bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Image, Volume 99, Issue 4
Authors: Sakurai Toshihiro , Hayasaka Takahiro , Sekiguchi Hirotaka , Satoh Hiroshi , Chen Zhen , Chiba Hitoshi , Hui Shu‐Ping
Published: February 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article Dietary salmon milt extracts attenuate hepatosteatosis and liver dysfunction in diet‐induced fatty liver model by Toshihiro Sakurai et al., DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9352

image
Improved extraction of resveratrol and antioxidants from grape peel using heat and enzymatic treatments
Authors: Averilla Janice N , Oh Jisun , Wu Zhexue , Liu Kwang‐Hyeon , Jang Chan Ho , Kim Hyo Jung , Kim Jae‐Sik , Kim Jong‐Sang
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol, an extensively recognized phytochemical that belongs to the stilbene family, is abundant in grape peel which is discarded as a by‐product during grape juice processing.

RESULTS

In this study, we established that pre‐heating grape peel above 75 °C significantly improved the extractability of resveratrol and its glucoside piceid. In particular, thermal heating of grape peel at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by treatment with a mixture of exo‐1,3‐β‐glucanase and pectinases at 50 °C for 60 min, dramatically increased the conversion of piceid into resveratrol and the overall extractability of this phytochemical by 50%. Furthermore, thermal pre‐treatment promoted a substantial increase in the total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin concentrations in the grape peel extract. Ultimately, resveratrol‐enriched grape peel extract significantly augmented the antioxidant response in vitro, possibly by attenuating the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species via the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

The method developed in this study for preparing grape peel extract introduces a potential low‐cost green processing for the industrial fortification of food products with resveratrol and other health‐beneficial antioxidants. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Dietary fibre from berry‐processing waste and its impact on bread structure: a review
Authors: Alba Katerina , Campbell Grant M , Kontogiorgos Vassilis
Published: February 2019

The structure and function of by‐products of berry‐processing industries are reviewed, with particular attention to dietary fibre (DF) and its effects in food products. The complex chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of DF have been investigated and strategies for extraction of specific fractions that provide tailored technological and physiological functionality have been reviewed. The aim of this review is to describe in detail the structural composition and isolation methods of dietary fibre derived from berry by‐products, and to explore their potential functionality in foods. The goal is to introduce DF from berry waste streams into the food chain, for which bread is a major vehicle. However, the appeal of bread lies in its aerated structure, for which DF is generally detrimental. The technological influence of DF on the formation and stabilization of the aerated structure of bread is therefore reviewed, in order to understand how to incorporate DF into bread while maintaining palatability. The aerated structure of bread is stabilized by two mechanisms: the gluten matrix and the liquid film surrounding bubbles. Incorporating DF successfully into bread requires understanding its interactions with both of these mechanisms. DF fractions from berries offer superior nutritional value compared to cereal fibre, potentially with less damage to bread structure, due to the higher proportion of soluble fibre. By‐products from berry‐processing industries could be used as a source of technologically and nutritionally distinctive DF to fabricate foods with enhanced nutritional value. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of fungal degradation of wheat straw cell wall using different analytical methods from ruminant nutrition perspective
Authors: Nayan Nazri , van Erven Gijs , Kabel Mirjam A , Sonnenberg Anton SM , Hendriks Wouter H , Cone John W
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

White rot fungi have been used to improve the nutritive value of lignocellulose for ruminants. In feed analysis, the Van Soest method is widely used to determine the cell wall contents. To assess the reliability of this method (Method A) for determination of cell wall contents in fungal‐treated wheat straw, we compared a combined monosaccharide analysis and pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS) (Method B). Ruminal digestibility, measured as in vitro gas production (IVGP), was subsequently used to examine which method explains best the effect of fungal pretreatment on the digestibility of wheat straw.

RESULTS

Both methods differed considerably in the mass recoveries of the individual cell wall components, which changed on how we assess their degradation characteristics. For example, Method B gave a higher degradation of lignin (61.9%), as compared to Method A (33.2%). Method A, however, showed a better correlation of IVGP with the ratio of lignin to total structural carbohydrates, as compared to Method B (Pearson's r of −0.84 versus −0.69). Nevertheless, Method B provides a more accurate quantification of lignin, reflecting its actual modification and degradation. With the information on the lignin structural features, Method B presents a substantial advantage in understanding the underlying mechanisms of lignin breakdown. Both methods, however, could not accurately quantify the cellulose contents – among others, due to interference of fungal biomass.

CONCLUSION

Method A only accounts for the recalcitrant residue and therefore is more suitable for evaluating ruminal digestibility. Method B allows a more accurate quantification of cell wall, required to understand and better explains the actual modification of the cell wall. The suitability of both methods, therefore, depends on their intended purposes. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Long‐term recurrence rates of whole specimen intraoperative frozen section analysis in basal cell carcinomas of the face with WIFSA
Authors: Scholten Laura A. , Kedilioglu Muhammed A. , Huizinga Pauline M. , Kibbelaar Robby E. , de Jong Kim , Mouës Chantal M.
Published: February 2019

Background and Objectives

Recent studies show that whole specimen intraoperative frozen section analysis (WIFSA) is a reliable method for margin analysis in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and has low recurrence rates after five‐years follow‐up. There are no studies with longer follow‐up. Our aim is to present long‐term recurrence rates after WIFSA.

Materials and Methods

All patients with a facial BCC receiving excision with WIFSA between 1992 and 2007 were evaluated. Recurrence rates were examined for primary BCC (pBCC), recurrent BCCs (rBCC), and the different histological subtypes. The accuracy of WIFSA was assessed by comparing with formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded section analysis.

Results

A total of 1140 patients with 1265 BCCs underwent excision with WIFSA, with a median and maximum follow‐up of 10 and 25.3 years, respectively. Of all tumors, 90.0% were primary. Excisions were radical after an average of 1.4 excision rounds;5, 10, and 15‐year recurrence rates for pBCCs are 3.3%, 5.1%, and 7.3%, respectively. An aggressive growth pattern and rBCCs are associated with more recurrences. The accuracy of WIFSA is 98.4%.

Conclusions

WIFSA provides a highly accurate analysis and has a low recurrence rate for primary BCCs. The increasing recurrence rates over time imply 5 years of follow‐up may be insufficient.
Risk factors for post‐pancreaticoduodenectomy delayed gastric emptying in the absence of pancreatic fistula or intra‐abdominal infection
Authors: Ellis Ryan J. , Gupta Aakash R. , Hewitt D. Brock , Merkow Ryan P. , Cohen Mark E. , Ko Clifford Y. , Bilimoria Karl Y. , Bentrem David J. , Yang Anthony D.
Published: February 2019

Background and Objectives

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) occurs commonly following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), but the rate of DGE in the absence of other intra‐abdominal complications is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to define the incidence of DGE and identify risk factors for DGE in patients without pancreatic fistula or other intra‐abdominal infections.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program pancreatectomy variables to identify patients with DGE following PD without evidence of fistula or intra‐abdominal infection. Multivariable models were developed to assess preoperative, intraoperative, and technical factors associated with DGE.

Results

The rate of DGE was 11.7% in 10502 cases without pancreatic fistula or intra‐abdominal infection. Patients were more likely to develop DGE if age ≥75 (odds ratio [OR], 1.22; P = 0.003), male (OR, 1.29;
P < 0.001), underwent pylorus‐sparing PD (OR, 1.27;
P = 0.004), or had a prolonged operative time (OR, 1.38 if greater than seven vs less than 5 hours;
P = 0.005). Factors not associated with DGE included BMI, pathologic indication, and surgical approach.

Conclusion

The incidence of DGE after PD is notable even in patients without other abdominal complications. Identification of patients at increased risk for DGE may aid patient counseling as well as decisions regarding surgical technique, enteral feeding access, and enhanced‐recovery pathways.
Rapid change in forms of inorganic nitrogen in soil and moderate weed invasion following translocation of wet meadows to reclaimed post‐industrial land
Authors: Chmolowska Dominika , Nobis Marcin , Nowak Arkadiusz , Maślak Magdalena , Kojs Paweł , Rutkowska Joanna , Zubek Szymon
Published: February 2019

Anthropogenic expansion and loss of natural environments calls for the more sustainable use of resources, including land. To combine the conservation of highly valuable meadow habitat with reclamation of post‐industrial land, 1.3 ha of turf were translocated from an urban area to basins constructed near an abandoned quarry. In contrast to the usual method of choosing similar habitats as salvage sites, the selected quarry possessed different environmental properties to the meadows, challenging their acclimatisation. To evaluate the project, we monitored three meadows (Molinion caeruleae alliance) for three seasons: immediately before the transfer and for 2 years afterwards. We recorded vegetation composition in tandem with 27 physico‐chemical properties of the soil. In the first year following translocation, enrichment of soil in total calcium, potassium, sodium, and sulphur was noted. The contents of available phosphorus, nitrogen, and magnesium, as well as soil pH, were lower in the second year. The domination of ammonia over nitrate, which is characteristic of wetlands, decreased markedly. Water holding capacity slowly decreased as well, suggesting humus decomposition. The plant communities maintained their high level of diversity, and the dominance of characteristic meadow species continued. However, an increase in the number of weeds was observed, along with the replacement of some meadow plant species by others. We conclude that if a receptor site does not resemble a habitat type of a donor site, the ecosystem becomes more human‐dependent and requires site‐specific aftercare. In this case, the active control of competitive and ruderal species invasion and moisture management is required.
Elemental content and stoichiometry of SAR11 chemoheterotrophic marine bacteria
Authors: White Angelicque E. , Giovannoni Stephen J. , Zhao Yanlin , Vergin Kevin , Carlson Craig A.
Published: February 2019

We measured the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content and production of cultured SAR11 cells in the genus Pelagibacter, from members of the 1a.1 and 1a.3 lineages, which are adapted to productive coastal waters and oligotrophic tropical/subtropical environments, respectively. The average growing SAR11 cell contained ~ 6.5 fg C, from which we calculated a global standing stock of 1.4 × 1013 g C. Calculations that consider uncertainties in cell turnover rates and growth efficiencies indicate this stock could oxidize 6% to 37% of gross ocean primary production. We also found that SAR11 do not incorporate 3H‐thymidine but do incorporate 3H‐leucine. We estimate conversion factors of 0.74–1.51 kg C mol−1 leu, which are comparable to the low end of published leucine conversion factors for marine chemoheterotrophic bacterioplankton production. The molar ratio of elements C : N : P in growing cells was on average 25 : 6 : 1, significantly less than the mean (~ 50 : 10 : 1) for heterotrophic bacteria, indicating these strains are C and N poor relative to P.
Antitumor Effect of Periplocin in TRAIL‐Resistant gastric cancer cells via upregulation of death receptor through activating ERK1/2‐EGR1 pathway
Authors: Zhao Lian‐Mei , Li Lei , Huang Ying , Han Lu‐juan , Li Dan , Huo Bing‐Jie , Dai Su‐li , Xu Li‐yan , Zhan Qimin , Shan Bao‐En
Published: February 2019

Tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor family, induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. However, gastric cancer (GC) cells are insensitive to TRAIL usually. In the previous study, we showed that Periplocin could induce apoptosis in GC cells via the activation of ERK1/2‐EGR1 pathway. In the present study, we have shown that the combination of Periplocin and TRAIL had a greater inhibitory effect on gastric cancer cell viability in vitro and in vivo than Periplocin or TRAIL alone. Through upregulating the expression of DR4 and DR5 at transcriptional and protein levels, Periplocin enhanced the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to TRAIL. Furthermore, enhanced activity of ERK1/2‐EGR1 pathway was responsible for upregulating of DR4 and DR5 uponPeriplocin treatment, subsequently reducing the expression of Mcl‐1 and Bcl2 and activating Bid and caspase‐3/8. Collectively, these data implied that Periplocin might act as a sensitizer of TRAIL and could be a potential strategy for the treatment of GC.
A method for correcting breathing‐induced field fluctuations in T2*‐weighted spinal cord imaging using a respiratory trace
Authors: Vannesjo S. Johanna , Clare Stuart , Kasper Lars , Tracey Irene , Miller Karla L.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Spinal cord MRI at ultrahigh field is hampered by time‐varying magnetic fields associated with the breathing cycle, giving rise to ghosting artifacts in multi‐shot acquisitions. Here, we suggest a correction approach based on linking the signal from a respiratory bellows to field changes inside the spinal cord. The information is used to correct the data at the image reconstruction level.

Methods

The correction was demonstrated in the context of multi‐shot T2*‐weighted imaging of the cervical spinal cord at 7T. A respiratory trace was acquired during a high‐resolution multi‐echo gradient‐echo sequence, used for structural imaging and quantitative T2* mapping, and a multi‐shot EPI time series, as would be suitable for fMRI. The coupling between the trace and the breathing‐induced fields was determined by a short calibration scan in each individual. Images were reconstructed with and without trace‐based correction.

Results

In the multi‐echo acquisition, breathing‐induced fields caused severe ghosting in images with long TE, which led to a systematic underestimation of T2* in the spinal cord. The trace‐based correction reduced the ghosting and increased the estimated T2* values. Breathing‐related ghosting was also observed in the multi‐shot EPI images. The correction largely removed the ghosting, thereby improving the temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio of the time series.

Conclusions

Trace‐based retrospective correction of breathing‐induced field variations can reduce ghosting and improve quantitative metrics in multi‐shot structural and functional T2*‐weighted imaging of the spinal cord. The method is straightforward to implement and does not rely on sequence modifications or additional hardware beyond a respiratory bellows.
Cerebral blood volume mapping using Fourier‐transform–based velocity‐selective saturation pulse trains
Authors: Qin Qin , Qu Yaoming , Li Wenbo , Liu Dapeng , Shin Taehoon , Zhao Yansong , Lin Doris D. , van Zijl Peter C.M. , Wen Zhibo
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Velocity‐selective saturation (VSS) pulse trains provide a viable alternative to the spatially selective methods for measuring cerebral blood volume (CBV) by reducing the sensitivity to arterial transit time. This study is to compare the Fourier‐transform–based velocity‐selective saturation (FT‐VSS) pulse trains with the conventional flow‐dephasing VSS techniques for CBV quantification.

Methods

The proposed FT‐VSS label and control modules were compared with VSS pulse trains utilizing double refocused hyperbolic tangent (DRHT) and 8‐segment B1‐insensitive rotation (BIR‐8). This was done using both numerical simulations and phantom studies to evaluate their sensitivities to gradient imperfections such as eddy currents. DRHT, BIR‐8, and FT‐VSS prepared CBV mapping was further compared for velocity‐encoding gradients along 3 orthogonal directions in healthy subjects at 3T.

Results

The phantom studies exhibited more consistent immunity to gradient imperfections for the utilized FT‐VSS pulse trains. Compared to DRHT and BIR‐8, FT‐VSS delivered more robust CBV results across the 3 VS encoding directions with significantly reduced artifacts along the superior‐inferior direction and improved temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) values. Average CBV values obtained from FT‐VSS based sequences were 5.3 mL/100 g for gray matter and 2.3 mL/100 g for white matter, comparable to literature expectations.

Conclusion

Absolute CBV quantification utilizing advanced FT‐VSS pulse trains had several advantages over the existing approaches using flow‐dephasing VSS modules. A greater immunity to gradient imperfections and the concurrent tissue background suppression of FT‐VSS pulse trains enabled more robust CBV measurements and higher SNR than the conventional VSS pulse trains.
Absolute quantitative MR perfusion and comparison against stable‐isotope microspheres
Authors: Jeong Yong I. , Christoforidis Gregory A. , Saadat Niloufar , Kawaji Keigo , Cantrell Charles G. , Roth Steven , Niekrasz Marek , Carroll Timothy J.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This work sought to compare a quantitative T1 bookend dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI based perfusion protocol for absolute cerebral blood flow (qCBF) against CBF measured by the stable‐isotope neutron capture microsphere method, a recognized reference standard for measuring tissue blood flow, at normocapnia, hypercapnia, and in acute stroke.

Methods

CBF was measured in anesthetized female canines by MRI and microspheres over 2 consecutive days for each case. On day 1, 5 canines were measured before and during a physiological challenge induced by carbogen inhalation; on day 2, 4 canines were measured following permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity measured by MRI and microsphere deposition were compared.

Results

MRI correlated strongly with microspheres at the hemispheric level for CBF during normo‐ and hypercapnic states (r2 = 0.96), for individual cerebrovascular reactivity (r2 = 0.84), and for postocclusion CBF (r2 = 0.82). Correction for the delay and dispersion of the contrast bolus resulted in a significant improvement in the correlation between MRI and microsphere deposition in the ischemic state (r2 = 0.96). In all comparisons, moderate correlations were found at the regional level.

Conclusion

In an experimental canine model with and without permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, MRI‐based qCBF yielded moderate to strong correlations for absolute quantitative CBF and cerebrovascular reactivity measurements during normocapnia and hypercapnia. Correction for delay and dispersion greatly improved the quantitation during occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, underscoring the importance for this correction under focal ischemic condition.
Accuracy and precision of electrical permittivity mapping at 3T: the impact of three mapping techniques
Authors: Gavazzi Soraya , van den Berg Cornelis A.T. , Sbrizzi Alessandro , Kok H. Petra , Stalpers Lukas J. A. , Lagendijk Jan J.W. , Crezee Hans , van Lier Astrid L. H. M. W.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To investigate the sequence‐specific impact of amplitude mapping on the accuracy and precision of permittivity reconstruction at 3T in the pelvic region.

Methods

maps obtained with actual flip angle imaging (AFI), Bloch–Siegert (BS), and dual refocusing echo acquisition mode (DREAM) sequences, set to a clinically feasible scan time of 5 minutes, were compared in terms of accuracy and precision with electromagnetic and Bloch simulations and MR measurements. Permittivity maps were reconstructed based on these maps with Helmholtz‐based electrical properties tomography. Accuracy and precision in permittivity were assessed. A 2‐compartment phantom with properties and size similar to the human pelvis was used for both simulations and measurements. Measurements were also performed on a female volunteer’s pelvis.

Results

Accuracy was evaluated with noiseless simulations on the phantom. The maximum bias relative to the true distribution was 1% for AFI and BS and 6% to 15% for DREAM. This caused an average permittivity bias relative to the true permittivity of 7% to 20% for AFI and BS and 12% to 35% for DREAM. Precision was assessed in MR experiments. The lowest standard deviation in permittivity, found in the phantom for BS, measured 22.4 relative units and corresponded to a standard deviation in of 0.2% of the average value. As regards precision, in vivo and phantom measurements were comparable.

Conclusions

Our simulation framework quantitatively predicts the different impact of mapping techniques on permittivity reconstruction and shows high sensitivity of permittivity reconstructions to sequence‐specific bias and noise perturbation in the map. These findings are supported by the experimental results.
Development and clinical implementation of SeedNet: A sliding‐window convolutional neural network for radioactive seed identification in MRI‐assisted radiosurgery (MARS)
Authors: Sanders Jeremiah W. , Frank Steven J. , Kudchadker Rajat J. , Bruno Teresa L. , Ma Jingfei
Published: February 2019

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a sliding‐window convolutional neural network (CNN) for radioactive seed identification in MRI of the prostate after permanent implant brachytherapy.

Methods

Sixty‐eight patients underwent prostate cancer low‐dose‐rate (LDR) brachytherapy using radioactive seeds stranded with positive contrast MR‐signal seed markers and were scanned using a balanced steady‐state free precession pulse sequence with and without an endorectal coil (ERC). A sliding‐window CNN algorithm (SeedNet) was developed to scan the prostate images using 3D sub‐windows and to identify the implanted radioactive seeds. The algorithm was trained on sub‐windows extracted from 18 patient images. Seed detection performance was evaluated by computing precision, recall, F1‐score, false discovery rate, and false–negative rate. Seed localization performance was evaluated by computing the RMS error (RMSE) between the manually identified and algorithm‐inferred seed locations. SeedNet was implemented into a clinical software package and evaluated on sub‐windows extracted from 40 test patients.

Results

SeedNet achieved 97.6 ± 2.2% recall and 97.2 ± 1.9% precision for radioactive seed detection and 0.19 ± 0.04 mm RMSE for seed localization in the images acquired with an ERC. Without the ERC, the recall remained high, but the false–positive rate increased; the RMSE of the seed locations increased marginally. The clinical integration of SeedNet slightly increased the run‐time, but the overall run‐time was still low.

Conclusion

SeedNet can be used to perform automated radioactive seed identification in prostate MRI after LDR brachytherapy. Image quality improvement through pulse sequence optimization is expected to improve SeedNet’s performance when imaging without an ERC.
A black‐blood ultra‐short echo time (UTE) sequence for 3D isotropic resolution imaging of the lungs
Authors: Delacoste Jean , Feliciano Helene , Yerly Jérôme , Dunet Vincent , Beigelman‐Aubry Catherine , Ginami Giulia , van Heeswijk Ruud B. , Piccini Davide , Stuber Matthias , Sauty Alain
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Ultra‐short echo time MRI is a promising alternative to chest CT for cystic fibrosis patients. Black‐blood imaging in particular could help discern small‐sized anomalies, such as mucoid plugging, which may otherwise be confused with neighboring blood vessels, particularly when contrast agent is not used. We, therefore, implemented and tested an ultra‐short echo time sequence with black‐blood preparation. Additionally, this sequence may also be used to generate bright‐blood angiograms.

Methods

Using this sequence, data was acquired during free breathing in 10 healthy volunteers to obtain respiratory‐motion‐resolved 3D volumes covering the entire thorax with an isotropic resolution of (1 mm)3. The magnitude of signal suppression relative to a bright‐blood reference acquisition was quantified and compared with that obtained with a turbo‐spin echo (TSE) acquisition. Bright‐blood angiograms were also generated by subtraction. Finally, an initial feasibility assessment was performed in 2 cystic fibrosis patients, and images were visually compared with contrast‐enhanced images and with CT data.

Results

Black‐blood preparation significantly decreased the average normalized signal intensity in the vessel lumen (−66%; P < 0.001). Similarly, blood signal was significantly lowered (−60%; P = 0.001) compared with the TSE acquisition. In patients, mucoid plugging could be emphasized in the black‐blood datasets. An intercostal artery could also be visualized in the subtraction angiograms.

Conclusion

Black‐blood free‐breathing ultra‐short echo time imaging was successfully implemented and motion‐resolved full volumetric coverage of the lungs with high spatial resolution was achieved, while obtaining an angiogram without contrast agent injection. Encouraging initial results in patients prompt further investigations in a larger cohort.
Dynamic 31P spectroscopic imaging of skeletal muscles combining flyback echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging and compressed sensing
Authors: Santos‐Díaz Alejandro , Harasym Diana , Noseworthy Michael D.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Dynamic phosphorus MR spectroscopic imaging (31P‐MRSI) experiments require temporal resolution on the order of seconds to concurrently assess different muscle groups. A highly accelerated pulse sequence combining flyback echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) and compressed sensing was developed and tested in a phantom and healthy humans during an exercise‐recovery challenge of the lower leg muscles, using a clinical 3T MRI.

Methods

A flyback EPSI readout designed to achieve 2.25 × 2.25 cm2 resolution over a 18 × 18 cm2 field of view (i.e., 8 × 8 matrix) was combined with compressed sensing through the inclusion of pseudorandom gradient blips to sub‐sample the ky‐kt dimensions by a factor of 2.7×, achieving a temporal resolution of 9 s. The sequence was first tested in a phantom to assess performance compared to fully sampled EPSI (fidEPSI) and phase encoded chemical shift imaging (fidCSI). Then, tests were performed in 11 healthy volunteers during an exercise‐recovery challenge of the lower leg muscles. Voxels containing tissue from different muscle groups were evaluated measuring percentage phosphocreatine (%PCr) depletion, time constant of PCr recovery (τPCr) and intracellular pH at rest and following exercise.

Results

The sequence was capable to track the dynamic PCr response of multiple muscles simultaneously. No statistical differences were found in the metabolite ratio, pH or linewidth when compared with fidEPSI and fidCSI in the phantom study. Dynamic experiments showed differences in PCr depletion when comparing soleus with gastrocnemius muscles. Intracellular pH, τPCr and %PCr decrease were consistent with reported values.

Conclusion

Highly accelerated 31P‐MRSI combining flyback EPSI and compressed sensing is capable of assessing concurrent energy metabolism in multiple muscle groups using a clinical 3T MR system.
Effect of a Long Bout Versus Short Bouts of Walking on Weight Loss During a Weight‐Loss Diet: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Madjd Ameneh , Taylor Moira A. , Delavari Alireza , Malekzadeh Reza , Macdonald Ian A. , Farshchi Hamid R.
Published: February 2019

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different daily physical activity (PA) frequencies, while maintaining the same daily volume of PA, on weight loss, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism in women with overweight or obesity throughout a 24‐week intervention.

Methods

During their weight‐loss plan, 65 women (BMI = 27‐35 kg/m2; age = 18‐40 years) who had a sedentary lifestyle were randomly allocated to the following groups: diet plus a long bout of moderate physical activity (LBP) (one 50‐minute bout of moderate‐intensity PA) 6 d/wk or diet plus short bouts of moderate physical activity (SBP) (two 25‐minute bouts of moderate‐intensity PA) 6 d/wk. Anthropometric and blood measurements were taken at baseline and at 24 weeks.

Results

Compared with the LBP group, the SBP group had a greater decrease in weight (SBP: −8.08 ± 2.20 kg; LBP: −6.39 ± 2.28 kg; P = 0.019), BMI (SBP: −3.11 ± 0.87 kg/m2; LBP: −2.47 ± 0.86 kg/m2; P = 0.027), and waist circumference (SBP: −8.78 ± 2.62 cm; LBP: −5.76 ± 2.03 cm; P = 0.026). No significant differences were seen in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism characteristics after 24 weeks.

Conclusions

PA undertaken in two shorter bouts per day could be more effective for weight loss than PA undertaken in a daily long bout in adult women in a 24‐week weight‐loss program.
Androgen receptor variant 12 promotes migration and invasion by regulating MYLK in gastric cancer
Authors: Xia Nan , Cui Jiantao , Zhu Min , Xing Rui , Lu Youyong
Published: February 2019

Androgen receptor (AR) and its variants (AR‐Vs) promote tumorigenesis and metastasis in many hormone‐related cancers, such as breast, prostate and hepatocellular cancers. However, the expression patterns and underlying molecular mechanisms of AR in gastric cancer (GC) are not fully understood. This study aimed to detect the expression of AR‐Vs in GC and explored their role in metastasis of GC. Here, the AR expression form was identified in GC cell lines and tissues by RT‐PCR and qPCR. Transwell assays and experimental lung metastasis animal models were used to assess the function of AR in cell migration and invasion. Downstream targets of AR were screened by bioinformatics, and identified by luciferase reporter assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. AR‐v12 was identified as the main expression form in GC cell lines and tissues. Different from full length of AR, AR‐v12 was localized to the nucleus independent of androgen. Upregulation of AR‐v12 in primary GC tissues was significantly associated with metastasis. Overexpression of AR‐v12 promoted migration and invasion independent of androgen. Knockdown of AR‐v12 inhibited migration and invasion in vitro, as well as metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, AR‐v12, serving as a transcription factor, promoted metastasis through regulating the promoter activity of MYLK. In AR‐v12 overexpressing cells, knockdown of MYLK inhibited cell migration and invasion, while in AR‐v12 knocked‐down cells, overexpression of MYLK promoted cell migration and invasion. Collectively, our study demonstrates that AR‐v12 is highly expressed in GC tissues and promotes migration and invasion through directly regulating MYLK. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instrumented Version of the Modified Dynamic Gait Index in Patients With Neurologic Disorders
Authors: Anastasi Denise , Carpinella Ilaria , Gervasoni Elisa , Matsuda Patricia N. , Bovi Gabriele , Ferrarin Maurizio , Cattaneo Davide
Published: February 2019

Background

Gait instability is common in adults with neurologic disorders and the modified Dynamic Gait Index (mDGI) was recently introduced to assess dynamic balance. However, instrumental assessment is needed to provide quantitative measures.

Objective

To develop and validate an instrumented version of the mDGI.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Clinical setting.

Participants

Thirty adults with neurologic disorders (10 with multiple sclerosis, 10 with Parkinson disease, and 10 with stroke) and 20 healthy volunteers.

Methods

Participants were assessed with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and with the mDGI. During the assessment of mDGI, data were collected by a single Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) positioned on the sternum. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the instrumented data extracting eight PC scores (ImPC) describing dynamic balance. The instrumented overall score (ImDGI) was then calculated as the sum of the mPCs. PCA revealed two components associated with stride features and regularity (ImDGI_Gait_Pattern) and trunk movements (ImDGI_Trunk_Sway).

Spearman coefficients were calculated between mDGI and ImDGI, whereas Mann‐Whitney (U) and Kruskal‐Wallis (H) tests assessed differences between groups and neurologic conditions.

Main Outcome Measurements

ImDGI.

Results

ImDGI did not show ceiling effects, and good correlations were found between ImDGI and mDGI (r = .84), and TUG (r = .84) for people with neurologic disorders (P < .001). Significant differences among pathologies (H test(2)=12.5, P = .002) and between healthy participants and adults with neurologic disorders (U test = 47.0, P = .001) were found. ImDGI_Trunk_Sway discriminated between people using or not using walking aids and among the three pathologies (H(2) = 10.0, P = .007).

Conclusions

The ImDGI test seems to provide valid measures to objectively assess dynamic balance in neurologic conditions and possibly quantify balance deficits also in adults with neurologic disorders.
Convective activity in an extratropical cyclone and its warm conveyor belt – a case‐study combining observations and a convection‐permitting model simulation
Authors: Oertel Annika , Boettcher Maxi , Joos Hanna , Sprenger Michael , Konow Heike , Hagen Martin , Wernli Heini
Published: February 2019

Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important Lagrangian features in extratropical cyclones for the evolution of clouds, precipitation and flow dynamics. According to the classical concept, WCBs rise continuously from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere with ascent rates of less than 50 hPa/hr. Recent studies identified embedded convection in WCBs with ascent rates exceeding 50 hPa/hr, however, its significance and characteristics have not yet been analysed systematically. This study presents a detailed analysis of a frontal wave cyclone that occurred during the North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) and investigates the occurrence of convection with ascent rates exceeding 100–200 hPa/hr embedded in the WCB. A set of diagnostics, based on the combination of Meteosat products, ECMWF data, and a convection‐permitting simulation, reveals consistently that convection occurs frequently in the warm sector of the investigated cyclone, in particular in the region of the WCB. These convective regions are characterized by increased surface precipitation, low values of convective available potential energy, and significant large‐scale forcing for ascent, indicating that this type of convection embedded in WCBs differs from classical air mass convection with higher vertical velocities. This is qualitatively confirmed by airborne radar observations of the considered cyclone with reflectivities hardly exceeding 30 dBZ. In the investigated WCB, the ascent is not continuous, but characterized by intermittent periods of very strong or even convective ascent and occasionally by short periods of descent. Together, these results provide a refined view on the concept of WCBs and its embedded convection.
Ion exchange nutrient recovery from anaerobic membrane bioreactor permeate
Authors: Mullen Patrick , Venkiteshwaran Kaushik , Zitomer Daniel H. , Mayer Brooke K.
Published: February 2019

Nutrient recovery from municipal wastewater was evaluated using anion exchange media loaded with hydrated ferric oxide (HFO) and copper (Cu2+) (Dow‐HFO‐Cu resin) to selectively capture phosphate, followed by clinoptilolite for ammonium removal and recovery. Nutrients were concentrated in the regenerants and recovered as precipitated struvite. Media exchange capacity after multiple ion exchange cycles was determined using permeate from an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating synthetic or actual municipal wastewater from a full‐scale water reclamation facility. Regeneration through five ion exchange cycles using relatively low concentration regenerant solution (2% NaCl and 0.5% NaOH) resulted in the highest phosphate exchange capacity and phosphate recovery. This regenerant also provided the most consistent ammonium recovery. Column tests treating AnMBR permeate were performed over five ion exchange cycles; Dow‐HFO‐Cu resin exchange capacities ranged from 1.6 to 2.8 mg PO4‐P/g dry media. A maximum of 94% of the removed phosphate was recovered during regeneration. The rate and extent of regeneration was insensitive to regenerant salt concentrations in the range investigated. Precipitation using a mixture of the spent regeneration brines from the Dow‐HFO‐Cu resin and clinoptilolite columns produced low molar ratios of Mg:NH4:PO4, suggesting that the recovered product was not pure struvite.

Practitioner points

Ion exchange‐precipitation for the removal and recovery of and NH4+ from AnMBR permeate is a promising technology.

2% NaCl + 0.5% NaOH regeneration solution provided the most consistent exchange performance for both phosphate and ammonium recovery.

Regenerated Dow‐HFO‐Cu resin exchange capacity was consistently less than the virgin resin, likely due to copper leaching during regeneration.

Molar ratios in the precipitates suggested that the precipitated material was not pure struvite.
Nongeometric heterotic strings and dual F-theory with enhanced gauge groups
Authors: Kimura Yusuke
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Eight-dimensional nongeometric heterotic strings were constructed as duals of F-theory on Λ1,1 ⊕ E
8 ⊕ E
7 lattice polarized K3 surfaces by Malmendier and Morrison. We study the structure of the moduli space of this construction. There are special points in this space at which the ranks of the non-Abelian gauge groups on the 7-branes in F-theory are enhanced to 18. We demonstrate that the enhanced rank-18 non-Abelian gauge groups arise as a consequence of the coincident 7-branes, which deform stable degenerations on the F-theory side. This observation suggests that the non-geometric heterotic strings include nonperturbative effects of the coincident 7-branes on the F-theory side. The gauge groups that arise at these special points in the moduli space do not allow for perturbative descriptions on the heterotic side.

We also construct a family of elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau 3-folds by fibering K3 surfaces with enhanced singularities over ℙ1. Highly enhanced gauge groups arise in F-theory compactifications on the resulting Calabi-Yau 3-folds.
Low scale left-right symmetry and naturally small neutrino mass
Authors: Brdar Vedran , Smirnov Alexei Yu.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We consider the low scale (10-100 TeV) left-right symmetric model with “naturally” small neutrino masses generated through the inverse seesaw mechanism. The Dirac neutrino mass terms are taken to be similar to the masses of charged leptons and quarks in order to satisfy the quark-lepton similarity condition. The inverse seesaw implies the existence of fermion singlets S with Majorana mass terms as well as the “left” and “right” Higgs doublets. These doublets provide the portal for S and break the left-right symmetry. The inverse seesaw allows to realize a scenario in which the large lepton mixing originates from the Majorana mass matrix of S fields which has certain symmetry. The model contains heavy pseudo-Dirac fermions, formed by S and the right-handed neutrinos, which have masses in the 1 GeV-100 TeV range and can be searched for at current and various future colliders such as LHC, FCC-ee and FCC-hh as well as in SHiP and DUNE experiments. Their contribution to neutrinoless double beta decay is unobservable. The radiative corrections to the mass of the Higgs boson and the possibility for generating the baryon asymmetry of the Universe are discussed. Modification of the model with two singlets (S

L
and S

R
) per generation can provide a viable keV-scale dark matter candidate.
Leptophilic dark matter from gauged lepton number: phenomenology and gravitational wave signatures
Authors: Madge Eric , Schwaller Pedro
Published: February 2019

Abstract

New gauge symmetries often appear in theories beyond the Standard Model. Here we study a model where lepton number is promoted to a gauge symmetry. Anomaly cancellation requires the introduction of additional leptons, the lightest of which is a natural leptophilic dark matter candidate. We perform a comprehensive study of both collider and dark matter phenomenology. Furthermore we find that the model exhibits a first order lepton number breaking phase transition in large regions of parameter space. The corresponding gravitational wave signal is computed, and its detectability at LISA and other future GW detectors assessed. Finally we comment on the complementarity of dark matter, collider and gravitational wave observables, and on the potential reach of future colliders.
On the amplitudes for the CP-conserving K±(KS) → π±(π0)ℓ+ℓ− rare decay modes
Authors: D’Ambrosio Giancarlo , Greynat David , Knecht Marc
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The amplitudes for the rare decay modes K
± → π
±
ℓ
+
ℓ
− and K

S
→ π
0
ℓ
+ℓ− are studied with the aim of obtaining predictions for them, such as to enable the possibility to search for violations of lepton-flavour universality in the kaon sector. The issue is first addressed from the perspective of the low-energy expansion, and a two-loop representation of the corresponding form factors is constructed, leaving as unknown quantities their values and slopes at vanishing momentum transfer. In a second step a phenomenological determination of the latter is proposed. It consists of the contribution of the resonant two-pion state in the P wave, and of the leading short-distance contribution determined by the operator-product expansion. The interpolation between the two energy regimes is described by an infinite tower of zero-width resonances matching the QCD short-distance behaviour. Finally, perspectives for future improvements in the theoretical understanding of these amplitudes are discussed.
Sign of Life is Associated with Return of Spontaneous Circulation After Resuscitative Thoracotomy: Single Trauma Center Experience of Republic of Korea
Authors: Kang Byung Hee , Choi Donghwan , Huh Yo , Kwon Junsik , Jung Kyoungwon , Lee John Cook‐Jong , Moon Jonghwan
Published: February 2019

Background

Resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) can be a lifesaving treatment, but it has not yet been performed in Korea. In this study, we review our experience of RT after a regional trauma center was constructed.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of RT conducted at a single Korean trauma center from May 2014 to March 2018. The primary outcome was survival, and the secondary outcome was return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The clinical characteristics of the patients were compared between the ROSC and non‐ROSC groups. Survivors were also reviewed.

Results

A total of 62 patients were reviewed, and 60 patients had experienced blunt injury. Thirty‐nine patients had ROSC. The ROSC group had short cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) time (6 [2–10] min vs 11 [8–12] min, p < 0.001), the presence of sign of life at the trauma bay [32 (86.5%) vs 7 (28.0%), p < 0.001], and a low Injury Severity Score [26 (25–39) vs 37 (30–75), p = 0.038] compared to the non‐ROSC group. On multivariate analysis, only the presence of sign of life was significantly associated with ROSC [11.297 (1.496–85.309) OR (95% CI), p = 0.019]. The 24‐h survival rate was 8.1%, and the successful discharge rate was 4.8%.

Conclusion

The outcome of RT in a Korean trauma center was favorable. ROSC after RT was strongly associated with the presence of sign of life, and RT may be performed in the presence of sign of life regardless of prehospital CPR time.
Private finance integration to affordable housing production: a comparison between Copenhagen and Istanbul
Authors: Turk Suheyla
Published: February 2019

This study analyzes transformations in institutions of affordable housing production connected to neoliberalization, which have impacted affordability rates and income gaps in Copenhagen and Istanbul. Also, different types of affordable housing began to develop, such as modular housing of Almenbolig+ in Copenhagen and housing for very low-income people in Istanbul. Increased affordability rates are the results of the transformations of welfare state-based practices to market-based approaches. The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare how affordable housing institutions have transformed from being financed through public funds to private funding sources since the periods of financial crisis in 2001 and 2008 in a Western and non-Western country. Using the concept of neoliberal localization, this comparative case study employs variation finding tool to analyze the transformations under three causal mechanisms. The first mechanism is state withdrawal of providing finance to affordable housing production; second, collaboration with private sector for financing affordable housing while increasing authority of municipalities. The third mechanism is restructuring institutions to open a base for public-private partnerships. Primary data was provided from interviews, while secondary data was gathered from planning policies, legislations, OECD and country statistics. The outcome of this study reveals information about changes in affordable housing institutions and neoliberal effects on affordable housing production due to contributions of local governments contingent on requirements of private funding.
Brief period of post-encoding wakeful rest supports verbal memory retention in children aged 10–13 years
Authors: Martini Markus , Martini Caroline , Sachse Pierre
Published: February 2019

Evidence exists that a brief period of wakeful rest after learning can support the retention of memories, whereas a period filled with a cognitive task after learning can weaken the retention of memories. The present study in 10–13 year old children investigated whether wakeful resting after encoding is more beneficial for the retention of new verbal information than watching movies, which reflects a common everyday life/learning break activity in children at this age. Children encoded a word list. After immediate recall of this word list, they wakefully rested for 12 min. Next, children encoded another word list. After immediate recall of this word list, they watched animated short movies for 12 min. The order of the delay conditions (rest, movies) was counterbalanced across children. At the end of the experimental session, a surprise free recall test took place. Overall analyses revealed that while memory performance decreased over time in both the resting condition and movies condition, it decreased significantly more in the movies condition. These results indicate that wakeful resting supports the retention of verbal information in children aged 10–13 years.