bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitive Detection of Coralyne and Heparin Using a Singly Labeled Fluorescent Oligonucleotide Probe
Authors: Zhu Xingxing , Chen Miangjian , Ma Changbei
Published: May 2019

Herein, we designed and developed a simple, rapid and sensitive method for detection of coralyne and heparin using a singly labeled fluorescent probe, based on photoinduced electron transfer (PIET). A specific oligonucleotide strand was labeled with fluorophore (6‐FAM) at its 5’ end and four guanines at its 3’ end. In the presence of coralyne, homo‐adenine DNA duplex is formed via A2‐coralyne‐A2 coordination, thus leading to the fluorescence quenching due to PIET between guanine and fluorophore. Upon the addition of heparin, the formation of heparin‐coralyne complex can prevent coralyne from forming A2‐coralyne‐A2 coordination, separating fluorophore from guanines; as a result, the fluorescence intensity can be recovered. The detection limits of the method with respect to coralyne and heparin were 3.1 nM and 0.04 nM (S/N=3), respectively. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to detect heparin in human serum sample, further demonstrating that it can have promising practical applications.
New Insight into the Preparation of Starch‐Based Spherical Microgels with Tunable Volume
Authors: Chang Shing‐Yun , Ma Anson W. K. , Lai Hsi‐Mei
Published: May 2019

In this paper, novel, eco‐friendly spherical cationic starch (CS) microgels are successfully prepared by partially gelatinizing CS granules, followed by stabilizing the structure with a cross‐linker (sodium trimetaphosphate, STMP). Discrete and spherical swollen CS granules are first obtained by partially gelatinizing CS starch at 50 °C for 10 min, without the need for inverse emulsification. Various amounts of STMP are reacted with partially gelatinized CS granules to examine the effect of cross‐linking density on the swelling behaviors. Depending on the degree of cross‐linking, the average diameter of CS microgels in water ranges from 55 to 75 µm. The STMP cross‐linking strengthens the structure of CS microgels through chemical cross‐linking (via distarch monophosphate formation) and ionic cross‐linking (via trapping unreacted STMP). Upon changing the environmental pH and ionic strength, it is found that the swelling volume of microgel is mainly controlled by the excess cationic groups and chemical cross‐linking. Having a relatively stable swelling ratio within a wide pH range (3–9) and a good viscosity thickening ability, the CS microgel shows great potential as a natural thickener (texture stabilizer) in personal care products.
Characteristics of highly charged ions produced at Kobe EBIS under modulated operation
Authors: Nishida Naofumi , Hori Yuuki , Yamauchi Akane , Sakurai Makoto , Sakaue Hiroyuki A. , Kato Daiji
Published: May 2019

The electron beam ion source (Kobe EBIS) has been developed to perform modification of surfaces using highly charged ions (HCIs) at the Kobe University, Japan. Recent study revealed that periodic intermission of electron beam improves charge state distribution of extracted ions. The period of intermission is in the order of 100 ms, and the width of beam‐off time is 1 ms or less. This operational mode (pulse mode) makes it possible to produce Ar15+ to Ar17+ effectively, whereas the charge is limited less than 14+ under the ordinary operational mode with direct current (DC) electron beam. A spike of HCIs with a peak current in the order of nA is also observed at each moment of electron beam off. The measurement of the time evolution of Ar16+ intensity around the timing of mode change revealed that the intensity of extracted Ar16+ changes slowly after mode change with a time constant of few seconds.
Notable historical databases of fungal names
Authors: Petersen Ronald H. , Hawksworth David L.
Published: May 2019

Present-day electronic databases of fungal names are 21st century versions of previous compilations for the same purpose. The comprehensive indices attached to books by Persoon and Fries summarized names known at those times. Later compilations appeared piecemeal in journals or free-standing, always improving but hardly available for “rapid retrieval.” Twentieth centuryIndex of Fungirequired tedious data entry from thousands of journals over many years, but the result could later be inserted into electronically retrievable computer programs.Index Fungorumincludes data harvested fromIndex of Fungi, but perhaps its major source has been Saccardo’sSylloge Fungorum, probably the most prodigious compilation of the 19th–20thcentury. Names for lichen-forming fungi were gleaned from the catalogues of Zahlbruckner and Lamb. The role of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, its predecessors and its successors, has been significant.
The life and times of Ethel Mary Doidge, a pioneer of South African mycology
Authors: Jacobs Adriaana
Published: May 2019

The South African National Collection of Fungi was established in 1905 and celebrated its 110th anniversary in 2015. The diverse history of the collection is marked by the name of Ethel Mary Doidge as she has been a companion of mycology in South Africa.
Using standard keywords in publications to facilitate updates of new fungal taxonomic names
Authors: Schoch Conrad L. , Aime M. Catherine , de Beer Wilhelm , Crous Pedro W. , Hyde Kevin D. , Penev Lyubomir , Seifert Keith A. , Stadler Marc , Zhang Ning , Miller Andrew N.
Published: May 2019

The combination of manual curation and the reliance on updates from submitters to the public sequence databases is currently inefficient and impedes the comprehensive and timely release of records with new taxonomic names. This should be improved by making several steps during data release more efficient. This article focuses on one such step by proposing a standard way for publications to flag papers with novel taxonomic information. As a result, the potential for automated searches of publication aggregators are improved, as well as the accurate curation of taxonomic information.
Enhanced plasmid-mediated bioaugmentation of RDX-contaminated matrices in column studies using donor strainGordoniasp. KTR9
Authors: Jung Carina M , Carr Matthew , Blakeney G Alon , Indest Karl J
Published: May 2019

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the lateral movement of genetic material between organisms. The RDX explosive-degrading bacterium Gordonia sp. KTR9 has been shown previously to transfer the pGKT2 plasmid containing the RDX degradative genes (xplAB) by HGT. Overall, fitness costs to the transconjugants to maintain pGKT2 was determined through growth and survivability assessments. Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 transconjugants demonstrated a fitness cost while other strains showed minimal cost. Biogeochemical parameters that stimulate HGT of pGKT2 were evaluated in soil slurry mating experiments and the absence of nitrogen was found to increase HGT events three orders of magnitude. Experiments evaluating RDX degradation in flow-through soil columns containing mating pairs showed 20% greater degradation than columns with only the donor KTR9 strain. Understanding the factors governing HGT will benefit bioaugmentation efforts where beneficial bacteria with transferrable traits could be used to more efficiently degrade contaminants through gene transfer to native populations.
Complex demonstratives, hidden arguments, and presupposition
Authors: Nowak Ethan
Published: May 2019

Standard semantic theories predict that non-deictic readings for complex demonstratives should be much more widely available than they in fact are. If such readings are the result of a lexical ambiguity, as Kaplan (in: Almog, Perry, Wettstein (eds) Themes from Kaplan, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977) and others suggest, we should expect them to be available wherever a definite description can be used. The same prediction follows from ‘hidden argument’ theories like the ones described by King (Complex Demonstratives: a Quantificational Account, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2001) and Elbourne (Situations and Individuals, MIT Press, Cambridge, 2005). Wolter (That’s That; the Semantics and Pragmatics of Demonstrative Noun Phrases. Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Santa Cruz, 2006), however, has shown that complex demonstratives admit non-deictic interpretations only when a precise set of structural constrains are met. In this paper, I argue that Wolter’s results, properly understood, upend the philosophical status quo. They fatally undermine the ambiguity theory and demand a fundamental rethinking of the hidden argument approach.
Daily identity practices: Belarus and potato eaters
Authors: Zadora Anna
Published: May 2019

Food cultivation, preparation and consumption are important references for shaping national identity. Food is a crystallization of the history of a national or ethnic group, of its traditions, mentality, and religious adherence and of very pragmatic material elements reflecting the way of life of the group, for instance, climatic conditions and socio-economic levels. All elements of the history of a group are transmitted and experienced in daily rituals relating to food. Food has strong symbolic, quasi-sacred associations in many cultures: for Slavic peoples bread is a very important symbol, and in Belarus potatoes are known as “the second bread”.

The role played by banal everyday identity rituals is very important in complex political contexts, where identity building processes aimed at the transformation of a community into a nation-state with common identification denominators are not endorsed by political elite. Belarus is an extremely difficult case from the point of view of identity building: a country without a history (Zaprudnik, 1993), without a nation (Marples, 1999), without an identity (Bekus, 2010). In the Belarusian context, food - especially food which is cheap, rustic and simple to cultivate, such as potatoes - is an important identity marker.
Does the rise of STEM education mean the demise of sustainability education?
Authors: Smith Caroline , Watson Jane
Published: May 2019

In this article, we outline the key principles of education for sustainability (EfS) that enable us to question the enthusiastic and uncritical promotion of STEM (science, mathematics, engineering and technology) and its offshoot, STEM education, as key contributors to an environmentally sustainable future. We examine the framing of STEM and STEM education as situated in an unproblematised, neoliberal growthist paradigm, in contrast to the more critical ecological paradigm of EfS. We conclude that STEM, and hence STEM education, need to include critical reflection and futures perspectives if they are to align themselves with a flourishing economic, social and environmental future. We provide examples for the classroom that illustrate our contention.
Deux fondements à l'éthique: l'intuition et la critique
Authors: Kaufmann J. Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Voici deux heureuses initiatives que nous devons à des universitaires canadiens qui n'en sont pas à leurs premiéres armes. Selon toute apparence la conception de ces anthologies ne découle pas d'une planification entre les deux auteurs. Pourtant elles se complètent remarquablement bien, et ce sur plus d'un plan.

1) Leur complémentarité réside tout d'abord dans lechoix des problématiquesrespectives. Bien que les deux auteurs manifestent un même souci pour des problemès contemporains majeurs en matière d'ethique, ils ne se recoupent que quatre fois sur les neuf chapitres contenus dans chaque livre, notamment à propos des questions concernant ravortement, l'euthanasie, lapeine capitale et la sexualité, encore que les textes choisis par Wesley Cragg (W.C.) situent l'euthanasie (involontaire) plutôt dans la perspective de l'infanticide, tandis que ceux retenus par Jan Narveson (J. N.) la discutent du point de vue de l'adulte, rapprochant l'euthanasie volontaire du suicide; la sexualité est abordée par le premier à travers les débats sur la pornographie et la censure, tandis que J.N. la situe dans l'optique de l'érotisme, de l'adultère et des conditions anthropologiques. Quant aux autres problématiques, les auteurs divergent dans leurs choix.
Mysticism and Morality
Authors: Evans Donald
Published: May 2019

In The Moral Mystic James Home has written a sequel to his Beyond Mysticism, where he ably explored a variety of philosophical issues arising from mysticism. This time his study has a special focus, and he makes an important contribution to the ongoing philosophical discussion of relations between religion and morality. As Home notes, “There is a very wide consensus in the philosophic world that religion and morality are independent of each other and that we can produce reliable moral judgments independently, with no need for religious guidance” (95). Home agrees that a non-religious morality is a reasonable option, but he claims that a religious commitment and perspective can sometimes intelligibly and legitimately affect an agent's morality. He supports this claim, not by an abstract argument, but by a descriptive analysis of the reflective process which goes on in a particular kind of religious person whom he calls the “moral mystic”. Why appeal to mysticism to show that religion can be positively and rationally relevant to morality? Such an appeal is initially implausible, for philosophers and others have severely criticized mystics for being amoral and perhaps even immoral. Home begins his book with a summary of such criticisms, but he claims that they apply to “pure” mystics rather than to his moral mystics. This distinction between mystics is crucial for his thesis.
Nonlinear density-dependent diffusion for competing species interactions: Large-time asymptotic behaviour
Authors: Leung Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

In many biological diffusion-reaction studies, it was found that one should include the effect of density dependent rates, drift terms and spatially varying growth rates, in order to obtain more accurate results. (See e.g. [7],[10], [8] , [3]). On the other hand, many recent mathematical results on reaction-diffusion systems do not include such general setting. This article investigates the behaviour of competing-species reaction-diffusion model under this more general situation. Efforts are made to obtain results concerning coexistence, survival and extinction, by methods similar to that in [5], [6].
A critique for shallow water theory
Authors: Mackie A.G.
Published: May 2019

There is now a huge volume of literature dealing with exact and approximate solutions of the equations governing the motion of an inviscid, incompressible fluid. Major difficulties in finding exact solutions arise when the fluid is bounded by a socalled "free" surface on which the pressure is constant because the equation of such a surface is not known in advance. A boundary condition of this type arises when a mathematical analysis of water wave theory is attempted. Different approximations are, of course, appropriate to different circumstances and here we deal with a well known approximation for waves in shallow water which will be described in detail in the next section.The main ideas underlying this particular approximation have been known for some time but it is probably true to say that they were first brought into real prominence by Stoker [3] in a long article in the Communications of Pure and Applied Mathematics. The main ideas in this article were later developed in considerable detail in Stoker's book “Water Waves” [4]. More recently this approximation has been used by Sewell and Porter [2] as one of several examples in fluid and solid mechanics which are given a geometrical interpretation in terms of “constitutive surfaces” which has close links with catastrophe theory. An excellent account of this interesting approach, which lists many associated references, is given by Sewell [1].
On the set of periodic solutions of differential equations of Riccati type
Authors: Hassan H.S.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper is to expand upon the results obtained in [4]. We consider the set H of differential equations

where p and r are continuous real-valued functions of period ω (ω being fixed throughout). The equation (1.1) is denoted by P or (p,r), and we regard H as the set of pairs of continuous functions of period ω.On H we define a norm:
Melancholy as Despair: Pope's Eloisa to Abelard
Authors: Sena John F.
Published: May 2019

Eloisa, the medieval nun torn between “grace and nature” in Alexander Pope's Eloisa to Abelard, has proved to be one of the poet's most fascinating and popular female creations among religious scholars as well as literary critics. Yet there appears in Pope's masterpiece another female figure who has been largely ignored and whose nature and function in the poem have never been accurately described. In the midst of Eloisa's spiritual and emotional conflict between her carnal memories of Abelard and her religious obligations as a nun, she imagines that she sees sitting in front of her the figure of “Black Melancholy,” a woman spreading spiritual gloom over the entire scene:

But o'er the twilight groves, and dusky caves,

Long-sounding isles, and intermingled graves,

Black Melancholy sits, and round her throws

A death-like silence, and a dread repose;

Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene,

Shades ev'ry flow'r, and darkens ev'ry green,

Deepens the murmur of the falling floods,

And breathes a browner horror on the woods.
Labour in Scotland during the Second World War
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: May 2019

The 1930s, a decade Labour in Scotland could have done without, ended appropriately. On Sunday, 3 September 1939, hours before war was declared, police closed down a Labour party meeting on Glasgow Green. The Glasgow left-wing weekly Forward, reporting this, concluded gloomily: ‘It is doubtful whether any other meeting will be allowed during the war period.’ Labour’s fortunes in 1939 were mixed, and it did not regard the imminent prospect of an election with enthusiasm. In Scotland it had recovered from the nadir of 1932, when after the secession of the Independent Labour party (I.L.P.) it was left with only three M.P.s out of the seven who had survived the 1931 election. But its gains in 1935 still gave it only 20 out of 74 seats, well short of its 1929 level of 37. It later won two by-elections, and acquired George Buchanan M.P. from the I.L.P. in 1938, but by then its municipal successes of 1932—5, when it took over most of the larger Scottish towns, had been checked. In November 1936 it lost Dundee. There was some recovery in 1937, but a net gain of only one seat in 1938. It had yet to take control in a single Scottish county.
A Digest of Recent Israeli Cases
Authors: Sharon Paul
Published: May 2019

This was an Additional Hearing granted by leave of the President of the Supreme Court for the purpose of considering the incidence, ratione personae, of the good faith requirement established under sec. 12 of the Contracts (General Part) Law, 1973. The significance of the decision lay in the question of the liability of agents and company directors who negotiate contracts to which they are not themselves party. In particular, the Court was called upon to consider whether, on the basis of sec. 12, a company director negotiating a contract solely on the company's behalf could be held personally liable in relation to that contract, or whether he could seek refuge behind the corporate veil.

The respondent, David Castro (hereafter: the Purchaser), had negotiated with Yosef Pnini (hereafter: the Appellant) for the purchase of an apartment to be built by Pnidar, Development and Building Investments Company, Ltd. (hereafter: the Company). The Appellant was manager of the Company, and he and his wife were the sole stockholders. The Appellant and the Purchaser signed a standard-form preliminary agreement which the Company used for the sale of apartments in buildings that it constructed, and the Purchaser made all payments due for the purchase of the apartment. During the course of negotiations it was not revealed to the Purchaser that neither the Company nor the Appellant owned the property upon which the apartment was to be constructed.
The Influence of Aggravating or Mitigating Personal Characteristics on the Liability of the Participants
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam
Published: May 2019

Personal characteristics may be relevant to criminal liability in one of two cases. Firstly, in offences which can only be committed by an actor with a special status (offences of delicta propria): for example, bigamy, committed by a “married person”; perjury which only a “witness” can commit; corruption by a “public servant”. Secondly, where the personal characteristic either aggravates or mitigates the basic offence. Thus, in Israeli law, parricide —killing one's parents—defined in sec. 300(a)(1) of the Penal Law, 1977, is an aggravated form of manslaughter; while infanticide—where a mother kills her newborn baby is, according to sec. 303(a) of the Law, a mitigated form of either murder or manslaughter. Similarily, stealing by an employee, according to sec. 391 of the Penal Law, is an aggravated form of theft; and stealing by public servant, according to sec. 390, is an even more aggravated form of stealing by employee.

In this paper I shall limit myself to the second set of characteristics. My aim is to examine the solution required under the law of complicity in instances where the personal characteristic, which either aggravates or mitigates the offence, obtains only in one of the participants. Will the secondary party, who either instigated or aided a son to kill his father, be held liable as an accomplice to the aggravated offence of parricide committed by the son? Will a similar conclusion be applied where the accomplice instigated infanticide? What about an employee who aided another to steal from his employer? And to what offence will the principal offender in that case be held liable?
Codification and Tax Law: On the Need for Separate Sources of Income in Respect of Employee and Self-Employed Taxpayers
Authors: Edrey Joseph M.
Published: May 2019

In our previous article we dealt with the definition of employee for income tax purposes. We concluded that in the present state of the law in Israel the courts are obliged to depart from the accepted definition of this term as applied in labour law and the law of torts and develop an independent functional test more suitable to tax law. We stressed that this conclusion was based on the existing law in Israel, namely the provisions on the Income Tax Ordinance, which treats taxpayers who are employees as a special category.

In the present article we wish to look at the problem from the broader perspective of thelex ferenda. Our remarks are addressed primarily to legislators and policy-makers, and not, as the previous article, to the courts and the tax ordinance commentators.
The association of health care access and utilization with self-perceived health in South Korea: the significance of age
Authors: Park Sang-Mi , Hong Seok-Pyo
Published: May 2019

Even though South Korea’s universal health care system was established in 1989, many South Koreans continue to encounter obstacles in their attempts to access health care. Previous studies have not investigated the relationship between health care access and utilization and perceived health in the context of a universal health care system that implements a mandatory social health insurance policy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of health care access and use of preventive health care services on self-rated health among young and middle-aged adults in Korea. The sample consisted of 1242 young adults aged 20–39 years and 2389 middle-aged adults aged 40–64 years who had participated in the cross-sectional 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the association between health care access and use of preventive health care services and perceived poor health among young adults and middle-aged adults was assessed. The main finding was that a history of unmet health care requirements during the past 12 months was strongly associated with fair and poor self-rated health, especially among young adults. Additionally, middle-aged adults who had attended medical check-ups during the preceding 2 years reported poorer self-rated health. This study’s findings suggest that, despite South Korea’s universal public insurance system, there remains the need to improve access to health care services, especially among young adults. As a health improvement strategy, it is imperative that measures be taken to promote the availability of health care services when they are required and to solve any of the various individual accessibility problems, such as cost, particularly with young adults in mind.
The effect of 17β-estradiol on lactose in plasma and urine in dairy cows in late lactation
Authors: Agenäs Sigrid , Lundström Idamaria , Holtenius Kjell
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 17β-estradiol on mammary tight junctions in cows in late lactation. The experiment included five non-pregnant cows around day 290 in lactation. The cows received injections of 17β-estradiol for six days. The effect of exogenous 17β-estradiol on milk yield, milk composition and lactose in plasma and lactose in urine was investigated before, during and after the treatment. Milk yield decreased after 17β-estradiol injections and lactose in plasma and urine increased, showing an effect on the integrity of the mammary tight junctions. However, there was a delay between hormone injections and the decrease in milk yield and opening of tight junctions, indicating that other factors are involved. A high correlation between lactose in urine and blood plasma was found. More than 30% of the total lactose production was lost in urine after 17β-estradiol treatment.
Measuring the Added Value of Stock Recommendations
Authors: Anderson Anders , Jones Howard , Martinez José Vicente
Published: May 2019

Using data from the Stockholm Stock Exchange (SSE), we study the value added by (as distinct from the abnormal returns to) analysts’ recommendations. Recommending brokers’ clients trade profitably around positive recommendations at the expense of other brokers’ clients. Significant profits come from transactions before recommendation dates. Value added is greatest for upgrades to large caps, and largely insignificant for downgrades and recommendations of small caps, despite high abnormal returns. Brokers making profitable recommendations generate abnormally high commission income, recouping much of their clients’ abnormal profits, and their abnormal commission income varies in line with the abnormal profits for their clients.
Gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: a simple technique for the routine culture of pure capacitated gametocytes en masse
Authors: Sinden R. E. , Ponnudurai T. , Smits M. A. , Simm A. M. , Meuwissen J. H. E. Th.
Published: May 2019

A technique is described for the growth of pure gametocyte cultures of Plasmodium falciparum. Using the classification of Hawking, Wilson & Gammage (1971) these cultures contain gametocytes of stages III, IV and V alone. Routine sexual cultures, varying from 0·35 ml static cultures to 500 ml shaking cultures, are exposed to an inhibitor of DNA synthesis (mitomycin C at 10 μg/ml) on the 11th day of culture, and the culture is harvested on the 14th day when capacitated stage V gametocytes are present. All other stages are killed by the drug and are morphologically degenerate within 2 days of the addition of the inhibitor.
Parasitological observations on Meriones unguiculatus singly or multiply infected with Brugia pahangi
Authors: Denham D. A. , Suswillo R. R. , Chusattayanond W.
Published: May 2019

When jirds were infected with a single inoculum of 25–50 infective larvae of Brugia pahangi an overall mean recovery of adult worms of 44·5% (n = 41) was obtained. There was no difference in recoveries between male and female jirds. If jirds were repeatedly inoculated with larvae into the peritoneal cavity yields were only slightly reduced. Yields were 30·5% for 5 infections (n = 10), 26·7% for 10 infections (n = 8), 34·4% for 15 infections (n = 10) and 28·5% for 20 infections (n = 7). Twice as many worms were recovered from intraperitoneally inoculated jirds than from subcutaneously inoculated jirds.
Competitive Effects of Sicklepod on Lima Beans
Authors: Glaze Norman C. , Mullinix Ben G.
Published: May 2019

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB) was planted at six densities (0 to 39.4/m2) and six durations of competition (0 to 10 weeks after seeding) in lima beans (Phaseolus lunatusL. cv. ‘Jackson Wonder’). The yield of green lima beans was inversely proportional to the density of sicklepod. In general, weed densities at 2.7 to 10.8 sicklepod/m2did not significantly reduce yields, but higher populations frequently did. The average yields generally decreased if the duration of competition exceeded six weeks.
Tolerance of Cicer Milkvetch (Astragalus cicer) Seedlings to Herbicides
Authors: Townsend Charley E. , Schweizer Edward E.
Published: May 2019

Tolerance of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicerL.) seedlings to 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and phenoxy-diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxy] propanoic acid} mixtures was evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. In the greenhouse, seedlings in the cotyledonary and primary-leaf stages of growth were more susceptible to 2,4-DB alone and to combinations of 2,4-DB plus diclofop than seedlings in the second- through the fifth-leaf stages. All rates of 2,4-D with or without diclofop (1.7 kg ae/ha rate) reduced seedling growth at all stages of development. In the field, 2,4-DB with or without diclofop did not reduce seedling growth. Seedling growth was suppressed by 2,4-D alone at rates of 1.02 and 1.36 kg ae/ha throughout the growing season. All combinations of 2,4-D plus diclofop suppressed seedling growth, but the suppression was particularly apparent at rates of 0.68 kg ae/ha or higher of 2,4-D.
Response of Macartney Rose (Rosa bracteata) and Understory Vegetation to Herbicides
Authors: Meyer Robert E. , Bovey Rodney W.
Published: May 2019

Picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were the most effective herbicides for killing Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.) on the Claypan Resource Area of Texas. At 4.5 kg/ha picloram (ae/ha) and tebuthiuron (ai/ha) as sprays killed 70% of the plants and as pellets 73 and 84% 1 yr after application, respectively. Bay Met 1486 {N-[5-(ethylsulfonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}, 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione], and triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy]acetic acid} were markedly less effective than either picloram or tebuthiuron. After 2 to 4 months, 2,4-D, picloram, picloram + 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and triclopyr reduced the Macartney rose canopy by at least 95%, but only picloram and tebuthiuron controlled Macartney rose after 3 yr. Sprays of glyphosate and hexazinone inhibited growth of grasses after 3 months. Most herbicide sprays reduced broadleaf cover for at least 3 months.
Efficacy and Economics of Weed Control Methods in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Snipes Charles E. , Walker Robert H. , Whitwell Ted , Buchanan Gale A. , McGuire John A. , Martin Neil R.
Published: May 2019

Four cultivations of cotton [Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′] alone failed to reduce green weed biomass or increase seed cotton yields above that of the no weed control treatment, and thus resulted in a negative net return (−200 to −450 $/ha) all 4 yr. Two cultivations plus two hand-hoeings reduced green weed biomass and increased seed cotton yields 3 out of 4 yr, thus a positive net return was produced for 3 yr ranging from 300 to 640 $/ha. Fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] alone was the most effective treatment in reducing green weed biomass and increasing seed cotton yields, and produced the highest net return, 280 to 420 $/ha for the 4-yr period. The addition of cultivation did not improve the fluometuron treatment. However, diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea)] required three supplementary cultivations to equal the single fluometuron treatment. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) plus three cultivations did not equal the single fluometuron treatment, although a positive net return was obtained every year. The addition of trifluralin to fluometuron also failed to improve weed control or net return over that of fluometuron alone.
Herbicide Performance in Rice (Oryza sativa) under Three Flooding Conditions
Authors: Richard Edward P. , Street Joe E.
Published: May 2019

A 3-yr study was conducted to compare the performance of several herbicides applied alone and in mixtures under three flooding conditions in dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Labelle’). When the soil remained moist during the 2-week unflooded periods (1979 and 1981), weed emergence was slowed and no advantage with respect to enhanced weed control and increased rice yields could be demonstrated over that of the standard sequential propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) application. However, in 1980 when drought stress may have reduced initial postemergence activity and weeds emerged during the 14-day unflooded periods, differences in weed control between herbicides were obtained. Results of this study also indicate that yield losses from weed competition resulted primarily from early season competition, and that the principal advantage of the residual herbicides in dry-seeded rice may be to eliminate the need for retreatment with propanil when flooding is delayed or fields are drained.
Effects of Metribuzin on Net Photosynthesis of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and Bermudagrass (Cynodonspp.)
Authors: Yang Yaw-Shing , Bingham S. Wayne
Published: May 2019

The influence of metribuzin [4-ammo-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] on net photosynthesis of goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. ♯3ELEIN] and six cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ♯ CYNDA cvs. ‘Common’, ‘Tufcote’, ‘Vamont’, and ‘Midiron’,Cynodon transvaalensisDavy., andCynodon dactylonXCynodon transvaalensis‘Tifway’] was evaluated. Metribuzin rapidly inhibited carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake within 1 h after application in both goosegeass and bermudagrasses. Very often, net photosynthesis was completely inhibited. Net photosynthesis in goosegrass was inhibited by lower rates of metribuzin than those required for similar reduction in bermudagrasses. Common, Tufcote, Tifway, andC. transvaalensisbermudagrasses were less sensitive to metribuzin than Midiron and Vamont based upon the degree of inhibition of net photosynthesis, the rate of its recovery, and the level of foliar injury. Recovery from inhibition of net photosynthesis was observed in both species 24 h after treatment with low metribuzin rates. High rates caused several days lag period before net photosynthesis resumed. After 10 days, 95% of the goosegrass foliage was injured (either chlorosis or necrosis) from 2 kg ai/ha metribuzin treatment. The threshold concentration for inducing leaf injury in bermudagrasses was 1 kg ai/ha. Inhibition of photosynthesis was initially rapid in both grasses; however, recovery was evident earlier and there was less foliar injury in bermudagrasses than in goosegrass. Selective control of goosegrass in bermudagrass may therefore be partially dependent upon rapid metabolism and/or inactivation of metribuzin in the bermudagrass.
Factors Affecting the Phytotoxicity of Norflurazon
Authors: Lo Chi-Chu , Merkle Morris G.
Published: May 2019

Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] decreased the total chlorophyll content and the chlorophyll a/b ratio of nine plant species. Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.], wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯3CASOB) were the most susceptible plants, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) was the most tolerant. The soil properties most closely correlated with norflurazon activity were organic matter content and clay component, not clay content. A high treatment rate was necessary for effective control of plant growth in soil high in organic matter content and high in montmorillonite or vermiculite. Approximately twice as much norflurazon was required to reduce chlorophyll content 50% when applied to the soil preplant incorporated as was required when applied preemergence.
Effect of Carbaryl and PCMC on Dodder (Cuscutaspp.) Control with Chlorpropham
Authors: Dawson Jean H.
Published: May 2019

Chlorpropham (isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate) at 6.7 kg ai/ha controlled a mixture of field dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYunck. ♯3CVCCA) and largeseed dodder (Cuscuta indecoraChoisy ♯ CVCIN) for 3.0 and 4.3 weeks in two greenhouse experiments. The insecticide carbaryl (1-naphthylN-methylcarbamate) at 0.8 kg ai/ha applied with chlorpropham extended control by 0.7 and 1.8 weeks, and PCMC (p-chlorphenylN-methylcarbamate) at 0.8 kg ai/ha extended it by 2.7 and 2.8 weeks. Both additives also improved dodder control by chlorpropham in the field, with carbaryl having less effect than PCMC.
Control of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with Glyphosate
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J. , Carter Charles H. , Miller John H.
Published: May 2019

Three applications/yr of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] with a ropewick applicator (RWA), a roller applicator (RA), and a recirculating sprayer (RCS) were compared to hoeing and cultivation for the control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. ♯3SORHA] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-2′) in six field experiments from 1979 to 1981. Averaged over the 3 yr and dates of application, plots treated with glyphosate contained 78% fewer live johnsongrass shoots (15/m2) than cultivated-control plots (68/m2). Although applications of glyphosate with the RWA and RA improved or tended to improve yields of cotton, only plots treated with the RWA yielded significantly more seed cotton than cultivated control plots in all years. However, yields of plots treated with the RWA still averaged 38% less than hoed plots. Plots treated with the RA produced significantly more cotton than cultivated-control plots only in 1981.
Effect of Physiological Status and Growth of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) on Herbicide Selectivity
Authors: Paley Sandra M. , Radosevich Steven R.
Published: May 2019

Correlations between herbicide damage and several physiological factors were examined in the field for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaDougl. ex P&C Lawson) and greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patulaGreene). Pine injury caused by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid]} was compared to leader growth rate, needle growth rate, predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rate occurring on the dates of herbicide application. Shrub injury for each of the three herbicides was compared to predawn xylem potential, daytime xylem potential, and photo synthetic rates. Both species exhibited less injury from herbicide applications made at the end of September than from any applications made from April through October. Comparison of factors highly correlated to herbicide damage indicates that highest herbicide selectivity occurs when pine has ceased growing, the xylem potential of the pine is relatively low (high water stress), and the xylem potential of the manzanita is relatively high.
Effect of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Glyphosate and Photoassimilate Distribution in Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)
Authors: Klevorn Thomas B. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in growth chambers to evaluate the effect of soil temperature and soil moisture on the distribution of14C-photoassimilates and14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] in quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯3AGRRE]. When14C-glyphosate was applied to leaves, the radioactivity was less in the rhizome buds of plants exposed to 7-C soil temperature than in plants exposed to 12- and 18-C soil temperatures after 2 days. In plants with leaves exposed to14CO2, the radioactivity from14C-photoassimilates was greatest in rhizomes and rhizome buds of plants at the 12-C soil temperature. As soil moisture levels were decreased, uptake of C-glyphosate into leaves declined, and transport to the daughter shoots, rhizomes, and rhizome buds was reduced. The concentration of14C-photoassimilates in the rhizome system of water-stressed quackgrass plants was similar to that in nonstressed plants. This study shows that the patterns of glyphosate distribution differ from those of photoassimilate distribution in quackgrass plants exposed to water stress.
Influence of Application Variables on Antagonism Between Sethoxydim and Bentazon
Authors: Rhodes G. Neil , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

The effects of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one} rate, order, and timing of sequential herbicide applications, and the addition of oil concentrate on sethoxydimbentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H-one 2,2-dioxide] antagonism were studied on broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla(Griseb.) Nash. ♯3BRAPP], fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. ♯ PANDI), and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. ♯ DIGSA] in field experiments during 1980 and 1981. Tank-mixing bentazon with sethoxydim reduced control of these species compared to applications of sethoxydim alone. Sequential applications of the herbicides prevented the antagonism. Variations in time between and order of sequential applications had no consistent effect on efficacy. Increases in sethoxydim rate reduced the severity of the antagonism in some cases, while the addition of oil concentrate had no effect.
Postemergence Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) Control as Influenced by Soil-Applied Vernolate and Trifluralin
Authors: Bowers Dane L. , Bauman Thomas T.
Published: May 2019

Under greenhouse conditions, jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) L. ♯3DATST) grown in soil treated with vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was more sensitive to postemerence application of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] than jimsonweed grown in untreated soil or soil treated with trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Vernolate followed by acifluorfen was more phytotoxic than acifluorfen alone. Bentazon applied to jimsonweed after a pretreatment with vernolate at 2.2 kg ai/ha was more effective than the same rate of bentazon applied alone. Trifluralin did not enhance the activity of acifluorfen or bentazon on jimsonweed. Laboratory studies showed that more acifluorfen was absorbed by vernolate-pretreated jimsonweed than by untreated jimsonweed. No differences in bentazon absorption between vernolate-pretreated and nontreated jimsonweed were measured.
Cultural Practices Affecting Season-Long Weed Control in Irrigated Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Moomaw Russell S. , Martin Alex R.
Published: May 2019

Season-long weed control has been a goal of some producers of irrigated corn (Zea maysL.) to reduce competition, lessen weed seed production, facilitate crop harvest, improve water efficiency (particularly with furrow irrigation), and improve aesthetic properties of fields. Field experiments were conducted for 3 yr on sprinkler-irrigated corn on a loamy fine sand. Five herbicides applied at layby generally provided season-long control of grass weeds and reduced weed seed production up to 100%. Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] was particularly effective. Yields of irrigated corn were not increased by layby herbicide application. Use of corn rows spaced 91 cm apart and use of a shorter, early-maturing, horizontal-leaf corn cultivar resulted in greater weed growth and weed seed production than did use of 76-cm rows and a taller, full-season, upright-leaf corn cultivar. After nearly complete weed control with herbicides for 2 yr, withholding herbicide use in the third year allowed weed growth which reduced corn yield. Indications were that weed control efforts need to be continuous in irrigated corn production.
Susceptibility of Selected Woody Plants to Hexazinone on South Texas Rangeland
Authors: Scifres Charles J. , Rasmussen Allen , Mutz James L. , Koerth Benjamin H.
Published: May 2019

Grid applications of hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] pellets at 2.2 kg ai/ha or less did not effectively control honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell ♯3PRCJG], blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidulaBenth. ♯ ACARI), lotebush condalia [Condalia obtusifolia(Hook.) Weberb. ♯ CNCOF], granjeno (Celtis pallidaTorr. ♯ CETPA) or twisted acacia [Acacia tortuosa(L.) Willd.] growing as mixed stands on clay loam or clay soils. Efficacy of hexazinone apparently was affected little by variation in rainfall ranging from 35% less to 51% greater than the long-term average during the year of application. Apparent mortality of honey mesquite, granjeno, and lotebush condalia was increased by increasing the application rate from 2.2 to 4.5 kg/ha on clay loam soils. Control of honey mesquite, blackbrush acacia, and twisted acacia with 2.2 kg/ha was better when applied to sandy clay loam than to clay soils.
Carbon Partitioning and Herbicide Transport in Glyphosate-Treated Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Gougler Judy A. , Geiger Donald R.
Published: May 2019

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] had several effects on carbon translocation in sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL. ‘Klein E multigerm’): a) import of carbon by sink leaves was inhibited, b) net starch accumulation in source leaves was stopped, and c) carbon export from source leaves in the dark was stopped following 10 h of treatment in the light. During periods when no carbon was exported, glyphosate also was not transported from treated leaves. The limitation of glyphosate transport, resulting from disruption of carbon metabolism, appears important in the study and use of the herbicide.
Resistance of Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Mudge Laurence C. , Gossett Billy J. , Murphy Tim R.
Published: May 2019

The presence of a dinitroaniline-resistant biotype of goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertner. ♯3ELEIN] was confirmed in the northeastern area of South Carolina. It was also found in seven adjoining counties. It showed resistance to seven dinitroaniline herbicides but not to herbicides from six other chemical groups. One biotype was not affected by trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 3.4 kg ai/ha where a dinitroaniline-susceptible biotype was controlled at 0.3 kg/ha. Under similar conditions, another biotype showed resistance to trifluralin at 0.6 kg/ha but was controlled at 1.1 kg/ha, indicating that at least two unique biotypes may exist.
Comparison of Two Methods of Identifying Weed Seedlings
Authors: Stucky Jon M.
Published: May 2019

A multiple access key, or polyclave, and a traditional dichotomous key were constructed for the identification of 40 species of weed seedlings. The polyclave contained 3.4 times more information than the dichotomous key; however, there was no difference in the frequency of accurate identifications or in the time required to make accurate identifications using either system. The relative values of traditional keys and polyclaves for weed seedling identifications are discussed.