bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns in glacier area and elevation changes from 1962 to 2006 in the monsoon-influenced eastern Himalaya
Authors: Racoviteanu A. , Arnaud Y. , Williams M. , Manley W. F.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This study presents spatial patterns in glacier area and elevation changes in the monsoon-influenced part of the Himalaya (eastern Nepal and Sikkim) at multiple spatial scales. We combined Corona KH4 and topographic data with more recent remote-sensing data from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER), QuickBird (QB) and WorldView-2 (WV2) sensors. We present: (1) spatial patterns of glacier parameters based on a new "reference" geospatial Landsat/ASTER glacier inventory from ~ 2000; (2) changes in glacier area (1962–2006) and their dependence on topographic variables (elevation, slope, aspect, percent debris cover) as well as climate variables (solar radiation and precipitation), extracted on a glacier-by-glacier basis and (3) changes in glacier elevations for debris-covered tongues and their relationship to surface temperature extracted from ASTER data. Glacier mapping from 2000 Landsat/ASTER yielded 1463 km2 ± 88 km2 total glacierized area in Nepal (Tamor basin) and Sikkim (Zemu basin), parts of Bhutan and China, of which we estimated 569 km2 ± 34 km2 to be located in Sikkim. Supraglacial debris covered 11% of the total glacierized area, and supraglacial lakes covered about 5.8% of the debris-covered area. Based on analysis of high-resolution imagery, we estimated an area loss of −0.24% ± 0.08% yr−1 from the 1960's to the 2010's, with a higher rate of retreat in the last decade (−0.43% yr−1 ± 0.9 % from 2000 to 2006) compared to the previous decades (−0.20% yr−1 ± 0.16% from 1962 to 2000). Retreat rates of clean glaciers were −0.7% yr−1, almost double than those of debris-covered glaciers (−0.3% yr−1). Debris-covered tongues experienced an average lowering of −30.8 m ± 39 m from 1960's to 2000's (−0.8 m ± 0.9 m yr−1), with enhanced thinning rates in the upper part of the debris covered area, and overall thickening at the glacier termini.
WHEN ACTUALLY READING THE LETTER OF THE LAW DOES MORE HARM THAN GOOD: U.S. v. ALEYNIKOV, TRADING ALGORITHMS, AND STATUTORY GAPS
Authors: Holland Patrick
Published: July 2014

WHEN ACTUALLY READING THE LETTER OF THE LAW DOES MORE HARM THAN GOOD: U.S. v. ALEYNIKOV, TRADING ALGORITHMS, AND STATUTORY GAPS
The Communicative Process in the Physician-Terminal Patient Relationship
Authors: Gajardo-Ugas Alejandra , Lavados-Montes Claudio ,   Universidad Santo Tomás
Published: July 2014

El quehacer médico es un tipo específico de relación interpersonal donde resulta imprescindible que el profesional de salud sea capaz de utilizar métodos y procedimientos efectivos de comunicación, como elementos esenciales para cumplir con su rol, alcanzar las metas de su práctica y reconocer al ser humano como persona. El proceso comunicativo es central en el comportamiento y el desarrollo humano, aportando su complejidad y especifi cidad, situación que determina toda relación interpersonal. En el desarrollo personal cada individuo adquiere experiencias en sus actividades, mediante las cuales se representa el mundo y le va dando un signifi cado específi co. A través de la comunicación con otros seres va modifi cando sus representaciones y signifi cados, proceso que tiene un impacto transformador y enriquecedor para la personalidad. Esto tiene una importancia vital en la relación médico-paciente, ya que permite limar asperezas y facilitar la ulterior comunicación, incluso en el caso de pacientes terminales, y ser así la principal herramienta terapéutica.
Re-Enchanting Life
Authors: Pardo Antonio ,   Universidad de Navarra
Published: July 2014

La visión cientifista actual ha conseguido, en buena medida, el desencantamiento del mundo, haciendo desparecer el interés y la admiración por la realidad, que son el comienzo de la pregunta científica. Paradójicamente, lo que se muestra como un logro de la ciencia, frena su propio desarrollo. La medicina debe investigar para poder mantener la mejor atención a los pacientes. Sin embargo, para suscitar vocaciones de investigadores, es necesario volver a provocar la admiración por la realidad, que impulsa a investigar. En este artículo, tras una fundamentación del fenómeno del maravillarse ante la realidad, se señalan algunas ideas para la docencia en el área de ciencias que pueden ayudar al redespertar del interés por investigar.
The Zygote of Our Species Is the Human
Authors: López-Moratalla Natalia ,   Universidad de Navarra
Published: July 2014

Este artículo muestra cómo la palabra de la ciencia aporta un conocimiento directo e indiscutible acerca del comienzo de la vida de cada concebido de nuestra especie: dice cuándo estamos en presencia de un cuerpo humano en los procesos temporales de transmisión de la vida. Aporta también conocimiento directo acerca del carácter personal del embrión por la continuidad de su desarrollo, ya que lo decisivo no es que tenga lugar una continuidad desde el inicio, las etapas embrionarias y fetales, y el nacimiento, sino que esa continuidad suponga continuidad del cuerpo, que siempre es personal. Y un conocimiento indirecto del origen de cada ser humano, al mostrar qué es un cuerpo humano y cómo este tiene ese carácter peculiar exclusivo de los hombres, el carácter personal. En definitiva, la ciencia pone de manifiesto la presencia de una potencia real, distinta de la fuerza de la vida, involucrada en el origen de cada ser humano. El entrelazamiento en la vida única de cada hombre de la dimensión personal y la dimensión biológica es manifestación inequívoca de que existe un único sujeto personal con dos dinamismos. Un ser personal de naturaleza humana.
The Foundation of Bioethics in the Polian Concept of Human Nature
Authors: Luciano Hélio ,   Comisión de Bioética de la Conferencia Episcopal Brasileña
Published: July 2014

El presente trabajo busca, desde una perspectiva filosófica, analizar los fundamentos de la ciencia bioética en los niveles cognoscitivos de la naturaleza humana, tal y cual esta dimensión es entendida en la filosofía de Leonardo Polo y, más específicamente, en la teoría del conocimiento desarrollada por este autor.
La conclusión a la cual se llega es que la Bioética no puede ser fundamentada en el nivel de la naturaleza humana, siendo necesario acceder a un nivel de conocimiento superior, radicado en la esencia del hombre.
Conscientious Objection and Philosophical Anthropology
Authors: Velásquez-Córdoba Luis Fernando , Córdoba-Palacio Ramón ,   Universidad CES
Published: July 2014

Se parte de la necesidad ineludible que tiene el ser humano de elegir entre dos o más realidades para optar por una de ellas con el fin de llevar a cabo cualquier acto voluntario por baladí o trascendental que sea. El afán de reducir o suprimir el derecho a la objeción de conciencia es la culminación de una política de desconocimiento a la dignidad intrínseca de la persona humana —todo ser humano es persona— que trata de imponer la obediencia a normas del Estado, normas dictadas por cualquier organismo oficial para asegurar la obediencia a una “ley” antes que a la conciencia, y obligar así a constituirse en criminal o cómplice en asuntos como el aborto, la eutanasia, etc.
Psycho-Social and Family Characteristics Related to Attempted Suicide in an Adolescent Population in Bogotá-2009
Authors: Caycedo Alejandra , Arenas María Luisa , Benítez Michelle , Cavanzo Paula , Leal Gretel , Guzmán Yahira R.
Published: July 2014

Las conductas suicidas se han constituido en una causa importante de morbi-mortalidad mundial. En el 2006, el suicidio pasó al tercer lugar como principal causa de muerte en personas de 15 a 44 años. Se han identificado factores de riesgo para esta conducta y signos de alarma específicos, sin embargo, los adolescentes presentan riesgos adicionales como imitación, identificación social e inestabilidad emocional.
Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en adolescentes entre los 10 y 17 años que consultaron por intento de suicidio al servicio de urgencias de dos hospitales en Bogotá, aplicando un instrumento de recolección de información diligenciado por los padres o acudientes de 14 casos, previa firma de consentimiento informado. El estudió mostró que la edad más prevalente fueron los 16 años, representando el 43%; el género fue el femenino, representando el 71,5%. Ninguno reportó diagnóstico de enfermedad mental previa, y solo en tres casos hubo reporte de consumo de sustancias.
Ninguno de los casos reportó que los pacientes hubieran tenido comportamientos de búsqueda de ayuda previa.
Debido al reducido número de casos sólo se pueden describir hallazgos reportados, en este momento no se pueden hacer afirmaciones con respecto a características familiares, para esto se requeriría aplicar el instrumento en un mayor número de pacientes.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the suprapubic tract: A rare presentation in patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters
Authors: Massaro Peter Alexander , Moore Jonathan , Rahmeh Tarek , Morse Michael J.
Published: July 2014

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder is uncommon, but can arise in the setting of long-term bladder catheterization and chronic inflammation. SCC can arise primarily from the suprapubic catheter tract, but fewer than 10 such cases have been reported. We document 2 cases of SCC arising from the suprapubic tract associated with chronic indwelling urinary catheters. SCC must be differentiated from granulomatous conditions, which are quite common in patients with suprapubic catheters.
Standardized follow-up program may reduce emergency room and urgent care visits for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Flannigan Ryan Kendrick , Gotto Geoffrey T. , Donnelly Bryan , Carlson Kevin V.
Published: July 2014

Introduction: The objective of the current study was to determine the impact of a standardized follow-up program on the morbidity and rates of hospital visits following radical prostatectomy (RP) in a tertiary, non-teaching urologic centre.Methods: Patients who underwent a RP in 2008 were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Postoperative morbidity for the entire cohort was assessed using the Modified Clavien Scale (MCS). Those patients readmitted to hospital or who visited an urban or rural emergency department (ED) within 90 days of surgery were further evaluated to determine the reason for readmission.Results: At our centre, 321 patients underwent RP in 2008 by 11 surgeons. Of the 321 patients, 77 (24.0%) visited an ED within 90 days, and 14 were readmitted to hospital, with an additional patient readmitted directly (with a total 15 readmissions, 4.7% overall). No patients died within the study period. In 2009 we launched a pilot study wherein 115 RP patients received scheduled and on-demand follow-up care by a dedicated nurse between May and November. We found that 90-day readmission rates among this cohort dropped to 5% and 2.6% for ED visits and hospital readmission, respectively.Conclusions: At our tertiary non-teaching centre, a significant number of patients presented back to hospital within 90 days following RP. Most of these patients (80.8%) were managed entirely through an outpatient ED, and many visits were for routine postoperative care. Only 18.2% (4.7% of the 321 prostatectomy patients) were readmitted to hospital. These data point to a need for enhanced postoperative support of patients to reduce costly and often unnecessary visits to acute care EDs. This conclusion is supported by our early experience. Limitations include retrospective design, and variability in practice of surgeons in this study.
Emphysematous cystitis and necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Wang Peter Z.T. , Martin Paul Robert , Luke Patrick P.W.
Published: July 2014

Emphysematous cystitis is an uncommon and often severe infectious condition of the bladder that usually affects women and diabetics. We report a case of a 62-year-old male patient who presented with concomitant emphysematous cystitis and necrotizing fasciitis of the right leg. The patient was initially managed with emergent disarticulation of the right leg. Tissue cultures were positive for Ciprofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. He was treated with Piperacillin-Tazobactam; however, due to the failure of conservative management of the condition, the patient underwent a cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of concomitant emphysematous cystitis and necrotizing fasciitis requiring aggressive surgical intervention for both diseases.
Quality-of-Care Outcomes in Vertical Relationships Between Physicians and Health Systems
Authors: Ianni Katherine M. , Sinaiko Anna D. , Curto Vilsa E. , Soto Mark , Rosenthal Meredith B.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Vertical relationships (ownership, affiliations, joint contracting) between physicians and health systems are increasing in the US. Many proponents of vertical relationships argue that increased spending associated with consolidation is accompanied by improvements in quality of care.

Objective

To assess the association of vertical relationships between primary care physicians (PCPs) and large health systems and quality of care.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This stacked difference-in-differences study compared outcomes for patients whose attributed PCP entered a vertical relationship with a large system in 2015 or 2017 to patients whose PCP was either never or always in a vertical relationship with a large system from 2013 to 2017. Models account for differences between PCPs, patient characteristics, market concentration, and secular trends. Data were derived from the 2013 to 2017 Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database. The study population included commercially insured individuals attributed to a PCP in the Massachusetts Health Quality Partners’ Massachusetts Provider Database in 2013, 2015, or 2017. Analyses were conducted between January 2021 and January 2024.

Exposure

PCPs attributed to patients in the study entering a vertical relationship with a large health system in 2015 or 2017.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Low-value care utilization, posthospitalization follow-up, utilization among patients with ambulatory care–sensitive conditions, practice site visit fragmentation, and timeliness of specialty care.

Results

The study population included 4 603 172 patient-year observations from 2013 to 2017. Among all patients in the study, 53.5% were female, 35.3% had any chronic condition, and the mean (SD) age was 38.9 (20.3) years. There was no association between vertical relationships and low-value care or ambulatory care–sensitive conditions utilization. A patient’s PCP entering a vertical relationship had no association with the probability of follow-up within 90 days of cancer diagnosis with any oncologist but was associated with a 7.34–percentage point (pp) (95% CI, 2.28-12.40; P = .01) increase in the probability of follow-up with an oncologist in the health system. Vertical relationships were associated with increased posthospitalization follow-up with a physician in the health system by 7.51 pp (95% CI, 2.96-12.06: P = .001) in the 2015 subgroup. PCP–health system vertical relationships were associated with a significant decrease in fragmentation of practice site visits of −1.05 pp (95% CI, −2.05 to 0.05; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, vertical relationships between PCPs and large health systems were associated with patient steering and changes in care delivery processes, but not necessarily improvements in patient outcomes.
Surgical Repair vs Splenectomy in Patients With Severe Traumatic Spleen Injuries
Authors: Jakob Dominik A. , Müller Martin , Kolitsas Apostolos , Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: August 2024

Importance

The spleen is often removed in laparotomy after traumatic abdominal injury, with little effort made to preserve the spleen.

Objective

To explore the association of surgical management (splenic repair vs splenectomy) with outcomes in patients with traumatic splenic injuries undergoing laparotomy and to determine whether splenic repair is associated with lower mortality compared with splenectomy.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This is a trauma registry–based cohort study using the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database from January 2013 to December 2019. Participants included adult patients with severe splenic injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] grades 3-5) undergoing laparotomy after traumatic injury within 6 hours of admission. Data analysis was performed from April to August 2023.

Exposures

Splenic repair vs splenectomy in patients with severe traumatic splenic injury.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Outcomes were compared using different statistical approaches, including 1:1 exact matching with consecutive conditional logistic regression analysis as the primary analysis and multivariable logistic regression, propensity score matching, and inverse-probability weighting as sensitivity analyses.

Results

A total of 11 247 patients (median [IQR] age, 35 [24-52] years; 8179 men [72.7%]) with a severe traumatic splenic injury undergoing laparotomy were identified. Of these, 10 820 patients (96.2%) underwent splenectomy, and 427 (3.8%) underwent splenic repair. Among patients who underwent an initial splenic salvage procedure, 23 (5.3%) required a splenectomy during the subsequent hospital stay; 400 patients with splenic preservation were matched with 400 patients who underwent splenectomy (matched for age, sex, hypotension, trauma mechanism, AIS spleen grade, and AIS groups [0-2, 3, and 4-5] for head, face, neck, thorax, spine, and lower and upper extremity). Mortality was significantly lower in the splenic repair group vs the splenectomy group (26 patients [6.5%] vs 51 patients [12.8%]). The association of splenic repair with lower mortality was subsequently verified by conditional regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; P = .03). Multivariable logistic regression, propensity score matching, and inverse-probability weighting confirmed this association.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective cohort study, splenic repair was independently associated with lower mortality compared with splenectomy during laparotomy after traumatic splenic injury. These findings suggest that efforts to preserve the spleen might be indicated in selected cases of severe splenic injuries.
Improving Triboelectric Nanogenerators Performance Via Interface Tribological Optimization: A Review
Authors: Xiao Ke , Wang Wei , Wang Kaiqiang , Zhang Hanli , Dong Shaowen , Li Jinjin
Published: August 2024

Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) represent a novel energy harvesting technology that combines contact electrification (CE) and electrostatic induction, rendering them a promising solution for self‐powering micro smart devices and addressing the energy crisis. At present, the efficiency and longevity of TENGs have been substantially improved through various methods. These advancements have overcome the limitations caused by interface friction, expanding the scalability and practical applications of TENGs. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that interface tribological optimization can simultaneously enhance electrical output performance and durability. This review will initially discuss the fundamental mechanism of TENGs and its profound connection with tribology. Subsequently, the optimization of interface tribology, encompassing structure design, surface modification, and lubricant utilization, will be comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects will be summarized.
Improvement of Contact Resistance and 3D Integration of 2D Material Field‐Effect Transistors Using Semi‐Metallic PtSe2 Contacts
Authors: Seo Jae Eun , Gyeon Minseung , Seok Jisoo , Youn Sukhyeong , Das Tanmoy , Kwon Seongdae , Kim Tae Soo , Lee Dae Kyu , Kwak Joon Young , Kang Kibum , Chang Jiwon
Published: August 2024

In this work, the potential of 2D semi‐metallic PtSe2 as source/drain (S/D) contacts for 2D material field‐effect‐transistors (FETs) through theoretical and experimental investigations, is explored. From the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, semi‐metallic PtSe2 can inject electrons and holes into MoS2 and WSe2, respectively, indicating the feasibility of PtSe2 contacts for both n‐ and p‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor FETs (n‐/p‐MOSFETs). Indeed, experimentally fabricated flake‐level MoS2 n‐MOSFETs and WSe2 p‐MOSFETs exhibit a significant reduction in contact resistance with semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts compared to conventional Ti/Au contacts. To demonstrate the applicability for large‐area electronics, MoS2 n‐MOSFETs are fabricated with semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts using chemical vapor deposition‐grown MoS2 and PtSe2 films. These devices exhibit outstanding performance metrics, including high on‐state current (≈10−7 A/µm) and large on/off ratio (>107). Furthermore, by employing these high‐performance MoS2 n‐MOSFETs, vertically stacked n‐MOS inverters are successfully demonstrated, suggesting that 3D integration of 2D material FETs is possible using semi‐metallic PtSe2 contacts.
Coaxial 3D Printing Scaffolds with Sequential Antibacterial and Osteogenic Functions to Effectively Repair Infected Mandibular Defects
Authors: Zhang Hui , Sun Huan , Zhang Linli , Zhang Boqing , Zhang Mei , Luo Zeyu , Tan Yi , Tang Rong , Sun Jianxun , Zhou Xuedong , Fan Yujiang , Zhang Xingdong , Zhao Zhihe , Zhou Changchun
Published: August 2024

Infected mandibular defects pose a formidable challenge without an entirely satisfactory repair strategy. Here, a coaxial 3D printing scaffold comprising a shell loaded is dveloped with the antibiotic minocycline hydrochloride and a core wrapped with traditional Chinese medicine antler powers. This study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the scaffold in facilitating the repair of infected mandibular defects. In vitro investigations exhibit that this construct possesses a porous microstructure, exceptional mechanical properties, appropriate degradability, acceptable water absorption capacity, and satisfactory biocompatibility. Transcriptome analyses further reveal a notable upregulation of relevant genes and signaling pathways associated with cell activity, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis. In vivo rat (Φ = 5 mm) and rabbit (5 mm × 4 mm × 10 mm) mandibular defect models confirm the scaffold's ability to sequentially regulate bone healing by suppressing infection and inflammation, followed by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This advanced graft holds significant translational potential for infectious bone regeneration.
Imaging Local Effects of Voltage and Boron Doping on Spin Reversal in Antiferromagnetic Magnetoelectric Cr2O3 Thin Films and Devices
Authors: Erickson Adam , Shah Syed Qamar Abbas , Mahmood Ather , Buragohain Pratyush , Fescenko Ilja , Gruverman Alexei , Binek Christian , Laraoui Abdelghani
Published: August 2024

Chromia (Cr2O3) is a magnetoelectric oxide that permits voltage‐control of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) order, but it suffers technological constraints due to its low Néel Temperature (TN ≈307 K) and the need of a symmetry‐breaking applied magnetic field to achieve reversal of the Néel vector. Recently, boron (B) doping of Cr2O3 films led to an increase TN >400 K and allowed the realization of voltage magnetic‐field free controlled Néel vector rotation. Here, the impact of B doping is directly imaged on the formation of AFM domains in Cr2O3 thin films and elucidates the mechanism of voltage‐controlled manipulation of the spin structure using nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) scanning probe magnetometry. A stark reduction and thickness dependence of domain size in B‐doped Cr2O3 (B:Cr2O3) films is found, explained by the increased germ density, likely associated with the B doping. By reconstructing the surface magnetization from the NV stray‐field maps, a qualitative distinction between the undoped and B‐doped Cr2O3 films is found, manifested by the histogram distribution of the AFM ordering, that is, 180° domains for pure films, and 90° domains for B:Cr2O3 films. Additionally, NV imaging of voltage‐controlled B‐doped Cr2O3 devices corroborates the 90° rotation of the AFM domains observed in magnetotransport measurement.
Ultrafast High‐Volumetric Sodium‐Ion Capacitors Based on Compact Nanoarchitectured Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Fang Yan , Li Li , Li Jinghan , Gan Yang , Du Jie , Li Jiaxin , Chen Xin , Pan Hui , Zhang Wang , Gu Jiajun , Zhang Di , Liu Qinglei
Published: August 2024

Ultrafast carbon electrodes with high‐volumetric capacities are crucial for the fast‐developing sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) but have rarely been achieved due to the negative correlation between electrode density and ion transport kinetics. Here, a top‐down strategy to achieve a compact carbon architecture with topological ion transport/diffusion pathways to address this obstacle is reported. The resulting freestanding carbon electrode exhibits a notable volumetric capacity of 242 mAh cm−3 at 0.05 A g−1 and unprecedented high‐rate capability of 107 mAh cm−3 at 50 A g−1. It achieves an optimal balance between energy density (60.2 Wh L−1) and power density (12859 W L−1) in a SIC device. The ultrafast and high‐volumetric performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of architecture‐enhanced rapid ion transport/diffusion and carbon nanostructure‐driven fast Na+ storage mechanisms involving adsorption/desorption, surface‐redox and solvated Na+ co‐intercalation reactions. The nanoarchitectured carbon electrodes show greatly improved Na+ diffusion coefficients throughout the potential range, resulting in an extremely short characteristic time (0.013 s) for fast Na+ storage.
Ultrahigh‐Rate On‐Paper PEDOT:PSS‐Ti2C Microsupercapacitors with Large Areal Capacitance
Authors: Xue Han , Huang Po‐Han , Göthelid Mats , Strömberg Axel , Niklaus Frank , Li Jiantong
Published: August 2024

The growing demands of sustainable, portable, and wearable electronics pose new demands on miniaturized energy storage devices that can be integrated on flexible substrates such as paper. Microsupercapacitors (MSCs), especially MXene‐based pseudocapacitive MSCs with fast charging/discharging rate, high power density, and long cycle life, are competitive candidates as power supply for emerging flexible and wearable on‐paper electronics. However, few studies have reported MXene‐based on‐paper MSCs to simultaneously attain ultrahigh‐rate (>1000 mV s−1) capability and large areal capacitance >10 mF cm−2. Herein, ultrafast metal‐free on‐paper MSCs are fabricated through leveraging the synergistic effect of conductive PEDOT:PSS and capacitive MXene (Ti2C) to achieve a remarkable areal capacitance of 30 mF cm−2 and long lifetime (>96% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles) at an ultrahigh scan rate of 1000 mV s−1, outperforming most of the present on‐paper or MXene‐containing MSCs. Moreover, the printed on‐paper metal‐free MSC arrays attain extended working voltage window of up to 6 V and outstanding capacitive performance at an ultrahigh scan rate of 10 V s−1. The on‐paper PEDOT:PSS‐Ti2C composite MSCs offer new opportunities as eco‐friendly microscale power sources for emerging paper‐based portable and wearable electronics.
Electrostatic Clutches Based on Ionomer Heterojunctions for Low‐Voltage Switching of Stiffness and Strength
Authors: Park Sehwan , Choi Yoon‐Je , So Soonyong , Kim Hyeong Jun
Published: August 2024

Electrostatic clutches offer electrically programmable control of system stiffness, providing significant advantages in various robotic and haptic applications. However, conventional dielectric‐based electrostatic clutches require high operating voltages, often surpassing several kilovolts, while most low‐voltage electro‐adhesives are unsuitable for electrostatic clutches due to their intrinsic tackiness, resulting in a low switching ratio and reversibility. Here, an electrostatic clutch based on ionomer heterojunctions on rigid electrodes, encased within soft elastomers, capable of switching the system stiffness more than 530‐fold at an operating voltage of just 1 V is presented. Under the reverse bias, the formation of an ionic double layer at the ionomer heterojunction interface enables strong electrostatic adhesion of stiff electrodes at low voltage, yet low tackiness of ionomers allows almost free sliding at the forward bias. The performance of these electrostatic clutches across various geometries and voltages based on the fracture mechanics model is explored. Within this framework, by adjusting the clutch compliance, a force capacity of 50 N cm−2, powered by a 1.5 V battery with an on/off ratio over 250 is achieved, outperforming the latest electrostatic clutches in operating voltage and switching ratio.
Selective and Bifunctional Catalytic Electrochemical Conversion of Organosulfide Molecule by High‐Entropy Carbides
Authors: Yang Wanlin , Xu Tongmin , Yang Chengkai , Fan Huarong , Sun Wenxuan , Ma Xinfeng , Wang Xin , Fu Yongzhu
Published: August 2024

The development of high energy density Li‐organosulfur batteries is severely hampered by the slow redox kinetics and the shuttle effect of polysulfides. Reasonably designing new electrocatalysts to accelerate the electrochemical conversion of various intermediates is an effective strategy to overcome the above challenges. Specifically, high entropy metal carbides/nanofibers (Mn0.25Co0.25Ni0.25Cu0.25Fe2)C/CNFs (HEC/CNFs) are prepared by electrospinning method and applied in lithium‐phenyl tetrasulfide (Li‐PTS) batteries. The HEC composition, featuring multiple randomly dispersed metal elements, modulates its d‐band structure and expedites the redox reaction for polysulfides. Therefore, HEC as a bidirectional catalyst reduces the activation energy of the redox reaction and selectively regulates the improvement of the generation and decomposition of inorganic intermediates during the charge–discharge process. The HEC/CNFs/PTS electrodes have an initial theoretical specific capacity of 527 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, with a slow capacity decay rate of 0.078% per cycle, exceeding 500 cycles. More importantly, it can also maintain a theoretical specific capacity of 450 mAh g−1 under high surface loading conditions (PTS ≈ 4.8 mg cm−2) when applied to Li‐organosulfur pouch cells. This work demonstrates the bidirectional catalytic effect of HEC in Li‐PTS batteries and presents pathways for energy storage and conversion in various high entropy carbide materials.
A Liquid Metal Enabled Fluid Pumping in 3D Space
Authors: Xue Rui , Yang Ruizhe , Liu Weiyu , Guo Wenshang , Qu Zhihui , Wang Shuai , Ge Zhenyou , Song Chunlei , Ding Liang , Tao Ye , Ren Yukun
Published: August 2024

As the main prerequisite for flow in microfluidic chips, micropumps have always been the core component of microfluidic systems. With the continuous development trend of the three dimensions and high integration for microfluidic systems in recent years, combining the characteristics of micro and drivable fluid flowing in 3D space is the current mainstream research goal in the functions of the micropumps. Here, based on the continuous electrowetting effect in a confined space of the Ga‐based liquid metal (LM), an LM driving micropump structure is proposed that enables fluid to be pumped up to 200 mm in height, which meets the major demands of microfluidic system working environments. The pumping mechanism is experimentally analyzed and demonstrated, as well as the working performance of the micropump under different output modes (continuous flow and pulsatile flow). The feasibility of this micropump is also verified through a fluid pumping experiment in complex shaped channels and a temperature management experiment in 3D space. This work is envisaged to expand the function and application area of the electric actuators driven by the Ga‐based LM and provide new support for micropumps in the 3D microfluidic chip system.
Engineering of Asymmetric Hollow Carbon Nanoparticles with Tunable Architecture via Flowable Colloidal Polymer‐Emulsion Assembly Strategy
Authors: Cai Jiayuan , Tian Yong , Wang Xiufang
Published: August 2024

Asymmetric hollow carbon (AHC) nanoparticles, celebrated for their distinctive external morphology, intricate internal topology, and exceptional carbon performance, are capturing significant attention. Nevertheless, exploring a universal emulsion assembling system to endow them with customizable architectures remains a formidable yet pending challenge. Interestingly, inspired by “plasticization”, a flowable colloidal polymer‐emulsion assembly strategy is first reported. It makes a striking debut of “dynamically growing‐like” AHC architectures, encompassing double‐headed mushroom, pleurotus eryngii, oyster mushroom, mushroom envelope, mushroom cap, and truffle‐shaped. This breakthrough creates an unprecedented “complete coverage” emulsion assembly mode, which surpasses the constraints of conventional “incomplete coverage” mode and infuses fresh vitality into the thriving nanoparticle‐library. More excitingly, it just is a brand‐new mechanism – the synergistic effect of plasticizing and swelling that flexibly manipulates the assembly between size‐variable emulsion droplet templates and flowable colloidal polymer, thereby successfully propelling the reversible architectural evolution. Remarkably, by skillfully integrating double‐headed mushroom‐shaped AHC nanoparticles with PEG and polyurethane sponge to engineer a composite adsorbent with reliable thermophysical property, it can offer a promising avenue for environmental governance. Generally, these cutting‐edge findings not only enrich the theory of emulsion assembly but also spark fresh inspiration for a vast spectrum of potential applications.
Advance of Near‐Infrared Emissive Carbon Dots in Diagnosis and Therapy: Synthesis, Luminescence, and Application
Authors: Hu Jing , Zheng Ziliang , Yang Yongzhen , Chen Lin , Kang Weiwei
Published: August 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) with good optical properties, biocompatibility, easy functionalization, and small size have attracted more and more attention and laid a good foundation for their applications in the biomedicine field. CDs emitted in near‐infrared regions (NIR‐CDs) can achieve high penetration depth imaging and produce high cytotoxic substance for disease treatment. Therefore, NIR‐CDs are promising materials to realize high‐quality imaging‐guided diagnostic and therapeutic integration. This review first introduces the current mainstream synthesis methods of NIR‐CDs by “top–down” and “bottom–up”. Second, the luminescence modes of NIR‐CDs are introduced, and the luminescence mechanisms based on carbon core state, surface state, molecular state, and crosslinking enhanced emission are summarized. Third, the applications and principles of NIR‐CDs in imaging, drug delivery, and non‐invasive therapeutics are introduced from a view of diagnosis and therapy. Finally, their prospects and challenges in biomedical and biotechnological applications are outlined.
Revealing Mode Formation in Quasi‐Bound States in the Continuum Metasurfaces via Near‐Field Optical Microscopy
Authors: Gölz Thorsten , Baù Enrico , Aigner Andreas , Mancini Andrea , Barkey Martin , Keilmann Fritz , Maier Stefan A. , Tittl Andreas
Published: August 2024

Photonic metasurfaces offer exceptional control over light at the nanoscale, facilitating applications spanning from biosensing, and nonlinear optics to photocatalysis. Many metasurfaces, especially resonant ones, rely on periodicity for the collective mode to form, which makes them subject to the influences of finite size effects, defects, and edge effects, which have considerable negative impact at the application level. These aspects are especially important for quasi‐bound state in the continuum (BIC) metasurfaces, for which the collective mode is highly sensitive to perturbations due to high‐quality factors and strong near‐field enhancement. Here, the mode formation in quasi‐BIC metasurfaces on the individual resonator level using scattering scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) in combination with a new image processing technique, is quantitatively investigated. It is found that the quasi‐BIC mode is formed at a minimum size of 10 × 10‐unit cells much smaller than expected from far‐field measurements. Furthermore, it is shown that the coupling direction of the resonators, defects and edge states have pronounced influence on the quasi‐BIC mode. This study serves as a link between the far‐field and near‐field responses of metasurfaces, offering crucial insights for optimizing spatial footprint and active area, holding promise for augmenting applications such as catalysis and biospectroscopy.
Bottom Contact Engineering for Ambient Fabrication of >25% Durable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yuan Ligang , Zou Shibing , Zhang Kaicheng , Huang Peng , Dong Yuyan , Wang Jiarong , Fan Kezhou , Lam Man Yu , Wu Xiao , Cheng Wei , Tang Ruijia , Chen Wenhao , Liu Weiqing , Wong Kam Sing , Yan Keyou
Published: August 2024

The bottom contact in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is easy to cause deep trap states and severe instability issues, especially under maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In this study, sodium gluconate (SG) is employed to disperse tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and regulate the interface contact at the buried interface. The SG‐SnO2 electron transfer layer (ETL) enabled the deposition of pinhole‐free perovskite films in ambient air and improved interface contact by bridging effect. SG‐SnO2 PSCs achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.34% (certified as 25.17%) with a high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) exceeding 1.19 V. The VOC loss is less than 0.34 V relative to the 1.53 eV bandgap, and the fill factor (FF) loss is only 2.02% due to the improved contact. The SG‐SnO2 PSCs retained around 90% of their initial PCEs after 1000 h operation (T90 = 1000 h), higher than T80 = 1000 h for the control SnO2 PSC. Microstructure analysis revealed that light‐induced degradation primarily occurred at the buried holes and grain boundaries and highlighted the importance of bottom‐contact engineering.
Stereoselective Construction of Trisubstituted 1,3‐Enynes via Aryl to Vinyl 1,4‐Palladium Migration
Authors: Lin Jie , Ma Juan , Wang Liandi , Wu Ping , Wu Kaikai , Zhou Yong‐Gui , Yu Zhengkun
Published: August 2024

Palladium‐catalyzed stereoselective olefinic C−H alkynylation of gem‐diarylsubstituted ethylenes with propargylic alcohols was achieved to access diverse unsymmetrical 1,3‐enynes. The regio‐ and stereoselectivities were established through a 1,4‐palladium migration from aryl to vinyl in the presence of 2‐FC6H4OH as additive. Mechanistic investigations suggest that cleavage of the olefinic C−H bond might not be involved in the rate‐determining step of the catalytic process.
Spin Current Generation at the Hybrid Ferromagnetic Metal/Organic Semiconductor Interface as Revealed by Multiple Magnetic Resonance Techniques
Authors: Takaishi Kohei , Tsutsumi Haruka , Matsuoka Hideto , Suzuki Takayuki , Kanemoto Katsuichi
Published: August 2024

Understanding and controlling the hybrid interface of ferromagnetic (FM) metal/organic semiconductor (OS) is critical for realizing efficient spin polarization transfers. Here, multilayer devices composed of FM metal and OS with extremely long spin relaxation time are prepared, for which the correlation between spin current properties and interfacial electronic states is investigated using multiple magnetic resonance techniques. These multilayer devices exhibit a narrower ferromagnetic resonance linewidth compared to FM single‐layer devices, despite generating spin currents by spin‐pumping, which challenges conventional understanding. This narrower linewidth results from the formation of hybrid electronic states at the FM/OS interface. The OS layer employed enables the detection of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signals even in thin films, indicating that FM and OS spins mix across the hybrid interface and that the inflow of FM spins for spin current generation significantly increases the EPR linewidth. These findings highlight the importance of the interfacial design between FM metals and OSs for efficient spin current generation and pave the way for new explorations of hybrid interfacial electronic states.
Numerical simulations of particle concentration and size effects in a slurry bubble column with a CFD‐PBM coupled model
Authors: Shen Xiankun , Zhang Huahai , Jia Zhiyong , Guo Zhongshan , Wang Yuelin , Li Banghao , Shen Yongbin , Lan Xiaocheng , Wang Tiefeng
Published: August 2024

The combined effects of particle concentration (0–20 vol%) and particle size on the hydrodynamics of a slurry bubble column were studied by computational fluid dynamics coupled with population balance model (CFD‐PBM) in a wide range of superficial gas velocity (0.02–0.20 m/s). This CFD‐PBM coupled model included multiple effects of particles, namely increased slurry viscosity, reduced drag force, promoted bubble coalescence, and attenuated liquid turbulence, among which turbulence attenuation was crucial. To quantify liquid turbulence attenuation, a mechanistic model was established by equating the energy dissipated by particle motion to the attenuated liquid turbulence energy calculated from turbulent energy spectrum. The turbulent energy dissipation rate was reduced by over 60% at a solid concentration of 20%. Using this model, the effects of particle concentration and particle size on overall gas holdup were well predicted. This model advanced our understanding of how particles affect the gas holdup in a slurry bubble column.
Enhanced selective hydrogenation of CO2 to CH4 on molybdenum carbide hollow sphere catalyst
Authors: Men Yu‐Long , Liu Peng , Cheng Dang‐Guo , Peng Chong , Zhao Yiyi , Pan Yun‐Xiang
Published: August 2024

Herein, methane (CH4) production in carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation by hydrogen (H2) is enhanced by reducing surface carbon deposits on molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) hollow spheres. When surface carbon deposits present on Mo2C hollow spheres, CO2 conversion is 9.9%, and CO and CH4 are both produced from CO2 hydrogenation, with CO and CH4 selectivity of 58.4% and 41.6%, respectively. When surface carbon deposits absent on Mo2C hollow spheres, CO2 conversion increases to 18.6%, and CO2 hydrogenation to CH4 is enhanced, with a 100% CH4 selectivity. Reducing surface carbon deposits on Mo2C hollow spheres changes the CO2 adsorbed on Mo2C hollow spheres from a monodentate structure to a bidentate structure which prefers to undergo hydrogenation to CH4, thus enhancing CH4 formation from CO2 hydrogenation. These results open a new way to fabricate more efficient noble‐metal‐free catalysts for selective CO2 hydrogenation.
Multiple Acyl‐Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency Is Associated with Sertraline Use – Is There an Acquired Form?
Authors: Sunebo Sofie , Appelqvist Hanna , Häggqvist Bo , Danielsson Olof
Published: August 2024

Objective

Multiple acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) is a disorder of fatty acid oxidation and considered an inborn error of metabolism. In recent years, we have diagnosed an increasing number of patients where, despite extensive investigation, no disease‐causing mutations have been found. We therefore investigated a cohort of consecutive patients, with the objective to detect possible non‐genetic causes.

Methods

We searched the patient records and the registry of muscle biopsies, for patients with MADD, diagnosed within the past 10 years. The patient records were reviewed regarding symptoms, clinical findings, comorbidities, drugs, diagnostic investigations, and response to treatment. In addition, complementary investigations of muscle tissue were performed.

Results

We identified 9 patients diagnosed with late‐onset MADD. All presented with muscle weakness and elevated levels of creatine kinase. A lipid storage myopathy was evident in the muscle biopsies, as was elevated acylcarnitines in blood. Despite thorough genetic investigations, a probable genetic cause was found in only 2 patients. Remarkably, all 7 patients without disease‐causing mutations were treated with sertraline. In some cases, a deterioration of symptoms closely followed dose increase, and discontinuation resulted in an improved acylcarnitine profile. All 9 patients responded to riboflavin treatment with normalization of creatine kinase and muscle biopsy findings, and in 8 patients the clinical symptoms clearly improved.

Interpretation

Our findings strongly suggest that sertraline may induce an acquired form of MADD in some patients. Importantly, riboflavin treatment seems to be similarly effective as in genetic MADD, but discontinuation of sertraline is reasonably warranted. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:802–811
High‐Entropy‐Inspired Multicomponent Electrical Double Layer Structure Design for Stable Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Huang Cong , Zhu Dejian , Zhao Xin , Hao Yisu , Yang Yujie , Qian Yang , Chang Ge , Tang Qunli , Hu Aiping , Chen Xiaohua
Published: August 2024

Regulating the electrical double layer (EDL) structure can enhance the cycling stability of Zn metal anodes, however, the effectiveness of this strategy is significantly limited by individual additives. Inspired by the high‐entropy (HE) concept, we developed a multicomponent (MC) EDL structure composed of La3+, Cl−, and BBI anions by adding dibenzenesulfonimide (BBI) and LaCl3 additives into ZnSO4 electrolytes (BBI/LaCl3/ZnSO4). Specifically, La3+ ions accumulate within EDL to shield the net charges on the Zn surface, allowing more BBI anions and Cl− ions to enter this region. Consequently, this unique MC EDL enables Zn anodes to simultaneously achieve uniform electric field, robust SEI layer, and balanced reaction kinetics. Moreover, the synergistic parameter – a novel descriptor for quantifying collaborative improvement – was first proposed to demonstrates the synergistic effect between BBI and LaCl3 additives. Benefitting from these advantages, Zn metal anodes achieved a high reversibility of 99.5 % at a depth of discharge (DoD) of 51.3 %, and Zn|MnO2 pouch cells exhibited a stable cycle life of 100 cycles at a low N/P ratio of 2.9.
Selective Hydroboration of C−C Single Bonds without Transition‐Metal Catalysis
Authors: Li Sida , Hu Chaopeng , Leo Liu Liu , Wu Lipeng
Published: August 2024

Selective hydroboration of C−C single bonds presents a fundamental challenge in the chemical industry. Previously, only catalytic systems utilizing precious metals Ir and Rh, in conjunction with N‐ and P‐ ligands, could achieve this, ensuring bond cleavage and selectivity. In sharp contrast, we discovered an unprecedented and general transition‐metal‐free system for the hydroboration of C−C single bonds. This methodology is transition‐metal and ligand‐free and surpasses the transition‐metal systems regarding chemo‐ and regioselectivities, substrate versatility, or yields. In addition, our system tolerates various functional groups such as Ar−X (X=halides), heterocyclic rings, ketones, esters, amides, nitro, nitriles, and C=C double bonds, which are typically susceptible to hydroboration in the presence of transition metals. As a result, a diverse range of γ‐boronated amines with varied structures and functions has been readily obtained. Experimental mechanistic studies, density functional theory (DFT), and intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) calculations unveiled a hydroborane‐promoted C−C bond cleavage and hydride‐shift reaction pathway. The carbonyl group of the amide suppresses dehydrogenation between the free N−H and hydroborane. The lone pair on the nitrogen of the amide facilitates the cleavage of C−C bonds in cyclopropanes.