bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN VITRO OF NORMAL AND MALIGNANT MOUSE EPITHELIUMS
Authors: Santesson Lars
Published: June 2004

The cultivation in vitro of mouse tissues derived from normal organs from 86 spontaneous epithelial tumors of the mammary gland, and from 27 Ehrlich carcinomas, has been undertaken, together with a study of the properties of the various cell types.

1. The tissues liquefied fibrin from mouse and rat plasma more readily than fibrin from chicken plasma. Clots made of chicken plasma alone, if thoroughly washed, did not inhibit the migration of the cells. Normal and tumor tissues liquefied fibrin from the mouse, rat, and chicken more actively than Ehrlich carcinoma did.

2. Mouse epitheliums, both normal and malignant, showed greater activity than connective tissue cells from the same origin and were not overgrown by the latter.

3. Mouse epithelium was more active in rat serum than in mouse or chicken serum and in embryonic juice from chickens, mice, and rats. None of these fluids, however, supported cell proliferation indefinitely except in the case of Ehrlich carcinoma.

4. These results indicate that mouse tissues possess nutritional requirements which are different from those of fibroblasts and epithelial cells of other animals. Nutritive media that suffice for prolonged cultivation of the normal and malignant tissues of the rat and the fowl, and also of Ehrlich carcinoma, are not suitable for the cultivation of adult mouse epithelium derived from normal organs or from spontaneous mammary gland tumors.

5. Rat serum supported the life of spontaneous tumors for a limited period of time only, whereas it enabled the Ehrlich carcinoma to proliferate indefinitely. Normal organs and spontaneous tumors were not capable of invading normal tissues as Ehrlich carcinoma did.
CARBOHYDRATES ADSORBED ON COLLOIDS AS ANTIGENS
Authors: Zozaya José
Published: June 2004

Evidence is here given that polysaccharides can be rendered antigenic by haptogenic adsorption upon a colloid carrier. The polysaccharides studied were those of B. anthracis, the meningococcus, Streptococcus viridans (Bargen), B. proteus, S. morgani, B. dysenteriae, both the Shiga and Hiss types, and the pneumococci. With the polysaccharide of Type III pneumococci, we have been unable in 6 weeks to produce any detectable protective antibodies, but we were able to produce anticarbohydrate antibodies. All the bacterial carbohydrates were non-antigenic alone when used in the doses indicated, though containing some nitrogen. Dextran, which was free from nitrogen was also rendered antigenic by the adsorption method.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Sturm Ernest , Gates Frederick L. , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

Even though part of the energy of the incident light is probably absorbed by chemical entities which play no part in the specific reaction of inactivation, nevertheless the wave lengths most active in destroying biological cells or agents will presumably be found to be among those absorbed in the highest proportion. This would indicate that the curves here presented are approximately reciprocal to the coefficients of absorption of particular substances, the destruction of which caused the inactivation of the agents or the death of the cells. The similarity between the curves for bacteria, virus, and phage, both in shape and in total involved energies, suggests the presence of a common factor, or of closely related chemical entities, sensitive to ultra-violet light, whereas the data for the tumor agent suggest that its inactivation is due to the destruction of a substance having an essentially different spectral absorption, and therefore of a different chemical character. While the amount of ultra-violet energy required to affect the tumor agent is great, it is still less than that involved in the inactivation of some of the enzymes (7).

A study is under way to compare the deduced spectral analysis with the actual coefficients of absorption of the highly purified tumor agent.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE AGENT TRANSMITTING LEUCOSIS OF FOWLS
Authors: Furth J. , Miller H. K. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis
Published: June 2004

The agent transmitting leucosis readily passed all types of silicious filters. Filtration is particularly successful when the plasma is freed from particles and substances that would otherwise obstruct the pores of the filter. Filtration through fine filters seems to be facilitated by preceding filtration through coarse filters.

A comparison of the periods of incubation of leucosis produced by unfiltered plasma and plasma passed through silicious filters shows that as a result of filtration, the incubation periods are somewhat prolonged. This suggests a slight or moderate decrease in the concentration of the transmitting agent in the plasma caused by filtration.

Filtration tests through collodion membranes indicate that the agent transmitting leucosis is much smaller than the virus of bovine pleuropneumonia (250 mµ) and that it approximates the size of bacteriophage.
I. RENAL THRESHOLDS FOR HEMOGLOBIN IN DOGS
Authors: Lichty John A. , Havill William H. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

We use the term "renal threshold for hemoglobin" to indicate the smallest amount of hemoglobin which given intravenously will effect the appearance of recognizable hemoglobin in the urine.

The initial renal threshold level for dog hemoglobin is established by the methods employed at an average value of 155 mg. hemoglobin per kilo body weight with maximal values of 210 and minimal of 124.

Repeated daily injections of hemoglobin will depress this initial renal threshold level on the average 46 per cent with maximal values of 110 and minimal values of 60 mg. hemoglobin per kilo body weight. This minimal or depression threshold is relatively constant if the injections are continued.

Rest periods without injections cause a return of the renal threshold for hemoglobin toward the initial threshold levels—recovery threshold level.

Injections of hemoglobin below the initial threshold level but above the minimal or depression threshold will eventually reduce the renal threshold for hemoglobin to its depression threshold level.

We believe the depression threshold or minimal renal threshold level due to repeated hemoglobin injections is a little above the glomerular threshold which we assume is the base line threshold for hemoglobin. Our reasons for this belief in the glomerular threshold are given above and in the other papers of this series.
III. TOLERANCE FOR MERCURY POISONING INCREASED BY FREQUENT HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS
Authors: Havill William H. , Lichty John A. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

Frequent injections of superthreshold amounts of dog hemoglobin will cause deposits of pigment material in the renal tubular epithelium. When this has happened this dog will survive minimal lethal doses of mercuric chloride with little evidence of renal injury. In fact some dogs will tolerate twice the minimal lethal dose without severe reaction.

There is no evidence that continued injections of dog hemoglobin in these amounts will cause any injury or functional disability of the kidney. Rest periods will effect a disappearance of this pigment in the renal tubules.
IV. HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS AND CONSERVATION OF PIGMENT BY KIDNEY, LIVER AND SPLEEN
Authors: Newman William V. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

When the minimal renal threshold for blood hemoglobin is exceeded there is observed a deposit of iron staining pigment in the epithelium of the renal convoluted tubules. At a certain point this epithelium cannot take up more hemoglobin and this coincides with the minimal renal threshold level.

When the injections of blood hemoglobin are kept below the minimal renal threshold level we note a complete absence of iron staining pigment in the renal tubular epithelium.

Given a deposit of iron staining pigment in the tubular epithelium, it will slowly disappear during rest periods with no hemoglobin injections. Anemia due to bleeding will accelerate this removal of pigment from the renal epithelium and this indicates a conservation of material by the kidney for use in construction of new hemoglobin.

Pigment giving a positive stain for iron will be found in the liver and spleen when hemoglobin injections are given, regardless of the renal threshold. Removal of this pigment is accelerated by anemia due to bleeding and as a rule an anemia period of 2 months at a level of 1/3 normal (40 to 50 per cent hemoglobin) will render the spleen, liver and kidney free from iron staining pigment.

Pigment giving a positive iron stain is frequently observed in the mesenteric and lower retroperitoneal lymph glands. This is merely a drainage of pigment and phagocytes including pigment from some organ in which the pigment deposit was primary.

In stock dogs in this laboratory the hemoglobin level is quite high when the animals are in a perfectly normal state. The blood hemoglobin averages 120 to 150 per cent hemoglobin. In such dogs iron staining pigment in the spleen is a common finding and on occasion is observed in the liver.

To establish an accurate base line for the study of iron and iron staining pigment storage due to diet intake one must submit these dogs to a preliminary anemia period of at least 2 months.

Muscle hemoglobin has a very low renal threshold and escapes freely into the urine when given intravenously. Contrasting with blood hemoglobin this musde hemoglobin under identical conditions does not cause the deposit of iron staining pigment within the epithelium of the renal tubules.

A pigment giving no iron staining reaction may be found in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the kidney. Whether this is due to dietary or other factors is uncertain but this indicates pigment conservation by the kidney.

Finally we would emphasize again the fact that the kidney is of considerable importance in the conservation of hemoglobin and hemoglobin split products which presumably are utilized to build up new hemoglobin.
V. THE IRON CONTENT OF BLOOD FREE TISSUES AND VISCERA
Authors: Bogniard Robert P. , Whipple George H.
Published: June 2004

When hemoglobin is set free in the circulation the kidney plays an important part in the conservation of iron. When the renal threshold is not exceeded by the hemoglobin in the blood there is little or no excess iron deposited in the kidney but when superthreshold doses of blood hemoglobin are given the epithelium of the convoluted tubules accumulates much iron and the iron analyses may show 5 times normal values.

The normal dog (140 to 150 per cent hemoglobin) has a large reserve store of iron in the liver, spleen and marrow. Diets may modify this storage of iron in these tissues. To bring conclusive proof relating to the individual diet factors, the reserve store of iron should be depleted by an anemia period of 2 to 3 months.

Complete removal of red cells from tissue capillaries is essential for accurate iron assays of fresh tissue. The method described accomplishes this without causing gross tissue edema.

The lowest iron content is observed in the pancreas, stomach, jejunum, colon and urinary bladder. These figures average from 1 to 2 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. This shows that smooth muscle and mucous membranes contain little iron.

Striated muscle (heart, psoas) shows a relatively low iron content but uniform values close to 4 mg. per 100 gm. tissue.

Lungs show a considerable fluctuation with low iron values in anemia (3.7 mg.) and higher values in health (6 to 7 mg.).

The spleen shows maximal fluctuations and the highest reserve storage of iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. The spleen iron analyses show low values in anemia (7 to 15 mg.) and wide differences in controls (25 to 50 mg.). With hemoglobin injections the iron storage is conspicuous and iron analyses may run as high as l50 to 175 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue.

Bone marrow of the rib runs in parallel with the spleen as regards iron storage following hemoglobin injections and depletion following anemia periods.

The liver because of its weight always contains the main bulk of the iron stored in the blood free tissues of the body. Its store is depleted by anemia even to levels of 4 to 5 mg. iron per 100 gm. fresh tissue. In the normal dog the iron store in the liver averages 25 mg. per 100 gm. tissue. Frequent hemoglobin injections may increase this level to 31 mg. iron per 100 gm. The liver is considered the most active clearing house for iron storage and utilization.
STUDIES IN THE SEROLOGY OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: June 2004

More than one-half of normal rabbits contain complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies against Wassermann antigens (the alcohol-soluble lipoids of beef, rabbit, and human hearts) by a sufficiently sensitive technique. Normal human sera tested by the same technique are uniformly negative. The intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of beef and human heart lipoids into rabbits occasionally causes a significant increase in this normal Wassermann (antilipoid) titre. This may indicate a certain degree of antibody response to the lipoids as such; it may be due to the presence in such extracts of traces of foreign protein, which would activate the lipoid haptene into a complete antigen; or it may be a non-specific increase in a normal antibody, not due to a specific antigenic stimulus.

Confirming the results of Sachs, Klopstock, and Weil, the addition of normal foreign (human) serum to rabbit, beef, and human heart lipoids makes them antigenic for rabbits. The intravenous injection of such lipoid-serum mixtures usually causes a significant increase in the titre of the complement-fixing and precipitating antibody against tissue lipoids.

The precipitate which forms upon the addition of tissue lipoids to human syphilitic serum is by far the most efficient antigen for the production, in rabbits, of antibodies to tissue lipoids which we have as yet encountered. Rabbits injected intravenously with such a precipitate regularly develop a Wassermann titre which is many times higher than either the titre observed in human syphilis, or that induced by the injection of a normal serum-lipoid mixture. The very marked antigenic property of the precipitate as compared with that of a normal serum-lipoid mixture is considered to be due to the fact that it contains a foreign protein firmly bound to the lipoid particles, namely, the human reagin-globulin with which they have combined. This interpretation is supported by the observations (1) that heating at 100°C., which does not affect the lipoid constituent of the precipitate, destroys its antigenic power for rabbits, and (2) that a similar precipitate derived from Wassermann positive rabbit serum instead of syphilitic human serum, and therefore containing tissue lipoid in combination with homologous (rabbit) protein, is completely non-antigenic for rabbits.
STUDIES ON THE COMMON COLD
Authors: Kneeland Yale , Dawes Caroline F.
Published: June 2004

1. Bacteriological and clinical observations on respiratory disease in a semiisolated infant population over a period of 2 years are recorded.

2. In two severe winter outbreaks of respiratory infection a parallel rise in the carrier rate of pathogenic organisms was noted.

3. The first autumn outbreak of colds seems to favor the dissemination of the pathogenic organisms.

4. The relationship of colds to the severer infections is roughly reciprocal.

5. Infants between 8 and 14 months of age are subject to the most severe infections.

6. The number of infants showing positive skin reactions to products of pathogenic organisms increases during the winter months.

7. The significance of these findings is discussed.
CYTOLOGIC STUDIES ON RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: McEwen Currier
Published: June 2004

Scrapings of subcutaneous nodules from ten patients with rheumatic fever were examined microscopically after being stained with supravital dyes. From the uniform results obtained, the following conclusions have been drawn.

1. Supravital staining of cells from these lesions gives information unobtainable with ordinary histologic methods.

2. The scrapings show a great predominance of certain cells almost entirely devoid of phagocytic power and not characterized by the reactions with neutral red which distinguish monocytes, epithelioid cells, and clasmatocytes. Hence they differ from the essential cells of the lesions of tuberculosis and experimental syphilis. These differences are probably of a functional and developmental rather than of a genetic nature.

3. The cells probably arise from the undifferentiated mesenchymal elements of loose connective tissue, although it is possible that endothelial cells take part in their formation in some instances.

4. Since there is little doubt that the subcutaneous rheumatic nodules are pathologically identical with rheumatic granulomata else-where in the body, these conclusions are considered applicable also to the Aschoff body cells of the myocardial submiliary nodules.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Babers Frank H. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

1. The synthesis of p-aminophenol α-glucoside has been described. This glucoside can be coupled to any protein to yield a synthetic α-glucoside-protein complex.

2. A synthetic ß-glucoside-protein complex has also been prepared.

3. These synthetic sugar-protein complexes have been used as immunizing antigens in order to ascertain whether α- and ß-glucosidic unions influence the specificity of the immune response in animals. The results of the immunological studies are presented in the following paper.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F. , Babers Frank H.
Published: June 2004

The chemical and immunological properties of the p-aminophenol α- and ß-glucosides of glucose are described and correlated. The results are discussed with reference to their possible bearing on the chemo-immunological nature of the specific polysaccharides of bacterial origin.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Rhoads C. P.
Published: June 2004

1. The intratracheal injection of egg albumin or pneumococcus protein induces an inflammatory reaction in the lungs of rabbits previously inoculated with the respective antigen.

2. A similar reaction occurs following intratracheal injection of pneumococcus protein into the lungs of rabbits previously inoculated with heat-killed suspensions of the bacteria.

3. This reaction appears to be related to the presence of circulating antibody and to have the nature of the Arthus reaction.

4. A study of the reaction of the lung of rabbits to infection caused by intravenous injections of Pneumococcus reveals that (a) reactions occur irregularly in the lung; (b) in the lungs in which reactions do occur, the histological changes are not different in normal rabbits and in rabbits made resistant by previous intravenous or intracutaneous injections of pneumococci.

5. Intratracheal injection of pneumococcus protein followed by intravenous injection of virulent pneumococci on the next day does not alter the course and character of the infection in resistant rabbits.

6. The experiments reported in this paper bring no evidences to support the view that the lesions in the lungs of rabbits following the intravenous injection of pneumococci are modified by any previous state of sensitivity.
ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC IMMUNITY REACTIONS IN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Sutliff W. D. , Finland Maxwell
Published: June 2004

1. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood in human beings has been shown to vary with age. The age distribution of other type-specific antibodies varies similarly, insofar as they are frequent enough to be compared or technically demonstrable.

2. The incidence of pneumococcidal power of the whole defibrinated blood for Type I, Type II, and Type III differs. Type I is the rarest, Type II is the most frequent, and Type III is of intermediate frequency. The type-specific antibodies responsible for the other tests employed show a similar relative frequency in regard to Types I and II, but some variation in regard to Type III.

3. The skin reactions to the acetic acid-predpitable proteins and autolysates of the pneumococci are negative or rarely positive in infants, infrequently positive in childhood, and positive in a high percentage of adults.
SPECIFIC ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS PRODUCTS
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D.
Published: June 2004

The blood of 63 human subjects selected because of the absence of recent infections, was studied for its content of specific antibodies against virulent strains of Types I, II, and III pneumococci before and after intracutaneous injections of minute amounts of pneumococcus products.

The simultaneous injection of the specific polysaccharides of all three types of pneumococci and of proteins and autolysates derived from Types I and II pneumococci was followed by the appearance or increase of pneumococcidal power in the whole defibrinated blood and, in most instances, by the appearance of mouse-protective antibodies and agglutinins for one or more types.

A single intracutaneous injection of 0.01 mg. of the protein-free type-specific polysaccharide of either Type I, Type II, or Type III pneumococci or 4 similar daily injections was followed, in most of 29 subjects, by the appearance of antibodies against the homologous, but not against the heterologous type pneumococci. Some subjects showed a simultaneous lowering of a preexisting pneumococcidal power for heterologous or homologous types.

A single intracutaneous injection of O.1 mg. of pneumococcus protein in 13 individuals was not followed by the appearance of specific antibodies to any appreciable degree.

Single intracutaneous injections of small amounts of autolysates derived from virulent strains of Type I, II, or III pneumococci were followed in 11 subjects by a more or less general rise in the pneumococcidal power with the appearance of homologous type agglutinins and protective antibodies in about one-third of the subjects.
VACCINATION AGAINST YELLOW FEVER WITH IMMUNE SERUM AND VIRUS FIXED FOR MICE
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Kitchen S. F. , Lloyd Wray
Published: June 2004

1. After preliminary experiments in monkeys, 15 persons were actively immunized by a single injection of a dried mixture of living yellow fever virus, fixed for mice, and human immune serum, with separate injections of enough additional serum to make up the amount required for protection.

2. One person was similarly immunized by injecting immune serum and dried virus separately.

3. By titration of the sera of vaccinated persons in mice, it was shown that the immunity rose in a few weeks to a height comparable to that reached after an attack of yellow fever, and remained there throughout an observation period of 6 months.

4. Yellow fever virus could not be recovered from the blood of vaccinated persons or monkeys, except when the latter had received less than the minimal effective amount of immune serum.

5. Neutralization of yellow fever virus by immune serum took place very slowly in vitro at room temperature in our experiments, and could not have been an appreciable factor in vaccination with the serum virus mixtures.

6. A mixture of fixed virus and immune serum retained its immunizing power for 8 months when dried in the frozen state and sealed in glass.

7. It appears that the immunizing reaction after yellow fever vaccination was a part of a true infectious process, as was also the observed leucopenia.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass G. M.
Published: June 2004

The temperature at which tissue cultures infected with typhus Rickettsiae are incubated has been shown to exert a marked influence on the intracellular multiplication of Rickettsia prowazeki.

At 41°C. the organisms were not found in the cultures histologically on and after the 2nd day in vitro, and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 3rd day in vitro, in spite of good preservation and growth of the cells.

At 37.5°C. organisms were absent from the cultures histologically and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 11th day in vitro, in spite of good preservation and growth of the cells.

At 32°C. good but slow growth of cells occurred and organisms were found in increasing numbers histologically up to about the 21st day in vitro. At this time, 50 to 99 per cent (approximately) of the cytoplasmic volume of the cultures was occupied by Rickettsiae. From the 21st day to the 51st day (the limit to which cultures have been carried successfully) this condition of unrestricted multiplication remained practically unchanged. Inoculation of guinea pigs with single cultures after varying lengths of time in vitro, (up to the 51st day) always resulted in reproduction of typhus in a characteristic manner.

At 27° the cell growth was negligible, but many cells remained alive for 10 days or more. Organisms were absent from the cultures histologically and the cultures were non-virulent on and after the 18th day in vitro.

The only histological preparations showing unrestricted multiplication of the organisms (infection of the majority of the cells present) were of cultures incubated at 32°C.

It is believed that the detrimental effect of the higher temperatures (37.5° and 41°C.) on the multiplication of the organism is exerted indirectly, by stimulation of the defence mechanism of the cells.
THE RÔLE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Burn Caspar G. , Finley Knox H.
Published: June 2004

1. When living or dead tubercle bacilli and their products are placed in direct contact with the leptomeninges of hypersensitive (tuberculous) animals, there is a definite clinical and pathological response.

2. The clinical response is characterized by an onset of weakness, twitchings, convulsions and death of the animal within 6 to 12 hours.

3. Histologically the central nervous system shows an extensive polymorphonuclear exudate distributed throughout the subarachnoid spaces of the brain and extending into the perivascular spaces.

4. The intensity of the response is directly proportional to the quantity of visceral tuberculosis or to the dose of tuberculin employed.

5. When small quantities of tuberculin are employed so as to permit the animal to survive longer than 24 hours, there is an exudate found in the sulci and at the base of the brain which is characterized by small lymphocytes.

6. The non-tuberculous animals when inoculated with tuberculin or tubercle bacilli revealed no clinical or pathological response. The tuberculous animals, on the other hand, when inoculated with glycerine broth always responded by a definite but slight polymorphonuclear exudate.

7. The possible relationship of the allergic state to postinfectious complications of the central nervous system is discussed.
II. INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN THE PERMEABILITY OF THE LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen
Published: June 2004

A standardized solution of a vital dye which escapes with some difficulty from the lymphatics of the ear of the mouse has been utilized in tests of the permeability of the lymphatic wall under various conditions. It has been found that this permeability is subject to great change. The slight pressure that suffices to prevent lymph flow from the ear,—an organ in which such flow goes on normally,—soon results in increased permeability of the obstructed lymphatics without as yet any perceptible dilatation of these vessels. Mechanical stimulation as for example a stroke with a blunt wire, or scratching so light as not to break the epidermis, results in a practically immediate, great increase in lymphatic permeability, which is sharply localized to the region pressed upon. This increase in permeability, though so great that even hemoglobin is let pass by the lymphatics, endures but a few hours. Warming the ear to 43°C. or exposure to mild sunlight increases permeability considerably. Slight chemical irritation increases it greatly, though not so much that particulate matter is let pass. The edema developing as result of lymphatic obstruction or mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulation is preceded by and associated with a large increase in lymphatic permeability.

The facts are discussed in relation to their bearing upon fluid accumulation within the tissue. It is plain that influences within the realm of the normal suffice to increase lymphatic permeability and that those which lead to edema cause a very great increase in it. In proportion as this increase occurs the lymphatics cease to be channels demarcated by a semipermeable membrane. It seems certain that the changes must be in some part responsible for the local accumulation of fluid. There exist possibilities, on the other hand, of a correlation between the functionings of the blood and lymph vessels under certain pathological conditions, as during the resorption of edema.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B.
Published: June 2004

Methods employed by Willstätter and his coworkers in the isolation and purification of enzymes have been applied to the virus of poliomyelitis. Rhoads (6) showed that alumina gel C mixed with poliomyelitis virus in certain proportions at an acid pH resulted in the adsorption and inactivation of the virus. The experiments in this communication confirm Rhoads' observation, and show further that the adsorption as well as the inactivation are reversible; i.e., by changing the pH to the alkaline side with M/15 Na2HPO4 it is possible to free the virus in a state in which it is again capable of producing typical poliomyelitis. These experiments show also that by this process the virus undergoes considerable purification by diminution in the concentration of non-virus-containing substances. Washing the alumina gel C-virus complex with M/5 NaCl-M/15 KH2PO4 apparently dissociates no virus but is capable of freeing a certain amount of extractible organic substances. Furthermore, it is possible to increase the degree of purity and concentration of the virus by distillation in vacuo, and subsequent repeated adsorptions and elutions. By such partial purification and concentration, a virus solution with a minimal effective dose (as regards the production of typical poliomyelitis) of 0.0003 cc. was obtained. This solution had 0.04 mg. N per cc., and gave negative biuret, xanthoproteic, and ninhydrin reactions.

These methods offer an opportunity for the preparation of a quantity of sufficiently purified and concentrated poliomyelitis virus to warrant the beginning of a study of its chemical nature; they also offer a means of anchoring the virus to an insoluble, and centrifugable substance (alumina gel C), which promises to facilitate various immunological studies, that might otherwise have been impossible.
LYMPH PRESSURES IN STERILE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Field Madeleine E. , Drinker Cecil K. , White James C.
Published: June 2004

1. The normal lymph pressure in the legs of anesthetized dogs is not measurable.

2. The maximum pressure of lymph in the quiescent leg under conditions of sterile inflammation is around 120 cm. of lymph.

3. Venous pressure rises immediately in a region subjected to sterile inflammation and then slowly returns to normal. The rise in lymph pressure follows the rise in venous pressure.

4. Changes in lymph flow, lymph pressure, and protein concentration of the lymph occur when the part producing lymph is subjected to external temperatures between 50° and 60°C.
THE INDUCED DEVELOPMENT OF NON-ACID-FAST FORMS OF BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER MYCO-BACTERIA
Authors: Miller Franklin R.
Published: June 2004

Six strains of mycobacteria,—three human strains, Saranac H-37, T. S., and No. 90, a bovine strain, B-1, a smegma strain, No. 74, and a Saranac strain of B. phlei,—have been made to grow as non-acid-fast organisms by the addition to the culture media of a filtered extract of the chromogenic H-37 strain of B. tuberculosis. The action of the extract produced acceleration of growth of the treated culture, followed by macroscopic and microscopic changes, and differentiation into non-acid-fast forms. The bacterial forms grown from these treated cultures were pleomorphic, usually consisting of cocci and small rods; but branching forms and spore-like bodies also developed.

The sterility of the extract causing the changes was demonstrated by frequent control inoculations on various media, including Kendall's K medium; and autoclaved extracts had the same effects as non-autoclaved.

After transfer to media suitable for acid growths four of the strains reverted not only to acid-fastness but to their original cultural characteristics, providing evidence that the non-acid-fast forms were specific for the strain.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVALESCENT SERUM AND NON-CONVALESCENT SERUM IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Brodie Maurice
Published: June 2004

1. Of twenty-nine so called normal urban adults tested, seven had less than two-fifths, three had two-fifths, two had three-fifths, eight had four-fifths and nine had a neutralizing power at least equal to the average of five batches of pooled convalescent serum.

2. Known contacts and avowed non-contacts were equally represented in the serums of low potency, but in the serums of higher potency, the known contacts predominated.

3. The pooled serums of known contacts and of non-contacts were respectively a little above and a little below half the strength of the average obtained for pooled convalescent serum.

4. Two series of early cases of poliomyelitis, the one treated with normal serum of proved protective power, the other with convalescent serum, showed no advantage of one type of serum over the other.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

Of the two etiological components of swine influenza, only the filtrable virus possessed immunizing properties. H. influenzae suis, while essential to the production of the disease, played only a secondary and contributory rôle and, alone, conferred no immunity. Serum of swine convalescent from the filtrate disease neutralized the swine influenza etiological complex of organism and virus. Intramuscularly administered swine influenza virus was incapable of inducing illness but did render hogs immune to swine influenza. It is suggested that a specific relationship, as regards infectivity, exists between the swine influenza virus and the tissues of the respiratory tract.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS TO THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

To determine the nature of the organisms associated with outbreaks of rheumatism at The Pelham Home, in a large number of individuals at the Presbyterian Hospital Nurses' Training School and among rheumatic subjects in New York City under continuous clinical observation, studies of the throat flora have been conducted. Hemolytic streptococcus in most instances appeared in the pharynx from 1 to 5 weeks before the onset of the rheumatic attack. These organisms have been investigated with the usual types of bacteriological tests and, in addition, have been classified serologically according to Lancefield's technique. The results have demonstrated that the organisms were not of a single type, but fell into six antigenic groups. The majority of the freshly isolated strains tested were strong toxin producers. The organisms producing the strongest toxin were cultures from the patients who developed extremely intense rheumatism. About 70 per cent of these toxins were neutralized by a monovalent streptococcus antiserum.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS TO THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

In the first two papers findings were presented which point to a close relationship between the incidence of rheumatic fever and the distribution of Streptococcus hemolyticus. The fact was emphasized that in the rheumatic subject a recrudescence of the disease process is usually preceded by pharyngeal infection with hemolytic streptococci. These organisms conspicuous in the throat flora during the period of infection preliminary to an attack of acute rheumatism fell into six antigenic groups and produced toxins which in 70 per cent were neutralized by a monovalent streptococcus antiserum. In the present study, four series of observations have been presented, demonstrating the development of immune bodies to hemolytic streptococcus during the course of rheumatic fever. The agglutination and complement fixation reactions of sera from patients with acute rheumatism suggest recent infection with streptococcus. Precipitin tests indicate that at the time of appearance of the rheumatic attack, individuals develop, in their blood, precipitins to the protein fractions of hemolytic streptococcus. That these precipitins may not be entirely specific is recognized from their cross-reactions with antigens of chemically related organisms. The studies made in association with E. W. Todd of England have demonstrated that at the onset of an attack of acute rheumatism, there occurs in each instance a rise in the antistreptolysin titer of the patient's serum. This titer is much higher than that observed in normal subjects or in patients with bacterial infection other than hemolytic streptococcus. This presence of antistreptolysin with an N.D. of 0.005 cc. is considered strong evidence of recent infection by hemolytic streptococcus. In conclusion, the relationship between the incidence of hemolytic streptococcus and the geographical distribution of rheumatic fever, the relationship between the recrudescence in the rheumatic subject and infection of the throat with hemolytic streptococcus, the development of immune bodies for hemolytic streptococcus at the onset of the rheumatic attack and the apparently specific relationship of antistreptolysin formation to infection with hemolytic streptococcus,—together this combined evidence indicates that the infectious agent initiating the rheumatic process is Streptococcus hemolyticus.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

The inhibiting factor present in certain relatively slow-growing strains of Chicken Tumor I and in Chicken Tumor X is adsorbed from extracts of the desiccated tumors by aluminum hydroxide (Willstätter Type C) and can be released in effective quantities from this combination by treatment with basic sodium phosphate.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Casey Albert E. , Rosahn Paul D.
Published: June 2004

1. Repeated platelet counts, 991 in number, were made on 148 adult male rabbits of various breeds and types which were specifically selected on the basis of physical fitness and continued freedom from disease. The observations extended over a 2½ year period (1929–32).

2. A unimodal, peaked, moderately asymmetrical distribution curve was obtained and an analysis of the results gave the following values: the mean, 532,645 platelets per c.mm.; the median, 520,604 per c.mm.; the mode, 503,962 platelets per c.mm. respectively.

3. The extent of the variation among the counts is shown by the standard deviation of 124,960. High platelet counts were found to occur more frequently than low counts, a result that is reflected in a significant skew to the right in the frequency curve.

4. It was calculated that in healthy male rabbits a platelet count of less than 220,000 or more than 845,000 per c.mm. should be considered abnormal.
THE TRANSMISSION OF NEUROTROPIC YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY STEGOMYIA MOSQUITOES
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Lloyd Wray , Frobisher Martin
Published: June 2004

1. By the bites of stegomyia mosquitoes carrying neurotropic yellow fever virus, encephalitis has been produced both in white mice and in rhesus monkeys.

2. The fixed neurotropic strain of virus cannot be maintained in the mosquito host as well as can the viscerotropic strains. This is doubtless attributable in part to a smaller amount of virus ingested, because of paucity in the blood stream of the mammalian host.

3. These experiments furnish additional evidence that the long established neurotropic yellow fever virus has changed fundamentally from the parent French strain.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TUMORS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Santesson Lars
Published: June 2004

1. The histological and physiological characteristics in vitro of mouse tumors have been compared.

2. Twenty-eight adenomas, 31 adenocarcinomas, 18 carcinomas, and a series of tumors from 2 transplantable carcinomas and from Ehrlich carcinoma have been cultivated in vitro.

3. The adenomas were characterized by cells of normal appearance, migrating quickly and organizing in thin membranes, by few mitoses, a large acid production, and a rapid digestion of fibrin and egg albumin.

4. The carcinomas differed from adenomas in a less rapid and extensive migration of epithelial cells, a tendency to grow in bud-like formations, the presence of many mitoses, and a lesser acid production and fibrin and albumin digestion.

5. Ehrlich carcinoma differed from both adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas in the unhealthy state of the cells, their irregular growth, and the occurrence of a great many mitoses. Acid production was slight, and digestion of egg albumin or fibrin less marked, and even entirely lacking.

6. The adenomas and spontaneous carcinomas did not invade embryonic tissue. The transplantable carcinomas invaded it slightly, while Ehrlich carcinoma actively infiltrated and destroyed it.
THE EXTRACARDIAC ANASTOMOSES OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES
Authors: Hudson Charles L. , Moritz Alan R. , Wearn Joseph T.
Published: June 2004

Widespread anastomoses of the auricular branches and the coronary branches to the pericardial fat with the pericardiacophrenic branches of the internal mammary arteries and the anterior mediastinal, pericardial, bronchial, superior and inferior phrenic, intercostal and esophageal branches of the aorta have been described. The most extensive anastomoses between the cardiac and extracardiac vessels are around the ostia of the pulmonary veins. It was possible not only to demonstrate the passage of injection mass from the coronary arteries into the vessels of surrounding structures, but also to show vessels in the heart injected through the thoracic branches of the aorta.

This rich potential extracardiac coronary collateral circulation is probably of significance in compensating for sclerosis of the large trunks of the coronary arteries.
STUDIES ON MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Richter Maurice N. , MacDowell E. C.
Published: June 2004

The effect of heat, hypo- and hypertonic salt solutions, glycerin, desiccation, and mechanical injury was studied on leukemic lymphoid cells of the mouse, and the leukemia-transmitting property of cell suspensions (hypothetical transmitting agent) in vitro.

The results indicate that leukemia has not been transmitted by inoculation without the introduction of living cells. The interval between inoculation and death bears an inverse relationship to the number of living cells inoculated.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTIGOITROUS SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS
Authors: Marine David , Baumann Emil J. , Webster Bruce , Cipra Anna
Published: June 2004

The development of simple goiter in rabbits, which results when they are fed on a diet consisting chiefly of cabbage (or other Brassica) can be prevented by the feeding of certain fresh plants. Lawn grass, fresh alfalfa, skunk cabbage and steamed cabbage press juice have been found effective. Washing Brassicae with water improves their goiter-producing action, probably by the removal of goiter-preventing substances.

The antigoitrous effect of plant juices was found to vary with the amount of reducing substance other than glutathione present. Skunk cabbage press juice, obtained from growing plants during the spring months, contained a large amount of iodine-absorbing material, and was very effective in involuting hyperplastic glands while juice obtained from mature plants in July when the iodine-absorbing material had nearly all disappeared, was quite ineffective.

Certain extracts from cabbage administered parenterally, containing the reducing material, also had a marked involuting action on the thyroid. These extracts were practically iodine-free.

The substance or substances believed to be responsible are easily soluble in water, ethyl alcohol, aqueous ethyl alcohol and are precipitable by lead acetate at a pH of 0.68–0.70. They are partially destroyed by exposure to air and by steam at 100°. Hexuronic acid isolated by Szent-Györgyi from cabbage, orange juice and suprarenal glands could be the antigoitrous agent. It cannot be glutathione.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIUM SHIGAE CULTIVATED ON VARIOUS MEDIA FAVORABLE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILTERABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE FORMS
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G.
Published: June 2004

A simple micro motion picture apparatus has been developed which is so inexpensive to construct and to operate that it can be used regularly for bacteriological research. With this equipment about 6000 feet of film representing 600 hours of photography have been made of B. shigae growing upon various solid media. These pictures illustrate the principal phenomena accompanying the development of this organism on ordinary nutrient media, on media consisting exclusively of either peptones or proteins, and on media containing small amounts of LiCl.

Information has thus been gained concerning the existence of a life cycle in the Shiga bacillus and concerning its filterability through Berkefeld filters. The formation and history of the various "life cycle forms" are recorded but the evidence does not point to them as phases of actual cycles. In "filterable" B. shigae cultures—such as those grown in the so-called "K" broth or in lithium chloride-containing media—many small and short rods are present. It has been found that these dwarfed organisms pass through filters impervious to the cells of rapidly growing normal cultures. This offers a simple explanation of "quick reversions." The present experiments do not provide conclusive information concerning the slower reversions which are supposed to occur only after many days of treatment and incubation.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF MICE WITH THE POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCI TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Zozaya José , Clark Janet
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus polysaccharides Types I, II and III adsorbed on collodion particles, and Types I and III adsorbed on carbon (norit) are antigenic in mice.

2. Unadsorbed pneumococcus polysaccharide of Type I is antigenic in mice in proper dilution. One preparation of Type II polysaccharide was not antigenic, while another one immunized against Types I and II. Type III polysaccharide was only slightly antigenic against Type III but immunized against Type I.

3. The antigenicity of pneumococcus polysaccharide in optimal dosage is tentatively explained by an adsorption phenomenon taking place in the body in instances in which the polysaccharides had not been adsorbed before injection.

4. The aggressin-like action of large doses of pneumococcus polysaccharides Types I, II and III is further established.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS IN LIFELESS MEDIA
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M.
Published: June 2004

No evidence was obtained to indicate that vaccine virus is capable of multiplication in media consisting of serum, Tyrode's solution, and extracts of tissues.

Kendall's K. medium is not suitable for the cultivation of vaccine virus.