bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monotonicity implications for the ranking of rules for airport problems
Authors: Calvo Miguel Ángel Mirás , Sandomingo Carmen Quinteiro , Rodríguez Estela Sánchez
Published: November 2016

The airport problem is a classic cost allocation problem that has been widely studied. Several rules have been proposed to divide the total cost among the agents, attending to the characteristics of the problem or via game theory. The axiomatic approach provides a way to choose among rules. Our main goal is to provide some tools to evaluate how rules differentially treat larger airlines as compared to smaller airlines. We use the Lorenz and no‐subsidy orderings to compare rules. We introduce some monotonicity and boundedness properties that imply a specific ranking with respect to the nucleolus and the Shapley value.
Functionality of inulin and polydextrose as sucrose replacers in sugar‐free dark chocolate manufacture – effect of fat content and bulk mixture concentration on rheological, mechanical and melting properties
Authors: Aidoo Roger Philip , Appah Emelia , Van Dewalle Davy , Afoakwa Emmanuel Ohene , Dewettinck Koen
Published: November 2016

Inulin and polydextrose are key bulk sugar replacers and have been utilised extensively as functional ingredients due to their fibre and prebiotic claims. This study investigated effects of fat content and bulk mixture concentrations of inulin and polydextrose on rheological properties, mechanical and melting characteristics of sugar‐free dark chocolates sweetened with steviol glycosides. Sucrose was replaced with polydextrose and inulin (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0) at different fat contents (27%, 30% and 33%). Reducing fat content from 33% to 27% had similar effects on the sugar‐free dark chocolates as it did on reference chocolate. Increasing inulin concentrations with simultaneous reduction in polydextrose resulted in consistent increases in Casson plastic viscosity and decreases in Casson yield stress regardless of the fat content. These were explained by microstructural examination of the sugar replacers, which revealed wide variations in network structure. Understanding these factors would help reduce energy load from fat in sugar‐free chocolate confectionery.
Temperature alters the structure of membrane lipids and pulsed electric field (PEF) resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Yun Ou , Zeng Xin‐An , Brennan Charles S. , Zhi‐wei Liu
Published: November 2016

The effect of culture temperature on the conformation of membrane lipid of Salmonella Typhimurium as well as their pulsed electric field (PEF) resistance was investigated. Results revealed that S. Typhimurium cells cultured at relatively lower temperature (10 and 25 °C) were more easily inactivated by PEF treatment than those cultured at relatively higher temperature (37 and 45 °C). Using a Weibull model, it was determined that the PEF treatment time to inactivate 90% S. Typhimurium cells cultured at 45 °C was almost fourfold compared to those cultured at 10 °C. Results of micro‐Raman spectroscopy indicated that as the culture temperature increased, the order degree of C–C and lateral packing order of membrane lipid chain also increased, resulting in a drop in the membrane fluidity. These results are important in considering the use of heat and PEF to inactivate microbe contaminants in food.
Phase Equilibrium Study of the CaO–ZnO System
Authors: Xia Longgong , Liu Zhihong , Taskinen Pekka
Published: November 2016

Phase relationships of the CaO–ZnO system in equilibrium with air ( = 0.21 atm) have been studied for the first time using the equilibration/quenching/EPMA technique in the temperature range from 1000°C to 1600°C. In this study, the mutual solubility boundaries of the CaO and ZnO phases have been determined. Both CaO and ZnO have obvious solubilities in each other. The maximum solubility of ZnO in solid CaO phase is 23.21 at.% at 1535°C, and ZnO solid phase can take up to 4.81 at.% CaO at 1535°C. The eutectic point and parts of the liquidus lines have also been determined. The eutectic point was found to be at 1535°C ± 2°C and 0.6612 mole fraction of ZnO. No compound was found in this system, and there were two primary phases: halite‐structured CaO (lime) and wurtzite‐structured ZnO (zincite). Results from this study were compared with the CaO–ZnO phase diagram calculated by MTDATA 5.10 and its MTOX 8.1 database. The difference was significant, and the thermodynamic description of the system requires a reassessment.
Further Enhancing Piezoelectric Properties by Adding MnO2 in AgSbO3‐Modified (Li,K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3 Lead‐Free Piezoceramics
Authors: Liu Qing , Zhu Fang‐Yuan , Zhao Lei , Wang Ke , Li Longtu , Li Jing‐Feng
Published: November 2016

This work investigated the effect of MnO2 addition on the phase structure, microstructure, and electrical properties of AgSbO3‐modified (Li,K,Na)(Nb,Ta)O3 (abbreviated as LKNNT‐AS) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics with an optimized composition endowed with a state of two‐phase coexistence. A small amount (0.1 wt%) of MnO2 can significantly further enhance the piezoelectric property of LKNNT‐AS ceramics, whose piezoelectric constant d33 and converse piezoelectric coefficient d33* as well as planar electromechanical coupling factor kp reach 363 pC/N, 543 pm/V, and 0.49, respectively. The temperature stability of piezoelectricity in MnO2‐modified LKNNT‐AS samples also improved, which is associated with the more uniform and better thermally stable ferroelectric domains that were revealed by piezoresponse force microscopy.
Methodological considerations related to nurse researchers using their own experience of a phenomenon within phenomenology
Authors: Johnston Colleen M. , Wallis Marianne , Oprescu Florin I. , Gray Marion
Published: November 2016

Aims

This paper summarizes phenomenology and discusses how nurses can use their own experiences as data and maintain rigour within the method. It explores how data from researchers experiencing the phenomenon of interest could be used to explicate assumptions and pre‐understandings and may also be used as data.

Background

While the ethnographic concept of insider research has gained popularity, the notion of researcher as participant in phenomenology is relatively new. The lived experience of a phenomenon is unique to each person and utilization of the nurse researcher's experiences of the phenomenon should be considered for inclusion as data.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data sources

Articles from 2001 ‐ 2015 in the CINAHL and PubMed databases were identified using keywords such as ‘insider research’, ‘phenomenology’, ‘bracketing’ and ‘qualitative research’. In addition, reference lists from articles used were examined to identify additional literature.

Implications for nursing

Phenomenology is a valuable research method. Usability, credibility, trustworthiness and auditability of data collected must be considered to ensure rigour and maintain orientation to the phenomenon under investigation. Nurse researchers may be interviewed as participants if these four principles are considered and methods used are made explicit. Utilizing appropriate research methods are as important as getting clinical practice correct to advance knowledge and benefit those under our care.

Conclusion

We recommend using the researchers’ experience as a data source to gain a complete picture of the phenomenon under investigation. Using the approach proposed here, nurses can ensure they are incorporating all data sources available while maintaining research rigour.
The moderating role of team resources in translating nursing teams’ accountability into learning and performance: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rashkovits Sarit , Drach‐Zahavy Anat
Published: November 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to test the moderated‐mediation model suggesting that nursing teams’ accountability affects team effectiveness by enhancing team learning when relevant resources are available to the team.

Background

Disappointing evidence regarding improvement in nurses’ safe and quality care elevate the need in broadening our knowledge regarding the factors that enhance constant learning in nursing teams. Accountability is considered as crucial for team learning and quality of care but empirical findings have shown mixed evidence.

Design

A cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Forty‐four nursing teams participated in the study. Data were collected in 2013–2014: Head nurses completed validated questionnaires, regarding team resources for learning (time availability, team autonomy and team performance feedback), and nursing teams’ effectiveness; and nurses answered questionnaires regarding teams’ accountability and learning (answers were aggregated to the team level). The model was tested using a moderated‐mediation analysis with resources as moderating variables, and team learning as the mediator in the team accountability‐team effectiveness link.

Results

The results of a mixed linear regression show that, as expected, nursing teams’ accountability was positively linked to nursing teams’ learning, when time availability, and team autonomy were high rather than low, and team performance feedback was low rather than high.

Conclusions

Nurturing team accountability is not enough for achieving team learning and subsequent team effectiveness. Rather there is a need to provide nursing teams with adequate time, autonomy, and be cautious with performance feedback, as the latter may motivate nurses to repeat routine work strategies rather than explore improved ones.
Weather‐mediated decline in prey delivery rates causes food‐limitation in a top avian predator
Authors: Robinson Barry G. , Franke Alastair , Derocher Andrew E.
Published: November 2016

Inclement weather can negatively affect breeding birds directly by exposure to factors such as severe temperature and rainfall, or indirectly by reducing food supply. During a three‐year study of Arctic peregrine falcons Falco peregrinus tundrius breeding in Nunavut, Canada, we estimated annual prey density at a biologically relevant scale (i.e. the home range of breeding pairs), and examined the manner in which prey density and within‐season weather conditions influenced occupancy of breeding sites, egg‐laying, hatch rate, prey delivery rates and growth and survivability of nestlings. The first two summers of our study (2010–2011) were warm and dry, while the third summer (2012) was cool and wet, and was preceded by a severe spring rain event. We found that occupancy of breeding sites was consistently high. As a proportion of the number of eggs laid, hatch rate did not change among years, but the number of eggs laid per occupied site declined in the third year of the study. In the first two years of the study, the number of nestlings per occupied sited was high, but declined in the third year. Total prey density at the home range scale was similar in 2010 and 2012, while the highest prey density was recorded in 2011. Total prey delivery rates to nestlings and nestling growth rates were significantly lower in 2012, which received more precipitation than 2010 and 2011. Nestling growth rates were similar in 2010 and 2011, but were markedly different in 2012; for both sexes the period of rapid growth was of shorter duration in 2012 and asymptotic weights were lower. This research contributes to the growing body of evidence that indicates severe rain events and ongoing periods of wet weather can reduce reproductive output of Arctic‐breeding raptors regardless of whether it occurs during laying, incubation or brood rearing.
Sustainability and the False Sense of Legitimacy: How Institutional Distance Augments Risk in Global Supply Chains
Authors: Busse Christian , Kach Andrew P. , Bode Christoph
Published: November 2016

Supply chain scholars have begun to recognize the institutional influences on supply chains, yet scarce attention has been directed toward the fact that global supply chains often comprise different institutions. This omission represents a severe shortcoming because the understanding of what constitutes legitimate behavior may vary substantially between contexts. This conceptual study employs the institutional distance concept to the case of supply chain sustainability risks. It focuses initially on paradoxical situations in which both the buyer and the supplier fully comply with stakeholder expectations within their own legitimacy contexts, yet the buyer's stakeholders still withdraw legitimacy from and harm the buyer. The study analyzes the causal microfoundations of how and why such paradoxical risks manifest, drawing on stakeholder theory and institutional theory. The analysis shows that accounting for the differing legitimacy contexts is necessary for explaining these risks, thereby substantiating our initial claim that institutional distance matters to global supply chains. The study yields important implications for corporate practice in that it highlights an inherent trade‐off in many global supply chains.
Antihypertensive adherence and outcomes among community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Federspiel Jerome J. , Sueta Carla A. , Kucharska‐Newton Anna M. , Beyhaghi Hadi , Zhou Lei , Virani Salim S. , Rodgers Jo E. , Chang Patricia P. , Stearns Sally C.
Published: November 2016

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Despite proven benefits for reducing incidence of major cardiac events, antihypertensive drug therapy remains underutilized in the United States. This analysis assesses antihypertensive drug adherence, utilization predictors, and associations between adherence and outcomes (a composite of cardiovascular events, Medicare inpatient payments, and inpatient days).

Methods

The sample consisted of Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort participants reporting hypertension without prevalent cardiovascular disease during 2006 to 2007 annual follow‐up calls. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities records were linked to Medicare claims through 2012. Antihypertensive medication adherence was measured as more than 80% proportion days covered by using Medicare Part D claims. Standard and hierarchical regression models were used to evaluate adjusted associations between person characteristics and adherence and between adherence and outcomes.

Results

Among 1826 hypertensive participants with Part D coverage, 31.5% had no antihypertensive class with more than 80% proportion days covered in the 3 months preceding the report of hypertension in 2006 to 2007. After adjustment for confounders, positive predictors of use included female gender and diabetes; negative predictors were African‐American race and current smoking. Adjusted association between receiving no therapy and a composite endpoint of cardiovascular outcomes through 2012 was not statistically significant (hazard ratio: 0.93; 95% confidence interval: 0.72, 1.22) nor was the adjusted association with Medicare inpatient days or payments (incremental difference at 48 months in payments: $1217; 95% CI: −$2030, $4463).

Conclusions

Despite having medical and prescription coverage, nearly a third of hypertensive participants were not adherent to antihypertensive drug therapy. Differences in clinical outcomes associated with nonadherence, though not statistically significant, were consistent with results from randomized trials. The approach provides a model framework for rigorous assessment of detailed data that are increasingly available through emerging sources.
Uncertainty Quantification in Life Cycle Assessments: Interindividual Variability and Sensitivity Analysis in LCA of Air‐Conditioning Systems
Authors: Ross Stephen A. , Cheah Lynette
Published: November 2016

The life cycle environmental profile of energy‐consuming products, such as air conditioning, is dominated by the products’ use phase. Different user behavior patterns can therefore yield large differences in the results of a cradle‐to‐grave assessment. Although this variation and uncertainty is increasingly recognized, it remains often poorly characterized in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Today, pervasive sensing presents the opportunity to collect rich data sets and improve profiling of use‐phase parameters, in turn facilitating quantification and reduction of this uncertainty in LCA. This study examined the case of energy use in building cooling systems, focusing on global warming potential (GWP) as the impact category. In Singapore, building cooling systems or air conditioning consumes up to 37% of national electricity demand. Lack of consideration of variation in use‐phase interaction leads to the oversized designs, wasted energy, and therefore reducible GWP. Using a high‐resolution data set derived from sensor observations, energy use and behavior patterns of single‐office occupants were characterized by probabilistic distributions. The interindividual variability and use‐phase variables were propagated in a stochastic model for the life cycle of air‐conditioning systems and simulated by way of Monte Carlo analysis. Analysis of the generated uncertainties identified plausible reductions in global warming impact through modifying user interaction. Designers concerned about the environmental profile of their products or systems need better representation of the underlying variability in use‐phase data to evaluate the impact. This study suggests that data can be reliably provided and incorporated into the life cycle by proliferation of pervasive sensing, which can only continue to benefit future LCA.
Atomic resolution imaging of beryl: an investigation of the nano‐channel occupation
Authors: ARIVAZHAGAN V. , SCHMITZ F.D. , VULLUM P.E. , VAN HELVOORT A.T.J. , HOLST B.
Published: November 2016

Beryl in different varieties (emerald, aquamarine, heliodor etc.) displays a wide range of colours that have fascinated humans throughout history. Beryl is a hexagonal cyclo‐silicate (ring‐silicate) with channels going through the crystal along the c‐axis. The channels are about 0.5 nm in diameter and can be occupied by water and alkali ions. Pure beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) is colourless (variety goshenite). The characteristic colours are believed to be mainly generated through substitutions with metal atoms in the lattice. Which atoms that are substituted is still debated it has been proposed that metal ions may also be enclosed in the channels and that this can also contribute to the crystal colouring. So far spectroscopy studies have not been able to fully answer this. Here we present the first experiments using atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope imaging (STEM) to investigate the channel occupation in beryl. We present images of a natural beryl crystal (variety heliodor) from the Bin Thuan Province in Vietnam. The channel occupation can be visualized. Based on the image contrast in combination with ex situ element analysis we suggest that some or all of the atoms that are visible in the channels are Fe ions.
Extended exome sequencing identifies BACH2 as a novel major risk locus for Addison's disease
Authors: Eriksson D. , Bianchi M. , Landegren N. , Nordin J. , Dalin F. , Mathioudaki A. , Eriksson G. N. , Hultin‐Rosenberg L. , Dahlqvist J. , Zetterqvist H. , Karlsson Å. , Hallgren Å. , Farias F. H. G. , Murén E. , Ahlgren K. M. , Lobell A. , Andersson G. , Tandre K. , Dahlqvist S. R. , Söderkvist P. , Rönnblom L. , Hulting A.‐L. , Wahlberg J. , Ekwall O. , Dahlqvist P. , Meadows J. R. S. , Bensing S. , Lindblad‐Toh K. , Kämpe O. , Pielberg G. R.
Published: November 2016

Background

Autoimmune disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Addison's disease, the adrenal glands are targeted by destructive autoimmunity. Despite being the most common cause of primary adrenal failure, little is known about its aetiology.

Methods

To understand the genetic background of Addison's disease, we utilized the extensively characterized patients of the Swedish Addison Registry. We developed an extended exome capture array comprising a selected set of 1853 genes and their potential regulatory elements, for the purpose of sequencing 479 patients with Addison's disease and 1394 controls.

Results

We identified BACH2 (rs62408233‐A, OR = 2.01 (1.71–2.37), P = 1.66 × 10−15, MAF 0.46/0.29 in cases/controls) as a novel gene associated with Addison's disease development. We also confirmed the previously known associations with the HLA complex.

Conclusion

Whilst BACH2 has been previously reported to associate with organ‐specific autoimmune diseases co‐inherited with Addison's disease, we have identified BACH2 as a major risk locus in Addison's disease, independent of concomitant autoimmune diseases. Our results may enable future research towards preventive disease treatment.
A comparison of sensory acceptance, purchase intention, and willingness to pay for Pirenaica beef from two different slaughter weight groups, under different consumer information scenarios
Authors: Beriain M. J. , Sánchez M. , Insausti K. , Sarries M. V. , Soret B.
Published: November 2016

An experiment was conducted in which a sensory analysis was carried out together with a consumer attitude test to compare the acceptability of beef from animals slaughtered at 18 vs. 12 months, the latter being the type of beef most widely consumed in Spain. Consumers were grouped for three different information scenarios: (1) blind; (2) disclosure of information regarding slaughter weight plus rearing conditions; and (3) disclosure of full details of the beef production system. Meat from animals slaughtered at 18 months scored higher in consumer sensory ratings than meat from yearlings. The most influential socioeconomic variables were consumer age and gender. Additionally, quality‐conscious consumers showing higher purchase intention also showed higher willingness to pay (WTP) for extra quality. The difference in sensory ratings, however, was not reflected in higher intent to purchase or WTP a premium for meat from older animals.

Practical applications

A higher juiciness and flavor scores for the beef from Pirenaica bulls slaughtered at 18 months than for the yearling beef. It would be necessary to conduct a consumer willing to pay survey to determine a price premium for beef with a higher palatability.
Identification of a new‐to‐science cyanobacterium, Toxifilum mysidocida gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Cyanobacteria, Cyanophyceae)
Authors: Zimba Paul V. , Huang I‐Shuo , Foley Jennifer E. , Linton Eric W.
Published: November 2016

Cyanobacteria occupy many niches within terrestrial, planktonic, and benthic habitats. The diversity of habitats colonized, similarity of morphology, and phenotypic plasticity all contribute to the difficulty of cyanobacterial identification. An unknown marine filamentous cyanobacterium was isolated from an aquatic animal rearing facility having mysid mortality events. The cyanobacterium originated from Corpus Christi Bay, TX. Filaments are rarely solitary, benthic mat forming, unbranched, and narrowing at the ends. Cells are 2.1 × 3.1 μm (width × length). Thylakoids are peripherally arranged on the outer third of the cell; cyanophycin granules and polyphosphate bodies are present. Molecular phylogenetic analysis in addition to morphology (transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and chemical composition all confirm it as a new genus and species we name Toxifilum mysidocida. At least one identified Leptolyngbya appears (based on genetic evidence and TEM) to belong to this new genus.
Induction of humoral and cellular immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine can be upregulated by CpG oligonucleotides complexed with Dectin‐1 ligand
Authors: Ito H. , Ando T. , Nakamura M. , Ishida H. , Kanbe A. , Kobiyama K. , Yamamoto T. , Ishii K. J. , Hara A. , Seishima M. , Ishikawa T.
Published: November 2016

A persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by a lack of or a weak immune response to HBV, which may be reflective of tolerance to HBV. Efficient induction of HBV‐specific immune response leads to the clearance of HBV in patients with a chronic HBV infection. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) has a powerful adjuvant effect in HBV vaccination. A recent report demonstrated that the immunization by B/K CpG ODN (K3) wrapped by the nonagonistic Dectin‐1 ligand, schizophyllan (SPG), namely K3‐SPG, was more effective in the induction of antigen‐specific immune response than that by K3. In this study, we examined the efficacy of K3‐SPG as a HBV vaccine adjuvant. Wild‐type (WT) mice and HBV transgenic (HBV‐Tg) mice were subcutaneously immunized with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) alone, HBsAg and K3, or HBsAg and K3‐SPG. The vaccination with HBsAg and K3‐SPG significantly enhanced humoral and cellular immune response to HBV antigen compared to the other vaccinations in WT and HBV‐Tg mice. K3‐SPG induced the accumulation of dendritic cells (DCs) into draining lymph node and the activation of DCs. The expression of cytokines and chemokines related to Th1 and Th2 responses was upregulated after the vaccination including with K3‐SPG. In conclusion, these results indicated that the vaccination using K3‐SPG may overcome tolerance even in patients with chronic HBV infection.
Soft or Hard Power? Discourse Patterns in Brazil's Foreign Policy Toward South America
Authors: Lustig Carola M.
Published: November 2016

This article analyzes the discourse of Brazil's foreign policy toward South America from 1995 to 2010 by means of quantifying, codifying, and weighting all speeches registered in the homogeneous and periodic official documentation of Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs using a discourse analysis approach. The aim is to investigate discourse patterns in order to qualify Brazil's foreign policy as either hard power or soft power and to identify the orientation and differences in its discourse of foreign policy regarding each country of South America during the presidential terms of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995–2002) and Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (2003–2010).
Reproductive synchrony in a diverse Acropora assemblage, Vamizi Island, Mozambique
Authors: Sola Erwan , Marques da Silva Isabel , Glassom David
Published: November 2016

Multi‐specific synchronous spawning has never been documented for East Africa, but coral spawn‐slicks are observed annually around Vamizi Island, Northern Mozambique. We monitored gamete development in Acropora species from July 2012 to October 2013 and from August to September 2014 to describe patterns of reproductive seasonality and synchrony within and amongst species of Acropora. Gamete maturation was highly synchronized within and amongst Acropora species and culminated in multi‐specific spawning events lasting 1–3 nights in each year of the study, in late August or September. In 2013 and 2014, 50% or more of the colonies of over 50% of the species sampled prior to the spawning events had mature gametes. In all years, 91–99% colonies sampled after the spawning events had no visible gametes. The percentage of colonies with mature gametes was up to 100% for some species. In other species, the absence of mature gametes throughout the study period indicates that they might not spawn in certain years. The analysis of a 8‐year record of observations of spawn‐slicks showed that spawning generally occurred once a year for a few consecutive days between September and December, during periods of rising sea surface temperature and low wind speed and rainfall. This study is the first to quantitatively document coral reproduction in Mozambique and multi‐specific synchronous spawning off the coast of Africa. These findings contrast with the asynchronous breeding reported for Kenyan reefs and support the absence of breakdown in coral reproductive synchrony towards low latitudes.
Redox regulation of transient receptor potential channels in the endothelium
Authors: Pires Paulo Wagner , Earley Scott
Published: November 2016

ROS and RNS are important mediators of signaling pathways in the endothelium. Specific members of the TRP superfamily of cation channels act as important Ca2+ influx pathways in endothelial cells and are involved in endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, regulation of barrier permeability, and angiogenesis. ROS and RNS can modulate the activity of certain TRP channels mainly by modifying specific cysteine residues or by stimulating the production of second messengers. In this review, we highlight the recent literature describing redox regulation of TRP channel activity in endothelial cells as well as the physiological importance of these pathways and implication for cardiovascular diseases.
Flow motion dynamics of microvascular blood flow and oxygenation: Evidence of adaptive changes in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus/insulin resistance
Authors: Clough Geraldine F. , Kuliga Katarzyna Z. , Chipperfield Andrew J.
Published: November 2016

An altered spatial heterogeneity and temporal stability of network perfusion can give rise to a limited adaptive ability to meet metabolic demands. Derangement of local flow motion activity is associated with reduced microvascular blood flow and tissue oxygenation, and it has been suggested that changes in flow motion activity may provide an early indicator of declining, endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic regulatory mechanisms and signal the onset and progression of microvascular pathophysiology. This short conference review article explores some of the evidence for altered flow motion dynamics of blood flux signals acquired using laser Doppler fluximetry in the skin in individuals at risk of developing or with cardiometabolic disease.
Association between Heat Shock Protein‐60 and Development of Atrial Fibrillation: Results from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: MAAN ABHISHEK , JORGENSEN NEAL W. , MANSOUR MOUSSA , DUDLEY SAMUEL , JENNY NANCY S. , DEFILIPPI CHRISTOPHER , SZKLO MOYSES , ALONSO ALVARO , REFAAT MARWAN M. , RUSKIN JEREMY , HECKBERT SUSAN R. , HEIST E. KEVIN
Published: November 2016

Background

During atrial fibrillation (AF), a high rate of myocyte activation causes cellular stress and initiates the process of atrial remodeling, which further promotes persistence of AF. Although heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been shown to prevent atrial remodeling and suppress the occurrence of AF in cellular and animal experimental models, increased levels of HSP‐60 have been observed in patients with postoperative AF, likely reflecting a response to cellular stress. To better understand the role of HSP‐60 in relation to AF, we examined the association of HSP‐60 levels in relation to the future development of AF in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Methods

MESA is a cohort study that recruited 6,814 participants aged 45–84 years and free of known cardiovascular disease at baseline (2000–2002) from six field centers. We investigated 983 participants, selected at random from the total cohort, who had HSP‐60 measured and were free of AF at baseline. We tested the association of HSP‐60 levels with the incidence of AF using multivariate Cox models after adjustment for demographics, clinical characteristics, and biomarkers.

Results

During an average of 10.6 years of follow‐up, 77 participants developed AF. We did not observe a significant association between the log‐transformed HSP‐60 levels and development of AF on either unadjusted or multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.02 per unit difference on natural log scale, 95% confidence interval: 0.77–1.34 ln (ng/mL).

Conclusion

Contrary to the findings from the preclinical studies, which demonstrated an important role of HSP‐60 in the pathogenesis of AF, we did not observe a significant association between HSP‐60 and occurrence of AF.
Clinical usefulness of Western blotting and ELISA avidity for the diagnosis of human toxocariasis
Authors: Rudzińska M. , Kowalewska B. , Sikorska K.
Published: November 2016

The serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis is difficult. Specific IgGs detected routinely with ELISA based on Toxocara excretory–secretory (TES) antigens often persist for years at an elevated level, which does not allow either the differentiation between an active and persistent infection or monitoring of the effect of treatment. Additionally, false‐positive results may occur in co‐infections with other helminths due to cross‐reactions. We evaluated the usefulness of an IgG avidity index (AI) and a Western blotting (WB) IgG in the diagnosis of patients suspected of Toxocara infection. We studied 138 subjects who were submitted to serological testing two or more times. Confirmation of an infection by WB was achieved in 73.2% of patients. A high AI was obtained in 89.1% of patients, and low AI and borderline AI were found in only 10.9%. Low and borderline values of AI remained at similar levels in subsequent studies over 2‐3 years. The results showed the necessity of obligatory verification of all ELISA IgG positive and questionable results by WB. The index of IgG avidity may be helpful in excluding recent infection, but its usefulness in detecting an active phase of invasion requires further research.
Epidemiological analysis of reproductive performances and kitten mortality rates in 5,303 purebred queens of 45 different breeds and 28,065 kittens in France
Authors: Fournier A , Masson M , Corbière F , Mila H , Mariani C , Grellet A , Chastant‐Maillard S
Published: November 2016

Contents

Reproduction management and performances are evaluated in the feline species only through a limited number of animals and studies. Our objective was to provide reference figures in purebred cats, from a large‐scale sample. Data were collected from an online software dedicated to cattery management (Breeding Management System®, BMS, Royal Canin, Aimargues, France). Information was recorded on a voluntary basis by French breeders between 2011 and 2014. Data were anonymously transferred for analysis. A total of 9,063 oestrous periods (in contact with a male) from 5,303 queens (45 breeds) were recorded from 1,521 breeders. Most matings (70.1%) occurred during increasing day length periods. The mean age at mating (±SD) was 2.7 ± 1.6 years for queens and 2.9 ± 1.9 years for tomcats. Pregnancy rate (based on breeders declaration) was 85.2%. Among queens declared pregnant, 8.4% failed to maintain pregnancy. Globally, 78% of the mated females gave birth to 28,065 kittens within 7,075 L. Mean litter size was 4.0 ± 1.9 kittens among which 8.5% were stillborn. Neonatal and paediatric mortality rate was 8.2%. In total, 16.0% of kittens born died before weaning. The results of this study are based on the largest feline database ever analysed. The figures collected can thus be used as reference to define average reproductive performances in numerous breeds for cat breeders. Further analysis will identify factors influencing reproductive performances and early mortality in the feline species.
Lipid composition of the canine sperm plasma membrane as markers of sperm motility
Authors: Lucio CF , Brito MM , Angrimani DSR , Belaz KRA , Morais D , Zampieri D , Losano JDA , Assumpção MEOA , Nichi M , Eberlin MN , Vannucchi CI
Published: November 2016

Contents

The fatty acid composition of the sperm membrane is an important factor involved in the overall sperm quality, including motility. However, in the canine species, the exact composition of the plasma membrane is still unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma membrane lipid composition of motile sperm cells and to compare it with asthenospermic samples, as an attempt to determine possible involvements of membrane lipids in dog sperm cell motility. The sperm‐rich fraction of ten mature dogs was collected, and samples were subjected to density gradient centrifugation by Percoll®, in order to separate motile and asthenospermic samples. Processed semen samples were evaluated for sperm motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and susceptibility to oxidative stress. Lipid plasma membrane composition was identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). The motile sperm samples presented the following phospholipids in a high frequency in the plasma membrane: phosphatidylcholine 38:4 (composed of stearic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 36:1 (stearic and oleic fatty acids), phosphatidylethanolamine 34:4 (myristic and arachidonic fatty acids), glycerophosphatidic acid 36:4 (palmitic and arachidonic fatty acids), phosphatidylcholine 40:4 plasmanyl and phosphatidylcholine 40:5 plasmenyl. Furthermore, no lipid markers were found in the asthenospermic samples. Results also indicate that differences on plasma membrane composition between motile and asthenospermic samples are crucial factors for determining sperm motility, sperm functionality and susceptibility to oxidative stress. In conclusion, plasma membrane lipid composition varies considerable between motile and asthenospermic samples. Therefore, lipid markers of sperm motility can be considered, such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine plasmanyl, phosphatidylcholine plasmenyl and phosphatidic acid.
Urethral catheterization and sperm vitrification for simplified semen banking in felids
Authors: Swanson WF , Bateman HL , Vansandt LM
Published: November 2016

Contents

Semen banking of domestic cats and wild felids represents a vital resource for their long‐term conservation, but current methods require access to advanced training and specialized equipment. A newer method of semen collection, urethral catheterization of medetomidine‐treated cats, allows recovery of high sperm numbers, but it is unclear if this approach permits maximal sperm recovery or is feasible using less expensive alpha‐2 agonists. Similarly, a newer sperm preservation approach, vitrification, offers advantages of simplicity and minimal equipment needs, but its efficacy in combination with urethral catheterization has not been investigated. Our specific objectives were to (i) evaluate sequential semen recovery with urethral catheterization and electroejaculation in domestic cats, (ii) assess the effectiveness of a weak (xylazine) versus strong (dexmedetomidine) alpha‐2 agonist for inducing sperm release, and (iii) compare post‐thaw sperm motility, acrosome status and fertilizing capacity of catheter‐recovered samples after vitrification or straw freezing. Results indicated that electroejaculation following repeated catheterization allowed recovery of additional spermatozoa (range, 11–32 × 106 sperm/male) and that xylazine was ineffective for inducing meaningful sperm release (range, 0–0.4 × 106 sperm/male). Post‐thaw motility and acrosome status of vitrified catheter samples did not differ (p > .05) from that of straw frozen samples. Preliminary results indicated that in vitro fertilization success (9/30, 30%) of vitrified catheter sperm did not differ (p > .05) from that observed with straw frozen samples (17/30, 57%). In conclusion, urethral catheterization of dexmedetomidine‐treated cats allows recovery of substantial sperm numbers but electroejaculation still may be warranted for maximal sperm recovery. Xylazine is not suitable as an inexpensive alternative to dexmedetomidine for catheterization. Vitrification of catheter samples results in comparable post‐thaw parameters to straw freezing and may be adequate for use with oviductal insemination procedures.
Vertebrate herbivores are the main cause of seedling mortality in a logged African rainforest—implications for forest restoration
Authors: Piiroinen Tiina , Valtonen Anu , Roininen Heikki
Published: November 2016

High seedling mortality can limit tropical forest regeneration after disturbance, such as selective logging. However, causes of seedling mortality are often poorly understood although this information is critical for designing appropriate restoration methods. We studied seedling mortality in a rainforest in Uganda where natural recovery has failed after selective logging carried out 40 years earlier and the sites are dominated by herbaceous vegetation. We established an experiment where seeds of 12 indigenous tree species were sown into different‐sized logging gaps in order to capture factors that cause early seedling mortality. We examined whether seedling mortality was influenced by vegetation cover (VC), vertebrate herbivores (VHs), gap size, or forest compartment and recorded causes of mortality. We found that seedling mortality was in general high but showed high tree species‐specific variation (ranging from 19 to 92% six months after emergence). VHs, particularly rodents, were the most important cause of mortality. Rotting caused mortality particularly in smaller gaps, but elephant trampling, drying, being washed away by rain and falling debris were only minor mortality causes. Dense VC was not a considerable barrier to seedling survival, but by providing shelter for rodents, it indirectly increased seedling herbivory. Our results show that high seedling mortality on logged sites can limit forest regeneration and rodents in particular can be a significant factor causing high seedling mortality.
Shakespeare, Easter 1916, and the Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain
Authors: Maley Willy
Published: November 2016

It is a commonplace to speak of the dramatic qualities of the Easter Rising; the staging of rebellions inevitably attracts theatrical comparisons. In the case of 1916, the dramatic aspect has arguably been overplayed. Either the focus is on amateur dramatics and improvization, with the Rising itself as a piece of theatre, which plays down the history and politics as well as the rich theatrical traditions behind the Rising, or the emphasis is on a drama of martyrdom and grand gesture, a political passion‐play with Padraig Pearse at its centre, which erases many of the conflict's complexities. That 1916 also coincided with the three‐hundredth anniversary of Shakespeare's death – events in Dublin interrupted planned celebrations there by the English playwright's Irish admirers – prompts us to reflect on an approach to history as drama – and drama as history – that does not see theatre merely in terms of spectacle or violence, a theatricality that goes beyond caricature, character assassination, pantomime, or the politics of a Punch and Judy show. This article suggests that a reading of 1916 in the context of the ongoing critical debate around Shakespeare's dramatic depictions of the Irish has more to teach us than invocations of theatricality of a more limited kind.
Ethnic and Regionalist Parties in Western Europe: A Party Family?
Authors: Fagerholm Andreas
Published: November 2016

Parties that defend the interest of one or a few ethnic groups and/or regions are, despite their differences, recurrently grouped together into a single party family. This article systematically applies the multidimensional framework offered by Mair and Mudde in order to provide an up‐to‐date inventory of the universe of ethnic and regionalist parties in Western Europe and assess whether they form a family. The evidence indicates that although the ethnic and regionalist family appears to be somewhat less coherent than more established families, there are clear similarities between the proposed (core) member parties. More specifically, the common denominators that distinguish the members of the ethnic and regionalist party family are their rather similar origins, sociologies, and policy orientations.
Equine Airway Mast Cells are Sensitive to Cell Death Induced by Lysosomotropic Agents
Authors: Wernersson S. , Riihimäki M. , Pejler G. , Waern I.
Published: November 2016

Mast cells are known for their detrimental effects in various inflammatory conditions. Regimens that induce selective mast cell apoptosis may therefore be of therapeutic significance. Earlier studies have demonstrated that murine‐ and human‐cultured mast cells are highly sensitive to apoptosis induced by the lysosomotropic agent LeuLeuOMe (LLME). However, the efficacy of lysosomotropic agents for inducing apoptosis of in vivo‐derived airway mast cells and the impact on mast cells in other species have not been assessed. Here we addressed whether lysosomotropic agents can induce cell death of equine in vivo‐derived mast cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from horses were incubated with LLME at 15–100 μm for up to 48 h. The overall cell viability was unaffected by 15 μm LLME up to 48 h, whereas a relatively modest drop in total cell counts (~30%) was seen at the highest LLME dose used. In contrast to the relatively low effect on total cell counts, LLME efficiently and dose dependently reduced the number of mast cells in BAL fluids, with an almost complete depletion (96%) of mast cells after 24 h of incubation with 100 μm LLME. A significant but less dramatic reduction (up to ~45%) of lymphocytes was also seen, whereas macrophages and neutrophils were essentially resistant. The appearance of apoptotic bodies suggested a mechanism involving apoptosis rather than necrosis. These findings suggest that equine airway mast cells are highly sensitive to lysosomotropic agents. Possibly, lysosomotropic agents could be of therapeutic value to treat disorders involving harmful accumulation of mast cells in the airways.
An Examination of the Connections Between Eating Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Burdensomeness, Thwarted Belongingness, and Suicide Risk Among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Kwan Mun Yee , Gordon Kathryn H. , Carter Darren L. , Minnich Allison M. , Grossman Steffanie D.
Published: November 2016

Suicide attempts and premature mortality due to suicide are elevated in people with eating disorders. Informed by the interpersonal theory of suicide, two studies examined the role of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness in explaining the association between eating disorder symptoms and suicide risk. Results indicated that various eating disorder symptoms had an indirect effect on suicide risk through perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. Targeting perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness may be useful for decreasing suicide risk among undergraduates with eating disorder symptoms.
Connecting the dots between fantasy and reality: The social psychology of our engagement with fictional narrative and its functional value
Authors: Dill‐Shackleford Karen E. , Vinney Cynthia , Hopper‐Losenicky Kristin
Published: November 2016

This essay provides an overview of research and theory on narrative and its important, functional role in human experience, including the ways people use media to interrogate their own beliefs and feelings, and derive social meaning. Thought‐provoking film, television, and books can help us make meaning of our lives and grow in ways that are important for our successful social functioning. Research reviewed here demonstrates that exposure to fiction can increase empathy and social skills and reduce prejudice. Our connection to characters and stories has been studied in various ways as extensions of the self into another, while at the same time bringing the other into the self. Bringing together disparate perspectives, we propose that connecting to story worlds involves a process of “dual empathy”—simultaneously engaging in intense personal processing while also “feeling through” characters, both of which produce benefits. Because the value of entertainment narratives may not always be well understood, we explain how those experiences can be personal, social, and can serve important adaptive functions.