bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die MOSAiC-Transpolardrift im arktischen Klimapuzzle
Authors: Dethloff Klaus ,   MOSAiC-Konsortium
Published: December 2021

Das arktische Klimasystem verändert sich schnell, aber die Quantifizierung der atmosphärischen und ozeanischen Treiber der «Arktischen Verstärkung» ist bisher ungenügend, weil Wetter- und Klimamodelle wichtige subgrid-skalige Prozesse und ihre Wechselwirkung im gekoppelten Klimasystem der Arktis nicht gut genug beschreiben. Die in-situ-Beobachtungen im Rahmen der Transpolardrift der MOSAiC Eisscholle 2019/20 lieferten einzigartige Daten zum Prozessverständnis des gekoppelten Systems Atmosphäre, Meereis und Ozean. Die Idee für MOSAiC (Multidisciplinary Drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate) resultierte aus der deutsch-russischen Kooperation auf der Nordpoldriftstation NP35 während des Internationalen Polarjahres 2007/08. Seit der IASC-Konferenz 2011 im AWI Potsdam wurde eine internationale Eis-Driftstation über dem arktischen Ozean geplant, um die Prozesse der beschleunigten arktischen Meereisabnahme auf der Basis von Daten und Modellen zu analysieren.  Eine Wissenschaftlergemeinschaft unter Leitung des AWI Bremerhaven/Potsdam und Beteiligung des AARI St. Petersburg und des ESRL Boulder entwickelte diese Idee zu einem internationalen Leuchtturmprojekt. Im Oktober 2019 machte der Forschungseisbrecher «Polarstern» an einer Eisscholle in der Laptewsee fest, um eine einjährige Drift in Richtung Framstraße anzutreten. Mit Unterstützung des Forschungsschiffs «Akademik Fedorov» wurde ein zentrales Observatorium auf der Eisscholle und ein Netzwerk aus autonomen Bojen installiert, um die Prozesse in Atmosphäre, Meereis, Ökosystem und Ozean zu vermessen. Von September 2019 bis Oktober 2020 wurde mit russischen, durch DFG und BMBF finanzierten Forschungsschiffen der Austausch von Expeditions- und Wissenschaftlercrews und Expeditionsgütern aufrechterhalten und trotz der weltweiten Coronapandemie die einzigartige Mission erfolgreich zu Ende geführt.

In der Post-MOSAiC Phase werden die erhobenen Daten genutzt, relevante Prozesse innerhalb des Systems Atmosphäre-Eis-Ozean durch Synthese zwischen der Beobachtungs- und Modellierungscommunity zu quantifizieren. Dies dient der Verbesserung von Wetter-, Eisvorhersage- und Klimamodellen in der Arktis, die ein detaillierteres Prozessverständnis erfordert, aber auch der Erfassung saisonaler Ökosystemdynamik und biogeochemischer Prozesse im Eis und Ozean. 

 
New opportunities for identification of precursors of sea earthquakes
Authors: Parlichev Dimitar , Vasilev Atanas
Published: December 2021

In many publications, as well as in media statements, prominent foreign and Bulgarian seismologists admit that seismology still does not have reliable methods and technical means for the identification of earthquake precursors in marine conditions (short-term forecast). Several facts, circumstances, and considerations are presented, motivating the need to immediately start experimental research in this area. A Bulgarian patent of a device for capturing underwater gas sources is offered for transmitting characteristics of the underwater gas source to a receiving device on land, indicating an impending earthquake. A strategy for experimentation and application of the device through the implementation of a new European project, uniting the forces and capabilities of the South European countries, is being proposed.
A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR OF TEACHERS AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL
Authors: Farhat Parveen, Shazia Zamir, Aisha Bibi
Published: December 2021

The existing research study was aimed to study the organizational citizenship behaviour of teachers at Secondary level. The nature of this research study was descriptive and gathered the data by survey method. Hundred male and hundred female teachers teaching at Secondary level were chosen by stratified sampling technique from the Islamabad Model Secondary Schools. A standardized questionnaire based on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale (OCBS) of 24 items developed by Podsakoff and Moorman (1995) was employed to gather data which have five subscales. Mean, Standard deviation, an independent sample t-test and ANOVA were applied for data analysis. The consciousness dimension has shown high mean score value as compare to the other dimensions of OCB. An independent t-test was employed to see the major difference regarding OCB of male and female teachers. Results indicated that there is a substantial difference in OCB between male and female teachers, moreover results also displays that male teachers have considerably higher level of OCB than female teachers. There is no significant difference found in OCB of teachers based on their marital status and age group. Educational administration should work out on fostering a perception of OCB in their institutions to improve their teaching standard and teachers should also be given incentives by their heads in order to exhibit high level of OCB that will be resulted in their improved performance.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HOUSEHOLD EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE IN PAKISTAN: A MESSAGE FORWARD
Authors: Hazrat Yousaf, Parvez Ahmed Shaikh, Mahjabeen Zehri
Published: December 2021

This comparative study aims to examine household educational expenditure in Pakistan. The data was collected from Pakistan household budget surveys 2013-14, 2015-16 and 2018-19. To meet the objectives of study, descriptive, two sample t-test and Working-Leser model through econometric regression were performed for the confirmation of hypotheses. Results of the study show that educational expenditure increased from US$213.29 household-1 in 2013-14 to US$280.94 household-1 in 2015- 16 and there is obtained slightly increased in educational expenditure (i.e., from US$280.94 household-1 to US$281.06 household-1 ) from 2015-16 to 2018-19. A significant increase in household educational expenditure in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces obtained while educational expenditure of households belongs to Balochistan decreased (i.e., from US$211. 94 household-1 in 2015 to US$128.76 household-1 in 2018). There is obtained positive and statistically significant impact of logarithm income on budget shares of education. Education expenditure elasticity turns out greater than one, which advocates households treat education as expensive one. Findings of study reveals that expenditure on fees and books accounts for more than 80 per cent share of household total educational expenditure. Keeping in view the findings of study, some lucrative policies are recommended for educational development at household level in Pakistan.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF 1992, 1998 AND 2009 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EXAMINATION REFORMS IN SINDH BOARD
Authors: Sajida Perveen, Syed Abdul Aziz
Published: December 2021

The objective of the study was to analyze the Educational Polices of Pakistan with specific focus on examination reforms during 1992 to 2009. .The scope of the study focused on the recommendations made by the policy makers regarding examination reforms which were included in the educational policies of 1992, 1998 and 2009. It reviews the observed phenomenon of service delivery failures in public examination in Pakistan although various initiatives ,programs and policies since 1947 to were introduced to increase the inputs to examination but do not produce effective services outputs where it may counts as students cognitive development as it required for competing the international education system. This was a mix-method study using a phenomenological approach for which a questionnaire and an interview protocol were designed to collect the data. Participants were identified through stratified random sampling design in which teachers were included from secondary and higher secondary level schools/colleges. Two hypotheses were formulated for the study. Data was analyzed by using t- test and through content analysis and it was found that education policies do not comprehensively focus on this important area of education system by which students and teacher learning may be measured due to dearth of research culture. This results in no major reforms in the process of reforms and improvement in the examination process both in academic and administrative sides and working of Boards of Education. On the basis of the findings concrete recommendations have been made
USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN COLLEGE CLASSES: A SURVEY OF MANDI BAHA-UD-DIN AND BHALWAL COLLEGES
Authors: Erum Gul
Published: December 2021

The paper explores the use of electronic media in college level classes in smaller cities of Punjab province. It is argued if electronic media is used in classes by the college teachers in the classes, it can enhance effectiveness and also learning to the part of the students. It may attract students, creating in them more interest in class activities and sharing of knowledge. The use of electronic devices and different applications; YouTube, Facebook, WhatsApp and electronic mails, and search engines such as Google Chrome, internet explorer, Mozilla Firefox etc., inculcates enthusiasm among the students and the teacher performance can become livelier fulfilling the objectives of learning in the class. The study has been undertaken by surveying a number of college teachers from various areas of the province of Punjab. Its results manifest that there is an increase of use of electronic media by the teachers in preparation as well as delivery of lectures. They also motivate the students to use these resources for learning skills. The study concludes if regular application of such technologies is made possible as a vibrant variable it would play a vital contribution to institutional competitiveness, improve the learning and teaching experience and meet students’ growing expectations of improved use of ICT (Sweeney, 2009)
AUTONOMOUS & CONTROLLED MOTIVATION AND ACADEMIC OUTCOMES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Maryum Firdous, Rabia Riaz
Published: December 2021

Motivation has immense significance in human functioning. Self-determination theory describes motivation as autonomous and controlled types. The objective of this study was to explore the association between university students’ autonomous and controlled motivation and their two important academic outcomes: critical thinking skills and academic performance. The study sample consisted of 193 participants (57 men and 136 women) studying at the University of Karachi, Pakistan. Participants' autonomous and controlled motivation was assessed by the modified Academic Motivation Scale, critical thinking was assessed by the Critical Thinking scale of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, and academic performance was measured by the Subjective Academic Performance Scale. The analysis showed a significant medium-level positive association between students’ autonomous motivation and their critical thinking skills, and weak significant positive association between controlled motivation and their critical thinking skills and academic performance. However, autonomous motivation was not significantly associated with academic performance. It was also determined that differences in autonomous and controlled motivation scores of students with reference to their year of study were not significant. The findings highlight that both autonomous and controlled motivation may have a positive role in academic outcomes at university level in collectivist contexts
INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY OF ADOLESCENTS: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Syeda Shahida Batool, Saba Ghayas, Saima Ehsan
Published: December 2021

To explore the components and factors influencing institutional identity in Pakistani adolescents, a thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data, collected from 9 boys and 9 girls in their adolescent age that ranged between 15-17 years. These adolescents were students of grade 9-10, and were sampled from different cities of Pakistan. Thematic analysis revealed that institutional identity comprised of belongingness, personal evaluation and reputation. Analysis also revealed that peer, parents, teachers, infrastructure, curriculum, rules & regulations and extracurricular activities influence various components of institutional identity. This paper provides theoretical and practical implications for the institutional identity development of adolescents in Pakistan.
SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING FEMALE HIGHER EDUCATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CHITRAL, PAKISTAN
Authors: ` Ihtisham Uddin, Dr. Ahmad Raza Khan, Dr. Fauzia Ghani
Published: December 2021

Higher education signifies the social and economic development of states. Higher education helps society excel in various professions and technical sectors. The progress and prosperity of a society primarily depend on education. Women's education holds prominence in the modern world. No society can develop or can sustain its development without educating its women. They make about 50% of the world’s population and their education connotes the development and progress of a society. Chitral is the least populated district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Due to its exceptional and unique social and ethnic diversity the area has an interesting position on the map of the world. The literacy rate in Chitral is higher among women as compared to other parts of KPK but still receiving higher education is very challenging for girls because of social, economic, infrastructural, and administrative inefficiencies. Social taboos and cultural norms have restricted women of different communities inside their homes and engaged them in household chores. Women in Chitral face many obstacles and challenges in receiving higher education. Social misconception about women's education, religious misapprehensions, and cultural taboos, negative perception of co-education, financial constraints, and lack of proper educational institutions are the significant factors that affect women's higher education. The University of Chitral is the only higher education institution established in 2017. There were no other higher educational institutions before the University of Chitral. The university is still not well developed to meet the demands of higher education especially women's education. This paper intends to highlight the status of higher education in Chitral, socio-cultural factors affecting higher education of women, the significance of higher education for women in Chitral, and concludes with recommendations and suggestions for a preferable way forward. The researchers had conducted a field survey in Chitral and the data collected has been used in this paper.
Evolution of Worldwide Cable Television and Rating Systems: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Waris Khan, Dr. Huma Nisar, Dr. Irfan Aziz
Published: December 2021

All around the world, advertisers select a medium that has higher consumer reach and for this context television and cable, T.V is one of the top priorities. Since the advent of cable television globally, this medium has made this process much more convenient because it has vastly available in almost every household and offers content to all age groups and genders. It contains all sorts of information and entertainment genres such as cartoons for children, food, fashion, and entertainment for women, sports and news for men, and religious channels for people who are interested in religion. The ease of use in its operation and the subsequent rise in viewership have also made it a medium on which competition is stiff. Every channel using this medium is in the race to achieve the title of most-watched television broadcaster and to be in the limelight to attract and air the most amount of advertising which translates into higher income and place for advertisers for their products. This demand and supply have given rise to the TRP wars and start the race of No 1. This research paper discusses the worldwide evolution of television and cable TV, elaborates about TRP, deliberating the rating framework of Television channels especially in Pakistan, also about the institutions that award these ratings, also about People meter and its working.
Socio-Economic Hurdles to Peacebuilding in Conflict Affected Areas of Pakistan: A Post Conflict Study of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Mohammad Hussain, Prof. Dr. Arab Naz
Published: December 2021

It is relatively easy to stop conflict but difficult to achieve peace. Peace or peacebuilding is not merely to abate conflict rather it is an activity that aims to resolve the practices of injustice in peaceful ways and transform the socio-economic and structural conditions that cause conflicts. Societies in post conflict transitions pose the challenges of uncertainty and insecurity that are if not addressed properly with a holistic, and durable peacebuilding strategy can revert to violence and conflict. Most of these challenges are the result of social and economic imbalances that are deeply embedded in the societal structure and cultural setup which do not allow peacebuilding to be sustainable. This paper as part of PhD study aimed to investigate the factors as hurdles affecting peacebuilding in conflict affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in general and specifically district Swat. In this study, qualitative research methods especially grounded theory approach and theoretical sampling are used for identification of research participants, and the data is also collected through interviews and analysis. This study aims to find the social and economic hurdles that affect peacebuilding in the conflict affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in general and specifically district Swat. The study shows that peacebuilding activities are suffered in target areas because of delay in justice, inadequate access of pubic to social services, trust deficit, and incompatibility of peacebuilding to local culture. The provision of social services to people and making national institutions trustworthy can build durable peace in the society.
Armenia-Azerbaijan Relations: Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and its Peace Process
Authors: Nimra Irfan, Madiha Nawaz, Prof. Dr. Syed Salahuddin Ahmed
Published: December 2021

The conflict that was started as a civil war in the Soviet Union turned into one of the longest, bloodiest post-Soviet conflicts. Armenia and Azerbaijan is fighting for Nagorno-Karabakh for over a century, have killed more than 300,000 people including military personnel and civilians. Geopolitical factors and ethnic differences between the two are the primary reasons of the dispute. Several mediating parties intervened and tried to bring a peaceful solution to the dispute, but due to the foreign interventions especially Russian and Turkish military support to the warring states have contributed to deteriorate the situation and also escalated the mistrust between Armenia and Azerbaijan. This research article examines the Armenia-Azerbaijan relations, historical background of Nagorno-Karabakh in detail along with the approach of international community towards it. It also evaluates its peace process and the performance of the main state and non-state actors. This article also has the timeline of clashes took place between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh territory.
CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF TERRORISM IN SWAT VALLEY (2007-2017)
Authors: Muhammad Fahim Khan, Dr. Muhammad Ayaz Khan
Published: December 2021

Terrorism is a universally contested concept with varying understanding in different regions of the world. Its conceptualization in developed countries and developing countries is different in the essence of perception and operationalization. This study attempts to explore the genesis of terrorism generally in Pakistan and Swat valley in particular. It explores the causes and major driving forces of terrorism and the factors which contributed to its spread because of social fault lines. The menace of terrorism had been globalized in the wake of 9/11, which led the US to initiate global war on terror, but its implications on Pakistan were triggered by the US invasion of Afghanistan and the contributions of Pakistan in this regard. The global geographic attraction of Pakistan makes it vulnerable to any critical development in the world by default. To analyze the causes and impacts of the study, this study relies on a descriptive method of analysis backed by primary and secondary data in a bid to provide more diversity for a broader understanding of the outcome. This study found out multiple factors including weak social fabric, political instability, the grim economic situation of masses, poor education and health facilities, and above all, lack of social justice responsible for instigating violence in the region and urge to challenge the writ of the state, this study further debates on the losses incurred to inhabitants with the destruction of civil infrastructure. Pakistan lost approximately 35000  civilians and 7000 military personnel in the war on terror in exclusion to the loss of the economy in this particular area. This study efforts to suggest concrete steps to improve security conditions in the area to foster socio-economic development in the region and provide adequate facilities and living standards.
PAK-CHINA RELATIONS: AN ANALYSIS
Authors: Farhana Kosar
Published: December 2021

It is necessary to explore Pakistan-China relations in terms of their longterm bilateral contacts, including the history and evolution of their longterm bilateral ties, as well as the factors and environment that led to the consolidation of their strategic dependence. The two nations established diplomatic connections to begin their bilateral relations, which have since developed into close allies. Afterwards, they deepened their engagement with one another and strengthened their strategic reliance, which they nicknamed the "Iron Brothers" partnership. Throughout the course of this study, the foundations of comprehensive cooperation in Pakistan-China relations at various phases of their evolution are examined, as well as the imperatives of interdependence between the two countries. Particular attention is paid to the relevance of China in the increasing dynamics of South Asia, including India's ambitions to gain regional dominance and its connections with other nations, notably the United States, and the significance of China in the rising dynamics of South Asia. According to the conclusion of the talk, the imperatives of regional security, notably the growing Indo-US collaboration, have given rise to new dimensions in Pakistan's relationship with China in the years after September 11, 2001.
ASSASSINATION OF GANDHI: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Authors: Dr. Benish Khan ,Dr. Nuzhat Akram ,Dr. Zahid Mehmood
Published: December 2021

This article investigates into the murder of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Bapu. Godse the assassin stated that he killed Gandhi as he divided India and also defended the Muslims. His presence was weakening the concept of Akand Baharat. The study delves the motives of fanatic Hindus and protagonist of Hindutva behind the murder of Gandhi. Nehru became the visionary leader of India. The Muslims were further kept aloof. Schism was manifest between the nationalist Indians and fanatic Hindus. The element of Hinduism prevails the Indian politics today in which Muslims have been marginalized.
CONCEPT OF DOWRY IN HINDU MARRIAGE SYSTEM: A STUDY
Authors: Dr. Sobia Kausar
Published: December 2021

To demand Stridhana, formerly a woman's property, is now a boy's right. Her father freely gave it to her. It is part of a prenuptial agreement between two families, and even after the wedding, there is an expectation of more. Insufficient dowry has sparked protests due to the brutality of the dowry process and the deaths of females. Women's stridhan was a fundamental right. While the aristocracy had a lot of money, the impoverished women had to labour as maids or in handicrafts, agriculture and basket-making to support their families. The Manusmriti, a granth created by many between 200 BC and AD 200 and committed to writing in the twelfth century AD, had a significant impact on the position of Hindu women. According to the author, 'Brahma divided his body into two pieces, one for man and one for woman.' In other words, she was born equal. Where women are revered, there are gods, and where they are degraded, there is no hope. Manu, like the Jatakas, sees women as tempting, who blame males, and who should be avoided in isolation, much like in the Jatakas. No one expects males to gaze at women when they decorate themselves, dress, or rest. The daughters kid was not allowed to participate in rituals including mantras from infancy through puberty. Here, there is no mention of the guru's ashram's Brahmacharya time or the upnayana being done on girls.
TRUMP AND THE FOREIGN POLICY CRISIS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Tariq Aziz ,Fahad Muhammad ,Waheed Shah
Published: December 2021

Under Donald Trump's administration, American foreign policy's controversial and anti-traditional path has already disrupted decades of U.S strategy, conveying an extreme response from both allies and enemies. This steady decline not only confuses the close allies of the USA in Europe and Asia but also brings new insight to the growing and revival powers that the age of historic global dominance in the United States is over. The decline in US superpower status was, however, accidentally not due to "national below-reach," but through a gradual loss of power and authority including the sacrifice of power. Under Trump's administration, U.S. foreign policy is shifting the U.S. relationship with former friends and harming their potential to achieve the expected results.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Authors: Abdul Khaliq ,Hafiz Salahudin, Shumaila Kamal Khan
Published: December 2021

Ancient Egyptians lived a civilized life. They patronized their own rules and norms for their daily and religious matters. The woman does not have equal rights as to man. The man was considered superior and the woman as servant of man. The marriage of brothers and sister was in vogue in Egyptian society and it was also practiced in royal families. There was divergence among the people in society like superior and inferior segments. The royal and elite people enjoyed many rights and preferences in the society. The common man was dealt as the servant of the royal families. This approach produced a big distance among the people in Egyptian society. They worshiped many gods. This paper took a review of their religious matters in detail. It was also discussed that how Egyptians made their new gods. The background of monotheistic and polytheisticapproaches with respect of ancient Egypt were also highlighted. Egyptians daily life was influenced by their religion.
AN ANALYSIS THE MEAT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION PATTERN: A CASE STUDY OF BALOCHISTAN SELECTED DISTRICTS
Authors: Dr. Abdul Haq Zehri , Dr. Noor Ahmed , Dr. Shahid Nadeem
Published: December 2021

In order to explore the production and consumption pattern of red meat three districts namely, Killa Saifullah, Pishin and Jaffarabad of Balochistan were selected randomly.300 hundred respondents were selected. Well-structured questionnaire was used. Cronbach's Alpha program was 0.84. to 0. 81.Chi-Square test was applied and the p-value was considered significant at p<0.01. Results revealed more than (53%) of the respondents fell into the age group of 36 to 45. While most (44%) of the respondents were acquainted with religious schooling. More than half (55%) of the respondents belonged from married categories. Chi-Square technique about the production and consumption pattern of red meat based on (p ≤0.01) was used. Highly statistically variations were observed regarding the production and consumption pattern as district-wise. Based on the results following recommendation has been developed. Government should be encouraging the new emerging technologies in the livestock sector and livestock farmers should adopt different methods and approaches for animal breeding so as to increase the livestock production. Government should promote the integrated livestock approaches and system within terms of real practices shape and mode
THE RISE OF CHINA A THREAT TO US HEGEMONY
Authors: Muhammad Fahim Khan , Anwar Ali , Dr. Hafiz Hammaduddin
Published: December 2021

In this article, there is a brief discussion on how the rising of China's state created a major threat for the United States Hegemony. According to Power Transition Theory (PTT), power is central in understanding the international system as a relative power to demonstrate the prerequisite for peace and war in the international system. So, power is basically an ability to impose on or convince a revolutionary act to comply with demands. The study is a qualitative analysis of the grounded facts and previously produced documents and researches. With the document analysis it is evident that both the countries work on the mutual interests, there is a low possibility of actual war like situation on any of the political or economic grounds between China and the US. China can be considered as an economic superpower if it peruse all its economic expansion plans, on the other hand US will remain on top on the political or military fronts.
LIVESTOCK TRENDS IN BALOCHISTAN: A WAY FORWARD
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob, Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Khosa, Dr. Abdullah
Published: December 2021

In order to achieved the object of the trends of livestock and their implication at province level this research was carried out. Quetta, Pishin and Kalat district of Balochistan were elected purposively. Longitudinal research design was used. 300 hundred respondents from three district were selected, 100 from each district chosen by using random sampling. Cronbach's Alpha program was.99 to .82. One Way ANOVA test was used based on p<0.05 level. Results reveals that most 47% of the respondents were fall into the 31 to 45 years’ age classes. Most 52% of the respondents did not gets education. Majority 90% of the respondents arranged married. Majority 78% of the respondents were preferred to lived paved household structures. Significant differences were found three out of four statements regarding livestock trends. Provincial government should be encouraging result-oriented and effective market-based production in order to improve the livestock farmers' economic condition. Credit policy and cohesive livestock methods should be implemented for sustainable livestock mechanism so as to upsurge the livestock farmer’s production.
ANALYSING THE EFFORTS OF HAMAS FOR THE PALESTINIAN CAUSE
Authors: Dr. Hafiz Hammaduddin, Dr. Naseem Umer, Zahid Hussain Dashti
Published: December 2021

Here, we examine Hamas' involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and make recommendations for future action. Public sources and interviews with five contemporary Hamas officials living abroad are used to examine the group's triumphs and failures since its active involvement in the military battle against Israel and Palestinian politics against the other key actor, Fatah, since the beginning of its involvement. Because it was driven into Gaza by the Palestinian Authority and because international players have blocked humanitarian help from reaching Hamas-controlled Gaza, Hamas has fallen short of Palestinians' expectations in terms of military triumph against Israel. Since the people of Gaza have become disgruntled with Hamas' administration due to rising unemployment and the Israeli blockade and attacks, it is expected that Hamas would continue to fight, but that it may largely withdraw from politics because of thi
INDO- AFGHAN RELATIONS A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Aamir Junaid , Abdul Malik , Muhammad Ashraf Nadeem
Published: December 2021

India always had cordial ties with Afghanistan except for the four years of the Taliban rule. September 11 replaced the planet's political and security structure and gave India a chance to enter Afghanistan. Afghanistan's strategic position attracts the global community and it is a gateway to energy-rich CARs. New Delhi's interest in Afghanistan is quite realistic. After the end of the Taliban government in 2001, India increased its influence in Kabul, attended the Bonn Conference, and pledged to support Afghan people in the rehabilitation process. New Delhi enjoyed cordial ties with democratically elected regimes in Afghanistan and promoted its relations with Tehran to protect its objectives in Kabul to contain Islamabad. India has infused a lot of money in several projects in Afghanistan to increase its impact in Afghanistan. The global community thinks India is effective advertising in Southern Asia, but Pakistan believes New Dehli's foot in Kabul threatens its security. Islamabad stresses New Delhi must support Afghan nationals and avoid working against Pakistan from Afghan soil. Afghanistan has been suffering from war for the last two decades. This paper highlights the historical ties between India and Afghanistan
THE STUDY OF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MUMMIES OF EGYPTIAN PHARAOHS FOUND IN EGYPTIAN ARCHEOLOGY
Authors: Abdul Khaliq , Hafiz Salahudin , Shumaila Kamal Khan
Published: December 2021

The man tried his level best in different ways to save himself for long in human history. Mummification is one of the ways to save human body forever. This is really a miracle of ancient world. Having less means and no technology, man invented the idea of mummification and saved the body for long. Thousands of mummies were found in different parts of the world. Especially, the mummies of ancient Egypt are unique. The Egyptians utilized the best method and materials in the mummification of the bodies. Many famous pharaohs` mummies were discovered by experts in excavation. These mummies also contribute for exploring the Egyptian history. The mummy of Mereneptah was found from the archaeological site and Allah preserved his body and made it a sign for the later generations. He was the Pharaoh who went back Hazarat Moses (PBUH) and fallen in the sea. Egyptians used to make the mummies of the animals which they consider their gods. Many mummies of animals were found in the ruins of the ancient Egypt.
Çağlar Boyu Göç (Tarih-Kültür-Medeniyet)
Authors: EROL Ebru
Published: December 2021

Hem göç alan hem göç veren hem de transit ülke konumunda olan Türkiye, Afro-Avrasya göç hareketliliğinden etkilenir. Göç konusunda bu denli önemli bir yere sahip olan ve göç yollarının kavşağında bulunan Türkiye’de konuyla ilgili bilimsel çalışmaların varlığı arzulanan seviyeye ulaşmamıştır. Bununla birlikte alanyazındaki bu eksikliği gidermek bâbında Gazi Kitabevi’nden 2021 yılında bir eser yayınlanmıştır.

Editörlüğünü İsa Kalaycı ve Gökhan Kalmış’ın yaptığı “Çağlar Boyu Göç (Tarih-Kültür-Medeniyet)” isimli çalışma, “bilmek” ile “göç ilişkisi” arasındaki bağlantıyı açıklamak için kurgulanmıştır. Bu eser, 29 bilim insanın kaleme aldığı çalışmalarla 23 bölümden oluşan bir kitaptır. Büyük bir özveriyle oluşturulan bu eser, 632 sayfadan ibarettir.
“D-cell hypothesis of schizophrenia”: Background theory of Novel non-D2 receptor medicinal chemistry
Authors: Keiko Ikemoto
Published: December 2021

The latest psychopharmacological study showed effectiveness of a novel non-D2-receptor-binding drug, SEP-363856, for the treatment of schizophrenia. Characteristic receptor profile of the compound is shown to be trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) full agonist and 5-hydroxytryptamin 1A (5-HT 1A) receptor partial agonist. I found the TAAR1 ligand neuron, D-neuron, in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (Acc), an antipsychotic acting site, of human brain, though failed to find in the homologous area of monkey. To study human D-neuron functions, total of 154 post-mortem brains, and a modified immunohistochemical method using high qualified antibodies against monoamine-related substances, was applied. Number of D-neurons in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and Acc was reduced in post-mortem brains with schizophrenia. The reduction was significant (p<0.05) in Acc. “D-cell hypothesis of schizophrenia”, which I proposed based on this post-mortem brain study, that NSC dysfunction-induced D-neuron reduction as cellular and molecular basis of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) hyperactivity, showing progressive pathophysiology of schizophrenia, has been proved to be a predictive hypothesis for TAAR1 medicinal chemistry.
Prediction of body weight from linear body measurement in two breeds of cattle
Authors: Jessie Ezekiel Udoh  , Emmanuel Godwin David  , Uduak Linus Unah
Published: December 2021

The study compared live weight and linear body measurements of two breeds of cattle (White Fulani and Muturu Cattle) and regressed linear body measurements on live weight. A total of eighty-six cattle of forty-three per a breed were reared at the cattle production unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Akwa Ibom State University – Obio Akpa Campus, Nigeria in a semi intensive management system. Parameters measured were; live weight (LW), face length (FCL), head circumference (HC), ear length (EL), neck length(NL), neck circumference(NC), height at wither(HW), body length(BL), body circumference(BC), hind limb(HL), fore limb(FL), and tail length(TL). The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis for morphometric traits and prediction was done through linear model regression method using SPSS statistical software package. Breed of cattle significantly (P>0.05) affected all linear body measurements and live weight exception of NL .Linear body Parameters of both breeds were compared. The mean live weight of White Fulani and Muturu were 251.28kg and 149.81kg, respectively. Means of FL, EL, NL, BL, HL, TL and BC, NC and HW of White Fulani were significantly (P<0.01) higher than Muturu breed but the HC of Muturu was significantly (P<0.01) higher than White Fulani breed. Muturu breed had higher R2 of 0.98 in BL and BC than White Fulani breed. In conclusion, White Fulani was considered a larger breed than Muturu cattle. Live weight can be accurately predicted from linear body measurements through BC and BL in both breeds.
Preanalytical phase for transfusion medicine and blood bank laboratory – tasks to complete
Authors: Ramune Sepetiene  , Vaiva Patamsyte  , Ninette F Robbins  , Mohamed Ali  , Alexander Carterson
Published: December 2021

Background: This review describes and evaluates the most relevant preanalytical errors and their impact on subsequent laboratory diagnostics. Quality management for laboratory processes remains extremely important, despite current advancements in information technologies and fully automated routine procedures. Methods: This review is focused on specific preanalytical requirements for the blood bank and transfusion laboratory. Conclusions are done based on literature review. Results: Human errors, or lack of procedures, continue to be the cause of many errors within laboratory processes. The medical laboratory needs an impetus and stipulation to improve processes, to help eliminate errors, and meet regulatory guidelines. Conclusions: General preanalytical rules exist for clinical and research laboratories but differences in laboratory specialty and provided services influence compliance
Correlation between Zika virus and microcephaly as a consequence of congenital infection
Authors: Castro Ana Flávia Silva , Vieira Natália Barros Salgado , Pereira Sarah Joanny da Silva
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus of RNA, whose transmission is mainly vector - by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes - but it also occurs through sexual, blood and transplacental transmission, with the last mentioned it was possible to verify serious neurological effects in the epidemic in South America, especially in Brazil, between 2015 and 2016. Objectives: To analyze the relationship between Zika virus infection and microcephaly in recent scientific literature. Methodology: Refers to a bibliographic review in the databases SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE / Pubmed, with the terms “zika virus”, “infection” and “microcephaly” correlated in Portuguese and in English; 78 articles were found, but only 7 followed for analysis. Articles published more than 5 years ago and out of the proposed theme were disregarded. Results: The Zika virus, although similar to the dengue and chikungunya virus, it has a tendency to cause damage to the central nervous system such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome. However, the association between microcephaly and ZIKV started to be more observed through the increase of the disease among fetuses and newborns of mothers who had been infected during the gestational phase in the epidemic that happened in Brazil. It is known that the development of the nervous system is the product of processes of high proliferation and cellular differentiation, in which even small errors generate dangerous impacts, and it is during this period that ZIKV affects the CNS of the fetus. The disease is characterized by the reduction of the brain perimeter, in this context, is a consequence of abnormalities influenced by the virus. Conclusions: Microcephaly is a complex disease; therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of primary care and other spheres for monitoring Zika virus infections, prenatal care and constant psychosocial monitoring. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the relevance of studies about ZIKV and microcephaly, and to encourage scientific production in this area.
Analytical study of the evolution’s number of hospitalizations in patients with spina bífida in comparation with region, sex, age range and deaths in Brazil
Authors: Paula Júlia Goulart Tavares de , Teixeira Adrianny Freitas , Silveira Ana Luíza Paes da , Santos Antônio Henrique Roberti dos , Esteves Daniel de Christo , Cassiano Daniel Pedrosa , Rocha Gabriela Almeida , Lopes Giovanna Amaral , Araújo Guilherme Neumann de , Sena Mylena Sobreira , Cândido Pedro Afonso Monteiro de Barros , Lessa Ruan Teixeira , Almeida Júnior Sebastião José de , Espósito Thais Sette , Silva Yasmin Jawhari da
Published: December 2021

Background: Spina bifida is a congenital disease that occurs due to incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube. It results in impacts of a wide variety of extensions, in different systems and levels of neurological changes, which define its prognosis. Objectives: To report the number of hospitalizations of the disease in different social sectors to establish a link between etiology and health promotion. Methods: Analytical epidemiological study carried out by research at DATASUS based on the number of hospitalizations of patients with spina bifida in Brazil, between January / 2012 to December / 2020, associated with the incidence of the age group, region, sex and deaths in the country. Results: The total number of hospitalizations between the years 2012 to 2020 was 9566, with 2015 being the year with the most hospitalizations, 1205. The Northeast region had the highest percentage of hospitalizations with 45%. About the gender, there is little difference, with 49.05% female and 50.94% male. The age group, the most prevalent is the one younger than 1 year (63.28%). Regarding the number of deaths, the northeast region stood out with 47% of deaths, followed by the southeast region with 27%. In addition, the age group with a predominance of deaths 74.5% was that of less than 1 year. Conclusion:This congenital malformation acts as an important cause of neonatal mortality and a risk factor for infant morbidity. Therefore, the need for public agencies to act is evident, since it is a change that can be prevented.
Gait speed and self-efficacy in falls in individuals with normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Neri Lorena Aparecida Teixeira , Rocha Lorraine Evangelista , Borges Ana Paula Oliveira
Published: December 2021

Background: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (PNH) is manifested by the triad apraxia of gait, dementia and urinary incontinence. The fear of falling and the loss of a sense of self-efficacy in body balance and mobility results in the restriction of social participation. Objective: to verify the relationship between gait speed and self-efficacy for falls in individuals with PNH. Methodology: This is an observational and cross-sectional study, carried out at the Clinical School of Physiotherapy at UNIFRAN, with CEP approval (CAAE 83164918.2.0000.5495). The convenience sample consisted of 3 individuals with PNH, with DVP, age 72.5 (± 3.6), who presented independent gait without using a walking aid device and MMSE 23.6 (± 1.2) and a history of more than 2 falls in the past year. They were assessed for the sense of self-efficacy for falls using the Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I) questionnaire. The speed of normal and fast gait was calculated by the time taken to cover 10 meters. To verify the relationship between FES-I and gait speed, association and correlation tests were applied. Descriptive analysis was performed and the paired t test and the Pearson correlation test were used. Results: The FEI-S average was 31.3 ± 4.8 points. The average normal walking speed was 0.62 ± 0.24m / s and the average fast speed was 0.77 ± 0.32m / s. The participants were not able to significantly modify the gait speed (p = 0.073). There was a positive correlation between FES-I and gait speed (r = 0.68; p = 0.027). Conclusion: The low self-efficacy for falls interferes with the ability to change the gait pattern through speed. Understanding the fear of falling and walking speed can help in the mapping of cases that deserve, in addition to conventional rehabilitation, a behavioral intervention to increase the sense of self-efficacy, and thereby improve walking independence.
Epidemiologic profile of patients with dementia on the Brazilian public health system in the last decade
Authors: Franco Brenda , Souza Iandra Silva , Pereira Maria Clara Cotrim , Reis Victoria Faustino da Silva
Published: December 2021

Background: In Brazil, 55.000 dementia’s new cases are registered per year, the illness is distinguished by cognition decline. However, this disease’s prevalence is scarce. Objectives: Identify the epidemiologic profile of patients with dementia per region in Brazil during the years 2010 to 2020. Methods: In this ecologic descriptive study, secondary data was obtained in the DATASUS platform. The data gathered referred to hospitalizations by dementia per region of Brazil during 2010 to 2020. Furthermore, we collected data on sex, age, and ethnicity. Statistical analysis was conducted using measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: The greatest frequency of hospitalizations occurred in 2010 (Mean= 729,8; SD= 662,4;95% CI= 149,1-1310,4), and the lowest in 2020 (Mean= 449,4; SD= 471,7;95% CI= 35,9-862,9). Southeast had the major frequency (Mean= 1.649; SD= 160,2;95% CI= 1.554-1.744) and the least frequent was the North. The female gender prevailed only in 2016 and 2019 (Mean= 297,6; SD= 345,1;95% CI= -4,9 - 600,1). Furthermore, in 2010, patients amid the age of 20- 59 years old established the highest fraction of hospitalizations (Mean= 410; SD= 300,5;95% CI= 146,5-673,4). However, during 2011 and 2020, individuals ≥60 years old predominated. The white patient’s number was larger (Mean= 621; SD= 65,1;95% CI= 582-659). Conclusion: The most prevalent epidemiologic profile was white males older than 60 years old residents of the Southeast which is consonant with the comprehended epidemiology.