bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La construction de soi chez les adolescents : Une histoire d’ouverture et de temps
Authors: Soulière Marguerite
Published: September 2013

Cet article propose une réflexion sur la construction de soi des adolescents garçons. Après une mise en contexte sociopolitique et théorique de l’adolescence, il présente la démarche méthodologique d’une étude ayant pour objectif de comprendre l’adolescence des garçons de l’intérieur : une conjugaison de divers modes de collecte et d’analyse de données (création vidéos, interactions, entretiens de groupe et entrevues individuelles). Il rapporte que pour les garçons le processus de croissance qu’ils vivent entre 14 et 17 ans se représente en processus d’ouvertures : ouverture de soi, ouverture aux autres et ouverture au monde. L’adolescence se vit aussi dans une tension de double temporalité : un temps éminemment présent et un temps tourné vers l’avenir. Finalement, l’ethnographie présentée conduit à une discussion plus spécifique touchant l’identité masculine. Il est proposé d’ouvrir ce concept à l’idée de subjectivité plurielle, un processus individuel et collectif, toujours en mouvement et en interaction avec le contexte sociopolitique.
Modèles d’éducation, virilité ostentatoire et déficit d’expression de l’intime dans la construction sociale de la masculinité en Martinique
Authors: Cantacuzène Roger
Published: September 2013

L’analyse des entretiens d’une enquête exploratoire sur la socialisation masculine conduit à émettre l’hypothèse que la socialisation des hommes martiniquais est marquée par la quasi-absence d’apprentissage de l’expression de l’intime et la sur-expression codifiée de la virilité ostentatoire. Ainsi, le jeune mâle ne bénéficierait pas de la transmission d’un mode de communication lié à l’intime, les cadres traditionnels de l’apprentissage relationnel constituant des vecteurs de répression ou de refoulement de l’intime.

Ce non-apprentissage ou ce refoulement de l’expression de l’intime ont un coût élevé en termes de mal-être personnel et de conflictualité interpersonnelle.
Abundance of Atlantic walrus in Western Nares Strait, Baffin Bay Stock, during summer
Authors: Stewart Robert EA , Born Erik W , Dietz Rune , Heide-Jørgensen Mads Peter , Rigét Frank Farsø , Laidre Kristin , Jensen Mikkel Villum , Knutsen Lars Ø , Fossette Sabrina , Dunn J B
Published: September 2013

Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) belonging to the Baffin Bay subpopulation occur year round in the North Water polynya (NOW) between NW Greenland and eastern Ellesmere Island (Canada). They are hunted for subsistence purposes by residents of the Qaanaaq area (NW Greenland) bordering the NOW to the east and by Canadian Inuit at the entrance to Jones Sound in Nunavut. During the open-water period NW Greenland is virtually devoid of walruses which concentrate along eastern and southern Ellesmere Island at this time of the year. To determine the abundance of walruses in the NOW area, aerial surveys were conducted in August of 1999, 2008, and 2009. In July 2009, nine satellite-linked transmitters were deployed in nearby Kane Basin. Surveys on 9 and 20 August 2009 along eastern Ellesmere Island were the most extensive and were augmented with concomitant data on haul-out and at water surface activity from three (1 F, 2 M) of the nine tags that were still functioning. We therefore focus on the 2009 surveys. Walruses were observed on the ice and in water primarily in Buchanan Bay and Princess Marie Bay where the remaining functional tags were located. The Minimum Counted population (MCP) was 571 on 20 August. Adjusting the MCP of walruses on ice for those not hauled out, the estimate of abundance of walruses in the Baffin Bay stock was 1,251(CV=1.00, 95% CI = 1,226) when adjusted by the proportion of tags ‘dry’ at the time of the survey and 1,249 (CV=1.12, 95% CI = 1,370) when adjusted by the average time tags were dry. The surveys did not cover all potential walrus summering habitat along eastern Ellesmere Island and are negatively biased to an unknown degree.
Health Administration
Authors: Hughes David
Published: September 2013

This entry considers the changing nature of health care administration, and contemporary discourses surrounding administration and management It discusses the global rise of rationalized management practices influenced by managed care and the new public management, and the growing preoccupation with performance and accountability. These developments are impacting on the content of administrative work and manager/professional relationships. Although health care administration was traditionally associated with the image of work in the Weberian bureaucracy, many administrators are now employed in market enterprises or hybrid institutions involving elements of network organization and decentralized regulation.
Aging and Gender
Authors: Thomeer Mieke Beth
Published: September 2013

Aging involves important physiological, psychological, and social changes. Though some of these changes and their consequences are universal, others vary substantially across and within socio‐demographic groups. In particular, meanings and experiences of aging are strongly influenced by gender. In this entry, the first section will address theoretical approaches to studying aging and gender, in particular feminist gerontology and the life course framework. The second section will discuss several important changes and challenges encountered during aging and how these are experienced differently by men and women. Important changes encountered during aging involve health and changes to the body, marriage and family, and retirement. The final section addresses important topics for future research.
Ca
2+
‐Myristoyl Switch Proteins
Authors: Ames James B
Published: September 2013

Abstract

Ca
2+
‐myristoyl switch proteins, a sub‐branch of the calmodulin superfamily, are expressed in the brain and retina where they transduce calcium signals and are genetically linked to degenerative diseases. Recoverin and
guanylate cyclase activating protein
s (
GCAP
s) both serve as calcium sensors in retinal rod cells, neuronal frequenin (
NCS1
) modulates synaptic activity and neuronal secretion, and

K
+
channel interacting protein

s (
KChIP
s) regulate ion channels to control neuronal excitability. Here, we review the molecular structures of myristoylated forms of NCS1, recoverin, and GCAP1 that all look very different, suggesting that the sequestered myristoyl group helps to refold these highly homologous proteins into very different structures. We propose that N‐terminal myristoylation is critical for shaping each NCS family member into a unique structure, which on Ca
2+
‐induced extrusion of the myristoyl group exposes a unique set of previously masked residues that interact with a particular physiological target.
Knowledge, Power, Hope: Activism, Research, and Social Justice
Authors: Atkinson Tannis
Published: September 2013

This introductory chapter reflects on the effects of narrowing research agendas and raises questions about how academic work and activism might be mutually beneficial.
Decentering the Ivory Tower: A University of the Poor
Authors: Selvaraj Shivaani A.
Published: September 2013

This article traces the author's personal reflections on the complexity and contradictions inherent in working for social change. She describes her experiences of movement‐based learning and organizing to end poverty in the United States, concluding that radical adult educators cannot afford to be based solely within the academy, divorced from spaces that rest on a love of learning for the purpose of liberation.
Amorphous Si3B3N7 Ceramic as a Versatile Host for Inorganic Phosphor Activators
Authors: Cakmak Hasan , Jansen Martin
Published: September 2013

Among the inorganic phosphors used in advanced lighting technologies, rare‐earth doped nitridosilicates have attracted significant attention because they exhibit superior photoluminescence properties in connection with high thermal, chemical, and mechanical stabilities. All of these materials are crystalline, which imposes substantial limitations in discovering new phosphors, since the activators to be included in the host matrix need to comply closely with the respective lattice sites, at least with respect to charge and size. As an approach to overcome such implications, an amorphous matrix, namely Si3B3N7, is suggested as a universal nitride‐based host accessible to (co)dope various activators, e.g., Eu2+, Ce3+ and Tb3+. Unlike crystalline phosphors, in the amorphous Si3B3N7 matrix, activator ions do not replace any atom from the random network host; instead, they act as network modifiers. The synthesis of this new class of amorphous phosphors is based on a precursor route, enabling high purities, and avoiding harsh temperature treatments.
Cation–Anion Interaction‐Directed Molecular Design Strategy for Mechanochromic Luminescence
Authors: Li Gaocan , Song Feijie , Wu Di , Lan Jingbo , Liu Xingyan , Wu Jie , Yang Shuaijun , Xiao Dan , You Jingsong
Published: September 2013

Mechanofluorochromic materials have great potential for a wide variety of applications such as sensors, memory devices, motion systems, security systems, and so forth. However, only few design principles have been disclosed, which greatly impedes the growth of mechanofluorochromic dyes. Here, a strategy of molecular design for mechanochromic luminescence is reported, based on the cation–anion interaction‐directed switching of molecular stacking. On the basis of this strategy, a series of common N‐heteroaromatic onium fluorophores such as imidazolium, 1,2,4‐triazolium, triazolopyridinium, benzoimidazolium, γ‐carbolinium, and pyridinium salts have been designed and proved to have striking reversible mechanofluorochromic behaviors. The simple attachment of a non‐fluorescent imidazolium unit to the pyrene scaffold through a flexible carbon chain can even trigger the mechanofluorochromic phenomenon, which gives a consummate interpretation that the cation–anion interaction can be considered as an important general tool to design organic mechanochromic luminescent materials.
π‐Conjugated Molecules Crosslinked Graphene‐Based Ultrathin Films and Their Tunable Performances in Organic Nanoelectronics
Authors: Ou Xiaowei , Chen Penglei , Jiang Lang , Shen Yunfan , Hu Wenping , Liu Minghua
Published: September 2013

Graphene‐based ultrathin films with tunable performances, controlled thickness, and high stability are crucial for their uses. The currently existing protocols, however, could hardly simultaneously meet these requirements. Using amino‐substituted π‐conjugated compounds, including 1,4‐diaminobenzene (DABNH2), benzidine (BZDNH2), and 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis (4‐aminophenyl)‐21H,23H‐porphine (TPPNH2), as cross‐linkages, a new protocol through which graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets can be anchored on solid supports with a high stability and controlled thickness via a layer‐by‐layer method is presented. A thermal annealing leads to the reduction of the films, and the qualities of the samples can be inherited by the as‐produced reduced GO films (RGO). When RGO films are integrated as source/drain electrodes in OFETs, tunable performances can be realized. The devices based on the BZDNH2‐crosslinked RGO electrodes exhibit similar electrical behaviors as those based on the non‐π‐conjugated compound crosslinked electrodes, while improved performances can be gained when those crosslinked by DABNH2 are used. The performances can be further improved when RGO films crosslinked by TPPNH2 are employed. This work likely paves a new avenue for graphene‐based films of tunable performances, controlled thickness, and high stability.
Amino Acid‐Derived Phosphonium Salts‐Catalyzed Michael Addition of 3‐Substituted Oxindoles
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Liu Qin , Liu Yong , Wang Qun , Zhang Ying , Chen Jie , Cao Weiguo , Zhao Gang
Published: September 2013

A new type of phosphonium phase‐transfer catalyst prepared from easily available chiral amino acids was evaluated in a model reaction between oxindole and methyl vinyl ketone, and the catalyst derived from isoleucine was found to be the best. Michael additions of 3‐monosubstituted oxindoles to methyl vinyl ketone, acrolein or propargyl aldehyde proceeded smoothly to afford 3,3‐disubstituted oxindoles in good to excellent yields with moderate to excellent ees.

magnified image
Regio‐ and Stereochemical Controlled Koenigs–Knorr‐Type Monoglycosylation of Secondary Hydroxy Groups in Carbohydrates Utilizing the High Site Recognition Ability of Organotin Catalysts
Authors: Muramatsu Wataru , Yoshimatsu Hirofumi
Published: September 2013

The catalytic regio‐ and stereoselective monoglycosylation of carbohydrates using organotin catalysts is demonstrated. The one‐step reaction affords various oligosaccharides linked at the secondary hydroxy group in high chemical yield and good regio‐ and stereoselectivities. The regioselectivity of the glycosylation is shown to depend on the spatial arrangement of the hydroxy groups in the carbohydrates.

magnified image
Changes in psychosocial work environment and depressive symptoms: A prospective study in junior physicians
Authors: Li Jian , Weigl Matthias , Glaser Jürgen , Petru Raluca , Siegrist Johannes , Angerer Peter
Published: September 2013

Background

We examined the impact of changes in the psychosocial work environment on depressive symptoms in a sample of junior physicians, a high risk group for stress and mental disorders.

Methods

This is a three‐wave prospective study in 417 junior physicians during their residency in German hospitals. The psychosocial work environment was measured by the Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI) Questionnaire at Waves 1 and 2, and the depressive symptoms were assessed with the State‐Trait Depression Scales at all three waves. Multivariate linear regression was applied for prospective associations between ERI across Waves 1 and 2, and baseline‐adjusted depressive symptoms at Wave 3.

Results

Compared with the ERI scores at Wave 1, at Wave 2, and mean scores between the two waves, the baseline‐adjusted ERI change scores between the two waves showed slightly better statistical power, predicting depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (β = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.38–1.18 for increased ERI per SD, β = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.22–1.06 for increased effort per SD, β = −0.65, 95% CI = −1.06 to −0.24 for increased reward per SD, and β = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.27–1.09 for increased overcommitment per SD).

Conclusions

Negative changes in the psychosocial work environment, specifically increased ERI, are associated with depressive symptoms in German junior physicians. Reducing the non‐reciprocity of working life, particularly improving reward at work, may have beneficial effects on prevention of mental health problems in the hospital workplace. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:1414–1422, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological and spatial structure of an early classic period cemetery at Charco Redondo, Oaxaca
Authors: Paul Kathleen S. , Stojanowski Christopher M. , Butler Michelle M.
Published: September 2013

This article presents an analysis of biological and spatial patterning of an Early Classic (A.D. 250–500) Chatino cemetery at the archaeological site of Charco Redondo, located in the lower Río Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. The Early Classic was a time of political instability positioned between two phases of state‐level centralization within the coastal valley. The communal cemetery at Charco Redondo adds significantly to the inventory of excavated graves from this time period and provides novel data on mortuary practices during a critical phase in the development of state level polities in the region. Cluster analysis of mortuary data is combined with intracemetery biodistance approaches to reconstruct how the Charco Redondo cemetery was organized with respect to biological relationships. Cluster analysis of mortuary data identified three groupings of burials. Multidimensional scaling of Euclidean distances and Gower coefficients based on 45 odontometric and 13 dental morphological variables suggests a strong relationship between grave characteristics and locations and phenotypic variation. In other words, the cemetery at Charco Redondo appears biologically kin‐structured. The communal nature of the cemetery conflicts with the assumed “household” burial model for this time period. We propose the observed combination of features represents a transitional practice in which aspects of community, kin, and individual identity were signaled simultaneously within the funerary environment during a time of political transition in the Valley. This article highlights the utility of intracemetery biodistance analyses for examining dimensions of kinship, “house,” and community throughout Mesoamerica where overarching models often mask regional variability. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:217–229, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Morphological effects of captivity: A geometric morphometric analysis of the dorsal side of the scapula in captive‐bred and wild‐caught hominoidea
Authors: Bello‐Hellegouarch Gaëlle , Potau Josep Maria , Arias‐Martorell Julia , Pastor Juan Francisco , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro
Published: September 2013

Many osteological collections from museums and research institutions consist mainly of remains from captive‐bred animals. The restrictions related to the space of their enclosures and the nature of its substrate are likely to affect the locomotor and postural behaviors of captive‐bred animals, which are widely considered uninformative regarding bone morphology and anatomical adaptations of wild animals, especially so in the case of extant great apes. We made a landmark‐based geometric morphometrics analysis of the dorsal side of the scapular bone of both wild‐caught and captive‐bred great apes to clarify the effect of captivity on the morphology of a bone greatly involved in locomotion. The comparison suggested that captivity did not have a significant effect on the landmark configuration used, neither on average scapular shape nor shape variability, being impossible to distinguish the scapulae of a captive‐bred animal from that of a wild‐caught one. This indicates that the analyzed scapulae from captive Hominoidea specimens may be used in morphological or taxonomic analyses since they show no atypical morphological traits caused by living conditions in captivity. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:306–310, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of symptom‐based risk stratification on the costs of managing patients with chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms
Authors: Tan Bruce K. , Lu Guanning , Kwasny Mary J. , Hsueh Wayne D. , Shintani‐Smith Stephanie , Conley David B. , Chandra Rakesh K. , Kern Robert C. , Leung Randy
Published: September 2013

Background

Current symptom criteria poorly predict a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) resulting in excessive treatment of patients with presumed CRS. The objective of this study was analyze the positive predictive value of individual symptoms, or symptoms in combination, in patients with CRS symptoms and examine the costs of the subsequent diagnostic algorithm using a decision tree–based cost analysis.

Methods

We analyzed previously collected patient‐reported symptoms from a cross‐sectional study of patients who had received a computed tomography (CT) scan of their sinuses at a tertiary care otolaryngology clinic for evaluation of CRS symptoms to calculate the positive predictive value of individual symptoms. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis then optimized combinations of symptoms and thresholds to identify CRS patients. The calculated positive predictive values were applied to a previously developed decision tree that compared an upfront CT (uCT) algorithm against an empiric medical therapy (EMT) algorithm with further analysis that considered the availability of point of care (POC) imaging.

Results

The positive predictive value of individual symptoms ranged from 0.21 for patients reporting forehead pain and to 0.69 for patients reporting hyposmia. The CART model constructed a dichotomous model based on forehead pain, maxillary pain, hyposmia, nasal discharge, and facial pain (C‐statistic 0.83). If POC CT were available, median costs ($64‐$415) favored using the upfront CT for all individual symptoms. If POC CT was unavailable, median costs favored uCT for most symptoms except intercanthal pain (−$15), hyposmia (−$100), and discolored nasal discharge (−$24), although these symptoms became equivocal on cost sensitivity analysis. The three‐tiered CART model could subcategorize patients into tiers where uCT was always favorable (median costs: $332‐$504) and others for which EMT was always favorable (median costs −$121 to −$275). The uCT algorithm was always more costly if the nasal endoscopy was positive.

Conclusion

Among patients with classic CRS symptoms, the frequency of individual symptoms varied the likelihood of a CRS diagnosis marginally. Only hyposmia, the absence of facial pain, and discolored discharge sufficiently increased the likelihood of diagnosis to potentially make EMT less costly. The development of an evidence‐based, multisymptom‐based risk stratification model could substantially affect the management costs of the subsequent diagnostic algorithm.
Treatment effect on brain atrophy correlates with treatment effect on disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sormani Maria Pia , Arnold Douglas L. , De Stefano Nicola
Published: September 2013

Objective

To evaluate the extent to which treatment effect on brain atrophy is able to mediate, at the trial level, the treatment effect on disability progression in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods

We collected all published randomized clinical trials in RRMS lasting at least 2 years and including as endpoints disability progression (defined as 6 or 3 months confirmed 1‐point increase on the Expanded Disability Status Scale), active magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions (defined as new/enlarging T2 lesions), and brain atrophy (defined as change in brain volume between month 24 and month 6–12). Treatment effects were expressed as relative reductions. A linear regression, weighted for trial size and duration, was used to assess the relationship between the treatment effects on MRI markers and on disability progression.

Results

Thirteen trials including >13,500 RRMS patients were included in the meta‐analysis. Treatment effects on disability progression were correlated with treatment effects both on brain atrophy (R2 = 0.48, p = 0.001) and on active MRI lesions (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.001). When the effects on both MRI endpoints were included in a multivariate model, the correlation was higher (R2 = 0.75, p < 0.001), and both variables were retained as independently related to the treatment effect on disability progression.

Interpretation

In RRMS, the treatment effect on brain atrophy is correlated with the effect on disability progression over 2 years. This effect is independent of the effect of active MRI lesions on disability; the 2 MRI measures predict the treatment effect on disability more closely when used in combination. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:43–49
Die Bekämpfung multiresistenter Bakterien: aktuelle Strategien zur Entdeckung neuer Antibiotika
Authors: O'Connell Kieron M. G. , Hodgkinson James T. , Sore Hannah F. , Welch Martin , Salmond George P. C. , Spring David R.
Published: September 2013

Die Einführung effizienter antibakterieller Therapien für Infektionskrankheiten in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts revolutionierte die klinische Praxis und erleichterte die Entwicklung der modernen Medizin. Viele potenziell lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen wurden leicht heilbar, die Zahl der Toten oder Versehrten aufgrund von Bakterieninfektionen nahm drastisch ab. Dieser überwältigende historische Erfolg macht es schwer, sich ein Leben ohne effiziente Antibiotika vorzustellen. Dennoch wird dies durch die unaufhaltsame Zunahme resistenter Bakterien für einige Infektionen zu einer sehr realen und verstörenden Möglichkeit. Die rücksichtslose Selektion auf resistente Bakterien, gekoppelt mit ungenügenden Investitionen für Infektionsforschung, hat zu einer stetigen Abnahme der Wirksamkeit vorhandener Therapien und zu einem Mangel an neuen Strukturklassen geführt, um die bekannten Verbindungen zu ersetzen oder zu ergänzen. Daraus hat sich ein dringender Bedarf für neue Antibiotika und Behandlungsstrategien ergeben, den zu befriedigen eine der Schlüsselaufgaben für die Medizinalchemie des 21. Jahrhunderts sein wird.
Group in‐course assessment promotes cooperative learning and increases performance
Authors: Pratten Margaret K. , Merrick Deborah , Burr Steven A.
Published: September 2013

The authors describe and evaluate a method to motivate medical students to maximize the effectiveness of dissection opportunities by using In‐Course‐Assessments (ICAs) to encourage teamwork. A student's final mark was derived by combining the group dissection mark, group mark for questions, and their individual question mark. An analysis of the impact of the ICA was performed by comparing end of module practical summative marks in student cohorts who had, or had not, participated in the ICAs. Summative marks were compared by two‐way ANOVA followed by Dunnets test, or by repeated measures ANOVA, as appropriate. A cohort of medical students was selected that had experienced both practical classes without (year one) and with the new ICA structure (year two). Comparison of summative year one and year two marks illustrated an increased improvement in year two performance in this cohort. A significant increase was also noted when comparing this cohort with five preceding year two cohorts who had not experienced the ICAs (P <0.0001). To ensure that variation in the practical summative examination was not impacting on the data, a comparison was made between three cohorts who had performed the same summative examination. Results show that students who had undertook weekly ICAs showed significantly improved summative marks, compared with those who did not (P <0.0001). This approach to ICA promotes engagement with learning resources in an active, team‐based, cooperative learning environment. Anat Sci Educ 7: 224–233. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
La théorie des éléments de Christophorus Clavius et l'idée du globe terraqué
Authors: Echeverría Virginia Iommi , Amunátegui Godofredo Iommi
Published: September 2013

Die Theorie der Elemente des Christophorus Clavius und die Idee des aus Erde und Wasser bestehenden Globus. Die Notwendigkeit, die Theorie des Aristoteles in Einklang mit der Evidenz der Erde über dem Meeresspiegel – der ‘terra firma’ – zu bringen, hat eine entscheidende konzeptuelle Veränderung verursacht, in deren Folge auf paradoxe Weise anti‐aristotelische Argumente in die aristotelische Tradition integriert wurden. Der deutsche Jesuitenpater Christophorus Clavius spielte eine relevante Rolle bei diesem Prozess. Er führte die Idee des aus Erde und Wasser bestehenden Globus in die scholastische Kosmologie ein, indem er das logische System der Physik des Aristoteles abwandelte. Dieser Artikel analysiert die Theorie des Clavius sowie die angewandte Vorgehensweise, die er benutzte, um sein Vorhaben zu realisieren. Clavius verwendet kombinatorische Ansätze, um die Beziehungen der vier Elemente – Erde, Wasser, Luft und Feuer – zueinander zu untersuchen. Er sieht ihre Verbindung aus einer physischen Perspektive und schlägt schließlich eine mögliche Struktur der sublunaren Welt vor.
Development of analytical methods for the quantification of metabolites of lesogaberan in a MIST investigation
Authors: Dunér Kristina , Bottner Pernilla , Norlén Anna‐Karin
Published: September 2013

Analytical methods were developed for the determination of six metabolites of lesogaberan to be used in quantitative determinations of metabolites according to the guidelines of Metabolites in Safety Testing. The γ‐amino butyric acid type B receptor agonist lesogaberan and its metabolites are small polar molecules and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography was found to be a suitable separation mode. The samples were prepared using protein precipitation and negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used for detection. Initially, exploratory methods for six metabolites were set up for analysis of human plasma samples taken after repeated administration of a high oral dose of lesogaberan. The purpose was to establish which metabolites were present at concentrations significant for further investigation. Four of the six metabolites were then found at clearly detectable concentrations. The analytical methods for these four metabolites were further elaborated and then taken through a qualification procedure, which showed acceptable accuracy (86–114%), precision (<9%) and good linearity in the range 0.03–5 µmol/L. No interferences were seen from endogenous plasma components. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Development of Selective Inhibitors of NagZ: Increased Susceptibility of Gram‐Negative Bacteria to β‐Lactams
Authors: Stubbs Keith A. , Bacik John‐Paul , Perley‐Robertson G. Evan , Whitworth Garrett E. , Gloster Tracey M. , Vocadlo David J. , Mark Brian L.
Published: September 2013

The increasing incidence of inducible chromosomal AmpC β‐lactamases within the clinic is a growing concern because these enzymes deactivate a broad range of even the most recently developed β‐lactam antibiotics. As a result, new strategies are needed to block the action of this antibiotic resistance enzyme. Presented here is a strategy to combat the action of inducible AmpC by inhibiting the β‐glucosaminidase NagZ, which is an enzyme involved in regulating the induction of AmpC expression. A divergent route facilitating the rapid synthesis of a series of N‐acyl analogues of 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxynojirimycin is reported here. Among these compounds are potent NagZ inhibitors that are selective against functionally related human enzymes. These compounds reduce minimum inhibitory concentration values for β‐lactams against a clinically relevant Gram‐negative bacterium bearing inducible chromosomal AmpC β‐lactamase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of a NagZ–inhibitor complex provides insight into the molecular basis for inhibition by these compounds.
Procedural justice and prisoners' mental health problems: A longitudinal study
Authors: Beijersbergen Karin A. , Dirkzwager Anja J. E. , Eichelsheim Veroni I. , van der Laan Peter H. , Nieuwbeerta Paul
Published: September 2013

Background

Given the high prevalence of mental health problems among prisoners, knowledge on its determinants is important. Prior cross‐sectional studies suggest that procedurally just treatment within prison is a significant predictor; however, longitudinal research is lacking.

Aim

The aims of this study were to examine (1) the longitudinal relationship between prisoners' perceptions of procedural justice – including fairness, respect, humanity and relationships with officers – and their mental health and (2) the moderating role of coping style in this relationship.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Prison Project, a longitudinal study of adult male prisoners in the Netherlands, interviewed both 3 weeks and 3 months after their reception into pre‐trial detention (N = 824). A cross‐lagged structural equation model was employed to investigate associations.

Results

Prisoners who reported experiencing a higher level of procedural justice 3 weeks after their arrival in custody reported fewer mental health problems after 3 months. No evidence was found that coping style moderated this relationship.

Conclusions

These findings suggest a causal relationship between procedural justice and psychological well‐being. Fair and respectful treatment of prisoners is a predictor not only of prison order and prisoners' compliance but also of prisoners' psychological well‐being. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disilicon Complexes with Two Hexacoordinate Si Atoms: Paddlewheel‐Shaped Isomers with (ClN4)SiSi(S4Cl) and (ClN2S2)SiSi(S2N2Cl) Skeletons
Authors: Wagler Jörg , Brendler Erica , Heine Thomas , Zhechkov Lyuben
Published: September 2013

The reaction of 1‐methyl‐3‐trimethylsilylimidazoline‐2‐thione with hexachlorodisilane proceeds toward substitution of four of the disilane Cl atoms during the formation of disilicon complexes with two neighboring hexacoordinate Si atoms. The N,S‐bidentate methimazolide moieties adopt a buttressing role, thus forming paddlewheel‐shaped complexes of the type ClSi(μ‐mt)4SiCl (mt=methimazolyl). Most interestingly, three isomers (i.e., with (ClN4)SiSi(S4Cl), (ClN3S)SiSi(S3NCl), and (ClN2S2)SiSi(S2N2Cl) skeletons as so‐called (4,0), (3,1), and cis‐(2,2) paddlewheels) were detected in solution by using 29Si NMR spectroscopic analysis. Two of these isomers could be isolated as crystalline solids, thus allowing their molecular structures to be analyzed by using X‐ray diffraction studies. In accord with time‐dependent NMR spectroscopy, computational analyses proved the cis‐(2,2) isomer with a (ClN2S2)SiSi(S2N2Cl) skeleton to be the most stable. The compounds presented herein are the first examples of crystallographically evidenced disilicon complexes with two SiSi‐bonded octahedrally coordinated Si atoms and representatives of the still scarcely explored class of Si coordination compounds with sulfur donor atoms.
The Roles of Counterion and Water in a Stereoselective Cysteine‐Catalyzed Rauhut–Currier Reaction: A Challenge for Computational Chemistry
Authors: Osuna Sílvia , Dermenci Alpay , Miller Scott J. , Houk K. N.
Published: September 2013

The stereoselective Rauhut–Currier (RC) reaction catalyzed by a cysteine derivative has been explored computationally with density functional theory (M06‐2X). Both methanethiol and a chiral cysteine derivative were studied as nucleophiles. The complete reaction pathway involves rate‐determining elimination of the thiol catalyst from the Michael addition product. The stereoselective Rauhut–Currier reaction, catalyzed by a cysteine derivative as a nucleophile, has also been studied in detail. This reaction was experimentally found to be extremely sensitive to the reaction conditions, such as the number of water equivalents and the effect of potassium counterion. The E1cB process for catalyst elimination has been explored computationally for the eight possible stereoisomers. The effect of explicit water solvation and the presence of counterion (either K+ or Na+) has been studied for the lowest energy enantiomer pair (1S, 2R, 3S)/(1R, 2S, 3R).
Oxazoline‐Based Organocatalyst for Enantioselective Strecker Reactions: A Protocol for the Synthesis of Levamisole
Authors: Sadhukhan Arghya , Sahu Debashis , Ganguly Bishwajit , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Suresh E. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: September 2013

A chiral oxazoline‐based organocatalyst has been found to efficiently catalyze asymmetric Strecker reactions of various aromatic and aliphatic N‐benzhydrylimines with trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) as a cyanide source at −20 °C to give α‐aminonitriles in high yield (96 %) with excellent chiral induction (up to 98 % ee). DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the enantioselective formation of the product with the organocatalyst in these reactions. The organocatalyst has been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, as well as by other analytical methods. This protocol has been extended to the synthesis of the pharmaceutically important drug molecule levamisole in high yield and with high enantioselectivity.
Angular‐Resolved Magnetometry Beyond Triclinic Crystals: Out‐of‐Equilibrium Studies of Cp*ErCOT Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Boulon Marie‐Emmanuelle , Cucinotta Giuseppe , Liu Shan‐Shan , Jiang Shang‐Da , Ungur Liviu , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Gao Song , Sessoli Roberta
Published: September 2013

Angular‐resolved single‐crystal magnetometry is a key tool to characterise lanthanide‐based materials with low symmetry, for which conjectures based on idealised geometries can be totally misleading. Unfortunately the technique is strictly successful only for triclinic structures, thus reducing significantly its application. By collecting out‐of‐equilibrium magnetisation data the technique was extended to the orthorhombic organometallic Cp*ErCOT single‐molecule magnet (SMM), thus allowing for the first time the reconstruction of the molecular anisotropy tensor notwithstanding the two molecular orientations in the crystal lattice. The results, flanked by state‐of‐the‐art ab initio calculations, confirmed the expected orientation of the molecular easy axis of magnetisation and thus validated the synthetic strategy based on organometallic complexes of a single lanthanide ion.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting High Pressures to Generate Porosity, Polymorphism, and Lattice Expansion in the Nonporous Molecular Framework Zn(CN)2.
Authors: Lapidus Saul H. , Halder Gregory J. , Chupas Peter J. , Chapman Karena W.
Published: September 2013

The high‐pressure behavior of Zn(CN)2 is characterized by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: The Impact of Three New Quaternary Sulfides on the Current Predictive Tools for Structure and Composition of Diamond‐Like Materials.
Authors: Brunetta Carl D. , Brant Jacilynn A. , Rosmus Kimberly A. , Henline Kylie M. , Karey Emma , MacNeil Joseph H. , Aitken Jennifer A.
Published: September 2013

Single crystalline diamond‐like Ag2FeSiS4 (I), Li2FeSnS4 (II), and Li2FeGeS4 (III) are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Li2S and the respective elemental powders (graphite crucible in evacuated silica tube, 700 °C, 4 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Addition of Ketones and Aldehydes to Maleimides Catalyzed by Modularly Designed Organocatalysts.
Authors: Muramulla Savitha , Ma Jun‐An , Zhao John Cong‐Gui
Published: September 2013

Modularly designed organocatalysts formed in situ from the self‐assembly of primary α‐amino acids and Cinchona alkaloid thioureas are found to be excellent catalysts for the enantioselective Michael addition of enolizable ketones and aldehydes (II) and (IV) to maleimides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Thioacids Mediated Selective and Mild N‐Acylation of Amines.
Authors: Mali Sachitanand M. , Bhaisare Rupal D. , Gopi Hosahudya N.
Published: September 2013

The new method proceeds under mild conditions within very short reaction times and is applicable to a wide range of aromatic and aliphatic amines bearing various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Aldol Reactions in Multicomponent Reaction Based Domino Pathways: A Multipurpose Enabling Tool in Heterocyclic Chemistry.
Authors: Xu Zhigang , De Moliner Fabio , Cappelli Alexandra P. , Hulme Christopher
Published: September 2013

Combination of the aldol reaction with the Ugi multicomponent reaction affords highly functionalized mono‐ and polycyclic ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Radical Hydroperfluoroalkylation and the Synthesis of Fluorinated Amino Acids and Peptides.
Authors: Yajima Tomoko , Yamaguchi Kanako , Hirokane Rie , Nogami Emiko
Published: September 2013

The title method easily converts N‐phthalimide‐dehydroamino acids to the corresponding fluorinated amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast and Efficient Bromination of Aromatic Compounds with Ammonium Bromide and Oxone.
Authors: Naresh Mameda , Kumar Macharla Arun , Reddy Marri Mahender , Swamy Peraka , Nanubolu Jagadeesh Babu , Narender Nama
Published: September 2013

The efficient reagent combination can be used for the monobromination of a variety of arenes with at least one electron‐donating substituent and neither a catalyst nor an additive is required.
ChemInform Abstract: I2/TBHP‐Mediated Reaction of Sulfonylhydrazides with Alkynes: Synthesis of (E)‐β‐Iodovinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Li Xiaoqing , Xu Xiangsheng , Shi Xinhua
Published: September 2013

The optimized conditions allow the preparation of highly functionalized products with excellent yields, if aromatic alkynes are used.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Cycloetherifications by Bifunctional Aminothiourea Catalysts: The Importance of Hydrogen Bonding.
Authors: Fukata Yukihiro , Miyaji Ryota , Okamura Takaaki , Asano Keisuke , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: September 2013

Various ring closures to oxygen heterocycles are carried out under the optimized conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazolidines via Intramolecular Aza‐Michael Addition by Bifunctional Organocatalysts.
Authors: Fukata Yukihiro , Asano Keisuke , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: September 2013

A novel method for the synthesis of optically active oxazolidines (24 examples) via a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition in the presence of cinchonidine‐derived thiourea organocatalyst is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Montmorillonite K10 Clay Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Aryltetrahydropyrans: A One‐Pot, Multicomponent, Environmentally Friendly Prins—Friedel—Crafts‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Dintzner Matthew R.
Published: September 2013

The methodology represents a more environmentally and logistically friendly route to 4‐aryltetrahydropyrans and gives higher yields with ketones compared to previously reported strategies.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Substituted 5‐(Pyridine‐3‐yl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles and Their Sugar Derivatives.
Authors: El‐Sayed Wael A. , Metwally Mohamed A. , Nada Doaa S. , Mohamed Asem A. , Abdel‐Rahman Adel A.‐H.
Published: September 2013

New substituted pyridinylthiadiazoles, their sugar hydrazones [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise and Simple Synthesis of M1 Allosteric Agonist TBPB.
Authors: Abdul Rasheed Mohammed , Shaik Nagul Meera , Nirogi Ramakrishna
Published: September 2013

A simple and short method for the synthesis of the title compound (I) using commercially available and economical starting materials is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New 3‐Heteroaryl‐2‐phenylquinolines and Their Pharmacological Activity as Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Benzerka Saida , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Roisnel Thierry , Bentchouala Chafia , Smati Farida , Carboni Bertrand , Belfaitah Ali
Published: September 2013

A variety of new 3‐heteroaryl‐2‐phenylquinoline hybrids are synthesized using quinoline‐3‐carbaldehyde (III) as the key intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of 3,6,8‐Tribromoquinoline: A Structural Revision.
Authors: Akrawi Omer A. , Mohammed Hamid H. , Langer Peter
Published: September 2013

Reaction of tetrahydroquinoline (I) with NBS is reinvestigated to give 3,6,8‐tribromoquinoline instead of the reported 4,6,8‐isomer.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of N‐[(2Z)‐3‐(4,6‐Substitutedpyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐2 (3H)‐ylidene]‐3,5‐dinitrobenzamide Analogues.
Authors: Saeed Sohail , Hussain Rizwan , Ali Muhammad
Published: September 2013

A simple and straightforward procedure for the preparation of thiazole‐pyrimidine core derivatives (VI) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Microwave‐Assisted “One‐Pot” Synthesis of Piperazino Pyrimidinyl Acetamides, a Class of Hybrid Bis Heterocycles and Their Structural Elucidation Using NMR Spectral Techniques.
Authors: Kanagarajan V. , Ang How Ghee , Ng Siu Choon , Gopalakrishnan M.
Published: September 2013

Title compounds of type (IV) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneously Catalyzed Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes and Monohydrosilanes by Gold Supported on OMS‐2.
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Wang Ye , Oishi Takamichi , Kuroda Yoshiyuki , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: September 2013

The cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of various terminal alkynes and monohydrosilanes efficiently proceeds in the presence of gold supported on a cryptomelane‐type manganese oxide‐based octahedral molecular sieve as catalyst and O2 as a terminal oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Switchable Phosphination of α‐Diazoesters.
Authors: Jiang Honglai , Jin Hongming , Abdukader Ablimit , Lin Aijun , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chenjian
Published: September 2013

The course of the reaction between phosphonates (II) and α‐diazoesters (I) can be governed by the choice of catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation for the Synthesis of Cycloalkenyl Selenides and Tellurides.
Authors: Eom Dahan , Park Sangjune , Park Youngchul , Lee Kooyeon , Hong Gilbert , Lee Phil Ho
Published: September 2013

The reaction of alkynyl selenides and tellurides is catalyzed by TfOH and affords the intramolecular hydroarylation products, occurring in a selective 6‐ and 7‐endo‐mode.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoporous Films — Model Catalysts in the Material Gap
Authors: Nowak Izabela
Published: September 2013

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereodivergent Processes in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Oliveira Maria Teresa , Audisio Davide , Niyomchon Supaporn , Maulide Nuno
Published: September 2013

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods, Chemistry, and the Anticonvulsant Activity of Thiadiazoles
Authors: Sharma Bhawna , Verma Amita , Prajapati Sunil , Sharma Upendra Kumar
Published: September 2013

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Achmatowicz Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Cuccarese Michael F. , O'Doherty George A.
Published: September 2013

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallacycles Breaking the Rules
Authors: Beweries Torsten , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: September 2013

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of γ‐Butenolides by Direct Vinylogous Reactions
Authors: Yan Lin , Wu Xiaohong , Liu Hongjun , Xie Liangying , Jiang Zhiyong
Published: September 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Hematoporphyrin and Protoporphyrin; a Conceptually New Approach
Authors: Martin Pierre , Muller Markus , Flubacher Dietmar , Boudier Andreas , Spielvogel Dirk
Published: September 2013

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: When Alkyne π‐Activation Meets Pinacol‐Type [1,2]‐Rearrangement: On the Invention of Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of Carbocycles and Heterocycles
Authors: Umland Klaus‐Daniel , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: September 2013

Review: < 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Radicals and Cation Radicals in the Gas Phase
Authors: Turecek Frantisek , Julian Ryan R.
Published: September 2013

Review: 435 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Methods for C—C Bond Formation
Authors: Fesko Kateryna , Gruber‐Khadjawi Mandana
Published: September 2013

Review: 229 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Oxide‐Supported Palladium to Intermetallic Palladium Phases: Consequences for Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Penner Simon , et al. et al.
Published: September 2013

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transporting and Shielding Photosensitisers by Using Water‐Soluble Organometallic Cages: A New Strategy in Drug Delivery and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Therrien Bruno
Published: September 2013

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Reduction Techniques for Chemical Mechanisms
Authors: Loevaas Terese
Published: September 2013

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of Ions and Molecules in Solution: A View from Modern Soft X‐Ray Spectroscopies
Authors: Lange Kathrin M. , Aziz Emad F.
Published: September 2013

Review: 130 refs.