bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Methods of Identification of Ore Control Structures of Orogenic Gold Deposits in Low-Contrast Terrigenous Rocks by Petrophysical Characteristics
Authors: Solovyov Evgeny , Fridovsky Valery , Savvin Denis
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the analysis of characteristics of abnormal geophysical fields of the ore control of the Malo-Tarynskoe orogenic gold deposit in Verkhoyano-Kolymsky folded area, the Northeast of Russia. It is located in terrigenous rocks of the top Triassic, poorly contrast on petrophysical characteristics. Ore bodies of the Malo-Tarynskoe deposit are presented by the mineralized crushing zones with veinlet-disseminated and vein-disseminated mineralization. To identify the features of manifestation the ore control in geophysical fields land geophysical surveys are conducted by the methods of high-precision magnetic exploration and electroinvestigation. Magnetoprospecting works have established the low-amplitude mosaic structure of the magnetic field of the Malo-Tarynskoe deposit. The main magnetorevolting structure is the Samyr granitoid massif which is allocated with a magnetic minimum (-99 nT). Extreme positive values of the magnetic field are connected with hornfelsed ores in the zone of contact metamorphism (170 nT). Various anomalies as low-magnetic, mainly linear ones caused by explosive violations are distinguished (-12 – 20 nT). In the electric field, the abnormal zones have the linear nature of various extent and intensity. Pro-deleting of anomalies changes from sublongitudinal to northwest. The anomalies of low electrical resistance, generally trace zones of crushing and jointing (208-2300 ohm*m). In general, they are grouped in three “regional” abnormal areas of the northwest and North northwest orientation of low electrical resistance and correlated with the situation of the ore control zones of the Malo-Tarynskoe fault (208 – 1600 ohm*m). Sites with frequent alternativeness and alternating electric anomalies indicate lithologic heterogeneity of the environment (2500 – 10000 ohm*m). The study has shown magnetoprospecting to be effective when mapping magmatic formations and explosive violations. They allow delineating intrusive bodies and allocating hornfelsed zones. The electric profiling application by the method of a median gradient solves a wide range of geological tasks. Apart from allocation of the structures controlling gold mineralization in faint terrigenous ores, electro-investigation allows to carry out the lithologic partition of permafrost rocks in the territories blocked by friable deposits of considerable power.
Development of Mining Processes with Regard of Limits Correction
Authors: Pilny Vaclav , Fiedlerova Eliska , Mokrosova Andrea
Published: November 2019

The Bílina surface quarry belongs to the largest brown coal mining company in the Czech Republic, Severočeské doly a.s. Mining activities within the POPD quarry Bílina take place in the territory of this quarry for the period of years 2010 to 2030. For a smooth, safe and economical process of the whole quarry in new territorial ecological limits, the process of overburden cuts needs to be extended as soon as possible to the south to the limit of new mining limits. However, this extension is limited by the current line of valid POPD. For the continuation of mining in the territorial ecological limits pursuant to the Resolution of the Government of the Czech Republic No. 827/2015, which is entirely in accordance with §30, par. a) of the Mining Act No. 44/1988 Coll., ie when using reserved deposits it is necessary, in particular, to extract the reserves of the reserved deposit as completely as possible, with the least possible losses and pollution. It is necessary to have a new POPD based on mining - technological procedures of OPV DB (Mining to new territorial environmental limits by 2035) approved by 2021 at the latest. However, these procedures will require a more complex methodology, because it will be necessary to mine in places, which could not be extracted within a valid POPD. Another intention is also to prolong the life of the quarry, and securing supplies to heating plants, power plants ČEZ a.s. (joint-stock company), as well as supplying quality low-sulfur brown coal to small customers throughout the Czech Republic.
Isotopic-geochemical characteristics of quartz and pyrite in the Upper Carboniferous rocks of South Verkhoyanye, Northeast Russia: an insight into the genesis of veinlet-disseminated mineralization
Authors: Polufuntikova Lena I. , Fridovsky Valery Yu. , Gamyanin Gennadiy N.
Published: November 2019

Discussed are characteristics of veinlet-disseminated mineralization in the northern part of South Verkhoyanye, in the sections located far away from the known gold deposits. The mineralization is represented mainly by quartz and pyrite enclosed in the Upper Carboniferous terrigenous rocks. Mineralogical-geochemical studies of mineralization are made, and isotopic compositions of oxygen in quartz and sulfur in pyrite are determined. The main trace elements in pyrite are Co, Ni, and Sb, with rare As, Cu, and Zn. Quartz contains significant amounts of Sr, W, and Co. The REE content in quartz is an order of magnitude higher than that seen in chondrites. Pyrite is light in sulfur isotopic composition (δ34S = -2.7… – -7.1%o). Quartz contains isotopically heavy oxygen (δ18O=18.2-19.1%o). The data obtained indicate that the veinlet-disseminated mineralization hosted by the Upper Carboniferous rocks in the northern South Verkhoyanye was developed as a result of metamorphogenic-plutonogenic processes.
C-V Characterization and Electric Parameters of ZrO2 Received by UV Stimulated Plasma Anodizing
Authors: Kushitashvili Z. , Bibilashvili A. , Borisenko V.
Published: November 2019

Low temperature technologies creating metals oxides are a promising solution for formation integral circuit elements. In this report the electric properties of zirconia (ZrO2) received by low temperature (∼ 400° C) UV stimulated plasma anodizing have been investigated. Zirconia is a potential high-k dielectric material with potential applications as agate insulator in transistors. This dielectric distinguished by good electric parameters. For this purpose, we used C-V characterization technic and calculate dielectric constant, flatband voltage, threshold voltage, bulk potential, work function, oxide effective charge, charge concentration. The C-V measurement was carried out on Keithley Instrument Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer 4200, oxide thickness was measured by reflectometer – MprobeVis System.
Negative Impact of Invasive Plants on Riverbank Vegetation
Authors: Vasekova Barbora , Stefunkova Zuzana
Published: November 2019

The research presented in this paper deals with the issue of invasive plant species. Invasive plants are characterized with the high regeneration potential and with a negative effect on populations of our native species and habitats. The occurrence of these plant taxon at a given site is not natural, and their appearance outside of their natural habitat is most often due to anthropogenic activity. Our research is focused on plant species Fallopia japonica and Impatiens glandulifera. The aim of the study is the determination of suppressing possibilities of their negative impact on riverbank vegetation. From the results of the first stage of the research, it is known that plant material is transported downstream, the ability of reproduction of the plant material maintain for at least for 4 weeks, and after being caught on the riverbank, it can establish a new population. The overgrowth of these invasive species presents a risk to the original riverbank vegetation, and the ecological stability is being disturbed. The eradication and prevention system is a necessary solution to this problem. The research is conducted on the Blatina River in Pezinok, Slovakia. The first method of eradication was the mechanical removal of Fallopia japonica. The two selected localities were cut. In the next growing season, an increase in the population of Fallopia japonica was recorded, and one new location was created. The second method of eradication was the chemical method. For chemical eradication, spraying based on the Invasive Plant Removal Guidelines for the Slovak Republic was used. An important finding was that the effectiveness of the chemical eradication is dependent on the area of the sprayed leaves and independent on the concentration of the solution. The next step was the comparison of vegetation cover after mechanical and chemical eradication. A soil probe was performed on two selected areas; area after the mechanical eradication and the area after chemical eradication. A root sample was taken from both areas. Subsequently, the viability of the root system and its stabilizing function with respect to bank erosion were evaluated. The effectiveness of chemical eradication was much stronger. The most optimal way is to remove the plant at their early stage of the growing cycle when the leaf area is smaller. The result is then ecologically and economically more advantageous. After chemical eradication, it is necessary to remove dead plant residues in the autumn to create optimal light and wet conditions for the growth of potential natural vegetation. Invasive plants in riverbank vegetation have a negative impact on stability and potential natural vegetation. The best way to control their incidence is eradication.
Experimental Monitoring of Moisture Conditions in the Various Types of Track Bed Structure
Authors: Pies Juraj , Izvolt Libor , Dobes Peter
Published: November 2019

The principle of designing the railway track structure is based on two baseline assessments. The first assessment verifies the resistance of the railway track structure against the traffic load, which is represented by static and dynamic effects from rail transport. The assessment of railway track structure against the non-traffic load is also important for the correct and relevant design of railway track structure. This load is represented by climatic factors such as frost, water, wind and sunlight. The paper presents the results of experimental monitoring of moisture conditions in the various railway tracks structures. The experimental stand Department of Railway Engineering and Track Management (DRETM) was built for this purpose. The monitoring of thermal regime and water regime of railway track is carried out at this experimental workplace. In the introductory part of the paper are presented individual measuring profiles of the experimental stand DRETM, which were progressively built in a scale 1:1, during the past 7 years. The experimental stand DRETM consists of 6 measuring profiles, which differ from each other by track bed structure and shape of track substructure. The measurement of moisture conditions in individual measuring profiles was performed by a non-destructive method using a TDR test probe. The next part of the paper presents the measured results and the evaluation of the moisture conditions (variation of the moisture conditions) in the individual measuring profiles of the experimental stand DRETM. The final result of this experimental monitoring is represented by the design moisture values of the individual building materials applied to the track bed structure. Subsequently, these moisture values serve for numerical modelling of the non-traffic load on various railway tracks structures.
Machine learning methods for classification of the green infrastructure in city areas
Authors: Kranjcic Nikola , Medak Damir , Zupan Robert , Rezo Milan
Published: November 2019

Reducing green urban infrastructure pose a huge threat to cities sustainability. It is important to monitor and track the health of vegetation. For efficient planning of urban development and maintenance of green urban infrastructure, the key is to have up to date maps. Using satellite imagery is the easiest way to cover large city areas. In order to map vegetation, there are many possible solutions; however, the most effective way is using machine learning methods. Machine learning is divided into supervised and unsupervised classification and each can be divided into several different methods. Many authors have considered different methods and they use them to access accuracy on satellite image information extraction. They have used different satellite images and naturally higher resolution imagery results in better classification. However, there is still lack of comprehensive analysis of more supervised machine learning methods in similar cities. This paper aims to provide analysis of four different machine learning methods: support vector machine, artificial neural network, naïve Bayes and random forest. The objective of the support vector machine algorithm is to find a hyperplane in an N-dimensional space that distinctly classifies the data points where hyperplanes are decision boundaries that help to classify the data points and support vectors data points that are closer to the hyperplane and influence the position and orientation of the hyperplane. Artificial neural networks are brain-inspired systems which are intended to replicate the way that humans learn. Neural networks consist of input and output layers, and hidden layers. They are excellent tools for finding patterns which are far too complex or numerous for a human programmer to extract and teach the machine to recognize. A Naive Bayes classifier is a probabilistic machine learning model that is used for classification task and the crux of the classifier is based on the Bayes theorem. Random Forest creates a forest and makes it random and is an ensemble of Decision Trees, most of the time trained with the bagging method which general idea is that a combination of learning models increases the overall result. All of the mentioned methods will be tested on Sentinel-2A imagery. Sentinel-2A multispectral imager has thirteen sensors which is useful in vegetation extraction. Methods will be compared using error matrix and kappa statistics.
Geochemical features of the compositions of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Khokhoi ore field (Upper Amga gold-mining district, Aldan shield, North Asian Craton)
Authors: Ivanov Alexey , Kondratieva Larisa , Loskutov Evgeny , Kravchenko Alexander , Zhuravlev Anatolii , Ermakov Nikolay
Published: November 2019

The article considers features of geochemical composition of the Mesozoic igneous rocks of the Khokhoi ore field, spatially located in the Upper-Amga gold-mining district of the north-western part of the Aldan-Stanovoy shield, at the junction of two large structural units - the Olekma granite-greenstone region and the Aldan granulite-gneiss area, in the zone of meridional deep Amga fault. Magmatic formations are represented by the Northern Boskho, Western Boskho and Upper Khokhoi massifs of the Lebedinsky monzonite-syenite-granite complex, intruding rocks of the crystalline basement and terrigenous-carbonate complex of the Siberian platform cover, and by rare tephrite dikes. Due to the accessibility of the study area, little attention was focused on the mentioned igneous rocks until recently. The study showed that magmatic formations of the ore field are geochemically specialized in lithophile and siderophile elements, and they belong to derivatives of trachy-andesite and andesi-basalt magma. All studied rocks have sufficiently close spectra of rare-earth element distribution, in particular, the rocks are poor in heavy rare-earth elements relative to light rare-earth elements. Presence of low negative Eu-anomaly for the Northern Boskho and Upper Boskho massifs may indicate the fact that they were formed from residual differentiates during fraction crystallization of rock-forming minerals with the involvement of plagioclases. Low Eu/Eu* values also indicate the fact that these rocks were formed during the late stage of the area evolution. Negative niobium anomaly, identified for all igneous rocks of the ore field, indicates magma contamination with continental crust. Considering interpretation of rare-earth elements and their ratio, it was supposed that igneous rocks of the ore field were formed in intracontinental conditions. It was generally concluded that there was an intensive mantle-crust interaction throughout the magmatism evolution of the Khokhoi ore field, beginning from intrusion of tephrite dikes bodies to intrusion of syenite rocks. The presence of long-lived mantle source, as well as contamination with crust material, was responsible for heat and fluid inflow that supplied circulation of thermal spring in the system. Heat and fluids caused additional mobilization of ore material from surrounding rocks, with further formation of gold-sulfide mineralization close to tephrite dikes and the Northern Boskho massif.
The Effect of Oriented Strand Board Substrate Treatments on the Adhesion of Cement Adhesives and Coatings
Authors: Patloka Jiri , Kratochvilova Erika , Slanhof Jiri
Published: November 2019

Thanks to its properties, wood as a building material has unbelievable potential. It simultaneously provides answers to frequently discussed questions concerning the renewability of resources and the energy performance of buildings. The material most frequently used as sheathing for timber structures is planar large-format oriented strand board (OSB). The unfavourable effects of the weather on unprotected wood and timber products can cause changes to the mechanical and chemical properties of the wood, and if unchecked can do irreversible damage. It is therefore always necessary to apply additional surface finishes to sheathing. In the case of peripheral walls, these surface finishes usually comprise an outer thermal insulation system, while in the case of internal surfaces, extra sheathing made from board materials is added via adhesion or mechanical attachment. It is possible to glue extra layers directly onto OSB, but only if suitable adhesives are used, and the range of products is limited. The research described in this article focuses on the treatment of OSB substrate so that it is possible to employ cement adhesives that are commonly used for the gluing of thermal insulation but which cannot normally be used on an untreated base without the danger of adhesion loss. The research concerns a comparison of test specimens with various kinds of penetrative coating or bonding primer applied under predefined conditions and subjected to different forms of applied loading. The contribution contains a definition of the substrate material, test specimens, test methods and a selection of 5 different types of material for the surface treatment of the test specimens. Tables comparing the influence of the individual finishes on the adhesion itself are included in the outputs. The conclusion contains the test results as well as a presentation of the effects of individual treatments, and potential further research is suggested. The results are of benefit to subjects involved in the preparation and realization of construction work that deal not only with timber structures in particular but also with the general use of OSB structures as a part of the building envelope.
Changes in the IDF curves of short-term rainfall in mountainous and lowland areas of Slovakia
Authors: Kohnova Silvia , Foldes Gabriel , Labat Marija Mihaela , Hlavcova Kamila
Published: November 2019

Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves are of great practical importance in the water resources management, e.g., for the design of hydraulic structures and urban drainage systems, and for the estimation of flash flood risks and flood protection design. Due to the impacts of climate change, there is an evidence that short-term rainfalls have been observed to occur at a higher frequency than before in Europe; the need for a re-evaluation of the design values of short-term rainfall has therefore become important. This study analyzes observed and projected changes in the short-term rainfall events during the warm season (April – October) in an ensemble of a set of Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations. The analysis was aimed at the seasonality and changes in the scaling exponents that influence the estimation of IDF curves on ungauged sites. The analysis was performed for the selected stations in southern lowland and northern mountainous parts of Slovakia. The characteristics of maximum rainfall events were analyzed for two scenario periods, i.e., one past and one future (1960 – 2000 and 2070 – 2100) and compared to the characteristics of the actual events observed in the past. The main findings from the analysis show a shift in the seasonality, which is different for the rainfall durations and also for the stations analyzed. It can be observed from the comparisons of the IDF that the derived design short-term rainfall values are higher for mountainous regions. A significant difference can be seen in the duration of 240 min. This finding reveals that in the future, very extreme short-term rainfall can be expected in the mountainous areas of Slovakia.
Learning from Tradition: Vernacular Built Heritage of Madeira (Portugal), a Sustainable Proposal
Authors: Martins Ana M.T. , Vieira Elma , Carlos Jorge S. , Nepomuceno Miguel C. S.
Published: November 2019

The archipelago of Madeira (Portugal), of volcanic origin and situated in the intraplate region of the African plate, was formed during the Miocene and seats in a full oceanic domain. Since the settlement of the island (15th century), several destructive landslides have happened. In the Island of Madeira, housing is an important expression of the action of man over nature, thus creating a harmonious landscape between the built and its surroundings. In response to the accentuated Topography, terraced platforms appeared to soften this inclination. Vernacular building traditions are repeatedly cited in the academic literature as exemplary models of environmental practice. Therefore, research that addresses the vernacular traditions of the Island of Madeira may emphasize its potential for continuity and viability for maintenance and rehabilitation. Sustainability is indissolubly linked to vernacular architecture and the lessons learned from this architecture of the past can teach us which knowledge to apply in the future. The demand for sustainable buildings with minimal environmental impact is increasing, thus leading the construction industry to adopt new technologies for building design. Achieved for generations, this architecture shows us the art of a population in the construction. The rural housing of Madeira revealed itself as a wise design, where the masters of the craft created a perfect communion between the space, utility, comfort and the volumetric balance, thus creating a new artificial element that connects perfectly with the natural space. Passive strategies have been used around the world for centuries. In the last decades, inhabitants became dependent on mechanical systems with rising economic and environmental impacts. Learning from the past to understand how houses evolved to respond to the surrounding environment is important. The analysis of the local vernacular dwellings will provide insight into well-adapted popular solutions to deal with the local climatic conditions in order to promote responsive passive building technologies and a sustainable proposal is also presented.
From the Cloister to the City: Approaches to the Cistercian Land Management
Authors: Martins Ana M. T.
Published: November 2019

The first Cistercian monasteries appeared in Portugal in the 12th century. The Portuguese Cistercian monasteries were set to the image of Clairvaux, the Cistercian branch which they mostly came from and which defined the typology of the place. Cistercian foundations were usually built in valleys, but many Portuguese Cistercian monasteries are the result of affiliations rather than foundations. There is a great concentration of monasteries in the north and centre of the country as opposed to all the territory to the south of the river Tagus. History and strong climatic contrasts had their repercussion in the implantation of the Cistercian monasteries in this territory. However, implantation errors happened and, for that reason, it was possible to change the site (as permitted by the Cistercian legislation) that is the change of a monastery from one place to another (as was the case of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Salzedas or the Monastery of S. Pedro das Águias). In a Cistercian monastery, water was an essential resource, not only essential to everyday life, regarding hygiene and energy needs, but it also had a very specific meaning and symbolism. 12th-century Cistercian hydraulic system was something extraordinarily new and water was always a constant element in the choice of Cistercian implantation sites. Some monasteries were the origin of settlements, thus reaching some important features and dimensions. This was the cases of Odivelas, which was settled alongside the Monastery of S. Dinis de Odivelas. and of the city of Alcobaça or Valado dos Frades (former farm of the “Coutos” of Alcobaça). The monastic space can be understood as a territorial organism in the way that it adapts itself to the territory, thus modelling and altering it according to its needs. In fact, this paper aims at discussing this process regarding not only the specificities of Portugal, as a country, but also the specificities of the Cistercian land management since the 12th century: this is from the cloister to the city.
Contribution to the Knowledge of Temperature and Reservoir Depth of Sulphurous Groundwater Aquifer Systems in the Dão River Basin, Portugal
Authors: Teresa Catarina Gomes da Costa , Gomes Luis M. Ferreira , Oliveira Alcino Sousa
Published: November 2019

The sulphurous groundwater aquifer systems of the Dão River basin in Portugal have been the subject of studies by some authors, as there are several Medical Spas, where over time there has been a need to increase their flow rates to guarantee more available mineral water and better quality. It is known that those waters resurface with anomalous temperatures, and that they are associated with very deep aquifer systems where the reservoir temperature is relatively high. Thus, the present work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the reservoir temperature and its depth, in the sense of taking to the planning of construction of deep wells, so that their results to be favourable, allow energy utilization, that function of the temperatures to be obtained, can allow from the production of electricity, to heating of buildings, heating of domestic water, to aqua-ludic uses in medical spas and leisure areas. After presenting the generic aspects of geomorphology, geology, climatic elements, and global conceptualization from the numerical models of the Dão River basin, the results of physical-chemical analyses of groundwater are presented. It should be noted that the groundwaters with the greatest geothermal potential are associated with deep aquifer systems, semi-confined to confined, fissured type (very localized), with sulphurous water, with pH values higher than 8.0, conductivity above 350 μS/cm, and surface temperatures between 15.7 and 50.9°C. It is important noting the occurrence of five main sectors with geothermal potential, which from upstream to downstream of the river basin are: Cavaca, Sezures, Alcafache, Sangemil and Granjal. By applying geothermal thermometers, in the results of physical-chemical analyses of the groundwaters of those sectors, the reservoir temperatures were obtained between 92 and 116°C and also reservoir depths generally greater than 2200m.
Usage of Colloidal Gunpowder Released from Utilized Ammunition in the Mining Industry
Authors: Khomeriki Davit , Khomeriki Sergo , Chikhradze Nikoloz , Supatashvili Davit , Khvadagiani Avtandil , Elizbarashvili Nikoloz
Published: November 2019

Disposal of obsolete munitions is a permanent process, during which colloidal gunpowder are liberated and accumulated. Especially large quantities of such materials were accumulated in the countries ofthe former Soviet Union, including Georgia. Warehousing and storage of such materials and/or direct application may cause a serious threat/risks in terms of ecological and unauthorized use. Therefore, today’s colloidal gunpowder is mainly stored and the expenses of their storage permanently increase, in addition, there is a permanent threat of their unauthorized use, because they belong to the class of explosives. The long-term storage of the overdue gun powders and rocket fuels contains self-blasting risks. So, this problem is urgent at the local and global levels. Traditional ways of problem solution area simple creation of new explosive materials on the base ofthe application of ingredients possessing better properties. In distinct from the traditional methods, the essence of the offered works is a creation of new type industrial explosive compounds and application of fuel removed from utilized missiles/shells of military designation in the role of components of explosive materials. A number of hints have been identified in the process of studying the exploitation of industrial explosives on the base of gunpowder and solid rocket fuel. They have created a prerequisite that the cartridges made on the basis of colloidal gunpowder can be initiated using the malware. This method of initiation allows us to a gradual increase of the gas pressure in the chamber of the critical size at which the pressure of the gas will break through the impact of the shaft and thus the breaking of the rock. In the process of research, explosives characteristics of pyroxylene and ballistic fuel mixtures have been studied. It was established that the granulomatrium composition of the mixture is significantly influenced by these characteristics. For example, if the diameter of the granules varies between 3-20 mm, the reaction of the collapse of the mixture is carried out steadily with blast mode, without switching to the detonation. If 10% or more granules in the explosive mixture are smaller than 1 mm, the combustion process can be transferred to the detonation.
Reactivity of Physically and Chemically Clean Coals
Authors: Bilen Mehmet
Published: November 2019

In this study, a total of 12 coal samples were collected. In order to have reactivity determination samples were thermo-gravimetrically analysed. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was carried out not only on physically clean coal samples but also on chemically clean coal samples. Reactivity program within thermos-gravimetric analysis consists of volatiles burning in N2 atmosphere which is fast reaction and residual carbon burning in dry air atmosphere which takes places right after. Reactivity parameter for each coal sample is considered as an important parameter since it characterize the burning profile of residual carbon matter after de-volatilization. In order to have reactivity determination, samples were objected to temperature increase up to 700 °C in N2 atmosphere and then the temperature was set to 500 °C in dry air atmosphere. Reactivity of each corresponding sample after physical and physical-chemical cleaning was determined. The determined reactivity (R500) values changed between 0.06 and 0.221 for physically clean coal samples and they are between 0.11 and 0.24 for the chemically clean coal samples. Reactivity (R500) values increased after chemical cleaning. Due to coal structure difference, the increase in reactivity (R500) after chemical cleaning is different for each sample. For example for TB6 sample, reactivity (R500) increased more than 60 % while for TB5 sample it only increased by 6 % after chemical cleaning. Chemical cleaning followed by physical cleaning results in increase in reactivity and this increase depends on the nature of the coal type.
Correlation between Ash Content of Size & Density Fractionated Coal Samples and their Corresponding Calorific Values
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Cuhadaroglu Dilek , Toroglu Ihsan
Published: November 2019

In this study, coal samples were collected from 2 coal seams of Üzülmez coal mine of Turkish Coal Enterprise operating in Zonguldak coal basin. Firstly collected coal samples were sieved into 5 size groups (“-100+50”, “-50+18”, -“18+10”, “-10+6”, “-6+0.5” mm). Secondly, float and sink analysis was carried out on each size group coal samples. Zinc chloride solutions with the densities of 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, 1.80 and 1.90 g/cm3 were used in the order of float and sink analysis. Float and sink analysis on each size group resulted as a total number of 70 coal samples. Thirdly ash content and calorific values of each of this 70 samples were determined. Finally a prediction method of calorific value in terms of ash content of coal sample for Zonguldak coal is proposed. According to the proposed prediction method, calorific value is strongly related to ash content of each coal sample. In other words, one can easily estimate the calorific value of a coal with defined ash content. Correlation between measured and predicted calorific values is statistically significant (R2=0.99). This prediction method of calorific value is going to be very user friendly and confident tool for field engineers, coal consumers and operators of coal cleaning plants. Initial quick estimates of calorific value employing just the ash content within 99% accuracy for a specified coal seam would be a possible. Future scope of this study is to establish an index of ash content and calorific value relevance for each coal seam in Zonguldak Coal Basin.
Domestic Utilization of Coal in Zonguldak-Turkey and Unburned Carbon in Ash
Authors: Bilen Mehmet , Yilmaz Serdar
Published: November 2019

In this study, Zonguldak, a Turkish city popular with coal mining, was taken into consideration. Coal was the main source of energy for domestic heating in Zonguldak and tonnes of ash were dumped to environment. The ash samples were containing carbon and this carbon was aimed to recycle from these waste. In the order of this recycling, firstly classification of collected ash samples in terms of size groups was carried out. For each size groups sink and float analysis was carried out. Sink and float analysis was carried out with densities (1.30, 1.45, 1.60, 1.90 g/cm3) for a total of 5 size groups of ash (+18.00mm, -18.00+10.00mm, -10.00+6.00mm, - 6.00+2.36mm, -2.36+0.50mm) and each floated product was analysed in terms of final ash percentage. Size group -18+10 mm was floated at 1.30 g/cm3 and it was observed that this group of coal ash has the highest percentage (%58.84) carbon.
Analysis of Geodynamic Processes Developed in Georgia
Authors: Khvadagiani Avtandil , Medzmariashvili Elguja , Laoshvili Zurab , Khomeriki Sergo , Chikhradze Nikoloz , Kikava Teimuraz , Shatberashvili Grigol , Khomeriki Davit
Published: November 2019

In the paper, the landscape-geographic disasters, caused by natural spontaneous events (landslide-gravitational, mudflow, rock fall, snow slides), are considered. It has been noted that at such locations, the use of constant monitoring and creation of a single system of communications plays an important role in the activity of state institutions and organizations, the operation of which is associated which controls natural disasters or is used for reduction of the negative effects caused by catastrophic events.
Crystallization and Cooling of the Noril’sk Intrusions According to the Pyroxen’s Geothermometry Data
Authors: Asavin Alex , Krivolutskaya Nadezhda
Published: November 2019

Composition of clinopyroxenes in vertical sections of some ore-bearing basic intrusions in the Noril’sk area has been studied by EPMA. These data formed the basis for the calculation of the pyroxene crystallization temperatures using the El Negro monopyroxene geothermometer (Fe-Mg exchange between M1-M2 positions). The results of the calculations allowed estimating the variations of temperature crystallization within the magmatic chambers from early to the late stages. The temperature varies from 1200 for idiomorphic crystals in equilibrium to liquid and up to 400 degrees (in solid intra exchange) for xenomorphic grains and marginal zones of pyroxenes. We reconstructed the regimes of crystallization of the magmatic chamber by this data. The vertical distribution of paleotemperatures of the intrusive chamber there is the evidence of absence vertical move crystals into such magmatic chambers.
Removal of THM Precursors by Adsorption, Coagulation and UV Irradation
Authors: Ilavsky Jan , Barlokova Danka , Marton Michal , Kapusta Ondrej
Published: November 2019

The general characteristics of humic substances (HS) and their negative effect on water quality and its treatment are described. The paper presents the results from the removal of humic substances from the Hriňová (Slovakia) water reservoir using 1) granular activated carbon (GAC) from two producers (Chemviron, Cabot) at three different pH levels, 2) by coagulation with two coagulants (aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate), and 3) by an advanced oxidation process using UV radiation with the addition of the oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide. The effectiveness of the removal of humic substances (expressed by the TOC parameter) from water with adsorption by GAC, depending on the contact time with the water, ranged from 14 % for one hour to 50% for eight hours of contact time. The calculated GAC adsorption capacity of the humic substances ranged from 0.05 mg/g for one hour to 0.19 mg/g for eight hours of contact time. The pH of the water had no significant effect on the level of efficiency. A high level of efficiency (50%) and the lowest value of TOC are obtained at a pH of 6.5. The humic substances remain in the water though the optimal dose of the coagulant was used. The ferric sulfate coagulant is more suitable for removing of humic substances from water as aluminum sulfate. A dose of 16 mg/L of 1% solution Fe2(SO4)3, which is the equivalent of 4.47 mg/L Fe3+, is sufficient for the reduction of humic substances below 1 mg/L. The effectiveness of the removal of humic substances with coagulation using iron sulfate was 83% for a parameter of HS and 50% for TOC or CODMn. The iron sulfate has the influence on a reduction in pH of water, therefore pH of water should be adjusted after coagulation. A laboratory study of removal of humic acids from surface water by UV radiation and addition of hydrogen peroxide in order to increase the oxidation of organics are presented. The results showed that UV radiation and addition of H2O2 during the first few minutes of irradiation increases the concentration of the humic substances, CODMn and TOC in water. After 3 minutes of exposure to UV radiation, these values were reduced to baseline, and in the next irradiation phase the values of the monitored parameters decreased. The highly reactive OH radicals with a high oxidation potential oxidize humic substances to various intermediates (a lower molecular weight substances). After 20 minutes of irradiation, a decrease in the parameters of approx. 39% for TOC, 62% for CODMn and 37% for humic substances was observed.
Numerical Modelling of Plate Load Tests on Unsaturated Silt Loams in Laboratory Stands
Authors: Broucek Miroslav , Kuklik Pavel
Published: November 2019

The paper summarizes the results of the numerical modelling of plate load tests on unsaturated silt loams in laboratory conditions using two different constitutive models and different software packages. The first part of the paper presents laboratory measurements on large specimens of compacted unsaturated silt loams with a constant degree of saturation during the experiments. It comments on the issues of the classical interpretations of static plate load tests including the influence zone theory and further issues with calibration of numerical models using the parameters gained from the classical approach. The second part of the paper dedicated to the problems of numerical modelling of these soils presents results of the Cam-Clay constitutive model modified for capturing the influence of the moisture content implemented in the SIFEL software package and results of the Hypoplastic constitutive model for clays implemented in the GEO 5 software package. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the advantages and drawbacks of both constitutive models in details and comments on the possible issues when using them for more topologically complex tasks.
Production of Corrosion-Resistant Polymer Concrete Reinforced with Various Fibers
Authors: Chikhradze Nikoloz , Marquis Fernand , Abashidze Guram , Tsverava Davit
Published: November 2019

Polymer concretes (PC) unlike common concrete (produced based on cement, as cohesive material) are notable for the high durability on compression – 50…90 MPa, and especially, on tension – 6…10 MPa, with unique corrosion resistance. However, they are also associated with such negative properties, such as high deformability, creep. Because PC works well on tension, their application is perspective for production of shock resistant construction material, but for this, it is necessary their strengthening by additional reinforcing mechanisms. In addition, because of the differences in the durability and deformability on compression, as well as on tension, is important that stipulates the necessity of reinforcement of PC tensile and bent elements. This work presents and discussed the reinforcement of PC by hybrid fibers. The major goal of this work is the production of such hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer concrete (HFRPC) with high durability on tension and high shock resistance that preserves these properties in conditions of aggressive environments. The primary cohesive methods are unsaturated polyester resins, as polymers. The fiber reinforcements (course and fine) are primarily basalt and steel fibers, andesite selected for their chemical resistance and durability the technological parameters for the production and processing of nano and ultrafine dispersive powders from the rock using vibration and planetary mills, and the physical and mechanical properties of these concretes are presented and discussed. The data on the corrosion resistance coefficient of these processed PC (corrosion resistance coefficient - K
cr, diffusion coefficient of aggressive liquids - Kd) is also presented and discussed.
Shaping relations between natural and artificial landscapes on the example of selected riverside cities: Budapest and Rzeszow
Authors: Rybka Adam , Dombay Gabor , Kozlowska Karolina
Published: November 2019

The article discusses the nature of the relationship between the natural landscape and the transformed landscape. The description of these ties was limited to two interdependent and simultaneously contrasting creatures - a river of a fully natural landscape and a city as an artificial landscape resulting from the Anthropos genic transformations. The relationship between these two opposing types of landscapes is centuries-old and thus constitutes a rich source of search and study of human-environment relations. The direct reason for addressing this issue is a gradual change in the approach to landscape shaping of the river valley existing with the urban landscape. Clear transformations of these dependencies and the creation of a return of the city to the river can be observed, for example, in the London docks or Mill Island in Bydgoszcz in Poland. The research area is the coastline of two administratively, culturally and historically different European cities: the Wislok coastline in Rzeszow, the capital of the voivodeship in south-eastern Poland, and the Danube coastline in Budapest, the capital of Hungary. In Budapest, the coexistence of the river and the city is very clear, and their mutual connections are historically anchored and clearly visible in the city’s urban structure. On the other hand, the dynamic changes that have taken place over the centuries in the riverbed of Wislok in Rzeszow caused that the river is not the urban axis of the city and did not significantly affect its urban layout in the past. Throughout most of its existence, the city was formed in fear of the river. The comparison of the shape of the coasts of the cities mentioned above resembles a master - pupil relationship. The two cities share a historical link with the river valley, but the degree of development of these relations varies considerably. The observation was used as a research method. The selected cases are the family towns of the authors, which made it possible to confront the results of literature research, mainly related to the historical layer, with long-term observations of the discussed areas. The article also defines the features distinguishing riverside cities and the advantages and fears resulting from the coexistence of these two seemingly contrasting landscapes.
A plastic model based on the bounding surface formulation for cyclic behavior of soil
Authors: Zhang Yan , Sun Shulin , Mboussa Djohn Josia Weaver
Published: November 2019

Cyclic behavior of saturated soil under cyclic loading, such as earthquake, is one significant cause of the strain accumulation which can lead to the foundation destruction. This paper presents the relationship between hardening rules in the multi-surface plasticity and hardening function in the bounding surface plasticity, because both of them need to calculate the plastic modulus at every current stress state, applying the newly developed hardening rule into the hardening function to calculate the variable plastic modulus, this new idea adds the adversity of plasticity model, and a new bounding surface is established. The simulation result of undrained triaxial test verified the reliability of the new bounding surface model.
Understanding and Measuring Sustainability Performance in the Banking Sector
Authors: Stauropoulou Athanasia , Sardianou Eleni
Published: November 2019

Stakeholders have increasingly demanded the adoption of sustainable strategies and the increase in sustainability reports from the business. At the same time, the assessment and measurement of corporate performance now extend beyond its established financial return. This paper follows the argument that it is important for companies to be an entity that plays an active role in sustainable development. However, it is commonly accepted that there is no single, integrated way of assessing this performance. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for understanding and measuring corporate sustainability in the banking sector. More specifically, the paper aims to fill the gap in the corporate sustainability assessment in the banking sector because there is, in fact, a tendency to underestimate the indirect impact these sectors have on environmental issues and social responsibility. A theoretical framework of an integrated composite sustainability index is analyzed based on the adoption of the GRI sustainability guidelines and the application of the analytic hierarchy process. The construction of a composite sustainability index includes the economic, environmental and social dimension of entrepreneurship. Each of the three sub-indices is a synthesis of several key performance indicators, which are usually the subjects of annual sustainability reports of an organization. This process is used to benchmark a company over a period of time and provides an indicative tool in order to analyze banking companies. Managers can use this analysis as a valuable component for comparing them over time, so as to adopt appropriate sustainable strategies and to improve the economic, environmental and social performance. A key tool to achieve sustainability in the banking sector is to analyze the corporate performance of the organizations. This will give a competitive advantage to the bank operators.