bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug Use in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Dasta Joseph F.
Published: October 2017

A retrospective review of drug usage in 180 patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit was conducted. The average stay was three days and the total and daily number of drugs averaged 7.6 and 5.6, respectively. The most common drug class used was antibiotics, with cefazolin being the most commonly used antibiotic. Other commonly used drugs include analgesics, diuretics, H2-antagonists, vasoactive drugs and inotropes, antacids, and antiarrhythmics. This study indicates that patients admitted to a surgical intensive care unit are exposed to a variety of potent drugs, often given in combination over a short time period. Although further studies are needed to delineate specific aspects of drug use and patient characteristics, this study suggests that there is a need for close monitoring of drug therapy in these patients with special attention to reduction of drug costs.
Monitoring Vancomycin Therapy
Authors: Rybak Michael J. , Boike Steven C.
Published: October 2017

Vancomycin is an effective and widely used antistaphylococcal antibiotic. Despite several decades of use, however, our knowledge of the toxicologic and pharmacokinetic properties of vancomycin remains incomplete. This review summarizes current information regarding the adverse reactions and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. Although there have been reports of side effects with vancomycin, these effects tend to be infrequent, easily managed, and reversible. Several methods for adjustment of vancomycin therapy have been recommended. The relationship between serum concentrations of vancomycin and the occurrence of ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity has not been well established. However, because of large interpatient variations in pharmacokinetic parameters, it seems preferable to individualize vancomycin therapy based on serum concentration data.
Vancomycin-Induced Neutropenia
Authors: Koo Kenneth B. , Bachand Richard L. , Chow Anthony W.
Published: October 2017

A case of vancomycin-induced neutropenia is presented with a review of other reported cases in the literature. A 59-year-old white female was started on vancomycin therapy for a chronic infection of a total left hip replacement.

After 38 days of treatment, the patient developed a severe leukopenia with a white blood cell count of 1700/mm3 and the presence of only occasional neutrophils. Upon discontinuation of vancomycin, the leukocyte and neutrophil counts promptly increased with full recovery in one week. Subsequently, the patient was restarted on a five-day course of vancomycin at a lower dose that proved uneventful with no recurrence of neutropenia. It is unclear whether the neutropenia would have recurred with a longer course of vancomycin.

A review of the literature suggests that an immunologic mechanism may be responsible for the reaction. Physicians and other health professionals should be aware that neutropenia is a potential reaction of patients receiving prolonged vancomycin treatment.
Effect of Concomitant Antacid Administration on Plasma Cimetidine Concentrations during Repetitive Dosing
Authors: Shelly David W. , Doering Paul L. , Russell Wayne L. , Guild Ralph T. , Lopez Larry M. , Perrin John
Published: October 2017

Previous research has sugggested that concurrent administration of antacid and cimetidine results in lower than expected plasma levels of cimetidine. Because these studies were all of single-dose design, this study was undertaken to determine the nature of the interaction after repeated administration of both drugs. There was no statistically significant difference demonstrated for any of the pharmacokinetic parameters evaluated in the study. Based on these findings, the previous recommendation that administration of antacid and cimetidine be separated in time may not be necessary.
Hematological Effects Associated with Beta-Lactam Use
Authors: Babiak Lesia M. , Rybak Michael J.
Published: October 2017

Beta-lactam antibiotics have continued to be the mainstay of antiinfective treatment. Newer agents, such as the third-generation cephalosporins or ureidopenicillins, have the advantage of a broader antimicrobial spectrum and improved pharmacokinetics. The beta-lactams are often promoted as alternatives to more toxic antibiotic regimens. However, several of the beta-lactams have been shown to produce hematological effects, some of which can be life threatening. The primary hematological effects appear to be inhibition of normal platelet function and the coagulation cascade, which is reflected by changes in bleeding times and increases in prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, respectively. Although not all patients will develop bleeding problems associated with these agents, close monitoring of patients with risk factors for bleeding and dosage adjustments may help to avert these drug-induced hematological problems.
Adverse Reactions Associated with Pentamidine Isethionate in Aids Patients: Recommendations for Monitoring Therapy
Authors: Andersen Richard , Boedicker Melissa , Ma Mary , Goldstein Ellie J.C.
Published: October 2017

Since pentamidine has become commercially available, there is renewed interest in using it as the initial treatment for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in AIDS patients. We reviewed the use of pentamidine in 24 patients with PCP to gain information on the prevalence and severity of adverse effects from this drug. Twenty out of twenty-four patients (83 percent) experienced some kind of adverse effect. Hepatic abnormalities (58 percent), nausea and vomiting (46 percent), hypoglycemia (33 percent), azotemia (25 percent), and pain at the injection site (25 percent) were the most frequently seen effects. We recommend monitoring guidelines to be applied during pentamidine therapy based on the observed frequency of specific side effects.
Survey of the Professional Interrelations between Dermatologist and Pharmacist
Authors: Araujo Oscar E. , DeSantis Debbie A. , Doering Paul L.
Published: October 2017

A national survey of dermatologists and pharmacists was conducted to characterize the involvement of the community pharmacist in the area of skin diseases and to elicit suggestions to improve professional interrelations. The results show the dermatologists' major complaint is pharmacists' inability or unwillingness to compound prescriptions. The study clearly indicates the need for increased communication between the two professions in matters such as inventory control, prescription refill procedures, and substitution guidelines. The pharmacists, in general, admitted a deficiency in their educational preparedness to recognize common skin disorders, thus limiting their ability to assess the severity of patients' complaints.
Supporting Rape Survivors Through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme: An Exploration of English and Welsh Independent Sexual Violence Advisors’ Experiences
Authors: Smith Olivia , Galey Jessica
Published: October 2017

English and Welsh responses to rape have long been critically examined, leading to attempted improvements in the criminal justice system. Despite this, little attention has been paid to the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme (CICS) and the difficulties applying it to rape. To begin addressing this gap, researchers interviewed three, and qualitatively surveyed 22, Independent Sexual Violence Advisors. The findings suggest that CICS may not only reinforce rape myths and disadvantage vulnerable survivors, but is also a source of validation and contributes to survivor justice. The study, while exploratory, therefore, highlights the need for further discussion about rape survivor compensation.
Motivations of Young Adults for Improving Dietary Choices: Focus Group Findings Prior to the MENU GenY Dietary Change Trial
Authors: Alexander Gwen L. , Lindberg Nangel , Firemark Alison L. , Rukstalis Margaret R. , McMullen Carmit
Published: October 2017

Background. Young adulthood is often associated with poor dietary habits that may increase risk of obesity and chronic diseases. As independence grows, little is known about strategies to help balance social, work, and education commitments that may override desires to incorporate healthful food choices. Objective. In advance of a randomized trial to test an online intervention targeting young adults, we sought to identify views and experiences with healthy eating, and specifically, eating more fruits and vegetables. Methods. We conducted 13 focus groups with 68 young adults in metropolitan Detroit (Henry Ford Health System) and rural Pennsylvania (Geisinger Health System). Randomly selected adults aged 21 to 30 years, using health system automated data, were sent recruitment letters. Questions were grounded in social cognitive theory and self-determination theory. Audiotapes were transcribed, content themes identified, coded, verified for reliability, and analyzed qualitatively. Results. Young adults’ efforts to eat healthfully included three major themes of (1) motivations to create a healthy lifestyle, teach by example, feel better, and manage weight and future health problems; (2) learning to eat well from childhood, independent living, and peers; and (3) strategies to eat better through planning, tracking, and commitment. Discussion. We uncovered theory-based factors that facilitate healthy dietary behavior change among young adults, including managing their behavior through self-monitoring, goal-setting, small steps, meaningful reinforcements, and social opportunities. Conclusions. Targeted interventions encouraging reflection on personal values related to meaningful contemporary health benefits are likely to resonate with young adults, as will opportunities to receive and share new information.
Diabetic ketoacidosis in the cat: Recognition and essential treatment
Authors: Rudloff Elke
Published: October 2017

Practical relevance:

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a not uncommon emergency in both newly diagnosed and poorly regulated diabetic cats. When there is a heightened metabolic rate and energy requirement due to concurrent illness, an increase in the release of glucose counter-regulatory hormones causes insulin receptor resistance, lipolysis, free fatty acid release and ketogenesis. This necessitates not only treatment to eliminate the ketosis and control blood glucose, but also investigation of concurrent illnesses.

Clinical challenges:

A number of metabolic derangements can occur with DKA, requiring a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, elimination of ketones, careful correction of glucose, electrolyte and acid base abnormalities, and close monitoring.

Audience:

Any veterinarian that cares for cats in urgent and emergency situations should understand the pathophysiology of DKA in order to address an individual’s clinical signs and metabolic derangements.

Evidence base:

This review draws evidence from the peer-reviewed literature as well as the author’s personal clinical experience.
Yellow Nail Syndrome Presenting With a Pericardial Effusion: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Soong Laura C. , Haber Richard M.
Published: October 2017

Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is a constellation of clinical findings including at least 2 of the 3 features of thickened yellow nails, respiratory tract involvement, and lymphedema. We report the case of a middle-aged man presenting with dystrophic, thickened yellow nails; an idiopathic pericardial effusion in the absence of pleural effusion(s); and unilateral apical bronchiectasis found on computed tomography of the chest. This represents a unique presentation of YNS as the first report of a patient with YNS and a pericardial effusion in the absence of pleural effusions and lymphedema and is the 11th case report of YNS with pericardial effusion.
“What citizens can see of the state”: Police and the construction of democratic citizenship in Latin America
Authors: González Yanilda María
Published: October 2017

Police exercise the state’s monopoly of legitimate use of force, a fundamental state function that shapes the construction of citizenship. What are the implications for citizenship when that monopoly is profoundly contested and unevenly distributed? This article explores this question in Latin America, where police confront historically high rates of crime and violence in the context of uneven state capacity and pervasive social inequality. Throughout Latin America, citizens lack the security necessary to engage in everyday political, economic, and social activities that are constitutive of citizenship, resulting in constrained citizenship. At the same time, citizens’ everyday interactions and relationships to police reproduce existing social inequalities along lines of race, class, and geography, resulting in stratified citizenship. These policing practices and the concomitant constraints on and stratification of citizenship are mutually reinforcing, with troubling implications for state formation and democracy in the world’s most violent and most unequal region.
Fracturing the penal state: State actors and the role of conflict in penal change
Authors: Rubin Ashley , Phelps Michelle S
Published: October 2017

The concept of a penal or carceral state has quickly become a staple in punishment and criminal justice literatures. However, the concept, which suffers from a proliferation of meanings and is frequently undefined, gives readers the impression that there is a single, unified, and actor-less state responsible for punishment. This contradicts the thrust of recent punishment literature, which emphasizes fragmentation, variegation, and constant conflict across the actors and institutions that shape penal policy and practice. Using a case study of late-century Michigan, this article develops an analytical approach that fractures the penal state. We demonstrate that the penal state represents a messy, often conflicted amalgamation of the various branches and actors in charge of punishment, who resist the aims and policies sought by their fellow state actors. Ultimately, we argue that fracture is itself a variable that scholars must measure empirically and incorporate into their accounts of penal change.
High-resolution X-ray tomography of Engine Combustion Network diesel injectors
Authors: Matusik Katarzyna E , Duke Daniel J , Kastengren Alan L , Sovis Nicholas , Swantek Andrew B , Powell Christopher F
Published: October 2017

The flow inside direct-injection diesel nozzles is strongly influenced by the local geometry. Deviations from the design geometry and nonuniformities along the fuel’s flow path can alter the expected spray behavior. The influence of small-scale variations in the internal geometry is not well understood due to a lack of data available to experimentalists and modelers that resolve such features. To address the need for more accurate geometry measurements that also quantify the error bounds on manufacturing variability, the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory has been customized to obtain high-resolution X-ray tomography of injection nozzles. In this article, we present results for several diesel injectors provided by the Engine Combustion Network. The imaging setup was optimized to measure dense metallic samples at high signal-to-noise ratio using projection imaging. To improve contrast, multiple images were recorded at each rotation angle. Phase shifting effects, which amplify the uncertainty in locating nozzle boundaries, were minimized by reducing the propagation distance of the X-rays between the nozzle and detector. Such improvements to the imaging technique enabled the nozzle hole diameter to be measured with an accuracy of 1.8 µm, which takes into account the pixel resolution as well as the properties of the imaging setup and the geometric analysis. The high spatial resolution allows the nozzle hole inlet corner radius to be azimuthally resolved. For the sample set under consideration, these new measurements reveal that non-hydroground injectors have a distribution of radii which typically vary by more than a factor of two. An azimuthally varying radius of curvature at the hole inlet is expected to result in highly asymmetric cavitation. Skeletal wireframe models of the nozzle hole geometries suitable for computational fluid dynamics mesh generation have been developed, in addition to full three-dimensional isosurfaces; these data have been made publicly available online.
Pupillary light reflex, receptive field mechanism and correction for retinal position for the assessment of visual discomfort
Authors: Scheir GH , Hanselaer P , Ryckaert WR
Published: October 2017

Light sources causing annoyance or pain produce discomfort glare. Traditional glare metrics fail for non-uniform luminaires. As an alternative, visual discomfort is determined by a model incorporating the centre–surround receptive field mechanism, the pupillary light reflex and a correction for retinal position. The pupil area, controlled by the pupillary light reflex, regulates the retinal illuminance. A centre–surround receptive field, described by a difference of Gaussians, represents the visual signal. A correction according to the Guth position index accounts for the reduction in brightness perception when a light source is moved away from the line of sight. The model is analysed with a forced choice paired comparison experiment involving 17 non-uniform rear projected stimuli with different spatial frequencies and luminance steps. A coefficient of determination of 0.68 between the subjective assessment and the model is obtained. A paired comparison office luminaire experiment and a magnitude estimation experiment involving diffusor luminaires validate the model resulting in a coefficient of determination of 0.86 and 0.81, respectively. By including the pupillary light reflex, receptive field mechanism and a correction for retinal position, the more physiologically justified model is a promising alternative to current, often empirical, glare metrics, especially for non-uniform luminaires.
“Trapped in the reform”: Kindergarten teachers’ experiences of teacher professionalisation in Buleleng, Indonesia
Authors: Yulindrasari Hani , Ujianti Putu Rahayu
Published: October 2017

Indonesia has been conducting a teacher reform program since 2005. Teachers’ low status and the crisis of student achievement are the rationales of this reform. This paper investigates the implications of Indonesian neo-liberal teacher reform on kindergarten teachers’ professional experiences and practices. The research was conducted in Buleleng regency, the northern part of Bali Province, Indonesia. This research used focus group discussion to obtain general information about teacher reform/professionalisation in the Buleleng regency. In-depth interviews were conducted to gather richer information about teachers’ personal experiences of professionalisation. Drawing from Osgood’s deconstruction of professionalism in early childhood education (ECE), this paper argues that the teacher reform policies have failed to recognise the uniqueness of ECE teaching practices, which are centred on emotion and care. The reform has also overlooked the disadvantaged conditions and unequal playing field of kindergarten teachers in the professionalisation process. Thus, despite the improvement of teachers’ individual welfare, the “regulatory gaze” of teacher reform policies poses a subtle threat to kindergarten teachers’ professional identities.
‘Old, borrowed, and renewed’: A review of early childhood education policy in post-Reform Indonesia
Authors: Octarra Harla Sara , Hendriati Agustina
Published: October 2017

Early childhood education (ECE) is not new in Indonesia. However, in the past decade, it has received more attention, as shown by the growing number of ECE centres in both urban and rural areas. This growth is accompanied by policy development that corresponds to the global agenda of ECE. Policy development is inevitably linked with the support of international organisations (such as UNICEF and the World Bank) at both national and local levels, through loans and grass-roots pilot projects. Such neo-liberal policies have been seen as contributing to inequality in educational access in developing countries. What is lacking is an understanding of how policies, caught up in the interwoven nature of global discourse and social problems, are being implemented at the local level. Such understanding is especially important in the changing social and political context of post-Reform Indonesia. Using a critical approach, this article examines the discourse around ECE policies and practice through critical engagement with policy documents and relevant reports. Because policy processes are messy and in many ways relative, this perspective enables the dominant discourse, within which ECE operates, to be challenged. This article concludes by suggesting the integration of ECE and health services at the practice level in order to bridge the current gap between ECE policy and practice.
Sudden death: Neurogenic causes, prediction and prevention
Authors: Japundžić-Žigon Nina , Šarenac Olivera , Lozić Maja , Vasić Marko , Tasić Tatjana , Bajić Dragana , Kanjuh Vladimir , Murphy David
Published: October 2017

Sudden death is a major health problem all over the world. The most common causes of sudden death are cardiac but there are also other causes such as neurological conditions (stroke, epileptic attacks and brain trauma), drugs, catecholamine toxicity, etc. A common feature of all these diverse pathologies underlying sudden death is the imbalance of the autonomic nervous system control of the cardiovascular system. This paper reviews different pathologies underlying sudden death with emphasis on the autonomic nervous system contribution, possibilities of early diagnosis and prognosis of sudden death using various clinical markers including autonomic markers (heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity), present possibilities of management and promising prevention by electrical neuromodulation.
Prostate cancer diagnostics: A review of practice across the northwest of England
Authors: Broome James David , Oates Jeremy
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

The aim of this regional audit was to gain an understanding of the different approaches to prostate cancer diagnosis across the northwest of England. This often complicated area of urological practice has undergone many changes in recent years and this audit will attempt to evaluate the degree of diversity in diagnostic pathway across one region.

Methods:

Electronic questionnaires were distributed to consultant urologists across the northwest. Over a 2-week data collection period 48 responses were received from 19 urology units. Responses were grouped by centre to evaluate practice per urology unit.

Results:

Written consent was taken for transrectal ultrasound and biopsy in 54% of centres. All centres used a prophylactic antibiotic regime that included ciprofloxacin; however, the duration varied across the region. Units used a 3-day course, 1-day course and single dose at the time of biopsy in 69%, 5% and 21%, respectively. Rectal swabs to detect fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms were not used in 15 of 19 units (79%). Magnetic resonance imaging was not used before the first biopsy in 42% of units. Twenty-one per cent used this study on all men undergoing a first biopsy, while 37% of centres used a more targeted approach. All centres routinely sampled 12 cores during TRUS and biopsy. The majority (74%) sent cores for histology in two containers by side (left/right). The remaining sent two samples from each geographical area in one container. For repeat biopsy indications 42% of units reported they would proceed straight to transrectal ultrasound and biopsy. The remaining 58% utilised another modality such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging or transperineal template biopsy in the first instance.

Conclusion:

This audit has highlighted a wide variation in practice within one UK region. Although there have been measurable advances in prostate cancer management, more standardisation of diagnostic pathways may facilitate data collection and reduce variation in outcomes.

Level of evidence:

Not applicable in this multicentre audit.
Tax Administrative Burdens in the Tourism Sector in Zanzibar: Stakeholders’ Perspectives
Authors: Mahangila Deogratius , Anderson Wineaster
Published: October 2017

The shortage of literature regarding the tax administration burden, particularly in the hospitality and tourism sector in the context of least developed countries, still exists. This study, therefore, investigates the tax administration burden in the tourism sector in the Zanzibar Islands. It specifically examines the structure of tourism taxes and the fiscal regime, measures the uncertainty and complexity of tax laws, and assesses the role played by business associations in facilitating collective action to reform the business environment of the tourism sector in this Archipelago. The study involved a survey of stakeholders ( N = 135), including tourism investors, business associations, and relevant government agencies. The findings showed that uncertainty concerning the value added tax laws centered on calculation of the input tax, the input tax refund from mainland Tanzania, and the registration procedure. The confusion was also pronounced regarding the specific laws affecting tour operators, restaurants, and the hotel levy. Similarly, there is still uncertainty concerning the infrastructure tax and the imposition of a tax of US$1 per day per guest staying in a hotel. Moreover, uncertainty and complexity regarding the income tax laws is centered on calculating the income tax liability of businesses, investments, and employment. However, the role of business associations in reforming the business environment for tourism has been encouraging, as a good number of public–private dialogues and initiatives have been geared at negotiating the various forms of taxes and levies imposed on tourism and hospitality services in the Archipelago. The study concludes with managerial, policy, and research recommendations.
Trends in Spinal Surgery for Pott’s Disease (2000-2016): An Overview and Bibliometric Study
Authors: Fisahn Christian , Alonso Fernando , Hasan Ghazwan A. , Tubbs R. Shane , Dettori Joseph R. , Schildhauer Thomas A. , Rustagi Tarush
Published: October 2017

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Objectives:

(1) What are the surgical indications? Have they changed over time since the year 2000? (2) What is the current surgical approaches of choice? Have they changed over time since the year 2000? Do they vary by geographical region? (3) What are the most common outcome measures following surgery?

Methods:

Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched from database inception from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2016 to identify studies specifically evaluating surgical indications, current surgical approaches, and outcome measures for spinal tuberculosis.

Results:

Six randomized controlled trials were identified from our search (1 excluded: no surgical arm identified after review) Neurological deficit, instability and deformity were common indications identified. Surgical approach included predominantly anterior for cervical spine and posterior for thoracic and lumbar spine. Combined approach was preferred in pediatric cases. Degree of deformity correction, neurological outcomes, and fusion formed the main bases of assessing surgical outcomes.

Conclusions:

Majority of the current literature is from South Asia. The presence of neurological compromise, deformity, and instability were the primary criteria for surgical intervention. The preferred approach varied with the anatomical region of the spine in adults. Outcome measures predominantly involved deformity correction, neurological deficit, and fusion.
Demographic and Mental Health Characteristics of Individuals Who Present to Community Health Clinics With Substance Misuse
Authors: Iyiewuare Praise O. , McCullough Colleen , Ober Allison , Becker Kirsten , Osilla Karen , Watkins Katherine E.
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Community health clinics (CHCs) are an opportune setting to identify and treat substance misuse. This study assessed the characteristics of patients who presented to a CHC with substance misuse.

Methods:

Personnel at a large CHC administered a 5-question screener to patients between June 3, 2014, and January 15, 2016, to assess past 3-month alcohol use, prescription opioid misuse, or illicit drug use. We stratified screen-positive patients into 4 diagnostic groups: (1) probable alcohol use disorder (AUD) and no comorbid opioid use disorder (OUD); (2) probable heroin use disorder; (3) probable prescription OUD, with or without comorbid AUD; and (4) no probable substance use disorder. We describe substance use and mental health characteristics of screen-positive patients and compare the characteristics of patients in the diagnostic groups.

Results:

Compared to the clinic population, screen-positive patients (N = 733) included more males ( P < .0001) and had a higher prevalence of probable bipolar disorder ( P < .0001) and schizophrenia ( P < .0001). Eighty-seven percent of screen-positive patients had probable AUD or OUD; only 7% were currently receiving substance use treatment. The prescription opioid and heroin groups had higher rates of past bipolar disorder and consequences of mental health conditions than the alcohol only or no diagnosis groups ( P < .0001).

Conclusions:

Patients presenting to CHCs who screen positive for alcohol or opioid misuse have a high likelihood of having an AUD or OUD, with or without a comorbid serious mental illness. Community health clinics offering substance use treatment may be an important resource for addressing unmet need for substance use treatment and comorbid mental illness.
Thermal tachypnea in avian embryos
Authors: Bícego Kênia C. , Mortola Jacopo P.
Published: October 2017

Many adult mammals and birds respond to heat with thermal tachypnea, an increase in breathing frequency with shallow tidal volume, with minimal increase in oxygen consumption (V̇O2). This pattern favors heat dissipation by evaporative water loss (EWL) through the respiratory tract. We asked to what extent this response was apparent at the earliest stages of development, when pulmonary ventilation (V̇E) initiates. Measurements of V̇E(barometric technique), V̇O2(open-flow methodology) and EWL (water scrubbers) were performed on chicken embryos at the earliest appearance of V̇E, during the internal pipping stage. Data were collected, first, at the normal incubation temperature (37.5°C); then, ambient and egg temperatures were increased to approximately 44°C over a 2 h period. Other embryos of the same developmental stage (controls) were maintained in normothermia for the whole duration of the experiment. During heat exposure, the embryo's V̇O2 and carbon dioxide production increased little. In contrast, V̇E more than doubled (∼128% increase) entirely because of the large rise in breathing frequency (∼132% increase), with no change in tidal volume. EWL did not change significantly, probably because within the egg the thermal and water vapor gradients are almost non-existent. We conclude that chicken embryos respond to a major heat load with tachypnea, like many adult mammals and birds do. The appearance so early in development, although ineffective for heat loss, signifies that thermal tachypnea represents an important breathing response necessary to be functional since hatching.
Do Compensation Consultants Enable Higher CEO Pay? A Disclosure Rule Change as a Separating Device
Authors: Chu Jenny , Faasse Jonathan , Rau P. Raghavendra
Published: October 2017

We investigate the impact of a firm’s compensation consultant choice on executive compensation by examining shifts in consultant choice stemming from a 2009 U.S. Securities Exchange Commission requirement that firms disclose fees paid to compensation consultants for both consulting and other services. We show that the disclosure rule change acted as a separating device distinguishing firms likely to have used compensation consultants to extract rents from shareholders from firms that were likely to have used consultants to optimally set pay. We conclude that not all multiservice consultants are conflicted, while not all specialist consultants are guardians of shareholder value. Our study provides a more nuanced view of the association between compensation consultant choices and executive pay.

This paper was accepted by Shiva Rajgopal, accounting.
Liquidity Risk and Mutual Fund Performance
Authors: Dong Xi , Feng Shu , Sadka Ronnie
Published: October 2017

This paper demonstrates that the ability of fund managers to create value depends on market liquidity conditions, which in turn introduces a liquidity risk exposure (beta) for skilled managers. We document an annual liquidity beta performance spread of 4% in the cross section of mutual funds over the period 1983–2014. Liquidity risk premia explain an insubstantial fraction of this spread; instead, the spread can be attributed to the differential ability of high liquidity beta funds to outperform across high and low market liquidity states, due to a differential rate of either mispricing correction or intensity of informed trading. Tests based on mispricing, proxied by a comprehensive set of 68 anomalies, and tick-by-tick trades, from a large proprietary institutional trading data set, corroborate the contribution of these channels. The results highlight the interaction between informed investors, mispricing, and liquidity beta.

The Internet appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2851 .

This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
Robust Defibrillator Deployment Under Cardiac Arrest Location Uncertainty via Row-and-Column Generation
Authors: Chan Timothy C. Y. , Shen Zuo-Jun Max , Siddiq Auyon
Published: October 2017

Sudden cardiac arrest is a significant public health concern. Successful treatment of cardiac arrest is extremely time sensitive, and use of an automated external defibrillator (AED) where possible significantly increases the probability of survival. Placement of AEDs in public locations can improve survival by enabling bystanders to treat victims of cardiac arrest prior to the arrival of emergency medical responders, thus shortening the time between collapse and treatment. However, since the exact locations of future cardiac arrests cannot be known a priori, AEDs must be placed strategically in public locations to ensure their accessibility in the event of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest emergency. In this paper, we propose a data-driven optimization model for deploying AEDs in public spaces while accounting for uncertainty in future cardiac arrest locations. Our approach involves discretizing a continuous service area into a large set of scenarios, where the probability of cardiac arrest at each location is itself uncertain. We model uncertainty in the spatial risk of cardiac arrest using a polyhedral uncertainty set that we calibrate using historical cardiac arrest data. We propose a solution technique based on row-and-column generation that exploits the structure of the uncertainty set, allowing the algorithm to scale gracefully with the total number of scenarios. Using real cardiac arrest data from the City of Toronto, we conduct an extensive numerical study on AED deployment public locations. We find that hedging against cardiac arrest location uncertainty can produce AED deployments that outperform an intuitive sample average approximation by 9%–15% and cuts the performance gap with respect to an ex post model by half. Our findings suggest that accounting for cardiac arrest location uncertainty can lead to improved accessibility of AEDs during cardiac arrest emergencies and the potential for improved survival outcomes.

The electronic companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1660 .
Make sense of shape
Authors: White Hilary
Published: October 2017

Many of life's practical challenges involve shapes and understanding their properties. Hilary White suggests ways to help children to explore shape, pattern and space, find solutions to problems and begin to understand similarity and difference.
Extend the conversation
Authors: Wood Liz
Published: October 2017

Starting a new term can be a good opportunity to review and reflect on different aspects of practice and a key area to focus on is communication and language, says I CAN's speech and language therapist, Liz Wood.
Get a feel for coding
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: October 2017

Sal McKeown finds out how a nursery is using Cubetto to teach children to use a screen-less programming language. They get the hang of it by picking up and placing blocks in a sequence to make a robot move.
Solid as a rock
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: October 2017

Ailsa Chapman explains how a new system of personalised pebbles enables children to self-register.
‘Five little ducks’
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: October 2017

In the second of this series linking mathematics to physical development, Jenni Clarke chooses well-known number rhymes which provide opportunities for counting while letting off steam.
Twist and twirl
Authors: Williams Kate
Published: October 2017

As autumn leaves change colour and fall, they offer creative inspiration through their shapes, textures and graceful movements. Support children to capture their patterns through leaf rubbings.
Separate but secure
Authors: Rawstrone Annette
Published: October 2017

Separation or divorce can be overwhelmingly stressful for both parents and children. Annette Rawstrone provides a guide to answering children's questions and providing reassurance.
‘Whizz, pop, bang’!
Authors: White Hilary
Published: October 2017

Develop a firework-inspired group dance to underline the ‘togetherness’ of celebrations such as Bonfire Night, and help children to practise their skills of co-operation, planning and preparation.
Experiments on the Mechanical Harvesting of Litchi and its Effects on Litchi Storage
Authors: Wang Weizu , Lu Huazhong , Mo Changki , Yang Zhou , Hohimer Cameron Jay , Qiu Guangjun
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This article presents a fruiting branch shaker designed for litchi ( Sonn.) harvesting and field testing results of the mechanical shaker with abscission chemical treatment. During the mature litchi season, mechanical harvesting experiments were conducted on Feizixiao litchi trees with and without applying the abscission chemical (Ethrel, 2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid). Fruit detachment force (FDF) and fruit weight (W) were measured to determine the effect of chemical treatment on the FDF/W ratio. Fruits harvested by different methods were transported to the laboratory in Guangzhou city and stored at 6°C. Testing results showed that more than 88% of litchi fruits untreated with the chemical were removed at a frequency of 26 or 32 Hz and that the harvesting rate was roughly 3.5 times greater than that of hand harvesting. Application of the abscission chemical increased the removal percentage and harvesting rate of litchi fruits by about 10% while showing a decreased damage rate. Storage tests also indicated no significantly different characteristics between untreated fruits harvested by the shaker and by hand. However, there were significant differences between treated fruits and untreated fruit in browning index and total soluble solids content. Keywords: Abscission chemical, Detachment force, Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), Mechanical harvest, Multi-finger branch shaking.
Non-Destructive Defect Detection of Apples by Spectroscopic and Imaging Technologies: A Review
Authors: Lu Yuzhen , Lu Renfu
Published: October 2017

Abstract.

Apples are susceptible to a wide range of defects that can occur in the orchard and during the post-harvest period. Detection of these defects by non-destructive sensing techniques is of great importance for the apple industry and has been an intensive research topic over the past two decades. This review presents an overview of common defects in apples, encompassing physiological disorders, mechanical damage, pathological disorders, and contamination. Presented and discussed in this review is research progress on the detection of defects in apples using various non-destructive spectroscopic and imaging techniques, including visible/near-infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, monochromatic and color imaging, hyperspectral and multispectral imaging, x-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, thermal imaging, time-resolved and spatially resolved spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, biospeckle imaging, and structured-illumination reflectance imaging. This review concludes with remarks on the prospects of these techniques and research needs in the future. Keywords: Apples, Defects, Imaging, Non-destructive detection, Quality, Safety, Spectroscopy.
Modeling the Financial Crisis in Indonesia
Authors: Armansyah Rohmad Fuad , Effendi Moch Bisyri
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this paper is to construct the model of the financial crisis in Indonesia through exchange market pressure index approach by using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline. This research used secondary data from the Central Bank of Indonesia from 2005 to 2014, consisting Â of 120 observations. The dependent variables is Â exchange market pressure index, and the independent variables consist of 11 macro economics variable. This research used the MARS 2.0 software, to build the model. The results shows 53.9% accuracy model of MARS and it obtains the smallest value of GCV that is 1.84, and the international interest rate of US Prime Rate is the most influential variable towards the exchange market pressure index. The results also provide additional knowledge regarding the indicators that can lead to the financial crisis based on the model established by the MARS approach. The implication is that the variable of international interest rate of US Prime Rate through the MARS approach can be an early warning system against the crisis that probably will happen, especially in Indonesia.
Analysis of intention toward halal products: an empirical study of young consumers
Authors: Harsanto Budi , Jatnika Dika
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this paper is to determine the intention of consumer in choosing halal products, particularly for food products. The three main elements in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) consisting of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control is connected to the intention to consume halal products, particularly halal food. This study refers to the two studies both in the Malaysian context. This is a survey-based research. It used a questionnaire for collecting the data taken from Â 151 active students of Faculty of Economics and Business in Unpad who participated as the respondents in this research. The data were analysed using a descriptive statistics, correlation, chi-square. and multiple regression. The findings show that the three main elements have a significance effect on the intention. This study is unique since it was conducted in Indonesiaâ€™s context and the results is slightly different from the findings of the previous one.
Intellectual Capital and Corporate Social Responsibility in Banking Industries in Indonesia
Authors: S Dri Asmawanti , Wijayanti Indah Oktari
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to get empirical evidence on the relationship of the intellectual capital of the company with its corporate social responsibility. The data used in this study were the banking industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample in this study was banking company in Indonesia which has been qualified sampling. The analysis tool to test the hypothesis was multiple regression analysis using SPSS. The results of this study showed that the disclosure of intellectual capital significantly influenced social responsibility. In addition to the control variables of this study, the performance of the company had an influence on social responsibility. This is because of the human resources owned by a company would be able to work optimally with the support of enterprise systems is good, the good quality system and strong customer capital. The implication of research is company's performance especially on social responsibility, which is the most investors in Indonesia are still oriented on profit, the greater the profit that has the company cares about the environment.
Scale-Up of an Ultrasound-Enhanced Bioscouring Process
Authors: Easson Michael , Lanier Megan , Villapando Andres , Condon Brian D.
Published: October 2017

Using previously determined optimized reaction conditions, an ultrasound-enhanced bioscouring process was scaled to ten-gallon capacity and a system of rollers was added, which allowed for continuous fabric feed and equipment operation. UV-Vis spectrophotometric data from bioscoured fabric samples confirmed pectin removal and provided evidence that the combination of ultrasound and enzymes was an environmentally sustainable alternative to the present-day caustic scouring method.
Structure Refinement of Spring Steel 51Crv4 after Accelerated Spheroidisation
Authors: Hauserova D. , Dlouhy J. , Kotous J.
Published: October 2017

Material research of the spring steels tries to meet requirements of the industry, which are mainly higher yield and tensile strength. Steel 51CrV4 is widely used for spring production. Optimization of its properties lies in tensile and yield strength enhancement without decrease in ductility in quenched and tempered state. This can be accomplished by structural refinement. One possible way to refine final quenched and tempered structure is refinement of the soft annealed structure before quenching. The article is devoted to accelerated carbide spheroidisation and refinement (ASR) and subsequent hardening of the 51CrV4 spring steel. Samples with different carbide size were prepared by conventional soft annealing in atmosphere furnace and ASR process by induction heating. Influence of the structural refinement on the properties of quenched and tempered state was studied.
Characteristics of the Nial/Ni3al Matrix Composite With Tib2 Particles Fabricated By High Pressure – High Temperature Sintering
Authors: Hyjek P. , Sulima I. , Jaworska L.
Published: October 2017

The article presents the results of tests carried out on the manufactured composite materials based on a two-phase NiAl/Ni3Al matrix, which was enriched with the addition of TiB2ceramic particles added in an amount of 4 and 7 vol%. The resulting mixtures were sintered by the High Pressure High Temperature (HP-HT) process. The results were compared to the results obtained for the sole matrix material produced under the same conditions. It has been shown that, at a lower density, the addition of reinforcing particles increases the composite hardness, Young’s modulus and resistance to frictional wear. However, higher addition of TiB2(7 vol%) was observed to yield less satisfactory results, and despite higher hardness and lower density caused a decrease in other properties tested. The produced materials were characterized by a compact and highly differentiated microstructure free from any noticeable cracks and pores.