bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid inductor‐current sensor with fast response and high accuracy using online calibration for high‐frequency BUCK DC‐DC converters
Authors: Yuan Wentai , Xie Weitao , Chen Zhijian , Lin Xiaoling , Tang Xian , Zheng Yanqi
Published: August 2024

This paper introduces a hybrid inductor‐current sensor with fast response and high accuracy using online calibration for 25 MHz BUCK DC‐DC converter. The proposed inductor‐current sensor combines the high accuracy of the senseFET sensing method with the lossless and real‐time response characteristics of the RC filter technique. Comparing to exist techniques, the proposed calibration scheme can make filter coefficient converge even in unsteady state, which improve its effectiveness in practical application. Moreover, the proposed inductor‐current sensor utilizes sample‐based senseFET‐based current sensing to offer calibration reference, which avoid the use of high bandwidth amplifier. Digital current balance control is seamlessly integrated into the 25 MHz 2‐phase digital adaptive time‐controlled (AOT) BUCK DC‐DC converter through the utilization of the proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor. The 2‐phase BUCK DC‐DC converter is implemented in a standard 0.18‐µm CMOS process. After online calibration, proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor outputs a full‐wave waveform with high accuracy and low propagation delay of only 9 ns in post‐layout simulation.
Evaluation of single‐cell sorting accuracy using antibody‐derived tag‐based qPCR
Authors: Shi Xiaoshan , Lomas Woodrow E. , Middlebrook Aaron , Fan Wei , D'Cruz Louise M. , Ramani Vishnu , Widmann Stephanie J. , Tyznik Aaron J.
Published: August 2024

Single‐cell sorting (index sorting) is a widely used method to isolate one cell at a time using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) for downstream applications such as single‐cell sequencing or single‐cell expansion. Despite widespread use, few assays are available to evaluate the proteomic features of the sorted single cell and further confirm the accuracy of single‐cell sorting. With this caveat, we developed a novel assay to confirm the protein expression of sorted single cells by co‐staining cells with the same marker using both antibody‐derived tags (ADTs) and fluorescent antibodies. After single‐cell sorting, we amplified the oligo of the ADT reagent as a surrogate signal for the protein expression using multiplex TaqMan™ qPCR on sorted cells. This assay is not only useful for confirming the identity of a sorted single cell but also an efficient method to profile proteomic features at the single‐cell level. Finally, we applied this assay to characterize protein expression on whole cell lysate. Because of the sensitivity of the TaqMan™ qPCR, we can detect protein expression from a small number of cells. In summary, the ADT‐based qPCR assay developed here can be utilized to confirm single‐cell sorting accuracy and characterizing protein expression on both single cells and whole cell lysate.
Linear relationships between aboveground biomass and plant species diversity during the initial stage of degraded grassland restoration projects
Authors: Wang Chun‐Jing , Huang Shan‐Feng , Wu Chu‐Ping , Wang Gai‐Ni , Wang Lei , Zhang Yong‐Kun , Wan Ji‐Zhong
Published: August 2024

The relationship between aboveground biomass and plant diversity has been extensively examined to understand the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions and services. Degraded grassland restoration projects can enhance carbon sequestration. However, the relationship between biomass and diversity remains one of the most actively debated topics regarding grassland ecosystems in degraded grassland restoration projects. We speculated that establishing the linear relationships between aboveground biomass and plant species diversity could contribute to enhancing the efficacy of degraded grassland restoration projects. This study sought to determine whether these relationships were linear during the initial stages of the restoration projects of degraded grasslands in Xing'an League, China. The investigations were based on an examination of seventy‐six 1 × 1 m2 plots distributed among 15 areas in which the degraded grassland was at the initial stages of restoration. To quantify the species diversity of the degraded grassland communities, we used the species richness, Shannon–Wiener, inverse Simpson's reciprocal, and Pielou's evenness indices. Our analyses revealed that aboveground biomass had clear positive linear relationships with species richness during the initial stages of degraded grassland restoration. However, there were less pronounced associations with species diversity as assessed using the Shannon and inverse Simpson indices, based on regression models. Furthermore, weed biomass was found to have significant negative effects on species richness and Pielou's evenness. The weak linear relationship between aboveground biomass and species richness could be ascribed to an increase in weed biomass. We concluded that aboveground biomass and plant species diversity could be enhanced during the initial stages of degraded grassland restoration projects and suggest that the extent of weed biomass could serve as a key indicator of the efficacy of restoration from the perspective of plant species diversity and aboveground biomass in carbon sequestration projects.
New theoretical and analytical framework for quantifying and classifying ecological niche differentiation
Authors: Ascanio Alfredo , Bracken Jason T. , Stevens Martin Henry H. , Jezkova Tereza
Published: August 2024

Ecological niche differentiation is a process that accompanies lineage diversification and community assembly. Traditionally, the degree of niche differentiation is estimated by contrasting niche hypervolumes of two taxa, reconstructed using ecologically relevant variables. These methods disregard the fact that niches can shift in different ways and directions. Without means of discriminating between different types of niche differentiation, important evolutionary and ecological patterns may go unrecognized. Herein, we introduce a new conceptual and methodological framework that allows quantification and classification of niche differentiation and divergence between taxa along single niche axis. This new method, the Niche Divergence Plane, is based on species' responses to an underlying environmental gradient, from which we derive a two‐dimensional plane defined by two indices, niche exclusivity and niche dissimilarity. These two indices identify the proportion of the environmental gradient that is unique to each species, that is, how much of the environmental gradient species do not share (niche breadth exclusivity) and how different the species' responses are along the environmental gradient (niche dissimilarity). Thus, the latter can also be seen as a measure of the differences in niche preference or importance, even when there is significant overlap in niche breadth (i.e., low niche exclusivity). Based on the position of the two indices on the divergence plane, we can distinguish niche conservatism from four other general types of niche divergence: hard, soft, weighted, and nested. We demonstrate that the Niche Divergence Plane complements traditional measures of niche similarity (e.g., Schoener's D or Hellinger's I). Additionally, we show an empirical comparison using the Niche Divergence Plane framework on two Ambystoma salamanders. Overall, we demonstrate that the Niche Divergence Plane is a versatile tool that can be used to complement and expand previous methods of ecological niche comparisons and the study of ecological niche divergence.
Risk factors for raised left ventricular filling pressure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Prognostic insights
Authors: Thomson Ross J. , Grafton‐Clarke Ciaran , Matthews Gareth , Swoboda Peter P. , Swift Andrew J. , Frangi Alejandro , Petersen Steffen E. , Aung Nay , Garg Pankaj
Published: August 2024

Background

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging shows promise in estimating pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) non‐invasively. At the population level, the prognostic role of CMR‐modelled PCWP remains unknown. Furthermore, the relationship between CMR‐modelled PCWP and established risk factors for cardiovascular disease has not been well characterized.

Objective

The main aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of CMR‐modelled PCWP at the population level.

Methods

Employing data from the imaging substudy of the UK Biobank, a very large prospective population‐based cohort study, CMR‐modelled PCWP was calculated using a model incorporating left atrial volume, left ventricular mass and sex. Logistic regression explored the relationships between typical cardiovascular risk factors and raised CMR‐modelled PCWP (≥15 mmHg). Cox regression was used to examine the impact of typical risk factors and CMR‐modelled PCWP on heart failure (HF) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Results

Data from 39 163 participants were included in the study. Median age of all participants was 64 years (inter‐quartile range: 58 to 70), and 47% were males. Clinical characteristics independently associated with raised CMR‐modelled PCWP included hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44–1.70, P < 0.001], body mass index (BMI) [OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.52–1.62, per standard deviation (SD) increment, P < 0.001], male sex (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.26–1.47, P < 0.001), age (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.27–1.41, per decade increment, P < 0.001) and regular alcohol consumption (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.19, P = 0.012). After adjusting for potential confounders, CMR‐modelled PCWP was independently associated with incident HF [hazard ratio (HR) 2.91, 95% CI 2.07–4.07, P < 0.001] and MACE (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16–1.89, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Raised CMR‐modelled PCWP is an independent risk factor for incident HF and MACE. CMR‐modelled PCWP should be incorporated into routine CMR reports to guide HF diagnosis and further management.
Novel identification of mAbs by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Duan Maoqin , Liu Jun , Wang Lan , Du Jialiang , Zhang Jialing
Published: August 2024

The identification of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a key component of quality by design. Traditional detection methods for the identification of mAbs, such as peptide mapping and weak cation‐exchange chromatography (WCX‐HPLC), require sophisticated equipment, experienced staff, and a considerable amount of time. In this study, the novel identification of mAbs was performed using Raman spectroscopy, combined with the evaluation of other CQAs, such as the appearance and purity of size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography(SEC‐HPLC), charge heterogeneity of WCX‐HPLC, and bioassay. Raman spectroscopy achieved comparable results to the conventional, but complex, approach to identifying anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify and distinguish between different antibody types. Additionally, the Raman technique with principal component analysis of multivariate algorithms is rapid, efficient, and accurate for mAb identification; this technique has great potential to support biopharmaceutical development and counterfeiters.
Empirical modeling of H2S removal from biogas by chemical absorption in electrochemically prepared solutions containing iron ions
Authors: Bruna Mayer , Eduardo Eyng , Laercio Mantovani Frare , Fábio Orssatto , Ilton José Baraldi
Published: August 2024

For the energy use of biogas, it is important to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as it is highly corrosive. Chemical absorption is a technology that has proven to be effective for H2S removal. Based on the principle of this technology, the objective of this research was to evaluate the removal of H2S from biogas via chemical absorption using solutions containing Iron III ions (Fe3+). These solutions were produced electrochemically based on experimental designs that had pH and electrolysis time as independent variables, as well as the solution deactivation time as a response variable. The Fe3+ ion solutions were prepared in the laboratory and subsequently used in biogas purification tests, which were carried out using biogas from a poultry slaughtering agro‐industry biodigester. The results indicated a good performance of the solutions for H2S removal when compared with distilled water. It was possible to observe that better results for the deactivation time can be found when higher pH values are used in the solutions, within the range applied in this study. The solution prepared under pH 7.4 and electrolysis time of 22.1 min provided a deactivation time 83% greater than water one. In addition, it was possible to find a significant mathematical model that describes the solution deactivation time as a function of pH.
Evaluation of futures frequency method: Approach and main results
Authors: Halonen Minna , Hyytinen Kirsi , Kurki Sofi
Published: August 2024

The evaluation reported in this article explores the impacts and adaptability of Futures Frequency, a workshop method for futures thinking. The method is intended to improve participants' abilities to imagine alternative futures and initiate actions toward preferred futures, thereby enhancing futures thinking and change‐making skills. The evaluation framework is rooted in the approach of developmental evaluation with the goal of identifying practices that support the dissemination of futures thinking in society. The evaluation framework comprises a multidimensional evaluation of impacts, participatory forums for joint evaluation and learning, and diverse quantitative and qualitative data. Findings reveal clear indications of Futures Frequency influencing individuals’ thought processes and inspiring varied courses of actions, particularly at the individual level. Participants showed improved futures thinking skills and a greater ability to question assumptions about the future. At the community level, improvements were seen in questioning the future prospects of organizations, and at the societal level there was evidence of greater involvement of different groups in debates about the future. The study underscores the value of stimulating conversations in Futures Frequency workshops and the difficulty of maintaining interest in futures thinking. Integrating the method with an organization's ongoing activities was suggested as a way to promote sustained engagement. As the study was mainly aimed at expert workshops, further research is needed on the suitability of the Futures Frequency method for different groups and its potential to support forward‐looking debate across social groups.
The significance of cultural context in the classification of preferred mouth behavior: Exploring eating behavior using causal network analysis
Authors: How Syahmeer , Kantono Kevin , Hedelund Pia I. , Hamid Nazimah , Azhar Adlin Najihah , Ventrakamani Aishwarya , Sulaiman Alifdalino
Published: August 2024

Preferred mouth behavior studies have mostly focused on Western populations using the JBMB tool to determine how food is manipulated in the mouth. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between preferred mouth behavior and eating behavior among the diverse group of 209 Malaysians participants. A series of Analysis of Variances and an unsupervised machine learning technique known as Latent Class Clustering were utilized to determine individual's oral behavior. The Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire was later modeled using causal networks, specifically Partial Least Squares‐Confirmatory Factor Analysis, to uncover relationship between appetitive qualities. The results from this study showed that cultural context and appropriateness play an essential role when classifying preferred mouth behavior using behavioral questionnaires and models. Furthermore, this study also determined the relationship between eating behavior and preferred mouth behavior, as well as unique differences in eating behavior observed among the mouth behavior groups.
Geomorphological features and formation mechanism of the Taixinan canyon‐channel system in the north‐eastern South China Sea
Authors: Chen Xingquan , Zhu Junjiang , Jiao Yuhan , Ding Xiaoxiao , Zhu Qinglong , Liu Zhengyuan , Li Sanzhong , Jia Yonggang , Liu Yongjiang
Published: August 2024

During the formation and evolution of the South China Sea, a series of multiscale submarine geomorphologies have been produced in the continental margin. The obvious submarine canyons and channels are widely distributed in the continental shelf and slope of the South China Sea. In the Taixinan Basin, several submarine canyons and channels termed as the Taixinan canyon‐channel system (TCCS) are distributed between the active and passive continental margins. Based on acquired ship‐borne multi‐beam bathymetry data in this study and the global GEBCO 2023 bathymetric dataset, we identify and define nine submarine canyons and seven submarine channels in the Taixinan Basin. The TCCS consists of the Dongsha, Taiwan, Jiulong, West Penghu, Penghu, Kaoping, Shoushan, Kaohsiung and the Fangliao canyons and submarine channels. The detailed geomorphological features of different submarine canyons and channels within the TCCS are analysed and summarized using multi‐beam bathymetry data and seismic reflection profiles across canyons. Based on the slope variations of the continental margin and the effects of turbidity currents and bottom currents on canyon, we propose a three‐stage evolutionary model of the TCCS. In the initial formation stage of canyon, the initial erosional grooves were created by tectonic activity on the continental slope and it represents the foundation of submarine canyons. During the growth and development stage, the submarine canyons are further evolved and the canyons began to deepen and widen from the continental slope to the deep‐water areas. It shows the weak erosion and sediment infilling within the canyons in this stage. On the northern continental slope of the South China Sea, continuous transportation and erosion of sediments led to the initial formation of grooves and it becomes the embryonic stage of submarine channels. The present stage of the TCCS was formed when the initial grooves on the continental slope have further developed and rebuilt under the erosion by the turbidity current and the scouring by the bottom current. In the last stage, the intense erosion by the turbidity current is supported by sediment waves around the submarine canyons and the migration of canyons is suggested by the cyclic steps formed within some canyons.
Bridging the gap for underserved populations: Personalized AI solutions for college access and learning support
Authors: Johnson Diane Longhurst , Davis Courtney Grant
Published: August 2024

The evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers promising solutions to underserved populations in the United States. AI tools can reduce college access and academic barriers for low‐income students, first‐generation college students, racial and ethnic minorities, individuals with disabilities, and students living in rural areas. While AI tools offer support to college students from all demographics, they offer uniquely individualized assistance to underserved students to overcome the complex postsecondary schooling challenges they face. Examples of the nuanced, often complex, obstacles faced by these vulnerable students are discussed along with brief descriptions of AI tools that can help. AI tools leverage the power of high‐speed computing, expansive access to information, machine learning capabilities, and natural language processing. Utilizing the power of AI tools, vulnerable learners can increase their access to financial, academic, and social resources needed to attend and be successful in postsecondary education. AI tools also help close opportunity gaps as they provide means by which college students gain increased independence and control over their educational and career journeys. Note that the AI tools referenced in this article are included as examples only. We encourage ongoing discussion of AI‐powered tools and solutions to help underserved students gain more access to higher education and get individualized support for vulnerable learners.

Practical Takeaways

Highlighting the potential of AI in addressing educational inequalities.

Using AI in higher education settings for educators to better understand and respond to student needs.

Implementing AI usage in higher education settings for underserved populations to reduce dropout rates.

Leveraging technology to offer tailored guidance, bridging gaps, and fostering community among the underserved populations in higher education.
Transoral robotic parapharyngeal space dissection
Authors: Virós Porcuna David , Pollán Guisasola Carlos M. , Viña Soria Constanza , Vergés Fort Pablo , Palau Viarnès Mar , Juesas Iglesias Luis , De Virgilio Armando
Published: August 2024

Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) provides a minimally invasive approach to address tumors in selected and challenging anatomical locations. Among the critical areas where TORS demonstrates its prowess is the oropharynx. Oropharyngeal tumors can invade parapharyngeal space (PPS) which contains vital structures such as the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and cranial nerves IX–XII. A deeper understanding of the endoscopic anatomy of the parapharyngeal space could reduce the morbidity associated with tumor resection in this dense neurovascular area. This video‐article provides a step‐by‐step cadaveric dissection of the lower PPS though a transoral robotic approach.
Micelle Enabled Buchwald‐Hartwig Amination in Water with the Bening by Design Surfactant TPGS‐750‐M for the Synthesis of the JAK Inhibitor 4‐((2‐Chlorophenyl)amino)‐6‐((6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)amino)nicotinamide
Authors: Jiang Hao , Wu Bin , Rufle Dominik , Wang Liping , Shi Min , Parmentier Michael , Gallou Fabrice
Published: August 2024

An efficient and scalable Buchwald‐Hartwig amination towards the synthesis of the API candidate 4‐((2‐Chlorophenyl)amino)‐6‐((6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl)amino)nicotinamide as a JAK inhibitor was described. The process was developed using water and a water‐miscible co‐solvent. It was facilitated by the benign by design surfactant TPGS‐750‐M, that promoted the robust and reliable preparation of our target compound in high yields, with improved reaction profile and via an operationally simple protocol.
Efficacy of escalating therapy with brentuximab vedotin‐AVD in advanced stage Hodgkin lymphoma patients with positive interim positron emission tomography after ABVD
Authors: Martínez Carmen , Carcelero Esther , Gutiérrez Antonio , Sancho Esther , Martí‐Tutusaus Josep Maria , Magnano Laura , Mozas Pablo , Fernández‐Avilés Francesc , Antelo María Gabriela , Setoain Xavier , Rodríguez Sonia , Esteve Jordi
Published: August 2024

Patients with advanced‐stage Hodgkin lymphoma treated with ABVD who have a positive interim FDG‐PET (iPET) have a poor prognosis. Escalation to BEACOPP has been shown to improve progression‐free survival (PFS). However, randomized trials are lacking to determine the best strategy for intensification. We report on A‐AVD escalation treatment outcomes for 15 iPET‐positive patients post‐ABVD. Overall response and complete response rates were 80% and 60%, respectively. Four patients underwent salvage therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. At a median 17‐month follow‐up, all patients are alive, 87% in complete remission, and 1‐year PFS was 57.8%. For patients ineligible for BEACOPP due to age, comorbidities, or preference, A‐AVD escalation may be a viable alternative.
Effects of MIND diet and propolis supplementation on metabolic syndrome indices and cognitive function among patients with metabolic syndrome in Isfahan, Iran, 2024. A rationale and study protocol for randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gholami Zeinab , Maracy Mohammad Reza , Paknahad Zamzam
Published: August 2024

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the main general and clinical health challenge worldwide. Based on the National Cholesterol Education Program, if the person has three or more indices containing: elevated fasting blood sugar, high levels of triglycerides, hypertension, low levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and central obesity, he suffers MetS.

The Mediterranean‐Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet is a novel diet that with the specific aim of safeguarding cognitive function.

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees from the combination of buds and secretions of plants with saliva and bee enzymes. After propolis supplementation, a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose levels and lipid profiles has been observed.

Considering the importance of chronic diseases like MetS on health, the role of the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet and propolis supplement that will improve blood sugar, blood lipid, anthropometric indicators, blood pressure, and cognitive function, and limited contradictory studies, we decided to conduct this study.

This study, which is a randomized controlled clinical trial study, will be conducted on adults with MetS who will visit Hazrat Ali Health Center in Isfahan. Participants must provide informed consent before engaging in the study. Demographic data such as age, gender, and medical history will be recorded. Then, anthropometric indices, MetS indices, and cognitive function will be measured in all subjects.

The study participants will be divided into three groups and will be controlled for 12 weeks. We will have a MIND diet + placebo group, a MIND diet + propolis supplement group, and a control group that will receive a microcrystalline cellulose placebo and usual dietary advice. At the end of the intervention, all indices will be assessed again.

The data obtained in the study will be analyzed at descriptive and analytical levels by the statistical software SPSS26.

The present study's protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) on 3/28/2023 and a registration reference is IRCT20230105057054N1.
Machine learning-based life cycle assessment for environmental sustainability optimization of a food supply chain
Authors: Nikkhah Amin , Esmaeilpour Mahdi , Kosari-Moghaddam Armaghan , Rohani Abbas , Nikkhah Farima , Ghnimi Sami , Blackstone Nicole Tichenor , Van Haute Sam
Published: August 2024

Effective resource allocation in the agri-food sector is essential in mitigating environmental impacts and moving toward circular food supply chains. The potential of integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) with machine learning has been highlighted in recent studies. This hybrid framework is valuable not only for assessing food supply chains but also for improving them toward a more sustainable system. Yet, an essential step in the optimization process is defining the optimization boundaries, or minimum and maximum quantities for the variables. Usually, the boundaries for optimization variables in these studies are obtained from the minimum and maximum values found through interviews and surveys. A deviation in these ranges can impact the final optimization results. To address this issue, this study applies the Delphi method for identifying variable optimization boundaries. A hybrid environmental assessment framework linking LCA, multilayer perceptron artificial neural network, the Delphi method, and genetic algorithm was used for optimizing the pomegranate production system. The results indicated that the suggested framework holds promise for achieving substantial mitigation in environmental impacts (potential reduction of global warming by 46%) within the explored case study. Inclusion of the Delphi method for variable boundary determination brings novelty to the resource allocation optimization process in the agri-food sector. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1759–1769. © 2024 SETAC

Key Points

Integrating life cycle assessment (LCA) with machine learning offers a robust method for optimizing food supply chains. The novel use of the Delphi methodology to define optimization bounds improves the accuracy of environmental impact reduction strategies. Applying a combination of LCA, machine learning, and Delphi can potentially reduce global warming potential (by 46%) in case of pomegranate production.
Multimodal Fusion for Enhanced Semantic Segmentation in Brain Tumor Imaging: Integrating Deep Learning and Guided Filtering Via Advanced 3D Semantic Segmentation Architectures
Authors: Saleh Abbadullah .H , Atila Ümit , Menemencioğlu Oğuzhan
Published: August 2024

Brain tumor segmentation is paramount in medical diagnostics. This study presents a multistage segmentation model consisting of two main steps. First, the fusion of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities creates new and more effective tumor imaging modalities. Second, the semantic segmentation of the original and fused modalities, utilizing various modified architectures of the U‐Net model. In the first step, a residual network with multi‐scale backbone architecture (Res2Net) and guided filter are employed for pixel‐by‐pixel image fusion tasks without requiring any training or learning process. This method captures both detailed and base elements from the multimodal images to produce better and more informative fused images that significantly enhance the segmentation process. Many fusion scenarios were performed and analyzed, revealing that the best fusion results are attained when combining T2‐weighted (T2) with fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1‐weighted contrast‐enhanced (T1CE) with FLAIR modalities. In the second step, several models, including the U‐Net and its many modifications (adding attention layers, residual connections, and depthwise separable connections), are trained using both the original and fused modalities. Further, a “Model Selection‐based” fusion of these individual models is also considered for more enhancement. In the preprocessing step, the images are resized by cropping them to decrease the pixel count and minimize background interference. Experiments utilizing the brain tumor segmentation (BraTS) 2020 dataset were performed to verify the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methodology. The “Model Selection‐based” fusion model achieved an average Dice score of 88.4%, an individual score of 91.1% for the whole tumor (WT) class, an average sensitivity score of 86.26%, and a specificity score of 91.7%. These results prove the robustness and high performance of the proposed methodology compared to other state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Breaking Barriers in Cancer Diagnosis: Super‐Light Compact Convolution Transformer for Colon and Lung Cancer Detection
Authors: Maurya Ritesh , Pandey Nageshwar Nath , Karnati Mohan , Sahu Geet
Published: August 2024

According to the World Health Organization, lung and colon cancers are known for their high mortality rates which necessitate the diagnosis of these cancers at an early stage. However, the limited availability of data such as histopathology images used for diagnosis of these cancers, poses a significant challenge while developing computer‐aided detection system. This makes it necessary to keep a check on the number of parameters in the artificial intelligence (AI) model used for the detection of these cancers considering the limited availability of the data. In this work, a customised compact and efficient convolution transformer architecture, termed, C3‐Transformer has been proposed for the diagnosis of colon and lung cancers using histopathological images. The proposed C3‐Transformer relies on convolutional tokenisation and sequence pooling approach to keep a check on the number of parameters and to combine the advantage of convolution neural network with the advantages of transformer model. The novelty of the proposed method lies in efficient classification of colon and lung cancers using the proposed C3‐Transformer architecture. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated on the ‘LC25000’ dataset. Experimental results shows that the proposed method has been able to achieve average classification accuracy, precision and recall value of 99.30%, 0.9941 and 0.9950, in classifying the five different classes of colon and lung cancer with only 0.0316 million parameters. Thus, the present computer‐aided detection system developed using proposed C3‐Transformer can efficiently detect the colon and lung cancers using histopathology images with high detection accuracy.
Optimizing cluster head selection for energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks: A hybrid algorithm combining grey wolf and enhanced sunflower optimization
Authors: Shah Indra Kumar , Rathaur Neha Singh , Dohare Yogendra Singh , Maity Tanmoy
Published: August 2024

In this letter, we introduce a novel cluster head selection algorithm namely mixed grey wolf and improved sunflower optimization algorithm (MGWISFO). This algorithm leverages both energy requirements and inter‐node distances to select cluster heads (CH). Within this algorithm, the Grey Wolf Optimizer facilitates exploration, offering a broader search, while the improved Sunflower Optimization focuses on exploitation, delivering a narrower search. This balance between exploration and exploitation leads to the identification of the optimal CH node, thereby enhancing network performance. To validate its effectiveness, the proposed algorithm is benchmarked against existing strategies such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and sunflower optimization (SFO) across various performance parameters including throughput, the number of live and dead nodes, and residual energy. Simulation results unequivocally establish the unparalleled performance of our proposed algorithm, surpassing the capabilities of existing algorithms.
In silico analysis of endocrine‐disrupting potential of triclosan, bisphenol A, and their analogs and derivatives
Authors: Đurić Larisa , Milanović Maja , Drljača Lero Jovana , Milošević Nataša , Milić Nataša
Published: August 2024

Owning to the increasing body of evidence about the ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA), and associated health effects, BPA has been gradually substituted with insufficiently tested structural analogs. The unmanaged excessive use of antimicrobial agents such as triclosan (TCS) during the COVID‐19 outbreak has also raised concerns about its possible interferences with hormonal functions. The similarity of BPA and estradiol, as well as TCS and non‐steroidal estrogens, imply that endocrine‐disrupting properties of their analogs could be predicted based on the chemical structure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the endocrine‐disrupting potential of BPA substitutes as well as TCS derivatives and degradation/biotransformation metabolites, in comparison to BPA and TCS based on their molecular properties, computational predictions of pharmacokinetics and binding affinities to nuclear receptors. Based on the obtained results several under‐researched BPA analogs exhibited higher binding affinities for nuclear receptors than BPA. Notable analogs included compounds detected in receipts (DD‐70, BTUM‐70, TGSA, and BisOPP‐A), along with a flame retardant, BDP. The possible health hazards linked to exposure to TCS and its mono‐hydroxylated metabolites were also found. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the health impacts of these compounds and promote better regulation practices.
Diet restriction enhances the effect of immune checkpoint block by inhibiting the intratumoral mTORC1/B7‐H3 axis
Authors: Xiao Duqing , Liu Tingting , Pan Youguang
Published: August 2024

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy in certain cancer types; however, the impact of dietary restriction remains scarcely reported in this context. This study aimed to investigate the influence of dietary restriction on anti‐PDL‐1 therapy and the interplay of immune cells within this context. Using an anti‐PDL‐1 regimen combined with dietary restrictions, tumor progression was assessed in LLC‐bearing mice. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze immune cell infiltration and differentiation levels within the tumor microenvironment. The expression of mTORC1/B7‐H3 in tumors subjected to dietary restriction was also examined. LLC tumors with elevated B7‐H3 expression were validated in mice to determine its inhibitory effect on immune cell proliferation and differentiation. A CD3/B7‐H3 chimeric antibody was developed for therapeutic intervention in B7‐H3 overexpressing tumors, with subsequent T cell responses assessed through flow cytometry. Dietary restriction potentiated the effect of anti‐PDL1 therapy by suppressing the intratumorally mTORC1/B7‐H3 axis. In vivo experiments demonstrated that elevated B7‐H3 expression in tumors reduced infiltration and activation of CD8 + T cells within the tumor, while it did not affect tumor‐infiltrating Tregs. In vitro studies revealed that high B7‐H3 expression influenced the proliferation and activation of CD8 + T cells within a Coculture system. The constructed CD3/B7‐H3 chimeric antibody prominently activated TCR within B7‐H3 overexpressing tumors and impeded tumor progression. The findings suggest that dietary restriction enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade by modulating the intratumoral mTORC1/B7‐H3 axis.
MiR‐494‐3p regulates skin fibroblast activities by mediating fibromodulin production
Authors: Zhao Feng , Wang Linshu , Zhang Yuxin , Tang Siqi , Ji Ping , Xiang Xuerong , Pang Xiaoxiao
Published: August 2024

Skin wound healing is a well‐coordinated process in which various cells and factors participate, during which fibroblast exhibits a critical role by exerting its multiple activities, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and differentiation. Previous studies have identified that fibromodulin (FMOD) could enhance dermal wound healing by promoting skin fibroblast activities, but little is known about its upstream regulator. We occasionally found that FMOD expression was downregulated in skin fibroblast by transforming growth factor‐β1 treatment. It was hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNA) in skin fibroblast could downregulate FMOD production and blocking them would increase FMOD expression, as well as promote skin wound healing. Here, by utilizing combined analysis of miRNA microarray from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and miRNA targets prediction, we successfully identified a miRNA, termed miR‐494‐3p, could regulate FMOD production in human skin fibroblast (BJ fibroblast). The functional analysis revealed that miR‐494‐3p mimics could inhibit BJ fibroblast migration and invasion but not proliferation and differentiation, while miR‐494‐3p inhibition markedly promotes migration, invasion, and differentiation of BJ fibroblast. Moreover, we established FMOD overexpression (OE) and knockout BJ fibroblast. We found that FMOD OE could rescue the inhibitory effects of miR‐494‐3p mimics on the migration and invasion of BJ fibroblast. In contrast, the miR‐494‐3p inhibitor transfection could not enhance migration, invasion, and differentiation of FMOD KO BJ fibroblast. Together, our results suggest that miR‐494‐3p may be a potential target for skin wound management via regulating FMOD production.
Comparative anatomy of siphons in tellinoidean clams (Bivalvia, Tellinoidea)
Authors: Batistão Alan R. , Audino Jorge A. , Passos Flávio D.
Published: August 2024

Siphons are tubular organs formed by fusion and posterior extension of the marginal mantle folds. They are supposed to have performed key roles in the evolution of bivalves by enabling these animals to occupy several ecological niches. However, anatomical details of these organs are scarce for one of the most diverse lineages of tropical bivalves, the superfamily Tellinoidea. We investigated the siphonal morphology of 15 species, sampling five tellinoidean families, by integrating scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and histology. The siphons revealed variations in length, pigmentation, tentacles, papillae, and number of nerve cords. Due to the presence of sensorial structures, such as papillae and tentacles, we reclassify the siphons of Tellinoidea from type A to A+. Additional anatomical patterns were identified at family and genus levels. For example, the incurrent siphon shorter than the excurrent and 24 tentacles are putative synapomorphies of Donacidae. We also highlight shared siphonal traits between Donacidae and Solecurtidae as well as between Semelidae and Tellinidae. In addition, our data support the idea of Psammobiidae as a paraphyletic lineage. Overall, we provide an extensive comparative data set on siphonal traits with significant relevance for bivalve taxonomy, functional anatomy, and evolutionary investigations.
Spatiotemporal analysis of compound droughts and heat waves in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Alasow Ahmed Abdiaziz , Hamed Mohammed Magdy , Rady Mohammed , Shahid Shamsuddin
Published: August 2024

Climate change has increased the frequency and severity of weather extremes, including droughts, heat waves and compound drought and heatwave (CDHW) events. CDHW events profoundly impact water availability, agriculture, public health and energy production, particularly in the Horn of Africa (HOA). This study examined the historical spatiotemporal patterns of CDHW periods in the HOA during three periods (1951–1980, 1971–2000 and 1991–2020) using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset. This study utilized monthly Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) data to detect droughts and daily maximum temperature data to identify heatwaves for characterizing the duration, severity and magnitude of CDHW events. The results show a substantial increase in the duration of CDHW events in recent years, with durations reaching up to 25 days. The average duration of heat waves also increased from 7 days before 1993 to 18 days by 2011, culminating in a record‐breaking 43‐day heat wave in 2019. Most areas experienced a significant increase in heatwave duration by more than 12 days from the early period of 1951–1980 to the late period of 1991–2020. Although around 76% and 69% of the HOA exhibited insignificant heatwave trends in the first two periods, Ethiopia and Kenya experienced substantial increases of more than 18 days during the most recent period, with some durations exceeding 25 days in recent decades. The magnitude of CDHW events generally decreased as drought duration intensified, but specific areas, particularly southwest Kenya and Eritrea, exhibited higher CDHW values in the last period. These findings underscore the urgent need to understand and address CDHW events in the HOA. Targeted interventions for disaster risk reduction and resilience‐building are needed to mitigate the adverse effects of these events in this vulnerable region. This study provides a basis for future research and policy formulation in the HOA.
Delay in diagnosis is associated with decreased treatment effectiveness in children with rumination syndrome
Authors: Jia Margaret R. , Lu Peter L. , Khoo Janice S. , Sabella Julia , Yang Dennis M. , Puri Neetu B. , Vaz Karla , Yacob Desale , Di Lorenzo Carlo , Kroon Van Diest Ashley M.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Rumination syndrome (RS) is challenging to diagnose, which can lead to diagnostic delays. Our objective was to evaluate the length of time from RS symptom onset to diagnosis in patients referred to our institution and to examine whether this duration predicts treatment outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a review of patients with RS evaluated at our institution. Data were collected from chart review and patient/family reported questionnaires. We evaluated the time from symptom onset to diagnosis over time and whether it was associated with symptom resolution.

Results

We included 247 patients with RS (60% female, median age of 14 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 9–16 years). The median age at symptom onset was 11 years (IQR: 5–14 years) and median age at diagnosis was 13 years (IQR: 9–15 years) for a median duration of 1 year (IQR: 0–3 years) between symptom onset and diagnosis. Length of time between symptom onset and diagnosis did not change significantly at our institution from 2016 to 2022. Among the 164 children with outcome data, 47 (29%) met criteria for symptom resolution after treatment. A longer time to diagnosis was associated with a lower likelihood of symptom resolution after treatment (p = 0.01).

Conclusion

In our experience, the time to RS diagnosis after symptom onset is shorter than previously described. A longer delay in diagnosis is associated with lower likelihood of symptom resolution after treatment, emphasizing the importance of a prompt recognition of rumination symptoms and a timely diagnosis.
The inhibitory effects of free and bound phenolics from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. on α‐amylase: a comparison study
Authors: Xing Mingxia , Xie Fan , Wang Guangqiang , Yuan Chunmei , Huang Siyan , Zhou Tingrun , Song Zibo , Ai Lianzhong
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (PE) is rich in polyphenols, which can be categorized into free and bound phenolics (PEFP and PEBP). This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of PEFB and PEBP on α‐amylase for the first time. The mechanism of the inhibition effect of PEFP and PEBP on α‐amylase was investigated by enzyme inhibition kinetics, multispectral analysis, thermodynamics, and molecular docking.

RESULTS

Free and bound phenolics inhibited α‐amylase activity effectively in a mixed type of inhibition. Fluorescence quenching and thermodynamic analyses showed that the binding of PEFP and PEBP to α‐amylase occurred through a static quenching process (Kq = 6.94 × 10¹² and 5.74 × 10¹² L mol−1 s−1), which was accompanied by a redshift (λem from 343 to 347 nm), leading to a change in the microenvironment. This process was found to be a spontaneous exothermic reaction (ΔG < 0). Circular dichroism (CD) analysis confirms that the secondary structure of α‐amylase was altered, in particular a decrease in α‐helixes and an increase in random coils. Molecular docking studies showed that PEFP and PEBP interacted with α‐amylase through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.

CONCLUSION

The present study provides valuable insights into the mechanism of action of PEFP and PEBP on α‐amylase, which will provide a theoretical basis for their possible use as novel natural α‐amylase inhibitors. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.