bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Framework for eQTL Mapping Using RNA‐seq Data
Authors: Sun Wei
Published: August 2011

Summary RNA‐seq may replace gene expression microarrays in the near future. Using RNA‐seq, the expression of a gene can be estimated using the total number of sequence reads mapped to that gene, known as the total read count (TReC). Traditional expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping methods, such as linear regression, can be applied to TReC measurements after they are properly normalized. In this article, we show that eQTL mapping, by directly modeling TReC using discrete distributions, has higher statistical power than the two‐step approach: data normalization followed by linear regression. In addition, RNA‐seq provides information on allele‐specific expression (ASE) that is not available from microarrays. By combining the information from TReC and ASE, we can computationally distinguish cis‐ and trans‐eQTL and further improve the power of cis‐eQTL mapping. Both simulation and real data studies confirm the improved power of our new methods. We also discuss the design issues of RNA‐seq experiments. Specifically, we show that by combining TReC and ASE measurements, it is possible to minimize cost and retain the statistical power of cis‐eQTL mapping by reducing sample size while increasing the number of sequence reads per sample. In addition to RNA‐seq data, our method can also be employed to study the genetic basis of other types of sequencing data, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA sequencing data. In this article, we focus on eQTL mapping of a single gene using the association‐based method. However, our method establishes a statistical framework for future developments of eQTL mapping methods using RNA‐seq data (e.g., linkage‐based eQTL mapping), and the joint study of multiple genetic markers and/or multiple genes.
Isotonized CDF Estimation from Judgment Poststratification Data with Empty Strata
Authors: Wang Xinlei , Wang Ke , Lim Johan
Published: August 2011

Summary In applications that require cost efficiency, sample sizes are typically small so that the problem of empty strata may often occur in judgment poststratification (JPS), an important variant of balanced ranked set sampling. In this article, we consider estimation of population cumulative distribution functions (CDF) from JPS samples with empty strata. In the literature, the standard and restricted CDF estimators (Stokes and Sager, 1988, Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, 374381; Frey and Ozturk, 2011, Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, to appear) do not perform well when simply ignoring empty strata. In this article, we show that the original isotonized estimator (Ozturk, 2007, Journal of Nonparametric Statistics 19, 131–144) can handle empty strata automatically through two methods, MinMax and MaxMin. However, blindly using them can result in undesirable results in either tail of the CDF. We thoroughly examine MinMax and MaxMin and find interesting results about their behaviors and performance in the presence of empty strata. Motivated by these results, we propose modified isotonized estimators to improve estimation efficiency. Through simulation and empirical studies, we show that our estimators work well in different regions of the CDF, and also improve the overall performance of estimating the whole function.
Efficient Algorithms for Optimal Designs with Correlated Observations in Pharmacokinetics and Dose‐Finding Studies
Authors: Holland‐Letz Tim , Dette Holger , Renard Didier
Published: August 2011

Summary Random effects models are widely used in population pharmacokinetics and dose‐finding studies. However, when more than one observation is taken per patient, the presence of correlated observations (due to shared random effects and possibly residual serial correlation) usually makes the explicit determination of optimal designs difficult. In this article, we introduce a class of multiplicative algorithms to be able to handle correlated data and thus allow numerical calculation of optimal experimental designs in such situations. In particular, we demonstrate its application in a concrete example of a crossover dose‐finding trial, as well as in a typical population pharmacokinetics example. Additionally, we derive a lower bound for the efficiency of any given design in this context, which allows us on the one hand to monitor the progress of the algorithm, and on the other hand to investigate the efficiency of a given design without knowing the optimal one. Finally, we extend the methodology such that it can be used to determine optimal designs if there exist some requirements regarding the minimal number of treatments for several (in some cases all) experimental conditions.
In hemodialysis, adiponectin, and pro‐brain natriuretic peptide levels may be subjected to variations in body mass index
Authors: TRIMARCHI Hernan , MURYAN Alexis , DICUGNO Mariana , FORRESTER Mariano , LOMBI Fernando , YOUNG Pablo , POMERANZ Vanesa , IRIARTE Romina , BARUCCA Nanci , CAMPOLO‐GIRARD Vicente , ALONSO Mirta , LINDHOLM Bengt
Published: August 2011

Adiponectin exerts cardiovascular protective actions, although some studies have shown the opposite. In hemodialysis, obese subjects display lower mortality rates despite hypoadiponectinemia, while higher adiponectin concentrations correlate with an elevated cardiovascular risk in nonobese subjects. The aim of the study is to suggest that adiponectin level variations are associated with differences in the body mass index (BMI). The interplay between adiponectin and pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (Pro‐BNP) levels may vary according to body fat mass. Fifty‐two chronic hemodialysis patients were divided into three groups. Group A, BMI<25 (n=20); Group B, BMI 25 to 30 (n=21), and Group C, BMI>30 (n=11). Diabetics: Group A 10%; Group B 6 29%; Group C 55%, P=0.027. Determinations: Adiponectin, Pro‐BNP, insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA), troponin T, nutritional status, ultrafiltration rates, C‐reactive protein (CRP), vascular accesses, and echocardiography. Group A: adiponectinemia positively and significantly correlated with Pro‐BNP, CRP, and troponin T. As BMI increased, adiponectin, Pro‐BNP, and malnutrition significantly decreased, while insulin, HOMA, and ultrafiltration rates significantly increased. Cardiac restriction was significantly higher in obese patients. In all groups, Pro‐BNP and troponin T displayed a strong positive correlation. In low‐BMI subjects, high Pro‐BNP and adiponectin, low myocardial restriction, and worse nutritional status were prevalent. In obesity, hypoadiponectinemia stimulates cardiac remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy, and decreased stretching, rendering Pro‐BNP levels low despite high ultrafiltration rates. Thus, adiponectin correlates inversely with BMI, probably playing different cardiovascular roles as BMI changes.
Dietary assessment of hemodialysis patients in Tehran, Iran
Authors: AS'HABI Atefeh , TABIBI Hadi , HOUSHIAR RAD Anahita , NOZARY HESHMATI Behnaz , MAHDAVI‐MAZDEH Mitra , HEDAYATI Mehdi
Published: August 2011

Inadequate dietary intakes are a major determinant of malnutrition in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Considering the lack of information available on dietary intakes of HD patients in Iran, the present study was designed to assess the dietary intakes of HD patients in Tehran, Iran. For this cross‐sectional study, from among adult HD patients of 50 Tehran hemodialysis centers, 291 patients were randomly selected. Dietary intakes of these patients were assessed using a 4‐day dietary recall. In addition, 4 mL of blood was obtained from each patient before dialysis to measure serum urea, creatinine, albumin, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and high sensitive C‐reactive protein levels. Dietary intakes of energy, protein and fiber were lower than recommended intakes in 88%, 84.5%, and 99% of HD patients, respectively. There were significant associations between dietary energy intake with the patient's age (p < 0.05), and HD vintage (P < 0.001). In addition, a significant association was found between dietary protein intake and sex (P < 0.05). Intakes of vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, E, folic acid, and of the minerals calcium and zinc (from both the diet and supplements) were lower than recommended intakes in 13.5%, 41.5%, 19%, 66%, 61%, 78%, 77%, 24%, 34%, and 98.5% of HD patients, respectively. Inadequate intakes of energy and various nutrients are prevalent in HD patients in Tehran, Iran, which may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in these patients. Therefore, nutrition counseling and the administration of vitamin and mineral supplements are necessary in Iranian HD patients.
The Role of Self‐Identity, Past Behavior, and Their Interaction in Predicting Intention to Purchase Fresh and Processed Organic Food1
Authors: DEAN MOIRA , RAATS MONIQUE M. , SHEPHERD RICHARD
Published: August 2011

This study examined the impact of moral norms, self‐identity, and past behavior on intention to buy organic tomatoes and organic tomato sauce, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The questionnaire, which included measures of attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, moral norms, past behavior, and self‐identity was completed by approximately 500 people for each food. Multiple regressions showed that for both foods, moral norms and self‐identity added significantly to the prediction of intention over and above the other variables, even when the effect of past behavior was included. There was some evidence of past behavior moderating the self‐identity/intention relationship for processed organic tomato sauce, but not for fresh organic tomatoes. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The Relationship Between Control, Job Seeking, and Well‐Being in Unemployed People
Authors: CREED PETER A. , HOOD MICHELLE , LEUNG LAI YIN
Published: August 2011

We tested the usefulness of the competence–contingency–control model to account for well‐being and job seeking in the unemployed. We surveyed 216 job seekers (M age = 35 years; M unemployment = 12.4 months) with measures of personal competency, beliefs about contingency relationships, job seeking, and well‐being. We hypothesized that control (i.e., competency and contingency) would be positively related to well‐being and job seeking, and that job seeking would be positively associated with well‐being and would mediate or moderate between control and well‐being. We found that control accounted for one third of the variance in well‐being, and was positively associated with job seeking (7% of variance). Job seeking did not mediate or moderate between control and well‐being.
Social Representations of History and the Legitimation of Social Inequality: The Causes and Consequences of Historical Negation1
Authors: SIBLEY CHRIS G. , LIU JAMES H.
Published: August 2011

The stories of history tend to favor dominant groups. Two longitudinal studies indicated that ideologies negating historical injustice experienced by Māori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand) predicted increased opposition toward social policies promoting material reparation among New Zealand European undergraduates. Historical negation was, in turn, predicted by right‐wing authoritarianism (Study 2). These findings suggest that the authoritarian motivation to protect the positive history of the in‐group causes New Zealand Europeans to actively position historical injustices performed by earlier colonial generations as irrelevant. Positioning history in this fashion has important consequences for the mobilization of political attitudes and, in particular, opposition toward social and political policies relating to the distribution of resources and status within society.
The Effect of Self‐Control on Attentional Bias for Alcohol Cues in Male Heavy Drinkers1
Authors: TEUNISSEN HANNEKE A. , SPIJKERMAN RENSKE , SCHOENMAKERS TIM M. , VOHS KATHLEEN D. , ENGELS RUTGER C. M. E.
Published: August 2011

Attentional bias for alcohol cues increases craving and subsequent alcohol consumption. Override processes can be used to disengage attention from alcohol cues. This requires self‐control and implies that depletion of self‐control would impair the ability to disengage attention from alcohol cues. This study examined the effect of self‐control on attentional bias among male heavy drinkers. To manipulate self‐control resources, an expression control task was used. Attentional bias was measured with a visual probe task. The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS; Anton, Moak, & Latham, 1996) assessed the urge to drink and persistent thoughts about alcohol. The results suggest that participants who scored relatively high on the OCDS showed more attentional bias after controlled emotional expression, compared to free emotional expression.
Stages of Change in Physical Exercise and Social Support: An Integrated Socio‐Psycho‐Economic Approach
Authors: GIBBISON GODFREY A. , JOHNSON C. DOUGLAS
Published: August 2011

The present research attempts to integrate behavioral and social science theories (e.g., theory of reasoned action, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model) in assessing the effect and sources of social support of persons in various stages of physical exercise. Using multinomial regression to analyze the data collected via interviews from a sample of over 1,500 working adults in Jamaica, strong statistical support was found for the role of social support in initiating and maintaining exercise. The importance of various providers depends on the individual's stage of behavioral change. Health workers, relatives, and friends are important during early stages; while friends and physical trainers are important during later stages. Other results, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Central zone of myocardial infarction: a neglected target area for heart cell therapy
Authors: Jin Peifeng , Wang Enshi , Wang Ye‐huan , Huang Weicong , Kuang Wenan , Sun Chengchao , Hu Shengshou , Zhang Hao
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate of transplanted cells in the central zone of myocardial infarction (MI), and to clarify the relationship between the injection‐site impact and the efficacy of cell therapy. MI was created by coronary ligation in female rats. Three weeks later, 3‐million labelled male bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were directly injected into the border (BZC group) or central zone (CZC group) of MI area. As a control, culture medium was injected into the same sites. Cell survival was evaluated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and apoptosis was assayed with TUNEL and caspase‐3 staining. Four weeks after transplantation, heart function and cardiac morphometry were evaluated by echocardiography and Masson’s Trichrome staining, respectively. Angiogenesis and myogenesis were detected by immunofluorescence staining. After cell transplantation into the border or central zone, there was no cell migration between the different zones of MI. BMSCs in the CZC group exhibited no difference in apoptotic percentage, in the long‐term survival, when compared with those in the BZC group. However, they did effectively promote angiogenesis and cellular myogenic differentiation. Although cell delivery in the central zone of MI had no effect on the recovery of heart function compared with the BZC group, the retained BMSCs could still increase the scar thickness, and subsequently exhibit a trend in the reverse remodelling of ventricular dilation. Hence, we concluded that the central zone of MI should not be ignored during cell‐based therapy. Multiple site injection (border+central zone) is strongly recommended during the procedure of cell transplantation.
Injectable biodegradable hydrogels for embryonic stem cell transplantation: improved cardiac remodelling and function of myocardial infarction
Authors: Wang Haibin , Liu Zhiqiang , Li Dexue , Guo Xuan , Kasper F. Kurtis , Duan Cuimi , Zhou Jin , Mikos Antonios G. , Wang Changyong
Published: August 2011

In this study, an injectable, biodegradable hydrogel composite of oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] (OPF) was investigated as a carrier of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). The OPF hydrogels were used to encapsulate mESCs. The cell differentiation in vitro over 14 days was determined via immunohistochemical examination. Then, mESCs encapsulated in OPF hydrogels were injected into the LV wall of a rat MI model. Detailed histological analysis and echocardiography were used to determine the structural and functional consequences after 4 weeks of transplantation. With ascorbic acid induction, mESCs could differentiate into cardiomyocytes and other cell types in all three lineages in the OPF hydrogel. After transplantation, both the 24‐hr cell retention and 4‐week graft size were significantly greater in the OPF + ESC group than that of the PBS + ESC group (P < 0.01). Four weeks after transplantation, OPF hydrogel alone significantly reduced the infarct size and collagen deposition and improved the cardiac function. The heart function and revascularization improved significantly, while the infarct size and fibrotic area decreased significantly in the OPF + ESC group compared with that of the PBS + ESC, OPF and PBS groups (P < 0.01). All treatments had significantly reduced MMP2 and MMP9 protein levels compared to the PBS control group, and the OPF + ESC group decreased most by Western blotting. Transplanted mESCs expressed cardiovascular markers. This study suggests the potential of a method for heart regeneration involving OPF hydrogels for stem cell encapsulation and transplantation.
Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM) – risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis
Authors: MacRitchie Heather M. B. , Longbottom Christopher , Robertson Margaret , Nugent Zoann , Chan Karen , Radford John R. , Pitts Nigel B.
Published: August 2011

MacRitchie HMB, Longbottom C, Robertson M, Nugent Z, Chan K, Radford JR, Pitts NB. Development of the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model (DCRAM) – risk model development using a novel application of CHAID analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40: 37–45. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Objectives:  To use a novel statistical analysis in the development of caries risk assessment models for preschool children for use in a particular community setting.

Methods:  Data were collected longitudinally on a cohort of approximately 1500 children born in one calendar year in the city of Dundee, Scotland. A dental examination and oral microbiological saliva sample, together with parental and health visitor questionnaires, were completed for each child at ages 1, 2, 3 and 4 years. The 1‐year data were analysed using chi‐squared automated interaction detector analysis (CHAID) to produce a set of caries risk assessment models for predicting caries in 4‐year‐olds.

Results:  Four risk models were developed using CHAID analysis for caries at 4 years of age using risk assessment data collected at age 1. These models included two ‘any’ caries–risk models (n = 697, dmft >0) and two ‘high’ caries–risk models (n = 784, dmft ≥3) depending on the use of the d1 (enamel and dentine) or d3 (dentine only) level of caries detection. The most appropriate model developed for use was shown to be the CHAID high caries–risk model at the d3 level of detection (d3mft ≥3). This had a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 69%.

Conclusions:  An appropriate risk assessment model for use in a particular community setting predicting caries at age 4 years from data collected at age 1 year was developed. This has been termed the Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model.
Evidence that membrane‐bound G protein‐coupled melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 are not involved in the neuroprotective effects of melatonin in focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Kilic Ulkan , Yilmaz Bayram , Ugur Milas , Yüksel Adnan , Reiter Russel J. , Hermann Dirk M. , Kilic Ertugrul
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Melatonin is synthesized and released by the pineal gland in a circadian rhythm, and many of its peripheral actions are mediated via membrane MT1 and MT2 receptors. Apart from its metabolic functions, melatonin is a potent neuroprotective molecule owing to its antioxidative actions. The roles of MT1 and MT2 in the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and cell signaling after cerebral ischemia remain unknown. With the use of MT1 and MT2 knockout (mt1/2−/−) mice treated with melatonin, we evaluated brain injury, edema formation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and signaling pathways, including CREB, ATF‐1, p21, Jun kinase (JNK)1/2, p38 phosphorylation, resulting from ischemia/reperfusion injury. We show that the infarct volume and brain edema do not differ between mt1/2−/− and wild‐type (WT) animals, but melatonin treatment decreases infarct volume in both groups and brain edema in WT animals after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Notably, melatonin’s neuroprotective effect was even more pronounced in mt1/2−/− animals compared to that in WT animals. We also demonstrate that melatonin treatment decreased CREB, ATF‐1, and p38 phosphorylation in both mt1/2−/− and WT mice, while p21 and JNK1/2 were reduced only in melatonin‐treated WT animals in the ischemic hemisphere. Furthermore, melatonin treatment lowered iNOS activity only in WT animals. We provide evidence that the absence of MT1 and MT2 has no unfavorable effect on ischemic brain injury. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of melatonin appear to be mediated through a mechanism independent of its membrane receptors. The underlying mechanism(s) should be further studied using selective melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists.
Melatonin prevents human pancreatic carcinoma cell PANC‐1‐induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation and migration by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor expression
Authors: Cui Peilin , Yu Minghua , Peng Xingchun , Dong Lv , Yang Zhaoxu
Published: August 2011

Abstract:  Melatonin is an important natural oncostatic agent, and our previous studies have found its inhibitory action on tumor angiogenesis, but the mechanism remains unclear. It is well known that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays key roles in tumor angiogenesis and has become an important target for antitumor therapy. Pancreatic cancer is a representative of the most highly vascularized and angiogenic solid tumors, which responds poorly to chemotherapy and radiation. Thus, seeking new treatment strategies targeting which have anti‐angiogenic capability is urgent in clinical practice. In this study, a co‐culture system between human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC‐1) was used to investigate the direct effect of melatonin on the tumor angiogenesis and its possible action on VEGF expression. We found HUVECs exhibited an increased cell proliferation and cell migration when co‐cultured with PANC‐1 cells, but the process was prevented when melatonin added to the incubation medium. Melatonin at concentrations of 1 μm and 1 mm inhibited the cell proliferation and migration of HUVECs and also decreased both the VEGF protein secreted to the cultured medium and the protein produced by the PANC‐1 cells. In addition, the VEGF mRNA expression was also down‐regulated by melatonin. Taken together, our present study shows that melatonin at pharmacological concentrations inhibited the elevated cell proliferation and cell migration of HUVECs stimulated by co‐culturing them with PANC‐1 cells; this was associated with a suppression of VEGF expression in PANC‐1 cells.
Sex difference in fluid balance responses during prolonged exercise
Authors: Eijsvogels T. M. H. , Scholten R. R. , van Duijnhoven N. T. L. , Thijssen D. H. J. , Hopman M. T. E.
Published: August 2011

Maintaining a proper fluid balance is important during exercise as athletes are prone to develop dehydration during exercise. Although several factors may regulate the fluid balance, little is known about the role of sex during prolonged moderate‐intensity exercise. Therefore, we compared body mass changes and fluid balance parameters in men vs women in a large heterogeneous group of participants during prolonged exercise. Ninety‐eight volunteers walked 30–50 km at a self‐selected pace. Exercise duration (8 h, 32 min) and intensity (69% HRmax) were comparable between groups. Men demonstrated a significantly larger change in body mass than women (−1.6% vs −0.9%, respectively, P < 0.001) and a higher incidence of dehydration (defined as ≥2% body mass loss) compared with women (34% vs 12%, respectively, odds ratio = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.1–16.7). Changes in blood sodium levels were significantly different between men (+1.5 mmol/L) and women (−0.4 mmol/L), while 27% of the men vs 0% of the women showed postexercise hypernatremia (sodium levels ≥ 145 mmol/L). Moreover, men demonstrated a significantly lower fluid intake (2.9 mL/kg/h) and higher fluid loss (5.0 mL/kg/h) compared with women (3.7 and 4.8 mL/kg/h, respectively). Taken together, our data suggest that men and women demonstrate different changes in fluid balance in response to a similar bout of exercise.
Noninvasive biosensor for cathepsin L in the stratum corneum
Authors: Yamaguchi Masaki , Date Akira , Sasaki Makoto , Makino Teruhiko , Shimizu Tadamichi
Published: August 2011

Purpose

The objective is to propose an on‐site testing biosensor of cathepsin L (CatL) activity in the stratum corneum, which can be used for the evaluation of skin conditions noninvasively and easily.

Methods

The biosensor comprises of a disposable test strip and a desktop‐sized reader (260 × 150 × 290 mm3, 1.9 kg), incorporating a charge‐coupled device image sensor (CCD) unit to measure the reflectance of the test strip. A novel immuno‐chromatographic test strip was proposed for CatL analysis in the stratum corneum. In order to realize the test strip, a colloidal gold technique was selected as the molecular recognition method for the CatL. A human skin sample was collected noninvasively by adhesive tape stripping.

Results

Based on optimal assay conditions, the sensitivity of the biosensor was evaluated. It required 10 min from a sample dropping to appear the test line on the test strip. The optical density was proportion to the CatL. Bioanalytical validation indicated that, within the biosensor's detection limit (172.2 μU/mL), its accuracy (R2 = 0.94), and precision (CV = 15%) approach more elaborate laboratory‐based analyzers. In addition, the truncated sampling‐reporting cycle (<15 min) allows speedy reporting of CatL levels.

Conclusion

It was indicated that this noninvasive and easy‐to use biosensor might be a novel tool for the semi‐quantitative analysis of CatL in the stratum corneum.
Overdentures in the Edentulous Mandible Supported by Implants and Retained by a Dolder Bar: A 5‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Heschl Alexander , Payer Michael , Clar Volker , Stopper Marlene , Wegscheider Walther , Lorenzoni Martin
Published: August 2011

Purpose: This prospective study was performed to evaluate the outcomes of XiVE® S plus implants (Dentsply Friadent, Mannheim, Germany) following conventional restoration with bar structures and overdentures in the edentulous mandible.

Materials and Methods: A total of 39 patients were treated with four interforaminal implants (n = 156) splinted by a Dolder bar. Overdentures were attached to the bars after 3 months of healing. As primary outcome measures, clinical and radiological parameters were evaluated at the time of implant placement (baseline) and once a year (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 years) after functional loading. Secondary outcome measures included (i) primary stability and surgical complications, as well as (ii) Periotest® (Medizintechnik Gulden, Modautal, Germany) values, implant survival, and prosthetic complications at baseline and follow‐up.

Results: A total of 156 implants were placed. The vast majority (n = 149) were tightened to >30 Ncm, while torques in the range of 20–30 Ncm were obtained in the remaining cases (n = 7). Mean crestal bone levels around the implants were 0.41 mm at baseline and 1.04/1.20/1.34/1.45/1.44 mm after 1/2/3/4/5 years respectively. The mean values of the plaque, calculus, bleeding, and mucosal indices remained low throughout this period. The reported follow‐up periods involved one implant loss after 3 months (survival rate: 99.4%) and one implant failure after 4 years (success rate: 98.4%). Prosthetic complications included factures of bars (n = 3) and denture teeth (n = 7). Prosthetic survival was 100%.

Conclusions: Dolder bars to restore oral implants in the edentulous mandible appear to offer a high rate of implant survival, good stability of the peri‐implant tissue, and a low rate of prosthetic complications.
Long‐Term Function of Single‐Implant Restorations: A 17‐ to 19‐Year Follow‐Up Study on Implant Infraposition Related to the Shape of the Face and Patients' Satisfaction
Authors: Andersson Bernt , Bergenblock Sibel , Fürst Björn , Jemt Torsten
Published: August 2011

Background: Various levels of infraposition of single‐implant restorations have been observed in long‐term follow‐up studies, but little knowledge is available on the biological mechanism behind this pattern.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to report the frequency and severeness of implant infraposition in the anterior single‐implant application after 17 to 19 years in function and, secondly, to try to relate these observations to anatomical appearance of the shape of the face of the patient.

Materials and Methods: The present study comprised of 57 patients who were provided with 65 CeraOne™ single‐tooth restorations (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) between 1989 and 1991. Altogether 46 of these patients were treated with single implants in the anterior region. Besides clinical and radiographic data, clinical photographs, study casts, and patient's assessment of the long‐term aesthetic result (visual analog scale) was collected at the termination of the present study. The degree of implant crown infraposition was related to assessed facial shape and to patient and clinical assessment of the aesthetic result by means of Pearson's correlation test. To increase the numbers of patients, another group of 25 patients presented in another similar study were pooled with the present material for prevalence calculations.

Results: Altogether 47 patients showed up for the final examination after an average of 18 years (82%). Two implants failed (18 years cumulative survival rates [CSR]– 96.8%) and eight original single‐crown restorations were replaced (CSR 83.8%). Three of the replaced crowns were replaced because of infraposition of the crowns. About 40% of the patients showed signs of infraposition, similar in younger and older age groups, but more frequently observed in female patients at termination of the study (p < 0.05). There was a weak trend indicating an association between “long‐face” appearance and infraposition of the crown restoration (p > 0.05), and patients were more satisfied with the aesthetic clinical result than the participating clinicians (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Single‐implant restorations in the anterior upper jaw may present small degrees of infraposition in long‐term perspectives. Female patients seem to be at a higher risk of infraposition (p < 0.05), but no clear relationship between age at implant placement or facial shape and degree of infraposition was possible to establish (p > 0.05). Patients were more satisfied with the aesthetic result, as compared with the clinicians (p < 0.05), and patients seemed to pay less attention to the degree of infraposition in their aesthetic assessments, as compared with most of the clinicians.
Clinical Similarities and Histological Diversity Comparing Fresh Frozen Onlay Bone Blocks Allografts and Autografts in Human Maxillary Reconstruction
Authors: Spin‐Neto Rubens , Landazuri Del Barrio Ricardo Andrés , Pereira Luis Antonio Violin Dias , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chiérici , Marcantonio Elcio , Marcantonio Jr Elcio
Published: August 2011

Background: In the absence of autologous bone for harvesting, fresh‐frozen bone allografts turned into an alternative for bone reconstruction procedures.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to make a histological analysis of fresh‐frozen onlay bone allografts (ALs), compared with autografts, in patients who needed maxillary reconstruction prior to dental implants placement.

Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with bone deficiencies (width inferior to 4 mm) in the sites where the implants were planned were enrolled in the study. From these, six were elected to be treated with autogenous (AT) bone grafts and six with fresh‐frozen bone AL. This last group included the patients who had absence of a convenient amount of bone in donor sites. Each patient received from one to six graft blocks, totalling to 12 ATs and 17 ALs. Seven months after grafting procedures, biopsies of the grafts were made using 2‐mm internal diameter trephine burs, and processed for histological analysis. One biopsy was retrieved from each patient.

Results: Clinically, all grafts were found to be firm in consistency and well‐incorporated to the receptor bed. Histological analysis showed a large amount of necrotic bone surrounded by few spots of new‐formed bone in the AL group, suggesting low rate of graft remodeling. In the AT group, an advanced stage of bone remodeling was seen.

Conclusions: Human fresh‐frozen bone block AL showed clinical compatibility for grafting procedures, although associated to slow remodeling process. Further studies are needed to define, at long term, the remodeling process chronology the clinical longitudinal results for fresh‐frozen bone AL.
Prospective 10‐Year Cohort Study Based on a Randomized, Controlled Trial (RCT) on Implant‐Supported Full‐Arch Maxillary Prostheses. Part II: Prosthetic Outcomes and Maintenance
Authors: Fischer Kerstin , Stenberg Torsten
Published: August 2011

Background: Long‐term follow‐up studies (i.e., over 5 years), focusing on prosthetic outcomes and maintenance of implant‐supported reconstructions in the edentulous maxilla, are scarce in the literature.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and report 10‐year data on outcomes and maintenance of screw‐retained implant‐supported full‐arch casted titanium‐resin prostheses in the edentulous maxilla.

Materials and Methods: In the randomized control trial cohort of 24 patients, the outcome and maintenance of 23 bridges were registered.

Results: One patient dropped out of the study prior to the 10‐year control. Of the 23 remaining patients, 21 still had their original frameworks; one framework fractured after 8 years and one was remade after 7 years to create better support for the acrylic. The remaining 23 prostheses showed criteria of success, survival, and failure in 9, 82, and 9%, respectively. Tightening of two assembly screws was necessary in one patient. No detrimental effects were seen because of long cantilever extensions or opposing dentition. A total of 4.7 resin‐related complications per prosthesis were observed; tooth fracture was the most common prosthetic complication. There was an indication of greater prevention in the number of resin‐related complications with the use of lingual gold onlay compared with a resilient mouth guard, 0.71 and 1.67, respectively per bridge. The bridges were removed and reinserted 0.83 times per patient. No abutment or abutment screw fractures were registered.

Conclusion: Fracture or wear of the reconstruction materials were considered predictable risks when using resin‐based suprastructure materials. Status of opposing dentition and length of cantilevers did not confer additional risk. The use of a lingual gold onlay indicated prevention of resin‐related complications. Future research should focus on the suprastructure materials to predict better overall treatment results of implant‐supported full‐arch bridges in the edentulous maxilla.
Network Meta‐Analysis for Evaluating Interventions in Implant Dentistry: The Case of Peri‐Implantitis Treatment
Authors: Faggion Clovis Mariano , Chambrone Leandro , Listl Stefan , Tu Yu‐Kang
Published: August 2011

Background/Aim:Evidence from head‐to‐head comparison trials on peri‐implantitis treatment is limited, and it is therefore impossible to conduct a direct meta‐analysis. We propose an alternative statistical method, network meta‐analysis, for evidence synthesis, which enables to compare the results of multiple treatments.

Methods:We searched, in triplicate, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled trials in the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature databases up to and including August 2010. We also conducted a manual search of the reference lists regarding published systematic reviews and searched for gray literature in OpenSIGLE. We assessed changes in clinical attachment level (CAL) and pocket probing depth (PPD) after nonsurgical and surgical treatments of peri‐implantitis. The risk of bias of selected studies was determined by the use of specific criteria, and it was performed in triplicate and independently. We used multilevel mixed modeling to perform the network meta‐analysis and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation to obtain confidence intervals for the fixed and random effects.

Results:Eleven studies were included in the review. All RCTs are at unclear or high risk of bias. Surgical therapy in conjunction with bone grafts and non‐resorbable membranes achieved 3.52 mm greater PPD reduction than nonsurgical therapy alone, 95% high‐probability density (HPD) intervals: −0.19, 6.81. Surgical treatment in conjunction with bone grafts and resorbable membranes achieved 2.80 mm greater CAL gain than nonsurgical therapy alone, 95% HPD intervals: −0.18, 5.59.

Conclusion:Surgical procedures in peri‐implantitis treatment achieve more PPD reduction and CAL gain than nonsurgical approaches. Nevertheless, these results should be interpreted with caution because of the limited number of studies included and their low methodological quality. Network meta‐analysis is a useful statistical methodology for evidence synthesis and to summarize the strength and limitation in the current evidence.
Parathyroid hormone affects the fibroblast growth factor–proteoglycan signaling axis to regulate osteosarcoma cell migration
Authors: Datsis Georgios A. , Berdiaki Aikaterini , Nikitovic Dragana , Mytilineou Maria , Katonis Pavlos , Karamanos Nikos K. , Tzanakakis George N.
Published: August 2011

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1–34), which has been established to have a dual effect on bone metabolism, was recently found to regulate osteosarcoma cell migration. A significant part of the bone anabolic action of PTH(1–34) is attributed to fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2 stimulation. Furthermore, it was recently suggested that the FGF–proteoglycan axis may form an extracellular matrix‐related regulatory feedback loop that controls osteoblastic lineage cell proliferation and execution of the osteogenic program. In this study, we investigated the possible participation of FGF‐2 signaling in PTH(1–34)‐dependent osteosarcoma cell migration. FGF‐2 treatment of osteosarcoma cells resulted in a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in MG63 cell migration, similar to that caused by PTH(1–34). mRNA expression analysis of cells treated with PTH(1–34) showed a strong increase in FGF‐2 transcript levels (P = 0.0015). Interestingly, the addition of FGF‐2 to MG63 cells led to significant downregulation of small leucine‐rich proteoglycan biglycan expression at both the mRNA (P ≤ 0.0001) and protein (60%) levels. In order to examine the significance of biglycan on MG63 cell migration, transfection with short interfering RNA specific for biglycan was performed, resulting in a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the migration capacity of biglycan‐deficient MG63 cells. In contrast, exogenous human recombinant biglycan strongly inhibited the migration of these cells (P ≤ 0.01). Finally, a direct correlation between PTH(1–34) action and biglycan expression was established by the finding of a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in biglycan transcript levels in PTH(1–34)‐treated cells. To summarize, the present study demonstrates a novel cooperative mechanism of PTH(1–34) and FGF‐2 action that results in specific alteration of the biglycan extracellular matrix content to regulate osteosarcoma cell migration.
Chitin oligosaccharide binding to a family GH19 chitinase from the moss Bryum coronatum
Authors: Ohnuma Takayuki , Sørlie Morten , Fukuda Tatsuya , Kawamoto Noriko , Taira Toki , Fukamizo Tamo
Published: August 2011

Substrate binding of a family GH19 chitinase from a moss species, Bryum coronatum (BcChi‐A, 22 kDa), which is smaller than the 26 kDa family GH19 barley chitinase due to the lack of several loop regions (‘loopless’), was investigated by oligosaccharide digestion, thermal unfolding experiments and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Chitin oligosaccharides [β‐1,4‐linked oligosaccharides of N‐acetylglucosamine with a polymerization degree of n, (GlcNAc)n, n = 3–6] were hydrolyzed by BcChi‐A at rates in the order (GlcNAc)6 > (GlcNAc)5 > (GlcNAc)4 >> (GlcNAc)3. From thermal unfolding experiments using the inactive BcChi‐A mutant (BcChi‐A‐E61A), in which the catalytic residue Glu61 is mutated to Ala, we found that the transition temperature (Tm) was elevated upon addition of (GlcNAc)n (n = 2–6) and that the elevation (ΔTm) was almost proportional to the degree of polymerization of (GlcNAc)n. ITC experiments provided the thermodynamic parameters for binding of (GlcNAc)n (n = 3–6) to BcChi‐A‐E61A, and revealed that the binding was driven by favorable enthalpy changes with unfavorable entropy changes. The change in heat capacity (ΔCp°) for (GlcNAc)6 binding was found to be relatively small (−105 ± 8 cal·K−1·mol−1). The binding free energy changes for (GlcNAc)6, (GlcNAc)5, (GlcNAc)4 and (GlcNAc)3 were determined to be −8.5, −7.9, −6.6 and −5.0 kcal·mol−1, respectively. Taken together, the substrate binding cleft of BcChi‐A consists of at least six subsites, in contrast to the four‐subsites binding cleft of the ‘loopless’ family 19 chitinase from Streptomyces coelicolor.

Database

Chitinase, EC 3.2.1.14
Development of the inpatient attitudes towards the patient role scale
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Takako , OTA Katsumasa
Published: August 2011

Aim:  The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable, valid scale that can measure inpatients' tendencies and level of effort in dealing with their role of patient.

Methods:  The question items were developed from interviews and a review of the literature. After examining the content validity, a pretest and pilot study were conducted. Then, the 27 item Inpatient Attitudes Towards the Patient Role Scale was created. A self‐administered questionnaire survey with 399 inpatients was conducted in order to examine the reliability and validity of this scale.

Results:  Two‐hundred‐and‐sixteen patients completed and returned the questionnaire (54.1% response rate). The respondents were aged between 20 years and ≥80 years (median: 60s); 60% were male and 39% were female. Based on a factor analysis, the following four common factors were extracted from 21 out of the 27 original items: “patient adherence”, “consideration”, “self‐expression”, and “mental attitude”. The evidence from an examination of the construct validity and stability suggests that the scale has good reliability and promising validity. Older adult patients tended to make more effort than younger patients. The patients who believed that it would take them a certain amount of time to recover and those who trusted the healthcare staff tended to make more effort.

Conclusion:  A reliable and valid scale to measure inpatient attitudes towards the patient role was developed. This scale might provide useful information for nursing practice.
Attitudes of Korean adults towards human dignity: A Q methodology approach
Authors: JO Kae Hwa , AN Gyeong‐Ju , DOORENBOS Ardith Z.
Published: August 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to identify the perceived attitudes of Korean adults towards human dignity in order to determine the relationship of human dignity to its social and cultural background.

Methods:  The Q methodology research technique was used to explore perceived attitude typology on the basis of the respondents' ranking order for different statements. A convenience sampling method was used to select 40 Korean adults who were interested in human dignity to create statements. From the questionnaires, in‐depth interviews, and a literature review, a total of 158 statements was obtained. The final 34 Q samples were selected from a review by two nursing professors and a Q methodology expert. Moreover, 38 respondents participated as P samples by sorting 34 Q statements on a nine‐point normal distribution scale. The data were analyzed by using the QUANL software package.

Results:  The following four types of attitudes about human dignity were identified in Korea: a happiness‐oriented–self‐pursuit type, relationship‐oriented–self‐recognition type, reflection‐oriented–self‐unification type, and discrimination‐oriented–self‐maintenance type.

Conclusions:  The results indicate that approaches to developing human dignity education need to take this typology into account and the characteristics of the participants who fall into each category. These results provide general guidelines to understand Korean values for professional practice in various healthcare settings.
Support for Human Estrus: Documentation in Ayurveda
Authors: Skandhan Kalanghot Padmanabhan , Rajahariprasad Achuthan , Sumangala Balakrishnan
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Human estrus is a new topic to discussion. Articles related to this are few.

Aim

Authors present here the first known report on human estrus, which was discussed in the Ayurveda classic text, Susruta Samhita, dated back to the 1st century BC.

Main Outcome Measure

Supporting this, evidence from modern literature is presented here.

Results

Estrus discussed as a fresh topic.

Conclusion

Authors concluded that all modern research results, though limited, are in support of the oldest writing about human estrus.
Genetics of Erectile Dysfunction: A Review of the Interface between Sex and Molecular Biomarkers
Authors: Andersen Monica L. , Guindalini Camila , Tufik Sergio
Published: August 2011

Introduction

In recent years, new tools for the study of molecular biology and genetics have resulted in significant contributions to the scientific community. The potential use of genetic variations as biomarkers in the management of current and future conditions is generating considerable excitement in health care for disorders such as erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

This review briefly describes the molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in ED and provides an overall view of the literature relevant to possible relationships between genetic factors and ED.

Methods

This is a narrative review of studies on the potential influence of polymorphisms on the risk of developing ED.

Main Outcome Measure

We reviewed genetic association studies involving polymorphisms and the ED phenotype.

Results

There is growing evidence for the influence of genetic polymorphisms on the risk of ED and on the interindividual variability in sildenafil treatment.

Conclusions

Although this field is still in its infancy, genetic association studies aimed at defining a molecular basis for ED have provided some important evidence that a patient's genotype may be used in the future to assess risk, as well as to plan treatment and prevention programs in the clinic.