bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outpatient insulin‐related adverse events due to mix‐up errors: Findings from two national surveillance systems, United States, 2012–2017
Authors: Geller Andrew I. , Conrad Ariane O. , Weidle Nina J. , Mehta Hina , Budnitz Daniel S. , Shehab Nadine
Published: February 2021

Purpose

We used data from two public health surveillance systems for national estimates and detailed descriptions of insulin mix‐up errors resulting in emergency department (ED) visits and other serious adverse events to help inform prevention efforts.

Methods

ED visits involving patients seeking care for insulin medication errors collected by the NEISS‐CADES project in 2012–2017 and voluntary reports of serious insulin medication errors submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016–2017 were analyzed. National estimates of insulin product prescriptions dispensed from retail pharmacies were obtained from IQVIA National Prescription Audit.

Results

Between 2012 and 2017, based on 514 NEISS‐CADES cases, there were an estimated 5636 (95% CI, 4143‐7128) ED visits annually for insulin mix‐up errors; overall, over three‐quarters (77.5%; 95% CI, 71.6%–83.3%) involved taking rapid‐acting instead of long‐acting insulin. Between 2012 and 2017, the proportion of mix‐up errors among all estimated ED visits for all insulin errors decreased by 60%; concurrently, the proportion of pens among all insulin package types dispensed increased by 50%. Among 58 voluntary reports submitted to FAERS, over one‐half (56.9%) of cases involved taking rapid‐ instead of long‐acting insulin. Among 27 cases with documented contributing factors, approximately one‐half involved patients having difficulty differentiating products.

Conclusions

Among all ED visits for insulin errors collected by NEISS‐CADES in 2012–2017, the proportion involving mix‐up errors has declined. Continued reductions may require additional prevention strategies, including improving insulin distinctiveness, particularly for rapid‐ vs long‐acting insulins. Ongoing national surveillance is important for identifying the impact of interventions.
Prolonged survival in advanced squamous cell lung carcinoma by rational and standardized treatment: A case report of long‐term survival in a patient with NSCLC
Authors: Ji Min , Shi Yue , Zou Renrui , Jiang Yingying , Wang Li , Ma Rong , Zhang Xiuming , Zhu Xiangzhi , Chen Cheng , Shi Meiqi , Wang Xiaohua , Feng Jifeng
Published: February 2021

Objective

To report the treatment of a long‐term survival case of stage IV lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patient with multiorgan metastases, including intrapulmonary, brain, liver, bone, and multiple lymph nodes.

Methods and results

A 72‐year‐old male patient with stage IV LSCC achieved a total survival of 85 months with comprehensive treatment of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted, and immunotherapy.

Conclusion

Full‐course management, multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment, and rational application of multiple treatment measures can improve the quality of life of the patient with advanced lung cancer and prolong their survival.
Annual analysis of field‐evolved insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci across China
Authors: Zheng Huixin , Xie Wen , Fu Buli , Xiao Si , Tan Xing , Ji Yao , Cheng Jiaxu , Wang Ran , Liu Baiming , Yang Xin , Guo Zhaojiang , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , Xu Baoyun , Zhou Xiaomao , Zhang Youjun
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

Over recent decades, many efficacious insecticides have been applied for control of Bemisia tabaci, one of the most notorious insect pests worldwide. Field‐evolved insecticide resistance in B. tabaci has developed globally, but remains poorly understood in China.

RESULTS

In this study, a total of 30 field samples of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci from eight provinces of China were collected in 2015 to 2018. Twenty‐four of the populations were identified as Mediterranean, ‘Q’ type (MED), three were Middle East‐Asia Minor 1, ‘B’ type (MEAM1), and three were mixtures of MED/ MEAM1. After identifying whether they belong to MED or MEAM1, the selected individuals were used in bioassays assessing insecticide resistance to abamectin, thiamethoxam, spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and pyriproxyfen. Our results showed that all populations in the eight regions had little or no resistance to abamectin; abamectin resistance was highest in the Hunan (Changsha) and Hubei (Wuhan) regions and was lowest in the island region of Hainan (Sanya). The resistance of B. tabaci to spirotetramat, cyantraniliprole, and pyriproxyfen increased each year. The resistance to thiamethoxam remained low because of the high LC50 value for the laboratory strain.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that a rotation system using efficacious B. tabaci insecticides with differing mode of actions ought to be implemented for sustainable control to reduce the potential of resistance development. This study provides important data to support the integrated pest management and insecticide resistance management of B. tabaci in China.

© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Can the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus be a vector of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 1? Unravelling the internal and external acquisition of effective inoculum
Authors: Guillen Sánchez César , Tixier Philippe , Tapia Fernández Ana , Conejo Barboza Ana Maria , Sandoval Fernández Jorge A , de Lapeyre de Bellaire Luc
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

With the undergoing world outbreak of Fusarium wilt of bananas, it is essential to unravel all the possible process of dissemination of this disease. The host‐pest interactions of the banana weevil with banana plants make this insect an important potential vector. This study, carried out in controlled conditions, explores the interaction between the banana weevil and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 1 (Foc), with a focus on the external and internal transport of viable fungal propagules.

RESULTS

Viable inoculum of Foc was detected very rapidly on external teguments and in the digestive tract of the insect, i.e. at the lowest time studied of 5 min after contact with infected pseudostems. Maximal inoculum acquisition occurred after 1 h contact with an inoculum source. External inoculum was higher than the inoculum present in the digestive tract, but external and internal inoculum had the same dynamics. After a contact of an infected source, external and internal inoculum decreased exponentially within 50 h, but weevils remained infested for a long time, as long as 2 or 3 days that would be enough for inoculum dispersal. Viable inoculum was also detected in feces. Foc strains isolated were pathogenic when inoculated to banana plants of the Gros Michel variety but did not provoke any symptom on Cavendish banana plants.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that the infective structures of Foc remain externally viable in the digestive system and the excreta of the banana weevil. Such excreta are capable of making healthy banana plants of the Gros Michel variety.

© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mobile life and family. The impact of ICTs on spatial‐geographic mobility
Authors: Garcia Moreno José Manuel
Published: February 2021

The family is in a constant process of adaptation to the structural changes brought about by the network society, such as the digitalization of social relationships as a result of the extension of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The aim of this study is to examine the process of spatial‐geographic mobility in Spain supported by ICTs within the family. To meet this objective, data from two studies by the Spanish Center for Sociological Research (2015 and 2016) focused on understanding the Impact of ICTs on the Family in Spain were analysed. The results indicate that the probability of moving geographically is greater when instant messaging software and digital social networks are used within the family. Differences are found in sociodemographic and social status factors. The probability of moving geographically increases when the use of ICTs enables families to become more efficient and competent and when their social capital increases.
Effects of Thallium–Aluminum‐Codoped Zinc Oxide Thin Film as a New Transparent Conducting Oxide
Authors: Zamani Meymian Mohammad-Reza , Mousavi Mir-Ali , Rabbani Mahboubeh , Fallah Milad
Published: February 2021

Herein, the electro–optical properties of sol–gel spin‐coated “thallium–aluminum‐codoped zinc oxide (TAZO)” focusing on the effects of thallium are investigated. It is shown that the amount of thallium (Tl) has a significant effect on improving the electrical properties of TAZO as a new transparent conducting oxide (TCO). The optimum results are achieved by adding 1 at% of Tl to aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO), after which the sheet resistance (Rs) value is reduced from 30.21 to 2.832 KΩ sq−1. Although less Rs is recorded in all amounts of Tl used (from 1 to 4 at%) than in Tl‐free samples, Rs also increases as the amount of Tl increases, which is related to the degradation of the crystal structure at higher values of Tl. In view of a trade‐off between electrical conductivity and optical transparency, a decrease in transparency in the presence of Tl is a predictable issue, but while the Tl‐free samples record 90% transparency, the uniform thin film of 1 at% Tl‐AZO is able to achieve 85% transparency. This small amount of reduction in transparency shows the high potential of Tl to improve the properties of AZO as a TCO.
2.1: Invited Paper: Dependence of Illumination Level on Phantom Array Effect
Authors: Wang Lili , Zhu Nianfang , Cheng Shulin , Tu Yan , Yang Yong
Published: February 2021

This paper studies the influence of illumination level of modulated light on the visibility of the phantom array effect under office lighting condition. Results indicate that, the phantom array effect is comparable at different illumination levels when the modulated light is driven by 100Hz waveforms, while the phantom array is more visible at higher illumination levels with 600Hz waveforms.
2.3: Invited Paper: Visual Fatigue and Comfort Evaluation of the Different Proportions of Blue Light on the Same Display by Visual Research Task
Authors: Zhang Yunhong , Si Feng , Kong Xueli , Yang Yi
Published: February 2021

Under the same indoor light condition, using visual search tasks, the study tested the effects of liquid crystal display (LCD) with different blue light ratio (the proportion of blue lightwere 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) which were adjusted by software on users' visual fatigue and comfort. The test task time of each condition was 40 minutes. The evaluation methods were mainly based on ISO 9241‐304 Ergonomics of human‐system interaction‐User performance test methods for electronic visual displays, etc. The evaluation indexes mainly included the performance of visual search tasks, critical flicker frequency (CFF), visual fatigue subjective perception scale and EEG. The research results showed that the changes of task conditions in different indicators showed a non‐linear trend. 60% of blue light accounted for better performance in the performance of visual search and emotional state, while 40% of blue light accounted for the most serious fatigue. The EEG results showed that compared with 60% and 80%, 100% blue light condition had the best performance, lower attention control and workload, which to some extent verified the previous research results that blue light improved the brain arousal. The results showed that the impact of blue light on users involves many aspects, not a single dimension. The results of this study will provide a reference to adjust the standard of blue light ratio by software.
2.4: Improving Picture‐reproducing Quality by a New Color Gamut Mapping Method
Authors: Xia Daxue , Chen Lin , Xie Renli
Published: February 2021

The color gamut of input source and the display set usually are disparate, therefore, a mapping mechanism between them is necessary and makes significant impact on the picture reproducing quality. In this paper, a new gamut mapping algorithm is proposed, which reduces color difference significantly between the source and target, compared with that without adopting such mapping process. The gamma behavior of luminance dependence on gray scale has been little affected. Artifacts like saturation inversion and hue inconsistency are avoided.
3.1: Invited Paper: Towards commercialization of Hyperfluorescence™
Authors: Adachi Junji , Kakizoe Hayato , Endo Ayataka , Oyamada Takahito
Published: February 2021

Hyperfluorescence™ (HF) combines TADF and fluorescence to provide narrow emission spectrum with four times higher emission efficiency than fluorescence. TADF acts as excitons generator and transfers excitons to fluorescence by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). HF also achieved long enough lifetime for AMOLED applications not only by durable molecules but also by controlling charge balances in Emissive Layer (EML). As the result of a collaboration with a display panel manufacture, the world's first HF display had been launched.
5.3: Invited Paper: High Efficiency Phase Modulators
Authors: Lu Jiangang , Luo Yuxiang , Huang Kai
Published: February 2021

In communication networks, wavelength selective switch (WSS) is one of the key components in reconfigurable optical add‐drop multiplexer (ROADM) [1]. Several technologies have been developed to achieve a high‐performance WSS, such as micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) [2], liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) [3], arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) [4], and hybrid planar lightwave circuit (PLC)‐MEMS [5]. Among these, LCOS‐based WSS is most attractive for the next‐generation optical networks due to its controllability with individual electrical control on pixel. It shows advantages of flexible bandwidth adjustment, adaptive alignment, and robustness without mechanical movements.

A LCOS exhibiting a high diffraction efficiency at a large deflection angle is demonstrated [6]. A liquid crystal (LC) mixture with a large birefringence (Δn = 0.27, at λ = 1550 nm) and a large dielectric constant (Δε = 10.4) is developed to obtain the high‐phase retardation, more than 4π, at 1550 nm within a relatively low operation voltage of 5.5 V on LCOS. When compared with the conventional modulation method of 2π phase retardation, both grating period and phase retardation are doubled in 4π modulo modulation. Using the high‐phase retardation modulation method, the LCOS may achieve high diffraction efficiency, more than 56.6% at 4.5° deflection angle of C‐band wavelength with an optimized phase retardation profile.

A polarization‐independent blue phase liquid crystal on silicon (BPLCoS) device with low operation voltage for 2π phase depth is proposed [7]. With optimized reflection structure and two reflection films, the incident light may experience multifold optical path and 2π phase depth can be obtained. For the polarization‐independence, an inclined electric field made by periodical gradient voltage is applied on the blue phase liquid crystal (BPLC) to match the light propagation direction. With the structure, the operation voltage can be lowered to 5.5 V in simulation and 5.9 V in experiment for 2π phase modulation at 1550 nm.

The high diffraction efficiency and polarization‐independent phase modulators show the great potential application of beam steering for the optical communication and the holographic display.
9.2: Invited Paper: The Evaluation and Testing on Visual Fatigue and Comfort Between Different Types of VR HMDS and Their Corresponding Pad or Phone
Authors: Zhang Yunhong , Si Feng , Yang Yi , Yu Jin , Li Wei , Qi Jingtian
Published: February 2021

In the same indoor lighting conditions, we compare the differences in visual fatigue and comfort between VR devices and smartphone or tablets by the changes in visual fatigue, comfort and visual function of several different VR devices and their corresponding phone or pad before and after watching the same content. The test task is watching the same video, and the test task time for each condition is 40 minutes. The main measures indexes include critical fusion frequency, contrast sensitivity, stereoscopic function, diopter, accommodation and visual fatigue perception scale, etc. One group of test users is students aged 21‐35, and the other group is students aged 9‐15. The results show that there are no significant differences in critical fusion frequency, the contrast sensitivity and the stereoscopic visual indicators between the glasses VR device and the corresponding smartphone screen. But there are significant differences in critical fusion frequency before and after the task (ps<0.05), indicating that visual fatigue occurred after the task. Whereas the other smartphone device and pad after watching video have produced a certain degree of eye tightness and headache. However, the differences between two samples in subjective visual fatigue, comfort, refractive degree and accommodation, contrast sensitivity and so on are not significant. In terms of critical fusion frequency, the decrease in critical fusion frequency of smartphone devices is greater than that of Pad, indicating that the use of smartphone devices has a greater impact on users' ability to identify critical fusion frequency than the use of iPad. The results show that there are a lot of developments in the technology of VR‐HMDs, and their effects on users' visual fatigue and comfort are comparable to those of tablet devices, but they are still different from tablet devices in some aspects.
14.3: A real‐time video defogging algorithm
Authors: Di Lu , Limin Yan
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a fast and efficient real‐time video defogging algorithm based on pyramid model, which solves the problems existing in the defogging algorithms, such as over‐estimation of transmittance, color distortion of sky area, and poor real‐time performance. Pyramid subsampling is used to obtain reduced images. The coarse transmittance of the reduced image is obtained by introducing pseudo‐defogging image and the confidence of dark primary color as correction factors. The image was returned to the original size, and the texture was refined with the combined bilateral filtering. Finally, the atmospheric light scattering model and the inter‐frame video defogging theory were combined to restore the degraded video. The experimental results show that this method has a complete defogging effect and can efficiently defog a variety of scenes. The improvement of the algorithm in PSNR and MSSIM is 15.7% and 11.6%, which effectively solves the problems of over‐estimation of transmittance, color distortion in the sky area, etc. Besides, it is fast and stable in operation, and suitable for real‐time video defogging.
14.4: Diffraction Simulation of Camera Under Display
Authors: Zhang Zhenhua
Published: February 2021

This paper provided a method to simulate diffraction of Camera Under Display (CUD). To balance the display performance of CUD area and front camera image quality, special panel lamination was designed to meet the requirement. Due to the micro level size of pixel texture, strong optical diffraction effect was caused and image on CMOS was blurred. This paper built a way to simulate the Modulation Transfer Function of different pixel patterns display and promote promising research direction for camera under display.
21.4: Smart Display and Antenna Integrated System
Authors: Yu Yang-bing , Leng Chang-lin , Zhang Jian , Guo Chao
Published: February 2021

In the traditioanl contactless application market, the device usually attach the antenna to the back side or side face of the device. That's not friendly for user experience and the device industrial design, since the designer has to reserve a large space for antenna intigration. Thus the device is very unwieldy and uncomfortable for user. To solve this problem, we investigate how to integate the antenna into display, and user can use contactless card directly from the surface of display. At the same time, the whole device can be much more small and exquizite, and easy to carry. That help a lot in the industrial design for the whole device. And the screen‐to‐body ratial is improved significantly. The key tech is to optimize the TFT routing layout and ultilize a special ferrite plate to enhense the inductance and Q‐factor of antenna.
24.1: Invited Paper: Effect of stereoscopic depth on visual fatigue
Authors: Jia Lixiu , Tu Yan , Wang Lili , Zhang Yin , Shi Yunyang
Published: February 2021

The effect of stereoscopic depth on visual fatigue was investigated. We compared visual fatigue parameters induced by watching same 3D movie with different depths presented on Sony BRAVIA LCD 3DTV. The results showed that watching 3D enhanced mode movies resulted in more visual fatigue and discomfort significantly than 3D normal mode movies.
24.2: Invited Paper: Study on Influential Factors of Image Quality for Laser Projection Television
Authors: Wang Feixia , Li Xiaohua , Wang Junyi , Tu Yan , Liu Xianrong , Gao Yuling , Tian Youliang , Wang Yedong , Liu Weidong , Dong Yuzhen
Published: February 2021

There are some important attributes influencing image quality of the laser projection television, such as white level, black level, color saturation, and contour rendering. In this paper, just noticeable differences of these four attributes are measured by the method of the two alternative forced choice with the staircase method of 1 up 2 down. The similarities and differences of just noticeable differences of the four attributes between laser projection television and liquid crystal display are compared and analyzed. Based on experimental results, a subjective image quality evaluation model can be established, which is helpful for the optimization of image quality.
25.1: Invited Paper: Evaluation and standardization of light output and color gamut volume for laser projection displays
Authors: Wang Jianping , Hu Qiuhong
Published: February 2021

Laser projection displays have the advantage of light enhancement, color reproduction, luminance contrast, and dynamic range. Such projection displays are believed to produce images that look brighter and more vivid. The characterization and measurement of the displays' optical performance are important to measure the true performance of these displays. This paper introduced the evaluation of light output and color gamut volume for laser projection displays discussed in the IEC 62906‐5‐1 document.
25.2: Effect of Screen Reflectivity on Color Gamut in projection system
Authors: Wang Guan , Yang Yuhua , Yao Binghui , Gu Chun , Xu Lixin
Published: February 2021

Compared with the planar color gamut, the stereoscopic color gamut is more uniform, it can reflect the actual situation of the color gamut of the display system by considering the changes in the brightness. In this article we introduce another advantage of using stereoscopic color gamut, it can reflect the external factors of the display system, such as the influence of the spectral reflectivity of the screen. When the color space is converted from CIEXYZ to CIELAB, we use a fixed white point, these results are more intuitive and reasonable.
27.2: Invited Paper: Towards High Performance Gate Electrodes: Resistance Reduction in Molybdenum Films by Seed Layer Application
Authors: Schmidt Hennrik , Koestenbauer Harald , Lorenz Dominik , Linke Christian , Franzke Enrico , Winkler Joerg
Published: February 2021

Molybdenum gate line resistance is a critical item for future high end TFT devices. While conventional Molybdenum lines are well established, the application of better conducting materials poses new challenges to stability and process integration. In our work we investigate and discuss application of different seed layer materials to lower the line resistance of Molybdenum while keeping its superior processability. Our results show that the application of a thin seed layer below the Molybdenum layer can reduce resistance of main Molybdenum film by up to 30%.
28.2: Invited Paper: A new generation of QD Diffusion Plate Technology for TV
Authors: Ji Honglei , Xu Huaishu , Guo Junqiu , Yang Yong , Zha Guowei
Published: February 2021

This paper reports a novel QD diffusion plate for liquid crystal display by using a three‐layer co‐extrusion method without any expensive barrier film. Quantum dots were homogeneous embedded in the polymeric matrix of the middle layer, and the upper and lower layer act as protective layers to avoid the destruction of external environment to quantum dots. The QD diffusion plate can realize 105% NTSC1931 color gamut with the same brightness as the backlight using conventional QD film. Reliability tests demonstrate that the quantum dot diffusion plate shows satisfactory stability comparable to the conventional quantum dot films under conditions of blue‐LED irradiation, high temperature and high humidity.
31.3: A quantitative measurement of binocular fusion limit under opposite color
Authors: Xiong Qi , Liu Hui , Chen Zaiqing
Published: February 2021

In stereoscopic display, when the color stimulation of left eye and right eye exceeds a certain range of acceptance, binocular rivalry will occur, and the stimulation of left eye and right eye will alternately occur during the viewing process, thus causing discomfort in viewing. This is a common problem in stereoscopic display pictures and video production. In this paper, we conducted an experiment to measure the color fusion limit in an autostereoscopic display. In the L * a * b * chromaticity diagram, the binocular fusion limits of different opposite color directions are measured. The results show that the limit of binocular fusion is larger in RY‐GB.
32.1: Invited Paper: The Development Trends and Technical Difficulties in Vehicle Display
Authors: Li Xiongping , Wang Jiandong , Liu Jinquan , Qin Feng
Published: February 2021

The development trends in vehicle display will be introduced. In order to cope with the trend of vehicle display, the development of part of vehicle display technology should be accelerated. How to balance the performance among the characters was a difficult problem. And the technical difficulties will be analyzed in this paper.
33.1: Invited Paper: Extremely Uniform and Highly Efficient Plasma‐Discharge Sources by using Transfer Mold Micro‐Projection Cathode Arrays for Large area and Flat‐Type Ultra‐Violet Lighting Applications
Authors: Nakamoto Masayuki , Moon Jonghyun
Published: February 2021

Mercury‐free ultra‐violet light source, which were generated by high pressure plasma discharge sources in the atmospheric pressure region, have been proposed by using conventional dielectric barrier discharge. However, dielectric barrier discharge devices having conventional flat‐type electrodes as well as coaxial‐type electrodes, would be degraded by the avalanche and the deformation of electrode due to the secondary ion bombardment by high discharge‐starting voltages and abnormal discharges, under the conditions of ac voltages with typical peak‐to‐peak amplitudes of 1.5–6 kV. In this study, low dischargestarting voltage under high pressure can be expected by the enhancement of the local electric field concentration on cathode arrays having extremely uniform and sharp tips of Transfer Mold micro‐projection cathode arrays. These Transfer Mold microprojection cathode arrays have been fabricated by using Transfer Mold field emitter arrays (FEAs) fabrication method and evaluated for discharge characteristics as the first step for UV lighting applications. Transfer Mold micro‐projection cathode arrays can be useful for the extremely uniform plasma source applications having the low breakdown voltage, then expected to be applied to large area and flat‐type UV lighting applications to a great extent.
34.1: Invited Paper: The laser annealing for crystallization of amorphous silicon using blue light semiconductor laser
Authors: Gotoh J. , Yang Y. , Kosugi J. , Saito K. , Kosuge T. , Toriyama S. , Sasaki N. , Sawai T. , Sugimoto S.
Published: February 2021

Semiconductor blue laser diode was used for crystallization annealing of amorphous silicon of backplane of flat panel display. The grain size of result crystal can be controlled by laser beam intensity or beam scanning speed. The poly silicon produced by BLDA showed same characteristics as ELA in LTPS. Lateral crystal have been produced by BLDA, its field mobility is three times higher than poly silicon by ELA. A multiple head equipment is proposed, by which high performance TFT can be made with significantly lower cost comparing to conventional laser anneal technology.
34.4: Applications of Electron Beam Review System for AMOLED Patterning Process Control
Authors: An Yongjun , Shao Shiqi , Zhang Yongzhi , Guan Jiangbing , Wu Nanhui , Liu Guohua , Li Aidan , Feng Yinqiao , Li Lingjia , Shen Ricky , Virdi Kulpreet , Muller Bernhard , Gao Yong
Published: February 2021

As the development of display technologies, much smaller critical dimension design is an inevitable trend and much tighter statistical process control is needed and necessary. Electron Beam Review System can provide much more precise critical dimension measurement without glass to be broken compared with traditional optical metrology tools. Besides, taper CD or taper angle is a critical parameter for display product quality control and Electron Beam Review System is the only tool in display Fabs that can provide such information.
35.2: Integral Imaging 3D Display Based On Dual Time Multiplexing With Liquid Crystal Aperture Array
Authors: Zhao Yulu , Zhang Xinran , Liao Hongen
Published: February 2021

We propose an integral imaging system based on dual time division multiplexing using liquid crystal aperture array to improve viewing angle and resolution simultaneously. A tunable liquid crystal aperture array is used to change the imaging effect of micro‐lens array and to realize the dual time division multiplexing of elemental image pixels. Thus, the spatial constraints of viewing angle and resolution are transformed into time domain and solved by multiplexing. According to the proposed scheme, this paper also proposes a synchronous rendering algorithm for elemental image array and aperture array pattern in different multiplexing periods. In order to verify the feasibility of the scheme, we build a prototype and the experimental results preliminarily verify that the method has a certain improvement effect on viewing angle and resolution.
38.1: Invited Paper: High Performance Deep Red Three‐Unit Tandem OLEDs for Automotive Lighting Applications
Authors: Pang Huiqing , Xie Menglan , Gao Liang , Lu Nannan , Wang Qiang , Ding Hualong , Kwong Ray , Xia Sean
Published: February 2021

We report high performance deep red tandem OLEDs suitable for automotive lighting applications. We developed a deep red phosphorescent emitter that has an intrinsic photoluminescent (PL) peak wavelength at 639 nm and a photoluminescent quantum yield PLQY of 0.80. A low‐voltage red host (LVRH) material was developed to match this emitter, which enables a single‐unit, bottom emission device to reach 2,000 cd/m2 with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.8%, bias voltage of 3.7 V, and LT95 of 6,000 hrs. A 3‐unit device incorporating this emissive system along with a novel charge‐generation layer (CGL) was fabricated and its device structure was optimized by tuning the hole transport layer (HTL) thickness. The device achieved a current efficiency of 39 cd/A, overall EQE of 77%, LT95 of 46,000 hrs, and bias voltage of 9.9 V at 2,000 cd/m2. This tandem device also reaches a deep red chromaticity with a peak wavelength of 641 nm, and CIE (X, Y) = (0.706, 0.293). The LT95 of the same device at 85 °C was 9,700 hr at 2,000 cd/m2. Such a deep red OLED is desirable for automotive lighting applications.
45.1: High‐Performance Deep Blue OLEDs with EQE up to 31%
Authors: Li Yilang , Li Guomeng , Duan Lian , Zeng Lichang , Liu Song
Published: February 2021

The low efficiency of blue devices has been a bottleneck problem for OLED panel manufacturers for a long time. In recent years, TASF‐OLED has attracted great attention because of the high external quantum efficiency and color purity, which makes it a promising technology for high efficiency deep blue OLEDs. In this paper, we present our latest development of TADF material for deep blue TASF‐OLEDs with an emission peak at 460 nm and a high external quantum efficiency up to 31 %.
46.1: Invited Paper: High Performance Micro LED Display Based on Complementary Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Backplane by using Digital Driving Technology
Authors: Shieh Chen-Yu , Tsai Chun-Wei , Lin T. I.
Published: February 2021

It is well known that the properties of micro LED display have the higher contrast ratio, higher brightness, high reliability, and much faster response time than conventional LCD and OLED displays. We demonstrate a prove of concept (POC) pico‐projector prototype with a F/0.9 camera lens, and green micro LED panel, and digital driving board. The lumen output from POC pico‐projector is only about 1 Lumen. We calculate that if the POC pico‐projector prototype is with much higher brightness, larger size micro LED panel, plus micro lens array, and three panels optical system, it should be able to achieve 500~600 Lumen pico‐projector.
47.1: Invited Paper: Development of 55inch 8k AMOLED TV by Inkjet Printing Process
Authors: Wu Zhongyuan , Yan Liangchen , Li Yongqian , Shih Huaiting , Feng Xuehuan , Kim Taejin , Peng Yuqing , Yu Jianwei , Dong Xue
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we presented 55 inch 8K4K AMOLED TV employing coplanar Oxide TFT backplane, top emissive inkjet‐printing OLED device, Gate Driver on Array(GOA) and compensation technologies. It is so far the largest prototype AMOLED TV fabricated by using inkjet printing process with 8K resolution. It shows the stunning display quality thanks to the high resolution and fast refresh frequency. It proves that the inkjet printing process is not only cost competitive but also can deliver premium display.
48.2: Invited Paper: Full Color Video Electrowetting E‐paper Display
Authors: Henzen Alex , Zhou Guofu , Guo Yuanyuan , Dou Yingying , Jiang Hongwei , Yang Guisong , Tang Biao
Published: February 2021

E‐paper technology has evolved slowly since the introduction of monochrome electrophoretic displays. Grayscale electrophoretic displays are still limited to 16 levels of grey and update speed has not significantly improved. Color versions are either dark or even slower to update. The key to breaking this impasse lies in a technology that can provide fast switching, and provide a sufficiently large, transmissive aperture. We have built a multilayer electrowetting display, providing acceptable resolution (648 × 480) for a 6″, 262k color video e‐paper display.
52.4: New external compensation schemes for AMOLED
Authors: Zhang Liuqi , Chaw Gary , Han Baixiang , Wu Yuanjun , Cao Weiran
Published: February 2021

This work presents two new external compensation schemes for AMOLED displays. With the first solution, we can obtain the changes in Vth and mobility of the driving TFT by simply detecting in two steps. And according to the second one, we can complete the compensation for the threshold voltage(Vth) and mobility(u) changes of the driving TFT in an extremely short detection time, and which makes it possible to perform external compensation in real time. Through simulation, it is found that the amount of current variation can be suppressed within 4% using this technique (when Vth is changed within ± 4V), and when the Vth and u are changed at the same time, the current variation can be suppressed within 7%(Vth changes by 1.5V and the mobility changes by 0.5 times or Vth changes by ‐1.5V and the mobility changes by 1.5 times).
53.3: The Size and Temperature Effect of Ideality Factor in GaN/InGaN Multiple Quantum Wells Micro Light Emitting Diodes (Micro‐LEDs)
Authors: Liu Yibo , Zhang Ke , Chan Joe , Yeung Sze-Yan , Liu Zhaojun , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we reported a GaN/InGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) micro light emitting diode (Micro‐LED) device with green light emission. For electronic performance, the Micro‐LED device exhibited a forward voltage of only 2.61 V at the current density of 10 A/cm2. For illumination performance, the emission light had 519 nm peak wavelength with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 22 nm. Furthermore, the diode ideality factor (n) was calculated and analyzed with different temperature categories (303 K to 573 K) and pixel sizes (30 μm to 200 μm), revealing a lower value of n with temperature growing and device scaling down.
54.2: Preparation of inkjet printing organic light‐emitting diode by optimizing the formation of flat film
Authors: Zhaobing Tang , Linjia Mu , Mingxiao Sun , Namdeog Kim , Weidong Liu
Published: February 2021

In inkjet printing of organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), the formation of homogeneous film is a critical step to realize highperformance device architecture that is comparable with thermal vaporation‐based device, which is essential for OLED application. Inkjet printing (IJP) is followed by vacuum drying and subsequent annealing. By optimizing ink parameters as well as drying and annealing conditions, the flat and homogeneous film can be obtained. The viscosity, surface tension of ink and its wetting behavior of ink on the previous layer impact the quality of film. We have successfully prepared OLED employing successive fabrication of printing and evaporation.
55.1: Invited Paper: Photolithographic patterning of OLED and OPD for invisible sensor integration in mobile display
Authors: Ke Tung-Huei , Georgitzikis Epimitheas , Alvarez Gema Molina , Vandenplas Erwin , Hagelsieb Luis Moreno , Akkerman Hylke , Shanmugam Santhosh , van Breemen Albert , Heremans Paul , Malinowski Pawel E.
Published: February 2021

We apply a photolithographic patterning process to integrate a green phosphorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED) with a polymer‐based organic photodetector (OPD) side‐by‐side with resolution up to 635 ppi. The characteristics of OLED and OPD before and after patterning are investigated. The crosstalk between OLED and OPD subpixels and the linearity of the integrated OPD under different luminance are also studied. The results indicate that photolithography enabled integration is an encouraging route of organic and hybrid electronics (OHEs) manufacturing.
P‐1.3: Development of an 11.6‐inch 144Hz LCD Utilizing an IGZO TFT Backplane
Authors: Chen Wei , Huang Jhih-Jie , Chen Yuhuai , Qian Yao , Ruan Sangsang , Su Chih-Yu , Tseng Chih-Yuan
Published: February 2021

In order to fully enjoy the most out of the latest games, gaming displays have gradually become the mainstream of the market with high frame rate and high stability. A high frame rate display allows players to anticipate game dynamics by providing accurate images with high response time, especially in some first‐person shooting (FPS) game. In this paper, we will introduce an 11.6 inch “FHD” back‐channel‐etch‐structured full screen notch of TFT‐LCD panel with a frame rate of 144Hz and narrow bezel by using a‐IGZO process that has been successfully fabricated in Gen 6 factory. The device with Ti/Al/Ti as source/drain was demonstrated with good electronic property and bias‐temperature‐stress stability. The Ion/Ioff of the BCE type TFTs are 1010.
P‐2.1: A LSTM‐based Deep Learning Model for the Prediction of Initial Register Values in IC Modules in the Process of Gamma Tuning for OLED Panels
Authors: Zhan Dongxu , He Guangyu , Zhang Shengsen , Zheng Zengqiang
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a novel LSTM model for precise prediction of initial register value in OLED Gamma tuning. Usually the bottleneck of Gamma tuning speed depends on the accuracy of initial register value prediction in IC modules for each bind point. By utilizing the long short‐term memory character of LSTM, high prediction accuracy is achieved which greatly shrink the search time for register value, thus reducing the overall average tuning time for each bind point of OLED screens and enhancing the amounts of adjusted screens per unit time in autonomous pipelines.
P‐2.6: Research on Desensitization Medical Therapy Based on Virtual Reality
Authors: Zhang Qichang , wang Lijun , Lv Shitao
Published: February 2021

As the pace of society gradually speeding up, more and more people came the problem of psychological fear. The traditional drug therapy trauma on the human body is very serious. The communication with the psychologist does not fully understand the patient's own situation, and it is easy to cause trauma to the psychologist. Virtual reality exposure therapy has important implications for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and severe phobias that are difficult to treat with conventional psychotherapy and drugs. Based on the above situation, this paper proposes a psychological phobia detection scheme in a virtual environment based on EEG signals. The program began with a scene of virtual reality stimulation, EEG acquisition, combined with neural network algorithm, patient diagnosis and treatment. Experiments show that virtual reality‐based desensitization therapy has a better diagnosis and treatment effect on patients' fear.
P‐4.6: One‐way Observable Aero Signage Display Which Enables to Make Transparent View from Back Side Using Dye‐doped Optical Prisms
Authors: Sakamoto Kunio , Yamasaki Takuma , Nakahara Jumpei
Published: February 2021

The authors had developed the origami‐oriented seven‐segment numeric display for aero signage. However our proposed display has a defect that one ends up perceiving wrong messages when he watches them from back side. The keyword of this research is 'invisible.' Suppose that you look Arabic numerals on glass windows. Which does it mean ‘85’ or ‘28’? You end up watching the mirrored images when you view from back side. So let us make the mirrored image invisible. This is our research goal and motivation. In 2019, the authors proposed the unidirectional observable aero signage using prisms and total internal reflection. This paper shows our one‐way observable sevensegment numeric display which enables to make perfectly transparent view form back side using novel dye‐doped resin blocks without color panels or paints. Moreover the authors describe a unidirectional observable dot matrix display which enables to make transparent view from back side.
P‐4.7: Optical structure design of quantum dot color conversion Pixel and Its Display Applications
Authors: Yang Lanlan , Yue Chunbo , Qiao Mingsheng , Liu Weidong , Mu Xinju
Published: February 2021

Quantum dot color conversion as a display form, it can greatly improve the display color gamut of OLED, and can also be used as an effective colorization technology solution for MicroLED. Here we design the quantum dot pixel structure, carry out the preparation and verification of big‐thickness BM, quantum dot pixel and Bragg reflector for prepare quantum dot color conversion devices initially. After evaluation, we give corresponding suggestions for the application research of later quantum dot color conversion.
P‐6.4: Enhanced Moisture Barrier Properties by the Use of Clay Nanoparticle‐embedded Nanocomposite
Authors: Cheng Jin , Chuyan Yu
Published: February 2021

Organic electronic devices, such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), are very sensitive to air environment, so it is necessary to encapsulate these devices to increase the service life[1−2]. In this study, we report a high transparent inorganic /organic multilayer barrier film, in which the inorganic layer is a high‐quality SiNx layer and the organic layer is clay nanoparticle‐embedded organic—inorganic hybrid (C—H) nanocomposite.
P‐10.2: Characteristic and hollowing‐out Pattern with Debonding Layer in Mechanical separation
Authors: Wang Jing , Yang Jing , Wang Hejin , Tian Hongwei , Zhao Meng , Liu Ming , Liu Zheng , Kao Shanchen
Published: February 2021

A thermo‐stable Debonding layer (DBL) is applied between the glass substrate and polyimide (PI) layer to weaken the adhesion. Through the investigation of the TFT characteristic after mechanical separation under different speed and digging conditions, the optimized process condition has been summarized for the mechanical lift off of the flexible OLED display to avoid inducing more defects.
P‐11.2: Novel Pixel Design for Transmittance and Picture Quality Improvement
Authors: Zhang Yinfeng , Cao Wu , Zhang Qi , Zhang Yihe , Lin Yunglun , Xiao Juncheng , Zhang Min
Published: February 2021

A data‐line‐centered (DLC) pixel design is constructed to improve transmittance and picture quality. The interaction between the adjacent sub‐pixels prompts a superior LC alignment comparable to the conventional design. The narrowed cross dark fringe can contribute to the modification of skin color shift. Strategy for vertical cross‐talk risk is also presented and theoretically proven to be effective. Consequently, an expected improvement can be realized under the DLC design.
P‐11.4: Development of PI‐less IPS/FFS Liquid Crystal Panel with Reactive Self‐Aligning Additive
Authors: Jiang He , He Rui , Tang Quan , Cheng Wei , Huang Changchih , Liu Guanghui , Sun Liang , Yuan Jianfeng , Li Zhifu , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2021

In this work we demonstrate the development of the FFS‐mode self‐alignment LCD based on UV‐reactive additive and LC media. We have already successfully developed a prototype of 6.0 inch FFS LCD panel by using the self‐alignment technology. The self‐alignment LCD panel shows a considerable properties, such as high brightness and contrast ratio. The optic‐electrical characteristics are discussed in this report.
P‐12.5: Investigation on AR / VR Displays Based on Novel Micro‐LED Technology
Authors: Su Zhihao , Zhanghu Mengyuan , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

VR technology has got more and more attention in modern society. However, the core technology of VR, near to eye display technology, is still hard to attain people's expectations [1,2]. Micro‐LED array has great potential in VR display due to the advantage of small size, high brightness, high resolution, low energy consumption, and good monochromaticity compare to the other display technologies. In this paper, we compared Micro‐LED with LCD, OLED, LCoS and DLP, and taking the conclusion that Micro‐LED technology is the best choice for VR display. However, Micro‐LED technology is still facing some challenges. Moreover, a Micro‐LED array‐based VR model was proposed.
P‐12.8: Design of Visible Light Communication System with LED Array Cube Display
Authors: Li Weizeng , Zhao Chenxi , Lv Zhijian , Cheng Zhuo , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, many kinds of wireless communication technology have been discussed, because of the depletion of the radio frequency spectrum. Many types of research have focused on visible light communication (VLC) since the VLC system has a lot of advantages. In this paper, the VLC system integrated with a data communication function and display function is proposed.
P‐13.4: Broadband In‐Cell Quarter Wave Plate using a Combination of Solution‐processed Self‐aligning Liquid Crystal Polymer by Coating Technique and Photoalignment
Authors: Sun Zhibo , Yuan Zhengnan , Srivastava Abhishek Kumar , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: February 2021

A new kind of in‐cell solution‐processed broadband quarter wave plate for the circular polarizer made of liquid crystal polymer using coating technique has been proposed and manufactured in this work. The transmittance and reflectance spectrum can show high ambient contrast ratio (ACR) improvement for the light emitting display system.
P‐13.9: Developing High‐Performance OLED Materials with Diverse Properties for Various Display Makers
Authors: Zeng Lichang , Sun Entao , Huang Jinhua , Wang Zhipeng , Liu Song
Published: February 2021

Our efforts in developing novelhigh‐performance ETL and R prime materials are presented. These new materials are tailor‐designed for our customers to improve the performance of their AMOLED display products.