bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare-metal-free hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts based on metal azaphthalocyanine molecular layer for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis
Authors: Hirai Yutaro , Ishibashi Kosuke , Oku Keisuke , Ito Koju , Yabu Hiroshi
Published: June 2024

In this report, we elucidated the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity of different metal-azaphthalocyanine unimolecular layer (AZUL) catalysts and compared the overpotentials in alkaline electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). While the overpotentials are bit higher compared to Pt/C, the system utilizing the FeAzPc-4N with Sustainion® showed a low overpotential of 2.02 V at 1.0 A/cm2 and faraday efficiency of 96.3% even among the previous alternative catalysts. It is noteworthy that the AZUL catalysts are not using precious metals and even comparing with other transition metal electrocatalysts, metal atom usage is much lower because only the single transition metal atom in the azapthalocyanine macrocycle works as a catalytic site.
Crustal Structure and Anisotropy Measured by CHINArray and Implications for Complicated Deformation Mechanisms Beneath the Eastern Tibetan Margin
Authors: Zeng Sijia , Niu Fenglin , Sun Ya , Ai Sanxi , Wang Sixue , Zheng Yong
Published: June 2024

We investigated velocity and anisotropic structure of the crust beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau to better understand its deformation and evolution mechanism. We performed H‐κ and Pms anisotropy analyses to obtain crustal thickness, Vp/Vs ratio, fast polarization direction, and splitting time from 711 stations, and further conducted quality control using slowness, harmonic and statistical analyses. The Songpan‐Ganzi Block has a large splitting time and a fast polarization direction roughly parallel to the GPS motion and SKS fast direction. It also shows an overall high but complex distribution of Vp/Vs ratio, and large variations in crustal thickness, indicating that crustal deformation is likely caused by crustal shortening and lower crustal flow. The northern Sichuan‐Yunnan Rhombic Block (SYRB) is featured by a thick crust and high Vp/Vs ratio, suggesting that the crust is likely inflated by partial melting lower crustal rocks. The subblock also exhibits a strong azimuthal anisotropy with a splitting time greater than 0.6 s. The fast polarization direction aligns with the nearly N‐S extended direction and rotates clockwise in front of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). The observed anisotropy agrees with aligned amphibole minerals under a simple shear condition, supporting a southward lower crust flow being diverted by the ELIP. Anisotropy measurements on the southern SYRB are less robust and widely scattered, suggesting a deformation mechanism different from the northern SYRB. In addition, the southeastern margin of the Sichuan Basin shows a systematic pattern of crustal anisotropy consistent with a pure shear deformation mechanism.
A Comparative Analysis of Logarithmic Law, Reynolds Stress, and Turbulence Kinetic Energy Methods for Bed Shear Stress Estimation in Complex Open‐Channel Flow
Authors: Jeon Jeongsook , Kang SeokKoo
Published: June 2024

Numerous indirect methods for estimating the bed shear stress using velocity or turbulent stress profiles have been suggested in previous research. Although these methods have proven effective for simple boundary‐layer‐type flows, their efficacy in complex flow scenarios remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive capabilities of three popular indirect bed‐shear‐stress estimation methods—the logarithmic law, Reynolds shear stress (RSS), and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) techniques—in a complex flow environment involving an obstacle in an open channel, producing massive flow separation and unsteady vortex shedding. To circumvent the difficulties of direct bed shear‐stress measurements, the reference bed shear stress was obtained from a high‐resolution wall‐resolving large‐eddy simulation (LES) data set. The key findings of this study are as follows: First, the logarithmic law and TKE methods were effective only in regions where the streamlines were almost parallel to the primary flow direction. Second, the ratio of the bed shear stress to TKE varied significantly in space in complex‐flow regions, rendering TKE methods virtually ineffective in these areas. Third, the RSS methods successfully reproduced the LES‐computed bed shear stress distributions, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Fourth, the accuracy of the RSS methods was influenced by two critical factors: (a) the incorporation of the transverse RSS component in the RSS extrapolation and (b) the selection of extrapolation techniques. Finally, this study recommends the use of RSS methods employing two‐point extrapolation for bed shear‐stress estimation in complex flows.
Evaporation Duct Anomalies Caused by Mesoscale Eddies in the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Gao Yuan , Zhang Yongchui , Zhao Xiaofeng , Shi Yang , Guo Xiangming , Wang Bo
Published: June 2024

Evaporation duct anomalies are always present above various oceanic processes, and their response to ubiquitous mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio Extension region is quantitatively analyzed for the first time in this study using a synthetic analysis method based on reanalysis data sets and eddy trajectory data sets. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of evaporation duct anomalies is characterized by a monopole pattern, mainly modulated by the amplitude of anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and by the radius of cyclonic eddies (CEs). For AEs, the coupling strength is 0.7 m (2.9 M) per meter increase in amplitude, while for CEs, the coupling strength is 0.2 m (0.6 M) per 100 km increase in radius for the average evaporation duct height anomalies (evaporation duct strength anomalies) within the radius range. The modulation of evaporation duct anomalies by eddies is further examined.
Multiscale Interactions Driving Summer Extreme Precipitation in Central Asia
Authors: Lei Hongjia , Ma Qianrong , Chang Yi , Gu Yu , Wan Shiquan , Zhu Zhiwei , Feng Guolin
Published: June 2024

This study identified four patterns of regional extreme precipitation events (REPEs) in Central Asia (CA) and their crucial synoptic systems and multiscale interactions. Four patterns with distinct spatial distributions were identified in: northern Kazakhstan, southern Xinjiang, western CA, and the Tianshan Mountains. Focusing on the three most frequent REPEs, the kinetic energy (KE) cross‐scale transfer from the basic‐to synoptic‐scale windows exhibited a zonal dipole, resulting in the development and enhancement of REPEs in northern Kazakhstan. The available potential energy (APE) cross‐scale transfer exhibited opposing patterns between the upper and lower troposphere, indicating baroclinic instability in the lower troposphere and barotropic instability of the basic flow in the upper troposphere. Both mechanisms enhanced the Central Asian vortices (CAVs) in southern Xinjiang and induced REPEs. Conversely, the energy budgets exhibited baroclinic instability of the basic flow throughout the entire region when the Tianshan Mountains REPEs occurred, providing energy for prevalent CAVs.
High‐Resolution Characterization of the Firn Layer Near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Camp With Active and Passive Seismic Data
Authors: Qin Lei , Qiu Hongrui , Nakata Nori , Booth Adam , Zhang Zhendong , Karplus Marianne , McKeague John , Clark Roger , Kaip Galen
Published: June 2024

We construct a high‐resolution shear‐wave velocity (VS) model for the uppermost 100 m using ambient noise tomography near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide camp. This is achieved via joint inversion of Rayleigh wave phase velocity and H/V ratio, whose signal‐to‐noise ratios are boosted by three‐station interferometry and phase‐matched filtering, respectively. The VS shows a steep increase (0.04–0.9 km/s) in the top 5 m, with sharp interfaces at ∼8–12 m, followed by a gradual increase (1.2–1.8 km/s) between 10 and 45 m depth, and to 2 km/s at ∼65 m. The compressional‐wave velocity and empirically‐obtained density profile compares well with the results from Herglotz–Wiechert inversion of diving waves in active‐source shot experiments and ice core analysis. Our approach offers a tool to characterize high‐resolution properties of the firn and shallow ice column, which helps to infer the physical properties of deeper ice sheets, thereby contributes to improved understanding of Earth's cryosphere.
Slip Tendency Analysis From Sparse Stress and Satellite Data Using Physics‐Guided Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Poulet Thomas , Behnoudfar Pouria
Published: June 2024

The significant risk associated with fault reactivation often necessitates slip tendency analyses for effective risk assessment. However, such analyses are challenging, particularly in large areas with limited or absent reliable stress measurements and where the cost of extensive geomechanical analyses or simulations is prohibitive. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using a physics‐informed neural network that integrates stress orientation and satellite displacement observations in a top‐down multi‐scale framework to estimate two‐dimensional slip tendency analyses even in regions lacking comprehensive stress data. Our study demonstrates that velocities derived from a continental scale analysis, combined with reliable stress orientation averages, can effectively guide models at smaller scales to generate qualitative slip tendency maps. By offering customizable data selection and stress resolution options, this method presents a robust solution to address data scarcity issues, as exemplified through a case study of the South Australian Eyre Peninsula.
Martian Atmospheric Tides Revealed From MAVEN/IUVS and MRO/MCS Observations
Authors: Yang Chengyun , Li Tao , Yuan Mengzhen , Wu Zhaopeng , Fang Xin
Published: June 2024

Utilizing atmospheric temperature observed from Mars Years 33–36 by the imaging ultraviolet spectrograph (IUVS) onboard the Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution (MAVEN) and Mars climate sounder (MCS) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), we derive the diurnal and semidiurnal thermal tides from 30 to 160 km. Vertical phase velocities of the migrating tides indicate their upward propagation above 100 km during the dust season (solar longitude, Ls 240°–300°). During the non‐dust season (Ls 30°–150°), the diurnal eastward wavenumber 2 (DE2) and wavenumber 3 (DE3) tides can propagate upward from the lower atmosphere to ∼140 km. The seasonal variation of DE2 and DE3 amplitudes in the thermosphere corresponds well to their counterparts in the lower atmosphere, primarily controlled by their Hough (1, 1) modes. The upward propagation of these tides could potentially impact the vertical coupling between the Martian lower and upper atmosphere.
Regional Ionospheric Super Bubble Induced by Significant Upward Plasma Drift During the 1 December 2023 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Li Guozhu , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Hu Lianhuan , Dai Guofeng , Zhao Biqiang , Otsuka Yuichi , Zhao Xiukuan , Xie Haiyong , Li Yi , Ning Baiqi , Liu Libo , Shinbori Atsuki , Nishioka Michi , Perwitasari Septi
Published: June 2024

An unseasonal equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) event occurred in the East/Southeast Asian sector during the geomagnetic storm on 1 December 2023, causing strong amplitude scintillations from equatorial to middle latitudes. Based on the observations from multiple instruments over a large latitudinal and longitudinal region, the spatial features of the super EPB were investigated. The EPB developed vertically at a fast rising speed ∼470 m/s over the magnetic equator and extended to a very high middle latitude more than 40°N, despite that the storm intensity was not very strong with the minimum SYM‐H index −132 nT. In the zonal direction, the super EPB covered over a specific region ∼95–140°E, where the local sunset roughly coincided with southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz component. Before the onset of the super EPB, significant upward plasma drift up to ∼110 m/s was observed over the magnetic equator, which could amplify the growth rate of Rayleigh‐Taylor instability and lead to the generation of the super EPB. The significant drift was likely caused by eastward penetration electric field (PEF) due to sharp southward turning of IMF Bz. The local time of storm onset and duration of IMF Bz southward turning during the storm main phase may partly determine the onset region and zonal coverage of the EPB.
Epigenetic signature of very low birth weight in young adult life
Authors: Kuula Juho , Czamara Darina , Hauta-alus Helena , Lahti Jari , Hovi Petteri , Miettinen Maija E. , Ronkainen Justiina , Eriksson Johan G. , Andersson Sture , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Sebert Sylvain , Räikkönen Katri , Binder Elisabeth B. , Kajantie Eero
Published: June 2024

Background

Globally, one in ten babies is born preterm (<37 weeks), and 1–2% preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g). As adults, they are at increased risk for a plethora of health conditions, e.g., cardiometabolic disease, which may partly be mediated by epigenetic regulation. We compared blood DNA methylation between young adults born at VLBW and controls.

Methods

157 subjects born at VLBW and 161 controls born at term, from the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults, were assessed for peripheral venous blood DNA methylation levels at mean age of 22 years. Significant CpG-sites (5’—C—phosphate—G—3’) were meta-analyzed against continuous birth weight in four independent cohorts (pooled n = 2235) with cohort mean ages varying from 0 to 31 years.

Results

In the discovery cohort, 66 CpG-sites were differentially methylated between VLBW adults and controls. Top hits were located in HIF3A, EBF4, and an intergenic region nearest to GLI2 (distance 57,533 bp). Five CpG-sites, all in proximity to GLI2, were hypermethylated in VLBW and associated with lower birth weight in the meta-analysis.

Conclusion

We identified differentially methylated CpG-sites suggesting an epigenetic signature of preterm birth at VLBW present in adult life.

Impact

Being born preterm at very low birth weight has major implications for later health and chronic disease risk factors.

The mechanism linking preterm birth to later outcomes remains unknown.

Our cohort study of 157 very low birth weight adults and 161 controls found 66 differentially methylated sites at mean age of 22 years.

Our findings suggest an epigenetic mark of preterm birth present in adulthood, which opens up opportunities for mechanistic studies.
Syrosingopine and UK5099 synergistically suppress non-small cell lung cancer by activating the integrated stress response
Authors: Li Yiman , Song Yan , Shi Zhijing , Hou Huijie , Yu Yang , Pan Fei , Ji Jinlu , Chen Zhe
Published: June 2024

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents a global health challenge due to its low five-year survival rates, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Our research explored the synergistic mechanisms of syrosingopine and UK-5099 in treating NSCLC. In vitro experiments showed that the combination of syrosingopine and UK-5099 significantly synergized to suppress NSCLC proliferation. Further experiments revealed that this combination induced cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of syrosingopine and UK-5099 markedly inhibited tumor growth. Mechanistic studies revealed that this drug combination promoted mitochondrial damage by inducing lactate accumulation and oxidative stress. Additionally, the combination triggered an integrated stress response (ISR) through the activation of heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI). Importantly, our findings suggested that the synergistic suppression of NSCLC by syrosingopine and UK-5099 was dependent on ISR activation. In summary, our study proposed a promising therapeutic approach that involved the combination of Syrosingopine and UK-5099 to activate ISR, significantly hindering NSCLC growth and proliferation.
AMPK targets PDZD8 to trigger carbon source shift from glucose to glutamine
Authors: Li Mengqi , Wang Yu , Wei Xiaoyan , Cai Wei-Feng , Wu Jianfeng , Zhu Mingxia , Wang Yongliang , Liu Yan-Hui , Xiong Jinye , Qu Qi , Chen Yan , Tian Xiao , Yao Luming , Xie Renxiang , Li Xiaomin , Chen Siwei , Huang Xi , Zhang Cixiong , Xie Changchuan , Wu Yaying , Xu Zheni , Zhang Baoding , Jiang Bin , Wang Zhi-Chao , Li Qinxi , Li Gang , Lin Shu-Yong , Yu Li , Piao Hai-Long , Deng Xianming , Han Jiahuai , Zhang Chen-Song , Lin Sheng-Cai
Published: June 2024

The shift of carbon utilization from primarily glucose to other nutrients is a fundamental metabolic adaptation to cope with decreased blood glucose levels and the consequent decline in glucose oxidation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays crucial roles in this metabolic adaptation. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show that PDZ domain containing 8 (PDZD8), which we identify as a new substrate of AMPK activated in low glucose, is required for the low glucose-promoted glutaminolysis. AMPK phosphorylates PDZD8 at threonine 527 (T527) and promotes the interaction of PDZD8 with and activation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1), a rate-limiting enzyme of glutaminolysis. In vivo, the AMPK-PDZD8-GLS1 axis is required for the enhancement of glutaminolysis as tested in the skeletal muscle tissues, which occurs earlier than the increase in fatty acid utilization during fasting. The enhanced glutaminolysis is also observed in macrophages in low glucose or under acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Consistent with a requirement of heightened glutaminolysis, the PDZD8-T527A mutation dampens the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages in mice treated with LPS. Together, we have revealed an AMPK-PDZD8-GLS1 axis that promotes glutaminolysis ahead of increased fatty acid utilization under glucose shortage.
Structure and dynamics of the pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide QRFP receptor GPR103
Authors: Iwama Aika , Kise Ryoji , Akasaka Hiroaki , Sano Fumiya K. , Oshima Hidetaka S. , Inoue Asuka , Shihoya Wataru , Nureki Osamu
Published: June 2024

Pyroglutamylated RF-amide peptide (QRFP) is a peptide hormone with a C-terminal RF-amide motif. QRFP selectively activates a class A G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR103 to exert various physiological functions such as energy metabolism and appetite regulation. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the QRFP26-GPR103-Gq complex at 3.19 Å resolution. QRFP26 adopts an extended structure bearing no secondary structure, with its N-terminal and C-terminal sides recognized by extracellular and transmembrane domains of GPR103 respectively. This movement, reminiscent of class B1 GPCRs except for orientation and structure of the ligand, is critical for the high-affinity binding and receptor specificity of QRFP26. Mutagenesis experiments validate the functional importance of the binding mode of QRFP26 by GPR103. Structural comparisons with closely related receptors, including RY-amide peptide-recognizing GPCRs, revealed conserved and diversified peptide recognition mechanisms, providing profound insights into the biological significance of RF-amide peptides. Collectively, this study not only advances our understanding of GPCR-ligand interactions, but also paves the way for the development of novel therapeutics targeting metabolic and appetite disorders and emergency medical care.
Structure of the endosomal CORVET tethering complex
Authors: Shvarev Dmitry , König Caroline , Susan Nicole , Langemeyer Lars , Walter Stefan , Perz Angela , Fröhlich Florian , Ungermann Christian , Moeller Arne
Published: June 2024

Cells depend on their endolysosomal system for nutrient uptake and downregulation of plasma membrane proteins. These processes rely on endosomal maturation, which requires multiple membrane fusion steps. Early endosome fusion is promoted by the Rab5 GTPase and its effector, the hexameric CORVET tethering complex, which is homologous to the lysosomal HOPS. How these related complexes recognize their specific target membranes remains entirely elusive. Here, we solve the structure of CORVET by cryo-electron microscopy and revealed its minimal requirements for membrane tethering. As expected, the core of CORVET and HOPS resembles each other. However, the function-defining subunits show marked structural differences. Notably, we discover that unlike HOPS, CORVET depends not only on Rab5 but also on phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and membrane lipid packing defects for tethering, implying that an organelle-specific membrane code enables fusion. Our data suggest that both shape and membrane interactions of CORVET and HOPS are conserved in metazoans, thus providing a paradigm how tethering complexes function.
Estimating digital product trade through corporate revenue data
Authors: Stojkoski Viktor , Koch Philipp , Coll Eva , Hidalgo César A.
Published: June 2024

Despite global efforts to harmonize international trade statistics, our understanding of digital trade and its implications remains limited. Here, we introduce a method to estimate bilateral exports and imports for dozens of sectors starting from the corporate revenue data of large digital firms. This method allows us to provide estimates for digitally ordered and delivered trade involving digital goods (e.g. video games), productized services (e.g. digital advertising), and digital intermediation fees (e.g. hotel rental), which together we call digital products. We use these estimates to study five key aspects of digital trade. We find that, compared to trade in physical goods, digital product exports are more spatially concentrated, have been growing faster, and can offset trade balance estimates, like the United States trade deficit on physical goods. We also find that countries that have decoupled economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions tend to have larger digital exports and that digital exports contribute positively to the complexity of economies. This method, dataset, and findings provide a new lens to understand the impact of international trade in digital products.
Evolution of retinal degeneration and prediction of disease activity in relapsing and progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Krämer Julia , Balloff Carolin , Weise Margit , Koska Valeria , Uthmeier Yannik , Esderts Isabell , Nguyen-Minh Mai , Zimmerhof Moritz , Hartmann Alex , Dietrich Michael , Ingwersen Jens , Lee John-Ih , Havla Joachim , Kümpfel Tania , Kerschensteiner Martin , Häußler Vivien , Heesen Christoph , Stellmann Jan-Patrick , Zimmermann Hanna G. , Oertel Frederike C. , Ringelstein Marius , Brandt Alexander U. , Paul Friedemann , Aktas Orhan , Hartung Hans-Peter , Wiendl Heinz , Meuth Sven G. , Albrecht Philipp
Published: June 2024

Retinal optical coherence tomography has been identified as biomarker for disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), while the dynamics of retinal atrophy in progressive MS are less clear. We investigated retinal layer thickness changes in RRMS, primary and secondary progressive MS (PPMS, SPMS), and their prognostic value for disease activity. Here, we analyzed 2651 OCT measurements of 195 RRMS, 87 SPMS, 125 PPMS patients, and 98 controls from five German MS centers after quality control. Peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL, mRNFL) thickness predicted future relapses in all MS and RRMS patients while mRNFL and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness predicted future MRI activity in RRMS (mRNFL, GCIPL) and PPMS (GCIPL). mRNFL thickness predicted future disability progression in PPMS. However, thickness change rates were subject to considerable amounts of measurement variability. In conclusion, retinal degeneration, most pronounced of pRNFL and GCIPL, occurs in all subtypes. Using the current state of technology, longitudinal assessments of retinal thickness may not be suitable on a single patient level.
The binding mechanism of an anti-multiple myeloma antibody to the human GPRC5D homodimer
Authors: Yan Pengfei , Lin Xi , Wu Lijie , Xu Lu , Li Fei , Liu Junlin , Xu Fei
Published: June 2024

GPRC5D is an atypical Class C orphan G protein-coupled receptor. Its high expression on the surface of multiple myeloma cells has rendered it an attractive target for therapeutic interventions, including monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cells, and T-cell engagers. Despite its therapeutic potential, the insufficient understanding regarding of the receptor’s structure and antibody recognition mechanism has impeded the progress of effective therapeutic development. Here, we present the structure of GPRC5D in complex with a preclinical-stage single-chain antibody (scFv). Our structural analysis reveals that the GPRC5D presents a close resemblance to the typical Class C GPCRs in the transmembrane region. We identify a distinct head-to-head homodimer arrangement and interface mainly involving TM4, setting it apart from other Class C homo- or hetero-dimers. Furthermore, we elucidate the binding site engaging a sizable extracellular domain on GPRC5D for scFv recognition. These insights not only unveil the distinctive dimer organization of this unconventional Class C GPCR but also hold the potential to advance drug development targeting GPRC5D for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Combining ultrahigh index with exceptional nonlinearity in resonant transition metal dichalcogenide nanodisks
Authors: Zograf George , Polyakov Alexander Yu. , Bancerek Maria , Antosiewicz Tomasz J. , Küçüköz Betül , Shegai Timur O.
Published: June 2024

Second-order nonlinearity in solids gives rise to a plethora of unique physical phenomena ranging from piezoelectricity and optical rectification to optical parametric amplification, spontaneous parametric down-conversion and the generation of entangled photon pairs. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, exhibit one of the highest known second-order nonlinear coefficients. However, the monolayer nature of these materials prevents the fabrication of resonant objects exclusively from the material itself, necessitating the use of external structures to achieve the optical enhancement of nonlinear processes. Here we exploit the 3R phase of a molybdenum disulfide multilayer for resonant nonlinear nanophotonics. The lack of inversion symmetry—even in the bulk of the material—provides a combination of massive second-order susceptibility, extremely high and anisotropic refractive index in the near-infrared region (n > 4.5) and low absorption losses, making 3R-MoS2 highly attractive for nonlinear nanophotonics. We demonstrate this by fabricating 3R-MoS2 nanodisks of various radii, which support resonant anapole states, and observing substantial (>100-fold) enhancement of second-harmonic generation in a single resonant nanodisk compared with an unpatterned flake of the same thickness. The enhancement is maximized at the spectral overlap between the anapole state of the disk and the material resonance of the second-order susceptibility. Our approach unveils a powerful tool for enhancing the entire spectrum of optical second-order nonlinear processes in nanostructured van der Waals materials, thereby paving the way for nonlinear and quantum high-index transition metal dichalcogenide nanophotonics.
Efficient near-infrared organic light-emitting diodes with emission from spin doublet excitons
Authors: Cho Hwan-Hee , Gorgon Sebastian , Londi Giacomo , Giannini Samuele , Cho Changsoon , Ghosh Pratyush , Tonnelé Claire , Casanova David , Olivier Yoann , Baikie Tomi K. , Li Feng , Beljonne David , Greenham Neil C. , Friend Richard H. , Evans Emrys W.
Published: June 2024

The development of luminescent organic radicals has resulted in materials with excellent optical properties for near-infrared emission. Applications of light generation in this range span from bioimaging to surveillance. Although the unpaired electron arrangements of radicals enable efficient radiative transitions within the doublet-spin manifold in organic light-emitting diodes, their performance is limited by non-radiative pathways introduced in electroluminescence. Here we present a host–guest design for organic light-emitting diodes that exploits energy transfer with up to 9.6% external quantum efficiency for 800 nm emission. The tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-triphenyl-amine radical guest is energy-matched to the triplet state in a charge-transporting anthracene-derivative host. We show from optical spectroscopy and quantum-chemical modelling that reversible host–guest triplet–doublet energy transfer allows efficient harvesting of host triplet excitons.
Violation of Bell inequality by photon scattering on a two-level emitter
Authors: Liu Shikai , Sandberg Oliver August Dall’Alba , Chan Ming Lai , Schrinski Björn , Anyfantaki Yiouli , Nielsen Rasmus B. , Larsen Robert G. , Skalkin Andrei , Wang Ying , Midolo Leonardo , Scholz Sven , Wieck Andreas D. , Ludwig Arne , Sørensen Anders S. , Tiranov Alexey , Lodahl Peter
Published: June 2024

Entanglement, the non-local correlations present in multipartite quantum systems, is a key resource for quantum technologies. It is therefore a major priority to develop simple and energy-efficient methods for generating high-fidelity entangled states. In the case of light, entanglement can be realized by interactions with matter but the required nonlinear interaction is often impractically weak. Here we show how a single two-level emitter deterministically coupled to light in a nanophotonic waveguide can be used to realize photonic quantum entanglement by excitation at the single-photon level. Efficient optical coupling enables mediation of two-photon interactions by the emitter, creating a strong nonlinearity that leads to entanglement. We experimentally verify energy–time entanglement by violating a Bell inequality in an interferometric measurement of the two-photon scattering response. The on-chip two-level emitter acts as a passive scatterer, so that no advanced spin control is required. As such, our method may provide a more efficient approach to synthesizing photonic entangled states for quantum simulators or metrology.
Paradoxical gender effects in meat consumption across cultures
Authors: Hopwood Christopher J. , Zizer Jahn N. , Nissen Adam T. , Dillard Courtney , Thompkins Andie M. , Graça Joāo , Waldhorn Daniela Romero , Bleidorn Wiebke
Published: June 2024

Men tend to eat more meat than women, but it is not clear why. We tested three hypotheses in a cross-cultural design (20,802 individuals in 23 countries across four continents): that gender differences are (a) universal, (b) related to gender roles and thus weaker in countries with higher gender equality and human development, or (c) related to opportunities to express gender roles and thus stronger in countries with higher gender equality and human development. Across all countries, men tended to consume more meat than women. However, this difference increased significantly in countries with greater human development and gender equality. The paradoxical gender gap in meat consumption aligns with previous research that suggests greater differences in behavior across genders in contexts that are more developed and gender equal. We discuss implications for theories of culture and gender as well as practical implications for global meat reduction.
Impact of cognitive impairment on driving behaviour and route choices of older drivers: a real-world driving study
Authors: Derafshi Reihaneh , Babulal Ganesh M. , Bayat Sayeh
Published: June 2024

Maintaining driving independence is important for older adults. However, cognitive decline, a common issue in older populations, can impair older adults’ driving abilities and overall safety on the roads. This study explores how cognitive impairment influences driving patterns and driving choices among older adults. We analyzed real-world driving patterns of 246 older adults using GPS dataloggers. Our sample included 230 cognitively normal older adults (CN; Clinical Dementia Rating$$^R$$

R

[CDR] = 0) and 16 older adults with incident cognitive impairment (ICI; CDR = 0.5). The CN group had an average age of 68.2 years, with 46% females and an average of 16.5 years of education, while the ICI group’s average age was 69.2 years, with 36% females and an average of 16.0 years of education. We employed spatial clustering and hashing algorithms to evaluate driving behaviours. Significant differences emerged: The ICI group used fewer distinct routes to their most common destination. These differences can be leveraged to develop driving as a digital biomarker for the early detection and continuous monitoring of cognitive impairment.
Admission levels of serum biomarkers have additive and cumulative prognostic value in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Kaaber Ida A. , Lesbo Maj , Wichmann Thea O. , Olsen Dorte Aa. , Rasmussen Mikkel M. , Brink Ole , Borris Lars C. , Hviid Claus V. B.
Published: June 2024

Elevated levels of CNS-derived serum proteins are associated with poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the value of adding acute serum biomarker levels to common clinical outcome predictors lacks evaluation. We analyzed admission serum samples for Total-Tau (T-Tau), Neurofilament light chain (Nfl), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) in a cohort of 396 trauma patients including 240 patients with TBI. We assessed the independent association of biomarkers with 1-year mortality and 6–12 months Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) score, as well as the additive and cumulative value of biomarkers on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Marshall Score for outcome prediction. Nfl and T-Tau levels were independently associated with outcome (OR: Nfl = 1.65, p = 0.01; T-Tau = 1.99, p < 0.01). Nfl or T-Tau improved outcome prediction by GCS (Wald Chi, Nfl = 6.8–8.8, p < 0.01; T-Tau 7.2–11.3, p < 0.01) and the Marshall score (Wald Chi, Nfl = 16.2–17.5, p < 0.01; T-Tau 8.7–12.4, p < 0.01). Adding T-Tau atop Nfl further improved outcome prediction in majority of tested models (Wald Chi range 3.8–9.4, p ≤ 0.05). Our data suggest that acute levels of serum biomarkers are independently associated with outcome after TBI and add outcome predictive value to commonly used clinical scores.
Hearing loss and its association with the proteome of perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and tumor tissue in patients with vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Edvardsson Rasmussen Jesper , Li Peng , Laurell Göran , Bergquist Jonas , Eriksson, Per Olof
Published: June 2024

This study examined the association between hearing loss in sporadic vestibular schwannoma patients and the proteome of perilymph (PL), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and vestibular schwannoma. Intraoperative sampling of PL and of CSF, and biopsy of vestibular schwannoma tissue, was performed in 32, 32, and 20 patients with vestibular schwannoma, respectively. Perilymph and CSF in three patients with meningioma and normal hearing were also sampled. The proteomes were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Preoperative hearing function of the patients was evaluated with pure tone audiometry, with mean values at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz (PTA4) in the tumor-affected ear used to delineate three hearing groups. Analysis of the PL samples revealed significant upregulation of complement factor H-related protein 2 (CFHR2) in patients with severe to profound hearing loss after false discovery rate correction. Pathway analysis of biofunctions revealed higher activation scores in the severe/profound hearing loss group of leukocyte migration, viral infection, and migration of cells in PL. Upregulation of CFHR2 and activation of these pathways indicate chronic inflammation in the cochlea of vestibular schwannoma patients with severe to profound hearing loss compared with patients with normal hearing or mild hearing loss.
Miniaturized electromagnetic tracking enables efficient ultrasound-navigated needle insertions
Authors: Seitel Alexander , Groener Daniel , Eisenmann Matthias , Aguilera Saiz Laura , Pekdemir Bünyamin , Sridharan Patmaa , Nguyen Cam Tu , Häfele Sebastian , Feldmann Carolin , Everitt Brittaney , Happel Christian , Herrmann Eva , Sabet Amir , Grünwald Frank , Franz Alfred Michael , Maier-Hein Lena
Published: June 2024

Ultrasound (US) has gained popularity as a guidance modality for percutaneous needle insertions because it is widely available and non-ionizing. However, coordinating scanning and needle insertion still requires significant experience. Current assistance solutions utilize optical or electromagnetic tracking (EMT) technology directly integrated into the US device or probe. This results in specialized devices or introduces additional hardware, limiting the ergonomics of both the scanning and insertion process. We developed the first ultrasound (US) navigation solution designed to be used as a non-permanent accessory for existing US devices while maintaining the ergonomics during the scanning process. A miniaturized EMT source is reversibly attached to the US probe, temporarily creating a combined modality that provides real-time anatomical imaging and instrument tracking at the same time. Studies performed with 11 clinical operators show that the proposed navigation solution can guide needle insertions with a targeting accuracy of about 5 mm, which is comparable to existing approaches and unaffected by repeated attachment and detachment of the miniaturized tracking solution. The assistance proved particularly helpful for non-expert users and needle insertions performed outside of the US plane. The small size and reversible attachability of the proposed navigation solution promises streamlined integration into the clinical workflow and widespread access to US navigated punctures.
Evaluating frontoparietal network topography for diagnostic markers of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rogers Bayard
Published: June 2024

Numerous prospective biomarkers are being studied for their ability to diagnose various stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). High-density electroencephalogram (EEG) methods show promise as an accurate, economical, non-invasive approach to measuring the electrical potentials of brains associated with AD. Event-related potentials (ERPs) may serve as clinically useful biomarkers of AD. Through analysis of secondary data, the present study examined the performance and distribution of N4/P6 ERPs across the frontoparietal network (FPN) using EEG topographic mapping. ERP measures and memory as a function of reaction time (RT) were compared between a group of (n = 63) mild untreated AD patients and a control group of (n = 73) healthy age-matched adults. Based on the literature presented, it was expected that healthy controls would outperform patients in peak amplitude and mean component latency across three parameters of memory when measured at optimal N4 (frontal) and P6 (parietal) locations. It was also predicted that the control group would exhibit neural cohesion through FPN integration during cross-modal tasks, thus demonstrating healthy cognitive functioning consistent with older healthy adults. By targeting select frontal and parietal EEG reference channels based on N4/P6 component time windows and positivity, our findings demonstrated statistically significant group variations between controls and patients in N4/P6 peak amplitudes and latencies during cross-modal testing. Our results also support that the N4 ERP might be stronger than its P6 counterpart as a possible candidate biomarker. We conclude through topographic mapping that FPN integration occurs in healthy controls but is absent in AD patients during cross-modal memory tasks.
A randomized single-blind non-inferiority trial of delayed start with drospirenone-only and ethinyl estradiol-gestodene pills for ovulation inhibition
Authors: Ratanasaengsuang Atist , Uaamnuichai Sutira , Santibenchakul Somsook , Wongwathanavikrom Rachanee , Chaikittisilpa Sukanya , Pohthipornthawat Natkrita , Taweepolcharoen Charoen , Jaisamrarn Unnop , Phutrakool Phanupong
Published: June 2024

We compared the efficacy of 4 mg drospirenone (DRSP) progestin-only pills (POPs) versus combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) containing 0.02 mg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 0.075 mg of gestodene (GS) in ovulation inhibition and inducing unfavorable cervical mucus changes using a delayed-starting approach. This randomized controlled trial involved 36 participants aged 18–45 years. The major outcomes included ovulation inhibition assessed using the Hoogland and Skouby score, and cervical mucus permeability, assessed using the modified World Health Organization score. The results demonstrated ovulation inhibition rates of 77.8% for the EE/GS group and 88.9% for the DRSP group. The risk ratio and absolute risk reduction were 0.50 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10, 2.40) and − 0.11 (95% CI: − 0.35, 0.13), respectively, satisfying the 20% non-inferiority margin threshold. The median time to achieve unfavorable cervical mucus changes was comparable between the DRSP (3 days, interquartile range [IQR]: 6 days) and EE/GS (3.5 days, IQR: 4 days) groups. However, the DRSP group had a higher incidence of unscheduled vaginal bleeding (55.56% vs. 11.11%; p = 0.005). DRSP-only pills, initiated on days 7–9 of the menstrual cycle, were non-inferior to EE/GS pills in ovulation inhibition. However, they exhibited delayed unfavorable cervical mucus changes compared to the standard two-day backup recommendation.

Clinical trial registration: Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220819001) https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220819001.
On the possible advantages of combining small lineups with instructions that discourage guessing-based selection
Authors: Therre Amelie , Bell Raoul , Menne Nicola Marie , Mayer Carolin , Lichtenhagen Ulla , Buchner Axel
Published: June 2024

The primary argument for including large numbers of known-to-be innocent fillers in lineups is that guessing-based selections are dispersed among a large number of lineup members, leading to low innocent-suspect identification rates. However, a recent study using the two-high threshold eyewitness identification model has demonstrated advantages of smaller lineups at the level of the processes underlying the observable responses. Participants were more likely to detect the presence of the culprit and less likely to select lineup members based on guessing in smaller than in larger lineups. Nonetheless, at the level of observable responses, the rate of innocent-suspect identifications was higher in smaller compared to larger lineups due to the decreased dispersion of guessing-based selections among the lineup members. To address this issue, we combined smaller lineups with lineup instructions insinuating that the culprit was unlikely to be in the lineup. The goal was to achieve a particularly low rate of guessing-based selections. These lineups were compared to larger lineups with neutral instructions. In two experiments, culprit-presence detection occurred with a higher probability in smaller compared to larger lineups. Furthermore, instructions insinuating that the culprit was unlikely to be in the lineup reduced guessing-based selection compared to neutral instructions. At the level of observable responses, the innocent-suspect identification rate did not differ between smaller lineups with low-culprit-probability instructions and larger lineups with neutral instructions. The rate of culprit identifications was higher in smaller lineups with low-culprit-probability instructions than in larger lineups with neutral instructions.
Mathematical modeling of flexible printed circuit configuration: a study in deformation and optimization
Authors: Meng Longhui , Ding Liang , Khan Aqib Mashood , Alkahtani Mohammed , Shan Yicai
Published: June 2024

This manuscript offers an exhaustive analysis of Flexible Printed Circuits (FPCs), concentrating on enhancing their design to surmount two primary challenges. Firstly, it seeks to obviate contact with proximate components. Secondly, it aspires to adhere to pre-established curvature constraints. Predicated on the curvature properties of FPCs, we have developed a model adept at accurately forecasting FPC deformation under diverse conditions. Our inquiry entails a thorough examination of various FPC configurations, including bell, 'U', and 'S' shapes. Central to our methodology is the strategic optimization of FPC spatial arrangements, aiming to avert mechanical interference and control curvature, thus mitigating mechanical strain. This dual-faceted strategy is pivotal in enhancing the durability and operational reliability of FPCs, particularly in contexts demanding elevated flexibility and precision. Our research offers essential insights into the refinement of FPC design, skillfully addressing the complexities associated with curvature and physical interaction. Collectively, this study advocates a comprehensive framework for the design and implementation of FPCs, significantly advancing the field of contemporary electronics by ensuring these components meet the evolving demands of the industry.
Health utility of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis and its influencing factors: a multi-center study in China
Authors: Wan Chuchuan , Huang Yuankai , Wang Qiqi , Wang Pei , Xi Xiaoyu
Published: June 2024

To assess the health utility value (HUV) of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients and its influencing factors in China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8 tertiary hospitals across four capital-cities. The demographic characteristics, patient-reported outcomes including the HUV got by EQ-5D-5L, clinical characteristics, and clinician-reported outcomes of 171 RA patients were collected both from themselves and their physicians. Both the univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the potential factors of EQ-5D-5L HUV of the patients. The mean age of the patients was 50.7 years, with female being 64.9% (n = 111). The mean HUV and EQ visual analogue scale score of all patients were 0.586 and 47.3, respectively. The univariate analysis showed that the patients who were female, older, living in rural areas, with lower education level, advanced disease stage, higher the patient's assessment of arthritis pain visual analogue scale (PtAAP-VAS), the patient's global assessment of disease activity visual analogue scale (PtGADA-VAS), and the Physician’s global assessment of disease activity visual analogue scale (PhGADA-VAS) scores had significantly lower EQ-5D-5L HUVs. The multivariate analysis further suggested that older age, female, higher body mass index and higher PtGADA-VAS score were statistically significantly related to lower HUVs. The study provided the HUVs for RA patients with different characteristics and outcomes, which could be used in the economic evaluation of interventions for the RA patients. The identified factors could also assist the health care managing and improving the health-related quality of life on RA patients.