bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian Martyrdom and Christian Violence
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

What is the place—if any—for violence in the Christian life? This book explores this question by analyzing a paradox of mainstream Christian history, theology, and ethics: at the heart of the Christian story, the suffering of violence stands as the price of faithfulness. From Jesus himself to martyrs who have died while following him, at the core of Christian faith is an experience of being victimized by the world’s violence. At the same time, the majority opinion for most of Christian history has held that there are situations when the follower of Jesus may be justified in inflicting violence on others, especially in the context of war. Do these two facets of Christian ethics and experience—martyrdom and the just war—represent a contradiction, the self-defeating irony of those who follow a Lord who refused to defend himself taking up deadly weapons? In arguing that they do not, the book contends that any meaningful coherence between a theology of martyrdom and commitment to a just war ethic requires shifts away from a common heroic conception of Christian martyrdom and a common secularized realpolitik conception of necessary violence. Instead, it requires a view of martyrdom that acknowledges even the martyrs as subject to the ambiguities of the human condition, even as they present a compelling witness to Jesus and the way of the cross. And it requires an approach to justified violence that reflects the self-sacrificial ethos of Jesus displayed in the lives of true Christian martyrs.
Introduction
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

The introduction briefly explores Christianity’s fascination with its martyrs. It develops a series of optical metaphors—spotlight, lens, prism, mirror—to show that the core theological function of naming martyrs is to make an argument about what the faithful Christian life looks like. The martyr, from her extreme situation, illuminates and brings into clearer focus the contours of discipleship as they are supposed to be lived out in more ordinary situations. Hence the book’s central question: if martyrdom’s argument about the Christian life points to the call to suffer violence, then what are we to think about the mainstream church’s historic sanctioning of the inflicting of violence in certain circumstances?
Violence, Jesus, and Just War Reasoning
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the deeper logic of just war thinking by analyzing its central distinction between aggressive violence and responsive violence, as well as its recognition of the threat of destructive synergy between the two. The chapter considers whether the teaching of Jesus renders impossible any Christian sanctioning of even defensive violence, as insisted by the peace church traditions. Through a consideration of the Sermon on the Mount and a theological appraisal of the imitatio Christi motif in relation to martyrdom, the chapter upholds just war reasoning as theologically defensible. It suggests that the pacifist and just war traditions both require a precarious wager in relation to faithfulness and thus serve as one another’s external consciences in the face of the ambiguity of violence.
Epilogue
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: June 2021

The epilogue briefly returns to the perennial debate between the just war and pacifist traditions of Christianity in the face of violence. The waste and destructive synergy of all violence, even reparative violence, suggests that the just war ethic attempts the absurd. Yet the just war wisdom of the Christian tradition insists that it is possible to find a productive logic in purposeful violence for the public common good. As the pacifist traditions make the gamble that it is not absurd to refuse the temptation of violence even in the face of aggression, and the just war tradition gambles that it is possible to restrain violence and direct it toward peace, these traditions should remain in conversation with one another and open to the possibility of glimpsing the witness of martyrdom in one another.
Third-Party Peacemakers in Judaism
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

Third-Party
Peacemakers in Judaism presents thirty-six case studies featuring third-party peacemakers found within Jewish rabbinic literature. Each case study is explored through three layers of analysis: text, theory, and practice. The textual analysis consists of close literary and historical readings of legends and historical accounts as found within classical, medieval, and early-modern rabbinic literature, many of which are critically analyzed here for the first time. The theoretical analysis consists of analyzing the models of third-party peacemaking embedded within the various cases studies by comparing them with other cultural and religious models of third-party peacemaking and conflict resolution, in particular the Arab-Islamic sulha and contemporary Interactive Problem-Solving Workshops. The final layer of analysis, based upon the author’s personal experiences in years of doing conflict resolution education, trainings, and actual third-party religious peacemaking in the context of the Middle East, relates to the potential practical implications of these case studies to serve as indigenous models and sources of inspiration for third-party mediation and peacemaking in both interpersonal and intergroup conflicts today.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth Daniel
Published: June 2021

The final chapter serves as conclusion to the book and examines the core conceptual questions through which the various case studies of third-party peacemakers were presented through the book, as well as identifying both common trends and variations between them. The core conceptual questions include: What was the social status of the third-party peacemakers and connection to the sides in conflict? Who took the initiative to intervene? Did the peacemakers bring the sides to a compromise agreement? Did they reconcile the conflict sides, and if so, how? The chapter concludes with a discussion on the scope of third-party peacemaking in Judaism, and the implications for today.
Enter the Pakistan Peoples Party
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter captures the story of Sindh following the rise of the PPP under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The author examines Bhutto’s victory in the 1970 elections in Sindh on the basis of his charisma, populism and reliance on ethnic outbidding against the Muhajirs. The chapter unpacks the PPP’s time in office and policies, which went a long way toward meeting demands such as the adoption of Sindhi as an official language in the province. This was followed by language riots and the consolidation of the quota system, which favored Sindhis. The chapter also covers the post-Bhutto discontent in Sindh with the rise of the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), which captured Sindhi feelings of anguish at the execution of the first Sindhi elected prime minister.
An Unstable Equilibrium
Authors: Faiz Asma
Published: June 2021

This chapter analyses the nationalist conflict in Sindh since 1988. It examines the multiple stints of the PPP in power, the dismissal of its governments at the Centre and in Sindh and the deepening of the ethnic schism between the Muhajirs and Sindhis under the Muttahida Quomi Movement (MQM). This chapter traces the maturation of Muhajir identity and its political aspirations as expressed through the agency of the MQM, from its rise in the mid-1980s to its fragmentation from 2016 onwards. The chapter analyzes the trends of ethnic violence that engulfed Sindh during this period, examines the 2018 elections in Sindh—which saw the entry into government of the Pakistan Tehreek-I-Insaaf (PTI)—and explores the 2018–20 tug-of war between Islamabad and Karachi over provincial autonomy.
The Down Passage
Authors: van Onselen Charles
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores how the ‘down’ trains carried large numbers of the walking wounded, the terminally ill, the maimed and the weak, as well as ‘healthy’ migrants with cash savings who were being repatriated to Mozambique. The down train had ‘hospital coaches’ but no doctors or, for many decades, trained medical orderlies. On occasion, the corpses of migrants were robbed of their wages. The bodies of those who died on the journey home were taken off the train and subjected to post-mortems with body parts sometimes removed for the purpose of medical research.
Locke’s Authoritarian Education
Authors: Koganzon Rita
Published: June 2021

Locke’s pedagogy follows from his political and epistemic theory, counterposing an authoritarian pedagogy against limited formal parental authority. In light of his fears about the power of public opinion, Locke argued that personal authority in childhood was necessary for intellectual independence in adulthood, and the personal authority of parents was required to shield children against competing authorities in society. Locke’s account of human development reveals that the intervention of a unitary, personal authority to direct the will at the beginning is necessary for the will to be self-directing afterward. The inward-directed Lockean family forms a counterforce against the prevailing fashions outside. The private guidance of familial and pedagogical authority in childhood is a fence against the potential dangers of Locke’s political philosophy. His pedagogy argues that a state grounded in equality and individual liberty requires a hierarchical, authoritarian family to sustain itself.
Other Consensual Contracts
Authors: Frier Bruce W.
Published: June 2021

This chapter deals with the remaining three consensual contracts: lease/hire (locatio conductio); partnership (societas); and mandate (mandatum). While each contract has its own specific rules that are explored in some detail, the contracts have one major problem that is less acute in the case of sale: they are performed over time, and so raise difficulties if one party’s performance is delayed or deficient. The chapter examines how the problem was confronted in various contexts: the lease of dwellings and farms, of movables, and of slaves; construction contracts; partnerships for various purposes; and mandate, which gradually evolves from a gratuitous contract into a commercially more useful form.
Revealing Schemes
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: June 2021

Conspiracy theories have come to play an increasingly prominent role in political systems around the world. In Revealing Schemes, Scott Radnitz moves beyond psychological explanations for why people believe conspiracy theories to explore the politics surrounding them, placing two questions at the center of his account: What leads regimes to promote conspiracy claims? And what effects do those claims have on politics and society? Focusing on the former Soviet Union—a region of the world where such theories have long thrived—he shows that incumbent politicians tend to make conspiracy claims to demonstrate their knowledge and authority at moments of uncertainty and threat. They emerge more often where there is serious political competition rather than unbridled autocracy and in response to events that challenge a regime’s ability to rule. Yet conspiracy theories can also be habit-forming and persist as part of an official narrative even where immediate threats have subsided—a strategy intended to strengthen regimes, but that may inadvertently undermine them.
Introduction
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: June 2021

This chapter introduces the book. It notes the rising prominence of conspiracy theories globally and argues that when governments weaponize conspiracy claims, there are important implications for democracy and stability. It explains the importance of examining conspiracy claims in their political context. The book explores the reasons that regimes make conspiracy claims, how they sustain them over time, and what effects those claims have on politics and society. The chapter then summarizes the theoretical framework and introduces the data: an original collection of over 1,500 conspiracy claims from across the former Soviet Union, two national surveys, and 12 focus groups. It discusses the definition and coding of conspiracy claims. Finally, it argues that the lessons from this book, which explain how conspiracy theories are used in a part of the world where democracy came late—or never arrived—can be instructive for concerned citizens everywhere.
The Emergence and Ascendancy of Conspiracism in Russia
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: June 2021

This chapter explains Russia’s transformation from a regime of competitive conspiracism to one of sustained official conspiracism. It demonstrates that Russia’s leaders adopted conspiratorial rhetoric reactively and intermittently, in response to politically resonant events. It took a series of critical setbacks in 2004 and 2005—threats to sovereignty, challenges to Putin’s narrative about rebuilding Russia, and deteriorating relations with the West—to cause the shift. It analyzes four events that took place under differing circumstances and that correspond to relative peaks and valleys of conspiracism: the 1996 presidential election, the 2004 terrorist attack in Beslan, the 2005 anti-privatization protests, and the 2014 Euromaidan protests. Examining conspiracy claims in context reveals that Kremlin officials initially selectively embraced the conspiracy narratives of nationalist pundits and intellectuals. Later, the Kremlin adopted a strategy of sustained conspiracism to proactively frame those threats, a practice that became all-consuming by 2014.
Shadowy Deeds in Russia’s Shadow
Authors: Radnitz Scott
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus to illustrate how political competition and geopolitical ties affected the frequency and content of conspiracy claims. It uses quantitative data to show broad trends, and case studies of individual countries to illustrate the mechanisms at work. The analysis highlights how conspiracy claims emerge from the real preoccupations of politicians and commonly held beliefs about geopolitics. Unlike Russia, in none of these cases was conspiracy invoked consistently for offensive purposes. Instead conspiracy claims came about reactively and intermittently, though at moments of high intrigue or anxiety they could appear all-consuming.
“Connecting the dots”
Authors: Messner Michael A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the “extension dilemma,” a quandary over how tightly activists should focus on the issue that defines their organization—in this case, peace and anti-militarism—versus how to build supportive links and coalitions with other progressive organizations. Veterans For Peace and About Face struggle with this dilemma as they forge coalitions with national and international organizations working for climate justice, decolonization and justice for Indigenous Peoples, and ending racial, gender, and sexual violence. The chapter focuses on veterans’ 2016–2017 participation in “Water Protectors’ ” mobilization at Standing Rock and VFP delegations in support of activists in Okinawa, revealing the tension between how to be supportive allies in decolonization movements, versus the dangers of imposing a “White Savior” approach to coalition work with Indigenous Peoples. This chapter shows that the younger generation of veterans has not invented coalition-building; rather, they bring an intersectional orientation to how to build bridges and forge coalitions within the larger ecology of movement organizations.
Elemental Difference and the Climate of the Body
Authors: Parker Emily Anne
Published: June 2021

The polis, the philosophical concept according to which there is one complete human form, is to blame for political and ecological crises. The polis as a philosophical tradition shares the current complex shape of climate change. A certain perfect body figures the denial of matter of the polis. The book presents a philosophy of elemental difference, an affirmation of the singularities of location, movement, living, aging, dying, valuing, in which humans partake. Elemental difference in the polis can be appreciated in the fact that empirical bodily nonidentity can be called upon to elevate one group of bodies among the rest. Empirical bodily nonidentity is a feature of the original articulation of the polis as a philosophical concept in the work of Aristotle. Sylvia Wynter has argued that the very idea of empirical bodily nonidentity begins with the modern science of racial anatomy. She calls this biocentrism. This book argues that biocentrism is a feature of the polis, according to which the one complete body was defined by its capacity for disembodied thought. The sciences of racial anatomy are a more explicit commitment to biocentrism, but the ranking of matter with respect to one complete human, a body that is the site of supra-natural thinking, is a practice that has always characterized the polis. In this way, the polis is responsible for both political and ecological hierarchy. It is as responsible for what is euphemistically called climate change as it is for the political hierarchy that constitutes it.
A Revised Irigarayan Study of the Hierarchy of Form and Matter, This Time without Sexual Difference
Authors: Parker Emily Anne
Published: June 2021

Chapter 1 discusses the work of Luce Irigaray, whose philosophy of sexual difference is almost the needed exposition of the polis. The discussion in this chapter attempts to learn from the work of Luce Irigaray without endorsing her philosophy of sexual difference. For Irigaray, no human invented the fact that human bodies are not all alike and cannot share a generic morphology. This chapter seeks to rewrite this claim in terms of elemental difference, as opposed to sexual or sexuate difference. The denial of the elementality of difference anchors a divide between concepts of form and matter, polis and its matter, oikos, and thus anchors matter’s politics, the relationalities that flow from assumption of these concepts. The denial of elemental difference also anchors a divide between two gestures closely related to these: the body and bodies. This chapter offers a new way to practice feminist philosophy, as skepticism toward the body, rather than as advocacy of those of “one’s own sex.”
Latour’s Modern Is Fanon’s Manichaean
Authors: Parker Emily Anne
Published: June 2021

The third chapter looks to the work of Bruno Latour and Frantz Fanon, each of whom offers a way of bridging the concerns of Barad and Hartman. Latour and Fanon are often read as primary sources in political ecology and performativity respectively. And yet political ecology and social construction each represent a polarization explored in different ways by Latour and Fanon themselves. This chapter argues that Latour’s denunciation of the modern is helpful, but it does not offer an adequate response to ecofascism. This chapter argues that Fanon’s exposition offers a better framework for bridging the ecological and the political. Although Fanon’s work concurs, with Latour, that that which is biological is polarized with respect to the political, Fanon suggests that the biological is not understood to be without agency so much as it is problematically agential. This chapter completes the philosophy of elemental difference begun in Chapter 1.
The Problem Is the One, the Body
Authors: Parker Emily Anne
Published: June 2021

This chapter advocates re-engagement with the question of what it is like to become human and the sub-question of what dehumanization means. The question of what it is like to be human is indistinguishably ecological and political, and it is necessary to address not the ecological and the political but the distinction itself. The distinction itself hides this question of the one, the body, the very gesture that pretends that the political is not bodily. This chapter argues that advocates of performativity and political ecology each take up one side of the problem of the body, but what needs to be taken up is the question of the distinction itself.
Introduction
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter begins by describing the Emergency as the panic button and ne plus ultra which could be triggered by Article 352 of the Indian constitution. It elaborates on how this provision in the Indian constitution was used to erode the institutional pillars of democracy: the judiciary, parliament and media. It also traces the events that led to the imposition of the Emergency in India on 25 June 1975. The two major setbacks for Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the Gujarat elections and the Allahabad High Court ruling in the lead up to the Emergency are explained in detail. The introductory chapter attempts to make sense of this period in Indian history and set the stage for the chapters to follow.
An Era of Sultans
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the informal dynastic transition that occurred in December 1975, signalling a change in the priorities of the Emergency’s programmes. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s power waned, as did interest in her Twenty-Point Programme, while the extra-constitutional powers of Sanjay Gandhi were strengthened. Sanjay was even more ruthless and more of a centraliser than his mother, and deferential state leaders competed with one another to implement his Five-Point Programme. It was as a part of Sanjay’s twin obsessions—family planning and urban gentrification—that some of the worst instances of state violence took place in the framework of a sultanist variant of authoritarianism as typified by Linz.
An Incongruous Coalition
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter illustrates the unusual allies of the Congress who made authoritarian rule possible. These include the political partners of the Congress like the Communist Party of India, the Republican Party of India and the Shiv Sena, all of which have completely different ideologies. The regime was also aided by some sections of the media, the business community, the bourgeoisie and the trade unions. Industrialists were the biggest beneficiaries of the regime’s policies and, therefore, supported it in return. The bureaucracy which suffered from a colonial hangover was primed for survival and thus adapted to the circumstances. The chapter also analyses the intersection between the interests of the elites and the Emergency. It examines the resilience of long-standing social and cultural values and attitudes, including a deep-rooted sense of hierarchy and respect for authority.
Lifting the Emergency
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Anil Pratinav
Published: June 2021

This chapter grapples with the different hypotheses about the lifting of the Emergency. It delves into three possible explanations: foreign pressure, directly and indirectly applied; Mrs Gandhi’s mea culpa, prompted by the realisation that Sanjay had gone too far and become too violent in implementing the Emergency’s programmes; and, most significantly, her belief that she could win the elections. This belief was based on unreliable information she received from her entourage and the fact that the opposition was in complete disarray. Finally, the chapter discusses the subsequent return to democracy and the Janata Party’s brief stint in power, paving the way for the return of Mrs Gandhi in 1977.
Introduction
Authors: Lally Jagjeet
Published: June 2021

The recent return to terrestrial forms of connectivity over long distances, not least in the wake of China’s inauguration of the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’, has renewed interest in the Silk Roads. This chapter explains that the web of routes which connected various parts of Afro-Eurasia persisted throughout the rise of trans-oceanic networks after circa 1500, at which time north-south routes from the Eurasian continental interior into the Indian subcontinent and the Indian Ocean world became more prominent. The history of this remarkable survival is one of the themes of this book. To introduce these themes, this chapter sketches the contours of those states and empires—Mughal, Sikh, Afghan, Safavid, Uzbek, British and Russian—whose fates were tied up with the history of Indo-central Asian caravan trade.
Consumer Protection in the Cloud
Authors: Reed Chris , Edgar Laura
Published: June 2021

This chapter assesses consumer protection in the cloud. The majority of businesses seem to have recognised the EU consumer rights regime as setting out the standards of good business best practice which a good business should achieve, and so reflect that regime in their terms and conditions. But a minority of online sellers and suppliers do not, and because the likelihood of consumers going to court to enforce their individual rights is so low, this minority group is unlikely to mend their ways. This has led to an increased focus on using public law rather than private law to enforce compliance with EU consumer rights. The EU Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) forbids misleading practices by businesses, and online businesses whose terms or practices deny the individual rights granted by law to consumers are increasingly facing enforcement action. The current focus is on well-known social media and sharing economy services, because success here sends a strong message to other, less visible, service suppliers. Cloud services are at present low on the list, partly because many consumer-facing cloud service providers are already largely compliant. The consumer service providers who are most at risk are those who are struggling to transition from a 'free' business model to a paid one.
Cybersecurity, Cloud, and Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Michels Johan David , Walden Ian
Published: June 2021

This chapter addresses the emerging regulatory framework for cybersecurity and considers its implications for the provision and use of cloud services. It focuses on cybersecurity measures that target service providers on whom large numbers of consumers and businesses depend, rather than measures triggered by the nature of the data being processed. The chapter first reviews the main elements of the Network and Information Systems (NIS) Directive, one of the principal cybersecurity instruments in the EU. It then examines how cloud providers are regulated as Digital Service Providers (DSPs) under the NIS Directive. Cloud providers are also indirectly regulated by the NIS Directive, when they form part of the supply chain of a regulated operator of essential services (OES), the primary target of the measure. The chapter also looks at other EU legal instruments that impose cybersecurity requirements in relation to specific sectors and activities. Finally, it considers concerns that this new regulatory framework may lead to only incremental improvements in the cybersecurity of Europe's critical infrastructure and digital services, while generating substantial compliance activity, aimed at placating regulators and reassuring the general public.
Plato on the Grades of Perception: Theaetetus 184–186 and the Phaedo
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: June 2021

This chapter asks how the Phaedo conceives of perception, both in its own right and as compared to Theaetetus 184–6. The chapter argues that, though the Phaedo agrees with Theaetetus 184–6 at an abstract level insofar as both dialogues argue that perception is not knowledge, they give different reasons. The task in Theaetetus 184–6 is to provide a precise account of the nature of perception and what it can achieve. The primary task in the Phaedo (so far as the passages that discuss perception are concerned) is to defend the view that we can’t acquire knowledge of forms if we rely on perception or perception-guided inquiry; rather, we need to reason in a way that is, in the right way and to the relevant extent, independent of both of them. Further, though Theaetetus 184–6 takes perception to be non-propositional, the Phaedo is neutral on this issue.
Introduction
Authors: Hatzis Nicholas
Published: June 2021

I learn belatedly, thanks to the seaside indolence of August on a Dalmatian island that piles up stacks of outdated newspapers and weeklies, that in Denmark they have purged—I imagine from the schools—a tale by Hans Christian Andersen with a Christian ending, or Christian elements in any case, so as not to offend the faithful of other churches. In its respectful stupidity, this is a decisive step in the universal history of censorship. In this case, it is a well-intentioned censorship, moved by a concern not to upset cultural or religious minorities. But censorship, after all, is always well-intentioned: it seeks to protect morality, one’s country, the family, institutions, order, society, progress, the people, the children, health....
The Truth of Love
Authors: Pattison George
Published: June 2021

The book concludes by arguing that love reveals the truth of being. The notion of truth to be applied is developed by reference to Habermas (truth as constative, normative, expressive), Heidegger (alētheia, as unconcealment), Bultmann (‘emeth), and Florensky (alētheia, as the struggle against forgetfulness). This discussion returns us to love’s cosmic dimension, which is discussed with particular reference to the challenges of the Anthropocene and the experience of beauty, as interpreted by Simone Weil. We also come back to the question of love and being, and it is argued that although love reveals the truth of being, it does so only in the play of being and nothingness, thereby affirming both the value and the freedom of lover and beloved. Following Tillich, the book concludes that a contemporary idea of providence means that there is no situation in which love is not possible.
Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Authors: Ambrose Tim
Published: June 2021

This chapter covers core curriculum topics relating to gastrointestinal haemorrhage. This includes risk assessment for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage incorporating natural history and prediction of rebleed following peptic ulcer bleeding. Comprehensive coverage of assessment and management of variceal bleeding (gastric and oesophageal) is included including the role of stenting. Causes of presentations with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, including following radiotherapy, are presented along with guidance on assessing shock index, investigation and management strategies. The role of acute imaging versus endoscopic intervention is discussed. Furthermore, investigation and management of obscure and occult gastrointestinal bleeding is covered including small bowel endoscopy and specialist imaging. Additional curriculum material regarding gastrointestinal haemorrhage will also be covered in the mock examination chapter.
Quantum evolution: From particles to non-relativistic fields
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

Chapter 4 has introduced the functional integral representation of the quantum statistical operators and thus, formally, evolution in imaginary or Euclidean time. By contrast, to calculate the evolution operator and the scattering S-matrix elements, quantities relevant to particle physics, it is necessary to make a continuation from imaginary to real time. However, the representation of the S-matrix follows from additional considerations. To illustrate the power of the formalism, we show how to recover the perturbative expansion of the scattering amplitude, some semi-classical approximations, and the eikonal approximation. When the asymptotic states at large time are eigenstates of the harmonic oscillator, instead of free particles, the holomorphic formalism becomes useful. A simple generalization of the path integral of Chapter 4 leads to the corresponding path integral representation of the S-matrix. In the case of the Bose gas, the evolution operator is then given by a holomorphic field integral. A parallel formalism leads to an analogous representation for the evolution operator of a system of non-relativistic fermions.
Perturbative quantum field theory (QFT): Algebraic methods
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses systematically the algebraic properties of perturbation theory in the example of a local, relativistic scalar quantum field theory (QFT). Although only scalar fields are considered, many results can be easily generalized to relativistic fermions. The Euclidean formulation of QFT, based on the density matrix at thermal equilibrium, is studied, mainly in the simpler zero-temperature limit, where all d coordinates, Euclidean time and space, can be treated symmetrically. The discussion is based on field integrals, which define a functional measure. The corresponding expectation values of product of fields called correlation functions are analytic continuations to imaginary (Euclidean) time of the vacuum expectation values of time-ordered products of field operators. They have also an interpretation as correlation functions in some models of classical statistical physics, in continuum formulations or, at equal time, of finite temperature QFT. The field integral, corresponding to an action to which a term linear in the field coupled to an external source J has been added, defines a generating functional Z(J) of field correlation functions. The functional W(J) = ln Z(J) is the generating functional of connected correlation functions, to which contribute only connected Feynman diagrams. In a local field theory connected correlation functions, as a consequence of locality, have cluster properties. The Legendre transform Γ(φ) [N1]of W(J) is the generating functional of vertex functions. To vertex functions contribute only one-line irreducible Feynman diagrams, also called one-particle irreducible (1PI).
Ultraviolet divergences: Effective field theory (EFT)
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

Only local relativistic quantum field theories (QFT) are considered: the action that appears in the field integral is the integral of a classical Lagrangian density, function of fields and their derivatives (taken at the same point). Physical quantities can be calculated as power series in the various interactions. As a consequence of locality, infinities appear in perturbative calculations, due to short-distance singularities, or after Fourier transformation, to integrals diverging at large momenta: one speaks of ultraviolet (UV) divergences. These divergences are peculiar to local QFT: in contrast to classical mechanics or non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM) with a finite number of particles, a straightforward construction of a QFT of point-like objects with contact interactions is impossible. A local QFT, in a straightforward formulation, is an incomplete theory. It is an effective theory, which eventually (perhaps at the Planck's scale?), to be embedded in some non-local theory, which renders the full theory finite, but where the non-local effects affect only short-distance properties (an operation sometimes called UV completion). The impossibility to define a QFT without an explicit reference to an external short scale is an indication of a non-decoupling between short- and long-distance physics. The forms of divergences are investigated to all orders in perturbation theory using power counting arguments.
Dimensional continuation, regularization, minimal subtraction (MS). Renormalization group (RG) functions
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

In this chapter, the notions of dimensional continuation and dimensional regularization are introduced, by defining a continuation of Feynman diagrams to analytic functions of the space dimension. Dimensional continuation, which is essential for generating Wilson–Fisher's famous ϵexpansion in the theory of critical phenomena, and dimensional regularization seem to have no meaning outside the perturbative expansion of quantum field theory (QFT). Dimensional regularization is a powerful regularization technique, which is often used, when applicable because it leads to much simpler perturbative calculations. Dimensional regularization performs a partial renormalization, cancelling what would show up as power-law divergences in momentum or lattice regularization. In particular it cancels the commutator of quantum operators in local QFTs. These cancellations may be convenient but may also, occasionally, remove divergences that have an important physical meaning. It is not applicable when some essential property of the field theory is specific to the initial dimension. For example, in even space dimensions, the relation between γS (identical to γ5 in four dimensions) and the other γ matrices involving the completely antisymmetric tensor ϵμ1···μd, may be needed in theories violating parity symmetry. Its use requires some care in massless theories because its rules may lead to unwanted cancellations between ultraviolet and infrared logarithmic divergences. Explicit calculations at two-loop order in a scalar QFT with a general four-field interaction are performed.
The non-linear σ-model near two dimensions: Phase structure
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

This chapter is devoted to the study of the non-linear σ-model, a quantum field theory (QFT) where the (scalar) field is an N-component vector of fixed length, mostly in dimensions close to 2. The model possesses a global, non-linearly realized symmetry, O(N) symmetry: under a group transformation, the transformed field is a non-linear function of the field itself. The non-linear σ-model belongs to a class of models constructed on special homogeneous spaces, symmetric spaces that, as Riemannian manifolds, admit a unique metric. Unlike what happens in a (ϕ2)2 -like field theory with the same symmetry, in the non-linear σ-model, in the tree approximation, the O(N) symmetry is always spontaneously broken: the action describes the interactions of (N−1) massless fields, the Goldstone modes. Since the fields are massless, in two dimensions infrared divergences appear in the perturbative expansion and an infrared regulator is required. To understand the phase structure beyond leading order, a renormalization group (RG) analysis is necessary. This requires understanding how the model renormalizes. Power counting shows that the model is renormalizable in two dimensions. Since the field then is dimensionless, although the degree of divergence of Feynman diagrams is bounded, an infinite number of counterterms is generated, because all correlation functions are divergent. A quadratic master equation satisfied by the generating functional of vertex functions is derived, which makes it possible to prove that the coefficients of all counterterms are related, and that the renormalized theory depends only on two parameters.
Quantum field theory (QFT) at finite temperature: Equilibrium properties
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: June 2021

Some equilibrium properties in statistical quantum field theory (QFT), that is, relativistic QFT at finite temperature are reviewed. Study of QFT at finite temperature is motivated by cosmological problems, high energy heavy ion collisions, and speculations about possible phase transitions, also searched for in numerical simulations. In particular, the situation of finite temperature phase transitions, or the limit of high temperature (an ultra-relativistic limit where the temperature is much larger than the physical masses of particles) are discussed. The concept of dimensional reduction emerges, in many cases, statistical properties of finite-temperature QFT in (1, d − 1) dimensions can be described by an effective classical statistical field theory in (d − 1) dimensions. Dimensional reduction generalizes a property already observed in the non-relativistic example of the Bose gas, and indicates that quantum effects are less important at high temperature. The corresponding technical tools are a mode-expansion of fields in the Euclidean time variable, singling out the zero modes of boson fields, followed by a local expansion of the resulting (d − 1)-dimensional effective field theory (EFT). Additional physical intuition about QFT at finite temperature in (1, d−1) dimensions can be gained by considering it as a classical statistical field theory in d dimensions, with finite size in one dimension. This identification makes an analysis of finite temperature QFT in terms of the renormalization group (RG), and the theory of finite-size effects of the classical theory, possible. These ideas are illustrated with several simple examples, the φ4 field theory, the non-linear σ-model, the Gross–Neveu model and some gauge theories.
Experimental Methods
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

In this chapter, several of the most important experimental techniques are described. These have been used to probe the most fundamental properties of the superconducting state: the energy gap and the pairing interaction. These methods have played a crucial role in validating the mechanism of superconductivity in conventional superconductors and are key to a fundamental understanding of superconductivity in more recently discovered novel superconductors like cuprates, Fe-based superconductors, and so on. The techniques that are described are all spectroscopic: tunnelling of quasiparticles through an insulating barrier or through a point contact ,Josephson tunnelling, the interaction of photons with a superconducting film or surface, the attenuation of ultrasonic waves,, the relaxation and/or resonance of muons interacting with a superconducting compound, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). High-pressure techniques and the preparation of thin films and junctions are described. In addition, a state-of-the-art experimental procedure that enables the observation of the Little mechanism is discussed.
Materials I: High-Tc Copper Oxides
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z. , Ovchinnikov Sergei G. , Wolf Stuart A.
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on the cuprates, which are uniquely interesting superconducting compounds due to their high Tc, peculiar properties, and potential for applications. The history of the discovery of this very unusual class of superconductors is described, together with the properties and key theoretical concepts that can be used to understand their superconducting and normal behaviours. This chapter contains a description of some very key aspects of these materials: their very unusual phase diagram, where doping takes the compounds from antiferromagnetic insulators to high-temperature superconductors and finally to metallic conductivity; their very anomalous upper critical field Hc2; the symmetry of their order parameter; and the unusual isotope effect on Tc and penetration depth. There are two main approaches to the issue of the origin of high Tc in the cuprates: the phonon mechanism, with the strong impact of the polaronic effect, and a mechanism based on strong correlation effects.
The Route to the East
Authors: McAleer John
Published: June 2021

The islands of the mid-Atlantic played crucial roles in forging and maintaining Britain’s empire in the age of sail. They were strategic hubs defending trade routes and offering benefits to military forces. Many provided opportunities to resupply ships and to recuperate men. For seafarers, Atlantic islands also acted as psychological and cultural acclimatisation stations. Finally, these islands offered opportunities for men of science to collect, to hypothesize, and to experiment. Taking these themes as its basis, this chapter demonstrates how Atlantic islands acted as ‘gateways’ to British imperial activities elsewhere in the world. By focusing on the part played by mid-Atlantic islands, it argues that the East India Company’s empire of trade, the Enlightenment empire of science, and the British Empire of colonies and fortified factories overlapped, coincided, and coexisted in the islands of the Atlantic. Ultimately, the islands of the mid-Atlantic were fulcra around which Britain’s global world turned.
Islands of Incarceration and Empire Building in Colonial Australia
Authors: Roscoe Katherine
Published: June 2021

This chapter examines the key roles played by Australia’s offshore prison islands in the British Empire. It begins with the arrival of the First Fleet at Botany Bay in 1788, and ends in 1868, when the last Antipodean colony, Western Australia, stopped accepting convicts. It builds on the volume’s focus on islands as integral to the imperial project, but foregrounds the specific role played by prison labourers. Paradoxically, islands embodied both isolation and connection, prison islands especially so. The British government strategically deployed isolation, by exiling populations resistant to frontier expansion to islands, and connection, by exploiting convict labour on islands to tap into imperial networks of communication and commerce. The Australian colonies were Britain’s most remote imperial possessions, with sailing ships journeying several months to reach their shores. The position of islands enabled them to act as prisons, trading outposts, Aboriginal ‘reserves’, hubs of infrastructure, and natural laboratories.
Exceptional Times, Emergency Borders
Authors: Vaughan-Williams Nick
Published: June 2021

Chapter 2 examines the role of elite governmental actors in producing the narrative of the so-called 2015 ‘migration crisis’ and creating the conditions under which walling and deterrent border security policies flourished. The first part of the chapter draws on key press releases, speeches, and policy documents issued by the EU Commission and its agencies in order to map the emergence and trajectory of this elite ‘crisis’ narrative from the so-called ‘ghost ship’ arrivals to the height of ‘irregular’ arrivals that year. The second part shows how this ahistorical, Euro-centric, and (post)colonial governmental frame—with its reductionist depiction of mobile populations and sanitized one-sided view of border-related violence—has been problematized and disaggregated by research that documents the experiences of those seeking entry to the EU. The third part draws on theoretical literatures on the politics of crisis in order to argue that, irrespective of its empirical accuracy, the so-called ‘crisis’ narrative has enabled the intensification of deterrent border security measures on- and off-shore and the re-emergence of disciplinary walling techniques among EU Member States in ways that would be otherwise unpalatable in liberal democracies during ‘non-crisis’ times. But while extant work on crisis enables a critical analysis of the politics of ‘crisis bordering’ that is essential for any attempt to grapple with the book’s overarching puzzle, ultimately it falls short of explaining why populist calls to ‘take back control’ have been stoked rather than satiated by such bordering and therefore it is necessary to investigate those calls—and their reception—among diverse publics in closer detail.