bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miRNA-125b regulates TNF-α production in CD14+ neonatal monocytes via post-transcriptional regulation
Authors: Huang Hsin-Chun , Yu Hong-Ren , Huang Li-Tung , Huang Hui-Chen , Chen Ron-Fu , Lin I-Chun , Ou Chia-Yo , Hsu Te-Yao , Yang Kuender D
Published: May 2012

Neonatal monocytes express lower miR-125b, a negative regulator of TNF-α expression, resulting in higher TNF-α responses after LPS stimulation.

Neonates, although deficient in cell immunity, frequently reveal sepsis with augmented proinflammatory reactions. Here, we found that neonatal monocytes produced significantly higher TNF-α mRNA and protein than adult monocytes. Assessment of the transcriptional factor found no significant difference of NF-κB p65 level between neonatal and adult monocytes. Addition of Act D to access the half-life of TNF-α mRNA revealed no significant difference of the LPS-induced TNF-α mRNA half-life between them, whereas CHX increased neonatal TNF-α mRNA significantly. This suggests that a post-transcriptional mechanism involves the augmentation of TNF-α production by neonatal monocytes. To examine whether miRNA was involved in the post-transcriptional regulation, differential displays of miRNA array between neonatal and adult MNCs were performed, along with the discovery of hsa-miR-103, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-454-3p, and hsa-miR-542-3p, which were greater than a twofold decrease or increase after LPS treatment for 4 h. The functional validation identified that miR-125b decreased significantly in association with higher TNF-α expression by neonatal monocytes after LPS stimulation. Transfection of the miR-125b precursor into neonatal monocytes significantly repressed the TNF-α mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that miR-125b negatively regulates TNF-α expression in neonatal monocytes. Modulation of miRNA expression may be used to regulate TNF-α production in newborns with altered proinflammatory reactions.
White matter abnormalities and illness severity in major depressive disorder
Authors: Cole James , Chaddock Christopher A. , Farmer Anne E. , Aitchison Katherine J. , Simmons Andrew , McGuffin Peter , Fu Cynthia H. Y.
Published: May 2012

Background

White matter abnormalities have been implicated in the aetiology of major depressive disorder; however, the relationship between the severity of symptoms and white matter integrity is currently unclear.

Aims

To investigate white matter integrity in people with major depression and healthy controls, and to assess its relationship with depressive symptom severity.

Method

Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired from 66 patients with recurrent major depression and a control group of 66 healthy individuals matched for age, gender and IQ score, and analysed with tract-based spatial statistics. The relationship between white matter integrity and severity of depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory was examined.

Results

Depressive illness was associated with widespread regions of decreased white matter integrity, including regions in the corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus and anterior corona radiata, compared with the control group. Increasing symptom severity was negatively correlated with white matter integrity, predominantly in the corpus callosum.

Conclusions

Widespread alterations in white matter integrity are evident in major depressive disorder. These abnormalities are heightened with increasing severity of depressive symptoms.
Effects of RNA interference-induced Smad3 gene silencing on pulmonary fibrosis caused by paraquat in mice
Authors: Dong Xue-Song , Hu Xiao-Bin , Liu Wei , Sun Yu-Qiang , Liu Zhi
Published: May 2012

Paraquat (PQ) poisoning induces many physiological and histological changes in the human body, but PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis is most often associated with death. The signaling pathway associated with pulmonary fibrosis is reliant on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf- β1) activation of Smad3, as evidenced by Smad3-deficient mice being resistant to tgf- β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, we sought to determine whether targeted silencing of Smad3 gene expression could inhibit PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We developed an RNA interference (RNAi) method using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting Smad3. The shRNA expression cassettes capable of effectively silencing Smad3 in L929 mouse fibroblasts were transferred to an adenovirus vector and intratracheally administered into mouse lung. Treated mice presented with inhibited Smad3 mRNA and protein and were resistant to PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as evidenced by suppressed expressions of procollagen type I mRNA and hydroxyproline amino acid. Thus, silencing of Smad3 appears to be a promising alternative strategy for the treatment of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Smooth muscle adaptation and recovery of contractility after massive small bowel resection in rats
Authors: Chen Jie , Wen Jie , Cai Wei
Published: May 2012

Previous studies have suggested that massive small bowel resection (mSBR) compromises the normal intestinal processes of digestion and absorption, and requires an adaptive response to regain full function and reinstate coordinated contractile activity of the circular smooth muscle. This study was designed to investigate spontaneous contractile activity of circular smooth muscle using the mSBR rat model and to determine the functional role of M2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in this process. Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent an 80% proximal SBR or sham operation. Markers of adaptation, including villus and microvillus height, were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Contractility was measured by attaching the distal ileum strips to strain gauge transducers and exposing the tissue to varying doses of the cholinergic agonist carbachol. Protein expressions of M2- and M3-mAChR in intestinal smooth muscle (ISM) were detected by Western blot. Following mSBR, the ISM showed perturbed spontaneous rhythmic contraction, irregular amplitude and slow frequency by muscle strip test. However, by two weeks after mSBR, the contractile function of circular smooth muscle was found to have returned to normal levels. Protein expression of M2-mAChR was down-regulated following mSBR but up-regulated during the adaptive process when contractile activity of circular smooth muscle was regained. These results indicate that smooth muscle contractility was spontaneously restored in rats following mSBR, and involved the acetylcholine receptors M2 and M3. Thus, the disrupted contractile response of smooth muscle in short bowel syndrome may be corrected by therapeutic intervention to restore the expressions of M2- and M3-mAChR to pre-mSBR levels.
Insulin-like growth factor and fibroblast growth factor expression profiles in growth-restricted fetal sheep pancreas
Authors: Chen Xiaochuan , Rozance Paul J , Hay William W , Limesand Sean W
Published: May 2012

Placental insufficiency results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), impaired fetal insulin secretion and less fetal pancreatic β-cell mass, partly due to lower β-cell proliferation rates. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate fetal β-cell proliferation and pancreas development, along with transcription factors, such as pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1). We determined expression levels for these growth factors, their receptors and IGF binding proteins in ovine fetal pancreas and isolated islets. In the IUGR pancreas, relative mRNA expression levels of IGF-I, PDX-1, FGF7 and FGFR2IIIb were 64% ( P < 0.01), 76% ( P < 0.05), 76% ( P < 0.05) and 52% ( P < 0.01) lower, respectively, compared with control fetuses. Conversely, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) mRNA and protein concentrations were 2.25- and 1.2-fold greater ( P < 0.05) in the IUGR pancreas compared with controls. In isolated islets from IUGR fetuses, IGF-II and IGFBP-2 mRNA concentrations were 1.5- and 3.7-fold greater ( P < 0.05), and insulin mRNA was 56% less ( P < 0.05) than control islets. The growth factor expression profiles for IGF and FGF signaling pathways indicate that declines in β-cell mass are due to decreased growth factor signals for both pancreatic progenitor epithelial cell and mature β-cell replication.
Can self-reported height and weight be used among people living with HIV/AIDS?
Authors: Duran A C F L , Florindo A A , Jaime P C
Published: May 2012

To assess the reliability and validity of self-reported height and weight in adults living with HIV/AIDS (ALWHA) we assessed 508 ALWHA of both genders on antiretroviral therapy. Height and weight were directly measured in a subsample. Sensitivity and specificity analysis were performed to determine the validity of self-reported measures. Bland–Altman's method was used to calculate the limits of agreement between values while reliability was assessed using intraclass coefficients. Regression equations were devised to determine actual measures from self-reported values. Mean differences among measured and self-reported weight were −0.96 kg for men and −0.54 kg for women. Mean height differences were less than 2 cm, yielding good reliability for body mass index (BMI). Overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) diagnosis sensitivity was 90.6% and specificity was 81.2%. Corrected measures determined by regression equations had stronger correlation with self-reported values ( r > 0.980). Self-reported height and weight showed good reliability and validity compared with directly measured height and weight. However, measures should be corrected whenever possible to achieve higher accuracy.
Imiquimod use in adolescents: off-label but effective
Authors: Greensill A , Yong M , O'Mahony C
Published: May 2012

Genital warts are very common in the under-18 years old population, yet treatment with imiquimod is currently off-label. We looked at 50 cases of genital warts in patients aged under 18 years who had been treated with Imiquimod to see if this treatment was effective, and it was.
Survey of lactation suppression in HIV-positive pregnant women
Authors: Pammi M , Carlin E M
Published: May 2012

The risk of HIV transmission via breastfeeding is well reported. We conducted a national survey in the UK to look at the current knowledge and postpartum practice of HIV physicians caring for HIV-positive pregnant women. In total, 167 questionnaires were distributed, 85 (51%) questionnaires were returned. All the respondents advised their patients against breastfeeding, 17 (23%) respondents routinely prescribed drugs for postpartum lactation suppression and 32 (43%) detailed awareness of interactions between antiretroviral therapy and dopaminergic lactation suppression agents. Thirteen respondents reported awareness of guidance on lactation suppression. The knowledge and use of lactation suppression agents appears to be low. However, its use will not only reduce postnatal mastitis and breast engorgement but will also help women deal with social pressures to breastfeed. Increased use in specific circumstances will improve the postnatal care of HIV-positive pregnant women in the UK.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: rate of referral for neurorehabilitation and psychiatric co-morbidity
Authors: Herlihy D , Samarawickrama A , Gibson S , Taylor C , O'Flynn D
Published: May 2012

Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients continue to present with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) which may be associated with significant psychiatric co-morbidity. We audited our patients with HAND referred for psychiatric assessment against the National Service Framework guidelines that they should receive neurorehabilitation. We found that despite these patients posing a risk to themselves and others due to poor insight and medication adherence, high rates of psychiatric co-morbidity and severely challenging behaviour, few were referred for neurorehabilitation. We recommend that clear referral pathways for psychiatric intervention and neurorehabilitation are established in HIV treatment centres.
Condom use among female sex workers and their non-commercial partners: effects of a sexual risk intervention in two Mexican cities
Authors: Ulibarri M D , Strathdee S A , Lozada R , Staines-Orozco H S , Abramovitz D , Semple S , Martínez G A , Patterson T L
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a brief behavioural intervention promoting condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) and their clients had the added benefit of increasing condom use among FSWs and their steady, non-commercial partners (e.g. husbands, boyfriends). Participants were 362 FSWs, aged ≥18 years, living in Tijuana or Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, who received a behavioural intervention to promote condom use with clients. Repeated-measures negative binomial regression was used to assess FSWs’ condom use with steady partners versus clients across time. Results showed that FSWs engaged in unprotected sex with steady partners more than with their clients, and that the intervention changed FSWs’ condom use with clients but not their steady partners. HIV-prevention interventions for FSWs should promote consistent condom use across partner type. Targeting couples rather than individuals may also be necessary.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in incarcerated persons
Authors: Kouyoumdjian F G , Leto D , John S , Henein H , Bondy S
Published: May 2012

Communicable diseases are common in people who are incarcerated. We aimed to define the prevalence of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis in people who are incarcerated and to identify subgroups with the highest risk of infection. We searched for prevalence studies of chlamydia, gonorrhoea or syphilis in incarcerated populations. Pooled estimates were generated, and meta-regression was conducted. Random effects models yielded pooled prevalence estimates of 5.75% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.01, 6.48) and 12.31% (95% CI 10.61, 14.01) for chlamydia in men and women, 1.4% (95% CI 1.09, 1.70) and 5.73% (4.76, 6.69) for gonorrhoea in men and women, and 2.45% (95% CI 2.08, 2.82) and 6.10% (95% CI 4.75, 7.46) for syphilis in men and women, respectively. Each infection was associated with female gender in meta-regression models. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis are highly prevalent in these populations. Primary and secondary prevention efforts could improve individual and population health.
Shared care approach to managing ophthalmological disease in patients with positive treponemal serology: a case series
Authors: Karunaratne I , Sharma S , Dick A , Carrington D , Horner P
Published: May 2012

Ocular syphilis presenting initially as various manifestations of intraocular inflammation is a rare but an important manifestation of syphilis. Ocular phenotypes are varied and mimic other infectious and non-infectious ocular diseases. Uncertainties exist in optimal management of ocular manifestations of syphilis due to a lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. In this article we report seven cases of syphilis representing a spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations and highlight key issues around diagnosis and management. We underscore the importance of interdisciplinary approach by ophthalmologists and genitourinary (GU) physicians in improving the outcome of this subgroup of patients in the absence of robust evidence.
A bronchiolitis integrated care pathway for children
Authors: Soe Aung , Chetcuti Philip , Fox Grenville , Tomlin Stephen
Published: May 2012

There is currently no standard in the UK for the management and prevention of bronchiolitis, leading to widespread variation in the management of infants. The authors feel that existing guidelines are not followed as a result of a lack of understanding and motivation to ensure that the necessary services and funding are available to manage patients according to recommendations. This pathway was developed to facilitate the implementation of standardized care for infants with or at risk for bronchiolitis. The integrated care pathway (ICP) for bronchiolitis was developed by a multidisciplinary steering group over the course of four facilitated workshops. During these workshops the steering group defined the ideal patient journey and then detailed each of the steps in the pathway with the information that should be assessed and collected to optimally manage patients. The results of the pathway development process and the ICP itself are the process map, ICP forms and the evidence review including commissioning outcomes. This ICP for bronchiolitis is based on expert consensus, multistakeholder input and a critique of published evidence. The steering group urges health professionals to work together across networks to improve the care for children both at risk for and with bronchiolitis.
Kinetics Study of the Esterification of Acetic Acid with Methanol using Low-Corrosive Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids as Catalysts
Authors: Tao Duan-Jian , Zhang Xiao-Liang , Hu Na , Li Zhang-Min , Chen Xiang-Shu
Published: May 2012

The kinetics for the esterification of acetic acid with methanol was studied systemically in the presence of low-corrosive Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as catalysts. The effect of various parameters such as catalyst type, agitation speed, temperature, catalyst loading, and molar ratio of the reactants on the conversion of acidic acid was studied in detail to obtain the optimal reaction conditions. Moreover, the pseudo-homogeneous (PH) kinetic model was utilized successfully to correlate the experimental data in the temperature range from 323.15 to 343.15 K. Thus, a complete kinetic equation for describing this esterification system was developed that provides to obtain the kinetic information for the simulation and design of catalytic distillation column in the synthesis of methyl acetate.
Besorgnis der Befangenheit bei Ehe zwischen Richterin und Staatsanwalt
Authors: Ellbogen Klaus , Schneider Felix
Published: May 2012

Die Befangenheit im Strafverfahren ist ein immer wiederkehrendes
und vorwiegend von der Verteidigung angesprochenes Thema.
Regelmä�ig ist sie Gegenstand (höchst-)richterlicher Entscheidungen. Ihre Problematik beschränkt sich dabei nicht nur auf die Person des Richters, sondern erstreckt sich auch auf eine mögliche (analoge) Anwendung der §§ 22 ff. StPO auf Staatsanwälte. Eine Konstellation, zu der es – soweit ersichtlich – bislang nur einen unveröffentlichten Beschluss des AG Potsdam gibt, besteht in der ehelichen Gemeinschaft zwischen Richterin und Staatsanwalt. Im Folgenden soll nach einer kurzen Darstellung des Verfahrens der Richterablehnung und den Grundlagen der Befangenheitsbesorgnis diese Konstellation untersucht werden. Dabei wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, ob und unter welchen Umständen eine dienstliche Äu�erung des Richters die Besorgnis der Befangenheit beseitigen kann.
Metaphors of Time and Modernity in Bach
Authors: Varwig Bettina
Published: May 2012

Narratives of music and modernity have been prominent in musicological writings of the past decade, and the place of Johann Sebastian Bach within these narratives has formed the subject of stimulating debates. Recent studies by Karol Berger and John Butt have aimed to integrate Bach's Passion compositions into broadly conceived philosophical frameworks, in Berger's case focusing specifically on changing perceptions of time from a premodern sense of circular stasis to a modern linear idea of progress. This article proposes an alternative model of historical inquiry into these issues by presenting a detailed look at attitudes to time in early eighteenth-century Protestant Leipzig. My approach reveals a complex constellation of conflicting ideas and metaphors that encompass notions of time as both circular and linear and evince a particular concern for the question of how to fill the time of one's earthly existence productively. In this light, pieces like Bach's St. Matthew Passion and Georg Philipp Telemann's Brockes Passion can be understood to have offered a range of different temporal experiences, which depended on individual listening attitudes, performance decisions, and surrounding social conventions. I argue that only through paying close attention to these fluid and often incongruous discourses can we gain a sufficiently nuanced picture of how music may have reflected and shaped early eighteenth-century conceptions of time, history, and eternity.
Brahms Rhapsodizing: The Alto Rhapsody and Its Expressive Double
Authors: Reynolds Christopher
Published: May 2012

This article presents two new hypotheses about Brahms's Alto Rhapsody, op. 53 (1869), a work Brahms referred to as his “bridal song.” Consulting a range of nineteenth-century sources, I explore the implications of rhapsody as a genre for this composition and argue that they include the classical convention of rhapsody as a poetic cento, or Stoppelgedicht. Centos, poems made up of quotations from earlier works, were often written for important events such as weddings; examples include the Cento nuptialis, which was discussed, among others, by August Wilhelm Ambros in his Geschichte der Musik (1864). Brahms's musical sources include Wagner's Tristan und Isolde and several works based on Goethe's Faust, including, especially, Liszt's Faust–Symphonie.

My second hypothesis is that Brahms likely composed his Schicksalslied, op. 54, as a companion piece to the Alto Rhapsody. The two pieces respond to each other through several shared musical and textual correspondences. They deal in paired ways with the division between mortal suffering and otherworldly grace, and they embrace conventions and characters from antiquity. Invoking a concept proposed by Lawrence Kramer, I interpret these works as “expressive doubles” of each other. My investigation suggests that Brahms probably began work on the Rhapsody at least a year earlier than previously thought.
Fungal agents in different anatomical sites in Public Health Services in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Araújo Sebastião Martins de , Fontes Cor Jésus Fernandes , Leite Júnior Diniz Pereira , Hahn Rosane Christine
Published: May 2012

INTRODUCTION: A contribution to the regional epidemiological profile of the most common fungal agents in Public Health Services in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, including university hospitals and polyclinics. METHODS: Clinical specimens (n = 1,496) from 1,078 patients were collected, submitted to direct mycological exam (potash or stick tape method) and cultured in specific mediums. Dermatophytic and non-dermatophytic agents were identified according to micromorphology (Ridell technique). RESULTS: The majority of the 1,496 specimens were skin (n = 985) and nail exams (n = 472). Of the 800 positive cultures, 246 (30.8%) corresponded to dermatophytes and 336 (42%) to yeasts of the genus Candida, 190 (23.7%) to other yeasts, 27 (3.4%) to non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and one (0.1%) the agent of subcutaneous mycosis. Lesions considered primary occurred in greater numbers (59.5%) than recurrent lesions (37.4%), with a greater concentration of positivity occurring on the arms and legs. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities, allergies and diabetes mellitus were conditions associated with greater positivity in direct mycological exams and cultures. Positive culture was considered a definitive diagnosis of fungal infection and confirmed 47.8% of diagnostic hypotheses.
Oral colonization by yeasts in HIV-positive patients in Brazil
Authors: Junqueira Juliana C. , Vilela Simone F. G. , Rossoni Rodnei D. , Barbosa Júnia O. , Costa Anna Carolina B. P. , Rasteiro Vanessa M. C. , Suleiman Jamal M. A. H. , Jorge Antonio Olavo C.
Published: May 2012

INTRODUCTION: In HIV-infected patients, colonization of the oral cavity by potential pathogenic yeast may lead to development of systemic fungemia. We evaluated the prevalence of yeast in the oral cavity of Brazilian HIV-positive patients and verified whether or not the species characterized were enzymatically active. Furthermore, the species identified were tested for their susceptibility to antifungal treatment. METHODS: Patient saliva and oropharyngeal candidiasis samples were collected from 60 seropositive HIV patients and identified by the API20C system. Enzymatic activity was evaluated by the production of proteinase and phospholipase. Susceptibility to antifungal treatments were determined using the broth microdilution method. RESULTS: the most commonly isolated species were C. albicans (51.56%) followed by non-albicans Candida species (43.73%), Trichosporon mucoides (3.12%) and Kodamaea ohmeri (1.56%). Oral colonization by association of different species was observed in 42% of the patients. Enzymatic activity was verified in most of species isolated, except for C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae and C. guilliermondii. Resistance to Fluconazole and Amphotericin B was observed in isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and K. ohmeri. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive patients are orally colonized by single or multiple species of yeast that are occasionally resistant to Fluconazole or Amphotericin B.
Ultimate flexural rigidity of reinforced concrete beam–column members
Authors: Afefy Hamdy Mohy El-Din
Published: May 2012

This paper presents an expression for the ultimate flexural rigidity for stability analysis of braced reinforced concrete beam–column members with concrete cylinder strength up to 50 MPa. The proposed expression is based on well-documented experimental results along with numerically worked out problems of axially loaded columns with different concrete strengths and slenderness ratios. The effect of end eccentricity and slenderness effect are included. The proposed expression for the ultimate flexural rigidity was compared with the expressions provided in international standards such as ACI 318-08 and CSA A23.3-04. The comparison showed that, despite the simplicity of the proposed expression in application, it gives conservative results and shows its rationality in representing the ultimate flexural rigidity taking into account both end eccentricity and slenderness effects.
Physicochemical Analysis of Roof Runoffs from the Obuasi Area
Authors: Akoto Osei , Appiah Fredrick , Boadi Nathaniel Owusu
Published: May 2012

The quality of surface and ground water in the Obuasi municipality is poor due to the vigorous mining activities taking place in this area. Harvesting rainwater has become an alternative source of domestic water supply to the inhabitants, but there are no reports on their quality. In this study, runoff samples were taken from four different roofing materials in three communities and analyzed for the following parameters Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr Zn, Al, NO3−, SO42-, PO42- and Cl− using standard procedures in order to determine their impact on the quality of the harvested water. The results reveal that, the type of roofing material used for the harvest did influence the quality of the runoffs. The concentrations of Pb and Cd were high in samples from asbestos and clay tiles roofing materials than that of the metal sheets. Asbestos and clay tiles roofing materials pose more environmental risk than other roofs investigated in this study, hence should not be used to harvest rainwater for domestic purposes. The orders in which the roofs are liable of releasing metals into the runoffs are: Cr (ceramic > asbestos > metal sheet), and Zn and Al (metal sheet > asbestos > ceramic tiles). Clay tiles which have rough surfaces do retain contaminants than the metal roofs which are smooth. The levels of some of the metals were above the permissible limits and are health hazards especially for the people who used the harvested water for domestic purposes.
Combination of O3/H2O2 and UV for multiple barrier micropollutant treatment and bromate formation control - an economic attractive option
Authors: Scheideler Jens , Lekkerkerker-Teunissen Karin , Knol Ton , Ried Achim , Verberk Jasper , van Dijk Hans
Published: May 2012

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are known as an effective treatment barrier for micropollutants. Well known AOP combinations are UV/H2O2 and O3/H2O2. This paper will present a more detailed view on how to use the different options combining UV; ozone and H2O2. The focus of this investigation is on treatment effects (reduction of specific contaminats), water matrix, energy consumption and cost calculation (CAPEX, OPEX). The presented data are extracted from extended pilot trials carried out at DUNEA in 2009 and 2010.

Dunea (The Netherlands,The Hague) produces drinking water from the Meuse River, which contains a variety of organic micropollutants as a result from upstream activity. Dunea is performing research to extend the current multiple barrier treatment (e.g. pre-treatment, artificial recharge and recovery (ARR), post-treatment) with an advanced oxidation processes (AOP), situated at the pre-treatment location in Bergambacht, before ARR. The degradation of organic micropollutants as a result of advanced oxidation using different combinations of hydrogen peroxide, ozone, low pressure (LP) UV lamps has been assessed by means of pilot-scale (5 m3/h) experiments. The influent was pre-treated river water, with an yearly average UV-transmission of 80% and a DOC concentration of 4 mg/L.The peroxide doses were varied as 0, 5 and 10 ppm, the ozone doses were varied as 1, 2 and 3 g ozone/m3. The UV doses were varied between 300 and 650 mJ/cm2. The installed power for the LP reactor was 0.26 kWh/m3. Atrazine, bromacil, ibuprofen and NDMA were spiked (10-20 µg/L) and used as model compounds.

Bromacil was completely (>99%) removed by ozone/peroxide. Atrazine and ibuprofen were good (58% and 85% respectively) removed by O3/H2O2 and NDMA was not (9%) removed by this technique, whereas NDMA showed good (82%) removal by UV/H2O2. Atrazine, bromacil and ibuprofen were degraded by UV/H2O2 at 53, 46 and 59 %, respectively. In addition also combined AOP was tested; spiked water was treated by O3/H2O2 first and let over the LP-UV reactor directly afterwards. All four compounds showed highest degradation during combined AOP treatment. With this combined AOP, lower ozone dose and lower UV dose result in comparable degradation compared to single AOP treatment. For all these techniques a detailed capital expenditure operational expenditure (CAPEX / OPEX) evaluation was carried out based on a daily water flow of 240,000 m3/d. This evaluation resulted in the finding, that the combined AOP is the most economical solution with the best treatment result. Other advantages of the combined AOP are limited by-product formation, especially bromate, and a future barrier against OMPs encompassing a broad spectrum of properties.
Advanced treatment for impaired water supplies: when advanced oxidation systems are the best option
Authors: Collins J. , Cotton C. , MacPhee M.
Published: May 2012

As drought becomes pervasive around the world, many water suppliers are turning to water supplies once avoided – contaminated surface waters and groundwaters and wastewater. These water supplies are now a valuable part of a sustainable water supply; however, advanced treatment with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is typically needed to address trace contaminants in these supplies. This paper will address the following questions: 1) What is the best AOP technology for a given application? 2) Are there oxidation byproducts of concern? 3) What is the best peroxide quenching method? 4) How cost competitive are AOPs?
Performance evaluation SIX®-Ceramac® in comparison with conventional pre-treatment techniques for Surface Water Treatment
Authors: Galjaard G. , Martijn B. , Koreman E. , Bogosh M. , Malley J.
Published: May 2012

This paper reviews the progress that has been made during the last four years within the research facilities of PWN. This has resulted in a new pre-treatment process for the direct treatment of water containing high amounts of suspended matter, dissolved organic carbon and nitrate, such as surface waters, based on ion exchange (SIX®) and ceramic microfiltration (Ceramac®). This paper specifically reviews the results of a performance evaluation that has been made of this new pre-treatment process in comparison with conventional pre-treatment techniques, in this case enhanced coagulation followed by rapid sand filtration. Based on the outcome of this study a new treatment facility has been designed with these new processes which will be operational in 2013 with a capacity of 5000m3/h, this comparison study however is based on a maximum capacity of 4000 m3/h. This new pre-treatment leads to a superior water quality, reduced energy consumption, less waste and a smaller carbon footprint.
Urban stormwater harvesting: a valuable water resource of Singapore
Authors: Lim M. H. , Leong Y. H. , Tiew K. N. , Seah Harry
Published: May 2012

Increasing water demand due to socioeconomic developments and reducing fresh water sources caused by pollution and global climate change which alters the hydrologic cycle, have imposed severe water stress to many countries in the world. Singapore was among the first cities in the world to harvest stormwater from urban catchments to supplement its water supply. Strategic water resource policies with holistic, well coordinated land use and integrated catchment management were the prerequisites for stormwater harvesting. Water sampling campaigns and evaluation of past 20 years’ water quality data of the stormwater reservoirs showed that the pollutant loads to the receiving reservoirs are very low compared to the stormwater pollutant data reported by Makepeace et al. (1995) who reviewed the past 25 years’ international literature; and that the water quality of the stormwater reservoirs is good and comparable with a protected upland reservoir, and do not pose any significant health risks. The paper concluded that with effective pollutant source management, urban stormwater harvesting is a feasible means to supplement the water supply in cities with high rainfall.
Control Approach to Non-biodegradable Organic Matter in Roadway Runoff
Authors: Wada K. , Nishikawa M. , Kishimoto N.
Published: May 2012

Roadway dust includes non-biodegradable and hazardous organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of non-biodegradable organic matter (NBOM) in roadway runoff using a biodegradability test, and to reveal the effectiveness of its removal using soil infiltration. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of roadway runoff was approximately 20 mg/L and its 74% was estimated to be NBOM. The percentage of NBOM in particulate organic carbon (POC) reached 96%, which was much higher than that in dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 40%). Although 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in roadway runoff, they were removed by the aerobic biodegradation for 100 days incubation. The soil infiltration was able to reduce NBOM in roadway runoff by 93% in POC and 55% in DOC, whereas the removal efficiencies of biodegradable organic matter in POC and DOC were only 25% and 59%, respectively. Consequently, the soil infiltration is thought to be a potential measure to reduce NBOM loads to water environment through roadway runoff.
Nutrient removal and recovery from nitrogen- and phosphorus-laden waste streams in the form of struvite
Authors: Zhao Q.L. , Ding J.
Published: May 2012

For the purpose of waste conversion into resources, removal and recovery of nutrients from different scenarios of nitrogen- and phosphorus-laden waste streams in the form of struvite (MgNH4PO4 6H2O, MAP) were presented in this paper. Nutrients-laden waste streams included urine, landfill leachate, industrial wastewater and the side streams in wastewater treatment plants etc. Batch experiments and software model were applied to obtain the optimal operational conditions. Several kinds of struvite reactors were introduced and compared. Under the optimal conditions, the recovery efficiency of NH4+-N and PO43–-P from urine separation could reach above 95% and 85%, respectively, while highly efficient recovery of nutrients was also realized for other kinds of wastewater. Some engineering examples on struvite crystallization were also discussed, indicating a feasible process for engineering application. Furthermore, the struvite recovered could not only be reused as a fertilizer, but also significantly reduce the organic load of wastewater treatment plants and improve effluent quality.
Predictive models for the occurrence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria under various environmental stresses
Authors: Goh S. G. , Gin Karina Y. H. , Panda N. R.
Published: May 2012

The survival of Enterococcus faecalis under different environmental stresses (salinity, starvation and sunlight) were examined under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Different decay kinetics were observed for measurements of the bacteria using a culture-based method and a molecular technique (PMA-qPCR). The cell counts for the culture-based method were found to be generally lower than PMA-qPCR over time in the stressed microcosms. This phenomenon suggests the entry of the cells into another physiological state i.e. the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. The difference between the two enumeration methods (i.e. the VBNC cells) was modelled as a function of environmental variables. The decay coefficients (k values) showed a strong correlation with light irradiation. In addition, this study demonstrated the ability of E.faecalis to adapt to a wide range of salinity. Models were developed to predict the occurrence of VBNC cells under stressed conditions from light irradiation. These models can enhance current water quality models by providing a more accurate picture of the microbial community's survival characteristics.
Flood relief solutions in metropolitan cities the Hong Kong experience theme: planning for sustainable water solutions oral presentation
Authors: Chan K. K. , Mak K. W. , Tong Alan S. K. , Ip K. P.
Published: May 2012

In the older urban areas of Hong Kong, the stormwater drainage systems were built decades ago with older protection standards and became inadequate due to aging of the systems and expansion of the built-up urban areas. Although the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (HKSARG) has been making improvements to the drainage systems to cater for the developments, some parts of the city are still susceptible to flooding during heavy rainstorms when coincided with high tide. To relieve the flooding problems in well–developed urban areas, HKSARG adopted floodwater reception approach to overcome the limitations of conventional approach like expansion or enhancement of existing drainage systems, through increasing the size of drains or duplications. This paper presents the background and planning of the floodwater reception schemes in the urban areas of Hong Kong and the challenges to deliver such an innovative, sustainable, efficient and integrated engineering solution for the city.
Arsenic speciation in the Riotinto Mining area (SW Spain) during a hydrological year
Authors: Grande J.A. , de la Torre M.L. , Ceron J.C. , Sanchez-Rodas D. , Beltran R.
Published: May 2012

An arsenic speciation study has been performed in the headwaters of the Tinto River, representing an environment heavily polluted in Acid Mine Drainage originated by the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The variables considered in this study were arsenic species, pH, redox potential, conductivity, temperature, rainfall and concentrations of metals such as Fe, Cu and Zn. The results obtained from the classical statistical treatment confirm the extreme acidity and high concentrations of metals, sulfates and arsenic species (mean values of 2.3 for pH, 1.10 mg L−1 for Cd, 325.4 mg L−1 for Cu, 1241.1 mg L−1 for Fe, 241.2 mg L−1 for Zn, 91.1 mg L−1 for Mn, 0.1 mg L−1 for As(III) and 0.3 mg L−1 for As(V), 5000 mg L−1 of sulfate). Additionally, the speciation of arsenic showed As(V) concentrations always twice or thrice higher than As(III). This distribution of arsenic species was followed along the whole hydrological year, on a daily basis. An increment of the mean concentrations and variability of the arsenic species concentration was also observed in relation to temperature increase during the Spring time.
An independent water system with maximized wastewater reuse for non-potable purposes - Model case for future urban development
Authors: Wang X.C. , Chen R. , Liu Y.Z. , Zhou Y.B. , Yang X.D. , Zhang H.S.
Published: May 2012

A study was conducted to formulate an optimized plan for upgrading an independent water system in a college campus where the available water source is from 5 groundwater wells with a maximum water supply capacity of 3000 m3/d but the water demand is much beyond this value for both potable and non-potable consumption. By water balance analysis, it was estimated that with the available fresh water consumed only for potable and related miscellaneous uses for 30000 people, the quantity of the reclaimed water could be enough to cover all the non-potable consumption. By material balance analysis, the pollutant loadings of organics, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated and the requirements for pollutant removal corresponding with reuse purposes were evaluated. Considering the quality criteria of water reuse for lake landscaping, toilet flushing and gardening, and the demand for each water usage in the campus, a dual-quality reclaimed water supply scheme was proposed as (1) supply of lower quality reclaimed water for gardening and road sprinkling by upgrading the existing wastewater treatment facility of 1500 m3/d using conventional process, and (2) supply of higher quality reclaimed water for lake water replenishment and toilet flushing by implementing a new wastewater treatment facility of 2500 m3/d using MBR process. The independent water system thus optimized could sustain a total water consumption of more than 6000 m3/d using the 3000 m3/d source water. This provided a model case for future urban development in the water deficient region.
How to Measure Specific Deposit Washout and Backwash Efficiency of Granular Filters
Authors: van Staden S. J. , Haarhoff J.
Published: May 2012

Practical experience shows that water treatment filters develop problems over time due to the routine running of the filter, including backwashing. There are difficulties in maintaining filters in good condition, given the eutrophic state of many South African raw waters, high water temperatures and the development of difficult-to-remove biofilm as a result. Such difficulties are often related to deposits accumulated on the filter media and it is, therefore, expected that the backwash system should be good enough to ensure that the filter is kept clean in the long run. This paper deals with a fairly simple operational option to significantly improve backwash efficiency at treatment plants where air and water are used consecutively.

The paper describes methods used and typical results obtained in the testing of the quantitative benefits of multiple wash cycles. Multiple washing shows great promise for improving backwash efficiency, with an average of an additional 40% to 50% of the solids that would have been washed out with a single wash, removed by a second wash. Furthermore, third and even fourth washes continue to remove additional dirt from the filter. Multiple washing, therefore, may be a useful tool for the effective rehabilitation of a filter, as well as for routine operation procedures.
Biogas availability and its energy use in combined wastewater treatment plants (CWWTP)
Authors: Meneses A. , Vargas D. L. , Grosso J. M. , Deeb A. , Wergara W.
Published: May 2012

CWWTP are sanitation facilities formed by the coupling of an aerobic post-treatment (i.e. activated sludge, extended aeration, etc.) with a primary anaerobic treatment (i.e. UASB). In these combined arrangements, usually biogas produced in the UASB units is used to drive mechanical energy for aeration requirements in the secondary treatment (i.e. Activated Sludge, AS). Quality of effluents from CWWTP is similar to those from AS processes but combined treatments could become completely self-sufficient in energy consumption. In this manner, CWWTP improve the carbon-sequestration potential in the sanitation sector by increasing the capture of methane-rich biogas and its energy utilization. This study show how effluent quality parameters and energy demand in the AS unit can be influenced by control, sludge external recirculation and aeration strategies. Modelling and simulation tests, have allowed identifying operational conditions for potential energy savings and rational use of the biogas energy available in a full-scale CWWTP treating municipal sewage.
Nanofiltration selection for NOM removal: pilot and full-scale operation
Authors: Durand-Bourlier Laurence , Tinghir Amandine , Masereel Philippe , Baig Sylvie
Published: May 2012

Belgium is increasingly encountering drinking water problems because of resource scarcity and because of the quality of surface water from rivers and canal, which are often highly degraded. High organic matter concentrations are found and treated water has non-satisfying organic contents. This has a direct impact on THM formation and bacteria regrowth in the supply network. With more and more stringent regulations, organic matters concentration level in drinking water must be reduced. Nanofiltration (NF) is a suitable method for organic matter removal with reduction efficiency sometimes higher than 90 % (Orecki et al. 2004). It can be more effective than conventional technologies like activated carbon adsorption (Coté et al. 1996). This is a reason for upgrading old treatment plants by using NF treatment as a polishing step.

Two drinking water treatment plants located in Eupen and La Gileppe in Belgium needed to be upgraded. These both plants treat surface water from dams and are equipped with a conventional clarification. A pilot study was carried out to compare different treatment files to remove Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Biologically Degradable Organic Carbon (BDOC). NF process has been finally chosen.

The aim of the paper is to report and discuss data supporting the choice of NF from pilot scale study and next full-scale performances of both upgraded drinking water treatment plants. The whole demonstrates the interest of NF as a suitable technology organic matter removal.