bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1972
Authors: Linduska James J. , Thomas E. David
Published: March 2022

‘Harris Resistant Danish’ cabbage trans-plants were set in 2-row plots, 30-feet in length, on Aug 21, 1972. Plants were spaced 18-inches in the row with 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied Sep 4, 11 and 22; Oct 2, 11, 21 and 29; and Nov 6 and 13. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted John Bean sprayer fitted with a Slosser boom calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of spray material per acre at 250 psi. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 5 nozzles. Insect counts and foliage injury ratings were taken from 10 plants/treatment/replication. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 0 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 0) no damage; 1) 1-3% of outer wrapper leaves with occasional feeding injury; 2) 4-10% of the leaves with visible signs of feeding; 3) 10-25% damage; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with injury; 5) 51-100% damage - crown damaged and/or all leaves with injury.
Control of the Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Linduska James J. , Olson Stephanie J.
Published: March 2022

‘Market Prize’ cabbage was transplanted in 2 row plots 33.5-feet long on Jul 27’77. Plants were spaced 18 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete, block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. The granular insecticide treatments were applied with a double spout electric drive Gandy applicator (Model 901-2). Over the foliage treatment with granules was applied in a 12 inch band over the row. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. Sprays were applied at the rate of 25 gal/a at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on Aug 16, 23 and 29; Sep 7, 13 and 21. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage - odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage - crown damage and/or al] leaves with holes.
Control of Carmine Spider Mite, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

An experimental acaricide NC 13292 at 2 and 4 lb ai/acre and Morestan at 2 lb ai/acre were evaluated at Yuma, AZ. Treatments were made with a CO2 backpack sprayer at the rate of 50 gpa and 40 psi on Jul 12. Plots were 5 ft of bed row and replicated 4 times. Counts represent 40 leaves/treatment (10 x 4 replicates).
Foliar Treatments to Control the Cabbage Looper on Collards, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘Votes’ collards were direct seeded in 3-ft rows on Jen 13’78, and thinned to 10 inch spacing I month later. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Aug 7, 14, 21 and 30. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 10 col lard plants or by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Intense feeding on 50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely injured - plants nearly defoliated.
Corn Earworm and European Corn Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1978
Authors: Flood Brian
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted Jun 20’78 (app. 1000 HU 50) so that ear formation coincided with expected European corn borer and corn earworm flight activity. Twenty chemical treatments and 4 stratified untreated checks were replicated in four randomized complete blocks 80 ft x 164 rows. Each treatment consisted of four rows with two border rows between treatments. Ten border rows were left on the edge of each block. All materials were applied with a modified Hagie Hiboy (25 gpa, 3 mph, and 40 psi) with six D2/23 Tee Jet tips per row. Because of the severe European corn borer pressure, treatments were initiated at row tassel and continued at scheduled intervals adjusted to light trap catches. At harvest, 13 days after the last treatment, 25 ears from the middle two rows of each replicate were examined for damage to each ear as “none” (clean), “tip” (kernels eaten), “side”, or “tip and side”. Each ear was assessed for the number of European corn borers and corn earworms in the early, mid, or late instar stage. Treatments were applied during the heaviest European corn borer flight in 18 years based on light trap records. Corn earworm pressure was also intense, with the main infestation occurring after the Aug 24 application. The untreated checks were 100% infested with 94% damaged ears. There was an average of 2.3 European corn borers and 0.8 corn earworms per ear.
Foliar Sprays to Control Fall Armyworms in Sweet Corn, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘N & K 199’ sweet corn was planted, 10-inch spacing in 3-ft rows, on Jun 12’78. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three rows 25 ft long with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear and to an area about 15 inches above and below the ear with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/acre (40 psiT", using a Spraying Systems Cone Jet Y-8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated just prior to first silk on Aug 4 and continued at 2-3 day intervals through Aug 16, a total of 6 applications. Twenty-five ears were harvested from each replicate and checked for fall armyworms. The following categories were selected for evaluation of fall armyworm injury: 1) Clean - no evidence of earworm; 2) Slight -confined to extreme tip of ear; 3) Medium - injury less than 1.5 inches below tip; ear could be clipped; and 4) Severe - damage well below ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use.
Caterpillar Control on Sweet Corn, 1977
Authors: Walker Gary L. , York A. C.
Published: March 2022

The crop was seeded on 15 Jun at O’Neall Horticultural Farm, Lafayette, IN. Treatment plots were 3-rows wide (30 in. centers) by 30-ft long. Each 3-row plot was separated from the next treatment by an untreated row. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Silking began 15 Sep and insecticides were applied 18 Aug, 22 Aug, 25 Aug, 31 Aug, and 3 Sep. Treatments could not be applied on 28 Aug, as desired due to heavy rains prior to that date and extremely wet soils which prohibited machinery use. Application was made with a Hahn Hi-Boy sprayer delivering 60 gpa at 45 psi using 3 nozzles per row (TX-18), two of which were directed at the ear zone. Treatments were evaluated by randomly selecting 25 ears per replicate, shucking, and assessing worm damage or caterpillars present. Tip damage was assumed to be due to corn earworm unless fall armyworm was present. Damage down on the ear was considered to be by corn borer.
Green Peach Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticidal Sprays, 1978
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Norland’ potatoes were planted Jun 2 at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Plots were 2 row, 35-ft long, with 40-inch row spacing in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. Foliar insecticides were applied Jul 21, Aug 11, and Aug 23 using a 2 gallon, hand-operated, com-pressed air sprayer delivering 100 gal water/at ca 40 psi. Green peach aphid apterae were counted from 35 leaves per plot.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle on Irish Potatoes, 1978
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis John
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ Irish potatoes were planted, 10-inch spacing in 3-ft rows on Mar 31 ‘78. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single, 25-ft-long row bordered on each side by an. untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsakc, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applica-tions were made on Jun 1, 12, 19, 26, and 30. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments, direct counts of the number of potato beetle larvae/10 hills and late season foliage injury ratings were utilized. The several categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: 1) Only occasional chewing, necessary to look very close to see evidence of feeding damage; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of the leaves severely injured; 3) Severe feeding on 25% of foliage; 4) Heavy feeding on 50% of foliage; 5) Practically 100% of foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated; and Def - Plants completely defoliated. Yields were taken on July 26.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1979
Authors: Arnett W. Harold
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a commercial field of common alfalfa at Fallon, Nevada. Spray treatments were applied by fixed wing aircraft to 3 acre blocks and a 3 acre block left untreated. Applications were made on May 17‘79 with each material and rate applied in a total volume of 5 gpa. At time of treatment plants were 12-14 in. with over 50% showing alfalfa weevil damage. Eight pretreatment samples consisting of 10 random sweeps each were taken from the entire test block. Each of the treated and untreated blocks were divided into four equal parts with posttreatment samples con-sisting of 10 sweeps from each of these being taken on May 21, 24 and 31.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1980
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

A three year old stand of pure seeded alfalfa, one acre in size, was utilized for this study at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Large plots were established within this one acre field in a randomized block design of three replications (plot size 18 x 33 ft - 600 sq ft/plot). Insecticide treatments were applied on Jun 27 with a CO2 bottle sprayer using 0.5 gal bottles to deliver 72.6 GPA at 30 psi. Post treatment sweep net insect samples were taken at 21 days using 10-180° sweep samples per plot. Alfalfa yields were sampled on Jul 18 by using a small sickle bar mower to cut a 1/1000 acre swath out of plot centers. Samples were taken Jo determine percent DM by oven-drying analysis as well as protein content but results are not included here.
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae Control, Kentucky 1980
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a two year old stand of Buffalo variety alfalfa. The plots were 34 x 36 ft and each treatment and the untreated control were replicated three times in a completely random design. The sprays were mixed so as to apply the proper rates in 20 gal of total volume per acre. The treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Population densities of the larvae were determined 3, 7, 10, 13, and 18 days following treatment by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15 in dia beating net. The treatments were applied May 2, 1980. Treatment means, expressed as larvae per 10 sweeps on the sampling date indicated, were separated by use of Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The standard treatments of Furadan 4F and Imidan 50W were applied at the rates of 0.5 and 1.0 lb ai/acre respectively. A damage rating was made and was based on a scale of 1-9 where 1 = no damage and 9 = 100% of leaves consumed, with 2-8 being intermediate.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armywcrm Control in Field Corn, 1980
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N.B.
Published: March 2022

Field corn ‘Pioneer 3147’ was planted on June 4 at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Plots were 30 ft x 4 rows with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Corn was thinned to 40 plants/30 row ft. On July 23, when 18% of the plants were infested, insecticide treatments were applied. Granular insecticides were applied into the whorls with shaker jars. Liquid formulations were sprayed with 2.5 gal compressed air sprayers at 40 gal/acre. Portable CO2 tanks supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 30 psi. Yields were determined on October 14.
Apple, Ovicidal Effects of Methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L) on Pest Insects and Mites, 1980
Authors: David P. J. , Horsburgh R. L. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L.F.
Published: March 2022

Seven treatments of Lannate-L plus a water control were used to assess the material’s effect on eggs of several pest insects and mites. The treatment rates ((litre (ounces) of Lannate 1.8 L/378. 5 litres (100 gallons) water)) applied to eggs of L.pomonella, P.ulmi, and Platynota spp. were: 0.95 (32); 0.83 (28); 0.71 (24); 0.59 (20); 0.47 (16); 0.35 (12); 0.24 (8); water control. For A.velutinana the treatment rates ((litre (ounces) of Lannate 1.8 L/378. 5 litre (100 gallons) water)) were: 0.95(32); 0.47(16); 0.24 (8); 0.12 (4); 0.06 (2) water control.
Bollworm Control on Cotton with New Larvicides, 1980
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Hancock variety cotton was planted Apr 23 on Grenada silt loam at the West TeTin. Expt. Sta., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots, 40 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The entire plot area was sprayed Aug 1 with methyl parathion (1. 0 lb ai/acre) to remove beneficials and encourage a bollworm outbreak. The number of bollworm eggs and larvae in terminals exceeded the recommended threshold level on Aug 8. Bollworm pressure was moderate for the subsequent 10-day period. Insecticides were applied Aug 8, 14, and 19 with a 4-row boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of mixture per acre (3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Damaged bolls were counted Aug 22 and 27 as follows: 50 bollworm susceptible bolls were counted in each of the two center rows of each plot and the number damaged recorded. The two center rows of each plot were machine harvested Sep 19 and Oct 7. Damaged boll counts and yield data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separted by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test where appropriate.
Efficacy of Chemicals with Adjuvants for Control of Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1980
Authors: Pitts Daniel L. , Pieters Edward P.
Published: March 2022

Stonevilie 213 variety was planted on May 5 at the Plant Science Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State, MS. Plots 8 x 90 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 5 gal of final spray mixture per acre, 3 mph, 40 psi, and 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 11 times on a 4 to 5 day schedule from July 14 to Sept 5. Azinphosmethyl was applied to all plots at 0.25 lb ai/acre 13 times as needed from Jul 3 to Sept 24 to control boll weevils. Temik was applied to all plots at 2 lb ai/acre on June 10 to reduce beneficial arthropods. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damage by randomly selecting 25 squares from all parts of the plants along the center 2 rows. The tobacco budworm consisted of 90% of the population on both July 8 and August 6. Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 2 rows on October 21.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Preflowering Cowpea Insect Pests, 1980
Authors: Venugopal M.S. , Litsinger J.A. , Arosrol R.F.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen insecticides applied as seed treatments at 10 lb ai/100 lb seed were tested at IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) for control of preflowering cowpea insect pests. Cowpea seeds (37 lb/acre) were agitated in a plastic bag with each insecticide and 25% gum arable before sowing to 5-m2 plots on Feb 26 in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The Santa Rita series soil (clayey amorphos isohyperfhermic, Typic Hapludolls), pH = 6.5, 52% pore space, 2.7% organic matter, 34% clay, 36% silt, 30% sand, averaged 39° and 28° C for daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 5 cm depth, respectively, the first 14 days after sowing. There was no rainfall during this dry season trial, but the plots were irrigated with overhead sprinklers. In each plot at 21 days after crop emergence, 20 random plants were dissected for evidence of beanfly damage and 20 leaf buds were removed from random plants, placed in 70% efhyl alcohol for counting thrips under a stereoscope.
Field Evaluation of Insecticide Seed Treatments for Preflowering Mung Bean Insect Pests, 1980
Authors: Venugopal M. S. , Litsinger J. A. , Apostol R. F.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen insecticides applied as seed treatments at 10 g aiAg seed were tested at IRRI (Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines) for control of preflowering mung bean insect pests. Mung bean seeds (33 kg/ha) were agitated in a plastic bag with each insecticide and 25% gum arable before sowing to 5-m2 plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications on Mar 10. The Santa Rita series soil (clayey amorphos isohyperthermic Typic Hapludolls), pH = 6.5, 52% pore space, 2.7% organic matter, 34% clay, 36% silt, 30% sand, averaged 37° and 28°C for daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 5 cm depth, respectively, the first 14 days after sowing. There was no rainfall during this dry season trial, but the plots were irrigated with overhead sprinklers. In each plot at 21 days after crop emergence, 20 random plants were dissected for evidence of beanfly damage and 20 leaf buds were removed from random plants, placed in 70% ethyl alcohol for counting thrips under a stereoscope.
Effect of Triton X-190 and Water on Malathion and Carbaryl Related Rangeland Grasshopper Mortalities, 1978
Authors: Foster Nelson R. , Henderson J.A. , Huddleston E.W. , Bullard R.G.
Published: March 2022

The Sevin 4 0 formulation of carbaryl was applied at the rates of 0.5 lb and 0.3125 lb ai/acre to 40 acre rangeland (mixed grasses and forbes) plots, approximately 11 miles east of Lovlngton, New Mexico. Each dose was applied in diesel fuel at 20 oz/acre and with Triton X-190 at 2% of the Sevin 4 Oil volume in water at 20 oz/acre. Malathion ULV concentrate was applied at the rates of 4, 6 and 8 fluid oz of 95% technical ma lath ion/acre. The 4 and 6 oz rates of malathion ULV concentrate were applied with Triton X-190, at 2% of the dose, and water at 16 oz total volume/acre. Treatments took place from June 29 - July 4, 1978 and were replicated 4 times. All doses were applied at 40 psi pressure with a Piper Pawnee, PA-25-260 aircraft using (9) 8002 flat fan nozzles for Sevin 4 Oil plots, (9) 8001 nozzles for 8 oz malathion rate plots and (12) 80015 nozzles for 16 oz malathion rate plots. All nozzles were rotated 90° to the slip stream. Applications were made at 100 mph at a height of 30 ft. Swath width for Sevin 4 Oil and malathion were 60 and 75 ft respectively. Pre and post application grasshopper densities were ascertained by counting grasshoppers tn (60) O.1m2 rings separated from each other by at least 5m, near the center of each plot. Pretreatment counts were taken 24 - 48 hr prior to treatment and posttreatment counts were conducted 2 and 7 days after treatment. Counting rings were left in place throughout the test period. Precount densities ranged from 5-13 grasshoppers/m with a total precount mean density of 8.10/m . Post application densities were expressed as percent mortality of precounts, and the arc sine transformation was used for analysis as a completely randomized design with equal treatments. Sixty sweeps were taken in each plot to determine grasshopper species frequency. The above species were in the 3rd instar through adult stages of development and comprised approximately 70% of the population.
Evaluation of Insecticides Applied as Granules in the Rice Root Zone for Control of Brown Planthopper and Green Leaf-Hopper, IRRI, 1979
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Because the application of carbofuran has been shown to provide much longer residual activity than paddy water broadcasting of granules or application of foliar sprays we are searching for additional insecticides which are active as a root zone application. Thirty five day-old rice plants were transplanted into soil in porcelain pots and placed in a room at a temperature of 27±2°C. Granules placed in a gelatin capsule were injected into the root zone area at 3 cm below the soil and 2 cm beside the roots at the rate of 1.5 kg ai/ha. Ten brown planthopper and 10 green leafhopper adults were placed on the treated plants at 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment. Mortality readings were taken at 48 hr after placing the insects on the plants.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Bean Leaf Beetle Control on Soybeans with Microbial Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Harper J. D.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field trial was initiated on October 3 at the Black Belt Substation of the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station near Marion Junction, Alabama. Significant numbers of both velvetbean caterpillar and bean leaf beetles were found at this date on a small field of late planted Bragg variety soybeans. Plots measuring 4 x 50 ft (36 in row spacing) were treated with materials applied with a CO2 powered knapsack sprayer, 3 nozzles/row, calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 30 psi with TX 4 cone spray tips. A randomized complete block field plot design with 4 replications was utilized. Prespray larval and beetle counts were taken on the day of treatment, and evaluation counts were taken at 2 and 5 days post-spray. All samples were made by the shake cloth method and consisted of 3 3 ft samples/plot. D-vac samples were also taken on the 3 sampling dates for determining non-target insect populations. Eight 10 row ft samples were taken from random locations over the entire field just prior to treatment application, and one 10-ft sample was taken in each plot at 2 and 5 days post-spray.
Corn Earworm Control on Soybeans Following Wheat, 1980
Authors: Lentz
Published: March 2022

Bedford variety soybean was planted ca Jun 15 following wheat, north of Dyersburg, TN. Four-row plots, 50 ft long, were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made by taking 22 18 inch shake samples over the entire plot area. Insecticides were applied Sep 8 with a 4-row boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of mixture per acre ( 3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on a John Deere high clearance sprayer. Evaluations were made Sep 11 by shaking 4 row ft over a drop cloth at 2 sites in each plot. The center two rows of each plot were harvested Nov 6.
Control of Silverspotted Skipper on York Soybeans with Soil Systemics, 1980
Authors: Ltnduska James J. , Hiddleson Loren , Dively Galen P. , Hellman Lee , Cantwell Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted May 27 with a conventional 4-row unit planter (John Deere Model 71) equipped with Gandy (R) granular insecticide applicators. Except for one treatment of Furadan 10G which was applied in the furrow, all other treatments were applied in a 14 inch band over the seed furrow, behind the press wheel. Two drag chains were attached behind the press wheel of each planter. Plots consisted of 4 rows, 100 ft long with 30 inches between rows, arranged In a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Soil was classified as a ‘Bertie’ silt loam and the soil temp at the time of planting was 86°F at the 4 inch depth. Twenty 1st to 2nd instar larvae with accompanying nest were artifically introduced into the plots by pinning them to 20 separate plants in each plot on Jun 6. The percent survival through 2 instars was recorded for each plot. Rainfall was below normal during the growing season.
Control of Tobacco Fleabeetles and Tobacco Hornworms on Dark Fire-Cured Tobacco, 1980
Authors: Pless C. D. , Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco ‘Madole’ was transplanted on May 27 at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Sprays were applied on a 14-day schedule for a total of 5 applications beginning June 11. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer using a 10-row boom with one full-cone nozzle per row which delivered 20 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plots were 70 ft x 10 rows (42 in spacing) with 3 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys and plants were spaced 36 inch within rows. Hornworm counts were based on the average number/100 plants. Flea beetle damage was evaluated as average numbers of feeding holes/10 leaves. Counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 in) from the top of the plant. Soil type was Mounrview silt loam at pH 6.6.
American Arborvitae, Spruce Spider Mite Control, Richland Co., Ohio, 1979
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Thuja occidentalis (2.5-3 m high) growing in a nursery on 1.2 m centers in 2 rows ca 150 m long were used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mite, Oligonychusununguis (Jacobi). Treatments were assigned to trees at random, but an effort was made to distribute each treatment over a 50 m section of row. Treatments were applied with a KWH mistblower operating at 420 ml/min. Six trees were sprayed with each treatment for 30 sec. on July 30 under sunny skies at 27-29°C, with an 8-16 kph breeze. Application required 9 man-hours. On Aug 10, half of the trees (3) in each treatment were sprayed again for 30 sec, as before. Ambient temperature was 27-29°C with cloudy skies and a 16-24 kph breeze. The second application, when only half of the trees were sprayed and all were already flagged and tagged, required 4 man-hours. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the first application. During each evaluation, 10 branch ends 15-18 cm long were selected from the tree from between 1 and 2 m above ground and transported in plastic bags in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory. Twenty-five tips (5-7.5 cm long), comprising ca 400 sq cm, were clipped from the 10 branch ends from each tree for population assessment. Each tip was passed through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Living and dead nymphs and adults trapped on 8 of 12 equal sections on the plate were counted. Counts were multiplied by 1.5 to calculate mites/unit area of foliage. Each evaluation required collection of foliage from ca. one-third of the trees during a morning, drying foliage in the laboratory, and processing the samples the same day, to minimize mite mortality between the time samples were taken and counts were made. Sample collection each day required 1 man-hour; each sample (rep.) was processed in one-half man-hour.
Chrysanthemum, Pramex Trials, 1980
Authors: Mahr D. L. , Humfeld T. L.
Published: March 2022

This research was conducted in a commercial greenhouse in Milwaukee, Wl, which had a history of high chrysanthemum leafminer populations. The purpose was to evaluate a commercial preparation of permethrin not available for use in Wisconsin and compare it to the standard treatment combination of materials registered for use against leafminer in Wisconsin. The chrysanthemums were grown in beds on benches for cut flower sales. Treatments were applied as single plots consisting of all plants on 8 linear feet of bench top. Treatments were applied with a Hudson sprayer to full leaf coverage. Rooted cuttings were transplanted on May 2, pinched on May 5, and harvested Jul 15. A single aldicarb application was applied on May 13 (2 oz ai/1000 sq ft) to all treatments including check. The standard treatment consisted of weekly applications of Orthene rotated with Diazinon through three rotations, and then single weekly applications of Diazinon at the stated rate to harvest. Pramex was applied weekly. Applications of all three treatments were on May 22, 29, Jun 6, 13, 20, 27, Jul 3 and 11. The remainder of the greenhouse received the standard aldicarb-Orthene-Diazinon treatment.
Phytotoxiaiy of Bedding Plants Resultings from Applications of Knoxout 2FM, Pennsylvania, 1980
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J.
Published: March 2022

Knoxout 2FM was evaluated for phytotoxicity on 16 types of bedding plants. The experiment was conducted on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments were replicated 4 times for each type of plant in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of one plant transplanted in a 4 x 4 inch square pot filled with pro-mix. Foliar sprays wetfe applied May 15 to the point of run-off with a hand-held compressed air sprayer. Knoxout 2FM was used at 2 rates: 1% (7.8 lb ai/100 gal) and 2% (15.6 lb ai/100 gal). Five treatments were observed: treatment 1, one application of 1% spray; treatment 2, two applications of 1% spray; treatment 3, one application of 2% spray; treatment 4, two applications of 2% spray; and treatment 5, control. Plants were retreated at a 7 day interval (temperatures 75°F and 76°F, respectively). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following the first application. They were evaluated for overall appearance of the plant compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3= severe.
Phytotoxicity on Greenhouse Floriculture, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

Twenty species grown for commercial pot plant production were evaluated for phytotoxicity resulting from the application of the miticide UC 55248. An experiment was initiated at the GA Exper Sta, Experiment on raised greenhouse benches in Jan. UC 55248 was applied to 5 plants of each species, each plant grown in Metro-mix 300 in a 115 mm pot. Three applications were made with 2 wks between applications and following a 4 wk observation 2 applications were made 7 days apart. Application was to the point of run-off with a hand CO2 sprayer at 35 psi utilizing a 8003 nozzle. Temperatures were 23-25C during application and ranged from 21 to 35C during the test. Treatment levels were 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/100 gal finished spray. Plants were observed weekly for phytotoxicity and evaluated on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage, 2 = moderate, affects marketability, and 3 = heavy, unmarketable. Untreated checks of each species were maintained to aid in evaluating phytotoxicity.
Evaluation of CGA 20168 As A Protectant for Dried Fruit and Tree Nuts, 1979
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Brandl D. G.
Published: March 2022

Insects were reared and tested at 26.7 + 1°C and 60% RH. Thompson variety raisins were treated with CGA 20168 (EC) by placing calculated (wt/wt) concentrations diluted in 5 ml of tap water into 0.5-kg lots of field run raisins in 3.8-liter glass jars and tumbling at 30 rpm for 30 min. Five ml of tap water only was applied to the control raisins. After the sealed jars had been held 1 day, 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, they were opened and 50 g raisins were placed in a 500-ml paper container. Thirty containers were infested with 25 0-to-2-week-old adult merchant grain beetles, 25 red flour beetles, or 50 0-3-day-old Indianmeal moth eggs. Each concentration was replicated 10 times. Mortality was determined after 45 days and data were corrected with Abbott’s formula.
Evaluation of Bay Leaves and Bay Oil Preventing Insect Infestation of Stored Foods, 1980
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Buttery R. G.
Published: March 2022

Bay leaves were collected in Berkeley, CA and averaged 340 mg per leaf. The leaves were rinsed with tap water and air dried before use. Bay oil was obtained from a commercial* source (the method of preparation was steam distillation of bay leaves). Test culture medium consisted (by weight) of 1 part brewer’s yeast, 5 parts whole wheat flour, and 14 parts rice bran. Insect cultures were reared at 28°C and 60% R. H. Treatment was by placement of 1 bay leaf on the surface of the medium in each container or by incorporation of 1.5 mg of bay oil in 250 g of medium. Bay oil incorporation was by tumbling at 30 rpm for 30 minutes. Ten grams of medium were placed in a 30-ml plastic container that was closed with a lid having a 5-mm-diam hole therein. Five treated and 5 untreated containers were placed in a 38 cm W, 76 cm L, 47 cm H test arena. Twenty-five adult insects were placed in the test arena for 3 days. Test conditions were 28°C and 60% R.H. Test containers were then removed and their contents emptied into glass jars, covered with filter paper, and held for 30 days. Number of adults and larvae plus pupae were recorded.
Candidate Quarantine Aerosols for Stored-Product Insects, 1980
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidol formulations in transport trailers (ca. 71 m3) in Miami, FL and Baltimore, MD. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Freon-propelled aerosols were released within closed trailers, either from the center (total release) or by an individual walking the length of the trailer and spraying for the required amount of time. The exposure period was 5 hr; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 hr in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated at least 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 21° ± 3°C and 81 ± 4%RH.
Contact and Residual Sprays for Furniture Carpet Beetle (FCB) Control, 1980
Authors: Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A.
Published: March 2022

The objective of these tests was to evaluate the performance of several insecticides that might be used to control FCB larvae. Textile resistance tests outlines by the Chemical Specialities Manufactures Association (CSMA) were modified to assess the efficacy of direct contact sprays and residual deposits. Larvae were tested because only immature FCB damage materials such as woolen or contaminated fabrics, leather, furs and feathers. Adults are short-lived compared to larvae and reportedly feed on pollen and nectar. FCB larvae for these tests were collected from cultures maintained at 27°C, 70-75% RH on medium comprised of dry dog chow, yeast and turkey feathers. Approximately half-grown larvae (2-3 mg, 3 mm long), which were retained on a no. 16 screen, were placed on flat glass beneath a warm light bulb. Larvae were aspirated into gloss shell vials as they moved to the edge of the glass. Five groups of 15 larvae placed in a clean 500 ml beaker were sprayed with two pumps (0.5 ml) from a deVilbiss #152 bulb sprayer from ca 7 inch. The thoroughly wetted larvae were transferred to filter paper to remove excess spray before they were placed in 26 sq cm plastic boxes the floors of which were covered with wool felt lightly dusted with a dog chow-yeast mixture. For residual activity, 5 groups of 20 larvae were confined to 26 sq cm felt treated with 0.13 ml dilute insecticide (1%=73 mg ai/sq ft.) The number dead was recorded ca daily up to 14 days. Each piece of wool was tested only once. Treatments were evaluated 28 and 56 days old.
Laboratory Evaluation of Atroban Formulations Against the House Fly, 1980
Authors: Collison Clarence H. , Pitts Charles W. , Danka Robert G. , Kennell Daniel R.
Published: March 2022

Three formulations of Atroban (BW 21Z, permethrin) were evaluated in the laboratory to determine if there was a behavioral response of avoiding treated surfaces, and efficacy against laboratory reared house flies. In Test 1 adult house flies (100/cage) were placed in four ft screened cages, containing a sugar cube, vial of water, and two suspended 6x6 inch panels. Each panel consisted of two sheets of filter paper clipped together, with the exterior surface of one treated with Atroban at a rate of 125 mg/sq ft. In each cage, the two treated surfaces were sprayed with the same formulation. The panel surfaces in the control cage were left untreated. After 24 hours, the total number of fly specks on each exposed surface was determined and fly mortality recorded. This repellency test was repeated five times between Dec 17’79 and Jan 29’80. In Test 2, a “touch test” was used to determine the efficacy of the different formulations. Adult house flies (25/formulatton) were anaesthetized with CO2 and their tarsi touched to treated filter papers for five seconds. Filter papers were treated with Atroban at a rate of 125 mg/sq ft and untreated papers served as controls. After treatment, the flies were placed in 4-inch Dixie cups (No. 2186, American Can Co., Easton, PA) provided with a sugar cube and vial of water. Mortality counts were taken 24 hours later. The test was repeated seven times between Feb 5 and March 5’80. In Test 3, World Health Organization insecticide testing tubes were used to further evaluate the efficacy of the three Atroban formulations. Ten adult house flies were introduced into each holding tube prior to pesticide exposure. The plastic tubes were 125 mm in length and 44 mm in diameter with one end fitted with a 16-mesh screen. After a 15 minute pre-test holding period, flies were blown gently through the open slide gate into the attached exposure tube. Atroban treated papers (12 x 15 cm) at the rate of 125 mg/sq ft lined the exposure tubes. Tubes containing untreated papers served as controls. After an exposure time of 10 minutes, the flies were returned to the holding tubes by reversing the process. Each holding tube contained either a vial of water or a sugar cube and water. Fly mortality was determined 24 hours after pesticide exposure. The experiment was repeated 14 times between Jan 30 and Feb 28. During the first three tests, the holding tubes were supplied only with water. In Test 4 the World Health Organization tubes were also used to compare 1978 and 1979 42.5% EC formulations for fly efficacy. The tests were repeated 12 times between March 14 and April 1. Holding tubes were supplied with both water and sugar cubes.
Alfalfa Weevil, Insect Growth Regulators, 1976
Authors: Stuart L. Claire , Butler Linda
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied May 12 to two-year-old ‘Narragansett’ alfalfa at the West Virginia University Reedsville Experiment Farm. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design, using 12 x 18 m plots with 6 m alleys between rows for tractor access. Sprays were applied by a John Bean tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer with a 6 m boom, tank capacity 189 liters, pressure 2.1 kg/cm2 and calibrated to deliver 243 liters/ha at a tractor speed of 5.6 to 6.4 km/h. Larvae were collected from the field on May 17 by sweep net and on May 24 by vacuum machine. They were reared in the laboratory in plastic petri plates with perforated lids and fed alfalfa from the treated plots. When over 100 larvae were collected per plot, only 100 were reared.
Apple, Timing Sprays for Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied at various times of the season to determine the optimum time to control the rosy apple aphid. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a Rome, Golden Delicious, Delicious, and York Imperial tree. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The sprays were applied with a handgun using a John Bean high pressure sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Refer to the table for the timing of sprays and phenological development of apple. Effectiveness of the sprays was evaluated by examining the entire tree and determining the number of infested clusters, the number of infested leaves, and the number of injured apples/tree. A leaf or cluster was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, New York, 1980
Authors: Weires R. W. , Alm S. R.
Published: March 2022

Eight-tree plots of from 5-7 different apple cultivars were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were 16-yrs-old, ca 12 ft high, on EM 2 rootstock, and spaced 15 X 30 ft. Treatments were applied at pink (‘Mcintosh’), May 1, petal fall (Rome), May 19 , and In 6 cover sprays, Jun 5, 19, Jul 3, 17, 31, and Aug 14, except the CGA 29170 treatment which was applied only at pink, and the UC 55248 treatment which was applied at pink and petal fall. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.2 (during May) to 4.2 (Jun on) gal spray/tree (307-403 gal/acre). The fungicides Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) and Cyrex 65WP (4 oz/100 gal) were applied over all plots by airblast sprayer at 3X (133 gal/acre) on Apr 17 and Jun 13, respectively. Plictran 50WP (4 oz/100 gal) was included for mite control with the DISA, HAG, Pydrin and Guthion treatments on Jul 3. Above normal temperatures and below normal rainfall prevailed during the entire growing season. Plum curculio, San Jose scale, and codling moth populations were above normal while other insect pressures were low.
Pear, Psylla Control with Low Volume Cover Sprays, 1980
Authors: Bode William M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a 3 acre block of 8-year-old trees in a commercial orchard. Each treatment was replicated 5 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot consisted of 3 adjacent frees in a row. Samples were taken from the middle tree of each plot. At least I unsprayed tree separated adjacent plots. Treatments were applied at 50 gal/acre with a Myers A32 3-pthitch air sprayer. The pretreatment counts were made on Aug 7 and all treatments were applied on Aug 8. Adult psylla from unsprayed trees quickly reinfested most plots.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1980
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Sixteen-yr-old Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated by counts of adults and nymphs before the first application and at 2 week intervals for the duration of the test period. Counts taken between applications were pooled and expressed as the mean for these periods. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating tray samples/replicate. Nymphs were counted on 5 spurs through Jun 9 and on 5 terminals thereafter for each replicate. Two spotted spider mite and European red mite densities were estimated from 50-leaf samples taken 3 times during the test period by the standard leaf brushing technique. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray for evidence of phytotoxicity. At harvest 10 fruits/replicate were tested for firmness and soluble solids.
Effect of Reduced Coverage of Bait Sprays on Walnut Husk Fly Control, 1980
Authors: Hislop R. G. , Riedl Helmut , Joos Johannes
Published: March 2022

Field trials were performed in a 6 acre mature walnut orchard to evaluate baited treatments of the synthetic pyrethroid Pounce 3.2EC at reduced coverage on walnut husk fly control and influence on secondary pest abundance. Four treatments each consisting of four 6-tree replicates, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments Included full tree coverage without bait, half free and quarter tree coverage with bait, and an untreated check. Sprays were applied by hydraulic handgun until run-off. Nuts were inspected (2000/freafment) shortly before harvest (Oct 8) for presence of husk fly eggs, larvae, and shell stains. Leaf samples (100/treatment) were taken twice, Sep 24 and Oct 8, and brushed for mites, aphids and their natural enemies.
Thrips Control with Cygon, 1980
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Cygon 400 was applied to 600 feet of row (6 row x 100’) of beans in the center of a thrips infested field. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized hand sprayer on Jul 25 and again on Jul 30 to obtain maximum thrips reduction. Thrips were counted weekly in the treated and untreated areas on 5 sets of 10 trifoliate leaves and in 10 blooms. Blooms per meter (5 samples/area/week) were counted as well as the number of pods per row foot (10 samples) and deformed pods per row foot (10 samples).
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms and European Corn Borers in Snap Beans, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P.
Published: March 2022

‘Bush blue lake’ snap beans were planted in double row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jul 25 ’80. Each plot was buffered on either side by 2 untreated guard rows. The distance between rows was 3 ft. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spray treatments were applied on Sep 12 & 17. All spray treat-ments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each of the center 2 rows was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. The soil type was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Plots were rated on Sep 21 by harvesting 1,000 bean pods/treatment/replication and recording the number pods injured by corn earworms and European corn borers. Yields were also taken Sep 21 by harvesting 2-25 ft sections of row in each plot.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbage was transplanted Jun 18 at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 plants long, 3 plants wide, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Treatments were applied Jul 31 with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at ca 40 psi. Larvae were counted from the center 4 plants in each plot on Aug. 5.
Cabbage Foliar Protective Insecticide Spray Study, 1980
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

Wisconsin Golden Acre white cabbage was transplanted Jun 2 ’80 in a randomized block design with three replications and 24 inch row spacing. Tok 50W was used preemergence at 8 lbs/acre and 200 lbs. 15-15-15 broadcast applied and disced in with 60 lb fs|/A on Jun 6. Plot size was 5’ x 25’ with 2 rows per plot. Bravo 6F at 1 qt/A was applied with a Cub tractor boom sprayer weekly as maintenance. Broadcast foliar sprays were made using a CO2 bottle sprayer and making a 5”swath per plot at 30 GPA and 30 psi. Six weekly sprays were applied starting Jun 30, and continued Jul 7, 14, 21, 28 and Aug 4. At harvest, Aug 12-13, five mature cabbage heads per plot were cut. Lower leaves were removed and rated for insect damage. No aphid colonies or cabbage looper were observed in the plots nor was any chemical phytotoxicity noted. A moderate population of diamondback moth and cabbageworm larvae occurred with an average of 3.5 worms per head observed in the untreated check.