bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plastische Tragfähigkeit von gewalzten und geschweißten I‐Querschnitten
Authors: Kindmann Rolf , Ludwig Christian
Published: December 2014

Für die plastische Tragfähigkeit von doppeltsymmetrischen I‐Querschnitten werden Empfehlungen zur Durchführung der Nachweise auf Grundlage der DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 gegeben. Es werden Formeln zur Ermittlung der plastischen Grenzschnittgrößen bereitgestellt und Nachweisbedingungen für ausgewählte Schnittgrößenkombinationen angegeben, die für baupraktische Anwendungen benötigt werden und besonders gut geeignet sind. Dabei werden bezüglich der Schnittgrößen folgende Fälle unterschieden:

– einzelne Schnittgrößen

– Schnittgrößen N, My und Vz

– Schnittgrößen N, Mz und Vy

– Schnittgrößen N, My, Mz, Vy und Vz

– beliebige Schnittgrößen N, My, Mz, Vy und Vz sowie Mω, Mxp und Mxs

Plastic resistance of rolled and welded I‐cross‐sections – recommendations for practical applications. For the plastic resistance of doubly symmetrical I‐sections recommendations on basis of DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 are presented. Solutions for the plastic limit internal forces and moments and for combinations are given, which are suited very well for practical applications. Following cases are distinguished:

– single internal forces or moments

– combination of N, My and Vz

– combination of N, Mz and Vy

– combination of N, My, Mz, Vy and Vz

– combination N, My, Mz, Vy, Vz, Mω, Mxp and Mxs
Schwimmende Baukörper – Neubau von zwei Revisionsverschlüssen nach Schiffs‐ und Stahlwasserbauvorschriften
Authors: Henschke Stefan , Heiland Uwe
Published: December 2014

Das Inspizieren und Warten von Schleusenanlagen und deren technischer Ausrüstung ist eine wiederkehrende Aufgabe. Hierfür ist die entsprechende Anlage oder der betroffene Teil im Allgemeinen in einen wasserfreien Zustand zu versetzen. Dies geschieht in der Mehrzahl der Fälle durch das Montieren von mobilen, segmentweise aufgebauten Verschlusselementen (Synonym: Dammbalken), die vor und hinter dem “trocken zu legenden“ Abschnitt eingebaut werden, diesen so verriegeln und das Abpumpen des Wassers aus der Schleuse ermöglichen. Für das Abriegeln weitgespannter Schleusenabschnitte oder Tore ist der Einsatz einer Dammbalkenkonstruktion weder statisch noch konstruktiv sinnvoll. Hier werden Sonderlösungen angewendet.

Swimming structures – Two new emergency gates according to ship building and hydraulic engineering regulations. The inspection and the maintenance of lock facilities and their technical equipment is a periodic task. Therefore, the whole construction or the section concerned has to be free from water. This is usually made by mobile closing elements (synonym: stop logs) that are assembled segmentally before and after the section to be dried, lock it and allows pumping out the water off the lock. To close off broad lock sections or gates it is neither statically nor structurally useful to work with a stop log construction. This is to find the customized solution.
Rezensionen: Stahlbau 12/2014
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen
Published: December 2014

Continuum Mechanics Through the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Von Maugin, G. H.

Continuum Mechanics Through the Twentieth Century. Von Maugin, G. H.
Maternal serum sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio in twin pregnancies with and without pre‐eclampsia in comparison with singleton pregnancies
Authors: Dröge L. , Herraìz I. , Zeisler H. , Schlembach D. , Stepan H. , Küssel L. , Henrich W. , Galindo A. , Verlohren S.
Published: December 2014

ABSTRACT

Objective

In singleton pregnancies, soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1), placental growth factor (PlGF) and the sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio have shown utility as a diagnostic test for pre‐eclampsia (PE). The objective of this study was to characterize the maternal serum levels of sFlt‐1, PlGF and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio in normal and pre‐eclamptic twin pregnancies.

Methods

In a European multicenter case–control study, 49 women with a twin pregnancy were enrolled, including 31 uneventful and 18 pre‐eclamptic pregnancies. sFlt‐1 and PlGF were measured and receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed. The median sFlt‐1 and PlGF serum concentrations and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were compared with those of a singleton cohort, matched for gestational age, with PE (n = 54) and with an uncomplicated pregnancy outcome (n = 238).

Results

In twin pregnancies with PE, sFlt‐1 levels and the sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were increased and PlGF levels were decreased as compared with those of twin gestations with an uneventful pregnancy outcome (20 011.50 ± 2330.35 pg/mL vs 4503.00 ± 2012.05 pg/mL (P ≤ 0.001), 164.22 ± 31.35 vs 13.29 ± 319.64 (P ≤ 0.001), and 138.80 ± 20.04 pg/mL vs 403.00 ± 193.10 pg/mL (P ≤ 0.001), respectively). The sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio did not differ between twin pregnancies with PE and singleton pregnancies with PE. In twin pregnancies with an uneventful outcome, sFlt‐1 levels and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio were increased, but no differences in PlGF concentration were found when compared with that of singleton controls. ROC analysis determined 53 as an optimal cut‐off of the sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio for diagnosing PE in twin gestations, yielding a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 74.2%. The cut‐off values established for singleton pregnancies, of 33 and 85, led to sensitivities of 100% and 83.3%, and specificities of 67.7% and 80.6%, when used to detect PE in twin pregnancies.

Conclusions

Significant differences in the serum marker levels in singleton vs twin pregnancies were detected. Reference ranges of sFlt‐1, PlGF and their ratio in singleton pregnancies are therefore not transferable to twin pregnancies. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Syntax
Authors: Adger David
Published: December 2014

Syntax is the cognitive capacity of human beings that allows us to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form. The study of syntax is a huge field that has generated a great deal of empirical and theoretical work over the decades. This article outlines why understanding our syntactic capacity is important to cognitive science in general and why the data of syntactic research is to be taken seriously. It then provides an overview of a number of broad findings about the character of the syntax of human language, including evidence for abstract constituent structure, core properties of constituents, the importance of functional categories, the link between syntactic structure and meaning, and the range of types of syntactic dependencies, including dependencies of form, dependencies of position, and dependencies that create new meanings.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:131–147. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1332

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory

Psychology > Language
Cerebrosides from a Far‐Eastern Glass Sponge Aulosaccus sp.
Authors: Santalova Еlena А. , Denisenko Vladimir А. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Drozdov Аnatoly L. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: December 2014

Nine new cerebrosides 1a–d, 2a, 2b, 3a–c were found in the extract of a Far‐Eastern glass sponge Aulosaccus sp. (class Hexactinellida). These β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 1)‐ceramides contain sphingoid bases (2S,3S,4R,11Z)‐2‐aminoeicos‐11‐ene‐1,3,4‐triol (in 1a–d), (2S,3S,4R,13Z)‐2‐aminoeicos‐13‐ene‐1,3,4‐triol (in 2a, b) and (2S,3S,4R,13S*,14R*)‐2‐amino‐13,14‐methylene‐eicosane‐1,3,4‐triol (in 3a–c), which are N‐acylated by (2R,15Z)‐2‐hydroxydocos‐15‐enoic (in 1a, 2a, 3a), (2R,16Z)‐2‐hydroxytricos‐16‐enoic (in 1b, 2b, 3b), (2R,17Z)‐2‐hydroxytetracos‐17‐enoic (in 1d) and (2R)‐2‐hydroxydocosanoic (in 1c, 3c) acids. The monoenoic and cyclopropane‐containing sphingoid bases of compounds 1a–d, 2a, 2b, 3a–c have not been found previously in any sphingolipids. The structures of the cerebrosides were elucidated on the basis of 1H‐, 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, optical rotation data and chemical transformations. A simplified method for the assignment of the absolute configuration of 2‐hydroxy fatty acids by GC analysis of their (2R)‐ and (2S)‐oct‐2‐yl esters was proposed.
Assessment of response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy with F-18 FLT and F-18 FDG PET/CT in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Rendl Gundula , Rettenbacher Lukas , Holzmannhofer Johannes , Datz Lidwina , Hauser-Kronberger Cornelia , Fastner Gerd , Öfner Dietmar , Sedlmayer Felix , Pirich Christian
Published: December 2014

Objective

The comparison of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (F-18 FDG) and 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine (F-18 FLT) imaging in patients with rectal cancer before and after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) in relation to histopathology and immunohistochemistry obtained from surgery.

Methods

20 consecutive patients (15 m, 5 f), mean age of 65 ± 10 years were included into this prospective study with a mean follow-up of 4.1 ± 0.8 years.

Results

Among histopathological responders (n = 8 out of 20), posttreatment F-18 FLT and F-18 FDG scans were negative in 75 % (n = 6) and 38 % (n = 3), respectively. The mean response index (RI) was 61.0 % ± 14.0 % for F-18 FLT and 58.7 % ± 14.6 % for F-18 FDG imaging. Peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration (CD3 positive cells) was significantly related to posttreatment SUVmax in F-18 FDG but not F-18 FLT studies.

Conclusion

A significant decrease of SUVmax in F-18 FDG and F-18 FLT studies could be seen after RCT. Negative posttreatment F-18 FLT studies identified more histopathological responders.
Downregulation of striatin leads to hyperphosphorylation of MAP2, induces depolymerization of microtubules and inhibits proliferation of HEK293T cells
Authors: Kaźmierczak-Barańska Julia , Pęczek Łukasz , Przygodzka Patrycja , Cieślak Marcin J.
Published: December 2014

Microtubules are tubular polymers of α/β‐tubulin that are involved in the maintenance of cell shape, motility, and intracellular transport and in the segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Microtubules are dynamic structures, and their assembly is regulated by phosphoproteins called microtubule‐associated proteins (MAPs). We propose that striatin, a protein belonging to the striatin family of proteins, is involved in regulation of microtubules. In HEK293T cells, striatin colocalizes with microtubules and stably associates with PP2Ac. Inhibition of striatin expression results in hyperphosphorylation of MAP2 and destabilizes microtubules. Striatin‐induced destabilization of microtubules inhibited the proliferation of HEK293T cells and caused the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. These results suggest that the PP2A/striatin complex modulates microtubule dynamics by regulating MAP2 phosphorylation.
Hospital admissions, outpatient visits and healthcare costs of community‐dwellers with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tolppanen Anna‐Maija , Taipale Heidi , Purmonen Timo , Koponen Marjaana , Soininen Hilkka , Hartikainen Sirpa
Published: December 2014

Background

Detailed data on the health care service use of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are scarce.

Methods

We assessed the health care service use of all community‐dwelling persons with clinically verified AD diagnosis, residing in Finland on December 31, 2005 (n = 27,948) in comparison to matched cohort without AD. Hospitalization data during 2006–2009 were extracted from the National Hospital Discharge Register.

Results

Comorbidity‐adjusted incidence rate ratios; IRR (95% CI) were 1.25 (1.22–1.28) for inpatient admissions and 0.72 (0.68–0.77) for outpatient visits. People with AD had more general health care admissions (IRR, 95%CI 1.73, 1.67–1.80) but less admissions to specialty units 0.82 (0.79–0.85) than the non‐AD group, with psychiatry being the only specialty with more admissions in the AD group. People with AD had 16 more hospital days/person‐year.

Conclusions

It would be important to assess whether inpatient hospitalizations of AD patients could be decreased by better targeting of outpatient services and whether other conditions are underdiagnosed or undertreated among persons with AD.
Processes controlling atmospheric dispersion through city centres
Authors: Belcher S. E. , Coceal O. , Goulart E. V. , Rudd A. C. , Robins A. G.
Published: December 2014

We develop a process-based model for the dispersion of a passive scalar in the turbulent flow around the buildings of a city centre. The street network model is based on dividing the airspace of the streets and intersections into boxes, within which the turbulence renders the air well mixed. Mean flow advection through the network of street and intersection boxes then mediates further lateral dispersion. At the same time turbulent mixing in the vertical detrains scalar from the streets and intersections into the turbulent boundary layer above the buildings. When the geometry is regular, the street network model has an analytical solution that describes the variation in concentration in a near-field downwind of a single source, where the majority of scalar lies below roof level. The power of the analytical solution is that it demonstrates how the concentration is determined by only three parameters. The plume direction parameter describes the branching of scalar at the street intersections and hence determines the direction of the plume centreline, which may be very different from the above-roof wind direction. The transmission parameter determines the distance travelled before the majority of scalar is detrained into the atmospheric boundary layer above roof level and conventional atmospheric turbulence takes over as the dominant mixing process. Finally, a normalised source strength multiplies this pattern of concentration. This analytical solution converges to a Gaussian plume after a large number of intersections have been traversed, providing theoretical justification for previous studies that have developed empirical fits to Gaussian plume models. The analytical solution is shown to compare well with very high-resolution simulations and with wind tunnel experiments, although re-entrainment of scalar previously detrained into the boundary layer above roofs, which is not accounted for in the analytical solution, is shown to become an important process further downwind from the source.
Overseas Chinese Remittance Firms, the Limits of State Sovereignty, and Transnational Capitalism in East and Southeast Asia, 1850s–1930s
Authors: Harris Lane J.
Published: December 2014

In the mid-nineteenth century, a group of overseas Chinese businessmen created a private international remittance network linking the southeastern littoral zone of the Qing empire with the colonies of mainland and archipelagic Southeast Asia. Holding together this transnational network were Qiaopiju remittance firms that succeeded in controlling the remittance trade not by relying on traditional forms of economic organization or behavior, but by pioneering a unique combination of capitalist profit-making strategies, culturalist customer services, and flexible interfirm relations. The organizational structure and business practices of Qiaopiju allowed them to successfully adapt to and negotiate with the emerging regulatory regimes of the nation-state, colonial, and capitalist world systems in order to dominate the international remittance industry for more than a century.
A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920–1921 Depression
Authors: Wicker Elmus R.
Published: December 2014

Criticism of the Federal Reserve Board for not advancing rates earlier in 1919 to halt a rampant inflation is seldom as severe or nearly as devastating as the criticism heaped upon it for not easing credit sooner during the sharp but brief depression episode of 1920–1921. After the collapse of prices in May 1920, the immediate goal of Federal Reserve policy was to prevent a widespread financial crisis by maintaining the liquidity of the banking system. Congress had created the Federal Reserve System for the specific purpose of preventing a recurrence of the financial panics that had plagued our pre-World War I monetary experience. In 1920 the Federal Reserve Banks succeeded in this task by making funds freely available at relatively high discount rates. Somewhat surprising is the fact that there was no liquidation of bank credit nor decline in the money supply during the first six months of the downswing. Loans at commercial banks continued to increase, and member-bank indebtedness continued to rise. The action taken by System officials probably warded off what might easily have been the worst financial catastrophe in our history. Unfortunately, the policy they pursued, though successful in preventing a banking crisis, was inimical to a quick recovery of business activity. Inventory decumulation, particularly in the agricultural sector, was hampered by a bumper harvest and a railway transportation bottleneck which was not eliminated until October.
Tunneling and mode conversion of fast magnetosonic waves in the magnetospheres of Earth and Mercury
Authors: Kazakov Yevgen O. , Fülöp Tünde
Published: December 2014

Narrow-band linearly polarized waves, having a resonant structure and a peak frequency between the local cyclotron frequency of protons and heavy ions, have been detected in the magnetospheres of Earth and of Mercury. Some of these wave events have been suggested to be driven by linear mode conversion (MC) of the fast magnetosonic waves (FWs) at the ion–ion hybrid (IIH) resonances. Since the resonant IIH frequency is linked to the plasma composition, solving the inverse problem allows one to infer the concentration of the heavy ions from the measured frequency spectra. In this paper, we identify the conditions when the MC efficiency is maximized in the magnetospheric plasmas and discuss how this can be applied for estimating the heavy ion concentration in the magnetospheres of Earth and Mercury.
Sealers in the service of science
Authors: Kjær Kjell-G.
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the co-operation, for the purpose of data collection, that was established between scientific institutions in Scandinavia and the sealing trade in northern Norway in the period 1865–1875. The paper describes the cartographic work carried out by sealing masters, notably the making of new charts of Nordaustlandet, Kong Karls Land and Novaya Zemlya. It also describes how a scientific network in Norway and Sweden saw the potential in the masters’ knowledge of the Arctic and encouraged them to record their observations and to gather scientific data. The reasons why sealing masters engaged in Arctic research are described. The paper includes charts of parts of Svalbard and of Novaya Zemlya based on sealers’ sketches, notes and ship's journals.
Impacts and Effects of Publishing Legal Information in a Small Jurisdiction: Privacy v Open Justice
Authors: du Feu Sue , Lambert James
Published: December 2014

This paper, written by Sue du Feu and James Lambert, outlines the challenges faced by the Jersey Legal Information Board (JLIB) in providing free access to legal information. The power of modern internet search engines has implications for a small island jurisdiction wishing to make its case law available on-line (see:www.jerseylaw.je). Having established protocols and policies to ensure a balance between open justice and privacy, several years later, JLIB is faced with concerns from individuals who feel that continuing public access to their earlier misdemeanours is an unfair burden. The paper will explain how the JLIB addressed the challenge of publishing court judgments online while safeguarding the interests of the individual.
Light absorption efficiencies of photosynthetic pigments: the dependence on spectral types of central stars
Authors: Komatsu Yu , Umemura Masayuki , Shoji Mitsuo , Kayanuma Megumi , Yabana Kazuhiro , Shiraishi Kenji
Published: December 2014

For detecting life from reflection spectra on extrasolar planets, trace of photosynthesis is one of the indicators. However, it is not yet clear what kind of radiation environments is acceptable for photosynthesis. Light absorption in photosystems on the Earth occurs using limited photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls). Efficiencies of light absorption for the pigments were evaluated by calculating the specific molecular absorption spectra at the high accuracy-quantum mechanical level. We used realistic stellar radiation spectra such as F, G, K and M-type stars to investigate the efficiencies. We found that the efficiencies are increased with the temperature of stars, from M to F star. Photosynthetic pigments have two types of absorption bands, the Qy and Soret. In higher temperature stars like F star, contributions from the Soret region of the pigments are dominant for the efficiency. On the other hand, in lower temperature stars like M stars, the Qy band is crucial. Therefore, differences on the absorption intensity and the wavelength between the Qy and Soret band are the most important to characterize the photosynthetic pigments. Among photosynthetic pigments, Chls tend to be efficient in higher temperature stars, while BChls are efficient for M stars. Blueward of the 4000 Å break, the efficiencies of BChls are smaller than Chls in the higher temperature stars.
Do they practice what we teach? Follow-up evaluation of a Schema Therapy training programme
Authors: Kingston Deborah , Moghaddam Nima , Beckley Kerry
Published: December 2014

This study evaluated a 3-day Schema Therapy (ST) training programme for trainee clinical psychologists. The training used an experiential model of learning, which was intended to encourage the transfer of knowledge and techniques from the learning environment into clinical practice. Using a mixed-methods approach, the training programme was evaluated in terms of: (1) self-reported changes in knowledge, confidence and willingness to use ST-informed techniques; (2) whether the training was integrated into clinical practice; and (3) the perceived barriers/facilitators to achieving practice integration. Participants – 17 of the 19 trainee clinical psychologists enrolled on the ST training programme – completed assessments immediately pre- and post-training. Participants were subsequently followed-up for reassessment 3 months after the training. Group- and individual-level analyses showed that most participants reported training-related gains in knowledge and confidence; these were largely sustained at follow-up, and were associated with post-training practice integration of ST concepts and techniques. Analysis of qualitative data identified factors moderating use of training in practice. Findings of the study have implications for future delivery and evaluation of training in cognitive-behavioural therapies.
Hypertension et adhérence thérapeutique: un challenge de tous les jours
Authors: Vuignier Yann , Burnier Michel , Waeber Bernard , Wuerzner Grégoire
Published: December 2014

Bluthochdruck ist ein kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktor, den man in der täglichen Praxis häufig antrifft. Eine Pharmakotherapie ist oft notwendig, um den Blutdruck zu senken. Doch ist die intensive medikamentöse Behandlung manchmal nicht ausreichend, um einen normalen Blutdruckwert zu erreichen. Viele Patienten nehmen ihre verordneten Medikamente nicht regelmässig ein. Deshalb wird das Therapieziel nicht erreicht. In diesem Artikel wollen wir verschiedene Techniken aufzeigen, die Sie bei Ihren Patienten anwenden können. Dabei gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten, um ein besseres Resultat zu dieser Therapie zu erreichen.
Inhibition of Monoacylglycerol Lipase Prevents Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy-like Neuropathology in a Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Closed Head Injury
Authors: Zhang Jian , Teng Zhaoqian , Song Yunping , Hu Mei , Chen Chu
Published: December 2014

Emerging evidence suggests that the risk of developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is significantly increased in military personnel and contact sports players who have been exposed to repetitive trauma brain injury (TBI). Unfortunately there are no effective medications currently available for prevention and treatment of CTE. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the key enzyme that metabolizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the brain, significantly reduced CTE-like neuropathologic changes in a mouse model of repetitive mild closed head injury (rmCHI). Inhibition of 2-AG metabolism promoted neurologic recovery following rmCHI and reduced proinflammatory cytokines, astroglial reactivity, expression of amyloid precursor protein and the enzymes that make Aβ, as well as formation of Aβ. Importantly, neurodegeneration, TDP-43 protein aggregation, and tau phosphorylation, which are the neuropathologic hallmarks of CTE, were significantly suppressed by MAGL inactivation. Furthermore, alterations in expression of glutamate receptor subunits and impairments in basal synaptic transmission, long-term synaptic plasticity, and spatial learning and memory were recovered by inhibition of 2-AG metabolism in animals exposed to rmCHI. Our results suggest that MAGL inhibition, which boosts 2-AG and reduces 2-AG metabolites prostaglandins in the brain, may lead to a new therapy for CTE.
Systemically Administered Brain-Targeted Nanoparticles Transport Peptides across the Blood—Brain Barrier and Provide Neuroprotection
Authors: Yemisci Muge , Caban Secil , Gursoy-Ozdemir Yasemin , Lule Sevda , Novoa-Carballal Ramon , Riguera Ricardo , Fernandez-Megia Eduardo , Andrieux Karine , Couvreur Partick , Capan Yilmaz , Dalkara Turgay
Published: December 2014

Although growth factors and anti-apoptotic peptides have been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke models, translation of these experimental findings to clinic is hampered by limited penetration of peptides to the brain. Here, we show that a large peptide like the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and a small peptide inhibitor of caspase-3 (z-DEVD-FMK) can effectively be transported to the brain after systemic administration by incorporating these peptides to brain-targeted nanoparticles (NPs). Chitosan NPs were loaded with peptides and then functionalized by conjugating with antibodies directed against the transferrin receptor-1 on brain endothelia to induce receptor-mediated transcytosis across the blood—brain barrier (BBB). Pre-ischemic systemic administration of bFGF- or z-DEVD-FMK-loaded NPs significantly decreased the infarct volume after 2-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion and 22-hour reperfusion in mice. Co-administration of bFGF- or z-DEVD-FMK-loaded NPs reduced the infarct volume further and provided a 3-hour therapeutic window. bFGF-loaded NPs were histologically detected in the brain parenchyma and also restored ischemia-induced Akt dephosphorylation. The neuroprotection was not observed when receptor-mediated transcytosis was inhibited with imatinib or when bFGF-loaded NPs were not conjugated with the targeting antibody, which enables them to cross the BBB. Nanoparticles targeted to brain are promising drug carriers to transport large as well as small BBB-impermeable therapeutics for neuroprotection against stroke.
Vascular Change and Opposing Effects of the Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor in a Mouse Model of Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Füchtemeier Martina , Brinckmann Marie P , Foddis Marco , Kunz Alexander , Po Chrystelle , Curato Caterina , Dirnagl Ulrich , Farr Tracy D
Published: December 2014

Our aims were to assess the spatiotemporal development of brain pathology in a mouse model of chronic hypoperfusion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to test whether the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can offer therapeutic benefit. For the first time, different patterns of cerebral blood flow alterations were observed in hypoperfused mice that ranged from an immediate and dramatic to a delayed decrease in cerebral perfusion. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed increases in several quantitative parameters in different brain regions that are indicative of white-matter degeneration; this began around 3 weeks after induction of hypoperfusion. While this model may be more variable than previously reported, neuroimaging tools represent a promising way to identify surrogate markers of pathology. Vascular remodelling was observed in hypoperfused mice, particularly in the anterior part of the Circle of Willis. While the angiotensin II receptor type 2 agonist, Compound 21 (C21), did not influence this response, it did promote expansion of the basilar artery in microcoil animals. Furthermore, C21-treated animals exhibited increased brain lymphocyte infiltration, and importantly, C21 had opposing effects on spatial reference memory in hypoperfused and sham mice. These results suggest that the RAS may have a role in vascular cognitive impairment.
An epigenomic roadmap to induced pluripotency reveals DNA methylation as a reprogramming modulator
Authors: Lee Dong-Sung , Shin Jong-Yeon , Tonge Peter D. , Puri Mira C. , Lee Seungbok , Park Hansoo , Lee Won-Chul , Hussein Samer M. I. , Bleazard Thomas , Yun Ji-Young , Kim Jihye , Li Mira , Cloonan Nicole , Wood David , Clancy Jennifer L. , Mosbergen Rowland , Yi Jae-Hyuk , Yang Kap-Seok , Kim Hyungtae , Rhee Hwanseok , Wells Christine A. , Preiss Thomas , Grimmond Sean M. , Rogers Ian M. , Nagy Andras , Seo Jeong-Sun
Published: December 2014

Reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells involves a dynamic rearrangement of the epigenetic landscape. To characterize this epigenomic roadmap, we have performed MethylC-seq, ChIP-seq (H3K4/K27/K36me3) and RNA-Seq on samples taken at several time points during murine secondary reprogramming as part of Project Grandiose. We find that DNA methylation gain during reprogramming occurs gradually, while loss is achieved only at the ESC-like state. Binding sites of activated factors exhibit focal demethylation during reprogramming, while ESC-like pluripotent cells are distinguished by extension of demethylation to the wider neighbourhood. We observed that genes with CpG-rich promoters demonstrate stable low methylation and strong engagement of histone marks, whereas genes with CpG-poor promoters are safeguarded by methylation. Such DNA methylation-driven control is the key to the regulation of ESC-pluripotency genes, including Dppa4, Dppa5a and Esrrb. These results reveal the crucial role that DNA methylation plays as an epigenetic switch driving somatic cells to pluripotency.
Atomic-scale structure and properties of highly stable antiphase boundary defects in Fe3O4
Authors: McKenna Keith P. , Hofer Florian , Gilks Daniel , Lazarov Vlado K. , Chen Chunlin , Wang Zhongchang , Ikuhara Yuichi
Published: December 2014

The complex and intriguing properties of the ferrimagnetic half metal magnetite (Fe3O4) are of continuing fundamental interest as well as being important for practical applications in spintronics, magnetism, catalysis and medicine. There is considerable speculation concerning the role of the ubiquitous antiphase boundary (APB) defects in magnetite, however, direct information on their structure and properties has remained challenging to obtain. Here we combine predictive first principles modelling with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to unambiguously determine the three-dimensional structure of APBs in magnetite. We demonstrate that APB defects on the {110} planes are unusually stable and induce antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent domains providing an explanation for the magnetoresistance and reduced spin polarization often observed. We also demonstrate how the high stability of the {110} APB defects is connected to the existence of a metastable bulk phase of Fe3O4, which could be stabilized by strain in films or nanostructures.
The evolution of photosynthesis in chromist algae through serial endosymbioses
Authors: Stiller John W. , Schreiber John , Yue Jipei , Guo Hui , Ding Qin , Huang Jinling
Published: December 2014

Chromist algae include diverse photosynthetic organisms of great ecological and social importance. Despite vigorous research efforts, a clear understanding of how various chromists acquired photosynthetic organelles has been complicated by conflicting phylogenetic results, along with an undetermined number and pattern of endosymbioses, and the horizontal movement of genes that accompany them. We apply novel statistical approaches to assess impacts of endosymbiotic gene transfer on three principal chromist groups at the heart of long-standing controversies. Our results provide robust support for acquisitions of photosynthesis through serial endosymbioses, beginning with the adoption of a red alga by cryptophytes, then a cryptophyte by the ancestor of ochrophytes, and finally an ochrophyte by the ancestor of haptophytes. Resolution of how chromist algae are related through endosymbioses provides a framework for unravelling the further reticulate history of red algal-derived plastids, and for clarifying evolutionary processes that gave rise to eukaryotic photosynthetic diversity.
Toward Prospective Prediction of Pharmacokinetics in OATP1B1 Genetic Variant Populations
Authors: Li R , Barton H A , Maurer T S
Published: December 2014

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly being used to provide human pharmacokinetic (PK) predictions for organic anion‐transporting polypeptide (OATP) substrates based on in vitro assay data. As a natural extension in the application of these models, in this study, we incorporated in vitro information of three major OATP1B1 genetic variants into a previously reported PBPK model to predict the impact of OATP1B1 polymorphisms on human PK. Using pravastatin and rosuvastatin as examples, we showed that the predicted plasma concentration–time profiles in groups carrying different OATP1B1 genetic variants reasonably matched the clinical observations from multiple studies. This modeling and simulation approach may aid decision making in early pharmaceutical research and development as well as patient‐specific dose adjustment in clinical practice.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e151; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.50; published online 10 December 2014
Driving ferromagnetic resonance frequency of FeCoB/PZN-PT multiferroic heterostructures to Ku-band via two-step climbing: composition gradient sputtering and magnetoelectric coupling
Authors: Li Shandong , Xue Qian , Duh Jenq-Gong , Du Honglei , Xu Jie , Wan Yong , Li Qiang , Lü Yueguang
Published: December 2014

RF/microwave soft magnetic films (SMFs) are key materials for miniaturization and multifunctionalization of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and their components, which demand that the SMFs should have higher self-bias ferromagnetic resonance frequency fFMR and can be fabricated in an IC compatible process. However, self-biased metallic SMFs working at X-band or higher frequency were rarely reported, even though there are urgent demands. In this paper, we report an IC compatible process with two-step superposition to prepare SMFs, where the FeCoB SMFs were deposited on (011) lead zinc niobate–lead titanate substrates using a composition gradient sputtering method. As a result, a giant magnetic anisotropy field of 1498 Oe, 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than that by conventional magnetic annealing method and an ultrahigh fFMR of up to 12.96 GHz reaching Ku-band, were obtained at zero magnetic bias field in the as-deposited films. These ultrahigh microwave performances can be attributed to the superposition of two effects: uniaxial stress induced by composition gradient and magnetoelectric coupling. This two-step superposition method paves a way for SMFs to surpass X-band by two-step or multi-step, where a variety of magnetic anisotropy field enhancing methods can be cumulated together to get higher ferromagnetic resonance frequency.
Selective electrochemical decomposition of outgrowths and nanopatterning in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 perovskite thin films
Authors: Cavallini Massimiliano , Graziosi Patrizio , Calbucci Marco , Gentili Denis , Cecchini Raimondo , Barbalinardo Marianna , Bergenti Ilaria , Riminucci Alberto , Dediu Valentin
Published: December 2014

The outgrowth formation in inorganic thin films is a dramatic problem that has limited the technological impact of many techniques and materials. Outgrowths are often themselves part of the films, but are detrimental for vertical junctions since they cause short-circuits or work as defects, compromising the reproducibility and in some cases the operation of the corresponding devices. The problem of outgrowth is particularly relevant in ablation-based methods and in some complex oxides, but is present in a large variety of systems and techniques. Here we propose an efficient local electrochemical method to selectively decompose the outgrowths of conductive oxide thin films by electrochemical decomposition, without altering the properties of the background film. The process is carried out using the same set-up as for local oxidation nanolithography, except for the sign of the voltage bias and it works at the nanoscale both as serial method using a scanning probe and as parallel method using conductive stamps. We demonstrated our process using La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 perovskite as a representative material but in principle it can be extended to many other conductive systems.
Biomimetic Transferable Surface for a Real Time Control over Wettability and Photoerasable Writing with Water Drop Lens
Authors: Zillohu Ahnaf Usman , Abdelaziz Ramzy , Homaeigohar Shahin , Krasnov Igor , Müller Martin , Strunskus Thomas , Elbahri Mady
Published: December 2014

We demonstrate a transferable device that can turn wettability of surfaces to sticky or slippy, as per requirement. It is composed of polymeric yarn with a fibrous structure, which can be lifted and placed on any surface to render it the unique wettability properties. We introduce Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) random fiber as biomimetic rose petal surface. When it is decorated with PVDF nanofibers yarns, the random mesh transform from rose petal sticky state into grass leaf slippy state. When it is placed on sticky, hydrophilic metal coin, it converts the surface of the coin to super hydrophobic. Adjustments in the yarn system, like interyarn spacing, can be done in real time to influence its wettability, which is a unique feature. Next, we load the polymer with a photochromic compound for chemical restructuring. It affects the sliding angle of water drop and makes the fibers optically active. We also demonstrate a “water droplets lens” concept that enables erasable writing on photochromic rose petal sticky fibrous surface. The droplet on a highly hydrophobic surface acts as a ball lens to concentrate light onto a hot spot; thereby we demonstrate UV light writing with water lenses and visible light erasing.
Fluorescence chemosensors for hydrogen sulfide detection in biological systems
Authors: Guo Zhi , Chen Guiqiu , Zeng Guangming , Li Zhongwu , Chen Anwei , Wang Jiajia , Jiang Longbo
Published: December 2014

The development of H2S fluorescence-sensing strategies and their potential applications in the determination of sulfate-reducing bacteria activity.
Topological states modulation of Bi and Sb thin films by atomic adsorption
Authors: Wang Dongchao , Chen Li , Liu Hongmei , Wang Xiaoli , Cui Guangliang , Zhang Pinhua , Zhao Dapeng , Ji Shuaihua
Published: December 2014

Based on first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated the topological surface states of Bi and Sb thin films of 1–5 bilayers in (111) orientation without and with H(F) adsorption, respectively.
Differences in single and aggregated nanoparticle plasmon spectroscopy
Authors: Singh Pushkar , Deckert-Gaudig Tanja , Schneidewind Henrik , Kirsch Konstantin , van Schrojenstein Lantman Evelien M. , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Deckert Volker
Published: December 2014

A comparison of SERS and TERS experiments reveals that in TERS the number of molecules investigated is so low that averaging effects are concealed.
Cysteine-mediated redox signalling in the mitochondria
Authors: Bak D. W. , Weerapana E.
Published: December 2014

This review represents a novel look at the many sources, cysteine targets, and signaling processes of ROS in the mitochondria.
Chitosan nanoparticles as a green and renewable catalyst in the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Safari Javad , Azizi Fatemeh , Sadeghi Masoud
Published: December 2014

Chitosan nanoparticles.
Nano magnetite supported metal ions as robust, efficient and recyclable catalysts for green synthesis of propargylamines and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water
Authors: Tajbakhsh Mahmood , Farhang Maryam , Baghbanian Seyed Meysam , Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Tajbakhsh Mahghol
Published: December 2014

Superparamagnetic supported metals complex catalysts have been synthesized and applied for the synthesis of propargylamines and 1,2,3-triazoles.
Controlling monomer-sequence using supramolecular templates
Authors: ten Brummelhuis Niels
Published: December 2014

This review discusses the template-directed preparation of sequence-defined polymers.
A remarkable solvent effect on the reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin with (E)-3-aryl-2-nitroprop-2-enol: Facile synthesis of highly substituted furo/pyrano[3,2-c]chromenes
Authors: Singh Shivendra , Srivastava Anvita , Mobin Shaikh M. , Samanta Sampak
Published: December 2014

The solvent dependent reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin with (E)-3-aryl-2-nitroprop-2-enol has been reported for the synthesis functionalized furo/pyrano[3,2-c]chromenes in water and DMSO media.
Metal ion induced fluorescence resonance energy transfer between crown ether functionalized quantum dots and rhodamine B: selectivity of K+ ion
Authors: Lee Hsin-Lung , Dhenadhayalan Namasivayam , Lin King-Chuen
Published: December 2014

A ratiometric fluorescent metal ion sensor based on the mechanism of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between 15-crown-5-ether capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and 15-crown-5-ether attached rhodamine B.
Preparation and application of magnetic graphene oxide coated with a modified chitosan pH-sensitive hydrogel: an efficient biocompatible adsorbent for catechin
Authors: Sereshti Hassan , Samadi Soheila , Asgari Shohreh , Karimi Maryam
Published: December 2014

A MSPE method using a pH-sensitive green chitosan-based adsorbent coupled with GC-MS was developed for determination of catechin in tea samples.
TBP induced double cloud point in aqueous EO13PO30EO13 solutions: investigating the evolution of associated micellar characteristics as a function of temperature
Authors: Ganguly R. , Kumar S. , Nath S. , Sharma J. N. , Aswal V. K.
Published: December 2014

TBP solubilized Pluronic L64 solutions exhibit inter-micellar attraction driven micellar cluster formation upon cooling, which is unique in non-ionic micellar systems.
Improved antifouling performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane via surface modification by CNTs bound polyelectrolyte multilayers
Authors: Liu Lei , Di Doris Y. W. , Park Hosik , Son Moon , Hur Hor-Gil , Choi Heechul
Published: December 2014

This study investigated the improved anti-fouling properties of CNTs bound polyelectrolyte membrane and proposed the mechanisms for anti-fouling.
Can low-valent silicon compounds be better transition metal ligands than phosphines and NHCs?
Authors: Benedek Zsolt , Szilvási Tibor
Published: December 2014

We investigated the potential application of low-valent silicon compounds as transition metal ligands by computing the most important ligand properties and compared them to the generally used carbene and phosphine ligands.
A Master equation for the probability distribution functions of forces in soft particle packings
Authors: Saitoh Kuniyasu , Magnanimo Vanessa , Luding Stefan
Published: December 2014

We study the microscopic response of force-chain networks in jammed soft particles to quasi-static isotropic (de)compressions by molecular dynamics simulations.
Graphene oxide single sheets as substrates for high resolution cryoTEM
Authors: van de Put Marcel W. P. , Patterson Joseph P. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Wilson Neil R. , Friedrich Heiner , van Benthem Rolf A. T. M. , de With Gijsbertus , O'Reilly Rachel K. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M.
Published: December 2014

Ultra thin films prepared on single sheet graphene oxide substrates to enhance contrast and resolution in high resolution cryoTEM.
Ordered assemblies of silver nanoparticles on carbon nitride sheets and their application in the non-enzymatic sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose
Authors: Kundu Manas Kumar , Sadhukhan Mriganka , Barman Sudip
Published: December 2014

A facile fabrication of an ordered assembly of silver nanoparticles on carbon nitride sheets is reported. A modified glassy carbon electrode with carbon nitride sheets doped with silver nanoparticles can be used as a sensitive electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide and glucose.
Fuzzy‐based blended control for the energy management of a parallel plug‐in hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Denis Nicolas , Dubois Maxime R. , Desrochers Alain
Published: December 2014

The growing interest in reducing fuel consumption and gas emissions provides an incentive for the automotive industry to innovate in the field of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The two embedded power sources in these vehicles require an intelligent controller in order to make the best decision on the power distribution. Actually these controllers, often called energy management systems, are very important and greatly influence the achievable fuel economy. Compared with an HEV, a PHEV allows battery discharge over a complete trip. As a consequence the optimal control of a PHEV implies a stronger dependence on the total driving cycle. Many authors have studied the possibility of fuzzy‐based systems for both HEV and PHEV as they have proved to be robust, reliable and simple. However, classical fuzzy rule‐based strategies demonstrate a lack of optimality because their design is focused on the actual vehicle state rather than the driving conditions. This study proposes a blended control strategy based on fuzzy logic for a PHEV. The proposed controller is fed with driving condition information in order to increase the controller effectiveness in every situation. The efficiency of the proposed controller is demonstrated through simulations.
Design of a wideband eight‐way single ridge substrate integrated waveguide power divider
Authors: Kazemi Robab , Fathy Aly E.
Published: December 2014

Recently, a low‐loss X‐band eight‐way compact substrate‐integrated‐waveguide (SIW) power combiner was developed with about 40% bandwidth. To further widen the operating bandwidth, ridges can be added to form a ridge SIW (RSIW). RSIW has many advantages, such as a low profile, light weight, low cost and planar structure and wide bandwidth. In this study, a 1 to 8 splitter for an array antenna feed based on RSIW technology has been designed and fabricated that encompasses an extended bandwidth beyond that of the conventional guides. The divider is comprised of a GCPW to RSIW transition, RSIW T‐junction and 90° bend and has demonstrated over a 65% bandwidth with better than 10 dB return loss from 5 to 10 GHz. In particular, it demonstrated excellent amplitude and phase uniformity with less than ±0.3 dB and ±5° imbalance, respectively, within 5.5 to 9.6 GHz.
Comment on ‘Enhancing the security of communication via directly modulated antenna arrays’
Authors: Hong Tao
Published: December 2014

In a recent study by Hong Zhe Shi et al., a new approach to enhance the security of data transmission using a two‐element array based on the directly modulated antenna array technique has been shown. Consequently, Hong Zhe Shi et al. have presented the phase shift values of the array to synthesise a directional modulation (DM) signal in the desired direction. In this current comment, the author demonstrates that the DM signal cannot be synthesised by a two‐element phase array because the relative phase information maintain as the conventional baseband modulation signal. The DM signal synthesised using a phase array needs at least three elements.