bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diretrizes para desenvolvimento de produto na construção civil: um estudo de caso em Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ aplicado a empreendimentos para a terceira idade
Authors: Azeredo Neila Gondim de
Published: March 2020

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Jerusalém & Atenas: uma leitura comparada da poesia de Adélia Prado e de Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen
Authors: Alexandrino Bernado Vania Cristina
Published: March 2020

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De receptor a co-enunciador: últimos 30 anos de ensino de leitura em Língua Estrangeira
Authors: Buchaul Sandra Venancio Kezen
Published: March 2020

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Exploring the impact of oral health-related quality of life on the child’s family structure
Authors: Santos Patrícia Rafaela dos , Souza Felipe Alexandre de , Carneiro Diego Patrik Alves , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Vedovello Silvia Amélia Scudeler
Published: March 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) on the child’s family structure. Methods: A representative sample of 613 children from public preschools, in a city in southeastern Brazil, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The sample was determined through probabilistic sampling in two stages (preschools and children). The outcome variable (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale [ECOHIS]) was multi-categorized in children and family. Independent individual variables were sex, race, family income, parents’/caregivers’ level of education, family income, dental caries, and malocclusion. Initially, individual analyses were performed, relating the study variables to the outcome variables, estimating the raw odds ratio with the respective confidence intervals of 95%. The variables with p < 0.20 in the individual analyses were tested in the multiple logistic regression models, and those with p < 0.10 remained in the model. Results: Impact on OHRQoL was reported by 40.9% of the children and 17% of their families. Children with low family income and caries experience had, respectively, 1.53 (95% CI: 1.00-2.32) (p = 0.0465) and 2.96 (95% CI: 1.81-4.84) (p < 0.0001) more chance of presenting negative impact on OHRQoL. Conclusions: The aspects that most affected the OHRQoL of child’s family structure were low income and dental caries experience.
Bond strength of universal adhesive applied to dry and wet dentin
Authors: Leite Maria Luísa de Alencar e Silva , Charamba Caroline de Farias , Lima Renally Bezerra Wanderley e , Meireles Sônia Saeger , Duarte Rosângela Marques , Andrade Ana Karina Maciel de
Published: March 2020

Aim: This study evaluated the influence of dentin wettability on the immediate and extended microtensile bond strength (mTBS) of a universal adhesive system used in the etch-and-rinse strategy. Methods: Twenty human third molars were selected and divided into four groups according to the adhesive system and dentin wettability. The mTBS values of each group were registered 24 h and one year after adhesive system application and resin composite block build-up (n=30). Data were analyzed by the t-test (p<0.05). Results: When both adhesive systems were compared, there was no statistically significant difference when they were applied following wet bonding (p>0.05). However, the dry bonding reduced μTBS values of the Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive (p<0.05). Regarding storage time, both groups presented similar μTBS values at 24 h and one year (p>0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, the Scotchbond Universal Adhesive can be applied to dry or wet dentin without compromising the etch-and-rinse bonding quality and the durability of the restorations.
Effect of magnification on root coverage surgery
Authors: Moro Marcella Goetz , Souto Maria Luisa Silveira , Rovai Emanuel Silva , Cesar Neto João Batista , Holzhausen Marinella , Pannuti Claudio Mendes
Published: March 2020

Root coverage surgery can be performed in patients with gingival recession to cover the exposed root aiming to control hypersensitivity and promotes better aesthetic. Optical magnification has been proposed as a refinement in this surgical technique to increase root coverage. This approach may lead to enhanced soft tissue stability, less post-operative discomfort, better predictability and esthetic appearance. Aim: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnification on root coverage surgery when compared to procedures performed without magnification. Methods: Randomized controlled trials with a follow-up of at least 6 months that compared surgeries for root coverage performed under optic magnification versus conventional (macro) root coverage surgery were screened. The primary outcome was mean root coverage (mm) (MRC) and secondary outcomes were percentage of root coverage (PRC) and complete root coverage (CRC). Results: Of 569 papers relevant to this review, seven were included. Meta-analysis showed that the use of magnification may favor greater PRC (7.38%, 95% CI 3.66-11.09). Conclusion: Magnification can increase PRC in root coverage surgeries. More randomized trials with the use of magnification may be necessary to verify if this benefit is clinically relevant, in order to justify the use of this device.
Color evaluation of white spot lesions treated with resin infiltration after water or grape juice storage
Authors: Furuse Adilson Yoshio , Fernandes Neto Constantino , Guimarães Genine Moreira de Freitas , Terrabuio Bianca Rodrigues , Rizzante Fabio Antonio Piola , Wang Linda
Published: March 2020

Aim: To evaluate the color stability of bovine enamel with artificial white spot lesions treated with resin infiltration (ICON) or remineralization with fluoride using two storage methods. Methods: Sixty incisors were submitted to artificial white spot lesion induced by demineralization-remineralization (DE-RE) cycling. Initial color was evaluated with CIE-Lab to measure ΔEab. Demineralized teeth were divided according to the treatment of the white spot lesion (n = 20): 1) Remineralization with 2% neutral fluoride gel for 4min (control); 2) ICON application following manufacturer’s recommendations; and 3) ICON with decreased drying time after the application of ethanol. After 24h, color was evaluated and samples were subdivided (n = 10) according to storage: 1) distilled water for 1 month; 2) grape juice for 10min daily. After storage, color was evaluated. L*, a* and b* data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and ∆Eab data by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD (α = 0.05). Results: L* was affected by juice storage, and decreased when ICON was applied with decreased drying time after the ethanol application. The same behavior occurred with a* (increase with reduced drying time), while b* was not affected. For ∆Eab significant differences were observed between groups (p = 0.0219) and storage methods (p = 0.0007). There was no interaction effect (p = 0.1118). Remineralization with fluoride presented the lowest color changes after storage in water. Conclusion: Treatment of artificial carious lesions with resin infiltration presented greater color changes than fluoride remineralization after storage in both solutions in vitro.
Factors Correlated to Job Stress among ICU Nurses in Surabaya Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Yulis Setiya , Hargono Rachmat , Rusdi Ainur
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Job stress is a major barrier to the attainment of safety, health, andwellness among nurses. Understanding factors job stress among nurses is veryimportant to provide alternatives solution to ease the stress in the future. However,there are limited studies with respect to factors related to stress in Intensive CareUnit (ICU) nurses particularly in Indonesian context. This study aimed to identifyfactors correlated to job stress among ICU nurse in three public hospitals.Methods: A correlational study was carried on ICU nurses who hands-on ICUnursing care. Data were collected using questionnaires. Descriptive statistic andSpearman correlation were used to analyze the correlation between perceived jobburden, working condition, quality of nursing work life, perceived organizationalsupport, and stress among ICU nurses.Results: A total of 91 respondents (32 male and 59 female) were involved to thestudy comprises of two different educational backgrounds (59 Diploma III and 32Bachelor degree). The statistical analysis using Pearson correlation found thatworkload (0.003), working condition (0.000), quality of nursing work life (0.000),perceived organizational support (0.000) significantly correlated to job stressamong ICU nurses.Conclusion: All studied factors correlated to job stress among ICU nurses. Allfactors had moderate correlation with nurses’ job stress and working condition hashighest strong correlation compare to the other factors. Its implies from the resultthat management of the hospital may provide more attention to job stress amongnurses to maintain optimum performance to provide nursing care for patientsparticularly critically ill patients in ICU.
Socio-demographic Determinants and the Family Ability to Care for Children with Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
Authors: Prasetyo Yoyok Bekti , Nursalam Nursalam , Hargono Rahmat , Ahsan Ahsan
Published: March 2020

Background: The ability of families to care for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder children is still low. There is only few studies that examined relationship between family factor to ability to care children with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of socio-demographic factors on the ability of families to represent children with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder.Method: The study design was cross-sectional, and the majority of samples were gathered using the rule of the thumb, totaling 245 participants. The sampling technique used a type of multistage sampling. Data were collected by questionnaire. We then conducted an analysis of the univariate data using frequency distribution, while for the bivariate data, we used the chi-square technique. All of the data was processed using IBM SPSS 23.0 statistics.Results: The results showed that the ability of care from the families (health promotion behavior) of children with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder  was influenced by the socio-demographic factors, namely maternal age (p= 0.010), the number of children (p= 0.047) and education (p= 0.036).Conclusion: Young mothers need appropriate guidance and direction through good health education. Good health education in young mothers can reduce the pressure faced by the mothers when caring for their children with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder. Health promotion behavior is influenced by maternal education and maternal age. Through good mother's education, the mother will be able to provide a good pattern of care to children who experience avoidant restrictive food intake disorder.
Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Karbon Emisyonu ve İktisadi Büyüme: Veriye Dayalı Bir Analiz
Authors: BENLİ Muhammed
Published: March 2020

Doğrudan yabancı yatırımların ülkelerin kalkınmalarında oynadığı önemli rolün ötesinde, literatürde üzerinde sıkça durulan bir diğer konu ise, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların enerji tüketimi üzerindeki etkisi ve çevresel sonuçlarıdır. Bu çalışmada, 1974 – 2014 dönemi için Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, karbon emisyonu, enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve bazı diğer ekonomik değişkenler arasındaki tümevarımlı nedensel çıkarım şablonları, Yönlendirilmiş Döngüsüz Graflar (DAGs) metodu kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Böylece bu değişkenler arasındaki dolaylı ve dolaysız nedenselliklerin ortaya çıkarılması ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların çevresel sonuçlarının ortaya çıkarılması amaç edinilmiştir. Elde edilen DAGs şablonları, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların dolaylı olarak ticaret üzerinden karbon emisyonlarını tetiklediğini, karbon emisyonları ve enerji tüketiminin ise ekonomik büyümeyi takip ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. DAG şablonları ayrıca, kirliliğin, enerji tüketimi ve çalışmada enerji tüketiminin doğrudan nedeni olduğu tespit edilen iç yatırımların önemli bir belirleyicisi olduğunu göstermektedir.
Göç, İşsizlik ve Gelir Arasındaki İlişkilerin Analizi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği
Authors: KÖSEOĞLU Mustafa , ARTAN Gamze
Published: March 2020

Küreselleşme hareketleriyle birlikte özellikle 2000’li yıllardan sonra büyük artış gösteren uluslararası göç hareketleri, günümüzde yüksek gelirli ülkeler için en önemli ekonomik ve politik konuların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, göçün makroekonomik belirleyicilerinin neler olduğunu ortaya koymak amacıyla göç, işsizlik ve kişi başına düşen gelir arasındaki ilişkiler 2000-2016 döneminde panel veri analiz yöntemi kullanılarak 27 OECD ülkesi için test edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, işsizlik oranı göç üzerinde negatif ve %1 seviyesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olup işsizlik oranında meydana gelen %1’lik artış, OECD ülkelerinde bu ülkelere gelen göçü yaklaşık %0,3 azaltmaktadır. Kişi başına düşen gelir göç üzerinde pozitif ve %1 seviyesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olup kişi başına düşen gelirin %1 oranında artması, OECD ülkelerine gelen göçü yaklaşık %1 oranında artırmaktadır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bu sonuçlar, göçün belli kanunlar çerçevesinde bir ülkeden diğerine gitmediğini her ülkenin kendine özgü koşullarının göç akımlarını etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Dolayısıyla, politika uygulayıcılarının ülkelerine özgü bireysel özellikleri dikkate alarak politika geliştirmeleri önem arz etmektedir.
Perlawanan Siswa Disabilitas Korban Bullying
Authors: Roziqi Masbahur
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan tiga hal. Pertama mengetahui perilaku bullying apa saja yang dialami siswa disabilitas SMKN 1 Probolinggo. Kedua, mengetahui perlawanan siswa disabilitas korban bullying SMKN 1 Probolinggo. Ketiga, mengetahui perasaan yang muncul pada siswa disabilitas korban bullying SMKN 1 Probolinggo. Ruang lingkup penelitian ini dibatasi mengenai bullying pada IS selaku siswa disabilitas lingkungan SMKN 1 Probolinggo.  Jenis disabilitasnya tuna daksa. Ada pun metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Jenisnya fenomenologi. Yakni membiarkan realitas berbicara sendiri dan merefleksikan perasaan subjek penelitian atas fenomena yang dialami. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan tiga hal; Pertama, subjek IS mengalami bullying fisik, verbal, finansial, sosial, dan cyberbullying. Kedua, pelawanan subjek IS yang menjadi korban bullying antara lain memaafkan, membalikkan bullying verbal pada pelaku, tersenyum tulus, aktif kegiatan bersama komunitas, balas memukul, dan tidak membenci pelaku. Ketiga, perasaan yang dirasakan subjek IS antara lain; sakit hati, sabar, berani, dan mandiri. Temuan ini dapat menjadi salah satu referensi mengenal karakter peserta didik disabilitas yang mengalami bullying.   

 

Kata kunci: perlawanan, disabilitas, bullying
Aplikasi Penguatan kepada Siswa di Sekolah
Authors: Al Halik  , Prayitno  , Mudjiran
Published: March 2020

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih rendahnya peran guru dalam memberikan penguatan terhadap perilaku positif yang ditampilkan siswa dan penguatan belum menjadi prioritas penting dalam proses pembelajaran. Kualitas pemahaman tentang penguatan merupakan faktor yang diduga mempengaruhi pemberian penguatan kepada siswa. Populasi penelitian adalah semua Guru Mata Pelajaran dan Guru BK atau Konselor, serta siswa SMAN Kota Sungai Penuh, dengan jumlah sampel 101 guru yang ditentukan dengan teknik purposive sampling dan 160 siswa yang dipilih dengan proportional random sampling. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan angket, kemudian dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan untuk melihat tingkat keberartian atau signifikan perbedaan dari dua skor rata-rata, dianalisis dengan T-test, kemudian untuk membandingkan antara skor rata-rata Guru BK dan Guru MP dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik Man-Whitney U Test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kualitas penguatan Guru MP/BK-K kepada siswa di sekolah berada pada kategori baik, dengan skor rata-rata Guru BK atau Konselor lebih tinggi dibandingkan skor rata-rata Guru Mata Pelajaran. Kemudian, skor rata-rata pemahaman guru terkait dengan materi tujuan penguatan berada pada kategori baik dan bentuk penguatan berada pada kategori cukup, serta (2) pendapat siswa tentang penguatan yang diberikan oleh Guru MP/BK-K secara keseluruhan berada pada kategori cukup, secara khusus: (a) pendapat siswa berdasarkan jenis kelamin, jurusan dan kelas, (b) pendapat siswa tentang strategi guru memberikan penguatan, dan (c) dampak penguatan yang diberikan oleh guru masing-masing memperoleh skor rata-rata pada kategori cukup, dengan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan.
Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica Can Be Controlled by Growth Modulation
Authors: Shahcheraghi Gholam Hossain , Javid Mahzad
Published: March 2020

Case:

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH), or Trevor disease, is an abnormal nonmalignant overgrowth of the epiphysis on one side of the body, often confined to one half of a joint of a limb. There is no known etiology or treatment for it. We are reporting the case of a 4.5-year-old boy with osteochondral-like growths on one side of the knee and ankle that could not be controlled by repeated excision. He underwent epiphyseal stapling at the knee and ankle. The regrowth was halted in both locations and has lasted for over 8 years.

Conclusion:

Modulation of physeal growth by stapling can halt the uncontrollable overgrowth of lesions in DEH.
Brachial Plexus Palsy Because of Pavlik Harness Use
Authors: Rizzi Andrew M. , Bielski Robert J.
Published: March 2020

Case:

A 2.5-month-old girl with bilateral hip dysplasia presented for orthopaedic evaluation and began treatment with a Pavlik harness. One month after the initiation of treatment, decreased use of the left upper extremity was noted, which was consistent with a brachial plexus palsy. The Pavlik harness was discontinued, and upper extremity function fully recovered within 8 weeks.

Conclusions:

The Pavlik harness is an effective treatment for hip dysplasia with a low-risk profile. This case serves to remind clinicians of the risk for upper extremity traction injury when a Pavlik harness is used in patients who are large for their chronological age.
A Practical Approach to Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Shepard Nicholas , Samim Mohammad , Kim Yong , Razi Afshin
Published: March 2020

» Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with spine disorders, providing excellent evaluation of both normal and pathologic anatomy.

» Interpreting MRI findings can be difficult as anatomic abnormalities may not correlate with clinical symptoms and MRI may show abnormal findings in asymptomatic individuals.

» Using a systematic approach to interpreting a spinal MRI can help to achieve an accurate diagnosis and guide therapeutic decision-making, surgical intervention, and treatment monitoring.
Prólogo
Authors: Córdoba de la Llave Ricardo
Published: March 2020

Introducción al nuevo número de la revista
Exploiting Shallow Formation Strengths to Deepen Riserless Casing Seats
Authors: Kotow Kenneth J. , Pritchard David M.
Published: March 2020

A significant improvement in deepwater well integrity can be accomplished by deepening the structural casing to have a dual functionality. This exploits the rapid growth of formation strength in the shallow first 1,000–2,000 ft below the seafloor. This first casing string in the deepwater well design would, firstly, support the axial and bending loads of the wellhead, blow out preventers, riser, and subsequent casing strings, as is the current practice, and secondly, provide sufficient casing shoe strength to mitigate the shallow drilling hazards. The basis for this recommended well design change has been the sporadic drilling performance in the execution of deepwater drilling operations, especially for exploration and appraisal wells, which has included some significant catastrophic well failures.

The placement of the structural casing significantly deeper than current practice allows the well design to have larger casing diameters in the deeper well sections. This significantly improves deepwater well integrity by decreasing circulating friction. The current practice in the riserless section is to place casing seats above the identified shallow drilling hazards. The study reviews and evaluates the feasibility of setting the subsequent riserless casing strings according to the pore pressure and fracture gradient environment. This requires fewer casing strings to reach the planned well depths, which results in larger casing annuli across the deeper narrow pore pressure/fracture gradient (PP/FG) environment than in current deepwater well designs. This increase in annular space reduces the circulating friction across these sections, decreasing the loss of circulating/well kick cycles that are problematic and can prevent drilling from continuing to planned well depths.

This study evaluates the effect of deepening the structural casing for the improvement of well integrity. The feasibility of various drilling methods and technologies required to deepen the structural casing, including conventional drilling, jetting, casing drilling, and reaming, are reviewed and evaluated. The method proposed for this deepening is the application of casing drilling technology. Its principles and merits are reviewed as it would be applied in a subsea environment in mitigating shallow drilling hazards and facilitating the deepening of the structural casing. Finally, the value of this proposal is evaluated in terms of meeting well objectives, improving well integrity, and reducing well construction time.
Successfully Overcoming Small Platform Limitations to Conduct Coiled Tubing Operations
Authors: Craig Steven Henry , Sharma Epsa , Guembri Ayed , Peter Kevin
Published: March 2020

Sand cleanouts remain one of the most common applications of coiled tubing (CT) in the oil and gas industry. However, offshore operational complexity increases with deck space limitations, lower crane capacity and low reservoir pressures. This paper reviews one such challenging offshore scenario, with limited spatial capacity and not space for a full CT fleet. The paper describes the challenges encountered and the solutions formulized to conduct a successful concentric CT boat spooling and intervention.

The first operational task of boat spooling was completed from an offshore vessel to the platform using two injectors, one on the vessel and the other on the platform. The need for boat spooling arose due to the limited lifting capacity at the platform which was below the weight of the concentric coiled tubing (CCT), 1-in. CT constrained in a 2-in. string. At project end, the CCT was removed in a similar manner. Deck space was also limited and the fluid and nitrogen support equipment (pumps, tanks, chemical mixing) were located on a supply vessel.

Numerous challenges were faced during the operation, all of which were successfully tackled without health, safety or environmental (HSE) incident. Additionally, there was a provision of tanks and pumps on the platform to act as a back-up in the event of failure of supply from the vessel to the CT. This paper describes the methods utilized to successfully boat spool 14,825-ft of pipe of total weight 27-tonnes and cascade the benefits to future boat spooling operations throughout the globe.

While catenary CT operations are common in the Asia Pacific, boat spooling remains a relatively rare operation in the industry. It is believed this is a first operation where a CT operation was conducted in this manner with the fluid and nitrogen pump on a supply vessel and boat spooling was conducted for CCT. Detailing the execution procedures, risk mitigations, operational results and lessons learning will be of value to the industry.
Best Practices for Design, Operation, and Maintenance of Wireline Intervention Tools for Sour Service
Authors: Giem Greg , Milkovisch Mark
Published: March 2020

This paper presents lessons learned from the design and field deployment of many different assets in sour environments. It will address the requirements and implications of design, operation, and maintenance of wireline intervention tools when exposed to H2S and CO2.

Many wells in the world are drilled in fields with high concentrations of H2S and CO2. Even low concentrations of H2S put wireline tools designed from conventional downhole materials at risk of catastrophic failure through sulfide stress cracking (SSC), stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). These wells are also highly corrosive, so even materials that are not highly vulnerable to these failure modes may suffer from extensive corrosion that still renders them unusable in these environments. Wireline intervention tools are at especially high risk of failure because the high loads they experience during normal operations preclude practices that might be standard in lighter-duty equipment like wireline logging tools.

Wireline intervention tools that are intended for sour service should be designed from the beginning with corresponding requirements to avoid not only SSC, SCC, HE, and corrosion issues, but also any issues that may be related to the materials that are selected to avoid these failure modes. Materials capable of supporting high tensile forces in sour environments are extremely limited, and most of these are susceptible to galling. Care must be taken during the design to avoid situations where this galling would occur. Both H2S and CO2 are soluble in water to create weak acids, so the amount of water present is also an important factor when determining acceptable materials.

Operation of wireline intervention tools in sour service environments must be carefully planned and executed. Proper cleaning and maintenance procedures are also critical to maintaining tool reliability and longevity following sour operations.

Much historical wireline intervention design and material selection is based on tribal knowledge (i.e., unwritten knowledge and best practices). and standard ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries—Materials for use in H2S-Containing Environments in Oil and Gas Production. Tribal knowledge is often suspect, and the application of the standard is difficult for wireline intervention equipment because factors other than cracking are important. This paper also moves beyond material selection to include guidance and best practices for mechanical design, operation, and maintenance of wireline intervention tools that are not directly addressed by NACE standards.
Shedding Light Upon Interventions in Wells with Conformance Control Completion
Authors: Stepanov Vladimir , Ramondenc Pierre , Mhiri Adnene , Abdrazakov Dmitriy , Burdin Konstantin , Konysbayev Yerzhan , Slobozhaninov Alexander , Amangeldiyev Anvar , Kinnear Campbell , Sultanov Bauken
Published: March 2020

It is becoming more common for operators around the world to use alleged conformance control completions as a means of managing inflow zones and controlling production. When this type of completion is introduced in a field, it is extremely important to analyze its effectiveness at very early stages of the project to achieve maximized zonal contribution together with proper compartmentalization in current and subsequent completions, since this will have a significant impact on the future life of the entire field. A thorough analysis should include understanding zonal isolation before and after acid stimulation, fluid distribution inside the compartments during the treatment, and confirmation of completion integrity.

Analyzing completion performance by introducing additional downhole monitoring systems or devices is costly and is more appropriate for the long term. Another option, surveillance with wireline technology, may not provide definite conclusions due to limited acquisition extent. Alternatively, coiled tubing (CT) can provide a fit-for-purpose integrated solution to data acquisition and analysis challenge. The proposed approach uses distributed temperature sensing technology along with real-time data streaming capabilities to provide an instantaneous insight on wellbore dynamics, thus enabling informed decisions on treatment optimization, as well as yielding reliable information on interzonal communication.

This study is based on a success story of intervening with CT on 10 wells, with a total of 40 compartments in a carbonate reservoir in the Caspian region. Distributed temperature evolution models are used to build a signature library characteristic of specific flow events in the wellbore. The study consists of distributed temperature surveys lasting from 30 minutes to 6 hours that were acquired before and during the acid stimulation of each conformance compartment. Unique temperature features are identified in specific flow events, such as communication between compartments, loss of completion integrity, and effective stimulated area determination, to name a few. Those events are hypothesized and corroborated using downhole point measurements. A significant finding is that communication between zones occurs through several possible paths (i.e., through the formation/matrix or via the completion). The stimulation strategy can be modified accordingly, leveraging downhole data to maximize completion efficiency.

This combination of transient distributed temperature and point measurement data provides an insight into wellbore and reservoir flow dynamics and facilitates an optimized stimulation strategy.
Gas Injection Well Zonal Isolation Achieved Despite Wellbore Restrictions, Increases Gas Injection by More than 30%
Authors: Laguado Maria Camila , Murphy Robert Allan
Published: March 2020

A gas injection well 31 was being utilized to aid in the condensate production from the Barco, Guadalupe and Mirador formations. The injection well utilized 15 MSCFD into the Mirador, Barco and Guadalupe formations. After some time in operation and following several injection evaluations, it became clear that most of the gas injected was entering the upper Mirador formation rather than being equally distributed across the three formations as planned.

After an extended review of the situation, the operator decided to work the well over in order to improve the condensate base curve that is associated with the Barco/Guadalupe formations of the neighboring wells. By closing off the perforations in the Mirador, all of the gas injection would enter the Barco and Guadalupe formations and be produced in the two adjacent wells, 40Z and H38. The Mirador had three sets of perforations requiring isolation, which are the intervals (15,500-ft – 15,630-ft) / 15,500-ft – 15,400-ft) / (15,290-ft – 15,390-ft). (See Figure 1).
Smart Reservoir Depth Correlation with Tubing Conveyed Wireless Gamma Ray Position Tool—Case Studies
Authors: Temer Elias , Catheline Sebastien , Zerpa-Mendez Nahomi , Merino Carlos
Published: March 2020

Depth correlation before perforation is crucial in reservoir testing, to minimize the uncertainties about the reservoir being tested. Currently, three main methods are used to correlate to depth: simple pipe tally, tag of a known element in the well, or a wireline gamma ray (GR) log—which is the most accepted method, owing to its precision and track record. Wireline GR correlation, however, requires additional time (6 to 8 hours), translating into cost for the operator. We describe a new depth correlation tool, which is mounted directly in the drillstem test (DST) string and is enabled by a downhole wireless acoustic telemetry system, that provides correlation algorithm in real time without the need for extra wireline intervention. The introduction of a wireless-enabled GR measurement into the DST string radically changes the workflow for DST operations and results in significant reduction of rig time, as shown by one of our latest job campaigns in Qatar.
The True Value of Open-Water Hydraulic Access Using Coiled Tubing
Authors: Avery Mike , Greenaway Robert , Large Robert , Rice Phillip
Published: March 2020

As the global well base continues to increase, it is becoming apparent that under-investment in maintenance has helped contribute to a decreasing average production per subsea well. To combat this trend, more focused and cost-effective intervention techniques have emerged such as open-water hydraulic access (OWHA) using coiled tubing (CT).

OWHA using CT provides operators with a fit-for-purpose solution to deliver fluids to a subsea well without the requirement for mechanical intervention. In scenarios which meet the requirements outlined within this paper, OWHA using CT offers an attractive alternative to conventional intervention approaches.

Three predominant configurations of OWHA CT systems are apparent, all developed around differing drivers: a conventional system using a CT injector head (IH), a specialized system using a CT IH, and a powered reeler with deployment sheave. Both the benefits and limitations of each are considered to guide the reader in selecting the correct configuration for their application.

The primary cost driver for hydraulic intervention is vessel selection. Factors including regional availability, mobilization requirements, and specification are key to the selection process. An advantage of OWHA using CT is the ability to use a vessel of opportunity due to the decreased equipment footprint and specification; this directly enhances service flexibility and cost management.

When compared to alternative oil sources, the comparative cost per barrel of oil unlocked by OHWA is at least 43% less than the closest alternative. When compared to alternative intervention approaches, the simplified equipment and requirements result in a reduced total cost thus enhanced return on investment with accelerated payback.

Using average global vessel rates and generalized assumptions, for a single well intervention the total costs can be in the order of the following magnitudes: floating rig USD 9-16M, light well USD 6-10M, OWHA USD 2-5M. Using an average well production gain of 1,950 BOPD this gives a typical payback time period of ~9 months for a rig and ~3 months for OWHA.

In scenarios which meet the requirements outlined within this paper, OWHA provides the most economical solution with the ability to provide positive returns in the same financial year.
Application of Downhole Tractor in Gas Well Zonal Isolation
Authors: He Li , McAllister James , Hawkins John , Turner Marissa
Published: March 2020

In high angle wells, downhole tractors can be used for electric line (e-line) deployed toolstring conveyance. This paper presents the job design, planning, and execution of a rigless zonal isolation in a gas well located in the Gulf of Mexico. Downhole tractors were used as the method of conveyance during this zonal isolation.

A deepwater direct vertical access gas well was suspected to have had a sand failure event. The well was assessed and identified to be a candidate for big-hole sidetrack (BHST). In preparation to the BHST, a zonal isolation was planned to be performed prior to the decomplete. This well is highly deviated with a maximum angle of 81.5 degrees. A downhole tractor was selected to be the method of conveyance for the required wireline operations. Due to well history, the wellbore was suspected to be obstructed by sand. Selection of mitigation methods to reduce the risk of sticking toolstring in sand fill is discussed. Methodology included the use of real-time video feedback to evaluate downhole condition, as well as the use of specific tension and release subs. Prior to execution System Integration Tests (SIT) were conducted between operator and service companies to ensure the e-line cable, tractors, and bottom hole assemblies (BHA) were fully compatible and operable.

As part of the zonal isolation work, a downhole camera was deployed on tractor to observe the condition of the wellbore from SCSSV to proposed cut depth. A thru-tubing packer with blow-out plug was deployed on tractor and set on depth. A jet cutter was deployed on tractor and activated on depth. The zonal isolation job was completed without excessive tractor misruns. The job added significant value by reducing rig time needed for decomplete and accelerating well handover to Production.

This case study demonstrates the capability of downhole tractor at deploying tools in a deep near-horizontal well, and downhole tractor’s compatibility with a variety of tools. Learnings relevant to the application of tractor conveyance are discussed.
Customized Subsea Production Flowline Cleanout with Coiled Tubing from a Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel
Authors: Delgado Eduardo , Rodrigues Vinicius , Fagundes Luis
Published: March 2020

The recovery of a pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) left in a subsea production flowline in an unknown location after a failed cleaning and inspection operation is discussed. Combined with paraffin deposits, the production flowline of the best offshore producer in northeast Brazil was completely blocked.

Extensive planning was necessary to spot the coiled tubing (CT) equipment to accommodate the deck configuration of the floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel and to overcome dimensional and load capacity limitations. A customized extendable jacking frame was manufactured to support the CT injector and provide room for a work window. This fit-for-purpose rigging was necessary to enable the viability of the cleanout in the production flowline of the well. CT operation modeling software was used to analyze the hydraulic and force simulations to verify that the CT would reach the target depth with optimal jetting efficiency and would tailor the cleanout methodology.

Paraffin was successfully cleaned from the flowline, and the PIG was released and recovered on surface. The CT was efficiently and safely rigged up on a FPSO without any nonproductive time or service quality issues.

The versatility of CT services to not only deliver intervention services on conventional wells but to also adapt to rig up in extreme geometries and environments are showcased along with how CT services can be applied to flowline interventions.

For this case, a customized CT frame was manufactured to overcome the challenges of rigging up on a vessel with extremely limited deck space and load capacities and restoring hydrocarbon production after a failed PIG procedure.
Successful Retrieval of First Installed Velocity String – A Case Study from Middle East
Authors: Subaii Abdullah , Al Ghubayni Mutaz R. , Shawli Yasser , Sunagatov Rustem , Ahmed Danish , Arifin Mohammad , Pochetnyy Valentin , Santali Mohammed
Published: March 2020

Installation of 14,200 ft of 2 3/8-in. coiled tubing (CT) as a velocity string (VS) was performed to increase the fluid production velocity and avoid a liquid loadup problem in a gas well. After the successful installation, the well produced at economic rates for few years. Because this was a pilot project to ascertain the well's deliverability with the VS installed, the operator decided to retrieve the VS. The main challenge during the VS retrieval intervention was to retrieve such a long VS that had been in a sour well (40,000-ppm CO2, 40-ppm H2S) for more than 3 years. Low carbon 90,000 psi yield strength was chosen as a material for VS to withstand corrosion and Sulphur-stress cracking. A CT tower was utilized to have the access to the work area during pipe cutting and the bottomhole assembly (BHA) removal process.

The retrieval of the installed VS was executed in several stages. First, slickline was run in hole (RIH) to install the pump-through check valves at the bottom of the installed VS. Second, these check valves were inflow tested prior to CT equipment rig up. The CT unit was then rigged up on the wellhead and RIH with the VS retrieval assembly consisting of a GS pulling tool. The VS retrieval tool was latched onto the installed VS assembly, and, by applying a straight overpull, the packer that was used to hang the VS was unset. The VS was eventually pulled to surface along with the packer. The whole assembly was secured by pipe rams on blowout preventers (BOPs). After the required inflow tests on the BOP pipe rams were performed, the pressure control equipment (PCE) stack was opened and the CT was cut below the VS packer. All tools were disconnected, and a spoolable internal connector was made up to connect the retrieving CT with the VS. Eventually the VS was safely pulled to surface.

When the uphole VS BHA was retrieved to the surface, the quick connection used for pressure testing was opened and CT was cut with a hydraulic cutter. Uphole packer rubbers were found to be damaged during pulling out of hole (POOH). Internal spoolable connector was made and pull tested to 1.25 times of CT hanging weight. After opening pipe/slip rams CT was successfully spooled on the reel.

The retrieval of the VS was conducted in a single run with total operational time of 30 hours. The operation provided information will increase industry understanding of the use of VS in gas wells, including information about techniques, downhole tools, and procedures and risk control measures used during the retrieval of a VS from a live well.
Development and Testing an Electrical Drill-Stem Test Tool Conveyed by Coiled Tubing with a Real Time Control and Acquisition System
Authors: Affleck Michael , Bakke Malmin Monika , Almas Per Egil , Sach Manfred
Published: March 2020

Some exploration well testing operations are executed by performing multiple runs in hole using slick line and Coiled Tubing (CT). A new technology has been developed that combines many of these operations, including contingency stimulation activities into one run.

The Electrical Drill-Stem test (e-DST) Tool is an intelligent, surface-controlled tool designed to be run on coiled tubing that allows exploration well testing operations, including stimulation to be performed in one run. Existing operations involve rigging up slick line and coiled tubing in varying sequences depending on well conditions, such that the requirement for nitrogen lifting and acid stimulation through coiled tubing as well as gauge setting and retrieving by slick line can be established. In addition to saving substantial time, the new system is designed to optimize test quality through the display of real time bottom hole production logging data at surface, allowing the early ending of poor tests or the extension of interesting ones. Selective stimulation of zones through repositioning of the e-DST tool on coiled tubing eliminates costly trips into the well and the requirement for pre-planning of flow test durations is removed. The innovative tool includes: Cable head Connector, Upper Flow Port, Packer Element, Slips Anchor, Shut-In valve and real time instrumentation and control with monitoring from surface.

The paper will introduce the major system components and review challenges associated with design, manufacture and testing. A summary of the first trial test results, conclusions and lessons learned will also be presented.
World's First EGF Flapper Milling Via E-Line
Authors: Rosli Ahmad Faidzal , Md Noor Ahmad Syafiq , Foo Nicholas Kwang , Jelie Anie , Salleh Fairus Azwardy , Omar Mohd Zulkifli , Sulhi Ainur Husna
Published: March 2020

Diagnosing and resolving unknown well obstructions at high deviations presents significant challenges to Operators. Combining a downhole camera with an electric line (e-line) tractor enables operators to traverse high angles and view the camera feed in real time, options unavailable on conventional Coiled Tubing (CT) unless running expensive smart CT. Furthermore, with e-line already on site, the operator maintains the flexibility to rig up an e-line milling tool to mill the obstruction. This paper describes how e-line tools helped identify the obstruction in a shut-in well and successfully milled the EGF ceramic flapper for the first time.

Earlier this year, in a gas field offshore East Malaysia, an Operator needed to investigate probable sand intrusion from an open-hole gravel pack prior to design a remedial plan to reactivate the well. The well presented several challenges, such as high angles, unknown restrictions, restrictions within the inner diameter (ID), potential sand production, and uncertain flapper valves condition in the well. The Operator opted for an e-line tractor to convey a downhole camera to identify the obstructions and an e-line milling tool as a contingency to mill obstructions or faulty valves.

This operation was completed in six runs and comprised of the e-line tractor conveying the downhole camera for drifting or visually inspecting the completion until successfully logging down to the targeted intervals. During the first two runs, the tractor conveyed the camera through the lateral and found a fluid-loss control EGF flapper partially open but could not pass through because of the restricted ID. In the third run, the tractor worked on the string and tagged the flapper, attempting to close it. The next camera run showed in real time that the flapper valve had been closed. The milling tool was then run in hole (RIH) to mill the flapper on the fourth run. On the fifth run, the tractor and camera confirmed that the valve had been milled successfully and the toolstring could pass through the ID. Finally, the tractor conveyed the logging tool to the target intervals and pulled out with no overpull observed. Running this operation entirely on e-line enabled the Operator to access the well obstructions despite the high angles, view the camera feed in real time, and mill the EGF ceramic flapper valve.

This case shows the effectiveness of e-line operations to succeed in challenging well environments without the cost, risk, or time needed for traditional methods like CT or rigging units. The e-line tractor conveyed the camera at high angles to successfully identify the obstruction, and the e-line milling tool milled the EGF ceramic flapper to restore access to the horizontal section. The Operator completed the logging job, which was essential for future well rectification plans that also included setting plugs for zonal isolation.
High Risk Fishing Operations Recovers Well After 4 yrs Shut in
Authors: Heyn Tyler
Published: March 2020

Well was spudded on Sept. 8th, 1991 as a horizontal oil producer offshore Europe. The lower horizontal completion had multi stage proppant fracs and the well was handed over to Production on Dec. 14th 1991. The well was worked over in November 2011 when the upper completion was changed and subsequently was shut in in February 2015 when it failed Subsurface Safety Valve (SSSV) inflow tests.

As a result of the SSSV inflow test failures, it was treated with acid but without success and it was concluded that the flow tube was stuck in the open position possibly due to the presence of scale - as a result the decision was made to look into the possibility of re-activating the SSSV using wireline techniques. In October 2015 several gauge cutters, broaches and brushes were run in the well to clean scale down to the SSSV at 1560ft. A task Launcher was run into the well to treat the flow tube and reinstate the well into service, upon treatmeant with task launcher scale from above and dropped ontop of the task launcher and slickline was unable to move, and since it proved impossible to retrieve the tool string, a wire cutter was dropped and the slickline was retrieved - the fishing neck remaining was gauged and determined to be clean.

Subsequently when the fishing tool string and HD pulling tool were run the fish was latched and some 50-60 jars applied without movement of the fish being seen. Acid was dumped on top of the fish and an additional 60 jars applied without success. By this time some 26 days of operations had been completed without any progress being made operations were suspended and Bridge Plug was set to secure the well.