bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Health Profile Status and Treatment Needs in the Salvadoran Elderly Population
Authors: Aguirre Guillermo Alfonso , Quezada Ruth Fernández , Escobar Wendy Yesenia , Aguirre Katleen Argentina , de Miguel Ángel Gil , Rivas Francisco José
Published: March 2022

It is characteristic of older adults to present physiological changes in oral tissues and increased dental loss, mainly as a consequence of periodontal disease and dental caries. Epidemiological surveillance contributes to the development of strategies aiming to improve the quality of life and life expectancy of this population group. Given the lack of epidemiological data, the purpose of this study was to determine the oral health profile status and treatment needs of the elderly population of El Salvador. To that end, we conducted secondary analysis of the results of a recent oral health survey of 471 Salvadorians aged 60 years and older. The variables under study were: socio-demographics, brushing frequency, oral hygiene was measured using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth index (DMFT) diagnosed with International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), periodontopathies diagnosed with Community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), edentulism and treatment needs. Student’s t-test, χ2, the z-test and a confidence level p < 0.05 were used. Of the survey respondents, 42.68% presented deficient oral hygiene, while 52.02% brushed twice a day. The DMFT index score was determinated to be 23.38. The Salvadoran elderly had an average of 16 missing teeth, 6 decayed, 1 filled and 5 healthy; while one-third had total edentulism. The survey respondents had a low frequency of brushing, with most categorized as having “poor” or “very poor” oral hygiene. Almost all respondents had some degree of periodontal disease and required restorative intervention.
Self-critical thinking mediates the relationship between perfectionism and perceived stress in undergraduate students: a longitudinal study
Authors: Stevenson Jodie , Akram Umair
Published: March 2022

The present study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships between multidimensional perfectionism, perceived stress, and self-critical thinking in a sample of UK university students. Specifically, to determine whether self-critical thinking at baseline mediated the longitudinal relationship between baseline perfectionism and future stress at follow-up. At baseline, N=220 students completed measures of multidimensional perfectionism, perceived stress, and self-critical thinking, whereas N=84 completed the same measures at follow-up. Socially prescribed, and self-oriented perfectionism were related to increased stress, self-hatred, and self-inadequacy at baseline. Longitudinal analysis revealed that baseline self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increased reports of stress and self-critical thinking three weeks later at follow-up. More crucially, multiple mediation analysis found self-hatred and inadequacy at baseline mediated the longitudinal relationship between baseline perfectionism and perceived stress at follow-up. Perfectionistic and self-critical thinking appears to accentuate the experience of perceived stress in the university student population. Student-based interventions to reduce self-critical thinking may prove beneficial in preventing the onset of perceived stress.
Extracellular vesicle formation mediated by local phosphatidylserine exposure promotes efficient cell extrusion
Authors: Kira Akihito , Tatsutomi Ichiko , Saito Keisuke , Murata Machiko , Hattori Izumi , Kajita Haruna , Muraki Naoko , Oda Yukako , Satoh Saya , Tsukamoto Yuta , Kimura Seisuke , Kato Hiroki , Hirashima Tsuyoshi , Kawane Kohki
Published: March 2022

Cell extrusion is a universal mode of cell removal from tissues, and it plays an important role in regulating cell numbers and eliminating unwanted cells, such as apoptotic, unfit, or cancerous. During this process, cells delaminate from the cell layer, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we report a conserved execution mechanism of cell extrusion. We found extracellular vesicle (EV) formation in extruding cells at a site opposite to the extrusion direction. Particularly, we found that a lipid-scramblase‒mediated local exposure of phosphatidylserine is responsible for EV formation and is crucial for executing cell extrusion, while inhibition of this process disrupted prompt cell delamination and tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, we revealed that the EV formation is governed by the mechanism in microvesicle formation, while the EVs have some hallmarks of apoptotic body. Finally, we illustrated the role of EV formation as promoting the neighboring cells’ invasion resulting in the execution of cell extrusion by experimental and mathematical modeling analysis. Taken together, this study provides the insights that membrane dynamics plays a crucial role behind the cell exit from the tissue by connecting the actions of extruding cell and the neighboring cells.
Reading the Isotopic Code of Heavy Elements
Authors: Ibañez-Mejia Mauricio , Tissot François L.H.
Published: March 2022

The isotopic variability of the elements in our planet and Solar System is the end result of a complex mixture of processes, including variable production of isotopes in stars, ingrowth of daughter nuclides due to decay of radioactive parents, and selective incorporation of isotopes into solids, liquids, or gases as a function of their mass and/or nuclear volume. Interpreting the isotopic imprints that planetary formation and evolution have left in the rock and mineral record requires not only precise and accurate measurements but also an understanding of the drivers behind isotopic variability. Here, we introduce fundamental concepts needed to “read” the isotopic code, with particular emphasis on heavy stable isotope systems.
Planetary Evaporation
Authors: Tang Haolan , Young Edward D.
Published: March 2022

Evaporation of magma oceans exposed to space may have played a role in the chemical and isotopic compositions of rocky planets in our Solar System (e.g., Earth, Moon, Mars) and their protoplanetary antecedents. Chemical depletion of moderately volatile elements and the enrichment of these elements’ heavier isotopes in the Moon and Vesta relative to chondrites are clear examples. Evaporation is also thought to be an important process in some exoplanetary systems. Identification of evaporation signatures among the rock-forming elements could elucidate important reactions between melts and vapors during planet formation in general, but the process is more complicated than is often assumed.
Annealed averages in spin and matrix models
Authors: Foini Laura , Kurchan Jorge
Published: March 2022

A disordered system is denominated `annealed' when the interactions
themselves may evolve and adjust their
values to lower the free energy.
The opposite (`quenched') situation when disorder is fixed, is the
one relevant for physical spin-glasses, and has received vastly more attention.
Other problems however are more natural in the annealed situation:
in this work we discuss examples where annealed averages
are interesting, in the context of
matrix models.
We first discuss how in practice, when system and disorder adapt together, annealed systems develop `planted' solutions spontaneously, as the ones found in the study of inference problems.
In the second part, we study the probability distribution of elements of a matrix derived from a rotationally invariant (not necessarily Gaussian) ensemble, a problem that maps into the annealed average of a spin glass model.
Análise Bibliométrica Das Cadeias Curtas De Abastecimento De Alimentos
Authors: Soares Rosângela Oliveira , Tibério Manuel Luis , Tavares Paulino Varela , Cristóvão Artur Fernando Arêde Correia , Zan Fatima Regina
Published: March 2022

O objetivo do presente estudo foi em analisar as publicações científicas sobre cadeias curtas de abastecimento alimentar. Os pesquisadores caracterizam-nas como cadeias de suprimentos que envolvem um número limitado de operadores, comprometidos com a cooperação e o desenvolvimento rural bem como estreitas relações geográficas e sociais entre agricultores e consumidores. Realizou-se a pesquisa bibliométrica na base de dados Web of Science por disponibilizar muitos periódicos em diversas áreas do conhecimento, além de permitir a análise dos resultados por meio do número de citações dos artigos, nomes de autores, ano e periódicos, assim como por disponibilizar o h-index3 atualizado. Com o auxílio do software VOSviewer, a análise de conteúdo revelou que as cadeias curtas de abastecimento apresentam abordagens socioeconômicas, estruturais e organizacionais, e aspectos de sustentabilidade, saúde e segurança alimentar. Os resultados da pesquisa, gerados a partir dos trabalhos de maior prestígio e recentes, apontam uma tendência crescente de estudos nesta área com as redes de proximidade geográfica, cooperação, sistemas alternativos e desenvolvimento sustentável. O estudo contribui para um melhor entendimento sobre cadeias curtas, auxiliando na compreensão dos processos entre os atores sociais.
Extensão Universitária no Processo de Integração dos Imigrantes Internacionais à Comunidade Regional
Authors: Azevedo Gabriella Azeredo , Brandt Grazielle Betina
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo debate acerca do grande fluxo migratório hoje para o Brasil, e mais especificamente para o Rio Grande do Sul, e como tem se dado a relação com os imigrantes no território, sob o ponto de vista do acesso a direitos, serviços e a garantia e implementação de políticas públicas do Estado que são viabilizados por novos agentes: as universidades e seus projetos de extensão. A partir do referencial teórico, com destaque para a Teoria da Estruturação de Giddens, e de uma análise qualitativa, feita a partir de entrevistas ao longo do ano de 2018 e 2019, verificou-se a atuação de projetos de extensão no Rio Grande do Sul de duas universidades federais que prestam serviços aos imigrantes e interagem com o Estado e com a comunidade. Percebeu-se que muitos desses serviços e a própria garantia de direitos pelo Estado, foram viabilizados por intermédio destas universidades, o que demonstra, primeiro, sua importante função de agente dentro da estrutura e, segundo, sua proximidade e compromisso com o social e com a comunidade, mesmo em um momento de constantes cortes no orçamento e financiamento de projetos por parte do governo federal.
Agricultura Familiar e Reprodução Social: Estratégias dos Assentados de Santana do Livramento/RS
Authors: Ferron Jeferson da Luz , Troian Alessandra , Breitenbach Raquel
Published: March 2022

A agricultura familiar, diversa e heterogênea, tem desenvolvido historicamente uma série de estratégias para se reproduzir social e economicamente. O presente estudo buscou analisar as estratégias de reprodução social utilizadas pela agricultura familiar assentada de Santana do Livramento/RS. Metodologicamente a pesquisa caracteriza-se como qualitativa, realizada a partir do método estudo de caso. As técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram: pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, entrevista semiestruturada e observação não participante. Foram entrevistados onze agricultores familiares assentados de três diferentes assentamentos rurais do município. A análise dos dados se deu a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Como principais resultados destaca-se que as estratégias de reprodução social adotadas pelos agricultores são diversificadas, mas não diferem entre os assentamentos. Na adoção das estratégias, os agricultores levam em consideração as necessidades da família, a área de terra, localização do lote, acesso a políticas públicas e suas experiências de vida. Apesar da existência de 30 assentamentos rurais no município, os assentados enfrentam dificuldades para permanecer no campo, demandando que o Estado assuma a sua função de propulsor do desenvolvimento rural.
TÜRKİYE’NİN NÜFUS POLİTİKALARINDAKİ DEĞİŞİMİN KALKINMA PLANLARI ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: KAYACAN Emir
Published: March 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı; Türkiye’de 1963 yılında başlayan ve beşer yıllık dönemleri kapsayan kalkınma planları çerçevesinde nüfus politikalarındaki değişimi analiz etmektir. Nüfusun hacmini ve yapısını etkilemeye yönelik tasarlanan nüfus politikaları, Türkiye’de dönemler açısından farklılık sergilemektedir. Cumhuriyet öncesi dönem kabul edilen Osmanlı Devleti’nde belirgin bir nüfus politikası olmamakla beraber, genel eğilim nüfusun nicelik yönünden arttırılması yönünde olmuştur. Bu yaklaşım Cumhuriyetin kuruluşundan 1963 yılına kadar istikrarlı bir biçimde sürdürülmüştür. 1963 yılından sonra başlayan planlı kalkınma dönemlerindeki nüfus politikaları ise iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, mevcut literatür genellikle kalkınma planlarında uygulanan politikaları sadece tek yönlü ele almaktadır. Ancak, planlı dönemin başladığı 1963 yılından 2010’lu yıllara kadar nüfus artış hızını düşürmeyi amaçlayan antinatalist politikalar uygulanırken; söz konusu dönemden itibaren ülkenin demografik yapısındaki değişimler göz önünde bulundurularak pronatalist olarak nitelenen doğurganlığı teşvik edici politikalara doğru bir dönüşüm yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, kalkınma planlarında yer alan ifadeler üzerinden nüfus politikalarındaki yaklaşımı ortaya koymaktadır.
Forecasting economic development taking into account several turning points: Indicators, model calibration, simulation computations
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Vorontsovskiy Alexey , Vyunenko Lyudmila ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

The article considers the possibility of constructing forecasts for macroeconomic indicators taking into account the turning points in their dynamics trends. The calculations are performed on the base of a discrete approximation for the constraints of a simple economic growth stochastic model using the Monte Carlo method. In the first part, the authors analyze the problems of justifying turning point indicators and show that there is no single approach to their definition. Changes in GDP, oil prices and other indicators often serve as such indicators. In the second part, the authors propose to relate turning points to a change in the value of one of the numerical parameters of the growth model under consideration — the capital depreciation rate. To determine the parameters of the model, a special calibration procedure is proposed, based on solving the optimization problem according to the criterion of the minimum discrepancy between the average calculated and actual trajectories of GDP and Consumption over the calibration period. In the third part, experimental simulations are performed taking into account turning points according to the data of the economies of Finland, Cyprus and Japan. Three turning points are allocated for Cyprus and Japan, and one for Finland. Forecasts of the GDP and Consumption dynamics for these countries at current and constant prices of 2010 are constructed. For all three countries under consideration, the results of simulations show that indirect accounting of turning points by amendment of the capital depreciation rate allows significantly improving the quality of forecasts based on the average calculated trajectory, taking into account the specified confidence interval for the selected forecast period.
The impact of the ownership structure on the innovative activity of Russian companies
Authors:   HSE University, Cherkasova Victoria , Baron Artem ,   PAO “NOVATEK"
Published: March 2022

Capital structure determines a company’s growth prospects by affecting its investment activity. The article examines what type of capital, foreign or state-owned, stimulates a company’s innovative activity as measured by its number of patent applications. The study was carried out using data from 238 public Russian companies in the period 2012–2020. The results of the study show that state and foreign investors influence innovation to different degrees: state capital positively affects the number of patent applications filed, while foreign capital does not. The impact of political connections and board structure on research and development was investigated. The political ties of the CEOs and the board chairs are expressed by the experience of working in the public service. The presence of such experience in the company’s management increases the company’s innovation activity. However, political connections are effective only in companies with state capital, or in specific industries. The company’s state capital and political connections have a positive impact on the number of patent applications filed in the energy and industrial sectors. The presence of political ties has a positive impact on the role of foreign capital in innovation. The share of foreign directors has a positive effect on patents. Also, the presence of patents from previous years, as well as the age and size of the company, affects the receipt of patents in the future. The younger and larger the company, the more patent applications there will be.
Regiolects of the Russian sign language: A multimodal electronic corpus (based on the communicative space of Eastern Siberia)
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Kulikova Ludmila V. , Shatokhina Sofya A. ,   Siberian Federal University
Published: March 2022

The article reflects the results of a study focused on the variable features of Russian sign language (RSL) in a large region of Eastern Siberia. The work analyzes the modern sociolinguistic landscape of regional variants of RSL and describes the specifics of its functioning in such subjects as Krasnoyarsky Krai, Irkutsk Oblast’, Tyva and Khakassia Republics. The main scientific and practical result of the study of RSL regional variants is presented in the format of developing an electronic multimodal corpus of sign language for a large region of Russia in the amount of 600–800 signs for each territory based on marking the most frequent signs that coincide in the subregions of Siberia, as well as being semiotically differentiated according to the selected territories. Thus, the proposed material summarizes the experience of conducting institutional and linguistic monitoring of RSL representation in the region and creating an electronic platform for the assembled corpus of signs. The use of sign language is considered as one of the analogues of multimodal communication. At the same time, the term “multimodality” is also applied to the format of the platform, which is designed on the basis of several channels of information transmission and manifests itself in the integrality of various technological modes. The novelty of the study lies in the analytical, theoretical and applied examination of the insufficiently studied and described variants of RSL of the Eastern Siberia region and in the possibility of their linguistic documentation based on electronic material fixation.
Functional-semantic characteristics of the discursive formula da net in Russian speech
Authors:   Yanbian University, Cui Lili
Published: March 2022

The article attempts to analyze the functioning of the colloquial discursive formula da net in everyday Russian speech, which is implemented as an independent indivisible sentence. The discursive formula da net is an integral and frequent element of speech. The analysis was based on transcripts of the corpus of Russian everyday speech “One Speaker’s Day”, which is one of the most representative linguistic resources for the analysis of Russian oral discourse today. The specific material for the analysis was the user subcorpus, which includes 126 corresponding units in contexts. An appeal to lexicographic practice has shown that descriptions of da net as a whole exist only in dictionary entries for the word net, but not for da. In this case, dictionaries describe net in combination with the particle da (as well as the particles tak and zhe) exclusively as an amplifying particle, which is used to amplify the opposition in complex sentences that have a concessive character or the meaning of opposition. The analysis revealed that da net in our speech realizes its meaning exclusively in context and in contrast to dictionary data, more often expresses a softening rather than an intensification of negation. The data obtained makes it possible to create the “lexicographic portrait” of this unit and can be useful in various aspects, both theoretical (description of the use of the studied units in oral everyday communication) and practical (teaching Russian language to a foreign audience, translation practice, lexicographical practice).
Positive discourse analysis and latent euphemisation
Authors:   University of Niš, Radulović Milica
Published: March 2022

The article examines some epistemic aspects of latent euphemisation in argumentative discourse. The purpose of the work is to show that, by focusing on the notion of voice which links talk and context, positive discourse analysis (PDA) can serve as a meta-orientation in analysing alternative discourses. The theoretical framework for the analysis is the pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation, which discusses methods and tools for improving discussion and reconciling dissensual opinions. According to M.Gerber, some of the potential problems of the pragma-dialectical approach are “ethical deficiencies”, “the risk of amorality” and limitations regarding the method for evaluating arguments in accordance with goals, purposes and consequences. This article argues that the pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation can be implemented to identify latent euphemisation as fallacious reasoning. However, the evaluation of language use as latently euphemistic, and consequently, fallacious, is an epistemic judgment that needs to take into account discussants’ epistemic and epistemological boundaries and commitments, including ethical considerations. As communication can lead to miscommunication unless a common epistemological background is shared, latent euphemisation can be seen as a result of inconsistent epistemological positions whose potential motives and consequences need to be addressed.
Approaching typographic variation
Authors:   University of Vienna, Spitzmüller Jürgen
Published: March 2022

This article introduces a linguistic approach to typography which is based on (interactional) sociolinguistic and metapragmatic theories of communicative variation that is located in the rather new sociolinguistic strand called the sociolinguistics of writing. Within the framework clarified here, typography, and graphic design in general, is understood as a variable perceptible resource which provides, by means of its reference-indeterminate variability, options for the ascription and interactive contextual construal of social (or indexical) meaning. As will be elaborated upon, the approach draws on the assumption that such social meaning is not inherent to communicative forms, but the result of discursively shared (enregistered) and thus unevenly distributed and hence contextually differing expectations, beliefs and assumptions (graphic ideologies). The work introduces a range of basic notions that are needed for the linguistic investigation in typography (typography, typographic scales, text design, multimodality), sketches the scope of linguistic investigations into typographic design on the background of different functions of typographic variation, locates the sociolinguistic approach vis-a-vis other linguistic approaches to typography, introduces the basic notions on which a sociolinguistics of typography is built (graphic variation, graphic knowledge, enregisterment, and graphic ideologies) and finally exemplifies the approach by means of examples from German-speaking discourse.
Let’s talk about rhetoric! Plutarch’s position within a long, ideologically burdened tradition in the history of education
Authors:   University of Trier, Tsiampokalos Theofanis
Published: March 2022

The question of Plutarch’s attitude towards rhetoric has occupied several scholars since the 19th century. The traditional view is that it is rather negative. Although Plutarch acknowledges some value in rhetoric as a means of persuasion in politics, he nevertheless attributes the dominant role to ethos. As it will be shown below, however, this picture is only partially justified after a closer examination of the relevant texts in their historical-cultural context. In the present work, Plutarch’s remarks on rhetoric are considered against the background of the traditional conflict between rhetoric and philosophy, and analyzed in relation to three thematically significant oppositions, namely that between teaching and persuading, between speech and ethos, and between the philosophers and the sophists. The result is that the secondary, supporting role that rhetoric assumes in certain passages as a means of persuasion is to be relativized rather than emphasized. It can be explained in each case on the basis of its argumentative function. In other cases in Plutarch’s work, where rhetoric is discussed, the attitude expressed is in principle positive without the usual opposition between speech and ethos playing a role at the same time.
The Falernian Picnic (Hor. Carm. 2, 3)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Egorova Sofia
Published: March 2022

This article deals with the structure of Horace’s Carm. 2, 3, in which the poet advises Dellius to cultivate calm and goes on to describe a luxurious picnic. Whereas other commentators since antiquity have connected Falernian wine with an anecdote of Quintus Dellius (Plut. Ant. 59, 4: “For he had offended Cleopatra at supper by saying that while sour wine was served to them, Sarmentus, at Rome, was drinking Falernian. Now, Sarmentus was one of the youthful favourites of Caesar, such as the Romans call deliciae.” [Tr. B. Perrin]), this article seeks another reason why this particular kind of wine should be mentioned here. The phrase interiore nota Falerni in verse 8 probably indicates that the wine chosen for the picnic was not only of good origin, but also a vintage one, and this trait of Dellius can be viewed as an extreme desire to pursue the joie de vivre: he not only goes for a picnic (which would be a moderate way of spending holidays, see e. g., Cic. Off. 3, 58), but he chooses the Falernian for it, and — moreover — the aged one. Thus, the poem to Dellius is contrasted to other well-known poems from Book 2, namely Carm. 2, 14 (to Postumus, who will not enjoy his rare wine himself) and Carm. 2, 10, where the famous ideal of aurea mediocritas is expressed.
The Presence and Functionality of Comic Latin Sources in Some Letters by Thomas More
Authors:   University of Santiago de Compostela, Cabrillana Concepción
Published: March 2022

Detailed examination of the presence and use of Latin comic sources in Thomas More’s work has been the subject of little systematic investigation. Among other aspects, the variety of perspectives from which these sources are handled in More’s writings, and the diverse functionality that they are endowed with, make this analysis somewhat complex. The object of the article will be restricted to the analysis of some key mentions of Latin comic sources in a particularly significant letter from the point of view of More’s defense of humanism, such as the letter to Maarten van Dorp (1515). In addition, the density of allusions to Plautus and Terence is shown in a set of letters and, as a means of possible contrast, in More’s epigrammatic texts; an explanatory hypothesis of this presence is also proposed. The analysis contextualizes the place of the letter in which the aforementioned allusions occur, and examines them comparatively. It is suggested that the main functionality of the introduction of references to Latin comedians is to provide eloquent support to establish a significant part of the refutatio of the letter; these references make it possible to shed light on certain inconsistencies in the conduct of the addressee, which weaken the objectivity of his points of view and the correctness of his behavior: hence the Morean criticism of Dorp.
Forms “How + infinitive” in the titles of Internet publications: Lexical-semantic and pragmatic structure
Authors:   Saratov State University, Dementyev Vadim V.
Published: March 2022

Based on the material of modern Internet media (text queries of the Yandex search engine), the article examines the widespread type of headings “How + X”, where the X form includes the infinitive. It is shown that this type is assigned to intentions of advice and instructions, which are in high demand in modern Internet communication. The formalization of possible variants of X is carried out: As + Adv + Vmod (including negation) in the infinitive + V (fullvalued verbs) + Odirect and indirect + Circonstant. Of these, the mandatory components are — How V, the optional ones are Adv, Vmod, O and Circonstant. Based on the results obtained, the main structural (structural-syntactic) and content (primarily lexico-semantic) groups are distinguished. It is established that by the presence and quality in the form “How + infinitive” of the Vmod term, the most frequent constructions are: How + V, How not + V, How necessary + V, How possible + V, How better + V, How effectively + V, how well + V, how correctly + V, how to start + V, how to learn + V, how to learn not + V, how to quit + V, how to stop + V. Complete lists of semantic verbs V in these groups are provided, structural types are distributed on the semantics of headings. Thematic groups of verbs acting in position V in the found contexts are highlighted and examined in detail: the state of the addressee of speech (appearance, health, physical, intellectual capabilities, technical, medical, culinary, etc. skills); communication (effective) and building social hierarchies; equipment (gadgets) and its maintenance; games (primarily computer and role-playing); cooking. A general vocabulary list is provided at the end of the article.
DIGITAL TENSION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN DEMOCRACIES AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES
Authors:   Agra College, Bajpai Arunoday
Published: March 2022

There is no looking back from the ever-increasing digitalization of political processes and administration. This is a global phenomenon, but it has different impacts in democratic and authoritarian regimes. This theoretical paper seeks to explain this difference using the concept of digital tension. Digital tension refers to incompatibility among the different components of digital technology, which gives rise to incongruence and even conflict between different outcomes of use of digital technology to political processes. Digital technology promotes openness, transparency, and decentralized use, but it also facilitates centralization of monitoring and control. The outcomes of openness, decentralization, and transparency in actual practice go against the centralizing tendencies inherent in the same technology. In political discourse we say that digital technology empowers ordinary citizens, but we can also assert that it equally empowers rulers in a political regime. However, the interests of the rulers and the ruled are not the same even in democratic regimes. Since governing authorities are more resourceful, they are likely to use digital technology to enhance their power. This tendency is found in both democratic and authoritarian regimes. In democratic regimes, the ruling regime may use digital technology not only to centralized monitoring and control, but also for greater surveillance of opponents and critics. However, digital tension is well managed in authoritarian regimes, and hence the empowerment of rulers through digital technology is more pronounced. Thus, digital technology for centralized monitoring, supervision, and control is a boon for authoritarian regimes. This paper is divided onto four parts: Part one deals with theoretical issues related to digital technology and digital tension, Part two analyzes the role of digital technology in democratic regimes, Part three explains the use of this technology in authoritarian regimes, and Part four compares democratic and authoritarian regimes with respect to the use of digital technology and lists conclusions of this study.
PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TERRORISM
Authors:   St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, Karatueva Elena
Published: March 2022

Terrorism in all its manifestations is one of the most dangerous illegal phenomena. Despite numerous studies in the field of terrorist crimes, there is no single international definition of terrorism in general and environmental terrorism in particular. Various criteria are used to define "environmental terrorism," and so it is not yet possible to create a single and comprehensive definition. Currently, there are two main interpretations of this concept. Within the framework of the first, environmentalist organizations fighting for animal rights and against pollution of ecosystems by using violent methods of a criminal nature are classified as ecoterrorist. In the second case, the concept of environmental terrorism is interpreted more broadly and includes acts of intentional harm to the environment in order to achieve certain political and other goals. Moreover, according to the second interpretation, the definition of terrorism, the purpose of which is to damage the environment, is also ambiguous in different countries. This article is explores existing definitions of environmental terrorism and possible criteria for its scholarly classification. The paper presents the author's classification of types of environmental terrorism. The generalized material of international and domestic studies in the field of radical environmental impact allows us to creating a general and acceptable classification of environmental terrorism for various scientific fields, which will allow us to fully qualify environmental terrorist acts in the future and to develop a common strategy for countering radical environmental impacts.
Ways of interpreting the siege and frontline daily life in expositions and exhibitions of Leningrad — St. Petersburg historical museums in the 1940s–1990s
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Amosova Alisa A. , Cherchintseva Alina K. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: March 2022

For the first time, the display of frontline life in the museum space was realized during the war years in the framework of military-historical exhibitions that supported the morale of people, served as a means of information about the situation at the fronts. The tragic daily life of the siege was first presented in the format of an exhibition, and later in the Museum of the Defense of Leningrad. The range of topics covered included partisan life, features of organizing urban space, and others. As a result of the Leningrad Affair, the topic of defense and siege was tacitly banned. During Khrushchev’s “thaw”, the Museum of the History of Leningrad was the first to break the silence by undertaking a series of exhibition projects dedicated to the complex topic of the siege. Since the late 1980s, the staff of the revived Museum of the Defense of Leningrad has organized exhibitions devoted to radio broadcasting in the besieged city, reflection of the realities of the siege in painting, graphics, and sculpture, which expanded the content coverage of the topic concerning everyday military life. The baton was picked up by other historical museums of St. Petersburg, which implemented museum displays dedicated to the daily life of a person at the front. This study analyzes the forms of interpretation of the siege and frontline everyday life in the space of Leningrad — St. Petersburg historical museums in the second half of the 20th century. Particular attention is paid to iconic expositions and exhibitions of the period under study: their ideological content and museum objects included are considered and key exposition decisions are analyzed. The article is based on a corpus of archival materials, sources of museum origin, and materials from periodicals.
Chinese art in the Tang Dynasty and the forms of its presentation in museums of the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Xiang Yuning , Xiang Bingzhe ,   Beijing Jiangong Architectural Design and Research Institute
Published: March 2022

The topic of this study is a realistic due to the fact that in Chinese history, the Tang Dynasty (618–907) is considered as the peak of national strength. It is during this period that ancient China became the center of economic and cultural exchanges with a number of states in the medieval world. Thanks to stable social development and the steadily developing economy, Chinese art of this period flourished. To this day, it has a special meaning for both Chinese and Asian cultures. The article examines the presentational forms of the art of Tang Dynasty in historical and art museums of the People’s Republic of China at the beginning of the 21st century: an overview of the history of Tang Dynasty and its art is presented, the collections of museum objects — works of fine art of the Tang Dynasty in Chinese museums are considered, and specific forms of art presentation are analyzed, such as expositions, exhibitions, online exhibitions, educational programs and projects implemented in cooperation with the media. The research is based on original sources of museum origin (materials from museums’ official websites, interviews conducted with museum employees) and a body of regulatory and administrative documents covering museum policy developments in the People’s Republic of China.
Museums of the Imperial Novorossiya University: The first years of history
Authors:   Odessa National Maritime University, Levchenko Valery V. , Levchenko Galina S. ,   Odessa National University named after I. I. Mechnikov
Published: March 2022

The article presents an attempt to illuminate the history of the formation and functioning of the museum network of the Imperial Novorossiya University (1865–1920) on the basis of scientific literature, published documents and historical sources that are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The legislative and organizational foundations of the formation of the museum business at the university is revealed and the activities of the leaders and employees of the university museums in the acquisition, processing, storage, exhibiting and use of museum collections in the scientific and educational process is described. The activity, profile and departmental affiliation of museums, their funding and sources of funds formation are characterized. The funds of the museums were divided into expositional, educational and scientific, and in the distribution of emphasis between these complexes, more attention was paid to the scientific and educational significance of the acquired artifacts. All the heads of the museum were representatives of the teaching staff from university faculties. They played a leading role in the educational, methodological, scientific and organizational activities of museums. Their scientific heritage is part of the genesis of many branches of science. In the activities of museums, there were ups and downs caused, first of all, by the instability of funding from the leadership of the university. Dependence on random circumstances and the frequent change of regular staff led to the unevenness of their development. First of all, the situation was saved by donations received both from representatives of the teaching staff, patrons and benefactors, and from ordinary citizens, which testifies to the public’s concern for the fate of the museums of the leading university in the south of the Russian Empire. The closure of the university in 1920 and the subsequent reorganization of museums caused irreparable damage to the process of cultural development.
Problems of interaction between branches of a museum association (on the example of the United Museum of Ural Writers)
Authors:   United Museum of Writers of the Urals, Kryazhevskykh Marina Yu. , Kardapoltseva Valentina N. ,   Ural State Mining University
Published: March 2022

The article is devoted to the problems of internal communication in a museum association, which include intersectoral communication, personnel questions, the problem of inertia, as well as the conflict of tradition and innovation. The problem is considered on the basis of a survey of employees in various departments and branches of the United Museum of Ural Writers in Yekaterinburg. In the article, the existing problems are analyzed as a consequence of the modern cultural policy of the state in the museum sphere. It is also the result of competition inside the association. The author raises the problem of interaction between the employees of the museum’s collections and exhibitors, and also attempts to find a solution to this problem. In addition, contradictions in the work of the museum’s PR management are mentioned. Certain difficulties arise in the field of organizing the scientific activities of the museum because researchers are actively involved in the current largescale and educational work of the association. The survey of workers on various elements of the structure of the United Museum of Writers of the Urals made it possible to comprehend, “articulate”, a number of problems of intersectoral communication. This helped to determine the main vectors for the museum’s future development. The new development strategy of the United Museum of Writers of the Urals and new formats of museum activities are aimed at creating a new image of the association as an intercultural multifunctional platform. The leadership of the association includes all sectors and departments in solving the common problems. Thanks to this, the association is gradually overcoming the difficulties of internal communication and the isolation of branches.
The Dunhuang and Yulin cave museum complexes
Authors:   The State Hermitage Museum, Elikhina Yuliia I.
Published: March 2022

The article examines the caves of Dunhuang and Yulin — world famous Buddhist complexes. The tradition of cave temples with wall paintings and sculpture came from India. The Dunhuang and Yulin caves were decorated in this manner. The highest peak in the development of Dunhuang art falls on the period of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it was at this time that numerous murals appeared depicting the Pure Land of Buddha Amitabha, the Lord of the West, where the souls of the righteous dwell, the Pure Land of Buddha of healing Bhaishajyaguru and other subjects. The main source for the creation of works of art in Dunhuang was Chinese Buddhism, which was formed under the influence of local cults and beliefs and was reflected in the sutras. A certain influence on the painting of Dunhuang was exerted by the art of the cave complexes of the Great Silk Road, and later by the artistic and iconographic traditions of the Tanguts and Mongols. The findings from Dunhuang in the collection of the State Hermitage Museum includes three hundred items. In 1914–1915, the Second Russian Turkestan Expedition under the leadership of academician S. F. Oldenburg worked there and brought these artifacts back. In addition, the expedition acquired a large number of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Chinese, Uyghur, Sogdian, Tibetan and Tangut. Currently, these priceless monuments are kept at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg. The Dunhuang and Yulin cave complexes are a monument of world culture in terms of their size, quantity and quality of paintings, as well as in the variety of subjects, which constitute an encyclopedia of Buddhism in pictorial and sculptural images.
Uma revisão dos acidentes em barragens de rejeito de mineração da América do Sul e o cenário brasileiro
Authors: Freitas Neto Osvaldo , Araujo Leal Felipe Carlos , Gomes William Vieira , Silva Phillipy Johny Lindolfo , Gonçalves Pedro Hugo , Santos Jr. Olavo
Published: March 2022

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os acidentes de barragens de rejeito de mineração na América do Sul nos séculos XX e XXI e avaliar o cenário atual das barragens brasileiras. Através de pesquisa na literatura pode-se verificar que existem atualmente 769 barragens de rejeito registradas no Brasil, sendo 425 inseridas na Política Nacional de Segurança de Barragens (PNSB) e 344 não inseridas. O método construtivo mais empregado é a execução em etapa única, sem alteamentos, representando 48,0% das barragens inseridas na PNSB e 60,2% das barragens não inseridas na PNSB. A partir da análise dos acidentes na América do Sul, observou-se que o país com maior frequência de acidentes foi o Brasil e a maior parte dos casos ocorreu na década de 2010. Além disso, 72,0% das barragens que sofreram acidentes foram construídas pelo método de alteamento à montante, o que vai de encontro ao que estabelece a literatura técnica, sobre o maior risco de instabilidade em barragens construídas através deste método.
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor (INSTI) Genotypic Resistance Analysis
in Treatment-Naive, INSTI Free Antiretroviral-Experienced and
INSTI-Experienced Turkish Patients Infected with HIV-1
Authors: Sayan Murat , Yildirim Figen Sarigul , Akhan Sila , Karaoglan Ilkay , Akalin Halis
Published: March 2022

Background and Objective:

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are currently
the standard of practice for first-line HIV therapy for most patients. We evaluated the mutations associated
with INSTI resistance in naive HIV-1 infected patients and treated them with antiretrovirals
(ART).

Methods:

The study, conducted in the 2018 - 2020 period, included 50 ART-naïve patients, 69 INSTI
free ART-experienced patients, and 82 INSTI-experienced patients. INSTI resistance mutations
were interpreted using the Stanford University HIVdb Program algorithm.

Results:

INSTI resistance was not detected in ART naïve patients. At least one INSTI resistance
mutation was detected in 10% of the INSTI-free patients and 29% of the INSTI-treated patients.
Major INSTI-mutations E138K, Y143R, S147G, Q148R, N155H, and E157Q were found in raltegravir.
Additional mutations, E92Q, E138K, G140A, S147G, and Q148R were found in
elvitegravir; E192Q, E138K/T, G140A/S, S147G, Q148H/R, N155H, E157Q were found in dolutegravir
(DTG) experienced patients. According to all drug classes, drug resistance mutation prevalences
were determined at the rate of 60%, 46%, and 46% in the RAL, EVG, and DTG groups, respectively.

Conclusion:

Our findings provide data for treatment and resistance management of INSTIs and
may provide feedback for INSTIs resistance surveillance consensus-building efforts. In viral rebound
under INSTI treatment, INSTI-resistant mutations follow typical INSTI resistance pathways
and high resistance rates. INSTI resistance genotypic analysis should be considered before any
DTG-based regimes can be initiated in the future, and reduced DTG susceptibility should be carefully
monitored and investigated.
The interstate development of human capital accounting: Assessment and modeling of the economic effect
Authors:   Department of Economic Theory and Economic Cybernetics, National University Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic, Poltava, Ukraine, et al. Chyzhevska
Published: March 2022

The aim of the article is to develop a methodology for determining the effectiveness and accounting of human capital in the context of interstate comparison. The article notes the importance of systematic accounting for the interstate development of human capital. It is emphasized that there is no relevant methodology in the scientific world for determining the effectiveness and human capital accounting in the context of interstate comparison. Taking into account the above, the authors proposed a method of human capital accounting using the information resource of the UN statistical database. In the article, for the first time in the scientific world, the comparative interstate human capital accounting with the use of the modified first principal component analysis is carried out. The method proposed by the authors involves the use of a variety of socio-economic and demographic indicators of 29 countries of the world and the modeling of a single integral indicator of human capital accounting. The integral indicator made it possible to take into account and compare the level of human capital development in different countries in the dynamics. The proposed method will allow interested stakeholders to systematically record, evaluate and compare the state of human resource development with other countries of the world.