bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in total joint replacement in small animals
Authors: Allen M. J.
Published: August 2012

Total joint replacement is now considered a routine surgical option for small animals with advanced joint disease. This review highlights the current state of the art in total hip, elbow and knee replacement in small animals, as well as the potential for application to other joints such as the intervertebral discs, hock and shoulder. Advances in cementless fixation, the use of less‐invasive, bone‐sparing procedures, and the development of custom implant options for revision surgery and oncologic reconstruction will be discussed. As growth in this field continues, it is important that future developments in total joint replacement are built on a foundation of detailed laboratory evaluation of new implant designs and surgical techniques, objective assessment of clinical outcomes, and a comprehensive, coordinated retrieval program that evaluates both well‐functioning and failed joint replacements.
Childhood obesity and sleep: relatives, partners, or both?—a critical perspective on the evidence
Authors: Gozal David , Kheirandish‐Gozal Leila
Published: August 2012

In modern life, children are unlikely to obtain sufficient or regular sleep and waking schedules. Inadequate sleep affects the regulation of homeostatic and hormonal systems underlying somatic growth, maturation, and bioenergetics. Therefore, assessments of the obesogenic lifestyle, including as dietary and physical activity, need to be coupled with accurate evaluation of sleep quality and quantity, and coexistence of sleep apnea. Inclusion of sleep as an integral component of research studies on childhood obesity should be done as part of the study planning process. Although parents and health professionals have quantified normal patterns of activities in children, sleep has been almost completely overlooked. As sleep duration in children appears to have declined, reciprocal obesity rates have increased. Also, increases in pediatric obesity rates have markedly increased the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children. Obesity and OSAS share common pathways underlying end‐organ morbidity, potentially leading to reciprocal amplificatory effects. The relative paucity of data on the topics covered in the perspective below should serve as a major incentive toward future research on these critically important concepts.
Review of the Application of Garlic, Allium sativum, in Aquaculture
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Yeol , Gao Yang
Published: August 2012

The extensive use of antibiotics and various chemical compounds has resulted in drug residue and resistant pathogens in treated fish. Drug residue not only pollutes the environment, but also threatens human consumers. In contrast, garlic as a well‐known natural antibiotic that causes no environmental or physical side effects has shown to be effective for the treatment of many diseases in humans and animals owing to its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antihypertensive properties. In aquacultural operations, garlic with dose optimization is strongly recommended. This review focuses on the application of garlic in various fish diseases treatments and the prospects of using garlic preparations in aquaculture.
Quantitative and Qualitative Aspects of Bacterial Communities Associated with Cultures of Chlorella minutissima
Authors: Makridis Pavlos , Ferreira Tania , Kokou Fotini , Tsigenopoulos Costas S. , Divanach Pascal
Published: August 2012

Microbiological conditions in 200 L cultures of microalgae Chlorella minutissima in polyethylene sleeves were examined. The influence of addition of antibiotic (nitrofurantoin) was studied. Samples were taken 2, 5, 9, and 14 d after inoculation and were spread on solid Zobell medium and on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar for the enumeration of total numbers of bacteria and numbers of presumptive Vibrio bacteria, respectively. Microalgae grew well in the cultures and high numbers of culturable bacteria (about 107 bacteria/mL) were present in all microalgae cultures. Addition of antibiotic in 200‐L cultures of C. minutissima did not result in a significant decrease of total counts of bacteria per unit volume (P > 0.05), while the numbers of presumptive Vibrio were higher in cultures added antibiotic compared with the control treatment (P < 0.05). The numbers of presumptive Vibrio per unit volume and the percentage of fast‐growing bacteria were higher in microalgae supernatant than in noncentrifuged samples. Representative colonies were taken from all samples and in total 649 bacterial strains were isolated during this study. A range of phylotypes was identified by amplification and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Several members of the Roseobacter clade were dominant among the culturable isolates.
Effect of Varying Protein‐to‐Energy Ratios on Growth, Nutrient Retention, Somatic Indices, and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Singhi, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)
Authors: Khan Mukhtar A. , Abidi Shabi Fatma
Published: August 2012

Effects of varying protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratios on growth performance, nutrient retention, body composition, and digestive enzyme activities of Singhi, Heteropneustes fossilis (7.90 ± 0.40 g; 9.40 ± 0.20 cm) were evaluated. Six experimental diets (350Low, 350High, 400Low, 400High, 450Low, and 450High) in a 3 × 2 factorial design were formulated to contain three protein levels (350, 400, and 450 g/kg crude protein) and two energy levels (4.07 and 4.54 kcal/g gross energy [GE]) to provide six different dietary P/E ratios (86.1, 77, 98.3, 88, 110.6, and 99 mg protein/kcal GE). The diets were hand‐fed to triplicate groups of fish for 84 d to apparent satiation at two feeding frequencies. Live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention efficiency, energy retention efficiency, somatic indices, and digestive enzyme activities were maximized by the groups fed on 400 g/kg protein with 4.07 kcal/g GE in diet 400Low with a P/E ratio of 98.3 mg/kcal energy. The results indicate that 400 g/kg of dietary protein and 4.07 kcal/g of dietary GE with a P/E ratio of 98.3 mg protein/kcal energy is optimum for achieving efficient growth, feed conversion, and nutrient retention in H. fossilis.
Investigation on the Antioxidant Activity of Leaves, Peels, Stems Bark, and Kernel of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Sultana Bushra , Hussain Zaib , Asif Muhammad , Munir Adil
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Bioactive polyphenols, cartenoids, and anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables are receiving much attention because of their potential antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to determine antioxidant activity of leaves, peels, stem bark, and kernel of mango varieties langra and chonsa. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) in segments of langra ranged from 63.89 to 116.80 mg GAE/g DW and 45.56 to 90.89 mg CE/g DW, respectively, and that of chonsa were 69.24 to 122.60 mg GAE/g DW and 48.43 to 92.55 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and linoleic inhibition capacity in segments of langra ranged from 53.30% to 61.10% and 40.0% to 47.20%, respectively, whereas for chonsa; 56.40% to 66.0% and 48.1% to 49.0%, respectively. The reducing potentials of different segments of langra and chonsa at concentration of 10 mg/mL were 0.512 to 0.850 and 0.595 to 0.665 mV, respectively. Comparison between both varieties showed chonsa exhibited better antioxidant activity. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using completely randomised design (CRD) under factorial.
Iron–Lactoferrin Complex Reduces Iron‐Catalyzed Off‐flavor Formation in Powdered Milk with Added Fish Oil
Authors: Ueno Hiroshi M. , Shiota Makoto , Ueda Noriko , Isogai Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Toshiya
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The iron–lactoferrin complex (FeLf) is useful for dietary iron supplementation. However, the effects of FeLf on iron‐catalyzed off‐flavors in lipid‐containing food products have not been reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of FeLf on off‐flavors development during the production and storage of powdered milk with added fish oil. Powdered milk samples were formulated with FeLf or iron (II) sulfate, then stored at 37 °C for 5 mo. A sensory evaluation revealed that FeLf delayed the development of oxidized flavor and reduced metallic taste in the powdered milk compared with iron (II) sulfate. Headspace gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed that oxidized volatile compounds, such as pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, 1‐penten‐3‐one, (Z)‐4‐heptenal, (E, E)‐2,4‐heptadienal, and (E)‐2‐octenal, were less developed in the powdered milk containing FeLf than in that containing iron (II) sulfate. Iron and lactoferrin (Lf) were retained in the high‐molecular‐weight (>10000 Da) fraction of the reconstituted FeLf‐containing powdered milk after its manufacture and storage, whereas the antigenicity of Lf was lost after ultrahigh‐temperature processing at 120 °C for 5 s. These results suggest that FeLf reduces the iron‐catalyzed off‐flavors that develop during the production and storage of powdered milk. The stable iron‐holding property of FeLf contributes to the inhibition of oxidized and metallic volatile formation, although the loss of Lf antigenicity did not affect the stability of FeLf and the iron‐catalyzed formation of off‐flavors in the powdered milk. Consequently, FeLf is a suitable candidate for the simultaneous supplementation of a single food with iron and fish oil.

Practical Application:  The supplementation of food products with iron and fish oil is a useful approach to redressing their inadequate intake in many populations. The iron–lactoferrin complex can protect food products against the off‐flavors caused by iron‐catalyzed lipid oxidation. Our results show that the iron–lactoferrin complex is useful for the simultaneous fortification of foods and nutraceuticals with iron and fish oil because this complex also reduces the formation of iron‐catalyzed off‐flavors in powdered milk enriched with fish oil.
Detection and Isolation of Low Levels of E. coli O157:H7 in Cilantro by Real‐Time PCR, Immunomagnetic Separation, and Cultural Methods with and without an Acid Treatment
Authors: Yoshitomi Ken J. , Jinneman Karen C. , Zapata Ruben , Weagant Stephen D. , Fedio Willis M.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Leafy greens such as cilantro, contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, have been implicated in cases of human illnesses. High levels of microflora in fresh cilantro make recovery of low numbers of E. coli O157:H7 difficult. To improve upon current methods, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) techniques in combination with real‐time PCR (RTiPCR) and selective enrichment protocols were examined. Rinsates were prepared from cilantro samples inoculated with low (∼0.02 CFU/g) and slightly higher (∼0.05 CFU/g) levels of E. coli O157:H7. Rinsate portions were enriched in modified buffered peptone water with pyruvate (mBPWp) for 5 h at 37 °C. After 5 h, selective agents were added to samples and further incubated at 42 °C overnight. Detection and recovery were attempted at 5 and 24 h with and without IMS. IMS beads were screened by RTiPCR for simultaneous detection of stx1, stx2, and uidA SNP. Additionally, broth cultures and IMS beads were streaked onto selective agar plates (Rainbow®agar, R&F®E. coli O157 Chromogenic medium, TC‐SMAC and CHROMagar™ 0157) for isolation of E. coli O157:H7. Both broth cultures and IMS beads were also acid treated in Trypticase Soy Broth pH 2 prior to plating to selective media to improve upon cultural recovery. Although E. coli O157 strains were detected in most samples by PCR after 5 h enrichment, cultural recovery was poor. However, after 24 h enrichment, both PCR and cultural recovery were improved. Acidification of the broths and the IMS beads prior to plating greatly improved recovery from 24 h enrichment broths by suppressing the growth of competing microorganisms.

Practical Application:  Detection and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh produce matrices (e.g., cilantro) can be complicated by high background microflora present in these foods. Rapid detection by molecular methods combined with effective enrichment and isolation procedures such as using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) techniques can quickly identify potential hazards to public health. Additional techniques such as acidification of enrichment broths can exploit acid resistance characteristics of pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, facilitating their isolation in complex food matrices.
Effect of High Pressure and Salt on Pork Meat Quality and Microstructure
Authors: Duranton Frédérique , Simonin Hélène , Chéret Romuald , Guillou Sandrine , de Lamballerie Marie
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The interaction of salt (0%, 1.5%, and 3% in the final product) and a high‐pressure treatment (500 MPa, 20 °C, 6 min) was investigated using pork biceps femoris muscle. The Warner‐Bratzler shear force and the water holding capacity (WHC) were assessed and linked to the microstructure evaluation by environmental scanning electronic microscopy (ESEM). Pressure‐treated and cooked samples showed a high Warner‐Bratzler shear force with a low WHC compared to control cooked samples. These negative effects could be linked to the general shrinkage of the structure as observed by ESEM. The addition of 1.5% salt was sufficient to improve the technological properties of the high‐pressure‐treated samples and to counteract the negative effect of high pressure on texture and WHC. This phenomenon could be linked to the breakdown in structure observed by ESEM. This study states that it is possible to produce pressurized pork products of good eating quality by adding limited salt levels.
The Effect of Temperature on the Color of Red Wines
Authors: Czibulya Zsuzsanna , Kollár László , Pour Nikfardjam Martin , Kunsági‐Máté Sándor
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  The effect of increased temperature on the color of red wines was studied due to its importance during storage and transport. The chemical reactions induced by elevated temperature were investigated by measuring the UV‐VIS spectra. The temperature of the wines was increased from its common storage temperature (about 14 °C) to higher temperatures (t= 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C) and the UV/VIS spectra were recorded during several hours. The spectral changes obtained indicate the presence of quasi‐first‐order chemical processes justifying determination of the activation energies using their temperature dependence. The determined decay values (Villányi Portugieser: EVPa,420 nm= 90.02 kJ/mol, EVPa,520 nm= 34.18 kJ/mol, EVPa,620 nm= 54.55 kJ/mol; half‐life values of 46.5 d [25 °C] and 9.5 d [35 °C] at 420 nm; 4.67 d [25 °C] and 2.0 d [35 °C] at 520 nm; 9.5 d [25 °C] and 2.4 d [35 °C] at 620 nm; Bikatory wine: EBka,420 nm= 82.07 kJ/mol and half‐life values of 41.35 d [25 °C] and 4.001 d [35 °C] at 420 nm) of these reactions highlight a considerable change in the quality of wines stored for a few hours at elevated temperatures. Depending on polyphenol composition the wines show different half‐life with regard to their color stability and browning reactions. Higher polyphenolic content helps to stabilize the wine against detrimental temperature effects.

Practical Application:  This research can be applicable to estimate the optimal temperature of red wines during storage and transport.
Effect of Purified Oat β‐Glucan on Fermentation of Set‐Style Yogurt Mix*
Authors: Singh Mukti , Kim Sanghoon , Liu Sean X.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Effect of oat β‐glucan on the fermentation of set‐style yogurt was investigated by incorporating 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% of purified oat β‐glucan into the yogurt mix. It was found that levels up to 0.3% resulted in yogurts with quality characteristics similar to the control yogurt. Higher levels of β‐glucan however retarded the fermentation process with noticeable difference in the characteristics of the yogurt. Examination of the morphologies of yogurt with and without β‐glucan revealed that β‐glucan formed aggregates with casein micelle and did not form phase‐separated domains. This research demonstrated that β‐glucan could be added to yogurt up to 0.3%, which meets the nutrient guidelines, to have added nutritional benefits.

Practical Application:  Yogurt is known for its beneficial effects on human health and nutrition. Yogurt production and consumption is increasing in the United States every year. However, it is lacking in β‐glucans, which are recognized for their nutritional importance as functional bioactive ingredients. The main objective was to develop and characterize low‐fat yogurts with added β‐glucan. This research demonstrated that β‐glucan could be added to yogurt up to 0.3%, which meets the nutrient guidelines for added nutritional benefits, without affecting the characteristics of yogurt significantly. This study will benefit the dairy industry by generating new products offering healthy alternatives.
Memory Outcomes Following Selective Versus Nonselective Temporal Lobe Removal: A Systematic Review
Authors: Girgis Fady
Published: August 2012

The surgical removal of brain tissue for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy can be either nonselective, as with an anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL), or selective, as with a selective amygdalohippocampectomy (SAH). Although seizure outcomes are similar with both procedures, cognitive and memory outcomes remain a matter of debate. This study aims to evaluate current evidence with regard to memory outcomes in ATL and SAH. A systematic literature review was conducted combining the search term “memory” with each of the search terms “temporal lobe epilepsy surgery,”“anterior temporal lobectomy,” and “amygdalohippocampectomy,” with articles from 1995 to November 2011 included. A total of 27 articles met the inclusion criteria. These were compared using statistically significant outcomes from validated neuropsychological tests assessing verbal and visual memory. Analysis revealed that verbal memory decline is significantly associated with left ATL, while visual memory decline is significantly associated with right ATL. Evidence for memory outcomes in SAH, however, was inconclusive, as studies failed to show a consistent pattern with regard to type of memory decline and side of surgery. Surgery of the left temporal lobe relates to verbal memory decline, while surgery of the right temporal lobe relates to visual memory decline. Despite this generality, however, further research is necessary to determine the superiority of selective versus nonselective temporal surgical methods in regard to these memory outcomes and their effects on learning.
Validation of an automated chromogenic assay of potency of factor VIII in commercial concentrates
Authors: Collazo V. , Alonso C. , Frutos G.
Published: August 2012

The determination of factor VIII (FVIII) potency in FVIII concentrates can be performed using both manual and automated methods. This work aimed to validate the use of the chromogenic kit Coamatic® FVIII (Chromogenix) on the automated ACL® Elite PRO analyzer for evaluating the potency of FVIII in commercial preparations in pharmaceutical analytical laboratories. After setting the activation and reading times to 2 min and 3 min, respectively, the validation parameters, according to the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline Q2 (R1), were as follows: linearity, expressed by the adjusted model: log (Absorbance) = 1.848 + 0.777∙log (Concentration), with r2 = 0.998; accuracy was verified (P‐value = 0.6959); and the coefficient of variation for repeatability and intermediate precision was ≤6.5%. The Coamatic® FVIII kit method has been adapted to the ACL Elite PRO analyzer with improved performance compared with a manual microplate method.
Discrepancy Between Tonometric Ambulatory and Cuff‐Based Office Blood Pressure Measurements in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Theilade Simone , Lajer Maria , Joergensen Christel , Persson Frederik , Rossing Peter
Published: August 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:686–693. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The aim of the current study was to compare ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) with office blood pressure (OBP) in diagnosing hypertension (HTN) in type 1 diabetes. The cross‐sectional study included 569 type 1 diabetes patients, with a mean±standard deviation (SD) age of 55±13 years and diabetes duration of 33±16 years, and 315 (55%) men. Blood pressure ≥130/80 mm Hg defined HTN. ABP was measured by tonometry and OBP by sphygmomanometry. Elevated ABP with normal OBP defined masked uncontrolled HTN, and normal ABP with elevated OBP defined isolated uncontrolled clinic HTN. Mean±SD 24‐hour ABP, daytime ABP, and OBP was 128±16/75±10 mm Hg, 133±16/77±11 mm Hg, and 136±14/76±8 mm Hg, respectively (P<.001). With 24‐hour and daytime ABP, HTN was present in 256 (45%) and 304 (53%) patients; normal BP in 102 (18%) and 88 (15%) patients; isolated uncontrolled clinic HTN in 154 (27%) and 104 (%) patients; and masked uncontrolled HTN in 57 (10%) and 73 (13%) patients. Twenty‐four–hour ABP and OBP showed disagreement in diagnosing HTN in 211 (37%) patients. Daytime ABP and OBP disagreed in 177 (31%) patients. HTN by 24‐hour and daytime ABP was present in 313 (55%) and 377 (66%) patients. ABP measurements were well‐tolerated and successful in 98%. A total of 92% would volunteer for repeat measurements and 83% preferred the tonometry to conventional cuff‐based devices. In patients with type 1 diabetes, tonometric ABP measurements are feasible. ABP and OBP disagree in diagnosing HTN in 31% to 37% of patients. Furthermore, 55% to 66% of patients do not reach target BP of <130/80 mm Hg despite regular follow‐up.
Getting Comfortable as “Fish Out of Water”: Using Qualitative Research Methods Training to Enhance the Technical Capacity of Family Therapy Trainees
Authors: Charlés Laurie L. , Moebus Paula , Beechinor Lisa , Pearce Tyler , Putney Heather
Published: August 2012

This article describes a qualitative research methods training project undertaken in a COAMFTE‐accredited family therapy master’s‐level program. Graduate students were trained to collect research data for a qualitative study on the resilience of families displaced to the United States because of war and politically motivated violence in their country of origin. By involving trainees in a research project with refugees, the project was intended to address a gap in clinicians’ training, specific to the refugee population (Miller, Muzurovic, Worthington, Tipping, and Goldman, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2002; 72: 341). However, the training process was also a way to increase the students’ skills at interviewing in complex situations, develop their cultural sensitivity beyond awareness, enhance their capacity for routine self‐reflection, and introduce them to basic practices of qualitative research methodology. In this article, we focus on the students’ experience of the training and discuss the potential implications of their feedback for family therapy training.
Sensitivity of Thermal Habitat of a Trout Stream to Potential Climate Change, Wisconsin, United States1
Authors: Deitchman Richard , Loheide Steven P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract:  Airborne thermal remote sensing from four flights on a single day from a single‐engine airplane was used to collect thermal infrared data of a 10.47‐km reach of the upper East Branch Pecatonica River in southwest Wisconsin. The study uses a one‐dimensional stream temperature model calibrated with the longitudinal profiles of stream temperature created from the four thermal imaging flights and validated with three days of continuous stream temperature data from instream data loggers on the days surrounding the thermal remote‐sensing campaign. Model simulations were used to quantify the sensitivity of stream thermal habitat to increases in air and groundwater temperature and changes in base flow. The simulations indicate that stream temperatures may reach critical maximum thresholds for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) mortality, particularly if both air temperature increases and base flow declines. The approach demonstrates that thermal infrared data can greatly assist stream temperature model validation due to its high spatial resolution, and that this spatially continuous stream temperature data can be used to pinpoint spatial heterogeneity in groundwater inflow to streams. With this spatially distributed data on thermal heterogeneity and base‐flow accretion, stream temperature models considering various climate change scenarios are able to identify thermal refugia that will be critical for fisheries management under a changing climate.
Vitreoretinal interface in central serous choroidopathy: a retrospective case–control study
Authors: Theocharis Ioannis P. , Lima Luiz H.
Published: August 2012

Purpose:  To investigate the frequency and patterns of vitreoretinal adherence in central serous choroidopathy (CSC) using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) imaging and compare them with normal subject.

Methods:  A descriptive observational analytical retrospective case–control study. The study patients were split into non‐chronic and chronic CSC groups and compared with an age‐ and gender‐matched control group composed of healthy individuals without CSC. Five patterns of vitreoretinal adherence were defined: lacunae, partial posterior vitreous detachment (partial‐PVD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), focal vitreomacular adherence (VMA) and no recognizable pattern. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results:  One hundred and four eyes of 52 patients were included in this study. Forty‐eight eyes of 24 patients had chronic CSC and 56 eyes of 28 patients had non‐chronic CSC. The control group for chronic CSC included 96 normal eyes of 48 subjects, and the control group for non‐chronic CSC included one hundred and twelve normal eyes of 56 subjects. We found a recognizable pattern of the vitreoretinal interface (lacuna, partial‐PPV, VMA or ERM) more often in non‐chronic CSC (p = 0.0001, OR = 6.51 and CI = 2.71–15.62) and in chronic CSC patients (p = 0.001, OR = 4.05, CI: 1.77–9.57) than in normal subjects.

Conclusion:  The proportion of patterns of vitreoretinal adherence and interface found in CSC changes with age and manifests differently compared with normal eyes. The results indicate early changes in CSC patients younger than 40 years of old bilaterally.
Bats and Bacterial Pathogens: A Review
Authors: Mühldorfer K.
Published: August 2012

The occurrence of emerging infectious diseases and their relevance to human health has increased the interest in bats as potential reservoir hosts and vectors of zoonotic pathogens. But while previous and ongoing research activities predominantly focused on viral agents, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in bats and their impact on bat mortality have largely neglected. Enteric pathogens found in bats are often considered to originate from the bats’ diet and foraging habitats, despite the fact that little is known about the actual ecological context or even transmission cycles involving bats, humans and other animals like pets and livestock. For some bacterial pathogens common in human and animal diseases (e.g. Pasteurella, Salmonella, Escherichia and Yersinia spp.), the pathogenic potential has been confirmed for bats. Other bacterial pathogens (e.g. Bartonella, Borrelia and Leptospira spp.) provide evidence for novel species that seem to be specific for bat hosts but might also be of disease importance in humans and other animals. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of bacterial pathogens identified in bats and to consider factors that might influence the exposure and susceptibility of bats to bacterial infection but could also affect bacterial transmission rates between bats, humans and other animals.
Cytochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of blood cells and immunohistochemical analysis of spleen cells from 2 species of frog, Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana and Xenopus laevis
Authors: Bricker Nelson K. , Raskin Rose E. , Densmore Christine L.
Published: August 2012

Background

Mechanisms of amphibian diseases are not characterized as well as those in domestic mammalian species. Antemortem laboratory testing is limited in frogs, presenting a diagnostic challenge to zoos, laboratories, and exotic veterinarians.

Objective

This study aimed to characterize blood cells and splenic cells from 2 anuran species based on characteristics identified by Wright staining, cytochemical staining, and immunochemical analysis and on histologic examination of spleens.

Methods

Blood specimens and spleens were obtained from 2 species of frog, the American bullfrog (Rana [Aquarana] catesbeiana) and the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Blood smears were evaluated after Wright staining and cytochemical staining for α‐naphthyl butyrate esterase (NBE), chloroacetate esterase (CAE), myeloperoxidase (PER), Sudan black B (SBB), and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) reactions and for immunoreactivity for antibodies against CD3ε, CD79a, and BLA.36 antigens. Histologic sections of spleen were evaluated after staining with H&E and for immunoreactivity for CD3ε, CD79a, and BLA.36 antigens.

Results

In bullfrogs, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes were positive for some or all of the following: NBE, CAE, PER, and SBB; lymphocytes occasionally were positive for CAE. In clawed frogs, neutrophils, basophils, and monocytes were positive for some or all of the following: NBE, CAE, PER, and SBB; eosinophils occasionally were positive for CAE and PER, and lymphocytes were negative for all cytochemical stains. LAP was not a useful marker for any leukocyte type. In both species, peripheral blood lymphocytes were strongly immunoreactive for CD3ε, CD79a, and BLA.36. In splenic tissue, histologic patterns varied and there was diffuse immunoreactivity for CD79a and BLA.36 with focal reactivity for CD3ε, but with different distribution patterns in each species.

Conclusion

Cytochemical and immunochemical analysis of cells may be helpful in identification and characterization of amphibian blood cells and splenic cells for evaluation of the health of these animals.
Canine and feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity
Authors: Xenoulis Panagiotis G. , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: August 2012

The diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats can be challenging. Several diagnostic tests have been evaluated over the years, but the majority have been shown to be of limited utility owing to poor performance or limited availability or because invasive procedures are required. Assays for the measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLIfor dogs andfPLIfor cats) were first developed over a decade ago and now include SpeccPLand SNAPcPLfor dogs and SpecfPLand SNAPfPLfor cats. Owing to their high sensitivity and specificity for pancreatitis compared with those of other serum tests, concentrations ofcPLIandfPLIhave been demonstrated to be the serum tests of choice for evaluation of dogs and cats, respectively, suspected of having pancreatitis. False–positive and false–negative results can occur, and recognition of the limitations of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity assays is important. As there is currently no gold standard for antemortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs and cats, the combination of a complete history and physical examination, measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and ultrasonographic examination of the pancreas is the best approach for an accurate noninvasive diagnosis of pancreatitis.
Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) in Dogs: Reference Values and Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Pariaut R. , Saelinger C. , Strickland K.N. , Beaufrère H. , Reynolds C.A. , Vila J.
Published: August 2012

Background

The impact of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on right ventricular systolic function is difficult to assess. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is an echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular systolic function and a strong predictor of outcome in human PH patients.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Determine a reference range for TAPSE in healthy dogs, and quantify TAPSE in dogs with PH. It is hypothesized that TAPSE is lower in dogs with PH compared with a reference group, and decreases as PH worsens.

Animals

Fifty normal dogs and 30 dogs with PH.

Methods

TAPSE was measured by 2‐dimensional echocardiography‐guided M‐mode from the left apical 4‐chamber view. Peak systolic tricuspid valve regurgitation jet velocity was measured by continuous‐wave Doppler to estimate right ventricular‐to‐right atrial pressure gradient. PH was subjectively classified as mild, moderate, and severe.

Results

There was a curvilinear correlation between TAPSE and body weight. The upper and lower limits of the 95% reference interval were determined by quantile regression. Interobserver and intraobserver agreement was adequate with a coefficient of variation <10%. There were significant differences when comparing dogs with PH and the healthy group, as well as between the PH subgroups (P < .01), except between dogs with mild and moderate PH (P = .99). Only dogs in the severe PH group had TAPSE values that were mostly below the lower limit of the reference interval.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

TAPSE is easily obtainable with acceptable inter and intraobserver agreement. TAPSE is decreased in PH and below the reference interval in most dogs with severe PH.
Incidence, Nature, and Etiology of Metabolic Acidosis in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Hopper K. , Epstein S.E.
Published: August 2012

Background

Metabolic acidosis is an important abnormality in ill and injured dogs and cats.

Objectives

To describe the incidence, nature, and etiology of metabolic acidosis in dogs and cats that had arterial or venous blood gases measured for any reason at a university teaching hospital.

Animals

Dogs and cats at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.

Methods

Acid base parameters and electrolyte and lactate concentrations in dogs and cats measured during a 13‐month period were retrospectively retrieved from a computer database. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a standardized base excess (SBE) in dogs of <−4 mmol/L and in cats <−5 mmol/L.

Results

A total of 1,805 dogs and cats were included; of these, 887 (49%) were classified as having a metabolic acidosis (753 dogs and 134 cats). Primary metabolic acidosis was the most common disorder in dogs, whereas mixed acid base disorder of metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis was most common in cats. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was more common than a high anion gap (AG) metabolic acidosis; 25% of dogs and 34% of cats could not be classified as having either a hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis or a high AG metabolic acidosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Metabolic acidosis was found commonly in this patient population and was associated with a wide variety of disease processes. Mixed acid base disorders occur frequently and routine categorization of metabolic acidosis based on the presence of high AG or hyperchloremia may be misleading in a large proportion of cases.
Surface modifications of comet‐exposed aerogel from the Stardust cometary collector
Authors: BECHTEL Hans A. , GAINSFORTH Zack , OGLIORE Ryan C. , BAJT Saša , WESTPHAL Andrew J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract– Keystones removed from the Stardust cometary collector show varying degrees of visible fluorescence when exposed to UV light, with the brightest fluorescence associated with the space‐exposed surface. We investigated the spatial characteristics of this phenomenon further by using fluorescence microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, and synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy. Twenty‐four keystones, extracted from the Stardust cometary collector, were analyzed. Fluorescence measurements show two distributions with different excitation characteristics, indicating the presence of at least two distinct fluorophores. The first distribution is confined to within about 10 μm of the space‐exposed surface, whereas the second distribution is much broader with a maximum that is typically about 30–50 μm below the surface. Confocal Raman measurements did not reveal any changes associated with the surface; however, only features associated with aliphatic hydrocarbons were strong enough to be observed. FTIR measurements, on the other hand, show two distinct distributions at the space‐exposed surface: (1) a narrow, surface‐confined distribution originating from −O3SiH groups and (2) a broader, sub‐surface distribution originating from −O2SiH2 groups. These functional groups were not observed in keystones extracted from the cometary flight spare or from the Stardust interstellar collector, indicating that they may result at least partially from cometary exposure. The presence of O3SiH and O2SiH2 groups at the comet‐exposed surface suggests that the enhanced surface fluorescence is caused by defects in the O‐Si‐O network and not by organic contamination.
Co-nanoencapsulated doxorubicin and Dz13 control osteosarcoma progression in a murine model
Authors: Tan Mei Lin , Friedhuber Anna M , Dass Crispin R
Published: August 2012

Objectives

Chitosan is a green (natural, abundant, biodegradable, biocompatible) biopolymer that can be formulated to encapsulate a variety of therapeutic compounds. This study aimed to investigate chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) as a means of improving delivery of the clinically used anti-cancer agent doxorubicin (Dox) and the preclinical lead compound Dz13 oligonucleotide together.

Methods

A novel chitosan NP system encapsulating Dox and Dz13 was designed, biophysically characterised and tested in a clinically relevant model of the metastasising bone tumour, osteosarcoma (OS).

Key findings

By careful alteration of the concentration of the individual components, a final formulation of Dz13-Dox NPs (DDNPs) was achieved, with high (>91%) loading of both compounds, which consisted of individual 50-nm particles forming aggregates as large as 500 nm, with a large positive ζ-potential. The DDNPs could be stored at various temperatures for a week without loss in activity but were prone to degradation in serum. DDNPs successfully inhibited OS tumour growth more effectively than treatment with NPs of Dz13 and Dox-chitosan, as well as Dox administered intraperitoneally. Apart from inhibiting tumour growth, DDNPs protected the affected bone from substantial destruction by aggressive tumour growth and reduced the incidence of metastasis to the lungs without causing adverse effects in mice.

Conclusion

This NP is a promising formulation that could be useful for clinical management of OS.
Proposed mechanisms for homeopathy are physically impossible
Authors: Grimes David Robert
Published: August 2012

Background  Homeopathy is a system of complementary and alternative medicine based on a belief that a malady can be treated by the administration of an extreme dilution of an agent thought to cause the physical signs of that malady. Homeopathy enjoys popular support from the general public and advocates of alternative medicine, but most large‐scale clinical trials show no homeopathy to be no more effective than placebo treatment.

Objectives  To explore the chemical and physical plausibility of homeopathic treatments.

Methods  Homeopathic claims were put into a physical context and analysed using the laws of basic physics and chemistry.

Results  Through the laws of physics, homeopathic medicines appear to have zero chance of containing any biologically active component. Evidence from physical chemistry also rules out the plausibility of mechanisms such as water memory.

Conclusions  The proposed mechanisms of homeopathy are shown to be implausible when analysed from a physical and chemical perspective, and thus it is of no surprise that the biological effects of homeopathy cannot be measured in large‐scale clinical trials.
Homeopathy is as effective as fluoxetine in depression
Authors: Fisher P
Published: August 2012

Adler UC, Paiva NMP, Cesar AT, Adler MS, Molina A, Padula AE, Calil HM.

Homeopathic individualized Q‐potencies versus fluoxetine for moderate to severe depression: double‐blind, randomized non‐inferiority trial.

Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011: 20182.
Benefits of early systemic antibiotics in localized aggressive periodontitis: a retrospective study
Authors: Beliveau Dennis , Magnusson Ingvar , Bidwell John A. , Zapert Edward F. , Aukhil Ikramuddin , Wallet Shannon M. , Shaddox Luciana M.
Published: August 2012

Background

Treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) may include systemic antibiotics, yet it is unclear at what stage of treatment planning antibiotics are most effective.

Aim

This retrospective analysis compared immediate versus delayed antibiotic therapy on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) inflammatory mediators.

Material and Methods

At baseline, 3 months and 6 months after treatment, clinical parameters [probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BoP) and plaque] and GCF were collected from LAP participants, who received a 7‐day antibiotic regimen immediately (ImA) or 3 months following (DelA) mechanical therapy.

Results

Although both groups presented significant CAL reductions at 6 months, only ImA resulted in a reduction in mean PD at both 3 and 6 months, along with reductions in CAL and BoP at 3 months following therapy. In addition, GCF mediators were higher in DelA group at 3 months post mechanical treatment, but were significantly reduced 6 months following antibiotic therapy.

Conclusions

ImA and DelA regimens were both effective in improving CAL by 6 months post therapy. However, ImA allowed for better improvement in overall clinical parameters early in the course of treatment, concomitant with lower levels of inflammatory mediators within the GCF.
Treatment results of CO2 laser vaporisation in a cohort of 35 patients with oral leukoplakia
Authors: Brouns EREA , Baart JA , Karagozoglu KH , Aartman IHA , Bloemena E , van der Waal I
Published: August 2012

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the treatment results of CO2 laser vaporisation in a well‐defined cohort of patients with oral leukoplakia (OL).

Material and methods

The group consisted of 35 patients. Before treatment, a clinical photograph and an incisional biopsy were performed in all cases. Also posttreatment results were documented with clinical photographs. The assessment of the treatment results was performed by an independent clinician who had not performed the treatment. The mean follow‐up period was 61.9 months (range 12–179 months).

Results

In 14/35 patients, there was a recurrence between 1 and 43 months (mean 18.7 months), the annual recurrence rate being approximately 8%. In three of these patients, malignant transformation occurred at a later stage. In two other patients, a malignancy occurred without a prior recurrence. In altogether 5 of 35 patients, malignant transformation occurred in a mean period of 54 months, the annual malignant transformation rate being approximately 3%.

Conclusions

The results in the present study are worse than those reported in the literature, perhaps owing to the use of different diagnostic criteria for OL, differences in the employed laser technique and assessment of possible recurrences by an independent clinician.
Manassantin B inhibits melanosome transport in melanocytes by disrupting the melanophilin–myosin Va interaction
Authors: Chang Huikyoung , Choi Hyunjung , Joo Kyung‐Mi , Kim Daegun , Lee Tae Ryong
Published: August 2012

Human skin hyperpigmentation disorders occur when the synthesis and/or distribution of melanin increases. The distribution of melanin in the skin is achieved by melanosome transport and transfer. The transport of melanosomes, the organelles where melanin is made, in a melanocyte precedes the transfer of the melanosomes to a keratinocyte. Therefore, hyperpigmentation can be regulated by decreasing melanosome transport. In this study, we found that an extract of Saururus chinensis Baill (ESCB) and one of its components, manassantin B, inhibited melanosome transport in Melan‐a melanocytes and normal human melanocytes (NHMs). Manassantin B disturbed melanosome transport by disrupting the interaction between melanophilin and myosin Va. Manassantin B is neither a direct nor an indirect inhibitor of tyrosinase. The total melanin content was not reduced when melanosome transport was inhibited in a Melan‐a melanocyte monoculture by manassantin B. Manassantin B decreased melanin content only when Melan‐a melanocytes were co‐cultured with SP‐1 keratinocytes or stimulated by α‐MSH. Therefore, we propose that specific inhibitors of melanosome transport, such as manassantin B, are potential candidate or lead compounds for the development of agents to treat undesirable hyperpigmentation of the skin.
A State Space Thermal Model for HEV/EV Non-Linear and Time-Varying Battery Thermal Systems
Authors: Hu Xiao , Lin Shaohua , Stanton Scott , Lian Wenyu
Published: August 2012

Battery thermal management for high power applications such as electrical vehicle (EV) or hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) is crucial. Modeling is an indispensable tool to help engineers design better battery cooling systems. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used quite successfully for battery thermal management, CFD models can be too large and too slow for repeated transient thermal analysis, especially for a battery module or pack. A state space model based on CFD results can be used to replace the original CFD model. The state space model runs approximately two orders of magnitude faster and yet under some conditions obtains equivalent results as the original CFD model. The state space model is based on linear and time-invariant (LTI) system theory. The main limitation of the method is that the method applies strictly speaking to systems that satisfy both linearity and time invariance conditions. General battery cooling problems unfortunately do not strictly satisfy those two conditions. This paper examines quantitatively the amount of error involved if these two conditions are not met. It turns out that these conditions can be relaxed in some ways while preserving satisfactory results for non-linear and time-varying battery thermal systems. This paper also discusses non-linear curve fitting needed for the method.
Path Planning for Functionally Graded Materials in Hollow Tissue Scaffold Printing
Authors: Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: August 2012

This study proposes a new path planning methodology to control functionally graded materials in hollowed scaffold printing for tissue engineering. Based on ruled surface construction from our earlier work [1], ruling lines are postprocessed for continuous path planning with uniform material deposition. Besides, arc fitting is used to reduce over-deposition by enabling non-stop deposition at the sharp turns. Layer-by-layer deposition is progressed through consecutive layers of ruling line based zigzag pattern followed by a biarc fitted spiral pattern. Functionally graded material properties are then mapped based on parametric distances from hollow features.