bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal periconceptional use of multivitamins and reduced risk for conotruncal heart defects and limb deficiencies among offspring
Authors: Shaw Gary M. , O'Malley Cynthia D. , Wasserman Cathy R. , Tolarova Marie M. , Lammer Edward J.
Published: June 2005

We investigated whether a woman's periconceptional use of a multivitamin containing folic acid was associated with a reduced risk for delivering offspring with a conotruncal heart defect or a limb deficiency. Data were derived from a population‐based case‐control study of fetuses and liveborn infants with conotruncal or limb defects among a 1987–88 cohort of births in California. Telephone interviews were conducted with mothers of 207 (87.0% of eligible) conotruncal cases, 178 (82.0%) limb defect cases, and of 481 (76.2%) randomly selected liveborn nonmalformed control infants. Reduced risks were observed for maternal use of multivitamins containing folic acid from one month before until two months after conception. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for any compared to no multivitamin use were 0.70 (0.46–1.1) for conotruncal defects and 0.64 (0.41–1.0) for limb defects. Controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, gravidity, alcohol use, and cigarette use resulted in a further reduction to the odds ratio for conotruncal defects, 0.53 (0.34–0.85), but not for limb defects. Among non‐vitamin using women, consumption of cereal containing folic acid was also associated with reduced risks for both defects. Women who take multivitamins have 30–35% lower risk of delivering offspring with either conotruncal or limb defects. This association may not be attributable to folic acid specifically, but may be a consequence of other multivitamin components, or some unknown behaviors that highly correlate with regular use of a multivitamin. However, should the association prove causal, it offers an important opportunity for preventing thousands of serious birth defects. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schizoaffective psychoses: Genetical clues to classification
Authors: Bertelsen Aksel , Gottesman Irving I.
Published: June 2005

The diagnostic classification of schizoaffective psychoses has varied much since Kasanin introduced the concept in 1933. The various classifications have agreed that schizoaffective psychoses present a combination of schizophreniform and affective symptoms, but the diagnostic criteria differ as to the number, quality, and time sequence of the symptoms even in recent classifications like RDC, DSM‐III‐R, and ICD‐10. The classifications are syndromatical, and the etiology of the schizoaffective psychoses is still undetermined apart from evidence for a strong genetic factor. Results from family, twin, and adoption studies are divergent, but all the same, support a separate classification of broadly defined schizoaffective psychoses as possibly being phenotypical variations or expressions of genetic interforms between schizophrenia and affective psychoses. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Becker and limb‐girdle muscular dystrophies: A psychiatric and intellectual level comparative study
Authors: Melo Marcio , Lauriano Valèria , Gentil Valentim , Eggers Sabine , Del Bianco Sidionira Santos , Gimenez Paulo Rogério , Akiyama Jeanne , Okabaiashi Helena , Frota‐Pessoa Oswaldo , Passos‐Bueno Maria Rita , Zatz Mayana
Published: June 2005

There are some indications that Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) might be related to mental disorders and mental retardation (MR). To investigate this question, we made a standardized psychiatric and intellectual level assessment of 22 BMD patients in comparison with 22 limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) patients. There were not significant differences between the two groups. Twelve patients (54.5%) in each group received at least one lifetime psychiatric diagnosis, the most frequent being depressive disorders. The intelligence quotient means for BMD was 85.9 and 87.8 for LGMD. There was one case of mild MR among BMD patients and two cases among LGMD patients. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative genetic analysis of injury liability in infants and toddlers
Authors: Phillips Kay , Matheny Adam P.
Published: June 2005

A threshold model of latent liability was applied to infant and toddler twin data on total count of injuries sustained during the interval from birth to 36 months of age. A quantitative genetic analysis of estimated twin correlations in injury liability indicated strong genetic dominance effects, but no additive genetic variance was detected. Because interpretations involving overdominance have little research support, the results may be due to low order epistasis or other interaction effects. Boys had more injuries than girls, but this effect was found only for groups whose parents were prompted and questioned in detail about their children's injuries. Activity and impulsivity are two behavioral predictors of childhood injury, and the results are discussed in relation to animal research on infant and adult activity levels, and impulsivity in adult humans. Genetic epidemiological approaches to childhood injury should aid in targeting higher risk children for preventive intervention. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms within the genes for debrisoquine 4‐hydroxylase (CYP2D6) and the dopamine transporter (DAT)
Authors: Daniels J. , Williams J. , Asherson P. , McGuffin P. , Owen M.
Published: June 2005

It has been suggested that the cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenase, debrisoquine 4‐hydroxylase, is involved in the catabolism and processing of neurotransmitters subsequent to their reuptake into target cells. It is also thought to be related to the dopamine transporter that acts to take released dopamine back up into presynaptic terminals. The present study used the association approach to test the hypothesis that mutations in the genes for debrisoquine 4‐hydroxylase (CYP2D6) and the dopamine transporter (DAT) confer susceptibility to schizophrenia. There were no differences in allele or genotype frequencies between patients and controls in the mutations causing the poor metaboliser phenotype in CYP2D6. In addition there was no association found between schizophrenia and a 48bp repeat within the 3′ untranslated region of DAT. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal CAG and CCG repeats in the Huntington's disease genes of Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Rubinsztein David C. , Leggo Jayne , Goodburn Sandy , Barton David E. , Ferguson‐Smith Malcolm A.
Published: June 2005

The clinical features of Parkinson's disease, particularly rigidity and bradykinesia and occasionally tremor, are seen in juvenile‐onset Huntington's disease. Therefore, the CAG and CCG repeats in the Huntington's disease gene were investigated in 45 Parkinson's disease patients and compared to 40 control individuals. All of the Parkinson's disease chromosomes fell within the normal size ranges. In addition, the distributions of the two repeats in the Parkinson's disease patients did not differ significantly from those of the control population. Therefore, abnormalities of these trinucleotide repeats in the Huntington's disease gene are not likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial cosegregation of manic‐depressive illness and a form of hereditary cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Piqueras José Fernández , Santos Javier , Visedo Guillermo , de Castro Ignacio Pérez , Puertollano Rosa , Montejo Julieta , Tello Cristina Ramo , Valle Jesús
Published: June 2005

We report on a Spanish family with cooccurrence of manic‐depression and a form of hereditary cerebellar ataxia. All affected individuals in the second generation showed cerebellar ataxia and manic‐depression simultaneously. Since anticipation has been described in both disorders and the pattern of segregation may be autosomal as well as X‐linked, we have searched for a possible involvement of two candidate genes which are located either on an autosome (SCA1) or on the X‐chromosome (GABRA3). We concluded that expansion of trinucleotide repeats at SCA1 gene cannot be considered as a disease‐causing mutation, and this gene should be initially discarded. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural change in dopamine D2 receptor gene in a patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Ram Anca , Cao Qiuhe , Keck Paul E. , Pope Harrison G. , Otani Koichi , Addonizio Gerard , McElroy Susan L. , Kaneko Sunao , Redlichova Michaela , Gershon Elliot S. , Gejman Pablo V.
Published: June 2005

Dysfunction of the dopaminergic system has been suggested as a pathogenic mechanism in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Therefore, we examined the complete coding sequences of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene for structural abnormalities in 12 patients with a history of NMS, including two cases of familial NMS. Mutational analysis was performed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a highly sensitive technique for detecting sequence differences. We found in one patient with a history of NMS a nucleotide substitution at codon 310 (CCG→TCG) of exon 7 of the DRD2 gene which predicts the replacement of proline to serine in the third cytoplasmic loop of the receptor, a part of the receptor that interacts with G‐proteins. A larger series of patients with NMS needs to be investigated to establish whether this allele is associated with an increased susceptibility to NMS. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for a gene predisposing to manic‐depression on chromosome 21
Authors: Byerley William , Holik John , Hoff Mark , Coon Hilary
Published: June 2005

Six kindreds containing multiple cases of Manic‐depressive illness (MDI) were genotyped with seven highly polymorphic microsatellite loci used in the construction of an index map for chromosome 21. The kindreds were also genotyped with a microsatellite polymorphism for PFKL, a chromosome 21 locus that has shown suggestive linkage to MDI in one pedigree [Straub et al., 1993: The American Society of Human Genetics]. Evidence of linkage was not found assuming either autosomal dominant or recessive inheritance. The nonparametric affected sib pair test did not yield significant evidence of linkage. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autism and genetics: Clinical approach and association study with two markers of HRAS gene
Authors: Hérault Josiane , Petit Elisabeth , Martineau Joëlle , Perrot Anne , Lenoir Pascal , Cherpi Catherine , Barthélémy Catherine , Sauvage Dominique , Mallet Jacques , Müh Jean Pierre , Lelord Gilbert
Published: June 2005

Twin studies and familial aggregation studies indicate that genetic factors could play a role in infantile autism. In an earlier study, we identified a possible positive association between autism and a c‐Harvey‐ras (HRAS) oncogene marker at the 3′ end of the coding region. In an attempt to confirm this finding, we studied a larger population, well‐characterized clinically and genetically. We report a positive association between autism and two HRAS markers, the 3′ marker used in the initial study and an additional marker in exon 1. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confirmation of locus heterogeneity in the pure form of familial spastic paraplegia
Authors: Speer Marcy C. , Kingston Helen M. , Boustany Rose‐Mary N. , Gaskell Peter C. , Robinson L. Christi , Lennon Felicia , Wolpert Chantelle M. , Yamaoka Larry H. , Kahler Stephen G. , Hogan Edward L. , Cumming W. J. K. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A.
Published: June 2005

Familial spastic paraplegia (FSP), characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower extremities, is in its “pure” form generally of autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Hazan et al. [Nat Genet 5:163‐167, 1993] reported tight linkage of a large FSP family to the highly polymorphic micro‐satellite marker D14S269 with z (θ) = 8.49 at θ = 0.00 They further demonstrated evidence for locus heterogeneity when they showed that 2 FSP families were unlinked to this region. We have subsequently studied 4 FSP families (3 American, one British) and excluded the disease locus in these families for approximately 30 cM on either side of D14S269, thereby confirming evidence for locus heterogeneity within the spastic paraplegia diagnostic classification. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
17q inversion involving the neurofibromatosis type one locus in a family with neurofibromatosis type one
Authors: Asamoah Alexander , North Kathryn , Doran Steve , Wagstaff Joseph , Ogle Robert , Collins Francis S. , Korf Bruce R.
Published: June 2005

We report a family with a paracentric inversion of the long arm of chromosome 17 [inv(17)(q11.2q25.1)] and neurofibromatosis type one (NF1). The family was ascertained because of NF1 and multiple miscarriages. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using cosmid probes from opposite ends of the NF1 gene confirmed that the inversion disrupts the gene. Using field inversion gel electrophoresis we have found that the inversion separates cDNA probes FB5D and AE25, which are normally adjacent to one another in the NF1 gene. This is the third published report of a gross chromosomal rearrangement responsible for NF1. The features in this family are typical for NF1, and are not unusually severe. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two sisters with clinical diagnosis of Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome: Is the condition in the family autosomal recessive?
Authors: Kondoh T. , Hayashi K. , Matsumoto T. , Yoshimoto M. , Morio T. , Yata J. , Tsuji Y.
Published: June 2005

We report two sisters in a family representing manifestations of Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome' (WAS), an X‐linked immunodeficiency disorder. An elder sister had suffered from recurrent infections, small thrombocy‐topenic petechiae, purpura, and eczema for 7 years. The younger sister had the same manifestations as the elder sister's for a 2‐year period, and died of intracranial bleeding at age 2 years. All the laboratory data of the two patients were compatible with WAS, although they were females. Sialophorin analysis with the selective radioactive labeling method of this protein revealed that in the elder sister a 115‐KD band that should be specific for sialophorin was reduced in quantity, and instead an additional 135‐KD fragment was present as a main band. Poly‐merase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the sialophorin gene and single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the PCR product demonstrated that there were no detectable size‐change nor elec‐trophoretic mobility change in the DNA from both patients. The results indicated that their sialophorin gene structure might be normal. Studies on the mother‐daughter transmission of X chromosome using a pERT84‐MaeIII polymorphic marker mapped at Xp21 and HPRT gene polymorphism at Xq26 suggested that each sister had inherited a different X chromosome from the mother. Two explanations are plausible for the occurrence of the WAS in our patients: the WAS in the patients is attributable to an autosomal gene mutation which may regulate the sialophorin gene expression through the WAS gene, or, alternatively, the condition in this family is an autosomal recessive disorder separated etiologically from the X‐linked WAS. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic screening for mutations in the promoter and the coding region of the 5‐HT1A gene
Authors: Erdmann Jeanette , Shimron‐Abarbanell Daphne , Cichon Sven , Albus Margot , Maier Wolfgang , Lichtermann Dirk , Minges Jürgen , Reuner Ulrike , Franzek Ernst , Ertl Martha A. , Hebebrand Johannes , Remschmidt Helmut , Lehmkuhl Gerd , Poustka Fritz , Schmidt Martin , Fimmers Rolf , Körner Judith , Rietschel Marcella , Propping Peter , Nöthen Markus M.
Published: June 2005

In the present study we sought to identify genetic variation in the 5‐HT1A receptor gene which through alteration of protein function or level of expression might contribute to the genetic predisposition to neuropsychiatric diseases. Genomic DNA samples from 159 unrelated subjects (including 45 schizophrenic, 46 bipolar affective, and 43 patients with Tourette's syndrome, as well as 25 healthy controls) were investigated by single‐strand conformation analysis. Overlapping PCR (polymerase chain reaction) fragments covered the whole coding sequence as well as the 5′ untranslated region of the 5‐HT1A gene. The region upstream to the coding sequence we investigated contains a functional promoter. We found two rare nucleotide sequence variants. Both mutations are located in the coding region of the gene: a coding mutation (A→G) in nucleotide position 82 which leads to an amino acid exchange (Ile→Val) in position 28 of the receptor protein and a silent mutation (C→T) in nucleotide position 549. The occurrence of the Ile‐28‐Val substitution was studied in an extended sample of patients (n = 352) and controls (n = 210) but was found in similar frequencies in all groups. Thus, this mutation is unlikely to play a significant role in the genetic predisposition to the diseases investigated. In conclusion, our study does not provide evidence that the 5‐HT1A gene plays either a major or a minor role in the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, or Tourette's syndrome. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic search for major genes in schizophrenia: Methodological issues and results from chromosome 12
Authors: Dawson Elisabeth , Powell John F. , Sham Pak , Shaikh Sanober , Taylor Celia , Clements Alison , Asherson Philip , Sargeant Matthew , Collier David , Nanko Shin , Whatley Stephen , Murray Robin , McGuffin Peter , Owen Michael , Gill Michael
Published: June 2005

We describe a method of systematically searching for major genes in disorders of unknown mode of inheritance, using linkage analysis. Our method is designed to minimize the probability of missing linkage due to inadequate exploration of data. We illustrate this method with the results of a search for a locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 12 using 22 highly polymorphic markers in 23 high density pedigrees. The markers span approximately 85–90% of the chromosome and are on average 9.35 cM apart. We have analysed the data using the most plausible current genetic models and allowing for the presence of genetic heterogeneity. None of the markers was supportive of linkage and the distribution of the heterogeneity statistics was in accordance with the null hypothesis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential linkage for schizophrenia on chromosome 22q12‐q13: A replication study
Authors: Schwab S. G. , Lerer B. , Albus M. , Maier W. , Hallmayer J. , Fimmers R. , Lichtermann D. , Minges J. , Bondy B. , Ackenheil M. , Altmark D. , Hasib D. , Gur E. , Ebstein R. P. , Wildenauer D. B.
Published: June 2005

In an attempt to replicate a potential linkage on chromosome 22q12‐q13.1 reported by Pulver et al. [1994: Am J Med Genet 54:36–43], we have analyzed 4 microsatellite markers which span this chromosomal region, including the IL2RB locus, for linkage with schizophrenia in 30 families from Israel and Germany. Linkage analysis by pairwise lod score analysis as well as by multipoint analysis did not provide evidence for a single major gene locus. However, a lod score of Zmax = 0.612 was obtained for a dominant model of inheritance with the marker D22S304 at recombination fraction 0.2 by pairwise analysis. In addition, using a non‐parametric method, sib pair analysis, a P value of 0.068 corresponding to a lod score of 0.48 was obtained for this marker. This finding, together with those of Pulver et al. [1994: Am J Med Genet 54:36–43] and Coon et al. [1994: Am J Med Genet 54:72–79], is suggestive of a genetic factor in this region, predisposing for schizophrenia in a subset of families. Further studies using nonparametric methods should be conducted in order to clarify this point. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased chromosomal breakage in tourette syndrome predicts the possibility of variable multiple gene involvement in spectrum phenotypes: Preliminary findings and hypothesis
Authors: Gericke George S. , Simonic Ingrid , Cloete Elma , Buckle Cecile , Becker Piet J.
Published: June 2005

Increased chromosomal breakage was found in 12 patients with DSM‐IV Tourette syndrome (TS) as compared with 10 non‐TS control individuals with respect to untreated, modified RPM1‐, and BrdU treated lymphocyte cultures (P < 0.001 in each category). A hypothesis is proposed that a major TS gene is probably connected to genetic instability, and associated chromosomal marker sites may be indicative of the localization of secondary genes whose altered expression could be responsible for associated comorbid conditions. This concept implies that genes influencing higher brain functions may be situated at or near highly recombigenic areas allowing enhanced amplification, duplication and recombination following chromosomal strand breakage. Further studies on a larger sample size are required to confirm the findings relating to chromosomal breakage and to analyze the possible implications for a paradigmatic shift in linkage strategy for complex disorders by focusing on areas at or near unstable chromosomal marker sites. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of schizophrenia and the IL‐2 receptor β chain gene
Authors: Nimgaonkar V. L. , Yang Z. W. , Zhang X. R. , Brar J. S. , Chakravarti A. , Ganguli R.
Published: June 2005

A case‐control association study was conducted in Caucasian patients with schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R, n = 42) and unaffected controls (n = 47) matched for ethnicity and area of residence. Serum interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) concentrations, as well as a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the IL‐2Rβ chain gene, were examined in both groups. No significant differences in IL‐2R concentrations or in the distribution of the polymorphism were noted. This study does not support an association between schizophrenia and the IL‐2Rβ gene locus, contrary to the suggestive evidence from linkage analysis in multicase families. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No evidence for linkage between the X‐chromosome marker DXS7 and schizophrenia
Authors: Okoro Christabella , Bell Rachel , Sham Pak , Nanko Shin , Asherson Philip , Owen Michael , Gill Michael , McGuffin Peter , Murray Robin M. , Collier David
Published: June 2005

DeLisi et al. (1994b) have examined the X and Y chromosomes for linkage to schizophrenia in 126 small families and report a small positive LOD score for the marker DXS7, adjacent to the MAO locus at Xp11.4–11.3. Because of this, we have examined the DXS7 for linkage to schizophrenia using 17 pedigrees in which male‐to‐male transmission of schizophrenia was absent. Alleles at DXS7 were genotyped using the PCR and LOD scores calculated using five models of inheritance, including classical dominant recessive and intermediate models. LOD scores were substantially negative for all models examined and analysis for linkage heterogeneity using the LOD2 method showed no significance. Analysis by the nonparametric affected sib‐pair method likewise indicated no linkage. We conclude that DXS7 is not a major locus for schizophrenia in our collection of pedigrees. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential linkage disequilibrium between schizophrenia and locus D22S278 on the long arm of chromosome 22
Authors: Moises Hans W. , Yang Liu , Li Tao , Havsteen Bent , Fimmers Rolf , Baur Max P. , Liu Xiehe , Gottesman Irving I.
Published: June 2005

Locus D22S278 at 22q12 has been implicated in schizophrenia by sib‐pair analysis. In order to replicate these results, we performed the transmission test for linkage disequilibrium (TDT) in 113 unrelated schizophrenic patients and their 226 parents. Evidence for potential linkage disequilibrium was obtained between schizophrenia and allele 243 of the marker AFM 182xd12 at the locus D22S278 (P = 0.02). The results of our study suggest a detectable oligogenic gene in a multigene system for schizophrenia closely linked to D22S278 on the long arm of chromosome 22. If confirmed by others, this finding could lead to the identification of a schizophrenia susceptibility gene. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exclusion of close linkage between the synaptic vesicular monoamine transporter locus and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Persico Antonio M. , Wang Zhe Wu , Black Donald W. , Andreasen Nancy C. , Uhl George R. , Crowe Raymond R.
Published: June 2005

The principal brain synaptic vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, nor‐epinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine from the cytoplasm into synaptic vesicles, thus contributing to determination of the size of releasable neurotransmitter vesicular pools. Potential involvement of VMAT2 gene variants in the etiology of schizophrenia and related disorders was tested using polymorphic VMAT2 gene markers in 156 subjects from 16 multiplex pedigrees with schizophrenia, schizophreniform, schizoaffective, and schizotypal disorders and mood incongruent psychotic depression. Assuming genetic homogeneity, complete (θ = 0.0) linkage to the schizophrenia spectrum was excluded under both dominant and recessive models. Allelic variants at the VMAT2 locus do not appear to provide major genetic contributions to the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in these pedigrees. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Association analysis of a polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase B gene with Parkinson's disease in a Japanese population
Authors: Morimoto Yuji , Murayama Nobuhiro , Kuwano Akira , Kondo Ikuko , Yamashita Yoriaki , Mizuno Yoshikuni
Published: June 2005

The polymorphic allele of the monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) gene detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single‐stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in Caucasians. We characterized this polymorphic allele, allele 1, of the MAO‐B gene using direct sequencing of PCR products. A single DNA substitution (G‐A), resulting gain of Mae III restriction site was detected in intron 13 of the MAO‐B gene. The allele associated with PD in Caucasians was twice as frequent as in healthy Japanese, but the association of the allele of the MAO‐B gene was not observed in Japanese patients with PD. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between dopamine D4 receptor gene and schizophrenia
Authors: Tanaka Toshihisa , Igarashi Shuichi , Onodera Osamu , Tanaka Hajime , Kameda Kensuke , Takahashi Kuniaki , Tsuji Shoji , Ihda Shin
Published: June 2005

An intriguing property of the dopamine D4 receptor gene is a hypervariable segment in the coding region characterized by a varying number of direct imperfect 48 bp repeats (2–8 or 10 repeats) in the third exon of the gene [Lichter et al., 1993: Hum Mol Genet 2:767–773]. The authors analyzed 70 unrelated schizophrenics and 70 normal controls to determine the allele and genotype frequencies created by length polymorphism of dopamine D4 receptor gene. All patients and controls were unrelated and from the Japanese population. Patients were divided into three groups with regard to age at onset, familial loading, and severity of symptoms assessed strictly with Manchester scale. There were no statistically significant differences if the distributions of alleles and genotypes were analyzed for schizophrenia as a whole or analyzed in consideration of those clinical subtypes. Lichter and colleagues [1993] have reported that at least 25 haplotypes exist for this polymorphic region of the dopamine receptor D4 gene. In this study only the alleles created by length polymorphism were analyzed, and further investigation to determine the haplotypes of patients and controls on using a much larger sample size will be required. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood groups as genetic markers in chimpanzees: Their importance for the national chimpanzee breeding program
Authors: Socha W. W.
Published: June 2005

Severe restrictions on the importation of chimpanzees emphasize the importance and urgency of domestic breeding as a sole means to assure an uninterrupted supply of animals for medical research. An insight into the genetic structure of the self‐sustained captive population of animals is indispensable to prevent the effects of inbreeding and to preserve the animals' reproductive capacity. This can be achieved by study of sets of genetic markers in the form of heritable molecular or antigenic variations detectable by relatively simple methods. Among chimpanzee blood components so far identified as possible genetic markers, red cell antigens appear to be the most useful and most readily available. The amount of information concerning blood groups of chimpanzees, their serology and genetics, number of polymorphic types, etc, surpasses data on other heritable traits in this species. A concise review of the present status of knowledge of chimpanzee blood groups and, particularly, of serology and genetics of two complex blood group systems, V‐A‐B‐D and R‐C‐E‐F, is given together with a few examples of their application in cases of disputed parentage. Finally, a list of practical steps is suggested dealing with introduction and use of genetic markers as elements of the national chimpanzee breeding program.
The effect of peer contact upon physiological response to maternal separation
Authors: Caine Nancy , Reite Martin
Published: June 2005

The response of both human and nonhuman primate infants to separation from their mothers is characterized by agitation or protest behaviors followed by a behavioral depressive reaction. In monkeys, this behavioral syndrome has striking physiological correlates, including heart rate and sleep disturbances. There is, however, considerable individual variability in response to maternal separation. The authors hypothesized that the amount of contact with particular, familiar conspecifics might account for some of this variability. In support of this notion, data are presented that indicate that pigtailed monkey infants who have been separated from their mothers but who maintain relatively high levels of peer contact do not show as severe decreases in heart rate during maternal separation as do those that exhibit less peer contact.
Hematological and serum biochemical values in free‐ranging Macaca fascicularis of mauritius: Possible diabetes mellitus and correlation with nutrition
Authors: Tattersall Ian , Dunaif Andrea , Sussman Robert W. , Jamieson Robert
Published: June 2005

Obtained values are presented from a study of blood biochemistry and hematology of free‐ranging crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Mauritius. Normal values are generally comparable to those previously obtained from laboratory populations of this species. Abnormal values included elevated serum glucose and triglycerides in certain individuals that suggested glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus. A high‐carbohydrate diet consisting of large proportions of sugar cane and molasses may have unmasked a genetic predisposition to diabetes in these animals.
Comparative anatomy of brain monoaminergic neurons in New World and Old World monkeys
Authors: Schofield Susan P. M. , Dixson A. F.
Published: June 2005

A comparison of the distribution of brain monoamine neurons in several New World and Old World monkeys was undertaken using the Falck‐Hillarp formaldehyde histofluorescence technique. The overall organization of the monoamine neurons was very similar in all species, although subtle variations were found. Catecholamine (noradrenaline and dopamine) and indoleamine (serotonin) cell bodies corresponding to groups A1–A7, A8–A10, and B1–B9, respectively were found throughout the brainstem. A few catecholamine (dopamine) cells equivalent to groups All and A12 in the diencephalon were also observed. Noradrenaline neurons, rather than those of the dopamine and serotonin systems, tended to be less numerous in the New World monkeys.

Ascending catecholamine and indoleamine fiber bundles were observed in most monkeys. It is interesting that fibers corresponding to the “ventral noradrenaline bundle” appeared to be much finer in the common marmoset and tamarin than in other species. In addition, a substantial catecholamine (noradrenaline) innervation of the diencephalon was noted in all the Old World monkeys, while a much lower overall terminal density was apparent in the New World forms.
Triadic interactions in captive Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus, Linnaeus, 1758): “Agonistic buffering”?
Authors: Smith E. O. , Peffer‐Smith P. G.
Published: June 2005

This study presents data on the expression of male‐immature triadic interactions, previously termed agonistic buffering, in a captive Macaca sylvanus group. Agonistic buffering has been hypothesized as inhibiting or modifying the expression of aggression. This was tested by examining (1) the dominance ranks of the animals involved in the triadic interactions, (2) the events preceding and following the triadic interactions, and (3) the presence of an infant in nonagonistic encounters between juvenile, subadult, and adult males. The results obtained do not support the hypothesis of agonistic buffering as the single explanation for triadic interactions, but emphasize the contextual variability in the expression of these triadic interactions.
Sexual behavior of wild Barbary macaque males (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Taub David M.
Published: June 2005

Recent assertions that the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is a multiple‐or serial‐mounting species are incorrect. Data are presented from over 300 copulations observed among wild Moroccan Barbary macaques which establish empirically that males of this macaque species are single mounters. The average length of an ejaculatory copulation was 8.7 sec, with a range of 6 to 14 sec. Ejaculation occurred an average of 6.3 sec after mounting, with an average of nine pelvic thrusts per ejaculation. Males appeared capable of ejaculating twice within 16 min, and three consecutive times within 37 min. Characteristically, only one mount and ejaculation occurred during a sexual association between an estrous female and each of her consorting males. Schemes of macaque evolution which incorrectly classify Barbary macaques as a multiple‐mounting species should be viewed cautiously.
Physiology of maternal separation in a bonnet macaque infant
Authors: Reite Martin , Snyder Deborah S.
Published: June 2005

A bonnet monkey infant (M. radiata) was monitored both physiologically and behaviorally during a separation experiment in which both its mother and other conspecifiecs were removed from its social group leaving the bonnet infant with three adult pigtailed females. The separated infant exhibited the characteristic slouched posture of depression and physiological changes including decreases in the heart rate and body temperature, increases in cardiac arrhythmias, and alterations in sleep patterns, as has been previously described in separated pigtailed infants. Persistent decreases in heart rate and body temperature were noted following reunion with the mother, possibly reflecting a disturbance in the mother‐infant relationship secondary to the mother's having come into estrus during the period of separation. This study indicates that the physiological correlates of maternal separation previously described in pigtailed infants are not species specific.
Reproductive failure in macaques
Authors: Small Meredith F.
Published: June 2005

Reproductive failure among captive and free‐ranging macaques is common. Many females experience amenorrhea or anovular cycles. Females who successfully conceive often lose the conceptus before implantation. After implantation, fetuses are aborted because of maternal, paternal, fetal, or placental abnormalities. Death postpartum is likely if infants are premature or if animals are subject to social stress, especially trauma. Based on published reports, reproductive failure among macaques includes an average of 16.3% abortions, 9.9% stillbirths, 21.9% neonatal deaths, and 15.2% infant deaths.
Sequence and age of eruption of deciduous dentition in the baboon (Papio sp)
Authors: Lawrence Wendy A. , Coelho Anthony M. , Relethford John H.
Published: June 2005

A detailed eruption sequence and associated age of eruption for deciduous dentition in baboons (Papio sp) are presented in this paper. The sequence was determined by evaluation and comparison of the number and kinds of teeth present in nine age cohorts comprising the study sample of 88 males and 87 females who ranged in age from birth to 763 days. Eruption was assessed visually as present or absent. Several statistical methods used to derive the ages associated with the eruption sequence are described. The basic eruption sequence in the sample population is: i1 i1, i2, i2, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm c}\limits_{\rm -} {\rm,}\mathop {\rm c}\limits^{\rm -} $\end{document} m1 (m2, m2), M1, M1. Both sexes show the same pattern, with the exception of the second deciduous molar, where males show a sequence of m2, m2, while females show the opposite. Posterior dentition shows the greatest gender‐specific variation in average age of eruption.
Placental transfer of synthetic and endogenous estrogen conjugates in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Slikker William , Newport Glenn D. , Hill Donald E. , Bailey John R.
Published: June 2005

The placental transfer of conjugated and nonconjugated estrogens was compared in the pregnant rhesus monkey. Placement of catheters in the maternal and fetal circulation allowed for the sampling of blood after the administration of radiolabeled naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens to mother or fetus. In all cases, nonconjugated‐estrogen placental transfer was greater than conjugated‐estrogen transfer. Comparison of the conjugated estrogens suggested that diethylstilbestrol‐monoglucuronide (DESG) was transferred less efficiently than the estrone‐sulfate (E, S). High‐performance liquid chromatog‐raphy (HPLC) of selected plasma samples revealed that 50–90% of the E, S observed in the maternal circulation was cleaved after fetal administration. In contrast, HPLC of maternal or fetal plasma samples after DESG administration revealed only intact DESG. These results emphasize differences in the placental transfer of the synthetic and naturally occurring estrogen hormones.
Harem‐male replacement and infanticide in the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitus stuhlmanni) in the Kibale Forest, Uganda
Authors: Butynski Thomas M.
Published: June 2005

This paper (1) describes the first observations of male replacement and infanticide in the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni), (2) examines these observations in light of those hypotheses put forth to explain infanticide, and (3) presents two basic models through which additional hypotheses are developed. Five groups of blue monkeys were observed for 2,724 hr in the Kibale Forest, Uganda. The pattern of infanticide in the blue monkey was strikingly similar to that reported for other species of primates living in one‐male bisexual groups. Data concerning infanticide in the blue monkey do not support the hypothesis that infanticide is a maladaptive behavioral pathology. The data indirectly support the hypothesis that infanticide is part of a flexible, adaptive reproductive strategy of new harem‐males. According to Model I, two of the hypothese for explaining how infanticide may be adaptive to the perpetrator are not mutually exclusive. Model II suggests that the rate of infanticide is directly related to competition among males for females and indirectly related to tenure length of harem‐males. Models I and II underscore the importance of understanding what variables determine tenure length in haremmales. It is cocluded that length of male tenure is most likely a critical determinant of inclusive fitness not only for males but also for females.
Sexual behavior of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Pregnant versus cycling females
Authors: Wallis Janette
Published: June 2005

Sexual behavior was observed in fifteen female and seven male captive adult chimpanzees over a period of three months. Relative frequencies of successful and unsuccessful copulatory attempts were compared to levels of anogenital swelling and reproductive status. In addition, the data were analyzed in relation to three indicators of female primate sexuality: (1) proceptivity, indicated by female attempts at sexual interaction; (2) attractivity, indicated by male‐initiated attempts; and (3) receptivity, evident when a female responds positively to male initiation. The data suggest that increased level of anogenital swelling enhanced female proceptivity and attractivity, but not receptivity. Comparison of cycling vs pregnant females revealed that attractivity and receptivity increased during pregnancy, while proceptivity was relatively unchanged. The total success rate (copulations/attempts) was 63.3% (42% for female‐initiated attempts and 77% for male‐initiated attempts). Pregnant females copulated at a high rate, almost double that of cycling females. Sexual activity during pregnancy and the occurrence of anogenital swelling during pregnancy are discussed in terms of female reproductive strategies.
Blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Tatsumi Masashi , Fujiwara Tooru , Hayami Masanori
Published: June 2005

Optimal conditions for mitogen‐induced transformation of cynomolgus monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined. Maximal stimulation estimated by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H‐TdR) occurred at the concentrations between 25 and 50 μg/ml with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A), and between 50 and 100 μg/ml with poke weed mitogen (PWM) in a culture volume of 120 μl containing 2 × 105 mononuclear cells supplemented with 10% fresh autologous serum. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), however, could induce no significant response. In most animals examined, a high response of blastogenesis was induced by Con A, moderate by PHA, and low by PWM. Optimal stimulation occurred after incubation for 78 hours followed by labeling with 1 μCi of 3H‐TdR per culture for 18 hours. Although the extent of blastogenic response was variable in individual animals, the general pattern of time‐course and dose‐response to mitogens was similar in all monkeys. With 40 monkeys tested, age nor sex did not markedly influence the extent of blastogenic response.
Sign acquisition in a home‐reared/free‐ranging orangutan: Comparisons with other signing apes
Authors: Shapiro Gary L.
Published: June 2005

A young female orangutan that was maintained in a home‐reared/free‐ranging environment acquired 37 signs (Ameslan) after 19 months of training. Analysis and qualitative comparison of the initially produced signs revealed that an orangutan developed a vocabulary of signs in a manner similar to that of a chimpanzee and gorilla. This substantiates the general pongid ability to acquire manual signs.
The social development of an orphaned rhesus infant on Cayo Santiago: Male care, foster mother‐orphan interaction and peer interaction
Authors: Berman C. M.
Published: June 2005

The social development of a free‐ranging male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) infant is described qualitatively and quantitatively from birth to orphaning at nearly 11 weeks of age, and then to 30 weeks of age. Initially the orphan was cared for by four males, but was subsequently adopted by his nulliparous sister. Measures of foster mother‐orphan interaction were compared with measures of mother‐infant interaction for a control sample of 20 mother‐infant pais within the same group. Signs of depression, decreases in play, and atypical patterns of interaction with caretakers gradually diminished over a period of two to three months following orphaning. Through adjustments on the part of both the foster mother and the orphan, their patterns of interaction gradually came to resemble those of mothers and infants of the same age.
Social play in differentially reared infant and juvenile baboons (Papio sp)
Authors: Coelho Anthony M. , Bramblett Claud A.
Published: June 2005

Effects of early experience and peer‐group socialization on later play behavior of baboons (Papio sp) was assessed. The potential for development of sex differences in play behavior in the absence of sex‐role models was of particular concern. Social play of nursery‐reared baboons was contrasted with that of mother‐reared conspecifics during late infancy (6–12 mo) and the late‐juvenile period (36–42 mo). Males played more than did females and infants played more than did juveniles. There was no significant influence of early rearing conditions on play behavior despite effects on other behaviors. There were consistent sex differences in play behavior even for the individuals with no early access to sex‐role models. This result is consistent with previous research indicating a strong hormonal basis of sex‐differences in primate play behavior.
One‐armed brachiation in gibbons (Hylobates lar)
Authors: Gibbons Edward F. , Lockwood Randall
Published: June 2005

The locomotor and postural behavior of Hylobates lar was studied in a seminaturalistic environment at the New York Zoological Park. A particular locomotor pattern, one‐armed brachiation, was observed and filmed. Analysis indicated that the occurrence of one‐armed brachiation as a preferred locomotor pattern was rare and was limited to the carrying of food. The limb and joint movements of one‐armed brachiation closely resembled those of two‐armed brachiation with differences occurring in the angular rotations of the support and the free arms. Analysis showed how a gibbon could maximize its forward momentum during one‐armed brachiation. The adaptive value of one‐armed brachiation is discussed in reference to brachiating while carrying food and to brachiating with a fracture of a forelimb. Finally, one‐armed brachiation is discussed as an example of the concepts of locomotor totipotentiality and locomotor habit.
Operant elevation of blood pressure in unrestrained olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Mitchell Daniel S. , Graham Janis R. , Castracane V. Daniel
Published: June 2005

This report describes an operant conditioning method for producing increases in the blood pressure and heart rate of baboons in which (A) chair restraint is completely eliminated by a tether system for continuous direct monitoring of arterial pressure, and (B) electric shock is replaced by blasts of compressed air. In our computer‐automated procedure, the home‐caged subject receives a banana‐flavored reward pellet each time it accumulates 120 s during which its diastolic pressure is above a prespecified criterion. Conversely, the animal receives a blast of compressed air each time it accumulates 120 s during which its diastolic pressure is below criterion. After 20‐70 8‐h sessions of conditioning, 44%, 28%, 24%, 22%, and 17% elevations over baseline diastolic pressures were observed in five baboons. Systolic pressures also increased from 5% to 28%, and heart rate increased from 7% to 51%. The conditioning procedure was associated with an attenuation of the normal afternoon decline in plasma cortisol levels. These results demonstrate that compressed‐air blasting can be used as an alternative to electric shock for operant conditioning of autonomically mediated responses in nonhumn primates. This model may be useful for the study of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and related cardiovascular diseases.
An intergroup encounter with fatal consequences in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Shopland Jennifer M.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the fatal wounding of an infant yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and the severe injury of its mother during an encounter between two baboon groups with overlapping home ranges in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Also, a description is given of the apparent use of the infant as an agonistic buffer by an adult male in fights with other males.