bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Data to Support Networks’ Theory of Change
Authors: Shumate Michelle , Cooper Katherine R.
Published: November 2021

Funders, communities, and network leaders all recognize the value of data. This chapter argues that effective data-use practices should be used to support the theory of change that networks employ. It prescribes program evaluation for project-based social impact and continuous quality improvement for learning-based models. It suggests public opinion polling and power mapping for policy-based mechanisms. For catalyst-based social impact, it advocates for gathering implementation fidelity data. Finally, it suggests using data to identify gaps in service and leaky pipelines for systems alignment-based mechanisms. It also includes instructions for using data for network management and community empowerment. The chapter uses examples of best practices from case studies. It also includes a tool for assessing how project-based networks are using data and instructions for using pivot tables for systems alignment.
Introduction
Authors: Samanta Samiparna
Published: November 2021

This tale of animals and Empire in colonial Calcutta rests at the intersection of three scholarships: history of science/medicine, environmental history and urban history. The introduction situates this study in the larger historiographical narrative and describes the contribution of the project to South Asian scholarship and beyond. Much of the extant literature on environmental history has gone toward arguing for the role of nature as a historical actor. But it has been relatively less emphatic toward the study of non-human subjects, particularly domestic animals in empire building. The novelty and richness of the book lies in its invocation of complex networks of human and nonhuman actors in an empire to inform the metropolitan scientific imagination. It also foregrounds the theoretical underpinnings and methodology of this book by highlighting what is new about this work.
The Anomaly of ‘Animal’
Authors: Samanta Samiparna
Published: November 2021

This chapter uses carters’ strikes led by bullock-cart drivers in late 19th- and early 20th-century Calcutta to explicate the tensions inherent in colonial animal protection legislations. More specifically, it illustrates how a single decisive event – the carters’ strike of 1862 – confronted two parallel and conflicting worlds, that of the poor, uneducated carters and the Calcutta Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (CSPCA). This historic moment is significant not only because it witnessed the meeting of these two worlds, but because by making the animals a mere proxy protagonist, it revealed the complex fault-lines within a colonial society. The human and the nonhuman subalterns – carters and bullocks, found their fates intertwined as the disadvantaged actors in a powerful, but unsuccessful protectionist crusade. Finally, the chapter reveals that while legislations and newer inventions all worked to unburden the overloaded animal, however, in a perfect colonial irony, the meaning of “animal” itself was left vague and amorphous in the British imagination.
Conclusion
Authors: Dutta Vipul
Published: November 2021

This book has highlighted an important but forgotten aspect of the Indian military that has escaped the attention of historians. By focussing on the emergence and evaluation of the officers’ academies and training institutions of the Indian military, I have tried to argue for a more differentiated yet comprehensive view of the Indian military. This view offers an alternative perspective on the Indianization and institution-building processes of the military, by examining its ‘building blocks’—the sites where the constituency of the military, that is, officers and cadets, were trained, socialized, and, after 1947, aligned and infused with the distinct ethos of nationhood....
The Art of Anti-conformism
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

A democratic society which fails to accept the necessity of heretical personalities cannot long remain democratic. B.R. Ambedkar was well aware of this fact, but he also knew that his moral capital as a leader with an egalitarian vision did not provide him with the sufficient legitimacy to call into question laws of the Hindu religion and those of a temporal Hindu state or society. To his honour, Ambedkar stood all alone in his rejection of unjust laws and regulations in pre- and post-independent India.
Ambedkar’s Philosophy of Heresy
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: November 2021

B.R. Ambedkar’s big heretic choice was his conversion to Buddhism on October 11, 1956. This conversion was, in fact, the most countering example of his heresy. In this regard, it has been an integral part of his philosophical and political struggle against the Indian apartheid. Dr. Ambedkar did not convert to Buddhism in order to escape the caste system. He converted in order to fight the caste mentality. As we can see, for Ambedkar conversion was a great struggle for choice and autonomy. He saw the moral legitimacy and political value of conversion in its heretic feature of gaining freedom. Far from treating freedom as a mere word, he considered it as the power of having a dissident voice. He saw a direct link between conversion and social freedom of the Untouchables.
Effects of Paying Restitution
Authors: Ruback R. Barry
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines whether paying economic sanctions is related to recidivism. Because criminal offenders generally have few assets and limited income, paying financial obligations in addition to living expenses is likely to be difficult and may lead to criminal activity. Alternatively, paying economic sanctions could decrease crime because making payments voluntarily could lead to a sense of internalized responsibility. The chapter reviews the author’s correlational studies presented in earlier chapters indicating restitution payment is negatively related to committing a new crime, as well as research by others on adults and juveniles showing that paying restitution is associated with lower subsequent criminal behavior. It then presents a recidivism follow-up of the offenders who participated in the field experiment discussed in Chapter 5. Results indicated that payment was related to less criminal behavior, a conclusion in which researchers can have some confidence because participants had originally been assigned to condition at random.
Sound Relations
Authors: Perea Jessica Bissett
Published: November 2021

Sound Relations: Native Ways of Doing Music History in Alaska delves into histories of Inuit musical life in Alaska to amplify the broader significance of sound as integral to Indigenous self-determination and resurgence movements. The book offers relational and radical ways of listening to a vast archive of Inuit presence across a range of genres—from hip hop to Christian hymnody and drumsongs to funk and R&B—to register how a density (not difference) of Indigenous ways of musicking invites readers to listen more critically to and for intersections of music, Indigeneity, and colonialism in the Americas. The research aims to dismantle stereotypical understandings of “Eskimos,” “Indians,” and “Natives” by considering how Indigenous-led and Indigeneity-centered analyses of Native musicking can reframe larger debates of race, Indigeneity, power, and representation in twenty-first-century American music historiography. Instead of proposing singular truths or facts, this book asks readers to consider the existence of multiple simultaneous truths, a density of truths, all of which are culturally constructed, performed, and in some cases politicized and policed. A sound relations approach advances a more Indigenized sound studies and a more sounded Indigenous studies that works to move beyond colonial questions of containment—“who counts as Native” and “who decides”—and colonial questions of measurement—“what exactly is ‘Native’ about Native music”—and toward an aesthetics of self-determination and resurgent world-making.
Speech Representation in the History of English
Authors: Grund Peter J. , Walker Terry
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the field of speech representation research. It gives a brief overview of scholarship on speech representation and some crucial concepts in this research field. It identifies three broad core areas that have received substantial attention in previous research—mechanics of speech representation, modes of speech representation, and the sociopragmatics of speech representation—and reviews some of the studies on present-day as well as historical materials within those areas. The authors outline the chapters of this volume, highlighting their contributions to current research. Finally, the chapter suggests a possible program for future research, identifying key topics and general contexts that deserve further attention.
Initiating Direct Speech in Early Modern English Prose Fiction and Witness Depositions
Authors: Lutzky Ursula
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores direct speech representation in Early Modern English prose fiction and witness depositions. The focus is on the preface position in direct speech turns—that is, the very first position at speech onset. The aim is to discover how the beginning of direct speech was signalled in the presence or absence of speech-external quotatives, at a time when transitions in voice were not yet consistently marked by punctuation. I investigate similarities and differences between the two text types, drawn from A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760, to understand how an impression of direct speech was created for literary purposes as opposed to (re)constructed in a legal context. This study thus provides new insights into the relationship between the construction and reconstruction of speech and thereby contributes to the research agenda of enhancing our understanding of speech (re)presentation during past periods of the English language.
Reconfiguring Quotation over Time and the System-Internal Rise of BE like
Authors: D’Arcy Alexandra
Published: November 2021

Recent work on first person dialogue in conversation (“direct quotation”) assumes that quotation is undergoing rapid and large-scale change as a consequence of the emergence of BE like. In this chapter I merge archival and contemporary materials to explore the parameters of change across two longitudinal speech collections. My concern is the role of grammatical constraints on quotation, alongside evolution of the functional, pragmatic, and lexical repertoires. Drawing on parallel data from two varieties of English, I present a comparative variationist analysis of direct quotation, spanning the late nineteenth century to the present. Analysis reveals a longitudinal and multifaceted trajectory of change, resulting in a highly constrained variable grammar in which contextual factors can be seen to evolve and specialise. There is no evidence that recent changes are the result of new quotatives; rather, the system-internal evolutionary pathway that set the scene for BE like is laid bare.
Amidst Global E-Waste Trades and Green Neoliberalization
Authors: Little Peter C.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides contextual background on global e-waste policy and politics and emerging “green” neoliberal interventions in Ghana. It explores nongovernmental organization interest in e-waste, with a particular focus on e-waste intervention in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. The chapter unearths the ways in which e-waste interventions, especially those aimed at mitigating air pollution and finding solutions to the environmental health crisis, are taking shape in Ghana. The chapter explores how e-waste intervention intersects with broader “green” urban development goals emerging in Ghana and how neoliberal efforts and infrastructures are endorsed and activated to modernize Ghana’s rapidly growing e-waste recycling and tech metal extraction economy.
Erasure, Demolition, and Violent Obsolescence in the Urban Margins
Authors: Little Peter C.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the lived experiences and politics of erasure, demolition, and obsolescence logics in Agbogbloshie. The author highlights how the migrant laborers who make up the majority of workers in Agbogbloshie have faced repeated rounds of eviction and forced displacement. The author shows how e-workers struggle to negotiate state-based forms of violent erasure fueled by demolition and flood control logics that paradoxically redirect and reorient the focus and politics of environmental health in Agbogbloshie. The experience of displacement and eviction in Agbogbloshie exposes intersecting logics of erasure, demolition, and obsolescence. The chapter explores how e-waste workers experience “slow violence” in the form of toxic exposures, bodily distress, and displacement. But Agbogbloshie is not simply a precarious space of destruction or an impossible place to live. As this chapter shows, e-waste workers sustain cultural life amidst dire lived experiences of erasure in Ghana’s urban margins.
Why Privacy Matters
Authors: Richards Neil
Published: November 2021

Many people tell us that privacy is dead, or that it is dying, but such talk is a dangerous fallacy. This book explains what privacy is, what privacy isn’t, and why privacy matters. Privacy is the extent to which human information is known or used, and it is fundamentally about the social power that human information provides over other people. The best way to ensure that power is checked and channeled in ways that benefit humans and their society is through rules—rules about human information. And because human information rules of some sort are inevitable, we should craft our privacy rules to promote human values. The book suggests three such values that our human information rules should promote: identity, freedom, and protection. Identity allows us to be thinking, self-defining humans; freedom lets us be citizens; while protection safeguards our roles as situated consumers and workers, allowing us, as members of society, to trust and rely on other people so that we can live our lives and hopefully build a better future together.
Bach and Material Culture
Authors: Rose Stephen
Published: November 2021

Bach’s music is often interpreted as transcending the material conditions of everyday life. This chapter, by contrast, argues that Bach scholarship could be enriched via approaches taken from the study of material culture. It places Bach within the vibrant consumer culture of early-eighteenth-century Leipzig, exploring his postmortem inventory and his keyboard publications in the context of how the town’s bourgeoisie used material goods to show their status and identity. It investigates Bach’s printed and manuscript music in terms of the social practices surrounding these material artifacts. Finally, the chapter relates Bach’s working practices to debates about the interplay of human and material agency. It discusses how he experimented with the material characteristics of instruments such as organs, and analyzes his compositional practice as an interaction between player-composer and contrapuntal materials.
Rethinking 1829
Authors: Exner Ellen
Published: November 2021

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy’s 1829 Berlin performance of Bach’s St. Matthew Passion is one of music history’s most legendary events, often cited as the origin of the “Bach Revival.” The historical record makes it clear, though, that Mendelssohn did not single-handedly rediscover Bach or his Passion and that his concert was not the first, even in Berlin, to feature Bach’s sacred vocal music. Nevertheless, the legend persists. This chapter re-examines the sources in search of a more inclusive view of Bach’s reception history in Berlin. In addition, it argues that the rhetoric of legend has endured in spite of the facts because it trades in the reassuring vocabulary of myth. The belief that Mendelssohn’s 1829 concert was a sudden and miraculous rediscovery cannot stand up to the facts, but the traditional story better serves the master narrative of German cultural hegemony in which Bach has played such an essential role.
Bach’s Works and the Listener’s Viewpoint
Authors: Butt John
Published: November 2021

This chapter attempts to review the status of Bach’s compositions in relation to emerging concepts of musical works in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Certain pieces might seem problematic in the face of the notions of originality and uniqueness that became essential to the high status of artworks. The Christmas Oratorio, as a sequence of cantatas largely borrowed from preexisting works honoring royalty, could therefore be seen as secondhand. But a more nuanced view might emerge from the ways in which metaphysical and hermeneutic theory of Bach’s age could reflect how a musical construction might have been conceived, and how such developments themselves might have influenced emerging narratives about art music. The crucial issue might be the accommodation of the notion of viewpoint into how music is composed, heard, and judged. It is unlikely that Bach paid any consistent attention to the cutting edge of critical thought. But at least the latter may function as evidence of what it was possible to think within Bach’s environment, something that might provide a bridge toward later beliefs about what music represented or rendered actual.
Rethinking Editions
Authors: Rifkin Joshua
Published: November 2021

The monument culture of the nineteenth century has left a lasting impact on our understanding of J. S. Bach—an impact that extended even to editions of his music. The Mass in B Minor offers a paradigmatic example in the intersecting ways that historians and editors have viewed its evolution and its identity. Every edition until recently has proceeded from an understanding of the Mass as an integral, fully realized creation, produced over many years but melded by Bach’s genius into a single coherent whole. A more careful and unbiased look, however, reveals something more complex and contingent—a shifting congery of texts that presents challenges not only to the individual editor but to our very notions of what a critical edition should do.
Characteristic Functions
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with a look at convolutions and the distribution of sums of random variables. It briefly surveys complex number theory before defining the characteristic function and studying its properties, with a range of examples. The concept of infinite divisibility is introduced. The important inversion theorem is treated and finally consideration is given to characteristic functions in conditional distributions.
Uniform Stochastic Convergence
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter concerns random sequences of functions on metric spaces. The main issue is the distinction between convergence at all points of the space (pointwise) and uniform convergence, where limit points are also taken into account. The role of the stochastic equicontinuity property is highlighted. Generic uniform convergence conditions are given and linked to the question of uniform laws of large numbers.
CLTs for Dependent Processes
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter deals with the central limit theorem (CLT) for dependent processes. As with the law of large numbers, the focus is on near‐epoch dependent and mixing processes and array versions of the results are given to allow heterogeneity. The cornerstone of these results is a general CLT due to McLeish, from which a result for martingales is obtained directly. A result for stationary ergodic mixingales is given, and the rest of the chapter is devoted to proving and interpreting a CLT for mixingales and hence for arrays that are near‐epoch dependent on a strong‐mixing and uniform-mixing processes.
Stochastic Processes in Continuous Time
Authors: Davidson James
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the theory of continuous-time stochastic processes, covering the concepts of adaptation, Lévy processes, diffusions, martingales, and Markov processes. Brownian motion is studied as the most important case, with properties that include the reflection principle and the strong Markov property. The technique of Skorokhod embedding is introduced, providing novel proofs of the central limit theorem and the law of the iterated logarithm. The family of processes derived from Brownian motion is reviewed and in the final section it is shown that a continuous process having finite variance and independent increments is Brownian motion.
Hard-Boiled Intimations
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

The opening chapter explains the sudden advent of hard-boiled writing in the 1920s, to clarify why this curious genre emerged when it did, and what continues to beguile readers as much formally as narratively. If that hardly frames a new critical perspective, the questions are still worth reviewing to show why sociological, historical, even formalist interpretations so often misunderstand the appeal. A more productive approach that focuses on strategies of early hard-boiled writing discloses how it anticipated later, genuinely accomplished detective fiction, which diverts readers’ eyes seductively away from plot and psychology. The most celebrated of early writers—Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and James Cain—indelibly stamped the genre by deflecting attention from plot to the interest objects hold in themselves. As well, they created fictional heroes notable for garish self-expression rather than credible character, and who thus finally (if paradoxically) remain winningly two-dimensional.
Dialogue Scaffoldings
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

While this third chapter begins by focusing on the same early pioneers, it veers from inanimate descriptions to constructions of character. That is, Hammett conceived his private investigator as fundamentally figurative, the culmination of a flamboyant style expressed more or less entirely through dialogue, with the flaunting of a cool, flip, smart-assed affect. Subsequent fictional detectives likewise gain our attention by being reduced to stick-figure sketches, little more than quirky gestures and colorful banter. In contrast to other genres, where language tends to realistic transparency while character proves more substantial, detective fiction banks on the impeccable thinness of words deftly turned. Chandler grasped the implications of such seemingly superfluous configurations, with arch similes built on Hammett’s tersely sober expressions. Ever since, genre authors have embellished an ideal of self-conscious “attitude,” celebrating in the process a wry immunity to conventional civic and moral discriminations.
Cinematic Resolutions
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

Turning from fiction to film, chapter six investigates how hard-boiled and subsequent literary techniques have been translated into cinematic triumphs. Excellent scholarship exists on Hollywood’s adaptations of detective fiction beginning in the 1940s, a discussion requiring no review here. But new possibilities emerged in the neo-noir movement of the 1970s, with a sophisticated conversion of written strategies into visual framings and sonic tracks. Three sets of directors produced acknowledged masterpieces: Francis Ford Coppola’s The Conversation, Roman Polanski’s Chinatown, and the Coen brothers’ Blood Simple. In each, inventive camera movements and non-diegetic compositions intensify strains long present in the detective genre, with a fuller devotion to the distractions of “furniture” and a more pronounced focus on dialogue as snappy performance having replaced character construction, even plot.
Beyond Authenticity
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark
Published: November 2021

Mulholland Drive (2001) forms the centerpiece of the final chapter, which assesses not only cinema’s recent transformation of the detective story but also David Lynch’s exploration of the genre’s multiple ancillary pleasures. So enthralled is he by them that the film comes to seem a meta-investigation, reducing any over-arching plot to sustained uncertainty if not complete irrelevance. Instead, it has been displaced by the beguiling divergences offered from the beginning by hard-boiled divergences. In a film in which all the ingredients of “furniture,” attitude, and identity are present (including a femme fatale, flashbacks, noirish lighting, and identity reconstructed) nothing finally adds up, or is meant to. That may be the most satisfying conclusion to a genre vehicle born of diversion and misdirection.
Conclusion
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

The world after 1989 was not necessarily less likely to suffer cataclysmic destruction; however, the imagination of that destruction had moved to new hopes and fears. These new sites of imagination were not only filtered through and generated from the half century of nuclearity that had preceded them; they dwelt in its physical and fictional ruins. Far from receding into the past along with the Cold War that birthed it, the affordances of nuclear apocalypse have proliferated in the new millennium. And as their atomic origins continue to mutate, the process appears less as novelty or aberration than as an everyday matter of course. Dwelling in a permanently bunkered and postapocalyptic condition affords several insights that clinging to the fantasy of a preapocalyptic way of life surviving under the nuclear condition does not afford. Recognized as ontological, the bunker fantasy ceases to operate exclusively as a powerful tool for legitimating surveillance, separation barriers, and enclosure in the name of enhanced security. It can also help to understand the spatio-cultural history of the security imaginary that makes these measures welcome to some, tolerable to some, and abhorrent to others. It enables us to recognize apocalypse not solely as the cataclysmic, unique, and always deferred rupture in time that a nuclear war surely would be, but as an ongoing historical condition always affecting a certain—and substantial—number of individuals and groups within unequal societies, affecting them unequally, and affecting them in intersecting but not always commensurate ways.
Isabella in the Marketplace
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins by distinguishing three modes of the representation of female experience in Romantic literature: conscious feminism; representation of female experience from within the ideological constraints of the dominant order; and representation of female experience without overt consciousness of ideology or social reality. Keats’s narrative poem ‘Isabella or the Pot of Basil’ is considered as working within the third category. The ostensible conventionally Romantic contrast between the idealized lovers and the calculatingly manipulative brothers is analysed as much less straightforward. The oblivion of the lovers to the reality of their social position lays them open to exploitation by the mercantile brothers; the lovers are thus complicit in their own destruction. This complexity is reproduced at the level of the stylistic contrasts within the poem.
‘Newly unfrozen senses and imagination’
Authors: Everest Kelvin
Published: November 2021

When Shelley arrived in Italy in spring 1818, his first sustained literary endeavour was a translation of Plato’s Symposium. The translation is a brilliant achievement: it testifies to Shelley’s genius as a translator (Euripides, Homer, Goethe, Calderón). Shelley’s decision to translate was motivated by a desire to demonstrate for Mary (who could not read Greek) the true character of Athenian culture, with its emphasis on homosexuality. The Platonic ideas are also of significance in the context of Shelley’s experience of English society in the period leading up to his departure for Italy. His overt and published radicalism, sexual libertarianism, and atheism had cost him custody of his children, and the need to mute his views is demonstrated in his recognition that the Symposium translation could not legally be published in England. Its dramatic structure also points to new dimensions in the mature Italian work which immediately followed the translation.
Our Floating Commonwealth
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

Drawing on personal diaries, correspondence, and printed sources, this chapter offers a history of reading on seaborne journeys to emigrant destinations in the nineteenth century. It explores the distinction between official sources, such as church and emigrant recruitment agencies, and the everyday experiences of emigrants themselves, as well as the cultural and educational differences that helped define them. Examining the different conditions between classes on board emigrant ships, it offers several personal accounts of the difficulties faced by reading at sea. The publication of shipboard newspapers, in both manuscript and print, provided a means of entertainment but also assisted social order on board many voyages. The deprivations of many, contrasted with the social advantages of the few, indicate that distinctions on land could be even more marked on the high seas. Nevertheless, the use of print and manuscript by representatives of almost all classes in the nineteenth century allowed for the imagination of cultural connection and the exercise of cultural memory far from home.
Epilogue
Authors: Bell Bill
Published: November 2021

The epilogue rounds off the argument by returning to Crusoe as a paradigm of the act of reading in the British empire. In the hands of different readers not even Robinson Crusoe was as straightforward as it seemed. Despite the fact that the novel has often been read as a manual for empire, it is far more complex than some commentaries would have us believe. Similar ambivalences apply to the lives and minds of many overseas British in the long nineteenth century. While the early twentieth century is commonly thought to have embodied a decline in imperial values, the reading habits of colonial subjects throughout the period would seem to indicate that imperial assurances were less robust than official sources would seem to suggest. The five reading constituencies that are described in the foregoing chapters, all of them in different ways operating within the web of empire, were ones in which individuals often found imperial confidence in its own mission wanting, something that was time and again demonstrated through in their acts of reading.
Introduction
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

The introduction sets out the purpose and scope of the book, identifying key questions to be addressed in terms of the relationship between landscape and perceptions. It also examines the existing literature of landscape and social history, and lays bare the gaps and limitations within it. The present study is framed as a highly original kind of post-processual analysis rigorously based on empirical data. The twin questions at the heart of the study are set out, namely ‘how were perceptions and local identities formed in relation to particular settings?’, and, secondly, ‘how did those perceptions and identities change as a result of social and landscape reorganization?’ It is argued that ordinary inhabitants played a strong role in shaping landscape change and creating their own social arenas within settlements. A long-lasting distinction between the area’s vale and Chiltern settlements is introduced. Terms such as ‘perception’ and ‘peasant’ are defined.
The Early to Middle Anglo-Saxon Period, 500–800
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the poorly documented centuries in the middle of the first millennium AD. It recovers economic structures and daily interactions from archaeological evidence, as well as from mainly later documents. The nature and impact of the Roman to Anglo-Saxon transition within the study area is considered, and demographic and agrarian trends are set out. The character of early royal involvement in the area is assessed, looking in particular at the evidence for a possible great hall complex at Benson. It is argued that princes and kings had a visible impact on the land and on landscape memorialization, but that the strongest driver of perceptions were the localized territorial farming units to which inhabitants belonged. In this period of poor crop storage facilities, hunger and the threat of starvation had a particularly acute impact on the way the landscape was experienced.
The Early Modern Period, 1530–1650
Authors: Mileson Stephen , Brookes Stuart
Published: November 2021

The final main chapter looks at the early modern period, assessing how far it saw a ‘Reformation of the landscape’ and a secularization and commodification of the way land was valued as a resource. It is argued that, as earlier, a group sense of attachment to place was strongest in vibrant, socially ‘open’ settlements with considerable shared spaces, the kind of settlements found mainly in the vale part of the hundred. Village social space is examined in detail through an archaeological analysis of standing buildings and their relationship to the wider streetscape. Court depositions supply data about inhabitants’ attitudes to different social spaces and the ways in which they were used.
Education and the European Social Contract
Authors: Monné Xavier Prats
Published: November 2021

A European social contract is possible—if the discussion shifts from who has the right to act to who can help. Education is a striking example of Europe’s paradox: the areas that interest its citizens most—education, health, social protection—are those where EU institutions have the least competence. Yet while the main policy responsibility and funding instruments are at national or regional level, the key global trends in education and the reforms they require call for a strong effort from both the EU and its member countries: an extraordinary expansion of the demand for higher education and new skills; a renewed interest in the interaction between technology, education, and society, driven by the advancement of data analysis and artificial intelligence; and a growing concern about the role of education in reducing inequality and social exclusion. Education has a great future—but it will not be education as we know it; the credibility of Europe’s social contract will rest on its capacity to build and communicate the case for change and to articulate a guiding vision for twenty-first-century learning.
Gratitude
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

The chapter explores the paradoxical feature of the imperfect duty of gratitude: in response to a good freely given with no expectation of return we incur a duty, imperfect but seriously wrong to violate. Rejecting a justice or debt repayment model of gratitude, the chapter argues that being the recipient of free giving in support of one’s agency is a threat to independence that gratitude is able to remove. It is further argued that the way we view the duty of gratitude is tied to an interpretation of the moral rationale for a system of ownership and property. Middle Work 1 explores the consequences of treating gratitude not as a free-standing duty but doing its work in a lattice of more fundamental interpreted moral ideas. An example of this structure is identified at the intersection of duties of gratitude and friendship.
Conclusion
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter reflects on how the book’s method of using the Kantian apparatus to build out the moral habitat idea has been an occasion to fundamentally rethink Kantian theory and to show it capable of engaging creatively with contemporary moral concerns. It has also expanded the very idea of a deontology by drawing out the implications of taking imperfect duties seriously and showing the merits of regarding the practical side of moral theory as a kind of participatory moral science. It offers reflections on the local and global implications of the moral habitat idea, the importance to it of innate right, and emphasizes the place of motive and its connection to moral value in the Kantian scheme.
Introduction to Statistics and Probability Theory
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces the basics of statistics and probability theory that will be used throughout the book. Specifically, it introduces the concepts behind descriptive statistics, including aspects of using visualization of means, medians, and modes, as well as distribution visualizations to understand your data for further analysis. It also introduces inferential statistics, specifically discussing t-tests and ANOVA, discussing the assumptions used for each of the tests and outputs. The chapter also includes labs where we use real game data to give you a practical understanding of how to apply these concepts and tests and how to interpret the meaning of the results you get from each test and method.
Clustering Methods in Game Data Science
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses different clustering methods and their application to game data. In particular, the chapter details K-means, Fuzzy C-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, Archetypical Analysis, and Model-based clustering techniques. It discusses the disadvantages and advantages of the different methods and discusses when you may use one method vs. the other. It also identifies and shows you ways to visualize the results to make sense of the resulting clusters. It also includes details on how one would evaluate such clusters or go about applying the algorithms to a game dataset. The chapter includes labs to delve deeper into the application of these algorithms on real game data.
Conclusions and Remarks
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter summarizes the takeaways from the different chapters of this book on the game data science process we introduced in Chapter 1. It shares some notes and experiences that can help you when embarking on using the methods discussed in this book. As a conclusion chapter, it will also delve into important topics that are not discussed in other chapters in this book, such as ethics, reproducibility problems, dealing with distributed big data, building bots from game data, using probabilistic models, etc. The chapter will also discuss the overall applications of game data science within the production process and will conclude by discussing where we see the future of the field going.
Black Holes
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

In the second part of the book, I argue that the four biggest mysteries of modern physics and astronomy—dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and the Big Bang—sink their roots into the physics of the infinitely small. And I argue that gravitational waves may shed new light on, and possibly solve, each of these four mysteries. I start here by introducing the problem of dark matter, the mysterious substance that permeates the Universe at all scales and describe the gravitational waves observations that might soon elucidate its nature. The next time you see the Sun shining in the sky, consider this: what blinds your eyes and warms your skin is an immense nuclear furnace, which transforms millions of tons of nuclear fuel into energy every second. And when you contemplate the night sky, try to visualize it for what it essentially is: an endless expanse of colossal natural reactors, forging the atoms that we, and everything that surrounds us, are made of.
Biblical Scholarship in an Age of Controversy
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

This book offers a new vision of early modern biblical scholarship through a close study of Hugh Broughton (1549–1612), the colourful English Hebraist who cuts a strange figure in the history of the period. Best known today as the puritan who criticized the King James Bible (1611), Broughton was both despised and admired by his contemporaries for his abrasive personality, controversial pamphlets, and profound knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, and rabbinic literature. Modern historians have found it equally difficult to reconcile the contradictions of Broughton’s life and legacy, scarcely moving past the stereotype of him as an angry, eccentric puritan. By providing the first monograph-length account of Broughton, this book explains how the same person could be both one of the most conservative and backward-looking scholars of his generation, and also one of the most innovative and influential. In doing so, it advances a new understanding of the relationship between elite intellectual culture, lay religion, biblical criticism, confessional identity, and broader processes of secularization in the period from the late Reformation to the early Enlightenment.
Introduction
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsten
Published: November 2021

The introduction begins by outlining how Broughton’s modern reputation as an angry puritan was created over two centuries by a series of historians with various confessional motivations. Next, it analyses Broughton’s early life as a promising scholar at Cambridge, and explains key issues such as how his beliefs about scripture affected his attitudes to the Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible. Finally, it summarizes the three major interventions of this book. The first concerns the relationship between scholars’ beliefs about scripture and the methods they used to study it. Broughton shows that it was possible to be an innovative exponent of the historical-philological method, while also believing that the Bible was infallible and verbally inspired; and that these positions could be mutually reinforcing. But while scholars like Broughton have generally been used as proof of the ‘unintended consequences’ theory of change from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, the introduction uses him to critique this theory. The second intervention concerns the relationship between confessional identity and historical scholarship, building on recent works that have emphasized the impossibility of theologically ‘neutral’ scholarship in this period by extending their findings into new areas such as chronology. Lastly, the third intervention concerns the relationship between elite neo-Latin biblical scholarship and vernacular lay religious culture in this period. It argues that biblical scholarship, even of the most demanding kind, deeply appealed to ordinary readers of scripture, and posits Broughton as a pioneer in the field of accessible, vernacular-oriented— but still highly scholarly—biblical criticism.
The Mark of Villainy
Authors: Hartung Franziska
Published: November 2021

Why is it often so easy to identify the villain in a movie just by the way they look? Visual narratives exploit a mechanism that generates aversion towards people who look different. Being “different” by definition is in relation to a statistical norm, whether the difference concerns body size, skin color, hair styles, gender, visible physical disabilities, or facial anomalies. We often associate unattractive faces or faces with anomalies with poor character or negative personality traits. The evidence that most people harbor (implicit) biases against others who visibly differ from the norm is overwhelming, while people who approximate a statistical average within a population are regarded as beautiful and morally good. While we do not yet understand the (neuro-)biological and cognitive bases of these stereotypes, some recent neuroimaging evidence suggests that people not only pay greater attention to faces with anomalies but also simultaneously inhibit social and emotional responses.
Aesthetic Liking Is Not Only Driven by Object Properties, but Also by Your Expectations
Authors: Skov Martin , Kirk Ulrich
Published: November 2021

Aesthetic liking has traditionally been thought to be caused by specific object properties: symmetry, curvature, etc. One of the great insights of neuroaesthetics is the realization that expectations play almost as great a role in shaping liking responses. For example, by prefacing exposure to an artwork with information about its provenance it is possible to enhance or decrease liking. The article under discussion summarizes the results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study where people were scanned as they rated abstract art they either believed belonged to a prestigious art gallery or to have been created by the experimenters.
Finding Mutual Interest Between Neuroscience and Aesthetics
Authors: Parker Andrew J.
Published: November 2021

In the article under review in this chapter, a discussion between an art historian and neuroscientists led to a collaborative project to study the influence of authenticity on the reception of artwork. Brain-scanning with functional magnetic resonance imaging led to the identification of a number of distinct areas of the cortex that might be implicated in complex aesthetic judgments. This article provides an informal account of some of the background that led to this study.
Movement, Synchronization, and Partnering in Dance
Authors: Brown Steven
Published: November 2021

In a neuroimaging study of tango dancers, the authors attempted to address two fundamental issues about dance: movement patterning (i.e., navigation of the legs in space) and synchronization of movement to the beat of music. The results of the study revealed the importance of the posterior parietal cortex to spatial navigation of movement and the cerebellum to synchronization to the beat. In a later two-person study of leading and following in dance, the author found that leaders accentuate motor processes, while followers accentuate sensory processes in their partnership. Dance is an interesting marriage of movement patterning, timing, and joint action.
Epilogue
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Prosulas were probably performed by younger cantors and were pedagogical tools to teach textual and musical composition. They reveal multidirectional exchanges among various regions, conceivably because of the exchange of books and the travels of people, including members of the lay society who traveled around the Italian peninsula to undertake juridical studies and then work as lawyers for cathedrals and monasteries. Certainly, prosulas were a means to express the values and culture of a society that we also see reflected in some of the literary works produced in southern Italy during the same period. The emphasis on foreign and especially African and West Asian saints and the involvement of nuns reveal a multiform society and counterbalances a male and Eurocentric view of medieval history.
Converging Styles
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

Building from a musical and movement analysis of the jazz tap choreography in Orchestra Wives (1942), this chapter gives an explication of the Nicholas Brothers’ “classical jazz tap” dancing as the open-partner synchronization of adagio ballroom dance, the Africanist-inflected stage and social dance styles of the teens and twenties, the flash and acrobatics of turn-of-the-century black comedy dance, the formal elegance and fastidious movement rhythms of the class act, and the rhythmic drive of the challenge dance—all absorbed by the Nicholases and then distilled into their own distinctive style of American jazz dancing. The speedy, swinging rhythms of the Nicholas Brothers’ drum dancing—dissonant in the clatter of metal tapping, yet exciting in the offbeat, rhythmic propulsion—sounded out a new breed of black American jazz artists who shaped a classical American style of jazz dancing that in sound and shape was purely modernist.