bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Anionic σ‐Complexes in Organic Synthesis
Authors: KNYAZEV V. N. , DROZD V. N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Imprinting in Cross‐Linked Materials with the Aid of Molecular Templates ‐ A Way towards Artificial Antibodies
Authors: WULFF G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Ring‐Closing Metathesis: A New, Powerful Technique for Carbon‐Carbon Coupling in Organic Synthesis
Authors: SCHMALZ H.‐G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diethyl Oxo Phosphonates from Monoterpene Ketones‐Carvone, Pinocarvone and 2‐Caren‐4‐one.
Authors: KOLESNIK V. D. , SHAKIROV M. M. , TKACHEV A. V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Investigation of high pressure permeation behaviour of single gases through microporous ceramic membranes Part 2. Analysis of transport mechanisms
Authors: Wall Y. , Mudimu O. A. , Braun G. , Brunner G.
Published: August 2010

Das Permeationsverhalten einer mikroporösen TiO2‐Membran wird von Adsoptionseffekten verändert. Die Analyse des Stofftransportmechanismus ergibt, dass keramische Membranen mit Poren unterhalb von einem Nanometer nicht mehr mit klassischen Porenmodellen für den Stofftransport beschrieben werden können. Der Ansatz für ein neues Transportmodell wird aufgezeigt.
Measurements of the interfacial tension as a fundamental component of mass transfer modelling in process engineering
Authors: Raatz S. , Klapper P. , Härtel G.
Published: August 2010

Die Grenzflächenspannung ist sowohl ein Stoffparameter, der die Phasengrenze beschreibt, als auch eine Größe, die sich durch Stoffaustauschvorgänge außerhalb des Gleichgewichtszustandes ändern kann. Die Bestimmung ihrer zeitlichen Änderung eignet sich zur Untersuchung von Adsorptions‐ und Stofftransportprozessen an Flüssig/Flüssig‐Phasengrenzen.
Establishing a Clean‐quality Indicator System for Evaluating Reclaimed Land in the Antaibao Opencast Mine Area, China
Authors: Bi R. T. , Bai Z. K. , Li H. , Shao H. B. , Li W. X. , Ye B. Y.
Published: August 2010

This article discusses the existing problems associated with reclaimed land in the area of the Antaibao Opencast Coal Mine, which is located in the semi‐arid region of northwest China. The following eight indicators of the suitability of the reclaimed land were developed based on the theory of soil genesis and landscape ecology: the thickness of the effective soil layer, composition of the soil surface, vegetation index, types of covering vegetation, slope of the terrain, time of reclamation, area of the evaluation unit, and the shape index of the evaluation unit. The suitability evaluation indexes of the reclaimed land were determined using the 3S technology and fuzzy evaluation methods, which revealed that the suitability of the reclaimed land in the study area could be divided into six grades and two categories, land suitable for farming, and land suitable for trees or grass. The suitability evaluation indicators and evaluation methods developed to evaluate reclaimed land in this study will be beneficial to the large‐scale rapid monitoring and the effective management of reclaimed land in the opencast mine area.
An Assessment on Metal Sources by Multivariate Analysis and Speciation of Metals in Soil Samples Using the BCR Sequential Extraction Procedure
Authors: Tokalıoğlu Şerife , Yılmaz Vedat , Kartal Şenol
Published: August 2010

The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb metals in soil samples (N = 21) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure (three‐step) was used in order to evaluate mobility, availability, and persistence of heavy metals in soil samples taken from an agricultural area in Erciyes University Campus. The operationally defined fractions isolated using the BCR procedure were: acid extractable, reducible, and oxidizable. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Mn (70.2%) > Pb (62.9%) > Ni (26.7%) > Cr (15.4%) > Zn (14.4%) > Cu (12.9%) > Fe (1.24%). Multivariate statistical analysis was used to define the possible origin of heavy metals in soils. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of heavy metals. PCA results revealed that the sampling area was mainly influenced from three sources, namely natural, airborne emissions from domestic heating and traffic.
Probing the Peptidylglycine α‐Hydroxylating Monooxygenase Active Site with Novel 4‐Phenyl‐3‐butenoic Acid Based Inhibitors
Authors: Langella Emma , Pierre Sébastien , Ghattas Wadih , Giorgi Michel , Réglier Marius , Saviano Michele , Esposito Luciana , Hardré Renaud
Published: August 2010

Specific inhibition of the copper‐containing peptidylglycine α‐hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM), which catalyzes the post‐translational modification of peptides involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, constitutes a new approach for combating cancer. We carried out a structure–activity study of new compounds derived from a well‐known PHM substrate analogue, the olefinic compound 4‐phenyl‐3‐butenoic acid (PBA). We designed, synthesized, and tested various PBA derivatives both in vitro and in silico. We show that it is possible to increase PBA affinity for PHM by appropriate functionalization of its aromatic nucleus. Compound2 d, for example, bears ameta‐benzyloxy substituent, and exhibits better inhibition features (Ki=3.9 μM,kinact/Ki=427 M−1 s−1) than the parent PBA (Ki=19 μM,kinact/Ki=82 M−1 s−1). Docking calculations also suggest two different binding modes for PBA derivatives; these results will aid in the development of further PHM inhibitors with improved features.
New Halogenated Water‐Soluble Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin as Photostable PDT Sensitizers: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Photophysics, and in vitro Photosensitizing Efficacy
Authors: Dąbrowski Janusz M. , Arnaut Luis G. , Pereira Mariette M. , Monteiro Carlos J. P. , Urbańska Krystyna , Simões Sérgio , Stochel Grażyna
Published: August 2010

Chlorin and bacteriochlorin derivatives of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(2‐chloro‐5‐sulfophenyl)porphyrin have intense absorptions in the phototherapeutic window, high water solubility, high photostability, low fluorescence quantum yield, long triplet lifetimes, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields. Biological studies revealed their negligible dark cytotoxicity, yet significant photodynamic effect against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (human breast carcinoma) and SK‐MEL‐188 (human melanoma) cell lines upon red light irradiation (cutoffλ<600 nm) at low light doses. Time‐dependent cellular accumulation of the chlorinated sulfonated chlorin reached a plateau at 2 h, as previously observed for the related porphyrin. However, the optimal incubation time for the bacteriochlorin derivative was significantly longer (12 h). The spectroscopic, photophysical, and biological properties of the compounds are discussed in relevance to their PDT activity, leading to the conclusion that the bacteriochlorin derivative is a promising candidate for future in vivo experiments.
Overexpression of CD151 as an adverse marker for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Yong , Ke Ai‐Wu , Shi Guo‐Ming , Ding Zhen‐Bin , Devbhandari Ranjan Prasad , Gu Fang‐Ming , Li Quan‐Lin , Dai Zhi , Zhou Jian , Fan Jia
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND:

Previous studies have indicated that CD151, a hydrophobic protein, forms a functional complex with the proto‐oncogene that encodes an N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitroso‐guanidine (MET) protein (c‐Met), and CD151 overexpression reportedly is involved in metastasis/invasion of several tumors. The objective of the current study was to investigate the expression and role of CD151 and/or c‐Met in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

METHODS:

Sixty ICC tissues with matched nontumorous tissues and 20 normal liver tissues were used to analyze CD151 expression at the level of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. Then, the expression of CD151 in an ICC cell line was interrupted using a specific lentiviral‐mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA)‐CD151, and the role of CD151 in the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of ICC cells was assessed. The expression of CD151/c‐Met was examined further by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray (TMA) that included 140 samples of ICC, and the prognostic role of CD151 and/or c‐Met in ICC was evaluated in Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS:

The expression of CD151 in ICC tissues was much higher than that in nontumorous samples and normal liver; and, after the down‐regulation of CD151, HCCC‐9810 cells had decreased capability for metastasis/invasion in vitro. CD151 overexpression was correlated significantly with larger tumors, poor differentiation, multiple nodular, microvascular/bile duct invasion, and lymphatic metastasis (P<.05). The postoperative 2‐year and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates for patients with low CD151 expression (<50% tumor staining) and/or low c‐Met expression (<20% tumor staining) were higher than the rates for patients with high CD151 expression (≥50% tumor staining) and/or high c‐Met expression (≥20% tumor staining). Multivariate analysis revealed that CD151 overexpression and c‐Met overexpression were independent prognostic markers for ICC.

CONCLUSIONS:

Overexpression of CD151 was implicated in metastasis/invasion of ICC, and both CD151 overexpression and c‐Met overexpression may be potential molecular therapeutic targets for ICC. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Broadening and Shifting of N2H+ Rotational Lines by Helium
Authors: Buffa Giovanni , Tarrini Ottavio , Dore Luca , Meuwly Markus
Published: August 2010

Pressure broadening and pressure shift of N2H+ rotational lines perturbed by collisions with He are studied for the first time using experiment and theory. Results are reported from measurements at 88 K for the rotational transitions ${j = 3 \leftarrow 2}$, ${4 \leftarrow 3}$, ${5 \leftarrow 4}$ and ${6 \leftarrow 5}$ with frequencies ranging from 0.28 to 0.56 THz. The agreement between experiment and theoretical data derived from close coupling calculations confirms the reliability of a theoretical framework used for state‐to‐state transition rates of interest in the interpretation of spectroscopic data from interstellar molecular clouds. The influence of hyperfine effects on shifts and widths of the rotational lines is discussed in detail. Although in principle possible, experiment and theoretical considerations lead to the conclusion that hyperfine effects only play a minor role.
Spatially Resolved ATR‐FTIRS Study of the Formation of Macroscopic Domains and Microislands during CO Electrooxidation on Pt
Authors: Bauer Philipp R. , Bonnefont Antoine , Krischer Katharina
Published: August 2010

Electrooxidation of CO in CO‐saturated sulfuric acid electrolyte solutions with controlled mass transport is investigated with spatially resolved attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy under galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions. The reaction conditions are chosen such that steady states with intermediate current densities and intermediate average CO coverages are accessible. We demonstrate that under these conditions the reaction never proceeds uniformly on the electrode surface. Instead, macroscopic domains form spontaneously, composed of areas with high CO coverage and areas essentially free of adsorbed CO molecules. The average coverage within the CO‐covered domains depends on the electrolyte concentration and the applied potential and can vary between saturation coverage and a few tenths of a monolayer. However, the absence of a red‐shift of the CO vibrational band points to a further substructuring of the domains in densely packed CO microislands. These microislands most likely also form in the boundary layer between the CO‐rich and CO‐free electrode domains. This hierarchical patterning of the electrode surface is attributed to the interplay of autocatalytic reaction steps, spatial coupling through migration or the galvanostatic control of the experiment, and molecular interactions between molecules co‐adsorbed on the electrode surface.
Metallization of Ultra‐Thin, Non‐Thiol SAMs with Flat‐Lying Molecular Units: Pd on 1, 4‐Dicyanobenzene
Authors: Eberle Felix , Metzler Martin , Kolb Dieter M. , Saitner Marc , Wagner Patrick , Boyen Hans‐Gerd
Published: August 2010

Self‐assembled monolayers of 1,4‐dicyanobenzene on Au(111) electrodes are studied by cyclic voltammetry, in‐situ STM and ex‐situ XPS. High‐resolution STM images reveal a long‐range order of propeller‐like assemblies each of which consists of three molecules, all lying flat on the gold substrate with the cyano groups oriented parallel to the metal surface. It is demonstrated that both functional groups can act as complexation sites for metal ions from solution. Surprisingly, such arrangements still allow the metal to be deposited on top of the molecules by electrochemical reduction despite the close vicinity to the Au surface. The latter is demonstrated by angle‐resolved XPS which unequivocally shows that the metal indeed resides on top of the organic layer rather than underneath, despite the flat arrangement of the molecules.
Voltammetric Manifestation of the Ultraslow Dynamics at the Interface between Water and an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Kakiuchi Takashi , Yasui Yukinori , Kitazumi Yuki , Nishi Naoya
Published: August 2010

The ultraslow relaxation (on the order of minutes) of the electrical double‐layer structure, related to a change in the phase‐boundary potential across the interface between water (W) and the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium bis(nonafluorobutanesufonyl)amide ([TOMA+][C4C4N−]) (Y. Yasui et al., J. Phys. Chem. B. 2009, 113, 3273), appears to be invisible in the transfer of tetrapropylammonium ions across the [TOMA+][C4C4N−]|W interface, provided that the charging current, which shows an unusual dependence on the voltage scan rate, is subtracted to obtain the faradaic current. This counterintuitive observation can be explained by the differences in the timescales of the fast and slow components of the relaxation dynamics of the electrical double layer on the IL side (ms and min). In contrast, the effect of the slow dynamics becomes surfaced in ion‐transfer voltammetry when the ion is surface‐active. The transfer of pentadecafluorooctanoate across the [TOMA+][C4C4N−]|W interface is irreversible, which is attributable to the self‐inhibition of pentadecafluorooctanoate ions transferred to the IL phase. This process is likely to be affected by the ultraslow structural change of the IL side of the interface.
Effect of External Pressure on the Excitation Energy Transfer from [Cr(ox)3]3− to [Cr(bpy)3]3+ in [Rh1−xCrx(bpy)3][NaM1−yCry(ox)3]ClO4
Authors: Milos Mia , Pal Prodipta , Hauser Andreas
Published: August 2010

Resonant excitation energy transfer from [Cr(ox)3]3− to [Cr(bpy)3]3+ in the doped 3D oxalate networks [Rh1−xCrx(bpy)3][NaMIII1−yCry(ox)3]ClO4 (ox=C2O4−, bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, M=Al, Rh) is due to two types of interaction, namely super exchange coupling and electric dipole–dipole interaction. The energy transfer probability for both mechanisms is proportional to the spectral overlap of the 2E→4A2 emission of the [Cr(ox)3]3− donor and the 4A2→2T1 absorption of the [Cr(bpy)3]3+ acceptor. The spin‐flip transitions of (pseudo‐)octahedral Cr3+ are known to shift to lower energy with increasing pressure. Because the shift rates of the two transitions in question differ, the spectral overlap between the donor emission and the acceptor absorption is a function of applied pressure. For [Rh1−xCrx(bpy)3][NaM1−yCry(ox)3]ClO4 the spectral overlap is thus substantially reduced on increasing pressure from 0 to 2.5 GPa. As a result, the energy transfer probability decreases with increasing pressure as evidenced by a decrease in the relative emission intensity from the [Cr(bpy)3]3+ acceptor.
1.7 nm Platinum Nanoparticles: Synthesis with Glucose Starch, Characterization and Catalysis
Authors: Engelbrekt Christian , Sørensen Karsten Holm , Lübcke Teis , Zhang Jingdong , Li Qingfeng , Pan Chao , Bjerrum Niels J. , Ulstrup Jens
Published: August 2010

Monodisperse platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) were synthesized by a green recipe. Glucose serves as a reducing agent and starch as a stabilization agent to protect the freshly formed PtNP cores in buffered aqueous solutions. Among the ten buffers studied, 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), ammonium acetate and phosphate are the best media for PtNP size control and fast chemical preparation. The uniform sizes of the metal cores were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found to be 1.8±0.5, 1.7±0.2 and 1.6±0.5 nm in phosphate, MES and ammonium acetate buffer, respectively. The estimated total diameter of the core with a starch coating layer is 5.8–6.0 nm, based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesis reaction is simple, environmentally friendly, highly reproducible, and easy to scale up. The PtNPs were characterized electrochemically and show high catalytic activity for reduction of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide as well as for oxidation of dihydrogen. The PtNPs can be transferred to carbon support materials with little demand for high specific surface area of carbon. This enables utilization of graphitized carbon blacks to prepare well‐dispersed Pt/C catalysts, which exhibit significantly improved durability in the accelerated aging test under fuel cell mimicking conditions.
From Adlayer Islands to Surface Alloy: Structural and Chemical Changes on Bimetallic PtRu/Ru(0001) Surfaces
Authors: Diemant Thomas , Bergbreiter Andreas , Bansmann Joachim , Hoster Harry E. , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: August 2010

The correlation between structural and chemical properties of bimetallic PtRu/Ru(0001) model catalysts and their modification upon stepwise annealing of a submonolayer Pt‐covered Ru(0001) surface up to the formation of an equilibrated PtxRu1−x/Ru(0001) monolayer surface alloy was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and by the adsorption of CO and D2 probe molecules. Both temperature‐programmed desorption and IR measurements demonstrate the influence of the surface structure on the adsorption properties of the bimetallic surface, which can be explained by changes of the composition of the adsorption ensembles (ensemble effects) for D adsorption and by changes in the electronic interaction (ligand effects, strain effects) of the metallic constituents for CO and D adsorption upon alloy formation.
Spin–Orbit Contributions in High‐Spin Nitrenes/Carbenes: A Hybrid CASSCF/MRMP2 Study of Zero‐Field Splitting Tensors
Authors: Sugisaki Kenji , Toyota Kazuo , Sato Kazunobu , Shiomi Daisuke , Kitagawa Masahiro , Takui Takeji
Published: August 2010

Zero‐field splitting (ZFS) tensors (D tensors) of organic high‐spin oligonitrenes/oligocarbenes up to spin‐septet are quantitatively determined on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. The spin–orbit contributions, DSO tensors are calculated in terms of a hybrid CASSCF/MRMP2 approach, which was recently proposed by us. The spin–spin counterparts, DSS tensors are computed based on McWeeny–Mizuno’s equation in conjunction with the RODFT spin densities. The present calculations show that more than 10 % of ZFS arises from spin–orbit interactions in the high‐spin nitrenes under study. Contributions of spin‐bearing site–site interactions are estimated with the aid of a semi‐empirical model for the D tensors and found to be ca. 5 % of the DSO tensor. The analysis of intermediate states reveal that the largest contributions to the calculated DSO tensors are attributed to intra‐site spin flip excitations and delocalized π and π* orbitals play an important role in the inter‐site spin–orbit interactions.
The impact of the code for sustainable homes on masonry house construction in England
Authors: Roberts John
Published: August 2010

In England masonry remains the predominant form of house construction and accounts for over 80 % of all new dwellings. The rate of replacement of the housing stock in the UK remains low and each dwelling is required to have a viable working life in excess of 100 years. This requires forms of construction that are durable, with low maintenance costs and that are sufficiently flexible to cope with extension, alteration and changes in performance requirements.

The Code for Sustainable Homes takes a more holistic approach to the design requirements for dwellings than the Building Regulations and the Code Levels with which house builders are required to comply will be increased over a comparatively short period of time. This paper examines the Code requirements and indicates how the manufacturer and designer can provide masonry constructions that address the various code levels.

Auswirkungen der Norm für nachhaltigen Wohnungsbau auf den Mauerwerksbau in England. In England bleibt Mauerwerk die vorherrschende Bauweise beim Hausbau und macht über 80 % aller neuen Wohnungen aus. Der Anteil des Bestandsersatzes im Wohnungsbau im Vereinigten Königreich ist niedrig. Somit ergibt sich ein Bedarf an nachhaltig flexibler Gestaltung des Wohnraums mit einer Lebensdauer von mehr als 100 Jahren. Dies erfordert Konstruktionsformen, die dauerhaft sind, mit geringen Unterhaltskosten auskommen und die flexibel genug sind, um Erweiterungen, Umbauten und Veränderungen im Anforderungsspektrum zu ermöglichen.

Die Norm für nachhaltigen Wohnungsbau folgt einem ganzheitlicheren Ansatz für die konstruktiven Anforderungen an Wohngebäude als die bestehenden Baunormen. Die normativen Anforderungen, welche das bauende Gewerbe zu erfüllen hat, werden sich in einem vergleichsweise kurzen Zeitraum erhöhen. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Anforderungen der Norm und zeigt, wie die Hersteller und Konstrukteure Mauerwerksbauten gestalten können, so dass diese den verschiedenen Normkategorien genügen.
Auf Zukunft gebaut — Projektbericht eines Neubau‐Zweifamilienhauses als EnergieWertHaus
Authors: Wiest Alexander , Ahle Christian
Published: August 2010

Bereits im Jahre 2007 wurde von Xella die EnergieWertHaus‐Initiative gestartet. Aktueller Anlass war die aufkommende Klimaschutzdiskussion und die damals schon angekündigte Verschärfung der Anforderungen an die Energieeffizienz in 2009 und weiter ab 2012. Es wurden Bauträger und Komplett‐/Schlüsselfertig‐Hausanbieter von Ein‐ und Zweifamilienhäusern zu Workshops eingeladen, mit dem Ziel, ein hochwertiges, zukunftsfähiges massives Hauskonzept zu entwickeln. Diese landesweit angebotenen Workshops wurden durch ein Expertenteam aus den Bereichen Bauphysik, Anlagentechnik, Baubiologie, Mehrwertverkauf und Finanzierung begleitet und die Ergebnisse zu einem Kriterienkatalog für EnergieWertHäuser zusammengefasst.

Bei weiteren Workshops und Informationstreffen wurden neue Partner für das Konzept gewonnen und das Konzept ständig verbessert. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die besonderen Eigenschaften des EnergieWertHauses am realisierten Objekt eines Zweifamilienhauses erläutert.

Rely on the future ‐ Project report of a new building two‐family house as an energy‐value‐house. In the Year 2007 Xella already started the energy‐value‐house‐initiative. The topical reason was the uprising discussion about climate protection and the announcement for further tightening of the energy efficiency requirements in 2009 and following from 2012. With the aim to develop a prime quality and sustainable solid housing concept, builders of family‐homes were invited to workshops. These workshops were offered nationwide and were accompanied by an expertise‐team from the fields of building physics, heating and ventilation engineering, building biology, value added sales and finance. The results of these workshops were summarised in a catalogue of criteria’s for energy‐value‐houses.

In the following workshops and information meetings, new partners were attracted to join the concept and the concept was continuously improved. In the following paper the extraordinary qualities of an energy‐value‐house will be showed on a realized object of a two‐family‐house.
Segregation of the classical transmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine and the neuropeptide Y in sympathetic neurons: Modulation by ciliary neurotrophic factor or prolonged growth in culture
Authors: Vega A. , Luther J.A. , Birren S.J. , Morales M.A.
Published: August 2010

Recent evidence has demonstrated that cotransmission from mammalian neurons is not uniquely achieved by costorage and corelease of transmitters and cotransmitters from single varicosities, but also by the concurrent release of mediators segregated in separate synapses of individual neurons. An important question to be addressed is whether neurons show defined patterns of segregation or whether this is a plastic feature. We addressed this question by exploring the segregation pattern of the classical sympathetic transmitters norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) and the cotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) in sympathetic ganglionic neurons cocultured with cardiac myocytes. Using antibodies against NPY and the vesicular NE and ACh transporters VMAT2 and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we investigated the effect of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) or long (three weeks) culture periods on the segregation of VMAT2, VAChT, and NPY to separate varicosities. We found that although ganglionic neurons showed cell body coexpression of all the markers examined after three days, VMAT2 was segregated from VAChT in 43% of the VAChT‐positive varicosities. In contrast, VMAT2 was only segregated from NPY in 16.3% of the NPY‐positive varicosities. Cotransmitter segregation and VAChT expression was potentiated by both CNTF and longer times in culture. We also found two types of varicosities: one was smaller and located further from neuronal somata, and the other was larger, proximal to neuronal somata and had a higher level of segregation. These data demonstrate segregation of classical transmitters in sympathetic neurons and plasticity of neurotransmitter segregation. Finally, we discuss a possible functional correlate of segregation in sympathetic neurons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 70: 913–928, 2010
Zebrafish sp7:EGFP: A transgenic for studying otic vesicle formation, skeletogenesis, and bone regeneration
Authors: DeLaurier April , Eames B. Frank , Blanco‐Sánchez Bernardo , Peng Gang , He Xinjun , Swartz Mary E. , Ullmann Bonnie , Westerfield Monte , Kimmel Charles B.
Published: August 2010

Adult transgenic zebrafish expressing eGFP under the control of the zinc finger transcription factor Sp7 gene, which is expressed in osteoblasts but not chondrocytes. In this line, eGFP expression recapitulates the endogenous gene pattern of expression in the otic placode, otic vesicle and developing skeletal structures. GFP‐positive cells are also observed in adult skeletal structures and in regenerating fins. This transgenic line will be a very useful tool for studying otic development and the development and regeneration of the skeleton. See the article by DeLaurier et al. in this issue.
A mouse tool for conditional mutagenesis in ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Grabner Beatrice , Blaas Leander , Musteanu Monica , Hoffmann Thomas , Birbach Andreas , Eferl Robert , Casanova Emilio
Published: August 2010

Here we describe the generation of an inducible Cre transgenic line allowing conditional mutagenesis in ovarian granulosa cells. We have expressed the tamoxifen inducible CreERT2 fusion protein from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) containing the regulatory elements of the hydroxysteroid (17‐beta) dehydrogenase 1 (Hsd17b1) gene. Hsd17b1‐iCreERT2 transgenic mice express the iCreERT2 fusion protein exclusively in ovarian granulosa cells. Recombination analysis at the genomic DNA level using mice with “floxed” Stat3 alleles showed no Cre activity in absence of tamoxifen whereas tamoxifen treatment induced Cre activity solely in the ovaries. Further characterization of Hsd17b1‐iCreERT2 mice using a Cre reporter line demonstrated that Cre‐mediated recombination was restricted to ovarian granulosa cells. Therefore, Hsd17b1‐iCreERT2 mice should be a useful tool to analyze the gene functions in ovarian granulosa cells. genesis 48:612–617, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tolerogenic plasmacytoid DC
Authors: Matta Benjamin M. , Castellaneta Antonino , Thomson Angus W.
Published: August 2010

Plasmacytoid DC (pDC) are type‐I IFN‐producing cells known for their capacity to promote anti‐viral innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite their potent anti‐viral function, when compared with conventional DC, pDC exhibit poor immunostimulatory ability and their interaction with T cells often favors the generation of Treg. pDC are activated primarily in response to ssRNA and ssDNA through TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, but also through TLR‐independent mechanisms. Non‐lymphoid tissue pDC, such as those residing in the airways, gut, and liver, play a significant role in regulating mucosal immunity and are critical for the development of tolerance to inhaled or ingested antigens. Herein we discuss properties that define tolerogenic pDC and how their unique characteristics translate into an ability to regulate immunity and promote the development of tolerance. We cover the importance of pDC during intrathymic Treg development and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, as well as their regulatory role in transplantation, autoimmunity, and cancer. We highlight recent findings regarding danger‐associated molecular pattern and PAMP signaling in the regulation of pDC function, and how the ability of pDC to promote tolerance translates into the potential clinical applications of these cells as therapeutic targets to regulate immune reactivity.
Two Cobalt Compounds Based on Azide/Methoxy and Isonicotinate N‐Oxide Ligands Exhibiting Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Liu Fu‐Chen , Xue Min , Wang Hai‐Chao , Ou‐Yang Jie
Published: August 2010

Two new CoII complexes, [Co(OCH3)L] (1) and [Co3(N3)4(OCH3)2L2] (2) (L = isonicotinate N‐oxide), were synthesized by solvothermal reaction and magnetically characterized. The cobalt ions in 1 and 2 all exhibit distorted octahedral coordination geometry. In 1, there is a μ11‐methoxy/syn,syn‐carboxylate mixed coordinated cobalt chain with mixed coordination, and a 3D structure is formed by the chains linked through the L ligands. In 2, the alternating CoII chains that are formed by linking the double end‐on azide‐bridged trimers are connected by the L ligands to form a 2D layer. Magnetic studies revealed that ferromagnetic coupling exists between the CoII ions in 1, and 1 undergoes a ferromagnetic transition at 2.5 K, whereas alternating ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions exist in the chain of 2.
Functionalization of Dinitrogen Using a Historically Significant Ru Complex: A New Life for an Old Complex
Authors: Baskaran Sambath , Sivasankar Chinnappan
Published: August 2010

DFT calculations reveal that molecular dinitrogen in the first reported dinitrogen complex, a historically significant complex [Ru(NH3)5N2]2+, can be functionalized to hydrazine and ammonia using suitable electron and proton sources in water. Thermodynamic barriers have been calculated for every electron transfer and protonation reaction in the Chatt and Schrock catalytic cycle. Although we adopt the Chatt and Schrock catalytic cycle for the functionalization of dinitrogen in [Ru(NH3)5N2]2+, we propose that reduction is the first step contrary to that previously reported. Different electron and proton sources have been probed, however, a copper and lutidinium combination shows a lower thermodynamic barrier than other combinations that are considered here. The thermodynamic barriers calculated also revealed that hydrazine formation is more favorable than ammonia formation.
Classes of Nanomagnets Created from Alkanethiol‐Coated Pt or Pd Nanoparticles and Their Alloys with Co
Authors: Miyazaki Akira , Ito Yoshikazu , Enoki Toshiaki
Published: August 2010

Alkanethiol‐coated metal nanoparticles are fascinating materials for designing unconventional electronic and magnetic functions. Novel classes of magnetic nanosystems can be created using Pd and Pt nanoparticles and their alloys with a 3d transition metal using quantum size, interface and exchange enhancement effects. The charge transfer at the metal–organic interface and the quantum size effect render Pt and Pd nanoparticles magnetic with localised moments. The substitution of capping molecules with a TTF derivative having a long alkanethiol substituent decreases the totalspin concentration due to partial oxidation of the TTF units. Pd nanoparticles containing Co atoms as magnetic centres have significantly enhanced magnetic moments because of the exchange enhancement. Interestingly, in Pd nanoparticles of 2 nm in diameter containing only one Co atom per particle, the Co atom magnetises all of the Pd atoms in the particle. Therefore, the nanoparticles behave as a single nanoparticle magnet that shows blocking behaviour.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of LnIII–DOTA–Bipy Complexes and LnIII–DOTA–Bipy–RuII Coordination Conjugates
Authors: Vázquez López Miguel , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Blanco José M. , Rama Gustavo , Bermejo Manuel R. , Vázquez M. Eugenio , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G.
Published: August 2010

The synthesis and the systematic and comparative photophysical study of a series of visible (EuIII, TbIII) and NIR‐emitting (NdIII, YbIII) lanthanide complexes (Ln2L) and ruthenium–lanthanide coordination conjugates (Ln2LRu) are reported. The GdIII complex, the GdIII–RuII coordination conjugate, as well as the RuII complex of the ligand H6L have also been synthesized and photophysically studied as control systems. The ligand H6L, composed of a central bipyridine binding unit and functionalized on each 5′‐position with a DOTA macrocycle, has been successfully synthesized from cyclen, 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,2‐ethylendiamine in a nine‐step process. Detailed luminescence studies of all complexes, including the determination of the quantum yield and lifetime, were carried out on finely powdered microcrystalline samples as well as in water, deuterated water and [D6]DMSO at ambient (295 K) and low temperature (77 K). The photophysical data corroborate the existence of energy transfer in the Ln2L complexes and in the Nd2LRu coordination conjugate. However, no (or at most, very little) energy transfer is takes place from the Ru(bipy)3 chromophore to the LnIII ion in the other Ln2LRu heteropolymetallic complexes. Moreover, the photophysical studies reveal that all the complexes and coordination conjugates adopt different conformations and hydration states in solution and in the solid state, which influences the efficiency of the energy transfer between the bipy and/or Ru(bipy)3 antennae and the LnIII ions.
Silicon Nanowires – Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Shao Mingwang , Ma Dorthy Duo Duo , Lee Shuit‐Tong
Published: August 2010

In this review, we summarize the essential aspects of the synthesis, properties, and applications of silicon nanowires. In particular, important applications such as catalysis, Li ion batteries, solar cells, biological and chemical sensors are discussed.
Sequential Sonogashira/Carbopalladative Cyclization/Suzuki Reactions Catalyzed by a Single Palladium Source by Using Protected Homopropargyl Alcohol
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing
Published: August 2010

A novel cascade combination reaction catalyzed by a single palladium source for the synthesis of various indene derivatives is reported. The approach involved sequential Sonogashira/carbopalladative cyclization/Suzuki coupling reactions by using three readily available components, such as homopropargyl alcohol, aryl iodides or aryl bromides, and arylboronic acids. The overall domino reaction yields were up to 70 %.
Synthesis of Pyridodiazepinediones by Using the Ugi Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Van den Bogaert An M. , Nelissen Jo , Ovaere Margriet , Van Meervelt Luc , Compernolle Frans , De Borggraeve Wim M.
Published: August 2010

Benzodiazepines show a broad spectrum of biological activities. In an ongoing effort to extend molecular diversity in this type of systems, we developed a strategy for synthesizing3,4‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrido[2,3‐e][1,4]diazepine‐2,5‐dione compounds starting from 2‐hydroxynicotinic acid and by using an Ugi reaction as a key step in the synthesis. We opted to use 2‐isocyanophenyl benzoate instead of Armstrong's convertible isocyanide in this multicomponent reaction.
Streamlined Access to Functionalized Chromenes and Quinolines using Domino Reactions of Salicylic Aldehydes and Methyl 4‐Chloro‐2‐butynoate
Authors: Bello Davide , Ruiz‐Rodríguez Javier , Albericio Fernando , Ramón Rosario , Lavilla Rodolfo
Published: August 2010

Methyl 4‐chloro‐2‐butynoate was used in a modified Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction with salicylic aldehydes. The chlorine atom in the alkynoate moiety allows its efficient isomerization to the corresponding allene, and remains in the adduct as a reactive site. Further one‐pot derivatization leads to a variety of substituted chromenes and quinolines.
Total Synthesis of Tyrosine‐Derived Tetramic Acid Pigments from a Slime Mould
Authors: Riache Nassima , Bailly Christine , Deville Alexandre , Dubost Lionel , Nay Bastien
Published: August 2010

A method for the total synthesis of naturally occurring 3‐enoyltetramic acids derived from L‐tyrosine is described, allowing for three chemical transformations to occur in one pot by using a multicomponent mixture. The sequence involves (1) a base‐promoted Lacey–Dieckmann condensation, (2) a Michaelis–Becker reaction, and (3) a Wittig–Horner–Emmons reaction between the resulting 3‐phosphonoacetyltetramic acid and an appropriate aldehyde. This sequence of reactions was applied to the synthesis of polyenic pigments obtained from the slime mould Leocarpus fragilis starting from readily available precursors. A series of structurally related compounds was also synthesized and their antibiotic significance was evaluated to elucidate their role in nature.
Zn/C‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides and Aryl Alkynes
Authors: Meng Xu , Xu Xiaoyun , Gao Tingting , Chen Baohua
Published: August 2010

Charcoal impregnated with zinc was able to catalyze the cycloaddition of organic azides and alkynes to provide the corresponding 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles and 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles in good to excellent yields. Noteworthy was that the novel and heterogeneous catalyst was successfully applied in this cycloaddition reaction for the first time and could also be easily recycled.
C(sp3)–C(sp3) Bond Breaking in Methylenecyclopropanes Involving a AuI/AuIII Catalytic Cycle
Authors: Zhang Di‐Han , Dai Lun‐Zhi , Shi Min
Published: August 2010

Gold(I) can catalyze the diacetoxylation of methylenecyclopropanes to produce the corresponding diacetoxylated products in moderate to good yields in acetic acid in the presence of iodosobenzene diacetate via C–C bond breaking under mild condition.
Highly Enantioselective Addition of 1‐Fluoro‐1‐nitro(phenylsulfonyl)methane to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Kamlar Martin , Bravo Natalia , Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Hybelbauerová Simona , Císařová Ivana , Veselý Jan , Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: August 2010

An organocatalytic, highly enantioselective addition of 1‐fluoro‐1‐nitro(phenylsulfonyl)methane to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is reported. The reaction is simply catalyzed by secondary amines and furnishes the corresponding fluorinated derivatives in good yields, with moderate diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. The absolute configuration of the major diastereomers was unambiguously ascertained by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Cooperative and Enantioselective NbCl5/Primary Amine Catalyzed Biginelli Reaction
Authors: Cai Yong‐Feng , Yang Hua‐Meng , Li Li , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: August 2010

A series of chiral organocatalysts and Lewis acids have been evaluated in the Lewis acid/organocatalysts‐based cooperative catalytic Biginelli reaction, which resulted in the determination of a novel cooperative Lewis acid/primary amine catalyst system, NbCl5/QN‐NH2. The synergistic effect of NbCl5 and the quinine‐derived primary amine is pronounced and gave dihydropyrimidiones (DHPMs) in moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 84 % ee) and good to excellent yields (up to 99 % yield) under mild conditions.
Characterization of the Nucleophilic Allylindium Species Generated from Allyl Bromide and Indium(0) in Aqueous Media
Authors: Yasuda Makoto , Haga Masahiko , Nagaoka Yasunori , Baba Akio
Published: August 2010

The reductive system of allyl bromide and indium(0) in water generated monoallylindium(III) dibromide and diallylindium(III) bromide. These compounds were characterized by X‐ray analysis after complexation with 3,5‐dibromopyridine or 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine, respectively. Both isolated complexes showed high nucleophilicity and reacted with benzaldehyde to give the allylation product. The diallylindium(III) bromide was less stable in water than the monoallylindium(III) dibromide. The reaction of the diallylindium(III) with benzhydrol gave a (μ‐alkoxido)indium species that showed nucleophilicity. This result suggests that allyl(μ‐hydroxido)indium also acted as a nucleophile in an aqueous Barbie‐type reaction system.
Electrophoretic mapping of highly homologous keratins: A novel marker peptide approach
Authors: Deb‐Choudhury Santanu , Plowman Jeffrey E. , Thomas Ancy , Krsinic Gail L. , Dyer Jolon M. , Clerens Stefan
Published: August 2010

Identification of the intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) in the wool proteome has formerly been hampered by limited sequence information, the high degree of IFP homology and their close proximity on 2‐DE maps. This has been partially rectified by the recent acquisition of four new Type I and two Type II wool IFP sequences. Among closely migrating proteins, such as IFP clusters in a 2‐DE map, proteins with higher sequence coverage will be assigned higher scores, but the identification of unique peptides in such tight clusters may distinguish these closely migrating proteins. Two approaches were adopted for the study of wool IFPs. In the first, searches were conducted for peptides known to be unique to each member of the family in each spot. In the second, MALDI imaging was employed to examine peptides bound to a PVDF membrane from a poorly resolved part of the Type I IFP region of the 2‐DE map. As a result, a distinct picture has emerged of the distribution of the six Type I and four Type II IFPs across the 2‐DE wool protein map.
Electrokinetic supercharging focusing in capillary zone electrophoresis of weakly ionizable analytes in environmental and biological samples
Authors: Botello Igor , Borrull Francesc , Aguilar Carme , Calull Marta
Published: August 2010

Five non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, naproxen, fenoprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac and piroxicam, were separated and analyzed by electrokinetic supercharging in CZE. Three different setups of the ITP technique were assayed for the separation and preconcentration of these five non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. For the setup that gave the best results, we evaluated the influence of different parameters on separation and preconcentration efficiency such as sample pH, concentration of the leading stacker, BGE composition, electrokinetic injection time, composition and hydrodynamic injection of the solvent plug and of the terminating stacker. In the selected setup, the BGE (10 mM Na2B4O7 + 50 mM NaCl in 10% of MeOH aqueous solution) contained the leading electrolyte while the terminating electrolyte, hydrodynamically injected after the sample (50 mbar×12 s), was 50 mM of CHES. Prior to sample injection at (700 s at −2 kV) a short plug of MeOH (50 mbar ×3 s) was hydrodynamically injected. The results show that this strategy enhanced detection sensitivity 2000‐fold compared with normal hydrodynamic injection, providing detection limits of 0.08 μg/L for standard samples with good repeatability (values of relative standard deviation, %RSD < 1.03%). Method validation with river water samples and human plasma demonstrated good linearity, with detection limits of 0.9 and 2 μg/L for river water samples and human plasma samples, respectively (as well as satisfactory precision in terms of repeatability and reproducibility).
Sulfoalkylbetaine‐based monolithic column with mixed‐mode of hydrophilic interaction and strong anion‐exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Wang Xiaochun , Ding Kang , Yang Chunmei , Lin Xucong , Lü Haixia , Wu Xiaoping , Xie Zenghong
Published: August 2010

A novel monolithic stationary phase with mixed mode of hydrophilic and strong anion exchange (SAX) interactions based on in situ copolymerization of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐methacryloxyethyl N‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (DMMSA) and a selected quaternary amine acrylic monomer was designed as a multifunctional separation column for CEC. Although the zwitterionic functionalities of DMMSA and hydroxy groups of PETA on the surface of the monolithic stationary phase functioned as the hydrophilic interaction (HI) sites, the quaternary amine acrylic monomer was introduced to control the magnitude of the EOF and provide the SAX sites at the same time. Three different quaternary amine acrylic monomers were tested to achieve maximum EOF velocity and highest plate count. The fabrication of the zwitterionic monolith (designated as HI and SAX stationary phase) was carried out when [2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methylsulfate was used as the quaternary amine acrylic monomer. The separation mechanism of the monolithic column was discussed in detail. For charged analytes, a mixed mode of HI and SAX was observed by studying the influence of mobile phase pH and salt concentration on their retentions on the poly(PETA‐co‐DMMSA‐co‐[2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium methylsulfate) monolithic column. The optimized monolith showed good separation performance for a range of polar analytes including nucleotides, nucleic acid bases and nucleosides, phenols, estrogens and small peptides. The column efficiencies greater than 192 000 theoretical plates/m for estriol and 135 000 theoretical plates/m for charged cytidine were obtained.