bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole body hyperthermia, but not skin hyperthermia, accelerates brain and locomotor limb circulatory strain and impairs exercise capacity in humans
Authors: Trangmar Steven J. , Chiesa Scott T. , Kalsi Kameljit K. , Secher Niels H. , González‐Alonso José
Published: January 2017

Cardiovascular strain and hyperthermia are thought to be important factors limiting exercise capacity in heat‐stressed humans, however, the contribution of elevations in skin (Tsk) versus whole body temperatures on exercise capacity has not been characterized. To ascertain their relationships with exercise capacity, blood temperature (TB), oxygen uptake (V̇O2), brain perfusion (MCA Vmean), locomotor limb hemodynamics, and hematological parameters were assessed during incremental cycling exercise with elevated skin (mild hyperthermia; HYPmild), combined core and skin temperatures (moderate hyperthermia; HYPmod), and under control conditions. Both hyperthermic conditions increased Tsk versus control (6.2 ± 0.2°C; P < 0.001), however, only HYPmod increased resting TB, leg blood flow and cardiac output (Q̇), but not MCA Vmean. Throughout exercise, Tsk remained elevated in both hyperthermic conditions, whereas only TB was greater in HYPmod. At exhaustion, oxygen uptake and exercise capacity were reduced in HYPmod in association with lower leg blood flow, MCA Vmean and mean arterial pressure (MAP), but similar maximal heart rate and TB. The attenuated brain and leg perfusion with hyperthermia was associated with a plateau in MCA and two‐legged vascular conductance (VC). Mechanistically, the falling MCA VC was coupled to reductions in PaCO2, whereas the plateau in leg vascular conductance was related to markedly elevated plasma [NA] and a plateau in plasma ATP. These findings reveal that whole‐body hyperthermia, but not skin hyperthermia, compromises exercise capacity in heat‐stressed humans through the early attenuation of brain and active muscle blood flow.
Reduced firing rates of high threshold motor units in response to eccentric overload
Authors: Balshaw Tom G. , Pahar Madhu , Chesham Ross , Macgregor Lewis J. , Hunter Angus M.
Published: January 2017

Acute responses of motor units were investigated during submaximal voluntary isometric tasks following eccentric overload (EO) and constant load (CL) knee extension resistance exercise. Ten healthy resistance‐trained participants performed four experimental test sessions separated by 5 days over a 20 day period. Two sessions involved constant load and the other two used eccentric overload. EO and CL used both sessions for different target knee eccentric extension phases; one at 2 sec and the other at 4 sec. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and isometric trapezoid efforts for 10 sec at 70% MVC were completed before and after each intervention and decomposed electromyography was used to measure motor unit firing rate. The firing rate of later recruited, high‐threshold motor units declined following the 2‐sec EO but was maintained following 2sec CL (P < 0.05), whereas MUFR for all motor units were maintained for both loading types following 4‐sec extension phases. MVC and rate of force development where maintained following both EO and CL and 2 and 4 sec phases. This study demonstrates a slower firing rate of high‐threshold motor units following fast eccentric overload while MVC was maintained. This suggests that there was a neuromuscular stimulus without cost to the force‐generating capacity of the knee extensors.
Method for Identification of Results of Dynamic Overloads in Assessment of Safety Use of the Mine Auxiliary Transportation System
Authors: Tokarczyk Jarosław
Published: January 2017

Method for identification the effects of dynamic overload affecting the people, which may occur in the emergency state of suspended monorail is presented in the paper. The braking curve using MBS (Multi-Body System) simulation was determined. For this purpose a computational model (MBS) of suspended monorail was developed and two different variants of numerical calculations were carried out. An algorithm of conducting numerical simulations to assess the effects of dynamic overload acting on the suspended monorails’ users is also posted in the paper. An example of computational model FEM (Finite Element Method) composed of technical mean and the anthropometrical model ATB (Articulated Total Body) is shown. The simulation results are presented: graph of HIC (Head Injury Criterion) parameter and successive phases of dislocation of ATB model. Generator of computational models for safety criterion, which enables preparation of input data and remote starting the simulation, is proposed.
Visual accounts of Finnish and Greek teenagers’ perceptions of their multilingual language and literacy practices
Authors: Pitkänen-Huhta Anne , Rothoni Anastasia
Published: January 2017

This paper uses visual methods to explore how teenagers in two different European countries (Finland and Greece) personally relate to their first language and to English, which is widely used in the everyday lives of young people in both countries. Our data comprise sets of self-made visualizations in which 14- to 16-year-old teenagers depict their personal relationship to their first language (Finnish/Greek) and to English. Theoretically and methodologically, we subscribe to socio-culturally oriented research on (foreign language) literacy and language learning and recent studies on multilingualism. Overall, by offering a detailed account of the variety of representation forms and meaning-making symbols employed by our participants in their visual products, our analysis in this paper highlights the common but also diverse perceptions, values and attitudes that young people from two different European contexts bring to their practices and their encounters with English and other languages in their lives. By revealing the personal meanings and values attached by teenagers to English, our analysis also provides indirect insights into the multiple ways English is locally encountered, appropriated and drawn upon by young people in two different countries to serve their own purposes.
Exploring the Ways Cinematography Affects Viewers’ Perceived Empathy towards Onscreen Characters
Authors: Lotman Elen
Published: January 2017

In the history of cinematography there is a noticeable tradition to deliberately highlight the elements that accentuate space and spatiality in the shots. At the same time, there is also a contrary tradition, i.e. the conscious reduction of spatiality with the help of artistic tools in order to evoke a feeling of alienation. In this article I will argue that it is highly likely that the visual reinforcement of depth has become one of a cinematographer’s most frequently used tools, because it plays an important role in the audience’s perceived empathy towards onscreen characters. Since the practices of art-making – e.g. cinematography – represent a way that the empirical experience accumulated in professional practices reflects underlying neural processes, this article will first draw upon evidence from the common tenets of cinematography and reflect on how these correspond to the respective phenomena in human perception and cognition. The second part of the article examines the theory of the para-dramatic and eso-dramatic factors established by Gal Raz and Talma Hendler as it applies to cinematography; thereby suggesting possibilities for broadening the theoretical foundations of the twofold division of the causes for the viewers’ empathetic responses. The article will also introduce the results from a pilot experiment. However, I will not argue that the rendering of cinematographic space and drawing attention to certain areas are superior tools for creating filmic empathy. I will rather point out that they are often used by cinematographers when they want to create an immersive experience, and therefore, there is reason to believe that a connection exists between emotional empathy and the usage of these cinematographic tools.
High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of MgAl2O4-YAG Eutectic Ceramic In Situ Composites by Float Zone Method
Authors: Abalı Serkan
Published: January 2017

The directionally solidified eutectic MgAl2O4-Y3Al5O12 crystal was prepared at a pressure of 0.4 MPa of ambient nitrogen gas by the high frequency induction heated floating zone furnace. In order to determine the high temperature characteristics, directionally solidified MgAl2O4-Y3Al5O12 eutectic phase has been analyzed with creep test, tensile strength, young modulus and fracture toughness at the various temperatures and the microstructural variations have been studied according to the analysis results. It has been seen that directionally solidified with zone melting MgAl2O4-YAG eutectic ceramic which has given the value of 168 MPa below 10−6/s strain rate at 1,700 °C temperature has revealed minimum stress.
Compact Discrete Gradient Schemes for Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Yin Xiuling , Zhang Chengjian , Zhang Jingjing
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes two schemes for a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with four-order spacial derivative by using compact scheme and discrete gradient methods. They are of fourth-order accuracy in space. We analyze two discrete invariants of the schemes. The numerical experiments are implemented to investigate the efficiency of the schemes.
Mixed Convection Boundary Layer Flow of Williamson Fluid with Slip Conditions Over a Stretching Cylinder by Using Keller Box Method
Authors: Salahuddin T. , Malik M. Y. , Hussain Arif , Awais M. , Bilal S.
Published: January 2017

The aim of the present analysis is to examine the effects of slip boundary conditions and mixed convection flow of Williamson fluid over a stretching cylinder. The boundary layer partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using group theory transformations. The required ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using implicit finite difference method known as Keller box method. The influence of dimensionless physical parameters on velocity and temperature profile as well as skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are presented graphically. Comparison has been made to the previous literature in order to check the accuracy of the method.
The seasonal variability of the amount of global solar radiation reaching the ground in urban and rural areas on the example of Warsaw and Belsk
Authors: Nelken Kinga , Leziak Kamil
Published: January 2017

The aim of this paper is to determine the contemporary differences in the inflow of global solar radiation in Warsaw (urban station) and Belsk (rural station). The meteorological data used comprised daily sums of global solar radiation (in MJ•m−2) and the duration of sunshine (in hours) for the period 2008 2014. On clear days in spring and summer, the rural area receives more solar radiation in comparison to the urban area, whereas in autumn a reverse relationship occurs. On cloudy days in all seasons, the rural area receives more solar radiation than the urban area, and the relationship is the strongest in winter. Differences between urban and rural areas on cloudy days are smaller than those observed on clear days.
Financial Planning and Management Practices of Electrical Contractors
Authors: Lucko Gunnar
Published: January 2017

Contractors must carefully manage their cash outflows (e.g., for materials to enable their work) and inflows (after the work) to be profitable, particularly in an economy that is still recovering from the 2008–2012 recession that grew out of the mortgage crisis. Their importance for business success is undisputed, as bankruptcies due to insufficient cash flow underline. Therefore, this study investigated current business practices of electrical contracting companies of different sizes with respect to their financial planning and management. A detailed questionnaire was developed with best guidelines on survey studies and pilot testing. It was sent to members of the National Electrical Contractors Association. Respondent anonymity was ensured. The survey recorded demographics, business practices, operating conditions, and other important factors using 57 subquestions. Each section allowed feedback to clarify the numerical responses. Responses were well distributed across company sizes, so that the results are representative for the entire industry. The results indicated that contractors generally have a substantial amount of experience in financial decision making. Their approach is conservative and focuses on healthy growth. Yet, opportunities to fine-tune business practices are identified, e.g., immediate invoicing, considering discounts to accelerate payment receipts, attempting to negotiate and use favorable credit terms, reviewing payment performance, and performing frequent cash flow forecasts. Some of the differences in the responses can be attributed to different company sizes. To help especially smaller companies in planning their cash flow, a spreadsheet for implementation has been created.
Factorizing the Changes in CO2 Emissions from Indian Road Passenger Transport: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Gupta Monika , Singh Sanjay
Published: January 2017

The main aim of this paper is to analyse the role of different factors responsible for CO2 emission from Indian road passenger transport with the help of Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index over the period of 1971-2011. CO2 emission increase is decomposed into five major factors - emission coefficient, transport energy intensity, transport activity, economic growth, and population. Findings suggest that economic growth, transport activity and population have a significant positive role in increasing CO2 emission from road passenger transport, whereas energy intensity plays a negative role in CO2 emission increase. Emission coefficient has also a negative role in CO2 emission increase during all the periods except during 1971-81. Therefore, emission coefficient and energy intensity are the two most important factors for policy design and implementation to reduce CO2 emission from the sector.
Relationship between Toxic Leadership and Job Stress of Knowledge Workers
Authors: Hadadian Zagross , Zarei Jamileh
Published: January 2017

Nowadays, different levels of stress and nervousness can be found in organizations. Owing to the fact that employees spend most of their time in organizations, stress may affect the health of employees. Hence, study of stress and the factors that make stress can be a viable decision in that by eliminating these factors organizations can have healthier employees. This study is a correlation study which aims to determine the possible relationship between toxic leadership and job stress. Data collection tools including two standard questionnaires were used. The questionnaire adopted from toxic leadership (Schmidt and Hanges 2009) to measure the toxic leadership in organizations and the NIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire (Hurrell and McLaney 1988) to measure the job stress. In order to analyze the data SPSS software was used. Results show that there is a significant direct relationship between toxic leadership and the job stress of employees. In other words, the more toxic leadership perceived by employees, the more job stress they feel.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods and Their Applications in Medical Science
Authors: Kowalewski Wojciech , Roszak Magdalena , Kołodziejczak Barbara , Ren-Kurc Anna , Bręborowicz Andrzej
Published: January 2017

As defined by the National Institutes of Health: “Biomedical engineering integrates physical, chemical, mathematical, and computational sciences and engineering principles to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health”. Many issues in this area are closely related to fluid dynamics. This paper provides an overview of the basic concepts concerning Computational Fluid Dynamics and its applications in medicine.
The Use of Correspondence Analysis in Assessing the Antecedents of Innovativeness in Public Hospitals
Authors: Jończyk Joanna Anna , Olszewska Anna Małgorzata
Published: January 2017

The aim of the study presented in this article is to show correspondence analysis as a method useful in the diagnosis of coexistence of category variables in antecedents of innovativeness, with the positions of the respondents representing various medical professions in hospitals. Primary data obtained in the course of empirical research, carried out using a questionnaire study on a sample of 459 respondents representing 8 public hospitals in Poland, is used to this aim. To follow up on the achievements of the analysis, literature on the issue of innovativeness and its antecedents was also used. The results of the correspondence analysis allows one to confirm the thesis of the different opinions of doctors, nurses/midwives and managers regarding the level of significance of antecedents of innovativeness, where for doctors and managers in this context the most important is financial optimization, and for nurses the improvement of the quality of medical services. The results may provide an important clue to the chief executives of hospitals in the context of further changes and innovativeness necessary to achieve the desired efficiency of these organizations.
Network analysis and systemic FX settlement risk
Authors: León-Janampa José Henry
Published: January 2017

A proposal for applying network analysis to a foreign exchange (FX) settlement system is considered. In particular, network centrality metrics are used to analyse payments of financial institutions which settle through CLS Bank (CLS).
Network centrality metrics provide a way to study settlement members’ connectivity, obtain a sense of their payments evolution with time, and measure their network topology variability. The analysis shows that although the continuous link settlement (CLS) network structure can be approximated with a power law degree distribution for many trade days, this is not always the case.
A network community detection algorithm is applied to the FX settlement network to explore relationships between communities and to
detect classification patterns in the FX trading net payments. A metric called SinkRank is used to build a ranking of the most systemic settlement risk important financial institutions trading on the FX system, and to understand how the metric depends on network’s connectivity. Since network metrics do not fully explain the dynamics of the settlement process, the CLS’ settlement system is simulated to measure the contagion of unsettled trades and its spread among network members. The effect of settlement failure and contagion on the settlement members is also explored.
Analysis of AM2 Airfield Matting Performance Under Six-Wheel Boeing C-17 Gear Loading
Authors: Rushing T. W. , Howard I. L.
Published: January 2017

Methods previously developed to predict the performance of AM2 aluminum airfield matting subjected to single-wheel aircraft loads were evaluated in this paper to determine their validity for the complex six-wheel Boeing C-17 main landing gear. These methods, derived from full-scale accelerated Boeing F-15E trafficking, were used to predict deformation of the subgrade as a function of the California bearing ratio (CBR) and the number of aircraft passes. The same data set was also used to predict fatigue failure of the mat system’s joints over any CBR. A laboratory test fixture and procedure were designed to mimic the boundary conditions experienced by the mat during full-scale experiments (single-wheel F-15E in the original experiments) so that variations of the joints and any subgrade CBR can theoretically be tested in fatigue without the expense of full-scale experiments. Results presented in this paper showed that, even with a more complex loading configuration (i.e., C-17), the trends published previously for the F-15E were supported, and the procedures offered reasonable predictions for AM2.
Cholinergic Interneurons Underlie Spontaneous Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Yorgason Jordan T. , Zeppenfeld Douglas M. , Williams John T.
Published: January 2017

The release of dopamine from terminals in the NAc is regulated by a number of factors, including voltage-gated ion channels, D2-autoreceptors, and nAChRs. Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) drive dopamine release through activation of nAChRs on dopamine terminals. Using cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, nAChR-dependent spontaneous dopamine transients and the mechanisms underlying the origin were examined in the NAc. Spontaneous events were infrequent (0.3 per minute), but the rate and amplitude were increased after blocking Kv channels with 4-aminopyridine. Although the firing frequency of CINs was increased by blocking glutamate reuptake with TBOA and the Sk blocker apamin, only 4-aminopyridine increased the frequency of dopamine transients. In contrast, inhibition of CIN firing with the μ/δ selective opioid [Met5]enkephalin (1 μm) decreased spontaneous dopamine transients. Cocaine increased the rate and amplitude of dopamine transients, suggesting that the activity of the dopamine transporter limits the detection of these events. In the presence of cocaine, the rate of spontaneous dopamine transients was further increased after blocking D2-autoreceptors. Blockade of muscarinic receptors had no effect on evoked dopamine release, suggesting that feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release was not involved. Thus, although spontaneous dopamine transients are reliant on nAChRs, the frequency was not strictly governed by the activity of CINs. The increase in frequency of spontaneous dopamine transients induced by cocaine was not due to an increase in cholinergic tone and is likely a product of an increase in detection resulting from decreased dopamine reuptake.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe actions of dopamine in the NAc are thought to be responsible for endogenous reward and the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants. The present work examines the mechanisms underlying nAChR-induced spontaneous dopamine release. This study demonstrates that spontaneous dopamine release is (1) dependent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, (2) independent on the spontaneous activity of cholinergic interneurons, and (3) that cocaine increased the detection of dopamine transients by prolonging the presence and increasing the diffusion of dopamine in the extracellular space. The release of acetylcholine is therefore responsible for spontaneous dopamine transients, and cocaine augments dopamine tone without altering activity of cholinergic interneurons.
Esculentin-2CHa(1–30) and its analogues: stability and mechanisms of insulinotropic action
Authors: Vasu Srividya , McGahon Mary K , Moffett R Charlotte , Curtis Tim M , Conlon J Michael , Abdel-Wahab Yasser H A , Flatt Peter R
Published: January 2017

The insulin-releasing effects, cellular mechanisms of action and anti-hyperglycaemic activity of 10 analogues of esculentin-2CHa lacking the cyclic C-terminal domain (CKISKQC) were evaluated. Analogues of the truncated peptide, esculentin-2CHa(1–30), were designed for plasma enzyme resistance and increased biological activity. Effects of those analogues on insulin release, cell membrane integrity, membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP levels were determined using clonal BRIN-BD11 cells. Their acute effects on glucose tolerance were investigated using NIH Swiss mice. d-Amino acid substitutions at positions 7(Arg), 15(Lys) and 23(Lys) and fatty acid (l-octanoate) attachment to Lys at position 15 of esculentin-2CHa(1–30) conveyed resistance to plasma enzyme degradation whilst preserving insulin-releasing activity. Analogues, [d-Arg7,d-Lys15,d-Lys23]-esculentin-2CHa(1–30) and Lys15-octanoate-esculentin-2CHa(1–30), exhibiting most promising profiles and with confirmed effects on both human insulin-secreting cells and primary mouse islets were selected for further analysis. Using chemical inhibition of adenylate cyclase, protein kinase C or phospholipase C pathways, involvement of PLC/PKC-mediated insulin secretion was confirmed similar to that of CCK-8. Diazoxide, verapamil and Ca2+ omission inhibited insulin secretion induced by the esculentin-2CHa(1–30) analogues suggesting an action on KATP and Ca2+ channels also. Consistent with this, the analogues depolarised the plasma membrane and increased intracellular Ca2+. Evaluation with fluorescent-labelled esculentin-2CHa(1–30) indicated membrane action, with internalisation; however, patch-clamp experiments suggested that depolarisation was not due to the direct inhibition of KATP channels. Acute administration of either analogue to NIH Swiss mice improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin release similar to that observed with GLP-1. These data suggest that multi-acting analogues of esculentin-2CHa(1–30) may prove useful for glycaemic control in obesity-diabetes.
The Bright Fluorescent Protein mNeonGreen Facilitates Protein Expression AnalysisIn Vivo
Authors: Hostettler Lola , Grundy Laura , Käser-Pébernard Stéphanie , Wicky Chantal , Schafer William R , Glauser Dominique A
Published: January 2017

The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has been tremendously useful in investigating cell architecture, protein localization, and protein function. Recent developments in transgenesis and genome editing methods now enable working with fewer transgene copies and, consequently, with physiological expression levels. However, lower signal intensity might become a limiting factor. The recently developed mNeonGreen protein is a brighter alternative to GFP in vitro. The goal of the present study was to determine how mNeonGreen performs in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans—a model used extensively for fluorescence imaging in intact animals. We started with a side-by-side comparison between cytoplasmic forms of mNeonGreen and GFP expressed in the intestine, and in different neurons, of adult animals. While both proteins had similar photostability, mNeonGreen was systematically 3–5 times brighter than GFP. mNeonGreen was also used successfully to trace endogenous proteins, and label specific subcellular compartments such as the nucleus or the plasma membrane. To further demonstrate the utility of mNeonGreen, we tested transcriptional reporters for nine genes with unknown expression patterns. While mNeonGreen and GFP reporters gave overall similar expression patterns, low expression tissues were detected only with mNeonGreen. As a whole, our work establishes mNeonGreen as a brighter alternative to GFP for in vivo imaging in a multicellular organism. Furthermore, the present research illustrates the utility of mNeonGreen to tag proteins, mark subcellular regions, and describe new expression patterns, particularly in tissues with low expression.
Inferring Recent Demography from Isolation by Distance of Long Shared Sequence Blocks
Authors: Ringbauer Harald , Coop Graham , Barton Nicholas H
Published: January 2017

Recently it has become feasible to detect long blocks of nearly identical sequence shared between pairs of genomes. These identity-by-descent (IBD) blocks are direct traces of recent coalescence events and, as such, contain ample signal to infer recent demography. Here, we examine sharing of such blocks in two-dimensional populations with local migration. Using a diffusion approximation to trace genetic ancestry, we derive analytical formulas for patterns of isolation by distance of IBD blocks, which can also incorporate recent population density changes. We introduce an inference scheme that uses a composite-likelihood approach to fit these formulas. We then extensively evaluate our theory and inference method on a range of scenarios using simulated data. We first validate the diffusion approximation by showing that the theoretical results closely match the simulated block-sharing patterns. We then demonstrate that our inference scheme can accurately and robustly infer dispersal rate and effective density, as well as bounds on recent dynamics of population density. To demonstrate an application, we use our estimation scheme to explore the fit of a diffusion model to Eastern European samples in the Population Reference Sample data set. We show that ancestry diffusing with a rate of σ≈50−−100 km/gen during the last centuries, combined with accelerating population growth, can explain the observed exponential decay of block sharing with increasing pairwise sample distance.
The Growth and Changing Role of Passive Investments: A Critical Perspective on Index Mutual Funds and Exchange Traded Funds
Authors: Bessler Wolfgang , Hockmann Heinz J.
Published: January 2017

Index Mutual Funds (IMF) and Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) have developed into widely-accepted and fast growing passive investment instruments, offering investors a low-cost investment alternative in well diversified portfolios. Allocating more into IMFs and ETFs is the investors’ natural response to the experience with and the disillusion about actively managed investment performance. Despite these positive effects, this shift in fund allocation raises substantial concerns about possible negative effects on securities market trading and market quality, on corporate governance and product market competition as well as on systemic risk. Most research so far does not provide significant evidence of negative effects on market quality, on securities market trading, and on systemic risk. Whether the shareholdings of IMF and ETF providers reduces product market competition and whether the concentration of voting rights negatively effects corporate governance requires further analysis. Some problems may occur if ETF and IMF providers team-up with active investors. Overall, the introduction of IMFs and ETFs on broad market indices should be viewed as a financial innovation that broadens the investment spectrum providing many benefits to investors especially when viewed relative to the meager performance and performance persistence of actively managed mutual funds.
Hány éves kortól képesek a gyermekek újraéleszteni? – A hatékonyság felmérése általános iskolás gyermekek körében
Authors: Bánfai Bálint , Pandur Attila , Pék Emese , Csonka Henrietta , Betlehem József
Published: January 2017

Abstract:

Introduction: In cardiac arrest life can be saved by bystanders. Aim: Our aim was to determine at what age can schoolchildren perform correct cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Method: 164 schoolchildren (age 7–14) were involved in the study. A basic life support training consisted of 45 minutes education in small groups (8–10 children). They were tested during a 2-minute-long continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario using the “AMBU CPR Software”. Results: Average depth of chest compression was 44.07 ± 12.6 mm. 43.9% of participants were able to do effective chest compressions. Average ventilation volume was 0.17 ± 0.31 liter. 12.8% of participants were able to ventilate effectively the patient. It was significant correlation between the chest compression depth (p<0.001) and ventilation (p<0.001) and the children’s age, weight, height and BMI. Conclusions: Primary school children are able to learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The ability to do effective chest compressions and ventilation depended on the children’s physical capability. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(4), 147–152.
CATCH COMPOSITION AND SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SHARKS IN WESTERN SUMATERA WATERS OF INDONESIA
Authors: Dharmadi Dharmadi , Mahiswara Mahiswara , Kasim Kamaluddin
Published: January 2017

This study was conducted in western Sumatera and since October 2013 to June 2014. The sampling locations in Banda Aceh and Sibolga-North Sumatera which were the largest base of fisheries in western Sumatera region. Shark landing recorded by enumerators was used  as sampling data daily . This research aim to describ sex ratio, size composition, catch composition of sharks, and length at first maturity. In Banda Aceh, the sharks as target fish collected by  sorting the bycatch from tuna longlines and tuna handlines. In Sibolga, sharks  is bycatch from fish net, bottom gillnet and purse seine. Overall, there were 20 species of shark caught in west Indian Ocean and landed at those fish landing sites, dominated by Spot tail shark (23%) and Silky shark (13%), whereas Hammerhead shark contributed about 10% and  Oceanic whitetip shark was only less than 1%. Almost of Spot tail shark, Silky shark, and Scalloped hammerhead that caught in that area were  immature, while for the almost part of Tiger shark and Pelagic thresher were  matured. The sex ratios for Spot tail shark, Silky shark, Tiger shark, Pelagic thresher, and Scalloped hammerhead caught and landed at Lampulo and Sibolga fish landing sites were not balance. The length at first maturity for Spot tail shark was Lm=87,1 cm and Lm = 213,2 cm total length for Tiger shark.
Introduction
Authors: Freschi Elisa , Cantwell Cathy
Published: January 2017

The bulk of the present volume focuses on the reuse of Buddhist texts. The Introduction gives some background to the topic of textual reuse in general and discusses the reasons for undertaking the analysis of textual reuse within Buddhist texts. It then elaborates on the extent of its pervasiveness within Buddhist literature through the example of Tibetan ritual texts. Lastly, it takes stock of the articles on text-reuse and discusses some general lines of interpretation of the phenomenon of textual reuse in Buddhism, highlighting the importance of the genre over that of the time and language of composition. Thus, philosophical or technical texts tend to quote explicitly, whereas ritual texts see the predominance of the conveyed message over the transparency of the transmission so that reuse is mostly silent. Religious texts of various forms come in between these two extremes.
Reuse of Text in P?li Legal Commentaries
Authors: Kieffer-Pulz Petra
Published: January 2017

We will examine three types of reuse represented in P?li legal literature: (1) unacknowledged borrowings of authoritative opinions and definitions adapted (such as by dropping the references given in the source text) and rearranged (Samantap?s?dik? > Ka?kh?vitara??; fourth to fifth century ce); (2) unacknowledged borrowings of largely unchanged selected text portions being rearranged (Samantap?s?dik? > Vinaya-sa?gaha; twelfth century CE); and (3) unconnected extracts of unchanged text portions lined up in the sequence of the source text (for instance P?timokkha-padattha-anuva??an? > Vinaya-lakkha?a-r?s?; eighteenth (?) century CE).
Ve?ka?an?tha’s Engagement with Buddhist Opponents in the Buddhist Texts he Reused
Authors: Freschi Elisa
Published: January 2017

Ve?ka?an?tha (1269—1370) was the most important systematiser of the Vi?i???dvaita school of Ved?nta. This article describes his use of Buddhist sources and shows how Ve?ka?an?tha reused Buddhist texts to a much more significant extent than his predecessors Y?muna and R?m?nuja. The reused text-passages come mostly from the epistemological school of Buddhist philosophy (Dign?ga, Dharmak?rti and his followers) but there are important exceptions, attesting that Ve?ka?an?tha was also aware of Buddhist schools such as the Vaibh??ikas, of whom only little is preserved today. Given that Buddhist philosophy was no longer an active presence in South India at the time of Ve?ka?an?tha, his interest in it must be due to factors other than his polemical agenda. Perhaps, his project of enlarging Vi?i???dvaita Ved?nta made him confront outsiders such as Buddhist thinkers and his intellectual interest in philosophy made him engage in a genuine confrontation with them.
Re-presenting a Famous Revelation
Authors: Cantwell Cathy
Published: January 2017

This article considers issues of authorship and textual development over the generations, focusing on the contributions of the erudite scholar/lama Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (bdud ’joms ’jigs bral ye shes rdo rje, 1904–1987, hereafter, Dudjom Rinpoche), to the revelations of Bhutan’s national saint, Pema Lingpa (padma gling pa, 1450–1521), on the tantric deity Vajrak?laya. Dudjom Rinpoche compiled a number of ritual practice texts for this revelation cycle, also writing commentarial instructions on them. Here, two of his compilations are examined in detail, considering how they relate to the original revelation, what they add, and what they neglect, reflecting on what they might tell us about Tibetan approaches to continuing textual production in revelatory traditions. Much of Dudjom Rinpoche’s ‘Ultra Secret Razor Lifeforce’ Framework text for the Major Practice session (sgrub khog) reproduces virtually unchanged his earlier Framework text for the Dudjom tradition ‘Meteoric Iron Razor’, which itself draws on Guru Chöwang’s (chos dbang, 1212–1270) ‘Ultra Secret Razor’, as presented by Terdak Lingpa (gter bdag gling pa, 1646–1714), the founder of Mindroling Monastery in central Tibet. On the other hand, Dudjom Rinpoche’s main Ritual Manual (las byang) for Pema Lingpa’s cycle is more clearly rooted in the Pema Lingpa cycle, but there has been considerable re-working of the phrasing and even of some key visualisations. Some of the significant modifications were already present in an earlier Ritual Manual of the third Sungtrul (gsung sprul) or Pema Lingpa reincarnation, Tsultrim Dorje (tshul khrims rdo rje, 1598–1669), and Dudjom Rinpoche acknowledges this source. In assessing Dudjom Rinpoche’s two texts, various aspects of the productive process are highlighted, such as: the ‘blessings’ of a current generation high status lama connected with the tradition; the needs of the ritual community for familiar textual structures and liturgies; beautiful metrical verses for chanting; the integration of materials from the broader tantric heritage, but also the preservation of some highly individual elements of the revelation.
On the Supposedly Liberating Function of the First Absorption
Authors: Analayo Bhikkhu
Published: January 2017

This article offers a critical reply to the proposal by Arbel (in Buddhist Studies Review 32(2), 2015) that the attainment of the first absorption has in itself a liberating function in the early Buddhist path to awakening.
Ulan-Ude Manuscript Kanjur
Authors: Alekseev Kirill , Tsyrempilov Nikolay , Badmatsyrenov Timur
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the Mongolian manuscript Kanjur preserved at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The manuscript previously belonged to the Chesan Buddhist monastery of Central Transbaikalia and was brought to the Buruchkom, a first academic institute of the Republic of Buryat-Mongolia (Ulan-Ude) by the eminent Buryat writer Khotsa Namsaraev. The manuscript is an almost complete copy of the Ligdan Khan’s Kanjur presumably made in the late seventeenth to early eighteenth century in Beijing. The article presents a description, analysis and brief catalogue of Ulan-Ude manuscript Kanjur.
(No) English interference on U.S. Southwest Spanish? A look at variable subject expression in Phoenix Spanish-English bilinguals
Authors: Cerron-Palomino Alvaro
Published: January 2017

Subject pronoun expression (SPE) is one of the most studied variables in Spanish sociolinguistics, in the production of both monolingual and bilingual speakers. In the case of U.S. Spanish-English bilinguals, some studies suggest that the almost categorical use of English overt subject personal pronouns (SPPs) boosts the SPP rate in the Spanish of these speakers, whereas some other studies do not support such claim. Aiming to shed light on this subject, the present analysis of SPE in Phoenix is a variationist contribution to the literature on bilingual SPE in the U.S. Although the factors favoring SPP occurrence in the Spanish of Phoenix coincide for the most part with those attested across Spanish varieties, compared to other U.S.-bilingual Spanish varieties accounted for, it shows the lowest rate of overt SPPs: 17.8%, even lower than monolingual Mexican varieties. In addition, Spanish-dominant speakers in Phoenix favor overt SPPs, whereas English-dominant bilinguals disfavor them. When separate regression analyses were run for each proficiency group, it was found that both share virtually the same constraints contributing to the presence of the overt variant. These results do not support the contact claim. Since the Phoenix bilinguals pattern with other U.S. Southwest communities with regard to the aforementioned trends, it is suggested that proximity to the border may neutralize the SPE English effect in the Spanish of these communities, in contrast to communities that lack such regional traits, like New York and Florida.
O desafio da participação cidadã nos sistemas de saúde do Sul da Europa: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Matos Ana Raquel ,   Universidade de Coimbra,  Portugal, Serapioni Mauro
Published: January 2017

Resumo: O presente artigo versa sobre a análise de mecanismos de participação pública existentes nos sistemas de saúde dos países do Sul da Europa. Apresentam-se os resultados de uma revisão da literatura incidindo na questão da participação pública nos sistemas de saúde, realçando as potencialidades e os desafios que emergem das principais experiências nacionais identificadas, nos países considerados: Espanha, Grécia, Itália e Portugal. O artigo começa por caracterizar os sistemas de saúde, apresenta a metodologia utilizada e, posteriormente, os resultados da análise em cada país, com destaque para as diferentes formas de participação, institucionalizadas e não institucionalizadas. Como principal resultado da investigação, conclui-se que tem prevalecido um discurso legislativo que, na generalidade dos casos, não corresponde a práticas de participação efetivas, mas, por outro lado, têm emergido, com especial protagonismo na área da saúde, formas de participação não institucionalizada, nas quais se destacam ações de protesto, em grande parte, impulsionadas pela atual crise econômica.
Factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women from São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil: an approach using structural equation modeling
Authors: Costa Danielle Cristina Silva , Ribeiro Marizélia Rodrigues Costa , Batista Rosângela Fernandes Lucena , Valente Camila Maia , Ribeiro João Victor Fonseca , Almeida Laysa Andrade , Costa Ludmilla Emilia Martins , Alves Maria Teresa Seabra Soares de Britto e , Silva Antônio Augusto Moura da
Published: January 2017

Abstract: The factors associated with physical violence against pregnant women were analyzed in a cross-sectional study of 1,446 pregnant women from a prenatal cohort who were interviewed in 2010 and 2011 in São Luís, Brazil. In the initial model, socioeconomic status occupied the most distal position, determining sociodemographic factors, social support and the behavioral factors that ultimately determined physical violence, which was investigated as a latent variable. Structural equation modeling was used in the analysis. Pregnant women who were from more disadvantaged backgrounds (p = 0.027), did not reside with intimate partners (p = 0.005), had low social support (p < 0.001) and had a high number of lifetime intimate partners (p = 0.001) reported more episodes of physical violence. Low social support was the primary mediator of the effect of socioeconomic status on physical violence. The effect of marital status was mainly mediated by a high number of lifetime intimate partners.
Adaptação transcultural e validação da escala de Saúde Global do PROMIS para a língua portuguesa
Authors: Zumpano Camila Eugênia ,   Universidade Federal de Uberlândia,  Brazil, Mendonça Tânia Maria da Silva , Silva Carlos Henrique Martins da , Correia Helena , Arnold Benjamin , Pinto Rogério de Melo Costa ,   Northwestern University,  USA,   FACITtrans,  U.S.A.
Published: January 2017

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural da escala de Saúde Global do Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) para a língua portuguesa. Os dez itens sobre Saúde Global foram adaptados transculturalmente por meio do método proposto pelo Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT). A versão final do instrumento para a língua portuguesa foi autoadministrada em 1.010 participantes no Brasil. A precisão da escala foi verificada usando-se a análise dos efeitos piso e teto, confiabilidade da consistência interna e confiabilidade teste-reteste. Utilizou-se a análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória para avaliação da validade de construto e dimensionalidade do instrumento. A calibração dos itens foi realizada por meio do Modelo de Resposta Gradual proposto por Samejima. Quatro itens globais necessitaram de ajustes após a realização do pré-teste. A análise das propriedades psicométricas demonstrou que a escala de Saúde Global tem boa confiabilidade, com coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,83 e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,89. As análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória revelaram um bom ajuste ao modelo previamente estabelecido de duas dimensões. As escalas de Saúde Física Global e Saúde Mental Global apresentaram uma boa cobertura do traço latente, de acordo com o Modelo de Resposta Gradual. Os itens Saúde Global do PROMIS para a língua portuguesa apresentaram equivalência em relação à versão original e propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias para a aplicação direcionada à população brasileira na prática clínica e em pesquisas.
Medicina Tradicional e Complementar no Brasil: inserção no Sistema Único de Saúde e integração com a atenção primária
Authors: Sousa Islandia Maria Carvalho de ,   Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil, Tesser Charles Dalcanale ,   Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil,   Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
Published: January 2017

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou analisar a inserção da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar no SUS e sua integração com a atenção primária à saúde. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa baseada em dados institucionais, artigos indexados e estudos de casos em municípios brasileiros selecionados: Campinas (São Paulo), Florianópolis (Santa Catarina), Recife (Pernambuco), Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. A análise foi realizada na perspectiva da inserção da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar na rede assistencial e sua integração com a atenção primária à saúde, por meio das seguintes dimensões: presença da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar na agenda municipal; posição nos serviços; modo de acesso; praticantes; tipos de práticas; perfil da demanda; potencial de expansão no SUS. Foram identificados e caracterizados quatro tipos de inserção e integração da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar, associados ou não: Tipo 1 - na atenção primária à saúde via profissionais das equipes de saúde da família - Integrada; Tipo 2 - na atenção primária à saúde via profissionais de exercício exclusivo - Justaposta; Tipo 3 - na atenção primária à saúde via equipes matriciais - Matriciada; Tipo 4 - em serviços especializados - Sem integração. A combinação dos tipos 1 e 3 foi considerada uma diretriz potencial para a expansão da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar no SUS e pode orientar o crescimento e sua integração na atenção primária à saúde. A crescente presença da Medicina Tradicional e Complementar no SUS demanda pensar estrategicamente sua expansão, e não devem ser desperdiçadas as experiências existentes.