bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sugar‐responsive circadian clock regulator bZIP63 modulates plant growth
Authors: Viana Américo J. C. , Matiolli Cleverson C. , Newman David W. , Vieira João G. P. , Duarte Gustavo T. , Martins Marina C. M. , Gilbault Elodie , Hotta Carlos T. , Caldana Camila , Vincentz Michel
Published: June 2021

Adjustment to energy starvation is crucial to ensure growth and survival. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this process relies in part on the phosphorylation of the circadian clock regulator bZIP63 by SUCROSE non‐fermenting RELATED KINASE1 (SnRK1), a key mediator of responses to low energy.

We investigated the effects of mutations in bZIP63 on plant carbon (C) metabolism and growth. Results from phenotypic, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of bZIP63 mutants prompted us to investigate the starch accumulation pattern and the expression of genes involved in starch degradation and in the circadian oscillator.

bZIP63 mutation impairs growth under light‐dark cycles, but not under constant light. The reduced growth likely results from the accentuated C depletion towards the end of the night, which is caused by the accelerated starch degradation of bZIP63 mutants. The diel expression pattern of bZIP63 is dictated by both the circadian clock and energy levels, which could determine the changes in the circadian expression of clock and starch metabolic genes observed in bZIP63 mutants.

We conclude that bZIP63 composes a regulatory interface between the metabolic and circadian control of starch breakdown to optimize C usage and plant growth.
Common mechanisms explain nitrogen‐dependent growth of Arctic shrubs over three decades despite heterogeneous trends and declines in soil nitrogen availability
Authors: Martin Andrew C. , Macias‐Fauria Marc , Bonsall Michael B. , Forbes Bruce C. , Zetterberg Pentti , Jeffers Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2021

Heterogeneity has been observed in the responses of Arctic shrubs to climate variability over recent decades, which may reflect landscape‐scale variability in belowground resources. At a northern fringe of tall shrub expansion (Yuribei, Yamal Peninsula, Russia), we sought to determine the mechanisms relating nitrogen (N) limitation to shrub growth over decadal time.

We analysed the ratio of 15N to 14N isotopes in wood rings of 10 Salix lanata individuals (399 measurements) to reconstruct annual point‐based bioavailable N between 1980 and 2013. We applied a model‐fitting/model‐selection approach with a suite of competing ecological models to assess the most‐likely mechanisms that explain each shrub’s individual time‐series.

Shrub δ15N time‐series indicated declining (seven shrubs), increasing (two shrubs) and no trend (one shrub) in N availability. The most appropriate model for all shrubs included N‐dependent growth of linear rather than saturating form. Inclusion of plant–soil feedbacks better explained ring width and δ15N for eight of 10 individuals.

Although N trajectories were individualistic, common mechanisms of varying strength confirmed the N‐dependency of shrub growth. The linear mechanism may reflect intense scavenging of scarce N; the importance of plant–soil feedbacks suggests that shrubs subvert the microbial bottleneck by actively controlling their environment.
Two conifer GUX clades are responsible for distinct glucuronic acid patterns on xylan
Authors: Lyczakowski Jan J. , Yu Li , Terrett Oliver M. , Fleischmann Christina , Temple Henry , Thorlby Glenn , Sorieul Mathias , Dupree Paul
Published: June 2021

Wood of coniferous trees (softwood), is a globally significant carbon sink and an important source of biomass. Despite that, little is known about the genetic basis of softwood cell wall biosynthesis. Branching of xylan, one of the main hemicelluloses in softwood secondary cell walls, with glucuronic acid (GlcA) is critical for biomass recalcitrance. Here, we investigate the decoration patterns of xylan by conifer GlucUronic acid substitution of Xylan (GUX) enzymes.

Through molecular phylogenetics we identify two distinct conifer GUX clades. Using transcriptional profiling we show that the genes are preferentially expressed in secondary cell wall forming tissues. With in vitro and in planta assays we demonstrate that conifer GUX enzymes from both clades are active glucuronyltransferases.

Conifer GUX enzymes from each clade have different specific activities. While members of clade one add evenly spaced GlcA branches, the members of clade two are also capable of glucuronidating two consecutive xyloses. Importantly, these types of xylan patterning are present in softwood.

As xylan patterning might modulate xylan–cellulose and xylan–lignin interactions, our results further the understanding of softwood cell wall biosynthesis and provide breeding or genetic engineering targets that can be used to modify softwood properties.
Age‐related change in sedentary behavior during childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kontostoli Elli , Jones Andy P. , Pearson Natalie , Foley Louise , Biddle Stuart J. H. , Atkin Andrew J.
Published: June 2021

Sedentary behaviors are highly prevalent in youth and may be associated with markers of physical and mental health. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to quantify the age‐related change in sedentary behavior during childhood and adolescence. Ten electronic databases were searched. Inclusion criteria specified longitudinal observational studies or control group from an intervention; participants aged ≥5 and ≤18 years; a quantitative estimate of the duration of SB; and English language, peer‐reviewed publication. Meta‐analyses summarized weighted mean differences (WMD) in device‐assessed sedentary time and questionnaire‐assessed screen‐behaviors over 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, or more than 4‐year follow‐up. Effect modification was explored using meta‐regression. Eighty‐five studies met inclusion criteria. Device‐assessed sedentary time increased by (WMD 95% confidence interval [CI]) 27.9 (23.2, 32.7), 61.0 (50.7, 71.4), 63.7 (53.3, 74.0), and 140.7 (105.1, 176.4) min/day over 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and more than 4‐year follow‐up. We observed no effect modification by gender, baseline age, study location, attrition, or quality. Questionnaire‐assessed time spent playing video games, computer use, and a composite measure of sedentary behavior increased over follow‐up duration. Evidence is consistent in showing an age‐related increase in various forms of sedentary behavior; evidence pertaining to variability across socio‐demographic subgroups and contemporary sedentary behaviors are avenues for future research.
IGFL2‐AS1 facilitates tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression via Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Ruimin , Wang Shiyang , Tan Lu , Li Huajing , Liu Junsong , Zhang Shaoqiang
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common malignancy in oral cancer. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators in cancer biology. In our present study, we investigated a novel lncRNA IGF‐like family member 2 antisense RNA 1 (IGFL2‐AS1) in TSCC.

Methods

RT‐qPCR analyzed IGFL2‐AS1 expression in TSCC cells. Functional assays assessed the impact of IGFL2‐AS1 on TSCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Western blot analyzed the protein levels of EMT‐related markers. Mechanism assays analyzed the regulatory mechanism of IGFL2‐AS1 in TSCC cells. In‐vivo experiments were conducted to prove the role of IGFL2‐AS1 in TSCC progression.

Results

IGFL2‐AS1 was significantly up‐regulated in TSCC cells and tissues, and IGFL2‐AS1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in TSCC. Moreover, IGFL2‐AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR‐1224‐5p and thereby modulated SATB homeobox 1 (SATB1) expression. Additionally, SATB1 activated the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in TSCC cells and IGFL2‐AS1 regulated the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and TSCC progression via elevating SATB1 expression.

Conclusions

The data revealed that IGFL2‐AS1 played a cancer promoting role in TSCC and may aid in exploring a brand new biomarker that might contribute to TSCC treatment.
Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta for Blood Control in Lumbar Spine Tumor Resection Surgery: A Technical Note
Authors: Zhao Yong‐jie , Du Xin‐chong , Deng Xiao‐qiang , Zhang Hao , Zhang Hao‐ran , Qiao Rui‐qi , Zhang Jing‐yu , Hu Yong‐cheng
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To describe the technique of the aorta balloon occlusion, and evaluate the blood loss in lumbar spine tumor surgery assisted by aortic balloon occlusion, and to observe the balloon‐related complications.

Methods

Six patients with lumbar spine tumor underwent resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta prior to tumor resections in our institution between May 2018 to January 2021. Medical records including demographic, diagnosis, tumor location, surgical approach, intraoperative blood loss, surgical duration, and perioperative balloon‐related complication were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

This series included four males and two females, with a median age of 50 years (range 22 to 69). Of these, three primary tumors were plasmacytoma, giant cell tumor of bone, and osteosarcoma, while recurrence of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone (GCT), and metastatic thyroid cancer were diagnosed in cases 1, 6, and 2, respectively. L2 was involved in cases 1 and 5. L3 was involved in case 6. L4 was involved in case 2, 3, and 6. L5 was involved in case 4. One‐stage total en bloc resection surgery (TES) was accomplished in all patients; of this series, signal anterior approach was conducted in case 1, signal posterior approach was utilized in cases 2, 3, and 6, while combined anterior and posterior approach was performed in cases 4 and 5. The median intraoperative blood loss was 1683 mL and ranged from 400 to 3200 mL with a median surgical duration of 442 min and a range from 210 to 810 min. During the perioperative period, no serious balloon‐related complications occurred.

Conclusions

Endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta successfully controls intraoperative exsanguination, contributing to a more radical tumor resection and a low rate of tumor cell contamination in lumbar tumor surgery.
Effects of representative bureaucracy on perceived performance and fairness: Experimental evidence from South Asia
Authors: Baniamin Hasan Muhammad , Jamil Ishtiaq
Published: June 2021

This study explores the relationship between gender representation in bureaucracy and perceived performance and fairness. It uses data from a survey experiment that was part of a national representative survey conducted in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. In the experiment, respondents were informed about a hypothetical 10‐member committee responsible for controlling violence against women and that it processes around 150 cases per year. The committee composition was then manipulated based on gender representation to capture whether women's representation in the committee mattered for respondents' evaluation of its performance and fairness. The study finds that in a “no representation” scenario, respondents reported the lowest perceived performance and fairness, while in scenarios such as “equal representation” or “over representation” of women, they reported higher perceived performance and fairness. Furthermore, variations in perceived performance are found to be associated with changing expectations of fair treatment generated by the different representations of women.
Metabolomics reveals a correlation between hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and allergic asthma: Evidence from three years' immunotherapy
Authors: Zheng Peiyan , Bian Xiqing , Zhai Yingying , Li Cheng , Li Na , Hao Chuangli , Huang Huimin , Luo Wenting , Huang Zhifeng , Liao Chenxi , Xue Mingshan , Guo Ming‐Quan , Sun Baoqing , Wu Jian‐Lin
Published: June 2021

Background

Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is an effective, safe, preventative treatment for allergic asthma; however, potential biomarkers for monitoring SCIT have rarely been reported.

Objective

Metabolomics was utilized for the discovery of new biomarkers and analyzing disease pathophysiology of allergic asthma, and it was also applied to determine the metabolomic profiles of serum samples from children with asthma undergoing SCIT and identify potential biomarkers for allergic asthma and its therapeutic monitoring.

Methods

Untargeted metabolomics using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed on 15 asthmatic and 15 healthy pediatric sera to profile carboxylic acids. Statistical analysis combined with pathway enrichment analysis was applied to identify potential biomarkers. Then, targeted metabolomics was performed to study longitudinal changes of eicosanoid profiles on sera from 20 participants with asthma who received SCIT at baseline, 6 months, one, two, and three years (ChiCTR‐DDT‐13003728).

Results

Metabolomic analysis revealed that levels of eicosanoids, particularly 12(S)‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE; AUC = 0.94, p < .0001) and 15(S)‐HETE (AUC = 0.89, p = .0028), metabolized from arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, were significantly higher in asthma group than in healthy individuals. Furthermore, levels of these important metabolites increased in the first year of SCIT treatment and then decreased from years one to three, being significantly lower after three years of treatment than baseline levels.

Conclusion

12(S)‐ and 15(S)‐HETEs are potential biomarkers to participate in the pathogenesis and treatment of allergic asthma. Moreover, these metabolites may be a new target for biological indicators to monitor the therapeutic effect of SCIT, particularly in the setting of allergic asthma.
An assessment of opioids on respiratory depression in children with and without obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Adler Adam C. , Chandrakantan Arvind , Nathanson Brian H. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: June 2021

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for respiratory depression following opioid administration as well as opioid‐induced hyperalgesia. Little is known on how obstructive sleep apnea status is associated with central ventilatory depression in pediatric surgical patients given a single dose of fentanyl.

Methods

This was a single‐center, prospective trial in children undergoing surgery requiring intubation and opioid administration. Sixty patients between the ages of 2–8 years presenting for surgery at Texas Children's Hospital were recruited. Twenty non‐obstructive sleep apnea controls and 30 patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea met inclusion criteria. Following induction of general anesthesia and establishment of steady‐state ventilation, participants received 1 mcg/kg intravenous fentanyl. Ventilatory variables (tidal volume, respiratory rate, end‐tidal CO2, and minute ventilation) were assessed each minute for 10 min. The primary outcome was the extent of opioid‐induced central ventilatory depression over time by obstructive sleep apnea status when compared with baseline values. Secondary aims assessed the impact of demographics and SpO2 nadir on ventilatory depression.

Results

We found no significant difference in percent decrease in respiratory rate (38.1% and 37.1%; p = .950), tidal volume (6.4% and 5.4%; p = .992), and minute ventilation (35.0 L/min and 35.0 L/min; p = .890) in control and obstructive sleep apnea patients, respectively. Both groups experienced similar percent increases in end‐tidal CO2 (4.0% vs. 2.2%; p = .512) in control and obstructive sleep apnea patients, respectively.

Conclusions

In pediatric surgical patients, obstructive sleep apnea status was not associated with significant differences in central respiratory depression following a single dose of fentanyl (1 mcg/kg). These findings can help determine safe opioid doses in future pediatric obstructive sleep apneapatients.
Long juvenility trait: A vehicle for commercial utilization of soybean (Glycine max) in lower latitudes
Authors: Gupta Sanjay , Agrawal Nisha , Tripathi Rachana , Kumawat Giriraj , Nataraj Vennampally , Maranna Shivakumar , Satpute Gyanesh K. , Ratnaparkhe Milind B. , Rajesh Vangala , Chandra Subhash , Jain Meeta
Published: June 2021

Soybean, a short‐day plant, has its origin in higher latitudes of China, and its commercial cultivation remained confined to areas >22°N till 1970s due to precocious flowering accompanied with reduced biomass in lower latitudes. This review summarizes the effect of short days on soybean phenology, discovery of a novel long juvenile (LJ) trait, its role in breaking the latitudinal boundary for soybean production, identification of genes and impact of LJ trait on world soybean production. E6, J and E9 major genes governing the trait have been characterized and cloned. LJ varieties are late in flowering and maturity and successful in long rainfall regime of Brazil. Availability of vast vacant fallows of Cerrado has been another factor for utilization of this trait in Brazil. Recent advances for developing short‐duration LJ varieties, for limited rainfall areas and its suitability to existing cropping systems by combining it with photoinsensitivity, have been reviewed. Based on the available data from lower latitudes of Brazil, the contribution of the LJ trait is estimated to 23.7% of the total world production.
Identification of a novel mutant allele, fzp‐15, involved in panicle branch pattern of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Chen Haiyuan , Cai Yue , Zhang Suobing , Tang Weijie , Fang Xianwen , Zhang Yunhui
Published: June 2021

FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP) is involved in the development of panicle branching in rice. Herein, a novel mutant fzp‐15, demonstrating the sequential rounds of branching and severe defects in SM (spikelet meristem) formation, was identified. Map‐based cloning revealed that the abnormal panicle architecture of fzp‐15 resulted from an amino acid substitution (Glu (E) to Ala (A)) in the N‐terminal ERF domain of rice FZP protein. To generate new advantageous FZP alleles increasing grain numbers, CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex editing system was used to target the 5’ untranslation region (UTR) of FZP in 'Nipponbare' (NIP). The 85‐bp (−156 to ‐72 bp) or 149‐bp (−157 to ‐9 bp) deletion in the upstream region of FZP can significantly increase grain numbers without a decrease in grain size, while the 38‐bp deletion (−44 to −7 bp) in the upstream region of FZP has little effect in changing grain numbers. These results indicated that the 113‐bp fragment (−157 to −45 bp) upstream of FZP is important to its function and deletion of this region can be used to increase grain numbers in rice.
Guns in the North: Assessing the Impact of Social Identity on Firearms Advocacy in Canada
Authors: Schwartz Noah S.
Published: June 2021

Identity is an important aspect of group politics in Canada. This article examines the impact of gun owner’s social identity on the political participation of gun owners and, thus, the success of the Canadian gun rights movement. It investigates whether Canadian gun owners are politically active, and if so, why? The article is based on an online survey of 16,880 Canadian gun owners. Cross‐tabulation, probit regression, and negative binomial regression were used to assess the impact of gun owner’s social identity on political participation. Results indicate that gun owners are avid political participants and that this can be explained by the existence of a strong gun owner’s social identity within a subset of Canadians. This has implications for our understanding of how social identities tied to serious leisure communities can impact politics.

Related Articles

Cagle, M. Christine, and J. Michael Martinez. 2004. “Have Gun, Will Travel: The Dispute between the CDC and the NRA on Firearm Violence as a Public Health Problem.”Politics &Policy32 (2): 278‐310.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2004.tb00185.x

Joslyn, Mark R., and Donald P. Haider‐Markel. 2018. “Motivated Innumeracy: Estimating the Size of the Gun Owner Population and its Consequences for Opposition to Gun Restrictions.”Politics & Policy46 (6): 827‐850.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12276

Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. “ Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States.”Politics & Policy44 (6): 1053‐1088.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12187
Within‐mother variability in vagal functioning and concurrent socioemotional dysregulation
Authors: Somers Jennifer A. , Curci Sarah G. , Winstone Laura K. , Luecken Linda J.
Published: June 2021

During dyadic interactions, well‐regulated autonomic responses may support and be supported by socioemotional regulation, whereas autonomic responses that are inappropriate for the social context may be linked with socioemotional dysregulation. We evaluated women’s parasympathetic and socioemotional responses during playful interaction with their 24‐week‐old infants, hypothesizing that insufficient or excessive variability in second‐by‐second vagal functioning would be associated with concurrent socioemotional dysregulation. Among a sample of 322 low‐income, Mexican origin mothers (Mage = 27.8; SD = 6.5 years), variability in second‐by‐second vagal functioning was indexed by within‐mother standard deviation (SD) in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during a 5‐min unstructured play task. A latent construct of socioemotional dysregulation was identified using factor analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate linear and quadratic relations between within‐mother SD of RSA and concurrent socioemotional dysregulation. Analyses revealed a positively accelerated relationship between within‐mother SD of RSA and concurrent maternal socioemotional dysregulation during play with her infant. Within‐mother SD of RSA during a non‐interactive baseline task was not related to maternal dysregulation. The results illustrate mothers’ dynamic autonomic and socioemotional responses are intertwined during real‐time interactions with her infant and lend support for the discriminant validity of within‐mother SD of RSA during free play.
Are we ready for the ship transport of CO2 for CCS? Crude solutions from international and European law
Authors: Weber Viktor
Published: June 2021

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a crucial element of the energy transition that must take place over the next decades to tackle climate change. In recent years, the political momentum for CCS has increased and Norway is ready to deploy its first full‐chain industrial CCS project. The Norwegian government hopes that, in time, this project will expand into a European CCS network. The carbon dioxide (CO2) will be carried by ships for much of the distance. While there are in principle no legal barriers to the ship transport of CO2, this article argues that international and European law are not ready yet to accommodate the ship carriage of CO2. First, the method for overcoming the Article 6 obstacle of the London Protocol reflects what has been politically achievable and not what would be legally desirable. Second, regarding the future Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention’s Fund, the article argues that CCS is a special case and certain concessions would be warranted. Third, the article highlights that the method for including CO2 shipping into the European Union emissions trading system is not satisfactory.
Suicidality risk among adults with binge‐eating disorder
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Bertoia Monica L. , Lu Mei , Seeger John D. , Spalding William M.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To estimate relative suicidality risk associated with binge‐eating disorder (BED).

Methods

Retrospective study of patients identified as having BED (N = 1042) and a matched general population cohort (N = 10,420) from the Optum electronic health record database between January 2009 and September 2015. Patients had ≥1 outpatient encounter with a provider who recognized BED during the 12‐month baseline preceding entry date. Incidence and relative risk of suicidality were assessed.

Results

Incidence per 1000 person‐years (95% CI) of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, respectively, was 31.1 (23.1, 41.0) and 12.7 (7.9, 19.4) in the BED cohort and 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) and 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) in the comparator cohort. Risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts was greater in the BED cohort (HR [95% CIs], 6.43 [4.42, 9.37]) than in the comparator cohort (HR [95% CI], 9.47 [4.99, 17.98]) during follow‐up. After adjusting for psychiatric comorbidities, associations of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts with BED remained elevated in patients with BED having histories of suicidality.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that history of suicidality may result in an increased risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in patients with BED relative to the general population. Psychiatric comorbidity burden may explain the elevated risk of these conditions in BED.
Who is my neighbor? The temptation of ethical distancing
Authors: Goodman David M. , Clemente Matthew
Published: June 2021

In this article, we examine twentieth century philosopher Emmanuel Levinas's understanding of the ethical subject and the import his ideas have for contemporary subjective and interpersonal life. Applying Levinas's insight that there is a tendency among human beings to not only neglect the needs of others but to build systems that justify that neglect—to create space and build walls in order to diminish the fact that we are always implicated, ever tied to the needs of others—we explore the social mechanisms that enable such ethical distancing. Ethical distancing, we argue, is the pernicious assumption that distance absolves us, that if only we shelter ourselves from others then we will remain impervious to their cries for help, immune to their need for our care. This assumption, we show, is behind much of our Western self‐understanding. Beginning with the picture of human subjectivity portrayed in Plato's myth of the ring of Gyges, we go on to show that the understanding of the isolated, self‐enclosed subject persists to this day.
Constructive Biases in Clinical Judgment
Authors: Wojciechowski Bartosz W. , Izydorczyk Bernadetta , Blasiak Pawel , Yearsley James M. , White Lee C. , Pothos Emmanuel M.
Published: June 2021

With a pair of oppositely valenced stimuli, rating the first one sometimes leads to a more extreme evaluation for the second (e.g., if the second is negatively valenced, rating the first stimulus would lead to a more negative rating for the second). We considered an evaluation bias in the case of clinical diagnosis relating to eating disorders. A population sample which included experienced clinical psychologists and psychiatrists showed partial evidence of an evaluation bias, when judging descriptions of individuals designed to be consistent with eating disorders or not. Quantum probability theory, the probability rules from quantum mechanics without any of the physics, is particularly well‐suited to modeling the evaluation bias (and constructive influences generally), because a measurement (or judgment) can change the state of the system. We applied a previous quantum model to the present result, an extension of the model embodying noisy processes, and belief adjustment model. We discuss how model fits inform an examination of rationality in the observed behavior.
Safety and efficacy of topically administered netarsudil‐latanoprost fixed dose combination (FDC; Rocklatan™) in normal and glaucomatous dogs withADAMTS10‐open‐angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10‐OAG)
Authors: Leary Kelly A. , Steibel Juan P. , Harman Christine D. , Anderson Amanda L. , Komáromy András M.
Published: June 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of topically administered 0.02% netarsudil‐0.005% latanoprost fixed‐dose combination (FDC) (Rocklatan™; Aerie Pharmaceutical) in normal and glaucomatous dogs withADAMTS10‐open‐angle glaucoma (ADAMTS10‐OAG).

Animals studied

Five normal and five glaucomatous beagle dogs withADAMTS10‐OAG were the study animals.

Procedures

In each dog, left (OS) or right eye (OD) was randomly selected for netarsudil‐latanoprost FDC treatment. Contralateral eyes served as latanoprost‐treated controls. The study was divided into four consecutive study periods: following a 4‐day baseline period, two sequential 8‐day study periods followed with once daily (q24h) and twice daily (q12h) treatments and ending with a washout period. Efficacy was measured by diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter. Safety was assessed by routine ophthalmic examination, gonioscopy, and pachymetry. Differences in least square means of quantitative outcome measures were compared between FDC and latanoprost treatments by using the linear Gaussian model.

Results

Baseline IOPs were 13.6 ± 0.7 mmHg (mean ± SEM) in normal and 28.3 ± 1.4 mmHg in OAG‐affected dogs. There was a significant decrease in mean diurnal IOP following FDC administration in both normal (q24h: −2.1 mmHg; q12h: −4.1 mmHg) and glaucomatous dogs (q24h: −14.2 mmHg; q12h: −17.7 mmHg;p < .0001). There was no significant difference in the treatment effect when comparing FDC to latanoprost. Both FDC and latanoprost administration resulted in similarly significant pupil constriction (p < .0001). The FDC administration was well‐tolerated but resulted in conjunctival hyperemia.

Conclusions

Once or twice daily administration of netarsudil‐latanoprost FDC (Rocklatan™) and latanoprost was equally effective in lowering IOP in normal and OAG‐affected dogs. There was no netarsudil‐related added treatment effect.
The myofibroblast and Giulio Gabbiani: An inseparable couple celebrates their 50 years golden wedding anniversary
Authors: Desmoulière Alexis , Hinz Boris
Published: June 2021

The term myofibroblast has been introduced 50 years ago by Gabbiani and coworkers in two subsequent studies that characterized these enigmatic cells morphologically and functionally. This editorial provides a brief historical overview on the discoverer and the subject to introduce a theme issue on myofibroblasts that celebrates this important discovery. Owing to their central roles in promoting physiological wound healing but also excessive scarring of skin and internal organs, understanding myofibroblasts is key in developing strategies to manage scarless wound healing.
A Dark Trace
Authors: Westerink Herman
Published: June 2021

Sigmund Freud, in his search for the origins of the sense of guilt in individual life and culture, regularly speaks of “reading a dark trace”, thus referring to the Oedipus myth as a myth on the problem of human guilt. The sense of guilt is indeed a trace that leads deep into the individual’s mental life, into his childhood life, and into the prehistory of culture and religion. In this book this trace is followed and thus Freud’s thought on the sense of guilt as a central issue in his work is analyzed, from the earliest studies on the moral and “guilty” characters of the hysterics, via the later complex differentiations in the concept of the sense of guilt, unto the analyses of civilization’s discontents and Jewish sense of guilt. The sense of guilt is a key issue in Freudian psychoanalysis, not only in relation to other key concepts in psychoanalytic theory, but also in relation to debates with others, such as Carl Gustav Jung or Melanie Klein, Freud was engaged in.
Logarithmic growth filtrations for -modules over the bounded Robba ring
Authors: Ohkubo Shun
Published: June 2021

In the 1970s, Dwork defined the logarithmic growth (log-growth for short) filtrations for$p$-adic differential equations$Dx=0$on the$p$-adic open unit disc$|t|<1$, which measure the asymptotic behavior of solutions$x$as$|t|\to 1^{-}$. Then, Dwork calculated the log-growth filtration for$p$-adic Gaussian hypergeometric differential equation. In the late 2000s, Chiarellotto and Tsuzuki proposed a fundamental conjecture on the log-growth filtrations for$(\varphi ,\nabla )$-modules over$K[\![t]\!]_0$, which can be regarded as a generalization of Dwork's calculation. In this paper, we prove a generalization of the conjecture to$(\varphi ,\nabla )$-modules over the bounded Robba ring. As an application, we prove a generalization of Dwork's conjecture proposed by Chiarellotto and Tsuzuki on the specialization property for log-growth Newton polygons.
Reinvigorating a political ecology of the global agri-food system
Authors: Köpke Sören
Published: June 2021

This contribution is a critical review of research on the global agri-food system directly or indirectly identified as political ecology (PE). It shows how food, famine and agricultural production were important topics to early proponents of PE, especially with regards to a critique of neo-Malthusian thought. It then traces further developments in the field and highlights the productive tension between materialist and poststructuralist streams, as well as the influence of actor-network theory. Further on, the paper discusses three neighbouring theories and frameworks with a potential to stimulate current political ecologies of food and agriculture, namely critical agrarian studies, food regime theory and world-ecology. Finally, seven clusters of potential research topics for a political ecology of the global agri-food system are identified. In conclusion, the relevance of PE as a theoretical lens is reiterated and the need for fruitful application of political ecology and related approaches is expressed.
Response of an Elastic Cylindrical Shell to a Transverse, Step Shock Wave
Authors: Mindlin R. D. , Bleich H. H.
Published: June 2021

A plane shock wave in an acoustic medium encounters a long cylindrical shell whose axis is parallel to the wave front. An approximate mathematical solution is obtained for the elastic response of the shell.
Effect of Damping Constants and Stress Distribution on the Resonance Response of Members
Authors: Lazan B. J.
Published: June 2021

The amplitude of vibration of a member at resonance, as defined by its resonance amplification factor, is analyzed in relationship to the damping properties of materials. Data are presented on damping energy to indicate the effect of stress magnitude, stress history, and temperature. Based on the mathematical relationship found to exist between damping and stress magnitude the resonance amplification factors are determined for a variety of direct stress members and beams. It is shown that the amplification in vibration caused by resonance may be considered to be the product of three basic factors, i.e., (a) the material factor, (b) the cross-sectional shape factor, and (c) the longitudinal stress-distribution factor. The first of these factors may be calculated from the damping and dynamic modulus properties of the material and the last two from the shape and loading characteristics of the member. Diagrams are presented to show these basic factors as functions of the damping exponent and other variables for members commonly encountered in engineering practice. Experimental data are presented to confirm the equations derived for resonance amplification factor of members having various shapes and stress distribution.
On the Use of Singular Yield Conditions and Associated Flow Rules
Authors: Prager William
Published: June 2021

It is well known that the use of Tresca’s yield condition frequently leads to a simpler system of equations for the stresses in a plastic solid than the use of the yield condition of Mises. However, in most cases where Tresca’s yield condition has been used, the flow rule associated with the Mises condition has been retained. Following Koiter, it is shown that further simplification results from the use of the flow rule associated with the Tresca condition. The reason for this is discussed in connection with two examples concerning the finite enlargement of a circular hole in an infinite sheet of perfectly plastic or work-hardening material. The second example is probably the first nontrivial case in which a problem of finite plastic deformation of a work-hardening material has been treated in closed form by the use of incremental stress-strain relations.
Elastic Spheres in Contact Under Varying Oblique Forces
Authors: Mindlin R. D. , Deresiewicz H.
Published: June 2021

An investigation is made of the phenomena occurring at the contact surfaces of like elastic spheres subjected to a variety of applied forces. Owing to the presence of slip, with its associated energy dissipation and permanent set, the changes in tractions and displacements depend not only upon the initial state of loading, but upon the entire past history of loading and the instantaneous relative rates of change of the normal and tangential forces. On the basis of three of the simplest cases of varying oblique forces, a set of rules of procedure is assembled and then applied to two types of problems. In the first, the initial tangential compliances are calculated for a variety of past histories and instantaneous rates of loading; in the other, a detailed history of a varying oblique force is investigated.
Axisymmetric Flow of an Ideal Incompressible Fluid About a Solid Torus
Authors: Sternberg E. , Sadowsky M. A.
Published: June 2021

This paper contains an exact solution in series form to the problem presented by the irrotational, axisymmetric flow of an ideal, incompressible fluid past a solid torus of circular cross section. At infinity the fluid is assumed to be in a state of uniform motion parallel to the axis of the torus. The solution is based on the use of toroidal coordinates, and is given in terms of Legendre functions of fractional order as well as complete and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind. The individual component solutions employed here are interpreted physically through their relation to the basic ring singularities represented by the source ring and the vortex ring. The problem is first approached via Stokes’s stream function exclusively and is subsequently re-solved independently in terms of the velocity potential alone. The convergence of the pertinent series developments is found to be unusually favorable, and a complete streamline pattern, corresponding to an illustrative numerical example, is included.
A Theory of Torsion Bending for Multicell Beams
Authors: Benscoter S. U.
Published: June 2021

Differential equations and boundary conditions, relating warping displacements and rotations to the applied torsional load, are developed for nonuniform beams with thin-walled multicell cross sections. The loading distribution and end conditions are arbitrary. A formula resembling the flexure formula is given for the normal stress in terms of a warping moment. The torsion-bending theory is of approximately the same accuracy as engineering bending theory and is exactly analogous to the case of bending with axial tension when shearing strains are taken into account.
Stresses in a Metal Tube Under Both High Radial Temperature Variation and Internal Pressure
Authors: Chang Chieh-Chien , Chu Wen-Hwa
Published: June 2021

The paper treats the stress distribution in a metal tube which is subject to a very high radial temperature variation and pressure. The radial temperature distribution across the tube wall and the variations of the modulus of elasticity and the coefficient of thermal expansion are obtained from experimental data, and all these effects of temperature are taken into account in the calculations. The fundamental equations in the case of plane strain and plane stress can be formulated as the nonhomogeneous Whittaker differential equations. The corresponding solutions are obtained by the method of variation of parameters and in terms of Kummer series. An example is shown, and the stress distribution across the wall is given. For comparison, the stress distribution of the case of constant modulus of elasticity and coefficient of expansion is included.
Bending of Isotropic Thin Plates by Concentrated Edge Couples and Forces
Authors: Yu Yi-Yuan
Published: June 2021

In this paper the complex variable method of Muschelišvili for solving the biharmonic equation is applied to problems of bending of isotropic thin plates by concentrated edge couples and forces. The results of the method as applied to plate problems by previous authors are presented first. Methods of handling concentrated edge couples and forces are developed. These are then applied to the circular plate as an example, for which exact solutions in closed forms are obtained. Worked out in detail are three particular problems; namely, those of circular plates subjected, respectively, to two bending couples, to two twisting couples, both applied at the ends of a diameter, and to four forces applied at the ends of two diameters perpendicular to each other. Numerical results are presented in the form of graphs.
Torsional Vibrations of Beams of Thin-Walled Open Section
Authors: Gere J. M.
Published: June 2021

This analysis deals with the free torsional vibrations of bars of thin-walled open cross section for which the shear center and centroid coincide. Such sections include I-beams and Z-sections. The differential equation for torsional vibrations is derived and includes the effect of warping of the cross section. The effect of warping on the frequency of vibration and the shapes of the normal modes of vibration are determined for bars of single span with various end conditions. For a simply supported bar, a formula for the principal torsional frequencies and an expression for mode shape are derived. For other conditions of support, the frequency equations are derived and their solutions presented in graphical form. From these graphs the frequencies of vibration and the mode shapes may be obtained directly. The case of a cross section which does not warp is a limiting case of the general problem. For such shapes (for example, a cross-shaped or cruciform section) the formulas for torsional frequencies and modes of vibration are quite simple. These formulas also are valid for a circular shaft and may be used approximately for other solid sections.
Propagation of Elastic Impact in Beams in Bending
Authors: Goland Martin , Wickersham P. D. , Dengler M. A.
Published: June 2021

A theoretical and experimental comparison is made of the strain propagation in steel beams impacted by a sharp, transverse blow. The theoretical analysis is based on an earlier paper by Dengler and Goland, in which a solution based on the Timoshenko bending mechanism is deduced. (An analytical error in this paper is corrected here.) The experimental work was performed on a square beam, impacted by a steel sphere. Measurements are reported both for the strain propagation in the beam and also for the history of forces acting between the ball and beam. The results of the comparison show excellent agreement between the observed and predicted strain propagation, so long as the beam behaves essentially in bending. It is pointed out in the discussion, however, that many impacted beams do not perform essentially in bending, so that the present work does not apply. A small-amplitude high-frequency strain component, not properly predicted by the theory, is also encountered in the experimental data.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Transverse Vibration of a Tube Containing Flowing Fluid
Authors: Long R. H.
Published: June 2021

The free transverse vibrations for the fundamental mode of a single-span tube containing a flowing fluid are investigated analytically and experimentally. An approximate solution of the differential equation of motion is made with an infinite power series. Care must be taken in evaluating the large-order determinant that appears so that erroneous results may be prevented. The solution indicates a slight decrease in frequency and no decaying vibration with an increase in flow rate that can be attributed to the flowing fluid for simply supported, fixed, and fixed-simple ends. For fixed-free ends a decaying vibration due to the flowing fluid is indicated and a slight frequency decrease. The experimental results agree reasonably well with these solutions, although the frequency decrease is within the experimental error. The theory neglects internal damping of the tube and “support” damping. The latter appears significant in magnitude and is evaluated for the constructions used. This paper shows the reason for the incorrect conclusions of previous paper and gives experimental results that tend to verify the analytical results presented here and those in another previous paper by a different procedure.
A Refinement of the Theory of Buckling of Rings Under Uniform Pressure
Authors: Boresi A. P.
Published: June 2021

A general variational theory of elastic stability that was originated by E. Trefftz (1) is applied to the problem of buckling of rings of rectangular cross section subjected to uniform external pressure. The theory is believed to be more rigorous than previous treatments of the problem, since it avoids conventional assumptions of curved-beam theory, such as the assumptions that plane sections remain plane and that radial stresses vanish. The classical result of Levy (2) is confirmed for a ring of infinitesimal thickness. New results are obtained which show the effect of the finite thickness of a ring on the coefficients in the buckling formula.
Cylindrical Shells: Energy, Equilibrium, Addenda, and Erratum
Authors: Kennard E. H.
Published: June 2021

The strain energy in a homogeneous cylindrical shell of uniform thickness is calculated from equations obtained by Epstein’s method. The indeterminateness of the equations of equilibrium is further discussed and simplified forms of these equations and of the expressions for the stress resultants are given. Addenda and an erratum to a prior paper are included.
Temperature Distribution and Efficiency of a Heat Exchanger Using Square Fins on Round Tubes
Authors: Zabronsky H.
Published: June 2021

Formulas are obtained for the temperature and fin efficiency of a heat exchanger consisting of round tubes with square fins. Curves are presented for the fin efficiency as a function of tube radius, all other parameters remaining fixed, and also for the temperature distribution in one particular fin.
Momentum and Mass Transfer in a Submerged Water Jet
Authors: Forstall Walton , Gaylord E. W.
Published: June 2021

For a round water jet issuing into stationary water, momentum and material diffusion were measured, the latter by means of a sodium chloride tracer technique. It was found that (a) the behavior of the water jet was the same as that found by others for an air jet issuing into air, and hence constants obtained from measurements in air can be applied to water; (b) the turbulent Schmidt number for water is approximately the same as the turbulent Schmidt number for air and about equal to the turbulent Prandtl number for air jets; and (c) the error curve serves as a useful and satisfactory representation of diffusion profiles for water just as it does for air.
Application of Saint Venant’s Principle in Dynamical Problems
Authors: Boley B. A.
Published: June 2021

The propagation of stresses in bars under time-dependent self-equilibrating end loads is discussed by means of a simple model. It is found that high stresses are restricted to a short region near the end of the bar if the loads are applied comparatively slowly, but extend to longer portions if the loads are rapidly applied.
A Kinematic Notation for Lower-Pair Mechanisms Based on Matrices
Authors: Denavit J. , Hartenberg R. S.
Published: June 2021

A symbolic notation devised by Reuleaux to describe mechanisms did not recognize the necessary number of variables needed for complete description. A reconsideration of the problem leads to a symbolic notation which permits the complete description of the kinematic properties of all lower-pair mechanisms by means of equations. The symbolic notation also yields a method for studying lower-pair mechanisms by means of matrix algebra; two examples of application to space mechanisms are given.
On the Nonlinear Differential Equation for Beam Deflection:
EI
d
2
y
/
dx
2
=
M
(
x
)
[
1
+
(
dy
/
dx
)
2
]
3
⁄
2
Authors: Scott E. J. , Carver D. R.
Published: June 2021

A general solution of the nonlinear beam equation is given for all problems in which the moment can be expressed as a function of the independent variable alone.