bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biologic Activities of Honeybee Products Obtained From Different Phytogeographical Regions of Turkey
Authors: Doğan Hamide , Akyol Ethem , Akgül Hasan , Talas Zeliha Selamoğlu
Published: April 2017

Honeybee products are rich in phenolic compounds, which effect as natural antioxidants. These compounds may be attached as indicators in studies into the floral and geographical origin of the natural bee products. In this study, we aimed to determine average total antioxidant capacity, average total oxidant capacity and average oxidative stress index of natural bee products obtained from different regions of Turkey. Collected honeybee samples were kept at +4o C until extracted. Natural bee products were extracted with specific methods and antioxidant capacities were defined with in vitro analyses and data were compared. As a result, the highest average total antioxidant capacities were observed in propolis and pollen samples. Total antioxidant capacities of honeybee products collected from various regions demonstrated differences (P
Jersey İneklerinde STAT5A Geninin Süt Verimi ve Bileşenleri Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması
Authors: Çankaya Soner , Ülker Mehmet , Çobanoğlu Özden , Gürcan Eser Kemal , Kul Ertuğrul , Abacı Samet Hasan
Published: April 2017

In this study, the effect of STAT5A gene was investigated on milk yield and components (fat, protein) in Jersey cows. Because, this gene is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription the factor (STAT) family and thought to be the impact on milk yield and components. As a material in the research, 100 Jersey cows raised in Samsun Karakoy State Farm were used. Milk samples were collected 12 times with one month intervals after calving, and these samples were performed by ultrasonic milk analyzer for milk fat and protein content. In addition, test day milk yield (TDMY) of each cow were also recorded in the control days. C/G polymorphism with PCR-RFLP method result in DNA isolation from blood samples taken from cows was determined at 8.exon at position 12195. Genotype distribution was detected as 69% CC, 28% CG and 3% GG. Allele frequencies were found as 0.83 for the C allele and 0.17 for G allele. As a result of the polymorphism identified in STAT5A gene, statistically no difference were detected among genotypes for TDMY, 305 day milk yield (305 DMY), milk fat and protein rates and milk fat and protein yield. As a result, no significant differences were found between the milk yield and compositions association with STAT5A
Effect of Heat Treatment and Salt Concentration on Free Amino Acids Composition of Sudanese Braided (Muddaffara) Cheese during Storage
Authors: Altahir Mohamed O. E. , Elgasim Elgasim A. , Mohamed Ahmed Isam A.
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of heat treatment and salt concentrations (0, 5, and 10%) on the free amino acids (FAA) composition of Sudanese braided cheese (BC) ripened for up to 3 months at 5±2°C. Heat and salt concentration significantly affected the FAA of braided cheese. The free amino acids concentrations of BC ripened in 0%, 5%, and 10% salted whey (SW) were significantly fluctuated. Under ripening conditions tested (salt level + time), braided cheese made from pasteurized milk (BCPM) had consistently lower values of FAA than braided cheese made from raw milk (BCRM). In fresh cheese, the major FAA in BCRM were Glu (36.12 nmol/ml), Leu (26.77nmol/ml) and Lys (14.51 nmol/ml) while the major ones in BCPM were Lys (2.94 nmol/ml) and Ala (2.45 nmol/ml). BCPM stored in 10% SW had shorter quality life compared to that stored in 5% salted whey.
Alternatif Kanatlı Yetiştiriciliği: Beç Tavuğu Yetiştiriciliği
Authors: Alkan Sezai , Durmuş İsmail
Published: April 2017

Guinea fowl live on the Africa continent as wild and where used intensively family livestock farming in the rural. Although the homeland of the Africa continent, Guinea growing rapidly increasing in the World. Nowadays, Guinea fowl is an important alternative genetic resource can be used in organic livestock farming which developing quickly. Able to adapt to different climatic conditions, have an economic efficiency level in the don’t good environmental conditions and being resistant to diseases are the biggest advantages. Besides, Guinea fowl eats insects, ticks, worms, mouse and snakes, especially in the surrounding of the livestock farming in the rural it can be used for biological control of these pests easily. Because of these advantages, Guinea fowl has a potential for alternative poultry production in Turkey. In this review, importance and general characteristics of Guinea fowl are given.
Evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration Equations under Current Climate Conditions of Egypt
Authors: El Afandi Gamal , Abdrabbo Mohamed
Published: April 2017

Precise estimation of the reference evapotranspiration is very important and vital in different fields such as agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the performance of different reference evapotranspiration methods compared to Class-A pan or E-pan over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. In this study, Egypt has divided into several agro-climatic regions according to the average air temperature and the reference evapotranspiration from Class-A pan. These were Nile Delta in the north, middle and Upper Egypt. Four reference evapotranspiration (ETo) methods namely; Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Thornthwaite and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (PM) have been evaluated in this study. The results revealed that, there were statistically no significance between E-Pan and PM at P-value less than 0.05, while the other equations had significant differences. The Hargreaves equation reported the highest ETo value at all regions while Thornthwaite was the lowest one. The difference percentage ratios between FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, Blaney-Criddle, Thornthwaite and Hargreaves and E-Pan were 3.7, -13.3, -24.8 and 10.7 respectively. Hence, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method has proved its capability in estimation of reference evapotranspiration over different agro-climatic regions in Egypt. Therefore, it could be used over any region in Egypt especially those have no reference evapotranspiration instruments.This study is a regional research, similar studies has been made for different regions by many researchers. Therefore, the determined results in this study can be used for regions with similar climatic conditions.
Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliğinde Prebiyotikler ve Önemi
Authors: Özlüer-Hunt Arzu , Özkan-Yılmaz Ferbal , Çetinkaya Mükerrem
Published: April 2017

The world aquaculture industry shows a rapid increase in production recently. Depending on production methods, culture techniques and culture methods are also developing. With developing culture methods, decrease of water quality, increase of stress, decrease of food quality, increase bacterial, viral or parasite infections can suppress on growth. Lately the use of alternative materials such as prebiotics widespread to improve the health of the fish. A prebiotic is a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon. In this review, the importance and potential effects of some prebiotics are emphasized in aquaculture.
Evaluation of Milking Facilities and Machinery in Dairy Operations of Central Anatolia
Authors: Sağlam Cevdet , Kuş Zeynel Abidin , Yılmaz Serkan
Published: April 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the recent changes in dairy operations of Central Anatolia and to evaluate the milking facilities and machinery capacities of the facilities.The basic objective is to put forward the recent changes through the state supports provided to dairy facilities of the Central Anatolian Provinces. While investigating and evaluating the recent changes, milking parlors, milking machinery and livestock inventories of the facilities were taken into consideration. The relevant data were gathered from the recent records of Turkish Institute of Statistics (TUIK), Agriculture and Rural Development Support Institution (TKDK) and the Ministry of Economy.As a result, in this study while in determining the recent changes in dairy facilities of the Central Anatolian Provinces, the number of milking machinery, milking parlors and livestock inventories were taken into consideration as well as milk yields per animal and number of animals per machine. According to TUIK records for last six years; 384 milking parlors were built, 8877 milking machinery were bought, the increment in the number of livestock inventories and milk yields per animal were taken place as 62.9% and 9.5% respectively. It is thought that supports provided to dairy operations had a great effect on the recent developments. Such supports should also be provided in the future to furnish entire dairy operations with modern machinery and equipment, thus to improve yields and product qualities.
Fasulyede Büyüme ve Gelişme Dönemleri
Authors: Aytekin Ramazan İlhan , Çalışkan Sevgi
Published: April 2017

Uniform description of developmental stages in crops improve communication among producers, researchers and others. A standardized, accurate, and easy system is needed to describe bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plant development. The objective of this study was to develop and describe stages of bean plant development in a manner which is simple but accurate. The biological cycle of the bean plant is divided into two successive phases: the vegetative stage (V) and the reproductive stage (R). Vegetative stages are determined by counting the number of trifoliolate leaves (V1 to VN) on the main stem beginning above the unifoliate leaf. Reproductive stages R1 and R2 are based on flowering, R3 and R4 on pod development, R5 and R6 on seed development, and R7, R8 and R9 on maturation.
Genetic Variability in Bangladeshi Aromatic Rice through RAPD Analysis
Authors: Hasan Mehfuz , Raihan Mohammad Sharif
Published: April 2017

Genetic polymorphism and relationships among 30 commercial varieties of Bangladeshi aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) were established using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Out of fifty 10-mer RAPD primers screened initially, four were chosen and used in a comparative analysis of different varieties of indigenous Bangladeshi aromatic rice. Of the 33 total RAPD fragments amplified, 7 (21.21%) were found to be shared by individuals of all eight varieties. The remaining 26 fragments were found to be polymorphic (78.79%). Pair-wise estimates of similarity ranged from 0.101 to 0.911. Highest genetic diversity was determined between Radhunipagol and Dubsail varieties (0.911). The amount of genetic diversity within aromatic rice germplasm was quite high as determined by the genetic similarity coefficients between varieties. Genetic similarities obtained from RAPD data were also used to create a cluster diagram. Cluster analysis using an un-weighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) was used to group the varieties and the 30 aromatic rice varieties were grouped into 6 clusters where cluster I includes the maximum number of varieties (9). Cluster VI includes minimum number of varieties (2). This Study offered a rapid and reliable method for the estimation of variability between different varieties which could be utilized by the breeders for further improvement of the local aromatic rice varieties.
Balık Beslemede Biyoteknolojik Uygulamalar
Authors: Baylan Makbule , Mazı Gamze , Gündoğdu Sedat
Published: April 2017

In order to put cultured species on the market with high quality and few casualties, many important studies are carried out. Most of the researches are conducted in the development of feed and feed ingredients 30-60% of the production cost in farming. Therefore, in aquaculture, an interest in alternative feed ingredients is moving at a very fast rate. In this context, the use of enzymes, probiotics and prebiotics in animal feed has steadily increased in recent years with reasons such as effective control of fish diseases and prevention of infection, strengthening the immune system of fish, increase of the digestibility, reduction of the feed cost, reduction of larval-term mortality, provision of increase in growth, live weight gain, and getting rid of the negative effects of stress.
Multivariate Analysis for Umbel per plant in Land races of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)
Authors: Yadava Hari Shankar
Published: April 2017

Twenty five land races from Madhya Pradesh and ten germplasm of coriander were evaluated in four environments to assess umbel per plant using multivariate analysis. Mean sum of squares due to genotypes, environments and GEI were highly significant for umbels per plant. Variation in GEI was mainly due to heterogeneity. ). PCA 1 and PCA 2 captures the 99.42% of interaction sum of squares hence, these two principal component axes were the best predictive. The potential environment the potential environments E3 (high fertility, 2009-10) bearing lowest interaction effect while, least potential environments E2 (low fertility, 2008-09) exhibited high PCA scores. The biplot of genotype, environment and IPCA 1 showed three groups. One group exhibited the similar main effects (mean umbels per plant) to the grand mean. The second group showed high interaction effect varied in direction while third group bear the low interaction effect. AMMI Stability Values (ASV), ranging from from 7.444 to 31.099 was lowest in RVC 8 followed by RVC 4, RVC 11, RVC 21, RVC 9 and RVC 3 whereas, it was noted maximum in RVC 19 followed by Moroccan, CS 193, Simpo S 33 and G 5363. The genotypes exhibiting low IPCA scores and ASV namely, RVC 8, RVC 4, RVC 11, RVC 21, RVC 19 and RVC 25 showed wider adaptability for umbels per plant while, RVC 19, Moroccan, CS 193, Simpo S 33 and G 5363 exhibiting specific adaptability towards environmental conditions. These genotypes can be utilized in breeding programmes to transfer the adaptability genes for umbel per plant into high yielding genetic back ground in coriander.
Effects on Performance, Skin and Liver Histology of Different Clinoptilolite Levels in Rat Diets
Authors: Demirel Dilek Şentürk , Demirel Ramazan , Ketani Muzaffer Aydın , Balcı Kadri
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study was to test the effects of dietary natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on performance, skin and liver histology in rats. In this study, 24 10-week-old, weaned, adult male Spraque-Dawley rats with approximately 306 +- 18.93 g initial live weight were used. The rats were randomly divided into four groups with three replicates, including a control group and groups with one of three doses of clinoptilolite (2%, 4%, and 6%) in their diets. All the rats were fed these concentrates throughout the experimental period of 56 days. The animals were reared individually in stainless steel cages. There were no significant differences in the primary and secondary follicle numbers among groups, but the diameters of each follicle were found to be significant. The primary and secondary follicle numbers and diameters ranged from lowest to highest as follows: 2.00-2.33, 4.50-7.17; and 11.53-20.42, 57.63-102.12um, respectively. The differences occurred between the control group and group IV (containing 6% zeolite). In addition, the skin and liver histology results showed that there were no differences among the groups.
Yozgat İli Halk Elinde Yetiştirilen Beyaz ve Alaca Kazların Kesim ve Karkas Özellikleri
Authors: Sarıca Musa , Boz Mehmet Akif , Yamak Umut Sami
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study is to determine the slaughter and carcass traits of White and Multicolor Geese varieties reared in Yozgat province. 5 female and 5 male geese at six months old age from each variety were slaughtered and their slaughter and carcass traits were presented. Also, phenotypic correlations between carcass traits were calculated. The differences between the slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, feather, head and foot weights of varieties were found insignificant, while male geese had higher values in terms of these traits. There were no significant differences between varieties and sexes in terms of hot and cold carcass yields and head ratio. Feather and foot ratios were found higher in White geese; whereas, abdominal fat ratio was found higher in Multicolor geese. There were insignificant differences between varieties in terms of carcass part weights, except back weight which was found higher in males. While heart weights of male geese were significantly higher, differences between varieties and sexes in terms of liver and gizzard weight were found insignificant. There were insignificant differences between the carcass parts and edible inner organ ratios of varieties, but breast ratio of females was found higher, while back ratio of males were found higher. Phenotypic correlation coefficients between slaughter weights, carcass weights and hot-cold carcass yields were found significant. Obtained data showed that native geese in the region are suitable for meat production in terms of slaughter and carcass traits.
Detection of Sesame Allergen Traces with Two PCR Assays - The Challenge to Protect Food-Allergic Consumers
Authors: Houhoula Dimitra Panagiotis , Belsis Vasilios , Georgopoulos Leonidas , Giannou Virginia , Kyrana Vasiliki R. , Tsaknis John , Lougovois Vladimiros P. , Koussissis Stamatios
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible presence of sesame in commercial foods normally carrying no warning for the allergen, but which may have been subjected to contamination during processing. One hundred units of widely consumed goods with high potential to contain allergenic substances deriving from nuts were analyzed, using sensitive and capable PCR (C-PCR) and Real Time PCR (RT-PCR) methodologies. Of the products examined, 15 (15.0%) declared the presence of sesame, 36 (36.0%) carried no food allergy label, 44 (44.0%) were marked by the phrase “may contain traces of nuts” and 5 (5.0%) carried the indication “may contain sesame traces”. The sesame-positive products detected using the C-PCR method were 15 (100%), 12 (33.3%), 14 (31.8%) and 3 (60%), respectively. Using the RT-PCR technique, positive results were obtained for 15 (100%), 18 (50.0%), 18 (20.5%) and 5 (100%) samples, respectively. The results indicate that the PCR methods applied are highly sensitive and selective, which makes them suitable for the detection of sesame traces in food samples. In addition, they can be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of cleaning processes in the production units of the food industry.
Effects Of Drought Stress on Germination in Fourteen Provenances of Pinus Brutia Ten. Seeds in Turkey
Authors: Şevik Hakan , Ertürk Nihat
Published: April 2017

Pinus brutia Ten., Red pine, known to be tough drought resistant pine specie, could effectively be used for afforestation of disturbed areas. It is of great interest for the afforestation in arid zones. Appropriate seed sources for the specific areas guarantees reforestation success. Away from its native areas Pinus brutia Ten. is planted for its ornamental value and timber production purposes. Selection of drought resistant provenances can very well increase the survival success. In this study, the effects of water potential on germination were studied in fourteen provenances of Pinus brutia Ten. from Turkey. Water potentials between 0 and -8 bars were obtained using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) solutions. Seeds were kept for 35 day at 20 ± 0.5°C. A decrease in water potential produced a marked reduction in germination percentage and germination value. As a result, significant variations between the provenances were found. It was determined that, under a -8 bar water stress, Isparta-Bucak and Mersin-Silifke, respectively corresponding to 58% and 57% of the control group, were the least water stress affected provenances.
PCR Based Detection of Shiga Toxin Producing E. coli in Commercial Poultry and Related Environments
Authors: Himi Homaira Anzum , Parvej Md. Shafiullah , Rahman M. Bahanur , Nasiruddin K M , Ansari Wahedul Karim , Ahamed Md. Mostakin
Published: April 2017

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC) is the most important foodborne pathogen which is the causal agent of mild diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in human. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence and identification of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli in poultry, detection of its source of infection in poultry and transmission pattern to human. For this purpose a total of 150 samples (cloacal swab-60, feed -15, water-15 and egg -60) were collected and analyzed in bacteriology laboratory by cultured in different bacteriological media followed by gram’s staining, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR). The PCR was performed by targeting 16s rRNA gene and shiga toxin producing gene in E. coli. Out of 150 collected samples, E. coli was found in 81 (54%) samples. Presence of E. coli was 100% in both feed (n=15) and egg (n=60), whereas 10% in cloacal swab (n=6). Water samples were totally free of E. coli. The stx2 gene was detected in all samples whether all samples were negative for stx1 gene. The study revealed that, poultry feed acts as a source of E. coli infection in poultry, which may be transmitted to environment and human via meat or eggs. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin.
Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Enerji İçeceği Tüketim Davranışlarının Araştırılması: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Örneği
Authors: Şen Levent , Dere Hurşit Ertuğrul , Şen İlknur Koçak
Published: April 2017

The main objective of this study is to investigate the consumption behaviour and consumption awareness of energy drink among university students. Data were collected from 750 students in Afyon Kocatepe University by questionnaire which is improved by writers of this article. Tests were done with SPSS end of the research. Chi-square tests were done in %95 confidence interval to determine the relation of consumption and awareness of energy drink among the university students with gender, age range, school which is graduated, monthly expense, smoking and use of alcohol, the most consumed beverage types, and degree of licence. According to search results, it was found that energy drink consumption behaviour did not change with regard to the different age. On the other hand, male college graduates compared to other types of high school, it was determined that 701 TL per month and over spenders in relation to the lower income groups consumed more energy drinks . In addition, it was found that the groups that use alcohol, smokers, coffee drinkers and undergraduate students were consumed much more energy drinks than the others. When the answers measured the energy drink consumption behaviour of the students participated in the survey were considered, it was concluded that the awareness of the energy drink consumption was not high enough.
A New Approach to Determine Time and Temperature Combination for Electrical Conductivity Test in Sorghum
Authors: Kaya Mehmet Demir , İleri Onur
Published: April 2017

This study was conducted to determine a suitable time and temperature combination for the electrical conductivity test to be used in sorghum seeds. Fifty seeds known initial seed moisture content and weight of fresh and dead seeds (105°C for 6h) of seven sorghum cultivars were used as material. The electrical conductivities of soaking water were measured using an EC meter in 20, 25 and 30°C for 4, 8, 12 and 24 h using 50 mL deionized water. The experimental design was three factor factorial (7 × 3 × 4) arranged in a completely randomized design; with four replications and 50 seeds per replicate. The results showed that increased time and temperature caused a remarkable increase in EC values of all of the cultivars. Temperature significantly affected the electrical conductivity values and the best results were obtained at 25°C. The cultivars with the lower germination percentage gave the higher electrical conductivity value. Dead seeds always gave higher electrical conductivity at 25°C for all periods. It was concluded that the temperature of 25°C and 24 h was the optimum combination for the electrical conductivity test in sorghum.
Moringa (Moringa Oleifera)’nın Kanatlı ve Ruminant Hayvan Beslemede Kullanılması
Authors: Ayasan Tugay
Published: April 2017

The poultry industry in the developing countries is facing some challenges, one of which is an increase in the cost of feed because of high prices of protein and energy sources. Moringa oleifera is a rich source of protein and crude fiber content. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 7.12 to 39.17%. Negligible content of tannins and other anti-nutritive compounds and offers an alternative source of protein to ruminants and non-ruminants. Although rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals, Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that have not been studied for many years. In addition, they are also faced with the problem of the development of antibiotic resistant pathogens due to unwise and excessive use of antibiotics. In this paper, feeding studies made on the Moringa oleifera used in nutrition of poultry and ruminant species have been reviewed.
Evaluation of Different Groundnut Arachis hypogea L. Cultivars Against Termites, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) in Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Authors: Malik Muhammad Usman , Javed Humayun , Ayyaz Mahmood
Published: April 2017

Six groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) cultivars i.e. Golden, BARI-2000, Australian, BARD-479, ICG-7326 and 2KCGC20 were evaluated against the attack of Odontotermes obesus in terms of percentage infestation of workers and soldiers, their damage and impact on the yield. The maximum mean populations of O. obesus workers were recorded on 2KCGC20 (30.82±2.75 workers/plot) and Australian (30.65±2.92 workers/plot), followed by BARI 2000 (19.55±2.51 workers/plot), Golden (17.30±2.27 workers/plot) and BARD-479 (16.82±2.06 workers/plot). The minimum mean population of O. obesus workers was found on ICG-7326 cultivars (14.85±1.81) workers/plot. The maximum mean population infestation of O. obesus soldiers was recorded on 2KCGC20 cultivar (4.88±0.25 soldiers/plot) followed by Australian (4.15±.30, soldiers/per plot), BARD-479 (2.00±.17 soldiers/plot), ICG-7326 (1.70±.14 soldiers/plot), BARD 2000 (2.40±.25 soldiers/ plot). The minimum mean population of O. obesus soldiers was found on Gold (1.87±.17 soldiers/plot). Population of O. obesus workers was positively related with the damage and negatively related the yield in all the groundnut cultivars.
Ankara İli Merkez İlçede Bireylerin Gazlı İçecek Tüketimine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Gözener Bilge , Sayılı Murat
Published: April 2017

In this study, the Central district of Ankara (Çankaya, Etimesgut, Gölbaşı, Keçiören, Mamak, Polatlı, Sincan and Yenimahalle districts) carbonated drink consumption situation of consumers were examined. The data obtained from questionnaires conducted with 272 families were used in this study. Data were collected in April-May 2012.Between carbonated drink consumption and some demographic characteristics of consumers were tested by chi-square analysis of whether a statistical association. According to the survey; It was determined that 71.69% of the families consume carbonated drink. The vast majority of consumers (94.87%), carbonated drinks they consume more during the summer and is harmful to health (81.03%) had continued to consume despite expressing. In addition, consumption of carbonated drinks with gender, age was found to be a statistically significant relationship between marital status and spouse's employment status.
III. Nesil (F3) Karadeniz Alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1814) Anaç Ağırlığı ve Kuluçka Verimi İlişkisi
Authors: Baki Hakan , Çakmak Eyüp , Baki Birol , Altundaş Cemil
Published: April 2017

In this study, this was the aimed to determine the reproduction and hatching yields in different weight groups in hatchery origin rootstocks (F3) Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1814). In this study, the female fishes which produced from natural rootstock were used average weight 1437±134.6 g (Group I) 2737±210.2 g (Group II) and 3785±162.3 g (Group III). After the stripping process; according to the groups, were determined respectively eggs absolute fecundity (number of eggs/broodfish) is average 2353±205, 5361±506, 6603±491, relative fecundity (number of eggs/kg)) is average1687±166, 1968±194, 1744±114. The egg diameter (mm) 4.89±0.16, 5.28±0.07, 5.31±0.06 egg weight (mg) 77±6, 90±4, 96±3 groups I., II. and III. respectively was calculated. The fertilization ratio (%) 95.49±1.23, 96.49±1.14, 98.39±0.52, browse rate (%) 79.97±5.36, 84.20±5.23, 94.70±1.50, has been identified. The output rate (%) 60.57±7.86, 67.66±6.42, 84.83±3.09, the hatchery efficiency (%) 58.14±7.95, 69.77±6.25, 83.51±3.29 was found. relative fecundity average value 168±160, 1968±194, 1744±114.The existence of relationship among the weight of the brood-stock, absolute fecundity (0.0198, 0.0012, 0.3499), and relative egg fecundity (0.3415, 0.0494, 0.00) was tested by regression analysis and consequently the difference between groups were significant. This was determined that between fish weight and absolute fecundity relationship is weak directly proportional for each group, between fish weight and relative fecundity is weak inversely proportional in Group I and II, the Group III is weak for directly proportional.
Kastamonu İli Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştiriciliğinin Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri
Authors: Tüfekci Hacer , Olfaz Mustafa
Published: April 2017

This study was conducted by using a survey made at 80 enterprises from 63 villages with the aim of determining situations, problems and solution proposals related to the sheep and goat farms in Kastamonu province. The average age of the farmers was 49.3 years. The farmers were 8.75% of primary school graduates, 68.75% of secondary school and also 22.6% of illiterate. The enterprises have raised animals as 31.75% of state + own land and 68.75%’ of private + leased land. Also they are kept the rate of 70% Hair goat, 30% Angora goat and 55% Merino sheep, 42.5% Akkaraman sheep, and 16.25% Turkmen genotype, 7.5% Sakız sheep and 6.25% of Kıvırcık Sheep. The average flock sizes goat and sheep enterprises were 77.3 head goats and 71.7 heads sheep, respectively. Sixty percent of the breeder feed their animals on the pasture for 8-10 months and only 30% the breeders give supplementary feeding before and during mating period. The enterprises have 31.2% parturition chamber and 92.5% lamb growth areas. While all enterprises are routinely used to protective vaccines but only used disinfectant of 73.7% enterprises. The reason of sheep and goat breeders is majority contributions of income and habits. So, flock sizes are small (74.5 heads animal). In conclusion, young people by encouraging small animal farming in the province of Kastamonu, should be given to technical, economic support and educational seminars. In the future, as the sole source of income and a large flock size may lead to a development of sheep and goat breeding in Kastamonu province.
Some Environmental Factors Affecting Birth Weight, Weaning Weight and Daily Live Weight Gain of Holstein Calves
Authors: Yaylak Erdal , Orhan Hikmet , Daşkaya Alim
Published: April 2017

The present study was conducted to determine some environmental factors affecting birth weight, weaning weight and daily live weight gain of Holstein calves of a livestock facility in Izmir, Turkey. The data on 2091 calves born between the years 2005-2010 were used to assess the relevant parameters. Effects of calving year, calving month, calf gender and the interaction between calving year and calving month on calves’ birth weights were highly significant. The overall mean of birth weights was 39.6±0.15 kg. In addition, effects of calving year, calving month, gender, birth weight, weaning age, calving year x calving month, calving year x gender and calving year x calving month x gender interactions on weaning weight (WW) and daily live weight gain (DLWG) were highly significant. The overall means of WW and DLWG were respectively found to be 79.7±0.20 kg and 525±2.5 g. A one kilogram increase in birth weight resulted in an increase of 0.89 kg in weaning weight and a decrease of 1.26 g in daily live weight gain. Prenatal temperature-humidity index (THI) affected birth weight of calves (R2=0.67). Increasing THI from 50 to 80 resulted in 3.8 kg decrease in birth weight.
Blumea lacera Plant Poisoning in Cattle; Epidemiology and Management
Authors: Nusrat Zahan Mst. , Reza Ahsanur , Talukder Milton , Ali Mohammad Shaokat , Paul Tarun , Parvej Md. Shafiullah
Published: April 2017

Plant poisoning in grazing animals is more common in Bangladesh, especially during the scarcity period. The present study was undertaken to find out the epidemiology of Blumea lacera fresh plant poisoning and its management in cattle. A total of 765 suspected clinical cases were examined, of these 48 were diagnosed as Blumea lacera plant poisoning. The poisoning was found more in local cattle (92%) than that of crossbred (8%) cattle. Most of the cases were found in autumn (71%), in compare to summer (23%) and winter (6%). The highest occurrence of poisoning was observed in cattle of 6 months to 2 years of age (57%) in comparison to other age category. Therapeutic response (16%) was found if treatments were given within 4 hours of ingestion of the plant and the effective treatment was a combination of laxative, normal saline, vitamin B1. Veterinarian can apply this treatment during Blumea lacera poisoning in animals.
Koyun ve Keçi Yetiştiriciliğinde Tipin Sabitleştirilmesi Yöntemleri
Authors: Çelik Hilal Tozlu , Olfaz Mustafa
Published: April 2017

Improvement studies are conduct to increasing of productivity native sheep breeds. This studies requires being quite comprehensive and disciplined. Improvement studies to achieve the desired characteristics and in which phase of finish is crucial. In this review, we focus on obtaining and fixing type in order to need to be implemented methods in sheep and goats.
Prepartum Dönemde Sütçü İnek Rasyonlarına Anyonik Tuz İlavesinin Metabolik Profil, Peripartum Hastalıklar ve Gebelik Oranı Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Çinar Mahmut , Serbester Ugur , Ceyhan Ayhan
Published: April 2017

The aim of the present work was to examine the effects of anionic salts (MgCl2 or MgSO4) supplementation on metabolic profile, peripartum diseases and pregnancy rate of dairy cows during the prepartum period. Fourty five Holstein dairy cows were placed on 1 of 3 prepartum treatments. Treatment groups were balanced body condition score as far as similar. Treatments were total mixed ration (TMR) without anionic salt (control), TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgCl2 or TMR supplemented with 30 g/d/cow MgSO4. After parturation, all groups were fed with same TMR. The presynch-ovsynch protocol was used and fixed time artificial insemination was done after 30 days postpartum. The experiment was lasted for 8 weeks of postpartum. Cows fed MgCl2 supplemented TMR increased milk yield compared with control and MgSO4 supplemented TMR. Supplementing anionic salts reduced serum AST and ALT concentrations, increased serum glucose, HDL, IgG, Ca and Mg concentrations. Health and reproductive performance were not different between treatments. These data suggets that anionic salts supplementation in TMR during prepartum can alter milk yield and blood biochemical parameters.
Spring diet and feeding strategy of the European sprat Sprattus sprattus (L., 1758) from the Black Sea coast of Turkey
Authors: Bayhan Bahar , Sever Tuncay Murat
Published: April 2017

This study aims to identify the spring diet composition and feeding strategy of the European sprat, Sprattus sprattus. Diet composition of European sprat was investigated for the first time in the central Black Sea coast of Turkey. Examined of the 115 specimens (6 - 9.1 cm total length) of stomach, 12 (10.4%) had emty. Diet analysis was described based on gravimetric percentages (W%), frequency of abundance (N%), frequency of occurrence (%F) and relative importance index (IRI%). Feeding strategy was analyzed and graphically (Costello) represented, considering the frequency of abundance (N%) and frequency of occurrence (%F) indexes and grouping prey into higher taxonomic categories. Twenty species were identified, belonging to four prey groups: Polychaeta, Crustacea, Mollusca and Chaetognatha. Finally copepods proved to be the most important food item considering the above-cited indexes. All other prey taxa were identified as accidental preys. At least seven copepod species were identified, where Calanus euxinus appeared all round with %IRI≥50. Also results of feeding strategy analyses revealed a trophic specialization toward a single prey.
Diyarbakır İli Karma Yem Endüstrisinin Durumu
Authors: Denli Muzaffer , Demirel Ramazan , Sessiz Abdullah
Published: April 2017

This research was carried out by visiting total 14 feed mills (8 of them are active, 6 of them are passive) in Diyarbakır province in order to get information on feedstuffs, production, quality, technical capacity, marketing, problems and expectations from public authority. Each feed mill were visited, data were collected by face to face interview, total 34 questions were asked and results were evaluated. According to survey results; total technical capacity of feed mills in Diyarbakır is 388.800 Ton/year, however active capacity is 230.400 Ton/year and their plant utilization is quite low (50.3%), average feed production capacity is 11.9 Ton/hour, daily production is 403 Ton. Feed industrialists primarily indicated that unconscious farmers (85.7%), higher feedstuff price (75%) and unfair competition and unregistered production (62.5%) are the most important problems in the industry. Cereals, wheat bran and cottonseed meal were obtained from South-eastern Anatolia Region, however, other feedstuffs and feed additives were bought from other regions of Turkey. Primary preferences of buying of feedstuffs are: quality of feedstufs 50%, easily obtaining 31%, cheap 19% for feedstuffs. Manufactured feeds were marketed by as follows; 34% distributers, 33% distributors and in factory, 22% directly to farmer and 11% in other ways. As a result, technical facilities were found adequate, feed mill owners are conscious to establish laboratory, they have enough production capacity but, except one of them, they produce only one shift in a day.
Genetic Analysis and Combining Ability Studies for Yield Related Characters in Rapeseed
Authors: Shehzad Aamar , Sadaqat Hafeez Ahmad , Asif Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad Furqan
Published: April 2017

Combining ability analysis has a key position in rapeseed breeding. To estimate the combining ability effects for yield controlling traits in rapeseed, three testers and five lines were crossed using line × tester design in randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean sum of squares of analysis of variances for genotypes were significant for all of the traits; indicating the presence of significant genetic variation. All the interactions between lines and testers exhibited significant results of mean sum of squares for combining ability. Line ‘Duncled’ was found good general combiner for decreased Plant height (PH:-2.0), Days taken to 50% flowering (DF: -15.8) and Days taken to maturity (DM:-3.4) while tester ‘Punjab Sarson” for increased Number of seed/siliqua (SS: 2.2), Number of siliquae/plant (SP: 2.2) and decreased DF (-3.0) traits. Significant general and specific combining ability effects were observed. The best hybrid combination on the basis of specific combining ability effects was “Durre-NIFA × ZN-M-6” for Seed yield/plant (SY: 2.7), DF (-6.1) and DM (-3.5). PH (-0.2), Siliqua length (SL: -0.1), SS (-0.03) and SY (0.2) showed non-additive genetic effects. The half of the characters revealed additive and remaining half showed non-additive genetic effects. The present study unveiled the importance of both type of genetic effects demanding the application of integrated breeding approaches for exploiting the variability. ‘Punjab Sarson × ZN-M-6’ exposed maximum SS (30) and SP (837). Maximum SY (75.9g) and minimum DF (64) were showed by ‘Legend × Duncled’. The present research delivers valuable information of genotypes for promoting yield by means of improving yield related characters.
Torg’s ratio in normal adult nepalese population
Authors: Rijal Badri , Pokharel R K , Paudel S , Shah L L
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Acute cervical trauma occasionally leads to cervical canal stenosis in some individuals in spite of minor trauma. The spinal canal-to-vertebral body ratio (Torg-Pavlov ratio) has been proposed for assessing developmental spinal canal stenosis. It is not affected by magnification, and is measured on lateral plain films of cervical vertebrae. The result of this study may help in better understanding of the Torg’s ratio, which is more reliable than direct measuring of the mid-sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis or predicting the prognosis of cervical spinal cord injury. If Torg’s ratio is below normal there is risk of cervical cord injury whereas relatively safe in large Torg’s ratio. Torg’s ratio can be accessed even in rural areas where x-rays are easily available and more economical than MRI and CT scan. It can assess the risk of cord injury during sports and outdoor activities and help individuals’ choose safe carrier in sports or others activities.Methods: In order to ascertain the normal values of the Torg’s ratio in adults Nepalese, hundred sets of cervical vertebral columns of hundred adult Nepalese population of age group 20-40 years were examined. Consecutive patients presenting with history of neck pain with normal x-ray findings or history of trauma without cervical spine injury from Orthopaedic OPD (out patients department) and emergency department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu from March 2011 to August 2012 were included in the study.Results: There were 48 males and 52 females with age ranging from 20 yrs to 40 yrs with the mean of 30.34±5.36 years. The normal average canal/body ratio of the cervical spine is 0.99 +/- 0.09 in male and 1.01 +/- 0.07 in female. It was observed that the ratio of the antero-posterior diameters of cervical spinal canal and vertebral bodies showed sexual dimorphism.Conclusion: The Torg’s ratio is the same irrespective of gender and height. The result of this study will help in better understanding of the Torg’s ratio, which is more reliable than direct measuring of the mid-sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal in the diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis or predicting the prognosis of cervical spinal cord injury.JSSN 2015; 18 (1), Page: 5-9
Pattern of bear maul injuries in tertiary hospital in Nepal: demographic, management and outcome
Authors: Rayamajhi Sangam , KC K , Shrestha JM , Lohani I
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Nepal is a country full of forests and with increase in urbanization there is encroachment into the territories of wild animals. Their encounters have been in the rise and bear maul seem to be one of the leading cause of wild animal attacks. The injuries are very disastrous and leave behind permanent disfigurements and disabilities.Methods: All of cases of bear maul treated in TU Teaching Hospital for the last 6 year were studied. Analysis of pattern and severity of the injuries were done along with the complication and its morbidities.Results: Total of 17 cases was studied. Majority of the cases were male and at age of 20 to 40 years. All but one were sudden attack by Himalayan black bear (15 cases) using their claws (in 17 cases) mostly to the face (16 cases), eyes (10 cases) and scalp (8 cases) resulting in fractures (14 cases). There were more proportion of patient with the complex wounds (10 cases) requiring initial debridement followed by closure with graft (5 cases), flap (5 cases) or free flaps (1 case) than the simple wounds which were just debridement and closed with primary (5 cases) or secondary sutures (2 cases). All patients were left with ugly scar and majority had facial disfigurements (12 cases) with major contour deformities (7 cases). Four patients had permanent vision loss in one eye.Conclusion: The rising trend of bear maul injuries, are complex injuries requiring prompt multidisciplinary approach of management. Face and eyes are the most common sites of injuries and often associated with underlying fractures. Bear maul though rarely fatal, leaves permanent disfigurement and disabilities.JSSN 2015; 18 (1), Page: 17-22
Utility of mangled extremity severity score in severely injured lower limbs
Authors: Bhatta Toya Raj , Gyawali B , Tamrakar R , Acharya BK , Shrestha SK , Pradhan NMS , Giri SK
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Massive lower extremity trauma,in particular open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries, present an immediate and complex decision-making challenge between a limb salvage attempt and primary amputation. Medical and surgical advances of the past two decades have improved the ability to reconstruct severely injured limb. Limbs that once would have been amputated are now routinely managed with complex reconstruction protocol. Mangled extremity severity score is one of the scoring systems to predict the fate of limbs after severe limb injuries.Methods: Patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were evaluated with MESS, at the same time treatment protocol for management of injuries of lower limb were followed independently by attending orthopedic surgeon. Mean MESS for salvaged and amputated limbs were calculated and its reliability for prediction of fate of injured limb was assessed using software SPSS v16.Result: The age of patient ranges from 10 to 65 yrs with mean age 35.83. The most common mechanism of injury was Road Traffic Accident followed by fall from height. The mean MESS score for salvaged limbs was 4.18 and for amputated limbs was 8.12 suggesting significant difference in mean scores. The sensitivity (the probability that limbs requiring amputation will have MESS at or above 7) was found to be 75%. The specificity of MESS (the probability that salvage limbs will have MESS < 7) was 95.45%.Conclusion: MESS is a reliable indicator in decision making process whether a limb can be salvaged or needs amputation. The mangled lower extremity with the score of less than 7 may be salvaged and 7 or more may need amputation.JSSN 2015; 18 (1), Page: 23-25
Histopathological Examination Profile of Biopsy Specimens in a Remote Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Sarker Md Mahbur Rashid , Farooq Md Shamim , Ansari M Mostaque H , Hossain Md Shahadat
Published: April 2017

Examination of biopsy specimens is necessary to find out the diagnosis. To detect the spectrum of histopathological findings in surgically resected specimens sent in the department of Pathology, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital (KYAMCH), a rural tertiary hospital in Bangladesh. A total of 1329 specimens from January 2013 to December 2013 were evaluated in this study. Among these, 444 (33.4%) were malignant, 226 (17.0%) were benign, 29 (2.2%) were precancerous, 481 (36.2%) were inflammatory, 14 (1.1%) were tuberculosis, 12 (.9%) were suppurative lesion and 25 (1.9%) were inadequate for diagnosis. The mean age±SE of patients was 42.28±1.68 years. Incidence of malignancy was higher in compare to previous study. It indicates the importance of histopathology for diagnosis and also to exclude malignancy. So any suspicious growth should be excised as early as possible and sent for histopathology. This will help to reduce patients' morbidity and mortality.KYAMC Journal Vol. 5, No.-1, Jul 2014, Page 449-452