bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Lyubomirsky Sonja , Dickerhoof Rene
Published: November 2023

Since the Second World War, the psychological study of human emotions and mental health has focused primarily on negative moods and pathological states, rather than on positive ones (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). Recognizing this imbalance, researchers have been showing increased empirical interest in topics such as positive emotions, human strengths, and normative functioning. Yet a focus on negative and maladaptive behavior continues to persist. For example, entering “depression” as a keyword into PsycINFO, a popular search engine for the psychological sciences, yields well over 85,000 entries. The same search using “positive affect” as a keyword generates a comparatively paltry 4,000 results and “happiness” only about 2,000 results. Although researchers may never lose the undoubtedly natural and valuable inclination to study what is wrong with human behavior, they should not overlook the equally important question, “What is right with human behavior?” After all, the vast majority of individuals, including girls and women, report positive feelings most of the time (Diener & Diener, 1996).
Conclusions
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C
Published: November 2023

Many factors make the early prediction of recoverable reserves a difficult challenge that cannot be addressed by mere estimation/interpolation algorithms. These are: Data sparsity: when evaluating a new mining venture and the corresponding recoverable reserves, the data available are typically limited to a few drillholes and the related geological interpretation; in many cases bulk ore is not accessible.
First Footsteps
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund
Published: November 2023

I Was Sixteen Before I ever saw a mountain. My father’s rapidly expanding bee business had occupied all my holidays, and I’d learned to do a full-size job before I entered my teens. But in the winter of 1935 I’d saved a little money and I was allowed to join a School Ski-ing Party to Ruapehu – one of our large New Zealand volcanoes. I was in the Lower Sixth Form at the time – a tall, bony, clumsy-looking youth, far from being the brightest lad in the class; and I don’t think I’d been more than fifty miles outside of Auckland. I’d heard glowing tales from the other boys about ski-ing holidays, but it didn’t mean a great deal to me – all I wanted was a chance to see the world.

I saw my first snow at midnight when we stepped off our train at the National Park station. There wasn’t much of it but it was a tremendous thrill, and before long snowballs, as hard as iron, were flying through the air. And as our bus carried us steadily up towards the Château, perched high on the mountain-side, its powerful lights sparked into life a fairyland of glistening snow and stunted pines and frozen streams. When I crawled into my bunk at two in the morning, I felt I was in a strange and exciting new world.
Everest 1953 – The First Barrier
Authors: Hillary Sir Edmund
Published: November 2023

I believe that Eric Shipton has written to tell you about the change in the leadership of the 1953 Everest Expedition; you may, in any case, have seen press reports. I expect that you must be feeling puzzled and disappointed that this should have come to pass; it is most unfortunate that it should have happened in this way, and very bad luck on Eric Shipton.

However, you will, I am sure, agree with me that there is only one way of looking at it – we must go ahead with the planning with a firm determination to get to the top.

This is an interim letter to tell you that I am busy with the selection of the party and that I very much hope that you and Lowe will be ready to join the party; the proposed team will be approved by the Himalayan Joint Committee at the end of this month, and formal invitations will be sent through the New Zealand Alpine Club. Don’t be too disappointed if we cannot take more of your contingent.
Alive and Kicking: The Problematics of Political Psychobiography
Authors: Elms Alan C , Song Anna V
Published: November 2023

The subjects studied by political psychobiographers are in many ways similar to other psychobiographical subjects. Political figures move through a lifetime of psychological development, engage in social interactions, reach and carry out decisions, make public statements, leave private records. In all those regards, the study of their lives presents the same challenges and offers the same opportunities for psychological analysis as the study of philosophers, creative artists, and scientific theorists. But a major subset of subjects within political psychobiography is distinctive in one important way: They are alive and kicking. They are not only not dead (in dramatic contrast to the subjects of most psychobiographies); they are also busily pursuing their political careers. They are current candidates for office, or occupants of elective or appointive office, or self-appointed leaders of nations and mass movements. However they got to where they are, their active political involvement presents their would-be psychobiographers with problems seldom encountered in other parts of the field.
General Aspects of Lysogeny
Authors: Campbell Allan
Published: November 2023

Cell lines harboring latent viruses are common both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Prokaryotes harboring latent phages are lysogenic, and the latent form of the phage is called a prophage. Phages that can enter such a latent state are called temperate, although some authors erroneously refer to them as lysogenic. Lysogeny was discovered because some bacterial isolates spontaneously produce small amounts of infectious phage. It was later shown that lysogenic bacteria could arise during laboratory infection. Lysogeny is heritable within a bacterial lineage. When a lysogenic cell divides, both daughter cells harbor the pro-phage. Very occasionally, a lysogenic cell spontaneously lyses and liberates phage. Lwoff and Gutmann (5) demonstrated this by separating bacterial cells at division by micromanipulation and testing their descendants. Their results eliminated the possibility that lysogeny might be an artifact of reinfection within a culture.
Single-Stranded RNA Phages
Authors: Tsareva Jan Van Duin Nina
Published: November 2023

The single-stranded RNA coliphages were discovered by Tim Loeb and Norton Zinder in 1961 as the result of a search for phages whose infection cycle depends on E. coli F-pili, normally used for bacterial conjugation. Loeb and Zinder plated filtered samples of raw New York City sewage on E. coli strains and screened for phages that would produce plaques on male (F) but not female (F-) bacteria. The first isolate, named f1, turned out to be a filamentous phage with a single-stranded DNA genome; the second isolate, named f2, was an RNA-containing phage. Since f2 made clear plaques, Loeb and Zinder decided to concentrate their work on this phage (107). f2 and close relatives such as MS2 and R17 represented a superb source of pure messenger RNA that could be produced in large amounts: up to 1013 phage particles per milliliter are made within a few hours after infection of bacterial cultures, and the phages can be easily purified. RNA phages also attracted attention because scientists were intrigued about how their RNA genomes were replicated.
The Satellite Phage P4
Authors: Ghisotti Gianni Deho` Daniela
Published: November 2023

In the early 1960s Erich Six isolated a temperate bacteriophage, P4, that formed plaques only on Escherichia coli strains lysogenic for P2 or a P2-related phage (90, 91). Before long, it was established that P4 depended on the P2 helper phage for all morphopoietic and lysis ‘‘late’’ functions, and that the head and tail proteins of P4 virions were encoded by P2 (51, 92). Interestingly, the smaller P4 genome, encapsidated into a smaller head (figure 26-1), did not bear any substantial similarity to P2 DNA and was independent of the helper for DNA replication and host lysogenization (68, 91, 92). The functional and structural unrelatedness of the two replicons clearly indicated that P4 was not a defective P2 but an independent entity and the prototype of ‘‘satellite viruses,’’ genetic elements that exploit unrelated viruses for viral propagation.
Assessing Understanding and Appraisals During Emotional Experience:The Development and Use of the Narcoder
Authors: Stein Nancy L , Hernandez Marc W
Published: November 2023

Assessing the experience and understanding of emotion, especially in real-world situations, is a complex, daunting task. One reason for the difficulty is that information about emotion is expressed through many different modalities (Lewis & Haviland-Jones, 1993, 2000). The face (Ekman, 1977, 1992), the melody of the voice (Fernald, 1984), body posture, hand gesture (McNeill, 1992), and language (Stein, Trabasso, & Liwag, 1993) all carry information about emotion. Physiological measures of heart rate, blood pressure, and evoked response potentials (ERPs) also allow us to describe the physical and biological processes (LeDoux & Phelps, 2000) that occur during emotional experience. Information contained in one channel may be unique and not available in other channels. For example, the melodic expression of the voice carries critical information about the intent of the speaker, as well as information about the valence of the feeling states the speaker is experiencing. The simple expression, “Don’t touch the plug on the wall,” uttered to a 2-year-old child, can have two or three different meanings, depending on the prosodic tone and other nonverbal behaviors that accompany the utterance. Similarly, the hands can be used to gesture and convey information about valence, emphasis, intent, and mood of the moment that may or may not be expressed in other modalities. Physiological indicators, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and ERPs, can assess the intensity with which emotion is experienced, whether or not incoming information is registered in any way, and the different parts of the brain that are affected by the experience.
The Time Sampling Diary (TSD) of Emotional Experience in Everyday Life Situations
Authors: Brandstätter Hermann
Published: November 2023

Following the flow of a person’s experiences and activities over a longer period of time in his or her daily life is not just difficult; it is virtually impossible. A person moving around all the time, pursuing simultaneously several goals, entering inaccessible private settings, protecting thoughts and feelings against unwanted detection by interaction partners or observers; all this makes observation and recording extremely cumbersome. For many research questions, retrospective diaries— reporting in the late evening on the events, thoughts, feelings, and actions of the preceding day—are not close enough to the process to be studied. People may not remember or may not find worthwhile reporting what they remember. Thus self-report time sampling of experience in situ is an alternative that gives access to any kind of situation, provides representative data, and keeps the effort for the participant and the researcher still at a tolerable level.
Comparing models using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC)
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter explained how to compare nested models using an F test and choose a model using statistical hypothesis testing. This chapter presents an alternative approach that can be applied to both nested and non-nested models, and which does not rely on P values or the concept of statistical significance.
Sleep Problems: Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Disruptions During the Night
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

How we sleep affects our waking hours. Poor sleep translates into poor day-time performance. For those with PD, sleep is frequently disordered and this affects the waking day, including control of parkinsonism. Insomnia is a common problem in the general population and increases with aging. When we are young, we typically have no trouble getting adequate sleep. Teenagers left undisturbed on a Saturday morning will sleep till noon. As we age, getting to sleep or staying asleep often becomes increasingly difficult. Sometimes this relates to life stressors; lying in bed ruminating about the day’s events is a frequent cause of insomnia. Depression is a common human affliction and insomnia may be one symptom. Finally, some people simply have insomnia as part of their constitutional makeup.
Depression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Depression is a mental state. It is synonymous with feeling blue, unhappy, sad, gloomy, hopeless, melancholy, and so on. It is a perceptual state: the glass is always half-empty rather than half full. One sees only the dark side of things. It is tied to daily activities; it sabotages motivation and saps energy. It affects the most basic elements of life, causing insomnia, loss of appetite, and sexual dysfunction. Sometimes it’s linked to obsessive worry and rumination, always anticipating and expecting the worst to happen. We all encounter things in life that eat at our souls. Who would not be depressed when a loved one dies or illness strikes the family? If you have Parkinson’s disease (PD), the prospect of a chronic disease is discouraging in and of itself. If you have had to restrict your lifestyle because of PD, that is all the more reason to become discouraged. Hence depression is a part of the normal human existence and is appropriate during times when things are going very badly. Depression becomes pathological when it is prolonged, severe, or out of proportion to events. Although depression may be triggered by major life trauma, it sometimes comes out of nowhere.
Diet, Nutrition, and Osteoporosis
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Your diet will not affect PD, but it may affect your levodopa response. As noted in chapters 12 and 17, digested protein products (amino acids) compete with levodopa for transport into the brain. This is easy to avoid in early PD by simply taking the carbidopa/levodopa doses separate from meals (e.g., an hour before each meal if using the immediate-release formulation). Later in PD, short-duration levodopa responses often develop, with fluctuations in control of parkinsonism. At that time, attention to dietary protein may be important and the diet may need to be adjusted; this was addressed in detail in chapter 17. Apart from this, no special diets are necessary. Eat well-balanced meals and try to keep your body weight at the ideal level (avoid obesity). However, there are some general nutritional issues that are important for your overall health and we will address them in this chapter. If you have PD and especially if you are a senior, good nutrition is important. However, you don’t need all the supplements hyped on TV and in magazines. If you eat a reasonably balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, and protein sources, you probably don’t need much more. But this is not quite the end of the story.
Experimental Treatments: Fetal and Stem Cell Implantation, Neurotrophic Hormones, and Gene Therapy
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

If neurons in the substantianigra are degenerating, why not replace them with new cells? Makes good sense. With modern technology, we should be able to implant healthy brain cells into the areas of degenerating neurons and reverse Parkinson’s disease (PD). Sounds simple, and in fact it does work to some extent. However, there are some impediments to this strategy. We can better understand the obstacles if we consider how the complex circuitry of the brain initially develops. The brain is far more complicated than the most sophisticated computer conceived by scientists. It contains about 10 billion neurons and many of these neurons have thousands of connections with one another. These connections are the wiring circuits, conceptually like a computer circuit. As we learned in chapter 2, connections to distant areas in the brain are made via axons, which are the wire-like extensions from neurons (see figures 2.1 and 2.2 in chapter 2). Axons transmit signals to other neurons and may extend to far reaches of the brain.
Application of Dynamic Factor Analysis to Affective Processes in Dyads
Authors: Ferrer Emilio
Published: November 2023

Individual processes, by definition, involve psychological phenomena that occur as a function of time. These processes are dynamic in nature; that is, they change over time and involve timelagged sequences. Because of this dynamic nature, the study of such processes at the individual level necessitates an intense set of measurements that capture the fluctuations-for example, hourly, daily, weekly, or whatever time dimension underlies the process-and the time dependency of the changes. The intraindividual variability design, in which a person is measured at multiple occasions, typically on many variables, was developed precisely for this purpose. In this chapter, I focus on dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a model that uses the intraindividual variability design, and illustrate its application to the study of affective processes in dyads.
Natural Streams: Morphology, Materials, and Flows
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Stream is the general term for any body of water flowing with measurable velocity in a channel.
Uniform Flow and Flow Resistance
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The central problem of open-channel-flow hydraulics can be stated as follows: Given a channel reach with a specified geometry, material, and slope, what are the relations among flow depth, average velocity, width, and discharge? Solutions to this problem are essential for solving important practical problems, including 1) the design of channels and canals, 2) the areal extent of flooding that will result from a storm or snowmelt event, 3) the rate of travel of a flood wave through a channel network, and 4) the size and quantity of material that can be eroded or transported by various flows.
Rapidly Varied Steady Flow
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Rapidly varied flow is flow in which the spatial rates of change of velocity and depth are large enough to make the assumptions of uniform and gradually varied flow inapplicable. Such flow occurs at relatively abrupt changes in channel geometry (bed elevation, width, slope, curvature, resistance) and is quite common in natural streams, particularly cascade and step-pool mountain streams (see figure 2.14, table 2.4) and flows over pronounced bedforms (see section 6.6.4.2, table 6.2). Rapidly varied flow is also common at engineered structures such as bridges, culverts, weirs, and flumes.
Introduction
Authors: Person Leland S
Published: November 2023

America owes almost as much to Cooper as to Franklin and Washington: for if these great men created the Union, by skill in legislation and force of arms, it was Cooper, the unassuming storyteller, who broadcast the news of it across the seas by the interest of his tales and the fldelity of his patriotic feelings.

When I think of remarkable phenomena in American literary history, I think first of the nearly 1,800 poems discovered after Emily Dickinson’s death in a bureau in her Amherst, Massachusetts, home. I also think of William Faulkner’s creation of Yoknapatawpha County in Mississippi and of the many interconnected works set in that flctional space. But then I think of the five novels James Fenimore Cooper wrote about the improbably named frontier hero, Natty Bumppo. The Leatherstocking Tales feature episodes in Natty’s life, beginning with his young manhood (in The Deerslayer) and ending with his death (in The Prairie).
Race Traitor: Cooper, His Critics, and Nineteenth-Century Literary Politics
Authors: Mann Barbara Alice
Published: November 2023

James Fenimore Cooper did not set out to become the target of the racist movement with his Leatherstocking Tales. Indeed, when he first set pen to paper, he could have anticipated only a warm welcome from the American literary elite, which initially saw him as one of its own. The story of his slide into the bad graces of his political enemies has already been told, but there remains one large, and largely unexplored, patch of ground that modern critics have gingerly skirted. It is none other than the staging point of attack on Cooper by his Antebellum critics: his honorary position as a “race traitor.”

In the rush to condemn Cooper as the racist of the drama, modern critics of the Leatherstocking Tales betray their ignorance of what true racists acted and sounded like between 1823 and 1841. Instead of grounding their criticism in historical and cultural knowledge, especially of Native America, they indulge in what I call Cry-Baby Criticism.
Immigrant Stories: Ethnicity and Education pathways during Middle Childhood
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

Immigration has been a significant part of the historical forces shaping this country. In the last two centuries, the United States has received distinct waves of people from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa, many seeking to move into this country permanently and become full American citizens with all the rights and responsibilities thereof. Two of the largest waves of immigration were observed in the twentieth century, each with distinct characteristics. As a consequence, today, one of every five Americans, more than 55 million strong, is an immigrant or the child of an immigrant.

Immigrants to this country usually come looking for a better life, not only for themselves but also for their children. They may be fleeing poverty, hunger, or persecution or perhaps just seeking better life opportunities for themselves and their family. They come with varying educational and economic assets and many times with skills that are not useful or valued in this country. In turn, each immigrant’s experiences are also shaped by the economic, demographic, and political conditions of the receiving communities.
The Cambodian Community: Small, Isolated, and Resilient
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

Given the theoretical frameworks guiding the present study, our starting point to understanding children’s development is to examine the community context that most Cambodian families are part of. The local Cambodian community is the product of a larger historical process that brought Cambodians as refugees to the United States during a relatively short period of time, primarily between 1980 and 1986 (see Bailey, 2000a ). These migrations followed the decimation of the Cambodian population by war (both as a product of their involvement in the Vietnam War and ongoing civil war), starvation, persecution, and targeted executions of its most educated citizens who were seen as a threat to the oppressive regime. Eventually, hundreds of thousands of Cambodian survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide fled to Thailand during 1979 and 1980, where they were placed in refugee camps. Tens of thousands were subsequently resettled as refugees in the United States and other countries (e.g., France and Canada). Since the most educated and affluent Cambodians had either been killed or fled in earlier years, many of the refugees who came to the United States were the most disadvantaged. They were disproportionately poor, less educated, and had suffered most from the emotional and physical trauma of the Khmer Rouge.
Final Reflections
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of developmental processes during middle childhood in children of immigrants. The lack of knowledge on normative processes in these growing populations makes it imperative to conduct studies like ours. We need relevant data that will inform practice and policies to target the unique needs and challenges faced by these populations. We need to identify both universal and community-specific processes that will contribute not only to our understanding of these phenomena but also to the provision of the necessary conditions to ensure successful developmental outcomes in this quickly growing segment of the population.

The groups that we studied—Cambodians, Dominicans, and Portuguese—represent a large part of the spectrum of contemporary immigrant stories. Some are refugees, while others are considered “voluntary” immigrants; some hail from urban, others from rural environments; some are of Asian ancestry, others of Latino or EuropeanAmerican descent, and while some became part of an established U.S. ethnic enclave or are closely tied to the country of origin others exist in cultural isolation; we observed many dimensions in which immigration contexts differ. Through ethnographic work and parental interviews, we obtained a rich description of the cultural/psychological adaptations of these groups as they are incorporated into the urban fabric of Providence and East Providence.
Security in the Twenty-first Century A Larger Understanding
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

The twenty-first century has already presented itself as an age in which concern for security will be paramount: traditional security against violence, but also security of livelihood, security of community, security of our environment, and security of our children’s future. The large purpose toward which United States strategy must be centrally directed is the security of its citizens. A more secure world with expanding opportunities for political participation and economic wellbeing reduces threats against us and increases America’s security. To have the economic, political, and military power necessary for realization of our large purposes, we have to invent new ways to drive progress in our own society.
The Representation Of Things And People
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

The study of pictures and the study of psychology as a scientific inquiry have long been intertwined. As our understanding of the processes of perception and learning has increased, we have had to alter our view of how pictorial communication takes place; conversely, various pictures and sketches, ranging from the early experiments with perspective drawing, through the Gestaltists’ explorations of the laws of grouping, to the inconsistent drawings of Escher and Albers, have had profound implications for the study of visual perception. In this paper, I shall try to bring current perceptual theory to bear on some of the issues that have been raised in the context of pictorial theory. First, however, we shall go back to da Vinci’s early experiments on pictorial representations, and to the ways in which the two classical schools of perceptual theory dealt with the problems posed by those experiments.
Mental Schemata And The Limits Of Perception
Authors: Enns James T , Austen Erin
Published: November 2023

Julian Hochberg deserves full credit for giving serious consideration to one of the most obvious and yet overlooked limitations of the human visual system. This is the fact that vision is not uniformly detailed over the field of view. Or, as he liked to put it, ‘‘unlike objects themselves, our perception of objects is not everywhere dense’’ (Hochberg, 1982, p. 214). He was referring to the fact that retinal cones are concentrated near the fovea, so as to maximize spatial resolution for only the central 1–28 around the point of fixation. This limitation means that in order to view any scene in detail, a series of eye movements and fixations must be made. It also implies that our subjective experience of a wide-angled field of view that is high in detail is an illusion, as many textbook demonstrations now attest. Yet, despite this knowledge, formal theories of vision, for the most part, paid very little attention to it until rather late into the 20th century. Even David Marr’s (1982) Vision, the book often credited with the greatest influence on vision science in the past quarter century, is remarkably silent on the consequences of this fundamental limitation.
‘‘How Big Is a Stimulus?’’ Learning About Imagery By Studying Perception
Authors: Reisberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

In 1982, Julie Hochberg published a particularly compelling essay entitled ‘‘How Big Is a Stimulus?’’ (reproduced in this volume). That essay marshaled a number of arguments that Hochberg had developed in other writings and, with these arguments in view, drew the reader toward a series of important and persuasive claims: that the ‘‘effective stimulus’’ is sharply limited both spatially and temporally; that perception, therefore, is often determined by local cues, not global patterns; and that percepts, as a result, are ‘‘not everywhere dense’’ (because percepts are often ‘‘silent’’ or ‘‘vague’’ on information not contained within the local view).
On The Internal Consistency Of Perceptual Organization
Authors: Todd James T
Published: November 2023

One of the central tenets of Gestalt psychology is that configurations of stimulus elements are perceptually organized to have the lowest possible structural complexity—what is often referred to as the ‘‘minimum principle.’’ Consider, for example, the image of a Necker cube presented in the left panel of Figure 31.1. It is important to keep in mind that the actual physical structure of this figure is a 2D configuration of lines, but that is not how it is perceived. It appears instead as a 3D cube, presumably because that structure is simpler than the alternative 2D interpretation.
Ideas Of Lasting Influence Hochberg’s Anticipation Of Research On Change Blindness And Motion-Picture Perception
Authors: Simons Daniel J , Levin Daniel T
Published: November 2023

Julian Hochberg has had little direct influence on our academic careers, and we have never even met him. Our knowledge of his contributions to perception and cognition comes entirely from his writings and through discussions of the influence he has had on some of our colleagues and mentors. Those writings have anticipated major developments in perception and cognition, often by several decades. We firmly believe that his prescient writings will continue to influence perception research for decades to come.The measure of Hochberg’s contribution comes not from the number of papers he published (although he has plenty), nor from extensive research on a single topic. Rather, at least for us, Hochberg’s influence comes from the number of original ideas he has had and the number of as yet unexplored big questions he has addressed in his writing. One useful rubric for measuring the influence of someone’s writing is to examine the number of good ideas contained in each of his papers (the metric was conceived by Brian Scholl: Most papers in psychology have at most one or maybe two new ideas (and many have a ratio of less than one idea/paper). In contrast, many of Hochberg’s papers, particularly his book chapters, are chock full of original, creative, and important ideas that cry out for further empirical work. Many of these ideas have yet to receive the attention they deserve in the perception literature. A researcher who was short of ideas could certainly mine Hochberg’s writings and never run out of important questions to address. In this essay, we describe just two examples of Hochberg’s ability to identify interesting and underexplored problems. One involves a study he described in passing as part of a larger chapter, an experiment that anticipated the current literature on change detection by nearly 20 years. The other involves his thorough discussion of motion-picture perception, an area that still is in desperate need of empirical exploration.
On The Cognitive Ecology Of The Cinema
Authors: Tan Ed S
Published: November 2023

The contribution of psychology to an understanding of the cinema has been a limited one. After Hugo Müunterberg’s The Photoplay (1916) and Rudolf Arnheim’s Film as Art (1933/1958), only a few scattered studies appeared in press until the late 1970s, when James Gibson devoted a chapter to motion pictures, where he observed: The technology of cinema and television has reached the very highest level of applied science.
If Your Adolescent has an Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

An in-depth look at prevalent anxiety disorders in adolescents, this book is designed for parents of teens who have recently been diagnosed with or who are at risk for developing such a disorder. It is also for other adults, such as teachers and guidance counsellors, who are regularly in contact with at-risk adolescents. The book combines scientific expertise - including information about available treatments and up-to-date research findings on anxiety disorders-with the practical wisdom of parents who have raised teenagers with these illnesses. In clear and accessible language, Dr Edna B. Foa and Linda Wasmer Andrews explain in detail each of the four major anxiety disorders (social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder). The book includes tips on how to go about getting a diagnosis, what a diagnosis means, when and where to get treatment, and how to navigate the health care system. There is also advice on how to handle everyday life - both at home and at school - once the teen is diagnosed. Pointers on red flags to look out for and about the dangers of doing nothing are included as well to help parents and other adults deal effectively with adolescent anxiety disorders before they become debilitating.
Establishing Eismitte
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Creating a meteorological station in the middle of the Greenland ice cap changed a fairly simple expedition into an extremely difficult one. Distance, weather, and altitude created one hurdle after another for the Central Station team. Transporting equipment and provisions 400 kilometers (250 miles) by dogsled usually took two weeks even in the best weather conditions. Averaging 29 kilometers (18 miles) per day demanded great energy from men and dogs. And the loads for the weather station were limited because of food, tents, and bedding needed for the trip out and back. Storage depots were established along the way, but these were held in reserve for emergency use in case a sled party was stranded by a storm. Another hurdle was the expedition’s dependence on motor sleds that had not been tested in the Arctic. As the team realized the limits on loads carried by dogsleds, they realized that motor sleds were more than a supplement to the dogsleds—they were essential.
Winter at East Station and West Station, 1930–1931
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

Walther Kopp and two other men sailed from Copenhagen on July IO, 1930, and arrived at the mouth of Scoresby Sound on the nineteenth. Because the sea ice stays so much longer on the east coast of Greenland, no ship can enter Scoresby Sound before the middle of summer. Kopp had experience with high-altitude atmospheric measurements at the Aeronautical Observatory in Lindenburg, Germany. Hermann Peters was trained as a biologist, and Arnold Ernsting was an engineering student.
Civil Incarceration of Violent Sexual Offenders
Authors: Kadane Joseph B
Published: November 2023

Current law in several states permits the civil incarceration of violent sexual offenders (rapists and pedophiles) after their criminal sentences are served, if they are found to be likely to reoffend. The issue in this section is the quality of the expert evidence offered in support of such incarceration.

The social stakes in this issue are large. On the one hand, society wishes to protect itself from persons likely to repeat violent sexual acts. On the other hand, a person who has served a sentence for a crime generally ought to be freed. Detaining a person on the grounds that they might, in the future, commit a crime is fraught with danger to a society that values civil liberty.
Is Weight loss Surgery Right for you?
Authors: Apple Robin F , Lock James , Peebles Rebecka
Published: November 2023

You are most likely considering weight loss surgery because you are obese. But there may be medical concerns and similar factors that will sway your decision one way or the other. You will want to consider all these factors as you think about weight loss surgery. First, do you qualify for the diagnosis of severe obesity? This is one of the first considerations when deciding if surgery is an appropriate weight loss tool for you. Doctors use the body mass index (BMI) to categorize degrees of overweight in patients.
Epidemiology of Postconcussion Syndrome: Another Denominator Problem
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

Based on the issues discussed in preceding chapters regarding problems with the definition, diagnosis, and nonspecificity of PCS symptoms, questions are also raised about published reports on the assumed prevalence and epidemiology of PCS. Published literature and clinical lore have long purported that approximately 15–20 percent of MTBI patients go on to report subjective symptoms or other complaints beyond three months postinjury that warrant the label of persistent PCS.
Interventional Models for Postconcussion Syndrome
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

The main implication from the evidence that PCS represents a psychological disorder is its reversibility in most cases with effective psychological treatment. From the psychological theories of PCS have also come well-developed interventional models to remediate PCS symptoms and return the patient to preinjury functional levels.
Collaborative Intervention in Early Childhood
Authors: Hirschland Deborah
Published: November 2023

When young children are showing signs of difficulty, parents, childcare providers, and teachers often approach practitioners for guidance on how to best support healthy development. Whether providing consultation in early education programs and elementary schools, or assisting children and families in clinics or private practice, these practitioners need a sophisticated understanding of early childhood issues combined with a down-to-earth approach to intervention. This practical yet comprehensive guide: Reviews the multi-disciplinary knowledge needed to understand children's social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties Outlines step-by-step approaches to intervention for a a wide range of issues Zeros in on common problems in establishing relationships, communicating effectively, sustaining attention, and handling frustration and anxiety Offers accessible ways to describe principles and strategies to parents and teachers Illustrates the consultative process through richly detailed and engaging case material With its unique integration of theoretical material, real-world applications, and vivid examples of practice, this volume will serve as an invaluable resource for those working to help 3- to 7-year-olds and the adults who care for and teach them.
Golgi Versus Ramó N Y Cajal: Holism Versus Reductionism At The Dawn Of The Neurosciences
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

In 1891, while Golgi was making a last attempt to convince his critics of the reality of the diffuse neural net, Ramoón y Cajal and van Gehuchten developed a physiological model in which dendrites, cell body, and axon played well-defined roles in the mechanism of nervous transmission. In contrast to the static model propounded by His Sr. and Forel, Ramón y Cajal was in fact propounding a more dynamic vision of the nerve cell, and van Gehuchten moved in the same direction, albeit with some small differences. We have seen that Ramón y Cajal began to hint at the idea of directional flow of nerve currents in 1889 while investigating the relationship between the basket cells and Purkinje cells. Two years later, this vague intuition became the “law of dynamic polarization,” according to which the dendrites (and the cell body as well) receive nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the cylindraxis (the conduction apparatus), which in turn distributes them a distance down to the terminal varicose arborization (emission apparatus).
The Threat From Milan
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

On November 4, 1893, Golgi read the official opening address for the academic year 1893–94, as the new rector of the University of Pavia. His election had been bitterly opposed by the members of the old guard, such as Sangalli, who were jealous of their power and prerogatives. Golgi was the leading exponent of that generation of “progressive” middle-aged academics who were called “Young Turks” by the students [1] because of their aggressive assault on the key positions within the university.
An Elegant Reticulum “Hidden In The Cell Body”
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

During his three years as rector of the university, Golgi had been occupied primarily with bureaucratic and administrative issues, even if every now and then he was able to return to the laboratory to carry out some experiments. He had resolved to his advantage the problem of the Palazzo Botta (having cut a few corners in the process) and now his institute occupied a vast wing of this building. In 1894 he had set up the section for the production of the anti-diphtheria serum and now, three years later, he added a section for anti-smallpox vaccine.
The Laboratory Where A Discovery Is Made Every Day
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

B y the end of the century, the Laboratory of General Pathology had become an institution of world renown and was considered the most important center of biological research in Italy. In its new location in Palazzo Botta, it was better equipped than ever and could host a considerable number of researchers. In March 1901 Pensa had become assistant to Luigi Sala in the new Institute of Anatomy, also located in Palazzo Botta next door to the Laboratory of General Pathology. The relationship between Golgi and Sala was extremely friendly, and there were intense interactions among the personnel of the two laboratories, which were connected by a passageway. Marenghi continued to be Golgi’s associate; the assistants were Veratti and, in the 1900s, Negri. There were also many bright students, including an extremely young Perroncito, who already in 1901 had published a brief paper On the terminations of nerves in the striated muscle fibers, which according to Golgi represented “a line of resistance against the transcendental school of Ap à thy,” [1] as he sarcastically called the Hungarian scientist’s generalization of the neurofibrillar hypothesis.
Back To Research
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo
Published: November 2023

Back in Pavia, Golgi was elected president by acclamation of the Società Medico-Chirurgica. But he already had too many engagements and decided to decline the honor. At the suggestion of Pensa he was made honorary president of the Società. He used the prestige associated with the Nobel Prize to further his efforts for the renovation of the university and to ward off the Milanese foe. Meanwhile, in July 1905 the Parliament had approved a law that allowed the creation in Milan of Clinical Institutes for Specialization Studies, which it endowed with a modest state contribution. In December a nonprofit organization was created to manage the Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of Occupational Diseases, and of Infectious Diseases. [1] The courses would be taught by instructors who were equivalent in status to university professors. The Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology was inaugurated in 1906 while the Clinic for Occupational Diseases was in advanced stages of construction.
Is There a Duty to Report a Crime?
Authors: Neuenschwander John A
Published: November 2023

It happens so rarely that even in-depth oral history workshops and graduate oral history courses never broach the subject. This rarity occurs when an interviewee either admits to an interviewer that he or she committed a crime or names someone else as the perpetrator. If the interviewee is elderly, the admission or revelation is most likely so far in the past that it no longer matters except to the narrator. But what if the interviewee is not an octogenarian but a much younger individual and the crime that he or she is relating is neither distant nor dated? Does an oral history interviewer have any legal duty to report what he or she was told and recorded? If there is no legal duty is there an ethical one? One could construct any number of hypothetical examples of this sort of stunning revelation but a handful of oral historians have readily admitted on H-NET/OHA, the oral history listserv, to being privy to such admissions and/ or accusations.
Groups: Homomorphisms and Subgroups
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will probea littledeeper into certain groups that areclosely related in some special way to a given group. In one direction, this leads to the concept of a homomorphism that enables us to consider groups that are related but not quite as strongly related as isomorphic groups. In another direction, we will begin the study of subgroups of a group. We will describe completely all finite abelian groups. We will see the wonderful theorems discovered by Sylow that provideus with a wealth of information regarding the presenceof subgroups of prime power order. Combined with the direct product of groups, this enables us to describe completely all the groups of certain orders. We will conclude the chapter by considering two important classes of groups: solvable and nilpotent groups.
Rings and Polynomials
Authors: Reilly Norman R
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2 we encountered some of the basic properties of rings and fields. In particular, we considered the ring of polynomials in a single variable and saw how essential that theory is to the study of finite fields. In this chapter we return to the study of rings and polynomials, but this time we will be interested in some geometric aspects. After the introduction of the necessary ring theoretical concepts (such as an ideal) we turn our attention to polynomials in several variables and to various properties of the curves and surfaces that they define.
Blogs and Politics
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

It was an incongruous moment for the dawn of the power of new technology: the center of attention was an icon from the past. Strom Thurmond, longtime South Carolina politician and former segregationist third-party presidential candidate, was being feted by his colleagues as he closed his nearly half-century career in the U.S. Senate. Among the 500 guests were many Washington notables, including four Supreme Court justices. Several politicians spoke, including former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole. They noted Thurmond’s role in American history and praised him for his accomplishments over a long life.
Journalists
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

On March 22, 2007, the presidential campaign of John Edwards announced that the candidate and his wife would hold an important press conference that afternoon. Shortly before the press conference, CNN, Fox News, and other cable networks began broadcasting stories that Edwards’s wife, Elizabeth, would announce that her breast cancer was no longer in remission and that her husband would suspend his presidential campaign. The story spread across the Internet as well. The campaign told journalists the rumor was not true, but the denial failed to halt the spread of the story. The problem was the story really was false. When the news conference occurred, the Edwardses announced that they would continue their campaign despite the cancer news. Journalists struggled to explain how and why they had given out false information. The source for the news media accounts turned out to be a recently created blog called Politico.com. In contravention of traditional journalistic standards, the blogger who broke the story, a former Washington Post reporter, had reported the rumor after hearing it from only one source. That source turned out to be mistaken. The journalist justified his use of only one source by saying that blogs “share information in real time.”