bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Improving Sleep Quality
Authors: Amanda Steffy Putri
Published: October 2019

Background: Untreated sleep quality can bring changes that can affect both physically and psychologically so that it can reduce sleep quality in menopausal women, one of the non-pharmacological management in improving sleep quality is progressive muscle relaxation by reducing muscle tension, eliminating fatigue so as to improve quality sleep in menopausal women.

Objective: to determine the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation in improving sleep quality.

Method: A systematic review through review of maternity nursing articles to identify the effect of progressive muscle relaxation in improving sleep quality in menopausal women. The article inclusion criteria used were the effect of progressive muscle relaxation in improving sleep quality, while the exclusion criteria ie articles were not full text. Search articles are accessed from databases, namely: Sciencedirect, Pubmed, JKI, JKD. Articles that meet the inclusion criteria are collected and examined systematically. Search for literature published from 2015 to 2018. the article search process gets 4 articles that meet the requirements for inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: in this systematic review shows that progressive muscle relaxation can improve sleep quality.

Conclusion: Progressive muscle relaxation can improve sleep quality
Trauma Healing bagi Perempuan Korban Konflik: Belajar dari Konflik Maluku dan Poso
Authors: Natar Asnath Niwa
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Conflicts that often occur in Indonesia claimed many victims. Among these victims, women were the largest impacted. They were not only being victims of violence and physicaly lost, but also experienced in psychological trauma. But this traumatic problem was hardly overcome by so it must be stayed and at the end would be choked the survival. This article aimed to discuss trauma healing efforts for women who are conflict impacted through literature study methods. Through this study it was concluded that giving opportunities for women conflict victims to tell their stories and experiences were the effective trauma healing efforts to heal the wounds they experienced.Abstrak. Konflik sering terjadi dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bermasyarakat di Indonesia yang merengkut banyak korban. Di antara korban-korban tersebut perempuan mengalami dampak yang paling besar. Mereka bukan hanya menjadi korban kekerasan dan kerugian secara fisik, namun juga secara psikis, termasuk mengalami trauma. Namun masalah traumatis ini jarang mendapatkan penanganan sehingga menjadi menetap dan pada akhirnya menghambat pertumbuhan hidup selanjutnya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji upaya trauma healing bagi perempuan korban konflik melalui metode studi pustaka. Melalui kajian tersebut ditarik kesimpulan bahwa memberi kesempatan perempuan korban konflik untuk mengungkapkan kisah dan pengalamannya adalah upaya trauma healing yang efektif untuk menyembuhkan luka-luka yang mereka alami.
“Volver a la lectura”, o la importancia de la lectura personal en la formación continua del profesorado en didáctica de la lengua y la literatura
Authors: Munita Felipe
Published: October 2019

Resumen:El presente trabajo aborda la formación permanente del profesorado, específicamente en el área de didáctica de la lengua y la literatura. En ese marco se realizó un estudio de caso, de enfoque cualitativo, cuyo objetivo general ha sido observar posibles cambios en las creencias y las prácticas declaradas de docentes en torno a la educación lectora y literaria, a partir de una experiencia de formación continua centrada en la lectura personal del profesor. El estudio contó con un total de 27 docentes participantes. Los datos fueron construidos con entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas de satisfacción. El tratamiento de datos ha seguido un análisis temático y de contenido narrativo, del cual han surgido categorías emergentes que estructuran los hallazgos obtenidos. Los principales resultados muestran una mejora en la autoimagen del docente como lector y como mediador de lectura, y un positivo cambio en las creencias acerca de la literatura infantil y juvenil y la educación literaria en las aulas. Asimismo, a nivel de prácticas declaradas, subrayan la puesta en marcha de procesos de mejora y de innovación en las prácticas didácticas de los participantes sobre lectura literaria. El estudio concluye subrayando el interés de incorporar la lectura personal del maestro como componente clave para la formación continua de docentes en didáctica de la literatura.
El lugar del currículum en la primera infancia: Aportes de una mirada comparada
Authors: Guevara Jennifer , Cardini Alejandra
Published: October 2019

La atención y educación de la primera infancia (AEPI) se ha convertido en una prioridad para las políticas educativas en distintos países de la región y del mundo. Su importancia estuvo acompañada por una progresiva institucionalización de la provisión y un mayor desarrollo curricular. Sin embargo, en muchos países persiste un panorama fragmentado, en los que la AEPI es provista bajo diversos formatos por instituciones con distintas rectorías. El trabajo examina la interacción de los principales documentos curriculares de seis países y una jurisdicción con las características del mapa de provisión educativa en el que se insertan. Partiendo de una investigación de corte cualitativo, basada en el análisis documental y de fuentes secundarias, el artículo muestra que los instrumentos curriculares que regulan la AEPI poseen intenciones reguladoras que dialogan con los mapas de provisión. Para ello, se describen primero los instrumentos curriculares con foco en su intención reguladora, es decir, el tipo de transformaciones que promueven en el mapa de la provisión. Luego, se examina de qué manera las intenciones reguladoras aspiran o no a modificar la unidad-diferenciación de los mapas de provisión en los que se insertan. El artículo argumenta que en mapas heterogéneos y desiguales los instrumentos sectoriales tienen altas probabilidades de mantener y reforzar las diferenciaciones existentes. En estos contextos, la elaboración de instrumentos abarcadores o cohesionadores podría favorecer una mayor justicia educativa.
Laboratory assessment of damage to swede, Brassica napus rapifera, by wheat bug, Nysius huttoni
Authors: He X.Z. , Wang Q.
Published: October 2019

Wheat bug (Nysius huttoni White) damage to swede (Brassica napus rapifera Metzger) seedlings was assessed in the laboratory. Wheat bug preferred stems to petioles and leaves for feeding, resulting in the damaged seedlings wilting and dying after heavy feeding. The degree of damage to swede seedlings increased with the development of stages from juvenile instars to adult, with adults usually causing death of the whole plant irrespective of insect gender. Increasing the density from 15, 30 to 50 wheat bug individuals significantly increased the severity of damage to the seedlings.
Evaluation of a mechanistic model of wheat and weed growth
Authors: Bourd?t G.W. , Jamieson P.D. , Hurrell G.A.
Published: October 2019

A mechanistic crop growth model, where daily growth is the product of light use efficiency and intercepted radiation, was tested for its ability to simulate biomass growth in wheat and weeds. Wheat was sown at six densities (including 0), in September 1994 in Canterbury and the naturally occurring weed community was either left intact or removed by herbicide. Weed biomass growth was accurately simulated in the presence and absence of the crop, but late-season wheat growth was underestimated, particularly at low sowing densities. Herbicide treatment reduced early-season crop growth, but a grain yield loss of 6.8% due to weed competition, was prevented. Weed biomass accumulation was reduced with increasing wheat density.
Spatial variability of fathen seeds in the soil under repeat maize cropping
Authors: Rahman A. , James T.K. , Grbavac N. , Waller J.E. , Mellsop J.
Published: October 2019

Variability in distribution of fathen seeds in the soil was investigated to develop sampling protocols. Vertical distribution of seeds was assessed at 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5.0-10.0 and 10.0-15.0 cm depth. Horizontal distribution of seeds in the top 5cm of soil was assessed in a 20 by 2.5 m grid at 50 cm intervals. Seeds were extracted from the samples by sieving and their viability was assessed. The fathen seed numbers halved with each 5 cm increase in depth. Seed numbers declined along the row in some cases but there was little localised clumping (? 1 m) of the seed. The most efficient method of sampling the fathen seedbank in a large field would be to take samples on a rectangular grid pattern to a depth of 10 cm.
Phalaris and tall fescue seed production: Volunteer control and herbicide tolerance
Authors: Reddy K. , Rolston M.P. , Archie W.J.
Published: October 2019

Experiments in grass seed crops investigated the control of volunteers in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and tolerance of phalaris seed crops to four herbicides and tall fescue (Festuca arundiacea) to eight herbicides. Atrazine at 2040 g/ha gave 94% control of volunteer phalaris and both atrazine at 2040 g/ha and ethofumesate at 2000 g/ha showed good tolerance with phalaris seed yields of 760 and 750 kg/ha compared to untreated control which had a seed yield of 620 kg/ha. Tall fescue seed yields showed good tolerance to terbuthylazine at 750 g/ha, prodiamine at 65 g/ha, chlorpropham at 1200 g/ha, diuron at 1800 g/ha and oxyflurofen at 288 g/ha with seed yields of 2580-2730 kg/ha compared to untreated of 2200 kg/ha. In the second year, burn treatments with metolachlor at 1920 g/ha gave 88 % volunteer control with a seed yield of 1380 kg/ha compared with untreated control of 1090 kg/ha.
Effect of summer irrigation on population dynamics and reproductive status of adult Sitona lepidus in the Waikato
Authors: Willoughby B. , Hardwick S.
Published: October 2019

Populations of adult Sitona lepidus were sampled from five irrigated and five non-irrigated dairy pastures in the Waikato from November 1998 to April 1999. Under irrigated conditions, the presence of a second peak of adults with significantly more tenerals present provides evidence of a second generation over the summer months. The importance of the role of moisture in the development of S. lepidus was further demonstrated by the differences in the development of eggs in the calyces of sexually mature females. Egg development was significantly greater in females in irrigated pastures. Onset of rain after a dry period resulted in rapid egg development in females in non-irrigated pastures. These findings explain why the summer dry La Nina weather conditions in the Waikato led to farmer observations of a reduced impact of S. lepidus on clovers in Waikato pastures in 1998 and 1999.
Preliminary investigation into impact of Sitona lepidus adults on white clover seed production
Authors: Gerard P.J. , Eden T. , Tozer W.
Published: October 2019

A small plot trial was undertaken in the Waikato to determine the potential impact of Sitona lepidus adults on white clover seed production. Five densities of adult weevil were caged on 1 m2 plots from the time of peak adult emergence in November 1998 until harvest in late January 1999. In the laboratory, weevil adults were found to severely damage clover inflorescences when no leaves were present. Although feeding damage on leaves was highly visible in the field plots, with over 80% of the leaflets damaged at the highest density of 600 adults/m2, weevil adults were found to have no effect on flowering or seed production.
Preliminary evidence for a female sex pheromone in porina (Wiseana copularis)
Authors: Allan R.A. , Jimenez-Perez A. , Wang Q.
Published: October 2019

Porina larvae (Wiseana spp.) are a pest of pasture in New Zealand. Preliminary observations of adult W. copularis in a laboratory wind tunnel revealed that female moths fan their wings during dusk just prior to copulation. Females stopped wing-fanning upon arrival of a male moth. Mating lasted two to three minutes and no multiple mating was observed. Gas chromatography analysis of the air surrounding wingfanning females showed the presence of four volatile compounds. Gas chromatography/electro-antennogram (GC-EAD) studies indicated that male antennae were strongly responsive to one of these compounds. These findings suggest that female moths release a sex pheromone to attract male moths prior to copulation.
The effects of Neotyphodium endophytes in tall fescue on pasture mealy bug (Balanococcus poae)
Authors: Pennell C. , Ball O.J. -P.
Published: October 2019

The effect of different Neotyphodium endophyte strains in novel and natural tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) associations on pasture mealy bug (Balanococcus poae) was investigated under grazing. All of the endophyte-infected tall fescue treatments had significantly lower numbers of mealy bugs compared to an endophyte-free control. Resistance to pasture mealy bug was maintained in novel associations free of the mammalian toxin ergovaline. Point analysis revealed that endophyte-free plots contained less tall fescue herbage than endophyte infected treatments. This paper raises the possibility that the pasture mealy bug was responsible.
The production of loline alkaloids in artificial and natural grass/endophyte associations
Authors: Ball O.J. -P , Tapper B.A.
Published: October 2019

Infection of grasses by Neotyphodium spp. endophytes is associated with the presence of alkaloids. This study investigated the production of loline alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue, meadow fescue and perennial ryegrass. Most of the grass/endophyte associations were artificially created by inoculating parent plants with different Neotyphodium endophytes. The presence of lolines was dependent upon endophyte species and strain, but host species also influenced which lolines were produced. Concentrations of the different lolines, and the ratio at which they occurred, were also dependent upon endophyte isolate and host species. These findings are significant given that lolines contribute to host resistance against some insect pests.
Uptake of glyphosate into wheat surfactant interaction and mechanistic implications
Authors: Liu Z.Q. , Zabkiewicz J.A.
Published: October 2019

Glyphosate uptake into wheat in the presence of Mon 0818 a tallow amine surfactant varied with both ai and surfactant dose on the leaf surface A high level of uptake (> 80 at 24 h) was recorded when the glyphosate dose was ge; 024 g/mm2 or when the Mon 0818 dose was ge; 048 g/mm2 When Mon 0818 and Silwet L77 were used together although droplet spread area and ai dose changed glyphosate uptake was still dose dependant and the threshold dose for 80 uptake (at 24 h) was still between 0203 g/mm2 This suggests that L77 has no negative effect per se on glyphosate uptake in the presence of Mon 0818 apart from affecting droplet spreading
Novel organosilicone adjuvants to reduce agrochemical spray volumes on row crops
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Elliott G. , Steele K.D.
Published: October 2019

Onion and potato crops require frequent applications of highvolume agrochemical sprays The use of two novel organosilicone adjuvant blends DuWett and Bond Xtra is being developed with the aim to halve conventional spray volumes on these crops Adjuvant use rates have been optimised through extensive studies of the physical characteristics of sprays These include leaf coverage retention foliar penetration and phytotoxicity Comparisons with conventional horticultural and other organosilicone adjuvants are made to illustrate the unique properties of DuWett and Bond Xtra which can improve the retention and coverage of sprays on onions and potatoes without increasing the risk of crop phytotoxicity
Effect of adjuvants on the retention of insecticide spray on cucumber and pea foliage
Authors: Gaskin R.E. , Murray R.J. , Krishna H. , Carpenter A.
Published: October 2019

Spray additives are often used to enhance the efficacy of agrochemicals in the management of pests and diseases in vegetables but their effects can vary widely and are not fully understood This study investigated the effects of adjuvants on the retention of a systemic insecticide spray on two contrasting plant species Adjuvants provided no benefits on easytowet cucumber foliage particularly with high volume application On waterrepellent pea foliage retention of spray was enhanced by adjuvants (P
Mortality responses of the brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers to controlled atmosphere and air cold storage treatments for kiwifruit
Authors: Whiting D.C. , Jamieson L.E. , Connolly P.G.
Published: October 2019

The mortality responses of the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) and the blacklyre leafroller (Cnephasia jactatana) to controlled atmosphere cold storage (CACS) and air cold storage (CS) treatments for kiwifruit were investigated CACS (2 O2 5 CO2 at 0C) killed both leafrollers faster than CS (at 0C) The brownheaded leafroller was more tolerant of both storage treatments than the blacklyre leafroller Third and 5th instars were generally more tolerant of storage treatments than 1st instars which in turn outlived eggs This work predicts both brownheaded and blacklyre leafrollers should be completely controlled by 4 weeks CACS or 9 weeks CS
Waterblasting avocados to remove leafroller eggs
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Whiting D.C. , Woolf A.B. , White A. , McDonald R.M.
Published: October 2019

The potential for highpressure waterblasting to remove leafroller egg rafts from the surface of Hass avocados after harvest was investigated Water pressures from 400 to 1000 psi were tested Pressures of 800 and 1000 psi removed 96999 of greenheaded leafroller (Planotortrix octo) egg rafts in two consecutive seasons Equal numbers of brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) egg rafts were also removed at pressures of 800 psi Natural infestations of thrips mites and leafroller larvae were completely removed at pressures from 400 to 1000 psi but armoured scale pests remained on the fruit Waterblasted fruit met current industry quality standards
Botrytis tolerance to 6phenylalphapyrone and massoialactone
Authors: Walter M. , Boyd-Wilson K.S.H. , Perry J.H. , Hill R.A.
Published: October 2019

The potential for Botrytis populations exposed to UV radiation to develop tolerance to the Trichoderma metabolite 6pentylalphapyrone (6PAP) and the 6PAP analog massoialactone was determined using 14 different Botrytis isolates There was significant isolate variation in germination of Botrytis conidia after UV exposure Plating conidia onto sublethal doses of 6PAP yielded no 6PAP tolerant mutants After UV irradiation two Botrytis mutants grew on normally lethal doses of 6 PAP while 59 mutants grew on normally lethal doses of massoialactone 6PAP mutants were cross resistant to normally lethal doses of massoialactone whereas massoialactone mutants were not able to grow on normally lethal doses of 6PAP After one generation of growth on kiwifruit slices 6PAP mutants lost tolerance to normally lethal doses of 6PAP However after three generations of growth on kiwifruit slices 6PAP plus massoialactone mutants retained tolerance to normally lethal doses to massoialactone
Avoiding apple bud damage from autumnapplied urea for black spot (Venturia inaequalis) control
Authors: Wood P.N. , Beresford R.M
Published: October 2019

Three field trials in Hawkes Bay and Pukekohe which involved the apple cvs Braeburn Royal Gala Fuji and Granny Smith showed that urea applied to trees in autumn for black spot (Venturia inaequalis) control at concentrations >5 was associated with death of apple buds the following spring Urea containing 09 biuret caused significantly more bud death than urea with 035 biuret but the toxicity of biuret appeared to be unimportant compared to the toxicity of the urea itself when urea was applied at concentrations >5 There was no cumulative bud damage between seasons when urea was applied at 5 in four successive autumns Multiple applications of urea in a single autumn caused bud death and it appeared that the total amount of urea applied in one year should not exceed 100 kg/ha (equivalent to one application of 5 urea)
Autumnapplied urea and other compounds to suppress Venturia inaequalis ascospore production
Authors: Beresford R.M , Horner I.J. , Wood P.N.
Published: October 2019

The effect of urea applied to apple leaves in autumn on production of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis (black spot) was quantified in four studies Autumn urea at concentrations from 020 reduced ascospore production in spring in proportion to the log of the urea concentration A single application of 5 urea sprayed onto fallen leaves gave an 88 decrease in ascospore production Urea applied to apple trees before leaf fall significantly reduced black spot disease on leaves the following spring in cv Fuji but not in cv Royal Gala Ascospore production was reduced by the fungicide cupric hydroxide but was not affected by a low concentration of fish fertilizer Three methods of ascospore assessment were used to detect differences in ascospore production
Use of diallyl disulphide for the commercial control of Sclerotium cepivorum
Authors: Tyson J.L. , Fullerton R.A. , Elliott G.S. , Reynolds P.J.
Published: October 2019

Soil treatment with diallyl disulphide (DADS) for the control of Allium white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk) was studied in two trials under commercial growing conditions In the 19961998 trial two applications of DADS gave a 79 increase in yield when compared with the untreated control; the addition of three tebuconazole applications gave no extra yield One application of DADS gave a 33 increase in yield In the 19982000 trial various DADS application rates were tested All DADS treatments resulted in a large reduction in Allium white rot incidence compared with the untreated control Application of DADS gave a 57 increase in yield relative to the untreated control
Implications of aphid flight patterns for pest management of potatoes
Authors: Stufkens M.A.W. , Teulon D.A.J. , Nicol D. , Fletcher J.D.
Published: October 2019

The flight patterns of aphid vectors of the potato leaf roll virus were monitored for 18 years with a 75 m high suction trap at Lincoln Canterbury Analysis of the collected samples indicates that latespring and autumn aphid flight peaks vary considerably between seasons and years in their timing magnitude and duration which may have important implications for aphid and virus control in potato crops The potential of a virus forecasting system based on aphid flight monitoring to support potato growers pest management decisions is discussed
The value of forecasting BYDV in autumn sown cereals
Authors: Bicknell K. , Greer G. , Teulon D.A.J.
Published: October 2019

Crop Food Research has developed a model to forecast the occurrence of severe barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) incidence in autumnsown wheat crops in Canterbury based on alate aphid flights This information is potentially valuable to growers in Canterbury who can modify their inputs each year according to the risk of BYDV This paper uses expected gross margins to estimate the financial benefit of the Crop Food Research BYDV Forecast Service to arable growers in Canterbury Results suggest that the value of the BYDV Forecast Service is positive but varies greatly depending upon forecast accuracy and adoption rate
Effects of disease resistance and fungicide treatments on scald and yield in four barley cultivars
Authors: Cromey M.G. , Butler R.C. , Munro C.A. , Ebdon S.E.
Published: October 2019

New Zealand barley cultivars differ in resistance to leaf scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis Four cultivars (one highly resistant two moderately resistant and one susceptible) were selected for evaluation in a field trial under differing fungicide regimes Fungicide applications were used to encourage no epidemic (early late fungicide applications) an early epidemic (late applications only) a late epidemic (early applications only) or a full epidemic (no applications) Disease severity was assessed six times The resistant cultivar Dash was virtually free of scald at all assessment dates Disease progressed rapidly in untreated plots of the susceptible cultivar Optic from the first appearance of scald (13 August) until all leaves were fully diseased (midNovember) Fungicide applications reduced scald severity in Optic but did not eliminate the disease The two moderately resistant cultivars had intermediate disease levels Yields reflected relative disease severity with the greatest yield differences between full and no disease control being recorded in Optic Control of the late epidemic increased yield to a much greater extent than the early epidemic
Control of speckled leaf blotch of wheat with fungicides
Authors: Cromey M.G. , Braithwaite M. , Alexander B.J.R. , Ganev S. , Cookson T.R.
Published: October 2019

Two field trials were conducted in autumnsown wheat cv Domino which is highly susceptible to speckled leaf blotch in Central and South Canterbury Eighteen fungicide treatments were applied at two growth stages (tillering and ear emergence) at the manufacturers recommended rates Severity of speckled leaf blotch and other diseases was assessed on several occasions Speckled leaf blotch was severe in the South Canterbury trial but only low levels of the disease were recorded in the central Canterbury trial Most fungicides reduced disease severity and increased yield especially in the South Canterbury trial where disease pressure was highest and yield increases greater than 30 were recorded The second fungicide application appeared to provide most of the increase in yield The increases in thousand grain weights following fungicide applications contributed approximately onethird of the total yield increases in the South Canterbury trial and half in the Central Canterbury trial
Biosecurity implications of exotic beetles attacking trees and shrubs in New Zealand
Authors: Brockerhoff E.G. , Bain J.
Published: October 2019

A survey of exotic beetles that attack trees or shrubs in New Zealand found 51 species of mainly Australian (58) and European (25) origin In addition three biological control agents have been released against woody adventive plant pests The host range of most species is restricted to exotic crop and ornamental plants in New Zealand Nine polyphagous borers sometimes attack dead wood of indigenous species and at least one polyphagous root feeder may attack indigenous trees but the ecological impact of these species on indigenous forests appears negligible However some of the wood and bark borers as well as several defoliators are important pests of exotic crop and amenity plants Although this suggests that exotic phytophagous beetles pose a greater biosecurity threat to exotics than to indigenous species a greater surveillance effort in New Zealands indigenous forests appears necessary to detect potentially harmful invasions
Introduction and establishment of Microplitis croceipes a larval parasitoid of heliothis in North Island pine forests
Authors: Herman T.J.B. , Davidson M.M
Published: October 2019

Heliothis (Helicoverpa armigera) is a periodic pest of young pine trees (Pinus radiata) In response to a recent outbreak of this pest Microplitis croceipes a parasitoid of heliothis larvae was introduced into forests of the North Island volcanic plateau to augment biological control of heliothis A total of 13600 M croceipes pupae were released at monthly intervals over three seasons (199598) Successful overwintering of M croceipes populations confirmed establishment in the forests Mean monthly parasitism reached 107 in the third season Surveys at points radiating out from the release sites indicated that M croceipes was spreading at approximately 1 km per year
Host range and biology of Ophelimus eucalyptii (Gahan)(Hym Eulophidae) a pest of New Zealand eucalypts
Authors: Withers T.M. , Raman A. , Berry J.A.
Published: October 2019

The gall wasp Ophelimus eucalypti (Gahan) is a pest of New Zealand Eucalyptus botryoides Sm and Eucalyptus saligna Sm (section Transversaria) The host range also includes E grandis Maiden and E deanei Maiden There were no differences between female waspinduced galls arising from E botryoides or E saligna Gall mass peaks when larvae are only one third of their maximum mass Larvae grow to fill the entire gall cavity prior to gall senescence Maximum adult emergence from galls occurs in August and December Adults live for about 10 days and females produce up to 350 eggs Three species of eulophid parasitoids attack O eucalypti in New Zealand
Insecticide resistance management of leafrollers (LepidopteraTortricidae) in New Zealand
Authors: Lo P. , Walker J.T.S. , Suckling D.M.
Published: October 2019

Resistance to the organophosphate insecticide azinphosmethyl has been previously identified in two species of leafroller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in New Zealand This study confirmed resistance in a third speciesCtenopseustis obliquana Populations of Epiphyas postvittana Planotortrix octo and C obliquana resistant to azinphosmethyl were not crossresistant to lufenuron A separate population of C obliquana was resistant to taufluvalinate Crossresistance between azinphosmethyl and tebufenozide occurred in P octo and C obliquana but not in E postvittana This difference in crossresistance between the three species suggests that at least two different detoxification mechanisms may be operating Therefore we cannot generalise about whether resistant populations of each species will be fully susceptible to new insecticides Lufenuron is recommended as a key insecticide within a resistance management programme for leafrollers while tebufenozide should be used with caution
Time of leafroller infestation and effect on yield in grapes
Authors: Lo P. , Murrell V.C.
Published: October 2019

Leafroller (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) larvae damage grape bunches directly by feeding on the flowers berries and stalks Damaged berries can become infected by fungi such as Botrytis cinerea that cause diseases leading to further indirect yield losses In a field trial Chardonnay bunches were infested with lightbrown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana larvae at monthly intervals from December to March The greatest losses (12 of the fresh weight at harvest) occurred in bunches infested in December and March In December the main cause of loss of berries was direct feeding damage whereas by March indirect losses to disease outweighed those directly due to larvae Leafroller infestations up to January did not increase disease in bunches above the background level of infection In Hawkes Bay leafrollers have the greatest effect on yields from February onwards when infestation of vines increases greatly and berries become more susceptible to diseases
Emergence of apple leafcurling midge (Dasineura mali) and its parasitoid (Platygaster demades)
Authors: Tomkins A.R , Wilson D.J. , Thomson C. , Bradley S. , Cole L. , Shaw P. , Gibb A. , Suckling D.M. , Marshall R. , Wearing C.H.
Published: October 2019

Apple leafcurling midge (Dasineura mali) (ALCM) can seriously damage apple tree leaves Insecticides may be applied to the soil in spring to kill ALCM emerging from overwintering sites ALCM emergence was studied in the Waikato Hawkes Bay Nelson Canterbury and Central Otago over two seasons (1998/99 and 1999/ 2000) using cages placed over the soil beneath apple trees ALCM and its egg parasitoid (Platygaster demades) emerged over a similar period of time Emergence in southern districts began later and over a shorter period A single soil treatment with diazinon reduced the numbers of ALCM emerging from treated soil but also very few P demades emerged
Dispersal by passionvine hopper (Scolypopa australis) adults
Authors: Tomkins A.R , Wilson D.J. , Thomson C. , Allison P.
Published: October 2019

Passionvine hopper (Scolypopa australis) (PVH) is a serious pest in some Bay of Plenty kiwifruit orchards with large numbers of PVH adults flying in from adjacent scrub A series of field experiments investigated their dispersal abilities Adult PVH released into an open area were recaptured on sticky traps up to 70 m downwind two hours later When released inside a kiwifruit orchard PVH gradually dispersed throughout a block of vines Sticky traps at different heights along an orchard border caught PVH up to 2 m above ground Different shaped (rectangle square or triangle) traps caught similar numbers of PVH adults
Analysis of binomial sampling data for estimating thrips densities on ornamental plants
Authors: Worner S.P. , Chapman R.B.
Published: October 2019

Compared with standard sampling methods binomial sampling reduces the time required to assess densities of pest species Such sampling is promoted as a practical procedure for use by nonspecialists A leaf sampling method was used to estimate the density of greenhouse thrips on a viburnum hedge at different stages of thrips population growth Three methods were used to relate the proportion of leaves infested to the mean density of thrips Sample size curves were calculated and compared at 10 and 25 levels of precision The sample sizes required for density estimation at both levels of precision differed between methods The difficulties in developing binomial sampling plans are discussed
Development of thresholds for insecticidal control of New Zealand flower thrips on nectarines in spring
Authors: McLaren G.F. , Fraser J.A.
Published: October 2019

Numbers of adult and larval New Zealand flower thrips Thrips obscuratus were recorded daily on nectarines from flowering (early September) to shuck fall (early November) over 5 years Adults were more common than larvae and occurred throughout this period increasing to their highest numbers in late October Larvae occurred for three weeks from petal fall Adults were released weekly onto bagged nectarine flowers or fruitlets from flowering to shuck fall Damage to the fruit was assessed in November Adults caused the most severe damage when released during flowering; slightly less damage was caused after petal fall and minor damage occurred in the weeks before shuck fall Adult feeding did not affect fruit set Three thresholds based on adult numbers are proposed for determining the need for insecticidal control in an Integrated Fruit Production programme for nectarines These thresholds reflect the decreasing risk of damage through the sensitive period
Armoured scale infestation of fruit of Hort16A kiwifruit
Authors: Blank R.H , Gill G.S.C. , Stannard K.
Published: October 2019

Hort16A Actinidia chinensis is a new yellowfleshed kiwifruit cultivar Monitoring of unsprayed vines at Kerikeri and Te Puke Research Centres from 1996 to 1999 showed that armoured scale infested on average 47 (SE 04) of fruit at harvest with an average of 11 (SE 19) scale per infested fruit Greedy scale Hemiberlesia rapax was the dominant species found on fruit A survey of orchards managed using the KiwiGreen programme found five crops with 04 35 scale infested fruit which were successfully exported One crop which had 25 scale infested fruit was unable to be exported Fruit rejected in the packhouse for scale were found to have an average of 289 scale per fruit indicating that breeding occurred on the fruit Control of scale will be essential for the success of Hort16A as an export crop
Pheromone trap colour determines catch of nontarget insects
Authors: Clare G. , Suckling D.M. , Bradley S.J. , Walker J.T.S. , Shaw P.W. , Daly J.M. , McLaren G.F. , Wearing C.H.
Published: October 2019

Pheromone traps were operated in five regions to determine the impact of trap colour on catch of target and nontarget insects Red or green coloured pheromone sticky traps caught fewer native and introduced bees compared to the standard white traps and yellow or blue traps Honey bees (Apis mellifera) were caught mainly in white followed by blue traps while bumble bees (Bombus spp) were most attracted to blue traps with most of the remainder caught in white traps Native bee (Lasioglossum and Hylaeus spp) catches were greatest in white traps followed by yellow traps with a few in green traps There was no significant difference in catch of the target species Cydia pomonella or Epiphyas postvittana with trap colour Replacement of the white traps with green or red traps is recommended to reduce nontarget impacts on bees
Efficacy and timing of insecticides for the control of San Jos scale on apple
Authors: Shaw P.W. , Bradley S.J. , Walker J.T.S.
Published: October 2019

Applications of lime sulphur mineral oil neem and the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb were compared to diazinon and chlorpyrifos for control of San Jos scale Lime sulphur fenoxycarb and neem significantly reduced fruit infestation by scale insects at harvest relative to untreated trees but not to the same extent as the organophosphate insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos Mineral oil (1) gave a level of control intermediate between these two groups of treatments A second trial compared November applications of two rates of oil with chlorpyrifos The only treatment to significantly reduce scale incidence on fruit in late January was the 2 rate of oil A third trial examined the effectiveness of two dates of oil application in late summer Application on 24 February reduced the incidence of scale infested fruit more than applications on 8 March This was possibly due to dead scale still being present on the fruit
Biological control of clubroot on cauliflower with Trichoderma and Streptomyces spp
Authors: Cheah L-H , Veerakone S. , Kent G.
Published: October 2019

The effectiveness of Trichoderma and Streptomyces spp in suppressing clubroot of brassicas which is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae was tested on cauliflower seedlings in glasshouse and field crops The glasshouse experiment showed that of fifteen isolates of Trichoderma spp and one Streptomyces sp tested six of these reduced (P
Assessing ground covers in a newly planted apple orchard
Authors: Hartley M.J. , Rahman A. , Harrington K.C. , James T.K.
Published: October 2019

Three low growing groundcover species dichondra (Dichondra micrantha) hydrocotyle (Hydrocotyle heteromeria) and a creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra)/white clover (Trifolium repens) mixture were compared to bark mulch and herbicide in a newly planted apple orchard for their ability to suppress weeds Dichondra with the aid of an initial herbicide treatment established a dense ground cover and provided good weed suppression Hydrocotyle failed to establish under the dry Hawkes Bay conditions Creeping red fescue gave moderate weed suppression Bark required spot treatment with herbicide for complete weed control All ground covers reduced tree growth and fruit yield in the first year compared to herbicide and bark mulch
Effect of cultivation methods on weed seed distribution and seedling emergence
Authors: Rahman A. , James T.K. , Mellsop J. , Grbavac N.
Published: October 2019

The influence of four cultivation treatments viz ploughing rotary hoeing power harrowing and no soil disturbance on the distribution of weed seeds in the soil profile was investigated in a field trial Weed seeds were counted by dry sieving soil samples collected from 05 510 1015 and 1520 cm depths The density and species of weeds that emerged in field plots were also recorded at threeweekly intervals Samples from undisturbed plots showed a linear decline with depth Ploughing was the only treatment that caused a significant shift of seeds to the deeper profile Ploughed plots had significantly fewer weed seedlings than other treatments due to lower numbers of both summer grasses and broadleaf weeds Undisturbed plots contained significantly fewer broadleaf species and weed emergence was delayed Implications of these results for seedbank sampling methodology and weed management strategies are discussed
Use of solar energy (solarization) for weed control in greenhouse soil for ornamental crops
Authors: Moya M. , Furukawa G.
Published: October 2019

Solarization using 50 956;m thick transparent polyethylene sheets for 3 10 22 32 and 42 days was carried out in the greenhouse of a company which produces ornamental crops in Jose C Paz Province of Buenos Aires Argentina Populations of the annual summer weeds Amaranthus hybridus and galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora) and of the annual winter weeds spotted bur medick (Medicago arabica) chickweed (Stellaria media) sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) and twincress (Coronopus didymus) growing in soil that had been solarised for 42 days were significantly (P
Impact of perennial ryegrass seeding densities on weed emergence growth and development
Authors: Seefeldt S.S. , Armstrong M.L.
Published: October 2019

Research was conducted to determine the effect of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sowing density on weed growth and development In glasshouse and field experiments perennial ryegrass was sown at rates of 0 5 10 20 40 and 80 kg/ha with 5 kg/ha of white clover (Trifolium repens) With increasing seeding density perennial ryegrass enhanced its competitiveness against all five of the weeds studied viz nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) Scotch thistle (Cirsium vulgare) ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) In both trials increases in the perennial ryegrass seeding density did not reduce weed emergence However as perennial ryegrass density increased weed biomass decreased and time to flowering increased
Suppression of plant parasitic nematodes in pastoral soils amended with chitin
Authors: Bell N.L , Watson R.N. , Sarathchandra S.U.
Published: October 2019

White clover and perennial ryegrass plants were grown in pots containing a sandy soil amended with chitin Soil nematode numbers were examined after 6 weeks of plant growth Amendment with chitin significantly reduced the abundance of Heterodera trifolii in white clover roots and Pratylenchus sp in perennial ryegrass roots Abundance of Paratrichodorus minor was significantly reduced by chitin amendment compared to unamended controls The total nematode fauna responded to chitin amendment with large increases in abundance
Biological control of ragwort does sheep grazing affect ragwort flea beetle
Authors: Betteridge K. , McGregor P.G. , Costall D.A. , Peterson P.G.
Published: October 2019

Ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae) (RFB) is present in many parts of New Zealand Its impact on ragwort mortality both alone and on ragwort trimmed to simulate sheep grazing was investigated Trimming reduced ragwort size and biomass throughout the trial More plants died in spring and summer but fewer plants died over the 12 month period in trimmed than untrimmed treatments Trimmed ragwort had fewer RFB larvae/g DM than untrimmed ragwort on only 1 of 3 occasions RFB at 123 RFB larvae/g DM in August did not affect ragwort mortality Low larval numbers were probably a result of high ragwort densities (up to 36/m2)
Field evaluation of Fusarium tumidum as a bioherbicide against gorse and broom
Authors: Fr?hlich J. , Zabkiewicz J.A. , Gianotti A.F. , Ray J.W. , Vanner A.L. , Liu Z.Q. , Gous S.
Published: October 2019

Fusarium tumidum spores formulated in water and three invert emulsions were tested under field conditions as a potential bioherbicide against gorse (Ulex europaeus) and broom (Cytisus scoparius) Inundation with F tumidum spores failed to induce severe disease epidemics The invert emulsion formulants demonstrated some phytotoxicity towards gorse and Pinus radiata Plant species and age spore concentration and application rate all influenced the performance of the bioherbicide formulations It will be necessary to develop further formulations that will better enhance the activity of F tumidum in the field
Sex attractant for the gorse biocontrol agent Agonopterix ulicetella (Oecophoridae)
Authors: Suckling D.M. , Gibb A.R. , Gourlay H. , Conant P. , Hirayama C. , Leen R. , Sz?cs G.
Published: October 2019

No easy and reliable method of detecting the establishment of the recentlyreleased gorse soft shoot moth (Agonopterix ulicetella) was available so we undertook to identify an attractant Pheromone sticky traps were baited with a wide range of lures based on sex attractants known from other species in the genus and trapping was conducted in Hawaii Several blends with compounds in common were successful at catching moths The most attractive blends were then used to determine whether the release of this biocontrol agent had been successful in New Zealand Ten moths were caught at a site in Canterbury in September 1999 with Z5decenyl acetate and Z7dodecenyl alcohol (11) This is the first time that sex attractants have been used to demonstrate the successful establishment of a biological control agent within a country Further tests in Hawaii have confirmed the above blend as highly attractive It is now available and suitable for monitoring the establishment and spread of this biocontrol agent elsewhere in New Zealand
Testing bacterial and fungal isolates for biological control of Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Boyd-Wilson K.S.H. , Magee L.J. , Hackett J.K. , Walter M.
Published: October 2019

Microorganisms isolated from composts were assayed in vitro for inhibition of mycelial growth and conidium germination of Fusarium culmorum Eleven bacterial isolates inhibited mycelial growth and of these seven also inhibited germination of conidia However inhibition of mycelial growth was only reproducible for three bacteria Five fungal isolates were found to have antagonistic effects on F culmorum mycelial growth Of these five three isolates gave reproducible results and also suppressed germination of F culmorum conidia An oat seedling bioassay was developed to determine the potential of microbial antagonists for use as seed treatments against F culmorum in soil inoculated with the pathogen Three bacterial isolates were selected for methodology development for in vivo evaluations The effect of F culmorum inoculation technique growth substrate and assessment method were investigated
Endophyte infection influences disappearance of perennial ryegrass seed
Authors: Popay A. , Marshall S. , Baltus J.
Published: October 2019

bare ground was compared with that of seed infected by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii in four field trials One trial included clover seed and two trials contained seed infected with two different endophytes Infection with either endophyte significantly reduced seed disappearance and increased survival of seed to germination Clover seed disappeared at a similar rate to endophytefree ryegrass seed Bird netting reduced seed disappearance of all treatments but in most cases not significantly so Feeding by black field cricket nymphs and adults small field cricket adults and black beetle adults on ungerminated and newly germinated endophyteinfected and endophytefree seed was tested in the laboratory It was concluded that none of these insects caused the differences in seed disappearance observed in the field
The behaviour of adult Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera Curculionidae) in response to white clover
Authors: Hardwick S. , Harens B.
Published: October 2019

Individual adult Sitona lepidus were given the choice between damaged or undamaged seedlings mature plants of white clover damp soil or a blank in laboratory experiments carried out in a simple olfactometer Adult weevils displayed five different behavioural responses two of which head lifting and antennal movement appeared to be associated with host location In choice tests 7484 of adults chose a white clover plant over the blank or damp soil When given a choice 72 of adults selected white clover seedlings over mature plants Root and leaf damage did not affect response of S lepidus to white clover seedlings
Interaction between clover root weevil and clover root type
Authors: Care D.A. , Crush J.R. , Hardwick S. , Nichols S.N. , Ouyang L.
Published: October 2019

A slant board experiment investigated the effect of four white clover (Trifolium repens L) root types on tolerance of root feeding by larvae of clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus Gyllenhål) Root damage was determined by image analysis and larval weight gains were measured Differences in root type did not have a major impact on initial damage by clover root weevil However different root types were affected differently by the clover root weevil A clover genotype with long fine roots had more functional root length after larval feeding than genotypes with different root types