bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fruit biomass and relative abundance of frugivores in a rain forest of southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Ganesh T. , Davidar Priya
Published: July 2002

Fruit biomass and frugivore abundance were quantified over 3 y in a rain forest of the south Western Ghats, India. Fruit biomass was estimated by sampling fruit fall in the primary forest, and frugivore abundance by a 2.5-km transect. A total of 645 kg ha−1 of fruit was produced annually in the forest. Only 49% of this is edible to the frugivores and the remaining 51% is in the form of non-edible husks. Mammalian frugivores outnumbered avian frugivores and the majority of the mammals were seed predators. The total fruit biomass produced at Kakachi is lower than in the lowland forest and mountain forests in the neotropics but higher than in the wet sclerophyll forest of Australia. Lower diversity of trees and edaphic factors at Kakachi could be some of the reasons for these differences. On the other hand, paucity of fleshy fruits, low density of trees producing fleshy fruits and irregular fruiting of these species, account for the low number of obligate avian frugivores at Kakachi.
Frugivorous butterflies in Venezuelan forest fragments: abundance, diversity and the effects of isolation
Authors: Shahabuddin Ghazala , Terborgh John W.
Published: July 2002

Frugivorous butterflies were studied in a set of forested islands (0.1 to 1.15 ha) in a reservoir in eastern Venezuela to investigate the effects of fragmentation and the resulting isolation on their abundance, diversity and species composition. While some islands showed reduced abundance and species diversity in comparison to unfragmented (or control) sites, others did not. Isolation status affected both butterfly abundance and diversity. Islands located close to their colonizing sources (0.1–1 km) tended to support similar densities of butterflies but lower numbers of species in comparison to control sites. Far fragments (1–3 km from their colonizing sources) tended to harbour lower butterfly densities in comparison to control sites but undiminished numbers of species. Species composition varied significantly between control sites and islands and amongst control sites, near islands and far islands. Interspecific differences were observed in species' responses to fragmentation. Charaxines, medium-sized satyrines, morphines and brassolines may be vulnerable to extinction after habitat fragmentation while small-sized satyrines may be relatively resistant. Observations during the dry season indicate that butterfly species may exist as mainland-island metapopulations in Lago Guri, in which small habitat fragments require recolonization every year from source populations in large islands and mainland habitat.
THE RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION ORGANIZATION TO SECOND LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION STUDIES
Authors: Carroll Mary , Murcia-Serra Jorge , Watorek Marzena , Bendiscioli Alessandra
Published: July 2002

The present cross-linguistic study deals with the relevance of principles of information
organization in adult second language acquisition. It looks at typological features of information
structure that allow speakers to organize and shape the flow of information when carrying out
complex tasks, such as giving a description, and pinpoints factors that lead to the selection of
linguistic form. At the focus of our attention are means used in reference introduction, such as
existential and locational constructions, the morphosyntactic forms of expressions applied in
reference maintenance, and word order. The cross-linguistic comparison shows that the options
found in the expression of these functions in German, English, and Romance languages (French,
Italian, and Spanish) follow distinct patterns in that the linguistic means used reflect unifying
principles of a typological nature. These principles are perspective driven and are associated with
patterns of grammaticization. Structures in language that reflect core principles in information
organization may be difficult to acquire because learners have to recognize clusters of
form-function relations that range over different domains. The nature of the analyses required is
described for learners of German with English and Spanish as their source languages. The
interlanguages (ILs) of these speakers show a high degree of compatibility with German in
formal syntactic terms and are near native in many respects, but the levels at which the IL and
target language diverge can be linked to fundamental principles of organization underlying
information structure. Although the stage of acquisition is advanced, the languages still retain
core principles in information structure typical of those found for English and Romance
languages.
MODALITY AND ATTENTION TO MEANING AND FORM IN THE INPUT
Authors: Wong Wynne
Published: July 2002

VanPatten (1990) found that L2 learners of Spanish have difficulty simultaneously attending
to meaning and form of aural input. This partial replication of VanPatten (1990) addresses the
effect of modality on attention to meaning and form by including a written mode and by using a
different L2, that is, English as a foreign language. Six tasks were used in this study: (a) listening
to the passage for content only, (b) listening for content while attending to the content word
inflation, (c) listening for content while attending to the definite article the,
(d) reading the passage for content only, (e) reading the passage for content while attending to the
content word inflation, and (f) reading for content while attending to the definite article
the. Task results in the aural mode mirrored those of VanPatten's original study,
but significant differences were not observed for tasks in the written mode. Furthermore, results
revealed that listening was more difficult than reading, suggesting that modality is a variable that
influences how learners process input. Avenues for future research are discussed.
AGE AND ULTIMATE ATTAINMENT IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
Authors: Bongaerts Theo , van Summeren Chantal , Planken Brigitte , Schils Erik
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on two studies that addressed the issue of ultimate attainment by late
second language learners. The aim of the studies, which included a carefully screened group of
highly successful Dutch learners of English in their designs, was to determine whether or not late
second language learners who had achieved a nativelike performance in the pronunciation of a
second language could be identified. Speech samples provided by two groups of learners, one of
which consisted of highly successful learners only, and a native speaker control group were rated
for accent by native speakers of English. The ratings obtained by some learners were within the
range of the ratings assigned to the native speaker controls. Such results suggest that it is not
impossible to achieve an authentic, nativelike pronunciation of a second language after a
specified biological period of time. Examination of the learning histories of the highly successful
learners lead the authors to argue that certain learner characteristics and learning contexts may
work together to override the disadvantages of a late start.
The learning of first and second person pronouns in
English: network models and analysis
Authors: OSHIMA-TAKANE YURIKO , TAKANE YOSHIO , SHULTZ THOMAS R.
Published: July 2002

Although most English-speaking children master the correct use of first
and second person pronouns by three years, some children show
persistent reversal errors in which they refer to themselves as you and to
others as me. Recently, such differences have been attributed to the
relative availability of overheard speech during the learning process.
The present study tested this proposal with feed-forward neural networks
learning these pronouns. Network learning speed and analysis of
their knowledge representations confirmed the importance of exposure
to shifting reference provided by overheard speech. Errorless pronoun
learning was linked to the amount of overheard speech, interactions with
a greater number of speakers, and prior knowledge of the basic-level
kind PERSON.
On well-quasi-ordering infinite trees – Nash–Williams's theorem revisited
Authors: KÜHN DANIELA
Published: July 2002

Nash–Williams proved that the infinite trees are well-quasi-ordered (indeed, better-quasi-ordered) under the topological minor relation. We combine ideas of several
authors into a more accessible and essentially self-contained short proof.
Theatre Studies and Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Pavis Patrice
Published: July 2002

Two broad areas within Theatre Studies have been characterized as interdisciplinary. The first concerns approaches inspired by the human and social sciences, and, more recently, cultural studies. The second concerns artistic practices that may be described as interartistic, intermedial (since they involve different media and, thus, different technological developments), and intercultual. It is argued that the epistemological paradigm for theatre studies has changed over the last thirty years, and can be broken down roughly according to decades, each defined by its particular contribution to the interdisciplinary thrust of theatre studies. Most current theoretical debates no longer deal with epistemology or methodology, but almost exclusively with the extension of the field of performance. It is suggested that the theoretical and practical worlds must be connected more closely, ‘actor’ and ‘text’ here serving as examples.
An epidemiological study of Plesiomonas shigelloides diarrhoea among Japanese travellers
Authors: SHIGEMATSU M. , KAUFMANN M. E. , CHARLETT A. , NIHO Y. , PITT T. L.
Published: July 2002

Plesiomonas shigelloides is often regarded as a non-pathogenic bacterial species that is
occasionally isolated from patients with diarrhoea. However, a review of travellers returning to
Japan with diarrhoeal illness through Kansai Airport revealed that the incidence of
P. shigelloides from microbiologically confirmed cases increased from 23·2% in 1987 to 77·8% in
1999. We carried out a descriptive epidemiological study to identify patterns associated with
diarrhoea due to this organism. Selected P. shigelloides isolates from this patient group were
compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SpeI total chromosomal DNA digests to
determine their genetic heterogeneity. Over the study period (whole of 1996 and first 2 months
of 1999), 1149 of 1659 (69·3%) patients with microbiologically confirmed gastroenteritis yielded
P. shigelloides. Infection was characterized by watery diarrhoea five times per day that persisted
for 3 days. No statistically significant association was found between factors such as age,
gender, destination, length of trip, but multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed an
association between additional symptoms (vomiting, fever, abdominal pain) age and gender.
The molecular fingerprints of a selection of 39 isolates and 3 reference strains of P. shigelloides
were highly variable and each had a unique profile. We conclude that although P. shigelloides
infections are usually mild and self-limiting, this organism may contribute to a significant
proportion of travellers' diarrhoea in the Orient. The species is characterized by great
heterogeneity at the DNA level.
Salmonella isolated from humans, animals and other sources

in Canada, 1983–92
Authors: KHAKHRIA R. , WOODWARD D. , JOHNSON W. M. , POPPE C.
Published: July 2002

A total of 89760 human and 22551 non-human isolates of salmonella

were serotyped in

Canada during the period 1983–92. There were 2180 reported

outbreaks associated with 10065

cases during the 10-year period. The most common salmonella serovars

isolated from human

and non-human sources were S. typhimurium and S. hadar.

The third and fourth most

common serovars from human sources were S. enteritidis and

S. heidelberg, respectively, and

from non-human sources they were S. heidelberg and S.

infantis. The number of S.

typhimurium isolations from human and non-human sources showed a

downward trend over

the 10-year period. A total of 222 outbreaks of S. typhimurium

associated with 1622 cases

occurred. The S. hadar isolations from human and non-human

sources reached a peak during

the years 1987–90 and declined thereafter. The number of human

isolates of S. enteritidis

increased until 1985 and fluctuated at a level of 8·3–12·8%

of all human isolates thereafter.

Seventy-three outbreaks of S. enteritidis infection associated

with 568 cases occurred. More

than 50% of the S. enteritidis infections in humans were

caused by phage type (PT) 8. During

the review period, infections caused by PT4 were less common and

were almost exclusively

found in people who had travelled abroad. The annual isolation rates of

S. heidelberg from

human and non-human sources increased steadily during the period.

Bacteriophage typing of

serovars from outbreaks showed that contaminated food products of

poultry and bovine origin

were common sources of human infection. Salmonella typhi was

identified as the cause of 43 small outbreaks affecting 116 persons.
Cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne
outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings
Authors: CICIRELLO H. G. , KEHL K. S. , ADDISS D. G. , CHUSID M. J. , GLASS R. I. , DAVIS J. P. , HAVENS P. L.
Published: July 2002

During the spring of 1993 an estimated 403000 residents of the
greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin
area experienced gastrointestinal illness due to infection with the
parasite Cryptosporidium
parvum following contamination of the city's water supply. To
define the clinical, laboratory
and epidemiologic features of outbreak-associated cryptosporidiosis in
children, medical and
laboratory records for all children submitting stool samples to the
microbiology laboratory of
the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 7 April and 13 May 1993
were reviewed retrospectively. Interviews with parents were also conducted to obtain
additional clinical
history. Cryptosporidium, as the sole pathogen, was identified
in stools from 49 (23%) of the
209 children enrolled in the study. Children with laboratory-confirmed
cryptosporidiosis were
more likely to live in areas of Milwaukee supplied with contaminated water
(RR=1·92,
CI=1·19–3·09), to be tested later in their illness
(P<0·05), to have submitted more than one
stool specimen (P=0·01), to have an underlying disease that
altered their immune status
(RR=2·78, CI=1·60–4·84), and to be older than
1 year of age (RR=2·02, CI=1·13–3·60).
Clinical illness in these patients was more prolonged and associated
with weight loss and
abdominal cramps compared with Cryptosporidium-negative children.
In the context of this
massive waterborne outbreak relatively few children had documented infection with
Cryptosporidium. If many children who tested negative for
the parasite were truly infected, as
the epidemiologic data suggest, existing laboratory tests for
Cryptosporidium were insensitive,
particularly early in the course of illness.
A 1-year study of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep,
pigs

and poultry
Authors: CHAPMAN P. A. , SIDDONS C. A. , CERDAN MALO A. T. , HARKIN M. A.
Published: July 2002

Samples of rectal faeces were collected immediately after slaughter

from 400 cattle each month

for a 1-year period and from 1000 each of sheep, pigs and poultry over
the

same period. Samples were examined for Escherichia coli O157 by
enrichment

culture in buffered peptone water with vancomycin, cefixime and cefsulodin

followed by immunomagnetic separation and

culture of magnetic particles onto cefixime tellurite sorbitol MacConkey
agar.

E. coli O157 was isolated from 752 (15·7%) of 4800 cattle,
22

(2·2%) of 1000 sheep and from 4 (0·4%) of 1000

pigs, but not from any of 1000 chickens. Of the cattle sampled,

1840 (38·4%) were prime beef

animals, 1661 (34·6%) were dairy animals being culled and the status

could not be determined

for the other 1299 (27%) animals. E. coli O157 was found

in 246 (13·4%) of the 1840 beef

cattle and 268 (16·1%) of the 1661 dairy cattle. The monthly

prevalence of E. coli O157 in

cattle was 4·8–36·8% and was at its highest in spring
and late

summer. Seventeen of the 22

isolates from sheep were also made over the summer period. All E. coli

O157 isolates from

sheep and 749 (99·6%) of the 752 E. coli O157 isolates
from cattle

were verocytotoxigenic as

determined by Vero cell assay and DNA hybridization, eaeA

gene positive, contained a 92 kb

plasmid and were thus typical of strains causing infections in man. In

contrast isolates from

pigs were non-toxigenic, eaeA gene negative and did not contain
a

92 kb plasmid and would,

therefore, be unlikely to be a source of infection for man.
An outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infection in southern

Lebanon
Authors: HAIM M. , EFRAT M. , WILSON M. , SCHANTZ P. M. , COHEN D. , SHEMER J.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of trichinosis occurred during January 1995 in a south

Lebanese village with a

population of 800–1000 persons. The estimated number of persons treated

for a Trichinella-like

illness was 200. Sixty-three persons sought medical attention at a local

infirmary: 44 of them

were diagnosed as having trichinosis or suspected trichinosis according
to

their clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory tests. An environmental investigation

indicated that the source

of infection was pork obtained from a single butcher in the village and

consumed uncooked, as

an ingredient of ‘kubeniye’ (a local dish), during

Christmas and New Year's meals. Sera of

patients, suspected patients, and asymptomatic controls were tested for

the presence of anti-Trichinella antibodies. Eight (89%) of the
9

tested patients were positive, 1 (11%) was

negative. Among the 7 suspected patients, 2 (28·5%) were

positive, 3 (42·9%) had equivocal

results, and 2 (28·5%) were negative. Among the 20 asymptomatic
persons,

3 (15%) were

positive, 12 (60%) negative and 5 (25%) had equivocal results. Specimens

from the implicated

pork meat were examined by microscopy and were found to contain encysted
larvae of

Trichinella spiralis. This outbreak of trichinosis is one of the

largest reported. Previous

outbreaks in Lebanon occurred under very similar circumstances, indicating

a need to control

and prevent the trading of pork meat that is not under veterinary control,

and to increase the awareness of the population for this problem.
Salivary diagnosis of rubella: a study of notified cases in the
United Kingdom, 1991–4
Authors: RAMSAY M. E. , BRUGHA R. , BROWN D. W. G. , COHEN B. J. , MILLER E.
Published: July 2002

Rubella infections, notified by general practitioners on the
basis of a clinical diagnosis, were
investigated by testing blood and saliva samples for specific IgM. Overall
52 (29%) of 178
cases with appropriately timed blood specimens were confirmed as recent
rubella by IgM
serology. Only 2 (3%) of 74 cases in children under 5 years were confirmed
compared to 50
(48%) of 104 cases in older children and adults. The confirmation rate
was lower (6 %) in
those with documented vaccination history than in those without
(42%). The specificity of
saliva rubella IgM testing compared to testing corresponding blood samples
was 99%. The
overall sensitivity of saliva rubella IgM testing was
81%. This rose to 90% if results from
inappropriately timed specimens and specimens taking more than 1 week to
reach the
laboratory were excluded. A corresponding saliva rubella IgG test was 98%
sensitive and
100% specific. Of 126 rubella IgM negative cases, 25 (20%) were positive
for parvovirus B19
IgM. This study confirmed that rubella surveillance based on clinical reports
is not specific. It
also demonstrated that saliva samples, if taken 7–42
days after onset of illness and transported
rapidly to the laboratory, are a feasible alternative to blood samples
for rubella surveillance.
Prevalence of serum antibodies against bloodborne and
sexually transmitted agents in selected groups in Somalia
Authors: NUR Y. A. , GROEN J. , ELMI A. M. , OTT A. , OSTERHAUS A. D. M. E.
Published: July 2002

Somalia has suffered from a civil war during the last 10 years. In this period the use of whole
blood has increased at least twofold in Mogadishu, Somalia compared with pre-war. Screening
possibilities are limited. Recent data concerning the prevalence of infections with blood-borne
and sexually transmitted agents are not available from this country. To investigate the spread
of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/2) and other blood-borne or sexually transmitted
agents we tested a total of 256 serum samples collected in the summer of 1995 from blood
donors, hospitalized children and adults in Mogadishu. The hepatitis B surface antigen
(HbsAg) carrier rate was 19·1%, 5·6% and 21·3% among blood donors, hospitalized children
and hospitalized adults, respectively. However, no children under 2 years of age were
HbsAg positive. The overall presence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was 2·4%
(6/256). In blood donors this was 0·6% (1/157). In none of the samples tested, antibodies
against HIV 1 and 2 or human T-cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV I and II) were detected.
Our results indicate that, during the civil war in Somalia, no evidence of an increase of HIV
infections was found. Our findings indicate that preventive measures in Somalia should focus
mainly on prevention of HBV-infections. HBV-vaccine could be administered within the
framework of the expanded programme on immunization, as none of the children less than 2
years of age were HbsAg positive.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome and Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli infection in children in France
Authors: DECLUDT B. , BOUVET P. , MARIANI-KURKDJIAN P. , GRIMONT F. , GRIMONT P. A. D. , HUBERT B. , LOIRAT C. , THE SOCIÉTÉ DE NÉPHROLOGIE PÉDIATRIQUE
Published: July 2002

We conducted a study to determine the incidence of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in
children in France and to assess the role of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
infection in the aetiology of HUS. In collaboration with the Société de Néphrologie
Pédiatrique we undertook a retrospective review of all cases of HUS hospitalized from January
1993 to March 1995 and a 1-year prospective study (April 1995–March 1996) of
epidemiological and microbiological features of cases of HUS. The polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) procedure was used to detect stx, eae, e-hlyA genes directly from case stool samples.
Serum samples from cases were examined for antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of 26
major STEC serogroups. Two hundred and eighty-six cases were reported. The average
incidence per year was 0·7/105 children < 15 years and 1·8/105
children < 5 years. During the prospective study, 122/130 cases were examined for evidence of STEC infection using PCR
and/or serological assays and 105 (86%) had evidence of STEC infection. Serum antibodies to
E. coli O157 LPS were detected in 79 (67%) cases tested. In conclusion, this study showed that
STEC infection is an important cause of HUS in children in France, with a high proportion
related to the O157 serogroup.
High circulation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) precore mutants in Tunisia, North Africa
Authors: TRIKI H. , BEN SLIMANE S. , BEN MAMI N. , SAKKA T. , BEN AMMAR A. , DELLAGI K.
Published: July 2002

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) e antigen (HBeAg), HBV DNA and precore mutations affecting
HBeAg expression during active replication were studied in 72 Tunisian hepatitis B surface
antigen (HBsAg) positive individuals: 30 asymptomatic carriers of the virus, 37 with chronic
hepatitis and 5 with acute hepatitis. HBV DNA was detected in 44 patients, but only 20% of
them expressed HBeAg. Precore mutant strains, with mutations at position 1896 or at positions
1896 and 1899, were detected by PCR-hybridization in 86 and 36% of patients, respectively.
Wild-type strains were detected in 54% of patients. Precore mutants were found in chronically
and in acutely infected individuals, in patients with severe and asymptomatic infections, in
HBeAg positive as well as HBeAg negative individuals. These results show the high frequency
of HBV precore mutants in Tunisia.
Interpretation of band differences to distinguish strains of Serratia marcescens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI DNA digests
Authors: AUCKEN H. M. , BOQUETE T. , KAUFMANN M. E. , PITT T. L.
Published: July 2002

The number of band differences in DNA macrorestriction profiles required to distinguish
unrelated strains from an index strain varies in an outbreak with the species and restriction
enzyme used. In order to define this difference for epidemiological studies of Serratia
marcescens, we produced DNA fingerprints from 57 isolates of the organism using the
restriction enzyme XbaI and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The isolates were selected
on the basis of their epidemiology, serotype and phage-typing patterns to include 28 unrelated
strains and 29 representatives from 2 distinct outbreaks. One of the outbreaks was prolonged,
lasting for several years. Electrophoretic profiles consisting of 20 or more clearly resolved
bands were obtained for all isolates. Twenty-six of the unrelated strains had unique profiles
with over 10 band differences from all other strains, while 27 of the outbreak representatives
could be assigned to the appropriate outbreak with confidence. The majority of the outbreak
isolates had none or 2 band differences from the index profile, although 3 isolates differed by
5–7 bands. The 2 exceptions among the unrelated strains differed by 4 bands, and 3 phage
typing reactions, and were isolated from London and Berlin 3 years apart, while the 2
exceptions among the outbreak collection had clearly unique profiles with over 20 band
differences from each other and the outbreak profiles. Cluster analysis using Dice coefficient
and UPGMA gave cut-off values of 75–78% similarity overall for related isolates, while the
closest similarity for unrelated strains was 70%. The results of this study together with those
of the 6 previous reports of PFGE for S. marcescens (which used either enzymes XbaI or SpeI)
confirm that this technique is of value for this species and that with XbaI at least, most
epidemiologically related strains will only differ by 3–4 bands. However, on occasion up to 7
band differences can be found within an apparent outbreak, which may be suggestive of genetic
drift.
Craniometric differentiation within wild‐living cats in Scotland using 3D morphometrics
Authors: Reig Santiago , Daniels Mike J. , Macdonald David W.
Published: July 2002

Due to the unknown effects of long‐term sympatry and interbreeding with the domestic cat, there is an ongoing debate about the characterization and taxonomic status of the wildcat Felis silvestris in Europe. Recent results on the morphology of wild‐living cats in Scotland had revealed two morphological groups, T1 and T2, defined from a discriminant function (based on intestine length and limb bone size). We compared wild‐living cats of each of these types from Scotland, together with known domestic cats, using a new technique: geometric analysis of 3D landmarks, with the goal of formalizing a definition of wildcats that would assist with their conservation. Eighty‐five landmarks were digitized on a set of 85 skulls and subjected to superimposition techniques and univariate and multivariate analyses. Results showed that T1 cats generally clustered together while, despite showing their own morphological characteristics, T2 cats seemed closer to domestic cats. T1 cats had the largest skulls, the lowest braincase capacity index and demonstrated the greatest sexual dimorphism. Domestic cats were more heterogeneous, exhibiting a wide overlap between males and females. Analysing individual landmarks, females showed more differences between the groups, particularly in the orbito‐nasal region. Our results not only provide a completely independent verification of the T1/T2 categorization, but also show that, as a practical tool, skulls can be identified as T1 using six linear skull characters selected from the 85 landmarks. From current evidence it is not logically possible to state conclusively that T1 cats are wildcats, but our results firmly support the hypothesis that they are furthest from domestic cats. Thus, the distribution of T1 cats in Scotland provides a possible basis for wildcat conservation through protection by area.
Examination of preventive interventions for families with depression: Evidence of change
Authors: BEARDSLEE W. R. , VERSAGE E. M. , WRIGHT E. J. , SALT P. , ROTHBERG P. C. , DREZNER K. , GLADSTONE T. R. G.
Published: July 2002

Thirty-seven families who had a child between the ages of 8 and 15
(mean age = 12.0 years) and had at least one parent who had
experienced a recent episode of affective disorder were assigned
randomly to one of two psychoeducational interventions. The
interventions (clinician-facilitated or lecture-group discussion) were
designed to prevent childhood depression and related problems through
decreasing the impact of related risk factors and encouraging
resiliency-promoting behaviors and attitudes. They were similar in
content but differed in the level of the children's involvement
and the degree to which the families' individual life experiences
were linked to the educational material. Assessments included standard
diagnostic and social functioning instruments and interviews designed
specifically for this project to assess behavior and attitude
change. Each parent and child was individually assessed by separate
assessors who were blind to information about the other family
members. Parent participants in both groups reported being satisfied
with the intervention. Clinician group participants reported a
significantly larger number of overall changes, as well as higher
levels of change regarding communications about the illness with their
children and increased understanding by the children of their
illness. Significantly more children in the clinician group also
reported they gained a better understanding of parental affective
illness as a result of their participation in the project.
Deformation of nematic liquid crystals in an electric field
Authors: SELF R. H. , PLEASE C. P. , SLUCKIN T. J.
Published: July 2002

The behaviour of liquid crystal materials used in display devices is discussed. The underlying
continuum theory developed by Frank, Ericksen and Leslie for describing this behaviour
is reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the approximations and extensions relevant to
existing device technology areas where mathematical analysis would aid device development.
To illustrate some of the special behaviour of liquid crystals and in order to demonstrate the
techniques employed, the specific case of a nematic liquid crystal held between two parallel
electrical conductors is considered. It has long been known that there is a critical voltage
below which the internal elastic strength of the liquid crystal exceeds the electric forces and
hence the system remains undeformed from its base state. This bifurcation behaviour is
called the Freedericksz transition. Conventional analytic analysis of this problem normally
considers a magnetic, rather than electric, field or a near-transition voltage since in these cases
the electromagnetic field structure decouples from the rest of the problem. Here we consider
more practical situations where the electromagnetic field interacts with the liquid crystal
deformation. Assuming strong anchoring at surfaces and a one dimensional deformation,
three nondimensional parameters are identified. These relate to the applied voltage, the
anisotropy of the electrical permittivity of the liquid crystal, and to the anisotropy of the
elastic stiffness of the liquid crystal. The analysis uses asymptotic methods to determine the
solution in a numerous of different regimes defined by physically relevant limiting cases of
the parameters. In particular, results are presented showing the delicate balance between an
anisotropic material trying to push the electric field away from regions of large deformation
and the deformation trying to be maximum in regions of high electric field.
Animated fuzzy logic
Authors: MEEHAN GARY , JOY MIKE
Published: July 2002

In this paper we aim to give an introduction to fuzzy logic using
the language Haskell to
implement our solutions. We shall see how the high-level, declarative nature
of a functional
language allows us to implement easily and efficiently solutions to problems
using fuzzy logic
and, in particular, how the presence of functions as first-class values
allows us to model the
key concept of the fuzzy subset in a natural way.
Compiling lazy functional programs for the Java Virtual Machine
Authors: WAKELING DAVID
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we show how lazy functional programs can be compiled for the Java Virtual
Machine using a mapping between a version of the 〈v, G〉-machine and the Java Virtual
Machine. This mapping is elegant – the description is entirely straightforward – and efficient
– using it, both code size and execution speed are of the same order of magnitude as those
obtained with a traditional functional language bytecode interpreter. In future, our work
could serve as the basis of an interface between Haskell and Java.
BETWEEN SCORCHING HEAT AND FREEZING COLD: MEDIEVAL JEWISH AUTHORS ON THE INHABITED AND UNINHABITED PARTS OF THE EARTH
Authors: Fontaine Resianne
Published: July 2002

The question of which areas of the earth are fit for human habitation and
which ones are not is dealt with in several Hebrew scientific texts of the
twelfth and thirteenth century. Medieval Jewish scholars such as Abraham
bar [Hdotu]iyya, Samuel ibn Tibbon, and the three thirteenth-century Hebrew
encyclopedists were familiar with theories of the oikoumene and its boundaries
through Arabic sources. These Hebrew texts display a variety of views
on the earth's habitability, all of which ultimately go back to antiquity.
Whereas some texts adopted a division of the inhabited portion of the earth
into seven climes, others divided the earth into five zones of temperature, of
which two were habitable and three were not owing to extreme temperatures.
Some of these Jewish authors also pay attention to the question of
how climatological or astrological conditions in a given region influence the
mental constitution of its inhabitants.
The living arrangements of elderly people
Authors: Glaser Karen
Published: July 2002

The growth of the elderly population in the UK and other Western societies, as well as in the USA, Australia and Japan, has led to widespread interest in the living arrangements of this group. Although co-residence patterns within the household alone are not sufficient indicators of the strength of conjugal and intergenerational ties, they do provide a measure of potential intra-household support for the elderly. Studies have shown that children who live at home provide greater assistance to their parents (both financially and with domestic tasks) than non-co-resident children. Thus, residential patterns appear to be important for exchange relationships between the elderly and their kin.
Introduction: Popular Culture and Mass Culture
Authors: Hewitt Nicholas
Published: July 2002

At the end of the Second World War, the countries of Western Europe found themselves in a state of economic and physical ruin and, in the cases of Germany, Italy and France, in a position of, at best, moral and political ambiguity and, at worst, outright bankrupcy. Only Britain emerged from the war with its political regime intact and its moral purpose vindicated, although paradoxically its economy was to prove the most severely wounded. Perhaps because of the very scale of the disaster, however, Western Europe embarked upon a process of reconstruction, aided financially by the Marshall Plan, which embodied grandiose ambitions for a radical rebirth. The Italian Communist Party's weekly magazine, for example, was called Rinascita, whilst the French Communist weekly Les Lettres Françaises celebrated a ‘new French “renaissance”, encompassing political life, urban redevelopment and a whole range of cultural development, which was seen, in the early days of the Liberation, as the legitimate reward and goal of the Resistance’. In Germany, the recognition of 1945 as constituting a Nullpunkt or Stunde Null, made possible the Kahlschlag, or clean sweep which would propel the new Republic towards democracy and prosperity. Even in Britain, there was the sense of the dawning of a new era, and if the Festival of Britain, in 1951, looked back to the Great Exhibition a century earlier and celebrated traditional British qualities, whilst also flexing the nation's industrial and military muscles, with the death of King George VI and the accession of his daughter, the country embarked, quite literally and self-consciously, on a ‘New Elizabethan’ age.
Normal Functioning and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction
Authors: DANIELS NORMAN
Published: July 2002

The treatment-enhancement distinction draws a line
between services or interventions meant to prevent or cure
(or otherwise ameliorate) conditions that we view as diseases
or disabilities and interventions that improve a condition
that we view as a normal function or feature of members
of our species. The line drawn here is widely appealed
to in medical practice and medical insurance contexts,
as well as in our everyday thinking about the medical
services we do and should assist people in obtaining.
Beyond Moral Claims: A Human Rights Approach in Mental Health
Authors: GOSTIN LAWRENCE O.
Published: July 2002

Human rights law is a powerful, but often neglected,
tool in advancing the rights and freedoms of persons with
mental disabilities. International law may seem marginal
or unimportant in developed countries with democratic and
constitutional systems of their own. Yet, even democracies
often resist reform of mental health law and policy, and
domestic courts do not always compel changes necessary
for the rights and welfare of persons with mental disabilities.
Additionally, human rights are obviously important for
countries without democratic and constitutional systems
because they may provide the only genuine safeguard against
abuse of persons with mental disabilities ostensibly based
on political, social, or cultural justifications.
Adding and Reversing Arcs in Semicomplete Digraphs
Authors: BANG-JENSEN JØRGEN , JORDÁN TIBOR
Published: July 2002

Let T be a semicomplete digraph on n vertices.
Let
ak(T) denote the minimum number of

arcs whose addition to T results in a k-connected semicomplete
digraph and let
rk(T) denote
the minimum number of arcs whose reversal in T results in a k-connected
semicomplete
digraph. We prove that if n[ges ]3k−1, then
ak(T)=rk(T).
We also show that
this bound on n is best possible.
On Biased Positional Games
Authors: BEDNARSKA MAŁGORZATA
Published: July 2002

Let TBin(N, n, q) be the game on the

complete graph KN in which two players, the
Breaker
and the Maker, alternately claim one and q edges, respectively.

The Maker's aim is to build
a binary tree on n<N vertices in
n−1 turns while the Breaker tries to prevent him from doing
so. It is
shown that, for every constant ε>0, there exists n0

such that, for every n[ges ]n0, the Breaker
has a
winning strategy in TBin(N, n, q) if
q>(1+ε)N/logn, while,
for q<(1−ε)N/logn, the game

TBin(N, n, q) can be won by the Maker provided
that
n=o(N).
In vitro development of reconstructed bovine embryos and fate of donor mitochondria following nuclear injection of cumulus cells
Authors: Do Jeong Tae , Hong Kwon Ho , Lee Bo Yon , Kim Seung Bo , Kim Nam-Hyung , Lee Hoon Taek , Chung Kil Saeng
Published: July 2002

In this study we examined the developmental potential of reconstructed embryos and the fate of donor mitochondria during preimplantation development after nuclear transfer in cattle. Isolated cumulus cells were used as donor cells in nuclear transfer. Cumulus cells labelled with MitoTracker Green FM fluorochrome were injected into enucleated bovine MII oocytes and cultured in vitro. MitoTracker labelling on donor cells did not have a detrimental effect on blastocyst formation following nuclear transfer. Cleavage rate was about 69% (56/81) and blastocyst formation rate was 6.2% (5/81) at 7 days after nuclear transfer. The labelled mitochondria dispersed to the cytoplasm and became distributed between blastomeres and could be identified up to the 8- to 15-cell stage. Small patches of mitochondria were detected in some 8- to 15-cell stage embryos (5/20). However, donor mitochondria were not detected in embryos at the 16-cell stage and subsequent developmental stages. In the control group, mitochondria could be identified in arrested 1-cell embryos up to 7 days after nuclear transfer. These results suggest that disappearance of the labelled donor mitochondria in nuclear transfer bovine embryos is not due to fading of the fluorochrome marker, but is rather an as yet undefined cytoplasmic event.
Localisation of inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptors during mouse spermatogenesis: possible functional implications
Authors: Treviño Claudia L. , Santi Celia M. , Beltrán Carmen , Hernández-Cruz Arturo , Darszon Alberto , Lomeli Hilda
Published: July 2002

During spermatogenesis the activity of intracellular Ca2+-release channels is likely to play an important role in different specific cellular functions. Accordingly, messenger RNAs for the three inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) subtypes were found to be present throughout spermatogenesis. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed distinct distribution patterns of the mature IP3Rs during sperm differentiation. At early stages, IP3Rs are distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and as differentiation proceeds they become selectively localised to the Golgi complex. Consistently, spermatogonia underwent large intracellular Ca2+ release in response to thapsigargin (TG), while smaller responses were detected in late spermatocytes and spermatids. The distribution of IP3Rs and the larger Ca2+-release responses found in spermatogonia, suggest that IP3Rs may be involved in cell proliferation at this stage. This notion is supported by our observations in a spermatogenic cell line that depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools using TG inhibits cell division, and that incubation with an IP3R-I antisense oligonucleotide completely inhibited proliferation. Furthermore, the three genes encoding ryanodine receptor proteins (RyRs) are expressed at all stages of spermatogenesis. However, immunocytochemical studies with specific antibodies against each of the RyR subtypes detected types 1 and 3 in spermatogenic cells and only type 3 in mature sperm. In contrast to IP3Rs, RyRs remain scattered in the cytoplasm throughout differentiation. Functional responses to caffeine and ryanodine were absent in spermatogenic cells and in mature sperm. These findings suggest that IP3Rs have significantly more important roles in spermatogenesis than RyRs, and that one of these roles is crucial for cell proliferation.
The economics and politics of monetary unions: a reassessment of
the Latin Monetary Union, 1865–71
Authors: FLANDREAU MARC
Published: July 2002

In 1865, France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland signed a monetary convention
(later known as the Latin Union), which provided for the intercirculation
of specie between member states. Conventional analyses of the treaty (such
as that by Willis) have portrayed this arrangement as a by-product of French
power politics. This article seeks to reinterpret the economic nature of the
Latin Union, focusing on the interrelations between trade, finance and money.
I argue that the Latin Union did not foster trade integration and that, as
a matter of fact, such was not its objective, according to archival evidence.
Instead, I suggest that the Latin Union was the result of the growth of France
as a major supplier of capital. The need to provide French investors with
exchange-rate guarantees led borrowing countries to tie their respective monetary
systems to that of France. This, in turn, created opportunities for international
monetary action and the French franc became the ‘natural’ focal
point of projects of monetary unification. This evolution, however, had structural
limits which help to explain the downfall of the projects for expansion of
the Latin Union.
Prediction of crop yield in Sweden based on mesoscale meteorological analysis
Authors: Foltescu Valentin L
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a prediction system for regional crop growth in Sweden, recently set up at SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute). The system includes a state‐of‐the‐art crop growth model, WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) and inputs from meteorological mesoscale analysis. The simulated crops are spring barley, spring rape, oats and winter wheat, and the period of investigation is 1985–98. The simulated water‐limited grain yield is used as a predictor in the yield prediction procedure. The technological time trend describing the yearly increase of the production level is accounted for as well. Yield prediction based on crop growth modelling is justified since the ability to forecast the yield is higher compared to that using the technological time trend alone. The prediction errors are of the order of 8 to 16%, with the lowest errors for winter wheat and spring barley. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of potential vorticity fields, Meteosat water vapour imagery and pseudo water vapour images for evaluating numerical model behaviour
Authors: Georgiev Christo G , Martín Francisco
Published: July 2002

During November and December 1998, ten cyclonic disturbances over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean area were studied. Features in potential vorticity (PV) fields were tracked in the analyses and short‐range forecasts of the Spanish version of the HIRLAM model (HIRLAM‐INM) and the ECMWF model. They were superimposed on the corresponding Meteosat water vapour (WV) images with the aim of ascertaining the qualitative relationship between Meteosat WV imagery and PV fields that might be used to assess NWP model behaviour. Two cases predicted incorrectly by HIRLAM‐INM were studied in detail: a rapidly deepening depression over the Atlantic (26–27 November 1998) and a cut‐off low process over the western Mediterranean (3–4 December 1998). For evaluating HIRLAM‐INM model behaviour, absolute vorticity at 2 PVU surface, positive PV anomalies at 500 hPa as well as pseudo WV images were compared with Meteosat WV pictures. Being synthetic products of the numerical model, the pseudo WV images were used to indicate the strength of the relationship between the Meteosat WV imagery and the PV fields, and to indicate whether any mismatches correspond to real NWP model errors. It is demonstrated that the HIRLAM‐INM phase error at 3–4 December 1998 was clearly seen in the comparison between Meteosat and pseudo WV images. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Long waves around South America and precipitation in Argentina
Authors: Alessandro Adelia P
Published: July 2002

In this paper the position and intensity of the long waves around South America are related to the precipitation in Argentina. For this purpose indices of zonal and meridional circulation as well as of the curvature of geopotential height at 1000 and 500 hPa were selected. The daily 12 UTC analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Forecast for 1980 to 1988 were used, averaged over at least five days. A strong positive (negative) anomaly of the meridional index at 1000 and 500 hPa is associated with a negative (positive) anomaly of precipitation. Positive (negative) anomalies of the zonal index at both levels are related to negative (positive) deviations of rainfall. Positive (cyclonic) anomalies of the curvature at 500 and 1000 hPa correspond to enhanced precipitation over the central‐eastern part of the country, while over the central‐western part the correspondence is of opposite sign. Once methods for forecasting long wave behaviour are available, including for the region around South America, the results may be used to produce medium‐range and long‐range forecasts of precipitation anomalies over Argentina. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society