bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cultural-Cognitive Mapping of Scientific Professions
Authors: Gauchat Gordon , Andrews Kenneth T.
Published: May 2018

Even with widespread interest, public perceptions of science remain understudied and poorly theorized by social scientists. A central issue has been the persistent assumption that publics require a base of scientific knowledge for science to have broad cultural meaning. Yet, recent advances in cultural and cognitive sociology point to alternative research programs seeking to identify how publics come to understand complex and uncertain issues, when information is incomplete and asymmetric. We use this approach to analyze data on public perceptions of how scientific different fields are from the 2006 and 2012 National Science Foundation’s Science and Technology Survey. Our multivariate analyses allow us to approximate how mass publics map the social space of scientific professions, while accounting for individuals’ social location and cultural identity (e.g., race, class, gender, age, scientific sophistication, and political ideology). We then focus our attention on public perceptions of sociology and economics. Overall, we find that public perceptions, rather than being disorganized, map onto recognizable dimensions indicating how publics distinguish between scientific professions.
The Partial Organization of Networked Corruption
Authors: Yu Kyoung-Hee , Kang Su-Dol , Rhodes Carl
Published: May 2018

This article uses the concept of partial organization to examine how organizing principles can facilitate the effective operation of networked forms of corruption. We analyze the case study of a corruption network in the South Korean maritime industry in terms of how it operated by selectively appropriating practices normally associated with formal bureaucratic organizations. Our findings show that organizational elements built into the corruption network enabled coordination of corruption activities and served to distort and override practices within member organizations. The network was primarily organized through the hierarchical organization of a bounded and controlled set of members and, to a lesser extent, through processes of monitoring and sanctions. Given its clandestine nature, the network avoided the use of explicit rules to govern behavior, instead relying on habituated routines to ensure consistent and predictable action from members. We find that organizational elements were rescinded when the corruption network was exposed after the sinking of a passenger ferry, the Sewol. By rolling back its hierarchical organization and reverting to core relationships, the corruption network sought to preserve its center. The article illustrates the explanatory value of studying how the activities of corruption networks are enabled and adapt to existential challenges through partial organization.
When Do Powerful Stakeholders Give Managers the Latitude to Balance All Stakeholders’ Interests?
Authors: Bridoux Flore M. , Vishwanathan Pushpika
Published: May 2018

Research in instrumental stakeholder theory often discusses the benefits of a stakeholder strategy that balances all stakeholders’ interests as if the firm’s managers were not constrained much in choosing a strategy. Yet, through their value appropriation behavior, stakeholders with high bargaining power can significantly constrain managers’ choices. Our objective is, therefore, to understand when powerful stakeholders give managers the latitude to balance all stakeholders’ interests, rather than forcing them to satisfy primarily their own interests. Building on enlightened self-interest and the justice literature, we identify five motivational drivers that help explain powerful stakeholders’ value appropriation behavior. We next explore the endogenous relationship between the stakeholder strategy adopted by the firm and its effect on powerful stakeholders’ value appropriation behavior. This article complements instrumental stakeholder theory by looking at powerful stakeholders’ motivation to exercise their bargaining power, and in so doing brings powerful stakeholders’ moral responsibility in the treatment of weak stakeholders to the forefront.
When Do the Poor Vote for the Right Wing and Why: Status Hierarchy and Vote Choice in the Indian States
Authors: Suryanarayan Pavithra
Published: May 2018

What explains the popularity of right-wing parties among the poor? This article argues that in hierarchical societies with high social-status inequality, cross-class coalitions can emerge among high-status voters if they believe their social status is under threat. I demonstrate this in the context of the Indian states by exploiting an announcement by the Government of India in 1990 to implement affirmative action for lower castes—an intervention that threatened to weaken the social status of upper caste Brahmans. Using unique data from the 1931 census, this article shows that areas where Brahmans were more dominant in the 1930s experienced a higher surge in right-wing voting after this announcement than other areas. Using survey data, I find that both wealthy and poor Brahmans voted for the right wing where Brahmans were dominant in 1931. The article shows how concerns about social status may make the poor open to appeals by antiredistribution parties.
The Impact of Quality of Institutions on Sectoral FDI
Authors: Ahmad Mohsin Hasnain , Ahmed Qazi Masood , Atiq Zeeshan
Published: May 2018

This study addresses the issue whether institutional quality affects the sectoral FDI both in short run and long run in Pakistan. By employing ARDL co-integration technique, we analyse the impact of institutional quality on primary, manufacturing and services sectors FDI in Pakistan. The findings suggest that institutional quality matters in attracting FDI in manufacturing and services sectors in the long run while institutional quality does not have a significant impact on FDI in the primary sector. Moreover, results show that the impact of institutional quality on these sectors is not apparent in short run. The main findings from this research are that in long run institutional quality matters to attract substantial FDI in manufacturing and services sector of Pakistan. Hence, policies aimed at strengthening the institutional quality should be the priority for government.

JEL: F21, O43, C22
Fijian women’s experiences of domestic violence and mothers’ perceived impact of children’s exposure to abuse in the home
Authors: Tonsing Jenny
Published: May 2018

This study seeks to capture Fijian women’s experiences of domestic violence and their perceived impact of children’s exposure to abuse in the home. A qualitative research design was employed in the form of one-on-one in-depth interviews with 18 abused women. The analysis of the interviews suggests that it is not just the adult in the intimate relationship but also the child within the household who is affected. Findings illustrate the crucial importance of the mother’s perspective of the effect of abuse on their children and the significant negative effects on their social, emotional, and academic functioning. Implications for social work practice and intervention for women and children are discussed.
Why Cross-Cultural Psychology Is Incomplete Without Comparative and Developmental Perspectives
Authors: Liebal Katja , Haun Daniel Benjamin Moritz
Published: May 2018

We argue that comparing adult behavior and cognition across cultures is insufficient to capture the multifaceted complexity of cultural variation. We champion a multidisciplinary perspective that draws on biological and psychological theory and methods. We provide examples for ways in which cross-cultural, developmental, and comparative studies might be combined to unravel the interplay between universal species-typical behaviors and behavioral variation across groups and, at the same time, to explain uniquely human cultural diversity by identifying the unique and universal patterns of human behavior and cognition in early childhood that create, structure, and maintain variation across groups. Such a perspective adds depth to explanations of cultural variation and universality and firmly roots accounts of human culture in a broader, biological framework. We believe that, therefore, the field of cross-cultural psychology may benefit from combining efforts with comparative and developmental psychologists.
Addressing Methodological Challenges in Culture-Comparative Research
Authors: Fischer Ronald , Poortinga Ype H.
Published: May 2018

We address methodological challenges in cross-cultural and cultural psychology. First, we describe weaknesses in (quasi-)experimental designs, noting that cross-cultural designs typically do not allow any conclusive evidence of causality. Second, we argue that loose adherence to methodological principles of psychology and a focus on differences, while neglecting similarities, is distorting the literature. We highlight the importance of effect sizes and discuss the role of Bayesian statistics and meta-analysis for cross-cultural research. Third, we highlight issues of measurement bias and lack of equivalence, but note that recent large-scale projects involving researchers across many countries from the beginning of a study have much potential for overcoming biases and improving standards of equivalence. Fourth, we address some implications of multilevel models. Cultural processes are multilevel by definition and recent statistical advances can be used to explore these issues further. We believe this is an area where much theoretical work needs to be done and more rigorous methods applied. Fifth, we argue that the definition of culture and the psychological organization of cross-cultural differences as well as the definition of cultural populations to which research findings are generalized requires more attention. Sixth, we address the scope for anchoring cross-cultural research in biological variables and by asking multiple questions simultaneously, as advocated by Tinbergen for classical ethology. Bringing these discussions together, we provide recommendations for enhancing the methodological strength of culture-comparative studies to advance cross-cultural psychology as a scientific discipline.
Current Evidence on the Effects of Intensive Early Reading Interventions
Authors: Wanzek Jeanne , Stevens Elizabeth A. , Williams Kelly J. , Scammacca Nancy , Vaughn Sharon , Sargent Katherine
Published: May 2018

Many students at risk for or identified with reading disabilities need intensive reading interventions. This meta-analysis provides an update to the Wanzek and Vaughn synthesis on intensive early reading interventions. Effects from 25 reading intervention studies are analyzed to examine the overall effect of intensive early reading interventions as well as relationships between intervention and student characteristics related to outcomes. The weighted mean effect size (ES) estimate (ES = 0.39), with a mean effect size adjusted for publication bias (ES = 0.28), both significantly different from zero, suggested intensive early reading interventions resulted in positive outcomes for early struggling readers in kindergarten through third grades. There was no statistically significant or meaningful heterogeneity in the study-wise effect sizes. Exploratory examination of time in intervention, instructional group size, initial reading achievement, and date of publication are provided.
Class Percentage of Students With Reading Difficulties on Content Knowledge and Comprehension
Authors: Vaughn Sharon , Fall Anna-Mária , Roberts Greg , Wanzek Jeanne , Swanson Elizabeth , Martinez Leticia R.
Published: May 2018

We examined the efficacy of a content acquisition and reading comprehension intervention implemented in eighth-grade social studies classrooms. Using a within-teacher randomized control design, 18 eighth-grade teachers’ social studies classes were randomly assigned to a treatment or comparison condition. Teachers taught all their classes (treatment and comparison) using the same content; however, in the treatment classes, teachers used instructional practices that included comprehension canopy, essential words, knowledge acquisition, and team-based learning. Students with reading comprehension difficulties in the treatment classes ( n = 359) outperformed students with reading comprehension difficulties in the comparison classes ( n = 331) on measures of content knowledge acquisition and content reading comprehension but not general reading comprehension. In addition, the proportion of students with reading comprehension difficulties in classes moderated outcomes for content knowledge acquisition and content reading comprehension.
Genesis of U.S. Colorism and Skin Tone Stratification: Slavery, Freedom, and Mulatto-Black Occupational Inequality in the Late 19th Century
Authors: Reece Robert L.
Published: May 2018

Studies show lighter skinned Black people are advantaged on a number of social indicators—a phenomenon called “colorism.” These studies generally contend preferences for light-skinned and/or Mulatto slaves endured the postbellum period to shape social outcomes into today. Following this idea, other studies examine differences in social outcomes between Mulattos and Blacks in the 19th century, but few empirically connect antebellum life to postbellum Mulatto–Black stratification. With that in mind, I examine whether the socio-economic differences between Mulattos and Blacks varied across geographic space in proportion to places’ reliance on slave labor and the characteristics of its free African American population. This allows me to examine whether differences in economic status between Mulattos and Blacks are a result of Mulatto advantage in the form of privileged positions during slavery. My results reveal that Mulattos have higher occupational statuses relative to Blacks in places where slavery was more prominent and where free Mulattos were literate. This suggests the intraracial hierarchy established during slavery was more likely to be replicated in places where slavery was more important, and Mulattos were able to capitalize on freedom by leveraging their literacy into better economic statuses after emancipation. These results support the idea that skin color stratification was initiated at least in part by practices during chattel slavery and offers some plausible mechanisms for its transmission.
Racial Identity and the Political Ideologies of Afro-Caribbean Immigrants
Authors: Thomas Kevin J. A.
Published: May 2018

Although the number of Black immigrants in the United States is increasing, few studies have examined whether they assimilate into the liberal ideologies with which U.S.-born Blacks are typically affiliated. Using data from the National Survey on American Life, this study examines how identity formation and generational status among Black Caribbean immigrants moderate their ideological differences with U.S.-born Blacks. It shows that Black Caribbean immigrants are more likely to identify with more conservative ideologies as generational status increases. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the adoption of a Black American racial identity is not by itself associated with an ideological convergence between Black Caribbean immigrants and U.S.-born Blacks. More assimilated Black immigrants who prefer Black American rather than non-Black identities are still more likely to be conservative compared with U.S.-born Blacks. The analysis further provides a nuanced understanding of the relationship between Black racial solidarity and the political ideologies of Caribbean immigrants. It finds that immigrants who both embrace a Black American identity and are members of Black advancement organizations are more likely to have similar political ideologies as U.S.-born Blacks. However, these similarities disappear as assimilation increases.
Skills and Economic Inequality Across Race and Ethnicity in the United States: New Evidence on Wage Discrimination Using PIAAC
Authors: Pena Anita Alves
Published: May 2018

Using skill and earnings data from the OECD’s newly released Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and decomposition methodology from literature on economic distributions across countries, this research provides new evidence about the limited extent to which levels of and rates of return to skills explain unequal wage distributions in subgroups defined by race and ethnicity in the United States. The specific importance of PIAAC skill levels and of rates of return to skill varies substantially between racial and ethnic minorities relative to Whites and across the upper and lower parts of the wage distribution, while unobservables remain critical. These findings about differential characteristics of wage spreads are in contrast to relatively high correlations between the means of wage distributions and the more comprehensively defined skill measures observed in PIAAC (in comparison to those that have been examined in past literature), and are robust to the inclusion of other observable human capital and socioeconomic determinants. Results have implications for understanding how formal and informal institutions, discrimination, and labor market compensation practices may translate differentially across racial and ethnic groups and into observed variation in earnings.
Gender in the Streets of the Premodern City
Authors: van den Heuvel Danielle
Published: May 2018

It is often held that between 1600 and 1850, women gradually withdrew from the public sphere of the street and moved to the private sphere of the home. This powerful narrative, linked to theories of modernization, remains a prominent feature in urban history, despite important revisionist scholarship. In recent years, scholars from fields as diverse as art history, economic history, literary studies, and human geography have made important contributions to further our understanding of the gender dynamics in historical city streets. This essay for the first time brings together the findings on gender and premodern urban space from these different disciplines. Starting off from the latest insights, it furthermore proposes crucial new ways for studying the history of gender in streets.
Experimental test of the acoustic-based navigation and system identification of an unmanned underwater survey vehicle (SAGA)
Authors: Karadeniz Kartal Seda , Leblebicioglu M Kemal , Ege Emre
Published: May 2018

In this study, a nonlinear mathematical model for an unmanned underwater survey vehicle (SAGA) is obtained. The structure of the mathematical model of the vehicle comes from a Newton–Euler formulation. The three-dimensional motion is realized by a suitable combination of right, left and vertical thrusters. The navigation problem is solved by a combination of the inertial navigation system and acoustic-based measurements, which are integrated to obtain more accurate vehicle navigation data. In addition, a magnetic compass and a depth sensor are used to support vehicle attitude and depth information. A pool experimental set-up is designed for the navigation system. The performance of the resultant navigation system can be analysed by creating suitable system state, measurement and noise models. The vehicle navigational data are improved with a Kalman filter. The mathematical model of the vehicle includes some unknown parameters, such as added mass and damping coefficients. It is not possible to determine all the parameter values as their effect on the state of the system is usually negligible. However, most of the ‘important’ parameters are obtained from a system identification study of the vehicle by means of the estimated navigational data for coupled motion. The entire study is performed in a Matlab/Simulink environment.
Subliminal Gender Stereotypes: Who Can Resist?
Authors: van Breen Jolien A. , Spears Russell , Kuppens Toon , de Lemus Soledad
Published: May 2018

We examine women’s responses to subliminal gender stereotypes, that is, stereotypes present outside conscious awareness. Previous research suggests that subtle stereotypes elicit acceptance and assimilation, but we predict that subliminal exposure to gender stereotypes will trigger resistance in some women. Specifically, we expect resistance to occur among women who are relatively strongly identified with feminists, but not with the broader group of women. We predict that resistance takes the form of persistence in stereotypically masculine domains and (implicit) in-group bias. Indeed, we found that subliminal exposure to stereotypes (vs. counter-stereotypes) led women who identify relatively strongly with feminists, but less strongly with women, to (a) persist in a math task, (b) show increased willingness to sacrifice men in a Moral Choice Dilemma task, and (c) show implicit in-group bias on an evaluative priming task. This evidence of resistance suggests that members of devalued groups are more resilient than previously thought.
Cow Protection in India
Authors: Gundimeda Sambaiah , Ashwin V.S.
Published: May 2018

Cow protection, a potent tool in the hands of cow vigilantes for atrocities against Muslims and Dalits, has become a heavily politicised issue in contemporary India. Its roots, connecting the themes of caste-Hindu religious sentiment, communalism and economic reasoning, can be traced to the late nineteenth century, though basic problems over the intriguingly complex use of cattle are clearly much older. This article relates contemporary cow protection debates specifically to Arya Samaj arguments against cow slaughter in the late nineteenth century and publication of a special issue of the journal Kalyan, titled Gau Ank, in 1945. The discussion shows how cow protection debates in the Constituent Assembly of India and in subsequent post-independence judicial verdicts were heavily influenced by these two earlier discourses. Analysing two landmark judicial decisions on cow slaughter, the article argues further that recent judicial endorsement of cow protection legitimises Hindu majoritarian sentiments in the law, while depriving millions of Indians, not just Muslims, of fundamental rights to food and livelihood. The conclusion attempts to consider some possible solutions to the current impasse.
PET/CT analysis of 21 patients with breast cancer: physiological distribution of 18F-choline and diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Ahmad Saad Fathinul Fikri , Zakaria Mohd Hazeman , Appanna Bahunu
Published: May 2018

Objectives

18F-choline is a useful tracer for detecting tumours with high lipogenesis. Knowledge of its biodistribution pattern is essential to recognise physiological variants. The aim of this study was to describe the physiologic distribution of 18F-choline and pitfalls in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

Twenty-one consecutive patients with breast cancer (10 premenopausal and 11 postmenopausal women; mean age, 52.82 ± 10.71 years) underwent 18F-choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for staging. Whole-body PET/CT was acquired after 40 minutes of 18F-choline uptake. Acquired PET images were measured semiquantitatively.

Results

All patients showed pitfalls unrelated to breast cancer. These findings were predominantly caused by physiological glandular uptake in the liver, spleen, pancreas, bowels, axial skeleton (85%-100%), inflammation and benign changes (4.76%), appendicular skeleton (4.76%–19.049%), and site contamination (61.9%). In <1%, a concomitant metastatic neoplasm was found. The breast showed higher physiological uptake in premenopausal compared with postmenopausal woman (18F-choline maximum standardised uptake values [g/dL] of the right breast = 2.04 ± 0.404 vs 1.59 ± 0.97 and left breast = 2.00 ± 0.56 vs 1.93 ± 1.28, respectively).

Conclusion

18F-choline uptake was higher in premenopausal women. Physiological 18F-choline uptake was observed in many sites, representing possible pathologies.
Cognitive and physical function of people older than 80 years in China from 1998 to 2014
Authors: Hu Xiaoqian , Zeng Yuhang , Zhen Xuemei , Zhang Hao , Li Yuanyuan , Gu Shuyan , Dong Hengjin
Published: May 2018

Objectives

This study was performed to describe the health status of Chinese oldest-old individuals aged ≥80 years from 1998 to 2014 and explore differences in their health status based on demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status.

Methods

Data were obtained from the seven waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The Mini Mental State Examination, Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, and chair stand test were used to examine cognitive and physical function. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the changes in health outcomes.

Results

Regression results showed increasing cognitive impairment trends and decreasing disability trends, indicating that the oldest-old individuals had worse body function in more recent years. Older people and women had a weaker health status. Rural elders had better physical performance but worse cognitive function. Participants with an education had better overall functioning. Individuals with severe disability had the shortest survival time among the study population.

Conclusions

From 1998 to 2014, the health status of oldest-old individuals was relatively stable in China. These findings indicate the need for specific and continuing attention to the oldest-old population to improve their health condition.
Pulled in Too Many Directions: The Causes and Consequences of Work-Work Conflict
Authors: Wynn Alison T. , Fassiotto Magali , Simard Caroline , Raymond Jennifer L. , Valantine Hannah
Published: May 2018

Previous research has documented the influence of overwork and inflexible hours on work-life conflict for working professionals. In this paper, we build on this literature and explore the novel theoretical concept of work-work conflict, a form of inter-role conflict analogous to work-life conflict. Drawing on 48 in-depth interviews with 42 physicians and survey data of 60 faculty at a prominent west-coast academic medical center, we find that work-work conflict is fueled by institutional structural characteristics. Institutional incentives, the extent of recognition for various work activities, and financial rewards are misaligned, causing physicians to experience competing demands across multiple organizational missions (research, teaching, clinical care, and administration/service). Other industries may face similar conditions leading to work-work conflict. We conclude that work-life interventions are necessary but not sufficient to increase employee satisfaction, and that mechanisms to alleviate work-work conflict must be incorporated in practical solutions to address burnout.
Patient Portal Use Among Older Adults: What Is Really Happening Nationwide?
Authors: Nahm Eun-Shim , Zhu Shijun , Bellantoni Michele , Keldsen Linda , Charters Kathleen , Russomanno Vince , Rietschel Matt , Son HyoJin , Smith Leslie
Published: May 2018

Patient portals (PPs), secure websites that allow patients to access their electronic health records and other health tools, can benefit older adults managing chronic conditions. However, studies have shown a lack of PP use in older adults. Little is known about the way they use PPs in community settings and specific challenges they encounter. The aim of this study was to examine the current state of PP use in older adults, employing baseline data (quantitative and qualitative) from an ongoing nationwide online trial. The dataset includes 272 older adults (mean age, 70.0 years [50-92]) with chronic conditions. Findings showed that the majority of participants (71.3%) were using one or more PPs, but in limited ways. Their comments revealed practical difficulties with managing PPs, perceived benefits, and suggestions for improvement. Further studies with different older adult groups (e.g., clinic patients) will help develop and disseminate more usable PPs for these individuals.
The Ebb and Flow of Planning Specializations
Authors: Brinkley Catherine , Hoch Charles
Published: May 2018

To understand the creation and propagation of knowledge in planning, this research provides the first look at planning specialization development. In assessing planning’s educational response to internal expertise, federal mandates, and historic precedents, we queried the seventy-six accredited planning schools on the evolution of concentrations and certificates offered from 1950 to the present day. We identify pedagogical trends by following the arc of program creation and retirement, intersectionality, and prevalence. Drawing parallels from the most well-established subfields of social and physical planning, this paper offers recommendations for formalizing new knowledge, such as food systems planning. We conclude with the observation that continued innovation and diversity of specializations is a key to planning’s resilience at the nexus of an ever-evolving constellation of fields.
Rhetorical Framing in Planning: An Empirical Investigation of How Planners Discuss Density
Authors: Whittemore Andrew H. , BenDor Todd K.
Published: May 2018

Planning departments can frame a policy by citing some of its presumed benefits over others. However, there is limited understanding of framing’s frequency within planning and why planning departments pursue it. Using a nationwide mail survey, we examined how planning departments ( n = 197; 40.1% response rate) frame discussions of proposals to increase allowed residential density. We found that departments air fewer presumed benefits of these proposals than respondents perceive to exist, demonstrating that departments selectively frame these proposals. Using logistic regression modeling, we found a number of demographic and political factors associated with departments’ framing, suggesting that this framing is rhetorical.
Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Among Transgender/Gender Nonconforming Adults
Authors: Henry Richard S. , Perrin Paul B. , Coston Bethany M. , Calton Jenna M.
Published: May 2018

There is significant evidence to suggest that intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with mental health problems including anxiety and depression. However, this research has almost exclusively been conducted through heteronormative and cisgender lenses. The current study is an exploratory, quantitative analysis of the relationship between experiences of IPV and mental health among transgender/gender nonconforming (TGNC) adults. A national sample of 78 TGNC individuals completed a survey online measuring participants’ experiences with IPV and depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life. Of the sample, 72% reported at least one form of IPV victimization in their lifetime: 32% reported experiencing sexual IPV, 71% psychological IPV, 42% physical IPV, and 29% IPV assault with injury. All four types of IPV were positively associated with anxiety, and all but physical abuse was significantly associated with depression. None of the four types of IPV was associated with satisfaction with life. In a canonical correlation, IPV victimization and mental health had 31% overlapping variance, a large-sized effect. Sexual IPV and anxiety were the highest loading variables, suggesting that TGNC individuals who have experienced sexual IPV specifically tended to have higher levels of anxiety. These findings support previous qualitative, small-sample studies suggesting that IPV is a pervasive problem in the TGNC community. TGNC individuals who have experienced IPV may be at increased risk for mental health problems, and therefore, IPV history may trigger appropriate mental health screenings and referrals for this population in health care settings.
Is There Really a Relationship Between Empathy and Aggression? Evidence From Physiological and Self-Report Measures
Authors: Gantiva Carlos , Cendales Rocio , Díaz Maite , González Yesenia
Published: May 2018

A strong relationship between empathy and aggression has traditionally been argued, but a recent meta-analysis showed that this relationship is surprisingly weak. However, none of the studies that were analyzed in the meta-analysis used physiological measures of empathy to assess differences between aggressive and nonaggressive subjects. The present study evaluated the activity of the corrugator and zygomatic muscles, galvanic skin response, and heart rate response to pictures with different social content in 30 aggressive and 30 nonaggressive subjects. Self-report measures of emotion and empathy were also evaluated. The results did not show significant differences in any of the physiological measures of affective empathy or subjective measures of emotion. Significant differences were found only in cognitive empathy, in which nonaggressive subjects had higher scores than aggressive subjects. These results suggest that intervention programs should focus on increasing cognitive empathy and exploring other variables, such as emotional self-regulation and callous-unemotional traits. We also suggest exploring other ways of understanding affective empathy.
Couple Reports on Intimate Partner Violence and their Health Impact: Evidence From a Population-Based Survey in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Saki , Hashimoto Hideki
Published: May 2018

Recent studies have shown that couples’ reports of intimate partner violence (IPV) are not necessarily consistent. This study investigated the associations between patterns of partner victimization and perpetration reports and health and perceived wellbeing. Using household survey data from a probabilistic urban sample of adults aged 25 to 50 years and their partners, we identified 1,467 heterosexual pairs who completed the modified Japanese version of the Conflict Tactics Scale 2 Short Form. We classified responses into four categories: congruent report of no IPV, incongruent respondent victimization report, incongruent partner perpetration report, and congruent report of IPV. We used analysis of covariance to compare physical and mental health (measured by the SF-8 Health Survey Questionnaire) and life satisfaction among the four groups. The results showed that 22.4% of respondents were involved in IPV, and approximately 75% of them had incongruent reports. Compared with congruent reports of no IPV, respondents with an incongruent victimization report and an incongruent partner perpetration report scored significantly lower on physical health (−0.96, p = .03 and −1.16, p = .04, respectively). Those with an incongruent victimization report and congruent report of IPV had lower mental health scores (−2.32, p = .00 and −2.21, p = .00, respectively) and lower life satisfaction (−0.32, p = .00 and −0.21, p = .01, respectively). The results indicated that the respondent’s victimization report was associated with worse mental health regardless of their partner’s perpetration report, and physical health was worse only in cases with incongruent reports. Cases with a partner perpetration report but no respondent victimization report showed worse physical health but no negative effects on mental health and perceived wellbeing. These results indicate that research and practice regarding IPV should consider both partners’ experiences of violence when assessing the impact of health and wellbeing on victims.
Shaping Educational Policy Through the Courts: The Use of Social Science Research in Amicus Briefs in Fisher I
Authors: Horn Catherine L. , Marin Patricia , Garces Liliana M. , Miksch Karen , Yun John T.
Published: May 2018

Different from more traditional policy-making avenues, the courts provide an antipolitical arena that does not require broad agreement from various constituents for policy enactment. Seeking to guide court decisions on these policy issues, individuals and organizations have filed amicus briefs that increasingly include social science to support their arguments. The Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin Supreme Court case presents an ideal example to study the use of social science evidence in amicus briefs to shape educational policy. Findings from this study identify differences in the use of social science research that suggest many ways in which our current understanding of the efforts of actors to shape educational policy via the highest court in the nation is incomplete. This study also highlights why developing this understanding could be extremely useful to both the creation of educational policy and the use of antipolitical approaches to change such policy.
Going the full distance: Strategic support for digital libraries in distance education at the University of Education, Winneba in Ghana
Authors: Owusu-Ansah Christopher M. , Rodrigues Antonio Da Silva , Van Der Walt Thomas
Published: May 2018

Many African universities have employed distance education to expand access to education and digital libraries can ensure seamless access to information for distance learners. The purpose of this study was to investigate the availability of policies and strategic initiatives for developing digital library services in distance education at the University of Education, Winneba in Ghana. The study relies on the results of semi-structured interviews with selected librarians of the University, and institutional document analysis. The study found that digital library use in distance education at the University is seriously hampered due to the absence of strategic support, consistent policies and dedicated funding for digital library initiatives.
Law, Nation and Race: Exploring Law’s Cultural Power in Delimiting Belonging in English Courtrooms
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: May 2018

This article explores the place of law and legality in the formation of British national identity and its reproduction (and contestation) inside the courtroom. It draws on sociolegal scholarship on legal culture, legal consciousness and ‘law and colonialism’ to shed light on the cultural power of the law to forge national subjectivities. The law does more than adjudicating justice and imposing sanctions. Its symbolic power lies in its capacity to construct legal subjectivities, of both individuals and nations. Through the law and its categories, people make sense of the social world and their position in it. The law can articulate national identities by expressing who we are and who we would like to be as a nation. By exploring the place of the law in discourses of British nationhood, this article contributes to our understanding of the ideological role of the law in reifying racial and global hierarchies. It also sheds light on how the boundaries of belonging can be unsettled through law’s power.
Lack of Economic Opportunities and Persistence of Child Marriage in West Bengal
Authors: Chakravarty Deepita
Published: May 2018

West Bengal (WB) ranks high among the 15 major states of India, where there is still a disturbing persistence of underage marriage among girls, leading to early motherhood as a consequence. The article explores the reasons for this in the context of social and economic conditions in the state. The article argues that more than poverty and illiteracy, the unavailability of new employment opportunities for women and girls in the rural and urban areas of the state explains why parents do not have the incentive to invest in more schooling or the higher education of their daughters. The article is mainly based on secondary data with occasional references to some primary evidence from a recent survey done by the author.
Book review: Jyoti Atwal, Real and Imagined Widows: Gender Relations in Colonial North India
Authors: Bano Shadab
Published: May 2018

Jyoti Atwal, Real and Imagined Widows: Gender Relations in Colonial North India. Delhi: Primus Books, 2016, 282 pages, ₹1495. ISBN: 9789384082987.
Book review: Adichie, C.N., Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions
Authors: Bhuta Aishwarya
Published: May 2018

Adichie, C.N., Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions. London: Fourth Estate, 2017. 80 pages, ₹250. ISBN: 9780008241032.
The First Women’s Studies Research Centre: A History of Women’s Studies and Its Progenitors
Authors: Krishnaraj Maithreyi
Published: May 2018

The beginning of Women’s Studies has a special history in India. It owes its origin not only to some stalwarts but also to the historical times in which its birth took place. Its location in the SNDT Women’s University in Mumbai was at the initiative of Dr Neera Desai, a Professor of Sociology at that university. Her own work on women’s issues in her Master’s thesis and her involvement in the women’s movement gave her the background for envisaging that a women’s university should engage with analysis of women’s condition and not just teach women other academic disciplines. It was with this motive, that the Research Centre for Women’s Studies was set up in 1974, a year before the publication of the report Towards Equality of the Government of India. The university - originally begun at the initiative of the educationist Shri Dhondo Kheshav Karve received a handsome grant from the industrialist Shri Damodar Thackersey and got named after his mother Shrimathi Nathibai Damodar Thackersey hereafter SNDT Women’s University. The Centre with the involvement of able and farsighted administrators at this university spearheaded the development of this Centre, which became the torch bearer for raising women’s issues.
Parliamentary Opposition in the Situation of Conflict and Its Implications for the Working of the Government in Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: Dar Rayees Ahmad
Published: May 2018

Parliamentary opposition in the Kashmir valley frequently politicises the role of government by factoring in the contentious issues from the conflict politics. It questions the relevance and the legitimacy of the parties in power by setting the conflict politics as the main agenda before the government. The tactical representation of the conflict by the opposition parties, however, mainly serves to undermine the mainstream politics because of the presumed incapacity of the government to provide immediate solutions. The article aims to highlight that parliamentary political opposition more often than not engages uncritically with the emerging conflict situations without carving its own space for constructive political action. Nevertheless, its popular mandate allows it to be more effective and balanced in facing the conflicting parties and urging them to shun the attitude inimical to the peace and stability in the state. The article also highlights that government needs to accept the existence of hitherto absent parliamentary opposition more willingly and shun the averse attitude to evolve the space for concordant political action. Besides, it should not allow the whole space of political contention to slip into the exclusive domain of the opposition parties which only allows them to put it to the instrumental use against it.
Migration of Students from India and China
Authors: Pande Amba , Yan Yuan
Published: May 2018

India and China send out the largest number of students for education abroad. To amplify the point, between the years 2000 and 2014, the number of students going out from China increased about twelve times, while it increased about four times from India. This outflow has become a major source of brain and capital drain for both countries. Although, both Push and Pull factors contribute to this massive exodus, each country has adopted separate strategies to address this issue. China opened up its education sector and as a result is gradually emerging as a major hub for education; India on the other hand adopted a rather inward looking approach for a long time and is still grappling with some basic issues in its education sector. Consequently, it is yet to make its education sector competitive and attract foreign students in large numbers despite having some inherent advantages.
To Be or Not To Be: A Multidimensional Spirituality in the Workplace
Authors: Shinde Uday , Nelson H. James , Shinde Jay
Published: May 2018

The present study focuses on furthering the theoretical foundations of the field of spirituality and religiosity in the workplace (SRW) by providing a parsimonious definition, and multi-dimensional model for the construct of spirituality grounded in a pluralistic and historically authentic framework using the Sophia Perennis or Perennial Philosophy (Lings, 2005, A return to the spirit.... Fons Vitae, Louisville). In this process, the study addresses the dilemma of religiosity versus spirituality faced by researchers in this area (Benefiel, Fry, & Geigle, 2014, Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 175). It also addresses concerns regarding the potential conflicts related to spirituality and religiosity that could arise in a secular workplace, which emphasizes inclusiveness and equality. A three factor model of spirituality is developed using the grounded theory approach (Corbin & Strauss, 1990, Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–21) and is corroborated by factor analysis of multiple samples ( n = 159 and n = 181), and participants representing three major world faith traditions (both Eastern and Western).
Relocation Decision of International Faculty in Kazakhstan
Authors: Kuzhabekova Aliya , Lee Jack
Published: May 2018

This mixed-methods study uses Push and Pull model, as well as the Kaleidoscope career model, to close the gap in understanding of the experiences of international faculty who work in the Global South. Treating these faculty members as self-initiating expatriates pursuing a boundaryless career, the study reveals that one of the key push factors is shortage of jobs in the international market. While salary remains an important pull factor, nonmonetary motivations, such as the desire to contribute to change, are also important motivators. When making the decision to relocate, international faculty are balancing career consideration with the desires to remain truthful to their values and to fit the career with their personal lives. Most faculty expect to stay in the country for a short term, thus presenting challenges for institution building. They also anticipate that international mobility will leave a positive effect on their careers.
The Failure of Internal Audit: Monitoring Gaps and a Case for a New Focus
Authors: Christopher Joe
Published: May 2018

Within the management and organization field, the internal audit function (IAF) plays an important role in enhancing good governance. Given the spate of corporate collapses over the last 20 years, this article draws on a multitheoretical approach to governance and a critical review of the published literature to identify where IAFs have failed, and to provide a new focus to strengthen their role. Common themes regarding monitoring gaps by IAFs were identified as occurring across three governance levels. A contributory cause for these gaps is the poor structural and functional arrangements of the IAF, arising from the considerable flexibility afforded in its setup and delivery of services. A negative consequence of this flexibility is the ability of the board and management to manipulate the role of the IAF to the extent that it is not aligned with the intention of its setup as encapsulated in its definition.
Engagement as a Privilege and Disengagement as a Pathology
Authors: Lemmon Grace , Jensen Jaclyn M. , Wilson Morgan S. , Posig Margaret , Thompson Kenneth T.
Published: May 2018

Employee engagement research to date has proliferated on the conceptualization that engagement is driven by mutable job design characteristics and related socioemotional resources. This essay explores concerns with that conceptualization. For instance, modern engagement research has defined a “work role” with an almost exclusive focus on employees occupying professional roles, largely ignoring broad swaths of population who hold blue- or pink-collar jobs. These concerns are set forth in a discussion of broadening the definition of engagement. We start by describing the key components of the construct of engagement, followed by a discussion of how changes in the modern work role restrict engagement in ways that do not comport with the traditional view. Next, this essay explores three assumptions inherent in engagement’s research stream: possibility, availability, and directionality. Finally, key research directions and questions are presented in an attempt to focus research attention on studying engagement from a more inclusive lens.