bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal disease in relation to some systemic diseases
Authors: Cerovic Olivera , Ljuskovic Besir , Kovacevic Vladan
Published: February 2006

Periodontal disease is closely related to the general state of the body because it significantly influences periodontal health, as periodontal health can have an influence on the state of the body. It is known that some systemic diseases can represent a risk factor for periodontal disease such as diabetes, blood disorders and immunodefficient disorders. Reducing defensive efficiency of the body, these diseases enable the onset and the development of periodontal disease. On the other hand, concerning the role of microorganisms in the onset and the development of periodontal disease there is justified suspicion that periodontal infection might endanger general state of the body and cause some systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, eye, renal, skin disease and the diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The awareness of connection between periodontal disease and some systemic diseases is of great significance for the diagnosis and the therapy of periodntal disease and the disorders it may cause.
Histiocytosis x: Recurrent isolated mandibular lesion (case report)
Authors: Basta-Jovanovic Gordana , Stefanovic Predrag , Jovanovic Milena , Arizanovic Marko
Published: February 2006

Histiocytosis X usually affects children and adolescents. In our case, a 54-year-old woman was admitted to hospital for evaluating and treatment of an isolated, painless swelling of the left side of the mandible. Orthopanthomogram showed a cystic formation located on the left side of the mandibular body. Radiographs of the scull and body showed no pathologic changes. Laboratory findings did not reveal any abnormality. Surgical enucleation of the mandibular cystic lesion was performed and histopathological analysis confirmed the presence of histiocytosis X. One year after the first operation a relapse formation was found and surgically removed. Resection of the left side of the mandibular body was performed immediately followed by reconstruction of the mandibular defect with free osseos graft taken from the iliac crest. All follow-ups in the period of three years after the second operation showed no sign of relapse.
Historical development of medicaments in the treatment of dental disease
Authors: Pavlovic Violeta , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this study was to present the historical development of certain medicaments and point out their role in the treatment of teeth with pulpal and periapical disease. Some in particular, among numerous medicaments that were used throughout history, are still present today.
Comparison of vertical dimension of occlusion on edentulous and dentulous patients
Authors: Strajnic Ljiljana
Published: February 2006

One of the existing methods for analysis of the vertical dimension of occlusion or occlusal face height is the cephalometric analysis of the distance from nasion to menton (N-Me). The vertical dimension of occlusion was measured in 30 lateral cephalometric radiographs of edentulous patients (experimental group), with models of complete dentures after clinical methods of determining the vertical and horizontal intermaxillary relation and 30 lateral cephalometric radiographs of participants with natural teeth (control group). The aims of the present study were: to analyse the vertical dimension of occlusion in participants with natural teeth skeletal class I, to cephalometrically evaluate the reconstructing vertical dimension of occlusion of edentulous patients skeletal class I , to compare examined variables between individuals with natural teeth and edentulous patients. The results indicated a remarkable correlation in the vertical dimension of occlusion established initially for the edentulous patients when compared with the measurements made for dentulous patients. The results showed the vertical dimension of occlusion span a range between 106,7 - 138 mm (X _ =122,24) in subjects with natural teeth. In edentulous patients the values of vertical dimension of occlusion span ranged between 109,8 - 141,6 mm (X _ =122,46). The vertical dimension of occlusion in male participans was increased in the group of persons with natural teeth as well as in edentulous patients. The results of t-test proved that there were no statistically significant differences in examined variables between persons with natural teeth and edentulous patients (p>0,01).
Clinical efficiency evaluation of minimal dental restorations on occlusal teeth surfaces
Authors: Zivojinovic Vesna , Markovic Dejan
Published: February 2006

Minimal dental restoration of occlusal surfaces using sealing for prevention, preserve sound tooth structure. The aim of this study was to clinicaly assess the performance of three different techniques in minimal dental restoration. A total of 90 teeth (premolars or molars) with minimal carious lesions were equally divided into three groups and included in this study. In group I and II teeth were restored either with the composite resin and the resin modified glass ionomer cement. Composite sealant (separately applied) was used in both groups. In group III teeth received resin modified glass ionomer cement. These materials were used at the same time as a restorative and a sealant. Modified Cvar and Ryge criteria were used for clinical evaluation after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months. Complete retention at the end of the evaluation period for I, II and III group was 97%, 93% and 93% respectively. No secondary caries was recorded after the evaluation period. From the obtained results it can be concluded that minimal dental restorations presents an efficient and successful technique in the treatment of small occlusal carious lesions.
SEM investigation of polishing composite restorations
Authors: Petrovic Renata
Published: February 2006

Proper finishing and polishing of composite restaurations are procedures that enhance the quality of restorations and reduce plaque accumulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate with SEM analysis the effect of different polishing methods and instruments of composite surface after polishing. We used different instruments for finishing and polishing: carbide tungsten burs, diamond fissural burs, steel fissural burs, Lo-Flex Pop On discs, Sof-Lex Pop On discs, Hawe rubber cups, gray rubber cups, green rubber cups, polishing strips, polishing pastes. The results we obtained showed that the most efficient polishing of composite restorations was achieved after treatment with Sof-Lex discs, rubber cups and pastes. Treatment with carbide tungsten burs, was the least effective, producing the lowest smoothness of composite surface.
T-Scan II computerized occlusal analysis
Authors: Lazic Vojkan , Zivkovic Slavoljub , Popovic Gorjana
Published: February 2006

Occlusal analysis using computerized technology has become a part of modern information technology. The aim of this study was to show the possibilities of T-Scan II computerized occlusal analyzer in prosthetic and restorative postinsertion occlusal problems. The T-Scan II computerized occlusal analysis (Tekscan, Boston, USA) is an integral part of clinical functional analyses in prosthetic and restorative insertions. The T-Scan II computerized system can quickly determine prematurities, high points, regions of excessive force and nonuniform force concentration. It can also calculate disocclusion time accurately. Occlusal foil indicators can determine only the position, number and relative force of occlusal contacts.
Retention of removable partial denture with double crowns
Authors: Stamenkovic Dragoslav , Stancic Ivica
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper is to explain the mechanisms of retention with double crowns, examine the possibility of improving the process of measuring the forces of separating double crowns and suggest the measures for optimizing the retention forces with telescopic partial dentures. After the manufacturing of a partial denture with double crowns, it can only be established whether if the retention force is strong enough or not, but its nominal value remains unknown. Optimally it should be between 5 and 10N per anchor. Too strong retention force of partial denture causes traumatic damages of periodontal tissues, when taking the denture off, while not enough strong retention force doesn't connect the partial denture to the supporting tissues tightly enough. The paper describes the mechanism of retention with telescope and conus crowns and the way of measuring the force of their separation. For the purpose of optimizing the retention force, the ways of reducing exceedingly strong and increasing insufficient force were described. The necessity of being acquainted with the nominal value of the retention force of telescopic denture and its bringing to within the borders of optimal force is stressed in the conclusion.
Conflict of interests in biomedicine
Authors: Vuckovic-Dekic Ljiljana
Published: February 2006

All parties in publication enterprise - author, reviewer and editor - have shared interests - to publish good science in good journals. However, in the biomedical arena, the interests (financial or nonfinancial) of each of these parties may conflict with the interests of any of the other parties. Dealing with potential or real conflict of interests that might bias biomedical literature is the important part of both the institution's and the journal's policies. Strict adherence to the highest possible standards of science is the core of ethical regulative of the profession - code of ethics called Good scientific Practice.
Cyst in the pulp of an intact human immature tooth: Case report
Authors: Vojinovic Jovan , Vojinovic Olivera , Vucetic Mirjana
Published: February 2006

The aim of this paper was to histologically present and analyze a cyst in the pulp of an intact human immature tooth as a rare case in dental practice. The cyst was discovered in the left upper first premolar of a 9 year old following tooth extraction for orthodontic reasons. Presence of this cyst in an immature tooth may impair the pulp integrity and the tooth on the whole, so early and adequate diagnosis is essential.
Presence and role of noncollagenous proteins in dentin: Dentin siaolproten, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin
Authors: Surdilovic Dusan , Apostolovic Mirjana , Trickovic-Janjic Olivera
Published: February 2006

Dentin, as a specific hard tooth tissue is very rich in organic materials, representing approximately 20% of its weight and 33% of its volume. The basic organic component of dentin is collagen. However, the noncollagenous organic content of dentin has not been sufficiently studied. Dentin and its complex ultrastructure, molecular content and biochemical process, playing the main role in dentinogenesis, still haven?t been fully explained, which presents a real scientific challenge. Protein separation was done with sodium dodecil sulfate poliacrilamid gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) technique in which polipeptides are separated by the differences in their molecular masses.Electrophoretic analysis of proteins is very important in basic research of proteins family which are organic constituents of the dentin tissue. Research results revealed significant presence of dentin sialoprotein, bone sialo protein and osteopontin in analized samples of dentin. Dentin sialoptotein (DSP) is one of the specific proteins in dentin, and its produced by secretory activity of mature odontoblasts. It also represents a reliable phenotype marker of odontoblasts. The fact that dentin sialoprotein is specific for dentin and cannot be found in any other tissue implicate sits unique, critical and key-roll in dentinogenesis. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin, revealed in this research, are not specific for dentin. They are produced both by odontoblasts and osteoblasts. Bone sialoprotein may have a function in the initiation of the crystal hydroxiapatite growth in mineralized tissues. Osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase could be the markers of the odontoblast differentiation. Upon analyzing the characteristics of the presented nonspecific proteins, the necessity of their presence during the process of dentinogenesis can be stated as a conclusion to this research.
Smoking and alcohol as potential risk factors for changes on masticatory mucosae
Authors: Markovic Dubravka , Vuckovic Nada , Jefic Bojana , Strajnic Ljiljana , Mirkovic Sinisa
Published: February 2006

It is assumed that before there are clinically verified signs of irritation, risk factors can cause changes on tissue, which was the subject of our research. The aim of this study was to establish how much ciggarete smoking, alcohol drinking and gender exerted influence on pathohistological changes on clinically healthy masticatory mucosae. Our results were based on anamnestic answers and pathohistological examination of biopsies from edentulous alveolar ridge of clinically healthy masticator mucosae. The sample consisted of 40 patients, of bouth gender. Conclusions are that smokers have, 25% more chance of having pathohistologicaly verified hyperceratosis on masticatory mucosae than nonsmokers. There are no significant differences between sex in correlation with pathohistologicaly verified changes on masticatory mucosae which are caused by smoking. Persons who consume alcohol have a greater chance of having pathohistologicaly verified changes on masticatory mucosae. Persons who smoke ciggaretes and consume alcohol drinks are most likely, 50% and more, to have pathohistologicaly verified hyperceratosis on masticatory mucosae.
Computer literacy and access to the Internet among dental students
Authors: Miletic Vesna , Grga Djurica
Published: February 2006

AIM: The aim of the present study was to determine students' ability and extent of using computers and internet, and the impact of the Informatics course on students' attitude and using computers in professional purposes. METHODOLOGY: Two hundred randomly selected 4th and 5th year students of the Faculty of Stomatology in Belgrade were divided into 2 groups of 100 students each, regarding the attendance to the Faculty Informatics course. The survey was conducted through an anonymous questionnaire with multiple choice questions concerning the ability to use computers and internet, programs and applications, visiting dental sites at the internet, self-assessment of students' PC skills etc. The data were statistically analyzed, and results were presented on tables and figures. RESULTS: Majority of dental students (85.5%) think PC skills are important for dentists. Statistically more students from the Informatics course can use computers (92%) compared to those (67%) who did not complete this course (p<0.05). In both groups, Internet, email and word are used with high statistical probability. Students use computers mostly for pleasure and much lesser for educational purposes. CONCLUSION: There is a great potential and interest for the use of computers in dental education among students of the Faculty of Stomatology in Belgrade. Faculty Informatics course may be a useful baseline for further implementing electronic learning into dental education.
Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease
Authors: Markovic Ljiljana , Ljuskovic Besir
Published: February 2006

Crohn's disease is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause. Segments of the whole gastrointestinal tract may be involved, including the oral cavity. The most common oral manifestations of Crohn's disease are edema, ulcerative and hyperplastic lesions. They appear most commonly on the lips, gingival tissue and buccal mucosa. Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease may precede intestinal symptoms. Recognition of these oral manifestations may lead to quicker diagnosis and earlier adequate treatment. If Crohn's disease is diagnosed, the dentist must make a detailed oral cavity examination and implement treatment of the existing oral lesions. Also, the dentist must provide prevention against caries and periodontal disease in these patients. Considering the frequency of oral manifestations of Crohn's disease, cooperation between gastroenterologist and dentist is very important.
Pathological dentinogenesis in posteruptiv toot development
Authors: Vojinovic Jovan , Stevanovic Radoje
Published: February 2006

The most significant investigations concerning pathological dentinogenesis are reviewed in this article. Previous results point out that odontoblasts behave, either in physiological or pathological circumstances, in the genetically determined sequence of reactions dependind on the intensity of the irritation. Biochemical research has not yet succeed in getting to the heart of interaction processes. The therapy should be aimed at establishing biological interactions nessesary for normal dentinogenesis mainly by removing external irritations as fast as possible.
Lasers in dentistry
Authors: Zivkovic Slavoljub , Blazic Larisa , Kolar Mila
Published: February 2006

Lasers and laser technology is now used in many medical and dental indications. The aim of this study was to demonstrate many excellent points that should be considered by the dentist who is contemplating the use of lasers in dental practice. The interaction of laser radiation on soft tissue enables dry and bloodless surgery, minimal postoperative swelling and scarring, and minimal postoperative pain. Lasers for hard tisues encourage efficient diagnosis of caries and improve the resistence of dental enamel to caries, laser etching of enamel, cavity preparations, photopolymerization of composite resin and sterilization of the root canal system. All staff who are involved in using lasers must be trained with regard to treatment protocols and safety measures. All personnel and the patient must wear safety-approved glasses.
Changes in position and relationship between jaws in children treated with Delair’s mask
Authors: Glisic Branislav , Scepan Ivana , Nikolic Zorana , Djordjevic Dusan
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to examine the efects of Delair`s mask on facial skeleton in patients with Class III antero-posterior jaw relationship. Two groups of children were evaluated. The first group of 34 children with Class III was treated with Delair`s mask. The second group of 46 children with Class III did not receive any orthodontic treatment and was presented as a control group. In the first group pretreatment and post treatment radiographic tracing was done while second tracing in the control group was done a year after diagnostic radiographic tracing. Analysis of the skeletal facial profile was done measuring SNA, SNB and ANB angles. Rotation of the maxillary base (NS/SpP), rotation of the mandibular base (NS/MP) and vertical relationship between jaws (SpP/MP) were also measured. The results were statisticaly analysed using T test, descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon`s test. The results of this study showed changes in facial skeleton in children treated with Delair`s mask compared to the control group. In the first group of children SNA and ANB angles were increased and the SNB angle was decreased.
Biocompatibility of PMMA-based material implanted in bone tissue
Authors: Karadzic Branislav , Bojovic S. , Drazic Radojica
Published: February 2006

The aim of histopathological investigations was to evaluate the effect of PMMA based material on bone tissue of experimental animals. In the femoral bone of laboratory Wistar rats pastes were implanted for canal obturation SEALPEX (Kerr, Romulus, USA), AH-26 (DeTrey, Zurich, Switzerland) and poly methyl metacrylate (PMMA) based material, called SPONGI CEMENT (Tomic, 1981, US PATENT 4296209). As control material sterile wax was used. The rats were sacrificed 60 days after implantation, and the material was prepared by standard histological method and hematoxillin eosine stained. The results of microscopic investigations suggested that implanted PMMA based material was in direct contact with the new completely formed bone. SEALPEX and AH-26 implanted in bone tissue of rats was surrounded with inflamed infiltrate. Implantation of wax produced fibrous tissue capsule around the material. These findings suggest biocompatibility of polymethyl metacrylate material (PMMA).
Diagnosing of caries risk in pregnancy
Authors: Tekic Jasmina
Published: February 2006

Objective: To diagnose the risk of developing caries in pregnancy as a parameter for providing oral health and defining individually preventive programs for pregnant women. Methods: The research was designed as a section study using methods of social medicine and epidemiology. 150 pregnant women were examined. 50 of the pregnant women were asked to answer a specially designed test for this research. The sources for data were: the caries risk diagnosis test as instrument of research and part of the original set of methodological forms for following oral health, and the Preventive Program for dental health care of the inhabitants of Serbia. The test contains general and specific parameters of risk with data of the course of pregnancy, diet and oral status. The tested women were classified in the zones of low, middle and high risk. Results: Of all the 50 tested pregnant women, 62% of them were in the low risk zone, and 38% in the middle risk zone of caries risk. In pregnant women of the low risk zone DMFT was determined as 14.65; for pregnant women in the middle risk zone the average was DMFT of 17.05. Conclusion: Diagnosis of caries risk in pregnancy is a parameter for providing oral health in pregnancy with which we can determine the risk zone and contents of primary and secondary dental prevention in caring for the health of the pregnant woman and the future baby.
Marginal seal evaluation of adhesive amalgam restaurations
Authors: Vuckovic Vesna , Jakovljevic Ankica , Ivanovic Vladimir
Published: February 2006

Dental amalgam is still the material most commonly used to restore posterior teeth in many countries. Amalgam is very popular because of its strength, longevity, low cost, and relative ease of handling compared to other direct restorative materials. Two important disadvantages of amalgam restaurations are lack of adhesion to tooth structure and marginal leakage. Introduction of dentin adhesive systems enabled better marginal seal between amalgam and tooth structure. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate, in vitro conditions, the marginal seal of amalgam restaurations with dentin adhesive systems using the method of diffusion dye. Material and methods: In this study 50 extracted human teeth were used. Class II cavities were prepared on all the teeth. The teeth were divided in five groups and materials applied according to manufacturer?s instructions: Gamabond, Optibond Solo, OptiGuard, Ionosit - Base Liner and control group. All the teeth were thermocycled 200 times, at temperatures: 5 - 7?C, 37?C and 57 - 59?C. Method of diffusion dye was used to estimate the quality of marginal seal of amalgam restaurations. All teeth were immersed into 50% solution of silver nitrate, and then into 10% developing solution. All teeth were cut with a diamond disc in the meso - distal plane. Penetration dye was estimated using binocular magnifying glass that magnifies 25 times, with inserted micrometar scale. Results were statistically analysed with Student t - test. Results: The least penetration dye was recorded in the group of amalgam restaurations rebonded with OptiGuard. Higher penetration dye was noted in the groups of adhesive amalgam restaurations, where Gamabond showed lower penetration dye in comparison with Optibond Solo. Penetration dye in the group Ionosit - Base Liner was higher than in the groups where dentin adhesive systems were used: on the occlusal wall, penetration dye in comparison with Gamabond showed statistically significant difference, (p < 0,5) while penetration dye in comparison with Optibond Solo showed no statistically significant difference. On the gingival wall, penetration dye in comparison with dentin adhesive systems - Gamabond and Optibond Solo, showed a statistically significant difference, (p < 0,01). The highest penetration dye was in the control group. Conclusion: The best marginal seal of amalgam restaurations was achieved with OptiGuard. Use of dentin adhesive systems also provided good marginal seal, with better results from Gamabond compared to Optibond Solo. Using Ionosit - Base Liner good marginal seal on the occlusal wall was also accomplished, while penetration dye on the gingival wall showed a statistically significant difference in comparison with adhesive and rebonding amalgam restaurations.
Endodontic treatment of the young permanent teeth
Authors: Aleksandrov Smiljana
Published: February 2006

Pulp treatment in the young permanent teeth represents significant problem in peadiatric dentistry. The aim of this paper was to present the course of endodontic treatment of a young permanent tooth and success after 26 years. Upper right central incisor remained functional following thorough endodontic therapy, temporary root canal filling with calciumhydroxide and final root obturation. After 26 years from the beginning and completion of endodontic treatment, the tooth is still in normal funciton.
The effect of irrigating solutions on the Ca/P ration in root dentine
Authors: Gasic Jovanka , Abramovic Mirjana , Radicevic Goran , Dakovic Jelena , Stojanovic Mariola
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Na-EDTA and NaOCl in mineral contents in root dentine using SEM and EDS. Material and method: Twenty-two specimens of the middle radicular third obtained from human first molars, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were examined. Specimens were polished and divided into four groups. The first group was treated with saline and used as control. The second group was treated with Na-EDTA for one minute, followed by saline irrigation. The third group was treated with combination of Na-EDTA and NaOCl and the last, fourth group was treated with NaOCl only. Results have shown that Na-EDTA combined with NaOCl as the final flush and NaOCl alone, have significantly influenced changes in the Ca/P ration of the root dentine. The use of NaOCl as the final flush altered the effectiveness of chelating agents in root dentine. .
Correlation of dental and chronological maturity in girls and boys aged 7 to 14 years
Authors: Nikolic Zorana , Scepan Ivana , Markovic Evgenija
Published: February 2006

The aim of the study was to assess correlation level of dental and chronological maturity related to gender in a group of children of our population. Material and method: Total number of 320 girls and boys, 7 to 14 years old, participated in the study. Dental age assessed by Demirjian's method. Statistical data were analyzed by mean value and SD for dental maturity in age groups of 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 years for girls and boys, respectively. Calculating the equation of linear regression and the determination and correlation ratio assessed correlation level of dental and chronological age. Results and conclusion: According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that mean values of dental age are coinciding with the chronological maturity in all 8 age groups which is confirmed by high interdependence of dental and chronological maturity (78.6% for boys and 79.6% for girls). .
Clinical research of the restoration efficacy in tunnel preparation restored with cermet glass-ionomer cements
Authors: Popovic Milica
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical efficacy of tunnel restorations over 18-month observational period. Methods and material: Preparations were restored with glass-cermet-ionomer cement (Ketac-silver, DMG, Scandinavien AB). A total of 90 restorations were placed in 72 patients with age range 21-54 years old. Evaluation was carried out by clinical and radiographical means. Modified Cvar and Ryge criteria were used for evaluation j of marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, surface structure, secondary caries and marginal ridge. Results: Fracture of marginal ridge was recorded in 4,7% of the restorations. No secondary aries or marginal discoloration were recorded. Conclusion: The results indicate that tunnel glass cermet ionomer cement restorations are useful in small proximal dentine lesions in permanent teeth. .
The distance of the main and auxiliary openings from the top of medial and distal root of the first lower permanent molar
Authors: Jovanovic-Medojevic Milica , Zivkovic Slavoljub
Published: February 2006

The main prerequisite for a successful treatment of pulp disease in apex periodontium is knowledge of morphological characteristics of root canal system, especially one third of his apex. The aim of this work was to define the exact distance of the main and auxiliary openings from the top of medial and distal roots of the first lower permanent molars. Methods: as a research material it was used a hundred extracted first lower molars of the patients of both gender, divided into three age groups. The analysis of the one third of apex was done with the help of binocular magnifying glass and digital roentgenography analysis half of the samples, which were filed with capillary contrast. Results: The results obtained showed that the longest average distance of the main opening from the top of medial root was 0.84mm, and the shortest was 0.61mm; while for the distal root the longest average distance was 0.89mm, and the shortest was 0.62mm. Maximum distance of the auxiliary openings from the top of medial root in the first group was 3.5mm, and the maximum distance of the auxiliary openings from the top of distal root was 2, 5 mm. The results obtained with digital rentgenography showed that the longest average distance of the main opening from the top of medial root was the one noticed in the second age group (0.91mm) then the one from the first group (0,83), and the shortest one in the third age group (0,71mm); as for the distal root: the longest average distance of the main opening from the top of the root was noticed in the third age group (0,95mm) then in the first (0,90mm) and than shortest in the second age group (0,89mm). Conclusion: The distance of the main and auxiliary openings from the top of medial and distal root of the first lower molar varies in the range from 0 to 3,5mm and it depends on the tooth age. .
Prevention of the infective endocarditis during the dental procedures
Authors: Puskar Tatjana , Puskar S. , Nikolic Z.
Published: February 2006

Endocarditis is endovascular infective disease of intracardiac structures, which are in contact with blood. The most common cause is Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans, which inhabit oral cavity. During dental intervention, which includes gingival trauma (risky dental intervention) microorganisms that cause infective endocarditis could penetrate into circulation of the blood. The group of high risk patients consists of patients which have already had infective endocarditis, patients with prosthetic heart valves or other foreign endovascular bodies, patients with congenital heart defect, patients with acquired heart defect, prolapse of mitral valve with registered mitral regurgitation and hyphertrophic cardiomiopathy. Those groups of patients should have prevention from infective endocarditis before any risky dental intervention with bactericidal dosage of wide spectrum antibiotics at least an hour before the procedure. .
Advertising dental services in dentistry
Authors: Zagradjanin Danica
Published: February 2006

Advertising in dentistry, as it is in medicine, takes more and more time in different kinds of media. Advertising without any control commercialises medical profession and it is harmful for the reputation of a doctor and the whole profession. The law that could strictly regulate the advertising has not yet been made, and more order should be made in this particular area. .
Treatment of 2nd class division 1 malocclusion by using Herbs appliance
Authors: Nedeljkovic Nenad , Stamenkovic Zorana , Nikolic Predrag
Published: February 2006

In this case was described the treatment in 14.5 years old female patient with II/1 class of malocclusion. On the base of clinical findings, study cast analysis, analysis of orthopan and profile cephalograms, there were assess II/1 class of malocclusion with deep bite, bimaxilar protrusion of frontal teeth and mild crowding in lower jaw. Patient was inefficacy treated by Andresen?s activator for two years. This occasion and patients age was reason to continue with the therapy by Herbst appliance for 6 months and fixed appliance 7 months more. By Herbst appliance was corrected sagital relation between jaws in very short treatment time and continuing treatment with fixed appliance was corrected intermaxilar teeth relation.
Communicating risks of foodborne diseases
Authors: Wildemann Tanja
Published: February 2006

Foodborne diseases contribute substantially to the overall burden of disease, including hospitalizations, economic loss, and death. Nonetheless, in contrast to food safety experts, the public usually perceives foodborne diseases as low risk, which highlights the differences in the perception of the risk. Many studies have shown that risk perception is a complex concept determined by a variety factors. Among the factors associated with increased concern are high media attention and an impact on children.

Risk communication is a new concept aimed at the providing meaningful, relevant, and accurate information. The purpose is to increase knowledge and enable the recipients to make informed choices. The process of risk communication is complicated by the many contributors, including experts, lay people, risk managers, media, and other stakeholders. It is a two-way process that requires respecting and listening to the contributors. The risk message and its originator are crucial components that account for the success of risk communication.

Communication campaigns aim at raising awareness of hygienic food preparation at home, changing risk behavior, and reducing the number of foodborne infections. By considering the determinants of risk perception and the rules for communicating effectively, risk communication can help preventing foodborne infections and improve public health.
Plutonium and Plutonium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Hecker Sigfried S. , Jarvinen Gordon D. , Neu Mary P.
Published: February 2006

The discovery of plutonium, its economic and military importance, sources, production, and nuclear properties are reviewed. The economic aspects of weapons‐ and reactor‐grade plutonium are outlined. The preparation and properties of plutonium metal and its alloys are discussed in detail. A presentation of the physical and chemical properties of atomic plutonium and stable plutonium ions is given. The complexation and hydrolysis properties of these ions are recapitulated. Analytical chemistry, separations technology, and metallurgy (including pyrometallurgical processing) are described. There is a brief treatment of storage and disposal of excess weapons plutonium. The chemistry of several classes of plutonium compounds is described: oxides, halides, oxyhalides, hydrides, carbides, silicides, nitrides, sulfides, and oxalates. The article concludes with a treatment of environmental, health, and safety aspects of plutonium.
Thallium and Thallium Compounds
Authors: Blumenthal Bob , Sellers Kelly , Koval Matthew
Published: February 2006

Thallium is a soft and malleable heavy metal with a bluish‐white luster when freshly cut with a knife that is quickly dulled to a blue‐gray color by the formation of an oxide film. The abundance of thallium in the earth’s crust is estimated at 0.7 mg/kg (ppm) and is contained in > 40 naturally occurring minerals. Thallium and all compounds of thallium are highly toxic. Great care should be exercised when handling the element or any of its compounds. After thallium bearing pesticides were banned domestically, the demand for thallium was greatly reduced. New uses for thallium and its compounds have emerged including alloy use in bearings and contact points, amalgam use in switches and seals for use in the polar region, stratosphere or space program, cardiovascular imaging, infrared optics and radiation detectors, photoelectric cells, analytical reagents, catalysts for organic syntheses, thin films and coating technologies in the automotive and aerospace industries, and high‐temperature superconductive wires, tapes and films.
Interface between tauopathies and synucleinopathies: A tale of two proteins
Authors: Galpern Wendy R. , Lang Anthony E.
Published: February 2006

Neurodegenerative diseases are often classified based on the abnormal accumulation of synuclein or tau. Traditionally, these disorders have been viewed as distinct clinical and pathological entities. However, advances in molecular genetics and protein biochemistry have shown intriguing overlaps. The most common synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease, is characterized by extrapyramidal motor dysfunction, whereas the most common tauopathy, Alzheimer's disease, is defined by dementia. Yet there is overlap of clinical features; Parkinson's disease patients frequently have dementia, and Alzheimer's disease patients often manifest parkinsonism. Dementia with Lewy bodies exemplifies the existence of a continuum among these diseases. This overlap extends to the neuropathological findings; the pathognomonic hallmark for one set of disorders, Lewy bodies or neurofibrillary tangles, is present more often than expected in the other set. Moreover, mutations in LRRK2 known to cause parkinsonism are associated not only with dopaminergic neuronal degeneration, but also with the accumulation of synuclein, tau, neither, or both proteins. Other shared genetic features between tauopathies and synucleinopathies also exist. Finally, the known protein interactions between tau and synuclein further highlight the interface. Evidence for the intersection of tauopathies and synucleinopathies indicates the need for an updated disease classification scheme and may have important implications for therapeutic development. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:449–458
Ruthenium carbonyl complexes in catalytic epoxidation of olefins co‐catalyzed by isobutyl‐aldehyde
Authors: Aguirre P. , Zolezzi S. , Parada J. , Bunel E. , Moya S. A. , Sariego R.
Published: February 2006

The present work shows the catalytic activity of a series of carbonyl ruthenium complexes in the epoxidation of olefins co‐catalyzed by isobutyl‐aldehyde. The complexes display catalytic activity in the epoxidation of the cyclohexene with high selectivity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermotropic behavior of lithocholic acid derivative linked hydroxyethyl cellulose
Authors: Shaikh V. A. E. , Maldar N. N. , Lonikar S. V. , Rajan C. R. , Ponrathnam S.
Published: February 2006

Various mesogenic lithocholic acid (LA) derivatives [3‐acetyl LA (LAAC); 3‐propionyl LA (LAP), 3‐cinnamoyl LA (LACin); 3‐benzoyl LA (LAB), 3‐(4‐nitrobenzoyl) LA (LANB); and methyl‐3‐(3‐carboxypropionyl) LA, i.e., LA methyl ester monosuccinate (LAMeMS)] were reacted with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) to obtain a series of LA derivatives of HEC. These polymers were characterized by the mesogen content, IR, differential scanning calorimetry, and hot‐stage coupled polarizing optical microscopy. The degree of substitution (DS) ranged from 0.27 to 1.11. Polymers HEC‐LAB (DS = 1.11), HEC‐LANB (DS = 0.80), HEC‐LACin (DS = 0.76), and HEC‐LAP (DS = 0.27) exhibited a mesophase on heating whereas HEC‐LAB also showed a mesophase on cooling. The other polymers HEC‐LAAC (DS = 0.89) and HEC‐LAMeMS (DS = 0.36) did not reveal mesophase formation with either heating or cooling. It is observed that the formation of a mesophase is affected by the type of mesogen that is used rather than the mesogen content of the polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1995–2001, 2006
Fundamental studies of homogeneous cation exchange membranes from poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide): Membranes prepared by simultaneous aryl‐sulfonation and aryl‐bromination
Authors: Yu He , Xu Tongwen
Published: February 2006

Strong acid homogenous cation exchange membranes were obtained by simultaneously introducing sulfonic and bromine groups into poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO). The ion‐exchange capacity (IEC), water content, transport number, diffusion coefficient, contact angle, and tensile strength of the obtained membranes were studied. The results show that the membrane intrinsic properties are largely dependent on the substitution of bromine: the IEC and water content decrease with bromine content, while the area resistance and permselectivity of the membranes increase with this trend. Therefore, by properly balancing them, a series of homogenous cation exchange membranes having good electrical properties and physical stability can be obtained to comply with different industrial electromembrane processes, such as diffusion dialysis, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, etc. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2238–2243, 2006
Modifications of the rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate foams
Authors: Czupryński Boguslaw , Paciorek‐Sadowska Joanna , Liszkowska Joanna
Published: February 2006

The method of boroorganic compounds preparation by esterification of boric acid and glycols has been presented. The obtained compounds tri(2‐hydroxybutyl)borate, tri(hydroxythiodiethylene)borate, tri[(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)‐1‐methylpropyl]borate, and tri[3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propoxy)thiodiethyl]borate were used to produce the rigid polyurethane–polyisocyanurate (PUR‐PIR) foams. The foams were prepared by one‐stage method and the amount of borates added varied, within the range from 0.0 to 0.4 of chemical equivalent. The method of preparation, determination of foaming parameters, and methods of testing of the physicochemical properties of PUR‐PIR foams as well as their results have been presented. A special emphasis was put on reduction of the foam flammability. It was found that application of the obtained compounds as polyolic components has a favorable effect on the properties of the produced rigid PUR‐PIR foams. The obtained rigid PUR‐PIR foams were characterized by a higher compressive strength, lower brittleness, considerably reduced flammability, and higher content of the closed cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2020–2029, 2006
Film formation from pigmented latex systems: Drying kinetics and bulk morphologies of ground calcium carbonate/functionalized poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) blend films
Authors: Ding Tianhua , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew
Published: February 2006

The drying kinetics and bulk morphology of pigmented latex films obtained from poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) latex particles functionalized with carboxyl groups and ground calcium carbonate blends were studied. Latex/pigment blends with higher carboxyl group coverage on the latex particle surfaces dried faster than films with few or no carboxyl groups present. The latex/pigment dispersions also dried faster when there was more stabilizer present in the blend system because of the hydrophilic nature of the stabilizer. The net effect of increasing the pigment volume concentration in the blend system was to shorten the drying time. The bulk morphologies of the freeze‐fractured surfaces of the pigmented latex films were studied with scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that increased surface coverage of carboxyl groups on the latex particles in the latex/pigment blends resulted in the formation of smaller pigment aggregates with a more uniform size distribution in the blend films. In addition, the use of smaller latex particles in the blends reduced the ground calcium carbonate pigment aggregate size in the resulting films. Scanning electron microscopy analysis also showed that when the initial stabilizer coverage on the latex particles was equal to 18%, smaller aggregates of ground calcium carbonate were distributed within the copolymer matrix of the blend films in comparison with the cases for which the initial stabilizer coverage on the latex particles was 8 or 36%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2267–2277, 2006
Determination of sorption kinetic parameters using the relaxation‐dependent solubility model in the methanol vapor—Poly(methyl methacrylate) system
Authors: Dimos V. , Sanopoulou M.
Published: February 2006

The relaxation‐dependent solubility model was applied to simulate the experimentally observed sorption kinetic behavior of the PMMA–vapor MeOH system at 25°C, to obtain the main transport parameters. Application of the model in series of successive sorption kinetic runs covering small concentration intervals revealed certain trends in the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of the system, not detectable by a previous simpler analysis of the data. Following excess free volume fill up, relaxation frequencies exhibit a weak exponential dependence on concentration. The functional dependence of the thermodynamic diffusivity on the concentration, deduced from the aforementioned simulation procedure, was tested and found to reproduce reasonably well the series of sorption kinetic runs covering considerably larger concentration intervals. In addition, this analysis indicates a strong dependence of the relaxation mechanism on the concentration interval. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2278–2288, 2006
Effects of molecular weights of bioabsorbable poly(p‐dioxanone) on its crystallization behaviors
Authors: Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Huang Hai‐Xia
Published: February 2006

The crystallization behaviors of poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO) with different molecular weights (MWs) have been studied using a differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the MW of PPDO affects the crystallization rate and crystallinity obviously during the dynamic crystallization process. The Avrami equation has been used to analyze the overall isothermal crystallization of PPDO. Avrami exponents ranging from 2 to 3 were obtained with good fits (correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 in all the cases) at Tc ranged from 55 to 75°C. Although no significant influence of MW on Avrami exponent has been found, the MW of PPDO plays dominant role on the rate constant k. The values of k increase with the MW in a Tc range from 55 to 75°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2331–2335, 2006
Chemically induced graft copolymerization of vinyl monomers onto cotton fibers
Authors: Pulat Mehlika , Isakoca Ceyhan
Published: February 2006

We investigated the chemically induced graft copolymerizations of acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide, crotonic acid, and itaconic acid (IA) onto cotton fibers. Benzoyl peroxide was used as an initiator. The effects of grafting temperature, grafting time, and monomer and initiator concentrations on the grafting yields were studied, and optimum grafting conditions were determined for the sample material. The maximum grafting yield value obtained was 23.8% for AA. Swelling tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses of grafted and ungrafted fibers were also performed to characterize fiber properties. IA‐grafted fibers were measured as the most swollen fibers, with a swelling value of 510%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2343–2347, 2006