bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Silence in Teaching and Learning
Authors: Schultz Katherine
Published: July 2017

How do you respond when students are silent in the classroom? Learn strategies to add to your teaching repertoire by understanding what silence means and how to use it.
The Power of Peer Coaching
Authors: Colucci Anthony
Published: July 2017

There's an untapped resource you might not have considered when it comes to professional development. See how your peers can help you improve your teaching practice.
A 21st-Century Model for Teaching Digital Citizenship
Authors: Young Donna
Published: July 2017

Students may be digital natives, but they don't understand the consequences of their actions online. Teaching them how to navigate safely and communicate effectively is essential to their success.
Cracking the Code on How to Study
Authors: Hess Kayla , Fournier Caitlin
Published: July 2017

Effective study habits are different for each subject. Two high school students and future teachers make the case for teaching students how to study and share tips.
The Job Hunt
Authors: Stephens Cathy
Published: July 2017

The author offers advice on the role of networking in the teaching job hunt, including the role of LinkedIn and informational interviews. She also discusses behavioral and traditional interviews and prepares job candidates for what to expect in each case.
How to Thrive During Your Field Experiences
Authors: Schaffer Connie , Welsh Kelly
Published: July 2017

Field experiences are part of every accredited teacher preparation program. These seven tips will help students get the most out of the experience.
Becoming a Flipper
Authors: Barry Matthew
Published: July 2017

This eighth-grade social studies teacher tells the story of how he began to flip his classroom so that students watched videos at home and had more time for discussion in class. He explains the benefits of this teaching approach, discusses the challenges he encountered, and describes how he solved them.
Creating a Classroom Makerspace
Authors: Rivas Luz
Published: July 2017

Teachers have recently begun to bring makerspaces — traditionally community-operated physical spaces where people create do-it-yourself projects together — into the classroom. The author tells how she started an after-school program for fifth-grade girls at her former elementary school. By taking part in makerspaces, students learn by doing, develop confidence, and might discover career interests.
Walk – and Other Tips for New and Student Teachers
Authors: Morea Margo N. Kourkoutas
Published: July 2017

An experienced student teacher supervisor offers 15 easy-to-implement tips for new and student teachers that will enhance their teaching abilities and overall professionalism. Many of the recommendations involve classroom management, instructional improvements, and proper ways for communicating with superiors. http://bit.ly/WalkTipsforTchrs
Pop Quiz: Internships
Authors: Clement Mary C.
Published: July 2017

College students at accredited teacher preparation programs will go into K-12 schools to observe master teachers and learn teaching skills. This quiz assesses their knowledge to see what they know about getting experience in schools.
Are Gifted Children Handicapped or Exceptional? Some Educators Will Call Them any Name if a Dollar Sign can be Attached
Authors: Isaacs Ann F.
Published: July 2017

A Portion of the Testimony Given at the Hearings on the Gifted and Talented, Called by the U.S. Office of Education, November, 1970, Chicago, ILL.
Listen Young Gifted Ones…: Giftedness, Underachievement, Laughter, and Being Different
Authors: Isaacs Ann F.
Published: July 2017

Laughing can result from inner thoughts, not related to the present situation. It can be brought on by embarrassment, fear, mirth, joy or humor. People laugh, but not necessarily at you, or at anything funny. When a gifted child is around laughter, the motive for this behavior may have nothing to do with the gifted one, and need not be taken personally. Since thinking in depth is often done with a frowning look, cultivating smiles and humor are worthy pasttimes for gifted boys and girls.

So many reasons have been given for causing underachievement. More often than not it is accompanied by heartache for many. It seems curious to add that if fear of being laughed at is seen as one of the variables, an added avenue of exploration is present.
Military Research on Performance Criteria: A Change of Emphasis
Authors: Uhlaner J. E. , Drucker Arthur J.
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses trends in development and use of performance measures to meet complex needs of the U.S. Army. Examples from the programs of the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences include typical major criteria of individual effectiveness (school grades, ratings, performance tests); measures of unit effectiveness more recently developed (tactical engagement simulation); and measures dealing with human factors problems encountered in systems analysis in the Army. The way in which performance criteria have changed over the years is emphasized.
A Test of Fitts' Law with Moving Targets
Authors: Jagacinski Richard J. , Repperger Daniel W. , Ward Sharon L. , Moran Martin S.
Published: July 2017

Subjects used either a position or a velocity control system to capture stationary and moving targets. Fitts' Index of Difficulty was found to be a good predictor of capture time for the rate system. However, for the position control system, the Fitts measure failed to predict accurately the capture time for moving targets. An alternate Index of Difficulty measure is proposed which explicitly incorporates a velocity factor and which predicts the overall pattern of capture times for both systems with greater accuracy than Fitts' Index of Difficulty.
Direct Looks and Control Location in Automobiles
Authors: Mourant Ronald R. , Herman Michael , Moussa-Hamouda Effat
Published: July 2017

A laboratory study was carried out to determine the frequency and duration of operator direct looks to fingertip and panel-mounted automotive controls. Five groups of 16 subjects each were tested on one of five multifunction stalk configurations. Movement and operation times were recorded as subjects performed a secondary tracking task during which commands were given to find and operate automotive controls. The results indicate that drivers' direct looks to a control increased as a function of hand travel distance to the control. Large differences were found between stalk and panel-mounted controls. The type of multifunction stalk had an effect on subjects' performance and frequency of direct looks.
Laboratory Performance During Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Hangover
Authors: Collins W. E. , Chiles W. D.
Published: July 2017

Eleven private pilots (seven men and four women) were recruited and trained on the Multiple Task Performance Battery (MTPB), static and dynamic tracking of a localizer/glide slope instrument, and use of the Intoxilyzer. The experiment comprised four test sessions (vodka, bourbon, placebo, and control sessions) held at weekly intervals. Sessions began at about 5:00 p.m. and continued through midnight to about 11:00 a.m. the next day. Subjects were tested in groups of three or four and were not told whether they were drinking alcohol or placebo. The ordering of sessions was approximately counterbalanced. Subjects were given all tests in the evening (before and after a monitored dinner), drank prepared beverages from 8:30 p.m. to midnight, and were tested again. Subjects slept 4 to 5 hr. They were awakened around 7:00 a.m., fed, and asked to perform all tasks again, beginning at 8:00 a.m. (8 hr after they had finished drinking). Results showed clear deleterious effects of alcohol on the MTPB and the tracking tasks immediately following drinking. During the morning (hangover) tests, scores on the MTPB and on the static and dynamic tracking tasks showed small circadian effects (scores were better) without impairment due to the alcohol. There were no congener effects. These results offer no evidence contrary to the "8 hour rule."
Windowing versus Scrolling on a Visual Display Terminal
Authors: Bury Kevin F. , Boyle James M. , Evey R. James , Neal Alan S.
Published: July 2017

Two experiments were conducted to determine the optimum mode of operation of the "scroll" keys on a visual display terminal. One mode involved "moving the data"; that is, pressing the "scroll up" key moved the data up, thus displaying data toward the end of the file. The other mode involved "moving the window"; pressing the "window up" key moved the window up, thus displaying data toward the beginning of the file. A total of 281 novice subjects were tested under a variety of experimental conditions. Results showed that in most cases, subjects in the window groups performed significantly faster and with significantly fewer moves than did subjects in the scroll groups. When allowed to "self-define" the system, a significant majority of the subjects defined the system to window. Explaining and demonstrating the appropriate concept had no significant effect on performance, nor did the use of key top graphic "scroll" figures.
The Effects of Potentiometer Dimensionality, System Response Time, and Time of Day on Interactive Graphical Problem Solving
Authors: Goodman Tom , Spence Robert
Published: July 2017

Subjects solved a two-parameter optimization problem using a graphic display with light-pen interaction via either two linear light potentiometers or one planar light potentiometer. Normally distributed computer response times were used, with a mean of 1.0 s and a range of 0.2 to 3.4 s. Three standard deviation values were used: 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 s. Potentiometer dimensionality affected the extent to which each of the two parameters was searched, but had no significant effect on solution time. System response time variability affected the time taken to solve the problem, and its effect interacted strongly with time of day.
Measurement of Learning and Transfer through Curve Fitting
Authors: Spears William D.
Published: July 2017

Four constants derived by fitting equations to learning and performance data are shown to measure important aspects of learning and transfer. The constants are asymptotic level, beginning level, a rate constant, and the point of inflection of learning curves having both positive and negative acceleration. Patterns of values for the constants are stressed as bases for interpreting effects of training variables and prior preparation on learning new skills.
Research Note Effect of Stairway Pitch on Optimal Handrail Height
Authors: Maki Brian E. , Bartlett Sheryl A. , Fernie Geoff R.
Published: July 2017

The influence of handrail height on the ability to generate stabilizing forces and moments was studied at two stairway pitches (41 and 49 deg). Two age groups were tested: young (20 to 45) and elderly (59 and over), with a total of 40 subjects. The results at the two stairway pitches were similar to results obtained previously at a pitch of 33 deg. With increasing handrail height, the ability to generate forward/backward forces and forward/backward moments increased linearly whereas the ability to generate upward force decreased linearly. Based on the results, optimal design values for handrail height were estimated for each stairway pitch.
Visual Lobe Area for Single Targets on a Competing Homogeneous Background
Authors: Courtney Alan J. , Shou Chan Hoi
Published: July 2017

The binocular visual lobe for a detection task, with a peripherally presented target embedded in a homogeneous competing background, was mapped on eight axes passing through the fixation point. The lobes were very irregular in shape and there were differences between the subjects. The eight-axis area correlated highly with area based on only the horizontal and vertical axes, but the latter area gave no indication of even gross irregularities in lobe shape. Lobe areas for two subjects were exhaustively mapped; resulting boundaries were very irregular and there were regions of insensitivity within the lobe area. It was suggested that lobe shape as well as area is important to visual search. The irregular boundary and areas of insensitivity may partly account for the difficulty experienced by some subjects in locating targets even after repeated scanning.
Viewers' Responses to Errors in Simulated Teletext Transmissions
Authors: Hearty Paul J. , Treurniet William C.
Published: July 2017

In North America, the method of encoding information for videotex services has been standardized. The encoding scheme, the North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS), facilitates the transmission of graphics and text by representing display information in a highly compressed form. Two experiments examined viewers' responses to bit errors during simulated transmissions of NAPLPS codes. In the first experiment, graphic materials were transmitted; in the second, the materials were texts. In both experiments, a new measure of viewer satisfaction (requests for retransmission) and viewer evaluations of both image quality and usefulness indicated that bit-error probabilities in an operational teletext service should not exceed 1 x 10-4. The results of both experiments validated the new retransmission-request measure and provided some insight into the practice of teletext assessment.
Lateral Task Segregation and the Task-Hemispheric Integrity Effect
Authors: Carswell C. Melody , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: July 2017

The task-hemispheric integrity effect refers to the high time-sharing efficiency obtained for the concurrent performance of a verbal and spatial task when the spatial task is displayed to the left of the operator's midline and is controlled by the left hand and the verbal components are located to the operator's right. Results of two experiments are reported, each designed to test the contribution of lateral display or control separation to the task-hemispheric integrity advantage. Reduction of display separation greatly reduced the effects associated with such hemispheric compatibility. Allocating both controls to the same hand eliminated these effects altogether. The constraints imposed by these data on the application of the task-hemispheric integrity principle of S-C-R compatibility are discussed.
Chinese Response Preferences for Display-Control Relationships
Authors: Courtney Alan J.
Published: July 2017

Direction-of-motion stereotypes between controls and displays were tested using a paper-and-pencil test. Seven hundred eighty-three Yunnan Province Chinese subjects of both genders and from a wide range of ages and backgrounds were asked to indicate the control movement they would make to move a display dot in a given direction. Stereotypes were obtained for two types of controls in three different planes. The results indicated that although there are similarities between Western and Chinese stereotypes, the Chinese are more consistent than Western subjects and exhibit some stereotypes not generally found in Western subjects.
Effects of Cost and Social Influence on Warning Compliance
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Allison Scott T. , Mckenna Nancy A.
Published: July 2017

The behavioral effects of cost and social influence on warning compliance were examined. Participants in several studies performed a chemistry laboratory task using a set of instructions that contained a warning directing them to wear a safety mask and gloves. Cost was manipulated by locating the masks and gloves in either an accessible location (low cost) or a less accessible location (high cost); social influence was manipulated by the presence of a confederate who either did or did not comply with the warning. The results showed reduced compliance with the warning when the cost was high and that the compliance rate was biased up or down depending on the behavior of the confederate. The results from a field study confirmed the social influence effect. Implications of this research for facilitating warning effectiveness and safety are discussed.
Effects of Instrument Panel Luminance and Chromaticity on Reading Performance and Preference in Simulated Driving
Authors: Imbeau Daniel , Wierwille Walter W. , Wolf Laurie D. , Chun Gail A.
Published: July 2017

Twenty-four subjects (men and women from three age groups) read aloud words presented on two displays emulating written legends on automobile instrument panels while driving a simulated vehicle in nighttime conditions. The words were presented in eight different chromaticities, two brightness levels, four character sizes, and two levels of word complexity. The results indicate that color of illumination per se had little effect on reading and driving performance but did have a reliable effect on subjective preference. Brightness had an effect on performance only for the two smaller character sizes. Character size had marked effects on both performance and subjective preferences. The two smaller character sizes yielded significant performance decrements for older drivers.
Training Consistent Components of Tasks: Developing an Instructional System Based on Automatic/Controlled Processing Principles
Authors: Fisk Arthur D. , Gallini Joan K.
Published: July 2017

The research evaluated the effectiveness of rule-based versus single-step (non-rule-based) approaches to training skills in a classroom setting. Trainees received three days of either rule-based or single-step instruction on base-5 arithmetic skills. Achievement tests were administered after each instructional unit, and trainees' self-assessment of learning was also measured. The trainees' ability to transfer the classroom instruction to a speed-stressed verification task (determining the correctness of equations) was assessed. After rule-based instruction trainees were better able to assess their readiness for promotion to a higher level of instruction. The rule-based instruction also facilitated transfer to the verification task. The implications of automatic/controlled processing theory for providing theoretical and practical underpinnings for the development of instructional systems design are discussed.
Medications and the Safety of the Older Driver: Is There a Basis for Concern?
Authors: Ray Wayne A. , Gurwitz Jerry , Decker Michael D. , Kennedy Dianne L.
Published: July 2017

Medications with central nervous system (CNS) effects, including benzodiazepines, cyclic antidepressants, antihistamines, narcotic analgesics, and hypoglycemics, have been thought to have the potential to impair driving. These drugs impair performance in younger drivers and some have been linked to an increased risk of motor vehicle crashes. Even though persons 65 years of age and older frequently take these drugs and are more susceptible to CNS effects, no direct data exist regarding whether or not medications adversely affect driving safety in this population. Thus there is an urgent need for further research in this area.
The Effect of Accommodation on Retinal Image Size
Authors: Smith George , Meehan James W. , Day Ross H.
Published: July 2017

The apparent size of an object is diminished when accommodation of the eye moves inward to a position closer to the observer than to a viewed object. This phenomenon is called accommodation micropsia. Using schematic eyes, we investigated change in retinal image size caused by a change in accommodation. The use of schematic eyes is also discussed and is justified. The calculated magnitude of this diminution for four schematic eyes ranged from unity at infinity to a maximum of 0.98 (- 2%) at about 12.0 diopters (D). For distances at which accommodation micropsia is typically observed (about 2.0 D), retinal minification is less than 0.997 (- 0.3%). Thus changes in the size of the retinal image attributable to accommodation are virtually negligible when compared with the observed reduction of 3% to 33%. This suggests that accommodation micropsia is mediated almost entirely by processes other than those involving the optics of the eye.
Disruption and Maintenance of Skilled Visual Search as a Function of Degree of Consistency
Authors: Lee Mark D. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: July 2017

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of varying degrees of task consistency on the performance and maintenance of skill in a semanticcategory visual search task. Four groups of participants first received 6000 trials of consistent mapping (CM) training on two different categories. The participants then performed 4000 trials in which one of the previously trained categories remained 100% consistent, whereas the other previously trained category became either 100%, 67%, 50%, or 33% consistent. This second phase of the experiment allowed for the examination of disruption of the search skill as a function of degree of consistency. Subsequent to the degree of consistency manipulation, 100% consistency was restored and participants performed another 4200 CM trials. Results indicate that performance was disrupted by inconsistency and that disruption increased as consistency decreased. On the return of task consistency, performance improved rapidly to predisruption levels, though some performance disruption was evident. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Recommendations for Mental Workload Measurement in a Test and Evaluation Environment
Authors: Wierwille W. W. , Eggemeier F. Thomas
Published: July 2017

Research performed during the last decade on estimation of mental workload has resulted in a subset of techniques exhibiting global sensitivity. Other techniques have also been demonstrated to have sensitivity in particular applications and can be used for diagnostic purposes. This paper reviews techniques that have shown sufficient sensitivity and robustness to be used in test and evaluation. Topics such as time scale considerations, available documentation, and appropriate procedures are also discussed. Recommendations are then made for workload estimation in test and evaluation situations.
Criminalising Child Pornography—A Canadian Study in Freedom of Expression and Charter-Led Judicial Review of Legislative Policy-Making
Authors: Cram Ian
Published: July 2017

The ease with which sexually explicit computer images of children can be created, disseminated and downloaded in the digital era has given renewed impetus to the efforts of national governments and supranational organisations to protect minors from the harms associated with child pornography. One common strategy has been to criminalise the mere possession of such material. In Canada, a recent constitutional challenge to the validity of penal restrictions has required the Supreme Court to consider the boundary between protected expressive activity and the welfare interests of children. In what follows, the legitimacy of this judicial intervention in an admittedly complex area of social policy is queried. In particular, it is suggested that the court may have failed to evaluate the true value of the expression interests at stake in child pornography in the face of the legislature's attempt to advance other significant Charter values.
Neurotransmitter Control of Secretion
Authors: Baum B. J.
Published: July 2017

It is very well established that the principal control of salivary secretion is derived from autonomic innervation. Transmission of a neural signal to a salivary gland acinar cell occurs chemically via neurotransmitters, the first messengers of a secretory response. Neurotransmitters bind to specific cell surface receptor proteins, an event which activates precise transduction mechanisms which then transfer the neural signal to the inside of the cell. There are two major transduction mechanisms operative in salivary gland acinar cells. One involves the generation of cAMP, the other involves the breakdown of plasma membrane polyphosphoinositides. For both mechanisms, the appropriate stimulated receptor activates a second plasma membrane protein, termed an N (or G) protein. The N protein requires GTP to activate an enzyme (adenylate cyclase or phospholipase C), which then catalyzes the formation of a second messenger (cAMP and inositol trisphosphatel diacylglyeerol, respectively). This action provides the intracellular signal for secretory events (protein, fluid, electrolyte secretion) to begin.
Protein Production and Secretion in Exocrine Cells
Authors: Castle J. D. , Arvan P. , Cameron R.
Published: July 2017

Acinar cells of exocrine glands are highly specialized for producing, storing, and discharging secretory proteins for use on surfaces that represent interfaces between the organism and the surrounding environment. These functions are achieved through the secretory pathway that includes a series of functionally distinct intracellular compartments — The endoplasmic reticulum, subcompartmenls of the Go/gi complex, and the secretion granule in which exportable macromolecules are stored at high concentrations. Most secretion occurs by granule exocytosis in response to external hormonal or neural stimuli. Although these processes have been traced in a variety of morphological and biochemical studies, very little is known about the mechanisms involved in facilitating and maintaining secretory storage, orchestrating discharge at the apical cell surface, and in ensuring conservation and re-internalization of the granule membrane. Recent studies initiated on cell fractions obtained from the rat parotid gland have provided significant insight into the protein storage conditions that prevail in the granule interior and the components of the granule membrane that are likely to be involved in general secretory function such as exocytosis.
Inflammatory and Obstructive Disorders of Salivary Glands
Authors: Blitzer A.
Published: July 2017

Obstructive and inflammatory diseases of the salivary glands can have a congenital, traumatic, metabolic, or infectious-inflammatory cause. The acute inflammatory conditions include bacterial and viral infections, and the chronic conditions include sialoliths, strictures, chronic sialadenitis, sialectasis, and lymphoepithelial disease. The neoplastic diseases can cause obstruction and/or infection and often make the diagnosis elusive. In addition to a working knowledge of possible etiology, one needs experience with clinical examination, salivary analysis, sialography, CT scans, MRI, and fine-needle aspiration and cytology in order successfully to evaluate and manage patients with these conditions.
Systemic Therapy of Salivary Gland Hypofunction
Authors: Fox P. C.
Published: July 2017

Salivary gland hypofunction occurs most often as a consequence of numerous drug therapies, antineoplaslic treatments, or systemic disease. There are no universally accepted means of treating gland dysfunction and the resultant subjective xerostomia. A few studies have suggested that treatment of underlying inflammatory connective tissue disease will improve salivary performance in Sjögren's syndrome. Most of these reports, however, have either been limited to a small number of patients or have failed to include objective measures of salivary gland output. A larger body of literature deals with attempts using many different sialogogues to stimulate salivary function in a variety of conditions. Again, many studies have failed to document salivary improvement objectively. Recently, interest has focused on three drugs: Bromhexine, anetholetrithione, and pilocarpine hydrochloride. Studies with these agents are reviewed, and current clinical investigations with pilocarpine are presented in detail.
Management of Oral Sequelae
Authors: Wright W.E.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to enumerate and describe the oral complications that are associated with salivary gland dysfunction. The significance of these oral problems and their related adverse impact on the patient's quality of life are presented. Palliative and therapeutic agents and regimens are discussed, and a suggested protocol for managing the deleterious oral sequelae of salivary gland dysfunction is outlined.
Definition of a Fundamental Repeating Unit in Streptococcal Glucosyltransferase Glucan-binding Regions and Related Sequences
Authors: Giffard P.M. , Jacques N.A.
Published: July 2017

The C-termini of the glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) of oral streptococci are responsible for glucan binding. These glucan-binding domains (GBDs) are composed of a series of repeated sequences that have been classified into four different classes (A-D) by virtue of sequence similarity and which, by inference, have been suggested to be of functional importance. In contrast, we propose that repeat sequences evolve in response to selection for an increase in the number of copies of a particular domain through multiple duplication events occurring at different times. According to this hypothesis, repeats should possess various degrees of similarity, especially if only key residues are of functional importance. Analysis of the GBDs of the Gtfs indicated that a common fundamental repeat, designated the "YG" repeat, could be discerned within the "A", "B", "C", and "D" repeats. Similar elements were also conserved in the ligand-binding repeats of the Clostridium difficile toxins and the lysins and the PspA protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae, suggesting that similar selective pressures had also been imposed on these sequences. Analysis of the "YG" repeats present in the GtfJ and GtfK of Streptococcus salivarius indicated that some of the "YG" repeats in the GBDs of these proteins had arisen as a result of duplication events involving a series of three sequential "YG" repeats.
Functional Characteristics of Atrophic Parotid Acinar Cells from Rats after Liquid Feeding
Authors: Scott J. , Gunn D.L.
Published: July 2017

Rat parotid atrophy, induced by liquid feeding over 10 days, was manifested as gland weight loss (40%) and histologically as acinar shrinkage. Acinar secretory function was investigated in the same glands using enzymatically dispersed cell preparations and superf used gland slices. Results were normalized for the acinar proportional volume, determined by stereological analysis. Although total amylase activity was significantly lower in liquid-fed (LD) rats, the percentage amylase releases elicited by isoproterenol (10 μmol/ L) and carbachol (10 μmol/L) were unchanged from controls (CON). Superfused gland slices from LD and control (CON) rats exhibited increases in membrane permeability (86Rb+ efflux) and in the efflux and re-uptake of K+ in response to acetylcholine (10 μmol/L). However, the recorded maxima were significantly lower in LD than in CON (86Rb +, 27% lower; K+ efflux, 35% lower; K+ re-uptake, 35% lower). Similarly, after 60-minute equilibration, the 36Cl - content of cells from LD rats was 57% lower than that from CON. Carbachol (10 μmol/L), acting for 1 min with bumetanide (100 μmol/L), elicited an efflux of 36Cl- from cells from LD rats, but this was significantly lower (32.2%) in LD than in CON (49.9%). The reduced levels of ion movement are probably commensurate with the reduced acinar cell volume occurring in LD rats. These results show that mechanisms for the formation of primary saliva (exocytosis and transepithelial ion movements) are substantially preserved in the altered acinar cells of LD rats. Thus, in salivary disorders, severe morphological acinar atrophy may not inevitably signify exhausted secretory function.
Effects of Thermocycling and Occlusal Force on Adhesive Composite Crowns
Authors: Krejci I. , Mueller E. , Lutz F.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this in vitro study was to provide first quantitative data on the marginal adaptation and the required load to fracture of adhesive composite crowns with and without adhesive composite cores. Eighteen caries-free extracted human premolars were restored using fine hybrid composite crowns with margins located entirely in dentin. Six crowns were adhesively luted to dentin stubs, six to endodontically treated teeth with adhesive titanium posts and adhesive composite cores, and six to adhesive composite cores without posts. Another ten unprepared teeth served as a control. All restored teeth were subjected to long-term occlusal and thermal stresses. The marginal adaptation was evaluated in the SEM before and after loading. Load to fracture was recorded at the end of the stress. Before stressing, 72.2 to 85.0%, and after stressing, 51.9 to 66.2% of "continuous margin" were recorded at the dentin-luting composite interface. The best results after stressing were achieved with crowns luted to adhesive composite cores without titanium posts. At the luting composite-composite crown interface, 61.6 to 88.7% of "continuous margin" before and 57.7 to 75.5% after stressing were recorded. The required load to fracture the restored teeth ranged from 72.0 to 89.2% of the unrestored, unloaded control. Adhesive composite cores without titanium posts yielded the best results.
Interdental Supragingival Plaque—A Natural Habitat of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, and Prevotella nigrescens
Authors: Gmur R. , Guggenheim B.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that suspected periodontal pathogens form a minor component of the supragingival plaque of individuals without periodontal diseases. Twenty-one dental hygienist trainees with a mean age of 23.5 years were twice sampled for interdental plaque between 1st and 2nd molars in all quadrants. The samples were assessed for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens group of organisms. Bacteria of this group were predominantly P. nigrescens and showed both the highest prevalence (100%) and the highest colonization density of the investigated species. Seven of 21 samples harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans. Serotypes a, b, and c were found in three samples each, while serotype e was present in one sample. Three subjects had two different A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. Bacteroides forsythus and C. rectus were detected in 10 (48%) and nine (43%) subjects, respectively. The detected cell numbers accounted for approximately 0.01% to 1% of the sampled flora. In contrast, P. gingivalis was found only in a single sample, which in addition harbored B. forsythus, C. rectus, A. actinomycetemcomitans (serotypes b and e), and P. intermedia. These results suggest that the investigated periodontal bacteria are not "exogenous pathogens", but amphibiotic, opportunistic microorganisms which may have a natural habitat in the supragingival plaque of the interproximal area of molars.
Beyond Anthropocentrism
Authors: Hunt Cherryl
Published: July 2017

Romans 8.19–23 and Colossians 1.15–20, in which the whole creation is bound up in the liberating and reconciling work of God, are the most cited Pauline texts in ecotheology. These texts can form a hermeneutical lens with which to begin the task of re-reading Pauline ethical themes, such as Christ's self-giving for others, to see if these may be extended beyond their (obvious) anthropocentric focus. Such a re-reading does not pretend that Paul himself envisaged such a broadening of the ethical scope of his teaching. Rather, it is shaped by a hermeneutical perspective that emerges from a reading of the texts in our present context of ecological concern, which in turn opens up possibilities of further fresh readings.
Interpreting the Bible Amidst Ecological Degradation
Authors: Conradie Ernst M.
Published: July 2017

This essay explores the role of interpretative strategies in biblical interpretation. It is argued that ‘doctrinal constructs’ play a crucial role in appropriating the significance of biblical texts in and for a particular contemporary context. Various such constructs typically employed for an ecological biblical hermeneutics are analysed. Suggestions are offered towards the use of more sophisticated constructs, with reference to the notions of the ‘liberation of creation’, the ‘wisdom of God’ and the ‘whole household of God’.
Criticism, obedience and exile
Authors: Higton Mike
Published: July 2017

I use Edward Said's essays on secular and religious criticism to explore the apparent opposition between university education understood as unfettered criticism and theological education understood as faithfulness to a specific tradition. I ask where theological education actually fits on Said's map, and argue that, in fact, it straddles the opposition he draws, such that it can properly be described as both traditional and critical, as both religious and secular. In the process, I suggest that such religious and secular theological education could appropriately consist of a mixture of ‘obedience seeking understanding’, a certain kind of ecumenism, and scriptural reasoning.
On being ‘non-residential’
Authors: Moss David
Published: July 2017

The association of formation for ordained ministry with residential experience still remains, in however attenuated form, a privileged assumption in the construction of clergy training programmes today — both residential and nonresidential alike. In the context ofsevere financial constraint alongside, ofcourse, the development ofnew forms ofministerial formation, this essay argues for a more nuanced and careful reflection on the propriety ofthis association in the light ofvarious experiments in training that non-residential courses have sought to pioneer.
Clergy discipline and pastoral care
Authors: Hill Christopher
Published: July 2017

This article reflects on the experience of clergy discipline and pastoral care exercised by an English Anglican diocesan bishop. The article focuses on the supposed conflict of interest to which a bishop is potentially exposed as pastor and judge of those in holy orders. By bringing the current experience of the church into the light of the historical tradition, and in relation to recent church law, the paper offers a robust defence of emerging good practice.
The eschatological tension of theological method
Authors: Greggs Tom
Published: July 2017

This article considers the relationship between eschatology and theological method. It does so in dialogue with Daniel W. Hardy's essay ‘Creation and eschatology’ and 1 Corinthians 13.12. The article identifies four themes regarding theological method in relation to the verse and Hardy's writings. The first two of these concern the dialectic of patience and impatience as innate to the theological task. The third theme considers whether this dialectic is surpassed through theological reflection on the biblical image of covenant. The fourth discusses the context of worship and the blinding light of mystery for theological reflection, and the effect of these on the task of theology.
Providence, irony and belief
Authors: White Vernon
Published: July 2017

This paper compares views of purposiveness and providence in Thomas Hardy's literary world (as influenced by Darwin) with the theology of Karl Barth. Although this brings different kinds of texts and very different readings of reality into relation with each other, the comparison demonstrates common concerns: the high value given to particularity, and a similar use of irony and absence to convey transcendent meaning. In the light of this exploration it is possible to suggest some ways in which theistic belief in divine action has been displaced, rather than eliminated, in late modernity.
Taking the Text with Her Pleasure
Authors: Wright N. T.
Published: July 2017

Crossan's newest book bases its reconstruction of Jesus on sources such as the Gospel of Thomas, a hypothetically reconstructed ‘Early Q’, and a hypothetical ‘Cross Gospel’ reconstructed out of the Gospel of Peter, Crossan argues that, faced with the ‘brokered empire’ of the Roman world, Jesus initiated a ‘brokerless kingdom’ in which all had equal access to God, Crossan's work in one way, and that of scholars like Helmut Koester and Burton Mack in other ways, form a serious revival of the until-recently moribund Bultmann school of Gospel interpretation.
Making Way and Making Sense: Including Newcomers in Interaction
Authors: Pillet-Shore Danielle
Published: July 2017

In our everyday interactions as they unfold in real time, how do we do including? This article examines a specific set of interactional moments when the potential to be included (or not) recurs: when a newcomer arrives to some social scene where two or more already-present persons are actively engaged in some activity and that newcomer displays interest in joining into their activity. I show how arriving newcomers bodily display that they want to join into the pre-present party’s interaction, and I analyze a key utterance-based practice that pre-present speakers use to include newcomers into their interaction—the practice of previous activity formulating. Through this practice, speakers summarize the activities or conversational topics in which they were engaged before establishing copresence with arrivers, thereby making way and making sense for them so they can join into their interaction. By showing that participants treat pre-present speakers’ offers of formulations as preferred over arrivers’ requests for formulations, I demonstrate that how speakers come to deliver these formulations implicates social solidarity between pre-present and arriving parties.
Marking the Turn: Obligation, Engagement, and Alienation in Group Discussions
Authors: Gibson David R.
Published: July 2017

In group conversations, not speaking is the state of affairs experienced by most people most of the time; I refer to this as ‘‘conversational latency.’’ Hypothesizing that conversational latency affects one’s discursive options, I analyze the association between latency (operationalized as the number of turns that elapsed since the current speaker last spoke) and turn-initial words (e.g., but, oh) in twenty-nine experimental task groups, taking turn-initial words as indicators of the type of content a speaker proposes to produce. The findings suggest a model of group conversation in which conversational obligations weigh heaviest on the shoulders of the most recent contributors; those who contributed somewhat less recently remain engaged but have more latitude to take discordant positions; and those who have been quiet for longer periods are susceptible to ‘‘alienation from topic,’’ as a result of which reentry is often accompanied by an attempt to change the topic.
Effective history and the end of art
Authors: Scheibler Ingrid
Published: July 2017

This article takes its shape from a recent conference at the School of Visual Arts in NYC on the theme, ‘Tradition and the New: Educating the Artist for the Millennium’. Central to the way the conference was advertised and described was an implicit tendency to view tradition as wholly separate from the new. While the conference did not itself make a theoretical argument for the opposition of tradition and the new, Arthur Danto’s recent elaboration of a thesis of the ‘end of art’ does provide such a theoretical underpinning for the opposition that the conference seemed to presuppose. Danto’s thesis of the end of art offers a compelling view of ‘what’ and ‘where’ art is today, but it also has troubling implications for how our relation to the past is configured and, in Danto’s view of art’s having come to an end, for what it means that we are now living in ‘posthistorical’ times. That is, as a compelling contemporary reading of the history of art, Danto’s thesis seems to be more implicated in the very modernist project that he, in other ways, seeks to move effectively beyond. This article, then, explores the problem of counterposing tradition and the new, specifically, in Danto’s thesis, but also more generally. In the first part of the article, I present Danto’s end of art thesis. Next, I will offer a counterweight to this tendency to separate tradition and the new by examining the concept of ‘effective history’, focussing here on the writing of Hans-Georg Gadamer. Gadamer's insights, which I will link to Nietzsche, provide a way of moving beyond some of the problematic implications of Danto’s thesis, and also illuminate some of the ethical dimensions at stake. In concluding, I will look at some contemporary examples where the notion of effective history can be productively applied.
Differentiating levels of surgical experience on a virtual reality temporal bone simulator
Authors: Zhao Yi C. , Kennedy Gregor , Hall Richard , O'Leary Stephen
Published: July 2017

Objective

Virtual reality simulation is increasingly being incorporated into surgical training and may have a role in temporal bone surgical education. Here we test whether metrics generated by a virtual reality surgical simulation can differentiate between three levels of experience, namely novices, otolaryngology residents, and experienced qualified surgeons.

Study Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty‐seven participants were recruited. There were 12 experts, six residents, and nine novices. After orientation, participants were asked to perform a modified radical mastoidectomy on the simulator. Comparisons of time taken, injury to structures, and forces exerted were made between the groups to determine which specific metrics would discriminate experience levels.

Results

Experts completed the simulated task in significantly shorter time than the other two groups (experts 22 minutes, residents 36 minutes, and novices 46 minutes; P = 0.001). Novices exerted significantly higher average forces when dissecting close to vital structures compared with experts (0.24 Newton [N] vs 0.13 N, P = 0.002). Novices were also more likely to injure structures such as dura compared to experts (23 injuries vs 3 injuries, P = 0.001). Compared with residents, the experts modulated their force between initial cortex dissection and dissection close to vital structures. Using the combination of these metrics, we were able to correctly classify the participants’ level of experience 90 percent of the time.

Conclusion

This preliminary study shows that measurements of performance obtained from within a virtual reality simulator can differentiate between levels of users’ experience. These results suggest that simulator training may have a role in temporal bone training beyond foundational training.
Currency Markets, Performance, and Mutual Fund Cash Flows
Authors: Adams John C. , Hartsfield F. Reid
Published: July 2017

We analyze cash flows in and out of US based domestic and international mutual funds. Our results suggest that currency market changes are important considerations when investors decide to purchase or redeem mutual fund shares. Specifically, we find that increased foreign currency values are positively related to fund flows. While exchange rates are important considerations for investor cash flows in and out of domestic and international funds, we find that foreign fund flows are more sensitive to exchange rates. Furthermore, the increased flows into international funds over the 1998–2007 sample period are not exclusively due to superior risk adjusted performance relative to domestic funds.
Like a Bridge Over Troubled Water: Discourses Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility and Growth in International Business
Authors: Cerne Annette
Published: July 2017

In this paper, the purpose is to illustrate how organised actors within an international business environment manage to integrate conflicting perspectives on growth and corporate social responsibility (CSR). An empirical study of sustainable fishing in Britain between 2002 and 2005 illustrates how different organisations succeed in creating a shared meaning on sustainability and CSR among the participant organisations. The empirical material is analysed with the help of critical discourse analysis. Results indicate that the form of collective understanding displayed in the study, may have unforeseen consequences for sustainability and principles developed to handle this issue within an international business context. Implications are that an interdisciplinary perspective within economics and other scientific fields could contribute to models with increased possibilities to be applied in empirical settings.