bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value Based Healthcare. A Strategy for the Cost and Clinically Effective Healthcare System Operation
Authors:   SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland, Nojszewska Ewelina , Kobyliński Michał ,   SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Poland
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The submitted article focuses on how to solve the problems faced by the European healthcare systems. Design/Methodology: The article consists of two sections. The first one is theoretical and presents interdisciplinary achievements of researchers. The second section includes examples of solutions applied in Sweden, Germany and Great Britain. In the theoretical part, books and articles on the methodology of VBHC creation were reviewed. The empirical part is based on reports on the introduction of VBHC. Findings: The desire to improve cost and clinical effectiveness indicates the need for a value-based healthcare (VBHC). Thus, the concept of VBHC should contribute, according to experts, economists as well as finance and management specialists, to the economic efficiency and clinical effectiveness. Research limitations/implications: Unfortunately, this is a lengthy process to be preceded by many activities. Healthcare registers and databases belong to the most important ones. Thanks to them, it is possible to create the key performance indicators (KPI) allowing for a rational health policy. Original value: To the achievements contained in the publications, the submitted article adds the need to take into account appropriately selected KPIs analyzing the macroeconomic environment for the functioning of hospitals.
Healthcare Financing Sources in Central Europe
Authors:   SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Mikucki Maciej , Piotrowska Emilia ,   SGH Warsaw School of Economics
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The objective of the paper is to review historical developments and the current setup of healthcare financing models in Central Europe. Methodology: A systematic narrative approach has been taken with the research emphasis on a critical literature review and analyses of healthcare spending statistical data. Findings: A comparison between different models currently in place seems to suggest the existence of patterns leading to improved quality of the healthcare service proposition that is critically impacted by a financing model. Implications: The findings have practical implications since different results have been achieved in countries choosing different models but starting from practically the same point. That realisation should serve as a foundation for further work on this subject, potentially leading to adjustments to financing models chosen by some countries. Value: The paper offers a comparative analysis of the healthcare system financing evolution in four Central European Countries and an overview of their current state.
The Financial Situation of the Hospital After the Introduction of the Law on the Hospital Network
Authors:   Wojewódzkie Wielospecjalistyczne Centrum Onkologii i Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Łodzi, Poland, Sierocka Aleksandra , Kostrzewa Dariusz ,   Copernicus Podmiot Leczniczy, Poland, Leśniak Tomasz ,   Kancelaria Lesta, Poland, Marczak Michał ,   Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Changes in the health care system introduced in the fourth quarter of 2017 with the entry into force of the so-called “Hospital networks” constituted a huge challenge for managers of medical entities. The assumption of this work is to present, based on the example of the provincial hospital in Łódź, how the changes in legal regulations introduced over the last few years have influenced the financial condition of the institution and its organization. Design/methodology/approach: The financial results of the audited entity were analysed from 2014 to 2019. The most important legal changes (mainly the implementation of the hospital network) as well as their impact on the income from the National Health Fund (NFZ) are presented. The probable (expected) financial result for 2019 is estimated. Findings: From 2014 to 2016, there was a systematic increase in revenues from the NFZ and a positive financial result (about 10 million a year). From 2017, along with the Act on basic hospital security, there was a reduction in profits. Medical staff strikes (payroll claims) in the second half of 2018 additionally contributed to the reduction of revenues from the NFZ. As a consequence, it was necessary to implement, from 2019, a series of corrective actions aimed at reducing costs and increasing savings (employment reduction, organizational changes). Research limitations/implications: Implementation of cost-reducing measures.
Economic Burden of Rare Diseases With Common Diseases as a Comorbidity in Poland
Authors:   Kozminski University, Poland, Leśniowska Joanna
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Some of the common diseases are the comorbidities of rare diseases and they impose a considerable economic burden on the national health care system and economy. We examined the economic burden of a rare disease (tuberous sclerosis complex – TSC) in Poland and its comorbidities (common diseases – epilepsy and status epilepticus) while taking into account a sensitivity analysis. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is a prevalence-based top-down cost of illness study that analyzes the direct and indirect cost of TSC and its complications. The research was based on the data obtained from the National Health Fund (hereinafter referred to as “NFZ”, which is the abbreviation of the source language name of the institution), Social Insurance Institution (hereinafter referred to as “ZUS”, which is the abbreviation of the source language name of the institution), and Poland’s Central Statistical Office (hereinafter referred to as “GUS”, which is the abbreviation of the source language name of the institution) by using the human capital method. Findings: The total cost of TSC and its complications in Poland, when taking the sensitivity analysis into account, amounts to EUR 2.2 million – EUR 3.4 million, which has a prevalence of indirect costs (61%–83% of the total costs). The conducted analysis indicates that the higher costs of common diseases result from insufficient financing for research of rare diseases which in many cases have common diseases as a comorbidity. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of the research analysis result from the lack of registration of patients suffering from rare diseases in Poland and from the requirements for the billing codes in the documentation of NFZ and Polish health care providers. Therefore, the study includes a sensitivity analysis. Originality/value: This is the first attempt to evaluate the total economic burden of TSC in Poland. The study indicates that the indirect costs of diseases are often overlooked in health care planning in Poland.
Determination of Calibration Factors and Uncertainties Associated with the Irradiation of MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) Chips with Cesium-137 and X-ray Sources Under Low Doses for Personal Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology
Authors: Omojola Akintayo Daniel , Akpochafor Michael Onoriode , Adeneye Samuel Olaolu , Aweda Moses Adebayo
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare calibration factors for deep dose equivalent Hp (10) and shallow dose equivalent Hp (0.07) between Cesium (Cs)-137 and X-ray sources when they are exposed to same dose and to determine uncertainties with MTS-N (LiF: Mg, Ti) chips when they are exposed to low dose ≤ 2mGy.

Material and Methods: Thermoluminescent (TL) chips were annealed at 400oC for one hour and allowed to cool and were subjected to a temperature of 100oC for another two hours using a TLD Furnace Type LAB-01/400. They were then taken to a Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) for irradiation using a Cs-137 source at known doses (0.2-2mGy). A RadPro Cube 400 manual TLD Reader was used to determine corresponding TL signal. The above process was replicated but with a calibrated X-ray unit as the source for calibration.

Results: The calibration factors (CF) from the line graph of dose (mGy) against TL signal (count) for Cs-137 source with Hp (10) and Hp (0.07) were 3.72 x 10-6 and 5.97x10-6 mGy/count respectively. Those with X-ray source for Hp (10) and Hp (0.07) were 3.44x10-6 and 4.05x10-6 mGy/count respectively with an overall coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.99. The adjusted maximum percentage deviation between the actual and calculated dose for both sources was -2.74%. The percent (%) deviation of the mean with both sources for Hp (10) and Hp (0.07) was 3.9% and 19% respectively.

Conclusion: Adjusted percent deviation from both sources were within the recommended dose limit of ±30% by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII) and within the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) limit respectively. Better accuracy was seen for Hp (10) with both sources compared to Hp (0.07). Calibration of the MTS-N chips using both sources was successful and can be used for personal dosimetry.
Global gradients in intertidal species richness and functional groups
Authors: Thyrring Jakob , Peck Lloyd S
Published: March 2021

Whether global latitudinal diversity gradients exist in rocky intertidal α-diversity and across functional groups remains unknown. Using literature data from 433 intertidal sites, we investigated α-diversity patterns across 155° of latitude, and whether local-scale or global-scale structuring processes control α-diversity. We, furthermore, investigated how the relative composition of functional groups changes with latitude. α-Diversity differed among hemispheres with a mid-latitudinal peak in the north, and a non-significant unimodal pattern in the south, but there was no support for a tropical-to-polar decrease in α-diversity. Although global-scale drivers had no discernible effect, the local-scale drivers significantly affected α-diversity, and our results reveal that latitudinal diversity gradients are outweighed by local processes. In contrast to α-diversity patterns, species richness of three functional groups (predators, grazers, and suspension feeders) declined with latitude, coinciding with an inverse gradient in algae. Polar and tropical intertidal data were sparse, and more sampling is required to improve knowledge of marine biodiversity.
Mating system ofDatura inoxia: association between selfing rates and herkogamy within populations
Authors: Jiménez-Lobato Vania , Núñez-Farfán Juan
Published: March 2021

Plant mating system determines, to a great extent, the demographic and genetic properties of populations, hence their potential for adaptive evolution. Variation in plant mating system has been documented between phylogenetically related species as well between populations of a species. A common evolutionary transition, from outcrossing to selfing, is likely to occur under environmental spatial variation in the service of pollinators. Here, we studied two phenotypically (in floral traits) and genetically (in neutral molecular markers) differentiated populations of the annual, insect-pollinated, plantDatura inoxiain Mexico, that differ in the service of pollinators (Mapimí and Cañada Moreno). First, we determined the populations’ parameters of phenotypic in herkogamy, outcrossing and selfing rates with microsatellite loci, and assessed between generation (adults and seedlings) inbreeding, and inbreeding depression. Second, we compared the relationships between parameters in each population. Results point strong differences between populations: plants in Mapimí have, on average, approach herkogamy, higher outcrossing rate (tm= 0.68), lower primary selfing rate (r= 0.35), and lower inbreeding at equilibrium (Fe= 0.24) and higher inbreeding depression (δ = 0.25), than the populations of Cañada. Outcrossing seems to be favored in Mapimí while selfing in Cañada. The relationship betweenrandFewere negatively associated with herkogamy in Mapimí; here, progenies derived from plants with no herkogamy or reverse herkogamy had higher selfing rate and inbreeding coefficient than plants with approach herkogamy. The differenceFe–Fis positively related to primary selfing rate (r) only in Cañada Moreno which suggests inbreeding depression in selfing individuals and then genetic purging. In conclusion, mating system evolution may occur differentially among maternal lineages within populations ofDatura inoxia, in which approach herkogamy favors higher outcrossing rates and low levels of inbreeding and inbreeding depression, while no herkogamy or reverse herkogamy lead to the evolution of the “selfing syndrome” following the purge of deleterious alleles despite high inbreeding among individuals.
DNA metabarcoding of zooplankton communities: species diversity and seasonal variation revealed by 18S rRNA and COI
Authors: Zhao Lina , Zhang Xue , Xu Mengyue , Mao Ying , Huang Yuan
Published: March 2021

Background

Zooplankton is an important component of aquatic organisms and has important biological and economical significance in freshwater ecosystems. However, traditional methods that rely on morphology to classify zooplankton require expert taxonomic skills. Moreover, traditional classification methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, which is not practical for the design of conservation measures and ecological management tools based on zooplankton diversity assessment.

Methods

We used DNA metabarcoding technology with two different markers: the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COI), to analyze 72 zooplankton samples collected in 4 seasons and 9 locations from the Sanmenxia Reservoir. We investigated seasonal changes in the zooplankton community and their relationship with water environmental factors.

Results

A total of 190 species of zooplankton were found, belonging to 12 phyla, 24 classes, 61 orders, 111 families, and 174 genera. Protozoa, especially ciliates, were the most diverse taxa. Richness and relative abundance of zooplankton showed significant seasonal changes. Both alpha and beta diversity showed seasonal trends: the diversity in summer and autumn was higher than that in winter and spring. The zooplankton diversity was most similar in winter and spring. By correlating metabarcoding data and water environmental factors, we proved that water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen were the main environmental factors driving the seasonal changes in zooplankton in the Sanmenxia Reservoir. Water temperature, followed by total nitrogen, were the most influential factors. This study highlights the advantages and some limitations of zooplankton molecular biodiversity assessment using two molecular markers.
Influences of Light Regimes on Reproduction, Germination, Pigmentation, Pathogenesis and Overall development of a Variety of Filamentous Fungi – A Review
Authors: Nmom Felicia W. , Amadi Lawrence O. , Ngerebara Nathaniel N.
Published: March 2021

Light influences important physiological and morphological responses in fungi, hence they can sense near UV, blue, green, red and far-red lights using up to eleven (11) photoreceptors and signaling cascades to control a larger proportion of the genomes and adapt to environmental factors. Though light is an environmental signal regulating myriad of biological processes, fungi do not utilize it as a source of energy for synthesis of food but for information and other developmental processes. Two genes WC-1 and WC-2 have been identified to function as photoreceptor for blue light proteins or orthologs and transcription factor for other light induced phenomenon. Additionally, conserved WCC photoreceptor orthologs (FaWC1 and FaWC2) may also perform divergent roles in some fungal species such as light signals to regulate UV resistance, secondary metabolism and sexual reproduction as well as for virulent expression. Response to white light irradiation has also elicited different morphological and physiological changes in various species of fungi such as asexual reproduction and induction or inhibition of several developmental processes. Mushrooms also requires light for developmental processes such as the asexual stage for completion of its life cycle whereas it is unnecessary at the vegetative stage. This review provides some recent crucial impact of light irradiation on the developmental processes of fungi such as sporogenesis, germination/conidiation, reproductive development, pathogenesis, mycotoxin and mushroom development even though they are generally known to be achlorophyllous and non-photosynthetic. Thus, identifying conditions of light regime that will favour fungal development with reduced mycotoxin production will be beneficial to animals and human health. Additionally, developing new techniques to control fungal species may lead to the development of faster and more effective food-processing methods.
Evaluation of a Method of Separating Agarwood Absolute from Aquilaria crassna Pulp by Soxhlet and Soaking for Fixative Substance in Blending Fragrance
Authors: Hai Le Huy , Truc Le Mai Xuan , Trung Nguyen Quoc
Published: March 2021

Agarwood resin is a precious material that has been widely used in industry and life. The aim of this study is the evaluation of a method of separating Aquilaria crassna wood pulp with ethanol by Soxhlet and solvent immersion method for fixative substance in blending fragrance. Agarwood pulp of Aquilaria crassna tree is grown in Binh Thuan province, Vietnam. Our research team has extracted the Agarwood absolute F.1 and F.2 from Aquilaria crassna by Soxhlet extraction and soaking method. The fragrance is diluted 10 times by odorless solvent diethyl phthalate (DEP), then use paper and olfactory of the nose to evaluate the aroma. The yield of absolute Agarwood extracted by the method of Soxhlet is 5.56% weight. The yield of Agarwood absolute extracted by the method of soaking is 4.58% weight. Agarwood absolute F.1 is a fixative substance, which is capable of storing fragrance better than Agarwood absolute F.2. The scent of fragrance Fr.F.2 using Agarwood absolute F.2 is more like a natural scent than fragrance Fr.F.1 with fixative F.1. Separating Agarwood absolute F.1 from Aquilaria crassna pulp by Soxhlet provided yield and fixative capabilities higher than separating Agarwood absolute F.2 from Aquilaria crassna pulp by soaking. The scent of fragrance Fr.F.2 using Agarwood absolute F.2 is more like a natural scent than fragrance Fr.F.1 with Agarwood absolute F.1.
Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum. L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea) Intercropping System as Influenced by Different Row Ratios and Liquid Manures
Authors: Tiwari Dhananjay , Singh Vikram , Kumar Makani Sarath Chandra
Published: March 2021

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). The present  experiment comprising with five intercropping systems viz. sole chickpea, sole mustard, chickpea + mustard (1:1), chickpea + mustard (2:1), chickpea + mustard (3:1) row ratios in replacement series and four liquid manures viz. control (no spray), panchagavya  3%, cow urine  10% and vermiwash  10%. Results revealed that among the row arrangements maximum plant height and dry weight of both crop (Chickpea and mustard) were recorded under chickpea + mustard 3:1 row ratio. However sole stand of both crop produced maximum yield attributes and yield. Whereas among the liquid manures foliar application of panchagavya 3% found to be superior over rest of the liquid manures.
Antibacterial Activity of Soap Formulated from Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Extract
Authors: Bernaldez John Lloyd , Vicencio Manuela Cecille G.
Published: March 2021

Allium sativum, commonly known as ‘garlic’ has long been used as an antibacterial agent that can actually inhibits growth of infectious agents and at the same time protect the body from the pathogens. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of soap from garlic extract using the paper-disc method and Kirby-Bauer antibacterial sensitivity test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and to determine the physical properties of garlic soap and the presence of saponin through phytochemical screening. Garlic soap showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Mean zone of inhibition was numerically higher in plate extract obtained using garlic soap (14.70mm-18mm), compared to commercial soap. Result of phytochemical screening showed the extract from garlic contains saponin, which is an important ingredient for making soap. Physical properties showed unpleasant odor, dirty white color, smooth texture and pH range of 6.5-7.5. Further studies to determine the potential of garlic soap in the other strains of bacteria.
Preliminary Study on the Effect of Methanolic Extract of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Rind on Prednisolone Suppressed Immunity in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Wike Nyejirime Young , Kelechi Mobisson Samuel , Onyeso Godspower , Amadi Okekem , Krukru Elizabeth Eepho
Published: March 2021

Citrullus lanatus thumb (Cucurbitaceae) commonly called watermelon is widely consumed in this part of the world as food and medicine. This study was carried out to examine the effect of methanolic extract of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind on prednisolone suppressed immunity in male wistar rats. A total of 20 male wistar rats weighing 150-294g were used in 4 groups with five rats each. Group 1, the control group was given distilled water and feed, Group 2 was given 200 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extract of watermelon rind, Group 3 rats were given 2.5 mg/kg body weight of prednisolone and Group 4 rats were given 2.5 mg/kg body weight of prednisolone and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanolic extract of watermelon rind. Prednisolone and the methanolic extract of watermelon rind were administered orally for a period of 30 days. Blood samples were collected by cardio puncture from the rats for white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, and granulocyte and monocyte counts at the end of the experiment.  The data were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). Data were considered significant at p<0.05. The results obtained showed that methanolic extract of watermelon rind caused a significant increasen in immune function of rats when compared with the control and immune suppressed rats.
Identification of Clostridium septicum in Clinical Cases Suspected to Braxy and Malignant Edema by Traditional and Molecular Method and Evaluation of Toxigenic Isolates for Vaccine Production
Authors: Khiav Lida Abdolmohammadi , Paradise Alireza
Published: March 2021

Clostridium septicum is the causative agent of the acute fetal disease braxy and gas gangrene with major economic losses in the dairy industry. Accurate and rapid detection is great importance in this regard. Vaccination is an effective process for protection against C. septicum infection. It is necessary to identify and evaluate toxigenic Iranian isolates to produce a vaccine. This study aimed to detect Iranian isolates and evaluate toxigenic isolates as candidates for vaccine production. To this end, a total of 17 samples of animals, clinically suspected to braxy and malignant edema, were obtained. All samples were then cultured on media and microbiological and biochemical tests were performed on the colonies. The test results were confirmed by PCR amplification of the alpha-toxin gene. The toxigenic isolates were then evaluated using MLD. The experimental vaccine was produced and evaluated according to the British Pharmacopoeia Standard. According to the results, out of 17 samples, 15 samples were considered C. septicum. All samples were confirmed by PCR amplification. The most toxigenic isolate was used for experimental vaccine production. The result was successful. The Iranian isolate could be, therefore, used for vaccine production although further studies should be conducted in this regard.
MPLA Case 1: Implementing Cone‐Beam CT in a Community Hospital
Authors: Wang Dongxu , Meis Gabbie , Ellet William , Kim Leonard , Stambaugh Cassandra , Gronberg Mary , Johnson Jennifer
Published: March 2021

This fictional case describes a managerial situation of implementing cone‐beam computed tomography faced by a solo medical physicist in a rural community hospital. The intended use of the case study, in either a facilitated learning session or self‐study, is to inspire the readers to discuss the situation, analyze the institutional and personal factors, apply relevant leadership skills, and propose action plans. This case study falls under the scope of, and is supported by, the Medical Physics Leadership Academy (MPLA). A sample facilitator’s guide or self‐study guide is included in the manuscript for reference by users of this case study.
MPLA Case 2: A junior physicist attempts to improve radiotherapy workflow
Authors: Wang Dongxu , Meis Gabbie , Gronberg Mary , Stambaugh Cassandra , Kim Leonard
Published: March 2021

This fictional case describes the challenging situation for a junior physicist, who joined her hometown's cancer center as a solo physicist after graduating from residency. She is concerned about providing optimal patient care as well as improving her work/life balance. She wonders how to move forward. The intended use of the case study, in either a facilitated learning session or self‐study, is to inspire the readers to discuss the situation, analyze the institutional and personal factors, apply relevant leadership skills, and propose action plans. This case study falls under the scope of, and is supported by, the Medical Physics Leadership Academy (MPLA). A sample facilitator's guide or self‐study guide is available upon request to the MPLA Cases Subcommittee.
High Performance β‐Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Transistors with Large Work Function TMD Gate of NbS2 and TaS2
Authors: Kim Ki‐Tae , Jin Hye‐Jin , Choi Wonjun , Jeong Yeonsu , Shin Hyung Gon , Lee Yangjin , Kim Kwanpyo , Im Seongil
Published: March 2021

Gallium trioxide, β‐Ga2O3, has been recently studied due to its promising semiconducting properties as active material in transistors or Schottky diodes. Transistors with β‐Ga2O3 channels are mostly metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFET), and they show very negative threshold voltages (Vth) in general. Metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) with top gate are also reported with less negative Vth. Still, β‐Ga2O3 MESFETs are only a few. Here, bottom gate architecture β‐Ga2O3 MESFETs using transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) NbS2 and TaS2 are reported. Due to the large work functions of those metallic TMDs, the MESFETs display minimum subthreshold swing of 61 mV dec−1, small Vth of −1.2 V, minimum OFF ID of ≈100 fA, and maximum ON/OFF current ratio of ≈108. Both β‐Ga2O3 Schottky diodes with TaS2 and NbS2 display good junction stability even after 300 °C measurements in 10 mTorr vacuum. When the β‐Ga2O3 MESFET with TaS2 gate is integrated as a switching FET into an organic light emitting diode (OLED) circuit, it demonstrates long‐term leakage endurance performance, maintaining an OLED brightness higher than 58% of the initial intensity after 100 s passes since the ON‐switching point, which is even superior to the performance of conventional a‐IGZO MOSFET switch.
Controlling Vanadate Nanofiber Interlayer via Intercalation with Conducting Polymers: Cathode Material Design for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Jichang , Lee Se Hun , Park Changyong , Kim Hyung‐Seok , Park Jae‐Ho , Chung Kyung Yoon , Ahn Heejoon
Published: March 2021

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising energy storage devices due to the high ionic conductivity of the aqueous electrolyte as well as the safety, eco‐friendliness, and low cost. Vanadium oxide‐based materials are attractive cathode materials for aqueous ZIBs because of their high capacity from their layered structure and multiple valences. However, it is difficult to achieve high cycle stability and rate capability due to the low electrical conductivity and trapping of diffused electrolyte cations within the crystal structure, limiting the commercialization of aqueous ZIBs. In this study, the authors propose a facile sonochemical method for controlling the interlayer of the vanadate nanofiber crystal structure using poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to overcome the shortcomings of vanadium oxide‐based materials. In addition, the electrochemical correlation between the interplanar distance of the expanded vanadate layers by the insertion of PEDOT and the behavior of Zn2+ ions is investigated. As a result, the intercalation of the conducting polymer increases the electron pathway and extends the distance of the vanadate layers, which helps to increase the number of active sites inside the vanadate and accelerate the zinc ion intercalation/de‐intercalation process. Their findings may guide research on the next generation of ZIBs that can replace lithium ion batteries.
Fermi Velocity Reduction of Dirac Fermions around the Brillouin Zone Center in In2Se3–Bilayer Graphene Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Hao Zhanyang , Yu Yayun , Wang Yuan , Kumar Shiv , Xie Xiangnan , Tong Mingyu , Deng Ke , Hao Yu‐Jie , Ma Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Ke , Liu Cai , Ma Mingxiang , Mei Jiawei , Wang Guang , Schwier Eike F. , Shimada Kenya , Xu Fufang , Liu Chang , Huang Wen , Wang Jianfeng , Jiang Tian , Chen Chaoyu
Published: March 2021

Emergent phenomena such as unconventional superconductivity, Mott‐like insulators, and the peculiar quantum Hall effect in graphene‐based heterostructures are proposed to stem from the superlattice‐induced renormalization of (moiré) Dirac fermions at the graphene Brillouin zone corners. Understanding the corresponding band structure commonly demands photoemission spectroscopy with both sub‐meV resolution and large‐momentum coverage, beyond the capability of the current state‐of‐the‐art. Here the realization of moiré Dirac cones around the Brillouin zone center in monolayer In2Se3/bilayer graphene heterostructure is reported. The renormalization is evidenced by reduced Fermi velocity (≈23%) of the moiré Dirac cones and the reshaped Dirac point at the Γ point where they intersect. While there have been many theoretical predictions and much indirect experimental evidence, the findings here are the first direct observation of Fermi velocity reduction of the moiré Dirac cones. These features suggest strong In2Se3/graphene interlayer coupling, which is comparable with that in twisted bilayer graphene. The strategy expands the choice of materials in the heterostructure design and stimulates subsequent broad investigations of emergent physics at the sub‐meV energy scale.
Self‐Assembled Plasmonic Coaxial Nanocavities for High‐Definition Broad‐Angle Coloring in Reflection and Transmission
Authors: Ni Haibin , Krasavin Alexey V. , Zhang Lu , Ping An , Pan Chao , Cheng Jianxin , Wang Ming , Chang Jianhua , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: March 2021

Resonant spectral scattering from metallic nanostructures is an attractive alternative approach to produce colors instead of using chemical pigments. Here, a technological platform based on self‐assembled arrays of coaxial plasmonic resonators is developed for generating a bright color gamut over the entire visible spectral range in both reflection and transmission, offering the potential for ultrahigh definition coloring over large areas. Unlike the approaches using the nanostructure periodicity to define colors, the developed method employs color engineering based on the localized plasmon resonances in nanocavities, therefore, providing a broad angular response and viewing angles of up to 40°. With the nanoscale dimensions of color pixels and an increased viewing angle range, the proposed approach allows achieving large‐area color patterns with local coloring controlled by postprocessing, important for display technology, anticounterfeiting and artistic applications.
A New PqsR Inverse Agonist Potentiates Tobramycin Efficacy to Eradicate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Authors: Schütz Christian , Ho Duy‐Khiet , Hamed Mostafa Mohamed , Abdelsamie Ahmed Saad , Röhrig Teresa , Herr Christian , Kany Andreas Martin , Rox Katharina , Schmelz Stefan , Siebenbürger Lorenz , Wirth Marius , Börger Carsten , Yahiaoui Samir , Bals Robert , Scrima Andrea , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Horstmann Justus Constantin , Christmann Rebekka , Murgia Xabier , Koch Marcus , Berwanger Aylin , Loretz Brigitta , Hirsch Anna Katharina Herta , Hartmann Rolf Wolfgang , Lehr Claus‐Michael , Empting Martin
Published: March 2021

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections can be notoriously difficult to treat and are often accompanied by the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) acting on PqsR (MvfR) – a crucial transcriptional regulator serving major functions in PA virulence – can enhance antibiotic efficacy and eventually prevent the AMR. An integrated drug discovery campaign including design, medicinal chemistry‐driven hit‐to‐lead optimization and in‐depth biological profiling of a new QSI generation is reported. The QSI possess excellent activity in inhibiting pyocyanin production and PqsR reporter‐gene with IC50 values as low as 200 and 11 × 10−9 m, respectively. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) as well as safety pharmacology studies especially highlight the promising translational properties of the lead QSI for pulmonary applications. Moreover, target engagement of the lead QSI is shown in a PA mucoid lung infection mouse model. Beyond that, a significant synergistic effect of a QSI‐tobramycin (Tob) combination against PA biofilms using a tailor‐made squalene‐derived nanoparticle (NP) formulation, which enhance the minimum biofilm eradicating concentration (MBEC) of Tob more than 32‐fold is demonstrated. The novel lead QSI and the accompanying NP formulation highlight the potential of adjunctive pathoblocker‐mediated therapy against PA infections opening up avenues for preclinical development.
Advances in Rare‐Earth Tritelluride Quantum Materials: Structure, Properties, and Synthesis
Authors: Yumigeta Kentaro , Qin Ying , Li Han , Blei Mark , Attarde Yashika , Kopas Cameron , Tongay Sefaattin
Published: March 2021

A distinct class of 2D layered quantum materials with the chemical formula ofRTe3(R= lanthanide) has gained significant attention owing to the occurrence of collective quantum states, superconductivity, charge density waves (CDW), spin density waves, and other advanced quantum properties. To study the Fermi surface nesting driven CDW formation, the layeredRTe3family stages an excellent low dimensional genre system. In addition to the primary energy gap feature observed at higher energy, optical spectroscopy study on someRTe3evidence a second CDW energy gap structure indicating the occurrence of multiple CDW ordering even with light and intermediateRTe3compounds. Here, a comprehensive review of the fundamentals ofRTe3layered tritelluride materials is presented with a special focus on the recent advances made in electronic structure, CDW transition, superconductivity, magnetic properties of these unique quantum materials. A detailed description of successful synthesis routes including the flux method, self‐flux method, and CVT along with potential applications is summarized.
Influence of composite preform fabrication on the integrity of poly‐aryl‐ether‐ketone matrices
Authors: De Almeida Olivier , Feuillerat Lisa , Nouri Vivien , Choquet Karim
Published: March 2021

Poly‐Aryl‐Ether‐Ketones (PAEK) matrices of different composite preforms were evaluated to assess the influence of the preform manufacturing on the matrix integrity. Yarns, films, and impregnation suspensions were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheometry. As described in literature, changes in the matrix properties at molten state are observed for all materials. The degradation process is related to a crosslinking process that results in an increase of viscosity and a decrease of crystallization temperature. Differences in degradation behavior were observed depending on the type of preform. Film and yarn extrusion has a limited effect on PAEK behavior, apart from a slight shift in molecular weight, without significant effect on degradation kinetics. However, the organic products that are used for the preparation of semifinished composite products, that is, yarn sizing or suspension additives, have a detrimental effect on stability. The degradation of additives considerably increases the degradation kinetics of the PAEK matrices, and by modifying the thermo‐oxidation mechanisms, the advantages of using complex preforms for consolidation can be annihilated.
Conservation of migratory fishes in the Amazon basin
Authors: Duponchelle Fabrice , Isaac Victoria J. , Rodrigues Da Costa Doria Carolina , Van Damme Paul A. , Herrera‐R Guido A. , Anderson Elizabeth P. , Cruz Rivetla E.A. , Hauser Marilia , Hermann Theodore W. , Agudelo Edwin , Bonilla‐Castillo César , Barthem Ronaldo , Freitas Carlos E.C. , García‐Dávila Carmen , García‐Vasquez Aurea , Renno Jean‐François , Castello Leandro
Published: March 2021

The Amazon basin hosts the Earth's highest diversity of freshwater fish. Fish species have adapted to the basin's size and seasonal dynamics by displaying a broad range of migratory behaviour, but they are under increasing threats; however, no study to date has assessed threats and conservation of Amazonian migratory fishes.

Here, the available knowledge on the diversity of migratory behaviour in Amazonian fishes is synthesized, including the geographical scales at which they occur, their drivers and timing, and life stage at which they are performed.

Migratory fishes are integral components of Amazonian society. They contribute about 93% (range 77–99%) of the fisheries landings in the basin, amounting to ~US$436 million annually.

These valuable fish populations are mainly threatened by growing trends of overexploitation, deforestation, climate change, and hydroelectric dam development. Most Amazonian migratory fish have key ecological roles as apex predators, ecological engineers, or seed‐dispersal species. Reducing their population sizes could induce cascading effects with implications for ecosystem stability and associated services.

Conserving Amazonian migratory fishes requires a broad portfolio of research, management, and conservation actions, within an ecosystem‐based management framework at the basin scale. This would require trans‐frontier coordination and recognition of the crucial importance of freshwater ecosystems and their connectivity.

Existing areas where fishing is allowed could be coupled with a chain of freshwater protected areas. Management of commercial and subsistence species also needs fisheries activities to be monitored in the Amazonian cities and in the floodplain communities to allow assessments of the status of target species, and the identification of management units or stocks. Ensuring that existing and future fisheries management rules are effective implies the voluntary participation of fishers, which can be achieved by increasing the effectiveness and coverage of adaptive community‐based management schemes.
Functional modeling of recurrent events on time‐to‐event processes
Authors: Spreafico Marta , Ieva Francesca
Published: March 2021

In clinical practice, it is often the case where the association between the occurrence of events and time‐to‐event outcomes is of interest; thus, it can be modeled within the framework of recurrent events. The purpose of our study is to enrich the information available for modeling survival with relevant dynamic features, properly taking into account their possibly time‐varying nature, as well as to provide a new setting for quantifying the association between time‐varying processes and time‐to‐event outcomes. We propose an innovative methodology to model information carried out by time‐varying processes by means of functional data, modeling each time‐varying variable as the compensator of marked point process the recurrent events are supposed to derive from. By means of Functional Principal Component Analysis, a suitable dimensional reduction of these objects is carried out in order to plug them into a Cox‐type functional regression model for overall survival. We applied our methodology to data retrieved from the administrative databases of Lombardy Region (Italy), related to patients hospitalized for Heart Failure (HF) between 2000 and 2012. We focused on time‐varying processes of HF hospitalizations and multiple drugs consumption and we studied how they influence patients' overall survival. This novel way to account for time‐varying variables allowed to model self‐exciting behaviors, for which the occurrence of events in the past increases the probability of a new event, and to quantify the effect of personal behaviors and therapeutic patterns on survival, giving new insights into the direction of personalized treatment.
Intensification of the Rate of Heat and Liquid‐Solid Mass Transfer at the Wall of a Bubble‐Column Reactor by Turbulence Promoters
Authors: Fathalla Ahmed Salah , Amin Nevine Kamal , El-Ashtoukhy El-Sayed Zakaria , Sedahmed Gomaa Hanafy
Published: March 2021

Rates of heat and liquid‐solid mass transfer in a square bubble column with semicylindrical turbulence promoters at its wall were measured using the electrochemical technique in the bubbly flow regime. Turbulence promoters enhanced the wall liquid‐solid mass or analogous heat transfer coefficients and the corresponding volumetric mass transfer coefficients by factors up to 2.36 and 3.76, respectively, depending on the working conditions. The rate of liquid‐solid mass transfer was improved with increasing superficial gas velocity and decreasing turbulence promoter diameter. The importance of the turbulence promoters as a catalyst support and a built‐in cooler was highlighted. Power consumption measurements revealed that the gas‐sparged reactor outperforms the mechanically stirred reactor.
Simulation of Fluid Flow During Direct Synthesis of H2O2 in a Microstructured Membrane Reactor
Authors: Trinkies Laura L. , Düll Andrea , Deschner Benedikt J. , Stroh Alexander , Kraut Manfred , Dittmeyer Roland
Published: March 2021

A microstructured membrane reactor has been developed to overcome the safety and productivity challenge of the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide. A single membrane is employed for separate, continuous dosage of the gaseous reactants hydrogen and oxygen to the solid catalyst present in the aqueous solvent. Using a custom OpenFOAM® model, the impact of catalyst‐coated static mixers with different mixer geometries is studied. It is demonstrated that the custom fluid guiding elements outperform the investigated commercial static mixer under the flow conditions relevant to this application.
DNA‐Based Architectures for in situ Target Biomolecule Analysis in Confined Nano‐space†
Authors: Hu Xiaoxue , Huang Yide , Yin Hao , Dai Lizhi , Tian Ye
Published: March 2021

In situ target biomolecule analysis is of great significance for real‐time monitoring and regulation of endogenous biomarkers and elementary biomolecules in vivo. Gratifyingly, the rapid evolution of structural DNA nanotechnology during past decades has established an appealing toolbox for biological analysis and medical detection. The modulated self‐assembly and underlying canonical Watson‐Crick base‐pairing rules provide possibilities for accurate controlling of the topologies and functions of obtained nanomaterials. The probes composed of diverse DNA nanostructures and DNA‐nanoparticle complexes can create a confined space, which increases target accessibility and improves probe stability, sensitivity and specificity. In this minireview, we retrospect the research progress of in‐situ biomolecular analysis based on DNA nanostructures for intracellular and in vivo biosensors in confined space. The characteristics of distinct DNA nanomaterials are first introduced, and then the fundamentals of biosensing process of designed DNA nanostructures are emphasized. Moreover, we elucidate our perspective over the challenges of this field and discuss the potential directions of this kind of application‐oriented fabrication technique.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Imidazole‐Fused Imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole Analogues
Authors: Yan Guo Fang , Ji Zheng Chang , Wang Meiyuan , Ai Jiangping , Ying Han Lan , Yang Liu , Fang Lu Ye , Xuan Yang Yu , Guan Piao Ming , Piao Hu‐Ri , Jin Chun‐Mei , Jin Cheng Hua
Published: March 2021

Three series of new imidazole‐fused imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole analogues (compounds 20 a–g, 21 a–g, and 22 a–g) have been synthesized, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities have been evaluated. All the target compounds showed strong antifungal activity and high selectivity for the test fungus Candida albicans over Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria. N‐((4‐(2‐Cyclopropyl‐6‐(4‐fluorophenyl)imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazol‐5‐yl)‐5‐(6‐methyl‐pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)methyl)aniline (21 a) showed the highest activity against C. albicans (MIC50=0.16 μg/mL), 13 and three times that of the positive control compounds gatifloxacin and fluconazole, respectively. Compounds 21 a and 20 e did not show cytotoxicity against human foreskin fibroblast‐1 cells, and compound 21 a was as safe as the positive control compounds in hemolysis tests. These results strongly suggest that some of the compounds produced in this work have value for development as antifungal agents.
A retrospective study comparing interventions by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists in outpatient chemotherapy
Authors: Kaya Michihiro , Nakamura Kazuyo , Nagamine Makiko , Suyama Yukako , Nakajo Michiaki , Uchida Ryo , Hagikura Kakeru , Kanda Ai , Sugiyama Kyohei , Sugiyama Rina , Nakagaki Shigeru , Kimura Midori
Published: March 2021

Background

The differences in the clinical pharmacy services (CPS) provided by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists have not been sufficiently explained.

Aim

This study aimed to demonstrate the differences in direct CPS provided by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists for patients and physicians, and to assess the potential impact of these services on medical costs.

Methods

We retrospectively examined CPS provided by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists for outpatients who underwent chemotherapy between January and December 2016.

Results

In total, 1177 and 1050 CPS provided by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists, respectively, were investigated. The rates of interventions performed by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists for physicians‐determined treatment were 18.5% and 11.3%, respectively (p < .001). The rates of oncology and non‐oncology pharmacist interventions accepted by physicians were 84.6 and 78.8%, respectively (p = .12). Level 4 and Level 5 interventions accounted for 64.6% of all oncology pharmacist interventions and 53.0% of all non‐oncology pharmacist interventions (p = .03). The rates of improvement in symptoms from adverse drug reactions among patients resulting from interventions by oncology and non‐oncology pharmacists were 89.4 and 72.1%, respectively (p = .02). Conservative assessments of medical cost impact showed that a single intervention by an oncology and by a non‐oncology pharmacist saved ¥6355 and ¥3604, respectively.

Conclusion

The results of the present study suggested that CPS by oncology pharmacists enable safer and more effective therapy for patients with cancer and indirectly contribute to reducing health care fees.