bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Study of a Series of 213 Spontaneous Drawings of a Person by a Child between the Ages of 4.6 and 10 Years
Authors: Miljkovitch Martine , Landry Sylvie
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the characteristics of a set of scores on the Goodenough-Harris test, obtained from 213 spontaneous drawings of a person, done by one child between the ages of 4.6 and 10 yr. The correlation of scores with age, the mean and standard deviation of IQs and the test-retest reliability are presented. The temporal fluctuations in mean scores and mean IQs suggested important periods of acceleration or of slowing down of development. From these data within the limitations of the results, some recommendations are made on the way the Goodenough-Harris scores should be interpreted for an individual case.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise upon Affect and Cognition
Authors: Ewing James H. , Scott David G. , Mendez Armando A. , Mc Bride Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Measures of mood, primary process, and movement were obtained from 52 subjects at each of three experimental stages: pretest, exercise, and posttest. During exercise half the subjects ran on a treadmill while the remainder served as no-exercise controls. Both groups experienced significant reductions in negative mood, but enhanced positive mood was found only for the exercising subjects. There were no significant effects of exercise on primary-process or movement scores. The experimental effects of exercise on mood and cognition are discussed in relation to anecdotal reports in the literature.
Halo Error: An Assessment of Priming as a Reduction Technique
Authors: Taylor Karen , Bernardin H. John , Riegelhaupt Barry J.
Published: September 2011

The primary question explored in the present study was whether priming a rater on a specific attribute such as physical appearance reduces his tendency toward halo error. Subjects were 161 male and female undergraduate students, half of whom were primed on physical appearance by rating the desirability of various physical attributes. The remaining 80 subjects completed a filler exercise of similar length and format. After this, each subject read a vignette describing a college professor as either an over-all warm or cold person and viewed a videotape portraying this instructor as having either a flexible or rigid approach to teaching. It was hypothesized that unprimed subjects would exhibit greater halo in their ratings of the primed attribute than would primed subjects and primed subjects would display more accurate memory than unprimed subjects on an objective test of physical appearance. These hypotheses were supported by the data. Results were discussed in terms of their relevance for training raters.
Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: XIX. Strong Temporal Relationships between Inclusive Seismic Measures and UFO Reports within Washington State
Authors: Persenger M. A. , Derr J. S.
Published: September 2011

Monthly measures of general unidentified flying-object reports (UFORs) and a specific subsample of luminosity-type reports (LRs) were compared with monthly variations in several seismic indices within Washington state for the years 1970 to 1976. A strong correlation occurred between the magnitude of a measure of the total energy released in a month and the time since the previous peak in UFORs and LRs. Percentage changes in UFORs and LRs with respect to the previous month were not correlated significantly with the occurrence of larger magnitude (M ≥ 2.0) quakes but were moderately to strongly correlated with the numbers and percentage changes from the previous month in events of smaller magnitude (1.0 ≤ M < 2.0). These seismic events also showed a systematic variation in lag time with the larger displays of seismic energy. Peaks in both UFORs and small magnitude events occurred between 0 to 6 mo. before increments with the larger seismic energy values; the average lag was about 2 months for both phenomena. Maximum correlations between numbers of UFORs and LRs and the numbers of events of smaller magnitude occurred when increments used in analysis averaged about 3 months. These analyses indicate that systematic and intricate relationships between samples of UFORs and earthquake measures are evident when the latter reflect a more representative sample of seismic events within the test area.
Deviational Salience: Application to Short Stature and Relation to Perception of Adolescent Boys
Authors: Morrow J.
Published: September 2011

The concept of deviational salience attempts to explain an aspect of the relationship between self-perception and perception in general. When individuals perceive themselves as deviating from the perceived norm of a salient environmental stimulus, that stimulus becomes even more meaningful. Verification involved the influence of self-perception of own stature by 314 high school boys aged 15 to 18 yr., who were asked to rate 12 occupations in terms of prestige and physical stature. Analysis indicated that subjects, regardless of their self-perceptions, perceived stature to be a meaningful feature and stereotypically associated higher prestige occupations with taller stature. However, subjects who perceived themselves as short more closely associated the criterial variables than did those who perceived themselves as average and tall. No significant difference between those self-perceived as average and tall groups was ascertained, suggesting that the direction of the perceived deviation is critical.
Factor Analysis of Choice Reaction Time in Young and Elderly Subjects
Authors: Vrtunski P. Bart , Patterson Marian B. , Hill Gregory O.
Published: September 2011

To increase the utility of reaction time in applied research, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of the button-press response in four two-choice reaction-time tasks. 11 dependent variables were derived from the performance of two groups of normal young and elderly subjects. Factor analysis yielded five factors: baseline, premotor, motor, force, and release. The factors derived from each single stimulus condition were differentially sensitive in separating the two groups. Young and elderly subjects were most consistently differentiated by a release factor in each of die four stimulus conditions. This factor was interpreted as being relatively free of cognitive components and presumed to incorporate high psychomotor organization. The least efficient in differentiation was the baseline factor; it separated the young and elderly subjects in only one stimulus condition. Four factors from the test with visual-verbal stimuli separated the two age groups statistically, while only two factors did so in the test with auditory-verbal stimuli. The differences between stimulus conditions were interpreted as evidence of microbehavioral adjustments in response-performance dynamics and varying strategies used in handling the task demands.
Orienting Task Effects on the Retention of an Intentionally Learned Linear Arm Movement
Authors: Ho Linda , Chapman David D.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of an orienting task on both the immediate and delayed recall of a linear arm movement. All 60 college and graduate students were given the instructions to learn an experimenter-defined target position; however, some subjects were presented additional non-target positions interpolated between presentations of the target position. One group made verbal estimates of the distance between the target and non-target positions, another group made no estimates concerning target and non-target positions, while a third group was presented only the target positions. The group making the verbal estimates was most accurate after an immediate and a 10-min. filled retention interval.
Central Auditory Function in Young Stutterers
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Blood Ingrid M.
Published: September 2011

16 stutterers and 16 nonstutterers between the ages of 8 and 11 yr. were administered a battery of central auditory processing tests. The six audiological tests evaluated a range of auditory functions. Analysis indicated no significant differences between the two groups; however, inspection of the data showed 6 of the stuttering subjects performed consistently more poorly on four of the tests than the nonstuttering subjects. Results are discussed in relationship to subgroups of stutterers with auditory problems.
State-Dependent Variations in Brainstem Auditory Evoked Responses in Human Subjects
Authors: Sersen E. A. , Majkowski J. , Clausen J. , Heaney G. M.
Published: September 2011

BAERs from 16 subjects during 3 sessions varied in the latency or amplitude of some components depending upon level of arousal as indicated by EEG patterns. There was a general tendency for activation to produce the fastest responses with the largest amplitudes and for drowsiness to produce the slowest responses with the smallest amplitudes. The latency of P2 was significantly prolonged during drowsiness, relative to those during relaxation or activation. For right-ear stimulation, P5 latency was longest during drowsiness, and shortest during activation while for left-ear stimulation the shortest latency occurred during relaxation. The amplitudes of Wave II and Wave VII were significantly smaller during drowsiness than during activation. Although the differences were below the level of clinical significance, the data indicate a modification in the characteristics of brainstem transmission as a function of concurrent activity in other brain areas.
Relationship between Self-Consciousness, Autonomic Perception, and Psychosomatic Disorders
Authors: Puente Antonio E.
Published: September 2011

The Self-consciousness Scale, Autonomic Perception Questionnaire, and the Medical History Questionnaire were administered to 127 undergraduate students in psychology. Although scores on self-consciousness were not related to those on any other measure, autonomic perception was significantly correlated with a self-report of psychosomatic disorders.
A Longitudinal Study of Time Estimation in Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Tysk Lennart
Published: September 2011

5 healthy subjects and 9 patients with hospital diagnoses of schizophrenia were studied by means of repeated measurements of time estimation (production method) during a 1- to 2-yr. period. The healthy subjects exhibited moderate variability in their time estimations and tended to over-or under-estimate somewhat. Both over- and under-estimation were also found among patients, but the patients were often more variable in their estimations and in some cases deviated more from the correct estimation than the healthy subjects. Two patients were decided under-estimators. They were both young, subchronic schizophrenics. Chronic schizophrenic patients tended to overestimate time, but the amount of over-estimation had no noticeable correlation to the degree of clinical disturbance. Two patients gradually changed from under- to over-estimation during the observation period. One patient was evidently misdiagnosed. He suffered from a bipolar affective disorder, and his time estimations seemed to depend on his clinical state during the course of the disorder. The results are discussed in the context of earlier findings and physiological disturbances in chronic schizophrenia.
Verbal and Modality-Specific Coding in Inter- and Intra-Modal Matching among Children and Adults
Authors: Ittyerah Miriam
Published: September 2011

RTs for correct tactual-to-visual and visual-to-visual matches were required of 20 children and 20 adults to sensory-specific and to non-sensory-specific materials in each of two experiments. Two-way analyses of variance indicated significant effects of group, modality, and their interaction. A single-factor, repeated-measures design indicated significant effects of modality only for adults. Developmental differences in the intra- and intermodal processing are suggested.
Players' Success in T-Baseball
Authors: Isaacs Larry D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine success of 6-yr.-old boys in T-baseball. These young athletes (100 players in a 10-team league) were very proficient in the offensive component of batting the ball from a stationary tee, however, 62% of all balls in play resulted in errors. Possible reasons for poor defensive performance are discussed.
Validity of the Japanese Version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire
Authors: Ishihara Kaneyoshi , Saitoh Takashi , Inoue Yoshiko , Miyata Yo
Published: September 2011

The Morningness-Eveningness (ME) scores and body temperature readings were collected from 25 students to assess the validity of Japanese version of Horne-Östberg's ME questionnaire. Significant differences between morning and evening types were found for acrophase (peak time) of body temperature, and ME score was significantly correlated with peak time of body temperature. These results suggest that the Japanese version of the questionnaire was valid.
Case Report: Recovery and Reorganization after Congenital Unilateral Brain Damage
Authors: Nass Ruth
Published: September 2011

Recovery and neural reorganization after congenital left- and right-brain injury is assessed on dichotic listening and tachistoscopic visuo-perceptual tasks. A matched-pair approach for age and type of lesion is used. Over-all, deficits are less pronounced than in adults. Innate specialization of both left and right hemispheres is supported by the data. In addition, a left-right maturational gradient is suggested by the all-around better performance of the child with left-hemisphere pathology. The later maturing, relatively less-committed right hemisphere is better able to compensate after unilateral injury.
Fingertip Number-Writing Errors by Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Maxwell James K. , Wise Fred , Pepping Mary , Townes Brenda D. , Peel John , Preston Michael
Published: September 2011

Records from 495 psychiatric patients from two neuropsychology laboratories indicated the Fingertip Number Writing test shows a significant and reliable left-hand advantage within and between laboratories. While the left-hand advantage may reflect a right-hemisphere superiority for tactile-spatial processing, it is not possible to distinguish between right hemispheric functional superiority and practice effects between hands because the standard fingertip writing task always starts with the right hand.
Processing of Short Vowels, Long Vowels, and Vowel Digraphs by Disabled and Non-Disabled Readers
Authors: Calhoun Mary Lynne , Allegretti Christine L.
Published: September 2011

The speed with which disabled and non-disabled readers process short vowels, long vowels, and vowel digraphs was investigated in this study, an exploration of Morrison's 1984 conceptualization of reading disability as the failure to master the complex irregular system of rules governing sound-symbol correspondence in English. 7 disabled and 7 non-disabled readers, all of average intelligence, were presented pseudoword pairs on slides and asked to identify a pronounced target word by identifying its position (“top” or “bottom”). Reaction time was measured with voice-operated relay and digital millisecond clock counter. The pseudoword pairs were formed such that each pseudoword was paired with another that was identical except for one or two vowels in the medial position. No effects of type of reader (disabled or nondisabled) and type of letters in the medial position (long vowel, short vowel, vowel digraph) on reaction time were noted. Analysis of reaction times for individual words gave significant differences. The need for an empirically supported “complexity scale” is discussed.
The Myth of “Ecological Dyslexia”: A Reply to Pontius (1984)
Authors: Davidson Graham
Published: September 2011

Ways in which Pontius' rejoinder to the criticisms raised earlier about her 1982 study of white and Aboriginal Australians fall short of success are enumerated.
A Follow-up Study of Cross-Cultural Validity of Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration
Authors: Webb June
Published: September 2011

A follow-up study with a younger group of mildly handicapped Japanese students was conducted to determine if the correlations between the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration and reading and mathematics achievement would substantiate the previous findings. For 30 mildly handicapped 11- and 12-yr.-old Japanese students, visual-motor integration scores were significantly correlated with both mathematics and reading scores. These results, added to the 1984 Webb and Abe data, further support the test's cross-cultural validity.
Special Education for Regular Teachers: Evaluation of a Competency-Based Program
Authors: Weller L. David , Holmes C. Thomas
Published: September 2011

49 principals and 73 teachers responded to a survey of 39 institutions of higher education. Significant differences were noted in 6 of 9 competencies needed by secondary teachers in adapting regular curricula for exceptional students. Using this information workshops were developed and attended by 59 secondary teachers and 30 administrators. Significant differences in attitudes were noted but cognitive gains were similar whether workshops were personnel-assisted or not.
Spontaneous Eyeblinks Elicited by Vertical Eye Movements
Authors: Tada Hideoki , Iwasaki Shoichi
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were carried out to examine the relationship between eyeblinks and eye movements under a visual search task. Exp. I showed that the vertical eye movements brought about slightly more eyeblinks than the horizontal ones. In Exp. II, the vertical eye movements were accompanied with significantly more frequent eyeblinks than the horizontal ones. Upward saccadic eye movements especially were associated with the more frequent eyeblinks than the downward ones. These results suggested a possible relationship between the eyeblinks and Bell's phenomenon. However, the comparison of eyeblink rates between eye-movement and the no-eye-movement conditions in Exp. II indicated that in the latter condition eyeblinks were significantly more frequent than in the former condition. Some psychological factors were suggested as likely important determinants of the frequency of eyeblinks.
Touching Behaviors of Winners and Losers in Swimming Races
Authors: Anderton Charles H. , Heckel Robert V.
Published: September 2011

This study compared touching behaviors of swimmers who were winners and losers. The number and location of interpersonal touches given and received by winners and losers of swimming races were recorded. Winners gave and received significantly more touches than losers. Most touches were hands, back, or shoulders, confirming earlier findings for college men and women.
Locus of Control and Effects of Perceptual Tasks on Heartrate
Authors: Johnson Patrick R. , Thorn Beverly E.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was tested that the relationship found in prior research between heartrate changes produced in biofeedback settings and locus of control scores derives from the heart-brain relationship described by the Laceys in 1967, as well as from “expectancies for control.” 48 subjects were tested on two perceptual tasks known to elicit changes in heartrate. Significant heartrate changes were observed in response to both tasks, but those changes did not correlate with locus of control as measured by scores on the Rotter I-E Scale and the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. Explanations for these results are offered.
Recovery of Performance during Sleep following Sleep Deprivation in Older Normal and Insomniac Adult Males
Authors: Bonnet Michael H.
Published: September 2011

Groups of 12 normal and insomniac male subjects aged 55 to 71 yr. were sleep deprived for 64 hr. In both groups, the sleep loss was preceded by four baseline sleep nights and followed by four recovery nights. Reaction time, immediate recall, sleepiness, and body temperature were measured at approximately 2300, 0115, 0330, 0530, and 0800 during baseline, deprivation, and recovery nights. Significant performance or mood differences were not found between the normal and insomniac males on any measure or at any testing period throughout the study. Performance of both groups declined characteristically during sleep loss while subjective sleepiness increased. As in young adults, degraded performance was restored by 8 hr. of recovery sleep. However, subjective sleepiness did not return to baseline levels until early in the second recovery night. It was concluded that chronic insomnia does not result in group performance deficits similar to those seen after chronic sleep loss; and the restorative function of sleep operates as efficiently in older insomniac subjects (who apparently have reduced need to sleep) as in older normal subjects.
Effect of Scaling Method on Perception of Textiles
Authors: Paek Soae L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of scaling methods on tactual ratings of fabrics. Four tactile attributes, namely, stiffness, thickness, roughness, and warmth, of 11 test fabrics with a wide variety of tactual qualities were evaluated by 75 college students enrolled in textile courses. The tactual ratings of all four attributes evaluated by touch and sight and touch were significantly correlated. The tactual evaluation made on a 7-point semantic differential scale on each test fabric was compared with tactual ranking by paired-comparison method. Significant correlations were found between two rankings of four attributes.
Attitudes of Behaviorally Disordered Students toward Tests
Authors: Scruggs Thomas E. , Mastropieri Margo A. , Tolfa Debra , Jenkins Vesna
Published: September 2011

In two studies, attitudes reported toward testing by behaviorally disordered students and their regular classroom counterparts were compared. In Study 1, 12 behaviorally disordered and 25 average fifth and sixth graders were given a survey regarding their attitude toward tests and the test-taking experience. Students classified as behaviorally disordered reported less positive attitudes toward tests than their more average peers; these attitude differences were more pronounced on items which reflected subjective attitudes toward the test-caking situation and aspirations about performance and less pronounced on evaluation of the value of tests. In Study 2, which employed a sample of 25 behaviorally disordered and 25 regular classroom students matched on age and sex and used a longer attitude measure, differences were not found. Taken together, these studies suggest that attitudes toward tests are inconsistent in the two populations and that some behaviorally disordered students may not differ so much in this regard as supposed.
Effects of Figure-Ground Reversal on the Visual-Perceptual and Visuo-Motor Performances of Cerebral Palsied and Normal Children
Authors: Marozas Donald S. , May Deborah C.
Published: September 2011

Individuals with brain damage often encounter visual perceptual and visuo-motor difficulties. Studies have indicated an improvement in exceptional individuals' performances when the colors of figure-ground materials were reversed. Effects of reversals were studied for spastic cerebral palsied and normal children's scores on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration and the Motor-free Visual Perception Test. Normal children performed better than the cerebral palsied children on all tests; the cerebral palsied children performed best on the reversed-format Motor-free Visual Perception Test. Reversal affected neither group's scores on visual-motor integration.
Effects of Presentation Schedule on Retention and Prototype Formation for Kinesthetically Presented Figures
Authors: Lee Timothy D.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the influence of blocked, random, and serial acquisition schedules on the learning of kinesthetically presented geometric patterns. Measures of both retention and prototype formation did not indicate an influence for type of presentation order. This nonsignificant finding is consistent with theories which purport that benefits of random and serial practice schedule result from the active involvement of the learner in both movement planning and the analysis of error information.
Eight-Axis Visual-Field Mapping for Targets Embedded in a Homogeneous Competing Background
Authors: Courtney Alan J. , Shou Chan Hoi
Published: September 2011

The binocular functional visual field for a detection task, with a peripherally presented target embedded in a homogeneous competing background, was mapped on 8 axes passing through the fixation point. The boundary of the field for each axis was based on the number of “correct” responses on the axis, where a “correct” response was defined in terms of the size of the error made by the subjects in estimating the target position. The visual fields for 6 subjects (4 men and 2 women) were very irregular in shape, and there were differences among subjects. The 8-axis area correlated highly with area based on only the horizontal and vertical axes but the latter area gave no indication of even gross irregularities in shape of the visual field.
Comparison of Memory Skills in Learning Disabled, Low-Reading, and Nondisabled Adolescents
Authors: Ormrod Jeanne Ellis , Lewis Mark A.
Published: September 2011

Concerns are raised regarding the samples used in studies of learning disabled children. In this study, subjects were 56 high school students; 10 exhibited perceptual or processing difficulties (“learning disabled”), 15 performed poorly on reading achievement tests (“low readers”), and 31 showed no scholastic problems (“nondisabled”). Scores of the three groups were compared on nine memory tasks involving either auditory or visual input and encompassing a wide variety of content (digits, pictures, related and unrelated words, paired-associates, or sentences). The nondisabled group performed significantly better than the learning disabled group on all but one of the tasks. The low readers' performance was similar to that of the learning disabled group for some tasks, but significantly different on other tasks, most notably on tasks involving visual factors. Implications for research with learning disabled populations are discussed.
Nonveridical Factors of Visual Perception and Close following on the Road
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

Close following on the road, identified as contributing to accidents, may be partly explained as an involuntary response to nonveridical perceptual factors. These factors concern (a) underestimation of the driver's own speed and (b) incorrect estimations of the distance away and speed of the vehicle ahead of the driver.
A Test of Piaget's Horizontal Decalage in Nigeria
Authors: Onyehalu Anthony S.
Published: September 2011

Various aspects of Piaget's cognitive theory have been elaborately investigated in many countries. However, his concept of horizontal decalage—which postulates a temporal sequence in which children attain the various conservations—appears not to have received similar attention especially in Nigeria. The current study compared the performances of 247 subjects on substance and volume tasks. There was a consistently better mean score on substance tasks and the difference was statistically significant in favour of substance on the immediate but not the delayed posttest. While this outcome showed a very strong inclination toward confirming horizontal decalage, evidence was not statistically conclusive. Some ecocultural variables were discussed.
A Noncoding Motoric Equivalent Measures Most of What the Digit Symbol Does, Including Age Changes
Authors: Le Fever F. Frank
Published: September 2011

The Digit Symbol test and a copying test with identical graphomotor requirements but no visual search, memory, or coding demands were given to 108 normal volunteers and neurologically screened physical rehabilitation patients age 20 to 90 yr. The ratio of coding to copying scores did not change over age, and the high correlations between them were similar across age groups. Little variance was unaccounted for; gross lapses in non-motoric functions such as memory or attention may prevent Digit Symbol's use with some patients, but subtler decrements need not be invoked to explain age effects. Tentative norms provided here allow evaluation of individual deviations in coding/copying ratios or exploratory use of the copying test to monitor the course of disease or drug titration with patients whose linguistic or perceptual deficits invalidate Digit Symbol or Trail Making tests. If discrepant ratios characterize some groups of patients, the ratios may become useful diagnostic indices. If coding and copying are as closely related for patients with cerebral dysfunction as for normals, the copying test may become a useful alternative to Digit Symbol with patients unable to comply reliably with its requirements.
Space Flight: IV. Variables of Motion Sickness
Authors: Stewart Rod
Published: September 2011

Two variables of motion sickness are discussed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry data are presented.
The Absence of Orienting-Task Specificity in Psychomotor Learning
Authors: Crocker P. R. E. , Wilberg R. B.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment attempted to replicate the orienting task-specificity phenomenon demonstrated by Ho and Shea (1979). The failure to verify their findings creates a serious problem for research on incidental psychomotor learning. The lack of an acceptable theoretical framework to explain either Ho and Shea's results or the present findings, coupled with an extremely limited data-base, leaves many questions. The conclusion is that orienting task-specificity is not a robust phenomenon in psychomotor learning.
Effects of Cognition on the Psychophysical Function
Authors: Centa David M. , Jones Quana R.
Published: September 2011

Previous investigation of the deterministic-sensory and the probability-sensory-learning models of psychophysical relationships have featured the manipulation of a single cognitive cue. The present study sought to expand these findings through the manipulation of multiple cognitive cues. Subjects made magnitude estimations of skin-area contact for each of two sets which varied identically in surface area but differed in that one set also varied in accelerative force. Within sets, three treatments featured systematic variation in the presentation of cognitive cues. Power functions were obtained for all treatments and the results supported the deterministic-sensory model. It was suggested, however, that resolution of the perception versus cognition issue must await the identification of innate and conditioned correlates of the subjective response to specific sensory stimuli.
Research Note: Diminished Communicative Intent and Learning Theory
Authors: Meline Timothy J.
Published: September 2011

Contemporary investigators of language-impaired children often focus on linguistic behaviors with little consideration for the interface with models of learning. The present paper addressed the relationship between the conversational reticence often reported among language-impaired children and the theory of learned helplessness.
The Horizontal-Vertical Illusion in Photographs of Concrete Scenes with and without Depth Information
Authors: Von Collani Gernot
Published: September 2011

On the basis of the hypothesis of misapplied constancy scaling, the perception of an abstract horizontal-vertical illusion figure embedded in photographs of natural scenes with depth cues is investigated. The effect is compared with that of a figure on photographs containing no depth information and with a figure on a neutral surface It is shown that the magnitude of the illusion in the perspective scenes is greater than in the other two conditions. The results are considered compatible with a constancy theory of the illusion. Finally, the evidence for misapplied constancy scaling in the horizontal-vertical illusion in relation to a retinal theory is discussed.
Effect of Tourniquet-Induced Ischemia on Magnitude Scaling of Tactile Stimuli Applied to the Human Hand
Authors: Pertovaara Antti , Huopaniemi Timo
Published: September 2011

The effect of tourniquet-induced ischemia was tested on magnitude scaling of supraliminal tactile stimuli (single-cycle sine waves) applied to the human hand contra- or ipsilaterally to the cuff. Magnitude estimations were not influenced on the contralateral side. In the ischemic hand there was a reduction of magnitude estimates beginning 12 min. after inflation of the cuff, independent of the stimulus intensity. The results indicate that peripheral noxious stimulation does not produce a nonsegmental reduction of tactile sensitivity. Moreover, it is suggested that the thickest afferent mechanoreceptive fibers (A-β) have a major role in the mediation of tactile signals both at liminal and supraliminal levels.
Transmitter-Facilitator Teaching Style and Focus-Scan Learning Style in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The study related transmitter-facilitator teaching style with focus-scan learning-style ratings. The students' scan strategy of learning exhibited the highest correlations with five ratings of learning outcome and satisfaction for 11,512 students in 534 courses.
Developing an Estimate of the Lower Bound of a Confidence Ratio for Statistical Decisions
Authors: Hand Jack , Jannarone Robert J. , Laughlin James E. , Hand Michael R.
Published: September 2011

It is demonstrated that in significance testing under certain assumptions the lower limit of a confidence ratio (proportion of alternative hypotheses accepted that are true) and the lower limit of a power ratio (proportion of true His tested that are accepted) are both a function of the number of tested hypotheses accepted and the number of tested hypotheses refused acceptance. It is proposed that historical values of the latter quantities are observable and that the lower limits of the ratios may be valuable in justifying the use of significance testing procedures.
Sex Differences in Acting Out Chronic Undifferentiated Schizophrenics
Authors: Runyon Neil W. , Wagner Edwin E. , Dambrot Faye H.
Published: September 2011

29 male and 21 female chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics were classified as aggressive or nonaggressive on items of a behaviorally anchored checklist completed by ward personnel plus adjunctive measures of behavior during institutionalization. Women were rated as significantly more aggressive than men. The women engaged in more hostile acts, destroyed more property, were more verbally abusive, and were more uncooperative with staff and other patients than men. The results are discussed in terms of possible sex differences in diagnosis, severity of symptoms, age of onset, and admission/discharge practices.
Effects of Limited-Bandwidth-Noise on the Recall of Words Presented Orally
Authors: Smith Gregory J.
Published: September 2011

After learning word lists to a criterion of two correct serial repetitions, 17 college students were asked to recall the lists while under one of three conditions, ambient noise (approximately 40 dB), limited-bandwidth-noise of 0 to 4,000 Hz at 80 dB, or limited-bandwidth-noise of 4,000 to 8,000 Hz at 80 dB. Noise in the speech spectrum (0 to 4,000 Hz) led to significantly more errors than noise above the speech spectrum or ambient noise. There was no significant difference between the latter two conditions. It was proposed that the results may be due to interference with subvocal verbal rehearsal of the material in short-term memory, either prior to processing into long-term memory or after retrieval from long-term memory.
Tick-Tack-Toe in Iconic Memory: A Demonstration of Informational Persistence
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Breslow Norman
Published: September 2011

Studies supporting iconic memory as informational persistence (rather than neural or visual persistence) have been based on brief presentations of meaningful verbal stimuli. In a nonverbal study, 12 subjects had to replicate 100-msec. tachistoscopic presentations of tick-tack-toe in combinations of 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 X's and O's in two conditions, incomplete games (“draws”) and complete games. M correct responses for complete games were 87.9% ( SD = 8.1) compared to 79.8% ( SD = 8.7) for incomplete games, which provides nonverbal support for an informational persistence definition of iconic memory.
Laterality and Field Dependence
Authors: Falcone David J.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were (1) to replicate a right visual-field advantage for a version of the Embedded Figures Test modified for tachistoscopic presentation and (2) to test for a relationship between field independence and performance on modified Embedded Figures Test items presented to the right visual-field. 34 right-handed subjects were presented Embedded Figures Test items to the left, center, and right visual-fields for 150 msec. The Group Embedded Figures Test was also given. Results showed a right visual-field advantage on the modified embedded-figures test and (2) a negative relationship between Group Embedded Figures Test performance and right visual-field scores. These findings were discussed in terms of the differences between the two versions of the embedded-figures test, memory for simple figures, specificity of judgment, and sustained versus tachistoscopic perception. A tentative conclusion suggests that a better internal representation of the briefly presented complex figures places field-independent subjects at a disadvantage on the modified version of the test.
Effects of Physical Quality and Brand Labeling on Perceptions of Clothing Quality
Authors: Davis Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of brand label and physical quality on perceptions of quality of clothing were investigated using a 3 × 2 complete factorial, between-subjects experimental design. 78 women individually examined and rated the quality of one of two similarly styled skirts. For half of the subjects, the skirt was high in quality, and for half it was low in quality. In addition, the skirt had either a nondesigner brand, a designer brand, or no brand-label attached to it. Analysis of variance indicated that perceptions of quality were higher for the skirt of high quality and for the skirt with either a designer or nondesigner label. Perceptions were marginally related to subjects' awareness of fashion as measured by a Fashion Knowledge Awareness scale.
Effects of Familial Pain Models on Pain Complaints and Coping Strategies
Authors: Edwards Patrick W. , O'Neill George W. , Zeichner Amos , Kuczmierczyk Andrzej R.
Published: September 2011

Recent evidence has underscored the effect of the number of parental pain models in an individual's environment on the frequency of current complaints about pain, yet little is known about the effect of number of familial pain models on other aspects of a person's pain behavior and on coping with pain. The present study assessed the effect of pain models by giving a questionnaire to 224 college students. Analysis showed that the number of familial pain models was related to the perception of pertinent secondary gains but not to the methods used to cope with pain.
Relation of Ineffective Communication of Emotion and Children's Recognition of Emotional Expressions
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

The relationship of discrepancies found in parents' appraisals of emotion and children's abilities to discriminate emotional expressions was examined among 92 6- to 6½-yr.-old kindergarten girls and their patents. Results supported the supposition that the discrepancies in parents' appraisals of emotion could reflect ineffective communication of emotion within the family. Greater discrepancies of appraisals of emotion noted in parents were associated with weaker recognition of emotional expressions by their daughters. Families present children distorted methods of expressing and interpreting feelings and a model of discrepant and nongenuine social communication.
Hand Dynamometer: Effects of Trials and Sessions
Authors: Reddon John R. , Stefanyk William O. , Gill David M. , Renney Caroline
Published: September 2011

12 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (6 men, 6 women) were assessed with a hand dynamometer with 10 trials per hand for 10 consecutive wk. The test-retest reliability of the 10-trial average across the 10 sessions averaged .91 for men and .94 for women for both preferred and non-preferred hands. Fatigue effects over trials were statistically significant for both sexes and hands except for women's preferred hand. Skill acquisition effects over sessions were only statisically significant for men's nonpreferred and women's preferred hands.
Application of the Trail Making Test in Differentiating Neuropsychological Impairment of Elderly Persons
Authors: Greenlief Catherine L. , Margolis Ronald B. , Erker Gerard J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated differences in Trail Making Test performance as a function of over-all level of neuropsychological impairment in a sample of elderly patients diagnosed as having various dementing diseases. Patients were classified as mildly, moderately, or severely impaired ( ns = 19, 25, 26) based on the seven measures used to compute the Impairment Index of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. The mean ages for the mildly, moderately, and severely impaired groups were 67.72, 71.56, and 71.16 yr., respectively. Using level of impairment as the grouping variable, subjects were compared on the mean number of seconds required to complete Trail Making Test A, B, and A + B. Three one-way analyses of variance indicated significant differences for Parts A, B, and A + B. As over-all level of impairment increased, time required to complete the Trail Making Test increased. Results are discussed and directions for further research are recommended.
Training for the Olympic Games with Mind and Body: Two Cases
Authors: Ungerleider Steven
Published: September 2011

The fine-tuning effect and its enhancement of athletic competition are discussed. Presented are two case studies utilizing tailored programs of visualization, creative imagery, and relaxation techniques. The author provides a three-step program: refined training procedure, information search and a better understanding of athlete/therapist collaboration. Use of positive replacement imagery is described as an adjunct to the fine tuning effect.
Flight-Skill Decay and Recurrent Training
Authors: Childs Jerry M. , Spears William D.
Published: September 2011

This article addresses the problem of flight-skill decay. The complexity of the problem is outlined with regard to identifying the nature and extent of decayed skills. It is suggested that cognitive/procedural skills are more prone than control-oriented skills to decay over periods of disuse. Effective recurrent training methods offer the most promise in forestalling loss of proficiency. Several such methods are described, and the importance of cognitive training is emphasized. Finally, criteria are noted for evaluating the utility of recurrent training media. The theories and practical measures discussed apply to many skills other than those of flying.
Symmetric Distribution in Latencies of Cortical Somatosensory Potentials Evoked by Right and Left Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Right-, Left-, and Mixed-Handed Men and Women
Authors: Tan Üner
Published: September 2011

The latencies of the PI, NI, P2, and N2 components of the somatosensory potentials evoked by stimulation of the right and left posterior tibial nerves in the right-, left-, and mixed-handed men and women were subjected to a statistical analysis. The mean latencies of the primary and secondary cortical responses are symmetrically distributed between the right and left sides for all the subjects. The mean latencies obtained of women were significantly shorter than those of men. This difference was accounted for by the fan that the mean body height of women was significantly less than that of men, since there was a significant positive correlation between body height and latency. It was concluded that the conduction times for the cortical input as well as the early cortical information processing, despite synaptic interventions, cannot play a role in the cerebral lateralization concerning the perceptual and manipulospatial tasks.
Sensory-Substitution Systems for the Sensorily Impaired: The Case for the Use of Tactile-Vibratory Stimulation
Authors: Lechelt Eugene C.
Published: September 2011

A case is made for the use of tactile-vibratory stimulation in devising sensory-substitution systems for sensorily impaired humans.
Automatic Detection vs Controlled Search: A Paper-and-Pencil Approach
Authors: Ruff Ronald M. , Evans Randall W. , Light Rudolph H.
Published: September 2011

A new measure of selective attention was presented to 259 normal volunteers. The test was derived from earlier work which emphasized the importance of controlling the distracting conditions using a selective-attention paradigm. In the present study a paper-and-pencil, digit-cancellation format was introduced and the data documented a significant dissociation between tasks analogous to controlled search and automatic detection, two theoretically important aspects of selective attention. Presented is a discussion of similarities and differences of the new measure and classical methods of discriminating between controlled search and automatic detection and the potential significance of this discrimination in clinical neuropsychological investigations.
A Written Response Bias in Discrimination of Recency
Authors: Williams Stephen Meredith
Published: September 2011

A tendency to perceive rightwards-placed stimuli as later seems to be implanted by sequential left-to-right reading habits. In forced-choice tasks it is assumed that there is no bias to a particular interval, particularly where it is cross-modal from the stimulus. However, with written alternatives in horizontal alignment this experiment showed such a bias for judgments of recency.
Effects of Florida's Personal Fitness Course on Cognitive, Attitudinal and Physical Fitness Measures of Secondary Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Imwold Charles H. , Johnson Dewayne
Published: September 2011

The effects of Florida's Personal Fitness Course were studied on 60 secondary students' cognitive achievement, physical fitness, and attitude toward physical activity. Significant improvement in knowledge of fitness concepts, selected physical fitness parameters, and over-all attitude toward participation in physical activity suggests the course was effective.
Negative Effects of Recency Even following Recall after Filled Delay
Authors: Williams Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that in a second unexpected recall information can only come from a longer term score which the more recent items have less chance of reaching and this leads to a negative effect of within-list recency for this second recall session. Two experiments showed a negative effect of recency even when recent items seemed likely to have come from long-term store because initial recall had been delayed. This favours an interpretation of recency in terms of ordinal retrieval starting, where there is negative recency, more often with the first item and working forward.
Stimulus Processing during Apparent Unconsciousness in Anesthetized Volunteers
Authors: Bonke Benno , Rupreht Jože , Van Eijndhoven John H. M.
Published: September 2011

Return of motor-responses upon request as an indicator of stimulus processing during apparent unconsciousness in general anesthesia was studied in 8 healthy, male volunteers during prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide. First the minimal effective concentration of nitrous oxide was established for each volunteer, based upon continued absence of motor-responses to repeated verbal commands. One week later this concentration of nitrous oxide was administered for a 3-hr. period; return of motor-responses after at least 30 min. of absence was considered a sign of so-called unconscious perception. Four volunteers showed return of motor-response within the 3 hr. of exposure, but two of these had been rather restless throughout the session. Results indicate that unexpected processing of information by patients may occur during presumed unconsciousness after a prolonged inhalation of nitrous oxide in general anesthesia.