not enhance deposition of C4, but MBL enhanced phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. These results demonstrate that MBL interacts with structures exposed on cells rendered late apoptotic or necrotic and facilitates uptake by macrophages. Thus, MBL may promote non‐inflammatory sequestration of dying host cells.
Early granuloma formation after aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is regulated by neutrophils via CXCR3‐signaling chemokines
Authors: Seiler Peter , Aichele Peter , Bandermann Silke , Hauser Anja E. , Lu Bao , Gerard Norma P. , Gerard Craig , Ehlers Stefan , Mollenkopf Hans J. , Kaufmann Stefan H. E.
Published: September 2003

Among the first cells to invade a site of infection, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) play an important role in the control of numerous infections. While PMN are considered critical for control of acute infections, their role in chronic infections remains less well understood. Here we report that PMN are essential for accurate early granuloma formation during chronic M. tuberculosis infection without influencing mycobacterial growth restriction. The PMN‐mediated regulation of granuloma formation depended on chemokines signaling through CXCR3, in particular MIG, as indicated by immune histochemical analysis of lung sections from C57BL/6 wild‐type and CXCR3–/– mutant mice and supported by microarray transcriptome analysis. Hence, PMN play a central role in regulating the focal granulomatous response in the lung, and this early granuloma formation can be segregated from long‐term protection against pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection.
Myeloid marker expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells following an acute virus infection
Authors: Lin Yinling , Roberts Tonya J. , Sriram Venkataraman , Cho Sungyoo , Brutkiewicz Randy R.
Published: September 2003

CD11b, CD11c, and F4/80 are normally used to define dendritic cell and/or macrophage populations. In this study, the expression of all three markers was observed on CD8+ T cells following infection of mice with several distinct viruses. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus as a model virus, it was found that relatively more CD11b+CD8+ and CD11c+CD8+ T cells were present in the periphery than in primary lymphoid organs; in contrast, the F4/80+CD8+ T cell population was more prevalent in the spleen. All three myeloid markers were detected on virus‐specific CTL. The expression of CD11b and CD11c on CD8+ T cells correlated with their level of CTL activity, whereas the F4/80+CD8+ T cell population increased after the peak of the CTL response but did not have higher CTL activity. These data suggest that there is a differential induction of CD11b, CD11c, and F4/80 on virus‐specific CD8+ T cells following an acute virus infection.
Pivotal roles of the parasite PGD2 synthase and of the host D prostanoid receptor 1 in schistosome immune evasion
Authors: Hervé Maxime , Angeli Véronique , Pinzar Elena , Wintjens René , Faveeuw Christelle , Narumiya Shuh , Capron André , Urade Yoshihiro , Capron Monique , Riveau Gilles , Trottein François
Published: September 2003

Prostaglandins (PG) are important modulators of immune and inflammatory responses. We recently demonstrated that the production of PGD2 by the helminthic parasite Schistosoma mansoni inhibits the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) to the draining lymph nodes (DLN). Here, we identify the responsible parasite enzyme as being a 28‐kDa glutathione‐S‐transferase (termed Sm28GST). Intradermal injection of Sm28GST in wild‐type (WT), but not in D prostanoid receptor (DP) 1‐deficient mice abrogates the departure of LC from the epidermis after TNF‐α or FITC treatment. During infection, DP1 deficiency restores LC migration, but does not enhance the rate of T cell proliferation in the skin DLN. However, relative to WT mice, DLN cells from DP1‐deficient infected mice produce dramatically less IFN‐γ and IL‐10, but equal amount of IL‐4. Interestingly, infected DP1‐deficient mice develop a more Th2‐biased humoral immune response, a significantly reduced parasitemia and a decreased egg‐induced inflammatory response in the liver and intestines. Taken together, we propose that DP1 activation by the Sm28GST‐derived PGD2 could represent a strategy for the schistosome to evade host immune defenses. We also suggest that DP1 is important in the Th1/Th2 balance of the immune response and in inflammatory reactions during infection.
Differences in maintenance of CD8+ and CD4+ bacteria‐specific effector‐memory T cell populations
Authors: Schiemann Matthias , Busch Verena , Linkemann Kathrin , Huster Katharina M. , Busch Dirk H.
Published: September 2003

Our knowledge about the kinetics and dynamics of complex pathogen‐specific CD8+ T cell responses and the in vivo development of CD8+ memory T cells has increased substantially over the past years; in comparison, relatively little is known about the CD4+ T cell compartment. We monitored and directly compared the phenotypical changes of pathogen (Listeria monocytogenes)‐specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses under conditions leading to effective and long‐lasting protective immunity. We found that the general kinetics of bacteria‐specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells during the effector and post‐effector phases are synchronized. However, later during the memory phase, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell populations differ substantially. Whereas CD8+ memory T cell populations with immediate effector function are readily detectable in lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues and remain remarkablystable in size, antigen‐specific CD4+ effector‐memory T cells decline continuously in frequency over time. These findings have important implications for the better understanding of the in vivo development of protective immunity towards intracellular pathogens.
Regulation of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 expression during normal and autoimmune responses
Authors: Liang Spencer C. , Latchman Yvette E. , Buhlmann Janet E. , Tomczak Michal F. , Horwitz Bruce H. , Freeman Gordon J. , Sharpe Arlene H.
Published: September 2003

Newer members of the B7‐CD28 superfamily include the receptor PD‐1 and its two ligands, PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. Here, we characterize the expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 in tissues of naive miceand in target organs from two models of autoimmunity, the pancreas from non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice and brain from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In naive mice, proteiexpression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 was detected in the thymus, while PD‐1 and PD‐L1 were detected in the spleen. PD‐L1, but not PD‐L2, was also detected at low levels on cardiac endothelium, pancreatic islets, and syncyciotrophoblasts in the placenta. In pre‐diabetic NOD mice, PD‐1 and PD‐L1 were expressed on infiltrating cells in the pancreatic islets. Furthermore, PD‐L1 was markedly up‐regulated on islet cells. In brains from mice with EAE, PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 were expressed on infiltrating inflammatory cells, and PD‐L1 was up‐regulated on endothelium within EAE brain. The distinct expression patterns of PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 led us to compare their transcriptional regulation in STAT4–/–, STAT6–/–, or NF‐κB p50–/–p65+/– dendritic cells (DC).PD‐L2, but not PD‐L1, expression was dramatically reduced in p50–/–p65+/– DC. Thus, PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 exhibit distinct expression patterns and are differentially regulated on the transcriptional level.
Death of peripheral CD8+ T cells in the absence of MHC class I is Fas‐dependent and not blocked by Bcl‐xL
Authors: Markiewicz Mary A. , Brown Ian , Gajewski Thomas F.
Published: September 2003

Productive immune responses require an appropriate environment to support peripheral CD8+ T cell survival. Although host MHC class I molecules appear to be required for this process, the cellular and molecular requirements have not been comprehensively studied. Using adoptive transfer of 2C/recombinase‐activating gene‐2 (RAG‐2)–/– TCR‐transgenic T cells, we found that the survival of both naive and effector CD8+ T cells was dependent upon host expression of the same MHC class I alleles that supported thymic selection. Expression of appropriate MHC class Iby either bone marrow‐ or non‐bone‐marrow‐derived cells was sufficient, suggesting that professional antigen‐presenting cells were not mandatory. In contrast to MHC class I, neither T cell expression of CD28 nor host expression of ICAM‐1 was required for peripheral T cell survival. Finally, T cell death in the absence of appropriate host MHC class I was overcome by elimination of Fas signaling but not by overexpression of Bcl‐xL by CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that, in the absence of a survival signal provided by engagement of host MHC/self peptide complexes, CD8+ T cells die via a Fas‐dependent, mitochondria‐independent pathway.
T cell development and function in CrkL‐deficient mice
Authors: Peterson Amy C. , Marks Reinhard E. , Fields Patrick E. , Imamoto Akira , Gajewski Thomas F.
Published: September 2003

The adapter protein CrkL has been implicated in multiple signal transduction pathways in hematopoietic cells. In T lymphocytes, the recruitment of CrkL‐C3G complexes has been correlated with hyporesponsiveness, implicating CrkL as a potential negative regulator. To test this hypothesis we examined T cell activation in CrkL‐deficient mice. The CrkL–/– genotype was partially embryonic lethal. In viable CrkL–/– mice, peripheral blood counts were normal. The thymus from CrkL–/– mice had 40% fewer cells compared to littermates, but the proportion of thymocyte subsets was comparable. There was no discernable alteration in T cell function as reflected by T cell numbers, expression of memory markers, IL‐2 production, proliferation, and differentiation into Th1/Th2 phenotypes. Immunization induced comparable levels of IgG2a and IgG1 antibodies. Chimeric mice, generated by transfer of CrkL–/– fetal liver cells into irradiated RAG2–/– recipients, also showed normal T cell function, arguing against selection via partial embryonic lethality. Our results indicate that CrkL is not absolutely required for T cell development or function, and argue against it being an essential component of a negative regulatory pathway in TCR signaling.
CCR6 has a non‐redundant role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Varona Rosa , Cadenas Vanesa , Flores Juana , Martínez‐A. Carlos , Márquez Gabriel
Published: September 2003

Antigen‐loaded tissues such as the intestinal mucosa must simultaneously elicit appropriate immune response to innocuous bacteria and food proteins, and to potentially harmful antigens. Impairment of the mechanisms controlling this response may mediate the excessive immune reaction that can lead to tissue destruction and inflammatory intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. The intestinal epithelium influences local immune responses through the expression of adhesion molecules, costimulatory factors, cytokines and chemokines. CCL20, a β‐chemokine expressed in epithelia from colon and other intestinal tissue, plays a role in immune responses of intestinal mucosa, as deduced from the defects in intestinal leukocyte homeostasis shown by mice lacking CCR6, the CCL20 receptor. We studied the response of CCR6‐deficient mice in two models of inflammatory bowel disease. The data show that absence of CCR6 resulted in less severe intestinal pathology in animals treated with dextran sodium sulfate. Conversely, CCR6 deficiency alters leukocyte homeostasis and the cytokine environment in the intestinal mucosa; these changes are sufficient to confer susceptibility to trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‐induced intestinal inflammation in the otherwise resistant C57BL/6J mouse strain. These results suggest that the CCR6/CCL20 axis has a critical, non‐redundant role in the in vivo control of immune responses in the intestine.
Production of the soluble pattern recognition receptor PTX3 by myeloid, but not plasmacytoid, dendritic cells
Authors: Doni Andrea , Peri Giuseppe , Chieppa Marcello , Allavena Paola , Pasqualini Fabio , Vago Luca , Romani Luigina , Garlanda Cecilia , Mantovani Alberto
Published: September 2003

PTX3 is a prototypic of long pentraxin consisting of an N‐terminal portion coupled to a C‐terminal pentraxin domain, the latter related to short pentraxins (C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid P component). PTX3 is a soluble pattern recognition receptor, which plays a non‐redundant role in resistance against selected pathogens and in female fertility. The present study was designed to analyze the production of PTX3 by human dendritic cells (DC) and to define the role of different innate immunity receptors in its induction. Human monocyte‐derived DC produced copious amounts of PTX3in response to microbial ligands engaging different members of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family (TLR1 through TLR6), whereas engagement of the mannose receptor had no substantial effect. DC werebetter producers of PTX3 than monocytes and macrophages. Freshly isolated peripheral blood myeloid DC produced PTX3 in response to diverse microbial stimuli. In contrast, plasmacytoid DC exposed to influenza virus or to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides engaging TLR9, did not produce PTX3. PTX3‐expressing DC were present in inflammatory lymph nodes from HIV‐infected patients. These results suggest that DC of myelomonocytic origin are a major source of PTX3, a molecule which facilitates pathogen recognition and subsequent activation of innate and adaptive immunity.
Correction: Sphingosine 1 phosphate induces the chemotaxis of human natural killer cells. Role for heterotrimeric G proteins and phosphoinositide 3 kinase
Authors: Kveberg L. , Bryceson Y. , Inngjerdingen M. , Rolstad B. , Maghazachi A.
Published: September 2003

Vol. 32(7) 2002, pp 1856‐1864

A mistake has been discovered in the Materials and methods and legends to Figs. 5 and 6, which indicate that the anti‐PI3Kγ is made in rabbit, whereas anti‐PI3Kβ is made in goat.Thus, the correct versions are rabbit anti‐PI3Kβ (S‐19) and goat anti‐PI3Kγ (N16).
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometric determination of minerals in catfish frame
Authors: Losso Jack N. , Munene Cate N. , Moody Michael W.
Published: September 2003

The concentration of 14 major and trace elements in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) frames was determined and analyzed for differences. Three frames were obtained each week for five consecutive weeks in the spring and the fall of 2000. The frames were freed of remaining flesh, dried, treated by microwave dissolution technique and the minerals determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). The mean calcium concentration (mg/kg, dry basis) in the spring (140 400) was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that in fall (167 000). Among the heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Al) the concentration of Cd varied significantly (P < 0.05) from week to week but not from season to season. The concentration of all the above‐mentioned heavy metals did not exceed the critical level for human consumption.
Sensory and quality analysis of different melon cultivars after prolonged storage
Authors: Hoberg Edelgard , Ulrich Detlef , Schulz Hartwig , Tuvia‐Alkali Sharon , Fallik Elazar
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the sensory and general quality of four different melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L.) immediately after harvest and at the end of storage and marketing simulation. After 16 days of storage at 5°C and additional 3 days at 20°C, only cultivar ‘C‐8’ had a poor general appearance due to significant low firmness and relatively high decay incidence compared to the cultivars ‘5080’, ‘Ideal’ and ‘7302’. The cultivar ‘7302’ was found to have the higher overall quality. The human‐sensory and organoleptic analyses revealed that the cultivars can be differentiated on the basis of retronasal odour. The texture of the melons seems to be dependent on the genotype. All the complex perceptions analysed in this work contribute to the acceptability, which is in the fresh fruits of ‘7302’ the best and in ‘Ideal’ the worst. After storage and marketing simulation ‘Ideal’ and ‘C‐8’ are no longer favoured, but ‘5080’ and ‘7302’, despite different characters, were found to be similarly accepted. It can be concluded that with the aid of the human‐sensory method developed to characterize the melon varieties it is possible to distinguish the different genotypes.
Expression and characterization of chicken ovoinhibitor in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Begum Shamima , Saito Akira , Kato Akio , He Jianwei , Azakami Hiroyuki
Published: September 2003

Chicken ovoinhibitor cDNA was prepared by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) using chicken oviduct mRNA. The ovoinhibitor cDNA was successfully cloned downstream from the AOXI promoter of pPICZ α A plasmid vector to facilitate its expression in the methylotrophic yeastPichia pastoris. The pPICZαA carrying the ovoinhibitor cDNA was integrated into the Pichia genome. The secreted recombinant ovoinhibitor was purified by ion‐exchange chromatography on a DEAE sepharose column. The recombinant ovoinhibitor had a molecular mass of 49 kDa, as determined from sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and time of flight‐mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS) analyses. The recombinant ovoinhibitor, just as the native ovoinhibitor, showed inhibitory activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase.
Synthesis of Monosaccharide‐Derived Spirocyclic Cyclopropylamines and Their Evaluation as Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Blüchel Christian , Ramana Chepuri Venkata , Vasella Andrea
Published: September 2003

The glucose‐, mannose‐, and galactose‐derived spirocyclic cyclopropylammonium chlorides 1a–1d, 2a–2d and 3a–3d were prepared as potential glycosidase inhibitors. Cyclopropanation of the diazirine 5 with ethyl acrylate led in 71% yield to a 4 : 5 : 1 : 20 mixture of the ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylates 7a–7d, while the Cu‐catalysed cycloaddition of ethyl diazoacetate to the exo‐glycal 6 afforded 7a–7d (6 : 2 : 5 : 3) in 93–98% yield (Scheme 1). Saponification, Curtius degradation, and subsequent addition of BnOH or t‐BuOH led in 60–80% overall yield to the Z‐ or Boc‐carbamates 11a–11d and 12a–12d, respectively. Hydrogenolysis of 11a–11d afforded 1a–1d, while 12a–12d was debenzylated to 13a–13d prior to acidic cleavage of the N‐Boc group. The manno‐ and galacto‐isomers 2a–2d and 3a–3d, respectively, were similarly obtained in comparable yields (Schemes 2 and 4). Also prepared were the differentially protected manno‐configured esters 24a–24d; they are intermediates for the synthesis of analogous N‐acetylglucosamine‐derived cyclopropanes (Scheme 3).

The cyclopropylammonium chlorides 1a–1d, 2a–2d and 3a–3d are very weak inhibitors of several glycosidases (Tables 1 and 2). Traces of Pd compounds, however, generated upon catalytic debenzylation, proved to be strong inhibitors. PdCl$\rm{_{4}^{2-}}$ is, indeed, a reversible, micromolar inhibitor for the β‐glucosidases from C. saccharolyticum and sweet almonds (non‐competitive), the β‐galactosidases from bovine liver and from E. coli (both non‐competitive), the α‐galactosidase from Aspergillus niger (competitive), and an irreversible inhibitor of the α‐glucosidase from yeast and the α‐galactosidase from coffee beans. The cyclopropylamines derived from 1a–1d or 3a–3d significantly enhance the inhibition of the β‐glucosidase from C. saccharolyticum by PdCl$\rm{_{4}^{2-}}$, lowering the Ki value from 40 μM (PdCl$\rm{_{4}^{2-}}$) to 0.5 μM for a 1 : 1 mixture of PdCl$\rm{_{4}^{2-}}$ and 1d. A similar effect is shown by cyclopropylamine, but not by several other amines.
Cleavage of Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) Induced by Non‐Iron Transition‐Metal Ions in the Presence of Excess Cysteine
Authors: Wu Yikang , Liu He‐Hua
Published: September 2003

In the presence of an excess of cysteine, a catalytic amount of a non‐iron transition‐metal ion (Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Ti4+, and Mn2+) may also induce cleavage of qinghaosu (artemisinin; 1) to give those end products previously reported for Fe2+‐mediated degradation.
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Onosma leptantha
Authors: Kretsi Ourania , Aligiannis Nektarios , Skaltsounis Alexios Leandros , Chinou Ioanna B.
Published: September 2003

Three new pyrrolizidine alkaloids, leptanthine (2), its corresponding N‐oxide 1, and N‐oxide of 3′‐O‐acetylechihumiline (3), were isolated from the aerial parts of Onosma leptantha, together with two known alkaloids of the same type, echihumiline (5) and echihumiline N‐oxide (4). Their structures and configurations were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods, especially 1D and 2D NMR analyses, including long‐range 1H,15N correlations at natural abundance.
Synthesis of Triazolo[1,5‐a]triazin‐7‐one Derivatives and Highly Functionalized [1,2,4]Triazoles
Authors: Heras Montserrat , Font David , Linden Anthony , Villalgordo José M.
Published: September 2003

The synthesis of novel triazolo[1,5‐a]triazin‐7‐ones is presented. Starting from 3‐amino‐5‐sulfanyl‐1,2,4‐triazole, the synthetic sequence involved alkylation with benzyl bromide, reaction with p‐nitrophenyl chloroformate followed by treatment with a primary amine, and condensation with diethoxymethyl acetate. Final oxidation of the thioether moiety with 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid provided 2‐(benzylsulfonyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a][1,3,5]triazin‐7‐ones 5a and 5b in good overall yields. Treatment of 5a and 5b with secondary amines provided highly functionalized [1,2,4]triazoles through an unexpected triazinone ring opening. A mechanism for this transformation is proposed.
Selenium‐Containing Heterocycles from Isoselenocyanates: Synthesis of 1H‐5‐Selena‐1,3,6‐triazaaceanthrylene Derivatives
Authors: Atanassov Plamen K. , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: September 2003

The reaction of aryl isoselenocyanates 8 with methyl 3‐amino‐4‐chloro‐1‐ethylpyrrolo[3,2‐c]quinoline‐2‐carboxylate (6) in boiling pyridine leads to tetracyclic selenaheterocycles of type 9 in high yield (Scheme 3). A reaction mechanism via an intermediate selenoureido derivative A and cyclization via nucleophilic substitution of Cl by Se is proposed (Schemes 3 and 5). The reaction of 6 with 4‐bromophenyl isothiocyanate yields the analogous thiaheterocycle 12 (Scheme 4). The molecular structures of 9c and 12 have been established by X‐ray crystallography.
When executives influence peers: Does function matter?
Authors: Enns Harvey G. , McFarlin Dean B.
Published: September 2003

Executives often spend considerable time and energy trying to influence peers to support new initiatives
(e.g., Conger, 1998; Enns, Huff, & Golden, 2001). That said, we know relatively little about how
executives actually influence their peers. Using a sample of 132 executives, the present study found that
finance executives differed the most from other executives in terms of the influence tactics and contexts used
when influencing peers. Human resource executives also differed considerably from their counterparts in
operations regarding influence tactics and contexts. Possible explanations, directions for future research, and
implications for management are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐level employee involvement at Delta Air Lines
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E.
Published: September 2003

As described in this unique case study, Delta Air Lines operates one of the most advanced, high‐level
employee involvement programs in the nation. Based on in‐depth field study and personal interviews, the
development, structure, operation, and business goals of the program are described. The study then summarizes
the business benefits and costs of this type of high‐level employee involvement program and concludes
with 12 “lessons learned.” © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perceptions of parent‐child attachment, social self‐efficacy, and peer relationships in middle childhood
Authors: Coleman Priscilla K.
Published: September 2003

Relationships among attachment to each parent, children's social self‐efficacy, and the quality of peer relations (attachment to peers and perceptions of victimization) were explored with 67 fifth and sixth graders (31 female) attending a rural elementary school. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed main effects for gender and attachment to mother relative to the attachment to peers variable, with girls and more securely attached children reporting higher quality attachment to peers. Main effects were also detected for gender and attachment to father relative to social self‐efficacy, with girls and more securely attached children exhibiting higher self‐efficacy. No main effects were observed relative to the peer victimization variable. None of the interaction effects involving gender and attachment to each parent relative to attachment to peers, peer victimization, and social self‐efficacy were significant. Finally, evidence for mediation of attachment to father on attachment to peers by children's social self‐efficacy was revealed. Implications of the results are discussed and ideas for future research are provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermo‐solvatochromism of betaine dyes in aqueous alcohols: explicit consideration of the water–alcohol complex
Authors: Tada Erika B. , Silva Priscilla L. , El Seoud Omar A.
Published: September 2003

Thermo‐solvatochromism of 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐(2,4,6‐triphenylpyridinium‐1‐yl)‐phenolate, 1‐methylquinolinium‐8‐olate and 4‐[2‐(1‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)ethenyl]‐phenolate, in the temperature ranges 10–45°C (methanol) and 10–60°C (1‐ and 2‐propanol) was investigated in binary water–alcohol mixtures. Thermo‐solvatochromic data were treated according to a modified model that explicitly considers the presence of 1:1 water–alcohol species in bulk solution, and its exchange reactions with water and alcohol in the solvation micro‐sphere of the probe employed. Concentrations of these complex species were calculated from density data. Plots of the empirical solvent polarity parameter, ET, versus effective mole fraction of water in the binary mixtures indicate that the probes are preferentially solvated by the alcohol, except for one case. A temperature increase causes gradual desolvation of the probe, due to a decrease in the H‐bonding abilities of all components of the binary solvent mixture. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of protonation of anthracene radical anions in DMSO by a series of substituted phenols
Authors: Jaworski Jan S. , Cembor Marek
Published: September 2003

The rate constants kH for proton transfer from a series of substituted phenols to anthracene radical anions formed in DMSO were measured by the voltammetric method. A quadratic Brønsted dependence of RTlnkH against pKa of phenols was observed. The intrinsic activation barrier ΔG0‡ calculated on the basis of the known pKa value for the conjugate acid ArH. of the anthracene radical anion is the same as for the reaction in DMF. The homolytic bond dissociation energy (for ArH.→Ar+H.) was also found to be the same as in DMF. The results obtained are in full agreement with theoretical predictions for protonation of radical anions forming C—H acids, described as the concerted electron and H atom transfer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ortho effect and steric inhibition of resonance: basicities of methyl‐substituted acetophenones
Authors: Otyepková Eva , Nevěčná Tat'jana , Kulhánek Jiří , Exner Otto
Published: September 2003

The basicity of 12 methyl‐substituted acetophenones was measured spectrophotometrically in 46–90 vol.% sulfuric acid. The acidity function was constructed and the pKa values were calculated by a new algorithm proposed by Pytela. The substituent effects were divided into polar and steric, assuming that the former are approximately equal in the ortho and para positions. Polar effects of the methyl group bring about stronger basicity as expected; the effect is more intense than the acid weakening in equally substituted benzoic acids. Steric effects of ortho methyl groups are base strengthening. This is not due to steric inhibition of resonance since the conformation remains planar in most derivatives. Two ortho methyl groups are necessary to distort the planarity; their steric effect is more than doubled compared with one methyl group. These results do not agree with the common idea of twisted conformations with gradually increasing twisting angle but are better rationalized by the existence of two groups of derivatives, planar and non‐planar. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.