bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical note: Methionine, a precursor of methane in living plants
Authors: Lenhart K. , Althoff F. , Greule M. , Keppler F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. When terrestrial plants were identified as producers of the greenhouse gas methane, much discussion and debate ensued, not only about their contribution to the global methane budget, but also with regard to the validity of the observation itself. Although the phenomenon has now become more accepted for both living and dead plants, the mechanism of methane formation in living plants remains to be elucidated and its precursor compounds identified. We made use of stable isotope techniques to verify in vivo formation of methane and, in order to identify the carbon precursor, 13C-positionally labelled organic compounds were employed. Here we show that the amino acid L-methionine acts as a methane precursor in living plants. Employing 13C-labelled methionine clearly identified the sulphur-bound methyl group of methionine as a carbon precursor of methane released from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia). Furthermore, when lavender plants were stressed physically, methane release rates and the stable carbon isotope values of the emitted methane greatly increased. Our results provide additional support that plants possess a mechanism for methane production and suggest that methionine might play an important role in the formation of methane in living plants, particularly under stress conditions.
Soil redistribution and weathering controlling the fate of geochemical and physical carbon stabilization mechanisms in soils of an eroding landscape
Authors: Doetterl S. , Cornelis J.-T. , Six J. , Bodé S. , Opfergelt S. , Boeckx P. , Van Oost K.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. It has been suggested that eroding landscapes can form C sinks or sources, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our analysis aims to clarify the effects of soil redistribution on physical and biogeochemical soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization mechanisms along a hillslope transect. The observed mineralogical differences seem partly responsible for the effectiveness of geochemical and physical SOC stabilization mechanisms as the mineral environment along the transect is highly variable and dynamic. The abundance of primary and secondary minerals and the weathering status of the investigated soils differ drastically along this transect. Extractable iron and aluminum components are largely abundant in aggregates, but show no strong correlation to SOC, indicating their importance for aggregate stability but not for SOC retention. We further show that pyrophosphate extractable soil components, especially manganese, play a role in stabilizing SOC within non-aggregated mineral fractions. The abundance of microbial residues and measured 14C ages for aggregated and non-aggregated SOC fractions demonstrate the importance of the combined effect of geochemical and physical protection to stabilize SOC after burial at the depositional site. Mineral alteration and the breakdown of aggregates limit the protection of C by minerals and within aggregates temporally. The 14C ages of buried soil indicate that C in aggregated fractions seem to be preserved more efficiently while C in non-aggregated fractions is released, allowing a re-sequestration of younger C with this fraction. Old 14C ages and at the same time high contents of microbial residues in aggregates suggest that microorganisms either feed on old carbon to build up microbial biomass, or that these environments consisting of considerable amounts of old C are proper habitats for microorganisms and preserve their residues. Due to continuous soil weathering and, hence, weakening of protection mechanisms, a potential C sink through soil burial is finally temporally limited.
Reconciling reconstructed and simulated features of the winter Pacific–North-American pattern in the early 19th century
Authors: Zanchettin D. , Bothe O. , Lehner F. , Ortega P. , Raible C. C. , Swingedouw D.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Reconstructions of past climate behavior often describe prominent anomalous periods that are not necessarily captured in climate simulations. Here, we illustrate the contrast between an interdecadal strong positive phase of the winter Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) in the early 19th century that is described by a PNA reconstruction based on tree-rings from northwestern North America, and a slight tendency towards negative winter PNA anomalies during the same period in an ensemble of state-of-the-art coupled climate simulations. Additionally, a pseudo-proxy investigation with the same simulation ensemble allows assessing the robustness of PNA reconstructions using solely geophysical predictors from northwestern North America for the last millennium. The reconstructed early-19th-century positive PNA anomaly emerges as a potentially reliable feature, although it is subject to a number of sources of uncertainty and potential deficiencies. The pseudo-reconstructions demonstrate that the early-19th-century discrepancy between reconstructed and simulated PNA does not stem from the reconstruction process. Instead, reconstructed and simulated features of the early-19th-century PNA can be reconciled by interpreting the reconstructed evolution during this time as an expression of internal climate variability, hence unlikely to be reproduced in its exact temporal occurrence by a small ensemble of climate simulations. However, firm attribution of the reconstructed PNA anomaly is hampered by known limitations and deficiencies of coupled climate models and uncertainties in the early-19th-century external forcing and background climate conditions.
Simulations and parameterisation of shallow volcanic plumes of Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion Island using Méso-NH version 4-9-3
Authors: Sivia S. G. , Gheusi F. , Mari C. , Di Muro A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In mesoscale models (resolution ~1 km) used for regional dispersion of pollution plumes, the heat sources, the induced atmospheric convective motions and the volcanic emissions of gases and aerosols are all sub-grid scale processes (mostly true for effusive eruptions) which need to be parameterized. We propose a modified formulation of the EDMF scheme (Eddy Diffusivity-Mass Flux) proposed by Pergaud et al. (2009) which is based on a single updraft. It is used to represent volcano induced updrafts tested for a case study of January 2010 summit eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) volcano. The validation of this modified formulation using large eddy simulation (LES) focuses on the ability of the model to transport tracer concentrations up to 1–2 km in the lower troposphere as is the case of majority of PdF eruptions. The modelled volcanic plume agrees well with the SO2 (sulphur dioxide) tracer concentrations found with LES and a sensitivity test performed for the modified formulation of the EDMF scheme emphasizes the sensitivity of the parameterisation to entrainment at the plume base.
Quantification of the influence of preferential flow on slope stability using a numerical modeling approach
Authors: Shao W. , Bogaard T.A. , Bakker M. , Greco R.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The effect of preferential flow on the stability of landslides is studied through numerical simulation of two types of rainfall events on a hypothetical hillslope. A model is developed that consists of two parts. The first part is a model for combined saturated/unsaturated subsurface flow and is used to compute the spatial and temporal water pressure response to rainfall. Preferential flow is simulated with a dual-permeability continuum model consisting of a matrix domain coupled to a preferential flow domain. The second part is a~soil mechanics model and is used to compute the spatial and temporal distribution of the local factor of safety based on the water pressure distribution computed with the subsurface flow model. Two types of rainfall events were considered: long duration, low-intensity rainfall, and short duration, high-intensity rainfall. The effect of preferential flow on slope stability is assessed through comparison of the failure area when subsurface flow is simulated with the dual-permeability model as compared to a single-permeability model (no preferential flow). For the low-intensity rainfall case, preferential flow has a positive effect on the slope stability as it drains the water from the matrix domain resulting in a smaller failure area. For the high-intensity rainfall case, preferential flow has a negative effect on the slope stability as the majority of rainfall infiltrates into the preferential flow domain when rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity of the matrix domain, resulting in larger water pressure and a larger failure area.
Nietzsche's Goal of Friendship
Authors: Verkerk Willow
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this article is to illuminate the topic of “Redlichkeit” in The Gay Science in order to provide a greater understanding of the relationship among friendship, knowledge-seeking, and overcoming in Nietzsche's GS and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. In GS 14 Nietzsche formulates friendship as involving “a shared higher thirst for an ideal.” Although higher friendship, for Nietzsche, involves a mutual goal, this article argues that the goal is not truth. First, the notion of the intellectual conscience and how passionate knowledge-seeking is distinguished from the standardized practices of truth that Nietzsche rejects is explained. Second, the problem of the Übermensch, or Overhuman, and its status as an ideal or goal is examined. In conclusion, the link that Nietzsche makes between becoming Overhuman and the development of Redlichkeit by the intellectual conscience in passionate knowledge-seeking friendship is explained.
Mixed Hemi-Micelle Solid-Phase Extraction Based on Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Extraction of Cadmium and Lead from Food and Water Samples
Authors: Farahani Malihe Davudabadi , Shemirani Farzaneh
Published: November 2014

A simple and rapid method for the separation and preconcentration of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in milk powder and water samples by magnetic SPE has been developed. The application of silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles (SCMNPs), modified with an anionic surfactant as an effective sorbent material for the microextraction and determination of trace amounts of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from food samples was investigated. The synthesized SCMNPs modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate have the ability to adsolubilize the metal ions after complexation with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol. These magnetic nanoparticles which are carrying the target metals can be easily separated from the aqueous solution by applying an external magnetic field, and the complexed metals can be desorbed using a proper eluent. The effect of pH, concentration of complexing agent, eluent, extraction time, capacity, and desorp tion conditions were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, preconcentration of a 50.0 mL sample solution permitted the LODs of 0.147 and 2.02 μg/L; and the RSDs (n = 7) for 0.05 μg/mL of Cd(II) and 0.2 μg/mL of Pb(II) were 2.96 and 1.3%, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity was 8.8 and 9.5 mg/g for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively.
A Rapid SPE-Based Analytical Method for UPLC/MS/MS Determination of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Milk, Muscle, and Kidney
Authors: Young Michael S , van Tran Kim , Goh Evelyn , Shia Jeremy C
Published: November 2014

An SPE-based cleanup protocol was developed for ultra-performance LC (UPLC)/MS/MS determination of residues of the common aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, and gentamicin in bovine milk, kidney, and muscle. Recoveries for all compounds except neomycin ranged from 80 to 104% for all matrixes studied; recoveries for neomycin ranged from 71 to 84%. Intraday and interday precision data were under 15% for all sample matrixes. Compared with other recently reported cleanup methods, less sample is required, the use of potentially dangerous reagents is minimized, and fewer manipulations are required by the analyst. A high throughput 96-well plate format was used for SPE cleanup and UPLC/MS analysis.
New Immunohistochemistry for B-Cell Lymphoma and Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Xiaohong (Mary) , Aguilera Nadine
Published: November 2014

Context

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative malignancies with different clinical behaviors and treatments. It is important to differentiate individual B-cell lymphoma to apply the best treatment and management. Morphology and immunohistochemistry are the primary tools used for diagnosing lymphoma. There is a characteristic pattern of expression with immunohistochemical antibodies in most well-defined B-cell lymphomas. Some cases of B-cell lymphoma, however, show unusual morphologic and immunophenotypic features. The new and sometimes more specific antibodies have been developed recently, which may further define those lymphomas. Only with use of the antibodies over time does their true nature and specificity become evident.

Objectives

To present new antibodies for B-cell lymphoma that enhance the probability for diagnosis or can act as alternate markers in unusual cases, in which a B-cell lymphoma does not present with characteristic immunohistochemical staining, and to present prognostic markers that allow for better management of patients with specific B-cell lymphomas.

Data Sources

Data were obtained from literature review and figures from slides in personal practice.

Conclusions

The immunohistochemical antibodies presented in this article increase our ability to understand, diagnosis, and manage patients with B-cell lymphoma.
Una aproximación al voluntariado desde las unidades de información.
Authors: Millán Reyes Ana Nieves
Published: November 2014

Se presenta una aproximación al voluntariado a través de los comunicados y declaraciones recogidos por diversos agentes institucionales y a través de la ética, el compromiso y la responsabilidad social. Para después contextualizar y conceptualizar el voluntariado. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica en las BD LISA, un browsing de diversas fuentes institucionales y un análisis de contenido. El voluntariado constituye una oportunidad, aunque presenta amenazas, perversiones y contradicciones.
El nuevo mapa universitario de los estudios de Comunicación y de Documentación en España
Authors: Túñez López Miguel , Martínez Solana Yolanda
Published: November 2014

La adaptación de la oferta formativa en Biblioteconomía, Comunicación Audiovisual, Documentación, Periodismo, Publicidad y Relaciones Públicas en la Universidad española ha experimentado una profunda transformación como resultado del proceso de adaptación de los planes de estudio al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Esta investigación revisa las claves del nuevo mapa de la comunicación en las universidades de España caracterizado por una multiplicación del número de grados y de la especificidad de los perfiles que se ofertan, una tendencia alcista en las cifras de alumnos matriculados, un panorama laboral en un contexto global de crisis que en 2012 refleja aumentos interanuales de desempleo en torno al 25% y unos índices de adecuación de los contratos a la formación recibida, que se caracteriza por la atomización de propuestas y la inestabilidad contractual.
Ny EU-forordning om digitale signaturer
Authors: Andresen Herbørn
Published: November 2014

EU har vedtatt en ny forordning, nr. 910/2014, om digitale signaturer. En grunn til at den nye forordningen bør være av særlig interesse for arkivarer, er artikkel 34 om langtidsbevaring av kvalifiserte elektroniske signaturer. Her følger en kort presentasjon av hovedinnholdet, og noen betraktninger om hva man kan utlede av regler om en tillitstjeneste for langtidsbevaring av kvalifiserte, digitale signaturer i den nye forordningen. Det som i første omgang er viktigst å merke seg, er at kravene til tjenester for langtidsbevaring av signaturer ikke er komplette, de vil bli nærmere utdypet i en kommende sekundærlovgivning til forordningen.
Repair of Iris Defects
Authors: Agarwal Tushar , Arora Tarun
Published: November 2014

Purpose:

To demonstrate three techniques of repair of iris defects in cases with iridodialysis, post surgical coloboma and post-traumatic mydriasis.

Methods:

Video-based description of repair of three cases of iris defects, highlighting the technique and difficulties in performing surgery in these cases.

Results:

In the first case with post-traumatic subluxated cataract and iridodialysis, ICCE and iridodialysis repair was performed successfully. The second case had surgical coloboma and aphakia due to previous complicated cataract surgery. Repair of the coloboma and implantation of ACIOL was performed successfully. Third case presented with a post-traumatic cataract and sphincter tear associated with mydriasis. PCIOL implantation along with mydriasis repair was performed.

Conclusions:

With the help of these techniques, sutures can be used to repair iridodialysis, colobomatous defects, and mydriatic pupils. Results in these patients are very gratifying. Patients appreciate the reduction in light and glare sensitivity in the immediate post-operative period
Current Perspectives in the Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Dogra Mangat R , Katoch Deeksha
Published: November 2014

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a new and fast emerging cause of childhood blindness in India due to increased survival of premature babies, lack of awareness and mandatory screening program. Evidence has shown that higher birth weight and more mature babies are developing severe ROP in our country. Guidelines as proposed by the National Neonatology Forum of India needs to be followed so that treatable ROP is not missed among heavier premature babies. Strategy of timely screening at day 30 after birth need to be emphasized and implemented. Current standards of care in ROP include prevention of ROP with strict monitoring of oxygen saturation levels, timely confluent laser treatment with green or diode laser photocoagulation and early lens sparing vitrectomy in progressive ROP. Anti-VEGF therapy should be reserved for selective cases as rescue therapy along with laser photocoagulation in view of safety issues. Long term follow up is mandatory for development of vision after treatment of ROP.
On the bipolar origin of Heinrich events
Authors: Yang Xiao , Rial J. A. , Reischmann Elizabeth P.
Published: November 2014

Evidence obtained from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica indicates the presence of interactions between the polar climates, but, until recently, it has not been clear what the interactions are. Here we show that analysis under the previously established hypothesis of polar synchronization potentially connects the presence and possible energy source of the Heinrich (H) events and ice‐rafted debris (IRD) events. These events appear to be related to the dynamic linkage between the polar climates, as they are not revealed in analysis of the records from a single pole. The H events and IRDs discovered in the North Atlantic along with coeval Southern Ocean events appear to drive or be driven by bipolar climate oscillations.
Array analysis of electromagnetic radiation from radio transmitters for submarine communication
Authors: Füllekrug Martin , Mezentsev Andrew , Watson Robert , Gaffet Stéphane , Astin Ivan , Evans Adrian
Published: November 2014

The array analyses used for seismic and infrasound research are adapted and applied here to the electromagnetic radiation from radio transmitters for submarine communication. It is found that the array analysis enables a determination of the slowness and the arrival azimuth of the wave number vectors associated with the electromagnetic radiation. The array analysis is applied to measurements of ∼20–24 kHz radio waves from transmitters for submarine communication with an array of 10 radio receivers distributed over an area of ∼1 km ×1 km. The observed slowness of the observed wave number vectors range from ∼2.7 ns/m to ∼4.1 ns/m, and the deviations between the expected arrival azimuths and the observed arrival azimuths range from ∼−9.7° to ∼14.5°. The experimental results suggest that it is possible to determine the locations of radio sources from transient luminous events above thunderclouds with an array of radio receivers toward detailed investigations of the electromagnetic radiation from sprites.
A mechanism for lack of sea ice reversibility in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ridley Jeff K. , Hewitt Helene T.
Published: November 2014

We find evidence that ocean processes during global warming may result in irreversible changes to the Antarctic sea ice, whereas the Arctic sea ice changes appear to be reversible. Increased forcing gives rise to strong heat uptake in the Southern Ocean, and existing pathways provide an increased transport of heat to the Weddell Sea. As atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are returned to preindustrial levels, the Antarctic ice extent at first recovers, but a rapid change in the position of the an ocean front in the South Atlantic maintains the heat transport into the Weddell Sea. A cooling surface initiates deep convection, accessing the stored heat, resulting in a substantial loss of sea ice, which has not recovered after a further 150 years at preindustrial CO2.
A new method to estimate annual solar wind parameters and contributions of different solar wind structures to geomagnetic activity
Authors: Holappa L. , Mursula K. , Asikainen T.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we study two sets of local geomagnetic indices from 26 stations using the principal component and the independent component (IC) analysis methods. We demonstrate that the annually averaged indices can be accurately represented as linear combinations of two first components with weights systematically depending on latitude. We show that the annual contributions of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and high‐speed streams (HSSs) to geomagnetic activity are highly correlated with the first and second IC. The first and second ICs are also found to be very highly correlated with the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the solar wind speed, respectively, because solar wind speed is the most important parameter driving geomagnetic activity during HSSs while IMF strength dominates during CMEs. These results help in better understanding the long‐term driving of geomagnetic activity and in gaining information about the long‐term evolution of solar wind parameters and the different solar wind structures.
Tracheobronchial anomalies in a patient with Schimke immuno‐osseous dysplasia (SIOD)
Authors: Mobeireek Abdullah , Saleemi Sarfraz , Khalid Mohammad , Imtiaz Faiqa , Almutairy Eid A.
Published: November 2014

Schimke Immuno‐osseous Dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare genetic disorder with multiple systemic manifestations. Pulmonary manifestations have been described but not well characterized. They are believed to be secondary to decreased elasticity, and include emphysema, pulmonary hypertension and bronchiectasis. We describe a 24‐year‐old female patient with SIOD with tracheobronchial anomalies not reported before, including tracheomalacia and a tracheal bronchus with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) related leiomyoma causing endobronchial obstruction. Such anomalies, in addition to the difficult upper airway associated with SIOD present specific challenges during management. This case reports documents tracheobronchial abnormalities that have not been described before in SIOD. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aortopathy in the 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome
Authors: Parrott Ashley , James Jeanne , Goldenberg Paula , Hinton Robert B. , Miller Erin , Shikany Amy , Aylsworth Arthur S. , Kaiser‐Rogers Kathleen , Ferns Sunita J. , Lalani Seema R. , Ware Stephanie M.
Published: November 2014

The 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome, caused by the reciprocal duplication of the Williams‐Beuren syndrome deletion region, is a genomic disorder with an emerging clinical phenotype. Dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies, hypotonia, developmental delay highlighted by variable speech delay, and autistic features are characteristic findings. Congenital heart defects, most commonly patent ductus arteriosus, have been reported in a minority of cases. Included in the duplicated region is elastin (ELN), implicated as the cause of supravalvar aortic stenosis in patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome. Here we present a series of eight pediatric patients and one adult with 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome, all of whom had aortic dilation, the opposite vascular phenotype of the typical supravalvar aortic stenosis found in Williams–Beuren syndrome. The ascending aorta was most commonly involved, while dilation was less frequently identified at the aortic root and sinotubular junction. The findings in these patients support a recommendation for cardiovascular surveillance in patients with 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional impairments of cortical folding in premature infants
Authors: Engelhardt Erin , Inder Terrie E. , Alexopoulos Dimitrios , Dierker Donna L. , Hill Jason , Van Essen David , Neil Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2014

Objective

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of preterm birth and other factors on cerebral cortical maturation.

Methods

We have evaluated the effects of preterm birth on cortical folding by applying cortical cartography methods to a cohort of 52 preterm infants (<31 weeks gestation, mild or no injury on conventional magnetic resonance imaging) and 12 term‐born control infants. All infants were evaluated at term‐equivalent postmenstrual age.

Results

Preterm infants had lower values for the global measures of gyrification index (GI; 2.06 ± 0.07 vs 1.80 ± 0.12, p < 0.001; control vs preterm) and cortical surface area (CSA; 316 ± 24 cm2 vs 257 ± 40 cm2, p < 0.001). Regional analysis of sulcal depth and cortical shape showed the greatest impact of preterm birth on the insula, superior temporal sulcus, and ventral portions of the pre‐ and postcentral sulci in both hemispheres. Although CSA and GI are related, CSA was more sensitive to antenatal and postnatal factors than GI. Both measures were lower in preterm infants of lower birth weight standard deviation scores and smaller occipitofrontal circumference at time of scan, whereas CSA alone was lower in association with smaller occipitofrontal circumference at birth. CSA was also lower in infants with higher critical illness in the first 24 hours of life, exposure to postnatal steroids, and prolonged endotracheal intubation.

Interpretation

Preterm birth disrupts cortical development in a regionally specific fashion with abnormalities evident by term‐equivalent postmenstrual age. This disruption is influenced by both antenatal growth and postnatal course. ANN NEUROL 2015;77:154–162
Spannungsvermittelte Bildung chiraler, optisch aktiver Buta‐1,3‐diene
Authors: Chiu Melanie , Tchitchanov Boris H. , Zimmerli Daniel , Sanhueza Italo A. , Schoenebeck Franziska , Trapp Nils , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François
Published: November 2014

Die formalen [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen‐Retroelektrocyclisierungen (CA‐RE) zwischen Tetracyanoethylen (TCNE) und gespannten, elektronenreichen, dibenzoanellierten Cyclooctinen wurden untersucht. Die Auswirkung der Spannung auf die Reaktionskinetik wurde quantifiziert; dabei waren die Geschwindigkeiten der Cycloadditionen unter Verwendung gespannter, cyclischer Alkine bis 5500‐mal höher (298 K) als mit ungespannten Alkinen. Cyclobuten‐Intermediate sowie Buta‐1,3‐dien‐Produkte wurden isoliert und ihre Strukturen mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse untersucht. Die Isolierung eines seltenen Beispiels für ein optisch aktives, konfigurationsstabiles Buta‐1,3‐dien wird beschrieben. Theoretische Studien des Enantiomerisierungsmechanismus der Buta‐1,3‐diene zeigten, dass die Inversion des Achtrings über einen Ring‐Flip des Boot‐Konformers stattfindet. In Übereinstimmung mit den berechneten Werten betrugen die experimentell gemessenen freien Aktivierungsenthalpien der Racemisierung bis zu 26 kcal mol−1.
The Synthesis of the Proportional‐Differential Regulators for the Systems with Fixed Ends of Trajectories Under Two‐Sided Constraints on Control Values
Authors: Murzabekov Z. N.
Published: November 2014

The problem of optimal control for time‐varying linear systems with fixed ends of the trajectories is considered. A correspondent quadratic functional depends on the control, the state of the object and on its derivative. A constructive method of synthesis of the proportional‐differential type regulators is proposed based on the feedback principle taking into account the bilateral constraints on control values. The problem is solved with using of a special type Lagrange multipliers.
Efficient prediction designs for random fields
Authors: Müller Werner G. , Pronzato Luc , Rendas Joao , Waldl Helmut
Published: November 2014

For estimation and predictions of random fields, it is increasingly acknowledged that the kriging variance may be a poor representative of true uncertainty. Experimental designs based on more elaborate criteria that are appropriate for empirical kriging (EK) are then often non‐space‐filling and very costly to determine. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using a compound criterion inspired by an equivalence theorem type relation to build designs quasi‐optimal for the EK variance when space‐filling designs become unsuitable. Two algorithms are proposed, one relying on stochastic optimization to explicitly identify the Pareto front, whereas the second uses the surrogate criteria as local heuristic to choose the points at which the (costly) true EK variance is effectively computed. We illustrate the performance of the algorithms presented on both a simple simulated example and a real oceanographic dataset. © 2014 The Authors. Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic model of consideration set sizes
Authors: Trinh Giang
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a new model of consideration set sizes, which relies on a stochastic modelling approach to better understand data patterns. The paper combines the Poisson distribution with the lognormal distribution proposed by Hauser and Wernerfelt (1990) to create the Poisson lognormal (PLN) model of consideration set sizes. An advantage of PLN is that it allows variance within a given individual consumer. This is a crucial factor for brand managers who wish to choose a particular market to promote their brand, as a higher within‐individual variance suggests that there is more chance for a consumer to change their consideration set size, whereas a lower within‐individual variance indicates that a consumer tends to stick to his/her consideration set size. The paper then uses 10 datasets including service, durable and fast‐moving consumer goods across four countries to validate the new model and compare it with the lognormal model. The results show that PLN gives a good fit to these data. It outperforms the lognormal model. The average mean absolute percentage error of the PLN model is 12 per cent, whereas that of the lognormal model is 26 per cent. For managerial implications, the paper proposes a better tool to help brand managers analyse the nature and intensity of competition that is facing their brands. Also, relying on its stochastic element, the proposed model can help brand managers predict future brand consideration by their consumers, as well as evaluate any change in brand consideration, caused by marketing activity such as sales promotion and advertising. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective Direct Arylation of Fused 3‐Nitropyridines and Other Nitro‐Substituted Heteroarenes: The Multipurpose Nature of the Nitro Group as a Directing Group
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Gevorgyan Ashot , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Grigoryan Tatevik , Movsisyan Ester , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: November 2014

We report Pd‐ and Ni‐catalysed, guided and regioselective CH arylations of a series of fused 3‐nitropyridines. The method described here is a facile tool for the chemical functionalisation of drug‐like fused pyridines. The scope and limitations of the reaction, the chemical potential of the nitro group and a putative reaction mechanism are discussed.
Regioselective Hydroxylation in the Production of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D by Coprinopsis cinerea Peroxygenase
Authors: Babot Esteban D. , del Río José C. , Kalum Lisbeth , Martínez Angel T. , Gutiérrez Ana
Published: November 2014

Monohydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), generically known as 25‐hydroxycalciferol, are better for several diseases, and other applications, than vitamin D (calciferol). This work describes a novel biotechnological approach for the preparation of 25‐hydroxycalciferols, starting from readily available cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol. This approach enables the regioselective (100 %) hydroxylation of these compounds (at the C‐25 position) under mild and environmentally friendly conditions by using a peroxidase from the fungus Coprinopsis cinerea (gene model CC1G_08427T0 from the sequenced genome), which catalyzes monooxygenation with H2O2 as the only co‐substrate (peroxygenase). Hydroxylation of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol is a true peroxygenation, as demonstrated by incorporation of 18O from H218O2 into the products. The peroxygenase has additional advantages related to its recombinant nature, enabling enzyme engineering and low‐cost overexpression in an industrial host. Therefore, the peroxygenase is a promising biocatalyst for the production of vitamin D active metabolites.
Theoretical Study on the Relationship between Diradical Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities of Four‐Membered‐Ring Diradicals Involving Heavy Main‐Group Elements
Authors: Matsui Hiroshi , Fukuda Kotaro , Takamuku Shota , Sekiguchi Akira , Nakano Masayoshi
Published: November 2014

By using spin‐unrestricted density functional theory methods, the relationship between the diradical character y and the second hyperpolarizability γ (the third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties at the molecular scale) for four‐membered‐ring diradical compounds, that is, cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl, Niecke‐type diradicals, and Bertrand‐type diradicals, were investigated by focusing on the substitution effects of heavy main‐group elements as well as of donor/acceptor groups on the y and γ values. It has been found that i) γ is enhanced in the intermediate y region for these four‐membered‐ring diradicals, ii) Niecke‐type diradicals with intermediate y values, which are realized by tuning the combination of the main‐group elements involved, exhibit larger γ values than Bertrand‐type diradicals, and iii) the y value and thus γ value can be controlled by modifying the both‐end donor/acceptor substituents attached to carbon atoms in Nicke‐type C2P2 diradicals. These results demonstrate that four‐membered‐ring diradicals involving heavy main‐group elements exhibit high controllability of the y and γ, which indicates the potential applications of four‐membered‐ring diradicals as a building block of highly efficient open‐shell NLO materials.
Tuning the Spin‐Crossover Behaviour of a Hydrogen‐Accepting Porous Coordination Polymer by Hydrogen‐Donating Guests
Authors: Li Jin‐Yan , Chen Yan‐Cong , Zhang Ze‐Min , Liu Wei , Ni Zhao‐Ping , Tong Ming‐Liang
Published: November 2014

A Hoffman‐like coordination polymer with appreciable porosity and uncoordinated pyridyl groups, namely, [Fe(2,5‐bpp){Au(CN)2}2]⋅x Solv (2,5‐bpp=2,5‐bis(pyrid‐4‐yl)pyridine; Solv=solvent), was synthesised and characterised. A series of fascinating spin‐crossover behaviours with abrupt, stepwise and hysteretic features were obtained by exchange with a range of protic solvents (ethanol, n‐propanol, isopropyl alcohol, sec‐butanol and isobutanol). Guest–host hydrogen‐bonding interactions involving the H‐accepting site of the framework are primarily responsible for the pronounced cooperativity of these spin‐crossover behaviours. Meanwhile, the tunable critical temperatures over a range of about 130 K are presumably attributable to a certain degree of competition between internal pressure and local electronic influences of solvents.
Porous Carbon Anodes for a High Capacity Lithium‐Ion Battery Obtained by Incorporating Silica into Benzoxazine During Polymerization
Authors: Guo De‐Cai , Han Fei , Lu An‐Hui
Published: November 2014

Porous carbon anodes with a controllable Vmes/Vmic ratio were synthesized through the self‐assembly of poly(benzoxazine‐co‐resol) and the simultaneous hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) followed by carbonization and removal of silica. The Vmes/Vmic ratio of the carbon can be controlled in the range of approximately 1.3–32.6 through tuning the amount of TEOS. For lithium‐ion battery anodes, a correlation between the electrochemical performance and Vmes/Vmic ratio has been established. A high Vmes/Vmic ratio in porous carbons is favorable for enhancing the accessibility of Li ions to active sites provided by the micropores and for achieving good lithium storage performance. The obtained porous carbon exhibits a high reversible capacity of 660 mAh g−1 after 70 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Moreover, at a high current density of 3000 mA g−1, the capacity still remains at 215 mAh g−1, showing a fast charge‐discharge potential. This synthesis method relying on modified benzoxazine chemistry with the hydrolysis of TEOS may provide a new route for the development of mesoporous carbon‐based electrode materials.
Herstellung von Grundchemikalien auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe als Alternative zur Petrochemie?
Authors: Wagemann Kurt
Published: November 2014

Die derzeitige Entwicklung in den USA, geprägt durch billiges Schiefergas, hat starke Auswirkungen auf die Produktion von Basischemikalien. Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob sich vor diesem Hintergrund der Anteil nachwachsender Rohstoffe für die Chemikalienproduktion steigern lässt oder ob sich die Zahl biobasierter Produkte und Verfahren eher verringern wird. Antworten liefert für einige ausgewählte Grundchemikalien der Vergleich von bestehenden Produktionsverfahren auf petrochemischer Basis mit Alternativen auf Basis nachwachsender oder anderer fossiler Rohstoffe (bspw. Methan und niedere Alkane).
A case of a pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts with intracytoplasmic hemosiderin pigment apparent upon fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Yorita Kenji , Ishihara Akira , Tokumitsu Takako , Minematsu Eiko , Ohno Akinobu , Ikejiri Hiroshi , Kataoka Hiroaki
Published: November 2014

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumors of soft parts are extremely rare low‐grade mesenchymal lesions that frequently occur subcutaneously, especially in the lower extremity. The tumor is histologically characterized by sheets of plump, spindled or rounded cells, and clusters of ectatic blood vessels. It also has a number of previously characterized cytological features such as pleomorphic cells, intranuclear pseudoinclusion, and intracytoplasmic hemosiderin pigments. However, intracytoplasmic hemosiderin has not been carefully evaluated in cytology specimens. Here, we report the case of a 56‐year‐old Japanese man with an encapsulated pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts that included fine and coarse hemosiderin‐laden tumor cells. The tumor was clinically followed up as a hematoma, but malignant tumors, including malignant melanoma, were suspected because aspiration cytology specimens contained pleomorphic cells with intracytoplasmic brown pigments. The tumor was closely associated with an intratumoral hematoma and a few microscopic satellite lesions. Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts should be included in the differential cytological diagnosis of soft tissue tumors if the three cytological features described earlier are present. Enucleation therapy could facilitate local recurrence, as the tumor may have the potential to infiltrate surrounding soft tissue or form satellite lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:407–411. © 2014 The Authors. Diagnostic Cytopathology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytomorphological identification of advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring KRAS mutation in lymph node fine‐needle aspiration specimens: Comparative investigation of adenocarcinoma with KRAS and EGFR mutations
Authors: Song Dae Hyun , Lee Boram , Shin Yooju , Choi In Ho , Ha Sang Yun , Lee Jae Jun , Hong Min Eui , Choi Yoon‐La , Han Joungho , Um Sang‐Won
Published: November 2014

Background

Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutation in pulmonary adenocarcinoma is clinically important due to its association with resistance to EGFR inhibitors and poor prognosis. To our knowledge, there has not been a comparative study focusing on cytological nuclear features of pulmonary adenocarcinoma harboring KRAS mutation (KRAS‐AD). Hence, we compared the cytomorphology of metastatic KRAS‐AD and EGFR‐positive adenocarcinoma (EGFR‐AD) in aspiration specimens from lymph nodes.

Methods

Forty lymph node aspiration specimens from forty KRAS‐AD patients were collected at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2009 to 2013. As a control group, 40 EBUS‐FNA lymph node specimens from 20 EGFR‐AD patients were collected. EGFR‐AD specimens were evaluated at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) from 2012 to 2013. All 80 specimens were histologically confirmed to metastatic adenocarcinoma. Two pathologists performed a blinded review of all specimens.

Results

Compared with EGFR‐AD, KRAS‐AD exhibited more severe nuclear pleomorphism (P < 0.001), coarse chromatin (P = 0.001), cherry‐red nucleoli (P < 0.001) and naked tumor cells (P = 0.002) with necrotic (P < 0.001) and neutrophilic (P = 0.008) background.

Conclusions

Our study provides the first demonstration of cytomorphologic differentiation between metastatic KRAS‐AD and metastatic EGFR‐AD in lymph node aspiration specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:539–544. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NMR Spectroscopic Studies on the 1:1 Interaction of Tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine with Cinnamic Acids
Authors: Moiseev Dmitry V. , James Brian R. , Gushchin Aleksey V.
Published: November 2014

A 1:1 reaction of (HOCH2)3P with the cinnamic acids ArCH=CHCO2H (Ar = Ph, o‐ and p‐C6H4OH) in acetone at 60 °C affords a phosphobetaine of the type (HOCH2)3P+CH(Ar)CH2CO2– in 70–80 % yields; the products were characterized by 31P{1H}‐, 1H‐, and 13C{1H}‐NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In methanol, the compounds decompose partially to a tertiary phosphine of the type (HOCH2)2PCH(Ar)CH2CO2H; the degree of decomposition decreases in the order Ar = o‐C6H4OH > p‐C6H4OH > C6H5. The 1:1 reaction of (HOCH2)3P with cinnamic acid in CD3OD generates (DOCH2)3P+CH(Ph)CH(D)CO2– and (DOCH2)2PCH(Ph)CH(D)CO2D, whereby addition of a deuteron to the α‐C atom is stereospecific and leads to (R,S)‐ and (S,R)‐stereoisomers.
Dopaminergic basis for impairments in functional connectivity across subdivisions of the striatum in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bell Peter T. , Gilat Moran , O'Callaghan Claire , Copland David A. , Frank Michael J. , Lewis Simon J.G. , Shine James M.
Published: November 2014

The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons, leading to depletion of striatal dopamine. Recent neuroanatomical work has identified pathways for communication across striatal subdivisions, suggesting that the striatum provides a platform for integration of information across parallel corticostriatal circuits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dopaminergic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease was associated with impairments in functional connectivity across striatal subdivisions, which could potentially reflect reduced integration across corticostriatal circuits. Utilizing resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we analyzed functional connectivity in 39 patients with Parkinson's disease, both “on” and “off” their regular dopaminergic medications, along with 40 age‐matched healthy controls. Our results demonstrate widespread impairments in connectivity across subdivisions of the striatum in patients with Parkinson's disease in the “off” state. The administration of dopaminergic medication significantly improved connectivity across striatal subdivisions in Parkinson's disease, implicating dopaminergic deficits in the pathogenesis of impaired striatal interconnectivity. In addition, impaired striatal interconnectivity in the Parkinson's disease “off” state was associated with pathological decoupling of the striatum from the thalamic and sensorimotor (SM) networks. Specifically, we found that although the strength of striatal interconnectivity was positively correlated with both (i) the strength of internal thalamic connectivity, and (ii) the strength of internal SM connectivity, in both healthy controls and the Parkinson's disease “on” state, these relationships were absent in Parkinson's disease when in the “off” state. Taken together our findings emphasize the central role of dopamine in integrated striatal function and the pathological consequences of striatal dopamine denervation in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1278–1291, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Housing Salesperson Performance and the Peer Structure of Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Lee Chun‐Chang
Published: November 2014

This study investigates the effects of the individual characteristics of housing salespeople and the branch characteristics of housing agencies on individual performance. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to provide estimations. The sample included 518 surveys with micro‐level observations and 47 surveys with branch‐level observations. The empirical results suggest that individual performance varies significantly from branch to branch and is better in branches with higher levels of compensation for individual performance. Individual performance is also better in branches with requirements for hours worked. Under team compensation schemes, individual performance is not significantly better than that of salespeople in branches without team compensation schemes.
Retrieval of morphine‐associated context induces cFos in dentate gyrus neurons
Authors: Rivera Phillip D. , Raghavan Ramya K. , Yun Sanghee , Latchney Sarah E. , McGovern Mary‐Katherin , García Emily F. , Birnbaum Shari G. , Eisch Amelia J.
Published: November 2014

Addiction has been proposed to emerge from associations between the drug and the reward‐associated contexts. This associative learning has a cellular correlate, as there are more cFos+ neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after psychostimulant conditioned place preference (CPP) versus saline controls. However, it is unknown whether morphine CPP leads to a similar DG activation, or whether DG activation is due to locomotion, handling, pharmacological effects, or—as data from contextual fear learning suggests—exposure to the drug‐associated context. To explore this, we employed an unbiased, counterbalanced, and shortened CPP design that led to place preference and more DG cFos+ cells. Next, mice underwent morphine CPP but were then sequestered into the morphine‐paired (conditioned stimulus+ [CS+]) or saline‐paired (CS−) context on test day. Morphine‐paired mice sequestered to CS+ had ∼30% more DG cFos+ cells than saline‐paired mice. Furthermore, Bregma analysis revealed morphine‐paired mice had more cFos+ cells in CS+ compared to CS− controls. Notably, there was no significant difference in DG cFos+ cell number after handling alone or after receiving morphine in home cage. Thus, retrieval of morphine‐associated context is accompanied by activation of hippocampal DG granule cell neurons. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.