bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rapid Identification of Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) From Adult, Larval, and Frass Samples Using TaqMan Probe Assay
Authors: Rizzo Domenico , Da Lio Daniele , Bartolini Linda , Salemi Chiara , Pennacchio Fabrizio , Rapisarda Carmelo , Rossi Elisabetta
Published: June 2021

A molecular diagnostic method using TaqMan probe qPCR is presented for the identification of Anoplophora chinensis (Förster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from whole body insects (adults and larvae) and frass samples stored under different conditions. The results showed a perfect amplification of DNA from all samples; the repeatability and reproducibility of the protocol were very good, with standard deviations of inter-run and intra-run variability less than or equal to 0.5. The assay allowed to discern all A. chinensis samples from those of the other non-target wood-borer species, with 100% correspondence to the homologous sequences. No amplification or cross reactions were observed with A. glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which is the most related species among those tested. The protocol was validated by an internal blind panel test which showed a good correspondence between the results obtained by different operators in the same lab. The analytical sensitivity for the lab frass with the Probe qPCR, namely the lowest amount of A. chinensis DNA that can be detected (LoD), was 0.64 pg/µl with a Cq of 34.87. The use of indirect evidence for the identification of a pest is an important feature of the method, which could be crucial to detect the presence of wood-boring insects. This diagnostic tool can help prevent the introduction of A. chinensis into new environments or delimit existing outbreak areas thanks to indirect frass diagnosis.
Lifestyle Medicine
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses the rise of lifestyle medicine. The impact of chronic diseases on health and quality of life are well-known within the medical community. Preventive medicine has only been partially successful in addressing these problems. For physicians to advocate healthy lifestyle choices for their patients, they must first understand what a healthy lifestyle entails. The Six Pillars of Lifestyle Medicine outline the six main lifestyle changes—healthful eating, increasing physical activity, improving sleep, managing stress, avoiding risky substances, forming and maintaining relationships—that physicians should promote to their patients. The global public health burden of diabetes, obesity, and other lifestyle diseases is increasing at an astounding rate. However, very few training programs have robust educational offerings for physicians on nonpharmacological treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Merlo Gia
Published: June 2021

The physician’s role is continually changing and is sure to undergo significant changes in the near future. Among many other disruptive forces, healthcare continues to become more team- and technology-based. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to be an important turning point for the medical profession. One current issue in healthcare is physicians experiencing moral distress due to conflicts between their duty as employees and their ultimate duty to patients. Other imminent changes are coming due to incorporation of technology, in particular, artificial intelligence and telehealth. These changes can be met through the process of lifelong learning, which entails a commitment to continually improve our knowledge and skills to deliver a high standard of care.
Hybrid Fluoroscopic and Neurophysiological Targeting of Responsive Neurostimulation of the Rolandic Cortex
Authors: Parker Jonathon J , Jamiolkowski Ryan M , Grant Gerald A , Le Scheherazade , Halpern Casey H
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Precise targeting of cortical surface electrodes to epileptogenic regions defined by anatomic and electrophysiological guideposts remains a surgical challenge during implantation of responsive neurostimulation (RNS) devices.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a hybrid fluoroscopic and neurophysiological technique for targeting of subdural cortical surface electrodes to anatomic regions with limited direct visualization, such as the interhemispheric fissure.

METHODS

Intraoperative two-dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy was used to colocalize and align an electrode for permanent device implantation with a temporary in Situ electrode placed for extraoperative seizure mapping. Intraoperative phase reversal mapping technique was performed to distinguish primary somatosensory and motor cortex.

RESULTS

We applied these techniques to optimize placement of an interhemispheric strip electrode connected to a responsive neurostimulator system for detection and treatment of seizures arising from a large perirolandic cortical malformation. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) phase reversal technique facilitated neuroanatomic mapping and electrode placement.

CONCLUSION

In challenging-to-access anatomic regions, fluoroscopy and intraoperative neurophysiology can be employed to augment targeting of neuromodulation electrodes to the site of seizure onset zone or specific neurophysiological biomarkers of clinical interest while minimizing brain retraction.
Machine Vision for Real-Time Intraoperative Anatomic Guidance: A Proof-of-Concept Study in Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery
Authors: Staartjes Victor E , Volokitin Anna , Regli Luca , Konukoglu Ender , Serra Carlo
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Current intraoperative orientation methods either rely on preoperative imaging, are resource-intensive to implement, or difficult to interpret. Real-time, reliable anatomic recognition would constitute another strong pillar on which neurosurgeons could rest for intraoperative orientation.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the feasibility of machine vision algorithms to identify anatomic structures using only the endoscopic camera without prior explicit anatomo-topographic knowledge in a proof-of-concept study.

METHODS

We developed and validated a deep learning algorithm to detect the nasal septum, the middle turbinate, and the inferior turbinate during endoscopic endonasal approaches based on endoscopy videos from 23 different patients. The model was trained in a weakly supervised manner on 18 and validated on 5 patients. Performance was compared against a baseline consisting of the average positions of the training ground truth labels using a semiquantitative 3-tiered system.

RESULTS

We used 367 images extracted from the videos of 18 patients for training, as well as 182 test images extracted from the videos of another 5 patients for testing the fully developed model. The prototype machine vision algorithm was able to identify the 3 endonasal structures qualitatively well. Compared to the baseline model based on location priors, the algorithm demonstrated slightly but statistically significantly (P < .001) improved annotation performance.

CONCLUSION

Automated recognition of anatomic structures in endoscopic videos by means of a machine vision model using only the endoscopic camera without prior explicit anatomo-topographic knowledge is feasible. This proof of concept encourages further development of fully automated software for real-time intraoperative anatomic guidance during surgery.
Looking for the Caliphate in All the Wrong Places
Authors: Afsaruddin Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the contemporary militant group referred to by the acronym ISIS (short for the Islamic State in/of Iraq and Syria) and its views on the “caliphate.” As this group sees it, its so-called Islamic State represents the resurrection of the historical office of the caliph after its abrogation in 1923. ISIS’s views on the “caliphate,” as discussed in this study, are drawn from the first issue of the magazine Dabiq published in English in 2014 under the title of “The Return of Khilafah.” After presenting its views, the chapter goes on to critique ISIS’s views on the caliphate and assesses the “Islamic” nature of the group’s pronouncements on this institution and its necessity in the modern period. The chapter concludes by looking at how the group’s extremist narratives fit into a larger narrative emanating from the West that essentializes Islamic political culture(s) and that continues to foment a clash-of-civilizations mentality.
Anti-Catholicism, Islamophobia, and White Supremacy in the United States
Authors: Alexander Scott C.
Published: June 2021

This essay applies an intersectional approach to the analysis of the history of anti-Catholicism and Islamophobia in the United States as manifestations of White supremacy. It offers a comparative analysis of these two phenomena in an attempt to suggest that a certain intersection exists between each and the social construction of Whiteness and the maintenance of White power and privilege in US American history. It concludes with observations on progress in the development of Catholic–Muslim relations through concerted efforts by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops and various US Muslim organizations, noting that the majority of Catholics in the United States have benefited from White privilege.
Justinian, Roman Progress, and the Death of the Western Roman Empire
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

Roman control of Italy persisted after the loss of much of the West. Italian fortunes recovered under the leadership of the non-Roman sovereigns Odoacer and Theoderic, both of whom presented their regimes as continuations of the Western Roman state. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople, continued to thrive. Under the emperor Justinian, some people believed it had ultimately realized the end stage of creating a Christian, Roman empire. Following on that achievement, Justinian began a campaign to reconquer the Roman territories of the West and reintegrate them into this more perfect Roman state. This effort led to a claim, originating in the East with Marcellinus Comes and echoed by Procopius, that the Western Roman Empire had fallen and required restoration. Justinian then mounted military campaigns that began with the reconquest of North Africa, but soon were directed against Italy.
Rome, the Arabs, and Iconoclasm
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

By the early seventh century a combination of Persian invasions and, ultimately, Arab conquests removed the Roman Empire from the Middle East and North Africa. Although the emperor Heraclius sparked a brief but dramatic Roman resurgence in the early 630s, these traumatic losses pushed Romans to reintroduce the rhetoric of decline and renewal. Instead of focusing on the traditional, pagan Roman past as Romans had done in earlier centuries, their seventh- and eighth-century counterparts thought about how the empire’s Christian religious practices had fallen away from the ideals that had once made Rome a powerful Christian empire. One result was the Iconoclastic controversy, an argument between Romans who embraced the role of icons in Christian worship and others who wanted to suppress their use. Both sides claimed that the religious practices for which their opponents advocated had broken with the traditions that had once made the empire strong.
A Dangerous Idea
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: June 2021

The fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the claims that many European powers made to the Roman legacy led to a shift in what Rome’s decline meant. Starting in the fifteenth century but continuing through Edward Gibbon’s famous eighteenth-century book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, people embraced the idea that Rome’s story has ended. Figures like Leonardo Bruni and Montesquieu placed Roman decline at the end of the Republic. It was only with Gibbon that Rome’s peak moved to the Antonine Age. As this idea became more prominent, Roman decline no longer was something that inspired restoration. Instead it became a story that allows people to point to current conditions and criticize them by invoking Roman parallels. One great exception to this story was the tendency of Italian politicians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to push for a resuscitation of the ancient Roman state, with the ideas of Mazzini and Mussolini particularly notable in this regard.
Introduction: Subjects and Sources
Authors: Boatwright Mary T.
Published: June 2021

This chapter poses the central question: If the Roman princeps was first among equals, what position and visibility did an imperial woman have? The chapter provides some fundamental definitions, including of “imperial woman,” Augusta, and principate, and points to the laws and customs inhibiting Roman women’s activities and choices. It substantiates the importance of women for the imperial image, for legitimacy in the principate, and for the imperial court. After laying out the general plan of the book, the chapter points out deficiencies and biases of the evidence, especially of Tacitus and other literary sources, and clarifies how the book references inscriptions, coins, and other ancient material. Guidance is given for names, locations, and the like.
Rome’s Imperial Women and Rome’s Imperial Power
Authors: Boatwright Mary T.
Published: June 2021

Livia’s involvement in the case of L. Piso against Urgulania opens this investigation into the powers imperial women were granted or thought to enjoy. Context is set by comparing women considered powerful in the Republic, foreign queens, and the few non-imperial elite women noted in Rome of the principate. Historiography reflects the customs and laws affecting Roman women generally, including prohibition from politics, the military, and legal advocacy for another; patria potestas; and tutela mulierum. Although imperial women usually controlled their own financial resources, such as brickyards, dwellings, and patronage, their self-restraint and modesty were ideals, as seen in the Senatus Consultum de Pisone patre. Octavia and Livia received special grants in 35 BCE; Livia, more honors in 9 BCE, and more in 14 CE, including the title Augusta. The chapter concludes that imperial women had no institutional powers after these early exceptional dispensations accorded to Octavia and Livia.
Imperial Women’s Mark on the City of Rome
Authors: Boatwright Mary T.
Published: June 2021

Agrippina’s public veneration by conquered Britons outside Rome’s Praetorian camp opens this chapter about the imprint imperial women made on the city of Rome through their movements and presence, and through enduring monuments and statues, whether dedicated by or to them but carrying their names and memory. Imperial women’s public presence in Rome generally is poorly documented, with Agrippina and Livia the most frequently recorded, and at times controversial, especially for Octavia and Livia. The women’s public activities and visibility are discussed thematically (e.g., appearances in funerals and triumphs); their monuments by location. The evidence helps personalize individual women, hinting at their lives and reception, even as the evaluation contributes to the “spatial” study of Roman history and archaeology. Over the centuries imperial women evidently had diminishing visibility in Rome, in contrast to their apparently increasing prominence elsewhere, as Plotina in Athens.
Fitting Attitudes and Forgiveness
Authors: Pettigrove Glen
Published: June 2021

In philosophical discussions of wrongdoing, it is common to find people saying things such as, “If a person has been wronged, she should resent the wrongdoer.” Writers don’t always say why, but, if one wished to defend the claim, a promising place to turn would be to fitting attitude theories of value: One should feel anger or resentment, because that is the fitting (or accurate) response to wrongdoing. Fitting attitude theory can also help explain why some reasons for forgiving strike us as the wrong kinds of reasons. However, in spite of its attractions, I argue that fitting attitude theory fails to support the claim that those who have been wronged should be angry or resentful rather than forgiving. The argument highlights gaps that must be filled by any theory that attempts to move from judgments of fittingness to full-blown moral judgments.
Forgiveness and Freedom to Do Otherwise
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque
Published: June 2021

Let us say that one has free will with respect to an action if and only if one can both perform it and one can refrain from performing it. In this chapter, I expose and evaluate various considerations for the view that forgiveness and free will are inextricably associated. This view, if correct, generates the worry that since determinism appears to undermine free will, determinism and forgiveness are incompatible. One set of considerations for the view in question, which I reject, exploits the claim that forgiveness presupposes moral impermissibility. Another set of considerations, which I also reject, turns on the proposal that forgiveness is nontrivially associated with moral obligation. A third set of considerations rests on the thesis that forgiveness is essentially linked to prima facie moral obligation. I argue that this third set generates a troubling dilemma.
Institutional Apologies and Forgiveness
Authors: Smith Angela M.
Published: June 2021

Recently, many governments, universities, corporations, and other institutions have issued public apologies for the roles they played in serious instances of historical injustice. These apologies are particularly interesting in the case of wrongs that occurred in the distant past, toward individuals who are no longer living or capable of rendering forgiveness for such wrongs. When both the original perpetrators of these wrongs and their original victims are no longer living, one might have doubts about the conceptual and moral intelligibility of such apologies. The aim of this contribution is to try to answer this question, by examining the logic of such institutional apologies and their relation to questions of institutional blame and institutional forgiveness. It focuses, in particular, on whether it makes sense for American colleges and universities to offer apologies for their historical involvement with the practice of chattel slavery.
The Sunflower
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: June 2021

In Simon Wiesenthal’s book The Sunflower: On the Possibility and Limits of Forgiveness, Wiesenthal tells the story of a dying German soldier who was guilty of horrendous evil against Jewish men, women, and children, but who desperately wanted forgiveness from and reconciliation with at least one Jew before his death. Wiesenthal, then a prisoner in Auschwitz, was brought to hear the German soldier’s story and his pleas for forgiveness. As Wiesenthal understands his own reaction to the German soldier, he did not grant the dying soldier the forgiveness the man longed for. In The Sunflower, Wiesenthal presents reflections on this story by numerous thinkers. Their responses are noteworthy for the highly divergent intuitions they express. In this chapter, I consider the conflicting views about forgiveness on the part of the respondents in The Sunflower. I argue that those respondents who are convinced that forgiveness should be denied the dying German soldier are mistaken. Nonetheless, I also argue in support of the attitude that rejects reconciliation with the dying German soldier. I try to show that, in some cases of grave evil, repentance and making amends are not sufficient for the removal of guilt, and that reconciliation may be morally impermissible, whatever the case as regards forgiveness.
Forgiveness as a Virtue of Universal Love
Authors: Swanton Christine
Published: June 2021

This chapter is about the relation between universal love and a virtue of forgiveness, which Robert Roberts calls the virtue of forgivingness. I argue that forgivingness is a virtue of universal love, so to understand that virtue, one needs to analyze the problematic notion of universal love. This analysis, in turn, requires an understanding of love itself as an emotion directed at particular agents as opposed to (for example) humankind as such. This creates apparent difficulties for universal love. Once these difficulties are resolved, we have a better understanding of problems with forgivingness as a virtue. In particular, I shall argue that love, including universal love, is a bond-based rather than a value-based emotion, and that forgivingness as a virtue of universal love does not require that we should forgive each and every person who has wronged us.
Temperament and “Historical” Intonation: An Outline
Authors: Reiter Walter S.
Published: June 2021

The modern piano is tuned to a system known as equal temperament, in which all semitones are equal. This system is convenient because it enables the pianist to play in any key and, to the modern ear at least, in tune. To musicians from the Baroque period, the piano’s intonation would have sounded excruciatingly out of tune! This lesson explains the basics of temperament, what it is, why it is needed and how the modern performer can become comfortable with systems of intonation that existed in the Baroque era, whether the mathematics are understood or not. Topics such as “pure” intonation, meantone, the qualities of individual tonalities, flatter sharps, and sharper flats are discussed and there is an exercise comparing pure intonation with equal temperament. Clear practical guidance is given as to how to explore historical intonation by ear, using Leopold Mozart’s charts on overtones and the mysterious “phantom cellist.”
What Is the Knowledge We Need?
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 4 describes the type of civics and ethics knowledge necessary to learn, including the real- world structures, processes, and institutions of public life. It also includes ethical frameworks and approaches such as hedonism or utilitarianism, or virtues and moral habits. This knowledge forms the foundation for being able to civically engage and participate in society. The chapter also includes an overview of why gaining knowledge is necessary, what types of knowledge are necessary, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to convey knowledge, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to build real-world knowledge. The chapter opens with the example Executive Command and also shares three examples in action: Win the White House, PolitiCraft, and Fable III.
How Do We Understand Ourselves and Our Emotions?
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 7 describes how games may help people to understand themselves, their emotions, and their roles as citizens in society. How might games support the exploration of one’s own identities and others’ identities, as well as engage us in social and emotional learning? What are the best practices and strategies for supporting identity and emotional explorations using games? The chapter includes an overview of why identity and emotions matter in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore our identities and emotions, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice skills related to communication and connection. It opens with the example of the game Fortnite, and also shares three examples-in-action: Kind Words, What Remains of Edith Finch, and That Dragon, Cancer.
How Do We Analyze Problems and Systems?
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 11 describes how games may help people practice problem-solving skills such as analyzing solutions and systems. How are social and civic problems solved, and how might games support this? How might games help to understand problems as being dynamic and systemic? The chapter includes an overview of why problem-solving and systems thinking matter in civics and ethics, and why games may support this. It also includes the limitations of using games to explore problems, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to use games to practice problem-solving and systems analysis skills. It opens with the example of the game Plague Inc., and also shares four examples-in-action: Happy Farm, Papers, Please, Quandary, and Vox Pop.
How Do We Explore and Design?
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 12 describes how game design—and making, creating, and experimenting of all kinds—may help people engage in civics and ethics. How does the process of design help to interrogate the world? The chapter includes an overview of why designing and exploring relate to civics and ethics. It also reviews how games themselves may support design-related skills. The chapter includes the limitations of design, and how to minimize those limitations. Finally, it reviews strategies that teachers can take to engage students in design and exploration. It opens with the example of the game Civics! An American Musical, and also shares five examples-in-action: Rosenstrasse, game jams, civic hackathons, Common Circles workshops, and SheroHub.
Guidelines, Questions, and Considerations
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 13 describes the practical and logistical considerations of playing and using games in the classroom, in remote learning environments, or in other educational contexts. This includes how games are chosen for students and curricula, as well as the additional activities around and during games. A table in this chapter outlines different categories of questions to ask about incorporating games into learning experiences, including questions about technological constraints, teacher expertise, gameplay, and student needs. Finally, this chapter covers some assessment considerations, such as what types of ways learning may be assessed through and around the game.
We the Gamers
Authors: Schrier Karen
Published: June 2021

Chapter 14 concludes the book, emphasizing the reasons why games serve as communities and publics where people can deliberate and design the type of world they want to live in. This final chapter also reviews why games matter, and why they help to both reveal and exemplify the messiness and complexity of humanity. Games are not just instrumentalizing the learning of ethics and civics, but are enabling people to grapple with the thorniness and ambiguity of social problems. The chapter also discusses the game Animal Crossing: New Horizons and revisits the COVID-19 pandemic. How might games help people not only learn through playing them, but recreate and reimagine the world?
Mental Faculties, the Moral Law, and Human Motivation
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses the following topics pertaining to Section II of the general introduction to The Metaphysics of Morals: 1. Kant’s conception of the faculty of desire and its relation to the faculties of feeling and cognition; 2. The significance of Kant’s distinction between will and choice in relation to human freedom of the will; 3. The distinction between maxims and imperatives as two fundamental types of practical principle; and 4. Kant’s conception of both nonmoral and moral motivation—the latter fundamental for understanding Kant’s theory of virtue. The chapter establishes Kant’s background ideas on these ideas and faculties and also addresses aspects of his theory of action.
General Ends that Are Also Duties
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

This chapter covers Sections IV through VIII of Kant’s dedicated introduction to The Doctrine of Virtue. Section 1 of this chapter explains that for Kant the two general ends that one has a duty to adopt are self-perfection and the happiness of others. It continues in section 2 explaining Kant’s clarification of these two concepts. The distinction between duties of right and duties of virtue is the focus of section 3. This includes a proposal for how to understand Kant’s dual distinction between narrow and wide obligation on one hand and perfect and imperfect obligation on the other. Section 4 takes up Kant’s “exposition” of the duties of self-perfection and the happiness of others. The chapter concludes with a brief summary.
The Science of Ethics
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

In the introduction to The Doctrine of Virtue, Kant explains the bases for considering this doctrine a science. This involves articulating the principles that govern a scientific ethics and explaining how the science is organized. These matters are taken up in section 1, “The Science of Ethics” of this chapter. Kant also offers a justification of the supreme principle of morality pertaining to a doctrine of virtue as a doctrine of ends. This is the topic of section 2, “The Supreme Principle of the Doctrine of Virtue,” which Kant expresses as “Act according to a maxim of ends that it can be a universal law for everyone to have.” An interpretation of Kant’s argument is spelled out and criticized. The concluding section raises a looming worry about Kant’s project of grounding an entire system of duties in the supreme principle, namely, that the principle lacks enough content to serve as the basis for genuine derivations.
Perfect Duties to Oneself as an Animal Being
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

This chapter considers the category of duties to oneself as an animal being: duties to avoid suicide and forms of self-mutilation, sexual self-abuse, and drunkenness and gluttony. Kant’s arguments for the claim that each of these types of action is morally wrong appeals to the “humanity formula” of his supreme principle of morality (the categorical imperative). Importantly, the role of teleology in some of Kant’s arguments is discussed and a distinction between ‘natural’ and ‘moral’ teleology is introduced. The chapter argues that while Kant mentions the natural purpose of one’s sexual powers in his argument against sexual self-abuse, his argument does not depend on it. However, as explained in later chapters, Kant’s ethics does rely on appeals to moral teleology, referring to the moral end of self-perfection.
Imperfect Duties to Oneself
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

This chapter covers both the imperfect duties of natural and moral self-perfection and the positive duties of conscience and moral self-scrutiny—these latter duties partly constitutive of the duty of moral self-perfection. Regarding the duty of conscience, the following questions are addressed: 1. What is conscience—its nature and role in moral life? 2. How is conscience experienced? 3. Can it be mistaken? 4. What are the duties of conscience and how are they justified? 5. What is the connection between conscience and blameworthiness? The duty of moral self-scrutiny foregrounds the moral importance of sincerity and impartiality in assessing one’s moral character. The chapter also explores the fundamental duty of moral self-perfection and Kant’s puzzling claim that it is both narrow and perfect yet also wide and imperfect. Also discussed are Kant’s views on the ethical treatment of animals, concluding with remarks on Kant’s moral teleology.
Duties of Love to Other Human Beings
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

Kant divides duties to other human beings into duties of love and duties of respect. This chapter covers his views on duties of love including beneficence, gratitude, and sympathetic participation. The guiding questions are: 1. What is the basis for dividing duties of love from those of respect? 2. How are these duties justified? 3. What do they require of human beings? Of particular interest is Kant’s argument for the duty of beneficence that appeals to the universal law formula of the categorical imperative. Problems for the argument as Kant states it are considered, as is a proposal for improving it. The contours of the so-called sacred duty of gratitude are explained. The content and role of the duty of sympathetic participation are explored. The chapter concludes with reflections on Kant’s conception of sympathy as it relates to contemporary notions of sympathy and empathy.
The Vices of Hatred and of Disrespect
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: June 2021

The vices of hatred—envy, ingratitude, and Schadenfreude—corresponding to the virtues of beneficence, gratitude, and sympathetic participation are discussed in the first half of this chapter. Particular attention is paid to their psychological source. The second half of the chapter discusses duties of respect toward others that Kant explains are all negative: duties to avoid arrogance, backbiting, and derision. Attention is also paid to Kant’s views on contempt and whether they imply that all cases of holding someone in contempt are morally prohibited. The chapter also discusses Kant’s chapter on duties to others regarding their condition, where he briefly explains how differences in age, sex, and social rank of others can affect how the various duties of virtue, expressed as virtue rules, affect the application of those rules to particular circumstances.
On Milton Babbitt, Schenkerian
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the influence of Schenker on Babbitt’s theoretical views, analytical prose, and, most importantly, his compositional techniques. Beginning with a discussion of his upbringing in the New York City of the 1930s, surrounded by intellectual refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, the chapter details how Schenkerian organicism influenced Babbitt and how it intersected with his other, often quite divergent, interests. The metaphor of organicism is excavated in Babbitt’s writings and examined for its heuristic utility. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, another predecessor Babbitt repeatedly cited, is discussed as an additional potential influence. Babbitt’s principal compositional techniques—serial arrays, the time-point system, and cross-references—are reconstructed in light of his Schenkerian principles. Readers new to Babbitt’s music will find the basic outlines of his compositional approach surveyed here.
Construction, Cognition, and the Role of the Surface
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

What do Babbitt’s theoretical commitments tell us about how to listen to his music? This chapter excavates Babbitt’s reading in analytical philosophy (particularly of Rudolf Carnap) and cognitive psychology (particularly of George A. Miller) in an attempt to answer that question. Babbitt’s compositional techniques are reviewed in this light: array construction, interdimensional parallelism (e.g., the use of the time-point system to complement the twelve-tone system), and cross-references are shown to be motivated by a desire to write music amenable to rational reconstruction (in Carnap’s term) and sensitive to theories of memory and information processing. Babbitt’s views on Schenker are revisited: he found Schenkerian analysis to represent a model for musical memory. His understanding of language, too, is conditioned by his reading of philosophy and cognitive science. The chapter ends with a discussion of the limitations of Babbitt’s psychology as a guide to the analysis of his music.
The Surface and the Series in Composition for Four Instruments
Authors: Bernstein Zachary
Published: June 2021

Composition for Four Instruments is among Babbitt’s best-known compositions and is frequently cited as an example of a piece with trichordal arrays. Nonetheless, the work’s hierarchical underpinnings—the means by which its arrays can be understood as outgrowths of its underlying twelve-tone series—remain undertheorized, a situation that has resulted in the publication of many different series for the work. A close examination clarifies the work’s series by considering surface elements such as simultaneities and the sequence of array materials. The significance of surface events in determining serial structure leads to comparison with Richard Cohn’s work on Schenkerian theory and motive. Furthermore, these surface elements are rhetorically significant: the sole surface trichord that confounds serial derivation is used to link the beginning and ending of the work, contributing to a rounded conclusion.
Cultures of Violence, Local Networks and Social Complicity
Authors: Ferguson Kate
Published: June 2021

In contexts such as Bosnia and Croatia, local fighters are more likely to know their victims and are less likely to be able to conceal their actions from their own family or community. If many of the victims knew their perpetrators, so too did others in the local community know who was being victimised, and often by whom. Throughout Bosnia and Croatia, the proximity of victims and perpetrators within the same local area also meant that individuals could identify what they perceived as the direct personal benefits that could be gained from participating in armed activities, be that looting, acquiring stolen property or taking revenge for petty disputes. This chapter explores the social networks and the structural and emotional relationships that supported the irregulars and their causes from the localities, within communities, and even within families. It also considers the broader entropic socio-cultural processes that stemmed from and impacted upon paramilitary dynamics.
Weaponized Skepticism
Authors: Rini Regina
Published: June 2021

Since at least 2016, many have worried that social media enables authoritarians to meddle in democratic politics. The concern is that trolls and bots amplify deceptive content. This chapter argues that these tactics have a more insidious anti-democratic purpose. Lies implanted in democratic discourse by authoritarians are often intended to be caught. Their primary goal is not to successfully deceive, but rather to undermine the democratic value of testimony. In well-functioning democracies, our mutual reliance on testimony also generates a distinctively democratic value: decentralized testimonial networks evade control by the state or powerful actors. The deliberate exposure of deception in democratic testimonial networks undermines this value by implicating citizens in their own epistemic corruption, weakening the resilience of democratic society against authoritarian pressure. This chapter illustrates that danger through a close reading of recent Russian social media interference operations, showing both their epistemic underpinnings and their ongoing political threat.
Truth and Uncertainty in Political Justification
Authors: Peter Fabienne
Published: June 2021

Political deliberation and decision-making typically take place in circumstances of substantial uncertainty about what should be done. Some of this uncertainty concerns decision-relevant empirical facts and some of it concerns decision-relevant normative facts. It is widely accepted that uncertainty about empirical facts should make us cautious and that political justification must take such uncertainty into account. Some have argued, however, that uncertainty about empirical and normative facts is not symmetrical, and that normative uncertainty does not demand the same caution. This chapter argues that the argument against symmetry does not work in the political context and that political justification must take normative uncertainty into account.
What Lies Beneath
Authors: Toole Briana
Published: June 2021

Our ability to dismantle white supremacy is compromised by the fact that we do not fully appreciate what, precisely, white supremacy is. In this chapter, I suggest understanding white supremacy as an epistemological system—an epistemic frame that serves as the foundation for how we understand and interact with the world. The difficulty in dismantling an epistemological system lies in its resilience—a system’s capacity to resist change to its underlying structure while, at the same time, offering the appearance of large-scale reform. Using white supremacy as a case study, here I explore what features enable this resilience. An analysis of white supremacy that presents it as more than a tool of social and political oppression, but as an epistemic system that makes this oppression possible, allows us to better understand, and eventually overthrow, such systems.
Political Disagreement, Arrogance, and the Pursuit of Truth
Authors: Lynch Michael P.
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores two contributing factors to cognitive polarization. The first is what is known as epistemic disagreement—or disagreement over what is known, who knows it, or how we know. Crucially, even the perception that such disagreement is widespread—whether or not it actually is—can be dangerous. The second factor is intellectual arrogance. This is arrogance about what we know or think we know; it is the kind of arrogance that tells whites they have nothing to learn about racism from people of color and that reassures those who believe they know more about infectious diseases than those who spend their lives studying them. The chapter also attempts to argue that these two factors can be mutually reinforcing. This makes them doubly dangerous, because by increasing cognitive polarization, they in turn undermine the democratic value of the pursuit of truth.
The Problem with Disagreement on Social Media
Authors: Edenberg Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Intractable political disagreements threaten to fracture the common ground upon which we can build a political community. The deepening divisions in society are partly fueled by the ways social media has shaped political engagement. Social media allows us to sort ourselves into increasingly likeminded groups, consume information from different sources, and end up in polarized and insular echo chambers. To solve this, many argue for various ways of cultivating more responsible epistemic agency. This chapter argues that this epistemic lens does not reveal the complete picture and therefore misses a form of moral respect required to reestablish cooperation across disagreements in a divided society. The breakdown of discourse online provides renewed reasons to draw out not an epistemic but a moral basis for political cooperation among diverse citizens—one inspired by Rawlsian political liberalism. We need ways to cultivate mutual respect for our fellow citizens in order to reestablish common moral ground for political debate.
Inferences about Structure
Authors: North Jill
Published: June 2021

This chapter locates a few rules that govern our inferences about structure in physics, three in particular: inferring structure from the laws, minimizing structure, and matching structure. The chapter illustrates these rules by means of familiar inferences that rely on them. These inferences concern a variety of physical theories, from Aristotle’s physics and Newton’s laws to time reversal invariant laws and special relativity. The discussion contrasts these epistemic rules with other guiding principles in the literature. Along the way, the general idea of the structure presupposed by the laws, a theory’s dynamical structure, is elucidated. The chapter ends with a discussion of the extent to which coordinate systems and the form of an equation can tell us about the nature of physical reality.
The Scope of Consent
Authors: Dougherty Tom
Published: June 2021

The scope of someone’s consent is the range of actions that they permit by giving consent. This book investigates the underexplored question of which normative principle governs the scope of consent. To answer this question, this investigation involves taking a stance on what constitutes consent. By appealing to the idea that someone can justify their behaviour by appealing to another person’s consent, this book defends the view that consent consists in behaviour that expresses a consent-giver’s will for how a consent-receiver behaves. The ultimate conclusion of this book is that the scope of consent is determined by certain evidence that bears on the appropriate interpretation of the consent.
Gender, Performance, and Authorship at the Abbey Theatre
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Gender, Performance, and Authorship offers a different way to consider the creation of the major characters of the Abbey Theatre, holding the lines between writing and performing up to scrutiny, and ending with a connection between theatrical and film performance. The book challenges the way that authorship and ownership have been defined as far back as the earliest productions at the Abbey, offering a redefinition of authorship and gender in these plays that reveals the influence and unheralded power of actresses at the Abbey. The book begins with W. B. Yeats’s collaboration with Laura Armstrong in his earliest plays, his work with Maud Gonne on both The Countess Cathleen and Cathleen ni Houlihan, and then discusses J. M. Synge’s productive work with Molly Allgood (stage name Maire O’Neill) first in The Playboy of the Western World and then in Deirdre of the Sorrows, a play she helped complete after his death. A chapter on the six women necessary to the creation of Yeats’s Deirdre follows, before an Epilogue exploring connections between the tableau movement, the Abbey Theatre, and Sara Allgood’s film work.
Living Dying inGilead
Authors: Tanner Laura E.
Published: June 2021

The cultural force of Gilead stems from its powerful unveiling of how dying complicates the sensory and psychological dynamics of human perception, expelling Robinson’s aging and ailing narrator from the ordinary world his prose so beautifully illuminates. In his journal to his son, Ames uses language to compensate for his anticipated absence; however, the reader’s experience of this first-person narrative may achieve an aesthetic transcendence that belies the aching apprehension of loss that functions as its scaffolding. Gilead localizes Ames’s psychic struggle with his own imminent death in acts of perceptual processing that it both depicts and thematizes. Combining physiological, sociological, and psychological approaches to aging with phenomenology and cognitive theories of perception, this chapter explores how the novel pushes existential concerns into the realm of the everyday to explore the way that the lived experience of dying traps Robinson’s protagonist uncomfortably in the collapsing space between perception and representation.
The Uninhabitable Space ofHome
Authors: Tanner Laura E.
Published: June 2021

By locating the reader uncomfortably within its circumscribed fictional world, Home highlights the confining cultural and narrative structures through which the everyday dynamics of family are often experienced and represented. In its refusal to provide mechanisms of imaginative transcendence that would transport the reader out of the Boughtons’ oppressive dwelling or make it more hospitable, the novel renders domestic and narrative space equally uncomfortable. Using narrative theory, cultural studies explorations of family and memory, and feminist theories of gender and space, this chapter explores how Home unsettles the culturally sanctioned idea of home as an escape from the contesting ideologies of the larger world even as it reveals the force of our investment in a domestic ideal that legislates, sanctions, and naturalizes scripted performances of the ordinary.
Anxiety and the Everyday inLila
Authors: Tanner Laura E.
Published: June 2021

Although Lila seems to promise access to the interiority of a character whose life has unfolded under the stresses of poverty, abuse, and homelessness, the novel captures the rhythms of its protagonist’s existence through acts of narrative repetition and deflection that defend against intimacy. Lila’s inability to feel at home reflects a self-consciousness rooted in the trauma of childhood abandonment, violence, and forced sex work. The structure of the novel reflects Lila’s experiences of anxiety and shame by constantly revisiting her detachment from the lived world of the novel. The novel adopts a radical stance, replacing the narrative construction of Lila’s interiority with the disrupted rhythm of an everyday world that remains flat and inaccessible. This chapter explores why and how Lila refuses to lend the reader the intimate access to character or the heightened acts of perception that many critics see as characteristic of Robinson’s fiction.