bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ACTION OF EXTREME COLD ON LEUKEMIC CELLS OF MICE
Authors: Breedis Charles
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of leukemic cells of mice from three different strains of leukemia were subjected to rapid or slow freezing and rapid or slow thawing.

Suspensions rapidly frozen to –196°C. were in all cases innocuous, whereas those frozen slowly were capable of transmitting leukemia. The infectivity of slowly frozen material varied from an estimated 0.0001 per cent to 1 per cent of that of fresh material, and this figure probably represents the percentage of surviving leukemic cells.

Particles of spleen and lymph node reacted to slow and rapid freezing in the same manner as suspensions prepared from them.

For one of the strains rapid thawing was less injurious than slow thawing; for the other two the rate of thawing seemed to be immaterial.

Infectivity was equally well preserved after freezing to –21°C. whether freezing occurred spontaneously after supercooling or was initiated near the freezing point by inoculation with ice, or whether thawing was slow or rapid.

Suspensions already slowly frozen at temperatures of –2° or lower, whether spontaneously or by inoculation with ice, could no longer be completely inactivated by subsequent rapid cooling to –196°C. Unfrozen suspensions initially above the freezing point or supercooled to –2°C. or –8°C. and then rapidly cooled to –196°C. were inactivated. This protective action of previous slow freezing was most marked when the initial temperature of the frozen suspension was –15°C. or lower; when it was –2°C. protection was barely detected.

These observations indicate that the changes which are peculiar to rapid freezing alone and lead to complete inactivation take place during rapid transition from the liquid to the solid state, in a range of temperature lying between –15°C. and the freezing point. Temperature measurements carried out in this range showed that suspensions were about equally infections whether the temperature at their centers dropped from 0°C. to –15°C. in 30 minutes or in 1 minute; when the drop occurred in 12 seconds or less, the suspensions became innocuous.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SITE OF RENIN FORMATION IN THE KIDNEY
Authors: Kaplan A. , Friedman Meyer ,   With the Technical Assistance of Eleanor Williams
Published: June 2004

1. Renin was found in both the mesonephric and metanephric kidneys of the smallest hog fetuses examined. These were from 17 to 24 mm. in length in the case of the former, and 25 to 49 mm. in that of the latter.

2. No evidence was found in either type of kidney of juxtaglomerular cells described by Goormaghtigh as the probable site of renin formation.

3. The renin content in both the mesonephros and the metanephros was found to be independent of its arteriologlomerular component but directly dependent upon the number, size, and functional state of the tubular component. It increased in amount with increasing tubular proliferation during the course of embryonic development, and decreased with the progressive tubular atrophy and degeneration incident thereto.

4. The site of renin formation is discussed.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIETARY DESTRUCTION OF N,N-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE (BUTTER YELLOW) AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANEMIA IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Tomarelli Rudolph , Ostergard Robert P. , Brown J. B.
Published: June 2004

Crude linoleic acid incorporated with or without butter yellow in a synthetic diet proved to be toxic for rats. The toxic effect manifested itself in loss of weight, progressive anemia of the secondary type, leucopenia, and pediculosis. It could be neutralized preventively and therapeutically by administration of yeast. The toxicity of the diet containing linoleic acid appears to be due to oxidative break-down products of the unsaturated fatty acid.

The color of the same diet when it contained crude linoleic acid supplemented with butter yellow faded progressively in the presence of air (O2), even at room temperature. Purified preparations of linoleic acid and, to a less degree, purified preparations of arachidonic and oleic acids have shown the same destructive effect on butter yellow in vitro.

Brown (unpolished) or white rice contains a stabilizer (antioxidant) for the preservation of butter yellow.

In experiments on the production of hepatoma in rats following the ingestion of butter yellow, rice on one hand and crisco or butter fat on the other hand have proved to be procarcinogenic. These results would seem to be correlated with the preservation of butter yellow in the diet and in the intestine, because of the antioxidant in rice and the low supply of unsaturated fatty acids,respectively.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF PNEUMONIC SPUTA
Authors: Tripp J. T. , Frisch A. W. , Barrett C. D. , Pidgeon B. E.
Published: June 2004

1. The average specific polysaccharide content of rusty or bloody sputa in Type III was 91 times greater than the average for Types I, II, VII, and VIII pneumonia.

2. Those Type III sputums which were classified as reticulated contained an average S concentration of 1,360 mg. per cent or 170 times more than the amount found in other types.

3. Those Type III sputa which were classified as non-reticulated contained an average S concentration of 45 mg. per cent or 5.5 times more than the amount found in other types.

4. The amount of specific polysaccharide in the sputa of patients with Type III pneumonia furnishes an index to the severity of the disease and an aid in prognosis.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF PNEUMONIC LUNGS
Authors: Frisch A. W. , Tripp J. T. , Barrett C. D. , Pidgeon B. E.
Published: June 2004

1. The specific polysaccharide content of pneumonic lungs in Type III pneumonia was 60 times greater than in Type I, II, VII, and VIII cases.

2. The highest values were obtained from gray hepatized lobes, but the red hepatized and edematous areas also contained large quantities of S.

3. Comparable yields of polysaccharide were recovered from the sputa and lungs of fatal cases.

4. Preliminary peptic digest of lung exudates increased the S yields.

5. The data support the hypothesis that the outcome in Type III pneumonia is related to the ability of the pneumococci to produce capsular polysaccharide.
HYPOPROTEINEMIA AS PROTECTION AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE INJURY IN DOGS
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Donnelly G. L.
Published: June 2004

Twelve control dogs receiving a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride, 3.0 mg. per kg., all died within 4 to 11 days afterwards with marked nitrogen retention and extensive necrosis and calcification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules.

Three dogs of comparable age and weight were reduced to a standard hypoproteinemic state by repeated plasmapheresis. Each dog then received the same dose of mercuric chloride as the controls. None of these dogs became sick, none showed any elevation of non-protein nitrogen, and the kidneys— both in the gross and histologically—appeared normal when they were examined 8 to 45 days later.

As tested thus far intensive plasmapheresis following the injection of mercuric chloride has been without effect in preventing the classical changes of mercuric chloride injury observed in the control dogs.

The simplest explanation for these phenomena is that mercuric chloride acts on a more or less specific substance (presumably fabricated or concentrated in the renal cortex) which is depleted in the standard hypoproteinemic state. Other possibilities are mentioned.

These findings are in sharp contrast to the results of similar experiments with uranium nitrate. The hypoproteinemic state appears to render the animals more susceptible to uranium injury (3). This probably indicates that the mode of action of the two heavy metals is different.
A NATURAL ANTIBODY THAT REACTS IN VITRO WITH A SEDIMENTABLE CONSTITUENT OF NORMAL TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Kidd John G. , Friedewald William F.
Published: June 2004

Continued serological investigations of the sedimentable constituents of normal and neoplastic tissues have shown that the blood serum of normal rabbits will fix complement in mixture with saline extracts of normal rabbit tissues. The phenomenon has proved referable, not to anticomplementary effects of serum or antigen nor to so called non-specific complement fixation, but to a naturally occurring serum principle, hitherto unrecognized, which reacts specifically in vitro with a sedimentable constituent of normal tissue cells.

The principle exists in the blood of nearly all adult rabbits but is absent from that of rabbits less than 1 month old. It can be salted out from serum with ammonium sulfate and is destroyed when heated at 65°C. for 20 to 30 minutes. Its titer was found to run parallel in general with that of two natural antibodies also present in normal rabbit's blood (natural Wassermann reagin, natural anti-sheep hemolysin); but absorption tests showed it to be distinct from these. Because of its properties, the serum principle has been termed the natural tissue antibody.

The substance with which the natural tissue antibody reacts is regularly present in saline extracts of many normal tissues,—those of rabbits and of other species as well. Kidney and liver tissues always yield it in abundance, while spleen, brain, and testicle provide somewhat less; heart and voluntary muscle extracts contain relatively little, and non-nucleated erythrocytes and skin are practically devoid of it. The results of affinity and absorption tests indicate that it is nearly or quite the same from whatever tissue or species derived. It is readily sedimentable in the high-speed centrifuge, little or none remaining in the supernatant liquid of potent suspensions spun at 25,000 R.P.M. (45,400 g) for 1 hour. It either does not come away into alcohol or is inactivated thereby, is readily destroyed by heat (56–70°C. for 30 minutes), and diminishes notably in antigenic potency upon standing overnight in saline suspension or when the tissues containing it are kept in glycerol. Its properties suggest that it may be a protein.

The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the formation of the natural antibody and its place amongst serological phenomena, to so called "non-specific" fixation of complement and other serological complexities, and with particular reference to the character of the sedimentable constituents of normal and neoplastic tissue cells.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MUCOID POLYSACCHARIDE IN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Seastone C. V.
Published: June 2004

1. A rapid method for the roughly quantitative estimation of mucoid polysaccharide in hemolytic streptococci has been described.

2. Using this method, about 94 per cent of strains from moderate or severe streptococcal infections in man have been found to produce mucoid polysaccharide in greater or less amount. In a group of streptococci from normal throats only about 8 per cent produced this substance, all of the producers falling into Lancefield's group A.

3. Of the Lancefield group A strains from both normal and infected sources, 92 per cent showed the presence of mucoid polysaccharide in culture dilutions of 1:10 or higher.

4. The probable significance of the mucoid polysaccharide in streptococcal virulence is indicated.
SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE SUIS AND THE SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS ON THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Bang Frederik B.
Published: June 2004

The synergistic effect of Hemophilus influenzae suis and swine influenza virus in the pig can be reproduced by the inoculation of these agents on the chorioallantoic membrane of 9 to 10 day old chick embryos. Two strains of human influenza virus that were studied failed to substitute for the swine virus in the synergistic reaction. No loss of synergistic effect was noted when the swine influenza virus was put through 11 chick embryo passages. Recently isolated and old stock strains of Hemophilus were equally able to enhance the effect of the virus. Heat-killed cultures of H. influenzae suis can be substituted for the bacterial component of the reaction. Infection of the embryo with swine influenza virus predisposes to infection with H. influenzae suis.

The combination of H. influenzae suis and swine influenza virus causes a selective destruction of the embryo lungs, not produced by the individual components. This pneumonia exhibits the essential features of the natural disease.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBODY TO C POLYSACCHARIDE AND THE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN OF ACUTE PHASE SERUM
Authors: Perlman Ely , Bullowa Jesse G. M. , Goodkind Ruth
Published: June 2004

1. Studies of the precipitation reaction of C polysaccharide with C protein, and of C polysaccharide with C antibody are reported. The similarity between these two systems in this respect is demonstrated.

2. The differences between C protein and C antibody are emphasized. The differences between this protein and antibodies in general have been reported previously by others.

3. Electrophoretic studies show that C antibody is in the gamma globulin fraction of serum whereas C protein migrates with the alpha1 globulin fraction of acute phase protein.
THE INACTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS BY SOAPS
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

The capacities of certain compounds at pH 7.3–7.5 to inactivate the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis have been demonstrated. Among the more effective substances were the fatty acids chaulmoogric, linolic, linolenic, myristic, oleic, and ricinolic, and the detergents zephiran, duponol LS, and aerosol OT.

Upon the oleic acid inactivation of the virus, studies have been made of such variables as pH, rate of inactivation, and relative amounts of virus and oleate for removal of the infectivity. The rôle of oxidation in the process was determined as negligible.

Attempts to recover infectious virus from oleate-inactivated mixtures have been unsuccessful.

It has been found that neither oleate nor ether-inactivated virus was capable of producing immunity in mice under the experimental conditions in which untreated virus induced a moderate immunity.
THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN FLIES COLLECTED DURING EPIDEMICS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R.
Published: June 2004

During the summer and fall of 1941, 19 samples of flies were collected in epidemic areas both during and after epidemics of poliomyelitis.

Of 8 samples collected for the most part during the latter part of a local epidemic but within 10 days of the onset of a local case of poliomyelitis, 4 yielded the virus; whereas of 8 samples collected more than 10 days from the onset of the last local case, none yielded the virus.

In 4 instances there was a potential (though not proven) source of virus (in the form of "exposed" human feces of recent origin) within a few yards or few feet of the site where fly collections were made. Collections of flies from 3 of these sites yielded the virus.

No attempt is made in this paper to develop epidemiological implications from this finding.
HYPOTENSION AND LOSS OF PRESSOR RESPONSE TO ANGIOTONIN AS THE RESULT OF TRAUMA TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

1. Angiotonin refractoriness and hypotension follow upon injury to the central nervous system in dogs and cats. Refractoriness does not develop when the nervous system is quickly and expertly destroyed or the activity of the nervous system depressed by widespread injection into it of a local anesthetic. The syndrome develops in the absence of the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.

2. Glycine, methyl isothiourea, and rest are the only agents studied which tend to restore responsiveness, and the first two of these have only an irregular and temporary effect.

3. There is a marked degree of specificity in the syndrome since undiminished pressor responses to adrenalin, tyramine, methyl isothiourea are observed during complete angiotonin refractoriness.

4. Despite the prolonged hypotension, change in the amount of plasma proteins and in the hematocrit readings is not striking.

5. Parallelism seems to exist between the fall in blood pressure after trauma to the nervous system and development of angiotonin refractoriness. After the syndrome has developed, elevation of the blood pressure by the injection of gum acacia solution or whole blood does not restore the responsiveness to angiotonin.

6. Angiotonin refractoriness and hypotension also develop after marked hemorrhage. Suprarenalectomy or nephrectomy does not prevent its appearance.
REACTIONS IN SKIN AND IN INTERNAL ORGANS OF RABBITS SENSITIZED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS OR WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ANTIBODIES
Authors: deGara Paul F. , Angevine D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. Homologous vaccine was injected into abdominal organs of rabbits after different intervals following sensitization by a single or by repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed pneumococci Type I or of formalin-killed hemolytic streptococci (Strain AB13).

2. Local inflammation with or without necrosis was observed in the liver and in the spleen of most of the rabbits. Injections into the kidney and into the anterior wall of the stomach usually caused hemorrhagic lesions at the site of injections, frequently accompanied by slight or moderate inflammation and seldom by necrosis.

3. No correlation was found between the skin and the organ reactions of the animals sensitized with killed streptococci or with killed pneumococci. There was also no correlation between skin or organ reactions and antibody titre of serum.

4. Allergic reactions occur in those organs, namely, liver and spleen, in which antibodies are demonstrable in a high titre, and they are usually absent in kidney and stomach wall in which the antibody titre is low or negative. It is probable that the reactions are caused by the union of antigen and its specific antibody in the tissue.
ADSORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS ON CELLS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

A study of the reaction between influenza virus and the cells of the excised and perfused ferret lung has yielded the following results: (1) The cells of the lung rapidly adsorbed large amounts of intratracheally inoculated virus. (2) After a short interval the pulmonary cells began spontaneously to release the adsorbed virus, and in the case of influenza B the release was 75 per cent complete after 5 hours. (3) The Lee strain was more completely released from pulmonary cells after 5 hours than was the PR8 strain. (4) After the cells released the adsorbed virus they appeared incapable of adsorbing virus as before. (5) When the mouse-infecting capacity of the virus had been done away with by heat or formalin, the virus was adsorbed by the pulmonary cells but was not released.

In all except the last of the characteristics listed the interaction between influenza virus and the pulmonary cells closely resembles that between influenza virus and avian red blood cells.

In the living ferret inhaled influenza virus was also rapidly adsorbed by the lung, but in a very short time the adsorbed virus which at first could be readily eluted (after perfusion and excision of the lung) became so much more firmly fixed as not to be released by this method. Free virus could not be demonstrated in the living ferret until 24 hours after the animal had been exposed to the inoculum.

On the basis of these and previous experiments it is postulated that the destruction of a specific receptor substance,—which may involve an enzymatic reaction,—may be a necessary preliminary event in the parasitism of susceptible cells by influenza virus.
LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY THREE GENERA OF MOSQUITOES
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C.
Published: June 2004

1. St. Louis virus has been successfully transmitted in the laboratory by the following 9 species of mosquitoes from 3 genera: Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens, Culex coronator, Aedes lateralis, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Aedes vexans, Aedes nigromaculis, Theobaldia incidens, and Theobaldia inornata.

2. Though transmission has not been demonstrated, survival of the virus for more than a few days was shown to occur in Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex stigmatosoma, Psorophora ciliata, and Anopheles maculipennis freeborni.

3. In experiments with Culex tarsalis, infection occurred from feeding on chickens and ducks which had been previously inoculated by the subcutaneous route. After an incubation period these mosquitoes infected other chickens and virus was in turn demonstrated in the blood of these. This is interpreted as proof that fowl may serve as reservoirs of virus in nature.

Since mosquitoes have been repeatedly found naturally infected with St. Louis virus and epidemiologic evidence supports their incrimination, their rôle as vectors is now established. The fully incriminated species is Culex tarsalis.
STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Slavin Howard B. , Berry George Packer
Published: June 2004

Instilled intranasally into suckling mice, a mouse-passaged strain of herpes virus (HF) reaches the brain by both the trigeminal and olfactory pathways.
THE PNEUMOCOCCAL CAPSULAR SWELLING REACTION, STUDIED WITH THE AID OF THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Heinmets Ferdinand , Anderson Thomas F.
Published: June 2004

Electron micrographs indicate, in harmony with previous findings, that the pneumococcal capsule is a gel of low density outside of and closely applied to the bacterial cell wall. Interaction with homologous immune rabbit serum greatly increases the thickness and density of this capsular gel; the increase in thickness of the specifically swollen pneumococcal capsule may exceed by 25-fold the thickness of the surface deposit caused by rabbit immune serum on the cell walls and flagella of homologous non-capsulated bacteria.

Conclusions drawn from these and earlier data are that homologous immune serum permeates the pneumococcal capsular gel; the specific antibody combines with the capsular polysaccharide; non-specific serum components are secondarily adsorbed to or combined with the specific antigen-antibody complex. The relatively low antibacterial titers characteristic of pneumococcal antisera can be explained in part by the permeation of the capsule by antiserum, in part by the high combining capacity of pneumococcal carbohydrate for antibody (17).
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR ON MICROORGANISMS SUSPENDED IN AIR
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Robertson O. H. , Lemon Henry M.
Published: June 2004

A study of the conditions which affect the bactericidal action of propylene glycol vapor on air-suspended microorganisms has been carried out. The killing process was found to be more effective when both the total number of air-borne droplets and the number of organisms in the bacterial suspension are small. A temperature below 80°F. and an atmospheric relative humidity between 45 and 70 per cent were found to constitute the most favorable conditions for the lethal action of the vapor.

Experiments were performed to test the bactericidal efficiency of propylene glycol vapor in both small and large enclosed spaces. These studies revealed that equally marked bactericidal action is obtained when propylene glycol is dispersed in an 800 cubic foot room as occurs in chambers of 2 cubic foot capacity. The susceptibility to vapor action of bacteria re-suspended in saliva was just as great as when broth was used as the suspending medium. Both partially and completely dehydrated bacteria also succumbed to the effects of the vapor. However, when unsterile dust collected from inhabited rooms was dispersed into the air, little reduction of the natural microbic population contained in this material was observed.

Data are presented showing the minimum glycol concentration necessary for effective bactericidal action on various microorganisms. Pneumococci were killed by amounts of propylene glycol as low as 1 gm. in 20 million cc. of air. Concentrations of 1 to 5 million to 1 to 10 million were required to produce the same degree of killing of streptococci and staphylococci.

The observations here reported add further support to the previously proposed conception of the mechanism of the lethal action of propylene glycol vapor, namely, that a bactericidal concentration of the glycol accumulates in the bacterial droplet as a result of contact with and absorption of glycol molecules from the surrounding atmosphere.
STUDIES OF ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES AMONG STRAINS OF INFLUENZA A BY MEANS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Hirst George K.
Published: June 2004

A study of cross inhibition tests among strains of influenza A virus and their antisera showed that the results obtained were subject to a certain amount of variation due to the red cells, the virus suspensions, and the ferret antisera employed. Methods have been demonstrated for handling the data obtained from such tests, so that these variables were corrected or avoided, making it possible to use the agglutination technique for antigenic comparisons.

The antigenic pattern of eighteen strains of influenza A virus, obtained from the 1940–41 epidemic in the United States, has been compared by means of agglutination inhibition tests with ferret antisera. No significant antigenic differences were found among sixteen of these strains (all isolated from throat washings by the inoculation of chick embryos) although they were obtained from individuals in widely separated regions of the country. Two strains, from cases occurring early in the epidemic and isolated from throat washings by ferret and mouse passage, showed a slight but significant strain difference from the other strains and from each other. One of the 1940–41 strains on cross test resembled the PR8 strain more closely than any other stock strain tested.
LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY MOSQUITOES OF THE GENERA CULEX AND CULISETA
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Western equine virus has been successfully transmitted in the laboratory by 3 species of mosquitoes from 2 genera not previously reported as laboratory vectors: Culex tarsalis, Culiseta inornata, and Culiseta incidens.

2. Though transmission was not demonstrated, survival of the virus for more than a few days was shown to occur in Culex stigmatosoma and Psorophora confinnis. Possibly transmission occurred by the former.

3. In experiments with Culex tarsalis, infection of the mosquitoes occurred from feeding on an inoculated guinea pig, a duck, and virus-blood suspensions. After an incubation period of 10 to 30 days at a temperature above 25°C. these mosquitoes infected chickens and a guinea pig by their bite and virus was in turn demonstrated in the blood of the chickens and in the brain of the guinea pig. A total of 12 transmissions occurred. The fact that mosquitoes can be infected from fowl and in turn transmit to fowl, together with much other supporting data from field and laboratory, is interpreted as strengthening evidence that fowl serve as reservoirs of virus in nature.

4. Since Culex tarsalis mosquitoes have been repeatedly found infected with Western equine virus and epidemiologic evidence supports their incrimination, the vector rôle of this species is now established, and it may be regarded as fully incriminated.

5. Culiseta inornata has also been found infected in nature and now proven a laboratory vector. This species does not fit the epidemiological picture in the Yakima Valley as well as C. tarsalis, but may play an important rôle elsewhere.

6. Anopheles maculipennis freeborni and Culex pipiens found naturally infected have not transmitted the virus under laboratory conditions.
FURTHER LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF PSITTACOSIS-LIKE AGENTS
Authors: Beck M. Dorthy , Eaton Monroe D. , O'Donnell Rosemary
Published: June 2004

1. It was demonstrated by pathogenicity and latency tests in mammals and birds that variations exist among a group of viruses, isolated from several sources and producing coccoid elementary bodies resembling those of psittacosis.

2. Active cross immunity tests emphasized these differences and confirmed their significance.

3. On the basis of the present experimental evidence the psittacosis-like viruses causing atypical pneumonia in man may be classified into three groups: psittacosis, ornithosis, and human pneumonitis (strain S-F) of undetermined origin.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Stewart Walter A.
Published: June 2004

1. Group A hemolytic streptococci have been described which do not agglutinate in anti-T serum because they lack T antigen.

2. Other strains occur which contain T antigen yet do not agglutinate in anti-T serum because T agglutination is blocked by the presence of large amounts of M substance in the streptococci.

3. Strains belonging to a number of types have been analyzed to determine their antigenic composition with respect to M and T antigens.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Watson Robert F. , Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. In this study a series of experiments showing the antigenic relationship of type 10 and type 12 group A hemolytic streptococci is reported. Agglutinin, precipitin, and passive protection tests with unabsorbed and reciprocally absorbed antisera were employed to show that representative type 10 and 12 strains contain serologically identical M antigens but unrelated type-specific T antigens.

2. Twenty-three other strains of group A hemolytic streptococci previously classified as either type 10 or type 12, collected from various sources, were shown to have an antigenic composition similar to one or the other of the two representative type strains.

3. The relationship of the two specific antigens, M and T, must be considered when any method employing the agglutinin reaction for the typing of group A hemolytic streptococci is used.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , MacLeod Colin M. , McCarty Maclyn
Published: June 2004

1. From Type III pneumococci a biologically active fraction has been isolated in highly purified form which in exceedingly minute amounts is capable under appropriate cultural conditions of inducing the transformation of unencapsulated R variants of Pneumococcus Type II into fully encapsulated cells of the same specific type as that of the heat-killed microorganisms from which the inducing material was recovered.

2. Methods for the isolation and purification of the active transforming material are described.

3. The data obtained by chemical, enzymatic, and serological analyses together with the results of preliminary studies by electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, and ultraviolet spectroscopy indicate that, within the limits of the methods, the active fraction contains no demonstrable protein, unbound lipid, or serologically reactive polysaccharide and consists principally, if not solely, of a highly polymerized, viscous form of desoxyribonucleic acid.

4. Evidence is presented that the chemically induced alterations in cellular structure and function are predictable, type-specific, and transmissible in series. The various hypotheses that have been advanced concerning the nature of these changes are reviewed.
A VIRUS CAUSING PNEUMONIA IN CATS AND PRODUCING ELEMENTARY BODIES
Authors: Baker James A.
Published: June 2004

From a contagious respiratory disease of cats an agent has been transmitted to mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and embryonated eggs. When inoculated intranasally into cats, it produces a disease like that seen in the naturally infected animals. Parenteral injection causes only a mild fever. From cats killed during acute illness, the agent was demonstrated regularly in the discharges from the eyes and nose and in the pneumonic lung but not in other organs. The agent can be demonstrated in the nasal mucosa of cats 1 to 2 months after injection.

Cultures of egg yolk sac containing the agent showed no growth, and cultures of active lung suspensions were usually negative, such positive findings as were obtained being due to respiratory contaminants. Attempts to pass the agent through Berkefeld N filters were generally unsuccessful. Stained preparations of egg yolk sac membranes and of infected mouse or hamster lungs showed typical elementary bodies. Centrifuge experiments showed that the agent and the bodies sedimented at the same rate. Complement fixation experiments using a suspension of partially purified bodies as antigen were negative with control sera and positive with sera from recovered cats. It is concluded that the respiratory disease of cats is due to a virus that forms elementary bodies.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE RED BLOOD CELL AGGLUTINATION TEST FOR INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Miller Gail Lorenz , Stanley W. M.
Published: June 2004

A detailed study has been made of the nature of the variables inherent in the chicken red cell agglutination test for influenza virus in an effort to obtain a method of measurement of biological activity of sufficient accuracy that it might be employed as a reliable index of chemical purity of preparations of the virus. It was found that the temperature at which the test is conducted has a marked effect on the titer, whereas within the range of pH 6–8 the pH has a negligible effect. It was also found that a variation in results may be encountered due to a variation in the specific behavior of red cells from different chickens and to an instability of the red cells themselves. Preparations of purified influenza virus held at 4°C., on the other hand, were found to be stable with respect to chicken red cell agglutinating activity for several months. This fact, together with the fact that in duplicate measurements upon different samples the accuracy was such that the chances were 19 out of 20 that differences of 8.4 per cent in the mean end points were significant, made it possible to establish a reproducible standard of CCA activity based on a unit weight of purified virus material. As a result, it was possible to devise a standardized procedure for carrying out with high accuracy quantitative measurements of influenza virus.
THE ACTION OF CRYSTALLINE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES ON ANGIOTONIN
Authors: Plentl Albert A. , Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

Angiotonin was subjected to enzymatic digestion by crystalline carboxy-peptidase, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and pepsin. These enzymes were found to destroy it in vitro. Hydrogen ion optima and proteolytic coefficients for these reactions were determined and were found to be of approximately the expected magnitude for typical substrates.

Regarding the purified crystalline enzymes as reagents, the experimental findings were interpreted on the basis of Bergmann's specificity studies. We were thus directed to the conclusion that angiotonin contains (1) a free terminal amino group, (2) a free terminal carboxyl group, (3) one basic amino acid residue which may be terminal but its carboxyl must be united in a peptide linkage, (4) one central dibasic amino acid residue in combination with an aromatic amino acid residue, (5) an aromatic amino acid residue which may be part of (4) and, if not part of (4) must be terminal with its carboxyl group in peptide linkage. The simplest compound satisfying these conditions is tyrosyl-arginylglutamyl-phenylalanine or a combination of amino acids with similar general characteristics.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. ,   With the Collaboration of Helen Tomlinson and Samuel Abramson
Published: June 2004

1. Ultraviolet irradiation of the air of a room exercises a protective influence against natural air-borne contagion of tuberculosis in rabbits.

2. When the radiant energy is of low intensity it reduces considerably the incidence of tuberculosis.

(a) It completely protects rabbits of high natural resistance from acquiring demonstrable disease though they become tuberculin sensitive.

(b) It fails to protect a small proportion of rabbits of low natural resistance from fatal tuberculosis.

3. When the radiant energy is of high intensity all rabbits, whether of high or of low natural resistance, are almost completely protected from a contagion so severe that it is fatal to the great majority of rabbits of the same genetic constitution not protected by these rays. The protected rabbits do not develop tuberculin sensitivity.

4. The contagion of tuberculosis in these studies is air-borne and the radiant energy exercises its protective influence by its bactericidal properties. It is probable that ultraviolet irradiation may control air-borne contagion of human tuberculosis.
THE RECOVERABILITY OF VIRUS FROM PAPILLOMAS PRODUCED THEREWITH IN DOMESTIC RABBITS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

By preliminary preparation of the skin in ways that render it hyperplastic the presence of infective virus can be demonstrated in extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas which yield no growths when inoculated by the ordinary methods and which for this reason have been supposed to contain no virus. The amount of virus recovered by the method outlined in the present work, however, is small when compared with the yield obtained in most instances from comparable cottontail rabbit papillomas. The yield is greatly influenced not only by the virus strain used to produce the growths but by the individual rabbit host. Although virus has been obtained from papillomas produced in domestic rabbits by all of the virus strains tested, a total of 21 thus far, only about one-fourth of these strains are readily to be procured again from the growths they cause and the others are demonstrable only in hosts in which the conditions are favorable for reasons unknown.

An experimental comparison of the capacity of suspensions of papilloma tissue from domestic and cottontail rabbits to elicit specific antibodies has shown that the titers attained are approximately proportional to the amount of infective virus demonstrable in the suspensions. The findings as a whole indicate that far less virus exists in infective or antigenic form in the papillomas of domestic rabbits than in those of cottontail rabbits.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Meiklejohn Gordon , van Herick William
Published: June 2004

1. A filterable virus from certain cases of primary atypical pneumonia was transmitted to chick embryos by inoculation into the amnion of suspensions of bacteriologically sterile lung tissue or filtered sputum, and three strains were adapted by passage.

2. After intranasal inoculation into cotton rats or hamsters, suspensions of the infected chick embryo tissues produced pulmonary lesions which were similar to those seen after instillation of infective human material.

3. The agent propagated in chick embryos was specifically neutralizable by serum from patients recovered from primary atypical pneumonia and was not neutralized by the acute-phase specimens.

4. Passages of the virus in cotton rats and hamsters gave confusing results because of contamination with latent respiratory agents already present in the animals.
THE CONSTITUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA AND MICROSOMES, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEIC ACID IN THE CYTOPLASM OF A LEUKEMIC CELL
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

1. Rat tumor extracts, containing chiefly the cytoplasmic constituents of leukemic cells, were fractionated into three main portions, the different components separating in the centrifuge according to size.

2. Mitochondria were isolated by centrifugation at relatively low speed. Elementary composition of purified mitochondria was found to correspond to about 11.5 per cent nitrogen, 1.6 per cent phosphorus, and 27 per cent lipids. Phosphorus and nitrogen content of the lipid portion suggests that as much as 75 to 80 per cent of the lipids of mitochondria is represented by phospholipids. Tests for ribose nucleic acid were positive.

3. Microsomes were separated by means of centrifugation at 18,000 x g. A relation between the high phosphorus content of the microsomes and the marked basophilia of the cytoplasm of leukemic cells is suggested.

4. Phosphorus distribution in the tumor extract, and light absorption analysis of the third fraction, seem to demonstrate that nucleic acid was not present either in a free condition, or in the form of nucleoprotein of relatively low molecular weight. The nature of the results suggests that ribose nucleic acid occurs in the cytoplasm of leukemic cells only in association with formed elements of relatively large size, namely microsomes, and mitochondria.
EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOBACILLUS MONILIFORMIS ARTHRITIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. John
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of Streptobacillus moniliformis isolated from a case of rat bite fever in man has been found to produce infection of the developing chick embryo following inoculation of the chorio-allantois.

2. The disease in embryos is characterized by invasion of the blood stream and an almost exclusive localization of the infectious process to the synovial lining of the joints.

3. In the early stages of the development of the joint lesions the Streptobacillus moniliformis behaves as a facultative intracellular parasite within the cytoplasm of the synovial lining cells. Conditions favorable for the growth of the microorganisms are maintained only temporarily. The infection appears to be self-limiting in nature.
THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AS REVEALED BY ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMICROGRAPHY
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Shank Robert E. , Lavin George I.
Published: June 2004

Results have been presented of the application of a simplified technique of ultraviolet photomicrography to a study of the specific lesions in muscle in subjects with progressive muscular dystrophy. An exact description of the histological changes occurring in this syndrome, as revealed by photomicrographs in ultraviolet light, is difficult at this time because of the lack of an adequate system of nomenclature. Attention has been drawn, however, to lesions of consistent character, found in sections of muscle removed at biopsy, which appear to be specific for the disease.

The method of simplified ultraviolet photomicrography possesses certain marked advantages over those classical methods of histology and pathology which depend on staining and examination of specimens in visible light. Not only is greater resolution achieved with ultraviolet light photomicrography but the image which is obtained in the ultraviolet may provide some idea of the chemical nature of the tissue as well, since it results chiefly from the selective absorption of light by proteins, nucleoproteins, and nucleic acids.
THE INITIATING AND PROMOTING ELEMENTS IN TUMOR PRODUCTION
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Benzpyrene brings about neoplastic changes in rabbit epidermis much sooner than has been supposed. The long interval that elapses before visible growths appear is due in the main to the relatively slight power of the carcinogen to encourage multiplication of the cells it renders neoplastic. Yet some slight power of this sort it has. Methylcholanthrene has somewhat more but not nearly so much as tar. It may initiate neoplastic changes within less than 17 days, as compared with less than 10 days for tar, but tumors due to it do not ordinarily appear until months after those called forth by tarring. All three agents give rise to growths of essentially the same kinds, but most of those due to benzpyrene and methlycholanthrene remain for a long while small, dry, and indolent whereas many of the tar tumors are fleshy, vigorous, and rapidly enlarging,—differences wholly consequent on differences in the ability to promote growth. Such ability is an important element in the effectiveness of carcinogens.

Tar and the polycyclic hydrocarbons cause many more cells to become tumor cells than give rise to visible growths. Benzpyrene is as effective in initiating neoplastic changes when dissolved in mineral oil as when in benzene, yet no tumors result from it until months after the benzene solution has given rise to them, the reason being that when in oil it is almost devoid of influence to encourage cell proliferation. Benzene itself has a very slight influence of the sort. Solvents may determine not only whether carcinogens initiate neoplastic change but may condition to a crucial degree the influence of these agents to encourage tumor formation.

Rabbit epidermis is much more responsive to carcinogenic influences than that of the mouse, as measured in terms of time taken to elicit benign neoplasms. Even benzene will call forth these growths from rabbit skin. In appraising the relative responsiveness to carcinogens of various animal species it is essential to reckon in terms of cells of identical type.
RELATIONSHIP OF A NEW GROWTH FACTOR REQUIRED BY CERTAIN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI TO GROWTH PHENOMENA IN OTHER BACTERIA
Authors: Sprince Herbert , Woolley D. W.
Published: June 2004

By a series of quantitative assays of concentrates prepared in a variety of ways, it has been shown that the previously described growth factor now called "strepogenin," required by certain hemolytic streptococci, is very similar to and possibly identical with the recently described growth factors for Lactobacillus casei and Smith's Streptococcus lactis. An improved procedure for assay of strepogenin with the aid of Lactobacillus casei has been described, and additional properties of the growth factor have been presented.
STUDIES IN HUMAN IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INFLUENZA
Authors: Hirst G. K. , Rickard E. R. , Friedewald W. F.
Published: June 2004

The administration to human beings of formalin-killed influenza virus, concentrated from allantoic fluid, resulted in a high order of antibody response within 2 weeks after injection. Even after 1 year the great majority of individuals vaccinated had antibody levels considerably above their prevaccination titer for the PR8, Lee, and a current 1943 strain. An investigation of the occurrence of epidemic influenza A in seven widely separated populations, 1 year after vaccination of part of these groups, showed that the attack rate among vaccinated persons was consistently lower than that of control individuals. The average reduction in attack rate was of the order of 35 per cent.
PREPARATION OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF THE TYPE I MENINGOCOCCUS AND A STUDY OF ITS EFFECTIVENESS AS AN ANTIGEN IN HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Kaiser Hilda , Sikorski Helen
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for preparing small amounts of Type I meningococcal polysaccharide which are electrophoretically homogeneous and contain only traces of other immunologically reactive material are given.

2. These polysaccharides are very poor antigens in man but in a small number of instances definite amounts of precipitin and protective antibody were formed.

3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A DEVICE FOR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING THE CONCENTRATION OF GLYCOL VAPORS IN THE AIR
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Wise Henry , Robertson O. H.
Published: June 2004

A device for automatically maintaining any desired concentration of triethylene or propylene glycol vapor in air is described. It can also be used to measure very rapidly the glycol content of room air. This instrument should greatly facilitate tests of the efficacy of glycol vapors in preventing air-borne infections.
STUDIES ON A NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS
Authors: Mirick George S. , Thomas Lewis , Curnen Edward C. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

The results of studies on the antigenic structure and immunological specificity of a non-hemolytic streptococcus, designated streptococcus MG, are described. Evidence is presented to show that this microorganism possesses a capsule and that this structure contains a polysaccharide antigen which is responsible for the type specific serological reactions obtained with streptococcus MG.