bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-standing polyaniline membrane containing quaternary ammonium groups loaded with hollow spherical NiCo2O4 electrocatalyst for alkaline water electrolyser
Authors: Bhushan Mani , Mani Mariappan , Singh Anuj K. , Panda Asit B. , Shahi Vinod K.
Published: July 2020

A self-standing polyaniline membrane containing quaternary ammonium groups loaded with a NiCo2O4 electrocatalyst is developed for an alkaline water electrolyser.
Highly dispersed Fe–Ce mixed oxide catalysts confined in mesochannels toward low-temperature oxidation of formaldehyde
Authors: Fan Jianwei , Niu Xufei , Teng Wei , Zhang Peng , Zhang Wei-xian , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: July 2020

Highly dispersed Fe–Ce mixed oxides confined in mesochannels are prepared by two-step impregnation–calcination, achieving superior catalytic oxidation of HCHO (9.8 μg L−1) with 65 and 94.9% at 30 and 60 °C, respectively.
Molecular engineering of covalent organic nanosheets for high-performance sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Kim Min-Sung , Lee Minseop , Kim Min-Jae , Jeong Young Kyu , Park Jin Kuen , Paek Seung-Min
Published: July 2020

Low-bandgap covalent organic nanosheets are synthesized by combining electrically different monomers. The charge carrier conductivity resulting by lowering their bandgap is demonstrated to be important in improving the capacity of Na-ion batteries.
Brimonidine–montmorillonite hybrid formulation for topical drug delivery to the eye
Authors: Park Chun Gwon , Choi Goeun , Kim Myung Hun , Kim Se-Na , Lee Hanna , Lee Na Kyeong , Choy Young Bin , Choy Jin-Ho
Published: July 2020

Ternary hybrids of brimonidine, montmorillonite and polyvinyl alcohol (BMD-MMT@PVA) can improve ocular drug bioavailability when administered topically to the eye.
A zero-dimensional hybrid lead perovskite with highly efficient blue-violet light emission
Authors: Sun Chen , Jiang Kuan , Han Meng-Fei , Liu Mei-Jun , Lian Xi-Kai , Jiang Yong-Xin , Shi Hua-Sen , Yue Cheng-Yang , Lei Xiao-Wu
Published: July 2020

By using a structural slicing strategy toward 3D CsPbCl3, we successfully constructed the first 0D perovskite displaying the highest-energy blue-violet light emission (392 nm) with improved photoluminescence quantum yield ranging from <5% to 21.3%.
Dual-site occupancy induced broadband cyan emission in Ba2CaB2Si4O14:Ce3+
Authors: You Shihai , Zhuo Ya , Chen Qiulin , Brgoch Jakoah , Xie Rong-Jun
Published: July 2020

Dual-site occupancy of Ce3+ on Ba2+ and Ca2+ sites produces ultra-broadband cyan emission, fully covering the blue to green region.
Discrete element modeling of boulder and cliff morphologies on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Kappel D. , Sachse M. , Haack D. , Otto K. A.
Published: July 2020

Context.Even after the Rosetta mission, some of the mechanical parameters of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s surface material are not yet well constrained. These parameters are needed to improve our understanding of cometary activity or for planning sample return missions.

Aims.We study some of the physical processes involved in the formation of selected surface features and investigate the mechanical and geometrical parameters involved.

Methods.Applying the discrete element method (DEM) in a low-gravity environment, we numerically simulated the surface layer particle dynamics involved in the formation of selected morphological features. The material considered is a mixture of polydisperse ice and dust spheres with inter-particle forces given by the Hertz contact model, translational friction, rolling friction, cohesion from unsintered contacts, and optionally due to bonds from ice sintering. We determined a working set of parameters that enables the simulations to be reasonably realistic and investigated morphological changes due to modifications thereof.

Results.The selected morphological features are reasonably well reproduced using model materials with a tensile strength on the order of 1–10 Pa. Increasing the diameters of the spherical particles decreases the material strength, and increasing the friction leads to a more brittle but somewhat stronger material. High friction is required to make the material sufficiently brittle to match observations, which points to the presence of very rough, even angular particles. Reasonable seismic activity does not suffice to trigger the collapses of cliffs without material heterogeneities or structural defects.

Conclusions.DEM modeling can be a powerful tool to investigate mechanical parameters of cometary surface material. However, many uncertainties arise from our limited understanding of particle shapes, spatial configurations, and size distributions, all on multiple length scales. Further numerical work, in situ measurements, and sample return missions are needed to better understand the mechanics of cometary material and cometary activity.
Qualitätssicherungsrichtlinie Früh- und Reifgeborene
des Gemeinsamen Bundesausschusses als Qualitätsrisiko?
Authors: Kleeberg Markus , Beckmann Matthias , Fusch Christoph , Hanf Volker , Kainer Franz , Klinge Jens , Köhler Wolfgang , Morhart Patrick , Schroth Michael Andreas
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund Die Qualitätssicherungsrichtlinie Früh- und
Reifgeborene (QFR-RL) stellt hohe personelle Anforderungen an Perinatalzentren
(PNZ). In dieser Analyse wurde der Erfüllungsgrad der PNZ ermittelt und
evaluiert, wie sich die Versorgung weiterer Patientengruppen und freie
pflegerische Personalkapazität (pPK) für akut zu versorgende
Frühgeborene (FG) darstellt.

Methodik Aus einem Verbund von 4 PNZ (Level 1) mit ca. 10 000
Geburten pro Jahr wurde der Anteil der 1:1/1:2-Versorgten, Patientenzahl
pro Pflegekraft (Pat/P) und pPK nach Zentrum, Schicht und Wochentag
über einen Zeitraum von 5 Monaten bzgl. Erfüllung der QFR-RL
bzw. der DGPM-Empfehlungen ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden anstehende FG
erfasst und mit freier pPK abgeglichen.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt konnte die QFR-RL in 88% der Schichten
(n=1584) erfüllt werden. Nur ein Zentrum erreichte die
geforderten 95%. Der Erfüllungsgrad und die Zahl der
eingesetzten Pflege nahm in Spät- zu Nachtdiensten ab (p<0,001).
Der Anteil der 1:1-versorgten FG war bei Nichterfüllung der Vorgaben
signifikant erhöht (p<0,001). 14,1% der anstehenden FG
hätten unter Vorgabenerfüllung versorgt werden
können.

Schlussfolgerungen Die 1:1-Versorgung und die niedrigere Besetzung in
Spät- und Nachdiensten waren Faktoren, die zu Unterschreitung der
Vorgaben und schlechterer Versorgung der übrigen Intensivpatienten
führten. Dies spiegelte auch der niedrige Erfüllungsgrad der
DGPM-Empfehlungen wider. Freie pPK war kaum vorhanden, was die Versorgung der
anstehenden FG unter Einhaltung der Vorgaben nahezu ausschloss.
DNVF Memorandum Gesundheitskompetenz (Teil 1) – Hintergrund,
Relevanz, Gegenstand und Fragestellungen in der Versorgungsforschung:
Kurzfassung
Authors: Ernstmann Nicole , Bauer Ullrich , Berens Eva-Maria , Bitzer Eva Maria , Bollweg Torsten Michael , Danner Martin , Dehn-Hindenberg Andrea , Dierks Marie Luise , Farin Erik , Grobosch Sandra , Haarig Frederik , Halbach Sarah , Hollederer Alfons , Icks Andrea , Kowalski Christoph , Kramer Ursula , Neugebauer Edmund , Okan Orkan , Pelikan Jürgen , Pfaff Holger , Sautermeister Jochen , Schaeffer Doris , Schang Laura , Schulte Hilde , Siegel Achim , Sundmacher Leonie , Vogt Dominique , Vollmar Horst Christian , Stock Stephanie
Published: July 2020

Mehr als die Hälfte der deutschen Bevölkerung hat
Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit Gesundheitsinformationen. Es ist eine wichtige
Aufgabe der Versorgungsforschung zu untersuchen, wie sich die Professionen
und Organisationen des Gesundheitssystems dieser Herausforderung stellen
können. Die vorliegende Kurzfassung des DNVF Memorandums
Gesundheitskompetenz (Teil 1) nimmt Begriffsbestimmungen der individuellen
und organisationalen Gesundheitskompetenz vor, präsentiert den
nationalen und internationalen Forschungsstand und stellt ethische Aspekte
der versorgungsbezogenen Gesundheitskompetenzforschung dar. Vor diesem
Hintergrund werden zentrale Forschungsgegenstände und
zukünftige Forschungsdesiderata abgeleitet.
[(bpy)CuSCF3]: A Practical and Efficient Reagent for the Construction of C–SCF3 Bonds
Authors: Lin Qi , Weng Zhiqiang , Huang Yangjie , Zhang Mengjia
Published: July 2020

In this account, we summarize recent work on the direct introduction of the SCF3 group by using [(bpy)CuSCF3] as trifluoromethylthiolating reagent. A number of efficient and convenient strategies have been disclosed for the synthesis of trifluoromethylthiolated compounds, including trifluoromethylthiolation of aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl halides, and arylboronic acids. These reactions afford various trifluoromethyl sulfides in good yields.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of [(bpy)CuSCF3]

3 Trifluoromethylthiolation of Aryl Halides

4 Trifluoromethylthiolation of Alkenyl Halides

5 Trifluoromethylthiolation of Alkyl Halides

6 Miscellaneous

7 Conclusion
Asymmetric Reductive Dicarbofunctionalization of Alkenes via Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Diao Tianning , Anthony David
Published: July 2020

Alkenes are an appealing functional group that can be transformed into a variety of structures. Transition-metal catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes can efficiently afford products with complex substitution patterns from simple substrates. Under reductive conditions, this transformation can be achieved while avoiding stoichiometric organometallic reagents. Asymmetric difunctionalization of alkenes has been underdeveloped, in spite of its potential synthetic utility. Herein, we present a summary of our efforts to control enantioselectivity for alkene diarylation with a nickel catalyst. This reaction is useful for preparing triarylethanes. The selectivity is enhanced by an N-oxyl radical additive.
PHIL Migration to Internal Carotid Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery: Late Mechanical Retrieval with Solitaire AB Stent
Authors: Saal-Zapata Giancarlo , Durand Walter , Vallejos Ricardo , Valer Dante , Flores Jesús , Rodriguez Rodolfo
Published: July 2020

Precipitating hydrophobic injecting liquid (PHIL) is a novel embolic agent used in the endovascular treatment of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and arteriovenous fistulas. Complications can occur during embolization with migration of the liquid embolic material to normal vasculature. In these cases, use of a stent retriever is an option for removal of the plug. Herein, we present the case of a patient who presented with a right occipital hemorrhage due to a ruptured occipital AVM fed by the calcarine and parieto-occipital arteries with venous drainage to the straight sinus. Embolization via the anterior circulation through the right posterior communicating artery was attempted but PHIL migrated to right internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery due to kinking and rupture of the microcatheter. The patient developed mild left hemiparesis. When this complication occurred, no stent retriever was available at our institution and 1 day later, the Solitaire AB stent was used to remove the plug of PHIL successfully, with good reperfusion of the proximal and distal vessels. The patient improved after the procedure and was discharged home without deficit. Mechanical stent retrievers can be used in cases of migration of liquid embolic agents to normal vasculature with good clinical and radiological results.
Avaliação do biomarcador CTX-II em pacientes com ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior: Estudo piloto
Authors: Nicolini Alexandre Pedro , Mansur Nacime Salomão Barbachan , Dreyfuss Juliana Luporini , Ejnisman Benno , Cohen Moises , Astur Diego Costa
Published: July 2020

Objetivo Quantificar a concentração urinária do biomarcador telopeptídeo C de ligação cruzada de colágeno de tipo II (C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type-II collagen, CTX-II) em casos de lesão isolada do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), e comparar as concentrações observadas nessa população com um grupo controle composto por pacientes sem alterações metabólicas no joelho que possam levar à degeneração da cartilagem.

Métodos Este é um estudo piloto transversal com dois grupos: pacientes com ruptura do LCA e grupo controle (cada grupo era composto por 10 indivíduos do sexo masculino, com 18 a 35 anos de idade, e índice de massa corporal inferior a 30 kg/m2). Nos dois grupos, as concentrações urinárias de um biomarcador relacionado à degradação do colágeno de tipo II (CTX-II) foram medidas. No grupo com ruptura do LCA, a relação entre o tempo pós-lesão e a quantidade do biomarcador também foi analisada.

Resultados Houve diferenças significativas nas concentrações urinárias de CTX-II entre o grupo LCA e o grupo controle (p = 0,009). Não foi observada relação significativa entre o tempo de lesão e a quantidade do biomarcador.

Conclusões Pacientes com lesão do LCA apresentaram maiores concentrações urinárias do biomarcador CTX-II do que aqueles sem lesão do LCA (p = 0,009). No entanto, não houve correlação entre a concentração desse biomarcador e o tempo decorrido após a lesão (p> 0,05).
Descrição do método de aferição dos parâmetros sacropélvicos para a inserção do parafuso S2-asa do ilíaco
Authors: de Sousa Pontes Mariana Demétrio , Ismael Lucas Klarosk , Francisco Lucas Américo , Herrero Carlos Fernando Pereira da Silva
Published: July 2020

Objetivo Descrever como aferir os parâmetros sacropélvicos para a inserção segura do parafuso S2-asa do ilíaco (S2AI).

Métodos Estudo descritivo do método de aferição dos parâmetros sacropélvicos para a inserção do parafuso S2AI por meio de tomografia computadorizada (TC). Os dados avaliados em reconstruções multiplanares foram os parâmetros da trajetória do parafuso, incluindo comprimento, diâmetro e ângulos de trajetória nos planos axial e sagital.

Resultados A partir da reconstrução sagital, angula-se tridimensionalmente o eixo da série de cortes axiais de modo que seja possível visualizar a vértebra S2, o ponto de entrada do parafuso e a espinha ilíaca anteroinferior (EIAI) no mesmo plano. O ponto de entrada é demarcado no ponto médio entre os forames dorsais de S1 e S2. Para medir o comprimento do parafuso, traçam-se linhas tangenciando as corticais interna e externa do ilíaco. O diâmetro é determinado pela menor distância entre as tábuas interna e externa do ilíaco subtraindo metade do diâmetro do parafuso escolhido medialmente e lateralmente. O ângulo de trajetória no plano axial é formado pela linha média anteroposterior do sacro e a linha do comprimento do parafuso. O ângulo de inclinação craniocaudal em relação ao platô de S1 corresponde ao grau de inclinação feito no plano sagital para encontrar a imagem em que o ponto de entrada e a EIAI são vistos no mesmo plano.

Conclusão Foi possível aferir adequadamente, por meio de reconstruções multiplanares de TC, os parâmetros sacropélvicos necessários para a inserção segura do parafuso S2AI.
The Hydra-Headed Coronaviruses: Implications of COVID-19 for Homeopathy
Authors: Waisse Silvia , Oberbaum Menachem , Frass Michael
Published: July 2020

Successful homeopathic prescriptions are based on careful individualization of symptoms, either for an individual patient or collectively in the case of epidemic outbreaks. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic was initially represented as a severe acute respiratory illness, with eventual dramatic complications. However, over time it revealed to be a complex systemic disease with manifestations derived from viral-induced inflammation and hypercoagulability, thus liable to affect any body organ or system. As a result, clinical presentation is variable, in addition to variations associated with several individual and collective risk factors. Given the extreme variability of pathology and clinical manifestations, a single, or a few, universal homeopathic preventive Do not split medicine(s) do not seem feasible. Yet homeopathy may have a relevant role to play, inasmuch as the vast majority of patients only exhibit the mild form of disease and are indicated to self-care at home, without standard monitoring, follow-up, or treatment. For future pandemics, homeopathy agencies should prepare by establishing rapid-response teams and efficacious lines of communication.
Clinician Perceptions of Timing and Presentation of Drug-Drug Interaction Alerts
Authors: Humphrey Kate E. , Mirica Maria , Phansalkar Shobha , Ozonoff Al , Harper Marvin B.
Published: July 2020

Objective Alert presentation of clinical decision support recommendations is a common method for providing information; however, many alerts are overridden suggesting presentation design improvements can be made. This study attempts to assess pediatric prescriber information needs for drug–drug interactions (DDIs) alerts and to evaluate the optimal presentation timing and presentation in the medication ordering process.

Methods Six case scenarios presented interactions between medications used in pediatric specialties of general medicine, infectious disease, cardiology, and neurology. Timing varied to include alert interruption at medication selection versus order submission; or was noninterruptive. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and independently analyzed to derive central themes.

Results Fourteen trainee and attending clinicians trained in pediatrics, cardiology, and neurology participated. Coders derived 8 central themes from 929 quotes. Discordance exists between medication prescribing frequency and DDI knowledge; providers may commonly prescribe medications for which they do not recognize DDIs. Providers wanted alerts at medication selection rather than at order signature. Alert presentation themes included standardizing text, providing interaction-specific incidence/risk information, DDI rating scales, consolidating alerts, and providing alternative therapies. Providers want alerts to be actionable, for example, allowing medication discontinuation and color visual cues for essential information. Despite alert volume, participants did not “mind being reminded because there is always the chance that at that particular moment (they) do not remember it” and acknowledged the importance of alerts as “essential in terms of patient safety.”

Conclusion Clinicians unanimously agreed on the importance of receiving DDI alerts to improve patient safety. The perceived alert value can be improved by incorporating clinician preferences for timing and presentation.
Effects of matching network on mode transitions in a helicon wave plasma source
Authors: Hu Yibo , Ji Peiyu , Yang Jiaqi , Jin Chenggang , Zhuge Lanjian , Wu Xuemei
Published: July 2020

An experimental research on multi-stable mode transitions and hysteresis loops in a high magnetic field helicon wave plasma source is conducted by adjusting matching network parameters. The correspondence relation between the electric circuit and plasma parameters is explored by measuring the plasma absorbed power, plasma electron density, and power transfer efficiency. The details of mode transitions are recorded by measuring the transmission coefficient to understand the feedback effects on the electric circuit from the plasma. Three discharge modes are observed in helicon discharge: the capacitively coupling mode (E mode), the inductively coupling mode (H mode), and the wave coupling mode (W mode). When the plasma absorbed power increases, the discharge mode directly jumps from the E mode to the W mode, while the discharge mode jumps in the order of W–H–E when the plasma absorbed power decreases. In such multi-stable systems, the plasma may be in different modes under the same set of circuit conditions. Hysteresis loops exist even when the dissipative power in the matching network is subtracted, which indicates that the main cause of hysteresis is nonlinearities inside the plasma.
Spin echo studies on Fe3+ ions in GaN: Spin-phonon relaxation and ligand hyperfine interactions
Authors: Azamat D. V. , Badalyan A. G. , Romanov N. G. , Savinov M. , Hrabovsky M. , Jastrabik L. , Dejneka A. , Yakovlev D. R. , Bayer M.
Published: July 2020

The electron spin echo detected inversion recovery technique at the Q-band frequency was used to characterize spin diffusion effects in spin-lattice relaxation of compensating Fe3+ impurities in n-type doped GaN crystals. It was found that the selective saturation can be achieved in the GaN:Fe3+ system due to magnetization transfer based on the spin flip-flop cross-relaxation processes. The temperature dependence of 1/T1 can be explained by direct spin-phonon processes (∼T) below 25 K and by Raman two-phonon processes (∼T9) at higher temperatures. Spin diffusion in this system is characterized by an additional cross-relaxation rate which is weakly temperature-dependent below 25 K. The transferred hyperfine interactions of Fe3+ centers with gallium and nitrogen neighbor nuclei were resolved using pulsed-electron nuclear double resonance. A comparative analysis of quadrupole interactions indicates the essential increase in the electric field gradients on the nearest nitrogen and gallium shells.
Automated extraction of the short-range part of the interaction in non-contact atomic force microscopy
Authors: Diao Zhuo , Katsube Daiki , Yamashita Hayato , Sugimoto Yoshiaki , Custance Oscar , Abe Masayuki
Published: July 2020

A method for the automated extraction of the short-range part of the probe-surface interaction from force spectroscopy curves is presented. Our algorithm consists of two stages: the first stage determines a boundary that separates the region where the short-range interaction is dominantly acting on the probe and a second stage that finds the parameters to fit the interaction over the long-range region. We applied this method to force spectroscopy maps acquired over the Si(111)-(7×7) surface and found, as a result, a faint pattern on the short-range interaction for one of the probes used in the experiments, which would have probably been obviated using human-supervised fitting strategies.
Molecular dynamics simulations of interfacial properties of the CO2–water and CO2–CH4–water systems
Authors: Naeiji Parisa , Woo Tom K. , Alavi Saman , Ohmura Ryo
Published: July 2020

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the interfacial behavior of the pure carbon dioxide–water system and a binary 40:60 mol. % gas mixture of (carbon dioxide + methane)–water at the temperatures of 275.15 K and 298.15 K and pressures near 4 MPa for CO2 and up to 10 MPa for methane. The simulations are used to study the dynamic equilibrium of the gases at the water–gas interface, to determine the z-density profiles for the gases and water, and calculate the interfacial tension γ under the different temperature/pressure conditions close to those of the formation of clathrate hydrates of these gases. At the same hydrostatic gas phase pressure, the CO2–water interface has a lower interfacial tension than the CH4–water interface. A greater number of CO2 molecules, as much as three times more than methane at the same pressure, were adsorbed at the interfacial layer, which reflects the stronger electrostatic quadrupolar and van der Waals interactions between CO2 and water molecules at the interface. The water surfaces are covered by less than a monolayer of gas even when the pressure of the system goes near the saturation pressure of CO2. The surface adsorbed molecules are in dynamic equilibrium with the bulk gas and with exchange between the gas and interface regions occurring repeatedly within the timescale of the simulations. The effects of the changes in the CO2–water interfacial tension with external temperature and pressure conditions on the formation of the clathrate hydrates and other CO2 capture and sequestration processes are discussed.
Single-shot wavelength-multiplexed digital holography for 3D fluorescent microscopy and other imaging modalities
Authors: Tahara Tatsuki , Ishii Ayumi , Ito Tomoyoshi , Ichihashi Yasuyuki , Oi Ryutaro
Published: July 2020

We propose a holographic technique by which multiwavelength three-dimensional spatial information is obtained with both a single-shot exposure of a monochrome image sensor and an in-line holographic multiplexing scheme. We develop a specially designed monochrome image sensor with a wavelength-dependent phase-modulation array, which is used to obtain the holographic information required for the proposed technique. The proposed technique is applicable for not only laser holography but also spatially and temporally incoherent holography. Its validity is experimentally demonstrated by constructing a color-multiplexed fluorescence digital holographic microscope and a multicolor incoherent digital holography system with a white-light source.
High quality epitaxial thin films and exchange bias of antiferromagnetic Dirac semimetal FeSn
Authors: Khadka Durga , Thapaliya T. R. , Wen Jiajia , Need Ryan F. , Huang S. X.
Published: July 2020

FeSn is a topological semimetal (TSM) and kagome antiferromagnet (AFM) composed of alternating Fe3Sn kagome planes and honeycomb Sn planes. This unique structure gives rise to exotic features in the band structures such as the coexistence of Dirac cones and flatbands near the Fermi level, fully spin-polarized 2D surface Dirac fermions, and the ability to open a large gap in the Dirac cone by reorienting the Néel vector. In this work, we report the synthesis of high-quality epitaxial (0001) FeSn films by magnetron sputtering. Using FeSn/Py heterostructures, we show a large exchange bias effect that reaches an exchange field of 220 Oe at 5 K, providing unambiguous evidence of antiferromagnetism and strong interlayer exchange coupling in our films. Field cycling studies show steep initial training effects, highlighting the complex magnetic interactions and anisotropy. Importantly, our work provides a simple, alternative means to fabricate FeSn films and heterostructures, making it easier to explore the topological physics of AFM TSMs and develop FeSn-based spintronics.
Model-dependent polar catastrophe scenario in ABO3/SrTiO3 (001) (A = La, Y, Sc, B = Al, Ga) systems
Authors: Cho Jinhyung , Jeen Hyoungjeen
Published: July 2020

We have theoretically studied the structural and physical properties of ABO3 (A = La, Y, Sc, B = Al, Ga) films on SrTiO3 (001) crystals with SrO and TiO terminations under the assumption of epitaxially strained growth. To loosen the epitaxial condition, we have studied periodic √2×√2 in-plane superstructures to accommodate strain by tilting of octahedra as well as distortion. We also have studied spin-independent and spin-dependent calculations to monitor the possible magnetic ground states. The data show that spin-polarized Ti ions promote metal–insulator transition toward thinner ABO3/SrTiO3 compared to the nonmagnetic cases. Besides, octahedral distortions in the grown films favor a−a−c− orientations to accommodate lattice mismatch, reducing the ferroelectric polar nature by antisymmetric octahedral ionic coordinates, as well as overall monoclinic-like distortion along the growth direction to accommodate strains as A atoms get smaller.
Infrared active surface modes found in thin films of perfluoroalkanes reveal the dipole–dipole interaction and surface morphology
Authors: Fukumi Aki , Shimoaka Takafumi , Shioya Nobutaka , Nagai Naoto , Hasegawa Takeshi
Published: July 2020

Infrared (IR) spectra of an organic thin film are mostly understood by considering the normal modes of a single molecule, if the dipole–dipole (D–D) interaction is ignorable in the film. When the molecules have a chemical group having a large permanent dipole moment such as the C=O and C—F groups, the D–D interaction induces vibrational couplings across the molecules, which produces an extra band as a surface phonon or polariton band because of the small thickness. Since the dipole moment of an organic compound is much less than that of an inorganic ionic crystal, we have a problem that the extra band looks like a normal-mode band, which are difficult to be discriminated from each other. In fact, this visual similarity sometimes leads us to a wrong direction in chemical discussion because the direction of the transition moment of the extra band is totally different from those of the normal modes. Here, we show useful selection rules for discussing IR spectra of a thin film without performing the permittivity analysis. The apparent change in the spectral shape on decrease in the thickness of the sample can be correlated with the morphological change in the film surface, which can also be discussed with changes in the molecular packing. This analytical technique has effectively been applied for studying the chemical properties of perfluoroalkanes as a chemical demonstration, which readily supports the stratified dipole-array theory for perfluoroalkyl compounds.
Design principles of dual-functional molecular switches in solid-state tunnel junctions
Authors: Thompson Damien , Barco Enrique del , Nijhuis Christian A.
Published: July 2020

Molecular electronics has improved tremendously over the past 20 years, but it remains challenging to develop molecular switches that operate well in two-terminal tunnel junctions. Emerging technologies demand multi-functional junctions that can switch between different operations within a single molecule or molecular monolayer. Usually the focus is placed on molecules that shift the junctions between high and low conductance states, but here we describe molecular junctions with dual-functional switching capability. We discuss the operating mechanism of such switches and present examples of “two-in-one” junctions of a diode placed in series with an additional switch, which can operate either as an electrostatic or a memory on/off switch. We propose guidelines for future designs of such dual-function molecular switches and provide an outlook for future directions of research.
HDAC6 regulates microtubule stability and clustering of AChRs at neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Osseni Alexis , Ravel-Chapuis Aymeric , Thomas Jean-Luc , Gache Vincent , Schaeffer Laurent , Jasmin Bernard J.
Published: July 2020

Microtubules (MTs) are known to be post-translationally modified at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), hence increasing their stability. To date however, the function(s) of the dynamic MT network and its relative stability in the formation and maintenance of NMJs remain poorly described. Stabilization of the MT is dependent in part on its acetylation status, and HDAC6 is capable of reversing this post-translational modification. Here, we report that HDAC6 preferentially accumulates at NMJs and that it contributes to the organization and the stability of NMJs. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 protects against MT disorganization and reduces the size of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters. Moreover, the endogenous HDAC6 inhibitor paxillin interacts with HDAC6 in skeletal muscle cells, colocalizes with AChR aggregates, and regulates the formation of AChR. Our findings indicate that the focal insertion of AChRs into the postsynaptic membrane is regulated by stable MTs and highlight how an MT/HDAC6/paxillin axis participates in the regulation of AChR insertion and removal to control the structure of NMJs.
Necroptosis is SARMful to your health
Authors: Pierchala Brian A.
Published: July 2020

Necroptosis is a cell death pathway involved in inflammation and disease. In this issue, Ko et al. (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201912047) link SARM1, the executioner of Wallerian degeneration of axons, to necroptosis, revealing a unique form of axonal disassembly likely involved in neurodegenerative disorders.
Zena Werb (1945–2020): Cell biology in context
Authors: Sixt Michael , Huttenlocher Anna
Published: July 2020

Sixt and Huttenlocher commemorate the life of Zena Werb.
Noncanonical STAT3 activity sustains pathogenic Th17 proliferation and cytokine response to antigen
Authors: Poholek Catherine H. , Raphael Itay , Wu Dongwen , Revu Shankar , Rittenhouse Natalie , Uche Uzodinma U. , Majumder Saikat , Kane Lawrence P. , Poholek Amanda C. , McGeachy Mandy J.
Published: July 2020

The STAT3 signaling pathway is required for early Th17 cell development, and therapies targeting this pathway are used for autoimmune disease. However, the role of STAT3 in maintaining inflammatory effector Th17 cell function has been unexplored. Th17ΔSTAT3 mice, which delete STAT3 in effector Th17 cells, were resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. Th17 cell numbers declined after STAT3 deletion, corresponding to reduced cell cycle. Th17ΔSTAT3 cells had increased IL-6–mediated phosphorylation of STAT1, known to have antiproliferative functions. Th17ΔSTAT3 cells also had reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, which can regulate intracellular Ca2+. Accordingly, Th17ΔSTAT3 cells had reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines when stimulated with myelin antigen but normal production of cytokines when TCR-induced Ca2+ flux was bypassed with ionomycin. Thus, early transcriptional roles of STAT3 in developing Th17 cells are later complimented by noncanonical STAT3 functions that sustain pathogenic Th17 cell proliferation and cytokine production.
Talin1 sets the stage for dendritic cell activation
Authors: Clausen Björn E.
Published: July 2020

In this issue of JEM, Lim et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191810) provide exciting new evidence that talin1 plays an essential role in dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation. Using conditional knockout mice, they demonstrate that talin1 promotes the formation of a preassembled TLR–Myddosome signaling complex in steady-state DCs but not macrophages. This may explain why DCs respond faster and more vigorously to TLR ligand binding than their closely related macrophages.
ELGAR—a European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research
Authors: Canuel B , Abend S , Amaro-Seoane P , Badaracco F , Beaufils Q , Bertoldi A , Bongs K , Bouyer P , Braxmaier C , Chaibi W , Christensen N , Fitzek F , Flouris G , Gaaloul N , Gaffet S , Garrido Alzar C L , Geiger R , Guellati-Khelifa S , Hammerer K , Harms J , Hinderer J , Holynski M , Junca J , Katsanevas S , Klempt C , Kozanitis C , Krutzik M , Landragin A , Làzaro Roche I , Leykauf B , Lien Y-H , Loriani S , Merlet S , Merzougui M , Nofrarias M , Papadakos P , Pereira dos Santos F , Peters A , Plexousakis D , Prevedelli M , Rasel E M , Rogister Y , Rosat S , Roura A , Sabulsky D O , Schkolnik V , Schlippert D , Schubert C , Sidorenkov L , Siemß J-N , Sopuerta C F , Sorrentino F , Struckmann C , Tino G M , Tsagkatakis G , Viceré A , von Klitzing W , Woerner L , Zou X
Published: July 2020

Gravitational waves (GWs) were observed for the first time in 2015, one century after Einstein predicted their existence. There is now growing interest to extend the detection bandwidth to low frequency. The scientific potential of multi-frequency GW astronomy is enormous as it would enable to obtain a more complete picture of cosmic events and mechanisms. This is a unique and entirely new opportunity for the future of astronomy, the success of which depends upon the decisions being made on existing and new infrastructures. The prospect of combining observations from the future space-based instrument LISA together with third generation ground based detectors will open the way toward multi-band GW astronomy, but will leave the infrasound (0.1–10 Hz) band uncovered. GW detectors based on matter wave interferometry promise to fill such a sensitivity gap. We propose the European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research (ELGAR), an underground infrastructure based on the latest progress in atomic physics, to study space–time and gravitation with the primary goal of detecting GWs in the infrasound band. ELGAR will directly inherit from large research facilities now being built in Europe for the study of large scale atom interferometry and will drive new pan-European synergies from top research centers developing quantum sensors. ELGAR will measure GW radiation in the infrasound band with a peak strain sensitivity of

3.3
×
1

0

−
22

/

Hz

at 1.7 Hz. The antenna will have an impact on diverse fundamental and applied research fields beyond GW astronomy, including gravitation, general relativity, and geology.
Holographic complexity for nonlinearly charged Lifshitz black holes
Authors: Zhu Kai-Xin , Shu Fu-Wen , Du Dong-Hui
Published: July 2020

Using ‘complexity = action’ proposal we study the late time growth rate of holographic complexity for nonlinear charged Lifshitz black hole with a single horizon or two horizons. As a toy model, we consider two kinds of such black holes: nonlinear charged Lifshitz black hole and nonlinear logarithmic charged Lifshitz black hole. We find that for the black hole with two horizons, the action growth bound is satisfied. But for the black hole with a single horizon, whether the Lloyd bound is violated depends on the specific value of dimensionless coupling constants β
1, β
2, spacetime dimension D and dynamical exponent z.
Totally symmetrized spinors and null rotation invariance
Authors: MacCallum M A H
Published: July 2020

In the existing implementations of the Cartan–Karlhede procedure for characterization and classification of spacetimes, a prominent rôle is played by multi-index two-component spinors symmetrized over both types of index. This paper considers the conditions for, and detection of, null rotational invariance of such spinors, and corrects a previous discussion.
Quasilocal mass in scalar–tensor gravity: spherical symmetry
Authors: Giusti Andrea , Faraoni Valerio
Published: July 2020

A recent generalization of the Hawking–Hayward quasilocal energy to scalar–tensor gravity is adapted to general spherically symmetric geometries. It is then applied to several black hole and other spherical solutions of scalar–tensor and

f

(

R

)

gravity. The relations of this quasilocal energy with the Abreu–Nielsen–Visser gauge and the Kodama vector are discussed.
Soft-sensing reconstruction of in-depth defect geometry from active IR-thermography data
Authors: Castellini P , Martarelli M , D’Antuono A , Paone N
Published: July 2020

This paper proposes a new approach for processing measured data from active Infra Red (IR) thermography, where a soft sensing algorithm is exploited for in depth defect reconstruction. This is achieved by propagating the information gathered at the wall surface to the inner layers. Correlating the experimental 2D measurements to a Finite Element (FE) model of the tested specimen it is possible to update the model with the measured data and change the geometry of the simulated inner defect, until the surface temperature distribution calculated corresponds to the measured one. Following that strategy, the unknown defect geometry can be determined. The method developed and presented in this paper consists of an optimization problem based on the minimization of the difference between the surface temperature distribution measured on the sample subjected to an active thermography test and the one resulting from the FE model. The optimization variables are the geometrical parameters (depth, width, thickness and position) characterizing the defect which will be fully determined at the complete convergence, within a given tolerance, of the optimization problem. The method includes also a preprocessing algorithm, based on the same experimental data and FE model, which allows to determine thermal and mechanical properties of the object under test, like surface emissivity, heat capacity and material conductivity and density, which are often unknown especially in the case of works of art. This soft-sensing procedure has been applied to a virtual experiment to estimate the accuracy of the reconstructed geometry and to a simulacrum of ancient fresco including defects realized on purpose.
Mechanical characteristics of metal nanoparticle thin film on flexible substrate exposed to saline solution
Authors: Kim Sanghyeok , Park Jaeho , Lee Jinjae , Kim Jae-Hyun , Ryu Seunghwa , Park Inkyu
Published: July 2020

The robust and reliable mechanical characteristics of metal nanoparticle (NP) thin films on flexible substrates are important because they operate under tensile, bending, and twisting loads. Furthermore, in wearable printed electronics applications, salty solutions such as sweat and seawater can affect the mechanical reliabilities of devices. In this paper, we investigated the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions on silver (Ag) NP thin films on flexible polymer substrate. After exposure to NaCl solution of Ag NP thin film, we observed the aggregation behavior between Ag NPs and formation of larger pores in the film due to the removal of organic capping layer from the surface of Ag NPs. The average porosity and 5% deviation strains of Ag NP thin films on the polyimide substrate were dramatically increased and decreased from 2.99% to 9.64% and from 3.94% to 0.87%, respectively, after exposure to NaCl solution for 1 h. Also, we verified a drastic deterioration of the surface adhesion of the Ag NP thin film to the substrate by exposure to NaCl solution. We could observe crack propagation and delamination by in-situ scanning electron microscope imaging. In addition, passivation effect by a parylene layer for preventing the permeation of the saline solution was investigated.
Investigations of positive streamers as quasi-steady structures using reduced order models
Authors: Pavan C , Martinez-Sanchez M , Guerra-Garcia C
Published: July 2020

Single streamers are currently well simulated using detailed computational models. Most of these models are inhibitively complex to use for modelling many-streamer interactions in a streamer corona. This work develops reduced order models of single positive streamers in atmospheric pressure air that replicate the core macroscopic behaviour of detailed models while using a simpler physics representation. Models are developed using the 1.5D framework, with emphasis placed on solving the equations of motion in the streamer reference frame. The solution in this quasi-steady frame is shown to be a good representation of the instantaneous state of the streamer. Finally, a method of uniquely characterizing the instantaneous state of a streamer using its macroscopic parameters (velocity, radius, tip electric field and channel electric field) is developed. This characterization is interpreted graphically, with streamers treated as quasi-steady structures which evolve in time at a rate much slower than the time scale of electron transport. Previous work in the literature is shown to be well captured by this interpretation.
Path restriction and speed regulation via force feedback-type welding teaching device using magnetorheological brakes
Authors: Okui Manabu , Sugibayashi Soichiro , Suzuki Ryuji , Nakamura Taro
Published: July 2020

Welding is one of the forms of nonautomated, heavy labor used in the shipbuilding industry. In the shipbuilding process, the hull is first welded by an industrial automatic welding machine, then irregular welded part correction and welding in narrow places that machines cannot reach are performed by welding workers. Welding operators are required to weld indeterminate objects in narrow working spaces. In addition, it is difficult to perform high-quality welding because the ability to accurately trace a welding line at a constant speed requires a long training period. In this research, a welding training device that assists trainees in skill acquisition was developed. The proposed device, which comprises two magnetorheological (MR) brakes, renders a welding path and restricts welding speed. The MR brakes have a response speed comparable to that of powder brakes, have a high output-to-weight ratio, and are also considered to be suitable for use in welding training devices. A prototype and control strategy were developed, and the performance of the device in actual welding work was evaluated. Results shows that path rendering strategy is possible to present routes with an accuracy of 1 mm or better and speed control strategy can regulate the speed required for welding.
Surface plasmon enhanced fast electron emission from metallised fibre optic nanotips
Authors: Keramati Sam , Passian Ali , Khullar Vineet , Beck Joshua , Uiterwaal Cornelis , Batelaan Herman
Published: July 2020

Physical mechanisms of electron emission from fibre optic nanotips, namely, tunnelling, multi-photon, and thermionic emission, either prevent fast switching or require intense laser fields. Time-resolved electron emission from nano-sized sources finds applications ranging from material characterisation to fundamental studies of quantum coherence. We present a nano-sized electron source capable of fast-switching (⩽1 ns) that can be driven with low-power femtosecond lasers. The physical mechanism that can explain emission at low laser power is surface plasmon enhanced above-threshold photoemission. An electron emission peak is observed and provides support for resonant plasmonic excitation. The electron source is a metal-coated optical fibre tapered into a nano-sized tip. The fibre is flexible and back illuminated facilitating ease of positioning. The source operates with a few nJ per laser pulse, making this a versatile emitter that enables nanometrology, multisource electron-lithography and scanning probe microscopy.
One-step fabrication of chitosan sponge and its potential for rapid hemostasis in deep trauma
Authors: Fan Xialian , Li Mengya , Li Na , Wan Guangming , Li Yijin , Ali Muhammad Amir , Tang Keyong
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a facile and efficient preparation strategy for a porous and hydrophilic chitosan sponge is demonstrated, combining a surfactant and a pore-foaming agent. The resulting chitosan sponge possesses an interconnected pore structure and soft texture, exhibits fast water absorption rate and capacity, and the compressed sponge can achieve full shape recovery 5 s after absorbing water. Moreover, our process removes the residual acid commonly found in chitosan sponges prepared by the acid method. In addition, the results demonstrate the useful characteristics of our chitosan sponge, in terms of its contribution to improved blood coagulation, together with its compression strength and biocompatibility. It also demonstrates effective antibacterial properties in relation to both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Further testing via animal experimentation reveals that rapid hemostasis can be achieved within 50 s using our chitosan sponge.
‘Will the Paris Agreement protect us from hydro-meteorological extremes?’
Authors: Farinosi F , Dosio A , Calliari E , Seliger R , Alfieri L , Naumann G
Published: July 2020

Multi-hazard assessment is needed to understand compound risk. Yet, modelling of multiple climate hazards has been limitedly applied at the global scale to date. Here we provide a first comprehensive assessment of global population exposure to hydro-meteorological extremes—floods, drought and heatwaves—under different temperature increase targets. This study shows how limiting temperature increase to 1.5 and 2 °C, as for the goals of the Paris Agreement, could substantially decrease the share of global population exposed compared to a 3 °C scenario. In a 2 °C world, population exposure would drop by more than 50%, in Africa, Asia and the Americas, and by about 40% in Europe and Oceania. A 1.5 °C stabilization would further reduce exposure of about an additional 10% to 30% across the globe. As the Parties of the Paris Agreement are expected to communicate new or updated nationally determined contributions by 2020, our results powerfully indicate the benefits of ratcheting up both mitigation and adaptation ambition.