bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in a patient with Pancoast tumor: a case report
Authors: Javadi Hamid , Mogharrabi Mehdi , Asli Isa Neshandar , Shafiei Babak , Bahtoee Mehrzad , Seyedabadi Mohammad , Nabipour Iraj , Assadi Majid
Published: November 2010

CONTEXT: Non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) of the superior sulcus are considered to be the most challenging type of malignant thoracic disease. In this disease, neoplasms originating mostly from the extreme apex of the lung expand to the chest wall and thoracic inlet structures. Multiple imaging procedures have been applied to identify tumors and to stage and predict tumor resectability in surgical operations. Clinical examinations to localize pain complaints in shoulders and down the arms, and to screen for Horner's syndrome and abnormalities seen in paraclinical assessments, have been applied extensively for differential diagnosis of superior sulcus tumors. Although several types of imaging have been utilized for diagnosing and staging Pancoast tumors, there have been almost no reports on the efficiency of whole-body bone scans (WBBS) for detecting the level of abnormality in cases of superior sulcus tumors. CASE REPORT: We describe a case of Pancoast tumor in which technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m MDP) bone single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) was able to accurately detect multiple areas of abnormality in the vertebrae and ribs. In describing this case, we stress the clinical and diagnostic points, in the hope of stimulating a higher degree of suspicion and thereby facilitating appropriate diagnosis and treatment. From the results of this study, further clinical trials to evaluate the potential of SPECT as an efficient imaging tool for the work-up on cases of Pancoast tumor are recommended.
Desenvolvimento de biocerâmicas porosas de hidroxiapatita para utilização como scaffolds para regeneração óssea
Authors: Fook A.C.B.M. , Aparecida A.H. , Fook M.V.L.
Published: November 2010

Biocerâmicas porosas tem aplicações biomédicas importantes como preenchimento de defeitos ósseos e scaffolds na engenharia de tecidos. A hidroxiapatita (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) que apresenta semelhança química e estrutural com a fase mineral dos ossos e dos dentes, é biocompatível e osteocondutiva, e tem excelente afinidade química e biológica com os tecidos ósseos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver biocerâmicas porosas HA para utilização como scaffold para regeneração óssea empregando-se a técnica de réplica da esponja polimérica. A pasta biocerâmica de HA foi obtida por via úmida utilizando hidróxido de cálcio [Ca(OH)2] e ácido fosfórico (H3PO4) e impregnada em esponjas de poliuretano com diferentes densidades. Tratamento térmico a 600°C por 1h foi realizado para eliminação da esponja seguido da sinterização a 1100°C por 2 horas. Os scaffolds apresentaram a HA como fase majoritária, elevada porosidade (> 70%) e poros com tamanhos variando na ordem de macro (>100μm) e microporosidade (1-20μm), sendo estes fatores adequados para a aplicação como scaffolds para regeneração óssea.
Compósitos biodegradáveis a base de polihidroxibutirato-hidroxivalerato (PHB-HV) reforçados com resíduos do beneficiamento do café
Authors: Machado A.R.T. , Martins P.F.Q. , Fonseca E.M.B. , Reis K.C.
Published: November 2010

Compósitos de polihidroxibutirato - hidroxivalerato (PHB-HV) reforçados com resíduos da produção de café foram preparados a partir de PHB-HV com dois diferentes tipos de resíduos, o pergaminho e a casca de café, através da técnica de evaporação de solvente "casting". Para avaliar o efeito dos resíduos na matriz, os compósitos foram avaliados por difração de raios x (DRX), Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e através das propriedades mecânicas. Estas técnicas forneceram fortes evidencias da formação de uma estrutura intercalada e homogênea entre os precursores, sem que isto alterasse a cristalinidade do PHB-HV. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas quanto à força de punctura e deformação antes da ruptura indicando que a presença da carga orgânica eleva ambas as propriedades, gerando um novo material com um campo de aplicação ampliado em relação ao PHB-HV.
Estudo do comportamento térmico e propriedades físico-mecânicas da lama vermelha
Authors: Mercury J.M. Rivas , Galdino L.G. , Vasconcelos N.S.L.S. , Paiva A.E.M , Cabral A.A. , Angélica R.S.
Published: November 2010

Neste trabalho, estudou-se o comportamento térmico, a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura e as propriedades físico-mecânicas da Lama Vermelha (LV) procedente da indústria de alumínio do Estado do Maranhão. O estudo foi realizado por Análise Termogravimétrica (TG) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Dilatometria Ótica até 1350 ºC; enquanto a evolução das fases cristalinas com a temperatura foi realizada no intervalo entre 750 a 1150 ºC por Difração de Raios-X (DRX). As propriedades físico-mecânicas como Superfície Específica, Granulometria, Limite Plástico (LP), Limite de Liquidez (LL), Índice de Plasticidade (IP), Tensão de Ruptura a Flexão (TRF), Absorção de Água (AA), Retração Linear Após Queima (R L) e Porosidade Aparente (PA) foram determinadas nas mesmas temperaturas. As seguintes fases cristalinas foram detectadas: hematita, sodalita e anatásio entre 750-850 ºC; e hematita, nefelina e sodalita entre 950-1150 ºC. Os ensaios tecnológicos demonstraram que a LV pode ser aplicada para o processamento de materiais cerâmicos estruturais, pois apresenta pouca reatividade entre 870-950 ºC, com elevada AA, e baixas R L e TRF. Entre 950 e 1350 ºC, a LV sofreu uma retração que variou entre 5-50 %, com fusão total a 1350 ºC, devido à presença de fases minerais do tipo feldespatoides em sua composição.
Estudo da degradação dos imobilizadores utilizados em pacientes submetidos à radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço
Authors: Loch C. P. , Lima M.F.S.
Published: November 2010

Nos tratamentos radioterápicos de cabeça e pescoço utilizam-se imobilizadores como garantia de imobilização do paciente e reprodutibilidade diária do tratamento. Estes imobilizadores, constituídos de material polimérico, são utilizados no Serviço de Radioterapia do Hospital São José (HSJ), localizado em Criciúma (SC), e são reutilizados atualmente para até seis pacientes. O processo de reutilização vem causando deformações nos imobilizadores, levando a busca de soluções para garantir a qualidade no tratamento radioterápico. Este estudo buscou caracterizar o material polimérico constituinte do imobilizador e estudar as possíveis degradações deste, devidas ao envelhecimento térmico, à quantidade de irradiação e ao efeito conjugado destes dois fatores. As amostras foram preparadas de modo a sofrerem degradações equivalentes à reutilização do imobilizador para até seis pacientes, de acordo com o protocolo seguido pelo serviço de radioterapia do hospital. As técnicas empregadas para a caracterização do polímero foram Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) e Difração de Raios-X em ângulo largo (WAXS). As técnicas de DSC e WAXS permitiram a identificação do polímero constituinte dos imobilizadores como sendo a poli (ε-caprolactona) (PCL). Os resultados obtidos com as técnicas de TGA e DSC não indicaram efeitos de degradação significativos nas amostras. Foi observada pequena variação de cristalinidade da amostra padrão em relação às amostras modificadas por envelhecimento térmico e por efeito conjugado deste com a irradiação. A caracterização da temperatura de fusão do material de 63ºC, obtida pela técnica de DSC, demonstrou que esta é inferior à temperatura do banho térmico de 70ºC, empregada no protocolo utilizado pelo serviço de radioterapia do HSJ. Este resultado sugere que a temperatura do banho possa ser reduzida, visando minimizar os problemas de deformação do imobilizador que vem sendo observados no processo de reutilização e talvez possível aumento de sua vida útil.
Síntese e caracterização de perovskitas do tipo LaNi1-xCu xO3 para a purificação de hidrogênio para PaCOS
Authors: Moura J.S. , Silva L.A. , Rangel M.C. , Araújo G.C.
Published: November 2010

Neste trabalho, foram estudados sólidos do tipo LaNi1-xCuxO3 (x = 0,0; 0,3 e 0,5), com estrutura perovskita, visando a desenvolver catalisadores destinados à produção de hidrogênio de alta pureza na reforma interna de células a combustível de óxido sólido (SOFC). Observou-se que as condições experimentais usadas na preparação favoreceram a incorporação quantitativa dos cátions ao precursor e a formação dos sólidos com estrutura perovskita. Esses materiais mostraram diferentes propriedades redutoras e a presença do cobre favoreceu a estabilidade da estrutura perovskita. As propriedades catalíticas das amostras obtidas foram avaliadas na reação de deslocamento de monóxido de carbono com vapor d'água (WGSR, water gas shift reaction), uma etapa importante de purificação do hidrogênio, no processo de reforma de hidrocarbonetos. Os resultados mostraram que os catalisadores são promissores para esta reação, apresentando atividade muito superior à de um catalisador comercial de óxido de ferro contendo cromo e cobre; isto foi atribuído à tendência das amostras em favorecer o mecanismo adsortivo, provavelmente decorrente de uma alta mobilidade dos oxigênios da rede cristalina. O valor mais elevado de atividade catalítica foi apresentado pela Amostra LaNi0,5Cu0,5O3, considerada o catalisador de melhor desempenho.
Comparação das intensidades correspondentes ao lactato mínimo, limiar de lactato e limiar anaeróbio durante o ciclismo em atletas de endurance
Authors: Lucas Ricardo Dantas de , Rocha Renato , Burini Roberto Carlos , Denadai Benedito Sérgio
Published: November 2010

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a intensidade de exercício no lactato mínimo (LACmin), com a intensidade correspondente ao limiar de lactato (LL) e limiar anaeróbio (LAn). Participaram do estudo, 11 atletas do sexo masculino (idade, 22,5 + 3,17 anos; altura, 172,3 + 8,2 cm; peso, 66,9 + 8,2kg; e gordura corporal, 9,8 + 3,4%). Os indivíduos foram submetidos, em uma bicicleta eletromagnética (Quinton - Corival 400), a dois testes: 1) exercício contínuo de cargas crescentes - carga inicial de 100W, com incrementos de 25W a cada três min. até a exaustão voluntária; e 2) teste de lactato mínimo - inicialmente os indivíduos pedalaram duas vezes 425W (+ 120%max) durante 30 segundos, com um min. de intervalo, com o objetivo de induzir o acúmulo de lactato. Após oito min. de recuperação passiva, os indivíduos iniciaram um teste contínuo de cargas progressivas, idêntico ao descrito anteriormente. O LL e o LAn foram identificados como sendo o menor valor entre a razão - lactato sanguíneo (mM) / intensidade de exercício (W), e a intensidade correspondente a 3,5mM de lactato sanguíneo, respectivamente. O LACmin foi identificado como sendo a intensidade correspondente a menor concentração de lactato durante o teste de cargas progressivas. Não foi observada diferença significante entre a potência do LL (197,7 + 20,7W) e do LACmin (201,6 + 13,0W), sendo ambas significantemente menores do que do LAn (256,7 + 33,3W). Não foram encontradas também diferenças significantes para o (ml.kg-1.min-1) e a FC (bpm) obtidos no LL (43,2 + 5,01; 152,0 + 13,0) e no LACmin (42,1 + 3,9; 159,0 + 10,0), sendo entretanto significantemente menores do que os obtidos para o LAn (52,2 + 8,2; 174,0 + 13,0, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que o teste de LACmin, nas condições experimentais deste estudo, pode subestimar a intensidade de MSSLAC (estimada indiretamente pelo LAn), o que concordacom outros estudos que determinaram a MSSLAC diretamente. Assim, são necessários mais estudos que analisem o possível componente tempo-dependente (intensidade inicial) que pode existir no protocolo do LACmin.
Saúde coletiva e atividade física no contexto de subdesenvolvimento: evidências e perspectivas para superação do atraso
Authors: Monteiro Henrique Luiz , Gonçalves Aguinaldo
Published: November 2010

Partindo-se da constatação de que no continente sul-americano, as investigações sobre Atividade Física/Saúde Coletiva têm tomado rumos que mais se aproximam daqueles agravos que acometem pessoas de países desenvolvidos, cujos resultados raramente podem ser acolhidos como referência para nossa realidade, apresentam-se procedimentos metodológicos sobre as formas de mensuração da atividade física desde as medidas diretas realizadas em laboratório, até as indiretas utilizadas para estimativa de consumo calórico de tarefas habituais. Em seguida, o binômio Saúde Coletiva/Exercício Físico é abordado com ênfase para as perspectivas e limitações desta relação em nosso meio. Em momento subseqüente, considerando a possibilidade do padrão epidemiológico de transição, tematiza-se, a partir da literatura técnica pertinente, a prática de exercícios físicos, saúde e agravos infecciosos, apontando-se para algumas vertentes de investigação em nosso meio, com vistas à superação da lacuna apresentada.
M48 Severn Bridge – main cable inspection and rehabilitation
Authors: Cocksedge C. , Hudson T. , Urbans B. , Baron S.
Published: November 2010

Opened in 1966, the M48 Severn Bridge has a main span of 988 m and represented a highly innovative and economic suspension bridge design. The cables were aerially spun and were protected in a traditional manner with red lead paste, wrapping wire and paint. Following intrusive inspections on other suspension bridges in the UK and US, the owners decided to carry out an internal inspection of the cables at a number of locations, which revealed unexpected poor results of corrosion, broken wires and a loss in strength. To provide data on the whole bridge, acoustic monitoring was installed to listen for wire breaks, with a system initially at mid-span, followed by a system covering the entire length of both cables. The deterioration process in the cables is driven by the presence of water leading to the corrosion of the cable wires, and followed by crack initiation, propagation and fracture. To arrest this process a cable dehumidification system has been installed. A two-stage procurement process was adopted to permit early drying of the most deteriorated sections of the cables at mid-span, with a second contract covering the remaining sections and integrating both systems. The complete dehumidification system was commissioned in late 2008.
The design of small suspension bridges
Authors: Low A. McC.
Published: November 2010

Suspension bridges rely totally on the integrity of their main suspension cables. Small suspension bridges usually have cables which are supplied as prefabricated components complete with the end anchorages made from a single casting or forging. The integrity of such anchorages relies on testing of the design with full-scale tests to failure and testing of the production with ultrasonics and other methods. In Europe the Eurocodes now require that bridges are not susceptible to disproportionate damage resulting from any single failure or event. This seems to imply that in future small suspension bridges will be designed with multiple anchorages so the bridge can survive the loss of any one of them. This paper considers the implications of this change and looks at systems with multiple cables in parallel. The effects of an anchorage failure are quantified. The force distribution between components is considered together with the effect of tolerances on the assembly of the cable system. It is shown that the new requirements will probably affect the whole cable system in a fundamental way, both in the components and in the configuration of the cables and hangers.
The use of modal-combination rules with cable-stayed bridges
Authors: Walker C. , Stafford P. J.
Published: November 2010

Modal superposition techniques such as the response-spectrum method (RSM) can be used to quickly estimate the peak response of a structure to earthquake-induced vibration and, as such, are widely used in preliminary design. Modal-combination rules for use with the RSM are typically founded on assumptions of linear structural behaviour, well-separated natural modes, classical damping and stationary excitation. By contrast, the response of cable-stayed bridges is known to be non-linear with three-dimensional orthogonal mode shapes that can be coupled and closely spaced. Furthermore, it is widely known that the use of stationary stochastic processes for modelling earthquake excitation is a first-order approximation and there is thus sufficient reason to doubt the validity of the RSM for estimating the response of cable-stayed bridges. This paper critiques the historical development and theoretical consistency of popular modal-combination rules with a view to assessing their suitability for estimating the response of cable-stayed bridges and their relative performance is investigated using an example finite-element model. In many cases, the more sophisticated modal-combination rules can be reliably employed; however, numerous scenarios are envisaged where such rules are likely to be inaccurate and caution is advised against their use under these circumstances.
On the Monadic Second-Order Transduction Hierarchy
Authors: Blumensath Achim , Courcelle Bruno
Published: November 2010

We compare classes of finite relational structures via monadic second-order transductions. More precisely, we study the preorder where we set C \subseteq K if, and only if, there exists a transduction {\tau} such that C\subseteq{\tau}(K). If we only consider classes of incidence structures we can completely describe the resulting hierarchy. It is linear of order type {\omega}+3. Each level can be characterised in terms of a suitable variant of tree-width. Canonical representatives of the various levels are: the class of all trees of height n, for each n \in N, of all paths, of all trees, and of all grids.
Expressiveness and Closure Properties for Quantitative Languages
Authors: Chatterjee Krishnendu , Doyen Laurent , Henzinger Thomas A
Published: November 2010

Weighted automata are nondeterministic automata with numerical weights on transitions. They can define quantitative languages~$L$ that assign to each word~$w$ a real number~$L(w)$. In the case of infinite words, the value of a run is naturally computed as the maximum, limsup, liminf, limit-average, or discounted-sum of the transition weights. The value of a word $w$ is the supremum of the values of the runs over $w$. We study expressiveness and closure questions about these quantitative languages. We first show that the set of words with value greater than a threshold can be non-$\omega$-regular for deterministic limit-average and discounted-sum automata, while this set is always $\omega$-regular when the threshold is isolated (i.e., some neighborhood around the threshold contains no word). In the latter case, we prove that the $\omega$-regular language is robust against small perturbations of the transition weights. We next consider automata with transition weights Weighted automata are nondeterministic automata with numerical weights ontransitions. They can define quantitative languages~$L$ that assign to eachword~$w$ a real number~$L(w)$. In the case of infinite words, the value of arun is naturally computed as the maximum, limsup, liminf, limit-average, ordiscounted-sum of the transition weights. The value of a word $w$ is thesupremum of the values of the runs over $w$. We study expressiveness andclosure questions about these quantitative languages. We first show that the set of words with value greater than a threshold canbe non-$\omega$-regular for deterministic limit-average and discounted-sumautomata, while this set is always $\omega$-regular when the threshold isisolated (i.e., some neighborhood around the threshold contains no word). Inthe latter case, we prove that the $\omega$-regular language is robust againstsmall perturbations of the transition weights. We next consider automata with transition weights $0$ or $1$ and show thatthey are as expressive as general weighted automata in the limit-average case,but not in the discounted-sum case. Third, for quantitative languages $L_1$ and~$L_2$, we consider the operations$\max(L_1,L_2)$, $\min(L_1,L_2)$, and $1-L_1$, which generalize the booleanoperations on languages, as well as the sum $L_1 + L_2$. We establish theclosure properties of all classes of quantitative languages with respect tothese four operations.$ or $ and show that they are as expressive as general weighted automata in the limit-average case, but not in the discounted-sum case. Third, for quantitative languages $L_1$ and~$L_2$, we consider the operations $\max(L_1,L_2)$, $\min(L_1,L_2)$, and -L_1$, which generalize the boolean operations on languages, as well as the sum $L_1 + L_2$. We establish the closure properties of all classes of quantitative languages with respect to these four operations.
Acyclic Solos and Differential Interaction Nets
Authors: Ehrhard Thomas , Laurent Olivier
Published: November 2010

We present a restriction of the solos calculus which is stable under reduction and expressive enough to contain an encoding of the pi-calculus. As a consequence, it is shown that equalizing names that are already equal is not required by the encoding of the pi-calculus. In particular, the induced solo diagrams bear an acyclicity property that induces a faithful encoding into differential interaction nets. This gives a (new) proof that differential interaction nets are expressive enough to contain an encoding of the pi-calculus. All this is worked out in the case of finitary (replication free) systems without sum, match nor mismatch.
A Proof Theoretic Analysis of Intruder Theories
Authors: Tiu Alwen F , Gore Rajeev , Dawson Jeremy
Published: November 2010

We consider the problem of intruder deduction in security protocol analysis: that is, deciding whether a given message M can be deduced from a set of messages Gamma under the theory of blind signatures and arbitrary convergent equational theories modulo associativity and commutativity (AC) of certain binary operators. The traditional formulations of intruder deduction are usually given in natural-deduction-like systems and proving decidability requires significant effort in showing that the rules are "local" in some sense. By using the well-known translation between natural deduction and sequent calculus, we recast the intruder deduction problem as proof search in sequent calculus, in which locality is immediate. Using standard proof theoretic methods, such as permutability of rules and cut elimination, we show that the intruder deduction problem can be reduced, in polynomial time, to the elementary deduction problem, which amounts to solving certain equations in the underlying individual equational theories. We show that this result extends to combinations of disjoint AC-convergent theories whereby the decidability of intruder deduction under the combined theory reduces to the decidability of elementary deduction in each constituent theory. To further demonstrate the utility of the sequent-based approach, we show that, for Dolev-Yao intruders, our sequent-based techniques can be used to solve the more difficult problem of solving deducibility constraints, where the sequents to be deduced may contain gaps (or variables) representing possible messages the intruder may produce.
Sampled Semantics of Timed Automata
Authors: Krcal Pavel , Abdulla Parosh Aziz , Yi Wang
Published: November 2010

Sampled semantics of timed automata is a finite approximation of their dense time behavior. While the former is closer to the actual software or hardware systems with a fixed granularity of time, the abstract character of the latter makes it appealing for system modeling and verification. We study one aspect of the relation between these two semantics, namely checking whether the system exhibits some qualitative (untimed) behaviors in the dense time which cannot be reproduced by any implementation with a fixed sampling rate. More formally, the \emph{sampling problem} is to decide whether there is a sampling rate such that all qualitative behaviors (the untimed language) accepted by a given timed automaton in dense time semantics can be also accepted in sampled semantics. We show that this problem is decidable.
Initial Algebra Semantics for Cyclic Sharing Tree Structures
Authors: Hamana Makoto
Published: November 2010

Terms are a concise representation of tree structures. Since they can be naturally defined by an inductive type, they offer data structures in functional programming and mechanised reasoning with useful principles such as structural induction and structural recursion. However, for graphs or "tree-like" structures - trees involving cycles and sharing - it remains unclear what kind of inductive structures exists and how we can faithfully assign a term representation of them. In this paper we propose a simple term syntax for cyclic sharing structures that admits structural induction and recursion principles. We show that the obtained syntax is directly usable in the functional language Haskell and the proof assistant Agda, as well as ordinary data structures such as lists and trees. To achieve this goal, we use a categorical approach to initial algebra semantics in a presheaf category. That approach follows the line of Fiore, Plotkin and Turi's models of abstract syntax with variable binding.
Propositional Dynamic Logic for Message-Passing Systems
Authors: Bollig Benedikt , Kuske Dietrich , Meinecke Ingmar
Published: November 2010

We examine a bidirectional propositional dynamic logic (PDL) for finite and infinite message sequence charts (MSCs) extending LTL and TLC-. By this kind of multi-modal logic we can express properties both in the entire future and in the past of an event. Path expressions strengthen the classical until operator of temporal logic. For every formula defining an MSC language, we construct a communicating finite-state machine (CFM) accepting the same language. The CFM obtained has size exponential in the size of the formula. This synthesis problem is solved in full generality, i.e., also for MSCs with unbounded channels. The model checking problem for CFMs and HMSCs turns out to be in PSPACE for existentially bounded MSCs. Finally, we show that, for PDL with intersection, the semantics of a formula cannot be captured by a CFM anymore.
Unification in the Description Logic EL
Authors: Baader Franz , Morawska Barbara
Published: November 2010

The Description Logic EL has recently drawn considerable attention since, on the one hand, important inference problems such as the subsumption problem are polynomial. On the other hand, EL is used to define large biomedical ontologies. Unification in Description Logics has been proposed as a novel inference service that can, for example, be used to detect redundancies in ontologies. The main result of this paper is that unification in EL is decidable. More precisely, EL-unification is NP-complete, and thus has the same complexity as EL-matching. We also show that, w.r.t. the unification type, EL is less well-behaved: it is of type zero, which in particular implies that there are unification problems that have no finite complete set of unifiers.
Modularity of Convergence and Strong Convergence in Infinitary Rewriting
Authors: Kahrs Stefan Michael
Published: November 2010

Properties of Term Rewriting Systems are called modular iff they are preserved under (and reflected by) disjoint union, i.e. when combining two Term Rewriting Systems with disjoint signatures. Convergence is the property of Infinitary Term Rewriting Systems that all reduction sequences converge to a limit. Strong Convergence requires in addition that redex positions in a reduction sequence move arbitrarily deep. In this paper it is shown that both Convergence and Strong Convergence are modular properties of non-collapsing Infinitary Term Rewriting Systems, provided (for convergence) that the term metrics are granular. This generalises known modularity results beyond metric \infty.
Local Termination: theory and practice
Authors: Endrullis Joerg , de Vrijer Roel , Waldmann Johannes
Published: November 2010

The characterisation of termination using well-founded monotone algebras has been a milestone on the way to automated termination techniques, of which we have seen an extensive development over the past years. Both the semantic characterisation and most known termination methods are concerned with global termination, uniformly of all the terms of a term rewriting system (TRS). In this paper we consider local termination, of specific sets of terms within a given TRS. The principal goal of this paper is generalising the semantic characterisation of global termination to local termination. This is made possible by admitting the well-founded monotone algebras to be partial. We also extend our approach to local relative termination. The interest in local termination naturally arises in program verification, where one is probably interested only in sensible inputs, or just wants to characterise the set of inputs for which a program terminates. Local termination will be also be of interest when dealing with a specific class of terms within a TRS that is known to be non-terminating, such as combinatory logic (CL) or a TRS encoding recursive program schemes or Turing machines. We show how some of the well-known techniques for proving global termination, such as stepwise removal of rewrite rules and semantic labelling, can be adapted to the local case. We also describe transformations reducing local to global termination problems. The resulting techniques for proving local termination have in some cases already been automated. One of our applications concerns the characterisation of the terminating S-terms in CL as regular language. Previously this language had already been found via a tedious analysis of the reduction behaviour of S-terms. These findings have now been vindicated by a fully automated and verified proof.
Non-Deterministic Kleene Coalgebras
Authors: Silva Alexandra , Bonsangue Marcello , Rutten Jan
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we present a systematic way of deriving (1) languages of
(generalised) regular expressions, and (2) sound and complete axiomatizations
thereof, for a wide variety of systems. This generalizes both the results of
Kleene (on regular languages and deterministic finite automata) and Milner (on
regular behaviours and finite labelled transition systems), and includes many
other systems such as Mealy and Moore machines.
Classical BI: Its Semantics and Proof Theory
Authors: Brotherston James , Calcagno Cristiano
Published: November 2010

We present Classical BI (CBI), a new addition to the family of bunched logics which originates in O'Hearn and Pym's logic of bunched implications BI. CBI differs from existing bunched logics in that its multiplicative connectives behave classically rather than intuitionistically (including in particular a multiplicative version of classical negation). At the semantic level, CBI-formulas have the normal bunched logic reading as declarative statements about resources, but its resource models necessarily feature more structure than those for other bunched logics; principally, they satisfy the requirement that every resource has a unique dual. At the proof-theoretic level, a very natural formalism for CBI is provided by a display calculus \`a la Belnap, which can be seen as a generalisation of the bunched sequent calculus for BI. In this paper we formulate the aforementioned model theory and proof theory for CBI, and prove some fundamental results about the logic, most notably completeness of the proof theory with respect to the semantics.
Positive Supercompilation for a Higher-Order Call-By-Value Language
Authors: Jonsson Peter A. , Nordlander Johan
Published: November 2010

Previous deforestation and supercompilation algorithms may introduce
accidental termination when applied to call-by-value programs. This hides
looping bugs from the programmer, and changes the behavior of a program
depending on whether it is optimized or not. We present a supercompilation
algorithm for a higher-order call-by-value language and prove that the
algorithm both terminates and preserves termination properties. This algorithm
utilizes strictness information to decide whether to substitute or not and
compares favorably with previous call-by-name transformations.
Automated Verification of Practical Garbage Collectors
Authors: Hawblitzel Chris , Petrank Erez
Published: November 2010

Garbage collectors are notoriously hard to verify, due to their low-level
interaction with the underlying system and the general difficulty in reasoning
about reachability in graphs. Several papers have presented verified
collectors, but either the proofs were hand-written or the collectors were too
simplistic to use on practical applications. In this work, we present two
mechanically verified garbage collectors, both practical enough to use for
real-world C# benchmarks. The collectors and their associated allocators
consist of x86 assembly language instructions and macro instructions, annotated
with preconditions, postconditions, invariants, and assertions. We used the
Boogie verification generator and the Z3 automated theorem prover to verify
this assembly language code mechanically. We provide measurements comparing the
performance of the verified collector with that of the standard Bartok
collectors on off-the-shelf C# benchmarks, demonstrating their competitiveness.
Spatial logics with connectedness predicates
Authors: Kontchakov Roman , Pratt-Hartmann Ian , Wolter Frank , Zakharyaschev Michael
Published: November 2010

We consider quantifier-free spatial logics, designed for qualitative spatial representation and reasoning in AI, and extend them with the means to represent topological connectedness of regions and restrict the number of their connected components. We investigate the computational complexity of these logics and show that the connectedness constraints can increase complexity from NP to PSpace, ExpTime and, if component counting is allowed, to NExpTime.
A Model of Cooperative Threads
Authors: Abadi Martín , Plotkin Gordon D.
Published: November 2010

We develop a model of concurrent imperative programming with threads. We focus on a small imperative language with cooperative threads which execute without interruption until they terminate or explicitly yield control. We define and study a trace-based denotational semantics for this language; this semantics is fully abstract but mathematically elementary. We also give an equational theory for the computational effects that underlie the language, including thread spawning. We then analyze threads in terms of the free algebra monad for this theory.
The complexity of global cardinality constraints
Authors: Bulatov Andrei A. , Marx Daniel
Published: November 2010

In a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) the goal is to find an assignment of a given set of variables subject to specified constraints. A global cardinality constraint is an additional requirement that prescribes how many variables must be assigned a certain value. We study the complexity of the problem CCSP(G), the constraint satisfaction problem with global cardinality constraints that allows only relations from the set G. The main result of this paper characterizes sets G that give rise to problems solvable in polynomial time, and states that the remaining such problems are NP-complete.
Oral lesions in patients with psychiatric disorders
Authors: Jovanovic Svetlana , Gajic Ivanka , Mandic Bojan , Mandic Jelena , Radivojevic Vlada
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Oral diseases in psychiatric patients are usually a result of
bad oral hygiene and psychopharmaceutical side-effects. Objective. The aim of
this study was to detect oral lesions in patients hospitalized in psychiatric
institutions with the confirmed diagnosis of psychiatric illness and mood
disorder with psychotic characteristics, as well as to discover the factors
that can influence these oral lesions. Methods. Cross-section study consisted
of 186 hospitalized patients with psychiatric disorders in the experimental
group, out of whom 87 were males and 99 females. Patients were aged from 18
to 59 years, mean age 46.0?8.0 years. The control group consisted of 186
healthy persons matched for age and gender. Data on oral lesions were
obtained within history and clinical examination of the oral cavity. Other
medical data were collected from medical documentation. Statistical analysis
was performed by Student?s t-test, chi-square test and logistic regression.
Results. Dry mouth was registered in 78.5% of patients. The difference in
tongue and lip lesions, burning and stinging symptoms, bruxism, facial pain,
low saliva rates, halitosis, taste changes and swallowing difficulties
between the patients and healthy persons was highly statistically significant
(p<0.001). Age and gender, as well as the factors of main disease, influence
burning and stinging, bruxism, low saliva rates, swallowing difficulties,
taste changes and facial pain of the psychiatric patients. Conclusion.
Results imply that psychiatric patients are more frequently involved with
oral lesions than healthy persons. It is necessary to organize specific
preventive and educational oral health programmes with these patients, as
well as with doctors who treat the basic illness.
Preoperative administration of cephalosporins for elective caesarean delivery
Authors: Grujic Zorica , Popovic Jovan , Bogavac Mirjana , Grujic Ilija
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Antibiotic prophylaxis means administration of antibiotics in
prevention of infections. Objective. To investigate the efficacy of a single
dose preoperative administration of ceftriaxone and cefazolin in the
prevention of intra- and postoperative infections in the parturients without
high risk of inflammation. Methods. The first group of 45 pregnant and 4
non-pregnant women were preoperatively administered ceftriaxone in a dose of
2 g, i.v., 10 minutes before the planned surgery. The second group of 45
pregnant and 4 non-pregnant women were preoperatively administered cefazolin
in a dose of 2 g i.v., 10 minutes before the planned surgery. The
concentrations of antibiotics were estimated immediately and 6 hours
following the operation, as well as in the amniotic fluid and umbilical cord
in the group of pregnant women. The estimation of antibiotic concentration
was done by the method of liquid chromatography. Results. The mean
concentrations of antibiotics in the patients following the elective
caesarean section were as follows: ceftriaxone - 22.7 ?g/l. vs cefazolin -
44.8 ?g/l. Six hours later, the concentration of antibiotic decreased, but
the concentration of cefazolin was still over the MIC for sensitive bacteria.
The mean concentrations of antibiotics following gynaecological surgery in
the non-pregnant patients were as follows: ceftriaxone - 12.0 ?g/l vs
cefazolin - 30.1 ?g/l. Six hours later, the concentration of antibiotic
decreased. Conclusion. It is most optimal to administer a single-dose of the
first generation cephalosporins-cefazolin-immediately following the
clamping of the umbilical cord as well as in preoperative prophylaxis in
gynaecological operations.
Transitory hypothermia as early prognostic factor in term newborns with intrauterine growth retardation
Authors: Lazic-Mitrovic Tanja , Djukic Milan , Cutura Nedjo , Andjelic Spaso , Curkovic Aleksandar , Soldo Vesna , Radlovic Nedeljko
Published: November 2010

Introduction. According to numerous researches, transitory hypothermia is a
part of the neonatological energetic triangle and represents a significant
prognostic factor within morbidity and mortality in newborns with
intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), that are, due to their
characteristics, more inclined to transitory hypothermia. Objective. The aim
of the study was an analysis of frequency of transitory hypothermia in term
newborns with IUGR, as well as an analysis of frequency of the most frequent
pathological conditions typical of IUGR newborns depending on the presence of
transitory hypothermia after birth (hypoglycaemia, perinatal asphyxia,
hyperbilirubinaemia and hypocalcaemia). Methods. The study included 143 term
newborns with IUGR treated at the Neonatology Ward of the Gynaecology-
Obstetrics Clinic ?Narodni front?, Belgrade. The newborns were divided into
two groups: the one with registered transitory hypothermia - the observed
group, and the one without transitory hypothermia - the control group. The
data analysis included the analysis of the frequency of transitory
hypothermia depending on gestation and body mass, as well as the analysis of
pathological conditions (perinatal asphyxia, hypoglycaemia, hypocalcaemia,
hyperbilirubinaemia) depending on the presence of hypothermia.The analysis
was done by statistical tests of analytic and descriptive statistics.
Results. In morbidity structure dominate hypothermia (65.03%), hypoglycaemia
(43.36%), perinatal asphyxia (37.76%), hyperbilirubinaemia (30.77%),
hypocalcaemia (25.17%). There were 93 newborns in the observed group, and 50
in the control one. Mean value of the measured body temperature was 35.9?C.
20 newborns (32.26%) had moderate hypothermia, and 73 newborns (67.74%) had
mild hypothermia. In the observed group, average gestation was 39.0 weeks,
and 39.6 (p<0.01) in the control group. Average body mass at birth in the
whole group was 2339 g: 2214 g in the observed and 2571 g in the control
group. The frequency of hypoglycaemia in the observed group was 53.8%, and
24% in the control group (p<0.01). In the observed group, the frequency of
pH<7.25 was 38.71%, and 14% in the control group (p<0.05). The frequency of
hyperbilirubinaemia was 38.71% in the observed group, and 16% in the control
group (p<0.01). The frequency of hypocalcaemia was 32.26% in the observed,
and 12% in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion. Transitory hypothermia in
the first ten hours of life represents a significant risk factor for
deepening hypoglycaemia, asphyxia, hyperbilirubinaemia and hypocalcaemia in
term newborns with IUGR.
Neonatal hip dysplasia: Differental diagnosis
Authors: Pajic Milos , Vukasinovic Zoran , Seslija Igor , Zivkovic Zorica
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Hip dysplasia is the elementary form of the developmental
dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The diagnosis may be made by the ultrasound
examination (types II a-, II b). Objective. The aim of the authors was to
define the congenital structural neonatal hip dysplasia, and to differentiate
hip hypoplasia, hip dysplasia and teratogenic anomalies. Methods. In all the
cases, the uniform clinical and ultrasound tests were performed. All the
patients were examined in the neonatal period of life (the first six weeks).
The following clinical tests were used: Le Damany-Ortolany,
Coleman-Barlow-Palmen and Weissman-Strinovic. For the ultrasound examination,
the Graph?s method was used. Results. The investigation was performed in the
period 2007- 2008. 2,878 neonates were included. The distribution of the
sonotypes, according to Graph, was as follows: Ia in 16.17%. Ib in 65.08%;
IIa+ in 18.17%, IIc in 0.28%, IId in 0.19%; IIIa in 0.009%, IIIb in 0.02%;
and IV in 0.01%. It was found that DDH was 8 times more frequent in girls;
located more frequently at the left side than bilaterally. Conclusion. Hip
sonoscreening has to be performed in all newborns in the first 72 hours. The
suggested follow-up period is six weeks: for the diagnosis - the first three
weeks, and for the prevention and treatment - all six weeks.
Pseudopacemaker syndrome and marked first-degree atrioventricular block: Case report
Authors: Stankovic Ivan , Putnikovic Biljana , Panic Milos , Vlahovic-Stipac Alja , Neskovic Aleksandar
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Pacemaker syndrome consists of the symptoms and signs present
in the single chamber (VVI) pacemaker patient with electrode placed in the
right ventricular apex. It is caused by inadequate timing of atrial and
ventricular contractions. Pacemaker syndrome without a pacemaker (or
pseudopacemaker syndrome) refers to occurrence of symptoms in the presence of
marked first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, when P wave is too close to
the preceding QRS complex producing the same haemodynamic disturbance as
artificial pacemaker cardiac stimulation with retrograde VA conduction. Case
Outline. We present the patient with acute inferior myocardial infarction due
to late bare metal stent thrombosis, treated with primary pectutaneous
coronary intervention. Hospital course was complicated by complete heart
block which was treated with temporary pacing. During the stand-by mode of
temporary pacing, sinus rhythm with marked first-degree AV block (PQ interval
480 ms) was observed while the patients re-experienced the symptoms that were
present prior to pacemaker implantation. Temporary pacing was continued for
the next 24 hours when spontaneous shorteninig of PQ interval (250-270 ms)
was noticed; since the patient was asymptomatic during the stand-by mode, the
pacemaker electrodes were removed and the patient discharged 11 days after
admission. Conclusion. Conduction disturbances, such as the varying degrees
of AV blocks, are relatively common in acute inferior myocardial infarction.
The first degree AV blok is usually asymptomatic and does not require
treatment, unless when it is associated with pseudopacemaker syndrome. In
that case, temporary pacing provides haemodynamic stability until conduction
system recovers.
Treatment of septic pseudoarthrosis of tibia by Ilizarov method: Case report
Authors: Jovanovic Vesna , Vukasinovic Zoran , Seslija Igor , Zivkovic Zorica
Published: November 2010

Introduction. Septic pseudoarthroses of the tibia represent a relatively
frequent complication of open fractures with a large soft tissue damage. They
may be localized: in the proximal metaphysis, between the proximal and middle
thirds, between middle and distal thirds, in the distal metaphysis. Case
Outline. A case of a 52-year-old man with open fracture of the left tibia is
presented. He fell from the height of 30 meters. The external fixation
according to Mitkovic was performed in another institution. The patient was
referred to our hospital nine months after the accident, with clear clinical
and radiological signs of septic pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. The resection
of septic pseudoarthrosis was done two weeks after admission. Three weeks
later, another operation was performed, bilocal alternating
distractive-compressive osteosynthesis according to Ilizarov. After eleven
months Ilizarov frame was removed, with clinical, radiological signs of
healing of pseudoarthrosis and complete curing of the infection. Five months
after removal of the frame, the patient was fully anatomically and
functionally recovered. Conclusion. Being satisfied with the achieved results
and encouraged with the data from the literature, we recommend this method as
the method of choice for the treatment of pseudoarthrosis of the tibia. The
advantage consists of curing the infection using the natural bactericide
power of the tissue and curing the bone defect, at the same time, and
finally, producing the equalization of the legs.
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Pavlovic Dragan , Pavlovic Aleksandra
Published: November 2010

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease with recurrent
thromboses and pregnancy complications (90% are female patients) that can be
primary and secondary (with concomitant autoimmune disease). Antiphospholipid
antibodies are prothrombotic but also act directly with brain tissue. One
clinical and one laboratory criterion is necessary for the diagnosis of APS.
Positive serological tests have to be confirmed after at least 12 weeks.
Clinical picture consists of thromboses in many organs and spontaneous
miscarriages, sometimes thrombocytopaenia and haemolytic anaemia, but
neurological cases are the most frequent: headaches, stroke, encephalopathy,
seizures, visual disturbances, Sneddon syndrome, dementia, vertigo, chorea,
balism, transitory global amnesia, psychosis, transversal myelopathy and
Guillain-Barre syndrome. About 50% of strokes below 50 years of age are
caused by APS. The first line of therapy in stroke is anticoagulation:
intravenous heparin or low-weight heparins. In chronic treatment, oral
anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy are used, warfarin and aspirin,
mostly for life. In resistant cases, corticosteroids, intravenous
immunoglobulins and plasmapheresis are necessary. Prognosis is good in most
patients but some are treatment-resistant with recurrent thrombotic events
and eventually death.