bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Genre Structure and Dream Motifs in Gustav Pfleger-Moravský’s Verse-Novel Pan Vyšínský [La structure du genre et les motifs oniriques dans le roman en vers Monsieur Vyšínský de Gustav Pfleger-Moravský]
Authors: Zelenka Milos
Published: February 2015

La structure du genre et les motifs oniriques dans le roman en vers Monsieur Vyšínský de Gustav Pfleger-Moravský

L’étude met l’accent sur les rapports de la critique littéraire tchèque avec l’oeuvre de Gustav Pfleger-Moravský qui, considéré comme l’épigone de grands poètes romantiques, a été souvent jugé négativement en tant qu’auteur peu original, sans qu’on prenne en considération les traits spécifiques de ses écrits liés à l’époque et au milieu de leur création. Pfleger-Moravský n’imite pas un seul auteur ; il introduit dans la littérature tchèque comme une synthèse d’éléments connus des Souffrances du jeune Werther de Goethe, de poèmes de Byron, d’Eugène

Onéguine de Puškin, de Monsieur Thadée de Mickiewicz et d’autres encore. La représentation des personnages et des événements est marquée par le caractère du genre qui, à l’époque, commence à être remplacé par le roman en prose, et par le type d’inspiration poétique puisée dans des oeuvres de l’époque précédente. La narration saisit des situations incertaines voire contradictoires, les contours de la réalité sont mis en question. Il en résulte l’image d’une sorte de rêverie, d’illusions où des états oniriques sont mis en parallèle avec des expériences vécues, parfois difficiles à définir. Le caractère éminemment littéraire qui en résulte est accentué par la mise en évidence du rôle du narrateur, ce qui annonce, dans la littérature tchèque, un type nouveau d’intérêt pour le lecteur.
Structure métainformative de l’énoncé et choix de la forme de l’adjectif qualificatif après dva (dve), tri et četyre en russe littéraire classique et contemporain Metainformative [Structure of the Utterance and Choice of the Form of the Adjective after dva, tri and četyre Used in Subject Position in Modern Literary Russian]
Authors: Azam Olivier
Published: February 2015

Метаинформативная структура высказывания и выбор формы имени прилагательного после числительных два, три и четыре, употребляемых в именительном падеже в группе подлежащего

(ХІХ-ХХ вв.)

В этой статье мы ставим себе целью показать, что современная конкуренция между И. и Р. падежом мн. ч. имени прилагательного после числительных 2, 3 и 4, употребляемых в именительном падеже в группе подлежащего, истори-чески объясняется факторами, относя-щимися как к синтаксической структуре предложения, так и к актуальному чле-нению высказывания. Возможность вы-брать ту или другую форму имени при-лагательного вытекает из слияния двух конструкций, которые еще в первой половине ХІХ века четко отличались :

1. Ехали два Донские казака (личное предложение)

2. Ехало два Донских казака (безличное предложение). По свидетельству А. Х. Востокова вы-сказывание № 2 — ничто иное, как эллиптическая переформулировка сле-дующего высказывания :

Донских (казаков) ехало два казака.

Последний вариант употреблялся только в «распространенных » высказываниях, в которых выделяются и тема и рема. Первый же вариант употреблялся во всех остальных случаях. Однако еще во второй половине ХІХ века эти две структуры сливаются, чем и объясня-ется странность и противоречивость современных правил.
La poésie contre les sciences : le scepticisme comme exercice spirituel dans la poésie calviniste française et anglaise
Authors: Corréard Nicolas
Published: February 2015

Cet article suggère l’existence, au tournant des XVI e et XVII e siècles, d’un corpus de poèmes français et anglais relayant la critique de la curiositas savante exprimée par Henri-Corneille Agrippa ( Declamatio de incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum ) et par Montaigne ( Essais ). On se proposera de nommer cette poésie antiscientifique, dans la mesure où elle retourne les conventions régissant l’écriture de la poésie dite scientifique, posant des problèmes techniques similaires. C’est justement en réaction à l’essor d’une poésie vouée à chanter les merveilles de la nature, la variété des connaissances (traditionnelles ou nouvelles) et in fine la capacité de l’esprit humain à comprendre le monde qu’il faut envisager le Contr’empire des sciences de Perrot de la Salle (1599), le Nosce te ipsum de John Davies (1599) et le Treatise of Human Learning de Fulke Greville (1633). Nous relevons la proximité entre leurs sources et leurs présupposés (teintés de calvinisme et d’augustinisme), tandis que nous contrastons leurs procédés et leurs finalités : le scepticisme n’est jamais une fin en soi, mais il est conçu comme une expérience qui conduit le poète tantôt à embrasser la médiocrité existentielle et intellectuelle (Perrot), tantôt à se réfugier dans l’autorité (Davies), ou encore à explorer un bon usage du savoir, prudentiel (Greville). Les réussites de ces auteurs sont inégales, mais leur manière de constater et de creuser un hiatus entre savoir encyclopédique et posture lyrique n’est pas sans intérêt dans un panorama plus général des relations entre sciences et littérature au seuil de la modernité.
Science et hommes de science dans le théâtre de Shakespeare
Authors: Popelard Mickaël
Published: February 2015

Sans être omniprésents, car il y a bien des pièces dont ils sont absents, les hommes de science ne sont pas rares dans le théâtre de Shakespeare. Souvent discrets, voire marginaux, ils secondent les personnages principaux et contribuent à démêler les fils de l’intrigue ou à orienter l’action dramatique vers sa conclusion, comme dans Le roi Lear ou Romeo et Juliette . Et pourtant, Shakespeare ne s’est pas encore complètement affranchi d’une certaine tradition théâtrale qui cantonne l’homme de science aux rôles codés du pédant incompétent ou du sulfureux nécromant. À cet égard, la Tempête fait figure d’exception, et cet article se propose de montrer comment, tout en choisissant d’illustrer non plus l’héroïsme des passions mais celui de l’intelligence, Shakespeare donne à voir un personnage de savant ambigu. Ce faisant, il semble présenter la science comme une pratique desséchante et déshumanisante, de sorte que, lorsqu’il quitte finalement son île pour retrouver la compagnie des hommes, Prospero n’a d’autre choix que de « noyer son livre » et d’ « abjurer sa noire magie ».
Mages, géomètres et orateurs. L'optique des religieux en France au XVII e siècle
Authors: Libral Florent
Published: February 2015

Au XVII e siècle, les écrivains religieux usent de similitudes, comparaisons entre Dieu et la lumière. Le déclin de l’aristotélisme des Écoles pousse les auteurs à les revivifier littérairement par la description de jeux mathématiques (anamorphoses, miroirs) ou au contraire par une lecture alchimique du récit du Fiat lux . Le point commun de ces emprunts disparates réside dans le concept de merveille naturelle, qui permet de faire accepter l’irrationnel du dogme religieux.
Littérature et socialisation des sciences dans le dialogue scientifique
Authors: Chassot Fabrice
Published: February 2015

Malgré le peu de crédit dont jouit l’idée de vulgarisation, celle-ci reste opératoire pour envisager des œuvres « littéraires » nourries de pensée scientifique. Conçue comme socialisation des sciences, elle révèle la richesse des relations entre science et littérature au XVIII e siècle : la littérature invente de nouveaux savoirs et s’invente elle-même au contact de la science. Quelques dialogues scientifiques en témoignent, dont Le Rêve de d’Alembert et les Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes.
De la pathologie à l'extase « poétique » : la catalepsie entre médecine et littérature (XVIII e siècle)
Authors: Vila Anne
Published: February 2015

La catalepsie crée des relations très curieuses entre littérature et sciences au XVIII e siècle : elle surgit comme un problème médical et s’introduit dans le lexique de la littérature, grâce en partie à une préoccupation grandissante pour la génialité et les caprices de l’esprit. Cet article se propose d’examiner la catalepsie comme une sorte d’agent double conceptuel à cheval entre médecine, philosophie et littérature, qui se cristallise autour de la figure du « penseur profond » qui fascine tant l’écrivain Denis Diderot (et nombre de ses contemporains). Le premier volet porte sur les tentatives d’explication de la catalepsie dans le discours médical, notamment chez Samuel-Auguste Tissot. Il passe ensuite aux représentations de l’absorption intellectuelle « extatique » dans le discours moral et philosophique, avant de revenir à Diderot, pour terminer par une esquisse des deux directions séparées (esthétique, médicale) que suit la catalepsie après l’ère des Lumières.
Les déterminants de la fréquence du face-à-face dans les relations interentreprises : une analyse empirique
Authors: Lethiais Virginie , Aguilera Anne
Published: February 2015

Cet article vise à discuter l’influence des TIC, de la nature des échanges et des formes de proximité (spatiale et non spatiale) sur la fréquence du recours au face-à-face dans les relations client-fournisseur. Les données utilisées sont issues d’une enquête réalisée en 2008 par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de 2 000 PME localisées en Bretagne. Les résultats ne permettent pas de conclure sur le rôle de la nature des connaissances, mais soulignent que la distance spatiale et l’usage des TIC limitent les rencontres physiques. Ils montrent aussi le rôle contrasté des variables rendant compte des formes de proximité non spatiale entre les partenaires : certaines, comme la confiance, diminuent les besoins de rencontre ; d’autres, comme la bonne connaissance antérieure des interlocuteurs, tendent à les augmenter. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la dimension profondément sociale des relations interentreprises et leur influence sur les besoins de face-à-face.
Les aides à l'investissement dans les zones franches wallonnes : enseignements d'une évaluation
Authors: Meunier Olivier , Van Haeperen Béatrice , Mosty Mathieu
Published: February 2015

Le renforcement des aides publiques à l’investissement dans les zones franches urbaines et rurales a-t-il favorisé le redéploiement spatial des activités économiques en Wallonie ? La présente contribution se propose de faire état des résultats de l’exercice d’évaluation de cette politique territorialisée mené par l’IWEPS (Institut wallon de l’évaluation, de la prospective et de la statistique) dans le cadre de l’évaluation du Plan Marshall 2.Vert. La méthode repose sur une approche en double différence appliquée sur des données de panel. L’information de base, qui provient des services de l’administration en charge des aides à l’expansion économique, recense l’ensemble des projets d’investissement qui bénéficient d’une aide financière. Des estimations économétriques ont cherché à mesurer l’effet de la majoration des taux de subvention sur la taille et le nombre de projets d’investissement dans les communes faisant partie des zones franches. Les résultats ne montrent d’effet propre statistiquement significatif de ces aides majorées à l’investissement ni sur le montant global ni sur le nombre de projets d’investissement en zones franches.
Des chiffres de la politique à la politique du chiffre : le cas des réformes du financement de la recherche dans les universités belges francophones
Authors: Fallon Catherine
Published: February 2015

Les indicateurs chiffrés ont pris une importance grandissante au cœur de l’action publique. Les chiffres s’imposent dans l’espace politico-administratif sans que soient questionnés les dispositifs de quantification qui les produisent ni leurs conditions d’utilisation. Pourtant, la mobilisation du chiffre au sein des arguments politiques transforme aussi les termes du dialogue : si les politiques sont capables de transformer les chiffres, il ne faut pas négliger ce que les chiffres font à la politique. Cet article prend appui sur une étude de cas, la récente transformation des modes d’évaluation de la recherche financée dans les universités francophones de Belgique, pour mettre en évidence les effets structurels de la généralisation de l’utilisation d’indicateurs de performance chiffrés dans la gestion publique et proposer une mise en débat de leur impact sur la qualité du débat politique.
Le droit impérial selon le livre d'Esther
Authors: Macchi Jean-Daniel
Published: February 2015

Cet article étudie les trois principaux actes législatifs décrits par le texte massorétique d’Esther : le décret d’éviction de Vashti (1,13-22), celui ordonnant l’extermination des Juifs (3) et celui les autorisant à se défendre (8,3-14). Les processus législatifs conduisant à l’émission de ces décrets et les résultats obtenus sont présentés d’une manière profondément critique et polémique. L’analyse montre que, sous couvert de parler de pratiques impériales supposées se dérouler à l’époque du roi perse Ahashwérosh, le texte fait allusion à la politique législative de certains souverains séleucides en Judée et la dénonce.
Mobile Technology and Its Use in Clinical Nursing Education: A Literature Review
Authors: O’Connor Siobhan , Andrews Tom
Published: February 2015

Nursing students face a variety of challenges to learning in clinical practice, from the theory–practice gap, to a lack of clinical supervision and the ad hoc nature of learning in clinical environments. Mobile technology is proposed as one way to address these challenges. This article comprehensively summarizes and critically reviews the available literature on mobile technology used in undergraduate clinical nursing education. It identifies the lack of clear definitions and theory in the current body of evidence; the variety of mobile devices and applications used; the benefits of mobile platforms in nursing education; and the complexity of sociotechnical factors, such as the cost, usability, portability, and quality of mobile tools, that affect their use in undergraduate clinical nursing education. Implications for nursing education and practice are outlined, and recommendations for future research are discussed. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(3):137–144.]
Cooperative Learning Using Simulation to Achieve Mastery of Nasogastric Tube Insertion
Authors: Cason Melanie Leigh , Gilbert Gregory E. , Schmoll Heidi H. , Dolinar Susan M. , Anderson Jane , Nickles Barbara Marshburn , Pufpaff Laurie A. , Henderson Ruth , Lee Frances Wickham , Schaefer John J.
Published: February 2015

Traditionally, psychomotor skills training for nursing students involves didactic instruction followed by procedural review and practice with a task trainer, manikin, or classmates. This article describes a novel method of teaching psychomotor skills to associate degree and baccalaureate nursing students, Cooperative Learning Simulation Skills Training (CLSST), in the context of nasogastric tube insertion using a deliberate practice-to-mastery learning model. Student dyads served as operator and student learner. Automatic scoring was recorded in the debriefing log. Student pairs alternated roles until they achieved mastery, after which they were assessed individually. Median checklist scores of 100% were achieved by students in both programs after one practice session and through evaluation. Students and faculty provided positive feedback regarding this educational innovation. CLSST in a deliberate practice-to-mastery learning paradigm offers a novel way to teach psychomotor skills in nursing curricula and decreases the instructor-to-student ratio. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2015;54(3, Suppl.):S47–S51.]
A Neighborhood-Centered Clinical Project: Improving Diabetes and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hispanic Women
Authors: Baldwin Sara A.
Published: February 2015

Neighborhood-centered disease prevention programs have become a growing means of introducing baccalaureate nursing students to health care systems. This article reports diabetes and cardiovascular clinical outcomes and health behavior changes made following a 2-year baccalaureate community/public health clinical project and partnership with an urban Hispanic neighborhood. This pilot study used a pretest–posttest design without comparators. The healthy lifestyle consisted of health coaching, physical activity, and lifestyle modification. Thirty-eight women completed the 12-week program. Results revealed significant reductions in diabetes and cardiovascular total risk scores, glycated hemoglobin, body mass index, and physical activity (α = 0.05). Students gained learning opportunities in research and public health competencies, while providing clinical practice, research, and scholarship opportunities for nurse educators. Insights from these programs can help faculty, students, and communities identify new approaches that are consistent with the National Prevention Strategy and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to improve diabetes and cardiovascular outcomes among Hispanic women. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(3):159–163.]
Leadership Development through Design Based Wilderness Education
Authors: Saulnier Christopher R. , Ahn Benjamin , Bagiati Aikaterini , Brisson John G.
Published: February 2015

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has been collaborating since 2010 with the Singapore Ministry of Education to help develop the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD). One element of this collaboration, the Global Leadership Program (GLP), aims to provide SUTD students with the opportunity to interact with the MIT community and experience MIT’s academic culture. During GLP students participate in a program designed to develop leadership ability while also increasing their understanding of engineering science and design thinking. This paper introduces a curriculum combining the pedagogies of design-based learning and wilderness education that was implemented in the summer of 2014 to holistically address the development of these three competencies. Through design-based learning activities, both for and in a natural environment, students were encouraged to develop competencies in engineering science and engineering design while exploring the diverse attributes essential for success as an engineer. This paper examines the results of a retrospective post-then-pre survey administered to the participants upon completion of the program to explore the effects of the program on the development of professional engineering competencies. We find a statistically significant increase in items associated with Individual Leadership Skill, Group Leadership Skill and the role of Society and the Economy. These results are triangulated with student exit interviews and instructor observations.
Feasibility of Passive Integrated Transponder Technology to Study In Situ Movements of Larval Sea Lamprey
Authors: Dawson Heather A. , Potts Danielle D. , Maguffee Alexander C. , O'Connor Lisa M.
Published: February 2015

In the Laurentian Great Lakes, sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus is an invasive species controlled primarily through application of selective toxicants (lampricides) to tributaries expected to contain the most large larvae (>100 mm). Current assessment techniques make the assumption that larvae occupy all stream habitats in the same proportion irrespective of size or life history stage. Testing this assumption relies on the availability of a marking method to determine individual animal movement between habitats over time. To evaluate the feasibility of using passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology to detect sea lamprey larvae in situ, we implanted two sizes of PIT tags (8 and 9 mm) in larvae of less than 120-mm average length to assess survival, tag loss, behavior, and detectability in situ. Larval mortality and tag loss were lower when smaller tags were used, but mortalities were still high (60%) due to the small body cavity severely restricting internal tag implantation. Burrowing performance of 8-mm PIT-tagged larvae and untagged larvae was compared, and tagged larvae spent significantly more time moving (35 vs. 21 s) and more total time (71 vs. 31 s) to completely burrow into the substrate than untagged larvae. Detectability of those 8- and 9-mm PIT-tagged larvae in situ was evaluated by releasing them in a simulated stream and using a portable PIT tag antenna on three occasions to relocate them at a detection rate that ranged from 47 to 100%. Feasibility of tracking individual larval sea lamprey movements was evaluated by tagging larvae with either 9-mm PIT tags, visible implant alpha tags, or visible implant elastomer tags; releasing them in a natural stream; and relocating them by PIT antenna or recapturing them by electrofishing. In the natural stream, a total of 36% of 9-mm PIT-tagged larvae were relocated in situ during the study period, whereas less than 7% of larvae tagged with other tag types were recaptured. The smallest currently available PIT tags are not suitable for tracking movements of individual sea lamprey larvae less than 120 mm in average length because of the significant effects of tagging on behavior and survival rates. We are unaware of other tagging technologies currently available to track individual sea lamprey larvae of this size range in situ over time.
Tunable RF Front-Ends and Robust Sensing Algorithms for Cognitive Radio Receivers
Authors: Safatly L. , Ramadan A. H. , Al-Husseini M. , Nasser Y. , Kabalan K. Y. , El-Hajj A.
Published: February 2015

In this chapter, the concepts of Cognitive Radio (CR) and multi-dimensional spectrum sensing are introduced. Spectrum sensing methodologies, energy efficiency consideration, resources scheduling, and self-management and learning mechanisms in cognitive radio networks are also discussed. The entailed challenges of CR RF front-end architectures are looked into. The synthesis and design performance analysis of a tunable RF front-end sensing receiver for CR applications are presented. The chapter also discusses how sensing performance degradation, which is due to RF impairments, is analytically evaluated. Spectrum sensing algorithms that correct imperfect RF issues by compensating induced error effects through digital baseband processing are also illustrated.
A Collaborative Approach for Compressive Spectrum Sensing
Authors: Elzanati Ahmed M. , Abdelkader Mohamed F. , Seddik Karim G.
Published: February 2015

Compressive Sensing (CS) has been proven effective to elevate some of the problems associated with spectrum sensing in wideband Cognitive Radio (CR) networks through efficient sampling and exploiting the underlying sparse structure of the measured frequency spectrum. In this chapter, the authors discuss the motivation and challenges of utilizing collaborative approaches for compressive spectrum sensing. They survey the different approaches and the key published results in this domain. The authors present in detail an approach that utilizes Kronecker sparsifying bases to exploit the two-dimensional sparse structure in the measured spectrum at different, spatially separated cognitive radios. Simulation results show that the presented scheme can substantially reduce the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the recovered power spectrum density over conventional schemes while maintaining the use of a low-rate Sub-Nyquist Analog to Information Converter. It is also shows that one can achieve dramatically lower MSE under low compression ratios using a dense measurement matrix while using Nyquist rate ADC.
Fundamentals of Software Defined Radio and Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
Authors: Banerjee Jyoti Sekhar , Chakraborty Arpita
Published: February 2015

Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Cognitive Radio (CR) are the key enabling technologies to overcome the spectrum scarcity problem a bit, by supporting dynamic spectrum access in which either a network or a wireless node reconfigures its transmission or reception parameters to communicate efficiently, avoiding interference with licensed or unlicensed users. CR senses the environment and enables a secondary system to share the licensed spectrum with the primary system, which usually has exclusive access. The performance of the secondary system could be enhanced by Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) as it increases the primary detection probability. Again cognitive radio network greatly benefits from a cooperative transmission, employing intermediate nodes as relays. This chapter is focused on software defined radio, its architecture, limitations, then evolution to cognitive radio network, architecture of the CR, and its relevance in the wireless and mobile ad-hoc networks. Additionally, an overview of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS), its classification, components, challenges, and Cooperative Relay are discussed.
Modeling and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Gao Yuehong , Li Zhidu , Zhang Guoting , Bai He
Published: February 2015

Performance evaluation and analysis are of key importance to obtain deep understanding of cognitive radio networks. Some effects have been made to model and analyze the performance of cognitive radio networks. In the literature, there are two methodologies: queuing theory/Markov chain-based analysis and stochastic network calculus-based analysis. These two methodologies rely on different mathematical basics and modeling approaches. Thus, they lead to different output metrics on various viewpoints. This chapter aims to give an overall introduction to both methodologies. First, the fundamental models used in queuing/Markov chain-based analysis are presented, followed by their applications in cognitive radio networks. Then, network calculus basics are introduced with the modeling and application in performance analysis of the cognitive radio network.
CURRENT ROLE OF AUTOLOGOUS AND ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR RELAPSED AND REFRACTORY HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
Authors: Castagna Luca , Carlo-Stella Carmelo , Mazza Rita , Santoro Armando
Published: February 2015

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a relatively rare disease, with approximately 9,200 estimated new cases and 1,200 estimated deaths per year in the United States. First-line chemo-radiotherapy leads to cure rates approaching 80% in patients with advanced-stage disease. However, 25 to 30% of these patients are not cured with chemotherapy alone (i.e., the ABVD regimen) and show either primary refractoriness to chemotherapy, early disease relapse or late disease relapse. Second-line salvage high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) have an established role in the management of refractory/relapsed cHL, leading to durable responses in approximately 50% of relapsed patients and a minority of refractory patients. However, due to the poor responses to second-line salvage chemotherapy and dismal long-term disease control of primary refractory and early relapsed patients, their treatment represents an unmet medical need. Allogeneic SCT represents, by far, the only strategy with a curative potential for these patients. Despite a general consensus that early relapsed and primary refractory patients represent a clinical challenge requiring effective treatments to achieve long-term disease control, there has been no consensus on the optimal therapy that should be offered to these patients. This review will briefly discuss the clinical results and the main issues regarding autologous SCT as well as the current role of allogeneic SCT.
REFRACTORY THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND NEUTROPENIA: A DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE
Authors: Gyan Emmanuel , Dreyfus François , Fenaux Pierre
Published: February 2015

Background. The 2008 WHO classification identified refractory cytopenia with unilineage dysplasia (RCUD) as a composite entity encompassing refractory anemia, refractory thrombocytopenia (RT), and refractory neutropenia (RN), characterized by 10% or more dysplastic cells in the bone marrow respective lineage. The diagnosis of RT and RN is complicated by several factors.  Diagnosing RT first requires exclusion of familial thrombocytopenia, chronic auto-immune thrombocytopenia, concomitant medications, viral infections, or hypersplenism. Diagnosis of RN should also be made after ruling out differential diagnoses such as ethnic or familial neutropenia, as well as acquired, drug-induced, infection-related or malignancy-related neutropenia. An accurate quantification of dysplasia should be performed in order to distinguish RT or RN from the provisional entity named idiopathic cytopenia of unknown significance (ICUS). Cytogenetic analysis, and possibly in the future somatic mutation analysis (of genes most frequently mutated in MDS), and flow cytometry analysis aberrant antigen expression on myeloid cells may help in this differential diagnosis. Importantly, we and others found that, while isolated neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are not rare in MDS, those patients can generally be classified (according to WHO 2008 classification) as refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia or refractory anemia with excess blasts, while RT and RN (according to WHO 2008) are quite rare.These results suggest in particular that identification of RT and RN as distinct entities could be reconsidered in future WHO classification updates.
Technical Note: On the possibly missing mechanism of 15 μm emission in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT)
Authors: Sharma R. D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Accurate knowledge of the rate as well as the mechanism of excitation of the bending mode of CO2 is necessary for reliable modeling of the mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT) region of the atmosphere. Assuming the excitation mechanism to be thermal collisions with atomic oxygen, the rate coefficient derived from the observed 15 μm emission by space-based experiments (kATM = 6.0 × 10−12 cm3s−1) differs from the laboratory measurements (kLAB =(1.5-2.5) × 10−12 cm3s−1) by a factor of 2–4. The general circulation models (GCMs) of Earth, Venus, and Mars have chosen to use a median value of kGCM = 3.0 × 10−12 cm3s−1 for this rate coefficient. As a first step to resolve the discrepancies between the three rate coefficients, we attempt to find the source of disagreement between the first two. It is pointed out that a large magnitude of the difference between these two rate coefficients (kx ≡ kATM - kLAB) requires that the unknown mechanism involve one or both major species: N2, O. Because of the rapidly decreasing volume mixing ratio (VMR) of CO2 with altitude, the exciting partner must be long lived and transfer energy efficiently. It is shown that thermal collisions with N2, mediated by a near-resonant rotation-to-vibration (RV) energy transfer process, while giving a reasonable rate coefficient kVR for de-excitation of the bending mode of CO2, lead to vibration-to-translation kVT rate coefficients in the terrestrial atmosphere that are 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than those observed in the laboratory. It is pointed out that the efficient near-resonant rotation-to-vibration (RV) energy transfer process has a chance of being the unknown mechanism if very high rotational levels of N2, produced by the reaction of N and NO and other collisional processes, have a super-thermal population and are long lived. Since atomic oxygen plays a critical role in the mechanisms discussed here, it suggested that its density be determined experimentally by ground- and space-based Raman lidars proposed earlier.
Impact of the 2009 major stratospheric sudden warming on the composition of the stratosphere
Authors: Tao M. , Konopka P. , Ploeger F. , Grooß J.-U. , Müller R. , Volk C. M. , Walker K. A. , Riese M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In a case study of a remarkable Major stratospheric sudden Warming (MW) during the boreal winter 2008/09, we investigate how transport and mixing triggered by this event affect the composition of the whole stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere. We simulate this event with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), with optimized mixing parameters and with no mixing, i.e. with transport occurring only along the Lagrangian trajectories. The results are investigated by using the tracer–tracer correlation technique and by applying the Transformed Eulerian Mean formalism. The CLaMS simulation of N2O and O3 with optimized mixing parameters shows good agreement with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data. The spatial distribution of mixing intensity in CLaMS correlates fairly well with the Eliassen–Palm flux convergence and illustrates how planetary waves drive mixing. By comparing the simulations with and without mixing, we find that after the MW poleward transport of air increases not only across the vortex edge but also across the subtropical transport barrier. Moreover, the MW event also accelerates polar descent and tropical ascent of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. The accelerated ascent in the tropics and descent at high latitudes firstly occurs in the upper stratosphere and then propagates downward to the lower stratosphere. This downward propagation takes over one month from the potential temperature level of 1000 to 400 K.
Assessment of the performance of the inter-arrival time algorithm to identify ice shattering artifacts in cloud particle probe measurements
Authors: Korolev A. , Field P. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Shattering presents a serious obstacle to current airborne in situ methods of characterizing the microphysical properties of ice clouds. Small shattered fragments result from the impact of natural ice crystals with the forward parts of aircraft-mounted measurement probes. The presence of these shattered fragments may result in a significant overestimation of the measured concentration of small ice crystals, contaminating the measurement of the ice particle size distribution (PSD). One method of identifying shattered particles is to use an inter-arrival time algorithm. This method is based on the assumption that shattered fragments form spatial clusters that have short inter-arrival times between particles, relative to natural particles, when they pass through the sample volume of the probe. The inter-arrival time algorithm is a successful technique for the classification of shattering artifacts and natural particles. This study assesses the limitations and efficiency of the inter-arrival time algorithm. The analysis has been performed using simultaneous measurements of two-dimensional (2-D) optical array probes with the standard and antishattering "K-tips" collected during the Airborne Icing Instrumentation Experiment (AIIE). It is shown that the efficiency of the algorithm depends on ice particle size, concentration and habit. Additional numerical simulations indicate that the effectiveness of the inter-arrival time algorithm to eliminate shattering artifacts can be significantly restricted in some cases. Improvements to the inter-arrival time algorithm are discussed. It is demonstrated that blind application of the inter-arrival time algorithm cannot filter out all shattered aggregates. To mitigate against the effects of shattering, the inter-arrival time algorithm should be used together with other means, such as antishattering tips and specially designed algorithms for segregation of shattered artifacts and natural particles.
ECOC comparison exercise with identical thermal protocols after temperature offset correction – instrument diagnostics by in-depth evaluation of operational parameters
Authors: Panteliadis P. , Hafkenscheid T. , Cary B. , Diapouli E. , Fischer A. , Favez O. , Quincey P. , Viana M. , Hitzenberger R. , Vecchi R. , Saraga D. , Sciare J. , Jaffrezo J. L. , John A. , Schwarz J. , Giannoni M. , Novak J. , Karanasiou A. , Fermo P. , Maenhaut W.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A comparison exercise on thermal-optical elemental carbon/organic carbon (ECOC) analysers was carried out among 17 European laboratories. Contrary to previous comparison exercises, the 17 participants made use of an identical instrument set-up, after correcting for temperature offsets with the application of a recently developed temperature calibration kit (Sunset Laboratory Inc, OR, US). Temperature offsets reported by participants ranged from −93 to +100 °C per temperature step. Five filter samples and two sucrose solutions were analysed with both the EUSAAR2 and NIOSH870 thermal protocols. z scores were calculated for total carbon (TC); nine outliers and three stragglers were identified. Three outliers and eight stragglers were found for EC. Overall, the participants provided results between the warning levels with the exception of two laboratories that showed poor performance, the causes of which were identified and corrected through the course of the comparison exercise. The TC repeatability and reproducibility (expressed as relative standard deviations) were 11 and 15% for EUSAAR2 and 9.2 and 12% for NIOSH870; the standard deviations for EC were 15 and 20% for EUSAAR2 and 20 and 26% for NIOSH870. TC was in good agreement between the two protocols, TCNIOSH870 = 0.98 × TCEUSAAR2 (R2 = 1.00, robust means). Transmittance (TOT) calculated EC for NIOSH870 was found to be 20% lower than for EUSAAR2, ECNIOSH870 = 0.80 × ECEUSAAR2 (R2 = 0.96, robust means). The thermograms and laser signal values were compared and similar peak patterns were observed per sample and protocol for most participants. Notable deviations from the typical patterns indicated either the absence or inaccurate application of the temperature calibration procedure and/or pre-oxidation during the inert phase of the analysis. Low or zero pyrolytic organic carbon (POC), as reported by a few participants, is suggested as an indicator of an instrument-specific pre-oxidation. A sample-specific pre-oxidation effect was observed for filter G, for all participants and both thermal protocols, indicating the presence of oxygen donors on the suspended particulate matter. POC (TOT) levels were lower for NIOSH870 than for EUSAAR2, which is related to the heating profile differences of the two thermal protocols.
Identification of traffic accident risk-prone areas under low lighting conditions
Authors: Ivan K. , Haidu I. , Benedek J. , Ciobanu S. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Besides other non-behavioural factors, the low lighting conditions significantly influence the frequency of the traffic accidents in the urban environment. This paper intends to identify the impact of low lighting conditions on the traffic accidents in the city of Cluj-Napoca. The dependence degree between lighting and the number of traffic accidents was analyzed by the Pearson's correlation and the relation between the spatial distribution of traffic accidents and the lighting conditions was determined by the frequency ratio model. The vulnerable areas within the city were identified based on the calculation of the injured persons rate for the 0.5 km2 equally-sized areas uniformly distributed within the study area. The results have shown a strong linear dependence between the low lighting conditions and the number of traffic accidents in terms of three seasonal variations and a high probability of traffic accidents occurrence under the above-mentioned conditions, at the city entrances-exits, which represent also vulnerable areas within the study area. Knowing the linear dependence and the spatial relation between the low lighting and the number of traffic accidents, as well as the consequences induced by their occurrence enabled us to identify the high traffic accident risk areas in the city of Cluj-Napoca.
Comparing C- and L-band SAR images for sea ice motion estimation
Authors: Lehtiranta J. , Siiriä S. , Karvonen J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Pairs of consecutive C-band synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images are routinely used for sea ice motion estimation. The L-band radar has a fundamentally different character, as its longer wavelength penetrates deeper into sea ice. L-band SAR provides information on the seasonal sea ice inner structure in addition to the surface roughness that dominates C-band images. This is especially useful in the Baltic Sea, which lacks multiyear ice and icebergs, known to be confusing targets for L-band sea ice classification. In this work, L-band SAR images are investigated for sea ice motion estimation using the well-established maximal cross-correlation (MCC) approach. This work provides the first comparison of L-band and C-band SAR images for the purpose of motion estimation. The cross-correlation calculations are hardware accelerated using new OpenCL-based source code, which is made available through the author's web site. It is found that L-band images are preferable for motion estimation over C-band images. It is also shown that motion estimation is possible between a C-band and an L-band image using the maximal cross-correlation technique.
Experimental Design Methodology Applied to Mercury Determination: Hair Samples as a Mercury Bioindicator
Authors: Karimi Mohammad , Aboufazeli Forouzan , Zhad Hamid Reza Lotfi Zadeh , Sadeghi Omid , Najafi Ezzatollah
Published: February 2015

The application of modified magnetic nanoparticles in extraction of trace Hg was investigated. For this purpose, surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles were modified by 2-picolamine and then utilized as a solid-phase sorbent for Hg(II) extraction. A statisticalmethod, based on surface response design, has been used for the optimization of Hg ion elution from the magnetic nanoparticles. The sorbed Hg ions were eluted quantitatively with 5.5 mL of a solution containing 0.8 M HCl and 0.08 M EDTA after 12 min. The recovery value in this method was 98.6% with RSD of 1.4%,and the obtained LOD was 0.01 ng/mL. The preconcentration factor was calculated to be 179. The method was applied to the determination of hair Hg content for biomonitoring purposes.
The Evolution of Education: Change and Reform
Authors: Solomon Joan
Published: February 2015

This chapter focuses on education and the courses it considers cultural entities. Using three different evolutionary analogies, it explains how education can emerge, evolve or change in response to external factors. The emphasis is on the emergence of Science, Technology and Society (STS) courses in tertiary and secondary education in Britain. The discussion begins by focusing on education as a cultural artefact and how educational change is influenced by culture. The chapter then examines the phases of deevelopment of the STS curriculum in British education and the application of evolutionary thinking to the major trends in educational reform that have affected Britain and other countries during the last century, citing some of the later writings by Donald Campbell. It also highlights the imporance of identifying both the organisms whose evolution was being tampered with, and the ‘habitat’ in which they had to exist, in order to understand the extreme and damaging educational changes of the 1990s in Britain. Finally, it considers trends in STS education in the post-Thatcher era.
Naming Practices in Second- and First-Millennium Western Anatolia
Authors: Melchert H. Craig
Published: February 2015

This chapter provides a systematic survey of naming practices in the Indo-European languages of Western Anatolia in the second and first millennia, showing that essentially all types known from elsewhere in Indogermania are attested: Lallwörter, theophorics, determinative compounds of various kinds, and possessive compounds (bahuvrihis). Only Kurznamen and hypocoristica are surprisingly rare. The extent to which the above types reflect inherited usages is not addressed, but it is argued that the form of some Satznamen strongly suggests that they were initially formed on Hurrian (less probably Akkadian) models and then further adapted and extended. It is more tentatively suggested that the Apollodotos type of compound with past participle as second member, attested only in first-millennium south-eastern Anatolia, is based on Greek models.
The Secret History of Constitutional Dignity
Authors: Moyn Samuel
Published: February 2015

Recent histories of human dignity have focused on long-range intellectual and social contexts that provide very little explanation of the presence of the concept in politics and law today. This chapter revisits the very brief historical window through which, between the late 1930 and late 1940s, dignity made its prominent entry into modern constitutionalism, largely under the auspices of Catholic social thought and with highly local political implications. As the evidence shows, the sources of this entry are to be found neither in Kantian cosmopolitanism, the democratization of high status, nor post-Holocaust recoil. The point is not to restrict the possible meanings of dignity in recent liberal philosophy or legal tactics to its predominant context of origin. It is to show that such later creativity arose not against the background of long traditions and promiscuous uses of the concept of dignity, but in concrete and sometimes necessarily polemical relation to mid-century Catholic transnational political ventures.
The Concept of Human Dignity: Current Usages, Future Discourses
Authors: Schlink Bernhard
Published: February 2015

The concept of human dignity is used as a flag under which people fight for freedom, equality, and decent living conditions; as a foundational concept for human rights; and as a right that protects core elements of human identity and integrity absolutely. The concept is also used to reinforce specific claims for freedom and equality rhetorically without contributing to the solution of the conflict at hand. But the concept also bridges the gaps between the different usages; it expresses their overlap; and as a Sehnsuchtsbegriff it brings together people who long for a better and fairer world. In human dignity discourse lawyers bring legal problems and philosophers’ reflections on what humans are and owe each other—under a secular premise. Theologians rarely reflect on the dangers for human dignity within the church and similar institutions resulting from hierarchy and control, unequal treatment of women and others, celibacy, paternalism and seclusiveness.
Edward Lear's lines of flight
Authors: Bevis Matthew
Published: February 2015

‘Verily I am an odd bird’, Edward Lear wrote in his diary in 1860. This article examines a range of odd encounters between birds and people in Lear’s paintings, illustrations, and poems. It considers how his interest in birds—an interest at once scientific and aesthetic—helped to shape his nonsense writings. It is suggested that poetic and pictorial lines of flight became, for Lear, a means of exploring the claims that art might make on our attention.
The Sanctuary at Keros: Questions of Materiality and Monumentality
Authors: Renfrew Colin
Published: February 2015

The discovery of the early bronze age sanctuary on the Cycladic island of Keros is briefly described. Why islanders in the Aegean should establish the world’s first maritime sanctuary around 2500 BC is then considered, and other instances of early centres of congregation are briefly discussed. Specific features of the Special Deposit South at Kavos, a key component of the sanctuary, are then reviewed along with those of the accompanying settlement on the islet of Dhaskalio. The Aegean context for the development in the later bronze age of cult, involving the reverence of specific deities, is then surveyed. The conclusion is reached that the Confederacy of Keros may not have involved the practice of cult in this sense, but rather the performance of rituals of congregation such as are widely seen at very early centres before the development of hierarchically ordered (‘state’) societies.
‘Decadent Imports’, ‘Vile Abominations’
Authors: Ehrisman Lindsay
Published: February 2015

This chapter explores the origins of contemporary homophobic discourse in Uganda. It argues that hegemonic claims of an exclusively heterosexual tradition in Uganda have been intimately connected to misguided versions of the past, particularly surrounding the infamous 1886 executions of Baganda royal pages ordered by kabaka (king) Mwanga. This chapter examines the ways in which British missionaries, beginning in the late nineteenth century, codified or silenced male-male sexual activity in the missionary record, and how those silences were subsequently reproduced by the first generation of Ganda Christian elite in their early written histories. By excavating the discursive links between the 1886 executions and homophobic rhetoric in Uganda today, this chapter seeks to deconstruct a particular set of historical assumptions about ‘traditional’ Ganda sexuality, and contextualise those assumptions within a specific transnational, historical process, which gave the assumptions power.