bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLITICAL TERRITORIALITY IN CANADA / A CHOROPLETH AND ISOPLETH ANALYSIS
Authors: CAMPBELL ROSEMARY VASCO , KNIGHT DAVID B
Published: April 2007

Voting data from Canada's 30th Federal election are plotted using a choropleth technique for the majority political affiliation of each riding and an isopleth technique for the percentage vote cast for each of the four main parties. The latter technique brings forth patterns that otherwise would remain hidden. Questions about political territoriality are discussed. Les auteurs ont représenté les données du vote de la 30e élection fédérale du Canada en utilisant la technique des cartes choroplèthes, pour les attaches politiques de la majorité de chaque circonscription électorale, et la technique des isoplèthes pour les suffrages proportionnels exprimés en faveur de chacun des quatre grands partis. Cette dernière technique met en relief des structures qui, autrement, restraient cachées. Les auteurs discutent enfin de certaines questions de territorialité politique.
Comparing Three GIS Techniques for Modelling Geographical Access to General Practitioners
Authors: Brabyn Lars , Gower Paul
Published: April 2007

Accessibility to health services is a social and economic issue that has many dimensions. This article compares three techniques for measuring geographical accessibility to general practitioners (family doctors). These techniques can be described as ratio, least-cost path, and allocation methods. The ratio method is the most common and simply measures the population-to-GP ratio for a given area. The least-cost path and allocation techniques rely on GIS network analysis and provide information on travel times and distances. The allocation analysis differs from least-cost path analyses because it considers the number of GPs available and this acts as a capacity constraint. The use of GIS network analysis can produce a number of different statistics on accessibility that can be visualized as a map. This article will argue that the use of a capacity constraint is important and that the population further than 30 minutes from a GP is an effective statistic for comparing the accessibility of different management regions.
THE POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION OF CARTOGRAPHY IN LIBERAL EDUCATION
Authors: ROBINSON ARTHUR H.
Published: April 2007

L'auteur analyse les façons par lesquelles la cartographie pourrait contribuer à l'instruction individuelle; il étudie comment les cartes, en tant que moyen graphique d'information, apportent la connaissance de tout un milieu donné et des rapports entre ce milieu et l'ensemble du territoire, comment l'évaluation des cartes contribue directement à l'instruction de l'étudiant en accroissant ses facultés d'appréciation, sa compréhension de ce que dépeint la carte, sa perception des conséquences de la manipulation des statistiques et son sens de perspective historique qui peut rattacher le présent au passé de l'évolution humaine; comment l'étude des cartes, qui par leur nature même relèvent de plusieurs disciplines, révèle l'interdependance de disciplines différentes. L'auteur recommande que l'étude des cartes soit traitée sur le même pied que les autres sujets dans les programmes scolaires, que l'accent soit mis sur la cartographie à tous les niveaux d'éducation, et qu'une tendan:e positive et humaniste caractérise l'enseignement de la cartographie, particulièrement dans des départements de géographie des universités, où les cartes sont trop souvent utilisées comme outil au lieu d'être appréciées et analysées de façon critique.
Linking Geomatics and Participatory Social Analysis for Environmental Monitoring: Case Studies from Malawi
Authors: Haan Nicholas , Gumbo Davison , Eastman J. , Toledano James , Snel Mathilde
Published: April 2007

In this paper we demonstrate the need for linking geomatics and social analysis methodologies for enumerating and describing land-use change. Until recently, these two methods were used as distinct approaches at varying levels of inquiry. Using two case studies from Malawi, inductive and deductive approaches to land-use/landcover monitoring illustrate the utility of linking geomatics and social analysis as complementary tools. While both studies integrate geomatics with community-based social analysis, the starting point for each is different. The first case study begins by identifying where environmental change is occurring without preconceived hypotheses of causes. The use of geomatics in this case guides the researchers in determining where to conduct more in-depth analysis of explanations of change. The second case study begins with an environmental policy question - "What has been the effect of market liberalization on the environment?" - and then uses remote sensing to evaluate a set of hypotheses. This is the deductive approach. Regardless of the starting point, integrating geomatics and social analysis can promote a cycle of inductive and deductive research. In this way geomatics and social analysis not only address different questions but also can be used to verify and further develop contributions to nature-society dynamics.
DATA DIFFERENTIATION AND CARTOGRAPHIC SYMBOLIZATION
Authors: CHANG KANG-TSUNG
Published: April 2007

The study examines three types of data differentiation and the relationships between them and cartographic symbolization. The differentiation of point, line, area, and volume data generally corresponds to the use of point, line, and area symbols. There are exceptions to the general rule, of which the use of point symbols for area data in aggregate form is most common in mapping. Data may or may not be processed prior to symbolization. Processed data often require different methods of symbolization from raw data. Data can be differentiated according to nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scale. It has been suggested in the literature that symbolization should depend upon the level of measurement. This study explores problems related to this guideline, namely, the combination of measurement scales in a thematic map, the correspondence between measurement scale and map symbol, and the effect of data classification. L'étude examine trois types de différenciation de données, et les rapports qui existent entre eux et leurs symboles cartographiques. La différenciation des données ponctuelles, linéaires, zonales et volumétriques correspond en général à l'usage des symboles ponctuels, linéaires et zonaux. Cette règle générale comprend des exceptions dont la plus fréquente en cartographie est l'utilisation de symboles ponctuels pour la représentation de données zonales cumulatives. On peut traiter les données avant la symbolisation ou encore ne pas le faire. Les données traitées requièrent souvent des méthodes de symbolisation différentes de celles qu'on utilise pour les données brutes. Les données peuvent être différenciées suivant des échelles fondées sur le genre ou l'ordre des phénomènes ou encore sur des intervalles ou des rapports. Il a été suggéré dans l'ensemble des publications relatives à ce sujet que la symbolisation devrait dépendre du niveau de mesure. Cette étude examine les problèmes qui découlent de cette ligne de conduite notamment la combinaison des échelles de mesure dans une carte thématique, la correspondance entre l'échelle de mesure et le symbole de la carte et l'effet de la classification des données.
BLACK AND WHITE MAPS FROM COLOR
Authors: IRWIN DANIEL
Published: April 2007

This article describes a technique for transforming maps rendered in colour to acceptable black and white copy for publication. Area symbols can be more easily utilized for cartographic purposes if they are rendered in pigments by various methods, rather than through the use of pre-printed commercial screens. Savings in cost and time, greater reduction possibilities and more graphic original maps, can be obtained through the described method. Discernable steps in the gray scale are somewhat reduced however, but the technique offers some opportunities of expression for the practicing cartographer. Le présent article fait la description d'une technique permettant de transformer des cartes en couleurs en cartes en noir et blanc de qualité acceptable en vue de la publication. Les motifs représentant diverses surfaces sont plus faciles à utiliser à des fins cartographiques s'ils sont rendus par des pigments, à l'aide de diverses méthodes, plutôt qu'à l'aide de trames pré-imprimées disponibles dans le commerce. La méthode décrite ici permet de réaliser des économies de temps et d'argent, offre de plus grandes possibilités de réduction et permet de produire une carte originale plus graphique. Par contre, cette technique réduit les niveaux perceptibles de l'échelle du gris dans une certaine mesure mais elle offre certaines possibilités d'expression au cartographe de métier.
The Role Of The User In The Map Communication Process: Children's Abilities In Topographic Map Reading
Authors: Carswell Ronald J.B.
Published: April 2007

This paper suggests that, although children are capable of reading and using topographic maps, they are not learning useful map skills. Further, the teaching of map skills seem to be ineffective and may be inhibiting the operation of spatial mental ability. These contentions are supported by a review of literature and a report of a specific research study. In the study, children in grades four, five and six (approximate ages of 9-12) were tested in ability to read symbols, direction, scale, elevation and grid systems as well as to interpret information from a map both before and after instruction in topographic map usage. Specific results are reported and related to the general arguments. Le présent mémoire laisse entendre que tout en étant capables de lire et d'utiliser les cartes topographiques, les enfants n'acquièrent aucune connaissance pratique de leur usage. De plus, l'enseignement cartographique semble inefficace ce qui nuit peut-être à la fonction mentale de perception de l'espace. Ces prétentions s'appuient sur une revue de la littérature existante et le rapport d'une étude particulière à ce sujet. Au cours de l'étude, des écoliers des 4e , 5e et 6e années dont l'âge variait entre neuf et douze ans, ont subi des tests d'aptitude à la compréhension des symboles, des directions, de l'échelle, des altitudes et des quadrillages ainsi qu'à l'interprétation des données figurant sur les cartes, avant et après l'enseignement cartographique. L'auteur se sert des résultats de l'enquête pour étayer ses arguments.
THE RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR'S UNPUBLISHED STATISTICAL ATLAS OF 1850 COMPILED BY N. A. MILYUTIN
Authors: YATSUNSKY V K
Published: April 2007

The late author, onetime doyen of Soviet historical geographers, describes a manuscript statistical atlas probably compiled by N. A. Milyutin in the middle of the 19th century. The atlas contains thirty-five black-and-white cartograms (mostly) and maps and accompanying statistical tables covering European Russia only and treating mainly population, agriculture, and taxation. In design and themes it was typical of contemporary Russian economic cartography.
Cartographic Education and Training in Turkey
Authors: Ulugtekin Necla
Published: April 2007

In Turkey, cartographic education in universities has undergone a comprehensive revision. This paper examines recent and potential developments.
Samuel Holland's Plan Of Cape Breton
Authors: SHIPTON NATHANIEL N.
Published: April 2007

The author describes Samuel Holland's survey of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, made between 1765 and 1768. Captain Holland was appointed Surveyor-General of the Northern District in 1764, as part of the British attempt to assess their greatly expanded domains in North America. The Cape Breton portion of his task caused Holland severe losses of men and equipment which he overcame through the use of carefully selected crews and with the generous help of leading colonial officers. As the survey progressed, Holland periodically sent maps and reports back to England, culminating in his final "A Description of the Island of Cape Britain" accompanied by a large plan. The map and all four previously known variants disappeared by 1955. Finally, a sixth copy was discovered in the papers of General Thomas Gage after their purchase by the William L. Clements Library. This map is a colored manuscript measuring 371 × 261 inches, reduced approximately five times from the official size. Despite the reduction, Gage's plan is virtually complete and is a faithful copy. L'auteur décrit le levé du Cap-Breton et de la Nouvelle-Écosse effectué par Samuel Holland entre 1765 et 1768. Le capitaine Holland fut nommé arpenteur général pour le District du Nord en 1764, afin d'aider l'Angleterre a faire l'inventaire de ses nouvelles possessions en Amérique du Nord. La cartographie de la région du Cap-Breton a entraîné de sérieuses pertes d'hommes et de matériel, difficulté que Holland parvint a surmonter grâce a un choix judicieux de ses équipes et a l'aide généreuse de certains officiers des colonies. A mesure que le levé progressait, Holland expédiait en Angleterre des cartes et des rapports qu'il couronna par son ouvrage intitulé "A description of the Island of Cape Britain", accompagné d'une grande carte manuscrite. Cette carte et les quatre variantes précédentes avaient disparu en 1935. Finalement, on a découvert un sixième exemplaire dans les papiers personnels du général Thomas Gage âpres qu'ils furent vendus a la bibliothèque William L. Clements. Il s'agit d'une copie manuscrite en couleurs de 371 pouces sur 261 pouces, réduite au cinquième environ des dimensions officielles. Malgré son format réduit, la carte de Gage est a peu prés complète et reproduit fidèlement la carte originale.
DE L'USAGE DES CARTES
Authors: CAMU PIERRE
Published: April 2007

Few people know how to use maps because they do not know in the first place what a map is and what it its significance, and secondly, they do not know how to read it in order to understand it. The best way to find out the multiple uses of maps is to determine who the users are. There are two kinds of users - the amateur and the professional. In the first category belong the automobile driver, the pedestrian walking with a city map, and the map collector who studies his maps in an armchair. In the second category belong the airplane pilots and navigators, the meteorologists, the innumerable scientists that use maps to depict their work, the professionals in the armed forces, the engineers, and the sailors and pilots of the seven seas of the world.
An Examination Of Techniques For Reformatting Digital Cartographic Data / Part 1: The Raster-To-Vector Process
Authors: Peuquet Donna J
Published: April 2007

Current graphic devices suitable for high-speed computer input and output of cartographic data are tending more and more to be raster-oriented, such as the rotating drum scanner and the color raster display. However, the majority of commonly used manipulative techniques in computer-assisted cartography and automated spatial data handling continue to require that the data be in vector format. This situation has recently precipitated the requirement for very fast techniques for converting digital cartographic data from raster to vector format for processing, and then back into raster format for plotting. The current article is part one of a two-part paper concerned with examining the state-of-the-art in these conversion techniques. In part one, algorithms to perform all phases of the raster-to-vector process are systematically outlined, and then compared in general terms. Examples of existing implementations of the raster-to-vector process are also described and evaluated. Part two will outline and compare algorithms to perform the reverse process, vector-to-raster conversion. Part two will also discuss raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion as an integrated process.
COMPUTER MAPPING OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC PATTERNS IN METRO TORONTO
Authors: DUDYCHA D J
Published: April 2007

Computer mapping systems using simple control languages and using plotters as output devices have not only made it easier to produce computer maps but have greatly enhanced the visual quality of computer maps. This paper outlines the use of a choropleth mapping program which is one component of a thematic mapping package being developed at Waterloo University. The program is easy to use, provides a wide range of shadings, and allows the user to exercise a degree of control ranging from producing a "default" map in a standard format to complete specification of map layout and design. An example application is presented in which maps generated by the program are used to aid in the analysis of socio-economic patterns in Metro Toronto. The maps clarify inter-relationships between the distributions examined, thus providing a useful and inexpensive supplement to statistical analysis of socio-economic characteristics.
Designing 'Octopus' Bus Maps for Districts Within a City With the Aid of Scale Distortion
Authors: Morrison Alastair
Published: April 2007

Large towns should have a series of bus maps in addition to the network map, each showing all the services within one zone of the city and outside that zone only those routes extending from that zone to other areas—like the tentacles of an octopus extending out from its body. These "octopus" bus maps, or "octobus" maps, are not merely fragments of network maps; hence, they have rarely been produced by hand. Using a computer to produce them can solve the problem of the uneven concentration of detail by programming it to distort the map. The computer can also be used to determine the routes to appear in each map and to define appropriate zones. The whole central zone should be enlarged by the same amount—i.e., without distortion—but the tentacles should decrease in scale as one moves outwards. As the power used in the distortion formula decreases, the central disk takes up an increasing proportion of the available space, while the peripheral areas are shown at decreasing scale and with increasing distortion of shape. If the scale needs to be enlarged around a secondary centre, the distorted position of each point can be determined from the vector sum of the displacements calculated from formulae based on the primary and secondary centres.
The User’s Influence in Specific Design Problems: The Mapping Of National Parks: A Methodological Approach
Authors: McGrath Gerald
Published: April 2007

The development of a design for a new map of the Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta was preceded by a survey of a sample of visitors to the park. A questionnaire which focused upon the activities and map needs of the visitor was employed in 673 interviews. Concurrently, significant knowledge concerning the environment in which the park is situated was identified and collected. The results of these investigations were integrated and have enabled recommendations to be offered on a suitable scale and format for the proposed single sheet map; specific contents and methods of representation; and on supporting graphics, gazetteers and textual descriptions. La conception d'une nouvelle carte du parc national des lacs Waterton, en Alberta, a été précédée d'une enquête auprès d'un échantillon de visiteurs du parc. Six-cent-soixante-treize personnes ont été interviewées à l'aide d'un questionnaire portant sur les activités et les besoins cartographiques des visiteurs. En même temps, on a recueilli des données importantes sur l'environnement dans la région du parc. Les résultats de ces enquêtes ont été intégrés et ont permis de formuler des recommandations quant à l'échelle et au format de la carte proposée, à son contenu et aux méthodes de représentation, ainsi qu'aux graphiques complémentaires, aux repértoires géographiques et au texte descriptif.
Maori Maps
Authors: Kelly Jan
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the making of maps by Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. Four maps made at the point of contact with Europeans are examined cartographically for their symbolism, selection of elements, and use of text, and historically for the circumstances in which each was made. The maps show an instinctive facility with mapmaking and reveal elements that differ from European maps being made at the same time. They appear also to be sketches made to accompany more detailed oral maps.

The oral sayings are then examined for evidence of a tradition of mapmaking that had no, or only transitory, material form. The discussion demonstrates that Maori had an acute geographical and navigational facility and were able to relate their own sense of being, expressed in cosmology, genealogy, history, and lived experience, in the oral map that is laid on the landscape. They were able also to readily communicate the map to an incoming culture that possessed a different language, history, and perception, and had different needs.

While there are apparently no 'Maori maps' in the material historical record that predate European arrival, it is felt that the maps made at the point of contact reflect a long tradition of mapmaking.
A RECONSTRUCTION OF T H E WORLD: GEORGE R PARKIN'S BRITISH EMPIRE MAP OF 1893
Authors: COOK TERRY
Published: April 2007

George R. Parkin published The British Empire Map of the World on Mercator's Projection in 1893 to further the cause of imperial unity. Parkin was then perhaps the most influential advocate of a united British Empire; not surprisingly, his map was a crystallization of the perceived physical and geopolitical unity of the Empire onto a single sheet. By the conscious choice of size, projection, and colouring, and by the judicious marking of naval and coaling bases, railways, and telegraph and steamer routes, Parkin attempted to demonstrate the reconstruction of the world which modern technology had produced and which in turn had made the scattered British Empire an organic unity. The map was very well received and widely used in schools, public libraries, and lecture halls.
THE NATIONAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Authors: GERLACH ARCH C.
Published: April 2007

Lors de l'acrèvement de l'Atlas national sous forme de feuillets mobiles en 1961, le Comité de l'atlas national, établi par l'Académie national des sciences, a recommandé de confier au Geological Survey des Etats-Unis, la tâche de publier un nouvel atlas. Un groupe de techniciens a commencé le travail en 1963 par la préparation de schémas de cartes et des cartes de base, et a établi des contacts avec les organismes fédéraux, les associations professionnelles, les universités, les sociétés commerciales de cartographie, et les spécialistes. Quoique bien des organismes et de nombreuses personnes doivent contribuer la préparation du nouvel atlas, le Geological Survey des Etats-Unis aura seule la charge de l'édition. en vue d'Assurer l'uniformité du style et du format. L'Atlas comprendra environ 400 planches, dont 300 contiendront des cartes sociales aux échelles de 1:7,500,000, de 1:17,000,000 et de 1:34,000,000 traitant des caractères physiques, de l'histoire, des conditions économiques et sociales, des réalisations dans l'enseignement et des divisions administratives. Ou prévoit que cet atlas sera termine en 1967.
THE FIRST ATLASES
Authors: ALONSO PATRICIA GREECHIE
Published: April 2007

This paper treats the three collections of maps which set the standards of style, format, and content for the first centuries of atlas publication: Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1570; Braun and Hogenbcrg's Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 1572; and Waghenaer's Spieghel der Zeevnerdt, 1584. Topics examined include ancient forms of atlases, their makers and circumstances; the first atlases, their editors, engravers, and printers; their physical aspect and content; and their historical influence. Cette étude porte sur les trois collections de cartes qui ont servi de modèles pour fixer le style, le format et le contenu des atlas anciens: le Theatrum Orbis Terrarum d'Ortelius (1570), le Civitates Orbis Terrarum de Braun et Hogenberg (1572) et le Spieghel der Zeevaerdt de Waghenaer (1584). Les sujets abordés comprennent les anciennes présentations des atlas, leurs auteurs et les détails connexes; les premiers atlas, leurs éditeurs, graveurs et imprimeurs; l'aspect physique et le contenu des atlas; enfin, leur influence historique.
Canada's First Aeronautical Charts And The Eight mile Map Series
Authors: SEBERT L M
Published: April 2007

In 1926, the Department of the Interior commenced publication of experimental air charts and air navigation strip maps. Encouraged by the favourable reception of these early efforts, it was decided in 1932 to embark on the publication of a chart series for air navigation in Canada. Because the RCAF was interested in this project, the Department of National Defence volunteered to help with the chart design. The result of this initiative was the Canadian 8-mile Series which, for the purposes of economy and general usefulness, was to be published in two forms - each sheet being initially printed as a medium-scale topographic map, and re-published with an air information overprint as an air chart. World War 2 greatly accelerated production of the series and by July 1944 all 220 sheets were in print, this rapid production greatly aided by Trimetrogon plotting from air photographs. New editions of the original 1932 design continued to be produced until 1980 when a new design was adopted using a larger sheet format. By 1988, when the change-over to the new format is completed, the number of sheets will be reduced from 220 to 51.
TIBETAN MANUSCRIPT MAPS OF DINGRI VALLEY
Authors: AZIZ BARBARA N
Published: April 2007

The author examines a selection of Tibetan maps that came to her attention during the course of anthropological research in Dingri, a south Tibetan region located immediately north of Mount Everest. Maps and townscapes of the area are discussed, and, throughout the paper attention is drawn to the attitudes underlying those formal aspects of Tibetan drawings, identifying in them the fundamental Buddhist views and values from which they arise, and for which they function - visualization, symbolization of the universe, integration with individuality, and the ideal of religious observance. Illustrations used have been taken from disparate sources, except for two that were drawn in 1970 by the author's Tibetan assistants in Nepal. L'auteur examine une sélection de cartes du Tibet qui lui ont été remises alors qu'elle effectuait des recherches anthropologiques au Dingri, une région sud-tibétaine, située immédiatement au nord du mont Everest. Cet exposé traite des cartes et des paysages locaux ; les attitudes profondément enracinées dans les aspects traditionnels des dessins tibétains sont souvent mis en relief et ils représentent les points de vue et les valeurs fondamentaux du Bouddhisme qui ont formé le passé et qui gouvernent leur mode de vie actuel. Ces éléments sont la visualisation, le symbolisme de l'univers, l'association à l'individualité et l'idéal des pratiques religieuses. Les illustrations utilisées proviennent de differentes sources, à l'exception de deux d'entre elles qui ont été dessinées par deux adjoints de l'auteur à Nepal, au Tibet, en 1970.
CHOROPLETH MAPS ON HIGH RESOLUTION CRTs / THE EFFECTS OF NUMBER OF CLASSES AND HUE ON COMMUNICATION
Authors: GILMARTIN PATRICIA , SHELTON ELISABETH
Published: April 2007

The research reported here was designed to determine how quickly and accurately map readers viewing choropleth maps on a high-resolution computer monitor are able to identify to which class an areal unit on the map belongs, when the map has between four and eight classes and is produced in shades of either gray, green or magenta. As expected, accuracy rates decreased and reaction times increased as the number of classes on the map increased. Accuracy rates ranged from 91.9% for four-class maps to 68.2% for eight-class maps (averaged for all three colors used in the study). Hue also affected accuracy rates and reaction times, the best results being obtained with achromatic (gray-shaded) maps: 84.5% correct, averaged over all numbers of classes. Maps shaded with magenta proved to be the least satisfactory with an accuracy rate of 72.8%. The study provides cartographers with empirical guidelines regarding what level of map-reading accuracy might be expected for choropleth maps designed with a given number of map classes, in a specific hue, and displayed on a high-resolution graphics monitor.
THE FIRST POLITICAL MAP OF EGYPT
Authors: BIGER GIDEON
Published: April 2007

The term 'political map' denotes a map designating political boundaries that form part of a written agreement. An early example of one of these maps is a map produced in 1841 by drawing lines on a map of Egypt that had been published some years earlier. The map formed part of an agreement between the Ottoman (Turkish) Sultan and Mohammed Ali, then ruler of Egypt, and marked the beginning of modern Egypt. The original map was lost, but a copy was found and published in 1926. Later, in 1934, a second copy was discovered and appears to be an authentic copy of the original map. This paper presents a brief history of the discovery of the two maps, and notes the dissimilarities between the two existing copies of the original map document.
The Land Surveys Of Ontario 1750–1980
Authors: SEBERT L M
Published: April 2007

The author discusses land survey systems in the lands bordering the northern shores of the Great Lakes from the late 18th century through to the present day. In the early period during the French regime settlement was discouraged in favour of the fur trade and, consequently, very little surveying was done. After the fall of Quebec, the British continúed this land survey policy until the arrival of the Loyalists during and after the American Revolution forced the opening of Ontario to settlement. The policy of the British administrations in Canada was always to survey settlement land before it was occupied by surveying farm lots within townships, a practice that continued until 1935. Surveys made during these township subdivisions were consequently used to produce the first maps of Ontario, and in many areas they remained the only detailed maps until the topographical surveying of Canada was commenced in 1904.
The Atlas Of India 1823-1947/The Natural History Of A Topographic Map Series
Authors: EDNEY MATTHEW H
Published: April 2007

The Atlas of India was the principal topographic map series of British India. Copperengraved at four miles to an inch, new sheets were produced for almost eight decades, from 1827 to 1906. This paper follows its history, with an emphasis upon the earlier decades. It starts with the shift in the East India Company's policy between 1800 and 1823 from restricting access to openly distributing geographic information. It continues with a discussion of the ties between the Company and commercial cartographers, notably Aaron Arrowsmith and John Walker. Of significance in this respect is the conflict over the responsibility for map compilation and production between the commercial cartographers in London and the surveyors in India. Finally, with the transfer of production to India in 1870, this paper discusses the compromises made by the Survey of India as the Atlas competed for limited resources with other (lithographed) topographic map series at larger scales, until the Atlas' formal demise in 1905. However, Atlas sheets continued as the basis for many new maps until the Second World War and Independence in 1947.
NEW MAPS FROM OLD/ TRENDS IN CARTOGRAPHIC FACSIMILE PUBLISHING
Authors: RISTOW WALTER W.
Published: April 2007

Scholarly research in cartographic history has always been restricted because of the relatively few comprehensive collections of historical maps and atlases. Within the last few years, a rapidly increasing demand for rare cartographic works has led to inflated prices that few libraries can afford. The problem is now being resolved by facsimile reproduction using improved copying and printing techniques that make excellent copies readily available. The writer traces the development of the techniques over the past century to present-day cartographic facsimile publishing that is now carried on in several countries in response to the increased demand by universities and research libraries.
The Population Atlas Of China / A Preview
Authors: LEUNG C K
Published: April 2007

This paper offers a preview of the Population Atlas of China, one of the most significant cartographic publications on China in recent history. The contents and format of the eight major sections of this atlas are described. Four black and white examples of the full colour maps in the atlas are used to illustrate the quality of the cartography.
PRODUCTION OF TERRAIN MODELS
Authors: BALDOCK E. D.
Published: April 2007

As terrain models are both an attractive and an instructive means of representing the landscape graphically, the writer has prepared a method of construction that will appeal to the amateur map-maker. Factors of scale, vertical exaggeration, and contour interval are described, and the reader is then led through the various stages of constructing a model from information provided by a standard topographic map. Readily available materials are recommended for the construction of the initial contour steps through to the final stages of lettering and colouring. In conclusion, the writer describes a simple method of making reproductions of a finished model by the use of moulds.
CARTOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION / ITS PLACE IN THE THEORY OF SCIENCE
Authors: SALICHTCHEV K A
Published: April 2007

The author analyzes the view that the chief role of a map is the transmission of spatial information and that the task of cartography is restricted to the verification, elaboration, and the perfection of the methods of such transmission. It is asserted that the communication interpretation of cartography, although useful for the perfection of map language, cannot underlie the elaboration of a general theory of cartography. Modelling theory, based upon the dialectical materialistic theory of reflection, affords a broader and more reliable basis for such a theory. L'auteur analyse le point de vue selon lequel le rôle principal d'une carte est la transmission de renseignements spatiaux et la tache du cartographe se borne a la vérification, a 1'élaboration et au perfectionnement des méthodes de transmission. Il soutient que Interprétation de la cartographie axée sur la communication, malgré son utilité pour le perfectionnement du langage cartographique, ne peut pas servir de base a 1'élaboration d'une théorie générale de la cartographie. La théorie de la modélisation, fondée sur la théorie de la réflexion du matérialisme dialectique, offre une base plus large et plus fiable pour la mise au point d'une théorie générale de la cartographie.
DATA, CONCEPT AND THE TRANSLATION TO GRAPHICS
Authors: OMMER ROSEMARY E , WOOD CLIFFORD H
Published: April 2007

This paper deals with the creation of the Shipping Plate for Volume II of the Historical Atlas of Canada. It is essentially an account of an exercise in communication between two very different kinds of specialists - an historian and a cartographer. The raw data for the Plate was a massive computer file which provided a real challenge to both sets of expertise in terms of condensing information, conceptualising it and then transferring it to graphic format. In dealing with the manner in which that task was achieved, this paper indicates the kinds of information flows that are required in an exercise of this nature.
Detection and Monitoring of Cracks in Asphalt Pavement Under Texas Mobile Load Simulator Testing
Authors: Lee N.-K. J. , Hugo F. , Stokoe K. H.
Published: April 2007

The Texas mobile load simulator (TxMLS) is a newly developed accelerated pavement testing device used to evaluate pavement performance under real trafficking loads. This evaluation is performed by applying trafficking loads and monitoring surface distress, such as cracking and rutting, in conjunction with a number of other measurements of the pavement, such as those conducted with the falling weight deflectometer, multidepth deflectometer, strain gauge, pressure cells, and seismic (stress-wave) tests. A procedure for monitoring the progressive degradation of the asphalt surface was developed using the spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) technique. This procedure was applied with the TxMLS and proved to be equally effective. SASW tests that were performed intermittently between trafficking phases on trafficked and untrafficked areas show ( a) the effect of temperatures and frequencies on the asphalt moduli, ( b) the importance of temperature and frequency corrections in analyzing the degradation of the asphalt surface layer, and ( c) the long-term trends in surface-wave velocities (and hence, moduli) of the surface layer with increasing number of load applications. It was found that stiffness of the asphalt layer in the longitudinal direction was progressively reduced under trafficking. Concurrently, surface cracking progressively increased. The reduction in longitudinal stiffness occurred at a faster rate than the crack growth. In contrast, the reduction in the stiffness of the asphalt layer in the transverse direction was slower, probably because the main mode of cracking was transverse. The feasibility of using SASW testing as a predictor of degradation and imminent cracking was confirmed with these studies.
Effect of Vehicle-Pavement Interaction on Pavement Response
Authors: Mikhail Magdy Y. , Mamlouk Michael S.
Published: April 2007

The structural response of flexible pavements is studied under different dynamic loads and pavement roughness conditions. The factors affecting dynamic load variability are investigated with regard to pavement-vehicle interaction. Furthermore, the study considers the viscoelastic nature of asphalt concrete and the nonlinearity and plasticity of granular and subgrade materials. The Florida COMPAS computer program was used to estimate the dynamic wheel force, and the ABAQUS three-dimensional finite-element program was used to determine the pavement response. The effects of vehicle and pavement characteristics such as vehicle type, vehicle speed, suspension type, level of roughness, pavement stiffness, and layer thickness were studied and statistically analyzed. The walking-beam suspension causes more dynamic load variation than the air-bag and leaf-spring suspension. The dynamic load coefficient for the walking-beam suspension is approximately twice the other suspensions. Vehicle speed is an important factor; the 20 km/hr speed resulted in permanent displacement approximately 10 times the permanent displacement produced by the 130 km/hr speed. The pavement response varies with distance due to roughness. Pavement stiffness and thickness had some effect on pavement response, but truck type and truck suspension type did not have a large effect.
Evaluation of Fatigue Cracking
Authors: Uzan Jacob
Published: April 2007

The continuous growth of damage from fatigue cracking is described as a two-stage process of crack initiation and crack propagation. The crack-initiation stage can be characterized by conventional laboratory fatigue tests. The crack-propagation stage is described using the Paris-Erdogan phenomenological law. Problems encountered in implementing the theory are presented and discussed. For the sake of simplicity, only Mode II (shearing mode of the crack tip) is used. Computations of the stress-intensity factors and of the number of load repetitions for propagating the crack are presented. The applicability of the above fracture approach is evaluated using a pavement design method that includes an additional term to represent the crack-propagation phase.
Single-Measurement Estimation of In Situ Asphalt-Layer Moduli with Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer
Authors: Livneh Moshe
Published: April 2007

The portable falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was introduced some time ago. The use of this measuring device in Israel was stimulated by the contradictory results of various studies described in the technical literature. These studies indicated that significant deviations may exist between the in situ FWD-backcalculated asphalt-layer moduli and the expected true moduli values from laboratory testing. In addition to these deviations, it is known that uncertainties associated with the backcalculation procedure do not allow the backcalculation of moduli for thin asphalt layers less than 75 to 100 mm thick. Therefore, the need for an additional in situ testing device that would produce reasonable results for the in situ asphalt-layer moduli became obvious. In Israel, the portable FWD was considered to be a promising testing device to serve this need. In situ tests showed that the new device required additional testing on the asphalt surface after coring the asphalt layers to their bottom. This type of double-testing enabled the derivation of the in situ asphalt-layer modulus using a straightforward backcalculating technique. It was also thought, however, that the double-testing procedure may be sometimes too clumsy and costly. Therefore, it was decided to examine the possibility of conducting a single measurement to obtain a good estimate of the asphalt-layer modulus. The current study led to a proposed procedure for estimating the in situ asphalt-layer modulus after only one run.
Model To Minimize Nonrevenue Costs in Bus Transit Operations
Authors: Nuworsoo Cornelius
Published: April 2007

Feasibility studies were conducted for a proposed bus division of the Mass Transit Administration to serve northeastern Baltimore. The study objective was to determine the comparative savings or additional costs between using existing locations and new locations. The focus of the analysis was nonrevenue operating costs, which are affected by location because of vehicle deadhead travel, associated operator travel, and other operator travel for relief purposes. Based on the premise that “the optimal location of a storage facility is that which minimizes pullout and pull-in distances and times plus relief travel time between the facility and various terminal points,” the model was constructed with detailed data on existing operations and applied to each candidate site. The procedure involved “microscopic” calculation of each individual pullout and pull-in that mark the beginning and end, respectively, of bus transit operations. Compared with existing operations data, the model projected deadhead operations to within 4 percent of actual data and relief travels to within 10 percent. When components were aggregated, the overall margin of error was 1 percent. Various operating scenarios were constructed by distributing combinations of services to existing and proposed facilities with the objective of minimizing nonrevenue operations costs. One existing and one new site were identified as the top choices for further evaluation of construction and operations costs. The model can serve as a tool for both site selection and distribution of units among various locations. Beyond transit operations, the model is extendable to governmental and municipal facilities.
Components of Travel Time on the Glendale Beeline Bus Network
Authors: Maloney Mark , Boyle Daniel
Published: April 2007

The city of Glendale is interested in exploring the feasibility of a traffic priority system that would give signal priority to buses and emergency vehicles at signalized intersections. The amount of time spent waiting at traffic signals is a key concern in assessing the feasibility of such a system. Transit systems generally track running time for individual trips to ensure that bus schedules are accurate. This information typically is used within the transit industry to adjust running times throughout the course of the day to account for different levels of traffic congestion. However, little work has been done to determine the components that make up running time. The time spent by Beeline buses in various aspects of service is identified and measured. Dwell time at stops, travel time (or time when the bus is in motion between stops), traffic signal delay time, general traffic delay time, and recovery time at the end of each trip are addressed. The results indicate that a combination of reduction in signal delay time and scheduling adjustments could produce meaningful cost savings by reducing the number of vehicles required in the midday period, which is the peak vehicle period for the local Beeline system.
Experimental Study of Real-Time Bus Arrival Time Prediction with GPS Data
Authors: Lin Wei-Hua , Zeng Jian
Published: April 2007

Bus headway in a rural area usually is much larger than that in an urban area. Providing real-time bus arrival information could make the public transit system more user-friendly and thus enhance its competitiveness among various transportation modes. As part of an operational test for rural traveler information systems currently ongoing in Blacksburg, Virginia, an experimental study has been conducted on forecasting the arrival time of the next bus with automatic vehicle location techniques. The process of developing arrival time estimation algorithms is discussed, including route representation, global positioning system (GPS) data screening for identifying data quality and delay patterns, algorithm formulation, and development of measures of performance. Whereas GPS-based bus location data are adopted in all four algorithms presented, the extent to which other information is used in these algorithms varies. In addition to bus location data, information relevant to the performance of an algorithm includes scheduled arrival time, delay correlation, and waiting time at time-check stops. The performance of an algorithm using different levels of information is compared against three criteria: overall precision, robustness, and stability. Results show that at the site where the study is being conducted, the dwell time at time-check stops is most relevant to the performance of an algorithm.
Placement of Sound-Absorbing Materials To Control Traffic Noise Reflections at a Highway Underpass
Authors: Herman Lloyd A. , Seshadri Srikanth R. , Pinckney Elvin
Published: April 2007

The effectiveness of the installation of sound-absorbing material on the vertical retaining walls of a highway underpass was evaluated. A multifaceted experimental approach, involving both the actual traffic noise source and an artificial source, was used. The experimental results indicated that only a minor reduction in noise levels had been achieved from the sound-absorbing material. A theoretical analysis of sound propagation near highway underpasses was made and implemented in a computer simulation model. The application of the model to the highway underpass supported the experimental results. In addition, the modeling results indicated that reflections from the bridge understructure were more significant than reflections from the vertical walls.