bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Franklin and Fulke Greville
Authors: Thaler Alwin
Published: November 2006

Benjamin Franklin was always, to quote Carl Van Doren, “an avid,
powerful reader of many books. There were always books in his inner life,
books in his business, books in his friendships.” His effective initiative
in the organization and development of the Junto's subscription library,
later the Philadelphia Library, is one conspicuous illustration of this
life-long habit of his mind and heart; but every reader of the
Autobiography knows that, besides providing
books for others, Franklin used them in his own writing, early and late.
Witness the memorable passages in which he recalls his self-imposed
“exercises” in “improving my language”—not to mention Alexander Pope's—by
“imitating” The Spectator or the
Essay on Criticism, and digesting Locke,
Shaftesbury, and others. In this note I wish to call particular attention to
a hitherto unnoticed by-product of Franklin's “bookish inclination,” a
recollection from a notable Elizabethan poet.
The New Realism and a National Literature
Authors: Spencer Benjamin T.
Published: November 2006

By the middle of the nineteenth century the controversy over the
possibility and desirability of a national American literature had
diminished to a somewhat feeble reiteration of old pros and cons. Moreover,
Whitman's vigorous renewal of the demand for a distinctly national
literature in his 1855 Preface to Leaves of Grass
went virtually unnoticed by reason of his own obscurity and the disruption
of national unity by sectional disputes. In the upsurge of nationalistic
optimism following the Civil War, however, in the promises afforded by a
strong and humanitarian Union, the sentiment for a literature distinct
through its expression of the new national idealism was both widespread and
ardent. But this post-war literary nationalism was short-lived. Before the
skeptical attacks of many literary critics and the rising materialism of the
Gilded Age, hope for a national literature once more gave way to
indifference or despair. If the controversy was to be revived, some new
literary stimulus, some new mode or approach toward the achievement of an
American literature would have to be forthcoming. Such a stimulus was
provided in the rise of realism. The conflict between the new realism and
the old romanticism in the 1870's and 1880's is a well-known chapter in the
history of American criticism, but the relationship of this new realism to
the production of a national literature as it was viewed in the two decades
before Whitman's death has not received adequate attention.
The “Fair Unknown” in Malory
Authors: Wilson Robert H.
Published: November 2006

A resemblance between Malory's story of Gareth in Book vii of the Morte Darthur and the romances of the “Fair Unknown” group has been noted frequently, and described as “slight,” “undeniable,” or “distant” according to the critic's point of view. It has never been considered in any of the thorough studies of the group, and has more than once been completely ignored in the presentation of similarities between Malory's account and other medieval stories.
The Real Martin Marprelate
Authors: McGinn Donald J.
Published: November 2006

The first pamphlet issued in the Martin Marprelate controversy, the Epistle to the right puissante and terrible priests, represents the earliest experiment in the dissemination of printed matter in colloquial English for the purpose of influencing public opinion. In order to acquaint the common people with the Puritan criticism of the episcopacy, the author, calling himself Martin Marprelate, hit upon the idea of playing the buffoon in print. In a sort of monologue consisting of simple words and short sentences he mingles seemingly good-humored raillery with bits of scandal about various prominent clergymen. With this device to arouse the curiosity of his readers he attacks the basic organization of the Established Church. The Epistle set the pace for the whole fight.
Tennyson and the Reviewers 1830–1842
Authors: Shannon Edgar Finley
Published: November 2006

Much has been written about the influence of the early reviewers on Tennyson. Professor Lounsbury, who has made the only real printed effort at a scholarly analysis of the question, believed the influence to be very slight. I shall attempt here to collect and sift the evidence afresh and to determine as clearly as possible the part which the reviewers played in Tennyson's ten-years' silence after the publication of his first two independent volumes (1830, 1833), in his revisions and suppressions of poems in them, and in his choice of subjects and expression of ideas in the new poems of 1842.
Anmerkungen zur Dichtung von Léon-Paul Fargue
Authors: Naumann Walter
Published: November 2006

Der französische Dichter Léon-Paul Fargue (geboren 1878) sagt in einer Unterredung mit Frédéric Lefèvre, daβ er beim Wiederlesen seiner Prosagedichte und bei der Prüfung, welche Aenderungen er jetzt, nach vielen Jahren, vornehmen würde, immer auf die alte Fassung zurückgekommen sei als die beste, um das auszudrücken, was er beschreiben wollte. Diese Aeusserung erstaunt den Leser, der bei der ersten Lektüre Fargue's vieles Bizarre, ja Willkürliche festzustellen meint. Wenn er sich aber nach wiederholter Lektüre ein Verständnis des Dichters verschafft hat, erscheinen ihm seine Gedichte nicht mehr als unbegründet phantastisch, sondern als notwendig. Diese Notwendigkeit, die einen gewiβen sicheren Glanz ausstrahlt,—“splendor veri” sagen die Platoniker—ist die Form des Geschriebenen. Die wirkliche Form, wollen wir sie einmal “innere” Form nennen, hat nichts mit der “äusseren” Form zu tun, die die Sitte verlangt. Ein Sonett, eine Ode kann absolut formlos, mit Leere aufgepumpt sein, während ein Fragment, ja ein Satz vollkommen geformt sein, in sich selbst, ja für sich selbst bestehen können. Ein geformtes Geschriebenes ist erreicht, wenn die Wort-Materie und die Vision des Autors sich absolut decken, wenn die Materie durch und durch verwandelt ist vom Geist, so daβ sich das Geformte vom Autor vollkommen ablöst, in sich selbst ruht, und ein eigenes Leben mit eigener Wirkung beginnt. Aus dieser Ansicht geht hervor, daβ ein Fragment oder ein Prosagedicht ebenso gut eine gültige Form erreichen kann wie ein Sonett oder eine Ode. Ja, den Möglichkeiten der Form des Geschriebenen (und alle geformte Sprache pflegen wir Dichtung zu nennen) ist keine Grenze gesetzt—wobei der durch die Erfahrung bedingte Wert der Konvention ein anderes Kapitel bildet.
The Case for Comedy in Caroline Theatrical Apologetics
Authors: Davis Joe Lee
Published: November 2006

The war waged by the propagandists of Puritan extremism against the Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline stages and the dramatists' counter-strategy of satiric portraiture that was often nothing more than gratuitous misrepresentation of the Puritan as a type are by now a familiar story to students of the Renaissance. How the case for comedy was restated in Caroline theatrical apologetics has not, however, been adequately set forth.
The “Conte Philosophique” Bridging a Century
Authors: McGhee Dorothy M.
Published: November 2006

Literary studies seem frequently to convey the impression that the conte philosophique, as such, became practically a closed book after Voltaire, and that it is to be taken for granted as an eighteenth-century literary form. True, the conte had grown into prominence during a revolutionary era, when caustic impertinence of style had served to enhance its force. True also, sentiment was growing apace with the latter years of the eighteenth century, and this very quality might necessarily tend to preclude further development of such a formula. However, with full cognizance of this fact that sentiment was gaining favor, and that it would of itself tend to disintegrate a literary form essentially devoid of sympathy, one may still venture to present evidence that the conte was a living form long after the French Revolution, and in fact that it would appear to have continued a rather vigorous existence even into the first years of the nineteenth. A point made by M. Mornet seems pertinent. With reference to Voltairian and Rousseauistic influences which progressed simultaneously throughout an entire period, M. Mornet aptly asserts:

L'ardeur des âmes sensibles n'impose jamais silence aux ironies de la critique voltairienne. S'il y a soixante-douze éditions de La Nouvelle Héloïse, de 1762 à 1800, il y en a plus de cinquante de Candide, de 1758 à la Révolution. La pensée française dans la deuxième moitié du xviiie siècle n'est ni rationnelle ou philosophique, ni scientifique ou expérimentale, ni sensible ou mystique. Elie est tout cela à la fois, selon les milieux ou les gens, et parfois dans les memes milieux et chez les mêmes gens.
Localization of LRRK2 to membranous and vesicular structures in mammalian brain
Authors: Biskup Saskia , Moore Darren J. , Celsi Fulvio , Higashi Shinji , West Andrew B. , Andrabi Shaida A. , Kurkinen Kaisa , Yu Seong‐Woon , Savitt Joseph M. , Waldvogel Henry J. , Faull Richard L. M. , Emson Piers C. , Torp Reidun , Ottersen Ole P. , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L.
Published: November 2006

Objective

The PARK8 gene responsible for late‐onset autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease encodes a large novel protein of unknown biological function termed leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). The studies herein explore the localization of LRRK2 in the mammalian brain.

Methods

Polyclonal antibodies generated against the amino or carboxy termini of LRRK2 were used to examine the biochemical, subcellular, and immunohistochemical distribution of LRRK2.

Results

LRRK2 is detected in rat brain as an approximate 280kDa protein by Western blot analysis. Subcellular fractionation demonstrates the presence of LRRK2 in microsomal, synaptic vesicle–enriched and synaptosomal cytosolic fractions from rat brain, as well as the mitochondrial outer membrane. Immunohistochemical analysis of rat and human brain tissue and primary rat cortical neurons, with LRRK2‐specific antibodies, shows widespread neuronal‐specific labeling localized exclusively to punctate structures within perikarya, dendrites, and axons. Confocal colocalization analysis of primary cortical neurons shows partial yet significant overlap of LRRK2 immunoreactivity with markers specific for mitochondria and lysosomes. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis in rodent basal ganglia detects LRRK2 immunoreactivity associated with membranous and vesicular intracellular structures, including lysosomes, endosomes, transport vesicles, and mitochondria.

Interpretation

The association of LRRK2 with a variety of membrane and vesicular structures, membrane‐bound organelles, and microtubules suggests an affinity of LRRK2 for lipids or lipid‐associated proteins and may suggest a potential role in the biogenesis and/or regulation of vesicular and membranous intracellular structures within the mammalian brain. Ann Neurol 2006;60:557–569
Manufacturing Immunity to Disease in a Test Tube: The Magic Bullet Realized
Authors: Lerner Richard A.
Published: November 2006

Although it took over one hundred years, Ehrlich's concept of the magic bullet is now a reality. Today, therapeutic antibodies are, arguably, the most important class of new drugs for the treatment of illnesses ranging from Alzheimer's disease to cancer. The emergence of therapeutic antibodies had to wait for advances in immunochemistry that allowed construction of antibodies in vitro. The centerpiece of the new technology is the combinatorial antibody library, which essentially allows one to synthesize an artificial immune system with a diversity that exceeds that of the natural repertoire. The construction of such libraries was perceived to be difficult because, if the natural immune system was to be used as the starting material, construction of the libraries would entail protocols that are the opposite of usual cloning. In gene cloning one starts with complexity and reduces it to a singularity. In the generation of diversity by construction of combinatorial antibody libraries, one starts with a collection of clones, randomly expands their complexity, and then returns them to recoverable singularities. The methods developed to accomplish this seemingly formidable task now allow construction of antibodies in a test tube to any antigen. These synthetic antibodies may be qualitatively and quantitatively superior to those of nature.
Optimal design of multiproduct batch chemical plant using NSGA‐II
Authors: Sarkar Debasis , Modak Jayant M.
Published: November 2006

The optimal design of a multiproduct batch chemical plant is formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem, and the resulting constrained mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) is solved by the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm approach (NSGA‐II). By putting bounds on the objective function values, the constrained MINLP problem can be solved efficiently by NSGA‐II to generate a set of feasible nondominated solutions in the range desired by the decision‐maker in a single run of the algorithm. The evolution of the entire set of nondominated solutions helps the decision‐maker to make a better choice of the appropriate design from among several alternatives. The large set of solutions also provides a rich source of excellent initial guesses for solution of the same problem by alternative approaches to achieve any specific target for the objective functions. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiobjective optimization of the dynamic operation of an industrial steam reformer using the jumping gene adaptations of simulated annealing
Authors: Sankararao B. , Gupta Santosh K.
Published: November 2006

The performance of the evolutionary technique, multiobjective simulated annealing (MOSA), is improved by the use of adaptations inspired by the concept of jumping genes in biology, because of the added diversity. A computationally intensive, real‐life, two‐objective problem in chemical engineering, namely, the optimization of an industrial steam reformer operating under unsteady‐state conditions, is studied. Sets of nondominated solutions obtained using MOSA and its jumping gene (JG) adaptations are compared with those obtained earlier using a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II). Good agreement between the results obtained by several algorithms is observed. The aJG adaptation of MOSA leads to nondominated optimal solutions having a good maximum spread and reasonable spacing of the points. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of clay dispersion on the foam morphology of LDPE/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Y. H. , Wang K. H. , Park C. B. , Sain M.
Published: November 2006

Intercalated and exfoliated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending with and without a maleated polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAn) as the coupling agent. Their morphology was examined and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of clay content and dispersion on the cell morphology of nanocomposite foams during extrusion foaming process were also thoroughly investigated, especially with a small amount of clay of 0.05–1.0 wt%. This research shows the optimum clay content for achieving microcellular PE/clay nanocomposite foams blown with supercritical CO2. It is found that < 0.1 wt% of clay addition can produce the microcellular foam structure with a cell density of > 109 cells/cm3 and a cell size of ∼ 5 μm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2129–2134, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly[4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenyl methacrylate]‐co‐poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yang Jun , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan
Published: November 2006

A new methacrylic monomer, 4‐(2‐thiazolylazo)phenylmethacrylate (TPMA) was synthesized. Copolymerization of the monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out by free radical polymerization in THF solution at 70 ± 0.5°C, using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly(TPMA‐co‐MMA) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and elemental analysis methods. The polydispersity index of the copolymer was determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the copolymer performed in nitrogen revealed that the copolymer was stable to 270°C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer was higher than that of PMMA. The copolymer with a pendent aromatic heterocyclic group can be dissolved in common organic solvents and shows a good film‐forming ability. Both the monomer TPMA and the copolymer poly (TPMA‐co‐MMA) have bright colors: orange and yellow, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2152–2157, 2007
Photochemical and thermal stability of degradable PE/paper waste composites obtained by extrusion
Authors: Bajer K. , Kaczmarek H. , Dzwonkowski J. , Stasiek A. , Ołdak D.
Published: November 2006

The low‐density polyethylene (PE)/waste paper composites with different components ratio were prepared by extrusion. The photochemical stability of these samples and crystallinity degree of PE in blends were studied using ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of composites were estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the morphological changes were observed by SEM. It was found that after long‐term exposure to UV (100 h) composites undergo more efficient photo‐oxidative degradation when compared with pure PE. Also the thermal stability of composites obtained is lower than that in PE. The results indicate that such a material is characterized by high susceptibility to environmental decomposition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2197–2206, 2007
Synthesis of hexafluoroisopropylidene isophthalic polyesters and copolyesters and the relationship between their structure and gas transport properties
Authors: Loría‐Bastarrachea María I. , Aguilar‐Vega Manuel
Published: November 2006

Two aromatic polyesters and three copolyesters were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation using 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (HFD) and two phthalic dichlorides, isophthaloyl dichloride (ISO) and 5‐tertbutyl‐isophthaloyl dichloride (TERT). The polymers obtained were soluble in common chlorinated solvents. The properties of these aromatic polyesters and copolyesters were characterized by FTIR, density, inherent viscosity, TGA, and DSC. Thermal properties such as glass transition temperature, onset of decomposition, and thermal stability of the homopolymer, poly(hexafluoroisopropilydene)5‐tertbutylisophthalate (HFD/TERT), were higher than those of homopolymer poly(hexafluoroisopropilydene)isophthalate (HFD/ISO). Thermal properties of the copolyesters HFD/TERT‐co‐HFD/ISO depend upon the amounts of the tertbutyl group HFD/TERT, present in the copolymer. Gas permeability coefficients of all polyarylates were measured at 35°C. The effect of different concentrations of the bulky tertbutyl group at the 5‐position in the isophthaloyl moiety on He, O2, N2, and CO2 permeability, diffusion, and solubility coefficients were determined. Gas permeability and diffusivity increase as the concentration of TERT moiety increases in the copolymers. The results indicate that polymers containing the largest amounts of the bulky lateral tertbutyl group show the highest gas permeability. The increment in gas permeability and diffusivity produces a decrease in selectivity, which is attributed to the effect of the large pendant tertbutyl groups in the aromatic polyesters and copolyesters, which decrease the chain packing efficiency and induce a larger fractional free volume. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2207–2216, 2007
Optical properties of colloidal crystalline arrays composed of hollow polystyrene spheres
Authors: Nakamura Hiroshi , Ishii Masahiko
Published: November 2006

We have evaluated the optical properties of close‐packed and non close‐packed colloidal crystalline arrays made of hollow polystyrene spheres. Close‐packed colloidal crystalline arrays were fabricated by simple evaporation of dispersions, whereas nonclose‐packed colloidal crystalline arrays were fabricated by exploiting electrostatic interactions between the spheres in aqueous dispersion. Optical properties of the arrays were estimated from angle‐resolved reflection spectra. The Bragg diffraction peak of the colloidal crystalline array made of hollow spheres was of shorter wavelength than in the case of solid spheres, not only for the close‐packed array but also for the nonclose‐packed array. These shifts were caused by a decrease in the effective refractive index neff with decreasing particle refractive index. We have found that this relationship could be explained by the simple equation neff = nparticleϕ+ nsolvent (1 − ϕ), where ϕ is the volume fraction of the particles, for both close‐packed and non close‐packed arrays. The current work suggests new possibilities for the creation of advanced colloidal crystals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2364–2368, 2007
Crystallization and morphology of cholesterol end‐capped poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Qiu Yuan‐Jin , Xu Jun‐Ting , Xue Liang , Fan Zhi‐Qiang , Wu Zhong‐Hua
Published: November 2006

Crystallization and morphology of polyethylene glycol with molecular weight Mn = 2000 (PEG2000) capped with cholesterol at one end (CS‐PEG2000) and at both ends (CS‐PEG2000‐CS) were investigated. It is found that the bulky cholesteryl end group can retard crystallization rate and decrease crystallinity of PEG, especially for CS‐PEG2000‐CS. Isothermal crystallization kinetics shows that the Avrami exponent of CS‐PEG2000 decreases as crystallization temperature (Tc). The Avrami exponent of CS‐PEG2000‐CS increases slightly with Tc, but it is lower than that of CS‐PEG2000. Compared to the perfect spherulite morphology of PEG2000, CS‐PEG2000 exhibits irregular and leaf‐like spherulite morphology, while only needle‐like crystals are observed in CS‐PEG2000‐CS. The linear growth rate of CS‐PEG2000 shows a stronger dependence on Tc than PEG2000. The cholesterol end group alters not only the free energy of the folding surface, but also the temperature range of crystallization regime. The small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) results show that lamellar structures are formed in all these three samples. By comparing the long periods obtained from SAXS with the theoretically calculated values, we find that the PEG chains are extended in PEG2000 and CS‐PEG2000, but they are once‐folded in CS‐PEG2000‐CS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2464–2471, 2007
Mechanical and tribological properties of glass–epoxy composites with and without graphite particulate filler
Authors: Suresha B. , Chandramohan G. , Renukappa N. M. , Siddaramaiah
Published: November 2006

The objectives of this research article is to evaluate the mechanical and tribological properties of glass‐fiber‐reinforced epoxy (G–E) composites with and without graphite particulate filler. The laminates were fabricated by a dry hand layup technique. The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and surface hardness, were investigated in accordance with ASTM standards. From the experimental investigation, we found that the tensile strength and dimensional stability of the G–E composite increased with increasing graphite content. The effect of filler content (0–7.5 wt %) and sliding distance on the friction and wear behavior of the graphite‐filled G–E composite systems were studied. Also, conventional weighing, determination of the coefficient of friction, and examination of the worn surface morphological features by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done. A marginal increase in the coefficient of friction with sliding distance for the unfilled composites was noticed, but a slight reduction was noticed for the graphite‐filled composites. The 7.5% graphite‐filled G–E composite showed a lower friction coefficient for the sliding distances used. The wear loss of the composites decreased with increasing weight fraction of graphite filler and increased with increasing sliding distance. Failure mechanisms of the worn surfaces of the filled composites were established with SEM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2472–2480, 2007
Injection‐molded short hemp fiber/glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene hybrid composites—Mechanical, water absorption and thermal properties
Authors: Panthapulakkal Suhara , Sain Mohini
Published: November 2006

Natural fiber‐based thermoplastic composites are generally lower in strength performance compared to thermoset composites. However, they have the advantage of design flexibility and recycling possibilities. Hybridization with small amounts of synthetic fibers makes these natural fiber composites more suitable for technical applications such as automotive interior parts. Hemp fiber is one of the important lignocellulosic bast fiber and has been used as reinforcement for industrial applications. This study focused on the performance of injection‐molded short hemp fiber and hemp/glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites. Results showed that hybridization with glass fiber enhanced the performance properties. A value of 101 MPa for flexural strength and 5.5 GPa for the flexural modulus is achieved from a hybrid composite containing 25 wt % of hemp and 15 wt % of glass. Notched Izod impact strength of the hybrid composites exhibited great enhancement (34%). Analysis of fiber length distribution in the composite and fracture surface was performed to study the fiber breakage and fracture mechanism. Thermal properties and resistance to water absorption properties of the hemp fiber composites were improved by hybridization with glass fibers. Overall studies indicated that the short hemp/glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites are promising candidates for structural applications where high stiffness and thermal resistance is required. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2432–2441, 2007
A Method of Orthogonal Oligosaccharide Synthesis Leading to a Combinatorial Library Based on Stationary Solid‐Phase Reaction
Authors: Ako Takuro , Daikoku Shusaku , Ohtsuka Isao , Kato Rumiko , Kanie Osamu
Published: November 2006

A new, efficient synthesis of oligosaccharides, which involves solid‐phase reactions without mixing in combination with an orthogonal‐glycosylation strategy, is described. Despite a great deal of biological interest, the combinatorial chemistry of oligosaccharides is an extremely difficult subject. The problems include 1) lengthy synthetic protocols required for the synthesis and 2) the variety of glycosylation conditions necessary for individual reactions. These issues were addressed and solved by using the orthogonal‐coupling protocol and the application of a temperature gradient to provide appropriate conditions for individual reactions. Furthermore, we succeeded in carrying out solid‐phase reactions with neither mechanical mixing nor flow. In this report, the synthesis of a series of trisaccharides, namely, α/β‐L‐Fuc‐(1→6)‐α/β‐D‐Gal‐(1→2/3/4/6)‐α/β‐D‐Glc‐octyl, is reported to demonstrate the eligibility of the synthetic method in combinatorial chemistry.
Triphalangeal thumb in association with split hand/foot: A phenotypic marker for SHFM3?
Authors: Elliott Alison M. , Reed Martin H. , Evans Jane A.
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: At least five distinct loci have been implicated in split hand foot malformation (SHFM). Establishing genotype/phenotype correlations at the chromosomal level may elucidate responsible developmental genes and improve patient management. In our analysis of previously published genetically mapped SHFM cases, preaxial hand involvement was a significant discriminating variable, most commonly seen at the SHFM3 locus (OMIM 600095) at 10q24. Of the 47 SHFM3 patients analyzed, 15 (31.9%) had triphalangeal thumb (TPT), a limb finding not reported at any other locus. METHODS: The association of TPT/split foot, in particular, prompted us to review the literature for similar cases. RESULTS: We ascertained a number of unmapped familial and sporadic cases with TPT/split foot, including a group of patients with triphalangeal thumb‐brachyectrodactyly syndrome. Certain trends were similar in both SHFM3 and these unmapped literature cases. With respect to gender, 7/12 (58%) of mapped SHFM3 cases with TPT/split foot were male whereas 5/12 (42%) were female, compared with 22/50 (44%) males and 28/50 (56%) females among unmapped cases (P = 0.3715). Individuals in both groups usually had bilateral involvement, with 67 and 60% showing bilateral TPT among mapped and literature cases, respectively (P = 0.6714). Bilateral involvement of the feet was even more striking (83% of SHFM3 patients and 96% of literature cases; P = 0.0808). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with TPT/split foot may in fact represent SHFM3 cases and should be evaluated for genomic rearrangements at 10q24. TPT may be identified only by radiographic analysis, emphasizing the importance of imaging these patients and their family members. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Configurations of Nickel–Cyclam Antiviral Complexes and Protein Recognition
Authors: Hunter Tina M. , McNae Iain W. , Simpson Daniel P. , Smith Alison M. , Moggach Stephen , White Fraser , Walkinshaw Malcolm D. , Parsons Simon , Sadler Peter J.
Published: November 2006

Nickel(II)–xylylbicyclam is a potent anti‐HIV agent and binds strongly to the CXCR4 co‐receptor. We have investigated configurational equilibria of NiII–cyclam derivatives, since these are important for receptor recognition. Crystallographic studies show that bothtransandcisconfigurations are readily formed: [Ni(cyclam)(OAc)2]⋅H2O adopts thetrans‐III configuration with axial monodentate acetates, as does [Ni(benzylcyclam)(NO3)2] with axial nitrate ligands, whereas [Ni(benzylcyclam)(OAc)](OAc)⋅2 H2O has an unusual foldedcis‐V configuration with NiIIcoordination to bidentate acetate. UV/Vis and NMR studies show that the octahedraltrans‐III configuration slowly converts to square‐planartrans‐I in aqueous solution. For NiII–xylylbicyclam, a mixture ofcis‐V andtrans‐I configurations was detected in solution. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that crystals of lysozyme soaked in NiII–cyclam or NiII2–xylylbicyclam contain two major binding sites, one involving NiIIcoordination to Asp101 and hydrophobic interactions between the cyclam ring and Trp62 and Trp63, and the second hydrophobic interactions with Trp123. For NiII–cyclam bound to Asp101, thecis‐V configuration predominates.
The burden of fatigue and quality of life in myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs)
Authors: Mesa Ruben A. , Niblack Joyce , Wadleigh Martha , Verstovsek Srdan , Camoriano John , Barnes Sunni , Tan Angelina D. , Atherton Pamela J. , Sloan Jeff A. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND.

Few objective data exist on the burden of fatigue and other constitutional symptoms in patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD).

METHODS.

The authors used validated instruments of fatigue and physical activity assessment during an Internet‐based symptom survey of 1179 MPD patients (median age, 56 years; 41.4% men).

RESULTS.

The frequency of self‐reporting was 80.7% for fatigue, which was substantially higher than that of pruritus (52.2%), night sweats (49.2%), bone pain (43.9%), fever (13.7%), and weight loss (13.1%). In the majority of patients, these symptoms restricted participation in both social functions and physical activity. In addition, 34.5% of patients needed assistance with activities of daily living, and 11.2% reported MPD‐associated medical disability. As expected, the presence of myelofibrosis, anemia, splenomegaly, or other features associated with advanced disease favored a higher degree of fatigue. However, fatigue remained the major complaint also in polycythemia vera (84.9%) and essential thrombocythemia (72.4%); these figures were significantly higher than those of published controls (P < .0001).

CONCLUSIONS.

The current study identifies fatigue as the major contributor to poor quality of life in MPD, provides baseline information on constitutional symptoms, and underscores the need for the incorporation of quality of life assessment in clinical trials. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Adult neurogenesis: A common strategy across diverse species
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Benton Jeanne L. , Sandeman David C. , Beltz Barbara S.
Published: November 2006

Adult neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from adult precursor cells, occurs in the brains of a phylogenetically diverse array of animals. In the higher (amniotic) vertebrates, these precursor cells are glial cells that reside within specialized regions, known as neurogenic niches, the elements of which both support and regulate neurogenesis. The in vivo identity and location of the precursor cells responsible for adult neurogenesis in nonvertebrate taxa, however, remain largely unknown. Among the invertebrates, adult neurogenesis has been particularly well characterized in freshwater crayfish (Arthropoda, Crustacea), although the identity of the precursor cells sustaining continuous neuronal proliferation in these animals has yet to be established. Here we provide evidence suggesting that, as in the higher vertebrates, the precursor cells maintaining adult neurogenesis in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii are glial cells. These precursor cells reside within a specialized region, or niche, on the ventral surface of the brain, and their progeny migrate from this niche along glial fibers and then proliferate to form new neurons in the central olfactory pathway. The niche in which these precursor cells reside has many features in common with the neurogenic niches of higher vertebrates. These commonalities include: glial cells functioning as both precursor and support cells, directed migration, close association with the brain vasculature, and specialized basal laminae. The cellular machinery maintaining adult neurogenesis appears, therefore, to be shared by widely disparate taxa. These extensive structural and functional parallels suggest a common strategy for the generation of new neurons in adult brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:574–584, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of energy transfer conditions on the chemical degradation of frying oil
Authors: Achir Nawel , Kara Wassila , Chipeaux Christophe , Trezzani Isabelle , Cuvelier Marie Elisabeth
Published: November 2006

The effects of temperature, heating time (continuous or discontinuous mode), and water steam on sunflower oil deterioration have been investigated. Oil was heated at three temperatures, 120, 150, and 190 °C, during a total period of 60 h to achieve a wide range of degradation degrees. At 190 °C, 9 h of discontinuous heating were achieved, and oil degradation was compared to the previous treatment. Water steam treatment was investigated at two oil temperatures, 120 and 150 °C, by frying food model samples that provided a vapor flow of 1.2 g/min during about 30 h. Energy consumptions of the fryers have been measured for each experiment. Thermooxidative degradation of heated oils was evaluated by the measurement of conjugated dienes, viscosity and total polar compounds. All these indicators showed that for the same heating time, oil degradation was more important at 190 °C, and most of all for an intermittent heating. However, the results showed a good correlation between oil degradation and the fryer energy consumption for all the heating experiments, continuous or discontinuous. The presence of water seemed to modify this correlation. These results highlight the complexity of oil degradation during frying, depending on oil temperature, heating mode and presence of water, which can be expressed in energy consumption.
Bound volatile compounds and essential oil from the fruit of Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. (osage orange)
Authors: Jerkovic Igor , Mastelic Josip , Marijanovic Zvonimir
Published: November 2006

The bound and free volatile compounds from Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. (osage orange fruit) have been studied by GC and GC–MS. The free volatiles amounted to 230 mg/kg and the content of bound volatiles was 10 mg/kg. Identified compounds consist of aliphatic constituents (free, 28.3%; bound, 27.6%), phenylpropane derivatives along with related compounds (free, 5.1%; bound, 36.0%), monoterpenes along with sesquiterpenes (free, 54.9%; bound, 15.5%) and other compounds (bound, 1.6%). In total, 39 bound volatiles were identified, with eugenol (9.9%) and p‐cresol (9.6%) being the major components. As far as we know, this is the first report on bound volatiles of osage orange fruit and 12 compounds were established to be identical by comparison with the free volatiles. The principal constituents of the essential oil were elemol (19.2%), 1‐dodecanol (9.7%), trans‐caryophyllene (5.6%) and n‐hexyl hexanoate (5.4%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple methods for assessing haplotype‐environment interactions in case‐only and case‐control studies
Authors: Kwee L.C. , Epstein M.P. , Manatunga A.K. , Duncan R. , Allen A.S. , Satten G.A.
Published: November 2006

For investigating haplotype‐environment interactions in case‐control studies, one can implement statistical methods based either on a retrospective likelihood (modeling the probability of haplotype and environment conditional on disease status) or a prospective likelihood (modeling the probability of disease status conditional on haplotype and environment). Retrospective approaches are generally more powerful than prospective approaches, but require an explicit model of the joint distribution of haplotype and environmental factors in the sample with the latter being particularly unattractive to specify. To resolve this issue, we propose a number of simple retrospective procedures for haplotype‐environment interaction analysis that do not require explicit modeling of environmental covariates in the sample. We first consider a cases‐only procedure, followed by a simple likelihood for case‐control data that is proportional to the full‐retrospective likelihood. Finally, we consider a retrospective procedure for inference on haplotype‐environment interaction effects in matched or finely‐stratified case‐control studies. Our methods are based on the assumptions that haplotypes and environmental covariates are independent in the target population and that disease is rare. We illustrate our approaches using case‐control data from the Finland‐United States Investigation of Non‐Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (FUSION) genetic study and simulated data. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate activates c‐fos in glial cells via a novel mechanism involving the glutamate receptor subtype mGlu5 and the transcriptional repressor DREAM
Authors: Edling Ylva , Ingelman‐Sundberg Magnus , Simi Anastasia
Published: November 2006

Activation of c‐fos in brain is related to coupling of neuronal activity to gene expression, but also to pathological conditions such as seizures or excitotoxicity‐induced cell death. Glutamate activates c‐fos in neurons through the calcium‐dependent phosphorylation of CREB by ERK and/or CaMKIV kinase pathways downstream NMDA‐receptors. In glial cells, however, the activation of c‐fos by glutamate is poorly understood. Because glial cells actively modulate neuronal excitability and the brain's response to injury, we studied the mechanisms by which glutamate activates c‐fos in rat cortical glial cells. Glutamate potently induced c‐fos mRNA in a calcium‐dependent manner, as demonstrated by using the calcium chelator BAPTA‐AM. Glutamate‐induced c‐fos mRNA expression was not sensitive to inhibitors of ERK, p38MAPK, or CaMK pathways, indicating that glial c‐fos is activated by a distinct mechanism. Thapsigargin abolished the glutamate effect on c‐fos mRNA, indicating ER calcium mobilization. Additionally, glutamate induction of c‐fos mRNA was sensitive to the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP but not the NMDA‐R antagonist MK‐801. In luciferase reporter assays, DRE, which actively represses c‐fos by binding the calcium‐binding transcriptional repressor DREAM, was activated by glutamate, whereas SRE and CRE were not. Finally, glutamate caused the nuclear export of DREAM in astrocytes, and transfection of astrocytes with a mutant variant of DREAM that constitutively binds DNA inhibited glutamate‐induced c‐Fos expression. These findings are in sharp contrast to the mechanism described in neurons and suggest a novel pathway activated by glutamate in glial cells that employs mGluR5, ER calcium, and the derepression of c‐fos at the DRE. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐involvement work practices and analysts' forecasts of corporate earnings
Authors: Benson George S. , Young Susan M. , Lawler III Edward E.
Published: November 2006

Research has shown that high‐involvement work practices are positively related to corporate financial performance. However, it is unknown if investors are able to use information on high‐involvement practices to predict the performance of specific companies. In this study, we examine earnings forecasts for a sample of Fortune 1000 firms and find professional stock analysts consistently underestimated the earnings of firms that made greater use of high‐involvement practices during the 1990s. Based on data collected from newspaper articles and annual reports, we argue that these lower estimates resulted from a lack of information on innovative HR practices. Recommendations to managers for disseminating information on and leveraging highinvolvement HR practices are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ice regime of the lower Peace River and ice‐jam flooding of the Peace‐Athabasca Delta
Authors: Beltaos Spyros , Prowse Terry D. , Carter Tom
Published: November 2006

The Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD) in northern Alberta is one of the world's largest inland freshwater deltas, home to large populations of waterfowl, muskrat, beaver, and free‐ranging wood bison. Beginning in the mid‐1970s, a paucity of ice‐jam flooding in the lower Peace River has resulted in prolonged dry periods and considerable reduction in the area covered by lakes and ponds that provide a habitat for aquatic life in the PAD region. Using archived hydrometric data and in situ observations, the ice regime of the lower Peace is described and quantified, setting the stage for identification of the conditions that lead to ice‐jam flooding and replenishment of Delta habitat. The first such condition is the occurrence of a mechanical, as opposed to a thermal, breakup event; second, the river flow should be at least 4000 m3/s; and third, an ice jam should form within the last 50 km of the Peace River. The type of breakup event depends on the freeze‐up stage and spring flow. The former has increased as a result of flow regulation, and the latter has decreased owing to changing climatic patterns. Both trends tend to inhibit the occurrence of mechanical breakups and contribute to less frequent ice‐jam flooding. Potential mitigation strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climatic effects on ice‐jam flooding of the Peace‐Athabasca Delta
Authors: Beltaos S. , Prowse T. , Bonsal B. , MacKay R. , Romolo L. , Pietroniro A. , Toth B.
Published: November 2006

The Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD) in northern Alberta is one of the world's largest inland freshwater deltas, home to large populations of waterfowl, muskrat, beaver, and free‐ranging wood bison. In recent decades, a paucity of ice‐jam flooding in the lower Peace River has resulted in prolonged dry periods and considerable reduction in the area covered by lakes and ponds that provide habitat for aquatic life in the PAD region. Building on previous work that has identified the salient hydro‐climatic factors, the frequency of ice‐jam floods is considered under ‘present’ (1961–1990) and ‘future’ (2070–2099) climatic conditions. The latter are determined using temperature and precipitation output from the Canadian Climate Centre's second‐generation Global Climate Model (CGCM2) for two different greenhouse‐gas/sulphate emission scenarios. The analysis indicates that the ice season is likely to be reduced by 2–4 weeks, while future ice covers would be slightly thinner than they are at present. More importantly, a large part of the Peace River basin is expected to experience frequent and sustained mid‐winter thaws, leading to significant melt and depleted snowpacks in the spring. Using an empirical relationship between ice‐jam flood occurrence and size of the spring snowpack, a severe reduction in the frequency of ice‐jam flooding is predicted under both future‐climate scenarios that were considered. In turn, this trend is likely to accelerate the loss of aquatic habitat in the PAD region. Implications for potential mitigation and adaptation strategies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstruction of multi‐century flood histories from oxbow lake sediments, Peace‐Athabasca Delta, Canada
Authors: Wolfe Brent B. , Hall Roland I. , Last William M. , Edwards Thomas W. D. , English Michael C. , Karst‐Riddoch Tammy L. , Paterson Andrew , Palmini Roger
Published: November 2006

Floods caused by ice‐jams on the Peace River are considered to be important for maintaining hydro‐ecological conditions of perched basins in the Peace‐Athabasca Delta (PAD), Canada, a highly productive and internationally recognized northern boreal ecosystem. Concerns over the potential linkages between regulation of the Peace River in 1968 for hydroelectric production and low Peace River discharge between 1968 and 1971 during the filling of the hydroelectric reservoir, absence of a major ice‐jam flood event between 1975 and 1995, and low water levels in perched basins during the 1980s and early 1990s have sparked numerous environmental studies largely aimed at restoring water levels in the PAD. Lack of sufficient long‐term hydrological records, however, has limited the ability to objectively assess the importance of anthropogenic factors versus natural climatic forcing in regulating hydro‐ecological conditions of the PAD. Here, we report results of a paleolimnological study on laminated sediments from two oxbow lakes in the PAD, which are located adjacent to major flood distributaries of the Peace River. Sediment core magnetic susceptibility measurements, supported by results from several other physical and geochemical analyses as well as stratigraphic correspondence with recorded high‐water events on the Peace River, provide proxy records of flood history spanning the past ∼180 and ∼300 years in these two basins. Results indicate that inferred flood frequency has been highly variable over the past 300 years but in decline for many decades beginning as early as the late nineteenth century, well before Peace River regulation. Additionally, several multi‐decadal intervals without a major flood have occurred during the past 300 years. While climate‐related mechanisms responsible for this variability in flood frequency remain to be determined, as does quantifying the relative roles of river regulation and climate variability on hydro‐ecological conditions in the PAD since 1968, these results suggest that ecosystem management strategies for the PAD need to explicitly account for natural variations in flood recurrence intervals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IR, Raman and SERS spectra of 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid
Authors: Varghese Hema Tresa , Panicker C. Yohannan , Philip Daizy , Chowdhury Joydeep , Ghosh Manash
Published: November 2006

IR, Raman and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) were recorded and analysed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed by the ab initio method using RHF/6–21G* basis and they were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values. The effect of the concentration dependence on the SERS intensity of the molecule was studied. The molecular plane assumes a tilted orientation with respect to the silver surface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.