bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Regulatory Expansion in Environmental Regulation
Authors: Zhavoronkova N. G. , Shpakovskiy Yu. G.
Published: July 2021

Environmental regulation is a mechanism that restores the balance on the path of sustainable socioeconomic development of Russia.

The paper examines the problems of regulatory pressure from the EU and the US on the implementation of the environmental and energy policy in Russia. It is shown that the national environmental legislation, the national environmental regulation of Russia is increasingly dependent on environmental regulations and standards of the EU and the United States. Foreign environmental rule-making as an element of expansion is manifested not only in the example of the carbon tax, but also in many other cases. The EU directives are built on the principle of preserving the quality of the environment and individual components, but at the same time, they are the instruments that allow the EU member states to enjoy a certain kind of advantages over other countries that are not included in the EU environmental control zone.

The authors conclude that gradually, in foreign practice, environmental regulation is becoming not only and not so much a tool for protecting the environment as a convenient mechanism for solving economic problems.

The authors conclude that the only way to resist the obvious expansion of environmental rule-making is to have a proven and obvious “environmental” alternative. Leadership in the field of environmental management, environmental safety will give the economic policy of the Russian Federation meaning and support from the whole world in the event that national environmental standards have their own content that is different from others (the EU and the USA).
Legal Uncertainty in the context of the Foundations of Criminal Justice Transformation
Authors: Przhilenskiy V. I.
Published: July 2021

Based on the analysis of the history of legal science and law enforcement practice, the paper considers the prerequisites for the conceptualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in law. The author offers a historical and rational reconstruction of the transition from the everyday and practical experience of understanding uncertainty to the concept that allows us to formulate the principles of lawmaking and law enforcement that prohibit uncertainty in the law and court decisions. The author explicates the difference between the conceptualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in the Russian legal literature and similar literature of the English-speaking world, where three different concepts are used to denote it: indeterminacy, vagueness and uncertainty. The paper analyzes the difficulties that arise in the implementation of the desire to integrate the system of Russian law into the legal space of the European Union, where the principle of legal certainty is one of the main instruments of integration. The author analyzes in detail the assessment of prospects and the significance of the principle of legal certainty in the practice of implementing the idea of the rule of law, and considers the paradoxes that arise in this case.

Examples from the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, when certain decisions are criticized because of non-compliance by lawmakers with the principle of legal certainty, confirm the essential importance of ideological and value bases in the systems of modern law. The paper examines the significance of the philosophical and theoretical-conceptual grounds for the inclusion of the general scientific concept of uncertainty in the private scientific methodology of legal research. The differences in the interpretation of the phenomenon of uncertainty in linguistics, physics, economics, philosophy, logic and other sciences are determined. It is concluded that it is necessary to attract funds and methods of interdisciplinary research for the further development of the theory of legal uncertainty.
Sustainable Development of Rural Areas of the Russian State as a Strategic Task and its Legal Support
Authors: Voronina N. P. , Milovidova A. I.
Published: July 2021

Systemic economic, environmental and social problems of rural areas in modern world make the issue of public policy for their sustainable development particularly topical. The socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation, increased volumes of agricultural output, growing efficiency of the agricultural sector, full employment of the rural population and improving its living conditions, as well as achieving efficient land use require proper legal support. The main strategic planning documents regulating aspects of sustainable development of rural areas are represented by three groups of political and legal acts regarding their: 1) agricultural development, 2) sustainable development, 3) spatial development. Most research articles cover one of these aspects of facilitating the development of rural areas. The sources demonstrate the lack of comprehensive legal studies covering the issues of sustainable development of rural areas. The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation of facilitating sustainable development of rural areas in each of the aspects mentioned. The methods of comparative analysis and legal hermeneutics applied made it possible to reveal contradictions and gaps in the strategic planning documents. This precludes the possibility of specifying a single conceptual model of legal regulation of sustainable development of rural areas. The authors have considered the internal and external sides of the model of legal regulation, outlined the legal approaches to its formation in modern geopolitical, economic and social conditions. The article identifies the problems of legal support for sustainable development of rural areas and considers ways to solve them.
International Legal Regulation in the Field of Environmental Protection: History, Currents Situation, Prospects for the Future
Authors: Ilinskaya O. I.
Published: July 2021

The international agreements and treaties in the field of environmental protection, concluded in the 19th — first half of the 20thcentury, resulted most commonly from the compromises ofnecessity; they merely intended to deal with urgent matters on a limited scale in the spheres where specific problems emerged or at least were a focus of attention (e.g. some species under the threat of extinction, pollution of a specific area of the marine environment). These cases were reasons for adoption of conventions, aimed at protecting endangered species or preventing marine pollution. Such a fragmented approach to the issues of environmental protection shaped a set of conventions, impressive by its amount, but extremely diverse in its content.

The understanding of the ecosystems’ integrity resulted in the development of the principles, enshrined in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration and in the 1992 Rio Declaration, was to a significant degree driven by the spectacular advances in science and technology. As a result, the transition has been under way from the “spontaneous” formation of the international environmental standards to their consolidation around the special principles of international environmental law.

Also a notable feature of many international environmental agreements — their “framework” character — is further analyzed. The adoption of the framework agreements gives rise to the complex sets of the convention documents, consisting of several different, but in a certain way interrelated agreements.

Treating a question of the effectiveness of such a legal instrument as a framework agreement, the author concludes that the origins of the lack of effectiveness of the environmental agreements lie in the foundations of the existing economic system.
Digital Services Taxes: The International Experience and Relevance for the Russian Federation
Authors: Ponomareva K. A.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the problems arising in connection with the taxation of the digital economy, using the example of the proposals of the OECD and the EU on the introduction of a tax on digital services, as well as unilateral measures of national states in the area of taxation of the digital economy (on the example of the French digital tax). The main question for the study is whether unilateral measures imposing taxes on digital services represent a suitable solution to the tax problems that arise in connection with digitalization. Based on the legal analysis of both the EU Law provisions and domestic legal reality the author substantiates conclusions as applied to the Russian Federation.
Higher order statistics based modeling and tissue characterization from ultrasound images
Authors:   , Abeyratne Udantha R. , Petropulu Athina P.
Published: July 2021

The early diagnosis is of paramount importance in treating cancer, but it still remains a difficult problem. This thesis investigates quantitative tissue characterization and image deconvolution as steps towards improving ultrasound based early detection of liver tumors. The goal of tissue characterization is to develop objective tissue signatures that assume distinct forms for normal and diseased tissues; the goal of deconvolution is to compensate for distortions associated with the imaging process. In this thesis, tissue is modeled as a collection of point scatterers embedded in a uniform media, and higher-order statistics (HOS) of the scatterer spacing distribution is estimated from RF-echoes and used in obtaining tissue signatures. Schemes for the estimation of resolvable periodicity, as captured in the signature Mean-scatterer-spacing (MSS) as well as higher-order correlation structure of scatterers, as captured in the novel signature color of the tissue response, are developed. Working on simulated data, it is shown that the proposed periodicity estimation technique outperforms the power cepstrum techniques in terms of the accuracy of estimations. Working on clinical data, it is shown that the MSS stays fairly constant over healthy livers, and deviate from the value for healthy livers, inside some tumors. The color of the tissue response estimated inside and outside tumors showed a consistent difference. This thesis introduces HOS based methods for the in-vivo identification of mixed-phase imaging distortions associated with clinical ultrasound images. The mathematical formulation based on HOS of the RF-echo is described, and the distortion kernels are estimated. Axial distortion kernels estimated through the technique are experimentally verified. Image deconvolution was shown to consistently lead to resolution gains as indicated by image auto-covariance functions and by the size of speckle spots. Both tissue characterization and image deconvolution approaches depend on the theory of non-minimum phase blind system identification from the output. In this thesis, novel techniques for system reconstruction from higher-order output cumulants are proposed. The performance of the proposed techniques are similar to those of existing higher-order cepstra based ones, as revealed by Monte Carlo experiments. In contrast, the computational complexity of the proposed techniques is dramatically lower and similar to those of second-order correlation based approaches, independent of the order of the cumulant estimates.
The Experience Provided For Major Gift Donors To Ensure Future Funding
Authors:   , Doyle Jennifer L.
Published: July 2021

To ensure future major giving it is necessary to provide the major gift donor a first-class organizational experience. This experience has a great deal of influence on the donor's perception of the organization. High impact giving occurs when a good quality relationship is built between the organization's staff and the donor. The organization must respond to the donor's expectations and communicate the organization's expectations appropriately.
Understanding Corporate Motivations and Trends in Sponsorship (2004)
Authors:   , Beggs Jennifer C.
Published: July 2021

This paper examines sponsorship through the perspective of the corporate donor and examines the goals and reasons why companies engage in sponsorship thorough the use of the 2004 IEG/Performance Research survey entitled What Sponsors Want. The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive analysis of the reasons for sponsorship and compare it to the current vehicles used by arts organizations to garner sponsorship dollars. Literature examining perspectives on sponsorship, along with examples from my tenure at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts will be used to highlight various strategies of securing and helping a company leverage a sponsorship in the arts.
O Processo de Incorporação do Nusinersena ao Sistema Único de Saúde para Tratamento da Atrofia Muscular Espinhal
Authors: Larissa Santos de Mattos  , Janz Felipe Lara
Published: July 2021

A Atrofia Muscular Espinhal (AME) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, na qual o gene SMN1 não é expresso, caracterizada por fraqueza muscular, paralisia e dificuldades respiratórias. Trata-se de uma doença crônica que não possui prognóstico de cura, porém existe um fármaco chamado nusinersena em processo de incorporação junto ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), que traz avanços ao seu tratamento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a necessidade e o processo de incorporação do nusinersena ao SUS, através de revisão bibliográfica feita em bancos de dados científicos eletrônicos. A AME apresentava tratamento paliativo de difícil acesso, contudo o nusinersena promove melhorias no quadro clínico dos pacientes. Anteriormente à padronização deste no SUS, os pacientes tinham que entrar com ação judicial para conseguir o acesso ao medicamento, o que era um processo demorado em função de questões burocráticas, porém através da portaria nº 24, de 24 de abril de 2019 houve a incorporação deste ao SUS. A análise deste processo mostra que o fármaco é de alto custo e visto o impacto que este pode gerar no orçamento do SUS, permitiu-se o uso do fármaco para pacientes com diagnóstico genético obrigatório, que não estejam fazendo uso de ventilação mecânica e somente em centros de referência durante três anos, sendo o processo reavaliado após o prazo.
Palavras-chave: Atrofia Muscular Espinhal. Sistema Único de Saúde. Judicialização da Saúde. Farmacoeconomia.
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (AME) is a neurodegenerative disease - SMN1 gene is not expressed - which causes muscle weakness, paralysis and breathing difficulties. It is a chronic disease that has no prognosis for cure, but there is a recent drug called nusinersen in the incorporation process with SUS that brings advances in its treatment. This work aims to understand the need and the process of incorporating nusinersen to SUS, through a bibliographic review made in electronic scientific databases. EBF presented palliative treatment that is difficult to access, however nusinersen promotes improvements in the patients’ clinical conditions . Prior to its standardization in SUS, patients had to take legal action to obtain access to the medication, which was a lengthy process due to bureaucratic issues, however, through Ordinance No. 24, dated from April 24th, 2019, this was incorporated into SUS. The analysis of this process shows that the drug is of high cost and given the impact it can have on the SUS budget, the use of the drug was allowed for patients with mandatory genetic diagnosis, who are not using mechanical ventilation and only in referral centers for three years, the process being reassessed after the deadline.
Keywords: Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Unified Health System. Health Judicialization. Economics, Pharmaceutical.
Syphilis Diagnosis through Oral Lesions of Different Clinical Aspects: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Bruno Costa Matheus , Terumi Tomisaki Erika , Augusto Ito Fabio , Gustavo de Lima Heliton , Ricardo Pires Willian , Takahama Junior Ademar
Published: July 2021

Abstract Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection, caused by the anaerobic spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations including the oral mucosa, mimicking several diseases, thereby making diagnosis a challenge for clinicians. Therefore, the objective of this work is to report three cases of syphilis that were diagnosed based on oral lesions of different clinical aspects. In this series of cases, the lesions were found on the tongue and hard palate and presented as white plaques, ulcers or erythematous spots associated with ulcers. In the two cases, incisional biopsy was performed, and the histopathological aspects were suggestive of syphilis. Treponemic and non-treponemic tests were positive for all the patients, confirming syphilis. Therapy with benzathine-penicillin, administered intramuscularly led to complete remission of oral lesions in all the patients. The syphilis reemergence in the last years demands its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of several oral lesions. Diagnosing syphilis by oral lesions can be difficult once it can mimic other conditions. Therefore, dentists should know the clinical aspects of this infection, since many cases may exhibit only oral manifestations, to help in the diagnosis and control of the infection spread.
Keywords: Syphilis. Treponemal Infections. Oral Manifestations.
ResumoA sífilis é uma infecção sexualmente transmissível, causada pela espiroqueta anaeróbia Treponema pallidum. É caracterizada por uma variedade de manifestações clínicas, incluindo a mucosa oral, podendo mimetizar várias doenças, tornando o diagnóstico um desafio. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar três casos de sífilis diagnosticados a partir de lesões orais de diferentes aspectos clínicos. Nesta série de casos, as lesões foram encontradas na língua e palato duro e apresentadas como placas brancas, úlceras ou manchas eritematosas associadas a úlceras. Em dois casos, foi realizada biópsia incisional e os aspectos histopatológicos foram sugestivos de sífilis. Os testes treponêmicos e não treponêmicos foram positivos para todos os pacientes, confirmando a sífilis. A terapia com penicilina benzatina, administrada por via intramuscular, levou à remissão completa das lesões orais em todos os pacientes. O ressurgimento da sífilis nos últimos anos exige sua inclusão no diagnóstico diferencial de várias lesões bucais. O diagnóstico da sífilis por lesões orais pode ser difícil, pois pode mimetizar outras condições. Portanto, o dentista deve conhecer os aspectos clínicos dessa infecção, pois muitos casos podem apresentar apenas manifestações orais, para auxiliar no diagnóstico e controle da disseminação da infecção.
Palavras-chave: Sífilis. Infecção Treponêmica. Manifestações Orais.
Análisis de artículos de prensa digital para valorar su uso como recurso para la enseñanza de la Naturaleza de la Ciencia en Educación Secundaria
Authors: Jurado Palomares Rocío , Vílchez González José Miguel
Published: July 2021

La enseñanza de la Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) resulta fundamental para el desarrollo de la alfabetización científica. Con el objetivo de impulsar su introducción en el currículo de ciencias, se propone el uso de noticias científicas de la prensa digital, como un recurso sencillo y accesible. La elección de noticias para su uso en el aula requiere un análisis previo, con el fin de visualizar su interés didáctico, y es a ello a lo que se dedica este artículo. Se muestran los resultados de un análisis realizado con 53 noticias relacionadas con el ámbito de las ciencias, publicadas en tres de los diarios digitales más populares de la prensa española. Se concluye que la colección de noticias tiene un contenido amplio y diverso, haciendo alusiones a todos los aspectos de la NdC, por lo que su empleo es totalmente recomendado. Queda abierta una línea de investigación en relación a su uso en el aula y la evaluación de su eficacia.
Contenidos conceptuales sobre cambios químicos en los libros de texto de 2º ESO de programas bilingües
Authors: Ruiz Álvarez Marcos , López Banet Luisa , Soto Cascales Carmen María
Published: July 2021

En la sociedad actual es evidente la necesidad de conocer varias lenguas, destacando especialmente el inglés como el idioma más extendido. Por ello, en los últimos años se han implementado distintos programas bilingües en España. En este sentido, el principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunos aspectos (adecuación al currículo oficial, vocabulario específico y contenidos conceptuales), con el fin de identificar si presentan diferencias respecto al conocimiento propio de la asignatura de Física y Química que podrán desarrollar los estudiantes y, de esta manera, evaluar su influencia en el aprendizaje de dichos contenidos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los contenidos conceptuales sobre las reacciones químicas para la enseñanza bilingüe en la que están basados los libros de texto, así como el vocabulario específico empleados varían de una editorial a otra, lo que podría tener implicaciones en el aprendizaje de los contenidos propios de la materia.
Citespace Knowledge Gap Analysis in Asia Duty Free Tourism Purchasing Behavior
Authors:   International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, Hui Feng , Loahavilai Piang-or , Chakpitak Nopasit , Chandarasupsang Tirapot
Published: July 2021

The tourism shoppers’ purchasing behaviors have critical effects to economies, but there are few of comprehensive review that integrates and synthesis the finding of literature on tourism purchasing behavior systematic from past, present and future perspective. As the international tourists consuming volume have decreased in average, the purchasing behavior has changed into online, planned characters especially under the conflict from COVID 19, this paper tries to find the way to solve this problem for the tourism retailing industries development and the market demand. The methods of this paper is to use the theory of tourist classification and duty-free products classification for research shoppers’ sample identification and duty free products wish lists audition, customers purchasing methods is to analyze the gap, Citespace is used here to fill the gap with domain knowledge and visualize the finding of 150 papers on tourism purchasing behavior published from 2010 to 2020. The finding of this research is: i) Lotte, King Power, Dubai international duty free can be Asia representative research shops, Chinese international tourists can be the research target group; ii) Fragrances & cosmetic, wines & spirits, fashion & accessories and personal luxury goods can be selected as the 4 duty free products categories; iii) Chinese tourism shoppers have the purchasing gap between oversea and domestic products, both those kinds of products can be acquired online and offline; iv) Multiple emergent themes in the existing corpus, the theory of planned behavior and online communication are the key domain knowledge to fill this gap. So, a questionnaire is urgent to design based on this research result to find out the decision tree nodes and then compose the decision-making model for duty free industry and tourism shoppers effectively.
Are children and adolescents more susceptible to the new strains of SARS-CoV-2 than the earlier ones?
Authors: Abu Bashar MD. , Ahmed Khan Imran
Published: July 2021

The clinical impact of the new SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1·1.7 on children and young people (aged 18 years or younger) regarding acute respiratory COVID-19 is yet to be fully defined. Media reports of increases in admissions to hospital and more serious illness in children and young people have resulted in public confusion and implicated the B.1.1.7 variant as a more pathogenic infection within this group.
The world in lockdown: Unprecedented challenges and after-effects
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Bhawna
Published: July 2021

COVID 19 pandemic has spread around all the corners of the globe. Many countries have adopted social distancing and imposed the nationwide lockdown to prevent human to human transmission. lockdown has proven effective in controlling outbreak but confinement at home is associated with several side effects. lockdown affects the physical, mental and social health of the people. Many chronic diseases and conditions are caused by physical inactivity. Due to mandatory home stay, unavoidably people have spent and are still spending long time on watching television, online gaming or social networking. Eradicating hunger and malnutrition are still a challenge to world. COVID 19 has increased food insecurity and further exposed the people to malnutrition. Prolonged lockdown or prolonged stay at home along with an unhealthy dietary habit of people and sedentary lifestyle will further magnify the risk of obesity. The pandemic and the related containment measures— namely quarantine, social distancing, and self-isolation—can have a detrimental impact on mental health. During this lockdown people are not only dealing with health crisis but also suffering from financial loss. Authorities at global and national level should create awareness among people and also find efficient remedies to prevent the undesirable after-effects of lockdown.
ON THE REGULATION OF INVESTMENT BANKING IN RUSSIA
Authors:   Kazan Federal University, Ramazanov A. V.
Published: July 2021

Analytical documents of the Bank of Russia and financial statements of large Russian banks indicate the growth in incomes from operations with securities within the gross share of revenues of commercial banks. In the world, there are cases of excessive activity of commercial banks in the security market (the Great Depression of 1929–1933 in the USA, default on state treasury bills in Russia on the 17th August 1998), which led to negative consequences for bank clients. The author analyzed peculiarities of investment transactions conducted by commercial banks in Russia. The author gives recommendations to reduce financial risks for the commercial banks’ customers and promote the attractiveness of the investment banking products. The author’s concept of regulation of banking activity in Russia consists of two directions: regulation of classical banking (income from lending operations exceeds income from operations in the securities market) and regulation of investment banking (the predominance of investment operations). The author justifies the necessity of the introduction of mandatory insurance of funds invested in equity securities of Russian issuers admitted to circulation on the Moscow Stock Exchange in the event of bankruptcy of issuers. The paper critically evaluates the recommendation of the Bank of Russia that professional participants in the securities market should not offer complex investment products to unqualified investors as this restricts the application of derivative securities for hedging financial risks. The author suggests the requirements for the equity capital of professional participants of the securities market and the methodology for calculating the equity capital separately for classical and investment banks.
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Electrostatic Radiation on the Mean Relative Growth Rate and Feeding Behavior of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Hu Geyang , Kong Yanyan , Zhao Huiyan , Hu Zuqing
Published: July 2021

Previous research has indicated that electrostatic radiation may induce biological and physiologic changes in plants and aphids. This study was conducted to determine effects of long-term exposure of electrostatic radiation on biology and feeding behavior of Sitobion avenae (F.). To imitate the natural electrostatic radiation stress, both wheat seeds and S. avenae nymphs (produced within 12 h) were exposed to an electrostatic radiation of 4 kV/cm for 20 min and 5 kV/cm intensity for 40 min, respectively. Controls received no treatment (0 kV/cm). Then, the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and feeding behavior of the 5th-, 10th-, 15th-, 20th-, 27th-, 33rd-, and 39th-generation aphids were examined, respectively. Data showed that electrostatic radiation exposure within a certain period of time can promote weight increases of S. avenae, but long-term exposure of electrostatic radiation had an adverse effect on the weight gain of aphids. The comparison of the two treatment intensities showed that electrostatic radiation at the intensity of 4 kV/cm for 20 min had a significant influence on the probing behavior of S. avenae. This study initially evaluated the effect of electrostatic radiation on S. avenae from the aspect of nutrient feeding behavior, which further verifies the biological characteristics of electrostatic radiation.
Applying Global Models of Teacher Development to Improve Student Outcomes: Insights from a Teacher Development & Leadership Program in Qatar
Authors: S. Lee Seungah , Zahir Leena
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to examine the relationship between progressive teaching practice and student academic and non-academic outcomes. The teacher development and leadership(TDL) program is a Qatari teacher development program that is a part of a wider global network(called “Global Network”) that aims to expand educational opportunities through teacher development with its roots in the United States. (Names of organizations have been changed for anonymity). The training model of TDL program is based on six themes: (1) orientation to student vision, (2) ongoing reflection to improve practice, (3) setting high expectations for students, (4) ensuring content rigor and mastery in students, (5) fostering positive culture and learning environment, and (6) building positive relationships with students. We used a dataset that includes aggregate student- and teacher-level data from 136 classrooms (with2,087 students) of 41 teachers between 2015 and 2017 to understand the relationship between teacher effectiveness and student outcomes. We found that establishing a positive rapport with students, practicing ongoing reflection, and internalizing learning are associated with higher academic achievement. We also found that incorporation of student vision for teaching practice is correlated with students having more positive attitude toward learning.
Fear of childbirth in Iran: A systematic review of psychological intervention research
Authors: Azizi Marzieh , Kamali Mahsa , Elyasi Forouzan , Shirzad Mahboobeh
Published: July 2021

Background: Due to the fear of childbirth (FOC) and failure to provide painless delivery in Iran, the prevalence rate of elective cesarean section (C-section) performed on request by pregnant women is on the rise. However, no systematic review assessing the results of studies in this respect has been thus far developed.
Objective: To systematically review published psychological intervention research reflecting on FOC in Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, the databases of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Wiley, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database were searched to retrieve the relevant studies. Manual searches were performed to find the relevant articles and finally 21 intervention studies were reviewed.
Results: Based on the modified Jadad Scale, a methodological quality (risk of bias) assessment tool, 14 and 7 studies had acceptable or good and low quality, respectively. The included articles covered fear, fear of childbirth, pregnancy, and psychological intervention in Iran. Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, psychological counseling, childbirth preparation classes (CPCs), mindfulness programs, and psychoeducation had been also practiced as the main types of psychological interventions for reducing FOC in pregnant women.
Conclusion: There was no clear evidence to establish the most effective method for minimizing levels of FOC in pregnant women. Based on the assessment tool and since most of the studies had moderate or low quality, conducting standard and high-quality randomized controlled trials focusing on FOC in pregnant women is of most importance in Iranian population.
Key words: Fear, Childbirth, Pregnancy, Psychological intervention, Iran.
Loan Recovery Procedures in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Microfinance Institutions in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Sikira Richard
Published: July 2021

The study aimed to determine the procedures employed by MFIs, specifically in loan recovery in Tanzania. Loan recovery has been a difficult task for many financial institutions but becomes more challenging to microfinance institutions due to the nature and processes they employ. The study examined the loan recovery procedures at NFBS, SMF and AML found in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. The researcher employed a mixed- case study design, which involved 50 credit officer respondents obtained under the purposive sampling. The study used semi-structured questionnaires to gather primary data and also secondary data from documents available at NFBS, SMF and AML. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics with percentages and frequencies for quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data. The study found that NFBS, SMF and AML used loan recovery procedures such as direct contact, friendly reminder, and issuance of final demand notice. Another procedure is to inform the local government on property selling and using a debt collection agency. The study recommends for MFIs to establish and prefer formal procedures that can be used for loan recovery because the use of informal procedures creates room for conflict and leads to ineffectiveness of recovering loans.
Les collèges de proximités en Côte d’Ivoire sont-ils outillés à offrir un enseignement de qualité ? Étude de cas dans les collèges de Bourebo, Ayaou-Sokpa et Tienkoikro
Authors: Ernest KOFFI Fêtê , Kouassi Kan Adolphe KOUADIO , Moussa SANGARE
Published: July 2021

In its logic of educating all children of school age and improving the school success rate, the Ivorian government continues to deploy strategies. As part of its strategies, mention should be made of the construction of colleges in some villages in order to bring learners closer to their parents. Do these new colleges have the necessary resources to offer quality education? This is the concern of this research which took place in the departments of Koun-Fao, Sakassou and Béoumi. This is a qualitative study. While the creation of local colleges has resolved the issue of bringing learners closer to their parents, the resources available to these establishments do not allow them to face the challenges of quality education.
Reconnaissance of the Function of Social Media on Study Habits Of Undergraduate Students in the University of Cape Coast.
Authors: Annan-Brew Ruth Keziah , Nartey Philip
Published: July 2021

The world today is celebrating the improvements in communication technology which has broadened the scope of communication through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Modern Technology in communication no doubt has turned the entire world into a “Global village”. But as it is, technology like two sides of a coin, bring with it both negative and positive sides. The study examined the function of social media on students’ study habit. The study employed a descriptive survey design with a quantitative approach. The stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 217 out of 245 students from level 300(n=111) and 400(n=106)) undergraduate Psychology students. Researchers’-designed questionnaire titled “Usage of Social Media Questionnaire” (USMQ) and ‘‘Students Study Habits Questionnaire” (SSHQ) with Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficients of 0.74 and 0.83 respectively were used to collect data for the study. WhatsApp and Facebook were the predominant social media sites students were exposed to. Students were found to be addicted to social media usage. The study revealed no statistically significant differences in the usage of social media with regards to gender and age. Social media was found to significantly influence the study habits of respondents. Specifically, increased usage of social media resulted in negative study habit. It was recommended that academic counsellors together with the management of tertiary institutions should map out strategies (eg., integration of topics on the pros and cons of social media use in the lecture theatre in various courses of study by lecturers and restriction of social media use during lectures by students) to reduce students’ addiction to social media platforms. It also recommended to students to allow quality time for studies and use of social media for the right purposes, especially their academic studies.
Applying DBA Research Concepts in attending any UAE based SME Challenges Post Covid 19 and Global Market Slowdown
Authors: Salloum Hussein
Published: July 2021

This report discusses how a DBA degree would enable investigate evolving types of leadership styles that Small and Medium Enterprises, particularly in manufacturing sector in United Arab Emirates develop since the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic on multiple levels of strategies, financial, human resource, as well as health and safety. The study considers the management research concepts and methodologies in one case of one Dubai based SME firms amid year 2020 pandemic challenges. It draws a roadmap for the research process, and formulates the plan to conduct purposeful and demanding topic from an ethical and business perspective that would have similar effects on similar SMEs in the region.
Caracterização de açúcar mascavo baseado nos teores de sacarose, Cu, Ca, Na, Fe e Mg
Authors: Natalino Ricardo , Reis Efraim Lázaro , Reis Cesar , Fidêncio Paulo Henrique , Mayrink Maria Isabel Cristina Batista
Published: July 2021

Foram analisadas amostras de açúcar mascavo claro (DPC) e escuro (DPE), determinando-se as características destas, baseado nos dados de concentração de metais e de sacarose, através da análise das componentes principais (PCA). Para tanto, uma matriz com 97 amostras de açucares e 6 variáveis (Sacarose, Cu, Ca, Na, Fe e Mg) foi obtida, auto escalonando-se os dados com média zero e variância unitária. A análise das componentes principais evidenciou as características comuns e discrepantes entre os diferentes açúcares mascavos. Na disposição dos dados na PCA é possível observar que as duas primeiras componentes principais explicam praticamente 70 % da variância total dos dados. Observando-se a separação entre o grupo de açúcar mascavo claro (DPC) e o grupo de açúcar mascavo escuro (DPE), na primeira componente principal enquanto na segunda componente principal fica evidenciado a separação das amostras do grupo de açúcar mascavo claro (DPC) de seis amostras de açúcar mascavo escuro (DPE), que apresentaram características semelhantes às amostras do grupo de açúcar mascavo claro (DPC) na CP1. Estas características das amostras ficam evidenciadas provavelmente devido ao processo de cozimento no qual é realizado uma limpeza, para remover as espumas formadas durante o aquecimento do caldo, de modo a assegurar um produto mais claro. Nesta operação, como evidenciado pelas análises, são retirados cálcio e ferro, duas variáveis, além da sacarose, mais significativas na classificação do açúcar mascaro escuro (DPE).
Anonim Kriptoparaların Korelasyon Tabanlı Mahremiyet Analizi
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Muhammet Ali , SERTKAYA İsa , YÜCE Hüseyin
Published: July 2021

Satoshi Nakamoto Ocak 2009’da blokzincir teknolojisi ile beraber kriptopara kavramını ortaya atmış ve ilk kriptopara uygulaması olan Bitcoin’i yayınlamıştır [1]. Uzun yıllar boyunca Bitcoin açık anahtarlı adresleri kullandığı için anonimliği tamamıyla sağladığı düşünülmüştür. Ancak bu adresler herkese açık bir kayıt defterinde tutulduğundan dolayı Bitcoin anonim değildir. Herhangi bir Bitcoin adresinden yola çıkılarak o adresin tüm işlem geçmişini tespit etmek mümkündür. Bu nedenle zamanla anonim kriptoparlar yayınlanmıştır. Anonim kriptoparaların teoride matematiksel olarak tamamıyla anonim olduğunı belirtilir, ancak çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı teoride anonimliği yeteri kadar sağlayamazlar. Bu makalede Zcash, Dash ve Monero anonim kriptoparalarının gerçekten de pratikte iddia edildikleri kadar anonim olup olmadığını tespit etmek amacıyla korelasyon tabanlı mahremiyet analizleri yapılmıştır. Bu makaleyle beraber ilk defa Dash ve Monero anonim kriptoparaları için korelasyon tabanlı mahremiyet analizi çalışması yapılmıştır, Zcash için daha önce yapılan bir çalışma bulunmaktadır [2]. Zcash’in korumalı işlemleri %84.4 ve Dash’in ÖzelGönderim ile alakalı işlemleri %49.304 oranında ilişkilendirilebilmiştir. Monero işlemlerinin adres ve miktarları tamamen gizli olduğu için korelasyon tabanlı mahremiyet analizi gerçekleştirilememiştir.
The influence of excessive use of social media
Authors: Maharani Ariella Christ
Published: July 2021

Technology that is overgrowing makes the audience increasingly spoiled with the existing features, including social media, which is a part of today's technological advances. Many platforms offer features that make users even more interested in sharing their excellent routines on these platforms. However, excessive use of social media and poor use harms users. One of the problems that result from overuse and poor use is the increasing incidence of depression. Individuals who experience depression tend to feel insufficient, and a feeling of wanting to end their life arises. Hence, it is necessary to know the causes and solutions to reduce the impact of excessive use of social media. This research method is quantitative. Researchers shared questionnaires to 101 respondents who were social media users aged at least 15 years. The results of this study indicate that most respondents tend to experience mood changes when using social media. That can occur because of jealousy when seeing content on their social media. Therefore, social media users must control their use of social media, for example, by being optimistic, doing fun activities, and increasing their religiosity.
Changes in culture and matchmaking behavior: online dating on Tinder
Authors: Paramita Fransisca Benedicta Avira Citra
Published: July 2021

Whether humans drive technology or technology capable of moving human life systems is still a debate and a contradiction in the thinking of some humans. Technological progress in Indonesia itself cannot be denied. What is feared is that the diversity of cultures and languages in Indonesia is threatened with extinction. One of the cultures that used to be felt in Indonesia was the culture of finding a mate. In ancient times, searching for a mate used traditional methods or more thick and trusting through elements of the surrounding culture and customs. However, with the development of technology began to erode the custom of finding a mate, which was replaced by technology's role. In this study, researchers focused on how technology replaces the role of culture, customs, and religion in finding someone's mate using social media applications. The theory used is to use determinism technology theory, which tries to prove that technology is starting to replace humans' role. This study took interviews with eight female informants from different ethnicities, religions, and ages. This study indicates that human trust in technology is now greater than the culture or customs that are still held firmly by the Indonesian people.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR RELATIONSHIP WITH INFANT SURVIVAL IN INDONESIA
Authors: Nurfirdaus Yasmine , Bassey Philip Etabee Macdonald
Published: July 2021

Child  survival  can  be reflected  in  the  presence  of  the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). Indonesia has an Infant Mortality  Rate  (IMR)  according to the 2017 IDHS, which reaches 24 deaths per 1000 live births. This figure has decreased compared to a survey conducted by the 2012 IDHS, where infant mortality reached 32 deaths per 1000 live births. Even though it experienced a decrease, the IMR in  Indonesia was higher when compared to the IMR in other Southeast Asian countries. Socioeconomic factors for individuals, families, and communities, including  the  influence  of  infant mortality. Not only that, but infant mortality can also be due to the absence of awareness  of  maternal  health. Thus,  this  study  aims to determine several  variables related to survival in infants in Indonesia. This type of research is a non-reactive study. This study uses quantitative analysis and a methodical approach with a cross-sectional approach that takes data from the 2017 IDHS. This study took a sample following the 2017 IDHS with the criteria  that mothers  who  had  babies  still  drank  breast  milk,  were  born  single,  and  were still alive after the first  three days in Indonesia. The number of respondents in this study was 7,599 mothers with babies. Analysis  of  the  research  data  using  Chi-Square  analysis.  Bivariable  analysis shows that  infants' survival  has  a  relationship  with  the mother's education, type of area, and  welfare level. However, infant survival  also  has  no  association  with  the  age of  the  mother  and birth attendants. Counseling pregnant women regarding risks, causes,
SURVIVAL PROBABILITY COMPARISON OF DKI JAKARTA RESIDENTS BASED ON GENDER AND MARITAL STATUS
Authors: Wahyudi Tri , Anwar Samsul , Ferdhiana Ridha
Published: July 2021

Human life quality in an area can be determined through the Human Development Index (HDI). One of the fundamental components for the HDI composition is the Life Expectancy Rate (LER). Even though DKI Jakarta Province has a high HDI, research on the factors that influence LER is still fascinating to do. This study aims to compare the survival probability of the DKI Jakarta residents based on gender (male and female) and marital status (unmarried and married) variables. This study analyzed the lifespan data of 464 people who were calculated from birth to death in 2017. The data were analyzed using a lifetime analysis method with a parametric approach which refers to selecting the probability distributions that best fits the research data. The results showed there was no difference in survival probability between the male and female populations. Meanwhile, married residents have a greater survival probability than those who were unmarried. Thus, the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta needs to increase the percentage of the married population to increase LER, leading to an increase in regional HDI, for example, through economic empowerment programs and optimization of the Planning Generation (GenRe) program.
THE MAPPING AND ANALYSIS OF DIPHTHERIA CASES IN SURABAYA (2017-2018)
Authors: Setiawan Adelita , Hendrati Lucia Yovita , Mirasa Yudied Agung
Published: July 2021

Diphtheria is an acute disease that attacks the airways and causes deaths. The risk factors for diphtheria are low Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT) immunization coverage and an unhealthy home environment. One effort to control diphtheria is by providing information in the form of the patient's location that makes it easier to determine the target group of people intervened. The city of Surabaya experienced an increase of 50 diphtheria cases from 2017 to 2018. This study aimed to map and analyze diphtheria cases based on DPT immunization and healthy homes from 2017 to 2018 in the city of Surabaya. This study was classified descriptive analytic and used an ecological design. This study used the Pearson's correlation coefficient statistical test to analyze secondary data from the Surabaya City’s Health Profile of 2017 to 2018. This study employed the Health Mapper 4.3.0.0 application and SPSS software version 23. The study variables were diphtheria cases, DPT immunization coverage, and the percentage of healthy homes in 2017 and 2018 in Surabaya. The results of the statistical test indicated that there was a moderate relationship between DPT basic immunization coupon with the number of diphtheria cases in 2018 (p = 0.007; OR = 0.471); while the percentage of healthy homes and the number of diphtheria cases in 2018 showed a strong correlation (p = 0.002; OR = 0.544). The city experienced an increase in the number of diphtheria cases from 2017 to 2018, as well as the rise in DPT immunization coverage and the percentage of healthy homes, which tended to be stagnant. DPT immunization coverage and the percentage of healthy homes based on the 2018 data were related to the number of diphtheria cases in Surabaya. Counseling for the people in the city should be conducted to ensure that their children get DPT immunization and maintain environment cleanliness for a healthy home.