bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CO2 Density‐Raman Shift Relation Derived from Synthetic Inclusions in Fused Silica Capillaries and Its Application
Authors: SONG Yucai , CHOU I'Ming , HU Wenxuan , ROBERT Burruss , LU Wanjun
Published: August 2010

The densities of CO2 inclusions in minerals are commonly used to determine the crystallizing conditions of the host minerals. However, conventional microthermometry is difficult to apply for inclusions of small size (< 5–10 μm) or low density. Raman analysis is an alternative method for determining CO2 density, provided that the CO2 density–Raman shift relation is known. This study aims to establish this CO2 density–Raman shift relation by using CO2 inclusions synthesized in fused silica capillaries. By using this newly‐developed synthetic technique, we formed pure CO2 inclusions, and their densities were determined by microthermometry. The Raman analysis showed that the relation between CO2 density (D in g/cm3) and the separations (? in cm−1) between the two main bands (i.e. Fermi diad bands) in CO2 Raman spectra can be represented by a cubic equation: D (g/cm3)=0.74203(−0.019?3+5.90332?2–610.79472?+21050.30165)−3.54278 (r2=0.99920). Our calculated D value for a given ? is between those obtained from two previously‐reported equations, which were derived from different experimental methods. An example was given in this study to demonstrate that the densities of natural CO2 inclusions that could not be derived from microthermometry could be determined by using our method.
Abnormal Phenomena Recorded by Several Earthquake Precursor Observation Instruments Before the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan, Sichuan Earthquake
Authors: OUYANG Zuxi , ZHANG Hongxun , FU Zizhong , GOU Bo , JIANG Wali
Published: August 2010

The paper introduces the anomalies observed by digital tiltmeter, cross‐fault deformation meter, 4‐component borehole strainmeter and geothermometer before May 12, 2008, Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan. The digital tiltmeter installed in the epicentral region in Shifang County recorded the tilt anomalies 15 days before the earthquake with variation amplitude of 3.7 times larger than the annual deviation of 2007. The cross‐fault deformation meter installed at Zimakua station on the Xianshuihe‐Anninghe fault zone detected displacement anomaly occurring since 2006 with the variation amplitude exceeding the cumulative value of the last ten years. Five borehole strainmeter stations in the Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area observed unconventional strain changes occurring in the period from May 1 through 12, 2008. Among them, the strainmeter at Wanzhou station recorded the great compression strain rate on the EW component at 14:00 o'clock of May 10, and the anomaly amplitude was so large that the instrument output exceeded its dynamic range, corresponding to a level of ∼104 nanostrains. The geothermometers installed in Xi'an, Chongqing and Xichang recorded the sudden temperature changes from November 2007 to January 2008 with the variation amplitudes several times larger than the ordinary deviation. The above phenomena and the criteria for distinguishing the anomalies from background fluctuations are discussed in this paper.
Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Khabr‐Marvast Tectonized Ophiolite: Evidence for Subduction Processes in the South‐Western Margin of Central Iranian Microcontinent
Authors: SOLTANMOHAMMADI Azam , RAHGOSHAY Mohammad , KHALATBARI‐JAFARI Morteza
Published: August 2010

The Late Cretaceous Khabr–Marvast tectonized ophiolite is located in the middle part of the Nain–Baft ophiolite belt, at the south‐western edge of the central Iranian microcontinent. Although all the volcanic rocks in the study area indicate subduction‐related magmatism (e.g. high LILE (large ion lithophile elements) / HFSE (high field strenght elements) ratios and negative anomalies in Nb and Ta), geological and geochemical data clearly distinguish two distinct groups of volcanic rocks in the tectonized association: (1) group 1 is comprised of hyaloclastic breccias, basaltic pillow lavas, and andesite sheet flows. These rocks represent the Nain–Baft oceanic crust; and (2) group 2 is alkaline lavas from the top section of the ophiolite suite. These lavas show shoshonite affinity, but do not support the propensity of ophiolite.
Gastropods Associated with Fossil Traces from Yacoraite Formation (Maastrichtian‐Danian), and its Paleoenvironmental Significance, Jujuy, Northwestern Argentina
Authors: CÓNSOLE GONELLA Carlos A. , GRIFFIN Miguel , ACEÑOLAZA Florencio G.
Published: August 2010

We present results tending to characterize the new records of invertebrates from the Yacoraite Formation (Maastrichtian‐Danian). The fossils reported come from two stratigraphic sections exposed in the surroundings of Maimará and Jueya, province of Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. The selection was based on geological and paleontological evidence. The recovered fossils include gastropods and invertebrate fossil traces, including Planolites, Skolithos and Gastrochanoelites ichnogenus. As result of our review, we discussed the possibility of assigning the analyzed gastropods to the family Zygopleuridae (gene. et. sp. indet.), as an approximation to the taxonomic resolution of this fossil fauna. The trace fossils were assigned to the archetypical Glossifungites ichnofacies. The study of the fossil assemblage allowed us to define a shallow depositional environment, characteristic of a marine context with high‐energy conditions.
Heavy Metal Distribution in Soils near the Almalyk Mining and Smelting Industrial Area, Uzbekistan
Authors: KODIROV Obidjon , SHUKUROV Nosir
Published: August 2010

The present study demonstrates distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in soils of the Almalyk mining and smelting industrial area along five transects. The study area is located in Almalyk, Uzbekistan, where the intensification of industrial enterprises negatively impacts the environment. The distribution of 17 heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th, and U) were studied in 21 sampling locations (21×3=63 soil samples) along five radial transects with a total length of 60 km downwind deposition gradient. Soil samples were collected from the upper layer (0–10 cm) at 4–6 km intervals. As a result of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses by using X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF, Philips Analytical Ink, USA), a significant decrease in heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb) deposition was found going from the source in a downwind direction. Soil samples taken from the first location (near the pollution sources) showed higher concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb, and lower concentrations with increasing distance from the source. Obtained data showed different impact of pollution sources to heavy metal deposition and distribution in soils. The Almalyk mining and smelting complex is the major source of Pb, Zn and Cu enrichment in soils. Distribution of other trace elements does not exceed background content and suggests lithogenic background. This allowed us to divide these elements into two groups: (1) technogenic (Cu, Zn and Pb); and (2) lithogenic (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Th and U) origins.
Mantle Branch Structure in the South‐Central Segment of the Da Hinggan Mts., Inner Mongolia and Its Ore‐controlling Role
Authors: Shuyin NIU , Aiqun SUN , Baode WANG , Fengjun NIE , Sihong JIANG , Ji'an SHAO , Lijun GUO , Jianming LIU
Published: August 2010

Mantle branch structure is the third tectonic unit of multiple evolution of a mantle branch. It is not only the main mechanism of intercontinental orogeny, but also an important ore‐forming and ore‐control structure. Studies on geotectonic evolution, regional geological characteristics and oreforming and ore‐control structures have shown that since the Mesozoic the Da Hinggan Mts. region has entered a typical intercontinental orogenic stage, and it is closely related to mantle branch activities. The south‐central segment of the Da Hinggan Mts. is a typical mantle branch structure and possesses obvious magmatic‐metamorphic complexes in the core, detachment slip beds in the periphery and overlapped fault depression basins. Moreover, all of these are the principal factors leading to ore formation and ore control in the region. This paper also further explores the mechanism of mineralization in the south‐central segment of the Da Hinggan, summaries the rules of mineralization, puts forward the models of mineralization and points out future ore‐exploring orientation.
Geochemistry of Heavy Oil in the T Block, Oriente Basin and its Origin Mechanism
Authors: HU Ying , YIN Jiquan , SU Yongdi , XIE Yinfu , WANG Xiaoxia , XIAO Gaojie , YU Zhaohua , WANG Li
Published: August 2010

Exploration and development experience show that there is obvious oil gravity difference between the southern part and northern part of the “M1” reservoir in the Fanny oil field in the slope of the Oriente Basin, Ecuador. The American Petroleum Institute Gravity (API) values of oils in the northern part are higher than the one in the southern part of the Fanny oil field, with the values of 20° and 10.0°–13.0°, respectively. So the primary purpose of this study was to analyze the heavy oil characteristics of biodegradation and the oil–oil correlation according to the biomarker data and the δ13C signature of oil samples from T block. The results of the hydrocarbon gas chromatography fingermark and the inversion attribute characteristics indicated that there are fluid compartments between the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south. Finally, the models of oil–gas accumulation under the control of multiple‐activities of complicated fault systems, as well as the origin of heavy oil, are contended. The early stage oils from the western part of the basin were biodegraded heavily in varying degrees in the whole basin, and the later stage oils were derived from the southern part in a large scale and were mature and lighter. Generally, oil mixing is the primary control of net oil properties, such as API gravity in Oriente Basin. We therefore predicted that the API gravity variation of oil pools radically depends on the injection amount of the later stage oil. Because of the shale barrier in the “M1” reservoir of Fanny south, the later stage hydrocarbon could not pass through and contribute to increase the oil API value.
New Species of Enantiornithes (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the Qiaotou Formation in Northern Hebei, China
Authors: WANG Xuri , O'CONNOR Jingmai K. , ZHAO Bo , CHIAPPE Luis M. , GAO Chunling , CHENG Xiaodong
Published: August 2010

We report on a new species of enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous Qiaotou Formation of northern Hebei, China. The new taxon, Shenqiornis mengi gen. et sp. nov., possesses several enantiornithine synapomorphies but is unique from other known species. The specimen has a well‐preserved skull that reveals new information about enantiornithine cranial morphology. The new taxon possesses a large postorbital with a long tapering jugal process indicating that some enantiornithines may have had a fully diapsid skull, as in Confuciusornis. The tooth morphology of the specimen is unique and likely represents a previously unknown trophic specialization within Enantiornithes.
Geochemistry and Genesis of the Late Jurassic Granitoids at Northern Great Hinggan Range: Implications for Exploration
Authors: WU Guang , CHEN Yanjing , SUN Fengyue , ZHANG Zhe , LIU Ankun , LI Zhitong
Published: August 2010

The Longgouhe and Ershiyizhan intrusions of the Late Jurassic, located in the Upper Heilongjiang Basin of the northern Great Hinggan Range, are closely related to porphyry Cu‐Au mineralizations. In lithology the intrusions are quartz diorite, quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of high‐K calc‐alkaline series, with minor aspects of shoshonite series. Their SiO2and Al2O3contents range from 61.37% to 66.59% and 15.35% to 17.06%, respectively. The MgO content ranges from 2.02% to 3.47%, with Mg#indices of 44–59. The (La/Yb)Nand Eu/Eu* values range from 16.85 to 81.73 and 0.68 to 0.93, respectively, showing strong differentiation rare earth element (REE) patterns similar to those of adakites. The rocks are enriched in Ba, Sr and light REE (LREE), obviously depleted in Nb and Ta, slightly depleted in Rb and Ti, and poor in Yb and Y, with Yb and Y contents of 0.31–1.32 ppm and 4.32–12.07 ppm, respectively. As indicated by Sr/Y ratios of 67.74–220.60, the rocks are characterized by low‐Y and high‐Sr contents, which characterize the adakites in the world. Holistically, geochemical tracers suggest that the interested intrusions are adakitic rocks. Given that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean were closed in the Late Paleozoic and Permian‐Middle Jurassic, respectively, the interested intrusions should be formed by partial melting of delaminated crust, which had been thickened during collisional orogeny between the Siberian and Mongolian‐Sinokorean continents.
New Jurassic Pseudopolycentropodids from China (Insecta: Mecoptera)
Authors: REN Dong , SHIH Chungkun , LABANDEIRA Conrad C.
Published: August 2010

In this paper two new species of fossil Pseudopolycentropus Handlirsch, 1906 are described: Pseudopolycentropus janeannae sp. nov. and P. novokshonovi, sp. nov. All of them were recovered from the Middle Jurassic non‐marine sedimentary strata of northeastern China. The new material from China reveals that the early diversification of pseudopolycentropodids was well underway by the Middle Jurassic.
A Quantitative Study of Fault Zone Sealing
Authors: LI Yang , ZHAO Mifu
Published: August 2010

A fault is not simply a plane, but a zone consisting of a series of broken planes or lower faults. The greater the scale of faults, the wider and more complex the fault zone is. Fault‐sealing properties are influenced by the fault zone itself, whose fault displacement, depth, net‐to‐gross‐ratio of mudstone, fault plane angle, and fault mechanical properties play important controlling roles. The sealing of hydrocarbon by the fault zone depends on whether the fault zone can form a continuous sealing zone and if the pore throats connecting those fault zones are small enough. The concept of fault zone‐sealing potential is proposed here, and a quantitative formula is established by using a great amount of practical statistical data as well as the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which is a comprehensive characterization parameter to judge whether or not fault zones could seal oil hydrocarbon. The greater the value of the fault zone‐sealing potential, the better sealed the fault is. For example, with increasing depth, the sealing degree of the Xin 68 Fault in the Dongxin 1 oilfield changes greatly, reflecting the complexity of fault‐sealing properties.
Modern Classics: Reflections on Rammstein in the German Class1
Authors: Lüke Martina
Published: August 2010

The decreasing interest in the study of foreign languages forces us to reconsider and re‐evaluate new teaching methods and approaches. Nevertheless, the use of music, in particular modern or pop music, for interdisciplinary studies and students' language skills appears to be still neglected. I claim that the lyrics and music of the popular group Rammstein deal with classical German literature and music and therefore should be added to the curriculum. Based on personal teaching experiences while teaching German for a couple of years at both high‐school and university level I will provide insight into some aspects dealing with Rammstein in the classroom.
Förderung der konstruktivistischen Handlungskompetenz türkischer DaF‐Lehramtsstudenten durch einen gemeinsam geschriebenen Roman
Authors: Ünver Şerife
Published: August 2010

Die schulischen DaF‐Lehrpläne in der Türkei sind seit geraumer Zeit durch den Paradigmenwechsel gekennzeichnet, der sich vom Lehren zum Lernen bzw. von der reinen Wissensvermittlung durch die Lehrkraft zum selbständigen und eigenverantwortlichen Handeln des Lerners verschiebt. Die zukünftigen Lehrer auf diesen Wandel vorzubereiten und die Lehrerausbildung auf diesbezügliche Qualifikationsanforderungen auszurichten, erweist sich als unumgänglich. Um diesen Anforderungen entgegenzukommen, sollte das Lehramtsstudium den angehenden Sprachlehrern Freiräume zur Entfaltung berufsrelevanter Handlungskompetenzen und zum Umgang mit handlungsorientierten Lernformen schaffen.

Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Beitrag der Arbeitsprozess zur Zusammenarbeit an einem Projekt vorgestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um das gemeinsame Schreiben eines deutschsprachigen Romans, den die türkischen DaF‐Lehramtsstudenten auf der Grundlage ihrer eigenen konstruktivistischen Handlungskompetenz geplant, organisiert und durchgeführt haben. Mit dem erfolgreich abgeschlossenen Projekt sind im fremdsprachlichen Bereich sowie im Umgang mit konstruktivistischen Handlungsbereichen deutliche Lernzuwächse verzeichnet worden.
Fanning the Flames: Best Practices for Ensuring the Survival of Small German Programs
Authors: Davidheiser James , Wolf Gregory
Published: August 2010

Small undergraduate German programs can take various forms but can generally be classified as new and emerging or older and well‐established programs. In today's academic climate it is necessary that instructors in both types work to enhance their curriculum and extra‐curricular offerings as well as strive to prevent burnout and the over involvement, which can actually harm the programs. This article, authored by writers from both types of programs and based on a decade of collaboration with colleagues in small German programs, offers suggestions to newer and established programs and instructors to aid them in staying or becoming vibrant.
Unsere Rockgruppe geht auf Tournee! A Collaborative Writing Project for the Intermediate Level
Authors: Roddy Harry Louis
Published: August 2010

This is a collaborative writing project that is ideally suited for introducing longer narrative writing to second‐year students. It involves collaborative learning, group dynamics and extended narrative writing. In the Rockgruppe‐Semesterprojekt, groups of students form fictional rock bands, develop tour itineraries through the German‐speaking countries, and write competing narrative descriptions of their tour. These narratives undergo a multi‐tiered editorial process and form the basis of group presentations. Completing the Rockgruppe project facilitates student progress in the language‐learning standards of communication, cultures and connections. It also always proves to be a great deal of fun.
Curricular Planning along the Fault Line between Instrumental and Academic Agendas: A Response to the Report of the Modern Language Association on Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World1
Authors: Walther Ingeborg
Published: August 2010

In calling for new governance structures and unified curricula, the MLA Report distinguishes between instrumental and constitutive views of language that characterize our often schizophrenic agendas of language acquisition on the one hand, and disciplinary knowledge on the other. This paper explores some common theoretical insights from the fields of language acquisition and cultural studies that interrogate these views, providing a basis for sustained collaboration around curricula among faculty on both sides of the divide. While these have already yielded the kinds of curricular innovations recommended by the Report, a case is made for more radical changes in hiring practices, distribution of teaching and service, reward structures, and graduate education — changes which have the capacity to transform the institutional values upon which they will also depend.
Factors and mechanisms explaining spatial heterogeneity: a review of methods for insect populations
Authors: Vinatier Fabrice , Tixier Philippe , Duyck Pierre‐François , Lescourret Françoise
Published: August 2010

1. The spatial distribution of populations is affected by the dispersal abilities of the species, interactions among individuals, or habitat selection. Linking these ecological processes to spatial patterns is of primary importance for understanding and prediction purposes.

2. We review both statistical and mechanistic methods for studying the spatial distribution of populations. Statistical methods, such as spatial indexes and nearest‐neighbour analyses help characterizing the spatial pattern. They allow testing the effect of environmental variables on spatial patterns using regression analyses.

3. Mechanistic modelling can be used to analyse the effect of mechanisms underlying the spatial pattern. We review mechanistic models (e.g. metapopulation, individual‐based and cellular automaton models) devoted to represent dispersal abilities, interactions among individuals and habitat selection.

4. We illustrate each method by works on insects, which cover a broad range of spatial patterns. Strengths and limitations of methods are discussed according to the process and type of data set.

5. Scientists can use statistical or mechanistic methods in an iterative manner to infer process from spatial pattern. New approaches such as ‘pattern‐oriented modelling’ or ‘space as a surrogate framework’ determine whether alternative models reproduce an observed pattern. It allows selection of the process that best explain the observed pattern.
Developments in Parametric Methods for Handling Creep and Creep-Rupture Data
Authors: Le May Iain
Published: August 2010

The development of parametric methods for handling creep and creep-rupture data is briefly reviewed. The applicability of such methods to handling creep strain and creep strain rate data is emphasized, and relationships between optimum parametric methods and deformation mechanisms are discussed. Future directions for study are suggested in the light of recent work.
Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of a Network of Four Neurons With Time Delays
Authors: Mao Xiaochen , Hu Haiyan
Published: August 2010

This paper reveals the dynamical behaviors of a bidirectional neural network consisting of four neurons with delayed nearest-neighbor and shortcut connections. The criterion of the global asymptotic stability of the trivial equilibrium of the network is derived by means of a suitable Lyapunov functional. The local stability of the trivial equilibrium is investigated by analyzing the distributions of roots of the associated characteristic equation. The sufficient conditions for the existence of nontrivial synchronous and asynchronous equilibria and periodic oscillations arising from codimension one bifurcations are obtained. Multistability near the codimension two bifurcation points is presented. Numerical simulations are given to validate the theoretical analysis.
Complete Solution to the Eight-Point Path Generation of Slider-Crank Four-Bar Linkages
Authors: Tari Hafez , Su Hai-Jun
Published: August 2010

We study the synthesis of a slider-crank four-bar linkage whose coupler point traces a set of predefined task points. We report that there are at most 558 slider-crank four-bars in cognate pairs passing through any eight specified task points. The problem is formulated for up to eight precision points in polynomial equations. Classical elimination methods are used to reduce the formulation to a system of seven sixth-degree polynomials. A constrained homotopy technique is employed to eliminate degenerate solutions, mapping them to solutions at infinity of the augmented system, which avoids tedious post-processing. To obtain solutions to the augmented system, we propose a process based on the classical homotopy and secant homotopy methods. Two numerical examples are provided to verify the formulation and solution process. In the second example, we obtain six slider-crank linkages without a branch or an order defect, a result partially attributed to choosing design points on a fourth-degree polynomial curve.
Structural modal interaction of a four degree-of-freedom bladed disk and casing model
Authors: Legrand Mathias , Pierre Christophe , Peseux Bernard
Published: August 2010

Consideration is given to a very specific interaction phenomenon that may occur in turbomachines due to radial rub between a bladed disk and surrounding casing. These two structures, featuring rotational periodicity and axisymmetry, respectively, share the same type of eigenshapes, also termed nodal diameter traveling waves. Higher efficiency requirements leading to reduced clearance between blade-tips and casing together with the rotation of the bladed disk increase the possibility of interaction between these traveling waves through direct contact. By definition, large amplitudes as well as structural failure may be expected. A very simple two-dimensional model of outer casing and bladed disk is introduced in order to predict the occurrence of such phenomenon in terms of rotational velocity. In order to consider traveling wave motions, each structure is represented by its two nd-nodal diameter standing modes. Equations of motion are solved first using an explicit time integration scheme in conjunction with the Lagrange multiplier method, which accounts for the contact constraints, and then by the harmonic balance method (HBM). While both methods yield identical results that exhibit two distinct zones of completely different behaviors of the system, HBM is much less computationally expensive.
Switching Mechanism and Complex Motions in an Extended Fermi-Acceleration Oscillator
Authors: Luo Albert C. J. , Guo Yu
Published: August 2010

In this paper, an extended model of the Fermi-acceleration oscillator is presented to describe impacting chatters, grazing, and sticking between the particle (or bouncing ball) and piston. The sticking phenomenon in such a system is investigated for the first time. Even in the traditional Fermi-oscillator, such a sticking phenomenon still exists but one often ignored it. In this paper, the analytical conditions for the grazing and sticking phenomena between the particle and piston in the Fermi-acceleration oscillator are developed from the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems. Compared with existing studies, the four exact mappings are used to analyze the motion behaviors of the Fermi-oscillator instead of one or two mappings. Mapping structures formed by generic mappings are adopted for the analytical predictions of periodic motions in the Fermi-acceleration oscillator. Periodic and chaotic motions in such an oscillator are illustrated to show motion complexity and grazing and sticking mechanism. Once the masses of the ball and primary mass are in the same quantity level, the model presented in this paper will be very useful and significant. This idea can apply to a system possessing two independent oscillators with impact, such as gear transmission systems, bearing systems, and time-varying billiard systems.
Lateral Hunting Stability of Railway Vehicles Running on Elastic Track Structures
Authors: Zhai Wanming , Wang Kaiyun
Published: August 2010

Considering the viscoelastic property of railway track structure, it is suggested in this paper to include the influence of track dynamics in calculation of lateral stability of railway vehicles running on tracks. A direct numerical method based on the stability of time histories of vehicle components is proposed to ascertain the nonlinear critical hunting speed of railway vehicles. The time histories of the vehicle system are calculated by use of the three-dimensional vehicle-track coupled models, which are capable of taking into account the influence of dynamic properties of track structures on vehicle dynamics. The effect of track system properties such as the rail fastener stiffness and the rail profile on the lateral hunting stability of the vehicle is investigated. Differences of the critical hunting speeds of vehicles on rigid track model and on elastic track model are found out. Generally, the rigid track model overestimates the critical hunting speed by 5–10% for different types of vehicles, which implies that the classical vehicle dynamics predicts higher lateral stability of a vehicle than the vehicle-track coupled dynamics does. This conclusion is of significance to the safety design of railway vehicles and should be taken notice in the design stage. The reason that causes the differences is discussed. A full-scale field experiment was carried out to investigate the hunting behavior of a freight car with three-piece bogies on a straight track. Very obvious hunting motion was observed in the experiment when the unloaded vehicle ran at the speed of 75 km/h, which verified the theoretical calculation results.
Model Based Control of Laminar Wake Using Fluidic Actuation
Authors: Akhtar Imran , Nayfeh Ali H.
Published: August 2010

Control of fluid-structure interaction is of practical importance from the perspective of wake modification and reduction of vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs). The aim of this study is to design a control to suppress vortex shedding. We perform a two-dimensional simulation of the flow past a circular cylinder using a parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver. We record the velocity and pressure fields over a shedding cycle and compute the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes of the divergence-free velocity and pressure, respectively. The Navier–Stokes equations are projected onto these POD modes to reduce the dynamical system to a set of ordinary-differential equations (ODEs). This dynamical system exhibits a limit cycle with negative linear damping and positive nonlinear damping. The reduced-order model is then modified by placing a pair of suction actuators and applying a control strategy using a control function method. We use the pressure POD mode distribution on the cylinder surface to optimally locate the actuators. We design a controller based on the linearized system and make it positively damped using pole-placement technique. The control-input settles to a constant value, suggesting constant suction through the actuators. We validate the results using CFD simulations in an open-loop setting and observe suppression of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinder.
Method for Testing Motion Analysis Laboratory Measurement Systems
Authors: Hakkarainen Marko J. , Bragge Timo , Liikavainio Tuomas , Arokoski Jari , Karjalainen Pasi A. , Tarvainen Mika
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a method for comparing data from accelerometers, optical based 3D motion capture systems, and force platforms (FPs) in the context of spatial and temporal differences. Testing method is based on the motion laboratory accreditation test (MLAT), which can be used to test FP and camera based motion capture components of a motion analysis laboratory. This study extends MLAT to include accelerometer data. Accelerometers were attached to a device similar to the MLAT rod. The elevation of the rod from the plane of the floor is computed and compared with the force platform vector orientation and the rod orientation obtained by optical motion capture system. Orientation of the test device is achieved by forming nonlinear equation group, which describes the components of the measured accelerations. Solution for this equation group is estimated by using the Gauss–Newton method. This expanded MLAT procedure can be used in the laboratory setting were either FP, camera based motion capture, or any other motion capture system is used along with accelerometer measurements.
Hemodynamics of Ulcerated Plaques: Before and After
Authors: Cummins Megan , Rossmann Jenn Stroud
Published: August 2010

The hemodynamics and fluid mechanical forces in blood vessels have long been implicated in the deposition and growth of atherosclerotic plaque. Detailed information about the hemodynamics in vessels affected by significant plaque deposits can also provide insight into the mechanisms and likelihood of plaque weakening and rupture. In the current study, the governing equations are solved in their finite volume formulation in several patient-specific stenotic geometries. Of specific interest are the flow patterns and forces near ulcerations in the plaque. The flow patterns and forces in vessels with ulcerated plaques are compared with those in stenotic vessels without evidence of ulceration and to the hemodynamics in the same vessels as they likely appeared prior to ulceration. Hemodynamics “before” and “after” hemorrhage may suggest fluid mechanical and morphological factors of diagnostic and predictive value. Recirculation zones, vortex shedding, and secondary flows are captured by both laminar and turbulent solutions. The forces on vessel walls are shown to correlate with unstable plaque deposits. Performing before and after studies of vessels in long-term radiology studies may illuminate mechanisms of hemorrhage and other vessel remodeling.
Integrated high-inductance three-dimensional toroidal inductors
Authors: Yu Lin , Weon Dae-Hee , Kim Jeong-Il , Mohammadi Saeed
Published: August 2010

Fabrication, characterizations, and modeling of three-dimensional high-inductance value toroidal inductors are presented. The effect of substrate and number of turns on toroidal inductors with 16, 31, and 62 turn fabricated using prestressed metals are investigated. A 62-turn inductor on high-resistivity Si substrate has an inductance value of 81 nH, a self-resonance frequency of ∼2 GHz, and a peak quality factor (Q) of ∼10. It is found that the substrate loss is detrimental to the quality factor of toroidal inductors at high frequencies and should be suppressed by using high-resistivity substrate or SU-8 coated Si substrate in order to obtain high values of the quality factor. In addition, reducing turn-to-turn gap in toroidal inductors results in higher mutual couplings among the inductor turns and thus achieving high-inductance values. Integrated high-inductance value, high-Q inductors can be used in integrated switching power supplies, radio frequency (rf) and intermediate frequency filters, energy conversion circuits, and as on-chip rf chokes in rf integrated circuits.
Planarization of high aspect ratio p-i-n diode pillar arrays for blanket electrical contacts
Authors: Voss L. F. , Shao Q. , Reinhardt C. E. , Graff R. T. , Conway A. M. , Nikolić R. J. , Deo Nirmalendu , Cheung Chin Li
Published: August 2010

Two planarization techniques for high aspect ratio three dimensional pillar structured p-i-n diodes have been developed in order to enable a continuous coating of metal on the top of the structures. The first technique allows for coating of structures with topography through the use of a planarizing photoresist followed by reactive ion etch-back to expose the tops of the pillar structure. The second technique also utilizes photoresist but instead allows for planarization of a structure in which the pillars are filled and coated with a conformal coating by matching the etch rate of the photoresist to the underlying layers. These techniques enable deposition using either sputtering or electron beam evaporation of metal films to allow for electrical contact to the tops of the underlying pillar structure. These processes have potential applications for many devices comprised of three dimensional high aspect ratio structures.
InAlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors on Fe-doped semi-insulating GaN substrates
Authors: Wu M. , Leach J. H. , Ni X. , Li X. , Xie J. , Doğan S. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H. , Paskova T. , Preble E. , Evans K. R. , Lu Chang-Zhi
Published: August 2010

InAlN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) have been grown and fabricated on Fe-doped semi-insulating c-plane GaN substrates. The problematic parasitic leakage caused by interface charge between the epitaxial layers and the GaN substrate as well as any adverse effect of the substrate surface damage caused by the mechanical chemical polish employed on the substrates has been circumvented by using a combination of inductively coupled plasma dry etching and in situ H2 etching. As a result, the current leakage for 100 μm separation mesa-to-mesa was reduced down to 3×10−9 A/mm at 10 V voltage bias for a 320 μm mesa pad width normal to the current flow direction and the corresponding GaN buffer resistivity was about 3.5×108 Ω cm. Owing to the good thermal conductivity of GaN substrates, the HFETs exhibit much less current degradation, compared to those on a sapphire substrate, at high drain biases. Likewise, the dc and pulsed I-V characteristics were reasonably similar, suggestive of negligible drain current lag. A dc saturation drain current density of 1.0 A/mm was achieved at zero gate bias. For HFETs with 1.1 μm gate length and 90 μm gate width, the maximum extrinsic dc transconductance was 275 mS/mm.
Plastic Accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Law Kara Lavender , Morét-Ferguson Skye , Maximenko Nikolai A. , Proskurowski Giora , Peacock Emily E. , Hafner Jan , Reddy Christopher M.
Published: August 2010

Sea of Plastic

Plastics are highly resistant to degradation and persist in the environment after being discarded. Notoriously, plastics accumulate within ocean gyres, where patterns of surface circulation concentrate them into specific regions. One area of plastic buildup lies in the middle of the North Atlantic Gyre.

Law
et al.

(p.
1185
; published online 19 August) report results from 22 years of plankton tows in the North Atlantic that showed the pattern of plastics accumulation was indeed as predicted by theories of ocean circulation, but, despite the steady increase in plastic production and disposal, the concentration of plastic debris had not increased.
A
Vibrio
Effector Protein Is an Inositol Phosphatase and Disrupts Host Cell Membrane Integrity
Authors: Broberg Christopher A. , Zhang Lingling , Gonzalez Herman , Laskowski-Arce Michelle A. , Orth Kim
Published: August 2010

Mr. Blebby

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
, an important cause of contaminated fish-associated food poisoning, kills infected host cells within hours, using three sequential mechanisms: autophagy, cell rounding, and cell lysis.

Broberg
et al.

(p.
1660
, published online 19 August) now describe a molecular mechanism of a bacterial effector protein that facilitates cell lysis by disrupting a target involved in regulating membrane dynamics and the actin cytoskeleton. The
Vibrio
effector, VPA0450, causes target cell membrane blebbing. The protein acts as an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase and disrupts cytoskeletal binding sites on the inner surface of the plasma membrane of infected cells by hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
Replication Error Amplified
Authors: Kaochar Salma , Paek Andrew L. , Weinert Ted
Published: August 2010

Yeast offers insight into how lifting controls on DNA re-replication can cause cells to make extra copies of a gene.
Double TIP-ping
Authors: Singh Harinder , Demarco Ignacio A.
Published: August 2010

A protein induces gene activation marks in chromatin and repairs DNA breaks to promote genetic recombination during antibody class switching.
Nuclei Get TAN Lines
Authors: Starr Daniel A.
Published: August 2010

Positioning of the nucleus within a cell involves a protein complex that spans the nuclear envelope to connect actin filaments to the nuclear lamina.
Looking Through the Paint
Close Examination
Fakes, Mistakes and Discoveries

Marjorie E. Wieseman and Ashok Roy, Curators

National Gallery, London. Through 12 September, 2010. www.nationalgallery.org.uk/
A Closer Look
Deceptions and Discoveries

by Marjorie E. Wieseman

National Gallery, London, 2010. 96 pp. Paper, $15, £6.99. ISBN 9781857094862.
Authors: Fara Patricia
Published: August 2010

This exhibition at the National Gallery, London, and the accompanying book offer case studies in which science has improved our understanding of paintings in the gallery's collections.
Investigation Leaves Field in the Dark About a Colleague's Work
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: August 2010

The Boston Globe
reported last week that Harvard University cognitive scientist Marc Hauser was on leave following an investigation into his research by the university. But exactly what went wrong with Hauser's research is still not clear.
U.S. Astronomers Unveil Stripped-Down ‘Short List’
Authors: Bhattacharjee Yudhijit
Published: August 2010

Unlike previous decadal surveys of funding priorities in astronomy and astrophysics, which often produced unrealistically long "wish lists" of priorities, the sixth decadal survey released last week claims to have made some hard choices that hew to the realities of a tough budgetary climate.
Free Journals Grow Amid Ongoing Debate
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: August 2010

Ten years ago, a few scientists started an ‘open access’ campaign for free journals funded by author fees. Their flagship, the Public Library of Science, is expected to break even soon—but remains controversial.
Pavlovsk's Hopes Hang on a Tweet
Authors: Parfitt Tom
Published: August 2010

A Russian research center with a unique collection of European fruits and berries could be bulldozed for housing unless a legal decision is reversed.
Use of FTA Cards for Direct Sampling of Patients' Lesions in the Ecological Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Kato Hirotomo , Cáceres Abraham G. , Mimori Tatsuyuki , Ishimaru Yuka , Sayed Amal S. M. , Fujita Megumi , Iwata Hiroyuki , Uezato Hiroshi , Velez Lenin N. , Gomez Eduardo A. L. , Hashiguchi Yoshihisa
Published: August 2010

The FTA card (Whatman) was assessed for its utility as a molecular epidemiological tool in collecting samples from patients with leishmaniasis in Peru because the card has a variety of merits; it is less invasive for patients and easy to handle for both physicians and other medical personnel for sample collection or diagnosis, in addition to its simplicity and easy countrywide and/or intercountry transportation for analysis. Samples were collected from 132 patients suspected of having leishmaniasis, and
Leishmania
species were successfully identified in samples from 81 patients in 15 departments of Peru by cytochrome
b
and mannose phosphate isomerase gene analyses. Of these, 61.7% were identified as
Leishmania
(
Viannia
)
peruviana
, 22.2% as
L.
(
V.
)
braziliensis
, 12.3% as
L.
(
V.
)
guyanensis
, 2.5% as
L.
(
V.
)
shawi
, and 1.2% as
L.
(
V.
)
lainsoni
. The three predominant species,
L.
(
V.
)
peruviana
,
L.
(
V.
)
braziliensis
, and
L.
(
V.
)
guyanensis
, were mainly found in the Andean highlands, in the tropical rainforest, and in northern and central rainforest regions, respectively. This is the first time
L.
(
V.
)
shawi
has been identified outside Brazil. The present study showed that the FTA card will be a useful tool for the ecological study of different forms of leishmaniasis. Furthermore, collecting samples directly from patients' lesions by using the FTA card eliminates (i) the possibility of contamination of
Leishmania
isolates during short- and/or long-term passages of culture
in vitro
in each laboratory and (ii) pain and suffering of patients from taking samples by skin biopsy.
The (1,3)β-
d
-Glucan Test as an Aid to Early Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections following Lung Transplantation
Authors: Alexander Barbara D. , Smith P. Brian , Davis R. Duane , Perfect John R. , Reller L. Barth
Published: August 2010

The Fungitell assay for (1,3)β-
d
-glucan (BG) detection in serum has been evaluated in patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and healthy controls and for the early diagnosis of IFI in cancer patients. We evaluated the BG assay for the detection of IFI in lung transplant recipients. Serial serum samples were prospectively collected from patients undergoing lung transplants at Duke Hospital. Fungal infections were classified according to revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group criteria. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was generated; possible causes for false-positive and false-negative tests were investigated by linear regression analysis. Seven hundred fifty-six serum specimens from 59 subjects without IFI and 41 specimens from 14 patients with proven or probable IFI were tested. The area under the ROC curve was 0.69. Based on a 60-pg/ml positive cutoff, per-patient sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 64%, 9%, 14%, and 50%, respectively; per-test estimates were 71%, 59%, 9%, and 97%, respectively. The majority (92%) of patients not diagnosed with an IFI had at least one BG level of ≥60 pg/ml, and 90% had at least one BG level of ≥80 pg/ml. Respiratory colonization with mold and hemodialysis significantly affected mean BG levels. In conclusion, the accuracy of the BG test is marginal and its utility as a tool for the early diagnosis of IFI is questionable in the lung transplant population. Although the NPV of the BG test is high, the low PPV limits its utility as a screening tool for early diagnosis of IFI.
Development of a Rapid ATP Bioluminescence Assay for Biocidal Susceptibility Testing of Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Authors: Kapoor Renuka , Yadav Jagjit S.
Published: August 2010

An ATP-based biocide susceptibility assay for mycobacteria was developed by optimizing the cell lysis and assay conditions. Compared to the conventional agar plating method, the assay was rapid (1.5 h) and showed high sensitivity and specificity as determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The test species,
M
ycobacterium
immunogenum
,
M. chelonae
, and
M. abscessus
, showed various susceptibilities to the glutaraldehyde- and isothiazolone-based test biocides.
HIV Controllers with HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-DQB1*06 Alleles Have Strong, Polyfunctional Mucosal CD4+T-Cell Responses
Authors: Ferre April L. , Hunt Peter W. , McConnell Delandy H. , Morris Megan M. , Garcia Juan C. , Pollard Richard B. , Yee Hal F. , Martin Jeffrey N. , Deeks Steven G. , Shacklett Barbara L.
Published: August 2010

A small percentage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, termed elite controllers, are able to spontaneously control HIV replication in blood. As the gastrointestinal mucosa is an important site of HIV transmission and replication as well as CD4+T-cell depletion, it is important to understand the nature of the immune responses occurring in this compartment. Although the role of the HIV-specific CD8+T-cell responses in mucosal tissues has been described, few studies have investigated the role of mucosal HIV-specific CD4+T cells. In this study, we assessed HIV-specific CD4+T-cell responses in the rectal mucosa of 28 “controllers” (viral load [VL] of <2,000 copies/ml), 14 “noncontrollers” (VL of >10,000 copies/ml), and 10 individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (VL of <75 copies/ml). Controllers had higher-magnitude Gag-specific mucosal CD4+T-cell responses than individuals on HAART (P< 0.05), as measured by their ability to produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β). The frequency of polyfunctional mucosal CD4+T cells was also higher in controllers than in noncontrollers or individuals on HAART (P< 0.05). Controllers with the strongest HIV-specific CD4+T-cell responses possessed class II HLA alleles, HLA-DRB1*13 and/or HLA-DQB1*06, previously associated with a nonprogression phenotype. Strikingly, individuals with both HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-DQB1*06 had highly polyfunctional mucosal CD4+T cells compared to individuals with HLA-DQB1*06 alone or other class II alleles. The frequency of polyfunctional CD4+T cells in rectal mucosa positively correlated with the magnitude of the mucosal CD8+T-cell response (Spearman'sr= 0.43,P= 0.005), suggesting that increased CD4+T-cell “help” may be important in maintaining strong CD8+T-cell responses in the gut of HIV controllers.