bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
If Markets Are So Wonderful, Why Can’t I Find Friends at the Store?
Authors: Browne M. Neil
Published: March 2003

Now that all but the most stubborn ideologues have granted the importance of markets as a promising device for organizing efficient allocation, we run the danger of a particular form of analytical sloppiness. To claim that markets are powerful is far from saying they are omnipotent. In fact, the relative strengths of markets as an organizing device can be shrouded by hyperbolic claims of market puissance. The argument here is that markets have significant limits and that by acknowledging those limits we can focus on the important question of the nature of the optimal interaction between markets and governments. For illustrative purposes, this essay argues that consumers cannot typically expect to find the kinds of associative links we ordinarily seek from friends. The kind of caring that we anticipate from friendships can best be found somewhere other than at the store. Recognizing market limitations, such as this one, permits us to use markets in conjunction with other institutions to create a more fully human economy.
Mandates, Powers, and Policies
Authors: Johnson Gregg B. , Crisp Brian F.
Published: March 2003

Elections provide a mandate to pursue a set of policies. Party label provides a concise ideological cue for voters to choose among candidates, and research on industrial democracies verifies a link between the parties voters elect and subsequent policy outcomes. The combination of inchoate party systems and economic vulnerability elsewhere may weaken the link between voter choice and policy. When examining economic policies in Latin America, there is some controversy as to whether governments carried out “reform by surprise”—promising one thing during a campaign while implementing another in office. We test whether the ideological reputations of executives’ and legislators’ parties explain whether they adopt market‐oriented policies. We find that the future behavior of presidential candidates is difficult for voters to predict. However, the ideological reputation of legislators is a reliable predictor of policy outcomes, and the relationship is clarified by the prospects of collective action by legislative delegations.
Intra–day Behavior of Treasury Sector Index Option Implied Volatilities around Macroeconomic Announcements
Authors: Heuson Andrea J. , Su Tie
Published: March 2003

If option implied volatility is an unbiased, efficient forecast of future return volatility in the underlying asset, then we should be able to predict its path around macroeconomic announcements from responses in cash markets. Regressions show that volatilities rise the afternoon before announcements that move cash markets, and that post–announcement volatilities return to normal as rapidly as cash prices do. Although implied volatilities are predictable, the Treasury options market is efficient since informed traders do not earn arbitrage profits once we account for trading costs.
OF SMUTS, BLASTS, MILDEWS, AND BLIGHTS: cAMP Signaling in Phytopathogenic Fungi
Authors: Lee Nancy , D'Souza Cletus A. , Kronstad James W.
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  cAMP regulates morphogenesis and virulence in a wide variety of fungi including the plant pathogens. In saprophytic yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cAMP signaling plays an important role in nutrient sensing. In filamentous saprophytes, the cAMP pathway appears to play an integral role in vegetative growth and sporulation, with possible connections to mating. Infection-related morphogenesis includes sporulation (conidia and teliospores), formation of appressoria, infection hyphae, and sclerotia. Here, we review studies of cAMP signaling in a variety of plant fungal pathogens. The primary fungi to be considered include Ustilago maydis, Magnaporthe grisea, Cryphonectria parasitica, Colletotrichum and Fusarium species, and Erisyphe graminis. We also include related information on Trichoderma species that act as mycoparasites and biocontrol agents of phytopathogenic fungi. We point out similarities in infection mechanisms, conservation of signaling components, as well as instances of cross-talk with other signaling pathways.
THECOLDWAR ASHISTORY
Authors: Haslam Jonathan
Published: March 2003

▪ Abstract  The fall of Soviet Communism led to the release of top secret documents vital to our understanding of the Cold War. This material is, however, available to research only to a limited extent. The best access is to be obtained in the archives of the Warsaw Pact countries, including those in Berlin. In Moscow itself, secrecy still forestalls access to the most important documents, above all those relating to the origins of the Cold War under Stalin. It is therefore not surprising that the debate about Cold War origins is still with us, and without any notable improvement in the quality of evidence adduced in the debate. It is by no means clear, as historians such as Gaddis have asserted, that the origins can be laid merely at the door of one unreasonable and unreasoning man: Stalin. It is, however, equally unconvincing to hear from Trachtenberg that Stalin was merely doing what all statesmen do and did so entirely rationally. The complementary argument from Leffler that, given the rational nature of Russian decisions, the answer lies more with U.S. than with Russian policy makers begs as many questions as it seeks to answer. The wary reader is well advised that the jury is still out until both the prosecution and the defense actually have adequate access to the evidence.
Notes on algebraic functions
Authors: Ke-Ying Guan , Jinzhi Lei
Published: March 2003

Consideration of the monodromy group of the hypergeometric equation z(1 − z)w″ + [γ − (1 + α + β)z]w′ − αβw = 0, in the case of α = 1/6, β = 5/6, γ = 7/6, shows that the global hypergeometric function
solution F(1/6; 5/6; 7/6; z) is nonalgebraic
although it has only algebraic singularities. Therefore, the
proposition given in [2,4] that a function is algebraic if
it has only the algebraic singularities on the extended z‐plane
is not true. Through introduction of the concept of
singular element criterion for deciding when a function
is algebraic on the basis of properties of its singularities is
given.
Extended blocker, deletion, and contraction maps on antichains
Authors: Matveev Andrey O.
Published: March 2003

Families of maps on the lattice of all antichains of a finite
bounded poset that extend the blocker, deletion, and contraction
maps on clutters are considered. Influence of the parameters of
the maps is investigated. Order‐theoretic extensions of some
principal relations for the set‐theoretic blocker, deletion, and
contraction maps on clutters are presented.
Complete mattress encasing is not superior to partial encasing in the reduction of mite allergen
Authors: Vichyanond P , Uthaisangsook S , Ruangruk S , Malainual N
Published: March 2003

Background: Partial mattress encasing was found to be effective in reducing exposure to mite allergen in our previous investigation. We aimed to compare the short‐term efficacy of partial and complete mattress encasing and to study mite‐allergen levels within these mattresses.

Methods: Thirty‐one mattresses with high mite‐allergen content were selected and were randomized into one of three study groups (10 for the control group [CG], 11 for the partial encasing group [PE], and 10 for the complete encasing group [CE]). A special mite‐impermeable membrane was used. In the PE group, mattresses were encased on tops and sides only, whereas complete mattress encasement was undertaken in the CE group. Regular bedsheets were applied to all groups. Dust samples were collected over bedsheets at baseline and at months 3 and 6, and over mattresses at baseline and at the end of the study. Group I mite allergens in these samples were measured and compared.

Results: At baseline, mattress mite allergens were similar in all groups (P=0.84). Mite allergen at the surfaces of bedsheets (over membranes) from both encasing groups were significantly reduced as compared to the CG group (P=0.003). Such reduction was maintained throughout the 6‐month study. At the end of the study, mite antigens within mattresses in the CG and CE groups were increased as compared to baselines, whereas a decrease was observed in the PE group. Significant difference was observed only between the CG and PE groups (P=0.006).

Conclusions: Mattress encasing with a special membrane in this study was highly efficacious in the reduction of mite allergen (>90%). However, with complete encasing, mite allergens within mattresses were increased at the end of the study. Complete mattress encasing in a tropical environment does not offer any advantage over partial encasing.
Epitope‐dependent synergism and antagonism between CD40 antibodies and soluble CD40 ligand for the regulation of CD23 expression and IgE synthesis in human B cells
Authors: Challa A , Pound JD , Gordon J , Armitage RJ
Published: March 2003

Background: The induction of IgE synthesis in naïve B cells requires two T‐cell‐derived signals: one delivered through CD40 and the other via interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). The natural counterstructure to CD40 is the CD40 ligand (CD40L). We have asked about the interplay between CD40L and CD40 mAb that recognize distinct epitopes in delivering signals for regulating IL‐4‐dependent IgE synthesis and the expression of CD23, the low‐affinity IgE receptor, in resting B cells.

Methods: After culture of purified human tonsillar B cells with CD40 agonists and IL‐4, surface CD23 was determined by flow cytometric analysis. CD23 levels in cell lysates and supernatants were quantified by ELISA, as were those of secreted IgE.

Results: With regard to both induction of CD23 and IgE production, soluble CD40L trimer (sCD40LT) showed synergistic interaction with two mAb to CD40 which bind to epitopes located outside the ligand binding site (EA5 and 5C3), but not with a mAb (G28‐5) which effectively competes for CD40L binding to CD40. Each of the two noncompeting mAb to CD40 was able to cooperate strongly with sCD40LT in promoting high‐level induction of CD23 even in the absence of IL‐4, an effect mirrored in the promotion of strong homotypic clustering and high‐rate DNA synthesis. G28‐5, uniquely, induced a down‐regulation in IL‐4‐induced CD23 expression with time, a change that was accompanied by an increase in the amount of soluble CD23 detected. While the two noncompeting mAb consistently synergized with sCD40LT for the promotion of IL‐4‐dependent IgE synthesis, sCD40LT and G28‐5 (which, by itself, was the most potent of the CD40 mAb at inducing IL‐4‐dependent IgE production) exhibited mutual antagonism in this regard, the level of which could be quite profound.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that appropriate targeting of CD40 can modulate IgE synthesis either positively or negatively.
Aeropollinic sampling at three different heights by personal volumetric collector (Partrap FA 52)
Authors: Fiorina A. , Mincarini M. , Sivori M. , Scordamaglia A. , Canonica G.W. , Brichetto L.
Published: March 2003

Background: Aeropollinic sampling is usually performed by volumetric pollen traps located on the top of buildings at a height of 15–20 m. The present study aimed to determine whether pollen concentration is similar, at the same time, at different heights.

Methods: Pollen concentrations were measured at the same time for 3 days each month (March–October 1997), with three Partrap FA 52 devices respectively located at 1.5, 5, and 15 m above the ground. A Burkard sampler was used as control at the 15‐m level.

Results: No significant difference in either the total count or the single pollen counts was observed between the Partrap and Burkard samplers at 15 m. The total pollen count did not differ significantly between the Partrap at 1.5 m and 15 m (130±19 and 123±18, respectively), whereas the sampler at 5 m collected an amount of pollen (84±14) significantly lower than at 1.5 and 15 m (P<0.0001 and P<0.001, respectively). The amount of Urticaceae pollen was significantly higher at 1.5 m (97±17) than at 15 m (80±12) and 5 m (58±11); P<0.02 and P<0.001, respectively. Regarding grass pollen, the collector at 5 m captured significantly less pollen (4.5±0.8) than at 1.5 m (9.5±1.3) and 15 m (7.2±1.3) (P=0.002 and P=0.02, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the data obtained from samplers at 1.5 and 15 m. In addition, the Oleaceae, Cupressaceae, and Corylaceae pollen counts were significantly higher when collected at 15 than at 5 and 1.5 m.

Conclusions: These data show that differences exist in pollen sampling performed at different heights.
Comparison of methods to assess airborne rat and mouse allergen levels. I. Analysis of air samples
Authors: Hollander A , Thissen J , Doekes G , Heederik D , Gordon S , Venables KM , Renström A , Larsson PH , Malmberg P
Published: March 2003

Airborne laboratory‐animal allergens can be measured by several methods, but little is known about the effects of important differences in methodology. Therefore, methods used in research projects in The Netherlands, the UK, and Sweden were compared. Seventy‐four sets of three parallel inhalable dust samples were taken by a single operator in animal facilities in the three countries, and analyzed in parallel by the three institutes for rat and mouse urinary allergen. Rat‐allergen levels measured by RAST inhibition (UK) were 3000 and 1700 times higher than levels measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA)‐sandwich methods with polyclonal rabbit (The Netherlands) or monoclonal mouse (Sweden) antibodies, while the difference between the two EIA‐sandwich methods was much smaller: a factor of 2.2. For mouse allergen, an inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA) with rabbit antimouse antibodies (UK) gave 4.6 and 5.9 times higher concentrations than sandwich EIAs with rabbit polyclonal antibodies (Sweden and The Netherlands), while the difference between the two sandwich EIAs was, on average, 1.6‐fold. Thus, although levels of rat and mouse aeroallergens are significantly correlated, the assay type gives large differences in absolute concentrations, and interlaboratory technical differences affect even the same assay type. Conversion factors can aid comparison between studies, and, in the long term, assay standardization is desirable.

Abbreviations: NHLI: National Heart and Lung Institute (UK); WAU: Wageningen Agricultural University (The Netherlands); NIWL: National Institute for Working Life (Sweden); EIA: enzyme immunoassay; RAST: radioallergosorbent test; RIA: radioimmunoassay; MUA: mouse urinary allergen; RUA: rat urinary allergen; BSA: bovine serum albumin; HSA: human serum albumin; PBS: phosphate‐buffered saline; PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon); CI: confidence interval.
Serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, and interleukin‐2 receptor in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis and allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: Uchio E. , Ono S. , Ikezawa Z. , Ohno S.
Published: March 2003

Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is characterized by severe ocular allergic inflammation that may have a poor visual prognosis. Due to the high frequency of the presence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in VKC, most systemic parameters are dependent on the clinical severity of AD.

Methods: Serum levels of sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1, and sIL‐2R were measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay using samples from 30 VKC patients, 30 allergic conjunctivitis (AC) patients, and 20 normal subjects, to determine whether the concentrations of these molecules are elevated.

Results: Circulating sICAM‐1 and sIL‐2R levels were increased in patients with VKC with AD compared with those in VKC without AD, AC, and normal controls. Serum levels of sVCAM‐1 in VKC patients with and without AD were significantly higher than those in controls. No significant difference was found in the levels of sVCAM‐1 between patients with VKC with and without AD. In VKC patients with AD, the sIL‐2R level correlated significantly with severity of AD, whereas no such correlation was found for sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1.

Conclusions: These results suggest that serum sVCAM‐1 can be used as a marker to differentiate VKC from nonproliferative ocular allergic diseases, and specific immunologic features of VKC may underlie the upregulation of serum sVCAM‐1.
Circulating eosinophil/basophil progenitors and nasal mucosal cytokines in seasonal allergic rhinitis
Authors: Linden M , Svensson C , Andersson M , Greiff L , Andersson E , Denburg JA , Persson CGA
Published: March 2003

Accumulation of eosinophils in the airways is characteristic of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The tissue eosinophilia may involve both recruitment of mature eosinophils and proliferation of their progenitors. This study examines mature eosinophils (nasal and circulating), their circulating progenitors, and a potential role of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in stimulating these progenitors. Twelve subjects with a history of seasonal allergic rhinitis and positive skin prick test for birch pollen were studied during four periods: shortly before, in the early and intense phase, at the end, and well after the Swedish birch‐pollen season. Nasal mucosal and circulating eosinophils were examined in both nasal brushings and peripheral blood samples. Eosinophil/basophil progenitors were determined by counting colony‐forming units in nonadherent mononuclear blood‐cell cultures in methylcellulose at 14 days. The nasal mucosal cytokines GM‐CSF, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐3, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐8, and RANTES were analyzed (ELISA) in nasal lavage (NAL) fluids. All patients developed severe symptoms of rhinitis at the height of the season, with increased numbers of eosinophils in the nasal mucosa (P<0.05) and in the circulation (P<0.05). At this time point, the number of circulating progenitors (P<0.05) and the NAL fluid level of GM‐CSF (P<0.05) were also increased. In contrast, there was no change in the NAL fluid levels of IL‐1β, IL‐3, IL‐6, or IL‐8. Neither IL‐5 nor RANTES could be detected in any of the NAL fluids. At the end of or after the season, there was no increase in nasal eosinophils or circulating eosinophils or progenitors (P>0.05). Ex vivo addition of GM‐CSF (10–100 U) increased the number of blood progenitors grown before (P<0.01) and after (P<0.05) the season, compared with during the season. The in vitro GM‐CSF responsiveness of progenitors may be related to whether or not these already have been stimulated endogenously by GM‐CSF. Taken together, our data thus suggest that GM‐CSF may play a role in vivo to increase production of eosinophilic progenitors in allergic airway disease.
IgE levels in surgery: effect of ranitidine and prednisolone
Authors: Kampen GT , Poulsen LK , Nielsen HJ , Schulze S , Petersen LJ
Published: March 2003

Background: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is important in allergic reactions and in host defense against parasites. IgE may also participate in the acute‐phase response to physical stress. This study aimed to determine whether major abdominal surgery induced increased serum IgE levels, and whether treatment with ranitidine or prednisolone influenced the IgE response to surgery.

Methods: For assessment of the IgE response to surgery and the effect of ranitidine, 24 patients scheduled for major abdominal surgery were randomized to receive either perioperative treatment with ranitidine or no treatment. To evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids, 24 patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery were randomized to receive preoperative treatment with either prednisolone or placebo. IgE levels were determined in serum samples drawn pre‐ and postoperatively.

Results: In the ranitidine study, both the control group and the ranitidine‐treated group displayed a postoperative increase (P<0.001) of serum IgE. In the prednisolone study, a postoperative increase (P<0.05) of serum IgE was detected in the placebo group. No significant increase was found in the prednisolone‐treated group.

Conclusions: Major abdominal surgery induces an increase of serum IgE. This increase can be prevented by preoperative treatment with prednisolone, but not with ranitidine.
Physicochemical and immunologic characterization of low‐molecular‐weight allergoids of Dactylis glomerata pollen proteins
Authors: Ćirković TD , Bukilica MN , Gavrovi MD , Vuji ZM , Petrovi S , Jankov RM
Published: March 2003

Background: Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) pollen proteins were chemically modified by means of acid anhydrides (maleic and succinic anhydride) to obtain low‐molecular‐weight allergoids. Chemical modification in both cases led to the replacement of one positive charge (ε amino group of Lys) by one negative charge, yielding proteins with changed physicochemical properties in comparison to the native orchard grass‐pollen proteins. Methods: Physicochemical characterization of derivatives was done by gel chromatography, SDS–PAGE, and isoelectric focusing. To examine the IgE‐binding properties of these derivatives, we carried out immunoblotting. To examine the ability of derivatives to induce IgG production, we immunized rabbits. Skin prick testing with the allergoids was performed on 15 individuals allergic to orchard grass pollens and on two healthy subjects. Results: It was shown that the modified proteins retain their original molecular weights, but change pI to more acidic values. In the case of allergoids, a strong reduction in IgE binding was found. Immunization of rabbits with allergoids showed that the derivatives retain the ability to induce IgG production, and that the antisera obtained in such a way react to native (unmodified) extract. The ability of derivatives to induce allergic reaction was significantly reduced. The patients (86.6%) included in our study exhibited less than 50% of native extract response. Among them, 53.3% had no response to one or both allergoids. Conclusions: These modification procedures yield allergoids with a reduced allergenic activity and preserved immunogenic potential suitable for use in immunotherapy.
Perennial allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis: correlation with rhinologic risk factors
Authors: Berrettini S , Carabelli A , Sellari‐Franceschini S , Bruschini L , Quartieri F , Sconosciuto F , Abruzzese A
Published: March 2003

Background: The reported association of allergy and sinusitis varies greatly between study, and the exact role of allergy in predisposing to sinusitis is not clear. We attempted to determine whether patients with perennial allergic rhinitis are at greater risk of developing sinusitis with respect to a control group, and to determine whether there is a correlation between rhinomanometry, endoscopy, and nasal swab, and computed tomography (CT) findings.

Methods: Forty adult patients with perennial allergic rhinitis underwent CT scans of the paranasal sinuses, and the results were then compared to CTs of the paranasal sinuses of 30 control subjects. All allergic patients underwent nasal endoscopy, nasal swab, and active anterior rhinomanometry, and the results were studied in relation to the CT findings.

Results: We found sinusitis in 67.5% of the allergic patients and in 33.4% of the controls, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P=0.017). Twenty‐three patients had a positive nasal swab; 22 showed increased nasal resistance on rhinomanometry, and 36 had positive endoscopy, but the association of CT findings with endoscopy, rhinomanometry, or nasal swab was not statistically significant (P=0.583, P=1.00, P=0.506, respectively).

Conclusions: Allergic rhinitis is often associated with sinusitis, but the underlying mechanism has yet to be determined. Evidently, factors other than classical pathogen growth and mechanical factors, such as the association of the various factors and immunologic mechanisms, may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis in allergic patients.
Beer‐induced anaphylaxis: identification of allergens
Authors: Figueredo E , Quirce S , Del Amo A , Cuesta J , Arrieta I , Lahoz C , Sastre J
Published: March 2003

Background: We report on a 21‐year‐old atopic woman who developed urticaria, angioedema of the face, and wheezy dyspnea shortly after drinking beer and after eating a corn‐made snack.

Methods: Skin prick tests and specific IgE determinations to beer ingredients and cereal extracts were performed. Immunoblotting inhibition assays were carried out to investigate possible common allergens shared by barley and malt with corn.

Results: Skin prick tests and specific IgE measurements with beer, barley, malt, wheat, corn, rye, rice, and oat flour were positive. Ten pollen‐allergic patients showed negative skin tests to beer. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, oral challenge tests with sodium metabisulfite and wheat flour were negative. Immunoblotting demonstrated several IgE‐binding bands at 31–56 kDa in malt and barley extracts, and a major band at 38 kDa in the beer extract. Immunoblot inhibition assays showed that malt extract was able to inhibit most of the IgE‐binding bands in wheat and corn extracts, whereas corn did not produce significant inhibition to barley and malt extracts.

Conclusions: This patient developed type I hypersensitivity to barley/malt and corn. Although she also showed IgE reactivity to wheat and other cereals, no symptoms were elicited upon ingestion of these cereals, probably indicating latent sensitization to them.
Recurrent vaginitis as a manifestation of inhaled latex allergy
Authors: Chiu A , Kelly K , Thomason J , Otte T , Mullins D , Fink J
Published: March 2003

Recurrent vaginitis with eosinophilic infiltration was determined to be related to IgE‐mediated latex sensitivity in a hospital worker.
Immunochemical detection of egg‐white antigens and allergens in meat products
Authors: Leduc V , Demeulemester C , Guizard C , Le Guern L , Polack B , Peltre G
Published: March 2003

Background: The purpose of this study was to detect antigens and allergens in egg‐white byproduct ingredients and after their incorporation in processed pork meat pastes. Commercially prepared foods may have potentially allergenic ingredients (egg, milk, soybean, wheat, and peanut) added in processing. Since allergic patients may react to unidentified ingredients, it is important to assess the allergenic potency of these food proteins added during processing. Egg white was chosen as an experimental model, since egg is one of the most prevalent allergens in food hypersensitivity.

Methods: Experimental pork meat pastes containing egg white underwent pasteurization and sterilization. Ingredients derived from egg‐white or paste extracts were isoelectrofocused and then blotted onto cyanogen bromide‐activated nitrocellulose membranes. Egg‐white antigens were identified in ingredients and in meat products with rabbit anti‐egg‐white antiserum by isoelectric focusing immunoblotting. Allergens were identified with sera from sensitized patients. A sensitive ELISA test was developed to detect egg‐white proteins in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized meat products.

Results: Antigens and allergens in four egg‐white byproducts were detected. Egg‐white antigens were detectable in all ingredients and meat pastes by ELISA. Allergens were detected in ingredients and in raw and pasteurized products by immunoprint techniques and ELISA.

Conclusions: Masked egg‐white allergens are recognized by human serum IgE after pasteurization. Egg‐white antigens are detectable in sterilized meat by ELISA techniques. Ingestion of processed foods could entail a risk of allergic reactions for sensitized consumers.

Abbreviations. ELISA: enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; MaRG‐AP: mouse anti‐rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate; RaEggW: anti‐hen's egg‐white antiserum; GaHE‐AP: goat anti‐human IgE alkaline phosphatase conjugate; RAST: radioallergosorbent test; IEF: isoelectric focusing; PBS: phosphate‐buffered saline; SDS–PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; NBT/BCIP: nitroblue tetrazolium/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl phosphate p‐toluidine salts.
IgE‐mediated allergy to Lepidoglyphus destructor in an urban population – an epidemiologic study
Authors: Gislason D , Gislason T
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of IgE‐mediated allergy to Lepidoglyphus destructor and its clinical importance in Reykjavík, Iceland.

Methods: All Icelandic participants in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey in Reykjavík and suburbs were skin prick tested (SPT) for L. destructor. They also participated in a structured interview including questions about exposure to hay and symptoms related to hay exposure. Spirometry and methacholine tests were also performed.

Results: Altogether, 540 individuals underwent SPT with 12 allergens. Among them, 137 (25.4%) had positive skin tests, defined as at least one mean wheal reaction of ≥1 mm. By this definition, 34 (6.3%) were positive to L. destructor. These 34 individuals were significantly (P<0.001) more often allergic to D. pteronyssinus (24/34), grass (14/34), cat (13/34), dog (12/34), Alternaria (11/34), Cladosporium (9/34), horse (8/34), and olive (8/34) than those not allergic to L. destructor. Those SPT positive to L. destructor had a higher total IgE (geometric mean: 40.9 kU/l vs 12.3 kU/l, P<0.001) than those who were negative to L. destructor, but their lung function was comparable to that of the others. Asthma during the preceding 12 months or asthma ever suffered was not overrepresented among those SPT‐positive to L. destructor. Individuals with symptoms associated with hay exposure were more often SPT positive to L. destructor than those not having symptoms (P<0.01).

Conclusions: In a random urban population, 6.3% showed IgE‐mediated allergy to L. destructor. These were often polysensitized atopics with a high prevalence of clinical symptoms associated with exposure to hay.
Follow‐up after systemic adverse reactions of immunotherapy
Authors: Toubi E , Kessel A , Blant A , Golan TD
Published: March 2003

Out of 280 immunotherapy (IT)‐treated patients in our allergy clinic, 37 (13%) developed systemic adverse reactions. Parietaria judaica (Pj) extract, a highly allergenic pollen in northern Israel, was part of the IT regimen in 46% of treated patients who developed systemic adverse reactions. Twenty‐six (70%) of systemic adverse reactions occurred during the buildup phase, whereas 11 (30%) occurred in the maintenance phase of treatment. Mild systemic reactions developed in 15/37 (40%), moderate in 20/37 (54%), and severe in 2/37 (5%) of patients. In 22/37 (59% of our IT‐treated patients, adverse reactions developed within 30 min after injection. Among these were the two patients with severe systemic reactions. In 19%, moderate adverse reactions appeared at 30–60 min; in 22%, mild to moderate reactions appeared after 1–2 h. Our study concludes that severe systemic reactions to IT usually appear within 30 min after injection. In Israel, IT with highly allergenic pollens such as Pj frequently causes systemic reactions, even during the maintenance phase of treatment. In such cases, the reduction of IT dosage should be more than 50% during the pollen season, and a waiting period of 1 h should also be considered.
Long‐term effects of specific immunotherapy, administered during childhood, in asthmatic patients allergic to either house‐dust mite or to both house‐dust mite and grass pollen
Authors: Cools M. , Van Bever H.P. , Weyler J.J. , Stevens W.J.
Published: March 2003

In a retrospective study, asthmatic patients allergic to either house‐dust mite (HDM) (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) (n=34) or to both HDM and grass pollen (GP) (n=14), and who were treated with specific immunotherapy (SIT) during childhood (mean duration of SIT: 61±9.70 months), were re‐evaluated in early adulthood after mean cessation of SIT for 9.3±2.76 years. The results were compared to those of a control group of asthmatic patients (n=42) with comparable asthma features, who were treated with appropriate antiasthmatic drugs during childhood, but who never received SIT. Re‐evaluation was carried out with a standardized questionnaire, skin prick tests (SPT), and lung‐function assessments. At the time of re‐evaluation, the mean age in the SIT‐treated group was 23.1±3.50 years; in the control group, it was 22.7±3.40 years. At re‐evaluation, the risk of frequent asthmatic symptoms was three times higher in the control group than in the SIT‐treated group (prevalence ratio: 3.43; P=0.0006). The frequent use of antiasthmatic medication was also more pronounced in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.38). Lung‐function parameters and results of SPT with HDM were comparable in both groups. It is concluded that SIT has long‐term effects on asthmatic symptoms in young adults.
Successful treatment of occupational allergy to bumblebee venom after failure with honeybee venom extract
Authors: Stern A. , Müllner G. , Wüthrich B.
Published: March 2003

Background: Immediate‐type allergies to bumblebee stings occur infrequently. Previous studies have demonstrated a high degree of cross‐reactivity between honeybee venom (HBV) and bumblebee venom (BBV). It has been proposed that venom immunotherapy (VIT) with HBV is a therapeutic alternative for patients with BBV allergy.

Methods and results: We present two cases of occupational immediate‐type allergies to BBV. Although both nonatopic patients had a negative personal history of previous allergic reactions to honeybee sting, specific IgE antibodies and a positive intradermal reaction to HBV were detected. Despite VIT with HBV, the two developed another severe allergic reaction after incidental bumblebee stings. VIT with BBV, using in one patient a rush protocol with escalating doses of 0.01–100 μg of BBV, was performed. Before and during the VIT, the course of IgE and IgG specific antibodies to BBV was analyzed, demonstrating a significant decrease of BBV‐IgE and an increase of BBV‐IgG. The effectiveness of the treatment was also proven by an in‐hospital sting challenge with a live bumblebee.

Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that cross‐immunotherapies with HBV do not protect BBV‐allergic patients sufficiently. We conclude that BBV‐allergic patients should be treated with BBV. A “rush” VIT with BBV is a safe alternative to a “conventional” protocol.
The IgE‐binding epitopes of rPar j 2, a major allergen of Parietaria judaica pollen, are heterogeneously recognized among allergic subjects
Authors: Assunta Costa M. , Duro G. , Izzo V. , Colombo P. , Mirisola M. G. , Locorotondo G. , Cocchiara R. , Geraci D.
Published: March 2003

Pollen allergens are multivalent proteins that cross‐link IgE antibodies on mast or basophil cells, inducing secretion of biologic mediators, and resulting in various allergic symptoms. The IgE‐binding regions of the Parietaria judaica (Pj) pollen major allergen rPar j 2 were investigated. Twenty‐nine single sera from Pj‐allergic subjects were tested by Western blot against five recombinant peptides. At least four putative IgE‐binding epitopes were identified. The analysis of their diffusion suggested a heterogeneous IgE‐binding response. In fact, 75% of the sera reacted with peptide 1–54, 48% with peptide 48–101, 24% with peptide 1–30, 7% with peptide 29–54, and none with peptide 48–76. These five peptides were analyzed with the histamine‐release assay. Only peptide 48–101 was capable of inducing degranulation and release of histamine. These results suggest that the recombinant rPar j 2 allergen contains IgE epitopes that are heterogeneously recognized by sensitive patients, and that therefore the therapeutic approach based on the use of haptenic peptides needs a careful evaluation.
Airway inflammation in asthma and perennial allergic rhinitis. Relationship with nonspecific bronchial responsiveness and maximal airway narrowing
Authors: Alvarez M. J. , Olaguibel J. M. , García B. E. , Rodríguez A. , Tabar A. I. , Urbiola E.
Published: March 2003

Background: Eosinophilic airway inflammation is the hallmark of asthma, but it has also been reported in other conditions such as allergic rhinitis. We have tested whether the analysis of cells and chemicals in sputum can distinguish between patients with mild allergic asthma, those with allergic rhinitis, and healthy controls. The relationship between inflammation markers in sputum and nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine (BHR) (PD20 and maximal response plateau [MRP] values) was also evaluated.

Methods: We selected 31 mild asthmatics and 15 rhinitis patients sensitized to house‐dust mite. As a control group, we studied 10 healthy subjects. Every subject underwent the methacholine bronchial provocation test (M‐BPT) and sputum induction. Blood eosinophils and serum ECP levels were measured. Sputum cell differentials were assessed, and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), tryptase, albumin, and interleukin (IL)‐5 levels were measured in the entire sputum supernatant.

Results: Blood eosinophils and serum ECP levels were higher in asthma patients and rhinitis than in healthy controls, but no difference between asthma patients and rhinitis patients was found. Asthmatics had higher eosinophil counts and higher ECP and tryptase levels in sputum than rhinitis patients or control subjects. Sputum albumin levels were higher in asthmatics than in controls. Rhinitis patients exhibited higher sputum eosinophils than healthy controls. An association between sputum eosinophil numbers and MPR values (r=−0.57) was detected, and a trend toward correlation between sputum ECP levels and PD20 values (r=−0.47) was found in the rhinitis group, but not in asthmatics. No correlation between blood eosinophilic inflammation and lung functional indices was found.

Conclusions: Induced sputum is an accurate method to study bronchial inflammation, allowing one to distinguish between rhinitis patients and mildly asthmatic patients. The fact that no relationship was detected between sputum inflammation and BHR suggests that other factors, such as airway remodeling, may be at least partly responsible for BHR in asthma.
Protein sequence analysis and mapping of IgE and IgG epitopes of an allergenic 98‐kDa Dermatophagoides farinae paramyosin, Der f 11
Authors: Tsai L.‐C. , Chao P.‐L. , Hung M.‐W. , Sun Y.‐C. , Kuo I.‐C. , Chua K.‐Y. , Liaw S.‐H. , Chua K.‐Y. , Kuo I.‐C.
Published: March 2003

Background: A 98‐kDa mite paramyosin (Der f 11) from Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) is highly allergenic, and its cDNA (Df642) has been cloned. This paper describes the sequence characteristics and the mapping of the immunodominant human IgE and IgG epitopes of Der f 11.

  Methods: The protein sequence analysis was performed with a combination of FASTA, GCG, and CLUSTAL W computing packages. The whole cDNA insert and its PCR‐derived DNA fragments were generated and expressed in E. coli. These overlapping recombinant peptides (F1 to F5) were used for B‐cell epitope mapping with 18 mite‐allergic sera by dot immunoassays.

  Results: Df642 cDNA encodes a partial sequence that contains the 2nd to 26th 28‐residue repeats and lacks the N‐terminus and the C‐terminus. The sequence identity of the Der f 11 with other known paramyosins is 34–60%. The dominant IgE epitopes are located in peptides F1 and F4, whereas the dominant IgG epitopes are located in peptides F1 and F2. These peptides are more reactive than whole rDf642.

  Conclusions: Mite paramyosin is very similar to other known paramyosins. The human IgE and IgG epitopes are scattered throughout the entire molecule. Data also indicate the presence of unique IgE and IgG epitopes in Der f 11.
Prenatal immune priming with helminth infections: parasite‐specific cellular reactivity and Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses in neonates
Authors: Pit D. S. S. , Polderman A. M. , Schulz‐key H. , Soboslay P. T.
Published: March 2003

The present investigation aimed to determine to what extent maternal helminth infection primes parasite‐specific cellular responsiveness in neonates. Umbilical cord mononuclear blood cells (UCBC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from mothers proliferated in response to mitogenic stimulation with concanavalin A, as well as to bacterial Streptococcus pyogenes‐derived (streptolysin O) and helminth‐specific antigens of Necator americanus and Onchocerca volvulus. Cellular responses to Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) and Oesophagostomum bifurcum (Oes), helminth parasites not endemic in the study area, were absent (for Em) or very low (for Oes due to antigenic cross‐reactivity). Cellular responsiveness to mitogen and antigens was higher in mothers than in their neonates. Several Th1‐type (IL‐2, IL‐12, and IFN‐γ) and Th2‐type (IL‐5 and IL‐10) cytokines were produced by UCBC from neonates and PBMC from mothers. Low levels of IFN‐γ were elicited by UCBC in response to helminth and bacterial antigens, while secretion of IL‐2 was pronounced and similarly high in neonates and their mothers. Amounts of IL‐5 produced by UCBC in response to bacterial SL‐O and mitogenic stimulation (PHA) were low, but equivalent levels of IL‐5 were induced by intestinal helminth and filaria‐derived antigens in neonates and mothers. A pronounced production of IL‐10 and IL‐12 by UCBC was observed – spontaneous IL‐10 and IL‐12 secretion by UCBC was higher in neonates than by PBMC from mothers. Net amounts of IL‐10 elicited by helminth antigens were similar, while net IL‐12 in response to mitogen, and bacterial and helminth antigens was significantly higher in mothers than their offspring. Our results indicate that human maternal helminth infection does sensitize in utero for parasite‐specific cellular responsiveness in offspring, and also activates specific production of several cytokines, and such children do not present a dominant expression of immunity of either Th1 or Th2.
Sensitization and lung function in workers occupationally exposed to natural thickening products
Authors: Steger A. , Radon K. , Pethran A. , Nowak D.
Published: March 2003

Background: Three workers engaged in the manufacture of natural thickener products (Cassia spp., guar, and tamarind flour) were occupationally sensitized to Cassia spp. Therefore, a cross‐sectional study on the prevalence of sensitization among and respiratory health of the employees of this plant was conducted.

Methods and Results: Sixty‐two workers (36 with high, 26 with low exposure) participated in the survey. Skin prick tests and specific IgE tests with extracts of these components revealed that 11.3% were sensitized to Cassia spp. and 9.7% to at least one species of storage mites, with a significantly higher portion of atopic subjects in the sensitized group. Overall, 55% of the subjects reported work‐related symptoms (upper and lower airways, eyes, or skin). FVC % pred. was significantly lower in highly exposed workers, while RV % pred. and RV%TLC % pred. were significantly higher in this group. In the multivariate model, sensitization was not a risk factor for impairment of lung function.

Conclusions: Dust exposure to flours may not only cause allergic sensitization but also induce chronic changes in lung function.
Quality of life and capsaicin sensitivity in patients with sensory airway hyperreactivity
Authors: Millqvist E. , Löwhagen O. , Bende M.
Published: March 2003

Background: A group of patients with asthma‐like symptoms and sensitivity to chemical irritants has shown an increased cough sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin compared to patients with asthma and to healthy controls. The condition is called sensory hyperreactivity (SHR), and the patients often feel that they are socially handicapped because of the risk of exposure to chemical irritantsin daily life.

Methods: Twenty‐six patients with asthma‐like symptoms after exposure to nonspecific irritating stimuli, but without IgE‐mediated allergy or demonstrable bronchial obstruction, were selected for a study of the response to a capsaicin test and measurement of quality of life by a general health profile (the Nottingham Health Profile [NHP]). We also investigated whether there was a correlation between quality of life and sensitivity to capsaicin.

Results: The patients demonstrated a dose‐dependent response to the capsaicin provocation, with coughing and respiratory and other symptoms, that significantly differed from 12 healthy controls. The health profile showed that patients with SHR had a significantly reduced quality of life compared to reference values, and there was a significant correlation between the health profile and sensitivity to capsaicin.

Conclusions: Patients with asthma‐like symptoms verified by the capsaicin inhalation test for sensory hyperreactivity have a poor quality of life. The correlation between quality of life and sensitivity to capsaicin objectively demonstrates the validity of this general health profile study.
Urinary eosinophil protein X in children: the relationship toasthma and atopy and normal values
Authors: Tauber E. , Halmerbauer G. , Frischer T. , Gartner C. , Horak F. , Veiter A. , Koller D. Y. , Studnicka M.
Published: March 2003

Background: In epidemiologic studies, it may be difficult to identify children with bronchial asthma. Since this is the most common chronic respiratory disease in childhood, and its prevalence is still increasing, reliable methods for identification of asthmatic children are required. This study evaluates the use of urinary eosinophil protein X (U‐EPX) in epidemiologic studies in identifying atopic and asthmatic children.

Methods: U‐EPX was measured in 877 Austrian schoolchildren. The skin prick test (SPT) was performed with eight common aeroallergens, and established questionnaires were used to assess respiratory symptoms.

Results: Of our cohort, 2.8% reported physician‐diagnosed asthma, 5.1% reported wheezing within the last 12 months, and 24.1% were found to be atopic. In children with physician‐diagnosed asthma, as well as in atopic children (positive SPT), median U‐EPX levels were significantly higher than in healthy subjects (142.8 and 89.6 vs 63.9 µg/mmol creatinine, P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively). In addition, perennial sensitization to inhalant allergens resulted in higher U‐EPX levels than did seasonal sensitization. The odds ratio for U‐EPX levels over the 90th percentile was significantly elevated for asthma, for wheezing, for nocturnal cough, and for breathlessness at exercise, as well as for seasonal and perennial sensitization. Pulmonary function was negatively relatedto U‐EPX levels.

Conclusions: Measurement of U‐EPX, which can be obtained easily, may be helpful in diagnosing both asthma and atopy in children. However, there is a great overlap between controls and symptomatics, a fact which reduces the sensitivity of U‐EPX in determination of the prevalence of asthma in epidemiologic studies.
Preseasonal local allergoid immunotherapy to grass pollen in children: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial
Authors: Caffarelli C. , Sensi L. G. , Marcucci F. , Cavagni G.
Published: March 2003

Background: We assessed the efficacy of preseasonal local allergoid immunotherapy in a group of children with asthma and/or rhinitis and/or rhinoconjunctivitis due to grass pollen.

Methods: We randomly assigned 24 children allergic to grass pollen to receivelocal allergoid immunotherapy for 3 months before the pollen season and 24 such patients to receive identically appearing placebo. The immunotherapy consisted of tablets of monomeric allergoid grass pollen allergens held in the mouth until they dissolved and then swallowed. The study was double‐blind. Symptoms and medications were scored on diary cards during the pollen season. Nasal eosinophil cationic protein levels were measured by the monoclonal antibodies EG1 and EG2 outside the pollen season and at low and at high pollen concentration during the pollen season.

Results: The active‐treatment group had a statistically significant reduction of total symptoms (P<0.05), especially bronchial symptoms (P<0.05), in comparison with the placebo group. Immunotherapy was well tolerated and compliance was good. Nasal levels of EG2 and EG1 increased significantly during the pollen season, but there was no difference between groups. EG2/EG1 increased significantly only in the placebo group during natural allergen exposure (P<0.01).

Conclusions: Our results suggest that this immunotherapy is effective for the treatment of asthma due to grass pollen in children.