bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surficial materials and geomorphological processes, western Sverdrup and adjacent islands, district of Franklin
Authors: Hodgson D A
Published: March 2016

Amund Ringnes, Ellef Ringnes, Cornwall, Graham, King Christian, and adjacent islands are part of north-central Queen Elizabeth Islands, the northern group of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The islands are dominantly lowland or low dissected plateau (rarely
greater than 200 m elevation), but relief is locally rugged. The islands and surrounding marine channels and basins are underlain by poorly indurated Mesozoic sandstone alternating with soft shale and siltstone, whereas areas of high relief are underlain by evaporite diapirs and igneous intrusions.
Residual weathered rock and marine-reworked rock, chiefly sand to clay sized and unconsolidated, are the most widespread surficial materials. Late Tertiary and Quaternary fluvial planation and dissection developed the present gross morphology; scattered high-level deposits remain from this episode.
Quaternary glacial deposits are a minor element of the landscape. Dominant Quaternary events appear to replicate those of the Mesozoic: alternating marine and subaerial episodes over much of the present land area. Sea levels repeatedly rising to near 100 m have planed the margins of most islands.
This coastal lowland and the interior fluvial landscape are the two most significant components of the physiography. A wedge of marine and deltaic sediments of Holocene and in part older age overlies the coastal lowland; sediment composition is controlled by underlying and upstream source materials,
particularly rock. Fluvial processes, ranging from rilling to lateral river channel corrasion, are presently the dominant subaerial processes, despite the sparse precipitation, short summer, and underlying permafrost. Mass wasting appears less significant, but rapid mass movement is locally highly
active on fine grained materials. Terrain sensitivity, hazards, and trafficability, assessed on the basis of materials, processes, and relief, vary greatly seasonally and between and within surficial materials units.
Applications of thermodynamics in the study of mineral deposits
Authors: Froese E
Published: March 2016

This paper summarizes the principles of thermodynamics required for an understanding of reaction equilibria in aqueous solutions and outlines the construction of activity diagrams. Making use of the concept of electron activity, the electron is treated as an
aqueous species. Mineral stabilities in several types of mineral deposits are portrayed by means of log f o2-pH diagrams. The metamorphism of sulphide-bearing rocks is discussed in terms of sulphide-oxide-silicate reactions.
Two late quaternary pollen profiles from Gatineau Park, Quebec
Authors: Mott R J , Farley-gill L D
Published: March 2016

Two pollen diagrams, one from the eastern end and one from the western end of Gatineau Park, Quebec, illustrate the vegetational changes that have occurred over the last 11 000 years or so in that area. Tundra conditions and shrub tundra conditions followed
deglaciation and emergence of part of the area from beneath the Champlain Sea. Poplar and/or aspen were the first trees to invade the area about 10 700 years ago, but occurred only as clumps or groves growing on suitable sites of the generally open landscape. Spruce trees replaced poplar and/or
aspen about 500 years later but did not form closed forests. The incursion of white birch and jack and/or red pine a long with smaller amounts of other hardwoods heralded the closing of the for est. White pine soon became plentiful and hardwoods continued to increase. Hemlock became prominent at the
expense of the pines about 6500 years ago. The beech/maple forests that prevailed at the time of settlement were in existence by 2200 years B.P., and only minor changes occurred in response to various environmental factors. Logging and agriculture have greatly altered the forests during the last 180
years.
Geology of the Plaster Rock (east half) map area, New Brunswick
Authors: Skinner R
Published: March 2016

Plaster Rock (east half) map area lies in the Appalachian Mountain system in the Chaleur Uplands. Most of the map area occupies part of the east limb of the Cha!eur Bay Synclinorium and is underlain by a north-northeasterly trending Lower Devonian, largely very
low grade metamorphic volcanic-sedimentary assemblage called the Tobique Group. This consists of a lower unit, the Costigan Mountain Formation of mainly rhyolitic rocks, and a conf ormably overlying unit, the Wapske Formation of mainly intercalated basalt, slate and greywacke. The Tobique Group
unconf ormably overlies cataclastic Ordovician granitic rocks in the southeast corner, and is overlain unconformably by flat-lying Mississippian(?) conglomerate, sandstone and shale in the northwest. Devonian diabase sills, dykes and stocks intrude the Lower Devonian strata. Lead, zinc, copper,
silver and gold mineralization is present in the Rhyolitic unit of the Costigan Mountain Formation.
A geochemical orientation survey for uranium in MacNicol, Tustin, Bridges, and Docker Townships, District of Kenora, Ontario
Authors: Coker W B
Published: March 2016

En 1975, on a effectué des études géochimiques détaillées pout déterminer le mode de distribution et de dispersion de l'uranium, des métaux communs et des éléments associés que l'on rencontre dans la roche en
place, les terrains de couverture, et les eaux et sédiments lacustres et fluviatiles. On a analysé de fanon sélective différents échantillons prélevés par divers moyens, en particulier pour identifier les éléments suivants: Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Ag, Mn, As,
Mo, Fe, Hg, Sr, Ba, Ti, Al, Ca, Mg, K, V, Cr, Be, La, Y, et U. Dans les eaux et sédiments lacustres, le mode de distribution des groupes d'éléments, à l'échelle régionale, nous a donné certaines informations, indiquant l'existence de minéralisations
uranifères de type pegmatitique, de minéralisations en sulfures disséminés, ainsi que des variations de la composition chimique de la roche en place, et des variations physiques et chimiques des milieux aqueux. On a obtenu des résultats très concluants, en
interprétant les modes de dispersion hydrogéochimique suivant les assemblages d'éléments secondaires et d'éléments-traces caractérisant une minéralisation donnée, la lithologie de la roche en place et diverses propriétés physiques et chimiques
de l'eau, tels qu'observés dans la région étudiée. On peut effectuer l'exploration de reconnaissance des minéralisations en uranium et en métaux communs, en prélevant des échantillons de sédiments lacustres, dans la proportion de un pour 13 km2, et de
deux pour 5 km 2 respectivement. L'examen des eaux lacustres peut fournir des données supplémentaires, en particulier lors de la recherche de l'uranium. On peut réaliser l'exploration détaillée en considérant les sédiments et les eaux lacustres. Dans cette
région, il ne s'est pas avéré utile d'analyser les eaux et sédiments fluviatiles lors de l'exploration minérale, et la chimie des terrains de couverture ne s'accordait pas avec la lithologie de la roche en place sous-jacente.
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the lower cretaceous gething formation, Carbon Creek coal basin, northeastern British Columbia
Authors: Gibson D W
Published: March 2016

The Gething Formation in the Carbon Creek basin of northeastern British Columbia comprises a predominantly non marine, interstratified sequence of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, conglomerate and coal, with a composite stratigraphic thickness of at least 1036 m
(3400 ft), making the Gething in the area the thickest yet recorded in northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta. The c ontact with the underlying Cadomin Formation is gradational and placed at the top of the uppermost thick sandstone of the Cadomin containing lenses or pockets of
chert-pebble conglomerate. The contact with the overlying Moosebar Formation was not observed in borehole cores in the Carbon Creek area but is assumed to lie not far above the thick sandstone capping borehole 72-13. The Carbon Creek basin contains in excess of 100 seams of coal ranging in thickness
from a few centimetres to 4.3 m (14 ft), with sixty-one of these seams greater than 0.3 m (l ft) in thickness and 10 seams ranging between 0.9 and 4.3 m (3-14 ft) thick. The coal grades in rank between high volatile bituminous near the top of the Gething Formation, to medium volatile bituminous near
the base. Evidence in the form of facies, facies relationships, sedimentary structures and coal sulphur concentrations suggests that strata of the Gething Formation of the Carbon Creek coal basin were deposited in two major deltaic environments. The lower half of the formation contains features
typical of modern upper deltaic plain and possible minor alluvial valley environments while, in contrast, the upper half or remaining strata of the Gething Formation contain evidence of deposition in a lower deltaic plain environment.
The Roberts Arm Group, Newfoundland: geological notes on a middle or upper ordovician island arc environment
Authors: Bostock H H
Published: March 2016

The Roberts Arm Group is a Middle or Upper Ordovician spilitized island arc assemblage of mafic and f elsic volcanic rocks bounded on the north along the Lobster Cove Fault by oceanic tholeiitic basalt of the Lushs Bight Group. To the west it is faulted against
the Mansfield Cove tonalite, a complex of older, def armed plutonic rocks, and to the south east it is faulted against a presumably older oceanic island type assemblage comprising the Crescent Lake Formation (siltstone chert and greywacke) conformably overlain by titanium-rich basalts. The group is
overlain unconformably by red beds of the Springdale Group of presumed Lower or Middle Silurian age. The Roberts Arm Group is structurally divided into two steeply dipping, mostly west- to north-{ acing fault-bounded belts: a north western belt of island arc calc-alka line basalts (relatively higher
P2 0 5 ) and felsites, and a southeastern belt of island arc tholeiitic basalts (relatively lower P2 0 5 ). Movement of the belts with respect to one another is thought to be in large part rotational. This distribution suggests Middle or Upper Ordovician westward dipping subduction from a trench
located near the east margin of Notre Dame Bay or along the east boundary of the Central Mobile Belt of Newfoundland. Westward overturning fallowed by eastward oroclinal bending of the Roberts Arm Group along the Lobster Cove Fault suggest that Roberts Arm volcanism was followed by right lateral
movement along this fault. A westward shift of volcanism during early or middle Silurian times may be related to fore shortening of the Roberts Arm volcanic pile.
Geology of Lac Joseph map area [23a], Newfoundland and Quebec
Authors: Stevenson I M
Published: March 2016

The area, which lies entirely within the Grenville Province, is underlain mainly by a metamorphosed sequence of quartzo-feldspathic and aluminous gneissic rocks intruded by gabbro and anorthosite. Metamorphism ranges from the epidoteamphibolite facies to the
granulite facies; most of the gneisses occur as amphibolite assemblages characterized by garnet and/or sillimanite. The structure of the area is the product of multiple deformations, whereby the gneisses have been compressed into complex, steeply dipping to locally overturned, tight folds. The
anorthositic and gabbroic rocks are less intensely deformed. They are commonly massive but here and there a faint layering is visible. The entire area has been extensively faulted but glaciation has removed or obscured most visible evidence of this. Several small showings of pyrite, chalcopyrite,
and pyrrhotite, none of which appear to be of economic importance, occur in the gneisses. Titaniferous magnetite is commonly associated with the gabbroic rocks. Effective prospecting of much of the area is hindered by thick drift.
Structural denudation of Silurian-Devonian high-grade metamorphic rocks and postorogenic detachment faulting in the Maritimes Basin, northern Nova Scotia
Authors: Lynch G
Published: March 2016

In northern Nova Scotia, the Canadian Appalachian belt underwent dynamic orogenic build-up and post-orogenic collapse, from Silurian to Carboniferous time. Early shortening and high grade metamorphism occurred during the Acadian event, followed by crustal
extension and sedimentation within the Maritimes Basin. Three regional-scale fault structures which, in part, accomodated this orogenic cycle are described here, namely (1) the Highlands Shear Zone, (2) the Margaree Shear Zone, and (3) the Ainslie Detachment. Neoproterozoic basement rocks were
imbricated with Ordovician-Silurian cover sequences during compression. High grade gneissic units of late Silurian age in the region indicate that significant tectonic burial and crustal thickening occurred as a result of the thrusting. Partial denudation of the high grade assemblages occurred
during Early Devonian thrust emplacement of the Cabot nappe toward the northwest, along the Highlands Shear Zone. The nappe is characterized by an amphibolitic gneiss and high-grade schist complex defining a large folded klippe. Inverted metamorphic isograds occur along the margins of the nappe.
Further unroofing of the metamorphic rocks took place during Late Devonian extension from beneath the low-angle Margaree Shear Zone, which was eventually incised by Tournaisian coarse clastic rocks of the Horton Group. Tectonic sag of the extensional complex is marked by a cover of marine
carbonates and evaporites from the Visean Windsor Group. Late Carboniferous block faulting in the basement and uplift of Cape Breton Island as a horst, triggered a regional scale evaporite-controlled bedding-parallel gravity slide near the base of the Windsor Group, defining the Ainslie
Detachment.
Information gaps and science needs for groundwater science in the Great Lakes Basin
Authors: Grannemann N , Van Stempvoort D
Published: March 2016

Traditionally, groundwater science in the Great Lakes Basin was focused on finding and protecting drinking water for inland communities, private supplies, and irrigation. In the last several decades, however, a larger scientific effort has been devoted to
understanding the role of groundwater as part of the overall water budget and ecosystems in the Great Lakes Basin. Annex 8 of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement is focused on the groundwater resources of the Basin and how they affect the quality of water in the Great Lakes. As part of a
binational commitment of the Agreement, a team of about 30 geoscientists prepared a report that outlines the status of groundwater science relevant to the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. The report identifies major groundwater information gaps and science needs that are summarized as the
following major areas:
1: Advance assessment of regional-scale groundwater discharge (quantity) to surface water in the Basin.
2: Establish science-based priorities to advance the assessment of the geographic distribution of known and potential sources of groundwater contaminants relevant to Great Lakes water quality, and the efficacy of mitigation efforts.
3: Advance monitoring and surveillance of groundwater quality in the Great Lakes Basin.
4: Advance research on local-scale assessment of interaction between groundwater and surface water.
5: Develop better tools for monitoring, surveillance and local-scale assessment of groundwater - surface water interaction.
6: Advance research on the role of groundwater in aquatic habitats.
7: Develop scaled-up models of the regional effects of groundwater on Great Lakes water quality.
A review of these seven science needs will be discussed as they relate to regional-scale groundwater studies.
Hydro-stratigraphic correlation by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry based chemostratigraphy
Authors: Knight R D , Kjarsgaard B A , Russell H A
J , Sharpe D R
Published: March 2016

In glacial basins stratigraphic correlation is commonly based on lithostratigraphic methods. Correlation can be significantly improved through the use of geophysical and geochemical properties; however widespread subsurface geophysical data is often limited. For
groundwater studies, the collection of sediment geochemistry data is often beyond the scope and budget of many programs and is generally not included as a part of routine data collection. Portable X-ray fluorescent (pXRF) spectrometry has proven to be a successful, cost effective tool to
characterize the chemostratigraphy of glacially derived sediments and to improve the interpretation of downhole geophysics, micropaleontology results, and pore water geochemistry. Data collected from this method has now become a routine part of borehole studies within the Groundwater Program at the
GSC.
Analytical protocols have been developed to utilize portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) to obtain precise and accurate data for a suit of up to 14 elements detected in the <63 microns grain size fraction (Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Rb, S, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, Zr). This protocol was
developed through the analyses of over 10,000 samples obtained from multiple glacial basins across Canada, and verified against traditional laboratory methods (fusion, four acid, aqua regia digestions) using >500 samples.
The introduction of chemostratigraphic techniques to samples collected from boreholes establishes chemical and related mineralogical variations within sediments and contributes to information collected by sediment description, grain size data, downhole geophysical and stratigraphic correlations.
Geochemical data also provides an opportunity to establish a chemostratigraphic framework that complements other stratigraphic correlation techniques, for example lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy.
Results have demonstrated the ability of chemical analyses obtained from pXRF spectrometry to identify stratigraphic units, refine sedimentological interpretations, and correlate within glacial basins. The addition of geochemical analyses has refined paleogeographic interpretations; provenance
studies, and provides information to support 3-D geological models with increased confidence in stratigraphic correlations.
A pilot study in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) of 10 borehole cores, sampled at approximately one metre interval (1057 sample analysis), has provided a proof of concept for planning of a series of chemostratigraphic transects across southern Ontario. Samples will be collected from OGS and GSC
archival material for 18-20 boreholes for approximately 2000 samples. Additionally reanalysis of a suite of samples from the NATMAP (< 50 samples) orientation sample transect in the GTA will provide a link with surface geochemical sampling and the subsurface chemostratigraphic
data.
Ontario Geological Survey response to the 2015 groundwater geoscience knowledge GAP analysis
Authors: Priebe E H
Published: March 2016

In March 2015, the Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) and Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) hosted a Groundwater Geoscience Knowledge GAP Analysis session for southern Ontario clients. The session objectives were to solicit input at the planning phase of several
large OGS/GSC collaborative mapping initiatives, and to discuss the future of provincial government data management and the potential for accessing data via an "open data" initiative. Session participants identified 30 individual groundwater geoscience knowledge gaps, which fall into 7 categories
comprising: i) communications, ii) standards and protocols, iii) hydro and geochemistry, iv) surface and groundwater interaction, v) geology and hydrogeology, vi) climate change and vii) data management and dissemination. In the past year, the OGS has taken significant steps to address many of the
knowledge gaps that were brought forward at the March 2015 session.
Communication issues represented the first, and most prominent, category of identified gaps. Session participants agreed that better communication between government ministries and agencies, that hold various land resource and science based mandates, would break down barriers between disciplines and
create opportunities for multi-disciplinary collaboration. To address communication issues, the OGS has taken several positive steps to engage with partner land-based ministries. Some highlights of the activities emerging from these new connections include; the OGS providing geoscience mapping
products and offering expertise to MOECC Land and Water Policy Branch as they evaluate land-use planning in the Greater Golden Horseshoe region; the development of a new OGS project, in collaboration with MOECC, to map shallow karst using geochemical indicators of rapid recharge; opening
communication and information sharing to discuss the inclusion of OGS continuously cored boreholes with monitors into the MOECC Provincial Groundwater Monitoring Network; the creation of a working group to write a White Paper supporting a modern provincial government data strategy; and providing
groundwater hydrochemistry mapping and expertise to support policy development for homeowner and public health unit notification when domestic well sampling results exceed drinking water guidelines from natural/geological sources. Each of the new projects and collaborations represents an improvement
to inter-government communication. This list also demonstrates the OGS's commitment to create geoscience mapping products that meet the needs of clients, including those making science based policy decisions regarding groundwater.
The OGS will continue to engage with clients and stakeholders as we continue our groundwater mapping initiative in southern Ontario in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Canada.
Regional geochemical survey of soil and sediment in southern Ontario
Authors: Sharpe D R , Klassen R A , Russell H A J , Logan C E , Garrett R
Published: March 2016

The interplay of geological, biological, and chemical factors controls the natural distribution of elements in the environment. Superimposed on this natural pattern is the effect of human activity, e.g., urban, agriculture, and industrial. Thus, knowledge of
natural background levels and cycling processes are required to interpret a geochemical baseline for environmental and human health protection in southern Ontario.
Geochemical sample distribution of the southern Ontario landscape consists of 300 randomly selected sites that provide statistically representative sampling, independent of geological, pedological, and ecological distributions. Paired A and C soil horizon samples (296), and nearby till samples
(300), were collected based on funding from a National Geoscience Mapping Program (GSC-OGS partnership). Analysis, using established analytical methods (X-Ray Fluoresence (XRF), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Instrumental Neutron Activation (INA), Chittick Analysis and Specific Ion Electrode)
and reference standards, was completed for 33 elements. This analytical work was funded by the former Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (Phytotoxicology section) and the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited.
Many elements display systematic variation in concentration linked to major geological domains, e.g., Superior and Grenville provinces of Precambrian Shield, Paleozoic rocks of eastern Ontario and Paleozoic carbonate and shale rocks of southwestern Ontario, overprinted by patterns in transported
glacial sediment of variable thickness. For example, contour maps of Ca, Mg, and As concentrations in A and C horizon samples show pronounced spatial relationship between soil values and bedrock source areas. Regional elemental patterns near Windsor (Sb, Mo, & Ni; low Zr) and near the
Niagara Escarpment (Zn, Cd, and Pb) are also apparent. Some elements show local-scale variation rather than regional variation (e.g. Hg, Cu, Ni) patterns which may be due to local geology, textural variation, human activity, or soil formation. For instance, a number of elements display enrichment in
the organic A horizon compared to parent material, C horizon, particularly for Hg, Pb and transitional elements, apparently reflecting the influence of biogeochemical cycling by soil forming processes.
Detailed analysis (geochemical tracing or "finger-printing") is often required to distinguish anthropogenic influences, such as Pb from leaded gasoline; As from herbicides, and impurities derived from agricultural fertilizers. Alternatively, anomalously high A/C ratios found southeast from Sudbury
(Cu, Ni, As, Se, Cd, Pb) may be due to combined atmospheric fallout from smelting operations and/or mineralization. The radius of significant influence of potential fallout, skewed southeast, is within 100 km of smelting operations.
Epidemiology of Domestically Acquired Amebiasis in Japan, 2000–2013
Authors: Ishikane Masahiro , Arima Yuzo , Kanayama Atsuhiro , Takahashi Takuri , Yamagishi Takuya , Yahata Yuichiro , Matsui Tamano , Sunagawa Tomimasa , Nozaki Tomoyoshi , Oishi Kazunori
Published: March 2016

Notifications of amebiasis have been increasing in Japan. Using national surveillance data during 2000–2013, reported cases of amebiasis were analyzed. A case of amebiasis was defined as laboratory-confirmed Entamoeba histolytica infection, regardless of presence of symptoms. We described temporal trends and analyzed correlates of asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases based on odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression. Of 9,946 cases reported during 2000–2013, 7,403 were domestic cases. During this period, the proportion of domestic cases increased from 63% to 85%. Among male cases, majority were middle aged, and from 2008, the number of cases attributed to heterosexual contact surpassed that of homosexual contact. During 2010–2013, increase in notifications was associated with asymptomatic cases, colonoscopy diagnosis, and males with unknown or heterosexual route of infection. Among males, colonoscopy (OR = 31.5; 95% CI = 14.0–71.0) and cases with unknown route of infection, relative to homosexual contact (OR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.3–3.9), were associated with asymptomatic infections in multivariate analysis. Although the recent rise may have been due to enhanced detection by colonoscopy or reporting, the large number of asymptomatic cases, with reportedly unknown or heterosexual route of infection, has led to a better understanding of amebiasis in Japan and highlights the potential public health concern.
Persistent Symptoms of Dengue: Estimates of the Incremental Disease and Economic Burden in Mexico
Authors: Tiga D. Carolina , Undurraga Eduardo A. , Ramos-Castañeda José , Martínez-Vega Ruth A. , Tschampl Cynthia A. , Shepard Donald S.
Published: March 2016

Dengue is mostly considered an acute illness with three phases: febrile, critical with possible hemorrhagic manifestations, and recovery. But some patients present persistent symptoms, including fatigue and depression, as acknowledged by the World Health Organization. If persistent symptoms affect a non-negligible share of patients, the burden of dengue will be underestimated. On the basis of a systematic literature review and econometric modeling, we found a significant relationship between the share of patients reporting persisting symptoms and time. We updated estimates of the economic burden of dengue in Mexico, addressing uncertainty in productivity loss and incremental expenses using Monte Carlo simulations. Persistent symptoms represent annually about US$22.6 (95% certainty level [CL]: US$13–US$29) million in incremental costs and 28.2 (95% CL: 21.6–36.2) additional disability-adjusted life years per million population, or 13% and 43% increases over previous estimates, respectively. Although our estimates have uncertainty from limited data, they show a substantial, unmeasured burden. Similar patterns likely extend to other dengue-endemic countries.
Evaluation of Commercially Available Chikungunya Virus Immunoglobulin M Detection Assays
Authors: Johnson Barbara W. , Goodman Christin H. , Holloway Kimberly , de Salazar P. Martinez , Valadere Anne M. , Drebot Michael A.
Published: March 2016

Commercial chikungunya virus (CHIKV)–specific IgM detection kits were evaluated at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Public Health Agency of Canada National Microbiology Laboratory, and the Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA). The Euroimmun Anti-CHIKV IgM ELISA kit had ≥ 95% concordance with all three reference laboratory results. The limit of detection for low CHIK IgM+ samples, as measured by serial dilution of seven sera up to 1:12,800 ranged from 1:800 to 1:3,200. The Euroimmun IIFT kit evaluated at CDC and CARPHA performed well, but required more retesting of equivocal results. The InBios CHIKjj Detect MAC-ELISA had 100% and 98% concordance with CDC and CARPHA results, respectively, and had equal sensitivity to the CDC MAC-ELISA to 1:12,800 dilution in serially diluted samples. The Abcam Anti-CHIKV IgM ELISA had high performance at CARPHA, but at CDC, performance was inconsistent between lots. After replacement of the biotinylated IgM antibody controls with serum containing CHIKV-specific IgM and additional quality assurance/control measures, the Abcam kit was rereleased and reevaluated at CDC. The reformatted Abcam kit had 97% concordance with CDC results and limit of detection of 1:800 to 1:3,200. Two rapid tests and three other CHIKV MAC-ELISAs evaluated at CDC had low sensitivity, as the CDC CHIKV IgM in-house positive controls were below the level of detection. In conclusion, laboratories have options for CHIKV serological diagnosis using validated commercial kits.
Convective sources of trajectories traversing the tropical tropopause layer
Authors: Tissier Ann-Sophie , Legras Bernard
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Transit properties across the tropical tropopause layer are studied using extensive forward and backward Lagrangian diabatic trajectories between cloud tops and the reference surface 380 K. After dividing the tropical domain into 11 subregions according to the distribution of land and convection, we estimate the contribution of each region to the upward mass flux across the 380 K surface and to the vertical distribution of convective sources and transit times over the period 2005–2008. The good agreement between forward and backward statistics is the basis of the results presented here. It is found that about 85 % of the tropical parcels at 380 K originate from convective sources throughout the year. From November to April, the sources are dominated by the warm pool which accounts for up to 70 % of the upward flux. During boreal summer, the Asian monsoon region is the largest contributor with similar contributions from the maritime and continental parts of the region; however, the vertical distributions and transit times associated with these two subregions are very different. Convective sources are generally higher over the continental part of the Asian monsoon region, with shorter transit times. We estimate the monthly averaged upward mass flux on the 380 K surface and show that the contribution from convective outflow accounts for 80 % on average and explains most of its seasonal variations. The largest contributor to the convective flux is the South Asian Pacific region (warm pool) at 39 % throughout the year followed by oceanic regions surrounding continental Asia at 18 % and Africa at 10.8 %. Continental Asian lowlands account for 8 %. The Tibetan Plateau is a minor overall contributor (0.8 %), but transport from convective sources in this region is very efficient due to its central location beneath the Asian upper level anticyclone. The core results are robust to uncertainties in data and methods, but the vertical source distributions and transit times exhibit some sensitivity to the representations of cloud tops and heating rates. The main sensitivity is to the radiative heating rates which vary among reanalyses.
New temperature and pressure retrieval algorithm for high-resolution infrared solar occultation spectroscopy: analysis and validation against ACE-FTS and COSMIC
Authors: Olsen Kevin S. , Toon Geoffrey C. , Boone Chris D. , Strong Kimberly
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Motivated by the initial selection of a high-resolution solar occultation Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) to fly to Mars on the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, we have been developing algorithms for retrieving volume mixing ratio vertical profiles of trace gases, the primary component of which is a new algorithm and software for retrieving vertical profiles of temperature and pressure from the spectra. In contrast to Earth-observing instruments, which can rely on accurate meteorological models, a priori information, and spacecraft position, Mars retrievals require a method with minimal reliance on such data. The temperature and pressure retrieval algorithms developed for this work were evaluated using Earth-observing spectra from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) FTS, a solar occultation instrument in orbit since 2003, and the basis for the instrument selected for a Mars mission. ACE-FTS makes multiple measurements during an occultation, separated in altitude by 1.5–5 km, and we analyse 10 CO2 vibration–rotation bands at each altitude, each with a different usable altitude range. We describe the algorithms and present results of their application and their comparison to the ACE-FTS data products. The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) provides vertical profiles of temperature up to 40 km with high vertical resolution. Using six satellites and GPS radio occultation, COSMIC's data product has excellent temporal and spatial coverage, allowing us to find coincident measurements with ACE with very tight criteria: less than 1.5 h and 150 km. We present an intercomparison of temperature profiles retrieved from ACE-FTS using our algorithm, that of the ACE Science Team (v3.5), and from COSMIC. When our retrievals are compared to ACE-FTS v3.5, we find mean differences between −5 and +2 K and that our retrieved profiles have no seasonal or zonal biases but do have a warm bias in the stratosphere and a cold bias in the mesosphere. When compared to COSMIC, we do not observe a warm/cool bias and mean differences are between −4 and +1 K. COSMIC comparisons are restricted to below 40 km, where our retrievals have the best agreement with ACE-FTS v3.5. When comparing ACE-FTS v3.5 to COSMIC we observe a cold bias in COSMIC of 0.5 K, and mean differences are between −0.9 and +0.6 K.
Calibration of a water vapour Raman lidar with a kite-based humidity sensor
Authors: Totems Julien , Chazette Patrick
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We present a calibration method for a water vapour Raman lidar using a meteorological probe lifted by a kite, flown steadily above the lidar site, within the framework of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) and Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) campaigns. The experiment was carried out in Menorca (Spain) during June 2013, using the mobile water vapour and aerosol lidar WALI. Calibration using a kite demonstrated a much better degree of co-location with the lidar system than that which could be achieved with radiosondes, and it allowed us to determine the overlap function and calibration factor simultaneously. The range-dependent water vapour lidar calibration was thus determined with an uncertainty of 2 % in the 90–8000 m altitude range. Lidar water vapour measurements are further compared with radiosondes, showing very good agreement in the lower troposphere (1–5 km) and a relative difference and standard deviation of 5 and 9 % respectively. Moreover, a reasonable agreement with MODIS-integrated water vapour content is found, with a relative mean and standard deviation of 3 and 16 % respectively. However, a discrepancy is found with AERONET retrievals, showing the latter to be underestimated by 28 %. Reanalyses by the ECMWF/IFS numerical weather prediction model also agree with the temporal evolution highlighted with the lidar, with no measurable drift in integrated water vapour content over the period.
Modelled glacier dynamics over the last quarter of a century at Jakobshavn Isbræ
Authors: Muresan Ioana S. , Khan Shfaqat A. , Aschwanden Andy , Khroulev Constantine , Van Dam Tonie , Bamber Jonathan , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Wouters Bert , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Kjær Kurt H.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Observations over the past 2 decades show substantial ice loss associated with the speed-up of marine-terminating glaciers in Greenland. Here we use a regional three-dimensional outlet glacier model to simulate the behaviour of Jakobshavn Isbræ (JI) located in western Greenland. Our approach is to model and understand the recent behaviour of JI with a physical process-based model. Using atmospheric forcing and an ocean parametrization we tune our model to reproduce observed frontal changes of JI during 1990–2014. In our simulations, most of the JI retreat during 1990–2014 is driven by the ocean parametrization used and the glacier's subsequent response, which is largely governed by bed geometry. In general, the study shows significant progress in modelling the temporal variability of the flow at JI. Our results suggest that the overall variability in modelled horizontal velocities is a response to variations in terminus position. The model simulates two major accelerations that are consistent with observations of changes in glacier terminus. The first event occurred in 1998 and was triggered by a retreat of the front and moderate thinning of JI prior to 1998. The second event, which started in 2003 and peaked in the summer 2004, was triggered by the final break-up of the floating tongue. This break-up reduced the buttressing at the JI terminus that resulted in further thinning. As the terminus retreated over a reverse bed slope into deeper water, sustained high velocities over the last decade have been observed at JI. Our model provides evidence that the 1998 and 2003 flow accelerations are most likely initiated by the ocean parametrization used but JI's subsequent dynamic response was governed by its own bed geometry. We are unable to reproduce the observed 2010–2012 terminus retreat in our simulations. We attribute this limitation to either inaccuracies in basal topography or to misrepresentations of the climatic forcings that were applied. Nevertheless, the model is able to simulate the previously observed increase in mass loss through 2014.
Reassessing the Fair Tax
Authors: Santoro Joseph R. , Fuller Caleb S.
Published: March 2016

In the United States, debates over the optimal tax-base have raged since the implementation of the income tax in 1913. Recently, the controversy has centered around the Fair Tax. Advocates of the Fair Tax contend that it will achieve two goals. First, they claim it will maintain revenue neutrality. Second, they claim it will tax only consumption rather than impinging on income and savings. In this paper, we use insights from the Austrian tradition of economics to question the desirability of the first claim and to question the feasibility of the second claim. We conclude that debates over taxation in general would be more fruitful if they returned to more fundamental issues—namely the quantity of resources over which the state possesses ultimate ownership.
Distribution of Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias in Qatari Nationals Seen at Hamad Hospital in Qatar
Authors: Fawzi Z. O. , Al Hilali A. , Fakhroo N. , Al Bin Ali A. , Al Mansour S.
Published: March 2016

Several reports indicate that haemoglobinopathies and thalassemias are the most common genetic abnormalities in the population of the Arabian- Peninsula. However the exact frequencies of these abnormalities among the Qatari population has not yet been determined. We surveyed the results of all hemoglobin-electrophoresis performed in Hematology laboratory at Hamad Hospital over a period of 78 months (Jan.1994- June.2000) together with the results of all other relevant tests to highlight the distribution of these disorders among the Qatari patients seen at Hamad Hospital.

The size of the group analyzed was 3275 of whom 1702 were Qatari and 1573 were non-Qatari residents of different nationalities. The survey of Qatari results revealed that 30.43% of all Qatari patients tested carry fi-thalassemia (minor, intermedia or major), 12.28% carry oc-thalassemia (minor or intermedia) while 0.53% were labeled as having Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH). fithalassemia is the most common type of thalassemic disorders seen in the Qatari patients, accounting for 71.25% of all thalassemias encountered in this group.

Out of Qatari patients tested 16.33% were found to carry a structurally abnormal hemoglobin variant of one type or another. Sickle cell hemoglobin (Hb-s) is the most common structural hemoglobin variant detected where it is found in 14.63% of those tested and constituting about 83.97% of all structural hemoglobin variants detected. Hb.D was found in 1.41% of those tested and constituted 12.42% of all structural hemoglobin variants detected in this group. Other structurally abnormal hemoglobin variants such as Hb. E and Hb. C were less common. As expected, almost all possible combinations between different types of structural hemoglobin variants and different types of thalassemias could be identified.

Considering the fact that the hematology laboratory at Hamad Hospital is the only laboratory in the State of Qatarthat performs hemoglobin- electrophoresis we hope that this study will reflect for the first time a reasonable idea about the prevalence of thalassemia and other types of hemoglobinopathies among the indigenous Qatari population and help to provide a comprehensive baseline information for any proper future epidemiological studies to establish the exact frequencies of these genetic disorders among Qatari nationals and for any future molecularbased studies for elucidation of the molecular basis of these disorders in this population.
Our Experience with Vaginal Prostaglandin-E2 for Induction of Labor in Qatar: Six Months Review
Authors: Alsakka M. , Dauleh W. , Tamimi H.
Published: March 2016

In order to review our experience with prostaglandin-E2 for the induction of labour and to evaluate its safety and outcomesa retrospective study was carried out at the Women's Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, over a six-month period. Three hundred and thirty four patients (7% of total deliveries) were induced by PGE2 (Dinoprostone), including 105 (30%) nulliparae and 229 (70%) multiparae. Patients with a history of one previous lower segment caesarean section were also included. Post date pregnancy and diabetes were the most common indications for induction.

There were significant differences in the two groups regarding the number of doses and the mean total dose of PGE2 used. The need for syntocinon augmentation was more in the nulliparae (41% vs 22%). Failed induction occurred only in nulliparae. The rate of caesarean section in induced labour remained significantly low compared with a spontaneous labour (11.6% vs 10.7%). The caesarean section rate was higher in the nulliparae (16.0% vs 9.6%) but this was not statistically significant. The caesarean section rate was higher when Bishop score 0-4 (76% vs 24%). Only two of the babies in the study group had an Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes. There was one caesarean hysterectomy because of postpartum hemorrhage associated with the PGE2 induction.

Conclusion: The calculated induction rate with PGE2 was 7% of total deliveries. Induction of labour with PGE2
in a grandmultiparae and previous caesarean section is relatively safe but further multicentre studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Infective Endocarditis Due to Streptococcus Pneumonia
Authors: Al Suob H. , Saif A.S.
Published: March 2016

A young patient with a ventricular septal defect presentedwith Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia complicatedby endocarditis. The presentation was acute withhigh fever; hypotension, leukocytosis, and renal impairment The organism was penicillin sensitive. Treatment with ampicillin for four weeks produced a successful outcome. Endocarditis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae has become rare in recent years and the association with a ventricular septal defect has not been reported before. Pertinent literature is reviewed.
“From Qatar to the World” Abstracts Presented at International Conferences
Authors: Hammoudeh Mohammed
Published: March 2016

One month after renal transplantation, a 60-year-old man developed acute allograft dysfunction associated with gross hematuria and dysuria. Urinary cytological examination showed viral inclusion-bearing epithelial cells. A renal transplant biopsy specimen showed granulomatous interstitial nephritis, tubular necrosis, and ground glass-like intranuclear viral inclusion bodies in tubular cells caused by an adenovirus (ADV) infection. A reduction in baseline immunosuppressive therapy resulted in rapid normalization of allograft function and ultimately viral clearance. We report this case not only to illustrate an exceptional manifestation of an ADV infection in a renal allograft, but also to highlight the beneficial effect of reduction in immunosuppressive therapy on viral replication and clinical outcome.
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Authors: D'Souza Atlantic , Gehani A. A.
Published: March 2016

Peripheral nerve injuries are one of the usual spotter cases in international exams. They are fun to diagnose and can be easily identified by knowing many of the characteristic signs and tests. A few basic concepts in the anatomy, course and branches of the peripheral nerves makes it possible to diagnose the level of lesion with ease.
Single-Breath Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity
Authors: Ahmedullah Hassan Syed
Published: March 2016

Single-breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO-sb). This test is also sometimes referred to as the Transfer Factor for Carbon Monoxide. It reflects the ability of the lung to transfer gas across the alveolar / capillary interface.
Um método de ajuste da função n(t) = nQ (1+at)b
Authors: Isotani Sadao , Toledo Daisy Hirata , Ito Amando Siuiti , Pontuschka Walter Maigon
Published: March 2016

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Apresentação de um método para obter rapidamente o ajuste da função n(t) = n0 (l+at)b. O método calcula os parâmetros a, b e n0 a partir de quatro valores numéricos da função n (t). A utilidade do presente método está na estimativa de parâmetros iniciais para métodos iterativos de ajuste e na avaliação da qualidade de dados experimentais.
Metapoesia: para uma poética da poesia. Segunda parte: a poesia
Authors: Lima Enoque Balbino
Published: March 2016

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Segunda parte da tese de Doutorado - METAPOESIA. Na Parte I deste trabalho (Semina 3:10), discutiu-se o conceito de Poeta e suas relações com o universo na criação poética. Nesta parte, aborda-se o conceito de Poesia na Critica e na própria poesia, bem como o estado natural e poemático, e fontes da Poesia no discurso poética empregado com função metalingüistica, em que o poeta descreve o fenômeno poético integral. Discute-se também as fontes da Poesia: O universo físico, psíquico e metafísico e conclui-se que a Poesia não é a recriação do universo, mas o reflexo do cosmo, tricotomicamente considerado, através do "espelho" do poema. A criação poética consiste na captação de uma partícula infinitesimal de toda a poesia cósmica em estado potencial, e conferir-lhe forma comunicante através o discurso verbal.