bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clustered distribution of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase regulatory isoform RIα during the development of the rat brain
Authors: Mucignat‐Caretta Carla , Caretta Antonio
Published: September 2002

cAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger, which acts mainly through specific protein kinases that consist of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. An unsolved problem in cAMP physiology is how it can regulate so many cellular functions through this simple enzymatic cascade. A tentative explanation is related to the different biochemical properties of the four regulatory subunit isoforms (RIα and RIβ, RIIα and RIIβ) and to their differential cell and tissue distribution. For example, detergent insoluble aggregates of RIα are present in some cholinergic neurons of the adult rat brain. Rat brains, from the embryonic stage to old age, were examined for the presence of highly concentrated clusters of RIα. They are present only in some neurons of restricted brain areas, for a limited time span. During development, labeled neurons appear in different brain areas after neuron migration, at a stage of advanced functional maturation. They have their greatest expression after birth but before sexual maturation, and then they slowly decline, persisting only in a few brain areas throughout life. The first appearance, time course, and eventual disappearance is different in the different brain areas: RIα clusters appear in brainstem, hypothalamus, and accessory olfactory bulb at a late embryonic stage; in the main olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and medial thalamic nuclei shortly after birth; and in the cortex as late as in the third and fourth postnatal week. During the rat's lifespan, the distribution of these peculiar RIα clusters undergo changes that may contribute to shape neuronal responses differentially to agents modifying cAMP levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:324–333, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density gradients of trans‐synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Grantyn Alexej , Brandi Anne‐Marie , Dubayle David , Graf Werner , Ugolini Gabriella , Hadjidimitrakis Kostas , Moschovakis Adonis
Published: September 2002

We evaluated the two‐dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (SC) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. If this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement‐related SC neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the SC and decrease with their distance from the representation of the horizontal meridian. Labeled neurons of the intermediate SC layers were counted inside a 1‐mm‐wide band that matched the horizontal meridian of the collicular motor map. Local areal densities were plotted against distance from the rostral SC pole. At 2.5 days after inoculation, there was no labeling in the SC. At 3 days, moderate labeling appeared on both sides, mostly in the intermediate layers. At 3.5 days, cell numbers substantially increased and the laminar distribution changed as cells appeared in the superficial SC layers. At 3 days, rostrocaudal density profiles were unimodal, with peaks at locations near 50 degrees (contralateral SC) and 25–30 degrees (ipsilateral SC) horizontal eccentricity. At 3.5 days, distributions were bimodal due to the appearance of a second high‐density region near the rostral pole of the SC. The distribution of SC neurons influencing the abducens nucleus, thus, was nonuniform. Caudal sites contained more neurons, but the experimentally observed density gradients were shallower than the theoretically predicted ones that would be necessary to fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation. Similarly, we studied the distributions of cell densities in the intermediate SC layers along an isoamplitude line (representing saccades of equal amplitudes but different directions). Consistent with theoretical estimates of the density gradients required for vector decomposition, we found that the concentrations of labeled cells were highest in the vicinity of the horizontal meridian but their decrease toward the periphery of the motor map was steeper than predicted. We conclude that SC cell density gradients cannot fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition in the absence of an additional mechanism such as the previously demonstrated (Grantyn et al., [1997] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1295; Moschovakis et al., [1998] J. Neurosci. 18:10219–10229) locus‐dependent weighting of the strength of efferent projections to the saccade generators. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:346–361, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation of visual input to the mushroom bodies in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Ehmer Birgit , Gronenberg Wulfila
Published: September 2002

Insect mushroom bodies are brain regions that receive multisensory input and are thought to play an important role in learning and memory. In most neopteran insects, the mushroom bodies receive direct olfactory input. In addition, the calyces of Hymenoptera receive substantial direct input from the optic lobes. We describe visual inputs to the calyces of the mushroom bodies of the honeybee Apis mellifera, the neurons' dendritic fields in the optic lobes, the medulla and lobula, and the organization of their terminals in the calyces. Medulla neurons terminate in the collar region of the calyx, where they segregate into five layers that receive alternating input from the dorsal or ventral medulla, respectively. A sixth, innermost layer of the collar receives input from lobula neurons. In the basal ring region of the calyx, medulla neuron terminals are restricted to a small, distal part. Lobula neurons are more prominent in the basal ring, where they terminate in its outer half. Although the collar and basal ring layers generally receive segregated input from both optic neuropils, some overlap occurs at the borders of the layers. At least three different types of mushroom body input neurons originate from the medulla: (a) neurons with narrow dendritic fields mainly restricted to the vicinity of the medulla's serpentine layer and found throughout the medulla; (b) neurons restricted to the ventral half of the medulla and featuring long columnar dendritic branches in the outer medulla; and (c) a group of neurons whose dendrites are restricted to the most ventral part of the medulla and whose axons form the anterior inferior optic tract. Most medulla neurons (groups a and b) send their axons via the anterior superior optic tract to the mushroom bodies. Neurons connecting the lobula with the mushroom bodies have their dendrites in a defined dorsal part of the lobula. Their axons form a third tract to the mushroom bodies, here referred to as the lobula tract. Our findings match the anatomy of intrinsic mushroom body neurons (Strausfeld, 2002) and together indicate that the mushroom bodies may be composed of many more functional subsystems than previously suggested. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:362–373, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the 1931 CIE color‐matching functions
Authors: Shaw Mark , Fairchild Mark
Published: September 2002

The use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today's instruments is the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright1 and Guild,2 some suggesting that the 1931 color‐matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual system's cone responses. A computational analysis was performed using metameric data to evaluate the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions as compared to with other responsivity functions. The underlying assumption was that an optimal set of responsivity functions would yield minimal color‐difference error between pairs of visually matched metamers. The difference of average color differences found in the six chosen sets of responsivity functions was small. The CIE 1931 2° color‐matching functions on average yielded the largest color difference, 4.56 ΔE. The best performance came from the CIE 1964 10° color‐matching functions, which yielded an average color difference of 4.02 ΔE. An optimization was then performed to derive a new set of color‐matching functions that were visually matched using metameric pairs of spectral data. If all pairs were to be optimized to globally minimize the average color difference, it is expected that this would produce an optimal set of responsivity functions. The optimum solution was to use a weighted combination of each set of responsivity functions. The optimized set, called the Shaw and Fairchild responsivity functions, was able to reduce the average color difference to 3.92 ΔE. In the final part of this study a computer‐based simulation of the color differences between the sets of responsivity functions was built. This simulation allowed a user to load a spectral radiance or a spectral reflectance data file and display the tristimulus match predicted by each of the seven sets of responsivity functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 316–329, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10077
Analyses of methods for predicting corresponding colors of LUTCHI data
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Yano Tadashi , Ihara Masamori
Published: September 2002

A new method is proposed for predicting corresponding colors from magnitude estimation data conducted under two adapting illuminants on the same group of object color samples. Called the F*G* method, it was applied under illuminants D65 and A to magnitude estimation data by Kuo et al. and Luo et al., a part of the LUTCHI data. Both derived F*G* equations were also applied in an experiment with the CSAJ data under illuminants D65 and A. Analyses of these experiments clarified two points: (1) the magnitude estimation method is inaccurate for predicting corresponding colors including with the Kuo et al. and Luo et al. data; and (2) unacceptable extrapolations had been made by Luo et al. in deriving their corresponding colors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 335–348, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10078
Color managing the third edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Reiman D. Mark
Published: September 2002

Commercial ICC‐compliant color‐management software was used to produce color‐managed CMYK‐encoded images for the third edition of Principles of Color Technology. Custom profiles were created for a Scitex Eversmart Pro flatbed scanner and a Kodak Approval proofing device. This enabled objects such as color‐order systems and colorimetric‐encoded, computer‐generated graphical images to be reproduced with reasonable colorimetric accuracy. The GretagMacbeth ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart was used as an independent verification target. Its printed reproduction had an average error of 4.2 ΔE (6.4 ΔE*ab). Colorimetric‐rendering device profiles enabled the visualization of the book's color gamut and of a calibrated visible spectrum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 360–373, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10083
Dynamics of singularity surfaces for compressible, viscous flows in two space dimensions
Authors: Hoff David
Published: September 2002

We prove the global existence of solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations of compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions which exhibit convecting singularity curves. The fluid density and velocity gradient have jump discontinuities across these curves, exactly as predicted by the Rankine‐Hugoniot conditions, and these jump discontinuities decay exponentially in time, more rapidly for smaller viscosities. The singularity curves remain C1+α despite the fact that the velocity fields which convect them are not continuously differentiable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reduced theory for thin‐film micromagnetics
Authors: Desimone Antonio , Kohn Robert V. , Müller Stefan , Otto Felix
Published: September 2002

Micromagnetics is a nonlocal, nonconvex variational problem. Its minimizer represents the ground‐state magnetization pattern of a ferromagnetic body under a specified external field. This paper identifies a physically relevant thin‐film limit and shows that the limiting behavior is described by a certain “reduced” variational problem. Our main result is the Γ‐convergence of suitably scaled three‐dimensional micromagnetic problems to a two‐dimensional reduced problem; this implies, in particular, convergence of minimizers for any value of the external field. The reduced problem is degenerate but convex; as a result, it determines some (but not all) features of the ground‐state magnetization pattern in the associated thin‐film limit. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deadlock detection in MPI programs
Authors: Luecke Glenn R. , Zou Yan , Coyle James , Hoekstra Jim , Kraeva Marina
Published: September 2002

The Message‐Passing Interface (MPI) is commonly used to write parallel programs for distributed memory parallel computers. MPI‐CHECK is a tool developed to aid in the debugging of MPI programs that are written in free or fixed format Fortran 90 and Fortran 77. This paper presents the methods used in MPI‐CHECK 2.0 to detect many situations where actual and potential deadlocks occur when using blocking and non‐blocking point‐to‐point routines as well as when using collective routines. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workload decomposition strategies for hierarchical distributed‐shared memory parallel systems and their implementation with integration of high‐level parallel languages
Authors: Briguglio Sergio , Di Martino Beniamino , Vlad Gregorio
Published: September 2002

In this paper we address the issue of workload decomposition in programming hierarchical distributed‐shared memory parallel systems. The workload decomposition we have devised consists of a two‐stage procedure: a higher‐level decomposition among the computational nodes; and a lower‐level one among the processors of each computational node. By focusing on porting of a case study particle‐in‐cell application, we have implemented the described work decomposition without large programming effort by using and integrating the high‐level language extensions High‐Performance Fortran and OpenMP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐explanatory equilibria: An extremely simple game with (mostly) unattainable fixed points
Authors: Epstein Joshua M. , Hammond Ross A.
Published: September 2002

Equilibrium analysis pervades mathematical social science. This paper calls into question the explanatory significance of equilibrium by offering an extremely simple game, most of whose equilibria are unattainable in principle from any of its initial conditions. Moreover, the number of computation steps required to reach those (few) equilibria that are attainable is shown to grow exponentially with the number of players—making long‐run equilibrium a poor predictor of the game's observed state. The paper also poses a number of combinatorially challenging problems raised by the game. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping of antibody responses to the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis by flow cytometric analysis
Authors: Reed Douglas S. , Smoll Jennifer , Gibbs Paul , Little Stephen F.
Published: September 2002

Background

Knowledge of the target and functional capability of the antibody response against an antigen provides more specific and relevant information about protective immunity than measuring the total amount of antibody produced against an antigen.

Methods

Using flow cytometry, a competitive assay has been created for measuring the antibody response against important epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the protective antigen (PA) component of Bacillus anthracis are available that neutralize the activity of lethal toxin (LeTx). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that these mAbs bind PA conjugated to polystyrene latex microspheres.

Results

Unlabeled mAbs against PA competed with fluorescent mAbs that bind the homologous epitope but not with fluorescent mAbs that bind heterologous epitopes. Four‐parameter logistic models were developed for measuring the antibody response against two epitopes of PA. Sera from anthrax‐vaccinated rabbits inhibited the binding of fluorescent mAbs to either epitope; the degree of inhibition correlated with the dilution of sera.

Conclusions

The response in the rabbit sera to either epitope on PA depended on the dose of vaccine administered to the rabbits. No inhibition was seen with sera from control animals. With no species‐specific components, this assay could be adapted readily for comparing responses between species. Cytometry 49:1–7, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric analyses of intraplant nuclear DNA content variation induced by sticky chromosomes
Authors: Rayburn A. Lane , Wetzel J.B.
Published: September 2002

Background

In several plant species, sticky chromosomes are a consequence of genetic mutations or environmental effects on mitosis and meiosis. Sticky chromosomes result in an unequal distribution of genetic material in daughter cells. This unequal distribution is hypothesized to result in an increase in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G1 peak of dividing cells.

Methods

The st1 mutant and a nonmutant line in the same genetic background of maize (Zea mays L.) were planted in a soilless mix. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em thell.) line was grown in both low and high aluminum‐saturated soil. Both plant species were assessed for sticky chromosomes by Feulgen‐stained mitotic analysis and flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide (PI)‐stained G1 nuclei.

Results

In the st1 mutant, a significant increase in the number of abnormal anaphase figures was observed. An increase in abnormal mitotic figures was observed in wheat plants grown in aluminum soil. Using flow cytometry, an increase in the CV of the G1/G0 peak was seen in the maize mutant and in wheat grown at high levels of aluminum saturation. This increase correlated with the number of abnormal anaphase cells observed.

Conclusions

Flow cytometry was sensitive enough to detect the intraplant nuclear DNA variation associated with sticky chromosomes within a plant. Cytometry 49:36–41, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells assessed by flow cytometry using 7‐Aminoactinomycin D
Authors: Gaforio J.J. , Serrano M.J. , Algarra I. , Ortega E. , Alvarez de Cienfuegos G.
Published: September 2002

Background

Apoptotic cells are recognized specifically by macrophages and are cleared rapidly by phagocytosis. However, the recognition mechanisms involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages are still not fully understood. Therefore, new methods must be designed to better our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between macrophages and apoptotic cells. 7‐Aminoactinomycin D (7‐AAD) is a fluorescent DNA‐binding stain usually used as a single agent to detect apoptotic cells by flow cytometry. We propose the use of 7‐AAD–stained apoptotic cells as targets for a new flow cytometry phagocytosis assay.

Methods

Murine T‐cell lymphoma YAC‐1 cells were treated with etoposide to induce apoptosis. Etoposide‐treated YAC‐1 target cells were stained subsequently with 7‐AAD and then coincubated with resident peritoneal macrophages to allow phagocytosis. The samples were analyzed by flow cytometry. Macrophages that had phagocytosed 7‐AAD–stained apoptotic cells were identified by their bright red fluorescence and the resulting values were expressed as the percentage of cells.

Results

The phagocytic cells appeared as a distinct population characterized by bright fluorescence, which could not be detected in the negative controls. The effects of a phagocytic enhancer (interferon‐gamma [IFN‐γ]) or inhibitor (incubation at 4°C) were assessed accurately with this flow cytometric method.

Conclusions

We describe the use of 7‐AAD in an assay that is easy and quick to perform. This flow cytometric‐based assay allows the quantification of phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Cytometry 49:8–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confocal DNA cytometry: A contour‐based segmentation algorithm for automated three‐dimensional image segmentation
Authors: Beliën Jeroen A.M. , van Ginkel Hielke A.H.M. , Tekola Paulos , Ploeger Lennert S. , Poulin Neal M. , Baak Jan P.A. , van Diest Paul J.
Published: September 2002

Background

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) presents the opportunity to perform three‐dimensional (3D) DNA content measurements on intact cells in thick histological sections. So far, these measurements have been performed manually, which is quite time‐consuming.

Methods

In this study, an intuitive contour‐based segmentation algorithm for automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry of nuclei in thick histological sections is presented. To evaluate the segmentation algorithm, we measured the DNA content and volume of human liver and breast cancer nuclei in 3D CLSM images.

Results

A high percentage of nuclei could be segmented fully automatically (e.g., human liver, 92%). Comparison with (time‐consuming) interactive measurements on the same CLSM images showed that the results were well correlated (liver, r = 1.00; breast, r = 0.92).

Conclusions

Automatic 3D CLSM image cytometry enables measurement of volume and DNA content of large numbers of nuclei in thick histological sections within an acceptable time. This makes large‐scale studies feasible, whereby the advantages of CLSM can be exploited fully. The intuitive modular segmentation algorithm presented in this study detects and separates overlapping objects, also in two‐dimensional (2D) space. Therefore, this algorithm may also be suitable for other applications. Cytometry 49:12–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urine: Beyond cytology for detection of malignancy
Authors: Pattari Sanjib Kumar , Dey Pranab
Published: September 2002

In the present review we discuss various ancillary modalities for detection of malignancies in urine samples, with an emphasis on urothelial carcinomas. Flow cytometry, bladder tumor antigen (BTA), nuclear matrix protein (NMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), human chorionic gonadotrophic (HCG), telomerase, and other techniques are discussed. DNA FCM is a relatively costly and sophisticated technique. It has a practical application in the diagnosis of bladder cancer among subjects at high risk and is of value in monitoring the course of the disease and anticipating recurrence following conservative treatment. The BTA test is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive adjunct to cystoscopy and the results of the test are equivalent or superior to those of voided urinary cytology. NMP‐22 immunoassay is a useful diagnostic test for predicting recurrence of urothelial malignancy. It is also a cost‐effective and sensitive screening test for detecting tumor in patients with urothelial carcinoma. β‐HCG estimation in urine samples appears to be an efficient diagnostic marker for the assessment of distant metastasis in bladder carcinoma rather than a screening test. Other ancillary techniques such as detection of expression of cytokeratin 20 by RT‐PCR, MMP‐9 estimation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization and telomerase activity are rarely applied clinically in routine urinary samples and are not cost‐effective. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:139–142. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD10 facilitates the diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma from primary adrenal cortical neoplasm in adrenal fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Yang Bin , Ali Syed Z. , Rosenthal Dorothy L.
Published: September 2002

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) frequently metastasizes or invades the adrenal gland. Metastatic RCC is often difficult to differentiate from primary adrenal cortical neoplasm (ACN) in an adrenal fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). Recently, CD10 immunoreactivity was observed in more than 90% of RCC, but none in primary ACN. To facilitate the accurate diagnosis of metastatic RCC in adrenal FNA, we retrospectively studied the cytomorphology and CD10 immunohistochemistry in 20 cases of FNA specimens, including 10 cases of adrenal FNA (six cases of metastatic RCC and four cases of primary ACN) and 10 cases of primary RCC. Cytomorphologically, several overlapping features were observed between primary ACN and metastatic RCC, including: abundant clear cytoplasm, often with microvesicles, large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, bare nuclei, and prominent vascularity. Immunostaining for CD10 was positive in 9/10 cases of primary RCC, 5/6 cases of metastatic RCC in the adrenal gland, and 0/4 cases of primary ACN. Our study indicates that: 1) an accurate diagnosis of ACN in FNA specimens can often be difficult due to overlapping cytomorphologic features with RCC, and 2) CD10 immunostaining is helpful in separating metastatic RCC from a primary ACN and can reliably be performed on a cytologic sample. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:149–152. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term follow‐up of women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)
Authors: Emerson Robert E. , Puzanov Anna , Brunnemer Carolyn , Younger Cheryl , Cramer Harvey
Published: September 2002

ASCUS is the most common epithelial abnormality diagnosed in cytology laboratories in the US. Recently, the clinical importance of this diagnosis has been seriously questioned, with some investigators advocating elimination of this diagnostic category. This might be inappropriate if the ASCUS designation does define a population that is at significant risk for the development of dysplasia. Cytology and surgical pathology reports for all patients diagnosed as ASCUS in our laboratory during 1990 were reviewed. Patients with previous dysplasia or carcinoma were excluded from analysis. The pathology reports for the subsequent 9.1 yr were obtained and follow‐up data collected. In 1990, 15,860 cervical cytology cases were examined in our laboratory. A diagnosis of ASCUS was made in 1,117 cases (7.0%). After excluding 345 patients with previous dysplasia or human papillomavirus‐related diagnoses and 129 patients with no follow‐up specimens, 643 study patients remained. Among these, the mean number of subsequent cervical smears was 4.3 (range, 1–18). Subsequent histologic material was available for 134 (20.8%) patients and the mean number of surgical specimens was 1.5 (range, 1–10). Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) or dysplasia was subsequently diagnosed in 197 patients (30.6%). High‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or at least moderate dysplasia was diagnosed in 64 patients (10.0%). In 21 cases (3.3%) the high‐grade dysplasia developed more than 2 yr after the first ASCUS diagnosis. Follow‐up disclosed no cases of invasive carcinoma. Among ASCUS patients followed for up to 9 yr, 20% develop only low‐grade SIL or mild dysplasia and 10% develop HSIL or moderate or severe dysplasia. ASCUS should be retained as a diagnostic category since it identifies a significant percentage of patients who are at an increased risk for the development of cervical dysplasia. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:153–157. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pilomatrixoma: Clinicopathologic study of 51 cases with emphasis on cytologic features
Authors: Wang Jun , Cobb Camilla J. , Martin Sue E. , Venegas Rose , Wu Nancy , Greaves Timothy S
Published: September 2002

The clinical and pathologic features of 51 cases of pilomatrixoma found in our archives from 1990–1999 were reviewed, with emphasis on the cytopathologic features of the 22 cases that were sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy prior to excision. Although uncommon, almost 20% of the pilomatrixomas in this series occurred in adults over age 30. Of the commonly reported features, the presence of basaloid cells and ghost cells in FNA smears, associated with a cutaneous location of the lesion, was sufficient for a confident cytologic diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. The presence of foreign body‐type giant cells, nucleated squamous cells, and calcification, alone or in combination, was less specific, but supported a diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Although infrequently reported, prominent nucleoli in basaloid cells and smears containing refractile keratin clumps were very useful clues in the diagnosis of pilomatrixoma. Finally, the routine use of cell blocks is recommended because in many of the cases presented ghost cells were fragmented or obscured in smears, but were more readily identified in cell block sections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:167–172. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic features of angioleiomyoma: Cytologic‐histologic study of 10 cases
Authors: Domanski Henryk A.
Published: September 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) features in 10 angioleiomyomas (ALM) were evaluated and correlated to histological features and clinical data. The tumors developed in the skin or subcutaneous tissue of the lower extremities (eight), the shoulder (one), and the lower arm (one). Eight tumors were painful or tender. Cytological specimens showed moderate or sparse cellularity. The most frequent findings were uniform spindle cells, seen in nine smears. In eight of these, the spindle cells were admixed with smooth muscle cells and fragments of collagenous tissue in varying proportions. The occurrence of macrophages and fat cells was less specific, being present in three of nine smears. One aspirate contained some “ganglion‐like” cells and a multinucleated giant cell. Smears from ALM are not sufficiently characteristic to permit a histotype diagnosis, but together with typical clinical data (painful or tender nodule) may help to exclude other skin or subcutaneous lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:161–166. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Naked nuclei revisited: p63 Immunoexpression
Authors: Reis‐Filho Jorge S. , Albergaria Andre , Milanezi Fernanda , Amendoeira Isabel , Schmitt Fernando C.
Published: September 2002

The presence of naked nuclei (NN) in cytological preparations of fibroadenomas is a well‐known finding. Regardless of their importance on the differential diagnosis of fibroadenoma and other benign lesions of the breast, the origin of NN remains elusive. Despite previous efforts to characterize them, the lack of a reliable nuclear marker for myoepithelial cells impaired definitive conclusions. We performed a systematic evaluation of p63 expression in cytological and histological preparations of 10 fibroadenoma specimens. We observed that in histological sections, p63 was restricted to the nuclei of myoepithelial/basal cells in lobules and ducts of normal breast. In fibroadenomas, p63 decorated the nuclei of myoepithelial cells in the periphery of epithelial duct‐like formations and slit‐like formations. No p63 immunoreactivity was observed in stromal or epithelial cells. In cytological samples, almost all NN and cells surrounding epithelial cell clusters were stained; no stromal cell admixed with fibrillary matrix or epithelial cell was stained with p63. Based on our findings, we strongly suggest that most, if not all, NN are myoepithelial in origin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:135–138. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells transplanted to the chick embryo
Authors: Goldstein Ronald S. , Drukker Micha , Reubinoff Benjamin E. , Benvenisty Nissim
Published: September 2002

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into a large array of cell types and, thus, hold promise for advancing our understanding of human embryology and for contributing to transplantation medicine. In this study, differentiation of human ES cells was examined in vivo by in ovo transplantation to organogenesis‐stage embryos. Colonies of human ES cells were grafted into or in place of epithelial‐stage somites of chick embryos of 1.5 to 2 days of development. The grafted human ES cells survived in the chick host and were identified by vital staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate or use of a green fluorescent protein–expressing cells. Histologic analysis showed that human ES cells are easily distinguished from host cells by their larger, more intensely staining nuclei. Some grafted cells differentiated en masse into epithelia, whereas others migrated and mingled with host tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion. Colonies grafted directly adjacent to the host neural tube produced primarily structures with the morphology and molecular characteristics of neural rosettes. These structures contain differentiated neurons as shown by β‐3‐tubulin and neurofilament expression in axons and cell bodies. Axons derived from the grafted cells penetrate the host nervous system, and host axons enter the structures derived from the graft. Our results show that human ES cells transplanted in ovo survive, divide, differentiate, and integrate with host tissues and that the host embryonic environment may modulate their differentiation. The chick embryo, therefore, may serve as an accessible and unique experimental system for the study of in vivo development of human ES cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphologic transformation of the thymus in developing zebrafish
Authors: Lam S.H. , Chua H.L. , Gong Z. , Wen Z. , Lam T.J. , Sin Y.M.
Published: September 2002

The morphologic transformation of the developing zebrafish thymus from 1 week postfertilization (wpf) to 15 wpf is described. The thymus overall morphology changed from a small pouch‐like shape at 1 wpf to a conical shape between 2 and 3 wpf before acquiring a more complex shape from 4 wpf onward. Rapid growth rate along the lateral axis at the region near the pharyngeal epithelium occurred between 1 and 2 wpf, whereas rapid growth rate along the dorsal‐ventral axis occurred between 3 and 6 wpf. Expansion of thymocyte population beginning from 1 wpf became more evident by 2 to 3 wpf, as indicated by the apparent increase of different sizes of lymphocytes, recombination activating gene‐1 (rag‐1), and T‐cell antigen receptor alpha chain constant region (TCRAC) ‐positive cells. Tissue section in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis with rag‐1 probe reveals that cortex‐medullary regionalization has begun between 1 and 2 wpf as rag‐1 expression clearly demarcated the cortex, whereas the medulla was rag‐1 negative. The presence of TCRAC‐positive cells in the medulla by 2–3 wpf, suggests that the thymic selection processes had begun. The zebrafish thymus is morphologically mature by 3 wpf. Early signs of thymic involution were observed in zebrafish aged 15 wpf. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extensive vascularization of developing mouse ovaries revealed by caveolin‐1 expression
Authors: Bullejos Monica , Bowles Jo , Koopman Peter
Published: September 2002

Expression screening for genes preferentially expressed in mouse fetal ovaries relative to testes identified Cav‐1 as a candidate female‐specific gene. Cav‐1 encodes caveolin‐1, a component of the cell membrane invaginations known as caveolae, which are involved in lipid regulation and signal transduction. In situ hybridization revealed high levels of Cav‐1 mRNA in developing ovaries, compared with moderate or low levels in testes. Analysis of caveolin‐1 protein distribution by immunofluorescence showed this difference to be due to the development of a dense and complex vascular network in the developing ovary. These observations point to a higher degree of differentiation and organization of the early stage mammalian ovary than previously suspected. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and role of Roundabout‐1 in embryonic Xenopus forebrain
Authors: Connor R.M. , Key B.
Published: September 2002

The receptor Roundabout‐1 (Robo1) and its ligand Slit are known to influence axon guidance and central nervous system (CNS) patterning in both vertebrate and nonvertebrate systems. Although Robo–Slit interactions mediate axon guidance in the Drosophila CNS, their role in establishing the early axon scaffold in the embryonic vertebrate brain remains unclear. We report here the identification and expression of a Xenopus Robo1 orthologue that is highly homologous to mammalian Robo1. By using overexpression studies and immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques, we have investigated the role of Robo1 in the development of a subset of neurons and axon tracts in the Xenopus forebrain. Robo1 is expressed in forebrain nuclei and in neuroepithelial cells underlying the main axon tracts. Misexpression of Robo1 led to aberrant development of axon tracts as well as the ectopic differentiation of forebrain neurons. These results implicate Robo1 in both neuronal differentiation and axon guidance in embryonic vertebrate forebrain. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse strain‐specific patterns of mammary epithelial ductal side branching are elicited by stromal factors
Authors: Naylor Matthew J. , Ormandy Christopher J.
Published: September 2002

Variations in mammary ductal side branching patterns are known to occur between different strains of mice and this is related to the rate of spontaneous mammary cancers, which are increased in those strains which show highly side‐branched mammary architecture. The cause of the variation in ductal side branching between mouse strains is unknown, but epithelial, stromal, and endocrine factors have been implicated. To define the mammary elements responsible for controlling strain‐specific ductal side branching patterns, we formed recombined mammary glands from epithelial and stroma elements taken from highly side‐branched 129 and poorly side‐branched C57BL/6J mammary glands and transplanted them to Rag1‐/‐ hosts on the inbred C57BL/6J background. When 129 epithelium was recombined with C57BL/6J stroma the poorly side‐branched C57BL/6J pattern was observed. C57BL/6J epithelium recombined with 129 stroma resulted in development of the highly side‐ branched pattern, as did 129 epithelium recombined with 129 stroma. All transplants used the same C57BL/6J endocrine background, demonstrating that strain differences in the mammary stroma are responsible for the strain‐specific ductal side branching patterns and that strain differences in epithelium or endocrine background play no part. Genes currently known to influence side branching by means of the stroma include activin/inhibin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Wnt‐2, Wnt‐5a, and Wnt‐6. Of these, Wnt‐5a mRNA expression was decreased in 129 mammary glands compared with C57BL/6J mammary glands, but in F2 129:C57BL/6J animals Wnt‐5a mRNA expression level did not correlate with the highly variable side branching patterns observed. These experiments exclude variation in the expression level of known candidate genes as the mechanism responsible. Regardless of underlying mechanism, transplantation without regard to the genetic background of the stromal donor, whether inbred or mixed, will compromise experiments with side branching and associated gene expression endpoints. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
atonal is required for exoskeletal joint formation in the Drosophila auditory system
Authors: Göpfert M.C. , Stocker H. , Robert D.
Published: September 2002

Hearing relies on the delicate arrangement of mechanoreceptor neurones and an acoustomechanical interface. The concerted action of these neural and non‐neural components is essential to audition, raising the question of whether they also develop in a concerted way. Drosophila hears with its antennae. A specialized antennal joint allows the distal part of the antenna to vibrate in response to sound and, thus, to serve as the sound receiver. This receiver's vibration is transduced by a chordotonal sense organ (CHO) that is closely associated with the joint. Here, we report that atonal (ato), the proneural gene for CHOs, is required for the formation of this antennal joint. Biophysical measurements in hemi‐ and homozygous ato1 mutant flies show that, in addition to eliminating the auditory CHO, loss of ato function makes the antennal receiver insensitive to sound, impairing its auditory function. Anatomically, the cause for this mechanical effect resides in the deprivation of mobile exoskeletal joint structures. Hence, ato, the homologue of mouse Math1, is required for the formation of both the auditory CHO and joint, providing a genetic link between the very neural and exoskeletal components that together transform fly antennae into ears. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating and body image disturbances in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: Gender and ethnicity patterns
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: September 2002

Objective

To examine gender and ethnicity patterns in eating and body image disturbances in adolescents hospitalized in a psychiatric facility.

Method

Participants comprised 715 inpatients who completed the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Gender (317 males, 398 females), ethnicity (553 Caucasians, 77 Latinõ Americans, 85 African Americans), and Gender × Ethnicity interactions in the features of eating disorders and body image disturbance were explored in the study group.

Results

Eating‐related disturbances at diagnostic threshold were infrequent but participants' reported rates of specific features and symptoms were not. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of females than males reported features of eating and body image disturbances. The three ethnic groups differed significantly in their reports of body image disturbances but not in their endorsement of features of eating disorders. Post‐hoc comparisons revealed that a significantly higher proportion of Caucasian participants reported body image concerns than did African American and Latinõ American participants who did not differ significantly from one another. Significant Gender × Ethnicity interactions were observed, with Caucasian females endorsing higher rates of features of eating disorders and body image disturbances than African American and Latinõ American females.

Discussion

In adolescent psychiatric inpatients, although Caucasian females report the highest rates of the features of eating and body image disturbances, such concerns are not uncommon in males and in minorities. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 335–343, 2002.
Full syndromal versus subthreshold anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder: A multicenter study
Authors: Crow Scott J. , Stewart Agras W. , Halmi Katherine , Mitchell James E. , Kraemer Helena C.
Published: September 2002

Objective

The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) establish symptom severity levels, which are used to separate full cases from partial cases. However, the value of these distinctions is unclear.

Method

Three hundred eighty‐five women with full or partial AN, BN, or BED were assessed at entry into a longitudinal study of eating disorders.

Results

Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that full and partial BN were discriminated by the Yale‐Brown‐Cornell Eating Disorders Scale total scores (kappa = .46). However, it was not possible to discriminate between full and partial AN or BED. Discriminant analysis also demonstrated clear differences between full AN, BN, and BED.

Discussion

Full BN can be differentiated from partial BN by more severe eating disorder symptoms, whereas both full and partial AN and full and partial BED appear quite similar. These results emphasize the distinct nature of AN, BN, and BED, as well as the similarities between full and partial cases. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 309–318, 2002.
Prospective predictors of the onset of anorexic and bulimic syndromes
Authors: Tyrka Audrey R. , Waldron Ingrid , Graber Julia A. , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: September 2002

Objective

This study investigated prospective predictors of lifetime history diagnoses of partial‐ and full‐syndrome anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (referred to as anorexic syndrome and bulimic syndrome.)

Method

Participants were 157 females who were studied initially in the 7th–10th grades (ages 12–16) and followed‐up 2 and 8 years later in middle adolescence (ages 14–18) and young adulthood (ages 20–24), respectively. A telephone interview to determine lifetime history of anorexic and bulimic syndromes was conducted in young adulthood.

Results

In multivariate analyses controlling for initial eating symptoms, initial perfectionism and low body weight predicted young adult onset of anorexic syndrome, and initial negative emotion predicted young adult onset of bulimic syndrome.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that adolescent girls who are initially thin and also adhere to perfectionistic standards may be at risk for developing anorexic syndrome. For bulimia, negative affect may contribute to the development of the binge–purge cycle. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 282–290, 2002.
Gastric dilatation in a girl with former obesity and atypical anorexia nervosa
Authors: Holtkamp Kristian , Mogharrebi Rubin , Hanisch Charlotte , Schumpelick Volker , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate
Published: September 2002

Objective

This case report describes a 16 year‐old girl of normal weight with acute gastric dilatation due to binge eating habits.

Method and Results

Psychiatric assessment revealed a history of obesity and later atypical anorexia nervosa, but no current diagnosis of a typical eating disorder. After one month of daily binges a food excess was followed by an acute massive gastric dilatation which led to a laparotomy.

Discussion

Clinicians should be aware that abnormal eating habits may cause severe somatic complications even in patients of normal weight who are not currently diagnosed as having a typical eating disorder. Careful investigation of eating habits might have resulted in therapeutic gastric emptying at an earlier stage, thus avoiding the need for surgery in our patient. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 372–376, 2002.
Voltage sag compensation with minimum energy injection by use of a micro‐SMES
Authors: Polmai Sompob , Ise Toshifumi , Kumagai Sadatoshi
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a method to compensate voltage sags with minimum energy injection for a series‐connected voltage restorer using a micro‐SMES. A circuit for extracting the fundamental symmetrical components from sag voltages and a minimum energy injection algorithm is described. Simulations of voltage sag compensation have been carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC for various faults. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed method and show the possibility of reducing the size of energy storage devices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(3): 70–80, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10047