bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantal cumulant mechanics and dynamics for multidimensional quantum many‐body clusters
Authors: Shigeta Yasuteru , Inui Tomoya , Baba Takeshi , Okuno Katsuki , Kuwabara Hiroyuki , Kishi Ryohei , Nakano Masayoshi
Published: March 2012

We developed the quantal cumulant mechanics for treating multidimensional quantum many‐body clusters including two‐body interaction such as the Morse potential. To evaluate an effective potential appearing in the actual calculation, a Gaussian fitting method was adopted to approximate the Morse potential. The number of the Gaussians that are required to reproduce the total energy of a classical three‐dimensional (3D) Morse 3 (M3) cluster is 31, where the error is 10−6. We compared structures of the classical M3 cluster with those of quantum counterpart and found that the quantum structure have broad distribution due to zero point vibration effects. The symmetry of the cluster becomes lower from D3h to D2h by applying the diagonal approximation to the cumulant matrices. Conversely, the original and spherical approximation holds the symmetry constraint. We also perform the same analyses on 2D M4 cluster with two different stable structures, where one has D3h symmetry and the other D2h symmetry. In the latter case, the diagonal approximation accidentally gives the same results as the original one, when two of three Cartesian axes coincide with the cluster symmetric axes. When the cluster rotates with respect to these axes, the results of the diagonal approximation deviate from those by the original one and the artificial symmetry breaking is also found. We also evaluate the optimized structures of the highly symmetric small Morse clusters Mn ranging from n = 4–7 and compare with those with the corresponding classical ones. We found that the errors of both the diagonal and spherical approximations in total energy decrease with the number of particles. This fact indicates that these approximations will be useful to investigate static and dynamical properties of many‐particle quantum clusters with low computational cost. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SPHERES interact—Human–machine interaction aboard the International Space Station
Authors: Stoll Enrico , Jaekel Steffen , Katz Jacob , Saenz‐Otero Alvar , Varatharajoo Renuganth
Published: March 2012

The deployment of space robots for servicing and maintenance operations that are teleoperated from the ground is a valuable addition to existing autonomous systems, because it will provide flexibility and robustness in mission operations. In this connection, not only robotic manipulators are of great use, but also free‐flying inspector satellites supporting the operations through additional feedback to the ground operator. The manual control of such an inspector satellite at a remote location is challenging, because navigation in three‐dimensional space is unfamiliar and large time delays can occur in the communication channel. This paper shows a series of robotic experiments, in which free flyers are controlled by astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS). The Synchronized Position Hold Engage Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) were utilized to study several aspects of a remotely controlled inspector satellite. The focus in this case study is investigating different approaches to human–spacecraft interaction with varying levels of autonomy under zero‐gravity conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies of copper–silver glass–metal nanocomposites
Authors: Sokolov K. S. , Zhurikhina V. V. , Kazantsev D. Yu. , Kovarsky A. P.
Published: March 2012

The studies of bimetallic nanocomposites made in glass by metal ion exchange process and heat treatment in hydrogen atmosphere are presented. The distributions of silver and copper nanoparticles in glass are obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy. It was shown that in bimetallic nanocomposites containing silver and copper inclusions, copper nanoparticles are closer to the surface than silver ones, and quasi‐layered structure of copper nanoparticles can be formed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is inquiry‐guided learning?
Authors: Lee Virginia S.
Published: March 2012

Inquiry‐guided learning has widespread appeal for a variety of institutions of higher education throughout the world. As a suite of teaching strategies that defies a simple prescription for practice, inquiry‐guided learning challenges practitioners to develop conceptual frameworks that describe inquiry as a site of student learning rather than of traditional scholarship.
Questions that matter: Using inquiry‐guided faculty development to create an inquiry‐guided learning curriculum
Authors: Carstens Lisa , Howell Joyce Bernstein
Published: March 2012

Just as inquiry‐guided learning requires that students begin with questions, so does successful faculty development. At Virginia Wesleyan, this faculty inquiry process became the catalyst for more comprehensive curricular reform using inquiry‐guided learning.
Opportunities and challenges in institutionalizing inquiry‐guided learning in colleges and universities
Authors: Lee Virginia S.
Published: March 2012

This chapter reviews the eight institutional case studies in this volume and analyzes similarities and differences in their conceptions of inquiry‐guided learning, the dynamics of implementation, methods of assessment, and future plans.
The endocrine pancreas: insights into development, differentiation, and diabetes
Authors: Mastracci Teresa L. , Sussel Lori
Published: March 2012

In the developing embryo, appropriate patterning of the endoderm fated to become pancreas requires the spatial and temporal coordination of soluble factors secreted by the surrounding tissues. Once pancreatic progenitor cells are specified in the developing gut tube epithelium, epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, as well as a cascade of transcription factors, subsequently delineate three distinct lineages, including endocrine, exocrine, and ductal cells. Simultaneous morphological changes, including branching, vascularization, and proximal organ development, also influence the process of specification and differentiation. Decades of research using mouse genetics have uncovered many of the key factors involved in pancreatic cell fate decisions. When pancreas development or islet cell functions go awry, due to mutations in genes important for proper organogenesis and development, the result can lead to a common pancreatic affliction, diabetes mellitus. Current treatments for diabetes are adequate but not curative. Therefore, researchers are utilizing the current understanding of normal embryonic pancreas development in vivo, to direct embryonic stem cells toward a pancreatic fate with the goal of transplanting these in vitro generated ‘islets’ into patients. Mimicking development in vitro has proven difficult; however, significant progress has been made and the current differentiation protocols are becoming more efficient. The continued partnership between developmental biologists and stem cell researchers will guarantee that the in vitro generation of insulin‐producing β cells is a possible therapeutic option for the treatment of diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2011. doi: 10.1002/wdev.44

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Effects of extreme wind shear on aeroelastic modal damping of wind turbines
Authors: Skjoldan P.F. , Hansen M.H.
Published: March 2012

Wind shear is an important contributor to fatigue loads on wind turbines. Because it causes an azimuthal variation in angle of attack, it can also affect aerodynamic damping. In this paper, a linearized model of a wind turbine, based on the non‐linear aeroelastic code BHawC, is used to investigate the effect of wind shear on the modal damping of the turbine. In isotropic conditions with a uniform wind field, the modal properties can be extracted from the system matrix transformed into the inertial frame using the Coleman transformation. In shear conditions, an implicit Floquet analysis, which reduces the computational burden associated with classical Floquet analysis, is used for modal analysis.

The methods are applied to a 2.3 MW three‐bladed pitch‐regulated wind turbine showing a difference in damping between isotropic and extreme shear conditions at rated wind speed when the turbine is operating closest to stall. The first longitudinal tower mode decreases slightly in damping, whereas the first flapwise backward whirling and symmetric modes increase in damping. This change in damping is attributed to an interaction between the periodic blade mode shapes and the azimuth‐dependent local aerodynamic damping in the shear condition caused by a beginning separation of the flow. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interconnector capacity allocation in offshore grids with variable wind generation
Authors: Schröder Sascha Thorsten
Published: March 2012

Different capacity allocation regimes have a strong impact on the economics of offshore wind farms and on interconnectors in offshore grids. Integrating offshore generation in offshore grids is currently a subject of discussion for different regions, e.g. the North Sea. A novel question is how the interconnector capacity should be allocated for wind generation and for international power trading. The main difficulty arises from the stochastic nature of wind generation: in a case with radial connections to the national coast, the wind park owner has the possibility of aggregating the offshore wind park with onshore installations to reduce balancing demand. This is not necessarily the case if the interconnector capacity is sold through implicit or explicit auctions. Different design options are discussed and quantified for a number of examples based on Danish, Dutch, German and Norwegian power markets. It is concluded that treating offshore generation as a single price zone within the interconnector reduces the wind operator's ability to pool it with other generation. Furthermore, a single offshore price zone between two markets will always receive the lower spot market price of the neighbouring zones, although its generation flows only to the high‐price market. Granting the high‐price market income for wind generation as the opposite design option reduces congestion rents. Otherwise, compensation measures through support schemes or different balancing responsibilities may be discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic clustering with soft computing
Authors: Peters Georg , Weber Richard
Published: March 2012

Clustering methods are one of the most popular approaches to data mining. They have been successfully used in virtually any field covering domains such as economics, marketing, bioinformatics, engineering, and many others. The classic cluster algorithms require static data structures. However, there is an increasing need to address changing data patterns. On the one hand, this need is generated by the rapidly growing amount of data that is collected by modern information systems and that has led to an increasing interest in data mining as its whole again. On the other hand, modern economies and markets do not deal with stable settings any longer but are facing the challenge to adapt to constantly changing environments. These include seasonal changes but also long‐term trends that structurally change whole economies, wipe out companies that cannot adapt to these trends, and create opportunities for entrepreneurs who establish large multinational corporations virtually out of nothing in just one decade or two. Hence, it is essential for almost any organization to address these changes. Obviously, players that have information on changes first possibly obtain a strategic advantage over their competitors. This has motivated an increasing number of researchers to enrich and extend classic static clustering algorithms by dynamic derivatives. In the past decades, very promising approaches have been suggested; some selected ones will be introduced in this review. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Spatial and Temporal Data Mining

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery

Technologies > Computational Intelligence

Technologies > Structure Discovery and Clustering
Protein synthesis in gilthead sea bream: response to partial fishmeal replacement
Authors: Carter Chris G. , Mente Elena , Barnes Robin (Katersky) , Nengas Ioannis
Published: March 2012

The present study aimed to measure tissue protein synthesis in sea bream fed isonitrogenous diets that contained 63, 55 and 50 % fishmeal; in the latter two diets, 16 and 27 % of the fishmeal protein was replaced with plant protein. Over a 35 d period, there were no differences in feed intake, growth or feed efficiency among the three diets. Protein metabolism was then measured in the liver and white muscle tissue as rates of protein synthesis and as the capacity for protein synthesis before feeding (0 h) and at different times after feeding (4–48 h). Diet did not have a significant effect on protein synthesis or on the capacity for protein synthesis in either tissue. The capacity for protein synthesis was not affected by time after feeding, and overall mean values were 81·02 (se1·68) and 4·07 (se0·94) mg RNA/g protein for the liver and white muscle, respectively. Liver and white muscle fractional rates of protein synthesis were significantly higher at 4–8 h, intermediate at 12 h and were not different among pre-feeding (0 h), 24 and 48 h. Overall, the indices of protein metabolism measured at various times over 48 h following feeding were closely aligned with measurements of feeding, growth and growth efficiency established over a longer time scale.
Zinc combined with vitamin A reduces upper respiratory tract infection morbidity in a randomised trial in preschool children in Indonesia
Authors: Kartasurya Martha I. , Ahmed Faruk , Subagio Hertanto W. , Rahfiludin Muhammad Z. , Marks Geoffrey C.
Published: March 2012

Zn supplementation has shown inconsistent effects on respiratory morbidity in young children in developing countries. Few studies have focused on upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), a frequent cause of morbidity in this group, and potential benefit from Zn supplementation or factors that influence its efficacy. We investigated the effects of Zn supplementation on URTI before and after vitamin A supplementation. This randomised double-blinded controlled Zn supplementation study was conducted on 826 children aged 2–5 years. Placebo or Zn (10 mg/d) was given in syrup daily for 4 months, with 200 000 IU vitamin A (60 mg retinol) given to all children at 2 months. Health workers visited children every 3 d for compliance and morbidity information. We found that 84 % of children experienced URTI during the study. Zn supplementation reduced the percentage of days with URTI (12 % reduction;P = 0·09), with greater impact following vitamin A supplementation (20 % reduction;P = 0·01). Vitamin A supplementation was associated with a decreased number but an increased duration of URTI episodes. We conclude that Zn combined with vitamin A supplementation significantly reduced the percentage of days with URTI in a population of preschool Indonesian children with marginal nutritional status. The results suggest that vitamin A status modifies the efficacy of Zn supplementation on URTI.
Detecting aphid predation by earwigs in organic citrus orchards using molecular markers
Authors: Romeu-Dalmau C. , Piñol J. , Agustí N.
Published: March 2012

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) can damage citrus trees via direct damage to leaves and flowers or via the indirect transmission of viruses. Predators such as the European earwig,Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), may assist in keeping aphid populations under control in citrus orchards. Group-specific primers were developed to detect aphid DNA in earwigs, in order to determine earwig predation rates in aphids in Mediterranean organic citrus trees. These primers were designed in accordance with the alignment of comparable sequences of aphids and earwigs, and they amplified a 224 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) region. Following the consumption of three to fiveAphis spiraecolaPatch, aphid DNA was still detectable in 50% of earwigs one day after the ingestion. When predation was evaluated in the field, aphid DNA was detected in earwigs in May, June and July but not in April and August. The most interesting result is that of May, when aphid abundance was very low but 30% of the earwigs tested positive for aphid DNA. This finding suggests that earwigs are important aphid predators in citrus orchards, as they probably alter aphid dynamics as a result of early seasonal pressure on this pest.
Drug delivery in the nasal cavity after functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a computational fluid dynamics study
Authors: Chen X B , Lee H P , Chong V F H , Wang D Y
Published: March 2012

Background:

Intranasal medication is commonly used for nasal disease. However, there are no clear specifications for intranasal medication delivery after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods:

A three-dimensional model of the nasal cavity was constructed from computed tomography scans of an adult Chinese male who had previously undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the right nasal cavity. Computational fluid dynamic simulations modelled airflow and particle deposition, based on discrete phase models.

Results:

In the right nasal cavity, more particles passed through the upper dorsal region, around the surgical area, and streamed into the right maxillary sinus region. In the left cavity, particles were distributed more regularly and uniformly in the ventral region around the inferior turbinate. A lower inspiratory airflow rate and smaller initial particle velocity assisted particle deposition within the right maxillary sinus cavity. In the right nasal cavity, the optimal particle diameter was approximately 10−5m for maxillary sinus cavity deposition and 3 × 10−6 m for bottom region deposition. In the right nasal cavity, altered back head tilt angles enhanced particle deposition in the top region of the surgical area, and altered right side head tilt angles helped enhance maxillary sinus cavity deposition.

Conclusion:

This model indicates that a moderate inspiratory airflow rate and a particle diameter of approximately 10−5 m should improve intranasal medication deposition into the maxillary sinus cavity following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
Flavonoids as modulators of memory and learning: molecular interactions resulting in behavioural effects
Authors: Rendeiro Catarina , Guerreiro João D. T. , Williams Claire M. , Spencer Jeremy P. E.
Published: March 2012

There is considerable interest in the potential of a group of dietary-derived phytochemicals known as flavonoids in modulating neuronal function and thereby influencing memory, learning and cognitive function. The present review begins by detailing the molecular events that underlie the acquisition and consolidation of new memories in the brain in order to provide a critical background to understanding the impact of flavonoid-rich diets or pure flavonoids on memory. Data suggests that despite limited brain bioavailability, dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich foods, such as blueberry, green tea andGinkgo bilobalead to significant reversals of age-related deficits on spatial memory and learning. Furthermore, animal and cellular studies suggest that the mechanisms underpinning their ability to induce improvements in memory are linked to the potential of absorbed flavonoids and their metabolites to interact with and modulate critical signalling pathways, transcription factors and gene and/or protein expression which control memory and learning processes in the hippocampus; the brain structure where spatial learning occurs. Overall, current evidence suggests that human translation of these animal investigations are warranted, as are further studies, to better understand the precise cause-and-effect relationship between flavonoid intake and cognitive outputs.
Epistemic restraint and the vice of curiosity
Authors: Manson Neil C.
Published: March 2012

In recent years there has been wide-ranging discussion of epistemic virtues. Given the value and importance of acquiring knowledge this discussion has tended to focus upon those traits that are relevant to the acquisition of knowledge. This acquisitionist focus ignores or downplays the importance of epistemic restraint: refraining from seeking knowledge. In contrast, in many periods of history, curiosity was viewed as a vice. By drawing upon critiques ofcuriositasin Middle Platonism and Early Christian philosophy, we gain useful insights into the value and importance of epistemic restraint. The historical discussion paves the way for a clarification of epistemic restraint, one that distinguishes the morally relevant features of epistemicprocess, content, purpose, andcontext. Epistemic restraint is identified as an important virtue where our epistemic pursuits pose risks and burdens, where such pursuits have opportunity costs, where they are pursued for vicious purposes. But it is in the social realm where epistemic restraint has most purchase: epistemic restraint is important both becauseprivacyis important and becausebeing trustedare important. Finally, some suggestions are offered as to why epistemic restraint has not received the contemporary attention that it deserves.
Morphological awareness in Chinese: Unique associations of homophone awareness and lexical compounding to word reading and vocabulary knowledge in Chinese children
Authors: LIU PHIL D. , MCBRIDE-CHANG CATHERINE , WONG TERRY T.-Y. , SHU HUA , WONG ANITA M.-Y.
Published: March 2012

An in-depth exploration of the associations of two aspects of morphological awareness in Chinese—homophone awareness and lexical compounding awareness—to Chinese word reading and vocabulary knowledge was the primary focus of the present study. Among 154 9-year-old Hong Kong Chinese children, both lexical compounding and homophone awareness were significantly associated with word reading (r = .54 for compounding, r = .38 for homophones) and vocabulary knowledge (r = .41 for compounding, r = .53 for homophones). However, with autoregressors additionally statistically controlled, homophone awareness remained uniquely associated with vocabulary but not word reading; lexical compounding was uniquely associated with both word reading and vocabulary. Path analyses best illustrated this pattern. Both morphological awareness constructs are likely bidirectionally associated with word reading and vocabulary knowledge. However, homophone awareness is more centrally associated with vocabulary knowledge because it taps specific, existing morpheme knowledge. In contrast, lexical compounding requires structural understanding of one's language, which seems to be helpful for both learning to read and vocabulary acquisition in Chinese.
Did You Speak Harbin Sino-Russian?
Authors: Bakich Olga
Published: March 2012

Pidgins—their development, disappearance, or subsequent creolisation—are a fascinating phenomenon in the parts of the world that experienced long-term foreign intrusion and its consequences, one of which was contact between two or more linguistic groups, usually of unequal power. Colonisers did not learn the language of the colonised, who often were perceived as inferior, while the colonised people did not or could not master a foreign language in their own country. In most cases, pidgins were a telltale sign of colonialism. Linguists classify these contact languages, which have no native speakers, into major groups named after the dominant base, such as English-, Portuguese-, Spanish-, Dutch-, French-, or Russian-, as well as African-, Asian-, and Austronesian-based.
SOME EXTENSIONS OF A LEMMA OF KOTLARSKI
Authors: Evdokimov Kirill , White Halbert
Published: March 2012

This note demonstrates that the conditions of Kotlarski’s (1967, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 20(1), 69–76) lemma can be substantially relaxed. In particular, the condition that the characteristic functions of M, U1, and U2 are nonvanishing can be replaced with much weaker conditions: The characteristic function of U1 can be allowed to have real zeros, as long as the derivative of its characteristic function at those points is not also zero; that of U2 can have an isolated number of zeros; and that of M need satisfy no restrictions on its zeros. We also show that Kotlarski’s lemma holds when the tails of U1 are no thicker than exponential, regardless of the zeros of the characteristic functions of U1, U2, or M.
Learning Political Science with Prediction Markets: An Experimental Study
Authors: Ellis Cali Mortenson , Sami Rahul
Published: March 2012

Prediction markets are designed to aggregate the information of many individuals to forecast future events. These markets provide participants with an incentive to seek information and a forum for interaction, making markets a promising tool to motivate student learning. We carried out a quasi-experiment in an introductory political science class to study the effect of prediction markets on student engagement with the course topics. Although we found no significant improvement in students' enthusiasm or extent of topical reading, we did find that those students who were already reading broadly at the course start were more likely to trade actively in the markets. These findings indicate that prediction markets may be most successful as an education tool in settings, like graduate education, where individuals are already knowledgeable about the topics of the market, instead of an introductory learning context.
“The Big Sort” That Wasn't: A Skeptical Reexamination
Authors: Abrams Samuel J. , Fiorina Morris P.
Published: March 2012

In 2008 journalist Bill Bishop achieved the kind of notice that authors dream about. His book, The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart, was mentioned regularly during the presidential campaign; most notably, former president Bill Clinton urged audiences to read the book. Bishop's thesis is that Americans increasingly are choosing to live in neighborhoods populated with people just like themselves. In turn, these residential choices have produced a significant increase in geographic political polarization. Bishop does not contend that people consciously decide to live with fellow Democrats or Republicans; rather political segregation is a byproduct of the correlations between political views and the various demographic and life-style indicators people consider when making residential decisions. Whatever the cause, Bishop contends that the resulting geographic polarization is a troubling and dangerous development.
“Representation and Renewal” at the 2012 Annual Meeting
Authors: West Lauren G.
Published: March 2012

For the first time since 1985, APSA is convening in New Orleans, Louisiana for the 2012 APSA Annual Meeting and Exhibition. Join APSA in this historic location to discuss and reflect on the latest scholarship in political science and address issues related to the theme “Representation and Renewal.” The 2012 APSA Annual Meeting and Exhibition will have something for scholars in every stage of their careers, including an exhibition of publishers, placement service, plenary sessions, and networking receptions. More than 6,000 political scientists, publishers, and other scholars are expected to travel to New Orleans to take part in this largest annual gathering of political scientists.
ERD-MedLDA: Entity relation detection using supervised topic models with maximum margin learning
Authors: LI DINGCHENG , SOMASUNDARAN SWAPNA , CHAKRABORTY AMIT
Published: March 2012

This paper proposes a novel application of topic models to do entity relation detection (ERD). In order to make use of the latent semantics of text, we formulate the task of relation detection as a topic modeling problem. The motivation is to find underlying topics that are indicative of relations between named entities (NEs). Our approach considers pairs of NEs and features associated with them as mini documents, and aims to utilize the underlying topic distributions as indicators for the types of relations that may exist between the NE pair. Our system, ERD-MedLDA, adapts Maximum Entropy Discriminant Latent Dirichlet Allocation (MedLDA) with mixed membership for relation detection. By using supervision, ERD-MedLDA is able to learn topic distributions indicative of relation types. Further, ERD-MedLDA is a topic model that combines the benefits of both, maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and maximum margin estimation (MME), and the mixed-membership formulation enables the system to incorporate heterogeneous features. We incorporate different features into the system and perform experiments on the ACE 2005 corpus. Our approach achieves better overall performance for precision, recall, and F-measure metrics as compared to baseline SVM-based and LDA-based models. We also find that our system shows better and consistent improvements with the addition of complex informative features as compared to baseline systems.
Special issue on statistical learning of natural language structured input and output
Authors: MÀRQUEZ LLUÍS , MOSCHITTI ALESSANDRO
Published: March 2012

During last decade, machine learning and, in particular, statistical approaches have become more and more important for research in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computational Linguistics. Nowadays, most stakeholders of the field use machine learning, as it can significantly enhance both system design and performance. However, machine learning requires careful parameter tuning and feature engineering for representing language phenomena. The latter becomes more complex when the system input/output data is structured, since the designer has both to (i) engineer features for representing structure and model interdependent layers of information, which is usually a non-trivial task; and (ii) generate a structured output using classifiers, which, in their original form, were developed only for classification or regression. Research in empirical NLP has been tackling this problem by constructing output structures as a combination of the predictions of independent local classifiers, eventually applying post-processing heuristics to correct incompatible outputs by enforcing global properties. More recently, some advances of the statistical learning theory, namely structured output spaces and kernel methods, have brought techniques for directly encoding dependencies between data items in a learning algorithm that performs global optimization. Within this framework, this special issue aims at studying, comparing, and reconciling the typical domain/task-specific NLP approaches to structured data with the most advanced machine learning methods. In particular, the selected papers analyze the use of diverse structured input/output approaches, ranging from re-ranking to joint constraint-based global models, for diverse natural language tasks, i.e., document ranking, syntactic parsing, sequence supertagging, and relation extraction between terms and entities. Overall, the experience with this special issue shows that, although a definitive unifying theory for encoding and generating structured information in NLP applications is still far from being shaped, some interesting and effective best practice can be defined to guide practitioners in modeling their own natural language application on complex data.
COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS IN STOCHASTIC MODELS WITH RESPECT TO THEL∞–L∞DUALITY: A DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH
Authors: Sato Kenji , Yano Makoto
Published: March 2012

Many economic analyses are based on the property that the value of a commodity vector responds continuously to a change in economic environment. As is well known, however, many infinite-dimensional models, such as an infinite–time horizon stochastic growth model, lack this property. In the present paper, we investigate a stochastic growth model in which dual vectors lie in anL∞space. This result ensures that the value of a stock vector is jointly continuous with respect to the stock vector and its support price vector. The result is based on the differentiation method in Banach spaces that Yano [Journal of Mathematical Economics18 (1989), 169–185] develops for stochastic growth models.
MOORE AND DESCARTES MEET IN A BAR
Authors: Smith Renée
Published: March 2012

Philosophers typically distinguish between a priori and a posteriori beliefs, knowledge, justification, and propositions. A belief is a priori if it is derived from reason, and it is a posteriori if it is derived from sense experience. Similarly, we would say that we know a priori that ‘a closed, n-sided figure has n interior angles’ because our knowledge is derived from reason in that we understand the concept of a closed, n-sided figure and thus know the statement is true. On the other hand, we know a posteriori that ‘Americans drive on the right’ because in justifying this belief, we appeal to sense experience; perhaps we have seen for ourselves that Americans drive on the right or we've read about it in a book or seen it in a movie.
LIBRARIES AND FALLIBLE KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Hetherington Stephen
Published: March 2012

Recently, I wandered into a substantial research library in downtown Sydney – the State Library of New South Wales. A moment prior, I had been evading cars, listening unwillingly to city noises. The next moment, I was inside the library: elegance, peace, stillness – books enveloping me. The library's reading room: an imposing collection, especially of non-fiction. So I sat; I pondered; and I raised my eyes to the surrounding walls of books. Calmness for a while; until suddenly I was troubled. A fundamental philosophical problem about the nature of that room had crept into my mind. Here is the story of my collision with that problem – and of how I tried to resolve it.
Oceanic response to midlatitude Rossby waves aloft and its feedback in the lower atmosphere in winter Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Yul , Na Hanna , Jhun Jong‐Gap
Published: March 2012

Midlatitude Rossby waves substantiated in the upper tropospheric (300–200 hPa) potential vorticity field exert significant influences on surface conditions. The physical changes associated with the propagation of Rossby waves are investigated from a climatological perspective, particularly over the oceans. Detailed analysis quantitatively shows that the passing of positive Rossby waves with cyclonic vortexes increases net shortwave and longwave radiation over an ocean's surface by promoting a clearer sky condition. Further, the reduced humidity and temperature above the sea surface increases latent and sensible heat fluxes. The increased latent and sensible heat fluxes, in turn, induce secondary atmospheric circulation, characterized by anticyclonic and divergent motion in the lower atmospheric layer above the sea surface. Although the increased latent and sensible heat fluxes may change sea surface temperatures, the complexity of ocean dynamics with complicated land–ocean configurations and the mismatch of the temporal and spatial scales of atmospheric and oceanic motions smears the footprint of Rossby waves.
Syn‐thinning pluton emplacement during Mesozoic extension in eastern Mongolia
Authors: Daoudene Yannick , Gapais Denis , Ruffet Gilles , Gloaguen Eric , Cocherie Alain , Ledru Patrick
Published: March 2012

This paper documents relationships between deformation and magmatic activity that occurred in the central part of eastern Mongolia during late Mesozoic continental‐scale NW‐SE extension. Two coarse‐grained, biotite‐bearing, syn‐tectonic intrusions are described. The Nartyn granite that extends over an area greater than 30 by 10 km was emplaced within low‐grade metasediments and shows a weak pervasive, magmatic fabric reworked by solid‐state deformation along its margins. The northwestern roof of the granite is marked by a normal shear zone, the Choyr Shear Zone, characterized by top‐to‐the‐NW motions. The shear zone is overlain by the Choyr Basin, which is filled with unmetamorphosed continental sedimentary rocks of early Cretaceous ages. From structural and geochronological data, we propose that the Nartyn massif was emplaced as a flat laccolith‐type intrusion at ca. 136–130 Ma during crustal thinning. The Altanshiree granite, located ∼140 km east of the Nartyn granite, is a syn‐kinematic pluton of similar age (134–128 Ma), also emplaced during crustal thinning. In the Nartyn and Altanshiree areas, extension implies pervasive crustal thinning, combined with limited exhumation. These areas are different from classical metamorphic core complexes, where strong strain localization along detachments induces exhumation of hot middle to lower crust. Results also suggest that early Cretaceous syn‐extensional intrusions are an important feature of the tectonic history of eastern Mongolia.
New 3‐D flow interpolation method on moving ADCP data
Authors: Tsubaki R. , Kawahara Y. , Muto Y. , Fujita I.
Published: March 2012

A simple but accurate interpolation procedure for obtaining the three‐dimensional distribution of three‐component velocity data, from moving acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) observation data, is proposed. For understanding actual flow structure within a river with complex bathymetry, the three‐dimensional mean velocity field provides a basic picture of the flow. For obtaining the three‐dimensional distribution of three‐component velocity data, in this work, anisotropic gridding was introduced in order to remove the random component of measured velocity data caused by the turbulence of the flow and measurement error. A continuity correction based on the pressure equation was used to reduce both random and systematic errors. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated using three‐dimensional flow simulation data from a detached‐eddy simulation (DES). By using the procedure developed, the complex flow structure surrounding the spur dikes section in the Uji River was successfully visualized and explored. The proposed method shows superiorities in both accuracy and consistency for the interpolated velocity field, as compared to the kriging and inverse‐distance weighted (IDW) methods.
Ammonia sources in the California South Coast Air Basin and their impact on ammonium nitrate formation
Authors: Nowak J. B. , Neuman J. A. , Bahreini R. , Middlebrook A. M. , Holloway J. S. , McKeen S. A. , Parrish D. D. , Ryerson T. B. , Trainer M.
Published: March 2012

Observations from the NOAA WP‐3D aircraft during CalNex in May and June 2010 are used to quantify ammonia (NH3) emissions from automobiles and dairy facilities in the California South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) and assess their impact on particulate ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) formation. These airborne measurements in the SoCAB are used to estimate automobile NH3 emissions, 62 ± 24 metric tons day−1, and dairy facility NH3 emissions, 33 ± 16 to 176 ± 88 metric tons day−1. Emission inventories agree with the observed automobile NH3:CO emission ratio, but substantially underpredict dairy facility NH3 emissions. Conditions observed downwind of the dairy facilities were always thermodynamically favorable for NH4NO3 formation due to high NH3 mixing ratios from the concentrated sources. Although automobile emissions generated lower NH3 mixing ratios, they also can thermodynamically favor NH4NO3 formation. As an aerosol control strategy, addressing the dairy NH3 source would have the larger impact on reducing SoCAB NH4NO3 formation.
First observations of 4fce auroral roar emissions
Authors: Sato Y. , Ono T. , Sato N. , Ogawa Y.
Published: March 2012

This is a report on the first observations of auroral roar emissions near 4 times the ionospheric electron cyclotron frequency (fce) with a passive receiver installed in Svalbard, Norway. 4fce roar emissions were detected from 5.27 to 5.70 MHz during moderate geomagnetic disturbances in 22 days between May and September 2011 only from noon to evening, while no event occurred during the winter season. An analysis of a typical event shows that the electron density profile measured from EISCAT Svalbard dynasonde satisfies the condition that the upper frequency of the 4fce roar is nearly equal to both upper hybrid resonance frequency (fUH) and 4fce at 238‐km altitude. These observations support the idea expanded from the most commonly‐accepted generation mechanism of 2fce and 3fce roar: the origin of 4fce roar is upper hybrid waves favorably generated under the condition of fUH ∼ 4fce in the auroral F‐region ionosphere.
Effects of progesterone and RU486 on the development and expression of adult male sexual behaviour and gene expression in the amygdala and preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Authors: Breton A. B. , Austin K. J. , Leedy M. G. , Alexander B. M.
Published: March 2012

The number of progesterone receptors is greater in the male than female neonatal rat hypothalamus. The aims of the present study were to determine developmental effects of progesterone on the expression of adult male sexual behaviour and whether changes in behaviour were reflected by altered gene expression within the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) or medial amygdala. Male rats were treated with progesterone (40 µg kg–1, i.p.), the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 (40 µg kg–1, i.p.) or an equal volume of vehicle (10% ethanol, 90% corn oil) on postnatal Days 1–5. Treatment with either progesterone or RU486 inhibited (P ≤ 0.07) the initial expression of consummatory sexual behaviour at 10.5 weeks of age without influencing growth or serum concentrations of testosterone. Sexual interest, as measured by latency to exhibiting mounting behaviour or the number of mounts achieved, was not influenced by treatment with either progesterone or RU486. The effects of treatment with progesterone or RU486 on sexual behaviour were diminished by experience. Microarray analysis of the POA indicated 61 genes that were upregulated and 49 that were downregulated (P ≤ 0.01) following RU486 treatment of male rats. However, the altered expression of selected genes was not confirmed by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. The expression of targeted genes within the amygdala was not influenced by treatment with either progesterone or RU486. Neonatal treatment with RU486, but not progesterone, decreased testes weight (P = 0.02) without affecting testes morphology. The results indicate that altering the progesterone environment during a critical developmental period affects the expression of behaviour, but that changes in behaviour are not mirrored by the altered expression of selected genes.
Towards a Process Domain‐Sensitive Substrate Habitat Model for Sea Lampreys in Michigan Rivers
Authors: Neeson Thomas M. , Adlerstein Sara A. , Wiley Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Habitat mapping is a common and often useful tool in the ecological management of rivers. The complex nature of fluvial processes, however, makes it difficult to predict the reach‐scale distribution of substrate habitat from landscape‐scale covariates. An option is to identify and partition a data set on boundaries of geomorphic process domains, within which the globally complex relationships between landscape, climate, and instream habitat may potentially be approximated by a simpler model. In this study, we used regression trees as a machine learning method for partitioning and identifying useful strata in a geographically extensive substrate habitat model for larvae of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, an invasive and economically harmful species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. We used field survey data from over 5,000 substrate habitat transects collected in 43 watersheds of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and we created a geographic database of geographical information systems‐derived covariates that represent the principal geomorphic influences on substrate habitat. We created three trees in which tree splits delineated (1) spatially contiguous units, (2) noncontiguous units defined by values of the covariates, and (3) both contiguous and noncontiguous units. The adjusted R2 values of the three trees were 0.30, 0.30, and 0.32, respectively, and all three trees outperformed a single model fitted to the entire data set and a set of models fitted to each watershed individually. The trees identified useful stratifications of Michigan's Lower Peninsula, important geomorphic influences on substrate habitat, and variation in the influence of geomorphic processes on substrate habitat across our study region. Conservation and management applications of our model predictions and tree‐based stratifications include sea lamprey population modeling, habitat survey design, and evaluation of dam removal.
Exploring Latent Mortality of Juvenile Salmonids Related to Migration through the Columbia River Hydropower System
Authors: Sandford Benjamin P. , Zabel Richard W. , Gilbreath Lyle G. , Smith Steven G.
Published: March 2012

The ability to manage anthropogenic actions that affect the dynamics of animal populations requires the identification and understanding of life‐stage‐specific mortality. This understanding can be confounded when the expression of mortality is removed, in time or space, from its cause. For years, researchers studying endangered Snake River spring–summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have debated the magnitude of mortality that is related to—but expressed after—passage through the Snake and Columbia River hydropower system (“latent” mortality). We conducted experiments with Chinook salmon to assess the magnitude of latent mortality from two sources: passage through juvenile bypass structures at dams, and transportation with larger juvenile steelhead O. mykiss present in the barge holds. Nearly 129,000 juvenile Chinook salmon (passive integrated transponder tagged) were exposed to different treatment conditions during downstream migration. Study fish were then held in seawater tanks for up to 223 d, and time to mortality was noted for each individual that died. We analyzed survival patterns by using statistical procedures for time‐to‐event data (i.e., survival analysis). Differential survival between treatment groups was taken to indicate latent mortality caused by the specific treatment. We used a nonparametric Kaplan–Meier analysis to visualize survival patterns and a parametric logistic regression analysis to model the effects of multiple factors. Chinook salmon that were transported with steelhead had significantly lower survival than those that were transported alone. However, there was little evidence for differential latent mortality between Chinook salmon that were not detected at the bypass systems of five dams along the migration route and those that were detected at two to five bypass systems. Our application of survival analyses to individuals subjected to various treatments and held for extended periods produced an effective combination that can be used to test for latent mortality; these results may serve as an initial assessment for further conservation investigations and as a guide to more‐targeted research.
Mentoring Rhetoric's Historians
Authors: Mountford Roxanne
Published: March 2012

This response article focuses on the goals for research stated and implied in the contributors' work, comparing them with the goals of earlier generations of scholars in the history of rhetoric. Through mentoring, scholars pass on both the strengths and limitations of the field, which are then “embodied” by the next generation. One impulse remains constant: to enrich the field by identifying new sites for rhetorical investigation.
The New Hackers: Historiography Through Disconnection
Authors: Hawhee Debra
Published: March 2012

This response characterizes each of the articles in this special issue as instances of “hacking”—which is to say they create new historiographical approaches by getting inside established modes and subjects of rhetorical history, finding and exploiting their incongruities or vulnerabilities.