bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Inclusion through Participation: the Case of the Participatory Budget in São Paulo
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ‐MEDINA ESTHER
Published: June 2010

One of the largest urban centers in the world, the Brazilian city of São Paulo is characterized by high levels of socio‐economic inequality and political polarization, significantly complicating issues of urban governance. Despite being designed to partially address these problems, São Paulo's participatory budget (PB) was bounded by its urban context, institutional design and the relative strength of the political actors involved. The article analyzes a mechanism created within the PB to incorporate historically disadvantaged groups, or ‘socially vulnerable segments’, during the Workers' Party administration of 2001–04. The segments methodology constitutes an intriguing example of how affirmative action can be used to improve decision‐making processes and address social exclusion in urban contexts. In particular, the segments served as a ‘counterpublic’ within the PB, helping activists representing the segments to develop strategies influencing the city's urban and social policy.

L’un des plus grands centres urbains du monde, São Paulo au Brésil, se caractérise par des niveaux élevés d’inégalité socio‐économique et de polarisation politique, ce qui complique considérablement les enjeux de la gouvernance urbaine. Bien que conçu en partie pour traiter ces problèmes, le budget participatif appliquéà São Paulo était contraint par son contexte urbain, son modèle institutionnel et la puissance relative des acteurs politiques impliqués. L’article analyse un mécanisme créé au sein du système de budget participatif dans le but d’intégrer des groupes traditionnellement désavantagés, ou ‘segments socialement vulnérables’, pendant l’administration municipale du Parti des Travailleurs de 2001 à 2004. La méthodologie des segments constitue une illustration intéressante de la manière dont une action antidiscriminatoire peut servir à améliorer des processus de décision et intervenir sur l’exclusion sociale dans des contextes urbains. Les segments ont notamment agi en ‘contre‐public’ dans le budget participatif, aidant les militants qui représentaient les segments àélaborer des stratégies visant à influencer les politiques urbaines et sociales de la ville.
A survey and analysis of the role of molecular chaperone proteins and imidazole‐containing dipeptide‐based compounds as molecular escorts into the skin during stress, injury, water structuring and other types of cutaneous pathophysiology
Authors: Babizhayev M. A. , Nikolayev G. M. , Nikolayeva J. G. , Yegorov Y. E.
Published: June 2010

Synopsis

Molecular chaperone, heat shock proteins (HSPs), stabilizes intracellular processes of cells under stress. Little is known about the role of molecular chaperone proteins in the skin pathology, rejuvenation and wound healing, or whether their expression is altered by environmental and physiological stress to the skin or systemic disease. The focus of this study was to examine the role of molecular chaperone proteins in the skin’s local response to wounding, skin ageing and a range of skin diseases. Free radicals, one form of insult, induce or contribute to adverse effects on the skin, including erythema, oedema, wrinkling, photoaging, inflammation, autoimmune reactions, hypersensitivity, keratinization abnormalities, preneoplastic lesions and skin cancer. A unified view of the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of the skin age‐related pathology conditions has led to the search for molecular and chemical chaperones that can slow, arrest or revert disease progression. Specific alpha‐crystallin domains and pharmacological imidazole‐containing dipeptide chaperone molecules are now emerging that link our biophysical insights with developed skin therapeutic techniques. In this article, we discuss the molecular nature of the stress signals, the mechanisms that underlie activation of the heat shock response, the role of molecular chaperone proteins as skin protective molecules, and strategies for pharmacologically active chaperone molecules and their imidazole‐containing dipeptide inducers as regulators of the skin stress response. We discuss how impairment in protein hydration may cause ultrastructural, mechanical and biochemical changes in structural proteins in the aged skin. We have pioneered the molecular chaperone protein activated therapeutic or cosmetic platform to enable simultaneous analysis of water‐binding and structuring characteristics for biology of skin ageing and skin disease‐related pathways. This cutting‐edge technology has improved the way that proteins hydrate in photoaged skin. The mechanisms of skin diseases, ageing, cellular, and signalling pathways mediated by targeting with molecular chaperone protein(s) in patented formulations with imidazole containing dipeptide (N‐acetylcarnosine, carcinine, carnosine) are also discussed within this review.
Response to distress in infants at risk for autism: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Hutman Ted , Rozga Agata , DeLaurentis Angeline D. , Barnwell Jenna M. , Sugar Catherine A. , Sigman Marian
Published: June 2010

Background:  Infants and preschoolers with ASD show impairment in their responses to other people’s distress relative to children with other developmental delays and typically developing children. This deficit is expected to disrupt social interactions, social learning, and the formation of close relationships. Response to distress has not been evaluated previously in infants with ASD earlier than 18 months of age.

Methods:  Participants were 103 infant siblings of children with autism and 55 low‐risk controls. All children were screened for ASD at 36 months and 14 were diagnosed with ASD. Infants’ responsiveness to distress was evaluated at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. An examiner pretended to hit her finger with a toy mallet and infants’ responses were video‐recorded. Attention to the examiner and congruent changes in affect were coded on four‐point Likert scales.

Results:  Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses confirm that the ASD group paid less attention and demonstrated less change in affect in response to the examiner’s distress relative to the high‐risk and low‐risk participants who were not subsequently diagnosed with ASD. Group differences remained when verbal skills and general social responsiveness were included in the analytic models.

Conclusions:  Diagnostic groups differ on distress response from 12 to 36 months of age. Distress‐response measures are predictive of later ASD diagnosis above and beyond verbal impairments. Distress response is a worthwhile target for early intervention programs.
Bcl11A/CTIP1 mediates the effect of the glutamate receptor on axon branching and dendrite outgrowth
Authors: Kuo Ting‐Yu , Chen Chiung‐Ya , Hsueh Yi‐Ping
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1381–1392.

While neuronal activity regulates neurite outgrowth and branching, the details of the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. This study investigated the effect of the glutamate receptors on neuritogenesis using cultured hippocampal neurons. At 3–4 days in vitro, NMDA treatment promoted axon branching but not primary axon extension. In contrast, blockade of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) by AP5 treatment enhanced primary axon extension. NMDAR activation also increased dendrite number and total dendrite length. These results suggest that NMDAR controls axon and dendrite morphogenesis. A previous study demonstrated that knockdown of the zinc finger transcription factor B cell lymphoma 11A‐long (Bcl11A‐L) reduces deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and microtubule‐associated protein (MAP) 1b expression, thereby promoting axon branching. Here, glutamate stimulation down‐regulated the levels of the Bcl11A‐L, DCC, MAP1b, and MAP2c proteins. Over‐expression of either Bcl11A‐L or DCC countered the effect of NMDA or glutamate on axon branching and dendrite outgrowth, indicating that the Bcl11A‐L/DCC pathway is an important downstream effector of glutamate receptors in neurite arborization. Because knockdown of Bcl11A‐L did not down‐regulate MAP2c, our results suggest that glutamate receptors also use a Bcl11A‐L‐independent pathway to control dendrite outgrowth. To summarize, this study reveals novel pathways downstream of glutamate receptors that regulate axon and dendrite arborization.
Differences in activation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase in Jnk3 null mice following KA treatment
Authors: De Lemos Luisa , Junyent Fèlix , Verdaguer Ester , Folch Jaume , Romero Rafael , Pallàs Mercè , Ferrer Isisdre , Auladell Carme , Camins Antoni
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1315–1322.

The MAPK family is formed by extracellular signal‐regulated kinases p38 kinase and stress‐activated protein kinases (SAPK/JNK). There are three genes that encode for three JNK proteins. JNK3 is mainly expressed in the central nervous system and has been related to various processes in that tissue. Specifically, JNK3 plays a crucial role in neuronal death in several neurodegenerative diseases. The activation of this kinase has been described in epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Different studies have shown that the lack of the Jnk3 gene confers neuroprotection. However, the specific mechanism involved in such neuroprotection has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the neuroprotection in mice lacking Jnk3 against neuronal death induced by kainic acid. Moreover, we analyzed the activation of different MAPKs. The results revealed that neuronal death was attenuated and different activation/inactivation of p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 was reported with respect to control. Therefore, the data indicate that the lack of the JNK3 protein modulates other MAPKs and these changes could also have a pivotal role in neuroprotection.
Non‐Rigid Surface Matching and Its Application to Scoliosis Modelling
Authors: Ang Kim‐Siang , Mitchell Harvey L.
Published: June 2010

The registration of digital surface topographies has applications in cases requiring comparisons with previously derived data for the purpose of identifying surface change. A spatial data manipulation tool in the form of a non‐rigid surface matching algorithm with new parameters has been investigated, and is aimed at replacing the classical least squares 3D surface matching approach which allows positional fit rather than shape fit. A computer program has been written to implement the matching algorithm. A potential application in the medical field may result from the extensive use of surface topographies of back shapes to monitor scoliosis. So far, the analysis of back shape change to identify scoliotic progress has not been satisfactorily solved. As a contribution to this task, the capacity of the non‐rigid matching algorithm to find the match and simultaneously model the scoliotic deformities has been assessed. Analysis indicates that this new non‐rigid algorithm is an improvement on the classical rigid surface matching approach. The new parameters model and delineate the possible shape changes caused by scoliosis. The results show that this new non‐rigid algorithm not only assures the best positional fit but also the best shape fit.
Use of the parabiotic model in studies of cutaneous wound healing to define the participation of circulating cells
Authors: Song Guodong , Nguyen Dinh T. , Pietramaggiori Giorgio , Scherer Saja , Chen Bin , Zhan Qian , Ogawa Rei , Yannas I.V. , Wagers Amy J. , Orgill Dennis P. , Murphy George F.
Published: June 2010

Previous experimental studies to assess the contribution of blood‐borne circulating (BBC) cells to cutaneous wound healing have relied on discontinuous pulsing of labeled BBC elements or bone marrow transplant protocols. Such approaches do not allow the examination of stable BBC cells that have matured in a physiologically normal host. We have used a parabiotic murine model for cutaneous wound healing to evaluate the relative contribution of stable populations of peripheral blood cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene in otherwise normal animals. Circulating cells (mature and immature) expressing the GFP transgene were easily detected and quantified in wounds of GFP− parabiotic twins during all evaluated stages of the healing response. Using multiple antibody probes, the relative contribution of various subsets of BBC cells could be comparatively assessed. In early wounds, some cells expressing mesenchymal epitopes were documented to be of hematopoietic origin, indicating the utility of this model in assessing cell plasticity in the context of tissue regeneration and repair. Application of this approach enables further investigation into the contribution of peripheral blood in normal and abnormal healing responses.
Characterization of endothelial progenitor cells mobilization following cutaneous wounding
Authors: Morris Lee M. , Klanke Charles A. , Lang Stephanie A. , Pokall Stefan , Maldonado Arturo R. , Vuletin Jose F. , Alaee Datis , Keswani Sundeep G. , Lim Foong‐Yen , Crombleholme Timothy M.
Published: June 2010

Bone marrow (BM)‐derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are known to play an important role in neovascularization and wound healing. We investigated the temporal effects of cutaneous wounding on EPC surface markers within the peripheral blood and BM, and to better understand the role of the stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 alpha (SDF‐1α/CXCR4) axis on EPC mobilization after wounding. FVB/NJ mice were administered bilateral 8 mm circular full‐thickness skin wounds. Peripheral blood and BM were isolated at daily intervals postwounding through day 7 and analyzed for EPC mobilization characteristics and levels of SDF‐1α. Cutaneous wounding was found to cause a transient increase in EPC mobilization that peaked on day 3. In contrast, SDF‐1α protein within blood plasma was observed to significantly decrease on days 3, 4, and 7 following cutaneous wounding. BM levels of SDF‐1α protein decreased to a nadir on day 3, the same day as peak mobilization was observed to occur. The decrease in BM SDF‐1α protein levels was also associated with a decrease in SDF‐1α mRNA suggesting transcriptional down‐regulation as a contributing factor. This study for the first time characterizes EPC mobilization following cutaneous wounding in mice and supports a major role for the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis in regulating mobilization within the BM, without evidence for systemic increases in SDF‐1α.
Improvement of hypertrophic scarring by using topical anti‐fibrogenic/anti‐inflammatory factors in a rabbit ear model
Authors: Rahmani‐Neishaboor Elham , Yau Farrah Meng‐kay , Jalili Reza , Kilani Ruhangiz T. , Ghahary Aziz
Published: June 2010

This study investigates the scar‐reducing efficacy of topical application of stratifin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a rabbit ear model. A total of five New Zealand white rabbits with four wounds per ear were examined. Either recombinant stratifin (0.002%) or ASA (0.5%) incorporated in carboxymethyl cellulose gel was topically applied on each wound at postwounding Day 5. Scars were harvested at postwounding Day 28 for histological analysis. The wounds treated with stratifin and ASA showed 82 and 73% reduction in scar volume, respectively, compared with that of untreated controls. A reduction of 57 and 41% in total tissue cellularity along with 79 and 91% reduction in infiltrated CD3+ T cells were observed in response to treatment with stratifin and ASA, respectively, compared with those of untreated controls. Wounds treated with stratifin showed a 2.8‐fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase‐1 expression, which resulted in a 48% decrease in collagen density compared with those of untreated controls. Qualitative wound assessment showed a reduced hypertrophic scarring in stratifin and ASA‐treated wounds when compared with the controls. This study showed that topical application of either stratifin or ASA‐impregnated carboxymethyl cellulose gel reduced hypertrophic scar formation following dermal injuries in a rabbit ear fibrotic model.
Resistance to Wear of Four Matrices with Ball Attachments for Implant Overdentures: A Fatigue Study
Authors: Branchi Roberto , Vangi Dario , Virga Antonio , Guertin Genevieve , Fazi Giovanni
Published: June 2010

Purpose: The study evaluated in vitro the retention force and the wear resistance over simulated function of four matrix components of ball attachments for implant‐retained overdentures.

Materials and Methods: Four types of matrices for ball attachments were evaluated in a fatigue study simulating 5500 cycles of insertion and removal. The matrices used were (1) a Teflon matrix supported by a metal housing, (2) a titanium matrix, (3) a gold alloy matrix, (4) an O‐ring matrix using the red color ring for medium retention. Dimensional changes of the ball attachments were investigated with a profilometer.

Results: The Teflon matrices showed an increase of 27% in retention at 5500 cycles while the gold alloy matrices showed an increase of 50% in retention in the first 500 cycles and remained relatively stable up to 5500 cycles. On the other hand, titanium matrices and O‐ring matrices exhibited progressive loss of retention ending with 68% and 75% of retention loss, respectively, at 5500 cycles. Dimensional analysis by profilometer revealed significant wear on the ball attachment only for titanium matrixes.

Conclusions: Gold alloy and Teflon matrices showed the highest retention values without retention loss after 3 years of simulated function. Titanium and O‐ring matrices presented a continuous loss of retention with the highest wear on the ball attachments when combined with the titanium matrix.
Relevant Anatomic and Biomechanical Studies for Implant Possibilities on the Atrophic Maxilla: Critical Appraisal and Literature Review
Authors: Rossetti Paulo Henrique Orlato , Bonachela Wellington Cardoso , Rossetti Leylha Maria Nunes
Published: June 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to highlight anatomic and biomechanical aspects of atrophic maxillae for implant possibilities.

Materials and Methods: A MEDLINE electronic search of the years 1966 to 2009 was conducted with the keywords “atrophic,”“resorbed,”“edentulous,” and “maxilla.”

Results: Twenty papers presented the following findings: (1) previous use of a removable prosthesis is a risk factor for resorption, with flabby tissues related to the severity of resorption; (2) implants in the reconstructed maxilla (≤5 mm) and supporting overdentures had a higher risk for bone loss based on the worse periimplant soft‐tissue health observed; (3) bleeding on probing was found with pocket depths ≥5 mm in half of the zygomatic implants; (4) prevalence of bone septa is higher in atrophic maxillae, and changes on nasopalatine canal can reduce up to 44.4% of the full length of buccal bone plates; (5) female patients have less medullar bone quantity and connectivity than male patients; (6) transectioning of nutrient vessels is easier and accelerates resorption; (7) stress does not concentrate on maxillary sinus base cortical bone contiguous to trabecular bone; (8) splinted implants receive nine times less load than nonsplinted implants even under oblique loading; (9) implant stability quotient (ISQ) values for implants ranged between 60 and 65; (10) in vivo force transfer to implants is similar between fixed prostheses and overdentures; (11) inclined implants generate better biomechanical responses; (12) masticatory efficiency and bite forces improve in maxillectomized patients who receive obturators with milled bar attachments.

Conclusion: Sound implant‐supported choices for an atrophic maxilla must be made with a thorough understanding of its anatomic and biomechanical factors.
Role of Modification Agent Coverage in Hydrogen Generation by the Reaction of Al with Water
Authors: Deng Zhen‐Yan , Liu Wen‐Hui , Gai Wei‐Zhuo , Sakka Yoshio , Ye Jinhua , Ou Zhong‐Wen
Published: June 2010

Previous works indicated that Al particle surfaces could be modified by fine γ‐Al2O3 grains, which can be used as a hydrogen‐generation material, where the fine γ‐Al2O3 grains were produced by the decomposition of the Al(OH)3 phase in the mixture. In this work, commercially available γ‐Al2O3 powder was directly used as the modification agent and mixed with Al powder and heat treated at an elevated temperature. It was found that the modified Al powder produced by directly using γ‐Al2O3 has an obvious shorter time for complete hydrogen generation than that using Al(OH)3‐produced γ‐Al2O3. Microstructure analyses revealed that directly using γ‐Al2O3 powder has a better coverage of fine γ‐Al2O3 grains on Al particle surfaces than the Al(OH)3‐produced γ‐Al2O3. This implies that a uniform distribution of modification agents on Al particle surfaces is an important factor for the Al–water reaction dynamics.
Ceria‐Containing Frit for Luster in Modern Ceramic Glaze
Authors: Siligardi Cristina , Montecchi Monica , Montorsi Monia , Pasquali Luca
Published: June 2010

The main goal of this work was to study the formation of the luster effect in a glaze manufactured from a ceria‐containing frit. The glazes obtained under industrial firing were studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction at room temperature and high temperature, and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersion spectroscopy. The mechanism of the luster effect on the surface was explained. The results indicated that the glaze presents iridescent colors on the surface, mainly associated with the formation of a very thin layer of CeO2 crystals. Moreover, the CeO2 crystals show a preferential orientation and different dimensions. The CeO2 crystallization on the glaze was also studied using a hot‐stage X‐ray technique.
High‐Temperature Resistance in Alkali‐Activated Cement
Authors: Fernández‐Jiménez Ana , Pastor José Y. , Martín Antonia , Palomo Angel
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the results of tests conducted to ascertain at high temperatures the mechanical behavior of cements whose most prominent characteristic is the absence or near absence of Portland cement in their composition. More specifically, it reports on the study of three binders: (a) Portland cement (control); (b) 100% sodium silicate‐activated fly ash; and (c) a blend of 70% ash+30% clinker activated with solid‐state activators (solid sodium silicate+Na2CO3). Two types of tests were conducted: (i) tests to determine the mechanical strength and fracture toughness of the three materials between 25° and 600°C and (ii) postthermal treatment tests to evaluate the residual strength after 1 h of exposure to temperatures ranging from 200° to 1000°C. XRD and SEM techniques were also deployed to track the mineralogical and microstructural variations in the materials as a result of such an exposure. The findings showed that a pseudo‐viscous phase is generated in alkaline cements at around 600°C that would explain the decline in strength observed when specimens were loaded at increasing temperatures. This phase and its subsequent recrystallization into new phases (nepheline, albite, and gehlenite) were also responsible for the high‐residual mechanical strength values observed in these materials after exposure to high temperatures and subsequent cooling but absent in OPC.
Oxidation Behavior of Ternary Carbide Ceramics in Hf–Al–C System in Air
Authors: He Ling‐Feng , Li Jing‐Jing , Nian Hong‐Qiang , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Bao Yi‐Wang , Li Mei‐Shuan , Wang Jing‐Yang , Zhou Yan‐Chun
Published: June 2010

The oxidation behavior of Hf–Al–C ceramics containing 37.5 wt% Hf3Al3C5, 30.5 wt% Hf2Al4C5, and 32.0 wt% Hf3Al4C6 has been investigated at 900°–1300°C in air. The oxidation kinetics approximately follows a linear law with the activation energy of 194±12 kJ/mol. The oxidation resistance of Hf–Al–C ceramics at high temperature is superior to HfC. The oxide scale is porous and composed of well‐mixed t‐HfO2 and Al2O3 as well as residual free carbon. The stabilization mechanisms of t‐HfO2 and free carbon have been discussed. The simultaneous oxidation of Hf and Al in Hf–Al–C ceramics can be attributed to their close oxygen affinity as well as the strong coupling between Hf–C blocks and Al–C units in the crystal structures.
Determining the Source of Equine Bloodstains by Dinucleotide Repeats*
Authors: Chen Jin‐Wen , Uboh Cornelius E. , Soma Lawrence R. , Li Xiaoqing , Guan Fuyu , You Youwen , Liu Ying
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  A novel multiplex of independent dinucleotide tandem repeat (DTR) loci was previously described that is capable of not only discriminating human and equine DNA, but of identifying a single equine source. We report a case in which a bloodstained syringe and two needles were found during inspection of a barn by inspectors of the Pennsylvania Racing Commissions. Using the multiplex and single‐locus detection, all 21 equine DTR markers were detected in a suspect horse and two evidence samples, indicating the evidence samples came from the suspect animal. Only six markers were detected in the third evidence sample because the volume of blood was limited. Following whole‐genome amplification and single‐locus PCR, the third evidence sample detected a total of 17 markers and the likelihood of identity (probability from suspect horse/probability from a random pacer) was 7.0 × 106. The DTR multiplex has some technical limitations, but it is already practical for casework.
Estimation of Time of Death With a Fourier Series Unsteady‐State Heat Transfer Model
Authors: Smart Jimmy L.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to return to fundamental principles of heat transfer and derive a suitable model to establish a firm basis for constructing a postmortem human cooling curve. A Fourier Series Model was successfully applied to unsteady heat transfer within a wooden cylinder in controlled laboratory conditions. Wood has similar thermal diffusivity properties as human tissue. By manipulation of the model, sensitivity analyses were performed to observe the impact of changes in values of input variables. Variables of initial temperature of the cylinder and ambient surrounding temperature were shown to be very sensitive and have the most impact upon predictive results of the model. The model was also used to demonstrate the existence of an initial temperature plateau, which is often the subject of controversy in estimating time of death. Finally, it was demonstrated how the Fourier Series Model can be applied to estimate time of death for humans.
An Unusual Death Involving a Sensory Deprivation Tank*
Authors: Lann Meredith A. , Martin Amy
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  Deaths involving sensory deprivation tanks are very rare. We describe a unique case in which a previously healthy 50‐year‐old woman apparently died while floating in a sensory deprivation tank at her residence. Autopsy failed to reveal definitive anatomical abnormalities pointing to the cause of death. A thorough scene investigation, full medicolegal autopsy to include toxicological analyses, and a complete investigation into the equipment at the scene, were conducted. Blood toxicologic studies were significant for the presence of ethanol (0.27%) and a mixture of over‐the‐counter sedating medications and prescription drugs. The cause of death was ruled as acute mixed drug and ethanol toxicity combined with probable environmental hyperthermia; manner was accident. This case report will help the forensic community understand the intended use of flotation tanks, as well as possible risks associated with improper use.
A prospective, randomized pilot study on the safety and efficacy of recombinant human growth and differentiation factor‐5 coated onto β‐tricalcium phosphate for sinus lift augmentation
Authors: Koch Felix P. , Becker Jürgen , Terheyden Hendrik , Capsius Björn , Wagner Wilfried ,   on behalf of the research group of this multicenter clinical trial
Published: June 2010

Objectives: The aim of this prospective, randomized clinical trial was to investigate the potential of recombinant human growth and differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5) coated onto β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) (rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP) to support bone formation after sinus lift augmentation.

Material and methods: In total, 31 patients participated in this multicenter clinical trial. They required a two‐stage unilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation (residual bone height <5 mm). According to a parallel‐group design, the patients were randomized to three treatment groups: (a) augmentation with rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP and a 3‐month healing period, (b) augmentation with rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP and a 4‐month healing period and (c) medical device β‐TCP mixed with autologous bone and a 4‐month healing period. The primary study objective was the area of newly formed bone within the augmented area as assessed by histomorphometric evaluation of trephine bur biopsies.

Results: The osseous regeneration was similar in each treatment group; the amount of newly formed bone ranged between 28% (± 15.5%) and 31.8% (± 17.9%). Detailed analysis of histological data will be published elsewhere. As secondary efficacy variables, the augmentation height at the surgery site was measured by radiography. The largest augmentation was radiologically achieved in the rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP – 3‐month and the rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP – 4‐month treatment groups. As safety parameters, adverse events were recorded and anti‐drug antibody levels were evaluated. Most of the adverse events were judged as unrelated to the study medication. Four out of 47 (8.5%) implants failed in patients treated with rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP, a result that is in agreement with the general implant failure rate of 5–15%. Transiently very low amounts of anti‐rhGDF‐5 antibodies were detected in some patients who received rhGDF‐5, which was not related to the bone formation outcome.

Conclusion: rhGDF‐5/β‐TCP was found to be effective and safe as the control treatment with autologous bone mixed β‐TCP in sinus floor augmentation. Thus, further investigation regarding efficacy and safety will be carried out in larger patient populations.

To cite this article:
 Koch FP, Becker J, Terheyden H, Capsius B, Wagner W, on behalf of the research group of this multicenter clinical trial. A prospective, randomized pilot study on the safety and efficacy of recombinant human growth and differentiation factor‐5 coated onto β‐tricalcium phosphate for sinus lift augmentation. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 1301–1308. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01949.x
Strain‐specific proportion of the two isoforms of the dopamine D2 receptor in the mouse striatum: associated neural and behavioral phenotypes
Authors: Colelli V. , Fiorenza M. T. , Conversi D. , Orsini C. , Cabib S.
Published: June 2010

Genetic variability in the proportion of the two alternative dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) mRNA splice variants, D2R‐long (D2L) and D2R‐short (D2S), influence corticostriatal functioning and could be implicated in liability to psychopathology. This study compared mesostriatal D2L/D2S ratios and associated neural and behavioral phenotypes in mice of the DBA/2J and C57BL/6J‐inbred strains, which differ for schizophrenia‐ and addiction‐like phenotypes. Results showed that DBA/2J mice lack the striatal predominance of D2L that has been reported in the rat and in C57BL/6J mice and confirmed in the latter strain by this study. Only C57BL/6J mice showed enhanced striatal c‐Fos expression under D1R and D2/3R co‐stimulation, indicating synergistic interaction between the subtypes of DA receptors. Instead, DBA/2J mice were characterized by opposing effects of D2/3R and D1R stimulation on striatal c‐Fos expression, in line with a more pronounced influence of D2S isoform, and did not express stereotyped climbing under D1R and D2/3R co‐stimulation, as reported for D2L−/− mice. Finally, strain‐specific modulation of c‐Fos expression by D1R and D2/3R co‐stimulation was selectively observed in striatal compartments receiving inputs from the prefrontal cortex and involved in the control of motivated behaviors. These results show differences in tissue‐specific D2R splicing in mice with intact genotypes and support a role for this phenotype in individual variability of corticostriatal functioning and in liability to psychopathology.
The effect of nightshift on emergency registrars' clinical skills
Authors: Marcus Leonie , Liew Donald , Knott Jonathan
Published: June 2010

Objective:  The effect of nightshift on ED staff performance is of clinical and risk‐management significance. Previous studies have demonstrated deterioration in psychomotor skills but the present study specifically assessed the impact of nightshift on clinical performance.

Methods:  The ED registrars in a tertiary hospital were enrolled in a prospective observational study and served as their own controls. During nightshift, subjects were presented simulated scenarios and tested with eight clinical questions developed to Fellowship examination standard. Matched scenarios and questions for the same subjects during dayshift served as controls. Two investigators, blinded to subject identity and the setting in which questions were attempted, independently collated answers.

Results:  Of 22 eligible subjects, all were recruited; four were excluded owing to incomplete data. A correlation of 0.99 was observed between the independent scoring investigators. Of a possible score of 17, the median result for nightshift was 9.5 (interquartile range: 8–11); corresponding value for dayshift was 12 (interquartile range: 10–13); P= 0.047.

Conclusion:  Nightshift effect on clinical performance is anecdotally well known. The present study quantifies such effects, specifically for the ED setting, and paves the way for focused research. The implications for clinical governance strategies are significant, as the fraternity embraces the mandate to maintain quality emergency care 24 h per day.
Manipulation of nasal fractures with local anaesthetic: A ‘How to do it’ with online video tutorial
Authors: Repanos Costa , Anderson Daniel , Earnshaw James , Mitchell David , Coman William
Published: June 2010

Nasal fractures are the most common facial fractures and displaced fractures may cause considerable cosmetic concern. Traditionally, displaced nasal fractures have been manipulated under general anaesthesia (GA) performed within 2 weeks of the injury. Despite evidence for the benefit of local anaesthesia (LA), nasal fractures are still most commonly reduced under GA. We have presented a method of reduction of simple nasal fractures under LA in an outpatient setting. This has the advantage of being painless, simple to attempt and cost‐effective. If reduction is inadequate then a general anaesthetic reduction is still possible. A recent comprehensive systematic review of all the available evidence did not show any significant difference (in terms of cosmesis, pain or nasal obstruction) between using LA and GA methods and highlighted the evidence base to support LA. We describe our method of assessment and treatment of displaced nasal fractures and provide an online tutorial (http://sciencestage.com/v/22194/local‐anaesthetic‐nasal‐fracture‐reduction.html). It is important to keep in mind that any concerns should be referred to an otolaryngology specialist for further management and that practitioners attempting this technique should first receive training from an otolaryngologist.
Acute neck swelling: A diagnostic dilemma in a regional hospital
Authors: Pedersen Alan
Published: June 2010

This case study describes an incident of acute neck swelling in a patient presenting to the ED of a regional hospital after hours. Maintaining and securing her airway proved to be challenging, as did arriving at the correct cause of her airway obstruction and neck swelling.
Biochemical studies on malathion resistance, inheritance and association of carboxylesterase activity in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens complex in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Latif M. A. , Omar Mohd Yosuh , Tan Soon Guan , Siraj S.S. , Ismail Abdul Rahim
Published: June 2010

Abstract  Two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (BPH), one from rice and the other from Leersia hexandra were collected from each of five locations in Malaysia. All the tested malathion‐resistant individuals of the rice BPH population and F1 generation (cross between malathion‐resistant [usually caught on rice] and malathion‐susceptible [usually caught on Leersia]) showed high esterase activity, while all malathion‐susceptible individuals on L. hexandra showed low esterase activity. In the F2 generation, all the individuals tested against malathion were approximately 75% resistant and 25% susceptible and the inheritance pattern of esterase activity (high and low esterase activity) segregated in the same manner to a 3: 1 ratio. This confirms that resistance to malathion is mono‐factorial and inheritance pattern of esterase activity is also linked to malathion resistance. Carboxylesterase or total esterase activity in BPH is inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion that is encoded by a single dominant gene. For the total esterase assay, average esterase activity levels in the rice‐infesting population ranged from 17.64 to 19.37 nmoles 1‐napthol/mg protein while that in the Leersia‐infesting population ranged from 5.29 to 6.11 nmoles 1‐napthol/mg protein. In terms of esterase activity, the two sympatric Nilaparvata lugens populations separated into two distinct groups. Results based on the tube color intensity test showed 96% and 98% resistant and susceptible individuals were present in the rice‐ and Leersia‐infesting populations, respectively. In a filter paper test, the rice‐infesting population had 94% with high esterase activity while the Leersia‐infesting population had 96% with low esterase activity.
Predictive value and validation of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale using DSM‐IV criteria for delirium as gold standard
Authors: Sörensen Duppils Gill , Johansson Inger
Published: June 2010

sörensen duppils g. & johansson i. (2011) Predictive value and validation of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale using DSM‐IV criteria for delirium as gold standard.International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 133–142 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00232.x

Background. Delirium is common among older people in hospital and various instruments have been developed for detecting delirium. One of these, the NEECHAM Confusion Scale, is easy for nurses to administrate but needs to be tested further.

Aims and objectives. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity and predictive value of the NEECHAM Confusion Scale.

Methods. The study was conducted among 149 patients aged ≥65, who had undergone surgery for a hip fracture. The patients were observed daily using DSM‐IV criteria for delirium. The NEECHAM Confusion Scale was performed upon admission and prior to discharge.

Results. The incidence of DSM‐IV related delirium was 24%. Patients who scored below 25 points on the NEECHAM scale had a 12 times higher risk of developing DSM‐IV related delirium. During admission, the sensitivity of NEECHAM was zero because all patients with DSM‐IV delirium were excluded, the specificity was 75%. On discharge, it was 100% and 91% respectively.

Conclusions. This study adds to the body of knowledge that NEECHAM discriminates for delirium. It is a valid and reliable screening instrument for predicting delirium. The instrument can be used for clinical practice to identify patients who are at risk of contracting delirium and when considering prevention measures.
Effect of Nano TiO2 on Self‐cleaning Property of Cross‐linking Cotton Fabric with Succinic Acid Under UV Irradiation
Authors: Karimi Loghman , Mirjalili Mohammad , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmail , Nazari Ali
Published: June 2010

Optimization of curing cotton textiles through self‐cleaning property constructs the main goal of the present study. Cotton fabrics with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 on weight of bath percent were cured by nano titanium dioxide (P25 Degussa) with cross‐link and non cross‐link methods. In this study, succinic acid was used as a cross‐link agent to attach TiO2 to the cotton. The amount of loaded titania particles to cotton fabrics and the thermal behavior of cured samples were studied by the burning method and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Self‐cleaning degree of cured samples, stained with natural and synthesized dyes under irradiation of 20 and 400 W UV lamps was investigated by a reflectance spectrophotometer. The structure and morphology of treated cotton fabrics were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and crystallinity of titania coatings by X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy. The tearing strengths of titania‐coated cotton fabrics before and after light irradiation were measured. Results showed that the stability of nano TiO2 coating and self‐cleaning degree of treated samples with cross‐link method were much higher than those of non cross‐link method, and cotton cellulosic chains were not decomposed by the photocatalytic activity of titania.
EPIGRAPHY, LEGISLATION, AND POWER WITHIN THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE
Authors: LIDDEL PETER
Published: June 2010

This paper begins by assessing the non-Athenian epigraphical evidence for state regulations in the fifth-century Aegean, and in so doing poses questions about the nature, extent, and fluctuation of the Athenian impact on the legalistic and epigraphic habits of her allies. In the second part of the paper, on the basis of a close examination of the Athenian regulations for Erythrai, I shall raise and investigate the possibility that certain Athenian regulations were couched in a rhetoric that would have seemed familiar to their allied readers.
CICERO'S FIRST PHILIPPIC AND THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC
Authors: USHER STEPHEN
Published: June 2010

This study has two parallel themes, one literary, the other historical. It is argued that it was in the First Phillipic, rather than its more famous successor, that Cicero made his irrevocable break with Antony. Prior to that, it had been a combination of indecision, absence from key senatorial meetings, and underestimate of the designs and the capacity of Caesar's heir Octavius, that gradually marginalized him politically and deprived the Republic of its last potentially effective champion.
Poisson boundary of the discrete quantum group
Authors: Vaes Stefaan , Vander Vennet Nikolas
Published: June 2010

We identify the Poisson boundary of the dual of the universal compact quantum group Au(F) with a measurable field of ITPFI (infinite tensor product of finite type I) factors.
Length dependence of force generation exhibit similarities between rat cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibres
Authors: Hanft Laurin M. , McDonald Kerry S.
Published: June 2010

According to the Frank–Starling relationship, increased ventricular volume increases cardiac output, which helps match cardiac output to peripheral circulatory demand. The cellular basis for this relationship is in large part the myofilament length–tension relationship. Length–tension relationships in maximally calcium activated preparations are relatively shallow and similar between cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibres. During twitch activations length–tension relationships become steeper in both cardiac and skeletal muscle; however, it remains unclear whether length dependence of tension differs between striated muscle cell types during submaximal activations. The purpose of this study was to compare sarcomere length–tension relationships and the sarcomere length dependence of force development between rat skinned left ventricular cardiac myocytes and fast‐twitch and slow‐twitch skeletal muscle fibres. Muscle cell preparations were calcium activated to yield ∼50% maximal force, after which isometric force and rate constants (ktr) of force development were measured over a range of sarcomere lengths. Myofilament length–tension relationships were considerably steeper in fast‐twitch fibres compared to slow‐twitch fibres. Interestingly, cardiac myocyte preparations exhibited two populations of length–tension relationships, one steeper than fast‐twitch fibres and the other similar to slow‐twitch fibres. Moreover, myocytes with shallow length–tension relationships were converted to steeper length–tension relationships by protein kinase A (PKA)‐induced myofilament phosphorylation. Sarcomere length–ktr relationships were distinct between all three cell types and exhibited patterns markedly different from Ca2+ activation‐dependent ktr relationships. Overall, these findings indicate cardiac myocytes exhibit varied length–tension relationships and sarcomere length appears a dominant modulator of force development rates. Importantly, cardiac myocyte length–tension relationships appear able to switch between slow‐twitch‐like and fast‐twitch‐like by PKA‐mediated myofibrillar phosphorylation, which implicates a novel means for controlling Frank–Starling relationships.
Regulation of myocyte contraction via neuronal nitric oxide synthase: role of ryanodine receptor S‐nitrosylation
Authors: Wang Honglan , Viatchenko‐Karpinski Serge , Sun Junhui , Györke Inna , Benkusky Nancy A. , Kohr Mark J. , Valdivia Héctor H. , Murphy Elizabeth , Györke Sandor , Ziolo Mark T.
Published: June 2010

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor, RyR2) has been proposed to be an end target of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) signalling. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism of NOS1 modulation of RyR2 activity and the corresponding effect on myocyte function. Myocytes were isolated from NOS1 knockout (NOS1−/−) and wild‐type mice. NOS1−/− myocytes displayed a decreased fractional SR Ca2+ release, NOS1 knockout also led to reduced RyR2 S‐nitrosylation levels. RyR2 channels from NOS1−/− hearts had decreased RyR2 open probability. Additionally, knockout of NOS1 led to a decrease in [3H]ryanodine binding, Ca2+ spark frequency (CaSpF) and a rightward shift in the SR Ca2+ leak/load relationship. Similar effects were observed with acute inhibition of NOS1. These data are indicative of decreased RyR2 activity in myocytes with NOS1 knockout or acute inhibition. Interestingly, the NO donor and nitrosylating agent SNAP reversed the depressed RyR2 open probability, the reduced CaSpF, and caused a leftward shift in the leak/load relationship in NOS1−/− myocytes. SNAP also normalized Ca2+ transient and cell shortening amplitudes and SR fractional release in myocytes with NOS1 knockout or acute inhibition. Furthermore, SNAP was able to normalize the RyR2 S‐nitrosylation levels. These data suggest that NOS1 signalling increases RyR2 activity via S‐nitrosylation, which contributes to the NOS1‐induced positive inotropic effect. Thus, RyR2 is an important end target of NOS1.
The Use of the Gamma-Ray Absorption Technique as a Quality Control Procedure in the Manufacture of Powder Metal Shaped Charge Liners
Authors: Lawrie J. J. , Mostert F. J. , König P. J. , Werneyer K. D.
Published: June 2010

The use of the gamma-ray absorption technique as a tool in evaluating the quality of manufactured powder metal liners was investigated. With powder metal liners, it is not only of interest to know whether the liner conforms geometrically to the required specifications but it is also important to know whether there is radial symmetry in the density. Powder metal liners manufactured via compaction methods were subjected to a gamma absorption proof of principle experiment and it was concluded that the technique can serve as an effective quality control method in the manufacturing process of powder metal shaped charge liners.
Depressed About Caspases?
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2010

Elements of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway are used to mediate long-term depression of synaptic function.
Making Menorahs
Authors: Hurtley Stella M.
Published: June 2010

In developing
Caenorhabditis elegans
during neuronal arborization, excess neurite branches are retracted and fuse.
Rewiring for Longer Life
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: June 2010

An expanded role in promoting longevity is defined for a signaling protein in the unfolded protein response pathway.
Science Signaling
Podcast: 8 June 2010
Authors: Rockman Howard A. , VanHook Annalisa M.
Published: June 2010

Mechanical stimulation of the angiotensin receptor promotes cell survival by preferentially activating β-arrestin–dependent signaling.