bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demodulación de franjas de interferencia usando diferentes configuraciones
Authors: LÓPEZ-ÁLVAREZ Yadira Fabiola , JARA-RUÍZ Ricardo , DELGADO-GUERRERO Sergio Humberto , RODRÍGUEZ-FRANCO Martín Eduardo
Published: October 2020

Non-contact techniques for the analysis of deformations on surfaces has had great boom and acceptance in various sectors of science. When a beam of light with characteristics of temporal and spatial coherence radiates about optically rough surface, it presents a random distribution of intensity, giving rise to the phenomenon called speckle; said phenomenon is a representation of bright and dark dots formed by the random distribution of said coherent light, this distribution of overlapping speckle patterns generate interference fringes, its fringes are presented when in second pattern fringes has phase difference between them, which, give information about the state of deformation suffered by the material that is analyzed. This work reports the procedure that is followed for the analysis of deformations in materials using interferometric techniques. Different configurations of interference fringes are presented, and the procedure for their demodulation is described.
Viabilidad de propuesta de servicio de supervisión remoto en el sector agroindustrial
Authors: JARA-RUIZ Ricardo , GARCÍA-REYES Javier Alexis , RODRÍGUEZ-PADILLA Luis Ángel , GUERRERO-CONTRERAS Zaida Raquel
Published: October 2020

This research paper presents a study methodology for the feasibility analysis of a proposal for agro-industrial application with Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) or Drones. For this purpose, a qualitative exploratory study is carried out to publicize the essential information collected in the field that allows to know in detail and with greater certainty the needs and main factors related to the crops of the current market, as well as identify the necessary tools to determine this purpose. Important for this study is the collection of reliable information through the application of interviews with specialists and staff with experience in this sector to define the points of interest and through this know the results of the study for formulating a hypothesis. From these indicators, the degree of acceptance will be determined in the most assertive and well-founded manner and the approach made the crop directed, with the aim of ensuring the efficiency and quality of the service in order to make the decisions achieve the expected technological impact.
Propuesta de una arquitectura para un Smart Campus Universitario
Authors: CRUZ-PARADA José María , ZAMUDIO-RODRIGUEZ Víctor Manuel , LINO-RAMÍREZ Carlos , GUTIERREZ-HERNANDEZ David Asael
Published: October 2020

A proposal of an architecture is described for the use of intelligent agents connected to a mobile application and the same time is also linked to a control system that is managed by the institution. In this document the idea is analyzed from its conception, through the elaborated development and the tests and the results that have been carried out. This architecture is planned to be used in the creation of an intelligent university campus with data collection, information analysis and automated decision making.
The challenges of the mexican state in the application of the rules of international law in the protection of the rights of unaccompanied irregular migrant girls and children
Authors: ZÚÑIGA Blanca Lorena , CARRILLO María Guadalupe , RAMOS Cristina Liliana , ARREOLA Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2020

The irregular migration of children has increased alarmingly in recent years, which is why the institutions of Mexican State have acted accordingly; but nevertheless; the excessive flow and the conditions in which the phenomenon occurs are complex; given the circumstances that surround it. In this sense, the purpose of present is to reflect about the challenges of our country in the application of the internal norm and the control of conventionality, the harmonization between both in order to protect the rights of irregular migrant girls and boys, whit special attention to those who travel without the protection of their family. The conclusions point to the impossibility of Mexico to face the phenomenon that reaches the point of humanitarian crisis, the inapplicability of the internal norm and even less the international one the matter.
Failure of an autotank repaired by welding
Authors: SALGADO-LOPEZ Juan Manuel , OJEDA-ELIZARRARÁS José Luis , SILVA-HERNANDEZ Abraham , TELLO-RICO Jesús Mauricio
Published: October 2020

The aim of this work is to show that welded vessels, which have been coated by a polymer for overcoming the pneumatic test are susceptible to failure. This is so, because the cyclic load, which are applied in the vessel during its work. This aim was reached by applying different inspections and tests to a vessel manufactured with aluminium plates, which was used to freight. The vessel had to be repaired by welding, but it failed after few cycles of loading/unloading in the repaired weld. The specimen under study was inspected visually and by non-destructive tests. In this sense, the plate with fracture was tested by mechanical stress test, optical emission spectrometry, and metallographic analysis. The fracture surface was inspected by scanning electron microscopy. The results of all the techniques showed that the failure occurred due to coalesce of multiple cracks that grew by the mechanism of fatigue from welding defects. On the fracture surfaces was found evidence of sealing polymer used for the pneumatic pressure test. This work demonstrates that in welding repairing, the metallurgy and the welding engineering are critical to avoid premature failures of welded components.
Development of a coating with UV protection for leather finishing in the automobile industry
Authors: AGUILAR-MARURI Saul , VALENCIA-RODRÍGUEZ Samantha , GALINDO-GONZÁLEZ Rosario , FUENTES-RAMÍREZ Rosalba
Published: October 2020

Due to continuous use and environmental factors (humidity and continuous exposure to the sun), the leather upholstery experiences cracking, discoloration and possible yellowing. The above factors significantly decrease the life of leather upholstery in cars. The objective of this work is to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles, which have optical properties that allow it to absorb UV radiation and then incorporate them into a polymeric matrix to develop a coating with UV protection for leather finishing in the automobile industry. The particles of zinc oxide were synthesized by the sol-gel method to obtain a nanometric particle size, the method represent a low-cost synthesis method, without the use of surfactants and easily scalable. With monoethylene glycol was formed a stable colloid with the zinc oxide nanoparticles and the polymer matrix. Finally, the final leather finishing obtained for the automotive industry has greater resistance to bending, also thermal stability was improved. In consequence, the lifetime of the leather finishing has improved.
The empathy during the training of the dentistry at the Universidad Autonóma de Sinaloa
Authors: LÓPEZ-PÉREZ María Carlota
Published: October 2020

In this paper, the first part of the investigation of the level of empathy of dental students of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa by school grade and gender is presented, implementing the Workshops of Interpersonal Relationships and Self-Esteem (RI and A), with the support of Human Development and the Person-Centered Approach as an educational strategy to foster the development and strengthening of the level of empathy of dentists in training. This research was non-experimental, transectional, exploratory and descriptive with a mixed approach. The Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale in its Spanish version was applied in the first stage to 364 students and adapted to training dentists investigating their level of empathy. The results of this first stage of the first and third year female gender presented a higher score in level 2 of empathy. It is important that, in addition to recognizing the empathic level in the dentist-patient relationship, educational strategies and continuous training that foster their personal development, including a positive impact on the interpersonal relationships they establish with their patients, are included in the professional training of dentists.
Injection parameters study for a polypropylene probe used on tension test
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ-DAHMLOW Jesus E. , FUENTES-RAMIREZ Rosalba , GÓMEZ-CASTRO Fernando I. , MURILLO-YAÑEZ Luis E.
Published: October 2020

Simulation of the melten allows us to predict the behavior of the plastic material inside the mold, clarifying that at present polymers are one of the most used materials due to the versatility of its properties. Through the simulation using the Solidworks Plastic® platform, it is proved that injection time is defined by the thickness of the part and the injection point diameter. Besides, every simulation gives a relation between pressure, cooling, and cycle time, by making changes in mold and PP temperature is possible to get a starting point to set up the conditions of real process. Simulation also involves the selection of the element type and some other parameters related to the Finite Element Method. The relevance of the study focuses on giving a starting point for processing PP using the theory and the simulation due to most of the time injection conditions are selected by previous experience of the operator. Accordingly, this work focuses on the study for the required injection pressure, cooling, and injection cycle time to process a polypropylene (PP) tensile test specimen based on the Standard ISO D638D-14, these variables are tested changing the mold and PP temperature trying to predict the best injection parameters.
Study of the anticorrosive properties of magnetic composites
Authors: MARTINEZ-MORENO Miguel , GÁMEZ-DUEÑAS Claudia L. , FUENTES-RAMÍREZ Rosalba , CONTRERAS-LOPEZ David
Published: October 2020

Metal corrosion affects various sectors: construction, ships, pipes in the chemical industry, etc. Organic materials have been used as coatings to counteract it; recently improvements have been observed when magnetic polymers are used. These are materials formed by a polymeric matrix and a metal with magnetic properties, such as magnetic nanoparticles. The metal is sacrificed, preventing contact with the surface. Here we show the results of composites formed by magnetic nanoparticles of cobalt ferrite and magnetite obtained by coprecipitation, immersed in polystyrene, butyl polyacrylate and styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer matrices. The nanoparticles were incorporated by ultrasonic bath using different weights of nanoparticles (0.05%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%) using toluene as solvent. There is an acceptable dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polyacrylate and copolymer after 4 hours of cavitation, the styrene had acceptable dispersion after 5 hours. The composites were tested on a 316 Cal. 14 stainless steel film of 6 cm2 area, the specimens were dipped in acid to evaluate the corrosion protection with electrochemical techniques, having good results in the ferrite and magnetite composites where the protection capacity was better in the styrene-butyl acrylate copolymer.
System of acquisition and processing of signals through of Arduino platform and Matlab (How tool of learning)
Authors: ARREGUIN-JUÁREZ Miguel , HERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ Sandra Paola , SÁNCHEZ-TORRECITAS Enrique , QUINTANILLA-DOMÍNGUEZ Joel
Published: October 2020

This work presents a real time system of acquisition, monitoring and signal processing based on the synergy of hardware and software. In the stage of signal acquisition, a circuit board was built. This circuit board acquires two signals, one from a phototransistor sensor and other one from an ultrasonic sensor. The sending and processing of the data was through the Arduino platform. A graphical user interface (GUI) using Matlab® was implemented for the stages of monitoring and processing. For these stages two interfaces were designed and implemented with the aim of show the signals of two forms, continuous and digital, and their processing. For the processing stage, several operations such as convolution, median filter and the Fast Fourier Transform were applied to the signal. On the other hand, another aim of the implementation of this system was with the purpose to obtain a didactic tool to complement and support learning in the area of signal processing and thus generate a bigger interest and motivation of the students to practice the knowledge acquired in classes.
Rehabilitation in variance osteotomy of left knee and left knee arthroscopy by gonarthrosis grade III: 4 phase model. About a case
Authors: PÉREZ-ÁNGELES José Manuel
Published: October 2020

Objective: describing the evolution of rehabilitation in a 47-year-old patient operated on knee arthroscopy and varus osteotomy of the left distal femur due to grade III gonarthrosis secondary to valgus angular disease, she underwent both surgical procedures in a single time. This fact allows a single rehabilitation process to be carried out for the 2 diseases, achieving an earlier functional recovery that if it had been operated in 2 times.
Pemaknaan Profesi Perempuan Dalam Video Musik Lokal Di Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Nafie Juan Ardiles
Published: October 2020

The appearance of women in music videos is a site that shows various ideologies which influence the thinking of a society about the construction of women, including the construction of the profession of women. The appearance of women is inseparable from values and is not solely in the interests of women but there are certain interests.

This study wants to see whether the representation of the women's profession in the local music video shows strength in women or leads to a new repression for local women in East Nusa Tenggara. The aims of this study are to provide an overview of the meaning of the women's profession through local music videos of East Nusa Tenggara and to provide a description of the hybridity discourse in the depiction of the women's profession through the NTT Local music video. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research uses the approach of feminism, the women's profession, public space and cultural hybridization theory to see how the meaning of the women's profession in local music videos in East Nusa Tenggara.

This study uses the analysis of semiotics of Carol Vernalis. The data in this study were analyzed in 3 stages, namely: (1) structural analysis created in the music video, (2) reading the video chronology and analysis of two specific parts, and (3) understanding the women's profession in terms of cultural hybridity.

The results of this study indicate that women who are teachers are not professionally interpreted as attached to the teaching profession but emphasize the symbols of modern women through space and fashion. Hybridity between the appearance of modern women but still bound by local patriarchal culture. Women who are midwives are interpreted by the domestication of women. Women are shown with an ideal picture of women. The meaning of the women's profession experienced repression, where the women's profession featured in this local music videos is the result of a tug-of-war on various discourses in which the appearance is more concerned with modernity that leads to industrial interests. Hybridity is not only related to the fusion of culture but the consequences of domination that arise when there is fusion of culture. In the end, this music videos do not fully show the female profession but the interests of modernity, global, patriarchy are prioritized.
Governing under Islam and the Islamic Political System
Authors: Hofmann Murad Wilfried
Published: October 2020

This article elicits some positive and normative bases of Islamicgovernance. It argues that the Islamic state should be a republic sincethe prophet was “selected be God and the four rightly-guided caliphswere “elected”, thus a case is made for a republican spirit which shouldbe integral to any just state. Also, the article argues that there should bea division of power, not only between government and judiciary, butalso, between the government and the religious establishment. Lastly, itconcludes with thirteen features deemed essential to the establishmentof an Islamic state.
Methodological Problems in the Study of Islam, and Ali Shariati's Proposed Methodology for the Study of Religions
Authors: Vakily Abdollah
Published: October 2020

This paper intends to describe some of the problems involved inthe methodological study of Islam, as well as the measures suggestedby scholars (Muslims and non-Muslims) to correct and solve suchproblems. It then presents the methodology developed by Ali Shariatifor the study of religions, and its application to Islam. The paperconcludes by assessing Shariati's proposed methodology vis-a-vis theaforementioned problems and corrective measures.
The Last Great Revolution
Authors: Akbulut Zeynep
Published: October 2020

Robin Wright's The Last Great Revolution reflects her 27 years of studyand observations of Iran's cultural and political transformations.She interviews thinkers, parliamentarians, administrators, and averagepeople on the streets as she portrays the radical shift in Iran since the 1979Islamic revolution.Wright starts with her "Personal Odyssey" as an introduction. Shedescribes her first encounter with Iran after the revolution at the airplane ina detailed way. Indeed, she wants her book to "help outsiders to see what isthere not just what [they] want to see." She distinguishes this book fromher previous ones, because this time, instead of giving only her ownimpressions, she lets Iranians "speak for themselves about their ideas,experiences, dreams, and frustrations." After the introduction, she providesbrief information about the geography, religion, and population of Iran.The first chapter analyzes the revolution as the Last Great Revolutionof the modem era, that will stand along with the French and Russianrevolutions. Wright explains the reasons which made the Iranian revolutionsuitable and unique. First, the Shi'ite character of Islam demands afaithful fight against injustice and tyranny. Secondly, Iran has a longpolitical experience that has not come under any colonial power. Thirdly,Iran is heir to a great civilization that had a role in shaping the wqrld.Finally, it is between the West and the East as a meeting point of cultures,which gives the opportunity for revolutionary ideas to reach the peoplefrom both directions. To sum up, Wright makes it clear that quest forempowerment in Iran did not ascend from heaven unpredictably in 1979.She notes that everything was already set for an upheaval.Wright's important analysis in this chapter is inspired by Brinton'sclassic work, The Anatomy of Revolution. Brinton argues that "Revolutionsare like fevers". Wright examines the Iranian revolution in three phases ...
First International Congress on Religion and Mental Health
Authors: Haque Amber
Published: October 2020

The First International Congress on Religion and Mental Health was heldApril 16-19,2001 in Tehran, Iran. It was sponsored by the Iran Universityof Medical Sciences, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, World HealthOrganization Collaborating Center for Mental Health, The ResearchInstitute for Rehabilitation and Improvement of Women's Life (Iran), andthe Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran.Science and religion have generally seemed to oppose each other when itcomes to an understanding and upliftment of human behaviors. The tide isturning however; as increasing number of research in the West is showingindisputable evidence on the positive influence of religion on humanthoughts and behaviors, specifically, in the area of mental health. Thepresent congress highlighted all this in its four-day meeting of scholars inthe field of religion and mental health representing 23 countries fromaround the globe. The key feature of the conference was the presentation ofempirical findings on the benefits of religion in fostering and maintainingpositive mental health. The Islamic Republic of Iran, a country, known forits hard line approach toward secularism and sanctioned by the West inmany ways, attracted some of the best scholars from the Americas andEurope.The Congress Secretary, Dr. Jafar Bolhari, indicated in his speech thatthis conference has at least three objectives: (1) Presentation of scientificresearch in the area of psychiatry and psychology carried out in Iran, in thearea of psychiatry and psychology, which can be beneficial to the Iranianas well as international community, (2) Presentation of integrated researchdone in Iran by the Muslim clergy and scientists collaborating together anddiscussion of its implications at national and international levels, and (3)Observation of April 7, 2001 as World Health Day with the theme of"Mental Health" declared by the World Health Organization (WHO).Since mental health professionals have generally ignored religion andspirituality, this conference was organized to deal specifically with theseissues in the interest of the average person.Out of 242 research papers received by the congress, the Scientific ...
The Evolution of Early Islamic Ethics
Authors: Mohamed Yasien
Published: October 2020

This article reviews Hellenic’ and Islamic ethics before the middle ofthe eleventh century. It begins with the ethics of the pre-Islamic Arabsand then describes the ethics of the Qur’an, hadith (PropheticTradition), adab2, Sufism, theology and philosophy. We attempt to providehere, as far as possible, a comprehensive, but not necessarilyexhaustive, overview of the unfoiding of Islamic ethics from the periodof Prophet Muhammad to Miskawayh (422/1030), the first Muslimmoral philosopher who made a conscious effort to Islamize andintegrate Hellenic elements within his ethical treatise and to make itpart of the Islamic intellectual legacy. Such an overview is intendedto provide an approximate picture of the evolution of Islamic ethicaltrends, which have modified the old Arabian ideal of muru’ah(manliness) into a new ideal of virtuous happiness in this world and inthe Hereafter. Hellenic ethics have inspired Muslim philosophers fromthe time of Miskawayh to develop a more systematic exposition ofIslamic ethics, and we hope that this review of the early ethics of Islamwill provide a better appreciation of the early sources that have hapedthe ethics of later Islamic moralists such as al-Raghib al-Isfahani(d. 433/1050) and al-Ghazzaii (505/1111), who have had a lastingimpact on Muslim thinkers up to today.
I Saw Ramallah
Authors: Muallem Ariege
Published: October 2020

I Saw Ramal/ah is about Barghouti's much-awaited journey to hishomeland after thirty years of exile. The book is rich with personalmemories of places, people, towns, events and times both in the past andpresent and is full of humor, laughter, joy, sadness, heartbreak, sacrificeand mourning. Throughout the book, there is a haunting feeling of loss andloneliness as a result of dispossession.The book starts at the bridge between Jordan and Palestine, the verybridge that Barghouti had innocently crossed thirty years ago in order toreach Cairo to continue his studies. When war broke out in 1967, he wasstill in Cairo and could not return. He remembers that day in 1967 veryvividly, since it was to mark the beginning of a new life for him, as all of asudden he was "struck by displacement." One wonders if he would haveremembered the details as intensely were it just another day in his normallife and not a day that would mark the beginning of life as an exile.Barghouti jumps from his present to the past and back, cleverly andsmoothly, revealing a little here and there, and beckoning the reader tohasten eagerly through the pages to discover the rest of the story. After a ...
Education In The Arab Gulf States and the Arab World
Authors: Ibrahim Zeinab
Published: October 2020

Education In The Arab Gulf States And The Arab World: An AnnotatedBibliography is divided into six parts. Each part contains between one toten chapters according to the topic. In the preface, the author mentions thatshe includes all references found in US libraries and the Libraryof Congress and does not include references from Arab countries. Shealso mentions that she was "selective" in her choices of what to includeand what not. For example, literature from the social sciences thatcontained a lot of stereotyping and biased information about Islam, Arabsand Arab society in general was excluded. Unpublished works alsowere not included. The author then describes her method of listing thebibliography: when there was literature available on the Arab world ingeneral, she included that, and then she would list the seven Gulf States inalphabetical order. If there were no references for a country, then thecountry is not mentioned and she jumps to the next country in that order.Part One contains only one chapter, which is the introduction. ElSannbarypresents an historical overview of the Gulf States, which is herfocus: Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UnitedArab Emirates. A map of the region is presented on page four. She surveysthe history and the present conditions of the seven states economically,politically and educationally. The rest of the chapter includes a one-pagesummary on all the topics, which are mainly the chapters that follow.Part Two comes under the heading "General Background andResources", and consists of three chapters. Chapter Two, "Context ofEducation", contains 165 entries. It starts with the Arab World (entry 1-52)followed by Bahrain (52-60), Iraq (61-76), Kuwait (77-95), Oman (96-102), Qatar (103-108), Saudi Arabia (109-154), and the United ArabEmirates, (155-165). This is the system followed throughout the wholebook. When there is no literature available on a country, it is notmentioned. Chapter Three, "Bibliographies and References", starts withgeneral references (166- 215), and then is followed by Iraq (216), Kuwait(217), Oman (218-2190, Qatar (220-223), United Arab Emirates (224)and finally educational references (225-259). Chapter Four, "Religion andEducation," lists 120 entries (260-380) ...
Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam
Authors: Molloy Rebecca
Published: October 2020

Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam contains nine chapters, the first ofwhich is a well constructed introduction that refers to various aspects andfunctions of jihad within the Islamic system of thought. This chapterintroduces the reader to pertinent vocabulary of the jihad doctrine, settingthe stage for the material throughout the book. Through the vocabulary, theauthor adroitly strings together a variety of texts in subsequent chapterswhich all utilize terms and concepts such as dar al-Islam, believers vs.unbelievers, takfir (declaring someone an unbeliever), expansionist jihad,defensive jihad, jihad as international law, greater and lesser jihad, andmore. The chapters that follow the introduction present six Islamic textstranslated from Arabic and Turkish, and the book concludes with two of theauthor's previously published articles on jihad. The aim of the book is toprovide basic reading material on the doctrine and to highlight the variousaspects of jihad and its development through the ages ...
Tulip in the Desert
Authors: Ozer Murat
Published: October 2020

The poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) of the Indiansubcontinent, who has been called the most serious Muslim philosophicalthinker of modem times by Fazlur Rahman, does not occupy the place hedeserves in the memory of the 'Umma of Islam today. For this fallen'Umma which has not produced world-class thinkers for centuries, this stateof amnesia cannot be afforded if the desire for revival is genuine. To thisend, I believe, the recent book of Mustansir Mir, Tulip in the Desert: ASelection of the Poetry of Muhammad Iqbal is a very timely contribution.The book consists of twelve short chapters preceded by an introductionon the life, poetry and philosophy of Iqbal. The author, who edited andtranslated this selection from Urdu and Farsi, is a professor in theDepartment of Philosophy and Religious Studies at Y oungston StateUniversity, Ohio. His book is more than a collection of Iqbal's poetry. Heputs his own background to the service of the reader. Each chapter startswith a commentary on the poems selected according to a theme. Each poemis supplied with extensive explanatory notes, which sometimes take morespace than the poem itself. As the author rightly states, these commentariesand notes elucidate Iqbal's use of historical, religious, philosophical andliterary resources of the Islamic tradition. The book is a comprehensiveintroduction to various aspects of Iqbal's ideology and art in his poetry.Considering that the number of existing books on Iqbal is far less thansufficient as compared to the magnitude and importance of his work, thepresent one is a significant contribution to commemorate Iqbal, and teachlay people, as well as the learned, his recipe for overcoming the problemsthat Muslims have been facing for centuries ...
The Advent of the Fatimids
Authors: Fierro Maribel
Published: October 2020

Fatimid intellectual production contains some remarkable personal memoirsthat deserve a joint study. The Kitab al-MunaJ?arat (The Book of Discussions)by lbn al-Haytham is one example of this kind ofliterature. Abu 'AbdAllah Ja·far ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Aswad ibn al-Haytham wasa Qayrawani scholar of Sh􀁹 i persuasion when the Fatimid caliphate wasestablished in North Africa. In this Ki tab, he recorded his meetings and conversationswith the leaders of the Isma·ili da·wah (mission) in the firstmonths after the conquest ofQayrawan, from Rajab 296/March 909 until theappearance of the Imam al-Mahdi in Rabi' II 297/January 910.Although the existence of this work had been known for some time, itis only now that we have at our disposal the complete Arabic text, togetherwith an English translation, an introductory study, a bibliography and anindex. Paul E. Walker is mainly responsible for having realized the importanceoflbn al-Haytham's text. Both he and W. Madelung, whose collaborationhas been decisive in the final outcome, are the best qualified scholars ...
Islam In America
Authors: Khattab Huda
Published: October 2020

Written by a professor oflslamic Studies at Hartford Seminary in Connecticut,ls/am in America introduces the history and practice of Islam in theUnited States. The book opens with an overview of the origins and historicaldevelopment of Islam that for the most part is fair, although there is theodd error ("Throughout the centuries, the call to prayer has been sung ..."Some of the figures mentioned in Chapter 2, "Contributors to the Developmentof Islam" also cause eyebrows to be raised: how much the secularistMustafa Kemal contributed to the development oflslam is surely debatable.Moving on to the American context (Chapter 3), the author starts herexploration oflslamic history in the US with the waves of immigration fromMuslim lands that began in the middle and latter part of the nineteenth cen­tury. Pre-Columbian visits to these shores by Muslims are touched upon, butit is noted that this is a new area of scholarship. The issue of Muslim slavesbrought by force from Africa is dealt with later, in the chapter on AfricanAmericanIslam.The issues faced by the earliest immigrants are touched upon, and abrief history oflslam in several major centers is given. Accounts of minoritygroupings - Sh􀁪a, Sufis, Isma>il is, Druze, and Ahmad is- are also given.Whether all of these groupings are "truly Islamic" or not is a moot point,however, the fact that they are connected to or have roots in the Islamic traditionmeans that they are often included in studies of Islam, particularlystudies written by western observers. While stating that the majority ofMuslims in the US are either immigrants or African-Americans, the authornotes that there are significant numbers of converts from other backgroundstoo; mention is made of Anglos, Hispanics and Native Americans who havecome to Islam ...
The New Mamlukes
Authors: Ahmad Imad A.
Published: October 2020

Amira El-Azhari Sonbol has written an outstanding socio-politico-eco­nomic analysis of the Egyptian government and society over the last threecenturies. This book brilliantly debunks the oriental despot model ofanalysis that has been imposed on scholarly studies of Muslim societies.She achieves this with the aid of a "study of popular discourse." Sheemphasizes the need to relearn what culture is all about by examining howEgyptians see themselves and their own relationships. She finds thatEgyptian society has not been static, waiting to be transformed from theoutside, but dynamic, following its own cultural evolution. Along the way,she notes the importance of distinguishing Islamic revival from radicalismand terrorism.Sonbol argues that eighteenth-century Egypt has been misunderstood,forced into the absolutist mold that more properly characterizes today'sEgypt. Eighteenth-century Egypt reflected "social maneuverability" andthe "rule of law." In the 19th and 20th centuries the Egyptian state sought,with partial success, to establish itself as the "active creator" of law andorder. A new form of mercantilism emerged that went beyond the mere controlof imports and exports to the manipulation of all aspects of productionand exchange to the benefit of the elites. In the Nasser era, elements ofsocialism and nationalism were employed in the advancement of what wasactually a form of state capitalism, in which the elites sought to extract rentfrom their hold on power. It was a feudal compact, in which the state's"right" to political allegiance was "reciprocated by the state's 'duty' toguarantee the security of the nation and provide its people with" the necessitiesof life.Sonbol critiques the translation of khassa as elite and 'ammah as generalpub I ic. The khassa are the people of power, wealth, and distinction, onlyone part of which retains hegemony at any given time. The khassa are toodiverse (ruling elites, the military, and the business classes) to be consideredan aristocracy. From time to time the ulema, the intellectuals and the pro­fessionals have been their allies in legitimizing their power. The so-calledmodernization of the Arab world has only been a strengthening of ...
On History, Progress, and Civilization
Authors: Al-Ahsan Abdullah
Published: October 2020

ls history progressive? Does progress lead to civilization? If history is progressive and progress leads to civilization, why then do civilizations rise and fall in history? These questions lead to more questions. What is progress? High rise buildings? fncrease in economic and material production? 'Increase in longevity? Does progress lead to easing life? ff it leads to eas­ing life, does it bring happiness in human lives? Is there a cri­sis of civilization in our times? If there is, is there a remedy for this crisis? These questions have been raised and discussed extensively by historians and philosophers of history, and yet the debate has not ended. Jn fact as the twentieth century approached its end, the debate seemed to have become more and more live and con­troversial. Let us browse through the last two decades of this controversy.
New Muslim Discourses on Pluralism in the Post-Modern Age
Authors: Horkuc Hasan
Published: October 2020

The subject of religious pluralism can provoke a great deal of controversy. One could take the view that all religious knowl­edge is relative and that no one can claim absolute truth for his or her religion. Alternatively one can claim that his religion or understanding is the only truth. Religious pluralism is the theoty that all religions constitute varying conceptions of, and responses to, one ultimate, mysterious divine reality. lt concerns the legit­imacy of religious diversity and the idea that no single religion has a monopoly on religious truth. Some may argue that link­ing religion with pluralism presents a potential threat to their religion.
Values and Their Relationship to Social Problems in Malaysia
Authors: Haneef Mohamed Aslam , Yusof Selamah Abdullah , Amin Ruzita Mohd , Noon Hazizan Md
Published: October 2020

This study analyzes the relationship between values and social problems for Malaysian teenagers. Malaysia has undergone a tremendous social transformation that has affected many of its traditional and religious values and norms. This development is said to have contributed to a r.ise in social problems. Our basic premises are that values are reflected by behavior and that reli­gion plays an important role in Malaysians' value formation. In this context, and since !slam is Malaysia's official religion, the measurement of values is based on the works of al-Ghazali and Rokeach.1 Some suggestions also are provided for future devel­opment policies.
Forensic Psychiatry in Islamic Jurisprudence
Authors: Haque Amber
Published: October 2020

Forensic psychiatry deals with mental illness from a legal perspective. The term forensic is derived from the Roman word forum, a meeting place where legal judgments were made on cases of a legal nature. In a sense, that ancient forum has become the modern legislature and courtroom. The forensic psychiatrist is not only a physician, but one who enters the house of law trying to protect the interest of society as a whole. There are many books on this subject, but the one under review claims to be the first to deal with forensic psychiatry from an Islamic perspective. The author, Kutaiba Chaleby, is a Distinguished Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and has worked in the clinical, academic, and administrative settings for many years in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. In the introduction, Chaleby points out that the legal system in most Islamic countries is derived from British or other European legal traditions as a result of colonialism, except in matters of personal status, family rela­tionship, and inheritance laws. However, he contends that this scenario is changing, as many Islamic countries are now trying to use Islamic law in their courts. Saudi Arabia is an exception, since it was never influenced by any type of western legal system and uses the Shari'ah in all legal matters, including forensic cases. While forensic psychiatry, as such, does not exist in Islamic literature, its major issues of concern have been addressed by Muslim scholars over the years. The present work is intended as a basic guide for psychiatrists to make decisions on forensic cases from an Islamic perspective. The author also hopes to "illuminate" the thinking and practice of modern secular forensic psychiatrists. A short account of Islamic law covering the ...
War at the Top of the World
Authors: Hussain Maria
Published: October 2020

Recently, South Asia has become the focus of world attention due to theAmerican attack on Afghanistan and the subsequent increased tension inAsia. This book attempts to explain the various power dynamics behind thepolitical tensions between nuclear powers India, China, Pakistan, andRussia. Eric Margolis, a Canadian journalist who has traveled extensivelyin Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet, tells many great war stories of his visitsto the front line. Friendships with local personalities and his backgroundas a military officer provide a reasonably balanced analysis for those whoare interested in the region's geopolitics.The book is comprised of four sections. Part One, "The Great Jihad,"consists of five chapters on Afghanistan. In chapter I, "Soldiers Of Allah,"the author describes the jihad against the Soviet Union with poignantdetails of the noble, self-sacrificing mujahideen who "would walk to battlebarefoot, through deep snow, sometimes for two days and nights, carrying90 pounds (40 kg) of mortar shells or rockets on their backs." Chapter 2,"The Bravest Men on Earth," details Afghanistan's tribal divisions, warriorcode of honor, and history. Chapter 3, "Dodge City Meets the ArabianNights," describes that Muslim faith and courage which the author considersutterly incomprehensible to Westerners:They feared no man, and certainly not death . Each man believed thatAllah stood at his right shoulder; Allah who was all-merciful, in spite ofthe cruel world that He had inexpUcably created; Allah who would carryhim to his final rest as a parent would wrap a sleepy child in his arms andtake him off to bed.Chapter 4, "Fadil the Kurd," discusses the covert CIA-sponsored trainingand arming of guerilla fighters to destabilize Asia. Margolis explains thatafter these honorable and courageous soldiers defeated the mighty SovietUnion, they were no longer needed. America cut off aid, changing their statusto "Islamic terrorists" overnight. Chapter 5, "The Secret War," discussesZia ul-Haq, the former president of Pakistan, whose aid to Afghanistan wasinstrumental in defeating the Soviets. The United States State Department's ...
Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel
Authors: Jafri Gul Joya
Published: October 2020

In their book Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, Shahak and Mezvinsky document the nature of Jewish fundamentalism and argue that it is a grow­ing threat to Israeli society. As a work of activist scholarship, the authors point out that their aim is not to present new scholarship but to document, in English, literature that is normally available only in Hebrew, and to make the links between Jewish fundamentalism and Israeli politics clearer. As such, this is a fascinating, informative, and easy-to-read book for anyone interested in Israeli politics, Judaism, and its relation to Israeli poli­cies toward Palestine. It presents facets of Orthodox Judaism (particularly messianic, which they consider most dangerous) and Israeli politics not usually available to those without access to Hebrew sow·ces. Shahak and Mezvinsky show that Judaism, like any other religion or ideology, has its extremists and fundamentalists and that these views have very real effects on state politics and public opinion. In fact, they take a stance few are willing to risk: describing Israeli intolerance of non-Jews as Jewish Nazism. Each chapter discus9es in meticulous- at times, excessive- detail the history and characteristics of particular religious groups and parties in Israel. The authors quote throughout from a diverse range of sources, from religious texts and rabbinical writings to news articles in such Israeli dailies as Ha'aretz. In the preface, the authors lay out the book's context: "We have written this book in order to reveal the essential character of Jewish fundamentalism and its adherents. This character threatens democratic features of Israeli soci­ety." They add, furthermore: "We believe that a critique of Jewish funda­mentalism, which entails a critique of the Jewish past, can help Jews acquire more understanding and improve their behavior toward Palestinians." At this point, their aim is linked primarily to prospects for peace in the Middle East, though by the end of the book their concern seems more focused on Israel itself. At the end of chapter 7, they state: ...
Toleration, Diversity, and Global Justice
Authors: Haleem Irm
Published: October 2020

In his book Toleration, Diversity, and Global Justice, Kok-Chor Tan challengesthe realist tradition's popularity and its assumption that the state ofnature is essentially immoral. Instead, he points to the growing role of internationalgovernment organizations ( e.g., the UN and the EU), which he statesindicate morality's global predominance. Centered on the premise of liberalism'sprimacy- as an ideology and a practice- the book focuses on the philosophicaltensions among liberals in terms of liberalism's meaning and scope.Two questions domjnate his analysis: First, what are the limits of liberaltoleration, and should liberal states tolerate or criticize nonliberal statesin the name of furthering liberalism? Second, is liberalism, based on theidea of individualism, compatible with collectivist cultures or societies?Within this context, the author examines liberalism's domestic and globalconsequences. Tan notes that if a society is formatted along the parametersof liberalism, then toleration and individualism compliment each other.However, as such compatibility does not exist in nonliberal states, the questionbecomes one of liberals' morality and responsibility in terms ofwhether such non liberal states should be tolerated.By posing this question, it appears that the author is alluding to theimplications of liberalism in the international front, namely, whether liberalstates have the jurisdiction to intervene in nonliberal states' matters ofdomestic jurisdiction. Another question is whether such intervention - indefense of individualism, morality, and autonomy - contradicts the veryessence of liberalism, namely, its commitment to autonomy even for nonliberalstates. The author phrases the question slightly differently by askingwhether liberalism's emphasis on autonomy (defined in individual terms)defines the limits of tolerating non liberal states.ln addressing the questions surrounding the moral imperative of liberalsvis-a-vis nonliberal societies and states, Tan distinguishes between twokinds of liberalism: political liberalism with an overriding emphasis on toleration(acceptance), and a comprehensive liberalism with an overridingemphasis on autonomy and individualism. In other words, those politicalliberals restrict their concerns only to those "uncontroversial concerns ofsociety." Instead, the concern is on the design of political institutions and, ...
Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad Asad
Authors: Hofmann Murad Wilfried
Published: October 2020

It is now 10 years that Muhammad Asad, the twentieth-century's most influ­ential European Muslim, left us. But aside from his own biographical writ­ings-the best-seller The Road to Mecca (1954) and his 1988 interview with his old employer, the Franlifitrter (Allgemeine) 'ZeJtung- until recently there was no comprehensive biography of this illustrious man. This lacuna has now been filled -at least up to his official conversion to Islam in Berlin (1926) and Cairo (1927). This covers his quest as a student, film librettist, and jour­nalist "from Galicia [his native Lemberg and Czernovitz] to Arabia," ending with his preparations for ha]. The author is an unassuming but enthusiastic research assistant for eth­nology at Vienna's Austrian Academy of Sciences. Working like a detective and a good prosecutor (never taking a confession at face value), he has writ­ten what promises to become the definite biography of the early Leopold Weiss. His pioneering book is welcome for its set of rare (and mostly unpub­lished) photographs. Of these, a 1932 portrait makes the front cover haunt­ingly compelling by showing a Ghandi-like Asad with a shaven head and penetrating yet sensitive black eyes. Even better, it includes a three-page chronology, a complete list of his publications that tracks 45 German news­paper articles, and a three-page list of publications on Asad. And yet, despite its being so uncompromisingly academic, his text reads like a novel. It is no surprise that the author discovered that some of The Road to Mecca is elegantly fictitious and, according to Pola Hamida Asad, essen­ tially a "spiritual autobiography." (Did not Johann Wolfgang van Goethe entitle his Fact and Fiction?) Thus it is now established that his first wife, Elsa Schiemann (nee Sprecht) was not 15 but 22 years older than him, that her little son accompanied them on both "Oriental Journeys" (1922-23 and 1924-26), and that Zayd (their Arab companion) was a literary invention. Windhager reveals other more important facts: details about his moth­er's Feigenbawn family; the fate of his father, stepmother, and siblings (Dr. med. Heinrich Weiss and Dr.jur. Rachel Weiss) under Nazism, and Asad's attempts to save them from the concentration camps; his days at Vienna University, where he not only studied the history of art and philosophy but ...