bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of neural cell death to depressive phenotypes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Authors: Chen Cheng , Wang Yun , Zhang Juan , Ma Lian , Gu Jiang , Ho Guyu
Published: April 2014

Major depression disorder (MDD) or depression is highly prevalent in diabetic patients, where the depressive symptoms are more severe and less responsive to antidepressant therapies. The underlying mechanism is little understood. We hypothesized that the pathophysiology of comorbid depression was more complex than that proposed for MDD and that neural cell death played a role in the disease severity. To test this hypothesis, we generated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. These mice had blood glucose 3 fold above controls and exhibited depressive phenotypes as judged by a battery of behavioral tests, thus confirming the comorbidity in mice. Immunohistological studies showed markedly increased TUNEL positive cells in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of the comorbid mice. The apoptosis were supported by increased caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 proteins in the brain regions. In addition, the serum BDNF level of comorbid mice was reduced, further supporting the neurodenerative change. Mechanistic analyses showed an increased expression of mitochondrial fission genes fission protein 1 (Fis1) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and a decreased expression of mitochondrial fusion genes mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and optical atrophy 1 (Opa1). Representative assessment of proteins Drp1 and Mfn2 mirrored the mRNA changes. The data demonstrated that neural cell death was associated with the depressive phenotype of comorbid mice and that a fission-dominant expression of genes and proteins mediating mitochondrial dynamics played a role in the hyperglycemia-induced cell death. The study provides new insight into the disease mechanism and may lend evidence of developing novel therapeutics aiming at neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics to treat comorbid depression with diabetes.
A genome-scale in vivo RNAi analysis of epithelial development in Drosophila identifies new proliferation domains outside of the stem cell niche
Authors: Berns Nicola , Woichansky Innokenty , Friedrichsen Steffen , Kraft Nadine , Riechmann Veit
Published: April 2014

The Drosophila oogenesis system provides an excellent model to study the development of epithelial tissues. Here we report the first genome-scale in vivo RNAi screen for genes controlling epithelial development. By directly analysing cell and tissue architecture we identified 1125 genes, which we assigned to seven different functions in epithelial formation and homeostasis. We validated the significance of our screen by generating mutants for Vps60, a component of the ESCRT machinery. This analysis provided new insights into spatiotemporal control of cell proliferation in the follicular epithelium. Previous studies identified signals controlling divisions in the follicle stem cell niche. However, 99% of cell divisions occur outside of the niche and it is unclear how these divisions are controlled. Our data distinguish two new domains with differential proliferation control outside of the stem cell niche. One domain abuts the niche and is characterised by ESCRT, Notch and JAK/STAT mediated proliferation control. Adjacently, another domain is defined by loss of ESCRT impact on cell division. Thus, during development epithelial cells pass through different modes of proliferation control. The switch between these modes might reflect regressing stemness of epithelial cells over time.
The tumor suppressor APC differentially regulates multiple beta-catenins through the function of Axin and casein kinase 1alpha during C. elegans asymmetric stem cell divisions
Authors: Baldwin Austin T. , Phillips Bryan T.
Published: April 2014

The APC tumor suppressor regulates diverse stem cell processes from gene regulation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling to chromosome stability via microtubule interactions, but how disparate functions of APC are controlled is not well understood. As part of a Wnt/β-catenin pathway that controls asymmetric cell division, C. elegans APC, APR-1, promotes asymmetric nuclear export of the β-catenin WRM-1 by asymmetrically stabilizing microtubules. Wnt function also depends on a second β-catenin, SYS-1, which binds POP-1/TCF to activate gene expression. Here we show APR-1 regulates SYS-1 levels in asymmetric stem cell division in addition to its known role lowering nuclear WRM-1. We demonstrate that SYS-1 is also negatively regulated by the C. elegans homolog of casein kinase 1α, KIN-19. We show that KIN-19 restricts APR-1 localization such that KIN-19 regulates nuclear WRM-1. Finally, the polarity of APR-1 cortical localization is controlled by PRY-1/Axin such that PRY-1 controls the polarity of both SYS-1 and WRM-1 asymmetries. We propose a model whereby Wnt signaling, via CKIα, regulates the function of two distinct pools of APC: one APC pool negatively regulates SYS-1 while the second stabilizes microtubules and promotes WRM-1 nuclear export.
Elastic network models capture the motions apparent within ensembles of RNA structures
Authors: Zimmermann Michael T. , Jernigan Robert L.
Published: April 2014

The role of structure and dynamics in mechanisms for RNA becomes increasingly important. Computational approaches using simple dynamics models have been successful at predicting the motions of proteins and are often applied to ribonucleo-protein complexes but have not been thoroughly tested for well-packed nucleic acid structures. In order to characterize a true set of motions, we investigate the apparent motions from 16 ensembles of experimentally determined RNA structures. These indicate a relatively limited set of motions that are captured by a small set of principal components (PCs). These limited motions closely resemble the motions computed from low frequency normal modes from elastic network models (ENMs), either at atomic or coarse-grained resolution. Various ENM model types, parameters, and structure representations are tested here against the experimental RNA structural ensembles, exposing differences between models for proteins and for folded RNAs. Differences in performance are seen, depending on the structure alignment algorithm used to generate PCs, modulating the apparent utility of ENMs but not significantly impacting their ability to generate functional motions. The loss of dynamical information upon coarse-graining is somewhat larger for RNAs than for globular proteins, indicating, perhaps, the lower cooperativity of the less densely packed RNA. However, the RNA structures show less sensitivity to the elastic network model parameters than do proteins. These findings further demonstrate the utility of ENMs and the appropriateness of their application to well-packed RNA-only structures, justifying their use for studying the dynamics of ribonucleo-proteins, such as the ribosome and regulatory RNAs.
Protein kinase A regulates gene-specific translational adaptation in differentiating yeast
Authors: Vaidyanathan Pavanapuresan P. , Zinshteyn Boris , Thompson Mary K. , Gilbert Wendy V.
Published: April 2014

Cellular differentiation is driven by coordinately regulated changes in gene expression. Recent discoveries suggest that translation contributes as much as transcription to regulating protein abundance, but the role of translational regulation in cellular differentiation is largely unexplored. Here we investigate translational reprogramming in yeast during cellular adaptation to the absence of glucose, a stimulus that induces invasive filamentous differentiation. Using ribosome footprint profiling and RNA sequencing to assay gene-specific translation activity genome-wide, we show that prolonged glucose withdrawal is accompanied by gene-specific changes in translational efficiency that significantly affect expression of the majority of genes. Notably, transcripts from a small minority (<5%) of genes make up the majority of translating mRNA in both rapidly dividing and starved differentiating cells, and the identities of these highly translated messages are almost nonoverlapping between conditions. Furthermore, these two groups of messages are subject to condition-dependent translational privilege. Thus the “housekeeping” process of translation does not stay constant during cellular differentiation but is highly adapted to different growth conditions. By comparing glucose starvation to growth-attenuating stresses that do not induce invasive filamentation, we distinguish a glucose-specific translational response mediated through signaling by protein kinase A (PKA). Together, these findings reveal a high degree of growth-state specialization of the translatome and identify PKA as an important regulator of gene-specific translation activity.
Scheduled Service Network Design for Freight Rail Transportation
Authors: Zhu Endong , Crainic Teodor Gabriel , Gendreau Michel
Published: April 2014

This paper addresses the scheduled service network design problem for freight rail transportation. The proposed model integrates service selection and scheduling, car classification and blocking, train makeup, and routing of time-dependent customer shipments based on a cyclic three-layer space–time network representation of the associated operations and decisions and their relations and time dimensions. This paper also proposes a matheuristic solution methodology integrating slope scaling, a dynamic block-generation mechanism, long-term-memory-based perturbation strategies, and ellipsoidal search, a new intensification mechanism to thoroughly explore very large neighborhoods of elite solutions restricted using information from the history of the search. Experimental results show that the proposed solution method is efficient and robust, yielding high-quality solutions for realistically sized problem instances.
On the Performance of Sparse Process Structures in Partial Postponement Production Systems
Authors: Chou Mabel C. , Chua Geoffrey A. , Zheng Huan
Published: April 2014

Production postponement, the strategy to hold reserved production capacity that can be deployed based on actual demand signals, is often used to mitigate supply-demand mismatch risk. The effectiveness of this strategy depends crucially on the ease, or flexibility, in deploying the reserved capacity to meet product demands. Existing literature assumes that the reserved capacity is fully flexible, i.e., capable of being deployed to meet the demand of any item in a multiproduct system. Little is known if reserved capacity is held at many different locations, with each location having only a limited range of flexibility on production options. This paper examines how effective the production postponement strategy is in this environment.

When the amount of reserved capacity is small (i.e., postponement level near 0%), no amount of flexibility can reap significant benefits. When the reserved capacity is high (i.e., postponement level near 100%), it is well known that a sparse structure such as a 2-chain can perform nearly as well as a fully flexible structure. Hence, process flexibility beyond 2-chain has little impact on the effectiveness of production postponement strategy in these two extreme environments. Interestingly, in a symmetric system, we prove that the performance of 2-chain, vis-à-vis the full flexibility structure, has a wider gap when postponement level (i.e., amount of reserved capacity) is moderate, and thus process flexibility beyond 2-chain matters and affects appreciably the performance of the production postponement strategy. Fortunately, adding a little more flexibility, say turning a 2-chain into a 3-chain, the system can perform almost as well as a full flexibility structure for all postponement levels. This is important as first stage production capacity can be allocated as if the reserve capacity is fully flexible. Our analysis hinges on an exact analytical expression for the performance of d-chain, obtained from solving a related class of random walk problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper with analytical results on the performance of d-chain for d > 2.
When to Use Speedup: An Examination of Service Systems with Returns
Authors: Chan Carri W. , Yom-Tov Galit , Escobar Gabriel
Published: April 2014

In a number of service systems, there can be substantial latitude to vary service rates. However, although speeding up service rate during periods of congestion may address a present congestion issue, it may actually exacerbate the problem by increasing the need for rework. We introduce a state-dependent queuing network where service times and return probabilities depend on the “overloaded” and “underloaded” state of the system. We use a fluid model to examine how different definitions of “overload” affect the long-term behavior of the system and provide insight into the impact of using speedup. We identify scenarios where speedup can be helpful to temporarily alleviate congestion and increase access to service. For such scenarios, we provide approximations for the likelihood of speedup to service. We also identify scenarios where speedup should never be used; moreover, in such a situation, an interesting bi-stability arises, such that the system shifts randomly between two equilibria states. Hence, our analysis sheds light on the potential benefits and pitfalls of using speedup when the subsequent returns may be unavoidable.
Designing clinical trials in trauma surgery
Authors: Perry D. C. , Griffin X. L. , Parsons N. , Costa M. L.
Published: April 2014

The surgical community is plagued with a reputation for both failing to engage and to deliver on clinical research. This is in part due to the absence of a strong research culture, however it is also due to a multitude of barriers encountered in clinical research; particularly those involving surgical interventions. ‘Trauma’ amplifies these barriers, owing to the unplanned nature of care, unpredictable work patterns, the emergent nature of treatment and complexities in the consent process. This review discusses the barriers to clinical research in surgery, with a particular emphasis on trauma. It considers how barriers may be overcome, with the aim to facilitate future successful clinical research.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:123–9.
Single-visit endovenous laser treatment and tributary procedures for symptomatic great saphenous varicose veins
Authors: Alder LS , Rahi MA
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Endovenous ablation of saphenous varicose veins has decreased morbidity and recovery time compared with open surgery. This study assessed the outcome and mid-term patient satisfaction of single-visit endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) alone, EVLT combined with phlebectomies and endovenous chemical ablation.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of all patients (n=91) in 2008–2009 who underwent single-visit day-case EVLT using local anaesthesia under a single surgeon. Postoperative venous ultrasonography at 2 and 14 months was reviewed. A telephone questionnaire was carried out to assess recurrence of symptoms and quality of life at 42 months.

Results

Overall, 124 limbs underwent day-case EVLT under local anaesthesia using an 810nm diode laser at a continuous setting of 14W. Forty-eight of these underwent EVLT alone while fifty underwent EVLT with phlebectomies and twenty-six underwent EVLT with endovenous chemical ablation. Ninety-one per cent of limbs underwent two-month postoperative imaging. All had satisfactory great saphenous vein (GSV) ablation (anterior thigh vein patency: n=1). The majority (84%) of limbs underwent 14-month imaging with a 98% GSV ablation rate. Three per cent had anterior thigh vein and saphenofemoral junction incompetence. Recurrence of GSV patency and reflux was <1%. The response rate to the questionnaire was 60%: 95% of respondents confirmed improvement following treatment, 62% remained symptom free at 42 months while 65% of patients with a return of symptoms deemed them mild. The questionnaire was scored out of 56 for symptoms and quality of life. Those with symptoms scored significantly higher.

Conclusions

At 42 months, the majority of limbs remained asymptomatic. The short-term GSV ablation rates were excellent. Overall mid-term review of patients has shown a well received single-visit service with concomitant phlebectomy or endovenous ablation, and good ablation and patient satisfaction rates.
Involving public and patients in research
Authors: Kasivisvanathan V , Williams Kate
Published: April 2014

What does patient and public involvement (PPI) in research mean?

The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) defines ‘patient and public’ as patients, potential patients, their carers, people who use health and social care services, and organisations that represent people who use these services. 1 The term ‘involvement’ refers to an active partnership between patients and public and researchers in the research process.
Professionalism Part 4: research ethics
Authors: Alderson Derek
Published: April 2014

The ethical principles that govern research are fundamentally the same as those that we apply to clinical practice.
Review
Authors: Hickman Lisa Nichols
Published: April 2014

Media Ecology and Religious Pluralism: Engaging Walter Ong and Jacques Dupuis toward Effective Interreligious Dialogue, Marinus Iwuchukwu (2010) Kohn, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing AG & Co. Kg, 248 pp., ISBN: 9783838320373, p/bk, $112.00
The Great Cacti: Ethnobotany & Biogeography
Authors: Hooper David A.
Published: April 2014

Review of The Great Cacti: Ethnobotany & Biogeography. David Yetman. 2007. The University of Arizona, Tucson. Pp. 320, 366 color photographs, 17 maps. $59.95 (cloth). ISBN 9780816524310.
Urihi A: A Terra-Floresta Yanomami
Authors: Welch James R.
Published: April 2014

Review of Urihi A: A Terra-Floresta Yanomami. Bruce Albert and William Milliken with Gale Goodwin Gomez. São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental, 2009. 207 pp., illustrations, tables, bibliography, appendices, index. Paperback ISBN: 978‐85 85994‐72‐3.
Edible Medicines: An Ethnopharmacology of Food
Authors: Barbas-Rhoden Laura
Published: April 2014

Review of Edible Medicines: An Ethnopharmacology of Food. Nina Etkin. 2006. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Pp. 304. $24.95 (paper). ISBN 9780816527489.
Trying Leviathan: The Nineteenth-Century New York Court Case that Put the Whale and Challenged the Order of Nature
Authors: Anderson E. N.
Published: April 2014

Review of Trying Leviathan: The Nineteenth-Century New York Court Case that Put the Whale and Challenged the Order of Nature. D. Graham Burnett. 2007. Princeton University Press. Pp. 304 color plates, halftones, bibliography, index. $29.95(cloth). ISBN 9780691129501.
Local Ecological Knowledge and Importance of Bakeapple (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in a Southeast Labrador Métis Community
Authors: Karst Amanda L. , Turner Nancy J.
Published: April 2014

Bakeapple, or cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.; Rosaceae) is a circumpolar perennial with orange aggregate fruits, which has been a vital food resource for many northern peoples including those of the Subarctic and Arctic areas of North America. This study documented the importance and local knowledge of bakeapple in the predominantly Métis community of Charlottetown, Labrador. The cultural importance of bakeapple is evidenced by the social customs surrounding its picking, by its prevalence in people’s homes and at community events, and by its formal and informal economic exchange, within and outside the community. The local ecological knowledge of bakeapple that residents of Charlottetown possessed also illustrates its importance. Local knowledge of interviewees included different habitat types associated with various bakeapple densities and fruit sizes, bakeapple development/phenology (e.g., “turned in” stage) and variations in the berry (e.g. in color and size). Bakeapple remains a culturally important species with a high profile in Charlottetown, although lack of interest in bakeapple picking by younger people may affect future use.
Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery
Authors: Pierotti Raymond
Published: April 2014

Review of Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery. Steve Nicholls. 2009. University of Chicago Press, New York and London. Pp. 536. ISBN10: 0226583406 ISBN13: 978-0226583402.
Birdlime in Western Myanmar: Preparation, Use, and Conservation Implications for an Endemic Bird
Authors: Platt Steven G. , Platt Kalyar , Naing Thet Zaw , Meng Hong , Ko Win Ko , Lin Naing , Tizzard Robert J. , Myo Khin Myo , Soe Me Me , Rainwater Thomas R.
Published: April 2014

Birdlimes are adhesive entangling compounds that passively capture birds by binding them to a substrate and rendering flight feathers useless. We investigated birdlime use among indigenous Chin hunters during a wildlife survey of Natma Taung National Park (NTNP) in western Myanmar (May-June 2011). We found that birdlime is prepared from the sap of various banyan trees (Ficus spp.) collected during the annual dry season (December-May). Birdlime is prepared by boiling sap to remove water, and the finished product is a readily malleable and extremely adhesive compound known locally as nghet phan te kaw (“bird glue”). Hunters employ four principal strategies when using birdlime: 1) limed sticks are placed at waterholes and springs; 2) limed sticks are placed in fruiting trees or nocturnal roost sites; 3) limed sticks are positioned at prominent vantage points and hunters mimic vocalizations to attract birds; 4) small insects (possibly termites) are affixed to a limed pole and serve as bait to attract birds. Large numbers (>200) of birds can reportedly be captured during a single day by hunters using birdlime. At least 186 (63.9%) of 291 species of birds occurring in Natma Taung National Park are thought to be vulnerable to this non-selective hunting strategy. The endangered white-browed nuthatch (Sitta victoriae Rippon Sittidae), a poorly-studied endemic species restricted to high elevation Oak-Rhododendron forest in NTNP, is vulnerable to birdliming, although the impact of hunting on populations remains unclear. We recommend that future investigations determine the sustainability of the Chin bird harvest by relating hunter off-take to recruitment and survivorship of nuthatches. If conservation action is deemed prudent, management plans should be developed in close collaboration with local Chin communities.
Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design
Authors: Spoon Jeremy
Published: April 2014

Review of Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design. Ismael Vaccaro, Eric Alden Smith, and Shankar Aswani, eds. 2010. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 396, 41 b/w illustrations, 20 tables. US$49.99 (paperback). ISBN 9780521125710.
When the Killing's Done
Authors: Rick Torben C.
Published: April 2014

Review of When the Killing's Done. T. Coreghessan Boyle. 2011. Viking Press, New York, NY. Pp. 384. ISBN10: 0143120395. ISBN13: 978‐0143120391
We Probably Thought That Would Be True: Perceiving Complex Emotional States in Nonhumans
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Annett Cynthia
Published: April 2014

Review of:Do Fish Feel Pain? Victoria Braithwaite. 2010. Oxford University Press, New York. Pp. 256. $35.00 (hardcover). ISBN 9780199551200.How Animals Grieve. Barbara J. King. 2013. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Pp. 208, 7 halftones. $25.00 (cloth). ISBN 9780226436944.
Social Networks, Personalized Advertising, and Privacy Controls
Authors: Tucker Catherine E.
Published: April 2014

This article investigates how Internet users’ perceptions of control over their personal information affect how likely they are to click on online advertising on a social networking website. The analysis uses data from a randomized field experiment that examined the effectiveness of personalizing ad text with user-posted personal information relative to generic text. The website gave users more control over their personally identifiable information in the middle of the field test. However, the website did not change how advertisers used data to target and personalize ads. Before the policy change, personalized ads did not perform particularly well. However, after this enhancement of perceived control over privacy, users were nearly twice as likely to click on personalized ads. Ads that targeted but did not use personalized text remained unchanged in effectiveness. The increase in effectiveness was larger for ads that used more unique private information to personalize their message and for target groups that were more likely to use opt-out privacy settings.
Modeling Customer Opt-In and Opt-Out in a Permission-Based Marketing Context
Authors: Kumar V. , Zhang XI (Alan) , Luo Anita
Published: April 2014

The rise of new media is helping marketers evolve from digital to interactive marketing, which facilitates a two-way communication between marketers and customers without intruding on their privacy. However, while research has examined the drivers of customers’ opt-in and opt-out decisions, it has investigated neither the timing of the two decisions nor the influence of transactional activity on the length of time a customer stays with an e-mail program. In this study, the authors adopt a multivariate copula model using a pair-copula construction method to jointly model opt-in time (from a customer's first purchase to the opt-in decision), opt-out time (from the opt-in decision to the opt-out decision), and average transaction amount. Through such multivariate dependences, this model significantly improves the predictive performance of the opt-out time in comparison with several benchmark models. The study offers several important findings: (1) marketing intensity affects opt-in and opt-out times, (2) customers with certain characteristics are more or less likely to opt in or opt out, and (3) firms can extend customer opt-out time and increase customer spending level by strategically allocating resources.
Introduction
Authors: Kurashige Lon , Hsu Madeline Y. , Yaguchi Yujin
Published: April 2014

While recent historical studies of transnational processes, persons, and events within and across the Pacific Ocean have proliferated, they have yet to cohere as part of a single scholarly field. Instead, they stand as hybrid studies bridging two or more conventional fields, including histories of the American West, U.S. immigration and ethnicity, U.S. diplomatic and international relations, Asian American studies, East Asian studies, and Pacific Islander studies. This special issue of the Pacific Historical Review explores important possibilities for the emerging research area of “transpacific history” to interweave these conventional fields in ways that can better explore the social, economic, political, and transnational complexities of developments within and across the Pacific Ocean.
Inter-Imperial Relations, the Pacific, and Asian American History
Authors: Espiritu Augusto
Published: April 2014

Despite the turn toward diasporic, transnational, global, and comparative perspectives, this article argues that historians of Asian America have largely neglected and need to reflect upon inter-imperial relations—the relations of cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, including subaltern attempts at creating spaces for maneuver and agency between them. With a focus on the development of the United States as an empire, this article identifies the key inter-imperial relations over time that have shaped the Asian American experience. An awareness of inter-imperial relations helps scholars to account for the political dynamics, the multiple sources of power, and the challenges to existing hegemonies that have structured Asian American lives. An approach sensitive to inter-imperial relations opens up the possibility of recognizing, and comparing, the simultaneous subaltern struggles that cut across nations and immigrant groups.
Japanese Immigrant Settler Colonialism in the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands and the U.S. Racial-Imperialist Politics of the Hemispheric “Yellow Peril”
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: April 2014

The scholarship on the “Yellow Peril” looks at Japanese immigrants (Issei) as an object of anti-Asian racialization in domestic politics or as a distraction in U.S.-Japanese bilateral diplomacy. Seldom do historians consider its ramifications outside those contexts. They also lack perspective on the impact of Issei practice on the geopolitics of Yellow Peril, which spread from California to the U.S.-Mexican borderlands and beyond. This article examines the role of Issei settler colonialism, as well as its unintended consequences, in the formation of discourse on the transborder Yellow Peril. That discourse propelled white America to reaffirm its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine, shifting the nature of U.S. diplomacy from the endeavor to keep European rivals out of the Western Hemisphere to one that sought to exclude the Japanese racial enemy from America’s “backyard.” It culminated in the construction of a hemispheric national security regime.
Transpacific Accommodation and the Defense of Asian Immigrants
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: April 2014

Studies of California’s anti-Japanese movement in the first half of the twentieth century invariably focus on processes of racial bigotry and misunderstanding. This article instead examines the emergence of an important discourse of racial accommodation, as well as the organized opposition to anti-Japanese policies, that was both consistent with and in opposition to the dominant racism of the day. The analysis focuses on three prominent Californians—John P. Irish, David Starr Jordan, and Chester H. Rowell—who, as early adopters of racial tolerance and transpacific identity, pioneered the defense of Japanese in the Golden State.
Japanese Reinvention of Self through Hawai‘i’s Japanese Americans
Authors: Yaguchi Yujin
Published: April 2014

This article investigates the relationship between Asian American and modern Japanese history by analyzing the image of Japanese Americans in postwar Japan. Based on a book of photographs featuring Japanese immigrants in Hawai‘i published in 1956, it analyzes how their image was appropriated and redefined in Japan to promote as well as reinforce the nation’s political and cultural alliance with the United States. The photographs showed the successful acculturation of Japanese in Hawai‘i to the larger American society and urged the Japanese audience to see that their nation’s postwar reconstruction would come through the power and protection of the United States. Japanese Americans in Hawai‘i served as a lens through which the Japanese in Japan could imagine their position under American hegemony in the age of Cold War.
Who Closed the Sea? Archipelagoes of Amnesia Between the United States and Japan
Authors: Dvorak Greg
Published: April 2014

There is a profound lack of awareness among younger generations about Japan’s prewar engagement with the Pacific Islands, let alone other colonial sites, yet arguably, this amnesia is not a spontaneous phenomenon. Forgetting about Micronesia and erasing it from the Japanese mass consciousness was a project in which both Japanese and American postwar forces were complicit. Focusing on stories of Japanese amnesia and selective memory in the Marshall Islands, I explore the Marshallese notion of “closing the sea,” how U.S. power has long been a mediating factor in why Japanese forget their Pacific past, and also why Marshall Islanders remember it.
Small medullary thyroid carcinoma: post-operative calcitonin rather than tumour size predicts disease persistence and progression
Authors: Saltiki Katerina , Rentziou Gianna , Stamatelopoulos Kimon , Georgiopoulos Georgios , Stavrianos Charalambos , Lambrinoudaki Eirini , Alevizaki Maria
Published: April 2014

Objective

Recently, small medullary thyroid carcinomas (smallMTCs; ≤1.5 cm) are frequently diagnosed, occasionally as incidental findings in surgical specimens. Their clinical course varies. We examined tumour size as a predictor of clinical behaviour.

Design

A retrospective study.

Methods

A total of 128smallMTC patients (35.2% males and 45% familial) were followed up for 0.9–30.9 years. According to tumour size (cm), patients were classified into four groups: group 1, 0.1–0.5 (n=33); group 2, 0.6–0.8 (n=33); group 3, 0.8–1.0 (n=29) and group 4, 1.1–1.5 (n=33).

Results

Pre- and post-operative calcitonin levels were positively associated with the tumour size (P<0.001). Capsular and lymph node invasion were more frequent in groups 3 and 4 (P<0.03); the stage was more advanced and the outcome was less favourable with an increasing tumour size (P<0.001). Groups 1 and 2 patients were more frequently cured (group 1, 87.8%; group 2, 72.7%; group 3, 68.9%; and group 4, 48.5%;P=0.002). The 10-year probability of lack of disease progression according to the tumour size differed between patients with tumour sizes of 0.1–1.0 and 1.1–1.5 cm (96.6%, 81.3%,x2=4.03,P=0.045 for log-rank test). Post-operative calcitonin was the only predictor significantly associated with the 10-year progression of disease. Post-operative calcitonin levels ≥4.65 pg/ml predicted disease persistence (sensitivity 93.8% and specificity 90%) and ≥14.5 pg/ml predicted disease progression (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82%, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis).

Conclusions

Tumour size may be of clinical importance only in patients with MTCs >1 cm in size. Post-operative calcitonin is a more important predictor than size for disease progression.
Role of gypsum and sulphur application in ameliorating saline soil and enhancing rice productivity
Authors: Shaban K. , Helmy A. , El-Galad M.
Published: April 2014

The main objective of this work was to study the importance of applying gypsum and sulphur to the soil to inhibit the hazardous effects of soil salinity stress on the vegetative growth and yield quantity and quality of rice plants (Oriza sativa L., cv. Sakha 101) grown on a salt-affected soil irrigated with low quality water from the El-Salam (El-Shikh Zaid) Canal. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive seasons (2011, 2012) at Sahl El-Tina plain, village 4, Gilbana town. Gypsum was applied at a rate of 10.7 Mg ha−1)1 while sulphur was added in two forms, as elemental sulphur at a rate of 4.8 Mg ha−1) or as sulphuric acid at a rate of 1190 L ha−1. The results could be summarized as follows: The highest values of rice yield and its attributes as well as nutrient content and uptake were obtained after treatment with sulphuric acid. The treatment effects decreased in the order: sulphuric acid > sulphur > gypsum > control. The highest proline content (21.3 μmol g−1) was recorded after the gypsum treatment.
Synthesis of All-Conjugated ABA and AB-type Donor-Acceptor Block Copolymers and Their Application in All-Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jin , Higashihara Tomoya
Published: April 2014

In this work, we report the synthesis of all-conjugated donor-acceptor block copolymers via a externally initiated Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation (KCTP) method. In the first step, electron acceptor blocks, poly(naphthalene diimide)s (PNDIs), were prepared via the Stille coupling polycondensation. Then, P3HT blocks were polymerized by KCTP initiated by Ni(COD)2 activated PNDI complexes. Therefore, a series of ABA (P3HTs were initiated from both ends of PNDI) and AB-type (P3HT was initiated from one end of PNDI) block copolymers were successfully synthesized. Before fabrication of all-polymer solar cells, the morphologies and crystalline behaviors of the block copolymers were extensively investigated as a function of thermal annealing and the main chain composition of PNDI block. As a control, the crystalline behaviors of the physical blends of P3HT and PNDIs were also reported. Finally, all-polymer solar cells were fabricated by using the block copolymers as the single active component or as surfactants. A PCE of 0.11 % with Voc=0.46 V, Jsc=0.50 mA/cm2, and FF=0.46 was recorded by using the donor-acceptor all-conjugated block copolymer as the single active component.
Biomass growth response to spatial pattern of variable‐retention harvesting in a northern Minnesota pine ecosystem
Authors: Palik Brian J. , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Reich Peter B. , Boyden Suzanne B.
Published: April 2014

Variable‐retention harvesting (VRH) is an approach for sustaining complex structure in managed forests. A criticism of VRH is that ecological benefits may come at a cost of reduced growth of regeneration, due to competition with residual trees. However, the spatial pattern of retention, i.e., dispersed or aggregated, in VRH systems can be manipulated to minimize suppression of regeneration, and resource limitation to regeneration might be mitigated by reduction of woody shrubs. Continued growth of the residual cohort will compensate for growth reduction of regeneration, although this may differ with retention pattern. We examined aboveground whole‐stand biomass growth of trees in a VRH experiment in Pinus resinosa forest in Minnesota, USA. Treatments included dispersed retention, aggregated retention, and an uncut control, as well as a shrub treatment (reduced density or ambient). We addressed the following hypotheses: (1) biomass growth of a cohort of planted pine seedlings will be highest with aggregated rather than dispersed retention, (2) biomass growth of the planted seedlings will increase with shrub reduction, and (3) biomass growth of the residual overstory will be higher with dispersed rather than aggregated retention.

Aboveground biomass growth of the planted pines ranged from 0.4 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the overstory‐control–ambient‐shrub treatment to 23 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the aggregated‐retention–shrub‐reduction treatment. The difference between the control and the retention treatments was significant (P < 0.0001), but not between dispersed and aggregated retention (P = 0.97). Thus, our first hypothesis was not supported. In all treatments, biomass growth was significantly higher (>100% increase) with shrub reduction (P = 0.001), supporting our second hypothesis. Biomass growth of residual trees ranged from 2404 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the uncut‐control–ambient‐shrub treatment to 1043 kg·ha−1·yr−1 in the aggregated‐retention–shrub‐reduction treatment. Differences were significant between the control and retention treatments (P = 0.003), and marginally higher with dispersed vs. aggregated retention (P = 0.09), lending support to our third hypothesis. Our results suggest that managers have flexibility in application of VRH and can expect similar stand‐level biomass growth of planted regeneration regardless of retention pattern, but somewhat higher stand‐level biomass growth of retained trees with dispersed retention.
Aboveground biomass mapping of African forest mosaics using canopy texture analysis: toward a regional approach
Authors: Bastin Jean-François , Barbier Nicolas , Couteron Pierre , Adams Benoît , Shapiro Aurélie , Bogaert Jan , De Cannière Charles
Published: April 2014

In the context of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation (the REDD+ program), optical very high resolution (VHR) satellite images provide an opportunity to characterize forest canopy structure and to quantify aboveground biomass (AGB) at less expense than methods based on airborne remote sensing data. Among the methods for processing these VHR images, Fourier textural ordination (FOTO) presents a good method to detect forest canopy structural heterogeneity and therefore to predict AGB variations. Notably, the method does not saturate at intermediate AGB values as do pixelwise processing of available space borne optical and radar signals. However, a regional‐scale application requires overcoming two difficulties: (1) instrumental effects due to variations in sun–scene–sensor geometry or sensor‐specific responses that preclude the use of wide arrays of images acquired under heterogeneous conditions and (2) forest structural diversity including monodominant or open canopy forests, which are of particular importance in Central Africa. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a rigorous regional study of canopy texture by harmonizing FOTO indices of images acquired from two different sensors (Geoeye‐1 and QuickBird‐2) and different sun–scene–sensor geometries and by calibrating a piecewise biomass inversion model using 26 inventory plots (1 ha) sampled across very heterogeneous forest types. A good agreement was found between observed and predicted AGB (residual standard error [RSE] = 15%; R2 = 0.85; P < 0.001) across a wide range of AGB levels from 26 Mg/ha to 460 Mg/ha, and was confirmed by cross validation. A high‐resolution biomass map (100‐m pixels) was produced for a 400‐km2 area, and predictions obtained from both imagery sources were consistent with each other (r = 0.86; slope = 1.03; intercept = 12.01 Mg/ha). These results highlight the horizontal structure of forest canopy as a powerful descriptor of the entire forest stand structure and heterogeneity. In particular, we show that quantitative metrics resulting from such textural analysis offer new opportunities to characterize the spatial and temporal variation of the structure of dense forests and may complement the toolbox used by tropical forest ecologists, managers or REDD+ national monitoring, reporting and verification bodies.
Ontogeny of long distance migration
Authors: Scott Rebecca , Marsh Robert , Hays Graeme C.
Published: April 2014

The movements of some long‐distance migrants are driven by innate compass headings that they follow on their first migrations (e.g., some birds and insects), while the movements of other first‐time migrants are learned by following more experienced conspecifics (e.g., baleen whales). However, the overall roles of innate, learned, and social behaviors in driving migration goals in many taxa are poorly understood. To look for evidence of whether migration routes are innate or learned for sea turtles, here for 42 sites around the world we compare the migration routes of >400 satellite‐tracked adults of multiple species of sea turtle with ∼45 000 Lagrangian hatchling turtle drift scenarios. In so doing, we show that the migration routes of adult turtles are strongly related to hatchling drift patterns, implying that adult migration goals are learned through their past experiences dispersing with ocean currents. The diverse migration destinations of adults consistently reflected the diversity in sites they would have encountered as drifting hatchlings. Our findings reveal how a simple mechanism, juvenile passive drift, can explain the ontogeny of some of the longest migrations in the animal kingdom and ensure that adults find suitable foraging sites.
Intravenous Moderate Sedation as an Adjunct for Periodontal Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis of 964 Cases
Authors: Holtzclaw Dan J. , Hinze Fritz , Burnham James K. , Toscano Nicholas J. , Shumaker Nicholas
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Numerous articles have documented the safety of intravenous moderate sedation when used as an adjunct for dental procedures. These articles have traditionally focused on surgical procedures and demonstrate significant differences in duration for periodontal versus oral surgery cases. Periodontal procedures typically last longer than oral surgery procedures, and, when using intravenous moderate sedation, these time differences can be critical because longer procedures require additional medication use and place patients in prolonged periods of altered consciousness.

Case Series: The goal of this retrospective review is to analyze intravenous moderate sedation records from multiple private practicing periodontists to evaluate a variety of data and how they relate to periodontal procedures. Evaluated data included patient demographics, procedure type, procedure duration, medication dosages, fluid administration, hemodynamic changes, respiratory changes, and complications. Intravenous sedation cases performed during the past 5 years at five private periodontal practices were evaluated.

Conclusions: Intravenous moderate sedation using fentanyl and versed is a safe and effective adjunct for periodontal surgical procedures with minimal complications. Predictable changes in hemodynamic and respiratory levels will ensue when using these agents. Finally, practitioners using intravenous moderate sedation should schedule an additional 30 minutes of procedure time to account for preoperative and postoperative patient management.
Factors Controlling the Dissolved Organic Matter Concentration in Pore Waters of Agricultural Soils
Authors: De Troyer Inne , Merckx Roel , Amery Fien , Smolders Erik
Published: April 2014

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) affects a wide range of soil processes, but it is generally unknown which factors control its concentration. Here we report a survey of soil solution dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in agricultural soils with contrasting properties. Eighty‐seven agricultural topsoils were sampled throughout Europe. Soil solution was isolated by centrifugation (3500 g) from soils sampled field moist and analyzed directly (n = 30), from air‐dried soils that were rewetted and incubated for 5 wk (n = 30), or from soils stored moist at 4°C during 1.5 yr (n = 39). The soil storage and treatment effects on DOC concentrations in membrane filtered soil solution (0.45 μm), tested on identical samples, showed that air‐drying followed by wetting increased DOC 2.5‐ to 7.8‐fold compared with freshly sampled field moist samples, whereas cold storage had inconsistent effects. In the entire data set, DOC in the soil solution ranged from 12 to 104 mg C L−1 (10th– 90th percentile), with a median of 33 mg C L−1. Soil or soil solution properties (including ionic strength) only explained 14% of the variance of log[DOC] in freshly sampled soils, whereas 41% was explained in the entire dataset. The stepwise regression models predict that DOC increases with increasing soil organic matter content and decreasing pH or % base saturation. The specific UV‐absorbance of DOM at 254 nm (SUVA) as an indicator of the aromaticity of DOM ranged sevenfold among samples. Soil drying and rewetting decreased the SUVA of DOM, suggesting that DOM released after rewetting originates from decaying biomass rather than from humified organic matter. The DOC concentrations are largely affected by drying–rewetting processes. In freshly sampled soils, DOC concentrations correlate poorly to physicochemical properties of the soil, likely due to biological processes involved.