bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Time Series of Agulhas Undercurrent Transport
Authors: Beal Lisa M.
Published: April 2009

A 550-day record of Agulhas Undercurrent transport between March 2003 and August 2004 is constructed from five deep moorings placed on the continental shelf off South Africa at nominally 32°S. The vertical and lateral scales of the undercurrent are estimated to be 2000 m and 40 km, respectively, using the average of seven direct velocity sections, predominantly taken in austral autumn over a 10-yr period from 1995 to 2005. Peak speeds in the undercurrent are some of the greatest ever seen at depth: over 90 cm s−1 at 1400 m. The undercurrent has a transport of 4.2 ± 5.2 Sv (1 Sv = 1 × 106 m3 s−1), in close agreement with a previous estimate from a single current meter record during 1995 of 4.2 ± 2.9 Sv. Records below 1800 m, within the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) layer of the undercurrent, show a higher level of coherence and less variance than those at intermediate depths. On average, 2.3 ± 3.0 Sv of NADW is carried northeastward within the undercurrent, an amount similar to that estimated previously by analyses of deep water mass characteristics around South Africa.

Short-term variability in the undercurrent peaks at the semidiurnal period, at a local shear-adjusted inertial period (21.6 h), and at 4.5, 6.5, and 9.5 days. The latter may be associated with topographic Rossby waves, although no evidence for enhanced onshore velocities was found at these periods. The variability of the undercurrent is highly topographically controlled, strongly aligned in the along-stream direction, with significant variance in cross-stream velocity only at 2-day periods or less and isotropic variance only at the (effective) inertial period. For the mesoscale, the deeper current meters within the NADW layer all exhibit broad peaks at 50–60 days, which matches the periodicity of solitary meanders of the Agulhas Current (so-called Natal pulses) presented previously in the literature. The results of this study demonstrate that these meanders are highly barotropic in nature.
Verification of NWP Model Analyses and Radiosonde Humidity Data with GPS Precipitable Water Vapor Estimates during AMMA
Authors: Bock O. , Nuret M.
Published: April 2009

This paper assesses the performance of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts-Integrated Forecast System (ECMWF-IFS) operational analysis and NCEP–NCAR reanalyses I and II over West Africa, using precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrievals from a network of ground-based GPS receivers operated during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA). The model analyses show reasonable agreement with GPS PWV from 5-daily to monthly means. Errors increase at shorter time scales, indicating that these global NWP models have difficulty in handling the diurnal cycle and moist processes at the synoptic scale. The ECMWF-IFS analysis shows better agreement with GPS PWV than do the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses (the RMS error is smaller by a factor of 2). The model changes in ECMWF-IFS were not clearly reflected in the PWV error over the period of study (2005–08). Radiosonde humidity biases are diagnosed compared to GPS PWV. The impacts of these biases are evidenced in all three model analyses at the level of the diurnal cycle. The results point to a dry bias in the ECMWF analysis in 2006 when Vaisala RS80-A soundings were assimilated, and a diurnally varying bias when Vaisala RS92 or Modem M2K2 soundings were assimilated: dry during day and wet during night. The overall bias is offset to wetter values in NCEP–NCAR reanalysis II, but the diurnal variation of the bias is observed too. Radiosonde bias correction is necessary to reduce NWP model analysis humidity biases and improve precipitation forecast skill. The study points to a wet bias in the Vaisala RS92 data at nighttime and suggests that caution be used when establishing a bias correction scheme.
Child neglect
Authors: Rose Susan J. , Selwyn Julie
Published: April 2009

This study explores the perceptions of mothers of the seriousness of specific components of neglect compared with those of local authority child protection workers in England. The findings report the mothers’ overall judgements of most categories as more serious than the workers’. Workers and mothers agree on the relative harm of the categories of neglect, in particular which categories of harm are the most and least serious. Implications for social work practice, policy and research are drawn.
Dialectics in social work
Authors: Tsang Nai Ming
Published: April 2009

Dialectics deals with opposites and contradictions. Social work literature seldom talks about opposites and contradictions. This article attempts to discuss the relevance and usefulness of dialectics in social work practice, focusing on three areas: the individual/social divide, contradictions in worker-client relationships and social work as a profession.
Fostering social capital through NGO design
Authors: Larance Lisa Young
Published: April 2009

Across rural Bangladesh, non-governmental organizations are offering poor women economic opportunities and access to social development. Findings outlined in this article suggest the social implications of micro-credit lending via the Grameen Bank can be as powerful as the economic implications. In a village-level assessment, Grameen Bank members’ gradual social capital formation was evidenced in evolving trust and expanded networks.
Social work students and work values
Authors: Knežević Mladen
Published: April 2009

This article analyses the work values of a group of 169 freshman social work students. The values for self-actualization were ranked the highest, closely followed by socially-oriented values. The value of altruism was ranked differently by social work students and by other Zagreb University students. The results of the survey show that these young people have chosen their career out of commitment to the fundamental values they believe in.
The Volk and its Unconscious: Jung, Hauer and the ‘German Revolution’
Authors: Pietikainen Petteri
Published: April 2009

This article examines the relationship between the Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist C.G. Jung and the German Indologist and völkisch scholar J.W. Hauer, with whom Jung collaborated in the early 1930s. In the latter part of the decade, Jung became increasingly wary of the political implications of völkisch doctrines and Hauer's völkisch ambitions, which reached their apotheosis in the founding of the German Faith Movement. There are two main reasons for Jung's increasing reluctance to co-operate with Hauer. First, as his public image was that of a neutral Swiss, Jung did not want to associate too closely with an openly National-Socialist scholar, whose racial ideas he no longer shared and whose influence in Germany was negligible anyway. Second, Jung had become more widely known in the Anglo-American world during the 1930s, and he did not want to risk his growing reputation there by adhering too closely to openly völkisch doctrines. Yet, although the more explicit elements of völkisch ideology disappeared from his writings, in his infatuation with mythical archetypes, he retained some of the more invisible völkisch elements in his psychology.
Eisenhower, Nkrumah and the Congo Crisis
Authors: Nwaubani Ebere
Published: April 2009

Ghana achieved its independence from Britain in March 1957. The gist of this article is that Ghana started off on cordial terms with the USA, but by September 1960 this relationship was close to rupture, with Washington charging that Ghana was taking too much after the Soviet Union. It is, however, argued that the circumstanes leading up to the chilling of USA–Ghana relations in 1960 were more complex, and that the clear point of departure was the Congo crisis. Almost from the onset, the USA and Ghana had substantial differences over the crisis, and the more the crisis deepened, the more the gulf between the two widened.
The Origins of Federal Industrial Relations Systems: Australia, Canada and the USA
Authors: Patmore Greg
Published: April 2009

There are tensions in federal political systems over whether the central government or the states/provinces are the most suitable jurisdictions for dealing with the relationship between employers and unions. As integrated national economies developed, there are growing pressures on federal governments to intervene in industrial relations. States/provinces, however, might still maintain unique economic and social conditions that render federal legislation inappropriate. This article examines the development of federal jurisdictions in Australia, Canada and the USA up until the late 1940s. While Australia, unlike the other the two countries, had a constitution that provided for federal coverage of industrial relations, it was a limited power. Despite this, there was a gradual spread of federal coverage beyond that originally intended by the original framers of the Australian Constitution. The Canadian and US constitutions predate the rise of organized industrial relations. However, federal governments in these countries also increased their involvement in industrial relations to resolve disputes in key national industries such as railways and in response to critical events such as the Great Depression and World Wars, which challenged existing assumptions about industrial relations. While there was a trend towards the federal regulation of industrial relations, states and provinces still played a key role as innovators in both experimenting with new ways of regulating relations between employers and unions and imposing restrictions on the power of organized labour.
Building Tourism Excellence at the Community Level: Capacity Building for Community-Based Entrepreneurs in Uganda
Authors: Victurine Raymond
Published: April 2009

The recuperation of tourism in Uganda will be a slow process. The tourist industry must overcome years of neglect, bad publicity, and the devastation of its most treasured tourism products—its wildlife and natural beauty. With tourism's resurgence, it will be important for people living around Uganda's natural areas to benefit economically from the existence of those areas and from the potential tourist income. Tourism offers the only legal avenue by which people living in rural communities can derive economic benefits from wildlife. However, most rural entrepreneurs and community organizations interested in the tourist market possess neither the skills nor the know-how to operate successful tourism establishments. This article describes a training program aimed at building those skills and establishing strong institutional linkages to ensure the existence of a viable community-based tourism sector so that Uganda's nature based tourism embraces ecotourism principles, with benefits accruing to those most affected by wildlife.
An Analysis of Expenditures by Cruise Ship Passengers in Jamaica
Authors: Henthorne Tony L.
Published: April 2009

A study of 1,500 cruise ship passengers in Jamaica was conducted during a 5-year period to determine buying habits and influences. The results generally reinforce long-standing commonly held beliefs that vendors who are perceived as friendly, helpful, and knowledgeable fare better than those who come across as manipulative and aggressive and that older consumers can be expected to spend more in port than their younger counterparts.
Tourist Satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an Off-Season Holiday Destination
Authors: Kozak Metin , Rimmington Mike
Published: April 2009

A number of research studies have investigated tourist satisfaction with mass tourism destinations, particularly during the peak (summer) season. However, there has been limited investigation of tourist satisfaction with off-season holiday destinations. This article reports the findings of a study to determine destination attributes critical to the over-all satisfaction levels of tourists visiting Mallorca, Spain, during the winter season. Their future holiday intentions also are investigated. Findings are analyzed, and implications and limitations are discussed.
The Strategic Planning Index: A Tool for Measuring Strategic Planning Effectiveness
Authors: Phillips Paul A. , Moutinho Luiz
Published: April 2009

Little empirical research exists on the measurement of strategic planning effectiveness. The authors propose a new approach: the strategic planning index (SPI). The SPI is tested on the hotel sector. Findings suggest that the SPI can be particularly useful for corporate and hotel unit managers in evaluating their strategic planning processes.
Assessing Tourists’ Satisfaction with Shopping in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
Authors: Heung Vincent C. S. , Cheng Eliza
Published: April 2009

Tourism contributes significantly to Hong Kong’s economy. Tourists spend about 50% of their money on shopping. This study aims to identify the satisfaction attributes of shopping and assess their relative importance in affecting the satisfaction levels of tourists. Two hundred tourists were interviewed. The results indicate that of the 15 attributes identified, tourists were most satisfied with “lighting and physical setting of shops,” followed by “window display of shops” and “opening hours of shops,” and were least satisfied with “product reliability.” Using factor analysis, four shopping dimensions were identified from the 15 shopping attributes: Tangibles Quality, Staff Service Quality, Product Value, and Product Reliability. Results of multiple regression analysis reveal that Staff Service Quality has the most important effect on tourists’ levels of satisfaction with shopping in Hong Kong, followed by Product Value and Product Reliability.
Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations
Authors: Chen Joseph S. , Hsu Cathy H. C.
Published: April 2009

This article identifies image attributes measuring the total attractiveness of overseas destinations to Korean tourists and investigates image attributes affecting Korean tourist choice behaviors of trip planning time frame, budgeted travel costs, and length of trip. The attractiveness of a destination was found to be defined by its adventurous atmosphere, scenery, environmental friendliness, availability of tourist information, and architectural style. Respondents’ perceptions of travel cost, destination lifestyle, availability of quality restaurants, freedom from language barriers, and availability of interesting places to visit affected their choice behaviors.
The Relationship between Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism and Tourism Development Options
Authors: Andereck Kathleen L. , Vogt Christine A.
Published: April 2009

Many rural communities view tourism as an economic development strategy. This study explores the relationship between resident attitudes toward tourism and support for specific tourism development options. In addition, attitudes and support for development in seven diverse communities are compared. Results indicate that communities differ with respect to residents’ support for specific tourism development options and attitudes toward tourism. In general, residents perceive tourism positively and support most specific types of development. There is a relationship between attitudes and support for development, although the nature of the relationship is different for each community.
Tourism Destination Loyalty
Authors: Oppermann Martin
Published: April 2009

Despite the widespread acceptance that loyalty is a major driving force in successful companies, tourism destination loyalty has not been investigated. This study explores the application and usefulness of destination loyalty. Based on the brand loyalty literature, a number of loyalty measurements are suggested. The application of two measurement approaches to primary data on lifelong travel patterns by New Zealand residents indicate their validity. Through the collection and analysis of data on tourists’ destination loyalty, destinations will be able to determine the composition of its customers with respect to their destination loyalty. It will also facilitate a better forecasting and demand estimation.
Measurement of Tourists’ Images: The Repertory Grid Approach
Authors: Coshall John T.
Published: April 2009

This article suggests that repertory grids are an underused method of eliciting tourists’ images of potential destinations. However, repertory grids possess great potential in the field of tourism research. As opposed to methods commonly used in studies of image, the repertory grid approach is couched in well-tested psychological theory and avoids bias inherent in alternative methods due to prespecification of study attributes. The technique permits the individuals to reveal their own personal constructions of the environment. Such personal constructs are more likely to be relevant explanatory factors in the decision-making process.
Tourism Managers’ Adoption of Marketing Decision Support Systems
Authors: Wöber Karl , Gretzel Ulrike
Published: April 2009

This article draws on a survey among tourism managers located in 30 different European countries to explain key factors affecting the success of an Internet-based marketing decision support systems. A structural equation model that extends the generally accepted Technology Acceptance Model is proposed and tested to assess the relationships among the following constructs: experience, task-related factors, user attitude, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness of the system, and actual use behavior. The results indicate that the actual use of the system is strongly dependent on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. The study also revealed a statistically significant relationship between the user’s experience and his or her attitude of information technology in general. In addition, a strong influence of the complexity and the time pressure experienced in the work environment on perceived usefulness was observed. Implications focus on user support, especially more detailed information on system content and functionality.
Workflow Management Applied to Information Systems in Tourism
Authors: Caro José L. , Guevara Antonio , Aguayo Andrés , Gálvez Sergio
Published: April 2009

Nowadays, Workflow Management offers many advantages to the tourism industry due to the high degree of competition existing in this field and the need to quickly develop new products, offers, and services. This need for flexibility cannot be achieved without improving the processes involved in the information systems. Workflow technology facilitates this constant evolution, providing modeling methodologies and software to support all the processes taking place in a given company. This article studies the application of such technologies to businesses belonging to the tourism sector and focuses on the improvement of information systems to obtain higher customer satisfaction. To achieve this objective, a modeling methodology oriented toward customer satisfaction is presented. This is applied to the set of information systems involved in making a trip by plane and more specifically to aspects such as booking from intermediary companies and the information systems used by airline companies in airports.
An Exploration of the Specialization Concept within the Context of Heritage Tourism
Authors: Kerstetter Deborah L. , Confer John J. , Graefe Alan R.
Published: April 2009

Americans’ interest in traveling to historic sites has increased recently and is expected to continue. Despite this trend, however, very little is known about individuals who visit heritage or cultural sites. Evidence suggests that there may be types of tourists who progress from general travelers to focused or specialized tourists. The objective of this study was to document whether types of heritage tourists exist and, if so, whether they differ based on sociodemographic characteristics, visitation behavior, motivations, and/or perceptions. Using a 10-item specialization index composed of items representing three subdimensions theorized to represent the multidimensional nature of specialization, three types of heritage specialists were identified. All differed with respect to education, visitation behavior, motivations, and overall satisfaction.
The Evolution of Canada’s Travel Account, 1980-1998
Authors: Strizzi Nicolino , Bailie Gerald , Hince Anne-Marie
Published: April 2009

Canada’s travel account deficit has decreased significantly since its peak in the early 1990s. Canada’s travel deficit dropped dramatically in 1998. The deceleration in the growth of Canada’s travel deficit is a positive sign in the right direction. Nonetheless, keeping and winning new international visitors will get tougher given growing global economic and financial volatility. In the longer term, the aging of populations in Canada’s major markets will become an increasingly important factor in influencing the direction, rate, and magnitude of its travel account deficit.
The Embrace-Withdraw Continuum Scale: Operationalizing Residents’ Responses toward Tourism Development
Authors: Snepenger David , O’Connell Ryan , Snepenger Mary
Published: April 2009

For more than three decades, tourism scholars have devoted attention to describing, explaining, and potentially predicting how host residents respond to tourism development in their community. A recent qualitative study by Ap and Crompton proposed that residents employ four strategies with regard to tourism activity in their community. These responses to tourism fall along a continuum of strategies ranging from embracing tourism to physical or psychological withdrawal from the community. However, the literature has not provided researchers with an operational measure of the embrace-withdraw continuum. This study reports on the development and measurement of an embrace-withdraw scale using data from a probability sample of residents of Bozeman, Montana. The scale demonstrated both reliability and validity. Several recommendations for future research are provided for implementing the embrace-withdraw continuum scale when conducting host-resident studies.
An Integrative Approach to Tourism Forecasting: A Glance in the Rearview Mirror
Authors: Tideswell Carmen , Mules Trevor , Faulkner Bill
Published: April 2009

In 1996, the South Australian Tourism Commission initiated a tourism forecasting and economic impact study to assess their future tourism industry potential. The integrative forecasting approach adopted advocates a combination of quantitative top-down and bottom-up approaches, along with a qualitative delphi survey to gather key industry input to the forecasting process. The article provides a retrospective assessment of the forecast accuracy for South Australia’s domestic and international tourism markets. Consideration of the most appropriate methods for updating existing state tourism forecasts, based on the South Australian experience, is also made. The findings suggest that the forecast accuracy for both international and domestic visitors was quite high overall. However, this apparent accuracy disguises some significant inaccuracies for particular segments, such as New Zealand and Other Asia, illustrating the difficulty of using time-series-type approaches to tourism forecasting in situations where the numbers are quite small and subject to significant volatility.
Travel-Style Preferences for Visiting a Novel Destination: A Conjoint Investigation across the Novelty-Familiarity Continuum
Authors: Basala Sandra L. , Klenosky David B.
Published: April 2009

This research examines the contention made in the travel-style literature that individuals with different travel styles differ in terms of how they prefer to travel when on vacation. Study participants classified into travel-style groups evaluated conjoint profiles for a vacation to a hypothetical novel destination described in terms of three factors: type of accommodations, type of travel companions, and type of language. The findings indicated that preferences for the study factors differed by travel-style group, although not always in the direction suggested by the literature.
Challenges Facing Tourism Markets in Latin America and the Caribbean Region in the New Millennium
Authors: Strizzi Nicolino , Meis Scott
Published: April 2009

Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region outbound tourism will remain highly sensitive to current and future income and employment growth. As such, LAC outbound travel volumes and spending patterns will be adversely affected by the region’s worsening macroeconomic conditions and gloomy employment outlook. Weaker regional income and job growth will lead to lower consumer buying power and lower demand for such discretionary spending as travel. In addition, weaker LAC currencies will further discourage outbound travel flows, especially long-haul pleasure travel, in favor of cheaper and closer tourist destinations. The outbound flow of LAC travelers will most likely remain at a steady or possibly even at a slower pace instead of reaching rapid speeds in coming years. Competition to attract new LAC outbound tourists and encourage repeat travelers will get more difficult.
An Examination of the Construct of Perceived Value for the Prediction of Golf Travelers’ Intentions to Revisit
Authors: Petrick James F. , Backman Sheila J.
Published: April 2009

The construct of perceived value has been identified in the marketing literature as one of the most important measures for gaining competitive edge and has been argued to be the most important indicator of repurchase intentions. Yet, in the field of tourism, repurchase intentions and consumer loyalty are often predicted solely by measures of consumer satisfaction and/or service quality. One market in need of repurchase intention research is the golf traveler market. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the measurement and utilization of the construct of golf travelers’ perceived value. Results suggest that current measures of perceived value may be inappropriate and do not capture the construct of perceived value of a service. These findings indicate that theoretical development of perceived value is in need of further research and understanding. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed.
Databased Marketing by Travel Agencies
Authors: Oppermann Martin
Published: April 2009

Databased marketing, understood as a comprehensive marketing strategy based on a memory of business transactions with customers, is a crucial step toward gaining competitive advantage in this rapidly changing world and industry. This article discusses the concept of databased marketing and presents the results of a survey of travel agencies in New Zealand. It shows that the travel agencies are involved only to a limited extent in the three identified areas of databased marketing: customer retention, product promotion, and customer creation. Especially in the areas of product promotion and customer creation, considerable opportunities exist to maximize the returns and effectiveness of the existing databases.
A Midterm Assessment of the Host Population’s Perceptions of the 1996 Summer Olympics: Support, Attendance, Benefits, and Liabilities
Authors: Mihalik Brian J. , Simonetta Leo
Published: April 2009

This midterm assessment of a trend study analysis that began in 1992 was designed to monitor the perceptions of residents of Georgia regarding the 1996 Olympic Games. Over time, Georgia resident support remained strong, projected attendance decreased greatly, the intangible benefits were ranked greater than the economic issues, and the top perceived negative consequences dealt with law enforcement issues.
Another Look at the Efficiency of Corporate Travel Management Departments
Authors: Anderson Randy I. , Lewis Danielle , Parker Mike E.
Published: April 2009

In response to escalating business travel costs, many firms have formed corporate travel management departments to help control these expenses. This study examines how efficiently these departments are operating by employing a stochastic frontier technique in addition to a linear programming procedure. Both of these methods construct efficient frontiers that represent the minimum costs that need to be allocated to corporate travel given the number of trips that firms take. Any costs incurred beyond the efficient frontiers are deemed excess, and the firms are classified as inefficient. The results using both procedures indicate that the corporate travel management departments are relatively efficient. In a competitive market, it is expected that more firms will begin to use in-house travel management departments to help control the rise of travel-related expenses.
Predicting a Behavioral Profile for Pleasure Travelers on the Basis of Internet Use Segmentation
Authors: Bonn Mark A. , Furr H. Leslie , Susskind Alex M.
Published: April 2009

In an attempt to create a behavioral profile of pleasure travelers segmented based on Internet use, 5,319 pleasure travelers were interviewed. Initially, the respondents were classified as an Internet user or Internet nonuser based on whether or not they would use the Internet to seek travel-related information. Using discriminant analysis, chi square, and analysis of variance statistical techniques, a profile of demographic and behavioral characteristics was created. The results of this study suggest that people who use the Internet to search for travel-related information are likely to be people who are (a) college-educated owners of computers, (b) less than 45 years of age, (c) stay more often in commercial lodging establishments, and (d) spend more money each day while traveling. Implications for marketing managers and future research are discussed.
The College Student Market Segment: A Comparative Study of Travel Behaviors of International and Domestic Students at a Southeastern University
Authors: Field Arthur M.
Published: April 2009

This study examines the college market segment by comparing recess vacation travel of Clemson foreign students to that of Clemson domestic students. Findings indicate substantial differences and some surprising similarities between habits and preferences of these groups and their use of travel services. Important conclusions for destination locations, travel agents, package sellers, and cruise lines are suggested.
New Orleans Tourism and Crime: A Case Study
Authors: Dimanche Frédéric , Lepetic Alenna
Published: April 2009

As a major tourism destination, New Orleans has been under scrutiny because of its very high crime rate. Negative perceptions from potential tourists and meeting planners are threatening the well-being of a strong tourism sector. This article examines the crime and tourism situations and shows how various stakeholders have responded to the problem. An apparent lack of industry concern and cooperation is seen as the major drawback in tourism’s bout with crime and the resulting negative publicity.
Sociological Not Political
Authors: Kelly Terrence
Published: April 2009

Like many critics of Rawls, Habermas believes that the Original Position (OP) implicitly utilizes normative (and unargued for) assumptions. The author defends the OP by arguing that its basic concepts are the product of a rational reconstruction of the everyday know-how, or common sense, employed by citizens in democratic practices. The author identifies this reconstruction in Rawls’s work but suggests that while this answers the charge of circularity, it raises the problem of contextual relativism. It is concluded that Rawls can avoid such relativism only on a stronger commitment to social scientific research in support of a more transcendental form of rational reconstruction.
Collective Intentionality and the Social Sciences
Authors: Tollefsen Deborah Perron
Published: April 2009

In everyday discourse and in the context of social scientific research we often attribute intentional states to groups. Contemporary approaches to group intentionality have either dismissed these attributions as metaphorical or provided an analysis of our attributions in terms of the intentional states of individuals in the group. Insection1, the author argues that these approaches are problematic. In sections 2 and 3, the author defends the view that certain groups are literally intentional agents. In section 4, the author argues that there are significant reasons for social scientists and philosophers of social science to acknowledge the adequacy of macro-level explanations that involve the attribution of intentional states to groups. In section 5, the author considers and responds to some criticisms of the thesis she defends.
What Happened to the Historiography of Science?
Authors: De Freitas Renan Springer
Published: April 2009

The author argues that the pragmatically oriented historiography of science that recently has been so strongly recommended has fallen into the mistake of focusing on scientists’ circumstantial attempts to fix beliefs without discussing the scientific importance of the beliefs in the first place. This mistake has led historians of science to engage in pointless exercises, made them mute about crucial aspects of the development of science, and, above all, prevented them from avoiding, in a satisfactory way, the ghost of “triumphalism.” On the other hand, so-called traditional historiography of science is not vulnerable to any of these charges.
Autonomy, Adaptation, and Rationality—A Critical Discussion of Jon Elster’s Concept of “Sour Grapes,” Part II
Authors: Sandven Tore
Published: April 2009

This paper argues against Jon Elster’s contention that there is a fundamental incompatibility between, on one hand, autonomy and rationality and, on the other hand, adaptation to conditions of one’s existence in the sense that one’s desires or preferences are adjusted to what it is possible to achieve. While the first part of the paper more narrowly concentrated on Elster’s discussion of these ideas, this second part goes on to a more general discussion of the concept of rationality. On the basis of this discussion, it is claimed that Elster’s conclusions concerning autonomy and adaptation are premised on a defective conception of human experience and rationality. Moreover, the claim is made that these defects are also characteristic of “rational choice theory” more generally.
A Factor Analysis of Traits Related to Individual Differences in Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L. , Book Angela , Lalumière Martin L.
Published: April 2009

Male undergraduates and men from the local community completed questionnaires dealing with antisocial behavior, aggression, mating effort, and self-esteem. An exploratory maximum likelihood factor analysis revealed three factors, labeled Aggressiveness, Mating Success, and Antisociality. No clear mating effort factor emerged. Number of sexual partners and Preference for Partner Variety loaded on Mating Success, but age at first intercourse loaded on Antisociality. The only significant correlation among the factors was between Aggressiveness and Antisociality. Variables from each of the 3 factors discriminated between individuals scoring at the extreme ends of the Childhood and Adolescence Taxon Scale–Self Report, a measure containing items previously shown to identify a discrete class of antisocial offenders.
Police Training in Sexual Assault Response
Authors: Lonsway Kimberly A. , Welch Susan , Fitzgerald Louise F.
Published: April 2009

This study evaluates an experimental training program at a Midwestern police academy. In Study 1, one class of police recruits participated in a typical training protocol, and two classes attended the experimental program. Outcomes were compared with quantitative measures and qualitative analysis of performance in a simulated sexual assault interview. In Study 2, outcomes were assessed (a) before the experimental program, (b) after classroom instruction but before a simulated interview, (c) after classroom instruction and a simulated interview, and (d) after classroom instruction and two simulated interviews. Results suggest that specialized training is effective in improving behavioral performance but not cognitive or attitudinal outcomes. The conclusions highlight the importance of behaviorally focused training and evaluation.
Authority and Tradition in First Century Judaism and Christianity
Authors: Bossman David M.
Published: April 2009

In first century Judaism and Christianity authority and tradition served as stability factors at a time when these communities experienced dynamic growth and internal development. Studies by cultural anthropologists of first century Mediterranean societies provide a key to understanding these stability factors. The present study focuses on such questions as how religion functioned institutionally, how Judaism and early Christian communities adaptively expressed their religious traditions, and what impact Jesus had on his followers as an authority figure. In conclusion, drawing out implications for biblical theology, it is suggested that a progressive principle of adaptability is typically at work in both Jewish and Christian communities, which shapes tradition and authority, both of which might otherwise become static and peripheral as the types of awareness and needs of the believing communities change.
The Secret Heroine of Mark's Drama
Authors: Grassi Joseph A.
Published: April 2009

Mark is a gospel of secrets that gradually unfold to the audience. This becomes more evident in light of recent studies of Mark as a narrative drama. In such a drama, Jesus, especially in his hero's death, is the center of the gospel. However, his counterpart is the ideal disciple who follows him as far as the cross. Mark presents this ideal disciple portrait in a gradually expanding dramatic crescendo through key women presented in the gospel. The climactic ending comes in the Bethany woman's prophetic action and its completion in Mary Magdalene, especially, and the other women who obey Jesus' initial command, "Follow me," as far as the cross. Thus, they make possible the "preaching of the gospel in the whole world" as a necessary prerequisite for the return of Jesus.
The Passion in Mark: Transformation Ritual
Authors: McVann Mark
Published: April 2009

This article uses Victor Turner's theory of liminality- communitas to interpret the trials and passion of Jesus in Mark. Turner provides the symbolic anthropological framework for reading these narratives as a ritual of status transformation. Jesus in the passion is viewed as undergoing a rite of passage, and his relationship to sympathetic characters in this context is also examined. Mark's overall objective is to portray Jesus as a model of discipleship for his readers.
The Beloved Disciple and Implied Readers
Authors: Kurz William S.
Published: April 2009

The gaps in the narratives about the "disciple whom Jesus loved" suggest that he has a typological relationship with the implied readers of the canonical Fourth Gospel. (A) The investigation chiefly focuses on three gaps. (1) The beloved disciple is never named. (2) He is first mentioned (at least as beloved) in the farewell address. The link between the beloved disciple and the farewell address, which is directed to the time of the implied readers by Jesus' prayer in John 17:20-26, is evidence that the implied readers are meant to identify themselves with this ideal disciple. (3) The beloved disciple's knowledge of the betrayer does not affect the plot. (B) Later references to this disciple (as probably at John 18:15-16; as related to "the mother of Jesus" at 19:25-27; as witness in 19:33-37; as first to believe in Jesus' resurrection in 20:9-10; as first to recognize the risen Lord in 21:7; and as witness grounding the Gospel in 21:24) confirm the paradigmatic significance of this historical figure as the ideal disciple.
Dealing With Biblical (Mediterranean) Characters: a Guide for U.S. Consumers
Authors: Malina Bruce J.
Published: April 2009

An alternative scenario for imagining the Mediterranean characters who appear in the Bible stands in contrast to U.S. understandings of persons as psychological individuals in a social world in which economic relationships are primary. Biblical characters should be seen in terms of Mediterranean patterns where familism and gender-based identity make kinship the primary social institution. U.S. readers need to be alerted to patterns in Mediterranean communication, which expect males to show emotion freely, which produces texts such as the Bible where authors are more intent on showing how they felt about what was going on than on simply telling in a post-Enlightenment fashion "what was really going on."
Reader Response To Ritual Elements in Mark 5:1-20
Authors: Schersten Lahurd Carol
Published: April 2009

Combining rhetorical and reader response criticism with methods of biblical interpretation and models from ritual studies can yield insights into the potential reader impact of a gospel narrative. To achieve such a methodological synthesis, this study of Mark 5:1-20 examines the literary context for the Gerasene demoniac story within Mark 1-5, the gradual release of information to the implied audience, challenges to audience expectations, and the probable effect of textual ritual elements, for example, description of ritual enactments or inclusion of ritual-like actions such as journeying. This analysis demonstrates how the text guides audiences toward the episode's eschatological significance, challenges readers' attitudes toward "clean" and "unclean," and invites them to accept for themselves the commissioning Jesus extends to the healed demoniac.
"Why Were the Heathen So Arrogant?" the Socio-Rhetorical Strategy of Acts 3-4
Authors: Webber Randall C.
Published: April 2009

Acts 3-4 is analyzed with reference to a culturally specific model of social and rhetorical competition. The functions of positive and negative labelling in agonistic cultures are described in terms of the applicable conflict theory, and the rhetorical strategies of the Christian and Sadducean combatants in Acts 3-4 are traced. Both groups conducted the confrontation in accordance with widely accepted rules of challenge and response, though the Christian speaker occasionally approached an excessively aggressive strategy. The success of the Christian protagonists in this verbal skirmish precipitated continued rhetorical combat and some episodes of violence between the Christians and the Sadducees in the Jerusalem described in Acts.
Matthew's Plurisignificant "Son of David" in Social Science Perspective: Kinship, Kingship, Magic, and Miracle
Authors: Duling Dennis C.
Published: April 2009

It is well known in gospel studies that the Gospel of Matthew goes well beyond the Gospel of Mark in stressing Jesus as the "Son of David" (Fuller; Lövestam; Gibbs; Fitzmyer; Suhl; L. Fisher; Berger; Burger; Kingsbury; Duling 1978; Chilton). This study seeks to advance beyond such redaction critical studies by interpreting this theme with insights derived from the social sciences. Several models are used to lend perspective to the context of both the author and his story. Using the models as heuristic devices, or lenses to obtain a sharper focus, the object is to develop more socio-critically informed interpretations of Matthew's Son of David text segments.
Man, Woman, and Hospitality - 2 Kings 4:8--36
Authors: Hobbs T.R.
Published: April 2009

Using ethnographic data on Mediterranean societies, the validity of which has been established elsewhere, this article begins by stressing the dominant role of the woman in the domestic sphere. The three-act "scenario" of 2 Kings 4:8-36, properly understood, poses no problem with respect to the woman's conduct, which transforms a hostile stranger into a guest; it is rather Elisha's influence brokering in attempting reciprocity that is seen as unacceptable. When the prophet's sumbolic universe collapses (at the end of the narrative), life and "resurrection" take place.
Honor and Shame
Authors: Moxnes Halvor
Published: April 2009

After establishing a definition of the honor and shame conceptual framework, this study goes on to examine the sense in which that framework can be said to characterize Mediterranean culture (past and present). The framework's relevance to biblical studies is clarified, and the specifically gender and sex-related aspects are explored. Then the framework's prominent place in (1) Hellenistic, and (2) Roman civilization is discussed, before—finally—conclusions are drawn with regard to the relevance of the conceptual framework to the early Christian communities.
Female Voices: Upholding the Honor of the Household
Authors: Matthews Victor H.
Published: April 2009

A survey of the narratives in the First Testament demonstrates that women are often portrayed as dynamic characters, who speak quite eloquently, and when they speak they generate immediate action on the part of their audience. Their influence also transcends the simple notions of public/private and civil/domestic. The most frequent examples of "female voice" or "female rhetoric" are found in situations in which the woman defends the honor of her household. Words or actions in defense of a household may be based on at least two criteria. First, it is the obligation of the woman, as wife or female member of a household, to demonstrate her loyalty in speaking or performing actions which will work to ensure the survival of the household. Secondly, when her household is attacked, either by physical actions or by shaming speech, it is the duty of the woman to uphold the honor of the household, even at the expense of her own honor or personal safety. If the woman fails to show proper respect for or loyalty to her household, the punishment is despair and/or barrenness.
"Let Him Deny Himself" (Mark 8:34 & Par): a Social Psychological Model of Self-Denial
Authors: Malina Bruce J.
Published: April 2009

To gain a fuller understanding of self denial in antiquity, I begin with what the synoptic tradition tells about Jesus' injunction in this regard. Then I consider what contemporary social psychologists have discovered and invented about individualist and collectivist cultures, self-centered and other-centered personalities within those cultures, and how the self is defined in all cultures. After describing a comparative model, I apply the features of collectivist cultures to the synoptic story to see what it entails. In conclusion, I point out the extremely limited range of meanings available for the term self-denial in a first-century C.E. Mediterranean social setting.
Social-Scientific Small Group Research and Second Testament Study
Authors: Duling Dennis C.
Published: April 2009

This article offers a historical overview of select social-scientific small group research that can be useful for Second Testament scholars. It concludes by extracting categories that might help to formulate a simplified model for thinking about small groups in Greco-Roman antiquity. It then illustrates one part of it: namely, leadership roles in the Matthean Gospel.
When the King Crosses the Line: Royal Deviance and Restitution in Levantine Ideologies
Authors: Hanson K.C.
Published: April 2009

Plagues and famines were recurring problems for people of the ancient Levant (eastern Mediterranean); and since these phenomena were perceived to be the actions of the gods, they required interpretation by authorized prophets and diviners. The seven passages discussed here all articulate a common behavioral pattern (with a king identified as the culpable deviant) and character-set with regard to these catastrophes. The motifs manifested are: breach of the sacred, divine punishment in the form of plague or famine, prophetic interpretation, restitution, and blood-sacrifice. The character-set is: the deity, the king/s, the prophet/s, and the suffering population. These Israelite, Hittite, and Greek narratives, while in the form of stories, prayer, and play, I identify as "Royal Deviance Narratives" (1 Sam 5:1-7:1; 2 Sam 21:1-14; 2 Sam 24:1-25; 1 Kgs 16:29-18:45; KUB xiv, 8; Iliad 1.1-475; and Oedipus Tyrannus), and I analyze them in terms of their motifs and their cultural scripts.