bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of ethnicity on live birth rates after in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment: analysis of UK national database
Authors: Maalouf W , Maalouf W , Campbell B , Jayaprakasan K
Published: August 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effect of ethnicity of women on the outcome of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment.

Design

Observational cohort study.

Setting

UK National Database.

Population

Data from 2000 to 2010 involving 38 709 women undergoing their first IVF/ICSI cycle were analysed.

Methods

Anonymous data were obtained from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA), the statutory regulator of IVF and ICSI treatment in the UK. Data analysis was performed by regression analysis with adjustment for age, cause and type of infertility and treatment type (IVF or ICSI) to express results as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Methods

Live birth rate per cycle of IVF or ICSI treatment.

Results

While white Irish (OR 0.73; 95% CI 0.60–0.90), Indian (0.85; 0.75–0.97), Bangladeshi (0.53: 0.33–0.85), Pakistani (0.68; 0.58–0.80), Black African (0.60; 0.51–0.72), and other non‐Caucasian Asian (0.86; 0.73–0.99) had a significantly lower odds of live birth rates per fresh IVF/ICSI cycle than White British women, ethnic groups of White European (1.04; 0.96–1.13), Chinese (1.12; 0.77–1.64), Black Caribbean (0.76; 0.51–1.13), Middle Eastern (0.73; 0.51–1.04), Mediterranean European (1.18; 0.83–1.70) and Mixed race population (0.94; 0.73–1.19) had live birth rates that did not differ significantly. The cumulative live birth rates showed similar patterns across different ethnic groups.

Conclusion

Ethnicity is a major determinant of IVF/ICSI treatment outcome as indicated by significantly lower live birth rates in some of the ethnic minority groups compared with white British women.

Tweetable abstract

Ethnicity affects IVF outcome with lower live birth rates in some ethnic groups more than in white British.
Testing and recommending methods for fitting size spectra to data
Authors: Edwards Andrew M. , Robinson James P. W. , Plank Michael J. , Baum Julia K. , Blanchard Julia L.
Published: August 2016

The size spectrum of an ecological community characterizes how a property, such as abundance or biomass, varies with body size. Size spectra are often used as ecosystem indicators of marine systems. They have been fitted to data from various sources, including groundfish trawl surveys, visual surveys of fish in kelp forests and coral reefs, sediment samples of benthic invertebrates and satellite remote sensing of chlorophyll.

Over the past decades, several methods have been used to fit size spectra to data. We document eight such methods, demonstrating their commonalities and differences. Seven methods use linear regression (of which six require binning of data), while the eighth uses maximum likelihood estimation. We test the accuracy of the methods on simulated data.

We demonstrate that estimated size‐spectrum slopes are not always comparable between the seven regression‐based methods because such methods are not estimating the same parameter. We find that four of the eight tested methods can sometimes give reasonably accurate estimates of the exponent of the individual size distribution (which is related to the slope of the size spectrum). However, sensitivity analyses find that maximum likelihood estimation is the only method that is consistently accurate, and the only one that yields reliable confidence intervals for the exponent.

We therefore recommend the use of maximum likelihood estimation when fitting size spectra. To facilitate this, we provide documented R code for fitting and plotting results. This should provide consistency in future studies and improve the quality of any resulting advice to ecosystem managers. In particular, the calculation of reliable confidence intervals will allow proper consideration of uncertainty when making management decisions.
Multiplex real‐time PCR assay for the detection of three invasive leafminer species: Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Sooda Anuradha , Gunawardana Disna , Li Dongmei , Kumarasinghe Lalith
Published: August 2016

Rapid and precise identification of immature stages of leafminers of the genus Liriomyza Mik associated with imported fresh produce is essential to ensure appropriate biosecurity decisions at the border, in quarantine and post border. The leafminers Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii are not present in New Zealand and classified as regulated pests when detected at New Zealand's border. To assist rapid species identification of the immature stages of interceptions, a multiplex real‐time TaqMan PCR assay was developed to identify these three species simultaneously in a single test. Species‐specific primers and probes were designed by amplifying the mitochondrial COI gene of each targeting species, respectively. The multiplex real‐time PCR assay demonstrated high specificity for all three target species and the assay detected DNA quantities as low as 0.1 pg for all species. Linear responses and high correlation coefficients between the amount of DNA and Cq values for each species were also achieved. Therefore, the assay demonstrated its sensitivity and reliability for the identification of these three invasive Liriomyza species.
Anti‐mullerian hormone levels decline with the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies
Authors: Vega Mario , Barad David H. , Yu Yao , Darmon Sarah K. , Weghofer Andrea , Kushnir Vitaly A. , Gleicher Norbert
Published: August 2016

Problem

Autoimmunity is thought to be an important cause of premature ovarian senescence, characterized by abnormal ovarian reserve markers. Anti‐Mullerian hormone (AMH) has emerged as the most reliable marker for ovarian reserve. We here investigated whether non‐specific immune markers are associated with a low age‐specific AMH.

Method of study

To test the hypothesis that autoimmunity may predispose to low AMH, we investigated in 351 female infertile patients whether panels positive for non‐specific immune tests (antinuclear antibody, antiphospholipid antibodies [APAs], lupus anticoagulant, antithyroid antibodies, and total immunoglobulin levels) are associated with low AMH levels. Analysis of covariance was performed to determine statistical significance of associations.

Results

Age of infertile women was 38.6 ± 5.3 years. A total of 50 women (14.2%) had abnormally elevated levels of one or more APA. Even after age adjustments, the presence of at least one APA was significantly associated with a low AMH (P<.0066). No one specific APA or other immune marker demonstrated an association with AMH.

Conclusions

APAs but no other immune markers appear associated with decreased levels of AMH, supporting the hypothesis that non‐specific autoimmunity may adversely affect ovarian reserve.
Following up infant bronchiolitis patients provided new evidence for and against the united airway disease hypothesis
Authors: Lauhkonen Eero , Koponen Petri , Nuolivirta Kirsi , Helminen Merja , Paassilta Marita , Toikka Jyri , Korppi Matti
Published: August 2016

Aim

The united airway disease (UAD) hypothesis suggests that allergic rhinitis and asthma develop together. We evaluated the evidence for and against the UAD hypothesis at five to seven years of age after hospitalisation for bronchiolitis at less than six months.

Methods

This study used prospective follow‐up data for 102 children hospitalised for bronchiolitis under the age of six months. We included the presence of previous and current asthma, prolonged rhinitis and skin prick tests (SPT) to common inhaled allergens and lung function by impulse oscillometry (IOS) at five to seven years of age. Bronchial hyper‐reactivity (BHR) was assessed using the exercise challenge test and bronchodilation test.

Results

Current asthma, but not previous transient asthma, was associated with prolonged rhinitis and a positive SPT. BHR, which reflected reactive airways, but not lung function, was associated with respiratory allergy, namely the combination of current asthma, prolonged rhinitis and a positive SPT.

Conclusion

This post‐bronchiolitis follow‐up study suggested an association between respiratory allergy and reactive airways at five to seven years of age, which supported the UAD hypothesis. However, previous transient asthma and a reduction in lung function reduction did not support the hypothesis.
Expression of somatostatin receptor 2A in medullary thyroid carcinoma is associated with lymph node metastasis
Authors: Herac Merima , Niederle Bruno , Raderer Markus , Krebs Michael , Kaserer Klaus , Koperek Oskar
Published: August 2016

Medullary carcinoma (MTC) is an aggressive tumour that derives from the thyroid parafollicular calcitonin‐secreting cells (C cells). Lymph node metastasis may occur early in disease pathogenesis and is one of the most important negative prognostic parameters. Surgery is the only curative therapy while chemotherapeutic options are limited. Neuroendocrine differentiated C cells may express somatostatin receptors (SSTR), which have a wide range of biological actions including inhibitory effects on cell survival and angiogenesis and antiproliferative effects on cancer cell lines. Moreover, they are a potential target for various somatostatin analogues. Aim of this study was to analyse the protein expression of SSTR2A and 5 in MTCs with or without the presence of lymph node metastases in correlation with various clinicopathological parameters. This retrospective immunohistochemical analysis included 97 patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas. Protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry for somatostatin receptors 2A and 5. Various clinicopathological parameters, such as Ki‐67 proliferation index or presence of desmoplasia, were included for statistical analysis. SSTR2A protein expression significantly correlated with the presence of lymph node metastases (p = 0.009), locally advanced MTCs staged according to the TNM (p < 0.001) and degree of desmoplasia (p = 0.029). Although SSTR5 protein expression significantly correlated with advanced stages of MTCs (p = 0.023) and degree of desmoplasia (p = 0.020), no correlation was found with the presence of lymph node metastases. Our results provide additional information concerning the aggressiveness of MTCs and reveal that a high SSTR2A and SSTR5 expression might be a poor prognostic feature.
Reflections on MUC1 glycoprotein: the hidden potential of isoforms in carcinogenesis
Authors: Sousa Andreia M. , Grandgenett Paul M. , David Leonor , Almeida Raquel , Hollingsworth Michael Anthony , Santos‐Silva Filipe
Published: August 2016

Mucin 1 (MUC1) has been described as the renaissance molecule due to the large set of functions it displays in both normal and neoplastic cells. This membrane‐tethered glycoprotein is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in most epithelial cancers, being involved in several processes related with malignant phenotype acquisition. With a highly polymorphic structure, both in the polypeptide and glycan counterparts, MUC1 variability has been associated with susceptibility to several diseases, including cancer. Biochemical features and biological functions have been characterized upon the full‐length MUC1 protein, remaining to clarify the real impact on cell dynamics of the plethora of MUC1 isoforms. This review aims to encompass a detailed characterization of MUC1 role in carcinogenesis, highlighting recent findings in cell differentiation and uncovering new evidences of MUC1 isoforms involvement in malignant phenotype.
Perioperative and short‐term outcomes of Retzius‐sparing robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy stratified by gland size
Authors: Santok Glen D.R , Abdel Raheem Ali , Kim Lawrence H. C. , Chang Kidon , Lum Trenton G. H. , Chung Byung H. , Choi Young D. , Rha Koon H.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To investigate the effect of preoperative prostate volume (PV) on the perioperative, continence and early oncological outcomes among patients treated with Retzius‐sparing robot‐assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RS‐RALP).

Patients and Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of 294 patients with organ‐confined prostate cancer treated with RS‐RALP in a high‐volume centre from November 2012 to February 2015. Patients were divided into three groups based on their transrectal ultrasonography estimated PV as follows: group 1, <40 mL (231 patients); group 2, 40–60 mL (47); group 3, >60 mL (16). Perioperative, oncological, and continence outcomes were compared between the three groups.

Results

The median [interquartile range (IQR)] PV for each group was; 26.1 (22–31) mL, 45.9 (41–50) mL, and 70 (68–85) mL. Blood loss was higher in group 3 compared to groups 2 and 1; at a median (IQR) of 475 (312–575) mL, 200 (150–400) mL, and 250 (150–400) mL, respectively (P = 0.001). The intraoperative transfusion rate was higher in group 3 patients (P = 0.004), while the complication rate did not differ (P = 0.05). The console time was slightly higher but was not statistically significant in group 3 compared to groups 2 and 1; at a mean (sd) of 100 (35) min, 92 (34.4) min, and 93 (24.8) min, respectively (P = 0.70). Biochemical recurrence and the continence rate did not differ between the three groups (P = 0.89 and P = 0.25, respectively).

Conclusion

RS‐RALP is oncologically and functionally equivalent for all prostate sizes but technically demanding for larger prostates. We therefore recommend that surgeons initiate their RS‐RALP technique with smaller prostates.
Me, myself and I: perceptions of social capital for mothers ageing out of the child welfare system
Authors: Radey Melissa , Schelbe Lisa , McWey Lenore M. , Holtrop Kendal
Published: August 2016

Youth ageing out of the child welfare system become parents at rates two to three times higher than their non‐child welfare system involved peers. Substantial literature acknowledges that youth ageing out who are parenting are vulnerable; yet, little is known about their lived experiences. Social capital, or the actual or potential resources available from one's network, can provide essential resources for the wellbeing of parents ageing out. This qualitative study examined social capital of mothers ageing out from the perspectives of both mothers and service providers. We conducted small group interviews with 13 mothers ageing out and 14 service providers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed the use of a social capital framework delineates that mothers lacked beneficial social relationships and, consequently, support. A lack of trust coupled with a desire to break intergenerational patterns and norms contributed to understanding why mothers ageing out may not capitalize on resources that providers often considered available. Based on findings, we conclude that providing mothers ageing out with additional opportunities to develop trust, positive relationships with mentors and extended services may help to disrupt intergenerational patterns of maltreatment and promote child and family wellbeing.
Narrow band imaging as screening test for early detection of laryngeal cancer: a prospective study
Authors: De Vito A. , Meccariello G. , Vicini C.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To analyse the specificity and sensibility of narrow band imaging illumination technology in the early detection of laryngeal cancer in the patients’ population without previous diagnosis of laryngeal cancer in a screening setting.

Design

Unicentre, prospective study.

Setting

One tertiary medical centre.

Participants

A total of 158 patients completed all protocol steps.

Main outcome measures

Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of narrow band imaging (NBI) in detecting precancerous lesions and early laryngeal cancer.

Results

The blind assessment of NBI patterns concurred in 90% of patients. In identifying laryngeal cancer and its precursor lesions, in‐office NBI showed a high sensitivity of 97% (CI, 84.2%–99.9%), specificity of 92.5% (CI, 79.6%–98.4%), PPV of 91.4% (CI, 76.9%–98.2%), NPV of 97.4% (CI, 86.2%–99.9%) and accuracy of 94.5% but intra‐operative NBI demonstrated a sensitivity of 97% (CI, 84.2%–99.9%), a slightly higher specificity of 95% (CI, 83.1%–99.4%), PPV of 94.1% (CI, 80.3%–993%), NPV of 97.4% (CI, 86.5%–99.9%) and accuracy of 95.9%. The comparative receiver operating characteristic curves confirmed a slightly higher performance for the intra‐operative NBI evaluation without any statistical significance (P = 0.41).

Conclusions

Our results confirm the high values of sensitivity and specificity of NBI system in detecting pre‐neoplastic laryngeal lesions or early laryngeal cancer in a patients’ population selected only by means of risk factors exposure and confirmed the potential role of NBI evaluation as in‐office screening tool.
The influences of parental divorce and maternal‐versus‐paternal alcohol abuse on offspring lifetime suicide attempt
Authors: Thompson Ronald G. , Alonzo Dana , Hu Mei‐Chen , Hasin Deborah S.
Published: August 2016

Introduction and aims

Research indicates that parental divorce and parental alcohol abuse independently increase likelihood of offspring lifetime suicide attempt. However, when experienced together, only parental alcohol abuse significantly increased odds of suicide attempt. It is unclear to what extent differences in the effect of maternal versus paternal alcohol use exist on adult offspring lifetime suicide attempt risk. This study examined the influences of parental divorce and maternal–paternal histories of alcohol problems on adult offspring lifetime suicide attempt.

Design and Methods

The sample consisted of participants from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. The simultaneous effect of childhood or adolescent parental divorce and maternal and paternal history of alcohol problems on offspring lifetime suicide attempt was estimated using a logistic regression model with an interaction term for demographics and parental history of other emotional and behavioural problems.

Results

Parental divorce and maternal–paternal alcohol problems interacted to differentially influence the likelihood of offspring lifetime suicide attempt. Experiencing parental divorce and either maternal or paternal alcohol problems nearly doubled the likelihood of suicide attempt. Divorce and history of alcohol problems for both parents tripled the likelihood.

Discussion and Conclusion

Individuals who experienced parental divorce as children or adolescents and who have a parent who abuses alcohol are at elevated risk for lifetime suicide attempt. These problem areas should become a routine part of assessment to better identify those at risk for lifetime suicide attempt and to implement early and targeted intervention to decrease such risk. [Thompson RG Jr,Alonzo D, Hu M‐C, Hasin DS. The influences of parental divorce and maternal‐versus‐paternal alcohol abuse on offspringlifetime suicide attempt. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:408–414]
Disappearing climates will limit the efficacy of Amazonian protected areas
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. , Silman Miles R.
Published: August 2016

Amazonian forests support high biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services. Unfortunately, these forests are under extreme pressure from land use change and other anthropogenic disturbances. A recent study combined data from an Amazon‐wide network of forest inventory plots with spatially explicit deforestation models to predict that by 2050, 36% or 57% of species will be ‘globally threatened’, as defined by IUCN Red List criteria, due to deforestation under Increased‐Governance or Business‐As‐Usual scenarios, respectively. It was also predicted that the number of threatened species will drop by 29–44% if no deforestation occurs within protected areas. However, even the best‐protected areas of the Amazon may still be susceptible to the effects of climate change and rising temperatures. To illustrate the potential dangers of climate change for Amazonian parks, we calculated the percentage of land area within all officially designated protected areas of tropical South America that will or will not have future temperature analogs under various scenarios of temperature change and park connectivity. We show that depending on the rate of warming and degree of connectivity, about 19–67% of protected areas will not have any temperature analogs in the near future (2050s). These results help to emphasize that protected areas are not immune to the effects of climate change and that large portions of Amazonian protected areas include ‘disappearing climates’. In the face of these disappearing climates, the biggest determinant of many species’ extinction risks may be their ability to migrate through non‐protected habitats.
Effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy on glycaemic control and psychological outcomes in adults with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Uchendu C. , Blake H.
Published: August 2016

Aim

Diabetes is a chronic progressive condition presenting physical, social and psychological challenges that increase the risk of comorbid mental health problems. Cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) is effective in treating a variety of psychological disorders, and may potentially improve glycaemic control and psychological outcomes in diabetes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to establish the effectiveness of CBT on glycaemic control and comorbid diabetes‐related distress, depression, anxiety and quality of life in the short, medium and longer term among adults with diabetes.

Method

An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and references in reviews. Twelve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified that evaluated the effectiveness of CBT on at least one of: glycaemic control, diabetes‐related distress, anxiety, depression or quality of life in adults with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Review Manager version 5.3 were used for risk of bias assessment and meta‐analysis, respectively.

Results

CBT is effective in reducing short‐term and medium‐term glycaemic control, although no significant effect was found for long‐term glycaemic control. CBT improved short‐ and medium‐term anxiety and depression, and long‐term depression. Mixed results were found for diabetes‐related distress and quality of life.

Conclusion

CBT is beneficial in improving depression for adults with diabetes. It may have benefits for improving glycaemic control and other aspects of psychological health, although the findings are inconclusive.
Two‐dimensional speckle tracking cardiac mechanics and constrictive pericarditis: systematic review
Authors: Madeira Marta , Teixeira Rogério , Costa Marco , Gonçalves Lino , Klein Allan L.
Published: August 2016

Transthoracic echocardiography has a pivotal role in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis (CP). In addition to the classic M‐mode, two‐dimensional and Doppler indices, newer methodologies designed to evaluate myocardial mechanics, such as two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE), provide additional diagnostic and clinical information in the context of CP. Research has demonstrated that cardiac mechanics can improve echocardiographic diagnostic accuracy of CP and aid in differentiating between constrictive and restrictive ventricular physiology. 2DSTE can also be used to assess the success of pericardiectomy and its impact on atrial and ventricular mechanics. In the course of this review, we describe cardiac mechanics in patients with CP and summarize the influence of pericardiectomy on atrial and ventricular mechanics assessed using 2DSTE.
Clinical utility of three‐dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation induced by implantable device leads
Authors: Cheng Yan , Gao Huanhuan , Tang Liyan , Li Jing , Yao Lei
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Implantable device leads could cause tricuspid regurgitation (TR) by interfering with leaflet motion. This study evaluated the feasibility of using three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) to identify lead‐induced tricuspid regurgitation (LITR).

Methods

3DTTE full‐volume images of the right ventricle (RV) and zoomed images of the tricuspid valve were obtained in 207 patients with implanted devices, and the images were analyzed. TR severity was estimated based on measurements of the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) radius.

Results

3DTTE clearly identified the course and position of the leads in 74% of the patients. The lead tips were located in the RV apex or outflow tract in 95% of patients and in the interventricular septum (IVS) in 5% of patients. At the tricuspid annular level, 25% of leads were impinging on a leaflet, 41% were located in the commissure of two leaflets, and 34% were in the middle of the tricuspid orifice. 3D images revealed that when the lead tip was in the IVS or the lead was impinging on a leaflet, the device lead was more likely to interfere with leaflet mobility (P<.05). Interfering leads were associated with more significant TR than noninterfering leads (P<.05).

Conclusions

3DTTE showed a clear association between lead interference and TR worsening after lead placement. 3DTTE guidance should be considered for the placement of leads.
Transurethral endoscopic‐guided intraluminal closure of multiple urinary bladder tears in a standing mare
Authors: Pye J. L. , Collins N. M. , Adkins A. R.
Published: August 2016

This case report is the first published description of a minimally invasive transurethral endoscopic‐guided approach to repair multiple bladder tears in a standing mare. The mare was diagnosed with a ruptured bladder 48 h post‐partum based on clinical signs, transabdominal ultrasonography, serum and peritoneal fluid analysis, and cystoscopy. Under sedation and epidural anaesthesia and with cystoscopic visualisation, two bladder tears were sutured using an articulating endoscopic suturing device. The device was placed transurethrally and a simple continuous pattern of 2‐0 braided lactomer used to close two full‐thickness tears. The surgery time was 50 min and no complications were encountered. Cystoscopy 60 days post‐operatively confirmed complete healing of the tears and no evidence of urolithiasis.
Morphological change of skin fibroblasts induced by UV Irradiation is involved in photoaging
Authors: Yamaba Hiroyuki , Haba Manami , Kunita Mayumi , Sakaida Tsutomu , Tanaka Hiroshi , Yashiro Youichi , Nakata Satoru
Published: August 2016

Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) are typically flattened or extensible shaped and play a critical role in the metabolism of extracellular matrix components. As the properties of fibroblasts in the dermis are considered to be influenced by their morphology, we investigated the morphological changes induced in fibroblasts by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as well as the relationship between these changes and collagen metabolism. In this study, we showed that UVA exposure induced morphological changes and reduced collagen contents in HDFs. These morphological changes were accompanied a reduction in actin filaments and upregulation of the actin filament polymerization inhibitor, capping protein muscle Z‐line ɑ1 (CAPZA1). External actin filament growth inhibitors also affected the shape of HDFs and reduced collagen levels. These results suggest that UVA exposure may inhibit the polymerization of actin filaments and induce morphological changes in skin fibroblasts. These morphological changes in fibroblasts may accelerate reductions in collagen synthesis. This mechanism may be one of the processes responsible for collagen reductions observed in photoaged skin. When natural materials that suppress these morphological changes in HDFs were evaluated, we found that an extract of Lilium ‘Casa Blanca’ (LCB) suppressed UVA‐induced alterations in the shape of HDFs, which are typically followed by inhibition of collagen reduction. An analysis of the active compounds in LCB extract led to the identification of regaloside I, which had a structure of phenylpropanoid glycerol glucoside, as the active compound inhibiting the upregulation of CAPZA1. Therefore, inhibition of UVA‐induced morphological changes in HDFs is considered to be promising way for the suppression of collagen reduction in photoaging.
A new algorithm for estimating fatigue life under mean value of stress
Authors: Kluger K. , Lagoda T.
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses two problems: allowing for mean value of torsional stress and the variability of material properties with out of‐parallel fatigue characteristics. The effect of normal mean stress and shear mean stress is modified by reduction coefficients, which, to a large extent, depend on the value of existing loads. These coefficients have been developed experimentally on the basis of an analysis of the findings from fatigue tests on 2017A‐T4 and 6082‐T6 aluminium alloys and S355 alloy steel. The methods of calculation, suggested in this paper, are applicable to the materials in elastic–plastic state. The suggested algorithm for estimating fatigue life for the combination of bending or tension and compression and torsion under shear stress is based on Kluger's stress criterion. The usability of the algorithm was verified by comparing the calculation results with the results of own experimental tests on 2017A‐T4 and 6082‐T6 aluminium alloys, which have been noted to indicate sensitivity to shear mean stress, and the tests found in the professional literature (tests on S355, 30CrNiMo8 and 30NCD16 steel and Ti‐6Al‐4 V titanium alloy). A comparative analysis of the calculation and experimental results proved that there is a satisfactory correlation between them.
GABAA receptor subtype involvement in addictive behaviour
Authors: Stephens D. N. , King S. L. , Lambert J. J. , Belelli D. , Duka T.
Published: August 2016

GABAA receptors form the major class of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain. This review sets out to summarize the evidence that variations in genes encoding GABAA receptor isoforms are associated with aspects of addictive behaviour in humans, while animal models of addictive behaviour also implicate certain subtypes of GABAA receptor. In addition to outlining the evidence for the involvement of specific subtypes in addiction, we summarize the particular contributions of these isoforms in control over the functioning of brain circuits, especially the mesolimbic system, and make a first attempt to bring together evidence from several fields to understanding potential involvement of GABAA receptor subtypes in addictive behaviour. While the weight of the published literature is on alcohol dependency, the underlying principles outlined are relevant across a number of different aspects of addictive behaviour.
Paleogenetic records of Daphnia pulicaria in two North American lakes reveal the impact of cultural eutrophication
Authors: Frisch Dagmar , Morton Philip K. , Culver Billy W. , Edlund Mark B. , Jeyasingh Punidan D. , Weider Lawrence J.
Published: August 2016

Understanding the evolutionary consequences of the green revolution, particularly in wild populations, is an important frontier in contemporary biology. Because human impacts have occurred at varying magnitudes or time periods depending on the study ecosystem, evolutionary histories may vary considerably among populations. Paleogenetics in conjunction with paleolimnology enable us to associate microevolutionary dynamics with detailed information on environmental change. We used this approach to reconstruct changes in the temporal population genetic structure of the keystone zooplankton grazer, Daphnia pulicaria, using dormant eggs extracted from sediments in two Minnesota lakes (South Center, Hill). The extent of agriculture and human population density in the catchment of these lakes has differed markedly since European settlement in the late 19th century and is reflected in their environmental histories reconstructed here. The reconstructed environments of these two lakes differed strongly in terms of environmental stability and their associated patterns of Daphnia population structure. We detected long periods of stability in population structure and environmental conditions in South Center Lake that were followed by a dramatic temporal shift in population genetic structure after the onset of European settlement and industrialized agriculture in its watershed. In particular, we noted a 24.3‐fold increase in phosphorus (P) flux between pre‐European and modern sediment P accumulation rates (AR) in this lake. In contrast, no such shifts were detected in Hill Lake, where the watershed was not as impacted by European settlement and rates of change were less directional with a much smaller increase in sediment P AR (2.3‐fold). We identify direct and indirect effects of eutrophication proxies on genetic structure in these lake populations and demonstrate the power of using this approach in understanding the consequences of anthropogenic environmental change on natural populations throughout historic time periods.
On empty islands and the small‐island effect
Authors: Wang Yanping , Millien Virginie , Ding Ping
Published: August 2016

Aim

The small‐island effect (SIE) has become a widely accepted part of the theoretical framework of island biogeography. A major criticism of SIE studies is the exclusion of empty islands from analyses. However, the generality and underlying factors determining the role of empty islands in generating SIEs remain obscure because few published datasets include islands with no species. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the prevalence and underlying factors determining the role of empty islands in generating SIEs.

Location

Global.

Methods

We compiled 278 datasets that included empty islands. For each dataset, we compared the fit of a logarithmic model with two breakpoint models separately for all the islands and for datasets excluding empty islands to determine the role of empty islands in generating SIEs. We then employed multinomial logistic regressions and an information‐theoretic approach to determine which combination of island characteristics was important in determining the role of empty islands in generating SIEs.

Results

Among 211 datasets with adequate fits, the exclusion of empty islands changed the evidence for an SIE in 68 cases (32.2%). SIEs were quite prevalent, both for all the islands (104 cases, 49.3%) and for datasets excluding empty islands (73 cases, 34.6%). Our results were not consistent with the hypothesis that excluding empty islands would increase the evidence for an SIE. Model selection and relative variable importance indicated that the number of empty islands, the minimum area of empty islands and area ratio were important variables that determined the role of empty islands in generating SIEs.

Main conclusions

Our study demonstrates that the effect of empty islands in generating SIEs is quite prevalent. The exclusion of empty islands is thus an important methodological shortcoming for the detection of SIEs. We conclude that, for the robust detection of SIEs, empty islands should not be excluded in future studies.
The asymmetry in the Great American Biotic Interchange in mammals is consistent with differential susceptibility to mammalian predation
Authors: Faurby Søren , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: August 2016

Aim

One of the most widely cited natural experiments in biogeography is the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI). Here, we re‐assess the famous asymmetry in the exchange for mammals, with North American clades being much more successful in South America than vice versa. We investigate if this directionality could reflect higher susceptibility to predation in South American mammals rather than low competitive ability, as is usually believed.

Location

North and South America.

Methods

Prior to the GABI, South America lacked effective mammalian predators. Since its fauna did not co‐evolve with such predators, colonization of North America may only have been possible for species whose natural history makes them less susceptible to mammalian predation. To investigate this we used phylogenetic regressions to investigate species traits associated with the ability of clades originally from South America to colonize North America, and vice versa, during the GABI. Analyses were conducted both with and without species that went extinct in the late Quaternary.

Results

When extinct species were included, traits associated with lower predation risk (large body size, arboreality) were associated with greater success in colonizing North America for South American clades. This pattern was not visible in analyses based on the current fauna, since most of the mammals that invaded North America went extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, probably due to human predation. The pattern for northern colonizers of South America was similar whether or not extinct species were included and was not linked to predation risk.

Conclusions

Our findings are consistent with the asymmetric GABI in mammals being explained by predation and not with expectations from competition. The GABI therefore illustrates that trophic interactions can be a powerful driver of long‐term dynamics of biotic interchange, as seen in many human‐driven invasions of formerly isolated regions.
Anna Julia Cooper's Black Feminist Love‐Politics
Authors: May Vivian M.
Published: August 2016

To flesh out love's potential for transformative imaginaries and politics, it is important to explore earlier examples of Black feminist theorizing on love. In this spirit, I examine Anna Julia Cooper (1858–1964), an early Black feminist educator, intellectual, and activist whose work is generally overlooked in feminist and anti‐racist thinking on love, affect, and social change. Contesting narrow readings of Cooper, I first explore how critics might engage in more “loving” approaches to reading her work. I then delineate some of her contributions to a Black feminist love‐politics. In unmasking dominance enacted in love's name, Cooper analyzes romantic love, marriage, and gendered care‐work in the domestic sphere. Using an intersectional lens, she contests gendered‐raced hierarchies and links normative masculinity and femininity with white supremacy, xenophobia, and imperial rule. Cooper also extolls the possibilities of love rooted in nonhierarchical, intersubjective cooperation: such loving has the potential to transform interpersonal relations and foster broad collaborative action to eradicate inequality, locally and globally. Structural subjection, internalized oppression, and colonized imaginations have no part in Cooper's reciprocal, political love‐force. Unfortunately, her ideas about transforming gender relations, contesting racism, challenging imperialism, seeking decolonized selves, and pursuing solidarity as a loving political orientation remain relatively unknown.
Diversity and recent population trends of assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Authors: Lucas Maxime , Forero Dimitri , Basset Yves
Published: August 2016

In tropical rainforests, most assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) represent important predators preying on other arthropods. Apart from the hematophagous Triatominae of medical importance, Reduviidae remain poorly known.

Here, we address the importance of Reduviidae for long‐term monitoring of secondary consumers in tropical rainforests, using data from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. First, we demonstrate that light traps allow catching a wide and representative diversity of Reduviidae, and are more efficient than other collection methods tested.

Second, we present one of the very first checklists of Reduviidae for a tropical locality, including 118 species. These baseline data will be necessary for interpreting any long‐term changes in reduviid populations onBCI.

Last, we show that the low abundance of Reduviidae collected at light remains challenging for statistical analyses of long‐term population trends. During a 7‐year period (2009–2015), we observed no significant changes in the short‐term population dynamics of most reduviid taxa, although these results do not account for the complexity of the intra‐annual population dynamics of each species. In particular, the population of the rather abundantPanstrongylus geniculatus, which is a known vector of Chagas’ disease, appears to be fluctuating but so far is stable.

Daily maximum temperature and rainfall were negatively correlated with the overall abundance of Reduviidae during light traps surveys. During the past 25 years, global warming has induced significant increases in annual temperature and rainfall in Panama. Therefore, we conclude that reduviid populations onBCImay be vulnerable in the future to these global effects.
Pathophysiology‐based treatment of urolithiasis
Authors: Yasui Takahiro , Okada Atsushi , Hamamoto Shuzo , Ando Ryosuke , Taguchi Kazumi , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: August 2016

Urolithiasis, a complex multifactorial disease, results from interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Epidemiological studies have shown the association of urolithiasis with a number of lifestyle‐related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying urinary stone formation will enable development of new preventive treatments. The present article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology and potential treatment of urolithiasis. Recent literature has shown that oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species could be one such mechanistic pathway. Calcium oxalate crystals adhering to renal tubular cells are incorporated into the cells through the involvement of osteopontin. Stimulation of crystal–cell adhesion impairs acceleration of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in tubular cells, resulting in mitochondrial collapse, oxidative stress and activation of the apoptotic pathway in the initial steps of renal calcium crystallization. With regard to genetic factors, studies show that single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding calcium‐sensing receptor, vitamin D receptor and osteopontin are correlated with urolithiasis. Genome‐wide association studies have shown that CLDN14 and NPT2 are associated with urolithiasis in Caucasian and Japanese populations, respectively. Thus, single nucleotide polymorphism analysis would aid in the prediction of urolithiasis risk and recurrence. New diagnostic methods and preventive approaches, along with complete removal of stones, will improve the management of urolithiasis.
Hurry! Sale Ends Soon: The Impact of Limited Inventory Availability Disclosure on Consumer Responses to Online Stockouts
Authors: Peinkofer Simone T. , Esper Terry L. , Howlett Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

A prevalent challenge for online retail supply chain managers is maintaining and managing adequate inventory levels to support and fulfill consumer orders and purchases. Interestingly, this challenge is not only about maintaining inventory availability, but also how to effectively disclose and communicate inventory availability, particularly if a stockout occurs. This article investigates a conceptual model that explores the impact of online inventory availability disclosure on consumer perceptions in the context of a stockout. Based on expectation disconfirmation theory, the core of the model is the notion that limited inventory availability would stimulate expected consumer competition, which in turn, causes consumers to not be as negatively impacted by stockouts. Contrary to this prediction, however, the results of this experimental study show that consumers are actually more dissatisfied when low inventory availability items are out‐of‐stock. This is likely due to the combined impacts of a stockout encounter and a “loss” of a competitive shopping scenario. Thus, implications of these findings for future research and supply chain practice are offered accordingly.
The Commission, the Single Market and the Crisis: The Limits of Purposeful Opportunism
Authors: Camisão Isabel , Guimarães Maria Helena
Published: August 2016

The economic and financial crisis opened a window of opportunity to place the Single Market back on top of the European agenda as part of a two‐tiered crisis response, which also included reinforced financial supervision and economic co‐ordination. We argue that the Commission acted as a ‘purposeful opportunist’ in both tiers; but whereas in economic governance issues there was breakthrough change in the Commission's achievements and competences, in the Single Market realm policy change was fairly modest. Using process tracing analysis our goal is to explain why the Commission did not succeed in furthering a genuine Single Market reform. Our findings suggest that the Commission's entrepreneurship was constrained by the limited salience of Single Market issues in the crisis context and by the lack of actual political commitment from the other relevant stakeholders. Thus, our research highlights the limits of the Commission's opportunistic behaviour in less advantageous circumstances.
Transmission modes and the evolution of feminizing symbionts
Authors: Ferdy J.‐B. , Liu N. , Sicard M.
Published: August 2016

Vertically transmitted symbionts can distort their host's reproduction to increase their own transmission. In Wolbachia and some other symbionts, a particular distortion of this sort is feminization, whereby genetic males, which cannot transmit symbionts, are converted during development into functional females, which do transmit symbionts when they reproduce. In this work, we propose a model to study how feminization intensity (i.e. penetrance) can evolve under different ecological constraints in WZ/ZZ hosts. More specifically, our model incorporates both imperfect vertical and horizontal transmission modes. The model shows that for most parameter values feminizing symbionts drive genetic females to extinction, which in turn favours the evolution of maximum feminization penetrance. Once genetic females are extinct, the actual value of feminization penetrance never depends on the efficiency of vertical transmission. Instead, the model shows that in conditions where the reproductive rate is high at demographic equilibrium, higher feminization levels are favoured. One consequence of this can be, for example, that evolutionarily stable feminization penetrance increases with the host's natural death rate, just as the virulence is predicted to do with the host's natural death rate in classic epidemiological models. Finally, we found that horizontal transmission had no impact on how feminization penetrance evolved when genetic females were extinct. However, horizontal transmission can permit genetic females to coexist with symbionts and, in this case, we demonstrate that the presence of genetic females selects symbionts for lower feminization penetrance.