bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astronomy and U.S. Expansion in the Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

U.S. expansion into the lower Mississippi Valley from 1795 to 1810 evinced and inspired many of the ways that officials and experts in the early United States used astronomy to promote territorial growth. Yet Anglo-Americans did not simply export scientific practices to the United States’ new territories. Peaceful and violent encounters among Spaniards and Anglos, masters and slaves, inhabitants and administrators, and whites and Indians all shaped the practice of astronomy in the Gulf South and, moreover, influenced how astronomy and imperialism overlapped in the United States on the whole. Geopolitical competition motivated the work of the Spanish and U.S. commissions of the Florida boundary survey (1798–1800), violence against slaves enabled astronomers like William Dunbar to perform disciplined observations, and interimperial exchanges of data made José Joaquín de Ferrer y Cafranga a prominent figure in the United States’ scientific community.
Allegiance, Identities, and National Scientific Communities
Authors: Strang Cameron B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies how individuals in the lower Mississippi Valley fashioned identities as men of science. It focuses on the 1790s to the 1810s, an era when several empires and other groups competed for power in the region. Local experts tried to benefit from circulating information among a variety of actual and potential patrons, and, in the process, they manipulated and blurred the boundaries between the United States’ scientific community and those of other polities competing for the borderlands. The chapter includes case studies of the Spanish naturalist and spy Thomas Power, the Scottish planter and astronomer William Dunbar, and the French engineer and slave trader Barthélémy Lafon. Their stories reveal how territorial expansion both added to, and exacerbated deep tensions within, the United States’ scientific community.
Introduction
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

The introduction reviews the relevant histories of prisons, mental health policy, and the social welfare state. It highlights how recent scholarship has not connected the history of mental hospitals to the broader history of imprisonment. From Asylum to Prison frames historic mental hospitals as part of a broader carceral state and charts how the rise of mass incarceration shaped the closure of mental hospitals. Law and order politics served to criminalize mental health conditions and substance abuse. New prison construction in the 1980s took money away from mental health services and prisons absorbed many functions of the former mental health system. Finally, this history of deinstitutionalization offers lesson for people working to reduce mass incarceration in the twenty-first century United States. The introduction closes with a discussion of people-centered language and key terms such as institutions, carceral state, and mental illness.
Custodialism Reborn
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

By the end of the 1960s, anti-institutionalism had extended beyond mental health and bled into prison reform. This chapter tracks the rise and fall of efforts to find alternatives to prisons. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, changes in psychiatry, politics, and the law led to a deinstitutionalization in both mental health and corrections policy making. Not only did politicians and advocates look for alternatives to mental hospitals, they also sought alternatives to prisons. They expanded probation, parole, and furlough and created community corrections initiatives such as halfway houses and work-release programs. The number of people in prisons and jails fell, even during a time of increased policing. These reforms came under attack, however, as politicians depicted people in prison as dangerous criminals and ushered in harsh sentencing reforms. A law and order politics that relied on racial discrimination halted efforts to deinstitutionalize prisons. By the mid-1970s, after more than a decade of decline, new prison construction began and the number of imprisoned people nationwide rose. These changes had a devastating effect on individuals with mental health conditions. Many of them were caught in the web of this new era of mass incarceration.
Cruel Choices
Authors: Parsons Anne E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how the 1980s hastened the shrinking of state mental health services and the rise of more punitive practices. President Ronald Reagan supported the continued downsizing of mental hospitals at both the state and federal levels. Homelessness and poverty became more immediate social concerns, since many states lacked adequate community-based mental health services. In Pennsylvania, Republican governor Dick Thornburgh closed mental hospitals and cut social welfare programs, strengthening neoliberalism in the state’s government. At the same time, he supported law and order policies and sentencing reforms, which targeted urban African American communities. The new prison construction siphoned money away from social welfare services. Many states even turned their abandoned mental institutions into prisons, and the chapter studies Farview State Hospital and the Retreat State Hospital as examples. In response, advocates at organizations such as the Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania fought for the right to the least restrictive environment. They promoted adequate medical, mental health, and social services outside of institutions and worked in coalition with others to ethically close the Philadelphia State Hospital. This effort offered a model for alleviating the problems of deinstitutionalization.
Rosecrans
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on William Rosecrans’s struggles to amass sufficient supplies for an advance on Chattanooga by the Army of the Cumberland and to gain sufficient intelligence of Confederate movements to guarantee that army’s success in such an advance. The former involved reconstruction and more efficient operation of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad and the latter required analysis of information derived from a wide variety of sources of vastly divergent quality. The chapter also describes daily activities and morale of the soldiers in the ranks of the Army of the Cumberland.
Rosecrans Makes a Plan
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the process through which William Rosecrans developed his final plan for a wide-front advance to the Tennessee River and beyond. Logistical aspects of that plan revolved around the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad and its momentary terminus at Bridgeport, Alabama. During the period, Rosecrans also had to contend with serious pressure from Henry Halleck in Washington for an earlier advance and the need to coordinate his movements with Ambrose Burnside, who was to make a simultaneous advance on Knoxville, Tennessee.
Surprise
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, the Army of the Cumberland’s four crossing sites on the Tennessee River continued to throb with frenetic activity as thousands of William Rosecrans’s troops and animals made their way across the river downstream from Chattanooga. Construction of a ramshackle trestle and pontoon bridge at Bridgeport, Alabama continued apace. Braxton Bragg did not learn of the first of the crossings for two days, and remained unsure of the location of the Federal main effort. Reinforcements continued to join the Army of Tennessee from Mississippi, and Simon Buckner’s command continued its halting journey to join the larger army.
Bragg Leaves Town
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes Braxton Bragg’s evacuation of Chattanooga and the movement of the Army of Tennessee southeastward from the city. It also describes the pause of William Rosecrans’s Army of the Cumberland because of supply delays and a dearth of information about Confederate movements. Nevertheless, some Federal units began to ascend Lookout Mountain. Elsewhere, Confederate units from both east and west began to move toward Chattanooga to reinforce the Army of Tennessee.
The Fall of Chattanooga
Authors: Robertson William Glenn
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes William Rosecrans’s discovery that Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee had left Chattanooga unoccupied and his frantic efforts to occupy the city with elements of the Army of the Cumberland. Meanwhile Bragg concentrated his army between Lee & Gordon’s Mill and LaFayette, Georgia. There he saw a fleeting opportunity for a counterstroke and that night issued orders to Thomas Hindman and Daniel Hill to implement a bold plan to destroy Rosecrans’s forces in detail. At the same time, elements of the Army of the Cumberland settled into occupation of Chattanooga, the original objective of the campaign.
Status Update
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how the Internet became digitally integrated into dynamics of Islamic religious issues and faith, often with a seamless divide between off-line and online components. It looks at specific dimensions of faith, including the Qur'an, pilgrimage, gender, and the different aspects of Muslim life as represented online. This includes different ideas about spirituality and religious authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Bunt Gary R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the central question of how electronic media has impacted on religious authority, interpretation, control, power and the dissemination of specific political and religious understanding. It considers how cyber Islamic environments may shift again in the future. It suggests that as the integration of online content into Islamic expression continues to develop, this has become an increasingly significant subject for future study.
Working Almost as Slaves?
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

In the collective memories of the Lower Amazon maroons, the decades after emancipation are remembered as a period when “the people were oppressed” by Brazil nut merchants, who “enslaved” the blacks of the region. However, a number of individuals also relate memories of merchants who “helped the people,” who “gave goods for the saint patron’s parties,” and who acted, in the words of a Trombetas River maroon descendant, as “fathers of the people.” To reconcile these perspectives I argue in this chapter that these conflicting stories reflect two spheres in the relationships between black peasants and Brazil nut merchants. While the first one was characterized by domination, a few individuals successfully accommodated to, and even collaborated with, the newly arrived commercial houses. In both spheres, Afro-descendant forest specialists and explorers were fundamental to the merchants’ penetration into a world where the mocambeiros had hitherto ruled. In the end, the loss of autonomy and quality of life in the 1910s and 1920s shaped the maroon descendants’ social memory for the rest of the twentieth century, filling it with narratives of poverty, dispossession, and the speech figure of the “new slavery.”
Conclusion
Authors: de la Torre Oscar
Published: May 2019

The conclusion formulates three arguments. First, it reinserts Afro descendants into Amazonia’s history, especially in the periods immediately before and after the rubber boom. Second, it argues that natural landscapes represented a vehicle for the genesis and the evolution of an Afro-descendant identity among Pará’s black peasants. And finally, it holds that, while Article 68 sparked a process of black ethnic reconfiguration in the 1990s, the emphasis on the novelty of such identities has inadvertently obscured the vitality of black political traditions. In sum, as The People of the River shows, the political actions of the 1990s were just a new iteration of a much older tradition of black peasant politics dating at least from the era of slavery. While discourses defending the rights of citizenship for Afro-descendants were revamped to accommodate to the new era that Article 68 inaugurated, they continued to refer to environmental tropes used in previous conflicts. Black peasants continue to assert their rights as Brazilians through multiple dialogues, but their voice has always found in nature a vehicle to maintain a singular identity along the way.
Aberration of Mind
Authors: Sommerville Diane Miller
Published: May 2019

Aberration of Mind is a social history of suicide in the American South during the Civil War era. The book casts a wide net, focusing on Confederate soldiers and veterans and their families, and the enslaved and newly freed. The central question is, how did the Civil War and the suffering it generated shape suicidal thoughts and behavior? The author seeks to understand how the suffering experienced by southerners living in a war zone contributed to psychological distress that, in extreme cases, led southerners to contemplate or act on suicidal thoughts. The unprecedented human toll the war took on southerners created a psychological crisis that has not been fully explored. Drawing on sources like letters, diaries, military service records, coroners’ reports, and asylum patient case histories, the work recovers myriad stories, previously hidden, of individuals exhibiting suicidal activity or aberrant psychological behavior linked to the war and its aftermath. In addition to expanding our understanding of the full human costs of the Civil War, the book concludes that southerners transformed the meaning of suicide from an act of cowardice to a heroic symbol of white southern identity. The book fills a neglected niche in an otherwise crowded field of Civil War scholarship – the psychological impact of war and defeat on southerners.
Priesthood
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter follows Olivares to the concluding years of his seminary training.After the minor seminary, he spent one year on intense spiritual exercises at the novitiate at the Claretian headquarters in Los Angeles. He then moved on to the major seminary, Dominguez Seminary, back in Compton.Graduation was followed by four more years of theology study, principally at Catholic University in Washington, D.C. After thirteen long years, Olivares was finally ordained a priest in 1961.
Conversion
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

While Olivares enjoyed the life of being a key administrator of his order, this changed in 1975 when he underwent his “conversion.” That year he met César Chávez, the famed farm worker leader.Meeting Chávez changed Olivares’ life. He reexamined his role and concluded that he now needed to work with people, especially the poor and oppressed, beginning with the farm workers.He became very close to Chávez and began a long and mutually supportive relationship. Olivares was now a convert to a new form of priesthood.
Expanding Sanctuary
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concerns Fr. Olivares’s expansion of public sanctuary to include Mexican undocumented immigrants. He did this not only because the undocumented were also in great need of protection and support, but because the Immigration and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 provided amnesty for some undocumented people but not for others. Olivares defied this law by calling on others to hire the undocumented. The expansion of sanctuary only added to the tension between Olivares and immigration officials and with his own Church authorities. For his expansion of sanctuary, Olivares was threatened by Central American death squads.
Prologue
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me.

—Matthew 25:35–36

To know God is to do Justice....
Introduction
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

The introduction concerns the role of Chicano/Latino leadership in history and faith politics. It also introduces the reader to Fr. Luis Olivares and his place in history, especially in his key leadership of the sanctuary movement in Los Angeles during the 1980s. There is also a discussion of the research strategy to write the biography.Finally, the introduction connects the earlier struggles to protect refugees and immigrants with the present issues of immigration and refugee policies.
The Radical South
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the engagement of Southern lesbian feminists with radical politics and Southern identity, with a particular focus on anti-racist coalitions and nascent intersectional feminist alliances.
Introduction
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter delineates the major arguments, questions, and historiographic interventions of the book, discussing the discourse theories that the book engages, centering especially on public spheres, black publics, and counterpublics. It also provides a reconsideration of the critical dialogical and commercial relationship between black readers and black publishers, as well as between the publishers and their own papers.
Go to It, My Southern Brothers
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter reinterprets the Great Migration as a call to manhood for black men led by the Crisis and, in particular, the Chicago Defender. Their promotion of the migration along these lines gave rise to the modern black press, as well as the personal quests of W. E. B. DuBois, founder of the Crisis, and Robert Abbott, founder of the Defender, to achieve their own manhood through newspaper publishing. Yet, unlike DuBois, Abbott deployed sensationalism in order to amplify his paper’s particular call to manhood, politicizing and en-gendering the migration through riveting rhetoric that asserted that urbanity was the new maker and marker of manhood over the emasculating south’s older models of manhood connected to land ownership and self-produced commodities. The Defender’s construction of an urban-based black manhood helped set the tone for emerging New Negro sensibilities. Additionally, the Defender’s use of a gendered sensationalism helped establish black newspapers’ role in framing racial advancement within masculine terms throughout the twentieth century black freedom struggle.
The Fraternity
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter reinterprets the production of black newspapers as a “production” of Race men. It examines Robert S. Abbott’s efforts to groom his nephew, John Sengstacke, to succeed him during a crisis for the nation and for the paper. This crisis was the Great Depression, which presented the Defender with a number of financial challenges. Yet, focusing especially on private letters Abbott and Sengstacke exchanged between 1931 and 1934, Abbott worked to train Sengstacke to confront these challenges by teaching him to be a self-made man. Sengstacke embraced parts of Abbott’s conceptions of manhood, while also embracing conceptions coming from labor activists and Depression era racial and political organizing. Sengstacke eventually married the two and founded the Negro Newspaper Publishers Association (NNPA), which he marketed to other members of the black press as a fraternity. With the black press organized within this masculine framework, many black newspapers worked to unite nationally to fight segregation in the armed forces and major league baseball by the 1940s.
Walk the Way of Free Men
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter reinterprets the rise of black radicalism as a moment of competing “voices” across competing mass medias amid rapid changes in the black freedom struggle and media landscape of the 1960s. It also reinterprets Malcolm X as a newspaper publisher, a rather underanalyzed side of Malcolm. Black publishers had long considered their papers the “voice” of the race, and Malcolm’s founding of Muhammad Speaks in 1960 to amplify the voice of Elijah Muhammad signified this. Yet, the paper’s founding also marked the beginning of the Nation of Islam’s (NOI) robust media campaign to use various medias—radio, books, and albums of Muhammad’s speeches—to promote Muhammad’s vision for racial advancement over others. His vision promised to redeem black manhood by renewing their lives, a vision displayed through salesmen for Muhammad Speaks. Thus, readers could read both the paper and their bodies. Malcolm, however, made his display through television. But when he began to gain a voice through television that rivaled that of Muhammad’s in print, the NOI’s media campaign turned from promising to renew the lives of black men to promising to take it away. Malcolm became a newspaperman cut short of his full publishing potential.
Conclusion
Authors: Haywood D'Weston
Published: May 2019

This chapter closes the book, revisiting the book’s major arguments and themes by observing John Sengstacke at the height of his journalistic career as he looked out on the future of a weathered black press and new generation of black male publishers.
Introduction
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the central argument of the book: Tourism was instrumental in the modern rise of Machu Picchu and its transnational character proved important in influencing the Peruvian state to embrace the Andes and the Inca as symbols of Peruvian national identity.
Disaster Destinations, 1948–1960
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates how Cusco tourism navigated three crises: the end of Good Neighbor cultural diplomacy at the start of the Cold War, the withdrawal of state support for tourism development, and a destructive earthquake in 1950. Cusco’s tourism backers used their transnational connections to new global institutions like UNESCO as well as earthquake recovery funds to sustain tourism in the region and lay the foundation for a travel boom in the next decades. However, such efforts promoted controversial reconstruction techniques at Machu Picchu and failed to address Cusco’s growing agrarian and economic crises.
Epilogue
Authors: Rice Mark
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the centennial celebrations of Hiram Bingham’s “discovery” of Machu Picchu. The lavish ceremony illustrated how Peruvian national state now embraced Machu Picchu as a sign of national identity. It shows how transnational networks of capital, culture, and travel had made Machu Picchu into a global symbol of Peru. However, the continued lack of social or economic inclusion of Andean communities into the Peruvian nation casts light on the limits and potential threat that such processes can have. The influence of tourism and global consumption of Machu Picchu has unmoored the site from the region of Cusco. A century of tourism growth has transformed cusqueños into figurative owners of Peruvian national identity while simultaneously displacing their control over the region’s economic and political future.
Agricultural Self-Determination on a Regional Scale
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

Drawing from the civil rights and Black Power movements, a cooperative movement swept the south in the late 1960s to address economic injustice and the lack of jobs. Rural African Americans organized cooperatives to resist the poverty and oppression that spurred northern and western migration, creating opportunities for community self-determination. Founded in 1967, the Federation of Southern Cooperatives (FSC) helped former tenant farmers and sharecroppers develop autonomy. By 1974, the FSC encompassed 134 cooperatives in fourteen states. Motivated to promote and protect Black land ownership, by 1977 the cooperative controlled more than one million acres. The FSC’s agricultural programs trained farmers in areas such as conservation, management, and cooperative purchasing and marketing. The FSC provided technical and financial assistance to the member cooperatives, growing to include initiatives such as credit unions, manufacturing cooperatives, housing programs, and health care centers. The FSC developed mechanisms for multistate collective organizing, engaged in local politics, and lobbied for policies that benefit their member organizations. The FSC’s successes in collective action and collective responsibility threatened white power structures, and white elites responded with political and legal attacks. While harming the FSC, it continues to organize southern cooperatives today, remaining a model for self-determination and resistance.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Hannah
Published: May 2019

On April 20, 2006, Latinos in North Carolina took a break from their jobs to join thousands of people participating in marches around the state. In Charlotte, restaurants closed and almost four hundred students walked out of public schools. In Raleigh, three thousand people gathered at the capital to support immigrants. In Lumberton, employees of Smithfield Foods, the largest slaughterhouse and meat-processing plant in the world, marched miles to a rally....
Economic Development Is No Longer Optional
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The prosperity of regional economies is inescapably linked to the health of their colleges and universities. Economic development has evolved from a by-product of higher education to a public expectation. Schools both big and small have emerged as crucial economic engines often taking the place of Fortune 500 corporations as a major generator of jobs and tax revenue. Economic impact can be maximized by developing a clear strategy, streamlining technology transfer, effectively managing conflicts of interest and developing mechanisms for bridging the chasm between the academy and the commercial world. It is critical that economic development be encouraged in service of the core mission of the university: research and teaching.
Semi Queer
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Long-haul trucking is linked to almost every industry in America, yet somehow the working-class drivers behind big rigs remain largely hidden from public view. Gritty, inspiring, and often devastating oral histories of gay, transsexual, and minority truck drivers allow award-winning author Anne Balay to shed new light on the harsh realities of truckers' lives behind the wheel. A licensed commercial truck driver herself, Balay discovers that, for people routinely subjected to prejudice, hatred, and violence in their hometowns and in the job market, trucking can provide an opportunity for safety, welcome isolation, and a chance to be themselves--even as the low-wage work is fraught with tightening regulations, constant surveillance, danger, and exploitation. The narratives of minority and queer truckers underscore the working-class struggle to earn a living while preserving one's safety, dignity, and selfhood.
Through the voices of drivers from marginalized communities who spend eleven- to fourteen-hour days hauling America's commodities in treacherous weather and across mountain passes, Semi Queer reveals the stark differences between the trucking industry's crushing labor practices and the perseverance of its most at-risk workers.
Rolling: Sailboat Races
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Since the 1970s, deregulation has increased the number of rules under which trucking operates. Instead of regulating freight, the Federal Motor Carriers Service Association (FMCSA) regulates individual truckers, micromanaging their working hours, their sleep, their speed, and their health. These regulations proceed under the guise of public safety but are actually motivated by corporate profit.
Stopping: Getting Loaded
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

The places where truckers deliver their loads and get new ones are isolated and often dangerous. Since truckers are just moving through, they sometimes escape these dangers, but sometimes they are unable to. The experiences of queer, trans, and black truckers differ, but all have heightened vulnerability.
Stopping: What’s Your Twenty?
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Blue-collar work and bureaucracy have disabling effects, and queer truckers have limited access to medical care. Trucking and its regulatory structures harm truckers’ bodies and then blame and stigmatize them for its effects.
Conclusion
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Trucking shapes the life, identity, and sexual styles of truckers. Driverless trucking will soon change trucking culture and transform the lives of millions of people.
Mercury and trace metal wet deposition across five stations in Alaska: controlling factors, spatial patterns, and source regions
Authors: Pearson Christopher , Howard Dean , Moore Christopher , Obrist Daniel
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A total of 1360 weeks of mercury (Hg) wet deposition
data were collected by the state of Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation and the U.S. National Park Service across five stations
spanning up to 8 years. Here, we analyze concentration patterns, source
regions, and seasonal and annual Hg deposition loadings across these five
sites in Alaska, along with auxiliary trace metals including Cr, Ni, As, and
Pb. We found that Hg concentrations in precipitation at the two northernmost
stations, Nome (64.5∘ N) along the coast of the Bering Sea and the
inland site of Gates of the Arctic (66.9∘ N), were statistically
higher (average of 5.3 and 5.5 ng L−1, respectively) than
those at the two lowest-latitude sites, Kodiak Island (57.7∘ N,
2.7 ng L−1) and Glacier Bay (58.5∘ N, 2.6 ng L−1). These
differences were largely explained by different precipitation regimes, with
higher precipitation at the lower-latitude stations leading to dilution
effects. The highest annual Hg deposition loads were consistently observed at
Kodiak Island (4.80±1.04 µg m−2), while the lowest annual
deposition was at Gates of the Arctic (2.11±0.67 µg m−2).
Across all stations and collection years, annual precipitation strongly
controlled annual Hg deposition, explaining 73 % of the variability in
observed annual Hg deposition. The data further showed that annual Hg
deposition loads across all five Alaska sites were consistently among the
lowest in the United States, ranking in the lowest 1 % to 5 % of over 99
monitoring stations. Detailed back-trajectory analyses showed diffuse source regions for most Hg
deposition sites suggesting largely global or regional Hg sources. One
notable exception was Nome, where we found increased Hg contributions from
the western Pacific Ocean downwind of East Asia. Analysis of other trace
elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) from Dutch Harbor, Nome, and Kodiak
Island showed generally higher trace metal concentrations at the northern
station Nome compared to Kodiak Island further to the south, with
concentrations at Dutch Harbor falling in between. Across all sites, we find
two distinct groups of correlating elements: Cr and Ni and As and Pb. We
attribute these associations to possibly different source origins, whereby
sources of Ni and Cr may be derived from crustal (e.g., dust) sources while
As and Pb may include long-range transport of anthropogenic pollution. Hg
was not strongly associated with either of these two groups.
Molecular Characterization of Polar Organic Matters in Off-road Engine Emissions Using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS): New Direction to Find Biomarkers
Authors: Cui Min , Li Cheng , Chen Yingjun , Zhang Fan , Li Jun , Jiang Bin , Mo Yangzhi , Li Jia , Yan Caiqing , Zheng Mei , Xie Zhiyong , Zhang Gan , Zheng Junyu
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The molecular composition and structure of polar organic matters (POM) in particles emitted from various vessels and excavators were characterized using Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). POM was extracted by purified water and was discussed by elemental composition which was divided into three groups, namely CHO, CHON and S-containing compounds (CHONS and CHOS). The results showed that: (i) CHO (accounting for 49 % of total POM relative peak response) was the most abundant group for all tested off-road engines, followed by CHON (33 %) and CHOS (35 %) for diesel- and HFO (heavy fuel oil)-fueled off-road equipment, respectively. (ii) The abundance and structure of the CHON group in water extracts were different in terms of engine type and load. The fraction of relative peak response of CHON was highest for excavator emissions under the working mode compared to other modes (idling and moving). Furthermore, dinitrophenol and methyl dinitrophenol were the most abundant emission species for excavators with high rated speed, while nitronaphthol and methyl nitronaphthol were more important for low rated speed vessels. (iii) The composition and structure of S-containing compounds was directly influenced by fuel oil characteristics (sulfur content and aromatic ring), with much more condensed aromatic rings in S-containing compounds observed for HFO-fueled vessels, while more abundant aliphatic chains were observed in emissions from diesel equipment. Overall, higher fractions of condensed hydrocarbons and aromatic rings in POM emitted from vessels using HFO caused strong optical absorption capacity. And different structures existing in POM could provide a direction to qualitative and quantities the exact organic compounds as tracers to distinguish the emission from diesel or HFO- fueled off-road engines.
Sensitivity of liquid cloud optical thickness and effective radius retrievals to cloud bow and glory conditions using two SEVIRI imagers
Authors: Benas Nikos , Meirink Jan Fokke , Stengel Martin , Stammes Piet
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Retrievals of cloud properties from geostationary
satellite sensors offer extensive spatial and temporal coverage and
resolution. The high temporal resolution allows the observation of diurnally
resolved cloud properties. However, retrievals are sensitive to varying
illumination and viewing geometries, including cloud glory and cloud bow
conditions, which can lead to irregularities in the diurnal data record. In
this study, these conditions and their effects on liquid cloud optical
thickness and effective radius retrievals are analyzed using the Cloud
Physical Properties (CPP) algorithm. This analysis is based on the use of
Spinning Enhanced Visible
and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) reflectances and products from Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-10, which are located
over the Indian and Atlantic Ocean, respectively, and cover an extensive
common area under different viewing angles. Comparisons of the retrievals
from two full days, over ocean and land, and using different spectral
combinations of visible and shortwave-infrared channels, are performed, to
assess the importance of these factors in the retrieval process. The
sensitivity of the cloud-bow- and cloud-glory-related irregularities to the width
of the assumed droplet size distribution is analyzed by using different
values of the effective variance of the size distribution. The results
suggest for marine stratocumulus clouds an effective variance of around
0.05, which implies a narrower size distribution than typically assumed in
satellite-based retrievals. For the case with continental clouds a broader
size distribution (effective variance around 0.15) is obtained. This
highlights the importance of appropriate size distribution assumptions and
provides a way to improve the quality of cloud products in future climate
data record releases.
The Present & Future of the Brazilian INPE-UFSM NANOSATC-BR, CubeSats Development Program
Authors: Schuch Nelson J. , Marques Rodrigo P. , Durão Otávio S. C. , da Silva Marlos R. , Mendes Odim , Mattiello-Francisco Fátima , Legg Andrei P. , da Silva André L. , Pedroso Fernando S. , Bürger Eduardo E.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Brazilian INPE-UFSM NANOSATC-BR CubeSats Development Program, the related Capacity Building Program (CBP), the results of the NANOSATC-BR1, the first Brazilian CubeSat launched from Russia in June 2014, and the Program's future and present are discussed. The NANOSATC-BR Program consists of two CubeSats, NANOSATC-BR1 (1U) & NANOSATC-BR2 (2U). NANOSATC-BR2 is expected to operate in orbit for at least 12 months, while NANOSATC-BR1 this year has completed more than four years in orbit operation. The CBP is concerned with activities in space science, engineering and computer sciences for the development of space technologies using CubeSats satellites. The INPE-UFSM’s CBP has the involvement of UFSM's undergraduate students, graduate students from MG/II/UFRGS, ITA/DCTA/CA-MD, and the participation of INPE’s graduate students in the Onboard Data Handling (OBDH) subsystem development, verification and validation for the NANOSATC-BR2. The NANOSATC-BR1 & NANOSATC-BR2 Projects Ground Stations (GS) can operate with VHF/UHF band and S-band antennas. This paper also focuses on the future development of NANOSATC-BR3 & NANOSATC-BR4, in a partnership with the UFSM's Aerospace Engineering Course and on the launching of NANOSATC-BR2. The Program’s concepts were developed (i) monitor the Geospace in real time and determine the effects concerning the very close environment (by measuring the Earth's Magnetic field, the Ionosphere, and the energetic particle precipitation) and (ii) study the disturbances at the Earth's Magnetosphere-ionosphere system over the Brazilian Territory. The Program has received financial support from the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) and the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC).
Latitudinal variations in δ30Si and δ15N signatures along the Peruvian shelf: quantifying the effects of nutrient utilization versus denitrification over the past 600 years
Authors: Doering Kristin , Ehlert Claudia , Martinez Philippe , Frank Martin , Schneider Ralph
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The stable sedimentary nitrogen isotope compositions of bulk organic matter
(δ15Nbulk) and the silicon isotope composition of diatoms
(δ30SiBSi) both mainly reflect the degree of past nutrient
utilization by primary producers. However, in ocean areas where anoxic and
suboxic conditions prevail, the δ15Nbulk signal ultimately
recorded within the sediments is also influenced by water column
denitrification, causing an increase in the subsurface δ15N
signature of dissolved nitrate (δ15NO3-) upwelled to the
surface. Such conditions are found in the oxygen minimum zone off the coast of Peru,
where,
at present, an increase in subsurface δ15NO3- from north
to south along the shelf is observed due to ongoing denitrification within
the poleward-flowing subsurface waters, while the δ30Si
signature of silicic acid (δ30Si(OH)4) at the same time
remains unchanged. Here, we present three new δ30SiBSi records between
11 and 15∘ S and compare these to previously published
δ30SiBSi and δ15Nbulk records from Peru
covering the past 600 years. We present a new approach to calculate past
subsurface δ15NO3- signatures based on the direct
comparison of δ30SiBSi and δ15Nbulk
signatures at a latitudinal resolution for different time periods. Our
results show that, during the Current Warm Period (CWP, since 1800 CE) and
prior short-term arid events, source water δ15NO3-
compositions have been close to modern values, increasing southward from 7 to
10 ‰ (between 11 and 15∘ S). In contrast,
during the Little Ice Age (LIA) we calculate low δ15NO3-
values between 6 ‰ and 7.5 ‰. Furthermore, the direct δ30SiBSi versus δ15Nbulk comparison also enables us
to relate the short-term variability in both isotope compositions to changes
in the ratio of nutrients (NO3-:Si(OH)4) taken up by different
dominating phytoplankton groups (diatoms and non-siliceous phytoplankton)
under the variable climatic conditions of the past 600 years. Accordingly, we
estimate a shift from a 1:1 (or 1:2) ratio during the CWP and a 2:1 (up to
15:1) ratio during the LIA, associated with a shift from overall high
nutrient utilization to NO3--dominated (and thus non-siliceous
phytoplankton) utilization.
The pH dependency of the boron isotopic composition of diatom opal (Thalassiosira weissflogii)
Authors: Donald Hannah K. , Foster Gavin L. , Fröhberg Nico , Swann George E. A. , Poulton Alex , Moore C. Mark , Humphreys Matthew P.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The high latitude oceans are key areas of carbon and heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. As such, they are a focus of both modern oceanographic and palaeoclimate research. However, most palaeoclimate proxies that could provide a long-term perspective are based on calcareous organisms, such as foraminifera, that are scarce or entirely absent in deep-sea sediments south of 50° latitude in the Southern Ocean and north of 40° in the North Pacific. As a result, proxies need to be developed for the opal-based organisms (e.g. diatoms) that are found at these high latitudes, and which dominate the biogenic sediments that are recovered from these regions. Here we present a method for the analysis of the boron (B) content and isotopic composition (δ11B) of diatom opal. We also apply it for the first time to evaluate the relationship between seawater pH and δ11B and B concentration ([B]) in the frustules of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, cultured at a range of pCO2/pH. In agreement with existing data, we find that the [B] of the cultured diatom frustules increases with increasing pH (Mejia et al., 2013). δ11B shows a relatively well-defined negative trend with increasing pH; a completely distinct relationship from any other biomineral previously measured. This relationship not only has implications for the magnitude of the isotopic fractionation that occurs during boron incorporation into opal, but also allows us to explore the potential of the boron-based proxies for palaeo-pH and palaeo-CO2 reconstruction in high latitude marine sediments that have, up until now, eluded study due to the lack of suitable carbonate material.
Dynamics and organization of actin-labelled granules as a rapid transport mode of actin cytoskeleton components in Foraminifera
Authors: Goleń Jan , Tyszka Jarosław , Bickmeyer Ulf , Bijma Jelle
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Recent advances in fluorescent imaging facilitate actualistic studies on organisms used for palaeoceanographic reconstructions. Observations of cytoskeleton organization and dynamics in living foraminifera foster understanding of morphogenetic and biomineralization principles. This paper describes the organisation of a foraminiferal actin cytoskeleton using in vivo staining based on fluorescent SiR-actin. Surprisingly, the most distinctive feature in the organisation of actin in Foraminifera is the prevalence of actin-labelled granules (ALGs) within pseudopodial structures. Fluorescent signal obtained from granules dominate over dispersed signal from the actin meshwork. Actin-labelled granules are small (around 1 µm in diameter) actin-rich organelles demonstrating a wide range of motility behaviours from almost stationary oscillating around certain points to exhibiting rapid motion. These structures are present both in Globothalamea (Amphistegina, Ammonia) and Tubothalamea (Quinqueloculina). They are found to be active in all kinds of pseudopodial ectoplasmic structures, including granuloreticulopodia, globopodia, and lamellipodia, as well as within the endoplasm itself. Two hypotheses regarding their function are proposed: (1) They are involved in endocytosis and intracellular transport of different kinds of cargo; (2) They transport prefabricated and/or recycled actin fibres to the sites where they are needed. These hypothesis are not mutually exclusive. The first hypothesis is based on the presence of similar actin structures in fungi, fungi-like protists and some plant cells. The later hypothesis is based on the assumption that actin granules are analogous to tubulin paracrystals responsible for efficient transport of tubulin. Actin patches transported in that manner are most likely involved in maintaining shape, rapid reorganization, and elasticity of pseudopodial structures, as well as in adhesion to the substrate. Finally, our comparative studies suggest that a large proportion of actin-labelled granules probably represent fibrillar vesicles and elliptical fuzzy coated vesicles often identified in TEM images. Correlative fluorescent electron microscopic observations are proposed to verify this interpretation.
Modulation of the North Atlantic Deoxygenation by The Slowdown of the Nutrient Stream
Authors: Tagklis Filippos , Ito Takamitsu , Bracco Annalisa
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Western boundary currents act as transport pathways for nutrient-rich waters from low to high latitudes (nutrient streams) and are responsible for maintaining mid- and high-latitude productivity in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. This study investigates the centennial oxygen (O2) and nutrient changes over the Northern Hemisphere in the context of the projected warming and general weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in a subset of Earth System Models included in the CMIP5 catalogue. In all models examined, the Atlantic warms faster than the Pacific Ocean, resulting in a greater basin-scale solubility decrease. However, this thermodynamic tendency is compensated by the changes in the biologically-driven O2 consumption which dominates the overall O2 budget. These changes are linked to the slow-down of the nutrient stream in this basin, in response to the AMOC weakening. The North Atlantic resists the warming-induced deoxygenation due to the weakened biological carbon export and remineralization, leading to higher O2 levels. On the contrary, the projected nutrient stream and macro-nutrient inventory in the North Pacific remain nearly unchanged.
Holocene hydrography evolution in the Alboran Sea: a multi-record and multi-proxy comparison
Authors: Català Albert , Cacho Isabel , Frigola Jaime , Pena Leopoldo D. , Lirer Fabrizio
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A new high-resolution deglacial and Holocene sea surface temperature (SST)
reconstruction is presented for the Alboran Sea (western Mediterranean),
based on Mg∕Ca ratios measured in the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides. This new
record is evaluated by comparison with other Mg∕Ca SST records and
previously published alkenone SST reconstructions from the same region for
both the Holocene and glacial periods. In all cases there is a high degree
of coherence between the different Mg∕Ca SST records but strong
discrepancies when compared to the alkenone SST records. We argue that
these discrepancies are due to differences in the proxy response during
deglaciation which we hypothesize to reflect a resilience strategy of G. bulloides,
changing its main growth season, and consequently Mg∕Ca records a shorter
deglacial warming than alkenones. In contrast, short-term Holocene SST
variability is larger in the Mg∕Ca SST than in the alkenone SST records.
We propose that the larger Mg∕Ca SST variability is a result of spring
temperatures variability, while the smoothed alkenone SST variability
represents averaged annual temperatures. The Mg∕Ca SST record
differentiates the Holocene into three periods: (1) the warmest SST values
occurred during the Early Holocene (11.7–9 cal. kyr BP), (2) a continuous
cooling trend occurred during the Middle Holocene that culminated in the
coldest Holocene SST having a double cold peak structure centred at around
4.2 cal. kyr BP, and (3) the Late Holocene (4.2 cal. kyr BP to present) did not follow any
clear cooling/warming trend although millennial-scale oscillations were
enhanced. This SST evolution is discussed in the context of the changing
properties in the Atlantic inflow water associated with North Atlantic
circulation conditions and also with local hydrographical and atmospheric
changes. We propose that a tight link between North Atlantic circulation
patterns and the inflow of surface waters into the Mediterranean played a
major role in controlling Holocene climatic variability of this region.