bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zur statischen Effizienz polygonaler und kreisförmiger Stahltürme für Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Richter Carl , Pak Daniel , Feldmann Markus , Veljkovic Milan
Published: December 2015

Seit 2005 werden in den europäischen Forschungsprojekten HISTWIN (High‐Strength Steel Tower for Wind Turbines, 2006–2009) und HISTWIN 2 (High steel tubular towers for wind turbines, 2010–2013) Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von konventionellen sowie polygonalen Stahltürmen von Windenergieanlagen durchgeführt. Die maximale Nabenhöhe von Windenergieanlagen mit Stahlrohrtürmen ist aufgrund der über das Straßennetz transportfähigen Dimensionen und der daraus resultierenden Durchmesserrestriktionen auf ca. 100 bis 120 m begrenzt. Im Rahmen dieser europäischen Forschungsprojekte wurde ein Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems durch die Entwicklung einer innovativen Reibverbindung geleistet, welche eine vertikale Segmentierung des Turms ermöglichen sollen. Kommt das Verbindungskonzept überdies anstelle konventioneller Ringflansche zum Einsatz, so ist nicht mehr die Ermüdung im Bereich der Ringflanschverbindung das kritische Bemessungsdetail, vielmehr verschiebt sich die bemessungsrelevante Größe hin zur Stabilität der Turmschale. In diesem Artikel liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den theoretischen Untersuchungen zur möglichen Erhöhung des Stabilitätswiderstandes und gleichzeitig möglicher Materialeinsparung durch die Verwendung eines polygonalen Querschnitts anstelle eines kreisförmigen Querschnitts. Im Rahmen dieser materialbasierten Wirtschaftlichkeitsstudie wurden die Untersuchungen auf Längsspannungen (keine Schubspannungen) und lokales Stabilitätsversagen (Beulen, kein Knicken) beschränkt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Ovalisierung des Querschnittes nicht berücksichtigt und die Beulfeldkanten als fest unterstellt.

Economic feasibility studies on polygonal and circular towers for wind turbines. Since 2005 numerous studies regarding functional and cost optimisation of circular and polygonal steel wind towers are conducted within the scope of the European research projects HISTWIN (High‐Strength Steel Tower for Wind Turbines, 2006–2009) and HISTWIN 2 (High steel tubular towers for wind turbines, 2010–2013). The maximum hub height of wind turbines built with tubular steel towers is limited to approximately 100 to 120 m. This is due to restrictions regarding the maximum tower foot diameter to allow for road transportation logistics. Within the framework of the European research projects a contribution to solving that problem was made by introducing an innovative friction connection, allowing for a vertical segmentation of the tower. By use of this friction connection instead of a conventional ring flange connection, the critical design detail changes from fatigue of the ring flange connection to stability of the tower shell. The main focus of this article lies on the investigations of the possible increase of stability resistance and potential material savings by using polygonal cross sections instead of circular cross sections.
Ermüdungsfestigkeit feuerverzinkter HV‐Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen von Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Eichstädt Rasmus , Oechsner Matthias , Simonsen Fabian
Published: December 2015

HV‐Schraubengarnituren mit großen Durchmessern kommen bevorzugt in Ringflanschverbindungen von Windenergieanlagen zum Einsatz. Zur Gewährleistung eines zuverlässigen Korrosionsschutzes werden die Garnituren feuerverzinkt. Der Einfluss der Feuerverzinkung auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit großer HV‐Schrauben wurde bislang jedoch nicht abschließend untersucht. Zudem sind Wöhlerlinien, die für die Bemessung der Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen angewendet werden, nur begrenzt für große Schraubendurchmesser validiert. Anhand der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten experimentellen Untersuchungen wird der Einfluss der Feuerverzinkung auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit großer HV‐Schrauben systematisch analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass durch die Feuerverzinkung die zyklische Beanspruchbarkeit der Schrauben maßgeblich reduziert wird. Der zugrundeliegende Schädigungsmechanismus kann mit Hilfe abgebrochener Schwingversuche gekerbter Proben dokumentiert und beschrieben werden. Die Ergebnisse der Schwingversuche an hochfesten Schrauben M36 werden mit gültigen normativen Regelwerken verglichen.

Fatigue strength of hot‐dip galvanized high‐strength bolt systems in ring‐flange connections of wind turbines – Assessment of the boundary layer effect for bolts with large diameters. High‐strength bolt systems with large diameters are widely used in ring‐flange connections of wind turbines. For reliable protection against corrosion, the bolts are hot‐dip galvanized. However, until now the effect of galvanizing on the fatigue strength of bolts with large diameters is still under investigation. Moreover, applicable S‐N curves for the verification of bolts in ring‐flange connections are mostly validated on smaller bolts. In the investigations, presented in this paper, the effect of hot‐dip galvanizing on the fatigue strength of large‐size bolts is systematically analyzed. The results show that the cyclic load bearing capacity of the bolts is significantly reduced by the zinc coating. The corresponding damage mechanism is documented by use of aborted fatigue tests on notched specimens. Based on the fatigue test results on high‐strength bolts M36 valid normative regulations are discussed.
The Learning Virus: An Affective, Constructivist Movement Shaped by Ultrasociality in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Ershler Jeff , Stabile Chris
Published: December 2015

Redefining the discourse toward a  “better fit”  cultural framework of beliefs, thought, language, and action through ultrasociality, a constructivist meme can help nurture an epistemological break (or rupture) from the traditional objectivist paradigm in education.
Learner‐Centered Faculty Development
Authors: Yee Kevin
Published: December 2015

To maximize their effectiveness, faculty developers should not merely advocate for an active learning approach but also enact it in their own workshops and service‐oriented interactions with faculty, even extending to their use of outreach and social media.
Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) extract ameliorates ovarian damage induced by subchronic cadmium exposure in mice: Potential δ‐ALA‐D involvement
Authors: Izaguirry Aryele Pinto , Soares Melina Bucco , Vargas Laura Musacchio , Spiazzi Cristiano Chiapinotto , dos Santos Brum Daniela , Noremberg Simone , Mendez Andreas Sebastian Loureiro , Santos Francielli Weber
Published: December 2015

Females are born with a finite number of oocyte‐containing follicles and ovary damage results in reduced fertility. Cadmium accumulates in the reproductive system, damaging it, and the cigarette smoke is a potential exposure route. Natural therapies are relevant to health benefits and disease prevention. This study verified the effect of cadmium exposure on the ovaries of mice and the blueberry extract as a potential therapy. Blueberry therapy was effective in restoring reactive species levels and δ‐aminolevulinate dehydratase activity, and partially improved the viability of cadmium‐disrupted follicles. This therapy was not able to restore the 17 β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Extract HPLC evaluation indicated the presence of quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercetin, and ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid was the major substance and its concentration was 620.24 µg/mL. Thus, cadmium accumulates in the ovaries of mice after subchronic exposure, inducing cellular damage, and the blueberry extract possesses antioxidant properties that could protect, at least in part, the ovarian tissue from cadmium toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 188–196, 2017.
Microlayer enrichment in natural treatment systems: linking the surface microlayer to urban water quality
Authors: Rippy Megan A. , Weiden Laura M. , Cooper William J. , Deletic Ana , Grant Stanley B.
Published: December 2015

Natural treatment systems (NTS), such as constructed wetlands and stormwater ponds, are multibenefit, multidisciplinary approaches to sustaining water resources and reducing contaminant loading to urban streams. Surficial thin films (called surface microlayers) are not well characterized in NTS, but may have important implications for ecosystems, public health, and pollutant fate and transport. We present results from a case study evaluating microlayer contaminant partitioning across 4 NTS in Melbourne, Australia. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence for microlayer formation and contaminant enrichment (total petroleum hydrocarbons and trihalomethanes) in NTS. Contaminated microlayers were detected in the three most stable NTS, with stability defined relative to wind speed. Fluorescent‐dissolved organic matter profiles differed between microlayer and subsurface water in these systems, suggesting that fluorescence‐based techniques are useful for microlayer detection. Although individual fluorophores were not consistently associated with specific contaminants, fluorescence ratios were useful for identifying likely contaminant source waters, including road‐runoff and irrigation water from nearby green spaces. We evaluate our case study in light of what is known about surface microlayers in analogous systems (e.g., oceans, estuaries, and lakes), in order to identify existing research gaps and future opportunities. WIREs Water 2016, 3:269–281. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1128

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Science of Water > Water Quality
Analysis of the effect of Tropical Cyclone Phet on the occurrence of heavy rainfall and floods in Chabahar, Iran
Authors: Rahimi Yousef Ghavidel , Abbasi Esmaeil , Farajzadeh Manuchehr
Published: December 2015

On the first day of June 2010 a very severe tropical storm occurred in the North Indian Ocean near the Arabian Sea, which was named Tropical Cyclone Phet (TCP). During the 7‐day period for which it was active, the intensity of TCP reached category 5 on the Saffir‐Simpson hurricane scale. On 4 June 2010 at 2130h local time (1700 utc), TCP hit the southeast of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and, more specifically, the Port of Chabahar. Chabahar received 109.5mm of rain, resulting in economic and social damages. The storm caused substantial physical damage including the destruction of water and electricity infrastructure, flooding, the blocking of roads by debris, and structural damage to roofs and buildings in rural areas over much of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

The peak activity in Chabahar was between 0330 and 2130h on 5 June 2010, when heavy rainfall occurred due to warm sea surface temperatures and favourable upper‐level environment at 850 and 700hPa levels.

Synoptic analysis shows that the existence of low pressure at sea‐level associated with a deep trough with its axis passing through the vicinity of Chabahar station were the main reasons for heavy rainfall on 5 June 2010 in Chabahar.

A strong upward convective motion combined with considerable moisture convergence from Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea produced a warmed and moistened boundary layer over the region.

The moisture convergence at 0330 and 2130h in the lower troposphere shows that, in most cases, the moisture flux convergence maxima coincides with the cyclone centre over the Sea of Oman, which flows to Chabahar.
Temporal variations in seed dispersal patterns of a bird‐dispersed tree, Swida controversa (Cornaceae), in a temperate forest
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshihiro , Naoe Shoji , Masaki Takashi , Isagi Yuji
Published: December 2015

The seed dispersal patterns of bird‐dispersed trees often show substantial seasonal and annual variation due to temporal changes in frugivorous bird and bird‐dispersed fruit distributions. Elucidating such variation and how it affects plant regeneration is important for understanding the evolution and seed dispersal maintenance strategies of these plants. In this study, we investigated the seed dispersal quantity and distance of a bird‐dispersed plant, Swida controversa, for 2 years and detected large seasonal variations in dispersal pattern. Early in the fruiting season, short seed dispersal distance and large amounts of fruit consumption by birds (seed dispersal quantity) were observed. In contrast, late in the fruiting season, a long seed dispersal distance and small seed dispersal quantity were observed. This relationship between seed dispersal distance and quantity may help to maintain constant seed dispersal effectiveness during the long S. controversa fruiting season. Annual variation was also detected for both seed dispersal quantity and distance. More effective seed dispersal was achieved in the masting year, because both seed dispersal quantity and distance were greater than that in the non‐masting year. These seed dispersal dynamics may contribute to the evolution and maintenance of S. controversa masting behavior. Thus, we identified substantial temporal variation on both seasonal and annual scales in the seed dispersal pattern of a bird‐dispersed plant. The temporal variation in seed dispersal pattern revealed in this study probably plays a substantial role in the life history and population dynamics of S. controversa.
Removal of Tannic Acid From Aqueous Solution by Cloud Point Extraction and Investigation of Surfactant Regeneration by Microemulsion Extraction
Authors: Ghouas H. , Haddou B. , Kameche M. , Canselier J. P. , Gourdon C.
Published: December 2015

The aim of this work is the extraction of tannic acid (TA) with two commercial nonionic surfactants, separately: Lutensol ON 30 and Triton X‐114 (TX‐114).The experimental cloud point extraction results are expressed by four responses to surfactant concentration and temperature variations: extent of TA extraction (E), remaining solute (Xs,w) and surfactant (Xt,w) concentrations in dilute phase and volume fraction of coacervate (Φc) at equilibrium. An empirical smoothing method was used and the results are represented on three dimensional plots. In optimal conditions, the extraction extent of TA reaches 95 and 87 % using TX‐114 and Lutensol ON 30, respectively. Sodium sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) addition and pH effect are also studied. Finally, the possibility of recycling of the surfactant is proved.
Dietary Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Prevented Adipocyte Hypertrophy by Downregulating DGAT‐2 and FABP‐4 in a Sex‐Dependent Fashion
Authors: Balogun Kayode A. , Cheema Sukhinder K.
Published: December 2015

Obesity is characterized by an increase in fat mass primarily as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy. Diets enriched in omega (n)‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are suggested to reduce obesity, however, the mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the effect of n‐3 PUFA on adipocyte hypertrophy and the key genes involved in adipocyte hypertrophy. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed semi‐purified diets (20 % w/w fat) containing high n‐3 PUFA before mating, during pregnancy, and until weaning. Male and female offspring were continued on high n‐3 PUFA (10 % w/w), medium n‐3 PUFA (4 % w/w), or low n‐3 PUFA (2 % w/w) diet for 16 weeks postweaning. Adipocyte area was quantified using microscopy, and gonadal mRNA expression of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐2 (DGAT‐2), fatty acid binding protein‐4 (FABP‐4) and leptin were measured. The high n‐3 PUFA group showed higher levels of total n‐3 PUFA in gonadal TAG compared to the medium and low n‐3 PUFA groups (P < 0.001). The high n‐3 PUFA male group had a lower adipocyte area compared to the medium and low n‐3 PUFA group (P < 0.001); however, no difference was observed in females. The high n‐3 PUFA male group showed lower mRNA expression of FABP‐4, DGAT‐2 and leptin compared to the low n‐3 PUFA group, with no difference in females. Plasma lipid levels were lower in the high n‐3 PUFA group compared to the other groups. Our findings show for the first time that n‐3 PUFA prevents adipocyte hypertrophy by downregulating FABP‐4, DGAT‐2 and leptin; the effects are however sex‐specific.
An Unprecedented Occurrence of Δ5,9‐ and Δ9,15‐Dienoic Fatty Acids in Ovaries of the Archaeogastropod Limpet Cellana toreuma
Authors: Kawashima Hideki , Ohnishi Masao
Published: December 2015

A detailed structural diversity of dienoic fatty acids (FA), including non‐methylene‐interrupted dienoic FA, of triacylglycerols and polar lipids in ovaries of Cellana toreuma was clarified for the first time by using capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of their 3‐pyridylcarbinol esters and argentation thin‐layer chromatography. Interestingly, in addition to 5,9‐octadecadienoic (18:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐eicosadienoic (20:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐docosadienoic (22:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐tricosadienoic (23:2Δ5,9), and 5,9‐tetracosadienoic (24:2Δ5,9) acids, previously identified in ovaries of C. grata, rare FA 5,9‐hexadecadienoic (16:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ5,9), and 21‐methyl‐5,9‐docosadienoic (iso 23:2Δ5,9) were newly recognized in ovaries of C. toreuma. Detectable amounts of four Δ9,15‐dienoic FA were present in the ovary lipids. The FA identified were one novel 9,15‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ9,15) acid and known 9,15‐docosadienoic (22:2Δ9,15), 9,15‐tricosadienoic (23:2Δ9,15), and 9,15‐tetracosadienoic (24:2Δ9,15) acids. The findings help to explain the broad evidence of the structural diversity in marine gastropods and suggest biomarkers to evaluate marine food web relations.
The hiring and employment of older workers in Germany: a comparative perspective
Authors: Heywood John S. , Jirjahn Uwe
Published: December 2015

This paper focuses on the German labor market for older workers. It does so in comparison with other countries and with a unique focus on the role of employer incentives for retaining and hiring older workers. It argues that while employment of older German workers has improved due to changes in government policy, the labor market for older workers remains characterized by far less mobility and opportunity. While we recognize the potential explanations of reduced productivity and age discrimination, we review evidence pointing to the importance of life-cycle contracts (Hutchens, J Lab Econ, 4, 439–457, 1986; Lazear, J Polit Economy, 87, 1261–1284, 1979). These contracts can be efficient but typically imply that older workers will have difficulty being re-hired into career jobs after separation. We suggest that attempts to reduce or eliminate such life-cycle contracts are likely to be counter-productive but suggest how other countries, particularly Japan, have dealt with this issue.
GENES, LEGITIMACY AND HYPERGAMY: ANOTHER LOOK AT THE ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: December 2015

In order to credibly “sell” legitimate children to their spouse, women must forego more attractive mating opportunities. This paper derives the implications of this observation for the pattern of matching in marriage markets, the dynamics of human capital accumulation, and the evolution of the gene pool. A key consequence of the trade-off faced by women is that marriage markets will naturally tend to behypergamous– that is, a marriage is more likely to be beneficial to both parties relative to remaining single, the greater the man’s human capital, and the lower the woman’s human capital. As a consequence, it is shown that the equilibrium can only be of two types. In the “Victorian” type, all agents marry somebody of the same rank in the distribution of income. In the “Sex and the City” (SATC) type, women marry men who are better ranked than themselves. There is a mass of unmarried men at the bottom of the distribution of human capital, and a mass of single women at the top of that distribution. It is shown that the economy switches from a Victorian to an SATC equilibrium as inequality goes up.

The model sheds light on how marriage affects the returns to human capital for men and women. Absent marriage, these returns are larger for women than for men but the opposite may occur if marriage prevails. Finally, it is shown that the institution of marriage may or may not favour human capital accumulation depending on how genes affect one’s productivity at accumulating human capital.
Palestinian radiocarbon dating: a reply to James Mellaart
Authors: Weinstein James
Published: December 2015

James Mellaart’s attempt to demonstrate a ‘high’ chronology for Egypt and the Near East for the period of c. 4000-1500 BC will undoubtedly stimulate much discussion among historians and archaeologists. He has forcefully pointed out various problems which have arisen in trying to reconcile the standard historical chronologies established between and within individual countries. It is probably true that some scholars have treated the so-called ‘middle’ chronology as if it was almost sacred, and certainly some individuals have ignored radiocarbon dates (especially calibrated dates) if they appeared to be in conflict with results obtained from traditional historical and archaeological sources. But neither these faults, nor others pointed out by the author, justify his own methods of trying to demolish the middle chronology in favour of a significantly higher one. Since elsewhere in this issue Barry Kemp is presenting a critical review of Mellaart’s Egyptian historical data, and has included some remarks on the Egyptian radiocarbon dates, I will restrict my own remarks here largely to the Palestinian radiocarbon materials, and will only comment on the Egyptian C14 dates as they pertain to Palestinian Early Bronze Age chronology.
The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980
Authors: Grinsell Leslie
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a major change in the internal iconography of the Giant since it was first illustrated in 1764. If, as is highly probable, that illustration was substantially correct, the navel has in the meantime, through the vicissitudes of periods of neglect alternating with renovations from time to time, ceased to have a separate existence and has become added to the penis, increasing the length of the latter by some 5 or 6 feet (1.5-1.8m). If the change did not originate with the renovation of 1887 when the Giant was cleaned by order of General Pitt-Rivers, it was certainly perpetuated under his direction.

Apart from a reference to ‘illustrious Stanengs and his Cangick Giants’ (Gibbons, c. 1670), which is most unlikely to refer to the Cerne Giant, the earliest known definite allusion to this hill-figure was made by Francis Wise (1742, 48), who refrained from describing it in detail because he considered it preferable to leave the task to the Reverend John Hutchins, then working on his History of Dorset (1774 and later editions). The earliest known illustration to date was in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1764 (FIG, I a), accompanying a letter addressed to the editor, ‘Silvanus Urban’, unsigned but apparently not by Hutchins, who had supplied slightly different measurements to William Stukeley in October the previous year (Lukis 1883, 129-33).
Megalithic science and some Scottish site plans
Authors: Moir Gordon , Ruggles Clive , Norris Ray
Published: December 2015

‘A cairn supported at its edge by large stones may be removed. … The ring which is left looks like a stone circle.’ (Thom, 1967, 65).

Professor A. Thom has surveyed a large number of archaeological sites (Thom, 1967; 1971). These surveys provide the basis from which he deduces the existence of the Megalithic Yard (MY), Megalithic Geometry and Megalithic Astronomy. In considering his evidence for these aspects of ‘megalithic science’ it is pertinent to enquire of each site: Does it date from the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age? Is it correctly identified? Do the stones occupy their original positions? Is the site plan accurate? Has the site already been discussed, or since discussed, in the archaeological literature? The example of Unival, discussed in detail later, shows that here Thom has made a serious error in identifying the site, and very probably made surveying errors. These errors vitiate part of his discussion of an important site. This mis-identification, and similar ones, could have been avoided if the archaeological literature had been consulted.
Early Maya ceremonial at Cuello, Belize
Authors: Hammond Norman
Published: December 2015

The formative period of Maya civilization has been the subject of recent attention, both in discussion (e.g. Adams, 1977) and in excavation; several projects have been established specifically to investigate the processes that led to the Classic Maya florescence in the first millennium AD. Among these has been the Cuello Project, a joint venture of the British Museum, the National Geographic Society and Rutgers University; this article summarizes the results of the third and final season of the project’s excavations at Cuello, Belize (Fig. I), which took place from January to March, 1980. The terminology for excavated features, structures etc. is detailed in Hammond (1978).

The site was discovered during extensive surveys in 1973–4 (Hammond, 1974, Fig. I), and its potential for the study of the Preclassic or Formative period which preceded the rise of Classic Maya civilization led to a test excavation in 1975. The sequence of building levels and pottery preserved by the growth of Platform 34, a large flat construction with a small superincumbent pyramid (Str. 35) (PL. XXVIa), lying to the southwest of the main part of the site (Donaghey, et al., 1976, Fig. 2), showed that the uppermost floors on the platform had been laid in the Late Formative (conventionally 300 BC–AD 250 ), over structures of the Middle Formative (1000–300 BC). Below these were earlier deposits associated with pottery of pre-Middle Formative date which was assigned to the Early Formative (2000–1000 BC).
Science or symbolism: problems of archaeo-astronomy
Authors: Burl Aubrey
Published: December 2015

A convincing case has now been made out for linking [the cursus, avenues, alignments, henges and circles] with a remarkable store of engineering, mathematical and astronomical knowledge’ (Burgess, 1974, 195)

… it is fantastic to imagine that the ill-clad inhabitants of these boreal isles should shiver night long in rain and gale, peering through the driving mists to note eclipses and planetary movements in our oft-veiled skies’ (Childe, 1930, 164).

Over the last decade many claims have been made that early prehistoric Britain was the focus of a scientifically learned society whose mathematical, geometrical and astronomical discoveries anticipated those of the Babylonians and Greeks, and some of whose megalithic observatories survive for us to examine.
The Dendra charioteer
Authors: Greenhalgh Peter
Published: December 2015

The heavy metal collar or neck-guard of the Dendra panoply (PL. XXXIIc; Verdelis, 1967; Åström, 1977; also Catling, 1977; Cassola Guida, 1973,52ffr)a ises a simple question which may have important implications for the study of Greek warfare in the Late Bronze Age. Pictorial and verbal representations reveal the neck as a highly vulnerable target in infantry warfare throughout the whole millennium which spans the Late Bronze Age and the classical period. Mycenae’s Shaft Grave warriors of the sixteenth century are frequently shown either aiming sword-thrusts downwards at an enemy’s throat over the top of his body-shield or thrusting upwards at his neck with a lance (e.g. Karo, 1930, Pl. 24, nos, 35, 116, 241; pp. 59, 177, Figs. 14, 87; Lorimer, 1950, 140–4, Figs. 2, 5, 6, 8; Cassola Guida, 1973, pl. I, Figs. 2–5; Furtwangler & Loeschcke, 1886, Pl. E, 30; and even lions get it in the neck: e.g. Evans, 1921–36, IV (2), 575, Fig. 556). The very differently accoutred Mycenaeans of the late thirteenth-century Warrior Vase and Stele march with spears poised for a downward thrust into their enemies’ necks (Furtwangler & Loeschcke, 1886, PI. 43; EA, 1896, P1. I; Lorimer, 1950, Pls. 3.1a; 2.2; Cassola Guida, 1973, Pls. 32,1 and 2; Verdelis, 1967, Beil. 32,2; Astrom, 1977, P1. ‘31,2). And the seventh-century hoplites do exactly the same on the Chigi Vase (CVA, Italy, I, P1. I; ABSA, XLII, 1947, 81, Fig. 2; Snodgrass, 1964, PI. 36).
Labyrinthine sequestration secondary to auditory implantation: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Warner E , Eze N , Connor S , Jiang D
Published: December 2015

Background:

Auditory implantation into the inner ear is increasingly performed for a variety of indications. Infective complications are rare, but when they occur they can have devastating consequences.

Case reports:

This paper reports two cases where vestibular sequestration of the bony labyrinth developed following implantation into the middle ear.

Conclusion:

To the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases where vestibular sequestration has resulted from auditory implant surgery. This paper outlines the radiological changes characteristic of this pathology. It also describes the surgical and conservative treatment options for this condition, challenging the previously accepted belief that affected patients always require aggressive surgical intervention.
2014–2015: a view from Greece
Authors: Morgan Catherine
Published: December 2015

In a year when financial crisis and EU turmoil have gripped Greece and dominated international press coverage, one might be forgiven for assuming that there would be slow progress in archaeological research and heritage management. It has certainly been a tumultuous year, and heartfelt thanks are due to colleagues, especially those in the Archaeological Service, who have gone the extra mile to deliver their own work and to help others in the face of mounting pressures. In 2014 alone, the Central Archaeological Council dealt with 1,477 cases in 42 sittings, and its 2015 target is set to exceed this. Yet as I take stock of what has been achieved in publication, fieldwork, study and public communication, I am struck by the wealth of new information available and in many forms. Individual finds, continuing research programmes and a number of landmark conferences and exhibitions have contributed to real and significant advances in knowledge. There is much to report, and even more to see on the ground for readers inspired (as we hope) to spend time in Greece.
Recent epigraphic research in central Greece: Euboea, Phokis & Lokris
Authors: Marchand Fabienne
Published: December 2015

Over the past ten years, the regions of Euboea, Phokis and Lokris have yielded epigraphic material that is not only abundant, but also very varied – whether viewed in chronological, thematic or archaeological terms. All three regions have, for example, produced new manumission records, including the very first for the island of Euboea. The use of inscriptions has made crucial contributions to the identification of several Euboean sanctuaries, such as that of Apollo Selinaios, in the territory of Histiaia, that of Artemis Amarysia, near Amarynthos, and Apollo Delios at Zarex. The sanctuary located at the top of the acropolis of Eretria is now understood to be a sanctuary of Athena, thanks to an inscribed statuette of a lion.

The region of Phokis in particular has yielded very diverse epigraphy. Once again, inscriptions associated with sanctuaries stand out, with, for example, a dedication to Pan and the Nymphs from a cave on Mount Parnassos, inscriptions from the oracular sanctuary of Apollo at Abai and from two sanctuaries of Artemis at Antikyra. Scholars working on Roman Phokis will welcome the publication of several new inscriptions, particularly a document from Elateia mentioning an Aetolarch, an honorific inscription from Antikyra, which provides the first occurrence in central Greece for a dekaprotos and, from Ambryssos, a statue base commemorating the emperor Gallienus.
Greek sculpture, Archaic, Classical & Hellenistic: new finds & developments 2005–2015
Authors: Palagia Olga
Published: December 2015

Prospective students of Greek sculpture are daunted by the fact that they have to tackle a bibliography in several languages that stretches back to the 19th century and must often employ methods that are deemed old-fashioned. The development of style is, nevertheless, giving way now to the study of materials and techniques, as well as the historical perspectives underlying the production of sculpture at any given period. An additional difficulty is the fact that new material that comes to light is not always easily available for study, and even old material can remain out of bounds due to bureaucratic barriers. Current research tends to concentrate on the detection of polychromy on marble sculptures, a process which is best undertaken in the conservation departments of museums. 3D scanning is another expensive method which is currently being developed in various research directions.
The Normative Terrain of the Global Refugee Regime
Authors: Betts Alexander
Published: December 2015

The global refugee regime encompasses the rules, norms, principles, and decision-making procedures that govern states' responses to refugees. It comprises a set of norms, primarily those entrenched in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, which defines who is a refugee and the rights to which such people are entitled. It also comprises an international organization, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which has supervisory responsibility for ensuring that states meet their obligations toward refugees.
The Rise of China: Continuity or Change in the Global Governance of Development?
Authors: Weaver Catherine
Published: December 2015

The global financial crisis of 2008 was a reflection point for global economic governance. The crisis, which started in the U.S. banking system and had a disproportionate impact on North America and Europe, provoked widespread contemplation of the legitimacy, relevance, and effectiveness of the core ideas, rules, and structures that have governed the world economy over the past century. In turn, the crisis also illuminated the emergence of new players, power dynamics, and paradigms that promise to challenge—if not fundamentally change—the characteristics of the institutional architecture that has governed international finance, trade, and development since the end of World War II.
Children's Rights as Human Rights
Authors: Bochenek Michael Garcia
Published: December 2015

The image of Aylan Kurdi, a three-year-old Syrian boy who drowned on September 2, 2015, as he tried to cross the Mediterranean with his family to seek safety in Europe, may finally shock Europe and the world into offering greater protection to refugees fleeing from war and persecution in Syria and elsewhere. Aylan's death was a tragedy of a kind that has become all too familiar. In 2015 alone, thousands of people have died trying to reach European shores in unseaworthy, overcrowded boats. Many of those who drowned were children—including in a single instance an estimated one hundred children (out of a total of some eight hundred fatalities) lost in a shipwreck off the coast of Libya in April.
Parliament and the 1662 Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Buchanan Colin
Published: December 2015

A title such as this hardly suggests one is breaking new ground. But I edge into print on the subject, stirred by the interesting Speaker's Lecture given by the outgoing Second Estates Commissioner, Sir Tony Baldry, in December 2014, and published in the May 2015 edition of this Journal. It reads as the enthusiastic, even romantic, expression of the State–Church relationship by an almost doctrinaire establishmentarian; and I use the word ‘doctrinaire’ deliberately, for I have spent a lifetime of bumping up against leaders of both Church and State, from Enoch Powell to George Carey (let alone Derek Pattinson and Philip Mawer), who exude a firm conviction that the establishment of the Church of England is entrenched somewhere in the Apostles' Creed. Sir Tony continues in this tradition as he serenely asserts ‘We come then to the reign of Henry VIII. I think the important point here is that the Church of England is the creation of Parliament.’ But would not Augustine, Anselm and the drafters of Magna Carta (who are cited in Baldry's previous paragraph) all be turning in their graves? And what apoplexy would have come upon Newman, Pusey and Keble to have learned that their Church was thus created? Or, more to the point, is the ecclesiastical action of Parliament in the days when church and nation were co-terminous of any relevance to whether and how an unbelieving Parliament should hold control of a Christian body today? However, it is his brief section on ‘Parliament and Anglican liturgy’ which prompted the present submission.
Transition metal carbides as novel materials for CO2 capture, storage, and activation
Authors: Kunkel Christian , Viñes Francesc , Illas Francesc
Published: December 2015

Transition metal carbides are posed as promising materials for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage at room temperature and low pressures, as shown by density functional simulations on proper models, and estimates of adsorption/desorption rates. Aside, the activated nature of the adsorbed CO2 opens the path for its conversion into other valuable chemicals.
Label-free classification of colon cancer grading using infrared spectral histopathology
Authors: Kuepper C. , Großerueschkamp F. , Kallenbach-Thieltges A. , Mosig A. , Tannapfel A. , Gerwert K.
Published: December 2015

In recent years spectral histopathology (SHP) has been established as a label-free method to identify cancer within tissue. Herein, this approach is extended. It is not only used to identify tumour tissue with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 100%, but in addition the tumour grading is determined. Grading is a measure of how much the tumour cells differ from the healthy cells. The grading ranges from G1 (well-differentiated), to G2 (moderately differentiated), G3 (poorly differentiated) and in rare cases to G4 (anaplastic). The grading is prognostic and is needed for the therapeutic decision of the clinician. The presented results show good agreement between the annotation by SHP and by pathologists. A correlation matrix is presented, and the results show that SHP provides prognostic values in colon cancer, which are obtained in a label-free and automated manner. It might become an important automated diagnostic tool at the bedside in precision medicine.
Exploring the nitrous acid (HONO) formation mechanism in winter Beijing: direct emissions and heterogeneous production in urban and suburban areas
Authors: Tong Shengrui , Hou Siqi , Zhang Ying , Chu Biwu , Liu Yongchun , He Hong , Zhao Pusheng , Ge Maofa
Published: December 2015

Continuous measurements of nitrous acid (HONO) were performed from December 12 to December 22, 2015 in both urban and suburban areas of Beijing to study the formation mechanism of HONO. The measurement campaign in both sites included a clean–haze–clean transformation process. HONO concentrations showed similar variations in the two sites, while they were always higher in the urban area. Moreover, correlations of HONO with NOx, NO2, NO, PM2.5and relative humidity (RH) were studied to explore possible HONO formation pathways, and the contributions of direct emissions, heterogeneous reactions, and homogeneous reactions were also calculated. This showed that HONO in urban and suburban areas underwent totally different formation procedures, which were affected by meteorological conditions, PM2.5concentrations, direct emissions, homogeneous reactions and heterogeneous reactions. PM2.5concentrations and RH would influence the NO2conversion efficiency. Heterogeneous reactions of NO2were more efficient in suburban areas and in clean periods while direct emissions and homogeneous reactions contributed more in urban areas and in polluted periods when the concentrations of NOxand NO were at a high level.
Structure and dehydration mechanism of the proton conducting oxide Ba2In2O5(H2O)x
Authors: Bielecki Johan , Parker Stewart F. , Mazzei Laura , Börjesson Lars , Karlsson Maths
Published: December 2015

Dehydration mechanism of the proton conducting oxide Ba2In2O5(H2O)x.
Charge transport control via polymer polymorph modulation in ternary organic photovoltaic composites
Authors: Kan Zhipeng , Colella Letizia , Canesi Eleonora V. , Vorobiev Alexei , Skrypnychuk Vasyl , Terraneo Giancarlo , Barbero David R. , Bertarelli Chiara , MacKenzie Roderick C. I. , Keivanidis Panagiotis E.
Published: December 2015

Tuning of the polymorph distribution in the electron-donating P3HT polymer and control of hole-mobility are enabled in ternary P3HT : PCBM : QBT composites.
Discontinuity of cortical gradients reflects sensory impairment
Authors: Saadon-Grosman Noam , Tal Zohar , Itshayek Eyal , Amedi Amir , Arzy Shahar
Published: December 2015

Significance

Topographic organization is a key feature of human brain function, from visual, auditory, and somatosensory processing to numerosity and attention. How is topography affected in pathological states? To unravel this mystery, we scanned whole-body topographic representations under functional MRI in two unique patient populations and quantified continuity and signal power. In patients with sensory Brown-Séquard syndrome, only half of the body is impaired, enabling comparison of disturbed and nondisturbed body sides; in patients undergoing surgical repair, we compared topographies before and after intervention. In each individual patient, pathological processing was reflected by discontinuity of topographic maps rather than signal reduction. These findings highlight the importance of continuity in topographic organization and may serve as a biomarker for somatosensory pathologies.
Events, locations and situations
Authors: Rudnev Pavel
Published: December 2015

This paper documents a number of restrictions on negation marking in Avar, a Northeast Caucasian language, and presents a tentative analysis of the observed morphosyntactic facts as having a semantic basis. The two different negation markers are analysed, based on the proposal in (Ramchand & Svenonius 2014), as taking complements of a different semantic type.
Acquisition of adjectival degree markers by Dutch- and Russian-speaking children
Authors: Tribushinina Elena
Published: December 2015

Prior research shows that morphological richness facilitates acquisition and that paradigm size is more important than uniqueness of form-function pairings (uniformity). The present paper takes a novel approach to uniformity, not restricted to inflectional morphology, and aims to establish whether morphological richness is more important than uniformity when competing forms from different linguistic levels are taken into account. To this end, the paper compares the acquisition of adjectival degree markers in Dutch and Russian. Dutch has scarce adjectival (degree) morphology, but more one-to-one form-function mappings, whereas the Russian system involves rich morphology, but little uniformity. A longitudinal study of spontaneous child speech and a cross-sectional elicitation experiment provide converging evidence that Russian children have more difficulty acquiring degree markers: their acquisition rate is lower and error rate higher. It is concluded that uniformity is more important than morphological richness, when cross-categorical cue competition (beyond inflectional morphology) is taken into account.
Microstructure study of cold sprayed 50%Ni–50%Cr coating on Inconel-601
Authors: Singh H. , Sidhu T. S. , Kalsi S. S.
Published: December 2015

A superalloy surface is modified with corrosion resistant 50%Ni–50%Cr (wt.%) coating, deposited by high pressure cold spray method. The goal of this study is to check the suitability of this cold method of coating formation as a manufacturing source for Ni–Cr coating on the superalloy for applications in high temperature erosive–corrosive conditions. The modified superalloy surface is characterised by porosity analysis, scanning electron microscopy, backscattered electron images, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, elemental X-ray mapping and Vicker's microhardness testing techniques. The substrate superalloy with composition similar to Inconel-601 alloy (UNS no. N06601) is selected for the purpose of providing strength to the coated components in the severe conditions at elevated temperature.
Prioritization of Self-Relevant Perspectives in Ageing
Authors: Mattan Bradley D. , Quinn Kimberly A. , Acaster Stephanie L. , Jennings Rebecca M. , Rotshtein Pia
Published: December 2015

This study investigated whether age-related sensitivity to self-relevance may benefit perspective taking, despite generally poorer perspective-taking capacity in older adults. In one perceptual matching task and two visual perspective-taking paradigms, we examined age differences in sensitivity to avatars representing self and other. In the matching task, older (60–83 years) and younger (18–20 years) adults were similarly biased toward the self- versus other-associated avatar. In the perspective-taking tasks, participants viewed these avatars within a virtual room. Task-relevant perspectives were either the same (i.e., congruent) or different (i.e., incongruent). In the 3PP–3PP task, both avatars were present, and participants adopted the perspective of one or the other. As in the matching task, young and old were similarly biased toward the self-associated avatar. However, age differences emerged in the 1PP–3PP task, which presented only one avatar per trial (varying between self and other), and participants responded based on their own first-person perspective or the avatar's. In summary, age modulated the ability to take perspectives primarily when participants’ own first-person perspective was task relevant. Relative to younger adults, older adults prioritized the self (vs. other) avatar more during initial perspective computation and the first-person (vs. third-person) perspective more when selecting between incongruent perspectives.
Arab Gulf lobbying in the United States: what makes them win and what makes them lose and why?
Authors: Khatib Dania Koleilat
Published: December 2015

This research looks at attempts by Arab Gulf states to lobby the US government effectively. It explores aspects of their lobbying behaviour in order to identify the factors that lead to success and those that lead to failure from their lobbying endeavours. In this respect, it utilizes two case studies: one in which Arab Gulf state lobbying was successful, and another in which lobbying failed. For each case study, the different elements involved in lobbying are analyzed and factors that lead to success as well as to failure are inferred. In tandem with an analysis of the strategies, or lack of them, behind Arab Gulf states’ lobbying, the research examines additional relevant factors such as the organization and activism of the US Arab American community, the strategic value of the Arab Gulf to the United States, and the negative image of Arabs in America. The research considers the obstacles facing the establishment of an effective Arab Gulf lobby in the United States, mainly the absence of a grassroots base of Arab Americans that is committed to foreign policy issues.
Fitchi: haplotype genealogy graphs based on the Fitch algorithm
Authors: Matschiner Michael
Published: December 2015

Summary: In population genetics and phylogeography, haplotype genealogy graphs are important tools for the visualization of population structure based on sequence data. In this type of graph, node sizes are often drawn in proportion to haplotype frequencies and edge lengths represent the minimum number of mutations separating adjacent nodes. I here present Fitchi, a new program that produces publication-ready haplotype genealogy graphs based on the Fitch algorithm.

Availability and implementation:  http://www.evoinformatics.eu/fitchi.htm

Contact: michaelmatschiner@mac.com

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.