bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KARYOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN CROTALINE SNAKES (FAMILY VIPERIDAE) OF THE GENERA AGKISTRODON, SISTRURUS, AND CROTALUS
Authors: Zimmerman Earl G. , Kilpatrick C. William
Published: November 2014

The karyotypes of 10 species of crotaline snakes from three genera of the family Viperidae are described. All species were found to possess a diploid number of 36 with intergeneric differences involving at least two pairs of autosomes. More significant differences were found between the sex chromosomes with Agkistrodon piscivorous possessing a submetacentric W, A. contortrix possessing an acrocentric W, Sistrurus sp. possessing an acrocentric W, and all Crotalus sp. possessing a submetacentric or subtelocentric W. The chromosomal relationships of the genera are discussed in light of current thoughts on evolution in the Viperidae and chromosomal evolution in snakes.
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF COMB LOCI AND MATING BEHAVIOR IN CHICKENS
Authors: Cook W. T. , Siegel P. B.
Published: November 2014

Qualitative and quantitative data obtained from lines of chickens divergently selected for male mating ability and from the unselected randombred control population were used to evaluate the relationship of comb type alleles and mating behavior. An apparent antagonistic relationship was found between the rose (R) allele and low cumulative number of completed matings in the low mating line, while the opposite association was found for the pea (P) allele. No association was found between alleles of the rose and pea loci and mating ability in the high mating or control lines. An antagonistic relationship was indicated between the rough (He+) allele and a high cumulative number of matings. These results support the hypothesis that two genetical systems interact to influence the mating frequency of male chickens and further suggest that alleles of the rose, rough, and pea loci should not be used as marker genes to estimate genetic drift in random mating populations maintained by natural matings.
A SEARCH FOR COMPLEXITY AT THE MATING-TYPE LOCUS OFNEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Newmeyer Dorothy , Howe Jr. H. Branch , Galeazzi Donna R.
Published: November 2014

Evidence for complexity at the mating-type locus of Neurospora crassa was sought by selecting recombinants between closely linked markers on either side. All recombinants were tested for crossing ability, to test the hypothesis that the two mating-type alleles are actually closely linked self-sterile mutants; such tests should also detect subunits analogous to the α and β subunits of the A factor of Schizophyllum or Coprinus. No change in crossing ability was found among the 5,019 recombinants tested, representing 235,000 viable ascospores. The results indicate that if subunits exist, they are not more than 0.002 units apart. Twelve hundred and forty of the recombinants were tested in a way that should also have detected subunits analogous to the A and B factors of Schizophyllum and Coprinus, except that A and B would be closely linked. No such subunits were detected.N. crassa strains of opposite mating type are heterokaryon-incompatible during vegetative growth, and observations of various investigators have suggested that the heterokaryon incompatibility might be controlled by a separate closely-linked gene rather than by mating type itself. A sample of the recombinants was therefore tested for separation of the heterokaryon-incompatibility and crossing-compatibility functions. (Heterokaryon-incompatibility was scored by the presence of an incompatibility reaction in duplications heterozygous for mating type; this technique is simple and eliminates complications due to unlinked heterokaryon-incompatibility loci, several of which are known in N. crassa.) No separation was found. The results indicate that if an adjacent gene is responsible for the heterokaryon-incompatibility, it is not more than 0.0078 units from mating type, if on the left, and not more than 0.018 units from mating type, if on the right.
INHERITANCE AND LINKAGE RELATIONSHIP OF TWO RADIATION-INDUCED SEEDLING MUTANTS OF CUCUMBER
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P.
Published: November 2014

A radiation-induced mutation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) which affects plant pubescence is controlled by a single recessive gene. Mutant seedlings have glabrous hynocotyls, and mature plants have glabrous internodes and leaf petioles. The laminae, especially of the first true leaf, the node areas and the perianths are slightly pubescent (glabrate). This new gene is designated glb, glabrate. There was no evidence of linkage between this gene and glabrous (gl), non-bitter cotyledon (bi), light sensitive (ls), yellow cotyledon (yc) or crinkled-leaf (cr).A sister line of glb also segregated for a lethal mutation. Mutant seedlings had pale green, slightly smaller cotyledons, and died 6 to 7 days after emergence. The mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, designated pl, pale lethal. The gene was not linked with either glabrate (gib) or non-bitter cotyledon (bi).
THE DURATION OF MEIOSIS IN A DIPLOID RYE, A TETRAPLOID WHEAT AND THE HEXAPLOID TRITICALE DERIVED FROM THEM
Authors: Bennett Michael D. , Kaltsikes P. J.
Published: November 2014

Meiosis and pollen development were timed in diploid rye, Secale cereale L. cv. Prolific; tetraploid wheat, Triticum turgidum L. var. durum cv. Stewart; and a hexaploid, Triticale hexaploide cv. 6A190, derived from them. At 20 C the duration of meiosis was about 51 hr in Prolific rye, 31 hr in Stewart wheat, and 37 hr in 6A190 triticale. Pollen development at 20 C lasted about 16 days in Prolific rye, about 9.5 days in Stewart wheat, and about 10 days in 6A190 triticale. These times are in close agreement with estimates previously made for diploid rye, cv. Petkus Spring; tetraploid Triticum dicoccum; and hexaploid triticale cv. RosnerThe high nuclear DNA content of rye pollen mother cells (PMC's) determines a longer meiotic time in both diploid and tetraploid rye than that determined by the lower nuclear DNA contents of PMC's in diploid and tetraploid wheat. The data available may be interpreted to indicate that the relative effect of the wheat and rye genomes in determining the rate of meiotic development in wheat/rye amphiploids varies according to the ratio of wheat to rye genomes. In diploid and tetraploid rye and in 6A190 triticale the proportion of the total meiotic time taken by zygotene and pachytene together (about 40%) differs from the proportion of meiosis which they take in hexaploid wheat and octoploid triticale (about 25%). This difference may be causally correlated with differences between the meiotic stability of rye chromosomes in wheat/rye amphidiploids at the hexaploid and octoploid levels.
STUDIES ON THE CYTOGENETIC AND GENETIC EFFECTS OF FLUORIDE ON BARLEY.: II. THE EFFECTS OF TREATMENTS OF SEEDLING COLEOPTILES WITH SODIUM FLUORIDE
Authors: Bale S. S. , Hart G. E.
Published: November 2014

Treatment of seedling coleoptiles (truncated and non-truncated) with either sodium fluoride alone or in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide did not inhibit growth. Cytological analyses indicated that these treatments produced chromosome abnormalities, including bridges with or without fragments, univalents, fragments and micronuclei. The production of a significantly higher percentage of chromosomal aberrations by simultaneous treatment with a low concentration of sodium fluoride and dimethyl sulfoxide over that produced by treatment with low concentration of sodium fluoride alone indicates that dimethyl sulfoxide can enhance the uptake of the mutagen and thereby increase the mutagenic effect.Tests were conducted to determine whether the fluoride treatments were capable of inducing chlorophyll mutations. Plants whose coleoptiles had been treated at the seedling stage were self-fertilized and the S1seeds obtained used to produce plants which were self-fertilized. The S2seedlings obtained from these latter self-fertilizations were screened for chlorophyll mutations. None was observed.
IRRADIATION OF SPERM AND OOCYTES INONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS(HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE): SEX RATIO, FERTILITY, AND CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN THE F1PROGENY
Authors: LaChance L. E. , Richard R. D.
Published: November 2014

Adult Oncopeltus fasciatus were irradiated as 7- to 8-day-old males, and as 3- to 4- or 10- to 12-day-old females with doses of 8 and 20 krad of gamma irradiation and 200 R of X-rays, respectively. Treated bugs were outcrossed to untreated bugs, and F1progeny derived from irradiated sperm and from prophase and metaphase oocytes were studied. All treated bugs were less fertile than the controls, but none of the treatments produced full sterility. Among the F1generation from the three types of crosses, there was no significant deviation from a 50:50 sex ratio.When F1males were outcrossed to untreated females, only the males derived from irradiated sperm were semisterile; F1males derived from the treated oocytes were as fertile as the controls. The semisterility of the F1males was correlated with chromosome translocations and fragments in the spermatocytes. The virtual absence of these aberrations in the testes of F1males derived from irradiated oocytes suggests that these aberrations are not induced in oocytes, are repaired, or are not included in the maternal pronucleus after irradiation of meiotic oocytes.
ACTIVITY AND RELATIVE MOBILITY OF PEROXIDASE AND ESTERASE ISOZYMES OF FLAX (LINUM USITATISSIMUM) GENOTROPHS. II. F1HYBRIDS AND NUCLEAR DNA REVERSION TYPES
Authors: Fieldes M. A. , Tyson H.
Published: November 2014

The effects of growth of one genotype of flax in soil supplemented by either nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (NPK) or nitrogen and potassium (NK) on its progeny produced by several generations of complete selfing were studied. The two types of progeny produced, genotroph L, induced by NPK and genotroph S induced by NK, and their F1reciprocal hybrids were examined. L and S differed in plant weight and in the activities and relative mobilities of their corresponding anionic peroxidase and esterase isozymes. No reciprocal differences were detected and the mean F1values for all characteristics were intermediate between the parents, with the exception of the peroxidase isozyme relative mobilities which displayed dominance of parent L. The genotrophs were known to exhibit a 16% difference in nuclear DNA content which could be reverted to 0%, without altering the genotroph fresh weight difference, by growing the genotrophs in lower than normal temperatures. Examination of the peroxidase and esterase isozymes of nDNA reverted genotrophs showed that, with one possible exception, there was no accompanying reversion of the activities and relative mobilities of the peroxidase or esterase isozymes.
GENETICS OF 5-FLUORODEOXYURIDINE-RESISTANT MUTANTS OFNEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Hoffmann G. R. , Malling H. V. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: November 2014

Mutants resistant to inhibitory concentrations of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) were induced by ultraviolet light. Resistance was demonstrated by growth-tube experiments and by plating efficiencies in the presence and in the absence of FdUrd. Linkage studies involving five mutants revealed the existence of at least two loci conferring resistance to the inhibitor. These loci, designated fdu-1 and fdu-2, were assigned to Linkage Groups VII and IV, respectively. Both resistance genes are recessive to their sensitive alleles in heterokaryons. Resistance to FdUrd is stable both in the presence and in the absence of the inhibitor. Possible mechanisms of resistance to FdUrd are discussed.
INHERITANCE OF FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES IN SOYBEANS
Authors: Buzzell R. I. , Buttery B. R.
Published: November 2014

Genetic analysis detected three genes that are involved in the formation of various flavonol glycosides in the leaves of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Eight flavonol classes were observed with each gene showing dominance for glycoside formation. The gene symbols Fg1and fg1, Fg2and fg2, and Fg3and fg3are proposed.
CHIASMA FORMATION IN THE SUB-METACENTRIC B-CHROMOSOME OF XANTHISMA TEXANUM DC.
Authors: Semple John C.
Published: November 2014

The B-chromosome of Xanthisma texanum is submetacentric, rather than telocentric as previously reported. Chiasma formation is a common phenomenon in both A-set chromosome bivalents and in B-chromosome bivalents. Theoretically recombination is possible and therefore evolution of B-chromosomes is not restricted to gene mutations alone.
BANDING ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMOSOMES OF MARMOSA MITIS (MURINE OPOSSUM)
Authors: Curcuru-Giordano Frances M. , Weed Richard G. , Jenkins Edmund C.
Published: November 2014

The modal chromosome number of 14 has been confirmed in Marmosa mitis by examining 622 metaphase spreads derived from heart and lung cell cultures as well as from direct bone marrow preparations. Nine adult individuals, seven females and two males, were investigated. Preferential Y chromosome elimination was observed in both males. It was found that four of the seven chromosome pairs could be identified morphologically while Q-banding allowed differentiation of all chromosomes. The ASG technique revealed that one X chromosome was consistently heterochromatic.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF RNA BYROUND SPOREMUTATIONS INASCOBOLUS IMMERSUS
Authors: Hamelin C. , Cousineau G. H.
Published: November 2014

Ninety-nine spontaneous round spore mutants from Ascobolus immersus were grouped into two independent series designated 828 and 1034. Series 828 is a complex locus with various alleles. Total RNA characterization of three mutants from series 828 and one from series 1034 was done. Significant quantitative differences in RNA content were found between the mutant strains and the wildtype strain S2. In the case of the particular mutant strains, it seems that the expression on RNA synthesis by heteroallelic strains is identical; while it varies for an independent locus it is still responsible for the same morphological aberration in ascospore size.
TELOMERIC ASSOCIATIONS OF GAMETIC AND SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES IN DIPLOID AND AUTOTETRAPLOIDORNITHOGALUM VIRENS
Authors: Ashley Terry , Wagenaar E. B.
Published: November 2014

In acetocarmine root-tip squashes, diploid cells of Ornithogalum virens in prophase exhibit configurations resulting from end-to-end associations of the six chromosomes. Homologues lie opposite one another in a ring. Prophase chromosomes of the autotretraploid cells likewise associate end-to-end; however, four homogues instead of two generally lie adjacent to one another and four (or eight) ends are often connected instead of the two (or four) found in diploid cells. Prophase chromosomes in a haploid pollen grain of a diploid form an open chain of three chromosomes, whereas in pollen from the autotetraploid balanced gametes form a configuration in which homologous pairs lie adjacent to one another and are attached end-to-end to other homologous pairs of nonhomologous chromosomes to form a chain. These observations are discussed in terms of the role telomeric associations may play in recognition and pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase. This recognition of homologues may occur as early as syngamy.
GENETIC DRIFT AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION MEASURED FROM CONTROL POPULATIONS OF MICE
Authors: Eisen E. J. , Hanrahan J. P.
Published: November 2014

A pedigree control line of mice (ICR stock) with a mean effective population size [Formula: see text] of 110.52 was evaluated over 26 generations. Control lines, sampled from the ICR stock, of 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1 pairs, replicated 2, 2, 4, 8 and 16 times, respectively, were maintained for 15 generations. Mean inbreeding coefficients (F) were 0.10 in the ICR stock and 0.12, 0.20, 0.42, 0.76 and 0.95 in the respective control lines. Traits evaluated were per cent females littering (PFL), number born (NB), 12-day litter weight (W12), body weights at 3 (WK3), 6 (WK6) and 8 (WK8) weeks, gain from 3 to 6 weeks (PWG) and 6-week tail length (TAIL). The significant (P < 0.05) regressions of means on generation number in the ICR stock for PFL (0.22 ± 0.11), W12 (0.18 ± 0.09) and NB (−.04 ± 0.02) were probably due to unknown environmental effects. The remaining traits showed no trends. Analysis of generation trends in the WK6 variance components of the ICR stock showed no significant changes in heritability, total maternal effects or environmental effects. Mean trends in the replicate control lines indicated that smaller Netended to show greater average divergence among replicates. For about 70% of the Ne-trait combinations the observed variance among replicates exceeded the predicted drift variance. Linear regressions of control line means for each trait on F, within generations, were significantly (P < 0.01) negative. Male means for WK6, WK8 and PWG showed a significantly greater inbreeding depression than females, even after adjustment for differences in phenotypic standard deviations. When the 1 and 2 pair lines were excluded, the regressions on F were reduced for all traits except NB and female PWG.
FAMILIAL ANEUPLOIDY: WHAT RISK TO SIBS?
Authors: Bell A. G. , Cripps Mary H.
Published: November 2014

Chromosome studies on the parents and sibs of subjects identified with numerical sex chromosome abnormalities through a sex chromatin and Y body survey of Toronto newborns have been performed. In 51 full sibs of 30 probands there were one XXY brother and one XYY brother of two different XXY subjects. No parental mosaicisms were demonstrated, although these were looked for in the parents of these two families. While no other aneuploidies were found in these sibs, other reports strongly suggests that the risk to sibs includes risk of autosomal anomalies as well.In addition to these findings in sibs, two of the XXY probands were found to be half-first cousins.
TELOCENTRIC MAPPING IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT OF GENES FOR LEAF RUST RESISTANCE AND OTHER CHARACTERS DERIVED FROM AEGILOPS SQUARROSA
Authors: Rowland G. G. , Kerber E. R.
Published: November 2014

Telocentrics of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare cv. Chinese Spring, were used to establish the chromosome arm location and crossover distance from the centromere of genes controlling characters introduced into synthetic hexaploid wheat (2n = 42 = AABBDD) from Aegilops squarrosa (2n = 14 = DD). The chromosome arm location and the crossover distance from the centromere of each gene studied are as follows: synthetic hexaploid RL 5404 — brown glumes (Rg2), 1DL, 13.3 ± 3.3%; tenacious glumes (Tg), 2Dα, 39.4 ± 4.9%; inhibitor of waxy foliage (W21), 2Dα, 52.5 ± 5.0%; adult-plant leaf rust resistance (Lr22), 2Dα, 63.6 ± 4.8%; purple coleoptile (Rc3), 7DS, 10.3 ± 2.8%; synthetic hexaploid RL 5406 — Rg2, 1DL, 1.7 ± 1.0%; Tg, 2Dα, 42.9 ± 4.6%; W21, 2Dα, 58.9 ± 4.6%; Rc3, 7DS, 9.8 ± 2.8%. A gene for seedling leaf rust resistance (Lr21) found in RL 5406 is located on chromosome 1D.
ORIGIN OF THE FREE THRESHING CHARACTER IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT
Authors: Kerber E. R. , Rowland G. G.
Published: November 2014

All 15 hexaploid wheats (2n = 42 = AABBDD) synthesized from various combinations of nine tetraploid wheats (2n = 28 = AABB) and seven forms of Aegilops squarrosa L. (2n = 14 = DD) were non-free-threshing, regardless of the presence or absence of the Q factor. Monosomic and telosomic analysis of synthetic hexaploids RL 5404 and RL 5406, produced from crosses of Tetra Canthatch (the AABB component extracted from the common wheat cultivar Canthatch) with two forms of Ae. squarrosa, revealed the presence of a partially dominant gene for tenacious glumes, Tg, on chromosome 2Dα. This gene, derived from the squarrosa parent, inhibited the expression of Q located on chromosome 5A. The recessive allele tg as well as Q must be present for the expression of the free-threshing character in hexaploid wheat. On the assumption that Ae. squarrosa of the past possessed Tg, as apparently do all extant forms, it is hypothesized that the primitive hexaploid progenitor of free-threshing hexaploid wheat also carried this gene and, therefore, was non-free-threshing. The mutation from Tg to tg is presumed to have occurred at the hexaploid level.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OFUSTILAGO HORDEI(PERS.) LAGERH. III. MEMBRANE COMPLEXES ASSOCIATED WITH MEIOTIC NUCLEI
Authors: Robb Jane
Published: November 2014

In the smut fungus, Ustilago hordei, membrane complexes are formed in the vicinity of the nucleus during meiotic prophase I. These complexes are similar to those associated with septum initiation. The hypothesis is presented that the complexes are part of a system governing the positional regulation of cell and nuclear division in the metabasidium. A review is presented of the literature pertaining to fungal membrane complexes; their relationship to the bacterial mesosome and the Golgi apparatus of higher organisms is discussed.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS OF SOME NORTH AMERICAN MIRIDS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Akingbohungbe A. E.
Published: November 2014

Data are presented on the chromosome numbers (2n) of some eighty species of Miridae. The new information is combined with existing data on some Palearctic and Ethiopian species and discussed. From it, it is suggested that continued reference to 2n = 32A + X + Y as basic mirid karyotype should be avoided and that contrary to earlier suggestions, agmatoploidy rather than polyploidy is a more probable mechanism of numerical chromosomal change.
THE EFFECTS OF SUPERNUMERARY CHROMATIN IN THREE SPECIES OF GRASSHOPPER
Authors: Schroeter Gilbert L. , Hewitt Godfrey M.
Published: November 2014

The chiasma frequencies in males of three species of grasshopper with and without B-chromosomes and supernumerary segments were scored at diplotene. The partially heterochromatic B's found in some individuals of Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica have no effect on chiasma frequencies. On the other hand, heterochromatic supernumerary segments in Oedaleonotus phryneicus males significantly increase the mean chiasma frequencies over individuals without them but not the between-cell variances. In Camnula pellucida neither the mitotically unstable B's nor supernumerary segments have any apparent effect on chiasma.frequencies. The supernumerary elements in Chimarocephala pacifica and Camnula pellucida may, however, produce other effects during the life cycle These and previous observations suggest that polymorphism involving extra genetic material in grasshoppers can result in increased population variability via two different means: (1) by producing variation in chiasma frequency or (2) through direct effects in the individuals possessing it. The importance of such a mechanism for producing variation is discussed.
SPECIFIC C BAND PATTERNS IN CONTINUOUS HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES
Authors: O'Neill Frank J. , Miles Charles P.
Published: November 2014

Analysis of centromeric heterochromatin in five human lymphoblastoid cell lines is described utilizing the C banding technique. Two lines, LK 60 and NC 37 showed a polymorphism for the size of the band on chromosome 1. LK 60 also showed accentuation or stretching of the secondary constriction on No. 1 and in almost all cells studied the affected homolog was also the one with the large C band. Another line SKL-1, also showed an accentuated constriction on chromosome 1 but did not have a detectable polymorphism. NC 37 did not show a constriction. In LK 60 the stretching of the constriction always appeared within the boundaries of the constitutive heterochromatin, regardless of the degree of stretching.SKL-1 and RPMI 6410 showed marker chromosomes with double C bands. One such chromosome appeared in SKL-1 and the bands were relatively widely spaced. However, analysis of this chromosome with standard staining procedures showed that one band was only rarely associated with a constriction while the other band, nearest the telomere, always showed a constriction. In RPMI 6410 two such markers were apparent. In one, the bands were well spaced, to allow an analysis for association with constrictions. In this case one band was always associated with a constriction while the other band showed a constriction in most of the cells. The possibility that these chromosomes are dicentric is discussed.
IDENTIFICATION OF THREE CHROMOSOMAL INTERCHANGES IN COMMON WHEAT, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.
Authors: Baier A. C. , Zeller F. J. , Fischbeck G.
Published: November 2014

Analyzing the F1 P.M.C.s of the crosses between Solo and the 21 monosomic lines of Chinese Spring three chromosomal interchanges involving six wheat chromosomes were identified. 5B/7B involves the longest segments and is already known in other varieties. 7A/7D involves a powdery mildew resistance gene, probably Pm 1 on the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 7A. An attempt is made to explain the deviating segregation ratios of these two aneuploid F2's in the mildew tests. 2A/4D probably involves very short segments since only one single cell out of 1,400 P.M.C.s showed three quadrivalents.
DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVITY OF DOMINANT ALEURONE COLOR SUPPRESSORS IN MAIZE
Authors: Peterson Peter A. , Leleji Onogbakere
Published: November 2014

Three distinguishable aleurone-color-suppressing alleles at the C locus have been identified. They are differentiated on the basis of potency in suppressing color. The tester line showing the least suppression is the more efficient substrate to distinguish the color-suppressing alleles. A model is proposed on the nature of dominant suppression of aleurone color.
DISOMIC AND DITELOSOMIC ADDITIONS OF DIPLOIDAGROPYRON ELONGATUMCHROMOSOMES TOTRITICUM AESTIVUM
Authors: Dvorak J. , Knott D. R.
Published: November 2014

A set of disomic addition lines was produced in which each chromosome of Agropyron elongatum (2n = 14) was added to the chromosome complement of Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. In addition a complete set of ditelosomic addition lines involving Agropyron chromosome arms IS, IIα, IIIα, IVS, IVL, VS, VL, VIS and VIIα, was developed. Except for disomic addition line VII which is similar to Chinese Spring, each added alien chromosome pair was found to have a specific effect on plant morphology. Five disomic addition lines had reduced fertility. Agropyron chromosome arms carrying genes for anthocyanin production, waxless foliage, tenacious glumes, and several other traits were identified. The single Agropyron chromosomes in the monosomic addition lines usually have either minor effects or no effect on plant morphology and fertility.The disomic addition lines are similar in many characters to tetrasomics of the corresponding homoeologous wheat chromosomes and show characters that are not present in either Ag. elongatum or the amphiploid, T. aestivum × Ag. elongatum. Thus many of the effects are due to gene dosage. If individual disomic addition lines are compared with the amphiploid a significant role of interchromosomal gene interactions is apparent.In combination with knowledge of the homoeologous relationships among wheat and alien chromosomes, sets of disomic addition lines can provide valuable information on the evolutionary past of genomes in Triticinae. In monosomic addition lines only Agropyron chromosome IV paired with a wheat chromosome and it is concluded that it is improbable that Agropyron genomes played any role in the evolution of the polyploid series of Aegilops and Triticum.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HEXAPLOID WHEAT,TRITICUM AESTIVUM, USING INTERVARIETAL CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION LINES. I. CULM LENGTH, EAR DENSITY, SPIKELET NUMBER AND FERTILITY
Authors: Halloran G. M.
Published: November 2014

Genetic analyses were conducted of culm length, ear density, spikelet number and fertility in wheat using the two cultivars Chinese Spring and Hope and the 21 chromosome substitution lines of Hope in Chinese Spring.Elimination of differential vernalization and photoperiodic responses of the substitution lines revealed comparatively simple genetic control of these characters. Minimal estimates of the number of genes determining character expression are three for culm length, four for ear density, six for spikelet number and five for fertility. Major and minor influences of these genes have been arbitrarily determined.
MUTATION TEST OF 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Majumdar S. K. , Golia John K.
Published: November 2014

Oregon-R Drosophila melanogaster males were fed medium containing 0, 250, and 1000 pm of 2,4,5-T to test the mutagenic effects of this herbicide. Both levels of the herbicide increased the number of sex-linked recessive lethals. This increase in mutation rate was found to be significant only at the 1000 ppm concentration.
INTERSPECIFIC ANEUPLOIDS IN THE GENUS SOLANUM
Authors: Kessel R. , Rowe P. R.
Published: November 2014

Among 143 progeny from interspecific triploid-diploid crosses in Solanum 67.1% were aneuploid. A study of these aneuploids led to the conclusion that the morphological detection of Solanum trisomics is impossible, even after repeated backcrossing, probably because of the highly heterozygous nature of the material. Unique phenotypic characteristics caused by the presence of the extra chromosome are masked by normal genetic segregation. The lack of distinctive phenotypes makes the establishment of a complete set of trisomics more difficult and complicates efforts to determine the transmission frequency of the extra chromosome. In addition the identification of the extra chromosome in each trisomic will require pachytene analysis. Cytological data were obtained for 39 clones. Although some clones exhibited a few cytological abnormalities, meiosis of the trisomics were basically normal. The metaphase I associations were found in the following frequencies: 1) 11 bivalents and 1 trivalent 29%; 2) 11 bivalents and 3 univalents 11.9%; 3) 12 bivalents and 1 univalent 59.1%. There was no obvious pattern of frequencies within a family, and frequencies with which the univalents moved on or off the plate varied from clone to clone. The extra chromosome was identified for three trisomic clones. The aneuploids were generally quite vigorous and fertile. As expected, male and female fertility decreased as the chromosome number increased but factors other than extra chromosomal inbalance affected fertility.
DETERMINATION OF BREAKPOINT POSITIONS IN BARLEY TRANSLOCATIONS BY KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT RINGS OF SIX CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Tuleen N. A. , Gardenhire J. H.
Published: November 2014

Five T1-5 and 10 T1-6 barley translocations were crossed with the translocation T1-7f. Plants in which the T1-5 and T1-6 translocations had been combined with T1-7f due to crossing over in the differential segment were selected in the F2generation. One of the chromosomes present in plants carrying the translocations in the combined form is made up of parts of the three chromosomes involved in the two translocations, and the segmental arrangement of this tripartite chromosome is determined by the position of the breakpoints in chromosome 1. The karyotypes of these stocks were analyzed and the breakpoints in seven of the translocations were assigned to the same arm and eight to the opposite arm of chromosome 1 relative to the position of the breakpoint in T1-7f.
GIEMSA BANDING OF THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE DOMESTIC SHEEP (OVIS ARIES)
Authors: Zartman D. L. , Bruère A. N.
Published: November 2014

A Giemsa banding procedure was used to construct a basic G-band idiogram for the domestic sheep. The idiogram is labelled in a systematic manner according to the routine recommended for human chromosomes. This pattern based on NaOH treatment, provides a standard of comparison for further studies on intra- and interspecific chromosome homologies in addition to identification of chromosomal abnormalities.Late replicating regions of chromosomal DNA were detected with tritiated thymidine. Partial homologies between G-bands and these late replicating areas were found. Previously reported areas of prevalent secondary constrictions were seen to coincide with late replicating, G-positive regions on the metacentric and X chromosomes.
IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF ANTIGENICALLY MARKED COLONIES IN MOUSE CELL CULTURES: A TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING GENETIC CHANGES
Authors: Glen Ian R.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes a technique by which specific genetic changes involving histocompatability loci in cultured mouse cells can be detected and the altered cells isolated. Reconstruction experiments were carried out using cells from two inbred mouse strains in mixed cultures. These cells were antigenically different and fluorescent antibodies were used to identify cells expressing the desired phenotype in a partially cloned culture. Fluorescing colonies were isolated, recloned, and established as pure cultures. The application of this technique to gene transfer, mutation, and cell hybridization studies is discussed briefly.
CYTOLOGY AND GENETICS OF T(9,11) IN THE GERMAN COCKROACH, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER CHROMOSOME 9 TRAITS
Authors: Cochran Donald G. , Ross Mary H.
Published: November 2014

A new chromosome translocation in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, was studied. Cytologically, it involves chromosomes 9 and 11 and was designated T(9,11). The approximate positions of the breakpoints were determined. In chromosome 9, the distance between the breakpoint and Df(9)Pw was measured. Genetically, linkage of T(9,11) with the chromosome 9 marker, ru, was estimated at 1.1 ± 0.6%. The new chromosome 9 breakpoint and available linkage data were used to approximate the location of the linkage group on the chromosome. An attempt to correlate map and chromosome distances indicated chromosome 9 probably has a total of at least 50 crossover units.Crosses between T(9, 11) heterozygotes and wild type showed significant sex differences in oothecal size and percent hatch. In males, the hatch data suggested preferential alternate disjunction. This was confirmed cytologically by examination of metaphase I and prophase II cells. In females, the hatch data suggested random disjunction. Similar hatch and cytological data are included for T(9,10)Pw and T(2,11)Cu. Intercrosses of T(9,11) were largely sterile, precluding the attempt to test for a viable homozygote.
CONTROL OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN YEAST
Authors: Halvorson H. O. , Kaback D. , Sogin S. , Sajdel-Sulkowska E. M. , Takano I.
Published: November 2014

During the cell cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae there is an ordered appearance of a number of enzymes and various physiological properties but a continuous increase in the rate of rRNA synthesis. A detailed study of rRNA synthesis has shown that there are reiterated genes for rRNA which are largely clustered on chromosome I and appear to be transcribed continuously during the cell cycle. However, the level of activity of polymerase I is proportional to the level of rRNA during the cell cycle and is correlated with the growth rate of the culture. In contrast, the level of polymerase II, thought to be involved in mRNA synthesis, increases during a definite period of the cell cycle characteristic of step enzymes in yeast. It would appear that the level of the activity of polymerase I is involved in the regulation of rRNA synthesis. Possible other mechanisms for the regulation of rRNA are discussed.
PATTERNS OF SPERM COMPETITION INNASONIA VITRIPENNIS
Authors: Holmes Helen B.
Published: November 2014

Females of the parasitic wasp, Nasonia vitripennis Walker, were generally nonreceptive after the initial copulation. But if they were inseminated twice, once by each of two virgin males in quick succession, they seldom retained for utilization any sperm from the second mate. If both males, or first males only, were partially depleted of sperm by prior copulations, then sperm from both males were often retained and utilized daily throughout a two- to three-week laying period. Sperm mixing resulted in random usage or in initiai preferential usage from either the first or second male. Precedence in usage of sperm from one mutant (oy) is suggested. When groups of males competed for females, some of the females were not inseminated and some others were doubly inseminated.
IDENTIFICATION OF A COMPLEX CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENT INNEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Griffiths A. J. F. , Delange A. M. , Jung J. H.
Published: November 2014

A complex chromosome rearrangement has been identified using predominantly genetic, but some cytological criteria, in crosses heterozyous for the rearrangement. The rearrangement involves the insertion of a segment of LG I into LG IV in an inverted position with respect to centromere, and a segment of LG IV reciprocally inserted into LG I, possibly in inverted sequence, T (I → IV, I ← IV). Some of the properties of such a rearrangement are considered, including absence of single exchanges in inverted segments, high incidence of even-numbered exchanges, inter-linkage group linkages, and ascospore abortion and genotype patterns; a good fit of the model to the data is demonstrated.
INDUCTION OF ANEUPLOIDY IN MOUSE BONE MARROW CELLS WITH DIETHYLSTILBESTROL-DIPHOSPHATE
Authors: Chrisman C. L. , Hinkle L. L.
Published: November 2014

Bone marrow was collected from adult male mice derived from four way crosses between inbred strains. Sixty males were included in an experiment in which treatment animals were given a single injection of 1, 10, or 100 μg/g diethylstilbestrol-diphosphate (DES-dp) and killed 6, 24, or 48 h post injection. An additional 20 males were given one injection of the drug daily for 5 days and killed 6 h after the last injection. Chromosome number determinations from 25 metaphase plates of 60 treatment animals were compared with counts from 20 controls. Analysis of the data revealed that dose and duration of exposure to DES-dp were both influential in producing aneuploid cells.
SOMATIC RECOMBINATION IN USTILAGO HORDEI DURING THE PARASITIC PHASE ON BARLEY
Authors: Megginson Fiona G. A. , Person Clayton O.
Published: November 2014

The method used in this study was designed to demonstrate the existence of somatic recombination in operation during the parasitic phase of the smut fungus Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Lagerh. Barley seeds were inoculated with mixtures of nutritionally deficient mutants of U. hordei. Inoculations were arranged in such a way that the parasitic phase would be completed only if an unusual event, such as somatic recombination, had taken place. Detailed analysis of putative somatic recombinant teliospores, obtained from an infected plant, was carried out. It was concluded that somatic recombination was probably responsible not only indirectly for the unexpected appearance of a niacin deficiency, but also directly for the free reassortment of marker genes originally present in separate parental cultures.
EPISTASIS IN GRAIN SORGHUM,SORGHUM BICOLOR
Authors: Liang G. H. , Dayton A. D. , Walter T. L.
Published: November 2014

Epistasis, or interaction between nonallelic genes in grain sorghum (S. bicolor (L.) Moench), was estimated by comparing means of 20 balanced sets of single- and 3-way crosses. Each balanced set consisted of three single crosses and three 3-way crosses derived from three of the six parental varieties used. Results indicated that epistasis was present in nine sets for grain yield, in 13 sets for half-bloom date, and in 11 sets for plant height and for kernel weight. Epistasis seemingly fluctuates over years and locations. On the average, 3-way hybrids yielded less grain, flowered later, and were taller than the single-cross hybrids.
FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDE GENES IN SOYBEANS
Authors: Buzzell R. I. , Buttery B. R.
Published: November 2014

Genetic analysis of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., detected a fourth flavonol glycoside gene, Fg4, in addition toFg1, Fg2 and Fg3. Sixteen flavonol classes were observed with each of the four genes showing dominance for glycoside formation. Fg3 and Fg4 are linked with the T1 gene that controls the hydroxylation of kaempferol to quercetin.
INCOMPLETE CONCURRENCE OF EVIDENCE FROM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND GENOME ANALYSIS REGARDING THE ORIGIN OF AEGILOPS OVATA
Authors: Waines J. Giles , Johnson B. Lennart
Published: November 2014

Electrophoresis of ethanol extracted, water soluble, seed proteins of many different biotypes of 3 diploid species of Aegilops and of the tetraploid A. ovata L. suggest that A. ovata may be descended from an allotetraploid of A. umbellulata Zhuk. and A. squarrosa L. This does not agree with the few published results of genome analysis, which suggest that A. umbellulata and A. comosa Sibth. &Smith are the ancestors of A. ovata. Hypotheses advanced to explain this incomplete concurrence of evidence from these two biosystematic methods include an insufficiency of samples, genome divergence, translocations followed by introgressive hybridization and genetic control of meitoic chromosome pairing.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN GENE EXPRESSION FOR PUPA WEIGHT IN LONG TERM SELECTED LINES OFTRIBOLIUM
Authors: Enfield F. D. , Hartung Nancy , Hefeneider S. H.
Published: November 2014

Full-sib matings in two populations of Tribolium which had been selected for increased pupa weight for more than 85 generations resulted in a significant inbreeding depression in male progeny but showed no effect in the female progeny. An analysis of variance of a population produced by backcrossing the selected populations to the inbred lines originally used to establish the select populations (Design-III) indicated some genes were still segregating which produce dominance effects in males but not in females. The data support the hypothesis that a class of genes exists, associated with the autosomes, that differ in their dominance effects on pupa weight in the two sexes.
CHROMOSOME CYTOLOGY AND POLYMORPHISM IN THE CALIFORNIA HIGH SIERRA GOLDEN TROUT (SALMO AGUABONITA)
Authors: Gold J. R. , Gall G. A. E.
Published: November 2014

The population variability in chromosome karyotype was examined in six samples of California High Sierra golden trout, Salmo aguabonita. From the analysis of 1,318 cells from anterior kidney tissue of 92 specimens, the modal diploid chromosome number was 2n = 58 with 104 chromosome arms. Of cells with 2n = 58 chromosomes, the typical karyotype was one containing 44 chromosomes with median centromeres, 2 chromosomes with submedian centromeres, 2 with subterminal centromeres and 10 with terminal centromeres. In addition, many cells contained a chromosome with a prominent satellite. Variability in chromosome number within the six populations followed a Robertsonian pattern and permitted the identification of two distinct population distributions. One population, made up of two samples, was more variable than the other and supported the hypothesis that this population was of golden trout × rainbow trout hybrid origin. Examination of metaphase I cells from testes showed numerous ring and rod multivalents consistent with the random nature of Robertsonian variability.
EFFECTS OF SELECTION FOR POSTWEANING GAIN ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN MICE
Authors: Johnson B. H. , Eisen E. J.
Published: November 2014

Changes in testicular and epididymal function and selected endocrine organ size were examined in a line of mice selected for rapid postweaning gain (M16) and in reciprocal crosses with an unselected pedigree control line (ICR). The larger body weight of the M16 line was accompanied by larger testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal weights (P <.01) although the testes, epididymides, seminal vesicle and adrenal weights of M16 mice, expressed per gram body weight, actually decreased (P <.01) relative to the ICR line. Testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 mice but the difference was not significant. However, when adjusted for gland size, testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were lower in the M16 line (P <.01). Absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides and pituitary were larger (P <.01) in M16 ♀ × ICR ♂ crosses than in ICR ♀ × M16 ♂ crosses. Although testicular and epididymal sperm reserves were higher in M16 ♀ × ICR ♂ males the reciprocal difference was significant only for testicular sperm (P <.05). Heterotic effects were significant for both absolute and relative weights of testes, epididymides (P <.01), pituitary (P <.05) and relative weight of seminal vesicles (P <.05). Although percent heterosis was 8.5 for testicular and epididymal sperm reserves, significant heterotic effects were found only for epididymal sperm (P <.05).
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF ACCESSORY CHROMATIN IN MAIZE
Authors: Ward Edward J.
Published: November 2014

Promotion of crossing over by B chromatin in the chromosome 9 transposition was greater in lines of Zea mays L. having low recombination percentages than in those with high crossing over. Although K10 also enhanced crossing over in the transposition, it was probably not as effective as the B.
ON THE STRUCTURE OF CHROMOSOME ENDS AS REVEALED BY TRYPSIN TREATMENT OF LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA CHROMOSOMES
Authors: Scheid W. , Traut H.
Published: November 2014

Anaphase chromosomes exhibit two longitudinal structures which are connected at their ends in a U-shaped closed configuration. The U-shaped ends might be part of the chromosome characterized by a relatively dense condensation of chromosomal material or part of the loop-like structure of the chromosome per se.
TRISOMICS OFAVENA STRIGOSA
Authors: Rajhathy Tibor
Published: November 2014

A set of seven primary trisomics and seven derived types were produced in Avena strigosa Schreb., a diploid oat species. Each trisomic type had a distinct phenotype. The primary trisomics were identified on the basis of plant and chromosome morphology. Although fertility (seed-set) and the frequency of transmission of the extra chromosome varied among selfed progenies of the various trisomics, each trisomic can be maintained. The trisomics occurred at a higher frequency in small seed fractions than in samples of large seeds. No straightforward relationship was apparent between chromosome length and trivalent formation but some association between trivalent formation and transmission rate was observed.Several qualitative and quantitative traits were compared between the primary telotri-somics, between these and the disomic and between opposite arm telotrisomics and their corresponding primary trisomic. It was concluded that the results are more compatible with dosage effects than with the gene balance theory.
MILK YIELD IN LINES OF MICE SELECTED FOR GROWTH OR MATERNAL ABILITY
Authors: White J. M.
Published: November 2014

Two experiments were conducted to measure milk yield as a correlated response to selection for increased 12-day litter weight (maternal lines) for 13 generations and increased and decreased body weight gain from 21 to 42 days of age (postweaning gain lines) for 12 to 14 generations. Milk yield was measured from day 6 to day 21 of lactation by separating litters from their dams for 6 h, then weighing litters before and after a 1.5 h suckling period. Average total milk production was 30.3 ± 0.9 g and 28.6 ± 1.1 g in maternal and control lines, respectively. This difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Differences among gain lines were significant (P < 0.01) in the second experiment with average production of 44.1 ± 1.4 g for increased gain lines, 22.5 ± 0.9 g for the decreased gain line and 31.2 ± 1.0 g for the control. These results indicated that response to selection for increased 12-day litter weight was not associated with increases in milk yield, but sizable changes in milk yield accompanied bi-directional selection for early postweaning gain.