bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Verkaterte Weihnachten
Authors: Czieslik Wolfgang
Published: October 2008

Das Theaterspiel übt seit eh und je eine große Faszination auf junge Leute aus. Es ist spannend, in die Rolle einer anderen Person zu schlüpfen und sich auszuprobieren. Die Chemie gilt als geheimnisvoll, manchmal auch als mystisch und ist vielleicht gerade deswegen für viele Menschen, vor allem auch junge Menschen, faszinierend. Was liegt da näher als Theater und Chemie zueinander zu bringen.
An information‐theoretic primer on complexity, self‐organization, and emergence
Authors: Prokopenko Mikhail , Boschetti Fabio , Ryan Alex J.
Published: October 2008

Complex Systems Science aims to understand concepts like complexity, self‐organization, emergence and adaptation, among others. The inherent fuzziness in complex systems definitions is complicated by the unclear relation among these central processes: does self‐organisation emerge or does it set the preconditions for emergence? Does complexity arise by adaptation or is complexity necessary for adaptation to arise? The inevitable consequence of the current impasse is miscommunication among scientists within and across disciplines. We propose a set of concepts, together with their possible information‐theoretic interpretations, which can be used to facilitate the Complex Systems Science discourse. Our hope is that the suggested information‐theoretic baseline may promote consistent communications among practitioners, and provide new insights into the field. Published 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Pleomorphic adenoma: Cytologic variations and potential diagnostic pitfalls
Authors: Handa Uma , Dhingra Neerja , Chopra Rajan , Mohan Harsh
Published: October 2008

The diverse morphological features encountered in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) may cause diagnostic errors in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The present study was performed to evaluate the variations in the cytological features of pleomorphic adenoma and to assess the efficacy of FNAC in its diagnosis. Fifty cases diagnosed as PA on FNAC were retrieved from the records of the Pathology Department. Cytologic smears and sections were reviewed and the cytologic diagnoses were compared with the definitive histologic diagnoses. In cases correctly diagnosed on aspiration, morphological variables like patterns of the epithelial component, type and extent of the mesenchymal matrix, metaplastic cells, hyaline globules, cystic change, giant cells, crystalline deposits, nuclear inclusions/grooves, and nuclear atypia were evaluated. The extreme diversity in morphologic features seen in histologic sections was reflected in the smears of PA. Metaplastic changes were observed more frequently in sections, while nuclear changes like inclusions/grooves were more commonly seen in smears. Other morphological features like cylindromatous pattern, giant cells and crystalline deposits were observed with equal frequency in smears and sections. Cytohistologic agreement was present in 45 of the 50 cases (90%). In 5 cases diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma on FNAC, the histology revealed 1 case each of schwannoma, perineurioma, ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor of tongue, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. FNAC is a fairly accurate pre‐operative procedure for the diagnosis of PA. The cytopathologist needs to be aware of the cytologic variations in pleomorphic adenoma so as to avoid diagnostic errors. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic metastasis as an initial manifestation of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: Cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Deshpande Archana H. , Kelkar Arundhati A.
Published: October 2008

Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the salivary glands. It is slow growing and is characterized by the delayed development of distant metastasis, which may develop even a decade or more after initial treatment of the primary tumor. We present the case of a 68‐year‐old male with complaints and radiological findings suggestive of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. However, fine‐needle aspiration findings showed metastasis of adenoid cystic carcinoma. A retrospective clinical and ultrasound examination of the patient revealed a small asymptomatic enlargement of the submandibular salivary gland that was aspirated and showed features of adenoid cystic carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐23 promotes osteoclast formation by up‐regulation of receptor activator of NF‐κB (RANK) expression in myeloid precursor cells
Authors: Chen Li , Wei Xiao‐Qing , Evans Bronwen , Jiang Wenguo , Aeschlimann Daniel
Published: October 2008

Inflammation‐mediated bone loss is a major feature of various bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and advanced periodontitis. Enhanced osteoclast development or activity at the inflammation site results in bone resorption. IL‐23 is a heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL‐6/IL‐12 family that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and demonstrated to play a role in osteoclastogenesis via stimulation of IL‐17 production. In this study we investigated whether IL‐23 contributes to the regulation of osteoclast differentiation independent of the IL‐17 pathway. We show that IL‐23 dose‐dependently up‐regulates receptor activator of NF‐κB expression in primary murine bone marrow macrophages and RAW264.7 cells and thereby promotes commitment of myeloid precursor cells to receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand‐mediated osteoclastic differentiation. However, IL‐23 by itself is insufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis. Increased osteoclastic differentiation of cells was associated with enhanced cathepsin K expression and dentine resorption indicating enhanced formation of functional osteoclasts. IL‐17 was not detectable in culture supernatants and when added to cultures, did not promote differentiation of RAW264.7 cells. These results demonstrate that IL‐23 can act directly on myeloid precursor cells in addition to indirectly stimulating receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand production in osteoblasts and explains its potency in driving osteoclast development in inflammation‐mediated bone pathology.
Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Boronic Acids and Ethyl Glyoxylate: Synthetic Access to Mandelate Derivatives
Authors: Francesco Irene Notar , Wagner Alain , Colobert Françoise
Published: October 2008

The palladium‐catalyzed coupling reaction of arylboronicacids with ethyl glyoxylate provides a straightforward method for the synthesis of mandelic esters. Pd2(dba)3·CHCl3 in combination with 2‐di‐tert‐butylphosphanylbiphenyl as the catalytic system and Cs2CO3 as the base were used. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalized boronicacids. Mandelic esters were isolated in good‐to‐excellent yields with a variety of neutral, slightly electron‐rich, and slightly electron‐poor substituents.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Practical and Efficient Approach to PNA Monomers Compatible with Fmoc‐Mediated Solid‐Phase Synthesis Protocols
Authors: Porcheddu Andrea , Giacomelli Giampaolo , Piredda Ivana , Carta Mariolino , Nieddu Giammario
Published: October 2008

A straightforward synthesis of orthogonally protected PNA monomers is described. Protected aminoethylglycine (Aeg) monomers were efficiently prepared by reductive amination of N‐Fmoc‐glycinaldehyde with glycine methyl ester and the subsequent acylation of the free amine with N‐bis‐Boc‐protected nucleobase acetic acids. The exocyclic amine group of the nucleobases, including the notoriously difficult‐to‐protect guanine nucleobase, was protected with a bis‐Boc carbamate group; this increased the solubility of the nucleobases in the most common organic solvents. The current protocol allows all Aeg monomers to be prepared on both the micro‐ and macroscale, which avoids or minimizes the use of toxic reagents or solvents, and moreover, cheap starting materials are used. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Cadmium, Lead, and Copper on Carbon‐Ink Screen‐Printed Electrodes by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Cauchi Michael , Bessant Conrad , Setford Steve
Published: October 2008

Water is a vital commodity for every living entity on the planet. However, water resources are threatened by various sources of contamination from pesticides, hydrocarbons and heavy metals. This has resulted in the development of concepts and technologies to create a basis for provision of safe and high quality drinking water. This paper focuses on the simultaneous quantitative determination of three common contaminants, the heavy metals cadmium, lead and copper. Multivariate calibration was applied to voltammograms acquired on in‐house printed carbon‐ink screen‐printed electrodes by the highly sensitive electrochemical method of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The statistically inspired modification of partial least squares (SIMPLS) algorithm was employed to effect the multivariate calibration. The application of data pretreatment techniques involving range‐scaling, mean‐centering, weighting of variables and the effects of peak realignment are also investigated. It was found that peak realignment in conjunction with weighting and SIMPLS led to the better overall root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) value. This work represents significant progress in the development of multivariate calibration tools in conjunction with analytical techniques for water quality determination. It is the first time that multivariate calibration has been performed on DPASV voltammograms acquired on carbon‐ink screen‐printed electrodes.
Suspension bead array branch migration displacement assay for rapid STR analysis
Authors: Villablanca Andrea , Karhanek Miloslav , Caramuta Stefano , Yu Heng , Jejelowo Olufisayo , Webb Chris D. , Pourmand Nader
Published: October 2008

STR analysis is commonly used in forensic and genetic studies. STRs are currently discriminated based on size, primarily by gel‐ and column‐based approaches. Hybridization‐based approaches have the potential to allow high‐throughput analysis of STRs; however, development of such approaches has been limited by the difficulty in discriminating between STRs of similar length. We have recently described several innovations to enable STR analysis using an array‐based hybridization approach for high‐ throughput STR analysis. Here we extend that approach by incorporating the array into microspheres and adding a discriminatory branch migration displacement step. This microsphere‐based platform uses Luminex xMAP technology and improves the sensitivity, selectivity, and speed of the assay. We demonstrate the feasibility, speed, and reliability of the assay for STR detection by correctly analyzing two STR loci in 20 forensic DNA samples of known STR type. The multiplex, bead‐based approach provides a high‐throughput and more portable STR analysis.
Analysis of amphetamines in urine with liquid–liquid extraction by capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection
Authors: Sun Jinying , Xu Xiaoyu , Wang Chunyan , You Tianyan
Published: October 2008

Amphetamines including methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine were separated and detected by CE using simultaneous electrochemical (EC) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection (CE‐EC/ECL). Factors that influenced the separation and detection performance, such as the detection potential, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage and the pH of the detection buffer, were investigated. LODs of 3.3×10−8 mol/L (0.16 fmol), 1.6×10−7 mol/L (0.78 fmol) and 3.3×10−8 mol/L (0.16 fmol) were obtained for methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, respectively. For practical application, a liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate procedure was developed for urine sample pretreatment and extraction efficiencies higher than 90% were obtained. The established simultaneous CE‐EC/ECL was successfully applied for urine sample analysis.
Electrophoretic chip for fractionation of selective DNA fragment
Authors: Sun Kai , Suzuki Nobuko , Li Zheyu , Araki Ryoko , Ueno Kosei , Juodkazis Saulius , Abe Masumi , Noji Sumihare , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: October 2008

A microchannel chip has been used to fractionate selected segments from an electrophoretic flow of separated fragments. A sample, which covers the size from 35 to 670 bp, was initially separated using an 8.8‐cm‐long channel at the electric field strength of 100 V/cm. The target fragment of 318 bp was selected and extracted from the separation channel. High‐resolution fractionation was achieved by introducing new procedures for blocking, extraction, and segment transfer. Fractionation quality with and without blocking were compared using a 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The results show that no contamination was found in the sample, which was fractionated with blocking; however, a contamination by short segments was found in the sample, which was fractionated without blocking. Furthermore, fractionation by the chip was found to be of higher fidelity than that by the polyacrylamide slab gel, which displayed a small overlapped peak after the target peak. Compared with the traditional method, our chips enable faster and high‐fidelity fractionation, thus providing a new tool for bioanalysis and other applications.
Determination of gaseous and particulate carbonyls in air by gradient‐elution micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Authors: Sun Hui , Chan King Yee , Fung Ying Sing
Published: October 2008

A new continuous‐flow gradient‐elution micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method is developed for the determination of airborne carbonyls after derivatization with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. A total of 16 carbonyls can be determined with detection limits ranging from 0.94 to 8.50 mg/L, working range from 4.72 to 346 mg/L, and repeatabilities (relative standard deviation, n=5) from 1.23 to 4.6% or 3.93 to 7.6% for migration time and peak area, respectively. Coupling with denuder‐filter sampling, a preliminary survey has been conducted to determine gaseous and particulate carbonyls from air sampled at a roadside station. The method is shown to have sufficient sensitivity for 1‐h sampling of ambient carbonyls with detection limits ranging from 0.045 to 1.2 μg/m3 and working range from 0.11 to 43.3 μg/m3 at a flow rate of 10 Lpm. The method requires minimal modification of commercially available capillary electrophoresis equipment and can differentiate gaseous and particulate carbonyls to provide essential information and objective data for adopting effective measures to combat the discharge of carbonyl compounds to the atmosphere.
Normal boundary intersection and benefit–cost ratio for distributed generation planning
Authors: Zangeneh A. , Jadid S. , Rahimi‐Kian A.
Published: October 2008

Distributed generation (DG) and its planning are becoming more important in power systems. This paper presents a DG planning strategy based on multi‐objective optimization approaches. The main goal of this paper is to determine a Pareto set of locations and sizes of the new DG units by minimizing different cost functions considering the technical constraints, and then determining the best planning strategy. The Pareto set will help the DG planner make a better decision in choosing the best plan from the Pareto set. The best scheme is chosen by the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). The objectives of a DG planner in this paper are assumed to be the cost of investment and operation, cost of energy purchased, cost of energy losses and the cost of energy not supplied. Two market scenarios for the planner are considered: (1) electricity auctions and (2) bilateral contracts of energy. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by essential oils
Authors: Chao Sue , Young Gary , Oberg Craig , Nakaoka Karen
Published: October 2008

Ninety‐one essential oils, each distilled from a single plant source, and 64 blended essential oils obtained from a commercial source were screened using the disc diffusion assay for inhibitory activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Of the 91 single essential oils, 78 exhibited zones of inhibition against MRSA, with lemongrass, lemon myrtle, mountain savory, cinnamon and melissa essential oils having the highest levels of inhibition. Of 64 blended essential oils, 52 exhibited inhibitory activity against MRSA, with R.C. (a combination of myrtle, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus australiana, Eucalyptus radiata, marjoram, pine, cypress, lavender, spruce, peppermint and Eucalyptus citriodora oils), Motivation (a combination of Roman chamomile, ylang ylang, spruce and lavender oils) and Longevity (a combination of frankincense, clove, orange and thyme oils) blended essential oils having the highest inhibitory activity. These results indicate that essential oils alone and in combination can inhibit MRSA in vitro. Application of these results may include the potential use of essential oils as an alternative therapy for various diseases sustained by S. aureus MRSA. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should healthy Medicare beneficiaries postpone enrollment in Medicare Part D?
Authors: Atherly Adam , Dowd Bryan
Published: October 2008

We compare estimated lifetime out‐of‐pocket prescription drug expenditures on outpatient prescription drugs, premiums and late enrollment penalties for healthy 65‐year‐old Medicare beneficiaries if they (a) purchase Part D as soon as they are eligible versus (b) waiting until they contract a drug‐intensive condition. Using data from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, a representative sample of the Medicare population, we estimate the annual probability that a healthy 65‐year‐old will transition to a drug‐intensive health state or death. We then use Monte Carlo simulations to estimate expected lifetime prescription drug spending with and without drug insurance. We find that for the statutory minimum benefit policy with a $30 per month premium, lifetime expected expenditures are about 10% higher for women and 6.5% higher for men if healthy beneficiaries postpone enrollment in Part D. Eliminating the late enrollment penalty would create a significant cost advantage for postponed enrollment, particularly for men. Under current rules, the financial advantage of early enrollment coupled with the reduction in risk associated with purchasing Part D plans and potential utility gains from insurance‐induced drug consumption, suggests that immediate purchase of Part D is the optimal choice for Medicare beneficiaries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SECOND LOOK AT PHARMACEUTICAL SPENDING AS DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN CANADA
Authors: Emmanuel Guindon G. , Contoyannis Paul
Published: October 2008

Per capita spending on pharmaceutical products has increased substantially in recent decades in Canada. Recent Canadian research by Crémieux et al. concludes that there is a strong statistical relationship between pharmaceutical spending and health outcomes (Health Econ. 2005a; 14: 117, Health Econ. 2005b; 14(2): 107–116). This paper takes a second look at pharmaceutical spending as determinants of health outcomes in Canada. In doing so, it examines the robustness of the findings of Crémieux et al. by considering the appropriateness of the data used and statistical approach utilized. Particular attention is given to the potential for non‐stationarity and spurious regression, issues related to unit heterogeneity and the choice of estimators. In contrast with earlier findings, on the whole, no discernable relationship between spending on private or public pharmaceutical products and infant mortality or life expectancy at 65 is observed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of economic incentives and regulatory factors on the adoption of treatment technologies: a case study of technologies used to treat heart attacks
Authors: Bech Mickael , Christiansen Terkel , Dunham Kelly , Lauridsen Jørgen , Lyttkens Carl Hampus , McDonald Kathryn , McGuire Alistair ,   and the TECH Investigators
Published: October 2008

The Technological Change in Health Care Research Network collected unique patient‐level data on three procedures for treatment of heart attack patients (catheterization, coronary artery bypass grafts and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) for 17 countries over a 15‐year period to examine the impact of economic and institutional factors on technology adoption. Specific institutional factors are shown to be important to the uptake of these technologies. Health‐care systems characterized as public contract systems and reimbursement systems have higher adoption rates than public‐integrated health‐care systems. Central control of funding of investments is negatively associated with adoption rates and the impact is of the same magnitude as the overall health‐care system classification. GDP per capita also has a strong role in initial adoption. The impact of income and institutional characteristics on the utilization rates of the three procedures diminishes over time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative methodologies in health‐care priority setting research
Authors: Smith Neale , Mitton Craig , Peacock Stuart
Published: October 2008

Priority setting research in health economics has traditionally employed quantitative methodologies and been informed by post‐positivist philosophical assumptions about the world and the nature of knowledge. These approaches have been rewarded with well‐developed and validated tools. However, it is now commonly noted that there has been limited uptake of economic analysis into actual priority setting and resource allocation decisions made by health‐care systems. There seem to be substantial organizational and political barriers.

The authors argue in this paper that understanding and addressing these barriers will depend upon the application of qualitative research methodologies. Some efforts in this direction have been attempted; however these are theoretically under‐developed and seldom rooted in any of the established qualitative research traditions. Two such approaches – narrative inquiry and discourse analysis – are highlighted here. These are illustrated with examples drawn from a real‐world priority setting study. The examples demonstrate how such conceptually powerful qualitative traditions produce distinctive findings that offer unique insight into organizational contexts and decision‐maker behavior. We argue that such investigations offer untapped benefits for the study of organizational priority setting and thus should be pursued more frequently by the health economics research community. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma in the head and neck area
Authors: Patrikidou Anna , Vahtsevanos Kostas , Charalambidou Martha , Valeri Rosalia‐Maria , Xirou Persefoni , Antoniades Kostas
Published: October 2008

Kaposi's sarcoma is classified into 4 types: classic (sporadic), African (endemic), iatrogenic (transplant recipients), and epidemic (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]‐associated). This article aims to feature a comprehensive review of non‐AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma, including literature review and report of 3 cases. Case material was from our hospital's archive. Literature review was conducted via electronic and manual medical database searches. Biological aspects, diagnostic difficulties, investigation protocols, and management modalities are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Survival after surgical resection of pulmonary metastases and second primary squamous cell lung carcinomas in head and neck cancer
Authors: Geurts Thomas W. , Balm Alfons J. M. , van Velthuysen Marie‐Louise F. , van Tinteren Harm , Burgers Jacobus A. , van Zandwijk Nico , Klomp Houke M.
Published: October 2008

Background.

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at risk for developing both pulmonary metastasis and second primary lung cancer (SPLC). The objective of this study was to determine survival characteristics of patients with pulmonary lesions after curative treatment for HNSCC.

Methods.

Lung resection or biopsy specimens of 36 patients, curatively treated for HNSCC between 1978 and 2002, were defined as second primary squamous cell lung cancer or metastasis by loss of heterozygosity (LOH analysis). Twenty‐two of them underwent surgical resection. Survival characteristics were estimated using Kaplan‐Meier analysis according to the LOH characterization.

Results.

The number of resected lung lesions ranged from 1 to 3. Median overall survival after lung surgery was 23.1 months for SPLC (n = 14) and 25.1 months for lung metastases (n = 8). Fourteen patients, SPLC (n = 6) and metastases (n = 8), did not undergo surgical resection, and their median overall survival was 3.7 and 4.4 months, respectively.

Conclusion.

Survival after resection of metachronic lung lesions following curative treatment of HNSSC is similar for lesions characterized as second primary squamous cell lung cancer and those characterized as metastases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Recent advances in the theory and mechanism of adhesive resin bonding to dentin: A critical review
Authors: Vaidyanathan T. K. , Vaidyanathan Jayalakshmi
Published: October 2008

Dentin bonding issues involving adhesive resins have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. An important advance due to the ongoing research is the concept of hybridization of the tissue with primer/adhesive systems. Hybridization involves permeation of primer monomer into the tissue substrate. Although the mechanism of adhesive permeation and interaction with tissue may be complex, significant advances have been made. In systems where etching precedes priming and bonding steps, the Hoy's solubility parameter compatibility of the primer formulation with that of demineralized dentin matrix may determine adhesive permeability. Monomer permeation brings the primer atoms in closer contact with the substrate atoms, leading to adhesive interactions through van der Waals, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions. In self‐etch primer systems, stronger electrostatic interaction between primer monomers and hydroxyapatite has been used to explain the adhesion process. These interactions have been computer‐modeled and analyzed. Such interactions and subsequent polymerization of the monomer promote improved bond strength and efficient margin sealing. Incomplete permeation of monomer into the full depth of demineralized region may, however, leave exposed collagen fibrils and cause nanoleakage of water into these regions through a 20–100 nm sized marginal gap, leading to subsequent hydrolytic degradation of these collagen fibrils and the hybrid layer. Microleakage is also a problem in some single step formulations. In this review, we analyze these current theoretical and mechanism‐related issues of interest in adhesive resin bonding to dentin, and outline the continuing problems that need to be overcome in the future. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Effects of diallyl sulfide and zinc on testicular steroidogenesis in cadmium‐treated male rats
Authors: Sadik Nermin A. H.
Published: October 2008

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the environmental pollutants that affect various tissues and organs including testis. Harmful effect of cadmium on testis is known to be germ cell degeneration and impairment of testicular steroidogenesis. In the present study, the effect of diallyl sulfide (DAS), a sulfur‐containing volatile compound present in garlic, and zinc (Zn) was investigated on cadmium‐induced testicular toxicity in rats. Male adult Wistar rats treated with cadmium (2.5 mg/kg body wt, five times a week for 4 weeks) showed decreased body weight, paired testicular weight, relative testicular weight, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, and testicular total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and protein levels. Testicular steroidogenic enzymes, such as 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) and 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β‐HSD), and marker enzymes, such as sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), showed a significant decrease in activities whereas that of γ‐glutamyl transferase was significantly increased after cadmium exposure. The results have revealed that concurrent treatment with DAS or zinc restored key steroidogenic enzymes, SDH, LDH, and G6PD and increased testicular weight significantly. DAS restored the TAC level and increased testosterone level and relative testicular weight significantly. Zinc restored testicular protein level and body weight. It can be concluded that cadmium causes testicular toxicity and inhibits androgen production in adult male rats probably by affecting pituitary gonadotrophins and that concurrent administration of DAS or zinc provides protection against cadmium‐induced testicular toxicity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:345–353, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20247
Hemodynamic segmentation of MR perfusion images in patients with unilateral carotid stenosis using independent component analysis
Authors: Kao Yi‐Hsuan , Teng Michael Mu‐Huo , Liu Kuo‐Ching , Lam Io‐Pong , Lin Yu‐Ching
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To assess spatiotemporal patterns of local perfusion in MR brain perfusion images for patients with unilateral carotid stenosis.

Materials and Methods

MR perfusion images acquired from 12 patients with unilateral carotid stenosis were retrospectively segmented using independent component analysis. Regions of interest selected from the segmentation results were used to measure the time to peak (TTP), time to maximum of the residue curve (Tmax), and mean transit time (MTT) for arteries and brain parenchyma on normal and stenotic sides.

Results

The tissue types that can be identified in segmentation results include normal artery, artery with proximal stenosis, normal brain parenchyma, delayed‐perfusion brain parenchyma, vein and sinus, choroid plexus, cerebrospinal fluid, and leukoaraiosis. Concentration–time curves measured on normal and stenotic artery regions can be modeled as two arterial input functions. Unilateral carotid stenosis associated with either middle cerebral artery stenosis or poor collateral circulation at the circle of Willis resulted in increased differences of brain parenchyma TTP, Tmax, and MTT between normal and stenotic sides.

Conclusion

Independent component analysis on perfusion images of patients with unilateral carotid stenosis provides useful spatiotemporal information regarding blood supply to arteries and local perfusion of brain parenchyma. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1125–1132. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Image analysis in time‐resolved large field of view 3D MR‐angiography at 3T
Authors: Frydrychowicz Alex , Bley Thorsten A. , Zadeh Zahra Abdullah , Harloff Andreas , Winterer Jan T. , Hennig Jürgen , Langer Mathias , Markl Michael
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the image quality in accelerated time‐resolved 3D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (tr‐CE‐MRA) at 3T.

Materials and Methods

In all, 113 MRA were performed in 107 patients on a 3T MR system after written informed consent and approval by the ethics committee. Twenty consecutive thoracic (n = 87) or craniocervical (n = 26) 3D data volumes were acquired. The timeframes with maximum arterial and venous contrast were determined and a total of 663 arterial and venous segments were analyzed by two blinded observers. Diagnostic image quality was graded by applying a 0 (low) to 3 (excellent) scale. Additionally, local signal‐to‐noise (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (relative CNR) were evaluated.

Results

Tr‐CE‐MRA was successfully performed in all patients. Good to excellent image quality (2.42 ± 0.31) was observed in all individuals with preserved discrimination of arteries (2.43 ± 0.48) and veins (2.20 ± 0.56). Minor image degradation due to artifacts (2.62 ± 0.25) and constantly high vascular signal and contrast were detected. There was a significant superiority of coronal orientation during thoracic MRA (P < 0.05). In 18 cases tr‐CE‐MRA provided additional information on vascular pathologies.

Conclusion

Large field of view tr‐CE‐MRA enables constantly high‐quality thoracic and craniocervical angiographies. In addition, the dynamics of tr‐CE‐MRA can offer additional information on vascular pathologies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1116–1124. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI assessment of basal ganglia iron deposition in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wallis Lauren I. , Paley Martyn N.J. , Graham Jacqueline M. , Grünewald Richard A. , Wignall Emma L. , Joy Harriet M. , Griffiths Paul D.
Published: October 2008

Purpose

To estimate the levels of basal ganglia iron levels in Parkinson's disease (PD) using the PRIME MR sequence at 3.0 Tesla, in relation to patients' motor symptom severity.

Materials and Methods

Seventy patients with PD and 10 healthy controls underwent assessment of movement and MR imaging. Mean R2′ relaxation rates were recorded in the substantia nigra, frontal white matter and in the rostral, mid, and caudal putamen.

Results

R2′ relaxation rates were significantly higher in patients with PD than in healthy controls. R2′ in the most affected substantia nigra correlated with PD patients' motor symptom severity, but not with disease duration. Neuroradiological observation revealed a rostral to caudal “gradient” of putaminal hypointensity. This was substantiated by the finding that the mid and caudal putamen showed significantly higher R2′ relaxation rates, consistent with higher iron levels in PD relative to the healthy controls.

Conclusion

MRI at 3.0 Tesla suggests that substantia nigra iron levels are increased and linked to the severity of motor symptoms experienced in PD. Findings consistent with increased iron levels in the PD putamen are shown, in a region‐specific rostral to caudal gradient. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1061–1067. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide expression analysis of intra‐ and extraarticular connective tissue
Authors: Pearse Richard V. , Esshaki Diana , Tabin Clifford J. , Murray Martha M.
Published: October 2008

In comparison to extraarticular ligaments and tendons, the intraarticular ligaments such as the anterior and posterior cruciates exhibit different biochemical, biomechanical, and viscoelastic properties and most importantly, differential abilities to heal after surgical repair. Little is known about the underlying basis for these differences, in large measure due to the paucity of molecular markers distinguishing different classes of tendons and ligaments. To date, there has been no systematic analysis of gene expression differences between different types of connective tissues. We used Affymetrix expression arrays to analyze the differences in gene expression levels between the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and medial collateral ligaments, the patellar and Achilles tendons and the synovium. We have identified five clusters of gene cohorts displaying similar expression patterns. These clusters group into three categories including: (1) genes that are strongly expressed in all connective tissues compared to the synovium control tissue; (2) genes that distinguish intraarticular connective tissues from extraarticular connective tissues; and (3) a group of genes expressed in common by the patellar tendon and the synovium. Our analysis identifies a new marker of tendons and ligaments (fibin2), demonstrates molecular diversity between subtypes of tendons and ligaments, and indicates that the primary molecular subdivision among dense regular connective tissues is intra‐ versus extraarticular rather than ligament versus tendon. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 427–434, 2009
Investigation into the protein composition of human tear fluid using centrifugal filters and drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Filik Jacob , Stone Nicholas
Published: October 2008

Drop coating deposition Raman spectroscopy (DCDRS) is a simple method of analysing weak protein solutions. This study is another step in evaluating the analysis of tear fluid by DCDRS as a future medical diagnostic technique. The main aims of this study are to determine whether the DCDR spectra from tear samples contain signals from more than one protein (so relative levels can be measured) and, if so, are the proteins homogeneously distributed in the dried ring of the deposited material. Tear samples were collected from four healthy volunteers and pooled prior to analysis. Proteins were separated by mass into three groups using centrifugal filters. These groups contained proteins with (1) masses greater than 100 kDa, (2) masses between 100 and 50 kDa and (3) masses between 50 and 3 kDa. DCDR spectra from each of these protein group solutions displayed significant differences, confirming that the mass separation had been successful. When used as basis vectors for least‐squares fitting, these spectra (and that of urea) produced excellent fits to the normal tear spectra. Least‐squares fitting of spectra from the same point on a single sample and from several drops of the same sample showed that the tear DCDR spectra were highly reproducible. Raman point mapping of the tear ring showed significant radial ring variation, especially towards the outer edge of the ring. The specific peak changes in the protein signal across the ring suggested that the difference in the outer edge was due to protein desiccation as opposed to inhomogeneous protein deposition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of the effective distribution function for determination of the distributed activation energy models using the maximum likelihood method: Isothermal thermogravimetric data
Authors: Janković Bojan
Published: October 2008

The new procedure for identification of the effective distribution function for determination of the distributed activation energy models, which is based on use the maximum likelihood method (MLM), was established. The five different continuous probability functions (exponential, logistic, normal, gamma, and Weibull probability functions (the extended set of distributions)) were used for searching the best reactivity model for two heterogeneous processes: (a) the isothermal reduction process of nickel oxide under hydrogen atmosphere and (b) the isothermal degradation process of bisphenol‐A polycarbonate (Lexan) under nitrogen atmosphere. The MLM showed that for both processes, the most suitable reactivity model represents the Weibull distribution model. It was concluded that the values of Arrhenius parameters (ln A and Ea), evaluated from the Weibull distribution model, represent the effective kinetic values for both considered processes. This procedure enables identification the suitable distribution model for considered process only from the experimental data (based on the shapes of obtained integral kinetic curves), and this fact represents the advantage of established analysis. The established mathematical procedure, which is based on the MLM, can be applied as the preliminary analysis for evaluating the distribution of activation energies for complex heterogeneous processes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 27–44, 2009
Graft histology characteristics in long-term survivors of pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Ekong Udeme D. , Melin-Aldana Hector , Seshadri Roopa , Lokar Joan , Harris Dave , Whitington Peter F. , Alonso Estella M.
Published: October 2008

The factors that influence the long-term histological outcome of transplanted liver allografts in children are not yet fully understood, and the role of surveillance biopsies in patients with normal graft function remains controversial. The aims of this study were to describe the long-term graft histology of pediatric liver transplant recipients surviving at least 3 years and to analyze factors correlating with long-term histological outcome. Histological slides of 63 long-term liver transplant recipients were assessed for inflammation and fibrosis. The histological findings were correlated with clinical, biochemical, serological, and radiological findings. A significant proportion of biopsies from these patients showed some type of histological abnormalities, with fibrosis being observed in 61 (97%) patients. Duration of transplantation of >6 years and ≥grade 2 inflammation were significantly associated with advanced fibrosis. We could not identify any correlation between ≥stage 3 fibrosis and donor age, cold and warm ischemia time, history of de novo autoimmune hepatitis, hepatic artery thrombosis, chronic rejection, or alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase values. In conclusion, liver fibrosis appears to be a common finding in long-term pediatric liver transplant survivors. The cause of this fibrosis is uncertain, and normal alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels do not exclude the presence of significant fibrosis. Liver Transpl 14:1582–1587, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Failure to fully disclose during pretransplant psychological evaluation in alcoholic liver disease: A driving under the influence corroboration study
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Saeian Kia , Hafeezullah Muhammad , Franco Jose , Thompson Andrea , Anderson Rebecca
Published: October 2008

The prevention of recidivism in alcoholic liver disease is one of the aims of pretransplant psychological evaluation (PE). Failure to fully disclose the extent of alcohol use is evidence of ongoing alcoholism. Driving under the influence (DUI) represents objective evidence of alcohol abuse, but verifying DUIs through official records is not standard during PE. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was failure to fully disclose alcohol abuse on the part of patients on the basis of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) DUI rate. Demographics, alcohol abuse/abstinence history, and DUIs admitted by the patient on PE were collected for 82 alcoholic patients with cirrhosis. The DOT was queried for DUIs before PE for all patients. Discrepancies between PE and DOT DUI numbers were evaluated and re-presented to the psychologist without identifiers. Psychosocial recommendation was then evaluated in light of DOT/PE DUI discrepancies. Six patients did not drive. The remaining 76 had 29 ± 8 years of alcohol abuse and reported sobriety for 55 ± 64 months before PE. Eighteen DUIs that were not originally admitted were discovered; 63% of DUIs occurred in the period during which patients claimed to be sober. Two patients had been rejected for transplant for other causes. Re-presenting the case to the psychologist with the new knowledge of DUIs would have prevented transplant clearance for the remaining 16 (21%, P = 0.000005 versus prior PE). In conclusion, official DUI records in prospective transplant candidates may identify patients who do not fully disclose the extent of their alcohol abuse and may be at risk for adverse outcomes. Liver Transpl 14:1632–1636, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Reduced glutathione in the liver as a potential viability marker in non–heart-beating donors
Authors: Golling Markus , Kellner Heidi , Fonouni Hamidreza , Rad Morva Tahmasbi , Urbaschek Renate , Breitkreutz Raoul , Gebhard Martha Maria , Mehrabi Arianeb
Published: October 2008

Although the use of non–heart-beating donors (NHBD) is the oldest type of organ transplantation, the results were and still are disappointing. To consider using a liver from NHBD, it is of importance to assess the graft viability. Our aim was to assess the role of reduced liver glutathione (rGSHL) as a potential predictive marker of liver function before transplantation. Autotransplanted livers were subjected to 0, 60, and 90 minutes of ischemia in 20 pigs. We analyzed systemic cardiocirculatory parameters, bowel ischemia by endotoxin, endotoxin-neutralizing capacity, oxidative stress, hepatic perfusion parameters, liver enzymes, local bowel ischemia, and liver oxidative stress (rGSHL and oxidized glutathione in the liver). Autotransplantation was comparable to donor explantation/recipient transplantation with respect to systemic and hepatic parameters. Liver ischemia for 0, 60, and 90 minutes resulted in survival in 100% (NHBD-0), 71% (NHBD-60), and 57% (NHBD-90) of animals. Of all parameters, only hepatic microperfusion, pHi of the sigmoid colon, and bowel ischemia by endotoxin in the NHBD-90 group showed significant changes compared to NHBD-60 and control animals. Although systemic endotoxin-neutralizing capacity and total glutathione in erythrocytes levels were mainly influenced by cold perfusion, hepatic oxidative stress increased with ischemia time. The cut-off value of 11.5 ng/mmol of rGSHL could distinguish survivors from nonsurvivors, independent of the ischemia time. In conclusion, rGSHL has the potential of becoming an important viability marker, as it could predict survival in autotransplantation NHBD model regardless of the ischemia time. Further investigation to declare reasons for differing rGSHL levels within the liver is required. Liver Transpl 14:1637–1647, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.
Use of activated protein c in liver transplantation patients with septic shock
Authors: Rinaldi Laura , Marietta Marco , Mignini Mariano Alejandro , Donno Lara , Busani Stefano , Codeluppi Mauro , Masetti Michele , Girardis Massimo
Published: October 2008

Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) has been approved for use in patients with severe sepsis at high risk of death. Because of the high risk of bleeding, liver transplantation (LT) patients have been excluded from the randomized control trials that evaluated efficacy and safety of rhAPC and, thus, few data are available on the use of this drug in LT patients with severe sepsis. We describe our experience with 5 LT recipients treated for septic shock with the best conventional therapy and rhAPC. Before rhAPC therapy, all the patients showed septic shock, with ≥3 organ dysfunctions and thrombocytopenia with impairment of coagulation. rhAPC therapy started within 30 hours after septic shock onset in all the patients who recovered from sepsis-induced circulatory failure, improved organ dysfunction, and completed the 96 hours of rhAPC therapy. During rhAPC infusion, 4 patients received fresh frozen plasma and/or platelet concentrates because of thrombocytopenia and severe hemostasis dysfunction. No major bleeding occurred and only 1 patient presented with minor bleeding events. Liver Transpl 14:1598–1602, 2008. © 2008 AASLD.