bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Eight Irish Dance LandingsConsiderations for Training and Overuse Injury Prevention
Authors: Christensen Sarah Klopp , Johnson Aaron Wayne , Van Wagoner Natalie , Corey Taryn E. , McClung Matthew S. , Hunter Iain
Published: March 2021

Irish dance has evolved in aesthetics that lead to greater physical demands on dancers' bodies. Irish dancers must land from difficult moves without letting their knees bend or heels touch the ground, causing large forces to be absorbed by the body. The majority of injuries incurred
by Irish dancers are due to overuse (79.6%). The purpose of this study was to determine loads on the body of female Irish dancers, including peak force, rise rate of force, and impulse, in eight common Irish hard shoe and soft shoe dance movements. It was hypothesized that these movements
would produce different ground reac- tion force (GRF) characteristics. Sixteen female Irish dancers were recruited from the three highest competitive levels. Each performed a warm-up, reviewed the eight movements, and then performed each movement three times on a force plate, four in soft
shoes and four in hard shoes. Ground reaction forces were measured using a three-dimensional force plate recording at 1,000 Hz. Peak force, rise rate, and vertical impulse were calculated. Peak forces normalized by each dancer's body weight for each of these variables were significantly different
between move- ments and shoe types [F(15, 15)= 65.4, p < 0.01; F(15, 15) = 65.0, p < 0.01; and F(15, 15) = 67.4, p < 0.01, respectively]. The variable years of experience was not correlated with peak force, rise rate, or impulse (p > 0.40). It is concluded that there was a large
range in GRF characteristics among the eight movements studied. Understanding the force of each dance step will allow instructors to develop training routines that help dancers adapt gradually to the high forces experienced in Irish dance training and competitions, thereby limiting the potential
for overuse injuries.
Quantitative MRI Analysis of the Talocrural and Talonavicular Joints in Ballet Dancers
Authors: Tando Toshimi , Horiuchi Saya , Yu Hon J. , Luk Alex , Russell Jeffrey A. , Sharp Kelli , Yoshioka Hiroshi
Published: March 2021

The ankles of ballet dancers are routinely under heavy loading that may lead to osteoarthritic changes. It would be clinically useful to identify such pathology as early as possible in a dancer's career. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare quantitative measurements in
magnetic resonance (MR) images of the talocrural and talonavicular joints in ballet dancers and healthy non-dancers for use in formulating prediction of chronic injury and degenerative joint disease in these locations. Quantitative measurements in MR images of the talocrural and talonavicular
joints were compared in 10 female ballet dancers, 10 healthy female non-dancers, and nine male ballet dancers. Fat-suppressed density-weighted proton, T1rho, and T2 mapping images were acquired with a 3.0 T MR scanner. Medial and lateral subchondral bone distance between the tibia and talus
(MSBD and LSBD), axial navicular-talus axis angle (ANT angle), sagittal talar neck angle against the posterior talocalcaneal joint (TN angle), and curvature of navicular surface at the talonavicular joint were measured on sagittal images. The medial subchondral bone distance was found to be
significantly larger in female dancers than female non-dancers (4.05 mm vs. 2.75 mm, p < 0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in LSBD (2.63 mm vs. 2.63 mm, p = 0.87). Axial navicular talus angles in female dancers were significantly larger than those in female non-dancers
(38.9° vs. 24.3°, p < 0.05). There was a tendency for the TN angle to be smaller and navicular curvature (NC) to be larger in female dancers compared to female non-dancers, though the differences were not significant (TN angle: 16.6° vs. 22.3°, p = 0.09, and NC: 0.186 vs.
0.165, p = 0.28). There were no significant differences in T1rho or T2 values of talonavicular joint cartilage. These results show that the bony anatomy of dancers' ankles may adapt to the stresses placed on them by ballet.
O wyzwaniach, przed jakimi staje tłumacz literatury dla dzieci
Authors: Manasterska-Wiącek Edyta
Published: March 2021

On Challenges Faced by Translators of Children’s Literature

The aim of the article was to investigate the effect of the translation solutions applied in the Polish translation of V. Garshin’s Lyagushka-puteshestvennica fable on the child addressee. The article starts with an overview of characteristic features of text recipient (prior knowledge, attitudes and values, limited bilingualism and biculturalism), referring them to the childad dressee with the consideration of readers belonging to different cultures. Due to limited knowledge and awareness of children (as compared to the adult reader), the linguistic solutions applied in the translation acquire a different perspective – they are closely connected with the recognition of the known and the unknown by the child, regardless of one’s own culture.The analysis shows that the differences in the precision of rendering the cognitive and emotional value of the text as well as disregarding key elements of the original text by the translator can easily distort the reception of the investigated text by the child recipient.
CONCEALED CHARACTER VALUES ON LECTURERS’ VERBAL FEEDBACK IN ENGLISH TEACHING
Authors: Norizkyka Adetya , Hermaniar Yulieda
Published: March 2021

Integrating values in the teaching and learning of English becomes the main concern of education in Indonesia. There are 18 values of character building in national character and cultural education which are demanded to be integrated in the teaching and learning process. However, the implementation is mostly heard from lower level of education. Therefore, it is considered important to conduct the study on the higher level of education or university, especially in the productive course such as speaking class. This leads to the interest on conducting study on the lecturers’ verbal feedback in English teaching as the reflection of teaching character values. Preliminary study was conducted by interviewing students of speaking class to get information related to the technique, method, and material used in the speaking class. Three speaking class’ lecturers will be the subject of the research. Observation is conducted to collect the data by using observation sheet and recorder as instrument. The interview takes students as the object in order to get their perspective to the feedback give. The result shows that there are three kinds of verbal feedback used. They are corrective feedback, interactive feedback, and evaluative feedback. The result of interview shows students positive perspective toward the feedback and the values they acquired from the feedback give. From the observation and interview, it can be concluded that the concealed values taught during the speaking class, they are disciplines, curious, respect, democracy, and communicative.
FRIENDLY ENGLISH INSTRUCTION FOR DYSLEXIC LEARNERS
Authors: Khafidhoh Khafidhoh
Published: March 2021

It is not really an easy work to get the general acceptance of dyslexia among the parents, teachers, society, government, and so on. However, in this era, we can see a number of countries actively fight for the dyslexics’ rights in life, education, job, etc. In Indonesia, Indonesian Dyslexia Association has run several activities to support people with dyslexia. In short, Indonesian people start to realize the importance of having the right exposures on dyslexia and taking part to support the dyslexics. However, the partial understanding about dyslexia and the related things can cause the inappropriate and unfriendly actions to support them. Thus, in this article, the writer tries to discuss about the way how to create friendly English instruction for dyslexic learners which is based on the experts’ suggestions. In accordance with the topic, this article covers the descriptive and critical review on dyslexic learners, English instruction for dyslexic learners, and friendly English instruction for dyslexic learners. Finally, this article is expected to give the brief information to both of the general readers and the professionals. In general, it is expected to be the guidance to solve the problems on dyslexia, especially related to the English instruction. Then, it is also expected to be used as one of the references to discuss and conduct the related topics and researches.
THE USE OF COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS APPROACH IN ELT: IMPLEMENTING IMAGE SCHEMA THEORY TO TEACH PHRASAL VERBS IN TOEFL PREPARATION CLASS
Authors: Royani Miftah , Lestari Dwi Puji
Published: March 2021

Dealing with phrasal verbs (PV) in TOEFL test is one of challengingpartsfor students. They usually learn PV by heart. Nevertheless, their PV mastery has not improved because implementing “blind” memorizing without knowing the concept is harder and will only stay temporarily. Besides, it cannot solve the unfamiliar PV in TOEFL test. Based on the problems, it needs a particular method to make students do not only understand PV meaning easier but also learn it meaningfully. This research is classroom action research. It aims to investigate the students’ improvement in PV mastery using cognitive linguistics approach. The research objects are beginner level of adult learners in TOEFL Preparation class. The data were collected from observation, interview and written test. Cognitive linguistics approach employed in this research was image schema introduced by Johnson and Lakoff (1987).In image schema concept, PV which has abstract meaning is construed in a concrete visualization of CONTAINER to understand the meaning more easily, practical and fun. By implementing cognitive linguistics approach in teaching PV, teachers activate students’ cognition of PV concept which is basically embodied as it arises from human’s mind and body experience. The result shows that there is significant improvement in students’ PV mastery.
THE INDONESIAN CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT (An Ethnographic Study of Indonesian Classroom Behavior)
Authors: Arifin Muhammad Fatkhu
Published: March 2021

This study entitled “The Indonesian Classroom Management. It is purposed to answer the problem formulation that questioning about how the Indonesian classroom behaves, how Indonesian classrom is managed by the teacher, and how the confortable classroom look like based on the students’ perspective. This research used descriptive qualitative that describe the data that have been collected. The object of this study is the Indonesian classroom behaviour. The data were collected by observing the Indonesian classroom especially in English subject. The data collected were interpreted and described in the report. The result shows that Indonesian classroom has some behaviours such as; make a line before entering the class, praying before the class begin, singing the National Anthem, shaking the teachers’ hands whether in the begining and closing of the class, asking permission when to leave the class just for washing hands, praying after finish the whole activities in a day. In can be concluded from the result that Indonesian classroom has a very polite and orderly.
AN INTEGRATED STUDY PACK BASED ON A SHORT FILM ENTITLED “SLAP HER: CHILDREN’S REACTION”
Authors: Aeni Noor
Published: March 2021

This study aims to develop a set of alternative English teaching and learning materials covering four language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing). Learning materials are designed based on a short film entitled “Slap her: Children’s Reaction”. It is designed for language teachers of general English course for adult learners of English as a foreign language with the proficiency level of B2 according to CEFR (the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages).The nature of the study is Research and Development (R & D). The involving steps are conducting needs analysis, designing the course grid, and developing the materials. Data were collected by analyzing CEFR documets and conducting interview. They were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively.The activities within the study pack were designed in chronological order. They are categorized in three orders, before viewing the short film “Slap her”: children’s reactions, during, and after the viewing. The activities are interlinked on levels B2 of CEFR. The activities content builds logically onto each other, with later activities that are recycling language items or content of previous activities. The activities involve all four language skills that are integrated. In the implementation of the study pack, students will be required to work either, individually, in pairs, even in groups.
MARITIME ENGLISH TEACHING IN THE MIDDLE OF SEAFARER’S ISSUES AND GLOBAL MARITIME OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Sartini Sri
Published: March 2021

Indonesia is an archipelago country with thousand-pretty blessed islands with large hinterland surround. Regarding the fact, many of Indonesian believes that their ancestor is seafarer. Many Indonesian live from sea. They live from everything provided by the wealth of the seas. Fortunately, the government realizes this fact and they believe that maritime potential of country could be explored well for the sake of people’s wealth and welfare. This is done by their commitment to growing up and securing maritime higher education by following the international standard of IMO which is called as STCW 2010 Manila amendment. Data was stated that in this recent year, the world needs more than 69.241 qualified seafarers for each five years later. As the consequences, English is an obligatory to achieve. Maritime English which is more specific in the English subject would be an essential knowledge as well as skill in line with the issues. In the global maritime world, this competence should be effectively mastered by each seafarer as broad opportunity of qualified seafarers is always open for both national and international shipping companies. In this study, the writer obtain the knowledge and the data to support the paper by interviewing and sharing questionnaires to the senior seafarers who have excellent experiences at sea and in land who already signed off board from their sea projects. The results show that Maritime English teaching is absolutely needed because global maritime job opportunities in the recent year and in the future are engaging.
THE UTILIZATION OF FOLKLORES AND THE HAPPY STRATEGY TO IMPROVE ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILL AND SELF CONCEPT (BEST PRACTICES FOR NONFORMAL EDUCATION)
Authors: Afifah Wiwiek
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to discuss: (1) the integration of moral values through folklore in narrative texts, (2) the implementation of the happy strategy in teaching and learning processes, and (3) the improvement of speaking skill and self concept. The integration of moral values in folklores as narrative texts can be done to fulfil the learning targets. It is because students will be supported to internalize and actualize those values in their life. Some moral values that can be stressed in the integration of folklores are how to be an honest one, confident, careful, communicative, and down to earth person. The Happy strategies are joyful learning activities that can support students in learning how to speak effectively. It is because learning experiences on how to speak and to communicate were framed fun and relax. The characteristic of the happy strategies included ice breaking, storytelling, role playing, self assessment, peer assessment, and selected report. The strategy also made students felt directly aware of their performance from the result of peer assessment. The teaching strategy that had been implemented in non formal education especially for packet B program was proven to be appropriated. Having been implemented the language input (moral values based on folklores) and the happy strategies, student’s linguistic competence, linguistics performance (speaking skill) were improved. Furthermore, student’s self concept also changed to be better. It is because they can learn some moral values from the folklores and strengthen them through the reflection session of the class.
Corpora: From theoretical linguistics to language teaching
Authors: Oktavianti Ikmi Nur
Published: March 2021

Corpus has gained its popularity in linguistics over the past five decades, from the computerized storage of English language in Survey of English Usage in 1959 to the ongoing development of Corpus of Contemporary American English. Because of the huge size of actual language data compiled in corpora, many linguists and language teachers working with English language have benefited from them in linguistic research and teaching practice. Up to now, there are innumerable English online corpora recording data from various genres, modes, and regions as well as corpus tools to analyze self-compiled corpus. The massive development of corpora, however, has not been widely discussed among English language researchers and practitioners in Indonesia, let alone in English language teaching. Although linguistics and language teaching are two inseparable and firmly related fields, corpus as a concept and product of linguistics seems ignored or even avoided. This paper then aims to review the nature of corpus and how it is used to assist linguistic analysis. More importantly, this paper discusses another possible application of corpus, e.g., the use of corpus in teaching language. Considering the nature and the benefits of using corpora, it is then important to promote the use of corpus to enhance English language teaching and learning, either directly in the classrooms or indirectly in materials development.
Contributing factors on students’ willingness to communicate (WTC)
Authors: Susanti Elis
Published: March 2021

One of the non-linguistics factors which is sometimes out of the teacher’s awareness during the teaching of speaking is how ready or how willing the language learners are to engage in the provided activities in which this psychological condition is then termed as Willingness to Communicate (WTC). To prepare the language learners in order to be more ready or willing is essential to take into account since a fact shows that the high WTC will increase the language learners’ frequency of using the language learned (English) in a communication. This is a descriptive qualitative research which investigated about the students’  WTC  in  a  speaking  class  consisting  of  29  students English Department in STKIP Muhammadiyah Kotabumi. Apart from this, this study also probed what variables influencing their WTC. An observation was done in order to collect the research data and make a conclusion. Due to the collecting data, it was found that students’ WTC is high. Further, some variables such as classroom variables (task type, topic, and interlocutor), individual variables (introversion, self-esteem, and anxiety), and communicative competence are found to contribute on students’ WTC during the speaking activity. Among others, the topic given is as the most influential variable affects students’ WTC. Whereas, it is found that interlocutor variable due to their gender and age does not affect students’ WTC. Hence, English teachers are suggested to give more attention at some variables affecting students’ WTC in order to help the students increase their WTC which leads to their speaking improvement.
Cooperative principle in Facebook interaction among collegian
Authors: Elisa Lusi , Wahyuni Rina
Published: March 2021

One of the main principles guiding people’s communication is the cooperative principle by American linguist Grice. The use of cooperative principle helps people to increase their flexibility and accuracy. The analysis of cooperative principle in a text or conversation shall be the learning for people to communicate well using language with each other. The paper aimed to find out whether the participants under study followed or violated the maxims proposed by Grice. Besides, it was to identify whether the cooperative principles become the participants’ orientation or mere redundant rules. The research employed a descriptive qualitative research of which the data were obtained from the conversation among six workmates in a Flary group discussion on Facebook page. The research founds that the conversation followed and violated the maxims by Grice. Maxim of quantity was the most frequently used by the participants (12.77%). Interestingly, it was also the most frequently violated (63.8%). Despite the violation occurred in the interactions, the conversation was smooth. When the speakers realized about the cooperative principles they had to obey, the conversation became more relaxed, effective, and efficient.
Pre-service and in-service English teachers’ outlook in the use of online learning
Authors: Nasrullah Nasrullah
Published: March 2021

The advancement of technology by the emergence of various websites and applications in learning English is inevitably becoming phenomena today. However, many educators especially in-service teachers in Asian secondary schools are reluctant to embody them in the process of English Language Teaching (ELT) since this problem has existed in last decade in the English speaking countries which place English as first and second language; one emerging factor might likely be the status of either x-generations or millennial generation attached to some of them in coin with digital native or digital immigrant as proposed by Marc Prensky. Therefore, this paper is supposed to explain an investigation on the view shown by both sides (pre-service and in-service English teacher). In doing so, a qualitative approach is conducted by involving five pre-service teachers and five in-service teachers in South Kalimantan. The expected finding of this research could depict the variety of chosen views towards the insight and knowledge of ELT resources whether it can be useful for the process of pedagogy in the learning process as well as their classroom instruction.
Developing blog for English essay writing class
Authors: Listiani Listiani
Published: March 2021

Learning needs a medium to help learners learning. The medium can provide the learners sources of knowledge and practice. Learning English essay writing subject required its learners to understand and to have essay writing skills of English as a foreign language. The essay writing is a subject conducted by English Education Department, Faculty of teacher training and education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto, in Central Java province in Indonesia for preparing its learners to academic writing in the next semester. Blog which can be a learning medium for learning English Essay writing was necessary to be developed for fulfilling the learners’ need. Conducting a research and development was chosen to develop the blog. This study involved 21 students in the fourth semester who took the English essay writing subject. This study took eight months from March to October 2016 in two academic years 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Questionnaire was used to investigate students’ need on learning media; to know feedback on blog’s content, structure and navigation, and visual design from experts and students; and to find out students’ perception toward the blog developed. Documentation was also used to describe the processes of developing the blog in this research. The results showed that the blog was successfully developed regarding to the learners’ necessity for learning the subject and to the procedure passed in this research. Moreover, the blog was perceived positively (100%) to help the learners to learn the subject of English essay writing.
Mark Watney’s optimism in Andy Weir’s The Martian
Authors: Munfangati Rahmi , Diniatulhaq Rifdah
Published: March 2021

The aims of this study are to analyze and identify; (1) Mark Watney’s optimism in the novel and (2) the impact of being optimistic as reflected in the novel. This study belongs to library research. To analyze the data, this study applies a psychological approach. The analyzed data are described by using the descriptive qualitative method, then. After analyzing the novel, it is found that; first, Mark Watney as the protagonist character is an optimist person proved by his goals and expectancy. Based on the types of optimism, Mark’s optimism refers to the comparative optimism and situational optimism. Second, the impact of being optimistic for Mark Watney are; he has high self-efficacy and hopes that somehow leads him to find a way to communicate with people on Earth, growing food and eventually manages to find his way back to the earth.
Correlation between ESP syllabus design and material adaptation based on needs analysis: A review of literature
Authors: Jamaluddin Jamaluddin , Hanafi Muhammad , Sadapotto Andi
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to review the development of ESP Syllabus design theory and material adaptation based on the need’s analysis of the students. Besides, it explores and presents the references on the relationship between ESP syllabus design and material adaptation. ESP syllabus design deals with the kinds and importance of a syllabus. The materials in it discuss authenticity, material evaluation, and material writing. Need analysis covers the meaning, type, practice, and register of an analysis.
Students’ perception on the use of role-play to improve students’ communicative competence
Authors: Wulandari Arifiana Tri , Pratolo Bambang Widi , Junianti Rika
Published: March 2021

Recently, speaking is important in many aspects. A technique which can be used to increase speaking skill is by using role-play. It can develop communicative competence of the students. The aim of this study is to understand the students’ problems in doing role-play and to recognize the effects of role-play for the students in communicative competence aspect. The participants were fifth semester students of English Education Department, and it included 108 students. This study was conducted in campus 4 of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. The instruments used questionnaire and interview. In calculating the questionnaire, SPSS 17.0 was used by the researcher. The questionnaire result showed that using role-play in learning process improves the communicative competence of the students. It is supported by interview result which described that (1) using role-play can increase vocabularies of students, (2) it gives new atmosphere in the classroom, and (3) the students get some experiences to add their knowledge.
The students’ responses on integrating online corpus and online dictionary to expand English vocabulary for tourism
Authors: Fauzi Andi Rizki
Published: March 2021

Vocabulary is considered as the most essential part for students in English learning including those who are learning English for Tourism. The reason behind this is that nothing can be conveyed both in written or spoken language without vocabulary. Some researchers attempted to apply some strategies and approaches to assist the students in gaining vocabulary mastery. One of the ways is by using a corpus-based approach. However, to understand the corpus data need huge effort if the students have a lack of vocabulary due to the complexity of the language used. For that reason, the use of the online dictionary is required that eases the students to seek the meaning of unfamiliar words in the corpus. The researcher aims to know the students’ responses on integrating online corpus and dictionary to expand English vocabulary for tourism after conducting experimental research to the fourth semester of hospitality students in 8 meetings. In the treatments given, the researcher only focused on 100 words which were considered as unfamiliar words selected from articles in tourism fields. The questionnaires were distributed to recognize what they perceived after the integration of online corpus and the online dictionary. The result showed that the students responded positively to the use of the online dictionary while learning vocabulary through online corpus as the students could understand the corpus data presented better than without the use of online dictionary and they could broaden their vocabulary.
Waste machines as an alternative way to enhance students’ speaking interest
Authors: Ningsih Yuliana , Artika Kurnia Dwi
Published: March 2021

The phenomenon this time was that many lecturers had fallen asleep with the technological advancements used in the learning media. By relying on a more unique creativity, this study used simple materials from spare parts of a machine that can be used as learning media especially in speaking interest. The paper aims to explore speaking interest through waste machines to the students of Mechanical Engineering, the State Polytechnic of Tanah Laut. It investigates how waste machines can be incorporated in English for Specific Purpose (ESP) learners’ speaking interest. This study was qualitative case study, and data were gathered through observations, field notes and interviews. Data were interpreted based on the prepared achievements indicator. The results of the study reveal that the utilization of waste machines such as shocks, piston, gear, and bold is successful improving speaking skill for the students of Mechanical Engineering. In addition, students also learnt how to deliver in presentation with their field studies.
Play to their strengths
Authors: Allingham Sue
Published: March 2021

Rather than prioritising on ‘perceived deficits’, a ‘strengths-based’ approach to learning and development needs to be kept in focus as children begin returning to school and nursery, says Sue Allingham.
Shared experience
Authors: Heslop Kay
Published: March 2021

Kay Heslop outlines how the implementation of a ‘Research Circle’ created a dynamic space for practitioner research into intergenerational practice in an urban forest school.
Poised for action
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: March 2021

This article is the third in the series exploring mindfulness moments, linking children's physical movements to self awareness and self control, while also practising breathing and meditation.
Disgustingly good!
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: March 2021

Turn to a new page for cooking by linking children's favourite stories to the preparation of tasty treats. One favourite is bound to be The Disgusting Sandwich, says Karen Hart.
Discharging patients with Covid-19 to designated settings
Authors: Halliwell Amanda
Published: March 2021

Arrangements to safely support the large numbers of people with Covid-19 needing ongoing care have been put in place across England. Amanda Halliwell examines the scheme to discharge people to designated settings for continued care
Die Mundart von Bosco Gurin
Authors: Russ Charles V. J.
Published: March 2021

Bosco Gurin, the highest village in the Swiss canton of Ticino, was settled before the first half of the thirteenth century from the Wallis. It is an independent community which has about 60-70 inhabitants. The Alemannic dialect spoken in the village, Gurinerdeutsch, has been investigated since the nineteenth century. The author has used these previous studies and collected more material in five in the village. This produced a monograph published in 2002. There are four main language varieties used in the village: High German, for parts of church services, notices and some administration; Italian, used for school and administration; Ticinese dialect, used with non-Guriner, and Gurinerdeutsch, which is used with other Guriner. Some examples are given of the vowel and consonant system. Then to illustrate the grammar of the dialects the plural formation and inflectional forms of the verb are used. The dialect of Bosco Gurin is a typical, isolated alpine dialect which is clearly of Wallis origin but which also shows its independence in many innovatory changes.
Relativsätze in den Dialekten des Deutschen: Vergleich und Typologie
Authors: Fleischer Jürg
Published: March 2021

This paper establishes a cross-dialectal typology of relative clauses in various German dialects and Yiddish according to their form and function. A great variety of different types of relativizers and relative clauses can be observed, including various pronouns, particles, and zero relatives. Combinations of these types occur, one of the most typical involving a resumptive element in a clause introduced by a particle. The Accessibility Hierarchy, a concept developed in typology, is used with great profit for this study. It turns out that for the German relativization system, a basic opposition between subject and direct object as opposed to oblique holds in virtually every variety, whereas the indirect object is much less stable. In the varieties observed, significantly more relative particles and resumptive elements occur as compared to Standard German, which turns out to be quite atypical.
Code-switching as appraisal resource in talking about third parties
Authors: Baumgarten Nicole , Du Bois Inke
Published: March 2021

This article explores the function of code-switching in talking about absent third parties. The basis for the investigation is a corpus of sociolinguistic individual and group interviews with German immigrants in the US and American immigrants in Germany. In these interviews, the interviewees are asked to recount their migration experiences and their lives before and after migration. For each individual speaker, the interviewer and – in the group interviews – the other participants in the group are, on the one hand, potentially 'sympathetic' fellow migrants. On the other hand, however, they are potentially problematic figures, because talking about absent third parties means that these third parties might share characteristics with the interviewer or the others in the group. Talking about third parties can, thus, be face-threatening for both the interviewer and the interviewees. In the analyses presented in this article, we identify how speakers employ English-to-German code-switching when it comes to verbalizing others – specifically members of home and host cultures – in discourse and how they position themselves and their audience in relation to them.
"Sprachpraxis" and Mass Customization
Authors: Geiselbrechtinger Conor
Published: March 2021

The language component of a degree in English in Germany, or "Sprachpraxis" as it is known in some universities, has in recent years faced a number challenges. Not only are German universities adapting to the B.A./M.A. system but also the very nature of teaching English globally, primarily teaching English as a Lingua Franca (E.L.F.), has had profound effects. This paper aims to explore the most salient questions that have arisen with regard to issues such the role of the native speaker (NS), identity, culture and language. Further, the question will be discussed as to how "mass customization" may be directly applied to the German university. While the introduction of such a system is not without its problems, it could be beneficial to the student, the practitioner and the university as a whole.
Shortcuts in German Grammar: A Percentage Approach Phase 1: Adjective endings
Authors: Partridge John , Krauß Susanne
Published: March 2021

German grammar is constantly perceived as difficult, a strong disincentive to learning the language, yet the underlying principles are basically simple. If applied consistently, using uncomplicated techniques based on the concept of markedness, German of a high level of accuracy can be produced.
Starting with the unjustifiably much-feared adjective endings, this pilot scheme, funded with the help of the Challenge Fund of the University of Kent, demonstrates the principles of German word-order and the marking of case and gender and how, with some minor adjustment, the easily learnable der/die/das paradigm and the awareness that once this has been mastered and case and gender have already been marked, only one of the two unmarked endings -e or -en is required to give all the necessary patterns for producing correctly inflected adjective endings. If case and gender are not marked by an article the endings of der/ die/ das can with some slight modifications be added to the adjective. So with this easily acquired knowledge, adjective endings can be handled with confidence.
On this basis the program, still a work in progress, offers a theoretical grounding couched in understandable terms, a terminological glossary and an easily accessible expandable set of technologically based exercises with extensive linked help functions. These can be used serially as an entire learning unit or selectively to enable students to put their knowledge into practice and improve their skill and success in German.
Following this pilot, the approach is to be extended to other common grammatical problems, e. g. word order, passive (Zustands- vs. Vorgangspassiv), indirect speech, subordinate clauses, prepositions of movement and location, past tense forms and subjunctive use.
Conceptual Issues in Second Language Research in Africa
Authors: Are Olushola Bamidele
Published: March 2021

This paper is an overview of some of the complications associated with conceptualizing second language in African societies, particularly with reference to European languages. Most popular opinions and many scholarly insights appear to define second language mainly in terms of sequence of acquisition. From this perspective, the term second language refers to a language learnt in addition to a previously acquired one. While this view of second language actually applies to many African situations, there are complex bilingual and multilingual situations in Africa that pose serious conceptual problems when viewed from the standpoint of this dominant view. This paper raises the need for scholars to be conscious of these situations, and the variations in the conception of second language that consequently exist, so that divergent perspectives of second language can be better accommodated in the emerging global academic community.
Middle Triassic high-K calc-alkaline effusive and pyroclastic rocks from the Zagorje-Mid-Transdanubian Zone (Mt. Kuna Gora; NW Croatia): mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry and tectonomagmatic affinity
Authors: Slovenec Damir , Šegvić Branimir
Published: March 2021

This study uses mineralogical, petrological, geochemical, and Sr and Nd isotope data along with K-Ar ages to infer the petrogenesis and geodynamic evolution of Middle Triassic high-K calc-alkaline lavas and their associated pyroclastics of Mt. Kuna Gora in NW Croatia. Their analogue mineralogy and bulk-rock geochemistry testify to the coeval origin of both rock types. Sanidine and plagioclase accompanied by inor augite and Ti-bearing magnetite are the major phases found in a matrix of devitrified volcanic glass and plagioclase microlites. Hydrothermal anddiagenetic processes in the pyroclastics originated the formation of chlorite and white mica, and mixed-layer clay minerals, respectively. Petrography reveals the following crystallization order: spinel→clinopyroxene→plagioclase→alkali-feldspar±Fe-Ti oxides. Geochemical and isotopic data suggests that the studied rocks had a complex origin that included the contamination of subduction-generated magmas by lithospheric mantle melts. This presumes an interplay between fertile arc mantle, subducted continental crust, and depleted or ocean island basalts-like mantle. A low degree of crustal contamination stands as a last step in the formation of such “hybrid” magmas. The subducted Paleotethyan oceanic lithosphere went through processes of partial melting at depths of ~45-49km and pressures of ≤1.6GPa and fractionation that produced melts which gave rise to the studied rocks. In the model we are proposing herein such formed partial melts are related to the demise of the northward subduction of the Paleotethys oceanic lithosphere during the Early to Middle Triassic epoch, which is consistent with an active, ensialic mature volcanic arc developing along Laurussian southern active margins.
Step-type quantum wells with slightly varied InN composition for GaN-based yellow micro light-emitting diodes
Authors: Shao Hua , Chu Chunshuang , Chuang Chia-Ming , Hang Sheng , Che Jiamang , Kou Jianquan , Tian Kangkai , Zhang Yonghui , Zheng Quan , Zhang Zi-Hui , Li Qing , Kuo Hao-Chung
Published: March 2021

In this work, we propose adopting step-type quantum wells to improve the external quantum efficiency for GaN-based yellow micro light-emitting diodes. The step-type quantum well is separated into two parts with slightly different InN compositions. The proposed quantum well structure can partially reduce the polarization mismatch between quantum barriers and quantum wells, which increases the overlap for electron and hole wave functions without affecting the emission wavelength. Another advantage is that the slightly decreased InN composition in the quantum well helps to decrease the valence band barrier height for holes. For this reason, the hole injection capability is improved. More importantly, we also find that step-type quantum wells can make holes spread less to the mesa edges, thus suppressing the surface nonradiative recombination and decreasing the leakage current.
Highly compact and cost-effective 2-beam super-resolution structured illumination microscope based on all-fiber optic components
Authors: Pospíšil Jakub , Wiebusch Gerd , Fliegel Karel , Klíma Miloš , Huser Thomas
Published: March 2021

Current super-resolution structured illumination microscopes (SR-SIM) utilize relatively expensive electro-optic components and free-space optics, resulting in large setups. Moreover, high power laser sources are required to compensate for the losses associated with generating the illumination pattern by diffractive optics. Here, we present a highly compact and flexible 2D SR-SIM microscope based on all-fiber optic components (fiberSIM). Fiber-splitters deliver the laser light to the sample resulting in the interference illumination pattern. A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based fiber switch performs rapid pattern rotation. The pattern phase shift is achieved by the spatial displacement of one arm of the fiber interferometer using a piezoelectric crystal. Compared with existing methods, fiberSIM is highly compact and significantly reduces the SR-SIM component cost while achieving comparable results, thus providing a route to making SR-SIM technology accessible to even more laboratories in the life sciences.
Silicon nitride assisted 1×64 optical phased array based on a SOI platform
Authors: Wang Qing , Wang Shuxiao , Jia Lianxi , Cai Yan , Yue Wencheng , Yu Mingbin
Published: March 2021

We demonstrate a 1×64 optical phased array (OPA) based on a silicon on insulator (SOI) platform with integrated silicon nitride. The input port of the OPA is fabricated using a silicon nitride waveguide due to its advantage of allowing more optical power. The phase shifter is a silicon waveguide with heater because of the higher thermo-optic coefficient of silicon. And a double layer silicon nitride assisted grating is used in the emitter to reduce the emission strength and then increase the length of emitter to reduce the spot size. The length of the grating emitter is 1.5 mm and the measured field of view of this optical phased array is 35.5°×22.7° with spot size of 0.69°×0.075°.
Particle velocity measurement within a free-falling particle curtain using microscopic shadow velocimetry
Authors: Han Shipu , Sun Zhiwei , Tian Zhao Feng , Lau Timothy , Nathan Graham
Published: March 2021

We report an optical method for particle velocity measurement that is suitable for the measurement of particle velocities within dense particle-laden flows with high spatial resolution. The technique is based on particle shadow velocimetry with the use of a long-distance microscopic lens for images collection. The narrow depth of field of the lens allows particles within the focal plane to have much higher pattern intensities than those outside it on the collected images. Data processing was then employed to remove particles from outside the focal plane based on the gradient of the signal and a threshold. Following this, particle velocity was calculated from two successive images in the usual way. The technique was successfully demonstrated in a free-falling particle curtain with volume fractions in the four-way coupling regime of near-spherical micro-particles falling under gravity. The method was successfully employed to measure the transverse velocity profile through the curtain, which is the first time that such a measurement has been performed. Other highly-fidelity experimental data, which is also well suited to model development and validation, include the particle mass flow rate, curtain thickness and opacity.
Tailoring a complex perfect optical vortex array with multiple selective degrees of freedom
Authors: Wang Hao , Fu Shiyao , Gao Chunqing
Published: March 2021

Optical vortex arrays (OVAs) have successfully aroused substantial interest from researchers for their promising prospects ranging from classical to quantum physics. Previous reported OVAs still show a lack of controllable dimensions which may hamper their applications. Taking an isolated perfect optical vortex (POV) as an array element, whose diameter is independent of its topological charge (TC), this paper proposes combined phase-only holograms to produce sophisticated POV arrays. The contributed scheme enables dynamically controllable multi-ring, TC, eccentricity, size, and the number of optical vortices (OVs). Apart from traditional single ring POV element, we set up a β
g
library to obtain optimized double ring POV element. With multiple selective degrees of freedom to be chosen, a series of POV arrays are generated which not only elucidate versatility of the method but also unravel analytical relationships between the set parameters and intensity patterns. More exotic structures are formed like the “Bear POV” to manifest the potential of this approach in tailoring customized structure beams. The experimental results show robust firmness with the theoretical simulations. As yet, these arrays make their public debut so far as we know, and will find miscellaneous applications especially in multi-microparticle trapping, large-capacity optical communications, novel pumping lasers and so on.
Single-shot spatial coherence characterization of x-ray ultrafast sources
Authors: Duarte Joana , Gonzalez Aura Inés , Cassin Rémy , Nicolas Rana , Kholodstova Maria , Boutu Willem , Fajardo Marta , Merdji Hamed
Published: March 2021

Spatial coherence is an impactful source parameter in many applications ranging from atomic and molecular physics to metrology or imaging. In lensless imaging, for example, it can strongly affect the image formation, especially when the source exhibits shot-to-shot variations. Single-shot characterization of the spatial coherence length of a source is thus crucial. However, current techniques require either parallel intensity measurements or the use of several masks. Based on the method proposed by González et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28, 1107 (2011)JOAOD60740-323210.1364/JOSAA.28.001107], we designed a specific arrangement of a two-dimensional non-redundant array of apertures, which allows, through its far field interference pattern, for a single-shot measurement of the spatial coherence, while being robust against beam-pointing instabilities. The strategic configuration of the pinholes allows us to disentangle the degree of spatial coherence from the intensity distribution, thus removing the need for parallel measurement of the beam intensity. An experimental validation is performed using a high-harmonic source. A statistical study in different regimes shows the robustness of the method.