bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent insights on epidemiology, diagnosis and control of Classical and African Swine Fever in pig industry
Authors: Rai Sajana
Published: December 2024

Classical swine fever is caused by an enveloped RNA virus in the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, whereas African swine fever (ASF) is caused by a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Asfivirus of the family Asfarviridae. Both diseases are devastating and cause great loss in the pig industry through mortality, growth retardation, and poor reproductive performance. The clinical symptoms of African swine fever and classical swine fever in pigs can be extremely similar; hence laboratory testing is necessary to distinguish between both diseases. Virus isolation, fluorescent antibody test (FAT), antigen capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus neutralization test (VNT), and antibody ELISA have been developed for diagnosis of CSF. For detection of ASF, ELISA, chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), PCR, luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (MB-LIPS), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) have been developed. For the piggery business to grow, quick diagnosis and effective preventative measures are needed to aid in the management and elimination of both diseases. Pigs have been protected against these diseases through vaccination. Preventing entry of the CSF and ASF viruses through strict quarantine measures is necessary. Early detection and knowledge of the disease's epidemiology are crucial for both preventing the disease's spread and developing an effective management strategy. This review provides insights on the etiological agent, epidemiology, transmission mode, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control strategies of both diseases.
Semilobar Holoprosencephaly With Cebocephaly: A Case Report
Authors: Jeevan J  , Das Rituparna
Published: December 2024

Holoprosencephaly is a rare congenital malformation affecting 6 to 12:10,000 live-born infants and is characterized by failure of separation of cerebral hemispheres. Recognised associations include midline facial defects - hypotelorism, cyclopia and cebocephaly. We report a case of semilobar holoprosencephaly with cebocephaly that presented at our hospital. This case is a rare presentation of holoprosencephaly along with facial abnormalities. Our case describes nasal and ocular abnormalities associated with holoprosencephaly. This may add new information regarding associated anomalies of holoprosencephaly. There are three categories of holoprosencephaly with alobar holoprosencephaly being the most severe, followed by semilobar holoprosencephaly and lobar holoprosencephaly being the mildest form. In women with a history of holoprosencephaly or holoprosencephaly in the current pregnancy, antenatal workup to rule out fetal chromosomal disorders and metabolic workup for maternal preeclampsia should be done.
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Deceased Patients with COVID-19 in Chitwan and Pokhara: A Multicentric Study
Authors: Adhikari BhojRaj , Mallik Mukesh , Subedi Nuwadatta , Wasti Harihar , Ghimire Babita , Paudel Sabita
Published: December 2024

Background Appearance and reappearance of COVID-19 pandemic is a major global health problem seeking attention because of its high mortality and spreadability. In Nepal, as of the report of 24th April 2022 published by Ministry of Health and Population, there were 97873 detected cases of COVID-19 and 11951 deaths attributable to the pandemic. Reports suggest that there is variation in mortality rate across the clinical and demographic features of the population. Therefore, we aimed to find out the clinical features and demographic characteristics of the people who died in Chitwan and Pokhara due to COVID-19.
MethodsThis is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from the data of record file of Bharatpur hospital and those of Gandaki Medical College which are representative of the patients who died due to COVID-19 in the respective hospitals. Descriptive statistical parameters like frequency, percentage, mean, interquartile range etc. were calculated.ResultsWe found that mean age of the people dying of COVID-19 was 60.12 ±15.97 years. Number of males [163 (67.92%)] dying of COVID-19 was slightly more than twice the number of females [77 (32.08%)] dying due to the same. People with respiratory diseases and/or other comorbidities were greater among those who died due to the pandemic and died within eight number of average days after getting symptoms.
Conclusions Old-aged people and males are at greater risk of death due to COVID-19. People with respiratory diseases and other comorbidities have higher chances of mortality.
Prevalence and Its Associated Factors of Maternal Stress among Mothers of Hospitalized Children Admitted to a Tertiary Health Care Center of Central Nepal
Authors: Dahal Nirmala , Dhimal Sita , Upadhyay Hari Prasad
Published: December 2024

Background: Stress is a universal phenomenon and all person experiences it. Stress can result from both negative and positive experiences. Stress is a physical and emotional state always present in the person.  Experience of having a child hospitalized can be profoundly stressful for mothers, impacting their mental and emotional well-being. The limited access to resources, cultural norms, and quality of healthcare services may further exacerbate maternal stress. This research aimed to find out factors associated with stress among mothers of hospitalized children at college of medical science, teaching hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan.
Method: The descriptive cross-sectional research was carried out among 131 mothers were obtained information through structured interview by face-to-face interview technique. Filled up questionnaires were checked for accuracy and completeness and coded, entered into computer system and analyzed using SPSS (version 18.0). Chi-square test was used to find out association between the variables.
Result: The study result indicated that majority of respondents were age of 21 to 30 years (56.5%), followed Hinduism (82.4%), residing in urban areas (65.6%), and predominantly housewives (67.2%). Regarding education, a significant portion attained secondary level education (40.5%). The proportion of mothers expressed stress, with 80.9% experiencing moderate stress. Association between stress levels and various factors were explored, revealing significant relationships with educational status (p < 0.001) and the number of children (p = 0.019), among socio-demographic variables. Child-related factors such as receiving help for treatment costs (p = 0.001) also showed significant associations with maternal stress.
Conclusion: The study result reveals that mothers of hospitalized children at college of medical science, Teaching Hospital, experienced significant stress, with socio-demographic factors, financial challenges and treatment costs.
Prevalence of Nutritional Status and Treatment Outcomes among Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) After Induction of Chemotherapy Phase IA
Authors: Tiwari Niva , Sharma Krishna Sagar , Adhikari Sudhir
Published: December 2024

Background Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) survival rates in high-income countries is more than 80% but less than 30% in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). A myriad of factors including the presence of malnutrition is said to contribute to it. However, controversy about the effect of weight, BMI and nutritional status on survival and remission outcomes exist hence this study was conceptualized.MethodsA retrospective cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Pediatric Oncology Unit, B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Chitwan, Nepal. Patients with ALL diagnosis falling in normal weight or underweight category were included based under Z-score. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential Statistical tools usign SPSS. Study was conducted after taking ethical approval from IRC of BPKMCH.ResultsAmong eighty two participants, majority of the children were less than 5 years age group, 91.5% were underweight (with 95% CI as 80.84% to 96.71%). There were four deaths and one refused treatment, four patients relapse and 59 had remission in underweight group. The statistically significant variable associated with nutritional staus as age.Conclusions The prevalence of underweight among ALL patients was high and in remission group they were relatively better nourished than other.
Clinicopathological Profile of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy Patients
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Bhusal Pramod , Maharjan Chunumila , Ghimire Madhav
Published: December 2024

Background
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent glomerulonephritis (GN) in the world. It has variation in presentation among the patients. The aim of the research was to evaluate the clinical and histological characteristics of individuals identified by renal biopsy as having Immunoglobulin-A nephropathy (IgAN).
Methods
For this retrospective investigation, medical records of patients with biopsy-proven IgAN between January 2021 to July 2024 were evaluated.
 
Results
Fifty two patients with primary IgAN fulfilled our requirements for inclusion. The prevalence of affected males was higher (61.5%). The average age was 35.26 ± 10.39 years. Of the patients, 84.5% had hypertension. At presentation, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 15.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the median serum creatinine was 3.58 mg/dL. Mesangial hypercellularity (M1), endocapillary hypercellularity (E1), segmental glomerulosclerosis (S1), tubular atrophy/ interstitial fibrosis (T1/T2), and crescents (C1/C2) were present in 46.2%, 38.5%, 88.5%, 75% and 36.6% of patients respectively. 38.5% and 86.5% of patients, respectively, had hypertensive vasculopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Low eGFR at presentation was significantly correlated with tubular atrophy (T1/T2), hypertensive vasculopathy, and TMA on renal biopsy.
Conclusion:
Since hypertension was the most frequent clinical manifestation of IgAN, we recommend that patients with hypertension be checked for microscopic dysmorphic hematuria and, if found, have a renal biopsy to confirm an early diagnosis of the condition. The presence of TMA on the renal biopsy and hypertensive vasculopathy along with tubular atrophy (T1/T2) were linked to low eGFR at presentation.
Outcome After Coracoclavicular Ligament Reconstruction for Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation
Authors: Hemant Kumar Gupta
Published: December 2024

Background Acromioclavicular injuries are common in athletes and road traffic injuries and there are many surgical and non surgical treatment options for it. In this study displaced acromioclavicular injuries ( Rockwood type 3 and 5) are included in the study and treated with anatomic coracoclavicular reconstruction with semi tendinosis graft and the results were evaluated.MethodsA hospital based prospective study including 20 cases of AC joint injuries managed with coraco-clavicular reconstruction using semi tendinosis graft over a period period of March, 2017 to February, 2020 with the mean follow-up duration of 13.5 months was performed. The final outcome was evaluated on the basis of radiological finding and clinically by Constant Murley score and Simple shoulder test.ResultsAt final follow up, radiologically there was average loss of reduction of 3.5 mm ± 0.85mm only as compared to immediate post operative finding. The Clinical outcome measured according to Constant Murley score was 91.2±10.75 (range 86.4-95.5) and according to Simple shoulder test, it was 11.4±3.1 (range 8.5-12.1). overall, the results were satisfactorily with no obvious impairment of shoulder function.ConclusionsCoracoclavicular reconstruction using semi Tendinosus from same patient has good outcome both clinically and radiologically in displaced high grade AC joint injuries
A comparative clinical study among intermaxillary fixation screw, Erich arch bar and Ivy eyelet in mandibular fracture
Authors: Yadav Deepak , Chaurasia Nitesh , Mishra Ravish , Kandel Laxmi , Ali Shahid
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Management of mandibular fractures requires intermaxillary fixation (IMF) as an adjunct to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). IMF is fixing mandible to maxilla with the help of a metallic framework around teeth or dentoalveolar segment to secure correct inter-arch relationship before plating. The methods for IMF are Erich Arch bars and Ivy Eyelet and IMF screw. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of IMF screws, Erich arch bar and Ivy Eyelet in achieving intraoperative IMF.
Methods: The study included 45 patients with mandibular fracture who underwent ORIF and required IMF as part of treatment, under general anesthesia. Patients were divided equally into three groups. Group A: patients who were treated using Erich arch bars, Group B: patients who were treated using Ivy Eyelets and Group C: patients who were treated using IMF screws. The outcomes were compared among three groups to draw an inference on surgical time, gloves perforation and post-operative occlusion.
Results: The study showed mandibular fractures among 16 to 52 years of age with mean age of 26.62 ± 8.497 years, more common in 21 to 30 years of age groups. The median time were 65 minute, 28 minute and 35 minute for Erich arch bar, Ivy eyelet and IMF screw respectively (p<0.05). Gloves perforation was present in all cases of Group A, nine cases of Group B and only four cases of group C (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in post-operative occlusion among three groups (p>0.05).
Conclusions: IMF screw was more effective than Erich arch bar and Ivy eyelet in terms of surgical time and gloves perforation.
Sleep quality and its association with perceived stress and junk food consumption among undergraduate medical students in Pokhara
Authors: Banstola Sanju , Hamal Sharadha , Poudel Binita , Paudel Sharmila , Sharma Bimala
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Poor sleep quality has proven to impact students’ academic performance, interpersonal skills, and learning capacity and health. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of sleep and its association with perceived stress and junk food consumption among MBBS students studying at a Medical College, Pokhara.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 240 MBBS students studying at Gandaki Medical College using a self-administered questionnaire from November to December, 2023. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure sleep quality which includes seven sleep items, with higher scores indicating lower quality and a cumulative score of less than five indicating good sleep quality. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multivariate logistic regression was computed to examine the association of perceived stress and junk food consumption with sleep quality at the 5% level of significance.
Results: Out of total 240 respondents, 68.3% had poor sleep quality, 64.2% slept for six or less than six hours in the past one month. After adjusting with socio-demographic characteristics, students who reported that they consumed junk food more than three times in last week were 3.68 (AOR 3.68, CI 95%, 1.34-10.09) times more likely to have poor sleep quality as compared to those who consumed two or less times a week. Students who perceived moderate level stress had 2.49 (AOR 2.491, CI 95%, 1.19-5.23) times and who perceived high level of stress had 20.13 (AOR 20.13, CI 95%, 4.66-86.98) times likelihood of having poor sleep quality as compared to who perceived mild level of stress.
Conclusions: The study revealed poor sleep quality; and sleep quality was significantly influenced by junk food intake and stress levels among undergraduate medical students.
Knowledge, barriers and perceived needs of adolescent sexual and reproductive health services among higher secondary school students in Chitwan district
Authors: Shrestha Niki , Aryal Shishir , Nepal Sarbin , Marahatta Achyut , Gurung Bipana , Sharma Basant
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Adolescent is a unique and formative time which goes through the physical, emotional and social change including exposure to health issues like sexually transmitted infection, unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. Hence, the study aims to find out the knowledge, perceived needs and barriers related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health services (ASRHS).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1352 adolescents of higher secondary schools located in Bharatpur Metropolitan city of Nepal. Self-administered questionnaire method was used to collect the data on knowledge, perceived need and barrier on adolescent sexual and reproductive health services. Descriptive and inferential analysis was performed to present the data.
Results: Of total, only 14.6% of the adolescents had good knowledge on the sexual and reproductive health. The perceived need for the sexual and reproductive health service was 65.4% among the adolescents while only 18.3% utilized the service to fulfill the felt need. Shyness (41.3%), communication barrier (40.3%) and lack of confidentiality (38%) were the major barriers perceived by the adolescent for taking services. The knowledge level and felt need of ASRHS, both, significantly varied as per sex, grade and academic discipline of students.
Conclusions: Knowledge level on adolescent sexual and reproductive health service was low while the perceived need was high and the knowledge and perceived need differ significantly by sex, grade and academic discipline of students.
Principal Component Analysis of Nutrient Content of Root and Tuber Crops of Nepal
Authors: Ojha Pravin , Karki Roman , Manandhar Utshah , Gotame Tek Prasad
Published: December 2024

The research aimed to cluster the nutrient profile of six root and tuber crops including chayote root. Potato cv. Janakdev and Khumal Upahar (from Lalitpur) and cv. MS-42-3 (from Nuwakot); sweet potato cv. Suntale 1 and landraces Bensishar White and Kimichaur Seto (from Lalitpur); landrace of elephant foot yam and taro (from Pokhara); landrace of chayote root (from Dhankuta) and cassava (from Udaypur) were collected and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done based on their nutrient compositions. The evaluated nutrients included moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates, iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, vitamin C, and reducing sugar. PCA revealed that the first four principal components accounted for 85.7% of the total variation. Ash, calcium, and reducing sugar positively correlated with PC1 and PC2, while vitamin C, zinc, and protein were negatively associated with these components. There was a negative correlation of sodium concentration with potassium, phosphorus, and iron concentrations. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between carbohydrates and fat with the moisture content of the potatoes and tubers. The collected potatoes and tubers were classified into four clusters based on similarity and distance levels. The potatoes and sweet potatoes were placed in two distinct clusters. Elephant foot yam and chayote root were categorized in one cluster, distinguishing them from cassava. These findings highlighted the diverse nutritional profiles of the examined root and tuber crops, offering valuable insights for further research. Furthermore, the results can pave the way for commercial exploration of these potatoes and tubers based on their nutritional profiles.
Response of Finger Millet to Inorganic Fertilizers under Dolakha Condition of Nepal
Authors: Baral Bandhu Raj , Subedi Subash , Adhikari Jagat Bandhu , Gurung Suk Bahadur , Dhami Narayan Bahadur
Published: December 2024

A field experiment was carried out during 2020, 2021 and 2022 to study the response of finger millet on fertilizer doses at Hill Crops Research Program, Kabre, Dolakha. The field experiment consists of seven fertilizer treatments with different nutrient combination doses, replicated thrice and laid out in randomized complete block design. The tested variety was Kabre Kodo-2. Seven fertilizer treatments were 5 t FYM /ha (farmers practice), 30:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, 30:60:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, 60:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, 60:60:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, 90:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha and 90:60:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, respectively. The results of the experiment showed that grain yield, stover yield and number of heads/m2were significantly affected by fertilizer doses (p<0.05). Kabre Kodo-2 variety of finger millet produced the highest grain yield (4.98 t/ha) and straw yield (8.27 t/ha) with the application 90:60:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha and was at par with 60:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha, 90:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha and 60:60:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha. These results clearly indicated that 60:30:30 N:P2O5:K2O kg/ha could be recommended for finger millet cultivation under Dolakha condition and in areas with similar soil types and ecology of Nepal.
Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Phenotypic Correlation in WorldVeg Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes in Bagmati Province, Nepal
Authors: Luitel Binod Prasad , Chapagain Tika Ram , Ghimire Dipendra , Bhusal Yubaraj , Bhusal Bikash
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic variability and correlation between phenotypic traits in WorldVeg tomato genotypes in Nepal. Nine indeterminate tomato genotypes (eight WorldVeg and one commercial open-pollinated variety) were studied at the National Horticulture Research Center (NHRC), Khumaltar in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during 2021–2022. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that genotypes showed significant genetic differences in all the plant and fruit traits except fruit firmness. AVTO1306 produced the maximum fruit yield (5.1 kg plant-1), followed by AVTO0301 (2.9 kg plant-1). The analysis of genetic variability showed that magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits. Higher PCV values were observed in the titrable acidity (61.7%), number of fruit plant-1 (44.3%), fruit firmness (41.9%) and fruit diameter (41.8%), whereas higher GCV values were found in the titrable acidity (41.8%), plant height (36.9%) and late blight (30.2%). Late blight (LB), plant height and fruit yield plant-1 showed high heritability values indicating that these traits are more reliable for effective selection and enhancement in tomato breeding lines.
Effect of NPK Levels on Growth and Yield of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annum) under Different Growing Conditions in Arghakhanchi, Nepal
Authors: Kunwar Prem Bahadur , Khatri Sushil , Bhusal Tej Narayan
Published: December 2024

Optimizing fertilization to boost sweet pepper yield is essential for meeting food demands and promoting agricultural sustainability. This field experiment was performed from March to July 2022 in Sandhikharka, Arghankhanchi, to evaluate the effect of NPK levels from inorganic sources on the growth and yield of sweet pepper under different growing conditions. The experiment followed a two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments: two growing conditions (open field vs. poly-tunnel) and four NPK levels (0 %, 50%, 100%, and 150 % of the recommended dose of NPK), replicated thrice. Results revealed that poly-tunnel had the highest plant height (44 cm), stem base diameter (1.63 cm), number of leaves (169), number of branches (12), number of buds (10), number of flowers (5), number of fruits (6), fruit length (7 cm), fruit diameter (8 cm), average fruit weight (122 g) and yield (8.90 t/ha) as compared to open field conditions. The 50 % more of the recommended NPK had the highest plant height (47 cm), stem diameter (1.67 cm), number of leaves (165), number of branches (12), number of buds (11), number of flowers (6), number of fruits (6), fruit length (7 cm), fruit diameter (8.26 cm), average fruit weight (125 g) and yield (9.68 t/ha). Significant interactions between growing conditions and NPK levels were observed for fruit diameter, average fruit weight, and yield. The study concluded that the recommended NPK dose is optimal for poly-tunnel cultivation, while 150% of the recommended dose is needed for open field conditions.
Impact Of Altitude On Insect Pest Occurrence In Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Orchards Within Jajarkot District
Authors: Ghimire Roshan , Dhakal Astha , Karkee Suraj Singh , Acharya Sapana
Published: December 2024

An experiment was conducted to assess the pest status and effect of altitude on insect pests of mandarin orchards from April to June 2023 at Kushe rural municipality, Jajarkot, Nepal, located within the Citrus Zone under PMAMP. The experiment comprised five different altitude ranges as treatments: 1400-1500 masl, 1500-1600 masl, 1600-1700 masl, 1700-1800 masl, and 1800-1900 masl. Sample data were collected through visual observation and monitoring using yellow sticky traps. The research employed a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five replications. Data analysis was conducted using R (version 4.3.1) and MS-Excel. The study identified citrus leaf miners (Phyllocnistic citrella) and fruit flies (Bactrocera tau) as major threats in mandarin orchards in Jajarkot. Likewise, scale insects (Aonidela auranti), aphids (Toxoptera spp), whiteflies (Dialeurodes citi), lemon butterflies (Papilio demoleus), citrus tree borer (Chilodonium cinctum), red citrus mites (Panonychus citri), red ants (Oecophylla smaragdina), citrus green stink bugs (Rhynhocoris humeralis), and mealybugs (Planococcus citri) were present in minority. The results showed that there is a significant effect of altitude on the percentage of leaf damage caused by citrus leaf miners (P<0.001), and the number of trapped fruit flies (p<0.01), aphids (P<0.01), and whiteflies (P<0.01). However, altitude showed a non-significant effect on scale insect incidence. All pests except scale insects were more abundant at lower altitudes, with the highest occurrence at 1400-1500 masl and the lowest at 1800-1900 masl. Mealybugs, red citrus mites, and citrus tree borer damage were not seen at altitudes above 1800 masl. This study highlights altitude as a key factor in pest occurrence.
Increasing Capsicum Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Profits through Optimal Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse
Authors: Timilsina Sandip , Khanal Asmita
Published: December 2024

Most of the farmers in mid-hill areas introduce plastic houses, naturally ventilated poly-houses or other types of protected structures for year-round vegetable production. Capsicum is a commonly cultivated crop inside these structures. Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization during capsicum production is critical for increasing crop yields, increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), increasing net profit of farmers and minimizing the loss of nutrients into the environment. A study was carried out to identify the optimal nitrogen dose for enhancing Capsicum yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and net profits within a naturally ventilated polyhouse at the Directorate of Agriculture Research, Lumle, Kaski, Nepal, in two consecutive years; 2019 and 2020. Eight nitrogen levels (0, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, and 250 kg/ha) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on each treatment’s effect on yield, yield-related characteristics, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and production cost. Nitrogen application at 225 kg/ha resulted the highest fruit yield and net benefit; however, N levels between 200 and 250 kg/ha showed similar effect on yield, yield-related components and net benefit. Considering agronomic, economic, and NUE factors, an N dose of 200 kg/ha along with 30 t/ha farmyard manure (FYM) was found to be optimal for Capsicum cultivation in a naturally ventilated polyhouse at Lumle, Kaski, and this N dose can be recommended for similar soil and agroecological conditions in Nepal.
Characterization of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Argon Plasma in Dielectric Barrier Reactor
Authors: Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Guragain Rajesh Prakash , Shrestha Asmita , Chhetri Ganesh Kuwar , Dhungana Santosh , Baniya Hom Bahadur , Subedi Deepak Prasad , Joshi Ujjwal Man
Published: December 2024

The cold plasma has been produced, using high voltage and line frequency (0-20 kV, 50Hz ) at atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the generation and characterization of plasma produced with argon gas in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor system is reported. The characterization of produced plasma has been done by electric and optical means using different techniques like current density method, power balance method, Boltzmann plot method, Stark broadening, line intensity ratio method and Saha-Boltzmann relation. Result reveled that electron density was of the order of 1011 cm-3, 1012 cm-3, 1011 cm-3, 1016 cm-3 and as determined by current density method, power balance method, Saha-Boltzmann relation and stark broadening approach respectively while excitation temperature of electron was estimated to be about 0.92 eV and 0.79 eV as determined by Boltzmann plot method and intensity ratio method respectively. The discharge power and energy consumed per cycle are determined using the Lissajous figure approach. The proper characterization of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) is essential for seed treatment, polymer treatment and water treatment.
Educational Intervention on Self Care among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis in a Tertiary Hospital Of Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Sah Bimala Kumari , Pandey Apsara , Bhandari Nisha , Luitel Kopila , Dev Renu
Published: December 2024

Introduction: The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing globally, educational intervention to the CKD patients is crucial to self-manage the problems arising from disease and haemodialysis. The study aims to assess the effect of educational intervention on self-care among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing haemodialysis.
Methods: The pre-experimental design was used for assessing the effect of educational intervention on self- care among CKD patients undergoing haemodialysis in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. A total of 43 patients were included using nonprobability purposive sampling technique. Face to face interview with structured interview schedule was conducted for data collection followed by educational intervention with educational package to each individual. After 6 weeks of intervention, post-test was carried out with the same interview schedule to the same participants who were participated in pre-test and intervention. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the interpretation of data. Inferential statistics- paired t- test was used to measure the significant difference on Knowledge score on Self-care before and after educational intervention.
Results: The findings of the study showed significantly increased knowledge score after the intervention in diet (p=0.001), exercise (p=0.001), infection prevention (p=0.001), stress management (p=0.001), complication prevention (p=0.001), laboratory test (p=0.001) and total knowledge score (p=0.001) with 95.0% confidence level (p-value <0.05). However, in fistula care the score increased insignificantly (p-value: 0.250).
Conclusions: Educational intervention increased the knowledge score, so it is obligatory to conduct the intervention program for improvement in self - care among chronic kidney disease patients undergoing haemodialysis. >
Analyzing Current Challenges of School Leadership of Community Schools in Kathmandu Metropolitan City
Authors: Mainali Bhawani Prasad
Published: December 2024

School leadership initiates and influences the school community towards shared educational goals and fostering a positive teaching-learning environment there. This study aims to explore the current challenges faced by school leadership in the community schools. The data were collected from the head teachers, assistant head teachers and teachers from three community schools, three participants from each school by employing interview under interpretive epistemology. The data from the informants were transcribe, coded and the matisized. The reliability and validity were established by triangulation and multiple interviews. The result found that divergent challenges facing the community schools' leadership such as excessive workloads, improper handling of rewards, socio-economic and diversity challenges of students, etc. Furthermore, the school leaders are required to focus on the strategies for addressing the current challenges such as, head teachers need more authority, staff equity, stakeholder meetings, legal reforms and staffing solutions. The study highlights the challenges faced by leaders in balancing administrative responsibilities and pedagogical leadership, affecting school performance and leadership practices. Community school leaders require professional development to improve the quality of education. It offers insights into strategies to improve leadership effectiveness and school outcomes. The result of the study would be beneficial to the leadership of community schools across Nepal.
Leveraging Students’ Foundational Knowledge in Legal Education: Collaborative Approach of Law Teaching In Nepal
Authors: Parajuli Gyaneshwer
Published: December 2024

Law teaching can benefit from a collaborative approach where faculty integrates legal concepts with students’ foundational knowledge, enhancing comprehension and preparing them for professional practice. This study investigates how Tribhuvan University applies such integration, aiming to enrich legal education in Nepal. We employed a modified grounded theory approach to gather data from 10 faculty members from the law teaching constituent campuses of the Tribhuvan University, using interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. Results of the study reveal that faculty use diverse methods, such as contextualizing legal concepts based on students’ foundational knowledge and introducing interdisciplinary perspectives, to make complex doctrines more comprehensive. However, challenges include navigating sensitive topics, managing large classes, and addressing time constraints. Faculty members reported that leveraging students’ foundational knowledge enhances learning outcomes and fosters ethical awareness but requires considerable institutional support and adaptation. The study suggests that law schools support this collaborative teaching model by offering professional development, encouraging interdisciplinary teaching methods, and aligning resources to meet faculty needs. These measures could modernize legal education and improve student readiness for legal practice in Nepal.
राइटरबाजे कथामा वैयक्तिक स्वतन्त्रता
Authors: न्यौपाने Neupane श्रीधर  Shreedhar
Published: December 2024

‘‘राइटरबाजे’ कथामा वैयक्तिक स्वतन्त्र अभिव्यक्तिको अवस्थाका बारेमा विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यलेप्रस्तुत लेख तयार पारिएको हो । यस लेखको विषयको क्षेत्रका रूपमा विश्वेश्वरप्रसादकोइरालाको ‘राइटरबाजे’ कथाको विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यस लेखमा ‘राइटरबाजे’ कथामा वैयक्तिक स्वतन्त्रताको अभिव्यक्ति के कसरी भएको छ भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासालाई मुख्यसमस्या बनाइएको छ । बहुसत्यमा विश्वास गरिएको यस लेखमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचा अवलम्बन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा यथास्थितिप्रति विमति राख्दै स्वत्व विकासका निम्ति स्वतन्त्र निर्णय गर्दा अस्तित्वशील पात्रले सङ्कटग्रस्त परिस्थितिको सामना गर्न परेपनि जिम्मेवारी वहन गरिरहेका हुन्छन् भन्ने कुरालाई तत्वमीमांसाका रूपमा ग्रहण गरिएको छ र शोधदर्शनका बिचमा सामञ्जस्यसमेत कायम गरिएको छ । अध्ययनको क्षेत्र र चरसँग सम्बद्ध प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीको अध्ययन गरी प्राप्त तथ्यका आधारमा पाठविश्लेषण अध्ययनविधिको उपयोग गरी लेखलाई पूर्णता प्रदान गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा अस्तित्ववादी जीवनदर्शनको मान्यता व्यक्तिको स्वतन्त्रतालाई सैद्धान्तिक आधार बनाइएको छ । अस्तित्ववादको यसै सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताको आशय अनुरूपका स्वत्व विकासका लागि निर्णय,सङ्कटग्रस्त परिस्थितिको सामना र जिम्मेवारी वहनलाई सूचक बनाई निर्धारित कथाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विश्लेषित कथामा अस्तित्वका लागि प्रतिबद्ध पात्रले जड भविताकाअवस्थाबाट मुक्तिका लागि स्वतन्त्र निर्णयका साथ कर्ममा सक्रिय रहँदा सङ्कटग्रस्त परिस्थितिकोसामना र जिम्मेवारी वहन गरी कर्ममा प्रवृत्त रहेको सन्दर्भलाई आख्यानीकरण गरिएको छ भन्नेकुरा निष्कर्षका रूपमा प्राप्त भएको छ । जीवनमा कर्मशील रहनुपर्छ भन्ने यस कथाको केन्द्रीयकथ्य लोकमा सकारात्मक विचारधाराको निर्मितिका लागि उपयोगी देखिन्छ ।
FieldREG Measurements in Egypt: Resonant Consciousness at Sacred Sites
Authors: Nelson Roger D.
Published: December 2024

Over a two-week period, various “sacred sites” in Egypt were visited by a group interested in the spiritual qualities of the ancient temples, pyramids, and tombs. The group engaged in informal ceremonies, including chanting and meditation, to pay respect to the sacred sites of the ancient Egyptians. A portable random event generator and palmtop computer were used to generate and record ongoing random sequences accompanied by a time-stamped computer index and onsite notes of relevant observations and activities. Pre-planned hypotheses predicted anomalous deviations of the sequences during visits to the sacred sites, including the inner sanctum or Holy of Holies in each temple and all the interior chambers of the pyramids. A further prediction was made that resonance- or coherence-building activities of the group, including chanting and meditation in these special locations, would also correlate with anomalous deviations. Both formal hypotheses were confirmed with a combined associated probability of 2.7x10^-6. Other categories of data provided context and helped to distinguish the sources of the anomalous effects.
Formulation of Secondary Meaning Evidence in Trademark Infringement Disputes in Indonesia (Comparative Study of the United States and Thailand)
Authors: Safitri Nadila , Suherman
Published: December 2024

This study aims to analyze the regulation of secondary meaning and the formulation of proving secondary meaning within the trademark legal regime in Indonesia. The research employs a normative juridical method, supported by statutes, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The data used in this study consist of legal instruments such as Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications, the TRIPs Agreement, the US Lanham Act, and Trademark Law. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia has not yet accommodated the regulation of secondary meaning in Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications. In practice, there is no clear standard to determine whether a descriptive mark has acquired secondary meaning, which leads to case-by-case proof. It contrasts countries such as the United States and Thailand, which are provisions for proving secondary meaning. The absence of a provision for proving secondary meaning creates a legal vacuum when trademark infringement disputes arise. Therefore, there is a need for legal reform to regulate the proof of secondary meaning in trademark cases. A formulation for proving secondary meaning could be incorporated into Article 76 of Law 20/2016, which addresses trademark cancellation, by providing an exception for trademarks that have established secondary meaning through consumer association. Alternatively, the proof of secondary meaning could be considered during the substantive examination of trademark registration.
Disparity in Judicial Decisions in Narcotics Crimes (A Study of Verdict No. 1192/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mdn and Verdict No. 1035/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mdn)
Authors: Fithri Beby Suryani
Published: December 2024

This research aims to analyze inequality in judges' decisions in drug crime cases by studying two court decisions, namely Decision No. 1192/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mdn and Decision No. 1035/Pid.Sus/2024/PN.Mdn. These two decisions involved defendants who were subject to the same sentence despite significant differences in their roles and the amount of evidence found. M. Ramadhan acted as an intermediary with evidence of 0.79 grams of narcotics, while Ari Wibowo was more active in the narcotics network despite only having evidence of 0.04 grams. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to evaluate the factors that influence judges' decisions, such as the role of the defendant and the amount of evidence in sentencing. The results showed that despite differences in the roles and evidence involved, both defendants were sentenced to the same sentence, namely 7 years and 6 months' imprisonment and a fine of Rp 1,000,000,000, with a subsidiary of 1 year's imprisonment. This finding indicates an inconsistency in the sentencing considerations, and suggests the need for stricter standardization in sentencing in drug cases to achieve justice that is more in line with the conditions and facts of each case.
Utilising Social and Behaviour Change Communication: Insights from Swachh Bharat Mission
Authors: Khanam Sameera , Uzair Mohd
Published: December 2024

Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) is a participatory communication strategy that brings sustained behaviour change among people. As a potent tool for attaining public health goals SBCC is instrumental in initiatives like Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), a Government of India program launched in 2014. UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 that guarantees universal availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation also aligns with SBM’s goal of universal cleanliness. Against this backdrop, the present article analyses the importance of SBCC in relation to SBM through secondary data analysis. The present paper identifies the current challenges that act as significant impediments to the mission’s goal of Universal Cleanliness. The article also provides a detailed examination of specific behavioural change strategies used in SBM, like the involvement of multimedia channels, community mobilisation, celebrity endorsement, SBCC material development, and interpersonal communication. These SBCC strategies have been proven to be profusely efficient in creating enduring behavioural shifts in SBM and have been instrumental in fulfilling the SBM goals.
PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA SEBAGAI SUMBER LISTRIK CADANGAN DI PONDOK PESANTREN HIDAYATULLAH YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Marausna Gaguk , Wahyu Murdiyanto Aris , Rizki Putra Ikbal , Eko Prasetiyo Erwan , Yulianto Prabowo Fajar
Published: December 2024

The application of solar power plant technology as a backup power source at Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School, Yogyakarta, aims to address the challenges caused by disrupted electricity supply. This Islamic boarding school has a strategic location due to its close access to the city center of Yogyakarta. The school relies on electricity for its educational and worship activities. A study was conducted to assess the potential of solar energy, geographical conditions, and the readiness of Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School to adopt renewable energy technology. After the assessment, structured implementation activities, such as awareness socialization, training, and direct assistance, were carried out to ensure the management of the solar power system by the school administration. The results of the Community Service program showed that a solar power system had successfully been implemented to address disruptions during power outages, thereby improving worship and educational activities. This program encourages partner involvement and environmental awareness among the school management and students. Recommendations for ensuring the program’s sustainability include training, routine performance evaluations, and potential partnerships with government and private organizations to promote the use of renewable energy. This successful program is expected to serve as a model for other educational institutions seeking to implement renewable energy technology.
Keyword: energy, solar, power plant, backup, community service.
PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA MELALUI PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN PADA SISWA SANGGAR BIMBINGAN (SB) AT TANZIL SERDANG, MALAYSIA
Authors: Dian Ayuningrum Lia , Kholis Frendika  , Hasna Widya Nastiti  , Fatimatasari
Published: December 2024

During adolescence, having knowledge about reproductive health is a very important aspect for the formation of healthy attitudes and behavior in adolescents. Lack of knowledge about reproductive health can have an impact on risky behavior, especially in adolescents who have limited access to information and health services. This activity aims to increase reproductive health knowledge among teenagers at the At-Tanzil Serdang Guidance Studio (SB), Malaysia, most of whom come from Indonesian Migrant Worker (PMI) families. This activity uses an interactive lecture method supported by media in the form of PowerPoint and educational videos. The ultrasound method ((Urgency, Seriousness, Growth) is applied to determine problem priorities, while the fishbone diagram is used to identify the root causes of low understanding of reproductive health in adolescents. Evaluation of counseling activities is carried out through pretest and posttest. The results show a significant increase in adolescents' understanding of reproductive health after counseling, the statistical test results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). This activity is expected to have a long-term impact in helping teenagers maintain their reproductive health during puberty.
 
Keywords: Reproductive health, adolescents, counseling, Guidance Studio
Pendidikan Calon Imam di Flores dalam Paradigma Misi Inter Gentes
Authors: Monteiro Yohanes Hans , Jewadut Jean Loustar , Manuk Martinus Burong , Nirmala Fransiska Rosari
Published: December 2024

This article focuses attention on the educational praxis of prospective priests in Flores within the inter gentes mission paradigm. The education of prospective priests in the Catholic Church in Flores is still a closed education, namely an educational process that separates people from society for a form of life that is separate from society. Educational praxis like this can be fruitful output who considers himself a 'master' with all-round qualities for all pastoral matters. On this basis, it is very important to create a inter gentes mission paradigm as a theological basis for the practical education of prospective priests in Flores. Gentes in understanding inter gentes understood as nations, cultures, and groups of people with distinctive views and lifestyles. Mission inter gentes considered suitable to answer the needs of Flores which is marked by cultural diversity and a society that still faces the problem of poverty. The education of priest candidates in Flores is carried out in the inter gentes mission paradigm requires the educational practice of prospective priests to be more open to the complexity of the reality of life which is marked by the plurality of religions, cultures and perspectives in society. Apart from that, the commitment to defending the environment and involving women in the formation of prospective priests is also a concern of the mission inter gentes.