bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Creative Arts Intervention for Children with Diabetes: Part 1: Development
Authors: Basso Robert V.J. , Pelech William James
Published: March 2009

Type 1, or juvenile, diabetes is one of the most serious and prevalent chronic illnesses in children and adolescents. Creative arts and play group therapy provide children with age-appropriate opportunities to learn about their illnesses and express normative feelings of anxiety, anger, and fear. This article offers practical suggestions for beginning a creative arts skits program. Part 2 (to be published in the December 2008 issue) will use the case study method to demonstrate the benefits of such skits for children with diabetes.
Weight Gain among Women during Smoking Cessation
Authors: Chaney Susan E. , Sheriff Susan
Published: March 2009

Cigarette smoking continues to be the leading preventable cause of chronic illness in the United States. A high percentage of smokers attempt to quit each year; however, smoking cessation success rates are low. Adding an exercise program to traditional therapies can increase smoking cessation rates among women. An experimental design was used to test two hypotheses. The first was that women who engage in a multifaceted approach to smoking cessation that includes a structured exercise program, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and weekly counseling sessions will experience less weight gain during an 8-week smoking cessation program and at the 4-month follow-up session than women who engage in NRT and weekly counseling sessions alone. The second was that women who engage in a structured exercise program with NRT and weekly counseling sessions will have higher smoking cessation rates at the end of the 8-week smoking cessation program and at the 4-month follow-up session than women who engage in NRT and weekly counseling sessions alone.
Occupational Health Nursing Practice, Education, and Research in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Yun-Ping , Hong OiSaeng , Yeh Mei Chang
Published: March 2009

This article describes occupational health nursing practice, education, research, and future perspectives in Taiwan. It also provides a brief overview of major occupational health and safety problems, laws and regulations, and organizations in Taiwan.
Occupational Health Nurse Practitioners' Roles in Workers' Compensation
Authors: Foster Donna
Published: March 2009

The occupational health nurse practitioner is an integral part of coordinating care for the injured or ill worker. Decisions regarding whether an injury or illness is related to work are based on the practitioner's diagnosis and reports of the worker's progress. Understanding workers' compensation laws will enable the practitioner to provide efficient care for the worker.
Educating Supervisors of Employees with Diabetes
Authors: Wood Felecia G. , Jacobson Sharol
Published: March 2009

The worksite presents special challenges not only for employees with diabetes, but also for their supervisors. Supervisors wonder whether certain behaviors are willful misconduct or indicative of health problems, as well as if and how to accommodate employees with diabetes to meet the needs of the employees and the company, within the law. The purpose of this research was to pilot test an innovative educational program for supervisors of employees with diabetes to benefit employees' health and diabetes control while meeting the legal requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Nine supervisors completed a 6-hour program that included innovative teaching strategies—“living the life” of a person with diabetes for 2 days and case studies to practice decision making according to the ADA. The program increased supervisors' reported self-efficacy for supervising employees with diabetes and should improve work life for employees with diabetes, ultimately decreasing employers' health care costs.
If Case Management Services are Outsourced, What Should Be Included in the Service Agreement?
Authors: Sliski Susan Katz
Published: March 2009

The panel approach provides a forum for sharing ideas, viewpoints, and perspectives. Panel members come with expertise from a variety of case management arenas and have agreed to share their opinions and perspectives in response to specific questions or scenarios. Opinions and perspectives are those of the panel members, and do not necessarily represent the views of AAOHN, the Editor, or the Publisher. We encourage readers to submit their questions or scenarios for the panel. This month's panel members include Norman DePaul Brown and Susan Katz Sliski.
Potential Allergy and Irritation Incidents among Health Care Workers
Authors: Alamgir Hasanat , Yu Shicheng , Chavoshi Negar , Ngan Karen
Published: March 2009

This study describes the types, causes, and outcomes of potential irritation and allergy incidents among workers in British Columbia's health care industry. Data on occupation-induced allergy and irritation incidents were extracted from a standardized database using the number of productive hours obtained from payroll data as a denominator during a 1-year period from three British Columbia health regions. Younger workers, female workers, facility support service workers, laboratory assistants and technicians, and maintenance and acute care workers were found to be at higher risk for allergy and irritation incidents. Major causes of allergy and irritation incidents included chemicals, blood and body fluids, food and objects, communicable diseases, air quality, and latex. A larger proportion of chemically induced incidents resulted in first aid care only, whereas non-chemical incidents required more emergency room visits.
Transition from the Afghanistan and Iraqi Battlefields to Home
Authors: Brown Norman D.
Published: March 2009

Occupational health nurses are encountering veterans in the workplace who have served one or more tours of duty in Afghanistan or Iraq. Soldiers making the transition from combat to civilian life may have physical and mental injuries from war. Occupational health nurses who recognize the unique nature of these injuries and are knowledgeable about resources for meeting veterans' needs will be instrumental in facilitating their return to civilian life.
In the Line of Fire
Authors: Zeitzer Mindy B. , Brooks J. Margo
Published: March 2009

Soldiers returning home from Iraq are experiencing an increased number of head injuries related to blasts and explosions compared to soldiers of previous conflicts. These injuries are often undetected until the soldiers return home and have difficulty functioning as they did prior to the war. It is therefore important for occupational health nurses to understand blast injury, its pathophysiology, methods for detecting traumatic brain injury, and how these soldiers can be treated.
Reflections on the Culture of Veterans
Authors: Hobbs Keynan
Published: March 2009

Veterans, as a cultural group, present unique challenges to health care providers. Veteran culture includes health inequalities and health disparities related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and substance abuse that must be understood in context to provide the best care possible to this population. Veterans are not, however, frequently viewed in terms of culturally competent nursing care. Changes in the approach to this population are necessary to provide effective, comprehensive, and compassionate care.
Identifying Variables That Predict Falling Asleep at the Wheel among Long-Haul Truck Drivers
Authors: Heaton Karen , Browning Steven , Anderson Debra
Published: March 2009

Analysis of data from 843 long-haul truck drivers was conducted to determine the variables that predicted falling asleep at the wheel. Demographics, sleep-specific questions, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used for analysis. More than 25% of the participants ( n = 247) scored 10 or higher on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, indicating chronic sleepiness. Eight initial predictor variables were included in the logistic regression analysis. Four of the eight original variables were retained in the final model to predict falling asleep at the wheel within the past 12 months. Four variables were retained in the final model to predict falling asleep at the wheel within the past 30 days. Screening for excessive sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and an extensive history of medication use should be conducted for all long-haul truck drivers.
Occupational Health Nurses and Workers' Compensation Insurance Programs
Authors: Zichello Christine , Sheridan Jim
Published: March 2009

Today's occupational health nurse is likely a clinician, educator, case manager, consultant, and risk manager. Occupational health nurses improve working conditions, prevent injuries, reduce insurance-related costs, and rehabilitate workers. They not only develop health service programs taking into account both the welfare of workers and the organization's bottom line, they also make budgetary and staffing recommendations for the programs' implementation. Occupational health nurses must understand their organizations' workers' compensation insurance programs, how these programs work, and how nurses can maximize the companies' worker advantages and bottom line.
Underreporting of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Health Care Workers
Authors: Menzel Nancy N.
Published: March 2009

Extensive evidence suggests that the numbers of workplace injuries and illnesses reported annually by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, are underestimated for all private employers. Several states have passed safe patient handling legislation to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among health care workers. Research is needed to improve accurate reporting of these types of injuries to allow assessment of the effectiveness of this legislation and to enable hospitals and nursing homes to better target interventions to areas at high risk for WMSDs. In the interim, occupational health nurses and the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, Inc., can assist in improving the accuracy of occupational surveillance for these work-related injuries.
Response of Public Health Workers to Various Emergencies
Authors: DeSimone Cristi L.
Published: March 2009

In recent years, emergency preparedness has continued to be a major focus for many health care providers. This study measured public health workers' opinions on disaster preparedness, assessed workers' likelihood of reporting to various types of disasters, and evaluated conditions that will encourage workers to report to work. A focus group and literature search were conducted to inform a survey that would assess attitudes about disasters. Frequencies were calculated on survey responses. Most respondents believed other employees could perform their jobs during a disaster; however, fewer than two thirds thought their coworkers would report to work under such circumstances. Fewer than three fourths of respondents would report to work during an emergency involving a known chemical, an unknown biological, a radiological, a biological incurable, or an unknown chemical agent. These results indicate training gaps that should be addressed in future training sessions at the two health departments surveyed.
A Business Case for Seismic Data Transmission by Satellite
Authors: Aylor William K. , Gnowles Jay , van Rensselaer Frank
Published: March 2009

How can we still further reduce costs for oil field services withoutdegrading data quality? This is question of paramount interest to the entireoil exploration and production industry. It has been estimated that fully 25%of oil exploration costs are associated with seismic services. A technologywhich has created much discussion and excitement in the seismic industry forthe last several years has been satellite transmission of seismic data fromacquisition vessels to onshore processing facilities. This paper will explorethe issues surrounding the viability of seismic data transmission via satellite(SDT) and will show the very real cost savings and exploration benefits whichshould be realized by this emerging technology.

The value of 3-D seismic - an update

One of the ways SDT adds value to E&P operations is by deliveringseismic data to the decision-makers more quickly. This faster delivery isdependent on the underlying value of the 3-D surveys themselves. Aylor hascarried out and published previous work that characterizes the present value of 3-D seismic to the oil industry. This work has documented the value of anaverage exploration 3-D seismic survey acquired between 1990 and 1994, conducted across an area previously explored using 2-D techniques. This average'90-94 exploration 3-D survey improved the exploration potential of an areafrom 3.4 prospects with a 16% chance of success to one with 4 prospects with a23% chance of success. To derive the value of this improved explorationsituation, a very typical international venture has been financially modeled. This model provides for 24 producing wells at 7.5 MMBOE per well, produced over19 years, $160 million facilities costs, and a not uncommon, "mature area"foreign tax situation taking into account taxes, royalties, production sharingand state participation.
Geophysical Data Offshore Brazil
Authors: Fainstein Roberto , Balaguer Robert
Published: March 2009

Market oriented reforms of the Brazilian petroleum industry have given impetus to an extraordinary renewal of the offshore geophysical data acquisition and will impact all aspects of the Brazilian offshore petroleumindustry for years to come. Massive non-exclusive 2D and 3D seismic dataacquisition programs are presently being conducted offshore the eastern Brazilian coast, soon to be followed by diverse deep-water drilling programs. The increased offshore operations have also caused a higher environmentalawareness and all activities are monitored for possible effects over theecological equilibrium of the offshore environment.

This paper reviews the new outlook of geophysical data acquisition off shore Brazil, its implications for the interpretation of petroleum geology andgeophysics and the future exploration of the continental margin off eastern Brazil. It succintly describes the modern efforts in seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation leading to the high resolution mapping stratigraphy of hydrocarbon producing turbidite reservoirs, the accurateimaging of the salt structures and the structural seismic interpretation of theunderlying synrift sequences that encompasses most oil bearing sourcerocks.

The modern seismic exploration is therefore focused towards the preciseimaging of hydrocarbon plays of the pre-salt and post-salt sequences. Seismicresolution in these have improved substantially with modern technologies nowemployed in data acquisition, data processing and data interpretation. Pre-stack time migrations with higher order NMO are now routinely performedwhereas selected regional lines are pre-stack depth migration processed. Regional 2D and 3D surveys acquired with long cables and large foot-print arethe now the norm along the whole continental margin off Brazil.

Introduction

Although Brazil has the longest north-south coast in the world the petroleumresources of its offshore basins (Fig. 1) are still not fully assessed. For thelast fifty years Petrobras, the national oil company, held over a monopoly ofthe country's oil and gas industry. In 1996 the first step was taken to breakthe monopoly with the formation of the National Petroleum Agency (ANP), to takecontrol of the industry's regulation. When, in 1997, the Petroleum Law waspassed, a programme of market-orientated reforms of the industry was underway. In December 1998, David Zylbersztajn, ANP Director General, announced the firstannual block release, opening the Brazilian market to competition.
Illumination Studies for Imaging Subsalt Anomalies
Authors: Schneider Jeffrey M. , Sidorovskaia Natalia A.
Published: March 2009

High-amplitude narrow-focused reflectors adjacent to wide shadow zones undera high-velocity salt-body were observed on both poststack time-migrated andprestack depth-migrated (PSDM) data for a deep water Gulf of Mexico prospect. Raytracing has been used to investigate the nature of these amplitude anomaliesand to assess risk in using these anomalies as hydrocarbon indicatorsespecially for new exploration areas where one has limited well control. ADepth-velocity model for raytracing was built from existing interpretation on aprestack depth-migrated volume. Two different salt bodies were studied forfocusing effects because of ambiguities in base-of salt interpretation. Theanalysis of raytracing results by new Depth Fold illumination technology hasshown that the shape of the overlaying salt-body is the main contributor infocusing energy for sub-salt horizons. Also evident was poor illumination incertain prospect areas due to acquisition geometry. Illumination maps wereassessed by correlating with seismic data in both time and depth. It has beenconcluded that some high-illuminated zones under the salt are the result ofsalt focusing effect, and their interpretation as hydrocarbon indicators hasbeen discounted. Poorly illuminated areas where imaging can not be improved bymore advanced seismic processing techniques were also evident. The main resultwas low illumination in poorly imaged seismic areas. The above technologyshould become an integral part of a processing and exploration workflow. Itenables geoscientists to have a powerful risk-reducing tool with a widespectrum of possible applications, such as:revealing the nature of particular amplitude anomalies for risking these ashydrocarbon indicators;understanding AVO variations for geologically complex areas;designing future 3D acquisition scenarios with maximum illumination fortargeted structure;validation of the accuracy of migrated data;assistance in determining the most effective processing scheme for imagequality improvement;assistance in planning innovative acquisition designs using verticalseismic arrays.
Pore Pressure Prediction From Seismic Tomography
Authors: Sayers C.M. , Johnson G.M. , Denyer G.
Published: March 2009

Although exploration and production in deep water areas has been growingrapidly, deep water wells are expensive and require a pre-drill pore pressureprediction for safe and economic drilling. The use of seismic velocities forpore pressure prediction is well known, but the interval velocities used haveoften been derived from moveout velocities, which average the velocity over theseismic aperture. These velocities are therefore not suitable for pore pressureprediction in the presence of lateral variations as may arise from the presenceof dipping structures, lithology variations, salt layers of various thickness, fault blocks or variations in compaction and pore pressure. Reflectiontomography gives improved spatial resolution of the seismic velocity field andthus allows a more reliable pre-drill pore pressure cube to be obtained. Havingobtained seismic velocities using reflection tomography, estimates of the porepressure can be made if a suitable velocity to pore pressure transform can beestablished. Examples include the methods of Hottman and Johnson1, Pennebaker2, Eaton3 and Bowers4. Differences in these methods lead to different seismicvelocity to pore pressure transforms. The resulting difference in predictedpore pressure may become significant when a pore pressure prediction isrequired outside the interval over which the relation is calibrated, and thisdifference is examined using a deep water Gulf of Mexico case study.

Introduction

A knowledge of formation pore pressure is a key factor for the successfulexploration and production of hydrocarbons. In deep water, wells are expensive, and the increased costs associated with deepwater drilling in overpressuredenvironments demands a reliable pre-drill prediction of formation pore pressureto be made. Large water depths reduce the difference between the pore pressureand fracture stress and therefore require the pore pressure to be predicted asaccurately as possible. Too low a mud weight will allow formation fluids toenter the wellbore which, in the worst case, could lead to loss of the well, whilst too high a mud weight will give too low a rate of penetration and couldlead to fracturing of the formation. In exploration, a knowledge of formationpore pressure allows the hydraulic connectivity and fluid migration pathways ina region to be assessed. Thus an increase in pore pressure below a seismichorizon may indicate the presence of a seal, while different pore pressureeither side of a fault may suggest that the fault forms a barrier to flow.
Effective Implementation of OCS Spill Response Regulations
Authors: Connor Jodie
Published: March 2009

Offshore exploration and production companies, as well as pipelinecompanies, must operate in compliance with regulations pertaining to oil spillresponse plans, training, and drills. This paper examines the regulations andfocuses on the implementation of an effective compliance and preparednessprogram.

Spill response regulations issued in 30 CFR 254 apply to all operators offacilities seaward of the coastline.

Operators can ensure response preparedness by complying with OCS regulationsincluding 1) contracting for equipment and personnel to ensure response toworst case discharge planning calculations 2) effective training of spillmanagement team and 3) conducting exercises.

A prompt, efficient response to an oil spill will help to minimizeenvironmental impacts to our nation's resources.

Introduction

The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the discharge of oil to U.S. waters andprovides the authority to establish regulations and procedures for response tooil discharges. The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), enacted in August 1990, is comprehensive legislation that includes, in part, provisions to improve oilspill prevention, preparedness, and response capability, and establishlimitations on liability for damages resulting from oil pollution. The OPA 90revised the CWA to expand Federal response authority, increase penalties forspills, and require interagency and facility response plans. The Department of Interior's Minerals Management Service (MMS) was delegated the authority toestablish procedures to prevent and recover discharges of oil for all offshorefacilities and pipelines.

In accordance with OPA 90, the owner/operator of a facility (well, platform, pipeline) becomes the responsible party in the event of an oil spill from thefacility. The responsible party is required to respond immediately to cleanupor mitigate the effects of any discharge.

The Federal government has the authority to direct response efforts to ensurethe cleanup is satisfactory and timely. The United States Coast Guard (USCG), acting as the Federal On-Scene Coordinator, is responsible for ensuring animmediate and effective removal of the discharge. In carrying out thisresponsibility, the USCG may monitor, direct, or take over the cleanupoperation. The responsible party is liable for all cleanup costs, including thegovernment's removal costs.
Pre-Planning for Effective Dispersant Operations
Authors: Stong Beatrice A.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Department of Interior's Minerals Management Service requiresoffshore operators to include a plan for the use of chemical dispersants in Gulf of Mexico Regional Oil Spill Response Plans. This paper will address howand why the effective use of dispersants requires pre-planning and integrationof a number of different systems and areas of expertise.

Application

The proper use of dispersants can preclude widespread environmental damageresulting from the shoreline impact of an oil spill. When and whereappropriate, dispersants may be the most viable response option available tothe offshore operator. However, the window of opportunity in which dispersantsare effective can be short-lived. Pre-planning is critical to ensure dispersantoperations are implemented in a timely and cost effective manner.

Significance

Less than 10 years ago the use of dispersants was not widely accepted by theregulatory community. However, the oil & gas and marine transportationindustries operating in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) have worked closely with stateand federal agencies to become the leaders in the development of dispersants asa primary response tool. While the successful use of dispersants in GOM Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) oil spills over the past few years has validated theirplace as an effective response tool, improper use or poorly applied dispersantscould reverse the acceptance of this valuable response tool.

Introduction

When an oil spill occurs, there are a number of response technologies thatcan be deployed. The three primary "tools in the toolbox" are mechanicalrecovery (utilizing boom and skimmers), chemical dispersants, and in-situburning. The success of each of these response options is highly dependent upontwo primary factors: the type and behavior of the oil spilled, and the level oflogistics preparedness necessary to support the response.
Boat Spray Application of Dispersant
Authors: Headley Kirk
Published: March 2009

Dispersant application is becoming considerably more utilized as a tool inthe response toolbox at oil spills. The primary application tool in the pasthas been through aircraft. While aircraft application is extremely effective, boat application can be efficiently utilized as an additional tool for deliveryof dispersant. This paper discusses the potential use and awareness for boatapplication of dispersant.

Introduction

Dispersant use on offshore oil spills has become increasingly more common asa tool to combat the spread of oil spills. Traditionally, here in the United States, oil companies have looked toward aerial application of dispersants. Theuse of aircraft is a valuable tool in the ongoing fight of oil spills andshould never be overlooked. Boat application of dispersants will not replaceaircraft spraying. Boat application should be considered as another toolavailable to qualified individuals (QI), the incident commander (IC), theresponsible party (RP), and the spill management team (SMT) of the oil ortransportation company, or the federal and state government that gets involvedin the task of mitigating the affects of an oil spill.

Boat Spray Application of Dispersant

Dispersant use in approved locations is not the topic in this paper. Thegovernment has well defined avenues for approving the use of dispersant. Itshould be noted that any use of any chemical in the response to an oil spillmust have complete authorized approval prior to any application.

The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) has had a tremendous impact on oil, transportation, storage and response companies and in the short decade since1989, the United States has seen an unsurpassed effort of the buildup ofresponse equipment, primarily containment, and mechanical recovery equipment. Interestingly enough, the primary dispersant delivery system in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was available to QI's, IC's, SMT's, and RP's and was in operationprior to OPA 90.
Genesis Spar Risers: Interference Assessment and VIV Model Testing
Authors: Kavanagh W.K. , Imas Leonard , Thompson Hugh , Lee Li
Published: March 2009

Consideration of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and riser interference for adeep water riser array presents a complex engineering problem which requiresknowledge not only of the behaviour of single risers in open-water current, butalso shielding and VIV effects unique to riser arrays. The Genesis SPAR, located in 2,600ft water depth in Green Canyon 205, accommodates a closelyspaced array of drilling, production and export risers run from a centralmoonpool. This paper describes riser VIV model testing and outlines how riserinterference was assessed using a combination of wake flow modelling, globalinterference analysis and VIV prediction, calibrated to model test results and CFD analysis.

Tow-tank model testing of riser pairs, performed at MIT, evaluated theinfluence of the wake field of an upstream riser on both VIV and drag for bothbare and straked risers under different conditions of riser separation. Astate-of-the-art approach to interference analysis was subsequently adoptedwhich evaluated riser global response to loop current in the presence of both VIV drag-amplification on an upstream riser and wake-induced drag reduction ona downstream riser.

Model tests showed that the use of helical strakes as VIV mitigation devicesproved effective on single risers exposed to currents involving wide reducedvelocity and Reynolds number regimes. Interference & blockage however, degrade the strakes' VIV suppression performance, as illustrated by results of RANS CFD simulations and tow-tank experiments of riser pairs.1

Interference analysis of several loop current conditions illustrated thatminimum riser separation was not associated with the highest surface currentvelocity, but with a lesser surface velocity which attenuated less withdepth.

Model testing clearly illustrates the impact of riser separation on theeffectiveness of strakes. Interference analysis calibrated to such testsprovides an innovative approach from which recommendations may be made aboutthe conditions under which adjacent risers should be operated and mitigationmeasures available to avoid interference.
Impulse and Energy in Deepsea Riser Collisions Owing to Wake Interference
Authors: Huse Erling , Kleiven Gudmund
Published: March 2009

The paper describes model testing of top tensioned, deep sea riser arrays, conducted by MARINTEK for the Norwegian Deepwater Programme. The originalpurpose of the tests was to determine criteria for on-set of clashing orcollisions between individual risers in current. Furthermore, force andacceleration measurements made possible the determination of the impulse andenergy involved in the collisions.

The results show that the previously published theory based on turbulentwakes and momentum balance, predicts onset of collisions to an accuracy whichis in most cases within 10 to15 percent, referring to velocity. For riserswithout strakes collision energies up to 65 kJ, prototype, were measured. Withstrakes fitted to the risers the maximum measured collision energy was oneorder of magnitude lower. An approximate empirical formula for the collisionenergy of bare risers is suggested.

The paper also discusses possible practical solutions to the problem ofcurrent induced riser clashing.

Introduction

Previous research projects and publications (Refs.1 and 2) have concludedthat collisions or clashing between individual risers may beome an issue ofconsiderable concern in the design of riser systems for future deep seafloating production systems. As part of the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP)MARINTEK has conducted a series of model tests with top-tensioned, deep searisers to determine criteria for on-set of collisions, and to determine theforce impulse, effective mass, and energy involved in such collisions. Thepurpose of the present paper is to give a survey of these tests and theresults.

Physics of riser collisions

The static deflection of a riser due to the current drag is proportional tothe square of its length, other parameters kept constant. For deep sea systemsthis means that a relatively small difference in static deflection may lead tomechanical contact between adjacent risers. The situation is illustrated in Fig. 1. The downstream riser, R2, is sitting in the wake of an upstream riser,R1. The effective inflow velocity, and thus the static deflection, of R2 willbe reduced relative to R1.
A Combined Time-Frequency Domain Procedure To Estimate Riser Fatigue Caused by Heave-Induced Vortex-Induced Vibration
Authors: Maher Jim , Finn Lyle
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a combined time-frequency domain procedure for estimation of SCR fatigue damage caused by heave-induced intermittent Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV). The procedure is implemented in a computersimulation which combines time domain motions with frequency domaincalculations of VIV damage. It has been calibrated to fatigue damage dataacquired from Phase 1 of the PMB Highly Compliant Rigid Riser JIP. Simulationshave been performed for a number of host platforms in various environments. Thefatigue calculation procedure, as well as the results for these simulations arepresented. Results show that significant damage due to this effect can beexpected for certain combinations of floating system type and environment.

Introduction

A series of large scale model tests were conducted in 1998 at Lake Pond Oreille in Idaho as part of the PMB Highly Compliant Riser JIP, as documentedin [1]. These tests were originally designed to determine the onset of bucklingin Steel Catenary (SCR), Lazy Wave (LWCR), and Catenary Vertical Access Risers(CVAR). The testing consisted of forcing a sinusoidal displacement at the topend of the riser and recording the section forces and accelerations at a numberof instrumented "pup" joints along the riser, mostly located in the sag-bendareas.

Although not previously expected, and certainly not accounted for in present SCR design methodologies, a great deal of out-of-plane Vortex-Induced Vibrationcan be seen in the displacement and bending stress time series. Although it isnot clear that these bending moments can be directly scaled to a full scaleriser, there is every indication that these out-of-plane stresses could governthe design of these risers.

The nature of the observed VIV displacements is quite chaotic and a regularsinusoidal displacement of the top of the riser induces non-repeatingout-of-plane displacements. In general, response is reasonably narrow-bandedwithin one half-cycle of top excitation, but there can be large differences inthe frequency of the oscillation from one half-cycle to the next. Analysis ofthe data did not reveal any pattern for the frequency jumps.
Survey AUVs Are Low Risk Technology
Authors: Bjerrum Anders
Published: March 2009

Maridan has completed its 5-year AUV development program and are nowproducing Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for the survey industry. The currentproduction to be available for delivery in year 2000 includes 4 commercial MARIDAN vehicles for shallow water (optional depth rating 200 – 600 m). Themain advantages by using AUVs instead of tethered vehicles (ROVs or ROTVs) foroffshore surveys are:–Cost savings.AUVs can be deployed from a variety of places, including harbours, offshoreplatforms and ships of opportunity.Running multiple AUVs in parallel will reduce the survey time. Survey AUVs cango as fast as the payload allows (2–4 m/s) because they are not restricted by cable drag.–Improved data quality.AUVs can follow a straight path without being disturbed from surface waves; some payload instruments are highly sensible to path disturbances (syntheticaperture sonar). Furthermore, because of its obstacle avoidance sonar AUVs canfly at low altitude for video recording, sub-bottom profiling, etc.–Operation in areas, which are inaccessible or difficult for ROV-ships:Shallow water (1–5 m), deep water (1000 m or deeper), close to fixstructures, under ice-cover, in tunnels, etc.

Survey AUVs are capable to carry out pre-programmed surveys completely autonomous(AUV-mode) or with operator control (UUVmode). Typical survey paths includelawnmower patterns, pipeline routes or any other path that can be defined inglobal co-ordinates. The following examples indicates potential applicationsfor Survey AUVs:Line surveys with camera, line-scan or video recording: Pipeline and cableinspection, route surveys, gravel dump surveys.Site surveys with side-scan sonar or multibeam echosounder: BathymetrySite surveys with Synthetic Aperture Sonar: High resolution terrainmodellingSite surveys with bottom hydrophones: Shallow seismic, Sub-Bottom ProfilingSite surveys with environmental sensors: Oceanographic surveys

In March 1999 a 10-day site-survey was carried out by a MARIDAN 200 from thesurvey vessel "Zealous" offshore Namibia at 80 m water depth. Thecustomer's interest was to examine the use of a MARIDAN vehicle for autonomoussurvey activities thereby reducing significantly the cost and time taken forthe exploration of offshore hard mineral fields (diamonds). Equipped with sidescan sonar, the MARIDAN 200 was required to perform pre-programmed autonomoussurveys and to log the data for further post-analysis at the surface.
Generation of Transgenic Mice
Authors: Cho Andrew , Haruyama Naoto , Kulkarni Ashok B.
Published: March 2009

This unit describes detailed step‐by‐step protocols, reagents, and equipment required for successful generation of transgenic mice using pronuclear injection. The experimental methods and practical tips given here will help guide beginners in understanding what is required and what to avoid in these standard protocols for efficiently generating transgenic mice. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:19.11.1‐19.11.22. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BK Virus (BKV): Infection, Propagation, Quantitation, Purification, Labeling, and Analysis of Cell Entry
Authors: Moriyama Takahito , Sorokin Andrey
Published: March 2009

BK virus (BKV) can cause BKV nephritis in renal transplant patients and has become a significant reason for graft loss in this decade. BKV is latent in the urogenital tract and most likely is transported with the donor kidney to recipients. BKV replication occurs in the nucleus of human renal proximal tubular cells (HRPTEC) and daughter viruses are delivered to other cells to spread infection. A few in vitro studies have been reported about the mechanism and kinetics of BKV infection. However, there are still a lot of unknown factors regarding BKV infection. This unit describes the handling of BKV, BKV propagation, determination of titer and ability to infect cells, as well as purification and labeling of BKV in order to analyze BKV cell entry. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:26.2.1‐26.2.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk Analysis Frameworks for Counterterrorism
Authors: Scouras James , Parnell Gregory S. , Ayyub Bilal M. , Liebe Robert M.
Published: March 2009

Risk is the potential for loss or harm due to the likelihood of an unwanted scenario and its potential adverse consequences. Risk analysis, encompassing risk assessment and risk management, has been widely adopted as the proper analytic construct for evaluating the terrorist threat and efficiently allocating finite resources to counter intelligent adversaries who adapt their behaviors in response to our own actions.

Although there are numerous definitions of risk concepts in use in the risk analysis community, the great majority of these definitions recognize the same common elements. We focus on these essential elements to develop straightforward definitions of risk, risk analysis, risk assessment, risk management, threat, vulnerability, and consequence. To further clarify these terms, we also discuss the relationships among them. We also expand some of the classic questions addressed by risk assessment and risk management to more explicitly address terrorism.

A framework is a conceptual or procedural structure used to address complex issues. A risk framework can facilitate both internal and external risk communication and enable risk analysis involving diverse threats and multiple participants. We analyze a selection of risk frameworks to develop a set of tasks that would be included in a comprehensive framework and against which a particular framework could be evaluated: (i) identify goals and objectives, (ii) define system, (iii) assess threats, (iv) assess vulnerabilities, (v) assess consequences, (vi) assess baseline risk, (vii) identify risk management options, (viii) analyze benefits and costs, (ix) make decisions, (x) communicate risks, (xi) implement risk management actions, and (xii) monitor risk management actions.
Logic Trees: Fault, Success, Attack, Event, Probability, and Decision Trees
Authors: Dillon‐Merrill Robin L. , Parnell Gregory S. , Buckshaw Donald L.
Published: March 2009

This article describes the fundamentals of logic trees used in decision and risk analysis. We include in the broad definition of logic trees any conceptual or mathematical model that describes scenarios of events and/or decisions in a treelike structure. Logic trees are important tools for analyzing uncertain events, defining accident scenarios, assessing risk, calculating joint probability distributions, and evaluating decision options. Six types of logic trees are described, compared, and illustrated in this article: fault trees, success trees, attack trees, event trees, probability trees, and decision trees. Fault trees deductively model the combination of system failures and human errors that could lead to an accident. Success trees are the complement of fault trees and model the combination of events that lead to success. Attack trees model the sequential actions of an intelligent adversary to defeat a defensive system. Event trees inductively model the sequences of events that lead to an accident. Probability trees model a sequence of uncertain events in order to calculate the probability of events in the outcome space. Decision trees are logic trees that include sequential decisions in addition to sequential uncertain events. Examples are provided in this article to illustrate the similarities and differences among the types of logic trees. We conclude with challenges for applying logic trees to homeland security applications.
Scenario Analysis, Cognitive Maps, And Concept Maps
Authors: Crowther Kenneth G. , Haimes Yacov
Published: March 2009

Detailed analysis without foresight is insufficient to cope with risks of improbable events to the homeland. Moreover, it is the improbable events that typically result in the greatest impact (e.g. unimagined terrorist attacks using passenger planes in New York; unlikely tsunami covering southeastern Asia). By their definition, disasters constitute extreme events; thus, their probabilities and associated consequences are largely undefined and defy any common expected value representation of risk.

Scenario analysis, cognitive maps, and concept maps are system analysis techniques that enable tractable foresight and risk analysis of complex, largely unpredictable environments.
Scenario analysis
is a process of collecting and organizing potential future events that may impact as‐planned operations. Analyses are performed across the range of scenarios to estimate ranges of likelihoods, consequences, and most importantly, tipping points where small decisions now can have a large impact on future likelihoods and consequences.
Cognitive maps
are projections of reality onto a general model space that is used as a foundation for making judgments and decisions, and help analysts understand the assumptions that decision makers integrate for decisions.
Concept maps
are diagrams used to portray causal or logical relationships among concepts and are a means to assimilate knowledge into decision processes. This article reviews scenario analysis, cognitive maps, and concept maps as they relate to risk analysis in homeland security.
Defending Against Directed Energy Weapons:
RF
Weapons and Lasers
Authors: Frankel Michael J. , Toton Edward T.
Published: March 2009

Directed energy weapons provide attractive features for terrorist use, including ready availability and ease of acquisition, transportability, covert deployment, deep magazines, and ease of retreat. Radio frequency weapons—another name for electromagnetic weapons—produce both narrow band waveforms (HPM) and wideband forms (UWB) and may generate intense electromagnetic fields that could overwhelm digital electronic components; disrupting, degrading, or destroying computers and other key electronic functions. These in turn support telecommunications, monitoring, control and protection of our national power grid, control of railroad switches, maintenance of the data centers that permit our daily financial transactions, and generally enable the functioning of the critical infrastructures of the nation on which our physical and economic sustenance depend. Lasers as a terrorist threat are usually considered in the context of pilot interference and aircraft safety. Although the directed energy threat cannot be entirely eliminated, prudent steps can be taken to reduce vulnerabilities and thus the overall risk of terrorist use. Some of these steps would include performance of a site vulnerability assessment, elimination of easy line‐of‐sight access to an external threat, and continued investment in protective materials research.
Comparative Risk Assessment for Energy Systems: A Tool for Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Security
Authors: Burgherr Peter , Hirschberg Stefan
Published: March 2009

Accidents in the energy sector have been identified as one of the dominant contributors to man‐made disasters. Additionally, intentional attacks that are the result of a purposed malicious action such as vandalism, sabotage, terrorism, or war have become a major focus in the past few years. Severe accident risks of different energy chains (fossil, hydro, and nuclear) were analyzed based on the highly comprehensive energy‐related severe accident database (ENSAD), which has been established at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI). Additionally, probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) has been utilized to address the consequences of hypothetical accidents at nuclear power plants. Comparative evaluations were performed for full energy chains because accidents can take place at every stage of an energy chain. Results are provided separately for Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries and non‐OECD countries to account for differences in technological development as well as management, regulatory frameworks, and general safety culture. Aggregated indicators and frequency–consequence (F–N) curves indicate that fatality rates in OECD countries are substantially lower compared to non‐OECD countries. Upstream stages of fossil chains and hydropower in non‐OECD countries are most accident‐prone, whereas energy‐related accident risks are lowest for western hydropower and nuclear power plants, although their maximum consequences can be very large. Finally, intentional attacks on oil and gas installations provide a real threat, resulting in potential health and environmental effects, economic loss, social impacts, and reduction of supply. In conclusion, the inclusive protection of critical infrastructures requires a holistic, multilevel approach within the context of Homeland Security.
Water Infrastructure and Water Use in the United States
Authors: Pitt Robert , Clark Shirley E.
Published: March 2009

Water infrastructure is critical to the health and economic well‐being of the United States. Water infrastructure includes the systems and management practices used to provide drinking water, agricultural irrigation water, wastewater collection and treatment, and safe recreational and commercial fishing waters. This article will provide important background to help users understand the nature and scope of water infrastructure in the United States by offering a quantitative statistical picture of the number and types of infrastructure elements, capital value, annual use, and other relevant quantities. In addition, it will provide an overview of the future needs in maintaining functional water systems.