bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framework for Adopting a Problem-Based Learning Approach in a Simulated Clinical Setting
Authors: Wong Frances KamYuet , Cheung Sharon , Chung Loretta , Chan Kitty , Chan Angela , To Tony , Wong Maria
Published: March 2009

The problem-based learning (PBL) approach applied in the clinical setting is different from that applied in the classroom setting. This study analyzed a learning and teaching episode in a simulated clinical situation using the PBL approach. Conversation analysis was used to examine the scenario. Data analysis revealed six key manifestations of this learning arrangement: collection of information, data analysis, formulation of hypotheses, validation, discussion and reflection, and learning synthesis. The simulated clinical environment provided realism in learning and allowed students to experience a full range of learning issues within a short time frame. Problem-based learning was a deliberate approach that helped students achieve the following learning outcomes: patient-focused care, student-directed learning, inductive learning, and translation of theoretical knowledge into practical information. Learning was further enhanced with postsimulation self-evaluation and peer analyses. The incorporation of the PBL approach can bring out the optimal effects in a simulated learning environment.
Transitioning Foreign-Educated Physicians to Nurses: The New Americans in Nursing Accelerated Program
Authors: Grossman Divina , Jorda Mary Louise
Published: March 2009

The innovative New Americans in Nursing accelerated program targets foreign-educated physicians (FEPs) residing in the United States who are either unemployed or underemployed and desire to become nurses. With a five-semester baccalaureate nursing curriculum, students are awarded credit for general education and science prerequisite courses completed in medical school and matriculate for 63 credits of nursing courses. Measurement of program outcomes provides evidence that FEPs socialize to nursing at the same level, exhibit significantly greater critical thinking skills, and have higher NCLEX-RN
®
pass rates than generic baccalaureate nursing students. The program is a valuable option not only in addressing the critical and continuing nursing shortage, but also in diversifying the nursing workforce in response to health disparities and the increasing diversity of the U.S. population.
Changing Nursing Culture to Welcome Second-Degree Students: Herding and Corralling Sacred Cows
Authors: Hegge Margaret J. , Hallman Patricia A.
Published: March 2009

Accelerated nursing programs necessitate new learning approaches that challenge stubborn sacred cows because bright second-degree students have high expectations. Myths about nursing education may hinder innovation in accelerated programs. Mezirow's theoretical model of transformational learning provides a framework for streamlining nursing education for second-degree students.
Patient Simulator Sessions and Critical Thinking
Authors: Ravert Patricia
Published: March 2009

The project purpose was to determine whether measures of critical thinking show differences between three groups (simulator, non-simulator, control) of baccalaureate nursing students. The second purpose was to determine the moderating effect of students' preferred learning style. All groups experienced a moderate to large effect size in critical thinking scores. The corrected model for the total scale gain score was statistically significant but not significant for learning style or group.
Opinions of Adult Learners About Negotiating Syllabi Rules in a Baccalaureate Nursing Program
Authors: Schrader Vivian , Davis Shoni
Published: March 2009

A baccalaureate nursing (BSN) program is using the philosophy of adult learning as a tenet of curriculum development. This philosophical approach is to support the uniqueness of the adult learner. Are nursing faculty composing course syllabi in a way that allows accommodations for adult learners' complex lives? Which syllabi items, if any, would adult learners negotiate?

This descriptive study was part of a larger study conducted by the same researchers that compared nursing faculty and student expectations of syllabi. One hundred ninety-nine BSN students reported they would ask for syllabi accommodations and identified the rationale for doing so. The most frequently selected accommodation to be negotiated was assignment deadlines (46%), followed by attendance requirements (35%) and testing deadlines (28%). Personal or family issues was identified by more than 80% of students as the reason they would request a change.
Reflective Journaling for Clinical Judgment Development and Evaluation
Authors: Lasater Kathie , Nielsen Ann
Published: March 2009

Reflective journaling is a strategy used often in clinical education to gain insight into students' clinical thinking; however, studies indicate that students may benefit from guided reflections. Numerous tools have been used to structure student reflection with varying results. This article describes the outcomes from using the Guide for Reflection based on Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model. The Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric, created from the Model, is used to evaluate development of clinical judgment and provides language to communicate about clinical thinking with students. Senior immersion course competencies, also developed with language from Tanner's Clinical Judgment Model, offer a comprehensive package that fosters students' clinical judgment development, faculty-student communication about clinical judgment, and evaluation of students' clinical thinking.
Successfully Incorporating Writing Across the Curriculum with Advanced Writing in Nursing
Authors: Luthy Karlen E. , Peterson Neil E. , Lassetter Jane H. , Callister Lynn C.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this article is to explain the concepts of Writing Across the Curriculum, Writing in the Disciplines, and Writing to Learn, and to describe the incorporation of advanced writing into a baccalaureate nursing program and provide suggestions for accessing resources and promoting success. The goals of incorporating Writing Across the Curriculum, Writing in the Disciplines, and Writing to Learn concepts into nursing curriculum are to assist nursing students to achieve competence in clinically relevant writing assignments; to demonstrate critical thinking and communication skills, both oral and written; to execute useful literature searches; to read and understand research reports; and to encourage the incorporation of evidence into clinical practice. With a strong and established writing foundation, nursing students will be more successful in written and oral communication during their nursing program and throughout their nursing career.
Using a Conceptual Approach with Concept Mapping to Promote Critical Thinking
Authors: Vacek Jenny E.
Published: March 2009

Promoting the development of critical thinking is crucial to nursing education for two reasons. First, the National League for Nursing and the American Association of Colleges of Nurses consider critical thinking an outcome criterion for baccalaureate nursing education. Second, and significantly more important, professional nursing practice requires critical thinking skills and problem solving abilities. Too often, teaching is not directed at specifically designed activities that foster critical thinking. Various teaching strategies have been proposed that promote critical thinking, including service learning, role playing, reflective learning, the critical incidence conference, videotaped vignettes, preceptorship, and concept mapping. This article focuses on the use of assimilation theory and concept maps to facilitate critical thinking experiences in nursing education.
Music Listening: Its Effects in Creating a Healing Environment
Authors: McCaffrey Ruth
Published: March 2009

Older adults face challenges in function, cognition, and isolation as they age. Nurses are responsible for providing a healing environment to promote health and well-being. Music listening is an intervention that could be used to facilitate a healing environment. This article provides examples of evidence that music can improve the healing environment for older adults, both physiologically and psychologically. Music can connect individuals with their emotions and bring about a sense of self-awareness that improves the quality of life for older adults. Music is a safe, inexpensive, and easy-to-use intervention that nurses can implement independently to help older adults cope with pain, acute confusion, and functional deficits. Examples of ways nurses can use music to provide a healing environment are also included.
Integrative Holism in Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Zahourek Rothlyn P.
Published: March 2009

In this era of high-tech care, many Americans seek more holistic approaches and alternative and complementary treatments for health problems, including mental illness. Psychiatric-mental health (PMH) nurses need to be aware of these approaches as they assess clients, maintain a holistic approach, and in some cases, provide skilled, specific modalities. This article reviews holistic philosophy and integrative approaches relevant to PMH nurses. The emphasis is that whichever modality PMH nurses practice, a holistic framework is essential for providing optimal PMH care.
Choosing to Eat Your Way Toward Healthy Aging
Authors: Crocker Susan H.
Published: March 2009

As individuals age, they face many choices to promote healthy aging. One important consideration relates to nutritional choices. It is easy to become overwhelmed with the information in the media that suggests the superiority of some new diet or breakthrough dietary supplement. This article reminds us to focus on holistic approaches to nutrition on the premise that balance is paramount in our lives. As nurses, we need to guide others to make thoughtful choices for healthy aging.
Suicidal Ideation in Adults Aging with HIV: Neurological and Cognitive Considerations
Authors: Vance David E. , Moneyham Linda , Farr Kenneth F.
Published: March 2009

Because of highly active antiretroviral therapy, people are now aging with HIV. Several stressors associated with aging with HIV may result in increased levels of depression and suicidal ideation. In addition, neurological and cognitive changes that often accompany both aging and HIV must be considered because those aging with HIV are at greater risk of developing such problems. These problems may be reflected in executive functioning deficits and initiation and perseveration difficulties. Adults experiencing such problems may be predisposed to ruminative thoughts that can impair the ability to effectively cope with the stressors associated with aging with HIV. Moreover, other conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic drug use, and mitochondrial-damage-related fatigue can predispose these adults to the development of further neurological and cognitive problems. These problems may foster further ruminative thinking and increase the severity of depression and suicidal ideation. Implications for nursing practice, intervention, and research are provided.
A Creative Arts Intervention for Children with Diabetes: Part 2: Evaluation
Authors: Basso Robert V.J. , Pelech William James
Published: March 2009

In Part 1 of this article (published in the October 2008 issue), we discussed the importance of using creative arts skits as an expressive technique for children with Type 1, or juvenile, diabetes. This creative arts intervention offers children the opportunity to decipher emotional difficulties through symbolic play in a secure atmosphere. Analysis of feelings following the skits encourages children to share concerns about their illnesses as well as self-concept issues. In Part 2, we use the case study method to demonstrate the benefits of creative arts skits for children with diabetes.
American Nurses Association's Best Practices in Seasonal Influenza Immunization Campaign
Authors: Slavin Katie E.
Published: March 2009

The American Nurses Association (ANA) is concerned about the unacceptably low rates of seasonal influenza vaccination among registered nurses and other health care personnel. Despite well-documented evidence of the importance and benefits of influenza immunization of health care personnel, seasonal influenza vaccination rates remain below 50%. In response, ANA developed the 2006–2007 Best Practices in Seasonal Influenza Immunization Campaign to assist health care organizations in conducting successful seasonal influenza immunization programs. Best practices in the top recognized programs have been compiled to represent the successful elements in seasonal influenza vaccination programs that result in increased vaccination acceptance and accessibility among health care professionals. ANA developed a brochure, articles, and other tools reflecting the best practices to assist other organizations nationwide in planning their seasonal influenza immunization programs.
A Measure of University Employees' Exposure to Risk Factors for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Fisher Thomas , Gibson Troy
Published: March 2009

This study examined the computer workstations of 50 faculty and staff at a regional comprehensive university in the southeastern United States. Data were collected using a subjective questionnaire and the observational Computer Workstation Analysis tool. The researchers found no significant differences between participants' perceptions of their risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) and observations of workstations at the worksite. The researchers recommend developing an ergonomics program delivered by occupational health team members with knowledge and skill in WRMD prevention, identification, and treatment.
Workplace Incivility and Productivity Losses among Direct Care Staff
Authors: Hutton Scott , Gates Donna
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine incivility experienced by direct health care staff in their workplaces. The sample ( N = 184) was 91% female and 77% White, with 71% of the participants having earned an associate degree or above and 81% being registered nurses. The Work Limitations Questionnaire and the Incivility in Healthcare Survey were distributed to all direct care staff at a major metropolitan hospital (22% response rate). Correlations were found between workplace incivility from direct supervisors and productivity ( r = 0.284, p = .000) and workplace incivility from patients and productivity ( r = 0.204, p = .006). Incivility from physicians, incivility from other direct care staff, and general environmental incivility were not shown to be significantly related to productivity. Demographics were not related to levels of workplace incivility. Workplace incivility from patients and management appears to have a greater impact on employees' productivity than workplace incivility from other sources.
The Energy Envelope Theory and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Jason Leonard
Published: March 2009

Individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) have little stamina and endurance, and pose a challenge for nursing professionals. The Energy Envelope Theory, which posits that maintaining expended energy levels consistent with available energy levels may reduce the frequency and severity of symptoms, is particularly useful when working with clients with ME/CFS. Anecdotal support from the client community for this theory supports its use as a management tool for ME/CFS, but little formal research has been done in this area. In this study, a daily energy quotient was established by dividing the expended energy level by the perceived energy level and multiplying by 100. It was predicted that those participants who expended energy beyond their level of perceived energy would have more severe fatigue and symptoms and lower levels of physical and mental functioning. Findings are congruent with the Energy Envelope Theory as they indicated that the daily energy quotient was related to several indices of functioning including depression, anxiety, fatigue, pain, quality of life, and disability. The overall results provide support for a strategy health care professionals can use when working with clients with ME/CFS.
Caring for Those Who Care
Authors: Tomczyk Dennis , Alvarez Della , Borgman Patricia , Cartier Mary Jo , Caulum Lois , Galloway Cindy , Groves Cindy , Faust Naomi , Meske Denise
Published: March 2009

Since the events of 9/11, health care facilities have devoted substantial resources to emergency preparedness, especially for a surge of patients in a large-scale incident. Hurricane Katrina reinforced the need for such surge planning. Due to the SARS experience in Toronto, health care professionals have had increased awareness of their “duty-to-care” responsibility. These caregivers make the decision, even when they themselves may be at risk, to continue to care for patients. However, little has been done about planning to care for these caregivers. Health care professionals can be deeply affected physically, emotionally, and spiritually when caring for patients in a large-scale incident. Emergency preparedness professionals must consider the needs of health care providers because providers must care for a large number of patients with limited resources under stressful conditions. It is the obligation and responsibility of each health care organization to care for these caregivers. However, when assigning responsibility for this task, it becomes evident this responsibility belongs to employee health nurses, “employee advocates,” and organizational leaders.
Family History
Authors: McNeill Jeanette A. , Cook Jennifer , Mahon Marveen , Rauschhuber Maureen , Jones Mary Elaine , Estrada Rosanna
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to describe family health history profiles and objective indices of cardiac health among ethnically diverse working adults. Family history of disease is an important predictor of individual health, yet is underused by clinicians. Participants were staff in an elder-care facility and completed a web-enabled program capturing family history, objective cardiovascular measures (blood lipids, blood pressure, height, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio), and subjective measures (anxiety, spirituality, and health status appraisal). Of the 44 participants, 89% were unable to provide complete information about their family health and mortality for the three-generation genogram; 25% had one or more first-degree relatives with cardiac disease; and more than two thirds had first-degree relatives with diabetes. More than 80% of the sample exhibited objective indices of risk including body mass indexes in the overweight or obese categories. Family history information was incorporated into health screening and enabled more appropriate health counseling for these employees.
Promoting Health and Safety for Traveling and Commuting Employees
Authors: Pochat-Debroux Sophia
Published: March 2009

In a society that relies on a growing market economy and free enterprise, Americans spend inordinate time commuting and traveling for work. Aircraft and private vehicles are the two primary modes of work-related travel, with each having its own inherit risks and hazards. Although much has been written about international travel health, little has been published about protecting the health and safety of workers during domestic business travel. The intent of this article is to highlight the statistics associated with domestic business travel and present sound rationale for an inclusive and comprehensive domestic travel health and safety program for employees.
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Emanuele Patricia
Published: March 2009

This article reviews the incidence, causes, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Various employees, including long-distance drivers or travelers, sedentary office workers, females taking estrogen, those who are obese, those who have cancer, and those who are hospitalized, may be at risk for developing this condition. Genetic testing can determine some inherited factors predisposing workers to clotting. Low-molecular weight heparins can be used to manage DVT on an outpatient basis.
Sustaining a Healthy Work Force in the 21st Century—A Model for Collaborating Through Reciprocation
Authors: Thomason Diane L. , Lagowski Lisa R.
Published: March 2009

Occupational health nurses are positioned to restore and maintain worker health, well-being, and safety, thereby increasing productivity. A model of practice is needed that provides a comprehensive worker-environment perspective. A model that incorporates reciprocation and collaboration increases workers' engagement in their own health action plan. It empowers workers and provides a broader multidimensional perspective on factors affecting or influencing their health. The Reciprocation Model has been designed using the nursing process; it incorporates reciprocation and collaboration to assist occupational health nurses improve or maintain worker health and safety, as well as achieve corporate goals of reducing on-the-job lost time and increasing productivity.
Preventing Skin Cancer among a Farming Population
Authors: Gaetano Diana E. , Hodge Bernadette , Clark Arleen , Ackerman Susan , Burdick Patrick , Cook Mary Lou Wranesh
Published: March 2009

Agricultural workers are at risk for developing skin cancer due to exposures to ultraviolet radiation. Occupational health nurses implemented a skin cancer screening during an agricultural trade show to facilitate primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer through risk assessment, visual skin examination, counseling, and education. The purpose of this article is to present an evidence-based practice model that describes the demographics of a skin cancer screening population, self-reported risk factors, the occurrence of presumptive diagnoses, and compliance with health-related recommendations. Eighty-eight individuals were screened. Thirty-nine (44%) of all screened participants were referred for further evaluation. Of the 39 referrals, 16 (41%) were recommended for biopsy. One month after the screening, 21 (54%) of the participants had completed or arranged follow-up. Status of the identified lesion was also explored. General comments yielded statements that demonstrated appreciation for the screening, teaching, reminders, and encouragement.
Comparison of Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Laser Polarimetry in Glaucoma, Ocular Hypertension, and Suspected Glaucoma
Authors: Halkiadakis Ioannis , Kipioti Athina , Emfietzoglou Ioannis , Grigoropoulos Vlassis , Katsis Athanasios , Alimisi Sotiria , Vergados Ioannis , Theodossiadis Panagiotis , Theodossiadis George P.
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To compare the performance of the newest generation optical coherence topography (OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (SLP-VCC) in eyes with glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and suspected glaucoma.

Patients and Methods:
One eye each of 84 patients (30 with glaucoma, 26 with suspected glaucoma, and 28 with ocular hypertension) was included in the study. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured with both technologies and thickness parameters were compared in the three groups of eyes. The correspondence of RNFL thickness measurements with visual field function was also studied.

Results:
Average OCT-RNFL thickness was found to have a statistically significant difference between patients with glaucoma and either suspected glaucoma or ocular hypertension. A statistically significant correlation between the average RNFL thicknesses measured by the two different technologies was shown only in the glaucoma group. A significant correlation with visual field mean deviation was found for superior average RNFL thickness as measured by SLP and for nerve fiber indicator and average and inferior average RNFL thickness as measured by OCT in glaucomatous eyes. Regression analysis indicated nerve fiber indicator to be the most valuable factor in predicting mean deviation.

Conclusion:
RNFL thickness measurements obtained with OCT and SLP-VCC correlate well only in eyes with more advanced glaucomatous damage. The nerve fiber indicator parameter derived by SLP correlated best with mean deviation.
Bacillus Cereus Endophthalmitis Following Intravitreous Bevacizumab Injection
Authors: Kopel Andrew C. , Carvounis Petros E. , Holz Eric R.
Published: March 2009

The first case of Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis following an intravitreous injection of bevacizumab is described. A 77-year-old man presented to a retina specialist with an active choroidal neovascularization related to age-related macular degeneration for which he received intravitreous bevacizumab (1.25 mg) and post-injection topical gatifloxacin. Eight hours later, the patient woke up with excruciating pain and a decline in vision associated with nausea and vomiting. A vitreous biopsy was performed that revealed B. cereus. Despite intravitreous injections of vancomycin and ceftazidime on day 1 and pars plana vitrectomy with repeat intravitreous injections on day 3, the eye did not recover light perception.
Repair of Anterior Staphyloma with Dehydrated Dura Mater Patch Graft
Authors: Yalçindag F. Nilüfer , Çelik Selcen , Özdemir Özden
Published: March 2009

A case of postoperative large anterior staphyloma of the sclera was treated with a dehydrated cadaveric dura mater patch graft. Structural integrity of the globe and a good cosmetic result were obtained after the surgery. During the follow-up of 2 years, no recurrence of staphyloma developed.
Dislocated Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Scleral Fixation Technique Through 23-Gauge Vitrectomy Cannulas
Authors: López-Guajardo Lorenzo , Dapena Isabel , Teus Miguel A.
Published: March 2009

A scleral fixation technique for posterior dislocated intraocular lens performed through 23-gauge vitrectomy cannulas is presented. It is based on the creation of polypropylene loops at opposite meridians through which haptics are engaged and placed in the sulcus. Repositioning of the intraocular lens (as opposed to substitution that requires new or reopening of corneal incisions) associated with microincisional vitrectomy techniques (23 gauge) allows for faster patient recovery. Free rotation of haptics through the loops aids in providing spontaneous good intraocular lens centering. The technique provides a minimally invasive solution for dislocated intraocular lenses after the unavoidable vitrectomy procedure to liberate the lens from the vitreous chamber.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in a Case of Pterygium
Authors: Papadia Marina , Barabino Stefano , Rolando Maurizio
Published: March 2009

Pterygium is a frequent ocular surface disorder of unknown origin characterized by chronic conjunctival inflammation with a clear central cornea in most patients. A 35-year-old man affected by pterygium in the right eye presented with unremarkable slit-lamp examination of the central cornea, in which in vivo confocal microscopy showed a significant alteration of the superficial epithelial cells, numerous dendritic-like cells in the basal epithelial layer, and loss of keratocytes in the stroma. In vivo confocal microscopy may be helpful in evaluating the immunological and structural changes of the cornea in patients with pterygium and in understanding its pathophysiology.
Chronic Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachments with Unusual Clinical, Angiographic, and Tomographic Presentations
Authors: Shukla Dhananjay , Rajendran Anand , Chakraborty Somnath , Maheshwari Rajkumar
Published: March 2009

The authors report two cases of central serous chorioretinopathy of long duration where retinal pigment epithelial detachment presented with unusual clinical features and led to misdiagnosis of a cystic mass lesion in one patient. Fluorescein angiography showed atypical fluorescence patterns, which did not help to diagnose or explain the clinical appearance. Optical coherence tomography confirmed the diagnosis and explained the anatomic basis of the anomalous clinical and angiographic presentation by highlighting the atrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelial lining of the pigment epithelial detachment in both cases.
Synthesis of Mono-Sized Silica Nanoparticles by Combustion Technique
Authors: Zhu Guang , Zou Xiao Ping , Cheng Jin , Wang Mao Fa , Su Yi
Published: March 2009

A simple combustion technique is presented for the preparation of mono-sized silica
nanoparticles by employing tetraethyl orthosilicates as precursor. The as-grown white powders were
characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the size of silica
nanoparticles were relative to the unique synthesis conditions. According to the observation and
analysis of the scanning electron microscopy images, the possible growth mechanism of silica
nanoparticles in this process is proposed.
Optimization of Dimensions of a Sandwich Structure Using Genetic Algorithm (GA)
Authors: Khoshravan Mohammad Reza , Hosseinzadeh M.
Published: March 2009

Optimum height of the core and thickness of the composite faces of a sandwich panel
under a defined loading have been computed in order to obtain the lowest weight of structure and its
highest stiffness. Either by choosing adequate lay up sequence of multilayer composite faces,
desired properties of the composite faces was chosen. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) based on
statistics was used and to obtain the best methods of G.A., sensitivity analysis was carried out. In
result, the influence of sensitivity analysis was found useful because it leaded to a better
convergence of problem and decreased the execution time of the problem.
Dynamic Strength of Steel Welds under High Strain Rate Loading
Authors: Wang B. , Lu Guo Xing
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the dynamic strength of steel welds under high strain rate loadings. Flow stresses of both the base steel material and the weld filament were obtained under strain rate loadings of up to 9 × 102 s-1. The data was then fitted to the Cowper-Simmons [1] relation with the D and q values given. The finding helps to understand the strain rate sensitivity of the base and welded materials.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution during Cold Rolling and Recrystallization of Ni3Al Single Crystals
Authors: Kishida Kyosuke , Demura Masahiko , Kobayashi Satoru , Xu Ya , Hirano Toshiyuki
Published: March 2009

We have studied the texture and microstructure evolution during cold rolling of Ni3Al single crystals as a function of the initial crystal orientations and revealed that the cold rolling behavior of the single crystals are strongly dependent on the initial crystal orientations, especially on the initial rolling direction (RD). An optimum condition for thin foil fabrication is determined that the initial RD is close to <001>. According to the conditions we have successfully fabricated the wide and thin foils of binary Ni3Al by cold rolling the single crystalline ingots. The thinnest foils obtained so far are about 20µm in thickness and 50mm in width. This document reviews the current status of our research on the thin foils of intermetallic compound Ni3Al.
Interdiffusion Studies in Co-Fe-Ni Alloys
Authors: Filipek Robert , Danielewski Marek , Bachorczyk Nagy Renata
Published: March 2009

Interdiffusion in Co-Fe-Ni alloys was studied in 1373-1588 K temperature range. The
Danielewski-Holly model was used for the description of the interdiffusion process in ternary Co- Fe-Ni diffusion couples both for the finite and infinite geometry. Using the inverse method the average intrinsic diffusivities of components in the Co-Fe-Ni system were calculated and compared with the results of the other authors. The activation energies of cobalt, iron and nickel intrinsic diffusion have been found in 1373-1588 K temperature range.
Non-Destructive Method of Diffusion Parameters Determination in Solids
Authors: Bodnar O.B. , Aristova I.M. , Mazilkin A.A. , Chaika A.N. , Pronina L.N.
Published: March 2009

Diffusion of nitrogen implanted in tungsten and molybdenum single crystals has been
investigated at temperature about 0.3 Tm (Tm is the melting point). Existence of several dopant atom fluxes is found in subsurface region of the ion implanted material. The diffusion coefficients of the nitrogen connected with the radiation damages and that with the bulk diffusion mechanism are determined. Change of the nitrogen surface concentration has been measured by Auger electron spectroscopy. Initial distribution of the nitrogen and diffusion profiles for various annealing time have been determined by secondary-ion mass-spectroscopy technique. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction investigations were used to study the microstructure and phase state of the implanted samples.
Diffusion of 6Li in Tantalum and Tungsten Studied by the Neutron Depth Profiling Technique
Authors: Vacik J. , Köster U. , Hnatowicz V. , Cervena J. , Pasold G.
Published: March 2009

Diffusion of 6Li in the refractory metals Ta and W has been studied using the
nondestructive neutron depth profiling technique. The preliminary results point out the complex behavior of 6Li atoms in W and Ta. The experiment showed that the Fickian diffusion is affected by the presence of traps and radiation defects in the sample surface layer. Further experiments and computer simulations of the diffusion process are in progress.
Faceting of Ʃ3 Grain Boundaries in Cu: Three-Dimensional Wulff Diagrams
Authors: Kucherinenko Yaroslav , Protasova Svetlana , Straumal Boris B.
Published: March 2009

Diffusional growth of the grain boundary (GB) groove permits one to measure the ratio between GB energy sGB and surface energy ssur. The faceting of twin tilt grain boundaries in Cu has been studied using the GB thermal groove method. No rough facet edges were observed. It means that melting temperature is lower than the roughening temperature for the observed facets in Cu. The influence of orientation and misorientation deviation Dq = ½q – qS½ from coincidence
misorientation qS has been studied. By increase of Dq the energy of (100)CSL facet increases. The convenient method for construction 3D three-dimensional Wulff diagrams was found. The 3- dimensional Wulff diagrams were constructed using this method and measured sGB / ssur values.
Liquid Gallium Penetration along Grain Boundaries in Pure Al and Al-Based Alloys
Authors: Kozlova Olga , Rodin Alexey , Podgornyi D. , Normand N.
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of liquid Ga penetration along grain boundaries in pure Al, Al-Mn
(50 ppm Mn) and Al-Ga alloys (with concentration 0.7, 1 and 3% mass. Ga) was studied. It was shown that crack-like channels filled by liquid Ga were formed along all grain boundaries. Their width was about 1-3 µm. Investigation of quenched state showed that in all samples, channels had grown with linear kinetics, and that the propagation rate depended on impurity concentration in alloys: 35µm/s for Al-Mn alloy, 14 µm/s for pure Al and 9±1 µm/s for Al with (0.7-3) % Ga alloys. The difference in penetration rates of pure Al and Al based alloys are discussed in terms of internal stress and mechanical properties.
Effect of the Nitriding Potential on the Layer Growth Kinetics of Nitrided Pure Iron
Authors: Keddam Mourad
Published: March 2009

In this work, an approach of reactive nitrogen diffusion is presented and applied to the
iron gas nitriding process. A kinetic model based on Fick's laws is used to simulate the layer growth
kinetics of a biphase configuration composed of ε and γ’ iron nitrides grown on the pure iron
substrate. This diffusional approach, under certain assumptions, reveals the influence of the
nitriding potential on the layer growth kinetics during the gas nitriding of pure iron. Some
simulation results are presented and discussed.
Dynamic Embrittlement - Diffusion-Induced Intergranular Cracking
Authors: Krupp Ulrich
Published: March 2009

The present paper is about dynamic embrittlement as a generic damage mechanism. It
involves grain-boundary diffusion of an embrittling species at elevated temperatures under the
influence of mechanical stress. The embrittling species, either coming from the material itself or
from the environment, reduces the grain-boundary cohesion and, hence, causes time-dependent
intergranular fracture. Evidence of the technical significance of dynamic embrittlement is given by
two examples, stress-relief cracking in steels and hold-time cracking during low-cycle-fatigue
loading of nickel-base superalloys. There is an obvious relationship between the grain-boundary
structure and the local susceptibility to dynamic embrittlement. This was proven by mechanical
experiments on bicrystals and grain-boundary-engineering-type-processed specimens.
Cation Diffusion and Demixing in Yttria Stabilized Zirconia: Comparison of Assumptions of Constant Electric Field and Constant Current
Authors: Belova Irina V. , Samuelis D. , Martin Manfred , Murch Graeme E.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the phenomenon of steady-state cation demixing in yttria-stabilized
zirconia in an electric field is examined for the case of an open system wherein the defects are
everywhere close to internal surfaces which allow the Schottky-defect reaction to occur (very fine
grain material). The effect of the constant electric field assumption as a substitute for the constant
current condition is analyzed for diffusion by vacancy-pairs and by vacancy-triplets over a wide
range of applied electric fields. It is shown that the assumption of a constant electric field provides
only a moderate correction to the shape of the demixing concentration profile.
Rate of Reduction of Chromium Oxides in a Slag by FeSi and FeMgSi Ferroalloys
Authors: Gutiérrez Juliana , Plascencia Gabriel , Romero Antonio , Reyes Fidel , Arellano Isaac
Published: March 2009

The rate of reduction of chromium oxides in a stainless steel slag was studied in
stagnant slag / metal melts at 1600 °C. The experimental results show that the magnesium
contained in a FeMgSi ferroalloy has a reduction potential comparable to that of the silicon in
a FeSi ferroalloy. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the rate limiting step in the
reduction of the chromium oxides is the transport of chromium from the bulk of the slag to
the slag / metal interface. The mass transfer coefficients for the reduction of chromium were
estimated and are in good agreement with previously reported values.
Integrated, Effective and Average Interdiffusion Coefficients and their Applications in Multicomponent Alloys for Energy Production Technologies
Authors: Sohn Yong Ho , Garimella N. , Perez E. , Mohanty R.R. , Liu J.
Published: March 2009

Solid-state diffusion is a subject of great interest for many intellectual merits and
practical applications. It also provides excellent educational studies with cross-fertilization of
science and technology. This paper examines the importance of multicomponent-multiphase
interdiffusion with specific examples from materials and coatings for components in advanced
energy production systems, including gas turbines and nuclear reactors. Results and analysis
from laboratory experiments are presented in terms of interdiffusion fluxes, integrated
interdiffusion coefficients, effective interdiffusion coefficients, and average multicomponent
interdiffusion coefficients. Applications are highlighted for materials and coatings for
components in advanced energy production technologies. Additional consideration is given to
the refined approach to assess composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficients in
multicomponent alloys.
On the Dynamics of Wetting of Water-Methanol Volatile Sessile Drops on Smooth Substrates
Authors: David S. , Sefiane Khellil , Shanahan Martin E.R.
Published: March 2009

The wetting and evaporation behaviour of methanol-water droplets deposited on a
smooth silicon substrate were investigated experimentally. Contact angle and droplet shape kinetics
were studied using an optical technique. Drops were deposited onto a silicon substrate and enclosed
in a cell with nitrogen as the ambient gas. Besides the case of pure water and pure methanol, three
different volume fractions of methanol in water were investigated: 10%, 50% and 80%. Using a
Kruss DSA100 contact angle analyser, the behaviour of the contact angle, droplet volume, and base
width was determined as a function of time. Results show that evaporation of the droplet takes place
in successive stages for mixtures. The more volatile component seems to evaporate principally in
the first stage, during which the contact angle of the binary drop is closer to that of pure methanol.
Because the wetting behaviour is partly dictated by the surface tension of the liquid-vapour
interface, methanol is believed to be concentrated at the interface during this first stage. After
complete evaporation of the methanol, the wetting behaviour of the droplet tends towards that of
pure water. The mechanisms that dictate the evaporation and wetting behaviour of such binary
droplets include many effects: diffusion of methanol in water in the liquid phase; accumulation of
one of the component near the interface and preferential evaporation followed by diffusion of one
component in another in the vapour phase. In order to model the phenomenon, the above effects
must be taken into account. Solutal Marangoni stress as well as interfacial instabilities may also
play an important role in the behaviour of theses systems.
Diffusion in the Presence of Twin Boundaries
Authors: Rothová Vĕra
Published: March 2009

In this paper, four examples from the literature are introduced in which the presence of
high density of twin boundaries could explain an anomalous diffusion behavior. (i) In the case of
the grain boundary (GB) self-diffusion in nickel, leakage from the random GBs to considerably
high fraction of deformation and/or annealing twins in the samples studied can be a reason for the
diverse literature values of activation enthalpy. The diffusion model including participation of two
types of GBs is essential for data evaluation. (ii) Segregation of Ge atoms with negligible solubility
to twin boundaries and diffusion in both type A and type AB transition regime can clarify the
unusual 71Ge diffusion in the Mg alloys. (iii) Anomalous diffusion of gold in polycrystalline silicon
presented in the literature was discussed here. Because profiles corresponding to type AB transition
regime were detected, transition from type B to type A diffusion regime could be an alternative
explanation of the anomaly. (iv) Effective diffusion of the 63Ni tracer in the presence of unidirectional
defects in single-crystalline β-tin might be a simple reason for the uncommon features
published earlier: low activation enthalpy, high diffusion anisotropy and values of the extrapolated
solid-state Ni diffusion coefficients above those in the Sn liquid phase.
Analysis of the Rate of Oxidation of the Arema Steel at High-Temperature
Authors: Adamaszek Krzysztof , Jurasz Zbigniew
Published: March 2009

In this paper we give a presentation of the recently developed approaches concerned of
the rate of oxidation the Arema steel at high-temperature in first stage of this process. The
comparison analysis was performed on the basis of the experimental results of oxidation of
cylindrical specimens made of above steel. The experiment was carried out in chamber furnace on
series of specimen with dimension Φ = 20 , l=30 mm. The specimens were oxidized at 1000 °C for
10 - 2280 minutes in air and then quenched in silica sand, afterwards were measured and weighed
both with and without of scale. The analysis reveals that for longer oxidation time than one hour
influence of linear dependence on parabolic growth of scale can be neglected.
Metastable Phase Formation in Multi-Component Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Miodownik Alfred Peter , Saunders N. , Schille J.P. , Guo Zhan Li
Published: March 2009

Many Aluminium alloys use the precipitation of metastable phases to generate optimum
properties. The effect of including additional structures such as θ’ and GP zones is described in the
context of a hierarchy of metastable structures. Extending a Thermodynamic data base that has been
designed solely to deal with equilibrium conditions is a vital prerequisite to handling the heattreatment
of aluminium alloys. It is then possible to generate TTT and CCT diagrams, using the
Johnson-Mehl-Avrami treatment previously applied in to other materials providing provision is
made for the presence of supersaturated quenched-in vacancies. Calculations using JMatPro are
given for the expected behavior of commercial aluminium alloys of increasing complexity,
including AA319, AA6061 and AA7075.
Interdiffusion in (fcc) Ni-Cr-X (X = Al, Si, Ge or Pd) Alloys at 700°C
Authors: Garimella N. , Brady M.P. , Sohn Yong Ho
Published: March 2009

Interdiffusion at 700°C for Ni-22at.%Cr (fcc γ phase) alloys with small additions of Al,
Si, Ge, or Pd was examined using solid-to-solid diffusion couples. Rods of Ni-22at.%Cr, Ni-
21at.%Cr-6.2at.%Al, Ni-22at.%Cr-4.0at.%Si, Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Ge and Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Pd
alloys were cast using arc-melt and homogenized at 900°C for 168 hours. The diffusion couples
were assembled with alloy disks in Invar steel jig, encapsulated in Argon after several hydrogen
flushes, and annealed at 700°C for 720 hours. Experimental concentration profiles were determined
from polished cross-sections by using electron probe microanalysis with pure standards of Ni, Cr,
Al, Si, Ge and Pd. Interdiffusion fluxes of individual components were calculated directly from the
experimental concentration profiles, and the moments of interdiffusion fluxes were examined to
determine average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. Effects of ternary alloying additions on the
interdiffusional behavior of Ni-Cr-X alloys at 700°C are presented in the light of the diffusional
interactions and the formation of protective Cr2O3 scale.
Extended 'Five-Stream' Model for Diffusion of Implanted Dopants in Silicon during Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation in VLSI Circuits
Authors: Khina Boris B.
Published: March 2009

Ion implantation of different dopants (donors and acceptors) into crystalline silicon with
subsequent thermal annealing is used for the formation of ultra-shallow p-n junctions in VLSI
technology. The experimentally observed phenomenon of transient enhanced diffusion (TED)
during annealing hinders further downscaling of advanced VLSI circuits. However, modern
mathematical models of dopant diffusion, which are based on the so-called “five-stream” approach,
and software packages such as SUPREM4 encounter difficulties in describing TED. In this work, an
extended five-stream model for diffusion in silicon is developed, which takes into account all the
possible charge states of point defects (vacancies and silicon self-interstitials) and diffusing pairs
“dopant atom–vacancy” and “dopant atom–silicon self-interstitial”. The model includes diffusion
and drift of differently charged point defects and pairs in the internal electric field and the kinetics
of interaction between unlike species. The expressions for diffusion fluxes and sink/source terms
that appear in the non-linear, non-steady-state reaction-diffusion equations are derived for both
donor and acceptor dopants accounting for multiple charge states of the diffusing species.
Model of Lateral Growth Stage during Reactive Phase Formation
Authors: Pasichnyy Mykola , Gusak Andriy
Published: March 2009

Lateral growth of intermediate phase during reactive diffusion was analyzed. Proposed
model is based on the assumption that the main driving force of the lateral growth process is the
chemical one (proportional to composition gradient along the interface). Asymmetric case of phase
formation taking into account the curvature of all three interfaces at the triple joint is considered.