bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting Priorities for Health Needs and Managing Resources
Authors: Meltzer Martin , Teutsch Steven M
Published: November 2023

Although the national public health system in the United States once dealt exclusively with the health problems of a small segment of the population (i.e., navy seamen), it is now responsible for the health of the entire U.S. population. This responsibility includes (J) attempting to prevent infectious diseases, chronic diseases, unintentional and violent injuries; (2) maintaining optimal occupational and environmental health; (3) addressing the health problems unique to minorities and special populations; (4) improving the population’s access to health care; (5) providing some forms of health care; and (6) monitoring the quality of health care. These activities require considerable resources, and as the total expenditure on health care in the United States takes a larger share of the gross domestic product (currently about 14%), questions have been raised about the benefits derived from this investment (Gold et al., 1996). For example, there are large discrepancies in the success rates of surgical and other procedures from community to community, leading to questions as to whether the widespread use of many of these procedures is appropriate (Wennberg et al., 1989).
Evaluation
Authors: Hennessy Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1987, federal regulations limited the application of physical restraint methods in nursing homes in the United States. Did these regulations actually reduce the use of restraints? What is the best way to retrain staff of nursing homes to comply with these regulations? (Phillips et al., 1993; Dunbar et al., 1996).
What is Scleroderma?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

This book will tell you a lot about scleroderma. But there are two things it cannot tell you: the cause of scleroderma and the cure. These are the two most important things about any disease, and it is upsetting to the patient and frustrating for the physician that there are no clear answers to the most basic questions: “How did I get this?”and “How do I get rid of this?” However, to say there is no cure for scleroderma is not to say that there are no effective treatments. There are many medications that can relieve the symptoms of scleroderma and others that can slow down the progression of the disease. In addition, there are new therapies under investigation that hold the promise of actually halting the disease.
A Neurobiological Approach to the Noninvariance Problem in Stop Consonant Categorization
Authors: Sussman Harvey M
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the ultimate challenge for cognitive neuroscience is to meaningfully relate the abstract and formal domain of language to the physiological and electrochemical domain of the brain. Such an interface will be expedited if appropriate and matching levels from each domain are chosen for study. For example, the abstract formalisms of syntactic theory cannot, at this time, be related to actual neural mechanisms. Likewise, neurochemical events at the synapse cannot be systematically related to the structure or function of language. The level of analyses within both domains must be functionally compatible.
Cavalieri’s Rappresentatione Di Anima, Et Di Corpo
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

There was much rivalry among the pioneering composers of opera over who was the true “inventor” of the new genre. Cavalieri (see p. 1 above) had as valid a claim as his two main competitors, Peri and Caccini, and Peri even had the good grace to concede him the priority. There is no question, at any rate, as to whose opera was the first to be published. The score of Cavalieri’s Rappresentatione di anima, et di corpo appeared in September 1600, three months before Caccini’s Euridice. The work had first been performed that February in the Oratory of St. Philip Neri, Rome, birthplace of the oratorio; and indeed the Rappresentatione, because of its Everyman-style morality and its many paraphrases of liturgy, may be considered as much an oratorio as an opera. Yet, unlike most later oratorios, it was not performed during Lent; more-over, it was staged. Indeed, the prefatory remarks in the published score, unsigned but most probably by Cavalieri himself, contain invaluable information on the staging, in the form of instructions to stage directors, singers, dancers, and instrumentalists. They are given below, preceded by a letter of dedication signed by the Bolognese editor Guidotti; written in the fulsome style of all such letters, it is nevertheless something more than the usual dedication, for Guidotti is at some pains to establish Cavalieri’s claims to precedence in the establishment of wholly sung drama. As a reflection, then, of how conscious the founders of opera were of its importance, the dedication, too, has its historical significance.
Monteverdi Criticizesalibretto
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

By the latest count, 127 letters of Monteverdi have survived, a gratifying number for a composer of such importance to the development of Western music in general and of opera in particular. The present letter, written from Venice in 1616, three years after he had settled there as Director of Music at St. Mark’s, is addressed to Alessandro Striggio (1573-1630), a diplomat-poet at the court of the Gonzagas in Mantua and author of the text for Monteverdi’s first opera, Orfeo (1607). In view of the Duke of Mantua’s forthcoming wedding, Striggio had sent him a “maritime fable,” asking him whether he would set it to music. It appears the choice, Le nozze di Tetide by Scipione Agnelli, was tentative, and in any case the commission was canceled a few weeks later. But meanwhile Monteverdi, just barely keeping his temper, reacted to the “little book” and in so doing preserved for us his views on operatic dramaturgy. Some of his allusions need to be clarified here. Since this opera was to deal with sea gods, tritons, sirens, and so forth, Monteverdi foresaw they and the orchestra would need to occupy the lowest portion of the stage, to the detriment of the acoustics. Further, he would have to set to music the speeches of abstractions such as Zephyrs and Boreals (west and north winds), in contrast to the speeches of passionate human beings like Orpheus and Ariadne, who had been the principal characters in his first two operas. Let the singers compose their own music, Monteverdi concluded, mentioning by name several well-known singers in the service of the court at Mantua.
Handel’s Rinaldo At The Haymarket Theatre
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Italian opera came to England in 1706 with Giovanni Bononcini’s Trionfo di Camilla (Naples, 1696), translated into English and performed by an English cast at London’s Drury Lane Theatre. Its success was immediate and lasting, but the next few attempts at opera in English were failures. It was not long before Italian singers infiltrated the English casts. Camilla in 1707 featured two Italians (one of them a castrato), who sang their parts in Italian while the others continued to sing theirs in English. “At length,” wrote Joseph Addison in The Spectator, “the Audience grew tir’d of understanding Half the Opera, and therefore to ease themselves intirely of the Fatigue of Thinking, have so order’d it at Present that the whole Opera is perform’d in an unknown Tongue.” This acerbic remark was prompted by the success of Rinaldo, Handel’s first London opera, which was produced at the Queen’s Theatre in the Haymarket on 24 February 1711 with an all-Italian cast.
Pier Jacopo Martello On Opera (1715)
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Literary criticism in Italy around 1700 was very much preoccupied with the dominance of French culture in Europe and the consequent waning of Italian prestige. Gone were the days when Italian literature was held up everywhere as a model to be imitated. Instead, Italy for a century had been in the grips of a literary decadence that soon would acquire the derogatory name of secentismo, “seventeenth-century-ism.” Its poetry, ornate and mannered, was hardly exportable anymore. Instead, the main export item now was opera, and this, if anything, only held Italy up to further ridicule (see Saint-Evremond, p. 51 ff above). It was in this atmosphere that the Arcadian Academy was founded in Rome in 1690. An institution whose goal was the purification of Italian literature in all its forms, including, very importantly, tragedy (a genre in which France had recently offered the world supreme examples), the Academy soon turned its attention to opera. The Arcadians felt (quite rightly too) that opera had usurped the Italian stage, bringing about the decline of “legitimate” theater in Italy. Some writers wished to abolish opera altogether, as a degrading, “venal” spectacle. Pier Jacopo Martello (1665-1727), who helped found an Arcadian “colony” in his native Bologna, was more reasonable: he belonged to those who merely sought to reform opera. He had in fact written several librettos himself, as well as “legitimate” tragedies; and when he came to formulate his thoughts on tragedy in a treatise entitled Della tragedia antica e moderna (On Ancient and Modern Tragedy), he included in its second edition (1715) an entire section on opera. The premise of the treatise is this: on his way to France, Martello has met a stranger who, upon further acquaintance, turns out to be none other than Aristotle himself, the founder of tragic theory, miraculously come back to life. What follows, then, is a series of dialogues, carried on mostly in Paris and environs, between Martello and this latter-day philosopher, who reinterprets the classical “rules” of tragedy, adapting them quite sensibly to eighteenth-century conditions. With a light touch, pseudo-Aristotle teaches his disciple how to write a libretto. He dismisses the notion that such a work might be considered poetry in any serious way and instead gives him a down-to-earth, mildly satirical account of all the components of Italian opera that need to be taken into consideration by the would-be librettist.
Verdi’s Own Story Of How Nabucco Was Composed
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Verdi, a very private man who hated all forms of publicity, did on one occasion dictate an autobiographical account of his early years to Giulio Ricordi (see p. XXX below) with a view to its inclusion in a forthcoming biography (Anecdotal Life of Giuseppe Verdi by A. Pougin, translated into Italian from the French and expanded by “Folchetto”). The year was 1879, Verdi was sixty-six, and the book appeared two years later. The events covered had taken place in the years 1834-42, so that between them and the interview with Ricardi lay all the composer’s mature operas except the last two, Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893). By this time, of course, Verdi was an international celebrity, and his brief narrative soon gained wide circulation, becoming part of his official biography. Yet in more recent years, faith in its accuracy has been shaken by one surprising misstatement of fact. After his successful debut with Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio at La Scala in 1839, Verdi had been engaged by Bartolomeo Merelli, the powerful impresario of that theater, to write three new operas, beginning with Un giorno di regno, an opera buffa. “But now,” recalls Verdi, “terrible misfortunes crowded upon me. At the beginning of April my little boy falls ill, the doctors cannot understand what is the matter, and the poor little creature goes off quickly in his mother’s arms. Moreover, a few days after the little girl is taken ill too, and she too dies, and in June my young wife is taken from me by a most violent inflammation of the brain, so that on the 19th June I saw the third coffin carried out of my house. In a very little over two months, three persons so very dear to me had disappeared for ever.
Wagner On The Evolution Of His Sme
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

Among Wagner’s writings in mid-career (see p. 201 below), A Communication to My Friends (1851) stands out as retrospective, a summing up, more than a program for the future. It served in fact as a preface to the publication in book form of the texts of the last of his early operas, Der f/iegende Hollander (1843), Tannhauser (1845), and Lohengrin (1848). Wagner himself furnished the reason for this Communication: he wished to explain the apparent contradiction between the style of his early works and the dramatic theories he had been propounding lately. In the following excerpt he looks back at his very first operas, Die Feen (1834, after a fable by Carlo Gozzi), Das Liebesverbot (1836, after Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure), and at Rienzi (1840, after the novel by Bulwer-Lytton), the work that actually launched his career. He was from the first his own librettist, and in discussing the operas that followed (the three whose text he was now publishing in book form), he goes into some depth as he analyzes his dual role as both poet and composer of his operas. It is in the reciprocal influence of those two functions that he finds the driving force behind his unique stylistic development, one that took him from his frankly imitative youthful operas to the increasingly unconventional works of the 1840s, culminating in Lohengrin.
Verdi’s Otello
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

After the triumph of Aida (1871 ), Verdi seemed to have retired from the operatic stage. The story of how he was gradually lured back by his publisher Giulio Ricordi (1840-1912) has often been told. The earliest attempts to get him interested in a new project date from June 1879, when Ricordi paid him a visit with Boito, who showed him the outline of a libretto he had derived from Shakespeare’s Othello. And although the composer and poet were soon exchanging ideas regarding details of the versification, Verdi did not finally commit himself to writing the opera until 1884, by which time he had probably composed most of Act I and in any case hammered out with Boito much of the shape of the libretto as a whole. The following excerpts from their correspondence show them at work on the words for the Act Ill finale. Otello, overcome by jealousy as a result of Iago’s poisonous insinuations and by now helplessly out of control, insults Desdemona and violently throws her to the ground during a solemn state reception.
A First Reaction To Poulenc’s Dialogues Des Carmélites
Authors: Weiss Piero
Published: November 2023

The subject for Poulenc’s only full-length opera was suggested to him in 1953 by the director of the Ricordi publishing house, while the composer was in Milan on a tour of Italy; it was Georges Bernanos’s posthumously published scenario for a film, itself based on prior literary treatments of a true episode of the French Revolution: the martyrdom of sixteen Carmelite nuns who were guillotined on 17 July 1794, going to their death while singing the Veni Creator. Poulenc, who had been searching for a libretto, took to the suggestion eagerly and set Bernanos’s words directly to music, after shaping them to his purpose. He worked with great enthusiasm, though not without interruptions due to personal as well as legal, copyright problems. The premiere, in Italian, took place at La Scala on 26 January 1957 and was hailed by Le Monde in Paris as “A great international event. A great French victory.” The first performance in French took place on 21 June, after which Poulenc’s Carmelites was on its way to a notable international career. Massimo Mila (1910-88), Italy’s most distinguished music critic at the time, covered the Scala premiere for the weekly L’Espresso. His is by no means a rave review, but it helps to recreate for us admirably the effect Poulenc’s opera had on sophisticated European ears, inured to the problematic musical scene of the late 1950s. The Darmstadt avant-garde was in full cry. How to account for a major work by a retrospective composer like Poulenc?
Democrats and Domestic Economics
Authors: Edwards Rebecca
Published: November 2023

Despite the efforts of Prohibitionists and other reformers, Civil War issues did not fade quickly from politics. In the late 1870s and early 1880s, the erosion of Republican power disquieted many northerners and southern blacks without assuaging the immense bitterness of ex-Confederates. The contested presidential election of 1876, between Samuel Tilden and Rutherford Hayes, went unresolved for three tense months and aroused widespread fear of renewed war. The election hinged on contested returns from several southern states; in exchange for conceding the election, Democrats won a secret promise from Republican leaders that the last Union troops would withdraw from the South. With these developments, the GOP’s national prospects looked shakier than at any time since the war.
Experimental Biology of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lahav Noam
Published: November 2023

The beginning of a new era in the search into the origin of life is generally connected to the classical experiments of Francesco Redi. But in order to better evaluate the historical context of these experiments, it is first necessary to understand the worldpicture of the scholars of that period. At that time, nobody, including Redi himself, could have imagined that his experiment, based on covering chunks of meat with a piece of fine cloth, would have such far-reaching consequences.
Does anybody Have any Faith out there tonight?
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel
Published: November 2023

“Fan” is a confusing word. Although it is regularly classified as slang, it has been used in English for almost three hundred years and has appeared in a variety of historical and social contexts.1 Most scholars trace the origin of “fan” to late- seventeenth-century England, where it was used as a colloquial abbreviation for “fanatic.” “Fanatic” connoted religious zealotry and was widely used at the time to refer to those who were mad, frenzied, or possessed (Oxford English Dictionary 1989, pp. 711, 712—713). “Fan,” however, became obsolete and did not reappear until the late 1800s in the United States, when sports journalists used the term to refer to early baseball spectators. It then quickly spread to other kinds of commercial hobbies and amusements. In 1907, “fan” was used in print to refer to spectators at a boxing match (Partridge 1956, p. 265) and to those attending a racetrack (Thornton 1962, p. 301). In 1913, it was first used in print in England to describe the audience of a soccer match (Oxford English Dictionary 1989, p. 711) and also to describe film viewers in the United States (Random House 1994, p. 725). By 1930, “fan” had become a widely accepted American colloquialism, used in reference to sports, film, theater, and even politics.
Introduction
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

My mother-Mary Elizabeth Haggerty-smoked her first cigarette in 1936. She was 14. It was a Kool, with a filter tip made of cork. In more than fifty years as a smoker, she never forgot that cigarette. The occasion was her first formal dance, on the roof of a hotel in Dallas, Texas, some 400 miles from her home in the small town of Dumas. She remembered the feel and the rustle of the apple-green taffeta dress she was wearing, how the city lights looked from the roof of the hotel, the promise of adventure that seemed to hang in the night air.
The Little White Slaver Goes to War
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

Cigarettes began to move into the mainstream of American culture U’ l ring World War I. By 1920, they accounted for 20 percent of the total tobacco consumption in the United States, compared to less than 7 percent in I9 I 4. The war did not initiate this change, but it accelerated it, Millions of American soldiers smoked cigarettes given to them during the war as a gesture of support by their government, by civic organizations, and by ordinary citizens, This helped transform what was once a manifestation of moral weakness into a jaunty emblem of freedom and democracy. By wrapping cigarettes in the protective cloak of patriotism, the war undercut the campaign against their use. The opposition briefly revived in the postwar years, in response to increased smoking by women, but the milieu had changed and the cigarette was no longer the easy target it had once been.
The “Triumph” of the Cigarette
Authors: Tate Cassandra
Published: November 2023

In 1925, a tobacco trade journalist named Carl Avery Werner wrote an article for the American mercury celebrating “The Triumph of the Cigarette.·· Werner reminded his readers that cigarettes had once been called “coffin nails;· that many states had prohibited their sale, and that medico-ethical opinion at the highest levels had held them to be forerunners of disease and sin. This was all in the past. he concluded. largely because “the agitators had agitated not wisely. but too well.” The more violently they had attacked the cigarette. the more popular it had become. The net effect of nearly half a centu1y of crusading was that no fewer than 90 percent of American men over age twenty-one were smoking cigarettes “as regularly as they brush their teeth,”‘ as were at least 5 percent of all American women.
The Evolution of the Book
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

Distinguished scholar and library systems innovator Frederick Kilgour tells a five-thousand-year story in this exciting work, a tale beginning with the invention of writing and concluding with the emerging electronic book. Calling on a lifetime of interest in the growth of information technology, Kilgour brings a fresh approach to the history of the book, emphasizing in rich, authoritative detail the successive technological advances that allowed the book to keep pace with ever-increasing needs for information. Borrowing a concept from evolutionary theory--the notion of punctuated equilibria--to structure his account, Kilgour investigates the book's three discrete historical forms--the clay tablet, papyrus roll, and codex--before turning to a fourth, still evolving form, the cyber book, a version promising swift electronic delivery of information in text, sound, and motion to anyone at any time. The clay tablet, initially employed as a content descriptor for sacks of grain, proved inadequate to the growing need for commercial and administrative records. Its successor the papyrus roll was itself succeeded by the codex, a format whose superior utility and information capacity led to sweeping changes in the management of accumulated knowledge, the pursuit of learning, and the promulgation of religion. Kilgour throughout considers closely both technological change and the role this change played in cultural transformation. His fascinating account of the modern book, from Gutenberg's invention of cast-type printing five hundred years ago to the arrival of books displayed on a computer screen, spotlights the inventors, engineers, and entrepreneurs who in creating the machinery of production and dissemination enabled the book to maintain its unique cultural power over time. Deft, provocative, and accessibly written, The Evolution of the Book will captivate book lovers as well as those interested in bibliographic history, the history of writing, and the history of technology.
Dynamics of the Book
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

IN THE LAST THIRD of the twentieth century, the book in the shape of a long-familiar object composed of inked sheets folded, cut, and bound began to metamorphose into the book as a screen display on an electronic machine; the transformation, in materials, shape, and structure, of the device for carrying written and graphic information was more extreme than any since the original creations on clay and papyrus in the third millennium B.c. Through historical analysis of the societal needs that have invoked the transformations of the book, and the technologies that have shaped them, The Evolution of the Book aims to shed light on the present emergence of the electronic book. This work treats a “book” as a storehouse of human knowledge intended for dissemination in the form of an artifact that is portable-or at least transportable and that contains arrangements of signs that convey information. The information may comprise stories, myths, songs, and reality; the signs may be representations of human speech or graphic presentations of such things as maps, musical notes, or pictures.
The Codex 100-700
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE THIRD MAJOR PUNCTUATION of equilibria in the history of the book was the second-century invention of the codex, the modern form of the book. The clay-tablet book had become extinct in the previous century, having been almost nonexistent for several centuries preceding, and the papyrus roll, still in its two thousand-year era of stability, was still as awkward to use as it had been in 2000B.c. The codex, once introduced, came to stay for at least two thousand years. Today the codex-form book, of which the printed version of The Evolution of the Book is one example, occupies most of the space on our shelves, desks, and work tables. It has been praised as the most efficient technique in existence for storing and retrieving information, and until the 1980s that statement was unequivocally accurate. The need for readily available information, which had been steadily rising, was accelerated by the advent of Christianity. The establishment of congregations generated preaching, which in turn required searching out new information between meetings. Soon the priestly office of reader, a person who read aloud from Scripture, came into being, and readers were so proud of the title that they had it inscribed on their tombstones.
Power Revolution 1800-1840
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

EXCEPT FOR THE COMPOSITION of type metal and the way type was set, all of printing technology changed dramatically in the first four decades of the nineteenth century, following three and a half centuries of no significant changes-a clear example of the concept of punctuated equilibria. What were some of the reasons that major innovations occurred so rapidly and at this time? New requirements for information sprang from the Industrial Revolution, evangelicalism, and the Napoleonic Wars that spread across Europe. The invention of the semaphore telegraph in France (1793), and its adoption in Britain (1795) provided high-speed transmission of political, military, and commercial intelligence. The invention of electromagnetic telegraphy in the late 1830s and its wide-spread, immediate use in the United States provide striking evidence of the desire for instant information. In England William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, having first demonstrated an electromagnetic telegraph in 1837, established a telegraph line 7.5 miles long in 1839 and by 1843 had extended it to 18.5 miles. In the United States Samuel F. B. Morse formally demonstrated his telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington on May 24, 1844.
Climax of Books Printed from Cast Type 1840-1940
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G
Published: November 2023

THE LAST THIRD of the nineteenth century saw four important inventions in the area of book production, one of which, mechanized typesetting (1890),was as important as the inventions of the first four decades of the century and in a sense completed the revolution described in the preceding chapter. The other three were the rotary press fed by continuous paper coming off a roll (1865), the typewriter (1873), and photomechanical illustrations (1880). Otherwise, with respect to the improvement of printing from cast type, the years from 1840 to the Second World War were occupied mostly with maturing the advances of the early part of the nineteenth century. The first half of the twentieth century was the apex of relief printing, even though it would still predominate past midcentury. The slow development of off set printing from 1904 on did not seriously challenge relief printing until after the Second World War, when, following the development of efficient techniques for producing offset plates, offset printing rocketed past relief printing and sent it into a steep decline after five hundred years of uncontested predominance.
Should the tail wag the dog?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

Paul Plonka bred a litter of 11 boxer puppies in March 1994, and telephoned his local veterinarian to arrange for them to be docked, as he had done with his last litter some years previously. Imagine his surprise when the veterinarian declined to do so. What was he to do? If he didn’t have their tails removed he might not be able to sell the puppies, and, anyway, who had ever heard of a boxer with a long tail? He must do it himself-but how? He reasoned that cutting off the tails with a knife or scissors might cause excessive bleeding and also make a mess, so instead he tied each tail at its base with cord to cut off the blood supply, anticipating that the tails would drop off in time. This did occur, and Plonka felt he had done a good job.

A few weeks later, an inspector from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) called and asked him who had docked the puppies, at what age, and how they had been docked? Plonka subsequently found himself in court, emerging with a fine of 350 pounds (550 dollars) and having to pay legal costs of 50 pounds.1 He was found guilty of contravening the UK Veterinary Surgeons Act, 1966 (amended 1991), by carrying out an act of veteinary surgery without being appropriately qualified.
Injury Prevention: An International Perspective, Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Policy
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan. Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Throughout the world, injuries are the leading cause of death during more than half of the average life span. This book documents the nature and magnitude of the problem and provides basic approaches to injury prevention. Injury statistics are given for many developing countries and indigenous populations as well as industrialized nations. Important differences among countries and cultures in types and circumstances of injury are illustrated in a tables and figures that enhance the book's usefulness. The many types of injuries covered in detail include those related to traffic, occupation, disasters, drowning, falls, burns, suicide, and homicide. The cost and health impacts of injury are discussed as well as the role of health services. The authors describe surveillance methods and effective preventive measures that are applicable even in countries with limited resources. This book has been written for public health practitioners and researchers as well as policy makers. Reflecting the author's many years of injury prevention experience in a variety of countries, the book will help readers understand this major health problem, the changes that could reduce it, and the means of influencing crucial public policies.
Unintentional Injuries: Poisonings, Bites, and Other Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers acute poisonings, wounds and envenomations from land and marine animals and insects, cutting and penetrating wounds, eye injuries, and various other injuries. Acute poisonings are classified with injuries as external causes of death or illness. Chronic poisonings by substances such as lead are also an important public health problem in developing and developed countries (Guthrie, 1988). Chronic diseases, including cancers, caused by drugs such as tobacco/nicotine and alcohol are the leading cause of premature death among adults in many countries. However, in spite of their obvious importance, it is beyond the scope of this publication to consider such chronic poisonings. This section will discuss the major groups of agents of acute unintentional poisonings. Agents that are frequently used for suicide are noted, but this topic is discussed in greater detail in a later chapter.
Occupational Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh
Published: November 2023

Injuries at work represent a substantial proportion of all injuries. The tremendous variety of occupations and working environments in many countries provides a challenge for the surveillance and prevention of occupational injuries. In other countries or regions, most occupational injuries occur during subsistence activities, but few are ever reported or investigated. Although the study of occupational in juries can be a somewhat complex and specialized undertaking, the general principles of surveillance of mortality and morbidity, as discussed in the introductory chapters, also apply to occupational injuries. The specific occupation, tasks and activities, working environment, equipment, and personal factors must be considered when implementing injury surveillance and prevention.
The Latin Tinge
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

The second edition of this comprehensive hsitory of the influence of Latin american Music on the United States will include important aspects of the relationship over the last 20 years. Roberts will discuss the major events in Latin jazz. He will update the careers of Tito Puente, ruben Blades and Willie Colon and other legendary musicians, as well as the emergence of newere bands. Roberts will add the merengue wave of the 1980s, latino rap and house music, the salsa romantica wave and the revival of the tango. he will discuss the Latin impact on mainstream popular music such as the rise of Selena. The new edition includes a new introductions, new chapter, updated bibliography, discography and glossary of terms.
The Foundations
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

By the second half of the 19th century, U.S. music was already coming under significant Latin influences. During the 1850s and 1860s, Louisiana composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk made extensive use of Cuban elements. Latin music was part of the cultural mix in New Orleans, and one of the ingredients in black music very early on. It was also beginning to have an effect on Tin Pan Alley and Broadway.
The Tango Rage
Authors: Roberts John Storm
Published: November 2023

The tango reached the U.S. from Buenos Aires by way of Paris and Broadway. Paul Reuben’s musical comedy The Sunshine Girl, which opened at the Knickerbocker Theatre on February 3, 1913, introduced a new singing star, Julia Sanderson; a new husbandand-wife dancing team, Vernon and Irene Castle; and the first massive nationwide Latin fad. In the words of the Variety Music Cavalcade, the Castles’ dancing of the turkey trot and Vernon’s tango with Julia Sanderson “eliminated the waltz from the musical comedy stage and substituted a vogue for dances of Western origin.” The Castles were, on the face of it, unlikely vehicles for this kind of revolution. An Englishman whose real name was Vernon Blyth, Castle had begun his stage career virtually by accident, as a boy in Lew Fields’s Girl Behind the Counter. Irene, who came from New Rochelle, had been rejected as a stage dancer for being “awkward.” Stranded on tour in Paris, the couple nearly starved before catching on at the Cafe de Paris and returning to New York at ten times their previous U.S. salary, bearing the tango with them.
Theories of Causation
Authors: Loomis Dana , Wing Steve
Published: November 2023

How does scientific work, including epidemiology, relate to knowing the causes of events, why things happen? How do we decide on the cause of a person’s disease was it the germ, un boiled water, inadequate knowledge about health behaviors, poor nutrition, lack of water purification, poverty, economic inequality, or a legacy of racist colonial development? And how do we make judgments not only about a particular case of disease but about the cause of disease in general? These questions are critically important because the scientific answers play a role in public health action and policy, both in justifying continuation of accepted practices and in promoting different approaches. This chapter reviews the topic of causal thinking in epidemiology, with a focus on infectious diseases.
Overview of Study Design
Authors: Halloran M Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Concepts of study design in infectious disease epidemiology have much in common with those in noninfectious disease epidemiology. However, the presence of the infectious agent, separate from but interacting with the human host population, introduces further complexities. Whether a person becomes infected depends on who else in the population is already infected and infectious. Alternatively it may depend on environmental sources of infection. Sir Ronald Ross (Ross 1916) coined the term “dependent happenings” to describe the characteristic of contagious diseases that the number of people becoming newly infected depends on how many are already infected. The transmission of the infectious agent and dependent happenings produce the special aspects of study designs in infectious diseases.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Fletcher Robert H , Halstead Scott B
Published: November 2023

Central attributes of infectious diseases are the enormous number of potential diseasecausing organisms, the limited repertoire of acute human responses to invasion of tissues by these organisms, and the wide diversity of late effects that may occur. During the acute phase of infection, many· different agents can cause a similar host response syndrome. Diagnostic tests are needed to determine which specific organism is responsible. To complicate matters, some syndromes, such as abdominal abscesses, may be caused not by a single but by a combination of organisms.
Respiratory Transmission
Authors: Gwaltney Jack M , Hendley J Owen
Published: November 2023

Richard Riley, a pioneer aerobiologist of the twentieth century, traced concern over respiratory spread of disease back to the time of the ancient Egyptian dynasties (Riley 1980). In fact, early theories of contagion tended to focus on respiratory spread of disease more than subsequent work has shown to be warranted. The nineteenth century discovery of important water and foodborne transmission routes shifted attention away from respiratory mechanisms of spread. Interest in the respiratory area was renewed in the twentieth century by the work of William Wells who proposed the concept of droplet nuclei, small (<10µ) infectious particles that remain suspended in air (Wells 1934). This mode of transmission was subsequently shown to be important in some respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and measles. The route by which common cold viruses spread remained speculative. More recent work has implicated virus contaminated fingers in the transmission of rhinovirus colds (Hendley et al. 1973). This discovery has shifted attention to direct contact as a method of transmission for some respiratory viruses.
Human Factors
Authors: Robertson Leon S
Published: November 2023

Most people who are injured are doing something at the time—driving, riding in a vehicle, walking, working, or playing. So are people who are infected by microorganisms, but those who study injury place more emphasis on behavior than do those who study most infectious diseases. Notable exceptions are infectious diseases transmitted by sex. Ironically, sexual behavior in moving vehicles has been neglected as a topic for research.
Natural History of Cerebral Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez
Published: November 2023

Histopathologically, cerebral TSC is a disorder of cellular migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The central nervous system (CNS) lesions of TSC patients, and in particular the cortical tubers, are very characteristic. Cells found in the cerebral lesions of TSC patients differ from those of normal cell lineage, and it is difficult to know from what cell type they derive. Patients with TSC usually have other lesions, generally hamartomas in one or more organs. The descriptive term originally used for the cerebral lesions, tuberous sclerosis, is also used for other manifestations of this in heritable disorder.
Dermatologic Manifestations
Authors: Rogers III Roy S , O’Connor William J
Published: November 2023

The dermatologic features are an important part of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Adenoma sebaceum was included in the classic clinical triad defined by Vogt1 in 1908. Even in the neonatal period, lesions that are highly suspicious for TSC may be recognized in some patients by the careful examiner. As the infant or child grows, additional lesions may appear that con firm the suspected diagnosis or provide the key piece to a diagnostic puzzle. A cross-sectional study of the age-related prevalence of cutaneous features of TSC performed by Webb et al. on 131 affected individuals showed that 126 (96%) exhibited skin signs.
Remembering and Knowing
Authors: Gardiner John M , Richardson-Klavehn Alan
Published: November 2023

Remembering and knowing are two subjective states of awareness associated with memory. Remembering refers to intensely personal experiences of the past-those in which we seem to recreate previous events and experiences with the awareness of reliving these events and experiences mentally. Remembering entails mental time travel that intimately engages one’s sense of self.
Conservation Biology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc
Published: November 2023

A dynamic state variable model yields numerical predictions of fitness-that is, expected life-time reproductive success, for organisms that use optimal decision strategies under the assumptions of the model. If the parameters of the model are altered, these optimal strategies and fitness values will also change. In previous chapters, we have considered this relationship between parameters and model predictions in terms of sensitivity testing of the model. The same method can also be used for environmental impact assessment. Thus a potential change in the organism’s environment may be reflected in changes in the model’s parameters.
A Tear Is an Intellectual Thing
Authors: Neu Jerome
Published: November 2023

Is jealousy eliminable? If so, at what cost? What are the connections between pride the sin and the pride insisted on by identity politics? How can one question an individual’s understanding of their own happiness or override a society’s account of its own rituals? What is wrong with incest? These and other questions about what sustains and threatens our identity are pursued using the resources of philosophy, psychoanalysis, and other disciplines. The discussion throughout is informed and motivated by the Spinozist hope that understanding our lives can help change them, can help make us more free.
Concerns About Some Common Research Practices
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Storing human tissues for biomedical research purposes has been a common practice for decades, yet until a few years ago there were no reliable data in the United States or elsewhere on the approximate numbers or types of tissues in storage at government laboratories, universities, or commercial tissue banks. Likewise, the two statements quoted above remind us that expressions of concern about the multiple uses and possible abuses of our continually expanding knowledge in human genetics have been common for many years-long before and, we predict, long after the Human Genome Project (HGP)-yet there has been little information compiled about these concerns or how they may play influential roles in the current controversy over research with stored tissues.
The Controversy over Stored Tissues, Research Practices, and Informed Consent
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Patients may expect that tissue samples will be used only for tests to provide information for their medical care. They may believe that samples will be discarded after testing, although the law often requires that samples be retained. When samples are obtained as part of medical care, patients may not be told [but should be told] about the possibility that these samples will be stored and used for research. NIH/CDC Workshop Statement, 1995 To give a description of each and every research protocol which might be performed on a patient’s tissue is an unreasonable burden for the patient and the researcher. The current informed consent doctrine ... is not well suited to research that does not involve patient therapy. General consent for use of the tissue should be sufficient. Society has a strong interest in research involving the use of human tissue which may be hampered by well-intended but intrusive regulations. College of American Pathologists, 1996 As discussed in Chapter 1, the CDC had an ethical problem in 1994. Their investigators had completed NHANES III in 1991, some of the geneticists at CDC had approximately 19,500 blood samples and 8,500 cell lines in storage, and several publications based on these stored tissue samples had already appeared in leading medical journals. Yet some of the CDC scientists doing molecular genetic research were sufficiently concerned about the inadequacy of the informed consent process used in NHANES III that they were reluctant to continue this research. They turned to the CDC’s Institutional Review Board for guidance.
Recommendations and Policies in Other Countries
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

The extraordinary successes of molecular biology and genetics in recent years have transformed the ways many of us think about ourselves, our families, and other persons and organizations that may have genetic information about us-or might have such profoundly personal information about us in the future. The laboratory practices that are common to the field of molecular genetics have, when coupled with the multiple concerns of many potential research participants, contributed to the ongoing controversy about human tissue research, whether that research is done in university research labs, government research labs, a variety of specialized tissue banks, commercial DNA banks, or biotechnology companies.
Updating Informed Consent in the Era of Genomic Medicine
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Informed consent is one of the recurring themes in this book. The reason is simple: informed consent represents a kind of contested territory where an ongoing inter­ national debate is being waged by several interested parties. The point of contention is the conditions under which research with stored tissue samples can and should be done. The views of many of these interested parties-patients, re­search participants, geneticists and other biomedical scientists, pathologists and other physicians, IRB members, entrepreneurial “gene hunters,” indigenous populations, biotechnology companies, bioethicists, attorneys, and distinguished multidisciplinary panels in several countries-were presented earlier.
Beyond Informed Consent: Other Ethical Issues and Concerns
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C
Published: November 2023

Much of the recent international debate about research practices with stored tissues has been characterized by differing views about the process of informed consent: what it is, when it is done in ethically appropriate ways, how much disclosure is needed in different research settings, when disclosure and informed consent are legally required, and so on. The debate is not limited, however, to questions about the necessity, appropriateness, or situational impracticability of informed consent. Rather, the debate goes beyond informed consent to include a number of other issues and concerns about human tissue research, some involving questions about law, most pertaining to research ethics, and all having to do with practices common to biomedical research in the era of genomic medicine.