bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Quality Evaluation of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill.) of Hass Produced in Different Localities on the Island of Tenerife, Spain
Authors: Méndez Hernández Clemente , Grycz Alicja , Rios Mesa Domingo , Rodríguez Galdón Beatriz , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Elena M.
Published: March 2024

The effect of the production area on the quality of Hass avocados grown on the island of Tenerife was studied. For this purpose, several physicochemical parameters, such as fruit weight, percentage of pulp, seed and skin, proximate composition, minerals, total phenolic compounds (TP), total flavonoid compounds (TF), α-tocopherol, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile were analyzed. The location of the orchards significantly influenced avocado weight; pulp and seed percentage; and fat, fiber, ash, α-tocopherol, TP, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and oleic and palmitoleic acid contents. Buenavista (BU) avocados were the smallest (185 g) and presented the highest percentage of pulp (77.1%) and lowest percentage of fiber (5.43%). The highest levels of dry matter (33.8%) and fat (20.4%) were found in avocados harvested in Los Silos (SI) and Santiago del Teide (SA), respectively. Compared with those at the other locations, the avocados harvested in Güímar (GU) had high levels of α-tocopherol (52.2 µg g−1) and phenolic compounds (56.0 mg GAE 100 g−1). Avocados from Los Realejos (RE) had the highest percentage of oleic acid and the lowest percentage of palmitoleic acid. Numerous significant correlations were found between the variables studied, especially those between TP, TF, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) and between fat percentage and dry matter.
Green Fruit Detection with a Small Dataset under a Similar Color Background Based on the Improved YOLOv5-AT
Authors: Fu Xinglan , Zhao Shilin , Wang Chenghao , Tang Xuhong , Tao Dan , Li Guanglin , Jiao Leizi , Dong Daming
Published: March 2024

Green fruit detection is of great significance for estimating orchard yield and the allocation of water and fertilizer. However, due to the similar colors of green fruit and the background of images, the complexity of backgrounds and the difficulty in collecting green fruit datasets, there is currently no accurate and convenient green fruit detection method available for small datasets. The YOLO object detection model, a representative of the single-stage detection framework, has the advantages of a flexible structure, fast inference speed and excellent versatility. In this study, we proposed a model based on the improved YOLOv5 model that combined data augmentation methods to detect green fruit in a small dataset with a background of similar color. In the improved YOLOv5 model (YOLOv5-AT), a Conv-AT block and SA and CA blocks were designed to construct feature information from different perspectives and improve the accuracy by conveying local key information to the deeper layer. The proposed method was applied to green oranges, green tomatoes and green persimmons, and the mAPs were higher than those of other YOLO object detection models, reaching 84.6%, 98.0% and 85.1%, respectively. Furthermore, taking green oranges as an example, a mAP of 82.2% was obtained on the basis of retaining 50% of the original dataset (163 images), which was only 2.4% lower than that obtained when using 100% of the dataset (326 images) for training. Thus, the YOLOv5-AT model combined with data augmentation methods can effectively achieve accurate detection in small green fruit datasets under a similar color background. These research results could provide supportive data for improving the efficiency of agricultural production.
The Use of Hanseniaspora opuntiae to Improve ‘Sideritis’ Wine Quality, a Late-Ripening Greek Grape Variety
Authors: Filippousi Maria-Evangelia , Chalvantzi Ioanna , Mallouchos Athanasios , Marmaras Ioannis , Banilas Georgios , Nisiotou Aspasia
Published: March 2024

In view of climate change and the increasingly antagonistic wine market, the exploitation of native genetic resources is revisited in relation to sustainable wine production. ‘Sideritis’ is a late-ripening Greek grape variety, which is quite promising for counteracting wine quality issues associated with the annual temperature rise. The aim of this study was to improve the quality and to enhance the aroma of ‘Sideritis’ wine through the use of native yeasts. To improve vinification, Hanseniaspora opuntiae L1 was used along with Saccharomyces cerevisiae W7 in mixed fermentations (SQ). The addition of H. οpuntiae significantly altered the chemical profile of the wine compared to the single-inoculated fermentations with W7 (IS). H. opuntiae increased all the acetate esters, except for hexyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetate. The concentration of 2-phenylethyl acetate, which imparts flowery and sweet notes, exhibited a 2.6-fold increase in SQ as compared to IS wines. SQ also showed higher levels in several ethyl esters, including ethyl butyrate, ethyl heptanoate and ethyl 7-octenoate, which are associated with fruity notes compared to IS. H. opuntiae produced citronellol, a terpene associated with rose and green notes, and increased the overall acceptance of the wine. Present results are thus quite promising for improving ‘Sideritis’ wine quality towards a sustainable wine production in Greece in view of global warming.
Physical Stability and Antioxidant Ability of a Sustainable Oil-in-Water Emulsion Containing Perilla Skin Extract and Upcycled Aquasoya Powder
Authors: Kang Bo-Kyong , Yu Jing-Chao , Shin Weon-Sun
Published: March 2024

In response to environmental issues, upcycling has become a growing trend in the food industry. Aquasoya is a promising method to upcycle by-product from soybean processing due to its high protein contents and excellent emulsifying ability. In the present research, Aquasoya powder was used an emulsifier to incorporate the antioxidant compounds from perilla skin extract (PSE), namely rosmarinic acid, into oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion system and its physochemical stability was assessed. As a result, droplet size of the emulsion was smaller in PSE-incorporated emulsion (PO, 350.57 ± 9.60 b nm) than the emulsion without PSE (PX, 1045.37 ± 142.63 a nm). Centrifugal photosedimentometry analysis also revealed that the physical stability was significantly improved in PO, and the stability was maintained over 30 d of storage. Furthermore, as PO had a higher ABTS radical scavenging ability and showed slower initial lipid oxidation, it was concluded that PO has a higher antioxidant ability than PX. Conclusively, Aquasoya can be considered as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion with PSE because it can effectively integrate and stabilize the antioxidant substance derived from perilla skin.
A NADPH-Dependent Aldo/Keto Reductase Is Responsible for Detoxifying 3-Keto-Deoxynivalenol to 3-epi-Deoxynivalenol in Pelagibacterium halotolerans ANSP101
Authors: Liu Yanrong , Ma Mingxin , Tang Yu , Huang Zhenqian , Guo Yongpeng , Ma Qiugang , Zhao Lihong
Published: March 2024

Deoxynivalenol (DON), primarily generated by Fusarium species, often exists in agricultural products. It can be transformed to 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), with a relatively low toxicity, via two steps. DDH in Pelagibacterium halotolerans ANSP101 was proved to convert DON to 3-keto-deoxynivalenol (3-keto-DON). In the present research, AKR4, a NADPH-dependent aldo/keto reductase from P. halotolerans ANSP101, was identified to be capable of converting 3-keto-DON into 3-epi-DON. Our results demonstrated that AKR4 is clearly a NADPH-dependent enzyme, for its utilization of NADPH is higher than that of NADH. AKR4 functions at a range of pH 5–10 and temperatures of 20–60 °C. AKR4 is able to degrade 89% of 3-keto-DON in 90 min at pH 7 and 50 °C with NADPH as the cofactor. The discovery of AKR4, serving as an enzyme involved in the final step in DON degradation, might provide an option for the final detoxification of DON in food and feed.
Analysis of Free Amino Acid Composition and Honey Plant Species in Seven Honey Species in China
Authors: Yang Jialin , Liu Yihui , Cui Zongyan , Wang Taohong , Liu Tong , Liu Gang
Published: March 2024

Honey is well-known as a food product that is rich in active ingredients and is very popular among consumers. Free amino acids (FAAs) are one of the important nutritional components of honey, which can be used not only as a nutritional indicator of honey but also as an indicator of plant source identification. In this study, the contents of 20 FAAs in seven types of honey from 11 provinces in China were examined for the first time. The 20 FAAs were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). By analyzing 93 honey samples from seven types of honey, the FAAs were found to range from 394.4 mg/kg (linden honey) to 1771.7 mg/kg (chaste honey). Proline ranged from 274.55 to 572.48 mg/kg, and methionine was only present in some of the linden honey, chaste honey, acacia honey, and rape honey. Evaluated by amino acid principal component analysis, multifloral grassland honey had the highest overall evaluation score, acacia and jujube honey were the most similar, while chaste honey was the least similar to the other types of honey. In addition, DNA was extracted from 174 Xinjiang grassland honey samples and different plant leaves for PCR and sequencing to identify the species of nectar plants. As a result, 12 families and 25 species of honey plants were identified. The results confirmed the diversity of FAAs in dissimilar types and sources of honey. This study provides a reference for expanding honey quality standards and verifying the authenticity of honey.
Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient and Selective Extraction of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Waste Seeds of Refined Betel Nuts
Authors: Liu Jin , Ma Li , Deng Senwen , Chen Xinzhi , Li Qi , Xu Aiqing , Tong Ting , Tan Shuhua , Wang Mingkang , Cai Jiangtao , Wang Haihua
Published: March 2024

During the production process of refined betel nuts in China, a large amount of processing by-product, betel nut waste seeds, is generated. Betel nut waste seeds are rich in bioactive elements, but they have not been effectively utilized yet. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted deep eutectic solvent method (DES) was used to selectively extract α-glucosidase inhibitors from waste seeds. Compared with traditional extraction solvents such as water and ethanol, the extraction efficiency of specific DESs is higher, and the content of alkaloids in the extracts is lower. However, it should be noted that some pure DESs exhibit inhibitory activity towards α-glucosidase. DESs, based on choline chloride/urea, were selected due to the high extraction efficiency of α-glucosidase inhibitors and their low alkaloid content as well as low inhibitory activity. The optimal extraction conditions were determined using single-factor experiments as follows: 30% (v/v) water content, a choline chloride/urea ratio of 5:3, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10, extraction temperature of 40 °C, and a duration of 30 min. Through recovery experiments, it was found that the DES can be reused four times under these conditions, maintaining an inhibition rate comparable to alcohol extraction methods. The IC50 value of the extract was measured at 0.0066 mg/mL, superior to acarbose. In summary, this research has successfully developed an efficient and selective method for extracting α-glucosidase inhibitors from betel nut waste seeds, thereby presenting a promising avenue for future applications.
Investigation of Zhenjiang Aromatic Vinegar Production Using a Novel Dry Gelatinization Process
Authors: Wang Ke , Shi Yuxuan , Feng Jiaxue , Zhao Yi , Zhu Hao , Chen Di , Gong Xiaojie , Fang Meihui , Yu Yongjian
Published: March 2024

The traditional process of producing Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar faces challenges such as high water usage, wastewater generation, raw material losses, and limitations in mechanization and workshop conditions. This study introduces and evaluates a novel dry gelatinization process, focusing on fermentation efficiency and the vinegar flavor profile. The new process shows a 39.1% increase in alcohol conversion efficiency and a 14% higher yield than the traditional process. Vinegar produced through the dry gelatinization process has a stronger umami taste and a higher lactic acid concentration. Both processes detected 33 volatile substances, with the dry gelatinization process showing a notably higher concentration of 2-methylbutanal, which imparts a distinct fruity and chocolate aroma. These findings suggest that the dry gelatinization process outperforms the traditional process in several aspects.
Rapid Cooling Delays the Occurring of Core Browning in Postharvest ‘Yali’ Pear at Advanced Maturity by Inhibiting Ethylene Metabolism
Authors: Zhang Hongyan , Han Yunyun , Liang Liya , Deng Bing
Published: March 2024

During the storage and transportation processes, the occurrence of core browning in ‘Yali’ pear fruit due to adversity injury can be easily mitigated by implementing different cooling methods, especially in advanced maturity fruits. In this study, ‘Yali’ pears at an advanced maturity stage were subjected to slow cooling and rapid cooling treatment. The quality-related physiological percentage and severity, and the rate of good fruits were determined, and RNA-seq was used to explore the effects of different cooling methods on pathways related to core browning in advanced-maturity pears at the transcriptional level. The results indicated that, compared with slow cooling treatment, rapid cooling significantly inhibited core browning in advanced-maturity ‘Yali’ pears. Measurements of quality-related physiological indexes suggested that rapid cooling treatment led to higher SSC content, firmness, L* value, and b* value, indicating better brightness, coloration, and higher soluble solid content, which are desirable for commercial sale. Rapid cooling effectively suppressed the physiological metabolism of ‘Yali’ pears, delaying fruit senescence compared with slow-cooling treatment. Furthermore, the RNA-Seq sequencing results revealed that pathways related to browning are involved in hormone signal transduction pathways, which are associated with resistance and aging processes of pear fruit. In summary, rapid cooling treatment delayed the core browning of advanced maturity of ‘Yali’ pears, indicating that the core browning of ‘Yali’ pears is related to the cooling method, and the mechanism of rapid cooling in reducing the core browning of advanced maturity of ‘Yali’ pears was by delaying the aging process of the fruit. This provides a new perspective for alleviating the core browning of advanced-maturity ‘Yali’ pears during storage and transportation, and provides a theoretical reference for studying the mechanism of core browning of ‘Yali’ pears.
Fractal Analysis of Polarizability in Graphite Deposits: Methodological Integration for Geological Prediction and Exploration Efficiency
Authors: Liang Yuqi , Xia Qinglin , Jiang Kenan , Pang Ercheng
Published: March 2024

Most geophysical and geochemical data are commonly acknowledged to exhibit fractal and multifractal properties, but the fractal characteristics of polarizability have received limited attention from the literature. The present study demonstrates that the polarizability data of the graphite deposits have fractal characteristics and introduces the fractal method for its quantitative analysis to indicate and predict the properties of graphite deposits. The results show that the concentration-area (C-A) method is superior to classical interpolation in anomaly extraction but inferior to the spectrum-area (S-A) method in the coverage region. Because the type of graphite ore is sedimentary-metamorphic in this area, the graphite ore-bodies can be regarded as a special stratum, which is different from most metal deposits, and the anomaly of graphite ore are shown in the background mode of the S-A method. The high values of the background mode effectively indicate the potential areas where the graphite-bearing strata occur, while observing a decrease in the power-law exponent (β) of the background mode as the width of ore-bodies increases. The validity of this conclusion was confirmed based on the vertical profiles of the predicted area, and the uncharted ore vein was thereby identified. Furthermore, it was found that the anomaly mode can serve as a grade indicator of graphite ore rather than delineating the fault. By integrating the background and anomaly modes of the S-A method, we can quantitatively predict and effectively identify high-grade targets from sedimentary deposits containing minerals in future exploration.
Contributions to the Numerical Solutions of a Caputo Fractional Differential and Integro-Differential System
Authors: Moumen Abdelkader , Mennouni Abdelaziz , Bouye Mohamed
Published: March 2024

The primary goal of this research is to offer an efficient approach to solve a certain type of fractional integro-differential and differential systems. In the Caputo meaning, the fractional derivative is examined. This system is essential for many scientific disciplines, including physics, astrophysics, electrostatics, control theories, and the natural sciences. An effective approach solves the problem by reducing it to a pair of algebraically separated equations via a successful transformation. The proposed strategy uses first-order shifted Chebyshev polynomials and a projection method. Using the provided technique, the primary system is converted into a set of algebraic equations that can be solved effectively. Some theorems are proved and used to obtain the upper error bound for this method. Furthermore, various examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm when compared to existing approaches in the literature. Finally, the key conclusions are given.
Comparisons for Global Dynamics of a Geometrically Nonlinear Oscillator among Single-, Double- and Quadruple-Well Configurations
Authors: Sun Huihang , Shang Huilin
Published: March 2024

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the global dynamics of a harmonically excited oscillator with geometrical nonlinearities. Static analysis of the oscillatory system shows that adjusting the horizontal distance ratio from 1 to 0 can lead to single, double and quadruple well configurations successively. Intra-well and inter-well resonant responses are deduced analytically. Qualitative and quantitative results both reveal that the oscillator displays the stiffness–softening characteristic in cases of double and quadruple wells and the stiffness–hardening characteristic in the case of a single well. The initial-sensitive phenomenon jump is performed via fractal basins of attraction. Complex dynamical behaviors, including higher-order periodic responses and chaos, are also exhibited. The results demonstrate that the oscillator with a double or quadruple well configuration can achieve the inter-well response with large displacement, thus confirming its desirability in engineering applications of geometrically nonlinear oscillators.
Isomorphic Multidimensional Structures of the Cyclic Random Process in Problems of Modeling Cyclic Signals with Regular and Irregular Rhythms
Authors: Lupenko Serhii , Butsiy Roman
Published: March 2024

This paper is devoted to the research of the isomorphic multidimensional cyclic structure and multidimensional phase structure of the cyclic random process (CRP) and to its formation method, which enables a rigorous formalization of intuitive ideas concerning cyclic stochastic motion. The fundamental properties of the cyclic random process and analytical dependencies between the multidimensional cyclic structure, multidimensional phase structure and rhythm structure of the CRP have been established. This work shows that the CRP is able to take into account the cyclicity of multidimensional distribution functions of cyclic signals as well as the variability in the rhythm of the investigated signals. A subclass of the CRP is the periodic random process, which allows for the use of classical processing methods of cyclic signals with a regular rhythm. Based on a series of experiments, significant advantages of the CRP as a mathematical model of electrocardiographic signals (ECG) compared to the periodic random process are shown.
Urban Meteorology, Pollutants, Geomorphology, Fractality, and Anomalous Diffusion
Authors: Pacheco Patricio , Mera Eduardo , Navarro Gustavo , Parodi Carolina
Published: March 2024

The measurements, recorded as time series (TS), of urban meteorology, including temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and CO), in three different geographical morphologies (basin, mountain range, and coast) are analyzed through chaos theory. The parameters calculated at TS, including the Lyapunov exponent (λ > 0), the correlation dimension (DC < 5), Kolmogorov entropy (SK > 0), the Hurst exponent (0.5 < H < 1), Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZ > 0), the loss of information (<ΔI> < 0), and the fractal dimension (D), show that they are chaotic. For the different locations of data recording, CK is constructed, which is a proportion between the sum of the Kolmogorov entropies of urban meteorology and the sum of the Kolmogorov entropies of the pollutants. It is shown that, for the three morphologies studied, the numerical value of the CK quotient is compatible with the values of the exponent α of time t in the expression of anomalous diffusion applied to the diffusive behavior of atmospheric pollutants in basins, mountain ranges, and coasts. Through the Fréchet heavy tail study, it is possible to define, in each morphology, whether urban meteorology or pollutants exert the greatest influence on the diffusion processes.
Theoretical Investigation on the Conservation Principles of an Extended Davey–Stewartson System with Riesz Space Fractional Derivatives of Different Orders
Authors: Molina-Holguín Carlos Alberto , Urenda-Cázares Ernesto , Macías-Díaz Jorge E. , Gallegos Armando
Published: March 2024

In this article, a generalized form of the Davey–Stewartson system, consisting of three nonlinear coupled partial differential equations, will be studied. The system considers the presence of fractional spatial partial derivatives of the Riesz type, and extensions of the classical mass, energy, and momentum operators will be proposed in the fractional-case scenario. In this work, we will prove rigorously that these functionals are conserved throughout time using some functional properties of the Riesz fractional operators. This study is intended to serve as a stepping stone for further exploration of the generalized Davey–Stewartson system and its wide-ranging applications.
Matching with Nonexclusive Contracts
Authors: Ripperger-Suhler Daniel
Published: March 2024

A variety of empirical papers document the coexistence of exclusive and nonexclusive contracts within a given market across a multitude of industries. However, the theoretical literature has not been able to generate a differentiable model with the coexistence of these contracts. I rectify the gap in the literature by developing a theoretical model of two-sided matching, in which principals and agents choose between exclusive and nonexclusive contracts with cost-of-effort inefficiencies. I find that the coexistence of contracts relies on cost-sharing between principals, relative bargaining power, and an endogenous outside option. I also find that the pattern of contracts is monotonic with respect to the type distributions of principals and agents.
Physics-Informed Graph Neural Operator for Mean Field Games on Graph: A Scalable Learning Approach
Authors: Chen Xu , Liu Shuo , Di Xuan
Published: March 2024

Mean-field games (MFGs) are developed to model the decision-making processes of a large number of interacting agents in multi-agent systems. This paper studies mean-field games on graphs (G-MFGs). The equilibria of G-MFGs, namely, mean-field equilibria (MFE), are challenging to solve for their high-dimensional action space because each agent has to make decisions when they are at junction nodes or on edges. Furthermore, when the initial population state varies on graphs, we have to recompute MFE, which could be computationally challenging and memory-demanding. To improve the scalability and avoid repeatedly solving G-MFGs every time their initial state changes, this paper proposes physics-informed graph neural operators (PIGNO). The PIGNO utilizes a graph neural operator to generate population dynamics, given initial population distributions. To better train the neural operator, it leverages physics knowledge to propagate population state transitions on graphs. A learning algorithm is developed, and its performance is evaluated on autonomous driving games on road networks. Our results demonstrate that the PIGNO is scalable and generalizable when tested under unseen initial conditions.
Analysis of the Distribution Pattern of Remaining Oil and Development Potential after Weak Gel Flooding in the Offshore LD Oilfield
Authors: Ge Lizhen , Chen Xiaoming , Wang Gang , Zhang Guohao , Li Jinyi , Liu Yang , Xiao Lixiao , Wen Yuchen , Yuan Weifeng , Qu Ming , Bai Mingxing
Published: March 2024

The LD oilfield is one of the representative offshore oilfields. After weak gel flooding, the recovery rate is significantly improved. However, the oilfield is then in a medium- to high-water content stage, presenting a complex distribution of the remaining oil. The measures for further enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are uncertain. As a result, it is necessary to clarify the distribution pattern and development potential of the remaining oil during the high-water content period after weak gel flooding. In this study, an online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) oil displacement experiment and microscopic oil displacement experiment were conducted, and the mechanisms of weak gel flooding and the distribution pattern of the remaining oil were clarified in the LD oilfield. Additionally, high-multiple water flooding and numerical simulation experiments were conducted to analyze the development potential after weak gel flooding. The results show that the effect of weak gel flooding was more significant in the core of 1500 mD, with an increase in oil recovery of 9% compared to 500 mD. At a permeability of 500 mD, the degree of crude oil mobilization in micropores and small pores caused by weak gel flooding was improved by 29.64% and 23.48%, respectively, compared with water flooding. At 1500 mD, the degree of crude oil mobilization in small pores caused by weak gel flooding was increased by 37.79% compared to water flooding. After weak gel flooding, the remaining oil was primarily distributed in medium and large pores. Microscopically, the remaining oil was dominated by cluster residual oil, accounting for 16.49%, followed by columnar, membranous, and blind-end residual oil. High multiple water flooding experiments demonstrated that weak gel flooding could significantly reduce development time. The ultimate oil recovery efficiency of 500 mD and 1500 mD reached 71.85% and 80.69%, respectively. Numerical simulation results show that the ultimate oil recovery efficiency increased from 62.04% to 71.3% after weak gel flooding. This indicated that the LD oilfield still had certain development potential after weak gel flooding. The subsequent direction for enhanced oil recovery focuses mainly on mobilizing oil in medium pores or clustered remaining oil. This will play a crucial role in further exploring methods for utilizing the remaining oil and increasing the recovery rate.
Conjugation of Soybean Proteins 7S/11S Isolate with Glucose/Fructose in Gels through Wet-Heating Maillard Reaction
Authors: Ud Din Jalal , Li He , Li You , Liu Xinqi , Al-Dalali Sam
Published: March 2024

Conjugation with glucose (G) and fructose (F) via the Maillard reaction under the wet-heating condition is a natural and non-toxic method of improving the technological functions of 7S/11S proteins in different kinds of gels. It may be used as an affordable supply of emulsifiers and an excellent encapsulating matrix for gels. This study aimed to create a glucose/fructose-conjugated 7S/11S soy protein via the Maillard reaction. The conjugation was confirmed by determining the SDS-PAGE profile and circular dichroism spectra. In addition, these conjugates were comprehensively characterized in terms of grafting degree, browning degree, sulfhydryl content, surface hydrophobicity (H0), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) through various reaction times (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) to evaluate their ability to be used in food gels. The functional characteristics of the 7S/11S isolate–G/F conjugate formed at 70 °C, with a high degree of glycosylation and browning, were superior to those obtained at other reaction times. The SDS-PAGE profile indicated that the conjugation between the 7S and 11S proteins and carbohydrate sources of G and F through the Maillard reaction occurred. Secondary structural results revealed that covalent interactions with G and F affected the secondary structural components of 7S/11S proteins, leading to increased random coils. When exposed to moist heating conditions, G and F have significant potential for protein alteration through the Maillard reaction. The results of this study may provide new insights into protein modification and establish the theoretical basis for the therapeutic application of both G and F conjugation with soy proteins in different food matrixes and gels.
Advancements and Challenges in Hydrogel Engineering for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Omidian Hossein , Chowdhury Sumana Dey , Wilson Renae L.
Published: March 2024

This manuscript covers the latest advancements and persisting challenges in the domain of tissue engineering, with a focus on the development and engineering of hydrogel scaffolds. It highlights the critical role of these scaffolds in emulating the native tissue environment, thereby providing a supportive matrix for cell growth, tissue integration, and reducing adverse reactions. Despite significant progress, this manuscript emphasizes the ongoing struggle to achieve an optimal balance between biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical stability, crucial for clinical success. It also explores the integration of cutting-edge technologies like 3D bioprinting and biofabrication in constructing complex tissue structures, alongside innovative materials and techniques aimed at enhancing tissue growth and functionality. Through a detailed examination of these efforts, the manuscript sheds light on the potential of hydrogels in advancing regenerative medicine and the necessity for multidisciplinary collaboration to navigate the challenges ahead.
The Exploitation of Sodium Deoxycholate-Stabilized Nano-Vesicular Gel for Ameliorating the Antipsychotic Efficiency of Sulpiride
Authors: Abdallah Marwa H. , Shahien Mona M. , Alshammari Alia , Ibrahim Somaia , Ahmed Enas Haridy , Atia Hanan Abdelmawgoud , Elariny Hemat A.
Published: March 2024

The present study explored the effectiveness of bile-salt-based nano-vesicular carriers (bilosomes) for delivering anti-psychotic medication, Sulpiride (Su), via the skin. A response surface methodology (RSM), using a 33 Box–Behnken design (BBD) in particular, was employed to develop and optimize drug-loaded bilosomal vesicles. The optimized bilosomes were assessed based on their vesicle size, entrapment efficiency (% EE), and the amount of Sulpiride released. The Sulpiride-loaded bilosomal gel was generated by incorporating the optimized Su-BLs into a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer. The obtained gel was examined for its physical properties, ex vivo permeability, and in vivo pharmacokinetic performance. The optimum Su-BLs exhibited a vesicle size of 211.26 ± 10.84 nm, an encapsulation efficiency of 80.08 ± 1.88% and a drug loading capacity of 26.69 ± 0.63%. Furthermore, the use of bilosomal vesicles effectively prolonged the release of Su over a period of twelve hours. In addition, the bilosomal gel loaded with Su exhibited a three-fold increase in the rate at which Su transferred through the skin, in comparison to oral-free Sulpiride. The relative bioavailability of Su-BL gel was almost four times as high as that of the plain Su suspension and approximately two times as high as that of the Su gel. Overall, bilosomes could potentially serve as an effective technique for delivering drugs through the skin, specifically enhancing the anti-psychotic effects of Sulpiride by increasing its ability to penetrate the skin and its systemic bioavailability, with few adverse effects.
Novel Synergistic Probiotic Intervention: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Ameliorative Effects on Immunity, Gut Barrier, and Metabolism of Mice during Salmonella typhimurium Infection
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Lu Hongyu , Li Yixiang , Liu Yu , Din Ahmad Ud , Qi Zhongquan , Xiong Yi , Yan Jianhua
Published: March 2024

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM–receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection.
Analysis of the Overlength Main Noncoding Region in Metacarcinus magister (Decapoda: Brachyura) and a Phylogenetic Study of the Cancroidea Species
Authors: Wang Zhengfei , Xu Xinyi , Zheng Yuqing , Xu Zhiwen , Li Yunjie , Chen Huohuo
Published: March 2024

Complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) can provide important information regarding the molecular evolution and phylogenetic relationships of marine invertebrates, especially in Brachyura. Only one Cancroidea species of mitogenomes has been sequenced before; in this research, the mitogenomic characteristics of Metacarcinus magister (Cancridae: Cancroidea) are newly studied. The length of the M. magister mitogenome was 48,820 bp, and it contained the typical 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes. We performed a series of analyses on the characteristics of the mNCR of M. magister. The phylogenetics, life circumstances, and selective pressures were all analyzed to explain the formation of this length, which revealed the length of the M. magister mitogenome to be approximately three times greater than the normal length of Brachyuran mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on a dataset of 215 Decapodan mitogenomes indicated that all Eriphioidea crabs were clustered together as a group. Moreover, the rearrangement mechanism of the Cancroidea species was predicted to provide stronger evidence for the phylogenetic analysis. In general, the results obtained in this study will contribute to a better understanding of the cause of the unusual length of the M. magister mitogenome and provide new insights into the phylogeny of Brachyura.
PCR in Forensic Science: A Critical Review
Authors: McDonald Caitlin , Taylor Duncan , Linacre Adrian
Published: March 2024

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has played a fundamental role in our understanding of the world, and has applications across a broad range of disciplines. The introduction of PCR into forensic science marked the beginning of a new era of DNA profiling. This era has pushed PCR to its limits and allowed genetic data to be generated from trace DNA. Trace samples contain very small amounts of degraded DNA associated with inhibitory compounds and ions. Despite significant development in the PCR process since it was first introduced, the challenges of profiling inhibited and degraded samples remain. This review examines the evolution of the PCR from its inception in the 1980s, through to its current application in forensic science. The driving factors behind PCR evolution for DNA profiling are discussed along with a critical comparison of cycling conditions used in commercial PCR kits. Newer PCR methods that are currently used in forensic practice and beyond are examined, and possible future directions of PCR for DNA profiling are evaluated.
Unravelling the Genetic Landscape of Hemiplegic Migraine: Exploring Innovative Strategies and Emerging Approaches
Authors: Alfayyadh Mohammed M. , Maksemous Neven , Sutherland Heidi G. , Lea Rod A. , Griffiths Lyn R.
Published: March 2024

Migraine is a severe, debilitating neurovascular disorder. Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare and debilitating neurological condition with a strong genetic basis. Sequencing technologies have improved the diagnosis and our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of HM. Linkage analysis and sequencing studies in HM families have identified pathogenic variants in ion channels and related genes, including CACNA1A, ATP1A2, and SCN1A, that cause HM. However, approximately 75% of HM patients are negative for these mutations, indicating there are other genes involved in disease causation. In this review, we explored our current understanding of the genetics of HM. The evidence presented herein summarises the current knowledge of the genetics of HM, which can be expanded further to explain the remaining heritability of this debilitating condition. Innovative bioinformatics and computational strategies to cover the entire genetic spectrum of HM are also discussed in this review.
Actuarial Analysis of Survival after Breast Cancer Diagnosis among Lithuanian Females
Authors: Levickytė Justina , Skučaitė Aldona , Šiaulys Jonas , Puišys Rokas , Vincerževskienė Ieva
Published: March 2024

Breast cancer is the most common cause of mortality due to cancer for women both in Lithuania and worldwide. The chances of survival after diagnosis differ significantly depending on the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and other factors. One way to estimate survival is to construct a Kaplan–Meier estimate for each factor value separately. However, in cases when it is impossible to observe a large number of patients (for example, in the case of countries with lower numbers of inhabitants), dividing the data into subsets, say, by stage at diagnosis, may lead to results where some subsets contain too few data, thus causing the results of a Kaplan–Meier (or any other) method to become statistically incredible. The problem may become even more acute if researchers want to use more risk factors, such as stage at diagnosis, sex, place of living, treatment method, etc. Alternatively, Cox models can be used to analyse survival data with covariates, and they do not require the data to be divided into subsets according to chosen risks factors (hazards). We estimate the chances of survival for up to 5 years after a breast cancer diagnosis for Lithuanian females during the period of 1995–2016. Firstly, we construct Kaplan-Meier estimates for each stage separately; then, we apply a (stratified) Cox model using stage, circumstance of diagnosis, and year of diagnosis as (potential) hazards. Some directions of further research are provided in the last section of the paper.
Models Used by Nurse Case Managers in Different Autonomous Communities in Spain: A Scoping Review
Authors: Villarreal-Granda Paula , Recio-Platero Amada , Martín-Bayo Yara , Durantez-Fernández Carlos , Cárdaba-García Rosa M. , Pérez-Pérez Lucía , Madrigal Miguel , Muñoz-del Caz Alba , Olea Elena , Bahillo Ruiz Esther , Jiménez-Navascués Lourdes , Velasco-Gonzalez Veronica
Published: March 2024

(1) Background: The role of the nurse case manager is unknown to the population. The main objective is to analyze the existing differences within the national territory in order to make known the situation in Spain with a view to the recognition of its functions and the creation of the professional profile in an equal manner. (2) Methods: A scoping review was conducted in order to achieve the main aim. Selected articles were subjected to a critical reading, and the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation of the Joanna Briggs Institute were verified. The search field was limited to the last ten years. (3) Results: Case management models are heterogeneous in different autonomous communities in Spain. Case nurse management is qualified for high-complexity patients, follow up on chronic patients, and coordinate health assistance. (4) Conclusions: It concludes that nursing’s role is crucial in the field of case management, being required in the follow-up of chronic patients of high complexity. Despite the proven health benefits, efficacy, and efficiency of case management, there are many heterogeneous models that coexist in Spain. This involves a restriction in the development of a nursing career because of the lack of a definition of its functions and competences.
COVID-19-Related Stressors and Psychophysical Health Conditions among Italian University Students: A Post Pandemic Insight
Authors: Cattaneo Della Volta Maria Francesca , Vallone Federica , Zurlo Maria Clelia
Published: March 2024

The COVID-19 medical emergency has ended worldwide, yet the psychological impact of these years of unprecedented changes on students’ lives still needs to be deepened. Methods: This study aims to assess and compare COVID-19-related stressors (relationships and academic life; isolation; and fear of contagion) and psychophysical symptoms reported by 637 university students at three times, i.e., April 2020 (n = 197), April 2021 (n = 200), and April 2022 (n = 240). The impact of COVID-19-related stressors on psychophysical symptoms within each time was also tested. Results: In April 2022, perceived isolation and fear of contagion decreased from the peak registered in April 2021, but stress related to relationships and academic life remained high. An ongoing increase in psychophysical symptoms was found. More than 50% of students reported clinical levels of sleep disorders, depression, psychoticism, and interpersonal sensitivity. In April 2022, students still perceiving stress related to relationships and academic life and isolation were at risk for anxiety, somatization, and sleep disorders. Students still perceiving stress related to fear of contagion were also at risk for depression, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and psychoticism. Conclusion: The findings emphasized the long-lasting effects of COVID-19-related stress on students’ psychophysical health. Interventions must aim at supporting students in dealing with the complex post-pandemic adjustment process.
Harnessing the Synergy of SGLT2 Inhibitors and Continuous Ketone Monitoring (CKM) in Managing Heart Failure among Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tecce Nicola , de Alteriis Giorgio , de Alteriis Giulia , Verde Ludovica , Tecce Mario Felice , Colao Annamaria , Muscogiuri Giovanna
Published: March 2024

Heart failure (HF) management in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is particularly challenging due to its increased prevalence and the associated risks of hospitalization and mortality, driven by diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-is) offer a promising avenue for treating HF, specifically the preserved ejection fraction variant most common in T1D, but their utility is hampered by the risk of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This review investigates the potential of SGLT2-is in T1D HF management alongside emergent Continuous Ketone Monitoring (CKM) technology as a means to mitigate DKA risk through a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The evidence suggests that SGLT2-is significantly reduce HF hospitalization and enhance cardiovascular outcomes. However, their application in T1D patients remains limited due to DKA concerns. CKM technology emerges as a crucial tool in this context, offering real-time monitoring of ketone levels, which enables the safe incorporation of SGLT2-is into treatment regimes by allowing for early detection and intervention in the development of ketosis. The synergy between SGLT2-is and CKM has the potential to revolutionize HF treatment in T1D, promising improved patient safety, quality of life, and reduced HF-related morbidity and mortality. Future research should aim to employ clinical trials directly assessing this integrated approach, potentially guiding new management protocols for HF in T1D.
Quality of Life and Its Psychosocial Predictors among Patients with Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction: A Comparison with Age- and Sex-Matched Controls
Authors: Brugnera Agostino , Remondi Chiara , La Tona Antonino , Nembrini Greta , Lo Coco Gianluca , Compare Angelo , Cardinali Alice , Scollato Alessandra , Marchetti Fabio , Bonetti Matteo , Pigozzi Marie Graciella
Published: March 2024

The disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs) are a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions that greatly reduce patients’ quality of life (QoL). To date, biopsychosocial factors (such as gastrointestinal symptoms, alexithymia, and interpersonal problems) are believed to contribute to the development and maintenance of DGBIs, but their role in affecting patients’ QoL is still under investigation. Out of 141 patients seeking treatment for their gastrointestinal symptoms, 71 were diagnosed with a DGBI (47 females, 66.2%; Mage: 41.49 ± 17.23 years) and were age- and sex-matched to 71 healthy controls (47 females, 66.2%; Mage: 40.45 ± 16.38 years) without any current gastrointestinal symptom or diagnosis. Participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and a survey investigating several psychosocial risk factors. We found greater symptom severity and difficulties in identifying feelings among patients compared to controls. Further, multiple linear regression analyses evidenced that, among patients, higher expressive suppression of emotions, difficulties in identifying feelings and interpersonal problems, and a lower cognitive reappraisal of emotions predicted lower QoL. Data suggest that the QoL of patients with DGBIs is affected not only by common risk factors (e.g., interpersonal problems) but also by specific difficulties in processing and regulating emotions. The implications of these findings are discussed.