bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The hAPP‐YAC transgenic model has elevated UPS activity in the frontal cortex similar to Alzheimer’s disease and Down’s syndrome
Authors: Seo Hyemyung , Isacson Ole
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1819–1826.

The ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS) is critical for handling the intra‐cellular load of abnormal and misfolded proteins in several neurodegenerative diseases. First, to determine the effects of the over‐expression of human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) on UPS, we measured proteasome activities using fluorescent substrates in the frontal cortex of hAPP‐yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) transgenic (tg) mice (R1.40, hemizygous; Lamb, Nat Genet, 9, 4; 1995). Chymotrypsin and PGPH‐like activities of proteasome were increased in frontal cortex of hAPP‐YAC tg mice. These proteasome activities (both chymotrypsin and PGPH‐like) were further increased by cholinergic stimulation in littermate control mice, but not in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were decreased by hAPP over‐expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of hAPP‐YAC tg mice, and further decreased by M1 agonist treatment in the hippocampus of littermate control and hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Interestingly, the frontal cortex (BA9 area) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients (Stage 3, n = 11) and Down’s syndrome (DS) patients (n = 9) showed similar up‐regulation of the UPS activities to those seen in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. M1 agonist stimulation increased the activities of α‐secretase, which were down‐regulated by hAPP over‐expression in the frontal cortex of hAPP‐YAC tg mice. These results demonstrate that (i) hAPP‐YAC tg mice have an up‐regulation in the frontal cortex of the UPS similar to AD and DS patients; (ii) muscarinic stimulation increase UPS activities, increase secreted APP (APPs) levels, and decrease amyloid beta 42/40 ratio only in littermate controls, but not in hAPP‐YAC tg mice. Taken together, these results suggest that both the adaptive reactions in the proteostatic network and pathological changes in AD and DS need to be considered in the future potential therapeutics.
NESTING DENSITY AND BREEDING SUCCESS IN THE HERRING GULL LARUS ARGENTATUS
Authors: Parsons Jasper
Published: August 2010

The relationship between nesting density and breeding success of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus was studied on the Isle of May, Scotland, in 1968. Herring Gulls nesting at the most common density started laying earlier in the season than those nesting at lower or higher densities. Therefore, although the overall spacing of nests was uniform, the nest density of birds laying later in the season progressively approached a random distribution. The onset of laying occurred in synchronized groups within the colony. Late‐laid clutches were commonly situated on the periphery of the colony where the density of nests was lowest. When the laying period was divided into four time periods, in each period the tendancy was for birds nesting at the most common density to have the highest clutch‐size, hatching and fledging success, and to rear the most chicks per pair to fledging. In addition, birds which spaced their nests most uniformly, presumably as a consequence of territorial behaviour, were the most successful parents.
Major specimen fraud in the Forest Owlet Heteroglaux (Athene auct.) blewitti
Authors: RASMUSSEN PAMELA C. , COLLAR NIGEL J.
Published: August 2010

The Forest Owlet Heteroglaux (Athene auct.) blewitti is known from central India from seven old specimens, four of which were taken in northwest Maharashtra in 1880‐83 by J. Davidson and the last purportedly in Gujarat over 30 years later by R. Meinertzhagen. Because of recently documented specimen fraud by Meinertzhagen, we subjected his Forest Owlet specimen to scrutiny (Iincluding X‐rays) and established that it had been extensively remade in a way that transformed its original appearance. Moreover, it shows several features ‐ tying of distal humeri from the outside, cotton wing‐stuffing identical to that from a Davidson bird, original retention of humerus and formerly a stretched neck ‐ that identify its true collector as Davidson. Examination of the Natural History Museum's catalogue reveals that a fifth Davidson specimen, collected in 1884 in the area where his first four were taken, was registered in 1925 but is now missing, although not logged as lost, sold or exchanged. Meinertzhagen's diary and specimen catalogue strongly suggest that he was not in Gujarat on the date given for his 1914 specimen, and he surprisingly never published the record, despite its exceptional rarity. We conclude that he stole the fifth Davidson Forest Owlet specimen from the Natural History Museum, and remade and relabelled it to conceal its origin, thereby compromising the geographic and temporal record of this critically threatened species.
Do territorial and non‐breeding Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen influence the local movements of rural birds in New Zealand?
Authors: MORGAN DAI , WAAS JOSEPH R. , INNES JOHN
Published: August 2010

Australian Magpies Gymnorhina tibicen sometimes attack and kill other birds in New Zealand. Here we assess how Australian Magpies influence the local distribution of other birds in New Zealand and identify the members of an Australian Magpie population that display the most agonistic acts. We conducted regular observations on six territorial breeding groups and three non‐breeding flocks of Australian Magpies for 1 year to determine (1) if other birds avoid flying or foraging close to Australian Magpies, (2) the proportion of passing birds that are attacked and (3) which social subunits of the Australian Magpie population are most aggressive. In comparison with adjacent Magpie‐free control areas, significantly fewer birds of a range of species (e.g. Common Blackbird Turdus merula, Skylark Alauda arvensis, Yellowhammer Emberiza citrinella) foraged close (i.e. ≤ 50 m) to both territorial breeding groups and non‐breeding Australian Magpie flocks; fewer birds were also recorded flying near (i.e. ≤ 50 m) territorial breeding groups but not non‐breeding flocks. Excluding Australasian Harriers (Circus approximans: see below), only 8% of birds recorded within 50 m of territorial breeding groups were observed being attacked. Attacks were most frequent when numerous birds occurred near Australian Magpies and species recorded in the highest frequencies were generally attacked most. Territorial breeding groups attacked 39% of passing Australasian Harriers. All attacks consisted of the victim being swooped at or chased; no physical contact was ever observed. Both adult male and female breeding Australian Magpies were seen attacking other birds; juveniles in breeding groups sometimes supported adults but never initiated attacks. Australian Magpies in non‐breeding flocks were not seen attacking other birds, except Australasian Harriers (attacked in 17% of appearances). Our results suggest that some birds avoid foraging and/or flying close to Australian Magpies because they are sometimes chased by breeding adults of both sexes; however, the proportion of passing birds actually attacked was small. The numerous published observations of Australian Magpie attacks are apparently biased heavily towards sensational events that are rare. Possible reasons why Australian Magpies attack other birds are discussed.
Condition of Quercus robur L. along a natural Luvisol microtoposequence on loess in Central Belgium
Authors: Van de Moortel R. , Rampelberg S. , Deckers J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This research aims to assess how the variability in soil morphology of Luvisols along a microtopographic sequence influences the condition of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). The condition of 205 pedunculate oaks was observed during one growth season and related to morphological soil properties. Results show that the presence of a consolidated argillic B horizon or fragipan in Luvisols, has a negative influence on the condition of Q.robur.
Soil compaction under timber harvesting machinery: a preliminary report on the role of brash mats in its prevention
Authors: Hutchings T.R. , Moffat A.J. , French C.J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Forest soil sustainability and future crop productivity is at risk if mechanised harvesting operations cause soil damage. In UK upland forestry, soil protection is usually provided by placing harvesting residues (brash) over areas where machinery traffic is required. In this study, various thicknesses of brash mat were tested for their ability to reduce compaction of a surface water gley soil at Kielder Forest, Northumberland. Changes in penetration resistance and dry soil bulk density were studied after passes by forest harvesting and timber extraction machinery running on the brash. The study shows that normal harvesting operations caused some soil compaction. However, the brash mat system was shown as important in protecting the soil. Soil under brash mats experienced some compaction to at least 45 cm depth. The thickest brash mat, composed of residues from 10 rows of trees, was unable to prevent compaction completely. Nevertheless, the protective role of the brash mat system was clearly confirmed when compared to timber extraction over bare soil. The point at which compaction has a detrimental effect on the establishment and stability of future tree rotations remains uncertain.
Effects of planting Eulaliopsis binata on soil quality in the red soil region of southern China
Authors: Huang Y. , Wang H. , Zou D.S. , Feng Z.W. , Huang H. , Wang S.L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Eulaliopsis binata is a perennial fibre‐producing plant, which has a growing market in southern China and also has favourable effects on soil and water conservation. In the present study, three land use treatments, Eulaliopsis binata (EB), undisturbed natural grassland (NG) and orange grove (OG) were compared with respect to their effects upon a red soil after 20 years. Of these treatments, EB had the most favourable effects on soil physicochemical and biological properties and on soil microclimate. These properties were combined in a relative soil quality index (RSQI), which gave values in the order EB > OG > NG. Soil microbial numbers and enzyme activities were shown to be sensitive indicators of overall changes in soil properties.
Priorities towards national‐level soil protection: a survey of soil stakeholders in Scotland
Authors: Adderley W.P. , Davidson D.A. , Salt C.A. , Grieve I.C. , Hopkins D.W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Soil protection policies are being developed in many countries, particularly those in the European Union where pan‐national regulatory frameworks now exist. We report an analysis of a survey of the views of a wide range of stakeholders in the soil resource of Scotland, including representatives of rural and urban land users, public bodies and authorities, non‐governmental environmental organizations, and soil scientists based in Scotland. The four soil issues considered of particular importance were soil pollution, soil erosion, loss of soils to development, and loss of biodiversity. Comments were strongly polarized, either strongly promoting issues or indicating lack of awareness, on a set of topics: the loss of valued soils, loss of archaeological sites, and changes in terrestrial carbon store. It is argued that an integrated approach is required to implement any future soil protection strategies, and that special attention should be paid to monitoring long‐term changes and to provision of soil survey data from urban areas.
Digital soil resource inventories: status and prospects
Authors: Rossiter D.G.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This article presents an inventory of digital soils data and supporting information available or publicized on the World Wide Web. The amount and quality of digital soil survey information at global, national, regional, and local scales is increasing dramatically. Some is freely available on‐line, some is available on CD‐ROM and only publicized, not distributed, on the Web. The world is completely mapped at small scale. Many regions are covered by medium‐scale inventories, especially using the SOTER methodology. Large‐scale digital data are limited to the USA, Canada, Australia and Europe, but there is discrepancy with respect to their philosophies of public access to foundation data such as soil maps. Remaining problems include the lack of metadata, limited interpetations for professionals who are not soil specialists, and geodesic incompatibility with other digital data. The frequent reorganization of websites leads, at best, to user frustration and, at worst, to the disappearance of information.
Road Taxes, Road User Charges and Earmarking
Authors: Newbery David M. , Santos Georgina
Published: August 2010

The UK Road Fund was set up in 1921 and financed by earmarked taxes, but was unsuccessful as a form of road finance and abandoned in 1937. The paper examines why earmarking failed and what problems arise for replacing road taxes by hypothecated road charges. These charges would need to be regulated and could evolve into a more efficient system of road pricing. The paper claims that recent experiences with regulating capital‐intensive network industries make road user charging and the commercialisation of the public highway both feasible and desirable, but that recent government proposals for local earmarked taxes are inadequate.
The reform of legal aid in England and Wales
Authors: Rickman Neil , Fenn Paul , Gray Alastair
Published: August 2010

Legal aid expenditure has risen dramatically in recent years, prompting attention from successive governments. A prominent theme of past and present government reform proposals has been the shifting of risk away from the taxpayer towards lawyers, clients and insurers by altering the means by which legal aid lawyers are paid. This paper explores this theme by presenting information on legal aid expenditure trends over the last two decades and then considering whether payment mechanisms have contributed to this performance. Finally, it reviews previous and current reform proposals in this area. It concludes that, because risk‐shifting also alters incentives, it is essential that reform recognises and monitors these.
Compliance Costs for Employers: UK PAYE and National Insurance, 1995–96
Authors: Collard David , Godwin Michael
Published: August 2010

This paper, based upon research financed by the Inland Revenue and the Contributions Agency of the DSS, presents calculations of the compliance costs for employers of PAYE and National Insurance in 1995–96. Total costs are estimated to have been of the order of £1.3 billion. The costs are very unequally spread across employers, whether measured per employee or per pound of tax raised. They are particularly high for small new employers. For the largest employers, these costs may be offset by the cash‐flow benefits of acting as tax collectors. The composition of labour and other costs is calculated and estimates are made of compliance costs under various payroll ‘technologies’. The main determinants of compliance costs, for an employer, are analysed using weighted least‐squares regression analysis. Finally, some policy implications are considered.
Evidence on the Relationship between Low Income and Poor Health: Is the Government Doing Enough?
Authors: Benzeval Michaela , Taylor Jayne , Judge Ken
Published: August 2010

The government's report, Opportunity for All: Tackling Poverty and Social Exclusion (Department of Social Security, 1999), identified poor health as one of the major problems associated with low income. However, much of the available evidence on the relationship between income and health is of little help in forming policies to reduce health inequalities, as it has tended to be based on cross‐section surveys and is therefore unable to shed much light on causal effects. Here, we make use of two British longitudinal datasets to examine the longer‐term influences of income on health within a life‐course perspective. We then use the results of our analysis to provide a brief critical assessment of the likely success of the government's anti‐poverty strategy in reducing health inequalities. A more detailed assessment of government policy in this respect can be found in Benzeval et al. (forthcoming).
Redistributive effects of the shift from personal income taxes to indirect taxes: Belgium 1988–93
Authors: Decoster Andre , Van Camp Guy
Published: August 2010

Between 1988 and 1993, the Belgian personal income tax system and the indirect tax system were reformed to a considerable extent. We use microsimulation models to investigate the impact of the reform on the liability progression and the redistributive effect of the combined tax system. The redistributive effect of personal income taxes decreased, notwithstanding an increase in liability progression. For indirect taxes, both the liability regressivity and the reverse redistributive effect have been enhanced. We use recently developed statistical tests to gauge the significance of the observed changes.
Annuity Markets and Retirement Security
Authors: Poterba James M.
Published: August 2010

The growing importance of defined contribution pension arrangements has drawn increased attention to the means by which retired people draw down their assets. Current UK law requires annuitisation of at least a fraction of defined contribution plan accumulations. Annuity markets have recently attracted some criticism with respect to pricing and the available range of product options. This paper describes a key feature of voluntary annuity markets: the presence of ‘adverse selection’. This is the tendency of annuitants to live longer than non‐annuitants, since individuals who know that they are likely to die soon do not purchase annuities. The paper presents information that quantifies the importance of adverse selection in the setting of private annuity prices and discusses the role of compulsory annuitisation requirements in reducing it. Requiring individuals to participate in the annuity market can reduce selection effects, at the cost of reducing individuals' range of retirement income options.
After the death of inflation: will fiscal drag survive?
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich
Published: August 2010

Declining inflation rates might have negative consequences for tax revenues. Phenomena such as the inflationary bracket creep in a progressive income tax system do not work any longer. With this background, the paper analyses the extent of fiscal drag for OECD countries since 1965. Some consideration of the role of money illusion and indexation in this context lays the theoretical base. A framework is presented that allows for the classification of fiscal structures with regard to the type of fiscal drag. The subsequent econometric panel analysis is performed for total and disaggregated government revenues. The results back theoretical considerations of inflation's impact on different kinds of taxes, which tends to be positive for individual income taxes and social security contributions and is negative for corporate income taxation. The paper concludes that both declining inflation and changing tax structures limit the potential for future fiscal drag.
Gender implications of current social security reforms
Authors: Bennett Fran
Published: August 2010

This paper examines some current reforms to social security benefits / tax credits and changes to employment provisions from a gender perspective. It analyses tensions between the trend towards ‘individualisation’ and growing emphasis on the couple/household as a policy focus.

New tax credits change the distribution of resources within many couples. Incentives to work for some second earners should improve; but extending in‐work subsidies to childless couples raises questions. Payment of child tax credit to the ‘main carer’ has been welcomed, though the implications of joint ownership of tax credits are unclear, and joint assessment will be extended.

Many claimants' partners can now access employment services. However, this is aimed at reducing the number of workless households rather than expanding individuals' opportunities. Joint claims for jobseeker's allowance, and work‐focused interviews, involve increased responsibilities for partners but no right of access to individual income. A more consistent critical analysis of reform from a gender perspective is required.
Increasing Support for Those on Lower Incomes: Is the Saving Gateway the Best Policy Response?
Authors: Emmerson Carl , Wakefield Matthew
Published: August 2010

The government is committed to introducing a new savings account for people on lower incomes. This will provide a strong incentive for eligible individuals to save, or at least to hold financial assets, in these accounts. This paper describes possible rationales for this government intervention. It then presents new evidence on the characteristics of people with lower incomes and finds that many already have some financial assets, while those who do not often appear to have good reasons for why they may not want to be currently saving. The result is that the proposed Saving Gateway will be extremely difficult to target at those who might benefit in the way the government hopes. The danger is that the policy will be expensive relative to the number of genuine new savers and savings that it generates.
Measuring Housing Subsidies: Distortionary and Distributional Effects in the Netherlands
Authors: Ter Rele Harry , Ven Steen Guido
Published: August 2010

This paper measures the distortionary and distributional effects of housing subsidies in the Netherlands. Its broad scope allows us to discuss the results in the light of the main justifications for subsidising housing, i.e. the merit–good argument, external effects and the distribution motive. Our measurements reveal some patterns of subsidisation that seem difficult to justify on these grounds. This applies especially to the differences between subsidisation of rental and owneroccupied housing and between mortgage– and equity–financed ownership. Moreover, the inelastic supply of housing in the Netherlands entails that subsidisation has only a limited effect on promoting housing quality.
Who Will Pay for Long‐Term Care in the UK? Projections Linking Macro‐ and Micro‐Simulation Models
Authors: Hancock Ruth , Comas‐Herrera Adelina , Wittenberg Raphael , Pickard Linda
Published: August 2010

The long‐term care funding system continues to attract much debate in the UK. We produce projections of state and private long‐term care expenditure and analyse the distributional impact of state‐financed care, through innovative linking of macro‐ and micro‐simulation models. Variant assumptions about life expectancy, dependency and care costs are examined and the impact of universal state‐financed (‘free’) personal care, based on need but not ability to pay, is investigated. We find that future long‐term care expenditure is subject to considerable uncertainty and is particularly sensitive to assumed future trends in real input costs. On a central set of assumptions, free personal care would, by 2051, increase public spending on long‐term care from 1.1 per cent of GDP to 1.3 per cent, or more if it generated an increase in demand. Among the care‐home population aged 85 or over, the immediate beneficiaries of free personal care would be those with relatively high incomes.
Simplicity versus Fairness in Means Testing: The Case of Civil Legal Aid
Authors: Buck Alexy , Stark Graham
Published: August 2010

For most state financial benefits, the making of any payment, or its level, depends upon a means test to assess the applicant's income or wealth. Attempts to make such tests fair often lead to procedures that are complicated to administer and confusing for the applicant. This paper describes the analysis underlying a review of means testing for civil legal aid in England and Wales, to achieve considerable simplification without sacrificing fairness.
School Attendance and Skill Premiums in France and the US: A General Equilibrium Approach*
Authors: De La Croix David , Docquier Frédéric
Published: August 2010

We evaluate the effect of education policies, welfare programmes, technology and demographics on the differential evolution of the skill premium and on the rise in education investment in France and the US. We use a computable general equilibrium model with overlapping generations of individuals and endogenous education decisions. Human capital has two substitutable components ‐ experience and education ‐ both of which evolve endogenously over time. We use an original method to calibrate our model properly on the post‐war period and run counterfactual experiments to assess the relative contributions of the different exogenous variables. The expansionary French education policy boosted the supply of skills and kept the skill premium low. In contrast, increasing education costs in the US contributed to increased wage differentials by reducing the rise in educational attainment. Skill‐biased technical change is key to understanding rising school attendance and skill premiums in the US. It has a less important role and appears to be delayed in France.
Why Are Mothers Working Longer Hours in Austria than in Germany? A Comparative Microsimulation Analysis*
Authors: Dearing Helene , Hofer Helmut , Lietz Christine , Winter‐Ebmer Rudolf , Wrohlich Katharina
Published: August 2010

Labour force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar; however, full‐time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax‐transfer system, we perform a comparative microsimulation exercise. After estimating structural labour supply models for both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries ‐ namely, (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers’employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: while Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than in the German system.
Preparation, Dyeing and Finishing of the New Fibres
Authors: Wilcock C. C.
Published: August 2010

(1) A summary is given of certain of the more recent trends in the methods used for the preparation, dyeing and finishing of rayons. (2) General information is given on the dyeing properties of rayons. Under the generic term “rayon” are included not only the older rayons, but the truly synthetic fibres, nylon and Vinyon, as well as casein fibre, Rayolanda and alginate rayons.
A Theoretical Discussion of Further Substitution in Disubstituted Naphthalenes. Part IV‐A Comparison of the Sulphonation and Nitration of Polynitronaphthalenes, Naphthalene Polysulphonic Acids and Naphthalene Nitrosulphonic Acids
Authors: Hodgson H. H. , Ward E. R.
Published: August 2010

It is found that at low temperatures the sulphonation and nitration of naphthalene, and the further sulphonation and nitration of its nitro, surphonic acid and nitrosulphonic acid derivatives, takes place in accordance with theories advanced in Parts I1(a) II1(b) and III1(b) of this aeries. Only at high temperatures and with particular compositions of the reaction medium (e.g whether in sulphuric acid or oleum of various strengths) does sulphonation appear anomalous, although such anomalies have been resolved by, the explanations advanced in the previous parts. The introduction into general use of the rules of Veselý and Jake2, as modified by resonance theory, in place of those of Amstrong and Wynne3, therefore appears to be justified.
The Use of the Grey Scale for Assessing the Effect on the Pattern in Fastness Testing
Authors: McLarren K.
Published: August 2010

It has been shown that a grey scale pan be used for assessing not only loss in depth but also changes in hue and/or brightness and any combination of these three factors. A method is suggested for recording the effect on the pattern which requires the use of neither subjective terms nor fixed standards in different hues.
The Reaction between Wool and Nickelammonium Hydroxide II‐The Supercontraction of Wool Fibres in Solutions of Nickelammonium Hydroxide
Authors: Bell J. W. , Whewell C. S.
Published: August 2010

When wool is immersed in solutions of nickelammonium hydroxide, nickel is adsorbed and the fibres contract in length. It is shown that the adsorption of only about 7% of nickel can induce a contraction of 40%; on removing the nickel by immersing the fibre in dilute acid it partly regains its original length. This reversal is, however, not solely dependent on removal of nickel, for if this is removed by buffer solutions of low acidity no recovery in length takes place. With the exception of acetylation, chemical modification of the wool has little or no effect on the ultimate supercontraction, but profoundly alters the recovery characteristics when the nickel is removed by acid. In general, chemically modified fibres do not recover their original length, the exception being those in which the disulphide bond is replaced by the lanthionine linkage. The improved reversibility of these fibres suggests that the disulphide cross‐links play an important part in the recovery of fibres whose molecular structure has been distorted through combination with nickel.
The Development of Naphtol AS Dyes
Authors: Zitscher Arthur
Published: August 2010

The history and the development of azoic dyes baaed on the arylamides of o‐hydroxycarboxylic acids are reviewed. The relation between the chemical constitution of an azoio dye and its substantivity on cellulose is discussed, and the paper concludes with an account of stabilised diazo components.
The Fourteenth John Mercer Lecture
Authors: Ward J. S.
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the many factors which influence the dyeing method adopted for a particular fibrous material. Some of these factors, such as the diffusion rate and the affinity of dyes, are fundamental; others, such as the colours required or variability in dyeing properties, are accidental; whilst many, such as the volume of business or the cost of dyes, are dependent upon the economic structure of the industry. All must be accommodated in a successful dyeing process.
The Remazol Linkage
Authors: BOHNERT E.
Published: August 2010

A short introduction to the chemistry of the Remazol reactive dyes is followed by an explanation of their behaviour when applied to cellulosic fibres. An indication is given of the position of Remazol dyes in the general picture of reactive dyes and how they differ from other ranges. Evidence is provided which indicates that a covalent linkage with the cellulose is formed during dyeing. Methods for dyeing fibres other than cellulose are described.
The Separation and Identification of Commercial Dyes by Paper Chromatography I—Acid Dyes
Authors: McNeil C.
Published: August 2010

The use of paper chromatography in separating commercial dyes is discussed briefly and some simple apparatus is illustrated. Methods are given for the separation of level‐dyeing, milling acid and neutral‐dyeing acid dyes, as well as chrome dyes. Possible applications are outlined.
The Radiation‐induced Graft Copolymerisation of Methacrylic Acid to Nylon
Authors: Roberts R. , Thomas J. K.
Published: August 2010

The grafting of methacrylic acid to 6,6‐nylon has been achieved by using the γ‐radiation from a 60Co γ‐source. The effect of total radiation dosage and temperature on the rate of grafting is reported, and interpreted using current copolymerisation concepts. The effect of the new surface on the solubility of the nylon in various solvents, and on the surface electrical resistance, is also described and discussed briefly.
Recent Developments in the Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Kramrisch B.
Published: August 2010

Recent developments and problems encountered in the application of disperse, cationie and anionic dyes to various types of acrylic copolymer fibres are discussed. High‐temperature dyeing with 1:2 metal‐complex dyes is considered, with reference to the influence of application conditions. Dyeing of unions of acrylic fibres with both natural and man‐made fibres by several one‐bath and two‐bath methods is described. Finally, some results are given on the dyeing of nitrile alloy fibre (Zefran), comparing the fastness of dyeings on this fibre with the fastness obtained on cotton and on wool.
Wet and Dry Boundaries on Cellulosic Textiles and their Influence on Dyes and Dyeing–II
Authors: FOX M. R.
Published: August 2010

In Part I (I), previous studies of the formation of brown evaporation marks on cellulosic textiles were discussed. Experimental work is now described which relates to the dyeing of cellulosic textiles with (a) reactive, (b) direct, (c) vat and azoic, and (d) phthalocyanine dyes. The colour reactions produced at wet–dry boundaries are interpreted in terms of the initial formation of the free dye–acid, apparent local loss of effective sodium ions, and subsequent reduction of the dye; the cellulose in the boundary area is physically and chemically modified. Reaction is not confined to dyes covalently linked with cellulose. The presence of sulphonic acid groups can be a significant factor in the course of reactions at the boundary; non–sulphonated dyes, although capable of undergoing colour changes at the time, do not give rise to discharge effects or fibre re–wetting problems. On the basis of this work a tentative explanation of the tendering of cotton by Sulphur Black is advanced. Experiments on the dyeing of cotton suggest that these could lead to a better understanding of listing problems in jig dyeing.
Some Observations on the Cause and Cure of Skittery Pad Dyeings on Wool
Authors: ANGLISS I. B. , BRADY P. R. , DELMENICO J.
Published: August 2010

Skittery pad dyeings are caused by the tendency of all liquids to break up into beads when applied to thin filaments. This effect can be overcome by adding to the dye‐liquor a surface‐active agent capable of forming strong films. These stretch between adjacent fibres, ensuring continuous contact between the liquid and the fibre and, thus, relatively even distribution of dye.
Some Observations on Yellow Azo Disperse Dyes
Authors: McDowell W. , Hoffmann K.
Published: August 2010

An attempt is made to correlate the chemical structures of some simple azo disperse dyes not only with their absorption maxima in solution, but also with their effectiveness when dyed on polyester materials, i.e. with their complete reflectance spectra.
Synthesis and Ultraviolet Spectra of Nitroanilinopyridines
Authors: Peters A. T.
Published: August 2010

The preparation of six isomeric nitroanilinopyridines is described. The effects on the absorption spectra of the presence of the aza substituent in the nitrated and unnitrated rings of mononitrodiphenylamine dyes are compared with similar effects on the spectra of anilinonitropyridines. The nature of the principal by‐products formed during the synthesis of nitroanilinopyridines by condensation of aminopyridines with bromonitrobenzenes or of halogenopyridines with nitroanilines is ascertained by mass‐spectrometry and other techniques.
Colour Passing‐Visual or Instrumental?
Authors: McLaren K.
Published: August 2010

The results of four independent investigations have been used to estimate the chances of any experienced colourist wrongly rejecting an acceptable sample. Seven colour‐difference formulae have been assessed against three sets of visual judgments, and the Adams‐Nickerson formula has been found to be consistently better than any other. Its use would increase the number of wrong decisions made, but the increase would be confined to wrong rejections.
Oxidation and Reduction in Light Fading of Dyes
Authors: Giles C. H. , Shah C. D. , Watts W. E. , Sinclair R. S.
Published: August 2010

Experimental evidence and published results show that when dyes are faded they are usually oxidised, probably by atmospheric oxygen. In certain systems reduction may occur, e.g. when the substrate is more readily oxidised than the dye or under anaerobic conditions in the presence of a hydrogen donor.
The Photofading of Mixtures of Azo Dyes and Mixtures of an Azo Dye and Oxygen in Aquous Solutions Containing d, l‐Mandelic Acid
Authors: van BEEK HENDRIK C. A. , HEERJES PIETER M. , RUTGES ANTONIUS A. M.
Published: August 2010

The reactions of the reducing species formed on photo‐excitation of d, l‐mandelic acid in aqueous solutions with azo dyes, oxygen, mixtures of azo dyes, and mixtures of azo dyes and oxygen have been investigated. The results indicate that all reactions can be described as reductions of the oxidising agents (azo dyes and/or oxygen) by the photochemically formed reducing species. The azo dyes used can be arranged in a sequence according to their electron affinities. The higher the electron affinity the more susceptible a dye is to reduction in d, l‐mandelic acid on ultraviolet irradiation. The inhibition of the photoreduction of azo dyes in solution by oxygen is mainly caused by a competition of the azo dye present and oxygen for the reducing species. However, the rates of fading of the dyes in aerobic solutions are only partly determined by the electron affinities of dye and oxygen. Other factors, such as the relative rates of intermediate reactions and the occurrence of as yet unidentified side‐reactions, determine to an important extent the sequence of stability of the azo dyes during irradiation in aerobic solutions.
The Development of a Machine for a Wet System of Transfer Printing Employing Controlled Migration
Authors: WILD K.
Published: August 2010

The construction and operation of the Tootal ‘DewPrint’ machine are described. This machine is suitable for printing, by migration transfer, fabrics composed of all types of fibres. The method employed is based on the Fastran process of Dawson International.
Azide Reactive Dyes Part II ‐ Transfer‐printing Properties of Sulphonyl‐ and Aryl‐azide Dyes on Nylon 6.6
Authors: GRIFFITHS JOHN , McDARMAID R. I.
Published: August 2010

The transfer‐printing properties of dyes containing the sulphonylazide (‐SO2N3) and arylazide (ArN3) groups have been examined for nylon 6.6 substrates. After sublimation at 200°C the azide group decomposes rapidly to a nitrene species which reacts with the polymer. Dye fixation occurs by insertion of the nitrene into the carbon‐hydrogen bonds of the polymer, thus forming a nitrogen bridge. A competing reaction involves hydrogen abstraction from the substrate to give an amino derivative of the dye which is not covalently bound to the polymer. Fibre‐grafting occurs to the extent of about 60–75% for both series of dyes. Unlike the sulphonylazides, the arylazide dyes show a pronounced colour change after transfer, as the thermally‐generated amino group is directly conjugated with the dye chromogen.
The Development Utilization of and Synthetic Thickeners in Textile Printing
Authors: HUGHES DAVID W.
Published: August 2010

The limitations of body thickeners and the development of emulsion systems, which eventually led to pigment printing establishing it;relf, are discussed. The disadvantages of such systems are then described and the subsequent introduction of synthetic thickeners outlined as well as their advantages and the reason for their continued development which e entually led to solvent‐free printing becoming commercially viable. A description of the use o f synthetic thickeners in areas other than pigment printing is also given and possible areas of future developments are predicted.
A Comparative Study of Bleaching Untreated, Chlorinated and Hercosett–treated Wool with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: GACÉN J. , CEGARRA J. , CARO M. , AIZPURUA L.
Published: August 2010

Values for peroxide concentration, temperature and time of bleaching were established in accordance with a rotatable central plan of experiments for three variables. The materials used were (I) untreated wool, (2) the same wool after it had been chlorinated in an acidic medium (the first part of the Hercosett process), and (3) the same wool after it had received the full Hercosett treatment. The behaviour of the three different types of wool on bleaching with hydrogen peroxide has been compared through the response equations relating a given parameter to the bleaching conditions.
The Years Between. Milan 1975–Hanover 1979
Authors: Ratcliffe Jack D.
Published: August 2010

The period between ITMA in Milan and the forthcoming ITMA in Hanover has probably been one of the most difficult times for the European textile industry. Somewhat surprisingly it has also been a period of rapid development and advance in machinery, technology and fashion. It is regrettable that this progress has not resulted in any substantial improvement in the profits of dyers and printers.

in this paper three major sections of our industry are discussed, firstly machine development, secondly technological improvements and thirdly the commercial problems of this period. The conclusions reached in this paper are based generally on experience in the apparel field and in particular with fabrics made from polyester, secondary acetate, triacetate, nylon and acrylic fibres or blends of these with other fibres.
A Monte Carlo Method for the Validation of Discrimination Ellipse Data
Authors: Alder C.
Published: August 2010

The difficulties of fitting reliable chromaticity discrimination ellipses are discussed in relation to the distribution of data points.

A simulation technique as an alternative to repeat experiments is described and suggestions are made about the interpretation of simulated results.

Examples are given of the application of the technique to some well known data.
Damage to Wool during Stock‐dyeing.
Authors: Holmes‐Brown R L , Wood E J , Carnaby G A
Published: August 2010

Practical stock‐dyeing trials using different liquor pressures and temperatures have confirmed that fibre damage is greater when the pressure is high. The effect was shown clearly by the differences found in the strength of fibre bundles and in yarn extensibility. Processing efficiency might also be expected to be affected and in fact variations in the amount of carding waste were found which correlated with fibre strength. It appears to be practicable to operate a dyeing machine at a lower pressure (and temperature) without Joss of production or dyeing efficiency. Suitable means of achieving this have been devised leading to less damage to the wool and so to substantial savings in subsequent processing.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Behaviour of Some Novel Analogues of Phthalein Dyes
Authors: Chamoli R P , Thapliyal R P
Published: August 2010

Thin layer chromatographic studies of some novel analogues of phthalein dyes have been carried out using silica gel G as adsorbent and five different solvent systems as developing media. A convenient and efficient method for identification, purification and separation of these new dyes has been developed.
The UK Cotton Industry's Fight against Recession and Decline
Authors: Leach J H
Published: August 2010

Presented to the Society's Scottish Region on 9 September 1983
The Effect of Antiozonants on the Reaction of Dyes with Ozone. 1 — Mechanism of Antiozonant Action
Authors: Matsui Masaki , Kitao Teijiro
Published: August 2010

The effect of antiozonants on the reaction between dyes and ozone has been investigated. The antiozonant effect was found to increase the greater the agent's reactivity with ozone. The antiozonant also reacted with radicals produced by the homolytic cleavage of the substrate‐ozone adducts. The effect of the added antiozonant generally increased in the order 2, 6‐di‐t‐butylphenol < α‐tocopheral, dibutylthiourea < N‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylendiamine ≅ nickel dibutyl‐dithiocarbamate.
Substituent effects on the colour, dyeing and fastness properties of 4‐phenylazo‐1‐naphthylamines and of 2‐acetylamino‐5‐methoxy‐4‐N‐ß‐cyanoethyl‐N‐ß‐hydroxyethylaminoazobenzene
Authors: Peters A T
Published: August 2010

The synthesis of a series of blue disperse dyes obtained by diazotisation of substituted anilines and coupling with 2‐acetylamino‐5‐methoxy‐4‐N‐ß‐cyanoethyl‐N‐ß‐hydroxyethylaniline and to N‐ß‐hydroxyethyl‐1‐naphthylamine is described. Substituent effects on the colour of the dyes is discussed, with particular respect to analogous dyes derived from 4‐N‐ß‐cyanoethyl‐N‐ß‐hydroxythylaniline. Some dyes from trisubstituted anilines as diazo component colour polyester in deep blue shades of generally good fastness properties.
Exhaustion, photostability, and photosensitising properties of triazinylaminostilbene fluorescent brightening agents on cotton
Authors: Hurd Rebecca P , Reagan Barbara M
Published: August 2010

Nine triazinylaminostilbene fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) have been applied to cotton at 0. 05 and 0. 50% o. w. f. nominal concentrations. The influence of functional groups on exhaustion, fading and phototendering were evaluated. Overall, FBAs containing sulphonic acid groups exhibited lower levels of add–on and poorer light fastness compared with the unsulphonated types. Hydroxy groups appeared to increase exhaustion and photostability. Experimental parameters that need to be controlled when comparing the effectiveness and properties of FBAs are also discussed.
Exhaust dyeing with pigments on cotton piece and garments
Authors: Lever Trevor
Published: August 2010

The application of pigments to cotton by the process known as pigment dyeing has become a popular technique over recent years, not least because of the fashionable ready‐worn and washed‐down affects that can be achieved. Trevor Lever describes the processes involved and highlights some of the problems encountered when using pigments on cotton.
Dyeing cotton in short‐liquor jets
Authors: Bacher Kurt
Published: August 2010

The emergence of short‐liquor jets for dyeing cotton and its blends has been marked over recent years. Not only does this process offer the possibility of more economical dyeing, but it also reduces the load inflicted on the environment Kurt Bacher discusses the problems associated with short‐liquor dyeing and how to overcome them.
Absorption and rheological phenomena during foam application on textiles.
Authors: Wassink J T E Lemmen and J Groot
Published: August 2010

A simple rheological model has been used to describe foam flow through moving textile assemblies. The validity of this model was tested, and the nature and the relative magnitude of deviations from the model evaluated for several different substrates. Neglecting foam degeneration during transport, the model was found to represent a valuable means of evaluating some rheological and geometrical deviations. The model can be used in a semi‐quantitative way to describe absorbency during foam application. Liquid absorption experiments done off‐line, absorption during foam application and some earlier results could be described using different theoretical approaches. Some rheological anomalies have been discussed.
The development of Trevira CS (comfort and safety)
Authors: Black Samuel
Published: August 2010

In recent years the chemical and physical characteristics of polyester have enabled manufacturers to produce a wide range of speciality products. Of particular importance is the fibre's good resistance to ignition. Samuel Black outlines the reasons why Hoechst AG chose polyester in its attempts to develop a flame‐retardant fibre.
Radio‐frequency‐assisted fixation of reactive dyes by pad‐batch application
Authors: Carlough Mark S , Perkins Warren S
Published: August 2010

This study was undertaken in an effort to use radio‐frequency energy to improve the level of fixation of reactive dyes on cotton in pad‐batch dyeing. The successful application of statistical experimental design strategies for the development and optimisation of a new dye application method is described. Key process variables were identified and optimised to maximise dye fixation. Heating of the batch with radio‐frequency energy during the batching stage greatly accelerated the rate of fixation. Fixation levels achieved using optimised radio‐frequency‐assisted methods were approximately equivalent to those achieved in conventional pad‐batch dyeing.