bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First General Purge of the RCP(b) in 1921: Institutional and Human Dimensions (Basing on Archival Material of the Vyatka Gubernia)
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Timkin Yu. N.
Published: June 2022

In June 1921, the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a decision on the first general purge of the party and for the period August 1 — October 1. The party organizations set as a goal to free themselves from all “clinging” members who pursued selfish material or other interests. The subject of the study is the analysis of the organization, conduct, and results of the purge in the Vyatka provincial organization of the party, as well as a socio-psychological portrait of those expelled after the purge. The work uses archival sources and the principle of historicism, methods of historical institutionalism, and case studies. It turned out that the purge took place at a later date, from September to November 1921, which indicated both the weakness of party discipline and low level of party organization. The number of excluded and expelled members was much more than in the whole country, which was due to the non-proletarian composition of the organization, the crisis at the beginning of the NEP, and the nature of the attitude of peasant communists to NEP. The main result of the purge was an increase in more disciplined and executive party members who believe in the ideals of communism. Nevertheless, the purge did not reach its goal, since the crisis in the party organizations of the province kept growing. In the 1922–1924, many county-level organizations whose members were purged found themselves in a state of deep disintegration and were again subjected to purges.
The Cosmonaut Training Center in the 1960s: Problems of Logistics and Organization
Authors:   Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Batchenko V. S.
Published: June 2022

Based on declassified archival documents, this article examines key difficulties of the initial period of human preparation for space flight, carried out in the USSR at the Cosmonaut Training Center (CPC). In historiography, much has been said about the medical and psychological selection of the first group of cosmonauts, the physical exertion that the future conquerors of space experienced, but organizational and everyday difficulties remained behind the scenes. This work aims to identify the main problems faced by the CPC leadership and the first cosmonauts, and to place new emphasis on the problems of space exploration in the 1960s. The lack of a unified management of the space exploration process led to the fact that, on the one hand, the realities of the Cold War and the space race with the United States were pressing, and on the other hand, for more than ten years, cosmonauts-in-training had to put up with field training in centrifuges and for about twenty years in swimming pools, without the necessary equipment on the territory of the Center. The lack of balanced nutrition, the violation of rest and sleep, and failures in training due to the lack of instructors and equipment only added to this picture. The complexity of all the above-mentioned difficulties further illustrates the will of military pilots admitted to space flights to achieve the ultimate goal in any way. It is also important that the CPC leadership, being at the forefront of historical events, sought the status of a scientific institution for its organization, which allowed it to attract qualified personnel and develop the scientific potential of its employees. This problem, as well as the construction of the centrifuge, was solved only by the end of the 1960s.
Alexander Benois Archive: Collection and Distribution
Authors:   The Ilya Glazunov Russian Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, Kryshtaleva M. K.
Published: June 2022

Art historian, artist, and critic Alexander Nikolaevich Benois (1870–1960) collected and systematized his archive both before and after emigration from Leningrad to Paris in 1926. According to his own assessments and according to contemporaries, the materials contained in the archive are valuable for studying the history of art culture at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and as sources for the history of Russian emigration in the first half of the twentieth century. Research and exhibitions devoted to the biography and work of Benois, as a rule, focus on his activities until the autumn of 1926 and narrate the artist’s activities in emigration, not appealing to archival materials of this period. During 34 years of emigration, part of the archive, partially transported from Leningrad, was replenished with new materials of a personal and professional nature. His personal archive became part of the museum’s collections during his lifetime, and after his death it was distributed among several more storage locations in Russia and the United States, still partially remaining in the family. Information about the archival heritage of Benois is extremely scattered, which might explain their insufficient coverage in studies of Russian emigration, as well as ideas about the activities and significance of Benois personality for the artistic and the emigration world of the mid-twentieth century. The article traces the history of the formation and principles of collecting the archive, identifies the reasons and the course of distribution, systematize information about its location and the composition of materials in storage places.
V. SESEMAN’S “PURE KNOWLEDGE” CONCEPT
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, BELOV VLADIMIR ,   Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
Published: June 2022

Although the concept of “pure knowledge” is one of the most interesting and singular concepts in the philosophical work of Vasily Seseman (1884-1963), it can only be presented after a comprehensive analysis of the philosopher’s numerous works devoted to ontological, epistemological and logical problems. Seseman believes that the main philosophical trends at the beginning of the twentieth century, namely neo-Kantianism, intuitionism and phenomenology, could not present this concept, although they did try. According to the philosopher, the main reason for the inability of neo-Kantianism, intuitionism and phenomenology to start talking about pure knowledge is their inability to assert the essential difference between objective and non-objective knowledge. Sesemann pays special attention when substantiating his concept of “pure knowledge” to the difference between his approach and that of the founder of modern phenomenology. The philosopher points out that even Husserl, who concentrated attention on the specifics of inner experience, puts this specific, in the end, in dependence on the process of cognition and reflection, completely ignoring its ontological foundations. While pure knowledge, according to Seseman, is neither non-objective, nor objective knowledge, nor non-objective, nor objective being, it, in fact, is non-knowledge and non-being. It is precisely this understanding by the philosopher of this phenomenon that allows him to characterize pure knowledge as premiseless and limitless and, in general, as free from any ontological or epistemological determinations. However, on the other hand, Sesemann insists that the phenomenon of pure knowledge has the meaning of not just a regulatory idea, an infinitely distant ideal, but also a real constitutive meaning, as a principle that reveals and determines the human striving for knowledge as an interconnected and necessary process that ascends from the onto-gnoseological stage of non-objective knowledge to the epistemological, and then the logical stage of objective knowledge.
THE PARADOXES OF ANALOGICAL REPRESENTATION: THE ORIGINAL AND A COPY IN PHENOMENOLOGICAL IMAGINATION THEORY
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, DROZHETSKAYA ELENA
Published: June 2022

This article deals with a phenomenological standpoint on paradoxicality of image-consciousness (imagination), i.e., an analogical representation in which an image possesses material support. Contrary to tradition, E. Husserl thought of imagination as being both an intuitive and a mediate act. Husserl’s opinion results from paradoxical nature of an image itself: an image (Bildobjekt) appears but it doesn’t exist, while the exhibited thing (Bildsujet)does exist but doesn’t appear in proper sense. The paradoxicality of an image results in its double conflict — with actual present and with Bildsujet. Initially, Husserl considered that the more analogous features an image possesses the less conflict exists between it and Bildsujet, but then his own experience made him change his mind. Examining a wax figure example, he came to the conclusion that this perfectly human-like object is rather a fiction (an illusion) than an image for it is constituted in a position-taking intention, not in a neutralized one. However, despite we’ve got knowledge of illusory nature of such an object our consciousness keeps on fluctuating between an imaging intention and a perceptual one. Unlike Husserl neither J.-P. Sartre nor M. Richir draws a distinction between an image and an illusion. Sartre considers the imaginary in its radical form to be a world of schizophrenic. As for Richir, he supposes the imaginary to be a mass-consumption product being used for ideological manipulations. He follows Plato’s intellectual strategy and characterizes an image as εἴδωλον (simulacre) which represents the reality instead of reaching it. Being saturated by visible an image lacks any gap that would give an impulse to a work of imagination. At the same time, Richir admits that simulacre does relate to art, whereas an artefact doesn’t. An artefact is made by technical device which imitates not reality but consciousness. Thus, an artefact in its turn is not a reality illusion but an illusion of a reality illusion. Its hallucinatory effect makes us believe that we look into a mirror of reality as if a technical agent had better access to it than a human eye does.
HEGEL’S DOCTRINE OF SPACE AND TIME, PRESENTED ON THE BASIS OF TWO REVISED LECTURE NOTES
Authors: BONSIEPEN WOLFGANG
Published: June 2022

The article is devoted to the genesis of Hegel’s philosophy of nature. It shows us that the formation of the natural philosophical views of the German philosopher took place not only in a speculative way, in the critical reception of Schelling’s works, but, first of all and for the most part, was predetermined by Hegel’s own interest in natural science and acquaintance with some prominent scientists of that time. The focus of the paper is on the evolution of the first part of Hegel’s natural philosophy: the doctrine of space and time as it presented in some excerpts from two revised lecture notes on the philosophy of nature, read by Hegel in the winter semester of 1821/1822 at the University of Berlin and published as an appendix to the article by Bonzipen. In his article, Bonzipen provides historical information on the fate of these texts, raises the question of their authorship, gives a general outline of Hegel’s thought, and also compares both texts with the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. From his point of view, the revised notes allow partly to illustrate, partly to fill in some gaps in the dialectic of two forms of abstract appearance known on the basis of the Encyclopedia. Bonzipen notes that Hegel’s speculative consideration of space and time is complemented by a discussion with the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics. While reproaching traditional mathematics for being fixed on the quantitative aspect of reality, which does not allow to fully resolve the contradiction between space and time, Hegel at the same time refuses to attempt to build philosophical mathematics that focuses on the consideration of the qualitative certainty of the moments of space and time, declaring that although it is solvable, it is an extremely time-consuming task. This refusal becomes a turning point in the further development of the dialectical doctrine of space and time.
Museum sociology in the context of socio-historical changes
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Litvin Tatiana A.
Published: June 2022

The urgent need to study museum visitors in Russia usually arose during periods of qualitative reforms in the museum sphere, shortly after cardinal social changes. Such milestones in Russia were the 1920s–1930s, the 1960s–1970s, and the 1990s–2000s. Research at this time had significant results. The purpose of the study is to describe the historical context to explain the activation of the audience analysis. The novelty of this approach consists in substantiating the need for sociological research and indicates ways to improve them through interdisciplinary cooperation of sociologists, museologists, historians, art historians and other specialists. The first breakthrough was aimed at attracting the proletariat that won the revolution to the museum for its elementary education. This helped to retain the museum in the USSR as a type of institution. The museum boom of the 1960s pushed the state to more carefully calculate the results of the work of museums and monitor them. During this period, the museum began to be perceived as one of the tools for educating a Soviet citizen. The third period coincided with a wave of commercialization, and museums entered into a struggle for their audience through the planning of exhibition and teaching activities, and the Internet. The analyzed material proves that sociological research is activated when museums become the arena of revolutionary or communication experiments, and they need to be considered in a historical context.
Michel Foucault and Antiquity: Between the philosophical historicism and the history of thought
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Dyakov Aleksandr V.
Published: June 2022

Michel Foucault was well known as an epistemologist, historicist, and historian of thought. His analyses of ancient culture are a crucial moment for his doctrine of the becoming of the subject. The Foucaultian version of the ancient legacy in modern and contemporary Western culture shows clearly its aspects in the opposition of Pierre Hadot’s doctrine. If Hadot accents the mystic mode of subjectivation, Foucault tends to the modes of dandyism and the esthetics of existence. At the same time, both of them belong to the same tradition in the history of the Western intellectual culture that traces the meaning of the human being in the perfectibility and concern of self. This article detects the roots of Foucaultian historicist position and origins of his conceptualization of the care of the self. The Foucaultian conceptualization mixes platonic concerns of the government of self, Nietzschean critics of Kantianism, and the Heideggerian approach to the philosophy of history, the sum of which in this case is radical historicism. As a result, Foucault proposes a contemporary version of the ancient practice of self and asserts the understanding of philosophy of the self. The author’s theses is that the focus of Foucauldian philosophy is the care of self as the basic mode of subjectivation in the political and ethical realms of the Western culture.
V.Yu. Suсhachev: The philosopher’s will
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Savchuk Valery V. , Khaydarova Goulnara R. ,   Naval Academy named after Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G.Kuznetsov
Published: June 2022

This article is about the remarkable philosopher of St Petersburg of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, V.Yu. Sukhachev. The path of his progress, and factors of formation and circumstances of his original thought are presented. He was one of the organizers of the Nietzsche Seminar, which was an important event in the philosophical life of St Petersburg. He was a talented teacher, because he did not teach anything intentionally. With his lectures and speeches, he presented the image of a radically modern thinker, who skillfully navigated the entire history of philosophical thought. The stoic asceticism of the philosopher, including abstinence from vanity, was natural for him. The initiation and the result of his reflections was this thesis: a philosopher should stand on his own. One should know well the history of philosophy, its concepts, the logic of the development of its ideas and, of course, if possible, to read them in the original. But one’s own grounds in philosophy are not based only on concepts of heritage, but also on practically accumulated personal potential of resistance and the trained critical ability of the mind. The article analyzes the cornerstone of Vyacheslav Sukhachev’s philosophical position, his polemical theses and provocations, and his advance and contribution to the history of the St Petersburg/Leningrad school of philosophy. The basis of philosophical thinking for him is the will, which manifests itself, ncluding in the traditional “self-care”. Will is what makes it possible to take a place in the world, and what makes it possible to be free. Will allows one to establish a sovereign position and outline the limits of existence, to protect them rigidly and prevent others from invading his world. He insists and promotes the idea that neither the historical situation nor the biographical context have their own philosophical value.
Modern sciences in religious Iran: An assessment of the educated Iranians’ attitude toward biological evolution
Authors:   Sharif University of Technology, Masigol Hossein , Tumanian Tigran G. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Azadegan Ebrahim ,   Sharif University of Technology
Published: June 2022

It is often assumed that there is a confrontation between science and Islam, especially in religious communities. Biological evolution is often one of the constant sources of contention due to its metaphysical implications. Although there are some empirical data showing low acceptance of evolution and understanding its basic principles in Sunni-majority countries, there has been a categorical lack of data about Iran as the most influential Shiite-majority state. Therefore, in order to reach a better understanding of the culture and world-view of Iranians, we implemented two established questionnaires and phone interviews to assess educated Iranians’ attitude toward evolution. We reach an important conclusion, which is supported by extensive quantitative data obtained from two separate questionnaires, that most Iranians accept both underlying principles as well as controversial topics such as human evolution in a striking rate. Additionally, key concepts of evolution were greatly understood by a large fraction of our participants. Finally, the research exhibited that Iranians did not consider evolution and their religious belief system as two rival systems, regardless of identifying themselves as religious or non-religious individuals. To investigate the reason for this cultural phenomenon that is unique among major Islamic countries, we suggest that it is due to three reasons. Central national education system implementing evolutionary science at both high school and university levels, explosive accessibility of academic atmosphere for the public, and more science-friendly interpretation of Islam are thought to be responsible factors for such a high level of acceptance and understanding. This study has crucial implications for revisiting the nature of Science-Islam interaction among various Muslim communities, Shiite Iranians included.
Christian motives in the philosophical work of Merab Mamardashvili
Authors:   HSE University, Girinskiy Alexander A.
Published: June 2022

This article presents a conceptualization of the main themes of Merab Mamardashvili’s philosophy: the phenomenon of thinking and consciousness, the role of philosophy in the formation of a person’s personality, the problem of “effort”, and the philosophical concept of time. The hypothesis of the article is that this issue is based on an implicit “religious soteriology”, which is manifested by Mamardashvili in his special understanding of the role and tasks of philosophy in culture. In this context, the traditional themes of Mamardashvili’s work receive a new, original reading. The topic of “effort” is approaching the understanding of faith as a religious act, and philosophy itself becomes a secular version of the Christian religion, called upon through thinking to realize the “salvation” of man and the highest justification of culture. This view also makes it possible to explain Mamardashvili’s rejection of any “national” traditions of philosophizing, since, apparently, in his criticism of nationalism he relies precisely on Christian ideas about the unity of Christian humanity and European culture. Attention to these aspects of Mamardashvili’s philosophy clarifies and gives additional meaning to many of the classic plots of his philosophy and allows redefining the basic concepts anew.
Religion and fantasy in the context of post-secularism
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Mikhelson Olga K. , Tessmann Anna ,   Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Published: June 2022

This article explores various types of interrelations of religion and fictional works in the fantasy genre. Research is based on key works for the genre (J.R.R.Tolkien, C.Lewis, U.Le Guin, Ph.Pullman, G.Martin, etc.) using methodological approaches developed in contemporary religious studies (E.Bailey, R.Bella, K.Cusack, R.Davidsen, E.McAvan). The article demonstrates that it is important to interpret the phenomenon of fantasy in the context of the modern post-secular world, which is characterized by such phenomena as religious bricolage, individualization of religion, and implicit religiosity. The article shows that fantasy authors not only use religious imaginary and symbolism, drawing inspiration from various religious systems, but also construct invented religions, which, in addition to their intra-plot meaning, carry an important message, expressing different views on religion, sometimes critical and anticlerical. Fantasy from the realm of the unreal becomes superreal, highlighting issues that are significant both for its authors and for the society. Communities and fandoms arise on the basis of fantasy narratives, and some of them not just implicitly, but quite openly turn into religious ones. Understood and interpreted in the context of post-secularism, the phenomenon of the fantasy genre itself with its incredible popularity appears in a new light, since this popularity can be correlated with new post-secular religiosity, with popular culture being its important source.
Conceitos teóricos
Authors: Da Silva Dalago (Tradutor) Renan , Botoso (Tradutor) Altamir , Conradie (Autor) Pieter Willem
Published: June 2022

O trickster é uma figura que se filia a um modelo que tem aparecido nas obras ficcionais norte-americanas desde os seus primórdios até a contemporaneidade e guarda notáveis semelhanças com o pícaro espanhol, com o malandro brasileiro, com o arrivista francês, com o espertalhão alemão, dentre outros. Levando-se em consideração a sua importância para o estudo de figuras anti-heroicas, se traduz para o português a seção 2 da dissertação de mestrado de Pieter Conradie, na qual ele define essa figura e tece observações importantes a respeito de sua constituição e sua evolução ao longo de sua existência no âmbito ficcional. Na parte referida, o autor fornece a sua definição e ilustra sua relevância para os nativos norte-americanos e que se estende até os dias de hoje, a partir dos estudos de Radin (1972) e Jung (1969). O trickster é considerado um ente mitológico originário da tribo indígena localizada no Nebrasca, Winnebago, e que acabou por se firmar como uma representação do sujeito esperto, que tudo faz para se dar bem e se safar de situações conflituosas. Inicialmente, ele era uma figura folclórica que acabou adentrando o âmbito literário e aí se mantem como um ser errante, ambicioso, egoísta, que menospreza o trabalho e cujo único intento é a sobrevivência, por meio de burlas e enganos a terceiros, permeadas pelo humor e ressaltando sempre a sua esperteza e agilidade nas ações que vivencia nas ficções do passado e também naquelas da atualidade.
Case report of a multidisciplinary approach to one-time treatment of a patient with critical aortic valve stenosis, lesion of the left main coronary artery and bleeding stomach cancer
Authors: Alekyan B.G. , Ruchkin D.V. , Karapetyan N.G. , Irodova N.L. , Meleshenko N.N. , Geletsyan L.G. , Revishvili A.Sh.
Published: June 2022

Aortic valve stenosis and bleeding gastric cancer are formidable diseases characterized by high mortality. For a long time, the gold standard for treating patients with aortic stenosis has been open-heart surgery — aortic valve replacement. However, the endovascular operation that appeared in 2002 — transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the standard of care for patients with high surgical risk. Gastric cancer is one of the major severe oncological diseases in which surgery is the only way to cure. The combination of these two diseases significantly worsens the prognosis and is a difficult clinical task for choosing the optimal tactics for treating a patient. Given the lack of developed standards for the treatment of multimorbid patients, the treatment plan is determined by an interdisciplinary consultation. But with a combination of these diseases, there is no generally accepted approach in the known recommendations.
The purpose of this report is to present a clinical case of a patient with critical aortic stenosis, concomitant severe coronary artery disease, and bleeding stomach cancer, who underwent a successful one-stage operation — percutaneous coronary intervention, TAVI and open gastrectomy with Roux-loop reconstruction with one anesthetic aid by the decision of a multidisciplinary team. The patient was discharged in a satisfactory condition. In the late follow-up period, angina pectoris returned with restenosis of the stent in the anterior interventricular branch (LAD), which required repeated intervention in the form of LAD restenting with a good clinical result.
A hybrid approach in the treatment of patients with critical aortic valve stenosis in combination with coronary artery disease and bleeding gastric cancer can be accepted as one of the possible strategies, but further research is needed in this direction.
Received 15 October 2021. Revised 20 January 2022. Accepted 31 January 2022.
Informed consent: The patient’s informed consent to use the records for medical purposes is obtained.
Funding: The study did not have sponsorship.
Conflict of interest: Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Contribution of the authorsLiterature review: N.L. Irodova, L.G. GeletsyanDrafting the article: N.G. Karapetyan, N.N. MeleshenkoCritical revision of the article: B.G. Alekyan, A.Sh. RevishviliSurgical treatment: B.G. Alekyan, D.V. Ruchkin, N.G. Karapetyan, N.N. MeleshenkoFinal approval of the version to be published: B.G. Alekyan, D.V. Ruchkin, N.G. Karapetyan, N.L. Irodova, N.N. Meleshenko, L.G. Geletsyan, A.Sh. Revishvili
Many years of experience in the treatment of recurrent cervical cancer
Authors: Shumeikina A. , Samoylova E. , Vavilov K. , Krasilnikov S. , Pasman N.
Published: June 2022

Background. The incidence of cervical cancer (CC) in the world is 500,000 new cases per year. In the structure of mortality from malignant neoplasms in women under 45 years of age, CC ranks 1st. Aim. To conduct a multivariate analysis of CC relapses, taking into account the results of primary treatment of CC patients for the subsequent choice of treatment methods for CC recurrences.Methods. Retrospective analysis of 105 case histories of patients for the period 2011–2021 who were treated at the Meshalkin National Medical Research Center and received therapy for recurrences of CC. Results. Stage I — 19 (18.1%), II — 32 (30.5%), III — 50 (47.6%), IV — 4 (3.8%). Primary methods of treatment: combined radiotherapy — 51 (49%), surgical method — 18 (17%), chemoradiotherapy — 18 (17%), surgery in combination with adjuvant radiotherapy — 15 (14%), polychemotherapy (with palliative purpose) — 1 (1%). In the structure of types of relapses: locoregional relapses — 42 (39%), local relapses — 31 (29%), metastatic hematogenous — 22 (20%), metastatic lymphogenous — 13 (12%). Late relapses (more than 12 months) — 65 (62%), early (6–12 months) — 22 (21%), progression (up to 6 months) — 18 (17%). Localizations for the occurrence of distant cervical cancer metastases: bones — 11 (39.3%), lungs — 10 (35.7%), brain — 3 (10.7%), liver — 4 (14.3%), lymphogenous metastases: supraclavicular lymph nodes — 5 (35.7%), inguinal lymph nodes — 8 (57.1%), abdominal lymph nodes — 1 (7.2%).Conclusion. In 62% there were late relapses, in 48% — in patients with initial stages, more frequent and longer follow-up with an oncogynecologist is indicated. Patients need treatment by an oncologist, radiologist, neurosurgeon, chemotherapist regardless of the stage, timing of occurrence, localization of relapses.
Renal cell-cancer with thrombosis in the inferior vena cava: Nephrectomy with thrombectomy
Authors: Zhabinets I. , Goritsky A. , Ostaltsev I. , Krasilnikov S.
Published: June 2022

Background. In 5–10% of cases, renal cell-cancer is complicated by the formation of a tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava, which requires surgical intervention of nephrectomy with thrombectomy, which is essentially the only method of treatment for this category of patients. This operation is associated with technical difficulties and with the risk of intra- and postoperative complications.Aim. To retrospectively analyze the results of surgical treatment of patients who underwent nephrectomy with inferior vena cava thrombectomy. To present a case from the clinical practice of the oncology department, share experience and demonstrate the results of successful surgical treatment of renal cell-cancer.Methods. Retrospective analysis of 28 case histories of patients who underwent nephrectomy with inferior vena cava thrombectomy in the Oncology Department of the Meshalkin National Medical Research Center since 2014.Results. 28 case histories were analyzed from 2014, the average age of patients was 59 years (min 48, max 83), the dominant histological form was renal cell-cancer in 26 cases (92,8%) and nephroblastoma in 2 cases (7,2%). Complications developed in 2 (7,2%) clinical cases in the form of intraoperative bleeding, one of which turned out to be fatal. In 2022, the laparoscopic technique was implemented into clinical practice (4 operations were performed).Clinical case. Patient S., 57 years old, was hospitalized at the Meshalkin National Medical Research Center to the Department of Oncology. According to MSCT data — the formation of the right kidney with invasion into the adipose capsule, a thrombus of the renal vein with prolapse in the inferior vena cava up to 1 cm. Diagnosis — Tumor of the right kidney, tumor thrombus of the renal and inferior vena cava, T3bNxMx. The patient underwent nephrectomy of the right kidney with thrombectomy of the thrombus from the inferior vena cava. According to the results of pathohistological conclusion — renal cell-cancer of the right kidney G2 with invasion into adipose tissue, germination into the renal vein, T3bN0M0. The postoperative period passed without complications, the drainage was removed on the 2nd day, the patient was discharged on the 4th day in a satisfactory condition.Conclusion. Surgical treatment of renal cell-cancer complicated by tumor thrombosis is advisable to be carried out in multidisciplinary hospitals. Although venous invasion worsens the prognosis, a radically performed surgery gives a chance to increase life expectancy. An individualized approach to treatment planning, as well as non-standard surgical tactics involving an oncourologist and a cardiovascular surgeon in the team, allow you to carry out a full-fledged treatment, including with laparoscopic access, avoiding potentially fatal complications.
A Case of Fingolimod-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Darazam Ilad Alavi , Rabiei Mohammad Mahdi , Moradi Omid , Gharehbagh Farid Javandoust , Roozbeh Mehrdad , Nourinia Ramin , Hatami Firouze , Shojaei Maziar , Lotfollahi Legha
Published: June 2022

Background:

Leukopenia, a rare adverse effect of Fingolimod therapy, paves the way
for opportunistic infections. In this study, we reported rare fingolimod associated cryptococcal
meningitis.

Case Presentation:

A 39-year-old woman with RRMS was referred to the emergency department.
The patient's major complaints were headache, fever, weakness, and progressive loss of consciousness
within the last two days prior to the referral. The patient had a history of hospitalization due to
RRMS [two times]. In the second hospitalization, interferon Beta-1a was replaced with Fingolimod.
Using polymerase chain reaction, Cryptococcus neoformans was detected in CSF. Liposomal
amphotericin B and fluconazole [800 mg per day] were started. Six weeks later, the patient was
discharged without any major complaints.

Conclusion:

Albeit fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis is a rare event, Fingolimod therapy
in patients with MS should be performed cautiously. Regular follow-ups may give rise to a
timely diagnosis of probable fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis. Fingolimod therapy
can lead to lymphocytopenia and various infections. We, therefore, suggest that intermittent blood
lymphocyte counts as well as monitoring of clinical manifestations among MS patients treated with
Fingolimod to avoid additional neurological and physical disabilities in these patients.
Diagnosis and Determination of Phosphine by Dynamic Headspace/ICP/AES in Biological Samples
Authors: Hassan Jalal , Karbasi Mohammad Hadi
Published: June 2022

Objective:

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES) has been used
for the determination of phosphine residues in cereal and tissue biological samples.

Methods:

The method used is based on the reaction of phosphine residue with H2SO4 in a headspace vial,
determining the phosphor of the liberated phosphine gas by ICP/AES at 213.6 nm. At this wavelength,
there is a linear relationship between emission and concentration of phosphine in the range of 0.10 up to
0.50 μg g-1 (R2 = 0.990). The method is rapid and sensitive with the detection limit of 3.1 μg (S/N =3),
and the precision expressed as relative standard deviations (RSD %) is below 12% for 10 replicates.

Results:

The obtained results showed good agreement with the GC/NPD method.

Conclusion:

In this study, we develop a rapid analysis, inexpensive, easier handling, simple, repeatable,
and sensitive method for the determination of phosphine residue in various samples.
Measuring Mood and Anxiety Disorders by Patient Reported Outcomes in
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review Update
Authors: Spagnuolo Rocco , Basile Antonio , Corea Alessandro , Iaquinta Francesco Salvatore , Milić Nataša , Doldo Patrizia , Luzza Francesco , Abenavoli Ludovico
Published: June 2022

Background:

Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological disorders
found in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. Accurate measuring of these disorders should
be proposed for prompt management. Patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) allow
patients to self-report their psychological symptoms.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to highlight the presence of PROMs measuring anxiety and
depression in IBD setting, evaluating the most used psychometric tools.

Methods:

We reviewed the literature from 2010 up to September 2021. Articles on adult IBD
patients assessing depression and anxiety by PROMs in English language were included.

Results:

Thirty-six studies, including 11 psychometric tools were found. Hospital Anxiety and
Depression Scale (21 studies), Beck Depression Inventory II (5 studies), Spielberg State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (3 studies), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (3
studies), Symptom Checklist-90 (2 studies), Euro Quality of Life (2 studies) mostly used
psychometric tools for anxiety and depression in IBD settings.

Conclusion:

Our review analyzed psychometric tools used for PROMs evaluating anxiety and
depression in IBD setting. No chronological differences have emerged, all have been used in the
last ten years, highlighting lack of specificity. The strong association between IBD and mood
disorders suggests that clinicians should consider the evaluation of depression and anxiety as
integral parts of IBD clinical care. It is essential to identify tools enabling these items to be detected
better. A global view of IBD patients, accounting not only for physical but also for psychical
symptoms with an early and feasible assessment of unrecognized psychiatric disorders, can have a
strong impact on their management strategy.
Neurotoxicity of Cisplatin as Monotherapy or Combined Chemotherapy in
Cancer Treatment
Authors: Volpini André Nunes , de Souza Marques Igor José , Cavalcanti Iago Dillion Lima
Published: June 2022

Introduction:

The main toxicity of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity, but more and more studies
have highlighted and unveiled the mechanisms of cisplatin toxicity, and the neurotoxicity has been
standing out.

Objective:

We aimed to bring together the main studies that highlight the neurotoxicity of cisplatin in
the treatment of cancer patients.

Methods:

We performed a literature review using the keywords “Neurotoxicity”, “Cisplatin”, “Oncology Therapy”, and “Chemotherapy” in the SciELO, PubMed, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE, Scifinder,
and CAplus databases.

Results:

We selected 60 articles published between 1983 and 2021 that report the mechanisms of cisplatin toxicity or which provide clinical data on the neurotoxicity profile of cisplatin as monotherapy
and as a combination therapy, highlighting that one of the main neurotoxicity of cisplatin is in the
development of peripheral neuropathy.

Conclusion:

Cisplatin is neurotoxic and can induce the development of peripheral neuropathy and the
combination with neurotoxic drugs such as paclitaxel and vincristine only contributes to the increase
in neurological toxicity. Thus, we emphasize the importance of evaluating the neurotoxicity of cisplatin, especially in patients who use protocols that contain other antineoplastic agents that are also neurotoxic.
HVS Wastepaper as Low-Cost Adsorbent for Pb(II) Treatment
Authors: Amalia Vina , . Ernawati , Hadisantoso Eko Prabowo , Rohmatulloh Yusuf , Wahyuni Ira Ryski
Published: June 2022

One of the methods to solve the problem of lead metal in water is adsorption. One of the adsorbents that can be used is cellulose because it has an active group that can bind Pb(II). In this study, cellulose from the HVS wastepaper was used as the adsorbent to adsorb the Pb metal. HVS wastepaper was extracted with 10% w/v NaHCO3 and refluxed with 5% w/v Na2HPO4. Cellulose was characterized using Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Pb(II) adsorption was carried out by the batch method, and it was evaluated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) with varying adsorbent mass, concentration, contact time, and pH. FTIR characterization showed that the presence of O – H, C – H, C = O, and C – O groups played a role in the adsorption process. The surface morphology of cellulose from SEM analysis showed form like a fiber shape with agglomerated fine particles. The optimum conditions for adsorption were 0.100 g of adsorbent mass, Pb(II) concentration of 105 ppm, contact time of 10 minutes, and pH of solution 5. An adsorption isotherm model that is preferable for this adsorption process is the Freundlich isotherm model. From the results of this study, HVS paper waste can be used as an adsorbent to handle Pb(II) metal ions to be an alternative as a low-cost adsorbent.
Heavy Metal Burden and Health Risk Assessment of Fresh, Frozen and Smoked Fish from a Local Market in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Oghenochuko Oghenebrorhie Mavis , Kehinde Kehinde O. , Adigun A. O. , Ezeri G. N. O.
Published: June 2022

Heavy metals load in fish environment and fish products had been an issue of public concern. The burden of some heavy metals in fresh tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), frozen Herring (Clupea harengus), smoked herring, and associated risk to man was investigated. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine metal concentrations. Standard risk measurement indices [daily metal intake (DMI), hazard quotient (HQ), and health risk index (HRI)] were used. Levels of Mn and Fe were significantly different (p<0.05) among the fish species, while the burden of other metals was low to not detected in the samples. The level of Cu (0.11±0.04), Zn (2.51±0.82), and Fe (8.72±4.41) were recorded in the bones of smoked herrings, while the highest levels of Mg were recorded in fresh tilapia. Gills recorded significantly (p<0.05) high levels of Mg (1.16±0.02), Fe (14.92±0.53), Cu (0.10±0.00), and Zn (1.35±0.04). The muscle of the frozen herring records the highest burden of these metals. Mn, Fe, Cu, and Cd revealed the highest HRI in all fish samples and age categories, especially for nine years old and below children. In conclusion, health fish indicators revealed that Mn, Fe, Cu, and Cd pose a risk to the populace and, with long time consumption, can do more damage to consumers, especially frozen herring.
Development and Validation of HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Paraquat in Raw and Commercial Samples
Authors: Yar Ahmed , Ansari Tariq Mahmood , Raza Asad , Manzoor Suryyia
Published: June 2022

A new, rapid, efficient, low cost, robust, accurate and reproducible analytical method for the determination of Paraquat has been developed using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV-Visible detector (HPLC-UV). Paraquat is a frequently used herbicide. This method is useful for the detection and quantification of paraquat in raw materials and commercial samples with excellent recoveries upto almost 100%. pH of the mobile phase (acetonitrile:methanol:water 1:1:2) was optimized as 2.5 with ortho-phosphoric acid. This analytical method was validated with excellent linearity R2 = 0.999. LOD and LOQ were calculated to be 0.74 mg/L and 2.45 mg/L, respectively. The method showed a high precision (RSD%) value of 0.32, while the accuracy measured in terms of percentage recovery was almost 100% under optimized conditions. The robustness of the method was studied by changing the flow rate and the mobile phase concentration ratios, and the results obtained were within the permissible accepted values.
Beta Carotene Determination in Different Vegetables by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Zahra Naseem , Saeed Muhammad Khalid , Shahzad Khurram , Firdous Shamma , Ahmad Ijaz , Ashraf Muhammad , Tariq Bukhtawar , Yaseen Rabea
Published: June 2022

β-carotene is an enriched source of vitamin A and is frequently present in vegetables. The vegetables rich in β-carotene should be used on the daily menu due to their dietary importance. The deficiency of vitamin A may cause severe health issues like premature deaths of children. So, the present study was conducted for the evaluation of vegetables containing high amounts of β-carotene. Six vegetables were selected from the local market of Lahore, Pakistan, and beta carotene was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. It was concluded that carrot was rich in beta carotene contents, i.e., 12950±5.0 µg/100g. The sequence of beta carotene amount in the selected vegetables was carrot>spinach>brinjal>tomato>bitter gourd>cabbage. It is suggested that vegetables like carrot, and spinach should be used on a daily basis for good health maintenance
study on English translation of Chinese four-character idioms
Authors: Kang Hongmei , Yang Yang
Published: June 2022

Chinese Four-character idioms are fixed phrases with four Chinese characters that have been used for a long time in Chinese. They are language units with richer meanings and equivalent grammatical functions than words. They are concise, easy to remember, and easy to use. Many idioms have two or more meanings. It is precisely for this reason that the English translation of Chinese idioms has brought considerable difficulties. In the process of translating idioms into English, it is difficult to be accurate, profound, and complete. Therefore, a variety of English translation techniques should be combined for translating Chinese four-character idioms. This paper analyzed the definition, characteristics, classification, and translatability of Chinese four-character idioms, and concluded three commonly applied strategies for translating Chinese four-character idioms into English: the literal translation, the free translation, and the combination of literal and free translation. Finally, some problems existing in the translation of Chinese four-character idioms are analyzed and summarized: poor acceptance by foreigners, loss of cultural elements, and unbalanced cultural status.
Utilization of Peroxide Bleached Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Fibre Waste into Cellulose Nano Crystal
Authors: Prasetyo Dwi Joko , Fitriana Nur Evita , Rizal Wahyu Anggo , Hernawan  , Jatmiko Tri Hadi , Pratiwi Diah , Praharasti Anggita Sari , Maryana Roni , Anwar Muslih , Suryani Ria , Suwanto Andri , Wahono Satriyo Krido , Poeloengasih Crescentiana Dewi
Published: June 2022

Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) fibre (SPF) waste is a side product of sugar palm starch production and needs to be processed to avoid environmental pollution. Since the SPF has high cellulose content, it can be beneficial if it is valorized into high-value products such as cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The CNC production from SPF was initiated by cellulose production by using an environmentally friendly peroxide bleaching as elementary chlorine free bleaching method. The CNC production was conducted via sulfuric acid hydrolysis at a temperature of 40°C, solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, and hydrolysis time of 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The same functional groups were observed in all CNC samples, including the appearance of the ester sulfate group. The decrease in yield and crystallinity index (CrI) as the hydrolysis time was observed. These phenomena were caused by the degradation of the crystalline structure of cellulose and the formation of the ester sulfate group. The measurement of CNC diameter size was carried out by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The CNC diameter was below 100 nm which indicated the nanoparticle formation was observed at CNC produced at hydrolysis times of 75 and 90 minutes. In conclusion, CNC production was successfully produced from peroxide bleached SPF which is more environmentally friendly than the conventional method using chlorite bleached cellulose. Furthermore, it is needed to optimize the production of SPF CNC in further research.
PEMANFAATAN BIOCHAR DAN KOMPOS BLACK SOLDIER FLY PADA FITOREMEDIASI TANAH TERCEMAR TIMBAL DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SERTA HASIL TANAMAN SAWI (Brassica juncea L.)
Authors: Nurindriana Fathia Meidy , Wicaksono Kurniawan Sigit
Published: June 2022

Unhealthy agricultural activities possibly caused damage due to pollution from dangerous substances that accumulate as residues. Pesticides can be one of the factors causing soil pollution; one of the reasons is the presence of lead (Pb). This study aimed to elucidate the potential use of sunflower (Hellianthus annus Linn) for phytoremediation Pb contaminated soil. Phytoremediation optimization was upported by the addition of ameliorants in the form of BSF (black soldier fly) compost and biochar. The research was carried out in two stages; the first stage was the utilization of sunflower for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. The second stage was the use of post-phytoremediation soil for planting mustard plants. The results showed that phytoremediation efficiency ranged from 45.74-67.17%, indicating that the sunflower plant was quite effective as Pb accumulator plant. The application of biochar and BSF compost was able to show a higher value than the control treatment to maximize the phytoremediation process. Mustard plants grown on soil that has been remediated showed better growth and biomass yields than that grown on soil that had not been subjected to phytoremediation.