bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Latin American Politics to Undergraduates in American Colleges and Universities
Authors: Arrarás Astrid
Published: November 2008

This essay examines how scholars teach Latin American Politics to undergraduate students in American colleges and universities. Based on an analysis of syllabi from Latin American politics survey courses, this article studies the themes, case studies, books, student participation techniques, multimedia, and online services used by teachers of Latin American Politics in the United States. The study shows some areas of consensus and disagreement among scholars. Scholars concur on what are the most frequently discussed themes and countries. Scholars tend to disagree on the required books and types of required student participation. Those who employ audiovisual materials tend to disagree less on their choice of videos. Last, an important number of scholars use online services in their Latin American Politics classes, although there are still others who do not.
Toleration after Babel: God‐Talk and the Politics of Reasonableness
Authors: Casson Douglas
Published: November 2008

The current debate over the place of religious claims in public discourse has, to a certain extent, become a battle over “reasonableness.” In the wake of the influential work of John Rawls, several prominent political theorists have argued that citizens have a moral duty to limit their political deliberation to a particular set of propositions that can be recognized as reasonable, while critics respond that such a limitation is not only impracticable, it is exclusionary. In this essay I return to Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration and Kant's Conflict of the Faculties in order to show that the continuing struggle over the place of religion in contemporary liberal society is not simply the result of a failure to apply a liberal doctrine with the proper rigor and precision. It is the inevitable consequence of the enduring presence of moral disagreement that an appeal to doctrine can neither transcend nor dispel.
Effects of Prohibition in Arkansas Counties
Authors: Stewart Patrick A. , Reese Catherine C. , Brewer Jeremy
Published: November 2008

Previous research has implied that alcohol availability affects the frequency of alcohol‐related crashes. This study uses multiple regression analysis to examine the influence of county‐level alcohol control policies on drug‐ and alcohol‐related arrest rates and related incidents in Arkansas. The research controls for such other county level variables that might affect alcohol related crashes as the number of law enforcement officers, median income, and population density. Findings suggest that prohibition policies do not play a systematic and significant role in reducing arrests and accidents. Further, the number of police officers per 1,000 residents is a more potent determinant of both adult and juvenile alcohol and drug arrest rates. Controlling access to alcohol may even have counterintuitive effects on behavior.
The County Boss in Statewide Elections: A Multivariate Analysis of Georgia's Bifactional Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , McClellan Jessica L.
Published: November 2008

Seven statewide elections from Georgia's bifactional era provide the setting for an examination of the impact of alleged boss‐controlled counties on election results. This examination, using multivariate techniques, tests propositions from V. O. Key (1949) and others who observed Georgia politics at mid‐century. Results show that counties reputed to be controlled by pro‐Talmadge bosses provided exceptional support for Eugene Talmadge's campaigns from 1932 — 1946 and that counties reputed to be controlled by anti‐Talmadge bosses provided strong support for the opposition during most of this period. Counties in which bosses were reputed to switch from faction to faction in order to back the winner proved significant only in gubernatorial contests in which there was little doubt about the outcome. When boss‐controlled counties are entered into the equations, friends and neighbors' politics and regional politics are less important. The urban‐rural differentiation does, however, remain significant.
Gene‐drive in age‐structured insect populations
Authors: Huang Yunxin , Lloyd Alun L. , Legros Mathieu , Gould Fred
Published: November 2008

To date, models of gene‐drive mechanisms proposed for replacing wild‐type mosquitoes with transgenic strains that cannot transmit diseases have assumed no age or mating structure. We developed a more detailed model to analyze the effects of age and mating‐related factors on the number of engineered insects that must be introduced into a wild population to achieve successful gene‐drive based on the Medea and engineered underdominance mechanisms. We found that models without age‐structure and mating details can substantially overestimate or underestimate the numbers of engineered insects that must be introduced. In general, introduction thresholds are lowest when young adults are introduced. When both males and females are introduced, assortative mating by age has little impact on the introduction threshold unless the introduced females have diminished reproductive ability because of their age. However, when only males are introduced, assortative mating by age is generally predicted to increase introduction thresholds. In most cases, introduction thresholds are much higher for male‐only introductions than for both‐sex introductions, but when mating is nearly random and the introduced insects are adults with Medea constructs, male‐only introductions can have somewhat lower thresholds than both‐sex introductions. Results from this model suggest specific parameters that should be measured in field experiments.
Elevated choroidal blood flow velocity during systemic corticosteroid therapy in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease
Authors: Hirose Shigeki , Saito Wataru , Yoshida Kazuhiko , Saito Michiyuki , Dong Zhenyu , Namba Kenichi , Satoh Hisao , Ohno Shigeaki
Published: November 2008

Purpose:  Laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) can be used to non‐invasively visualize the haemodynamics of choroidal circulation and the vascular pattern. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of LSFG to quantitatively evaluate blood flow velocity at the macula in patients with Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease before and after systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Methods:  Prednisolone (200 mg/day) was systemically administered in 10 VKH disease patients with serous retinal detachment at the macular area. The drug was gradually tapered to zero over a 6‐month period. Laser speckle flowgraphy measurements were taken in the 20 eyes of these patients at their initial visit and at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after the onset of therapy. Square blur rate (SBR), a quantitative index of relative blood flow velocity, was calculated using LSFG.

Results:  Serous retinal detachment resolved within 4 weeks after treatment and visual acuities improved to > 1.0 in almost all cases. There were significant increases in average SBR at the macula at 4 weeks after treatment compared with at 1 week after treatment, and also at 12 weeks after treatment compared with at 4 weeks after treatment.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that systemic corticosteroid therapy improves inflammation‐related impairment in choroidal blood flow velocity at the macula. Laser speckle flowgraphy can evaluate the effect of systemic corticosteroid therapy by enabling comparisons between measurements of blood flow velocity, which is considered to reflect inflammation activity in the choroid.
Structure of Near-Tip Stress Field and Variation of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack in a Transversely Graded Material
Authors: Wadgaonkar Sarveshwar C. , Parameswaran Venkitanarayanan
Published: November 2008

The existing studies on the behavior of cracks in continuously graded materials assume the elastic properties to vary in the plane of the crack. In the case of a plate graded along the thickness and having a crack in its plane, the elastic properties will vary along the crack front. The present study aims at investigating the effect of elastic gradients along the crack front on the structure of the near-tip stress fields in such transversely graded materials. The first four terms in the expansion of the stress field are obtained by the eigenfunction expansion approach (Hartranft and Sih, 1969, “The Use of Eigen Function Expansion in the General Solution of Three Dimensional Crack Problems,” J. Math. Mech., 19(2), pp. 123–138) assuming an exponential variation of the elastic modulus. The results of this part of the study indicated that for an opening mode crack, the angular structure of the first three terms in the stress field expansion corresponding to r(−1∕2), r0, and r1∕2 are identical to that given by Williams’s solution for homogeneous material (Williams, 1957, “On the Stress Distribution at the Base of a Stationary Crack,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 24, pp. 109–114). Transversely graded plates having exponential gradation of elastic modulus were prepared, and the stress intensity factor (SIF) on the compliant and stiffer face of the material was determined using strain gauges for an edge crack subjected to pure bending. The experimental results indicated that the SIF can vary as much as two times across the thickness for the gradation and loading considered in this study.
Effect of Poisson’s Ratio on Three-Dimensional Stress Distribution
Authors: Abdulaliyev Z. , Ataoglu S.
Published: November 2008

An examination of the effect of Poisson’s ratio on stress distribution is important to interpret the results of a stress-strain analysis by using experimental methods because the material of the model frequently has a different Poisson’s ratio from that of the prototype. In linear elasticity, the effect of Poisson’s ratio on three-dimensional stress distribution is theoretically explained for simply connected bodies by using static methods in this study. It is proven that the stress components are independent from Poisson’s ratio in sections of the body where the stress components arising are in equilibrium only with surface tractions. This result is useful in interpreting three-dimensional photoelasticity and other experiments and even in guiding the design.
Wrinkling of a Fiber-Reinforced Membrane
Authors: Shmoylova E. , Dorfmann A.
Published: November 2008

In this paper we investigate the response of fiber-reinforced cylindrical membranes subject to axisymmetric deformations. The membrane is considered as an incompressible material, and the phenomenon of wrinkling is taken into account by means of the relaxed energy function. Two cases are considered: transversely isotropic membranes, characterized by one family of fibers oriented in one direction, and orthotropic membranes, characterized by two family of fibers oriented in orthogonal directions. The strain-energy function is considered as the sum of two terms: The first term is associated with the isotropic properties of the base material, and the second term is used to introduce transverse isotropy or orthotropy in the mechanical response. We determine the mechanical response of the membrane as a function of fiber orientations for given boundary conditions. The objective is to find possible fiber orientations that make the membrane as stiff as possible for the given boundary conditions. Specifically, it is shown that for transversely isotropic membranes a unique fiber orientation exists, which does not affect the mechanical response, i.e., the overall behavior is identical to a nonreinforced membrane.
Nonlinear Feedback Dynamics in Fisheries: Analysis of the Deriso–Schnute Model
Authors: Tuljapurkar Shripad , Boe Carl , Wachter Kenneth W.
Published: November 2008

Fishery models of the Deriso–Schnute form are based on the dynamics of an age-structured population, together with a nonlinear stock–recruitment relationship. Cyclical dynamics are commonly observed in fisheries and have been attributed to feedback between stock and recruitment. In this paper, we do four things. First, we present analytical results on sustained oscillations driven by nonlinear recruitment. These results show explicitly how density dependence near equilibrium determines the character of sustained population oscillations. Second, we briefly characterize the dynamics of the Deriso–Schnute model when the density-dependent response becomes very strong. We find that the Deriso–Schnute model displays sustained, complex (probably chaotic) variability of large magnitude, but only typically when reproduction is concentrated at very few ages. Third, we dissect the nature of density dependence in recruitment, contrasting a "local" view that uses information about response to small variations in stock with a "global" view that uses a function such as Schnute's over the entire range of stock levels. Finally, we argue that the global approach leads to practical and theoretical difficulties and that a local view may be more biologically realistic.
Risk of Predation and Its Influence on the Relative Competitive Abilities of Two Species of Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Abrahams Mark V.
Published: November 2008

Experiments were conducted with fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) to determine whether their relative feeding rates were affected by risk of predation. Six groups of both species were observed foraging for food provided by an automated feeder while two parameters were manipulated: the presence or absence of a predator, yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and clear or turbid water. It was hypothesized that the armour and spines of brook stickleback would be of greatest benefit during a direct encounter with a predator. I attempted to simulate this condition with turbid water and predator present. Feeding rates of the two species were significantly different, with fathead minnow feeding at a greater rate than brook stickleback in the absence of a predator. In the presence of a predator the feeding rate of fathead minnow declined significantly whereas that of brook stickleback was unaffected. This resulted in similar feeding rates for the two species in the presence of a predator. Results demonstrate that risk of predation can alter the relative competitive abilities of two species in situations where one species possesses a morphological adaptation against predation. In the absence of predators, these traits may be detrimental in interspecific competition for food.
Central cholinergic mechanisms mediate swallowing, renal excretion, and c-fos expression in the ovine fetus near term
Authors: Shi Lijun , Mao Caiping , Zeng Fanxing , Zhu Liyan , Xu Zhice
Published: November 2008

Fetal swallowing and renal metabolism contribute importantly to amniotic and body fluid homeostasis. To determine central cholinergic modulation of swallowing activity and renal excretion associated with neural activity, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of carbachol, a cholinergic agonist, in ovine fetuses at 0.9 gestation. Fetuses were chronically prepared with thyrohyoid, nuchal and thoracic esophagus, and diaphragm electromyogram electrodes, as well as lateral ventricle and vascular catheters. Electrodes were also implanted on the parietal dura for determination of fetal electrocorticogram (ECoG). After 5 days of recovery, fetal swallowing, ECoG, and urine output were monitored during basal period and the experimental period following intracerebroventricular injection of 0.9% NaCl as the control ( n = 5) or carbachol (3 μg/kg, n = 5). Central carbachol did not significantly change fetal low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) ECoG temporal distributions. However, swallowing activity during LV ECoG was elevated significantly after intracerebroventricular carbachol. Associated with the swallowing activation, c- fos immunoreactivity in the putative dipsogenic center, subfornical organ, was enhanced significantly. The fetal urine flow rate and renal Na+, K+, and Cl− excretion were markedly increased following intracerebroventricular carbachol and sustained at the high level for at least 2 h. The results indicate that the central cholinergic mechanism is established and functional in regulation of fetal behavior and renal excretion at least at 0.9 gestation, which plays an important role in maintenance of fetal body fluid homeostasis.
Cluttering in Down Syndrome
Authors: Van Borsel John , Vandermeulen An
Published: November 2008

Objective: To study the occurrence of cluttering in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) taking into account the wide range of symptoms that may be found in cluttering. Patients and Methods: Twenty-six speech language therapists, who had clients with DS among their caseload, administered the Predictive Cluttering Inventory in 76 individuals with DS aged between 3.8 and 57.3 years. Results: Sixty of the 76 participants (78.9%) obtained a score that classified them as a clutterer, and 13 other participants (17.1%) qualified as a clutterer-stutterer. In almost 65% of the participants, not all items had been scored; thus, compromising strict administration of the Predictive Cluttering Inventory. Conclusion: The results clearly illustrate the need for a consensus on the symptoms that are essential for a diagnosis of cluttering, and also indicate that an instrument like the Predictive Cluttering Inventory may not be suitable for every clinical population. Future research is necessary to determine if the disfluent speech exhibited by certain clinical subgroups (such as individuals with DS) represents a distinct pattern that is different from developmental stuttering, and does not form part of a syndrome of cluttering either.
Research on Shear Lag in HFRP Composite I-Beams under Bending Loads
Authors: Yaxin Huang , Haosen Chen , Qilin Zhao , Yong Liu
Published: November 2008

The hybrid shear lag (HSL) model for hybrid fiber reinforced plastic composite I-section beam under bending loads was put forward by the principal of minimum potential energy method considering the shear deformation effect. The correctness of the HSL model was proved with finite element analysis (ANSYS). Furthermore, based on the HSL model, three conclusions were reached: first, the HSL model must consider the shear deformation effect; second, anisotropy is the main reason why the shear deformation will influence the shear lag of the composite beams; finally, four influential factors are the primary factors that affect the shear lag coefficients.
Influence of the Stacking Sequence on the Mechanical Properties of Glass/Sisal Hybrid Composites
Authors: Amico S.C. , Angrizani C.C. , Drummond M.L.
Published: November 2008

This study focused on the mechanical properties of pure sisal, pure glass, and hybrid sisal/glass compression-molded composites, in which various stacking sequences of fiber mat layers were used. It is shown that hybridization originated a material with general intermediate properties between pure glass and pure sisal. However, the importance of controlling the stacking sequence to enhance properties was evident. For instance, to optimize flexural behavior, there must be glass fibers mainly on the top and bottom surfaces. Furthermore, depending on the type of loading and stacking sequence, some hybrid composites may show properties very close to those of pure glass.
Community Organizations and Local Governance in a Metropolitan Region
Authors: Fontan Jean-Marc , Hamel Pierre , Morin Richard , Shragge Eric
Published: November 2008

In a context of globalization, municipalities and metropolitan regions are involved in international competition to support economic growth. This leads to new forms of collaboration between public authorities and businesses, giving birth to new forms of urban and metropolitan governances. Moreover, many old neighborhoods of the central city and some districts of the old suburbs face growth in unemployment and poverty. In these local territories, community organizations put forward local development practices that aim to improve living conditions. These organizations cooperate with other community organizations, public institutions and private agencies. Thus, they are embedded in a kind of governance: a local governance. This article, based on the case of the metropolitan region of Montreal, highlights the conception of local development of these community organizations, the local governance in which they participate, and the link between this local governance with the urban and metropolitan ones.
Are hospitals also for relatives? A survey of hospitals' activities regarding relatives of cardiac patients
Authors: Nissen Nina Konstantin , Madsen Mette , Kjøller Mette , Waldorff Susanne B. , Olsen Zwisler Ann-Dorthe
Published: November 2008

Aim: Patients and their close relatives both feel the burden of cardiovascular disease. Relatives of heart patients experience lower quality of life and increased mortality than the general population and relatives of patients with other diseases. Nevertheless, knowledge on health services aimed at relatives of patients with cardiac diseases is sparse. This study aimed to survey the prevalence of health services for relatives of cardiac patients in Denmark. Methods: We surveyed activities offered by Danish hospitals to the relatives of cardiac patients. Data were obtained from an Internet-based survey and 50 of 55 invited hospital departments participated. Results: Almost all departments offer activities to relatives of cardiac patients, but only one-quarter have activities specifically aimed at supporting relatives. Large departments offer activities for relatives more often than smaller departments. Participation rates for relatives are generally low, and the departments experience numerous barriers in providing activities for relatives of heart patients. Conclusions: Danish hospitals focus very little on relatives of cardiac patients, and this seems to be due to several factors, including lack of resources, lack of interest and knowledge among staff, and practical and psychological barriers among patients and relatives. More research is needed on health services concerning relatives of cardiac patients, regarding both the prevalence of activities and barriers to these.
Them Again?
Authors: Bernasco Wim
Published: November 2008

Burglary victimization is associated with a temporary elevated risk of future victimization for the same property and nearby properties. Previous research suggests that often the initial and subsequent burglaries involve the same offenders. This paper tests this assertion, using data on detected residential burglaries during the period 1996—2004 in The Hague and its environs, in the Netherlands. It demonstrates that pairs of detected burglaries occurring in close proximity in space and time are much more likely to involve the same offenders than pairs that are not so related. Topics for future research and implications for the detection of burglaries are addressed.
The crystal chemistry of the gedrite-group amphiboles. I. Crystal structure and site populations
Authors: Schindler M. , Sokolova E. , Abdu Y. , Hawthorne F. C. , Evans B. W. , Ishida K.
Published: November 2008

The crystal structures of twenty-five orthorhombic Fe-Mg-Mn amphiboles, a = 18.525 – 18.620, b = 17.806-18.034, c = 5.264-5.303 Å, V = 1737.6-1776.7, space group = Pnma, Z = 4, have been refined to R indices in the range 2.1–7.8% using 790–1804 unique observed reflections measured with Mo-Kα X-radiation on a Bruker P4 automated four-circle diffractometer equipped with a 1K CCD detector. The quality of the refinements is strongly a function of the [4]Al content of the crystals because of unmixing in the central part of the series due to the presence of a low-temperature solvus. The amphibole crystals were analysed by electron microprobe subsequent to collection of the X-ray intensity data and span the anthophyllite-gedrite series from 0.17–1.82 [4]Al a.p.f.u. Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that the amphiboles of this series commonly contain small but significant amounts of Fe3+ . The amount of [4]Al is linearly related to the grand  distance by the equation  = 1.6214 + 0.171 [4]Al, R = 0.980; the slope of this relation is not significantly different from that characteristic of a hard-sphere model. The  distances indicate the following site preference for [4]Al: T1B > T2B > T1A » T2A. The  distances are compatible with all [6]Al and Fe3+ ordered at the M2 site. The grand  distance is related to the mean radius of the constituent cations, , by the equation ≪M1,2,3-O≫ = 1.4684 + 0.8553(7) .
Mushroom elbaite from the Kat Chay mine, Momeik, near Mogok, Myanmar: I. Crystal chemistry by SREF, EMPA, MAS NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Lussier A. J. , Aguiar P. M. , Michaelis V. K. , Kroeker S. , Herwig S. , Abdu Y. , Hawthorne F. C.
Published: November 2008

Tourmaline from the Kat Chay mine, Momeik, near Mogok, Shan state, Myanmar, shows a variety of habits that resemble mushrooms, and it is commonly referred to as ‘mushroom tourmaline'. The structure of nine single crystals of elbaite, ranging in colour from pink to white to black and purple, extracted from two samples of mushroom tourmaline from Mogok, have been refined (SREF) to R indices of ~2.5% using graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα X-radiation. 11B and 27Al Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy shows the presence of [4]B and the absence of [4]Al in samples with transition-metal content low enough to prevent paramagnetic quenching of the signal. Site populations were assigned from refined site-scattering values and unit formulae derived from electron-microprobe analyses of the crystals used for X-ray data collection. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy shows that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ are present, and the site populations derived by structure refinement show that there is no Fe at the Z site; hence all Fe2+ and Fe3+ occurs at the Y site. The 57Fe Mössbauer spectra also show peaks due to intervalence charge-transfer involving Fe2+ and Fe3+ at adjacent Y sites. Calculation of the probability of the total amount of Fe occurring as Fe2+–Fe3+ pairs for a random short-range distribution is in close accord with the observed amount of Fe involved in Fe2+–Fe3+, indicating that there is no short-range order involving Fe2+ and Fe3+ in these tourmalines.
The crystal structure of khinite and polytypism in khinite and parakhinite
Authors: Cooper M. A. , Hawthorne F. C. , Back M. E.
Published: November 2008

The crystal structure of khinite, Pb2+Cu2+3Te6+O6(OH)2, orthorhombic, a = 5.7491(10), b = 10.0176(14), c = 24.022(3) Å, V = 1383.6(4) Å3, space group Fdd2, Z = 8, Dcalc = 6.29 g/cm3, from the Empire mine, Tombstone, Arizona, USA, has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 3.2% on the basis of 636 unique observed reflections. There is one distinct Te site occupied by Te and coordinated by six O atoms in an octahedral arrangement with a  distance of 1.962 Å. typical of Te6+. There are three octahedrally-coordinated Cu sites, each of which is occupied by Cu2+ with  distances of 2.132, 2.151 and 2.308 Å, respectively. Each Cu octahedron shows four short meridional bonds (~1.95 Å) and two long apical bonds (2.46–2.99 Å) characteristic of Jahn-Teller-distorted Cu2+ octahedra. There is one distinct Pb site occupied by Pb and coordinated by six O atoms and two (OH) groups with a  distance of 2.690 Å. TeF6 and CuΦ6 octahedra share edges and corners to form an [MΦ2] (where Φ = O, OH) layer of composition [TeCu3Φ8]. These layers stack along the c axis at 6 A intervals with Pb atoms between the layers. Identical layers occur in the structure of parakhinite, Pb2+Cu2+Te6+O6(OH)2, hexagonal, a = 5.765(2), c = 18.001(9) Å, V =518.0(4) Å3, space group P32, Z = 3, Dcalc = 6.30 g/cm3. It is only the relative stacking of the TeCu3Φ8 layers in the c direction that distinguishes the two structures, and hence khinite and parakhinite are polytypes.
Chloroxiphite Pb3CuO2(OH)2Cl2: structure refinement and description in terms of oxocentred OPb4 tetrahedra
Authors: Siidra O. I. , Krivovichev S. V. , Turner R. W. , Rumsey M. S.
Published: November 2008

The crystal structure of chloroxiphite, Pb3CuO2(OH)2Cl2, from Merehead Quarry (monoclinic, P21/m, a = 6.6972(8), b = 5.7538(5), c = 10.4686(14) Å,β = 97.747(10)°, V = 399.72(8) Å3) has been refined to R1 = 0.041. The structure contains three symmetrically unique Pb sites and one Cu site. The strong distortion of the Pb2+ coordination polyhedra is due to the stereoactivity of the s2 lone electron pairs on the Pb2+ cations. The Cu-site is coordinated by four OH- groups to form an almost planar Cu(OH)4 square that is complemented by two apical Cl– anions, forming an elongated [Cu(OH)4Cl2] octahedron. Because of the large size and variability of coordination polyhedra around Pb2+ cations and the strength of the Me–O bonds in comparison to the Me–Cl bonds (Me = metal), it is convenient to describe the structure of chloroxiphite in terms of oxocentred OPb4 tetrahedra. The O1 atom is tetrahedrally coordinated by four Pb2+ cations forming relatively short and strong O–Pb bonds. The OPb4 tetrahedra link together via common edges to form [O2Pb3]2+ double chains. The difference between chloroxiphite and other natural oxyhalides is the presence of Cu2+ cations which form an independent structural unit that links to units formed by OPb4 tetrahedra. In this sense, chloroxiphite can be considered as a modular structure consisting of both strong cation- and anion-centred units.
Fire in the Banana's Belly: Bali's Female Performers Essay the Masculine Arts
Authors: Diamond Catherine
Published: November 2008

Balinese performing arts have had remarkable fluidity in their gender presentation, in which female impersonators have predominated. Over the past twenty-five years, however, women have been making inroads in the presentation of female characters, then androgynous characters, and now even some of the more crude male characters. Gamelan wanita, the all-women ensembles that were once a novelty, are now commonplace throughout the island and they are aspiring to ever higher levels of musicality. All-female troupes are performing formerly all-male genres such wayang wong, kecak, and topeng. Solo performers are both exploring the increasingly porous boundaries between masculine and feminine representations and probing the etiology of gender inequality.
"A Mixed-Blooded Child, Neither Western Nor Eastern": Sinicization of Western-Style Theatre in Rural China in the 1930s
Authors: Liu Siyuan
Published: November 2008

From 1932 to 1937, Xiong Foxi, a Chinese playwright, director, and theatre professor who had studied theatre at Columbia University, directed the drama division of a high-profile literacy campaign in the villages of Ding Xian County in northern China. There, he and his colleagues staged outdoor productions that used traditional, folk, and Western theatrical techniques and incorporated mass participation of the peasant audience. As a successful experiment in localization and popularization of Western-style theatre, the Ding Xian model stood in sharp contrast to the prevailing trend of Chinese spoken drama as a canonical, didactic, and illusionary theatre aimed toward educated city audiences.
Tradition and Transformation in the Pelegongan Dance Repertoire
Authors: Suriyanti Azmi Azti Nezia
Published: November 2008

The pelegongan dance repertoire in Bali remains one of the most performed and rigorously taught forms in Balinese dance. What elements define this form and what degrees of variation within these elements, in turn, are allowable? In other words, what makes a legong dance a legong ? For the present study I explore this question by looking at "Legong Gering," a new legong dance created in 2005 by I Nyoman Cerita for Odalan Bali, a North American touring concert by Çudamani, a performance troupe from Pengosekan village, Ubud, Bali. The study begins with an analysis of the context and visual elements of the piece (including costuming, choreography, and musical accompaniment). It then uses an explicit approach in explaining the motivations behind creation: it defines the pelegongan form and then analyzes how closely "Legong Gering" follows these "standards." "Legong Gering" is governed by both new and preexisting social and religious concepts." Legong Gering," much like the Odalan Bali performance, is an aestheticization of ritual itself. As a corollary to this short study, I also entertain the possibility of studying the "implicit" nature of dance knowledge and creation with reference to the legong dance form.
Mock Courts and the Pakistani Bhānḍ
Authors: Pamment Claire
Published: November 2008

Munir Hussain (b. 1949), a prominent bhānḍ (wandering comic), playfully teases at the mise-en-scène of Pakistani politics. This contemporary performer in his anecdotes in performances at weddings draws on the long comedic tradition to form a vibrant critique of the present sociopolitical scenario.
The Transfiguration of Indian/Asian Dance in the United Kingdom: Contemporary Bharatanatyam in Global Contexts
Authors: Meduri Avanthi
Published: November 2008

Bharatanatyam in Great Britain is currently identified as a South Asian dance. This understanding of the art as a transnational genre of a geolocal area contrasts with the Indian perspective of the form as an Indian national art of the nation state. This paper traces the development of the term "South Asian" in U.S. academic practice in the post– World War II era and notes the adoption of the term in the British academy and by dance practitioners in the United Kingdom. The South Asian label was transformative in that it transnationalized and hybridized the historical identity of Indian bharatanatyam in the 1980s. This transformation was realized not just through the juxtapositing of local/global terms but through the establishment of local/global institutions. The history and implications of the borrowing are detailed.
America's Kabuki -Japan, 1952–1960: Image Building, Myth Making, and Cultural Exchange
Authors: Thornbury Barbara E.
Published: November 2008

Visits to the United States by the Azuma Kabuki Dancers and Musicians in the mid 1950s and the Grand Kabuki in 1960 took place against the backdrop of a Cold War imperative to secure Japan as an American friend in Asia. Even before the Occupation officially ended in April 1952, kabuki was being promoted in the United States as the preeminent example of a Japanese culture that could be presented with no reference to the Japan that had been America's wartime enemy. The discourse that I have labeled America's kabuki- Japan was shaped by prominent critics and "Japan hands" during the 1952–1960 period, a defining one for cultural exchange and for establishing a new relationship with Japan. With its exoticizing focus on tradition and ahistorical continuity, America's kabuki-Japan was the product of and is still nurtured by a complex mix of political, cultural, and commercial interests on both the American and Japanese side.
“Disengaged”: Bolting and Remarriage in Henry James’s Short Fiction
Authors: Waters Isobel
Published: November 2008

This paper explores truncated relations in Henry James’s short fiction, focusing on the flight from (re)marital security as well as the rapprochements his maturing vision allows. Bolting, as a way of evading immersion in the real, is no mere plot device but rather a behavioral leitmotif that runs through the short fiction, recapitulating an approach/avoidance dynamic in recurrent movement metaphors of flight and submersion. This paper traces this dynamic from its early expressions involving externalized dangers to its later, internalized manifestations, en route to exploring the “deep warm jungle” of Jamesian human relations.
A Momentary Watcher, or the Imperiled Reader of “A Round of Visits”
Authors: Charon Rita
Published: November 2008

Henry James’s last short story, “A Round of Visits,” presents grounds for examining the role of the reader in not only interpreting but also in “causing” the story. This story, published in 1910 in James’s last collection of short stories, The Finer Grain, exemplifies late-late Jamesian methods of universalizing consciousness, of staging the implicit homoerotic scene, of triangulating desire, and of enacting the writer’s peril. Using aesthetic theory and neo-Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytical theory, this paper suggests that James unites his own peril with that of his reader, seeming to invite his reader to merge with him in the author/reader transaction.
Henry James, in Short
Authors: Rubery Matthew
Published: November 2008

This essay addresses the topic of “Short James” through the memorable Dickensian tag-line “in short.” A character often alluded to by James, Mr. Micawber offers a warning against two extremes: prolixity and brevity, or saying too much and saying too little. It is within this framework that the following discussion examines James’s conflicted attitude toward short fiction in a range of writings before concluding with “The Abasement of the Northmores,” which, in this essay’s reading, enacts a debate over the kinds of superfluous speech found in literature and journalism.
Pym , Poe, and “the golden bowl”
Authors: Grimstad Paul
Published: November 2008

This article looks at how Henry James arrived at the title “the golden bowl” for his 1904 novel. Specifically, it considers the influence of Edgar Allan Poe, and his own novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, on James’s use of the title and figure of the golden bowl, and how the James/Poe relation itself plays out some of the issues with which James is concerned in the novel.
Knickerbocker Modernism in “Crapy Cornelia”
Authors: Graham Wendy
Published: November 2008

Just as The American Scene was keyed to the pace and use of space initiated by turn-of-the-century modernity, “Crapy Cornelia” foregrounds the dislocation of the story’s protagonist, who has returned to America after an absence of twenty years. White-Mason is an urban flaneur, who experiences the frisson and none of the pleasure of the urban hubbub. While the protagonist insists that he is out of step with the competitive tenor of American life, the text renders the virtues of the obsolete Knickerbockers as pretenses concealing the no less invidious patterns of social exclusivity practiced at an earlier stage of capitalism. White-Mason’s plan to secure a fortune and foothold in modernity through marriage to a woman who grasps “the modern note” belies his genteel scruples regarding the monied metropolis.
Henry James in a Victorian Crowd: “The Birthplace” in Context
Authors: Zemgulys Andrea
Published: November 2008

“Henry James in a Victorian Crowd: ‘The Birthplace’ in Context” examines the short story “The Birthplace” in light of Victorian cultural criticism of the town of Stratford, England, and its Shakespeare Birthplace Museum. By the end of the nineteenth century, a skeptical attitude regarding Stratford’s claim to represent Shakespeare was altogether matter-of-course. Focusing on the protagonist Gedge’s matured irony, criticism of the short story has made clear that “The Birthplace” is not merely a reiteration of such hackneyed skepticism. This essay argues that the short story further stands out from the Victorian crowd through the figures of the visiting American pilgrims, Mr. and Mrs. B.D. Hayes.
Evaluating “Value”: Art and the Exploration of Aesthetic, Economic, and Cultural Value in The Outcry
Authors: Readey Jonathan
Published: November 2008

“This essay analyzes Henry James’s final novella, The Outcry (1911), to argue that the concept of “value” itself is not intrinsic but rather often based upon the contingent interrelation of aesthetic, economic, and cultural value. It investigates the illusionary nature of an art object’s pure aesthetic value, the economic factors that affect its worth, and the interconnected reasons that make diverse cultural representatives value objects differently. The discussion closes by utilizing the contingency of value to investigate why the shorter Outcry itself may not always be valued fully within a Jamesian “late” period that is often characterized by longer novels.
Cartoon Violence and Freedom of Expression
Authors: Keane David
Published: November 2008

The publication of the "Danish cartoons" generated a continuing conflict between freedom of expression and religious tolerance. The article examines the history of cartoon satire, invoking past examples of racial and religious discrimination in cartoons while emphasizing the important role cartoonists have played in criticizing and checking the exercise of power. The legal implications of the "Danish cartoons" is analyzed through the lens of international human rights law, in particular the concepts of hate speech, racial discrimination and religious defamation. Finally the present movement in the UN towards "cartooning for peace" is promoted.
Confining the Freedom of the Press in Singapore: A "Pragmatic" Press for "Nation-Building"?
Authors: Tey Tsun Hang
Published: November 2008

Singapore's political leadership has molded a sophisticated press control regime that befits its "pragmatic" political ideology on the primacy of executive leadership and limited freedom of expression. This article—setting Singapore's constitutional and legal framework and political system as a backdrop—delves into the legal structure that has been constructed, finetuned, and consolidated over decades of legislative amendments to explore its essential features and strictures. This article advances the view that the legal framework is reinforced with a non-legal combination of an ideological construct of a hegemonic culture and consensus politics through strategic political co-optation. The court litigation that was resorted to for vindication also seems to have produced a reinforcing effect. The article also reflects on how the unique press control regime has turned Singapore's de-constructed Fourth Estate into an established political institution.
International Indicators and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
Authors: Welling Judith V.
Published: November 2008

This article explores recent progress in the development of international indicators for economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) and benefits ascribed to indicator standardization. Part Two outlines the general approaches and key considerations of initiatives that have undertaken international ESCR indicator development. Part Three categorizes the anticipated benefits of standardization according to their level of influence. Part Four describes how current initiatives derive indicators from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) legal framework and highlights the importance of calibrating international indicators to specific Covenant obligations. Part Five describes how international indicators can impact ICESCR norm clarification, and Part Six addresses remaining issues and concerns related to international ESCR indicator development.
Rethinking Indivisibility: Towards A Theory of Supporting Relations between Human Rights
Authors: Nickel James W.
Published: November 2008

Indivisibility is the idea that no human right can be fully realized without fully realizing all other human rights. When indivisibility occurs it has the practical consequence that countries cannot pick and choose among rights. This article offers a framework for understanding supporting relations between rights and gives a number of arguments against strong claims of indivisibility. A central thesis is that the strength of supporting relations between rights varies with quality of implementation. Rights with low quality implementation provide little support to other rights. This is why early UN formulations of indivisibility said that it occurs when the rights in question are fully realized. Even if strong claims about the indivisibility were true under high quality implementation, they would be of limited relevance to developing countries because high quality implementation of rights is generally not an immediate possibility in those countries. Developing countries do not run afoul of indivisibility if they implement some rights before others.
"Why Then All the Difficulties!": A Life of Kathi Meyer-Baer
Authors: Josephson David
Published: November 2008

Kathi Meyer-Baer (Berlin 1892–Atlanta 1977) was arguably the most significant and surely the most productive female musicologist of her generation. She was the first woman to earn a Ph.D. in musicology (in 1916), studying at Berlin University but receiving the degree at Leipzig University. She worked at Paul Hirsch's private library in Frankfurt as resident professional scholar and bibliographer, and with him produced one of the great music catalogs of the century. She published five books, four of them major contributions to women's choral music, music aesthetics, musical incunabula, and musical iconography; more than thirty scholarly articles; and hundreds of newspaper reports, reviews, essays, and obituaries. She married at forty-one, had a son at forty-three, fled Nazi Frankfurt with her family for Paris at forty-five, and arrived in New York at forty-seven; those four events defined the rest of her long life. Sadly, her double identity as woman and Jew worked against her in her adopted homeland as it had done in the homeland that had banished her. In the end, she had no choice but to live her life as an independent scholar. She did so with grace, courage, perseverance, and enormous productivity.
Robert Schumann and Mary Potts
Authors: Bloom Peter
Published: November 2008

Robert Schumann's Bunte Blätter , published in December 1851 as Opus 99, is dedicated to "Miss Mary Potts." This American woman—unidentified in the Schumann literature—is here revealed to be the daughter of the well-known Presbyterian minister, the Rev. George E. Potts, the apparently gifted pupil of Schumann's student and colleague Otto Dresel, and the wife of the wealthy Louisiana lawyer and legislator John Perkins, Jr. Mary Potts (1827–1858) is thus "Die Amerikanerin Mad. Perkins" mentioned in Schumann's diary for October 1850. The overlapping stories of her marriage to Perkins in New York, her encounter with Schumann in Düsseldorf (while on her honeymoon), her flight from her husband in Paris, and her abbreviated career as a cultured young woman in antebellum America, are recounted here on the basis of divorce proceedings, articles in the contemporary press, and information provided by living descendents of the Potts family.
Medical Professionalism: Crossing a Generational Divide
Authors: Walsh Colin , Abelson Herbert T.
Published: November 2008

A comprehensive discussion of professionalism in medicine must include its impact on successive generations of physicians. Fifty years ago, doctors acting professionally emphasized medicine as a calling and an ability to act as the authority for patients in crisis at home and in hospitals. Therapeutic options were limited relative to the modern era, and the laying on of hands was practiced as science and art. Today, doctors balance increasing demands on time and efficiency with the sense of primacy of patient care. Technological innovation and patients’ increasing access to medical knowledge through varying media of inconsistent quality challenge physicians in novel ways. Fifty years in the future, doctors will have access to vast amounts of information through a multitude of noninvasive diagnostics. Progressively more personalized medicine should inspire doctors to become even more adept at communicating effectively with patients. Professionalism in medicine throughout these generations embodies similar fundamental behaviors, such as demonstrating compassion, respect, and humility; adhering to high ethical and moral standards; subordinating personal interest to that of others; and reflecting on actions and decisions. Despite the dynamic nature of the profession itself, the omnipresent need for such traits will define medical professionalism for decades to come.