bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some evidence of a wide rotational extension in East Antarctica preceding Gondwana breakup
Authors: Armadillo Egidio , Rizzello Daniele , Balbi Pietro , Ghirotto Alessandro , Scafidi Davide , Paxman Guy , Zunino Andrea , Ferraccioli Fausto , Crispini Laura , Läufer Andreas , Lisker Frank , Ruppel Antonia , Morelli Danilo , Siegert Martin
Published: March 2024

Recent sub-ice topography compilations of East Antarctica have imaged a wide sector, spanning from 100° E to 160° E in longitude and from the Oates, George V and Adelie coastlines to 85° S in latitude, which contains numerous low-lying basins of variable size and uncertain origin. The sector shows a Basin and Range style tectonics comprising two major basins of continental proportions, the Wilkes Basin and the Aurora Basin complex, and many smaller basins such as the Adventure, Concordia, Aurora and Vostok trenches. The main longitudinal axes of the basins consistently point towards the South Pole and many exhibit intriguing distinct triangular shapes, sitting within an approximately 2000 x 2000 km fan-shaped physiographic region limited by a semi-circular coast line. We name this region as the East Antarctic Fan shaped Basin Province (EAFBP). To the West, this sector is limited by the intraplate Gamburtsev Mountains (GM) and to the East by the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) constituting the uplifted shoulder of the Cenozoic West Antarctic Rift System (WARS).Origins and inter-relationships between these four fundamental Antarctic tectonic units (WARS, TAM, EAFBP, GM) are still poorly understood and strongly debated. Very little is known about the mechanism generating the basins in the EAFBP, their formation time, whether they are all coeval and if and how they relate to Australia basins before Antarctica-Australia rifting. Present genetic hypotheses for some of the basins span from continental rifting to a purely flexural origin or a combination of the two. Also, post-tectonic erosional and depositional processes may have had a significant impact on the present-day topographic configuration.Here we interpret the EAFBP as the result of a single genetic mechanism: a wide fan-shaped intra-continental extension around a near pivot point at about 135° E, 85° S that likely occurred at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic transition. We discuss evidence from the sub-ice topography and potential field airborne and satellite data. We have applied image segmentation techniques to the rebounded sub-ice topography to semi-automatically trace the first order shape of the sub-ice basins, that we assume to be fault controlled. Then we have fitted the edges of the basins by maximum circles and estimated the best Euler pole identified by their intersection. Potential field anomalies have been taken into account in order to enlighten major discontinuities not revealed by the sub-ice topography.The reconnaissance of this large sector of East Antarctica as the result of rotational extension may have major implications on global and regional tectonics plate reconstructions, plate deformation assumptions and new tectonic evolutionary models of WARS, TAM, and GM.
Sea Level Change in the East China Sea Inferred from Satellite Gravimetry, Altimetry and Steric Datasets
Authors: Wang Fengwei , Geng Jianhua , Shen Yunzhong , Chen Jianli , Cazenave Anny , Chen Qiujie
Published: March 2024

Regional sea level variations in the East China Sea (ECS) are estimated from multiple datasets, including satellite gravimetry, altimetry and steric datasets, and the sea level budget is investigated in terms of linear trends, annual and semiannual amplitudes and phases over the period April 2002 to December 2020 by considering the sediment factor. The results show that the seasonal ECS sea level change is primarily influenced by steric factors. However, the combined effect of seawater mass and sediment changes contribute 3.10±0.28 mm/year to the altimetry observed total ECS sea level change rate of 3.38±0.35 mm/year, while the steric effect accounts for only 0.19±0.16 mm/year of the total amount based on the average of seven steric datasets. Therefore, the regional sea level budget in the ECS can be effectively closed by correcting the previously overestimated sediment change rate caused by a mismodeled sediment density.
Temporal dynamic vulnerability - Impact of antecedent events on residential building losses to wind storm events in Germany
Authors: Trojand Andreas , Rust Henning , Ulbrich Uwe
Published: March 2024

Severe storm events are one of Central Europe's most damaging natural hazards, thereby under particular focus on disaster risk management. One key element for risk reduction is vulnerability. Risk assessments often assume vulnerability as constant, leading to an overestimation of risk in the future. This work aims to quantify the temporal dynamics of vulnerability to assess future risks more precisely. An essential factor for the dynamics of vulnerability is the hazard itself. Extreme events destroy the most vulnerable elements, which are rebuilt or repaired in a less vulnerable way. Therefore, the intensity of the previous events and the resulting damage is a decisive factor in reducing vulnerability. A second important factor is the period between events. If the next event occurs during the reconstruction phase, vulnerability is higher than when the reconstruction phase is completed.We analyze the impact of previous storm events on the vulnerability of residential buildings. For this purpose, generalized additive models are implemented to estimate vulnerability curves, which are set as a function of the intensity of the previous event and the duration between the events. The damage is extracted from a 23-year-long data set of the daily storm and hail damages for insured residential buildings in Germany on the county level provided by the German Insurance Association, and the hazard component is described by the daily maximum wind load calculated from the ERA5 reanalysis. The results show a negative relationship between the previous event's intensity and the current event's damage. The duration between two events shows a significant reduction of the damage for events occurring one or more winter seasons ago compared to events occurring within the same season. On a daily scale, the first seven days are especially crucial for vulnerability reduction.
Statistical Analysis of Radar-based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation over Complex terrain in Korea and Development of User-oriented Services for Mountainous Regions
Authors: Lee Seungwoo , Park Jin-Woo , Mo Sun-Jin , Gu Ji-Young
Published: March 2024

Complex terrain is often characterized by mechanical sources, which force the initiation of convection in unstable atmospheric conditions, resulting in severe weather such as thunderstorms and hail, etc. With respect to the synoptic prevailing wind, the terrain can also cause heavy precipitation by converging flow and stationary rain bands. Rain gauges can provide a direct measure of accurate precipitation at a point station. However, low accessibility and high maintenance costs limit the ability to install high-resolution rain gauge networks in mountainous regions. Thus, quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) through remote sensing using weather radar plays an important role in securing observation information on rainfall amounts in mountainous areas. In this study, we first analyzed the statistics of hazardous weather events retrieved from radar-based rainfall estimates over the Korean Peninsula according to complex topography. In order to analyze the frequency of occurrence of each type of hazardous weather such as torrential rain, hail, and snowfall according to orographic conditions, we used radar-based QPE. We investigated the correlation between topographic characteristics such as terrain altitude, wind direction, and downwind side and the frequency of occurrence and development of hazardous weather phenomena. We also examined the accuracy of QPE relating to rainfall mechanisms including radar echo top height for each warm and cold season. We analyzed the accuracy of QPEs according to various methods using radar reflectivity, dual-polarization parameters, and radar attenuation. We analyzed precipitation estimation error factors that may be caused by terrain shielding and high radar beam height in mountainous areas. We explored QPE errors based on radar beam height and echo intensity to improve the accuracy of QPE. Furthermore, in order to provide hazardous weather information specialized for the mountainous region, we have planned to develop an algorithm to estimate the probability of severe weather due to topographic characteristics by merging terrain altitude, atmospheric instability, and radar echo intensity by calculating Froude number using radar-based three-dimensional wind (Wind Synthesis System using Doppler Measurements, WISSDOM). In conjunction with the technology for calculating stationary precipitation information using radar echo image processing techniques, we aim to strengthen the ability to respond to dangerous weather by providing information on possible areas of heavy rain, snowfall, and extreme wind due to complex terrain. 
The emergence of low-cost GNSS-IR sensors for surface change monitoring: a case study of the RPR network for measuring the Rhine River level
Authors: A. Karegar Makan , Fenoglio-Marc Luciana , M. Larson Kristine , Kusche Jürgen , Uyanik Hakan
Published: March 2024

GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR) is redefining its role as an innovative technique in environmental sensing. However, geodetic-quality GNSS receivers and antennas are still very expensive instruments which limits their use as dedicated environmental sensors. Recently, low-cost GNSS-IR sensors have been developed for monitoring surface changes such as water level, snow depth and soil moisture. Real-time signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) observation, the key observable of ground-based GNSS-IR, can open up a range of possibilities for environmental monitoring with low cost sensors that can operate unattended for long periods of time. We have recently successfully developed a low-cost water-level sensor called Raspberry Pi Reflector (RPR) based on GNSS-IR technique (Karegar et al. 2022, Water Resources Research, 58). In spring and summer 2023, a network of eight RPRs was installed along the Rhine, the largest river in Germany, from Petersau to Sankt Goar. We installed some of these RPRs in a relatively steep and narrow middle Rhine valley, where the terrain relief around the instrument can influence the effectiveness of the GNSS-IR approach. The water level measurements provided by these sensors are used to validate the SWOT observations of surface water levels. In this presentation, we will present the results of the deployment of the RPRs and discuss the challenges associated with these low-cost sensors.
Subduction dynamics and overriding plate deformation
Authors: Schellart Wouter P.
Published: March 2024

Many subduction zones on Earth experience active overriding plate deformation. Most experience extension, resulting in the formation of a backarc basin (e.g. East Scotia Sea, North Fiji Basin, Aegean Sea), while some experience shortening, resulting in a massive cordilleran mountain range (e.g. Andes). It is unclear why some overriding plates experience shortening and others extension, and why extension occurs more frequently than shortening. Numerical geodynamic simulations of subduction are presented investigating the control of slab width and subduction depth on overriding plate deformation. The numerical models demonstrate that shortening only occurs at very wide subduction zones that have subducted into the lower mantle, while overriding plate extension occurs more frequently, taking place both for narrow and intermediate size subduction zones throughout their evolution, and for wide subduction zones in the early (upper mantle) stage of their evolution as well as near their lateral slab edges during the middle stage of their evolution. The model results are compared with a global dataset of all active subduction zones on Earth (about 51,600 km of subduction zones), providing an explanation for the present-day deformation style at these subduction zones. In particular, the comparison between models and the global dataset provides an explanation for the more frequent occurrence of extension in the overriding plate compared to shortening.
Setting up the new Scientific Decade of IAHS: Science for Solutions with HELPING
Authors: Arheimer Berit , Cudennec Christophe , Grimaldi Salvatore , Blöschl Günter
Published: March 2024

IAHS has proudly and successfully coordinated two subsequent Scientific Decades, which, amongst other things, set a research agenda worldwide through collaborative forces; and IAHS now set up the third one. The overall aim with a Scientific Decade is to accumulate knowledge and streamline the efforts so that coherent engagement, sharing and focus accelerate scientific methodologies and synthesise understanding of a specific hydrological problem or phenomenon. It stimulates vivid discussions between young and senior scientists globally.The first IAHS Scientific Decade (2003–2012), entitled Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB), was implemented with the primary aim of reducing uncertainty in hydrological predictions.The second IAHS Scientific Decade (2013–2022) of IAHS, entitled “Panta Rhei – Everything Flows”, was dedicated to research activities on change in hydrology and society, investigating their co-evolution.The third IAHS Scientific Decade (2023-2032) is and will be dedicated to local solutions under the global water crisis. The short name is HELPING, which stands for Hydrology Engaging Local People IN one Global world. The vision is to solve fundamental water-related environmental and societal problems by engaging with other disciplines and local stakeholders. We envisage that this will contribute in realising the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030 of the United Nations. Hence, HELPING has the ambition and great potential to become a vehicle for putting science in action, with strong co-creation and open science dimensions, in local contexts and through the epistemic added value of networking.This presentation will describe the first year of the decade and the collaborative process in the IAHS community, which lead to the HELPING vision and set-up in 25 working groups under 3 Themes.Read more and join the working groups:https://iahs.info/Initiatives/Topic-for-the-Next-IAHS-decade/Forms-and-forums/ 
The November 2023 Grindavik dike injection in Iceland:  Implications for continental rifting, dike formation in extensional tectonic settings, and giant dike swarms
Authors: Sigmundsson Freysteinn , Parks Michelle , Geirsson Halldór , Hooper Andrew , Drouin Vincent , Vogfjörð Kristín , Ófeigsson Benedikt , Greiner Sonja H. M. , Yang Yilin , Lanzi Chiara , De Pascale Gregory Paul , Jónsdóttir Kristín , Hreinsdóttir Sigrún , Tolpekin Valentyn , Friðriksdóttir Hildur María , Einarsson Páll , Barsotti Sara
Published: March 2024

A 15 km long dike formed rapidly in the Reykjanes Peninsula oblique rift on 10 November 2023 and propagated under the town of Grindavík.  From just before noon on 10 November until midnight, around 25 MW≥4 earthquakes occurred, two of which were of MW~5.2. Three-dimensional ground deformation is well resolved both temporally and spatially with dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) geodetic observations, which record cumulative displacements up to about 80 cm occurring mostly over 6 hours in the evening of 10 November and continuing at much reduced rates in the following days. Interferometric analysis of synthetic aperture radar images using Sentinel-1, COSMO-SkyMed, and ICEYE satellites records also well the dike deformation, which occurred simultaneously with deflation over the nearby central part of the Svartsengi volcanic system. Geodetic modelling, assuming uniform elastic host rock behavior, infers a dike volume of (130-139)×106 m3, with up to ~8 m dike opening, as well as some strike-slip shear motion. Deflation at Svartsengi in our model is best fit using a spherical point source with a volume decrease of (76-82)×106 m3up until 12 November. The temporal evolution of the dike opening was further modelled using hourly GNSS displacements, allowing better derivation of the temporal evolution of the flow rate into the dike and the contraction volume of the subsidence source. The maximum flow rate into the dike is inferred to be ~9500 m3/s, between 18:00 and 19:00 on November 10. We infer that the massive magma flow into the dike was established with only modest overpressure in the feeding magma body, a sufficiently large pathway opening at the boundary of the magma body, and pre-failure lowering of pressure along the pathway that had occurred through gradual build-up of high tensile stress over the previous eight centuries. This explains the unprecedented fast maximum magma flow rates that we infer. Such high flow rates provide insight into the formation of giant dike swarms under conditions of high tensile stress, and imply a high hazard potential for dike intrusions, considering their potential to transition into eruptions. 
Why we need DEEPHY (Deep Explanation & Evaluation for Practices in Hydrological Changes)  ?
Authors: Liu Suxia , Mo Xingguo
Published: March 2024

Currently, to explore spatial and temporal pattern of hydrological elements is not a difficult job as there are so many easy-use models and more and more open-source datasets ready to be downloaded. However, most research so far pays more attention to providing what it looks like. Less is for why. For those for why, there have been lots of attribution studies, but more mathematical results, few for guiding the practice. Deep explanation and evaluation for practices in hydrological Changes (DEEPHY) is yet the weak links in hydrological study. In the following decade, DEEPHY becomes one of the important foci of International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) with DEEPHY as the name of one of its HELPING decadal program’s working groups from 2023 to 2033, initiated at IUGG2023 in Berlin in July, 2023 (https://iahs.info/Initiatives/Topic-for-the-Next-IAHS-decade/helping-working-groups/). The main approaches of DEEPHY include working hard to monitor hydrological system long-termly, fully making use of large-sample data from multiple sources, careful designing the evaluation tools and focusing more on the practical applications. Short term result of DEPPHY will explain out more mechanisms and explore out deeper drivers behind the spatial and temporal pattern of hydrological elements. In the long-term, DEEPHY will acquire deeper understanding of hydrological changes evaluated based on the casual relationship with mechanisms and drivers being well explained. Ultimately, a better decision on how to administrate the hydrological change will be given to guide people to better adapt to the hydrological changes and be more resilient to the hydrological changes. This study will display how these possible approaches can help us to achieve the goal(s) of DEEPHY, and finally establish balances between science and practice and serve the people at different conditions worldwide to be collaborated better. 
Evaluating and Standardizing Nature-Based Solutions: A Comprehensive Review for Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Miñarro Sara , Maestre-Andrés Sara , Langemeyer Johannes
Published: March 2024

Nature-based solutions (NBS) constitute one of the cornerstones of the European strategy for climate change adaptation and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Despite their significance, the current body of scientific research on NBS is fragmented and lacks uniform guidelines and standardized terminology, posing challenges for practitioners seeking to apply NBS in specific local contexts. To bridge this gap and identify best practices in NBS design and implementation, we will present findings from a systematic literature review on the state-of-the-art of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. Our assessment covers key aspects, including (1) definitions and classification of NBS, (2) primary areas of application, (3) approaches to addressing vulnerability, (4) evaluations of social, ecological, and technological feasibility, and (5) exploration of co-benefits associated with NBS. The presentation incorporates illustrative examples drawn from notable case studies in Spain, within the framework of the E:SBN project supported by the Spanish National Climate Change Adaptation Plan.
Multi-temporal InSAR for deformation study (MInDS): A software for deformation monitoring
Authors: Narayan Avadh BIhari , Bhattacharjee Shouvik , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: March 2024

Multi-temporal SAR Interferometry (MT-InSAR) is one of the widely used modern geodetic techniques for monitoring the surface deformation. By using the spatio-temporal analysis of a stack of differential interferograms,  MT-InSAR measures the time series deformation pattern. The analysis separates the deformation component from decorrelation noise, atmospheric error, and inaccurately modelled nuisance parameters. In the initial phase of the development of MT-InSAR approach, only highly coherent pixels, called the persistent scatterers (PS), were used for deformation monitoring. Highly coherent pixels are mostly found either in the urban regions or on the slopes facing the satellite. To estimate the deformation pattern in other regions, moderately coherent pixels, called distributed scatterers (DS), are used. However, before applying spatio-temporal analysis to estimate deformation, the phase information of DS pixels needs to be optimized by the phase triangulation algorithm (PTA).We have developed a software Multi-temporal InSAR for deformation study (MInDS), which uses a similar environment as stamps use.  The processing chain of the MInDS processing chain is based on Similar Time-series Interferometric Pixels (STIP), representing the number of neighborhood pixels with similar phase history. In this approach, PS selection and estimation of look angle error is improved by using STIP of the PS pixels. After the selection of PS, the PTA implemented by using complex least squares utilises the phase information of neighboring STIPs to improve the phase coherence of DS pixels. Finally, the deformation pattern of the PS and phase-optimized DS pixels are used for deformation estimation using spatio-temporal analysis.
Spatiotemporal variations of 137Cs and 90Sr in the global ocean based on the historical data
Authors: Inomata Yayoi , Tsumune Daisuke
Published: March 2024

The anthropogenic radionuclides such as caesium-137 (137Cs), strontium-90 (90Sr), 3H, 14C, and plutonium (Pu) were released into the global ocean as results with large scale weapon tests in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Because these anthropogenic radionuclides have been still existed in the ocean, it is necessary to investigate the behavior of these anthropogenic radionuclides due to investigate the effects of human health. In this study, the spatiotemporal variations in the 137Cs and 90Sr activity concentrations in global ocean surface seawater from 1956 to 2021 using the HAMGlobal2021: Historical Artificial radioactivity database in Marine environment, Global integrated version 2021. The global ocean was divided into 37 boxes. The 0.5-yr average value of 90Sr in the northern North Atlantic Ocean and its marginal sea, decreased exponentially in 1970–2010, just before the F1NPS accident. Estimated apparent half residence time of 137Cs and 90Sr ranged from 4.1-34.1 years and 3.6-25.2 years, respectively. Considering that longer Tap occurs larger inflow and shorter Tap occurs larger outflows/smaller inflow of radionuclide from the upstream region, 137Cs and 90Sr were inflowed into the Eastern China Sea from the subtropical western North Pacific Ocean. Inflow of 90Sr into the Sea of Japan from the Eastern China Sea were relatively smaller than those of 137Cs. Although 90Sr were decreased exponentially, these trends tended to be larger than those of 137Cs, which was investigated by our previous study (Inomata and Aoyama, 2023). This might be caused by the different behavior of 90Sr and 137Cs such as particulate form for 90Sr in the seawater. Keywords: 90Sr, 137Cs, Database, surface seawater, global oceanReference: Inomata and Aoyama, Evaluating the transport of surface seawater from 1956 to 2021 using 137Cs deposited in the global ocean as a chemical tracer. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1969–2007, 2023.
Increased Precipitation Yet Decreased Runoff: Unveiling Hydrological Shifts in the Yellow River Source Region Through Permafrost, Snow, and Vegetation Dynamics
Authors: Shi Jiayong , Parajka Juraj , Zhang Jianyun , Wang Guoqing , Bao Zhenxin
Published: March 2024

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the hydrological changes in the Yellow River source region, a key component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau's Three-River Source Region. During the period 1960-2020, we observed a significant increase in precipitation but paradoxically, a slight decrease in runoff. The region, characterized by its critical positioning at the boundary of permanent and seasonal permafrost, has undergone substantial environmental changes due to global warming. By integrating historical data and multi-source remote sensing, our research dissects the complex interactions between the altered permafrost, snow cover, and vegetation dynamics. We specifically examine how these changes influence the regional hydrological cycle, particularly focusing on the mechanisms leading to reduced runoff despite increased precipitation. Our findings provide novel insights into the impacts of climate change on high-altitude hydrological systems. They hold significant implications for water resource management and ecological conservation in the face of ongoing climatic shifts. This study contributes to the broader understanding of hydrological responses to environmental changes in sensitive mountainous regions.
The Enigma of Claviaster libycus Survival Rate: Numerical Simulations Revealing its Superiority Post-Mass Extinction
Authors: Wu Tso-Ren , Lin Pin-Jie , Lin Jih-Pai , Chuang Mei-Hui , Huang Yi-Xuan , Chu Jia-Jie
Published: March 2024

Previous research indicates that the survival rate of Claviaster libycus following mass extinction events surpasses that of regular echinoids. This investigation seeks to assess the flow dynamics and scour patterns resulting from the distinctive distorted morphology of Claviaster libycus using numerical modeling. In addition, this study examines the localized scour that occurs around tsunami stones.The numerical model employed in this investigation, Splash3D, has been adapted from the open-source code Truchas, originally developed by the National Laboratory of the United States. Splash3D is designed for solving the three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The Volume of Fluid Method (VOF) is utilized to characterize the kinematics of the water and sand surfaces.As Claviaster libycus partially submerges in the sand, the rheological behavior of the bottom sand is characterized using the Discontinuous Bi-Viscous Model (DBM), derived from the conventional Bingham Model (BM). Unlike the BM model, the DBM model employs the yield strain rate instead of the yield stress to differentiate the plug from the liquefied zone. In the Plug zone, high viscosity signifies solid characteristics, with the plug-zone viscosity significantly surpassing that of the liquified zone. The liquified zones represent sand disturbed by local currents around irregular echinoids, while the plug zones depict undisturbed sand. The yield strain rate dictates the stiffness of the bottom sand, and the DBM model is employed to describe local scour around obstacles.According to numerical simulations and experimental results, when the gonopore of Claviaster libycus is directed downstream, it can reduce the generation of horseshoe vortices. Therefore, compared to the gonopore pointing upstream, having the gonopore directed downstream can decrease the local scour around the sea urchin. Furthermore, in the event of a tsunami, intense local scouring occurs around large stones, leading to structural instability in the rock formations. Due to the tsunami's characteristic long wavelength, as the powerful water flow passes through, it eventually transports the large stones to the shoreline, forming what is known as tsunami stones. Detailed analysis results are presented at the conference.
Hydrological evolution and differential response of the eco-environment recorded in Lake Maozangtianchi, eastern Qilian Mountains, over the past 900 years
Authors: Guo Shilong , Wu Duo , Wang Tao , Chen Lin , Li Youmo , Wang Tianxiao , Shao Shuai , Zhou Aifeng
Published: March 2024

The Qilian Mountains (QLMs) serve as an 'eco-security barrier' in western China, substantially impacting downstream ecosystems and water resource utilization. However, the hydrological evolution characteristics of the QLMs during the last millennium remain controversial, and the ecological response to climate change remains poorly understood. Here, we present a pH record based on the brGDGTs (branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers) of 14C-dated sediments from Lake Maozangtianchi and compare it with X-ray fluorescence elemental data and grain size to reconstruct the history of summer monsoon precipitation variability during the last 900 years. The history of eco-environment changes was also reconstructed from the total n-alkane contents. Our results show that, on a centennial timescale, precipitation in the watershed was high during the periods 1100‒1300 CE, and 1750‒2000 CE, while precipitation was low during the period 1400‒1750 CE; there was an abrupt decrease during the MWP (Medieval Warm Period) to LIA (Little Ice Age) transition (1300‒1400 CE). This result, coherent with hydroclimate records from the monsoonal margin of northern China, is likely forced by a combination of El Niño‒Southern Oscillation related to tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature and the meridional shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. In addition, there was a coupled relationship between plant biomass in the watershed and monsoon precipitation variation, with higher plant biomass during 1100‒1200 CE, 1750‒1900 CE, and 1950‒2000 CE, and lower values during 1200‒1400 CE and 1900‒1950 CE. In contrast, plant biomass was decoupled with monsoon precipitation during 1400‒1750 CE and exhibited a slightly increase trend. Precipitation is a key climatic factor controlling plant biomass in the QLMs; however, during LIA, nutrients carried by dust and decreased evapotranspiration played important roles in increasing plant biomass. Our research emphasizes the significant moderating effects of exogenic dust on vegetation changes in alpine ecosystems under a context of climatic deterioration.
Spontaneous localization of inelastic deformation of geomaterials as a consequence of structural pressure drop in localized shear bands
Authors: Gizatullina Elvira , Alkhimenkov Yury , Podladchikov Yury
Published: March 2024

According to plate tectonics, the Earth's crust is made up of relatively rigid blocks - lithospheric plates. Lithospheric plates that are in constant motion relative to each other. The plates on the Earth's surface are separated by faults, which separate the non-deformable blocks in the form of shear bands. Instead of a smooth distribution, the deformation is localized into slip bands. 
Standard and simplest rheological models of brittle deformation and dry friction are used in study. Plasticity is realized using the Coulomb-Mohr theory with the corresponding flow law. The main parameter controlling strain localization is the yield strength. 
What is different about the evolution of stresses inside the localization zone compared to outside? Outside the zone there is unloading. As will be seen in the diagram of Mohr's circles, inside the zone the circle is small but touches the limit of strength. Instead of cutting off equally at high pressure, nature makes a band where there is less pressure and the yield strength depends on the pressure. Strain localization is due to the pressure drop in the localization zone.
Mathematical models require high resolution in space and time, since strain localization occurs at a location and time unknown in advance. To achieve high resolution, the initially developed prototype of the computational algorithm in a high-level language like Matlab is translated into the CUDA extension of C. The CUDA extension allows the use of the latest computer hardware characterized by high speed processing (read/write) of memory. The numerical solution is realized on the basis of combinations of finite difference and finite volume methods on rectangular structured meshes.
Measure, Model and Verify (MMV) for soil carbon sequestration strategies under climate change in Australian pasture systems by combining DayCent and Eddy Covariance flux towers
Authors: Takeda Naoya , Mirsafi Zahrasadat , Day Ken , Rowlings David , Parton William , Grace Peter
Published: March 2024

Grasslands store approximately one-third of the global terrestrial carbon (C) stocks. However, intensified grassland management over the last decades has resulted in soil degradation and subsequent soil organic C (SOC) losses as well as enhanced greenhouse gas emissions. Restoring grassland soils with adequate management practices offers huge opportunities for climate change mitigation with the potential to globally sequester ~150 megatons of CO2 eq per year in the soil. Emerging C credit markets further stress the importance of effective grassland management practices to restore SOC stocks. Despite that several improved management practices have been tested, their efficacy on soil C sequestration largely varies depending on environmental conditions. Soil C sequestration potential of grassland management practices under climate change scenarios is therefore highly uncertain.
To this end, biogeochemical models, such as DayCent, offer a powerful tool to investigate the efficacy of grassland management practices, simulating the complex interaction between management and environmental conditions. Furthermore, Eddy Covariance (EC) flux towers provide opportunities to calibrate and validate the model’s C cycling with its high-frequency C balance measurements accounting for high spatial heterogeneity in pasture systems. In this study, DayCent was calibrated for pasture systems in the Brigalow belt region in Australia using EC flux tower data. The model was then validated with SOC data and used to project SOC stocks under combinations of different management practices and climate change scenarios.
The calibrated parameters on soil organic matter decomposition reflected the deeper soil depth boundary down to 30 cm and the higher ratio of mineral-associated organic matter observed in Australian pasture systems. The calibrated DayCent model showed the potential to sequester C for the long term under climate change scenarios by introducing deep rooting legume and time-controlled grazing, restoring the degraded pasture soils due to historic intensive management. These simulated C sequestration estimates strongly correlated with C inputs and thus were limited by rather rainfall, grass productivity or grazing management than clay content.
This study suggests Measure, Model and Verify (MMV) approach to estimate and project soil C sequestration for evaluation of SOC methodologies by pasture management within a shorter period than soil sampling – measure the baseline SOC, model the C dynamics with the calibrated DayCent and verify the projected soil C sequestration with EC flux tower data.
The scientific data release of Korean space exploration missions for public users
Authors: Kim Joo Hyeon
Published: March 2024

Commencing with the launch of the lunar orbiter Danuri in 2022, South Korea sets forth an ambitious space exploration roadmap. This roadmap includes plans for a lunar lander in 2032, followed by Mars exploration missions in 2035 and 2045, utilizing an orbiters and a lander, respectively. Moreover, South Korea aims to actively contribute to the United States' Commercial Lunar Payload Services by developing scientific payloads for lunar landing missions.To harness the wealth of scientific mission data from diverse space explorations and scientific missions, we have developed the KARI Planetary Data System. This system is designed not only to store and disclose scientific data from the lunar orbiter Danuri, currently in its early stage, but also to pave the way for systematic advancements in the future. While acknowledging the system's early development stage, we believe it marks the systematic evolution for enhancing the outcomes of diverse space exploration and scientific endeavors.This presentation outlines the functionalities and structure of the KARI Planetary Data System, emphasizing the role in its facilitating the open access to Korea's space exploration mission data. We also discuss the system's current features, potential areas for improvement, and future plans.  We embark on this systematic development, laying the foundation for a more profound understanding of our universe through the dissemination of space exploration data.
Unravelling the characteristics and drivers of illegal water use using news media
Authors: Foster Timothy , Peréz-Blanco Dionisio , Soriano Giammauro
Published: March 2024

Water scarcity and conflict is increasing in many parts of the world due to combined pressures of population growth, climate change, and economic development. Demand management policies, such as water use quotas, markets, or pricing, are critical instruments for managing conflicting needs for scarce freshwater resources. However, implementation of effective water demand management policies is often constrained by high levels of unregulated or ‘illegal’ water abstraction that occurs outside of official monitoring systems and inventories.
Understanding the magnitude and drivers of ‘illegal’ water use is essential to design interventions to disentivize or deter unregulated abstraction as part of efforts to support efficient and equitable allocation of limited freshwater resources. However, the unobserved nature of ‘illegal’ water abstractions means information about the drivers and incentives underlying unregulated abstractions remain poorly understood, limiting ability to design effective policy and compliance responses. It should be noted that theft is a nonlinear response that abruptly deviates from conventional behavior (compliance), meaning models calibrated with historical data may not be capable of explaining and address this response. To address this knowledge gap, we develop a new database of historical water theft events leveraging rich case study evidence derived from global, regional, and national news media sources. We apply a combination of manual and automated text analysis methods to demonstrate how news media can be leveraged to provide novel insights about the spatio-temporal distribution, magnitude, drivers, and regulatory responses to illegal water use and abstraction.
Our analysis shows that illegal water use is a diverse phenomenon, occurring across multiple water scarcity hotspots and sectors globally. Theft of water is framed as abstraction without an official right or permit, but our analysis also identifies water pollution as another key mechanism through which water may be ‘stolen’ from a system and other users via reduced quality of water-which may be rendered unusable or even damage existing users (e.g., environment). Reported drivers for water theft are diverse, ranging from deliberate illegal abstraction for financial gain or as a response to financial risks during droughts, to poor understanding of complex water rights rules, often aggravated by complex institutional or group dynamics (e.g., groupthink). In low- and middle-income countries, we also find evidence that illegal abstraction is a response to deficiencies in the functioning of official supply systems or permitting arrangements. Critically, our analysis finds only limited evidence of punishment or prosecution of offenders that were found to have abstracted water illegally, indicating that regulatory responses to these events are often limited and may play a role in encouraging non-compliance by water users.
Model-based assessment of the environmental impact of deployment of captured carbon (wood chips and calcium carbonate) on the bottom biogeochemistry in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Yakushev Evgeniy , Berezina Anfisa , Roden Nicholas , King Andrew , Waaland Tore , Savage Anna , Tune Alison
Published: March 2024

The ocean is the largest natural carbon sink on our planet and provides a range of biological and chemical pathways by which this natural fast-to-slow carbon transfer occurs. This allows the elaboration of carbon removal systems aiming to shift carbon between the fast carbon cycles (years to decades) and slow carbon cycles (100s millions of years). An idea behind this project is to produce the carbon-containing “biomass” consisting of mixtures of sustainably sourced forestry residues (both hardwood and softwood), calcium carbonate, lime kiln dust, and water that is mixed and passively cured. This “biomass” should be deployed to the deep ocean bottom (Norwegian Sea); therefore, containing carbon should be excluded from the fast carbon cycle.To investigate the spatial and temporal scales of the “biomass” potential negative impact on the water column and benthic biogeochemistry, we used a coupled model consisted from the FABM family C-N-P-Si-O-S-Mn-Fe biogeochemical model BROM and 2-dimensional benthic-pelagic transport model (2DBP), considering vertical and horizontal transport in the water and upper sediments along a transect centered on a impacted region. The model describes in detail the processes of organic matter mineralization in oxygen-depleted conditions that are vitally important for assessing biogeochemical impacts (i.e., denitrification, metal reduction, sulfate reduction). This model was previously used to investigate the impact of fish farming waste on the bottom biogeochemistry (Yakushev et al., 2020). In this study, we evaluated the maximum amount of the “biomass” that can be accumulated on the bottom surface without dramatic changes in the oxygen regime, acidification, and biogeochemistry that can negatively affect the ecosystem.The work was supported by the Running Tide (https://www.runningtide.com/).References:Yakushev E., Wallhead Ph., Renault P., Ilinskaya A., Protsenko E., Yakubov Sh., Pakhomova S. Sweetman A., Dunlop K., Berezina A., Bellerby R., Dale T. 2020.Understanding the Biogeochemical Impacts of Fish Farms using a Benthic-Pelagic Model. Water, 2020, 12, 2384; doi:10.3390/w12092384
GFZRNX-QC: Advanced GNSS Data Processing and Quality Control for Multi-System Observations
Authors: Chen Xinghan , Nischan Thomas , Deng Zhiguo , Männel Benjamin , Wickert Jens
Published: March 2024

GFZRNX-QC software is designed to streamline the processing of Receiver Independent Exchange Format (RINEX) observations and the generation of overall information by providing a robust and efficient solution for data cleaning and quality control. With a focus on multiple Global Navigation Satellite System (multi-GNSS) observations, GFZRNX-QC offers a comprehensive approach to ensuring data accuracy and reliability. GFZRNX-QC can allow users to efficiently manage and analyze data from various GNSS receivers, especially for low-cost GNSS receivers. The software incorporates advanced algorithms for data cleaning, helping users to eliminate inconsistencies and enhance the overall quality of GNSS observations. GFZRNX-QC conducts comprehensive quality control assessments on GNSS observations. This ensures that the processed data meets the highest standards of accuracy. The software generates detailed statistical results, offering insights into the performance and reliability of observations across the five major GNSS systems. This information aids researchers and analysts in making informed decisions. GFZRNX-QC produces various outputs that can be e.g. compatible to former processing tools like teqc. This can enhance user convenience and interoperability with other geodetic processing tools.GFZRNX-QC has been extensively tested by utilizing multi-year data from IGS stations to enable comprehensive long-term statistical analysis. By combining efficient data processing, advanced cleaning algorithms, and extensive quality control measures, GFZRNX-QC serves as a valuable tool for researchers, geodesists, and GNSS professionals seeking reliable and accurate observations and overall information from multiple satellite systems.
Santiago Island, Cape Verde: Evidence for island-scale collapse from paleotopography onshore and bathymetry offshore
Authors: Ornelas Marques Fernando , Catita Cristina , Watts Anthony , Hildenbrand Anthony , Victória Sónia
Published: March 2024

A volcanic edifice much larger than the current one must have existed in Santiago Island, Cape Verde, because the granular rocks and dyke-in-dyke complex representing magma chambers and deep feeders currently outcrop up to 700 m altitude. Therefore, we must find an explanation for the massive destruction of the original edifice. We developed a new tool for the quantitative reconstruction of ancient topographies in a volcanic ocean island to address this problem, because it allows us to estimate the shape and volume of volcanic rock removed at a certain time. The reconstruction of the topography of the basement complex at ca. 6 Ma ago, before the unconformable deposition of the submarine complex, shows a concave depression coincident with the asymmetric distribution of volcanic complexes east and west of the main divide of the island. This concave depression is here interpreted as the remnant of an island-scale, summit collapse. Instituto do Mar de Cabo Verde bathymetry and RRS Charles Darwin (8/85) seismic reflection profile data suggest that the west side of Santiago is characterised by a narrow insular shelf, a major debris avalanche deposit with scattered blocks and at least one lateral sector collapse structure. Data, however, east of Santiago are limited and so the full extent of mass wasting on the east side of the island is not known. Maio Island, which is similar in age to Santiago, would have acted as a buttress in the east, and it is possible that any eastward collapse might have rotated and travelled to the northeast. Irrespective, one or more mass wasting events west or east of Santiago are consistent with a major destruction of the original volcano edifice which removed the summit, exposed the basement complex of the island, and redistributed volcano-clastic material over a large area of the adjacent seafloor. 
Role of soil-vegetation in influencing terrestrial water cycle through natural-human induced processes over the Indian region
Authors: Khandare Ajinkya , Ghosh Subimal
Published: March 2024

The Indian subcontinent exhibits a strong seasonal pattern of monsoonal rainfall from June to September and remains drier for the remaining eight months. This strong seasonal rainfall drives vegetation patterns by regulating vegetation growth and productivity. However, it is critical to understand how vegetation maintains land-atmosphere interactions during this drier period by maintaining vegetation productivity with optimal water loss through evapotranspiration. Also, this region comprises most of the agricultural land, which is significantly dependent on irrigation systems, and such local processes may affect and perturb the hydrological cycle via evapotranspiration. It is essential to examine the factors responsible for maintaining the terrestrial ecosystem's carbon-water cycle during drier periods, which may be related to irrigation systems. Such features are not yet explored. We examined satellite-based products and found that the terrestrial carbon-water cycle during drier periods is maintained by the moisture stored during monsoonal rainfall and sustained during drier periods. To understand the ecosystem-specific response, we explored natural forests and human-controlled croplands, which have unique roles through soil-vegetation dynamics to maintain vegetation productivity during drier periods. Soil Moisture-Evapotranspiration coupling is observed over the above ecosystems, and their disparities have led to insights into the uniqueness of land-atmosphere coupling.