bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in experimental studies of the mechanical behaviour of natural fibre‐reinforced cementitious composites
Authors: Tian He , Zhang Y. X. , Yang Chunhui , Ding Yining
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a review of recent research and development work involving natural fibre‐reinforced concrete (NFRC). The recent developments in NFRC reinforced with different types of natural fibre, such as sisal fibre, bagasse fibre, coir fibre, banana fibre, eucalyptus fibre, flax fibre, jute fibre and pinus radiate fibre, are covered. Natural fibres and their modification methods are introduced first and the development history of natural fibre‐reinforced concrete and the relevant research into the mechanical behaviour of NFRC in both the short‐ and long‐term are reviewed. The applications of NFRC are also summarized.
A novel magnetizing inrush current suppressor of energized transformers
Authors: Zhuo Yixin , Lin Xiangning , He Yingfa , He Yue , Yang Dexian
Published: February 2016

The magnetizing inrush possibly occurs when the transformer is energized in the case of no load or a light load. The reason rests with the saturation state or even deep saturation state of the transformer core due to many factors such as inception angles, residual flux, and so on. Both the transformer itself and the power quality in the power system will be adversely impacted by the magnetizing inrush. By utilizing the tertiary winding of a three‐windings transformer, a new technique called ‘magnetizing inrush suppressor’ (MIS) is proposed to eliminate the inrush. When the transformer is switched on, it allows the voltage on the tertiary winding to climb gradually and ensures that the voltages on both sides have the same phase but different magnitudes. In this case, the inrush current can be eliminated successfully. Finally, simulation tests based on PSCAD are performed and analyzed in detail, and the validity of the proposed approach is confirmed. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modes, Genres, and Formats, Oh My!
Authors: Culham Ruth
Published: February 2016

The precision of terminology and language used with students can be a help or a hindrance to teaching writing. This article explores the writing instruction terms mode, genre, and format, and establishes the need for a common language to understand and apply them consistently across teachers and grades.
Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in the world's mountains
Authors: Dozier Jeff , Bair Edward H. , Davis Robert E.
Published: February 2016

Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous terrain is currently the most important unsolved problem in snow hydrology. Several methods can estimate the amount of snow throughout a mountain range: (1) Spatial interpolation from surface sensors constrained by remotely sensed snow extent provides a consistent answer, with uncertainty related to extrapolation to unrepresented locations. (2) The remotely sensed date of disappearance of snow is combined with a melt calculation to reconstruct the SWE back to the last significant snowfall. (3) Passive microwave sensors offer real‐time global SWE estimates but suffer from several problems like subpixel variability in the mountains. (4) A numerical model combined with assimilated surface observations produces SWE at 1‐km resolution at continental scales, but depends heavily on a surface network. (5) New methods continue to be explored, for example, airborne LiDAR altimetry provides direct measurements of snow depth, which are combined with modelled snow density to estimate SWE. While the problem is aggressively addressed, the right answer remains elusive. Good characterization of the snow is necessary to make informed choices about water resources and adaptation to climate change and variability. WIREs Water 2016, 3:461–474. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1140

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
The role of sustainable biomass in the heat market sector for EU27
Authors: Panoutsou Calliope
Published: February 2016

This paper provides evidence‐based information for biomass heat as a low‐carbon option to meet the renewable energy targets in the European Union by employing both qualitative and quantitative frameworks in order to (1) characterize market segments within the heat, district heating, and combined heat and power (CHP) sectors in EU27; (2) define a set of key factors affecting future penetration of biomass in them; (3) evaluate the market segments across all the key factors and define which are the most promising for biomass uptake by 2020; and (4) assess the quantitative role that biomass can play in the various market segments for 2020. The demand analysis is combined with detailed cost supply information for a range of scenarios, from individual National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) country information to explicit, consistent, and harmonized datasets for all EU Member States which also comply with two sets of sustainability criteria, one reflecting the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the other applying very strict mitigation factors to the biomass value chains and also expanding the RED criteria to all bioenergy carriers (liquid, solid, and gaseous). WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:430–450. doi: 10.1002/wene.197

This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Economics and Policy

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Biplots: qualititative data
Authors: Gower John C. , Le Roux Niël J. , Gardner‐Lubbe Sugnet
Published: February 2016

A previous paper, Biplots: Quantitative data, dealt exclusively with biplots for quantitative data. This paper is mainly concerned with qualitative data or data in the form of counts. Qualitative data can be nominal or ordinal, and it is usually reported in a coded numerical form. In the analysis of qualitative data, many methods can be grouped as quantification methods (e.g., categorical principal component analysis, correspondence analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, homogeneity analysis): transforming qualities into quantitative values that may then be treated with quantitative methods. All the features of quantitative biplots are found in qualitative biplots, but calibrated interpolation axes become labeled category‐level points and calibrated prediction axes become prediction regions. Interpretation remains in terms of distance, inner products, and sometimes area.WIREs Comput Stat2016, 8:82–111. doi: 10.1002/wics.1377

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Investigation of the possible origins of sulfur in 19th century salted paper photographs by x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Sessa Clarimma , Barro Lisa , Centeno Silvia A. , Bagán Héctor , Carò Federico , García José Francisco
Published: February 2016

An X‐ray fluorescence method to determine whether sulfur is present in 19th century photographs due to intentional toning or to environmental deterioration is proposed. In the 19th century salted paper print photographic process, AgCl formed on the surface of a sheet of paper was exposed to sunlight in contact with a negative, leading to the printing out of a Ag image that was fixed by immersing it in a sodium thiosulfate solution or hypo. The improper execution of the fixing in these photographs may result in the presence of sulfur, mostly manifested in image fading, irregular staining, and discoloration. Also, 19th century artists produced salted paper prints with a variety of image tonalities, for example, by using an artificially aged thiosulfate bath. The presence of sulfur in photographs may also be due to sulfur‐containing environmental pollutants. Therefore, knowledge about the location and amounts of sulfur is important to understand the artistic technique and/or the deterioration processes. In this study, the amounts of sulfur and the silver to sulfur signal ratios were determined for a salted paper print made in the laboratory following a 19th century procedure and for two artistic salted paper photographs using X‐ray fluorescence and standards prepared with different amounts of retained hypo and quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The amounts of sulfur and the normalized silver to sulfur ratios for the artistic photographs were evaluated based on the results obtained in the samples prepared in the laboratory and in the context of the 19th century practices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Single Crystal Growth and Crystal Structure of Ta7Cu10Ga34 – a 8 × 4 × 2 Super Structure of CsCl
Authors: Koffi Agbelenko , Ade Martin , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: February 2016

Single crystals of Ta7Cu10Ga34 were grown from the elements in a Cu/Ga melt. Ta7Cu10Ga34 represents the first ternary compound of the system Ta/Cu/Ga. The crystal structure (Cmmm, oC102, Z = 2, a = 23.803(1), b = 12.2087(4), c = 5.7487(2) Å, 1291 refl. 78 parameters, R1 = 0.037, wR2 = 0.070). The crystal structure is characterized by rods of pentagonal prisms MGa10, which are alternatingly occupied by Ta and Cu. Four of these rods are connected to columns running in direction (001). These columns are linked by cubic units TaGa8, CuGa8, and GaGa8. According to the characteristic structural elements and the size of the unit cell Ta7Cu10Ga34 represents a 8 × 4 × 2 super structure of CsCl or bcc. With respect to the underlying CsCl structure the formula can be written as [Ta7Cu10Ga2□13]Ga32, i.e. a cubic primitive packing of 32 Ga atoms with Ta, Cu, and Ga in cubic voids and 13 vacancies. The pentagonal‐prismatic coordination of Ta and Cu can formally be obtained from the cubic primitive packing of Ga atoms by a 45° rotation of a part of the Ga8 cubes. There is a close similarity to the binary compounds Ta8Ga41 and Ta2–xGa5+x. The first one is also related to a CsCl‐like structure, the latter one contains rods of pentagonal prisms, which form the same columns. There are also relations to the ternaries V2Cu3Ga8 and V11Cu9Ga46, whose cubic structures are more or less complex variants of CsCl.
Nonexistence results for the Cauchy problem for some fractional nonlinear systems of thermo‐elasticity type
Authors: Boutefnouchet M. , Erjaee H. , Kirane M. , Qafsaoui M.
Published: February 2016

We study the nonexistence of global solutions to the Cauchy problem for systems of parabolic‐hyperbolic or hyperbolic thermo‐elasticity equations posed in . For power nonlinearities, we present threshold critical exponents depending on the space dimension N. Our method of proof rests on the nonlinear capacity method.
Explicit formulas for homogenization limits in certain non‐periodic problems including ramified domains
Authors: Eberle Simon
Published: February 2016

In this paper we give an explicit formula for the homogenization limit of Poisson's equation for a wide range of non‐periodic problems including self‐similarly ramified domains. This work was motivated by the modelling of the diffusion of medical sprays in lungs, which can be approximated by a self‐similarly ramified domain. Such motivation also led us to consider the influence that a continuous scaling of the size of holes towards a chosen direction (e.g. towards the fractal boundary) has on the homogenization limit. It turned out that our strategy to explicitly calculate a formula for the homogenization limit could be applied beyond self‐similar perforations as presented in this article.
Pertrochanteric osteotomy and distraction femoral neck lengthening for treatment of proximal hip ischemic deformities in children
Authors: Teplenky Mikhail , Mekki Waleed
Published: February 2016

Purpose

Proximal femoral ischemic deformities in the pediatric population is a challenging pathological situation. Many surgical techniques have been proposed to treat this problem, with variable reported results. We believe that a C-shaped pertrochanteric osteotomy plus neck lengthening utilizing distraction osteogenesis principles would restore the femoral anatomical ratios between neck, shaft, and the head, and redress the biomechanics of the proximal femur with resultant sufficient containment of the femoral head within the acetabulum.

Methods

We reviewed the results of 19 patients divided into two groups with proximal femoral ischemic deformities. Between 2002 and 2009, preoperative and postoperative clinical examination and radiographs were assessed measuring the neck–shaft angle (NSA), neck–epiphyseal angle (NEA), articulo-trochanteric distance (ATD), lateralization of the greater trochanter (LT), the angle of Wiberg (CEA), index of lateral head displacement by Reimers (IM), and lateral angle of displacement (LDA).

Results

All patients were followed prospectively. Clinical outcome was assessed using Colton's criteria, which showed average good improvement in function (58.9 %). Radiological indicators were assessed using Kruczynski's criteria. For group I, the postoperative NSA, NEA, and CEA showed significant change ( p < 0.01, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). For group II, the postoperative NSA, NEA, and CEA showed significant change ( p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

The midterm functional results are favorable for the implementation of pertrochanteric osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis to treat proximal femoral ischemic deformities in the pediatric population.
Benefits and Costs of a Targeted Intervention Program for Youthful Offenders: The YouthBuild USA Offender Project
Authors: Cohen Mark A. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: February 2016

This paper reports on a benefit-cost analysis of a targeted intervention program, the YouthBuild USA Offender Project (YBOP), aimed at low-income, criminal offenders who are 16–24 years old. Using data on 388 participants, we find: (1) evidence of reduced recidivism and improved educational outcomes that exceed our expectations based on similar cohorts and (2) evidence consistent with a positive benefit-cost ratio, indicating that every dollar spent on the YBOP is estimated to produce a return on investment between $7.20 and $21.60, with benefits to society ranging between $174,000 and $281,000 per participant at a cost to society between $13,000 and $24,000.
High duty cycle, highly efficient fiber coupled 940-nm pump module for high-energy solid-state lasers
Authors: Platz René , Eppich Bernd , Rieprich Juliane , Pittroff Wolfgang , Erbert Götz , Crump Paul
Published: February 2016

Tailored diode laser single emitters with long (6 mm) resonators and wide (1.2 mm) emission apertures that operate with 940 nm emission wavelength were assembled in novel edge-cooled vertically stacked arrays, and used to construct a compact and highly efficient fiber coupled pump source for Yb:YAG pulsed high-energy class solid-state lasers. The novel configuration is shown to allow repetition rates of 200 Hz at 1 ms pulse duration, at an output power of 130 W per single emitter. The emission of two stacked arrays was then optically combined to realize pump modules that deliver 6 kW peak power (pulse energy 6 J) from a 1.9 mm core diameter fiber, with wall plug efficiency of 50%. This represents a significant improvement in terms of duty cycle and electro-optical efficiency over conventional sources. The pump module has been successfully tested at the Max Born Institute, Berlin during trials for pumping of disk lasers.
Insuring Against Past Perils: The Politics of Post-Currency Crisis Foreign Exchange Reserve Accumulation
Authors: McGrath Liam F.
Published: February 2016

In the aftermath of financial crises, governments can use economic policy to minimize the risk of future recurrence. Yet not all do so. To explain this divergence in responses I develop a theory of economic policy choice after financial crises. I argue that past financial crises provide information to future governments about the political costs of financial crises. This subsequently informs the need to use economic policy to insure against such crises. Focusing on the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves after currency crises, I find that when past currency crises led to political changes future governments accumulate higher levels of reserves to prevent another crisis from occurring. This effect is stronger when political change occurred in situations where governments would not expect to be held accountable, and when reserve sales were shown to be effective in preventing political change. The theory and empirical results provide an answer as to why countries experiencing a similar form of financial crisis can, nevertheless, vary in their attempts to prevent future recurrence.
Novel Laser Ablation Sampling Device for the Rapid Radiocarbon Analysis of Carbonate Samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Welte C , Wacker L , Hattendorf B , Christl M , Koch J , Synal H-A , Günther D
Published: February 2016

Conventional radiocarbon analysis of carbonate records with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is time consuming and the achievable spatial resolution is limited, because individual samples have to be taken and need to be converted to graphite for the measurement. A new laser ablation (LA) in situ sampling technique for rapid online 14C analyses of carbonate records by AMS is presented. By focusing a 193-nm ArF excimer laser on carbonate samples, carbon dioxide is generated and can directly be introduced into the gas ion source of an AMS. A dedicated LA cell for AMS was constructed in a way that combines rapid gas exchange with the capacity to carry sample specimen with maximum dimensions of 15×2.5×1.5 cm3. With the presented setup, negative carbon ion currents up to 20 µA were achieved. A low 14C background of 0.011±0.002 F14C was observed on 14C-free marble and different standard and reference materials could be well reproduced within errors. The novel technique allows scanning carbonate samples continuously over several cm per hour with achievable measurement precisions of less than 1% for modern samples. This approach allows acquiring highly spatially resolved 14C records at a far higher rate than with any currently available method.
REFINEMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND POSITIVE CRANK MOMENTS
Authors: HUH JISUN , LIM EUNSUNG
Published: February 2016

We revisit Berkovich and Garvan’s two bijections: the first gives symmetry of cranks and the second relates partitions with crank $\leq k$ to those with $k$ in the rank-set of partitions. Using these, we give a combinatorial proof for the relationship between the first positive crank moment and the sum of sizes of Durfee squares. We also study refinements of the first and second positive crank moments.
A GENERALISATION OF THE CLUNIE–SHEIL-SMALL THEOREM
Authors: MICHALSKA MAŁGORZATA , MICHALSKI ANDRZEJ M.
Published: February 2016

Clunie and Sheil-Small [‘Harmonic univalent functions’,Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. A. I. Math.9(1984), 3–25] gave a simple and useful univalence criterion for harmonic functions, usually called the shear construction. However, the application of this theorem is limited to planar harmonic mappings that are convex in the horizontal direction. In this paper, a natural generalisation of the shear construction is given. More precisely, our results are obtained under the hypothesis that the image of a harmonic function is a union of two sets that are convex in the horizontal direction.
THE LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION AND TRACE ZERO ELEMENTS IN FINITE VON NEUMANN FACTORS
Authors: MOLNÁR LAJOS
Published: February 2016

In this short note we present a common characterisation of the logarithmic function and the subspace of all trace zero elements in finite von Neumann factors.
Dietary patterns in early childhood and child cognitive and psychomotor development: the Rhea mother–child cohort study in Crete
Authors: Leventakou Vasiliki , Roumeliotaki Theano , Sarri Katerina , Koutra Katerina , Kampouri Mariza , Kyriklaki Andriani , Vassilaki Maria , Kogevinas Manolis , Chatzi Leda
Published: February 2016

Early-life nutrition is critical for optimal brain development; however, few studies have evaluated the impact of diet as a whole in early childhood on neurological development with inconsistent results. The present analysis is a cross-sectional study nested within an ongoing prospective birth cohort, the Rhea study, and aims to examine the association of dietary patterns with cognitive and psychomotor development in 804 preschool (mean age 4·2 years) children. Parents completed a validated FFQ, and dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Child cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed by the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA). Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the associations of dietary patterns with the MSCA scales. After adjustment for a large number of confounding factors, the ‘Snacky’ pattern (potatoes and other starchy roots, salty snacks, sugar products and eggs) was negatively associated with the scales of verbal ability (β=−1·31; 95 % CI −2·47, −0·16), general cognitive ability (β=−1·13; 95 % CI −2·25, −0·02) and cognitive functions of the posterior cortex (β=−1·20; 95 % CI −2·34, −0·07). Further adjustment for maternal intelligence, folic acid supplementation and alcohol use during pregnancy attenuated the observed associations, but effect estimates remained at the same direction. The ‘Western’ and the ‘Mediterranean’ patterns were not associated with child neurodevelopmental scales. The present findings suggest that poorer food choices at preschool age characterised by foods high in fat, salt and sugar are associated with reduced scores in verbal and cognitive ability.
Impact of food supplementation on weight loss in randomised-controlled dietary intervention trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wibisono Cinthya , Probst Yasmine , Neale Elizabeth , Tapsell Linda
Published: February 2016

Dietary trials provide evidence for practice and policy guidelines, but poor adherence may confound results. Food supplementation may improve adherence to dietary interventions, but the impact of supplementation on study outcomes is not known. The aim of this review was to examine the impact of food supplementation on weight loss in dietary intervention trials. The databases Scopus, PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for dietary intervention trials published between January 2004 and March 2015 using the following keyword combinations: ‘trial’ OR ‘intervention’, ‘food’ OR ‘diet’, ‘weight loss’ and ‘adherence’ OR ‘adherence’. Studies were included if food was provided to at least one study group and both ‘weight change’ and ‘adherence’ were reported. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to assess weighted mean differences (WMD) in body weight (change or final mean values). The included studies formed two groups: trials involving an intervention group supplemented with a food and a control without food supplementation (food v. no food), and trials in which food was provided to all subjects (food v. food) (PROSPERO registration: CRD42015017563). In total, sixteen studies were included. Significant weight reduction was reported in the food v. no food studies (WMD −0·74 kg; 95 % CI −1·40, −0·08; P=0·03, I2=63 %). A non-significant increase in weight was found among the food v. food studies (WMD 0·84 kg; 95 % CI −0·60, 2·27; P=0·25, I2=0 %). Food supplementation appeared to result in greater weight loss in dietary trials. Energy restrictions and intensity of interventions were other significant factors influencing weight loss.
Resistant starch in the Italian diet
Authors: Brighenti Furio , Casiraghi M. Cristina , Baggio Cristina
Published: February 2016

Resistant starch (RS) has been defined as the sum of starch and starch-degradation products that reach the human large intestine (Champ, 1994), and it is now regarded as a sub-fraction of starch with a positive impact on colonic welfare and lipid metabolism. An early estimate of the RS intake in Europe gave an average value of approximately 4 g/d (Dyssler & Hoffem, 1994a). However, since no information is available for Italy, the aim of the present study was to estimate the intake of RS in the Italian diet by direct analysis of RS in a range of typical foods representing the main sources of starch intake in the country. The selection of representative foods and of food consumption data were based on published results of the National Food Consumption Study conducted during the 1980s by the National Institute of Nutrition on 10 000 households, using weighed-food records plus inventory methodologies (Saba et al. 1990; Turrini et al. 1991). Three main groups of foods were considered: cereals (pasta, rice, bread and bread products, and pastries), potatoes, legumes. Different commercial brands for each sample were purchased, according to the known presence on the market. Samples were prepared ‘as eaten’ and submitted to simulated chewing, followed by total and resistant starch determination using the enzymic procedure published as a result of the EC Concerted Action EURESTA (Champ, 1992). From these results, the estimated average intake of RS in Italy was found to be 8.5 g/d, with regional differences (from 7.2 g/d in the north-west to 9.2 g/d in the south) mainly due to the different consumption of some typical Italian starchy food (bread, pasta, legumes).
1666 AND LONDON'S FIRE HISTORY: A RE-EVALUATION
Authors: GARRIOCH DAVID
Published: February 2016

While it is incontestable that the Great Fire led to a new awareness and to stronger measures to prevent and to fight fires, this was not because it was the worst in a long series of serious fires, but because it was one of the first. London had no really large fires in the four centuries before 1666, but was to experience fifty or more in the following 200 years. This article asks why. Alongside the obvious facts of rapid population growth and the resulting shoddy building, the continued use of timber for housing, and the inadequacy of fire prevention measures, it suggests that the growth of London's maritime trade and the concentration of stores of new types of highly flammable products, particularly along the river, created a new vulnerability to disaster that made earlier forms of fire control inadequate.
Livestock predation by jaguars Panthera onca in south-eastern Mexico: the role of local peoples’ practices
Authors: Peña-Mondragón Juan L. , Castillo Alicia , Hoogesteijn Almira , Martínez-Meyer Enrique
Published: February 2016

Inadequate livestock husbandry practices threaten the maintenance of global biodiversity and provoke conflicts between people and wildlife, and large carnivorous mammals are among the most affected. The jaguar Panthera onca is one of the most threatened species in the Americas, being targeted by livestock producers who suffer economic losses as a result of predation. The way in which rural producers in countries such as Mexico conduct husbandry practices may influence levels of predation by jaguars. Our objective was to understand how such practices are conducted in the Selva Lacandona in south-eastern Mexico, to identify their influence on the vulnerability of livestock to predation by jaguars. We characterized local husbandry practices through participant observation, interviews and surveys. Our results show that the most important practices that make livestock vulnerable to predation include the location of grazing lands close to forested areas and water sources, the absence of practices for the proper disposal of carcasses, and poor control of calving and care of calves. Our recommendations include monitoring of livestock movements and synchronization of calving. Economic investment and behavioural change can be accomplished through capacity building and providing people with the means to monitor and manage their livestock. Small actions can reduce livestock losses and improve the economic circumstances of rural people, and thus increase their tolerance and respect towards jaguars.
Impact of chemical structure of flavanol monomers and condensed tannins onin vitroanthelmintic activity against bovine nematodes
Authors: DESRUES OLIVIER , FRYGANAS CHRISTOS , ROPIAK HONORATA M. , MUELLER-HARVEY IRENE , ENEMARK HEIDI L. , THAMSBORG STIG M.
Published: February 2016

Plants containing condensed tannins (CT) may have potential to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of cattle. The aim was to investigate the anthelmintic activities of four flavan-3-ols, two galloyl derivatives and 14 purified CT fractions, and to define which structural features of CT determine the anti-parasitic effects against the main cattle nematodes. We usedin vitrotests targeting L1 larvae (feeding inhibition assay) and adults (motility assay) ofOstertagia ostertagiandCooperia oncophora. In the larval feeding inhibition assay,O. ostertagiL1 were significantly more susceptible to all CT fractions thanC. oncophoraL1. The mean degree of polymerization of CT (i.e. average size) was the most important structural parameter: large CT reduced larval feeding more than small CT. The flavan-3-ols of prodelphinidin (PD)-type tannins had a stronger negative influence on parasite activity than the stereochemistry, i.e.cis- vs trans-configurations, or the presence of a gallate group. In contrast, forC. oncophorahigh reductions in the motility of larvae and adult worms were strongly related with a higher percentage of PDs within the CT fractions while there was no effect of size. Overall, the size and the percentage of PDs within CT seemed to be the most important parameters that influence anti-parasitic activity.
In vitro efficacy of essential oils and extracts of Schinus molle L. against Ctenocephalides felis felis.
Authors: DE S. O. BATISTA LILIAN C. , CID YARA P. , DE ALMEIDA ANA PAULA , PRUDÊNCIO EDLENE R. , RIGER CRISTIANO J. , DE SOUZA MARCO A. A. , COUMENDOUROS KATHERINE , CHAVES DOUGLAS S. A.
Published: February 2016

Extracts and essential oils from plants are important natural sources of pesticides. These compounds are considered an alternative to control ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Schinus molle, an endemic species of Brazil, produces a high level of essential oil and several other compounds. The aim of this work was to determinate the chemical composition of extracts and essential oils of S. molle and further to evaluate the activity against eggs and adults of Ctenocephalides felis felis, a predominant flea that infests dogs and cats in Brazil. In an in vitro assay, the non-polar (n-hexane) extract showed 100% efficacy (800 µg cm−2; LD50 = 524·80 µg cm−2) at 24 and 48 h. Its major compound was lupenone (50·25%). Essential oils from fruits and leaves were evaluated, and had 100% efficacy against adult fleas at 800 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 353·95 µg cm−2) and at 50 µg cm−2 (LD50 = 12·02 µg cm−2), respectively. On the other hand, the essential oil from fruits and leaves was not active against flea eggs. This is the first study that reports the insecticidal effects of essential oils and extracts obtained from Schinus molle against Ctenocephalides felis felis.
Szidat's rule re-tested: relationships between flea and host phylogenetic clade ranks in four biogeographic realms
Authors: KRASNOV BORIS R. , KIEFER DANIEL , WARBURTON ELIZABETH M. , KHOKHLOVA IRINA S.
Published: February 2016

We tested Szidat's rule (the more primitive the host, the more primitive the parasites it harbours) by analysing the relationships between phylogenetic clade ranks of fleas and their small mammalian hosts in four biogeographic realms (Afrotropics, Neotropics, Nearctic and Palearctic). From the host perspective, we tested the association between host clade rank and the mean clade rank of all fleas collected from this host. From the flea perspective, we tested the relationships between flea clade rank and the mean clade rank of hosts on which this flea was recorded. First, we tested whether the analysis of the relationships between host and flea clade ranks should be controlled for phylogenetic dependence among either host or flea species. Then, we tested for the associations between host and flea clade ranks separately for each realm using either a phylogenetic general least-squares analysis or an ordinary least-squares analysis. In all realms, the mean clade rank of fleas parasitic on a given host increased with an increase of this host's clade rank, and the mean clade rank of hosts recorded on a given flea increased with an increase of this flea's clade rank, suggesting that Szidat's rule, at least to some extent, holds for fleas.
Early Editions of ‘Upon the Image of Death’
Authors: Kaye Dara
Published: February 2016

After Jesuit priest Robert Southwell's execution in February 1595, his letters and poems surged in popularity, and demand for his newly printed works quickly outstripped supply. Moeoniae, a collection of twenty-two poems ‘both Diuine and Wittie’ printed as an addendum to his popular Saint Peter's Complaint, had two editions in 1595 alone, and at least one more before the end of the century. Poem number 18 in Moeoniae, ‘Upon the Image of Death’, also appears in the seventeenth-century Waferer Commonplace Book (British Library Add. MS 52585) but only in one other manuscript collection with the rest of his poems. Modern Southwell editions have quarantined the poem under headings such as ‘Poem of Dubious Authorship’. And yet the poem, a meditative confession and plea for grace in the face of mortality, does display some elements of Southwell's style, and is particularly compelling if in fact it was written in the years Southwell struggled to provide spiritual guidance to his loyal congregation while evading capture and execution. This paper investigates the relationship between the commonplace book, the Moeoniae print editions, and the manuscript poetry collections from which ‘Upon the Image of Death’ is conspicuously absent, and offers a new annotated edition of the poem.
Voluntary and involuntary processes affect the production of verbal and non-verbal signals by the human voice
Authors: McGettigan Carolyn , Scott Sophie Kerttu
Published: February 2016

We argue that a comprehensive model of human vocal behaviour must address both voluntary and involuntary aspects of articulate speech and non-verbal vocalizations. Within this, plasticity of vocal output should be acknowledged and explained as part of the mature speech production system.
Patterns of grandparental child care across Europe: the role of the policy context and working mothers' need
Authors: BORDONE VALERIA , ARPINO BRUNO , AASSVE ARNSTEIN
Published: February 2016

Across Europe grandparents play very different roles. This paper studies to what extent grandparents' role as providers of child care relates to the country policy context, focusing on public child-care services and parental leave regulation, and to the availability of part-time jobs for women. We also explore whether mothers' needs to combine family and work differently influence the frequency of grandparental child care across countries. The analysis combines micro-data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and macro-indicators from the Multilinks database and Eurostat. We find a clear association between policy context and frequency of grandparental child care. Three models emerge. In countries close to the familialism by default model (i.e. characterised by scarce public child-care services and parental leave), when grandparents provide child care they often do it daily. In countries characterised by defamilialisation and supported familialism policies (with generous public services and parental leave) grandparents take on a marginal role. An intermediate model emerges in countries characterised by a limited offer of child care or parental leave, where grandparental child care complements state support and tends to be offered on a weekly basis. Our analysis corroborates the idea that the highly intensive involvement of grandparents in countries with low availability of part-time jobs for women is influenced by the need (unmet by the welfare) of mothers to combine work and family.
Successful Desert Animals — Scorpions, Beetles and Lizards
Authors: CIoudsley-Thompson J. L.
Published: February 2016

Whereas the reactions of animals to heat are largely behavioural, responses to water shortage are primarily physiological. These characters are exhibited in all terrestrial biomes, but are enhanced in the desert. Desert animals, in general, are either cryptically sand-coloured or else black when distasteful or poisonous. This applies to all three taxa under discussion; most beetles are black, most lizards cryptic. Scorpions, paradoxically, may be either black or cryptic. Examples of mimicry and protective resemblance are also cited. It is concluded that scorpions, beetles and lizards are especially successful desert animals, not so much on account of unique adaptations to the harsh and variable environment as to their innate qualities which have adapted them for life in hot, dry and unpredictable habitats.
Cyst Formation Following Radiosurgery for AVMs: Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Al Hinai Q. , Tampieri D. , Souhami L. , Sadikot A. , Sinclair D. , Leblanc R.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Stereotactically-focused radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) has been in widespread use for over two decades. Over this timeframe the indications for treatment, standardization of radiation dosage, and the results expected from treatment have been elaborated. Less well known are the long-term complications associated with SRS. We report three patients who had SRS for the treatment of AVM who developed a cyst at the site of treatment as a late complication.

Methods:

From 201 patients treated by SRS for an AVM, three developed a cyst at the treatment site. Their clinical presentation, the characteristics of the AVMs and the treatment were reviewed, as well as similar cases gleaned from the literature.

Results:

Three women, aged 28-43 years, had an AVM treated by: craniotomy and clipping of arterial feeders followed by SRS, by craniotomy for resection followed by SRS or by endo vascular embolization and SRS. The patients did well following treatment but two of them developed a symptomatic and the other an asymptomatic cyst at the treatment site 3-19 years later. The symptomatic patients underwent marsupialization of the cyst and the other is under observation.

Conclusion:

Stereotactic radiosurgery is an established and safe treatment for patients with AVMs. Delayed cyst formation can occur many years after treatment and long term follow-up is indicated in patients whose AVM has been treated with SRS.
The Baby K Case: A Search for the Elusive Standard of Medical Care
Authors: Schneiderman Lawrence J. , Manning Sharyn
Published: February 2016

An anencephalic infant, who came to be known as Baby K, was born at Fairfax Hospial in Falls Church, Virginia, on October 13, 1992. From, the moment of birth and repeatedly thereafter, the baby's mother insisted that aggressive measures be pursued, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation and ventilator support, to keep the baby alive as long as possible. The physicians complied. However, following the baby's second admission for respiratory failure, the hospital sought declaratory relief from the court permitting it to forgo emergency life support on the grounds that “a requirement to provide respiratory assistance would exceed the prevailing standard of medical care,” and that “because any treatment of their condition is futile, the prevailing standard of medical care for infants with anencephaly is to provide warmth, nutrition, and hydration.” The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled in favor of the baby's mother, citing the federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (popularly known as the “anti-dumping” act), which contained no “standard of care” exception to the requirement to provide “treatment necessary to prevent the material deterioration of the individual's condition.” An appeal to the United States Supreme Court was rejected. The baby died some two and one-half years later of cardiac arrest during her sixth visit to the emergency department of Fairfax Hospital for respiratory failure.
Review of Coping in Children Exposed to Mass Trauma: Measurement Tools, Coping Styles, and Clinical Implications
Authors: Pfefferbaum Betty , Nitiéma Pascal , Jacobs Anne K. , Noffsinger Mary A. , Wind Leslie H. , Allen Sandra F.
Published: February 2016

Evidence-based practice requires the use of data grounded in theory with clear conceptualization and reliable and valid measurement. Unfortunately, developing a knowledge base regarding children’s coping in the context of disasters, terrorism, and war has been hampered by a lack of theoretical consensus and a virtual absence of rigorous test construction, implementation, and evaluation. This report presents a comprehensive review of measurement tools assessing child and adolescent coping in the aftermath of mass trauma, with a particular emphasis on coping dimensions identified through factor analytic procedures. Coping measurement and issues related to the assessment of coping are reviewed. Concepts important in instrument development and psychometric features of coping measures used in disasters, terrorism, and war are presented. The relationships between coping dimensions and both youth characteristics and clinical outcomes also are presented. A discussion of the reviewed findings highlights the difficulty clinicians may experience when trying to integrate the inconsistencies in coping dimensions across studies. Incorporating the need for multiple informants and the difference between general and context-specific coping measures suggests the importance of a multilevel, theoretical conceptualization of coping and thus, the use of more advanced statistical measures. Attention also is given to issues deemed important for further exploration in child disaster coping research.

PfefferbaumB,NitiémaP,JacobsAK,NoffsingerMA,WindLH,AllenSF.Review of coping in children exposed to mass trauma: measurement tools, coping styles, and clinical implications.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(2):169–180.
Traumatic Brain Injury as a Disorder of Brain Connectivity
Authors: Hayes Jasmeet P. , Bigler Erin D. , Verfaellie Mieke
Published: February 2016

Objectives:Recent advances in neuroimaging methodologies sensitive to axonal injury have made it possible to assess in vivo the extent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) -related disruption in neural structures and their connections. The objective of this paper is to review studies examining connectivity in TBI with an emphasis on structural and functional MRI methods that have proven to be valuable in uncovering neural abnormalities associated with this condition.Methods:We review studies that have examined white matter integrity in TBI of varying etiology and levels of severity, and consider how findings at different times post-injury may inform underlying mechanisms of post-injury progression and recovery. Moreover, in light of recent advances in neuroimaging methods to study the functional connectivity among brain regions that form integrated networks, we review TBI studies that use resting-state functional connectivity MRI methodology to examine neural networks disrupted by putative axonal injury.Results:The findings suggest that TBI is associated with altered structural and functional connectivity, characterized by decreased integrity of white matter pathways and imbalance and inefficiency of functional networks. These structural and functional alterations are often associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and poor functional outcomes.Conclusions:TBI has a negative impact on distributed brain networks that lead to behavioral disturbance. (JINS, 2016,22, 120–137)
Graph Metrics of Structural Brain Networks in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls: Group Differences, Relationships with Intelligence, and Genetics
Authors: Yeo Ronald A. , Ryman Sephira G. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , de Reus Marcel A. , Jung Rex E. , Pommy Jessica , Mayer Andrew R. , Ehrlich Stefan , Schulz S. Charles , Morrow Eric M. , Manoach Dara , Ho Beng-Choon , Sponheim Scott R. , Calhoun Vince D.
Published: February 2016

Objectives: One of the most prominent features of schizophrenia is relatively lower general cognitive ability (GCA). An emerging approach to understanding the roots of variation in GCA relies on network properties of the brain. In this multi-center study, we determined global characteristics of brain networks using graph theory and related these to GCA in healthy controls and individuals with schizophrenia. Methods: Participants (N=116 controls, 80 patients with schizophrenia) were recruited from four sites. GCA was represented by the first principal component of a large battery of neurocognitive tests. Graph metrics were derived from diffusion-weighted imaging. Results: The global metrics of longer characteristic path length and reduced overall connectivity predicted lower GCA across groups, and group differences were noted for both variables. Measures of clustering, efficiency, and modularity did not differ across groups or predict GCA. Follow-up analyses investigated three topological types of connectivity—connections among high degree “rich club” nodes, “feeder” connections to these rich club nodes, and “local” connections not involving the rich club. Rich club and local connectivity predicted performance across groups. In a subsample (N=101 controls, 56 patients), a genetic measure reflecting mutation load, based on rare copy number deletions, was associated with longer characteristic path length. Conclusions: Results highlight the importance of characteristic path lengths and rich club connectivity for GCA and provide no evidence for group differences in the relationships between graph metrics and GCA. (JINS, 2016, 22, 240–249)
Fornix Microstructure and Memory Performance Is Associated with Altered Neural Connectivity during Episodic Recognition
Authors: Ly Martina , Adluru Nagesh , Destiche Daniel J. , Lu Sharon Y. , Oh Jennifer M. , Hoscheidt Siobhan M. , Alexander Andrew L. , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Rowley Howard A. , Sager Mark A. , Johnson Sterling C. , Bendlin Barbara B.
Published: February 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess whether age-related differences in white matter microstructure are associated with altered task-related connectivity during episodic recognition. Methods: Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging from 282 cognitively healthy middle-to-late aged adults enrolled in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention, we investigated whether fractional anisotropy (FA) within white matter regions known to decline with age was associated with task-related connectivity within the recognition network. Results: There was a positive relationship between fornix FA and memory performance, both of which negatively correlated with age. Psychophysiological interaction analyses revealed that higher fornix FA was associated with increased task-related connectivity amongst the hippocampus, caudate, precuneus, middle occipital gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. In addition, better task performance was associated with increased task-related connectivity between the posterior cingulate gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, cuneus, and hippocampus. Conclusions: The findings indicate that age has a negative effect on white matter microstructure, which in turn has a negative impact on memory performance. However, fornix microstructure did not significantly mediate the effect of age on performance. Of interest, dynamic functional connectivity was associated with better memory performance. The results of the psychophysiological interaction analysis further revealed that alterations in fornix microstructure explain–at least in part–connectivity among cortical regions in the recognition memory network. Our results may further elucidate the relationship between structural connectivity, neural function, and cognition. (JINS, 2016, 22, 191–204)