bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stapedial footplate fixation in a 4000‐year‐old temporal bone from Franzhausen II, Austria
Authors: Ziemann‐Becker Bärbel , Pirsig Wolfgang , Teschler‐Nicola Maria E. , Lenders Herbert
Published: June 2005

In one of 185 temporal bones from 100 individuals excavated from the Bronze Age cemetery Franzhausen II in Lower Austria, stapedial footplate fixation was detected, in a 16–20‐year‐old male. Examination by surgical microscope, flexible endoscope and computed tomography revealed that the stapes footplate is almost completely fixed into the oval window, with abnormal bone formation in its anterior end. As shown by computed tomographic imaging there were no radiolucent zones around the cochlea, which can sometimes be seen in modern patients with cochlear otosclerosis. Most findings lead to the conclusion that this case of a stapes ankylosis nearly 4000 years ago is probably due to otosclerosis.
Rheumatoid arthritis in a medieval skeleton
Authors: Hacking Peter , Allen Tim , Rogers Juliet
Published: June 2005

Osteoarthritis in human skeletons from archaeological sites is common but there have been very few convincing descriptions of rheumatoid arthritis. We present a case of a near symmetrical erosive polyarthropathy in a medieval skeleton which we believe fulfils the criteria for typical rheumatoid arthritis.
Age attribution in domestic sheep by skeletal and dental maturation: A pilot study of available sources
Authors: Moran N. C , O'Connor T. P.
Published: June 2005

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of the available evidence pertaining to the effects of sex and castration on the timing of skeletal and dental maturation in sheep. The initial premise was that our present knowldge of the effects of these factors is inadequate, and that currently available published sources and reference specimens are insufficient to allow confident interpretation of archaeological data. A literature survey was carried out, and adequately documented sheep skeletons in a number of major collections were recorded. The results show that the published evidence is contradictory and ambiguous, particularly with regard to the effects of castration, and that currently available reference material is mostly too diverse in origin and in quality of documentation to allow comparison of well‐controlled samples. Some evidence was found to suggest that castration may delay epiphysial fusion during the second year, without delaying fusion of earlier‐ and later‐fusing elements. Overall, it is concluded that much of the received wisdom on skeletal maturation in sheep is poorly founded and unreliable, and that tightly controlled test populations are needed if better data are to be obtained.
DNA of Mycobacterium leprae detected by PCR in ancient bone
Authors: Rafi A. , Spigelman M. , Stanford J. , Lemma E. , Donoghue H. , Zias J.
Published: June 2005

We report the extraction and amplification of DNA of Mycobacterium leprae, from ancient skeletal material. The significance of the extraction of ancient bacterial DNA is discussed, as are future directions of research into ancient disease.
Dental calculus and other dental disease in a human skeleton of the Okhotsk Culture unearthed at Hamanaka‐2 site, Rebun‐Island, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Hanihara Tsunehiko , Ishida Hajime , Ohshima Naoyuki , Kondo Osamu , Masuda Tetsuo
Published: June 2005

A human skeleton of the Okhotsk Culture from the Hamanaka‐2 site of Rebun Island, northern part of Hokkaido, was found with abnormally large deposits of dental calculus, especially on the right upper 2nd and 3rd molars. This may relate to the early loss of the corresponding right lower molars. Root apex cementum hyperplasia and resorption of alveolar bone due to periodontal disease were also observed; these may have been associated with the calculus. The severe dental calculus and other diseases observed appear to have nothing to do with the subsistence pattern and ethnological background of the Okhotsk Culture, but rather with the individual's poor oral hygiene and digestive dysfunction.
A comparison of different non‐destructive methods of age estimation in skeletal material
Authors: Kvaal S. I. , Sellevold B. J. , Solheim T.
Published: June 2005

The skeletal remains of unidentifiable persons, recovered in recent years from the churchyard adjoining the House of Correction in Oslo, included 91 instances in which the maxillae and/or mandibles had been preserved, and these were examined. The length of the apical translucent zone in unsectioned teeth and the amount of secondary dentine deposit have been regarded as two of the most reliable factors in odontological age estimation. This study has used two methods, each using one of these factors, on single‐rooted teeth from, respectively, 78 and 76 individuals. The distribution of age at death, as estimated from the two dental methods and from anthropological criteria, was then compared with the distribution of age at death of 380 individuals recorded in the church register for the House of Correction. Age calculations from secondary dentine, measured indirectly on dental radiographs of premolars, and estimates based on anthropological criteria both seemed to approximate to the chronological age distribution better than age estimates based on the length of the apical translucent zone. Statistical analyses indicated that all three methods of age estimation were significantly different (p<0.05). When compared with the church register, each method assigned a lower percentage of individuals to the younger and older age‐groups and a higher percentage to those in the middle. No statistical difference could be found between the age distribution from the church register and estimates from either anthropological criteria or dental radiographs; but when age estimates based on these two latter methods were compared, 39.5 per cent differed by more than 10 years.
A temporal bone lesion in a modern subject to explain a defect in the Kabwe skull
Authors: Slater Charles P.
Published: June 2005

The skull of a dissection room subject was noted to have a hole in the left squamous temporal bone similar to a lesion in the Kabwe (Broken Hill) skull. Kabwe man has an 8 × 8 mm hole situated 2 cm above and slightly anterior to the left external auditory meatus (EAM). This report describes a possible mechanism for the causation of that lesion, which is illustrated by features on a modern skull.

The subject is a 55‐year‐old man who died from carcinoma of the stomach in 1942. The skull was macerated, defatted and stored after the cadaver had been dissected by medical students. In the squamous temporal bone there was an oval shaped 9 × 8 mm hole. The base of the oval was situated 11 mm above the superior margin of the EAM with the central axis of the hole being in line with the anterior margin of the EAM. This hole forms the base of a larger intracranial pit measuring 21 mm in diameter. The hole has an irregular margin except superiorly where it is smooth and rounded, indicative of healing.

Intracranially, the petrous temporal bone displayed a marked exophytic, bony outgrowth suggestive of a chronic infective condition. The tegmen tympani contained a hole 3 mm in diameter in the middle of the exophytic area. No sign of disease in the mastoid process was noted. These findings are compatible with advanced chronic ear disease which has tracked into the extradural space through the tegmen tympani, become loculated, and then eroded the squamous temporal bone.

The Kabwe skull shows signs compatible with chronic ear disease. It is suggested that a mechanism similar to the one described in the modern skull could explain the lesion in the left squamous temporal bone of Kabwe man.
Growth curves of immature bones from a Scottish island population of sixteenth to mid‐nineteenth century: Shoulder girdle, ilium, pubis and ischium
Authors: Miles A. E. W. , Bulman J. S.
Published: June 2005

Growth curves were prepared for length and various other dimensions, including some innovative ones, of the scapula, clavicle, first rib, ilium, pubis and ischium of ages up to 20 years including several immature and many full‐term fetuses.

Most curves showed, like the previously reported diaphyses of the limb bones, what appears to be a consistent adolescent growth spurt at about 17 years, but the number of specimens supporting these parts of the curves is too small for the validity of this growth spurt to be beyond doubt.

The fetal dimensions were similar to those of Fazekas and Kósa and of other recent populations. For the post‐natal stages of growth, no data are available for comparison but there was close correspondence with the growth curves of some ancient peoples, Amerindian, caucasoid and negroid, whose limb‐bone growth rates had also been shown previously to be well below those of contemporary caucasoids. Thus it is argued that the shoulder‐girdle and hip‐bone data provided further evidence that this Scottish island population was affected by stunting factors. Although there is no skeletal evidence of malnutrition, there is plenty of evidence that the way of life was full of hardship in which the children shared. They took a full part in the arduous work involved in farming marginal‐quality land; the houses were damp, cold, smoky and dark; they were overcrowded although, mainly because of the high infantmortality rate, families were not large.
Handedness and directional asymmetry in the long bones of the human upper limb
Authors: Steele James , Mays Simon
Published: June 2005

The long bones of the human upper limb usually show lateral asymmetries of length. This pattern can be attributed either to the mechanical consequences of handedness bias or to genetic or hormonal factors acting directly on longitudinal bone growth. Length data was obtained from the long bones of the upper limbs of a large skeletal assemblage from Wharram Percy, Yorkshire (England), predominantly deriving from the 11th‐16th centuries A.D. The Wharram Percy adult skeletons had a population distribution of lateral asymmetries of length in the humerus and in the humerus‐plus‐radius (a proxy arm length index) which closely parallels the pattern of behavioural handedness found in modern populations. This pattern was developing in the skeletons from the infant and juvenile age ranges, but was absent in the neonates (of whom 12 out of 14 had longer left humeri). We argue that this supports the environmental hypothesis that the ontogeny of long bone length asymmetry is consequent to the earlier development of lateral bias in mechanical loading of the upper limbs.
Early fetal maturity assessed from patterns of ossification in the hand and foot
Authors: Maclaughlin‐Black Sue , Gunstone Anthony
Published: June 2005

The assessment of fetal age at death is fraught with many complications and often the determination of the maturity of the fetus is a more realistic solution to the question of fetal viability. This study examines the pattern of appearance of primary centres of ossification in the fetal hand and foot, in an attempt to construct a maturity continuum. The results show that completion of ossification in the hand precedes that in the foot and generally occurs in a more regular pattern. The method proves useful at assessing fetal maturity between the third and tenth months of intra‐uterine life. In addition, the relationship to other major centres of ossification is considered.
Biological continuity between the A‐ and C‐groups in lower Nubia: Evidence from cranial non‐metric traits
Authors: Prowse Tracy L. , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: June 2005

Data are presented on 45 cranial non‐metric traits in skeletal samples of the Lower Nubian A‐Group (ca. 3100–2500 BC) and C‐Group (ca. 2000–1500 BC) cultural periods. Results, based on the mean measure of divergence statistic, reveal biological continuity, consistent with interpretations of in situ evolution as opposed to models of discontinuity resulting from gene flow. Any differences between the A‐and C‐Group cultural phases that may be evident in the archaeological record are therefore more likely the result of local cultural evolution, rather than the introduction of new ideas, customs, and materials through the migration of a new population into this area. The problem of small samples necessitates that our results be accepted cautiously.
Wild or domestic? On the evidence for the earliest domestic cattle and pigs in south Scandinavia and Iberia
Authors: Rowley‐Conwy Peter
Published: June 2005

The earliest domestic animals in south Scandinavia and Iberia are claimed to be small numbers of pigs and cattle in late mesolithic and (in Iberia) earliest neolithic contexts. This paper examines these claims, and argues that there are no metrical grounds for separating a few bones of these species from the larger number of wild cattle and pigs. All the claimed domestic specimens are therefore most probably wild. Small cattle bones from the Ertebølle of Denmark are now referred to as wild aurochs. Contemporary claimed domestic and ‘transitional’ specimens from Rosenhof and Bregentwedt/Förstermoor in northern Germany are so close in size to these that they too are probably wild; the concept of ‘transitional’ cattle is criticized. Claimed ‘transitional’ pigs in northern Germany are likewise probably wild. In Spain, mesolithic/early neolithic pigs are claimed from Sarsa, Parralejo and Nerja via a comparison with the wild and domestic size ranges from Zambujal in Portugal. It is argued that (i) the wild range at Zambujal is not fully known; and (ii) Zambujal is in any case an inappropriate comparison because prehistoric wild boar were smaller in the south and east of Iberia. Fewer comparanda are available when studying Iberian cattle, so the situation is less clear; but neither the pigs nor the cattle are demonstrably domestic. The paper concludes by mentioning other areas of Europe where a similar approach might be fruitful.
Fusion status of the jugular growth plate: An aid for age at death determination
Authors: Maat George J. R. , Mastwijk Rob W.
Published: June 2005

To assess the feasibility of the fusion (synostosis) status of the jugular growth plate as an age at death indicator, a series of 98 skulls of documented age and sex from the so‐called ‘Utrecht collection’ was examined. Ages at death in the series ranged from 14 to 92 years. Only specimens that could be inspected bilaterally were taken into account. According to the few but conflicting data from the literature, fusion happens at 16–18 years, or starts at ca. 25 years of age. In our sample no fusions were seen before the age of 22 years. Unilateral fusions were found only in the age range 22–34 years. At ages above 34 years in females and above 36 years in males all jugular growth plates were fused bilaterally. These results indicate that examination of the fusion status of the jugular growth plate is of use in age at death determination.
The body weight of AL 288‐1 (‘Lucy’): A new approach using estimates of skeletal length and the body mass index
Authors: Porter Alan M. W.
Published: June 2005

A method of estimating the body mass of hominids by use of the skeletal length and physique index is described. The body mass indices (BMI) of female humans and female chimpanzees are known and this permits an estimate of the probable BMI for the female common ancestor and thus for female morphs intermediate between the common ancestor and modern humans. AL288‐1 (‘Lucy’) probably had a BMI of about 22.3 kg m−2 and for a height of 105cm this yields a body weight estimate of about 25 kg. Body weight estimates of 28–29 kg would imply a body mass index similar to female chimps and are improbable. These conclusions will be compromised if the chimp–gorilla–homo phylogenetic relationship proves to be a trichotomy rather than a chimp–homo dichotomy.
Synchrotron radiation microprobe analysis of human dental calculi from an archaeological site: A new possible perspective in palaeonutrition studies
Authors: Capasso L. , di Tota G. , Jones K. W. , Tuniz C.
Published: June 2005

The X‐ray microprobe at beamline X‐26 of the National Synchrotron Light Source (Brookhaven National Laboratory) has been used to determine minor and trace elements in small fragments of dental calculus. This material was removed from 11 individuals found in the Norman necropolis discovered recently under the church of San Lorenzo di Aversa (Caserta, southern Italy, ca. AD 900–1200). The aim of these experiments is to develop new methods for non‐destructive analysis of organic archaeological materials in studies of palaeonutrition and palaeopathology. These preliminary analyses show little variability in the main trace elements of dietary significance, such as Sr and Zn.
The occurrence and implications of post‐mortem ‘pink teeth’ in forensic and archaeological cases
Authors: Dye T. J. , Lucy D. , Pollard A. M.
Published: June 2005

On sectioning six of eight externally well‐preserved teeth taken from four skeletons from Medieval Chichester they displayed a superficial similarity to teeth described in the forensic literature as ‘pink teeth’. This article reviews the occurrence of ‘pink teeth’ in forensic specimens and describes the teeth from Chichester using a variety of analytical techniques. We conclude that, despite the similarities, the pink coloration in the archaeological specimens has a different cause from the forensic samples, and that in archaeological contexts the pinkness is probably related to post‐mortem change brought about by saprophytic fungi. However, the exact cause of the coloration remains unexplained. We discuss briefly the implications of this observation for dental ageing techniques and other studies of archaeological teeth.
A multiple myeloma of the late middle ages from unterregenbach, southwestern Germany
Authors: Haidle Miriam Noël
Published: June 2005

In the early 1960s the grave of a probable donor was discovered in the St Veit church in Unterregenbach, Stadt Langenburg, Kreis Crailsheim, southwestern Germany. After a re‐examination, the skeleton may be regarded as clearly corresponding to the typical clinical picture of a multiple myeloma/plasma cell myeloma. The 45–55‐year‐old female individual shows all the characteristics of a malignant plasma cell tumour, with specific osteolytic lesions of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, scapulae and long bones, and even‐sized single defects without reactive zones on the edges. Several pathological fractures of the ribs and a vertebral compression fracture can be observed. The gnawing‐mark‐like features on the inner surface of the compact bone and the ‘punched‐out’ lesions on the outer are distinguishing marks of a multiple myeloma.
Dental morphological evidence for biological continuity between the A‐group and C‐group periods in lower Nubia
Authors: Johnson Andrew L. , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: June 2005

Data are presented on non‐metric dental morphological traits in skeletal samples from the Lower Nubian A‐Group (ca. 3100–2500 BC) and C‐Group (ca. 2000–1500 BC) cultural periods. In order to examine possible biological differentiation between these two periods, their trait frequencies were analysed using the mean measure of divergence statistic. Results indicate biological continuity, consistent with in situ evolution, although the problem of small samples requires that these results be accepted with caution. Although the diffusion of ideas or material culture into the area through military and trade contacts is likely, any archaeologically observable cultural differences between these two phases are more consistent with local cultural evolution than with the importation of a new cultural system through the migration of a foreign population into the area. The timing of a population replacement in ancient Nubia that has been identified by other scholars should now be sought either before the A‐Group period or after the C‐Group.
On the antiquity of leprosy in western Micronesia
Authors: Trembly Diane L.
Published: June 2005

The presence of leprosy in China is documented to 190 BC, and possibly earlier.; It is believed to have spread from China to Japan. Its presence in Oceania has heretofore been documented only since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, and has been attributed to migration of people from China into the Pacific subsequent to western contact and trans‐Pacific trade.

In the osteological analysis of 700 skeletons from pre‐Spanish archaeological contexts on the islands of Guam and Saipan in western Micronesia, at least six cases of leprosy have been discovered. Radiocarbon dating places two of these in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries AD, one in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries, and one in the seventh to eleventh centuries. This clearly indicates that the introduction of leprosy pre‐dates western contact and suggests possible contact with, or immigration from, China or Japan.
Morphological study of 391 cases of exocrine pancreatic tumours with special reference to the classification of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Chen Jie , Baithun Suhail I.
Published: June 2005

Three hundred and ninety‐one cases of primary pancreatic tumours, excluding endocrine tumours, were studied histologically. Carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas formed the largest group (98·5 per cent), benign tumours (1·25 per cent) and other malignant tumours (0·25 per cent) formed the remainder. Ductal adenocarcinoma was the commonest type and was divided into four sub‐types, papillary, well, moderately and poorly differentiated duct adenocarcinoma. The moderately and poorly differentiated tumours were the commonest types. Papillary carcinoma was separated from the well differentiated tumours by its different morphological appearances and was found to exhibit different behaviour. Other special morphological types of pancreatic carcinoma, pleomorphic, mucinous, adenosquamous, acinar, microadenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma and oncocytic carcinoma were also represented. Benign microcystadenomata (four cases) were considered because of their interesting morphological features and their significance in the differential diagnosis of carcinoma. Based on the morphology and behaviour of these 391 tumours, the classification of pancreatic carcinoma is discussed and some rare types are compared with previously reported cases and discussed.
Salivary gland tumours. A review of 2410 cases with particular reference to histological types, site, age and sex distribution
Authors: Eveson J. W. , Cawson R. A.
Published: June 2005

To date the British Salivary Gland Tumour Panel has accumulated 2569 salivary gland tumours. Of these, 2410 were primary epithelial salivary gland tumours and these formed the basis of the present study. The diagnosis of individual tumours was based on the World Health Organisation classification. Tumours were analysed according to histological type, site, age and sex. The principal site was the parotid and the combined minor (oropharyngeal) glands formed the second largest group. Pleomorphic adenomas formed the largest group of tumours in most sites, but were particularly common in the parotid. The frequency of malignant tumours increased with age after the third decade and was maximal in the eighth decade. Malignant tumours were more common in the submandibular and the minor glands than in the parotid. In the sublingual gland six out of seven tumours were malignant.
Histogenesis of pancreatic carcinomas: A study based on 248 cases
Authors: Chen Jie , Baithun Suhail I. , Ramsay Mary A.
Published: June 2005

Primary pancreatic carcinomas were studied histologically and histochemically, to assess the frequency of ductal hyperplasia in tissue adjacent to malignant neoplasms. Hyperplasia was divided into four types: simple, papillary, atypical and ductular, affecting large, medium and small ducts (ductules). All types of hyperplasia were frequently seen in areas adjacent to carcinomas, including ductal, pleomorphic, mucinous, adenosquamous, small and spindle cell and cystadenocarcinomas. In contrast, acinar cell carcinoma and microadenocarcinoma were less frequently associated with ductal hyperplasia. Mucin histochemistry revealed differences in types of mucin between the normal ducts and hyperplastic pancreatic ducts and carcinomas. The former group contained small amounts of sulphated mucin while the latter showed a marked increase in neutral and sialomucins. Our study also suggests that both papillary and atypical hyperplasia are precancerous lesions, supporting an hypothesis of ductal origin of pancreatic carcinomas.
Quantitation of the axillary lymphoid tissue in women without cancer
Authors: Hartveit F. , Samsonsen G.
Published: June 2005

The number and distribution of nodes in the axilla of non‐cancer autopsy patients was similar in women over and under 75 years of age, but the total area of nodal tissue was greater in the latter, suggesting a possible decrease in immune reactivity with age. Fewer nodes were found than have been reported in breast cancer patients examined by the same method. This is probably due to increase in size of sub‐macroscopic nodelets on stimulation.
The distribution of cells of the monocytic‐lineage in reactive lymph nodes and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomata. Characterization using protein histochemistry, lectin binding and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Freemont A. J. , Matthews S. , Stoddart R. W. , Jones C. J. P.
Published: June 2005

In this study cells of putative monocytic origin have been investigated in lymph nodes, using a battery of cytochemical investigations on fixed and frozen tissue. In reactive lymph nodes and nodes involved in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomata six types of presumed monocyte‐derived cells have been identified on the basis of morphology and/or cytochemistry. These cells can be divided into two distinct groups. Certain cell types have distinctive distributions in reactive and non‐Hodgkin's lymphomata and this taken in conjunction with their morphology and staining properties may give important clues to their function.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma arising in adenolymphoma—a report of two cases
Authors: Banik S. , Howell J. S. , Wright D. H.
Published: June 2005

Two cases of follicle centre cell lymphoma, apparently arising within adenolymphomas of the parotid gland, are reported. These are discussed in relation to the histogenesis of adenolymphoma and their possible relationship to mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue.
Local shwartzman reaction in the rectal mucosa in acute diarrhoea
Authors: Mathan Minnie M. , Mathan V. I.
Published: June 2005

A microvascular lesion characterized by endothelial and platelet damage leading to intravascular coagulation, thrombosis and vascular dehiscence with haemorrhage was found in capillaries and venules in the rectal mucosal lamina propria of adults with acute diarrhoea. The lesion morphologically resembled the local Shwartzman reaction. There was no correlation between the prevalence of the vascular lesion and the presence of recognized enteric pathogens, but there was a significant correlation with the clinical severity of the illness. It is suggested that this vascular lesion could be the result of the failure of the epithelioluminal barrier in the colon and it may also be one of the determinants of the clinical severity of illness in adults with acute diarrhoea.
Identification of macrophages and smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Aqel N. M. , Ball R. Y. , Waldmann H. , Mitchinson M. J.
Published: June 2005

Sections of human atherosclerotic plaques were stained by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using three rat anti‐human monoclonal antibodies: YAML 501·4 anti‐leukocyte‐common' (T200) antigen; YTH 8·18 (anti‐macrophage cytoplasm); and YPC 1/3·12 (anti‐smooth muscle cell). The cells of diffuse intimal thickening were almost all smooth muscle cells but there were rare subendothelial macrophages. Focal lesions, in contrast, contained numerous macrophages as well as smooth muscle cells. Macrophage ‘foam cells’ were particularly numerous in fatty streaks and in advanced fibro‐fatty plaques, but were less conspicuous in focal fibro‐elastic lesions. The results confirm that macrophages are an important component of atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that they may have a significant role in atherogenesis in man.
Epithelial cells of the normal human breast
Authors: Smith Caroline A. , Monaghan Paul , Ellis John
Published: June 2005

A comparison has been made of the effects of different fixation protocols upon the ultrastructure of normal human breast. Pale (B) and dark (A) epithelial cells as described by previous authors are present in tissue fixed with hyperosmotic Karnovsky‐type fixatives, but not where the primary fixative is isosmotic glutaraldehyde. The observed subpopulations of pale and dark epithelial cells have been directly compared with sub‐groups of epithelial cells recognized by the monoclonal antibody LICR‐LON‐M8. The pale and dark cells bear no relation to the subpopulations of epithelial cells depicted by LICR‐LON‐M8.
Microwave irradiation as a form of fixation for light and electron microscopy
Authors: Leong Anthony S.‐Y. , Daymon Mark E. , Milios James
Published: June 2005

Microwave irradition was used to fix a wide range of surgical and autopsy specimens as well as tissue from freshly killed rats. Although there appeared to be varying optimum temperatures of fixation for different tissues, from a practical standpoint, the heating to 58°C of tissues submerged in normal saline resulted in fixation of a quality comparable with that produced by conventional fixation to 10 per cent formalin. Microwave irradiation applied to tissues which had up to 1 h prior immersion in 10 per cent formalin also produced excellent preservation of cytomorphology, the time required for microwave fixation being no more than 150 s. This form of rapid heat fixation had no deleterious effects on special stains, sectioned as well as control fixed blocks and produced less shrinkage artefact than conventional formalin fixation. Immunocytochemical staining for more stable cytoplasmic antigens revealed no significant difference between microwave fixation compared with formalin fixation. The more labile membrane associated antigens of lymphocytes, however, were not preserved by either method of fixation. Microwave fixation was also found to be applicable to electron microscopy. Tissue samples immersed in 2.5 per cent glutaraldehyde and fixed in 90 s by irradiation to 50°C showed excellent preservation of ultrastructural morphology.
Quantitative and ultrastructural study of Leydig cells in klinefelter's syndrome
Authors: Nistal M. , Santamaria L. , Paniagua R.
Published: June 2005

This ultrastructural and quantitative study of Leydig cells in Klinefelter's syndrome has been performed using the entire testes obtained from four autopsies plus testicular biopsies from 20 patients. The total Leydig cell volume per testis in Klinefelter's syndrome was similar to that of control testes. However, the total number of Leydig cells per testis was significantly lower in the patients with Klinefelter's syndrome than in the controls. This may be attributed to the Leydig cell hypertrophy that these patients underwent. In patients with Klinefelter's syndrome the average volume of each Leydig cell was significantly higher than that of the controls. Electron microscopic findings revealed that besides ultrastructurally normal Leydig cells there were three other morphologically abnormal Leydig cell types: abnormally differentiated cells; multivacuolated cells; and immature Leydig cells. The ultrastructurally normal Leydig cells were probably the cells principally responsible for testosterone biosynthesis in these patients, whereas the other Leydig cell types were probably barely or not at all functional. The hypertrophy showed by the ultrastructurally normal Leydig cells may be interpreted as an attempt to increase testosterone production.
Immunohistochemical staining of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma with monoclonal antibodies specific for the leucocyte common antigen
Authors: Salter Donald M. , Krajewski Andrew S. , Dewar A. Edna
Published: June 2005

Forty cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have been stained with monoclonal antibodies (F8–11–13, F‐10–89‐4 and Dako LC) to the Leucocyte Common Antigen (LC) in both cryostat and paraffin sections with an immunoperoxidase technique. In cryostat sections all B‐cell lymphomas (25/25) reacted with F10–89‐4 and Dako LC, whilst the majority (23/25) stained with F8–11–13; of the T‐cell lymphomas studied, all reacted with F10–89‐4 (6/6) and Dako LC (4/4), however 2/6 did not react with F8–11–13. Similar variability in reaction was observed in malignant histiocytosis where 1/3 did not react with F8–11–13 whilst all three reacted with F10–89‐4 and Dako LC. In paraffin sections (using the two MCabs F8–11–13 and Dako LC) three of the 25 B‐cell lymphomas failed to stain with either F8–11–13 or Dako LC (one lymphocytic lymphoma and two lymphomas showing plasmacytic differentiation). The remainder of the B‐cell lymphomas reacted with both antibodies. Six out of 12 T‐cell lymphomas did not stain with either F8–11–13 or Dako LC, using our standard immunoperoxidase procedure. Staining with Dako LC was however detected in all cases of T‐cell lymphoma when incubation with primary antibody was extended from thirty minutes (standard) to overnight. This study confirmed that LC can be detected in all NHL in cryostat sections, and that in the majority of B‐cell NHL the higher molecular weight component of LC was demonstrable using F8–11–13. Difficulty in detecting LC determinants after tissue processing for paraffin sections in a number of cases of NHL, especially those of T‐cell type or showing plasmacytic differentiation, suggests that lack of reaction with these antibodies does not always preclude the diagnosis of lymphoma.
Functional and morphological changes in post‐capillary venules in relation to lymphocytic infiltration into BCG‐induced granulomata in rat skin
Authors: Freemont Anthony J. , Ford William L.
Published: June 2005

Vessels identical to iymph node high endothelial venules (HEV) have been described in sites of non‐lymphoid tissue lymphocyte accumulation. In this study the function of these (HEV‐like) vessels has been investigated in BCG‐induced skin lesions in the rat. By following the traffic of radiolabelled lymphocytes from the blood into the lesions the HEV‐like vessels have been shown to be the preferred site of migration. The complicated development of the vessels has been studied and an hypothesis advanced to explain their inter‐relationship with tissue and circulating lymphocytes.
Renal tubular epithelia ultrastructure in autolysis
Authors: El‐Shennawy I. E. , Gee D. J. , Aparicio S. R.
Published: June 2005

Post‐mortem changes in the proximal and distal tubules of rat kidneys left in situ have been studied at the light microscope and ultrastructural levels. The distal tubular nuclei showed distinct changes which were completely different from the usual nuclear appearances after death and resemble the changes seen in apoptosis. These observations suggest that the unusual changes in the autolytic distal tubular nuclei may be due to the activation of endogenous endonucleases.
Radial scars of benign and malignant breasts: Comparative features and significance
Authors: Anderson T. J. , Battersby S.
Published: June 2005

From a study of tissue from 34 cancerous breasts and 34 benign breasts the nature and occurrence of radial scars has been assessed. The frequency of detection was influenced more by the amount of tissue assessed and by the diligence of search than by any association with cancer. Bilaterality and multifocality were features in cancerous and benign breasts and a similar range of scar histological appearance was apparent in both types. The histological features of 103 radial scars were tabulated to compare the association of characteristics within individual scars, and the information used to formulate modes of development and progression. The ‘early’ stage appeared to correlate with central chronic inflammatory response, many spindle cells and minor fibroelastotic distortion of parenchyma; the ‘late’ stage showed few spindle cells and dominant fibroclastosis with considerable distortion and separation of parenchymal elements. No support was found for the concept that the lesion is premalignant. Rather it belongs to the spectrum of sclerosing alterations affecting the breast parenchyma which ranges from physiological through to clearly pathological changes. Position in the spectrum depends upon the extent and degree of change.
Myofibroblast activity of radial scars
Authors: Battersby S. , Anderson T. J.
Published: June 2005

Radial scars from 38 cases, comprising 12 associated with cancer and 26 with benign lesions, have been examined by electron microscopy. One‐third of the lesions, regarded as being at an early stage of development, showed abundant spindle cells, which displayed the ultrastructural characteristics of myofibroblasts. These included many profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, prominent myofilaments and a close association with collagen and elastic fibres. The remaining ‘mature’ radial scars showed relatively few myofibroblasts, sparsely distributed in the stroma. The stromal cells associated with the ‘early’ lesions were seen in close proximity to degenerating parenchymal struclures, which frequently showed loss of basal lamina. Obliteration of the central parenchymal component appeared to be a prominent feature of radial scar formation. The ultrastructural appearances are consistent with a progressive development of the lesion, associated with sporadic myofibroblast activity.
Synovial sarcoma: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Salisbury J. R. , Isaacson P. G.
Published: June 2005

The immunohistochemical staining pattern of 18 cases of synovial sarcoma with two epithelial‐specific monoclonal antibodies is described. This is compared with normal synovium, cases of giant cell tumour of tendon sheath (benign synovioma) and a variety of spindle celled sarcomas. Sixteen cases of synovial sarcoma showed staining of the epithelial component with at least one antibody. No staining was seen in normal synovium or in giant cell tumours of tendon sheath. A small number of malignant schwannomas contained groups of cells which stained positively whilst other spindle cell sarcomas either did not stain or showed ‘cross‐reaction’ type staining only. These results add weight to the proposition that synovial sarcomas do not arise from normal synovium, despite their morphological similarities, but from mesenchymal connective tissue. It is also shown that immunohistochemical staining with anti‐epithelial antibodies will emphasize the biphasic pattern of synovial sarcomas allowing their distinction from other sarcomas.
Immunoelectron microscope demonstration of the basement membrane components laminin and type IV collagen in the dermal cylindroma
Authors: Kallioinen Matti
Published: June 2005

Specific antisera to the human laminin P1 fragment and the 7S domain of type IV collagen were used to investigate the ultrastructural location of these main basement membrane (BM) components in a dermal cylindroma. Thick frozen sections were treated by the immunoperoxidase method, postfixed, embedded in epon and then sectioned for electron microscopic examination. Laminin and type IV collagen were detected in all layers of the cylindroma BM, together with non‐specifically stained, diffusely distributed fibrillar structures, possible microfibrils and anchoring fibrils or residual stromal collagen fibres. The mixed presence of the BM components indicates that these substances codistribute rather than occurring as separate layers even when forming neoplastic basement membranes.
Persistent renal damage following pre‐eclampsia: A renal biopsy study of 13 patients
Authors: Heaton Juliet M. , Turner David R.
Published: June 2005

Renal biopsy material was examined from 13 patients who had a history of pre‐eclampsia and who were biopsied after delivery. The characteristic ‘endotheliosis’ associated with pre‐eclampsia appeared to resolve at varying rates and was not seen in biopsies taken more than 1 month after delivery. Four of the biopsies showed residual focal segmental glomerular lesions which are described. Focal global glomerular sclerosis (eight biopsies). focal interstitial scarring (seven biopsies) and arteriolo‐sclerosis (nine biopsies) were also identified. These findings support those earlier reports which indicated that pre‐eclampsia is capable of producing persistent renal demage in a small but significant percentage of cases.
Monoclonal antibodies to blood group isoantigens: An alternative marker to factor VIII related antigen for benign and malignant vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Stephenson Timothy J. , Mills Patricia M.
Published: June 2005

Monoclonal antibodies to A, B and H blood group isoantigens (BGI) were used in an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to compare the distribution of BGI expression as a marker of vascular endothelial cells with that of coagulation factor VIII related antigen (F VIII‐RAg), a well established marker for vascular endothelium. Formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material from 70 specimens representing a wide range of reactive and benign or malignant neoplastic states of the vascular endothelium was used to provide adjacent serial tissue sections to compare directly the tissue expression of BGI and of F VIII‐RAg. In reactive and benign neoplastic conditions of the vascular endothelium, cell membrane expression of the BGI appropriate to the patient's blood group was readily detected. In the more cellular and proliferative areas of some haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas and cases of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, BGI proved a superior marker of the endothelial cells compared with F VIII‐RAg. The malignant endothelial cells of 27 specimens of angiosarcoma showed deletion of BGI expression in 24 and of F VIII‐RAg in 19. Expression of neither antigen showed any significant correlation with the degree of tumour differentiation. Some cases of lymphangioma, uniformly negative for F VIII‐RAg staining, showed strong expression of BGI. The possible use of BGI expression as a marker of vascular endothelium is discussed in the light of the known tissue expression of F VIII‐RAg.
Characterization of a neoplastic epithelial cell strain derived by dexamethasone treatment of cultured normal mouse type 2 pneumocytes
Authors: Smith Garry John , Lykke A. W. J.
Published: June 2005

The epithelial cell strain NAL1A cultured from normal adult mouse lung has been transformed by culturing in dexamethasone into an invasive neoplastic cell strain. The criteria for neoplastic transformation include the capacity for anchorage independent growth in soft agar as well as the formation of invasive neoplastic nodules after subcutaneous transplantation in thymectomized irradiated newborn mice. The cells of the invasive neoplastic nodules induced by dexamethasone culturing of NAL1A were indistinguishable hislopathologically and by electron microscopy from invasive nodules evoked by the subcutaneous inoculation of CMT64, a cell line cultured from a metastasizing mouse lung tumour and cell strain NUL1 derived from mouse pulmonary adenomata induced by urethane. Cells of the nodules derived from all three cultured strains possessed desmosomes, surface microvilli and phospholipid lamellar bodies characteristic of the type 2 pneumocyte. It is concluded that cultured cell strains NAL1A, cultured in dexamethasone, NUL1 and CMT64 evoke invasive subcutaneous neoplasms derived from a common ancestor, presumably a type 2 pneumocyte related stem cell.
A convenient method for in situ processing of cultured cells for cytochemical localization by electron microscopy
Authors: Ballou Rick J. , Simpson William G. , Tseng Michael T.
Published: June 2005

The effects of various exogenous agents on subcellular structures is of importance to many investigators and can be critically evaluated by the use of cytochemical techniques and transmission electron microscopy. Therefore various cell culture techniques have become increasingly important in biological research in order to help determine these effects. Presently, most existing methods for processing anchorage‐dependent cultures for electron microscopy utilize cells grown on either glass or plastic substrates. Therefore various coating substances have been applied to the culture surfaces to facilitate removal of the sample, however, incomplete separation and sample fracture often results. Here we present a simple method of in situ processing of samples for electron microscopy involving the use of detachable chamber slides. This method allows for the use of a quick processing procedure that results in a complete separation of the sample from the glass slide.
Further studies on the glomerular tip lesion: Early and late stages and life table analysis
Authors: Howie Alexander J. , Brewer Douglas B.
Published: June 2005

The glomerular tip lesion is a distinctive abnormality of the kidney associated with steroid‐responsive proteinuria. It was first recognized at the stage at which there is a group of intracapillary foam cells adherent to Bowman's capsule next to the tubular origin. Late stages were investigated by studying changes to the lesion with time in seven patients known to have the foam cell stage in their first renal biopsy, and by identifying 13 patients whose biopsies had similar changes. Early stages were investigated by the study of biopsies from three patients who at some time had evidence of the tip lesion. The lesion appears to begin with leak of protein through glomeruli that are normal on light microscopy, with damage to proximal tubular epithelium. Adhesion of the glomerular tuft to Bowman's capsule and the development of foam cells then follows. The lesion is permanent but evolves either into a thin tip adhesion or into a larger area of hyalinosis and sclerosis, at first segmental and then global. The lesion can be specifically identified at all stages except the earliest. Actuarial analysis of 37 patients with the tip lesion indicated a 10‐year survival of 55 per cent. The only factor identified that appeared to have an influence on survival was satisfactory control of proteinuria.
Immunocytochemical evidence for neuroendocrine differentiation in human breast carcinomas
Authors: Monaghan P. , Roberts J. D. B.
Published: June 2005

Normal and neoplastic human breast tissues have been stained with antibodies recognizing neuroendrocrine differentiation. Fifteen out of 44 (34 per cent), breast carcinomas stained positively with monoclonal antibody LICR‐LON‐E36, and 11 out of 44 (25 per cent) of these tumours stained with an antibody raised against neuron‐specific enolase (NSE). Eight tumours stained positively with both antibodies. No correlation was observed between staining with these antibodies and the tumour histology, nor with the degree of cellular differentiation as indicated by staining with several cell surface directed monoclonal antibodies. Ultrastructural analysis of a series of breast tumours showed the presence of membrane‐bound dense‐core vesicles in almost all tumours, including E36 and NSE positive and negative tumours. The presence of these structures appears to be of little value in predicting neuroendocrine differentiation.