bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The transmission of MPEG‐2 VBR video under usage parameter control
Authors: Lou Wenjing , Chia Liang Tien , Lee Bu Sung , Wang Bin
Published: September 2002

This paper studies the transmission of MPEG‐2 VBR video over ATM network under usage parameter control. The idea is to seek a compromise between the network utilization and the quality of video service by applying UPC‐based rate control strategies to the video source. A modified leaky bucket algorithm is proposed to calculate the constraints on the bit‐rate guaranteeing conformance to peak cell rate, sustainable cell rate and burst tolerance usage parameters. Two rate control strategies, one for real‐time generated video coding and the other for pre‐compressed video, are proposed for MPEG‐2 VBR video. The rate control strategies control the video source to generate traffic conforming to the constraints on the bit rate. The experimental results show that both the UPC‐based rate control strategies can provide lossless transmission from the source perspective as well as to reduce the burstiness of the traffic. To keep within the bit‐rate allowed, the control method uses coarser quantization to maintain better picture quality than that by removing the number of AC transformed coefficients. The slight degradation of picture quality caused by the source rate control is preferable than the severe drop of picture quality caused by the cell loss at UPC. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoamine oxidase inhibition and neuroprotection by N1‐propargylphenelzine
Authors: Sloley B. Duff , Urichuk Liana J. , Lei Ling , Coutts Ronald T. , Baker Glen B. , Shan Jaqueline J. , Pang Peter K.T.
Published: September 2002

The ability of N1‐propargylphenelzine and related N1‐propargylhydrazines to inhibit monoamine oxidase‐A (MAO‐A) and ‐B (MAO‐B) and to prevent N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine (DSP‐4)‐induced noradrenergic neurotoxicity was examined. N1‐Propargylphenelzine strongly inhibited MAO‐A and MAO‐B in in vitro assays using rat brain or liver as the enzyme source. In ex vivo studies in rats, both intraperitoneal and oral administration of N1‐propargylphenelzine strongly inhibited brain and liver MAO‐A and MAO‐B. The extent of ex vivo MAO inhibition and increased levels of noradrenaline and 5‐hydroxytryptamine by N1‐propargylphenelzine was comparable to that of phenelzine. Unlike phenelzine, however, N1‐propargylphenelzine did not elevate γ‐aminobutryic acid (GABA) concentrations in rat brain. A single intraperitoneal administration of N1‐propargylphenelzine to mice, 1 week prior to sacrifice, reduced DSP‐4‐induced depletion of noradrenaline in the hippocampus. The brains of N1‐propargylphenelzine‐treated mice from the DSP‐4 neurotoxicity experiments had normal MAO‐B activity, but MAO‐A was significantly inhibited; this was in contrast to animals that had received (–)‐deprenyl, who showed normal MAO‐A activity but a decrease of MAO‐B. The present results indicate that N1‐propargylphenelzine may be a useful neuroprotective compound with a long‐term in vivo propensity to inhibit MAO‐A. Drug Dev. Res. 53:15–21, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Claudin‐6: A novel tight junction molecule is developmentally regulated in mouse embryonic epithelium
Authors: Turksen Kursad , Troy Tammy‐Claire
Published: September 2002

Embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiating into embryoid bodies (EBs) have been shown to mimic events of very early development and have become a convenient system in which to identify and study early epithelial specific genes. We describe here the primary structure of a mouse epithelial‐specific tight junction gene and its expression patterns in differentiating ES cell‐derived EBs in vitro. Sequencing of a clone identified by differential display of 4‐ vs. 6‐day‐old EB cells revealed it to overlap exactly with a larger cDNA clone (20M24) that had been isolated, but not characterised, in a screen of an ectodermal library. Complete sequencing and analysis of 20M24 revealed an open reading frame for a 219‐amino acid protein with structural features of a transmembrane protein. In cell‐free reticulocyte lysates, a 20M24 cDNA corresponding to the open reading frame (660 bp) directed the synthesis of a ∼23‐kDa protein that was localized to cell membranes at cell–cell junctions in transfected HEK‐293 cells. Database searches indicated that the cDNA was identical to a recently identified member of the Claudin tight junction family, namely Claudin‐6. ES cell cultures were used to further examine the expression pattern of Claudin‐6 by whole mount in situ hybridisation during aggregation‐induced commitment to epithelial differentiation in vitro. The results indicate that Claudin‐6 is one of the earliest molecules to be expressed in ES cells committed to the epithelial fate, and the onset of its expression coincides with the expression of the early epithelial marker, keratin 8 (K8). The initiation of expression of Claudin‐6 in vitro is dependent upon plating density as well as serum components. In addition, it was found that Claudin‐6 expression is inhibited by Noggin, the Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP)‐signalling pathway inhibitor, suggesting that BMPs may be involved in Claudin‐6 expression and epithelialization. These studies establish Claudin‐6 as a very early marker of epithelialization and provide evidence that the BMP signalling pathway may be one of the ways that its expression is regulated. These studies also support the power of in vitro ES cell technology to identify and screen novel molecules involved in the early epithelialization of the mouse embryo. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted disruption of Col11a2 produces a mild cartilage phenotype in transgenic mice: Comparison with the human disorder otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED)
Authors: Li Shi‐Wu , Takanosu Masamine , Arita Machiko , Bao Yunhua , Ren Zhao‐Xia , Maier Alfred , Prockop Darwin J. , Mayne Richard
Published: September 2002

Transgenic mice were prepared by homologous recombination with a Col11a2 targeting gene in which an inverted neomycin‐resistant gene was inserted between restriction sites in exons 27 and 28. The targeted allele was transcribed in shortened mRNAs, which could be detected by Northern blotting. However, translation of the full‐length Col11a2 chain was unable to occur because of the presence of premature termination codons within the inverted neomycin‐resistant gene. Analysis of pepsin‐resistant collagen chains from rib cartilage of homozygous mice demonstrated the lack of synthesis of intact α2(XI) chains. However, pepsin‐resistant collagen chains of either α1(XI) or α1(V) were still detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Therefore, α2(XI) chains are not essential for the assembly of some molecular forms of triple‐helical type V/XI collagen. The phenotype was milder than in the cho/cho mouse in which, as the result of mutation, translation of the full‐length α1(XI) chain fails to occur and the mice die at birth (Li et al., 1995). Homozygous mice without expression of an α2(XI) chain had a smaller body size, receding snouts, and deafness. Nasal bones in the homozygous transgenic mice were specifically shorter and dimpled on their external surfaces. Chondrocytes in growth plates of all long bones were markedly disorganized and failed to align in columns. Analysis of growth plates from transgenic mice by in situ hybridization showed expression of α1(II) and α1(XI) but not of α1(I) or α1(V) which, in contrast, were expressed in the developing bone and in the bone collar. Expression of α1(X) specifically in the hypertrophic cartilage was observed in normal and transgenic mice. No obvious osteoarthritis was observed throughout the life of homozygous mice up to 1 year of age, although minor morphologic anomalies in the articular cartilages were discernible. The mild phenotype is consistent with similar mutations in the COL11A2 gene seen in patients with nonocular Stickler syndrome and some patients with otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia (OSMED), as well as in patients with a nonsyndromic form of deafness called DFNA13. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcriptional and spatiotemporal regulation of prolactin receptor mRNA and cooperativity with progesterone receptor function during ductal branch growth in the mammary gland
Authors: Hovey Russell C. , Trott Josephine F. , Ginsburg Erika , Goldhar Anita , Sasaki Mark M. , Fountain Steven J. , Sundararajan Kripa , Vonderhaar Barbara K.
Published: September 2002

Ductal branching within the mammary gland is stimulated by prolactin (PRL) and progesterone (P) acting through their receptors (PRLR and PR). Analysis of mammary gland PRLR expression revealed increasing expression of the long form (L‐PRLR) and two of the three short forms (S1‐ and S3‐PRLR) during puberty that became maximal late in pubescence and early gestation, then declined during gestation. By contrast, S2‐PRLR mRNA levels remained constant. Examination of stromal PRLR revealed the consistent expression of L‐PRLR mRNA. By contrast, S1‐PRLR was present only in the mammary fat pad of neonates, whereas high neonatal expression of S2‐PRLR became undetectable during puberty. Stromal expression of S3‐PRLR decreased to low levels during puberty and was undetectable during lactation and involution. Exogenous PRL stimulated DNA synthesis in both epithelial and adjacent stromal cells in vivo. Distribution of PRLR mRNA in mammary epithelium was homogeneous before puberty and heterogeneous during puberty, gestation, and early lactation. A mutual role for PRLR and PR was suggested wherein PR mRNA increased beyond 6 weeks to maximal levels during puberty and gestation then became undetectable during lactation. In situ hybridization revealed that PR mRNA distribution is homogeneous in the ductal epithelium before 6 weeks and heterogenous during puberty and gestation and that PRLR and PR are similarly distributed in the ductal epithelium. Neither hormone stimulated DNA synthesis in mammary glands of ovariectomized females while their effects interacted markedly. These results demonstrate differential PRLR transcription by epithelial and stromal cells and a similar distribution of PRLR and PR that may facilitate the interaction between P and PRL during ductal branching in the mammary gland. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell interactions underlying notochord induction and formation in the chick embryo
Authors: Healy Katherine H. , Schoenwolf Gary C. , Darnell Diana K.
Published: September 2002

The development of the notochord in the chick is traditionally associated with Hensen's node (the avian equivalent of the organizer). However, recent evidence has shown that two areas outside the node (called the inducer and responder) are capable of interacting after ablation of Hensen's node to form a notochord. It was not clear from these studies what effect (if any) signals from these areas had on normal notochord formation. A third area, the postnodal region, may also contribute to notochord formation, although this has also been questioned. Using transection and grafting experiments, we have evaluated the timing and cellular interactions involved in notochord induction and formation in the chick embryo. Our results indicate that the rostral primitive streak, including the node, is not required for formation of the notochord in rostral blastoderm isolates transected at stages 3a/b. In addition, neither the postnodal region nor the inducer is required for the induction and formation of the most rostral notochordal cells. However, inclusion of the inducer results in considerable elongation of the notochord in this experimental paradigm. Our results also demonstrate that the responder per se is not required for notochord formation, provided that at least the inducer and postnodal region are present, although in the absence of the responder, formation of the notochord occurs far less frequently. We also show that the node is not specified to form notochord until stage 4 and concomitant with this, the inducer loses its ability to induce notochord from the responder. The coincident timing of these changes in the node and inducer suggests that notochord specification and the activity of the inducer are regulated through a negative feedback loop. We propose a model relating our results to the induction of head and trunk organizer activity in the node. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Msx2 is a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation in migratory cranial neural crest cells†
Authors: Takahashi K. , Nuckolls G.H. , Takahashi I. , Nonaka K. , Nagata M. , Ikura T. , Slavkin H.C. , Shum L.
Published: September 2002

During early mouse embryogenesis, cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) emigrate from the posterior midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and 2 of the anterior hindbrain into the first branchial arch‐derived maxillary and mandibular processes and there provide cell lineages for several phenotypes, including cartilage, bone, and tooth. Here, we report that Sox9 and Msx2 were coexpressed in a subpopulation of CNCC during their migration. Because Sox9 is a transactivator of chondrogenesis, and Msx genes can act as transcriptional repressors, we hypothesized that Sox9 expression indicates the determination of CNCC‐derived chondrogenic cell lineage and that Msx2 represses chondrogenic differentiation until CNCC migration is completed within the mandibular processes. To test whether Msx2 represses chondrogenesis, we designed experiments to inhibit Msx2 function in migratory CNCC in primary cultures through the expression of loss‐of‐function Msx2 mutants. We showed that infection of migratory CNCC with adenovirus Msx2 mutants accelerated the rate and extent of chondrogenesis, as indicated by the expression level of type II collagen and aggrecan, and the amount of alcian blue staining. Adenovirus infections did not apparently interfere with CNCC proliferation or migration. These findings suggest that an important early event in craniofacial morphogenesis is a transient expression of both Sox9 and Msx2 during emigration into the forming mandibular processes followed by restricted expression of Sox9 within CNCC‐ derived chondroprogenitor cells. We conclude that Msx2 serves as a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation during CNCC migration. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of stratum intermedium and its role as a Sonic hedgehog‐signaling structure during odontogenesis
Authors: Koyama Eiki , Wu Changshan , Shimo Tsuyoshi , Iwamoto Masahiro , Ohmori Tomoharu , Kurisu Kojiro , Ookura Tetsuya , Bashir Muhammad M. , Abrams William R. , Tucker Thomas , Pacifici Maurizio
Published: September 2002

Stratum intermedium is a transient and subtle epithelial structure closely associated with inner dental epithelium in tooth germs. Little is known about its development and roles. To facilitate analysis, we used bovine tooth germs, predicting that they may contain a more conspicuous stratum intermedium. Indeed, early bell stage bovine tooth germs already displayed an obvious stratum intermedium with a typical multilayered organization and flanking the enamel knot. Strikingly, with further development, the cuspally located stratum intermedium underwent thinning and involution, whereas a multilayered stratum intermedium formed at successive sites along the cusp‐to‐cervix axis of odontogenesis. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that stratum intermedium produces the signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Maximal Shh expression was invariably seen in its thickest multilayered portions. Shh was also produced by inner dental epithelium; expression was not constant but varied with development and cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts along the cusp‐to‐cervix axis. Interestingly, maximal Shh expression in inner dental epithelium did not coincide with that in stratum intermedium. Both stratum intermedium and inner dental epithelium expressed the Shh receptor Patched2 (Ptch2), an indication of autocrine signaling loops. Shh protein, but not RNA, was present in underlying dental mesenchyme, probably resulting from gradual diffusion from epithelial layers and reflecting paracrine loops of action. To analyze the regulation of Shh expression, epithelial and mesenchymal layers were separated and maintained in organ culture. Shh expression decreased over time, but was maintained in unoperated specimens. Our data show for the first time that stratum intermedium is a highly regulated and Shh‐expressing structure. Given its dynamic and apparently interactive properties, stratum intermedium may help orchestrate progression of odontogenesis from cusp to cervix. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous origin of the lymphatics in the avian chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Papoutsi Maria , Tomarev Stanislav I. , Eichmann Anne , Pröls Felicitas , Christ Bodo , Wilting Jörg
Published: September 2002

The lymphatics of the intestinal organs have important functions in transporting chyle toward the jugulosubclavian junction, but the lymphangiogenic potential of the splanchnic mesoderm has not yet been tested. Therefore, we studied the allantoic bud of chick and quail embryos. It is made up of endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm and fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) containing both blood vessels and lymphatics. In day 3 embryos (stage 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton [HH]), the allantoic mesoderm consists of mesenchymal cells that form blood islands during stage 19 (HH). The endothelial network of the allantoic bud, some intraluminal and some mesenchymal cells express the hemangiopoietic marker QH1. The QH1‐positive endothelial cells also express the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3), whereas the integrating angioblasts and the round hematopoietic cells are QH1‐positive/VEGFR‐3–negative. The ligand, VEGF‐C, is expressed ubiquitously in the allantoic bud, and later predominantly in the allantoic epithelium and the wall of larger blood vessels. Allantoic buds of stage 17–18 (HH) quail embryos were grafted homotopically into chick embryos and reincubated until day 13. In the chimeric CAMs, quail endothelial cells are present in blood vessels and lymphatics, the latter being QH1 and VEGFR‐3 double‐positive. QH1‐positive hematopoietic cells are found at many extra‐ and intraembryonic sites, whereas endothelial cells are confined to the grafting site. Our results show that the early allantoic bud contains hemangioblasts and lymphangioblasts. The latter can be identified with Prox1 antibodies and mRNA probes in the allantoic mesoderm of day 4 embryos (stage 21 HH). Prox1 is a specific marker of the lymphatic endothelium throughout CAM development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of duration of illness and early intervention in bulimia nervosa: A systematic review of the outcome literature
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , Schoemaker Casper , Zipfel Stephan , Williamson Donald A.
Published: September 2002

Objective

Early intervention is often regarded as an important step for the prevetion of a chronic eating disorder. The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the outcome literature and to better describe the effects of early intervention on the course of bulimia nervosa.

Method

Twenty‐four follow‐up studies were subjected to nine “best‐evidence” criteria for methodological soundness. Of these 24 studies, 5 met all methodological criteria and were considered in more detail.

Results

Only one of these five studies found a significant association between duration of illness and outcome. These studies were re‐examined to exclude studies that included patients who were not first admissions in order to distinguish between the effect of duration of illness versus early intervention. This re‐examination excluded four of the five studies, and the remaining study provided no data regarding prior treatment.

Discussion

Based on this selection of studies, it was concluded that there is no consistent evidence to support that early intervention necessarily implies a better long‐term outcome. Due to the multiple methodological problems that plague follow‐up studies, future research would be improved by employing designs that directly test the impact of early versus late intervention. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 1–10, 2001.
Changing patterns of hospitalization in eating disorder patients
Authors: Wiseman Claire V. , Sunday Suzanne R. , Klapper Fern , Harris Wendy A. , Halmi Katherine A.
Published: September 2002

Objective

This study investigated the changing patterns of hospitalization of eating disorder patients over the past 15 years.

Method

The records of 1,185 eating disorder patients between 1984 and 1998 were examined on several variables.

Results

Over the 15 years, the number of first admissions increased from 20 to 182. There was a concomitant decrease in length of stay from 149.5 days in 1984 to 23.7 days in 1998. Readmissions increased markedly from 0% during the first year to 27% of total admissions in 1998. The discharge weight of anorectic patients significantly decreased from a body mass index (BMI) of 19.3 in 1984 to 17.7 in 1998. These changes were particularly salient in the past 3 years, concurrent with a dramatic rise in managed care cases.

Conclusions

Over the past 15 years, eating disorder hospital treatment has metamorphozed from long‐term treatment of a disorder to stabilization of acute episodes. For some patients, this change has been deleterious and not cost effective. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 69–74, 2001.
The use of ecological momentary assessment approaches in eating disorder research
Authors: Smyth Joshua , Wonderlich Stephen , Crosby Ross , Miltenberger Raymond , Mitchell James , Rorty Marcia
Published: September 2002

Objective

Eating disorder (ED) research is increasingly focusing on the proximal antecedents to disordered eating behavior. Such antecedents may include cognitions, environmental stimuli, social interactions, and affective states. Current ED theories suggest that the relationships between antecedents and eating behavior may be complex, including interaction associations, time‐lagged effects, and associations that persist only for brief periods of time. Similarly, these theories often include the consequences of behavior‐influencing variables of interest (e.g., short‐term reductions in negative affect). Careful examination of such theories, however, has been limited by a reliance on data collection methods not appropriate for testing these effects.

Method

This study examines alternative methods for data collection and analysis that overcome previously noted limitations, using data collected in several studies with eating‐disordered participants.

Results

The development of a technique called ecological momentary assessment (EMA) allows the ongoing study of behavior in its natural context and reduces biases associated with retrospective recall. The development of technology that allows the sophisticated collection and storage of such data (e.g., palm‐top computers), along with statistical procedures for analyzing hierarchically nested, repeated measures data, allow precise testing of complex theoretical models.

Discussion

We demonstrate several important features of this research: (1) patients are willing and able to engage in EMA studies, (2) data not possible to collect using other designs are obtainable, (3) complex theoretical models can be evaluated using these data and appropriate statistical methods, and (4) the collection and analysis of EMA data present unique difficulties to ED researchers. Finally, we endorse and provide recommendations for the use of EMA in future ED research and practice. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 83–95, 2001.
Stage of change as a predictor of response to psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Wolk Sara L. , Devlin Michael J.
Published: September 2002

Objective

This study was designed to test the hypotheses that stage of change is a useful predictor of dropout and that it is related to treatment outcome in patients receiving brief psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa.

Method

One hundred ten patients with bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned treatment with cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT). On initial screening, patients were classified as being in the stage of precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation.

Results

Initial stage of change was not related to dropout either before or following randomization. Among all treatment completers, stage of change was related to outcome. Of the patients assigned to CBT, stage of change was not related to outcome. However, stage of change was related to outcome in patients randomized to IPT.

Discussion

This study suggests that initial stage of change may, under certain circumstances, be a useful predictor of outcome and that its utility as an outcome predictor may vary according to treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30:96–100, 2001.
Can steroid use be a precipitant in the development of an eating disorder?
Authors: Fornari Victor , Dancyger Ida , La Monaca Gianluca , Budman Cathy , Goodman Beverly , Kabo Linda , Katz Jack L.
Published: September 2002

Objective

Corticosteroids have a wide range of clinical indications in the treatment of both acute and chronic medical illnesses, and weight gain is a well‐documented side effect of their use. In this paper, we describe eight individuals with an eating disorder, which appeared following steroid administration for a medical condition.

Method

These findings, support the possibility that the excessive weight gain resulting from steroid use can be a precipitating factor in the development of an eating disorder, particularly among female adolescents and young women who are preoccupied with their appearance and weight.

Results

Physicians caring for women receiving corticosteroids should therefore familiarize themselves with these patients' pre‐morbid and current eating habits, as well as their weight, dieting and body image histories.

Discussion

The relevance of these cases for furthering our understanding of the development and treatment of eating disorder is also discussed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 118–122, 2001.
A three‐dimensional morphological filter using spatial partitioning representations
Authors: Nishio Koji , Kobori Ken‐ichi , Kutsuwa Toshiro , Nishikawa Yoshikazu
Published: September 2002

Morphological filters have mainly been used for two‐dimensional (2D) image processing. Recently, there has been an increased need for filter processing of 3D images. In this paper, the morphology is expanded to three dimensions for application to 3D image processing. If a morphological operation developed for 2D images is directly applied to a 3D operation, however, its computation cost increases significantly. Therefore, the octree data structure (a spatially divided model) and the node‐address method (a high‐speed search method) are applied to the method so as to reduce the computation cost. The method has been verified experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 29–37, 2001
Mercury‐free, high‐luminance and high‐efficacy flat discharge lamp for LCD backlighting
Authors: Shiga Tomokazu , Mikoshiba Shigeo , Shinada Shinichi
Published: September 2002

The liquid‐crystal displays having a 4‐ to 7‐inch diagonal used in car navigation systems demand strict conditions of at least 10,000 cd/m2 luminance and a –30 to 80 °C operating temperature range for backlights for use in a variety of environments. To satisfy these conditions, a flat discharge lamp that offered high luminance, high efficiency, and a high degree of balance was developed by employing a simple structure that used a rare gas instead of mercury, which has a strong temperature dependence. Narrowing the pulse width of the drive voltage pulse and limiting the amount of current made it possible to obtain uniform emitted light that spreads throughout the entire discharge space. When the maximum luminance of 9200 cd/m2 was obtained, the emission efficiency was 20.4 lm/W. When the luminance was 1080 cd/m2, the maximum emission efficiency of 34.1 lm/W was achieved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 55–63, 2001
Characteristics of local helical coil system for dynamic ergodic divertor
Authors: Kikuchi Yusuke , Kojima Hiroki , Taniyama Tomonori , Toyoda Mitsuhiro , Uesugi Yoshihiko , Takamura Shuichi
Published: September 2002

Heat and particle flux control is one of the most important and difficult problems in steady‐state fusion devices. The Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED) is an advanced concept in which a rotational perturbed magnetic field is applied to make the tokamak edge magnetic structure stochastic so that it may decrease the heat and particle flux onto the local target in the conventional divertor. This rotational perturbed field is created by two sets of local helical coils (LHC) with a phase difference of 90° in the supplied ac currents. In DED experiments, it is important to study the perturbed magnetic field structure generated by these coil currents. In this paper, a new coil configuration is considered, which has an additional series of return windings so as to improve the mode quality of the rotating helical field (RHF). We obtain the mode structure of RHF using a new Fourier analysis. From this result, we confirm that the parasitic mode of RHF and the coil self‐inductance are decreased by the new coil configuration. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 16–23, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1142
Development of a new adaptive PSS system for automatic parametric modeling techniques for power system oscillation waveforms
Authors: Michigami Tsutomu , Hayashi Kunitake , Hiyoshi Sakae , Okamoto Takashi
Published: September 2002

In Japan, since the development of large power systems, there have been spontaneous low‐frequency oscillation and local mode oscillation. The conventional PSS has been applied to generators in a trunk power system as a measure to improve the damping power oscillation. However, it is difficult for this PSS to improve the damping power system oscillation because of the hardware and the design of fixed PSS control constants. It has therefore become necessary to develop a new adaptive PSS system. This paper explains the development of a new adaptive PSS system and the simulation of low‐frequency and local mode oscillation for this new PSS system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 24–34, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1143
Analysis of harmonic propagation in a power distribution system: An application of a distributed constant‐circuit model
Authors: Wada Keiji , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: September 2002

This paper discusses harmonic propagation and damping in a long‐distance distribution feeder having many capacitors for power factor correction, and presents harmonic damping characteristics of a shunt active filter based on voltage detection. A distributed constant‐circuit model for the feeder is derived to perform analysis with the focus on harmonic propagation and damping. As a result, it is clarified by theory and experiment that harmonic propagation throughout the feeder can be mitigated by installing the active filter, which acts as a harmonic terminator, on the end terminal of the feeder. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 73–81, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1148
Empathy‐induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: what if the target of empathy has defected?
Authors: Batson C. Daniel , Ahmad Nadia
Published: September 2002

What if participants in a one‐trial prisoner's dilemma know before making their decision that the other person has already defected? From the perspective of classic game theory, a dilemma no longer exists. It is clearly in their best interest to defect too. The empathy‐altruism hypothesis predicts, however, that if they feel empathy for the other, then a dilemma remains: self‐interest counsels defection; empathy‐induced altruism counsels not. This motivational conflict should lead at least some empathically aroused individuals not to defect. To test this prediction, we placed 60 undergraduate women in a one‐trial prisoner's dilemma in which they knew the other had already defected. Among those not induced to feel empathy, very few (0.05) did not defect in return. Among those induced to feel empathy for the other, almost half (0.45) did not defect. These results underscore the power of empathy‐induced altruism to affect responses in a prisoner's dilemma. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of traits and group memberships
Authors: Trafimow David , Finlay Krystina A.
Published: September 2002

Anglo‐Americans and Mexican‐Americans were asked to list five of their traits and five of their group memberships. They were also asked to rank (relative to each other) and rate (on an absolute scale) the importance of these traits and groups. Consistent with the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures, Mexican‐Americans ranked and rated their groups as being more important than did Anglo‐Americans. In addition, although participants from both cultural groups gave greatly decreased ratings for less important groups, this decrease was more pronounced for Anglo‐Americans than for Mexican‐Americans. Finally, the data indicated that the perceived importance of group memberships is only weakly related to their cognitive accessibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple categorization and implicit intergroup bias: differential category dominance and the positive–negative asymmetry effect
Authors: Crisp Richard J. , Hewstone Miles
Published: September 2002

Two experiments explored the differential information processing that occurs when perceivers encounter multiple categorizable individuals. Participants were required to recall specific information from previously encountered bogus newspaper stories. Across two experiments it emerged that participants differentially recalled target attributes as a function of positive versus negative story context and multiple dimensions of group membership. Specifically, different dimensions of categorization were dominant for positive and negative evaluative domains. These findings provide an important qualification to the positive–negative asymmetry effect in intergroup discrimination when multiple dimensions of categorization are available. In addition, comparison of the observed effects in different cultural settings suggests the need to consider contextual influences when considering intergroup phenomena with real social group memberships. Finally, in line with previous work, a dissociation was observed between explicit and implicit measures of intergroup bias. The findings are considered within the wider context of work into social categorization and intergroup relations.. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse response of underground cavities and pipes to incident SV waves
Authors: Davis C. A. , Lee V. W. , Bardet J. P.
Published: September 2002

The transverse response of underground cylindrical cavities to incident SV waves is investigated. Analytical solutions are derived for unlined cavities embedded within an elastic half‐space using Fourier–Bessel series and a convex approximation of the half‐space free surface. The computed displacements at the half‐space free surface and the tangential stresses on the cavity are compared with the results of previous investigations. The analytical solutions are extended to formulate approximate solutions for assessing hoop stresses within cavity liners impinged by low‐frequency waves having wavelengths much longer than the cavity diameter. The approximate solutions are compared to existing numerical solutions, and used to evaluate the dynamic response of a flexible buried pipe shaken by the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The proposed approximate model for cavity liners is useful for the seismic analysis of underground pipes and small‐diameter tunnels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A response‐based decoupling criterion for multiply‐supported secondary systems
Authors: Chaudhuri Samit Ray , Gupta Vinay K.
Published: September 2002

It is often infeasible to carry out coupled analyses of multiply‐supported secondary systems for earthquake excitations. ‘Approximate’ decoupled analyses are then resorted to, unless the response errors due to those are significantly high. This study proposes a decoupling criterion to identify such cases where these errors are likely to be larger than an acceptable level. The proposed criterion is based on the errors in the primary system response due to decoupling and has been obtained by assuming (i) the input excitation to be an ideal white noise process, (ii) cross‐modal correlation to be negligible, and (iii) the combined system to be classically damped. It uses the modal properties of the undamped combined system, and therefore, a perturbation approach has been formulated to determine the combined system properties in case of light to moderately heavy secondary systems. A numerical study has been carried out to illustrate the accuracy achieved with the proposed perturbation formulation. The proposed decoupling criterion has been validated with the help of two example primary‐secondary systems and four example excitation processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How effective is outpatient care compared to inpatient care for the treatment of anorexia nervosa? a systematic review
Authors: Meads Catherine , Gold Lisa , Burls Amanda
Published: September 2002

Objective:

To review systematically inpatient compared to outpatient care for the treatment of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders.

Method:

Search of electronic databases, references and contact with experts to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case–control studies and case series. Study quality was assessed and data extracted by two independent researchers.

Results:

Two RCTs and seven case series were identified. Unpublished 5‐year follow‐up data from one RCT showed a (non‐statistically significant) improvement in percentage well in the outpatient compared to the inpatient group, but no difference in mortality. Case series were difficult to interpret because of the inherent biases – follow‐up varied from 1.5 to 11.7 years and showed wide variations in outcome.

Discussion:

There is no evidence that inpatient treatment is more (or less) effective than outpatient treatment for people with anorexia nervosa in the long term. Short‐term emergency inpatient treatment of the consequences of eating disorders may still be necessary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The history of eating disorders in Norway
Authors: Skårderud Finn , Rosenvinge Jan H.
Published: September 2002

The history of eating disorders in Norway is described in four phases: (1) early case histories of eating disorder symptoms in the late 19th century Norwegian medical literature, (2) the pioneers of the post‐World War 2 decades, (3) the 1980s when eating disorders became visible to the public and a focus of interest among professionals, and (4) the consolidation of professional networks and the emergence of a national policy for treatment. In contrast to many other countries, the official Norwegian policy is to improve clinical competence and knowledge about eating disorders at all levels of health care rather than establishing special clinics. Beside arguing for such a policy, we suggest that discussing the balance between general and specialist services is an important future issue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Formation of weathering rinds on andesite
Authors: Oguchi Chiaki T.
Published: September 2002

To explore the mechanisms of weathering‐rind formation, rock properties of an andesite cobble were investigated. The andesite cobble studied in this paper was taken from a fluvial terrace which formed around 290 ka BP in the Nasuno‐ga‐hara area, central Japan. The sampled cobble has a double weathering rind comprising an outer brown zone (brown band) and an inner pale grey zone (white band) with thicknesses of 3 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The boundary between the outer brown band and the inner white band is clearly defined, whereas the boundary between the white band and the grey fresh‐looking interior of the rock is not so clearly defined.

Mineralogical, chemical, chromatic and mechanical properties of the cobble were investigated in the laboratory. The outer zone, the brown band, is characterized by high brittleness, high FeO+Fe2O3 content, and low contents of CaO, MgO, Na2O and K2O. The oxidation of iron accounts for the brown colour of the rind. This outer zone is considered to have experienced both oxidation and dissolution. The inner zone, the white band, is characterized by hardness reduction and the dissolution of alkali/alkaline earth metals towards the surface of the cobble. This inner band is considered to have experienced only dissolution.

The formation of the weathering rinds can be explained by changes in water‐movement directions in terrace deposits. Alkali/alkaline earth metals dissolve when water is supplied to a cobble from the surrounding matrix. Subsequently, the dissolved metals move out of the cobble accompanied by outward water movement when the subsurface water table is low. The concentrations of CaO, MgO, Na2O,K2O and Al2O3, therefore, decrease in both weathering bands, but iron tends to remain as ferric hydroxides in the outer brown band. Processes of dissolution and oxidation have produced the brown band. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fungal weathering of basaltic rocks in a cold oceanic environment (Iceland): comparison between experimental and field observations
Authors: Etienne Samuel , Dupont Joëlle
Published: September 2002

This paper presents evidence for strong biochemical weathering of basaltic outcrops induced by fungal communities in a cold environment. Weathering rind formation is considered to be a consequence of the biological activity. Comparisons between in vitro experiments and in situ observations allow a characterization of fungal effects on rocks and help to define the place of these micro‐organisms in the cold environment weathering chain. It is concluded that biological weathering is chronologically the first process of weathering, probably leading to the subsequent expression of cryogenic processes. Information presented here suggests the need for reconsideration of the traditional frost‐driven morphogenetic system normally considered for subpolar areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex behaviour of natural sediment‐carrying streamflows and the geomorphological implications
Authors: Xu Jiongxin
Published: September 2002

Based on the data from alluvial rivers in China, the complex mechanical behaviour of sediment‐carrying streamflow of natural rivers has been observed. Channel geometry also exhibits complex behaviour in response to variation in suspended concentration. With the increase in suspended concentration, channel width : depth ratio increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The inverse is true for channel sinuosity. When suspended concentration is low, a meandering pattern is dominant. The increase in suspended concentration leads to a transformation from a meandering to a braided pattern. But when the suspended concentration increases further and enters the range of hyperconcentrated flows, the meandering pattern appears. The complex behaviour of channel pattern change may be regarded as a reflection of the complex behaviour of sediment‐carrying streamflows at the river reach scale. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Waiting for Godot: Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis in Education
Authors: Levin Henry
Published: September 2002

Cost‐effectiveness analyses, especially in education, are too rare. Yet they offer powerful and valuable insights for evaluators and can provide information that is counter to common sense, popular appeal, and traditional ideas.
Large‐Scale Professional Development for Schoolteachers: Cases from Pittsburgh, New York City, and the National School Reform Faculty
Authors: Miech Edward , Nave Bill , Mosteller Frederick
Published: September 2002

Case studies from three cities show how concrete evidence often runs counter to a common wisdom. Using the example of professional development for teachers, this chapter illustrates how evaluation evidence can offer insights into education policies.
Electrolyzer‐operated gas‐cylinder‐free GC‐FID
Authors: Frishman Gad , Tzanani Nitzan , Amirav Aviv
Published: September 2002

A new gas chromatography system, based on the use of a water electrolyzer as its only source of gases, was designed, built, and tested. An electrolyzer‐powered flame ionization detector (EFID) served as the GC detector for the sensitive, carbon‐selective detection of a broad range of volatile organic compounds. The concept of electrolyzer‐operated GC‐EFID is based on the use of the electrolyzer‐produced oxygen and hydrogen gas mixture for sample desorption and sweeping in a purge‐and‐trap sampling system, as the analytical column carrier gas and as the only required EFID combustible gas mixture. It was found, as it has been found previously, that standard columns with dimethyl polysiloxane adsorption film could be operated with oxygen up to 200 °C. A styrene‐divinylbenzene–based PoraBOND porous‐layer open tubular column was used for the GC separation, and it was found that the system could be operated up to 140 °C with the electrolyzer‐produced hydrogen and oxygen gas mixture. Thus, the use of a water electrolyzer enabled the creation of a gas‐cylinder‐free GC‐FID system with enhanced transportability and ease of use and with lower cost of operation. The gas‐cylinder‐free system operation was demonstrated with fast chromatography separation (under 1‐min total analysis time) of acetone, ethanol, benzene, toluene, and xylene with an estimated detection limit below 1 ppb. The capability of exhaled human breath analysis for industrial hygiene and medical diagnostic applications is demonstrated. An additional capability of total hydrocarbon content in air analysis is shown and the required minor modifications are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 107–115, 2001
An update to what's burning in home fires
Authors: Rohr Kimberly D.
Published: September 2002

This article is an update on the items that are first ignited in home fires and it examines the extent of their involvement in associated deaths, injuries and property loss. It will be limited to forms of material that are considered products. Trash, for example, is involved in a large portion of home fires, but is not a product in the home and therefore is not included. Also excluded are building materials such as structural components and exterior wall coverings. This exclusion is important, because many building items rank high in the overall list of materials first ignited, but are not considered consumer products. Further detail will be given to the top ten leading products associated with home fires and home fire deaths. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.