bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New evidence for the antiquity of the intestinal parasiteTrichuris(whipworm) in Europe
Authors: Dark Petra
Published: February 2017

The whipworm,Trichuris trichiuraL., is one of the most common human intestinal parasites worldwide, yet little is known of its origin and global spread. Archaeological records for this nematode have all been of Neolithic or later date, suggesting a possible association between the spread of pastoral farming and human acquisition of whipworm. This paper reports the discovery of eggs of the genusTrichurisin late Mesolithic deposits from south Wales, indicating that whipworm was present in Europe before the arrival of agriculture. This raises the possibility that human infection byTrichurisarose through contact with wild animals in parts of the landscape frequented by both human and animal groups.
Towards three-dimensional non-invasive recording of incised rock art
Authors: Simpson Alice , Clogg Phil , Díaz-Andreu Margarita , Larkman Brian
Published: February 2017

Ancient art cut into rock is difficult to research and manage off-site without precise three-dimensional records. Experiments with photographic modelling by the authors led to a relatively accessible and economical way of making them.
Retrospect
Authors: Wilson David M.
Published: February 2017

The innovative and gregarious Viking scholar and former director of the British Museum contemplates his travels in the changing landscape of early medieval Europe.
Mid fourth-millennium copper mining in Liguria, north-west Italy: the earliest known copper mines in Western Europe
Authors: Maggi Roberto , Pearce Mark
Published: February 2017

This paper presents twelve new radiocarbon dates from copper mines at Monte Loreto in Liguria, northwest Italy, which indicate that extraction began around 3500 cal BC, making these the earliest copper mines to be discovered in Western Europe so far. The dates are placed in their regional context, with a discussion of results from Libiola and other sites associated with early copper mining.
Focus On Islam I
Authors: Petersen Andrew
Published: February 2017

The flight of Muhammad and his companions from Mecca to Medina in AD 622 (the hijra) initiated one of the world’s great intellectual and cultural movements, which in a few centuries was to extend from China to the Atlantic. As western archaeologists, we have probably accorded relative neglect to the study of the material culture arising from Islam, although it clearly has much to offer for the understanding of all societies. To help redress the balance, Antiquity has invited a number of scholars active in the archaeology of Islamic culture to give us a taste of work in progress. This special series, which will feature in each issue in 2005, is introduced by its convenor, Andrew Petersen.
Experiment and innovation: early Islamic industry at al-Raqqa, Syria
Authors: Henderson Julian , Challis Keith , O’Hara Sarah , McLoughlin Sean , Gardner Adam , Priestnall Gary
Published: February 2017

The city of al-Raqqa in north central Syria rivalled early Baghdad in scale, and was briefly during the ‘Abbasid caliphate the imperial capital of an empire stretching from North Africa to Central Asia. Now largely levelled the multifaceted Islamic cityscape is revealed by aerial and satellite imagery. It is at this site that the evidence of innovative Islamic industries has been revealed by excavations undertaken by the Raqqa Ancient Industry project since 1994. Here they discuss the production models for glass and ceramics in their socio-economic contexts.
The role of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) statuary as territorial boundary markers
Authors: Shepardson Britton L.
Published: February 2017

A new survey and spatial analysis enables the author to argue that inland examples of Easter Island’s famous stone statues were not in transport to the coast but mark out ancient territories proposed by ethnologist Katherine Routledge in 1919.
The origin of ‘desert castles’: Qasr Bani
Muqatil, near Karbala, Iraq
Authors: Finster B. , Schmidt J.
Published: February 2017

The ‘desert castles’ are key structures of
the early Islamic expansion. They resemble Roman
forts – which may have provided models for those
in Jordan. But the authors show that a
well-researched example in Iraq is likely to have
been a palace site before the area was
Islamicised.
Peaceful Harappans? Reviewing the evidence for the absence of warfare in the Indus Civilisation of north-west India and Pakistan (c. 2500-1900 BC)
Authors: Cork Edward
Published: February 2017

Life beside the ancient Indus may not have been so peaceful and egalitarian as has sometimes been thought. Arguing from weapons, the author shows that Harappans only appear to be militarily under-endowed in comparison with Mesopotamians because their assemblages are derived from settlement finds rather than grand tombs.
Granaries and irrigation: archaeological and ethnological investigations in the Iberian peninsula and Morocco
Authors: De Meulemeester Johnny
Published: February 2017

The social use of granaries in the medieval hinterland of Islamic Murcia is illuminated through ethnographic studies in modern Morocco.
The potential of airborne lidar for detection of archaeological features under woodland canopies
Authors: Devereux B.J. , Amable G.S. , Crow P. , Cliff A.D.
Published: February 2017

The development of lidar opens a new era in archaeological survey. Working with Forest Research, staff of the Unit for Landscape Modelling here explain the technique, and demonstrate its application to woodland, showing how it can be used to see through the trees. The article by Bewley et al. (pages 636-647 of this volume) shows the technique applied to the Stonehenge landscape.
AMS dating of rock art in the Laura Region, Cape York Peninsula, Australia – protocols and results of recent research
Authors: Cole Noelene , Watchman Alan
Published: February 2017

The authors describe rock art dating research in Australia using the oxalate method. While the array of dates obtained (which range from c. 1200 to c. 25 000 BP) show a satisfactory correlation with other archaeological data, there are mismatches which suggest that some motifs were often imitated by later artists, and/or that the mineral accretions continued to form periodically, perhaps continuously, as a regional phenomenon over a long period of time.
SOME SPHERE THEOREMS FOR SUBMANIFOLDS WITH POSITIVE BIORTHOGONAL CURVATURE
Authors: RUFINO ELZIMAR
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to investigate sphere theorems for submanifolds with positive biorthogonal (sectional) curvature. We provide some upper bounds for the full norm of the second fundamental form under which a compact submanifold must be diffeomorphic to a sphere.
Suggestions for Notation and Printing
Authors: Bryan G.H.
Published: February 2017

The list of suggestions issued by the London Mathematical Society is open to several amendments and possibly improvements.

1. The use of small fractions in the midst of letterpress is often open to the objection that such fractions are difficult to read, and, moreover, very often do not come out clearly in printing. It is especially difficult to distinguish 1/3 from 1/8, and the latter sometimes prints exactly like the former if the type does not ink properly or is slightly uneven. For this reason it would be better to confine the use of these fractions to such common forms as ¼, ½, ¾, 1/3 and to use the notation 18/22 for other fractions ; at any rate small fractions should not be used for both thirds and eighths, and as thirds are usually commoner, it would be well to restrict their use to these.
Obituary
Authors: Pendry F M. A.
Published: February 2017

It is with very deep regret that we record the death of Miss F. M. A. Pendry in August last.

She was one of the keenest members of the Mathematical Association. She served as a committee member of the London Branch for many years, being chairman for the three years 1950-1952 and vice chairman for the four previous years. She was a member of the Associated Examining Board and helped in the formation of a Syllabus for a Certificate Examination for Technical Students and she was greatly interested in this new approach to the subject. She was also a co-opted member of the Mathematical Sub-Committee at the Institute of Education, for several years up to the time of her death.
A Symmetrical Binary Switch-Adder/Subtractor
Authors: Wormell C. P.
Published: February 2017

I. The symmetrical binary switch-adder/subtractor which I shall describe was devised before I was aware of the existence of Dr Cundy’s.* The result is a different approach, directed towards somewhat different objectives. The unit which I shall describe was designed with two criteria in mind, (1) that it should be capable of a fairly simple theoretical explanation, and (2) that it should be cheap and simple to make. (1) gives it an added depth as a teaching aid, at least in the Sixth Form, and (2) enables numbers of these units to be made, so that they can handle fairly large numbers in binary A binary adder which can add numbers of the order of a million in less than a 1/100,000th of a second begins to surpass the performance of the human brain, and thence to acquire a little of the characteristic magic of computers. (The fact that we do not instinctively count in binary is only a contingent fact.)
School Certificate Algebra
Authors: Daltry C. T.
Published: February 2017

Members of the Association who read the statement on page 6 of the Mathematical Gazette for February 1939 will remember that the Examinations Sub-Committee is considering first the Algebra syllabuses of the various school certificate examinations.
The Unification of Algebra in Schools
Authors: Neville E. H. , Broadbent T. A. A.
Published: February 2017

My function in this discussion is the humble one of attempting to supply a rough scaffolding into which the durable parts of the edifice will be fitted by the other three speakers.

The teaching of algebra has never been dominated by a single work in the way in which Euclid for so long a time dominated the teaching of geometry For that reason, perhaps, the revolts in geometry have corresponded to quiet reforms in algebra, and the problems involved, though equally important, have never received the same amount of attention. On the teaching of the subject in schools, excellent books exist; there is Sir Percy Nunn’s classic, and more recently, a book by Durell, and much relevant matter in Godfrey and Siddons, Teaching of Elementary Mathematics.
The Cissom of Diocles
Authors: McCarthy J. P
Published: February 2017

1. The construction, presumably used by Diocles, who flourished in the second century B.C., for the cissoid is as follows.

Let AB, CD be perpendicular diameters of a circle. Let E, F be points on the quadrants BD, BC such that the arcs BE, BF are equal. Draw EG, FH perpendicular to CD. Join CE and let P be the point of intersection of CE and FH The cissoid is the locus of P corresponding to points E, F on the quadrants BD, BC such that the arcs BE, BF are equal.
III. On Convergence of Series
Authors: Roseveare W. N.
Published: February 2017

Having established the expansion of functions without any reference to tests of convergence, we are able to enunciate the following simple test for the convergence of any series that may arise.

(We confine our attention to a series of which all the terms that we need to consider have the same sign.)
II. Stereographic Projection
Authors: Heawood P. J.
Published: February 2017

It may be useful to compare with the results proved above, the interesting and comparatively little known properties of the Stereographic Projection of the sphere so far as they affect its practical application to spherical triangles. This projection, in which we take a point S on the sphere as the vertex of projection, and the central plane parallel to the tangent plane at S as the plane of projection, has certain great practical advantages, as shown in (1) and (2) below; and obviates the difficulty of drawing an ellipse.
Charles Godfrey, M.V.O., M.A
Authors: Siddons A. W.
Published: February 2017

Charles Godfrey was born in October, 1873. At an early age he went to King Edward’s School, Birmingham, where he was head of the school, a position which depended entirely on a boy’s ability in classics, and he spent at least five years in the top mathematical division under Rawdon Levett. The top mathematical division in those days consisted of a dozen boys, and generally contained three future major scholars of Trinity. Godfrey went up to Trinity as a major scholar in 1892, and was fourth wrangler in a brilliant year (1895), with Bromwich, Grace and E. T. Whittaker above him; in the following year he was placed in the first division of the first class of Part II. of the Mathematical Tripos; later on he won the Isaac Newton Studentship.
Leibniz’s notation
Authors: Thurston H.A.
Published: February 2017

In Gazette No. 394 (December 1971), R. H. Bromley raised an interesting question: what is the rôle most appropriate to each of the two familiar forms of the derivative, Leibniz’s dy/dx and Lagrange’s f′(x)?
Greenstreet and the Library
Authors: N. E. H.
Published: February 2017

Nobody who has paid attention to the acknowledgments of gifts to the Library during the past seven years will have failed to observe that Mr. Greenstreet was the most lavish and the most persistent of benefactors. The records of the books of which he, as he put it, unloaded his own shelves as soon as the Library was removed to Reading, occupy several pages of vols, xi and xii of the Gazette; his name is in many of the volumes which were in the Library before that time, and few months have passed since without evidence of his goodwill.
Comparison of First Year University Mathematics Syllabuses: A Report on Behalf of the Universities and Schools Committee
Authors: Parsonson S. L.
Published: February 2017

From its formation to the present time, one of the major concerns of the Committee has been the identification of a common core of mathematical knowledge that pupils with one or two A-levels in mathematics could, and should, be expected to possess. The ‘Core Syllabus in Pure Mathematics’ (published by the Association in 1968 with the support of the Schools Council) was one outcome of that concern. The first report is currently being revised, along with a companion report on Applied Mathematics (and Mathematics Applied).
On the Equations xn±yn = zm
Authors: Beerensson R. G.
Published: February 2017

1. We determine first an infinity of solutions of the equation x
n-yn=zm when m, n are relatively prime. Let p be an odd prime; then q= p
m has a primitive root g, say, and so, if ϕ is Euler's function, x= g
ϕ(q) satisfies x
n= gnϕ(q)) = l (mod q).
Complex Number and Two-Dimensional Mechanics. II
Authors: Chorlton F.
Published: February 2017

Contemporary writers of textbooks on electricity and magnetism and on hydrodynamics make considerable use of the complex variable in two-dimensional problems. It seems strange that two-dimensional dynamics is not taught in this way, even though the application of vectors to three-dimensional dynamics has now become respectable. Mr. Buckley's article preceding this has shown how the basic results may be established. The following examples are further indications of how this powerful technique may be profitably employed in two-dimensional kinematics. The methods are essentially labour-saving.
Appreciative Remarks on the Theory of Groups.
Authors: Miller G. A.
Published: February 2017

While it is clearly impossible for the average high school teacher of mathematics to become familiar with all the modern branches of this subject, it is desirable that he should not be totally ignorant of any extensive branch. The views of a number of eminent mathematicians often furnish one of the simplest as well as one of the most reliable introductions to the nature and the scope of a difficult subject. The following list of quotations has been prepared for the purpose of providing such an introduction for one subject. The list could easily be extended, but the variety and the standing of the mathematicians quoted are perhaps sufficient to inspire confidence. The quotations are arranged chronologically, beginning with 1892. Several of them were published in the American Mathematical Monthly, volume x. 1903, p. 87.
Obituary
Authors: Hudson R. W. H. T. , F. S. M.
Published: February 2017

It is with the deepest sorrow that we record the tragic death of Ronald Hudson, at the early age of 28, while spending a holiday with a friend in Wales. He and his friend started from the Penygwryd Hotel early on Tuesday morning, September 20, and after climbing one of the Glydyrs descended to the foot of the Devil’s Kitchen by Lake Idwal, which they reached about one o’clock. Ronald Hudson was an enthusiastic rock climber, and would not be dissuaded from trying part of the ascent, although his companion was not sufficiently expert to go with him. A short half hour later he apparently dislodged a large rock, fell a considerable distance, and in all probability was instantly killed. When a search party with much difficulty found him some time after, he was dead. On the following Saturday he was laid to rest in Wandsworth Cemetery, by the side of his mother, whom he had lost when he was six years old. The heartfelt sympathy of his large circle of friends goes out to the sorrowing family, to his father, aunt and sisters, who have followed along the same path of knowledge as their brother with no less determination and success.
Let's get fISSical: fastin silicosynchronization as a new tool for cell division cycle analysis
Authors: MORRISWOOD BROOKE , ENGSTLER MARKUS
Published: February 2017

Cell cycle progression is a question of fundamental biological interest. The coordinated duplication and segregation of all cellular structures and organelles is however an extremely complex process, and one which remains only partially understood even in the most intensively researched model organisms. Trypanosomes are in an unusual position in this respect – they are both outstanding model systems for fundamental questions in eukaryotic cell biology, and pathogens that are the causative agents of three of the neglected tropical diseases. As a failure to successfully complete cell division will be deleterious or lethal, analysis of the cell division cycle is of relevance both to basic biology and drug design efforts. Cell division cycle analysis is however experimentally challenging, as the analysis of phenotypes associated with it remains hypothesis-driven and therefore biased. Current methods of analysis are extremely labour-intensive, and cell synchronization remains difficult and unreliable. Consequently, there exists a need – both in basic and applied trypanosome biology – for a global, unbiased, standardized and high-throughput analysis of cell division cycle progression. In this review, the requirements – both practical and computational – for such a system are considered and compared with existing techniques for cell cycle analysis.
Association between alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit substance abuse and risk of developing schizophrenia: a nationwide population based register study
Authors: Nielsen S. M. , Toftdahl N. G. , Nordentoft M. , Hjorthøj C.
Published: February 2017

Background

Several studies have examined whether use of substances can cause schizophrenia. However, due to methodological limitations in the existing literature (e.g. selection bias and lack of adjustment of co-abuse) uncertainties still remain. We aimed to investigate whether substance abuse increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, addressing some of these limitations.

Method

The longitudinal, nationwide Danish registers were linked to establish a cohort of 3 133 968 individuals (105 178 673 person-years at risk), identifying 204 505 individuals diagnosed with substance abuse and 21 305 diagnosed with schizophrenia. Information regarding substance abuse was extracted from several registers and did not include psychotic symptoms caused by substance abuse in the definition. This resulted in a large, generalizable sample of exposed individuals. The data was analysed using Cox regression analyses, and adjusted for calendar year, gender, urbanicity, co-abuse, other psychiatric diagnosis, parental substance abuse, psychiatric history, immigration and socioeconomic status.

Results

A diagnosis of substance abuse increased the overall risk of developing schizophrenia [hazard ratio (HR) 6.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.84–6.26]. Cannabis (HR 5.20, 95% CI 4.86–5.57) and alcohol (HR 3.38, 95% CI 3.24–3.53) presented the strongest associations. Abuse of hallucinogens (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.43–2.41), sedatives (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.49–1.90), and other substances (HR 2.85, 95% CI 2.58–3.15) also increased the risk significantly. The risk was found to be significant even 10–15 years subsequent to a diagnosis of substance abuse.

Conclusion

Our results illustrate robust associations between almost any type of substance abuse and an increased risk of developing schizophrenia later in life.
When Croatia Needed Serbs: Nationalism and Genocide in Sarajevo, 1941-1942
Authors: Balić Emily Greble
Published: February 2017

While a central policy of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II called for the removal of “Serbs,” the majority of people who identified themselves (or were identified by the regime) as Serbs in Sarajevo—the second largest city in the state—remained “safe.” In order to understand why this was the case, Emily Greble Balic examines the interplay between local identity politics and state policies of genocide and nation-building. In so doing, she sheds light on such broad issues as the ambiguity of national identity at the local level; the limitations of traditional understandings of “resistance”; and the options open to members of the victim, or “foreign” group, as a result of the disjunction between national and local agendas.
Introduction
Authors: Friedman Victor A.
Published: February 2017

Almost every country in Eurasia and Africa has been labeled a "cross-roads" at one time or another. In the Balkans, every country on the Via Egnatia and the Via Militaris was a crossroads simply by virtue of being on the route. In fact, when applied metaphorically, a crossroads need only involve two directions rather than the literal four, and the metaphor often invokes problematic dichotomies—for example, Christian/Muslim, east/west, center/periphery, tradition/modernity—rather than enlight-ening complexities. Still, as crossroads go, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia has seen quite a bit of traffic over the millennia, and the presence of seven different language groups with eight centuries or more residence—Slavic, Romance, Albanian, Hellenic, Indie, Armenian, and Turkic—gives it the same linguistic complexity as Greece, although the latter country pays considerably less attention to its multilingual and multi-ethnic heritage. The illustration on the cover of this issue, with signs in two alphabets and four languages (Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish, and English), taken in a busy commercial district in the capital, Skopje, is intended both to illustrate the everyday nature of this complexity in Mace-donia and to acknowledge the global processes of which Macedonia is now a specific part.
Articulating Identity through the Technological Rearticulation of Space: The Hungarian Millennial Exhibition as World’s Fair and the Disordering of Fin-de-Siecle Budapest
Authors: Barenscott Dorothy
Published: February 2017

In this article, Dorothy Barenscott examines die dynamic interplay between modern urban development and world exhibition in the social imaginary of nation and empire, suggesting how Hungary's identity as imperial partner with Austria was increasingly tied to the multisensory experience of, and participation in, the growth of Budapest as the empire's second capital during preparations for Budapest's 1896 Millennial Exhibition. Whether a real or only perceived “world's fair,” this exhibition provided the perfect vehicle to further the goal of modern urban expansion and define what it would mean to be “Hungarian” to an international as well as a regional public. Guided by the Millennial Exhibition, a constellation of interconnected building projects arose within the urban fabric of Budapest: the construction and refinement of Andrássy Avenue, the Hungarian Parliament building, and Budapest's underground subway.
Nashi, Youth Voluntarism, and Potemkin NGOs: Making Sense of Civil Society in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Hemment Julie
Published: February 2017

By interrogating Putin-era civil society projects, this article tracks the aftermath of international development aid in post-Soviet Russian socialist space. State-run organizations such as the pro-Kremlin youth organization Nashi (Ours) are commonly read as evidence of an antidemocratic backlash and as confirmation of Russia's resurgent authoritarianism. Contributing to recent scholarship in the anthropology of postsocialism, Julie Hemment seeks here to account for Nashi by locating it in the context of twenty years of international democracy promotion, global processes of neoliberal governance, and the disenchantments they gave rise to. Drawing on a collaborative ethnographic research project involving scholars and students in the provincial city Tver', Hemment reveals Nashi's curiously hybrid nature: At the same time as it advances a trenchant critique of 1990s-era interventions and the models and paradigms that guided democracy assistance, it also draws on them. Nashi respins these resources to articulate a robust national-interest alternative that is persuasive to many young people. Moreover, rather than a static, top-down political technology project, Nashi offers its participants a range of registers and voices in which they can articulate their own individualized agendas.
A Politeia in Besiegement: Lidiia Ginzburg on the Siege of Leningrad as a Political Paradigm
Authors: Sandomirskaia Irina
Published: February 2017

In her reading of Ginzburg's notes about the siege of Leningrad, Irina Sandomirskaia emphasizes Ginzburg's conceptualization of besiegement as the imprisonment of a polity inside a tautology. In the reality of the siege as depicted by Ginzburg, the extinction of life occurs in a self-devastating repetitiveness that dominates space, time, body, communication, action, thought, and ethics. Sandomirskaia interprets Ginzburg's conceptualization of besiegement from within in terms of Michel Foucault's biopower, when life is administered and selectively awarded as an entidement, depending on how the administration understands the usefulness of that life for the war economy. As a result, a dystrophic body politic develops, as the polis in besiegement is subject to devastation and implosion, reproducing the bodily processes of a patient dying from alimentary dystrophy. Ginzburg resolutely questions the biopolitical solution by presenting an alternative in the individual politics of “loopholes of lesser evil.“
Skyscrapers, Consular Territory, and Hell: What Bulgakov and Eizenshtein Learned about Space from Il'f and Petrov's America
Authors: Nesbet Anne
Published: February 2017

The Soviet comic writers Il'ia Il'f and Evgenii Petrov traveled across America in late 1935–36, gathering material for the travelogue published upon their return as “Odnoetazhnaia Amerika” (One-Story America) in the journal Znamia and then as a book in 1937, just at the time of Il'f's death. The book was a popular success and remarkably influential: the architectural structures of “One-Story America“—its skyscrapers, staircases, one-story bungalows—reappear in literary and cultural monuments of the 1930s and 1940s, namely Mikhail Bulgakov's novel about the Devil's eventful visit to Moscow, The Master and Margarita, and Sergei Eizenshtein's essays on montage. These works share an interest in the construction of space and perspective: paradoxical spatial constructions, embedded spaces, verticality, the “trick of the skyscraper,” and what Eizenshtein referred to as the “charm” of “acrobatic points of view.“
Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis
Authors: Zahra Tara
Published: February 2017

Since the birth of mass political movements, European nationalists have lamented the failure of their constituents to respond to the siren song of national awakening. This article explores the potential of national indifference as a category of analysis in the history of modern central and eastern Europe. Tara Zahra defines indifference, explores how forms of national indifference changed over time, probes the methodological challenges associated with historicizing indifference, and examines the intersections between national indifference and transnational history. Making indifference visible enables historians to better understand the limits of nationalization and thereby helps to challenge the nationalist narratives and categories that have traditionally dominated the historiography of eastern Europe.
Museum and Society in Imperial Russia: An Introduction
Authors: Dianina Katia
Published: February 2017

At the turn of the twentieth century, European critics who were distressed about contemporary developments in the fine arts tended to use medical, psychopathological terms to diagnose the existing state of the field. In 1892-1893, an Austrian physician and writer, Max Nordau, publishedEntartung(Degeneration). Drawing on positivist psychology and anthropometry, Nordau expressed his pessimistic views on the mental and physical health of the leading figures of European fin-de-siécle culture: Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Verlaine, the impressionists, the symbolists, and many others. In Russia this book went into nine editions, in three different translations. The patriarch of Russian liberal-nationalist criticism, Vladimir Stasov applied Nordau's metaphors to Russian “decadent” artists in such reviews as “Podvorl'e prokazhennykh” (Lepers’ inn, 1899) or “Dve dekadentskie vystavki” (Two decadent exhibitions, 1903). He sarcastically remarked that, when viewing canvases by some contemporary painters, he felt as though he were “walking amidst a madhouse.”
Managing Society: Protest, Civil Society, and Regime in Putin's Russia
Authors: Robertson Graeme B.
Published: February 2017

Postcommunist Russia has become a paradigmatic case of contemporary authoritarianism in which elections coexist with autocratic rule. In this paper, Graeme B. Robertson argues that it is vital for the stability of such hybrid regimes for incumbents to maintain an image of political invincibility. This means intensively managing challenges both during elections and in the streets. To do this, Vladimir Putin's regime has built on the Soviet repertoire of channeling and inhibiting protest, creating a new system for licensing civil society and crafting ersatz social movements that rally support for the state. This contemporary style of repression has become a model for authoritarian regimes in the post-Soviet space and elsewhere.
Moral Panic and the Prostitute in Partitioned Poland: Middle-Class Respectability in Defense of the Modern Nation
Authors: Stauter-Halsted Keely
Published: February 2017

In the early twentieth century, police-regulated prostitution experienced a burst of attention from Polish-language news media. In this article, Keely Stauter-Halsted considers the extended moment of “moral panic” that unfolded when a series of public exposes revealed the scope and potential dangers of sex trafficking. Taking into account the ways “respectable” urban audiences absorbed revelations of illicit commercial transactions on city streets and increased “white slavery” activity beyond the Polish lands, Stauter-Halsted stresses the image of the prostitute as a threat to the embattled nation. The figure of the impoverished, morally compromised streetwalker encroaching on bourgeois social spaces and invading the bourgeois home challenged the sense of middle-class respectability so crucial to Polish national regeneration. By exposing innocent members of the community to sexually dangerous behavior, the prostitute came to represent decay, degeneration, and venereal disease attacking the national body, a conclusion used by social purity activists in their protoeugenics campaigns.
“Banality of Evil,” Mimicry, and the Soviet Subject: Varlam Shalamov and Hannah Arendt
Authors: Boym Svetlana
Published: February 2017

In this article, Svetlana Boym proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the everyday practices in the gulag at the crossroads of literature, political theory, and history. Boym places Soviet accounts of the gulag in the comparative context of the twentieth-century reflection on totalitarianism and terror by drawing on Hannah Arendt's theory of the banality of evil, judgment, and imagination. There is something inassimilable in Varlam Shalamov's prose: it confronts the experience of extremity but does not offer redemption. It resorts to the mimicry of Soviet discourse and the technologies of the gulag, but only to challenge any coherent conception of Soviet subjectivity, either enthusiastic or defiant. Boym examines Shalamov's uses of clichés, attention to intonation, blemish, mimicry, and estrangement. Instead of performing ideology, Shalamov's Kolyma Tales expose the breaking points of Russian and Soviet cultural myths, giving new insight into reading historical documents and understanding gulag memory in post-Soviet Russia.
The Divisive Modern Russian Tourist Abroad: Representations of Self and Other in the Early Reform Era
Authors: Layton Susan
Published: February 2017

Taking methodological cues primarily from James Buzard's bookThe Beaten Track(1993), Susan Layton examines the socially divisive construction of the Russian tourist abroad in mainstream writings published in Russia between 1856 and 1863. It was during this early reform era that Russians first began publicly worrying aboutturistyandturizmas components of their national culture. The prism of divisiveness complicates a scholarly tendency to interpret the production of imperial Russian travel narratives as a nation-building enterprise from the eighteenth century onward. Although nationalist sentiments persisted in early reform public discourse concerning leisure travel, writers also fissured the nation along lines of social estate, gender, education, cultural competence, and moral values. Layton's comparative approach establishes parallels between snobbish nineteenth-century English and Russian views of ill-prepared “crowds” of tourists abroad but underlines Russian convictions that all Russian travel to western Europe should pursue educational and moral benefits.
The Soviet Nationalities Collection at Columbia University
Authors: Summer Susan Cook
Published: February 2017

The Soviet Nationalities Collection at Columbia University is one of the largest and most varied collections of its kind in the nation. Established in the 1960s, it now numbers more than 15,000 volumes in forty-seven different languages from the Altaic, Transcaucasian, Uralic, Paleo-Siberian, and Indo-European language groups. It grows at a rate of about 500 books a year.

The collection supports instruction and research in fields including language and literature, political science, economics, history, folklore, religion and philosophy, and the arts. Although not cataloged until recently, the collection has long been used by scholars from research centers at Columbia, such as the Harriman Institute for the Advanced Study of the Soviet Union, the Center for the Study of Central Asia, the Program on Soviet Nationality Problems, and the Department of Slavic Languages. Its reputation growing by word-of-mouth, the collection has also attracted visiting scholars and requests through interlibrary loan.
Developing a system to estimate the severity of influenza infection in England: findings from a hospital-based surveillance system between 2010/2011 and 2014/2015
Authors: BODDINGTON N. L. , VERLANDER N. Q. , PEBODY R. G.
Published: February 2017

The UK Severe Influenza Surveillance System (USISS) was established following the 2009 influenza pandemic to monitor severe seasonal influenza. This article describes the severity of influenza observed in five post-2009 pandemic seasons in England. Two key measures were used to assess severity: impact measured through the cumulative incidence of laboratory-confirmed hospitalised influenza and case severity through the proportion of confirmed hospitalised cases admitted into intensive care units (ICU)/high dependency units (HDU). The impact of influenza varied by subtype and age group across the five seasons with the highest crude cumulative hospitalisation incidence for influenza A/H1N1pdm09 cases in 2010/2011 and in 0–4 year olds each season for all-subtypes. Case severity also varied by subtype and season with a higher hospitalisation: ICU ratio for A/H1N1pdm09 and older age groups (older than 45 years). The USISS system provides a tool for measuring severity of influenza each year. Such seasonal surveillance can provide robust baseline estimates to allow for rapid assessment of the severity of seasonal and emerging influenza viruses.
A comprehensible guide to a new unifier for CIC including universe polymorphism and overloading
Authors: ZILIANI BETA , SOZEAU MATTHIEU
Published: February 2017

Unification is a core component of every proof assistant or programming language featuring dependent types. In many cases, it must deal with higher order problems up to conversion. Since unification in such conditions is undecidable, unification algorithms may include several heuristics to solve common problems. However, when the stack of heuristics grows large, the result and complexity of the algorithm can become unpredictable. Our contributions are twofold: (1) We present a full description of a new unification algorithm for the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (the base logic of COQ), building it up from a basic calculus to the full Calculus of Inductive Constructions as it is implemented in COQ, including universe polymorphism, canonical structures (the overloading mechanism baked into COQ's unification), and a small set of useful heuristics. (2) We implemented our algorithm, and tested it on several libraries, providing evidence that the selected set of heuristics suffices for large developments.
Isotopic Evidence for Diet at Chau Hiix, Belize: Testing Regional Models of Hierarchy and Heterarchy
Authors: Metcalfe Jessica Z. , White Christine D. , Longstaffe Fred J. , Wrobel Gabriel , Cook Della Collins , Pyburn K. Anne
Published: February 2017

The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values (δ13C, δ15N) of collagen and the carbon isotope value of structural carbonate in bioapatite were measured in the bones and teeth of Early Classic to Historic period Maya buried at Chau Hiix, Belize. Diet at Chau Hiix comprised a mixture of resources but contained an unusual amount of protein from high trophic levels. There were no differences between the diets of males and females, and there were no consistent changes in diet from birth to age 12. However, children consumed more maize than adults during all time periods. Similarities in general diet and temporal changes at Chau Hiix, Lamanai, and Altun Ha suggest their participation in a regional socioeconomic system. The diets of the highest-status Early Classic individuals at Chau Hiix, Lamanai, and Altun Ha were different from one another and from those of other individuals buried at their respective sites. We suggest that elites created or attempted to create hierarchies of food consumption within sites during the Classic period and that a heterarchy existed among elites from different sites. During the Postclassic period the major protein component of the Chau Hiix diet shifted from terrestrial animal and/or freshwater resources to reef resources, which suggests increased associations with coastal sites. Temporal changes in diet at Chau Hiix closely paralleled changes at Lamanai, but diets at the two sites were distinct during all time periods.
Difficulties in Rejecting a Local Ancestry With mtDNA Haplogroup Data in the South-Central Andes
Authors: Lewis Cecil M.
Published: February 2017

This study assesses whether local genetic drift within populations can be rejected as a sufficient explanation for mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequency changes between contemporary and prehistoric population samples in the South-Central Andes. Differences in the frequencies of haplogroups between populations are a popular line of evidence for assessing population history. The null hypothesis of haplo group frequency change is a stochastic force inherent to finite populations called genetic drift. Genetic drift is particularly influential in small populations. Innumerable historical events can result in low population sizes, and the simplest scenarios for these events are those occurring locally. In this study, simulations are used to provide a baseline for the amount of haplogroup-frequency difference expected from local genetic drift over time. The results from the simulations are compared to observed data from 23 population samples, including six prehistoric population samples. The study concludes that local genetic drift cannot be rejected when comparing a prehistoric population to a contemporary population. For the South-Central Andes, these results have dire consequences when attempting to infer genetic exchange. This study demonstrates that more informative genetic data are required for such inferences.
The Ancient Maya Drought Cult: Late Classic Cave Use in Belize
Authors: Moyes Holley , Awe Jaime J. , Brook George A. , Webster James W.
Published: February 2017

Caves were used as ritual venues by the ancient Maya from the Early Preclassic to the Postclassic period. These sites have been intensively investigated, but little research has been devoted to changes in cave use over time. Work at Chechem Ha Cave in western Belize investigates transformations in ritual practice occurring between the Early and Late Classic periods using an explanatory framework that incorporates high-definition archaeological research with a paleoclimate reconstruction derived from speleothems. This is one of the first projects to directly link these data to the archaeological record. We also introduce new methodology to evaluate changes in ritual practice using use-intensity proxies and artifact patterning. These data demonstrate that Late Classic transformations were coeval with climatic drying. The phenomenon was identified in this case study, and the pattern is prevalent throughout the eastern lowlands suggesting that an ancient Maya drought cult was initiated at this time. We provide the first evidence that there was a failed ritual response to environmental stress, implying that a loss of faith in Maya rulership contributed to the downfall of political systems. This is an important finding for collapse theories that include ideological causations.
An Alternative Order: The Dualistic Economies of the Ancient Maya
Authors: Scarborough Vernon L. , Valdez Fred
Published: February 2017

Harkening back to the debates associated with “dualistic economies” in addressing emerging nation states, we examine aspects of the ancient economy of the lowland Maya. Resource-specialized communities were knit together in a network of interdependencies that allowed high degrees of self-sustaining separation from the large monumental centers about which we know most. The social and biophysical environs of the ancient Maya permitted multiple economic spheres that influenced their political organization and affected their lack of developed hegemonic controls. Evidence is presented from the present-day ecological set aside of the Programme for Belize in northwestern Belize.
Postmarital Residence Practice in Southern Brazilian Coastal Groups: Continuity and Change
Authors: Hubbe Mark , Neves Walter Alves , Oliveira Emiliano Castro de , Strauss André
Published: February 2017

The coastal plains of the States of Paraná and Santa Catarina, in Southern Brazil, were first settled around 6000 B.P. by shellmound builders, a successful fisher-hunter-gatherer population that inhabited the coastal lowlands practically unchanged for almost five thousand years. Shellmounds were typically occupied as residential sites as well as cemeteries, andare usually associated with rich alimentary zones. Around 1200 B.P., the first evidence of ceramics brought from the interior is found in coastal areas, and together with ceramics there is a progressive abandonment of shellmound construction in favor of flat and shallow sites. Here we consider if these changes were reflected in the postmarital residence practice of coastal groups, i.e., if the arrival or intensification of contact with groups from the interior resulted in changes in this aspect of social structure among the coastal groups. To test the postmarital residence practice we analyzed within-group variability ratios between males and females, following previous studies on the topic, and between-group correlations between Mahalanobis distances and geographic distances. The results suggest that in the pre-ceramic series a matrilocal, postmarital residential system predominated, while in the ceramic period there was a shift toward patrilocality. This favors the hypothesis that the changes experienced by coastal groups after 1200 B.P. affected not only their economy and material culture, but important aspects of their sociopolitical organization as well.
The Occupational History of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru
Authors: Lockard Gregory D.
Published: February 2017

The archaeological site of Galindo, located in the Moche Valley, is one of the most important Late Moche (ca. A. D. 600—800) centers on the North Coast of Peru. The site was once thought to have been occupied only after the nearby Huacas de Moche, the paramount Middle Moche (ca. A. D. 300–600) center in the valley, was abandoned. Recent radiocarbon dates from the Huacas de Moche, however, indicate that it continued to be occupied well into the eighth century A. D. This paper presents data on the occupational history of Galindo recently obtained during the Galindo Archaeological Project (GAP). These data, along with similar data from the Huacas de Moche, present a new understanding of the occupational history of the Moche Valley during the first half of the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600–1000).
The Role ofProsopisin Ecological and Landscape Change in the Samaca Basin, Lower Ica Valley, South Coast Peru from the Early Horizon to the Late Intermediate Period
Authors: Beresford-Jones David G. , Arce T. Susana , Whaley Oliver Q. , Chepstow-Lusty Alex J.
Published: February 2017

The lower Ica Valley on the hyperarid south coast of Peru is today largely depopulated and bereft of cultivation, yet its extensive archaeological remains attest to substantial prehispanic populations. This paper describes archaeological investigations to retrace changes in geomorphology, ecology, and land-use in Samaca, one of the riparian oasis basins of the lower Río lea, with the aim of investigating when, how, and why such changes took place. Archaeological interpretations of culture change in the region often invoke the impacts of major ENSO perturbations (El Niño). While our investigations confirm that major El Niño events around the end of the Early Intermediate Period likely offer part of the explanation for marked landscape change in the Samaca Basin, we also demonstrate the significance of more gradual, human-induced destruction of Prosopis pallida (huarango) riparian dry-forest. Huarango is a remarkable leguminous hardwood that lives for over a millennium and provides forage, fuel, and food. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in integrating fragile desert ecosystems, enhancing soil fertility and moisture, and accomplishing desalination and microclimatic amelioration. We propose that south coast valleys remained densely forested well into the Early Intermediate Period, attenuating the impact of El Niño events and supporting hitherto underappreciated agroforestry adaptations. Gradual deforestation eventually crossed an environmental threshold: river and wind erosion increased dramatically and precipitated radical desertification, feeding back into cultural changes in the Middle Horizon. Thus we argue Prosopis-human ecological relationships merit proper recognition in our archaeological interpretations of the south coast of Peru.