bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Use of Ultrasonography During Continuous Dorsal Laminectomy in Two Dogs with Caudal Cervical Vertebral Instability and Malformation (“Wobbler Syndrome”)
Authors: NANAI BEATRIX , LYMAN RONALD , BICHSEL PIERRE
Published: July 2006

Objective— To describe an intraoperative ultrasound imaging technique during dorsal laminectomy in 2 dogs with caudal cervical vertebral instability and malformation (CCVIM, “Wobbler syndrome”).

Study Design— Clinical case report.

Sample Population— Two dogs with CCVIM.

Results— On neurologic examination there was tetraparesis with upper motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs in dog 1, and hyperreflexia of the rear limbs, normoreflexia of the right front limb, and hyporeflexia of the left front limb of dog 2. Both dogs had signs of marked cervical pain and radiographic signs of cervical spinal cord compression. Intraoperative ultrasonography of the spinal cord revealed protruding intervertebral disc at C5–6 (dog 1) and C6–7 (dog 2), and the parallel borders of the spinal cord and central canal after decompression. Continuous dorsal laminectomy (CDL) resulted in improvement over 16 months (dog 1) and 20 months (dog 2).

Conclusions— Intraoperative ultrasonographic imaging of the cervical spinal cord after CDL was helpful in determining adequate decompression (postlaminectomy) of the spinal cord in relation to the ventral and lateral compressive component(s) and to image the protruding intervertebral disc.

Clinical Relevance— Intraoperative ultrasonography can be used to provide valuable information on the spinal cord and surrounding soft tissues for the neurosurgeon.
Mechanical Evaluation of Two Crimp Clamp Systems for Extracapsular Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament‐Deficient Canine Stifle
Authors: MOORES ANDREW P. , BECK ALISON L. , JESPERS KARIN J. M. , HALFACREE ZOË , WILSON ALAN M.
Published: July 2006

Objective— To compare the mechanical properties and interoperator variabilities of 2 crimp clamp systems for extracapsular, fabello‐tibial, nylon loop stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament‐deficient stifle in dogs.

Study Design— In vitro mechanical testing.

Methods— Three operators with different grip strengths each secured 20 standardized nylon loops using stainless‐steel crimp clamps: 10 using a Veterinary Instrumentation system (45 kg [100 lb] test nylon leader line, 12 mm crimp clamps) and 10 using a Securos system (36 kg [80 lb] test nylon leader line, 36 kg [80 lb] crimp clamps). Loops were tensile loaded to failure in a materials testing machine.

Results— Mean ultimate load and mean stiffness were significantly higher for the Securos (336.9 N, 60.6 N/mm) than for the Veterinary Instrumentation system (113.8 N, 37.0 N/mm). For both systems, ultimate load was subject to interoperator variability.

Conclusions— The Securos loops were significantly stronger and stiffer than the Veterinary Instrumentation loops for all operators, but significant differences between operators for ultimate load existed for both systems.

Clinical Relevance— Securos fabello‐tibial sutures will withstand greater loads than Veterinary Instrumentation sutures and this is particularly true for sutures created by surgeons with reduced grip strength. It may be necessary to use more than 1 Veterinary Instrumentation suture to match the ultimate load and stiffness of a Securos suture.
Effect of Medial Meniscal Release on Tibial Translation After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: POZZI ANTONIO , KOWALESKI MICHAEL P. , APELT DETLEF , MEADOWS CHEYNEY , ANDREWS CHAD M. , JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate the biomechanical effects of medial meniscal release (MMR) and medial, caudal pole hemimeniscectomy (MCH) on joint stability in the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL)‐deficient canine stifle before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Thirty‐one dogs.

Methods—In experiment 1, 16 pairs of normal hindlimbs randomly assigned to an intact or transected CCL group were studied to determine the magnitude of tibial translation after MMR and MCH under 20% body weight load using radiographic imaging of radio‐opaque markers. In experiment 2, 15 pairs of CCL‐deficient hindlimbs were randomly assigned to a TPLO or sham TPLO group. The remainder of the experiment was performed as described for experiment 1. The effect of CCL transection, MMR, MCH and TPLO were analyzed using 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA;P<.05 was considered significant.

Results—We found a greater effect of MMR on tibial translation in transected CCL stifles than in intact stifles (P=.0016). We found no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05). We found a greater effect of MMR in sham TPLO than TPLO stifles (P=.0013) but no further effect of MCH after MMR (P>.05).

Conclusions—By resisting tibial translation the medial meniscus might be at greater risk of tearing in CCL‐deficient stifles. TPLO may spare the medial meniscus by neutralizing the tibial thrust and eliminating the wedge effect of the medial meniscus.

Clinical Relevance—MMR may not be indicated in the CCL‐deficient stifle stabilized by TPLO.
Calprotectin and cross‐linked N‐terminal telopeptides in peri‐implant and gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Friedmann Anton , Friedrichs Magdalena , Kaner Dogan , Kleber Bernd‐Michael , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre
Published: July 2006

Abstract: In a previous study on guided bone augmentation, a new collagen membrane was compared with an e‐PTFE one on 28 partially edentulous patients who received 50 dental implants at stage 2 surgery. After implant integration and subsequent loading, we were able to recruit 22 patients with 22 implants and their contra‐lateral corresponding teeth for longitudinal observation. Clinical parameters probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PI), assessment of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PCF) volumes and periapical radiographs were performed at 2‐ and 3‐year control appointments. Calprotectin (MRP 8/14) and cross‐linked N‐terminal telopeptide (NTx) levels in both crevicular fluids were determined by ELISA. PD was significantly reduced from years 2 to 3 appointments at implant sites as at teeth sites. At the 3‐year appointment in both compartments, fluid volumes were significantly increased, which corresponded well with ascending NTx levels. The total amount of calprotectin decreased non‐significantly in both GCF and PCF samples. Periapical radiographs revealed stable bone conditions around implants without significant changes from years 2 to 3 examinations. Clinical peri‐implant parameters were considered as stable as the periodontal parameters of their corresponding teeth. A parallel increase in NTx levels in both GCF and PCF at 3‐year appointment is not clearly understood; it may reflect an upregulation in the overall bone turnover rate.
Timing of fluoride intake in relation to development of fluorosis on maxillary central incisors
Authors: Hong Liang , Levy Steven M. , Broffitt Barbara , Warren John J. , Kanellis Michael J. , Wefel James S. , Dawson Deborah V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  Several studies have focused on the timing of fluoride intake relative to the development of dental fluorosis. This study reports the relationships of fluoride intake during the first 48 months of life with fluorosis on early‐erupting permanent teeth.

Methods:  Subjects were followed from birth to 48 months with questionnaires every 3–4 months. Questionnaires gathered data on intakes from water, diet, supplements, and dentifrice to estimate total fluoride intake. Early‐erupting permanent teeth of 579 subjects were assessed for fluorosis using the Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI) at approximately age 9. Fluorosis cases were defined as having FRI definitive or severe fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Individuals with FRI questionable fluorosis were excluded. The importance of fluoride intake during different time periods was assessed using t‐tests and logistic regression.

Results:  One hundred and thirty‐nine (24%) subjects had fluorosis on both maxillary central incisors. Mean fluoride intake per unit body weight (bw) ranged from 0.040 to 0.057 mg/kg bw, with higher intake during earlier time periods and relative stability after 16 months. In bivariate analyses, fluoride intakes during each of the first 4 years were individually significantly related to fluorosis on maxillary central incisors, with the first year most important (P < 0.01), followed by the second (P < 0.01), third (P < 0.01), and fourth year (P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that, after controlling only for the first year, the later years individually were still statistically significant. When all four time periods were in the model, the first (P < 0.01) and second years (P = 0.04) were still significant, but the third (P = 0.32) and fourth (P = 0.82) were not.

Conclusions:  The first two years of life were most important to fluorosis development in permanent maxillary central incisors; however, this study also suggests the importance of other individual years.
An unusual combination of idiopathic generalized short‐root anomaly associated with microdontia, taurodontia, multiple dens invaginatus, obliterated pulp chambers and infected cyst: a case report
Authors: Desai Rajiv S. , Vanaki Srinivas S. , Puranik Rudrayya S. , Rashmi G. S. , Nidawani Prakash
Published: July 2006

Generalized diminished root formation is a rare condition leading to early loss of teeth. This report describes an unusual case of generalized short roots associated with microdontia, taurodontism of posterior teeth, and multiple dens invaginatus along with short stature in a 20‐year‐old man, who had lost several teeth because of spontaneous exfoliation.
LIM homeodomain proteins Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 expressions in the developing pineal gland of chick embryo by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Hua , Liu Jia‐Li , Wu Ying‐Jie , Cui Sheng
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  LIM homeodomain proteins Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 expression and their role in nervous tissue and endocrine glands have been reported; however, nothing is known concerning Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 expression in the developing pineal gland of the chick embryo. The aim of the present study was to determine the ontogeny of Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 expression in the developing pineal gland of chick embryo using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 immunopositive cells were first detected in the pineal evagination of chick embryos at day 4 (E4) and E4.5 of incubation, respectively. In the later developing stages, both Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 immunopositive cells were consistently detected in the follicular and parafollicular pinealocytes throughout the pineal gland. The relative percentage of Islet‐1 immunopositive (Islet‐1+) cells relative to the total cells was about 6% at E4.5, and then kept increasing (P < 0.05) and reached about 40% by E12.5; this was followed by no obvious changes until the chicks were newly hatched. The change in Lim‐3 immunopositive (Lim‐3+) cell number was parallel to that of Islet‐1, although Lim‐3+ cell were significantly fewer than Islet‐1+ cell numbers from E4.5 to E8.5 (P < 0.05). Dual immunohistochemical staining results showed that almost all the Lim‐3+cells expressed Islet‐1 at every stage examined, and about 90% of Islet‐1+cells were proliferating cell nuclear antigen negative. These results suggest that both Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 may be involved in regulating the development and functional maturation of the pineal gland, although further studies are required in elucidating the functional roles of Islet‐1 and Lim‐3 and the related mechanisms.
The Presence of Gestational Diabetes is Associated with Increased Detection of Anti‐HLA‐class II Antibodies in the Maternal Circulation
Authors: Steinborn Andrea , Saran Gaby , Schneider Andreas , Fersis Nicos , Sohn Christof , Schmitt Edgar
Published: July 2006

Problem

Gestational diabetes (GD) may be associated with temporarily reduced immune tolerance toward alloantigens for the time of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess anti‐HLA‐class I and ‐II antibodies as markers for an aberrant immunostimulation in women with GD.

Method of study

The percentage of anti‐HLA‐class I and ‐II antibodies was estimated in women with GD, normal term delivery and fetal distress, which was confirmed by demonstrating low cord blood pH for this patient group. These antibodies may cross the placental barrier and cause interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) release from fetal monocytes by cross‐linking monocytes with antibody‐loaded cells. Therefore we estimated the percentage of IL‐6‐positive monocytes in the fetal circulation of these three patient groups.

Results

We found a significantly increased percentage of anti‐HLA‐class II in the circulation of women with GD. In comparison with women with normal term delivery, a significantly increased percentage of IL‐6‐positive monocytes was detected for women with GD and for women with fetal distress. Significantly decreased cord blood pH were detected for neonates born in the presence of fetal distress but not for neonates born in the presence of GD.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that GD is associated with an increased humoral immune response against HLA‐class II antigens.
Comparison of forces transmitted through different EVA mouthguards
Authors: Duhaime Craig F. , Whitmyer Christopher C. , Butler Robert S. , Kuban Barry
Published: July 2006

Abstract –  Athletic mouthguards have been recommended for decades with varying levels of athlete acceptance. Issues related to compliance center around the ability to breath and speak while wearing the mouthguards. Fabrication techniques have changed over time to a two‐layer ethylene vinyl acetate mouthguard fabricated on a high‐pressure machine. The reported ideal thickness of these mouthguards has been somewhat variable depending on the sport and anticipated level of risk. Recent research however, has identified 4 mm as the optimal thickness of EVA. In this study an acrylic dental cast was fabricated and mounted to a drop impact fixture. Mouthguards of varying ply, thickness and palatal coverage were fabricated and tested in the fixture. Strain gauges and load cells were used to evaluate the effect of ply, thickness, and palatal coverage on the ability of these mouthguards to minimize transmitted forces. The purpose of this study was to identify those variables of mouthguard construction that will minimize the overall transmitted force of impact to the anterior dentition.
Elite tae kwon do athletes’ satisfaction with custom‐made mouthguards
Authors: Eroğlu Erdal , Diljin Keçeci Ayşe , Lütfi Baydar Metin
Published: July 2006

Abstract –  Mouthguards are considered by most authors to be an essential part of equipment for athletes participating in contact sports. However, there are few studies evaluating the satisfaction of the elite athlete with mouthguards. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the satisfaction of elite tae kwon do athletes with custom‐made mouthguards in a period of 4 months. The subjects were 22 elite athletes (11 boys and 11 girls) aged between 15 and 17 years. Each athlete was provided with an individual mouthguard made of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) material. Using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) questionnaire, esthetic appearance, ability to talk and to breathe, kiyapping (yelling in tae kwon do), oral dryness, nausea, stability, ease in fitting into the mouth, inclination to chew and overall satisfaction were evaluated. Respective values of boys and girls were also compared. One‐way anova and paired sampled t‐tests were performed for statistical analyses using spss 11.0 windows program. There was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction between the first week and fourth month values. Results also showed that the level of satisfaction did not change statistically between male and female athletes.
Orofacial lesions in treated southeast Brazilian leprosy patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Martins MD , Russo MP , Lemos JBD , Fernandes KPS , Bussadori SK , Corrêa CT , Martins MAT
Published: July 2006

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate the oral mucosa lesions of leprosy patients during and after multi‐drug therapy.

Methods:  Clinical examination, medical and dental history examination was performed in 100 leprosy patients.

Results:  The results revealed that 71 patients, 50 men and 21 women, exibited oral lesions. The most frequent lesions were: fissured tongue (18 cases), inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (16 cases), chronic atrophic candidiasis (10 cases), fibroma (10 cases), erythematous candidiasis (eight cases), and traumatic ulceration (seven cases).

Conclusion:  We conclude that leprosy‐related lesions are not present in patients undergoing treatment for leprosy, probably due to response to multidrug therapy.
DEEP DIGITAL FLEXOR TENDONITIS IN THE EQUINE FOOT DIAGNOSED BY LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN THE STANDING PATIENT: 18 CASES
Authors: MAIR TIM S. , KINNS JEN
Published: July 2006

Injury to the distal aspects of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) is an important cause of lameness in horses. The purpose of this study was to review the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 18 horses affected by DDFT injuries in the foot. The MRI was performed with the horses standing using an open low‐field (0.21 T) MRI scanner. The results were compared with those previously reported for horses using high‐field MRI. Eighteen of 84 horses (21%) with undiagnosed forefoot pain were found to have lesions affecting the DDFT. The history, clinical findings and results of radiography, diagnostic ultrasonography and nuclear scintigraphy of these horses were reviewed. The duration of lameness ranged from 1 to 12 months, and the severity varied from 1/10 to 6/10. Fifteen horses had unilateral lameness (right fore in nine, left fore in six), whereas three horses were bilaterally foreleg lame. Radiological changes, considered of equivocal significance, were found in six of 18 horses. Ultrasonographic changes involving the DDFT were identified in only one of nine horses. DDFT lesions were detected in both T1‐ and T2‐weighted MRI sequences. Four different types of lesions were identified: core lesions, sagittal splits, dorsal border lesions, and insertional lesions. Combinations of different lesion types within the same horse were common. The types and locations of the DDFT lesions were similar to those previously reported using high‐field MRI. The use of low‐field standing MRI avoids the necessity for general anesthesia and access to conventional high‐field MRI scanners. However, studies comparing the results of standing low‐field MRI with high‐field MRI (and other imaging procedures) are required before the sensitivity and specificity of the technique can be assessed.
RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF LUNG LOBE TORSION
Authors: D'ANJOU MARC‐ANDRÉ , TIDWELL AMY S. , HECHT SILKE
Published: July 2006

Clinical data, thoracic radiographs, ultrasonographic exams, and histopathologic reports in 13 dogs and two cats with confirmed lung lobe torsion were reviewed. Age of dogs ranged from 4 months to 11.5 years, (mean of 6.4 years) and several breeds of large and small dogs were represented. Right middle lobe torsion was predominant in large dogs (five of eight large breed dogs) and left cranial lobe torsion was more commonly seen in small dogs (three of five small‐breed dogs). Two domestic short‐hair cats, 10 and 14 years of age, had right cranial and right middle lobe torsion, respectively. Underlying thoracic disease was found in only five of 15 patients. On thoracic radiographs, increased lobar opacity and pleural effusion were found in all patients (100%). Small dispersed air bubbles were found within the affected lobe of 13 patients (87%). This pattern, which was the result of vesicular emphysema, was variably extensive, and became more evident on follow‐up radiographs in five of six dogs. The lobar bronchi could be seen in only eight of 15 patients (54%), and appeared irregular, focally narrowed or blunted in six of the eight patients, and displaced in five of the eight. Other common radiographic findings included mediastinal shift (nine), curved and dorsally displaced trachea (seven), and axial rotation of the carina (seven). Ultrasonography was used in seven patients and considered generally useful, although variable signs were observed.
INVERTED CONTRAST MEDIUM‐URINE LAYERING IN THE CANINE URINARY BLADDER ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: SAMII VALERIE F.
Published: July 2006

Contrast medium‐urine layering is routinely identified on transverse computed tomography (CT) images in the urinary bladder following intravesicular or intravenous administration of iodinated contrast medium. The contrast opacified urine typically occupies the dependent portion of the urinary bladder whereas the nonopacified urine layers above it. In this retrospective study, three patients with inverted contrast medium layering following intravenous contrast medium administration are described. A review of this phenomenon in humans is presented and an explanation for similar imaging findings in the dog proposed.
STRESS REMODELING AND STRESS FRACTURE OF THE HUMERUS IN FOUR STANDARDBRED RACEHORSES
Authors: KRAUS BETH M. , ROSS MICHAEL W. , BOSWELL ROBERT P.
Published: July 2006

Two 2‐year‐old pacers, a 3‐year‐old pacer and a 2‐year‐old‐trotter with acute forelimb lameness were admitted for nuclear scintigraphic examination. Horses were grade 3–4/5 lame. There was increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU) in the distal cranial medial aspect of the humerus in one horse and along the caudal humeral cortex in the other three horses. Two of the four horses were affected bilaterally. Radiographic abnormalities consisted of thickening of the caudal cortex of the mid‐diaphysis of the humerus but radiographic changes were not present in all horses. All horses were managed with stall rest initially then stall rest with hand‐walking followed by limited turn out for a total of four months. None of the horses had raced before injury. One horse has returned to race training and the other three horses have returned to racing. Average time to return to racing was 329 days. Humeral stress fractures in Standardbred horses are rare. Diffuse patterns of IRU have not been reported in the humerus and are likely indicative of severe stress remodeling. Standardbred racehorses with stress fractures or stress remodeling of the humerus appear to have a good prognosis for return to racing.
THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE LEAD CLOTHING IN REDUCING RADIATION EXPOSURE RATES TO PERSONNEL DURING EQUINE BONE SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: STEYN PHILLIP F. , UHRIG JOHN
Published: July 2006

Bone scintigraphy is often used in horses because of its sensitivity and noninvasive nature. A 99mTc labeled radiopharmaceutical is injected at a dose of between 5.7 and 7.3 GBq. Images are acquired immediately postinjection and 2–4 h post. People are often in the room with the horse during the acquisition process. Objectives of this study were to (a) document the radiation exposure rates at different distances from various sites of the horse at varying times post injection and (b) study the usefulness of wearing lead aprons to reduce exposure rates to personnel. Radiation exposure rates were measured in at three distances (at skin surface and at 30 and 100 cm from the skin) from three sites (shoulder, thorax, and pelvis) in 19 horses. Exposure rates were measured with and without shielding by a 0.5‐mm lead equivalent apron during both the pool and delayed phases. A 0.5 mm equivalent lead apron significantly decreases radiation exposure (P<0.05) at these three distances from the three sites during both image acquisition phases. Mean dose reduction factors from the lead apron range from 3.6 to 5.7.
Religious Conservatism and Women’s Market Behavior Following Marriage and Childbirth
Authors: Glass Jennifer , Nath Leda E.
Published: July 2006

This study explores the effect of religious conservatism on the labor force behavior of women who marry or add a new child to their household, using the 1988 – 1993 National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,494). We model changes in labor supply, occupation, and wages as a function of either conservative denominational membership or conservative religious belief, holding other economic and demographic characteristics constant. Among Whites, conservative denomination did decrease labor supply following marriage or a marital birth, whereas conservative religious beliefs had larger influences on occupation choice and wages. Among Blacks, conservative denomination increased labor supply following marital births, but neither denomination nor belief affected occupation or wage growth. Results show the significance of religious ideology for understanding continuing gender inequality.
Methanol maser polarization in W3(OH)
Authors: Vlemmings W. H. T. , Harvey-Smith L. , Cohen R. J.
Published: July 2006

We present the first 6.7-GHz methanol maser linear polarization map of the extended filamentary maser structure around the compact H ii region W3(OH). The methanol masers show linear polarization of up to ∼8 per cent and the polarization angles indicate a magnetic field direction along the north–south maser structure. The polarization angles are consistent with those measured for the OH masers, taking into account external Faraday rotation toward W3(OH), and confirm that the OH and methanol masers are found in similar physical conditions. Additionally we discuss the Zeeman splitting of the 6.7-GHz methanol transition and present an upper limit of ∼22 mG for the magnetic field strength in the maser region. The upper limit is fully consistent with the field strengths derived from OH maser Zeeman splitting.
Will Current Research Answer Today's Problems at the Sanitary Landfill?a
Authors: Warman James C. , Rainer Rex K. , Chipley Alfred S.
Published: July 2006

Alabama's solid waste management program has been commended repeatedly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for establishing and operating throughout nearly all of the State effective, county‐wide, Stateapproved, rural solid waste collection and disposal systems. The program is administered and regulated by the Division of Solid Waste and Vector Control of the Environmental Health Administration. Collection systems, sanitary landfills, and other parts of the program are rated by the regulatory agency; rating of landfills is used in enforcement. In 1974, 87.0 percent of the 67 counties in Alabama representing 97.0 percent of the total State population of 3,444,000 had total collection and disposal systems.

The two greatest problems in the sanitary landfill program are disposal of hazardous industrial wastes and training of operators; other problems are noted. Current research throughout the nation on ground‐water pollution related to sanitary landfills was reviewed to identify expected research results that will help solve the problems.
Leachate Plumes in a Highly Permeable Aquifera
Authors: Kimmel Grant E. , Braids Olin C.
Published: July 2006

Two landfills, 27 and 41 years old, were studied and found to have plumes of leachate‐contaminated ground water extending 10,600 and 5,000 ft (3,200 and 1,500 m), respectively, from the site of deposition in the upper glacial aquifer on Long Island, New York. The plumes sink to the bottom of the aquifer, which is 70 ft (21 m) below the water table at the 27‐year old site and 170 ft (52 m) below at the 41‐year old site. The aquifer has a hydraulic conductivity of 270 ft per day (80 m per day).
Uniform Distribution in Soil Absorption Fieldsa
Authors: Otis R. J. , Bouma J. , Walker W. G.
Published: July 2006

The function of a septic tank‐soil absorption system is to purify the wastewater discharged from the home before reaching the ground water. However, failure often occurs in the soil absorption field. Failure can originate from two causes: (1) inadequate infiltration of effluent into the soil, due to soil clogging or an increase in loading which results in surfacing septic tank effluent, and (2) inadequate purification in the soil during percolation because of short travel times which can be due to presence of very permeable, shallow soils or to local overloading. Inadequate purification may result in pathogenic pollution of private well‐water supplies.

Failures of the second type can be prevented through proper design and operation of the soil absorption field. Studies have shown that 3 feet (90 cm) of unsaturated soil are adequate in purifying septic tank wastes with the exception of nitrogen removal. However, 4‐inch (10 cm) diameter perforated drain pipe commonly used for distribution leads to local overloading near the point of inlet whereas other areas in the seepage system do not receive effluent at all. This leads to locally high flow rates of the waste through the soil reducing the soil's efficiency for pathogenic organism removal. Uniform distribution of the septic tank effluent over the entire soil absorption field is necessary to relieve this situation.

One method by which uniform distribution can be achieved over a large area is through a pressurized system. By properly sizing the diameters of the pipes and the number and diameter of the orifices in the distribution laterals, the head losses across the orifices will be great enough to cause the entire network to fill before the liquid is applied to the soil. This system combines the advantages of dosing with uniform distribution.

Three systems have been tested under laboratory and field conditions. The network is easy to manufacture and can be quickly sized. The design guidelines and results of laboratory and field testing are discussed.
The Use of a Specialized Drilling and Ground‐Water Sampling Technique for Delineation of Hexavalent Chromium Contamination in an Unconfined Aquifer, Southern New Jersey Coastal Plaina
Authors: Yare Bruce S.
Published: July 2006

Woodward‐Clyde Consultants was retained to investigate a ground‐water contamination problem caused by disposal of chromium‐laden process water into an unlined lagoon in the Coastal Plain sediments of southern New Jersey. During the course of the investigation, a technique for sampling of formation water at specific horizons during drilling was developed. This technique consists of the following procedure: (1) drilling a borehole to the base of a sampling horizon; (2) lowering a wire‐wound well screen and riser pipe to the bottom of the borehole and gravel‐packing the screen; (3) pumping the borehole well until the discharge is clear of drilling fluid; and (4) pumping at least 100 gallons of formation water before collecting the sample and performing field water quality tests.

Analysis of water samples withdrawn from a cluster of five wells, drilled to and screened at specific depths of 20 to 100 feet, verified that the special drilling and sampling technique developed was a valid method to obtain representative, in‐situ water samples from specific horizons. This sampling procedure was then used to substantiate surface earth‐resistivity survey data and provide important information on the vertical distribution of the contaminant within the aquifer. The delineation of the contaminant within the aquifer was an important part of Woodward‐Clyde Consultants'responsibility to evaluate the extent and magnitude of ground‐water contamination at the plant site and design an economically and technically feasible system for the removal and treatment of the contaminated ground water and eventual recovery of the chromium.
C. E. Jacob's Study on the Prospective and Hypothetical Future of the Mining of the Ground Water Deposited Under the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico
Authors: Brutsaert W. , Gross Gerardo Wolfgang , McGehee Ralph M.
Published: July 2006

From 1965 till his death on January 30, 1970, Professor C. E. Jacob was chairman of Ground‐Water Hydrology at New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. During the last three decades, ground‐water studies have advanced considerably due to his efforts, original achievements, and philosophies. He is therefore considered by many as one of the founders of modern ground‐water hydrology. In this study, taken from unpublished reports and notes, Jacob projects the decline of the water table in the Ogallala aquifer of the Southern High Plains of New Mexico and Texas. After developing approximate analytical solutions for steady and unsteady flow as a function of flow depth, slope, water‐table configuration, and recharge, numerical results are obtained by digital computation. Representative values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity, required for this purpose, were obtained from an analysis of well data. The author concludes that the hypothetical time required for draining the aquifer, without pumping and without recharge, is from 5,000 to 8,000 years. At pumping rates prevailing during the decade 1951‐1960, with natural recharge and discharge operating, the aquifer will be depleted in less than 100 years. Starting with complete exhaustion, the aquifer would recover to within 2 percent of its initial (1938) storage in 5,600 to 5,700 years. If pumpage had ceased at the end of 1958, recovery to within 2 percent of initial storage would probably not exceed 1,500 years. These estimates assume that no local or temporary climatic fluctuations of the water table take place during the time spans considered.
Differential‐Head–Lake‐Level Relationships in the Middle‐Gulf Area, Florida
Authors: Hudson H. E.
Published: July 2006

Large well‐field developments in the Mid‐Gulf area have caused abnormal lowering of nearby lakes. A map showing the differential head between the surficial aquifer and the underlying limestone Floridan aquifer showed values ranging from 20 feet to zero at a location where the aquiclude is absent. Lake levels had been restored by pumping from limestone wells. From pumping data and analysis of recession limbs, lineal relations between recession rates and differential head appeared to exist. From these, leakance values and vertical permeabilities were determined, with the latter values for two distinctly different sites ranging from 2 × 10‐2 to 200 gpd/sf.
Septic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Test Systema
Authors: Sikora L. J. , Bent M. G. , Corey R. B. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2006

An individual home waste nitrogen and phosphorus removal system was evaluated in the laboratory. The gravity flow system consisted of a 10 × 60 cm (4 × 24 in) vertical Plainfield sand column followed by a series of 8 × 32 cm (3 × 12 in) horizontal columns filled with calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (Ca MgCO3). Nitrogen removal was attempted using a nitrification‐denitrification system where methanol was used as an energy source and P removal was attempted using calcite and dolomite. Separate experiments running from 4 to 6 months were used to test various diameter calcite and dolomite. The phosphorus removal system was also the site of denitrification and hence was in an anaerobic environment. Nitrogen removal was successful with approximately 60–100% removal in a 1‐day residence time after methanol addition. Increased denitrification rates were observed using smaller diameter filling materials but no differences were observed between equal‐diameter calcite and dolomite. Phosphorus removal was successful initially but after approximately one month, the ability of the calcite or dolomite to sorb phosphorus was curtailed in a 3‐day residence time. Results indicated that calcite was superior to dolomite and smaller diameter material was superior to larger diameter in removing phosphorus. However, it appeared that slime growth and organic anion competition covering the sorption sites on the calcite and dolomite prevented significant phosphorus removal after the first 2 to 3 months.
The Selection and Management of Feedlot Sites and Land Disposal of Animal Waste in Boise Valley, Idahoa
Authors: Mink L. L. , Gilmour C. M. , Beck S. M. , Milligan J. H. , Braun R. L.
Published: July 2006

Environmental effects of feedlot location and related land disposal operations can be minimized if proper knowledge of hazardous conditions are known and appropriate protective steps taken. Common guidelines often do not apply because of differing physical characteristics of local areas.

Analyses of various parameters within a soil profile beneath a feedlot revealed none of the chemical constituent present in high concentrations below the 23‐foot depth. In areas where shallow ground water was less than 5 feet from the surface, the ground water was found to be affected by the feedlot. Other hazardous areas in feedlot location are flood‐prone areas, areas of surface bedrock, and areas of excessive slope.

For land disposal operations, loading rates and frequency of application of feedlot waste should be adjusted in accordance with soil permeability, depth to ground water, and irrigation practices to minimize detrimental effects on ground‐water quality.
Abatement of Nitrate Pollution in a Public‐Supply Well by Analysis of Hydrologic Characteristicsa
Authors: Eccles Lawrence A. , Klein John M. , Hardt William F.
Published: July 2006

High concentrations of dissolved nitrate in the ground water in the Redlands, California, vicinity threaten public water supplies. Dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations in water from wells, which frequently exceed 10 mg/1 (milligrams per litre), are attributed to the previous applications of large quantities of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on citrus crops. In a city of Redlands public water‐supply well field, wells 1 and 2 normally produce water with dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations of about 18 and 30 mg/1, respectively. Well 1 is a large‐capacity well capable of yielding 3,700 gal/min (gallons per minute) [233 1/s (litres per second)] and is the major source of water in the well field.

The very permeable unconfined alluvial aquifer is composed of sand, gravel, boulders, and discontinuous clayey deposits. Well 1 is 742 feet (226 metres) deep and is perforated throughout most of the zone of saturation. A major clayey interval from 425 to 480 feet (130 to 146 metres) effectively separates the aquifer into an upper and lower zone. Well 2 is 426 feet (130 metres) deep and is perforated throughout most of the upper zone of saturation. At the well field the static water level (February 1976) was 180 feet (55 metres) below land surface.

Independent tests were made on wells 1 and 2 to evaluate aquifer characteristics and to determine the sources of the high‐nitrate water. Chemical analyses of water collected from well 1 during the first 48‐hour test showed an increase in dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen from 4.1 mg/1 to a maximum of almost 20 mg/1. Dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations during the 48‐hour test of well 2 stayed constant at 30 mg/1. Interpretation of the chemical data and the results of previous studies indicate that the upper zone of saturation is the higher in concentration of dissolved nitrate.

To reduce the concentration of dissolved nitrate in water from well 1, an inflatable packer was placed in the casing at 480 feet (146 metres) to coincide with the bottom of the clayey interval. The packer sealed off the upper part of the well and, as determined from a final test of well 1, reduced dissolved nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations from 20 to 4 mg/1 while only reducing well yield from 3,700 to 2,600 gal/min (233 to 164 1/s).
Mathematical Model of Uluova Plain, Turkey A Training and Management Tool
Authors: Karanjac Jasminko , Altunkaynak Mustafa , Ouvül Göksel
Published: July 2006

The modelling of the Uluova Plain in southeastern Turkey was a part of training offered to Turkey's State Hydraulic Works' staff within a UNDP project. The modelling of the 341‐sq km plain started with the simple steady‐state version, but the model was gradually made more and more complex. At the end of modelling, the entire ground‐water system was subjected to various automatic controls. The interesting feature of the model was the interaction between surface water (Keban Reservoir) and ground water. Lake Keban started encroaching upon the plain in 1974 and by the middle of 1976 it occupied over 100 sq km of the plain. In its verification phase covering the period from 1967 through 1974, the model amended the conclusions from a previous hydrogeological study. In its prediction phase, the model simulated the ground‐water extraction plans for the 1976–1985 period. The modelling showed that the planned increase in ground‐water withdrawal from about 17 million cubic meters (MCM) in 1975 to about 30 MCM in 1976 was quite realistic and completely sustained by the aquifer. The maximum drawdowns in the 1974–1980 period are of an order of magnitude of 20 meters. Another sharp increase in ground‐water development from 30 to 58 MCM that was foreseen for 1981 would create drawdowns in some areas in excess of 35 m. The results of modelling pointed at several possible management alternatives.

Several computation runs, which were repeated with Lake Keban removed from simulation as if it had not existed, made possible the evaluation of actual effects of the lake on ground‐water development potentials of the plain. It was demonstrated that the lake improved the situation appreciably over an area of about 48 sq km that was foreseen by planning for additional development.

The Uluova model incorporates some advanced and new routines in integrated surface‐water–ground‐water simulation.
Attenuation of Waste Water Elutriated Through Glacial Outwash
Authors: Fetter C. W.
Published: July 2006

Secondarily treated waste water was added to plastic columns filled with calcareous glacial outwash soil for a period of 10 weeks. More than 99 percent of the phosphorus was retained in the upper 50 centimeters of the soil, primarily due to adsorption. Ammonia, nitrite, and organic nitrogen were biologically nitrified to nitrate nitrogen. There was no measurable mercury in the column effluent, and it was present in only two samples of the waste water. About 30 percent of the cadmium was removed by ion exchange in the soil columns. Lead was not removed, probably due to the prior exhaustion of the lead exchange sites.
GROUND‐WATER USE FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Authors: Smith Edgar M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The uses of water for nuclear power plants consist of the following: service water, emergency cooling water, domestic (potable, sanitary), construction, and fire fighting. The quantity of water for these various uses may range from 10 gpm (0.63 1/s) for domestic supplies to greater than 100,000 gpm (6309 1/s) for service water and emergency cooling water supplies. Historically, the source of water for nuclear power plant use has been surface‐water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and man‐made canals. Ground‐water sources have supplied relatively small quantities of water for plant use, mainly domestic and construction supplies. A survey of 123 nuclear power plant sites which are either built, under construction, or planned, revealed that about 3 percent of all plant water supplies is derived from ground‐water sources. Presently, four nuclear power plants intend to use ground water in relatively large quantities (as service water and emergency cooling water). Two of these plants will use ground water via induced infiltration from radial collector wells, and the other two plants intend to withdraw ground water from deep wells (1,000 feet) from a confined aquifer. Another plant, under construction, intends to use sewage effluent which is originally derived from a combination of surface and ground water.
The Blind Zone in Seismic Ground‐Water Exploration
Authors: Sander John E.
Published: July 2006

Seismic refraction methods can often indicate the saturated thickness of an aquifer. However, if an impermeable blind zone layer is present, it will not show up in the refraction profile. As a result, saturated thickness and transmissivity values indicated by the profile will be too high. It is thus important in many cases to look for a blind zone layer, and resistivity data combined with geological considerations are two possible ways of inferring its presence.
REDOX POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS AS AN INDICATION OF BIOCHEMICAL WELL PLUGGING
Authors: Armstrong William B.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Hydrogeologic and geochemical investigations have recently been made at an existing municipal supply well in the Town of Pembroke, Massachusetts, to determine the feasibility of using the Vyredox Method (Hallberg and Martinell, 1976) to remove iron and manganese from the ground water. The unique Vyredox testing procedures confirmed the existence of an active iron and manganese precipitating bacteria colony in the productive zone of the aquifer, which was causing rapid plugging of the well.
Controlled Degradation and/or Protection Zones — The Way It Looksa
Authors: Miller David W.
Published: July 2006

The support for controlled degradation and/or protection zones arises from the fact that cleaning up existing bodies of contaminated ground water, almost without exception, has not been successful because of technical difficulties and extremely high costs inherent to abatement procedures. With regard to potential future sources of ground‐water contamination, controlled degradation and/or protection zones are attractive because the state‐of‐the‐art for containment of pollutants has not advanced to the degree that full ground‐water protection can be guaranteed. Methods used to carry out a program of controlled degradation and/or establishment of ground‐water protection zones can be applied on both a regional and site‐specific level.
Ground‐Water Computer Models — State of the Arta
Authors: Prickett Thomas A.
Published: July 2006

This paper addresses both the pros and cons of ground‐water modeling and is presented from a neutralist's standpoint. The list of individual modeling pros and cons is extensive but is condensed into three main points for each side of the ledger.

The three main characteristics that put the use of ground‐water models into the class of intellectual toys are as follows. First, the wrong model is frequently chosen for problem solving of which overkill by use of an overly sophisticated model is an example. Secondly, the paying agency or client is often disillusioned with the model results because of frequent modeler oversell in the early stages of project planning and budgeting. Thirdly, the problems are often solved with a numerical code that is a mystery to all except the modeler himself.

The three main characteristics that make ground‐water models very practical tools are as follows. First, there is no doubt that the models of today can solve extremely complex ground‐water flow problems. Having methods available for solution of complex problems is an advantage that we have not always had Secondly, the models of today are available to virtually everyone in the ground‐water business. The days of specialty laboratories for complex ground‐water model solving are over and the tools are now in the hands of those doing the local work. And thirdly, having a computer code and data deck available is a perfect tool for transferring information to another person as to how a problem was solved. There is no doubt as to the exact assumptions used and the step‐by‐step solution of the problem which produces the results of the entire analysis.

This paper also includes a very brief description of the state‐of‐the‐art of ground‐water modeling and a very comprehensive reference list of useable models.
The Effects of Urbanization on Ground‐Water Quality — A Case Study
Authors: Eisena Craig , Anderson Mary P.
Published: July 2006

The results from a 1 1/2‐year study of ground‐water quality in the vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, support the suggestion by other researchers, that chloride and sulfate are the principal products of urbanization which alter ground‐water chemistry. In addition to chloride and sulfate, ground‐water samples, from the Menomonee River Watershed contained relatively high concentrations of ammonium, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria. Field data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by municipal and industrial wastes and (or) leakage from sewer lines. Some additional chloride contamination by infiltration of road salt is also suggested.