bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Frame
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Contracts specify what must happen but also when. Architects must coordinate things in time as well as in space, making sure buildings are constructed “as planned” and “on time.”32 Each project is made up of a series of phases. The completion of phases is linked to the payment of fees. Intervals are prescribed in advance, limited by a fee proposal through which costs are fixed. Projects anticipate a series of known future outcomes that are worked toward: the definition of a brief; the development of a design; the detailed development of plans for planning permission and then for tendering; and the construction of the building. The time of the project is linear and sequential: each phase follows the next, one after the other. Keeping things “on time” is an important but difficult accomplishment....
Reflection: Making Things as They are
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Architects are constantly moving toward something that does not as yet exist.37 The reality of the building comes after the fact of a plan. At one level the plan and the reality are obviously unalike; yet at another level the relationship between these must be a literal one. In the process of building, some elements are kept constant, while others transform out of all recognition. Radical shifts in scale and material substance take place, as proportions and forms are exactly preserved....
Architectural Expertise
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

The architectural historian and practitioner Robin Evans was interested in things “opposed but not necessarily incompatible.”2

The descriptions in this book are about many things but most centrally can be read as an ethnographic elaboration of this idea: how, in terms set out at the start (...
Coda: An Argument for Description
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Les Back has written, “Our culture is one that speaks rather than listens. From reality TV to political rallies, there is a clamour to be heard, to narrate, and to receive attention. It reduces ‘reality’ to revelation and voyeurism.”1 The move to privilege a particular form of theorized argument can be seen as part of this broader tendency. Back explicitly makes this connection, and cautions that the conditions that pull academics in this direction are the very ones that make it important to resist that pull. As a form of writing oriented more to listening than to speaking, ethnography acquires a broader value precisely in the face of changes that make it increasingly difficult to research, write, and publish in this way (discussed above in “A Note on Structure and Approach”). Because these truths are complex and difficult, they take time for the author and then the reader to understand—not just because quantitatively speaking there is a lot of detail, but more profoundly because others’ lives are shaped by ideas and practices other than our own, and the effort to grasp these is difficult and time consuming—for the researcher as for the reader. The world that marginalizes and devalues these slower, more complex, kinds of writing is arguably the world that gives them new and specific relevance. When all around there is a clamor to speak and be heard, ethnographic description is a way of recovering the less loudly proclaimed—even the silent, unsaid, and unstated—elements of the lives of those we describe. Descriptions allow us to pause and reflect, to dwell in details, to see the actual that exists beyond the manifest and obvious. Ethnographic description, in this predicament, is a kind of “recovery” of the everyday, those elements of life that get overlooked from the perspective of sound bites, meta-narratives, and polarized...
Non-Sovereign Forgiveness Mercy among Equals in The Laws of Candy
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines The Laws of Candy, composed either partially or principally by playwright John Ford, who resided for a long time in the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court that formed England’s early law schools. While on first blush The Laws of Candy seems merely to displace sovereignty from a King onto a legislative body, this chapter argues that it rejects sovereignty and a vision of pardoning attached to sovereignty in its entirety. Instead, the play presents the possibility of reconstructing a state faced with potential dissolution through a series of non-sovereign offers of forgiveness. The priority here is placed on law over sovereignty. The chapter also examines how this emphasis relates back to a possible intertext for the play, Plato’s Laws, which was widely read and cited by lawyers, including in Henry Finch’s Nomotexnia, and in compilations of ancient materials, such as Polyanthea and Polyanthea Nova.
Postlude Pardoning and Liberal Constitutionalism
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: January 2020

Its historical association with monarchical sovereignty has tarred pardoning with an illiberal brush. This Postlude examines Carl Schmitt’s Constitutional Theory, Political Theology and other writings to argue that the pardon resembles the sovereign decision on the state of exception. The vision of pardoning as opposed to liberal constitutionalism dates further back than Schmitt, however; it appears as well in the writings of Immanuel Kant, one of the foundational figures of modern liberalism. Only by disassociating pardoning from sovereignty can it be reconciled with constitutionalism. The Postlude concludes by turning to the work of Hannah Arendt as one source for a non-sovereign vision of pardoning.
Analysis and prediction of vegetation dynamics under the background of climate change in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhuang Qingwei , Wu Shixin , Feng Xiaoyu , Niu Yaxuan
Published: January 2020

Background

Vegetation dynamics is defined as a significant indictor in regulating terrestrial carbon balance and climate change, and this issue is important for the evaluation of climate change. Though much work has been done concerning the correlations among vegetation dynamics, precipitation and temperature, the related questions about relationships between vegetation dynamics and other climatic factors (e.g., specific humidity, net radiation, soil moisture) have not been thoroughly considered. Understanding these questions is of primary importance in developing policies to address climate change.

Methods

In this study, the least squares regression analysis method was used to simulate the trend of vegetation dynamics based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1981 to 2018. A partial correlation analysis method was used to explore the relationship between vegetation dynamics and climate change; and further,the revised greyscale model was applied to predict the future growth trend of natural vegetation.

Results

The Mann-Kendall test results showed that th e air temperature rose sharply in 1997 and had been in a state of high fluctuations since then. Strong changes in hydrothermal conditions had major impact on vegetation dynamics in the area. Specifically, the NDVI value of natural vegetation showed an increasing trend from 1981 to 2018, and the same changes occurred in the precipitation. From 1981 to 1997, the values of natural vegetation increased at a rate of 0.0016 per year. From 1999 to 2009, the NDVI value decreased by an average rate of 0.0025 per year. From 2010 to 2018, the values began an increasing trend and reached a peak in 2017, with an average annual rate of 0.0033. The high vegetation dynamics areas were mainly concentrated in the north and south slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, the Ili River Valley and the Altay area. The greyscale prediction results showed that the annual average NDVI values of natural vegetation may present a fluctuating increasing trend. The NDVI value in 2030 is 0.0196 higher than that in 2018, with an increase of 6.18%.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that: (i) the variations of climatic factors have caused a huge change in the hydrothermal conditions in Xinjiang; (ii) the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang showed obvious volatility, and then in the end stage of the study were higher than the initial stage the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang showed a staged increasing trend; (iii) the vegetation dynamics were affected by many factors,of which precipitation was the main reason; (iv) in the next decade, the vegetation dynamics in Xinjiang will show an increasing trend.
Integração energética e desenvolvimento regional no Amapá
Authors: Corrêa Katrícia Milena Almeida , Porto Jadson Luís Rebelo
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as ações para a geração de energia hidrelétrica no Amapá, visando a integração do estado ao Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN). Partiu-se de uma pesquisa sobre o sistema elétrico nas escalas nacional, regional e local, trazendo, como estudo de caso, os empreendimentos hidrelétricos e as ações operacionais para a integração energética do Amapá ao Brasil. A pesquisa apontou que a consolidação de empreendimentos hidrelétricos no Amapá representou avanços para o estado apenas em termos de geração de energia, possibilitando a integração dessa infraestrutura ao restante do Brasil. Contudo, as dificuldades da distribuição de energia para todo o estado do Amapá denotam um quadro negativo da oferta do serviço quando comparada a outros estados e regiões do país. Para dar conta do objetivo proposto, o artigo está estruturado em dois tópicos: o primeiro apresenta o sistema elétrico no Brasil e na Amazônia brasileira enquanto o segundo discute as hidrelétricas instaladas no Amapá diante das perspectivas de integração energética.
Исследования акустических шумов и характеристик многолучевости в мелководных арктических морях для оптимизации параметров аппаратуры гидроакустической связи, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Балакин Р. А. , Вилков Г. И.
Published: January 2020

Проведены натурные исследования шумов моря и многолучевого распространения акустического сигнала в мелководных арктических морях с дрейфующим ледяным покровом. Цель исследований заключалась в получении количественных оценок уровня и характера шумов моря, а также характеристик многолучевости, необходимых для расчетов гидроакустической аппаратуры связи, предназначенной для контроля и оперативной диагностики технически сложных подводных объектов, таких как добывающие нефтегазовые платформы и трубопроводы. В канале связи использовалась наиболее современная технология передачи данных с ортогональным частотным мультиплексированием OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), предусматривающая одновременное использование большого числа несущих частот для передачи параллельного двоичного кода, что делает ее оптимальной для сложных условий арктических мелководных морей. Передача параллельного кода с введением некоторой избыточности позволяет обеспечивать высокую скорость передачи данных, максимальную дистанционность и помехоустойчивость. Исследования проводились целенаправленно применительно к использованию технологии OFDM в условиях мелководных арктических морей. Полученные спектральные характеристики шумов моря и количественные оценки многолучевости позволили обосновано выбрать и рассчитать параметры аппаратуры гидроакустической связи с технологией OFDM и обеспечить получение заданных эксплуатационных характеристик в неблагоприятных гидрологических условиях.
Dynamic Current–Voltage Analysis of Oxygen Vacancy Mobility in Praseodymium‐Doped Ceria over Wide Temperature Limits
Authors: Kalaev Dmitri , Defferriere Thomas , Nicollet Clement , Kadosh Tamar , Tuller Harry L.
Published: January 2020

Solid‐state mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIECs) in which ionic transport is commonly accompanied by predominant electronic conductivity underpin key technologies and require universal characterization methods for monitoring transport at the nanoscale, at both high and near ambient temperatures, the latter being especially challenging. In this study, a novel dynamic current–voltage analysis technique is utilized to decouple ionic and electronic transport properties from each other. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by enabling measurement of the oxygen vacancy mobility in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−δ thin films, across an unusually wide temperature range, from 35 to 500 °C. Despite the presence of predominant electronic conduction, the oxygen vacancy mobility in Pr0.1Ce0.9O2−δ is measured, being 6.8 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 500 °C, decreasing by seven orders of magnitude down to 35 °C, and following a single thermal activation energy of 0.82 ± 0.02 eV. A comparison with previous reports on oxygen vacancy transport and with the one derived in this study from impedance spectroscopy, interpreted with the Jamnik–Maier model, further confirms the dynamic current–voltage analysis results. This method can more generally be applied to other types of MIECs, thereby enabling deeper insights into mobile ionic defect transport and accompanying thermodynamic properties.
PINK1‐Dependent Mitophagy Regulates the Migration and Homing of Multiple Myeloma Cells via the MOB1B‐Mediated Hippo‐YAP/TAZ Pathway
Authors: Fan Shengjun , Price Trevor , Huang Wei , Plue Michelle , Warren Jonathan , Sundaramoorthy Pasupathi , Paul Barry , Feinberg Daniel , MacIver Nancie , Chao Nelson , Sipkins Dorothy , Kang Yubin
Published: January 2020

The roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in carcinogenesis remain largely unknown. The effects of PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)‐dependent mitophagy on the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) are determined. The levels of the PINK1‐dependent mitophagy markers PINK1 and parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2) in CD138+ plasma cells are reduced in patients with MM and correlate with clinical outcomes in myeloma patients. Moreover, the induction of PINK1‐dependent mitophagy with carbonylcyanide‐m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) or salinomycin, or overexpression of PINK1 leads to inhibition of transwell migration, suppression of myeloma cell homing to calvarium, and decreased osteolytic bone lesions. Furthermore, genetic deletion of pink1 accelerates myeloma development in a spontaneous X‐box binding protein‐1 spliced isoform (XBP‐1s) transgenic myeloma mouse model and in VK*MYC transplantable myeloma recipient mice. Additionally, treatment with salinomycin shows significant antimyeloma activities in vivo in murine myeloma xenograft models. Finally, the effects of PINK1‐dependent mitophagy on myeloma pathogenesis are driven by the activation of the Mps one binder kinase activator (MOB1B)‐mediated Hippo pathway and the subsequent downregulation of Yes‐associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ) expression. These data provide direct evidence that PINK1‐dependent mitophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of MM and is a potential therapeutic target.
Benchmarking β‐Ga2O3 Schottky Diodes by Nanoscale Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy
Authors: Buzio Renato , Gerbi Andrea , He Qiming , Qin Yuan , Mu Wenxiang , Jia Zhitai , Tao Xutang , Xu Guangwei , Long Shibing
Published: January 2020

Monoclinic beta‐phase gallium oxide (β‐Ga2O3) is an ultrawide‐bandgap semiconductor, intensively studied as a viable candidate for next‐generation power electronics, optoelectronics, and extreme environment electronics. Schottky contacts to β‐Ga2O3 are of paramount importance to this end; however, they are not yet fundamentally understood. Intrinsic sources of interfacial disorder, including oxygen‐related defects and extrinsic fabrication factors, are thought to greatly determine the properties of such contacts, for example by originating Fermi level pinning and causing patches with different Schottky barrier heights (SBHs). Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) is used to probe band bending and interfacial inhomogeneity at the nanoscale for prototypical Au/ and Pt/(100)β‐Ga2O3 single crystal Schottky barrier diodes. It is shown that SBH fluctuations amount to 40–60 meV under vacuum, occurring over length scales of tens of nanometers. Furthermore, a remarkable SBH modulation of ≈0.2 eV takes place upon exposure of devices from vacuum to ambient air. Such findings—better obtained by BEEM than by macroscale approaches—point to the existence of an ubiquitous inhomogeneous interfacial layer, controlling band bending and ambient sensitivity via oxygen ionosorption and interface redox chemistry. This study ascribes a key role to interfacial oxygen vacancies, and has practical implications for transport modelling and interface engineering.
Large Polarization and Susceptibilities in Artificial Morphotropic Phase Boundary PbZr1−xTixO3 Superlattices
Authors: Lupi Eduardo , Ghosh Anirban , Saremi Sahar , Hsu Shang‐Lin , Pandya Shishir , Velarde Gabriel , Fernandez Abel , Ramesh Ramamoorthy , Martin Lane W.
Published: January 2020

The ability to produce atomically precise, artificial oxide heterostructures allows for the possibility of producing exotic phases and enhanced susceptibilities not found in parent materials. Typical ferroelectric materials either exhibit large saturation polarization away from a phase boundary or large dielectric susceptibility near a phase boundary. Both large ferroelectric polarization and dielectric permittivity are attained wherein fully epitaxial (PbZr0.8Ti0.2O3)n/(PbZr0.4Ti0.6O3)2n (n = 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 unit cells) superlattices are produced such that the overall film chemistry is at the morphotropic phase boundary, but constitutive layers are not. Long‐ (n ≥ 6) and short‐period (n = 2) superlattices reveal large ferroelectric saturation polarization (Ps = 64 µC cm−2) and small dielectric permittivity (εr ≈ 400 at 10 kHz). Intermediate‐period (n = 4) superlattices, however, exhibit both large ferroelectric saturation polarization (Ps = 64 µC cm−2) and dielectric permittivity (εr = 776 at 10 kHz). First‐order reversal curve analysis reveals the presence of switching distributions for each parent layer and a third, interfacial layer wherein superlattice periodicity modulates the volume fraction of each switching distribution and thus the overall material response. This reveals that deterministic creation of artificial superlattices is an effective pathway for designing materials with enhanced responses to applied bias.
High‐density planting with lower nitrogen application increased early rice production in a double‐season rice system
Authors: Zheng Huabin , Chen Yuanwei , Chen Qimin , Li Bo , Zhang Yansheng , Jia Wei , Mo Wenwei , Tang Qiyuan
Published: January 2020

High‐density planting is a strategy employed to save resources in crop production, particularly in environmentally friendly double‐season rice (Orvza sativa L.) cropping, where it promotes high grain yield and reduces required nitrogen (N) input. We conducted a field experiment in 2014–2018 to detect the combined effect of increased seedling density and reduced N input on early rice grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE). The higher basic seedling with low N input treatment (T2) had an average grain yield of 7.01 t ha−1, which was 16.3% greater than that of the control (CK). There was a strong linear relationship between grain yield and panicles m−2 (R2 = .82, P < .001). Grain yield increased significantly with above‐ground biomass before the full‐heading stage (R2 = .79, P < .001), which in turn promoted an increase in panicles m−2 (R2 = .85, P < .001). Mean agronomic efficiency (AE) in the T2 treatment was 34.3 kg kg−1 N, which was 48.1% higher than that in the CK treatment. Therefore, increasing seedling density from 62.5 to 176 seedlings number m−2 while reducing inorganic N input in the early season resulted in significantly higher grain yield in hand‐transplanted rice production. Our results indicate that dense planting with N reduction could improve early rice grain yield and enhance NUE.
Interseeding alfalfa into native grassland for enhanced yield and water use efficiency
Authors: Dhakal Madhav , West Charles P. , Villalobos Carlos , Brown Philip , Green Paul E.
Published: January 2020

Livestock productivity of semiarid, native grassland is potentially enhanced by interseeding alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but little is known of the impact on forage and N yield and water use. Two hay‐type cultivars, ‘WL 440HQ’ (WL), ‘NuMex Bill Melton’ (NuMex), and grazing‐type ‘Falcata’–‘Rhizoma’ blend (FR) were interseeded into mixtures of four native‐grass species in fall of 2015, at 36‐ and 71‐cm row spacing as high‐ and low‐density plantings, respectively. Plots were harvested periodically over 3 yr. Evapotranspiration (ET) was estimated based on rainfall and changes in soil water volume and used to calculate water use efficiency (WUE, kg of forage mass m−3 of ET). Alfalfa–grass mixtures produced 35% more forage mass and 96% greater N yield than the grass‐only stands. Narrow‐row alfalfa produced greater total forage mass than wide‐row for the first 2 yr (P < .05), but no difference between row spacings occurred by Year 3. Cultivars NuMex and WL produced greater forage mass than the short‐statured FR, especially at high density (P < .05). Alfalfa–grass mixtures increased WUE by a mean of 25% over the grass‐only stands. There was no difference between row spacings for WUE, weed biomass, and weed N mass (P > .05). The alfalfa–grass mixtures reduced weed biomass by 43% over the grass‐only stands. Interseeding alfalfa at wide row spacing enhanced forage productivity, WUE, and weed suppression relative to grass‐only stands at lower seed cost than at narrow row spacing. Adapted hay‐type alfalfa cultivars can be used to improve native‐grass pastures in rainfed, semiarid environments.
Consumer and Strategic Firm Response to Nutrition Shelf Labels
Authors: Villas‐Boas Sofia B. , Kiesel Kristin , Berning Joshua P. , Chouinard Hayley H. , McCluskey Jill J.
Published: January 2020

The display of nutrition facts is mandatory on virtually all packaged foods sold in the United States. Yet manufacturers and retailers add their own claims to differentiate their products and capture consumers' attention at point of sale. We implement experimental nutrition claims on shelf labels in a retail setting and test how consumers react to the display of these labels that express information reported on the Nutrition Facts Panel in a different format. We hypothesize that our labels either shift demand for the highlighted healthier products uniformly or trigger more complex demand rotations. Our estimated heterogeneous labeling effects suggest that consumers process nutrition information differently depending on which and how many claims are displayed and prefer products labeled with a single claim overall. When we simultaneously consider demand and supply responses under three price setting behaviors (competitive pricing, Bertrand‐Nash pricing, and monopoly pricing), we find that consumer surplus and overall welfare is highest when our labels display multiple nutrient claims and retailers are able to adjust prices across the entire product category. Firms' profits are highest when single nutrient claims are displayed, however. We conclude that firms with market power have little incentive to voluntarily display nutrition claims that maximize welfare.
Income Targeting and Farm Labor Supply
Authors: Richards Timothy J.
Published: January 2020

There is considerable anecdotal evidence that farm workers who are paid by piece rate tend to “income target,” or work only until they achieve a certain amount of daily income, and then stop work. We estimate reduced‐form and structural models derived from the reference‐dependent preference model of Koszegi and Rabin (2006) to test the income‐targeting hypothesis using data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS). We find evidence that supports the income‐targeting hypothesis, in both the reduced‐form and structural econometric models. Our findings suggest that even higher piece rates may not help the widely reported shortage of agricultural labor on the intensive margin as labor‐supply curves can be backward bending.
New non‐invasive approach to detect cardiac contractility using the first sound of phonocardiogram
Authors: Yamashita Koichi
Published: January 2020

Aim

During surgery, a non‐invasive and easy‐to‐use method is required for evaluating left ventricular status. The systolic time interval, including pre‐ejection period (PEP), of left ventricle has been known to be correlated with cardiac contractility. In this study, we focused on the non‐invasive time interval from the Q wave of an electrocardiogram to the third component in the first heart sound (QS1‐3rd) and evaluated the correlation between PEP and peak differentiated left ventricular pressure (LV dp/dt).

Methods

Six adult anesthetized pigs were intubated. Mechanical ventilation was started. An electrocardiogram, carotid artery blood pressure, left ventricular pressure, and phonocardiogram on the fourth left intercostal space were monitored using a polygraph system. Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilution method. Data were simultaneously measured at baseline and after the infusion of noradrenaline, nitroprusside, esmolol sulfate, and dobutamine, respectively. Data were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient using four‐quadrant plot analysis.

Results

A total of 270 points were simultaneously measured. The QS1‐3rd showed a significant correlation with PEP (QS1‐3rd = 7.62 + 0.92 PEP; ρ = 0.91, P < 0.0001). Concordance rate was 92% between PEP and QS1‐3rd (excluded zones were set within ± 5 ms). Both PEP and QS1‐3rd showed a good correlation with LV dp/dt (LV dp/dt = 3861.3–24.4 PEP; ρ = 0.85, P < 0.0001, LV dp/dt = 3763.6–23.5 QS1‐3rd; ρ = 0.82, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This non‐invasive and easy‐to‐use hemodynamic parameter (QS1‐3rd) could be helpful for continuous monitoring of left cardiac contraction performance.
Synthesis, spectral properties,in vitroα‐glucosidase inhibitory activity and quantum chemical calculations of novel mixed‐ligand M(II) complexes containing 1,10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Avcı Davut , Altürk Sümeyye , Sönmez Fatih , Tamer Ömer , Başoğlu Adil , Atalay Yusuf , Kurt Belma Zengin , Dege Necmi
Published: January 2020

A series of mixed‐ligand M(II) complexes containing 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 3‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid (3‐mpaH) or 6‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxylic acid (6‐mpaH), namely [Co(3‐mpa)2(phen)]·3H2O (1), [Hg(6‐mpa)2(phen)]·2H2O (2), [Mn(6‐mpa)2(phen)]·2H2O (3), [Co(6‐mpa)2(phen)]·H2O (4) and [Ni(6‐mpa)2(phen)]·H2O (5), were synthesized for the first time. Among them,1was obtained as single crystals. The structural characterization for1was conducted using X‐ray diffraction and that for2–5using mass spectrometry. The IC50values for α‐glucosidase inhibition of1–5were obtained as 0.161 to >600 μM. The spectral properties were also investigated using Fourier transform infrared and UV–visible spectra. Furthermore, to investigate the geometrical parameters, spectral and electronic properties and second‐ and third‐order nonlinear optical parameters for1–5, density functional calculations were applied.
Directionality of Pb2+ lone pair electrons dictated hemi‐directed coordination mode of methyl‐ and ferrocenylcarboxylate complexes
Authors: Thamim Masthan , Senthilkumar Kabali , Job Nisha , Palanisami Nallasamy , Thirumoorthy Krishnan
Published: January 2020

The experimentally observed hemi‐directed coordination mode in 1D polymeric Pb2+ ferrocenylcarboxylate system is examined computationally for gaining better insights on the structure of polymeric systems. By considering the different size of the ligands such as methylcarboxylate (model system) and ferrocenylcarboxylates (real system), the coordination mode is systematically explored in the complexes 1–6. As expected due to the possibility of free rotation in the methylcarboxylate systems in solution, it may follow holo‐directed geometrical arrangements but interestingly, it shows only hemi‐directed geometry as observed in the experimental studies on ferrocenylcarboxylate system (N. Palanisami et al. Science of Advanced Materials, 2014, 6, 2364). The present computational studies predict that the lone pair electrons in Pb2+ play the dictating role for formation of hemi‐directed coordination mode in methylcarboxylates as well as in ferrocenylcarboxylates. The directionality of the lone pair electrons makes the remarkable differences in the structural arrangements. Notable difference observed is that the methylcarboxylate shows the linear fashion of hemi‐directed coordination whereas ferrocenylcarboxylate shows the zig‐zag fashion of hemi‐directed coordination. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of lone pair electrons in reported systems are assessed through NBO analysis thus it shows the s‐LP character occupancy in each case varies from 96% to 93% which is the strong evidence for the availability of lone pair electrons in Pb2+ carboxylate systems. Further, frontier molecular orbital analysis, vibrational modes and hydrogen bonding pattern are explored in the complexes 1–6.
Decomposition dynamics of dodecahedron and tetrakaidecahedron structures in methane hydrate by molecular simulations
Authors: Li Jia , Liang Zhenju , Wang Zhaoliang , Meng Guangfan
Published: January 2020

The decomposition of dodecahedron and tetrakaidecahedron in methane hydrate is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. For each single cage‐like structure, the decomposition is divided into three stages according to the different characteristics in each stage. The interaction from each part of the system to the single cage‐like structure is analyzed. The feature of hydrogen bond and the transformation in vibration density of states of oxygen during decomposition are investigated. The influences of heat flow disturbance and different initial temperature are estimated. The results show that for two different size structures, the time required by each stage is different. However, the percentage of residual hydrogen bond basically keeps the same. When decomposing, the total interaction energy to the cage‐like structure increases and the vibration density of states of oxygen in cage‐like structure converts more similar to that in liquid water. It suggests that heat flow disturbances and higher initial temperature may exacerbate the decomposition of single cage‐like structure.
Hierarchical growth of nickel oxyhydroxide on bacterial cellulose hydrogel: role of water channels in hydrogel to form hierarchical structure
Authors: Hanif Zahid , Siddiqui Mohd Farhan , Park Sung Jea
Published: January 2020

Bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel was used as a three‐dimensional scaffold for the hierarchical formation of nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH). The formation was completed, without the need of any external energy utilization, special apparatus, and surface modification at room temperature. A solution‐process method is utilized through controlled reaction conditions. The proposed mechanism ascribed that the abundant water channels in the BC hydrogel play a pivotal role in the formation of hierarchical NiOOH nanocoating on individual fiber while preserving the open three‐dimensional structures of BC. The composite structures in both hydrogel and freeze‐dried forms were compared using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and powder X‐ray diffractions. Furthermore, the formation mechanism was explained on the basis of spectroscopy analysis. As a final step, the formed aerogels (BC‐NiOOH) were annealed at 300°C for a particular time to transform NiOOH to hierarchical nickel oxide (NiO) on the surface of BC without any structural deformation.
School autonomy and educational inclusion of children with special needs: Evidence from England
Authors: Liu Yi , Bessudnov Alexey , Black Alison , Norwich Brahm
Published: January 2020

In the past few decades, several countries have introduced reforms aimed at increasing school autonomy. We evaluate the effect of the introduction of autonomous academies in England on the educational trajectories of children with special educational needs. This has been done using longitudinal data on all schoolchildren in state schools in England, from the National Pupil Database. The results show that the effects of school autonomy on educational inclusion are not uniform and depend on schools’ previous performance and socio‐economic composition. Schools that obtained autonomy under the control of an external sponsor (sponsored academies) were more likely to decrease the proportion of pupils with special needs and remove additional support for them. We do not observe these effects in the schools that voluntarily applied for the more autonomous status (converter academies).
Closure of the fascial defect during laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Christoffersen M W , Westen M , Rosenberg J , Helgstrand F , Bisgaard T
Published: January 2020

Background

The objective of the study was to analyse patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), seroma formation, long-term recurrence and chronic pain after closure of the fascial defect in patients undergoing laparoscopic umbilical hernia mesh repair.

Methods

This was a randomized double-blinded trial in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic umbilical hernia repair comparing sutured closure of the fascial defect before intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair with a no-closure IPOM repair. Postoperative pain, movement limitations, discomfort and fatigue were registered before surgery and on postoperative days 1–3, 7 and 30. Seroma formation, quality of life and cosmesis were assessed at day 30, and at 2 years of follow-up. Recurrence (clinical and reoperation) and chronic pain were assessed after 2 years.

Results

Eighty patients were randomized. Median defect sizes in closure and no-closure groups were 2·5 (range 1·5–4·0) and 2·5 (2·0–5·5) cm respectively (P = 0·895). There were no significant differences in early and late postoperative pain or in any other early or late PROMs, except for early fatigue which was higher in the closure group (P = 0·011). Seroma formation after 30 days was significantly reduced after closure (14 of 40; 35 (95 per cent c.i. 22 to 51) per cent) compared with no closure (22 of 38; 58 (42 to 72) per cent) (P = 0·043). Cumulative recurrence after 2 years was lower in the closure group: 5 of 36 (7 (3 to 17) per cent) versus 12 of 37 (19 (10 to 33) per cent) for no closure (P = 0·047).

Conclusion

Closure of the fascial defect in laparoscopic umbilical hernia IPOM repair significantly reduced early seroma formation and long-term recurrence without inducing side-effects such as pain, or other early or late PROMs. Registration number: NCT01962480 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
A new intravascular ultrasound‐guided stenting strategy compared with angiography on stent expansion and procedural outcomes in patients with positive lesion remodeling
Authors: Hakim Diaa , Abdallah Mouhamad , Effat Mohamed , Al Solaiman Firas , Alli Oluseun , Leesar Massoud A.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

We investigated the role of a new intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐guided stenting strategy versus angiography on optimal stent expansion (OSE) and procedural outcomes in patients with positive lesion remodeling.

Background

There are no IVUS criteria on how to achieve OSE.

Methods

A total of 100 patients were assigned to a new IVUS‐guided stenting strategy (IVUS group) versus angiography‐guided stenting (Angio group). In the IVUS group, among patients with positive lesion remodeling, defined as a remodeling ratio (RR; lesion external elastic membrane (EEM) area/distal reference EEM area) >1.05, the stent was expanded with a balloon sized to the distal reference EEM diameter. In the Angio group, the stent was expanded by visual estimation. In both groups, IVUS was performed after postdilation.

Results

Minimum stent area (MSA) and stent volume index were significantly larger in the IVUS versus Angio group (7.1 ± 1.9 vs. 5.9 ± 1.5 mm2, and 8.7 ± 2.1 vs. 7.5 ± 1.8 mm3/mm, respectively; p < .01). The percentages of OSE, defined as an MSA ≥5.4 mm2, MSA ≥90% of distal reference lumen area (DRLA), or MSA > DRLA, were significantly higher in the IVUS versus Angio group (80 vs. 56%, 78 vs. 54%, and 71 vs. 38%, respectively; p < .01). Stent underexpansion, malapposition, and residual reference segment stenosis were significantly higher in the Angio versus IVUS group (44 vs. 12%, 16 vs. 4%, and 12 vs. 0%, respectively; p < .05). In the IVUS group, owing to positive remodeling, there was no incidence of dissection or perforation.

Conclusions

This new strategy of IVUS‐guided stenting in patients with positive lesion remodeling, compared with angiography, significantly increased stent expansion and decreased stent underexpansion, malapposition, and residual reference segment stenosis with no complications.
The shade of the sodium flame – An example for guiding students in extending their concept of atom by using scaffolding methods for the development of technical language skills
Authors: Bommersheim Stefanie , Heuper Wolfgang
Published: January 2020

Gerade bei der Entwicklung der Atomvorstellung ist die Lehrkraft in besonderer Weise gefordert, Unterrichtskonzepte auf den fachdidaktischen wie sprachdidaktischen Prüfstand zu stellen. In dem Beitrag wird das Ergebnis einer derartigen Prüfung vorgestellt. An einem konkreten Unterrichtsbeispiel wird aufgezeigt, wie ein interessantes Phänomen, die Natrium‐Resonanz‐ Absorption, zur Entwicklung tragfähiger Konzepte genutzt werden kann. Dabei stehen Sprachbildung und Sprachsensibilität im Mittelpunkt. Insbesondere werden die Erweiterung des Fachwortschatzes und die sprachliche Unterstützung beim berichtenden Sprechen, beim Deuten von Phänomenen sowie bei der Modellierung in den Blick genommen. Deutlich wird dabei, dass wirksame Sprachförderung nur auf der Basis eines fachdidaktisch tragfähigen Konzeptes gelingen kann. Die unabdingbare Verzahnung von fachdidaktischer Entscheidung und Sprachförderung wird offengelegt, wenn es um die begründete Auswahl des Atomkonzeptes geht.
Defined Stem Cell Culture Conditions to Model Mouse Blastocyst Development
Authors: Zylicz Jan J.
Published: January 2020

The complex program of mouse development entails specification of the embryonic epiblast (Epi) as well as the extra‐embryonic trophectoderm (TE) and primitive endoderm (PrE). These three lineages of mouse blastocyst can be modeled in vitro using stem cells derived from primary tissues. In these cultures, cells self‐renew while retaining their developmental potential if put back into a developing embryo. Indeed, embryonic stem cells (ESC), when injected into a blastocyst, readily contribute to all embryonic lineages. Similarly, trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) will give rise to all TE‐derived trophoblast lineages, and extraembryonic endoderm cells (XEN) will contribute to the PrE‐derived yolk sack. These model systems are a powerful tool to study early development, lineage specification, and placenta formation. Only recently reproducible and chemically defined culture systems of these cells have been described. This overview discusses such novel methods for culturing ESC/TSC/XEN, as well as their molecular signatures and developmental potential. Recent strides in expanding the developmental potential of stem cells as well as achieving models more reminiscent of their in vivo counterparts are discussed. Finally, such in vitro stem cells can self‐assemble into structures resembling embryos when used in novel 3D‐culture systems. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of such “synthetic embryos” in studying developmental processes. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A lightweight portable intrusion detection communication system for auditing applications
Authors: Nykvist Carl , Larsson Martin , Sodhro Ali Hassan , Gurtov Andrei
Published: January 2020

The goal of this paper is to develop, deploy, test, and evaluatea a lightweight portable intrusion detection system (LPIDS) over wireless networks by adopting two different string matching algorithms: Aho‐Corasick algorithm and Knuth‐Morris‐Pratt algorithm (KMP). Thus, this research contributes in three ways. First, an efficient and lightweight IDS (LPIDS) is proposed. Second, the LPIDS was developed, implemented, tested, and evaluated using Aho‐Corasick and KMP on two different hardware platforms: Wi‐Fi Pineapple and Raspberry Pi. Third, a comparative analysis of proposed LPIDS is done in terms of network metrics such as throughput, power consumption, and response time with regard to their counterparts. Additionally, the proposed LPIDS is suggested for consultants while performing security audits. The experimental results reveal that Aho‐Corasick performs better than KMP throughout the majority of the process, but KMP is typically faster in the beginning with fewer rules. Similarly, Raspberry Pi shows remarkably higher performance than Wi‐Fi Pineapple in all of the measurements. Moreover, we compared the throughput between LPIDS and Snort, it is observed and analyzed that former has significantly higher throughput than later when most of the rules do not include content parameters. This paper concludes that due to computational complexity and slow hardware processing capabilities of Wi‐Fi Pineapple, it could not become suitable IDS in the presence of different pattern matching strategies. Finally, we propose modification of Snort to increase the throughput of the system.
Turbidite‐induced re‐oxygenation episodes of the sediment‐water interface in a diverticulum of the Tethys Ocean during the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a: The French Vocontian Basin
Authors: Caillaud Alexis , Quijada Melesio , Huet Bastien , Reynaud Jean‐Yves , Riboulleau Armelle , Bout‐Roumazeilles Viviane , Baudin François , Chappaz Anthony , Adatte Thierry , Ferry Jean‐Noël , Tribovillard Nicolas
Published: January 2020

Widespread anoxic events affected the Tethys Ocean during the Mesozoic. The Ocean Anoxic Event 1a (Early Aptian), expressed as the Selli Level or Goguel Level (GL) in European basins. The GL was deposited in the French Vocontian Basin, a semi‐enclosed basin connected to the Tethys Ocean. This study presents an integrated approach (Rock Eval, clay minerals, grain‐size, inorganic geochemistry and molecular biomarkers), applied to four sections in the basin distributed along a proximal‐distal transect. This study shows that the GL was perturbed by turbidites. In particular, the results demonstrate: (a) a homogeneous redox status of the basin that experienced oxic to suboxic conditions, according to trace element distributions and (b) low organic matter contents (total organic carbon ca 1 wt%) in the three sections where turbiditic deposits are observed. The distal, condensed section exhibits the highest organic matter contents (total organic carbon >3 wt%). In addition, the presence of gammacerane and isorenieratene derivatives in the distal sections suggests that the water‐column was intermittently stratified, with hypoxia developing in the photic zone. This stratification did not result from strong surface productivity but more likely from: (a) limited renewal of deep water in the basin; (b) reputedly high surface‐water palaeotemperatures during the Early Aptian; and (c) the influx of waters, possibly depleted in free oxygen and in some dissolved trace elements, into the basin. The turbiditic inputs, in addition to organic matter dilution in the sediments and a brief rupture of the water‐column stratification in the proximal areas of the basin, ventilated the sea floor and more specifically re‐oxidized the sediment‐water interface as well as underlying sediments. Such episodes of benthic re‐oxygenation could have altered the long‐term palaeoredox record, even in the distal sections where reducing conditions prevailed during deposition. In the area deprived of turbiditic input, sedimentary condensation, coupled with low oxygen conditions, furthered organic matter preservation and concentration.
Hydropeaking affects germination and establishment of riverbank vegetation
Authors: Bejarano María D. , Sordo‐Ward Álvaro , Alonso Carlos , Jansson Roland , Nilsson Christer
Published: January 2020

Hydropeaking, defined as frequent and rapid variation in flow in regulated rivers with hydropower plants over a short period of time, usually sub‐daily to weekly, alters hydraulic parameters such as water levels or flow velocity and exerts strong impacts on fluvial ecosystems. We evaluated the effects of hydropeaking on riverbank vegetation, specifically assessing the germination and establishment of seedlings and cuttings of plant species representing a variation in traits. We used seeds and seedlings and cuttings varying in size as phytometers, and transplanted them to riverbanks both above and below dams used for hydropower production in northern Sweden, selected to represent a gradient in hydropeaking intensity, and along a free‐flowing reach. We also analyzed sub‐daily water‐level variables modified by hydropeaking to identify variables key in explaining the observed vegetation patterns. We found that plant responses to hydropeaking varied with species, with flood‐intolerant species being the most strongly affected, as early as the germination stage. In contrast, seeds of flood‐tolerant species managed to germinate and survive the early establishment phase, although strong erosive processes triggered by hydropeaking eventually caused most of them to fail. The fate of flood‐intolerant species identifies germination as the most critical life‐history stage. The depth and frequency of the inundation were the leading variables explaining plant responses, while the duration of shallow inundation explained little of the variation. The rise and fall rates of water levels were key in explaining variation in germination success. Based on the results, we propose restoration measures to enhance establishment of riparian plant communities while minimizing the impact on hydropower electricity production. Given the strong decrease in the germination of species intolerant to prolonged flooding with hydropeaking, planting of seedlings, preferably of large sizes, together with restrictions in the operation of the power plant during the establishment phase to enhance survival would be the best restoration option. Given the high probability of plant uprooting with hydropeaking, bank protection measures have the potential to increase riparian plant survival of all species, including flooding‐tolerant species.