bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Nitrogen and Growth Regulators on Growth of Japanese Holly1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wright R. D.
Published: August 2022

The effects of 3 nitrogen levels and 2 growth regulators on growth of winter- and summer-rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata cv. Helleri were studied. Nitrogen applications promoted bud break immediately after rooting on summer cuttings and also enhanced the growth of winter-rooted cuttings. Generally, plants grown at 300 or 150 ppm N had greater shoot numbers and length, height, width, and dry weight compared to plants grown at 50 ppm N. Also spring growth of these liners was markedly enhanced by the higher level of N applied the previous season. Benzyladenine (BA) at 600 ppm increased the number of breaks and suppressed stem length, while gibberellic acid (GA3) at 400 ppm decreased the number of breaks and increased stem length.
Low Temperature Exotherms in Stem and Bud Tissues of Vitis riparia Michx.1
Authors: Pierquet Patrick , Stushnoff C. , Burke M. J.
Published: August 2022

The technique of differential thermal analysis was used to examine midwinter hardiness of bud and stem tissues of Vitis riparia. Low temperature freezing points (exotherms) were found to occur in both stem and deacclimated bud tissues. Exotherms were not exhibited by fully acclimated buds. The temperature at which the stem tissue exotherm occurred was independent of cooling rate and duration of a thawing pretreatment of 6 to 48 hours. The initiation temperature of the bud exotherms varied with cooling rate and duration of a thawing pretreatment of 6 to 48 hours; an increase in either caused the bud exotherm to occur at a higher temperature than that of the control. It is postulated that deep supercooling of the intracellular water in stem and bud tissues is the characteristic which limits the northern distribution of V. riparia.
Visual Symptoms of Nutrient Deficiencies in Rieger Elatior Begonia1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Krauskopf Dean M. , Mingis Nancy C.
Published: August 2022

Symptoms for 7 nutrient deficiencies were established for elatior begonia ‘Schwabenland Red’ (Begonia X hiemalis Fotsch.). These are summarized in the form of a key as follows:

a. Chlorosis is a dominant symptom.

b. Chlorosis interveinal.

c. Interveinal chlorosis on older leaves followed by light tan necrotic spots within chlorotic areas which expand until leaf dies........................................................................................................................Mg

cc. Interveinal chlorosis on younger leaves.....................................................................................................Fe

bb. Chlorosis not interveinal.

c. Lower leaves uniformly yellow then purplish yellow and finally necrotic.................i.....................N

cc. Margins of canopy leaves yellow, then murky green-brown, and finally necrotic; all symptoms spread toward the leaf center......................................................................................................................Ca

aa. Chlorosis not a dominant symptom.

b. Necrosis begins along the margin of lower leaves and progresses inward....................................................K

bb. Plants stunted but normal green..........................................................................................................................P

bbb. Rust color, striations and cracks develop on young leaf petioles and peduncles perpendicular to their axes; internodes shortened and lateral shoots prolific; young leaves brittle crinkled around rust color spots which turn necrotic; chlorosis and necrosis spreading inward from the margin of young leaves...B
Color Development in ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Gorski Piotr M. , Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2022

The concentrations of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and flavonoids were measured in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) skin during maturation, ripening, and storage. Chlorophyll was found to be the most important color determinant. Yellow coloration was not visible unless chlorophyll concentration was less than 0.15-0.20 µg/cm2 of skin. The minimum amount of carotenoids necessary for yellow color was found to be 0.3-0.4 µg/cm2 of skin. Flavonoids play a secondary role in yellow coloration. A decrease in total carotenoids occurred in September, followed by an increase to the original level. The flavonoid concentration was relatively constant during ripening.
Cadmium and Zinc Toxicity in White Pine, Red Maple, and Norway Spruce1
Authors: Mitchell Cynthia D. , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Excessive accumulation of Cd or Zn in white pine (Pinus strobus L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), resulted in reduced root initiation, poor development of root laterals, chlorosis, dwarfism, early leaf drop, wilting, and necrosis of current season’s growth. Positive correlations existed between nutrient culture levels and tissue accumulation when plants were grown in sand. White pine seedlings accumulated more Cd and Zn than either red maple or Norway spruce when compared in similar experiments. White pine appeared to be more tolerant of Cd and Zn accumulation than either red maple or Norway spruce since visual phytotoxicity symptoms were observed only at the higher treatment levels. Accumulation of Cd and Zn from a medium of 2 sand: 1 soil: 1 perlite by volume was also observed.
Fertility and Irrigation Effects on ‘Temple’ Orange. I. Yield and Leaf Analyses1
Authors: Reese R. L. , Koo R. C. J.
Published: August 2022

Six year’s data with so-called ‘Temple’ orange (Citrus hybrid) on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin rootstock (Citrus reticulata Blanco), show that increased rates of N and K increased fruit yield. P also increased yield. Spring vs. fall irrigation resulted in a significant increase in fruit production in 1 of 6 years, although slightly higher fruit production was observed every year with spring irrigation. Increased N rates resulted in higher leaf N and Mg but lower leaf P, K, and Ca. Increased K rates raised leaf K but lowered leaf Mg. The addition of P in the fertilizer resulted in higher leaf P and Ca but lower K and Mg contents. Spring irrigation induced lower K but higher Mg in certain years.
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Ten Characteristics in Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Hansen Leon A. , Baggett James R. , Rowe Kenneth E.
Published: August 2022

Tassel date, silk date, plant height, ear height, shank length, husk extension, tip blanking, row number, ear length, and first ear weight were studied in a diallel involving 7 inbred sweet corn parents. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were involved in the inheritance of all 10 characters. This was consistent for F1 crosses in 2 years and for F2 families. SCA variance (VSCA) was larger than GCA variance (VGCA) for ear length and first ear weight in the F1 and ratios of VSCA/VGCA for these characters were slightly larger than 1.0. VGCA was larger than VSCA all other characters in the F1. Ratios of VSCA/VGCA ranged from .05 for row no. to .57 for plant height.

Variance ratios for most characters decreased in the F2. The failure of some ratios to decrease in the F2 was attributed to either differential interactions of GCA and SCA with environment or inadequate sampling of F2 families. Genotype × year interactions influenced the expression of most characters. A greater portion of the genotype × year interaction was contained in estimates of SCA than in estimates of GCA. Heritability estimates from parent-progeny regression were generally larger than those from variance components, although these estimates were generally in close agreement.
Priming of Watermelon Seeds for Low-temperature Germination1
Authors: Sachs Menachem
Published: August 2022

Watermelon seeds (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakal cv. Sugar Baby) require high temperatures to germinate successfully. Under light conditions germination is inhibited at 20°C and lower and in the dark below 15°. The cause of the light inhibition at 20° lies in the embryo proper. Imbibition at 0° (up to 10 days) did not cause any apparent damage to the seeds, which germinated freely upon transfer to optimal temperature. Watermelon seeds could be primed for low-temperature germination by pretreatment at 30° or 35° or by imbibing the seeds in salt solutions prior to sowing. Inorganic osmoticum was superior to organic osmoticum. Differences in the efficacy of the priming existed among the different salt solutions tested. The best treatment was 2% or 3% KNO3 for 6 days. NH4NO3, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2 and KC1 had similar effectiveness. After priming, seeds could be kept in dry storage for long periods (checked up to 20 weeks). Emergence studies confirm the effectiveness of the priming treatment for low-temperature germination of winter-grown watermelon.
Effect of Daminozide on ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Cahoon G. A. , Shaulis Nelson , Barnard John
Published: August 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) applied to mature ‘Concord’ grape vines (Vitis labrusca L.) at 500 and 1000 ppm at first and at 50% bloom, was observed to increase fruitfulness and yield by increasing cluster weight. During 7 years cluster weight increases were associated with 2 to 6% decreases in berry size and 14 to 22% increases in berry number. Daminozide did not affect the number of seeds per berry, but did reduce weight per berry. Thus, increases in crop yield of up to 20 to 25% were obtained by increasing cluster weight and not by increasing cluster number. Daminozide increased total acid concentration slightly but had no effect on pH. Soluble solids were reduced by daminozide when yield increases, due to daminozide, were above 2 kg/vine. The effect on soluble solids appeared to result from increased productivity rather than from direct effect of the chemical. Daminozide reduced vine size more at the 1000-ppm than the 500-ppm rate.
Parthenocarpy in Cucumis sativus L. as Affected by Genetic Parthenocarpy, Thermo-photoperiod, and Femaleness1
Authors: Rudich J. , Baker L. R. , Sell H. M.
Published: August 2022

Parthenocarpic fruiting of genetically parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic pickling cucumber lines was determined under different thermo-photoperiods. The genetically parthenocarpic line, MSU 364G, produced both earlier and more fruits under all thermo-photoperiod treatments than the genetically non-parthenocarpic line, Gy 3. This was especially true at high night temperatures (18°C). Thus, maximum selection pressure for yield in genetically parthenocarpic lines might be best exerted under high night temperatures. Conversely, the production or yield of parthenocarpic fruits was greatest under low night tempeartures (12°C). Hybrids involving either of these 2 parental lines and 2 hermaphroditic lines were intermediate for parthenocarpic yield. Yield of parthenocarpic lines was associated with intensity of femaleness, i.e., strong femaleness resulted in earlier fruiting and greater numbers of parthenocarpic fruits. The development of parthenocarpic pickling cucumber cultivars for once-over mechanical harvest seems practical by combining parthenocarpic with gynoecious genotypes.
Temperature and Photoperiod Effect on Flower Numbers in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Roh Seung Moon , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: August 2022

‘Nellie White’ and ‘Ace’ lily plants from non-vernalized bulbs were placed in growth chambers for temperature and photoperiod treatments at various stages of development.

Under a 16-hour photoperiod, a 21.1°/12.8°C day/night temperature regime was optimal from shoot emergence to flower bud initiation for early flowering and high flower numbers. The increases in the flower numbers were due to the increased number of secondary and tertiary flower buds. Primary buds were constant regardless of temperature and photoperiod treatment. Under a 16-hour photoperiod a night temperature of 7.2° favored secondary bud formation, while a 15.6° night temperature favored tertiary bud formation.

Under a 12-hour photoperiod from floral initiation to visible buds, a 18.3°/15.6°C day/night temperature regime was optimal for early flowering and a minimum loss of flower buds.

Under a 12-hour photoperiod from the visible bud stage to anthesis, a 21.1°/18.3°C day/night temperature regime was optimal for early flowering with the fewest aborted tertiary buds.
The Influence and Interaction of Ancymidol and Photoperiod on Growth of Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Roh Seung Moon , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: August 2022

Soil drenches of α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methyxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were applied at 3 stages of Lilium longiflorum development. Under a natural photoperiod the internodes of ‘Arai’ lily shoots from vernalized bulbs were reduced by ancymidol without delay of anthesis, but 3 applications reduced flower number and resulted in weak stems. Ancymidol treatments did not delay anthesis of ‘Nellie White’ lilies from non-vernalized bulbs whose shoots were induced to flower by 8 hour long-day photoperiod extensions. However, an apparent interaction occurred between photoperiod and ancymidol as there were increased heights of ‘Nellie White’ lily shoots when treated with ancymidol.
Comparison of Some Antitranspirants on Orange Trees and Fruit1
Authors: Albrigo L. G.
Published: August 2022

Antitranspirant sprays of 5 film-forming materials were compared on mature Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia trees for film persistence and reduction of fruit weight loss after harvest. These materials were also sprayed on young ‘Pineapple’ (C. sinensis) or ‘Valencia’ orange trees growing in 7.6 liter containers on which weight loss was subsequently measured for 48-hour periods after watering. Spray solutions of equal or known film-forming ingredients (solids content) of 1 to 4% (weight/weight) were applied and compared. Plantgard film did not significantly increase the leaf epicuticular coating nor did it reduce fruit weight loss or young tree water use. Mobileaf, Vapor Gard, Nu-Film-17, and Wilt Pruf NCF did result in heavier leaf coatings and less fruit weight loss than the controls. Mobileaf and Vapor Gard reduced potted tree water use. Some loss of effectiveness and coating thickness occurred 5 months after application, but only a small nonsignificant change in effectiveness occurred during the first 2 months after application. Mobileaf and Vapor Gard appeared to give the best antitranspirant protection for the initial 2 months and Vapor Gard for 5 months.
Responses of Five Cultivars of Fresh Market Tomato to Ozone: A Contrast of Cultivar Screening with Foliar Injury and Yield1
Authors: Oshima R. J. , Braegelmann P. K. , Baldwin D. W. , Van Way V. , Taylor O. C.
Published: August 2022

Foliar ozone sensitivity evaluations of 5 fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars from fumigation experiments were contrasted with field trial yields at Riverside, California, a high ambient dose location (3798 pphm-hour > 10 pphm). Foliar injury was not an accurate indicator of yield response as a correlation of foliar susceptibility and yield rankings was insignificant. Cultivar production characteristics at the South Coast Field Station (222 pphm-hour > 10 pphm) and at Riverside were identical with standardized field plots of ‘6718 VF’ from a concurrent experiment. Reduced fruit size and depressed early season production, previously correlated with ozone dose, were characteristic of all cultivars planted at Riverside. Comparisons of cultivar production rankings revealed that ‘H-ll’ and ‘6718 VF’ yielded significantly more, in terms of weight and number of fruit harvested than ‘Ace’, ‘Polepak’, or ‘Earlypak 7’. All cultivars except ‘Ace’ produced equivalent yields in terms of weight at South Coast Field Station.
Effect of Cultivar, Polyploidy and “Reciprocal” Hybridization on Characters Important in Breeding Triploid Seedless Watermelon Hybrids1
Authors: Henderson Warren R.
Published: August 2022

C5 (sister line of ‘Sweet Princess’), ‘Sugar Baby’ and ‘Florida Giant’ cultivars of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai], and their hybrids were compared at the diploid (2x), triploid (3x) and tetraploid (4x) chromosome levels. Ovary, fruit and seed shape was significantly rounder in the polyploids than in the diploids. There was no change in fruit shape in the already round cultivar, ‘Sugar Baby’. Fruit weight and ploidy level were inversely related. Hollow heart was more severe in the polyploids. The polyploids had a significantly thicker rind, contained larger seed, and were more field resistant to anthracnose than were the diploids.

“Reciprocal” triploid hybrids [C5 (4x) x ‘Sugar Baby’ (2x) compared to ‘Sugar Baby’ (4x) x C5 (2x)] had significantly different means for ovary shape, fruit shape and anthracnose resistance. The “reciprocal” triploid hybrids differed significantly in 1 of 2 seasons for the traits fruit weight, hollow heart incidence, rind thickness, and seed shape. In breeding seedless watermelon hybrids it is important to consider the parent cultivar used as the seed (tetraploid) parent.
Photoperiod and Temperature Effects on Root Cold Acclimation1
Authors: Johnson James R. , Havis John R.
Published: August 2022

Hardiness of intact roots of Potentilla fruiticosa L. cv. Katharine Dykes and Picea glauca Voss were determined during the autumn. Both extended photoperiod and warm temperature interfered with root acclimation to cold. Seasonally short days and near freezing temperature were necessary for maximum rates of cold acclimation of roots.
Variation in the Concentration of Certain Elements in Muscadine Grape Leaves Related to Season, Leaf Portion, and Age1
Authors: Cummings George A.
Published: August 2022

Chemical analysis of 3 portions (margin, midrib, and petiole) of immature and mature muscadine grape leaves (Vitis rotundifolia Michx. cv. Scuppernong) were carried out from samples collected at six 3-week intervals in 1971. The concentrations of N, Mn, Fe were higher in the leaf blade than in the petioles. Concentration of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn were higher in petioles than in the leaf blades. Difference in elemental concentration in the 2 portions of the leaf blade were evident only with K and Mn. The concentrations of Mg in the 2 portions of the blade were the same early in the season and decreased during the season, but the rate of decrease in the margin portion tended to be more rapid than in the midrib after the second sampling date. The decrease in Mg concentration in the blade coincides with the appearance of visual Mg deficiency symptoms. Seasonal variation was evident for all elements analyzed but slopes of the curves of the different leaf portions for a given element were often quite different. Data are presented for elemental concentration of 3 leaf portions of immature and mature leaves. In all cases, except B, elemental concentrations varied with leaf portions.
Formation of Adventitious Embryos in Callus Cultures of ‘Seyval’, a French Hybrid Grape1
Authors: Krul William R. , Worley Joseph F.
Published: August 2022

Callus tissue of ‘Seyval’ (Seyve-Villard 5-276) (Vitis sp.), a French hybrid grape, formed adventitious embryos when transferred from a medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to a medium containing 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Embryos began to turn green and develop into apparently normal vines when placed on a medium free of hormones and vitamins in the light. Histological evidence indicated that plants derived from callus originated from embryo-like structures and not from plantlets or excised buds. Secondary embryoids formed on primary embryoids, and tertiary embryoids occasionally formed on secondary embryoids. More than 50 vines and several hundred adventitious embryoids were obtained from approximately one cubic centimeter of callus.
Evaluation of Strawberry Clones for Fruit Rot Resistance1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Pepin H. S.
Published: August 2022

There was little relationship between postharvest resistance to fruit rot caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr. and that caused by Rhizopus spp. (probably R. stolonifer [Ehr ex. Fr.] Vuill) among 116 genetically diverse strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) clones. Only 5 clones showed some resistance to both organisms. Resistance to one or the other of the organisms was evident in some early generation derivatives of Fragaria chiloensis L. clones. Resistance to B. cinerea in the field (at harvest) was not necessarily associated with postharvest resistance to the organism or to Rhizopus spp.
Manipulation of Bloom and Ripening Dates of Three Florida Grown Peach and Nectarine Cultivars through Sprinkling and Shade1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Bartholic J. F. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

A delay in flowering of up to 14 days was obtained in the 1974-75 and 1975-76 seasons with ‘Sungold’ and ‘Sunrich’ nectarines and ‘Flordagold’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] by intermittent sprinkling when tree temperatures exceeded 18°C. Flowering and foliation was also hastened in 1974-75 on trees shaded with 55% saran cloth. Sprinkling did result in heavy bud abscission on certain cultivars. Shading and sprinkling lowered cambial temperatures by 5 to 10° and delayed harvest from 5 to 7 days.
Evaluation of Twelve Rootstocks for Dwarfing Citrus1
Authors: Phillips Richard L. , Castle William S.
Published: August 2022

The influence of 12 rootstocks on the performance of a sweet orange seedling and ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) was evaluated in a study to determine their effect on eventual tree size. Trees on some rootstocks were larger than those on rough lemon, the standard for comparison, but a few were smaller and might be considered for closer spacings. The trifoliate orange selections (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rof.), particularly ‘English small’ merit consideration since yields were high in proportion to tree size and fruit quality was good. Results with ‘Rusk’ citrange (P. trifoliate × C. sinensis) were also quite satisfactory because the trees were semi-dwarf in size and had relatively good yields of high quality fruit of acceptable size. ‘Troyer’ and ‘Car-rizo’ citranges would be suitable candidates for ‘Valencia’ orange, based on this study, if semi-standard trees are desired. The performance of trees on some rootstocks was probably influenced by the sandy soil and the dwarfing effect could be more environmental than genetic.
Metabolism of Sucrose in Cut Roses. II. Movement and Inversion of Sucrose Absorbed by Cut Rose Stems1
Authors: Chin Chee-kok , Sacalis John N.
Published: August 2022

14C-sucrose, when taken up into the xylem, moved rapidly into leaves and flower heads of cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.) Outward lateral movement of 14C occurred rapidly along the entire length of stem at a uniform rate, regardless of l4C-sucrose concentration within the xylem and associated tissues. The quantity of 14C inverted sugars found in xylem tissue after uptake of 14C sucrose, and the rapid hydrolysis of sucrose passing through xylem of isolated stem segments suggests the involvement of invertase located in the xylem.
Abscission Response and Color Changes of ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Wheaton T. Adair , Wilson W. C. , Holm R. E.
Published: August 2022

Mature Florida ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] go through a period of reduced response to abscission chemicals. This nonresponsive period is characterized by both a reduction in the amount of ethylene induced by abscission chemicals and by decreased sensitivity of the abscission process to exogenous ethylene. During the nonresponsive period, application of the abscission chemical 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release) induced less ethylene formation and less reduction in fruit removal force than at times either prior to, or following, the nonresponsive period. Experiments with radioactive Release showed that uptake was not a factor in the reduced effectiveness of this material during the nonresponsive period. Abscission of explants induced by exogenous ethylene was slower during the nonresponsive period. Mature ‘Valencias’ also go through a period of regreening. Regreening and the nonresponsive period may begin at about the same time, but regreening continues after the nonresponsive period is over. In addition, color changes induced by exogenous ethylene remain similar throughout the regreening and nonresponsive periods, but abscission of explants induced by exogenous ethylene is reduced only during the nonresponsive period. These differences in time-course and ethylene sensitivity between regreening and the nonresponsive period allow differentiation of these two processes.
Linkage of Virescent Foliage and Plant Growth Habit in Muskmelon1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: August 2022

Data for the inheritance and linkage of virescent foliage and plant growth habit in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were obtained from 4 F2 progenies of crosses between parents with a virescent-foliage vine habit and green-foliage short-internode “bush” habit. The F1 progeny were green foliage and vine in habit. Of 1,376 F2 plants observed, 1,044 were green-foliage and 332 virescent; 1,019 were normal vine plants, and 357 were short-internode bush plants. Virescent foliage and short internodes are each controlled by a single recessive allele, respectively designated yv and b. The foliage-color gene + yv is linked with the plant-growth habit gene + b. In the repulsion phase, the crossover value was 19.5 ± 1.7.
The Relationship Between Endogenous Ethylene and Abscission of Mature Apple Fruits1
Authors: Walsh Christopher S.
Published: August 2022

The changes in ethylene concentration of attached, horticulturally mature ‘Lodi’, ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were estimated by measuring the ethylene present in a tube sealed over the fruit calyx. Measurements of this gas sample [the equilibrium ethylene concentration (EEC)] were directly proportional to the internal ethylene concentration (IEC) of the fruit. In ‘Lodi’ and ‘McIntosh’, an increase in the EEC preceded abscisision by at least 3 days. The length of time to abscission after increases in EEC were noted was negatively correlated with daily mean temperature in ‘McIntosh’. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits did not show a relationship between the EEC and abscission. The commercial harvest period of ‘Lodi’ preceded the rise in EEC. In ‘McIntosh’, ethylene accumulation occurred both during and after the commercial harvest.
Can Circulating Air Through a Buried Pipe be used to Heat and Cool Greenhouses?1
Authors: Walker J. N. , Buxton J. W.
Published: August 2022

An analysis of using an air-earth heat exchange for controlling the environment in a greenhouse was conducted. For purpose of the analysis, a small greenhouse (2.75 m wide and 4.25 m long) connected to 30.5 m of 45 cm diameter pipe was assumed. In terms of heating, the air-earth heat exchanges proved to be inadequate except for the very southern parts of the United States, and even in these locations the temperature had to be limited to a relatively cool temperature of 10°C. A similar analysis for summer showed that the air-earth heat exchange could effectively limit the occurrence of high temperatures in a greenhouse throughout the United States.
Carnation Flower Longevity: Microbial Populations as Related to Silver Nitrate Stem Impregnation1
Authors: Mayak Shimon , Garibaldi Elena Accati , Kofranek Anton M.
Published: August 2022

In a wide range of microbial populations, flower longevity of untreated stems of Dianthus caryophyllus L. was not different from the sterile water control. However, pretreating stems with 1000 ppm AgNO3 for 30 minutes and placing them in various dilutions of bacterial suspensions extended flower life and greatly reduced bacterial counts in the holding solution. Passing these suspensions through Millipore filters (0.45 μm) resulted in filtrates devoid of microorganisms which also reduced flower life and increased the water deficit of the petals. Silver counteracted the damaging effects of these filtrates.
Effect of Nitrogen Source and Rate on Composted Hardwood Bark Media and Subsequent Growth of Cotoneaster1
Authors: Sterrett Susan B. , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Carbon-nitrogen relationships and pH of 2 milled hardwood bark-amended media were influenced similarly by 3 N sources, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and Ca(NO3)2 incorporated at 0, 0.89 and 1.78 kg/m3 prior to composting. Nitrogen source did not affect overall growth; however dry weight and growth index of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid cv. Royal Beauty increased with increasing N rate. Source and rate of N had little effect on the foliar analysis, and all values were within the acceptable range for woody ornamentals.
Genotypic Variation for Flavor and Composition in Fresh Market Tomatoes1
Authors: Allen Stevens M. , Kader Adel A. , Albright-Holton Marjorie , Algazi Margaret
Published: August 2022

Sugars, acids and their interactions were important to sourness, sweetness, and overall flavor intensity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Fructose and citric acid were more important to sweetness and sourness than glucose and malic acid, respectively. The pH was a better objective measure of sourness than titratable acidity. An interaction between glucose and citric acid on sweetness was observed. Quantitative differences in 11 volatile compounds were found among the cultivars. Several of these volatiles were significantly related to variation in the flavor characteristics studied. Three compounds (peaks (20–21), 51, and 75) appeared to be more important to the “tomato-like” character.
Intercultivar Variation in Composition of Locular and Pericarp Portions of Fresh Market Tomatoes1
Authors: Allen Stevens M. , Kader Adel A. , Albright-Holton Marjorie
Published: August 2022

Locular content ranged between 14.4 and 35.0% among 7 cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): ‘Calmart’, ‘Cal Ace’, ‘Ace 55’, ‘Early Pak 7’, ‘Earliana’, ‘Rick High Sugar’, and ‘Cherry’. There was a strong negative correlation between fruit weight and percent locular tissue. Based on means of all cultivars, the pericarp portion contained about 20% more reducing sugars and 36% more glucose than the locular portion. No significant differences in soluble solids content or fructose concentration were noted. The locular portion had 48 and 57% higher titratable acidity and citric acid, respectively, than the pericarp, but no differences in malic acid concentration or pH were observed. Cultivars with large locular portion and with high concentration of acids and sugars are those which have previously been found to be of good flavor quality.
Sources of Resistance to Pierce’s Disease in Vitis1
Authors: Mortensen J. A. , Stover L. H. , Balerdi C. F.
Published: August 2022

Under conditions favoring Pierce’s disease (PD) infection in the vineyards at Leesburg, Florida, 222 Euvitis scion clones, 60 Muscadinia clones, and 49 Euvitis rootstock clones were grown and observed for PD symptoms for 8 or more years. There were 21 PD-resistant scion clones, 20 of which derived their resistance from 1 or more of 4 species: Vitis smalliana Bailey, V. simpsoni Munson, V. shuttleworthi House, and V. aestivalis Michx. There were 22 PD-resistant Muscadinia clones, predominantly of V. rotundifolia Michx. background. There were 15 Euvitis rootstock clones with resistance derived from one of six native species: V. candicans Engelm., V. champini Planch., V. cordifolia Michx., V. shuttleworthi, V. simpsoni, and V. smalliana.
An Assessment of the Susceptibility of Various Walnut Cultivars to Deep Bark Canker1
Authors: Kado C. I. , Dutra J. C. , Moller W. J. , Ramos D. E.
Published: August 2022

Quantitative assessments of the degree of susceptibility to experimental infection by Erwinia rubrifaciens Wilson et al. were made on 54 cultivars of Juglans regia L., J. hindsii Jepson, and J. nigra L. on J. hindsii and Paradox rootstocks. Forty-five of the 54 cultivars were susceptible and developed symptoms characteristic of deep bark canker. On Paradox rootstock, ‘Pioneer,’ ‘Early Erhardt,’ ‘Willson-Franquette,’ ‘Sinensisy5,’ ‘Conway-Mayette,’ ‘Scharsch-Franquette,’ ‘Meylan,’ and ‘Sinensis-7’ showed canker extension rates greater than ‘Hartley’; whereas, on J. hindsii rootstock only ‘Sinensis-5’ and ‘Sinensis-7’ showed canker extension rates greater than ‘Hartley.’ All cultivars were ranked into 4 susceptibility groups according to their rates of canker extension: group I (0 mm/day), group II (0.01 to 0.10 mm/day), group III (0.101 to 0.200 mm/day) and group IV (0.201 to 1.0 or greater mm/day). Of 54 cultivars only 8 ranked in group I (non-susceptible); 28 ranked in group II (dry-canker types); 11 ranked in group III (moderately susceptible); and 7 ranked in group IV (highly susceptible). ‘Hartley,’ the only cultivar commonly associated with the disease in commercial plantings ranked in group IV. Cultivars of either J. hindsii or J. nigra were ranked in group I. Erwinia rubrifaciens was recovered from 45 of 54 cultivars, 14 months after experimental inoculation and 23 of 54 cultivars after 26 months. The pathogenic bacterium was recovered from cultivars of group I (that displayed no visible symptoms). It is hypothesized that natural populations of J. hindsii and J. nigra may harbor E. rubrifaciens and may have been the original inoculum source.
Effect of Ethephon, Diphenylamine, and Daminozide on the Incidence of Scald Development on ‘Cortland’ Apples1
Authors: Windus Norman D. , Shutak V. G.
Published: August 2022

Preharvest sprays of (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and postharvest dips of diphenylamine (DPA) were evaluated for their effects on scald development of ‘Cortland’ apples (Malus domestica Bork.) The total number of scalded fruit and the severity of scald were increased in all years by ethephon treatments. Daminozide treatments reduced scald incidence and severity either alone or in combination with ethephon. DPA dips (2000 ppm) resulted in best scald control. It is postulated that advanced ripeness of the fruit due to ethephon contributed to increased scald incidence.
Leaf Anatomy of Petunia in Relation to Pollution Damage1
Authors: Uhring Joseph
Published: August 2022

Anatomical observations were made on 2 petunia cultivars of Petunia hybrida Vilm., one ozone and sulfur dioxide susceptible and the other moderately tolerant with leaf cross and paradermal sections made from collections taken 4 hours to 30 days following fumigation. Disintegration of the circular chloroplast bodies into one homogenous mass was the first visible symptom of internal cell damage. Initially, O3 affected chloroplasts in palisade cells while SO2 affected chloroplasts in spongy cells. Plasmolysis, aggregation of cytoplasmic contents, and disintegration of nuclei occurred. Damage from SO2 proceeded more rapidly and was more extensive than that from O3; all cell components were destroyed over larger areas. Foliar sprays of succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl-hydrazide (daminozide) or benomyl soil drenches were applied 1 week before fumigation. Microscopic observations indicated that mesophyll tissue in both daminozide and benomyl treatments resembled to some degree the compact tissue typical of young, insensitive leaves.
Morphology and Surface Topography of Pollen and Anthers of Pyrus Species1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Challice J. S.
Published: August 2022

A survey of 18 pear species using the scanning electron microscope showed considerable variability in the size, shape and surface topography of both anthers and pollen grains. The size, shape and surface topography of anthers or anther cells did not vary directly with the size, shape and topography of pollen from the same species. The degree of similarity of individual features among species did not seem to coincide with their geographic distribution. However, the combination of pollen and anther features was unique for each species, indicating their value for taxonomic identification.
Interspecific Hybridization between Mung Bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) and Adzuki Bean (V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi)1
Authors: Ahn Chang Soon , Hartmann Richard W.
Published: August 2022

Interspecific hybridization between Vigna radiata and V. angularis is reported for the first time. Two hybrids developed from embryos which were excised from immature seeds of V. radiata and cultured on artificial medium. The plants flowered early and continuously until death. No seeds were produced. Mean pairing at metaphase I was 2.39II + 17.22I (2n = 22).
Composition and Flavor Quality of Fresh Market Tomatoes as Influenced by Some Postharvest Handling Procedures1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Morris Leonard L. , Stevens M. Allen , Albright-Holton Marjorie
Published: August 2022

Sensory evaluations and chemical analyses were used to investigate the effects of various postharvest handling procedures on composition and flavor quality of ‘Cal Ace’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) harvested at the mature-green and light-pink stages. Ethylene treatment to speed ripening of green tomatoes at 20°C resulted in a higher reduced ascorbic acid content at the table-ripe stage and did not influence flavor when compared with fruits ripened without added ethylene. Using a low-O2 atmosphere to retard ripening had less of an effect on flavor than stage of ripeness at harvest. No differences were found between fruits where ripening was delayed by using 4% O2-atmosphere at 20° or by using low temperature (12.5°). Exposing fruits to 5° for 7 days before ripening at 20° affected flavor; i.e., chilled fruits were more acid. Above the chilling range (0-12.5°); duration of holding after harvest was more important than storage temperature. Lower holding periods resulted in loss of characteristic “tomato-like” flavor and development of “off-flavors.” Mature-green fruits, ripened at 20° under restricted air flow, had increased “off-flavors” when compared to those ripened under accelerated air exchange. Light-pink fruits subjected to impact bruising before ripening had more “off-flavor” and less “tomatolike” flavor than those without physical damage. Quantitative differences in a few volatile components were found with certain treatments, but no qualitative differences were detected and there was no significant difference in total volatile content among any of the treatments tested.
Influence of Irrigation and Environmental Factors on Grapefruit Acidity1
Authors: Levy Y. , Bar-Akiva A. , Vaadia Y.
Published: August 2022

Summer water stress in grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees caused high titratable acidity levels during the winter. The after effect of water stress lasted up to 6 months. Brief sudden rises in acidity during the winter were correlated with short durations of relatively high day temperatures. Such episodes did not affect the percentage total soluble solids.
Ethylene in Fruits of Blackberry and Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Lipe John A.
Published: August 2022

‘Humble’ blackberry (Rubus arvenis Bailey) extractable ethylene content reached more than 7.0 mg/liter shortly after full bloom and dropped to well under 1.0 mg/liter for the remainder of fruit development. The low ethylene levels during the latter stages of fruit development suggests that blackberries are nonclimacteric. ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) extractable ethylene was more than 5.0 mg/liter approximately 2 weeks after bloom, declined to near 1.0 mg/liter during green fruit development and peaked at 3.7 mg/liter in reddish-green (ripening) berries. The increased level of ethylene in ripening fruits suggests that rabbiteye blueberries are climacteric.
Measurement and Variation of Sugar Concentration of Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: McCreight J. D. , Lower R. L. , Pharr D. M.
Published: August 2022

Aqueous extracts of thawed, transverse slices of cucumber fruit (Cucumis sativus L.) gave reliable measurements of reducing sugar and total carbohydrate concentrations. Fruit fresh weight increased throughout a 20-day sampling period, averaging 0.6, 13.4, and 389 g at anthesis, 5, and 20 days after anthesis, respectively. Reducing sugar and total carbohydrate concentrations were highly correlated (r=.97), but were not correlated with fruit fresh weight (r=.40) or commercial fruit size (r=.52). Reducing sugar concentration at anthesis averaged 6.3 mg/g fresh weight and increased to a plateau averaging 22.7 mg/g from 5 to 20 days after anthesis. Reducing sugar concentration of 585 plant introductions and cultivars ranged from 7.1 to 52.8 mg/g and averaged 31.1 and 22.6 mg/g at 2 harvest dates.
Nondestructive Sonic Resonance and the Texture of Apples1
Authors: Finney E. E. , Abbott J. A. , Watada A. E. , Massie D. R.
Published: August 2022

The sonic vibration characteristics of 5 major apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were evaluated. The resonant frequency (f) and the mass (m) of individual intact apples were measured over 4 weekly harvests and again after 2½ and 5 months in storage. A nondestructive index of firmness, f2m, for each apple was calculated and compared with other measures of fruit texture. The f2m index was directly correlated with Magness-Taylor pressure test measurements of firmness and with sensory ratings of crispness, juiciness, and firmness, especially crispness. It was inversely related to mealiness. Correlations were affected by differences among cultivars; results were best and most consistent for ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Ascorbic Acid Content, Drained Weight and Color of Fresh and Processed ‘Rainer’ Cherries1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Carter G. H. , Nelson J. W.
Published: August 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA) applied at 20 ppm 4−6 weeks before harvest increased the ascorbic acid content of fresh and processed ‘Rainier’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) while also increasing fruit size and yellow color. Anthocyanin content was also reduced. GA treated fruit rated higher according to USDA processed fruit grades. Ascorbic acid content did not change with maturity. There was no interaction between GA and maturity on ascorbic acid content (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), applied at 500 ppm 1 to 3 weeks before harvest, reduced fruit size compared with untreated fruit. Fruit treated with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) at 2000 ppm 2 weeks after full bloom reduced the weight per fruit after processing but not before processing. This was reflected in a greater loss in drained weight. Daminozide increased anthocyanin content and reduced yellow and green color of fresh fruit.
Analysis of Demand for Potted Chrysanthemums in Supermarkets1
Authors: Robertson J. L. , Hahn D. E.
Published: August 2022

The demand structure for potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) was determined in a Columbus supermarket chain during an 8 week autumn period. Results indicated that the demand for 10 cm and 12½ cm potted chrysanthemums was elastic with respect to price when merchandised in a high consumer traffic retail outlet. Demand for potted chrysanthemums was found to be somewhat inelastic at Thanksgiving and more sensitive to price decreases than price increases. Fifteen cm potted chrysanthemums were found to be less sensitive to price and impulse purchasing.
Influence of Irrigation, Pruning Severity, and Nitrogen on Yield and Quality of ‘Concord’ Grapes in Arkansas1
Authors: Spayd S. E. , Morris J. R.
Published: August 2022

When vines of ‘Concord’ (Vitis labrusca, L.) trained to the Geneva Double Curtain were irrigated or pruned to 60+10 nodes/vine, yield was increased with some sacrifice in juice quality, as indicated by lower % soluble solids and poorer juice color. High quality juice was obtained from fruit from 60+10 irrigated vines, the highest yielding treatment, when harvest was delayed 10 to 14 days. Level of nitrogen fertilization did not affect yield, % soluble solids, or juice color. Irrigation was the only experimental variable affecting vine size. High yields from irrigated and 60+10 vines found in this study indicated that the fruiting potential of the ‘Concord’ grapevine in Arkansas has not been fully exploited.
The Prevention of Chilling Injury, Weight Loss Reduction, and Ripening Retardation in Banana1
Authors: Jones R. L. , Freebairn Hugh T. , McDonnell J. F.
Published: August 2022

Sixty-two agents were tested for their ability to prevent chilling injury of bananas (Musa sapientum L.). Postharvest treatment of dimethylpolysiloxane, safflower oil, and mineral oil were effective in preventing underpeel discoloration of banana from up to a 48 hr treatment at 9°C (48°F). Increased shelf life and decreased water loss occurred after treatment.
Effects of Apple Rootstock, Tree Spacing, and Cultivar on Fruit and Tree Size, Yield, and Foliar Mineral Composition1
Authors: Schneider G. W. , Chaplin C. E. , Martin D. C.
Published: August 2022

The influence of 3 spacings, 4 rootstocks, and 2 cultivars of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on yield, fruit and tree size and mineral composition of leaves during the 3rd through the 6th year of growth in the orchard were investigated. Scion cultivar had the greatest effect on mineral composition; all elements except manganese were significantly different in the 2 spur-type cultivars (‘Goldenspur’ and ‘Redspur’). Trees on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 rootstock produced larger yields than those on other rootstocks, and the foliage was usually among the highest in respect to each nutrient measured. Closely spaced trees had smaller fruit and the least amount of foliar P and K but Ca, Mg, and Mn were high in the same trees.
Economic Feasibility of Over-tree Misting for Bloom Delay in Apples and Peaches1
Authors: Robertson Jerry L. , Stang Elden J.
Published: August 2022

A computer simulation was developed to analyze the economic feasibility of over-tree misting based on the interrelationships of daily temperature, bud development and corresponding effects of low temperature on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) flower bud kill in Ohio. Utilizing historical temperature data from 1940 through 1972, a revised model for estimating rest and bud development was constructed and the probability and extent of bud kill was simulated. Model validity was tested utilizing 1973-1976 temperature data. Using the 1940 to 1976 period, it was evident that the risk of substantial losses in revenue was reduced when over-tree misting was employed in all Ohio locations. Potential economic returns of the over-tree misting technology were greater for peaches than apples. Need for this risk reduction varies geographically in Ohio for apples and to a lesser extent for peaches.
Seed Index, an Estimate of Snap Bean Quality1
Authors: Silbernagel M. J. , Drake S. R.
Published: August 2022

A “seed index” based on the product of seed weight by length was positively correlated with the fiber development of large- and medium-sieved snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) whether fresh or canned. Fresh seed index values which are easier to measure than fiber, can be used to estimate canned product quality rapidly and inexpensively. It is suggested that cultivars be compared for yield, days and/or heat units to harvest maturity, sieve size distribution and quality when at least 95% of the harvested pods are within fancy Grade as determined by the seed index.
Split-pit in Peaches and Nutrient Levels1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G.
Published: August 2022

Analysis of normal and split-pit fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) both glasshouse and field grown, failed to show any consistent relationship between nutrient levels and the presence or severity of the disorder over a 3-year period. Differences in Ca and B concentrations in gravel culture did not affect pit splitting. In the glasshouse experiment B was always higher in split-pit fruit but for field grown fruit this relationship did not hold. P, K, Ca, Mg and B were uniformly distributed throughout the fruit flesh.