bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations in Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Canadian Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Authors: Sankaran Koravangattu , Puckett Barbara , Lee David S.C. , Seshia Mary , Boulton Jill , Qiu Zhenguo , Lee Shoo K. ,   The Canadian Neonatal Network
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common acquired intestinal disease of neonates. Previous reports on incidence have generally examined small cohorts of extremely low–birth‐weight infants and have not examined risk‐adjusted variations among neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The authors examined risk‐adjusted variations in the incidence of NEC in a large group of Canadian NICUs and explored possible therapy‐related risks.

Methods:

The authors obtained data on 18,234 infants admitted to 17 tertiary level Canadian NICUs from January 1996 to October 1997. They used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the inter‐NICU variation in incidence of NEC, with adjustment for population risk factors and admission illness severity, and explored therapy‐related variables.

Results:

The incidence of NEC was 6.6% (n = 238) among 3,628 infants with birth weight ≤1,500 g (VLBW), and 0.7% (n = 98) among 14,606 infants with birth weight >1,500 g (HBW). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that for VLBW infants, NEC was associated with lower gestational age and treatment for hypotension and patent ductus arteriosus. Among HBW infants, NEC was associated with lower gestational age, presence of congenital anomalies (cardiovascular, digestive, musculoskeletal, multiple systems) and need for assisted ventilation. There was no significant variation in the risk‐adjusted incidence of NEC among NICUs, with the exception of one NICU reporting no cases of NEC.

Conclusions:

Risk factors for NEC were different in VLBW and HBW infants. There was no significant variation in the risk‐adjusted incidence of NEC among Canadian NICUs, with one possible exception.
Gastric Emptying and Small Intestinal Transit Time in Preterm Infants: a Scintigraphic Method
Authors: Bodé Susan , Dreyer Marianne , Greisen Gorm
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

Practical methods to determine gastric emptying (GE) and small intestinal transit time in preterm infants are required. The aim of this study was to develop a scintigraphic method to determine GE and small intestinal transit time in preterm infants which produce minimal radiation exposure and physical disturbance in these infants.

Methods:

Ten premature infants were studied. Median (and range) for gestational age was 28.9 (26–33) weeks, postnatal age was 19 (6–37) days, birth weight was 1194 (687–2300) grams and feeding volume was 173 (6–205) mL/kg/day. Nine of the patients were on nasal continuous positive airway pressure; one patient was on mechanical ventilation. A dose (0.2–0.4 MBq) of 99mTc‐DTPA (0.5 mL) was given at the end of a meal administered by naso‐gastric tube. Static images were obtained with a mobile gamma camera during the next 9 to 12 hours. The radiation dose was at most 0.30 mSv. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around the stomach and the cecum. Time‐activity curves were generated. Gastric emptying half‐time (T½GE) was calculated. Residual gastric activity after 1 hour (R (1h)) and after 2 hours (R (2h)) was determined. Orocecal transit time was defined as the time until significant increase in activity was detected in the cecal ROI.

Results:

Images showed gastric emptying in all cases. Median (range) half time was 1.0 (0.5–3.0) h. R (1h) was 37.5% (19% to 100%), R (2h) was 23% (6% to 61%). In one patient the tracer did not reach the cecum within 12 hours. In the remaining nine patients orocecal transit time was 3.1 (1.3–6.1) h.

Conclusions:

We present a new scintigraphic method to determine GE and orocecal transit time. It appears safe and practicable as a research tool in preterm infants.
Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Without Electrolytes for the Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Loening‐Baucke Vera , Krishna Rachana , Pashankar Dinesh S.
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

We have recently reported the safety and efficacy of polyethylene glycol 3350 without electrolytes (PEG) for the daily treatment of constipation in older children. Because there are very few data available on the use of PEG in infants and toddlers, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of PEG for the treatment of constipation in children <2 years of age.

Methods:

This is a retrospective chart review of 75 constipated children <2 years of age at start of PEG therapy. PEG was started at an average dose of 1 g/kg body weight/d and parents were asked to adjust the dose to yield 1 to 2 soft painless stools/d. Data from the history and physical examination were collected initially and at short‐term (≤4 months) and long‐term (≥6 months) follow‐up.

Results:

75 otherwise healthy children received PEG for functional constipation. The mean age was 17 months (range, 1 to 24 months) and the mean duration of constipation was 10 months (range, 0.5 to 23 months). The mean duration of short‐term follow‐up was 2 months and mean duration of long‐term follow‐up was 11 months. The mean effective short‐term PEG dose was 1.1 g/kg body weight/d and the mean long‐term dose was 0.8 g/kg body weight/d. Constipation was relieved in 85% with short‐term and in 91% with long‐term PEG therapy. Adverse effects were mild and included diarrhea, which disappeared with lowering the dose. No subjects stopped PEG because of adverse effects.

Conclusion:

PEG is effective, well tolerated and appeared safe for the treatment of functional constipation in children <2 years of age.
Colon Microflora in Infants Fed Formula with Galacto‐ and Fructo‐Oligosaccharides: More Like Breast‐Fed Infants
Authors: Knol Jan , Scholtens Petra , Kafka Corinna , Steenbakkers Jochem , Groß Sabine , Helm Klaus , Klarczyk Malte , Schöpfer Helmut , Böckler Heinz‐Michael , Wells John
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

The intestinal flora of breast‐fed infants is generally dominated by Bifidobacteria. We aimed to investigate whether an infant formula supplemented with galacto‐oligosaccharides and fructo‐oligosaccharides (GOS/FOS) is able to establish a bifido‐dominant microflora, not only in numbers but also with respect to the metabolic activity in the colon.

Methods:

Two groups of infants fed infant formula with 0.8 g/100 ml GOS/FOS in a ratio of 9:1 (OSF group), or control formula (SF group) were evaluated in a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled intervention study. A breast‐fed group was studied in parallel. At study onset and after 4 and 6 weeks, faecal samples were examined for the number of bifidobacteria, pH, short chain fatty acids and lactate.

Results:

After 6 weeks, the mean proportion of bifidobacteria was significantly higher in the OSF group (59.6% versus 49.5% in the SF group; P < 0.05). Compared with controls, infants in the OSF group had a lower stool mean pH and an increased proportion of acetate and a decreased proportion of propionate. The mean pH in the OSF and SF groups were 5.7 and 6.3, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The addition of the prebiotic GOS/FOS mixture to an infant formula has a stimulating effect on the growth of bifidobacteria and on the metabolic activity of the total intestinal flora. The changes in short chain fatty acids, lactate and pH in the prebiotic group represent a fermentation profile that is closer to that observed in breast‐fed infants compared to infants fed control formula.
A Home Infliximab Infusion Program
Authors: Condino Adria A. , Fidanza Sara , Hoffenberg Edward J.
Published: February 2024

Introduction:

Infliximab is a promising advance in the treatment of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Infliximab is an effective therapy for selected children with Crohn disease but is both costly and time consuming.

Objectives:

To analyze our center's experience with a program of home‐based infliximab infusion.

Methods:

Between September, 2001, and October, 2003 we reviewed the charts of all children receiving home infliximab infusions focusing on cost, safety, and patient satisfaction. Children were enrolled in the home infusion program if they were compliant with hospital‐based infliximab infusions and other medications, had no adverse events during hospital‐based infliximab infusions, were in remission and had access to experienced pediatric homecare nursing.

Results:

Ten children received 59 home infusions with a dose range of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg/dose. The calculated average savings per patient was $1335/100 mg infliximab. Home infusions ranged from 2 to 5 hours. Since infusions could be performed any day of the week, school absenteeism was decreased. The average patient satisfaction rating for home infusions was 9 on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 = most satisfied). Three patients experienced difficulty with IV access requiring multiple attempts, but all were able to receive their infusions. One infusion was stopped because of arm pain above the IV site. This patient had his next infusion in the hospital before returning to the home infusion program. No severe adverse events (palpitations, blood pressure instability, hyperemia, respiratory symptoms) occurred during home infusions.

Conclusions:

In our carefully selected patients, infliximab infusions administered at home were safe and are cost‐effective. Patients and families preferred home infusions, since time missed from school and work was reduced.
Deficits in Size‐Adjusted Bone Mass in Children with Alagille Syndrome
Authors: Olsen Irene E. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Rovner Alisha J. , Leonard Mary B. , Mulberg Andrew E. , Stallings Virginia A. , Piccoli David A. , Zemel Babette S.
Published: February 2024

Objectives:

To describe bone status in children with Alagille syndrome (AGS) and healthy control children adjusted for age, gender and height (HT), and to identify dietary intake and AGS‐related factors associated with bone status.

Methods:

Prepubertal children with AGS and healthy controls comparable in age and ethnicity were evaluated. Subjects were ≥4 years of age, prepubertal and had whole body (WB) and/or lumbar spine (LS) dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of acceptable quality. Anthropometric (weight, HT), diet and AGS‐specific data (e.g., coefficient of fat absorption, labs, liver transplantation) were also collected. Bone area (BA), bone mineral content (BMC) and HT were log transformed for best fit. Bone data were analyzed unadjusted, adjusted for gender, age and HT, and as HT‐specific z‐scores.

Results:

AGS and control groups were similar in age, pubertal status and ethnicity. Children with AGS were small‐for‐age, had decreased BA and BMC‐for‐age, and decreased WB BA and BMC‐for‐HT z‐scores compared to healthy controls. Prevalence of low BMC‐for‐HT z‐scores (< −2) among AGS subjects was 20% for the WB and 39% for the LS. Bone mineralization was positively related to fat absorption but not dietary intake.

Conclusions:

Children with AGS have deficits in bone size and bone mass relative to body size. Modifiable factors, such as treatment of malabsorption should be explored as an early focus of AGS care to prevent bone fragility.
Early Decline of Pancreatic Function in Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Class 1 or 2 CFTR Mutations
Authors: Walkowiak Jaroslaw , Sands Dorota , Nowakowska Anna , Piotrowski Robert , Zybert Katarzyna , Herzig Karl‐Heinz , Milanowski Andrzej
Published: February 2024

Background:

Most cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop steatorrhea and require pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. However, there are few data regarding the decline of exocrine pancreatic function within the first years of life in relation to CF genotype. We assessed the decline of pancreatic function in CF infants carrying class 1 or 2 CFTR mutations who were diagnosed in a neonatal screening program.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty‐eight CF patients were included in the study and 27 completed the study. In all subjects, fecal pancreatic elastase‐1 concentrations and fecal fat excretion were scheduled to be determined at diagnosis, at 6 months of age and subsequently at 6‐month intervals.

Results:

In all CF patients, fecal pancreatic elastase‐1 concentrations of the first assay after diagnosis (3 to 4 months of age) were lower than the cut‐off level for normals of <200 μg/g stool. Steatorrhea was found in 81.5% of these subjects. At the age of 6 months, all screened CF subjects had fecal pancreatic elastase‐1 concentrations <100 μg/g and at the age of 12 months all were pancreatic insufficient. At that time, having proved pancreatic insufficiency in all studied subjects, we stopped the scheduled further assessment.

Conclusion:

CF patients require careful monitoring of pancreatic status from diagnosis onwards. In patients carrying class 1 or 2 CFTR mutations, pancreatic insufficiency develops in the first months of life. The proper assessment of pancreatic insufficiency and intestinal malabsorption is crucial for the early introduction of pancreatic enzymes.
Gut Microbiota as a Target for Food Allergy
Authors: Di Costanzo Margherita , Amoroso Antonio , Canani Roberto Berni
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review:

The purpose of this review is to present an overview on the potential role of gut microbiota as target of intervention against food allergy.

Recent findings:

Many studies suggest a key pathogenetic role for gut microbiota modifications (dysbiosis) in food allergy development. Several factors responsible for dysbiosis have been associated with the occurrence of food allergy, such as caesarean delivery, lack of breast milk, drugs use (mainly antibiotics and gastric acidity inhibitors), antiseptic agents use, and low fibers/hight fat diet. No specific bacterial taxa have been consistently associated with food allergy, but evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis occurs even before food allergy signs and symptoms presentation. Data from animal and human studies highlight the ability of particular bacterial taxa to ferment dietary fibers for the production of short chain fatty acids that affect host immunity and help to explain their health‐promoting role.

Modulation of gut microbiota composition and/or function represents a promising strategy for treatment and prevention of food allergy in childhood.
Childhood Obesity
Authors: Koletzko Berthold
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review:

The early origins of overweight and obesity and the opportunities for early prevention are explored.

Recent findings:

Overweight and obesity prevalence globally has increased at an alarming rate. No single intervention can halt the rise of the obesity epidemic. Particular attention is given to exploring causative factors and preventive measures in early life, when biological determinants of risk trajectories, feeding behaviour and dietary preferences are shaped. Some lifestyle and nutrition modifications in pregnancy and infancy can reduce subsequent obesity risk. Also postnatal infant gut colonisation may modify later obesity risk, but currently available evidence does not allow firm conclusions. Surprisingly, about 3.2 times more systematic reviews (SR) than randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were published on “probiotics” and health, and even 7.9 times more SR than RCTs on “probiotics” and obesity, which is not helpful.

Multiple research opportunities exist for exploring the early origins of obesity to contribute towards halting the rise in obesity prevalence. Exploring the early development of the microbiome in its complexity, its dependence on dietary and other exogenous factors, and its metabolic and regulatory functions is promising. Meaningful progress for obesity prevention can most likely be achieved by combining several strategies.
Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Giannetti Eleonora , Staiano Annamaria
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review:

The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence regarding probiotics treatment for pediatric IBS.

Recent findings:

The overall management of children with IBS should be tailored to the patient's specific symptoms and identifiable triggers. The four major therapeutic approaches include: pharmacologic, dietary, psychosocial, and complementary/alternative medicine interventions.

Although there is limited evidence for efficacy of pharmacological therapies such as antispasmodics and anti‐diarrheals, these may have a role in severe cases. A Cochrane review concluded that only weak evidence exists regarding beneficial effects of pharmacological agents in providing relief from symptoms in functional abdominal pain (AP) in children. Role of antibiotics in treatment of children with IBS remains controversial. Various non‐pharmacologic treatments are available for pediatric IBS. In a recent systematic review including 24 studies some evidence was found indicating beneficial effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, and probiotics (LGG and VSL#3).

Few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are available in children. A meta‐analysis including 9 trials which tested different probiotics as a treatment for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs) in children and adolescents concluded that Lactobacillus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and VSL#3 significantly increased treatment success. We recently showed that, in children with IBS, a mixture of Bifidobacterium infantis M‐63®, breve M‐16V® and longum BB536® is safe and is associated with better AP control and improved quality of life when compared to placebo.

Probiotics are emerging as new therapeutic tools in FGIDs, due to the recognition of the importance of gut microbiota in influencing brain‐gut interactions, and of the role played by intestinal infections in the genesis of AP‐FGIDs. Preclinical data suggest that changes in the gut microbiota can affect brain signaling systems related to pain and associated emotional behavior. Therefore, probiotics could play a relevant role in the management of FGIDs, by affecting the gut microbiota or by altering brain function and pain perception centrally.
Chapter 6.0. History of Paediatric Hepatology in ESPGHAN
Authors: Burdelski Martin
Published: February 2024

Hepatology played an important role in ESPGAN from the beginning. In 1989, the Hepatology Committee was started. In the early 1990s H for hepatology was included in ESPGHAN. Hepatology Summer schools were held from 1995 and later monothematic conferences met the needs of many young ESPGHAN members. The role of ESPGHAN members in the progress of diagnostic and therapeutic measures in hepatitis B and C will be elucidated (Chapter 6.1) as well as the role of other ESPGHAN members in the understanding of immunological hepatic disorders of childhood (Chapter 6.2). During childhood, many metabolic hepatic disorders threaten the life and health of children making orchestrated measures in diagnostic and therapeutic efforts necessary (Chapter 6.3). The pathophysiology of cholestasis was cleared by the detection of bile salt transporters, which were identified by ESPGHAN members in the Netherlands, France, United Kingdom and Germany (Chapter 6.4). Finally liver transplantation for acute fulminant and chronic end stage liver disease was established as a meanwhile standard treatment option (Chapter 6.5). Immunosupression in liver transplantation was improved and standardized through the cooperation of many ESPGHAN member driven studies (Chapter 6.6).
Chapter 6.1. Pediatric Chronic Hepatitis B and C
Authors: Sokal Etienne M. , Nannini Pilar
Published: February 2024

The expression of hepatitis B and C virus infections in children differs from that in adults and requires specific paediatric expertise. The European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has been a pioneer in this field, having stressed the need for straightforward recommendations since the mid‐1980s. Following much observation, surveillance, and research, a panel of ESPGHAN experts was able to develop such recommendations on hepatitis B infection in children in 2009, which was then followed in June 2013 by proper guidelines. In the field of Chronic Hepatitis C, in 2011 ESPGHAN experts published also the Guidance for Clinical Trials for Children and Adolescents, and approved in 2012 the NASPGHAN guidelines for treatment. The ESPGHAN Society is to be commended for its pioneering work in furthering our understanding of chronic hepatitis B and C disease presentations in infants, children, and adolescents.
Digital location tracking in the parent/caregiver–college student dyad
Authors: Chase Gregory E. , Brown Morgan T. , Navarro Jessica L. , Lippold Melissa A. , Jensen Michaeline
Published: February 2024

Introduction

As college students navigate new developmental milestones, many families rely on digital technology to stay connected and aid in the transition to adulthood. Digital location tracking apps allow for parental monitoring in new ways that may have implications for youth development. Although recent research has begun to examine prevalence and motivations for digital location tracking in adolescence, we know little about how and why families continue to track into the transition to college, and how this may relate to perceptions of helicopter and autonomy supportive parenting.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study of 706 community college and 4‐year university students in the Southeastern United States, we describe prevalence and sociodemographic differences in parent/caregiver digital location tracking of their college student children, and how this may be associated with perceptions of helicopter parenting and parent/caregiver autonomy support.

Results

Findings suggest that digital location tracking is a fairly common practice among college students, with nearly half of the sample endorsing currently or previously being digitally location tracked by their parent/caregiver. Younger, White, and higher socioeconomic status students were more likely to be tracked. Those students who were currently being digitally location tracked tended to perceive their primary parent/caregiver as engaging in more helicopter parenting and as less supportive of their autonomy.

Conclusions

This brief report provides preliminary insight into parent/caregiver digital location tracking of their college student children. It is our hope that future research will further examine how digital location tracking may be helping or hindering attainment of developmental milestones in the digital age.
Optimized reconstruction of the absorption spectra of kidney tissues from the spectra of tissue components using the least squares method
Authors: Pinheiro Maria R. , Fernandes Luís E. , Carneiro Isa C. , Carvalho Sónia D. , Henrique Rui M. , Tuchin Valery V. , Oliveira Hélder P. , Oliveira Luís M.
Published: February 2024

With the objective of developing new methods to acquire diagnostic information, the reconstruction of the broadband absorption coefficient spectra (μa[λ]) of healthy and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma kidney tissues was performed. By performing a weighted sum of the absorption spectra of proteins, DNA, oxygenated, and deoxygenated hemoglobin, lipids, water, melanin, and lipofuscin, it was possible to obtain a good match of the experimental μa(λ) of both kidney conditions. The weights used in those reconstructions were estimated using the least squares method, and assuming a total water content of 77% in both kidney tissues, it was possible to calculate the concentrations of the other tissue components. It has been shown that with the development of cancer, the concentrations of proteins, DNA, oxygenated hemoglobin, lipids, and lipofuscin increase, and the concentration of melanin decreases. Future studies based on minimally invasive spectral measurements will allow cancer diagnosis using the proposed approach.
Comparison of the ratio of second trimester fetal biometric measurements to fetal nasal bone length in fetuses with normal karyotype and trisomy 21
Authors: Dal Yusuf , Akkuş Fatih , Karagün Şebnem , Coşkun Ayhan
Published: February 2024

Aim

In this study, we compared the ratio of second trimester fetal biometric measurements to nasal bone length (NBL) in fetuses with normal karyotype and trisomy 21 to determine their diagnostic prognostic value.

Materials and Methods

The study included 148 pregnant women who obtained second‐trimester ultrasonographic fetal anatomy and had amniocentesis (AS) for fetal karyotyping. The fetal karyotype results divided the groups into normal and trisomy 21 fetuses. Age, obstetric history, first and/or second trimester screening test risk ratios, fetal biometric measurements, and NBL mm, median (MoM) multiples, and percentile values were recorded and compared between groups.

Results

BPD/NBL ratios above 9.26 predict trisomy 21 in fetuses with 77.6% sensitivity and 86.1% specificity (p = 0.001). HC/NBL ratios above 34.50 predict trisomy 21 in fetuses with 77.8% sensitivity and 88.8% specificity (p = 0.001). FL/NBL ratios above 6.02 predict trisomy 21 in fetuses with 69.6% sensitivity and 72.2% specificity (p = 0.001). HL/NB ratios above 6.56 predict trisomy 21 in fetuses with 95.5% sensitivity and 47.2% specificity (p = 0.001). The NBL MoM value demonstrated a high diagnostic accuracy for normal‐karyotype fetuses (p = 0.021).

Conclusion

We found that BPD/NBL, HC/NBL, FL/NBL, and HL/NBL ratios differed between fetuses with a normal karyotype and those with trisomy 21, specifically the HC/NBL ratio, which predicted trisomy 21 with good diagnostic accuracy. In identifying normal‐karyotype fetuses, the NBL MoM was highly accurate.
Clinical outcomes of minimally invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) versus open extended cholecystectomy: A multicenter propensity score matched study
Authors: Sohn Hee Ju , Lee Mirang , Han Youngmin , Kwon Wooil , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Han Ho‐Seong , Lim Chang Sup , Jang Jin‐Young
Published: February 2024

Background

This multicenter study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive extended cholecystectomy (MI‐EC) versus open EC (O‐EC) for patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC).

Methods

Patients who underwent EC (cholecystectomy, wedge resection of the liver bed, and regional lymphadenectomy) for GBC between 2010 and 2020 in three centers were included in the study. The clinicopathological data were compared after propensity score matching. Additional subgroup analysis on laparoscopic and robotic EC (L‐EC and R‐EC) was performed.

Results

A total of 377 patients were included: 308 for O‐EC and 69 for MI‐EC, respectively. The MI‐EC group had a longer operative time (188.9 vs. 238.1 min, p < .001) and shorter hospital stay (9.0 vs. 7.2 days, p = .007), although no differences were found in operative blood loss, complication rate and survival outcome. In subgroup analysis, L‐EC patients had a longer operative time (264.4 vs. 202.0 min, p = .001), compared to R‐EC patients with comparable perioperative and survival outcomes.

Conclusion

Although patients with MI‐EC had a longer operation time and higher medical costs, the advantages were enhanced recovery with comparable short‐ and long‐term outcomes. The operation time was less for R‐EC patients than for L‐EC patients, though the high cost still remains. The surgery type for EC can be selected according to the patient's condition, social status and surgeon's preference.
Morphology and distribution of sensilla on head appendages in the water beetle Hygrobia hermanni (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Hygrobiidae)
Authors: Jager Muriel , Errais Walid , Trichet Michaël , Manuel Michaël
Published: February 2024

Sensilla on head appendages were studied in detail for the first time in a member of the relict family Hygrobiidae (squeak beetles), closely related to Dytiscidae (diving beetles). Adult and third instar larval stage specimens of Hygrobia hermanni (Fabricius, 1775) were examined using scanning electron microscopy, focusing on antennae, palps and larval mandibles. In total, 37 sensilla subtypes are described, including 22 observed in the adult (basiconica: 3; Böhm's bristles: 2; circumvallate sensilla: 2; coeloconica: 10; ovoid placodea: 3; digitiform placodea: 2) and 16 in the larva (basiconica: 4; campaniformia: 1; chaetica: 4; coeloconica: 5; trichodea: 1; unnamed: 1). Only one subtype (of sensilla coeloconica) was shared between the adult and the larva. Autapomorphies of Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae, and putatively shared derived characters (synapomorphies) of Hygrobiidae + Dytiscidae are discussed. Among the latter, the most remarkable is the acquisition of a special sensory field, located on the apical segment of the adult maxillary palp, subapically and postero‐dorsally. This sensory field is made up of ovoid multiporous sensilla placodea otherwise present on the anterior (internal) surface of antennal segments, suggesting that in a common ancestor of Hygrobiidae and Dytiscidae, maxillary palps might have taken over enhanced capacities of longe‐range molecule detection.
Climate risks to soy‐maize double‐cropping due to Amazon deforestation
Authors: Leite‐Filho Argemiro Teixeira , Soares‐Filho Britaldo Silveira , de Oliveira Ubirajara
Published: February 2024

Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (BA) for cattle and soybean production has significant consequences for the various aspects of the climate system. Land surface modifications due to deforestation directly influence surface energy and moisture availability, hence impacting rainfall patterns, air temperature and the onset of the agricultural rainy season. Here, we assess the forest loss‐related climate risks for the first and second crop seasons of the soy‐maize double cropping system in the BA. We utilized long‐term, daily, remote sensed climate data and annual land‐use maps as input for a machine learning algorithm to isolate the signal of forest loss on the climate. Our findings indicate that forest loss in the BA intensifies the risks of climate change from the local to the regional geographical scale, with the impact being more pronounced at the regional scale. Between 1999 and 2019, largely deforested regions exhibited a delay of approximately 76 days in the onset of the agricultural rainy season. These regions also experienced a 360 mm decrease in rainfall and an increase in maximum air temperature of 2.5°C. In view of these results, there are collective advantages of halting deforestation. Conservation of the Amazon Forest is vital for maintaining the early onset of the agricultural rainy season, favourable temperatures and adequate rainfall volume needed for attaining high yields in the soy‐maize double cropping system.
Mesenchymal stem cells enhance targeted bone growth from injectable hydrogels with BMP‐2 peptides
Authors: Love Stacy A. , Gultian Kirstene A. , Jalloh Umu S. , Stevens Anna , Kim Tae Won B. , Vega Sebastián L.
Published: February 2024

Osteoporosis is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease, and the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures is rapidly increasing with the aging population. While bisphosphonates can reduce bone loss and risk of fracture, these drugs are systemic, rely on long‐term use, and patient compliance is low. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is an FDA‐approved protein that can offer a more targeted therapeutic than systemic treatments. DWIVA is a peptide sequence corresponding to the wrist epitope of BMP‐2, and DWIVA‐functionalized hydrogels feature osteoinductive propertiesin vitro and in vivo. This study reports that self‐forming DWIVA‐functionalized hydrogels injected into the intramedullary canal of rat femurs induce a local increase in trabecular bone in as little as 2 weeks. Increases in bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabeculae count from DWIVA‐laden hydrogels persist for at least 4 weeks, and the inclusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly enhances the development of mineralized bone. Histological analysis of decalcified femurs also shows that hydrogel injections containing DWIVA peptide and MSCs stimulate unmineralized bone tissue formation and induce an increased count of osteoblasts and osteoclasts at the injection site after 4 weeks. Overall, the MSC‐laden DWIVA peptide‐functionalized hydrogels presented rapidly induce targeted bone formation and have the potential to form nascent bone within bones in jeopardy of an osteoporotic fracture such as the femur.
Efficacy of lubiprostone for functional constipation treatment in adolescents and children: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elkaragy Engy S. , Shamseya Mohammed M. , Metwally Rasha H. , Mansour Eman R. , Lashen Sameh A.
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Adolescent and pediatric functional constipation (FC) is a common clinical problem. Currently, data on lubiprostone for the treatment of pediatric FC are scarce. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in the treatment of pediatric FC.

Methods

In a single‐blinded, randomized controlled study, we included 280 patients aged 8–18 years with FC. Patients were randomized either to a weight‐based lubiprostone dose (n = 140) or conventional laxatives (n = 140), including lactulose, bisacodyl, or sodium picosulfate, for 12 weeks, followed by 4 weeks posttreatment follow‐up.

Results

Improvement in constipation was achieved in 128 (91.4%) patients in the lubiprostone group, and in 48 (34.3%) patients of the conventional therapy group (p < 0.001) and was sustained after treatment discontinuation. One quarter of the lubiprostone group experienced the first spontaneous bowel motion within 48 h after dose initiation. A total of 75.7% of the lubiprostone group could achieve and sustain Bristol stool form of 3 or 4 during the last 4 weeks of therapy and through the 4 weeks of follow‐up versus 50 (35.7%) patients in the conventional therapy group (p < 0.001). No life‐threatening adverse drug reactions were encountered, and no treatment‐related discontinuation. Mild self‐limited colicky abdominal pain and headache were the most prevalent side effects in the lubiprostone group.

Conclusions

Lubiprostone is an effective and well‐tolerated pharmacotherapy for youthful age and pediatric age groups, which may alter the paradigm of pediatric FC treatment.
Immunotherapy withdrawal by step‐down to mesalamine in pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: Szigeti Reka , Kellermayer Richard
Published: February 2024

Objective

Parents and pediatric patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who progressed to systemic immunotherapy are concerned about lifelong risks from such treatments. There is limited knowledge about withdrawal of such agents and step‐down (SD) to enteral 5‐aminosalicylic acid (mesalamine) before transitioning to adult care.

Methods

We studied nine pediatric cases with moderate to severe UC who after a median of 2.18 years of clinical remission on systemic immunotherapy stepped down to oral mesalamine treatment.

Results

Average follow‐up time from SD was 3.49 years. Five patients (55.5%) had sustained remission (without any flare noted) after SD during follow‐up. Sustained clinical remission was 88.9% (8/9) at 1 year, 87.5% (7/8) at 2 years, and 66.7% (4/6) at 3 years after SD. Out of those tested (one patient was not tested), 62.5% (5/8) had fecal calprotectin <50 μg/g. Four out of six patients examined (66.6%) had mucosal healing on post‐SD colonoscopy.

Conclusion

We propose that SD to mesalamine can be a reasonable therapeutic consideration for pediatric patients with UC before transitioning to adult gastroenterology care. Shared decision‐making is important before such treatment changes.
Ethanol extracts of Isochrysis zhanjiangensis alleviate acute alcoholic liver injury and modulate intestinal bacteria dysbiosis in mice
Authors: Wen Yangmin , Zhou Youcai , Tian Li , He Yongjin
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is responsible for 3.3 million deaths per annum. Efficacious therapeutic modalities or drug treatments for ALD have not yet been found, so it is urgent to seek new agents for preventing ALD and its related disease. Many experiments have indicated that modulating the gut microbiota and regulating the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear transcription factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inflammatory pathway can provide a new target for prevention and treatment of ALD. Marine microalgae have their natural metabolic pathways to synthesize various of bioactive compounds as promising candidates for hepatoprotection. In this study, we investigated ethanol extracts from Isochrysis zhanjiangensis (EEIZ) to evaluate their ability to alleviate acute alcoholic liver injury, regulate TLR4/NF‐κB inflammatory pathway and modulate intestinal bacteria dysbiosis in mice for ALD treatment.

RESULTS

In the acute ALD mouse model, EEIZ reduced levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triacylglyceride, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein, while increasing the level of high‐density lipoprotein. Besides, TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88, NF‐κB and tumor necrosis factor‐α expression levels in liver tissue were effectively downregulated by EEIZ. Furthermore, treatment with EEIZ enhanced intestinal homeostasis and significantly alleviated the damage caused by alcohol.

CONCLUSION

EEIZ showed effective hepatoprotective activity against alcohol‐induced acute liver injury in mice as it could alleviate hepatocyte damage, suppress the TLR4/NF‐κB inflammatory pathway and regulate the intestinal flora structure. EEIZ could be a good candidate for preventing acute alcoholic liver injury. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Grain quality traits within the wheat (Triticum spp.) genepool: prospects for improved nutrition through de novo domestication
Authors: Zeibig Frederike , Kilian Benjamin , Özkan Hakan , Pantha Sumitra , Frei Michael
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Wild relatives of wheat (Triticum spp.) harbor beneficial alleles for potential improvement and de novo domestication of selected genotypes with advantageous traits. We analyzed the nutrient composition in wild diploid and tetraploid wheats and their domesticated diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid relatives under field conditions in Germany and compared them with modern Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum cultivars. Grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations, phytate:mineral molar ratios, grain protein content (GPC) and antioxidant activity were analyzed across 125 genotypes.

RESULTS

Grain Fe and Zn concentrations in wild wheats were 72 mg kg−1 and 59 mg kg−1, respectively, with improved bioavailability indicated by Phytate:Fe and Phytate:Zn molar ratios (11.7 and 16.9, respectively) and GPC (231 g kg−1). By comparison, grain Fe and Zn concentrations in landrace taxa were 54 mg kg−1 and 55 mg kg−1, respectively, with lower Phytate:Fe and Phytate:Zn molar ratios (15.1 and 17.5, respectively) and GPC (178 g kg−1). Average grain Fe accumulation in Triticum araraticum was 73 mg kg−1, reaching 116 mg kg−1, with high Fe bioavailability (Phyt:Fe: 11.7; minimum: 7.2). Wild wheats, landraces and modern cultivars showed no differences in antioxidant activity. Triticum zhukovskyi stood out with high grain micronutrient concentrations and favorable molar ratios. It was also the only taxon with elevated antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate alteration of grain quality during domestication. T. araraticum has promising genotypes with advantageous grain quality characteristics that could be selected for de novo domestication. Favorable nutritional traits in the GGAA wheat lineage (T. araraticum and T. zhukovskyi) hold promise for improving grain quality traits. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Sweet potato yield and quality characteristics affected by different late‐season irrigation levels
Authors: Zhou Mingjing , Hu Susu , Wang Shaoxia , Yin Tao , Liu Qing , Li Huan
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Seasonal late‐season water deficits negatively affect the yield and quality of sweet potatoes in northern China. However, the amount of late‐season irrigation to achieve high yield and consistent quality storage root remains undetermined. We assessed the yield and some qualitative traits of sweet potatoes such as size, shape, skin/flesh colour and nutritional content, as influenced by five irrigation levels (T0: unirrigated control; T1: 33% ETc; T2: 75% ETc; T3: 100% ETc; and T4: 125% ETc).

RESULTS

Late‐season irrigation significantly increased yield and marketable yield. Yields for T2 and T3 were significantly higher than other treatments, whereas T2 had the highest Grade A rating in a 2‐year test. The vertical length of storage roots gradually increased with an increase in irrigation level, whereas the maximum width remained unchanged. The proportion of long elliptic and elliptic storage roots also increased, whereas the proportion of ovate, obovate and round storage roots gradually decreased. The skin and flesh colours became more vivid as the level of irrigation increased, with the skin colour becoming redder and the flesh colour becoming more orange–yellow. The levels of carotenoids, vitamin C and soluble sugar were significantly higher in irrigated crops, with the highest vitamin C and soluble sugar levels in T2 and the highest carotenoid levels in T3 treatment.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of moderate irrigation in the late‐season to improve both yield production and quality potential. The results are of great importance for improving the market value of sweet potatoes and increasing grower profits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Application of a crude digestive proteases preparation to improve the ripening of marinated fillets from low‐technological value Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras L.)
Authors: Kamiński Patryk , Szymczak Mariusz , Szymczak Barbara
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

As a result of climate change (reduced the oxygen content and food available in the waters) and overfishing, ever larger batches of the herring catch are classified as low‐value fish and used for feedstuff or canned food production. Fast and complete ripening of marinated fillets, especially from low‐value Baltic herring, poses a problem because of the low muscle protease activity and changes in muscle tissue proteins.

RESULTS

For the first time, a crude digestive proteases preparation (CDPP) was obtained from herring viscera using a two‐stage method consisting of ethanol extraction and then salt precipitation. CDPP had a reduced hemoglobin content, with optimum activity at pH 7.5–8.8 or 60–120 g kg−1 NaCl. At pH 4–5, it still exhibited 24–68% of proteolytic activity. CDPP was used for 4–24 h of brining of fresh and frozen–thawed fillets or injection of fresh fillets before marinating. CDPP‐brining increased especially cathepsin D and carboxypeptidase A activities, whereas it decreased cathepsin B and L activities in the marinades. CDPP‐brining mitigated the negative effect of freezing–thawing on mass‐yield, protease activity, protein hydrolysis, texture profile, colour and sensory quality of the marinated fillets. CDPP‐injection was found to be the best method because it increased mass‐yield and ripeness of the marinated fillets to a greater extent than CDPP‐brining did. The marinades from the CDPP‐treated fillets had no bitter taste as a result of the presence of hemoglobin or chymotrypsin, and there were no results indicating lipid oxidation.

CONCLUSION

The application of CDPP in marinating technology is a viable approach to enable the use of low‐value herring in food production, shorten the marinating time, and improve the ripeness and sensory quality of meat. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 with galactooligosaccharide synbiotics on obese individuals: an in vitro fermentation model
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhao Wen , He Jingjing , He Jian , Shi Shaoqi , Sun Meiwen , Niu Xiaokang , Zeng Zhaozhong , Zhao Yuyang , Zhang Yongxiang , Wang Pengjie , Li Yixuan , Zhang Chao , Duan Sufang , Hung Wei‐lian , Wang Ran
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

The use of synbiotics is emerging as a promising intervention strategy for regulating the gut microbiota and for preventing or reducing obesity, in comparison with the use of probiotics or prebiotics alone. A previous in vivo study revealed that Lacticaseibacillus paracasei K56 (L. paracasei K56) could alleviate obesity induced in high‐fat‐diet mice; however, the effect of the synbiotic combination of L. paracasei K56 and prebiotics in obese individuals has not been explored fully.

RESULTS

The effect of prebiotics on the proliferation of L. paracasei K56 was determined by spectrophotometry. The results showed that polydextrose (PG), xylooligosaccharide (XOS), and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) had a greater potential to be used as substrates for L. paracasei K56 than three other prebiotics (melitose, stachyose, and mannan‐oligosaccharide). An in vitro fermentation model based on the feces of ten obese female volunteers was then established. The results revealed that K56_GOS showed a significant increase in GOS degradation rate and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) content, and a decrease in gas levels, compared with PG, XOS, GOS, K56_PG, and K56_XOS. Changes in these microbial biomarkers, including a significant increase in Bacteroidota, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia and a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and Escherichia‐Shigella in the K56_GOS group, were associated with increased SCFA content and decreased gas levels.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the effect of the synbiotic combination of L. paracasei K56 and GOS on obese individuals and indicates its potential therapeutic role in obesity treatment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impact of deep muscle invasion on nodal status and survival in patients with pT2 esophageal squamous cancer
Authors: Yan Cheng‐Yi , Gu Yi‐Min , Shi Gui‐Dong , Shang Qi‐Xin , Zhang Han‐Lu , Yang Yu‐Shang , Wang Wen‐Ping , Yuan Yong , Chen Long‐Qi
Published: February 2024

Background

Whether T2 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma should be subclassified remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the impact of the depth of muscularis propria invasion on nodal status and survival outcomes.

Methods

We identified patients with pT2 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent primary surgery from January 2009 to June 2017. Clinical data were extracted from prospectively maintained databases. Tumor muscularis propria invasion was stratified into superficial or deep. Binary logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for lymph node metastases. The impact of the depth of muscularis propria invasion on survival was investigated using Kaplan‒Meier analysis and a Cox proportional hazard regression model.

Results

A total of 750 patients from three institutes were investigated. The depth of muscularis propria invasion (odds ratio [OR]: 3.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.46–6.35; p < 0.001) was correlated with lymph node metastases using logistic regression. T substage (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05–1.79; p < 0.001) and N status (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.05–2.17; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors in multivariate Cox regression analysis. The deep muscle invasion was associated with worse overall survival (HR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.19–1.94; p = 0.001) than superficial, specifically in T2N0 patients (HR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.08–1.94; p = 0.035).

Conclusions

We found that deep muscle invasion was associated with significantly worse outcomes and recommended the substaging of pT2 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in routine pathological examination.