bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Cultivated Meat
Authors: Lo Sapio Luca ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2023

The ethics of cultivated meat is an emerging field of applied ethics. As the world’s population increases, stakeholders, scholars, and producers have begun to devise new strategies to meet growing food needs and to prevent food production from having a deleterious environmental impact. In this paper, I will focus on the main moral arguments against the production and consumption of cultivated meat. I will then frame some arguments to show that none of the objections to the production and consumption of cultivated meat is convincing.In the concluding remarks, I will suggest that cultivated meat should be considered as one strategy in a wide array of options to embrace a new food model. Deciding not to invest on this technology prevents us from benefiting from a useful means that could improve our living conditions.
The Ethics of Climate Change
Authors: Chen Yixin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2023

Massive consumption of fossil energy since the Industrial Revolution has contributed to carbon dioxide emissions and accumulation. That, in turn, has led to global climate change, which is mainly characterized by warming. The necessity of immediate climate action can be justified from both moral and self-interest perspectives. Achieving the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change goal of getting the world to net-zero carbon by 2050 depends on undermining the libertarian and self-interested arguments that opponents have against trying to reach this goal. First, from an ethical perspective, these opponents wrongly set the free market against the welfare state and individual property rights against the redistribution of social wealth, ignoring the possibility that their own ideal of liberty might require a welfare system. Second, it is also possible to show that morality and self-interest go together here, requiring us to reduce carbon use right now.
The Will to Live and Reverence for Life
Authors: Mesfin Yikunoamlak ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2023

Biocentrism environmental ethicists and animal rights defenders have been articulating ethical principles to extend moral standing to nonhuman beings. The natural propensities of living beings to pain and pleasure, being a subject of life, and having specific good and interest (as proposed by Singer, Regan, Tayler, and Goodpaster, respectively), have been taken as a reason to determine the moral status of the beings in question. This article makes the case that none of them can offer all-inclusive ideal for biocentrism to embrace all life forms as moral patients since they are either exclusive, hierarchical, or imprecise. To this end, I argue that it is possible to drive a unifying ideal from Schopenhauer’s metaphysics: the will to live. The will to live is a quality that all living beings share, regardless of their abilities and propensities. Both conscious and unconscious beings, sentient and non-sentient creatures, lower animals and plants are the embodi­ments or physical forms of the ultimate reality that is the will to live. Thus, biocentrism becomes more valid and effective in environmental preservation by incorporating the will to live into its ethical principle.
Effectiveness of “bahu-baho” Lantana camara L. leaf extract as alternative larvicide on household mosquito Culex pipiens larvae
Authors: V. Manait II Emmanuel
Published: February 2023

The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Bahu-Baho Lantana camara L leaf extract as alternate larvicide against mosquito Culex pipiens larvae. It utilized experimental design which has four treatment levels with three replications each. The set-up was the control, 25%, 50% and 75% concentration of bahu-baho leaves extract. Using ANOVA the result showed that there was no significant difference on the mortality of mosquito larvae with regards to the different treatment levels in a given time interval. With the toxicity level of Bahu-baho extract and the given time interval, it further entailed that the shorter the period of time of exposure of mosquito larvae to the concentration of bahu-baho leaves extracts, the higher the level of concentration it required to exterminate the given percentage of mosquito larvae. On the other hand, the longer the time of exposure, the lower the level of concentration needed to achieve the desired lethal dose effect on the larvae.
La tutela delle vittime di violenza domestica e di genere anche alla luce della riforma Cartabia
Authors: Minafra Mena
Published: February 2023

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QUAND LES FEMMES SONT VICTIMES FATALES DE RELATIONS AMOUREUSES OPPRESSIVES ET D’EXPLOITATION
Authors: Durand Véronique
Published: February 2023

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TRÁFICO DE PESSOAS E VIOLÊNCIAS
Authors: Gomes de Lucena Maria de Fátima , L. de Gouveia Maria Alice
Published: February 2023

O presente artigo tematiza, dentre as diversas violências, a que advém das desigualdades sociais e do mercado sexual, da xenofobia e do sexismo, questão ainda hoje pouco abordada no que se refere a dados e estudo sobre a violência do tráfico de pessoas. A partir da análise dessa problemática, sugerem-se a atenção e o estudo destes casos de violência psíquica e física que aviltam os direitos humanos e necessitam ganhar visibilidade para a mudança dessa realidade.
CUESTIÓN DE LA TIERRA: REFLEXIONES A PARTIR DE LA EXPERIENCIA COLOMBIANA CON LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA LEY 1448 DE 2011
Authors: González Serna Aura , Grisales González Daniel Alejandro , Castañeda Gómez Mónica
Published: February 2023

En las últimas décadas se ha presenciado en el continente latinoamericano el incremento de las explotaciones mineras favorecidas por políticas regionales y nacionales que estimulan la inversión extranjera, especialmente en el sector primario de la economía. Esta tendencia para el caso colombiano ha significado la actualización de conflictos históricos asociados a la usurpación, el uso, la tenencia y la propiedad de la tierra, que a su vez han estado determinados por las dinámicas del conflicto socio-político armado, lo cual representa riesgos para lareproducción de la vida de las poblaciones campesinas. El artículo presenta esta realidad con basis en la Ley de víctimas y restitución de tierras de Colômbia, que instrumentaliza medidas de reparación y la restitución de tierras.
BREVE ESTUDIO DEL DELITO DE VIOLENCIA PSÍCOLÓGICA CONTRA LA MUJER DEL ARTÍCULO 147-B DEL CÓDIGO PENAL DE BRASIL
Authors: Fonseca Fortes-Furtado Regina  Helena
Published: February 2023

La violencia contra las mujeres a menudo se describe como un fenómeno cada vez más frecuente en todo el mundo con un enorme impacto en la vida de las víctimas, sus familias y la sociedad. En este breve estudio nos centraremos en un análisis dogmático del nuevo delito de violencia psicológica contra la mujer del artículo 147-B del Código Penal brasileño, tratando de abordar las muchas complejidades que condicionan la respuesta penal. Partiremos de la dificultad conceptual de delimitación de la violencia psicológica a través de un análisis de ejemplos, tipos y causas, para poder analizar los elementos objetivos y subjetivos del tipo penal de violencia psicológica contra la mujer introducido en el artículo 147-B del Código Penal de Brasil. También abordaremos las cuestiones procedimentales relacionadas con este delito. Palabras clave: Violencia de género; violencia doméstica; violencia; controle coercitivo; abuso emocional.
Lymphatic Malformation of Inguinal region in an adult: A Case Report.
Authors:   Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Priyanka DVS , Sindhu C , Kalyani R , Kattepur Abhay K
Published: February 2023

Lymphatic malformation are most commonly located in regions of confluence of major lymphatic channels, including the neck ( 75%), axilla ( 20%), mediastinum, retroperitoneum, pelvis and groin. We are reporting here a rare case in which a 35year old female presented with swelling over right groin and thigh. A provisional diagnosis was made on radiological investigations. Wide Local Excision with Tensor Fascia Lata Flap Reconstruction with Split Skin Graft was done and the diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Keywords: Lymphatic malformation, Acquired Progressive Lymphangioma, Benign lymphangioendothelioma
A case of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in a HIV patient
Authors:   Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar., Aashish . , Sakalecha Anil Kumar , Naik Ravindra , Chaithanya A , Varshitha G R , Revanth R B
Published: February 2023

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is a demyelinating disease of the brain which occurs as a result of reactivation of JC (John Cunningham) virus. It is the most common manifestation of JC virus and is typically seen in patients with an immunocompromised status. Here we will be discussing about a 47 years old male patient who presented with altered sensorium and a past history of weakness in the right upper & lower limbs. Also, patient was found to be retropositive recently. He was referred to the department of Radio diagnosis for MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) for further evaluation. The patient had multiple, asymmetric, white matter lesions in bilateral cerebral hemispheres, midbrain and even cerebellum. In the later course of the disease, the patient lost consciousness and ultimately succumbed to death due to multiorgan failure. The typical features of PML, followed by the role of imaging in diagnosis of PML and its peculiar features to differentiate from other similar white matter lesions of the brain are discussed. Keywords: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, subcortical U-fibers, HIV, Barbell sign
Postural sway and weight distribution in diabetic neuropathy patients: narrative Review.
Authors:   Department of Physiotherapy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Tamaka, Kolar, Shree Monica M , Joy Brince Maria , Kumar Senthil E
Published: February 2023

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic condition increasing in the elderly population which leads to various disabilities and in longtime can cause chronic complications like diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic cardiopathy. Objective: The aim of this narrative review is to identify the sway in posture and distribution of weight in bilateral stance in diabetic neuropathy patients. Methods: The articles are taken from Google Scholar, PUBMED, and EMBASE MEDLINE. Results: Increased anterior displacement than medial, lateral and posterior displacement in postural sway both in eye closed and eyes open, center of pressure and center of mass also changes in postural stability which will aid to identify risk of fall. In weight distribution there is an increased plantar pressure in anterior direction and higher plantar pressures were obtained in long standing phase. Discussion and Conclusion: Early detection of postural sway in diabetic patients may decrease in risk of fall, identifying the muscle strengthening and balance impairment. Even early detection of improper weight distribution over the lower limbs mainly over the foot can reduced the presence of plantar pressure sores, risk of falls and balance instability, or diabetic foot. Postural sway and weight distribution is measured in stance phase than dynamic phase, increase in postural sway can cause to risk of fall and increase in weight distribution on limb can cause wear and tear of the structure. Keyword: Postural Sway, Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetic Nephropathy, weight distribution, plantar pressure, diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot.
Onychomycosis by Syncephalastrum racemosum a rare non-dermatophyte mould: Case Report from Karnataka, India
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Pasha Rahil S A , Hajira Sadiya Noor , Yoganand Raksha , Samreen Hajira
Published: February 2023

Onychomycosis is a common nail infection caused by two groups of pathogenic fungi, dermatophyte and yeast. However, in a small portion of the cases, the etiological agents are non-dermatophyte moulds, belonging to different genera and species. Among the non-dermatophytes, the yeast like Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and other moulds like Scopulariopsis spp., Scytalidium spp, Fusarium spp, and Aspergillus spp may be responsible. We are reporting here, a case of onychomycosis in a 45-year-old female who is non-diabetic, immunocompetent patient, due to Syncephalastrum racemosum which is a rare non dermatophyte mould and its complete improvement with oral Itraconazole and topical Nystatin combination. The affected nails were clipped after disinfecting the surface and collected in sterile container. The nails were subjected for potassium hydroxide wet mount and fungal culture was done on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with cycloheximide. The culture slants were incubated at 37°C. The growth observed on the slants was identified using Lacto phenol cotton blue (LPCB) by morphological characteristics. Keywords: Onychomycosis, Syncephalastrum.
Case Report of P. Vivax: An Atypical Presentation in Pediatric Age
Authors:   department of pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Supreetha M S , Jayekar Shushan Swetha , Krishnappa .
Published: February 2023

Worldwide Malarial infection remains a major cause for morbidity and mortality. Only 50-70% patients showed classic presentation of malaria with paroxysms of fever and rest unusual presentation might be because of impending resistance to antimalarial drugs and judicious use of antimalarial drugs and establishment of immunity. Here, we report peadiatric age group case of Vivax malaria with unusual presentation with history of generalized weakness with severe anemia and going for renal failure. He presented to emergency ward with failure to thrive and treatment started for nephrotic syndrome apparently no improvement in the patient. During laboratory investigation, found to be having malarial parasites in peripheral blood smear, for which immediate therapy was started. After first dose of antimalarial drug patient started showing some signs of recovery. Thus we would like to highlight atypical presentation of malaria, where early recognizing with treatment can save lives. Clinicians must be aware of unusual presentations and constant changes in epidemiology; difficulties in early detecting of severe manifestations of Plasmodium vivax malaria, emphasis must be made to lower the disease burden. Key words: P.vivax, anemia, malaria.
Surgical Repair of Acute Extensor Tendon Injury of Hand at Multiple Levels in a Single Setting – A Case Report
Authors:   Department Of Orthopedics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical college, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Jagadish U , Karthik S J , Arun H S , Deepak H
Published: February 2023

Extensor tendon injuries have a documented incidence rate of 14 occurrences per 100,000 person-years, making them the most frequent tendon injuries. With an estimated frequency of 17.9 and 9.9 instances per 100,000 people per year, respectively, extensor tendon injuries and mallet finger represent 16.9% and 9.3% of orthopaedic soft tissue injuries. Here will be discussing regarding a 28 years old male gives alleged h/o work place injury following which he sustained injury to his right hand. On examination, laceration of size 3 x 5 cm exposing the underlying soft tissue, bone, extensor tendon with muscle was seen. Active extension of middle finger was not possible. X ray revealed no obvious bony fracture or dislocations. Intra-operatively, tendon was identified as extensor communis, the tendon freshened and reattached with adjacent tendon. Boutonniere deformity noted in the middle finger, due to the volar subluxation of lateral band was corrected. Patient’s hand was immobilized in plaster for 3 weeks and rehabilitation was started gradually. At the final follow up patient was able to functionally extend his metacarpophalageal and interphalangeal joints to full range of motion without any deformities. His visual analogue scale was 1/10 at the end of 3rd month. Keywords: Tendon injury, Extensor apparatus, Multiple tendon injury, Zone 3 injury, Zone 6 injury, Surgical repair of tendon.
Hamstring Flexibility in Adolescent with or Without Plantar Flexion- A Narrative Review.
Authors:   Department of Physiotherapy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Sri Roopa R , Kumar Senthil E
Published: February 2023

Background: Flexibility is a property of the muscle to be lengthened to achieve required range of motion. Hamstring muscle constitutes posterior compartment of thigh, which consists of semimembranosus and semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and primarily response for knee flexion. As the age progress, there is physiological shortening of hamstring muscle due to various reasons. Objectives: Is to review the literature for hamstring flexibility measurement in relation to plantar flexors in adolescent between 12 to 19 years. Methods: The analysis of literature was done through Google Scholar, PUBMED, and EMBASE MEDLINE. The review period is from 2016 to 2021 which includes articles of full text English originated. Results and conclusion: In search of article we found 50 articles out of it there were 14 articles which describe about the assessment of hamstring flexibility. There are different assessment tool were used to find the hamstring flexibility. However, there is limited literature associated to hamstring flexibility with or without plantar flexion. There is dearth of literature review on the adolescent for hamstring flexibility, positive review of comparison of study between plantar flexion and neutral position, back saver sit and reach test is more comfortable test than other test. In addition to it adapted sit & reach box has absolute validity & reliability and there is negative correlation between thoracic spine and hip component for the same. Keywords: Hamstring Flexibility, Sit and Reach box (SRT), Back Saver sit and Reach box test (BSRT) and Chair Sit and Reach Test (CSRT).
Mystery of Origin of Syphilis
Authors:   Department of Dermatology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India, Rajashekar T S , Kumar Suresh K , Pasanna Harish R , Kiran Madhu C , Hanumanthayya K
Published: February 2023

Syphilis is one of the oldest disease known to humans. Its history is as old as history of humans. Syphilis affects sexually active people, who are in productive age (15 – 65 years). The norm across all societies in the world is to get married after attaining sexual maturity for obtaining sexual satisfaction and procreation. Further, “Monogamy and Monoandry” is the recommended and widespread practice in the present world. If humans ignore the golden rule of monogamy and monoandry and indulge in indiscriminate and unprotected sex, they will suffer from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Syphilis is the commonest STD, has troubled humans since ages. The history of syphilis is mysterious, if we search the literature regarding the origin of syphilis, three important theories are mentioned. They are 1) Columbus theory, 2) Hudson theory, and 3) European universal theory. Keywords: Syphilis, STDs, Columbus theory, Hudson theory, European universal theory
Surgical Correction of Sprengel Deformity of the Shoulder by Wood Ward’s Technique – A Case Report
Authors:   Department of Orthopaedics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India, Arun H S , Kumar Vinod , Jagadish U , Siyad Nazar M
Published: February 2023

The most typical congenital defect of the shoulder girdle is called Sprengel deformity (SD), also known as congenital high scapula or congenital undescended scapula. It is distinguished by a protrusion at the scapula's upper medial border and a restriction of shoulder abduction. 7-year-old female child was brought to the hospital with complaints of difficulty to perform overhead abduction and their parents complained of cosmetic defect noted over the right upper back i.e., asymmetry of upper back. On examination, the child was able to per- form overhead abduction from 0-100deg at gleno humeral joint after which scapula-thoracic motion takes place. X ray revealed a high or undescended scapula. CT scan was performed as a pre-operative planning proto- col to rule out the presence of omovertebra. No omovertebrae noted and deformity was graded as Cavendish grade III. Patient was taken up for proposed surgery. Postoperatively patient was put in shoulder arm pouch for 4 weeks and gradually started on shoulder range of motion exercises. At final follow up, wound healed completely and patient was able to abduct the shoulder for 0-14’0deg. We conclude that treating sprengel deformity with the Woodward method correctly combined with post-operative therapy yields out- standing functional and aesthetic benefits. Keywords: Sprengel defor
A Case Report of Polyostotic form of Fibrous Dysplasia: Imaging Features in Radiograph, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors:   Department of Radio-diagnosis, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India, Revanth R B , Naik Deepti , Sakalecha Anil Kumar , Aashish . , Ullas Yashas , Yogendra Guru M
Published: February 2023

Fibrous dysplasia is a disease that causes aberrant development of osteoblasts, which results in fibrous stroma replacing normal bone. Lichtenstein first described it in 1938. It is a sporadic disorder caused due to a postzygotic mutation in the GNAS1 gene. It can affect a single bone (monostotic) or several bones (polyostotic). The most common locations are the skull & ribs. It is typically an incidental finding and asymptomatic. When a pathologic fracture or malignant alteration complicates it, symptoms could develop. As polyostotic FD is a rare disorder that only occasionally occurs in 20–25% of patients, therefore the aim of this article is to report such a rare case of polyostotic FD in a 30-year-old female patient showing the characteristic changes. Keywords: Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, GNAS1 gene mutation, Sporadic disorder
Detecting Genuine Versus Pseudo-Absence in The Fossil Record: Applications of Occupancy Modelling For Conservation Palaeobiology
Authors: Dean Christopher D. , Mannion Philip D.
Published: February 2023

Palaeontological data provide a unique avenue to evaluate the impact of climatic, habitat and ecosystem change over longer temporal scales than typically examined in ecology and conservation, contributing critical data on extinction dynamics that can help contextualize the current biodiversity crisis. However, the fossil record is biased by a variety of factors. In particular, the issue of data absence causes a genuine concern when attempting to discern spatial patterns. Does the lack of a fossil occurrence indicate genuine absence or imperfect detection (i.e., pseudo-absence)? Failing to quantify, discern and mitigate both the main drivers and impacts of data absence will have major implications for any attempt to reconstruct past diversity dynamics, limiting the applicability of paleontological data for addressing questions pertaining to present-day biodiversity. Occupancy modelling, a technique commonly applied in the fields of ecology and conservation, provides a novel way to evaluate the impact of both spatial and temporal biases on the fossil record. By distinguishing between true (taxon genuinely absent) and false (taxon present, but not observed) absences, occupancy modelling produces independent and simultaneous probability estimates for both occupancy and detection. Here, we show how paleontological occurrences can be adapted for use alongside relevant modern and paleo covariate data in both single season models run using the R package ‘unmarked’ and dynamic occupancy models using a Bayesian framework. We additionally test the impact of varying spatial scale, as well as uneven numbers of repeated site visits, on model outcomes, and provide recommendations for conservation paleobiologists intending to run these models. Finally, we outline additional benefits of applying occupancy modelling within conservation paleobiology.
What is Conservation Paleobiology? Tracking 20 Years of Research and Development
Authors: Dillon Erin , Pier Jaleigh Q. , Smith Jansen A. , Raja Nussaïbah , Dimitrijević Danijela , Austin Elizabeth L. , Cybulski Jonathan D. , De Entrambasaguas Julia , Durham Stephen R. , Grether Carolin , Haldar Himadri , Kristína Kocáková , Lin Chien-Hsiang , Mazzini Ilaria , Mychajliw Alexis M. , Ollendorf Amy , Pimiento Catalina , Regalado Fernández Omar , Smith Isaiah , Dietl Gregory
Published: February 2023

Conservation paleobiology has coalesced over the last two decades since its formal coining, united by the goal of applying geohistorical records to inform the conservation, management, and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, the field is still attempting to form an identity distinct from its academic roots. Here, we ask a deceptively simple question: What is conservation paleobiology? To track its development as a field, we synthesize complementary perspectives from a survey of the scientific community that is familiar with conservation paleobiology and a systematic literature review of publications that use the term. We present an overview of conservation paleobiology’s research scope and compare survey participants’ perceptions of what it is and what it should be as a field. We find that conservation paleobiologists use a variety of geohistorical data in their work, although research is typified by near-time records of marine molluscs and terrestrial mammals collected over local to regional spatial scales. Our results also confirm the field’s broad disciplinary basis: survey participants indicated that conservation paleobiology can incorporate information from a wide range of disciplines spanning conservation biology, ecology, historical ecology, paleontology, and archaeology. Finally, we show that conservation paleobiologists have yet to reach a consensus on how applied the field should be in practice. The survey revealed that many participants thought the field should be more applied but that most do not currently engage with conservation practice. Reflecting on how conservation paleobiology has developed over the last two decades, we discuss opportunities to promote community cohesion, strengthen collaborations within conservation science, and align training priorities with the field’s identity as it continues to crystallize.
Mapping Past Distributions of Marine Mollusks Using Shell Death Assemblages
Authors: Herbert Gregory S. , Kramer Andrew M. , Geiger Stephen P. , Jimenez Bustos Ana , Sanders Stephanie A. , Seiden Nicole , Rogers Jaime A.
Published: February 2023

Marine species assessments rely heavily on baseline surveys conducted after the 1960s, long after many anthropogenic pressures began, which could lead to misinformed management decisions and poor conservation outcomes. In this study, we collaborated with Florida Fish and Wildlife to conduct stock assessments for mollusks of the west Florida shelf that incorporate shell death assemblages. One of our first assessments was of the Florida Fighting Conch, Strombus alatus, an abundant gastropod that is also under consideration as a replacement fishery for the threatened Queen Conch. Live and dead shells were collected from >300 dredge tows between 2008-2018 covering the entire west Florida shelf. Shells were age-partitioned by 14C- and AAR-calibrated taphonomic criteria. Counts were converted to densities per m2. Inverse distance weighting interpolation of S. alatus death assemblages reveals multiple population centers along the coast and a rapid decrease in density with depth from 25-120 m. In contrast, live conchs were absent in our dredge samples from shelf depths deeper than 40 m. These differences are confirmed by single-visit occupancy methods that account for variation in detectability across the samples. Live-dead differences in spatial distribution are probably influenced by time averaging in death assemblages, which increases detectability of conchs in deeper habitats, where they may be too rare to be sampled alive. However, extirpation of offshore populations was also indicated by independent natural history collection occurrence records, which show numerous live-collected conchs from 1940-1980 but none afterwards, despite an increase in sampling effort. These results suggest that live-dead comparisons can reveal biodiversity loss at the scale of large marine ecosystems.
Per-Simper, An Innovative Method for Identifying Community Assembly Processes Within Modern, Recent, and Deep-Time Paleontological Assemblages
Authors: Gibert Corentin , Escarguel Gilles , Vilmi Annika , Wang Jianjun , McGuire Jenny L.
Published: February 2023

How biological communities are assembled is an old but lively debate, especially today, as the efficiency of conservation policies depend on our capacity to correctly identify the assembly processes at play within the species assemblages we aim to protect. The wide range of assembly modes, once seen as mutually exclusive hypothesis are now seen as part of a continuum where the opposite ends correspond to niche- and dispersal-assembly perspectives. Niche-assembled communities are closed and balanced with a stable taxonomic composition depending on deterministic processes when dispersal-assembled communities are open, in non-equilibrium state with constantly changing compositions depending on historical process and continuous dispersion between communities. The former must be protected by increasing habitat diversity and heterogeneity when the latter needing high connectivity to ensure dispersal between habitats. Protecting modern at-risk communities will require an understanding of how assembly processes have been affected by past climate change (both recent and ancient) or by the historical exploitation of ecosystems by humans. However, few methods exist that are capable of identifying assembly processes within paleontological datasets and producing time series at multiple scales due to missing information in the vast majority of the fossil record (e.g., abundance, environmental information, highly-resolved phylogeny) or due to limited precision of compatible methods (i.e. random vs. non-random patterns). The new PER-SIMPER method (and its associated DNCImper R package) can be used to identify and quantify the respective roles of niche and dispersal processes from the distribution of occurrences of extinct and extant species. Based on three modes of permutation of the occurrence matrix, I will illustrate PER-SIMPER with deep-time (e.g., trilobites), ancient (e.g. Cenozoic mammals) and modern datasets (e.g. small mountain mammals, host-flea assemblages).
Parasite Dynamics: One Pattern and Multiple Possible Causes
Authors: Huntley John W. , Scarponi Daniele
Published: February 2023

How is parasitism likely to respond to anthropogenic global change? Digenean trematode prevalence among bivalve mollusk hosts in multiple coastal environments has been linked to sea-level rise on centennial and millennial time scales. Previous efforts have ruled out the influence of changing diversity, community structure, taphonomy, and salinity (fossil-based proxy) on this pattern but, until recently, we have not been able to address the role of other abiotic environmental factors. Here we present the results of stable isotope analyses (δ18O and δ13C) of the shallow marine bivalve Chamelea gallina from the Holocene and modern northern Adriatic (Italy) and trace element analysis of the estuarine bivalves Potamocorbula amurensis and Corbicula formosana from the Holocene Pearl River (China) delta using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Generalized Linear Models (GLM) of 1,297 δ18O and δ13C analyses from 57 C. gallina valves derived from 11 modern death assemblages and four Holocene core samples reveal that elevated trematode prevalence is associated with relatively negative δ18O values, relatively positive δ13C values, and a high correlation between δ18O and δ13C values. We interpret this to mean that trematode prevalence is higher during warm temperatures with minimal freshwater influence. GLMs of 3,295 LA-ICP-MS spot analyses on 48 valves from the two estuarine species (a separate GLM for each taxon), derived from 12 cored samples from Pearl River deposits, reveal a strong association between trematode prevalence and elevated Ba/Ca ratios and low species richness, which we interpret as high parasitic infestation of an oligotypic community in hypoxia-dominated environments. Taken together, the results suggest that parasitic patterns are linked to sea-level rise and geochemical insights point toward case-specific causal factors that are going to be more widespread due to anthropogenic climate change.
Deep Time Conservation Paleobiology of the Atlantic Jigsaw Puzzle and the Future of the Southwestern Angolan Coast
Authors: Jacobs Louis L. , Polcyn Michael J. , Mateus Octávio , Schulp Anne S.
Published: February 2023

The puzzle-like fit of Africa and South America reflects the tectonically driven opening of the South Atlantic Ocean beginning over 130 mya. By 90 Ma, the North and South Atlantics were conjoined. The introduction of Cretaceous marine reptiles into the central South Atlantic from the north coincides with through-flow in the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway and with increased productivity and upwelling of the Benguela Current. The K-Pg extinction saw the demise of most marine reptiles, but upwelling apparently persisted, evidenced by a growing Cenozoic fossil record of sea turtles and marine mammals from the Angolan coast. Convergent similarities between the Cretaceous marine reptile vertebrate community and the modern vertebrate community of the Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem suggest essentially continuous productivity related to upwelling along the southwest African coast since Cretaceous time. Paleolatitude reconstructions show that predicted positions of coastal upwelling of the Benguela Current have moved south along the coast as Africa drifted northward through the descending limb of the southern Hadley Cell. The Cretaceous and modern faunas were both adapted to a productive upwelling zone. The Cretaceous relict Welwitschia mirabilis is consistent with coastal aridity alongside upwelling. Thus, the sediments of coastal Angola and the fossils they entomb are relevant to conservation paleobiology because they provide a baseline through deep time. Comparisons underscore the resilience of the Benguela Current on the one hand and emphasize human-driven threats to the Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem on the other. Solutions are being sought; for instance, through the evaluation of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSA) in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In Angola, the geologic record of the opening of the South Atlantic, the fossils, public interest, and the value for sustainable development are positive indications for the future.
How Many Generations are Available for Study? Expectations and Applications of Historical Ecological Insight from Bones Lying on Modern Landscapes
Authors: Miller Joshua H. , Wald Eric J. , Druckenmiller Patrick , Simpson Carl
Published: February 2023

Skeletal remains lying on landscape surfaces are useful for evaluating historical states of living populations, but across how much time can such resources inform management and conservation? Further, how do differences in environmental setting impact the breadth of the available timeseries? Using radiocarbon dated bones from across the globe, we evaluated the relationship between the maximum duration that bones persist on landscapes and the mean annual temperature of each locality. We found that bones can persist for several millennia in cold (high-latitude) settings and that there is a strong link (R2 > 0.9, p < 0.01) between local temperature and the logged duration of maximum bone persistence. This relationship provides an initial expectation for the duration across which skeletal remains from different settings can provide historical ecological context. Across the Holarctic, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are the most abundant large mammal and arguably the most economically significant one for multiple human cultures, including serving as a key nutritional and cultural resource. For migratory caribou, movements between winter ranges and spring calving grounds are among the longest annual migrations of any terrestrial species and maintaining access to these areas is a top conservation priority. But how long have herds used particular calving grounds? Shed female antlers lying on the tundra provide insight into historical calving geography because they are shed within days of giving birth. Following antler surveys across the Coastal Plain calving grounds (Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska) of the Porcupine Caribou Herd (PCH), we radiocarbon dated three highly weathered female antlers. Antler ages ranged between ~1,600 and >3,000 calendar years ago. These antlers provide the first physical evidence of calving activity on the PCH calving grounds from previous millennia and substantiate the long ecological legacy of the Coastal Plain as a caribou calving ground.
Baseline Caribbean Reefs
Authors: O’Dea Aaron , De Gracia Brigida , Briand Julia , Cybulski Jonathan D. , Ureña Maybelline , García-Méndez Kimberly , Lueders-Dumont Jessica , Dillon Erin
Published: February 2023

Caribbean coral reefs started to deteriorate before systematic monitoring began and so questions remain about how reefs have changed since human impact and if they have transitioned into functionally ‘novel’ states. To explore these questions, we mapped and bulk-sampled several hectares of mid-Holocene reefs in Caribbean Panama and the Dominican Republic and compared the composition and ecological function of these pre-human impact reefs to nearby modern reefs. We quantified the remains of all major reef groups, but focus here on molluscs, corals, and fishes. Filter feeding molluscs are twice as abundant relative to other feeding modes on modern reefs, commensurate with eutrophication from land use changes. At the same time, large herbivorous gastropods declined significantly in size due to millennia of human selective harvesting. We observed the well-documented loss of Acroporid corals and a functional shift in coral communities towards weedier, slower growing, and brooding species. Some modern coral communities appear to retain some historical functions, and isolated Acropora refugia do persist, but the corals in them are less robust than those in the mid-Holocene, questioning their functional resilience to future change. Reef fish otolith assemblages suggest an 80% decline in non-harvested fish and a relative increase in planktotrophy—patterns best explained by the loss of coral structure and eutrophication. Counterintuitively, otolith sizes suggest that non-harvested fish are larger than they were in the past, a result that suggests lower mortality rates from reduced predation due to a loss of predators. This conclusion is supported by the estimated 71% decline in shark abundances and 400% increase in evidence of damselfish algal-gardening on modern reefs. These examples illustrate how both bottom-up and top-down processes have reshaped the structure, trophic interactions and ecosystem functions of Caribbean reefscapes.
Climate Change and The Persistence of Coral-Reef Development in Upwelling Zones
Authors: Rodriguez-Ruano Victor , Toth Lauren T. , C. Enochs Ian , Randall Carly J. , Aronson Richard B.
Published: February 2023

Upwelling exerts a major control on coral-reef development in the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP). Upwelling zones exhibit conditions that are detrimental to coral growth, such as low sea-surface temperatures and high levels of turbidity. During the late Holocene, the reefs in the strongly upwelling Gulf of Panamá (GoP) and the weakly upwelling Gulf of Chiriquí (GoC) experienced a climate-driven hiatus in coral growth and reef development, and strong upwelling exacerbated this hiatus in the GoP. Strong upwelling in the GoP is now acting as a buffer against thermal stress, providing a refuge from climatic warming, whereas corals in the GoC are highly vulnerable to increased thermal stress. Using ecological surveys and paleoecological data, we quantified calcification and bioerosion processes for the reefs in these two gulfs to develop carbonate-budget models. We determined the reef-accretion potential (RAP) for reefs in each gulf to project their capacity to keep pace with current and predicted future rates of sea-level rise. On average, reefs in the GoP exhibited an average RAP of 5.5 mm yr-1, which would be enough to keep pace with future rates of sea-level rise if CO2 emissions were reduced under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 4.5. In contrast, reefs in the GoC exhibited an average RAP of only 0.3 mm yr-1, which is not even enough to keep pace with contemporary rates of sea-level rise in Panamá (1.4 mm yr-1). Furthermore, even if the reefs in either gulf could achieve 100% coral cover, none of them has the capacity to keep pace with RCP 8.5. Although the GoP should support reef development in the near future, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions will be essential to ensure the persistence of accreting reefs and promote the recovery of those vulnerable to net erosion.
Coproduction In Conservation Paleobiology: Lessons Learned from the Historical Oyster Body Size Project
Authors: Dietl Gregory P. , Durham Stephen R. , Clark Cheryl P. , Prado Rebecca
Published: February 2023

Over the past decade, many conservation biology researchers and practitioners have turned to knowledge co-production, which prioritizes collaboration between academic and non-academic partners, to increase the impact of science in conservation practice and policy. Co-production promises to produce context-specific knowledge that better aligns with conservation practitioners’ needs and concerns. Here, we argue that the conservation paleobiology community could similarly build collective capacity to engage more effectively in shared “learning spaces” where actionable knowledge is produced. We draw from our experiences with the Historical Oyster Body Size project and lessons learned from other fields to identify key attributes of actionable geohistorical knowledge and the meaningful co-production processes that produced it. Familiarity with these concepts will benefit conservation paleobiologists who aspire to help develop longer lasting, fairer, and more equitable solutions to complex conservation problems presented by a changing world.
Human-Driven Diversity Changes in Caribbean Parrots Across the Holocene
Authors: Oswald Jessica A. , Smith Brian T. , Allen Julie M. , Guralnick Robert P. , Steadman David W. , LeFebvre Michelle J.
Published: February 2023

Islands are windows for studying how humans have shaped biogeographic distributions. However, modern diversity patterns on islands are the outcome of evolutionary, ecological, and anthropocentric factors across long-temporal scales that often leave little evidence of the interactions among them. One exception are the parrots of the Caribbean which have a close commensal relationship with humans and an extensive fossil and archaeological record in the Holocene. Using modern and ancient DNA and radiocarbon dating, we present a temporal and spatial overview of the evolution, extirpation, and translocation of Amazona parrots across the Caribbean. Amazona colonized the Greater Antilles in the Pliocene and the most widespread parrot species, the Cuban Parrot, exhibits inter-island divergences throughout the Pleistocene. Within this radiation, we discovered a now extinct, genetically distinct lineage that survived on Turks & Caicos until human settlement of the islands. We also found that the narrowly distributed Hispaniolan Amazon had a range that once included the Bahamas and was introduced by indigenous people to Grand Turk and Montserrat. Our results show that datasets that transcend the extinct-living continuum highlight the long-term role of humans in altering the diversity and distribution of Caribbean biota.
Using Past Archives to Better Constrain The Future of Alligator Sinensis
Authors: Hansford James , Saupe Erin , Turvey Samuel , Ma Heidi , Tu I-Ting , Varnham Grace , Mannion Phil
Published: February 2023

Species distribution modelling is a widely applied tool for forecasting future distributions of species under different climatic scenarios, informing conservation strategies and rewilding programs. Forecasting, however, is typically based on very recent species’ records (last ~50 years). This is problematic, given that these records are strongly affected by human interactions, and we do not know whether current distributions reflect the full suite of environmental parameters a species can inhabit. If we only model data from current distributions in future projections, we are thus likely to get misleading predictions that might misdirect conservation planning. The Critically Endangered Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is currently restricted to a single Chinese province. Historical, zooarchaeological and fossil records demonstrate a greater range across mainland China, extending its past distribution even further, to Taiwan and Japan. Species distribution models (SDMs) based only on the present-day distribution of the Chinese alligator are poorly constrained, whereas incorporation of past archives improves model fit and changes projected suitable habitat. By combining past and present data, we can provide a closer approximation of the full ecological niche of a species. For endangered species with restricted present-day ranges, additional occurrence data from past archives is critical for constraining SDMs, with potentially major misinterpretations of suitable habitats for conservation and rewilding. This research is the principal case study for an IUCN Green status of species/Conservation Paleontology Network Pre-impact distributions working group, and a test case for the inclusion of past archives in the development of species recovery baselines.
The effect of market risk on returns: Case of banking in Indonesia
Authors: Modeong Dhea , Wati Ricky , Ante Jeine , Tadung Efrianto
Published: February 2023

The banking industries are a sector that play important role to support national development and national economy. During Covid-19 pandemic, most of market in the world include Indonesia has urgent circumstances. The objective of this study is to examine whether the Covid-19 pandemic has bad impact on returns of banking industries. The results of regression over January 3, 2020, to December 30, 2021 show that there is positive relationship for risk-return of BBNI and BBRI. Those results imply that Covid-19 pandemic does not have significant effect on returns for those banks. It also means that most investors feel safe for those banks financial performance.
Linking the Mekong Delta region in the development of agriculture model in combination with tourism
Authors: Tu Minh Thien
Published: February 2023

Agriculture combined with tourism, or in other words, agricultural tourism is becoming one of the most popular types of tourism in our country today. Based on the theory of regional linkages and qualitative surveys, the paper analyzes the aspects and necessary conditions of agri-tourism, thereby making meaningful comments and suggestions of principles to develop tourism in combination with agriculture of 13 provinces in Mekong Delta region effectively and sustainably.