bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Several Pesticides on the Growth and Nitrogen Assimilation of theAzolla-AnabaenaSymbiosis
Authors: Holst Robert W. , Yopp John H. , Kapusta George
Published: May 2019

Of 15 pesticides evaluated in a screening test with respect to their effects on growth and nitrogen assimilation of theAzolla mexicana(Presl) –Anabaena azollae(Strasburger) symbiosis, the bipyridilium and phenolic herbicides at 0.1 ppmw were the most detrimental, causing up to a 75% reduction in nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction with little or no effect on growth. Chloramben [3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid] at 1.0 ppmw, and dicamba [3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid], and benomyl [methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolyl carbamate] at 10.0 ppmw caused an 84 to 99% reduction in nitrogen fixation without affecting nitrate reduction or growth. Simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 10.0 ppmw stimulated nitrate reduction 20 fold, causing a 99% reduction in nitrogen fixation. Growth and nitrogen assimilation were reduced at similar concentrations between 0.1 and 10 ppmw for each of the other benzoic, triazine, dinitroanaline, and urea herbicides tested. Naptalam [N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid] was the only pesticide tested that had no effect on growth or nitrogen assimilation at 10.0 ppmw.
Differential Toxicity, Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Metolachlor in Corn (Zea mays) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Dixon Gregg A. , Stoller E. W.
Published: May 2019

Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] toxicity, absorption, translocation, and metabolism were investigated in corn (Zea maysL.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Metolachlor did not inhibit seed germination in corn or tuber germination in yellow nutsedge. It did not kill yellow nutsedge tubers that were exposed to 4 ppmw for 9 weeks. Metolachlor (10 ppmw) applied in soil above the seed significantly reduced corn shoot growth, but the same concentration around or below the seed had no effect. A soil mixture with metolachlor (1 ppmw) placed above or around yellow nutsedge tubers significantly reduced shoot growth, but placement around the tuber was the most toxic; placement below the tuber had no effect on shoot growth. The concentration of metolachlor that resulted in 50% reduction of shoot growth of 4-day-old seedlings in solution culture was > 10−4M for corn and <10−6M for yellow nutsedge. Root-applied14C-metolachlor was acropetally translocated to shoots of both species following a 7- to 13-day absorption period, with yellow nutsedge translocating the highest portion of the absorbed material to shoots. In 2-day-old seedlings with roots exposed to14C-metolachlor for up to 48 h, both species absorbed and translocated the radioactivity to shoots, but corn absorbed much more than yellow nutsedge. When the14C-metolachlor was applied to shoots of both species, the radioactivity was translocated basipetally into roots. Yellow nutsedge exuded appreciable14C-metolachlor out of the roots and absorbed more14C-metolachlor through shoot tissues than corn. Both corn and yellow nutsedge seedlings readily converted the14C-metolachlor to metabolites, but corn was able to metabolize the14C-metolachlor at a faster rate than yellow nutsedge and also produced more metabolites.
Chemical Control of Smutgrass (Sporobolus poiretii)
Authors: Smith Albert E.
Published: May 2019

The influence of herbicide formulation and time of herbicide application on smutgrass [Sporobolus poiretii(Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc.] control and phytotoxicity to the major perennial forage-grass species were determined. Dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) applied at rates of 4.8 kg/ha and higher gave excellent control regardless of time of application. However, 4.8 kg/ha dalapon applied to Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notátumFlügg ‘Pensacola′) and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] in the spring, and to tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. ‘Ky 31′) in the fall and spring, was phytotoxic. Applications of tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} 80W (80% wettable powder) formulation at 2.4 kg/ha, or fertilizer coated with tebuthiuron at 2.4 kg/ha, gave excellent smutgrass control. The pelleted formulation of tebuthiuron was less phytotoxic to the forage species than the other formulations.
Competitive and Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Irons Stephen M. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

In the field, soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 71′] required 4 to 6 weeks free of sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) competition for maximum yield. Competition studies suggested that more than one type of interference was involved when sunflowers grew with soybeans. In greenhouse studies, soybean height, fresh weight, and dry weight were significantly reduced at certain sunflower and soybean densities and levels of competition. Sunflower height was not reduced by any level of competition, but sunflower fresh and dry weights were reduced with high sunflower and soybean populations. Two percent (w/w) or greater amounts of ground, mature sunflower leaves mixed into the soil reduced emergence and growth of soybeans, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘G-625 GBR′], and sunflower. A mixture of powdered stems and branches of sunflower also reduced growth of the three species, although it was not as phytotoxic as ground leaves. Sunflower roots apparently released exudates into the nutrient solution and soil. Sunflower root exudates inhibited sunflower emergence, and reduced sorghum, soybean, and sunflower height, fresh weight, and dry weight.
Effect of Three Desiccant Herbicides on Soybean (Glycine max) Seed Quality
Authors: Cerkauskas Raymond F. , Dhingra Onkar D. , Sinclair James B. , Foor Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars ‘UFV1’ and ‘UFV2’ grown at Viçosa and Florestal, Brazil, and ‘Bonus' and ‘Wells' at Urbana, Illinois, were sprayed at growth stages R5.5to R6(full-pod) or R7(50% defoliation) with the desiccant/herbicides glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion), or sodium chlorate:sodium borate (50:50, w/v). Desiccation of plants by paraquat significantly reduced seed weight and germination at all locations and increased the incidence ofAlternariaandPhomopsisspp. at Urbana. Analysis of the combined data from the Brazilian locations showed a significant decrease in seed germination for all treatments except paraquat sprayed on the UFV2at R7and sodium chlorate: sodium borate sprayed on UFV1at R7. Herbicide application at R7did not result in consistent increases in seedborneFusariumorPhomopsisspp. at any Brazilian location. Rainfall and temperature at seed maturation were more important variables in pod-to-seed infection by these fungi than increased rates of tissue senescence caused by the desiccants.
Amine Salts of Growth Regulator Herbicides Antagonize Paraquat
Authors: O'Donovan John T. , O'Sullivan P. Ashley
Published: May 2019

Amine formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} caused a reduction in paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) phytotoxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgareL. 'Summit′), wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa′), and wild oats (Avena fatuaL.). Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) reduced paraquat activity in barley only. Paraquat phytotoxicity was antagonized more by 2,4-D amine at high than at low rates. Higher rates of paraquat relative to a fixed rate of 2,4-D amine overcame the antagonism. Paraquat phytotoxicity was not antagonized by 2,4-D or MCPA amine applied as a separate treatment. The technical components of the 2,4-D- or MCPA-amine formulations were solely responsible for the antagonism. Ester formulations did not affect paraquat phytotoxicity.
The Basis for Synergism between Barban and Flamprop on Wild Oat (Avena fatua)
Authors: Sharma Mahendra P. , Qureshi Fayaz A. , Born William H. Vanden
Published: May 2019

Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of the methyl ester of14C-flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine] (hereafter referred to as flamprop-methyl) and14C-barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chloro carbanilate) in wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) were investigated to determine the basis of the synergistic interaction between the two herbicides. The mutual effects of the two herbicides were studied when they were applied together to wild oat at the two- and four-leaf stage. The addition of the commercial formulation of barban, barban formulation additives, technical barban, or the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene-6-tridecylether resulted in varying degrees of increase in the absorption of14C-flamprop-methyl. Translocation of14C-flamprop-methyl following leaf application in wild oat was mainly acropetal. The addition of commercial barban to14C-flamprop-methyl did not influence the pattern of14C translocation. Metabolism of flamprop-methyl by wild oat at either leaf stage was not influenced by barban. Absorption of14C-barban was increased by the addition of the commercial formulation of flamprop-methyl and by polyoxyethylene-6-tridecylether. The addition of flamprop-methyl did not influence the pattern of translocation and metabolism of14C-barban in wild oat at either leaf stage. It is concluded that increased absorption of flamprop-methyl and barban by wild oat at the two- and four-leaf stages is the most important factor in the synergistic interaction between these herbicides. Translocation and metabolism of the herbicides do not seem to be important factors in the synergism observed.
Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) are Allelopathic to Weeds
Authors: Leather Gerald R.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) cultivars to suppress weed germination and growth. Germination of wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler] seeds at 25 C in undiluted aqueous extracts of sunflower leaf tissue was inhibited 75%, but was stimulated by up to 150% at 10- and 100-fold dilutions. Stem-tissue extracts at all concentrations stimulated wild mustard seed germination. The germination response of other weed species varied with the sunflower cultivar and concentration of tissue extract. In sand culture, leachates of dried sunflower leaf and stem tissue inhibited broadleaf - weed seedling growth, but had little or no effect on the growth of grass weeds. Sunflower root exudates inhibited seedling growth, but were less effective than leaf and stem tissue leachates. Germination of weed seeds was unaffected by root exudates. Over a 5 -yr period, weed density and percent ground cover increased less in field plots of sunflower than in control plots.
Longevity of Weed Seeds After 5.5 Years in the Stoneville 50-Year Buried-Seed Study
Authors: Egley G. H. , Chandler J. M.
Published: May 2019

Seeds of 20 weed species buried at depths of 8, 23, and 38 cm in 1972 and 1973 were exhumed at regular intervals and tested for viability and germination. Burial depth had little to no significant influence on longevity. After 5.5 yr 48% of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.], 36% of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), 33% of purple moonflower (Ipomoea turbinataLag.), 30% of spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlecht], 18% of hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata(Raf.) Cory], and 13% of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL.) seeds were still viable. No more than 6% of the original population for any other species was viable at 5.5 yr. Hard seeds comprised a high percentage of the longer-lived seeds. Seeds of longest-lived species were losing viability at an average of 26% of the existing population each year from 3.5 to 5.5 yr.
Comparative Water Relations, Photosynthesis, and Growth of Soybean (Glycine max) and Seven Associated Weeds
Authors: Patterson David T. , Flint Elizabeth P.
Published: May 2019

Growth dynamics, water relations, and photosynthesis of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’], common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), jimsonweed (Datura stramoniumL.), prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.), spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlect.], and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) were compared in a controlled-environment greenhouse programmed for 32C day and 23C night temperatures. Net photosynthetic rates, net assimilation rates, and water-use efficiency on a whole-plant or single-leaf basis were greatest in the C4-plant, smooth pigweed. Total dry-matter production at 29 days after planting was greatest in common cocklebur and least in jimsonweed. Interspecific differences in dry-matter production were highly positively correlated with leaf area duration and negatively correlated with net assimilation rate. Threshold leaf water-potential levels causing stomatal closure varied among species. The stomata of jimsonweed were the most sensitive to water stress and those of prickly sida were the least sensitive.
Tolerance of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Putting Greens to Herbicide Treatments
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Herbicides were applied annually in March or March plus August to bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. Tifdwarf’] putting greens for 6 yr. Bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] delayed early spring growth of bermudagrass less than the other herbicides, but did not adversely affect turf quality during the growing season. Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] treatments applied twice each year severely retarded turf growth and reduced the quality and stand of bermudagrass. Napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N, N-diethylpropionamide] and prosulfalin {N-[[4-dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl] sulfonyl]-S,S-dimethylsulfilimine} treatments reduced root growth of bermudagrass.
Fenoxaprop for Postemergence Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control in Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Snipes Charles E. , Street Joe E.
Published: May 2019

The ethyl ester of fenoxaprop {(±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} was applied to rice (Oryza sativaL.) that was heavily infested with barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG] during a 3-yr study. Applications were made to two- to three-leaf, three- to four-leaf, five- to six-leaf, or tillering barnyardgrass. Barnyardgrass control at 9 weeks after final treatment was greater than 90% for all growth stages except the 0.1 kg ai/ha rate applied to three- to four-leaf barnyardgrass in 1983. In 1984, the sequential application of fenoxaprop made at the three- to four-leaf stage controlled more than 95% when rated at 9 weeks. Rates of 0.17 and 0.2 kg ai/ha and the sequential treatment of 0.1 kg ai/ha followed by 0.1 kg ai/ha 7 to 10 days later controlled greater than 90% at 9 weeks when applied to three- to four- and five- to six-leaf barnyardgrass in 1985. In general, barnyardgrass was controlled by fenoxaprop rates greater than 0.1 kg ai/ha when applied to any growth stage evaluated up through the five- to six-leaf stage. However, acceptable control of tillering barnyardgrass was achieved in only 1 of 3 years. Yields were increased due to barnyardgrass control all years with all treatments except those applied at tillering. However, control was sufficient to increase yields over that of the check for all tillering treatments except the 0.1 kg ai/ha rate in 1984 and 1985 and the 0.17 kg ai/ha treatment in 1985.
Methods of Teaching Word Identification to Backward Third Grade Students
Authors: Cole Peter , Connolly Jeanette
Published: May 2019

In an attempt to improve the word identification of backward readers, three methods of instruction and three different forms of orthography were compared. There were no differences among read and say, read and spell, and read, trace and spell methods. There were also no differences among treatments that compared a coloured orthography, syllabified words and traditional orthography. However, in a second experiment, it was found that a mastery learning method was superior to a traditional method of instruction, though the validity of the mastery learning procedures was questioned in this context.
Surgery on a dilated aorta associated with a connective tissue disease or inflammatory vasculitis in children and adolescents
Authors: Kwak Jae Gun , Kim Woong-Han , Kim Eung Re , Kang Yoon Jin , Min Jooncheol , Lim Jae Hong , Kim Yong Jin
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

This research investigated patients who underwent surgery for a dilated aorta associated with a connective tissue disease or inflammatory vasculitis in children and adolescents.

Materials and Methods:

The medical records of 11 patients who underwent aortic surgery for dilatation resulting from a connective tissue disease or inflammatory vasculitis between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results:

The median age and body weight of the patients were 9.6 years (range 5.4 months–15.5 years) and 25.8 kg (range 6.8–81.5), respectively. The associated diseases were Marfan syndrome (n = 3), Loeys-Dietz syndrome (n = 3), Kawasaki disease (n = 1), Takayasu arteritis (n = 1), PHACE syndrome (n = 1), tuberous sclerosis (n = 1), and unknown (n = 1). The most common initially affected area was the ascending aorta. During the 66.4 ± 35.9 months of follow-up, two Marfan syndrome patients died, and four patients (one Marfan syndrome and three Loeys-Dietz syndrome) had repeated aortic operation. Except for one patient, the functional class was well maintained in all patients who were followed up.

Conclusion:

Cases of surgical treatment for a dilated aorta associated with a connective tissue disease and inflammatory vasculitis are rare in children and adolescents at our institution. Most of the patients in this study showed a tolerable postoperative course. However, the aorta showed progressive dilation over time even after surgical treatment, especially in patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. In these patients, close and more frequent regular follow-up is required.
Neuropsychological Test Norms in Cognitively Intact Oldest-Old
Authors: Melikyan Zarui A. , Corrada Maria M. , Dick Malcolm B. , Whittle Christina , Paganini-Hill Annlia , Kawas Claudia H.
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Individuals aged 90 or older (oldest-old), the fastest growing segment of the population, are at increased risk of developing cognitive impairment compared with younger old. Neuropsychological evaluation of the oldest-old is important yet challenging in part because of the scarcity of test norms for this group. We provide neuropsychological test norms for cognitively intact oldest-old. Methods: Test norms were derived from 403 cognitively intact participants of The 90+ Study, an ongoing study of aging and dementia in the oldest-old. Cognitive status of intact oldest-old was determined at baseline using cross-sectional approach. Individuals with cognitive impairment no dementia or dementia (according to DSM-IV criteria) were excluded. Participants ranged in age from 90 to 102 years (mean=94). The neuropsychological battery included 11 tests (Mini-Mental Status Examination, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, Boston Naming Test – Short Form, Letter Fluency Test, Animal Fluency Test, California Verbal Learning Test-II Short Form, Trail Making Tests A/B/C, Digit Span Forward and Backwards Test, Clock Drawing Test, CERAD Construction Subtests), and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results: Data show significantly lower scores with increasing age on most tests. Education level, sex, and symptoms of depression were associated with performance on several tests after accounting for age. Conclusions: Provided test norms will help to distinguish cognitively intact oldest-old from those with cognitive impairment. (JINS, 2019, 25, 530–545)
Increased Cognitive Load Reveals Unilateral Neglect and Altitudinal Extinction in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Andres Michael , Geers Laurie , Marnette Sophie , Coyette Françoise , Bonato Mario , Priftis Konstantinos , Masson Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Objective: Neuropsychological studies suggest that the ability to compensate for the presence of spatial neglect highly depends on the attentional resources a patient can rely on. The present research aimed to study neglect in situations where attentional resources are limited due to multitasking. Method: We examined two patients more than 3 years after a right-hemispheric stroke. Both had received neuropsychological rehabilitation for left neglect and did not show any impairment in standard tests. We used a dual-task paradigm combining a peripheral target detection task with a central shape recognition task. Peripheral targets could appear in left/right positions but also in lower/upper positions. Results: In patient #1, dual-task condition exacerbated left neglect and extinction. Patient #2 did not show any sign of neglect along the horizontal axis, but omitted half of the lower targets when they were presented simultaneously with upper targets under dual-task condition. This behavior reflects altitudinal extinction as the detection of single targets appearing either in upper or lower position was preserved. Conclusion: The present findings show that dual-tasking is a sensitive tool for the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spatial attention deficits, which are often overlooked by standard methods, especially in chronic stage. (JINS, 2019, 25, 644–653)
Following in the footsteps of tobacco and alcohol? Stakeholder discourse in UK newspaper coverage of the Soft Drinks Industry Levy
Authors: Hilton Shona , Buckton Christina H , Patterson Chris , Katikireddi S Vittal , Lloyd-Williams Ffion , Hyseni Lirije , Elliott-Green Alex , Capewell Simon
Published: May 2019

Objective:

In politically contested health debates, stakeholders on both sides present arguments and evidence to influence public opinion and the political agenda. The present study aimed to examine whether stakeholders in the Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL) debate sought to establish or undermine the acceptability of this policy through the news media and how this compared with similar policy debates in relation to tobacco and alcohol industries.

Design:

Quantitative and qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles discussing sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation published in eleven UK newspapers between 1 April 2015 and 30 November 2016, identified through the Nexis database. Direct stakeholder citations were entered in NVivo to allow inductive thematic analysis and comparison with an established typology of industry stakeholder arguments used by the alcohol and tobacco industries.

Setting:

UK newspapers.

Participants:

Proponents and opponents of SSB tax/SDIL cited in UK newspapers.

Results:

Four hundred and ninety-one newspaper articles cited stakeholders’ (n 287) arguments in relation to SSB taxation (n 1761: 65 % supportive and 35 % opposing). Stakeholders’ positions broadly reflected their vested interests. Inconsistencies arose from: changes in ideological position; insufficient clarity on the nature of the problem to be solved; policy priorities; and consistency with academic rigour. Both opposing and supportive themes were comparable with the alcohol and tobacco industry typology.

Conclusions:

Public health advocates were particularly prominent in the UK newspaper debate surrounding the SDIL. Advocates in future policy debates might benefit from seeking a similar level of prominence and avoiding inconsistencies by being clearer about the policy objective and mechanisms.
Snacking patterns among Chilean children and adolescents: is there potential for improvement?
Authors: Jensen Melissa L , Corvalán Camila , Reyes Marcela , Popkin Barry M , Taillie Lindsey Smith
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To examine snacking patterns, food sources and nutrient profiles of snacks in low- and middle-income Chilean children and adolescents.

Design:

Cross-sectional. Dietary data were collected via 24 h food recalls. We determined the proportion of snackers, snacks per day and energy from top food and beverage groups consumed. We compared the nutrient profile (energy, sodium, total sugars and saturated fat) of snacksv. meals.

Setting:

South-east region of Chile.

Participants:

Children and adolescents from two cohorts: the Food Environment Chilean Cohort (n958, 4–6 years old) and the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study (n752, 12–14 years old).

Results:

With a mean of 2·30 (se0·03) snacks consumed daily, 95·2 % of children and 89·9 % of adolescents reported at least one snacking event. Snacks contributed on average 1506 kJ/d (360 kcal/d) in snacking children and 2218 kJ/d (530 kcal/d) in snacking adolescents (29·0 and 27·4 % daily energy contribution, respectively). Grain-based desserts, salty snacks, other sweets and desserts, dairy foods and cereal-based foods contributed the most energy from snacks in the overall sample. For meals, cereal-based foods, dairy beverages, meat and meat substitutes, oils and fats, and fruits and vegetables were the top energy contributors.

Conclusions:

Widespread snacking among Chilean youth provides over a quarter of their daily energy and includes foods generally considered high in energy, saturated fat, sodium and/or total sugars. Future research should explore whether snacking behaviours change as the result of Chile’s national regulations on food marketing, labelling and school environments.
Exercise interventions for patients with advanced cancer: A systematic review of recruitment, attrition, and exercise adherence rates
Authors: Sheill G. , Guinan E. , Brady L. , Hevey D. , Hussey J.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Patients with advanced cancer can experience debilitating physical symptoms, making participation in exercise programs difficult. This systematic review investigated the recruitment, adherence, and attrition rates of patients with advanced cancer participating in exercise interventions and examined components of exercise programs that may affect these rates.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified in a systematic search of CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE to December 2017. Two quality assessment tools were used, and levels of evidence were assigned according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) guidelines.

Results

The search identified 18 studies published between 2004 and 2017. Recruitment, adherence, and attrition rates varied widely among the studies reviewed. The mean recruitment rate was 49% (standard deviation [SD] = 17; range 15–74%). Patient-reported barriers to recruitment included time constraints and difficulties in traveling to exercise centers. Levels of adherence ranged from 44% to 95%; however, the definition of adherence varied substantially among trials. The average attrition rate was 24% (SD = 8; range 10–42%), with progression of disease status reported as the main cause for dropout during exercise interventions.

Significance of results

Concentrated efforts are needed to increase the numbers of patients with advanced disease recruited to exercise programs. Broadening the eligibility criteria for exercise interventions may improve accrual numbers of patients with advanced cancer to exercise trials and ensure patients recruited are representative of clinical practice.
The New Sesquizygotic Twins and More: Exotic Twin Types/Twin Research Reviews: Parental Affection and Co-Twins’ Personality; Prenatal Demise in Twin Pregnancies; Heteropaternal Superfecundation; Selective Feticide in Dichorionic Twins/In the News: Identical Twin Oscar Winner; ‘Superfecundated’ Twins with Gay Fathers; Partly Living Apart; Which Twin Committed the Crime?
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: May 2019

The second recorded case of sesquizygotic (SQZ) twins is summarized. It is suspected that SQZ twins result from the fertilization of an egg by two separate spermatozoa, followed by division of the fertilized ovum. Next, recent studies examining how differences in parental affection affect co-twins’ personality profiles, the prenatal demise of fetuses during twin pregnancy, a forensic case of heteropaternal superfecundation and selective feticide in dichorionic twins are reviewed. Finally, summaries of newsworthy items featuring an identical twin Oscar winner, a case of ‘superfecundated’ twins born to a gay couple, identical twins who try partly living apart and new molecular techniques to distinguish an innocent identical twin from his or her guilty co-twin are presented.
Vitamin E status in healthy population in Asia: A review of current literature
Authors: Malik Anku , Eggersdorfer Manfred , Trilok-Kumar Geeta
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Vitamin E is a lipid soluble antioxidant which mainly circulates as α-tocopherol in the human plasma. Its deficiency is associated with ataxia, neuropathy, anaemia and several other health conditions. Although substantial data on vitamin E status has been published worldwide, there is paucity of data on the extent of deficiency from most Asian countries, including India. Part of the problem is lack of validated biomarkers for vitamin E and no consensus on cut offs for defining deficiency and sufficiency. Thus, interpretation of the data on the vitamin E status is difficult. Limited available data from 31 studies on vitamin E status in healthy people from Asia, the most populated continent, has been collated for the purpose of this review. Broadly, the results suggest inadequate vitamin E status in most age groups, with the prevalence of deficiency reaching 67%, 80%, 56% and 72% in infants, children and adolescents, adults, elderly and pregnant women, respectively, based on varying cut offs. The findings are not surprising as both, vitamin E intakes and its status have not received too much attention in the past. Lack of conclusive data accentuates the need for more research on the vitamin E status across all age groups and to define age, gender and physiological state specific cut offs for vitamin E levels.
Cretaceous‐Paleogene Tectonics of the Pelagonian Zone: Inferences From Skopelos Island (Greece)
Authors: Porkoláb Kristóf , Willingshofer Ernst , Sokoutis Dimitrios , Creton Iverna , Kostopoulos Dimitrios , Wijbrans Jan
Published: May 2019

We have investigated subduction‐exhumation processes in the Pelagonian zone, exposed on the Northern Sporades islands (Aegean Sea) related to successive episodes of ocean continent and continent‐continent convergence through integrating multiscale structural analysis, metamorphic petrology, and white mica 40Ar/39Ar dating. Two major progressive phases of ductile deformation are documented, which are related to distinct episodes of tectonic burial and exhumation of the Pelagonian continental margin, which was facing the Neotethys/Vardar ocean. Review of existing data sets from neighboring regions shows that both deformation phases can be correlated along strike up to the Dinarides. The first phase of tectonic burial and exhumation (D1) is characterized by NW‐SE tectonic transport, greenschist facies metamorphism, and Early Cretaceous (~105‐135Ma) 40Ar/39 Ar white mica single fusion ages. D1 is correlated with the initial closure of the Vardar ocean by top‐to‐the‐W to NW ophiolite obduction and the underthrusting of the Pelagonian margin below the oceanic upper plate. Underthrusting was followed by exhumation and the deposition of Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene sediments. The second phase of burial and exhumation (D2) is characterized by NE‐SW tectonic transport, greenschist to blueschist facies metamorphism, and latest Cretaceous‐Early Eocene 40Ar/39 Ar white mica ages of S2 fabrics. Top‐to‐the‐SW shearing is correlated with the tectonic burial of the Pelagonian zone below the Eurasian continent (Rhodopia), while top‐to‐the‐NE shearing is attributed to subsequent extensional exhumation. D2 fabrics record low‐grade P‐T conditions suggesting that the decoupled cover formations exposed on Skopelos were incorporated in an accretionary wedge that formed above the subducting Pelagonian basement during Paleogene times.
The Importance of Interflow to Groundwater Recharge in a Snowmelt‐Dominated Headwater Basin
Authors: Carroll Rosemary W. H. , Deems Jeffrey S. , Niswonger Richard , Schumer Rina , Williams Kenneth H.
Published: May 2019

Understanding the sensitivity of groundwater generation to climate in a mountain system is complicated by the tight coupling of snow dynamics to vegetation and topography. To address these feedbacks, we combine light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐derived snow observations with an integrated hydrologic model to quantify spatially and temporally distributed water fluxes across varying climate conditions in a Colorado River headwater basin. Results indicate that annual groundwater flow is an important and stable source of stream water. However, interflow decreases during drought as a function increased plant water use and the relative fraction of groundwater to streams increases. Seasonal snowmelt and vegetation water use regulate small recharge rates in the lower portions of the basin, but snowmelt transported via interflow from high mountain ridges toward convergent topographic zones defines preferential recharge in the upper subalpine. Recharge in this zone appears decoupled from annual climate variability and resilient to drought.
Magnetic Field in the Martian Magnetosheath and the Application as an IMF Clock Angle Proxy
Authors: Dong Y. , Fang X. , Brain D. A. , Hurley D. M. , Halekas J. S. , Espley J. R. , Ramstad R. , Ruhunusiri S. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: May 2019

We present a study of the magnetic field in the Martian magnetosheath using data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission and provide a proxy for the upstream interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles based on the sheath field directions. The magnetic field data from MAVEN taken in the sheath region are organized in the Mars Solar Electric field coordinate system and sorted by the IMF polarity. The sheath magnetic field distributions clearly illustrate the morphology of draped IMF around the planetary obstacle and show strong asymmetries between the quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel bow shock quadrants as well as a slight asymmetry between the +E and –E quadrants. We have also studied the effects of different drivers on the strengths and clock angles of the sheath magnetic field and find that the sheath field is strongly affected by upstream IMF and solar wind and that Martian crustal fields also have small contributions to the sheath magnetic field strength. Based on the morphology of the draped field in the sheath, we developed a simple IMF clock angle proxy as the clock angle of the orbital‐averaged sheath magnetic field, which works well under steady IMF conditions. This proxy has an error <44° for 75% of all instances. The uncertainty of the proxy depends on upstream conditions and spacecraft orbit geometry. We also provide estimates of the proxy uncertainty based on sheath magnetic field variability and proxy clock angle.
Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk score as a predictor of conversion from mild-cognitive impairment
Authors: Chaudhury Sultan , Brookes Keeley J. , Patel Tulsi , Fallows Abigail , Guetta-Baranes Tamar , Turton James C. , Guerreiro Rita , Bras Jose , Hardy John , Francis Paul T. , Croucher Rebecca , Holmes Clive , Morgan Kevin , Thomas A. J.
Published: May 2019

Mild-cognitive impairment (MCI) occurs in up to one-fifth of individuals over the age of 65, with approximately a third of MCI individuals converting to dementia in later life. There is a growing necessity for early identification for those at risk of dementia as pathological processes begin decades before onset of symptoms. A cohort of 122 individuals diagnosed with MCI and followed up for a 36-month period for conversion to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) were genotyped on the NeuroChip array along with pathologically confirmed cases of LOAD and cognitively normal controls. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for each individual were generated using PRSice-2, derived from summary statistics produced from the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Disease Project (IGAP) genome-wide association study. Predictability models for LOAD were developed incorporating the PRS with APOE SNPs (rs7412 and rs429358), age and gender. This model was subsequently applied to the MCI cohort to determine whether it could be used to predict conversion from MCI to LOAD. The PRS model for LOAD using area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) calculated a predictability for LOAD of 82.5%. When applied to the MCI cohort predictability for conversion from MCI to LOAD was 61.0%. Increases in average PRS scores across diagnosis group were observed with one-way ANOVA suggesting significant differences in PRS between the groups (p < 0.0001). This analysis suggests that the PRS model for LOAD can be used to identify individuals with MCI at risk of conversion to LOAD.
Central role of IP3R2-mediated Ca2+ oscillation in self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells elucidated by high-signal ER sensor
Authors: Sun Cuiwei , Shui Bo , Zhao Wei , Liu Hui , Li Wenwen , Lee Jane C. , Doran Robert , Lee Frank K. , Sun Tao , Shen Qing Sunny , Wang Xianhua , Reining Shaun , Kotlikoff Michael I. , Zhang Zhiqian , Cheng Heping
Published: May 2019

Ca2+ oscillation is a system-level property of the cellular Ca2+-handling machinery and encodes diverse physiological and pathological signals. The present study tests the hypothesis that Ca2+ oscillations play a vital role in maintaining the stemness of liver cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are postulated to be responsible for cancer initiation and progression. We found that niche factor-stimulated Ca2+ oscillation is a signature feature of CSC-enriched Hep-12 cells and purified α2δ1+ CSC fractions from hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. In Hep-12 cells, the Ca2+ oscillation frequency positively correlated with the self-renewal potential. Using a newly developed high signal, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized Ca2+ sensor GCaMP-ER2, we demonstrated CSC-distinctive oscillatory ER Ca2+ release controlled by the type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R2). Knockdown of IP3R2 severely suppressed the self-renewal capacity of liver CSCs. We propose that targeting the IP3R2-mediated Ca2+ oscillation in CSCs might afford a novel, physiologically inspired anti-tumor strategy for liver cancer.
Kinesin-14 motor protein KIFC1 participates in DNA synthesis and chromatin maintenance
Authors: Wei Ya-Lan , Yang Wan-Xi
Published: May 2019

The nuclear localization signal (NLS) in kinesin-14 KIFC1 is associated with nuclear importins and Ran gradient, but detailed mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIFC1 proteins have specific transport characteristics during cell cycle. In the absence of KIFC1, cell cycle kinetics decrease significantly with a prolonged S phase. After KIFC1 overexpression, the duration of S phase becomes shorten. KIFC1 may transport the recombinant/replicate-related proteins into the nucleus, meanwhile avoiding excessive KIFC1 in the cytoplasm, which results in aberrant microtubule bundling. Interestingly, the deletion of kifc1 in human cells results in a higher ratio of aberrant nuclear membrane, and the degradation of lamin B and lamin A/C. We also found that kifc1 deletion leads to defects in metaphase mitotic spindle assembly, and then results in chromosome structural abnormality. The kifc1-/- cells finally form micronuclei in daughter cells, and results in aneuploidy and chromosome loss in cell cycle. In this study, we demonstrate that kinesin-14 KIFC1 proteins involve in regulating DNA synthesis in S phase, and chromatin maintenance in mitosis, and maintain cell growth in a nuclear transport-independent way.
Rack1 mediates Src binding to drug transporter P-glycoprotein and modulates its activity through regulating Caveolin-1 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells
Authors: Fan Yanling , Si Weiyao , Ji Wei , Wang Zhiyong , Gao Zicong , Tian Ran , Song Weijie , Zhang He , Niu Ruifang , Zhang Fei
Published: May 2019

The failure of chemotherapy and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) are the major obstacles for effective therapy in locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Overexpression of the drug transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in cancer cells is one of the main causes of MDR due to its ability to efflux anticancer drugs out of cells. Although the signaling node that regulates the expression of P-gp has been intensively investigated; the regulatory mechanism underlying P-gp transport activity remains obscure. Herein, we reported that Rack1 and tyrosine kinase Src confer drug resistance through modulating the transport function of P-gp without altering its protein level. We provide evidences that Rack1 and Src regulate P-gp activity by modulating caveolin-1 (Cav1) phosphorylation. Importantly, Rack1 acts as a signaling hub and mediates Src binding to P-gp, thereby facilitating the phosphorylation of Cav1 by Src and abolishing the inhibitory effect of Cav1 on P-gp. Taken together, our results demonstrate the pivotal roles of Rack1 and Src in modulating P-gp activity in drug-resistant cells. Our findings also provide novel insights into the mechanism regulating P-gp transport activity. Rack1 may represent a new target for the development of effective therapies for reversing drug resistance.
The cell-wide web coordinates cellular processes by directing site-specific Ca2+ flux across cytoplasmic nanocourses
Authors: Duan Jingxian , Navarro-Dorado Jorge , Clark Jill H. , Kinnear Nicholas P. , Meinke Peter , Schirmer Eric C. , Evans A. Mark
Published: May 2019

Ca2+ coordinates diverse cellular processes, yet how function-specific signals arise is enigmatic. We describe a cell-wide network of distinct cytoplasmic nanocourses with the nucleus at its centre, demarcated by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) junctions (≤400 nm across) that restrict Ca2+ diffusion and by nanocourse-specific Ca2+-pumps that facilitate signal segregation. Ryanodine receptor subtype 1 (RyR1) supports relaxation of arterial myocytes by unloading Ca2+ into peripheral nanocourses delimited by plasmalemma-SR junctions, fed by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2b (SERCA2b). Conversely, stimulus-specified increases in Ca2+ flux through RyR2/3 clusters selects for rapid propagation of Ca2+ signals throughout deeper extraperinuclear nanocourses and thus myocyte contraction. Nuclear envelope invaginations incorporating SERCA1 in their outer nuclear membranes demarcate further diverse networks of cytoplasmic nanocourses that receive Ca2+ signals through discrete RyR1 clusters, impacting gene expression through epigenetic marks segregated by their associated invaginations. Critically, this circuit is not hardwired and remodels for different outputs during cell proliferation.
Epigenetic dysregulation of enhancers in neurons is associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology and cognitive symptoms
Authors: Li Peipei , Marshall Lee , Oh Gabriel , Jakubowski Jennifer L. , Groot Daniel , He Yu , Wang Ting , Petronis Arturas , Labrie Viviane
Published: May 2019

Epigenetic control of enhancers alters neuronal functions and may be involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we identify enhancers in neurons contributing to AD by comprehensive fine-mapping of DNA methylation at enhancers, genome-wide. We examine 1.2 million CpG and CpH sites in enhancers in prefrontal cortex neurons of individuals with no/mild, moderate, and severe AD pathology (n = 101). We identify 1224 differentially methylated enhancer regions; most of which are hypomethylated at CpH sites in AD neurons. CpH methylation losses occur in normal aging neurons, but are accelerated in AD. Integration of epigenetic and transcriptomic data demonstrates a pro-apoptotic reactivation of the cell cycle in post-mitotic AD neurons. Furthermore, AD neurons have a large cluster of significantly hypomethylated enhancers in the DSCAML1 gene that targets BACE1. Hypomethylation of these enhancers in AD is associated with an upregulation of BACE1 transcripts and an increase in amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cognitive decline.
Development of an immunodeficient pig model allowing long-term accommodation of artificial human vascular tubes
Authors: Itoh Manabu , Mukae Yosuke , Kitsuka Takahiro , Arai Kenichi , Nakamura Anna , Uchihashi Kazuyoshi , Toda Shuji , Matsubayashi Kumika , Oyama Jun-ichi , Node Koichi , Kami Daisuke , Gojo Satoshi , Morita Shigeki , Nishida Takahiro , Nakayama Koichi , Kobayashi Eiji
Published: May 2019

Before they are used in the clinical setting, the effectiveness of artificially produced human-derived tissue-engineered medical products should be verified in an immunodeficient animal model, such as severe combined immunodeficient mice. However, small animal models are not sufficient to evaluate large-sized products for human use. Thus, an immunodeficient large animal model is necessary in order to properly evaluate the clinical efficacy of human-derived tissue-engineered products, such as artificial grafts. Here we report the development of an immunodeficient pig model, the operational immunodeficient pig (OIDP), by surgically removing the thymus and spleen, and creating a controlled immunosuppressive protocol using a combination of drugs commonly used in the clinical setting. We find that this model allows the long-term accommodation of artificial human vascular grafts. The development of the OIDP is an essential step towards a comprehensive and clinically relevant evaluation of human cell regeneration strategies at the preclinical stage.
Inhibition of tetrameric Patched1 by Sonic Hedgehog through an asymmetric paradigm
Authors: Qian Hongwu , Cao Pingping , Hu Miaohui , Gao Shuai , Yan Nieng , Gong Xin
Published: May 2019

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway controls embryonic development and postnatal tissue maintenance and regeneration. Inhibition of Hh receptor Patched (Ptch) by the Hh ligands relieves suppression of signaling cascades. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of tetrameric Ptch1 in complex with the palmitoylated N-terminal signaling domain of human Sonic hedgehog (ShhNp) at a 4:2 stoichiometric ratio. The structure shows that four Ptch1 protomers are organized as a loose dimer of dimers. Each dimer binds to one ShhNp through two distinct inhibitory interfaces, one mainly through the N-terminal peptide and the palmitoyl moiety of ShhNp and the other through the Ca2+-mediated interface on ShhNp. Map comparison reveals that the cholesteryl moiety of native ShhN occupies a recently identified extracellular steroid binding pocket in Ptch1. Our structure elucidates the tetrameric assembly of Ptch1 and suggests an asymmetric mode of action of the Hh ligands for inhibiting the potential cholesterol transport activity of Ptch1.
Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida
Authors: Lozano-Fernandez Jesus , Tanner Alastair R. , Giacomelli Mattia , Carton Robert , Vinther Jakob , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Pisani Davide
Published: May 2019

Chelicerates are a diverse group of arthropods, represented by such forms as predatory spiders and scorpions, parasitic ticks, humic detritivores, and marine sea spiders (pycnogonids) and horseshoe crabs. Conflicting phylogenetic relationships have been proposed for chelicerates based on both morphological and molecular data, the latter usually not recovering arachnids as a clade and instead finding horseshoe crabs nested inside terrestrial Arachnida. Here, using genomic-scale datasets and analyses optimised for countering systematic error, we find strong support for monophyletic Acari (ticks and mites), which when considered as a single group represent the most biodiverse chelicerate lineage. In addition, our analysis recovers marine forms (sea spiders and horseshoe crabs) as the successive sister groups of a monophyletic lineage of terrestrial arachnids, suggesting a single colonisation of land within Chelicerata and the absence of wholly secondarily marine arachnid orders.