bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penfield’s Homunculus and Other Grotesque Creatures from the Land of If
Authors: Pogliano Claudio
Published: June 2012

The neurosurgeon Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976) helped to develop a surgical treatment for epilepsy and used his results to investigate the functional organization of the brain. He was instrumental in founding the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University, which he directed from 1934 to 1960. There he studied, with his collaborators, the effects of stimulation and surgical ablation on different parts of the brain in order to localize their somatosensory functions. To visualize the results of this research, Hortense Pauline Cantlie drew images of a homunculus whose proportions reflected the extent of the cortical areas controlling different parts of the body. These images were published by Penfield in 1937; a modified version followed in 1950, opening the way for such developments as the diagrams of mammalian brains drawn by the neurophysiologist Clinton N. Woolsey in 1958. This article will reconstruct the history of Penfield’s map of the human brain, which was utilized in medical texts for many decades, but which eventually would be severely criticized.
Gradient effects in micro-/nanoindentation
Authors: Mokios G. , Aifantis E. C.
Published: June 2012

During micro-/nanoindentation, sharp deformation gradients are developing in the neighbourhood of the indenter's tip. These gradients should be taken into account in interpreting related measurements of hardness versus indentation characteristics, such as penetration depth, contact radius and plastic zone size. One way to do this is to resort to mechanism based dislocation arguments by utilising, for example, Ashby's concept of geometrically necessary dislocations, the density of which is directly related to plastic strain gradients, as shown by Nix and Gao. Another mechanics based approach is to utilise a gradient plasticity formulation, for example, the one advanced by Aifantis and co-workers, which, in conjunction with Johnson's cavity model, seems to be more flexible in interpreting the indentation size effect (ISE). For very small indentation depths, plastic flow does not occur until the equivalent strain, in the gradient elasticity (GE) region surrounding the hydrostatically pressurised core beneath the indenter's tip, reaches a critical yield value. In this latter case, the observed ISE effect is interpreted through GE considerations.
Urban Public Pension and Economic Growth in China
Authors: Yang Zaigui
Published: June 2012

Employing an endogenous growth model, this paper investigates China’s partially funded public pension system. We examine the effects of the firm contribution rate and individual contribution rate on the per capita income growth rate, population growth rate, saving rate and education expense rate. The results are as follows: Raising the firm contribution rate decreases the per capita income growth rate and saving rate, whereas increases the population growth rate and education expense rate. Raising the individual contribution rate decreases the per capita income growth rate, saving rate and education expense rate, whereas increases the population growth rate. The effect of the firm contribution rate on the per capita income growth rate is much greater than that of the individual contribution rate. The effects of the firm contribution rate on the population growth rate, saving rate and education expense rate are smaller than that of the individual contribution rate. It has more advantages than disadvantages to reduce the firm contribution rate and raise the individual contribution rate.
Optimization of Printed Antennas Using Genetic Algorithm Coupled with Improved Cavity Model
Authors: Sathi Vahid , Ehteshami Nasrin , Ghobadi C.
Published: June 2012

An accurate electromagnetic optimization tool for designing rectangular and circular microstrip antennas is proposed. This optimization method is based on the improved cavity model analysis in conjunction with the well-known genetic algorithm, which is employed to optimize the dimensions and feed point location of rectangular and circular microstrip antennas. Results obtained by this technique agree quite well with the measured data and the data obtained by the FEM based software HFSS by ANSOFT. This technique can be fruitfully used in microwave CAD applications.
Synthesis of Copper Nanofluids Using Ascorbic Acid Reduction Method Via One Step Solution Phase Approach
Authors: Shenoy Sandhya U. , Shetty A. Nityananda
Published: June 2012

A simple one step solution phase approach to synthesize copper nanofluids has been developed, involving simultaneous in situ synthesis of nanoparticles and their dispersion in the base fluid. Copper nitrate has been reduced using ascorbic acid in ethylene glycol under thermal as well as microwave conditions. Sodium lauryl sulfate has been used to control the size of the particle as well as to act as a stabilizing agent. The effect of ratio of the reactants, pH, power of microwave, reaction time, and dilution on the size of the particles has been studied using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The characterization of the fluids has also been done using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the fluid were also measured at various particle concentrations. The copper particles in the fluid were found to have size less than 50nm and were well dispersed in the fluid. Thus this method was found to preserve the advantages of the polyol process and aqueous chemical reduction method as well. The fluid was stable up to 5 weeks under stationary conditions at room temperature. This method employs fast, inexpensive, extendible process for the synthesis of copper nanofluids and also overcomes the drawbacks of two step process.
What Makes Episiotomy Rates Change?:A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Hussein Suha Abed Almajeed Abdallah , Dahlen Hannah , Schmied Virginia
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND:Episiotomy is still a commonly used surgical intervention during birth in some parts of the world, such as the Middle East and Eastern Europe. Evidence supports the restrictive use of episiotomy, and this is reflected in policy statements and clinical practice recommendations. Internationally, various strategies have been used to change and reduce the incidence of episiotomy.

AIM:To identify and describe the strategies and practices that have been used internationally to effectively reduce the rate of episiotomy.

METHOD:We searched CINAHL, Medline, Scopus, PubMed and Nursing Consultant from 1980 to 2010 by using the keywords episiotomy, change, practice, midwife, routine use and evidence-based. A review of the literature was undertaken, which examined factors that facilitate the reduction in episiotomy rates.

RESULTS:Two hundred articles were found, and after examination, only nine provided relevant data and are included in this review. The findings of this review are discussed under the following headings: impact of practice change on episiotomy rates, continuous quality improvement, implementing clinical guidelines, practice change (system change), and the impact of health beliefs and organizational culture. Strategies for changing practice that were identified focused on challenging rationales for current practice and on creating a social and organizational environments that encourage motivation and, therefore, are more effective in reducing episiotomy rates. The literature identified the importance of clarifying critical success factors before trying to implement change with regards to episiotomy usage.

CONCLUSION:Greater efforts to reduce episiotomy rates are currently needed, particularly in countries with high rates. Researchers need to continue to examine the barriers to change and investigate approaches that promote clinician behavior change.
Relationship of Changes in Weight, Physical Activity, and Anxiety with Blood Glucose Change in Adults with Diabetes
Authors: Annesi James J.
Published: June 2012

Effects of changes in weight, physical activity, and anxiety on the blood glucose levels of 59 adults with Type II diabetes were tested. Significant improvements in weight, volume of physical activity, anxiety, and blood glucose were associated with a cognitive-behavioral treatment
of 4-5 one-on-one sessions over 26 weeks. Changes in weight, physical activity, and anxiety predicted blood glucose change (R2 = .14), with only change in physical activity being a significant, unique contributor to the variance explained. The findings are discussed in terms
of targeted interventions for lowering blood glucose levels.
Solvothermal synthesis of hollow Eu2O3 microspheres using carbon template-assisted method
Authors: Zhang Li-Xin , Sun Yi-Xin , Jiu Hong-Fang , Fu Yue-Hua , Wang Yuan-Zhong , Zhang Jun-Yan
Published: June 2012

This work presents a sol-gel carbon sphere template-assisted method of hollow Eu2O3 microspheres preparation. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as photoluminescence (PL) were used to characterise the products. The formation of hollow structure Eu2O3 microspheres can be assigned to a sol-gel carbon template. Furthermore, this work may confirm that the precursor sol-gel can be loaded onto the inner as well as the outer surface of carbon templates similarly as ions and nanocrystals. The presented method can afford a simple and efficient technique to obtain a series of hollow structure inorganic materials with high productivity.
Problem of Guidelines as a Source of the Internal Law (on the Example of the Legislative Practices in the Area of Management Control in the Educational Units, part II)
Authors: Kowalczyk Ewaryst , Lubimow-Burzyńska Iwona
Published: June 2012

The article is written on the guidelines of the Minister of Finance on management control in the units of the public finances sector, especially concerning educational units. The analysis covers the guidelines concerning management control standards and management control self-assessment. The work discusses the influence of the recommendations resulting from the announcements on the management control process in the educational units.
Lessons to Be Learned: A Retrospective Analysis of Physiotherapy Injury Claims
Authors: Johnson Gillian M. , Skinner Margot A. , Stephen Rachel E.
Published: June 2012

Study Design

Retrospective, descriptive analysis.

Objectives

To describe the prevalence and nature of insurance claims for injuries attributed to physiotherapy care.

Background

In New Zealand, a national insurance scheme, the Accident Compensation Corporation, provides comprehensive, no-fault personal injury coverage. The patterns of injury sustained during physiotherapy care have not previously been described.

Methods

De-identified data for all injuries registered with the Accident Compensation Corporation from 2005 to 2010 and attributed to physiotherapy were accessed. Prevalence patterns (percentages) of new-claim data were determined for physiotherapy intervention category, injury site, nature of injury, age, and sex. A subcategory, exercise-related injuries, was analyzed according to injury site and whether the injury was related (primary) or unrelated (secondary) to the intended therapeutic goal.

Results

There were 279 claims related to physiotherapy care filed with the Accident Compensation Corporation during the studied reporting period. Injury was attributed predominantly to exercise (n = 88, 31.5% of cases) and manual therapy (n = 74, 26.5% of cases). The prevalence of events categorized as exercise related was greatest in those who were 55 to 59 years of age (n = 14, 16.3%) and greater in females (n = 47, 54.7%). Of the exercise-related injuries, 39.8% were in the lower-limb region and 35.2% were categorized as sprains/strains.

Conclusion

Injuries attributed to exercise exceeded those linked to other therapies provided by physiotherapists, yet exercise therapy rarely features as a cause of adverse events reported to the physiotherapy profession. The proportion of exercise-related injury events underlines the need for ensuring safe and careful consideration of exercise prescription.

Level of Evidence

Harm, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(8):698–704, Epub 18 June 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3877
Numerical Investigation of Paperboard Forming
Authors: Huang Hui , Nygårds Mikeal
Published: June 2012

A three dimensional numerical investigation of a commercial four-ply paperboard formed into a pear-shaped mould was presented. The numerical investigation included the effect of pressure, boundary conditions, material properties and different deformation and damage mechanisms such as delamination and plasticity. Simulations were done in both the MD and CD using different pressures. A paperboard model with a combination of anisotropic continuum model and a softening interface model had good deformation behavior during the forming simulations. Forming experiment that mimicked the simulations was performed. Numerical and experiment results were compared with good agreement.
Testing of individual fiber-fiber joints under biaxial load and simultaneous analysis of deformation
Authors: Fischer Wolfgang J. , Hirn Ulrich , Bauer Wolfgang , Schennach Robert
Published: June 2012

In this paper a novel direct method for mechanical testing of single fibers and fiber joints is presented. Additional to the measurement of joint strength it is also possible to investigate loading geometry, deformation during testing, bending stiffness of fibers as well as bonding energy. Furthermore biaxial loading of fiber-fiber joints is possible. Initial experiments have shown that mode II and III shear strength of fiber-fiber joints can be measured with this setup. Initial results for fibers and fiber joints of unbleached softwood kraft pulp are presented. The resulting values are 1.1724·10-9to 3.8798·10-11Nm² for bending stiffness, 3.9180·10-10to 2.8793·10-11kJ/bond for bonding energy, 6.54 mN for mode II and 1.057 mN for mode III mean shear strength. Mode II mean shear strength under biaxial load with a preload of 20 mN perpendicular to the loading direction of the fiber-fiber joint was found to be 2.52 mN. These values are compared to results of other measurement techniques and discussed.
Strain Measurements within Fiber Boards. Part I: Inhomogeneous Strain Distribution within Medium Density Fiberboards (MDF) Loaded Perpendicularly to the Plane of the Board
Authors: Rathke Jörn , Sinn Gerhard , Konnerth Johannes , Müller Ulrich
Published: June 2012

Internal bond strength testing is a widely used approach for testing quality traits of wood based panels. Generally, failure of internal bond specimens is due to adhesion and/or wood failure in the specimen. It has been reported that a composite product with a large variation in the vertical density profile fails in the center part of the board which is either the middle of the core layer or the transition zone between core layer and face layer. The density in the failure zone is typically 50% lower than the maximum density in the face layers. The aim of this study was to analyze the strain distribution in a specimen under tension perpendicular to the panel plane. The results showed that a high variety of strain magnitude occurred in the specimen. The strain is either aligned with the tension direction or a tension zone is built in one of the edge zones leading to failure. Vector graphics of the specimen show the problematic test setup of internal bond strength measurement. Strain spots in the edges lead to the assumption of an uneven stress distribution due to the momentum which results from non-perfect alignment or irregularities in the test setup.
Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to Understanding Human Migration Patterns and their Utility in Forensic Human Identification Cases
Authors: Holobinko Anastasia
Published: June 2012

Human migration patterns are of interest to scientists representing many fields. Theories have been posited to explain modern human evolutionary expansion, the diversity of human culture, and the motivational factors underlying an individual or group decision to migrate. Although the research question and subsequent approach may vary between disciplines, one thread is ubiquitous throughout most migration studies: why do humans migrate and what is the result of such an event? While the determination of individual attributes such as age, sex, and ancestry is often integral to migration studies, the positive identification of human remains is usually irrelevant. However, the positive identification of a deceased is paramount to a forensic investigation in which human remains have been recovered and must be identified. What role, if any, might the study of human movement patterns play in the interpretation of evidence associated with unidentified human remains? Due to increasing global mobility in the world's populations, it is not inconceivable that an individual might die far away from his or her home. If positive identification cannot immediately be made, investigators may consider various theories as to how or why a deceased ended up in a particular geographic location. While scientific evidence influences the direction of forensic investigations, qualitative evaluation can be an important component of evidence interpretation. This review explores several modern human migration theories and the methodologies utilized to identify evidence of human migratory movement before addressing the practical application of migration theory to forensic cases requiring the identification of human remains.
Recent Progress in Studies of Arterivirus- and Coronavirus-Host Interactions
Authors: Zhong Yanxin , Tan Yong Wah , Liu Ding Xiang
Published: June 2012

Animal coronaviruses, such as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and arteriviruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), are able to manifest highly contagious infections in their specific native hosts, thereby arising in critical economic damage to animal industries. This review discusses recent progress in studies of virus-host interactions during animal and human coronavirus and arterivirus infections, with emphasis on IBV-host cell interactions. These interactions may be directly involved in viral replication or lead to the alteration of certain signaling pathways, such as cell stress response and innate immunity, to facilitate viral replication and pathogenesis.
Gender inequity in the lives of women involved in sex work in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Mbonye Martin , Nalukenge Winifred , Nakamanya Sarah , Nalusiba Betty , King Rachel , Vandepitte Judith , Seeley Janet
Published: June 2012

Background

Gender inequity is manifested in the social and economic burden women carry in relation to men. We investigate women's experiences of gender relations from childhood to adult life and how these may have led to and kept women in sex work.

Methods

Participants were drawn from an ongoing epidemiological cohort study of women working in high HIV/STI risk environments in Kampala. From over 1000 enrolled women, we selected 101 for a qualitative sub‐study. This analysis focuses on 58 women who engaged in sex work either as a main job or as a side job. In‐depth life history interviews were conducted to capture points of vulnerability that enhance gender inequity throughout their lives.

Results

Most participants were young, single parents, poorly educated, who occupied low skilled and poorly paying jobs. All women knew their HIV status and they disclosed this in the interview; 31 were uninfected while 27 said they were infected. Parental neglect in childhood was reported by many. Participants described experiences of violence while growing up sometimes perpetuated by relatives and teachers. Early unwanted pregnancies were common and for many led to leaving school. Some women stated a preference for multiple and short‐term money‐driven sexual relationships. Needing to earn money for child care was often the main reason for starting and persisting with sex work. Violence perpetrated by clients and the police was commonly reported. Alcohol and drug use was described as a necessary “evil” for courage and warmth, but sometimes this affected clear decision making. Many felt powerless to bargain for and maintain condom use. Leaving sex work was considered but rarely implemented.

Conclusions

Inequities in gender and power relations reduce economic and social opportunities for better lives among women and increase risky sexual behaviour. Interventions focused on these inequities that also target men are crucial in improving safer practices and reducing risk.
HIV prevention, structural change and social values: the need for an explicit normative approach
Authors: Parkhurst Justin O
Published: June 2012

Background

The fact that HIV prevention often deals with politicised sexual and drug taking behaviour is well known, but structural HIV prevention interventions in particular can involve alteration of social arrangements over which there may be further contested values at stake. As such, normative frameworks are required to inform HIV prevention decisions and avoid conflicts between social goals.

Methods

This paper provides a conceptual review and discussion of the normative issues surrounding structural HIV prevention strategies. It applies political and ethical concepts to explore the contested nature of HIV planning and suggests conceptual frameworks to inform future structural HIV responses.

Results

HIV prevention is an activity that cannot be pursued without making value judgements; it is inherently political. Appeals to health outcomes alone are insufficient when intervention strategies have broader social impacts, or when incidence reduction can be achieved at the expense of other social values such as freedom, equality, or economic growth. This is illustrated by the widespread unacceptability of forced isolation which may be efficacious in preventing spread of infectious agents, but conflicts with other social values.

Conclusions

While no universal value system exists, the capability approach provides one potential framework to help overcome seeming contradictions or value trade‐offs in structural HIV prevention approaches. However, even within the capability approach, valuations must still be made. Making normative values explicit in decision making processes is required to ensure transparency, accountability, and representativeness of the public interest, while ensuring structural HIV prevention efforts align with broader social development goals as well.
Understanding the Magnetic Shape Memory System Fe–Pd–X by Thin Film Experiments and First Principle Calculations
Authors: Kauffmann‐Weiss Sandra , Hamann Sven , Gruner Markus Ernst , Buschbeck Jörg , Ludwig Alfred , Schultz Ludwig , Fähler Sebastian
Published: June 2012

The magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloy Fe70Pd30 is of particular interest for novel microactuator and sensor applications. This review summarizes the underlying physical and material science concepts for this MSM alloy system. First‐principles calculations of the electronic and crystallographic structure together with combinatorial and epitaxial film studies are presented. By these complementary methods we can address the open key questions of MSM alloys and microsystems: Which are the driving forces for a martensitic transformation and how does this transformation proceed? How is it possible to improve the MSM properties by adding third elements? What is the role of external interfaces and which routes allow the preparation of freestanding epitaxial films?
Using Cartilage Extracellular Matrix (CECM) Membrane to Enhance the Reparability of the Bone Marrow Stimulation Technique for Articular Cartilage Defect in Canine Model
Authors: Li Tian Zhu , Jin Cheng Zhe , Choi Byung Hyune , Kim Moon Suk , Kim Young Jick , Park So Ra , Yoon Jeong Ho , Min Byoung‐Hyun
Published: June 2012

Bone marrow stimulation techniques (BSTs) are widely used in clinics to treat cartilage defects, but yet have a critical limitation from the loss of blood clots. In this work, a novel cartilage extracellular matrix (CECM) membrane is developed to protect blood clots after BSTs. The CECM membrane was made of ECM fabricated naturally by cultured porcine chondrocytes, and then decellularized and multi‐layered to confer optimal mechanical strength. Highly compatible with cells, the CECM membrane did not show any cytotoxicity or immune responses in vivo. The CECM membrane was very thin (30–60 μm thick) and bendable, but had good tensile strength (85.64 N), suitable for protecting blood clots from leakage in rabbit cartilage defect. Moreover, the CECM membrane showed low but enough diffusion coefficient to allow delivery of small proteins in synovial fluid into the repaired tissue. In a beagle model, covering the cartilage defect with the CECM membrane after BST generated more hyaline cartilage‐like tissues than the BST alone in histology and chemical analyses at 18 weeks. Its ICRS score was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the BST alone. Therefore, the CECM membrane is proposed as a useful tool that can improve the outcome of BSTs to treat cartilage defects.
Hierarchically Ordered Arrays of Noncircular Silicon Nanowires Featured by Holographic Lithography Toward a High‐Fidelity Sensing Platform
Authors: Jeon Hwan Chul , Heo Chul‐Joon , Lee Su Yeon , Yang Seung‐Man
Published: June 2012

A novel, highly uniform and tunable hybrid plasmonic array is created via ion‐milling, catalytic wet‐etching and electron‐beam evaporation, using a holographically featured structure as a milling mask. A simple and low‐cost prism holographic lithography (HL) technique is applied to create an unprecedentedly coordinated array of elliptic gold (Au) holes, which act as the silicon (Si) etching catalyst in the reaction solution used to fabricate an elliptic silicon nanowire (SiNW) array; here, the SiNWs are arrayed hierarchically in such a way that three SiNWs are triangularly coordinated, and the triangles are arranged hexagonally. After removing the polymeric mask and metal thin film, the highly anisotropic thick Au film is deposited on the SiNW arrays. This hybrid substrate shows tunable optical properties in the near‐infrared (NIR) region from 875 nm to 1030 nm and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities; these characteristics depend on the catalytic wet etching time, which changes the size of the vertical gap between the Au thick films deposited separately on the SiNWs. In addition, lateral interparticle coupling induces highly intensified SERS signals with good homogeneity. Finally, the Au‐capped elliptical SiNW arrays can be hierarchically patterned by combining prism HL and conventional photolithography, and the highly enhanced fluorescence intensity associated with both the structural effects and the plasmon resonances is investigated.
Syndrome‐specific growth charts for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in Caucasian children
Authors: Habel Alex , McGinn Michael‐John , Zackai Elaine H. , Unanue Nancy , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M.
Published: June 2012

Growth faltering occurs frequently in infancy in the 22q11 Deletion syndrome (22q11 DS). The subsequent course of growth in childhood and outcome for final adult height lacks consensus. We analyzed 5,149 growth data points from 812 Caucasian subjects with 22q11 DS, from neonates to 37 years old. Charts were constructed for height, weight, body mass index, and head circumference (OFC) using the LMS Chart Maker program. These charts were compared with the WHO birth to 4 years growth standard and US CDC 2000 growth reference between 5 and 20 years. Starting from the 50th centile at birth, by 6–9 months of age boys mean height and weight had fallen to the 9th centile, as did girls height but their weight fell less markedly, to the 25th centile. Feeding difficulties were non‐contributory. In children under 2 years old with congenital heart disease (CHD) mean weight was −0.5 SD lighter than no CHD. Catch up growth occurred, more rapid in weight than height in boys. Up to 10 years old both sexes tracked between the 9th and 25th centiles. In adolescence, the trend was to overweight rather than obesity. At 19 years mean height was −0.72 SD for boys, −0.89 SD girls. OFC was significantly smaller than the WHO standard in infancy, between the 9th and 25th centile, rising to the 25th centile by 5 years old. Thereafter the mean was close to the 9th centile of the OFC UK growth reference, more prolonged and marked than in previous studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tetrasomy 15q25.2 → qter identified with SNP microarray in a patient with multiple anomalies including complex cardiovascular malformation
Authors: George‐Abraham Jaya K. , Zimmerman Sarah L. , Hinton Robert B. , Marino Bradley S. , Witte David P. , Hopkin Robert J.
Published: June 2012

We report on a male neonate with prenatally diagnosed mosaicism for a supernumerary marker chromosome and multiple congenital anomalies. Prenatal ultrasound imaging revealed a heart defect, pleural effusion, clubbed feet, and absent right kidney. Clinical cytogenetic analysis of amniocytes identified a marker chromosome present in 10 out of 15 cells analyzed. Clinical evaluation of the neonate revealed distinct facial features, complex heart defects, solitary left kidney, and arachnodactyly. Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes demonstrated an abnormal male karyotype with a marker chromosome present in all 24 cells examined. To identify the marker chromosome, SNP microarray analysis was performed which detected the presence of a two copy gain of 17.7 Mb of DNA from the distal long arm of chromosome 15 (15q25.2‐qter). FISH analysis using a probe specific to the 15q26.3 region showed one signal on each normal 15q and two signals, one on each arm of the marker chromosome resulting in four copies. Distal tetrasomy 15q is rare. Only 11 cases have been described in the literature, all due to a supernumerary analphoid marker chromosome consisting of an inverted duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 15. We report on a unique patient with tetrasomy 15q with complex cardiovascular malformation (CVM) involving progressive diffuse pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS). We propose overexpression of three genes, ADAMTSL3, MESP1, and MESP2 as a potential mechanism for cardiac and vessel malformations associated with tetrasomy 15q. Finally, we believe cardiac defects with this genetic syndrome are a poor prognostic finding associated with high mortality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A newly recognized syndrome with characteristic facial features, skeletal dysplasia, and developmental delay
Authors: Baratela Wagner A.R. , Bober Michael B. , Tiller George E. , Okenfuss Ericka , Ditro Colleen , Duker Angela , Krakow Deborah , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia , Mackenzie William , Lachman Ralph , Scott Charles I.
Published: June 2012

We describe a series of seven male patients from six different families with skeletal dysplasia, characteristic facial features, and developmental delay. Skeletal findings include patellar dislocation, short tubular bones, mild metaphyseal changes, brachymetacarpalia with stub thumbs, short femoral necks, shallow acetabular roofs, and platyspondyly. Facial features include: a flattened midface with broad nasal bridge, cleft palate or bifid uvula and synophrys. All of the patients demonstrated pre‐school onset of a cognitive developmental delay with a shortened attention span. Some of the cognitive delay was masked by a warm and engaging personality. We posit that these individuals have a newly recognized syndrome characterized by the described features. There is some phenotypic overlap between these patients and Desbuquois dysplasia; however molecular testing demonstrated that this is a distinct disorder. Given the family information available for each patient, we are suspicious that the constellation of findings reported herein could be an X‐linked recessive syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Wain Karen , Swanson Karen , Watson William , Jeavons Elysia , Weaver Amy , Lindor Noralane
Published: June 2012

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia characterized by epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectasias, and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the brain, lung, liver, gastrointestinal tract, or spine. While pregnant women with HHT are known to have increased risks due to pulmonary AVMs, little is known about any increased risk for fetal birth defects or other adverse pregnancy outcomes. To investigate potential increased risk, individuals with a clinical diagnosis of HHT were asked to complete a survey composed of four sections: demographics, personal history of HHT, personal history of birth defects (modeled after state registries), and reproductive history. A total of 226 participants reported outcomes of 560 pregnancies, as well as self‐reported personal history of birth defects. Of the 560 pregnancies, 450 (80.4%) resulted in 457 live births and 63 (13.8%) were pre‐term. Of the 110 pregnancy losses, 80 (72.7%) were first trimester and five were stillborn. Anomalies considered to be medically or cosmetically significant were reported in 17 babies (3.7%). The presence of significant anomalies was not significantly associated with whether the baby had an HHT diagnosis (P = 0.55) or the gender of the parent with HHT (P = 0.32). Four liveborn babies and one stillborn had a cerebral AVM or hemorrhage in the perinatal period. Prevalence of uterine hemorrhage, pre‐eclampsia, placental abnormalities, low‐birth weight, and infertility did not appear increased over the general population. These data provide some reassurance that HHT does not lead to an appreciable increased risk for birth defects or other adverse pregnancy outcomes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of a bioadhesive with poly (vinyl alcohol) crosslinking agent
Authors: Xue Jie , Wang Tao , Nie Jun , Yang Dongzhi
Published: June 2012

Synthetic adhesives containing 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine and its derivatives have strong adhesion strength and good biocompatibility, which make them prime candidates for adhesives or bioadhesives applications. In this study, a new photocurable poly (vinyl alcohol) (UV‐PVA) derivative was prepared and used as crosslinking agent to further improve adhesion strength of dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) system. The structure of UV‐PVA was confirmed, and the degree of acryloyl group substitution (DS) was easily varied from 10 to 40% by varying the molar ratio of acryloyl chloride to OH of PVA. The effects of ultraviolet light intensity, content of DMA and DS values of PVA on the photopolymerization kinetics were studied, and the effects of DS value on the adhesive strength, swelling performance and cell attachment were also investigated. It was found that adhesive containing UV‐PVA with 40% DS value yielded the highest adhesive strength, a relatively low swelling ratio and good biocompatibility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Simultaneous polymerization and quaternization of 4‐vinyl pyridine
Authors: Mondal P. , Saha S. K. , Chowdhury P.
Published: June 2012

Quantitative polymerization of 4‐vinyl pyridine (4‐VP) and its quaternization has been done simultaneously for the first time in absence of organic solvents. 1, 4‐dibromo‐2‐butene acts as quaternizing agent. The quaternized polymer has been characterized by chemical, thermal and spectral analysis. The mechanistic path involved in the polymerization and quaternization has been elucidated. Particle size, surface area, ion exchange capacity and metal ion binding property were determined. The polymer was found to have pH‐dependent chromate ion binding capacity with high level of selectivity and good antibacterial activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphofunctional Adaptations of the Olfactory Mucosa in Postnatally Developing Rabbits
Authors: Kavoi Boniface M. , Makanya Andrew N. , Johanna Plendl , Kiama Stephen G.
Published: June 2012

Rabbits are born blind and deaf and receive unusually limited maternal care. Consequently, their suckling young heavily rely on the olfactory cue for nipple attachment. However, the postnatal morphofunctional adaptations of olfactory mucosa (OM) are not fully elucidated. To clarify on the extent and the pattern of refinement of the OM following birth in the rabbit, morphologic and morphometric analysis of the mucosa were done at neonatal (0–1 days), suckling (2 weeks), weanling (4 weeks), and adult (6–8 months) stages of postnatal development. In all the age groups, the basic components of the OM were present. However, proliferative activity of cells of the mucosal epithelium decreased with increasing age as revealed by Ki‐67 immunostaining. Diameters of axon bundles, packing densities of olfactory cells, and cilia numbers per olfactory cell knob increased progressively with age being 5.5, 2.1, and 2.6 times, respectively, in the adult as compared with the neonate. Volume fraction values for the bundles increased by 5.3% from birth to suckling age and by 7.4% from weaning to adulthood and the bundle cores were infiltrated with blood capillaries in all ages except in the adult where such vessels were lacking. The pattern of cilia projection from olfactory cell knobs also showed age‐related variations, that is, arose as a tuft from the tips of the knobs in neonates and sucklings and in a radial pattern from the knob bases in weanlings and adults. These morphological changes may be attributed to the high olfactory functional demand associated with postnatal development in the rabbit. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Pyrazole and Indazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their Anti‐Proliferative and Anti‐Angiogenic Activities
Authors: Tzanetou Evangelia , Liekens Sandra , Kasiotis Konstantinos M. , Fokialakis Nikolas , Haroutounian Serkos A.
Published: June 2012

The synthesis of several new pyrazole and indazole derivatives from acetophenone and tetralone substrates is reported. The bioactivities of the new compounds were evaluated through in vitro assays for endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation. Results herein indicate that the easily prepared compounds containing the indazole structural framework exhibit potent cytostatic properties against all cell lines tested, with compounds 13 and 14 being the most active displaying IC50 values of 1.5 ± 0.4 µM and 5.6 ± 2.5 µM, respectively, against MCF‐7 cells. In addition, the indazole derivative 16 was assessed as a competent inhibitor of endothelial tube formation at 30 µM.
Brominated Methanes as Photoresponsive Molecular Storage of Elemental Br2
Authors: Kawakami Kazumitsu , Tsuda Akihiko
Published: June 2012

The photochemical generation of elemental Br2 from brominated methanes is reported. Br2 was generated by the vaporization of carbon oxides and HBr through oxidative photodecomposition of brominated methanes under a 20 W low‐pressure mercury lamp, wherein the amount and situations of Br2 generation were photochemically controllable. Liquid CH2Br2 can be used not only as an organic solvent but also for the photoresponsive molecular storage of Br2, which is of great technical benefit in a variety of organic syntheses and in materials science. By taking advantage of the in situ generation of Br2 from the organic solvent itself, many organobromine compounds were synthesized in high practical yields with or without the addition of a catalyst. Herein, Br2 that was generated by the photodecomposition of CH2Br2 retained its reactivity in solution to undergo essentially the same reactions as those that were carried out with solutions of Br2 dissolved in CH2Br2 that were prepared without photoirradiation. Furthermore, HBr, which was generated during the course of the photodecomposition of CH2Br2, was also available for the substitution of the OH group for the Br group and for the preparation of the HBr salts of amines. Furthermore, the photochemical generation of Br2 from CH2Br2 was available for the area‐selective photochemical bleaching of natural colored plants, such as red rose petals, wherein Br2 that was generated photochemically from CH2Br2 was painted onto the petal to cause radical oxidations of the chromophoric anthocyanin molecules.
Implementation of proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS) for advanced bioprocess monitoring
Authors: Luchner Markus , Gutmann Rene , Bayer Karl , Dunkl Jürgen , Hansel Armin , Herbig Jens , Singer Wolfgang , Strobl Florian , Winkler Klaus , Striedner Gerald
Published: June 2012

We report on the implementation of proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS) technology for on‐line monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the off‐gas of bioreactors. The main part of the work was focused on the development of an interface between the bioreactor and an analyzer suitable for continuous sampling of VOCs emanating from the bioprocess. The permanently heated sampling line with an inert surface avoids condensation and interaction of volatiles during transfer to the PTR‐MS. The interface is equipped with a sterile sinter filter unit directly connected to the bioreactor headspace, a condensate trap, and a series of valves allowing for dilution of the headspace gas, in‐process calibration, and multiport operation. To assess the aptitude of the entire system, a case study was conducted comprising three identical cultivations with a recombinant E. coli strain, and the volatiles produced in the course of the experiments were monitored with the PTR‐MS. The high reproducibility of the measurements proved that the established sampling interface allows for reproducible transfer of volatiles from the headspace to the PTR‐MS analyzer. The set of volatile compounds monitored comprises metabolites of different pathways with diverse functions in cell physiology but also volatiles from the process matrix. The trends of individual compounds showed diverse patterns. The recorded signal levels covered a dynamic range of more than five orders of magnitude. It was possible to assign specific volatile compounds to distinctive events in the bioprocess. The presented results clearly show that PTR‐MS was successfully implemented as a powerful bioprocess‐monitoring tool and that access to volatiles emitted by the cells opens promising perspectives in terms of advanced process control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3059–3069. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS‐based metabolic characterization of high monoclonal antibody‐producing Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Chong William Pooi Kat , Thng Shu Hui , Hiu Ai Ping , Lee Dong‐Yup , Chan Eric Chun Yong , Ho Ying Swan
Published: June 2012

The selection of suitable mammalian cell lines with high specific productivities is a crucial aspect of large‐scale recombinant protein production. This study utilizes a metabolomics approach to elucidate the key characteristics of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with high monoclonal antibody productivities (qmAb). Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)‐based intracellular metabolite profiles of eight single cell clones with high and low qmAb were obtained at the mid‐exponential phase during shake flask batch cultures. Orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) subsequently revealed key differences between the high and low qmAb clones, as indicated by the variable importance for projection (VIP) scores. The mass peaks were further examined for their potential association with qmAb across all clones using Pearson's correlation analysis. Lastly, the identities of metabolites with high VIP and correlation scores were confirmed by comparison with standards through LC‐MS‐MS. A total of seven metabolites were identified—NADH, FAD, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and three activated sugar precursors. These metabolites are involved in key cellular pathways of citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glutathione metabolism, and protein glycosylation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify metabolites that are associated closely with qmAb. The results suggest that the high producers had elevated levels of specific metabolites to better regulate their redox status. This is likely to facilitate the generation of energy and activated sugar precursors to meet the demands of producing more glycosylated recombinant monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3103–3111. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deployment of drug‐eluting stents for isolated proximal lad disease is associated with lower major adverse cardiac events and no increase in stent thrombosis when compared with bare metal stents: A 5‐year observational cohort study
Authors: Jones Daniel A. , Rathod Krishnaraj S. , Gallagher Sean , Weerackody Roshan , Knight Charles J. , Rothman Martin T. , Mathur Anthony , Jain Ajay K. , Timmis Adam D. , Wragg Andrew
Published: June 2012

Background

Drug‐eluting stents (DES) may be associated with an increased risk of late stent thrombosis (ST) compared with bare metal stents (BMS). We compared major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and long term all cause mortality in patients with isolated proximal LAD disease treated with DES or BMS.

Method and Results

This study of 1653 patients with isolated proximal LAD disease, includes 643 treated with BMS and 1010 treated with DES. All patients received standard dual antiplatelet treatment. MACE after 5 years were less frequent in DES compared with BMS (12.1% 95% CI 9.3–14.2 versus 21.3% 95% CI: 16.9–25.1, P < 0.0001), driven largely by a decreased rate of both target vessel and lesion revascularization (TVR: 6.3%, 95% CI 4.0–7.5% versus 14.7%, 95% CI 11.0–17.3%, P < 0.0001, TLR: (5.3%, 95% CI 3.2–7.1% versus 13.2%, 95% CI 9.8.0–15.4%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the rate of death, myocardial infarction, or CVA. Incidence of stent thrombosis was also comparable (1.2% 95% CI: 0.6–2.6% versus 1.1% 95% CI: 0.6–2.5%, P = 0.8). Adjusted Cox analysis confirmed a decreased risk of MACE for DES compared with BMS 0.55 (95% confidence intervals 0.41–0.73) with no difference in the hazard of all cause mortality (HR: 1.04 95% CI: 0.67–1.61).

Conclusion

When treating proximal LAD disease, use of DES was associated with a lower MACE rate than BMS, with no differences in the incidence of stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction or 5 year all cause mortality. Our data suggests that despite the adverse prognostic correlates of proximal LAD disease, DES deployment in this location is both safe and clinically more effective than BMS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two New Tirucallane‐Type Triterpenoids from the Stem Barks of Aphanamixis grandifolia and Their Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Zhang Yao , Wang Junsong , Wang Pengran , Kong Lingyi
Published: June 2012

Two new tirucallane‐type triterpenoids, 3α,24β,25‐trihydroxy‐21,21‐dimethoxy‐23‐oxo‐tirucall‐7‐ene (1) and 3α‐acetoxy‐21β‐methoxy‐24,25,26,27‐tetranortirucall‐7‐ene‐23(21)‐lactone (2), were isolated from the stem barks of Aphanamixis grandifolia, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis including 1D, 2D NMR, IR, and ESI‐MS spectral methods. The two isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicities using NCI‐H460 and HeLa cell lines.
Two Unusual Flavanol Derivatives from Brainea insignis
Authors: Yang Minghui , Cai Le , Shen Xiaojing , Zhao Mian , Yin Tianpeng , Ding Zhongtao
Published: June 2012

Two new flavanol derivatives, bearing phenylpropionic acid moiety at C‐4 through a CC bonding, named brainin B (1) and brainin C (2), were isolated from Brainea insignis. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS spectrometry. Brainins B and C were tested for their antioxidant properties in DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, and both compounds displayed potent antioxidant activities.