bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A latent class approach to understanding patterns of peer victimization in four low-resource settings
Authors: Nguyen Amanda J. , Bradshaw Catherine , Townsend Lisa , Gross Alden L. , Bass Judith
Published: September 2016

Background:

Peer victimization is a common form of aggression among school-aged youth, but research is sparse regarding victimization dynamics in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Person-centered approaches have demonstrated utility in understanding patterns of victimization in the USA.

Objective:

We aimed to empirically identify classes of youth with unique victimization patterns in four LMIC settings using latent class analysis (LCA).

Methods:

We used data on past-year exposure to nine forms of victimization reported by 3536 youth (aged 15 years) from the Young Lives (YL) study in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states), Peru, and Vietnam. Sex and rural/urban context were examined as predictors of class membership.

Results:

LCA supported a 2-class model in Peru, a 3-class model in Ethiopia and Vietnam, and a 4-class model in India. Classes were predominantly ordered by severity, suggesting that youth who experienced one form of victimization were likely to experience other forms as well. In India, two unordered classes were also observed, characterized by direct and indirect victimization. Boys were more likely than girls to be in the highly victimized (HV) class in Ethiopia and India. Urban contexts, compared with rural, conferred higher risk of victimization in Ethiopia and Peru, and lower risk in India and Vietnam.

Conclusion:

The identified patterns of multiple forms of victimization highlight a limitation of common researcher-driven classifications and suggest avenues for future person-centered research to improve intervention development in LMIC settings.
Complex Assessment of Dairy and Meat Products Quality
Authors: Mladenov Mirolyub
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a new approach and a platform for complex, non-destructive, express evaluation of quality and safety of food products, based on analysis of visual images, spectral and hyperspectral characteristics, followed by fusion the results of these analyzes. The aim is categorization of the investigated products in quality groups. The complex evaluation includes: assessment of the appearance and visual characteristics of the investigated product, evaluation of properties associated with the product composition and with the distribution of the properties on its surface. The focus is on main indicators of quality and safety of basic foodstuffs, such as meat, structural bacon, white brined cheese and yellow cheese. The following main tasks are discussed: 1) The formal description of the investigated objects; 2) The extraction of specific quality features; 3) The evaluation of classes’ data separability; 4) The classification of the foodstuffs in quality groups.
Evaluation of GPS Standard Point Positioning with Various Ionospheric Error Mitigation Techniques
Authors: Panda Sampad K. , Gedam Shirish S.
Published: September 2016

The present paper investigates accuracy of single and dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) standard point positioning solutions employing different ionosphere error mitigation techniques. The total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere is the prominent delay error source in GPS positioning, and its elimination is essential for obtaining a relatively precise positioning solution. The estimated delay error from different ionosphere models and maps, such as Klobuchar model, global ionosphere models, and vertical TEC maps are compared with the locally derived ionosphere error following the ion density and frequency dependence with delay error. Finally, the positional accuracy of the single and dual-frequency GPS point positioning solutions are probed through different ionospheric mitigation methods including exploitation of models, maps, and ionosphere-free linear combinations and removal of higher order ionospheric effects. The results suggest the superiority of global ionosphere maps for single-frequency solution, whereas for the dual-frequency measurement the ionosphere-free linear combination with prior removal of higher-order ionosphere effects from global ionosphere maps and geomagnetic reference fields resulted in improved positioning quality among the chosen mitigation techniques. Conspicuously, the susceptibility of height component to different ionospheric mitigation methods are demonstrated in this study which may assist the users in selecting appropriate technique for precise GPS positioning measurements.
Lohnbedingter Mismatch auf deutschen Arbeitsmärkten? Lehren aus einem Vergleich mit Portugal / Wage-Induced Mismatch on German Labour Markets? Lessons from Comparison with Portugal
Authors: Entorf Horst
Published: September 2016

Die Analyse von Paneldaten für Deutschland und Portugal und die Schätzung von Matching- Funktionen für Berufsgruppen zeigt in Deutschland eine fallende und in Portugal eine steigende Effizienz des Matching-Prozesses. Löhne in Deutschland und Mindestlöhne in Portugal sind signifikante Faktoren für die jeweilige Entwicklung. Berechnungen ergeben, daß in (West-) Deutschland im Zeitraum 1971 bis 1995 eine Halbierung der Reallohnzuwächse zu einer Steigerung der Effizienz des Matching-Prozesses um ca. 40 % geführt hätte. Ferner stellt sich heraus, daß eine Beschleunigung der beruflichen Mobilität vom Produzierenden Gewerbe in Richtung Dienstleistungsbereich die Effizienz des Matchings erhöhen würde.
Betriebliche Weiterbildung, Mobilität und Beschäftigungsdynamik / On the Job Training, Mobility and Employment Dynamics
Authors: Hübler Olaf , König Anja
Published: September 2016

Untersucht wird, ob betriebliche Weiterbildung die Mobilitätsneigung der Beschäftigten eher verstärkt oder reduziert, ob es Unterschiede in der Weiterbildung bei verschiedenen Beschäftigtengruppen gibt und ob externe Effekte auftreten, also auch diejenigen Arbeitskräfte, die an keiner Weiterbildungsmaßnahme beteiligt sind, in ihrem Mobilitätsverhalten beeinflußt werden. Die Analyse wird anhand von verallgemeinerten additiven Modellen mit Hilfe nichtparametrischer Verfahren zur Bestimmung unspezifizierter nichtlinearer Effekte durchgeführt. Die Datengrundlage bilden sowohl Individualdaten (SOEP) als auch Betriebsdaten (Hannoveraner Firmenpanel). An Hauptergebnissen ist festzuhalten: Sowohl die Individual- als auch die Betriebsdaten zeigen, daß die Mobilitätsneigung durch betriebliche Weiterbildung im allgemeinen gesenkt wird. Dies gilt im besonderen Maße für gut ausgebildete Arbeitskräfte. Schlecht vorgebildete Beschäftigte haben kurzfristig nur eine Chance, ihre Erwerbssituation durch selbstfinanzierte Fortbildung zu verbessern, wenn sie nach der Maßnahme den Arbeitgeber wechseln. Betriebe verbinden Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen häufig mit einem Austausch der Belegschaft. Ziel könnte sein, das allgemeine Qualifikationsniveau im Betrieb anzuheben.
Beschäftigung für Arbeitskräfte mit geringer Produktivität / Employment of Workers with Low Productivity
Authors: Paqué Karl-Heinz
Published: September 2016

In Deutschland gibt es relativ wenig Beschäftigungsverhältnisse zu niedrigen Löhnen. Der Beitrag untersucht, welche Regeln der deutschen Sozial- und Arbeitslosenhilfe dafür verantwortlich sind und wie dies geändert werden könnte, um Erwerbspersonen mit niedriger Produktivität in den Arbeitsmarkt wieder einzugliedern. Es wird ein Vorschlag zur Reform des Sozialstaats präsentiert und diskutiert. Kern des Vorschlags sind (i) die Subventionierung von Beschäftigung zu Niedriglöhnen, um einen funktionsfähigen Markt für Arbeitskräfte mit niedriger Produktivität zu schaffen und (ii) die konsequente Umorientierung der zuständigen Sozialbehörden - von personeller Ausstattung bis zu Betreuung und Kontrolle - auf die Wiedereingliederung von Hilfsempfängern in den Arbeitsmarkt.
Nonlinear Error Correction Modeling in German Interest Rates / Ein nichtlineares Fehlerkorrekturmodell für die deutsche Zinsstruktur
Authors: Brannolte Cord , Hansen Gerd , Kim Jeong-Ryeol
Published: September 2016

Nonlinear dynamics in the term structure of German interest rates resulting from heterogenous transaction costs in the money market are analysed by means of the smooth transition technique introduced by Granger and Teräsvirta (1993). Tests for linearity, specific functional forms and outliers are performed. Evidence is found indicating that the term structure is somewhat better described as a nonlinear cointegrated model instead of a linear one.
On the Impact of Import Quotas on a Quantity-Fixing Cartel in a Two-Country-Setting / Der Einfluß von Importquoten auf die Stabilität eines Mengenkartells – Eine Analyse im Rahmen eines Zwei-Länder-Modells
Authors: Matschke Xenia
Published: September 2016

In a static supergame context, a model is presented in which a foreign and a domestic firm form a cartel for selling a homogeneous good. In order to maximize joint cartel profit, the two firms have agreed to restrict sales to their own home market. Due to transfer costs, this market split paretodominates other cartel solutions. Side payments are assumed to be feasible. The introduction of an import quota may affect cartel stability as measured by a so-called critical interest rate. The two-country setting and the feasibility of side payments lead to results very different from previous findings that mild import regulations foster cartelization whereas severe restrictions destabilize quantity-setting cartels.
Erfordert die Europäische Währungsunion die Koordination der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in den Mitgliedsländern? / Does the EMU necessitate the Co-ordination of Active Labour Market Policy in the Member Countries?
Authors: Jochem Axel
Published: September 2016

Durch den Vertrag von Amsterdam vom 2. Oktober 1997 wurde der acquis communautaire der Europäischen Union um ein Kapitel zur gemeinsamen Beschäftigungspolitik erweitert. Ihr Schwerpunkt liegt in der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, inwieweit der Einsatz aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik Probleme aufwirft, die nur innerhalb einer Währungsunion auftreten (oder durch diese erheblich verstärkt werden) und eine Koordination auf europäischer Ebene notwendig machen. Tatsächlich erschwert der sogenannte Stabilitätspakt die Finanzierung arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen. Da gleichzeitig der nominale Wechselkurs als Anpassungsinstrument zwischen den Mitgliedsstaaten der Währungsunion entfällt, tritt ein verschärfter Steuerwettbewerb auf, der ein suboptimales Angebot aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik zur Folge hat und durch finanzielle Koordination vermieden werden kann. Die von einigen Politikern beabsichtigte Einbindung der Europäischen Zentralbank in die beschäftigungspolitische Verantwortung birgt allerdings die Gefahr eines exzessiven Einsatzes arbeitsmarktpolitischer Maßnahmen, der bei zunehmender Globalisierung zu einem schwerwiegenden Standortnachteil gegenüber dem Rest der Welt führt und letztlich höhere soziale Kosten verursacht als ein vollständiger Verzicht auf beschäftigungspolitische Kooperation.
Structure vs. use in heritage language
Authors: Polinsky Maria
Published: September 2016

This paper provides an overview of the phenomenon of heritage language and offers evidence in support of representational differences between (baseline) native grammars and heritage grammars, arguing that such differences that cannot be reduced entirely to the effects of processing constraints or memory limitations. Data from heritage Spanish number/gender agreement and from Russian ellipsis indicate that baseline native grammars and heritage grammars may have a fundamentally different organization of certain categories.
One step paired electrochemical synthesis of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Ordoukhanian Juliet , Karami Hassan , Nezhadali Azizollah
Published: September 2016

In this study, a new one step paired electrochemical method is developed for simultaneous synthesis of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles. iron and iron oxide are prepared as cathodic and anodic products from iron (ii) sulfate aqueous solution in a membrane divided electrolytic cell by the pulsed current electrosynthesis. Because of organic solvent-free and electrochemical nature of the synthesis, the process could be considered as green and environmentally friendly. The reduction of energy consumption and low cost are the other significant advantages of this new method that would have a great application potential in the chemical industry. The nanostructure of prepared samples was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic properties were studied by vibrating sample magnetometer (VsM).
A Journey Beyond Reality: Poetic Prose and Lush Imagery in Tanith Lee’s Night’s Master
Authors: Vinczeová Barbora
Published: September 2016

Tanith Lee was a “highly decorated writer” (Chappell 1) whose work ranged from science-fiction, through fantasy and children’s literature to contemporary and detective novels. Although she published more than ninety novels and three hundred short stories, her audience has diminished through the years, affecting also the academic interest in her works. The aims of this article are to provide a literary analysis of one of her most famous novels, Night’s Master, and answer the question of why readers describe her prose as “lush” and “poetic”; and also interpret the recurring symbolism and themes of beauty, sexuality and metamorphosis in the work. This article also highlights the similarities between the novel and fairy tales in regard of numeric symbolism and morals.
Magical Realism in Neil Gaiman’s Coraline
Authors: Hosseinpour Saeede , Department of English Language and Literature, Semnan Univer Nahid Shahbazi
Published: September 2016

Magical realism, as a narrative mode or genre in adults’ literature, has been in vogue since its revivifying with the publication of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). However, the depiction of the genre in children’s and juvenile literature is a new trend; the presence of its elements have been traced and proved feasibly applicable in the interpretation of recent children’s fiction such as David Almond’s Skelling (1998). In this regard, the main concern of the present article is to sift the characteristic features of magical realism within Neil Gaiman’s Coraline (2002) through the application of Wendy B. Faris’s theoretical framework of the genre therewith Tzvetan Todorov’s definition of the fantastic in order to introduce the novel as an exemplar of magical realism in the domain of children’s literature.
Ethnicity and Social Critique in Tony Hilleman’s Crime Fiction
Authors: Bubíková Šárka
Published: September 2016

American mystery writer Tony Hillerman (1925-2008) achieved wide readership both within the United States and abroad, and, significantly, within the US both among white Americans and Native Americans. This article discusses Hillerman’s detective fiction firstly within the tradition of the genre and then focuses on particular themes and literary means the writer employs in order to disseminate knowledge about the Southwestern nations (tribes) among his readers using the framework of mystery (crime) fiction. Hillerman’s two literary detectives Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn and Sergeant Jim Chee, both of the Navajo Tribal Police, are analyzed and contrasted with female characters. Finally, the article analyzes the ways in which Hillerman makes the detectives’ intimate knowledge of the traditions, beliefs and rituals of the southwestern tribes and of the rough beauty of the landscape central to the novels’ plots, and how he presents cultural information.
Cross-Cultural Variation in the Use of Hedges and Boosters in Academic Discourse
Authors: Dontcheva-Navratilova Olga
Published: September 2016

Hedges and boosters are important metadiscoursal devices contributing to the construal of persuasion in academic discourse as they enable academic writers to distinguish facts from opinions, evaluate the views of others and convey a different degree of commitment to their assertions (cf. Hyland 1998a, Hyland 2004, 2005). This study explores cross-cultural variation in the use of lexical hedges and boosters in the academic discourse of non-native writers. The study is carried out on a specialized corpus of linguistics research articles published in the international journal Applied Linguistics and the national Czech English-medium journal Discourse and Interaction. The main purpose of the cross-cultural investigation is to analyze variation in the rate, distribution and choice of hedges and boosters across the rhetorical structure of research articles in order to shed light on ways in which Anglophone and Czech writers express different degrees of commitment in their assertions when striving to persuade their target readership to accept their views and claims.
Functions of Expressions of Futurality in Professional Economic Texts
Authors: Mikuláš Martin
Published: September 2016

The aim of this corpus-based study is to identify the functions that selected expressions of futurality can express in professional economic texts. The classification of functions is established on the corpus of seven economic books. Excerpted instances of futural constructions are analysed with respect to textual and interpersonal functions as defined by Halliday. Futurality is interpreted broadly to include all lexical and grammatical means referring to the future. This approach makes it also possible to analyse futurality as a means of text coherence. Hence the core grammatical means are interpreted along with co-occurring lexical means under the two categories of functions to provide a comprehensive model of text coherence with regard to futurality. Frequency analysis shows that core futural expressions are not distributed equally throughout the corpus. While some expressions (e.g., will and the present simple tense) dominate, others prove to be rather insignificant (e.g., be on the point/verge of, the present progressive tense). In addition, both lexical and grammatical constructions regularly co-occur in clusters, contributing to the coherence of the economic texts.
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of no-carrier-added 2-(3-(4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)benzo[d]thiazole, a potential dopamine D4 receptor radioligand
Authors: Gu-Cai Li , Ru Zhang , Jiao-yun Xia
Published: September 2016

The dopamine D4 receptor has been shown to play important roles in some central nervous system pathologies. Specific radioligands for the D4 receptor may be useful to understand the function of the D4 receptor and its correlations with various disorders. 2-(3-(4-(4-[18F]Fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)benzo[d]thiazole ([18F]4) was synthesized through a one-pot two-step procedure with total yield 18.6% (decay corrected). The specific activity of the radioligand was 112 GBq/μmol and its radiochemical purity was >95.0%. Its affinity and selectivity for dopamine D2-like receptors were measured through in vitro receptor binding evaluation and the K
i value for the D4 receptor was determined to be 2.9±0.2 nM, and its selectivity for the dopamine D4 receptor is 709-fold versus D2long receptor, 823-fold versus D3 receptor. The partition coefficient (Log D) of it was determined to be 2.6±0.1 through octanol-water partition experiment. The ligand presents desirable combination of lipophilicity, affinity and selectivity for the dopamine D4 receptor. The results suggested that the radioligand shows promises for the in vivo study of the dopamine D4 receptor.
Functional fitness and body composition of active older women in different age categories
Authors: Ogonowska-Słodownik Anna , Bober Eliza Maria , Molik Bartosz
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Physical activity is one of the basic elements that affect functional performance and body composition. The age may result in adverse changes in these parameters. The study aimed to compare the functional fitness and body composition in physically active women over 60 years old in different age groups and determine the relationship between those two components.

Material and methods: The study participants attended gymnastic classes at the University of Third Age of Warsaw University of Technology. A total of 39 women were examined in three age categories - 60-64 years (13 women), 65-69 years (13 women), 70-74 years (13 women). The study used the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) to assess functional fitness. Body composition was tested using a device Tanita BC 420.

Results: Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant (p≤0.05) differences in functional fitness and body composition between women of different age groups. A statistically significant negative correlation was found for Back Scratch test with BMI and percentage of body fat and a positive with muscle mass. Additionally, 8-ft up-and-go test positively correlated with BMI and percentage of body fat and negatively with muscle mass.

Conclusions: Regular physical activity allows to maintain the level of functional fitness in older women. Element requiring additional commitment are flexibility exercises. The study confirmed the relationship between body composition and functional fitness of older women.
A unified formulation for free vibration of functionally graded plates
Authors: Malekzadeh Parviz , Shojaee Mohammad
Published: September 2016

A simple, accurate, and unified formulation for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) plates is introduced. New four-variable first-order and higher-order shear deformation theories together with the classical FG plate theory can be easily achieved. The only assumption is that the transverse displacement consists of bending and shear components, and hence the theory has the potential to be used for modeling of the nonlinear FG plate problems. To validate the proposed formulation, the free vibration analysis of FG plates on two-parameter elastic foundation is conducted. The material properties vary continuously through the plate thickness. Analytical solutions for simply supported and approximate solutions for FG plates with arbitrary boundary conditions are extracted by extending the application of the conventional differential quadrature method as an accurate and efficient numerical tool. Comparison studies with existing two- and three-dimensional results available in open literature are performed. Excellent agreement between the results of the present formulation and the other theories is observed.
Effect of Forming on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Waisman J. L. , Yen C. S.
Published: September 2016

Effects of stretching and bending on the static and fatigue strengths of sheet metals were determined experimentally on several aluminum alloys, commercial pure titanium and type 302 stainless steel. These effects can be explained or predicted by considering the effect of three factors: strain hardening, micro-residual stress, and macro-residual stress.
Involving Patients with Multimorbidity in Service Planning: Perspectives on Continuity and Care Coordination
Authors: Schiøtz Michaela L. , Høst Dorte , Frølich Anne
Published: September 2016

Background

The prevalence of multiple comorbid chronic conditions, or multimorbidity, is increasing. Care provided to people with multimorbidity is often fragmented, incomplete, inefficient, and ineffective. As part of a research and development project focusing on improving care, we sought to involve patients with multimorbidity in the planning process.

Objective

To identify opportunities for improving care by understanding how patients from a Danish University Hospital experience care coordination.

Design

Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 14 patients with multimorbidity.

Results

Patients with multimorbidity described important concerns about care that included: (1) disease-centered, rather than patient-centered, care; (2) lack of attention to comorbidities and patient preferences and needs; and (3) involvement of numerous healthcare providers with limited care coordination. Poor continuity of care resulted in lack of treatment for complex problems, such as pain and mental health issues, medication errors, adverse events, and a feeling of being lost in the system. Receiving care from generalists (e.g. general practitioners and healthcare professionals at prevention centers) and having a care coordinator seemed to improve patients’ experience of continuity and coordination of care. Suggestions for service improvements when providing care for people with multimorbidity included using care coordinators, longer consultation times, consultations specifically addressing follow-up on prescribed medications, and shifting the focus of care from disease states to patients’ overall health status.

Conclusions

A need exists for a reorganization of care delivery for people with multimorbidity that focuses on improved care coordination and puts patient preferences at the center of care.
Bone mineral density is increased after a 16-week resistance training intervention in elderly women with decreased muscle strength
Authors: Huovinen Ville , Ivaska Kaisa K , Kiviranta Riku , Bucci Marco , Lipponen Heta , Sandboge Samuel , Raiko Juho , Eriksson Johan G , Parkkola Riitta , Iozzo Patricia , Nuutila Pirjo
Published: September 2016

Objective

Non-pharmacological interventions are important in reducing risk for osteoporotic fractures. We investigated the effects of a 16-week individualized resistance training intervention on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers and 10-year relative risk (RR) for osteoporotic fracture.

Design

Interventional study with a follow-up.

Methods

In total, 37 elderly women (mean age 71.9 ± 3.1 years) with decreased muscle strength participated in the resistance training intervention three times per week with 60 min per session for 16 weeks under the supervision of a licensed physiotherapist. Total hip BMD with quantitative CT, bone markers (sclerostin, osteocalcin, CTX, PINP, IGF-1, 25(OH)-D) and 10-year RR for osteoporotic fracture were measured at baseline, post-intervention and at 1-year follow-up after the end of the intervention. Eleven age- and sex-matched controls did not participate in the intervention but were studied at baseline and at 1-year follow-up.

Results

Resistance training seemed to increase total hip BMD by 6% (P= 0.005). Sclerostin (P< 0.001) and total osteocalcin (P= 0.04) increased while other bone markers remained unchanged. A 10-year RR for major osteoporotic and hip fracture remained unchanged. At follow-up total hip BMD (P< 0.001) decreased back to the baseline level with a simultaneous decrease in serum sclerostin (P= 0.045), CTX (P< 0.001) and an increase in 25(OH)-D (P< 0.001), 10-year RR for major osteoporotic (P= 0.002) and hip fracture (P= 0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest an important role of continuous supervised resistance training for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women with decreased muscle strength.
More Trouble Ahead for Public School Finance: The Implications of Generational Change in Pennsylvania
Authors: McClure Maureen W. , Krekanova Vera
Published: September 2016

Pennsylvania’s generational transitions will be rockier and more expensive for education finance than is publicly acknowledged. Debates over both the necessity for and the affordability of tax increases already frame state education budget debates. Education policy and planning data, especially at regional and local levels, tend to be isolated from other sector wide and cross-sectoral data. This study explores the examples of tax capacity and workforce quality data and concludes that two issues state, regional, and local education policymakers can’t ignore are increased dependency ratios and a smaller workforce with fewer economic opportunities. Aging seniors increase dependency ratios, are less mobile, and enjoy lighter tax burdens, putting greater public responsibilities on the labor force. Younger, educated workers have heavier tax burdens and are more likely to leave for younger states with less heavy tax burdens.
Codeine: Time to Say “No”
Authors: Tobias Joseph D. , Green Thomas P. , Coté Charles J. ,   SECTION ON ANESTHESIOLOGY AND PAIN MEDICINE,   COMMITTEE ON DRUGS, Agarwal Rita , Anderson Corrie T.M. , Hardy Courtney Alan , Honkanen Anita , Rehman Mohamed A. , Neville Kathleen , Houck Constance S. , Jones Bridgette , Paul Ian M. , Sullivan Janice E. , Van Den Anker John N.
Published: September 2016

Codeine has been prescribed to pediatric patients for many decades as both an analgesic and an antitussive agent. Codeine is a prodrug with little inherent pharmacologic activity and must be metabolized in the liver into morphine, which is responsible for codeine’s analgesic effects. However, there is substantial genetic variability in the activity of the responsible hepatic enzyme, CYP2D6, and, as a consequence, individual patient response to codeine varies from no effect to high sensitivity. Drug surveillance has documented the occurrence of unanticipated respiratory depression and death after receiving codeine in children, many of whom have been shown to be ultrarapid metabolizers. Patients with documented or suspected obstructive sleep apnea appear to be at particular risk because of opioid sensitivity, compounding the danger among rapid metabolizers in this group. Recently, various organizations and regulatory bodies, including the World Health Organization, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the European Medicines Agency, have promulgated stern warnings regarding the occurrence of adverse effects of codeine in children. These and other groups have or are considering a declaration of a contraindication for the use of codeine for children as either an analgesic or an antitussive. Additional clinical research must extend the understanding of the risks and benefits of both opioid and nonopioid alternatives for orally administered, effective agents for acute and chronic pain.
Justicia territorial para la construcción de la paz
Authors: Jiménez Martín Carolina
Published: September 2016

Este artículo persigue dos objetivos. Por una parte, aportar algunos elementos que contribuyan a la caracterización de las geografías de la guerra producidas en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano. Y por la otra,  proponer ideas que muestren la potencialidad transformativa que tienen las negociaciones de paz con las insurgencias de las FARC-EP y el ELN para desestructurar esas geografías de la guerra y avanzar hacia la construcción de unas geografías de la paz.
PRÁTICAS ESCOLARES NO ENSINO PRIMÁRIO PÚBLICO BRASILEIRO NO INÍCIO DO REGIME REPUBLICANO
Authors: Azevedo Crislane Barbosa
Published: September 2016

Este trabalho está ligado ao projeto “História da escolarização no Rio Grande do Norte (século XX)”. Dedica-se à investigação acerca da educação escolar no Rio Grande do Norte ao longo do século XX, com ênfase nos grupos escolares: sua organização, seus professores, sua cultura escolar, suas relações com a normatização, entre outros aspectos. Dessa forma, dedica-se a pesquisar as relações entre o poder instituído e aquilo que efetivamente foi experimentado pelas instituições de ensino e seus sujeitos. A pesquisa sobre as práticas não é simples, requer o trabalho com amplo e diversificado acervo documental. Assim, foram levantadas diferentes fontes de pesquisa tendo em vista a análise de diferentes aspectos relativos ao cotidiano de escolas públicas norte-rio-grandenses. Este artigo toma por base um recorte deste projeto de pesquisa, tratando, dessa forma, das práticas escolares presentes no cotidiano dos grupos, com atenção especificamente a: passeios extraclasse, uso de materiais pedagógicos diversificados, orientações de Higiene, exercícios físicos, e, festas escolares.
Education in shared decision making
Authors: Walsh Kieran , Aboshady Omar
Published: September 2016

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction Shared decision making in healthcare is important. Education in shared decision making is required to ensure that healthcare professionals are equipped so that they can effectively share decisions with patients. Online learning may be one method of doing this. Online learning resources allow large numbers of users to access clinical content at a time and place that is convenient for them. Methods BMJ Learning is the online learning website of BMJ. BMJ Learning recently published a module on shared decision making. We evaluated the module by looking at how popular the module was, by examining the feedback that we received on the module and by looking at what percentage of users who started the module completed it. We analysed the feedback from a qualitative perspective.Results A total of 748 users started the module and 586 completed it. This gives a completion rate of 78%. The mean completion rate of all modules on the site is 83%. Feedback to the resource was mixed. 47 users described the resource as useful, good or excellent. 10 described it as interesting and 3 said that the content related to their learning needs. 10 users left negative comments.Conclusions Shared decision making is clearly a learning need amongst healthcare professionals and many users feel that an online learning module in this format is an effective means of satisfying this need.
Electoral Reinforcement and the Dynamics of Partisanship Strength
Authors: LoTempio Andrew J.
Published: September 2016

The partisanship strength of individuals is investigated as dependent upon the cumulative effect of their electoral decisions. Using data from the 1956-1960 and 1972-1976 American National Election Studies (NES), voters who reinforce their party identification through loyal presidential vote choices over their life-cycle were found to experience gains in partisanship strength to a larger degree than those who vote for different parties or who do not vote. Additionally, short-term forces such as defecting from one’s party identification in a single election or casting a split-ticket vote hinder life-cycle gains in partisanship. The totality of the evidence shows that the dynamics of partisanship may be better understood if the absence or presence of electoral reinforcement is accounted for across several presidential elections and across the entire ballot in a single election.
Southern Distinctiveness over Time, 1972-2000
Authors: Rice Tom W. , McLean William P. , Larsen Amy J.
Published: September 2016

Scholars have long been interested in the cultural differences between the southern United States and the rest of the nation. In this study we update and extend earlier work in this area by comparing and tracking the responses of southerners and non-southerners to over 75 questions from the 1972-2000 cumulative General Social Surveys. The analyses generate four conclusions. First, the attitudes and behaviors of southerners are more conservative than those of non-southerners in many areas, including race, gender, religion, sex, social capital, and tolerance. Second, the magnitude of these regional differences remains about the same regardless of whether we compare all southerners and non-southerners or just white southerners and non-southerners. This suggests that Southern culture is not just a “white” southern culture as many scholars have argued in the past. Third, the differences between southerners and non-southerners persist, although often to a lesser degree, after controlling for structural variables such as education, income, and urbanity. The implication is that southern distinctiveness is a product of both deep-seeded cultural differences and structural differences between regions. Fourth, there is very little evidence that regional differences have declined over the past quarter century, challenging those who contend that southern culture is in retreat.
Growth in Party Competition and the Transformation of Southern Politics
Authors: Carey Robert T. , Ransom Bruce W. , Woodard J. David
Published: September 2016

The political landscape of the South traditionally has been dominated by the monolith of the Democratic Party. In the last decades of the twentieth century, the political climate was reversed, with many southern states voting Republican, especially in national elections. This political shift is examined in the context of economic, social, and cultural shifts in the South, beginning in 1950, the end of V.O. Key’s seminal work, and ending in 2000. This political shift is quantified with an adaptation of the Ranney Index of Party Competition.
Introduction: The Citadel Symposium on Southern Politics
Authors: Kapeluck Branwell D. , Steed Robert P. , Moreland Laurence W.
Published: September 2016

This issue of The American Review of Politics consists of six articles originally presented at the 2004 Citadel Symposium on Southern Politics, held in Charleston every two years since 1978. The two-day meeting attracted 79 paper presenters and discussants, and the program included over 40 paper presentations, grouped into thirteen panels. While the overriding theme of the conference was southern politics, the topics were quite diverse. Subjects included redistricting, political culture and religion, race and partisanship, the Confederate Flag and symbolic politics, state legislative behavior, southern representation in Congress, historical surveys of southern politics, demographic evolution of the region and public policy in the South.
Defining Dixie: A State-Level Measure of the Modern Political South
Authors: Cooper Christopher A. , Knotts H. Gibbs
Published: September 2016

Despite volumes of research, there is little agreement on which states to include in the modern political South. In this paper, we analyze state-level demographic, political, public opinion, and policy outcome data to evaluate the distinctiveness of the eleven states of the old Confederacy. Next, we combine the public opinion and policy outcomes unique to the old Confederacy states to create an index of political southernness. Our scale of southernness suggests that the traditional definitions of the region need to be reevaluated. For example, we find that Oklahoma and Kentucky score high on our scale, while Tennessee, Virginia, and especially Texas are much less politically southern.
Florida: The South's Premier Battleground State
Authors: MacManus Susan A. , Everett Cal , Quecan Andrew , Penberthy Brittany L.
Published: September 2016

Florida was the South’s lone battleground state from start to finish of presidential campaign 2004. In this critical battleground state, there was never a clear break between the end of presidential Campaign 2000 and the beginning of Campaign 2004. As one ended with a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, the next began. Each major party was intent on proving that its candidate really won the Sunshine State in 2000. Even the intervening gubernatorial election in 2002, featuring incumbent Republican Jeb Bush running against Democratic newcomer Bill McBride, was viewed as just a temporary blip in the seamless campaign season that stretched from December 2000 to November 2004.
Mississippi: Republicans Surge Forward in a Two-Party State
Authors: Shaffer Stephen D. , Breaux David A. , Patrick Barbara
Published: September 2016

Mississippi entered the 21st century as a competitive two-party state far removed from its post-Reconstruction history of one-party Democratic domination. Yet Republican gains which had led to this emerging parity between the parties were not uniform across elective offices, as they had come first in federal elections and only later trickled down to state offices (Aistrup 1996). Mississippi voted Republican for president for the first time since Reconstruction in 1964 and 1972 (by landslide margins), narrowly backed Democrat and born-again southern Baptist Jimmy Carter in 1976, and henceforth has cast every one of its electoral votes for Republican presidential candidates. Enduring U.S. House gains began occurring in the Nixon landslide reelection year of 1972 with victories by Republicans Thad Cochran and Trent Lott. Cochran and Lott then replaced retiring conservative Democratic U.S. senators James Eastland in 1978 and John Stennis in 1988. Democrats remained competitive in U.S. house races at the century’s end, however, retaining two moderate conservative whites (Ronnie Shows and Gene Taylor) and one liberal African American (Bennie Thompson, representing the black majority “Delta” district) as congressmen. With the retirements of boll weevil Democrats Jamie Whitten in 1994 and Sonny Montgomery in 1996, conservative Republicans Roger Wicker and Chip Pickering took their places to maintain two House seats for the GOP.
Nevada Redistricting and Perpetuation of the Status Quo
Authors: Damore David F.
Published: September 2016

Between 1990 and 2000 the population of Nevada increased by over 66 percent. Much of this growth was fueled by an influx of minorities and further concentrated the state’s population in southern Nevada. These forces altered the state’s political landscape and raised the stakes for the decennial redistricting of Nevada’s assembly and senate seats. Employing a multi-methodological approach, this effort demonstrates how the 2001 Nevada redistricting maintained the pre-existing partisan divisions in the state legislature despite a number of factors that threatened to alter the status quo. At the same time, the analysis reveals that the desire of key redistricters to maintain the partisan status quo compromised the typical byproduct that results from bipartisan gerrymanders, incumbent protection.
What to Do about Turnout Bias in American Elections: A Response to Wink and Weber
Authors: Brunell Thomas L.
Published: September 2016

At the end of the 2006 term, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its decision with respect to the Texas redistricting controversy. While in its decision (LULAC v. Perry) the court struck down one of the newly drawn districts (the 23rd) the case is more notable for what the court did not do. The Court did not see anything in the Constitution indicating that state legislatures are restricted as to when redistricting ought to be done. Traditionally the process is done after the new census data is delivered, usually in years ending in 1, and the new districts are in effect for elections in years ending in a 2. The state government in Texas was still divided in 2001 and a federal court ended up drawing new district boundaries, but after the GOP gained control in the next election they decided to redraw the congressional district lines more to their advantage for the 2004 election. Moreover a big part of the litigation was the claim that the Republicans had treated the Democrats unfairly enough in the new map that it constituted a partisan gerrymander and the Court, the Democrats claimed, ought to step in and doing something about it. The Justices did not strike down the map on these grounds and it is still unclear to most observers if the Court will step into the fray at some late date with respect to this issue.
Steel bridge deterioration data in Japan and modelling
Authors: Tamakoshi Takashi , Shirato Masahiro , Kamada Toshiro
Published: September 2016

In the last decade, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan has inspected 24 000 highway bridges with a new ‘segmental’ data-recording protocol for bridge maintenance. The data-recording units (‘segments’) are subdivisions of structural components and elements, each containing information on the extent of 26 designated types of damage. This paper analyses the deterioration characteristics (such as average deterioration trend equations and variabilities) of steel I-girder highway bridges. Inspection data show that the new protocol can express the difference in deterioration states evolving within the same element, such as girder ends and span centres for girders, and the influence of the simultaneous existence of different damage types on the rate of deterioration, for example that efflorescence seems to accelerate the development of reinforced concrete deck fatigue. The data also show that deterioration trend curves sometimes mislead data-driven management due to uncertainty in damage extent probability distributions.
The Genetic Landscape of Renal Complications in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sandholm Niina , Van Zuydam Natalie , Ahlqvist Emma , Juliusdottir Thorhildur , Deshmukh Harshal A. , Rayner N. William , Di Camillo Barbara , Forsblom Carol , Fadista Joao , Ziemek Daniel , Salem Rany M. , Hiraki Linda T. , Pezzolesi Marcus , Trégouët David , Dahlström Emma , Valo Erkka , Oskolkov Nikolay , Ladenvall Claes , Marcovecchio M. Loredana , Cooper Jason , Sambo Francesco , Malovini Alberto , Manfrini Marco , McKnight Amy Jayne , Lajer Maria , Harjutsalo Valma , Gordin Daniel , Parkkonen Maija ,   The FinnDiane Study Group, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Lyssenko Valeriya , McKeigue Paul M. , Rich Stephen S. , Brosnan Mary Julia , Fauman Eric , Bellazzi Riccardo , Rossing Peter , Hadjadj Samy , Krolewski Andrzej , Paterson Andrew D. ,   The DCCT/EDIC Study Group, Jose C. Florez, Hirschhorn Joel N. , Maxwell Alexander P. ,   GENIE Consortium, David Dunger, Cobelli Claudio , Colhoun Helen M. , Groop Leif , McCarthy Mark I. , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of The SUMMIT Consortium
Published: September 2016

Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD. Despite evidence for a substantial heritability of diabetic kidney disease, efforts to identify genetic susceptibility variants have had limited success. We extended previous efforts in three dimensions, examining a more comprehensive set of genetic variants in larger numbers of subjects with type 1 diabetes characterized for a wider range of cross-sectional diabetic kidney disease phenotypes. In 2843 subjects, we estimated that the heritability of diabetic kidney disease was 35% (P=6.4×10−3). Genome-wide association analysis and replication in 12,540 individuals identified no single variants reaching stringent levels of significance and, despite excellent power, provided little independent confirmation of previously published associated variants. Whole-exome sequencing in 997 subjects failed to identify any large-effect coding alleles of lower frequency influencing the risk of diabetic kidney disease. However, sets of alleles increasing body mass index (P=2.2×10−5) and the risk of type 2 diabetes (P=6.1×10−4) associated with the risk of diabetic kidney disease. We also found genome-wide genetic correlation between diabetic kidney disease and failure at smoking cessation (P=1.1×10−4). Pathway analysis implicated ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (P=9.0×10−6), and pentose and glucuronate interconversions (P=3.0×10−6) in pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. These data provide further evidence for the role of genetic factors influencing diabetic kidney disease in those with type 1 diabetes and highlight some key pathways that may be responsible. Altogether these results reveal important biology behind the major cause of kidney disease.