bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking trophic cascades up a level: behaviorally‐modified effects of phorid flies on ants and ant prey in coffee agroecosystems
Authors: Philpott Stacy M. , Maldonado Jorge , Vandermeer John , Perfecto Ivette
Published: March 2004

Trophic cascades exist in numerous terrestrial systems, including many systems with ants as the top predator. Many studies show how behavioral modifications of herbivores are especially important in mediating species interactions and trophic cascades. Although most studies of trophic cascades focus on predator‐herbivore‐plant links, the trophic cascades concept could be applied to almost any level of trophic interactions. Especially considering the importance of parasites we consider here the interactions between the parasitic phorid fly, Pseudacteon sp. (Diptera: Phoridae), its ant host, Azteca instabilis (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the herbivore, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the coffee agroecosystem. We investigated the effects of phorid flies on ant behavior by monitoring ant recruitment to tuna baits over a 30‐min period in the presence or absence of phorid flies. To study the indirect effects of phorids on larvae, we placed baits on coffee plants to elevate ant foraging levels to levels near to ant nests, placed larvae near baits, and recorded the effects of ants on larvae either in the presence or absence of phorid flies. We found that phorid fly presence significantly reduced ant ability to recruit to baits through behavioral modifications and also significantly lessened ant ability to attack, carry away, or force herbivores off plants. We conclude there is a behaviorally‐modified species‐level trophic cascade in the coffee agroecosystem, with potentially important effects in ant and herbivore communities as well as for coffee production.
Accountability and Coercion: Is Justice Blind when It Runs for Office?
Authors: A. Huber Gregory , Gordon Sanford C.
Published: March 2004

Through their power to sentence, trial judges exercise enormous authority in the criminal justice system. In 39 American states, these judges stand periodically for reelection. Do elections degrade their impartiality? We develop a dynamic theory of sentencing and electoral control. Judges discount the future value of retaining office relative to implementing preferred sentences. Voters are largely uninformed about judicial behavior, so even the outcome of a single publicized case can be decisive in their evaluations. Further, voters are more likely to perceive instances of underpunishment than overpunishment. Our theory predicts that elected judges will consequently become more punitive as standing for reelection approaches. Using sentencing data from 22,095 Pennsylvania criminal cases in the 1990s, we find strong evidence for this effect. Additional tests confirm the validity of our theory over alternatives. For the cases we examine, we attribute at least 1,818 to 2,705 years of incarceration to the electoral dynamic.
The Power of Money: Global Capital and Policy Choices in Developing Countries
Authors: Shambaugh George E.
Published: March 2004

Extant studies of the impact that international phenomena have on policy choices, and those focused on the political economy of exchange‐rate regimes in particular, are incomplete because they do not consider the effect that reliance on global capital has on the policy preferences of domestic groups. Consequently, they cannot explain why some newly emerging market countries pursue fixed exchange regimes under political and economic conditions—such as recently completed elections, uncompetitive export sectors, and poor national economic performance—in which others have altered their policies. I argue that reliance on different types of foreign capital generates distinct capital‐specific policy preferences. Furthermore, rather than simply mimicking the preferences of foreign investors, domestic groups are likely to promote policies that reduce their capital‐specific risks and vulnerabilities. Panel logit models of exchange‐rate regimes in emerging market countries from 1973 through 2000 demonstrate that higher levels of democracy bolster these effects.
Bargaining and Fighting: The Impact of Regime Type on War Onset, Duration, and Outcomes
Authors: Filson Darren , Werner Suzanne
Published: March 2004

Recent research suggests that democracies have advantages and disadvantages in wars. Democracies are more likely to win the wars they initiate and the ones in which they are targeted. Wars initiated by democracies are also uniformly shorter and less costly than wars initiated by nondemocracies. However, democracies are also less likely to continue fighting and less likely to win as war drags on. Democracies are also particularly likely to be targeted. We present a bargaining model that reconciles these divergent findings. The model explains why democracies are more likely to win but are also more likely to settle and more likely to be targeted than other types of regimes. The model's explanation of these facts differs in important ways from existing explanations. The model also suggests several new hypotheses relating regime type to the terms of settlement and the onset of war.
When Do Welfare Attitudes Become Racialized? The Paradoxical Effects of Education
Authors: Federico Christopher M.
Published: March 2004

Recent research suggests that welfare attitudes may be shaped by negative perceptions of blacks, suggesting an implicit racialization of the policy. But what might inhibit the racialization of welfare? In this vein, research indicating that education facilitates tolerance suggests that negative racial perceptions and welfare attitudes may be less related among the educated. However, education may also be associated with a greater ability to connect general predispositions with specific policy attitudes. Somewhat paradoxically, this suggests that the association between racial perceptions and welfare attitudes may be stronger among the college‐educated, despite their lower overall levels of racial hostility. Study 1 shows that education attenuates negative racial perceptions, while strengthening their impact on public‐assistance attitudes—but only when assistance is described as “welfare.” Study 2 extends and qualifies this finding, showing that education strengthens the relationship between perceptions of welfare recipients and global welfare attitudes only when recipients are black.
Robust Estimation and Outlier Detection for Overdispersed Multinomial Models of Count Data
Authors: Mebane Walter R. , Sekhon Jasjeet S.
Published: March 2004

We develop a robust estimator—the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) estimator—for overdispersed multinomial regression models of count data. The tanh estimator provides accurate estimates and reliable inferences even when the specified model is not good for as much as half of the data. Seriously ill‐fitted counts—outliers—are identified as part of the estimation. A Monte Carlo sampling experiment shows that the tanh estimator produces good results at practical sample sizes even when ten percent of the data are generated by a significantly different process. The experiment shows that, with contaminated data, estimation fails using four other estimators: the nonrobust maximum likelihood estimator, the additive logistic model and two SUR models. Using the tanh estimator to analyze data from Florida for the 2000 presidential election matches well‐known features of the election that the other four estimators fail to capture. In an analysis of data from the 1993 Polish parliamentary election, the tanh estimator gives sharper inferences than does a previously proposed heteroskedastic SUR model.
Ectoparasites of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to Japan
Authors: Shinozaki Y. , Shiibashi T. , Yoshizawa K. , Murata K. , Kimura J. , Maruyama S. , Hayama Y. , Yoshida H. , Nogami S.
Published: March 2004

Abstract. The squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to Japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. Although they live mainly in forests, Pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. During 2001–2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of Pallas squirrels in Japan. From 105 C. erythraeus captured in Kamakura District of Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu Island, three types of ectoparasite were found: 52 specimens of the sucking louse Neohaematopinus callosciuri Johnson (Anoplura: Haematopinidae), 26 fleas Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) anisus Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and four nymphs of the tick Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) on 22, 13 and one squirrels, respectively. Evidently in Japan C. erythraeus carries relatively few ectoparasite species; this may be a contributory factor to their invasive success. Further investigations are needed to assess risks of zoonotic transmission of plague or murine typhus by C. anisus, of louse‐borne typhus by N. callosciuri and of tularaemia and especially Japanese spotted fever (Rickettsia japonica) by H. flava.
piggyBac transformation of the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, produces multiple distinct mutant strains
Authors: Allen M. L. , Handler A. M. , Berkebile D. R. , SKODA S. R.
Published: March 2004

Abstract.  Sterile insect technique (SIT) programs are designed to eradicate pest species by releasing mass‐reared, sterile insects into an infested area. The first major implementation of SIT was the New World Screwworm Eradication Program, which successfully eliminated the New World screwworm (NWS), Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from the Continental US, Mexico and much of Central America. Ionizing radiation is currently used for sterilization, but transgenic insect techniques could replace this method, providing a safer, more cost‐effective alternative. Genetic transformation methods have been demonstrated in NWS, and verified by Southern blot hybridization, PCR and sequencing of element insertion junctions. A lethal insertional mutation and enhancer detection‐like phenotypic expression variations are presented and discussed. In addition to supporting the eradication efforts, transformation methods offer potential means to identify genes and examine gene function in NWS.
Comparison of the infection rate of tsetse, Glossina morsitans morsitans, fed in vitro or in vivo
Authors: Zongo I. , Mbahin N. , Van den Abbeele J. , De Deken R. , Van den Bossche P.
Published: March 2004

Abstract.  Studies were made of infection rates of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) when maintained in vivo (rabbits) or in vitro on high quality, gamma‐irradiated, sterile defibrinated bovine blood, obtained from the Entomology Unit of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). For both Trypanosoma congolense Broden and T. b. brucei Plimmer & Bradford, in vitro maintenance significantly reduced the proportion of flies that developed mature metacyclic trypanosome infections.
Natural disaster and mental health in Asia
Authors: KOKAI MASAHIRO , FUJII SENTA , SHINFUKU NAOTAKA , EDWARDS GLEN
Published: March 2004

Abstract  The purpose of the present article was to review the literature on disaster mental health in relation to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and cyclones throughout Asia. Articles reviewed show that disaster psychiatry in Asia is beginning to emerge from and leave behind the stigma attached to mental health. The emergence of the acceptance of disaster mental health throughout Asia can be attributed in part to the acceptance of the notion of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This has allowed greater involvement of mental health professionals in providing ongoing support to survivors of natural disasters as well as providing greater opportunities for further research. Also, articles reviewed in the present paper commonly suggested the need for using standardized diagnostic tools for PTSD to appropriately interpret the discrepancy of results among studies. The importance of post‐disaster support services and cultural differences is highlighted.
Schizophrenia and narcolepsy: A review with a case report
Authors: KISHI YASUHIRO , KONISHI SHUNICHIRO , KOIZUMI SACHIKO , KUDO YOSHIHISA , KUROSAWA HISASHI , KATHOL ROGER G.
Published: March 2004

Abstract  Several reports emphasize the importance of differentiating between psychosis in schizophrenia and the psychotic form of narcolepsy. The failure to identify narcolepsy leads to the labeling of patients as refractory to standard treatments for schizophrenia and retards consideration of intervention for narcolepsy in which psychosis can improve with psychostimulant treatment. Psychosis in patients with narcolepsy can occur in three ways: (i) as the psychotic form of narcolepsy with hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations; (ii) as a result of psychostimulant use in a patient with narcolepsy; and (iii) as the concurrent psychosis of schizophrenia in a patient with narcolepsy. The present case report describes a difficult‐to‐treat patient who likely had concurrent schizophrenia and narcolepsy. It then summarizes the literature related to the treatment of the three types of patients with psychosis associated with narcolepsy.
Clonidine effects on all‐night human sleep: Opposite action of low‐ and medium‐dose clonidine on human NREM–REM sleep proportion
Authors: MIYAZAKI SHINICHI , UCHIDA SUNAO , MUKAI JUNKO , NISHIHARA KYOKO
Published: March 2004

Abstract  Norepinephrine (NE) is considered to play a permissive role in the occurrence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Clonidine is an NE α‐2‐receptor agonist, which has been considered to act mainly on the autoreceptors of presynaptic noradrenergic neurons to reduce their release of NE. However, previous studies of clonidine effects on REM sleep have produced controversial results and the effects of clonidine remain uncertain. To clarify the pharmacological effects of clonidine on human sleep, the sleep electroencephalograms (EEG) recorded from 15 young normal subjects after a single administration of either a low (25 µg) or medium (150 µg) dose of clonidine were examined, and fast Fourier transformation (FFT) spectral analyses of the C3‐A2 EEG were performed. Low‐dose clonidine significantly increased the amount of REM sleep and decreased the amount of non‐REM (NREM) sleep during the second one‐third of the drug nights compared to the corresponding hours of baseline night recordings. In contrast, medium‐dose clonidine significantly decreased REM and increased NREM on drug nights compared to baseline nights in the entire night. The opposite actions of low and medium doses of clonidine on NREM‐REM proportion may indicate that low‐dose clonidine mainly affects the α‐2‐receptors on locus coeruleus‐NE neurons presynaptically, reducing the release of NE, whereas medium‐dose clonidine acts more post‐synaptically.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese edition of the Defense Style Questionnaire 40
Authors: HAYASHI MOMOKO , MIYAKE YUKO , MINAKAWA KUNINAO
Published: March 2004

Abstract  Defense styles have a close relationship with ego development and psychopathology. The purpose of the present paper was to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese edition of the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ‐40; Andrews et al. 1993). Six hundred and six Japanese university students (348 female) completed the DSQ‐40 and Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). The neurotic tendency had positive correlations with immature and neurotic defense styles and a negative correlation with the mature defense style. The extroversion tendency had positive correlations with the mature and neurotic defense styles and a negative correlation with the immature defense style. There was a significant test–retest correlation for all items of the DSQ‐40 (n = 284). The results show that the Japanese version of the DSQ‐40 had concurrent validity with the MPI and a test–retest reliability of 2 months, although there was some doubt about the validity of the factor structure of the DSQ‐40. Therefore, the DSQ‐40 is a useful scale in Japan to measure ego development and ego function through defense styles.
Coping behavior in patients with panic disorder
Authors: YAMADA KUMIKO , FUJII ISAO , AKIYOSHI JOTARO , NAGAYAMA HARUO
Published: March 2004

Abstract  The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the role of coping behavior in patients with panic disorder (PD). This was done by evaluating three items of coping behavior (seeking of social support, wishful thinking and avoidance) in the Ways of Coping Checklist. The subjects consisted of 30 patients with PD (26 with agoraphobia). Coping behavior and the severity of PD was investigated at baseline and at 24 months (the final outcome). At baseline there were no gender differences in coping behavior. The severity of panic attacks significantly correlated with that of agoraphobia. The baseline severity of PD (panic attacks and agoraphobia) did not correlate with coping behavior. At the outcome assessment there was no significant correlation between the severity of panic attack and coping behavior. The severity of agoraphobia at final outcome and the coping behavior (seeking of social support) at baseline were significantly correlated. In the group that had remission in agoraphobia (the good outcome group), the severity of agoraphobia at baseline was significantly lower and the seeking of social support coping behavior was significantly higher than that of the poor outcome group. No significant difference in panic attack severity was noted between the good and poor outcome groups. Discriminant analysis revealed that seeking of social support coping behavior was a significant discriminant factor of agoraphobia. Although these are preliminary data, special coping behavior might be related to improvement of agoraphobia in patients with PD.
Habitual self‐mutilation in Japan
Authors: MATSUMOTO TOSHIHIKO , AZEKAWA TAKAHARU , YAMAGUCHI AKIKO , ASAMI TAKESHI , ISEKI EIZO
Published: March 2004

Abstract  The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationship between bulimic behavior, dissociative phenomenon and sexual/physical abuse histories in Japanese subjects with habitual self‐mutilation. Subjects consisted of 34 female outpatients who had cut their wrists or arms on more than 10 occasions. Two age‐matched groups, which consisted of 31 general psychiatric outpatients and 26 non‐clinical volunteers, served as controls. They were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, Bulimia Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale, and an original self‐reporting questionnaire concerning various problematic behaviors and sexual/physical abuse histories. The habitual self‐mutilation and the two control groups were compared. The habitual self‐mutilation group had significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, Bulimia Investigatory Test of Edinburgh, and Adolescent Dissociative Experience Scale than either of the two control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the habitual self‐mutilation group more frequently had a history of illicit psychoactive drug use (P = 0.001), shoplifting (P < 0.001), suicide attempts (P < 0.001), overdosing with medicine (P < 0.001), sexual abuse (P = 0.011), and childhood physical abuse (P = 0.001) than the general psychiatric controls. These results are consistent with those in Western studies. Habitual self‐mutilation is likely to coexist with depression, bulimia, and dissociation. Such patients frequently have clinical features similar to those of ‘multi‐impulsive bulimia’. Evidence supports the association between habitual self‐mutilation and sexual/childhood physical abuse in Japan.
Abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials in two patients with conversion disorder
Authors: YAZICI KAZIM M. , DEMIRCI MEHMET , DEMIR BASARAN , ERTUGRUL AYGUN
Published: March 2004

Abstract  On clinical grounds, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) are currently used to discriminate between hysterical and neurological conditions. The present paper reports on two patients with severe gait disturbance who had the near‐total absence of SEP responses on the scalp during the symptomatic period, which normalized after recovery. These findings, along with others, may shed light on the brain correlates of conversion phenomena.
Tales from the frontline: the colorectal battle against SARS
Authors: Bradford I. M. J.
Published: March 2004

Objective  The recent worldwide epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Disease (SARS) caused over 800 deaths and had a major impact on the health services in affected communities. The impact of SARS on colorectal surgery, particularly service provision and training, is unknown. This paper reports these changes from a single colorectal unit at the centre of the outbreak.

Patients and methods  Hospital databases and electronic patient records covering the 4 months duration of the SARS epidemic and an equivalent period preceding SARS were compared. Data was collected for inpatient admissions, outpatient consultations, operative surgery, colonoscopy and waiting times for appointments or surgery.

Results  The SARS epidemic resulted in reductions of 52% for new outpatient attendances, 59% for review attendances, 51% for admissions, 32% for surgical procedures and 48% for colonoscopies. Major emergency procedures, cancer resections and complex major procedures were unaffected. Operative procedures by trainees reduced by 48% and procedures by specialists reduced by 21%. Patients awaiting early or urgent outpatient appointments rose by 200% with waiting times for colonoscopy increased by a median 3, 5 or 9 weeks for outpatient, inpatient or non‐urgent cases, respectively. The waiting time for minor elective colorectal surgery was extended by 5 months.

Conclusion  SARS resulted in a major reduction in the colorectal surgical caseload. The consequences were evidenced by a detrimental effect on waiting times and colorectal training. However, serious pathology requiring emergency or complex surgery was still possible within these constraints.
Use of Educational and Psychological Tests Internationally
Authors: Oakland Thomas
Published: March 2004

Les aspects internationaux du développement et de l’usage des tests sont traités ici, en particulier pour situer les articles de cette édition spéciale. On présente succinctement l’utilisation internationale des tests ainsi que l’histoire, l’impact des conditions externes et internes, les normes et les lignes directrices du développement et de l’usage des tests. On parle aussi des organisations régionales et internationales actives dans le domaine du développement et de l’usage des tests, sans oublier les initiatives de structures comme la Commission Internationale des Tests.

International aspects of test development and use are described, in part, to provide a context for other articles in this special issue. The history of test development and use, external and internal conditions that impact test development and use, test use internationally, together with standards and guidelines for test development and use are summarised. Regional and international organisations providing leadership in test development and use as well as leadership efforts by the International Test Commission and others are discussed.
Use of Western and Indigenously Developed Personality Tests in Asia
Authors: Cheung Fanny M.
Published: March 2004

Cet article passe en revue les recherches transculturelles sur les grandes évaluations de la personnalité dans les pays asiatiques, à savoir le MMPI, l’EPQ, le STAI et le NEO‐PI‐R. On aborde la question de l’application interculturelle de tests traduits. L’Inventaire d’Evaluation de la Personnalité Chinois (CPAI) est mentionné comme exemple de travaux autochtones qui ont mis en évidence des dimensions originales ou importantes. Développéà l’origine en tant qu’outil d’évaluation culturellement approprié au peuple chinois, le CPAI a ensuite permis de mettre à l’épreuve l’universalité des théories occidentales de la personnalité. Le facteur spécifique du CPAI relatif aux liens interpersonnels est utile pour l’étude d’un aspect de la personnalité qui est absent des mesures de la personnalité importées. On examine aussi les défis à venir qui attendent la recherche et les applications concernant l’évaluation de la personnalité en Asie.

This paper reviews the cross‐cultural research on major personality measures in Asian countries, including the MMPI, EPQ, STAI, and the NEO‐PI‐R. Considerations in the cross‐cultural application of translated tests are discussed. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) is cited as an example of indigenous measures that have identified culturally salient or unique dimensions. Although developed originally as a culturally relevant assessment tool for Chinese people, the CPAI has also become a means to examine the universality of Western personality theories. The unique Interpersonal Relatedness factor of the CPAI is useful to the study of an aspect of personality that has been absent in imported personality measures. Future challenges for research and applications of personality assessment in Asia are discussed.
The Relative Effectiveness of External, Peer, and Self‐Coaches
Authors: Sue‐Chan Christina , Latham Gary P.
Published: March 2004

Deux recherches poursuivies sur deux continents ont fait appel à deux variables dépendantes différentes pour étudier l’efficacité relative du coach externe, du pair coach et de l’autocoaching sur la performance des participants (maîtrise de gestion). La première investigation concernait trente étudiants en gestion canadiens. Ceux qui étaient suivis par un coach extérieur présentaient une meilleure adaptation au travail collectif que ceux qui avaient un pair pour coach. La seconde recherche portait sur 23 managers en gestion australiens. Ceux qui étaient suivis soit par un coach externe, soit par eux‐même, ont obtenu des résultats significativement plus élevés que ceux qui étaient accompagnés par un pair. Dans les deux études, le coach externe avait aux yeux de l’intéressé une plus grande crédibilité que le pair. Dans la seconde étude, l’autocoaching était mieux vu que le coaching du pair. La satisfaction relative à l’ensemble du processus était plus forte chez les managers pourvus d’un coach externe.

Two studies in two different continents using two different dependent variables examined the relative effectiveness of external, peer, and self‐coaches on the performance of participants in two MBA programs. The first study involved MBA students in Canada (n= 30). Those who were coached by an external coach exhibited higher teamplaying behavior than did those who were coached by peers. The second study involved EMBA managers in Australia (n= 23). Those who were either coached by an external coach or who were self‐coached had significantly higher grades than those who were coached by a peer. In both studies, an external coach was perceived by the participants to have higher credibility than their peers. In the second study, self‐coaching was perceived to be more credible than coaching from peers. Satisfaction with the coaching process was highest among the managers who had an external coach.
Unravelling Washington's Judgement Calls: The Cases of the Malaysian and Chilean Capital Controls
Authors: Soederberg Susanne
Published: March 2004

While the option of constraining cross‐border financial flows to emerging markets (capital controls) has taken a backseat in the official policy debates about strengthening the global financial architecture, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has ceded that certain temporary measures to limit the inflow of hot money may be beneficial in achieving some breathing space for governments. In this sense, capital controls are only to be used as a means to reach the larger end, namely, the proper (neoliberal) management of financial liberalisation. Indeed, by sanctioning a particular type of capital control it is engaging in a political judgement call, which is based upon certain material interests, as opposed to mere economic logic. This becomes evident when we juxtapose two different types of capital controls: the Chilean unremunerated reserve requirement, which was endorsed by the Fund, and, conversely, the IMF's rejection of the Malaysian currency control. I suggest that the IMF's opposition to Malaysian controls stems from its perception that capital restraint on outflows threatens the imperative of free capital mobility, which benefits both the US and transnational financial capitals.
Between Marx and Heidegger: Politics, Philosophy and Lefebvre's The Production of Space
Authors: Elden Stuart
Published: March 2004

This article argues that the work of Martin Heidegger is extremely important in understanding Henri Lefebvre's intellectual project. It suggests that Lefebvre's trio of influential thinkers—Hegel, Marx and Nietzsche—are partnered by Heidegger. But this is Heidegger read in a particular way, and subjected to a Marxist critique—turned back on his feet, grounded, made real.

This is pursued in detail through a rereading of Lefebvre's The Production of Space. The two terms in this title need to be examined, and while the importance of space develops a number of insights from Heidegger, the stress on production shows the political and Marxist nature of this research. The Production of Space is therefore situated, and needs to be read, between Marx and Heidegger. The article closes with some comments on the interrelation of history, space and politics, and offers the possibility of a left‐Heideggerianism.
Use and impact of performance measurement results in R&D and NPD: an exploratory study
Authors: Godener Armelle , Söderquist Klas Eric
Published: March 2004

Performance measurement of R&D and new product development (NPD) activities is gaining increased importance because the effectiveness and efficiency of these activities not only determine a firm's competitive advantage, but its very survival. The literature is rich on descriptions of measurement techniques and methods, but pays less attention to the actual use of the performance results in operations and decision‐making. In this paper, reporting results from interviews conducted in three large companies in the electronics industry, we validate and further specify key areas of use and impact of R&D and NPD performance measurement results including ensuring better coherence and relevance of product portfolios, reorienting projects before failure, deciding on corrective actions, supporting the launching decision, enhancing staff motivation, and facilitating well‐balanced decision‐making. We identify implications for practice and research and propose a framework for future empirical work focusing on the interplay between the operation of the performance measurement system, the use and the impacts of measurement results.
Gentlewomanly capitalism? Spinsters, widows, and wealth holding in England and Wales, c. 1800–1860
Authors: Green David R. , Owens Alastair
Published: March 2004

This article examines the demographic and geographical importance of wealthy middle‐class women. It argues that in certain towns and cities, notably London, such women were of sufficient importance to merit attention in their own right. Drawing upon a sample of wills, it describes the types of wealth owned by these women. By examining women's investment in government securities, it argues that women's wealth was of crucial importance to the British state. Its findings challenge conventional understandings of the relationships between gender ideology, wealth holding, and economic development.
Inequality/difference in education: is a real explanation of primary and secondary effects possible?
Authors: Nash Roy
Published: March 2004

The persistence of social disparities in educational achievement in contemporary societies is a matter of concern to social theory. Sociology of education has distinguished between the primary and secondary effects of socialization in order to construct explanatory theories of inequality of educational opportunity. Empirical evidence from the recent OECD PISA research is analysed to suggest that causes of the primary effect are the most important. The case is made with close reference to Goldthorpe's attempt to provide a rational action model of social disparities in education. An approach informed by scientific realism is held to offer a more adequate explanation.
Declining inequality? The changing impact of socio‐economic background and ability on education in Australia
Authors: Marks Gary N. , McMillan Julie
Published: March 2004

The paper addresses several debates surrounding the reproduction of socio‐economic inequality: (i) the persistent inequality thesis, which maintains that despite the increases in educational participation socio‐economic inequalities in education have not declined; (ii) the related thesis of maximally maintained inequality, which proposes that socio‐economic inequalities decline only when participation levels for the most privileged socio‐economic group approach saturation levels; (iii) the meritocracy debate on the importance of ability vis‐á‐vis socio‐economic background and changes in its influence over time; and (iv) the effect of policy changes on socio‐economic inequalities in education. These issues are addressed using data from six Australian youth cohorts born between 1961 and the mid‐1980s.
Educational homogamy in Ireland and Britain: trends and patterns*
Authors: Halpin Brendan , Chan Tak Wing
Published: March 2004

This paper examines the pattern of educational homogamy in Ireland and Britain. Using contemporary data on recent marriages from the early 1970s through to the mid‐1990s, we show that these two countries share a broadly similar pattern of educational homogamy, which is quasi‐symmetric in character, with no tendency for women to marry up over and above that which can be attributed to the gender difference in educational attainment. In the 1970s, the strength of homogamy was much weaker in Ireland than in Britain. But we discern a clear inter‐country difference in how the net strength of homogamy has changed over time. While it has declined in Britain since the 1970s, in Ireland the strength of homogamy has first increased and then levelled off. Our findings are inconsistent with the inverted U‐shaped relationship between economic development and homogamy reported by Smits, Ultee and Lammers (1998) – an argument premised on secular change in the criteria of spouse selection. Instead, our results are better understood in terms of Mare's (1991) life course argument that homogamy is inversely related to the time‐gap between school departure and first marriage.
Signs of change in Turkey's working class: workers' age‐related perceptions in the modern manufacturing sector*
Authors: Nichols Theo , Sugur Nadir , Tasiran Ali C.
Published: March 2004

This paper explores the possible effects of the increasing exposure to modernity on younger workers in some sectors of developing countries with special reference to those employed in advanced manufacturing in Turkey. In recent decades Turkey has undergone considerable urbanization, improvements in literacy and rising levels of formal education. The paper systematically examines differences in the work‐related attitudes and expectations, commitment and aspirations of younger and older workers, who have been exposed to these processes to different degrees. It is broadly confirmed that younger workers have higher expectations and aspirations that make them relatively less satisfied with a number of aspects of their work and which are likely to make for a less committed more critical workforce.
Interdependencies, values and the reshaping of difference: gender and generation at the birth of twentieth‐century modernity
Authors: Irwin Sarah
Published: March 2004

The paper explores the mutuality of values, claims and social relations in the process of social change. Values are not separable from social relations but are embedded in the shaping and reshaping of social difference and interdependence. The paper focuses on developments around the turn of the twentieth century, and analyses changes in the relative social positioning of children and adults, and women and men, shifting patterns of interdependence, and linked values and ideas about difference. The reconfiguring of generational and gender relations was integral to the first fertility decline, to transformation in family life and societal divisions of labour, and to the embedding of particular values and claims regarding gendered difference, identities and gender appropriate roles. Analysis of these developments reveals the mutuality of ‘cultural’ and ‘material’ processes and holds lessons for interpreting social change today.
Under Performers and Over Achievers: A Quantile Regression Analysis of Growth
Authors: Barreto Raul A. , Hughes Anthony W.
Published: March 2004

Numerous papers have searched for empirical linkages between long run economic growth and a myriad of economic, socio‐political and environmental factors. Most of these studies use ordinary least‐squares regression or panel regression analysis on a sample of countries and therefore consider the behaviour of growth around the mean of the conditional distribution. We extend the literature by using quantile regression to analyse long‐term growth at a variety of points in the conditional distribution. By using this approach, we identify the determinants of growth for under performing countries relative to those for over achieving countries.
Economic Relationship Between Alcohol and Cannabis Revisited
Authors: Williams Jenny , Mahmoudi Parvin
Published: March 2004

Consuming cannabis in combination with alcohol is common among Australian cannabis users. This paper investigates whether the economic relationship between cannabis and alcohol is affected by the manner in which these two substances are used. Our results indicate that cannabis and alcohol are economic complements for all cannabis users, but this relationship is stronger for cannabis users who tend to use alcohol and cannabis together, whom we refer to as polysubstance users. Separate analysis by gender suggests that cannabis consumption by polysubstance and non‐polysubstance using males is more responsive to changes in the full price of alcohol than their female counterparts.
Has Family Policy Come of Age? A Decade Review of the State of U.S. Family Policy in the 1990s
Authors: Bogenschneider Karen
Published: March 2004

Family policy has come of age in the 1990s, yet it has not achieved a status commensurate with that of economic or environmental policy. Because family policy has been difficult to define, this review proposes an explicit definition of the termfamily policyand a companion implicit term,a family perspective in policy makingIt updates the rationale for family policy, arguing that family commitment at its core is particularly consequential in an individualistic market economy with a small social safety net. It chronicles recent developments including philanthropic commitments, state and federal policy initiatives, and the use of research to inform family policy making. Selected family policy issues including family and work conflict, long‐term care, family poverty, and marriage, are overviewed. The paper concludes with developments during the decade in theory, methods, and dissemination that hold the potential for capitalizing on the current popularity of families as a theme in policy making.
An Examination of Cross‐Racial Comparability of Mother‐Child Interaction Among African American and Anglo American Families
Authors: Whiteside‐Mansell Leanne , Bradley Robert H. , Little Todd D. , Corwyn Robert Flynn , Spiker Donna
Published: March 2004

This study examined the cross‐racial comparability of maternal quality of assistance and supportive presence coded from a video protocol using data from the Infant Health and Development Program for low‐birth‐weight, premature 30‐month‐olds and their mothers. Evidence of equivalence of measures is necessary before comparisons can be made across groups. Multiple‐group mean and covariance structures analysis was used to demonstrate the invariance of the measures and make comparisons for Anglo American and African American treatment and comparison groups of dyads. Comparisons across groups indicated similar variances and correlation between child and maternal behavior. Differences were found between the mean scores, with Anglo American treatment families scoring the highest.
Trend Shift Detection in Jet Engine Gas Path Measurements Using Cascaded Recursive Median Filter With Gradient and Laplacian Edge Detector
Authors: Ganguli Ranjan , Dan Budhadipta
Published: March 2004

Trend shift detection is posed as a two-part problem: filtering of the gas turbine measurement deltas followed by the use of edge detection algorithms. Measurement deltas are deviations in engine gas path measurements from a “good” baseline engine and are a key health signal used for gas turbine performance diagnostics. The measurements used in this study are exhaust gas temperature, low rotor speed, high rotor speed and fuel flow, which are called cockpit measurements and are typically found on most commercial jet engines. In this study, a cascaded recursive median (RM) filter, of increasing order, is used for the purpose of noise reduction and outlier removal, and a hybrid edge detector that uses both gradient and Laplacian of the cascaded RM filtered signal are used for the detection of step change in the measurements. Simulated results with test signals indicate that cascaded RM filters can give a noise reduction of more than 38% while preserving the essential features of the signal. The cascaded RM filter also shows excellent robustness in dealing with outliers, which are quite often found in gas turbine data, and can cause spurious trend detections. Suitable thresholding of the gradient edge detector coupled with the use of the Laplacian edge detector for cross checking can reduce the system false alarms and missed detection rate. Further reduction in the trend shift detection false alarm and missed detection rate can be achieved by selecting gas path measurements with higher signal-to-noise ratios.
Contrast differences between scanning ion and scanning electron microscope images
Authors: Suzuki T. , Endo N. , Shibata M. , Kamasaki S. , Ichinokawa T.
Published: March 2004

The contrasts of scanning ion microscope images (Ga+ ion) at 30 keV are compared to those of scanning electron microscope images at 30 keV. Remarkable differences are observed in the surface sensitivity, crystal orientation, and atomic number effects of target material. The examples are shown by the secondary electron images and the origins of those differences are discussed on the basis of the different interactions of those particles with solid.
ZnO film deposition on Al film and effects of deposition temperature on ZnO film growth characteristics
Authors: Yoon Giwan , Yim Munhyuk , Kim Donghyun , Linh Mai , Chai Dongkyu
Published: March 2004

The effects of the deposition temperature on the growth characteristics of the ZnO films were studied for film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) device applications. All films were deposited using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique. It was found that the growth characteristics of ZnO films have a strong dependence on the deposition temperature from 25 to 350 °C. ZnO films deposited below 200 °C exhibited reasonably good columnar grain structures with highly preferred c-axis orientation while those above 200 °C showed very poor columnar grain structures with mixed-axis orientation. This study seems very useful for future FBAR device applications.
Performance of inductively coupled plasma assisted sputtering with internal coil for ferromagnetic CoCrTa film deposition
Authors: Okimura Kunio , Oyanagi Junya
Published: March 2004

The performance of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-assisted sputtering with an internal coil was revealed for deposition of ferromagnetic Co-based alloy films. Three types of internal coil, a directly grounded bare coil, a capacitively coupled bare coil and an insulated coil, were investigated with regard to the crystalline structure of films and plasma characteristics. Highly c-axis textured hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) film growth was achieved in the bare coil system at a medium operating Ar pressure of 1.3 Pa. Pole figure measurements showed that the film grown on a low-temperature Si substrate contained small face-centered-cubic phase in the c-axis textured hcp crystal. Plasma diagnostics suggested that high plasma space potential beyond 80 V caused highly textured growth through the effect of ion bombardment with proper energies for crystallization. The superior capability of ICP-assisted sputtering with a capacitively coupled bare coil was revealed for textured growth in the thin layer on a substrate surface. A high deposition rate was achieved as a result of high electron density of the order of 1011 cm−3 in ICP-assisted sputtering with an insulated coil. However, the insulated coil system could not achieve textured growth.
Plasma etching of high dielectric constant materials on silicon in halogen chemistries
Authors: Sha Lin , Chang Jane P.
Published: March 2004

Plasma etching of ZrO2 and HfO2 was studied in BCl3/Cl2 plasmas, as functions of the ion energy, chamber pressure, microwave power, and gas compositions. MClx is found to be the major etching product in Cl2 plasmas while MBxCly is the major etching product in BCl3 plasmas. The etching selectivity to Si is increased at lower ion energies and higher electron temperatures. Increasing microwave powers and reducing chamber pressures in BCl3/Cl2 plasmas increased the Cl and BCl2+ densities in the gas phase and consequently increased the metal oxide etch rate. A phenomenological model that takes into account the Cl density, BCl2+ density, and metal oxygen bond strength is proposed to describe the etch rate of ZrO2 and HfO2 in pure BCl3 plasmas as functions of the ion energy, microwave power, and chamber pressure. More accurate Cl flux measurement is needed to improve the model predictions.
Plasma diagnostic study of silicon nitride film growth in a remote Ar–H2–N2–SiH4 plasma: Role of N and SiHn radicals
Authors: Kessels W. M. M. , van Assche F. J. H. , Hong J. , Schram D. C. , van de Sanden M. C. M.
Published: March 2004

A remote expanding thermal plasma operated on an Ar–H2–N2–SiH4 mixture has been studied by several plasma diagnostics to obtain insight into the plasma processes and the hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a-SiNx:H) growth mechanism from the N2–SiH4 reactant mixture. From Langmuir probe measurements, ion mass spectrometry, and threshold ionization mass spectrometry, it is revealed that the Ar–H2–N2 operated plasma source leads mainly to N and H radicals in the downstream region. The H radicals react with the SiH4 admixed downstream creating a high SiH3 density as revealed by cavity ringdown spectroscopy. By cavity ringdown measurements, it is also shown that Si and SiH have a much lower density in the downstream plasma and that these radicals are of minor importance for the a-SiNx:H growth process. The ground-state N radicals from the plasma source do not react with the SiH4 injected downstream leading to a high N density under the a-SiNx:H deposition conditions as revealed by threshold ionization mass spectrometry. From these results, it is concluded that N and SiH3 radicals dominate the a-SiNx:H growth process and the earlier proposed growth mechanism of a-SiNx:H from the N2–SiH4 mixture [D. L. Smith et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 8, 551 (1990)] can be refined: During deposition, an a-Si:H-like surface layer is created by the SiH3 radicals and at the same time this a-Si:H-like surface layer is nitridated by the N radicals leading to a-SiNx:H formation. This growth mechanism is further supported by the correlation between the SiH3 and N plasma density and the incorporation flux of Si and N atoms into the a-SiNx:H films as deposited under various conditions.