bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Variation of Serum Lipid Levels in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Wong Brian M. , Huang Michael , Zaltzman Jeffrey S. , Prasad G.V. Ramesh
Published: January 2007

Background/Aims: Seasonal variation in lipid levels is well described in the general population, but has not been examined in renal transplant recipients (RTR). We sought to determine whether seasonal differences exist in RTR, a group at high risk for hyperlipidemia. Methods: We reviewed our population of 920 adults, identifying primary allograft recipients with survival ≧1 year, stable function, and ≧1 pair of post-6 months ‘winter’ (December 21 to March 20) plus ‘summer’ (June 21 to September 22) fasting lipid measurements within the same year. Correlations between factors affecting lipids and lipid level change were followed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: 243 patients contributed 344 pairs. When most recent seasonal pair (n = 243) and all pairs (n = 344) were separately analyzed, no seasonal total cholesterol difference (winter vs. summer) was seen (5.08 vs. 5.05 mmol/l, p = 0.80; 5.11 vs. 5.09 mmol/l, p = 0.81 respectively). Opposing variation was seen between hyperlipidemic and nonhyperlipidemic patients (0.08 vs. –0.18 mmol/l for winter minus summer, p = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, seasonal cholesterol variation was predicted by level (p < 0.0001) and hemoglobin change (p = 0.01), while triglyceride variation was predicted only by level (p = 0.01). Conclusion: RTR do not exhibit seasonal variation in lipids, unlike the general population. Factors unique to RTR such as immunosuppressive therapies may act to suppress any seasonal effects.
Escitalopram in the Long-Term Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Elderly Patients
Authors: Kasper Siegfried , Lemming Ole Michael , de Swart Hans
Published: January 2007

Aim: The primary aim was to investigate the long-term safety and tolerability of escitalopram (10 or 20 mg/day) treatment of elderly patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The secondary aim was to examine response to treatment, as measured by change in the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from study entry to each visit, using observed cases. Method: This extension trial included 225 patients who had completed an 8-week, double blind, placebo-controlled lead-in study, which was performed in outpatients in primary care and in specialist clinics. The intent-to-treat population comprised 223 patients. Results: The overall withdrawal rate was 24%. The most common reason for withdrawal was adverse events (9%). The 5 most common adverse events were accidental injury, rhinitis, weight increase, arthralgia and coughing, with an incidence ranging from 8 to 13%. No new types of adverse events were reported in this extension study compared to the 8-week lead-in study. The mean weight increased from 69.7 kg at study entry to 70.3 kg at endpoint. The percentage of patients in remission (MADRS total score ≤12) increased from 48% at study entry to 72% by week 52. Conclusion: Escitalopram demonstrated a favourable tolerability profile during 52 weeks of open-label treatment of elderly patients, with further improvement in depressive symptoms.
Performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the C957T Polymorphism of the DRD2 Gene in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Rodriguez-Jimenez R. , Hoenicka J. , Jimenez-Arriero M.A. , Ponce G. , Bagney A. , Aragues M. , Palomo T.
Published: January 2007

Introduction: Previous studies have associated a decreased striatal D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) binding with impaired performance in cognitive tasks. In vivo studies have found a lower DRD2 binding associated with the CC genotype of the C957T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the DRD2 gene. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive functions and the C957T DRD2 SNP. We hypothesized that the CC genotype would be associated with a poorer executive functioning. Methods: Our sample consisted of 83 healthy volunteers (28 males and 55 females; mean age 25.2, SD 1.7 years). To assess executive functions, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used, considering the variables perseverative errors, perseverative responses, and number of categories achieved. The genotype distribution was 13 CC, 41 CT, and29 TT, satisfying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Results: Carriers of the CC genotype, compared with carriers of the CT/TT genotypes, achieved significantly fewer categories (5.00 vs. 5.81; p = 0.004), made a greater number of perseverative errors (13.46 vs. 8.39; p = 0.018), and had a greater number of perseverative responses (14.92 vs. 8.94; p = 0.014). Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that the C957T DRD2 SNP may influence cognitive performance through its repercussions on central dopaminergic function.
Immunotherapy with an Aluminum Hydroxide-Adsorbed Juniperus ashei Foreign Pollen Extract in Seasonal Indigenous Cypress Pollen Rhinoconjunctivitis
Authors: Charpin D. , Gouitaa M. , Dron-Gonzalvez M. , Fardeau M.F. , Massabie-Bouchat Y.P. , Hugues B. , Fabre C. , Vivinus S. , Pegliasco H. , André C.
Published: January 2007

Background:The efficacy of standardized Juniperus ashei extract was assessed in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to European cypress pollens. Methods:Forty adults with European cypress-allergic rhinoconjunctivitis were randomized to receive immunotherapy or a matched placebo. Specific immunotherapy was performed with a standardized, aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed J. ashei extract with a potency of 100 IR (arbitrary index of reactivity) containing 54 µg of Jun a 1/ml (Alustal, Stallergenes, France). Subcutaneous injections started in October 2000. The maintenance dose was 0.30 ml of the 100-IR concentration per month. Rhinitis and conjunctivitis symptoms were rated according to a 4-point score. Results: Seventeen patients from the treated group and 15 patients from the placebo group completed year 2001; 14 in each group completed year 2002. A statistically significant improvement (41%, p < 0.02) in the conjunctivitis symptom score was observed in actively treated patients compared to the placebo group at the peak of the 2001 pollen season. Improvement in rhinitis (17%) was not significant. This significant improvement was greater at the peak of the 2002 pollen season (63%, p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study therefore indirectly validates the concept of treatment by major allergen because J. ashei is absent from the region in which this study was conducted.
Interleukin-16 Inhibits Immunoglobulin E Production by B Lymphocytes
Authors: Trudelle Annick , El Bassam Souad , Pinsonneault Stéphane , Mazer Bruce , Laberge Sophie
Published: January 2007

Background: The increased production of IgE is a hallmark of atopic disorders. CD4+ T cells regulate the production of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E by B cells. Interleukin (IL) 16, a CD4+ specific cytokine, is highly expressed at sites of allergic inflammation. Our aim was to determine the effect of IL-16 on IgE production in atopic subjects. Methods: Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from atopic subjects were stimulated with recombinant IL (rIL) 4 and anti-CD40 antibody to promote IgE production in the presence or absence of rIL-16 added at different time intervals prior to stimulation. The levels of IgE in cell culture supernatants collected at day 14 were measured by ELISA. The effect of IL-16 on the expression of the CΕ transcript was evaluated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate whether the modulatory effect of IL-16 on IgE production was mediated by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), anti-CD40/IL-4-stimulated PBMC were cultured in the presence of rIL-16 and neutralizing concentrations of anti-IFN-γ antibody. Results: PBMC stimulated with rIL-4 (400 U/ml) and anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (0.5 µg/ml) produced significant amounts of IgE (range: 1.3–46.0 ng/ml). The addition of rIL-16 twenty-four hours before stimulation significantly reduced the levels of IgE released by anti-CD40/IL-4-stimulated PBMC (0.5–29.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05). IL-16 reduced the expression of the CΕ transcript in stimulated PBMC. IL-16 induced the expression of IFN-γ mRNA. However, the use of anti-IFN-γ antibody did not alter the effect of IL-16 on IgE production. Rescue doses of IL-13 did not restore the production of IgE by PBMC treated with IL-16. IL-16 did not alter IgE production in CD14-depleted cell preparations suggesting that the IL-16-mediated effects on IgE production may be related to CD14+ cells. Conclusion: These data show that IL-16 inhibits IgE production and therefore may play an important regulatory role in atopic disorders.
Endogenous Phospholipid Metabolite Containing Topical Product Inhibits Ultraviolet Light-Induced Inflammation and DNA Damage in Human Skin
Authors: Kemeny L. , Koreck A. , Kis K. , Kenderessy-Szabo A. , Bodai L. , Cimpean A. , Paunescu V. , Raica M. , Ghyczy M.
Published: January 2007

Background: N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and organic osmolytes are endogenous components of the human epidermis and are generated from phospholipids in the stratum granulosum. PEA has been shown to exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The endogenous organic osmolytes such as betaine and sarcosine control skin humidity, but have also been shown to inhibit ultraviolet (UV) light-induced oxidative stress in keratinocytes. Objectives: To investigate the effect of a PEA- and organic osmolyte-containing topical product (Physiogel AI®) on the development of UV light-induced erythema, thymine dimer formation and p53 tumor suppressor gene activation, as well as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and Ki67 expression in normal human skin. Methods: The UV-induced erythema was measured by a spectrofluorometric method. Thymine dimers, p53, ICAM-1 and Ki67 were detected in skin biopsies using immunohistochemistry. Results: Physiogel AI cream significantly inhibited the development of UV light-induced erythema and thymine dimer formation in normal human skin, but did not alter the number of Ki67+ proliferating keratinocytes and the expression of p53 and ICAM-1. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PEA and organic osmolytes might represent a new generation of compounds which suppress UV-induced photodamage.
The Changes in Angiogenic Gene Expression in Recurrent Multiple Chorioangiomas
Authors: Gallot Denis , Marceau Geoffroy , Laurichesse-Delmas Hélène , Vanlieferinghen Philippe , Dechelotte Pierre J. , Lemery Didier , Sapin Vincent
Published: January 2007

Objectives: To assess the messenger ribonucleic acid expression in placental tissue of growth factors, cytokines, angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in one case of recurrent multiple chorioangiomas. Methods: Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid array analysis was performed on the affected placentae and on normal placentaes (controls) to compare messenger ribonucleic acid levels of 96 genes involved in angiogenesis. Results: Eleven genes presented more than two-fold alteration in expression levels: undetectable (angiopoietin 1, osteonectin, tyrosine kinase endothelial, neuropilin 1), decreased (transcription growth factor β receptor 3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 2, EGF receptor, integrin-α V, tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2), increased (angiopoietin 2, osteopontin). Conclusions: We illustrated the complexity of angiogenic disruption in recurrent multiple chorioangiomas leading to the difficulty to propose a single candidate gene to explain this pathology.
Intrathoracic Pressure in Congenital Chylothorax: Keystone for the Rationale of Thoracoamniotic Shunting?
Authors: Yamamoto Masami , Insunza Alvaro , Carrillo Jorge , Caicedo Luis Alberto , Paiva Enrique , Ville Yves
Published: January 2007

Thoracoamniotic shunting in fetal pleural effusion has poor results, with an overall survival of less than 50% when hydrops is associated. Those cases without hydrops presented the best evolution, but the indication in these cases remains controversial. We present a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy at 29 weeks’ with right pleural effusion and hydrops, in which one fetus presented diaphragm inversion and mediastinal shift, both considered as ultrasonographic signs of thoracic hypertension. A thoracoamniotic shunt reversed these signs immediately. Nevertheless, 1 week after, these signs and skin edema reappeared and the effusion increased, leading to a second thoracocenthesis for drainage and intrathoracic pressure measurement. Amniotic fluid and intrathoracic pressures were found at 21 and 39 mm Hg, respectively. A cesarean section was performed and the catheter was found to be obliterated by cellular detritus of leukocytes and fibrin. Our conclusion is that ultrasonographic signs of elevated thoracic pressure are a keystone for the shunt indication, and that this could be corroborated by direct measurements. This can be an important parameter for precise indication of thoracoamniotic shunting.
Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis of a Rare Cantrell’s Pentalogy Variant with Associated Open Neural Tube Defect – A Case Report
Authors: Loureiro T. , Oliveira C. , Aroso J. , Ferreira M.J. , Vieira J.
Published: January 2007

Cantrell’s pentalogy is a very rare congenital anomaly. The hallmark of this condition is the presence of ectopia cordis and an abdominal wall defect. Its association with craniorachischisis is even more infrequent with just a few cases reported in the literature. The authors describe a case of a prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Cantrell’s pentalogy with posterior encephalocele and spinal dysraphism associated.
Use of T-Cell Antibodies for Donor Dosaging in a Canine Model of in utero Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Petersen Scott M. , Gendelman Mariya , Murphy Kathleen M. , Torbenson Michael , Jones Richard J. , Althaus Janyne E. , Stetten Gail , Bird Chris , Blakemore Karin J.
Published: January 2007

Aim: Microchimerism following canine in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUHSCT) development of T-cell dosing regimens. Objective: To investigate the use of anti-T-cell antibodies for cell dosing of the donor graft in a canine model of IUHSCT. Study Design: Canine IUHSCT was performed by ultrasound-guided intraperitoneal injection in days 35–38 of fetal canines with CD34+ cells at doses of 4.5 × 108 to 1.3 × 109 cells/kg and T cells (CD3+ CD5+) at doses of 8 × 106 to 8.8 × 108 cells/kg. Postnatal studies included tissue histology and polymerase chain reaction-based chimerism analysis. Results: Term survival was 86–100%. Microchimerism (0–2%) was detected in five of eight recipients in multiple tissues. Histopathology revealed no evidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Conclusion: Canine IUHSCT is a useful model to investigate the role of donor T cells in engraftment and GVHD. IUHSCT at early gestational ages with high doses of donor T cells in the graft yields microchimerism in multiple tissues without GVHD.
Acute Recurrent Polyhydramnios: A Combination of Amniocenteses and NSAID May Be Curative Rather than Palliative
Authors: Rode Line , Bundgaard Anne , Skibsted Lillian , Ødum Lars , Jørgensen Connie , Langhoff-Roos Jens
Published: January 2007

Acute recurrent polyhydramnios is a rare occurrence characterized by a poor fetal outcome. This is a case report describing a 34-year-old woman presenting with acute recurrent polyhydramnios. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and therapeutic amniocenteses was initiated immediately and resulted in a decreased amniotic fluid production from 30 weeks’ gestation. Even after the discontinuation of NSAID treatment, the amniotic fluid production normalized, and the woman delivered a healthy boy at 39 weeks 2 days’ gestation. Amniotic prolactin was measured at three occasions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As in normal pregnancies, amniotic prolactin levels decreased by 80% from highest to lowest value in this case of resolving acute recurrent polyhydramnios.
Fetoscopic Laser Surgery in 100 Pregnancies with Severe Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in the Netherlands
Authors: Middeldorp J.M. , Sueters M. , Lopriore E. , Klumper F.J.C.M. , Oepkes D. , Devlieger R. , Kanhai H.H.H. , Vandenbussche F.P.H.A.
Published: January 2007

Objective: In this prospective cohort study, we evaluated the initial results of fetoscopic laser surgery for severe second trimester twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) treated at our centre. Method: A total of 100 consecutive pregnancies with severe second trimester TTTS treated at our centre with selective fetoscopic laser coagulation of vascular anastomoses on the placental surface between August 2000 and November 2004 were included in the study. Perinatal survival was analysed in relation to Quintero stage. Results: Median gestational age was 20 weeks at fetoscopy (range: 16–26) and 33 weeks at delivery (range: 18–40). Perinatal survival rate was 70% (139/200). The treatment resulted in at least one survivor at the age of 4 weeks in 81% of pregnancies. Perinatal survival was significantly higher when treatment was performed in the early Quintero stages (95% in stage 1, 76% in stage 2, 70% in stage 3, 50% in stage 4) (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Results of fetoscopic laser surgery for TTTS in our centre are similar to those in specialised centres in other countries. Diagnosis and treatment in the early Quintero stages resulted in significantly higher perinatal survival.
Alcohol Injection for the Intrauterine Treatment of Chorioangioma in a Pregnancy with Transfusion Resistant Fetal Anemia: A Case Report
Authors: Deren Ozgur , Ozyuncu Ozgur , Onderoglu Lutfu S. , Durukan Tekin
Published: January 2007

Chorioangiomas are usually small, clinically inevident, benign vascular lesions of the placenta, but larger ones may cause serious perinatal and neonatal complications. There is need for in utero intervention in these fetuses. Several interventions are described to relieve pathophysiologic insult on fetus. Alcohol injection is one of the therapeutic interventions. In this case, we present a patient with chorioangioma and early onset of hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnios at 24th week of gestation. Successful intratumoral injection of absolute ethyl alcohol relieved hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnios. Unfortunately, pregnancy ended at 28th week and a 1,330 g fetus was delivered.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Bartter Syndrome with Biochemical Examination of Amniotic Fluid: Case Report
Authors: Dane Banu , Yayla Murat , Dane Cem , Cetin Ahmet
Published: January 2007

Antenatal Bartter syndrome typically presents with marked fetal polyuria that leads to polyhydramnios and premature delivery. In our case, polyhydramnios was detected at 26 weeks of gestation and amniotic fluid chloride level was high. Serial amnion-drains were performed. During indomethacine treatment, fetal bradycardia developed. The mother was given daily oral potassium to maintain normal serum level and prevent fetal arrhythmias. After birth, hypokalaemic alkalosis, low chloride, hyper-reninemia and hyperaldosteronemia were detected.
Primary Amyloidosis Involving Mediastinal Lymph Nodes: Diagnosis by Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
Authors: Leiro Virginia , Fernández-Villar Alberto , Bandrés Rafael , González Ana , Represas Cristina , Barros Juan C. , Piñeiro Luis
Published: January 2007

Amyloidosis is an uncommon disease caused by the deposition of abnormal proteins within soft tissues. Pulmonary and mediastinal lymph node involvement of the disease is rare. When mediastinal lymph nodes are affected, the diagnostic approach should include sample collection for pathological examination. Transbronchial fine needle aspiration is a useful and safe procedure for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes. This paper describes the first case of amyloidosis that involves mediastinal lymph nodes diagnosed by transbronchial needle aspiration.
Synoptic-Scale Structure and the Character of Coastally Trapped Wind Reversals
Authors: Nuss Wendell A.
Published: January 2007

Coastally trapped wind reversals that occur along the U.S. West Coast have been described in numerous other studies. The synoptic-scale environment and the forcing of a coastally trapped Kelvin wave are highly linked in the development of these wind reversals. However, not all wind reversals appear to behave like propagating Kelvin waves and the analysis of coastal buoy observations for three years indicates that different types of disturbances occur. Both propagating disturbances and nonpropagating disturbances occur with similar frequencies. While the synoptic-scale characteristics associated with propagating and nonpropagating wind reversals are sometimes rather subtle, several distinct differences occur that suggest a direct link between the coastal dynamics and the synoptic-scale forcing. Synoptic forcing characterized by persistent low-level offshore flow favors the development of propagating disturbances, while weak, nonsustained offshore flow characterizes nonpropagating disturbances. These differences support the idea that propagating events represent a favorable interaction between the synoptic-scale forcing and the excitation and propagation of Kelvin waves, whereas nonpropagating events either represent a less favorable interaction or are simply trapped ageostrophic flow due to the synoptic scale without a Kelvin wave response. These dynamic differences imply different stratus behavior, which is important to forecasters.
An Ensemble-Based Smoother with Retrospectively Updated Weights for Highly Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Chin T. M. , Turmon M. J. , Jewell J. B. , Ghil M.
Published: January 2007

Monte Carlo computational methods have been introduced into data assimilation for nonlinear systems in order to alleviate the computational burden of updating and propagating the full probability distribution. By propagating an ensemble of representative states, algorithms like the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) and the resampled particle filter (RPF) rely on the existing modeling infrastructure to approximate the distribution based on the evolution of this ensemble. This work presents an ensemble-based smoother that is applicable to the Monte Carlo filtering schemes like EnKF and RPF. At the minor cost of retrospectively updating a set of weights for ensemble members, this smoother has demonstrated superior capabilities in state tracking for two highly nonlinear problems: the double-well potential and trivariate Lorenz systems. The algorithm does not require retrospective adaptation of the ensemble members themselves, and it is thus suited to a streaming operational mode. The accuracy of the proposed backward-update scheme in estimating non-Gaussian distributions is evaluated by comparison to the more accurate estimates provided by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
Foundations and Assumptions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model
Authors: Jones Jennifer L. , Mehr Shannon L.
Published: January 2007

The scientist-practitioner model is founded on the ideology that trained professional psychologists should be knowledgeable in both research and clinical practice. Emphasis should be placed on the successful integration of science and practice, where the relationship between the two variables is carefully considered. Education and training in either research or practice alone, or concurrently without integration, is viewed as not fulfilling the requirements of this model. Furthermore, there are three vital assumptions of the scientist-practitioner model. The first assumption is that professionals with knowledge and skills related to research will facilitate effective psychological services. The second assumption identified research as imperative to the development of a scientific database. Last, the creators of the scientist-practitioner model assumed that direct involvement in clinical practice by researchers will result in studies on important social issues. Each assumption incorporates the integration of science and practice.
SCN Organization Reconsidered
Authors: Morin Lawrence P.
Published: January 2007

The SCN has long had organizational schemas imposed on it. In most, the SCN is dichotomized, with one region typically associated with the presence of vasopressin cells and the other associated with cells containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and certain afferent terminal fields. If assumed to be accurate, the schemas that have been intended to simplify and conceptually organize the known anatomy may actually interfere with the understanding of how various cell types and input pathways contribute to circadian rhythm regulation. This review describes inadequacies of existing schemas and notes several practical difficulties that undermine their usefulness. These include “static” versus “dynamic” anatomy, generalizations about SCN organization in relation to the plane or level of section, and the concept of differential density, all of which contribute to a view in which the SCN is substantially more complex than typically depicted in oversimplified line drawings. The need for accurate topographical description is emphasized.
Properties of Tableted High-Amylose Corn Starch–Pectin Blend Microparticles Intended for Controlled Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium
Authors: Desai Kashappa Goud
Published: January 2007

This study reports the properties of tableted microparticles based on high-amylose corn starch (HACS)–pectin blend polymers as the controlled release system for diclofenac sodium (DS). HACS–pectin blend microparticles are prepared through a modified process by the spray drying technique, which is a widely used microencapsulation technique in the pharmaceutical industry. The mean particle size of various formulations of blend microparticles is in the range of 5.8–7.3 μm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study reveals the absence of well-defined interaction between HACS–pectin and polymers–DS. The blend microparticles thus prepared were compressed into tablets using the directly compressible excipients. A cross-sectional view of the tablet reveals the presence of nearly spherical shaped particles in the tablet, suggesting that the system chosen is ideal for tableting. In vitro drug release study indicates that tableted microparticulate system is found to be suitable for the manipulation of release behavior for DS in the gastrointestinal tract. Release mechanism of the DS from tableted microparticles is by Fickian diffusion since the value of n approaches 0.5.
Media Influence: Pre- and Postexposure of College Women to Media Images and the Effect of Mood and Body Image
Authors: Jung Jaehee
Published: January 2007

This study employs a repeated measures design to assess the effects of exposure to attractive models in the media on women's mood and body image. One hundred six college women participants were divided into two groups (high-vs. low-appearance self-schema), and their mood and body image were measured twice with an interval of 4 weeks. No significant effects of exposure to media images were noticed in women's body image scores. However, exposure to media images had an influence on women's mood by decreasing positive mood and elevating anxiety and depression from preexposure to postexposure. In both pre-and postexposure conditions, women with high-appearance self-schema exhibited significantly greater negative mood and lower body dissatisfaction and appearance evaluation than did those with low-appearance self-schema. This study suggests that media images of thinness and attractiveness may negatively affect college women's mood.
Attitudes Toward the Right to Kill in Latin American Culture
Authors: Briceño-León Roberto , Camardiel Alberto , Avila Olga
Published: January 2007

Most Latin American countries have no death penalty, but there is a general acceptance of individuals’ or communities’ right to kill under certain circumstances. This right is not stipulated in any law but it is present in the culture of these societies. To investigate it, a random sample study was carried out in seven Latin American cities. The general results reveal support for the right to kill to defend one’s family, but the right to kill to defend one’s property was lower. Killing someone who has raped a daughter was positive for all the Latin American cities, although killing an individual who attacks the community receives moderate support. The results for “social purge” killings are lower than the previous. The results are analyzed and presented by cities and social variables and show that there is a cultural pattern in which social norms are not always congruent with law.
Quantifying the “Softer Side” of Management Education: An Example Using Teamwork Competencies
Authors: Halfhill Terry R. , Nielsen Tjai M.
Published: January 2007

During the past 5 years, we have reexamined what we teach in management education, placing a much stronger emphasis on interpersonal skills than in the past. We must now reexamine how we teach these skills and demonstrate their value quantitatively. This article presents one method of quantifying the “softer side” of management education. It provides instruction and resources for educators and organizational professionals to administer, analyze, score, and provide quality feedback on virtually any competency area. The method is developmental in that it identifies individual, group, and organizational strengths and developmental opportunities. It is also an effective method of demonstrating the value of “soft skills” to students.
Outside the Gates of Eden: Utopia and Work in Rock Music
Authors: Rhodes Carl
Published: January 2007

This article explores how the relationship between work and utopia has been articulated in rock music. Rock is a cultural discourse that provides insight into the tension between representations of utopian imagination with the often hard realities of the experience of work. The article discusses the value of investigating popular culture in the context of the study of work and organizations and then examines how some samples of rock critically engage with the cultural idealization of work as utopia. Three images of work are delineated in rock music—work as a dystopia to be escaped, the troubled relationship between work and love utopias, and the idea of work as a false, yet culturally potent, utopia.
How Does “Quality” Fit in “Pay for Performance”?
Authors: Niewenhous Susan S.
Published: January 2007

Pay for performance in home care has been on the horizon for some time now. Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) data collection and the outcomes-based quality improvement process have been helping agencies to prepare for payment based on the quality of care they provide. How can managers ensure that their agency is ready to reap the benefits of performance-based rewards? This article will explore the events leading up to pay for performance and a number of options for improving quality, boosting patient outcomes, and positioning agencies for the next step.
Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to Locate Clandestine Graves of Homicide Victims
Authors: Schultz John J.
Published: January 2007

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become an important forensic archaeology tool used by law enforcement agencies to search for buried bodies of homicide victims. However, these agencies most often secure outside consultants to perform searches because of equipment expense and the specialized training required to operate the equipment and interpret results. This article provides a thorough discussion of GPR methodology and implementation of this technology by law enforcement agencies for clandestine body searches. The discussion provides investigators with basic knowledge of the GPR process, enabling an understanding of how the equipment is used to search for buried bodies and how investigators can secure the services of a properly trained GPR operator. Benefits of forming forensic archaeology partnerships between law enforcement agencies and academic forensic practitioners to secure GPR equipment are also discussed, with the recently established partnership between the University of Central Florida and the Orange County Sheriff’s Office as an example.
Cooking Nation
Authors: Tuori Salla
Published: January 2007

This article explores the discourses of multiculturalism and gender equality in relation to nation-building in Finland. The two discourses relate differently to the nation so that gender equality is seen as inherent to the nation while multiculturalism is seen as a challenge posed from outside. Nevertheless, the two discourses are dependent upon each other and cite each other. The material for the analysis is a document produced by an NGO-based multicultural women’s project in Finland. The article can also be read as a contribution to the debate over the compatibility between gender equality and multiculturalism through an analysis of how gender equality - as an ideology and as a set of practices - is deeply embedded in the production of otherness in the Finnish context.
Narratives of liberation and narratives of innocent suffering: the rhetorical uses of images of Iraqi children in the British press
Authors: Wells Karen
Published: January 2007

This article analyses the rhetoric of pictures of Iraqi children in the British press during the 2003 UK/US invasion of Iraq. The author argues that images of children are particularly potent resources for constructing narratives about the motivations and outcomes of war. Two narratives are explored: the first is sceptical about the legality of the war but nonetheless frames its outcomes within a narrative of liberation. The second, the narrative of the innocent children, shows how the display of the children as abstracted from their social and familial context and therefore in need of adult care may be used to justify the very same military interventions that caused their injuries. The author concludes that it is not proximity or distance from the ‘suffering other’ that shapes whether or not their images will be circulated in the press, but the rhetorical uses of the image in contributing to particular narratives about the causes and consequences of specific events.
College Football Rankings and Market Efficiency
Authors: Fair Ray C. , Oster John F.
Published: January 2007

The results in this article show that various college football ranking systems have useful independent information for predicting the outcomes of games. Optimal weights for the systems are estimated, and the use of these weights produces a predictive system that is more accurate than any of the individual systems. The results also provide a fairly precise estimate of the size of the home-field advantage. These results may be of interest to the Bowl Championship Series in choosing which teams to play in the national championship game. The results also show, however, that none of the systems, including the optimal combination, contains any useful information that is not in the final Las Vegas point spread. It is argued that this is a fairly strong test of the efficiency of the college football betting market.
Revenue Sharing in Sports Leagues
Authors: Miller Phillip A.
Published: January 2007

This article uses a three-stage model of noncooperative and cooperative bargaining in a free agent market to analyze the effect of revenue sharing on the decision of teams to sign a free agent. The authors argue that in all subgame perfect Nash equilibria, the team with the highest reservation price will get the player, that revenue sharing will not alter the outcome of the game unless the proportion taken from high revenue teams is sufficiently high, that a revenue-sharing system that rewards quality low-revenue teams can alter the outcome of the game while requiring a lower proportion to be taken from high-revenue teams, and that the revenue-sharing systems can improve competitive balance by redistributing pivotal marginal players among teams.
Freedom, Compulsion, Compliance and Mystery: Reflections on the Duty Not to Enforce a Promise
Authors: Lipshaw Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2007

The difference between the law of consensual relationships and the morality of those relationships is one of compulsion and freedom. In the former, we find ourselves being compelled by, or compliant with, a rule some distance removed from the basic norm; in the latter we find ourselves in touch, constantly and sometimes in the face of more visceral obligatory rules, with a far deeper and more fundamental (transcendental) sense of fairness. In commercial relationships, this difference is apparent when we examine the law’s inability to address the promisee’s moral duty not to enforce an otherwise legally binding contract.
Relative antithrombotic and antihemostatic effects of protein C activator versus low-molecular-weight heparin in primates
Authors: Gruber András , Marzec Ulla M. , Bush Leslie , Di Cera Enrico , Fernández José A. , Berny Michelle A. , Tucker Erik I. , McCarty Owen J. T. , Griffin John H. , Hanson Stephen R.
Published: January 2007

The anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory enzyme, activated protein C (APC), naturally controls thrombosis without affecting hemostasis. We therefore evaluated whether the integrity of primary hemostasis was preserved during limited pharmacological antithrombotic protein C activator (PCA) treatment in baboons. The double-mutant thrombin (Trp215Ala/Glu217Ala) with less than 1% procoagulant activity was used as a relatively selective PCA and compared with systemic anticoagulation by APC and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) at doses that inhibited fibrin deposition on thrombogenic segments of arteriovenous shunts. As expected, both systemic anticoagulants, APC (0.028 or 0.222 mg/kg for 70 minutes) and LMWH (0.325 to 2.6 mg/kg for 70 minutes), were antithrombotic and prolonged the template bleeding time. In contrast, PCA at doses (0.0021 to 0.0083 mg/kg for 70 minutes) that had antithrombotic effects comparable with LMWH did not demonstrably impair primary hemostasis. PCA bound to platelets and leukocytes, and accumulated in thrombi. APC infusion at higher circulating APC levels was less antithrombotic than PCA infusion at lower circulating APC levels. The observed dissociation of antithrombotic and antihemostatic effects during PCA infusion thus appeared to emulate the physiological regulation of intravascular blood coagulation (thrombosis) by the endogenous protein C system. Our data suggest that limited pharmacological protein C activation might exhibit considerable thrombosis specificity.
CD33 expression and P-glycoprotein–mediated drug efflux inversely correlate and predict clinical outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia treated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin monotherapy
Authors: Walter Roland B. , Gooley Ted A. , van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Loken Michael R. , van Dongen Jacques J. M. , Flowers David A. , Bernstein Irwin D. , Appelbaum Frederick R.
Published: January 2007

Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) contains an anti-CD33 antibody to facilitate uptake of a toxic calicheamicin-γ1 derivative. While recent in vitro data demonstrated a quantitative relationship between CD33 expression and GO cytotoxicity, previous correlative studies failed to identify a significant association between CD33 expression and clinical outcome. Studying patients undergoing GO monotherapy for relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we now find that AML blasts of responders have a significantly higher mean CD33 level and lower P-glycoprotein (Pgp) activity compared with nonresponders. CD33 expression and Pgp activity are inversely correlated. While both variables are associated with outcome, Pgp remains significantly associated with outcome even after adjusting for CD33, whereas CD33 does not show such an association after adjusting for Pgp. The inverse relationship between CD33 and Pgp suggests a maturation-stage–dependent expression of both proteins, and offers the rationale for using cell differentiation–promoting agents to enhance GO-induced cytotoxicity.
Deficiency of Bim in dendritic cells contributes to overactivation of lymphocytes and autoimmunity
Authors: Chen Min , Huang Li , Wang Jin
Published: January 2007

Apoptosis in dendritic cells (DCs) can potentially regulate DC homeostasis and immune responses. We have previously observed that inhibition of the Fas signaling pathway in DCs results in spontaneous T-cell activation and the development of systemic autoimmunity in transgenic mice. However, the role for different apoptosis pathways in DCs in regulating DC homeostasis and immune tolerance remains to be determined. Bim, a BH3-only protein of the Bcl-2 family, was expressed at low levels in DCs and was significantly up-regulated by signaling from CD40 or toll-like receptors (TLRs). Because Bim−/− mice develop spontaneous systemic autoimmunity, we investigated whether Bim−/− DCs contributed to lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in these mice. Bim−/− DCs showed decreased spontaneous cell death, and induced more robust T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Bim−/− DCs induced autoantibody production after adoptive transfer. Our data suggest that Bim is important for regulating spontaneous cell death in DCs, and Bim-deficient DCs may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases in Bim−/− mice.
Phenotypes of Myopathy-related Actin Mutants in differentiated C2C12 Myotubes
Authors: Bathe Friederike S , Rommelaere Heidi , Machesky Laura M
Published: January 2007

Background

About 20 % of nemaline myopathies are thus far related to skeletal muscle alpha-actin. Seven actin mutants located in different parts of the actin molecule and linked to different forms of the disease were selected and expressed as EGFP-tagged constructs in differentiated C2C12 mytoubes. Results were compared with phenotypes in patient skeletal muscle fibres and with previous expression studies in fibroblasts and C2C12 myoblasts/myotubes.

Results

Whereas EGFP wt-actin nicely incorporated into endogenous stress fibres and sarcomeric structures, the mutants showed a range of phenotypes, which generally changed upon differentiation. Many mutants appeared delocalized in myoblasts but integrated into endogenous actin structures after 4–6 days of differentiation, demonstrating a poor correlation between the appearance in myotubes and the severity of the disease. However, for some mutants, integration into stress fibres induced aberrant structures in differentiated cells, like thickening or fragmentation of stress fibres. Other mutants almost failed to integrate but formed huge aggregates in the cytoplasm of myotubes. Those did not co-stain with alpha-actinin, a main component of nemaline bodies found in patient muscle. Interestingly, nuclear aggregates as formed by two of the mutants in myoblasts were found less frequently or not at all in differentiated cells.

Conclusion

Myotubes are a suitable system to study the capacity of a mutant to incorporate into actin structures or to form or induce pathological changes. Some of the phenotypes observed in undifferentiated myoblasts may only be in vitro effects. Other phenotypes, like aberrant stress fibres or rod formation may be more directly correlated with disease phenotypes. Some mutants did not induce any changes in the cellular actin system, indicating the importance of additional studies like functional assays to fully characterize the pathological impact of a mutant.
The Francisella pathogenicity island protein IglA localizes to the bacterial cytoplasm and is needed for intracellular growth
Authors: de Bruin Olle M , Ludu Jagjit S , Nano Francis E
Published: January 2007

Background

Francisella tularensis is a gram negative, facultative intracellular bacterium that is the etiological agent of tularemia. F. novicida is closely related to F. tularensis but has low virulence for humans while being highly virulent in mice. IglA is a 21 kDa protein encoded by a gene that is part of an iglABCD operon located on the Francisella pathogenicity island (FPI).

Results

Bioinformatics analysis of the FPI suggests that IglA and IglB are components of a newly described type VI secretion system. In this study, we showed that IglA regulation is controlled by the global regulators MglA and MglB. During intracellular growth IglA production reaches a maximum at about 10 hours post infection. Biochemical fractionation showed that IglA is a soluble cytoplasmic protein and immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that it interacts with the downstream-encoded IglB. When the iglB gene was disrupted IglA could not be detected in cell extracts of F. novicida, although IglC could be detected. We further demonstrated that IglA is needed for intracellular growth of F. novicida. A non-polar iglA deletion mutant was defective for growth in mouse macrophage-like cells, and in cis complementation largely restored the wild type macrophage growth phenotype.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that IglA and IglB are interacting cytoplasmic proteins that are required for intramacrophage growth. The significance of the interaction may be to secrete effector molecules that affect host cell processes.
Prevention, control, and elimination of neglected diseases in the Americas: Pathways to integrated, inter-programmatic, inter-sectoral action for health and development
Authors: Holveck John C , Ehrenberg John P , Ault Steven K , Rojas Rocio , Vasquez Javier , Cerqueira Maria Teresa , Ippolito-Shepherd Josefa , Genovese Miguel A , Periago Mirta Roses
Published: January 2007

Background

In the Latin America and Caribbean region over 210 million people live below the poverty line. These impoverished and marginalized populations are heavily burdened with neglected communicable diseases. These diseases continue to enact a toll, not only on families and communities, but on the economically constrained countries themselves.

Discussion

As national public health priorities, neglected communicable diseases typically maintain a low profile and are often left out when public health agendas are formulated. While many of the neglected diseases do not directly cause high rates of mortality, they contribute to an enormous rate of morbidity and a drastic reduction in income for the most poverty-stricken families and communities. The persistence of this "vicious cycle" between poverty and poor health demonstrates the importance of linking the activities of the health sector with those of other sectors such as education, housing, water and sanitation, labor, public works, transportation, agriculture, industry, and economic development.

The purpose of this paper is three fold. First, it focuses on a need for integrated "pro-poor" approaches and policies to be developed in order to more adequately address the multi-faceted nature of neglected diseases. This represents a move away from traditional disease-centered approaches to a holistic approach that looks at the overarching causes and mechanisms that influence the health and well being of communities. The second objective of the paper outlines the need for a specific strategy for addressing these diseases and offers several programmatic entry points in the context of broad public health measures involving multiple sectors. Finally, the paper presents several current Pan American Health Organization and other institutional initiatives that already document the importance of integrated, inter-programmatic, and inter-sectoral approaches. They provide the framework for a renewed effort toward the efficient use of resources and the development of a comprehensive integrated solution to neglected communicable diseases found in the context of poverty, and tailored to the needs of local communities.