bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Internet on Homogeneity of the Media Agenda: A Test of the Fragmentation Thesis
Authors: Lee Jae Kook
Published: December 2011

This study tests competing hypotheses about whether diversification of news channels results in fragmentation of public opinion and decline in media power to provide the public with common subjects to think and talk about. Employing a content analysis of blog posts and mainstream media news stories during the 2004 presidential campaign, this study finds that the blog agenda is similar to that of mainstream media. Furthermore, political blogs cover the election with virtually the same agenda, regardless of their liberal or conservative political leaning. People are likely exposed to a fairly stable agenda across mainstream media and Internet news outlets, despite the diversification of information channels.
From Product to Service: The Diffusion of Dynamic Content in Online Newspapers
Authors: Tremayne Mark , Weiss Amy Schmitz , Alves Rosental Calmon
Published: December 2011

This study documents a steady increase in dynamic journalism on the Web sites of twenty-four U.S. newspapers, including a sharp rise in 2006 of multimedia elements, particularly video. This trend was particularly apparent for newspapers in our sample with print circulation between 100,000 and 120,000. While traditional news categories are the most common source of dynamic content, the growth over time is coming from coverage of weather, sports, crime, and accidents. There also appears to be a rise in hourly updating of softer news.
Tuning Out or Tuning Elsewhere? Partisanship, Polarization, and Media Migration from 1998 to 2006
Authors: Hollander Barry A.
Published: December 2011

The fragmentation of the mass media audience has led scholars to examine the growing partisanship of news consumers as less partisan individuals turn to more entertainment-oriented fare. An analysis of national survey data from 1998 to 2006 suggests that not only has the news audience grown somewhat more partisan over time, but among these partisans a distinct migration has occurred to sources more likely to be friendly to individual political beliefs or away from sources perceived as less friendly.
Journalism Guardians in a Time of Great Change: Newspaper Editors' Perceived Influence in Integrated News Organizations
Authors: Gade Peter J.
Published: December 2011

A national survey of top newspaper editors explored industry uncertainty and organizational change and how organizational integration, team-based newsrooms, newspaper size, and profit emphasis impact editors' perceived organizational influence. Findings indicate that newspaper size and extent of integration predict perceived organizational influence, while profit emphasis is a negative predictor. Editors generally welcome working with non-news departments, and see their influence in their advocacy of journalism values throughout the organization. Editors do not see benefits resulting from newsroom reporting teams.
How Online Citizen Journalism Publications and Online Newspapers Utilize the Objectivity Standard and Rely on External Sources
Authors: Carpenter Serena
Published: December 2011

This research utilizes Shoemaker and Reese's Hierarchy of Influences to understand how routines influence online citizen journalism and online newspaper content. Reliance on routines affects the diversity of content publicly available. Overall, online daily newspaper journalists were more likely to rely on routines than online citizen journalists. Newspaper journalists relied more heavily on external sources, while citizen journalists used more unofficial sources and opinion. Thus, publication type is related to the presence of content that reflects media routines.
Applicability of the Informational Utility Model for Radio News
Authors: Carpentier Francesca R. Dillman
Published: December 2011

The informational utility model states that (a) message utility increases as the intensity of the magnitude, likelihood, and immediacy of outcomes conveyed in the message increases, and that (b) increased utility leads to increased selection of the message. This study tests the model with radio news. Respondents listened to stories reflecting high or low intensity of one informational utility dimension. Afterward, respondents reported their retention and perceived relevance of each story. Results showed that individuals recalled more facts about stories of high, as opposed to low, utility; however, perceived relevance findings were nonsignificant.
The Roles of Communication Technology in Obtaining News: Staying Close to Distant Sources
Authors: Reich Zvi
Published: December 2011

This study proposes a framework for a theory of epistemological technologies in news sourcing, based on research on communication channels (technology-mediated and non-mediated) used to acquire information for stories published or aired by nine Israeli news organizations, employing face-to-face reconstruction interviews with reporters. Findings reveal only marginal differences among media in use of various channels. Technology enables distant coverage while keeping close contact with human sources. Nearly all news information is technology-mediated, transmitted primarily via oral channels. Although reporters use the Internet extensively, their reliance on the World Wide Web as a news source is negligible, even among online reporters.
Mapping the Size and Scope of a Nonprofit Media Sector: The Case of Magazine Publishing
Authors: Maguire Miles
Published: December 2011

The nonprofit sector of the American media is a vast but little-explored, little-understood segment of the industry. This paper examines the magazine publishing activities of tax-exempt organizations in the United States, drawing on a variety of sources to show that nonprofit publishers represent a large and stable sector of the overall magazine industry, exceeding the number of for profit publishers and accounting for more than 7% of advertising revenue. Roughly half of the advertising revenue is earned by 100 organizations.
Assimilation and Contrast Effects in the Priming of Asian American and African American Stereotypes through TV Exposure
Authors: Dalisay Francis , Tan Alexis
Published: December 2011

This study applied theoretical propositions of the assimilation and contrast perspectives of social psychology to investigate the effects of exposure to TV portrayals of Asian Americans on judgments regarding Asian and African Americans. Experimental participants exposed to TV-mediated messages reinforcing the Asian American “model minority”‘ stereotype were more likely to positively evaluate Asian Americans and to negatively evaluate African Americans than participants exposed to messages countering the “model” stereotype or to a control stimulus. Exposure to the “model” reinforcement also led to disagreement with affirmative action.
Agenda Setting and Agenda Melding in an Age of Horizontal and Vertical Media: A New Theoretical Lens for Virtual Brand Communities
Authors: Ragas Matthew W. , Roberts Marilyn S.
Published: December 2011

This study tests agenda-setting theory and the agenda-melding hypothesis in the context of brand actors and virtual brand communities. The aggregate attribute agendas of brand-controlled communications, news media content, and a virtual brand community are analyzed. The results indicate a positive relationship between the brand agenda and brand community agenda, and an unexpected negative relationship between the media agenda and brand community agenda. In terms of agenda melding, the data indicate that the brand community, when divided by various demographic measures into subgroups, reflects attribute agendas that remain similar to the aggregate brand community agenda.
Gender Mainstreaming in International News: A Case Study of the Inter Press Service
Authors: Geertsema Margaretha
Published: December 2011

From 1994 to 1999, the global news agency Inter Press Service (IPS) implemented a gender mainstreaming policy in its newsrooms. This study examined organizational changes and news coverage that IPS advocated, as well as methods employed to bring about these changes. It shows that IPS has not been able to mainstream gender into all aspects of the organization and news coverage, and it considers reasons for the lacking implementation of the policy, while documenting IPS's efforts to improve women's access and representation in international news.
The Relationship between Editorial and Advertising Content about Tobacco and Alcohol in United States Newspapers: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rouner Donna , Slater Michael , Long Marilee , Stapel Linda
Published: December 2011

Using a nationally representative sample, this study examined the possible relationship between amount of alcohol and tobacco advertising and related news-editorial content. This study found less tobacco and alcohol advertising in newspapers than did previous research and no relationship between coverage and number of advertisements.
Surviving Sherman's March: Press, Public Memory, and Georgia's Salvation Mythology
Authors: Hume Janice , Roessner Amber
Published: December 2011

General William Tecumseh Sherman's 1864 “March to the Sea,” a devastating Civil War campaign, inspired “salvation stories” that have become part of collective memory in Georgia. These stories recall not what Union soldiers destroyed, but what was saved by the quick thinking and crafty hospitality of townspeople or by Northerners' appreciation of the beauty of homes and the charm of Southern women. Both print and oral culture provide insight into how demoralized Southerners dealt with defeat. This study examines the diffusion of such stories in newspaper and magazine articles and the development of the “Lost Cause” myth.
Ethnography
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: December 2011

Many qualitative studies in journalism and mass communication research draw on ethnographic methods that originated in anthropology and sociology. These methods involve studying people within their own cultural environment through intensive fieldwork; they emphasize the subjects' frames of reference and understandings of the world. This article uses a comparison between journalism and ethnographic research as a framework for highlighting common problems with manuscripts using this method. It offers veteran ethnographers' tips about what they look for in a manuscript and identifies three ethnographies that are examples of successful application of the method to topics of interest to journal readers.
Socialization or Rewards? Predicting U.S. Scientist-Media Interactions
Authors: Dunwoody Sharon , Brossard Dominique , Dudo Anthony
Published: December 2011

This study investigates scientists as public communicators, with a particular focus on factors that influence scientists' interactions with the mass media. Based on a U.S. survey of scientists, the results show that some of the patterns characterizing these interactions have remained remarkably stable over the course of at least three decades. Scientists continue to interact with journalists more frequently than commonly assumed, and status, socialization, and positive intrinsic rewards are all positively associated with higher frequencies of media contact.
The Effects of Persuasion Knowledge on Click-Through of Keyword Search Ads: Moderating Role of Search Task and Perceived Fairness
Authors: Yoo Chan Yun
Published: December 2011

This study examines the effects of-persuasion knowledge and conditions that influence its impact in the context of keyword search ads. Students participated in an experiment featuring a 2 (persuasion knowledge: primed vs. not primed) x 2 (search tasks: complex vs. less complex) between-subjects design with a covariate (perceived fairness). Results reveal online users are less likely to click through keyword search ads when they are aware that advertisers' persuasion attempts are at work. However, this negative impact is attenuated when the search task is complex and level of perceived fairness of the ad practice is high.
A Model of Public Response to Marketplace Advocacy
Authors: Miller Barbara M. , Sinclair Janas
Published: December 2011

The proposed model of public response to marketplace advocacy accounted for approximately 80% of variance in attitude toward a campaign promoting the coal industry. Marketplace advocacy is used by corporate interests to generate support for risk-related products, and the findings indicate trust in the message sponsor and perceptions of industry accountability are key to lay audiences' negotiation of these messages. Perceptions of trust and accountability led to favorable persuasion coping outcomes for the sponsor—identification with positive message themes and favorable evaluation of the information in the message—which in turn led to positive attitudes toward the campaign.
Issue Familiarity and Framing Effects of Online Campaign Coverage: Event Perception, Issue Attitudes, and the 2004 Presidential Election in Taiwan
Authors: Han Gang (Kevin) , Chock T. Makana , Shoemaker Pamela J.
Published: December 2011

This study tests how two distinguishable frames identified from Mainland Chinese online coverage of Taiwan's 2004 presidential election campaign influenced U.S. and Chinese audiences' event perception and attitudes toward Mainland-Taiwan relations. Employing a 2times2×3 between-subjects experiment, this study highlights the moderating effect of issue familiarity. Findings show a significant impact of framing intensity on the event perception of those who may not be familiar with the topic, in addition to a significant influence exerted by frame type on event perception. The roles of familiarity and other factors involved in framing effects on issue attitudes are also discussed from a comparative perspective.
Public Reactions toward an Ethical Dilemma Faced by Photojournalists: Examining the Conflict between Acting as a Dispassionate Observer and Acting as a “Good Samaritan”
Authors: Kim Yung Soo , Kelly James D.
Published: December 2011

When documenting human tragedy, photojournalists frequently face ethical dilemmas in choosing between acting as dispassionate observers and “Good Samaritans.” This study asked whether readers adopt a situational ethics rationale when they assess the photojournalist's decision to make a photograph of a person suffering severe trauma. Using a mixed experimental research design, the study presented a news situation, i.e., a photograph in which a woman was on fire, in differing versions. Results based on the responses of seventy-two readers clearly showed that readers adopted a situational ethics rationale.
Use of and Satisfaction with Newspaper Sites in the Local Market: Exploring Differences between Hybrid and Online-Only Users
Authors: Chyi Hsiang Iris , Yang Mengchieh Jacie , Lewis Seth C. , Zheng Nan
Published: December 2011

This study explores U.S. newspapers' online readership in the local market by comparing (1) “hybrid” readers who access both the print and online versions and (2) online-only readers. Survey data gathered from twenty-eight newspaper sites show that hybrid readers outnumber online-only users by a 2-to-l margin and use their local newspaper sites more actively. Regression analyses identify predictors of site satisfaction and user type. These findings provide new perspectives on the nature of multiplatform news consumption as readers weigh related goods of news and information.
Agenda Diffusion: An Integrated Model of Agenda Setting and Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Vu Hong Nga Nguyen , Gehrau Volker
Published: December 2011

The present study proposes a model of agenda diffusion as an explanation for inconsistencies in agenda-setting research. We suggest that interpersonal communication plays a pivotal role in a two-step process in which the media agenda diffuses first from the mass media to media users, and then from these via interpersonal communication to non-users. We present findings from a field study to provide empirical evidence for the reality of agenda diffusion and discuss theoretical, analytical, and methodological implications for further agenda-setting research.
Virtual Community Support for Offline Communities through Online Newspaper Message Forums
Authors: Rosenberry Jack
Published: December 2011

A survey of participants in message forums located within the online sites of U.S. newspapers determined that taking part in forum reading and posting helps to predict users' sense that they understand their local communities better but is not related to their actually getting out and taking part in real-world community activities.
International Network of Foreign News Coverage: Old Global Hierarchies in a New Online World
Authors: Himelboim Itai , Chang Tsan-Kuo , McCreery Stephen
Published: December 2011

Theoretically, the Internet allows news organizations to overcome geopolitical hierarchies in international news flow. Practically, do they? Guided by three perspectives—preferential attachment, world system, and triadic world—this study examines patterns of information flow in online news media. Findings from 223 news Web sites in seventy-three countries show that traditional network structures and world hierarchies are reproduced in online media. In cyberspace, news flow takes place predominantly among core countries and from core countries to the periphery. Geography has no predictive power over news flow. News organizations use the Internet to reinforce old practices, perpetuating existing order among nations.
Proposing Emotion as a Dimension of Affective Agenda Setting: Separating Affect into Two Components and Comparing Their Second-Level Effects
Authors: Coleman Renita , Wu H. Denis
Published: December 2011

This study expands the theory of second-level agenda setting to include emotion as affect and seeks to understand its valence. Three important findings emerged; first, the media's emotional-affective agenda corresponds with the public's emotional impressions of candidates; second, negative emotions are more powerful than positive emotions even when the topic is not a negative “problem”; and third, agenda-setting effects are greater on the audiences' emotions, defined as feelings, than on their cognitive assessments of character traits, the most common way affect is measured in agenda-setting studies.
Agenda Building and Setting in a Referendum Campaign: Investigating the Flow of Arguments among Campaigners, the Media, and the Public
Authors: Wirth Werner , Matthes Jörg , Schemer Christian , Wettstein Martin , Friemel Thomas , Hänggli Regula , Siegert Gabriele
Published: December 2011

This study tests second-level agenda-building and -setting effects in the course of a referendum campaign. Personal standardized interviews with forty-seven different campaign managers and a content analysis of campaign material are linked to a content analysis of TV and newspaper coverage and a three-wave public opinion survey. The results demonstrate the dynamic flow of arguments in the agenda-building and -setting process: top-down from the campaigners to the news media and the public.
Voices of Dissent in the Iraq War: Moving from Deviance to Legitimacy?
Authors: Harp Dustin , Loke Jaime , Bachmann Ingrid
Published: December 2011

Using indexing theory as a framework, this content analysis of 2003–2007 Time coverage explores the range of dissenting voices of the war in news dialogue. Findings show that war criticism remained constant throughout the years and was largely targeted toward the Bush administration. While most dissent originated from official sources, American and Iraqi civilians did have space to voice their dissatisfaction. Journalists themselves became increasingly vocal in their condemnation of the war. These results suggest that clashes between public opinion and official perspectives have implications in news coverage and promotion of debate about current affairs.
Forces of Gatekeeping and Journalists' Perceptions of Physical Danger in Post-Saddam Hussein's Iraq
Authors: Kim Hun Shik
Published: December 2011

Iraqi journalists operate in one of the deadliest newsgathering environments in the world. This study, based on a survey of 404 Iraqi journalists, examines the variables influencing journalists' perceptions of physical danger in covering news after the fall of Saddam Hussein. Gatekeeping theory provides a prism to identify and explicate different levels of influence. News organization size, financial support (state, partisan, or private), gender, journalism experience, journalists' perception of their impact on political affairs, journalists' outlook, and size of cities in which journalists operate are significant variables shaping journalists' perception of physical danger.
A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Network TV Newscasts and Strikes: Political Economy on the Picket Line
Authors: Harmon Mark D. , Lee Shu-Yueh
Published: December 2011

This research examined whether U.S. network TV newscasts over time have shown less strike coverage, even adjusting for lesser numbers of strikes. They did not, but fluctuated wildly based on when sports and other entertainment strikes occurred. The project indicated a strike-impact-on-consumers focus with an element of social class that also may be at play. Network TV coverage opted for more time devoted to higher-class effects (airline strikes) as opposed to lower-class effects (intercity bus strikes). These results suggest a more nuanced understanding of strike news beyond points raised by political economy theory and declining resources for coverage.
Citizen Journalism and Democracy: How User-Generated News Use Relates to Political Knowledge and Participation
Authors: Kaufhold Kelly , Valenzuela Sebastian , de Zúñiga Homero Gil
Published: December 2011

The contribution of professional journalism to democratic citizenship is well-established, but the proliferation of online user-generated news begs the question of whether citizen journalism plays a similar role. Use and trust of both professional and citizen journalism were investigated for their associations with political knowledge and participation. User-generated journalism was negatively related with knowledge of national political figures, but strongly and positively associated with higher levels of online and offline participation; professional news media produced gains in knowledge and offline participation. Trust in user-generated news amplified the link between citizen journalism and online participation.
Response to “Notes on ‘Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-analysis of Thirty-five Years of Research’”
Authors: Hwang Yoori , Jeong Se-Hoon
Published: December 2011

We greatly appreciate Gaziano's invaluable comments1 on our meta-analysis. The comments gave us an opportunity to review our meta-analysis from a fresh perspective.2 In this note, we would like to address issues raised by Gaziano's critique. We first clarify how we tested the knowledge gap hypothesis in our meta-analysis, an issue that seems to have raised the greatest concern. Then, we move on to address additional issues one by one. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on future knowledge gap research.
A symposium from the AEJ: What's Ahead in Journalism and Communications, 1955–1975
Authors: Swanson Charles E.
Published: December 2011

Vast changes will occur in every field of journalism during the next 20 years, according to seven specialists who participated in a research panel at the 1954 convention of the Association for Education in Journalism. The chairman, a former professor of journalism who is now in magazine research, sounds a note of challenge to both the universities and the media.
Changes in the Newspaper during the Next 20 Years
Authors: Gallup George
Published: December 2011

Newspaper men must bestir themselves if their medium is to keep the strong position it has enjoyed, according to Dr. Gallup, who points to the lag of the press in carrying on a program of research and experimentation. The author founded and heads the American Institute of Public Opinion.
Advertising and Economic Support: 1955–1975
Authors: Ray Royal H.
Published: December 2011

Predicted continued expansion of the national income and a rapid growth in population should result in a substantial increase in the volume of advertising, according to analyses of both quantitative and qualitative factors.
The Challenge to Journalism Education
Authors: Casey Ralph D.
Published: December 2011

Journalism schools need clearer concepts of their purposes, better faculties, more productive research … and they must imbue students more effectively with a sense of the journalist's social responsibility.
Basic Values in ‘Reader's Digest,’ ‘Selection’ and ‘Constellation’
Authors: Ginglinger Genevieve
Published: December 2011

In one of the first published reports on the use of values as dimensions in content analysis, a French scholar studies three digest-type magazines to determine the soundness of criticism of the French edition of Reader's Digest. The research was done for a master's thesis in journalism at Stanford.
Dutch Radio: The Third Way
Authors: de Boer Ja , Cameron Phil
Published: December 2011

The little known broadcasting system of The Netherlands is based on one of the world's three principal working theories of broadcasting: control of radio by religious, political and social groups. How the system developed is told by the secretary of the Dutch Radio Council and an American broadcaster.
Notes on a Sunday Newspaper Readership Survey Technique
Authors: Kay Herbert
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Articles on Mass Communications in Magazines of the U. S. A
Authors: Higbie Charles E.
Published: December 2011

Events in the field of ownership and management took the spotlight in the fourth quarter of 1954. The Knight Newspapers became five with purchase of the historic Charlotte Observer; the Los Angeles News was discontinued and its assets bought by the Mirror; and efforts to operate new dailies in competition with local “monopolies” were being made in three U. S. cities.
Report on Current Research in Schools of Journalism
Authors: Swindler William F.
Published: December 2011

This report includes current research projects by staff members and doctoral candidates in schools and departments of journalism of the U.S.A., together with theses accepted from candidates for the master's degree in journalism.
Public Reactions to the Death of a Daily
Authors: Bigman Stanley K.
Published: December 2011

Results of an interview study made after the purchase of the Washington Times-Herald by the Post show that there was little public concern over the social implications of the merger. Times-Herald readers were won over to the combined daily by inclusion of their favorite comics, sports news and columnists
Newspaper ‘Opinion Leaders’ and Processes of Standardization
Authors: Breed Warren
Published: December 2011

The author hypothesizes an “arterial process” which would bring about a high degree of uniformity among U. S. newspapers, even if economic competition and political diversity could be increased. Better editors and reporters, with professional standards, seem to be the best hope for counteracting this tendency
Writing Controversial Stories for Comprehension
Authors: Carter Richard F.
Published: December 2011

This is a report of a controlled experiment in using different methods of structuring news stories on controversial subjects. Total comprehension of issues was increased by giving the reader a neutral orientation in the lead paragraph, followed by equal presentation of both sides, with issues divorced from names
The British Press under Government Economic Controls
Authors: Gerald J. Edward
Published: December 2011

The traditional system of press ownership and operation in the United Kingdom has been altered by 16 years of operation under controls which restrict competition. Dr. Gerald examines the position of the British press as, flushed with prosperity, it enters a period of lifting of official regulation
The Mass Media in Central America
Authors: Alisky Marvin
Published: December 2011

Costa Rica and El Salvador lead the way among the five Central American republics in development of communication agencies. The political, social and economic conditions which affect the media are analyzed by an Indiana University journalism professor long familiar with the Latin American press and radio
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Fenkart E. , Haiderer F. , Alisky Marvin , Martin L. John
Published: December 2011

Compiled by the Institute for Press Science at the University of Amsterdam

The European press gave a great deal of attention to the start of commercial television in England during this period. The BBC and the British press watched with especial interest to see whether the ITA (Independent Television Authority) would eat into their advertising revenue. In France Pierre Mendés-France's weekly, l'Exprès, has been turned into a daily (l'Exprès-Matin) under the editorship of 31-year-old Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber. Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and two of his political friends suddenly dismissed their action against Der Spiegel, the German equivalent of Life magazine. The libel suit had been dragging on for two years, and had been brought because Der Spiegel had accused the Chancellor and his friends of selling important German documents to the French. Colombia's strong man Rojas Pinilla suppressed El Tiempo, possibly the greatest liberal voice of truth south of the border since the suppression of La Prensa.
The Post-Licensed German Press
Authors: Liebes Peter
Published: December 2011

The story of the German press since the end of licensing in 1949 in the Federal Republic is an encouraging one. Under the concept of press freedom set by the Allied occupying powers in West Germany, the German journalists have created a more independent, well read and pro-democratic group of newspapers.
Report on Current Research in Schools of Journalism
Authors: Swindler William P.
Published: December 2011

This report includes current research projects by staff members and doctoral candidates in schools and departments of journalism of the U.S.A., together with theses accepted from candidates for the master's degree in journalism. Dr. Swindler is director of the School of Journalism at the University of Nebraska.
Magazines since the Rise of Television
Authors: Bogart Leo
Published: December 2011

In this study of recent changes in magazine circulation, advertising and editorial content, significant readjustments for various groups of magazines emerge. “High-brow” publications have fared best in reader gains. TV has affected advertisers' uses of magazines, and has reduced the fiction content of women's books.
A Forgotten Gentry of the Fourth Estate
Authors: Fisher Paul
Published: December 2011

The tramp printer, called Muskogee Red or Kokomo Joe, was a colorful figure and the subject of many a backshop yarn. But he also played a vital role in the expansion of newspapers after the Civil War, until modern efficiency spelled his doom. The author is an associate professor of journalism at Missouri.
How a Farm Paper Uses Research in Journalism
Authors: Murphy Donald R.
Published: December 2011

Since 1938 Wallaces' Farmer and Iowa Homestead has been polling Iowa farm people to discover farm attitudes on questions of current interest and to find out what subscribers were reading or not reading. An analysis of the benefits of this editorial research is presented by the long-time editor of the paper.
Space Control by Newspapers: An Analysis and a Plan
Authors: Donnahoe Alan S.
Published: December 2011

The two Richmond (Va.) dailies have developed a plan that not only saves dollars but also provides flexibility in adding pages for the coverage of unexpected news events. The author is vice-president and assistant to the publisher of the Richmond Times-Dispatch and News Leader. He has directed their research since 1950.
Decline of the Official Press in Washington
Authors: Marbut Frederick B.
Published: December 2011

The official party newspaper seemed to be a national fixture when Francis P. Blair was Jackson's spokesman, but intra-party bickering and competitive Washington reporting spelled its end. The author, professor of journalism at Pennsylvania State University, is an authority on Washington correspondents.
Foreign Correspondents Covering the United States
Authors: Lambert Donald A.
Published: December 2011

Who are the 250 foreign journalists in this country writing news for publication in their own lands? Replies from 111 to a questionnaire give a picture of their backgrounds and qualifications, their news reporting practices and their opinions concerning America, which might affect their work.
Research in Brief
Authors: Stempel Guido
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Advertising Rate Policy: A Neglected Area of Study
Authors: Dunn S. Watson
Published: December 2011

Selling advertising space is not the same thing as selling cake mix or steel, but newspaper publishers have much to learn from those engaged in product pricing. Dr. Dunn, associate professor of journalism at the University of Wisconsin, reviews the need for research and open discussion about newspaper space rates.
A Conceptual Model for Communications Research
Authors: Westley Bruce H. , MacLean Malcolm S.
Published: December 2011

Because it so clearly represents the role of the professional journalist in communicating the news, the Quarterly publishes herewith a revision of an article which has excited extensive comment since it first appeared. The authors are teachers of journalism who have had inter-disciplinary Ph.D. programs.
Influence of High School Journalism on Choice of Career
Authors: Weigle Clifford F.
Published: December 2011

A survey of a group of California high school advisers shows an underestimating of journalism as a career for boys and a predominance of girls on publication staffs. Interviews with college freshmen who edited high school papers indicate only 10% might go into professional journalistic work.
Journalism Education and the Social Sciences
Authors: Jandoli Russell J.
Published: December 2011

Journalism education historically has been based upon association, and later integration, with the social sciences, and the trend in accredited schools is toward a better definition of the aims and purposes of social science instruction for journalism students, according to this survey.
Some Aspects of the Netherlands Daily Press
Authors: Schneider Maarten
Published: December 2011

Virtually every Dutch family subscribes to at least one newspaper, and has a choice between three or four dailies on the day of publication. The article analyzes the characteristics of the strong opinion press in the Netherlands and the differences between national dailies and provincial papers.
Analysis of Techniques in Measuring Press Performance
Authors: Markham James W. , Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

In a study of 24 Pennsylvania dailies' performance during the final month of the 1956 election, the authors found that space measurement can be used alone as a research technique, disregarding headline size analysis and counting of mentions of themes or issues in the news.
The Daily Newspaper Press in Finland
Authors: Waldrop A. Gayle
Published: December 2011

In this analysis of Finland's 62 daily newspapers, the author reports on the relationships between political parties and the press, distribution of readership, news and editorial content, advertising volume and other characteristics of a strong Finnish press. Freedom of publication also is discussed.
Testing Time for the West German Press
Authors: Brandt Joseph A.
Published: December 2011

The revival of the West German press is surveyed, and its characteristics are noted, in these impressions gained by the author during a year's stay in the country. Absence of local ownership and local news coverage strikes the American observer strongly. Preoccupation with national politics proves a strength.
A Psychometric Study of Minnesota Industrial Editors
Authors: Jones Robert L.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Growth of Television News, 1946–57
Authors: Mickelson Sig
Published: December 2011

A CBS news executive says television news has made great strides in 10 years, particularly in spot coverage of major news events and in news documentaries. He describes the improved staff organization, greater know-how and better equipment which should lead to higher quality performance in daily operations.
The Advertiser Looks at Radio … Again!
Authors: Mindak William A.
Published: December 2011

Radio is being “rediscovered” as a vital and dynamic “new” medium—the result of interaction between the radio stations and networks and the advertising media analysts. The author examines the reasons why advertisers are reevaluating radio and the increasingly important role it will play in their campaigns.
Electronic Journalism in the Colorado Courts
Authors: Terry Hugh B.
Published: December 2011

When John Gilbert Graham planted a time-bomb aboard an airliner, he indirectly aided in a substantial victory by Colorado news broadcasters over the restrictions of Canon 35. State radio and television newsmen banded together to convince their judges that electronic reporters can cover a trial with fairness.
Radio News Values of Teletypesetter Copy
Authors: Alisky Marvin , Barash Robert
Published: December 2011

The authors made a content analysis of the United Press TTS service in Indiana, to determine the quantity of news available through it, in comparison with trunk and radio wires. Their answer for Indiana radio newsmen verified the feeling that for full news protection, all three wires are needed.
Radio Broadcasting and Propaganda in Communist China
Authors: Houn Franklin W.
Published: December 2011

The Chinese Communists have made intensive efforts to use radio as a means of indoctrinating the masses, through nation-wide construction of radio-diffusion exchanges and promotion of collective listening. Despite some achievements, the Communists find the character of their use of radio self-defeating.
Mass Communication Theory: A Macroscopic Approach
Authors: Donnahoe Alan S.
Published: December 2011

The vice-president of the Richmond Times-Dispatch and News Leader brings a new approach to the problem of reconciling the results of readership surveys with the satisfaction of varying reader needs. The latter may be far more important to a newspaper's success than readership alone.
Willard G. Bleyer and Journalism Education
Authors: Ross Donald K.
Published: December 2011

The contributions of the founder of journalism education at the University of Wisconsin are many, but none was more important than his advancement of the concept of integration of the social sciences with journalism instruction.
Again, Too Few Graduates to Go Around; Salaries Up
Authors: Duncan Charles T. , Smart M. Neff
Published: December 2011

Eighty of 85 journalism schools report demand for their graduates exceeds supply, usually by big margins, although the number of graduates increased 5.4% over 1956. While starting salaries again increased on the average, those offered journalism graduates lag well behind those offered in other fields.
“Crash” Coverage of U.S. Media in Hungary and Middle East
Authors: Kruglak Theodore E.
Published: December 2011

News agencies, radio networks, newsmagazines and a few dailies again showed their capacity for covering crises, but most papers and their readers were without adequate background reports and interpretation. Author of a book on U.S. foreign correspondents, Dr. Kruglak is back in Europe this year as a Fulbright scholar.
Report on Current Research in Schools of Journalism
Authors: Price Warren C.
Published: December 2011

This report includes current research projects by staff members and doctoral candidates in schools and departments of journalism of the U.S.A., together with theses accepted from candidates for the master's degree in journalism. Professor Price is a member of the journalism faculty at University of Oregon.
Ten Semantic Tangles and the Threat of War
Authors: Carter Stuart
Published: December 2011

What happens when the factors and facets of communication transactions are misused in world affairs? The author has played a major part in the development of techniques for international opinion research and in the establishment and growth of the Washington Public Opinion Laboratory.
What Foreign Students Think of Our Press
Authors: Ellison Jerome , French Philip
Published: December 2011

Foreign students at Indiana University find American papers far too big, yet woefully lacking in news of their home countries. They conclude, however, that U.S. newspapers and magazines outrank those of their own countries. The study covers reading habits both here and at home.
The Social Anatomy of the Romance-Confession Cover Girl
Authors: Gerbner George
Published: December 2011

The romance-confession magazine's cover girl appears to be oblivious of her surroundings and unrelated to the “sin” exposed in the magazine's articles. The author, a member of the Institute of Communications Research, University of Illinois, explains why, and reports on how the cover girl is perceived.
Agerpres, the Rumanian National News Agency
Authors: Kruglak T. E.
Published: December 2011

While it is used as an instrument of Communist party policy, Rumania's agency has technical facilities and incoming foreign news services which put it on a par with Western press associations. Dr. Kruglak was in Bucharest this spring while studying in Europe under a Fulbright research grant.
William Cowper Brann and His “Iconoclast”
Authors: Rivers William L.
Published: December 2011

Not even the free-and-easy Texas of the 1890s knew what to do about the vitriolic writing of William Cowper Brann, whose frank and personal journalistic style brought community turmoil on one hand and national attention on the other. The only answer Texas had for Brann was a bullet.
Liberal Arts and Journalism: A Study of Curricula Structure
Authors: Wilcox Walter
Published: December 2011

Accredited journalism schools, as a group, are exceeding the 25% professional instruction maximum generally considered desirable, and show a mixed response toward emphasis upon social science in liberal arts course electives by students. The author poses questions involving educational philosophy.
Is Daily Circulation Keeping Pace with the Nation's Growth?
Authors: Peterson Wilbur
Published: December 2011

This study compares circulation of daily newspapers with the total United States population for the years 1929 to 1957, also with the population 20 years old and over. The relationship of circulation to increase in number of households and families for a similar period is also shown.
Did the Second Bank of the United States Bribe the Press?
Authors: Crouthamel James L.
Published: December 2011

Did Nicholas Biddle's bank use loans to bribe newspaper editors Duff Green of the United States Telegraph and James Watson Webb and Mordecai M. Noah of the New York Courier and Enquirer? The author, who teaches history at Pennsylvania State University, reviews the evidence and concludes “no.”
Uniformity of Wire Content of Six Michigan Dailies
Authors: Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

A week's study of the content of six small Michigan dailies, all using the same TTS news wire, showed that only eight stories were used by all six dailies, and that overall agreement on use of wire news was less than a third. Dr. Stempel is in the Department of Information Services, Central Michigan College.
Increasing Agreement on Grading among Reporting Instructors
Authors: Crane Edgar
Published: December 2011

Agreement on grades, low at first, increased during the semester among four instructors grading sets of news writing exercises. The author, research assistant professor at Michigan State University, suggests further studies of the problem by interested teachers of reporting classes.
Journalists in Israel: A Statistical Portrait
Authors: Gill Rafael E.
Published: December 2011

An analysis of the press corps of Israel shows that its members are predominantly men who are “old-timers” in the country. The majority of Israeli journalists emigrated from Europe, 50% from Poland and Russia. Only 37% have had any kind of formal education above high school.
Walter Williams: “International Journalist”
Authors: Taft William H.
Published: December 2011

Dean Walter Williams of the University of Missouri School of Journalism presided at three meetings of the Press Congress of the World. On the occasion of another Congress celebrating the 50th anniversary of the school, a Missouri journalism professor reviews and evaluates Williams' contributions.
Social Science, Natural Science, Humanities: Nomenclature Study
Authors: Wilcox Walter
Published: December 2011

How can specific courses taken by journalism students as liberal arts background be categorized when journalism educators and their deans in liberal arts colleges disagree in assigning subjects to such broad areas as the social sciences, natural sciences, humanities and fine arts?
An Investigation of News-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Westley Bruce H. , Barrow Lionel C.
Published: December 2011

Indices of news knowledge and of attention to news content were developed during a research program in educational TV at Wisconsin. Among the subjects (sixth graders) indices were not significantly related to immediate learning but were related to retention over a six- to 10-week period.
Paperback Book Publishing: A Survey of Content
Authors: Blum Eleanor
Published: December 2011

Rapid growth of the paperbound book has led to considerable comment and speculation about the content and effects of such material. In this article the author reports factual findings based upon a detailed analysis of 4,868 original works and reprinted titles which were in print in 1955.
Anaconda Journalism: The End of an Era
Authors: Ruetten Richard T.
Published: December 2011

The sale of eight dailies by Montana's dominant economic power is seen as an event of great significance, even though the papers are still absentee-owned. The author of this study, an instructor in history at the University of Oregon, is a native Montanan currently working upon a biography of Burton K. Wheeler.
Patterns in Children's Reading of Newspapers
Authors: Schramm Wilbur , Lyle Jack , Parker Edwin B.
Published: December 2011

The newspaper is the last major medium to which school pupils are exposed. First attention is to comics, with more rounded newspaper readership beginning at about the eighth-grade level. By the end of high school, two-thirds read a newspaper nearly every day. Changes in use of all media were studied.
The Wrath of the Bigot: An Analysis of Protest Mail
Authors: Toch Hans H. , Deutsch Steven E. , Wilkins Donald M.
Published: December 2011

How do American “hate” groups operate, what are the most common themes in their “letters to the editor,” and why do they single out a particular newspaper for attack? An assistant professor of psychology and two of his colleagues at Michigan State University analyze an Oregon editor's mail to find the answers.
Political Convention Broadcasts: Their History and Influence
Authors: Cranston Pat
Published: December 2011

Radio reporting of national conventions began in 1924 and the first telecasts took place in 1940. Over the years, the electronic media have helped shape the way in which sessions are conducted and have influenced behavior of delegates. Analysts differ in their interpretation of TV audience size.