bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Numerical Approach for Low Mach Number: Application to Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Ouazzani Jalil , Garrabos Yves
Published: December 2013

A new numerical algorithm has been developed to compute low Mach number fluids using the cV-formulation of the energy equation. cV is the specific heat at constant volume. It has been applied to both supercritical fluid flows (using a nonlinear equation of state like the van der Waals cubic equation of state) and gas flows (using an ideal gas law). The algorithm is introduced successfully in a finite volume code using the SIMPLE and SIMPLER methods. Its main advantage lies in the decoupling of the energy equation and equation of state from the momentum and continuity equations, leading to decrease significantly the CPU time in the case of supercritical fluids simulations. Moreover it allows for supercritical fluid flow simulations the use of other discretization methods (such as spectral methods and/or finite differences) and any other nonlinear form of the equation of state. The new algorithm is presented after a brief description of the previously existing algorithm to solve supercritical fluid flows. Then three published Benchmark problems for steady and unsteady ideal gas flows are treated, as well as the side heated cavity problem for a near critical carbon dioxide filling. The results are then compared to those obtained from the previous algorithm as well as to those obtained from a spectral code using the new algorithm. This comparative investigation is extended to the Rayleigh-Bénard problem for a near critical carbon dioxide filled square cavity with the use of the Van der Waals and the Peng-Robinson equations of state.
Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Multi-Floor, Counterflow Micro Heat Exchangers
Authors: Abdoli Abas , Dulikravich George S.
Published: December 2013

Heat removal capacity, coolant pumping pressure drop and surface temperature non-uniformity are three major challenges facing single-phase flow microchannel compact heat exchangers. In this paper multi-objective optimization has been performed to increase heat removal capacity, and decrease pressure drop and temperature non-uniformity in single-flow microchannels. Three-dimensional (3D) 4-floor branching networks have been applied to increase heat removal capacity of a microchannel from silicon substrate (15×15×2 mm). Each floor has four different branching sub-networks with opposite flow direction with respect to the next one. Each branching network has four inlets and one outlet. However, branching patterns of each of these sub-networks could be different from the others. Conjugate heat transfer analysis has been performed by developing a software package which uses quasi-1D thermo-fluid analysis and a 3D steady heat conduction analysis. These two solvers are coupled through their common boundaries representing surfaces of the cooling microchannels. Using quasi-1D solver significantly decreases computing time and its results are in good agreement with 3D Navier-Stokes equations solver for these types of application. The analysis package is capable of generating 3D branching networks with random topologies. 1341 random cooling networks were simulated using this analysis package. Multi-objective optimization using modeFrontier software was performed using response surface approximation and genetic algorithm. Diameters and branching pattern of each sub-network and coolant flow direction on each floor were design variables of multi-objective optimization. Maximizing heat removal capacity, minimizing pressure drop and temperature non-uniformity on the hot surface were three simultaneous objectives of the optimization. Pareto-optimal solutions demonstrate that thermal loads of up to 500 W/cm2 can be managed with 3D 4-floor microchannel cooling networks.
Modeling Passive Safety in the Westinghouse Small Modular Reactor: Assessment of Wall Condensation and CMT Natural Circulation
Authors: Liao Jun , Kucukboyaci Vefa N.
Published: December 2013

Passive safety design that utilizes gravity, natural circulation, heat sink and stored potential energy for reactor safety functions is being increasingly adopted in advanced reactors, especially in the small modular reactor (SMR) designs. The passive safety design of the Westinghouse SMR is described in details and compared with the AP1000® passive safety design. The natural circulation loops and heat transfer mechanism in a postulated Westinghouse SMR loss of coolant accident (LOCA) are discussed. The key thermal hydraulic phenomena pertinent to the passive safety design of the Westinghouse SMR have been identified in the small break LOCA Phenomena Identification and Rank Table (PIRT). Among the identified phenomena, condensation on the containment wall and natural circulation in core makeup tank (CMT) loop are highly ranked. Those passive safety phenomena are expected to be assessed using the WCOBRA/TRAC-TF2 LOCA thermal hydraulic code, which will provide the design basis LOCA analysis in the SMR design control documentation. In this paper, the progress on the assessing two key phenomena in passive safety of Westinghouse SMR is reported. The preliminary assessments against UCB tube condensation tests and Westinghouse core makeup tank tests reveals the capability of WCOBRA/TRAC-TF2 code to reasonably predict the condensation on the containment wall and natural circulation in the core makeup tank (CMT) loop.
Prediction for Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Mini-Channels
Authors: Li Minxia , Dang Chaobin , Fu Xing , Ma Yitai
Published: December 2013

A superposition correlation is proposed to predict heat transfer coefficient of flow boiling heat transfer in mini-channels. In this correlation, Reynolds number of liquid phase is presented by means of vapor velocity and slip velocity ratio. The film thickness and Bo number are taken account into this correlation. This new correlations were developed based on the conditions contained in our database. A database on experimental results of saturated-flow boiling in mini-channels includes 3839 data points, 9 different refrigerants, and covers a wide range of operation conditions from 10 independent studies. Most inner diameters in this database is within 0.5 mm and 3 mm and the mass fluxes in the database range from 50 to 600 kg /m2s, the heat fluxes from 5 to 123 kW/m2, the vapor qualities from 0 to 1, and the saturation temperatures from 0 to 52 °C. Research advances of flow boiling heat transfer in mini-channels in recent years were reviewed. 12 available flow boiling heat transfer correlations were addressed and evaluated against the database in this study. The proposed correlation can catch 77% data within the deviation of±30%. The mean absolute error of this new correlation is 20.9%.
A Phase Field Modeling Study of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability Subject to a Horizontal Electric Field
Authors: Yang Qingzhen , Zhao Zhengtuo , Li Ben Q. , Ding Yucheng
Published: December 2013

A numerical phase field model is developed to investigate the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) subject to a horizontal electric field. The model entails the simultaneous solution of the electric field equation and the Navier-Stokes equation for fluid flow coupled with the phase field model for the evolution of the fluid-fluid interface deformation and morphology. The in-house Fortran code was developed to enable the computing. Results show that, for pure dielectric fluids, the presence of the horizontal electric field induces polarization charges and produces a Korteweg-Helmholtz force which acts to suppress the RTI. For poorly conducting liquids, for which a leaky dielectric description is more appropriate. In this model, both polarization and free charges present. The effect of the free charge in this case depends on the specific values of λε and λσ. For the fluids of λε >1, it aggravates RTI if λσ<λε, and suppresses that when λσ>λε.
Prediction of Non-Uniform Frost Distribution on a Fin Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Hwang Jieun , Cho Keumnam
Published: December 2013

Heat exchanger experiences frost on its surface when it operates below 0°C under heating condition of the heat pump. Since frost blocks air flow through the fin tube heat exchanger, it increases air-side pressure drop and deteriorates heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger. Prediction of the frost profiles on the heat exchanger is needed to minimize the unfavorable effect on the heat exchanger by frost. The present study predicts non-uniform frost distribution on the surface of fin-tube heat exchanger and shows its accuracy by comparing with measured profiles.

Fin and tube heat exchanger for heat pump was considered for the frost prediction under practical refrigerant and air conditions. Non-uniform frost pattern was predicted by using segment by segment method of the heat exchanger. Heat transfer rate and exit temperature of air and refrigerant for each segment were calculated by applying ε-NTU method. Air volume flow rate in the front of the heat exchanger was decreased as frost goes on. It was utilized for the prediction of the frost formation. Numerically predicted results were compared with measured local data. They agreed within ±10.4% under the ISO 5151 condition.
Subcooled Nucleate Boiling of Alumina Nanofluid With/Without n-Butanol as Surfactant
Authors: Zhou Leping , Wei Longting , Du Xiaoze
Published: December 2013

Nucleate boiling process in nanofluids is important because of its potential in enhanced heat transfer. However, it is difficult to observe the boiling phenomenon due to the indistinct image. In this investigation, stable nanofluids was prepared by α-Al2O3 nanoparticles, 30 nm in diameter, and ultrapure water. The bubble behaviors in water were observed by high-speed CCD camera. Unique bubble sweeping phenomenon, existing in the upper and/or lower part of the heated wire, emerged due to the existence of nanoparticles. The experiment shows that the bubble-top jet flow phenomenon only exists when the small bubble returned to the heated surface, which demonstrates that it was the vertical Marangoni convection along the bubble interface that induced the jet flow. Meanwhile, flocculent clustering of nanoparticles can be observed to swirl at the bubble-bottom for low-concentration nanofluid, when the heat flux was relatively small. The SEM images of the nanoparticle deposition layers indicated increased thermocapillarity, but it seemed to delay the detachment of small bubbles from the heated surface. While n-butanol was included as surfactant, it promoted the nanoparticle deposition for low heat flux condition. The bubble behaviors were consistent with those of pure fluids and no bubble circling phenomenon was observed. The boiling curves were then depicted for alumina nanofluid with or without n-butanol. The boiling heat transfer in water was enhanced with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The boiling curves shifted right when increased the surfactant concentration in the nanofluid. It appeared that the surfactant-induced inhibited bubble growth and enhanced nanoparticle clustering in the near-wall region were the main reason for the shifting.
Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Heat Sink by Inclined Synthetic Jets for Electronics Cooling
Authors: Ayaskanta Arya , Huang Longzhong , Simon Terrence , Yeom Taiho , North Mark , Cui Tianhong
Published: December 2013

Rising thermal dissipation from modern electronics has increased the challenge of cooling using conventional heat sinks. In addition to fans and blowers, focus is turning to active cooling devices for augmenting performance. A piezoelectrically-actuated synthetic jet array is one under consideration. Synthetic jets are zero-net–mass-flow jets realized by a cavity with an oscillating diaphragm on one side and an orifice or multiple orifices on the other side. They generate highly unsteady jetting flows that can impinge upon heated surfaces and enhance cooling. However, the synthetic jet actuation components might interfere with other components of the electronics module, such as the fan, requiring a displacement of the cavity center from the jet array center. Herein, heat transfer enhancement by an inclined piezoelectrically-actuated synthetic jet arrangement in a heat sink for electronics cooling has been experimentally and numerically studied. A wedge-shaped platform is designed to introduce the jets with an inclined configuration into the finned channels of the heat sink. The unit is inclined to avoid interference with other components of the module. The penalty is described in terms of velocities of jets emerging from this wedge-shaped platform, compared to those from an aligned cavity-orifice design. Effects on heat transfer performance for the heat sink are documented. The jets are arranged as wall jets passing over heat sink fins. The experimental study is complemented with a numerical analysis of flow within the synthetic jet cavity. Optimization is done on the number of jets against the penalty on jet velocity for obtaining maximum cooling performance. The jets are driven by piezoelectric actuators operating at resonance frequencies of 700–800 Hz resulting in peak jet velocities of approximately 35m/s from 92, 0.9 mm × 0.9 mm orifices. The results give guidance to those who face a similar interference problem and are considering displacement of the synthetic jet assembly.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of a Liquid Cooled Manifold-Microgroove Condenser
Authors: Boyea David , Shooshtari Amir , Dessiatoun Serguei V. , Ohadi Michael M.
Published: December 2013

High performance condensers are essential components in energy conversion, electronics cooling and process systems. Increased capacity and functionality with less and less available space has been a main driving force for development of next generation of condensers in energy systems. Our previous work in this area has demonstrated that manifold-microgroove heat exchangers operating in single-phase or two-phase modes offer substantially higher heat transfer performance with a greatly reduced pumping power when compared to state-of-art microchannel heat exchangers. The goal is to enhance heat transfer while minimizing the pumping power, volume and weight. A compact lightweight manifold microgroove condenser, with 60 × 600 micron microgrooves and cooling capacity of 4kW, was fabricated, assembled and tested using different manifolds. Experiments using R236fa and R134a as a working fluids were performed measuring inlet and outlet temperatures, flow rates and pressure drops for the refrigerant and water side. Overall heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop across condenser were determined and refrigerant side heat transfer coefficient were calculated based on water side heat transfer coefficient. Experimental results indicate significant effect of manifold geometry on condenser performances. Refrigerant side heat transfer coefficient of 60 kW/m2K with pressure drop of just 7 kPa has been demonstrated using R-134-a.
A Rapid and Reliable Numerical Method for Predictions of Outdoor Thermal Environment in Actual Urban Areas
Authors: Liu Jiying , Srebric Jelena , Yu Nanyang
Published: December 2013

To analyze urban thermal environments more rapidly and accurately, a real urban morphology is simulated. Two models are proposed to support Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations including: (1) a Zero-equation (ZEQ) turbulence model for outdoor airflows, and (2) convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTC) on external building surfaces. This study used commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software to implement the newly derived ZEQ turbulence model and CHTC wall boundary conditions. This modified version of CFD software was used to predict the thermal environment of an actual urban area including air temperatures and wind velocities. The simulated air velocities around the buildings are compared with the velocities obtained with the standard k-ε (SKE) turbulence model. The air temperatures around the buildings were compared with measured data in the actual outdoor environment. The comparisons show that this simulation method can rapidly and reliably predict a real outdoor thermal environment in an urban area.
Thermoelectrically Powered Sensing for Small Modular Reactors
Authors: Lin Chih Chieh , Chen Hanfei , Tewolde Mahder , Fu Gaosheng , Liu Di , Zhang Tao , Tao He , Nie Chao , Zheng Weixiao , Liu Fan , Zuo Lei , Hwang David , Longtin Jon
Published: December 2013

This project aims to develop thermoelectric generator (TEG)-based devices for sensing during normal and off-normal conditions in Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). TEGs will be placed on key reactor components including pipes, pump housings, heat exchangers and reactor vessels. The heat is conducted by heat pipes to the TEGs and removed by a heat sink in natural convection. The electrical power generated by is then used to drive sensors and wireless communications. The estimated power generated by one TEG is 19 W, and sensors with related circuit only require less than 7 W. Extra power can be stored into batteries and used for actuation and similar high-current, short duration power needs. Initial enclosure designs are also presented to protect the electrical devices from fire, force, water, and radiation. Preliminary experiments have been set up for testing TEGs. An experimental test stand design has been simulated, and is now being built. Radiation dosage at different locations and its effects on electrical devices and TEGs are also investigated. A fin analysis of the cooling side of the TEG is also presented. According to the results, the annular finned-tube with an inner pipe diameter of 58 cm can provide a maximum heat dissipation of 1,700 W.
Laser Processing of Thermal Sprayed Coatings for Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Tewolde Mahder , Liu Di , Hwang David J. , Longtin Jon P.
Published: December 2013

Recent research has shown that thermal spray has the potential to fabricate thermoelectric devices at low cost and high volumes. An integral aspect of the device fabrication is laser processing of the various thermal sprayed layers, which is used to form electrically isolated regions and minimize heat loss to adjacent structures. In this article, experimental results are presented for the laser patterning of thermal spray samples ranging from 50μm to 2mm in thickness. The optimization of process parameters is important for successful electrical isolation and high-quality features. In this study results are presented several short-pulse lasers (nanosecond and picosecond) in which laser power, laser wavelength, type of focusing lens, processing speed, repetition rate, and pressure and flow of purge gas were varied. The optimum laser parameters were those that minimize the heat affected zone and delamination due to thermal damage while providing maximum material removal. The resulting laser patterns were characterized using both optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, and by verifying electrical isolation between patterned regions using contact resistance measurements. Cut quality attributes including kerf width and edge profile were also studied, and their dependence on process parameters reported.
Hybrid Cooling for Thermal-Electric Power Generation
Authors: Maulbetsch John S.
Published: December 2013

Water use by power plant cooling systems has become a critical siting issue for new plants and the object of increasing pressure for modification or retrofit at existing plants. Wet cooling typically costs less and results in more efficient plant performance. Dry cooling, while costing more and imposing heat rate and capacity penalties on the plant, conserves significant amounts of water and eliminates any concerns regarding thermal discharge to or intake losses on local water bodies.

Hybrid cooling systems have the potential of combining the advantages of both systems by reducing, although not eliminating, water requirements while incurring performance penalties that are less than those from all-dry systems. The costs, while greater than those for wet cooling, can be less than those for dry.

This paper addresses parallel wet/dry systems combining direct dry cooling using a forced-draft air-cooled condenser (ACC) with closed-cycle wet cooling using a surface (shell-and-tube) steam condenser and a mechanical-draft, counterflow wet cooling tower as applied to coal-fired steam plants, gas-fired combined-cycle plants and nuclear plants.

A brief summary of criteria used to identify situations where hybrid systems should be considered is given. A methodology for specifying and selecting a hybrid system is described along with the information and data requirements for sizing and estimating the capital costs and water requirements a specified plant at a specified site.

The methodology incorporates critical plant and operating parameters into the analysis, such as plant monthly load profile, plant equipment design parameters for equipment related to the cooling system, e.g. steam turbine, condenser, wet or dry cooling system, wastewater treatment system. Site characteristics include a water budget or constraints, e.g. acre feet of water available for cooling on an annual basis as well as any monthly or seasonal “draw rate” constraints and meteorological data. The effect of economic parameters including cost of capital, power, water and chemicals for wastewater treating are reviewed. Finally some examples of selected systems at sites of varying meteorological characteristics are presented.
Probing the Electron
Authors: Brown Kenneth R.
Published: December 2013

Can tabletop experiments using polar molecules to reveal the internal structure of the electron point to physics beyond the Standard Model?

[Also see Report by

The ACME Collaboration
et al.

]
Draft Genome Sequence of
Pseudozyma brasiliensis
sp. nov. Strain GHG001, a High Producer of Endo-1,4-Xylanase Isolated from an Insect Pest of Sugarcane
Authors: Oliveira Juliana Velasco de Castro , dos Santos Renato Augusto Corrêa , Borges Thuanny A. , Riaño-Pachón Diego Mauricio , Goldman Gustavo Henrique
Published: December 2013

Here, we present the nuclear and mitochondrial genome sequences of
Pseudozyma brasiliensis
sp. nov. strain GHG001.
P. brasiliensis
sp. nov. is the closest relative of
Pseudozyma vetiver
.
P. brasiliensis
sp. nov. is capable of growing on xylose or xylan as a sole carbon source and has great biotechnological potential.
Draft Genome Sequences for Oil-Degrading Bacterial Strains from Beach Sands Impacted by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Overholt Will A. , Green Stefan J. , Marks Kala P. , Venkatraman Raghavee , Prakash Om , Kostka Joel E.
Published: December 2013

We report the draft genome sequences of 10 proteobacterial strains isolated from beach sands contaminated with crude oil discharged from the Deepwater Horizon spill, which were cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with crude oil as the sole carbon source. All strains contain multiple putative genes belonging to hydrocarbon degradation pathways.
Draft Genome Sequence of Sodium-Independent Alkaliphilic
Microbacterium
sp. Strain TS-1
Authors: Fujinami Shun , Takeda Kiyoko , Onodera Takefumi , Satoh Katsuya , Sano Motohiko , Narumi Issay , Ito Masahiro
Published: December 2013

Alkaliphilic
Microbacterium
sp. strain TS-1, newly isolated from the jumping spider, showed Na
+
-independent growth and motility. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this bacterium, which may provide beneficial information for Na
+
-independent alkaline adaptation mechanisms.
Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Plaque-Cloned Virulent Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Isolate (USA/Iowa/18984/2013) from a Midwestern U.S. Swine Herd
Authors: Hoang Hai , Killian Mary L. , Madson Darin M. , Arruda Paulo H. E. , Sun Dong , Schwartz Kent J. , Yoon Kyoungjin J.
Published: December 2013

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) was recognized in U.S. swine for the first time in early 2013. A plaque-purified PED virus (PEDV) isolate (USA/Iowa/18984/2013) was obtained from a diarrheic piglet. The isolate is genetically close to other previously reported U.S. PEDVs and recent Chinese PEDVs and was virulent when inoculated into neonatal pigs.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Bacteroidales
Strain CF from a Chloroform-Dechlorinating Enrichment Culture
Authors: Tang Shuiquan , Edwards Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2013

Bacteroidales
strain CF is the most abundant nondechlorinating organism in a
Dehalobacter
-containing enrichment culture that consistently reductively dechlorinates >50 mg/liter chloroform or 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methyl chloroform). We assembled and closed the complete genome sequence of this organism from the metagenomic sequencing data for enrichment cultures. This organism is predicted to ferment
l
-lactate and ethanol.
Genome Sequences of 28 Bordetella pertussis U.S. Outbreak Strains Dating from 2010 to 2012
Authors: Harvill Eric T. , Goodfield Laura L. , Ivanov Yury , Meyer Jessica A. , Newth Christopher , Cassiday Pamela , Tondella Maria Lucia , Liao Patty , Zimmerman Jerry , Meert Kathleen , Wessel David , Berger John , Dean J. Michael , Holubkov Richard , Burr Jeri , Liu Teresa , Brinkac Lauren , Kim Maria , Losada Liliana
Published: December 2013

Despite the availability of highly effective vaccines,
Bordetella pertussis
incidence has been rapidly rising in highly vaccinated populations. Recent outbreaks have received media attention, feeding concerns about the emergence of dangerous new strains with increased virulence or that escape vaccine-induced immunity. To accelerate the study of this reemerging pathogen, we sequenced the genomes of 28
B. pertussis
strains isolated during outbreaks from 2010 through 2012, making both strains and sequence data available to the scientific community.
High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence of Bifidobacterium longum E18, Isolated from a Healthy Adult
Authors: Zhurina Daria , Dudnik Alexey , Waidmann Mark S. , Grimm Verena , Westermann Christina , Breitinger Katrin J. , Yuan Jing , van Sinderen Douwe , Riedel Christian U.
Published: December 2013

Bifidobacteria are important gastrointestinal commensals of a number of animals, including humans, and various beneficial effects on host health have been attributed to them. Here, we announce the noncontiguous finished genome sequence of
Bifidobacterium longum
E18, isolated from a healthy adult, which reveals traits involved in its interaction with the host.
Draft Genome Sequence of Strain X47-2AL, a Feline Helicobacter pylori Isolate
Authors: Veyrier Frédéric J. , Ecobichon Chantal , Boneca Ivo G.
Published: December 2013

Helicobacter pylori
is a human-specific pathogen that exclusively inhabits the human gastric mucosa. However, occasionally, humans transmit
H. pylori
to susceptible animal hosts bred in colonies. Here, we report the genome sequence of strain X47-2AL, isolated from a domestic cat and used in anti-
H. pylori
immunization studies.
Examining injury risk and pain perception in runners using minimalist footwear
Authors: Ryan Michael , Elashi Maha , Newsham-West Richard , Taunton Jack
Published: December 2013

Background

This study examines the effect of progressive increases in footwear minimalism on injury incidence and pain perception in recreational runners.

Methods

One hundred and three runners with neutral or mild pronation were randomly assigned a neutral (Nike Pegasus 28), partial minimalist (Nike Free 3.0 V2) or full minimalist shoe (Vibram 5-Finger Bikila). Runners underwent baseline testing to record training and injury history, as well as selected anthropometric measurements, before starting a 12-week training programme in preparation for a 10 km event. Outcome measures included number of injury events, Foot and Ankle Disability (FADI) scores and visual analogue scale pain rating scales for regional and overall pain with running.

Results

99 runners were included in final analysis with 23 injuries reported; the neutral shoe reporting the fewest injuries (4) and the partial minimalist shoe (12) the most. The partial minimalist shoe reported a significantly higher rate of injury incidence throughout the 12-week period. Runners in the full minimalist group reported greater shin and calf pain.

Conclusions

Running in minimalist footwear appears to increase the likelihood of experiencing an injury, with full minimalist designs specifically increasing pain at the shin and calf. Clinicians should exercise caution when recommending minimalist footwear to runners otherwise new to this footwear category who are preparing for a 10 km event.
An intravascular large B-cell lymphoma with a t(3;14)(q27;q32) translocation
Authors: Cui Jing , Liu Qun , Cheng Yuxia , Chen Shaoyu , Sun Qing
Published: December 2013

A 61-year-old man with no symptom was found with bilateral adrenal nodules on CT scan during a routine physical check-up. The left nodule was removed by adrenalectomy, and the patient was diagnosed with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) on pathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Using a set of dual-colour, break-apart probes and fluorescence in situ hybridisation, it was revealed that the lymphoma cells have tetraploid karyotype, with a breakpoint inBCL6gene, which was further confirmed as a t(3;14)(q27;q32) translocation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of IVLBCL with such a translocation.
IGF-1 colocalizes with muscle satellite cells following acute exercise in humans
Authors: Grubb Amanda , Joanisse Sophie , Moore Daniel R. , Bellamy Leeann M. , Mitchell Cameron J. , Phillips Stuart M. , Parise Gianni
Published: December 2013

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) regulates stem cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro. The aim of this study was to quantify the change in satellite cell (SC) specific IGF-1 colocalization following exercise. We observed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the percentage of SC with IGF-1 colocalization from baseline to 72 h after a bout of resistance exercise. This strongly supports a role for IGF-1 in human SC function following exercise.
VECTOR BETA FUNCTION
Authors: NAKAYAMA YU
Published: December 2013

We propose various properties of renormalization group beta functions for vector operators in relativistic quantum field theories. We argue that they must satisfy compensated gauge invariance, orthogonality with respect to scalar beta functions, Higgs-like relation among anomalous dimensions and a gradient property. We further conjecture that nonrenormalization holds if and only if the vector operator is conserved. The local renormalization group analysis guarantees the first three within power counting renormalization. We verify all the conjectures in conformal perturbation theories and holography in the weakly coupled gravity regime.
IMPACT OF RADIAL COMPRESSION ON THE CONDUCTANCE OF CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
Authors: CHOUDHARY SUDHANSHU , SAINI GAURAV , QURESHI S.
Published: December 2013

The electronic behavior of semiconducting carbon nanotubes based CNTFET under the influence of radial deformation defect present in the channel is theoretically investigated using nonequilibrium Green's function method self-consistently coupled with three-dimensional electrostatics. It was found that deformation in the CNTFET channel composed of a small diameter semiconducting carbon nanotube can increase its conductance by a factor of 4 or more depending upon the average reduction in the C – C bond length after compression. This increase in CNTFET conductance is directly related to the movement of the electronic states toward the Fermi level when the tubes are squeezed. Furthermore, the device ON–OFF current ratio also decreases with increase in applied compression which makes it hard to switch-OFF the device.
ENTANGLEMENT PREPARATION AND QUANTUM INFORMATION PROCESSING WITH ATOMS TRAPPED IN SEPARATED CAVITIES THROUGH A SINGLE RESONANT ATOM–FIELD INTERACTION
Authors: LIN LI-HUA
Published: December 2013

In this paper, a scheme is presented for generation of W-type entangled states for n atoms trapped in separated cavities connected by optical fibers. The scheme only requires a single atom–cavity–fiber interaction and no classical field is needed. Due to these features, the scheme is simpler and more robust against decoherence than the previous ones. The scheme can also be used to realize quantum state transfer and controlled phase gates between qubits located at distant nodes of a quantum network.
WHAT THE EYE DID NOT SEE — A FUSION APPROACH TO IMAGE CODING
Authors: ALSAM ALI , RIVERTZ HANS JAKOB , SHARMA PUNEET
Published: December 2013

The concentration of the cones and ganglion cells is much higher in the fovea than the rest of the retina. This non-uniform sampling results in a retinal image that is sharp at the fixation point, where a person is looking, and blurred away from it. This difference between the sampling rates at the different spatial locations presents us with the question of whether we can employ this biological characteristic to achieve better image compression. This can be achieved by compressing an image less at the fixation point and more away from it. It is, however, known that the vision system employs more that one fixation to look at a single scene which presents us with the problem of combining images pertaining to the same scene but exhibiting different spatial contrasts. This article presents an algorithm to combine such a series of images by using image fusion in the gradient domain. The advantage of the algorithm is that unlike other algorithms that compress the image in the spatial domain our algorithm results in no artifacts. The algorithm is based on two steps, in the first we modify the gradients of an image based on a limited number of fixations and in the second we integrate the modified gradient. Results based on measured and predicted fixations verify our approach.
A STEERABLE MULTITOUCH DISPLAY FOR SURFACE COMPUTING AND ITS EVALUATION
Authors: KOUTLEMANIS PANAGIOTIS , NTELIDAKIS ANTONIOS , ZABULIS XENOPHON , GRAMMENOS DIMITRIS , ADAMI ILIA
Published: December 2013

In this paper, a steerable, interactive projection display that has the shape of a disk is presented. Interactivity is provided through sensitivity to the contact of multiple fingertips and is achieved through the use of a RGBD camera. The surface is mounted on two gimbals which, in turn, provide two rotational degrees of freedom. Modulation of surface posture supports the ergonomy of the device but can be, alternatively, used as a means of user-interface input. The geometry for mapping visual content and localizing fingertip contacts upon this steerable display is provided, along with pertinent calibration methods for the proposed system. An accurate technique for touch detection is proposed, while touch detection and projection accuracy issues are studied and evaluated through extensive experimentation. Most importantly, the system is thoroughly evaluated as to its usability, through a pilot application that was developed for this purpose. We show that the outcome meets real-time performance, accuracy and usability requirements for employing the approach in human computer interaction.
REAL-TIME DISPERSIVE REFRACTION WITH ADAPTIVE SPECTRAL MAPPING
Authors: BLANCHETTE DAMON , AGU EMMANUEL
Published: December 2013

Spectral rendering, or the synthesis of images by taking into account the constituent wavelengths of white light, enables the rendering of iridescent colors caused by phenomena such as dispersion, diffraction, interference and scattering. Caustics, the focusing and defocusing of light through a refractive medium, can be interpreted as a special case of dispersion where all the wavelengths travel along the same paths. In this paper we extend Adaptive Caustic Mapping (ACM), a previously proposed caustics mapping algorithm, to handle physically-based dispersion. Because ACM can display caustics in real-time, it is amenable to extension to handle the more general case of dispersion. We also present a novel algorithm for filling in the gaps that occur due to discrete sampling of the spectrum. Our proposed method runs in screen-space, and is fast enough to display plausible dispersion phenomena at real-time and interactive frame rates.
Self-assembly of 2-hydroxy-tri-tert-butylphthalocyaninato zinc into J-type dimer: UV-vis, DFT and spectropotentiometric study
Authors: Tolbin Alexander Yu. , Pushkarev Victor E. , Sheinin Vladimir B. , Shabunin Sergey A. , Tomilova Larisa G.
Published: December 2013

The role of the base nature during complexation of 2-hydroxy-9(10),16(17),23(24)-tri-tert-butyl-29H,31H-phthalocyanine ligand (1) with zinc acetate was studied by the UV-vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The latter allowed us to explain the selective formation of double-coordinated J-type dimer in the presence of lithium methoxide. Spectropotentiometry was used to study the nucleophilic properties of the dimeric complex in comparison with the corresponding monomer and has demonstrated the strong intramolecular interactions of macrocycles.
EUROPEAN-LED CLIMATE POLICY VERSUS GLOBAL MITIGATION ACTION: IMPLICATIONS ON TRADE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENERGY
Authors: DE CIAN ENRICA , KEPPO ILKKA , BOLLEN JOHANNES , CARRARA SAMUEL , FÖRSTER HANNAH , HÜBLER MICHAEL , KANUDIA AMIT , PALTSEV SERGEY , SANDS RONALD D. , SCHUMACHER KATJA
Published: December 2013

This paper examines how changes in an international climate regime would affect the European decarbonization strategy and costs through the mechanisms of trade, technology, and innovation. We present the results from the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) model comparison study on European climate policy to 2050. Moving from a no-policy scenario to an existing-policies case reduces all energy imports, on average. Introducing a more stringent climate policy target for the EU only leads to slightly greater global emission reductions. Consumers and producers in Europe bear most of the additional burden and inevitably face some economic losses. More ambitious mitigation action outside Europe, especially when paired with a well-operating global carbon market, could reduce the burden for Europe significantly. Because of global learning, the costs of wind and especially solar-PV in Europe would decline below the levels observed in the existing-policy case and increased R&D spending outside the EU would leverage EU R&D investments as well.
Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic characterization of the Anthropocene
Authors: Snowball Ian , Hounslow Mark W. , Nilsson Andreas
Published: December 2013

Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic data provide geological indices that are both independent of human impact (i.e. geomagnetic) and respond to human-induced environmental impact (i.e. mineral magnetic). We provide the first discussion of such magnetic events for help in defining the Anthropocene. Within the Holocene, a potential geomagnetic marker for the Anthropocene is the low dipole latitude at
c.
2700 cal a BP, which is associated with distinct palaeosecular variation features in northerly mid- to high-latitude sites. Mineral magnetic records from lake and marine sediments identify major deforestation and soil delivery events from catchment systems in many parts of the world during the last 4000 years. In Europe, clusters of these events occur around both 2600 cal a BP and AD 1100, the former coinciding with a low in geomagnetic field dipole latitude and peak intensity. Mineral magnetic records in peats and lake sediments can reflect particulate pollution from fossil fuel burning. The expansion of major coal burning began
c.
AD 1800 in western Europe and eastern North America, but around AD 1900 this expanded due to more widely distributed coal use, and this event is the most clear mineral magnetic marker for the base of the Anthropocene.
Test compaction techniques for assertion-based test generation
Authors: Tong Jason G. , Boulé Marc , Zilic Zeljko
Published: December 2013

Assertions are now widely used in verification as a means to help convey designer intent and also to simplify the detection of erroneous conditions by the firing of assertions. With this expressive modeling power, assertions could also be used for tasks such as helping to assess test coverage and even as a source for test generation. Our work deals with this last aspect, namely, assertion-based test generation. In this article, we present our compacted test generation scheme based on assertions. Novel compaction techniques are presented based on assertion clustering, test-path overlap detection and parallel-path removal. Our compaction approach is experimentally evaluated using nearly 300 assertions to show the amount of reduction that can be obtained in the size of the test sets. This ultimately has a positive impact on verification time in the quest for bugfree designs.
CORFU
Authors: Balakrishnan Mahesh , Malkhi Dahlia , Davis John D. , Prabhakaran Vijayan , Wei Michael , Wobber Ted
Published: December 2013

CORFU is a global log which clients can append-to and read-from over a network. Internally, CORFU is distributed over a cluster of machines in such a way that there is no single I/O bottleneck to either appends or reads. Data is fully replicated for fault tolerance, and a modest cluster of about 16--32 machines with SSD drives can sustain 1 million 4-KByte operations per second.

The CORFU log enabled the construction of a variety of distributed applications that require strong consistency at high speeds, such as databases, transactional key-value stores, replicated state machines, and metadata services.
Exploiting Task- and Data-Level Parallelism in Streaming Applications Implemented in FPGAs
Authors: Plavec Franjo , Vranesic Zvonko , Brown Stephen
Published: December 2013

This article describes the design and implementation of a novel compilation flow that implements circuits in FPGAs from a streaming programming language. The streaming language supported is called FPGA Brook and is based on the existing Brook language. It allows system designers to express applications in a way that exposes parallelism, which can be exploited through hardware implementation. FPGA Brook supports replication, allowing parts of an application to be implemented as multiple hardware units operating in parallel. Hardware units are interconnected through FIFO buffers which use the small memory modules available in FPGAs. The FPGA Brook automated design flow uses a source-to-source compiler, developed as a part of this work, and combines it with a commercial behavioral synthesis tool to generate the hardware implementation. A suite of benchmark applications was developed in FPGA Brook and implemented using our design flow. Experimental results indicate that performance of many applications scales well with replication. Our benchmark applications also achieve significantly better results than corresponding implementations using a commercial behavioral synthesis tool. We conclude that using an automated design flow for implementation of streaming applications in FPGAs is a promising methodology.
Optimizing Wait States in the Synthesis of Memory References with Unpredictable Latencies
Authors: Ben-Asher Yosi , Meldiner Ron , Rotem Nadav
Published: December 2013

We consider the problem of synthesizing circuits (from C to Verilog) that are optimized to handle unpredictable latencies of memory operations. Unpredictable memory latencies can occur due to the use of on chip caches, DRAM memory modules, buffers/queues, or multiport memories. Typically, high-level synthesis compilers assume fixed and known memory latencies, and thus are able to schedule the code’s operations efficiently. The operations in the source code are scheduled into states of a state machine whose states will be synthesized to Verilog. The goal is to minimize scheduling length by maximizing the number of operations (and in particular memory operations) that are executed in parallel at the same state. However, with unpredictable latencies, there can be an exponential number of possible orders in which these parallel memory operations can terminate. Thus, in order to minimize the scheduling, we need a different schedule for any such order. This is not practical, and we show a technique of synthesizing a
compact
state machine that schedules only a small subset of these possible termination orders. Our results show that this compact state machine can improve the execution time compared to a regular scheduling that waits for the termination of all the active memory references in every state.
Analyzing an embedded sensor with timed automata in uppaal
Authors: Bourke Timothy , Sowmya Arcot
Published: December 2013

An infrared sensor is modeled and analyzed in Uppaal. The sensor typifies the sort of component that engineers regularly integrate into larger systems by writing interface hardware and software.

In all, three main models are developed. In the first model, the timing diagram of the sensor is interpreted and modeled as a timed safety automaton. This model serves as a specification for the complete system. A second model that emphasizes the separate roles of driver and sensor is then developed. It is validated against the timing diagram model using an existing construction that permits the verification of timed trace inclusion, for certain models, by reachability analysis (i.e., model checking). A transmission correctness property is also stated by means of an auxiliary automaton and shown to be satisfied by the model.

A third model is created from an assembly language driver program, using a direct translation from the instruction set of a processor with simple timing behavior. This model is validated against the driver component of the second timing diagram model using the timed trace inclusion validation technique. The approach and its limitations offer insight into the nature and challenges of programming in real time.
Throughput-memory footprint trade-off in synthesis of streaming software on embedded multiprocessors
Authors: Hashemi Matin , Foroozannejad Mohammad H. , Ghiasi Soheil
Published: December 2013

We study the trade-off between throughput and memory footprint of embedded software that is synthesized from acyclic static dataflow (task graph) specifications targeting distributed memory multiprocessors. We identify iteration overlapping as a knob in the synthesis process by which one can trade application throughput for its memory requirement. Given an initial processor assignment and non-overlapped task schedule, we formally present underlying properties of the problem, such as constraints on a valid iteration overlapping, maximum possible throughput, and minimum memory footprint. Moreover, we develop an effective algorithm for generation of a rich set of design points that provide a range of trade-off options. Experimental results on a number of applications and architectures validate the effectiveness of our approach.
Energy-aware code motion for GPU shader processors
Authors: You Yi-Ping , Wang Shen-Hong
Published: December 2013

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are now being widely adopted in system-on-a-chip designs, and they are often used in embedded systems for manipulating computer graphics or even for general-purpose computation. Energy management is of concern to both hardware and software designers. In this article, we present an
energy-aware code-motion
framework for a compiler to generate concentrated accesses to input and output (I/O) buffers inside a GPU. Our solution attempts to gather the I/O buffer accesses into clusters, thereby extending the time period during which the I/O buffers are clock or power gated. We performed experiments in which the energy consumption was simulated by incorporating our compiler-analysis and code-motion framework into an in-house compiler tool. The experimental results demonstrated that our mechanisms were effective in reducing the energy consumption of the shader processor by an average of 13.1% and decreasing the energy-delay product by 2.2%.