bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Strain Based Sector Finite Element for Plate Bending Problems
Authors: Abderrahmani Sifeddine , Maalem Toufik , Zatar Abdallah , Hamadi Djamal
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to present the formulation of a new sector finite element based on the strain approach for the numerical analysis of circular thin plate bending. The element is named SBSPK and has four nodes and three degrees of freedom per node (3 d.o.f./node). From several numerical examples, it is shown that convergence can be achieved with the use of only a small number of finite elements. The results obtained are compared with analytical and available numerical solutions.
Motor for Direct Drive of Electric Wheelchair
Authors: Kaňuch Ján , Girovský Peter
Published: July 2017

Described in the paper is analysis of properties of synchronous motor with outer permanent magnets rotor. The motor, having an atypical construction, is powered by low voltage from a three phase frequency converter. It is suitable as a drive unit for direct power drives of small electric vehicles and electric wheelchairs. Theoretical analysis of the synchronous motor with outer permanent magnets rotor starts with the air gap space configuration. The present paper describes the main results from open-circuit and load simulation. The section of paper describes the mechanical construction of prototype of the synchronous machine. Experimental results of measurements of the machine prototype in the generatoric and motoric mode are described. Experimental measurements verified stability of the motor parameters at its loading.
Change of Void Volume of Steel Sheet Rough Layer after Deformation by Roll with Given Surface Roughness
Authors: Belov Valery , Gubarev Evgeny , Begletsov Danil , Krivko Oksana
Published: July 2017

New 3D metrology and new possibilities of modern measuring equipment allows observing in more details the process of metal surface layer deformation by rough surface of roll. The article covers the question of the change in the void volume of steel sheet rough layer at different section levels of rough layer by roll with different surface roughness.
Finishing and Hardening of a Flat Surface Ring Area of a Workpiece by Rotary Burnishing
Authors: Kuznetsov Victor P. , Voropaev Vladimir V. , Skorobogatov Andrei S.
Published: July 2017

This work researches a smoothing process of original micro-profile and hardening process of AISI 304 steel surface layer material while performing rotary burnishing of the flat surface ring area. The paper establishes the interrelation between the number of indenter impacts and elementary volume of the material with a roughness and microhardness of the surface layer. The minimum roughness Ra=30 … 45 nanometers and the maximum microhardness of 425 … 475 HV0.25 is reached with the feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev and impact multiplicity of 70 … 100.
Phytotesting as a Method of Determining the Degree of Eutrophication of Water Objects
Authors: Daminev Rustem R. , Ovsyannikova Inna V. , Asfandiyarova Lilia R. , Yunusova Guzel V. , Zhukov Dmitriy A.
Published: July 2017

We propose to evaluate the level of eutrophication of surface water in the middle reaches of the river Belaya in the vicinity of the town of Sterlitamak using "eutrophication factor", as the main indicator used by the average length of seedling cress in undiluted samples. We selected a few water samples in eight gauges above, below and within the city. We consider the seasonal dynamics of the level of eutrophication of the variability in different years (2011-2016). Statistical analysis of the data revealed positive and negative dependence. Studies show high nutrient content in this water body. Thus, our proposed method can be used to determine the level of eutrophication of different water bodies.
Effects of AC Frequency on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Water
Authors: Ba Mai Trong , Azimov Dodarbek Sadriddinovich , Knyazev Alexander Sergeevich , Ivakhnyuk Grigory Konstantinovich
Published: July 2017

Water plays a crucial role in the growth and development of species on Earth. Changes in the physicochemical properties of water have a large effect on the human activities. Researchers have researched and evaluated effects of electric current frequency on the physicochemical properties of distilled water samples. The effect of electric fields on the physicochemical properties of water allows it to identify the optimal treatment regimes that promote the intensification of various processes taking place in an aqueous medium or in the presence of water.
Numerical Modelling of the Molten Metal Flow in a Disk Agitator Mixer
Authors: Khmeleva Marina , Tokhmetova Aigerim , Minkov Leonid , Dammer Vladislav , Vorozhtsov Sergey , Shrager Ernst
Published: July 2017

Numerical modelling of the molten metal flow in a crucible under the action of stirred disk agitator is carried out. The influence of the agitator rotational speed on the molten metal flow field is investigated. Dependences of the turbulent diffusivity and the power number on the agitator rotational speed are obtained. The effect of the interaction between the molten metal-air interface and agitator elements on the flow field in a crucible is shown.
Development of Slag Base for Welding Fluxes from Man-Made Mineral Formations of Ural Mining and Smelting Companies
Authors: Naumov Stanislav V. , Ignatov Michael N. , Ignatova Anna M. , Artemov Arseny O.
Published: July 2017

Slag bases for welding materials have been developed from mineral raw materials and man–made mineral formations of the Urals. Successful comprehensive studies and tests of fused fluxes and also of weld metal and weld joints obtained by these welding materials have been carried out. It has been clearly established that the obtained weld metal has low content of harmful impurities ([S] is as low as 0.01 wt%) due to the use of the electric arc furnace method, purity of the feedstock minerals and technogenic raw materials and physicochemical reactions during the welding process.
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in a Closed Two-Phase Thermosiphon
Authors: Arkhipov Vladimir , Nee Alexander , Valieva Lily
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of mathematical modelling of three–dimensional heat transfer in a closed two-phase thermosyphon taking into account phase transitions. Three-dimensional conduction equation was solved by means of the finite difference method (FDM). Locally one-dimensional scheme of Samarskiy was used to approximate the differential equations. The effect of the thermosyphon height and temperature of its bottom lid on the temperature difference in the vapor section was shown.
A New Approach to the Assessment of the Analysis Method Accuracy
Authors: Bosikova Elena , Polyakova Marina , Rubin Gennadiy
Published: July 2017

Standardization is the activity of normalizing norms and rules which are in general obligatory for products, services and methods of measurement, control and testing. One of the main demands to the methods of analysis is to ensure a certain level of accuracy. Requirements for the analysis sequence and the accuracy of the measurement data are the result of a compromise between the consumer and the supplier of the analysis. It is suggested to use functional-target analysis in order to determine the relations between the properties and functions of the object. On the example of X-ray fluorescence analysis it is shown that it is possible to formulate the functions of the researched object and analyze the properties which are necessary to put these functions into practice. It allows for determining such indicators of the analytical method that can be assessed quantitatively. Such approach can be used to construct mathematical models to estimate the degree of accuracy required for solving specific problems of consumers of precise measurement information.
Creating a Varistor Based on Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Powder Obtained by Plasma Dynamic Method
Authors: Firsov Kirill , Sivkov Alexander , Shanenkov Ivan , Rakhmatullin Iliyas , Ivashutenko Alexander , Shanenkova Yuliya
Published: July 2017

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a very promising material. This paper shows the results of the synthesis of hexagonal zinc oxide and its application.
Technology for Processing Electro-Shunter Axle Bearing of Electric Locomotive VL-60
Authors: Chagin Artem Evgenyevich , Klepikov Alexey Nikolaevich , Korchmit Anton Viktorovich
Published: July 2017

The paper describes the axle bearing failure problem and the technological solution involving babbit coating on bronze axle bearing. The structure and properties of anti-friction layer B-16 are described, as well as the technological casting process of bimetal shell.
Detectives in the laboratory: investigation of a seemingly unexplained error
Authors: De Paschale Massimo , Finazzi Sergio , Re Gianpietro , Lotzniker Milvia , Clerici Pierangelo
Published: July 2017

An unexplainable error that occurred in the normal laboratory routine is described: a positive result for the anti-HCV antibodies detection was found in a single blood tube collected from a patient, while the other samples taken simultaneously were anti- HCV negative. After the first checks that did not highlight any special problems, an internal committee composed of the chiefs of the units involved was established. This committee, using investigative analysis with the Root Causes Analyses model was able to understand the error.
Adherence to vector preventive measures decrease cases of acute Dengue among Abuja residents, Nigeria
Authors: Nasir Idris Abdullahi , Babayo Adamu , Shehu Muhammad Sagir , Musa Peter Omale
Published: July 2017

Background: Nigeria is one of the dengue hyper-endemic nations. This study investigated the level of knowledge about dengue and vector preventive practices and their impacts on acute dengue among febrile patients at Abuja, Nigeria.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted on febrile patients attending University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria. Blood samples were individually collected from 171 febrile patients residing at Gwagwalada suburb. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to assess subjects’ knowledge about preventive measures against vector breeding and bites. Blood samples were tested for dengue virus Nonstructural glycoprotein-1antigen using enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: Fifteen out of 171 febrile persons (8.8%) were Dengue NS1 positive. Sixty percent of the subjects do not know about dengue, while 33% knew about dengue virus infection through television/ radio programs, 5% through healthcare professionals and 2% from friends/families. Those who persistently use indoor residual spraying and long sleeves/trousers during daytime had less cases of DENV NS1 than those who do not. There was statistical association between DENV NS1 and residence in proximity to waste dumpsites (P<0.0001) and frequent use of long sleeve clothing and trousers (P=0.005). However, there was no statistical association between DENV NS1 antigenemia and persistent use of indoor residual spraying and presence of in-door water containers (P>0.05).
Conclusions: Findings from this study imply that proper education and adherence to preventive measures minimize people from being susceptible to Dengue virus infections.
Comparison between TRCReady MTB and MTB ELITe MGB kit for the direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory and non-respiratory samples
Authors: Gatti Arianna , Melloni Paolo , Vasconi Emanuela , Agrappi Carlo , Mirri Paola , Clerici Pierangelo
Published: July 2017

Background: A recent World Health Organization survey estimated about 10.4 million new tuberculosis (TB) cases per year with a high mortality rate. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of TB is very important for the optimal treatment and the prevention of spread. In the last few years rapid nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) were developed.
Materials and methods: In this study we have compared TRCReady MTB, based on the Transcription Reverse Transcription Concerted Reaction technology (TRC) and MTB ELITe MGB Kit, a qualitative nucleic acid amplification assay, for the direct detection of MTB in 56 respiratory and 24 non-respiratory specimens, collected from September to November 2015.
Results: Both methods did not detect any MTB in 45 respiratory samples and in 22 non-respiratory specimens with negative cultures. MTB ELITe MGB Kit identified MTB in 8 respiratory samples with MTB positive cultures, 7 of which were detected by TRCReady MTB as well. Two non-respiratory MTB positive cultures were correctly identified by both methods. In two respiratory samples with Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis positive cultures both methods provided negative results.
Conclusions: In conclusion, TRCReady MTB performance proved comparable to that of MTB ELITe MGB Kit in the diagnosis of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, with a shorter analytical time (50 vs 110 min).
Plasma concentration of presepsin and its relationship to the diagnosis of infections in multiple trauma patients admitted to intensive care
Authors: Sparacino Monica , Russo Emanuele , Vitali Sofia , Torri Arianna , Pedna Maria Federica , Di Viesti Mariangela , Gagliardi Marina , Crepaldi Elisabetta , Castiglioni Monica , Agnoletti Vanni , Sambri Vittorio
Published: July 2017

Background and aims: Septic complications represent the predominant cause of late death in poly-trauma patients. The necessity to differentiate septic from non septic patients is more relevant at the early stage of the illness in order to improve the clinical outcome and to reduce the mortality. The identification of a sensitive and specific, clinically reliable, biomarker capable to early recognize incoming septic complications in trauma patients whose expression is not influenced by concomitant traumatic injuries, is still a challenge for the researchers in the field.
Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis on 48 adult patients (9 females and 39 males, mean age 47.6±19 years) with multiple trauma was performed. The inclusion criterion was to suffer from acute trauma since no more than 24 hours and the exclusion criteria were the following: antibiotic treatment on admission and maintained for more than 48 hours; on-going infection on admission not associated with trauma; treatment with immunosuppressors/ immunomodulants; age <18 years old. Presepsin was measured using an automated chemiluminescence analyser at 1, 3, 5 and 8 days post of hospitalization. The diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/infection was established according to the criteria of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign.
Results and conclusions: In patients with SIRS, the mean presepsin concentration was 917,08 (±69.042) ng/L vs 980,258 (±1951.32) ng/L in patients without SIRS (P=0.769). In the infected patients, the mean presepsin concentration was 1513.25 (±2296.54) ng/L vs 654.21 (±511,068) ng/L (P<0.05) calculated among the non infected upon admission. The plasma presepsin concentration increased progressively during the first 8 days of hospitalization. Presepsin concentration in the infected patients was significantly higher than in non-infected patients. On the other hands no significant differences were found in the plasma level of presepsin among patients with and without SIRS. Any other clinical condition related to the trauma did not affect presepsin. Our data clearly suggest that presepsin may be considered an helpful diagnostic tool to early diagnose sepsis in trauma patients.
Evaluation of effects of morphine and ionizing radiation in cancer cell lines
Authors: Naderi Jamal , Samani Fariba , Amooheidari Alireza , Javanmard Shaghayegh Haghjooy , Vahabzadeh Gelareh , Vaseghi Golnaz
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

Breast and cervical cancers are the two most common cancers among women worldwide. Morphine is a potent analgesic for cancer pain, and radiation therapy is a conventional treatment for cancer. Unfortunately, the combined adjuvant cellular effects of morphine and ionizing radiation in cancer cells are largely unknown.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, we examined the effects of morphine and single radiation dose of 2 Gy on viability and survival fraction of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB 231 and human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and colony formation assays. We were also interested in evaluating these effects in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as well.

Results:

We found that morphine did not have a dose- and time-dependent manner in endothelial, breast, and cervical cancer cells in vitro. It seems that pretreatment of breast and cervical cancer cells with morphine at some doses before irradiation reduces the cytotoxic effect of radiation. We also observed that endothelial cells were less sensitive than breast and cervical cancer cells to radiation or morphine + radiation. Based on the results of endothelial cells, morphine or radiation might not have a selective effect on the viability and clonogenic survival of different cell lines.

Conclusions:

Our data may suggest that morphine and radiotherapy could not be administered together to breast and cervical cancer patients if additional and in vivo studies confirm our results.
Q FEVER IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DESERT: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT
Authors: CONE LAWRENCE A. , CURRY NOEL , SHAVER PHILLIP , BROOKS DAVID , DEFORGE JAMES , POTTS BARBARA E.
Published: July 2017

Despite the absence of a natural reservoir for Q fever in the desert of Southern California, six cases have been identified during the past 32 years. During that period of time, two areas have been used by northern sheep ranchers from Idaho and Wyoming to import sheep to an area in the Coachella Valley through 1985. Thereafter, because of housing development, the sheep area was moved to Blythe along the Colorado River. All but two of these patients probably acquired infection by Coxiella burnetii by living or working in close proximity to these grazing areas but not directly involved with the sheep. The shift of infected patients from the Coachella Valley to Blythe (100 miles distant) seems to support that supposition. All patients with acute Q fever developed antibodies primarily to phase II antigen, whereas the only person with chronic Q fever developed phase I antibodies. All patients presented with granulomatous hepatitis. One also had a pulmonary infiltrate, and the single individual with chronic Q fever also had a mitral valve prosthesis, although echocardiography could not define endocarditis. All patients with acute infections responded to 3–5 weeks of therapy with doxycycline, whereas the patient with chronic disease failed 3 years of therapy with combination regimens. Further studies at the Eisenhower Medical Center on the prevalence of infection in Blythe, CA, and elsewhere are anticipated.
Weaknesses of ‘wage-led growth’*
Authors: Skott Peter
Published: July 2017

The emphasis in post-Keynesian macroeconomics on wage- versus profit-led growth may not have been helpful. The profit share is not an exogenous variable, and the correlations between the profit share and economic growth can be positive for some exogenous shocks but negative for others. The terminology, second, suggests a unidirectional causality from distribution to aggregate demand while in fact distribution can itself be directly affected by shifts in aggregate demand. The reduced form correlations, third, depend on interactions with the labor market, and a focus on the goods market can be misleading. If, fourth, empirical estimates are taken at face value, the support for wage-led conclusions is much weaker than suggested by the literature. A focus on the growth benefits of a reduction in inequality, finally, makes for an impoverished policy discussion.
Organic aerosol source apportionment by offline-AMS over a full year in Marseille
Authors: Bozzetti Carlo , El Haddad Imad , Salameh Dalia , Daellenbach Kaspar Rudolf , Fermo Paola , Gonzalez Raquel , Minguillón María Cruz , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Poulain Laurent , Elser Miriam , Müller Emanuel , Slowik Jay Gates , Jaffrezo Jean-Luc , Baltensperger Urs , Marchand Nicolas , Prévôt André Stephan Henry
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We investigated the seasonal trends of OA sources affecting the air quality of Marseille (France), which is the largest harbor of the Mediterranean Sea. This was achieved by measurements of nebulized filter extracts using an aerosol mass spectrometer (offline-AMS). In total 216 PM2. 5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter  <  2.5 µm) filter samples were collected over 1 year from August 2011 to July 2012. These filters were used to create 54 composite samples which were analyzed by offline-AMS. The same samples were also analyzed for major water-soluble ions, metals, elemental and organic carbon (EC ∕ OC), and organic markers, including n-alkanes, hopanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lignin and cellulose pyrolysis products, and nitrocatechols. The application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) to the water-soluble AMS spectra enabled the extraction of five factors, related to hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), oxygenated OA (OOA), and an industry-related OA (INDOA). Seasonal trends and relative contributions of OA sources were compared with the source apportionment of OA spectra collected from the AMS field deployment at the same station but in different years and for shorter monitoring periods (February 2011 and July 2008). Online- and offline-AMS source apportionment revealed comparable seasonal contribution of the different OA sources. Results revealed that BBOA was the dominant source during winter, representing on average 48 % of the OA, while during summer the main OA component was OOA (63 % of OA mass on average). HOA related to traffic emissions contributed on a yearly average 17 % to the OA mass, while COA was a minor source contributing 4 %. The contribution of INDOA was enhanced during winter (17 % during winter and 11 % during summer), consistent with an increased contribution from light alkanes, light PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, phenanthrene), and selenium, which is commonly considered as a unique coal combustion and coke production marker. Online- and offline-AMS source apportionments revealed evolving levoglucosan : BBOA ratios, which were higher during late autumn and March. A similar seasonality was observed in the ratios of cellulose combustion markers to lignin combustion markers, highlighting the contribution from cellulose-rich biomass combustion, possibly related to agricultural activities.
Boreal forest BVOCs exchange: emissions versus in-canopy sinks
Authors: Zhou Putian , Ganzeveld Laurens , Taipale Ditte , Rannik Üllar , Rantala Pekka , Rissanen Matti P. , Chen Dean , Boy Michael
Published: July 2017

Abstract. A multi-layer gas dry deposition model has been developed and implemented into a 1-dimensional chemical transport model SOSAA (a model to Simulate the concentrations of Organic vapours, Sulphuric Acid and Aerosols) to calculate the dry deposition velocities for all the gas species included in the chemistry scheme. The new model was used to analyse in-canopy sources and sinks, including gas emissions, chemical production and loss, dry deposition and turbulent transport of 12 featured biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) or groups of BVOCs (e.g., monoterpenes, isoprene+2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO), sesquiterpenes and oxidation products of mono- and sesquiterpenes) in July, 2010 at the boreal forest site SMEAR II (Station to Measure Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations II). According to the significance of modeled monthly averaged individual source and sink terms inside the canopy, the selected BVOCs were classified into five categories: (1) most of emitted gases are transported out of the canopy (monoterpenes, isoprene+MBO), (2) chemical reactions remove a significant portion of emitted gases (sesquiterpenes), (3) bidirectional fluxes occur since both emission and dry deposition are crucial for the in-canopy concentration tendency (acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, formaldehyde), (4) gases removed by deposition inside the canopy are compensated by the gases transported from above the canopy (acetol, pinic acid, β-caryophyllene's oxidation product BCSOZOH), and finally (5) the chemical production is comparable to the sink by deposition (isoprene's oxidation products ISOP34OOH and ISOP34NO3). Most of the simulated sources and sinks were located above about 4 m for oxidation products and above about 8 m for emitted species except formaldehyde. In addition, soil deposition (including deposition onto understory vegetation) contributed 11–61 % to the overall in-canopy deposition. The emission sources peaked at about 14–16 m which was higher than 10 m where the maximum of dry deposition onto overstorey vegetation was located. This study provided a method to enable the quantification of the exchange between atmosphere and biosphere for numerous BVOCs, which could be applied in large-scale models in future. With this more explicit canopy exchange modeling system this study analysed both the temporal and spatial variations of individual in-caonpy sources and sinks, as well as their combined effects on driving BVOCs exchange. Twelve featured BVOCs or BVOC groups were analyzed in this study, more compounds could also be investigated similarly by being classified into the five categories.
Community specific hydraulic conductance potential of soil water decomposed for two Alpine grasslands by small-scale lysimetry
Authors: Frenck Georg , Leitinger Georg , Obojes Nikolaus , Hofmann Magdalena , Newesely Christian , Deutschmann Mario , Tappeiner Ulrike , Tasser Erich
Published: July 2017

Abstract. For Central Europe in addition to rising temperatures an increasing variability of precipitation is predicted. This will increase the probability of drought periods in the Alps, where water supply has been sufficient in most areas so far. For Alpine grasslands, community specific imprints on drought response are merely understood. In a replicated mesocosm experiment we compared evapotranspiration and biomass productivity of two differently drought-adapted vegetation communities during two artificial drought periods divided by extreme precipitation events using high precision small lysimeters. The drought adapted vegetation type showed a high potential to utilize even scarce water resources combined with a low potential to translate atmospheric deficits into higher water conductance with biomass production staying below those measured for the non-drought-adapted type. The non-drought-adapted type, in contrast, showed high water conductance potential with strongly increasing ET rates when environmental conditions became less constraining. With high rates even at dry conditions, this community appears not to be optimized to save water and might experience drought effects earlier and probably stronger. In summary, the vegetation’s reaction two co-varying gradients of potential evapotranspiration and soil water content revealed a clear difference of vegetation development and between water-saving and water-spending strategies regarding evapotranspiration.
Comparison of surface mass balance of ice sheets simulated by positive-degree-day method and energy balance approach
Authors: Bauer Eva , Ganopolski Andrey
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Glacial cycles of the late Quaternary are controlled by the asymmetrically varying mass balance of continental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. Surface mass balance is governed by processes of ablation and accumulation. Here two ablation schemes, the positive-degree-day (PDD) method and the surface energy balance (SEB) approach, are compared in transient simulations of the last glacial cycle with the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2. The standard version of the CLIMBER-2 model incorporates the SEB approach and simulates ice volume variations in reasonable agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions during the entire last glacial cycle. Using results from the standard CLIMBER-2 model version, we simulated ablation with the PDD method in offline mode by applying different combinations of three empirical parameters of the PDD scheme. We found that none of the parameter combinations allow us to simulate a surface mass balance of the American and European ice sheets that is similar to that obtained with the standard SEB method. The use of constant values for the empirical PDD parameters led either to too much ablation during the first phase of the last glacial cycle or too little ablation during the final phase. We then substituted the standard SEB scheme in CLIMBER-2 with the PDD scheme and performed a suite of fully interactive (online) simulations of the last glacial cycle with different combinations of PDD parameters. The results of these simulations confirmed the results of the offline simulations: no combination of PDD parameters realistically simulates the evolution of the ice sheets during the entire glacial cycle. The use of constant parameter values in the online simulations leads either to a buildup of too much ice volume at the end of glacial cycle or too little ice volume at the beginning. Even when the model correctly simulates global ice volume at the last glacial maximum (21 ka), it is unable to simulate complete deglaciation during the Holocene. According to our simulations, the SEB approach proves superior for simulations of glacial cycles.
Strengthening of the Somali upwelling during the Holocene and its impact on southwest monsoon rainfall
Authors: Balaji D. , Bhushan Ravi , Chamyal L. S.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The history of the Somali upwelling during the last 18.5 ka has been reconstructed using biogenic silica fluxes estimated from a sediment core retrieved from the western Arabian Sea. The reconstructed record demonstrates periodic weakening and strengthening of the Somali upwelling during the past 18.5 ka. Variations in biogenic silica fluxes suggest weak upwelling during the last glacial period (18.5–15 ka BP). Strengthened upwelling during the Bølling–Allerød period (15–13 ka BP) points to post-glacial onset of the southwest monsoon. The Younger Dryas (13–11 ka BP) is again marked by reduced upwelling strength. Intensification of the Somali upwelling at the beginning of the Holocene and a decline at 8 ka BP are observed. Increases in upwelling strength recorded since 8 ka BP suggest strengthening of the southwest monsoon during the latter part of the Holocene. Linking these upwelling variations with southwest monsoon precipitation, a major shift in the relationship between the strength of the Somali upwelling and southwest monsoon rainfall from positive to negative has occurred during the pre-Holocene to the Holocene. The observed shift is attributed to the variation in the southwest monsoon strength due to the latitudinal shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) associated with changes in moisture sources.
Stability analysis of geomagnetic baseline data obtained at Cheongyang observatory in Korea
Authors: Amran Shakirah M. , Kim Wan-Seop , Cho Heh Ree , Park Po Gyu
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The stability of baselines produced by Cheongyang (CYG) observatory from the period of 2014 to 2016 is analysed. Step heights of higher than 5 nT were found in H and Z components in 2014 and 2015 due to magnetic noise in the absolute-measurement hut. In addition, a periodic modulation behaviour observed in the H and Z baseline curves was related to annual temperature variation of about 20 °C in the fluxgate magnetometer hut. Improvement in data quality was evidenced by a small dispersion between successive measurements from June 2015 to the end of 2016. Moreover, the baseline was also improved by correcting the discontinuity in the H and Z baselines.
Implementing northern peatlands in a global land surface model:
description and evaluation in the ORCHIDEE high latitude version
model (ORC-HL-PEAT)
Authors: Largeron Chloé , Krinner Gerhard , Ciais Philippe , Brutel-Vuilmet Claire
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Widely present in boreal regions, peatlands contain large carbon stocks because of their hydrologic properties and high water content, making decomposition smaller than primary productivity. We have enhanced the global land surface model ORCHIDEE by introducing northern peatlands. These are considered as a new Plant Functional Types (PFT) in the model, with specific hydrological properties for peat soil. In this paper, we focus on the representation of the hydrology of northern peatlands and on the evaluation of the hydrological impact of this implementation. A prescribed map based on the inventory of Yu et al. (2010) defines peatlands as a fraction of grid cell represented as a PFT comparable to C3 grasses with adaptations to reproduce shallow roots and higher photosynthesis stress. The treatment of peatland hydrology differs from that of other vegetation types by the fact that runoff from other soil types is partially directed towards the peatlands (instead of directly to the river network). The evaluation of this implementation was carried out according to different spatial and temporal scales, from site evaluation to larger scales such as watershed scale and all northern latitudes scale. The simulated net ecosystem exchanges are in agreement with observations from 3 FLUXNET sites. Water table positions were generally close to observations, with some exceptions in winter. Compared to other soils, the simulated peat soil have a reduced seasonal variability of water storage. The seasonal cycle of inundated peatlands area is also compared to flooded area estimated from satellite observations. The model is able to represents more than 89.5 % of the flooded areas located in peatlands areas, where the modelled extent of inundated peatlands reaches 0.83 Mkm2. However, the extent of peatland in northern latitudes is small enough that is does not impact the terrestrial water storage at scale of latitudes over 45° N. Therefore, the inclusion of peatlands has a weak impact on the river discharge located in boreal regions.
Brief Communication: Dynamic magnification factors for tree
blow-down by powder snow avalanche air blasts
Authors: Bartelt Perry , Bebi Peter , Feistl Thomas , Buser Othmar , Andrin Caviezel
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We study how short duration powder avalanche blasts can break and overturn tall trees. Tree blow-down is often used to back-calculate avalanche pressure and therefore constrain avalanche flow velocity and motion. We find that tall trees are susceptible to avalanche air blasts because the duration of the air blast is near to the period of vibration of tall trees, both in bending and root-plate overturning. Dynamic magnification factors for bending and overturning failures should therefore be considered when back-calculating avalanche impact pressures.
Cambios, continuidades y relaciones de poder en la estructura organizacional de la PNC, 1992-2016
Authors: Cardoza Ernesto , Meléndez Óscar
Published: July 2017

En este artículo se presenta un análisis de las redes de poder formal de las distintas estructuras organizaciona­les de la Policía Nacional Civil (PNC) de El Salvador, desde su fundación hasta el año 2016. Para ello, se describen los cambios o continuidades en los organigramas insti­tucionales, los cuales se relacionan con las coyunturas políticas a las que estos responden. Para estudiar la es­tructura policial se utiliza el software Pajek, con el obje­tivo de medir los niveles de relaciones de poder, a partir de diferentes medidas de centralidad, en las distintas uni­dades, direcciones, subdirecciones, y en otras instancias y dependencias institucionales, así como la reducción o ampliación de la estructura organizacional. El marco teó­rico utilizado brinda una perspectiva más compleja de lo presentado en este trabajo. En ese sentido, son notables los aportes de K. Faust, L. Freeman, R.A. Hanneman, D. Knoke, J. Scott, M. Weber, P. Baran, G. Zabludovsky, y de otros intelectuales que permiten un acercamiento al es­tudio de las redes y el poder. También es importante el aporte de quienes han estudiado la creación, surgimiento y problemáticas internas de la PNC. En suma, el trabajo pretende ofrecer insumos para debatir sobre la operativi­dad de la Policía, así como también sobre el desempeño de las estructuras burocráticas y la centralidad del poder; asimismo, se constituye en un precedente para el estudio de las redes de poder formal dentro de la institución po­licial salvadoreña.
Control y supervisión de la Policía Nacional Civil: Estudio institucional de la Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública
Authors: Gómez Hecht Juan Ricardo
Published: July 2017

La creación (octubre 2014) de la Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública (IGSP) genera una serie de cambios substanciales en el sistema de control, supervisión y fiscalización de las instituciones de seguridad pública en El Salvador. A pesar de la inmensa capacidad legal para incidir en la calidad del servicio policial, su formación y en la capacitación de la Policía, la IGSP en vez de haberse fortalecido se ha debilitado y perdido protagonismo. Esta situación obliga a las autoridades de seguridad pública asignar el presupuesto, recursos humanos y materiales acordes a los nuevos requerimientos de las funciones de la IGSP. Este solo hecho reflejaría la existencia de voluntad política para materializar un sistema de control y supervisión, eficaz y eficiente, sobretodo en estos tiempos en que la necesidad de enfrentar la situación de violencia e inseguridad puede degenerarse en una desnaturalización de la Policía Nacional Civil.
Aspectos normativos de la enseñanza policial en el Uruguay. Notas para pensar la formación policial uruguaya
Authors: Timote Correa Guillermo Andrés
Published: July 2017

El siguiente trabajo aborda la temática de la educación policial en el Uruguay. Específicamente se exploran las nociones de enseñanza a través de normativas vinculadas a lo educativo. Los documentos seleccionados responden a distintos momentos del desarrollo de la institución donde se incorporan conceptos y visiones que aún perduran en las dimensiones pedagógicas y didácticas.
Libros: Fundamentos del Sistema Educativo Policial Integral (SEPI). Cuaderno de Estudios N° 5
Authors: Martínez William David
Published: July 2017

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 7(1) 2017: 507-509
Credibility of Sunnah
Authors: Alomar Ahmad
Published: July 2017

Credibility of Sunnah

Islamic Law (Sharia) consists primarily of the Qur’an, the actual word of God revealed to Prophet Muhammad during his lifetime. The Qur’an itself is relatively short, compact and immutable. It was revealed in Classical Arabic and in a very poetic and elaborate format. Many parts of it are not easy to understand even for educated speakers of Arabic. In order to understand the meaning of some of its provisions and to be able to apply its teachings to changing times and societies, recourse is often made to other sources of Islamic law, first and foremost the Sunnah, or traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. The Sunnah consists of historic records of things the Prophet did or said in various situations during his lifetime. Because of the Prophet’s exalted position as God’s messenger, his words and deeds are considered supreme guidance for Muslims anywhere, as they are seeking to understand the teachings of Islam and its application to their lives. The problem with the Sunnah is, however, that the historic record of the words and deeds of the Prophet is not always clear and reliable. Therefore, giving the force of law to these words and deeds can be problematic. Distinguishing reliable and unreliable Sunnah is critically important. Muslim believe in many hadiths that may directly contradict the Qur’an, scientific evidence, fundamental principles of law and human rights, or each other. This article examines the Sunnah and the science of verifying hadith and argues that a more cautious approach should be taken and that Muslims around the world are being taught many rules that are supposedly rules of Islamic law where at the very least we cannot be sure. Instead of declaring thousands of weak hadith to be binding elements of Islamic law, we should be more discerning between strong and weak hadith and only treat those that are verifiable as binding. Other rules can still be persuasive if they meet certain conditions, in particular compatibility with the Qur’an itself, but they must not be used to impose rules on Muslims against their will, let alone against the provisions of the Qur’an.
A More Forceful Collective Redress Schemes in the EU Competition Law
Authors: Juška Žygimantas
Published: July 2017

A More Forceful Collective Redress Schemes in the EU Competition Law: What Is the Potential for Achieving Full Compensation?

The damages actions reform of the European Union is predetermined to fail in achieving its stated goal of full compensation. There are two main reasons for this. First, the Directive on damages actions fails to maintain a balance between the claims of direct and indirect purchasers. Second, the EU policy is not designed to collect a large group of antitrust victims, who have suffered only a low-value harm (e.g., end consumers). The only way to achieve compensation effectiveness is to overstep the bounds of the EU compensatory regime, which is trapped in the grip of conservatism. In such circumstances, this article will explore three forceful scenarios of collective redress that include different types of deterrence-based remedies. The principal aim is to assess the chances of these scenarios in achieving full compensation. After assessing them, the best possible mechanism for compensating victims will be designed. In turn, it will allow the evaluation of to what extent such a scheme can ensure the achievement of full compensation.
Het besloten club- en het ingezetenencriterium voor coffeeshops
Authors: van Ooyen-Houben Marianne , Bieleman Bert , Korf Dirk , De Witte Kristof
Published: July 2017

The private club and the residence criterion, a natural experiment

The retail sale of cannabis in coffee shops is tolerated in the Netherlands, provided that certain criteria are met. Two criteria were added in 2012: the private club and the residence criterion. The plan was to implement them first in the southern provinces and later in the other provinces. This created an opportunity for a natural experiment. In an experimental group of seven municipalities in the south and a matched comparison group of municipalities in the other part of the country pre- and post-measurements were conducted. The size of the drug tourism, the number of visits to coffee shops, the illegal cannabis consumer market and the nuisance experienced in the direct vicinity of coffee shops was assessed. Robust changes occurred in the experimental group after implementation of the new criteria. Initial differences between the groups and variation in local implementation caused doubts about drawing causal conclusions. This article analyzes whether such conclusions can be drawn. We conclude that due to the broad design of the research it appears that the observed changes can be attributed to the new criteria despite the methodological shortcomings in the study.
De invloed van snelle analyseresultaten op de interpretatie van een plaats delict
Authors: Meeuwissen Jaimy , de Gruijter Madeleine , de Poot Christianne
Published: July 2017

The influence of rapid analysis results on the interpretation of a crime scene: an experimental study

Mobile identification techniques will, in the near future, make it possible to rapidly analyze DNA and fingerprint traces during a crime scene investigation, compare them with reference samples, and use the results in the investigation. In this experimental study the influence of these rapid analysis results on the formation of hypotheses, and of database matches in these results on the interpretation of traces by Crime Scene Investigators (CSIs) in the Netherlands was studied. A group of CSIs (N=65) conducted a simulated crime scene investigation. The analysis results as well as the moment these were provided were manipulated. The results show that the analysis results influence the formation of hypotheses by CSIs, and that this influence is time-dependent. Judgments by CSIs regarding the importance of traces were shown not to be influenced by database matches.
Полиминералын post IR болон кварцын кристаллын люминесценцийн аргыг хослуулан олдворын он цагийг тогтоох нь
Authors: С Саран , С Тэнгис , Б Оргил , Р Мөнхтулга , Ж Хублин Ж
Published: July 2017

Given the need to date the series of unknown burials at the site Khutag Uul, Arkhangai province (Mongolia), different luminescence dating methods were applied: p-IRIR (IR at lower temperature and post infrared stimulation at an elevated temperature) and SGL (single grain luminescence) on both heated ceramics consisting of fine grains of quartz and feldspar and unheated coarse quartz from surrounding sediments. Detailed study has been done in order to analyze the composition of the IR and p-IRIR decay curves which suggest that the equivalent doses obtained from the IR50 and IR at elevated temperature might originate from one trap. Experimental results of IR, p-IRIR suggest a date 3±75BC and 203±95BC, respectively; the single grain (SG) luminescence measurements yield a date 198±94BC for the production of pottery. The surrounding sediment material, which was originally used for the determination of the dose-rate, was an mixed population with an indication that a grave was robbed around 588±70AD.
Wpływ tremy na czynności i odczucia w obrębie traktu głosowego
Authors: Kosmowska Aneta , Sielska-Badurek Ewelina , Niemczyk Kazimierz
Published: July 2017

Wstęp: Trema jest objawem nadmiernego pobudzenia emocjonalnego. W wielu publikacjach słowo trema jest określane jako lęk społeczny. Ten rodzaj lęku wynika głównie z poczucia bycia ocenianym w danej sytuacji społecznej.
Materiały i metody: Badaniem objęto 27 studentek w wieku 22-30 lat. Do sprawdzenia wpływu tremy na czynności i odczucia w obrębie traktu głosowego zastosowano dwa rodzaje narzędzi badawczych: Ocenę Palpacyjną oraz Kwestionariusz Dyskomfortu Traktu Głosowego i Jakości Głosu. Ocena palpacyjna oraz badanie Kwestionariuszem Dyskomfortu Traktu Głosowego i Jakości Głosu były wykonane dwukrotnie: podczas indywidualnych wystąpień publicznych oraz podczas neutralnej rozmowy. Celem badania była ocena wpływu tremy na czynności i odczucia w obrębie traktu głosowego.
Wyniki: Wyniki badania wykazały, że kobiety w trakcie prezentacji uzyskały istotnie statystycznie wyższą punktację oceny palpacyjnej, dyskomfortu oraz jakości głosu w porównaniu do osób w trakcie neutralnej rozmowy. Wyższa punktacja świadczy o negatywnym wpływie tremy na badane parametry.
Dyskusja: Trema wpływa istotnie na czynności w obrębie struktur traktu głosowego takie jak: okolicę podżuchwową, boczne ściany gardła, mięśnie m-o-s prawy
i lewy, przestrzeń pierścienno-tarczową i tarczowo-gnykową, ruchomość żuchwy, tor oddechowy). Dodatkowo, powoduje zwiększenie negatywnych odczuć w trakcie głosowym, takich jak: pieczenie, napięcie, suchość, uczucie zaciskania żuchwy i gardła, pochrząkiwanie, spłycenie oddechu, drżenie głosu, chrypa, załamywanie głosu. Odczuwany dyskomfort podczas tremy koreluje z samooceną jakości głosu zgłaszaną przez studentki.