bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why do consumers subvert brands? investigating the influence of subjective well‐being on brand avoidance
Authors: Kuanr Abhisek , Pradhan Debasis , Lyngdoh Teidorlang , Lee Michael S. W.
Published: October 2021

Negative consumer–brand interactions often result in consumer subversion, in which consumers actively reject or avoid brands. To date, the role of positive emotional states, such as subjective well‐being, in brand avoidance remains a crucial oversight in the literature seeking to address consumer subversion. In this study, comprising three studies, we examine why and when subjective well‐being influences brand avoidance. Drawing on self‐control theory and the literature related to anti‐consumption, we argue and demonstrate in Study 1 (N = 330) that subjective well‐being enhances consumers' ability to avoid brands that transgress moral and ethical norms. Study 2 (N = 251) reveals the underlying psychological process by which subjective well‐being engenders greater self‐control in consumers who, as a response, exhibit brand avoidance behavior. Study 3 (N = 243) indicates that anti‐consumption attitude serves as the boundary condition; it specifically demonstrates that a macro‐oriented anti‐consumption attitude accentuates the influence of subjective well‐being on brand avoidance, whereas a micro‐oriented anti‐consumption attitude does not have any effect. Our research contributes to the consumer subversion literature by evaluating the influence of subjective well‐being on moral brand avoidance. This study offers key insights for marketing managers entering markets containing consumers with high or low subjective well‐being.
Prognostic signatures and potential pathogenesis of eRNAs‐related genes in colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rong Hao , Li Yanguo , Hu Shiyun , Gao Liuying , Yi Tianfei , Xie Yangyang , Cai Ping , Li Jianjiong , Dai Xiaoyu , Ye Meng , Liao Qi
Published: October 2021

Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are a subclass of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that have a wide effect in human tumors. However, the systematic analysis of potential functions of eRNAs‐related genes (eRGs) in colon cancer (CC) remains unexplored. In this study, a total of 8231 eRGs including 6236 protein‐coding genes and 1995 lncRNAs were identified in CC based on the multiple resources. These eRGs showed higher expression level and stability compared to other genes. What's more, the functions of these eRGs were closely related to cancer. Then a prognostic prediction model with 12 eRGs signatures were obtained for colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients. ROC curves showed the AUCs were 0.81, 0.77, and 0.78 for 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival prediction, respectively. And the prognostic model also manifested good performance in the validation datasets. Besides, the expression levels of two prognostic signatures, TMEM220 and LRRN2, were verified to be significantly lower in CC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues (p < .05). Finally, the distinct molecular features were characterized between the high‐ and low‐risk group through multiomics analysis including DNA mutation and methylation. Our results show eRGs signatures based prognostic model has high accuracy and may provide innovative biomarkers in COAD.
The Efficacy and Safety of Pridopidine on Treatment of Patients with Huntington's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Asla Moamen Mostafa , Nawar Asmaa Ahmed , Abdelsalam Alaa , Elsayed Esraa , Rizk Marwa Abdelazim , Hussein Mohamed Alaa , Kamel Walaa A.
Published: October 2021

Background

Pridopidine is a novel drug that helps stabilize psychomotor function in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) by activating the cortical glutamate pathway. It promises to achieve the unmet needs of current therapies of HD without worsening other symptoms.

Objective

To review the literature discussing the efficacy of pridopidine in alleviating motor symptoms and its safety in patients with HD.

Methods

We searched Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Wiley, and PubMed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pridopidine on HD. Data from eligible studies were extracted and pooled as mean differences for efficacy and risk ratios (RRs) for safety using RevMan software version 5.3.

Results

A total of 4 relevant RCTs with 1130 patients were selected (816 in the pridopidine group and 314 in the placebo group). The pooled effect size favored pridopidine over placebo insignificantly in the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale Total Motor Score (mean difference [MD], −0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], −2.01 to 0.14; P = 0.09), whereas the effect size of 3 studies significantly favored pridopidine over placebo in the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale Modified Motor Score (MD, −0.81; 95% CI, −1.48 to −0.13; P = 0.02). Pridopidine generally was well tolerated. None of the adverse effects were considerably higher in the case of pridopidine compared with placebo in overall adverse events (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94–1.13; P = 0.49) and serious adverse events (RR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.88–2.99; P = 0.12).

Conclusion

The effects of pridopidine on motor functions (especially voluntary movements) in patients with HD are encouraging and provide a good safety profile that motivates further clinical trials on patients to confirm its effectiveness and safety.
A deep‐learning‐based prediction model for the biodistribution of 90Y microspheres in liver radioembolization
Authors: Plachouris Dimitris , Tzolas Ioannis , Gatos Ilias , Papadimitroulas Panagiotis , Spyridonidis Trifon , Apostolopoulos Dimitris , Papathanasiou Nikolaos , Visvikis Dimitris , Plachouri Kerasia‐Maria , Hazle John D. , Kagadis George C.
Published: October 2021

Background

Radioembolization with 90Y microspheres is a treatment approach for liver cancer. Currently, employed dosimetric calculations exhibit low accuracy, lacking consideration of individual patient, and tissue characteristics.

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to employ deep learning (DL) algorithms to differentiate patterns of pretreatment distribution of 99mTc‐macroaggregated albumin on SPECT/CT and post‐treatment distribution of 90Y microspheres on PET/CT and to accurately predict how the 90Y‐microspheres will be distributed in the liver tissue by radioembolization therapy.

Methods

Data for 19 patients with liver cancer (10 with hepatocellular carcinoma, 5 with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 4 with liver metastases) who underwent radioembolization with 90Y microspheres were used for the DL training. We developed a 3D voxel‐based variation of the Pix2Pix model, which is a special type of conditional GANs designed to perform image‐to‐image translation. SPECT and CT scans along with the clinical target volume for each patient were used as inputs, as were their corresponding post‐treatment PET scans. The real and predicted absorbed PET doses for the tumor and the whole liver area were compared. Our model was evaluated using the leave‐one‐out method, and the dose calculations were measured using a tissue‐specific dose voxel kernel.

Results

The comparison of the real and predicted PET/CT scans showed an average absorbed dose difference of 5.42% ± 19.31% and 0.44% ± 1.64% for the tumor and the liver area, respectively. The average absorbed dose differences were 7.98 ± 31.39 Gy and 0.03 ± 0.25 Gy for the tumor and the non‐tumor liver parenchyma, respectively. Our model had a general tendency to underpredict the dosimetric results; the largest differences were noticed in one case, where the model underestimated the dose to the tumor area by 56.75% or 72.82 Gy.

Conclusions

The proposed deep‐learning‐based pretreatment planning method for liver radioembolization accurately predicted 90Y microsphere biodistribution. Its combination with a rapid and accurate 3D dosimetry method will render it clinically suitable and could improve patient‐specific pretreatment planning.
Small‐field measurement and Monte Carlo model validation of a novel image‐guided radiotherapy system
Authors: Shi Mengying , Chuang Cynthia F. , Kovalchuk Nataliya , Bush Karl , Zaks Daniel , Xing Lei , Surucu Murat , Han Bin
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The RefleXion™ X1 is a novel radiotherapy system that is designed for image‐guided radiotherapy, and eventually, biology‐guided radiotherapy (BgRT). BgRT is a treatment paradigm that tracks tumor motion using real‐time positron emission signals. This study reports the small‐field measurement results and the validation of a Monte Carlo (MC) model of the first clinical RefleXion unit.

Methods

The RefleXion linear accelerator (linac) produces a 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) photon beam and consists of a binary multileaf collimator (MLC) system with 64 leaves and two pairs of y‐jaws. The maximum clinical field size achievable is 400 × 20 mm2. The y‐jaws provide either a 10 or 20 mm opening at source‐to‐axis distance (SAD) of 850 mm. The width of each MLC leaf at SAD is 6.25 mm. Percentage depth doses (PDDs) and relative beam profiles were acquired using an Edge diode detector in a water tank for field sizes from 12.5 × 10 to 100 × 20 mm2. Beam profiles were also measured using films. Output factors of fields ranging from 6.25 × 10 to 100 × 20 mm2 were measured using W2 scintillator detector, Edge detector, and films. Output correction factors k of the Edge detector for RefleXion were calculated. An MC model of the linac including pre‐MLC beam sources and detailed structures of MLC and lower y‐jaws was validated against the measurements. Simulation codes BEAMnrc and GATE were utilized.

Results

The diode measured PDD at 10 cm depth (PDD10) increases from 53.6% to 56.9% as the field opens from 12.5 × 10 to 100 × 20 mm2. The W2‐measured output factor increases from 0.706 to 1 as the field opens from 6.25 × 10 to 100 × 20 mm2 (reference field size). The output factors acquired by diode and film differ from the W2 results by 1.65% (std = 1.49%) and 2.09% (std = 1.41%) on average, respectively. The profile penumbra and full‐width half‐maximum (FWHM) measured by diode agree well with the film results with a deviation of 0.60 mm and 0.73% on average, respectively. The averaged beam profile consistency calculated between the diode‐ and film‐measured profiles among different depths is within 1.72%. By taking the W2 measurements as the ground truth, the output correction factors k for Edge detector ranging from 0.958 to 1 were reported. For the MC model validation, the simulated PDD10 agreed within 0.6% to the diode measurement. The MC‐simulated output factor differed from the W2 results by 2.3% on average (std = 3.7%), while the MC simulated beam penumbra differed from the diode results by 0.67 mm on average (std = 0.42 mm). The MC FWHM agreed with the diode results to within 1.40% on average. The averaged beam profile consistency calculated between the diode and MC profiles among different depths is less than 1.29%.

Conclusions

This study represents the first small‐field dosimetry of a clinical RefleXion system. A complete and accurate MC model of the RefleXion linac has been validated.
Estrogen inhibits bladder overactivity in rats with cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis via downregulating the expression of P2X3 receptors in bladder epithelium cells
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Yang , Gao Ye , Zhang Hengshuai , Zhu Jingzhen , Dong Xingyou , Xu Jie
Published: October 2021

Aims

The therapeutic effect of estrogen on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is unclear. We aim to explore the effect of estrogen on bladder overactivity in rats with cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis and its underlying mechanism.

Methods

In vivo cystometry was used to determine the effect of estrogen on bladder excitability. The effect of estrogen on the expression of P2X3 receptors in bladder epithelium was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Effect of P2X3 receptors in bladder urothelium on stretch‐released adenosine triphosphate was performed by a Flexcell FX5000 Compression system and an Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit.

Results

Estrogen deprivation significantly increased the urinary frequency, while supplementation with diarylpropionitrile (DPN), an estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonist, alleviated the urinary frequency. 17β‐Estradiol and DPN decreased the expression of P2X3 receptors in urothelium cells which was partially inhibited by ERβ antagonist 4‐[2‐phenyl‐5,7‐bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐3‐yl]phenol. Meanwhile, inhibiting the expression of P2X3 receptors by ERβ agonist or antagonizing the function of P2X3 receptors by selective P2X3 receptor antagonist AF‐353 or A‐317491 significantly reduced the stretch‐released ATP from urothelium cells.

Conclusions

Estrogen has a direct effect on the regulation of bladder overactivity in rats with cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis by downregulating the expression of bladder epithelial P2X3 receptors through ERβ and reducing the adenosine triphosphate released from urothelium during bladder filling, thereby inhibiting the generation of the micturition reflex.
Reproducibility of 7‐T brain spectroscopy using an ultrashort echo time STimulated Echo Acquisition Mode sequence and automated voxel repositioning
Authors: Reid Meredith A. , Forloines Martha R. , Salibi Nouha
Published: October 2021

Establishing the reproducibility of brain MRS is important for clinical studies so that researchers can evaluate changes in metabolites due to treatment or the course of a disease and better understand the brain in healthy and disordered states. Prior 7‐T MRS reproducibility studies using the stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence have focused on the anterior cingulate cortex or posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of metabolite measurements in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using an ultrashort echo time (TE) STEAM sequence and automated voxel repositioning. Spectra were acquired during two scan sessions from nine subjects using the AutoAlign method for voxel repositioning. Reproducibility was evaluated with coefficients of variation (CVs) and percentage differences. The mean intrasubject CVs were less than 6% for the major metabolites glutamate, N‐acetylaspartate, total creatine, total choline, and myo‐inositol. The mean CVs were less than 20% for the smaller signals of GABA, glutamine, glutathione, and taurine. These results indicate that 7‐T MRS using a STEAM sequence with ultrashort TE and automated voxel repositioning provides excellent reproducibility of metabolites in the DLPFC.
Gear‐shifting control of non‐synchronizer electric‐driven mechanical transmission with active angle alignment
Authors: Lu Ziwang , Chen Hongxu , Wang Lijun , Zeng Yuanfan , Ren Xin , Li Kailin , Tian Guangyu
Published: October 2021

Non‐synchronizer electric‐driven mechanical transmission (EMT) has advantages of low cost and simple mechanical structure, which is a key assembly in electric vehicles. In such an system, as the synchronizer is removed from the mechanical transmission, big impacts between the sleeve and clutch gear arise during a gear shift, which cause a long power‐off interruption. In this article, our contribution is to propose a novel control strategy to avoid impacts by achieving both zero relative rotational speed and angle differences between the sleeve and clutch gear. To obtain this strategy, we first derive the dynamic model of the gear‐shifting process as a hybrid automaton (HA) model. Based on the HA model, we can see that impacts can be eliminated when the rotational speed and angle differences become zeros. Then, to obtain zero rotational speed and angle differences and reduce the gear‐shifting time, a time‐optimal control law to synchronize the rotational speed and angle is first solved based on Pontryagin's minimum principle. Meanwhile, to resolve the solution difficulty brought by the period‐varied rotational angle difference, we introduce an optimal initial angle difference, and then use an incremental angle difference to replace the period‐varied one. Based on that, a model tracking strategy is proposed to enhance the system's antidisturbance capacity. For the gear‐shifting actuator, a dual bang‐bang control law is solved to save the gear‐shifting time. Finally, we carry out simulations and bench tests to validate the control strategy. Results show that the control strategy can indeed reduce impacts and power‐off time.
Natural rates of teacher praise in the classroom: A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Drake Kevallyn R. , Nelson Gena
Published: October 2021

Previous research documents the positive impacts that teacher praise can have on students' behavior in the classroom; positive praise is a reinforcer that improves and maintains appropriate classroom behavior. Identifying current trends in natural rates of praise—praise that occurs in the absence of specific intervention or training—may help teachers become mindful of their own practices. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate characteristics of published observational studies of teacher‐delivered praise and identify the rate at which teachers delivered praise. We conducted a systematic search of the literature, and included studies published after 2004; 14 studies met our inclusion criteria. The results of this study illustrate that researchers use several different measures to observe and report the frequency of teacher praise. Teachers also delivered general praise (range = 0.04 per min to 67.9 per hour) and behavior‐specific praise (range = 5.9–23.14 per hour) at widely variable rates. Teachers commonly used more general praise compared with behavior‐specific praise. Across studies, we also found inconsistent rates of teacher praise versus reprimands, with some studies reporting higher rates of praise while other studies reported higher rates of reprimands. We discuss implications for teachers and provide recommendations for future research.
Applying a MTSS framework to address racism and promote mental health for racial/ethnic minoritized youth
Authors: Malone Celeste M. , Wycoff Kirby , Turner Erlanger A.
Published: October 2021

Ample evidence suggests that PK‐12 students experience racism and other forms of discrimination in school and that these experiences have a deleterious impact on their mental health. Several studies have shown a consistent and strong relationship between racism and negative mental health outcomes including increased depression and anxiety, decreased self‐worth and self‐esteem, as well as psychological maladjustment. School‐based mental health services can ensure that racial and ethnic minoritized (REM) students gain access to mental health services. Because schools are one place where REM students experience structural and individual discrimination, it is critical that school‐based mental health providers utilize strategies to promote school climates that are safe and affirming for these students. Using a multitiered system of support framework, we describe the tier 1 interventions to promote positive school racial climate and the elements of culturally responsive practices to be integrated into tier 2 and tier 3 interventions to improve mental health outcomes for REM youth.
Self‐reported lack of energy or feeling depressed 12 months after treatment in men diagnosed with prostate cancer within a population‐based registry
Authors: Bensley Jonathan G. , Dhillon Haryana M. , Evans Sue M. , Evans Melanie , Bolton Damien , Davis Ian D. , Dodds Lachlan , Frydenberg Mark , Kearns Paul , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Murphy Declan G. , Millar Jeremy L. , Papa Nathan
Published: October 2021

Objective

Feeling depressed and lethargic are common side effects of prostate cancer (PCa) and its treatments. We examined the incidence and severity of feeling depressed and lack of energy in patients in a population based PCa registry.

Methods

We included men diagnosed with PCa between 2015 and 2019 in Victoria, Australia, and enrolled in the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Registry. The primary outcome measures were responses to two questions on the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC‐26) patient reported instrument: problems with feeling depressed and problems with lack of energy 12 months following treatment. We evaluated associations between these and age, cancer risk category, treatment type, and urinary, bowel, and sexual function.

Results

Both outcome questions were answered by 9712 out of 12,628 (77%) men. 981 patients (10%) reported at least moderate problems with feeling depressed; 1563 (16%) had at least moderate problems with lack of energy and 586 (6.0%) with both. Younger men reported feeling depressed more frequently than older men. Lack of energy was more common for treatments that included androgen deprivation therapy than not (moderate/big problems: 31% vs. 13%), irrespective of disease risk category. Both outcomes were associated with poorer urinary, bowel, and sexual functional domain scores.

Conclusions

Self‐reported depressive feelings and lack of energy were frequent in this population‐based registry. Problems with feeling depressed were more common in younger men and lack of energy more common in men having hormonal treatment. Clinicians should be aware of the incidence of these symptoms in these at‐risk groups and be able to screen for them.
Development of physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models for standard of care and newer tuberculosis drugs
Authors: Humphries Helen , Almond Lisa , Berg Alexander , Gardner Iain , Hatley Oliver , Pan Xian , Small Ben , Zhang Mian , Jamei Masoud , Romero Klaus
Published: October 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem and there is an ongoing effort to develop more effective therapies and new combination regimes that can reduce duration of treatment. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate utility of a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling approach to predict plasma and lung concentrations of 11 compounds used or under development as TB therapies (bedaquiline [and N‐desmethyl bedaquiline], clofazimine, cycloserine, ethambutol, ethionamide, isoniazid, kanamycin, linezolid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, and rifapentine). Model accuracy was assessed by comparison of simulated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters with healthy volunteer data for compounds administered alone or in combination. Eighty‐four percent (area under the curve [AUC]) and 91% (maximum concentration [Cmax]) of simulated mean values were within 1.5‐fold of the observed data and the simulated drug‐drug interaction ratios were within 1.5‐fold (AUC) and twofold (Cmax) of the observed data for nine (AUC) and eight (Cmax) of the 10 cases. Following satisfactory recovery of plasma concentrations in healthy volunteers, model accuracy was assessed further (where patients’ with TB data were available) by comparing clinical data with simulated lung concentrations (9 compounds) and simulated lung: plasma concentration ratios (7 compounds). The 5th–95th percentiles for the simulated lung concentration data recovered between 13% (isoniazid and pyrazinamide) and 88% (pyrazinamide) of the observed data points (Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 198, 2018, 1208; Nat Med, 21, 2015, 1223; PLoS Med, 16, 2019, e1002773). The impact of uncertain model parameters, such as the fraction of drug unbound in lung tissue mass (fumass), is discussed. Additionally, the variability associated with the patient lung concentration data, which was sparse and included extensive within‐subject, interlaboratory, and experimental variability (as well interindividual variability) is reviewed. All presented models are transparently documented and are available as open‐source to aid further research.
Legionella pneumophila pneumonia with rapid clinical course in a lung cancer patient
Authors: Aga Masaharu , Shiba Aya , Hamakawa Yusuke , Matsuzaka Suguru , Miyazaki Kazuhito , Taniguchi Yuri , Misumi Yuki , Agemi Yoko , Shimokawa Tsuneo , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: October 2021

We report an acute clinical course of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila in a patient receiving chemotherapy for lung cancer and corticosteroid therapy. A 57‐year‐old man presented with fever and dyspnoea and was admitted to our hospital. Chest computed tomography revealed a new left lower lung infiltrate, tumour progression in the right upper lung region, metastases to lymph nodes and pleural effusion. The urinary antigen test for Legionella was positive. The patient's oxygen requirement increased on the day of admission, and he died the day after hospitalization. Legionnaires' disease may manifest with an acute presentation, and patients in Japan with physical risk factors for this disease could get infected despite the absence of environmental risk factors. Early treatment for suspected Legionnaire's disease should be considered.
Global molecular prevalence and genotype distribution of Sapovirus in children with gastrointestinal complications: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Razizadeh Mohammad Hossein , Khatami Alireza , Zarei Mohammad
Published: October 2021

Sapovirus (SaV) is an emerging cause of children gastrointestinal complications such as acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The aim of the present systematic review and meta‐analysis was to estimate the global prevalence of the SaV in children and association of infection with SaVs and AGE in children based on case–control studies. Four international databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Google Scholar) were used to retrieve English‐language studies published between January 2000 and December 2020. Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis software was applied to estimate the overall prevalence, publication bias and heterogeneity index. The pooled prevalence of SaV infection among children with gastroenteritis was 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9%–3.9%] based on a random‐effects meta‐analysis. Genogroup I was the dominant genogroup of SaV in children with gastroenteritis [2.2% (95% CI: 1.6%–3.0%)], association analysis showed that SaV was associated with gastroenteritis [OR: 1.843 (95% CI: 1.27–2.66)]. Given the significant prevalence of the virus in children, it is necessary to pay more attention to this situation. Therefore, preventive health measures in children should be a priority.
Parent–child‐based navigation method of multiple autonomous underwater vehicles for an underwater self‐completed survey
Authors: Matsuda Takumi , Fujita Kenichi , Hamamatsu Yuya , Sakamaki Takashi , Maki Toshihiro
Published: October 2021

This study proposes a navigation method of multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) where low‐cost AUVs (child AUVs) estimate their self‐states including their position, yaw angle, and horizontal moving velocity accurately thanks to a single high‐performance AUV (parent AUV) without any external support. Since the child AUVs have only simple navigational sensors, positioning performance is not enough. The parent AUV, on the other hand, can conduct accurate self‐state estimation using high‐grade navigational sensors without any external support. The parent AUV supports the child AUVs through all processes of deployment, surveying, recovery, and surfacing. This study focuses on the accurate positioning method for the phase of the surveying. The child AUVs have acoustic devices for positioning and communication or cameras; hence, they build a parent‐centered wireless positioning and communication network and can also estimate their self‐states as accurately as the parent AUV, thanks to the positioning relative to the parent AUV. Field experiments with AUVs were conducted in a deep sea (hydrothermal vent field) and a shallow area. We confirmed that long‐range navigation could be achieved while keeping an accuracy that is 5–10 times greater than that achieved by the child AUV alone based on state estimation using sensor data from the experiments in postprocessing. The performance of the proposed system does not depend on the child AUV's performance. We also verified that the proposed method has a certain scalability and a high‐level performance in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and cost by a comparison with other existing navigation methods.
Mn(OAc)3‐Mediated Sulfonylation of Vinyl Azides Resulting in N‐Unsubstituted Enaminosulfones
Authors: Mulina Olga M. , Doronin Mikhail M. , O. Terent'ev Alexander
Published: October 2021

Mn(OAc)3‐mediated sulfonylation of vinyl azides with the use of sodium sulfinates was developed. As a result, N‐enaminosulfones are formed in high yields. The reaction proceeds through the generation of sulfonyl radical, its addition to the double bond of vinyl azide resulting in elimination of N2 molecule and formation of iminyl radical, which is converted on the final step to the desired product. One of the main features of the developed process is application of substoichiometric amount of Mn(OAc)3 due to participation of the generated iminyl radical in the oxidation of the starting sulfinate.
A Description of the Local Structure and Dynamics of Ketoconazole Molecule by Solid‐State NMR Measurements and DFT Calculations: Proposition for NMR Crystallography
Authors: Dey Krishna Kishor , Deshmukh Milind M. , Ghosh Manasi
Published: October 2021

An azole class antifungal agent, ketoconazole, is widely used in the treatment of mucosal fungal infections that arise due to AIDS immunosuppression, organ transplantation, and cancer chemotherapy. The structure and dynamics of various molecular moieties of ketoconazole are thoroughly studied by measuring chemical shift anisotropy tensor and site‐specific spin‐lattice relaxation time. The local correlation time at crystallographically different carbon nuclei sites is also calculated. The chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters at the crystallographically distinct sites of ketoconazole are determined by the two‐dimensional phase‐adjusted spinning sideband (2D PASS) cross‐polarization magic angle spinning (CP‐MAS) solid‐state NMR experiment. The site‐specific spin‐lattice relaxation time is measured by the method outlined by Torchia (T1CP). The values of the principal components of CSA parameters extracted by the 2DPASS CP‐MAS ssNMR experiment are supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The CSA parameters are high for those carbon nuclei, whose spin‐lattice relaxation rate is slow, and it is low for those carbon nuclei whose spin‐lattice relaxation rate is fast. It suggests that the spin‐lattice relaxation mechanism is mainly governed by chemical‐shift anisotropy interaction for these carbon nuclei. A huge variation of the spin‐lattice relaxation time and the local correlation time are observed for numerous carbon nuclei that reside on the side‐chain of the molecule. The spin‐lattice relaxation time varies from 500 s to 8 s, and the order of the local correlation time varies from
s to
s. These types of studies in which the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) parameters and spin‐lattice relaxation time provide information about the electronic configuration and the spin dynamics at the various crystallographic locations of the drug molecule will enrich the field “NMR crystallography.” It will also help to develop the strategies for the administration of antifungal drugs by providing information about the structure and dynamics of various parts of the drug molecule.
AlCl3‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Triazolo[5,1‐b]thiazines
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Malarvizhi Muthukumar , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: October 2021

AlCl3‐Catalyzed oxidative cyclization of thiosemicarbazones / triazolothiones with propargylic alcohols is achieved to afford a diverse set of triazolothiazines in good yields. Triazolothiazines were synthesized in a shorter duration at room temperature under an open‐air environment with atom economical approach.
Ag@CuO@Cu(OH)2: A Synergistic Catalyst for H2O2 Detection with Peroxidase‐Mimic Activity without Interference of O2
Authors: Muppidathi Marieeswaran , Perumal Panneerselvam
Published: October 2021

Herein, we present silver nanoparticle anchored on copper oxide and copper hydroxide (Ag@CuO@Cu(OH)2) by green synthetic approach. Interestingly, as‐obtained Ag@CuO@Cu(OH)2 not only enhances the peroxidase‐like activity but also eliminates oxidase‐like activity. The peroxidase‐like activity was enhanced mainly due to the abundance of Ag+ and Cu2+ vacant states, which populate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This prolonged peroxidase‐like activity of Ag@CuO@Cu(OH)2 was successfully recognized H2O2 and also have long stability and repeatability. The proposed strategy, finding nanozymes with single activity will open a new opportunity to enhance the performance of colorimetric sensors.
Application of Nanomaterials in Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification
Authors: Zhang Chao , Belwal Tarun , Luo Zisheng , Su Bin , Lin Xingyu
Published: October 2021

Because of high sensitivity and specificity, isothermal nucleic acid amplification are widely applied in many fields. To facilitate and improve their performance, various nanomaterials, like nanoparticles, nanowires, nanosheets, nanotubes, and nanoporous films are introduced in isothermal nucleic acid amplification. However, the specific application, roles, and prospect of nanomaterials in isothermal nucleic acid amplification have not been comprehensively reviewed. Here, the application of different nanomaterials (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in isothermal nucleic acid amplification is comprehensively discussed and recent progress in the field is summarized. The nanomaterials are mainly used for reaction enhancer, signal generation/amplification, or surface loading carriers. In addition, 3D nanomaterials can be also functioned as isolated chambers for digital nucleic acid amplification and the tools for DNA sequencing of amplified products. Challenges and future recommendations are also proposed to be better used for recent covid‐19 detection, point‐of‐care diagnostic, food safety, and other fields.
Concurrent H2 Generation and Formate Production Assisted by CO2 Absorption in One Electrolyzer
Authors: Cheng Hongfei , Liu Yumei , Wu Jiawen , Zhang Zheng , Li Xiaogang , Wang Xin , Fan Hong Jin
Published: October 2021

Electrolyzers coupling electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution with oxidation reactions of small organic molecules have the merits of reducing cell voltage and generating high‐value products. Herein, an electrolyzer is designed and optimized that can simultaneously achieve efficient hydrogen generation at the cathode, CO2 absorption by the catholyte, and methanol upgrading to formate at the anode. For these purposes, transition metal phosphides are used as the low‐cost catalysts. The unique electrolyzer exhibits a low working voltage of 1.1 V at 10 mA cm−2. Under optimal conditions, the Faraday efficiencies of hydrogen evolution and formic acid conversion reactions, which are the reaction products at the cathode and anode, respectively, are nearly 100% at various current densities from 10 to 400 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the CO2 absorption rate is about twice that of the hydrogen generation rate, which is close to the theoretical value. An innovative and energy‐efficient strategy is presented in this work to realize simultaneous hydrogen production and CO2 capture based on low‐cost catalyst materials.
Subsampling and DNA pooling can increase gains through genomic selection in switchgrass
Authors: Tilhou Neal Wepking , Casler Michael D.
Published: October 2021

Genomic selection (GS) can accelerate breeding cycles in perennial crops such as the bioenergy grass switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The sequencing costs of GS can be reduced by pooling DNA samples in the training population (TP), only sequencing TP phenotypic outliers, or pooling candidate population (CP) samples. These strategies were simulated for two traits (spring vigor and anthesis date) in three breeding populations. Sequencing only the outlier 50% of the TP phenotype distribution resulted in a penalty of <5% of the predictive ability, measured using cross‐validation. Predictive ability also decreased when sequencing progressively fewer TP DNA pools, but TPs constructed from only two phenotypically contrasting DNA samples retained a mean of >80% predictive ability relative to individual TP sequencing. Novel group testing methods allowed greater than one CP individual to be screened per sequenced DNA sample but resulted in a predictive ability penalty. To determine the impact of reduced sequencing, genetic gain was calculated for seven GS scenarios with variable sequencing budgets. Reduced TP sequencing and most CP pooling methods were superior to individual sequence‐based GS when sequencing resources were restricted (2,000 DNA samples per 5‐yr cycle). Only one scenario was superior to individual sequencing when sequencing budgets were large (8,000 DNA samples per 5‐yr cycle). This study highlights multiple routes for reduced sequencing costs in GS.
Eileen Harris
Authors: Malley Dermod , Cunningham Andrew
Published: October 2021

An expert in parasitic worms at the Natural History Museum, she was a dedicated and generous colleague who helped many vets identify parasites, particularly in UK wildlife.
Nerve stimulation‐guided femoral and sciatic blocks in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) for the removal of a sequestrum from the distal femur
Authors: Ward Robert , Po Eleonora , Gozalo‐Marcilla Miguel
Published: October 2021

A 2‐year‐old female intact huacaya alpaca weighing 66.6 kg presented for the removal of a bone sequestrum from the distal femur. Nerve stimulator‐guided femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were applied to provide analgesia for distal femoral surgery. The blocks were simple to perform using existing equipment and current techniques translated from small animals. The techniques reported here for both femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in an alpaca can be used as an alternative to an ultrasound‐guided approach, especially in field situations where additional expensive equipment may not be available or desirable.
Low‐temperature phase of Ga3Ir: Crystal structure and chemical bonding
Authors: Cardoso‐Gil Raúl , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Wagner Frank R. , Grin Yuri
Published: October 2021

lt‐Ga3Ir is a low‐temperature phase in the Ga−Ir system, which is stable below 530 °C. The sample of lt‐Ga3Ir was obtained after annealing at 400 °C for 96 hours. The crystal structure of lt‐Ga3Ir was solved using 3D‐ED electron diffraction data obtained by SA‐EDT diffraction tomography, optimized by quantum‐mechanical techniques and refined from the X‐ray powder diffraction data: structure type Fe3C, space group Pnma, a=6.9073(4) Å, b=7.7275(4) Å and c=4.8536(2) Å, Z=4, Pearson symbol oP16. The striking feature of the chemical bonding is the absence of the two‐atomic Ga−Ga bonds. The two‐atomic Ga1−Ir and Ga2−Ir, as well as the three atomic Ga1−Ga2−Ir bonds, form the bonding pattern.
The Microplastic Cycle: An Introduction to a Complex Issue
Authors: Bank Michael S. , Hansson Sophia V.
Published: October 2021

The microplastic cycle was originally and formally introduced and defined as a novel concept and paradigm for understanding plastic pollution and its fluxes across ecosystem reservoirs. This concept has now been expanded to include macroplastic particles and links all aspects of the fate, transport, and effects of plastic pollution, including source-receptor models in the environment, and expanded on previously established perspectives that viewed the plastic pollution issue in a less integrated manner. The value of this paradigm is that this perspective integrates three basic scientific spheres: environmental chemistry, biology (i.e., trophic transfer), and human health. The goal of this chapter is to introduce readers to the microplastic pollution problem and to outline the microplastic cycle as a concept and holistic paradigm for addressing this ubiquitous environmental and potential public health problem. The specific objectives of this chapter were to (1) introduce this volume and its chapters by outlining the microplastic pollution issue in the context of the entire plastic cycle; (2) evaluate fluxes of microplastics across different ecosystem compartments, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere. and biosphere, including humans; and (3) provide insights on public policy and potential solutions to the microplastic pollution problem.
Mixed modulus and anomaly mediation in light of the muon g − 2 anomaly
Authors: Jeong Kwang Sik , Kawamura Junichiro , Park Chan Beom
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The new measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon at the Fermilab Muon g− 2 experiment has strengthened the significance of the discrepancy between the standard model prediction and the experimental observation from the BNL measurement. If new physics responsible for the muon g− 2 anomaly is supersymmetric, one should consider how to obtain light electroweakinos and sleptons in a systematic way. The gauge coupling unification allows a robust prediction of the gaugino masses, indicating that the electroweakinos can be much lighter than the gluino if anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking is sizable. As naturally leading to mixed modulus-anomaly mediation, the KKLT scenario is of particular interest and is found capable of explaining the muon g− 2 anomaly in the parameter region where the lightest ordinary supersymmetric particle is a bino-like neutralino or slepton.
Gauge-invariant theories and higher-degree forms
Authors: Salgado S.
Published: October 2021

Abstract

A free differential algebra is generalization of a Lie algebra in which the mathematical structure is extended by including of new Maurer-Cartan equations for higher-degree differential forms. In this article, we propose a generalization of the Chern-Weil theorem for free differential algebras containing only one p-form extension. This is achieved through a generalization of the covariant derivative, leading to an extension of the standard formula for Chern-Simons and transgression forms. We also study the possible existence of anomalies originated on this kind of structure. Some properties and particular cases are analyzed.
The mixed 0-form/1-form anomaly in Hilbert space: pouring the new wine into old bottles
Authors: Cox Andrew A. , Poppitz Erich , Wandler F. David
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We study four-dimensional gauge theories with arbitrary simple gauge group with 1-form global center symmetry and 0-form parity or discrete chiral symmetry. We canonically quantize on 𝕋3, in a fixed background field gauging the 1-form symmetry. We show that the mixed 0-form/1-form ’t Hooft anomaly results in a central extension of the global-symmetry operator algebra. We determine this algebra in each case and show that the anomaly implies degeneracies in the spectrum of the Hamiltonian at any finite- size torus. We discuss the consistency of these constraints with both older and recent semiclassical calculations in SU(N) theories, with or without adjoint fermions, as well as with their conjectured infrared phases.
Increased glucosylceramide production leads to decreased cell energy metabolism and lowered tumor marker expression in non-cancerous liver cells
Authors: Wegner Marthe-Susanna , Schömel Nina , Olzomer Ellen M. , Trautmann Sandra , Olesch Catherine , Byrne Frances L. , Brüne Bernhard , Gurke Robert , Ferreirós Nerea , Weigert Andreas , Geisslinger Gerd , Hoehn Kyle L.
Published: October 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most difficult cancer types to treat. Liver cancer is often diagnosed at late stages and therapeutic treatment is frequently accompanied by development of multidrug resistance. This leads to poor outcomes for cancer patients. Understanding the fundamental molecular mechanisms leading to liver cancer development is crucial for developing new therapeutic approaches, which are more efficient in treating cancer. Mice with a liver specific UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) knockout (KO) show delayed diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver tumor growth. Accordingly, the rationale for our study was to determine whether UGCG overexpression is sufficient to drive cancer phenotypes in liver cells. We investigated the effect of UGCG overexpression (OE) on normal murine liver (NMuLi) cells. Increased UGCG expression results in decreased mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, which is reversible by treatment with EtDO-P4, an UGCG inhibitor. Furthermore, tumor markers such as FGF21 and EPCAM are lowered following UGCG OE, which could be related to glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and lactosylceramide (LacCer) accumulation in glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (GEMs) and subsequently altered signaling protein phosphorylation. These cellular processes lead to decreased proliferation in NMuLi/UGCG OE cells. Our data show that increased UGCG expression itself does not induce pro-cancerous processes in normal liver cells, which indicates that increased GlcCer expression leads to different outcomes in different cancer types.

Graphic abstract
Dynamic sampling from a discrete probability distribution with a known distribution of rates
Authors: D’Ambrosio Federico , Bodlaender Hans L. , Barkema Gerard T.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we consider several efficient data structures for the problem of sampling from a dynamically changing discrete probability distribution, where some prior information is known on the distribution of the rates, in particular the maximum and minimum rate, and where the number of possible outcomes N is large. We consider three basic data structures, the Acceptance–Rejection method, the Complete Binary Tree and the Alias method. These can be used as building blocks in a multi-level data structure, where at each of the levels, one of the basic data structures can be used, with the top level selecting a group of events, and the bottom level selecting an element from a group. Depending on assumptions on the distribution of the rates of outcomes, different combinations of the basic structures can be used. We prove that for particular data structures the expected time of sampling and update is constant when the rate distribution follows certain conditions. We show that for any distribution, combining a tree structure with the Acceptance–Rejection method, we have an expected time of sampling and update of$$O\left( \log \log {r_{max}}/{r_{min}}\right) $$Ologlogrmax/rminis possible, where$$r_{max}$$rmaxis the maximum rate and$$r_{min}$$rminthe minimum rate. We also discuss an implementation of a Two Levels Acceptance–Rejection data structure, that allows expected constant time for sampling, and amortized constant time for updates, assuming that$$r_{max}$$rmaxand$$r_{min}$$rminare known and the number of events is sufficiently large. We also present an experimental verification, highlighting the limits given by the constraints of a real-life setting.