bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modified Intraoral Film Holders for Postmortem Identification
Authors: Oeschger MP , Hubar JS
Published: August 2015

To date there have not been any commercial dental X-ray film holders marketed to accommodate the special needs of forensic odontologists. Modification of standard Rinn XCP® film holders by the investigators produced self-supporting film holders that do not require the active participation from the examinee. The modified film holders greatly simplify the operator's technique of exposing dental radiographs on cadavers.
Centipede Inflicted Postmortem Injury
Authors: Harada K , Asa K , Imachi T , Yamaguchi Y , Yoshida K
Published: August 2015

We here report the first case of postmortem injury caused by a centipede. An old man was found dead in his bedroom. The death was estimated to be due to intracranial hemorrhage and to have occurred two days before the police inspection. A centipede about 12 cm long emerged from a subcutaneous cavity on the victim's forearm. Obviously, the centipede had dug the cavity on the intact skin. A police inspector was bitten by the centipede, so he stepped on the centipede on the floor. The exudate from the insect was identified to be derived from the victim's blood.
Wildlife Forensic Entomology: Determining Time of Death in Two Illegally Killed Black Bear Cubs
Authors: Anderson GS
Published: August 2015

Forensic entomology is now commonly used to determine time of death in human death investigations. However, it can be equally applicable to wildlife crimes. This paper describes the use of entomology to determine time of death in the illegal killing of two young bear cubs in Manitoba, Canada. Two cubs were found shot, disemboweled, with their gall bladders removed. Natural Resource officers (Conservation Officers) and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) officer examined the remains, and the R.C.M.P. officer collected insect evidence. The only insects on the remains were adult blow flies coming to lay eggs and the blow fly eggs themselves (Diptera: Calliphoridae). The time of hatch was recorded and the insects were reared to adulthood. Time of hatch, together with species identification, macro and micro climate and lab developmental data were used to determine the time of death. The time was consistent with the time that the defendants were seen at the scene and was used in their conviction. This case illustrates that insect evidence can be equally as valuable in poaching cases as in homicide cases. However, in most cases Conservation Officers are unaware of this science. It is therefore, extremely important for more Conservation Officers to be educated about this field.
Forensic Identification of a Rapist Using Unusual Evidence
Authors: Oz C , Levi JA , Novoselski Y , Volkov N , Motro U
Published: August 2015

This case report demonstrates a rape case, where no semen, hair, or fingerprints were left by the perpetrator at the crime scene, but rather uncharacteristic biological and physical evidence in the form of a lollipop and a pair of glasses. Three separate forensic laboratories collaborated using conventional forensic methods of PCR DNA typing, photography, and toolmark comparisons to provide investigators with scientific evidence which in turn was instrumental in bringing a violent criminal to justice. The importance of evaluating each item of evidence and realizing its forensic value is stressed in this case report.
The Potential Contribution of MVR-PCR to Paternity Probabilities in a Case Lacking a Mother
Authors: Tamaki K , Huang X-L , Mizutani M , Yamamoto T , Katsumata R , Uchihi R , Katsumata Y , Jeffreys AJ
Published: August 2015

Minisatellite variant repeat (MVR) mapping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to a paternity case lacking a mother to evaluate the paternity probability. After three flanking polymorphic sites at each of MS31A and MS32 loci were investigated from the child and alleged father, allele-specific MVR-PCR was performed using genomic DNA. It was confirmed that one allele in the child was identical to that in the alleged father at both loci. Mapped allele codes were compared with allele structures established from population surveys. No perfect matches were found although some motifs were shared with other Japanese alleles. The paternity index and probability of paternity exclusion at these two MVR loci were then estimated, establishing the power of MVR-PCR even in paternity cases lacking a mother.
Male DNA Typing from 25-Year-Old Vaginal Swabs Using Y Chromosomal STR Polymorphisms in a Retrial Request Case
Authors: Honda K , Roewer L , de Kniff P
Published: August 2015

We report here the application of Y chromosomal DNA analysis in a retrial request case, raised officially by Sapporo High Court, Japan, of a condemned criminal whose capital punishment has been suspended. DNA was extracted from mixed seminal/vaginal secretion stains collected 25 years ago from two raped and murdered victims, and Y chromosome STR loci (DYS19, 390, 393, YCAII) were amplified and sequenced to clarify the DNA type of the rapist. Alkaline proteinase and sodium hydroxide were used before phenol/chloroform extraction to achieve high quality DNA from very old samples. In addition, amplified fragments of DYS19, DYS390, and DYS393 were sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer. Four Y STR DNA types detected from vaginal swabs were found identical to those of the accused criminal and confirmed that the two rape and murder cases had been committed by the same person. Sapporo High Court accepted the results and rejected the retrial request in February 1998.
Commentary On: Huxley AK and Angevine JB Jr. Determination of Gestational Age from Lunar Age Assessments in Human Fetal Remains. J Forensic Sci 1998;43(6):1254–1256
Authors: Warren MW
Published: August 2015

Commentary On: Huxley AK and Angevine JB Jr. Determination of Gestational Age from Lunar Age Assessments in Human Fetal Remains. J Forensic Sci 1998;43(6):1254–1256.
Review of: Scientific Evidence and Expert Testimony Handbook
Authors: Uzych L
Published: August 2015

Forensic Science lies at the interface of law and science. It is a hybrid area in which competent practitioners must be willing and able to work effectually with a professionally-challenging admixture of nebulous legal terms of art and technologic-related questions. The many bricks of scholarship embedded in author Becker's Scientific Evidence and Expert Testimony Handbook are capably constructed into a sturdy bridge of knowledge and understanding, admirably linking the two normally-disparate worlds of law and science.
Review of: Maltreatment and Torture. Research in Legal Medicine, Vol. 19
Authors: Pedal I
Published: August 2015

The spectrum of tasks performed by forensic scientists would be completely misunderstood if limited only to the solving of local forensic problems. The forensic practitioner must also carry out the health political tasks society expects of them and must take a stand on questions of human rights transcending mere local and national interests. The logical consistency of this high claim grows necessarily out of the daily work of the forensic physician. As specialists in the phenomenology of the effects of violence, only the forensic scientist can be expected to perform the detailed documentation and reconstruction of events necessary to prove crimes involving maltreatment andlor torture. It is to the credit of the editor of the present volume that they have help to illuminate this vital connection between the specific competence of forensic scientists and its wider social and political implications.
Activated Protein C Resistance Is Uncommon in Sudden Death Due to Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Rulon JJ , Cho CG , Guerra LL , Bux RC , Gulley ML
Published: August 2015

Activated protein C resistance (APC-R) is the most common inherited defect of the coagulation system known to date, affecting 3–5% of Americans. It is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis and is reportedly found in 21% of individuals with deep venous thrombosis. Medical examiners are in a unique position to make the diagnosis since a fatal pulmonary embolism may be the first manifestation of the disorder. This study examines the prevalence of APC-R in individuals who die suddenly of pulmonary embolism to help medical examiners decide if routine testing is indicated. We examined 66 cases of sudden death due to pulmonary embolism seen at the Bexar County Forensic Science Center in San Antonio, Texas, from 1993–1997. The median age was 46 years with a range of 14 to 93 years. Fifty-three percent were Caucasian, 24% were African-American, and 23% were Hispanic. Twenty-seven percent had no known risk factors for pulmonary embolism. Whole blood was tested for the factor V codon 506Q mutation responsible for APC-R using polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of APC-R was 4.5%, which is similar to the prevalence of APC-R in the general American population. These data imply that individuals with APC-R are not at increased risk for sudden death due to pulmonary embolism. or, conversely, that most fatal pulmonary emboli seen in the medical examiner setting are not induced by APC-R. Routine postmortem testing for the factor V 506Q mutation does not appear indicated at this time, given the low prevalence and high cost of testing.
Estimating Time of Death of Deer in Missouri; A Comparison of Three Indicators
Authors: Hadley BM , Robbins LW , Beffa DA
Published: August 2015

Estimation of time of death (TOD) of white-tailed deer is important to wildlife law enforcement officers. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model for estimating TOD of white-tailed deer in Missouri. We compare the utility of carcass temperature, pupil diameter, and rigor mortis as TOD indicators. The effects of body size, ambient temperature, and various carcass handling methods on the estimate were also examined. Data were collected from 1484 deer during the 1995–96 and 1996–97 hunting seasons. Stepwise regression indicated that all three indicators were significant and that body size and ambient temperature could influence the model. Predictive equations were developed for various combinations of the indicators based on practicality and statistical probabilities. TOD was estimated for 28 animals where the exact TOD was known. There was no significant difference between the estimated and known TOD (p = 0.759) and the average of the absolute differences is 1 h and 28 min.
Comparative Studies on Tissue Distributions of Organophosphorus, Carbamate and Organochlorine Pesticides in Decedents Intoxicated with These Chemicals
Authors: Moriya F , Hashimoto Y
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the tissue distributions of dichlorvos, an organophosphate, chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorothioate, methomyl, a carbamate, and endrin, an organochlorine, in three individuals (Cases 1–3) who died after ingesting insecticidal preparations containing these chemicals.

In Case 1 involving dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, no dichlorvos was detected in most of the blood and tissue samples. Tiny amounts of dichlorvos (0.067 mg/L and 0.027 mg/L) were detected in the vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The chlorpyrifos-methyl concentrations in the blood samples were very site-dependent with a range of 0.615–2.24 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of chlorpyrifos-methyl were within the range 0.379–8.60 mg/kg. The total amounts of dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos-methyl in the stomach were 879 and 612 mg, respectively. The serum cholinesterase activity was 3 IU/L/37°C.

In Case 2 involving methomyl, the methomyl concentrations in the blood samples were very site-dependent with a range of 0.56–4.75 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of methomyl were 2.61 mg/kg or less, no methomyl being detected in the spleen, liver and kidney. The methomyl concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous humor were 5.37 and 4.75 mg/L, respectively. The stomach contained 85 mg methomyl. The serum cholinesterase activity was 73 IU/L/37°C.

In Case 3 involving endrin, the victim underwent medical treatment for 7 h after ingesting an endrin preparation. The differences in the endrin concentrations among the blood samples were small, with a range of 0.353–0.615 mg/L. The tissue concentrations of endrin were within the range 0.467 13.3 mg/kg. The endrin in the stomach (66 mg) was adsorbed almost completely on the activated charcoal that was administered for medical treatment.
An Evaluation of the Significance of Transfers of Debris: Criteria for Association and Exclusion
Authors: Cwiklik C
Published: August 2015

Several criteria are proposed for making decisions about comparing sets of debris involving the transfer of non-component particles and fibers—those produced from something other than the item itself—using a model based upon rudimentary set theory. Decisions about the significance of an association or an exclusion based upon trace evidence require an evaluation of debris in its context; reference points for such evaluation are presented. Samples of debris from the sites relevant to the event under investigation must be available, as well as debris standards from the usual environments of the people involved, and must be adequate to permit a determination of normal versus foreign debris.

Criteria are proposed for establishing contact based upon corresponding sets of particles and fibers, for excluding contact in the absence of corresponding particles or fibers, and for refraining from making either an association or an exclusion. Conditions for reaching qualified conclusions or other types of associations when these criteria are only partially met are also discussed; conclusions may sometimes be reached if potential sources for debris particles and fibers can be found. Decisions about the strength of an association or an exclusion based upon comparisons of non-component debris particles and fibers can be made by reference to the criteria for reaching a conclusion. The criteria can be tested via Bayes' Theorem. The analysis itself is based primarily upon light microscopy, although other methods may be used as well. Case examples are presented.
Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974–1989): VI. Identification and Analysis of Yellow Organic Automotive Paint Pigments—Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, and Miscellaneous Yellows
Authors: Suzuki EM
Published: August 2015

Two yellow organic pigments, Benzimidazolone Yellow 3G and Benzimidazolone Yellow 4G, were identified in some U.S. automobile original (OEM) topcoats (1974–1989) in previous work in this study. The topcoats consisted of single layer finishes (monocoats) from the Reference Collection of Automotive Paints, and the pigments were identified in situ using infrared spectroscopy. The identification, analysis, and occurrence of other yellow organic pigments used in these finishes, including Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, and Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, are described here. Based on a spectral survey of Reference Collection yellow, orange, brown and green nonmetallic monocoats, absorptions of Isoindolinone Yellow 3R were observed in the spectra of approximately three dozen yellow monocoats and one dozen orange ones. Isoindoline Yellow was identified in a single orange nonmetallic enamel. This pigment is now more common since it was one of several replacements for Chrome Yellow—a popular lead-containing pigment which is no longer used in U.S. automobile OEM finishes—and it was identified in several recent yellow nonmetallic basecoat/clearcoat finishes. Weak absorptions of Anthrapyrimidine Yellow were identified in the spectrum of a single yellow nonmetallic enamel. Spectra of several other yellow organic automotive paint pigments are also presented and discussed.
Long PCR for VNTR Analysis
Authors: Richie KL , Goldsborough MD , Darfler MM , Benzinger EA , Lovekamp ML , Reeder DJ , O'Connell CD
Published: August 2015

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the analysis of DNA from a variety of sources. With its sensitivity and ability to amplify degraded DNAs and small quantities of samples, coupled with fast turn-around-time, PCR is often the analytical method of choice for DNA profiling in forensic laboratories. RFLP methods, while requiring larger amounts of high molecular weight DNA and needing approximately 6–8 weeks of analytical time, still provide a higher power of discrimination per locus than that achieved using the loci currently available for PCR.

The combination of both RFLP and PCR would be advantageous for some applications. A new technique, Long PCR, allows for the effective amplification of long DNA targets from approximately 0.5 kb to >20 kb of genomic DNA. Currently, several Long PCR systems are commercially available. Using a Taq/Pyrococcus DNA polymerase enzyme system and DNA isolated from bloodstains, we have successfully amplified 1–20 ng of Chelex-extracted DNA, an amount commonly used in Amp-FLP technology. The robustness of Long PCR in comparison to RFLP was also examined through the use of partially degraded blood samples. Long PCR was then used to amplify both D2S44 and D5S110 RFLP loci. Although all D2 and D5 alleles were detected, the larger alleles were amplified at significantly lower levels than the smaller alleles.
Comparative Identity and Homogeneity Testing of the mtDNA HV1 Region Using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Steighner RJ , Tully LA , Karjala JD , Coble MD , Holland MM
Published: August 2015

A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assay has been developed for comparative identity and homogeneity testing of the mtDNA HV1 region. A total of 49 pairs of sequences, each pair differing by a single unique polymorphism, were tested to verify the reliability of the assay. Discrimination between all pairings was achieved as judged by the resolution of the mismatch-containing heteroduplexes from the fully base-paired homoduplexes. In all but two pairings, resolution of the fully base-paired homoduplexes was also obtained. Sequence pairs differing by multiple polymorphisms were also tested and resulted in a greater separation between the homo- and heteroduplexes. Additional information derived from the technique includes the identification of co-amplifying contaminating or heteroplasmic samples in the independent samples lanes. Thirteen heteroplasmic samples, six at positions distinct from those analyzed in the pairwise comparison study, were analyzed and the heteroplasmic positions identified unambiguously by sequencing the excised bands. The technique constitutes a conceptually simple, accurate, and inexpensive test for determining whether two sequences match within the mtDNA HV1 region, while providing a more definitive control for the identification of co-amplifying contaminating or heteroplasmic sequences than is presently available.
Analysis of Ballpoint Pen Inks by Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sakayanagi M , Komuro J , Konda Y , Watanabe K , Harigaya Y
Published: August 2015

Destructive identification of ballpoint pen ink was performed using field desorption mass spectrometry (FDMS) to determine the basic dyes in ballpoint pen ink. Seven different brands of black, blue, and red ballpoint pen inks (total: 21 samples) were examined in this study. A 1-mm section was cut from an ink line drawn on paper and used as the sample. Extraction was performed with methanol. Analysis of each extract by FDMS showed the molecular ion peak of each dye and the black, blue, and red inks were then classified into 6, 6, and 6 types, respectively, based on the ions detected. The results indicated that it was possible to distinguish between manufacturers of ballpoint pens. This analysis of ballpoint pen inks was found to be effective and the method was applied to the analysis of an actual forensic sample.
A Reevaluation of the Sex Prediction Accuracy of the Minimum Supero-Inferior Femoral Neck Diameter for Modern Individuals
Authors: Stojanowski CM , Seidemann RM
Published: August 2015

The results of an independent test of the minimum supero-inferior femoral neck diameter as a sex predictor are presented. Seidemann et al. (1) generated discriminant functions for Caucasians, African-Americans, and a combined race sample from the Hamann-Todd skeletal collection. Jackknifed classification matrices and the use of independent, random validation samples indicated a sex prediction accuracy in the 90% range. This, combined with a high rate of preservation, makes the femoral neck a significant measure for forensic applications. However, the method has not been evaluated on a truly modern sample.

Data were collected for 94 males and 49 females from the Documented Collection at the University of New Mexico. The sample consists of 94 Caucasians, 33 African Ameicans, three modern Native Americans, two Hispanics, and 11 individuals of unknown ancestry. All individuals were born after the turn of the century. We evaluate the accuracy of the discriminant functions generated from the Hamann-Todd control sample. For Caucasians, 83% were correctly classified, for African Americans 97% were correctly classified and for the combined race function 85% were correctly classified. This decrease in accuracy is the result of the increase in African American male and all female sample means. This effectively decreases the separation between males and females for the femoral neck diameter. We generate new discriminant functions from the modern data and jackknife the classification matrices. The Caucasian function was 84% accurate, the African-American function was 82% accurate and the combined sample function was 85% accurate. The femoral neck may provide a useful alternative to multivariate techniques for individuals who are poorly preserved.
Presenting Three-Dimensional Forensic Facial Simulations on the Internet Using VRML
Authors: Evison MP , Green MA
Published: August 2015

Advances in graphical computing have led to the development of computerized simulation models for forensic facial reconstruction in three dimensions. As well as being rapid and repeatable, computerization also offers a flexible means of presenting finished reconstructions. Here we describe the presentation of virtual images of plastic reconstructions on the Internet using virtual reality modeling language (VRML) and the enhancement of the final images using a commercially available three-dimensional editing program. The Internet offers an additional medium for presenting images to the public which will complement the traditional methods. International round-the-clock accessibility to images is gained, combined with the facility to interact freely with the reconstruction in three dimensions. Use of the Internet will also facilitate an efficient internationally available service for computerized forensic facial reconstruction.
Interpolating Between Computerized Three-Dimensional Forensic Facial Simulations
Authors: Green MA , Evison MP
Published: August 2015

The shape of the skull is a limited predictor of facial appearance and facial reconstruction methods can offer at best a resemblance to the individual during life. Various unknown factors in addition to those relating to age, build, obesity, ethnic group, and the varying shape of the eyes, nose, and mouth mean that a variety of facial reconstructions could be produced from any single skull. A disadvantage of both traditional “plastic” facial reconstruction methods and existing computerized equivalents is that the finished reconstruction is fixed and substantial further work is required if a modified outcome is to be presented. An advantage of computerization is that if offers a greater potential for easy revision of images. Here we describe a method for interpolating or “morphing” between virtual images of facial reconstructions produced using the “plastic” technique which enables the interactive fattening of the face in three dimensions. Morphing is achieved using qmorf, a demonstration program, and using the interpolator node of virtual reality modeling language (VRML).
Validation of the Use of a Commercially Available Kit for the Identification of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Semen Stains
Authors: Simich JP , Morris SL , Klick RL , Rittenhouse-Diakun K
Published: August 2015

PSA is currently being used to detect and monitor quantitatively the development of prostate cancer by serum levels of PSA and has also been found to be present in high concentrations in semen. Elegantly simple, sensitive, and reproducible methods have been developed for analysis of the presence of PSA, including the Tandem-E PSA Immunoenzymetric Assay. The most common procedures for the forensic identification of semen have focused on the microscopic detection of sperm, acid phosphatase activity, and immunoelectrophoretic methods for the detection of PSA. Although these methods have been used for many years, there are problems associated with each method. The Tandem-E PSA Immunoenzymetric Assay detected PSA in 100% of the forensic casework fabric samples, 80% of the forensic casework vaginal swabs and 100% of the vasectomized individuals tested. The cut-off values was determined to be 1.77 ng/mL. These results indicate that this method can be used to identify the presence of semen in forensically significant specimens.
Detection of Epithelial Cells in Dried Blood Stains by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Bauer M , Kraus A , Patzelt D
Published: August 2015

The identification of menstrual blood stains can be improved by detection of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) specific for epithelial (endometrial) cells. RNA molecules, however, are believed to be unstable and require careful sample processing. In this study, we have investigated the extraction of RNA suitable for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from dried blood stains stored for up to six months. With a modified RNA isolation protocol, it was possible to obtain RNA from dried blood stains with at least 5 × 102 leukocytes. In an additional experiment, we evaluated the RNA isolation from mixed stains composed of leukocytes and T47D cells, a breast cancer-derived cell line with epithelial origin. Detection of 102 T47D cells in a total number of 105 leukocytes was possible by amplification of cytokeratin 19 mRNA and progesterone receptor-mRNA specific for hormonally regulated epithelial cells. In both experiments amplification results were not dependent on storage time with similar data from one day to six months. Furthermore, it was possible to identify dried menstrual blood samples by showing the presence of mRNA specific for epihelial cells. These results demonstrate for the first time, that RNA suitable for RT-PCR, can be isolated from forensic specimens stored up to at least six months, and that a small number of epithelial (endometrial) cells can be identified in dried blood specimens. Using this method, it will be possible to identify the origin of small and partially degraded blood samples which can be especially useful in forensic evaluation of cases with sexual offense.
TWGDAM Validation of a Nine-Locus and a Four-Locus Fluorescent STR Multiplex System
Authors: Micka KA , Amiott EA , Hockenberry TL , Sprecher CJ , Lins AM , Rabbach DR , Taylor JA , Bacher JW , Glidewell DE , Gibson SD , Crouse CA , Schumm JW
Published: August 2015

The Gene Print® PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin and FFFL Fluorescent STR Systems have been validated following the recommendations presented by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM). The PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin System supports simultaneous amplification of eight short tandem repeat loci and the Amelogenin gender identification marker. The loci D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and D5S818 are labeled with fluorescein (FL) while the loci CSF1PO, TP0X, TH01, vWA and Amelogenin are labeled with carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine (TMR). The FFFL Multiplex System is composed of the loci F13A01, FESFPS, F13B, and LPL, each labeled with fluorescein. We have observed no overlap of alleles across loci labeled with an individual fluorescent dye. Samples of each system were amplified and labeled in a single reaction, separated by electrophoresis through a denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and amplified alleles detected using a Hitachi FMBIO® Fluorescent Scanner. Alterations from the standard amplification protocols in cycle number and annealing temperature generally produced excellent results. In experiments testing sensitivity as little as 0.2 ng of DNA template could be detected. As expected, different body fluids from the same individuals generated identical DNA profile results. Template DNA derived from bloodstrains deposited on a variety of matrix supports displayed robust amplification except for material derived from deposits on wood and Japanese orchid leaves. Mixtures of DNA templates could be interpreted with the minor component present in as little as ten percent of the total sample. Monoplex and multiplex amplifications produced identical amplified allele patterns, indicating that STR multiplex systems save template and increase efficiency in the amplification procedure without loss of quality. Analyses of genotype frequencies in African-American, Caucasian-American and Hispanic-American populations using all twelve loci were used to determine matching probabilities smaller than 1 in 1.14 × 108 and 1 in 2658 for the PowerPlex™ 1.1 and the FFFL Multiplex Systems, respectively. The matching probability achieved with the two systems combined is smaller than 1 in 3.03 × 1011. The independence of alleles within loci was generally demonstrated by applying the exact test to demonstrate Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. All of the studies performed indicate that the PowerPlex™ 1.1/Amelogenin and FFFL Multiplex Systems are powerful, robust, and reliable investigative tools that can be used in the analysis of forensic samples.
Data on the PCR Turkish Population Based Loci: LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and Gc
Authors: Ülküer MK , Ülküer Ü , Kesici T , Menevşe A
Published: August 2015

Allele and genotype frequencies for the five PCR-based loci were analyzed in 157 unrelated Turkish individuals. The five PCR-based loci included LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, and Gc. The results of the chi-square and exact tests showed that the genotype distribution at the LDLR, GYPA, D7S8, and Gc loci did not significantly differ from the Hardy-Weinberg Expectation (HWE). However, the genotype distribution at the HBGG locus did not conform to HWE. Moreover, the genotype frequencies calculated in this study were compared with the published genotype frequencies of US African American and US Caucasian populations. The Turkish population was significantly different at the HBGG locus from the US Caucasian population. However, there were highly significant differences at the LDLR, HBGG, and Gc loci between the Turkish and African American populations.
Population Study of HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS Systems in Azores
Authors: Corte-Real F , Souto L , Anjos MJ , Carvalho M , Vieira DN , Carracedo A , Vide MC
Published: August 2015

The tetrameric short tandem repeat polymorphisms HUMTH01, HUMVWA31/A, HUMF13A1, and HUMFES/FPS were studied in blood stains obtained from a population of unrelated individuals from the Azores Archipelago (Portugal). Gene frequencies were determined and no deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was found. However, the allelic independence test between loci showed linkage disequilibrium between HUMVWA31/A and HUMFES/FPS. A combined discrimination power and chance of exclusion of, respectively, 0.9999 and 0.9534, reveal the high forensic interest of the four systems. No differences with other caucasoid populations were found, but comparison with some asiatic, eskimo, and amerindian populations showed significant statistical differences.
Allele Frequencies of Six STR Loci in Argentine Populations
Authors: Tourret N , Camelo JL , Vidal-Rioja L
Published: August 2015

Allele frequencies of six short tandem repeat (STR) loci were determined in a Caucasian urban sample of La Plata city and three Amerindian sample populations of Argentina. Allele frequencies showed differences between urbans and Amerindians, and among Amerindians as well. The degree of genetic differentiation of subpopulations was mainly due to the Amerindian contribution. Mapuche, Mocovi, and pooled Amerindian populations showed little evidence of HW disequilibrium, and association of alleles. In the urban sample, there is no evidence of population substructuring. Forensic probabilities of exclusion and matching showed high differences between the population groups. Finally, La Plata sample did not show differences with Caucasians from other geographic regions.
A Systematic Analysis of Secondary DNA Transfer
Authors: Ladd C , Adamowicz MS , Bourke MT , Scherczinger CA , Lee HC
Published: August 2015

The Nature letter by R. van Oorschot and M. Jones (1) addressed two topics: the primary transfer of DNA from person to person or to various objects, and the secondary transfer of DNA through an intermediary. Forensic scientists have described the primary transfer of DNA and other biological evidence for many years. However, the authors also reported detecting secondary transfer of DNA from an object to a person's hands, which could adversely affect DNA typing in the forensic context. The prospect of secondary transfer raises questions of interest to both the legal and forensic communities. Therefore, we sought to evaluate parameters potentially leading to secondary DNA transfer. Our data do not support the conclusion that secondary transfer will compromise DNA typing results under typical forensic conditions.
Frequencies of D8S384 Alleles and Genotypes in European, African-American, Chinese, and Japanese Populations
Authors: Meng HY , Hou YP , Chen GD , Li YB , Wu J , Walter H , Prinz M
Published: August 2015

D8S384 is a tetranucleotide tandem repeat locus. In order to evaluate the forensic validation of D8S384, the genotype distributions and allele frequencies in ten populations from three main ethnic groups were investigated, including Germans, Slovakians, African Americans, Japanese, and Chinese (Jilin, Guangzhou, Nanning, Hailaer, Dali, and Chengdu). A total of 1011 unrelated individuals, 41 pedigrees, 30 disputed paternity trios and three personal identification cases were analyzed for D8S384 by Amp-FLP technique. Many kinds of tissues, body fluids, secreta and stains have been tested. The alleles were determined by comparison with a human allele ladder. The results showed that D8S384 typing was both precise and reliable. There were eight alleles in these populations. The genotype distributions conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predictions. No mutation events were observed. With a maximum likelihood method, the mutation rate was indirectly estimated as 2.14 × 10−5. The heterozygosity was 0.704 ± 0.014 at D8S384 locus. All these results suggest that D8S384 locus is a useful marker for forensic identification and paternity analysis.
Population Data on the Thirteen CODIS Core Short Tandem Repeat Loci in African Americans, U.S. Caucasians, Hispanics, Bahamians, Jamaicans, and Trinidadians
Authors: Budowle B , Moretti TR , Baumstark AL , Defenbaugh DA , Keys KM
Published: August 2015

Allele distributions for 13 tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci, CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11, were determined in African American, United States Caucasian, Hispanic, Bahamian, Jamaican, and Trinidadian sample populations. There was little evidence for departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) in any of the populations. Based on the exact test, the loci that departed significantly from HWE are: D21S11 (p = 0.010, Bahamians); CSF1PO (p = 0.014, Trinidadians); TPOX (p = 0.011, Jamaicans and p = 0.035, U.S. Caucasians); and D16S539 (p = 0.043, Bahamians). After employing the Bonferroni correction for the number of loci analyzed (i.e., 13 loci per database), these observations are not likely to be significant. There is little evidence for association of alleles between the loci in these databases. The allelic frequency data are similar to other comparable data within the same major population group.
Preserving the Integrity of the Interview: The Value of Videotape
Authors: Pitt SE , Spiers EM , Dietz PE , Dvoskin JA
Published: August 2015

This article addresses the value of videotape in forensic mental health evaluations. Literature reviews were conducted using Medline and PsychInfo Databases. The authors briefly describe the general use of videotape, explore the use of videotape within the legal process, respond to opposition to videotape use, discuss confidentiality and consent issues, address possible exceptions to the use of videotape, and express their unwavering support for the use of videotape during forensic evaluations. The authors also provide a detailed set of instructions designed to assist professionals with establishing their own videotaping system. The authors conclude that videotape performs an essential function in the preservation of the integrity of forensic mental health evaluations.
Alcohol Content of Beer and Malt Beverages: Forensic Considerations
Authors: Logan BK , Case GA , Distefano S
Published: August 2015

Beer consumption is commonly an issue in a medico-legal setting, requiring estimates either of a likely blood alcohol concentration (BAC) for a given pattern of consumption or vice versa. Four hundred and four beers and malt beverages available for sale in the State of Washington were tested by gas chromatography for their alcohol content. Considerable variability in the alcoholic strength was found, even within the same class. Overall the range of concentrations was 2.92%v/v to 15.66%v/v. The mean alcohol concentration for ales was 5.51%v/v (SD 1.23%v/v), and for lagers, 5.32% (SD 1.43%v/v). Some specialty brews had characteristically higher or lower mean concentrations; ice beers 6.07%v/v, malt liquor 7.23%v/v, light beer 4.13%v/v, seasonal ales 6.30%v/v. Six brands of lager and four light beers account for the majority of all beer sales in the United States, and the mean alcohol concentration for these products was measured as 4.73%v/v and 4.10%v/v respectively. Few of the beers (17%) were labeled with respect to alcohol content, and in some cases, there was a significant disparity between the concentration listed on the label, and the measured alcohol concentration. Toxicologists need to exercise caution when performing Widmark type calculations, using all available information to select the most appropriate estimate for alcoholic strength of a beer or malt beverage.
Positive Identification of Cremains Recovered from an Automobile Based on Presence of an Internal Fixation Device
Authors: Bennett JL , Benedix DC
Published: August 2015

We report on the use of a surgically implanted device, an EBI osteostimulator, as a means of establishing the identification of a homicide victim. The use of such an appliance for securing positive identification has not been previously reported. Additionally we stress the importance of intensive and accurate excavation at scenes involving intense burning where the potential for non-skeletal contaminants is high.
A Case of Suicidal Hanging Staged as Homicide
Authors: Adair TW , Dobersen MJ
Published: August 2015

Suicides staged as homicides are rarely encountered by crime scene investigators. The case of one such staged homicide is presented in which the victim used restraints during a hanging. No other cases of suicidal hangings staged as homicides could be found in the forensic literature. Similar cases should be reported so additional data can be gained from these deaths to help reveal indicators of suicide rather than homicide.
Detection of Azide in Forensic Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Hortin GL , Dey SK , Hall M , Andrew Robinson C
Published: August 2015

Azide salts are highly toxic compounds that have been difficult to detect in forensic samples. Here, anion analysis by capillary electrophoresis with indirect spectrophotometric detection was applied to detect azide in forensic specimens from two suicide victims. Gastric specimens from the victims were shown to have high azide concentrations; azide represented one of the major anionic components and no corresponding component occurred in normal gastric juice. Samples of blood and bile had low concentrations of azide near the limits of detection. The method described for azide analysis used simple steps for sample preparation and analysis time was less than 10 min per sample. It offers a simple and reliable method for detecting azide in biological fluids.
Distribution of D1S80 Alleles in the Bahrainian Population
Authors: Tahir MA , Rogers C , Alkhayyat M , El-Gohary M , Budowle B , Balamurugan K
Published: August 2015

This study demonstrates that the locus D1S80 is highly polymorphic in the Bahrainian population. There were 24 different D1S80 alleles and 51 distinct genotypes observed in 198 Bahrainians. There was one allele observed that was smaller than the 14 repeat allele. This data set meets the Hardy-Weinberg expectations (HWE) and could be a useful marker for parentage testing and forensic applications.
Allele Frequencies for Nine STR Loci in African-American, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Bangladesh Populations
Authors: Borys S , Eisenberg A , Carmody G , Fourney R
Published: August 2015

Allele Frequencies for Nine STR Loci in African-American, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Bangladesh Populations
Allele Frequency Distributions for Nine STR Loci in the Japanese Population
Authors: Borys S , Iwamoto R , Miyakoshi J , Carmody G , Fourney R
Published: August 2015

Allele Frequency Distributions for Nine STR Loci in the Japanese Population
Allele Frequency in the Population of Buenos Aires (Argentina) Using AmpliType® PM + DQA1
Authors: Padula RA , Gangitano DA , Juvenal GJ , Budowle B
Published: August 2015

Allele Frequency in the Population of Buenos Aires (Argentina) Using AmpliType® PM + DQA1
Commentary on Tomczak PD, Buikstra JE. Analysis of Blunt Trauma Injuries: Vertical Deceleration Versus Horizontal Deceleration Injuries. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44(2):253–62
Authors: Galloway A , Mason RT
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Tomczak PD, Buikstra JE. Analysis of blunt trauma injuries: Vertical deceleration versus horizontal deceleration injuries. J Forensic Sci 1999; 44(2):253–62.
Commentary on Hochmeister MN, Budowle B, Sparkes R, Rudin O, Gehrig C, Thali M, Schmidt L, Cordier A. Validation Studies of an Immunochromatographic 1-step Test for the Forensic Identification of Human Blood. J Fosensic Sci 1999;44:597–602
Authors: Rowley BO
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Hochmeister MN, Budowle B, Sparkes R, Rudin O, Gehrig C, Thali M, Schmidt L, Cordier A. Validation studies of an immunochromatographic 1-step test for the forensic identification of human blood. J Fosensic Sci 1999;44:597–602.
Commentary on Koons, RD, Buscaglia J. The Forensic Significance of Glass Composition and Refractive Index Measurements. J Forensic Sci 1999;44(3):496–503
Authors: Curran JM , Buckleton JS , Triggs CM
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Koons, RD, Buscaglia J. The forensic significance of glass composition and refractive index measurements. J Forensic Sci 1999;44(3):496–503.
Commentary on Linch CA, Smith SL, Prahlow JA. Evaluation of the Human Hair Root for DNA Typing Subsequent to Microscopic Comparison. J Forensic Sci. 1998; 43(2):305–14
Authors: Pettenati MJ , Nagesh Rao P , Linch CA , Prahlow JA
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Linch CA, Smith SL, Prahlow JA. Evaluation of the human hair root for DNA typing subsequent to microscopic comparison. J Forensic Sci. 1998; 43(2):305–14.
Commentary on Willey P, Scott DD. Who's Buried in Custer's Grave? J Forensic Sci 1999;44(3):656–65
Authors: Sperber NS
Published: August 2015

Commentary on Willey P, Scott DD. Who's buried in Custer's grave? J Forensic Sci 1999;44(3):656–65.
Review of Principles of Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Winek CL
Published: August 2015

The publishers promote this textbook as the new standard. It is not the new standard; it is the premier textbook in forensic toxicology. After thirty years of teaching graduate courses in forensic toxicology, I well recognize that a textbook for a course on the topic was not available. We have always needed a forensic toxicology textbook the equivalent of Goodman ilman's Pharmacology text. This textbook has the potential for becoining the Goodman & Gilman of forensic toxicology.
Status of Alcohol Absorption in Drinking Drivers Killed in Traffic Accidents
Authors: Levine B , Smialek JE
Published: August 2015

One issue which constantly confronts the forensic toxicologist in drinking driver cases is the relationship between the breath or blood alcohol concentration (AC) of the driver at the time of an event such as a traffic stop or an accident and the AC measured at a time subsequent to the event. In theory, the AC can be rising, on a plateau or declining at the time of the event. Several studies have indicated that the overwhelming majority of drinking drivers are on a plateau or are post-absorptive at the time of the event. In this study, driver fatality cases investigated by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland during a three-year period were reviewed. Included in this study were cases positive for alcohol in the blood at a cutoff of 0.01 g/dL and death occurring within 15 min of the accident. In fact, many of these deaths were instantaneous or near instantaneous based on the injuries documented by the medical examiner at autopsy. The blood and urine were analyzed for alcohol by head-space gas chromatography and urine AC to blood AC ratios were calculated. A total of 129 cases were included in this study. Eleven of the 129 cases (8.5%) had urine to blood AC ratio less than 1.0. It is likely that these individuals were in the absorptive phase at the time that the accident occurred. Thirty-two cases had a urine to blood AC ratio between 1.0 and 1.2 inclusive. In these cases, the subject could be viewed as in the plateau phase of the blood AC versus time curve. The remaining 86 cases had a urine to blood AC ratio greater than 1.2. This suggests that these individuals were in the post-absorptive state at the time of the accident. The information acquired from this study provides additional evidence to support the notion that the vast majority of individuals are not in the absorptive phase at the time of a traffic stop or an accident.
Among Fatal Poisonings Dextropropoxyphene Predominates in Younger People, Antidepressants in the Middle Aged and Sedatives in the Elderly
Authors: Jonasson B , Jonasson U , Saldeen T
Published: August 2015

To compare the characteristics of dextropropoxyphene (DXP) poisoning victims with those of victims of poisonings by antidepressants and sedatives, we examined all fatal poisonings due to DXP, antidepressants or sedatives among autopsies performed at one department of forensic medicine in Sweden during the six-year period from 1992 to 1997.

In 202 cases, death was classified as fatal poisonings by DXP, antidepressants or sedatives. DXP caused death in 78 cases (39%), antidepressants in 49 (24%), and sedatives in 75 (37%). DXP as a single preparation was predominant in causing death. The second compound, flunitrazepam, caused death in 30 cases (15%).

The victims of poisonings by DXP, antidepressants, or sedatives shared a similar history of alcohol/drug abuse, depression and somatic illness. They were mostly living alone at the time of death (>60%), the majority died at home (81%), and suicide was the most frequent manner of death (73%).

Age seemed to be an important characteristic regarding the choice of drug. Younger people predominantly died of DXP (mean age 43 years, 95% confidence interval, CI 39–47), and elderly people of sedatives (mean age 59 years, CI 55–63). Antidepressants were found mainly in middle-aged victims (mean age 51 years, CI 48–54).

The predominance of sedatives among the elderly might be explained by a very high prescription rate of such drugs in older age groups, but prescription rate could not explain the DXP predominance among younger people. We hypothesize that younger people are more prone to abuse therapeutic drugs for cuphoric reasons than elderly people, and that because of its high toxicity, DXP leads to accidental deaths more often than sedatives.