bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Nation of Immigrants or a Nation of Immigrant Cities? The Urban Context of Australian Multiculturalism, 1947–2011
Authors: O'Hanlon Seamus , Stevens Rachel
Published: December 2017

The article documents the urban dimension of Australia's immigration experience that, since the 1940s, has seen the country become one of the world's most multicultural societies. The article argues that the greatest impact of immigration has been in the major cities, especially Sydney and Melbourne, which in recent decades have emerged as internationally‐significant immigrant hubs that, like similar immigrant‐receiving destinations across the globe, are increasingly demographically and culturally distinct from their host nation. Drawing on census materials, oral history interviews, local newspapers and other sources, we chart the demographic transformation of urban Australia from the 1940s to the present day and suggest that these changes have implications for how urban Australians — especially those resident in the two biggest cities — will understand and represent themselves and the nation into the future.
Aboriginal Affairs: Humanitarian Intervention Then and Now: Dis/Connections and Possibilities
Authors: Holland Alison
Published: December 2017

Aboriginal affairs has always been a sore point in Australia. Ever since the first Governor attempted to put in place the Colonial Office's instructions to treat the inhabitants with “amity and kindness” the exercise has been fraught. There is a text‐book version of the changing policy landscape and rote school lessons on the gradual acquisition of Aboriginal rights and freedoms. These go some way to conveying the contested ground, political conflict and personal anguish on which this history was built. Yet, they give the impression of evolution and progress. At the same time, the history wars magnified the fractiousness without carving a pathway through. In this paper I recover an important part of the history, which often goes unremarked. I reflect on the role of humanitarian intervention in this politics. Not only has it been critical to the policy landscape — for good and ill — but there are also historical connections and lineages between then and now, which deserve attention. Closely aligned to a history of human rights in Australia, recovering this history seems more pertinent than ever.
Identification of a 62‐kDa major allergen from Artemisia pollen as a putative galactose oxidase
Authors: Fu W. , Gao Z. , Gao L. , Jin J. , Liu M. , Sun Y. , Wu S. , Wu L. , Ma H. , Dong Y. , Wang X. , Gao B. , Wang H. , Akkerdaas J. H. , Versteeg S. A. , van Ree R.
Published: December 2017

Background

Around 20 years ago, a 60‐ to 70‐kDa protein was reported as a major allergen of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen. This study was to identify and characterize its molecular properties.

Methods

Sera from 113 Chinese and 20 Dutch Artemisia‐allergic/sensitized subjects (and pools thereof) were used to identify the 60‐ to 70‐kDa allergen. Pollen extracts of seven Artemisia species were compared by immunoblotting. Transcriptomics and proteomics (mass spectrometry) of A. annua pollen were used to identify the putative 60‐ to 70‐kDa Artemisia allergen. Both the natural purified and recombinant allergens were evaluated for IgE reactivity by ImmunoCAP. Fourteen Chinese Artemisia‐allergic patients were tested intradermally with purified natural allergen.

Results

Immunoblots revealed two major bands at 12 and 25 kDa, and a weak band at 70 kDa for all seven Artemisia species. Using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach, the high molecular mass allergen in A. annua pollen was shown to be a 62‐kDa putative galactose oxidase, with a putative N‐glycosylation site. More than 94% of Artemisia pollen‐allergic patients had IgE response to this allergen. Although recognition of a nonglycosylated recombinant version was only confirmed in a minority (16%) and at much lower IgE levels, this discrepancy cannot be explained simply by reactivity to the carbohydrate moiety on the natural allergen. Intradermal testing with the natural allergen was positive in five of nine sensitized patients.

Conclusions

The previously reported 60‐ to 70‐kDa allergen of Artemisia pollen is most likely a 62‐kDa putative galactose oxidase here designated Art an 7.
Similar length of colon is removed regardless of localization in right‐sided colonic cancer surgery
Authors: Siebert Matthieu , Trilling Bertrand , Lamotte Anna , Taton Nicolas , Bellier Alexandre , Faucheron Jean Luc
Published: December 2017

Background

Colorectal cancers represent a heterogenous group of tumours. While left segmental colectomy is an accepted and oncologically safe practice for left‐sided colonic cancer (CC), some authors suggest that limited segmental resection of right‐sided cancer should be debated in order to preserve length of the resected colon. To our knowledge, caecum and ascending CC have not been analysed as different groups of tumours. The objective of this study was to assess if, retrospectively, surgical treatment of caecal cancer differed from ascending CC.

Methods

A review of all consecutive patients with right colonic resection for cancer admitted to the University hospital of Grenoble from January 2005 to August 2016 was performed. Length of resected colon was compared between caecal primary and ascending CC. Other technical and pathological aspects were analysed such as minimal invasive surgery and number of harvested lymph nodes from anatomic specimens.

Results

Among operated patients, tumour was localized pre‐operatively on caecum in 110 cases and on the right ascending colon in 119 cases. Pre‐operative localization had no effect on resected colon length (mean 24.5 cm, 24 ± 10.34 versus 25 cm ± 7.28, P = 0.95), on the number of harvested lymph nodes with a mean of 15 (±7.6) nodes in the caecal group versus 15.2 (±7.3) (P = 0.72). We noticed 15 cases of discordance between pre‐ and post‐operative localization (4 versus 11, P = 0.08).

Conclusion

Length of resected colon does not differ depending on localization of tumour in our center.
Textbooks in Human Geography: An American perspective
Authors: Warf Barney
Published: December 2017

I offer an American perspective on the poor quality of US Human Geography textbooks. I give several examples and link bad textbooks to geographic ignorance and anti‐intellectualism in the USA. I note differences between textbook and academic writing, and between British and American textbooks. I conclude with my own modest attempts to address this issue.
Examining the Millennials' Ethical Profile: Assessing Demographic Variations in Their Personal Value Orientations
Authors: Weber James , Urick Michael J.
Published: December 2017

The Millennials, people born between 1980 and 2000, are poised to have a profound impact on our society but are often treated as a homogenous generation. While some prior research on generations posits that there are a number of consistencies across a generation, others argue that differences may emerge and distinguish individuals within a generation. Based on prior business ethics literature, this research dissects the Millennial's personal value orientations (PVO) to explore if demographic differences, such as gender, amount of work experience, business discipline specialization, and academic performance reveal variations in the ethical profile manifested by Millennials. The results from this research show that there are indeed numerous and significant statistical differences within the Millennials' PVO dataset. Variations are found when exploring nearly every demographic variable considered. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Pelvic lymphangioleiomyomatosis diagnosed by FNA of cyst fluid
Authors: Gokaslan S. T. , Carrick K. S.
Published: December 2017

Detailed descriptions of the cytological features of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in serous effusions are extremely rare. However, this diagnosis should be considered when one finds three dimensional clusters of myoid cells in pleural, ascitic or cyst fluid samples, particularly those obtained from premenopausal females. A robust cytological diagnosis of LAM can be made with the help of supportive immunohistochemistry this can spare the patient a more invasive procedure such as biopsy or excision.
Structural factors associated with methamphetamine smoking among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Conners Erin E. , Gaines Tommi L. , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Magis‐Rodriguez Carlos , Brouwer Kimberly C.
Published: December 2017

Introduction and Aims

Smoking methamphetamine is associated with increased risk of HIV among female sex workers (FSW). The structural context of substance use is an important shaper of individual behaviour; however, structural determinants of methamphetamine use among FSWs are largely unknown. We identified individual, structural and neighbourhood factors associated with smoking methamphetamine among FSWs in the border city of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.

Design and Methods

A prospective cohort of 301 FSWs sampled from indoor and outdoor sex work venues throughout Tijuana participated in quantitative surveys on behaviours and mapping of home and work neighbourhoods across three visits. Multinomial logistic regression using generalised estimating equations identified individual, structural and neighbourhood variables associated with smoking methamphetamine.

Results

Methamphetamine use, particularly smoking, was highly prevalent among FSWs. Over half (61%) of FSWs had ever used methamphetamine in their lifetime and at baseline, 38% currently smoked methamphetamine. Smoking methamphetamine daily was associated with living in the red light district [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–6.02] and with perceived homelessness, but only among women in a good financial situation (AOR = 4.08, 95% CI = 1.58–10.50). Smoking methamphetamine less than daily was associated with older age (AOR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.10).

Discussion and Conclusions

Our findings point to the important dynamic between the residential environment and more severe methamphetamine use. FSWs may prioritise the purchase of methamphetamine over stable housing if they have the financial means. Given the high prevalence of smoking methamphetamine among FSWs in Tijuana, drug treatment options, especially for women living in the red light district, are needed.
Forecasting the combined effects of climate and land use change on Mexican bats
Authors: Zamora‐Gutierrez Veronica , Pearson Richard G. , Green Rhys E. , Jones Kate E.
Published: December 2017

Aim

Climate and land use change are among the most important threatening processes driving biodiversity loss, especially in the tropics. Although the potential impacts of each threat have been widely studied in isolation, few studies have assessed the impacts of climate and land cover change in combination. Here, we evaluate the exposure of a large mammalian clade, bats, to multiple scenarios of environmental change and dispersal to understand potential consequences for biodiversity conservation.

Location

Mexico.

Methods

We used ensemble species distribution models to forecast changes in environmental suitability for 130 bat species that occur in Mexico by 2050s under four dispersal assumptions and four combined climate and land use change scenarios. We identified regions with the strongest projected impacts for each scenario and assessed the overlap across scenarios.

Results

The combined effects of climate and land use change will cause an average reduction in environmental suitability for 51% of the species across their range, regardless of scenario. Overall, species show a mean decrease in environmental suitability in at least 46% of their current range in all scenarios of change and dispersal. Climate scenarios had a higher impact on species environmental suitability than land use scenarios. There was a spatial overlap of 43% across the four environmental change scenarios for the regions projected to have the strongest impacts.

Main conclusions

Combined effects of future environmental change may result in substantial declines in environmental suitability for Mexican bats even under optimistic scenarios. This study highlights the vulnerability of megadiverse regions and an indicator taxon to human disturbance. The consideration of combined threats can make an important difference in how we react to changes to conserve our biodiversity as they pose different challenges.
Divine Disaster Management: Cross and Resurrection as an Event of Creative Vulnerability
Authors: Thomas Günter
Published: December 2017

This article argues for a concept of a “responsive and creative divine vulnerability.” Such an understanding of the divine life relates differentiated conceptions of vulnerability, passion, and power. The article unfolds this specific understanding of divine vulnerability through a detailed analysis of the relation between the cross on the one hand and the resurrection of Christ in the power of the Spirit on the other hand.
Trust, Endangerment, and Divine Vulnerability: An Interdisciplinary Conversation with Niklas Luhmann and K.E. Løgstrup
Authors: Christoffersen Mikkel Gabriel
Published: December 2017

Faith is trusting God in the midst of endangerment. Yet, human experience of excessive suffering has challenged any spontaneous trust in God. In this article, I reconsider the idea of faith as trust in God, adding an emphasis on the divine vulnerability in the incarnation. I develop a more complex view of trust inspired by the Danish philosopher of religion K.E. Løgstrup and the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. I use this view of trust to reconsider the relationship between trust and faith in the God of incarnation.
Cover Image, Volume 20, Issue 1
Authors: Loo Larry Sai Weng , Lau Hwee Hui , Jasmen Joanita Binte , Lim Chang Siang , Teo Adrian Kee Keong
Published: December 2017

The cover image, by Larry Sai Weng Loo et al., is based on the Review Article An arduous journey from human pluripotent stem cells to functional pancreatic β cells, DOI: 10.1111/dom.12996.

image
The labour market effects of financial crises
Authors: Sharma Siddharth , Winkler Hernan
Published: December 2017

This paper examines how the 2008–2009 financial crisis affected labour markets in Europe, and how this impact depended on employment protection laws. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, our estimates isolate the effect of the lack of credit on the labour market from that of the general decline in aggregate economic activity. We find large and negative impacts of the credit shock on total employment, particularly on temporary, unskilled and young workers. These impacts were significantly larger in countries with stronger legal protection of permanent workers from dismissal. This suggests that the differential impact of the crisis across countries was not entirely driven by the heterogeneity of the credit shock, but also by labour regulations. Given regulatory inflexibility in adjusting the permanent workforce, firms responded to tightening financial constraints by disproportionately laying off temporary workers (who tend to be younger and less skilled than permanent workers).
The Graduating European Dentist—Domain II: Safe and Effective Clinical Practice
Authors: Field J. C. , DeLap E. , Manzanares Cespedes M. C.
Published: December 2017

This position paper outlines the areas of competence and learning outcomes of “The Graduating European Dentist” that specifically relate to Safe and Effective Clinical Practice. Dentists are required to ensure that they are capable of providing appropriate care for their patients, whilst also effectively managing and leading the wider clinical team. The care that is provided should align to a contemporaneous evidence base wherever possible, and the quality of care and the management systems that underpin it should be regularly audited and improved.
Embolic strokes of undetermined source in young adults: baseline characteristics and long‐term outcome
Authors: Martinez‐Majander N. , Aarnio K. , Pirinen J. , Lumikari T. , Nieminen T. , Lehto M. , Sinisalo J. , Kaste M. , Tatlisumak T. , Putaala J.
Published: December 2017

Background and purpose

Embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) are a recent entity, not yet thoroughly investigated in young stroke patients. The clinical characteristics and long‐term risks of vascular events and all‐cause mortality between young‐onset ESUS and other aetiological subgroups were compared.

Methods

Patients with ESUS were identified amongst the 1008 patients aged 15−49 years with first‐ever ischaemic stroke in Helsinki Young Stroke Registry, and primary end‐points were defined as recurrent stroke, composite vascular events and all‐cause mortality. Cumulative 15‐year risks for each end‐point were analysed with life tables and adjusted risks were based on Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results

Of the 971 eligible patients, 203 (20.9%) were classified as ESUS. They were younger (median age 40 years, interquartile range 32–46 vs. 45 years, 39–47), more often female (43.3% vs. 35.7%) and had fewer cardiovascular risk factors than other modified TOAST groups. With a median follow‐up time of 10.1 years, ESUS patients had the second lowest cumulative risk of recurrent stroke and composite vascular events and lowest mortality compared to other TOAST groups. Large‐artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease carried significantly higher risk for recurrent stroke than did ESUS, whilst no difference appeared between cardioembolism from high‐risk sources and ESUS.

Conclusions

In our cohort, ESUS patients were younger and had milder cardiovascular risk factor burden and generally better long‐term outcome compared to other causes of young‐onset stroke. The comparable risk of recurrent stroke between ESUS and high‐risk sources of cardioembolism might suggest similarities in their pathophysiology.
Long‐term adherence with psychiatric treatment among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Tolchin Benjamin , Dworetzky Barbara A. , Baslet Gaston
Published: December 2017

We conducted a prospective cohort study, examining long‐term adherence with psychiatric treatment among patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). Subjects diagnosed with documented PNES were scheduled for 4 psychiatric visits. Survival analysis was performed, and covariates were assessed for association with time to nonadherence using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. One hundred twenty‐three subjects were recruited and followed for up to 17 months. Eighty percent of subjects attended the first outpatient visit, 42% attended the second, 24% attended the third, and only 14% remained adherent through the fourth visit. Two covariates were associated with nonadherence: (1) a prior diagnosis of PNES (hazard ratio 1.57, P‐value .046); (2) a lower score on the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), signifying lower concern about one's illness (hazard ratio 0.77 for every 10‐point increment on the 80‐point scale, P‐value .008). Adherence with psychiatric treatment among patients with PNES is initially reasonably good but worsens rapidly over visits 2‐4. Risk factors for nonadherence include a history of a prior diagnosis of PNES, and a lower level of concern about the illness as assessed by a lower score on the BIPQ.
Relationships between serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor concentration and parameters for health scores in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Hachisu Mitsugu , Hashizume Masahiro , Kawai Hisashi , Hirano Hirohiko , Kojima Motonaga , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Obuchi Shuichi , Ihara Kazushige
Published: December 2017

Aim

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been implicated in the progression of neuronal survival, phenotyping differentiation and maintenance of various neurons, as well as neurogenesis. We studied how BDNF affects health parameters of older adults by carrying out a health examination of community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

We measured the serum BDNF concentration of 898 older adults aged 65–84 years who participated in regional health examinations in the Tokyo area and also measured various parameters, such as the thickness of the quadriceps femoris, percentage of body fat, body mass index, grip strength, frequency of walking, and use of sleeping drugs and steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.

Results

We obtained significant relationships between serum BDNF values and thickness of the quadriceps muscle, body mass index or percentage of body fat. Individuals holding onto something when they stood up had lower serum BDNF values than individuals not holding onto something when they stood up. Smokers had higher serum BDNF values than non‐smokers.

Conclusions

Older adults who had higher serum BDNF had bigger quadriceps muscles, higher body mass index and higher body fat rate, and were also able to stand up without holding onto something from a sitting position. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 456–461.
In remembrance of Professor Joan Acker: A legendary figure in the field of Gender, Work and Organization
Authors: Knights David
Published: December 2017

This article celebrates Joan Acker's academic life and her enormous contribution to the field of gender, work and organization. It acknowledges not just what she contributed to gender studies and politics but how she combined her analysis and her activism with a concern for equality more generally, especially in relation to social class and race.
Perspectives of cannabis use in the life experience of men with schizophrenia
Authors: Wagstaff Chris , Graham Hermine , Farrell Derek , Larkin Michael , Tatham Lloyd
Published: December 2017

Substance use amongst people with schizophrenia is well‐established: up to 50% report using illicit substances. The occurrence of both conditions can also induce people to disengage from mental health services. The research question sought to understand, from the perspective of both service users and clinicians, cannabis use within the experience of people with schizophrenia. The transcripts of the seven participants and the two focus groups were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Service Users and Clinicians were recruited from Assertive outreach community‐based teams. seven male service users who described their ethnic identity as ‘black’, diagnosed with schizophrenia and a history of treatment disengagement and 12 clinicians who worked with this client group. The two component study involved semi‐structured interviews with the Service Users and two focus groups with the Clinicians. Service Users perceived cannabis use as a means by which they could ‘reestablish their identity’ that had been damaged and the social consequences of diagnosis. Clinicians similarly perceived drugs, cannabis in particular, as a significant part of the service users’ life. This study provides greater depth to understanding cannabis use within the experience of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
The Second Religious Globalization in Africa: Changes in the Religious Landscape and the Consequences for Social Peace: The Case of Cameroon
Authors: Johnson Samuel Désiré
Published: December 2017

This article describes the changes in the religious landscape in Africa – on both the Christian and the Muslim sides – using the example of Cameroon, with the objective of determining the eventual implications that these changes can have for social peace in Africa. The country has seen a shift from planned and controlled evangelization and Islamization carried out by recognized political and religious authorities, to evangelization and Islamization done by individuals who, even though they represent religious currents recognized around the world, act autonomously. The religious landscape has consequently changed fundamentally on the geographical level: moving from the usual cleavage between the Christian South and the Muslim North to a total breakdown in ethno‐regional religious territories. The same thing can be observed for various Christian denominations, which are no longer confined to their historic ethno‐regional territories. Religious organizations are now set up in an anarchic manner. All of this is taking place in a fragile local and regional environment which could, as argued here, present a genuine threat to social peace in Cameroon.
Missiological Context of the Eastern Orthodox Churches in Africa
Authors: Njoroge John N.
Published: December 2017

This article focuses on the missiological context of the Eastern Orthodox Churches in Africa under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa, which serves the Greek‐, Arabic‐, and Russian‐speaking communities as well as native African Orthodox communities in sub‐Saharan Africa. The apostolic mission to Africa started in the city of Alexandria by St Mark the evangelist around 62–63 AD. The gospel flourished in the Alexandrian church through its famous catechetical school, participation in the ecumenical councils, and monasticism. After Islamic invasion of northern Africa (640 AD), Christianity started to decline and the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria extended its jurisdiction to sub‐Saharan Africa. First it served the Greek communities, but later in 1946 opened up to evangelize to native African communities. Orthodox Church mission engagement in sub‐Saharan African has resulted in different mission approaches, like the creation of new dioceses and archdioceses, theological education, and liturgical, incarnational, and reconciliation approaches. These approaches have prepared the missiological context of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Africa for an Africanized Christianity. Native Africans searched for ecclesial identity by affiliating with Greek Orthodoxy, consequently rekindling the mission of the Orthodox Church worldwide and creating a platform for dialogue between African cultural‐religious particularities and Orthodox theological ethos. This has resulted in a call for inculturation or incarnational process aiming for an “African local church.”
“Noxious Weed”: Persecution in the Development of Korean Christianity
Authors: Yu K. Kale
Published: December 2017

The experience of persecution during the late Joseon and Japanese colonial period was not unusual for Korean Christians, who endured living as a minority faith within a hostile context. Like the pre‐Constantinian Christian communities and many Christians today who live in the global South, suspicion and persecution defined their world as openly confessing Christians, and they embraced, as part of converting to Christianity, the stark reality that their faith could incur personal harm in the form of hostility, incarceration, and even death. This article explores how conversion and maintaining Christian faith in a society adverse to Christianity shaped believers’ self‐understanding of the breadth of faith and acceptance of its mortal implications. Focusing on the Catholic and Protestant experience in Korea, Christian believers rigorously tested the country's attitudes against Christianity. In so doing, their experience provokes a critical reflection on the profoundness of the missionary mandate and illuminates the complexity with which their faith is forged as they must confront the brutal reality that they may be, at the very least, arrested. For many Korean Christians during Joseon Dynasty and the Japanese colonial period (1910–1945), conversion to Christianity was part of the process that transformed for believers a religious identity that was understood to be potentially detrimental to their relationship with the state.
The Shock of the Mean
Authors: Raper Simon
Published: December 2017

Simon Raper recounts the history of the arithmetic mean, why scientists of the past rejected the idea, and why their concerns are still relevant in the ongoing struggle to communicate statistical concepts
Osteocytes play an important role in experimental periodontitis in healthy and diabetic mice through expression of RANKL
Authors: Graves Dana T , Alshabab Ahmed , Albiero Mayra Laino , Mattos Marcelo , Corrêa Jôice Dias , Chen Shanshan , Yang Yang
Published: December 2017

Aim

Periodontitis results from bacteria‐induced inflammation. A key cytokine, RANKL, is produced by a number of cell types. The cellular source of RANKL critical for periodontitis has not been established.

Methods

We induced periodontal bone loss by oral inoculation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in both normoglycaemic and streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic mice. Experimental transgenic mice had osteocyte‐specific deletion of floxed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL) mediated by DMP‐1‐driven Cre recombinase. Outcomes were assessed by micro‐CT, histomorphometric analysis, immunofluorescent analysis of RANKL and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining for osteoclasts and osteoclast activity.

Results

Oral infection stimulated RANKL expression in osteocytes of wild‐type mice, which was increased by diabetes and blocked in transgenic mice. Infected wild‐type mice had significant bone loss and increased osteoclast numbers and activity, which were further enhanced by diabetes. No bone loss or increase in osteoclastogenesis or activity was detected in transgenic mice with RANKL deletion in osteocytes that were normoglycaemic or diabetic.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates for the first time the essential role of osteocytes in bacteria‐induced periodontal bone loss and in diabetes‐enhanced periodontitis.
Polygamy In Family Court: A Resource For Judges Dealing With An Unfamiliar Family Structure
Authors: Raley Billy Gage
Published: December 2017

Cases concerning polygamous households can present difficult challenges for family courts. Though a growing number of Americans practice polygamy, the lifestyle still remains shrouded in mystery. Many polygamists are religious (and sometimes racial) minorities that have suffered from discrimination. The most influential judicial precedents concerning polygamy come from the nineteenth century and are tinged with religious and racial stereotypes, which can make judges uncomfortable with citing those decisions. There is a need for reliable, unprejudiced, and up‐to‐date information about polygamy that judges can cite while maintaining an image of objectivity and impartiality. This Article seeks to provide that resource. It provides information about the evolutionary influences that shape polygamy, how polygamy is practiced in the modern world, and common problems affecting polygamous households that judges should be aware of.
Knowledge, compliance with good clinical practices and barriers to effective control of postoperative pain among nurses from hospitals with and without a “Hospital without Pain” certificate
Authors: Tomaszek Lucyna , Dębska Grażyna
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectives

(i) To compare knowledge and compliance with good clinical practices regarding control of postoperative pain among nurses employed at hospitals with and without a “Hospital without Pain” certificate, (ii) to identify the determinants of nurses’ knowledge and (iii) to define barriers to effective control of postoperative pain.

Background

Only a slight improvement in postoperative pain control has been observed recently, if any. Implementation of good clinical practices in the control of postoperative pain requires involvement of nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

The study included 257 nurses from hospitals with a “Hospital without Pain” certificate and 243 nurses from noncertified hospitals, with mean job seniority of 17.6 ± 9.6 years. All respondents answered 26 questions regarding postoperative pain control‐related issues. Based on the answers, overall scores were calculated for (i) nurses’ knowledge, (ii) compliance with good clinical practices and (iii) barriers to effective control of postoperative pain.

Results

Nurses from the certified hospitals presented with significantly higher levels of knowledge and compliance with good clinical practices and identified significantly more barriers to effective control of postoperative pain. Apart from certification of a hospital, better knowledge of postoperative pain control was determined by higher education, participation in postgraduate training programmes and other relevant courses, self‐education from medical journals, employment at paediatric ward or intensive care unit. The most commonly reported barriers to effective control of pain included too low doses of painkillers prescribed by physicians and inability to modify the protocol of pain treatment by the nurse.

Conclusions

Control of postoperative pain can be improved by enrolling nurses in various forms of continuous training and by providing them with greater autonomy in administering painkillers to surgical patients.

Relevance to clinical practice

Better quality of care offered to patients with postoperative pain can be achieved by continuous education of nurses and physicians, and greater compliance with relevant good clinical practices.
The Role of Prices Relative to Supplemental Benefits and Service Quality in Health Plan Choice
Authors: Bünnings Christian , Schmitz Hendrik , Tauchmann Harald , Ziebarth Nicolas R.
Published: December 2017

This article links representative enrollee panel data to health plan data on (1) prices, (2) service quality, and (3) nonessential benefits for the German statutory multipayer market and the years 2007–2010. We first show that although heavy federal regulation ensures a simple choice architecture, the majority of health plans are dominated—even when considering four nonprice attributes. Enrollees in dominated plans are older, less educated, and unhealthier. Second, we assess how switchers value prices relative to nonprice health plan attributes. Our mixed logit models incorporate a total of 1,700 health plan choices with each more than 50 choice sets. While prices are an important determinant for nearly everyone, 40 percent of all switchers do not seem to value service quality and supplemental benefits when choosing health plans.
Child with asymptomatic yellow‐orange plaques on the frontal region
Authors: Ferreira Bárbara R , Ramos Leonor , Reis José P
Published: December 2017

See Answer
Gene expression profile of Ralstonia Solanacearum for the rhizosphere ecological niche of Solanum tuberosum
Authors: Duan Ting T. , Luo Yong P. , Kong Chao Y. , Gao Xiu D. , Zhao Xin , Gao Gang
Published: December 2017

Plant root secretion can be regarded as signal molecules, which exerts impact on microorganisms in the rhizosphere ecological niche. We obtained gene expression profile of Ralstonia solanacearumPO41 under the root secretions environment of Solanum tuberosum at the time points of 8 hrs, 16 hrs and 24 hrs, respectively, after infection with RNA microarray technology. Bioinformatics tools of differential genes expression analysis, GO functional analysis, cluster analysis and pathway analysis were conducted to find out the pathogenic genes and other related genes. We found that the virulence factors of R. solanacearum mainly focused on the output pathways of toxic protein (Sec pathway, Tat pathway and type III secretion system (T3SS)), the aggregation and transfer of exopolysaccharides and the chemotactic movement and adhesion of flagellum in the potato root secretion ecological niche, while the virulence factors in the atypical output pathway mainly distributed in Sec (secB, secDF, yidc) and Tat (tatA, tatC) pathways to promote the output of folded and unfolded toxic proteins. The fliIATPase was obviously upregulated 8 hrs postinoculation, suggesting that type III secretion system was only active at the early stage of PO41 infection. The upregulated expression of phosphoglucomutase and epimerase showed that the virulence factor of exopolysaccharides (EPS) was synthesized at the early stage of R. solanacearum infection. Chemotactic receptor and motor protein were obviously upregulated within 24 hrs postinoculation. Our study revealed that R. solanacearumPO41 had already colonized to the roots within 24 hrs with the stimulating of root secretion. Some pathogenic genes were upregulated during this period.
Identification of a distinct strain of Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus infecting tomato in Oman
Authors: Al Shihi Adel A. , Al Sadi Abdullah M. , Deadman Mike , Briddon Rob W. , Shahid Muhammad S.
Published: December 2017

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants exhibiting yellowing, curling and stunting symptoms were identified in fields of the Tawoos Agricultural Systems, in Al‐Batinah in Oman. Cloning and sequencing of restriction endonuclease digested rolling circle amplified viral DNA identified a cotton begomovirus (family Geminiviridae) associated with the symptomatic tomato plants. Detailed analysis of complete sequences showed the virus to be a previously unknown strain of Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV) in association with the betasatellite Tomato leaf curl betasatellite (ToLCB). The new CLCuGeV strain, for which the name “Al Batinah” strain is suggested, has the greatest levels of sequence identity (91.9%) to an isolate of CLCuGeV recently reported from the neighbouring United Arab Emirates. Additionally, CLCuGeV‐Al Batinah was shown to have a recombinant origin with sequences donated by an African cassava mosaic virus‐like parent. This is the first identification of this Malvaceae‐adapted begomovirus in tomato. Although ToLCB is common in Oman, being one of only two betasatellites identified there so far, this is the first identification of this betasatellite with CLCuGeV. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Is the consumption of snail meat actually healthy? An analysis of the osteotropic influence of snail meat as a sole source of protein in growing rats
Authors: Radzki R. P. , Bieńko M. , Polak P. , Szkucik K. , Ziomek M. , Ostapiuk M. , Bieniaś J.
Published: December 2017

The study was aimed at determining the osteotropic effects of diets containing snail meat as a sole protein source. In our experiment, we tested three different diets incorporating snail meat originating from Helix pomatia (HP), Cornu.aspesa maxima (CAM) and Cornu.aspersum aspersum (CAA) and compared these to a control diet (CON) in which casein was the source of protein. In all diets, the protein content amounted to 10%, as calculated on a dry weight basis. In the study, forty male Wistar rats with an initial body mass of 50 ± 2 g were randomly placed within the control and three experimental groups. After 28 days of experimental feeding, the rats were sacrificed, and the body mass, total skeletal density and body composition were recorded. Moreover, blood serum (osteocalcin, CTX) and isolated tibia (pQCT, DXA, 3D micro‐CT, 3‐point bending test) were stored for further analysis. The results reveal that a diet incorporating snail meat significantly decreased BMC (bone mineral content), as well as area of total skeleton and isolated tibia, and was without influence on BMD (bone mineral density). Furthermore, the 3D micro‐CT analysis of trabecular compartment documented a reduced Tb.Th (trabecular thickness), as well as Tb.N (trabecular number), and an increased Tb.Sp (trabecular separation). Beyond the aforementioned, the snail‐based diets had an influence upon the architectonical properties of the tibia—decreasing its resistance to mechanical loading. Finally, snail meat, when used as an alone source of protein, negatively influenced the metabolism of the bone tissue in growing animals—making bone smaller and weaker.
Evidence for miRNA‐mediated modulation of the host transcriptome in cnidarian–dinoflagellate symbiosis
Authors: Baumgarten Sebastian , Cziesielski Maha J. , Thomas Ludivine , Michell Craig T. , Esherick Lisl Y. , Pringle John R. , Aranda Manuel , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: December 2017

Reef‐building corals and other cnidarians living in symbiotic relationships with intracellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium undergo transcriptomic changes during infection with the algae and maintenance of the endosymbiont population. However, the precise regulatory mechanisms modulating the host transcriptome are unknown. Here, we report apparent post‐transcriptional gene regulation by miRNAs in the sea anemone Aiptasia, a model system for cnidarian–dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. Aiptasia encodes mainly species‐specific miRNAs, and there appears to have been recent differentiation within the Aiptasia genome of miRNAs that are commonly conserved among anthozoan cnidarians. Analysis of miRNA expression showed that both conserved and species‐specific miRNAs are differentially expressed in response to endosymbiont infection. Using cross‐linking immunoprecipitation of Argonaute, the central protein of the miRNA‐induced silencing complex, we identified miRNA binding sites on a transcriptome‐wide scale and found that the targets of the miRNAs regulated in response to symbiosis include genes previously implicated in biological processes related to Symbiodinium infection. Our study shows that cnidarian miRNAs recognize their mRNA targets via high‐complementarity target binding and suggests that miRNA‐mediated modulations of genes and pathways are important during the onset and maintenance of cnidarian–dinoflagellate endosymbiosis.
Intraspecific genetic structure, divergence and high rates of clonality in an amphi‐Atlantic starfish
Authors: Garcia‐Cisneros Alex , Palacín Creu , Ventura Carlos Renato Rezende , Feital Barbara , Paiva Paulo Cesar , Pérez‐Portela Rocío
Published: December 2017

Intraspecific genetic diversity and divergence have a large influence on the adaption and evolutionary potential of species. The widely distributed starfish, Coscinasterias tenuispina, combines sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction via fission. Here we analyse the phylogeography of this starfish to reveal historical and contemporary processes driving its intraspecific genetic divergence. We further consider whether asexual reproduction is the most important method of propagation throughout the distribution range of this species. Our study included 326 individuals from 16 populations, covering most of the species’ distribution range. A total of 12 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analysed. COI and microsatellites were clustered in two isolated lineages: one found along the southwestern Atlantic and the other along the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This suggests the existence of two different evolutionary units. Marine barriers along the European coast would be responsible for population clustering: the Almeria–Oran Front that limits the entrance of migrants from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and the Siculo‐Tunisian strait that divides the two Mediterranean basins. The presence of identical genotypes was detected in all populations, although two monoclonal populations were found in two sites where annual mean temperatures and minimum values were the lowest. Our results based on microsatellite loci showed that intrapopulation genetic diversity was significantly affected by clonality whereas it had lower effect for the global phylogeography of the species, although still some impact on populations’ genetic divergence could be observed between some populations.
Probiotic consortia are not uniformly effective against different amphibian chytrid pathogen isolates
Authors: Antwis Rachael E. , Harrison Xavier A.
Published: December 2017

Symbiotic bacterial communities can protect their hosts from infection by pathogens. Treatment of wild individuals with protective bacteria (probiotics) isolated from hosts can combat the spread of emerging infectious diseases. However, it is unclear whether candidate probiotic bacteria can offer consistent protection across multiple isolates of globally distributed pathogens. Here, we use the lethal amphibian fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisto investigate whether probiotic richness (number of bacteria) or genetic distance among consortia members influences broad‐scale in vitro inhibitory capabilities of probiotics across multiple isolates of the pathogen. We show that inhibition of multiple pathogen isolates by individual bacteria is rare, with no systematic pattern among bacterial genera in ability to inhibit multipleB. dendrobatidisisolates. Bacterial consortia can offer stronger protection againstB. dendrobatidiscompared to single strains, and this tended to be more pronounced for consortia containing multiple genera compared with those consisting of bacteria from a single genus (i.e., with lower genetic distance), but critically, this effect was not uniform across allB. dendrobatidisisolates. These novel insights have important implications for the effective design of bacterial probiotics to mitigate emerging infectious diseases.
China's Search for Ideological Values in World Politics: Chinese Adaptation to Liberal Order Drawn from Political Reports of the Chinese Communist Party Congress since 1977
Authors: Cha Chang Hoon
Published: December 2017

The United States and China have now become the world's leading countries but, problematically, there is no strategically shared consensus among policymakers and scholars in these countries on how to manage the bilateral relationship or the international system in the long term. This “G‐2”‐style entity, effectively a hegemonic condominium or duopoly, could stably manage the international system and short‐circuit a hegemonic war between the dominant and rising powers. China's adaptation to international liberal order has appeared in Chinese Communist Party Congress (CCPC) documents during the last four decades. From the 11th CCPC in 1977 to the 18th CCPC in 2012, there were many changes in Chinese terminology seeking its ideological values in world politics. Traditional terminology of the Marxist–Leninist worldview was replaced with China's new political ideology based on material interest; meanwhile, China's historical theme of peace and development underlies the basic position of Chinese foreign policy. Negating hegemonic power still often offers a traditional view of world politics and China has proposed more positive terminologies about international relations rather than merely criticizing US hegemony and the inequalities of the global distribution of power. According to the political report of the Chinese Communist Party, China has revised its position and adapted a more active engagement to international liberal order. The foreign affairs section of the CCPC political report reveals a significant increase in interest‐oriented terminology, which engages with the current Western liberal order. The world should look forward to learning about how China supports liberal order and cooperates with the United States in global politics.
A systematic review of immunosuppressant adherence interventions in transplant recipients: Decoding the streetlight effect
Authors: Duncan S. , Annunziato R. A. , Dunphy C. , LaPointe Rudow D. , Shneider B. L. , Shemesh E.
Published: December 2017

Non‐adherence to immunosuppressant medications is an important risk factor for graft dysfunction. To evaluate the effectiveness of adherence‐enhancing interventions, we reviewed adherence intervention studies in solid organ transplant recipients (all ages). Using the following databases: PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, we identified 41 eligible studies. Only three non‐randomized trials showed a possible positive effect on objective indicators of transplant outcomes (such as rejection, liver enzyme levels, kidney function). None of the 21 RCTs showed an improvement in transplant outcomes. Three studies showed a higher rate of adverse events in the intervention group as compared with controls, although this may be related to ascertainment bias. Improvement in adherence as measured indirectly (eg, with electronic monitoring devices) was not aligned with effects on transplant outcomes. We conclude that adherence interventions, to date, have largely been ineffective in improving transplant outcomes. To improve this track record, intervention efforts may wish to concentrate on non‐adherent patients (rather than use convenience sampling, which excludes many of the patients who need the intervention), use direct measures of adherence to guide the interventions, and employ strategies that are intensive and yet engaging enough to ensure that non‐adherent patients are able to participate.