bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PhoA gene fusions in Legionella pneumophila generated in vivo using a new transposon, MudphoA
Authors: Albano Mark A. , Arroyo Juan , Eisenstein Barry I. , Engleberg N. Cary
Published: October 2006

To enable effective use of phoA gene fusions in Legionella pneumophila, we constructed MudphoA, a derivative of the mini‐Mu phage Mu dII4041, which is capable of generating gene fusions to the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene (EC 3.1.3.1). Although an existing fusion‐generating transposon, TnphoA, has been a useful tool for studying secreted proteins in other bacteria, this transposon and other Tn5 derivatives transpose inefficiently in Legionella pneumophila, necessitating the construction of a more effective vector for use in this pathogen. Using MudphoA we generated fusions to an E. coli gene encoding a periplasmic protein and to an L. pneumophila gene encoding an outer membrane protein; both sets of fusions resulted in alkaline phosphatase activity. We have begun to use MudphoA to mutate secreted proteins of L. pneumophila specifically, since this subset of bacterial proteins is most likely to be involved in host‐bacterial interactions. This modified transposon may be useful for studies of other bacteria that support transposition of Mu, but not Tn5, derivatives.
Identification and molecular analysis of glgS, a novel growth‐phase‐regulated and rpoS‐dependent gene involved in glycogen synthesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hengge‐Aronis Regjne , Fischer Daniela
Published: October 2006

The putative stationary‐phase sigma factor (σS) encoded by rpoS is essential for giycogen synthesis, but is not required for the transcription of glgC and glgA, which encode ADP‐glucose‐pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, respectively. Using a mini‐Mu random chromosomal library and a screen for glycogen overproduction, we identified a novel gene (glgS) involved in glycogen synthesis. glgS maps at 66.6 min (3247 kb) on the chromosome and constitutes a mono‐cistronic operon. It encodes a hydrophilic and highly charged small protein, with a molecular weight of 7886, which is strongly expressed in minicells. Experiments with single‐copy chromosomal glgS:: lacZ gene fusions indicated that glgS expression is controlled by σS as well as by cAMP. Two transcriptional start sites were mapped in the upstream regulatory region of glgS. The glgS p1 transcript was absent in a cya mutant, whereas an rpoS mutant did not synthesize the glgS p2 transcript. Although glycogen synthesis is strongly stimulated by overproduction of GlgS and is inhibited by a glgS null mutation, glgS does not affect the expression of the glgCAP operon. Its potential role in the metabolic control of glycogen synthesis is discussed. Also, evidence is presented to show that the amount of glycogen accumulated in vivo in early stationary‐phase cells is mainly determined by σS‐controlled gene expression and allosteric activation of GlgC, whereas the absolute levels of expression of glgCAP as well as the intracellular concentration of cAMP are of minor importance.
Two linked genes for outer membrane proteins are absent in four non‐disease strains ofHaemophilus somnus
Authors: Cole S. P. , Guiney D. G. , Corbeil L. B.
Published: October 2006

Linked genes encoding two outer membrane proteins (p76 and a family of proteins, p120) of the bovine pathogen,Haemophilus somnus, were investigated. The p120 group was previously shown to have immunoglobulin‐binding activity and to react with polyclonal antiserum specific for a 270 kDa antigen (p270) which also had immunoglobulin Fc‐binding activity. By Western blotting we showed that the p76 antigen also reacted with this antiserum. The p270, p120, and p76 antigens were undetectable in four serum‐sensitive isolates from asymptomatic carriers but were present in the two serum‐resistant virulent strains tested. Genes for p120 and p76 were subcloned on non‐overlapping pUC plasmids from a cosmid (pHS1) originally cloned from a serum‐resistant strain. InEscheriehia coli, plasmid pHS138 expressed p76, while the p120 antigens were produced by pHS140. Southern blots of DNA from the above six strains ofH. somnususing probes derived from pHS1 subclones showed that a 13.4kb sequence was missing from the four serum‐sensitive strains, but not the two serum‐resistant strains. This segment included most of the insert in pHS138 and all of the pHS140 insert. The data indicate that p76 and the p120 proteins are absent from serum‐sensitive strains because the coding sequences are missing, raising the possibility of insertion of these genes into the chromosome of both serum‐resistant strains, or deletion from the four serum‐sensitive strains.
The divergent promoters mediating transcription of the par locus of plasmid RP4 are subject to autoregulation
Authors: Eberl Leo , Givskov Michael , Schwab Helmut
Published: October 2006

The partitioning region of broad‐host‐range plasmid RP4 contains four genes (parA, parB, parC, and parD) that encode products essential for partition activity. Two divergently arranged promoters located in the rntercistronrc region between parC and parD mediate transcription of these genes. The transcriptional initiation sites for both promoters were determined by primer extension. Transcriptional fusions were used to show that parA, parB, and parCare combined in an operon, while parD constitutes a separate transcription unit. Both parCBA (genes in order of transcription) and parD are negatively autoregulated at the level of transcription by the gene products of parA and parD, respectively. parD promoter mutants which have become insensitive to repression by parD were isolated. Comparison of wild type and the mutant parD promoter sequences indicated that three short repeats are likely involved in the negative regulation of this promoter. Potentially these sequence elements comprise target sites for the ParD protein.
Isolation of arginine auxotrophs, cloning by mutant complementation, and sequence analysis of the argC gene from the cyanobacterium Anabaena species PCC 7120
Authors: Floriano B. , Herrero A. , Flores E.
Published: October 2006

Arginine auxotrophs of the dinitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena species strain PCC 7120 were isolated after ultraviolet light mutagenesis and penicillin enrichment. Two of these auxotrophs were complemented by a cosmid gene library of the wild‐type strain established in Escherichia coli that was transferred en masse to the mutants by conjugation. The gene complementing one of those mutants was found to complement an E. coli argC mutant. Sequencing analysis of the gene showed that it encodes a 322‐residue polypeptide that is homologous to the ArgC protein of E. coli, Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces clavuligerus and to the C‐terminal moiety of the Sac‐charomyces cerevisiae ARG5,6 gene product, N‐acetylglutamate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. A cysteine residue present in a highly conserved domain in the five proteins is probably located in the active site of the enzyme. Conserved among the ArgC proteins, sequences resembling the primary structure of nucleotide‐binding domains are also found. Downstream of the Anabaena argC gene seven nearly perfect repeats of a heptanucleotide (consensus sequence: 5′‐CTAATGA‐3′) are found.
The ω‐endotoxin protein family displays a hydrophobic motif that might be implicated in toxicity
Authors: Pereyra‐Alférez B. , Bravo A. , Quintero R. , Soberón X.
Published: October 2006

A computer‐based analysis of hydropathy and surface probability of representative members of each class of the Cry family of proteins was performed. A highly conserved hydrophobic motif within the previously described block, D2, is present not only In lepidopteran toxin genes but also in toxins active against diptera and coleoptera. An interesting feature of this hydrophobic motif is the presence of an aspartic residue (highly hydrophilic) in its middle part. Comparison with the amino acid sequence from diphtheria toxin showed that it also contains a hydrophobic motif similar to the one present in the Bacillus thuringiensis toxins. It also contains an aspartic residue in the middle part and some speculations are presented on the function of this specific region with regard to the toxic mechanism of action.
Molecular cloning and characterization of two lincomycin‐resistance genes, ImrA and ImrB, from Streptomyces lincolnensls 78–11
Authors: Zhang Hui‐Zhan , Schmidt Heike , Piepersberg Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

Two different lincomycin‐resistance determinants (ImrA and ImrB) from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78–11 were cloned in Streptomyces lividans 66 TK23. The gene ImrA was localized on a 2.16 kb fragment, the determined nucleotide sequence of which encoded a single open reading frame 1446 bp long. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence suggested the presence of 12 membrane‐spanning domains and showed significant similarities to the methylenomycin‐resistance protein (Mmr) from Streptomyces coelicolor, the QacA protein from Staphylococcus aureus, and several tetracycline‐resistance proteins from both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as to some sugar‐transport proteins from Escherichia coli. The ImrB gene was actively expressed from a 2.7 kb fragment. An open reading frame of 837 bp could be localized which encoded a protein that was significantly similar to 23S rRNA adenine(2058)‐N‐methyltransferases conferring macrolide—lincosamide—streptogramin resistance. LmrB also had putative rRNA methyltransferase activity since lincomycin resistance of ribosomes was induced in ImrB‐containing strains. Surprisingly, both enzymes, LmrA and LmrB, had a substrate specificity restricted to lincomycin and did not cause resistance to other lincosamides such as celesticetin and clindamycin, or to macrolides.
Isolation and characterization of an ndvB locus from Rhizobium fredii
Authors: Bhagwat Arvind A. , Tully Raymond E. , Keister Donald L.
Published: October 2006

A gene (ndvB) in Rhizobium meliloti that is essential for nodule development in Medicago sativa (alfalfa), specifies synthesis of a large membrane protein. This protein appears to be an intermediate in β‐1, 2‐glucan synthesis by the microsymbiont. Southern hybridization analysis showed strong homology between an ndvB (chvB) probe and genomic DNA of R. fredii but not from Bradyrhizobium japonicum. A cosmid clone containing the putative ndvB locus was isolated from a Rhizobium fredii gene library. The cosmid clone which complemented R. meliloti ndvB mutants for synthesis of β‐1, 2‐glucans and effective nodulation of alfalfa was mapped and subcloned. Fragment‐specific Tn5 mutagenesis followed by homologous recombination into the R. fredii genome indicated that the region was essential for β‐1, 2‐glucan synthesis and for formation of an effective symbiosis with Glycine max (soybean).
Mutagenesis induced by bacterial UmuDC proteins and their plasmid homologues
Authors: Woodgate Roger , Sedgwick Steven G.
Published: October 2006

The popular image of a world full of pollutants mutating DNA is only partly true since there are relatively few agents which can subtly and directly change base coding; for example, some alkylating agents alter guanine so that it pairs like adenine. Many more mutagens are less subtle and simply destroy coding altogether rather than changing it. Such mutagens include ultraviolet light, X‐rays, DNA cross‐linkers and other agents which make DNA breaks or large adducts. In Escherichia coli, mutagenesis by these agents occurs during a DNA repair process which increases cell survival but with an inherent possibility of changing the original sequence. Such mutagenic DNA repair is, in part, encoded by the E. coli umuDC operon. This article reviews the structure, function, regulation and evolution of the umuDC operon and similar genes found both in other species and on naturally occurring plasmids.
Ethanol‐induced and glucose‐insensitive alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Mazzoni Cristina , Saliola Michele , Falcone Claudio
Published: October 2006

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis is encoded by four ADH genes. In this paper we report evidence that at least three of these genes are transcribed and transcribed into protein. KIADH1 and KIADH2, which encode cytoplasmic activities, are preferentially expressed in glucose‐grown cells with respect to ethanol‐grown cells. KIADH4, which encodes one of the two activities localized within mitochondria, is induced at the transcriptional level in the presence of ethanol as is the ADH2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevlslae. However the regulation of the expression of the K. lactis gene is completely different from that of ADH2 and of other known ADH genes in that KIADH4 is insensitive to glucose repression and is not expressed on non‐fermentabie carbon sources other than ethanol. This km6 of regulation can be clearly observed in non‐fermenting strains, where the induction of KIADH4 is dependent on the addition of ethanol to the medium. On the contrary, in fermenting strains KIADH4 is always induced by ethanol or acetaldehyde produced endocellularly and this results in constitutive expression of the gene aiso in the presence of glucose. The mitochondrial localization of the activity encoded by KIADH4 and the peculiar regulation of this gene could be related to the fact that K. lactis is a petite negative yeast in which some mitochondrial functions seem to be essential for cell viability.
Analysis of the regulation of the pelBC genes in Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937
Authors: Hugouvieux‐Cotte‐Pattat Nicole , Robert‐Baudouy Janine
Published: October 2006

Erwinia chrysanthemi secretes five major isoenzymes of pectate lyases encoded by the pelABCDE genes. The nucleotide sequence of the region surrounding the pelB gene of E. chrysanthemi 3937 was determined, including the regulatory regions involved in pelB and pelC expression. Analysis of the transcripts showed that transcription of pelB or pelC gave, in both cases, only one transcript. The transcription initiation sites of both pelB and pelC were precisely determined as well as the position of the transcription termination of pelB. The pelB and pelC promoters are very similar, showing a good homology with the ‐35 consensus region but tow homology with the ‐10 consensus. In both cases a KdgR‐box overlaps the ‐35 region. The pelC gene may have two KdgR operators. Moreover, the pelB and pelC genes are preceded by other sequences presenting the typical symmetry of operator sites that could be involved in more specific regulations. Comparison of E. chrysanthemi pel regulatory regions revealed three classes of homology: pelA, pelB—pelC and pelD—pelE. The sole regulatory sequence conserved among the three classes corresponds to the KdgR‐binding site. Moreover, all the pel regulatory regions are AT‐rich in contrast to the coding regions which are GC‐rich. Gel retardation experiments with fragments overlapping the pelB or pelC regulatory regions demonstrated that the KdgR protein specifically binds to these regions. Other proteins probably also interact with these DNA fragments. Transcription of pelB terminates in a region corresponding to a GC‐rich inverted repeat followed by a run of T residues, typical of rho‐independent transcription termination sites. Moreover, preliminary results imply that a region adjacent to pelC provoke, directly or indirectly, the repression of pelB and pelC expression.
gltF, a member of the gltBDF operon of Escherichia coli, is involved in nitrogen‐regulated gene expression
Authors: Castaño Irene , Flores Noemi , Valle Fernando , Covarrubias Alejandra A. , Bolivar Francisco
Published: October 2006

We report here the construction and analysis of insertional mutations in each of the three genes of the gltBDF operon and the nucleotide sequence of the region downstream from gltD. Two open reading frames were identified, the first of which corresponds to gltF. The gltB and gltD genes code for the large and small subunits, respectively, of the enzyme glutamate synthase (GOGAT). gltF codes for a protein, with a molecular mass of 26350Da, which is required for Ntr induction. Histidase synthesis was determined as a measure of Ntr function. First, insertions in gltB, gltD or gltF all prevent Ntr induction. Second, complementation analysis indicates that high‐level expression of both the gltD and gltF genes is required for the induction of the Ntr enzymes under nitrogen‐limiting conditions, indicating that the phenotype of the gltB insertion probably results from polarity on gltD and gltF. Third, glutamate‐dependent repression of the glt operon appears to be mediated by the product of the gltF gene. Thus, the gltBDF operon of Escherichia coli is involved in induction of the so‐called Ntr enzymes in response to nitrogen deprivation, as well as in glutamate biosynthesis.
Surface exclusion specificity of the TraT lipoprotein is determined by single alterations in a five‐amino‐acid region of the protein
Authors: Harrison Jacqueline L. , Taylor Ian M. , Platt Karen , O'Connor C. David
Published: October 2006

The TraT protein is a highly cell‐surface‐exposed lipoprotein specified by F‐like plasmids that confers serum resistance and blocks the conjugative transfer of plasmids to cells bearing identical or closely related plasmids, a process known as surface exclusion. The TraT protein specified by the antibiotic‐resistance plasmid R6‐5 was purified to apparent homogeneity. When added to mating mixtures, TraT blocked the transfer of plasmids belonging to Surface Exclusion Group IV (Sfx IV) but had no significant effect on the transfer of plasmids belonging to other groups. Additionally, the purified protein had a protective effect on bacterial cells incubated in serum, indicating that it does not have to be located on the cell surface to mediate serum resistance. To localize regions of the protein that were responsible for surface exclusion specificity, the amino acid sequence of the TraT protein specified by ColB2‐K98 (Sfx II) was determined by cloning and sequencing of the corresponding gene. Comparison of the derived sequence with those of the F and R100‐1 proteins indicated that surface exclusion specificity of TraT is determined by single alterations in a five‐amino‐acid region (residues 116–120). This was confirmed by segment swapping experiments in which the specificity of the R6‐5 TraT protein (Sfx IV) was switched to that of the COIB2‐K98 protein (Sfx II). Our results suggest that the region defined by residues 116–120 is located on the external face of the outer membrane and interacts specifically with the donor cell in surface exclusion.
Gene cassettes from the insert region of integrons are excised as covalently closed circles
Authors: Collis Christina M. , Hall Ruth M.
Published: October 2006

Integrons are DNA elements which generally include one or more discrete gene cassettes inserted at a specific site. We have recently proposed a model for the acquisition and dissemination of genes found in the insert region of integrons, which requires the existence of circularized gene cassettes. Evidence for the existence of covalently closed circular molecules consisting of one or more gene cassettes has now been obtained. Low levels of small molecules which hybridize to probes specific for individual gene cassettes were detected in plasmid DNA isolated from cells containing a plasmid which includes an integron fragment with three gene cassettes aacC1, orfE and aadA2. These molecules were only detected when the gene encoding the integron DNA integrase was also present and are thus products of site‐specific cassette excision. The excised cassettes have been shown to be in the form of covalently closed supercoiled circles, by digestion with restriction enzymes exonuclease III and DNase I. The circular excision products detected included either one cassette, aadA2 or orfE, two cassettes, aacC1 and orfE or all three cassettes. The predicted sequence of the recombinant junction in the excised aadA2 cassette confirmed that excision was precise. The predicted unique sequences of the 59‐base elements associated with individual genes in the circular cassette form were compiled, and the sequences of the seven‐base core sites which flank 59‐base elements are now, with few exceptions, exact inverted repeats.
Mycobacterial protein antigens: a compilation
Authors: Young D. B. , Kaufmann S. H. E. , Hermans P. W. M. , Thole J. E. R.
Published: October 2006

In response to recommendations from the Steering Committees responsible for co‐ordination of World Health Organization programmes for research on the immunology of leprosy (IMMLEP) and tuberculosis (IMMTUB), a list was prepared summarizing the properties of mycobacterial proteins currently under investigation with respect to their immunological activities. After consultation with more than 40 laboratories world‐wide this list was extended to form the compilation shown below and is intended to provide a comprehensive and convenient reference for future studies in this field.
Molecular and immunological analysis of a fibronectin‐binding protein antigen secreted by Mycobacterium leprae
Authors: Thole J. E. R. , Schöningh R. , Janson A. A. M. , Garbe T. , Cornelisse Y. E. , Clark‐Curtiss J. E. , Kolk A. H. J. , Ottenhoff T. H. M. , De Vries R. R. P. , Abou‐Zeid C.
Published: October 2006

By screening a Mycobacterium lepraeλgt11 genomic DNA library with leprosy‐patient sera we have previously identified 50 recombinant clones that expressed novel M. leprae antigens (Sathish et al., 1990). In this study, we show by DNA sequencing and immunoblot analysis that three of these clones express a M. leprae homologue of the fibronectin‐binding antigen 85 complex of mycobacteria. The complete gene was characterized and it encodes a 327‐amino‐acid polypeptide, consisting of a consensus signal sequence of 38 amino acids followed by a mature protein of 289 amino acids. This is the first sequence of a member of the M. leprae antigen 85 complex, and Southern blotting analysis indicated the presence of multiple genes of the 85 complex in the genome of M. leprae. The amino acid sequence displays 75–85% sequence identity with components of the antigen 85 complex from M. tuberculosis, M. bovis BCG and M. kansasii. Furthermore, antibodies to the antigen 85 complex of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG reacted with two fusion proteins containing the amino acid regions 55–266 and 265–327 of the M. leprae protein. The M. leprae 30/31 kDa protein induces strong humoral and cellular responses, as judged by Western blot analysis with patient sera and proliferation of T cells derived from healthy individuals and leprosy patients. Amino acid regions 55–266 and 265–327 both were shown to bind to fibronectin, indicating the presence of at least two fibronectin‐binding sites on the M. leprae protein. These data indicate that this 30/31 kDa protein is not only important in the immune response against M. leprae, but may also have a biological role in the interaction of this bacillus with the human host.
Isolation, characterization, and genetic analysis of monosomic, aneuploid mutants of Candida albicans
Authors: Barton R. C. , Gull K.
Published: October 2006

A white, prototrophic Candida albicans strain, heterozygous for the ADE2 gene (ade2/ADE2), was treated with the antimitotic agent methyl benzimidazole carbamate, and yielded red, adenine‐requiring colonies at a rate of 4 × 10‐3, an order of magnitude higher than the spontaneous rate of Ade‐ colony formation. These red Ade‐ colonies were small, growing at approximately half the rate of the parent strain, and gave rise to large red colonies spontaneously. When the chromosomes of the small red colonies were separated by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, the band hybridizing with the ADE2 gene was diminished in staining intensity by half relative to the parent and large red‐colony strains. Restriction fragment‐length polymorphism analysis and auxotrophic mutant spectra after mutagenesis suggested that the small red Ade‐ strains were monosomic aneuploids lacking one of a pair of chromosome homologues, while the large red strains had regained a homologue, presumably via a second non‐disjunction event. Parasexual genetic analysis of two of the auxotrophs isolated from a putative aneuploid suggested that both mutations were linked to the ADE2 gene. These experiments suggest that targeted chromosome loss and monosomic, aneuploid strains have the potential to extend the scope of genetic analysis in this diploid, asexual organism.
Cloning and characterization of a phospholipase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16.
Authors: Keen N. T. , Ridgway D. , Boyd C.
Published: October 2006

A single gene (plcA) was cloned from a cosmid library of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 DNA that encoded an extracellular phospholipase. The gene was subcloned and DNA sequence data showed the presence of a single open reading frame encoding a protein with a predicted size of 39kDa. The coding region was G+C‐rich and the protein had a predicted basic isoelectric point. The protein showed no significant homology with others in the PIR library, including other phospholipases. When overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells, the plcA gene directed production of a c. 39kDa protein that was largely localized in the periplasm, but its N‐terminal amino acid sequence was that of the native protein predicted from DNA sequence data. Unlike the wild‐type bacterium, an E. chrysanthemi EC16 marker exchange mutant of the plcA gene did not secrete extracellular phospholipase activity into the medium. However, no detectable change was observed in terms of the virulence of the mutant strain on potato tubers or chrysanthemum stems.
The relationship between disulphide bond formation, processing and secretion of lipo‐β‐lactamase in yeast
Authors: Shani O. , Pines O.
Published: October 2006

The hybrid prokaryotic lipo‐β‐lactamase mature and precursor proteins spontaneously form an intramolecular disulphide bond when oxidized in vitro. When expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (in vivo) the lipo‐β‐lactamase precursor is in a reduced form whereas the majority of the mature protein is oxidized. The results indicate that in yeast, the lipo‐β‐lactamase precursor is first processed (the signal peptide is removed) and then oxidized to form a disulphide bond in the mature protein. Reduced‐mature lipo‐β‐lactamase was found to reach the yeast periplasm and the process depends on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) entry even though the protein is not oxidized. This result is remarkable since in eukaryotes, disulphide bond formation occurs in the ER. Oxidized mature lipo‐β‐lactamase can also be released from the sphaeroplast into the yeast periplasm. Mutant lipo‐β‐lactamase genes in which cysteine residue 131 was changed to either tyrosine or threonine, were efficiently processed and secreted in yeast, which is consistent with the finding that reduced‐mature non‐mutant lipo‐β‐lactamase can be secreted. We discuss the possibility that the folding mechanism of lipo‐β‐lactamase in vitro may be fundamentally different from the process in the eukaryotic system of S. cerevisiae.
Formation of active heterologous nitrate reductases between nitrate reductases A and Z of Escherichia coli
Authors: Blasco F. , Nunzi F. , Pommier J. , Brasseur R. , Chippaux M. , Giordano G.
Published: October 2006

Two nitrate reductases, NRA and NRZ, are present in Escherichia coli. These isoenzymes have the same αβγ, subunits composition and have similar size and genetic organization. Corresponding subunits of the complexes share at least 75% identity. By subcloning the different genes and expressing them from separate transcriptional units, we have demonstrated (i) that the translation of the subunits and their assembly are not coupled processes, since subunits produced concomitantly but independently can meet efficiently and associate to form active enzymes, and (ii) that the α subunit of a given complex can be replaced by its counterpart from the other isoenzyme to yield an active membrane‐bound heterologous enzyme. One such heterologous enzyme, αAβZγZ, has been purified; it is less stable than the native enzymes, more susceptible to thermal denaturation, and shows increased sensitivity to proteolysis. It is also less stably bound to the membrane and, consequently, its activity with physiological electron donors is drastically reduced. The possibility that heterologous nitrate reductases could be formed in vivo is discussed with reference to the existence of porin heterotrimers of the outer membrane proteins OmpC, OmpF and PhoE.
Involvement of the narJ or narW gene product in the formation of active nitrate reductase in Escherichia coli
Authors: Blasco F. , Pommier J. , Augier V. , Chippaux M. , Giordano G.
Published: October 2006

Two membrane‐bound nitrate reductases, NRA and NRZ, exist in Escherichia coil. Both isoenzymes are composed of three structural subunits, α, β and γ encoded by narG/narZ, narH/narY and narl/narV, respectively. The genes are in transcription units which also contain a fourth gene encoding a polypeptide, δ, which is not part of the final enzyme. A strain which is devoid of, or does not express, the nar genes, was used to investigate the role of the δ and γ polypeptides in the formation and/or processing of the nitrate reductase. When only the α and γ polypeptides are produced, an (αβ) complex exists which is inactive and soluble. When the α, β and δ and polypeptides are produced, the (αβ) complex is active with artificial donors such as benzyl viologen but is soluble. When the α, β, and δ polypeptides are produced, the (αβ) complex is inactive but partially binds the membrane. It was concluded that the γ polypeptide is involved in the binding of the (αβ) complex to the membrane while the δ polypeptide is indispensable for the (αβ) nitrate reductase activity. The activation by the δ polypeptide does not seem to involve the insertion of the redox centres of the enzyme since the purified inactive (αβ) complex was shown to contain the four iron–sulphur centres and the molybdenum cofactor, which are normally present in the native purified enzyme. The extreme sensitivity of this inactive complex to thermal denaturation or tryptic treatment favours the idea that the δ polypeptide promotes the correct assembly of the α and β subunits. Although this corresponds to the definition of a chaperone protein this possibility has been rejected. In this study we have also demonstrated that the δ or γ polypeptide encoded by one nar operon can be substituted succesfully for by its respective counterpart from the other nar operon to give an active membrane bound heterologous nitrate reductase enzyme.
Secretion of the Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation protein NodO by haemolysin‐type systems
Authors: Scheu A. K. , Economou A. , Hong G. F. , Ghelani S. , Johnston A. W. B. , Downie J. A.
Published: October 2006

The Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae nodulation protein NodO is partially homologous to haemolysin of Escherichia coli and, like haemolysin, is secreted into the growth medium. The NodO protein can be secreted by a strain of E. coli carrying the cloned nodO gene plus the haemolysin secretion genes hlyBD, in a process that also requires the outer membrane protein encoded by tolC. The related protease secretion genes, prtDEF, from Erwinia chrysanthemi also enable E. coli to secrete NodO. The Rhizobium genes encoding the proteins required for NodO secretion are unlinked to nodO and are unlike other nod genes, since they do not require flavonoids or NodO for their expression. Although proteins similar to NodO were not found in rhizobia other than R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, several rhizobia and an Agrobacterium strain containing the cloned nodO gene were found to have the ability to secrete NodO. These observations indicate that a wide range of the Rhizobiaceae have a protein secretion mechanism analogous to that which secretes haemotysin and related toxins and proteases in the Enterobacteriaceae.
Characterization of the antigenic and adhesive properties of FaeG, the major subunit of K88 fimbriae
Authors: Bakker D. , Willemsen P. T. J. , Simons L. H. , van Zijderveld F. G. , de Graaf F. K.
Published: October 2006

The two K88 serotypes, K88ab and K88ac, differ in terms of antigenic and adhesive properties. The structural determinants of the serotype‐specific epitopes and the identity of the amino acid residues involved in fimbriae‐receptor interaction were studied by the construction and analysis of K88 hybrid proteins in which various parts of the K88ab and K88ac fimbrial subunit FaeG were exchanged, and by in vitro mutagenesis of non‐conserved amino acid residues. Using a set of monoclonal antibodies, several regions or amino acid residues involved in the formation of serotype‐specific antigenic determinants were located. The haemagglutinating activity of the hybrid and mutant proteins revealed several amino acid residues involved in the formation of the receptor binding site. A clear correlation was found between the receptor binding site and the serotype‐specific antigenic determinants.
Response of coastal plain rivers to falling relative sea‐level: allogenic controls on the aggradational phase
Authors: SWENSON JOHN B. , MUTO TETSUJI
Published: October 2006

This study combines mathematical modelling and supporting flume experiments to address the problem of how coastal plain rivers respond to a steady fall in relative sea‐level. The theoretical component of the study focuses on the development of a moving boundary model of fluviodeltaic progradation that treats rigorously the dynamics of the shoreline and alluvial–basement transition (the upstream limit of the alluvial river system). Dimensional analysis and numerical solutions to the model governing equations together suggest that, at first order, coastal plain rivers will remain aggradational on a timescale that varies with allogenic sediment and water supply and the fall rate of relative sea‐level. In natural fluviodeltaic systems, this intrinsic timescale is likely to vary by several orders of magnitude, suggesting that the aggradational phase of river response can be geologically long‐lived. At second order, the duration of alluvial aggradation is controlled by two dimensionless numbers that embody system geometry and the kinematics of alluvial sediment transport. Model predictions were tested in a series of carefully scaled flume experiments. The level of agreement between predicted and measured trajectories for the shoreline and alluvial–basement transition strongly suggests that the moving boundary theory developed here successfully captures the response of small‐scale fluviodeltaic systems to falling sea‐level. The results of this study have several sequence‐stratigraphic implications: a fall in relative sea‐level at the shoreline is not a sufficient condition for river incision; the onset of alluvial degradation and sequence‐boundary formation need not coincide with a maximum in the rate of sea‐level fall; and the onset of sequence‐boundary formation is sensitive to allogenic sediment supply.
Reviews
Authors: Williams Mary
Published: October 2006

Aniela Jaffe: Der Mythus vom Sinn im Werk von C. G. Jung

A. De Reuck and J. Knight (eds.): caste and race

Norman Cohn:Warrant for genocide: the myth of the Jewish world conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Humberto Nagera: Vincent van Gogh, a psychological study

Daniel Offer and Melvin Sabshin with a foreword by Roy R. Grinker, Sr: Normality theoretical and clinical concepts of mental health
Journals and other Recent Publications
Authors: Rhees Jean
Published: October 2006

[Authors are urged to send off‐prints of publications relevant to this section and so help the editors to make it as complete as possible. Off‐prints of articles in books will not be reported on here since they constitute part of a volume that can be made the subject‐matter of a review.—Editor]

Belford, Ann (New York). ‘The relation of religion to pastoral counseling’

Belford, Ann (New York). ‘Where depth psychology and theology meet’

Beyme, F. and Fahrenberg, J. (Basle). ‘Zur deutschen Bearbeitung der Anxiety‐Tests von R. B. Cattell’

D'Agostino, E. and Trevi, M. (Rome). ‘Struttura e tensione dialettica: note sulla concezione del Selbst nella psicologia dell'individuazione’

Dieckmann, H. (Berlin). ‘Das Lieblingsmärchen der Kindheit und seine Beziehung zu Neurose and Persönlichkeitsstruktur’

Dieckmann, H. (Berlin). ‘Zum Aspekt des Grausamen im Märchen’

Eschenbach, Helmut W. (Stuttgart). ‘Studie zur Psychologie C. G. Jungs: ein Erfassungsmodell’

Jung, Albert (Fribourg). ‘Die Beziehungen zum eigenen Körper’

Meier, C. A., Ruef, H. and Ziegler, A. (Zürich) and Hall, C. S. (Santa Cruz). ‘Forgetting of dreams in the laboratory’

Moreno, M. and Trevi, M. (Rome) ‘Consico Collettivo e inconsicio collettivo’

Scott, R. D. and Ashworth, P. L. (London). ‘“Closure” at the first schizophrenic break‐down: a family study’

Ziegler, A. J. (Zürich). ‘Der pathognomonische Traum’ (‘The diagnositc dream’)
Recent Publications In Journals
Authors: Rhees Jean
Published: October 2006

[Authors are asked to send off‐prints of articles in learned journals on subjects relevant to this section. Offprints of articles in books on other publications will not be reported on here since they constiute part of a volume that can be made the subject‐matter of a review.]

Dieckmann, H. (Berlin): ‘Das Lieblingsmärchen der Kindheit als therapeutisher Faktor in der Analyse’ (‘The favourite fairy‐tale of childhood as a therapeutic factor in analysis’)

Dieckmann, H. (Berlin). ‘Über das Bewusstsein der Frau im 20. Jahrhundert’ (‘On women's consciousness in the twentieth centuary’)

Dr Lorenzo, Silvia (Rome). ‘Il metodo dell'immaginazione attiva nella pratica della Psicologia Analitica’ (‘Active imagination as a method in the practice of analytical psychology’)

Fierz, H. (Zürich). ‘Utbildningen i psykoterapi i Schweiz’ (‘Training in psychotherapy in Switzerland’)

Marshak, M. D. (London). ‘A psychological approach to mythology II.’

Scott, R. D. and Ainsworth, P. L. (London). ‘The Shadow of the ancestor: a historical factor in the transmission of schizophrenia’

Biäsch, Hans: ‘Die Psychologie innerhalb der Vielfalt der Wissenschaften’ (‘The place of psychology within the multiplicity of the sciences’)

Kerényi, Karl: ‘Hegel e gli Dei della Grecia’ (‘Hegel and the Greek gods’)

Ziegler, Alfred J.: ‘Die abendländische Aggressivität’ (‘Aggression in Western countries’)
Book Reviews
Authors: Williams Mary
Published: October 2006

Arne Naess: Scepticism

Lauri Rauhuala: Intentionality and the problem of the unconscious

Roy Schafer: Aspects of internalization

C. A. Meier: Die Empirie des Unbewussten

Jolande Jacobi: Vom Bilderreich der Seele—Wege und Umwege zu sich selbst

Honor Matthews: The hard journey: the myth of man's rebirth

Ruth Porter (Ed.): The role of learning in psychotherapy

B. M. Foss (Ed.): Determinants of infant behaviour IV
Book Review
Authors: Welch Mary
Published: October 2006

C. G. Jung: Psychological reflections

Frances Smart: Neurosis and crime

Gérard Borg: Le voyage à la drogue

Karl Menninger: Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers

Alvin R. Mahrer. (Ed.) New approaches to personality classification

Curatorium C. G. Jung Institute (Eds.) Conscience

Joachim Fleschner: Childhood and destiny: the triadic principle in genetic education

Kenneth Koch: Wishes, lies and dreams

Joe Kovel: White racism: a psychohistory

Isca Salzberger‐Wittenberg: Psycho‐analytic insight and relationships: Kleinian approach

Robert C. Carson: Interaction concepts of personality
Recent Publications in Journals
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

[Authors are asked to send offprints of articles in learned journals on subjects relevant to this section. Offprints of articles in other publications will not normally be reported on here, likewise offprints of articles in books since they may constitute part of a volume that can be made the subject matter of a review.]
The Transcendent Function and the Forming Ego
Authors: MOORE NORAH
Published: October 2006

When silent I… did in a Chaos ly,  How could I Smiles, or Tears,  Or Lips, or Hands, or Eys, or Ears perceiv?  Welcom ye Treasures which I now receiv.  A Stranger here  Strange things doth meet, strange Glory see.  Strange Treasures lodg'd in this fair World appear,  Strange all and New to me: 

But that they Mine should be who Nothing was,  That strangest is of all; yet brought to pass. 

Thomas Traherne (1636–1674)
Journal Reviews
Authors: Ledermann Rushi
Published: October 2006

Davidson, R. H. & Day, R. ‘Symbol and realization: a contribution to the study of magic and healing.’

Dreifuss, G. (Haifa): ‘The significance of the shofar in the rite of the Jewish high holidays’

Engel, W. (New York): ‘Psychotherapeutic prophylaxis in a changing world’

Fordham, M. (London): ‘Reflection on child analysis read at the Rome conference “Jung e la cultura europea”’

Fordham, M. (London): Jungian view of the body‐mind relationship

Fordham, M. (London): ‘Simbolismo nella prima e seconda infanria (Symbolism in infancy)’

Henderson, J. L. & Wheelwright, J. B. (San Francisco): American handbook Of psychiatry

Henderson, J. L. (San Francixo): ‘The picture method in Jungian psychotherapy’

Lambert, K. (London): ‘The problem of authority in the early development of the individual’

Lambert, K. (London): ‘Facilitating elements in analysis’

McCully, R. S. (Charleston, South Carolina): ‘Tantric imagery and Rorschach perception’

McCully, R. S. (Charleston, South Carolina): Separatdruck aus Rorschachiana X

Marshak, M. D. (London): ‘Art education in relation to psychic and mental functioning’

Pontius, A. A. (New York): ‘Neuro‐ethics of “Walking” in the newborn’

Pontius, A. A. (New York): ‘Maori art and pseudo‐hypoparathyroidism—a medical contribution to prehistoric anthropology’

Pontius, A. A. (New York): ‘Basis for a neurological test of frontal lobe system functioning up to adolescence. A form analysis of action expressed in narratives’

Pye, F. (London). ‘Feminine images of success’

Wheelwright, J. (San Francisco): ‘Psychological types’

Wallace, E. (New York): ‘Conventional boundaries or protective temenos’

Williams, M. (London): ‘Transcience and eternity’
Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Meier, Carl Alfred, M.D. Jung's analytical psychology and religion.

Jacoby, Jolande. Masks of the soul.

Groddeck, George. The meaning of illness.

Jahoda, Marie. Freud and the dilemmas of psychology.
Journal Reviews
Authors: Lederman Rushi
Published: October 2006

[Authors are asked to send offprints of articles in learned journals on subjects relevant to this section. Offprints of articles in other publications will not normally be reported here, likewise offprints of articles in books since they may constitute part of a volume that can be made the subject matter of a review.]

Bash, K. W. (Bern). ‘Regressus ad superos’

Bash, K. W. (Bern). ‘Die Dynamik der Aggression (the dynamics of aggression)’

Bash, K. W. (Bern). ‘Der unwahrscheinliche Jung’

Bührmann, M. V. (Gansbaai, S. Africa). ‘Research into the methods of traditional healers (diviners) amongst the Xhosa‐speaking people’

Bührmann, M. V. (Gansbaai, S. Africa). ‘Western Psychiatry and the Xhosa Patient.’

Bührmann, M. V. (Gansbaai, S. Africa). ‘Dream therapy through the ages'.

Dreifuss, G. et al. (Haifa). Article in Shdemot

Fordham, M. (London). ‘Die analytische (komplexe) Psychologie in England, article in vol. III of Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts

Frey‐Wehrlin, C. T. (Zürich). ‘Die Analytische (komplexe) Psychologie Jung's’

Kotschnig, Elined Prys: ‘Womanhood in myth and life.’

Paulsen, L. (London). ‘Intuition: the unaccountable element’

Scott, W. Clifford, M. (Montreal). ‘Remembering sleep and dreams’

‘Eidon’
Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Gordon, Rosemary. Dying and creating: a search for meaning.

Kubie, Lawrence S. Symbol and neurosis. Selected papers of Lawrence S. Kubie.

Katz, Steven T., Ed. Mysticism and philosophical analysis.

Pincus, Lily and Dare, Christopher. Secrets in the family.
Reviews
Authors: Lambert Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Evans, Richard I. Jung on elementary psychology

Franz, Marie‐Louise von. Die Visionen des Niklaus von Flüe

Bolen, J. The Tao of psychology: synchronicity and the self

Sandner, D. Navaho symbols of healing

Craighead, Meinrad. The sign of the tree: meditations in images and words
Journal Reviews
Authors: Ledermann Rushi
Published: October 2006

[Authors are invited to submit for review articles published in learned journals on subjects relevant to this section. Articles from other publications will not be accepted, neither will chapters from books that might constitute the subject matter of a book review in this Journal.]

Kiepenheuer, K. (Zürich). ‘Spontaneous drawings of a leukemia child’, Psychosotnatische Medizin

Prince, G. S. (London). ‘Teenagers today’, MIND Monograph

Sauer, G. (Freiburg). ‘Tiefenpsychologische Voraussetzungen und Wirkungen des Gebets’ (Prayer: its depth‐psychological presuppositions and effects), in Hat Beten Sinn

Fierz, H. K. (Zürich). ‘Methodics, theory and ethics in analytical psychotherapy’. Article in Vol. Ill of Die Psychologic des 20 Jahrhunderts

Meier, C. A. (Zürich). ‘Dynamische Psychologie und die Klassische Welt' (Dynamic psychology and the classical world). Analytische Psychologie

Langegger, Florian (Zürich). ‘Zum Problem der Chronisch Kranken’ (The Problem of the Chronic Mentally Ill). Analytische Psychokgie

Bührmann, M. V. (Gansbaai, S. Africa). ‘Why are certain procedures of the indigenous healers effective?’Psychotherapeia

Asper, K. Gustave Flaubert: ‘Madame Bovary und ihre Heilung’ (Madame Bovary and her cure). Analyt. Psychol

Pouplier, M. (Stuttgart). ‘Zum Archetyp der puella aeterna. (On the archetype of the puella aeterna). Analyt. Psychol

Spengler, Ernst,. (Zürich). ‘C. G. Jung's Religionpsychologie’ (C. G. Jung's psychology of religion), in Die Psychologie des 20 Jahrhunderts in 15 Bänden

Ziegler, A. J. (Zürich). ‘über das Fieber: Paradigma zu einer antithetischen, archetypischen Medizin’ (On fever, an example of antithetic, archetypal medicine). Gorgo

Dreifuss, G. (Haifa). ‘Erich Neumanns Jüdisches Bewusstsein’ (Erich Neumann's Jewish Consciousness). Analyt. Psychology

Alex, W. (Jerusalem). ‘The significance of Erich Neumann in Jungian psychology’. Israel Annals of Psychiatry

Jacoby, M. (Zürich). ‘Urbeziehung und Kulturkanon’ (Primary relationship and cultural canon). Analyt. Psychologie
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Franz, Marie‐Louise von. Projection and Reflection in Jungian Psychology.

Neumann, Erich. Creative Man.

Hall, Nor. The Moon and the Virgin.

Krohn, Alan. Hysteria: The Elusive Neurosis.

Boss, Medard. Existential Foundations of Medicine and Psychology.

Hanly, Charles. Existentialism and Psychoanalysis.

Sharp, Daryl. The Secret Raven: Conflict and Transformation in the Life of Franz Kafka.

Hicklin, A. (Ed.). Psychosomatische Medizin.

Bertherat, Thérèse,; Bernstein, Carolle. The Messenger of the Body.
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Adler, Gerhard. Dynamics of the Self.

Jacoby, Mario. Sehnsucht uach dem Paradies

Dieckmann, H. Übertragung und Gegenübertragung

Franz, M.‐L. von; Frey‐Rohn, L.; Jaffé, A. Im Umkreis des Todes

Wunderli, Jürg, Stirb und Werde: Wandlung und Wiedergeburt in der Pubertät und in der Lebensmitte.

Brivic, S. R. Joyce Between Freud and Jung.

Wolberg, Lewis R.; Aronson, Marvin L. Group and Family Therapy, 1980.

Wheelwright, Jane Hollister. The Death of a Woman; How a Life became Complete.

Paolino, Thomas J. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: Theory, Technique, Therapeutic Relationship and Treatability.
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Wolff, Toni. Studien zu C. G. Jungs Psychologie

Davis, M.; Wallbridge, D. Boundary and Space

Box, Sally; Copley, Beta; Magnana, Jeanne; Moustaki, Errica (Eds). Psychotherapy with Families: An Analytic Approach

Hill, G. et al. (Eds). Sandplay Studies: Origins, Theory and Practice
Reviews
Authors: Peterson Corinna
Published: October 2006

Te Paske, Bradley, A. Rape and Ritual, a Psychological Study

McGuire, W. Bollingen: an Adventure in Collecting the Past

Obrist, W. Die Mutation des Bewusstseins (The Evolution of Consciousness)