bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric Naphthalene‐Based Thiosemicarbazide Anion Chemosensors with an Internal Charge Transfer Mechanism
Authors: Farrugia Kristina N. , Makuc Damjan , Podborska Agnieszka , Szaciłowski Konrad , Plavec Janez , Magri David C.
Published: August 2016

A series of thiosemicarbazide anion chemosensors substituted with naphthalene and 4‐nitrophenyl or phenyl units were synthesized. The molecules were characterized by using 1H,13C DEPT and 15N NMR spectroscopy. The anion binding properties of compounds 1–4 were investigated by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in DMSO, DMSO/H2O (9:1 v/v), and acetonitrile with hydroxide, fluoride, acetate, hypophosphate, and chloride anions. Striking color changes were observed with nitro‐containing chemosensors 2–4 with all anions, with the exception of chloride, which was attributed to an internal charge‐transfer mechanism. 1H/13C/15N NMR titration studies and DFT and charge distribution calculations support a mechanism involving deprotonation of the central N–H bond. Compound 4 with a methylene spacer between the naphthalene and thiosemicarbazide moieties was deliberately designed as a fluorescent photoinduced electron‐transfer anion (PET) sensor. However, the methylene spacer did not prevent delocalization of the HOMO orbital between the planar aromatic ring and the thiosemicarbazide unit as expected on the basis of the “fluorophore–spacer–receptor” PET model.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct Cyanation of Acetanilide Derivatives with K4[Fe(CN)6] by C–H Bond Activation
Authors: Kianmehr Ebrahim , Faghih Nasser , Tanbakouchian Arezoo , Mahdavi Mohammad
Published: August 2016

A practical, versatile, and efficient method for the palladium‐catalyzed direct cyanation of readily available acetanilides with K4[Fe(CN)6] as a safe cyanating agent through C–H bond activation with excellent C2 regioselectivity was developed. This finding represents a new strategy for the synthesis of N‐(2‐cyanoaryl)acetamides, which are important structural motifs in natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Synthetic Approach to Dictyodendrins: A Facile Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3‐c]carbazole, Pyrrolodibenzothiophene, and Benzo[e]indole
Authors: Raju Potharaju , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K.
Published: August 2016

The FeCl3/DDQ‐PTSA/NBS‐mediated cyclization (DDQ = 2,3‐dichoro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone, PTSA = p‐toluenesulfonic acid, NBS = N‐bromosuccinimide) of 2‐arylvinyl‐3‐indolylpyrrole led to the formation of the pyrrolo[2,3‐c]carbazole core unit of dictyodendrins in yields of 75–90 %. The cyclization method was also successfully applied to the syntheses of pyrrolodibenzothiophene and benzo[e]indole derivatives.
Mean First‐Passage Times in Biology
Authors: Polizzi Nicholas F. , Therien Michael J. , Beratan David N.
Published: August 2016

Many biochemical processes, such as charge hopping or protein folding, can be described by an average timescale to reach a final state, starting from an initial state. Here, we provide a pedagogical treatment of the mean first‐passage time (MFPT) of a physical process, which depends on the number of intervening states between the initial state and the target state. Our aim in this tutorial review is to provide a clear development of the mean first‐passage time formalism and to show some of its practical utility. The MFPT treatment can provide a useful link between microscopic rates and the average timescales often probed by experiment.
A wide‐necked extracranial internal carotid artery saccular aneurysm with ipsilateral proximal compression
Authors: Jin ChunXiang , Hu ZhenZhen , He Yu
Published: August 2016

Extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysms (EICAA) are rare and can elicit various neurologic symptoms. Here, we present a case of a saccular EICAA compressing its proximal parent internal carotid artery (ICA). Ultrasonography demonstrated the proximal ICA stenosis and the “tardus‐parvus” Doppler waveform downstream. The patient underwent aneurysmectomy and graft interposition. The histologic analysis highly supported an atypical fibromuscular dysplasia. Although this patient only showed a neck mass, the reduced ipsilateral cerebral blood supply was a potential cause for neurologic symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:116–120, 2017;
High‐flow‐mediated constriction in adults is not influenced by biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk
Authors: Ostrem Joseph D. , Evanoff Nicholas G. , Ryder Justin R. , Steinberger Julia , Sinaiko Alan R. , Bisch Katie L. , Brinck Niklas M. , Dengel Donald R.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

During reactive hyperemia, the brachial artery in some individuals constricts prior to dilation. Our aim was to describe the frequency of high‐flow‐mediated constriction (H‐FMC) in adults, and its relationship to body composition and biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic risk.

Methods

Two hundred forty‐six adults (124 male, 122 female; 36 ± 7 years old) were assessed for H‐FMC via sonographic imaging of the brachial artery. Blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipids, and body composition assessed via dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry were collected. H‐FMC was characterized as a 10‐second average of maximal postocclusion constriction. Independent t test was used to compare H‐FMC versus non‐H‐FMC individuals.

Results

H‐FMC was observed in approximately 69% of adult participants (54 obese, 57 overweight, and 59 normal weight). Total body mass (82.3 ± 17.5 versus 76.3 ± 16.3 kg, p = 0.012), fat mass (27.7 ± 11.5 versus 23.8 ± 10.5 kg, p = 0.012), body mass index (27.7 ± 4.9 versus 26.1 ± 5.0 kg/m2, p = 0.018), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (2.41 ± 1.03 versus 2.09 ± 0.72, p = 0.007) were higher in H‐FMC than in non‐H‐FMC individuals. Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) (6.12 ± 3.48 versus 8.09 ± 3.02%, p < 0.001) was lower in H‐FMC subjects. However, there was no difference in brachial artery dilation between groups (7.57 ± 3.69 versus 8.09 ± 3.02%, p = 0.250) when H‐FMC was added to FMD.

Conclusions

Increased body mass, fat mass, and body mass index were associated with a greater H‐FMC. When H‐FMC was present, the FMD response to reactive hyperemia was significantly lower. Because H‐FMC has been observed to negatively affect FMD response to reactive hyperemia, we suggest that H‐FMC should be noted when analyzing and interpreting FMD data. H‐FMC may be an ancillary measure of endothelial health. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:35–42, 2017
Happiness and Human Development: A Capability Perspective
Authors: Hirai Tadashi , Comim Flavio , Ikemoto Yukio
Published: August 2016

Subjective information about people's quality of life has always received bad press in the human development paradigm and the capability approach, despite their influence in the promotion of human‐centred policies. But, there are arguments put forward by their founders, Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, that subjective information, or happiness, can play several important roles in thinking about human development policies. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine how happiness can be part of human development and capability strategies. For this aim, Sen and Nussbaum's views on happiness will be reviewed and compared to understand the value of subjective information in their work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water‐Soluble Metallocene‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Alkan Arda , Wurm Frederik R.
Published: August 2016

Metallocenes are organometallic compounds with reversible redox profiles and tunable oxidation and reduction potentials, depending on the metal and substituents at the cyclopentadienyl rings. Metallocenes have been introduced in macromolecules to combine the redox‐activity with polymer properties. There are many examples of such hydrophobic polymer materials, but much fewer water‐soluble examples are found scattered across the polymer literature. However, in terms of drug delivery and other biological applications, water solubility is essential. For this very reason, all the synthetic routes to water‐soluble metallocene containing polymers are collected and discussed here. The focus is on neutral ferrocene‐ and ruthenocene‐containing and charged cobaltocenium‐containing macromolecules (i.e., symmetrical sandwich complexes). The synthetic protocols, self‐assembly behavior, and other benefits of the obtained materials are discussed.

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Application of surface treatments on releasing adhesion force during thermoplastic polyurethane injection molding process
Authors: Chen Jian‐Yu , Hwang Sheng‐Jye
Published: August 2016

With injection molding process, thermoplastic polyurethane is generally used to fabricate shoes, boots, rollers and golf balls, etc. However, serious adhesion causes molded part difficult to be released from tool surface. To alleviate adhesion force during ejection stage, chromium‐nitride (CrN) based and diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings prepared by physical vapor deposition were coated on mold cavity surface. Single layer CrN and modifying CrN coatings were found to be beneficial to alleviate adhesion force whereas multilayer CrN and DLC surface treatments were ineffective during continuous experiments. Further investigation found that single layer CrN and modifying CrN both had excellent water‐repellency properties with low surface energy and exhibited the distinctive conical structure with uniform grain size. Although multilayer CrN coating exhibited similar morphology as that of single layer CrN coating, it showed significant variations in grain size and height. In contrary, although DLC coating adequately showed uniform topography, its larger grain size and wider valley between grains both lead to larger adhesion force due to mechanical anchoring. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:299–305, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Measurement of rare isotopologues of nitrous oxide by high‐resolution multi‐collector mass spectrometry
Authors: Magyar Paul M. , Orphan Victoria J. , Eiler John M.
Published: August 2016

Rationale

Bulk and position‐specific stable isotope characterization of nitrous oxide represents one of the most powerful tools for identifying its environmental sources and sinks. Constraining 14N15N18O and 15N14N18O will add two new dimensions to our ability to uniquely fingerprint N2O sources.

Methods

We describe a technique to measure six singly and doubly substituted isotopic variants of N2O, constraining the values of δ15N, δ18O, ∆17O, 15N site preference, and the clumped isotopomers 14N15N18O and 15N14N18O. The technique uses a Thermo MAT 253 Ultra, a high‐resolution multi‐collector gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometer. It requires 8–10 hours per sample and ~10 micromoles or more of pure N2O.

Results

We demonstrate the precision and accuracy of these measurements by analyzing N2O brought to equilibrium in its position‐specific and clumped isotopic composition by heating in the presence of a catalyst. Finally, an illustrative analysis of biogenic N2O from a denitrifying bacterium suggests that its clumped isotopic composition is controlled by kinetic isotope effects in N2O production.

Conclusions

We developed a method for measuring six isotopic variants of N2O and tested it with analyses of biogenic N2O. The added isotopic constraints provided by these measurements will enhance our ability to apportion N2O sources.
Aldo‐X Bifunctional Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Ravichandiran Palanisamy , Lai Bingbing , Gu Yanlong
Published: August 2016

Compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms inside the rings are attracting much attention and interest due to their biological importance. In recent years, several methods for the synthesis of such molecules have been reported by using aldo‐X bifunctional building blocks (AXB3 s) as substrates; these are a wide class of organic molecules that contain at least two reactive sites, among them, one aldehyde, acetal, or semiacetal group was involved. Because of the multiple reactivities, AXB3 s are widely used in the one‐pot synthesis of biologically important heterocycles. This review summarizes the synthesis of important heterocycles by using AXB3 s as pivotal components in establishing multicomponent reactions, tandem reactions, and so forth. In many cases, the established reaction systems with AXB3 s were characterized by some green properties, such as easy access to the substrate, mild and environmentally benign conditions, and wide scope of the substrate.
A New Calibration Method for a Directly Driven 3PRR Positioning System
Authors: Mo Jia-Si , Qiu Zhi-Cheng , Zeng Lei , Zhang Xian-Min
Published: August 2016

Calibration is one of the most important works for the parallel manipulator. The manufacturing and assembling errors will modify the designed parameters of the parallel mechanism, leading to the positioning errors. Calibration is an effective method for improving the accuracy of the parallel mechanism. It is vital to identify the parameters and calibrate the system aiming at improving the positioning accuracy. In order to build an object stage of the micro/nano operation system, a 3 degree-of-freedoms (DOFS) parallel mechanism has been designed and constructed, with combination of legs of the PRR type (the underline of the P represent the actuated joint), P and R representing prismatic and revolute pairs respectively (3PRR). Due to the space constraint, this 3PRR mechanism is built without the end-effector feedback, and must be calibrated for high accuracy positioning. The error model of the 3PRR mechanism has been derived and analyzed, and the error distribution mappings of the 3PRR mechanism are obtained. The calibration method based on the error model is investigated. Since some parameters are difficult to be identified by using the decoupling error model, the assistant measurements are proposed and utilized to compensate for this calibration method. Numerical simulations and experiments are carried out. The simulation results show that it is not enough to calibrate this system by using the calibration method based on error model only, and the experimental results demonstrate that the combined assistant measurements will achieve a better effect for calibration.
MHD Double Diffusive Natural Convection Flow Over Exponentially Accelerated Inclined Plate
Authors: Seth G. S. , Tripathi R. , Sharma R. , Chamkha A. J.
Published: August 2016

An investigation of unsteady MHD double diffusive natural convection flow of a viscous, incompressible, electrically conducting, heat absorbing, radiating and chemically-reactive fluid past an exponentially accelerated moving inclined plate in a fluid-saturated porous medium, when the temperature of the plate and the concentration at the surface of the plate have ramped profiles, is carried out. Exact solutions for the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration, under Boussinesq approximation, are obtained in closed form by the Laplace transform technique. The expressions for the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are also derived. Numerical evaluations of the fluid velocity, fluid temperature and the species concentration are performed and displayed graphically whereas those of the shear stress, rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer at the plate are presented in tabular form for various values of the pertinent flow parameters.
Language Maintenance and Shift
Authors: Pauwels Anne
Published: August 2016

What motivates some linguistic minorities to maintain their language? Why do others shift away from it rather quickly? Are there specific conditions - environmental or personal - influencing these dynamics? What can families and communities do to pass on their 'threatened' language to the next generation? These and related questions are investigated in detail in Language Maintenance and Shift. In this fascinating book, Anne Pauwels analyses the patterns of language use exhibited by individuals and groups living in multilingual societies, and explores their efforts to maintain their heritage or minority language. She explores the various methods used to analyse language maintenance, from linguistic demography to linguistic biography, and offers guidance on how to research the language patterns and practices of linguistic minorities around the world.
Ancient Mythological Images and their Interpretation
Authors: Lorenz Katharina
Published: August 2016

When we try to make sense of pictures, what do we gain when we use a particular method - and what might we be missing or even losing? Empirical experimentation on three types of mythological imagery - a Classical Greek pot, a frieze from Hellenistic Pergamon and a second-century CE Roman sarcophagus - enables Katharina Lorenz to demonstrate how theoretical approaches to images (specifically, iconology, semiotics, and image studies) impact the meanings we elicit from Greek and Roman art. A guide to Classical images of myth, and also a critical history of Classical archaeology's attempts to give meaning to pictures, this book establishes a dialogue with the wider field of art history and proposes a new framework for the study of ancient visual culture. It will be essential reading not just for students of classical art history and archaeology, but for anyone interested in the possibilities - and the history - of studying visual culture.
Medieval Chivalry
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: August 2016

Emerging in the medieval period, chivalry embodied ideals that elite warriors cherished and practices that formed their profession. In this major new overview, Richard Kaeuper examines how chivalry made sense of violence and war, making it tolerable for elite fighters rather than non-knightly or sub-knightly populations. He discusses how chivalry buttressed status and profession, shaped active piety, and fostered intense warrior attachments and heterosexual relationships. Though showing regional and chronological variations, chivalry at its core enshrined the practice of prowess in securing honor, with this process significantly blessed by religion. Both kingship and church authority sought to direct the great force of chivalry and, despite tensions, finally came to terms with rising knightly status and a burgeoning military role. Kaeuper engages with a wide range of evidence in his analysis, drawing on the chivalric literature, manuscript illumination, and sermon exempla and moral tales.
Combustion Waves and Fronts in Flows
Authors: Clavin Paul , Searby Geoff
Published: August 2016

Combustion is a fascinating phenomenon coupling complex chemistry to transport mechanisms and nonlinear fluid dynamics. This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive presentation of the nonlinear dynamics of combustion waves and other non-equilibrium energetic systems. The major advances in this field have resulted from analytical studies of simplified models performed in close relation with carefully controlled laboratory experiments. The key to understanding the complex phenomena is a systematic reduction of the complexity of the basic equations. Focusing on this fundamental approach, the book is split into three parts. Part I provides physical insights for physics-oriented readers, Part II presents detailed technical analysis using perturbation methods for theoreticians, and Part III recalls the necessary background knowledge in physics, chemistry and fluid dynamics. This structure makes the content accessible to newcomers to the physics of unstable fronts in flows, whilst also offering advanced material for scientists who wish to improve their knowledge.
Hizbullah and the Politics of Remembrance
Authors: Saade Bashir
Published: August 2016

Born out of the Israeli occupation of the South of Lebanon, the political armed group Hizbullah is a powerful player within both Lebanon and the wider Middle East. Understanding how Hizbullah has, since the 1980s, developed its own reading of the nature of the Lebanese state, national identity and historical narrative is central to grasping the political trajectory of the country. By examining the ideological production of Hizbullah, especially its underground newspaper Al Ahd, Bashir Saade offers an account of the intellectual continuity between the early phases of Hizbullah's emergence onto the political stage and its present day organization. Saade argues here that this early intellectual activity, involving an elaborate understanding of the past and history had a long lasting impact on later cultural production, one in which the notion and practice of Resistance has been central in developing national imaginaries.
The Politics of African-American Education
Authors: Meier Kenneth J. , Rutherford Amanda
Published: August 2016

Based on the 1,800 largest school districts in the United States over a decade, The Politics of African-American Education documents the status of African-American education and the major role that partisanship plays. The book brings together the most comprehensive database on minority education to date that centers around three arguments. First, partisanship permeates African-American education; it affects who is elected to the school board, the racial composition of school administrators and teachers, and the access of African-American students to quality education. Second, African-American representation matters. The effectiveness of African-American representation, however, is enhanced in Democratic districts while representation in Republican districts has little influence. Third, political structures matter, but they are not determinative. Two different structures - election rules and the independent school district - create the rules of the game in US education politics and policy but do not limit others from using those rules to change the outcome.
C. S. Lewis on Politics and the Natural Law
Authors: Dyer Justin Buckley , Watson Micah J.
Published: August 2016

Conventional wisdom holds that C. S. Lewis was uninterested in politics and public affairs. The conventional wisdom is wrong. As Justin Buckley Dyer and Micah J. Watson show in this groundbreaking work, Lewis was deeply interested in the fundamental truths and falsehoods about human nature and how these conceptions manifest themselves in the contested and turbulent public square. Ranging from the depths of Lewis' philosophical treatments of epistemology and moral pedagogy to practical considerations of morals legislation and responsible citizenship, this book explores the contours of Lewis' multi-faceted Christian engagement with political philosophy generally and the natural-law tradition in particular. Drawing from the full range of Lewis' corpus and situating his thought in relationship to both ancient and modern seminal thinkers, C. S. Lewis on Politics and the Natural Law offers an unprecedented look at politics and political thought from the perspective of one of the twentieth century's most influential writers.
Comparative Regional Integration
Authors: Closa Carlos , Casini Lorenzo , Sender Omri
Published: August 2016

Comparative Regional Integration: Governance and Legal Models is a groundbreaking comparative study on regional or supranational integration through international and regional organizations. It provides the first comprehensive and empirically based analysis of governance systems by drawing on an original sample of 87 regional and international organizations. The authors explain how and why different organizations select specific governance processes and institutional choices, and outline which legal instruments – regulatory, organizational or procedural – are adopted to achieve integration. They reveal how different objectives influence institutional design and the integration model, for example a free trade area could insist on supremacy and refrain from adopting instruments for indirect rule, while a political union would rather engage with all available techniques. This ambitious work merges different backgrounds and disciplines to provide researchers and practitioners with a unique toolbox of institutional processes and legal mechanisms, and a classification of different models of regional and international integration.
Probability and Evidence
Authors: Horwich Paul
Published: August 2016

In this influential study of central issues in the philosophy of science, Paul Horwich elaborates on an important conception of probability, diagnosing the failure of previous attempts to resolve these issues as stemming from a too-rigid conception of belief. Adopting a Bayesian strategy, he argues for a probabilistic approach, yielding a more complete understanding of the characteristics of scientific reasoning and methodology. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Colin Howson, illuminating its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, this engaging work has been revived for a new generation of readers.
Pioneers of the Field
Authors: Bank Andrew
Published: August 2016

Focusing on the crucial contributions of women researchers, Andrew Bank demonstrates that the modern school of social anthropology in South Africa was uniquely female-dominated. The book traces the personal and intellectual histories of six remarkable women through the use of a rich cocktail of new archival sources, including family photographs, private and professional correspondence, field-notes and field diaries, published and other public writings and even love letters. The book also sheds new light on the close connections between their personal lives, their academic work and their anti-segregationist and anti-apartheid politics. It will be welcomed by anthropologists, historians and students in African studies interested in the development of social anthropology in twentieth-century Africa, as well as by students and researchers in the field of gender studies.
Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia
Authors: Liow Joseph
Published: August 2016

Religion and nationalism are two of the most potent and enduring forces that have shaped the modern world. Yet, there has been little systematic study of how these two forces have interacted to provide powerful impetus for mobilization in Southeast Asia, a region where religious identities are as strong as nationalist impulses. At the heart of many religious conflicts in Southeast Asia lies competing conceptions of nation and nationhood, identity and belonging, and loyalty and legitimacy. In this accessible and timely study, Joseph Liow examines the ways in which religious identity nourishes collective consciousness of a people who see themselves as a nation, perhaps even as a constituent part of a nation, but anchored in shared faith. Drawing on case studies from across the region, Liow argues that this serves both as a vital element of identity and a means through which issues of rights and legitimacy are understood.
Lectures on Infinitary Model Theory
Authors: Marker David
Published: August 2016

Infinitary logic, the logic of languages with infinitely long conjunctions, plays an important role in model theory, recursion theory and descriptive set theory. This book is the first modern introduction to the subject in forty years, and will bring students and researchers in all areas of mathematical logic up to the threshold of modern research. The classical topics of back-and-forth systems, model existence techniques, indiscernibles and end extensions are covered before more modern topics are surveyed. Zilber's categoricity theorem for quasiminimal excellent classes is proved and an application is given to covers of multiplicative groups. Infinitary methods are also used to study uncountable models of counterexamples to Vaught's conjecture, and effective aspects of infinitary model theory are reviewed, including an introduction to Montalbán's recent work on spectra of Vaught counterexamples. Self-contained introductions to effective descriptive set theory and hyperarithmetic theory are provided, as is an appendix on admissible model theory.
Electromagnetohydrodynamic Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluid in a Parallel Plate Microchannel
Authors: Zhao G.-P. , Jian Y.-J. , Li F.-Q.
Published: August 2016

The present study is devoted to electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid inside a parallel plate microchannel. The nanofluid is actuated by Lorentz force which is originated from the interaction of applied electrical field and perpendicular magnetic field. A fully developed assumption with uniform flux at the surface is considered in the analysis, and the influences of viscous dissipation as well as Joule heating are also taken into account. The analytical solutions for velocity and temperature are derived. Moreover, the Nusselt number variations are examined. The results show that the Hartmann number, the dimensionless parameter S and the nanoparticls volume fraction have significant influences on flow and temperature of nanofluid. As Hartmann number increasing, the Nusselt number improves and similar trend can be observed with the augment of nanoparticls volume fraction. A diminishment of heat transfer performance can be seen with increase of the Joule parameter and Brinkman number, while an enhancement in heat transfer can be witnessed with increase of nanoparticls volume fraction.
Smoking Cessation Interventions Amongst New Zealand Dental Students: A Survey
Authors: Mistry Deepa , Broadbent Jonathan , Murray Colleen
Published: August 2016

Introduction:The NZ Government has set the goal of a smoke-free country by 2025. Research has shown that NZ dentists engage little in promotion of smoking cessation amongst their patients. The knowledge of, and attitudes towards, smoking cessation interventions of NZ dental students has not previously been reported.

Aims:To investigate smoking cessation intervention practices of clinical dental students and explore perceived barriers to their delivery.

Methods:A survey was conducted of all students in the three clinical years of the 5-year New Zealand dental training programme.

Results:The response rate was 73.7%. At least half of the participants did not recall the inclusion of smoking cessation intervention information in the curriculum. The majority (70.9%) used a routine protocol to identify smokers. Almost two-thirds felt that smoking cessation interventions are important, whilst two-fifths felt it is their duty as a health professional. Lack of knowledge and time were the most common barriers.

Conclusions:Although most dental students identify patients who smoke, the majority provide no cessation intervention services. This appears to be due to a lack of knowledge about available organisations and referral procedures. As future health professionals, dental students need better education in this area.
Office Premiums
Authors: Stocks J.
Published: August 2016

Office Premiums should fulfil the following conditions:—

(1) They should beadequate. Whatever the method of construction, the premium must be sufficient to cover the risk and expense, and leave a reasonable margin of profit.

(2) They must be reasonable from a competitive standpoint.

(3) They must be consistent with one another.

The premiums should be based on select rates of mortality, and our decision of the table of mortality to be used for the premiums for particular classes of risk should be based on—

(1) The experience of the class of assurance.

(2) Possible variation in that experience in the future.

(3) The special conditions of the particular office.
Short Money
Authors: Humphreys H. L.
Published: August 2016

In connection with the financial arrangements of Insurance Offices it is sometimes of advantage to borrow money in order to make permanent investments, or for other reasons, and at other times funds are available which can conveniently be placed on deposit with Bankers or Discount Houses, or elsewhere, pending permanent investment. In the former case the Office should seek to obtain- the money at the cheapest rate, in the latter case the Office should obtain as good a rate of interest as possible for the short period during which the money is deposited.

To such money, borrowed or deposited for short periods is applied the term “Short Money.”

Insurance Offices place their money with their own Bankers, the Discount Houses, the Stock Exchange, and the Joint Stock Banks, and obtain money from their own Bankers, or from the Discount Houses.
Analysis of Profit from a Practical Point of View
Authors: Simmonds Reginald C.
Published: August 2016

In the following remarks:—

P means Office Premiums.

π means Net Premiums.

D means Claims, Surrenders and similar outgo.

E means Expenses and Commission.

imeans Earned rate of interest.

imeans Valuation rate of interest.

ϕ means Loading,i.e., P –π either for a particular policy or for the whole business.

1. Surplus is the balance ofestimatedassets overestimatedliabilities, and is therefore dependent upon the valuation assumptions. Some valuation gains or losses are not real,e.g.:—

(a) Strain of new business.

(b) Mortality profit (this is usually quite fictitious).

(c) Interim Bonuses.
Reversions and Life Interests
Authors: Lever E. H.
Published: August 2016

A reversion, in its simplest form, is merely the right of one person to receive a sum of money, or its equivalent in securities, on the death of another person now living. In practice this right is often contingent upon the happening of some other event, such as the reversioner surviving the life tenant, and as the existence of such a contingency means that a purchaser might suffer entire loss of capital, it is usual to eliminate it by effecting an appropriate policy of assurance. When this is done the contingent reversion becomes an absolute one, subject to the payment of the appropriate premium.
The Analysis of Profits of a Life Office.
Authors: Carpmael C.
Published: August 2016

The present paper has been given the title of ‘The Analysis of profits of a Life Office,’ but it is clear that it will not be possible in the time available to discuss all the points which may arise in practice under this heading, and it is therefore intended to limit the paper to a discussion of the more usual questions which arise in analysing profits where an annual valuation is made by the ordinary net premium method. Whatever be the precise method adopted in valuing the liabilities of a life office, the principles underlying an analysis of the profits will be the same, and once these principles are grasped no difficulty will be found in applying them to any particular case. In the first place, it should be appreciated that the necessity, or at any rate, desirability, of analysing profits arises only through our assuming in the valuation of the liabilities, rates of mortality and interest different from those actually realised in practice.
Extra Premiums.
Authors: Warren C. F.
Published: August 2016

The following notes are the result of an effort to consider the subject of extra risk from the point of view of the student dealing with the practical side of the case by showing how office practice endeavours to give effect to the actual conditions prevailing in particular cases.

A good many of the risks to be assessed require the assistance of the Medical Officer, especially where the degree and incidence of the extra mortality is concerned. I am of opinion, however, that the actual monetary assessment should be finally decided by the Actuary.

In this connection, there are one or two points which call for criticism and remarks.
Loans and Mortgages as Investments for Life Funds
Authors: Simpson W. Murray
Published: August 2016

The scope of Insurance has within the past few years widened to such an extent that it is no longer sufficient for a member of the profession to be an expert in his own particular section. By the process of amalgamation the modern Composite Company has come into existence, and the time is past when a keen member of the Staff of a large Insurance Company is content to sit in the self-contained section of his Office—Life, Fire, or Accident—and not to know what is going on outside his own water-tight Department.

It is not an easy matter for Life Insurance Companies nowadays to find remunerative investments for their funds, with Income Tax at its present figure, and although large sums are invested in Stock Exchange Securities, which do not come within the scope of this paper, further large amounts are advanced on security of mortgages of property, reversions, life interests, Stocks and Shares, etc., etc., and it is with these advances that I propose to deal.
High-Yielding Stock Exchange Securities.
Authors: Cutler D. G. S.
Published: August 2016

It has now become very generally recognized, I think, that finance is decidedly the most important factor in the conduct of life assurance business. This subject does not appear to have received, in earlier times, the intensive study which its significance deserved; latterly, however, it has attracted steadily increasing attention and now occupies a very prominent position in the transactions of our Institute.

It is probably true to say that in accordance with a fairly generally accepted principle the investment programme during recent years has been largely confined to securities of what may be called the “semi-trustee” type, i.e., those which are cheaper than statutory trustee securities though not very greatly inferior in quality. Usually a small proportion only of the programme has been devoted to a rather limited range of 2nd grade or high-yielding investments, and in our discussions at the Students' Society comparatively little has been said about these. I propose, therefore, in the present paper to state the case in favour of this latter type of security and to put forward the suggestion that the time has arrived when a quite considerable proportion of our new investments might with advantage be selected from this category.
The Valuation of Ordinary Whole-Life Policies
Authors: Melville C. A.
Published: August 2016

The title to this paper deliberately restricts its field. Emphasis is essentially on “The Valuation” and the limitation to Whole Life Policies restricts these notes to the one class to the exclusion of all others, including special policies, which, in any event, would require in the valuation separate treatment. It is not intended to enter into the realms of Industrial Assurance.

Essentially there is no difference between Whole Life and Endowment Assurance Policies, but by restricting the paper to the former it will simplify discussion. It has the advantage also that we have to consider the basic factors—namely, the rates of mortality and interest—in their extreme form, for whereas the terms of Endowment Assurances are comparatively short, thus minimising the effect of error, when dealing with Whole of Life Policies the Actuary has to consider the general trend of mortality and interest rates over a very much longer period, probably fifty or more years.
Options in Theory and Practice
Authors: Courcouf W. J.
Published: August 2016

Everyone has, theoretically, the choice, or option of being or declining to be assured. In order to prevent discrimination being exercised against him it is usual for the assurer to demand some evidence of health before issuing an assurance at his advertised rate of premium, and this method of preventing discrimination by rejecting proposals below a certain standard results in the phenomenon of temporary selection. That the assurer is not primarily concerned with equity may be seen by considering group assurance. The assurance is of different value to the different members of the group but as they have no option, or a very restricted one, this does not militate to the disadvantage of the assurer.
Summation Formulæ for Graduation
Authors: Redington F. M.
Published: August 2016

The student approaching the subject of summation formulae is constrained to follow the historical order in which it develops in the Journals of the Institute and the Students' Society. Not only is his path made harder by the difficulty of finding a suitable starting point, but the development he must follow is not always the logical one.

The purpose of the present note is primarily to provide the student with a starting point. If a few of the more important conclusions of the subsequent reading are anticipated herein the author feels that the student's appreciation of the original papers by Hardy and Lidstone will be none the less keen for having already navigated some of the wider channels.

It should be added that except in the method of preparation no originality is claimed for this note.
II. The yield on an annuity or a loan.
Authors: Craig J. I.
Published: August 2016

1. The problem considered is that of Todhunter'sTextbook(1936 edition), ch. VIII, para. 6, p. 176, but the method employed is suitable also for finding the yield on a loan issued at a price different from par, and redeemable through the operation of a cumulative sinking fund, applied in drawings at par or at a premium.

2. Leta′be the value of an annuity of 1 payable annually fornyears; it is required to findi′the unknown rate of interest.

An examination of any published set of tables of annuity values, such as Oakes's Tables, will indicate that rate of interesti, to the nearest ⅛ %, at whichis most nearly equal toa′.

Let dashed symbols refer to functions calculated at rate of interesti′.
An Introduction to Investment in Real Property
Authors: Lane G. B. , Leach W. A.
Published: August 2016

The object of this commentary is to indicate the fundamental principles underlying the selection of property investments from the point of view of an insurance company. It is, however, essential first to examine the phraseology of real property, with its legal background, before we can distinguish between the various types of property and the degree of security afforded by each type. In the time at our disposal, we must of necessity confine ourselves to the basic elements of the subject, and make no attempt to deal with war-time legislation or present prospects of changes in legislation.
Currency Stabilization
Authors: Bacon F. W.
Published: August 2016

By currency stabilization we can mean one of two things. We can mean either the stabilization of the internal value of a currency—the quantity of goods and services that a unit of it will purchase inside the country concerned—or the ‘stabilization’ of its external exchange value in terms of the quantities of the currencies of other countries that it will purchase.

The internal and external values of a currency are of course closely interconnected. There was a time, when the gold standard was working more or less smoothly, when the fixity of foreign exchanges was taken for granted, and discussion of currency stabilization was mainly concerned with the desirability and possibility of maintaining a stable internal price level. Now, however, as a result of the shrinking of international trade in the Great Depression and the consequent bedevilment of the exchanges in nearly every country, the focus of attention has shifted, as the Keynes and White plans clearly show, to the problem of achieving and maintaining equilibrium in the external balance of payments of the different countries while avoiding drastic exchange restrictions or, alternatively, wide and erratic fluctuations in their exchange rates.
A problem in derangements
Authors: Joseph A. W.
Published: August 2016

Two persons turn up cardsalternately,each starting with a similar, but differently shuffled, pack of n cards. What is the probability that before all the cards have been dealt two identical cards are showing at the same time?

If the two players deal simultaneously the answer is unity minus the probability that none of thenpairs of cards is an identical pair. The problem is thus reduced to the calculation of the number of ways in whichnletters can be put intonaddressed envelopes without any letter going to the correct addressee. This is the classical example of derangements, and the solution can be found in Chap, IV of Whitworth'sChoice and Chance, viz.
Anglo-American economic relations
Authors: Murray A. F.
Published: August 2016

Ever since the abrupt announcement that Lend Lease was to be discontinued, the attention of the British public has been focused on Anglo-American economic problems. So furious has been the spate of articles (well informed and otherwise) launched by the Press, and so vociferous have been the supporters of wholly divergent views, that most people must by this time be heartily sick of the whole subject. I must therefore apologize for inflicting upon the Society the subsequent remarks on such a well-worn theme, but in self-defence would explain that the subject was chosen before the recent clamour and shouting arose.
An Application of the Theory of Probability to the Examinations of the Institute of Actuaries
Authors: Mayhew W. L. , Vajda S.
Published: August 2016

This note is a direct outcome of the discussion provoked by the recent report of the Committee of the Students' Society on the Future of the Profession. One of the points mentioned in the report was the high average age at qualification for the Fellowship. This age depends,inter alia, on

(1) the age of starting,

(2) the frequency of holding the examinations,

(3) the number of parts that may be taken at a time,

(4) the total number of parts to be passed,

(5) the stringency of the examinations.

This note deals only with the last two of these factors.

In normal circumstances, a student desiring to become a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries finds himself faced with the prospect of having to pass seven examinations, viz. the Preliminary and Parts 1–6. The total numbers who sat for each part and the numbers and percentages of passes for each year from 1928 onwards are given in a table at the end of this note.
Problems arising on the dissolution of Friendly Societies—a consideration of basic valuation principles
Authors: Clarke C. E.
Published: August 2016

Those of us who have had occasion to study the Friendly Societies: Act of 1896 will be aware of the provisions contained therein relating to the dissolution of friendly societies and of the fact that the rules of a registered society must incorporate such provisions.

The chance that many of our members will meet a case of dissolution in practice is perhaps small, but, nevertheless, the study of the problems involved in assessing the shares of the members in the funds of a society is well worth while, since it involves the consideration of the basic principles of friendly society valuation.

After a short discussion of the legal provisions, this paper introduces some of the more important problems that can arise in connexion with the dissolution of societies of the most common type granting both sickness and death benefits.
The variance ratio test in statistics
Authors: Wishart John
Published: August 2016

Statistics forms a not unimportant part of the actuary's studies, and is understood to be attracting greater attention than was the case, say, fifty years ago. To some extent this is undoubtedly due to an increasing recognition of its importance in this field, but we must also recognize that it is a subject in which big advances have been made on the theoretical side during the present century. Now there must always be of necessity a great gulf fixed between the papers of an Aitken and those of the Institute's examinations. It does not follow, however, that the elements of the subject must continue to be taught in the same old way. The enigma facing the student when extensions to knowledge are being continually made can be resolved, and very often is resolved, by a complete rewriting of the elementary text-books. To give an example, we have all been taught at one time or another how to test the difference between two sample means by using the standard error, on the large sample theory.