bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10 tips for getting past desk screening and out to reviewers
Authors: Guerin Cally
Published: January 2025

Recently I took on the role of executive editor of a journal, after contributing as a reviewer and associate
editor for many years. As I’ve gradually come to see more and more of the “back end” of academic journals, it becomes clear that
authors are often unaware of how decisions are made regarding their submissions. This piece is thus written from the perspective
of an editor assessing submissions and making decisions on what to send out to review, and what to return to authors as unsuitable
for the particular journal (that is, desk rejecting). So, rather than writing about research into publication, this
Perspective piece comes from my own insider perspective as an academic journal editor. It’s conversational
rather than strictly academic.

My perspective on research publication is informed from multiple directions. I have a professional background in
teaching English for Academic Purposes to culturally and linguistically diverse international students and as an editor for
academic texts. These days I’m a researcher developer in an Australian university where I teach PhD candidates about research
writing; I review for academic journals; I edit an academic journal; I write about my own research – and I receive peer review
that is not always flattering! I’m a monolingual Anglo-Australian woman, with all of the baggage and privilege that entails.
The evolution of sub-disciplinary linguistic trends
Authors: Martín Pedro , León-Pérez Isabel
Published: January 2025

This study examines, from a diachronic stand, the linguistic features of research article titles in a particular
journal in the specific field of experimental medical biology, and how the titling trends of this sub-disciplinary community have
evolved over time. Following a corpus-based textual approach, we have compiled a corpus of 360 titles published in the
Journal of Experimental Medicine over the period 1940–2023. We have mainly focused on the analysis of the
length of titles, their prevalent syntactic structures, the types of information elements that they contain, the use of
promotional lexical items, and their frequency of occurrence. The findings revealed an increasing trend to write longer titles
with more complex syntactic structures and more persuasive information elements. The nominal types that were prevalent in the
first decades, indicating the research topic and describing the methods, have been replaced in more recent decades by verbal
constructions which also report on the most salient results and/or conclusions, whose relevance is emphasised by the use of
persuasive lexical items (boosters and hyperbolic language). These findings point to a major shift over the last few decades
towards an increasing promotional slant of academic titling practices in the sub-discipline of experimental medical biology.
Relating gauge gravity to string theory through obstruction
Authors: Cartwright Casey , Flournoy Alex
Published: January 2025

In this article we provide a more detailed account of the geometry and topology of the composite bundle formalism introduced by Tresguerres (2002 Phys. Rev. D 66 064025) to accommodate gravitation as a gauge theory. In the first half of the article we identify a global structure required by the composite construction which not only exposes how the ordinary frame and tangent bundle expected in general relativity arise but provides the link or connection between these ordinary bundles and the gauge bundles of the composite bundle construction. In the second half of the article we discuss implications of this method of constructing gravity as a fiber bundle for the global structure of spacetime. We find that the underlying manifold of the composite bundle construction is expected to admit, not only a spin structure but also a string structure. As a consequence of our work we are able to extend past work on global structures of physically reasonable spacetime manifolds. It has been shown that in four spacetime dimensions, that if an oriented, Lorentzian, four dimensional manifold is stably casual that it is parallizable, and hence admits a spin structure which allows for chiral spinors. We may now add to this that such a manifold also admits a string structure.
Convergence of Poisson point processes and of optimal transport regularization with application in variational analysis of PET reconstruction
Authors: Mauritz Marco , Wirth Benedikt
Published: January 2025

Poisson distributed measurements in inverse problems often stem from Poisson point processes that are observed through discretized or finite-resolution detectors, one of the most prominent examples being positron emission tomography (PET). These inverse problems are typically reconstructed via Bayesian methods. A natural question then is whether and how the reconstruction converges as the signal-to-noise ratio tends to infinity and how this convergence interacts with other parameters such as the detector size. In this article we carry out a corresponding variational analysis for the exemplary Bayesian reconstruction functional from Mauritz et al (2024 SIAM J. Math. Anal.
56 5840–80); Schmitzer et al (2020 IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging
39 1626–35), which considers dynamic PET imaging (i.e. the object to be reconstructed changes over time) and uses an optimal transport regularization.
Research on the influence of conical micro array chip parameters on fog water collection
Authors: Jin Shaobo , Dong Shizhang , Ye Guoyong , Guo Ruirui , Wei Ziming , Guo Yuqi
Published: January 2025

Conducting research on water collection based on the bionic cactus conical spine structure holds significant importance for arid regions, the key parameters of conical micro array chip (CMAC) affecting the contact area between the micro cones and the fog determine the fog water collection. However, the influence of the conical arrays parameters including cone angle and arrangement on water collection is rarely studied. We present research on the influence of CMAC parameters on fog water collection. The CMACs with different parameters including the cone apex angle and arrangement pattern were designed, and the experiments of the fog water collection were conducted. The experiments explored the impact of arrangement patterns, cone apex angle, the distance and orientation of the CMAC relative to the fog flow, and the surface properties (hydrophilic and hydrophobic) of the CMAC on fog water collection efficiency. Through these experiments, the law of influence of key parameters of the conical arrays on fog water collection efficiency was obtained. The experiments indicate the CMAC with large cone apex angle, hexagonal arrangement and hydrophilic surface has a better water collection efficiency. Further, this research can be beneficial to the advancement and application of water collection devices in arid environments.
Simultaneous tri-parameter surface plasmon resonance photonic crystal fiber sensor
Authors: Wang Yuan , Ge Zihui , Liu Jietao , Song Guofeng
Published: January 2025

This study presents a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) integrated with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor that utilizes two orthogonal polarization core modes for sensing. The PCF features a thin indium tin oxide layer on the inner channel and lower polished surface, an upper polished surface with a thin gold film, and an inner channel filled with magnetic fluid for magnetic field detection. Additionally, a temperature and refractive index sensitive material polydimethylsiloxane is placed on the lower polished surface, while the upper polished surface is designed for refractive index measurement. This multifunctional PCF-SPR sensor offers a compact and efficient solution for simultaneous detection of magnetic fields, temperature, and refractive index variations. The highest magnetic field sensitivity in the range of 0 ∼ 12 Oe is 11.1 nm/Oe, the highest temperature sensitivity in the range of 20 ∼ 400 °C is −0.5 nm °C−1, and the highest refractive index sensitivity in the range of 1.17 ∼ 1.35 μm is 1000 nm RIU−1 . The designed sensor effectively mitigates the cross-sensitivity issues during concurrent measurements of the magnetic field, temperature, and refractive index simultaneously, presenting significant potential for applications in complex environment, including mineral resource exploration, biochemical analysis, defense weapon manufacturing, geological and environmental assessments.
Enhancing Ω phase thermal stability in Al alloys through interstitial ordering
Authors: Zhou Xiaowei , Wang Liwen , Liu Chunxuan , Qiu Jingwen , Liu Hongrong , Liu Ziran
Published: January 2025

Scandium (Sc) can orderly occupy interstitial sites within the Ω phase of aluminum alloys, forming a new phase that significantly enhances the thermal stability of the alloy. However, Sc is relatively expensive and rare. In this work, we employ first-principles calculations to delve into the physical essence interstitial ordering of Sc in enhancing thermal stability at the electronic level, thereby revealing the crucial factors responsible for this improvement. By computationally screening all potential metallic elements across the periodic table, we uncover that, in addition to Sc, a diverse range of elements including lithium (Li), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), and some of rare earth elements (Sm, Ce, Y), possess the potential to contribute to thermal stability enhancement through interstitial ordering mechanisms in aluminum alloys. This study deepens our understanding of microstructural thermal stability and offers novel strategies for designing improved thermally stable Al alloys.
A robust time synchronization algorithm for GNSS/IMU integrated navigation in urban environments
Authors: Li Jiayi , Sun Rui , Wang Yuanyuan , Ochieng Washington Yotto
Published: January 2025

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) are often integrated with inertial measurement units (IMUs) for navigation in urban environments. The ability of these integrated systems to achieve precise positioning and navigation is highly dependent on accurate time synchronization. While the current time synchronization algorithms are capable of achieving millisecond-level synchronization in open environments, their performance deteriorates significantly in complex urban environments due to the impact on GNSS measurements of non-line-of-sight signals and multipath effects. Here we propose a loosely coupled GNSS/IMU integration time synchronization error modeling and compensation algorithm to tackle this problem in the context of urban vehicle navigation. In the algorithm, the time synchronization error is augmented as a state variable in the robust extended Kalman filter (REKF), with the robustness factor threshold being dynamically adjusted based on the time synchronization error. Furthermore, we have designed a system time synchronization detection scheme based on two detection factors, with the aim of achieving high-precision GNSS/IMU time synchronization in complex urban environments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm synchronizes data time to the millisecond level in urban positioning environments. This represents an improvement of more than 90% in time synchronization precision compared to the traditional extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based time synchronization algorithm, and an improvement of more than 60% compared to the REKF-based time synchronization algorithm. Furthermore, compared to the EKF-based GNSS/IMU fusion algorithm, the proposed algorithm enhances the accuracy of the determination of both position and velocity in the horizontal and 3D directions by more than 50% and heading accuracy by 85%.
Impact of input power on the transport of OH radicals generated by an atmospheric pressure surface micro-discharge
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Feng Chunlei , Cui Xiaoqian , Yao Yuan , Ding Hongbin , Chen Longwei
Published: January 2025

Surface micro-discharge (SMD) has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its potential use for a variety of promising applications in the fields of environmental protection, agriculture, and biomedicine. Generally, the plasma is not in direct contact with the treated objects, and the transport of reactive species across the inherent physical distance from the electrode to the treated object is typically assumed to be controlled by electrohydrodynamic force. Power is considered to be the major player when trying to relate plasma parameters to species transport. Here, this paper provides insights into the spatiotemporal evolution of OH radicals transport and the influence of input power on OH transport in an atmospheric pressure helium SMD driven by pulse-modulated power supply using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. Based on the spatiotemporal evolution of OH transport and the spatial distribution, the delivery distance and velocity were calculated with maximum values of 8 mm and 4.11 m s−1, respectively. The instant velocity decreases by approximately an order of magnitude during the first 3 ms. Through the comparison of optical emission patterns and LIF findings, it is found that an increase in the number of microdischarges in the negative half-cycle can be compensated by the increase in the velocity of the positive streamer, with the result that the propagation velocity of reactive species is nearly independent of the external voltage. Finally, the increase in input power causes an increased OH density rather than an increase in the delivery distance and velocity, and OH radicals mostly exist from a distance of 4 mm. In addition, the lack of a portion of the planar electrode can enhance the transport of reactive species in the direction parallel to the dielectric surface whilst reducing their density at constant input power. Considering both transport distance and flux, the configuration featuring an entire powered electrode demonstrates superior performance.
Tunnel hole injection in a unipolar HgCdTe-based laser diode
Authors: Zholudev M S , Litovchenko O M , Morozov S V
Published: January 2025

Construction of a p-doping free HgCdTe-based laser diode is proposed. Hole injection in the active region is done by carrier tunneling from the valence band to the conduction band through the resonance state formed in a series of quantum wells in an external electric field. The charge carriers are localized in the active region by barrier layers with selective resonant tunneling: for holes on one side and for electrons on the other. Calculations of the resonance state providing interband tunneling are carried out.
Everything hot everywhere all at once: neutrinos and hot dark matter as a single effective species
Authors: Upadhye Amol , Mosbech Markus R. , Pierobon Giovanni , Wong Yvonne Y.Y.
Published: January 2025

Observational cosmology is rapidly closing in on a measurement of the sum Mν
of neutrino masses, at least in the simplest cosmologies, while opening the door to probes of non-standard hot dark matter (HDM) models. By extending the method of effective distributions, we show that any collection of HDM species, with arbitrary masses, temperatures, and distribution functions, including massive neutrinos, may be represented as a single effective HDM species. Implementing this method in the FlowsForTheMasses non-linear perturbation theory for free-streaming particles, we study non-standard HDM models that contain thermal QCD axions or generic bosons in addition to standard neutrinos, as well as non-standard neutrino models wherein either the distribution function of the neutrinos or their temperature is changed. Along the way, we substantially improve the accuracy of this perturbation theory at low masses, bringing it into agreement with the high-resolution TianNu neutrino N-body simulation to ≈ 2% at k = 0.1 h/Mpc and to ≤ 21% over the range k ≤ 1 h/Mpc. We accurately reproduce the results of simulations including axions and neutrinos of multiple masses. Studying the differences between the normal, inverted, and degenerate neutrino mass orderings on their non-linear power, we quantify the error in the common approximation of degenerate masses. We release our code publicly at http://github.com/upadhye/FlowsForTheMassesII.
First-Principles Insights into the High-Pressure Stability and Electronic Characteristics of Molybdenum Nitride
Authors: Wang Tao , Wen Ming-Hong , Zhang Xin-Xin , Wang Wei-Hua , Liu Jia-Mei , Wang Xu-Ying , Li Pei-Fang
Published: January 2025

Molybdenum nitride, renowned for its exceptional physical and chemical properties, has garnered extensive attention and research interest. In this study, we employed first-principles calculations and the CALYPSO structure prediction method to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the crystal structures and electronic properties of molybdenum nitride (MoxN1-x) under high pressure. We discovered two novel high-pressure phases: Imm2-MoN3 and Cmmm-MoN4, and confirmed their stability through the analysis of elastic constants and phonon dispersion curves. Notably, the MoN4 phase, with its high Vickers hardness of 36.9 GPa, demonstrates potential as a hard material. The results of this study have broadened the range of known high-pressure phases of molybdenum nitride, providing groundwork for future theoretical and experimental research.
Adaptive anomaly detection disruption prediction starting from first discharge on tokamak
Authors: Ai X.K. , Zheng W. , Zhang M. , Ding Y.H. , Chen D.L. , Chen Z.Y. , Guo B.H. , Shen C.S. , Wang N.C. , Yang Z.J. , Chen Z.P. , Pan Y. , Shen B. , Xiao B.J. ,   J-TEXT team
Published: January 2025

Plasma disruption presents a significant challenge in tokamak fusion, especially in large-size devices like ITER, where it causes severe damage. While current data-driven machine learning methods perform well in disruption prediction, they require extensive discharge data for model training. However, future tokamaks will begin operations without any prior data, making it difficult to train data-driven disruption predictors and select appropriate hyperparameters during the early operation period. In this period disruption prediction also aims to support safe exploration of operation range and accumulate necessary data to develop advanced prediction models. Thus, predictors must adapt to evolving plasma states during this exploration phase. To address these challenges, this study further develops the enhanced convolutional autoencoder anomaly detection (E-CAAD) predictor and proposes a cross-tokamak adaptive transfer method based on E-CAAD. By training the E-CAAD model on data from existing devices, the predictor can effectively distinguish between disruption precursor and non-disruption samples in new device, enabling disruption prediction from the first shot on the new device. Additionally, adaptive learning from scratch and alarm threshold adaptive adjustment strategies are proposed to enable model automatically adapt to changes in the discharge scenario. The adaptive learning strategy enables the predictor to fully use scarce data during the early operation of the new device while rapidly adapting to changes in the discharge scenario. The threshold adaptive adjustment strategy addresses the challenge of selecting alarm thresholds on new devices where the validation set is lacking, ensuring that the alarm thresholds adapt to changes in the discharge scenario. Finally, the experiment transferring the model from J-TEXT to EAST exhibit that this method enables disruption prediction from the first shot on EAST, allowing the predictor to adapt to changes in the discharge scenario and maintain high prediction performance.
Research on end-to-end process model based on process mining for cross-disciplinary domains in power grid industry
Authors: Chen Zhen , Liao Rongzhou , Wu Xiaoquan
Published: January 2025

Conventional end-to-end process models are developed from an end-to-end perspective, which are affected by the inconsistency of massive data in cross-disciplinary domains and fails to meet the model implementation requirements. Therefore, the topic of end-to-end process modeling based on process mining for cross-disciplinary domains in power grid industry is studied. Grid cross-disciplinary domain parameter identifiers are generated to define the key attributes and characteristics of end-to-end processes in the power grid industry. We optimize the goal of closeness of end-to-end process links across professional domains based on process mining, assigning goal weights in terms of the average time delay of process links, the delivery error or abnormal rate, and the number of interactions between processes in different professional domains. The value constraints of the end-to-end process in the power grid industry cross-disciplinary domain are established. The constraints of the end-to-end process, such as security, grid reliability, economy, social responsibility, are taken into account to satisfy the needs of cross-disciplinary domains. Comparative experiments are used to verify that the model has better performance and can be applied in real life.
Comprehensive analysis of electrical faults in shore power systems and research on performance improvement strategies
Authors: Wu Peisen , Xiao Kangcong , Zhang Bo , Zhang Ying
Published: January 2025

The use of shore power by docked ships is an important energy substitute for environmental protection measures, and an efficient and stable shore power system is the cornerstone of achieving green transformation in ports. This study delves into various electrical faults encountered by shore power systems in practical applications, including short circuits, overloads, high and low voltages, and power quality issues. Targeted fault diagnosis techniques and improvement strategies are proposed. The effectiveness of the improvement measures proposed in this paper has been verified through field investigations and simulation experiments, providing a useful reference for eliminating electrical safety hazards in shore power systems.
Overall architecture design of power IoT transmission scenario based on cloud-edge-end collaboration
Authors: Li Hua , Wu Zhengrong , Liu Yunhua , Luo Jialin , Yang Kangping
Published: January 2025

The general architecture of the conventional power IoT transmission scenario mainly uses MPCAuth (mutual proof of consent authentication) mutual authentication protocol for identity authentication, which is vulnerable to the impact of remote deployment expansion, resulting in poor comprehensive performance indicators. Therefore, a general architecture of the power IoT transmission scenario based on cloud-side collaboration is proposed. That is, the cloud-side collaborative classification is used to process the data of the power Internet of Things, optimize the overall architecture response mode of the power Internet of Things transmission scenario, and thus complete the overall architecture design of the power Internet of Things transmission scenario. The experimental results show that the overall architecture of the power IoT transmission scenario designed has good performance indicators, reliability, and certain application value, and has made certain contributions to promoting the development of power informatization and ensuring the quality of power supply and distribution.
Research on fault identification method of high-voltage circuit breaker based on wavelet packet dispersion entropy feature extraction
Authors: Yan Xuefeng , Chen Shengcang , Jin Siming , Liu Hongxu , Ma Shouxiao
Published: January 2025

A high-voltage circuit breaker fault identification approach based on wavelet packet dispersion entropy feature extraction is suggested in order to address the issue of low accuracy of high-voltage circuit breaker fault diagnosis and identification under complicated operation states. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) is used first to break down the vibration signal. The feature matrix is then constructed by calculating the dispersion entropy of each subband. Lastly, the classification algorithm models of support vector machine (SVM), extreme learning machine (ELM), and particle swarm optimized extreme learning machine (PSO-ELM) are compared with the fault diagnosis model of particle swarm optimized support vector machine (PSO-SVM) to diagnose and classify each operating condition state of the circuit breaker. The PSO-SVM fault recognition model’s test set fault diagnostic accuracy is 95.83%, which is noticeably higher than that of the other three models, as demonstrated by the findings, confirming the method’s efficacy.
Investigation of GIS post-arc current test device and post-arc recovery behavior
Authors: Chen Yuexian , He Ruobing , Yuan Linkun , Xu Zhixian , Chen Ke , Li Jinglai
Published: January 2025

GIS is crucial in high-voltage power systems, necessitating high standards of reliability and ease of maintenance. The circuit breaker, as the system’s core component, is vital for the safe operation of both GIS and the broader power grid. During the interruption of high current, plasma exists in the circuit breaker’s contact gap, and its movement, influenced by transient recovery voltage (TRV), leads to post-arc current. Accurately measuring this post-arc current is essential for assessing the circuit breaker’s performance. This paper presents a self-developed testing device that evaluates post-arc current under harmonic influences, exploring how varying short-circuit current frequencies and zero-front current slopes affect the characteristics of the post-arc current in a 126 kV pressurized gas circuit breaker.
An ultra low-power galloping monitoring sensor based on acceleration measuring unit
Authors: Gao Kai , Lu Bo , Xiao Rong , Yao Zhoufei , Zhang Kaili , Wang Mengge
Published: January 2025

The galloping of transmission lines is a phenomenon that transmission lines vibrate and wobble due to the influence of weather, power load, wire distortion and other factors in the process of power transmission. This phenomenon will lead to the tripping of the transmission line, and the damage to tower crossarms, jumpers, and insulators, which will pose a great threat to line operation. In order to detect this phenomenon as early as possible, an ultra low-power sensor based on the acceleration measuring unit (AMU) is designed to monitor the conductor galloping phenomenon on the transmission line. The sensor uses AMU to monitor the original motion parameters of the wire acceleration and angular velocity, and can identify the wave frequency and amplitude accurately by the improved wave characteristic parameter analysis algorithm. At the same time, the galloping monitoring sensor has a low power consumption design, which can detect the galloping phenomenon of the transmission line more safely and stably.
A fault diagnosis method for partial discharge in distribution switchgear based on global Feature-enhanced residual shrinkage network
Authors: Zhuang Qingtao , Zhang Juan , Lin Jianhua , Liu Wanwei
Published: January 2025

Partial Discharge (PD) is a vital indicator of insulation performance and degradation in distribution switchgear. Efficiently and accurately identifying PD fault types is crucial for rectifying equipment anomalies and ensuring the power grid’s reliability. However, current PD diagnosis methods fall short in denoising capabilities and global feature extraction, hindering their effectiveness amidst complex and noisy PD signals. This study introduces the Global Feature-Enhanced Residual Shrinkage Network (GFRSNet) to overcome these challenges. By integrating a non-local module and Residual Attention Denoising modules (RADM), GFRSNet not only captures extensive global feature information but also effectively eliminates noise features from PD signals. This integration enhances the model’s capability to provide more precise and reliable fault diagnosis. Experimental results on our on-site PD dataset show that the GFRSNet attains an accuracy of 94.06%, surpassing many other excellent methods. This indicates that our method has high application value in diagnosing PD fault types.
Controls on coastal saline groundwater across North America
Authors: Kretschmer Daniel V , Michael Holly A , Moosdorf Nils , Essink Gualbert H P Oude , Bierkens Marc F P , Wagener Thorsten , Reinecke Robert
Published: January 2025

Groundwater is crucial to sustaining coastal freshwater needs. About 32 million people in the coastal USA rely on groundwater as their primary water source. With rapidly growing coastal communities and increasing demands for fresh groundwater, understanding controls of continental-scale coastal groundwater salinity is critical. To investigate what hydrogeological factors (e.g. topography, hydraulic conductivity) control coastal saline groundwater at continental scales, we have simulated variable-density groundwater flow across North America with the newly developed Global Gradient-based Groundwater Model with variable Densities (G3M-D). The simulation results suggest that under a steady climate and pre-development conditions (i.e. steady 30-year mean groundwater recharge, no withdrawals nor sea level rise) saline groundwater is present in 18.6% of North America’s coastal zone, defined as up to 100 km inland and up to 100 m above mean sea level. We find that the coastal zone is particularly vulnerable to containing saline groundwater at low hydraulic gradients (<10−4) and large hydraulic conductivities (>10−2 m d−1). To analyze model parameter sensitivities, i.e. which parameters control the resulting distribution of saline groundwater, we utilize the inherent spatial model variability. We find that hydraulic gradient, topographic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and aquifer depth are important controls in different places. However, no factor controls coastal groundwater salinization alone, suggesting that parameter interactions are important. Using G3M-D based on G3M, a model that previous work found to be strongly controlled by topography, we find no controlling influence of recharge variability on the saline groundwater distribution in North America. Despite a likely overestimation of saline interface movement, the model required 492 000 years to reach a near-steady state, indicating that the saline groundwater distribution in North America has likely been evolving since before the end of the last ice age, approximately 20 000 years ago.
Transport analysis of the EHL-2 spherical torus in a high-ion-temperature scenario
Authors: WANG 王 Xueyun 雪韵 , LIU 刘 Wenjun 文军 , YANG 杨 Danke 丹可 , YANG 杨 Guang 光 , TAN 谭 Muzhi 沐芝 , JIANG 姜 Xinchen 欣辰 , XIE 谢 Huasheng 华生 , SHI 石 Yuejiang 跃江 , ZHAO 赵 Hanyue 寒月 , WANG 王 Yumin 嵎民 , LIANG 梁 Yunfeng 云峰 , DONG 董 Jiaqi 家齐 , WU 吴 Bin 斌 , LIU 刘 Chengyue 成岳 , Team the EHL-2
Published: January 2025

EHL-2 is an ENN second-generation device aimed at studying proton-boron (p-11B) fusion reactions in a spherical torus. The design parameters are T
i0 ~ 30 keV, T
i/T
e > 2,

, I
p ~ 3 MA, B
t ~ 3 T, and

~ 0.5 s. High ion temperature is one of the standard operation scenarios of EHL-2, aiming to reduce bremsstrahlung radiation while enhancing plasma parameters by elevating the ion to electron temperature ratio. In order to achieve high ion temperature, neutral beam injection is considered the primary heating method during the flat-top phase. The neutral beam system for EHL-2 comprises 3–5 beams with energy/power ranging from 60 keV/4 MW, 80–100 keV/10 MW, to 200 keV/3 MW. This work conducts predictive analysis on core transport during the flat-top phase of EHL-2’s high-ion-temperature scenario utilizing ASTRA. The study delineates the potential operating range of core temperature and other parameters given the designed heating capacity. Specifically, the study presents predictive simulations based on CDBM, GLF23, Bohm–gyro–Bohm, and IFSPPPL transport models, evaluating the steady-state power balance, energy confinement time, and impact of various parameters such as plasma density and NBI power on core ion temperature. The simulations demonstrate that the design parameters of the EHL-2 high-T
i scenario, although sensitive to varying transport models, are hopefully attainable as long as adequate ion heating and controlled ion transport levels are ensured.
Conceptual framework to integrate food waste research and food systems research
Authors: Rolker Heike B , Cardenas Laura , Reynolds Christian , Takahashi Taro
Published: January 2025

It is estimated that a quarter to one-third of food intended for humans does not fulfil its original purpose. Yet, and despite its universally acknowledged importance for sustainability, mechanisms behind food waste generation are often studied unconnectedly from other challenges surrounding food systems. Here, we examine how concepts, assumptions and frameworks adopted in the food waste literature and the food systems literature overlap, contradict and complement one another. We discuss the current evidence on why and how food waste occurs and discuss modifications required for a conceptual framework to improve the integration between the two groups of studies. The resulting framework makes an explicit distinction between context-specific direct causes and context-independent indirect drivers of food waste, with practice theory interlinking them by portraying human behaviour and associated agency that translate the latter into the former. Central to our conceptualisation is an enhanced recognition that the ultimate cause of food waste is almost always natural decay, which cannot be prevented but can be managed through a systems approach with clear definitions of temporal boundaries.
Effectiveness of different colors of aerial fruit-baited traps for trapping Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Puker Anderson , Ferreira Evangelista Luiz Filipe , Brandão Mattos Diego , Mattos Brandão Carlos Eduardo , Ferreira Evangelista João Pedro , Correa César Murilo de Albuquerque , da Silva Pedro Giovâni , Salomão Renato Portela , Monné Marcela Laura
Published: January 2025

Colored traps can attract or repel insect species, and effects vary among biological groups. Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae are diverse Coleoptera families of ecological and economic importance in forest and agroecosystems. Here, we assessed the effectiveness of different colors of aerial fruit-baited traps in capturing Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae beetles in the Amazon rainforest. We evaluated 4 trap colors: blue, yellow, red, and transparent (control). We sampled Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae beetles from February 2022 to January 2024 in 5 Amazon forests. We collected a total of 1588 individuals and 18 species of Cerambycidae, and 345 individuals and 11 species of Cetoniidae. Species richness and composition of Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae beetles did not differ across the different trap colors. Blue traps exhibited lower abundance of Cerambycidae than did other trap colors. Transparent traps captured more common species (Shannon diversity) than red traps. Moreover, transparent traps harbored more dominant species (Simpson diversity) of Cerambycidae compared to other trap colors. A combination of factors involving the insect with its innate or learned ability to perceive different colors and the characteristics of local vegetation can influence insect preference for certain colors. Our findings provide evidence of the high efficiency of transparent traps for sampling the diversity of Cerambycidae and Cetoniidae beetles in the Amazon rainforest.
Effects of US state paid family leave policies on perinatal and postpartum health: A quasi-experimental analysis
Authors: Wells Whitney M , White Justin S , Collin Daniel F , Wang Guangyi , Modrek Sepideh , Hamad Rita
Published: January 2025

The US is the only high-income country without a national paid family leave (PFL) policy, although several states have implemented policies recently. This study evaluated whether PFL policies in six states improved maternal and infant health. We used difference-in-differences, a quasi-experimental approach, to estimate the impact of state-level policy implementation. We leveraged recently developed methods designed to account for staggered policy implementation and treatment effect heterogeneity. Data were drawn from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2004-2021 waves. Primary outcomes included breastfeeding, maternal postpartum depressive symptoms, and attendance at a postpartum check-up; secondary outcomes included birth outcomes. Multivariable regressions were adjusted for possible confounders. PFL policies led to increased breastfeeding duration (0.53 weeks; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.99) and decreased depressive symptoms (-0.93 percentage points; 95% CI: -1.84 to -0.01). Policies were also associated with worsening of some birth outcomes, possibly reflecting selection in utero, data limitations, or true negative effects. Estimates were largely robust to alternative specifications, with subgroup differences by race/ethnicity and income. This study adds important evidence on the health effects of state-level PFL policies at a critical point when many states are considering or enacting policies, and during ongoing conversations about national PFL policy implementation.
Ancient reticulation, incomplete lineage sorting and the evolution of the pyrenoid at the dawn of hornwort diversification
Authors: Peñaloza-Bojacá Gabriel , Maciel-Silva Adaíses , Cargill D Christine , Bell David , Sessa Emily B , Li Fay-Wei , Burleigh J Gordon , McDaniel Stuart F , Davis E Christine , Endara Lorena , Allen N Salazar , Schafran Peter , Chantanaorrapint Sahut , Duckett Jeffrey G , Pressel Silvia , Solís-Lemus Claudia , Renzaglia Karen S , Villarreal A. Juan Carlos
Published: January 2025

Background and Aims

Resolving the phylogeny of hornworts is critical in understanding the evolution of key morphological characters that are unique to the group, including the pyrenoid. Extensive phylogenomic analyses have revealed unexpected complexities in the placement of Leiosporoceros, the previously identified sister taxon to other hornworts. We explore the role of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and ancient reticulation in resolving interrelationships and comprehending the diversification and evolutionary processes within hornworts.

Methods

Using the GoFlag probe set, we sequenced 405 exons representing 234 nuclear genes, sampling 79 hornwort specimens, including representatives of all hornwort genera. We inferred the species phylogeny from gene tree analyses using concatenated and coalescence approaches, assessed ancient reticulation, ILS, and estimated the timing of divergences based on fossil calibrations.

Key Results

Extreme levels of gene tree incongruence challenge the sister relationship of Leiosporoceros to other hornworts. This phylogenetic discordance is due to incomplete lineage sorting and ancient reticulation, the latter revealed using a network approach to identify evidence of gene flow among hornwort lineages. Hornworts diversification began in the Carboniferous with widespread family-level divergences during the mid-Cretaceous and Paleogene.

Conclusions

Incomplete lineage sorting and ancient reticulation are identified as important in hornwort evolution. Patterns of hornwort diversification parallel those in other plants groups (e.g., liverworts, mosses, ferns, and gymnosperms). Two scenarios on pyrenoid evolution are plausible based on the variable position of the pyrenoid-free Leiosporoceros. Pyrenoids were retained from a green algal ancestor and are plesiomorphic, or they evolved in response to the substantial drop in atmospheric CO2 levels during the Carboniferous as has been hypothesized in other photosynthetic organisms. Both hypotheses require losses and gains during hornwort speciation.
Unpalatable birds are black: a re-analysis of Hugh Cott’s data on bird palatability
Authors: Delhey Kaspar , Valcu Mihai , Kempenaers Bart
Published: January 2025

Many animals are aposematic, signalling their unprofitability via sounds, smells, or conspicuous colours. Although some birds are toxic, it remains unclear whether aposematism is broadly distributed in birds. Here, we re-analyse historical data compiled by Hugh Cott on bird palatability as assessed by humans and hornets. We use phylogenetic analyses to link palatability to plumage coloration and other covariates. Our analyses reveal that bird palatability has a moderate phylogenetic signal and that species with low palatability are more black. We also show that low palatability is associated with an animal-based diet and, paradoxically, with safer nests. However, accounting for the effects of these covariates in the model does not change the effects of colour. These results support Cott’s original hypothesis that birds can signal distastefulness through their colours. The convergence on black coloration might constitute a case of Müllerian mimicry. We hypothesize that black is a suitable aposematic colour because melanization is often associated with needs for detoxification. Our results suggest that aposematism in birds might be more widespread than assumed, but they need to be corroborated using other relevant predators of birds.
Exploring telitacicept in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Zhang Quanhong , Zhang Jun , Su Bintao , Jiang Ruili , Yu Lang , Chen Liuqing , Chen Jinbo
Published: January 2025

Our case demonstrates significant improvement in autoantibody levels and clinical outcomes, suggesting that telitacicept could be an alternative treatment for patients with mild pemphigus [Pemphigus Disease Area Index (PDAI) ＞9] who are not recommended for treatment with rituximab (PDAI ＜15), and especially for those unresponsive to conventional treatments or with treatment-resistant scalp lesions in pemphigus.
eP39 Emergency Minimally Invasive Surgery for Obturator Hernias: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Baker Shannon , Jaiswal Subham , Butnari Valentin , Sardesai Aashlesha , Mansuri Ahmer , Osilli Dixon
Published: January 2025

Background

Despite their rarity, obturator hernias pose significant clinical challenges due to their high complication rate and frequent emergency presentation. While minimally invasive surgery has proven effective and safe for elective groin hernia repair, its application in emergency settings, particularly for obturator hernias, lacks robust evidence, highlighting a critical knowledge gap in this area.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted searching PubMed, OVID, Embase, and Cochrane reviews for ((Obturator hernia) AND (laparoscop* OR minimal access OR robotic)) AND (strangulat* OR obstruct* OR incarcerat*).

Results

A systematic review of 337 manuscripts identified 47 relevant studies, including 39 case reports, 3 case series, and 5 retrospective studies.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that minimal access surgery can effectively avoid unnecessary laparotomy for hernial content assessment, particularly when employing the TAPP approach. While emergency repair of obturator hernias using minimal access techniques appears feasible and safe, achieving outcomes comparable to open surgery requires further high-quality evidence.
eP62 Paediatric Appendicitis: Why Are We an Outlier?
Authors: Gohari Shireen , Brennan Kirsty
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Appendicitis affects approximately 8% of the population in their lifetime and is the most common surgical pathology in children.1 Our hospital remains an outlier compared to the Getting It Right First Time (GIFT) appendicectomy guidelines with high length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates.

Methods

A prospective cohort study over a 15-month period (April 2023-August 2024) interrogated all paediatric (<16) patients undergoing appendicectomy in a tertiary referral centre alongside the Paediatric Network regional audit. Data regarding patient demographics, LOS, operative procedures and times, and antibiotic therapy were extracted from electronic patient records. Results underwent multidisciplinary team review with Surgical, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiology teams to establish a new protocol for paediatric patients presenting with appendicitis.

Results

Eighty-eight patients underwent appendicectomy, of which 91%(n=80) were laparoscopic. 56 were complex appendicitis (64%) and 32 were simple appendicitis (36%). LOS of less than 3 days was seen in 91% (n=29) of simple appendicitis patients (median LOS 41:20; hh:mm), whereas LOS of less than 6 days was seen in 62% (n=35) of complex appendicitis patients (median LOS 139:04; hh:mm). Readmission rate within 30 days of discharge was 12.5% (n=11), with all readmissions being complex appendicitis, and adherent to our Trust Appendicitis Protocol.

Conclusion

The median length of stay following appendicectomy meets the GIRFT recommendation for simple appendicitis, however prolonged length of stay and readmission rates were higher than the recommended target. Our findings have prompted the development of a new appendicitis protocol for the management of appendicitis in paediatric patients.
eP72 Assessing the Utility of Abdominal X-Rays in Emergency Settings: Are They Adding Value?
Authors: Ramdin Ashling , Smith Christopher , Middleton Harry , Chatzikonstantinou Michail
Published: January 2025

Background

The clinical value of abdominal X-rays (AXRs) in emergency departments (EDs) is debated, particularly with the availability of advanced imaging modalities like ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT). Despite the 2016 Royal College of Radiologists (RCR) guidelines limiting AXR use to specific indications, concerns about their overuse persist.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted from January 1st to March 31st, 2023, in a London district general hospital. We evaluated 473 patients who underwent AXRs, examining compliance with RCR guidelines, clinical indications, AXR findings, follow-up imaging, and referrals to General Surgery. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

81.6% of AXRs met RCR guidelines, primarily for suspected bowel obstruction; however, only 11.4% of patients had all three key symptoms (abdominal pain, vomiting, failure to open bowels). Follow-up imaging was performed in 37.6% of cases, mainly CT scans. Abnormal findings were noted in 15% of AXRs, but 63.4% of these required additional imaging. Significant associations were found between abnormal AXRs and General Surgery referrals, as well as between referrals and subsequent CT scans.

Conclusions

AXRs are frequently overused in the ED, with limited diagnostic value. Even when AXRs identify abnormalities, CT follow-up is often required, suggesting AXRs may not significantly alter management. Reconsidering the role of AXRs in ED practice and promoting advanced imaging modalities could enhance diagnostic efficiency and reduce unnecessary resource use.
Dimensions of trust and tension in discharge proceedings
Authors: Stone Beth , Staines Jo , Roy Jessica , Macdonald Gillian
Published: January 2025

A significant body of work examines the making of care orders in England and Wales; much less is known about how care orders are discharged. Focusing on focus group and interview data with forty-one professionals, including lawyers, members of the judiciary, independent reviewing officers, social workers, and children’s guardians, this article presents findings from a wider project which examined the characteristics and circumstances that lead to the discharge of care orders. This article explores dimensions of trust and tension between the different stakeholders involved in discharge proceedings, including professionals and families, from the perspective of professionals. Five key themes are discussed: differences in thresholds of ‘good enough’ care; risk aversion; distrust in fulfilling obligations post discharge; hierarchies of power; and avoiding the re-traumatization of children and families. Acknowledging the difficulties reported in balancing risk aversion with safeguarding, it is argued that a lack of trust and tensions between professionals can unnecessarily delay legitimate discharges and cause harm to the children and families involved. This article concludes by considering recommendations for resolving issues of trust and tension between professionals and families in discharge proceedings to ensure that timely decisions are made in the best interests of children and families.