bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forming Virtuous Character
Authors: Collicutt Joanna
Published: June 2022

This chapter brings together insights from the practice of rehabilitation medicine, positive psychology, and Christian theology to identify a set of principles that could inform a virtuous higher education institution whose overall aim is the cultivation of wisdom for the whole of life, including its ending. These principles focus on the development of a clear sense of personal and social identity; positive self-worth and humility; attentiveness to the social and natural environment; the ability to balance different life areas appropriately; openness to “the other”; compassion; resilience; and the integration of different forms and areas of knowledge. The chapter argues that developments in the field of positive psychology offer a potentially rich resource of evidence-based practices that can be used to embed these principles in a learning community.
Cultivating Virtue by Reading Jane Austen
Authors: Richard Jessica
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers another way of thinking of Jane Austen as a “moral” writer, neither as a writer who inculcates traditional values, whether through affirmation or satire, nor as one who subverts them. Instead, this chapter presents Pride and Prejudice as a text that interrogates the very definition of virtue, not in order to offer its own definition or standard of virtue, but to highlight virtue’s elusiveness. In the end, the chapter suggests that the recognition of virtue’s elusiveness becomes itself a virtuous practice. How can we assess the virtue of others? What are the markers or signs of virtue? How can we know if the people we meet are good people? These questions animate the novel’s plot. Pride and Prejudice shows characters wrestling with this challenge and, through Austen’s use of particular techniques of fictional form, gives readers practice in it as well.
The Many Faces of Credulitas
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

This book is about the relationship among belief, credibility, and credulity in post-Reformation Catholicism. It argues that, starting from the end of the sixteenth century and due to different political, intellectual, cultural, and theological factors, credibility assumed a central role in post-Reformation Catholic discourse. This led to an important reconsideration of the relationship between natural reason and supernatural grace and consequently to novel and significant epistemological and moral tensions. From the perspective of the relationship among credulity, credibility, and belief, early modern Catholicism emerges not as the apex of dogmatism and intellectual repression, but rather as an engine for promoting the importance of intellectual judgment in the process of embracing faith. To be sure, finding a balance between conscience and authority was not easy for early modern Catholics. This book seeks to elucidate some of the difficulties, anxieties, and tensions caused by the novel insistence on credibility that came to dominate the theological and intellectual landscape of the early modern Catholic Church. In addition to shedding light on early modern Catholic culture, this book helps us to understand better what it means to believe. For the most part, in modern Western society we don’t believe in the same things as our early modern predecessors. Even when we do believe in the same things, it is not in the same way. But believe we do, and thus understanding how early modern people addressed the question of belief might be useful as we grapple with the tension among credibility, credulity, and belief.
Credulitas, Credibility, and Belief in Early Modern Theology
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

Between the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries, the Augustinian-Thomist understanding of credulitas was the subject of a profound reconsideration. Post-Reformation Catholic theologians began emphasizing the reasonable grounds on which the truth of the Catholic faith rested, consequently assigning a much more central role to credibility in the process of believing. This chapter demonstrates this shift by examining the works of two authors who can be credited with providing the basic juridical, theological, and moral notions underpinning this newfound emphasis on credibility: the jurist and canonist Martín de Azpilcueta (better known as Doctor Navarrus) and the Jesuit controversialist theologian Francisco Suárez.
Actually Existing Digital Transformation
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents the puzzle of tech workers’ power and proposes how to solve this puzzle. On the one hand, tech workers appear immensely powerful due to their position at the center of digital transformation. On the other hand, tech workers appear powerless, due to their lack of access to labor’s traditional power resources. Indeed, during economic downturns, tech workers are incredibly vulnerable to mass layoffs, indicating that they lack power when it matters most. Turning to the workplace reveals that the main threat to tech workers’ power is not their lack of resources, but instead management’s discursive techniques for control. With the ascendance of financialization, managers have adopted the discourse of market fundamentalism, which they use to prevent workers from mobilizing. The chapter shows why this discourse is so threatening to worker power, but argues that workers can nonetheless build power by transforming management’s discursive techniques for control into resources for collective action.
Worker Power in Twenty-First-Century Capitalism
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 presents the theory of worker power that will be developed in the four case studies that follow. First, it situates the study in the context of the recent wave of union revitalization, which has reinforced the importance of mobilizing to worker power, but has largely overlooked the centrality of workplace discourse. Second, the chapter illustrates why workplace discourse is so important to worker power by presenting evidence showing the pervasiveness of market fundamentalism in the tech sector, and how it obstructs workers from mobilizing against employer discretion. The chapter then outlines three tactics that workers can use to exercise power in digital transformation, where management has established the discourse of market fundamentalism as hegemonic. Workers must build strategic capacity and economic leverage, but the most important tactic for worker power in the current era is recoding, which enables workers to transform management’s techniques for control into resources for collective action.
Institutions by the Wayside
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 describes Germany’s robust institutions for protecting workers from dismissal, but shows that they are insufficient to protect tech workers from mass layoffs. Just as at IBM San Jose, management at Infineon established market fundamentalism as hegemonic, which complicated workers’ ability to mobilize against layoffs. The chapter traces three collective responses to layoffs at Infineon, led by the works council, the union IG Metall, and by a group of workers who mobilized as shareholders. In each of these responses, organizers developed some of the tactics necessary for building power, but each fell short in a different way. The result was that workers at Infineon were just as precarious as workers in the United States, despite Germany’s formally robust institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: June 2022

This introductory chapter sets the theoretical and historical contexts through which Muslim converts to Orthodox Christianity should be viewed. The chapter distinguishes between religious conversions of the modern era, the age of nationalism, in territories of the Ottoman Empire and premodern-era conversions. The chapter argues that, although religious conversions have been occurring in the region since antiquity, the emergence of nationalism into the Ottoman Balkans after the end of the eighteenth century and its close connection with religious identities gave a new meaning to religious conversions. In the modern era, the change of one’s religious faith often meant often meant the rejection of a national identity and state affiliation and the simultaneous adoption of a new one, in most cases opposed to or in open conflict with the original one.
War Improbable, Peace Impossible, 1953–1979
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: June 2022

During the Cold War the United States developed a strategy, which involved nuclear weapons, for deterring the Soviet Union in order to prevent Soviet aggression while avoiding nuclear war. The United States and the Soviet Union both acquired allies and clients, but many countries—styling themselves members of the “Third World”—wished to avoid alignment with either bloc. The United States became involved in an ultimately unsuccessful war to keep communist North Vietnam from conquering noncommunist South Vietnam. The Nixon administration sought to lighten the burden of the Cold War on the United States through a policy of conciliating the Soviet Union known as détente, as well as with other innovations in American foreign policy including the end of the Bretton Woods international monetary system, a rapprochement with mainland China, and the mediation of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Sustainability
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L.
Published: June 2022

Sustainability: A History is a substantially revised second edition that takes account of climate change policy, climate activism, and the expansion of the sustainability movement since the first addition appeared in 2014. The book provides an accessible and largely jargon-free overview of the origins and development of sustainability from circa 1700 to the present. It is useful both as a teaching aid for courses on history, the human dimensions of climate change, corporate social responsibility, ecological economics, urban planning, and more, and for the general reader interested in understanding the background on the sustainability movement.
US Norm Entrepreneurship and the MDBs
Authors: Park Susan
Published: June 2022

This chapter theoretically examines the basis for US and bank behavior and identifies the strategies they undertook in their interactions over establishing the norm. It identifies the United States as a norm entrepreneur seeking to generate new ways for the banks to think and act. It unpacks the social and relational nature of US power, and the ideational and material strategies it used to generate, spread, and defend the norm. The United States used its power of the purse, its voice to generate support among member states, and its vote on the banks’ boards. The MDBs resisted the norm because it impinged on their autonomy and challenged their apolitical technocratic lending culture, which contributes to lending large volumes quickly as evidence of success while minimizing underperformance including harm. The chapter then outlines the strategies used by the banks as they resisted the norm: compromise, acquiescence, avoidance, defiance, and manipulation.
Antisemitic Tropes, Fifth-Columnism, and “Soros-Bashing”
Authors: Jenne Erin K. , Bozóki András , Visnovitz Péter
Published: June 2022

This chapter investigates the ways in which the post-2010 Fidesz government under Viktor Orbán used antisemitic tropes to configure George Soros—once hailed as a champion of market reform, freedom, and democracy—as an ontological threat to the Hungarian nation that should therefore be expunged from the country, together with “his networks,” including the Open Society Institute and Central European University. To show the government’s communication strategy in action, we combined an analysis of antisemitic discourse on the far right with a media content analysis of Sorosozás in government-backed online news portals from 2015 to 2020. We show that, from 2010, Orbán and his media allies discursively interpellated specific individuals and states as “financiers” and “global powers” as cogs in a global “Soros network.” In doing so, they drew upon well-established fifth-column narratives originally constructed and refined by ideologists from the Kádár era who employed a latent antisemitic code in their writing. At one time vehemently rejecting such discourse, Orbán and his government allies have become its chief articulators with devastating effects for one of his targets—the Central European University in Budapest.
Rally 'round the Flag
Authors: Feinstein Yuval
Published: June 2022

This book revisits the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon in the United States, which is characterized by a sudden and sharp increase in the public approval rating of the sitting US president in response to a war or security crisis. Notably, relatively few wars and security crises have generated rallies. Therefore, the book examines the conditions and processes through which rallies have emerged. The first chapter characterizes the rally phenomenon, explains its political importance, and discusses the book’s broader contribution. The following theoretical discussion (Chapters 2–3) critically assesses the relevance of influential arguments about public opinion for the rally phenomenon and then introduces a novel rally theory. Five empirical chapters feature an extensive comparative investigation of public reactions to US military actions and security crises in the years 1950–2020, through which the author identifies the unique sets of conditions for the emergence of rallies in this period. A sixth empirical chapter analyzes survey data to identify individual-level mechanisms of attitude shifts during rally periods. The findings reveal that rally periods have emerged in the United States in the focal period only under circumstances that lead most Americans to believe it was necessary to take military action to maintain or restore collective honor and gain the respect of other nations. In most rallies, a desire to restore collective honor and prestige stemmed from a preexisting feeling of national humiliation. In response, presidential rhetoric that appealed to national sentiment to justify military action and marked the target around a despised national enemy evoked positive emotions that motivated the majority in the public to rally behind the commander-in-chief. The book concludes by proposing future directions for research on the rally phenomenon in the United States and other countries.
Organic Unity and the Heroic
Authors: Hassan Patrick
Published: June 2022

This paper focuses on Nietzsche’s claim that suffering is closely related to the realization of certain perfectionist values, such as artistic excellence. According to Bernard Reginster, creative achievement consists in overcoming suffering, and therefore, suffering is an essential ingredient of creative achievement. Because suffering forms an essential part of a valuable whole in this way, Reginster argues that we must in turn value suffering ‘for its own sake’. This paper argues that Reginster’s position is open to the following objection: from the fact that suffering is an essential part of a valuable whole, it does not follow that suffering is itself valuable. Rather, by taking advantage of the principle of organic unities, it would have to form an essential part of a valuable whole in a particular way. The author considers two ways the principle might be attributed to Nietzsche’s views on suffering: first, as an ‘enabling condition’, in which suffering allows for a whole that outweighs its disvalue; and second, as ‘a contributor’, in which suffering positively contributes value to the whole. The paper explores how Nietzsche’s ethics turns out to be crucially informed by this conceptual distinction.
Aanaar (Inari) Saami
Authors: Valtonen Taarna , Ylikoski Jussi , Ánte (Ante Aikio) Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol
Published: June 2022

Aanaar (Inari) Saami is an indigenous language spoken around Lake Aanaar in the municipality of Aanaar (Finnish: Inari) in the northernmost Finland. Aanaar Saami is the only Saami language traditionally spoken only within the territory of Finland. One of the most successful examples of language revitalization globally, Aanaar Saami has currently approximately 450 speakers. While the grammatical structure of the language shares many typical features with the eastern Saami languages, from the perspective of the lexicon it is closer to North Saami in the west than to Skolt Saami in the east. The most prominent feature of Aanaar Saami grammar is the complex morphophonology in nominal and verbal inflection and derivation: metaphony, consonant gradation, and quantity-type alteration in single vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. As virtually all speakers of Aanaar Saami are bilingual in Finnish, this majority language increasingly affects especially the syntax and lexicon of Aanaar Saami.
Karelian
Authors: Sarhimaa Anneli
Published: June 2022

Karelian is spoken as an autochthonous minority language in north-west Russia and in Finland. The current chapter outlines the milestones of the history of Karelians, with the focus on the millennial political developments that have defined the fate of their language, including its documentation and cultivation, which have been heavily influenced by Finnish and Russian nationalism. The background part of the chapter also provides a brief summary of what is known about the consequences of the long-standing and intensive contacts of Karelian with Finnish and Russian, and gives an overview of the present-day patterns of Karelian-Russian and Karelian-Finnish bilingualism. The major part of the chapter describes the main distinctive features of Karelian phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. The chapter ends with a glossed text example.
East Mansi
Authors: Forsberg Ulla-Maija
Published: June 2022

East Mansi, the easternmost Mansi variety, was spoken in the area of the river Konda, a tributary of the river Irtysh, in Western Siberia. After the end of the twentieth century, there are no fluent speakers alive, but the language is reasonably well documented, also thanks to a massive corpus of folklore texts collected before World War I. From the perspective of both phonology and morphology, East Mansi shows more complexity than North Mansi. East Mansi is rich in verbal morphology, showing several tenses in the Conditional/Conjunctive mood and both conditional and optative mood for the passive, as well as converbs for different functions. The use of the passive and the “dative shift” (both important from the point of view of information structuring) are closer to North Mansi. In fact, they represent morphosyntactic structures that are common to the whole Ob-Ugric linguistic area.
East Khanty
Authors: Schön Zsófia , Gugán Katalin
Published: June 2022

East Khanty is a dialect group consisting of three major dialects (Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut, and Salym), each with further subvariants. Owing to the significant dialectal differences between the major groups, the chapter focuses on the Surgut dialect. Surgut Khanty itself is a cover term for the variants spoken in a vast territory along the rivers Pym, Tromagan, Agan, Bolshoy Yugan, and Malyy Yugan, but these subdialects are mutually intelligible. Our analysis will be based on the literary norm developed for this dialect (transliterated into IPA), but we will also investigate subdialectal variants, if necessary. We will describe the dialect from a synchronic point of view, with special attention to its special features, e.g. paradigmatic vowel alternation, zero-marked past vs marked present, absence of grammatical cases, a rich system of non-finite verb forms, and the emergence of finite subordination. A glossed text example is provided.
Non-finites
Authors: Ylikoski Jussi
Published: June 2022

From both morphological and syntactic points of view, most verb forms in all Uralic languages can be quite clearly divided into finite and non-finite forms, the latter subtype consisting of forms that generally do not function as sole predicates of independent clauses. Ideally, such forms can be further subcategorized into infinitives, participles, converbs, and verbal nouns. However, many such forms also function as lexical verbs of periphrastic TAM constructions headed by copular or other auxiliary verbs. Although most Uralic non-finites can be described on a common basis, the frequency and complexity of non-finite constructions, as well as their periphrastic uses, vary considerably within the language family. Many of the distinguishing features characteristic of individual branches of the Uralic family can be considered as areal phenomena that often show significant similarities to those of neighbouring language families.
Adpositions and adpositional phrases
Authors: Grünthal Riho
Published: June 2022

The adpositional system of the Uralic languages reflects the implications and inheritance of SOV word order and the syntactic sphere of inflectional forms. Most Uralic languages only use postpositions or syntactically corresponding relational nouns, whereas the north-western branches, namely Saamic and Finnic, have both postpositions and prepositions. There are two major aspects constraining the diversity of adpositional phrase (AdpP) in Uralic. Firstly, the order of the constituents is one of the basic typological parameters. Secondly, the morphosyntactic structure of AdpPs yields considerably more diversity and is more illustrative for the functional properties of the AdpP. Both the head and the complement may be inflected, whereas a pronominal complement may be fully omitted. New adpositions emerge from either relational nouns or adverbs.
Information structuring
Authors: Klumpp Gerson , Skribnik Elena
Published: June 2022

This chapter presents a concise overview of information structural means of expression as they are typically found in the Uralic languages between the Western European and the Eastern Siberian linguistic areas. It provides a larger picture as a background for the description of several morphosyntactic patterns in the single chapters on specific languages, stressing and comparing their functions of marking primary or secondary topics, or focus, respectively. The patterns relevant for the current chapter are object agreement, differential object marking, dative shift, passivization, as well as the grammaticalization of focus- or topic-marking particles, definite articles, and the development of cleft structures. Providing this assessment seems necessary against the background that Uralic languages differ considerably in the domains mentioned, and they belong to different typological areas.
Conclusions: The Failure of Spain’s Political Institutions
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

As we have seen, Catalonia has long possessed the characteristics that commonly distinguish a nation: language, culture, territory, a distinct set of institutions, and a widespread sense of solidarity and community. While a fully developed national consciousness did not come to Catalonia until the late nineteenth century, once in place it proved to be inextinguishable, surviving even the concerted efforts of the Franco regime to erase it. Indeed, over the first two decades of this century, Catalan nationalism has provoked democratic Spain’s worst political crisis by engendering a drive for independence. A durable accommodation of Catalonia within the Spanish constitutional and political order might be based upon federalism and the recognition of plurinationality. But, given the strength of Spanish nationalism and the rigidities of Spain’s political and constitutional order, such an accommodation would be exceedingly difficult to achieve.
Enforcement and Remedies (Articles 5, 16; TRIPS Agreement; WCT and WPPT)
Authors: Ricketson Sam , Ginsburg Jane C
Published: June 2022

This chapter first addresses the articles of the Berne Convention that impose supranational obligations regarding remedies and their application. It then lays out the TRIPS Agreement remedial scheme before turning to the relevant provisions in the 1996 WIPO Treaties. The chapter also discusses doctrines related to enforcement, notably bases for holding liable infringement intermediaries such as persons who provide the direct infringer with the means to commit infringing acts, or who benefit financially from those acts. It considers whether the Berne Convention or subsequent treaties require member states to incorporate rules of secondary liability for copyright infringement. Finally, the chapter analyses the new obligations contained in the 1996 WIPO Treaties to prevent the circumvention of technological protection measures and to protect rights management information against removal or destruction. While these last provisions are not formally remedial, they enrol member states in the assistance of private enforcement of rights.
Background
Authors: Kowner Rotem
Published: June 2022

This chapter overviews the origins of the Russo-Japanese War and the objectives of the two belligerents, the developments in the naval arena up to the battle, the Baltic Fleet’s voyage to East Asia, and the balance of power on the eve of the battle.
‘The entrance to my joys’
Authors: Davis David J.
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the basic understanding of divine raptus in late medieval England, as an experience in which God ravishes or raptures an individual’s soul away from their body in order to communicate directly to the individual. It demonstrates that this understanding of raptus, which was rooted in the Augustinian tradition, was elaborated and expanded in a variety of works and writers, such as Richard of St. Victor, Walter Hilton, The Cloud of Unknowing, Richard Rolle, Julian of Norwich, and Catherine of Siena. Following earlier scholarship, this chapter presents this understanding of raptus as a central feature of medieval English religious culture and the foundation of a larger discourse on divine revelation that would extend into the early modern period.
Excommunication in Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Hill Felicity
Published: June 2022

Excommunication was the medieval church’s most severe sanction, used against people at all levels of society. It was a spiritual, social, and legal penalty: Excommunication in Thirteenth-Century England offers a fresh perspective on medieval excommunication by taking a multi-dimensional approach to discussion of the sanction. Using England as a case study, the book analyzes the intentions behind excommunication, how it was perceived and received at both national and local level, and the effects it had upon individuals and society. This book uses a thematic structure to argue that our understanding of excommunication should be shaped by how it was received within the community as well as the intentions of canon law and clerics. Challenging assumptions about the inefficacy of excommunication, Hill argues that the sanction remained a useful weapon for the clerical elite. Bringing into dialogue a wide range of source material allows ‘effectiveness’ to be judged within a broader context. The complexity of political communication and action are revealed through public, conflicting, accepted, and rejected excommunications. Excommunication was a means by which political events were communicated down the social strata of medieval society. The book discusses pastoral care, cursing, fears about the afterlife, the implications of social ostracism, manipulations of excommunication in political conflicts, shame and reputation, and mass communication.
Belief, Fear, and Conscience
Authors: Hill Felicity
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores attitudes to excommunication, and in particular attitudes to the idea that excommunicates would go to hell. It argues that while people generally believed in the serious consequences of being excommunicated—there is little to indicate that excommunication and its consequences were rejected in toto—the ever-present ability to seek absolution meant that practical, temporal considerations usually mattered more. Spiritual considerations and emotions were intertwined with worldly goals and desires. Thus people sought absolution with urgency when dying, but not otherwise. The rule that excommunicates should not be buried in ecclesiastical ground was enforced. There is, however, evidence of disquiet felt by those who had incurred excommunications automatically. These people desired absolution even though they had not been judicially or publicly excommunicated. Some excommunicates who remained under sentences did so because they believed that they had been treated unfairly. Conviction in the justice of their causes led them to reject ecclesiastical judgements. The ability to defer absolution until it suited the excommunicate ultimately meant that fear of hell was not the best way to ensure a swift reconciliation with the church.
Apathy, Rejection, and Divided Loyalties
Authors: Hill Felicity
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the refusal of communities to ostracize excommunicates. It looks at difficulties with voluntary ostracism, how those who communicated with excommunicates offences resulted in punished, and the reasons clergy and laity alike often failed to treat excommunicates as they were supposed to do. Using comparative and theoretical studies, it discusses the implications of social exclusion, divided loyalties, tensions and sympathies between clergy and laity, relations between ecclesiastical and secular authorities, and collective decision-making, as well as unjust and ambiguous excommunications. Mutual excommunications demonstrate the complexities of political disputes in this period. The chapter questions the idea that excommunication was ineffective because it was overused. Instead, excommunication’s medicinal aims, the realities of medieval social structures, as well as interference from rival authorities, all made it difficult to ensure that sentences were properly enforced.
Ecclesiastical Broadcasting in the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Hill Felicity
Published: June 2022

This chapter (with the complementary appendices) deals with the regular reiteration of ipso facto excommunications in England. The publicity given to latae sententiae in this period is an important phenomenon that has not been given due attention. The chapter is chiefly based on diocesan and provincial statutes, supplemented by some material from episcopal registers and the unprinted Oculus sacerdotis (William of Pagula, c.1320). It discusses how the church used latae sententiae, requiring publication in every parish church several times a year, to publicize which crimes it took most seriously. These sentences were thus a form of ecclesiastical public broadcasting, but the requirement that they be explained to the people in the vernacular was also a matter of law and pastoral care. The chapter thus discusses the motives behind latae sententiae and their publication, and the effect of the regular reiteration of such sentences on English society. Through them, the importance of the church’s liberties, the peace of the kingdom, and the inviolability of Magna Carta were regularly impressed upon English parishioners.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Felicity
Published: June 2022

Excommunication was the medieval church’s most severe sanction, used against people at all levels of society. It was a spiritual, social, and legal penalty. Bringing into dialogue a wide range of source material allows ‘effectiveness’ to be judged within a broader context. The complexity of political communication and action are revealed through public, conflicting, accepted, and rejected excommunications. Excommunication was a means by which political events were communicated down the social strata of medieval society.
Spectralities in the Renaissance
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

A major contribution of this work is to characterize the ‘spectral moment’ of early modernity. Two developments in the sixteenth century characterize this moment in particular: the presence of ghosts as an autonomous rhetorical commonplace freed from the confines of theology or votive literature, and the striking epistemological promotion of ghosts as objects of a knowledge legitimised by natural philosophy. By highlighting the ‘spectral moment’ of early modernity, Spectralities in the Renaissance foregrounds the agency of ghosts particularly in property disputes over haunted houses as they were tried before civil courts in Paris, Tours and Bordeaux. Ghosts in these cases did not simply appear as products of their dire and distressing times but rather they had an active role in the resolution of conflicts. Conflicts over haunted houses occurred within both communities (Protestant and Catholic) and families at a time of civil war. And they involved both lay and religious powers, who strove sometimes to confirm their jurisdiction over these affairs and sometimes to thwart the actions of spectral agents. The chronology of this book’s enquiry stops on the brink of trials for superstition conducted against ghosts, by the middle of the seventeenth century. At that precise moment ghosts lost their agency in justice and their very existential substance. A concluding chapter considers the consequences of this pragmatic history of ghosts for the Enlightenment and beyond.
An Agent in Conflict Resolution
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

While the history of ghosts may lead to a history of emotions, and primarily a history of fear, this does not exhaust the action of ghosts in court. In court trials involving tenancy, the reality of the haunting is frequently asserted but does not necessarily lead to a breach of the tenancy agreement. Rather, the jurists protected the rights of the landlords in order to preserve the social order threatened by endemic war. More broadly, they took up the issue to map out what was civil and what was religious. Finally, stimulated by the amnesty laws promulgated during the Wars of Religion, French law began to reflect on the rights of the victims of civil war: the reflection on the ‘procès au cadavre’ and contumacy was an opportunity to regulate the legal action of the dead. The ghost is an instrument of secularisation insofar as it gives jurists the opportunity to separate the sphere of the divine and the sphere of the mundane, but also those of the living and the dead. To end the Wars of Religion meant negotiating with the ghosts they gave rise to.
Crossing Boundaries
Authors: Callard Caroline
Published: June 2022

Ghosts are doomed to wander; they cannot find rest and reach the world beyond. Prisoners on the surface of the earth, they are also geographers. The borders that apparitions make visible are not only vertical, the ones that separate the infra-world from the terrestrial, they also run across the surface of the globe. The chapter follows here the two dimensions of those ghostly circulations: apparitions linked to the crucial moment of the funeral, poorly buried dead (especially in context of war), and finally dead who are far from home and Christianity. We will see how ghosts follow the exploration of the globe and have been present since the early days of European colonisation, either to reassure or to punish.
Preventable and curable, but still a global problem: tuberculosis from an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Roberts Charlotte A. , Davies Peter D.O. , Blevins Kelly E. , Stone Anne C.
Published: June 2022

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infectious disease caused by organisms from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis being of most importance to humans. TB is one of the top ten causes of death globally and the leading cause from a single infectious agent (higher than HIV infection). Classed as a re-emerging infectious disease and a disease of poverty, it has been estimated that 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2019, and there were 1.2 million deaths. Around one-quarter of the population of the world has latent TB and 5–15% of these people will go on to become ill with the disease. Even though TB is curable, drug resistance is a particular challenge in treatment regimens. In 2014 and again in 2018, the World Health Organization’s The End TB Strategy was approved by the World Health Assembly, with the goal of ending the TB epidemic by 2030 (World Health Organization, 2014). TB affects the lungs, gut and other organs of the body, including the skeleton. Its deep history has been documented globally in historical writings, artwork and in human remains from archaeological sites globally, and in recent decades modern and ancient genetic research has contributed more to our understanding of the origin and evolution of the causative bacteria. In considering evidence from medicine, genetics, archaeology and history, this chapter provides insight to the evolution of this pathogen that continues to challenge the world’s knowledge base and resources.
Stress in bioarchaeology, epidemiology, and evolutionary medicine: an integrated conceptual model of shared history from the descriptive to the developmental
Authors: Temple Daniel H. , Edes Ashley N.
Published: June 2022

The study of stress has unique, parallel histories in evolutionary medicine (EM) and bioarchaeology. The stress concept was conceived as an experimental enterprise that evolved into comparative studies focused on inequality and social transformation. Modern studies in EM incorporated a life history perspective that explored the consequences of stress in the early life environment across the lifespan. Numerous biomarkers related to the cumulative impacts of stress across the lifespan are now studied and associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. This approach emphasises plasticity in the capacity to survive stress events combined with physiological constraints on investment in future maintenance and survival. Bioarchaeological research integrates these perspectives in four ways. Skeletal pathophysiology carefully considers the skeletal biological origins of lesions attributable to stress, and thus the many biomarkers that may be associated with the experience. Allostasis explores the cumulative impacts of stress across the life course, and while a coherent model has yet to develop, there is great promise in the inclusion of stress indicators from a variety of systems. Finally, life course and life history approaches consider the mutually constituted relationship between the capacity to survive early life stress events and impacts on later stages of development. Findings from EM have been applied to transformative questions such as marginalisation, inequality and racism, while modern bioarchaeological approaches are still in the early stages of engaging these issues.
“No Country for Old Men”
Authors: Pratt John , Hosoi Yoko
Published: June 2022

Gresham Sykes’s “pains of imprisonment” – one of the most enduring themes of The Society of Captives – have become a touchstone for understanding prison life way beyond the initial location of his research in a U.S. men’s maximum-security prison. He characterized these pains as taking the form of “the deprivation of freedom, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy” and, perhaps most fundamentally, “the deprivation of security” – since this latter posed the most immediate existential threat to everyday existence. But in the early twenty-first century, such typologies are unlikely to have the same fit because of the changing nature of prison demographics. In these respects, the pains of growing numbers of elderly prisoners necessitate both revisions and extensions to Sykes’s “pains”, as regards the prison experience itself and, thereafter, life beyond prison.
“I’m in a Federal Prison, and I’ve Never Felt More Free”
Authors: Bucerius Sandra M. , Berardi Luca , Haggerty Kevin D.
Published: June 2022

Gresham Sykes famously identified five key deprivations of imprisonment, understood as characteristic of prison life. Recent work has extended this analysis to the distinctive pains endured by female prisoners, although little consideration has been given to the question of how incarcerated women relate to prison vis-à-vis their past traumatic experiences. This chapter foregrounds the experiences of Indigenous women serving sentences in a women’s federal prison in Alberta, Canada. We ask: How do our participants experience prison in the context of their life histories in a settler-colonial society, and how might Sykes’s five pains of imprisonment map onto their experiences? Our findings suggest that Sykes’s formulation is certainly part of the story relating to their distinctive pains, but often only a small part. The women we interviewed consistently offered countervailing narratives about their relationship to prison, and to pain more generally, that need to be understood in the context of settler colonialism. We offer cautions about the generalizability of Sykes’s “pains” framing while also contributing to our evolving understanding of the experiential dimension of settler colonialism in Canada.
The Real Human
Authors: Simon Jonathan
Published: June 2022

One of the most striking constructions in Gresham Sykes’s germinal study of the prison social order, The Society of Captives, is the “real man”; the figure who exemplifies the personal virtues of self-possession and coolness under stress, while seeking to check the viciousness of others and protect the collective interest in survival. In this chapter I offer a reconstruction of the “real man” and seek to free it from the structural functionalism of Sykes’s analytic strategy and the presumptive Whiteness, masculinity, and heterosexual normativity of its values. While a great deal in the era of mass incarceration has transformed the prison social order that Sykes described, the values associated with the “real man” remain a starting point for exploring sociologically the struggle to sustain humanity and dignity under conditions of incarceration. The assault on humanity intrinsic even in the rehabilitative prison of the mid-20th century has intensified in the era of mass incarceration; total control has replaced forms of accommodation. Ironically this changes on of Sykes’s most striking conclusions, his observation that the “real man’s” commitment to dignity helps maintain accommodation with the authorities. Today the effort of prisoners to embody their real humanity has become a radical and effective challenge to the prison regime, as exemplified in California’s successful prison hunger strike in 2013.
Measurement of diffuse scattering
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

The chapter describes the development of methods to record X-ray diffuse scattering, from early work using photographic film, 1D position-sensitive wire detectors and then various 2D area detectors such as image plates, CCDs and single photon counting hybrid pixel detectors. A description is given of artefacts that these may introduced and how these can be avoided or removed. X-rays generated in the home laboratory as well as synchrotron sources are covered. The chapter also describes how diffuse neutron scattering may be recorded at two different spallation neutron sources using time-of-flight spectroscopy. This includes a discussion of elastic and inelastic scattering.
Displacements in one dimension
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

While chapters 2 and 3 covered the development of theory for occupancy or substitutional disorder, in this chapter analogous models are described for treating atomic displacements. A simple 1D perturbed regular lattice using Gaussian variables is described and an expression for the diffracted intensity is derived. This is used to interpret the diffraction pattern of a real example -- dibromodecane/urea inclusion compound.
Automatic refinement of a Monte Carlo model
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

Although, in earlier chapters, convincing results were obtained using MC simulation for a variety of quite different systems, the crucial step of comparing the observed and calculated patterns was performed visually and decisions regarding the adjustment of the model parameters relied heavily on the experience of the investigator. In this chapter an automatic least-squares refinement of a Monte Carlo model is demonstrated in which quantitative comparison of observed and calculated patters are made and model parameters updated automatically. The differentials used to form the least-squares matrix are obtained numerically from the difference of two complete MC simulations for each parameter, making the process very computer intensive but quite feasible using parallel processing. The example used for the study was an iron carbonyl, Fe3(CO)12.
Further applications of the automatic Monte Carlo method
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

Two contrasting further examples of the use of the automatic MC method are described. The first (benzil, C14H10O2) has been known for a long time to exhibit strong diffuse scattering. However the structure is basically a perfectly ordinary ordered structure and its diffuse scattering is purely thermal in origin. The second example (ClMe, C14H12ClN) is closely related to the MeCl example described earlier. With four molecular orientations possible in each molecular site and with large local relaxational displacements accompanying the disorder ClMe represents a much more complex problem. A key feature of the model was a size-effect parameter applied to one of the strongest inter-molecular spring constants. It was this size-effect that resulted in the highly asymmetric observed diffuse peaks. (120 words).
Pair distribution functions (PDF, 3D-PDF and 3D-ΔPDF )
Authors: Welberry T.R.
Published: June 2022

Following the success of the powder PDF method as a probe of local structure in all kinds of disordered materials the chapter describes the development of three dimensional single crystal PDF methods (3D-PDF and 3D-ΔPDF). The limitations of powder PDF that result from the powder induced orientational averaging are explored by comparing what the method can achieve compared to single crystal diffuse scattering analysis for a well known example. The 3D-ΔPDF method is demonstrated by a study of ionic correlations in sodium-intercalated V2O5. 3D-ΔPDF provides a significant advance in the study of diffuse scattering and disorder. One of the main reasons is that ΔPDF maps can be generated directly from the observed data and are generally much easier to interpret than the diffuse scattering itself.
Introduction
Authors: Woo Jaejoon
Published: June 2022

The South Korean economy, an industrial powerhouse, has achieved advanced nation status in many aspects. However, today Korea is facing challenges on multiple fronts that are radically different from those seen in the early stages of industrialization. It has been struggling with unprecedented socioeconomic problems amid mounting social discontent in recent years, well before the pandemic crisis began in 2020. The aim of this book is to address the new challenges that face a country even after successful industrialization. This introductory chapter begins with the background narrative and motivation of the book, highlighting how this book is uniquely differentiated from the existing ones on the South Korean economy. It then features a range of high-impact questions and issues under the main themes that are explored in the book. Finally, it lays out a road map for the rest of the book with an overview of the main points in each chapter.