bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A digital archive of human activity in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Howkins Adrian , Chignell Stephen M. , Gullett Poppie , Fountain Andrew G. , Brett Melissa , Preciado Evelin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Over the last half century, the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV)
of East Antarctica have become a globally important site for scientific
research and environmental monitoring. Historical data can make important
contributions to current research activities and environmental management in
Antarctica but tend to be widely scattered and difficult to access. We
address this need in the MDV by compiling over 5000 historical photographs,
sketches, maps, oral interviews, publications, and other archival resources
into an online digital archive. The data have been digitized and
georeferenced using a standardized metadata structure, which enables
intuitive searches and data discovery via an online interface. The ultimate
aim of the archive is to create as comprehensive as possible a record of
human activity in the MDV to support ongoing research, management, and
conservation efforts. This is a valuable tool for scientists seeking to
understand the dynamics of change in lakes, glaciers, and other physical
systems, as well as humanistic inquiry into the history of the Southern
Continent. In addition to providing benchmarks for understanding change over
time, the data can help target field sampling for studies working under the
assumption of a pristine landscape by enabling researchers to identify the
date and extent of past human activities. The full database is accessible
via a web browser-based interface hosted by the McMurdo Long Term Ecological
Research site: http://mcmurdohistory.lternet.edu/ (last access: 5 May 2020). The complete
metadata data for all resources in the database are also available at the
Environmental Data Initiative: https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/6744cb28a544fda827805db123d36557
(Howkins et al., 2019).
Evaluating integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in ATS (v0.88) against observations from a polygonal tundra site
Authors: Jan Ahmad , Coon Ethan T. , Painter Scott L.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Numerical simulations are essential tools for understanding the complex hydrologic response of Arctic regions to a warming climate. However, strong coupling among thermal and hydrological processes on the surface and in the subsurface and the significant role that subtle variations in surface topography have in regulating flow direction and surface storage lead to significant uncertainties. Careful model evaluation against field observations is thus important to build confidence.
We evaluate the integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) against field observations from polygonal tundra at the Barrow Environmental Observatory. ATS couples a multiphase, 3D representation of subsurface thermal hydrology with representations of overland nonisothermal flows, snow processes, and surface energy balance. We simulated thermal hydrology of a 3D ice-wedge polygon with geometry that is abstracted but broadly consistent with the surface microtopography at our study site. The simulations were forced by meteorological data and observed water table elevations in ice-wedge polygon troughs. With limited calibration of parameters appearing in the soil evaporation model, the 3-year simulations agreed reasonably well with snow depth, summer water table elevations in the polygon center, and high-frequency soil temperature measurements at several depths in the trough, rim, and center of the polygon. Upscaled evaporation is in good agreement with flux tower observations. The simulations were found to be sensitive to parameters in the bare soil evaporation model, snowpack, and the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity.
Timing of fall freeze-up was found to be sensitive to initial snow density, illustrating the importance of including snow aging effects. The study provides new support for an emerging class of integrated surface/subsurface permafrost simulators.
Sensitivity of hydrologic and geologic parameters on recharge processes in a highly heterogeneous, semi-confined aquifer system
Authors: Maples Stephen R. , Foglia Laura , Fogg Graham E. , Maxwell Reed M.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. An increasing reliance on groundwater resources has been observed worldwide during the past 50–70 years and has led to unsustainable groundwater abstraction in many regions, especially in semi-arid and arid alluvial groundwater basins. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been promoted to replenish overdrafted groundwater basins and augment surface water supply. However, MAR feasibility in alluvial groundwater basins is complicated by complex geologic architecture that typically includes laterally continuous, fine-texture confining units that can impede both recharge rates and regional propagation of increases in the hydraulic head. A greater feasibility of MAR hinges on identifying locations where rapid, high-volume recharge that provides regional increases in pressure head are possible, but relatively little research has evaluated the factors that control MAR feasibility in alluvial groundwater basins. Here, we combine a transition probability Markov chain geostatistical model of the subsurface geologic heterogeneity of the eastern side of the northern Central Valley, California, with the three-dimensional, variably saturated water flow code ParFlow to explore the variability of MAR feasibility in this region. We use a combination of computationally efficient local- and global-sensitivity analyses to evaluate the relative importance of factors that contribute to MAR feasibility. A novel proxy parameter approach was used to describe the configuration and proportions of subsurface hydrofacies and the water table depth for sensitivity analyses, and results suggest that recharge potential is relatively more sensitive to the variability of this proxy parameter than to the variability of individual hydrofacies hydraulic properties. Results demonstrate that large variability of MAR feasibility is typical for alluvial aquifer systems and that outsized recharge rates are possible in select locations where interconnected, coarse-texture hydrofacies occur.
Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of Arctic Sea Ice Volume with Observations
Authors: Yangjun Wang , Kefeng Liu , Yulong Shan , Ren Zhang
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This study proposes adaptive forecasting through exponential re-weighting based on the Structural Similarity Index Measure (AFTER-SSIM) algorithm to evaluate the performance of global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) under different emission scenarios during 2006 to 2018, attempting to reduce the uncertainty among them. The SSIM approach uses a loss function to obtain more information on the spatial distribution between model outputs and observed data, where the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimise the parameters of both seasonal cycles and long-term trends of sea ice concentration and sea ice thickness. The re-weighting mechanism of the AFTER-SSIM algorithm guarantees a performance improvement in sea ice volume simulations as new information is added. Finally, the ranked models have been combined to estimate the future Arctic sea ice volume and navigation possibility through the Arctic Northern Sea Route. Results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the uncertainty among models, sea ice volume will continue to shrink in the future, and the open periods for 1A super vessels are likely to reach to five months ranging from August to December in 2030.
Seismic evidence for failed rifting in the Ligurian Basin, Western Alpine domain
Authors: Dannowski Anke , Kopp Heidrun , Grevemeyer Ingo , Lange Dietrich , Thorwart Martin , Bialas Jörg , Wollatz-Vogt Martin
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Ligurian Basin is located in the Mediterranean Sea to
the north-west of Corsica at the transition from the Western Alpine orogen
to the Apennine system and was generated by the south-eastward trench
retreat of the Apennines–Calabrian subduction zone. Late-Oligocene-to-Miocene rifting caused continental extension and subsidence, leading to the
opening of the basin. Yet it remains unclear if rifting caused
continental break-up and seafloor spreading. To reveal its lithospheric
architecture, we acquired a 130 km long seismic refraction and wide-angle
reflection profile in the Ligurian Basin. The seismic line was recorded in
the framework of SPP2017 4D-MB, a Priority Programme of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the German component of the European
AlpArray initiative, and trends in a NE–SW direction at the centre of the
Ligurian Basin, roughly parallel to the French coastline. The seismic data were recorded on the newly developed GEOLOG recorder,
designed at GEOMAR, and are dominated by sedimentary refractions and show
mantle Pn arrivals at offsets of up to 70 km and a very prominent wide-angle Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) reflection. The main features share several characteristics (e.g. offset range, continuity) generally associated with continental settings
rather than documenting oceanic crust emplaced by seafloor spreading.
Seismic tomography results are complemented by gravity data and yield a
∼ 6–8 km thick sedimentary cover and the seismic Moho at 11–13 km depth below the sea surface. Our study reveals that the oceanic domain
does not extend as far north as previously assumed. Whether
Oligocene–Miocene extension led to extremely thinned continental crust or
exhumed subcontinental mantle remains unclear. A low grade of mantle
serpentinisation indicates a high rate of syn-rift sedimentation. However,
rifting failed before oceanic spreading was initiated, and continental crust
thickens towards the NE within the northern Ligurian Basin.
noisi: A Python tool for ambient noise cross-correlation modeling
and noise source inversion
Authors: Ermert Laura , Igel Jonas , Sager Korbinian , Stutzmann Eléonore , Nissen-Meyer Tarje , Fichtner Andreas
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We introduce open-source tool noisi for the forward and inverse modeling of ambient seismic cross-correlations with spatially varying source spectra. It utilizes pre-computed databases of Green’s functions to represent seismic wave propagation between ambient seismic sources and seismic receivers, which can be obtained from existing repositories or imported from the output of wave propagation solvers. The tool was built with the aim of studying ambient seismic sources while accounting for realistic wave propagation effects. Furthermore, it may be used to guide the interpretation of ambient seismic auto- and cross-correlations, which have become pre-eminent seismological observables, in light of non-uniform ambient seismic sources. Written in the Python language, it is both accessible for usage and further development, as well as efficient enough to conduct ambient seismic source inversions for realistic scenarios. Here, we introduce the concept and implementation of the tool, compare its model output to the output of cross-correlations computed with SPECFEM3D_globe, and demonstrate its capabilities on selected use cases: A comparison of observed cross-correlations of the Earth’s hum to a forward model based on hum sources from oceanographic models, and a synthetic noise source inversion using full waveforms and signal energy asymmetry.
Fault-controlled fluid circulation and diagenesis along basin bounding fault systems in rifts – insights from the East Greenland rift system
Authors: Salomon Eric , Rotevatn Atle , Kristensen Thomas Berg , Grundvåg Sten-Andreas , Henstra Gijs Allard , Meckler Anna Nele , Gerdes Axel , Albert Richard
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In marine rift basins, rift-climax deep-water clastics in the hanging wall of rift- or basin-bounding fault systems are commonly juxtaposed against crystalline basement rocks in the footwall. Displacing highly permeable, unconsolidated sediments against low-permeable rock distinguishes these faults significantly from others displacing hard rock. Due to limited surface exposure of such fault zones, studies elucidating their structure and evolution are rare. Consequently, their impact on fluid circulation and in-fault, near-fault, and hanging wall sediment diagenesis are also poorly understood. Motivated by this, we here investigate a well-exposed strand of a major basin-bounding fault system in the East Greenland rift system, namely the Dombjerg Fault which bounds the Wollaston Forland Basin, NE Greenland. Here, Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous syn-rift deep-water clastics are juxtaposed against Caledonian metamorphic basement. Previously, a ~ 1 km-wide zone of increased calcite cementation of the hanging wall sediments along the Dombjerg fault core was identified (Kristensen et al., 2016). Now, based on U-Pb calcite dating, we are able to show that cementation and formation of this zone started during the rift climax in Berrisian/Valanginian times. Using clumped isotope analysis, we determined a cement formation temperature of ~ 30–70 °C. Temperatures likely do not relate to the normal geothermal gradient, but to elevated fluid temperatures of upward directed circulation along the fault. Vein formation within the cementation zone clusters between ~ 125–100 Ma in the post-rift stage, indicating that fracturing in the hanging wall is not directly related to the main phase of activity of the adjacent Dombjerg Fault. Vein formation temperatures are interpreted to reflect a shallow burial depth of the hanging wall deposits and range between ~ 30–80 °C. Further, similar minor element concentrations of veins and adjacent cements argue for diffusional mass transfer into fractures, which in turn infers a subdued fluid circulation and low permeability of the fracture network. These results imply that the cementation zone formed a near-impermeable barrier quickly after sediment deposition and maintained this state even after fracture formation. We argue, that the existence of such a cementation zone should be considered in any assessments that target basin-bounding fault systems for, e.g., hydrocarbon, groundwater, geothermal energy, and carbon storage exploration. Our study highlights that the understanding of fluid flow properties as well as fault-controlled diagenesis affecting the fault itself and/or adjacent basinal clastics is of great fundamental and economic importance.
Incorporating moisture content in surface energy balance modeling of a debris-covered glacier
Authors: Giese Alexandra , Boone Aaron , Wagnon Patrick , Hawley Robert
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Few surface energy balance models for debris-covered glaciers account for the presence of moisture in the debris, which invariably affects the debris layer's thermal properties and, in turn, the surface energy balance and sub-debris melt of a debris-covered glacier. We adapted the interactions between soil, biosphere, and atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model within the SURFace EXternalisée (SURFEX) platform to represent glacier debris rather than soil (referred to hereafter as ISBA-DEB). The new ISBA-DEB model includes the varying content, transport, and state of moisture in debris with depth and through time. It robustly simulates not only the thermal evolution of the glacier–debris–snow column but also moisture transport and phase changes within the debris – and how these, in turn, affect conductive and latent heat fluxes. We discuss the key developments in the adapted ISBA-DEB and demonstrate the capabilities of the model, including how the time- and depth-varying thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity depend on evolving temperature and moisture. Sensitivity tests emphasize the importance of accurately constraining the roughness lengths and surface slope. Emissivity, in comparison to other tested parameters, has less of an effect on melt. ISBA-DEB builds on existing work to represent the energy balance of a supraglacial debris layer through time in its novel application of a land surface model to debris-covered glaciers. Comparison of measured and simulated debris temperatures suggests that ISBA-DEB includes some – but not all – processes relevant to melt under highly permeable debris. Future work, informed by further observations, should explore the importance of advection and vapor transfer in the energy balance.
Simulating Optical Top-Of-Atmosphere Radiance Satellite Images over Snow-Covered Rugged Terrain
Authors: Lamare Maxim , Dumont Marie , Picard Ghislain , Larue Fanny , Tuzet François , Delcourt Clément , Arnaud Laurent
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The monitoring of snow-covered surfaces on Earth is largely facilitated by the wealth of satellite data available, with increasing spatial resolution and temporal coverage over the last years. Yet to date, retrievals of snow physical properties still remain complicated in mountainous areas, owing to the complex interactions of solar radiation with terrain features such as multiple scattering between slopes, exacerbated over bright surfaces. Existing physically-based models of solar radiation across rough scenes are either too complex and resource-demanding for the implementation of systematic satellite image processing, not designed for highly reflective surfaces such as snow, or tied to a specific satellite sensor. This study proposes a new formulation, combining a forward model of solar radiation over rugged terrain with dedicated snow optics into a flexible multi-sensor tool that bridges a gap in the optical remote sensing of snow-covered surfaces in mountainous regions. The model presented here allows to perform rapid calculations over large snow-covered areas. Good results are obtained even for extreme cases, such as steep shadowed slopes or on the contrary, strongly illuminated sun-facing slopes. Simulations of Sentinel-3 OLCI scenes performed over a mountainous region in the French Alps allow to reduce the bias by up to a factor 6 in the visible wavelengths compared to methods that account for slope inclination only. Furthermore, the study underlines the contribution of the individual fluxes to the total top-of-atmosphere radiance, highlighting the importance of reflected radiation from surrounding slopes which, in mid-winter after a recent snowfall (13 February 2018), account on average for 7 % of the signal at 400 nm and 16 % at 1020 nm, as well as coupled diffuse radiation scattered by the neighbourhood, that contributes to 18 % at 400 nm and 4 % at 1020 nm. Given the importance of these contributions, accounting for slopes and reflected radiation between terrain features is a requirement for improving the accuracy of satellite retrievals of snow properties over snow-covered rugged terrain. The forward formulation presented here is the first step toward this goal, paving the way for future retrievals.
Influence of ENSO on North American subseasonal surface air temperature variability
Authors: Martineau Patrick , Nakamura Hisashi , Kosaka Yu
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The wintertime influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on subseasonal variability is revisited by identifying the dominant mode of covariability between 10–60 day band-pass-filtered surface air temperature (SAT) variability over the North American continent and winter-mean sea surface temperature (SST) over the North Pacific sector. We find, in agreement with previous studies, that La Niña conditions tend to enhance the subseasonal SAT variability over western North America. This modulation of subseasonal variability is achieved through interactions between subseasonal eddies and La Niña-related changes in the winter-mean circulation. Specifically, eastward-propagating quasi-stationary eddies over the North Pacific are more efficient in extracting energy from the mean flow through the baroclinic conversion of energy over the North Pacific sector during La Niña. Changes in the vertical structure of these wave anomalies are crucial to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion via amplified downgradient heat fluxes that energize subseasonal eddy thermal anomalies. The combination of increased subseasonal SAT variability and the cold winter-mean response to La Niña both contribute to enhancing the likelihood of cold extremes over western North America.
Analysis of Buffalo Market Setting in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Oliveira Blenda Patricia Damasceno de , Rebello Fabrício Khoury , Santos Marcos Antônio Souza dos , Lourenço Junior José De Brito
Published: May 2020

The objective of this study was to analyze the structure and conjuncture of the buffalo breeding tendency in the state of Pará, in order to generate relevant information for decision-making of farmers involved in the activity, as well as to guide public policies to stimulate the development sector of Pará’s economy in Brazilian Amazon. The study was conducted using secondary data, collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC), Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV), Central Bank of Brazil (BACEN) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on the herd, production, price and financing granted to buffalo breeding. The Brazilian buffalo herd is concentrated in the northern region of the country, with 66.15% of the total herd, particularly in the state of Pará, which participates with 37.90% of the Brazilian herd, constituting the largest producing state in Brazil. In this state, the activity is concentrated in the Marajó meso-regions and in the Lower Amazon. In addition, it was found that the volume of rural credit granted to buffalo herd projects, fluctuated from 1995 to 2015, concentrating in the period from 2004 to 2007, stimulated by the expansion of cattle raising at pasture due to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a disease triggered in Europe over that period.
Tecnologias da informação e comunicação em adolescentes, práticas parentais e percepção de clima escolar: Uma abordagem multinível
Authors: Welter Wendt Guilherme , Appel Marli , Koller Silvia
Published: May 2020

O presente estudo, quantitativo e transversal, avaliou o perfil de uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) entre adolescentes escolares, por meio de uma perspectiva multinível. Assim, possíveis diferenças no uso de TICs em relação à idade e o sexo dos participantes, bem como variações no perfil de uso de TICs quanto aos níveis de supervisão parental foram consideradas. Ainda, investigou-se em que medida o uso de TICs variou de acordo com as percepções sobre clima escolar por parte dos jovens. Participaram 367 adolescentes (55,6% meninas) que responderam a um instrumento de autorrelato. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre o gênero e a idade dos participantes quanto o perfil de uso e no recebimento de práticas parentais sobre o uso de TICs. Diferenças quanto ao uso de TICs em relação com a percepção de clima escolar foram detectadas. Em síntese, o estudo sugere que a promoção de práticas educativas proativas de supervisão do uso de TICs pode trazer impactos positivos para o desenvolvimento sadio do adolescente.
Contrast enhancement features of tubular adenoma, MRI and contrast enhanced mammography pictorial report
Authors: Borenstein Sara Faye , Friehmann Tal , Rapson Yael , Tamir Shlomit , Atar Eli , Grubstein Ahuva
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Tubular adenomas are rare benign epithelial neoplasms of the breast resembling fibroadenomas on both imaging and pathology. We aimed at characterizing and differentiating these lesions on contrast enhanced mammography and MRI.Material and methods: Out of all percutaneous breast biopsies performed at the Rabin medical center between the years 2010-2019, five cases which also had contrast-based imaging including contrast enhanced mammography and MRI were retrieved. Morphology and enhancement patterns of the lesions were analyzed by two dedicated breast radiologists.Results: The contrast imaging characteristics of all lesions were enhancing masses measuring 4-17 mm. The shape of the lesions was oval, borders well circumscribed, on both CEM and MRI. CEM revealed marked homogenous enhancement. MRI enhancement patterns of the small tumors showed homogenous enhancement, whereas the larger mass showed a more heterogeneous enhancement. Kinetic curves on MRI were of rapid marked enhancement.Conclusion: Tubular adenomas diverge pathologically from known enhancement patterns of fibroadenomas.
Prostate cancer risk group is associated with other-cause mortality in men with localized prostate cancer
Authors: Rasul Rehana , Golden Anne , Feuerstein Michael A.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Informed decision-making in localized prostate cancer must consider the natural history of the disease, risks of treatment, and the competing risks from other causes. Other-cause mortality has often been associated with comorbidity or treatment-related side effects. We aimed to examine the association between prostate cancer aggressiveness and other cause mortality.

Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results’ (SEER)18 registries, patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2004 and 2015 were identified. Patients were categorized into low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups. Vital status, death due to prostate cancer and death due to other causes were based on death certificate information. Survival analyses were performed to assess the association between prostate cancer risk group and mortality while adjusting for demographic variables, year of diagnosis, and initial therapy.

Results: A total of 464 653 patients were identified with a median followup of 5.4 years. Cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of mortality during the study period. Compared to low-risk patients, intermediate- and high-risk patients had a higher risk of mortality from other cancers, from cardiovascular disease, and from other causes of death regardless of initial treatment. Men who underwent surgery as initial therapy had lower cumulative mortality rates compared to those with radiation as their initial therapy.

Conclusions: Intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancers are associated with higher risk of other-cause mortality. This appears to be independent of treatment type and may not be solely explained by comorbidity status. Further studies controlling for comorbidity and treatment burden should be explored.
Partial vs. radical nephrectomy and the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, and nephrological outcomes
Authors: Breau Rodney H. , Kapoor Anil , Nash Danielle M. , Rowe Neal , Cristea Octav , Chan Garson , Dixon Stephanie N. , McArthur Eric , Tajzler Camilla , Kumar Ravi , Vinden Christopher , Izawa Jonathan , Garg Amit X. , Luke Patrick P.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: The study’s objective was to examine the effects of renal preservation surgery on long-term mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, and renal-related outcomes.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all partial (n=575) and radical nephrectomies (n=882) for tumors ≤7 cm in diameter between 2002 and 2010 across three academic centers in Ontario, Canada. We linked records from provincial databases to assess patient characteristics and outcomes (median seven years’ followup using retrospective data). A weighted propensity score was used to reduce confounding. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization with major cardiovascular events, non-cancer related mortality, kidney cancer-related mortality, and dialysis.

Results: Mean one-year postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 71 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the partial group and 52 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the radical group. Partial nephrectomy was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in the first five years after surgery (hazard ratio [HR] 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.66), which did not extend beyond five years (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.68–1.49). Kidney cancer-related mortality was lower in the partial compared to the radical group for the first four years after surgery (HR 0.16; 95% CI 0.04–0.72). There were no significant differences between the groups for cardiovascular outcomes or non-cancer related deaths.

Conclusions: Overall survival and cancer-specific survival was reduced in radical nephrectomy patients. However, despite reduced renal function in the radical nephrectomy group, non-cancer -related death, cardiovascular events, and dialysis were not significantly different between groups. Long-term benefits of partial nephrectomy may be less than previously believed.
Analysis and Optimization of Image Quality Evaluation Function in Computer-aided Alignment of Precision Optical System
Authors: Luo Yong
Published: May 2020

The consistent application of computer-aided alignment technology could surmount aimlessness and significantly shorten the align period of complex optical systems. Wherein, the appropriate system image evaluation function is the primary condition to solve the system misalignment successfully. This paper first establishes the relationship between the amount of misalignment and the system aberration through mathematical modelling and then analyzes the relationship between Zernike coefficient, geometric aberration and system image quality in detail, proposes to construct a system image evaluation system using the idea of Zernike coefficient weighting to solve the problem of numerical instability and imprecision of the solutions caused by the direct selection of Zernike coefficients. Subsequently, the experimental alignment of an infrared optical system was performed using the optical system image quality evaluation method established in this paper. The alignment results showed that the RMS value of the system image quality improved by 24.8% under the same solving algorithm compares to the direct selection of the Zernike coefficient and the weighted Zernike coefficient as the system image quality evaluation function. Therefore, the application of the weighted Zernike coefficient-based optical system image evaluation function proposed in this paper is reasonable, feasible, and effective in the computer-aided alignment process.
How Big Tobacco uses disruptive tactics to deny child rights to be tobacco-free
Authors: Jones A.
Published: May 2020

The denial of children's rights is at the heart of the tobacco industry's interference in health policies. Big Tobacco (composed of the five largest tobacco companies) controls 80% of the global market, and mergers and acquisitions have solidified interference on an industrial scale.
Driven by shareholder demand for profits, the industry needs children to replace the sick, the dying and those that have stopped smoking. With no apparent intention of ending their marketing of addictive, lethal products, which kill 8 million people a year, the industry is aggressively releasing
new products and using front groups, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and philanthropy to disrupt tobacco control. The industry presents itself as caring about children and positions itself as part of the solution, not the problem. While the interference tactics of Big Tobacco are well
documented, their misleading concerns about children (while simultaneously denying their rights) demands a more strategic response, with integrated use of treaties and frameworks to protect children. For this review, searches were conducted between 2015 and 2019 for articles in English referring
to tobacco industry tactics that harm child health rights. A narrative synthesis was used to combine the evidence and author's experience in industry reporting. The analysis reveals that the tobacco industry delays interventions to protect children by expanding its use of allied front groups,
flooding markets with novel products and disrupting tobacco control policies. To combat this approach, stakeholders in health need to reclaim the child health agenda. A variety of existing mechanisms can be used to develop more integrated and policy coherent reporting processes for protecting
current and future generations of children.
Myopenia and Musculoskeletal Aging in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Xu Dan , Xu Jiake , Dai Lei
Published: May 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the commonest inflammatory arthritis, is a debilitating disease leading to decreased functional capacity, social disability and reduced quality of life. RA affects multisystems with chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destructive synovitis and muscular dysfunction leading to premature musculoskeletal aging, which has been coined with many terms including myopenia, sarcopenia, cachexia, muscle failure and muscle wasting. Myopenia is described as the presence of clinically relevant muscle wasting due to any illness at any age, associated with impaired muscle function, increased morbidity and mortality. RA myopenia has significantly less muscle mass compared to the general population muscle loss showing preservation or slight increase in fat mass. RA myopenia is unique compared to chronic disease-related myopenia in cancer, chronic heart failure, kidney disease and chronic infection as it is rarely accompanied by a net weight loss. RA myopenia has younger-age onset compared to elderly primary sarcopenia, while higher-grade inflammation has been considered as the pathophysiology of muscle wasting. Research, however, indicates that inflammation itself cannot fully explain the high prevalence of muscle wasting in RA. This chapter aims to review the literature on the casual relationships among RA myopenia, premature musculoskeletal aging and management strategies to delay musculoskeletal aging.
Correlation among Human Resource Flexibility Strategy, Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Performance in Ecotourism Industry
Authors: Huang Ling-Chuan , Hsu Ping-Fu
Published: May 2020

To satisfy the demands for production peak, reduce personnel costs for labor, limit the increase of employees in enterprises, and focus on corporate specialty to develop the competitive advantage, enterprises would generally apply human resource flexibility strategy to achieve the objectives. The practice of human resource flexibility strategy would change work-related characteristics; besides, the effect of the system on employees would decide the effort, absenteeism, or turnover. Aiming at supervisors and employees in ecotourism, as the research objects, a total of 500 copies of questionnaire are distributed, and 351 valid copies are retrieved, with the retrieval rate of 70%. The research results reveal positive and significant effects of 1. human resource flexibility strategy on organizational citizenship behavior, 2. organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance, and 3. human resource flexibility strategy on organizational performance. According to the results, suggestions are eventually proposed, expecting to provide essential assistance for the human resource flexibility strategy in ecotourism and assist in the sustainable development.
Immunological Monitoring of Osteogenesis Disorder
Authors: Viktorovna Berdyugina Olga , Alexandrovich Berdyugin Kirill
Published: May 2020

The study of immune responses of peripheral blood in bone regeneration for bone formation predicting complications is relevant. Studies were carried out on patients with the facial skeleton injury before and after stable osteosynthesis of the mandible in a fixing device for external fixation. Of the 136 patients, 17 people’s bone tissue regeneration has been slow. Laboratory tests were carried out before and after the operation. The studies included the study of cellular immunity, humoral immunity, phagocytosis, acute phase proteins and cytokine status. The obtained data were processed using variation statistics methods and the modified theorem of T. Bayes. The study revealed that alternating stages of regeneration of bone tissue (inflammation, proliferation of osteoblasts, collagenogenesis and ossification) are accompanied by changes in the immunological status. A comparative study of the dynamics of immunological parameters at normal and slow osteogenesis had made it possible to establish criteria for delayed consolidation of bone tissue. Prognostic criteria before the operations include increasing the concentration of IgM and decreasing the concentration of C-reactive protein, in the early postoperative period-increasing the number of leukocytes, the concentration of tumor necrosis factor, IgM, as well as reducing the number of CD45+CD3+-cells, the complement activity and the amount of lactoferrin.
Flight Vehicle Performance
Authors: Baghiyan Aram
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, the problem of flight vehicle performance is described. Performance parameters, such as lift-to-drag ratio, maximum and minimum level flight speed, speeds for the best rate of climb, steepest climb, maximum range and endurance, and most economical climb are described using graphical methods, such as drag polar, Zhukovsky curves with combination of analytical derivations. The approach of graphical description of flight vehicle performance allows to understand the physical basics of the aerodynamic properties of flight vehicles easier and to develop deeper connectivity between their interpretations. In addition, flight envelope and operational limits are discussed using both analytical and graphical methods for better understanding.
Magnetic Levitation Based Applications in Bioscience
Authors: Ozefe Fatih , Arslan Yildiz Ahu
Published: May 2020

Contactless manipulation of small objects, such as micro−/nanoparticles, biological entities, and even cells is required in varied applications in biosciences. Magnetic levitation (MagLev) is a new-generation methodology to achieve contactless magnetic manipulation of objects. Lately, magnetic levitation methodology has been utilized in several applications in bioscience, such as biosensors, diagnostics and tissue engineering. Magnetic levitation enables separation or positioning of objects in three-dimensional (3D) space based on their density features. Therefore, density-based separation assays utilizing magnetic levitation for biosensing or diagnostic purposes are developed recently. Specific particles or cells, which are markers of any disease, could be detected by sorting them based on density differences through magnetic levitation. On the other hand, tissue engineering studies and production of self-assembled 3D cell culture structures are carried out by magnetic levitation, where cells are magnetically positioned while allowing cell-cell interaction resulting in 3D cell culture formation. Lately, magnetic levitation methodologies received more interest in the field of bioscience due to advantages about the efficiency and cost. This contribution broadly summarizes recent efforts in magnetic levitation techniques that are mainly applied in diagnostics and tissue engineering.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Disruption in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Mathew Rajamma
Published: May 2020

A number of systemic diseases lead to pulmonary hypertension (PH), a serious disorder with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Irrespective of the underlying disease, endothelial dysfunction or disruption plays a key role in the initiation and progression of PH. Endothelial dysfunction and disruption result in impaired vascular relaxation response, activation of proliferative pathways leading to medial hypertrophy and PH. Endothelial cells (EC) play a crucial role in regulating vascular tone and maintaining homeostasis. Caveolin-1, a 21-22 kD membrane protein, interacts with a number of transducing factors and maintains them in a negative conformation. Disruption of EC results in endothelial caveolin-1 loss and reciprocal activation of proliferative pathways leading to PH, and the accompanying loss of PECAM1 and vascular endothelial cadherin results in barrier dysfunction. These changes lead to the irreversibility of PH. Hypoxia-induced PH is not accompanied by endothelial disruption or caveolin-1 loss but is associated with caveolin-1 dysfunction and the activation of proliferative pathways. Removal of hypoxic exposure results in the reversal of the disease. Thus, EC integrity is an important factor that determines irreversibility vs. reversibility of PH. This chapter will discuss normal EC function and the differences encountered in PH following EC disruption and EC dysfunction.
Cohesive Elements or Phase-Field Fracture: Which Method Is Better for Dynamic Fracture Analyses?
Authors: Dally Tim , Bilgen Carola , Werner Marek , Weinberg Kerstin
Published: May 2020

Numerical techniques to simulate crack propagation can roughly be divided into sharp and diffuse interface methods. Two prominent approaches to quantitative dynamic fracture analysis are compared here. Specifically, an adaptive cohesive element technique and a phase-field fracture approach are applied to simulate Hopkinson bar experiments on the fracture toughness of high-performance concrete. The experimental results are validated numerically in the sense of an inverse analysis. Both methods allow predictive numerical simulations of crack growth with an a priori unknown path and determine the related material parameter in a quantitative manner. Reliability, precision, and numerical costs differ however.
Fluid Instabilities and Transition to Turbulence
Authors: S. Roberts Michael
Published: May 2020

Fluid instabilities show up in many places in everyday life, nature and engineering applications. An often seemingly stable system with a gradient will often give rise to the development of instability, which can cascade eventually into turbulence. Governed by the parameters of the flow and fluids, when exposed to perturbation in the system, some wavelengths will grow, while others will not. This selectivity of specific structure sizes can be determined by using linear stability theory and then accounting for viscosity. Once these unstable wavelengths have grown to a substantial degree, the system typically becomes nonlinear before turbulence eventually sets in. Initially, looking at buoyancy-driven instabilities, one can clearly see how certain wavelengths can be selected. This can be extended to shear-driven instabilities and to geophysical systems. For some flows, simplifications can be made to analyze the specific fluid structures, while for others, only broad conclusions can be drawn about the stability criteria. With parallel shear flows (like that over wings and through pipes), the applications are more obvious, but the equations more difficult. However, conclusions can be drawn as to how one can control, prevent and initiate instability to suit our engineering needs.
Political Gender Gap and Social Dominance Orientation
Authors: Ella Mebane Minou , Aiello Antonio , Francescato Donata
Published: May 2020

In the last 30 years, there was a rise in the political gender gap. The Center for the American Woman and Politics data shows that a larger proportion of women than men vote for the Democratic Party. Women tend to differ from men in several political issues endorsing more welfare policies and progressive policy changes and are less racist than men. Social dominance orientation (SDO) has been theorized to account for political gender differences. Men have higher average levels of SDO than women, everything else being equal. To test the gender invariance hypothesis, we believe it’s important to take into consideration people who not only identify with groups that hold specific hierarchy-enhancing or hierarchy-attenuating ideologies but who participate in them promoting their values and ideas. In this chapter, we describe the findings of research on gender differences in SDO of activists in political parties that range from extreme left-wing to extreme right-wing.
Importance of Air Quality Networks in Controlling Exposure to Air Pollution
Authors: Galán Madruga David
Published: May 2020

An air quality monitoring network (AQMN) is a basic piece of environmental management due to that it satisfies the major role in monitoring of environment emissions, in special relevance to target air pollutants. An adequate installation would lead to support high efficiency of the network. Therefore, AQMN pre-layout should be considered as an essential factor in regarding with the location of fixed measurement stations within AQMN, as the minimum number of sampling points. Nevertheless, once AQMN has been already installed, and given that the spatial air pollutants pattern can vary along time, an assessment of the AQMN design would be addressed in order to identify the presence of potential redundant fixed monitoring stations. This approach would let to improve the AQMN performance, reduce maintenance costs of the network and consolidate the investment on those more efficient fixed stations. The chapter includes aspects relative to air pollutants measured by networks, their representativeness, limitations, importance, and the future needs. It ponders the need of re-assessment of the AQMN layout for assuring (i) a right evaluation of the human being exposure to atmospheric pollutants and controlling the environmental emissions into the atmosphere and (ii) an adequate performance of the network along time.
Infografía sobre la Guerra no tan «Fría», los conflictos subsidiarios
Authors: Spagnuolo Gonzalo
Published: May 2020

El trabajo propuesto para la Práctica de la asignatura consistía en elaborar una infografía en formato vertical sobre un tema específico referente a la Guerra Fría. En mi caso, me decidí desde un principio por tratar el tema de los conflictos subsidiarios, también conocidos como «proxy», con la intención de reflejar el hecho de que esa guerra no fue tan «fría», sino que sus consecuencias, directas e indirectas, han p...
OFFF 2005: cosas que nunca se vieron – Parte II
Authors: Córcoles César
Published: May 2020

Parte II: Soda, Jared Tarbell, Joshua Davis y Branden Hall

Una línea clara une las presentaciones de Soda, Jared Tarbell, Joshua Davis y Branden Hall en el Offf de 2005: en un festival que se presenta a sí mismo como «festival internacional de arte digital y música electrónica», todas ellas pusieron un especial énfasis en la programación y, en el caso de Soda y Jared Tarbell, además en las posibilidades del uso de los conceptos de la física y las matemáticas.
CULTURAL POLICY AND THE RISE OF MULTICULTURALISM STUDY OF FINE ARTS EXHIBITION IN THE 2000s, THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF INDONESIA
Authors: Dewi Citra Smara
Published: May 2020

This study focuses on the role of cultural policy in the rise of multiculturalism with a case study of the Indonesian Art Exhibition, Pameran Seni Rupa Nusantara (PSRN) 2000s, which was initiated by a cultural institution, the National Gallery of Indonesia (GNI). PSRN exhibition is one of the important programs of GNI because it gives space to the artists of the archipelago - not just Java and Bali - to present works of modern-contemporary art rooted in local wisdom. As a nation that has the characteristics of pluralism, the spirit of multiculturalism in art has become very significant, especially in the middle of the Disruption era which is "full of uncertainty". This article uses qualitative research with a historical method approach: heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography, namely the process of writing history based on proven facts. Material Culture analysis approach, shows how history may be read and interpreted through objects/ artefacts/findings used by artists in their works. The results show that the Cultural Policy implemented by GNI is a combination of cultural policies that are authoritarian with the cultural policies of the Command, with an emphasis on the strength of the Potential Localization owned by the Indonesian people.