bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing virtual platform for global‐scale cyber physical system networks
Authors: Ahn SungWon , Yoo Chuck , Lee ShinHyung , Lee HyungSoo , Kim Sung Jo
Published: May 2014

The need for global‐scale cyber physical system (CPS) is increasing with the evolution of CPS research. A global‐scale CPS requires additional considerations beyond the well‐known CPS requirements, such as security, reliability, and timely delivery, which cannot be easily satisfied when a CPS becomes global scale. Building an entire dedicated network for a global‐scale CPS cannot be a solution, because it requires a large capital outlay in order to be actualized. To overcome these obstacles, we implement a virtual platform named Xebra that includes effective CPS middleware for realizing a global‐scale CPS and isolation techniques based on virtualization. In this paper, we discuss the requirements for realizing global‐scale CPS network, and also, we introduce our implementation as a virtual platform with its performance evaluation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the Double‐Slab Type Cherenkov Free‐Electron Laser Resonator
Authors: Yoshida Hiroya , Munemoto Naoya D. , Kimura Takahiro , Sano Takumi , Yamaguchi Soichiro , Asakawa Makoto R.
Published: May 2014

A compact Cherenkov free‐electron laser operating in the terahertz spectral range is being developed. Analysis of the double‐slab type optical resonator has clarified the resonant frequency, the small signal gain, and the saturation power of the device. One‐dimensional simulation code predicted a small signal gain of 6% with a 50 kV/3.6 mA electron beam. The saturation power was estimated to be 90 mW. The out‐coupling structure of the resonator was designed using 3D simulation code. A transmittivity of 3.0% and a spread angle of 0.4 rad were predicted.
Basic Investigation of Epoxy Resin Coatings with Dispersed Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kozako Masahiro , Nakatsu Hideyuki , Toda Hiroaki , Yamada Shuhei , Yoshinaga Koji , Hikita Masayuki , Hirata Daisuke , Miyamoto Taketoshi , Takei Masafumi
Published: May 2014

Multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated and used to coat epoxy insulating substrates in order to uniformize the surface conductivity. The effects of polymer functionalization of CNT on the dispersion of CNT in an epoxy matrix and on the electrical surface conductivity were investigated. It was found that grafting polymer molecules onto the CNT surface improved the dispersion of CNT in an epoxy matrix compared to those containing CNT without functionalization. The surface conductivity of nanocomposites decreases, thanks to uniform dispersion of CNT.
Basic Properties of an Ultrasonic Probe with a Through Hole for Puncture and Detection Principle of a Puncture Needle
Authors: Tanaka Yuusuke , Tanaka Katsuhiko , Sugiyama Susumu , Shiomi Hisanori , Kurumi Yoshimasa , Tani Tohru , Takahashi Osamu
Published: May 2014

We fabricated an ultrasonic probe with a through hole for needle puncture. The probe consists of a ring‐shaped transducer around the hole for detecting the needle tip and 12 fan‐shaped transducers around the ring‐shaped transducer for observing the lesion area. A B‐mode image was obtained for inserting a needle into pig liver. We investigated the phase of the signals from the needle tip using an ultrasonic probe having separated transmitter and receiver elements. From the experimental results the detection principle of the needle tip was explained by edge waves.
Phospholipase D1 mediates lymphocyte adhesion and migration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Göbel Kerstin , Schuhmann Michael K. , Pankratz Susann , Stegner David , Herrmann Alexander M. , Braun Attila , Breuer Johanna , Bittner Stefan , Ruck Tobias , Wiendl Heinz , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Nieswandt Bernhard , Meuth Sven G.
Published: May 2014

Lymphocyte adhesion and subsequent trafficking across endothelial barriers are essential steps in various immune‐mediated disorders of the CNS, including MS. The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, however, are still unknown. Phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an enzyme that generates phosphatidic acid through hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and additionally yields choline as a product, has been described as regulator of the cell mobility. By using PLD1‐deficient mice, we investigated the functional significance of PLD1 for lymphocyte adhesion and migration in vitro and after myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55‐induced EAE, a model of human MS. The lack of PLD1 reduced chemokine‐mediated static adhesion of lymphocytes to the endothelial adhesion molecules vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) in vitro, and was accompanied by a decreased migratory capacity in both blood brain barrier and cell migration models. Importantly, PLD1 is also relevant for the recruitment of immune cells into the CNS in vivo since disease severity after EAE was significantly attenuated in PLD1‐deficient mice. Furthermore, PLD1 expression could be detected on lymphocytes in MS patients. Our findings suggest a critical function of PLD1‐dependent intracellular signaling cascades in regulating lymphocyte trafficking during autoimmune CNS inflammation.
Alkenyl‐Alkynylgermanes Functionalised by Lewis Acids: Intramolecular Aluminium– and Gallium–Alkyne Interactions and Potential Ge–C Bond Activation
Authors: Uhl Werner , Pelties Stefan , Rohling Martina , Tannert Jens
Published: May 2014

Treatment of various diethynylgermanes, (R1)2Ge(C≡C–R2)2 (R1 = C6H5, CH3; R1–R1 = C6H4–C6H4; R2 = CH3, CMe3, nBu, C6H5), with equimolar quantities of di(tert‐butyl)aluminium or ‐gallium hydride, R2E–H (E = Al, Ga), afforded mixed alkenyl‐alkynylgermanes, (R1)2Ge(C≡C–R2)[C{E(CMe3)2}=C(H)–R2], by reduction of one of their C≡C triple bonds. The alkenyl groups have a cis arrangement of H and Al or Ga atoms across the C=C double bonds, which reflects the kinetically favoured situation. The cis/trans isomerisation is probably prevented from yielding thermodynamically favoured trans isomers; this is a result of an intramolecular bonding interaction between the α‐carbon atoms of the remaining ethynyl groups and the coordinatively unsaturated metal atoms. The higher Lewis acidity of Al compared to Ga results in relatively short Al···C(ethynyl) contacts (>231.2 pm) and a concomitant lengthening of the Ge–C bonds.
Fluorinated Alkynylphosphonates in C,C‐Cyclizations: Regioselective Formation of Polysubstituted Fluorinated Arylphosphonates
Authors: Duda Blazej , Tverdomed Sergey N. , Ionin Boris I. , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: May 2014

The regioselective C,C‐cyclization of selected 1,4‐bipolar substrates with fluorinated alkynylphosphonates provided polysubstituted benzenes and naphthalenes in up to 98 % yield. For the case in which tetraethyl ethynylbisphosphonate was used, an unexpected phosphonate–phosphoramidate rearrangement was, for the first time, observed, which occurred in excellent yield.
A Cycloaddition–Cyclization Combined Approach to Enantiopure 3‐Glycinyl‐4‐hydroxypyrrolidines and 3‐Substituted 4‐Hydroxyprolines
Authors: Aouadi Kaïss , Abdoul‐Zabar Juliane , Msaddek Moncef , Praly Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2014

The cycloaddition between (E)‐ or (Z)‐1,4‐dichloro‐2‐butene and a menthone‐derived nitrone as a glycine equivalent afforded dichlorinated isoxazolidine‐based cycloadducts. The stereochemistry of these adducts was controlled by the configuration of the starting alkene and nitrone. An amino group was generated either by reductive cleavage of the isoxazolidine N–O bond or by azidation and a subsequent reduction, which triggered in both routes a cyclization reaction that proceeded through a chloride displacement. This approach afforded unprecedented 3‐substituted 4‐hydroxyproline derivatives and (αS,3R,4S)‐3‐glycinyl‐4‐hydroxypyrrolidine. Both enantiomers of the reported products can be prepared by using one or the other nitrone enantiomer.
Changes in opioid and other analgesic use 1995–2010: Repeated cross‐sectional analysis of dispensed prescribing for a large geographical population inScotland
Authors: Ruscitto A. , Smith B.H. , Guthrie B.
Published: May 2014

Background

Despite recent concerns about increasing rates of analgesic prescribing, detailed epidemiological studies are lacking. We identified and described changes in the pattern of community‐dispensed prescriptions to theTayside population,Scotland, between 31stMarch 1995 (n = 301,020) and 31stMarch 2010 (n = 311,881).

Methods

Repeated cross‐sectional analysis of patient‐level population data on dispensed analgesics, stratified by sociodemographic variables; logistic regression to identify factors associated with strong opioid dispensing in 2010.

Results

The proportion of people currently dispensed any analgesic increased in 2010 (17.9%) compared with 1995 (15.7%). This increase was not equal across drug classes, with paracetamol, opioids and gabapentin/pregabalin showing an increase, but others showing a decrease. Weak opioids were less commonly dispensed in 2010 (8.2% vs. 8.4%) but dispensing of strong opioids increased 18‐fold (3.6% vs. 0.2%), including a five‐fold increase of morphine, fentanyl or oxycodone (0.75% vs. 0.15%). People receiving more non‐analgesic drugs (odds ratio 20.7 if dispensed >14 non‐analgesic medications vs. those dispensed <4) and those living in more deprived areas (OR 1.63 most deprived vs. most affluent) were more likely to receive a strong opioid in 2010.

Conclusions

Analgesic use rose modestly between 1995 and 2010, but with larger changes within individual classes, only partly reflecting evidence‐based guidance. Dispensing of strong opioids increased dramatically, largely driven by tramadol, although other strong opioids tripled. Polypharmacy and socio‐economic deprivation were strongly associated with strong opioid use. Research is needed to establish the causes, benefits and harms of the increase in analgesic, and especially strong opioid use.
Lightning‐caused forest fire risk in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, is increasing and associated with anomalies in fire weather
Authors: Woolford Douglas G. , Dean C.B. , Martell David L. , Cao Jiguo , Wotton B.M.
Published: May 2014

Results from studies of climate model scenarios suggest that forest fire ignitions will increase in Canada in the future because of climate change. Yet, there have been few studies that monitor long‐term trends in Canadian historical fire records. Although there are seasonal trends to historically reported fires within a fire season, there are also periods of zero‐heavy behaviour as well as periods during which more fires are reported than usual. We develop a flexible mixture‐modelling framework that permits the joint assessment of temporal trends in these dominant characteristics in terms of fire risk, defined as the daily probability that one or more fires are reported. The statistical power of such trend tests are also evaluated. We identify statistically significant increases in lightning‐caused fire risk between 1963 and 2009 in the boreal forest regions of the Rainy River and Lake of the Woods ecoregions in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. These observed changes in lightning‐caused fire risk were found to be associated with temperature and fire danger rating index anomalies. If such trends continue into the future, the duration of elevated periods of lightning‐caused forest fire risk is forecasted to increase by over 50% by the middle of this century. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connections between the discontinuous Galerkin method and high‐order flux reconstruction schemes
Authors: De Grazia D. , Mengaldo G. , Moxey D. , Vincent P. E. , Sherwin S. J.
Published: May 2014

With high‐order methods becoming more widely adopted throughout the field of computational fluid dynamics, the development of new computationally efficient algorithms has increased tremendously in recent years. One of the most recent methods to be developed is the flux reconstruction approach, which allows various well‐known high‐order schemes to be cast within a single unifying framework. Whilst a connection between flux reconstruction and the more widely adopted discontinuous Galerkin method has been established elsewhere, it still remains to fully investigate the explicit connections between the many popular variants of the discontinuous Galerkin method and the flux reconstruction approach. In this work, we closely examine the connections between three nodal versions of tensor‐product discontinuous Galerkin spectral element approximations and two types of flux reconstruction schemes for solving systems of conservation laws on quadrilateral meshes. The different types of discontinuous Galerkin approximations arise from the choice of the solution nodes of the Lagrange basis representing the solution and from the quadrature approximation used to integrate the mass matrix and the other terms of the discretization. By considering both linear and nonlinear advection equations on a regular grid, we examine the mathematical properties that connect these discretizations. These arguments are further confirmed by the results of an empirical numerical study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large scale problems arising from image registration
Authors: Fischer Bernd , Modersitzki Jan
Published: May 2014

Image registration, in particular medical image registration, has been subject to extensive studies in the past years. Its versatile and important applications have attracted researchers from various branches, including numerical analysts. In this note, we not only give an overview on some new and exiting approaches but also point out some of the mathematical challenges associated with these approaches. Moreover, we explain why variational based methods to image registration naturally lead to large scaled and challenging optimization and hence numerical linear algebra problems. We present various instructive examples and comment on numerical schemes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Convergence analysis of Krylov subspace methods
Authors: Liesen Jörg , Tichý Petr
Published: May 2014

One of the most powerful tools for solving large and sparse systems of linear algebraic equations is a class of iterative methods called Krylov subspace methods. Their significant advantages like low memory requirements and good approximation properties make them very popular, and they are widely used in applications throughout science and engineering. The use of the Krylov subspaces in iterative methods for linear systems is even counted among the “Top 10” algorithmic ideas of the 20th century. Convergence analysis of these methods is not only of a great theoretical importance but it can also help to answer practically relevant questions about improving the performance of these methods. As we show, the question about the convergence behavior leads to complicated nonlinear problems. Despite intense research efforts, these problems are not well understood in some cases. The goal of this survey is to summarize known convergence results for three well‐known Krylov subspace methods (CG, MINRES and GMRES) and to formulate open questions in this area. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nitsche's method for interface problems in computa‐tional mechanics
Authors: Hansbo Peter
Published: May 2014

We give a review of Nitsche's method applied to interface problems, involving real or artificial interfaces. Applications to unfitted meshes, Chimera meshes, cut meshes, fictitious domain methods, and model coupling are discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Basics and some applications of the mortar element method
Authors: Bernardi Christine , Maday Yvon , Rapetti Francesca
Published: May 2014

We describe the main characteristics of the mortar element method, together with the usual arguments for its numerical analysis in an abstract framework. We illustrate this presentation by focussing on mortar spectral element and mortar finite element methods. We give three examples of recent applications, concerning the treatment of non homogeneous media, eddy currents in moving conductors, and finite element mesh adaptivity. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combinatorial Aspects in Sparse Elimination Methods
Authors: Bollhöfer Matthias , Schenk Olaf
Published: May 2014

In this paper we will give an overview on combinatorial algorithms in sparse elimination methods. Beside well established techniques that have been developed in the last twenty years a modern viewpoint of LU decomposition is presented that illustrates how the evolution of techniques in the last decade improved the performance of sparse direct solvers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Jacobi–Davidson method
Authors: Hochstenbach M.E. , Notay Y.
Published: May 2014

The Jacobi–Davidson method is a popular technique to compute a few eigenpairs of large sparse matrices. Its introduction, about a decade ago, was motivated by the fact that standard eigensolvers often require an expensive factorization of the matrix to compute interior eigenvalues. Such a factorization may be infeasible for large matrices as arise in today's large‐scale simulations. In the Jacobi–Davidson method, one still needs to solve “inner” linear systems, but a factorization is avoided because the method is designed so as to favor the efficient use of modern iterative solution techniques, based on preconditioning and Krylov subspace acceleration. Here we review the Jacobi–Davidson method, with the emphasis on recent developments that are important in practical use. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Realigning Demand and Supply Side Incentives to Improve Primary Health Care Seeking in Rural China
Authors: Powell‐Jackson Timothy , Yip Winnie Chi‐Man , Han Wei
Published: May 2014

China's recent and ambitious health care reform involves a shift from the reliance on markets to the reaffirmation of the central role of the state in the financing and provision of services. In collaboration with the Government of the Ningxia province, we examined the impact of two key features of the reform on health care utilisation using panel household data. The first policy change was a redesign of the rural insurance benefit package, with an emphasis on reorientating incentives away from inpatient towards outpatient care. The second policy change involved a shift from a fee‐for‐service payment method to a capitation budget with pay‐for‐performance amongst primary care providers. We find that the insurance intervention, in isolation, led to a 47% increase in the use of outpatient care at village clinics and greater intensity of treatment (e.g. injections). By contrast, the two interventions in combination showed no effect on health care use over and above that generated by the redesign of the insurance benefit package. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melanoma incidence trends and survival in adolescents and young adults in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Iannacone Michelle R. , Youlden Danny R. , Baade Peter D. , Aitken Joanne F. , Green Adèle C.
Published: May 2014

Cutaneous melanoma is a relatively common cancer in adolescents and young adults in Australia, but detailed information about occurrence patterns and prognosis is limited. We evaluated incidence trends from 1982 to 2010 and recent survival rates in those aged 15–24 years in the state of Queensland. In situ and invasive melanoma cases were identified from the Queensland Cancer Registry. Incidence rates were age‐standardised to the 2000 World population and trends calculated using joinpoint regression. Five‐year relative survival was estimated by the period method and Poisson models were used to produce adjusted mortality hazard ratios. Average annual incidence rates for the 5‐year period 2006–2010 were 6.3 per 100,000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.4, 7.2] for in situ and 10.1 per 100,000 (95% CI 9.0, 11.3) for invasive melanoma. Since the mid‐1990s, incidence rates for in situ melanomas have been stabilizing while invasive melanoma has decreased in both sexes, mainly owing to declining rates of thin tumours (≤1 mm) (−5.4% per year, 95% CI −8.3%, −2.4%). Incidence rates of melanomas >1 mm in thickness have remained relatively unchanged since 1991 however. In the period 2006–2010, relative 5‐year survival of 15–24 year olds with invasive melanoma was 95.7% (95% CI 92.9%, 97.5%). The subgroup with tumours >1 mm was nearly six times more likely to die within 5 years than those with thin tumours (adjusted hazard ratio = 5.53, 95% CI 1.72, 17.80). Incidence of thin melanoma in young people in Queensland is declining, suggesting benefits of primary prevention efforts are being realised.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of 14C‐ursodiol in newborn infants using accelerator mass spectrometry
Authors: Gordi Toufigh , Baillie Rebecca , Vuong Le T. , Abidi Saira , Dueker Stephen , Vasquez Herbert , Pegis Priscilla , Hopper Andrew O. , Power Gordon G. , Blood Arlin B.
Published: May 2014

Pharmacokinetic studies in the neonatal population are often limited by the small volume of blood that can be collected. The high sensitivity of 14C‐accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) enables pharmacokinetic studies to be conducted with greatly reduced sample volumes. We demonstrated the utility of AMS in infants by studying the plasma pharmacokinetic behavior of nanogram doses of 14C‐ursodiol administered as a non‐perturbing microdose or as a microtracer with therapeutic doses of non‐labeled ursodiol in infants. Five non‐cholestatic infants were administered 3 consecutive oral microdoses of 14C‐ursodiol: 8 ng (1.0 nCi), 26 ng (3.3 nCi), and 80 ng (10 nCi) 48 hours apart. Three additional infants with cholestasis were administered a single 80 ng (10.0 nCi) oral dose of 14C‐ursodiol together with a therapeutic dose of 40 mg/kg of non‐labeled ursodiol. A pharmacokinetic model describing ursodiol concentrations was developed using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. The pharmacokinetics of ursodiol in this pilot study were best described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order elimination. This study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of microdose and microtrace methodology in pediatric research.
Does short‐term placebo response predict the long‐term observation? Meta‐analysis on forced expiratory volume in 1 second from asthma trials
Authors: Yang Shuying , Gomeni Roberto , Beerahee Misba
Published: May 2014

The objectives of this work were: (1) to characterize the placebo FEV1 response in asthma; (2) to identify the potential factors with strong influence on FEV1; (3) to determine the predictability of the early (week 2) placebo FEV1 response to the longer term (week 12) FEV1 response. Placebo FEV1 data of about 800 subjects from 11 randomized 12‐week clinical trials in mild‐to‐moderate asthmatics were collected. Stepwise logistic regression methods using SAS were used to model the week 12 trough FEV1 change from baseline greater than a clinically relevant value (150 mL) and to select the predictive covariates. The study effect was assessed using hierarchical logistic regression models implemented in WinBUGS. The results indicated that the early (week 2) placebo response was significantly predictive of the FEV1 response at week 12. Age, baseline predicted FEV1, and season showed statistical significance in the model. The final model showed satisfactory predictability with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of 80%. The late (week 12) FEV1 response with placebo was positively related to the early (week 2) FEV1 change. The use of the predictive modeling approach proposed in this article presents a valuable method to increase the efficiency of clinical trial design in asthma population.
Influence of HepG2 cell shape on nanoparticle uptake
Authors: Prats‐Mateu Batirtze , Ertl Peter , Toca‐Herrera José Luis
Published: May 2014

Cell mechanics provides insights in cell responses to external stress, which is an important parameter known to influence a variety of cell functions. Understanding the interdependence between mechanical stimulus, cell shape and function is essential in controlling cell culture microenvironment. In this paper, we report on the effect of cationic and anionic interfaces on cell shape and nanoparticle uptake activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. The shape of HepG2 cells changed from a round‐like shape to a spread‐like form exhibiting lamellar protrusions by incubating them on coated polystyrene well plates with polystyrene sulfonate and poly‐ethylene imine (PEI), respectively. This change in shape of HepG2 cells did not influence the uptake of 49‐nm particles (which entered the cells by diffusion). However, the internalization of 240‐nm diameter particles was larger on cells seeded on cationic PEI. Particle uptake was measured at 4°C and 37°C; the optimal incubation time was 6 h. Cell shape and particle uptake were monitored by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Quantification of particle internalization was carried out with flow cytometry. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:560–565, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Some New Benzimidazole–Thiazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Nofal Zienab M. , Soliman Elsyed A. , Abd El‐Karim Somaia S. , El‐Zahar Magdy I. , Srour Aladdin M. , Sethumadhavan Shalini , Maher Timothy J.
Published: May 2014

4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)thiazol‐2‐amine and its 1‐methyl derivative (1) were reacted with different reagents such as acid anhydrides, malononitrile, chloroacetyl chloride, and aromatic aldehydes to produce the corresponding benzimidazole products 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, respectively. Also, 2‐chloro‐N‐(4‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)thiazol‐2‐yl) acetamide (6) was reacted with diaminoethane, ortho‐substituted aniline, thioglycolic acid, thiosemicarbazide derivatives, secondary amines, and potassium isothiocyanate to afford the corresponding derivatives 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of some newly synthesized derivatives was studied against two different cell lines HepG2 and PC12. Compounds 9 and 15b showed promising anticancer activity against both types of the tested cancerous cell lines.
Synthesis of Novel 13a‐(ω‐Aminoalkyl)‐8‐oxoberbines by Means of Reaction of Homophthalic Anhydride with 1‐Substituted 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolines. An Unexpected Formation of a Pyrrolo[3,4‐i]berbindione
Authors: Stanoeva Elena , Georgieva Angelina , Avramova Stanislava , Burdzhiev Nikola , Lázár László
Published: May 2014

The reaction of 1‐[ω‐(N‐acylated amino)alkyl]‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines (7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e) with homophthalic anhydride (1) leads to the formation of 8‐oxo‐13a‐[(N‐acylated amino)alkyl]‐8H‐dibenzo[a,g]quinolizine‐13‐carboxylic acids (8a–e) with predomination of cis diastereomers, together with small amount of trans-8a. cis‐13a‐[(N‐Cbzaminomethyl)]‐8‐oxo‐dibenzoquinolizine‐13‐carboxylic acid (cis-8a) cyclized to the unknown dibenzo[a,g]pyrrolo[3,4‐i]quinolizinedione (10) upon moderate heating in methanol.
Synthesis of Dithiocarbamates Containing Disulfide Linkage Using Cyclic Trithiocarbonate and Amines under Solvent–Catalyst Free Condition
Authors: Lal Nand , Sarswat Amit , Kumar Lalit , Nandikonda Karthik , Jangir Santosh , Bala Veenu , Sharma Vishnu Lal
Published: May 2014

A green and facile synthesis of dithiocarbamate derivatives containing disulfide linkage by the ring opening reaction of trithiocarbonate with amines under solvent and catalyst‐free condition with excellent yields is being reported. Environmental benignity, easy work up, smaller reaction time, and lack of column chromatography are the significant features of this protocol. The cyclic trithiocarbonate (1) has been used as a starting material for the first time to synthesize compounds of biological interest (3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l, 3m, 3n, 3o, 3p, 3q).
Pharmacokinetics of gadobenate dimeglumine in children 2 to 5 years of age undergoing MRI of the central nervous system
Authors: Pirovano Gianpaolo , Kirchin Miles A. , Lorusso Vito , Patel Rutu , Shen Ningyan
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To determine the pharmacokinetic profile of gadobenate dimeglumine in children aged between 2 and 5 years.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen children scheduled to undergo contrast‐enhanced MRI for suspected disease of the central nervous system received a single intravenous injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine. Children were stratified into three age groups: 2 to <3 years, 3 to <4 years, and 4 to 5 (i.e., <6 years). Serial blood and urine samples collected at prespecified time‐points before and after contrast administration were analyzed for gadolinium concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental and compartmental techniques.

Results

Mean values of 65.7 μg/mL for highest blood gadolinium concentration, 0.2 L/h/kg for blood clearance, 0.32 L/kg for steady‐state volume of distribution, and 1.2 h for terminal elimination half‐life were determined across all age groups combined. On average, more than 80% of the dose was eliminated in the urine during the first 24 h after administration. All pharmacokinetic parameters were similar between age groups and no effects of gender were noted. No adverse events considered related to gadobenate dimeglumine administration were reported.

Conclusion

In terms of pharmacokinetic profile no dosage adjustment from the approved adult gadobenate dimeglumine dose of 0.1 mmol/kg bodyweight is necessary in children aged between 2 and 5 years. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:1096–1103. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bacterial communities in the collection and chlorinated distribution sections of a drinking water system in Budapest, Hungary
Authors: Homonnay Zalán G. , Török György , Makk Judit , Brumbauer Anikó , Major Éva , Márialigeti Károly , Tóth Erika
Published: May 2014

Bacterial communities of a bank‐filtered drinking water system were investigated by aerobic cultivation and clone library analysis. Moreover, bacterial communities were compared using sequence‐aided terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) fingerprinting at ten characteristic points located at both the collecting and the distributing part of the water supply system. Chemical characteristics of the samples were similar, except for the presence of chlorine residuals in the distribution system and increased total iron concentration in two of the samples. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentration increased within the collection system, it was reduced by chlorination and it increased again in the distribution system. Neither fecal indicators nor pathogens were detected by standard cultivation techniques. Chlorination reduced bacterial diversity and heterotrophic plate counts. Community structures were found to be significantly different before and after chlorination: the diverse communities in wells and the collection system were dominated by chemolithotrophic (e.g., Gallionella and Nitrospira) and oligocarbophilic–heterotrophic bacteria (e.g., Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis, and Bradyrhizobium). After chlorination in the distribution system, the most characteristic bacterium was related to the facultative methylotrophic Methylocella spp. Communities changed within the distribution system too, Mycobacterium spp. or Sphingopyxis spp. became predominant in certain samples.
Impaired functional capacity in potential liver transplant candidates predicts short-term mortality before transplantation
Authors: Ow Maggie M. G. , Erasmus Paul , Minto Gary , Struthers Richard , Joseph Moby , Smith Aileen , Warshow Usama M. , Cramp Matthew E. , Cross Tim J. S.
Published: May 2014

Liver transplantation (LT) is a lifesaving treatment. Because of the shortage of donor organs, some patients will not survive long enough to receive a transplant. The identification of LT candidates at increased risk of short-term mortality without transplantation may affect listing decisions. Functional capacity, determined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), is a measure of cardiorespiratory reserve and predicts perioperative outcomes. This study examined the association between functional capacity and short-term survival before LT and the potential for CPET to predict 90-day mortality without transplantation. A total of 176 patients who were assessed for nonacute LT underwent CPET. Ninety days after the assessment, 10 of the 164 patients who had not undergone transplantation were deceased (mortality rate = 6.1%). According to a comparison of survivors and nonsurvivors, the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, UK Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (UKELD) score, age, anaerobic threshold, and peak oxygen uptake (VO2) were significant univariate predictors of 90-day mortality without transplantation, but only the UKELD score and peak VO2 retained significance in a multivariate analysis. The mean peak VO2 was significantly lower for nonsurvivors versus survivors (15.2 ± 3.3 versus 21.2 ± 5.3 mL/minute/kg, P < 0.001). According to a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, peak VO2 performed well as a diagnostic test (area under the ROC curve = 0.84, 95% confidence interval = 0.76-0.92, sensitivity = 0.90, specificity = 0.74, P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value for predicting mortality was ≤17.6 mL/minute/kg. The positive predictive value of a peak VO2 ≤ 17.6 mL/minute/kg for 90-day mortality was greatest for patients with high UKELD scores: 38% of the patients with a UKELD score ≥ 57 and a peak VO2 ≤ 17.6 mL/minute/kg died, whereas only 6% of the patients with a UKELD score ≥ 57 and a peak VO2 > 17.6 mL/minute/kg died (P = 0.03). In conclusion, patients assessed for LT with an impaired functional capacity have poorer short-term survival; this is particularly true for individuals with worse liver disease severity. Liver Transpl 20:1081–1088, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Oxidation of Ag–Sn–Sb alloy powders
Authors: Wu C. P. , Yi D. Q. , Goto S. , Xu C. H. , Weng W. , Zhou J. M. , Xu G. F.
Published: May 2014

The oxidation behavior of Ag–5.08Sn–3.15Sb and Ag–6.84Sn–1.25Sb alloy powders was investigated in air at 800 °C. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results confirmed that the starting oxidation temperature of Ag–5.08Sn–3.15Sb and Ag–6.84Sn–1.25Sb alloy powders was 670 and 720 °C, respectively. The oxidation kinetic results suggested that the oxidation behavior of Ag–Sn–Sb alloy followed a parabolic rate and the oxidation rate of Ag–5.08Sn–3.15Sb alloy powders was 3.2 times larger than that of Ag–6.84Sn–1.25Sb alloy powders. XRD results indicated that the formed Sb2O3 would react with the Ag matrix forming AgSbO3. SEM–EDS observations indicated that the formed oxides were primarily distributed on the grain boundaries and the formed AgSbO3 particles nailed into the SnO2 particles. In addition, the oxidation mechanism of Ag–Sn–Sb alloy powders and the effect of Sb on oxidation behavior of Ag–Sn alloy powders were also discussed.
Quantifying the efficiency and understanding the mechanism of localised corrosion inhibition using the wire beam electrode
Authors: Tan Y. J. , Aung N. N.
Published: May 2014

Parameters extracted from the wire beam electrode (WBE) galvanic current maps have been used in conjunction with electrochemical noise patterns to directly quantify the degree of localised corrosion inhibition provided by inhibitors and to understand the mechanism of localised corrosion inhibition. The behaviour of two traditional localised corrosion inhibitors has been assessed by their effects on the maximum anodic current density (imax), total anodic current density (itot), the number of anodic sites (Na) and the localised corrosion intensity index (LCII). Typical experiments are presented to illustrate the application of these parameters in providing useful information on the efficiency and mechanism of localised corrosion inhibition.
In situ ESEM investigation of the initial stages of corrosion phenomena on zinc and magnesium surfaces
Authors: Rossi S. , Fedel M. , Deflorian F.
Published: May 2014

This article investigates the initial stages of corrosion phenomena on zinc and magnesium promoted by chlorine contamination by means of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). In particular, the corrosion of the substrates was promoted in situ in the ESEM chamber by modifying the relative humidity, thus promoting the condensation of water on the metal surface. The metal surfaces were previously contaminated with sodium chlorides. The corrosion morphologies obtained in the ESEM chamber were compared to the degradation promoted by exposing zinc and magnesium samples in the humidostatic chamber.
Solvent‐Free Fabrication of polyHIPE Microspheres for Controlled Release of Growth Factors
Authors: Moglia Robert , Whitely Michael , Brooks Megan , Robinson Jennifer , Pishko Michael , Cosgriff‐Hernandez Elizabeth
Published: May 2014

The growth factor bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) is utilized in surgical procedures to improve bone regeneration; however, current treatments deliver BMP‐2 at amounts greater than 100 000 fold of physiological levels, which increases treatment costs and risk of side effects. Drug‐eluting microcarriers developed to improve these therapies have faced significant commercialization challenges including particle size distributions, solvent removal, low encapsulation efficiency, and bioactivity loss. In this study, a solvent‐free method is presented for fabrication of uniform polyHIPE microspheres for controlled growth factor release. Emulsion templating principles and fluid dynamics were used to fabricate uniform particles with tunable particle size (200–800 μm) and pore size (10–30 μm). The ability to independently tune particle and pore size is expected to provide excellent control of release kinetics. Overall, this solvent‐free method for making porous microspheres displays strong promise for the controlled release of BMP‐2 and other growth factors.

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G673 could be a novel mutational hot spot for intragenic suppressors of pheS5 lesion in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ponmani Thangaraj , Munavar M. Hussain
Published: May 2014

The pheS5 Ts mutant of Escherichia coli defined by a G293 → A293 transition, which is responsible for thermosensitive Phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase has been well studied at both biochemical and molecular level but genetic analyses pertaining to suppressors of pheS5 were hard to come by. Here we have systematically analyzed a spectrum of Temperature‐insensitive derivatives isolated from pheS5 Ts mutant and identified two intragenic suppressors affecting the same base pair coordinate G673 (pheS19 defines G673 → T673; Gly225 → Cys225 and pheS28 defines G673 → C673; Gly225 → Arg225). In fact in the third derivative, the intragenic suppressor originally named pheS43 (G673 → C673transversion) is virtually same as pheS28. In the fourth case, the very pheS5 lesion itself has got changed from A293 → T293 (named pheS40). Cloning of pheS+, pheS5, pheS5‐pheS19, pheS5‐pheS28 alleles into pBR322 and introduction of these clones into pheS5 mutant revealed that excess of double mutant protein is not at all good for the survival of cells at 42°C. These results clearly indicate a pivotal role for Gly225 in the structural/functional integrity of alpha subunit of E. coli PheRS enzyme and it is proposed that G673 might define a hot spot for intragenic suppressors of pheS5.
Digital liaisons: Engaging with digital curation theory and practice
Authors:   SIG Digital Libraries
Published: May 2014

As librarians and information professionals are increasingly tasked with curating and making accessible digital materials, new information professionals must enter the workforce armed with the appropriate skills. New professionals must know both the theoretical underpinnings of digital curation and how to put those theories into practice in real life applications. This proposed session would provide undergraduates, master's students, and early professionals with the opportunity to engage with the theories and applications of digital curation, and to present on meaningful projects and experiences they have had, whether as a student or a practitioner. Participation would include posters and lightning talks to highlight the unique and valuable research and experiences this community has had engaging with digital curation theories and practice.
Spanning boundaries and disciplines: Linked, open and cloud‐based community metadata
Authors: Mitchell Erik , Srikantiaiah Kanti , Rathbun‐Grubb Susan , Moulaison Heather Lea , Greenberg Jane
Published: May 2014

Metadata is an important component of trans‐disciplinary research and is increasingly important in digital scholarship in which linked, open and cloud‐based communities operate. These communities regularly access and create linked, open and cloud‐based data and as such require metadata systems and structures that fit their unique communities. The vast and growing world of digital assets provide a tremendous resource for generating metadata through automated and crowd‐sourced means. Likewise, metadata are increasingly being used to help connect disciplines and foster cross‐collection discovery. The five panelists in this session represent a diverse and multi‐disciplinary view of metadata creation and use and the research represented in this panel includes explorations of metadata in science‐based, humanities, library and cultural heritage institutions. Likewise, the research presented employs a variety of methods including computational, survey, and content analysis techniques. Each panel member therefore represents a unique view in metadata research. Drs. Erik Mitchell, Jane Greenberg, Kanti Srikantaiah, Heather Lea Moulaison and Susan Rathbun‐Grubb will discuss their current research streams, speaking to the above issues via an exemplary project they have chosen to describe. Interactivity between the panelists and among the audience members will be encouraged after the panelists have presented their projects for discussion. This panel has the endorsement and the support of the Special Interest Group for Classification Research (SIG‐CR).
Preparing for the academic job market: An interactive panel for doctoral students
Authors: Miller Karen , Christopherson Laura
Published: May 2014

This proposal expands on the basic format of the successful interactive doctoral student panel sponsored by SIG/ED at the 2012 ASIS&T annual meeting. The 2013 panel features panelists prepared to address audience questions on such topics as the traditional academic job market, alternative career paths including post‐doctoral opportunities, the development of personal research agendas, and the challenges of online instruction.

The function of this panel is to provide an interactive platform for faculty members at all stages of their careers to provide advice and input for doctoral students nearing the completion of their doctoral work. This panel will provide valuable insight on finishing the dissertation, weighing post‐doctoral opportunities, entering the job market, and beginning an academic career. The format will allow participants to ask questions anonymously that may otherwise be embarrassing to ask. The panel will be of greatest use to those doctoral students at the end of their doctoral program, but, as proven in 2012, will also be of interest to doctoral students beginning their doctoral work and new assistant professors.
Enabling systems for inquiry‐based learning
Authors: Beheshti Jamshid , Cole Charles , Kuhlthau Carol , Bilal Dania
Published: May 2014

The Panel discusses the background, the need, and the requirements for designing and developing enabling information systems to assist students in their inquiry‐based learning school projects.
Altmetrics: Present and future – panel
Authors:   Sponsored by: ASIS&T SIG/MET, Bar‐Ilan Judit , Sugimoto Cassidy , Gunn Willian , Haustein Stefanie , Konkiel Stacy , Larivière Vincent , Lin Jennifer
Published: May 2014

Scholars are increasingly incorporating social media tools like blogs, Twitter, and Mendeley into their professional communication. Altmetrics tracks usage of these and similar tools to measure scholarly influence on the social Web. Altmetrics researchers and practitioners have amassed a growing body of literature and working tools to gather and analyze altmetrics and there is growing interest in this emerging subfield of scientometrics. In this panel, sponsored by SIG/MET, we will present results demonstrating the utility of alternative metrics from a variety of stakeholders: researchers, librarians, publishers and those participating in academic social media sites. We will discuss and debate the value and validity of such metrics with strong degrees of participation from the audience encouraged. Metrics, for better or worse, have had a presence in the lives of scholars–we will discuss the challenges and opportunities of altmetrics for the future.
Beyond the playlist: Looking at user‐generated collocation of cultural products through social tagging
Authors: Desrochers Nadine , Quan‐Haase Anabel , Pennington Diane Rasmussen , Laplante Audrey , Martin Kim , Spiteri Louise
Published: May 2014

Social tagging has become a common practice across a variety of platforms on the Web. In this panel, we propose to start with one title, Casino Royale, a James Bond novel by Ian Fleming, and the other cultural products that emanated from it (e.g., two movies, one song, visuals and images, articles and blog posts) to explore social tagging practices and other user‐generated content in a variety of different platforms. Goodreads, Last.fm, WordPress, Flickr and various library discovery systems will be used to expose the connections users establish between and among cultural products as well as to compare what tagging yields in different platforms. The results will be situated within the context of broader studies being performed by the panelists and audience members will be asked to contribute material for real‐time searches.
Uncovering epistemological assumptions underlying research in information studies
Authors: Fuller Steve , Hjørland Birger , Ibekwe‐SanJuan Fidelia , Ma Lai , Mai Jens Erik , Tennis Joseph , Warner Julian
Published: May 2014

There have been several calls from LIS researchers for practical or applied research not to ignore the epistemological assumptions underlying the systems and artifacts they design lest they showcase only the dominant theory at a given time. Others have also deplored the “epistemological promiscuity” or “eclecticism” of the field, its incessant borrowing of theories and models from elsewhere (interdisciplinarity) and the fact that the field has largely neglected the contributions that philosophy and epistemology could have made in its research. This problem raises that of the boundaries of LIS and is all the more troublesome because boundaries between epistemological theories are fuzzy. Indeed, some epistemological theories share the same basic assumptions or are historically derived from one another (rationalism and positivism, for instance). Gathering a wide array of acknowledged theorists in philosophy of science and epistemology, this panel aims to examine how research work in the LIS field can clearly articulate the epistemological assumptions underlying that research and under what constraints this can be achieved. The topic is of prime importance to Information studies as a whole and to ASIST as the scientific flag bearer of information scientists worldwide.
Applications of neuroimaging in information science: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gwizdka Jacek , Mostafa Javed , Moshfeghi Yashar , Bergman Ofer , Pollick Frank E.
Published: May 2014

This panel will discuss opportunities and challenges involved in applying cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging in information science. The panelists will discuss lessons learned from related disciplines and will consider how neuroimaging tools, such as fMRI, fNIRS, and EEG, could contribute to information science.