bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Factors Predictive of Pneumonia Caused by Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus
Authors: Kanchana Sawan , Kanchana Supannakhon , Vijitsopa Teerapon , Thammakumpee Kreeta , Yamwong Sukit , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: February 2013

Pneumonia was the most common cause of death during the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection. Clinical risk factors for pneumonia caused by this virus are limited. We enrolled consecutive patients treated at the H1N1 Clinic in Thungsong Hospital in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, during June–December 2009 who had positive polymerase chain reaction results for H1N1 virus. Clinical features for patients given a diagnosis with and without pneumonia were studied. There were 441 patients with positive polymerase chain reaction results for H1N1 virus. Of these patients, 51 (11.56%) had pneumonia. Three independent clinical factors for H1N1 pneumonia were myalgia, dyspnea, and an absolute neutrophil count > 7,700 cells/μL. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for these three variables were 0.413 (0.173–0.988), 2.625 (1.230–5.604), and 4.475 (1.882–10.644), respectively. Clinical features may be a useful tool for predicting risk for pneumonia caused by H1N1 virus.
Zoonotic Onchocerca lupi Infection in a 22-Month-Old Child in Arizona: First Report in the United States and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Eberhard Mark L. , Ostovar Gholamabbas Amin , Chundu Kote , Hobohm Dan , Feiz-Erfan Iman , Mathison Blaine A. , Bishop Henry S. , Cantey Paul T.
Published: February 2013

A 22-month-old girl presented with neck pain and stiffness and magnetic resonance imaging showed an extradural mass extending from C2 through the C4 level with moderate to severe compression of the cord. A left unilateral C2–C4 laminectomy was performed revealing an extradural rubbery tumor; a small biopsy was obtained. Examination of stained tissue revealed the presence of a parasitic worm that was identified as a gravid female Onchocerca lupi. A magnetic resonance imaging at 7 weeks follow-up showed a significantly decreased size of the enhancing lesion and the patient's symptoms gradually resolved. This is the first report of zoonotic O. lupi in the United States. The parasite has been reported in dogs and cats in the western United States, and from people in four cases reported from Europe. A great deal more needs to be learned, including full host range and geographic distribution, before we fully understand O. lupi infections in animals and man.
The submarine groundwater discharge as a carbon source to the Baltic Sea
Authors: Szymczycha B. , Maciejewska A. , Szczepanska A. , Pempkowiak J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) is an important, yet poorly recognized pathway of material transport to the marine environment. This work reports on the results of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the groundwater seeping to the Bay of Puck. The loads of carbon via SGD were quantified for the Baltic Sea sub-basins and the entire Baltic Sea. The annual averages of DIC and DOC concentrations in the groundwater were equal to 64.5 ± 10.0 mg C L−1 and 5.8 ± 0.9 mg C L−1. The DIC and DOC fluxes via SGD to the Baltic Sea were estimated at 283.6 ± 66.7 kt yr−1 and 25.5 ± 4.2 kt yr−1. The SGD derived carbon load to the Baltic Sea is an important component of carbon budget, which turns the status of the sea into firmly heterotrophic. The carbon load to the World Ocean, which was calculated basing on few reports on groundwater discharges and the measured carbon concentrations, amounts to- (142–155) × 103 kt yr−1 (DIC), and (13–14) × 103 kt yr−1 (DOC). The carbon flux via SGD amounts to some 25% of the riverine carbon load, and should be included into the World Ocean carbon budget.
A case study: A leader's commitment to transparency and accountability through a	serious reportable event
Authors: Erickson Jeanette Ives , Ditomassi Marianne , Gallivan Theresa , Perleberg Keith , Costa Mary Jane
Published: February 2013

Analysis reveals that most preventable adverse events result from systemic causes, not human error.  The senior patient care executive at a leading hospital recounts the unnecessary death of a patient and the investigation that followed.  Citing the critical importance of a “just culture,” this case study offers a blueprint for managing a serious reportable event.
Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India
Authors: Sinha Nitin
Published: February 2013

Through a regional focus on Bihar between the 1760s and 1880s, Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India reveals the shifting and contradictory nature of the colonial states policies and discourses on communication. The volume explores the changing relationship between trade, transport and mobility in India, as evident in the trading and mercantile networks operating at various scales of the economy. Of crucial importance to this study are the ways in which knowledge about roads and routes was collected through practices of travel, tours, surveys, and map-making, all of which benefited the state in its attempts to structure a regime that would regulate undesirable forms of mobility.
Transport and Magnetic Properties of MgFeVO4
Authors: Zhang Xue , Kuang Xiao-Jun , Wang Yong-Gang , Wang Xiao-Ming , Wang Chun-Hai , Zhang Yan , Chen Chinping , Jing Xi-Ping
Published: February 2013

A new spinel compound, MgFeVO4, was prepared by solid-state reactions. On the basis of the Mössbauer spectrum, it can be deduced that both Fe and V in MgFeVO4 are trivalent. Structure refinements based on X-ray and neutron diffraction data indicated that V3+ ions are likely to occupy the octahedral site, whereas Fe3+ and Mg2+ ions take both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. The formula of the compound can be represented as (Mg1-x
Fe
x
)[Mg
x
Fe1-x
V]O4 (x=0.638). The transport measurements indicate that MgFeVO4 is an n-type semiconductor with the hopping mechanism below 170 K and thermally activated mechanism at high temperatures. The DC and AC magnetic data show the antiferromagnetic interactions and spin glass behavior in MgFeVO4. The time-dependent magnetic relaxation and the exchange bias effect related to the spin glass phase are also analyzed. The curve fittings give long flipping times and large n values, indicating that strongly interacting clusters rather than individual spins are the predominant spin glass features.
Rainfall – Ocean Faunal Interactions, Carteret County, North Carolina
Authors: Porter Hugh J. , Safrit Glenn , Schwartz Frank J.
Published: February 2013

Rainfall data collected at the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS) for the years 1983–2011 varied between 0.5 1 (12.9 mm) and 0.75 (19.1 mm) inches/day/yr. Storms, hurricanes and natural events greatly influenced the data. Hurricanes, run off , flooding and El Nino, and La Nina events influenced increases and decreases in precipitation pre-1990 and post-1990. Shark, finfish and shrimp catches varied in response to storm effects on the nearby river and ocean water temperatures. Significant statistical differences existed between rainfall and shark catches.
Professional Archetype Change: The Effects of Restricted Professional Autonomy
Authors: Funck Elin
Published: February 2013

One of the points on which researchers agree is the centrality of autonomy to professionalism. Moreover, a common conclusion in the studies of professions is that the profound changes in society over the last fifty years have threatened the autonomy and changed the archetype of professionalism. This paper contributes to the research on changes and continuities, challenges and opportunities for professionalism by discussing advantages and disadvantages of restricted professional autonomy. By describing the historical development in the Swedish and Canadian healthcare context, two major findings are discussed. First, although medical professionals have been subjected to certain constraints, they still appear to maintain a relatively high level of autonomy concerning the technical content of the work. Second, restricting professional autonomy is not negative merely due to the preservation of the professional archetype; rather, a «reasonable» limitation can be positive if professional autonomy is understood as a contract based on public trust.
Alterations to Embryonic Serotonin Change Aggression and Fearfulness
Authors: Dennis Rachel L. , Fahey Alan G. , Cheng Heng W.
Published: February 2013

Prenatal stress can alter the serotonin (5‐HT) system in the developing and adult brain and lead to mood and behavioral disorders in children and adults. The chicken provides a unique animal model to study the effects of embryonic stressors on childhood and adolescent behavior. Manipulations to the egg can be made in the absence of confounding maternal effects from treatment. Eggs were injected with 50 μL of excess 5‐HT (10 μg/egg), 8‐OH‐DPAT (a 5‐HT1A receptor agonist; 16 μg/egg), or saline on day 0 prior to the 21 days incubation. Injections were performed at 0.5 cm below the shell. Behavior was analyzed at 9 weeks of age and again at the onset of sexual maturity (18 weeks). Hens treated with excess embryonic 5‐HT exhibited significantly less aggressive behaviors at 9 weeks of age compared to both 5‐HT1A agonist treated and saline hens (P < 0.05), and at 18 weeks of age compared to saline control birds only (P < 0.05). Excess embryonic 5‐HT also increased fearfulness response (P < 0.05) as tested by duration of tonic immobility. Increased degree of fluctuating asymmetry at 18 weeks in 5‐HT‐treated birds (P < 0.05) suggests that excess 5‐HT in early embryonic stages may create a developmental instability, causing phenotypic variations. These results showed that modification of the serotonergic system during early embryonic development alters its functions in mediating aggressive and fearful or anxious behaviors. Prenatal modification of the serotonergic system has long lived implications on both physiology and behavior, especially aggressive and fearful behaviors. Aggr. Behav. 39:91–98, 2013. Published in 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical modeling and design of layer crystallization in a concentric annulus with and without recirculation
Authors: Zhou Lifang , Su Min , Benyahia Brahim , Singh Aniruddh , Barton Paul I. , Trout Bernhardt L. , Myerson Allan S. , Braatz Richard D.
Published: February 2013

A solution layer crystallization process in a concentric annulus is presented that removes the need for filtration. A dynamic model for layer crystallization with and without a recirculation loop is developed in the form of coupled partial differential equations describing the effects of mass transfer, heat transfer, and crystallization kinetics. The model predicts the variation of the temperature, concentration, and dynamic crystal thickness along the pipe length, and the concentration and temperature along the pipe radius. The model predictions are shown to closely track experimental data that were not used in the model's construction, and also compared to an analytical solution that can be used for quickly obtaining rough estimates when there is no recirculation loop. The model can be used to optimize product yield and crystal layer thickness uniformity, with constraints on the supersaturation to avoid bulk nucleation by adjusting cooling temperatures in the core and jacket. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1308–1321, 2013
Rheological evolution and crystallization response of molten coal ash slag at high temperatures
Authors: Song Wenjia , Tang Lihua , Zhu Zibin , Ninomiya Yoshihiko
Published: February 2013

Ash‐related problems are often the main reason for entrained‐flow gasifiers and boilers unscheduled shut downs. Thus, understanding the high‐temperature physical properties of molten coal ash slag may enable an accurate description of the condition of ash deposition in the gasifier and boiler. The evolution of the time dependence of rheological behaviors, including the viscosity and yield stress of the molten coal ash slag containing 0–35.51 vol % crystals at decreasing temperatures (1400–1280°C) and within 1.05 × 105 s, were investigated. Non‐Newtonian behaviors, including shear thinning, become obvious with an increasing crystal contents. The trends in the change of crystal nucleation rate in molten coal ash slag are similar with those of the growth rate. Finally, the experimental results and the crystal‐size distribution method are used to develop a semiempirical parameterization that describes the complex non‐Newtonian rheology of crystal‐bearing molten coal ash slag. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2726–2742, 2013
A Half Century of High‐Altitude Studies in Anthropology: Introduction to the Plenary Session
Authors: Little Michael A. , Thomas R. Brooke , Garruto Ralph M.
Published: February 2013

Until 50 years ago, high‐altitude terrestrial research was conducted largely within the realm of environmental physiology, where interests were focused on physiological mechanisms and mountain exploration. Scientists from the United States, Europe, and Peru had developed sophisticated physiological models of adaptation and acclimatization to the hypoxia of high altitude, but very little research had been conducted on permanent residents, particularly natives of high altitude in the two major regions of the world—the Andes and the Himalayas. In 1962, Raul T. Baker initiated a project at the Pennsylvania State University to explore the responses of indigenous Peruvians to the major stresses at altitude: hypoxia and cold. Approaches to this early research were anthropological in perspective and centered on population‐level studies with an evolutionary approach. Studies were conducted by applying a combination of physiological experimental methods, simulated field experiments, and extended anthropological field observations. Early hypotheses at this time were that heredity played a major role in the adaptive complexes in native high‐altitude residents. These early hypotheses were later modified to incorporate or replace the genetic hypotheses with developmental adaptation models. A half century of research within anthropology and research in other fields has presented a vastly more complex and integrated picture of high‐altitude adaptation in native residents. Recent studies incorporate physiology and oxygen transport, population and molecular genetics, reproduction, growth, and development. The history and current status of high‐altitude research and its anthropological applications are treated in papers from this plenary symposium. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:148–150, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of maleic acid additive on the preparation and performance of CA/PES blend ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Shobana K. H. , Krithika K. , Radha K. S. , Nagendran A. , Mohan D.
Published: February 2013

Cellulose acetate (CA) and polyethersulfone (PES) blend ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by phase inversion technique in the presence and absence of additive maleic acid with N,N‐dimethylformamide as solvent. The prepared membranes were characterized in terms of pure water flux, percent water content, and molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO) by solute rejection method. The percentage of rejection of protein such as bovine serum albumin, egg albumin, pepsin, and trypsin were studied. It was found that the pore size of the membrane and the hydrophilicity of CA/PES blend membranes increased with increase in blend composition and additive concentration, which is evident from the increase in water content and the morphological study of the membrane Thus, when the additive concentration in the blend system was enhanced from 0 to 10 wt%, there was an upward trend in the pore radius of the membranes thus enhancing the MWCO of the membrane. The decrease in number of pores also confirms the role of additive in the formation of pores and its interaction with the membrane material during gelation and membrane formation as evidenced by the scanning electron microscope analysis. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placing articles in the large publisher nations: Is there a “free lunch” in terms of higher impact?
Authors: Schubert Torben , Michels Carolin
Published: February 2013

This paper deals with the role of a journal's publisher country in determining the expected citation rates of the articles published in it. We analyze whether a paper has a higher citation rate when it is published in one of the large publisher nations, the U.S., U.K., or the Netherlands, compared to a hypothetical situation when the same paper is published in journals of different origin. This would constitute a “free lunch,” which could be explained by a Matthew effect visible on the country‐level, similar to the well‐documented Matthew effect on the author‐level. We first use a simulation model that highlights increasing citation returns to quality as the central key condition on which such a Matthew effect may emerge. Then we use an international bibliometric panel data set of forty‐nine countries for the years 2000–2010 and show that such a “free lunch” implied by this Matthew effect can be observed for top journals from the U.S. and depending on the specification also from the U.K. and the Netherlands, while there is no effect for lower‐ranked American journals and negative effects for lower‐ranked British journals as well as those coming from the Netherlands.
Modelling the demand for higher education by local authority area in England using academic, economic and social data
Authors: Harrison Neil
Published: February 2013

Managing the demand for higher education has been a major concern of successive UK governments over the last 30 years. While initially they sought to increase demand, latterly the emphasis has been on widening participation to include demographic groups among which it has traditionally been low. There had long been an academic and policy interest in the drivers of demand, but an appreciation of the contrasting patterns between different geographical areas was relatively late to emerge. Little research has thus far focused on the extent to which demand within an area is a function of background factors with a spatial dimension. For example, while it is known that demand tends to be lower in deprived areas, it is not well understood what specific features of deprivation cause this. This paper reports the findings of a quantitative study using linear regression modelling to determine which localised factors played a significant role in the demand for higher education between 2004 and 2009 in English local authority areas. It concludes that attainment at 16, the proportion of working‐age graduates and the ethnic profile are major explanatory variables, but that the nature of the local employment market also plays a role in explaining changes over time. Coinciding with other significant changes in the education sector, the abolition of the Aimhigher initiative in July 2011 marked the return of demand management back to individual universities, so the importance of spatial patterns in higher education demand are likely to be of renewed importance in coming years.
The influence of teachers on the development of political radicals: a case study of members of the Scottish Socialist Party
Authors: Kane Liam
Published: February 2013

While there is a wealth of literature on radical adult ‘popular’ education for change, most of it looks forward and speculates on the educational processes best able to help ‘the oppressed’, ‘excluded’ or ‘disadvantaged’ become critically‐aware ‘subjects’ of social change. Within a critical education framework, recent research looked in the opposite direction, identified adult activists already critically‐aware and worked backwards through their life histories to find the educational experiences seen as most influential in their development. Examining questionnaire responses, this article analyses how members of the Scottish Socialist Party perceived the influence exercised by their teachers, from primary to tertiary education, in the development of their beliefs and identity as activists. Comparisons are made with research in ‘active citizenship’. The research suggests there is more potential for radical education within the formal sector than is often believed and teachers contribute to this process in sometimes contradictory ways. The findings feed into debates in the UK and other countries, particularly in Latin America, about where popular educators should direct their energies, within state structures or outside, in social movements.
The Parenting Early Intervention Programme in England, 2006–2011; a classed experience?
Authors: Cullen Stephen M. , Cullen Mairi‐Ann , Lindsay Geoff , Strand Steve
Published: February 2013

Family policy was a key component of the ‘New’ Labour government's family, social and education policy, and a wide range of family focused initiatives and interventions designed to ‘support’ families and improve individual, family and social outcomes were introduced. The post‐May 2010 coalition government's family policy exhibits key elements of policy continuity. There have been strong, class‐based critiques of this approach to social policy, which have argued that policies were informed by a project to recreate the working class. A key English family policy initiative, the Parenting Early Intervention Programme (PEIP) ran from September 2006–March 2011. The national evaluation of the PEIP was a large scale combined methods study of the implementation of parenting programmes in all local authorities in England, and forms the evidential base of this article which was built upon the completion, by participating parents, of three standardised pre and post parenting course questionnaires (N = 4446). A sample of 133 participating parents was also interviewed using semi‐structured interview schedules. The evidence from the PEIP evaluation showed the heterogeneous class nature of the PEIP cohorts, which over the roll‐out of the initiative, incorporated a larger number of middle class parents. In addition, the qualitative data indicated that parents had strongly positive participant perceptions of PEIP courses, characterised by ‘mutual reach’, and did not experience the courses in classed terms.The evidence from the quantitative and qualitative data collected for the national evaluation suggests that it is difficult to conceptualise the PEIP, as an example of the Labour government's family policy, in class terms—such an approach requires, at the least, major qualification.
Realist and relational perspectives on graduate identity and employability: a response to Hinchliffe and Jolly
Authors: Holmes Leonard
Published: February 2013

This article responds to that by Hinchliffe and Jolly, published in an earlier issue of this journal, exploring graduate identity and employability. Their article espousedly draws upon the conceptualisation of graduate identity, as formulated by this present author. This article argues that Hinchliffe and Jolly have given insufficient attention to different modes of conceptualisation, the realist and the relational, that are key to differentiating the original use of the term ‘graduate identity’ from uses where that term is conflated with ‘graduateness’. After exploring realist and relational perspectives, the article considers possible reformulation of the study by Hinchliffe and Jolly, to enhance its contribution to research from a relational perspective.
Effective professional learning communities? The possibilities for teachers as agents of change in schools
Authors: Watson Cate
Published: February 2013

The concept of the professional learning community (PLC) has been embraced widely in schools as a means for teachers to engage in professional development leading to enhanced pupil learning. However, the term has become so ubiquitous it is in danger of losing all meaning, or worse, of reifying ‘teacher learning’ within a narrowly defined ambit which loses sight of the essentially contestable concepts which underpin it. The primary aim of this paper is therefore to (re‐)examine the assumptions underpinning the PLC as a vehicle for teacher led change in schools in order to confront and unsettle a complacent and potentially damaging empirical consensus around teacher learning. This paper examines the characteristics and attributes of the ‘effective’ professional learning community as identified in the literature, drawing out the tensions and contradictions embodied in the terms professional, learning and community. The paper considers the implications of this analysis for practice, and concludes by offering some insights into the nature of ‘school improvement’, and the role of PLCs in realizing this.
Investigation of the human disease osteogenesis imperfecta: A research‐based introduction to concepts and skills in biomolecular analysis
Authors: Mate Karen , Sim Alistair , Weidenhofer Judith , Milward Liz , Scott Judith
Published: February 2013

A blended approach encompassing problem‐based learning (PBL) and structured inquiry was used in this laboratory exercise based on the congenital disease Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), to introduce commonly used techniques in biomolecular analysis within a clinical context. During a series of PBL sessions students were presented with several scenarios involving a 2 year old child, who had experienced numerous fractures. Key learning goals related to both the theory and practical aspects of the course, covering biomolecular analysis and functional genomics, were identified in successive PBL sessions. The laboratory exercises were conducted in 3 hour blocks over six weeks, focused firstly on protein analysis, followed by nucleic acids. Students isolated collagen from normal and OI affected fibroblast cultures. Analysis by SDS‐PAGE demonstrated α1 and α2 of collagen Type I chains at approximately 95 kDa and 92 kDa, respectively. Subtle differences in protein mobility between the control and OI samples were observed by some students, but most considered it inconclusive as a diagnostic tool. The nucleic acid module involved isolation of RNA from OI affected fibroblasts. The RNA was reverse transcribed and used as template to amplify a 354 bp COL1A1 fragment. Students were provided with the sequence of the OI affected COL1A1 PCR product aligned with the normal COL1A1 sequence, allowing identification of the mutation, as the substitution of Arg for Gly976 of the triple helical region. Our experience with student cohorts over several years is that presentation of this laboratory exercise within a relevant clinical context, and the opportunity for active engagement with the experimental procedures via PBL sessions, supported the learning of basic theory and practical techniques of biomolecular analysis. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41(2):103‐109, 2013
The role of professional identity in graduate school success for under‐represented minority students
Authors: Kim‐Prieto Chu , Copeland H. Liesel , Hopson Rodney , Simmons Toya , Leibowitz Michael J.
Published: February 2013

We examined the relationship between sense of professional identity and academic success among under‐represented minority graduate students in a biomedical doctoral program. We found that a sense of professional identity is related to science success among under‐represented minority students, but not for non‐underrepresented minority students. Sense of professional identity appears to be linked to the use of mentors and to development as a scientist and member of the professional community, rather than someone who simply performs laboratory experiments. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41(2):70‐75, 2013
The pre‐health collection within MedEdPORTAL's iCollaborative: Helping faculty prepare students for the competencies in the new MCAT2015 exam
Authors: Jakubowski Henry V. , Zapanta Laura S.
Published: February 2013

To help faculty prepare and revise courses in all the disciplines represented in the MCAT2015, the American Association of Medical Colleges, through its MedEdPORTAL's iCollaborative, has established the Pre‐health Collection, a repository of reviewed web resources that are openly and freely available to faculty, and indirectly through them to students. The Pre‐health Collection initiative makes use of the Internet to centralize teaching resources and to help faculty at institutions with fewer available resources to incorporate high quality teaching material specifically reviewed to assist students in obtaining the required pre‐health competencies. As biochemistry competencies are increasingly represented in the new exam, it is important to grow the number of quality teaching resources for biochemistry within the portal and to develop a community of users and contributors. A description of the Pre‐Health Collection and mechanisms for contributions are presented. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41(2):76‐78, 2013
An Efficient Friedel–Crafts/Oxa‐Michael/Aromatic Annulation: Rapid Access to Substituted Naphtho[2,1‐b]furan, Naphtho[1,2‐b]furan, and Benzofuran Derivatives
Authors: Anwar Shaik , Huang Wan‐Yun , Chen Chih‐Hao , Cheng You‐Song , Chen Kwunmin
Published: February 2013

Substituted naphthofurans and benzofurans are easily accessible by treatment of naphthols/substituted phenols with nitroallylic acetates through a substitution–elimination process promoted by cesium carbonate. Reactions between naphthols and aromatic/heteroaromatic‐substituted nitroallylic acetates gave the desired functionalized naphthofurans in high to excellent chemical yields (14–97 %). On the other hand, treatment of phenol derivatives (i.e., 3‐dimethylamino‐, 3‐methoxy‐, and 3,5‐dimethoxyphenol) with various nitroallylic acetates afforded the corresponding benzofurans in moderate to good chemical yields (24–91 %). The reaction proceeded through an interesting Friedel–Crafts SN2′ process followed by intramolecular oxa‐Michael cyclization and subsequent aromatization. A plot of log (k/kH) against Hammett constants σp showed satisfactory linearity with a positive ρ value, indicating that the initial Friedel–Crafts‐type SN2′ process constituted the rate‐determining step. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of various novel C2 and C3 symmetric bis‐ and trisfurans by using catechol and phloroglucinol as the nucleophilic partners. The reactivity decreased when alkyl‐substituted nitroallylic acetate systems were used. This might be related to the decreased electrophilic character of these substrates.
Hydrogenation processing of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Leshuk Tim , Linley Stuart , Gu Frank
Published: February 2013

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an important semiconductor material and photocatalyst with applications in a multitude of fields, including water treatment and solar energy. Recently, hydrogenation has been proposed as an effective processing technique to enhance the visible light absorbance of TiO2, which is typically insensitive to the visible spectrum. In this work, we have elucidated several key synthesis and processing parameters affecting the hydrogenation of TiO2 nanomaterials. Synthesis protocols, hydrogenation temperature and pressure were revealed to be critical parameters in controlling the H2 modification of TiO2 nanoparticles. These findings may contribute to engineering of materials properties of metal oxides through hydrogenation processing. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Purine 2′‐Fluoro‐2′‐deoxyriboside ProTides as Anti‐influenza Virus Agents
Authors: Meneghesso Silvia , Vanderlinden Evelien , Brancale Andrea , Balzarini Jan , Naesens Lieve , McGuigan Christopher
Published: February 2013

2′‐Fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine has been reported to have potent anti‐influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of 6‐modified 2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine analogues and their corresponding phosphoramidate ProTides as potential anti‐influenza virus agents. Whereas the parent nucleosides were devoid of antiviral activity in two different cellular assays, the 5′‐O‐naphthyl(methoxy‐L‐alaninyl) ProTide derivatives of 6‐O‐methyl‐2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, 6‐O‐ethyl‐2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine, and 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐fluoro‐6‐chloroguanosine, and the 5′‐O‐naphthyl(ethoxy‐L‐alaninyl) ProTide of 6‐O‐ethyl‐2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine displayed antiviral EC99 values of ∼12 μM. The antiviral results are supported by metabolism studies. Rapid conversion into the L‐alaninyl metabolite and then 6‐modified 2′‐fluoro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine 5′‐monophosphate was observed in enzymatic assays with yeast carboxypeptidase Y or crude cell lysate. Evidence for efficient removal of the 6‐substituent on the guanine part was provided by enzymatic studies with adenosine deaminase, and by molecular modeling of the nucleoside 5′‐monophosphates in the catalytic site of a model of ADAL1, thus indicating the utility of the double prodrug concept.
Imaging integrin alpha‐v‐beta‐3 expression in tumors with an 18F‐labeled dimeric RGD peptide
Authors: Dijkgraaf Ingrid , Terry Samantha Y. A. , McBride William J. , Goldenberg David M. , Laverman Peter , Franssen Gerben M. , Oyen Wim J. G. , Boerman Otto C.
Published: February 2013

Integrin αvβ3 receptors are expressed on activated endothelial cells during neovascularization to maintain tumor growth. Many radiolabeled probes utilize the tight and specific association between the arginine–glycine–aspartatic acid (RGD) peptide and integrin αvβ3, but one main obstacle for any clinical application of these probes is the laborious multistep radiosynthesis of 18F. In this study, the dimeric RGD peptide, E‐[c(RGDfK)]2, was conjugated with NODAGA and radiolabeled with 18F in a simple one‐pot process with a radiolabeling yield of 20%, the whole process lasting only 45 min. NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 labeled with 18F at a specific activity of 1.8 MBq nmol−1 and a radiochemical purity of 100% could be achieved. The logP value of 18F‐labeled NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 was −4.26 ± 0.02. In biodistribution studies, 18F‐NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 cleared rapidly from the blood with 0.03 ± 0.01 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID g−1) in the blood at 2 h p.i., mainly via the kidneys, and showed good in vivo stability. Tumor uptake of 18F‐NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 (3.44 ± 0.20 %ID g−1, 2 h p.i.) was significantly lower than that of reference compounds 68Ga‐labeled NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 (6.26 ± 0.76 %ID g−1; p <0.001) and 111In‐labeled NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 (4.99 ± 0.64 %ID g−1; p < 0.01). Co‐injection of an excess of unlabeled NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 along with 18F‐NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 resulted in significantly reduced radioactivity concentrations in the tumor (0.85 ± 0.13 %ID g−1). The αvβ3 integrin‐expressing SK‐RC‐52 tumor could be successfully visualized by microPET with 18F‐labeled NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2. In conclusion, NODAGA‐E‐[c(RGDfK)]2 could be labeled rapidly with 18F using a direct aqueous, one‐pot method and it accumulated specifically in αvβ3 integrin‐expressing SK‐RC‐52 tumors, allowing for visualization by microPET. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material and diagnostic characterization of 17th century mural paintings by spectra‐colorimetry and SEM‐EDS: An insight look at José de Escovar Workshop at the CONVENT of Na Sra da Saudação (Southern Portugal)
Authors: Gil M. , Serrão V. , Carvalho M. L. , Longelin S. , Dias L. , Cardoso A. , Caldeira A. T. , Rosado T. , Mirão J. , Candeias A. E.
Published: February 2013

The early 17th century mural paintings set from the low‐choir of the extinct Dominican Convent of Nossa Senhora da Saudação in the town of Montemor‐o‐novo were analyzed by a setup comprising visible spectra‐colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM‐EDS) complemented with optical microscopy (OM), micro X‐ray diffraction, micro FTIR, and micro Raman spectroscopy. The main goals were material and diagnostic characterization of the paint layers and pictorial techniques used by Jose de Escovar workshop, one of the most active and controversial easel and mural painters of Evora Archiepiscopate between 1585 and 1622. The results show a differentiate use of red, blue, and green pigments in an alkaline environment. Stable mercury sulfide (HgS) was identified in almost all red areas in the latest scenes while, in the first ones, red ochre (Fe2O3) is the predominant pigment. Faded smalt (a co‐potassium silicate glass) is present pure in the sky background or mixed with red ochre in the garments at the beginning of the low‐choir but less at the end. Five kinds of copper‐based materials, with different degrees of color alteration, were found, namely malachite and azurite, copper chlorides, copper sulfates (e.g., posjnakite), and pseudomalachite. Another curious feature is the uneven use of a limewash made with slaked calcitic lime in the carnations. Lack of material, internal organization strategies, or technical differences within the team are probably the most likely causes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 288–306, 2014; Published Online 5 February 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/col.21792
Mechanism of macrostep formation in solution growth of compound semiconductor and the evidence given by space experiment
Authors: Nishinaga Tatau
Published: February 2013

The behavior of macrostep and its formation mechanism are discussed taking solution growth of compound semiconductor as an example. The macrosteps are created by the bunching of atomic steps on a misoriented substrate and they coalesce to form larger macrosteps. At a steady state, the vertical growth of the macrostep terrace is carried out by the atomic steps supplied from a screw dislocation. Space experiments conducted by the group of Professor K. W. Benz showed that the macrostep disappears under a temperature gradient when the growth rate is decreased below a certain value. It is concluded that the non‐uniform bulk diffusion of the solute is the driving force to create the macrostep.
Variation in hippocampal glial cell numbers in food‐caching birds from different climates
Authors: Roth Timothy C. , Chevalier Dominique M. , LaDage Lara D. , Pravosudov Vladimir V.
Published: February 2013

Enhancements to memory are associated with enhanced neural structures that support those capabilities. A great deal of work has examined this relationship in the context of natural variation in spatial memory capability and hippocampal (Hp) structure. Most studies have focused on volumetric and neuron measures, but have seldom examined the role of glial cells. Once considered involved only in supportive functions associated with neurons, the importance of glial cells in cognitive processes, including memory, is gaining more attention. Building upon our previous study on the relationship between the brain, memory, and environmental severity in food‐caching birds, we compared the total number of Hp glial cells in wild‐sampled and in lab‐reared (common garden) black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) originating from two different environmental extremes. We found that birds from more harsh climate tended to have significantly more Hp glial cells than those from more mild climate and that lab‐reared chickadees had significantly fewer Hp glial cells compared to the wild‐sampled birds. These results suggest that population differences in glial numbers may be controlled, at least in part, by heritable mechanisms, but glial numbers appear to be additionally regulated by an individual's environment. The pattern of Hp glial cell abundance among our treatment groups closely followed that of the Hp volume, suggesting that Hp glial cell number may be associated with the Hp volume. Unlike Hp neurons, however, the number of Hp glial cells may be, at least in part, affected by an individual's experiences and environment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 480–485, 2013
Seasonal variability of the carbon cycle in subantarctic surface water in the South West Pacific
Authors: Brix Holger , Currie Kim I. , Mikaloff Fletcher Sara E.
Published: February 2013

Few Southern Hemisphere time series measurements of biogeochemical tracers are available, and this scarcity is a major impediment in understanding the biological and physical processes underlying the oceanic carbon and nutrient cycles in vast parts of the global oceans. We make use of bi‐monthly measurements of carbonate parameters from 1998 to 2010 in upper Subantarctic Surface Water east of New Zealand's South Island at 45.85°S 171.50°E to investigate seasonal cycles and trends in these species and processes controlling their variability. This time series reveals positive trends in salinity normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (sDIC) and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) that are smaller than would be expected from the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric pCO2 alone, possibly due to a decrease of the average temperature over the observational period. The seasonal cycle of pCO2 is dominated by that of DIC, but is substantially modified by the influence of the annual cycle of sea surface temperature. Investigations with a δ13COC‐constrained diagnostic box model suggest that net community production (NCP) is the dominant process controlling the observed seasonal variability in sDIC by removing 1.2 ± 0.7 mol C m−2 yr−1 from the mixed layer. This carbon drawdown, aided by an additional carbon removal due to horizontal transport, is balanced by vertical diffusion, entrainment, and air‐sea gas exchange of CO2. Oceanic pCO2 is below atmospheric pCO2 for nearly the entire year, leading to an annual mean surface ocean pCO2 undersaturation of about 12 µatm and an annual oceanic uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere of 0.9 ± 0.1 mol C m−2 yr−1.
High‐resolution Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) mapping of a slow‐spreading ridge: Mid‐Atlantic Ridge 45°N
Authors: Yeo I. A. , Searle R. C.
Published: February 2013

Axial volcanic ridges (AVRs) are found on most slow‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges and are thought to be the main locus of volcanism there. In this study we present high‐resolution mapping of a typical, well‐defined AVR on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 45°N. The AVR is characterized by “hummocky terrain,” composed typically of hummocks with pillowed or elongate pillowed flanks with pillowed or lobate lava flow summits, often with small haystacks sitting on their highest points. The AVR is surrounded by several areas of “flat seafloor,” composed of lobate and sheet lava flows. The spatial and morphological differences between these areas indicate different eruption processes operating on and off the AVR. Volcanic fissures are found all around and on the AVR, although those with the greatest horizontal displacement are found on the ridge crest and flat seafloor. Clusters of fissures may represent volcanic vents. Extremely detailed comparisons of sediment coverage and examination of contact relations around the AVR suggest that many of the areas of flat seafloor are of a similar age or younger than the hummocky terrain of the AVR. Additionally, all the lavas surveyed have similar degrees of sediment cover, suggesting that the AVR was either built or resurfaced in the same 50 ka time frame as the flat seafloor.
Astroglial IFITM3 mediates neuronal impairments following neonatal immune challenge in mice
Authors: Ibi Daisuke , Nagai Taku , Nakajima Akira , Mizoguchi Hiroyuki , Kawase Takahiro , Tsuboi Daisuke , Kano Shin‐Ichi , Sato Yoshiaki , Hayakawa Masahiro , Lange Ulrike C. , Adams David J. , Surani M. Azim , Satoh Takaya , Sawa Akira , Kaibuchi Kozo , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Yamada Kiyofumi
Published: February 2013

Interferon‐induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) ıplays a crucial role in the antiviral responses of Type I interferons (IFNs). The role of IFITM3 in the central nervous system (CNS) is, however, largely unknown, despite the fact that its expression is increased in the brains of patients with neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we show the role of IFITM3 in long‐lasting neuronal impairments in mice following polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid (polyI:C, a synthetic double‐stranded RNA)‐induced immune challenge during the early stages of development. We found that the induction of IFITM3 expression in the brain of mice treated with polyI:C was observed only in astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes were activated by polyI:C treatment, leading to an increase in the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as Ifitm3. When cultured neurons were treated with the conditioned medium of polyI:C‐treated astrocytes (polyI:C‐ACM), neurite development was impaired. These polyI:C‐ACM‐induced neurodevelopmental abnormalities were alleviated by ifitm3−/− astrocyte‐conditioned medium. Furthermore, decreases of MAP2 expression, spine density, and dendrite complexity in the frontal cortex as well as memory impairment were evident in polyI:C‐treated wild‐type mice, but such neuronal impairments were not observed in ifitm3−/− mice. We also found that IFITM3 proteins were localized to the early endosomes of astrocytes following polyI:C treatment and reduced endocytic activity. These findings suggest that the induction of IFITM3 expression in astrocytes by the activation of the innate immune system during the early stages of development has non‐cell autonomous effects that affect subsequent neurodevelopment, leading to neuropathological impairments and brain dysfunction, by impairing endocytosis in astrocytes. GLIA 2013
Carbon loss by water erosion in drylands: implications from a study of vegetation change in the south‐west USA
Authors: Brazier R. E. , Turnbull L. , Wainwright J. , Bol R.
Published: February 2013

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of the global carbon cycle yet is rarely quantified adequately in terms of its spatial variability resulting from losses of SOC due to erosion by water. Furthermore, in drylands, little is known about the effect of widespread vegetation change on changes in SOC stores and the potential for water erosion to redistribute SOC around the landscape especially during high‐magnitude run‐off events (flash floods). This study assesses the change in SOC stores across a shrub‐encroachment gradient in the Chihuahuan Desert of the south‐west USA. A robust estimate of SOC storage in surface soils is presented, indicating that more SOC is stored beneath vegetation than in bare soil areas. In addition, the change in SOC storage over a shrub‐encroachment gradient is shown to be nonlinear and highly variable within each vegetation type. Over the gradient of vegetation change, the heterogeneity of SOC increases, and newer carbon from C3 plants becomes dominant. This increase in the heterogeneity of SOC is related to an increase in water erosion and SOC loss from inter‐shrub areas, which is self‐reinforcing. Shrub‐dominated drylands lose more than three times as much SOC as their grass counterparts. The implications of this study are twofold: (1) quantifying the effects of vegetation change on carbon loss via water erosion and the highly variable effects of land degradation on soil carbon stocks is critical. (2) If landscape‐scale understanding of carbon loss by water erosion in drylands is required, studies must characterize the heterogeneity of ecosystem structure and its effects on ecosystem function across ecotones subject to vegetation change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.