bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING
Authors: Sitosanova Ol'ga
Published: June 2020

The development of communicative competence depends on sociocultural and sociolinguistic knowledge, skills that ensure the personality enters into another society. The article deals with the communicative approach as one of the main approaches in the foreign language training. The author determines the main goal and objectives of the communicative approach and considers its basic principles: speech orientation, situationality, novelty, personality-oriented communication and modeling.
TRAINING OF STUDENTS IN SHORT DISTANCE RUNNING IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROCESS
Authors: Yaroshevich Irina
Published: June 2020

The issue of training process and training of students for short distances in a technical University which is an important problem of modern development of student sports is considered.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A HORIZONTAL HEAT EXCHANGE PIPE
Authors: Bal'chugov Aleksey , Vazhenin Mihail , Kustov Borislav
Published: June 2020

It has been experimentally established that the ideal displacement model adequately describes the heat transfer process in a horizontal heat exchange pipe cooled by atmospheric air
MODERNIZATION OF HYDRAULIC CUTTER CUFFS ON SLOW COKING PLANTS
Authors: Evdokimenko Dmitriy , Dement'ev Anatoliy , Podoplelov Evgeniy
Published: June 2020

The paper analyzes various jet-forming nozzles of hydraulic cutters at pressures up to 28 MPa. Based on the analysis, a modernized design of the jet-forming nozzle is presented, which is currently implemented in modern hydraulic cutters. The material of hydraulic torches cuffs, which ensures tight fit of the spool to the body walls, is considered. Based on the analysis, it is proposed to use polyurethane cuffs instead of rubber ones
EFFECTS OF COVID-19-PANDEMIC LOCKDOWN OF CHURCHES IN NIGERIA ON PASTORAL MINISTRY: MATTERS ARISING
Authors: Adebayo Ola Afolaranmi
Published: June 2020

Many churches and other public places in Nigeria and other places throughout the world experienced lockdown as result of the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic. These affected church activities and pastoral ministry of many church pastors greatly. In response to this lockdown and its negative effects, many pastors in Nigeria start to explore other ways to perform their pastoral ministry to their church members. This study explores how pastors are performing their pastoral ministry to their church members during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Some open-ended questions were sent randomly to some pastors through WhatsApp Messenger. The pastors responded either by WhatsApp or email. There were further correspondences with some of the respondents through WhatsApp and phone calls. The findings of the study revealed that while some of the respondents were still using some of the old traditional means of pastoral ministry during the lockdown, many pastors have started adapting to the current situation by exploring other possible means to perform their pastoral ministry to their church members. One prominent means is Internet ministry. Many of the respondents bear their minds on how pastors can respond productively to the situation. Some recommendations and suggestions for further study are made at the end of the paper.

KEYWORDS: Nigerian church, pastoral ministry, COVID-19 pandemic, Internet ministry, lockdown
An electrical distribution panel for DC and AC currents or voltages
Authors: Alkahtani Mohammad
Published: June 2020

With the advance of green energy; many properties and houses installed solar panel for electricity generation either to reduce the cost of the electrical bills or to prevent the global warming or environmental protection reasons. It is supposed to be more convenient to connect this power source to all the appliances in the house or property, because the cost of connecting this power source to operate few appliances is not a desirable to households. Since these sources like solar panels, wind turbines, hydropower from water turbines,…etc. need batteries to store the energy when they used by end-users to provided energy when the source of alternate to the down state (cannot generate power). For example, when the sun set, or the winds and the water current calm.
Psychoanalysis of Lesbians and Gays in the Great Gatsby Novel
Authors: Ufil Rahayu Alif Alfia
Published: June 2020

In this qualitative research, the researcher only focused on the event or situation in the novel depicting lesbians and  gays sigs. The researcher used The Great Gatsby novel as an object in this research. This research was aimed at one main purpose it was to depict the sign of lesbians and gays in the story of The Great Gatsby. The utterances in the dialogue of The Great Gatsby were used as the main data. All of the data were analyzed by using Lois Tyson’s theory. The results revealed that there were eight lesbian signs and seven signs of gay. In addition, the researcher got that there were  consious type was  dominated sign in this novel. The researcher expected to the next researcher could be did  research on the lesbian and gay signs with the different types of this research.
Analysis of Material Processes in Donald Trump’s Inauguration Speech Text and Their Translation
Authors: Hamzah Faris
Published: June 2020

This qualitative research is about material process and technique of translation in Donald Trump’s inauguration speech text. The data source is Donald Trump’s inauguration speech text and the research data are in the form of clauses that contain material processes in inauguration speech of Donald Trump. The researcher used the theory proposed by Spradley (1998) in analyzing the data. The research was conducted by accomodating two theories: the theory of material process proposed by Halliday (2004) and the theory of translation techniques proposed by Molina and Albir (2002). The result of this study shows that there were 119 data found in inauguration speech of Donald Trump that are relevant with the research problem. and the researcher found eleven generalization,  particularization, linguistic compression, linguistic amplification, modulation, compensation, reduction, literal translation, and transposition. The use of literal translation technique is dominant than other techniques in this research. The researcher found 94 data that contains literal translation technique in the research findings where type of doing 67 and happening 27.  Besides, the less of translation techniques used are borrowing, reduction, and linguistic amplification with one data. Literal technique is the most frequent because  this technique does not distort meanings in the source language; thus, the meanings can be conveyed into the readers in target language well. The researcher expects the next researchers to do analysis on translation with other object of research.
The Analysis of Noun Clause Translation in the Novel of The Kill Order
Authors: Hasanah Hasyatun
Published: June 2020

This research analyzed the noun clause translation in the novel of The Kill Order  and its  translation novel. The data in this research are in the form of noun clause  in The Kill Order novel and its translation novel. The data were collected by reading both novels and taking  notes, then the data were analyzed using Spradley’s theory. The data were analyzed through these following steps: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and  finding cultural value. The result of the research reveals that there were 73 noun clause found in the novel of The Kill Order. This research applied technique of translation theory by  Molina and Albir (2002), the researcher found 14 translation techniques with the frequency usage to 133 times. Furthermore, the quality of noun clause  translation is qualified with the  final assessment of 2.794 by using theory of quality of translation by Nababan et al (2012). The impacts of translation technique to the translation quality are adaptation, amplification, borrowing, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, linguistic  amplification, linguistic compression, literal, modulation, particularization, reduction, and variation are the techniques of translation which produced qualified data of translation. As the  follow up, the researcher expects the next researchers to conduct the analysis on translation with other object of research. The researcher also expects the next researchers to identify  clause with different relevant theories.
Bullying Portrayed in Mean Girls Movie
Authors: Waya Sirly Nun Ayu , Novitasari Nine Febrie
Published: June 2020

Bullying is such a key problem in our schools and society because it impacts a large number of students of all races, genders, and socioeconomic statuses. Here the researcher identified types of bullying and described impacts of bullying in Mean Girls Movie. The data were in the form of utterances and actions implicated bullying in Mean Girls Movie. The steps to analyze the data were: identifying and classifying data based on the types of bullying used by The National Centre Againts Bullying (2010) and psychoanalysis from Freud (1973) in Storey (2009:91), describing impacts of bullying using theory of Righby (2003) in Darmawan (2010:23), and making conclusion based on the types and impacts of bullying in the Mean Girls Movie. The findings of the analysis reveal that there were twelve data which covered: four verbal bullying, one physical bullying, two psychological bullying, and five social bullying. Meanwhile, for the impacts of bullyings to the characters who get bullied, the researcher found low psychological well-being, poor social adjustment, and no response to the bullyings. The researcher expects the next researchers to do the analysis on bullying with other object of research and different relevant theories.
PENJELASAN SEJARAH ATAS KELUARNYA ARUNG PALAKKA DARI BARISAN SULTAN HASANUDDIN MENJELANG PERANG MAKASSAR
Authors: Darmawijaya Darmawijaya
Published: June 2020

Sebagai pemimpin baru Makassar, Sultan Hasanuddin sedang menghadapi ancaman Kompeni Belanda yang semakin kuat. Dalam memperkuat kekuatan Makassar dari ancaman Kompeni Belanda, Sultan Hasanuddin memerintahkan orang Bugis Bone yang berstatus sebagai “budak” untuk bekerja menggali parit di sepanjang Pantai Makassar. Pekerjaan menggali parit itu telah mendorong Arung Palakka memimpin orang Bugis Bone keluar dari barisan Sultan Hasanuddin. Melalui Metode Sejarah dengan pendekatan nilai-nilai budaya danKepemimpinan Humanistik, kajian memperlihatkan, bahwa keluarnya Arung Palakka dari barisan Sultan Hasanuddin menjelang Perang Makassar adalah dipicu oleh implementasi kebijakan Sultan Hasanuddin dalam mempekerjakan Bugis Bone dalam menggali parit sudah di luar batas kemanusiaan. Mereka dipaksa untuk bekerja siang dan malam, tanpa diberikan istirahat dan perhatian yang memadai. Kebijakan seperti inilah yang membuat siri’ (harga diri) orang Bugis semakin terhina sehingga mendorong Arung Palakka memimpin orang Bugis Bone keluar dari barisan Sultan Hasanuddin agar orang Bugis Bone bisa merdeka dari kekuasaan Makassar. Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan itu, Arung Palakka meminta bantuan kepada Kompeni Belanda yang sudah lama mengincar Makassar. Bagi Sultan Hasanuddin berperang melawan Kompeni Belanda adalah perjuangan demi membela siri (harga diri) orang Makassar, karena Kompeni Belanda ingin menaklukkan Makassar. Arung Palakka dengan bantuan Kompeni Belanda berhasil memerdekakan orang Bone. Dari kekuasaan Makassar. Kompeni Belanda pun berhasil pula menaklukkan Makassar, sedangkan Sultan Hasanuddin sendiri berhasil pula membela siri (harga diri) orang Makassar secara terhormat sampai Makassar jatuh ke tangan Kompeni Belanda. Apabila Sultan Hasanuddin mampu memperlakukan orang Bone secara manusiawi dalam mengerjakan parit itu dan membangun komunikasi politik yang baik dengan para bangsawan Bugis, seperti Arung Palakka, maka Sultan Hasanuddin berpeluang menjadi seorang pemimpin yang tangguh di masa itu yang sulit untuk ditembus oleh Kompeni Belanda.
AKHIR PERSEKUTUAN BELANDA DENGAN KERAJAAN BONE ABAD XIX
Authors: Sahajuddin Sahajuddin
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan peristiwa terjadinya perubahan pemerintahan dari Gubernur Makassar (Gouverneur van Makassar) menjadi Gubernur Celebes dan daerah taklukannya(Gouverneur van Celebes en Onderhoorigheden). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang menjelaskan persoalan berdasarkan perspektif sejarah dengan beberapa langkah, seperti heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan pemerintahan itu berbuntut panjang dengan berakhirnya persekutuan antara Belanda dengan Kerajaan Bone. Persekutuan itu mulai terusik ketika terjadi penyerahan Sulawesi Selatan oleh Belanda kepada Inggris. Kerajaan Bone tidak ingin lagi bekerja sama denganBelanda, terbukti denganpenolakan Kerajaan Bone untuk menandatangani Korte Verklaring1824. Perubahan status pemerintahan gubernur merupakan puncak kekecewaan Bone dengan melakukan perlawanan. Perubahan itu terkait pula dengan adanya rencana Belanda menjadikan Pelabuhan Sombaopu menjadi pelabuhan bebas sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh Inggris di Singapura.Untuk mencapai tujuannya, Belanda harus menguasai Kerajaan Bone dengan ekspedisi militer pada 1859 sekaligus mengubah status Kerajaan Bone, dari KerajaanSekutu menjadi Kerajaan Pinjaman.
PENDUDUKAN JEPANG DI POLEANG TIMUR SULAWESI TENGGARA (1942-1945)
Authors: Sarapang Simon Sirua
Published: June 2020

Artikel ini mengkaji tentang pendudukan Jepang di Poleang Timur 1942-1945. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang rangkaian tahapannya terdiri dari heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa masuknya tentara Jepang di Poleang Timur dikarenakan letaknya yangstrategis, ditunjang oleh potensi alam yang cocok untuk pembangunan sarana perang sebagai basis pertahanan dan logistik tentara. Pendudukan Poleang Timur terjadi melalui taktik tertentu, sehingga Jepang memperlihatkan sikap dan keramahtamahannya kepada masyarakat dengan memberikan penyuluhan dan bimbingan kepada para petani, memperkenalkan jenis tanaman baru, serta memberikan latihan dasar kemiliteran, seperti seinendan,keibodan, dan heiho.
DAMPAK SOSIAL BUDAYA REVITALISASI DESA ADAT TONGKONAN SIGUNTU’ DAN TONGKONAN LANGKANAE DI KABUPATEN TORAJA UTARA
Authors: Asis Abdul
Published: June 2020

Tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Toraja Utara. Kegiatan revitalisasi desa adat Tongkonan Siguntu’ dan desa adat Tongkonan Langkanaebertujuan untuk menghidupkan kembali suatu kawasan desa adat dari fungsi sebelumnya serta melakukan pelindungan dan pemanfaatan nilai-nilaibudaya lokal agar tetap terjaga kelestariaannya sebagai warisan tradisi bangsa. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa pengamatan, dokumentasi, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya kegiatan revitalisasi ini menandakan kawasan adat seimbang kembali dengan lingkungan di sekitar permukiman penduduk dengan tetap memberikan citra tradisional Toraja, sehingga dapat memberikan rasa nyaman bagi keluarga dan pengunjung yang datang pada saat dilakukan upacara-upacara tertentu. Selain itu,desa adat dapat difungsikan kembali sebagai tempat pertemuan/musyawarah (Kombongan Kalua’) bersama keluarga tongkonan dan masyarakat di sekitarnya untuk menghasilkan aturan-aturan adat dan budaya yang harus dipatuhi.
Pengembangan Rancangan Aplikasi Perhitungan Indikator Pelayanan Rawat Inap Berbasis Komputer di Rumah Sakit Ciamis
Authors: Ali Rahman Irpan , Inayah Iin , Rohayani Lilis
Published: June 2020

Sistem informasi penggunaan tempat tidur merupakan bentuk manajemen yang berperan dalam peningkatan mutu Rumah Sakit. pelaporan kinerja rawat inap masih memiliki hambatan dan kendala untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dibutuhkan alat bantu berbasis komputer untuk memudahkan proses perhitungan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengembangkan rancangan aplikasi perhitungan berbasis komputer. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan desain research and development pada tahap ke lima dan berada di level satu. Hasil penilaian dari ahli media didapatkan nilai rata-rata 4 termasuk kategori ‘layak’ dan ahli materi mendapatkan nilai rata-rata 4.27 dalam kategori ‘sangat layak’. Kesimpulan bahwa secara keseluruhan rancangan aplikasi bisa diterapkan. Saran dari hasil penelitian ini pihak manajemen rumah sakit diharapkan dapat memanfaatkan sistem informasi untuk memudahkan kepala ruangan serta pihak manajemen rumah sakit dan bagi peneliti selanjutnya diharapkan dapat melanjutkannya pada level 2, 3, dan 4.

Catatan PenerbitPolekkes Kemenkes Kendari menyatakan tetap netral sehubungan dengan klaim dari perspektif atau buah pikiran yang diterbitkan dan dari afiliasi institusional manapun.

PendanaanPenulis tidak menerima pendanaan yang sifatnya spesifik untuk kajian ini.

Konflik KepentinganAli Rahman reports  In addition, Ali Rahman has a patent 1 pending and Application design can simplify the reporting process, speed up the reporting process, be accurate, facilitate the decision making process, be integrated and can be accessed at any time. Isian formulir konflik kepentingannya dapat diunduh melalui link berikut.

Berbagi DataKuesioner penelitian  tersedia secara umum (memerlukan izin penulis) di https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3900063

Kontribusi PenulisConceptualization (Irpan Ali Rahman, Iin Inayah, Lilis Rohayani)Data curation (Irpan Ali Rahman)Formal analysis (Irpan Ali Rahman)Funding acquisition (Irpan Ali Rahman)Investigation (Irpan Ali Rahman)Methodology (Irpan Ali Rahman)Project administration (Irpan Ali Rahman)Resources (Irpan Ali Rahman)Software (Irpan Ali Rahman)Supervision (Irpan Ali Rahman, Iin Inayah, Lilis Rohayani)Validation (Irpan Ali Rahman)Visualization (Irpan Ali Rahman)Writing – original draft (Irpan Ali Rahman, Iin Inayah, Lilis Rohayani)Writing – review & editing (Irpan Ali Rahman, Iin Inayah, Lilis Rohayani)
[Titelei]
Authors: Deuber-Mankowsky Astrid , Görling Reinhold
Published: June 2020

Titelseite / Reihenbeschreibung / Impressum / Inhalt
Über die Rhetorik des Spiels bei Michel Foucault
Authors: Degeling Jasmin
Published: June 2020

Es ist bemerkenswert, dass in so gut wie allen Texten und in unterschiedlichen begrifflichen Zusammenhängen in den Texten Michel Foucaults von »Spielen« die Rede ist: So ereignet sich der Diskurs der Diskursanalyse als Spiel, aber auch Machtbeziehungen produzieren sich in Wechselspielen und die Geschichte der Wahrheit lässt sich mit Foucault als Geschichte von »Spielen der Wahrheit« erzählen.
Ontoludologie
Authors: Beinsteiner Andreas
Published: June 2020

In dieser Charakterisierung verdichten sich einige zentrale Themen Heideggers: Der Zusammenhang von Freiheit und Spiel und der verbal gedachte Begriff des Wesens. Im Ausgang von Heideggers spielerischer Bestimmung der physis wird im Folgenden eine Rekonstruktion von Heideggers spätem Denken vorgenommen, die dessen medienphilosophischen Grundcharakter herauszustellen versucht.
[Frontmatter]
Authors: Holzhey Christoph F. E. , Gragnolati Manuele
Published: June 2020

Title Pages / Description of the Series Cultural Inquiry / Imprint / Table of Contents
Things I Learned from the Book of Ruth
Authors: Preser Ruth
Published: June 2020

Employing Anzaldúa’s hom(e)ophobia and Avery Gordon’s modality of haunting, my proposed reading of the Book of Ruth aims to understand contemporary forms of dispossession and their impact, especially when they are supposedly over and done with, and when their oppressive nature is denied. Such denials are reflected in the Zionist discourse of the establishment of the state of Israel.
Warburg’s Ghost
Authors: Trentin Filippo
Published: June 2020

One of the most striking paradigm shifts of the last decades in the humanities has been the replacement of a method of knowledge rooted in historicist temporal constructions with one based on spatial models. There is perhaps no better example of this movement from the temporalization to the spatialization of knowledge than the adoption of the atlas as a taxonomic term in cultural criticism.
The Innate Plasticity of Bodies and Minds
Authors: Meunier Robert , Reynaud Valentine
Published: June 2020

In recent years, concepts of plasticity and epigenetics have gained currency in different areas of the life sciences. In this article, we wish to ask primarily how plasticity and epigenetics relate to some notions in biology that they are often taken to oppose, such as genetic determination, genetic programme, and innateness.
An Eclipse of the Screen
Authors: Coelen Marcus
Published: June 2020

The film script is a challenging entity for criticism. Its destiny is to disappear, its function to contribute to the production of a screen of image, music, and voice, behind which it dissolves and is forgotten. Film scripts are in principle not meant to be read. Nor are they meant to be inscribed directly into our archives and libraries. They are transient and ‘functional’.
Metode Perencanaan Arsitektur Perusahaan dengan Manajemen Resiko
Authors: Yusuf Dede , Danardono Mayji
Published: June 2020

Perkembangan teknologi informasi yang semakin pesat dan dinamis saat ini menjadikan perusahaan mau tidak mau harus menyesuaikan antara kebutuhan layanan perusahaan dan teknologi informasi yang terus berkembang. Untuk itu kebutuhan akan perencanaan arsitektur perusahaan yang cocok untuk perusahaan dirasa perlu dengan dihubungkan pada analisis manajemen resiko yang akan berdampak pada perusahaan tersebut. Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) sebagai salah satu

3600metoda atau kerangka acuan untuk membangun sebuah arsitektur informasi. EAP merupakan suatu metode perencanaan arsitektur yang berorientasi pada kebutuhan bisnis yang terdiri dari arsitektur data, aplikasi dan teknologi serta rencana implementasi dari arsitektur yang telah dibuat untuk mendukung aktivitas bisnis demi pencapaian misi dari perusahaan. Pada metoda EAP, lapisan yang ada dapat ditambahkan komponen atau tahapan baru yang dimungkinkan untuk melengkapi lapisan atau tahapan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggabungkan antara EAP yang telah ditambahkan tahapan analisis manajemen resiko dan Zachman Framework.
A Two Year Cross-Section of Student Use of Self-Access eLearning
Authors: Pinner Richard S.
Published: June 2020

Over a two year period of using a Moodle based self-access resource, student logins were measured against student numbers in schools in order to evaluate the percentage of students’ usage. Peaks in student use seemed to correspond with teacher training initiatives. This paper outlines these initiatives and the relationship between student use of self-access ICT resources and teacher training. It also details the types of training and incentives offered to both teachers and students to improve the usage figures of self-access.
Web 2.0 Sites for Collaborative Self-Access: The Learning Advisor vs. Google® (195-211)
Authors: Howard Craig D.
Published: June 2020

While Web 2.0 technologies provide motivated, self-access learners with unprecedented opportunities for language learning, Web 2.0 designs are not of universally equal value for learning. This article reports on research carried out at Indiana University Bloomington using an empirical method to select websites for self-access language learning. Two questions related to Web 2.0 recommendations were asked: (1) How do recommended Web 2.0 sites rank in terms of interactivity features? (2) How likely is a learner to find highly interactive sites on their own? A list of 20 sites used for supplemental and self-access activities in language programs at five universities was compiled and provided the initial data set. Purposive sampling criteria revealed 10 sites truly represented Web 2.0 design. To address the first question, a feature analysis was applied (Herring, The international handbook of internet research. Berlin: Springer, 2008). An interactivity framework was developed from previous research to identify Web 2.0 design features, and sites were ranked according to feature quantity. The method used to address the second question was an interconnectivity analysis that measured direct and indirect interconnectivity within Google results. Highly interactive Web 2.0 sites were not prominent in Google search results, nor were they often linked via third party sites. It was determined that, using typical keywords or searching via blogs and recommendation sites, self-access learners were highly unlikely to find the most promising Web 2.0 sites for language learning. A discussion of the role of the learning advisor in guiding Web 2.0 collaborative self-access, as well as some strategic short cuts to quick analysis, conclude the article.
Mobility in Learning: The Feasibility of Encouraging Language Learning on Smartphones
Authors: Barrs Keith
Published: June 2020

Technology can be defined as anything which humans have created to shape their environment, from individual tools used in daily life to the systems and institutions which guide and define our societies. As such, technology is a “social and cultural phenomenon” (Kukulska-Hulme, 2009, p. 158) which “cannot but influence the ways in which people learn” (Beetham & Sharpe, 2007, p. 6). Within language learning contexts, one of the main discussions about technology is in the integration, or normalisation (Chambers & Bax, 2006), of the technology into the language curriculum. This concept of normalisation is when the technology is “as invisible and natural as whiteboards and pens” (p. 466) and it is only with this invisibility that technology will “have found its proper place in language education” (p. 466).
Introducing ‘Prepare for Success’, a Web-based Learning Resource to Help International Students get Ready for Study in the UK
Authors: Watson Julie
Published: June 2020

International students starting out on undergraduate or postgraduate degree programmes in the UK often feel challenged by the different academic culture and the new study skills they need to acquire in order to be successful in their field of study. Students report that they searched online for resources to help them before they arrived at their university or college in the UK but were not always able to find what they were looking for on their university or college website. In 2008, a new website of interactive learning resources was launched to help international students prepare for study in the UK. It can also be used by institutions in a variety of ways. Prepare for Success is a free web resource, developed at the University of Southampton with PMI (Prime Minister’s Initiative) funding through UKCISA (the UK Council for international Student Affairs). Since its launch the website has attracted over 375,000 visitors from 212 different countries. It is also being widely used by UK further and higher education to help their international students make the adjustment to British academic culture, and by institutions overseas to help students prepare for a study period spent in the UK.
The Growth of an Out-of-Class Learning Community through Autonomous Socialization at a Self-Access Centre
Authors: Hughes Leander S. , Krug Nathan P. , Vye Stacey
Published: June 2020

This study investigates the benefits of attending the Saitama University English Resource Center (ERC), a self-access center for English language learning open to all students at the university and managed by full-time faculty who alternate as center advisors. The study builds on previous research to explore how advisors promote language learning through facilitating autonomous socialization in the L2 among center attendees. This authentic social interaction not only exposes learners to patterns of discourse and other language input unavailable to learners in most institutional settings, it has also served as the means through which visiting students have formed an out-of-class learning community that now extends well beyond the center’s walls. Findings of a significant increase in center attendees and meaningful gains in the number of frequent attendees over the past year provide evidence that supports informal observations of the growth of this extraordinary L2-based community.
Group Workshops: Saving Our Writing Center in Japan
Authors: McKinley Jim
Published: June 2020

Writing centers in universities across Japan are on the rise. These centers are commonly understood to be for remedial language help, deterring students confident with their language ability from attending. Over the past few years the number of student appointments at our writing center had been decreasing. Students were expressing no need for the center since, in their understanding, it was meant only for correcting grammar. To increase awareness of the writing center, we decided to conduct workshops to provide basic frameworks for learning aspects of writing outside of grammar. Since running the workshops, reservations for tutorials have been increasing, suggesting the workshops to be successful.
The Influence of Learning Beliefs in Peer-advising Sessions: Promoting Independent Language Learning
Authors: Ishikawa Yukiko
Published: June 2020

This qualitative study was conducted in order to explore interaction between advisors and advisees in peer-advising sessions conducted with a view of promoting independent language study. The data was collected through observation, documentation, and interviews with a newly-trained and relatively inexperienced student peer-advisor. The data was transcribed and coded for closer analysis. The study revealed that the advice which the student advisor gave to peers was very much influenced by her own language study experience and beliefs, especially with regard to grammar-focused study and time-management methods. Moreover, the data offered a number of interesting observations, such as a feeling of relatedness between peers, and a conflict between being strict and being generous. In this article, the author will discuss the areas in which the student advisor’s own beliefs were most reflected in her advising. Other observations from the data will also be highlighted.
JASAL Forum: Growing Trends in Self-Access Learning
Authors: Shibata Azusa
Published: June 2020

JASAL (the Japanese Association of Self Access Learning) was set up in 2005 by Garold Murray and Lucy Cooker to provide a support network for educators and administrators involved in the growing field of self-access learning in Japan. It hosts a website with information related to self-access learning in Japan, a discussion listserve and holds an annual forum at the JALT national conference. To find out more or to join JASAL (it’s free!) please visit the JASAL website, http://jasalorg.wordpress.com/join-us/.
The Trolley and the Pinto
Authors: Smith Bryant Walker
Published: June 2020

Automated driving has attracted substantial public and scholarly attention. This brief Article describes how that attention has brought new fame to a classic philosophical thought experiment (the “trolley problem”), critiques how this thought experiment has been applied in that context, proposes a more practical extension of that experiment based on risk rather than harm, notes that this extension may still involve programming value judgments, argues with reference to the Ford Pinto debacle that these judgments could inflame juries or the public at large, and emphasizes the need for appropriately focused public discussion of these issues. The Article may be especially relevant to developers and regulators of cyber-physical systems, including the automated driving systems that operate self-driving vehicles.
Evaluating the Cayman Islands Bill of Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities
Authors: Carter Vaughan
Published: June 2020

Evaluating the Cayman Islands Bill of Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities: More Evolution than Revolution
Fulfilling U.S. Commitment to Refugee Resettlement
Authors:   Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program
Published: June 2020

At a time when the U.S. refugee admissions program is under serious threat and the world’s displaced population is at its highest, this Report sets forth extensive recommendations regarding the United States’ role in protecting vulnerable refugees and compliance with its commitments under domestic and international law that together safeguard people fleeing persecution and fearing return to torture. The Report also identifies key national security reasons for supporting and enhancing the refugee program in keeping with U.S. foreign policy priorities. Additionally, the Report provides an in-depth discussion of the robust, multistep security-assessment mechanisms already in place for screening refugees; offers viable policy solutions to improve the integration of resettled refugees through enhanced collaboration among government agencies, private resettlement agencies, and sponsors involved in domestic resettlement; and demonstrates the positive economic impact of refugee resettlement in the United States. Drawing on the perspectives of longtime domestic refugee resettlement experts, the Report also provides fresh insights into how publicprivate partnerships function in refugee resettlement and the ways in which they can be strengthened.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Turns 40
Authors: Jorgensen Jay T.
Published: June 2020

As Walmart’s business has been changing, the company has also evolved and changed in our corporate governance. In 2012, the company started a significant effort to enhance our ethics and compliance programs. Prior to that time the company maintained separate compliance efforts in different countries. For example, Walmart’s business in the United States had a well-developed compliance program. The company had separate compliance-related activities and personnel in our businesses in Canada, China, Mexico, and elsewhere. All of these compliance programs operated independently of each other, reporting to their local business leaders.
China's Anti-Corruption Crackdown and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Authors: Chow Daniel C.K.
Published: June 2020

China’s highly publicized crackdown on corruption may affect the type and number of cases in China that arise under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), but it should not be assumed that the crackdown will necessarily lead to fewer FCPA prosecutions. Although there is some overlap of the goals of China’s corruption crackdown and the goals of the FCPA, China’s crackdown also serves important goals of the ruling Communist Party. The main goal of the current crackdown is to reinforce the Party’s power by targeting enemies and rivals of the current leadership. The crackdown is not aimed at prohibiting bribes given to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining business; however, the FCPA is aimed at proscribing these types of bribes. As a result, while the crackdown may deter some types of FCPA cases from arising in China, other types of cases will be unaffected or may even increase.
When Courts Run Amuck: A Book Review of Unequal
Authors: Beiner Theresa M.
Published: June 2020

In Unequal: How America’s Courts Undermine Discrimination Law (“Unequal”), law professors Sandra F. Sperino and Suja A. Thomas provide a point-by-point analysis of how the federal courts’ interpretations of federal anti-discrimination laws have undermined their efficacy to provide relief to workers whose employers have allegedly engaged in discrimination. The cases’ results are consistently pro-employer, even while the Supreme Court of the United States—a court not known for being particularly pro-plaintiff—has occasionally ruled in favor of plaintiff employees. The authors suggest some reasons for this apparent anti-plaintiff bias among the federal courts, although they do not settle on a particular reason for the courts’ frequent dismissal of these claims. Instead, the book seeks to expose how these seemingly erroneous dismissals occur and suggest avenues for reforming these legal standards.

This Review begins by describing the book’s main arguments. Throughout this description, the Review supports and at times challenges some of the authors’ positions. In particular, this Review examines arguments regarding the role politics play in the courts’ decisionmaking in employment discrimination cases. It also explores the ironic result that the courts’ approaches to these cases actually may lead to more discrimination in the workplace and therefore more cases. Finally, this Review describes the authors’ suggestions for reform and proposes that changes in this area of the law are best accomplished by the entities that created the problems—the courts.
Carrots and Sticks in Private Climate Governance
Authors: Gilligan Jonathan
Published: June 2020

When public governance fails to address important environmental threats— such as climate change—private governance by firms, not-for-profits, individuals, and households can produce significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Private governance can take the form of either a carrot or a stick, using incentives or punishments. Shareholder activism as a form of private governance of corporations has largely been confrontational, leading most climate-related actions to fail. This Article examines the potential for private governance to take a more collaborative approach and to frame shareholder engagement with management in terms of opportunity. It also examines private governance successes at reducing household emissions and finds that these too emphasize making it attractive and convenient for households to act.
Treating Apples Like Oranges
Authors: Butz Gregory
Published: June 2020

In response to the Financial Crisis of 2008 and the Great Recession that followed, Congress passed the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Con- sumer Protection Act in 2010. The Volcker Rule is a controversial section of the Dodd–Frank Act that prohibits all banks, no matter their size, from pro- prietary trading and entering into certain relationships with private equity funds. But the Volcker Rule forces banks to incur significant costs to ensure compliance. While Big Banks have the capital and infrastructure to comply with the Volcker Rule, small Community Banks often do not. This gives Big Banks an unfair competitive advantage over Community Banks. However, re- cently there has been renewed interest in the Volcker Rule, particularly regard- ing its effects on Community Banks. Both the legislative and executive branches are calling for changes to the Volcker Rule. But there is no consen- sus on how the Volcker Rule should be changed and what types of financial institutions those changes should affect. This Article will explore this issue. First, this Article will discuss the background of the Financial Crisis, Great Recession of 2008, Dodd–Frank, and the Volcker Rule. Second, this Article differentiates between the business models of Big Banks and Community Banks. Third, this Article examines the Volcker Rule’s effect on Community Banks. Fourth, this Article will consider recent proposals for changes to the Volcker Rule by the House of Representatives, Senate, and the Department of Justice. Finally, this Article will argue that Community Banks should be ex- empted from the Volcker Rule, preferably by a bill recently proposed by the Senate Banking Committee.
Bloody Hell
Authors: Shaw Lauren
Published: June 2020

For thousands of incarcerated women in the United States, dealing with menstruation is a nightmare. Across the country, many female prisoners lack sufficient access to feminine hygiene products, which negatively affects their health and rehabilitation. Although the international standards for the care of female prisoners have been raised in attempt to eliminate this issue, these stan- dards are often not followed in the United States. This Comment argues that denial of feminine hygiene products to female prisoners violates human de- cency. Additionally, this Comment considers possible constitutional violations caused by this denial, reviews current efforts to correct this problem, and pro- vides suggestions for possible legislative solutions.
Sharkfests and Databases
Authors: Levine Kay L. , Wright Ronald F. , King Nancy J. , Miller Marc
Published: June 2020

In this Essay, we dive deeper into this final dimension to discuss the influence of professional networks on plea negotiations. In particular, we examine the effects of crowdsourcing tactics in the negotiation setting. We describe, for example, what happens when lawyers bargain in public, benefitting from an audience that provides information about past practices and deals. And then we speculate about what might happen if that audience were instead a widely shared database that documents plea practices in the jurisdiction. We offer a few preliminary thoughts about the potential influence of such techniques, as we are not in a position to measure empirically the actual effects of crowdsourcing (either by audience or by database) on the rate or substance of pleas. Instead, we use anecdotal data to discuss how crowdsourcing techniques might affect party behavior and alter the balance of power among prosecutors, defenders, and judges when it comes to plea deals.
Reefer Madness
Authors: Ford Zachary
Published: June 2020

In the past twenty years, the United States has witnessed over half of its states create marijuana laws that expressly contradict the federal government’s complete ban of the drug. Nine states have completely legalized marijuana for recreational use in the past five years alone. Meanwhile, much of the country remains staunchly opposed to legalization in any form. This difference between state and federal law has the largest negative impact on noncitizens, namely lawful permanent residents whom reside in states that follow the federal government’s complete ban. Congress’s Immigration and Nationality Act broadly defines “conviction,” so even minor drug convictions under the Controlled Substances Act—like simple possession of marijuana—render lawful permanent residents deportable.

This problem is a constitutional violation because lawful permanent residents found possessing marijuana in a legal-regime state suffer no consequences; whereas one found possessing marijuana in an illegal-regime state is arrested and immediately taken to an immigration detention center to await potential deportation. This disparate treatment results from a sole difference between the two noncitizens: their geographic location. Thus, the federal government’s failure to uniformly enforce its marijuana laws constitutes a violation of lawful permanent residents’ Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection. Although Congress has traditionally been afforded great deference when constructing the country’s immigration laws under the plenary power doctrine, such a disparate result supports the argument that the government’s failure to act has no rational basis in its own laws, which demands action.

This Comment argues that the federal government is depriving lawful permanent residents of their Fourteenth Amendment constitutional right to equal protection by refusing to uniformly enforce its marijuana laws. Thus, lawful permanent residents experience disparate treatment and face potential deportation based solely on their geographic location.
Unintended Consequences, Loopholes, and Gibberish
Authors: Elzweig Brian
Published: June 2020

This Article examines Congress’s decades-long attempt to ensure that securities class action lawsuits of national importance are litigated in federal courts. The intent is limiting strike suits. Congress attempted to curtail strike suits through the enactment of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”). The PSLRA required heightened pleading requirements to ensure the validity of federal securities class actions. Instead of solving the dilemma, plaintiffs circumvented the PSLRA by bringing fraud cases as state law claims. To combat the circumvention of the PSLRA, Congress enacted the Securities Litigation Uniform Standards Act (“SLUSA”). SLUSA federally preempted state law claims based on alleged misrepresentations, untrue statements, or omissions of material facts, requiring them to be brought in federal court. However, SLUSA did not address the concurrent jurisdiction provision of the Securities Act of 1933. This created an anomaly whereby many federal claims under the 1933 Act were brought in state courts, while state fraud claims were required to be brought in federal court. Congress could have addressed this enigma when it enacted the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”). Instead, CAFA, which reformed class actions generally, exempted most securities class actions from its rules. In 2018, the Supreme Court decided Cyan v. Beaver County and allowed 1933 Act claims covered by SLUSA to continue to be brought in state courts. The Court was silent on non-covered securities. This Article recommends how Congress can accomplish its goal of forcing important securities class actions into federal courts.
The Segregation of Markets
Authors: Turner Christian
Published: June 2020

Campaign-finance reformers fear that rich donors’ money can be used disproportionately to influence the content of campaign advertising and thus, perhaps, the results of elections. In European football, UEFA has attempted to ban “financial doping”—rich owners’ use of money earned in sectors other than football to pay large sums for the best football players. Campaign-finance reform efforts and “financial fair play” rules in sport may seem like bespoke solutions to different problems. In fact, they are the same solution to the same problem. Both are attempts to ensure that power accumulated in one market is not brought into another market so as to distort and damage its proper functioning. Market segregation, which seeks to bar explicit or implicit trans-market “currency” exchanges, disconnects the markets’ decisionmaking rationales. By understanding the segregation regulatory tool and its characteristic difficulties, including the appearance of black-market currency exchanges and the entrenchment of incumbents, it is possible to see in more general terms the challenges in many other legal settings, including moral rights and so-called “repugnant transactions.”
Constraining Strickland
Authors: Cicchini Michael
Published: June 2020

When a convicted defendant pursues an ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”) claim on appeal—for example, by alleging that the defense lawyer failed to call an important witness at trial—the defendant must satisfy Strickland’s two-part test. This requires a showing that (1) defense counsel performed deficiently, and (2) this deficient performance prejudiced the defendant’s case.

The Strickland test is intentionally difficult for a defendant to satisfy, and courts reject nearly all IAC claims. The primary justification for this is that prosecutors and judges should not have to retry defendants because of defense counsel’s errors, as such errors are completely outside the government’s control.

Strangely, however, courts have dramatically expanded Strickland’s two-part test beyond its original purpose. In addition to using it to analyze defense counsel’s performance, courts also use it to blame defense counsel for prosecutorial and judicial misconduct. When a prosecutor cheats or a judge is incompetent, courts turn Strickland’s two-part test on the defense lawyer to answer for the failure to object to the prosecutor’s misconduct or to educate the judge on the spot, in the middle of trial. Strickland, in effect, now requires the defense lawyer to do three jobs in one: his or her own, the prosecutor’s, and the judge’s.

This bizarre expansion of Strickland is not supported by law or logic, and it creates serious problems for defense lawyers. Further, by viewing acts of prosecutorial and judicial misconduct through Strickland’s lens—a framework that was never intended to protect prosecutors and judges from their own misdeeds—courts are also harming defendants’ chances on appeal and damaging the integrity of the criminal justice system.

This Article demonstrates how courts have improperly expanded Strick- land, explains the resulting harms, and advocates for clear, simple, and theoretically sound legal reform. That is, courts must hold prosecutors and judges accountable for their own misconduct, rather than diverting blame to the defense lawyer through Strickland’s ill-suited IAC framework.