bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions to psychological contract breaches and organizational citizenship behaviours: An experimental manipulation of severity
Authors: Atkinson Theresa P. , Matthews Russell A. , Henderson Alexandra A. , Spitzmueller Christiane
Published: January 2018

Grounded in affective events theory, we investigated the effects of experimentally manipulated psychological contract breaches on participants' feelings of violation, subsequent perceptions of psychological contract strength, and organizational citizenship behaviours in a sample of working adults. Results support previous findings that pre‐existing relational psychological contract strength interacts with severity of unmet promises or expectations. Specifically, individuals with high relational contracts who experience low severity of unmet promises/expectations have the lowest breach perceptions, whereas individuals with high relational contracts who experience more severe levels unmet promises/expectations experience the highest level of breach perceptions. Results also support the concept of a breach spiral in that prior perceptions of breach led to an increased likelihood of subsequent perceptions of breach following the experimental manipulation. Furthermore, consistent with affective events theory, results support the argument that a psychological contract breach's effect on specific organizational citizenship behaviours is mediated by feelings of violation and the reassessment of relational contracts. These effects were present even after controlling for the direct effects of the manipulated severity of unmet promises/expectations.
Change in perceived stress and 2‐year change in cognitive function among older adults: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing
Authors: Feeney J. , O'Sullivan M. , Kenny R.A. , Robertson I.H.
Published: January 2018

Prolonged or severe stress can adversely affect older adults' cognitive function, but population‐based studies investigating this relationship over time are rare. Previous studies have largely focused on stress either evaluated at a single time point or linked to specific life events. This study aimed to investigate whether a change in perceived stress over 2 years predicts a change in cognitive performance over the same time period in a population‐based sample of older adults. Data from the first 2 waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing were analyzed. Five thousand and seventy adults aged 50 and older completed the 4‐item Perceived Stress Scale and measures of verbal fluency, immediate and delayed word recall 2 years apart. A first differences regression model revealed that the change in stress over 2 years was inversely associated with a change in immediate word recall performance, even after adjustment for change in possible confounders (B = −0.030, 95% CI [−.056, −.004], p < .05). No association was observed for delayed recall or verbal fluency performance. Change in perceived stress is inversely correlated with change in immediate recall, even over a short period. Stress modifying interventions could potentially reduce the risk of cognitive decline associated with ageing.
Type D personality is associated with increased desire for alcohol in response to acute stress
Authors: Williams Lynn , Bruce Gillian , Knapton Cindy
Published: January 2018

Type D personality (the combination of negative affectivity and social inhibition) is associated with high levels of alcohol consumption. We examined if Type D was associated with higher levels of alcohol use, and if Type D was associated with desire for alcohol in response to a social stressor. In an experimental study, participants (n = 138) completed measures of Type D, stress, and alcohol use. They also took part in a stress‐inducing public speaking task and provided measures of desire for alcohol at baseline, stressor, and recovery. Type D was associated with higher levels of alcohol use, stress, and desire for alcohol at stressor and recovery. Mixed measures analysis of variance demonstrated that there was a significant group effect of Type D (F(1, 136) = 6.86, p < .05) and a significant time × Type D interaction (F(1.50, 204.49) = 3.44, p < .05) on desire for alcohol. Type D individuals exhibited significantly higher levels of desire for alcohol during the stressor and recovery phases, compared to non‐Type D individuals suggesting that Type D individuals may be motivated to consume alcohol in order to cope with stressful situations.
Synthesis and Photocatalytic Application of Stable Lead‐Free Cs2AgBiBr6 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhou Lei , Xu Yang‐Fan , Chen Bai‐Xue , Kuang Dai‐Bin , Su Cheng‐Yong
Published: January 2018

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have demonstrated great potential as appealing candidates for advanced optoelectronic applications. However, the toxicity of lead and the intrinsic instability toward moisture hinder their mass production and commercialization. Herein, to solve such thorny problems, novel lead‐free Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite NCs fabricated via a simple hot‐injection method are reported, which exhibit impressive stability in moisture, light, and temperature. Such materials are then applied into photocatalytic CO2 reduction, achieving a total electron consumption of 105 µmol g−1 under AM 1.5G illumination for 6 h. This study offers a reliable avenue for Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite nanocrystals preparation, which holds a great potential in the further photochemical applications.
Biodegradable and Edible Starch Composites with Fiber‐Rich Lentil Flour to Use as Food Packaging
Authors: Ochoa‐Yepes Oswaldo , Medina‐Jaramillo Carolina , Guz Lucas , Famá Lucía
Published: January 2018

Following the new eco‐friendly technologies for food packaging, biodegradable composites with edible components as starch, glycerol, and lentil flour rich in fiber (0, 0.5 wt.% and 1.0 wt.%) are developed. The lentil flour, obtained from the residue of a commercial lentil protein extraction process, have micrometer size and, unlike typical lentil flour, have three times higher concentration of fiber. Its use leads to increments in the storage modulus, strength at break, and toughness of the composites, and to decreases in water vapor permeability, with respect to the matrix, showing that the additive can act as reinforcement for starch films. Composites with 0.5 wt.% of flour result in more flexibility due to their homogeneous dispersion in the matrix. All films are thermally stable up to 240 °C and biodegradable in vegetal compost after 4 weeks. These new composites are high promising for use as biodegradable and edible food coatings. They could enrich food nutritional value by the fiber‐rich flour addition.
Reference tissue models in the assessment of 11C‐DTBZ binding to the VMAT2 in rat striatum: A test‐retest reproducibility study
Authors: Avendaño‐Estrada Arturo , Ávila‐Rodríguez Miguel Angel
Published: January 2018

Dopaminergic PET imaging is a useful tool to assess the dopaminergic integrity and to follow‐up longitudinal studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of different reference tissue‐based methods to determine the non‐displaceable binding potential (BPND) as a quantitative measure of 11C‐DTBZ binding to the VMAT2 in rat striatum using cerebellum as reference region. Eight healthy Wistar rats underwent two microPET scans at the age of 12 (test) and 20 weeks (retest). BPND was determined using the simplified reference tissue model, Logan reference tissue model, and multilinear reference tissue models (MRTMo and MRTM2). Additionally, a striatal‐to‐cerebellar‐ratio (SCR) analysis was performed. The reproducibility between the two scans was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the variability index. Repeatability indices showed acceptable ICC = 0.66 (SCR) to excellent ICC = 0.98 (MRTM2) reliability for this study and a variability ranging from 12.26% (SCR) to 3.28% (MRTM2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on longitudinal studies for 11C‐DTBZ in rats using reference tissue methods. Excellent intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility was obtained with the multilinear reference MRTM2, suggesting this as the best method to compare longitudinal studies, whereas the SCR method had poor reliability. Logan method, however, is a method simple to compute that shows accurate reproducibility with a reasonable level of inter‐ and intra‐subject variability allowing crossover studies to follow‐up the uptake of 11C‐DTBZ in rat striatum.
Electromagnetic Shielding Materials in GHz Range
Authors: González Marta , Pozuelo Javier , Baselga Juan
Published: January 2018

The state‐of‐the art in the design and the manufacture methods of the different electromagnetic shielding materials has been reviewed. This topic has become a mainstream field of research because of the electromagnetic pollution generated by telecommunication technology development. The review is centred in absorbent materials and shows a general overview of how the absorption properties of such composites can be tailored through changes in geometry, composition, morphology, and the filler particles content. Although different types of materials are explained, the text is mainly focused on carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. In this way, the importance of the dispersion of the conductive fillers in different polymer matrices is discussed. In addition, an extensive study on new complex architectures such as foam‐based materials is presented. Finally, the combination of carbon fillers with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles is mentioned. In all these studies, the efficiency of the composites as absorbent or reflective of electromagnetic radiation is discussed.
Correlation analysis between SF6 decomposed components and negative DC partial discharge strength initiated by needle‐plate defect
Authors: Tang Ju , Yang Xu , Yao Qiang , Miao Yulong , She Xin , Zeng Fuping
Published: January 2018

To obtain and understand the decomposition characteristics and decomposition process of SF6 gas under different negative DC voltages, a physical model of the needle‐plate defect is used to conduct decomposition experiments of SF6 gas. Experimental results show that, under different negative DC voltages, the partial discharge (PD) caused by the needle‐plate defect decomposes SF6 gas and generates five stable decomposed components, namely CF4, CO2, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2. The concentration and effective formation rates (RRMS) of these five components can be associated with the mean discharge magnitude per second (Qsec), and the effective concentration ratios (CRRMS) of CF4/CO2 and SO2F2/(SOF2 + SO2) correlate well with Qsec. The concentration, RRMS, and CRRMS of SF6 decomposed components can be used as characteristic quantities of the PD strength under a negative DC voltage. Based on these characteristic quantities, we establish two evaluation tables to assess the PD magnitude under negative DC voltage. That is, the range of PD magnitude in the gas chamber can be deduced by the RRMS and CRRMS of SF6 decomposed components. These tables provide a practical method for assessing the insulation status of the gas‐insulated equipment under a negative DC voltage. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technologies for estimation and forecasting of photovoltaic generation output supporting stable operation of electric power system
Authors: Yatsubo Osamu , Miyake Shota , Takada Nozomu
Published: January 2018

In recent years, Japan has rapidly extended its use of electricity obtained via photovoltaic (PV) generation. When the proportion of PV in the generation mix was small, its unpredictable output fluctuations had little effect on the supply and demand operation. However, as the role of PV in grid supply grows, predicting these fluctuations becomes increasingly necessary to ensure stable and economical operation of the electric power system. In this study, we discuss the current approaches of estimating and forecasting the PV output. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A system for paper registration to institutional repositories
Authors: Baba Kensuke , Sakaguchi Koji , Koyanagi Mayumi , Minami Toshiro
Published: January 2018

An institutional repository (IR) is a system for archiving digital research outputs such as scholarly papers. While using this system is a simple way to return the benefits of academic research to society, the number of papers currently archived in institutional repositories across the world is very small. We have, therefore, developed a system that can increase the number of papers archived in institutional repositories. The main aim of this system is to reduce the workload of researchers and librarians in paper registration for an IR by using external databases. As a result of our trial implementation and evaluation of the system, we found that its application resulted in a fourfold increase in the number of papers registered in a month without decreasing the working efficiency of the participating librarians. Moreover, by analyzing the log data for the system's implementation, we have acquired further knowledge related to researchers who need librarians' support in paper registration with an IR. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Longitudinal changes in vascular function parameters in pregnant women with chronic hypertension and association with adverse outcome: a cohort study
Authors: Webster L. M. , Myers J. E. , Nelson‐Piercy C. , Mills C. , Watt‐Coote I. , Khalil A. , Seed P. T. , Cruickshank J. K. , Chappell L. C.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

Raised vascular function measures are associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in low‐risk pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between longitudinal vascular function parameters and adverse outcome in pregnant women with chronic hypertension, and to assess whether these measures vary according to baseline parameters such as black ethnicity.

Methods

This was a nested cohort study of women with chronic hypertension and a singleton pregnancy recruited to the PANDA (Pregnancy And chronic hypertension: NifeDipine vs lAbetalol as antihypertensive treatment) study at one of three UK maternity units. Women had serial pulse‐wave analyses performed using the Arteriograph®, while in a sitting position, from 12 weeks' gestation onwards. Statistical analysis was performed using random‐effects logistic regression models. Longitudinal vascular parameters were compared between women who developed superimposed pre‐eclampsia (SPE) and those who did not, between women who delivered a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infant (birth weight < 10th centile) and those who delivered an infant with birth weight ≥ 10th centile and between women of black ethnicity and those of non‐black ethnicity.

Results

The cohort included 97 women with chronic hypertension and a singleton pregnancy, of whom 90% (n = 87) were randomized to antihypertensive treatment and 57% (n = 55) were of black ethnicity, with up to six (mean, three) longitudinal vascular function assessments. SPE was diagnosed in 18% (n = 17) of women and 30% (n = 29) of infants were SGA. In women who developed subsequent SPE, compared with those who did not, mean brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) (148 mmHg vs 139 mmHg; P = 0.002), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (87 mmHg vs 82 mmHg; P = 0.01), mean central aortic pressure (139 mmHg vs 128 mmHg; P = 0.001) and mean augmentation index (AIx‐75) (29% vs 22%; P = 0.01) were significantly higher across gestation. In women who delivered a SGA infant compared to those who delivered an infant with birth weight ≥ 10th centile, mean brachial SBP (146 mmHg vs 138 mmHg; P = 0.001), mean DBP (86 mmHg vs 82 mmHg; P = 0.01), mean central aortic pressure (137 mmHg vs 127 mmHg; P < 0.0001) and mean pulse‐wave velocity (9.1 m/s vs 8.5 m/s; P = 0.02) were higher across gestation. No longitudinal differences were found in vascular function parameters in women of black ethnicity compared with those of non‐black ethnicity.

Conclusion

There were persistent differences in vascular function parameters and brachial blood pressure throughout pregnancy in women with chronic hypertension who later developed adverse maternal or perinatal outcome. Further investigation into the possible clinical use of these findings is warranted. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Learning analytics: A glance of evolution, status, and trends according to a proposed taxonomy
Authors: Peña‐Ayala Alejandro
Published: January 2018

Before the emergence of computer‐based educational systems (CBES) whose aims of providing teaching and learning experiences to hundreds even thousands of users, an explosion of information (e.g., students' log data) demands sophisticated methods to gather, analyze, and interpret learners' traces to regulate and enhance education. Thus, learning analytics (LA) arises as a knowledge discovery paradigm that provides valuable findings and facilitates stakeholders to understand the learning process and its implications. Therefore, a landscape of the LA nature, its underlying factors, and applications achieved is outlined in this paper according to a suggested LA Taxonomy that classifies the LA duty from a functional perspective. The aim is to provide an idea of the LA toil, its research lines, and trends to inspire the development of novel approaches for improving teaching and learning practices. Furthermore, the scope of this review covers recently published papers in prestigious journals and conferences, where the works dated from 2016 are summarized and those corresponding to 2014–2015 are cited according to the proposed LA taxonomy. A glimpse is sketched of LA, where underlying elements frame the field foundations to ground the approaches. Moreover, LA strengths, weaknesses, challenges, and risks are highlighted to advice how the LA arena could be enhanced and empowered. In addition, this review offers an insight of the recent LA labor, as well as motivates readers to enrich the LA achievements. This work promotes the LA practice giving an account of the job being achieved and reported in literature, as well as a reflection of the state‐of‐the‐art and an acumens vision to inspire future labor.

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Education and Learning

Application Areas > Science and Technology

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction
Cervical Lymph Node Metastases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, in the Central and Lateral Compartments, in Children and Adolescents: Predictive Factors
Authors: Spinelli C. , Tognetti F. , Strambi S. , Morganti R. , Massimino M. , Collini P.
Published: January 2018

Problem statement

The aim of our study was to identify predictive factors for lymph node metastases (LNM) in children and adolescents with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and their impact on survival.

Methods

The authors conducted an Italian multicentric retrospective analysis on 132 pediatric patients (0–18 years old) affected by PTC between 2000 and 2014. The investigated variables were demographic characteristics of the patients, clinicopathological features of PTCs, and persistence/recurrence of disease. The female/male ratio was 3.1:1. The median age was 14.3 ± 3.5 years (range 4–18 years). Total thyroidectomy was performed in all the patients, followed by lymph node dissection in 87 patients (65.9%). Metastatic lymph node involvement was confirmed in 73 patients (55.3%): lateral compartment (LC) in 25 patients (34.2%), central compartment (CC) in 17 patients (23.3%), and both compartments in 31 patients (42.5%).

Results

Multifocality (P <. 00), vascular invasion (P =. 04), infiltration of the thyroid capsule (P <. 00), minimal extrathyroidal extension (P <. 00), diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC (P =. 02), and presence of LNM in the LC (P <. 00) were significantly associated with LNM in CC. Infiltration of the thyroid capsule (P <. 00), massive extrathyroidal extension (P =. 03), distant metastases (P =. 02), PTC, not otherwise specified (P <. 00), and presence of LNM in the CC (P <. 00) were significantly associated with LNM in LC. Age, sex and size of PTC were not correlated with the presence of cervical LNM. Moreover, presence of LNM in CC increases the risk of persistence (P <. 01) and recurrence (P <. 02) of PTC in children and adolescents.

Conclusions

Most predictors, unfortunately, are only identified post‐operatively by histopathologic examination: Just a small part of them can be pre‐operatively detected with a low‐sensitivity neck ultrasonography. In PTC patients with pre‐operative predictors, we suggest an accurate pre‐ and intra‐operative evaluation of CC and/or LC to find suspicious lymph nodes. The presence of LNM in CC has an impact on disease/progression/relapse‐free survival. We suggest performing RAI therapy and an accurate follow‐up for pediatric patients with only post‐operative predictors.
The Differential Mortality of Undesired Infants in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Flatø Martin
Published: January 2018

With high rates of infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, investments in infant health are subject to tough prioritizations within the household, in which maternal preferences may play a part. How these preferences will affect infant mortality as African women have ever-lower fertility is still uncertain, as increased female empowerment and increased difficulty in achieving a desired gender composition within a smaller family pull in potentially different directions. I study how being born at a parity or of a gender undesired by the mother relates to infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and how such differential mortality varies between women at different stages of the demographic transition. Using data from 79 Demographic and Health Surveys, I find that a child being undesired according to the mother is associated with a differential mortality that is not due to constant maternal factors, family composition, or factors that are correlated with maternal preferences and vary continuously across siblings. As a share of overall infant mortality, the excess mortality of undesired children amounts to 3.3 % of male and 4 % of female infant mortality. Undesiredness can explain a larger share of infant mortality among mothers with lower fertility desires and a larger share of female than male infant mortality for children of women who desire 1–3 children. Undesired gender composition is more important for infant mortality than undesired childbearing and may also lead couples to increase family size beyond the maternal desire, in which case infants of the surplus gender are particularly vulnerable.
The do’s, don’t and don’t knows of supporting transition to more independent practice
Authors: Yardley Sarah , Westerman Michiel , Bartlett Maggie , Walton J Mark , Smith Julie , Peile Ed
Published: January 2018

Introduction Transitions are traditionally viewed as challenging for clinicians. Throughout medical career pathways, clinicians need to successfully navigate successive transitions as they become progressively more independent practitioners. In these guidelines, we aim to synthesize the evidence from the literature to provide guidance for supporting clinicians in their development of independence, and highlight areas for further research.

Methods Drawing upon D3 method guidance, four key themes universal to medical career transitions and progressive independence were identified by all authors through discussion and consensus from our own experience and expertise: workplace learning, independence and responsibility, mentoring and coaching, and patient perspectives. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using Medline database searches in addition to the authors’ personal archives and reference snowballing searches.

Results 387 articles were identified and screened. 210 were excluded as not relevant to medical transitions (50 at title screen; 160 at abstract screen). 177 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; a further 107 were rejected (97 did not include career transitions in their study design; 10 were review articles; the primary references of these were screened for inclusion). 70 articles were included of which 60 provided extractable data for the final qualitative synthesis. Across the four key themes, seven do’s, two don’ts and seven don’t knows were identified, and the strength of evidence was graded for each of these recommendations.
Psychiatric disorders and compliance with prenatal care: A 10-year retrospective cohort compared to controls
Authors: Ben-Sheetrit Joseph , Huller-Harari Liat , Rasner Michal , Magen Nehemia , Nacasch Nitsa , Torena Paz
Published: January 2018

Background

Inadequate prenatal care has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. We sought to compare compliance with prenatal care visits (PCV), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and serum alfa-fetoprotein (aFP) in women with psychiatric disorders (PD) and healthy controls.

Methods

Subjects were 5395 women (1043 PD and 4352 controls), members of Clalit Health Services (Tel-Aviv district, Israel), who gave birth during 2004–2014. We used Generalized Estimating Equations with binary-logistic models, considering consecutive pregnancies as repeated measures with unbalanced design. The diagnostic subgroup was the main independent, assessed once with and once without age, socioeconomic status and multiple gestation variables.

Results

Risk for non-compliance with OGTT was increased in women with depression (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) and schizophrenia (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1–2.9), but not anxiety. Risk for non-compliance with aFP was decreased in women with anxiety (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5-0.8), but women with depression and schizophrenia did not differ from controls. PD were at risk for both absence of PCV (aOR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.7–8.0) and high utilization of PCV (>20 visits, aOR = 2.8, 95% CI = 2.1–3.7). Psychopharmacological treatment during pregnancy was associated with high utilization of PCV (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7–2.9), increased compliance with aFP tests (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.1–1.7) and marginally-significant increased compliance with OGTT (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.67–1.01).

Conclusion

PD under-utilized tests perceived for the wellbeing of the mother (OGTT) and over-utilize tests for the wellbeing of the fetus (aFP). PD exhibited patterns of both very low and very high utilization of PCV. Psychopharmacological treatment during pregnancy may improve some measures of compliance with prenatal care.
Impulsivity in early psychosis: A complex link with violent behaviour and a target for intervention
Authors: Moulin V. , Golay P. , Palix J. , Baumann P.S. , Gholamrezaeec M-M. , Azzola A. , Gasser J. , Do K.Q. , Alamedae L. , Conus P.
Published: January 2018

Background

Violent behaviour (VB) occurs in first episode of schizophrenia and can have devastating impact both on victims and patients themselves. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of VB may pave the way to preventive treatments.

Objectives

1) To explore the nature of the link between impulsivity and VB in early psychosis (EP) patients; 2) To explore the interactions between impulsivity and substance abuse, insight, and positive symptoms, the main dynamic risk factors of VB described to date.

Design and methods

Post hoc analysis of data acquired in the frame of a 36-months EP cohort study. A total of 265 EP patients, aged 18 to 35, treated at TIPP (Treatment and early Intervention in Psychosis Program), at the Department of Psychiatry in Lausanne, Switzerland, were included in the study. Logistic regression analyzes were performed as well as mediation analysis and interaction analysis

Results

Our data suggest that impulsivity is a predictor of VB when analyzed independently and as part of a multi-factorial model. Impulsivity continues to differentiate violent patients from non-violent ones at the end of the program. In addition, the relationship between impulsivity and VB is not mediated by substance abuse. Finally, the effect of impulsivity on the probability of VB is potentiated by the interaction of different levels of insight and positive symptoms.

Conclusions

Early intervention strategies in psychotic disorders should include evaluation of impulsivity considering it is linked to increased risk of VB and may respond to treatment.
The Role of Corporal Punishment of Children in the Perpetuation of Intimate Partner Violence in Australia
Authors: Poulsen Angelika
Published: January 2018

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been widely acknowledged as a prominent problem throughout Australia. A growing body of research has linked corporal punishment of children in the home with numerous adverse outcomes both in childhood and adulthood. Some of these adverse outcomes in childhood, such as aggression and antisocial behaviour, may be antecedents for involvement in violence as an adult. Adverse longitudinal outcomes of corporal punishment in childhood include involvement in intimate partner violence as an adult, both as victim and as perpetrator. Corporal punishment is a type of family violence that is legal in Australia, yet its role in the family violence scenario is not yet fully appreciated. This article presents extant scientific literature on the link between corporal punishment in childhood and involvement in intimate partner violence in adulthood, and argues for the employment of this knowledge in the implementation of policy making around corporal punishment of children.
Performance of an elliptical crystal spectrometer for SGII X-ray opacity experiments
Authors: Wang Ruirong , An Honghai , Xie Zhiyong , Wang Wei
Published: January 2018

A new crystal spectrometer for application in X-ray opacity experiments is proposed. The conditions necessary to yield broad spectral coverage with a resolution${>}$500, strong rejection of hard X-ray backgrounds and negligible source broadening for extended sources are formulated. In addition, the design, response modeling and reporting of an elliptical crystal spectrometer in conjunction with a linear detector are presented. The measured results demonstrate the performance of the new crystal spectrometer with a broad energy coverage range, high spectral resolution, and high luminosity (good collection efficiency). This spectrometer can be used in combination with point-projection backlighting techniques as utilized in X-ray opacity experiments. Specifically, the X-ray source, transmission and self-emission spectra of the sample can be measured simultaneously in a single shot, which can reduce the experimental uncertainties from shot-to-shot fluctuations. The new crystal spectrometer has been used in the X-ray opacity experiment to precisely measure the aluminum$K$-absorption edge shift in the energy range around 1.560 keV in strongly compressed matter. It is demonstrated that the spectrometer can be used to realize measurements of new and unpredictable physical interactions of interest, as well as basic and applied high-energy-density science.
The Index of Emancipative Values: Measurement Model Misspecifications
Authors: SOKOLOV BORIS
Published: January 2018

This article reports evidence of misspecification of the measurement model for the index of emancipative values, a value construct used as a key explanatory variable in many important contributions to political science. It shows that the scale on which the index is measured is noninvariant across cultural zones and countries in the World Values Survey. In addition, it demonstrates that the current index composition mixes different value dimensions and their actual associations with various political outcomes, in particular the index of effective democracy. However, an analysis using a novel approximate Bayesian approach shows that at least one specific subdimension of emancipative values, known as pro-choice values, truly exists and may be validly measured and compared cross-nationally. The article also contributes to the recent discussion on whether emancipative values are a reflective or a formative construct by providing thought experiments and empirical evidence supporting the former interpretation.
Reinventing Entrepreneurial History
Authors: Wadhwani R. Daniel , Lubinski Christina
Published: January 2018

Research on entrepreneurship remains fragmented in business history. A lack of conceptual clarity inhibits comparisons between studies and dialogue among scholars. To address these issues, we propose to reinvent entrepreneurial history as a research field. We define “new entrepreneurial history” asthe study of the creative processes that propel economic change.Rather than putting actors, hierarchies, or institutions at the center of the analysis, we focus explicitly on three distinctentrepreneurial processesas primary objects of study: envisioning and valuing opportunities, allocating and reconfiguring resources, and legitimizing novelty. The article elaborates on the historiography, premises, and potential contributions of new entrepreneurial history.
Analytical treatment of particle motion in circularly polarized slab-mode wave fields
Authors: Schreiner Cedric , Vainio Rami , Spanier Felix
Published: January 2018

Wave–particle interaction is a key process in particle diffusion in collisionless plasmas. We look into the interaction of single plasma waves with individual particles and discuss under which circumstances this is a chaotic process, leading to diffusion. We derive the equations of motion for a particle in the fields of a magnetostatic, circularly polarized, monochromatic wave and show that no chaotic particle motion can arise under such circumstances. A novel and exact analytic solution for the equations is presented. Additional plasma waves lead to a breakdown of the analytic solution and chaotic particle trajectories become possible. We demonstrate this effect by considering a linearly polarized, monochromatic wave, which can be seen as the superposition of two circularly polarized waves. Test particle simulations are provided to illustrate and expand our analytical considerations.
Population status of the Antarctic shag Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis
Authors: Schrimpf Michael , Naveen Ron , Lynch Heather J.
Published: January 2018

Antarctic shags Phalacrocorax (atriceps) bransfieldensis are the southernmost cormorants in the world and assessment of their conservation status has been complicated by the logistical challenges of obtaining regular estimates of population size, as well as by taxonomic ambiguity of the blue-eyed shag complex. The available information on the taxonomy, distribution and population size of Antarctic shags are reviewed and a refined estimate of the global population is presented: 11 366 breeding pairs, plus an additional 1984 pairs of uncertain taxonomic status in the South Orkney Islands. This analysis suggests a possible spatial shift in the distribution of Antarctic shags similar to that reported for other Antarctic seabirds, which probably reflects a gradient in environmental changes along the western Antarctic Peninsula. This review should aid future conservation and management assessments.
Simulated Complexity: A New Classroom Simulation to Teach about Campaign-Finance Laws
Authors: Carpenter Dick M. , Dunn Joshua M.
Published: January 2018

Classroom simulations have become an increasingly popular instructional method in political science to increase student engagement, interest, and learning. This article describes a simulation designed to teach students about the complexities of campaign-finance systems, particularly disclosure requirements. In the simulation, students work in groups to convince others how to vote on a pending ballot measure. After spending more than $200 on materials, groups then must register as ballot-issue committees and comply with state campaign-finance laws, including tracking contributions and expenditures and completing all required forms. The simulation ends with a debrief. Results from several years of debriefs are presented to discuss how students perceive the complexities of campaign-finance laws. Dominant themes include surprise by students in the complexities of these laws and the effects they have on political speech and association.
HARRY HELSON’S ADAPTATION-LEVEL THEORY, HAPPINESS TREADMILLS, AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
Authors: Edwards José
Published: January 2018

Psychologist Harry Helson (1898–1977) developed Adaptation-Level (AL) theory during the 1930s to the 1970s, while economics was being refined through ordinalism and expected utility theory. This essay accounts for the process of transmission of AL theory from psychophysics to behavioral psychology and eventually economics. It explains how the concept of adaptation reflectance, originally intended to explain color vision, developed into an experimental approach that caught the attention of both psychologists and economists working on welfare analysis and behavioral research. It also argues that the history of AL theory—so far, absent from narratives about economics and psychology—is worth exploring in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship between the two disciplines.
Great big stories and tiny little changes: tautologicalsize-adjective clusters in Present-day English
Authors: GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ VICTORINA
Published: January 2018

This case study focuses on intensificatory tautological constructions (e.g.tiny littlebird,big hugepay rise). The attention that intensificatory tautology has elicited in previous literature is scarce and often centred on specific aspects of its Present-day English (PDE) distribution. Formally, tautological intensificatory patterns often involve the combination of two synonymoussize-adjectives (e.g.massive great,tiny little) in a given order (i.e.great bigbut notbig great). Functionally, they are standardly associated with emphatic descriptive modifying functions and informal styles (Matthews 2014: 364; Coffey 2013: 59; Huddleston & Pullum 2002: 561–2). This contribution takes a corpus-based, synchronic standpoint in order to (a) refine previous literature's account of the formal and functional distribution of tautologicalsize-adjective clusters in PDE and (b) assess the significance of tautological intensification for functional–structural descriptions of the English Noun Phrase. The analyses indicate that PDE intensificatorysize-adjective clusters have a wider functional distribution than has hitherto been observed, with reinforcer and adverbial intensifying functions slowly developing alongside the descriptive modifier functions. More generally, the article shows that tautologicalsize-adjective clusters create pockets of interpersonal meanings whose impact on the formal and functional structure of the NP needs further exploration.
The Mediterranean diet, an environmentally friendly option: evidence from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort
Authors: Fresán Ujué , Martínez-Gonzalez Miguel-Angel , Sabaté Joan , Bes-Rastrollo Maira
Published: January 2018

Objective

How food is produced and consumed has consequences for ecosystems, such as resource use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission among others. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was proposed as a sustainable dietary model, due to its nutritional, environmental, economic and sociocultural dimensions. However, further evidence is needed. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the impact on resource (land, water and energy) use and GHG emission of better adherence to the MedDiet in a Mediterranean Spanish cohort.

Design

We analysed the dietary pattern of participants through a validated FFQ. The outcomes were land use, water and energy consumption and GHG emission according to MedDiet adherence. The specific environmental footprints of food item production and processing were obtained from different available life-cycle assessments.

Setting

Spanish university graduates.

Subjects

Participants (n20 363) in the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) cohort.

Results

Better adherence to the MedDiet was associated with lower land use (−0·71 (95 % CI −0·76, −0·66) m2/d), water consumption (−58·88 (95 % CI −90·12, −27·64) litres/d), energy consumption (−0·86 (95 % CI −1·01, −0·70) MJ/d) and GHG emission (−0·73 (95 % CI −0·78, −0·69) kg CO2e/d). A statistically significant linear trend (P<0·05) was observed in all these analyses.

Conclusions

In this Mediterranean cohort, better adherence to the MedDiet was an eco-friendly option according to resource consumption and GHG emission.
A Simple Method for the Cross-Section Area Determination of Single Profiled Fibers and Its Application
Authors: Peng Zhangchuan , Liu Chun , Zhang Lin , Li Wei , Hu Wenbo , Ma Sanyuan , Xia Qingyou
Published: January 2018

One of the critical prerequisites for accurately measuring the mechanical properties of profiled fibers is the precise determination of their cross-sectional areas (CSAs). In this study, a new method is established for determining a single profiled fibers’ CSA based on the frozen section method and digital photo, pixel-ratio method (FS-DP). FS-DP is used to obtain a transverse section of a fiber, by acquiring an image of the cross section using optical microscopy or scanning electron microscopy, and then calculating the CSA using Photoshop. Using FS-DP, it was found that the shape of a fiber of silk changes little in a range of 50μm, but varies considerably over a range of 1 m, while the CSA of cocoon silk (900 m) first increases and then decreases. Mechanical property tests showed that the elongation, strength, elastic modulus, and toughness values of the cocoon silk are consistent with those reported previously. Additionally, FS-DP was also used to observe other profiled fibers. The application tests indicated that FS-DP can be used to quickly and accurately obtain the CSA of a single profiled fiber, and that it is suitable for the large-scale determination and analysis of the mechanical properties of profiled fibers.
Osteoporosis guideline awareness among Iranian family physicians: results of a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey
Authors: Mahdaviazad Hamideh , Keshtkar Vahid , Emami Mohammad Jafar
Published: January 2018

Aim

This study investigates the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of family physicians in Iran, regarding osteoporosis and their experience with national osteoporosis guideline.

Background

Osteoporosis is a relatively preventable, chronic and progressive disease. Family physicians play a crucial role in relieving the burden of care.

Methods

This cross-sectional study was addressed at all qualified family physicians who registered at urban family physicians and referral system program. Data collection included demographics, professional experience, and knowledge of guidelines based on a standardized KAP questionnaire. Student’s t-test was used to measure the associations between KAP scores and demographic, professional experience variables.

Findings

The response rate was 72% (540/750). Based on Bloom’s cut off scale, family physicians knowledge and practice scores were in moderate level, and only 14 and 38.5% of them had good knowledge and practice, respectively. Attitude score was in good level, and 64.1% of participants had positive attitude. Mean score of knowledge and practice were higher significantly among family physicians that practice in public settings. Family physicians, who completed osteoporosis training courses, had higher attitude score (P=0.03). Only 23.5% of family physicians were aware of the existence of national osteoporosis guideline.

Conclusion

Although most family physicians believed in the importance of preventive measures, however, limited number of them had good knowledge and practice regarding osteoporosis and less than a quarter were aware of national guideline. This is a clear need to disseminate the guideline more effectively, make greater use of efficient training methods.
MORAL CULTURE AND HISTORICAL PROGRESS IN THE SCOTTISH ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: BROWN STEWART J.
Published: January 2018

We continue to be intrigued by the Scottish Enlightenment. How was it that a relatively remote country on the geographical periphery of Europe—with a harsh climate, a largely mountainous terrain, a strict Calvinist creed, a small population and a history of civil strife—emerged in the 1740s as a “hotbed of genius” and a center of the European Enlightenment? The subject, to be sure, has been well studied. There is an immense literature and it can seem that there is little new to be said. Indeed, it may be, as the eminent historian Colin Kidd has observed in this journal, that “the very concept of the ‘Scottish Enlightenment’ has become a stale historiographical commonplace.” And yet the subject continues to intrigue, continues to attract scholars from a variety of disciplines. For something extraordinary happened in eighteenth-century Scotland. Simply to list some of the names cannot fail to impress: David Hume in philosophy and historical writing, Frances Hutcheson in moral philosophy, Adam Smith in moral philosophy and economic thought, Adam Ferguson in social thought, Thomas Reid in philosophy, William Robertson in historical writing, Hugh Blair in rhetoric and literary studies, James Hutton in geology, and Joseph Black in chemistry. The achievements of the Scottish Enlightenment were immense; its world influence has been enduring. And at its heart was the study of moral philosophy and of the moral progress of humankind.
Field-deployable rapid multiple biosensing system for detection of chemical and biological warfare agents
Authors: Saito Masato , Uchida Natsuko , Furutani Shunsuke , Murahashi Mizuho , Espulgar Wilfred , Nagatani Naoki , Nagai Hidenori , Inoue Yuki , Ikeuchi Tomohiko , Kondo Satoshi , Uzawa Hirotaka , Seto Yasuo , Tamiya Eiichi
Published: January 2018

The threat of biological and chemical terror acts remains a growing worldwide concern. There is therefore a need to develop appropriate technology for the detection of chemical and biological warfare agents, with early identification intended for use by first responders. Here, we disclose the developed autonomous air sampling and detection system for evaluation of the presence of chemical and biological warfare agents that can be harmful to the population. The current device utilizes the designed mist generator-assisted air collection system (338 l min−1) and biosensing chip technologies, such as electrochemical measurement, Au nanoparticle-based localized surface plasmon resonance, and rapid microfluidic chip PCR for detection of minute concentrations lower than the mean lethal dose (LD50) of nerve gases (sarin and VX), toxic proteins (BTX/A/Hc and ricin), and pathogens (anthrax simulant). An operation time of only 5–15 min is needed for the collection and detection; sample preparation is already integrated into the system without the need for direct human intervention. In addition to the system’s sensitivity and ease of use, its portability makes it highly beneficial for first responders, which could aid in immediate risk assessment and mitigation of on-site events.