bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Basic Theory of Taste: Francis Hutcheson
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

Francis Hutcheson’s argument for his theory of taste in his An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725) occurs in the first of the two essays that comprise the book. The argument of this first essay, entitled “An Inquiry Concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony, Design,” proceeds in four steps, with each of the last three steps presupposing and building on an earlier step or on several earlier steps. Step 1, which occupies the Preface and Section 1, attempts to prove that there is an internal sense of beauty that produces pleasure when triggered by a characteristic or characteristics of perceived objects. Step 2, which takes up Sections 2–4, is concerned to show that the sense of beauty is triggered by and only by the characteristic uniformity amidst variety in nature, nonrepresentational aspects of art, theorems, and representational art. Step 3, which is confined to Section 6, at tempts to prove that the sense of beauty is universal in human beings. Step 4 is a twofold thesis concerning displeasure and pleasure in the experience of beauty. The first claim argued for in Section 6, along with the universality thesis, is that any displeasure in the experience of beauty must have a source other than the sense of beauty. The second claim that takes up Section 7 is that the pleasure taken in beautiful objects derives not from custom, education, and/or example but from the sense of beauty.
The Association and Coalescence of Ideas: Alexander Gerard
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

In Hutcheson’s theory of taste, the association of ideas plays a wholly negative role: It is used to explain why there are deviant preferences. For example, the association of ideas is used to explain why someone prefers an object of lesser uniformity (lesser beauty) to one of greater uniformity (greater beauty), and a typical explanation would be that such a person associates a certain pleasant thing or event with the object of lesser uniformity such that the pleasure of the object of lesser uniformity plus the pleasure of the associated pleasant thing or event override the pleasure of the object of greater uniformity. It never crossed Hutcheson’s mind that the fact that the pleasure of the object of greater uniformity can be overridden and not preferred has anything to do with either the degree of beauty of the object of lesser uniformity or the degree of beauty of the more uniform object. A number of the theorists of taste who came after Hutcheson, however, give the association of ideas a central and positive role in their theories—a role, as they see it, not involving deviancy.
Virtue and Ignorance
Authors: Flanagan Owen
Published: November 2023

In “The Virtues of Ignorance,” Julia Driver discusses the important question of whether there exists some class of virtues that require as a necessary ingredient that she who possesses or displays any one of them lacks knowledge. Driver thinks there is such a class. She calls the class of virtues that involve ignorance in an essential way “virtues of ignorance.” The argument is important, if true. Many recent writers have pointed to an ineliminable tension between our ethical and personal ideals. If successful, Driver’s argument would establish the existence of a different, but equally ineliminable tension: between our ethical and epistemic ideals. The argument for virtues of ignorance, however, goes wrong in several important places. Let me explain why.
The Polyphonic Progeny of an Et gaudebit: Assessing Family Relations in the Thirteenth-Century Motet
Authors: Baltzer Rebecca A
Published: November 2023

hen seeking a useful way to begin at the beginning, so to speak, in our consideration of the motet in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, I decided to choose a clausula-based motet complex that exemplified as many different types of thirteenth-century motets as possible. The motet complex whose various texts are numbered 315-21 in Ludwig and Gennrich’s cata logues, all built on a single Et gaudebit clausula from the Ascension Alleluia Non vos relinquam (M24), is perhaps the most widely traveled in the thirteenth century. The verse of the Alleluia, which comes from John 14:18, is a state ment made by Christ to his disciples: “Non vos relinquam orphanos, vado et venio ad vos et gaudebit cor vestrum” (I will not leave you orphans; I go away, and I come to you, and your heart shall rejoice).
Love and Death in the Fifteenth-Century Motet: A Reading of Busnoys’s Anima mea liquefacta est/Stirps Jesse
Authors: Higgins Paula
Published: November 2023

Recent critical interpretations of late fifteenth-century works continue to offer stunning examples of how the ostensibly devotional music of Josquin, Obrecht, and their contemporaries conceals a “signifying universe,” a network of symbols, which, once unraveled, often yields latent clues about the extra liturgical circumstances motivating the musical creation. Hitherto unimagin able hermeneutic horizons for late medieval music have unfolded in the wake of Reinhard Strohm’s demonstration that an array of seemingly unrelated can tus firmi in Obrecht’s St. Donatian Mass illustrates specific details of the life of the Bruges merchant Donaes de Moor, whose widow endowed the Mass; Michael Long’s exegesis of Josquin’s Missa Di Dadi as a metaphorical medieval dice game; Jennifer Bloxam’s revelation that the cantus firmi of the Missae Floruit egregiis by Pipelare and La Rue narrate the lives and careers of their composers;4 and Patrick Macey’s reading of Josquin’s motet Misericordias Do mini as a musical therapeutic for a dying monarch. Alerting us to the meaning-laden potential of seemingly conventional liturgical texts and cantus firmi, these studies encourage us to develop a similarly sensitive eye even when the work itself fails specifically to hint at a meaningful context.
Josquin, Good King René, and O bone et dulcissime Jesu
Authors: Macey Patrick
Published: November 2023

Students of Josquin’s music must wrestle with a series of difficult problems, not the least of which is the construction of a chronology for his works. The lack of securely datable sources, indeed of hardly any sources datable before approximately 1490, when Josquin had already reached middle age, makes the task especially daunting. As well, there are still gaps in Josquin’s biography, so that his activities and patrons remain shrouded in mystery for important parts of his career. We have no records concerning Josquin’s early years or his training-presumably as a choirboy in northern France at the collegiate church of St-Quentin, if a French seventeenth-century source is accurate.1 The main centers of Josquin’s activity seem to have been in Italy, but recently new evidence indicates that he also worked in France, and this will have a direct bearing on material presented in this study.
Byrd, the Catholics, and the Motet: The Hearing Reopened
Authors: Craig Monson
Published: November 2023

Thirty years ago Joseph Kerman, following Edward Lowinsky’s lead in dis cussing Clemens, first suggested that sixteen or so of Byrd’s motets, employing metaphors such as the plight of Jerusalem, the Babylonian captivity, the Egyptian captivity, liberation, and the coming of God, or martyrdom, had been “politically” conceived, specifically to reflect the plight of persecuted English Catholics (see Table 16. 1). Kerman took up this idea again in 1979, and in 1981 offered further refinements in a summation that has remained his last word on this intriguing issue. More recently, in the course of editing Byrd’s last great collection of Latin music, Gradualia, Philip Brett perceptively clarified the “political” character of that most overtly Catholic publication. Drawing upon revealing textual glosses in the Douai Bible to scriptural texts favored by Byrd, Brett reinforced the links to the Old Religion, and suggested alliances between the composer and the Jesuit mission to England.
Viral Sex
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

The AIDS threat has mobilized an unprecedented research effort to understand and control the disease. We have discovered its agent, HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus. Every day we know more about this complex retrovirus and how it works, but we still lack an effective defense strategy. This book will give the nonspecialist an AIDS overview and a vantage point from which to observe and support the continuing struggle with HIV. It also will urge that we look beyond this deadly virus. As we seek vaccines and therapies to stop its fatal course, we must understand that the real cause of AIDS is not HIV. It is the environmental context that allowed the virus to escape its natural host and enter the human population at this particular time in history. The question is why, after millenia of contact between African monkeys and humans, has SIV (Simian immunodeficiency virus) only now entered the human population in plague proportions? Is its introduction a purely random and natural disaster, or is it somehow the result of human social and cultural evolution? This book explains how human encroachment on the African monkey habitat set up conditions that made it possible and almost likely that the virus would successfully jump to a new host, with the consequences that we now see as the world wide AIDS epidemic. It presents the full history of the various subtypes of the virus, and the epidemics they cause, and assembles the future threats in every region of the world. The book argues that facing our responsibility for the AIDS outbreak holds the key to reversing the damage. If we study our actions and this lethal natural reaction, we can find ways to halt the AIDS and prevent similar plagues that could erupt in the future.
HIV-0 and HIV-1: The Chimpanzee Connection
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

We have proposed that the former German colony of Cameroon is the birthplace of HIV-1, the main cause of AIDS around the world. This idea gains strength from the fact that the same area is quite clearly the birthplace of HIV-0. Closely related to HIV-1, this virus is less well known because it has stayed close to home, infecting only a few people in Cameroon and Gabon. Its discovery was published in 1990 by van der Groen and Piot of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) in Antwerp.

A year earlier, a nineteen-year-old teacher from Cameroon felt ill while visiting Belgium for a brushup course. Testing at the ITM found she had antibodies to HIV-1. The ITM also tested a sample from March 1987, on file for this teacher, which showed she was positive at that time. The next finding was a big surprise. When isolated, her virus strain (Ant 70) was clearly not HIV-2 but also did not look like HIV-1. If it was an HIV-1 strain, it was the most divergent ever seen. Still, the immune response of the Cameroonian teacher suggested this virus was related to HIV-1.
Beyond SIV and HIV: The Cat Connection
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap
Published: November 2023

The roots of AIDS and the AIDS virus go back before ancient Egypt and also beyond primates, as this chapter will show. But as we dig into its past, we must always remember: the virus is old and found in many species, but AIDS is new and found only in humans, with perhaps only the house cat as an odd exception. This deadly disease occurred only after harmless retroviruses of monkeys jumped, for one reason or another, to us. Instead of learning to thrive in another kind of monkey, they had to thrive in a whole new species of host. The result was three human viruses, as far as we know: HIV-0, HIV-1, and HIV-2. All cause AIDS, but each has its own history, pattern of spread, and level of lethality for the host. Of the two we know best, HIV-2 apparently had frequent passages in monkeys and needed only a few in humans to achieve optimal transmission, at small cost to the host population. In contrast, HIV-1 had rare passages in primates and needed many passages in humans to achieve optimum transmission, at much larger cost to the host population.
Introduction
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

“[O]ur exercise of political power is fully proper only when it is exercised in accordance with a constitution the essentials of which all citizens as free and equal may reasonably be expected to endorse in the light of principles and ideals acceptable to their common human reason. This is the liberal principle of legitimacy.” I try to show in this book how we can best deploy this idea of public justification, a key idea in recent, broadly ‘liberal’ political theorizing about normative political claims. I proceed in three parts.

In Part I, “Construction,” I try to spell out what is involved in the idea of public justification. In particular, I identify a number of different conceptions of this concept and a number of desiderata that would have to be satisfied by any conception of that concept adequate to play the role of that concept. I group these desiderata into two families, which I call realistic and moralistic, and try to show how the various conceptions of the concept of public justification express or embody these desiderata.
The Idea of Public Justification
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

The problem of public justification is that of determining whether or not a given regime is legitimate and therefore worthy of our loyalty or, instead, illegitimate and therefore, presumably, to be transformed or resisted if possible. This problem arises and may be difficult to solve because it may not be possible to identify a public conception of public justification. In order to pose this problem clearly, I am going to consider this concept and some of its dimensions. I will then identify some different conceptions of this concept and show how they are ranged along the various dimensions I have identified. Before doing so, I will consider some preliminary matters. (Critical analysis begins in Chapter 6.)
Assessing the Solution
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

It is not enough to overcome the suspicion that there is no solution to the ‘problem of public justification’ merely to offer a candidate-solution, as I have done in Chapter 9. It will also be necessary to defend that solution and, in particular, to show that it does not fall foul of the difficulties by which other candidate-solutions, on my account, are beset. This is my project in this chapter, where I will try to show the following: delegates do adequately ‘represent’ the interests of their principals (sec. 36); the prospects for convergence on some substantive set of constitutional principles are no worse on my account than they are likely to be on others (sec. 37); and my conception of public justification, embodied in the ‘wave model’, does in adequate measure satisfy the desiderata on such conceptions that jointly constitute the ideal of public justification (sec. 38).
Conclusion
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: November 2023

I think it is clear, as promised, that the ‘wave model’ approach to public justification is political, rather than substitutionist. (See secs. 31 and 32.) It will be helpful, and will complement the arguments of Chapter 10, to consider how this approach fares with respect to the strengths and weaknesses of the competing, substitutionist approach. This is my project in section 39. I then consider, in section 40, a number of purely descriptive issues that couldn’t elsewhere easily be integrated into the stream of argumentation. In the final section (sec. 41), I propose a slightly modified understanding, or perhaps just re-emphasize a neglected interpretation of Gallie’s essential contestability thesis, and I show what this interpretation implies about our understanding of philosophical activity.
Southern Writing and the Problem of the Father
Authors: Applewhite James
Published: November 2023

My ideas about the future of southern writing are intimately bound up with certain qualities it has had in the past, as a result of its origins in a region with a particularly determining history. In order to forecast the future, I shall have to delve rather extensively into this past. I will begin by clarifying remarks about earlier twentieth-century southern poetry that I put forward in “The Poet at Home in the South” (The Southern Review and Modem Literature 1935-1985, Louisiana State University Press, 1988). Dave Smith, in his essay in the present volume, questions whether there is any recognizable distinctiveness among the poets I and others have treated as southern. I will respond to issues he raises. At the heart of my earlier definition was the paradox I had felt in southern poetry from about the time of John Crowe Ransom and Allen Tate through the earlier James Dickey: that the enormous intelligence of such work was expressed largely in aesthetic terms, through the fused elements of irony, or narrative implication, and rhythm and musicality and formal invention. It was a mix that seemed to me analogous to the more extreme version one finds in Edgar Allan Poe, wherein the atmosphere surrounding the death of a beautiful woman was rendered with the most elaborate aesthetic calculation. I tried to locate this paradox of highly sophisticated artistic craft in the service of primordial, diffused (or atmospheric), predominantly emotional motives-hardly ideas-in a geographical region given to atavistic blood allegiances and to rhetoric in defense of indefensible causes.
And Ladies of the Club
Authors: Miller Jim Wayne
Published: November 2023

What is that you’re azaminin so dost?” Sut said as he entered Capehart’s Bar and Baitshop, where I sat reading The History of Southern Literature, edited by Professors Louis D. Rubin Jr., Blyden Jackson, Rayburn S. Moore, Lewis Simpson, and Thomas Daniel Young, and recently published by Louisiana State University Press (of Baton Rouge and London). “Asquinchin up your eyes and a-holdin your mouflike somebody tryin to bait a treble-hook wif a nightcrawler: “Sut Lovingood! I’ve just been thinking about you. This is a new history of southern literature, and you’re mentioned in it, Sut:’ “I be dodrabbited:’ ‘Tm reviewing the book, and this is what I’ve said so far: Reading The History of Southern Literature, I feel a lot like Sut Lovingood at Mrs. Yardley’s quilting party. These seventy-plus essays are attractive and well-made, like the fine quilts hanging on clothes lines stretched to every post and tree at Mrs. Yardley’s. Just as Sut has the urge to bolt a horse at the scene (which gets a quilt over its head, wheels, runs wild, tearing down the whole display), I feel like scattering these essays up and down the road and along the creek-bank and starting all over. Or in the words of Melville’s Queequeg: Us cannibals have to help those Christians:.
Speculations on a Southern Snipe
Authors: Smith Dave
Published: November 2023

In the stretched heat of summer nights we propped open doors and windows with sticks to catch the least breeze. We moved nearly breathless in that humidity so like a blanket of water, the delicate promising fullness of azaleas and daffodils and dogwood already gone, grass becoming brittled by ceaseless sun, the greenest lacy trees drooped, thick. School was forgotten. We played in the safe communal dark. We darted, squibbed like the bats just overhead, our cries known to the adults lingering to speak low in yellow light over supper tables. A few-the luckier ones, we thought-moved before a ghostly Truetone television. In this hour came older kids, maybe smoking a smuggled cigarette, who asked suddenly, "Did you see it?" At first, puzzled, we wouldn't answer. Then we said, yes, we saw it. Next we permitted ourselves to be frightened by it. Even the small vision. In this hour came older kids, maybe smoking a smuggled cigarette, who asked suddenly, "Did you see it?"
Introduction
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

In one of the very last essays that Gilbert Seldes wrote, in 1966, he made the following assertion and deliberately cast it entirely in italics: “In my own lifetime I have witnessed more changes in the modes of communication than occurred in all recorded history before.” That observation is noteworthy not only because it is true, but because Seldes’ persistent emphasis upon the constancy of change in American culture characterized his entire career as a critic and historian. As early as 1926 he called attention to “the speed in America, that uncertainty and restlessness, the incapacity to attach itself for a long time to one pleasure and refine it, or to one discipline and master it. . . . ”

During the 1950s he frequently noted the vast transformation in popular culture that had occurred since he first wrote about aspects of the phenomenon in 1922–23. He acknowledged that the emergence of various electronic media had been at the heart of this transformation and expressed concern about the impact of mass-produced mediocrity via television, radio, and especially film.
“The Movies Come from America”
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Seldes wrote film criticism along with essays about the movie industry for almost four decades, from the early 1920s until the later 1950s. Because his basic views and criteria remained constant, in many respects, I have chosen to look at responses to silent and sound film in a single chapter that ranges across all but the last years of that span, when he became much less sanguine about what he saw. He regarded American-made films as a fairly distinctive species, for better and for worse, though he did not emphasize that point unduly. The message he did reiterate with great frequency concerned the need to recognize that stage and screen were absolutely separate media, that the theatre had contributed virtually nothing to movies, and that film-makers should not attempt to borrow any characteristics or techniques from the stage. Consequently he criticized movie actors who performed as though they were still on stage.
Reading Feminist Readings: Recuperative Reading and the Silent Heroine of Feminist Criticism
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I want to consider the ways in which classic feminist texts may disrupt the very paradigms they are thought to endorse by focusing on three of the most well-known stories in the feminist canon: “The Yellow Wallpaper,” “A Jury of Her Peers,” and “The Blank Page.” Let me briefly rehearse their plots.

“The Yellow Wallpaper” tells the story of a woman forcibly shut out from all forms of creativity and of conversation with anyone other than her husband, a man who is incapable of real dialogue. These restrictions, modeled on Weir Mitchell ‘s infamous methods, are ostensibly intended to cure her of a “nervous” condition. The protagonist refuses them by inventing a fictional conversant—a woman, like herself, trapped in a world that will not let her live her own life. She increasingly identifies with this other woman and seeks to free her, a liberatory exercise that takes the form of ”reading” her in the wallpaper text of her room.
Girl Talk: Jane Eyre and the Romance of Women’s Narration
Authors: Kaplan Carla
Published: November 2023

If freedom for Linda Brent means freedom from having to give an account of herself, it would seem to mean the opposite for Jane Eyre. From child hood on, Jane struggles to narrate her own story, to explain and vindicate her life, to exercise her voice and participate in the “joyous conversational murmur” (198).

The opening pages of the novel dramatize Jane’s narrative conditions by immersing her in negations. She is denied activity (“there was no possibility of taking a walk that day”), banished (“dispensed from joining the group”), and muzzled (“‘be seated somewhere; and until you can speak pleasantly, remain silent ’“ (39)). She is told that to argue with Mrs. Reed would be to “cavill” and to “question,” the very unpleasant and unnatural behavior with which she has been charged. Understandably, then, Jane feels herself to be “‘always suffering, always browbeaten, always accused, for ever condemned’” (46 ).
Transmitters of Information
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

In The Absence Of fax machines, telephones, and computers, biblical kings, prophets, and other dignitaries required the services of individuals to carry information, convey intentions, and act as their agents. It is not surprising, therefore, to find an abundance of characters whose main role is to transmit information. Some messengers are named, such as Bathsheba’s husband, Uriah the Hittite, who carries a letter from David to Joab that details the instructions for his own murder (2 Sam 11:14), and Elisha’s servant Gehazi, through whom the prophet speaks to the Shunammite woman (2 Kgs 4:12-13).1 The majority, however, are as anonymous and lacking in personal identity as the technology we now use to accomplish the messenger’s task. Some messengers are implied rather than directly portrayed in the narrative. The plot of Genesis 38 is propelled by specific pieces of information that Judah and his daughter-in-law Tamar acquire about one another. The knowledge that Judah is going up to Timnah for the sheep shearing (38:13) prompts Tamar to meet him at Enaim in the guise of a prostitute.
Wayward Wives, Multifarious Mothers and Doomed Daughters
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

Although The Wife Of Lot and the mother of Rebecca are best defined as bit players, a significant number of other wives and mothers-as well as daughters-have starring roles in their respective pericopes. What separates these women from the anonymous bit players is the quantity and quality of narrative attention they receive. Their anonymity draws attention not only to their role designations but also to the interplay between these designations and the behavior attributed to them within their stories. This chapter looks first at a number of anonymous wives, specifically those women who are portrayed as having a significant relationship with a male figure other than a husband. Most of these wives are not literally wayward; only Potiphar’s wife attempts a sexual encounter with her “other” man. Nevertheless, sexual undertones lurk just under the surface of their narrative accounts. Second, we turn to women in the role of mother. The ways in which such women approach the task of nurturing their children provide a perspective from which to view the biblical construction of the maternal role. Finally, we look at the daughters who, trapped by competing demands, are prevented from moving smoothly into the role of wife and mother, which represents the ideal life as inscribed in the biblical text.
Crossing the Threshold between Reader and Text
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: November 2023

anonymity can call into question the boundaries between characters, between the human and divine realms, and between the inhabitants of the heavens themselves. But there remains one last border, that between the reader outside the text and the characters firmly ensconced within. This chapter considers the impact of anonymity on this final frontier. The distinction between reader and character would seem to be inherent in the reading situation itself. After all, the text as such is housed in a book, scroll, tape, or other medium; the reader may pick up or put down the text at will. But the physical distinctness of reader and text quickly loses clarity when we consider the complex imaginative exercise that reading entails. Indeed, the perennial power of narrative lies precisely in its ability to endow characters with a life that spills out from the narrative at the same time as it carries the reader imaginatively into the story itself.1 The open door between reader and text is like Jacob’s ladder, which allows traffic between heaven and earth. Neither door nor ladder, however, dissolves the boundary between the two realms they connect. Despite their readiness to be transported by the magic of biblical narrative, readers frequently remain conscious of their linguistic, geographical, and chronological distance from the ancient Near Eastern context of the biblical texts and their original audiences.
Mate Selection
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Sexual displays often attain gigantic dimensions and take bizarre forms. The peacock’s tail grows into the well-known large, colorful fan; peacocks presenting themselves to peahens spend time and energy holding their tails spread open and upright and vibrating them rapidly. Males of many other bird species grow long tail feathers for sexual displays. Relative to their size, some male pheasants and birds of paradise have tails almost as large as the peacock’s, and the males of some species of songbird, such as the viduas of Africa, have tails that are proportionately even longer.
The Fallacy Of Species-Specific Signals
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

We have seen how signals used by enemies or rivals evolve: the engine driving this evolution is the common interest the antagonists have in reliable communication. But are there signals that evolve without the element of competition or enmity? What about those structures and markings that allow one to tell a given species from another, or to distinguish the male of a species from the female, and the juvenile from the adult? Scientists call these species-specific or set-specific signals, and they assume that common interest-an animal’s need to identify other members of its own species-rather than competition among individuals explains the evolution of these traits. But we believe that specific signals evolve just as all other signals do-through the competition among individuals to demonstrate their quality.
Movements And Ritualization
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Movements can indicate many things: a scolded dog lowers its ears and tucks its tad between its legs, while a happy dog wags its tail; a threatening cat arches its back and stands on tiptoe, hair raised; a duck moves its bill up and down to signal its intention to fly male ruffs court females by dancing in special dancing arenas, or leks. These are only a few examples of the endless array of movements used as signals. The Handicap Principle gives us new ways of seeing such signals and of understanding how they evolved and the messages they encode.
Chemical Communications
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Many organisms, both mono- and multicellular, communicate by secreting chemical molecules and make decisions based on chemical molecules secreted by others. Such chemicals, which are produced by one individual and influence the actions of other individuals, are called pheromones. In order to carry reliable messages, pheromones have to meet the three conditions we have established for signals: they have to be costly to the individual sending them; the cost has to be more of a burden to a dishonest communicator than to an honest one; and there must be a logical relationship between the specific cost of the signal and the message conveyed by the signal.
Testing The Bond
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

At the end of each workday, when we arrived at home, our little daughters used to come running to welcome us. They would jump up on us and demand that we take part in their games or at least tell them a story, no matter how exhausted we were. Our dog, too, would leap up and insistently push himself against us. And in the mornings the dog would make even more of a nuisance of himself: he would lie down in the doorway, forcing us either to walk around him or to push him aside every time we went from the kitchen to the dining room.
Social Amebas (Cellular Slime Molds)
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag
Published: November 2023

Most scientists who study social systems and communications in multicellular organisms ceased long ago to use group selection as a model though they still revert to that theory occasionally without realizing it. Microbiologists, by contrast, still routinely use models of group selection to explain the behavior of one-celled organisms such as bacteria and viruses. This approach is justified, they say, because most unicellular organisms reproduce asexually, by division, and live in groups that are genetically uniform; therefore the population counts as a single unit in terms of evolution, the interests of its members are identical, and traits that benefit the group are likely to flourish even if they harm specific individuals.
A Failure to Connect
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

In one, a woman was brought to an emergency room by her relatives. She denied having any illness, and went on to tell the doctor that there was a man living in her house who looked just like her hus band-but she knew he was not in actuality her husband.
In Search of Emotion
Authors: Brothers Leslie
Published: November 2023

“Emotion” has no single, defined referent; instead, the word is a pointer to a loose assortment of ideas. On the one hand, it connotes subjective qualities of experience—we call them “feelings.” On the other, it connotes expressiveness. Does emotion have any standing as an empirical, scientific entity—or is it just a manner of speaking? A review of current neurobiological theories and findings will lead us to conclude, in agreement with some sociologists, that emotion is a construct of everyday thought and is not to be found in our brains or bodies.
The Opening Toward Culture
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: November 2023

By the I960s, extra-academic circumstances were again infusing communication study with a critical edge, and a multifaceted but common­ spirited intellectual heterodoxy was beginning to crystallize around the concept of “culture.” On one hand, the need became to 1,mderstand and challenge modern-day neocolonialism, a concern shaped and intensified by the spread of militant movements for decolonization and national self-determination throughout what now was being called the Third World. The humanities and social sciences in general were convulsed, most vocally around the U.S. war on Vietnam; a series of related domestic agitations, notably including the struggle for African American civil rights, increased the pressure. On the other hand, a surging revisionism, originating in Britain but powering across the Atlantic, was freshly problematizing the status of” culture” in the metropoles of developed capitalism. Full-fledged radical opposition to the behavioral orthodoxy which continued to dominate communication study was accompanied by a deepening critical engagement with received political economy.
Splicing Life: Genetics and Ethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: November 2023

Children are like their parents: common sizes and shapes, virtues and strengths, weaknesses and sufferings trail through families, and humans must always have wondered why. Four centuries ago, Michel de Montaigne reflected on the excruciating pain he and his father shared from stones in the bladder. In his essay “Of the resemblance of children to their fathers” the essayist reflected, “I was born twenty-five and more years before his illness, at a time when he enjoyed his best health. Where was the propensity to this infirmity hatching all this time? And when he was so far from the ailment, how did this slight bit of his substance, with which he made me, bear so great an impression of it? How did it remain so concealed that I began to feel it forty-five years later? ... Will anyone enlighten me about this process?” This sixteenth-century savant asked a question that only modem genetics could answer. Modem genetics flows from human curiosity about “the resemblance of children to their fathers.” That curiosity could only speculate about this resemblance until a little over a century ago, when speculation turned into science. In the 1860s, Gregor Mendel, abbot of the Augustinian monastery of Brno in Austria, mathematically calculated the inherited characteristics of pea plants that he bred in his monastery garden.
Self-Regulation of Surgical Practice and Research
Authors: Jones R Scott , Fletcher John C
Published: November 2023

The ethical basis of self-regulation in the profession of medicine is our main subject, especially as understood in surgical practice and research. We must first persuade readers that self-regulation is ethically justified, because professions, as Buchanan shows, ‘‘are social constructs, not facts of nature.’’ Is it right and good that surgeons regulate and police themselves? Other sections of the chapter discuss self-regulation in the context of overlapping spheres of accountability and as applied to selected clinical topics. Surgeons belong to the medical profession, which is supposed to be guided by its own ideal norms and values. Buchanan1 sets forth five elements of an ‘‘ideal’’ conception of profession: special knowledge of a practical sort; a commitment to preserve and enhance that knowledge; a commitment to excellence in the practice of the profession; an intrinsic and dominant commitment to serving others rather than personal gain; and effective self-regulation by the professional group. To be effective, practices of self-regulation should develop loyalty to these ideals and define standards of competence for members of the profession, means of developing loyalty to these standards, and sanctions (including expulsion from the profession) to ensure compliance with these standards.
Liberalism, Nationalism, and Egalitarianism
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: November 2023

Liberalism in one form or another is the dominant position in contemporary political philosophy. Despite this, or perhaps because of it, liberalism continues to attract criticism of many different kinds. Some critics believe that liberalism underestimates the human and political significance that attaches to membership in a nation or in a cultural or communal group, and that it therefore misjudges the significance of the national and cultural diversity that is a feature of so many modern societies. These critics view liberalism as insufficiently particularist in its orientation. At the same time, there are other critics who believe that liberalism as standardly formulated places too little emphasis on questions of global or international political morality, and that it focuses too much of its attention on the individual society, which is assumed to be organized as an independent country or state, and which is treated as a self-sufficient cooperative enterprise. These critics view liberalism as insufficiently globalist in its orientation.
Fundamental Progressions of Harmony
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

The important role of harmony in defining formal functions should be evident from the preceding chapter. The intrathematic functions (such as presentation, continuation, and cadential) are especially contingent on specific types of local harmonic progression. Thus one of the earliest tasks in any formal analysis-indeed, perhaps the first task-is to determine the underlying harmony of a given passage. This chapter, a kind of brief Harmonielehre, systematically presents the fundamental harmonic progressions used by the classical composers to articulate formal functions. For ease of comparison, the progressions are exemplified as simple paradigms in the key of C major.
Small Binary
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Traditional theories of form posit a variety of binary structures. Little consensus has been achieved, however, on the fundamental attributes that permit a theme to be classified among these various binary types or even for it to be distinguished from ternary forms.1 As pointed out in the previous chapter, one type of traditional binary, the “rounded” binary, is better understood as a version of the small ternary. Not all binaries, however, should be assimilated to ternary forms. There exists a specific main theme-type that is appropriately termed small binary because its functional characteristics are sufficiently distinct to permit it to be defined independent of the small ternary form.
Coda
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

By the end of the recapitulation, the fundamental melodic, harmonic, and tonal processes of a movement have generally achieved closure. Indeed, many movements literally finish at this point. Frequently, however, the composer adds a coda, an optional section that follows, and is fully distinct from, the recapitulation.1 As Schoenberg notes: Because a movement ‘s structural close is fulfilled by the recapitulation, the primary function of a coda is to express the temporal quality of “after-the-end: ‘ A coda is thus analogous to a closing section-made up of codettas-that follows a perfect authentic cadence ending a theme.
Concerto Form
Authors: Caplin William E
Published: November 2023

Throughout the eighteenth century, the concerto stood alongside opera (and, later in the century, the symphony) as one of the principal “public” genres of musical composition. Whereas the high baroque cultivated various kinds of concertos, including the concerto grosso, ripieno concerto, double concerto, and solo concerto, the high classical period saw the solo concerto-for single instrument and orchestra-emerge as the preeminent concerto type. A defining feature of this classical concerto is its employment of a formal scheme derived from the baroque “ritornello form” and strongly infused with elements of the sonata. This concerto form is used in the first movement of all classical concertos.1 The form is sometimes found in slow movements, but rarely in finales.
Objects, Sense-Data, and Visual Episodes
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

“When I came home to you in the evenings you would be sitting with your hands held out to the fire: you would say, ‘But these little bits and pieces you are dealing with in these experiments-atoms, nuclei, particles, whatever you do not in fact know what it is that exists.’ ”

“Exactly.”

“What you see, hear, touch, are little clicks that come out of an amplifier; lines and bumps on a screen—”
The Credulous Eye
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

Perception is a central mechanism of belief fixation; that is undisputed. The issue between doxasticists and their critics is not over whether perceiving is normally and systematically connected with belief, but over whether perceiving should be understood, in whole or part, in terms of perceptual belief. I take it for granted that its proficiency at fixing beliefs is one of the most interesting things about perception. Nevertheless, perhaps this remarkable capacity does not disclose very much about what it is to perceive something. That, at any rate, is the position I am defending.
Object Determination
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

When S sees a vase, among the causes of S’s visual episode is the vase. But the causal factors also include the light source (say, the sun), certain photons, the transpicuous space between the vase and S’s eyes, perhaps S’s spectacles, S’s retinas, S’s optic nerve, S’s lateral geniculate nucleii, projections onto Vl, radiation of neurons in the peristriate cortex, the vase’s potter, whatever vehicle may have transported S to the scene, and even each of S’s great-grandparents. But, ex hypothesi, it is only the vase that S sees. Some of the other items might be seen via other episodes, some perhaps never. Shouldn’t a causal theory accord pride of place to the actual perceptual object? And shouldn’t it do this by way of the causal involvement of the object? If so, what is distinctive about the causation of the vase? How is it to be differentiated from the various other causal factors? (As we shall see presently, these last two questions ask for slightly different things, although their range of potential answers may overlap.) Moreover, it is not merely that we must distinguish the object’s causal role from that of other causes, but we must do so without appealing to its being the object. Its objecthood is something the causal theory is called on to explain. This, in a nutshell, is the problem of object determination. Some have even regarded a causal solution to it as essential to the aspirations of CTP. Without one, so the claim goes, nothing deserves the title ‘causal theory of perception.’
The Phenomenal Character of Seeing
Authors: Vision Gerald
Published: November 2023

Although chapter 4 addressed the question of the logical form of visual content, I have assiduously avoided, wherever possible, implicating myself in further ques tions about visual consciousness. But in earlier discussions, it was stressed that vision is phenomenal, hardly a claim to let pass without comment. Since much of what was claimed is neutral about the details, it would have been more befuddling than helpful there to go into specifics: a distraction at best, and potentially a tar baby from which we would never extricate ourselves. However, I thereby incurred a debt that could only be deferred, not canceled. Because the subject has been broached, it is time explain what is intended by ‘phenomenal’. While that notion remains highly controversial on the explanation I am about to give, the extent of the commitment to it seems simpler, perhaps more harmless, than the general run of tenets defended under this title. When the whole is before us, the customary opposition may be as disappointed as it is outraged.
Sex, Segregation, and the Origins of Cellular Death
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

From the descriptions in the preceeding two chapters of some of the ways in which cells die, we begin to get a sense of what death is at the cellular level. Like the death of the being of which it is a part, the death of a cell is a return to unconnectedness, to chaos, and to silence. But why do cells die in the first place? Is there something inherent in the nature of life that requires all living things to die? To get a sense of the answer to this question, we must go back in time to the first appearance of cells on earth.
Coming to Closure
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

And so we turn once again to our patient, the man whose myocardial cell we watched die at the very beginning of this story, and whose heart nearly stopped beating as a result. That he did not die within minutes of the onset of his heart attack is a tribute to his wife’s prompt intervention, her knowledge of CPR, and the swift and effective follow-up by the first-response and advanced life-support teams. But what is his status now? Have these interventions prolonged his life, or have they simply prolonged his death?
The Counterattack Begins
Authors: Popkin Richard H
Published: November 2023

In this critical situation, the scientists, the philosophers, and the theologians would either have to fight for survival or abandon the quest for certainty. Gradually, first in the area of religion and then in science and philosophy, the menace of Pyrrhonism was recognized, and a counterattack was begun. Out of this struggle, the modern philosophers emerged as so many Saint Georges, prepared to slay the sceptical dragon; only in this case the dragon was never really slain and, in fact, managed within a century to consume the various knights who tried to rescue human knowledge.

Involved in this battle was the paradox that no matter how much the sceptics sneered and argued, and pushed one into doubt, not all matters happened to be dubious. In spite of the sceptic’s criticisms, the sciences, new or old, seemed to contain some real knowledge about the world. As a result, the struggle, in part, was an attempt to reconcile the force of the doubts of the Pyrrhonists with the rapidly expanding knowledge that human beings possessed. For some thinkers, the battle was not so much a quest for certainty as a quest for intellectual stability in which doubt and knowledge could both be accepted. For others, it was a holy war to overcome doubt so that man could be secure in his religious and scientific knowledge.