bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and activation of regulatory T cells in the human fetus
Authors: Cupedo Tom , Nagasawa Maho , Weijer Kees , Blom Bianca , Spits Hergen
Published: January 2005

There is an increasing amount of knowledge on the functional properties of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the adult immune system, but data on the generation and function of these cells during human embryonic development are scarce. In this study, we show that in the fetal thymus, double‐positive cells initiate expression of CD25, GITR, CTLA4 and CD122 during their transition from the CD27– to the CD27+ stage. Moreover, CD4+CD25+ fetal thymocytes already have the potential to suppress proliferation of CD25– cells. After leaving the thymus, FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Treg enter the fetal lymph nodes and spleen, where they acquire a primed/memory phenotype. A model is proposed for the development of human fetal Treg that encompasses two sequential maturation steps: initiation of a regulatory phenotype and suppressive activity in the thymus; and subsequent activation within the peripheral lymphoid organs. Upon activation, FoxP3+CD4+CD25+ Treg suppress potentially deleterious responses by autoreactive lymphocytes and maintain homeostasis within the developing fetus.

See accompanying Commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200525996
CD40/CD40L interaction regulates CD4+CD25+ T reg homeostasis through dendritic cell‐produced IL‐2
Authors: Guiducci Cristiana , Valzasina Barbara , Dislich Heidrun , Colombo Mario P.
Published: January 2005

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T reg) development and homeostasis require IL‐2 and costimulation through same TNF‐receptor family members. CD40KO mice have reduced number of T reg in peripheral blood, thymus and spleen. Herein we show that naive T reg express low basal level of CD40L that is upregulated upon TCR‐triggered mediated activation. Treatment of wt mice with Ab blocking CD40/CD40L interaction results in a fast decrease in T reg number that rapidly recovers upon Ab withdrawal. CFSE‐labeled T reg from wt mice injected into CD40KO, but not wild‐type (wt) mice, showed reduced survival and proliferation in homeostatic setting. In vitro, dendritic cells from CD40KO mice but not wt mice produce diminished amount of IL‐2 upon T reg encounter and are impaired in expanding T reg, a defect corrected by the addition of rIL‐2. Accordingly, four daily IL‐2 administrations to CD40KO mice normalize T reg number by promoting both their survival and homeostatic proliferation. Such IL‐2 effect is transient since T reg number returns to the low constitutive level described in CD40KO mice within 5 days upon IL‐2 withdrawal thus suggesting that IL‐2 is persistently needed to assure T reg homeostasis.
Coming of age: carbohydrates and immunity
Authors: Cobb Brian A. , Kasper Dennis L.
Published: January 2005

Adaptive immune responses have long been considered the “territory” of antigenic proteins, whereas carbohydrates are characterized as T‐cell‐independent antigens that are not typically recognized by the complete adaptive machinery. The current modus operandi when searching for dominant epitopes is the use of synthetic peptides designed from the primary structure of interesting target proteins; however, there is growing evidence that sugars can also play a critical role in immune recognition. Findings reported in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology begin to shed light on the differences in protein glycosylation that can occur in association with disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and the effect these changes have on collagen recognition by the immune system. Other recent studies have shown that immunodominant glycopeptide “remnant” epitopes as well as glycosylation changes on self‐proteins can generate autoimmunity. Finally, some types of carbohydrates are now known to be processed and presented to T cells by class II MHC. Taken together, these advances illustrate a clear importance for carbohydrate recognition in foreign and self antigens by the adaptive immune system. With the common presence of carbohydrate molecules on eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral surfaces, the impact of carbohydrates on adaptive immunity is now indisputable.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425637
Multiple‐tuned liquid column dampers for torsional vibration control of structures: experimental investigation
Authors: Shum K. M. , Xu Y. L.
Published: January 2005

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the performance of multiple‐tuned liquid column dampers (MTLCD) for reducing torsional vibration of structures in comparison with single‐tuned liquid column dampers (STLCD). A large structure model simulating its torsional vibration and several STLCDs and MTLCDs of different configurations are designed and constructed. A series of harmonically forced vibration tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of MTLCDs in reducing torsional vibration of the structure and to assess the performance effects of various design parameters, which include the number of TLCD units in a MTLCD, the bandwidth of a MTLCD, the frequency tuning ratio and the moment excitation amplitude. An averaging method is also used to identify the head loss coefficients of STLCDs and MTLCDs in conjunction with the free vibration test technique. The experimental results show that the performance of a MTLCD is better than a STLCD with the same water volume in reducing the torsional vibration of structure. The performance sensitivity to frequency tuning ratio can be improved by using MTLCDs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient forecasting in nearly non‐stationary processes
Authors: Sánchez Ismael
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a procedure to make efficient predictions in a nearly non‐stationary process. The method is based on the adaptation of the theory of optimal combination of forecasts to nearly non‐stationary processes. The proposed combination method is simple to apply and has a better performance than classical combination procedures. It also has better average performance than a differenced predictor, a fractional differenced predictor, or an optimal unit‐root pretest predictor. In the case of a process that has a zero mean, only the non‐differenced predictor is slightly better than the proposed combination method. In the general case of a non‐zero mean, the proposed combination method has a better overall performance than all its competitors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced short‐term obsessive–compulsive symptoms in schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a single‐blind prospective study
Authors: Veznedaroglu Baybars , Ercan Eyup Sabri , Kayahan Bulent , Varan Azmi , Bayraktar Erhan
Published: January 2005

Background

Risperidone is a widely used agent as first‐line treatment in schizophrenia with a favorable side‐effect profile. However, a number of case reports have suggested an increase in obsessive–compulsive symptoms in patients treated with risperidone.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of risperidone on obsessive–compulsive symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Method

Forty patients with DSM‐IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were included in the study. The Yale‐Brown obsessive compulsive scale was administered before, at the end of first and second months of treatment. Paired‐samples t‐test was used to compare the three assessments.

Results

There was not an increase, but a significant decrease, in YBOCS scores over time during risperidone treatment (p<0.05).

Conclusion

In the present study risperidone caused a significant decrease in obsessive–compulsive symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deoxyadenosine‐5′‐(35S)‐thiomonophosphate [dAMP(35S)] of high specific activity – a key intermediate for the synthesis of Sp‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐(alpha;‐35S)‐thiotriphosphate [Sp‐dATP (α‐35S)]
Authors: Mathew K. M. , Ravi S. , Sontakke C. V. , Chander H.
Published: January 2005

Unprotected deoxyadenosine 1 was treated with an excess of phosphorus acid and stoichiometric proportions of N, N′‐di‐p‐tolylcarbodiimide in anhydrous pyridine to give deoxyadenosine‐5′‐monophosphite 2. The latter was activated with trimethylsilyl chloride followed by sulphurisation with elemental 35S (specific activity>1000 Ci/mmol) in toluene solution to give deoxyadenosine‐5′‐(35S)‐thiomonophosphate [dAMP(35S)] 3. Enzymatic conversion of deoxyadenosine‐5′‐(35S)‐thiomonophosphate to Sp‐deoxyadenosine‐5′‐(α‐35S)‐thiotriphosphate [Sp‐dATP (α‐35S)] 5 was carried out following a standard reaction protocol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopically labelled tropane alkaloids. The synthesis of (RS)‐[3′, 3′‐2H2]‐ and (RS)‐[1′‐13C, 3′, 3′‐2H2]‐ hyoscyamines for metabolism studies in plants
Authors: Patterson Stephen , O'Hagan David
Published: January 2005

A synthetic route to isotopically labelled forms of the tropane alkaloid hyoscyamine, including (RS)‐[3′, 3′,‐2H2]‐ (2a) and (RS)‐[1′‐13C, 3′, 3′,‐2H2]‐ (2b) hyoscyamines, involving the reaction between phenylacetyl tropine and formaldehyde is described. The isotopically labelled products enable the metabolism of hyoscyamine to be studied in plants such as Datura stramonium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiosynthesis of [11C]paclitaxel
Authors: Ravert Hayden T. , Klecker Raymond W. , Collins Jerry M. , Mathews William B. , Pomper Martin G. , Wahl Richard L. , Dannals Robert F.
Published: January 2005

[11C]paclitaxel, a potential solid tumor imaging agent, was synthesized by reacting [α‐11C]benzoyl chloride with the primary amine precursor of paclitaxel. The time for synthesis, purification, and formulation was 38 min from end of bombardment with an average specific radioactivity of 49.9 GBq/μmol (1349 mCi/μmol) at end of synthesis. The average decay corrected radiochemical yield was 7% with greater than 99% radiochemical purity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Antarctic Peninsula tropospheric temperatures from 1956 to 1999: a synthesis of observations and reanalysis data
Authors: Marshall Gareth J. , Lagun Victor , Lachlan‐Cope Thomas A.
Published: January 2005

The surface warming at Faraday station in the western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the largest observed anywhere over the last 50 years, yet the physical mechanisms driving this climate change are poorly understood. In this paper we synthesize radiosonde temperature observations from three Peninsula stations and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data in order to examine contemporaneous regional tropospheric temperature trends (1956–99), which may in turn help us to understand better the causes of the surface warming. The reanalysis data are utilized in two ways: (i) to provide long‐term mean monthly offsets between Faraday, which ceased radiosonde observations in 1982, and two other stations in the region having more recent data, Bellingshausen and Marambio, in order to create post‐1982 simulated Faraday data; (ii) after having any spurious trends and bias removed, to provide directly a monthly value for Faraday when no equivalent value from regional observations is available. Using available months of overlap, a comparison between temperature observations and simulated data suggests that the latter are a reasonable facsimile of the former.

The synthesized time‐series of tropospheric temperatures reveal a statistically significant mean annual tropospheric (850–300 hPa) warming above Faraday between 1956 and 1999 of ∼0.027±0.022 °C year−1. Winter and summer both show a warming trend, with significance varying with height and season. Annually, the mean tropospheric warming is half that at the surface, Unlike the surface warming, the calculated tropospheric warming trend is no greater than observed at other Antarctic stations, and indeed is not significantly greater than the background global warming trend for most of the period examined. Thus, we cannot dismiss the possibility that the Peninsula surface warming may simply be a response to a global warming magnified by the observed strong regional feedback between sea‐ice extent and surface temperature during winter. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Raman spectroscopy of dimethyl sulphoxide and deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide at 298 and 77 K
Authors: Martens Wayde N. , Frost Ray L. , Kristof János , Theo Kloprogge J.
Published: January 2005

Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the molecular behaviour of DMSO and DMSO‐d6, and to compare it with that of DMSO in DMSO‐intercalated kaolinites. For DMSO at 298 K two bands are observed at 2994 and 2913 cm−1 and are assigned to the antisymmetric and symmetric CH stretching modes. At 77 K the degeneracy of these bands is lost. Bands are now observed as antisymmetric bands at 3001, 2995 and 2988 cm−1 and symmetric bands at 2923, 2909 and 2885 cm−1, respectively. For the DMSO‐intercalated low‐defect kaolinite, the 2913 cm−1 band resolves into five component bands at 2882, 2907, 2917, 2920 and 2937 cm−1. The CD antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes in the 298 K spectrum are found at 2250 and 2125 cm−1, respectively. Both bands show some asymmetry and further bands may be resolved at 2256 and 2244 cm−1 in the antisymmetric stretching region and at 2118 cm−1 in the symmetric stretching region. The spectra of the SO stretching region of DMSO and DMSO‐d6 are complex with a band profile centred at 1050 cm−1. Three bands are curve resolved at 1058, 1042 and 1026 cm−1 attributed to the unassociated monomer and the out‐of‐phase and the in‐phase vibrations of the dimer, respectively. Upon cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature, these three bands are observed at 1057, 1038 and 1019 cm−1. The spectra of the SO stretching region of DMSO‐d6 are more complex because of the overlap of the DCD deformation modes with the SO stretching modes. The antisymmetric and symmetric stretching CS modes of DMSO are observed at 698 and 667 cm−1, shifting at 77 K to 705 and 672 cm−1. It is concluded that the structure of DMSO in DMSO‐intercalated kaolinite is different from those of both liquid DMSO at 298 K and solid DMSO measured at 77 K. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Approximate, limiting and generalized trajectories of feedback differential systems
Authors: Mirică Ştefan
Published: January 2005

In view of possible applications in Optimal Control, Differential Games and other fields, we obtain certain invariant characterizations of the limiting Euler trajectories and of the limiting Krassovskii‐Subbotin trajectories of large classes of feedback differential systems defined as parameterized differential inclusions. We prove that these limiting trajectories are Carathéodory solutions of certain associated u.s.c.‐convexified differential inclusions which contain their generalized tangent and contingent directions. In particular, we give a counterexample to a conjecture of Krassovskii and Subbotin (1974) and provide a proof of its correct variant. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An adiabatic theorem for section determinants of spectral projections
Authors: Otte Peter
Published: January 2005

We derive an adiabatic‐type theorem that expresses the section determinants of spectral projections of a selfadjoint operator through the solution to an operator‐valued Wiener‐Hopf equation. The solution theory of this equation is developed and for a special case a concrete criterion that ensures uniqueness of the solution is presented. Furthermore, for a special class of operators a dichotomy criterion, which is used in the proof of the adiabatic theorem, is proved. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On a thermoelastic plate equation in an exterior domain
Authors: Enomoto Yuko
Published: January 2005

Obtained are the existence of solutions and the local energy decay of a linear thermoelastic plate equation in a 3 dim. exterior domain. The thermoplate equation is formulated as a Sobolev equation in the abstract framework. Our proof of the existence theorem is based on an argument due to Goldstein (Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications. Oxford University Press: New York, 1985). To obtain the local energy decay, we use the commutation method in order to treat the high‐frequency part and a precise expansion of the resolvent operator obtained by constructing the parametrix in order to treat the low‐frequency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalization of the weighted set covering problem
Authors: Yang Jian , Leung Joseph Y‐T.
Published: January 2005

We study a generalization of the weighted set covering problem where every element needs to be covered multiple times. When no set contains more than two elements, we can solve the problem in polynomial time by solving a corresponding weighted perfect b‐matching problem. In general, we may use a polynomial‐time greedy heuristic similar to the one for the classical weighted set covering problem studied by D.S. Johnson [Approximation algorithms for combinatorial problems, J Comput Syst Sci 9 (1974), 256–278], L. Lovasz [On the ratio of optimal integral and fractional covers, Discrete Math 13 (1975), 383–390], and V. Chvatal [A greedy heuristic for the set‐covering problem, Math Oper Res 4(3) (1979), 233–235] to get an approximate solution for the problem. We find a worst‐case bound for the heuristic similar to that for the classical problem. In addition, we introduce a general type of probability distribution for the population of the problem instances and prove that the greedy heuristic is asymptotically optimal for instances drawn from such a distribution. We also conduct computational studies to compare solutions resulting from running the heuristic and from running the commercial integer programming solver CPLEX on problem instances drawn from a more specific type of distribution. The results clearly exemplify benefits of using the greedy heuristic when problem instances are large. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
‘PCr overshoot’: a study of the duration in canine myocardium
Authors: Straeter‐Knowlen Ingrid M. , Butterworth Edward J. , Buchthal Steven D. , Hollander Jan A. den , Caulfield James B. , Jennings Robert B. , Evanochko William T.
Published: January 2005

The phosphocreatine (PCr) overshoot is a well‐documented phenomenon and is readily observable by 31P MRS. In addition, a second 31P MRS observation during ischemia with reperfusion is a diminution in ATP levels. Combining these two as the ‘PCr Overshoot’ the PCr/ATP ratio may provide an index of viability. However little information is available regarding the duration of this ‘overshoot’. For this approach to be useful clinically, the duration of this phenomenon must be ascertained. An open chest canine model of 12 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion (6 h) was used. A 2 cm surface coil was sutured to the myocardium and spectra were acquired at 4.7 T. Gated spectra were acquired in <2.5 min with an interpulse delay of 5 s. Integrals of the PCr and ATP (beta) resonances were analyzed using a line‐fitting routine. Overall, the PCr signal increased from 22.0 ± 0.8 to 25.5 ± 0.9 and ATP decreased from 11.7 ± 0.4 to 10.0 ± 0.4 (arbitrary units). The PCr remained elevated for the entire 6 h period and the percentage increase was 15.9%. The ATP remained depleted for the entire 6 h period and the percentage decrease was 17.0%. Thus, the clinically relevant and readily observable PCr/ATP is a product of both an increase in PCr and a decrease in ATP for a calculated net increase in PCr/ATP of 39.6%. The PCr/ATP ratio of the ischemia group for baseline, ischemia, 6 h reflow, were: 2.33 ± 0.18, 1.04 ± 0.29 and 3.22 ± 0.21. We demonstrate that the ‘PCr overshoot’ is readily observable and can be monitored noninvasively and nondestructively for 6 h. Therefore, the ‘PCr overshoot’ may be a viable marker of reversible injury in this model and may prove to be applicable for detecting myocardial viability in patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Friedel‐Crafts benzylation of benzene derivatives catalyzed by silica and alumina‐supported polytrifluoromethanesulfosiloxane
Authors: Zhou Da‐Qing , Wang Chao‐Ming , Yang Ji‐Huo , Huang Mei‐Yu , Jiang Ying‐Yan
Published: January 2005

Inorganic polymer, silica and alumina‐supported polytrifluoromethanesulfosiloxane solid superacids (abbreviated as SiO
2‐Si‐SCF
3 and Al
2O
3‐Si‐SCF
3), have been prepared. The acid strength of superacids are higher than that of 100% H
2SO
4. It was found that SiO
2‐Si‐SCF
3 and Al
2O
3‐Si‐SCF
3 could catalyze Friedel‐Crafts benzylation of benzene and substituted benzenes with benzyl chloride under relatively mild conditions. The yields could amount to 98 and 85%, respectively. The yield was influenced by catalyst concentration, reaction time and benzene/benzyl chloride molar ratios. The catalysts have considerable high stability and could be reused repeatedly without large changes in catalytic activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel polyorganosiloxane having a bigger sized tubular structure and its supramolecular clathrate
Authors: Liu Chunqing , Liu Zhihua , Xie Ping , Dai Daorong , Zhang Rongben , Zhu Chuanfeng , Wang Chen , He Chaobin , Chung Neal Tai‐Shung
Published: January 2005

A novel polyorganosiloxane having a bigger sized tubular structure, tubular polymer (TP) was synthesized successfully by hydrosilylation reaction of reactive cis‐isotactic ladder‐like polyallylsilsesquioxane (Allyl‐T) with coupling agent p‐bis(dimethylhydrogensilyl)oxydiphenylene (M) in the presence of dicyclopentadienylplatinum(II) chloride (Cp2PtCl2) catalyst. A novel supramolecular TP clathrate (TP/LC) was prepared by in situ encapsulating rod‐like liquid crystalline molecule within the pore of TP. The Allyl‐T was prepared by stepwise coupling polymerization. Various characterization methods including solubility test, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), vapour pressure osmometer (VPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and molecular simulation were used and the results not only proved the existence of nano‐scale tubular structures in the TP, but also demonstrated that a novel soluble supramolecular clathrate had been formed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FISH analysis of MALT lymphoma‐specific translocations and aneuploidy in primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: Schreuder MI , Hoefnagel JJ , Jansen PM , van Krieken JHJM , Willemze R , Hebeda KM
Published: January 2005

Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas (PCMZL) share histological and clinical characteristics with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas suggesting a common pathogenesis. A number of recurrent structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations have been described in MALT lymphoma, but their incidence in PCMZL is largely unknown, as is their relation with clinical and pathological data. In this study, the incidence of t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32), two different t(14;18)(q32;q21), involving either IGH/MALT1 or IGH/BCL2, and numerical aberrations of chromosomes 3, 7, 12 and 18 were analysed in 12 patients with PCMZL, with follow‐up of up to 10 years. Nuclei were isolated from paraffin wax sections for dual‐colour interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using various probe sets either flanking or spanning the involved genes. T(14;18)(q32;q21), with breakpoints in IGH and MALT1, was found in three cases. All three had partly monocytoid histological appearances and lacked blastic transformation. An additional trisomy of chromosome 3 was detected in one of these cases. Trisomy 18 was present in two lymphomas without monocytoid morphology. No definite correlation was seen with any clinical feature, including Borrelia serology. Neither t(11;18)(q21;q21), nor t(1;14)(p22;q32) or any other translocation involving IGH, BCL10, MALT1, BCL2 and API2, amplification or deletion of chromosomal region 11q21, 18q21, 1p22, and 14q32 was detected. These results indicate that a subgroup of PCMZL with partly monocytoid morphology is genetically related to MZL at other extranodal sites. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MALT lymphoma with t(14;18)(q32;q21)/IGH‐MALT1 is characterized by strong cytoplasmic MALT1 and BCL10 expression
Authors: Ye Hongtao , Gong Liping , Liu Hongxiang , Hamoudi Rifat A , Shirali Sima , Ho Liza , Chott Andreas , Streubel Berthold , Siebert Reiner , Gesk Stefan , Martin‐Subero Jose I , Radford John A , Banerjee Sankar , Nicholson Andrew G , Ranaldi Renzo , Remstein Ellen D , Gao Zifen , Zheng Jie , Isaacson Peter G , Dogan Ahmet , Du Ming‐Qing
Published: January 2005

Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is specifically associated with t(11;18)(q21;q21), t(1;14)(p22;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21). t(11;18)(q21;q21) fuses the N‐terminus of the API2 gene to the C‐terminus of the MALT1 gene and generates a functional API2‐MALT1 product. t(1;14)(p22;q32) and t(14;18)(q32;q21) bring the BCL10 and MALT1 genes respectively to the IGH locus and deregulate their expression. The oncogenic activity of the three chromosomal translocations is linked by the physiological role of BCL10 and MALT1 in antigen receptor‐mediated NFκB activation. In this study, MALT1 and BCL10 expression was examined in normal lymphoid tissues and 423 cases of MALT lymphoma from eight sites, and their expression was correlated with the above translocations, which were detected by molecular and molecular cytogenetic methods. In normal B‐cell follicles, both MALT1 and BCL10 were expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm, high in centroblasts, moderate in centrocytes and weak/negative in mantle zone B‐cells. In MALT lymphoma, MALT1 and BCL10 expression varied among cases with different chromosomal translocations. In 9/9 MALT lymphomas with t(14;18)(q32;q21), tumour cells showed strong homogeneous cytoplasmic expression of both MALT1 and BCL10. In 12/12 cases with evidence of t(1;14)(p22;q32) or variants, tumour cells expressed MALT1 weakly in the cytoplasm but BCL10 strongly in the nuclei. In all 67 MALT lymphomas with t(11;18)(q21;q21), tumour cells expressed weak cytoplasmic MALT1 and moderate nuclear BCL10. In MALT lymphomas without the above translocations, both MALT1 and BCL10, in general, were expressed weakly in the cytoplasm. Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR showed a good correlation between MALT1 and BCL10 mRNA expression and underlining genetic changes, with t(14;18)(q32;q21)‐ and t(1;14)(p22;q32)‐positive cases displaying the highest MALT1 and BCL10 mRNA expression respectively. These results show that MALT1 expression pattern is identical to that of BCL10 in normal lymphoid tissues but varies in MALT lymphomas, with high cytoplasmic expression of both MALT1 and BCL10 characterizing those with t(14;18)(q32;q21). Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in Marfan syndrome (MFS)
Authors: Loeys B. , Nuytinck L. , Van Acker P. , Walraedt S. , Bonduelle M. , Sermon K. , Hamel B. , Sanchez A. , Messiaen L. , De Paepe A.
Published: January 2005

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder with a prevalence of 2–3 per 10 000 individuals. Symptoms range from skeletal overgrowth, cutaneous striae to ectopia lentis and aortic dilatation leading to dissection. Prenatal diagnosis was until recently mainly performed in familial cases by linkage analysis. However, mutation detection has become available with thorough screening methods. The phenotypic variability observed in MFS makes reproductive options difficult, as molecular diagnosis cannot predict clinical severity of the disease. Data are presented on 15 prenatal and/or preimplantation genetic diagnoses (PGD) in nine families, originating from Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and France. In four families data from linkage analysis were used, whereas in five other families the causative FBN1 mutation was characterised. Four PGD cycles in two couples led to one ongoing pregnancy. In addition, two amniocenteses and nine chorionic villus (CV) samplings were performed. In five pregnancies an affected fetus was diagnosed. In one of them, the couple chose to continue the pregnancy and an affected child was born, whereas the other four couples decided to terminate the pregnancy. It is expected that the greater availability of mutation testing of the FBN1 gene will increase requests for prenatal diagnosis. PGD appears to be an acceptable alternative for couples facing ethical reproductive dilemmas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser‐fired rear contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Schneiderlöchner E. , Preu R. , Lüdemann R. , Glunz S. W.
Published: January 2005

From today's viewpoint future solar cells will be thinner, of higher efficiency and produced in greater numbers. A solar cell concept able to fit these developments could be the passivated emitter and rear cell. With a new laser‐based process (laser‐fired contacts), the rear point contact pattern of this concept can be implemented industrially. After the deposition of a dielectric passivation layer and a metal layer on top, a Nd‐YAG laser is used to alloy the contact points through the dielectric layer. Excellent efficiencies have been achieved which approach closely those of reference cells processed by photolithography. This demonstrates the high potential of the new laser‐based technique. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retraction: A proteomic approach for investigation of photosynthetic apparatus in plants
Authors: Ciambella Corrado , Roepstorff Peter , Aro Eva Mari , Zolla Lello
Published: January 2005

Retraction Statement

The following article from Proteomics, "A proteomic approach for investigation of photosynthetic apparatus in plants" by C. Ciambella, P. Roepstorff, E.M. Aro and L. Zolla, published online on 28 January 2005 in the Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmic.200401129/full), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor‐in‐Chief and Wiley‐VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed due to the similarity of Figure 4 in this article and an image from an article by B. Granvogl and L.A. Eichacker which was originally submitted to Proteomics on November 1st, 2002 and which was finally published online on 6 June 2006 in the Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pmic.200500924/full) as Figure 1 in Proteomics, "Mapping the proteome of thylakoid membranes by de novo sequencing of intermembrane peptide domains" by B. Granvogl, V. Reisinger and L.A. Eichacker.
Characterization of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation sites in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tremolada Lucia , Magni Fulvio , Valsecchi Cristina , Sarto Cecilia , Mocarelli Paolo , Perego Roberto , Cordani Nicoletta , Favini Paolo , Galli Kienle Marzia , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Hochstrasser Denis F. , Corthals Garry L.
Published: January 2005

The phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) occurs differently in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) compared to homologous normal kidney tissue. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis was used to separate and visualize HSP27, via immunostaining with anti‐HSP27 antibody, in tumor and normal renal samples, obtained after surgery resection from patients with RCC. The mean number of protein species was 21 in RCC and 15 in normal tissues. Selected spots were in‐gel digested with trypsin, extracted and analyzed by microcapillary liquid chromatography (LC) electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to confirm HSP27 protein identity and reveal phosphorylation sites. Loss of phosphopeptides due to extensive plumbing and/or metal components in automated LC‐systems was limited by manual loading of samples directly onto the LC system using a homemade pressure vessel. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis revealed that in three of the HSP27 protein species phosphorylation occurred at Serine 15 and in five at Serine 82 in a different pattern. The phosphorylation of Serine 15 and 82 was also investigated by immunohistochemistry on tissue sections. The data obtained using anti‐HSP27Serine82phos‐antibody are consistent with MS results, while the variance between results achieved by anti‐HSP27Serine15phos‐antibody and by MS is probably due to the low specificity of the antibody. Knowledge of the diversity and modulation of HSP27 phosphorylation protein species might represent useful markers involved in the differentiation of RCC.
Trialkoxysilane‐capped acrylic resin/titania organic–inorganic hybrid optical films prepared by the sol–gel process
Authors: Xiong Mingna , Zhou Shuxue , You Bo , Wu Limin
Published: January 2005

Homogeneous organic–inorganic hybrid materials with excellent thermal and optical performance were successfully prepared via the mixing of (3‐methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane‐capped acrylic resin with titania synthesized by sol–gel approaches. The effects of the titania content, amount of water, and pH in the sol–gel and the ratio of the solvents (butyl acetate and ethanol) on the structures and properties of the hybrid materials were studied. More titania, more water, and base catalysis in the sol–gel process and a higher ratio of butyl acetate to ethanol for the hybrids led to a larger size and a more compact structure of the titania phase. Increasing the titania content dramatically improved the glass‐transition temperature, UV‐shielding properties, and refractive index for the hybrid materials, and it did not reduce their optical transparency. In general, better thermal stability and optical properties were achieved for the hybrid materials prepared with less water, lower pH values (e.g., acidic or neutral conditions), and a lower ratio of butyl acetate to ethanol. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 637–649, 2005
Low temperature ultrasonic investigation of ZnSe crystals doped with Ni
Authors: Gudkov Vladimir , Lonchakov Alexander , Sokolov Victor , Zhevstovskikh Irina , Gruzdev Nikita
Published: January 2005

The peak of ultrasonic absorption observed at ≈13 K in ZnSe:Ni crystals with dopant concentration of 5.5 × 1019 cm–3 was interpreted as due to the Jahn–Teller effect. The dynamic contribution to the effective elastic modulus was accounted for and the temperature dependences of relaxation time, relaxed and unrelaxed modulus C44 were obtained. The procedure of accounting for the dynamic contribution resulted in a more accurate determination of the temperature of phase transition. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure, stability, and aromaticity of MSubPc (MB, Al, and Ga): Computational study
Authors: Yang Y. J. , Su Z. M.
Published: January 2005

A theoretical investigation on the structure, stability, and aromaticity of M‐subphthalocyanine (MSubPc; MB, Al, and Ga) was performed at the B3LYP/6‐31+G*//B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The comparison between MSubPc and the corresponding Mphthalocyanine (MPc) was considered. The geometry optimization of the MSubPc shows that in the AlSubPc and GaSubPc, the steric repulsions among the three azacoupled isoindole moieties increase, as to their macrocycles tend to be far from planarity. The binding energies of ClM … aza‐coupled isoindole corrected by the basis set superposition error (BSSE), and the nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) values at the ring center, which are a simple and effective local aromaticity probe, were calculated. The results show that AlSubPc is less stable than both BSubPc and AlPc for larger steric repulsion, smaller binding energy, and weaker aromaticity. In the same way, GaSubPc is less stable than both BSubPc and GaPc. In addition, the ring expansion reactivity occurring in BSubPc was confirmed by the global aromaticity mirrored by the electrophilicity index ω values. Therefore, the AlSubPc and GaSubPc remain unknown, while the corresponding compounds AlPc and GaPc are known experimentally. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Construction of accurate Kohn–Sham potentials for the lowest states of the helium atom: Accurate test of the ionization‐potential theorem
Authors: Lindgren I. , Salomonson S. , Möller F.
Published: January 2005

Accurate local Kohn–Sham potentials have been constructed for the ground 1s2 1S state and, in particular, for the lowest triplet 1s2s 3S state of the helium atom, using electron densities from many‐body calculations and the procedure of van Leeuwen and Baerends. The resulting Kohn–Sham orbitals reproduce the many‐body densities very accurately; furthermore, we have demonstrated that the negative of the energy eigenvalue of the outermost electron orbital agrees with the corresponding ionization energy with extreme accuracy. The procedure is also applied to the Hartree–Fock density of the 1s2s 3S state, and the Kohn–Sham eigenvalue of the 2s orbital is found to agree very well with the corresponding Hartree–Fock eigenvalue, which is the negative of the ionization energy in this model due to Koopmans' theorem. The results clearly demonstrate that there is no conflict between the locality of the Kohn–Sham potential and the exclusion principle, as claimed by Nesbet. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Alea jacta est ...: Dynamische Finanzanalyse (DFA) in der Versicherungswirtschaft
Authors: Klaas Volker , Romeike Frank
Published: January 2005

Während sich auf der einen Seite die Produktlandschaft gravierend verändert hat und die Substitutionskonkurrenz permanent zunimmt, sieht auf der anderen Seite auch die Risiko‐Landkarte für ein Versicherungsunternehmen heute aufgrund der kapitalmarktseitigen, demografischen, sozialen und politischen Veränderungen völlig anders aus als noch einige Jahrzehnte früher. Gleichzeitig sind in den vergangenen Jahren die Anforderungen der Kapitalmarktteilnehmer und Ratingagenturen an die Profitabilität der Unternehmen gestiegen. Kurzum: der Versicherungsmarkt ist gekennzeichnet durch einen verschärften Wettbewerb um Marktanteile bei sinkenden Gewinnmargen. Eine Lösung dieser Herausforderungen bedingt eine Analyse der herkömmlichen Entscheidungsprozesse in der Assekuranz.
Blick in die Sterne
Authors: Dörfler Reinhard , Exeler Steffen , Gleißner Werner , Palmer Ulrich , Schmid Werner
Published: January 2005

Die Zeiten, in denen Risiken allein mit “unternehmerischer Intuition” und “Bauchgefühl” gesteuert werden konnten, sind (leider?) lange vorbei. Effiziente Risikomanagement‐Informationssysteme (RMIS) entwickeln sich daher zu wesentlichen Erfolgsfaktoren. Welche Potenziale moderne RMIS bieten und wie sie das Risikomanagement unterstützen können, war Thema einer Expertenrunde, zu der die RISKNEWS Vertreter der führenden Lösungsanbieter geladen hatte.
Rundungsfehler
Authors: Erben Roland Franz
Published: January 2005

Der Pentium war das Flagschiff der Prozessorschmiede Intel. Mit seinen 3,1 Millionen Transistoren rechnete er bei gleicher Taktfrequenz etwa doppelt so schnell wie das Vorgängermodell, der 486er. Die Markteinführung im Herbst 1993 wurde von einer gigantischen Werbekampagne begleitet, bei der allein 230 Millionen US‐Dollar in Fernsehspots und Anzeigen flossen. Ein gutes Jahr später war Intel gezwungen, etwa doppelt so viel zu investieren, um das Produkt wieder vom Markt zu nehmen – der Prozessor produzierte Rundungsfehler.
Using simulation to assess the sensitivity and specificity of a signal detection tool for multidimensional public health surveillance data
Authors: Rolka Henry , Bracy Dwayne , Russell Channing , Fram David , Ball Robert
Published: January 2005

The objective of the work described in this paper is to develop a means for characterizing the validity of an empirical methodology for detecting signals potentially related to complicated adverse event (AE) coding terms in multidimensional public health surveillance data. The signal detection tool under evaluation is the multi‐item gamma Poisson shrinkage (MGPS) estimation program. We were interested in its potential application to passive surveillance system monitoring, to screen for ‘signals’ of complicated adverse event coding terms (AE terms) in complex and noisy data. The research was to design and produce a flexible and user‐friendly utility for probabilistically defining complicated signals in a database, iterating large numbers of applications of the MGPS detection algorithm and establishing proportions of correct detection events. We sought to establish the specificity of the MGPS by developing a random background using a gradient that ranged from rigorous (but not very relevant) to relevant (but noisy).

To establish the sensitivity, signals were defined based on recognized public health issues of interest (such as the introduction of a new vaccine into the population). Methods of representing a signal included a simple pair‐wise association consisting of a new vaccine and one AE term, as well as a more realistic complex of multiple AE terms comprising a ‘syndrome’. A web application has been developed to create and insert signals with user‐defined probabilities in multiple iterations of simulated random background data. Three forms of simulated data based on the vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) cumulative spontaneous database were defined to serve as background noise against which to contrast introduced vaccine adverse event signals: (1) completely random associations between vaccines and AE terms, (2) random associations of vaccine sets and AE term sets preserving naturally observed vaccine co‐occurrences and AE term co‐occurrences and (3) samples from the actual VAERS data as reported. Rates of detection by the MGPS algorithm can be established for specific signal patterns at varying probabilistic intensities in a choice of random background data forms. Knowing these rates is important for determining the degree of response to an MGPS signal detection event in ‘live’ data. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software for tabular data protection
Authors: Gonzalez Joe Fred , Cox Lawrence H.
Published: January 2005

In order for national statistical offices to maintain the trust of the public to collect data and publish statistics of importance to society and decision‐making, it is imperative that respondents (persons or establishments) be guaranteed privacy and confidentiality in return for providing requested confidential data. Consequently, for most survey and census data, disclosure limitation techniques must be applied before the data are ready for public release. For microdata, examples of methods that can be used to identify respondents include directly extracting identifying information from microdata files or indirectly identifying respondents by matching a given file with an external file. For tabular data, respondents may be identified directly from small cell counts or respondent contributions to heavily concentrated cells of magnitude data may be closely approximated by the cell value. Indirect disclosure is possible in tables through manipulation of additive tabular relationships between cell values and totals, e.g. manipulating rows and column totals in a two‐dimensional table. Two‐dimensional statistical tables are a staple of official statistics. This paper describes a desktop software system that for the first time implements within a single framework four standard disclosure limitation techniques for protecting tabular data in two‐dimensional tables: complementary cell suppression, minimum‐distance controlled rounding, unbiased controlled rounding, and controlled rounding subject to subtotals constraints, and a fifth, new method: controlled tabular adjustment, and summarizes the five methods. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Nanodevices
Authors: Simmel Friedrich C. , Dittmer Wendy U.
Published: January 2005

The molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules combined with the distinct mechanical properties of single and double strands of DNA can be utilized for the construction of nanodevices, which can perform ever more tasks with possible applications ranging from nanoconstruction to intelligent drug delivery. With the help of DNA it is possible to construct machinelike devices that are capable of rotational motion, pulling and stretching, or even unidirectional motion. It is possible to devise autonomous nanodevices, to grab and release molecules, and also to perform simple information‐processing tasks.
Syndrome: a light‐weight approach to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless networks
Authors: Chen Wei‐Peng , Hsiao Yung‐Ching , Hou Jennifer C. , Ge Ye , Fitz Michael P.
Published: January 2005

It is well known that the performance of TCP deteriorates in a mobile wireless environment. This is due to the fact that although the majority of packet losses are results of transmission errors over the wireless links, TCP senders still take packet loss as an indication of congestion, and adjust their congestion windows according to the additive increase and multiplicative decrease (AIMD) algorithm. As a result, the throughput attained by TCP connections in the wireless environment is much less than it should be. The key problem that leads to the performance degradation is that TCP senders are unable to distinguish whether packet loss is a result of congestion in the wireline network or transmission errors on the wireless links.

In this paper, we propose a light‐weight approach, called syndrome, to improving TCP performance in mobile wireless environments. In syndrome, the BS simply counts, for each TCP connection, the number of packets that it relays to the destination host so far, and attaches this number in the TCP header. Based on the combination of the TCP sequence number and the BS‐attached number and a solid theoretical base, the destination host will be able to tell where (on the wireline or wireless networks) packet loss (if any) occurs, and notify TCP senders (via explicit loss notification, ELN) to take appropriate actions. If packet loss is a result of transmission errors on the wireless link, the sender does not have to reduce its congestion window.

Syndrome is grounded on a rigorous, analytic foundation, does not require the base station to buffer packets or keep an enormous amount of states, and can be easily incorporated into the current protocol stack as a software patch. Through simulation studies in ns‐2 (UCB, LBNL, VINT network simulator, http://www‐mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/), we also show that syndrome significantly improves the TCP performance in wireless environments and the performance gain is comparable to the heavy‐weight SNOOP approach (either with local retransmission or with ELN) that requires the base station to buffer, in the worst case, a window worth of packets or states. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delayed duplicate acknowledgements: a TCP‐Unaware approach to improve performance of TCP over wireless
Authors: Vaidya Nitin H. , Mehta Milten N. , Perkins Charles E. , Montenegro Gabriel
Published: January 2005

Since a TCP sender cannot distinguish between packet losses arising from transmission errors from those due to congestion, TCP tends to perform poorly on wireless links that are prone to transmission errors. Several techniques have previously been proposed to improve TCP performance over wireless links. Existing schemes typically require an intermediate node (typically, a base station) to be TCP‐aware. For instance, the Snoop scheme requires the base station to interpret TCP headers and take appropriate action to help improve TCP performance. This paper proposes an alternativeTCP‐unawaretechnique that attempts to mimic the behavior of the Snoop protocol. Performance evaluation shows that the proposed Delayed Dupacks scheme performs quite well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.