bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mobilising collaborative consumption lifestyles: a comparative frame analysis of time banking
Authors: Laamanen Mikko , Wahlen Stefan , Campana Mario
Published: April 2015

In this article, we elaborate how the framing of lifestyle‐based collaborative consumption impacts local mobilisation. We present time banking as a collaborative consumption lifestyle emerging from literatures on collaborative consumption and lifestyle movements. The cultural processes of meaning making and practices of framing, through which time banks mobilise constituents and entice collective action, are examined through naturally occurring text interpreted for diagnostic, prognostic and motivational framing. These three framing tasks further illuminate the change aimed for in local lifestyles. The data were collected from time banks in three European metropolitan areas. The findings highlight framing as a practice that challenges traditional monetised ideology of exchange in orthodox economic theory and the hegemonic understandings of consumption. This article advances the recent discussions on lifestyle movements engaging in meaning creation practices impacting the everyday actions of consumers in local communities.
The GO4KIDDS Brief Adaptive Scale
Authors: Perry Adrienne , Taheri Azin , Ting Victoria , Weiss Jonathan
Published: April 2015

Background

Accurate measurement of adaptive behaviour is important in both clinical and research contexts. While several good clinical measures exist, as well as brief research measures for adults with intellectual disability, there is need for a brief and efficient measure for research with children and youth. We present preliminary psychometric properties of a new scale we developed for such purposes, the GO4KIDDS Brief Adaptive Behaviour Scale.

Materials and Methods

A large sample (n = 432) of parents of youth (aged 3–20) with intellectual disability and/or ASD completed an online survey that included the new scale. A subsample of these parents (n = 204) also completed the Scales of Independent Behavior‐Revised Short Form (Scales of Independent Behavior—Revised Comprehensive Manual, 1996 and Riverside Publishing).

Results

The new scale has good internal consistency and correlates strongly with the Scales of Independent Behavior, thus supporting its reliability and validity.

Conclusions

Although we do not recommend its use for clinical purposes, the GO4KIDDS Brief Adaptive Behaviour Scale may be useful for survey research with parents of children and youth with developmental disabilities.
Employment in Adults with Down Syndrome in the United States: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Kumin Libby , Schoenbrodt Lisa
Published: April 2015

Background

There is no current data about employment/unemployment of adults with Down syndrome in the United States. The data that exists includes adults with Down syndrome as part of the larger group of people with disabilities or people with intellectual disability.

Method

This study used a survey to investigate paid and volunteer employment, unemployment, types of jobs, job training, job settings, job schedules and job satisfaction in adults with Down syndrome. There were 511 survey responses received.

Results

Findings were that there is high unemployment for adults with Down syndrome and that current employment is in a limited number of fields, primarily in the areas of food, janitorial work, landscaping, and office work. A small percentage of respondents have full time paid employment. A combination of part time paid employment and unpaid volunteer work is typical.

Conclusions

Implications for educators, counselors, legislators and employers are discussed.
High School Students' Experiences of Bullying and Victimization and the Association With School Health Center Use
Authors: Lewis Catherine , Deardorff Julianna , Lahiff Maureen , Soleimanpour Samira , Sakashita Kimi , Brindis Claire D.
Published: April 2015

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Bullying and victimization are ongoing concerns in schools. School health centers (SHCs) are well situated to support affected students because they provide crisis intervention, mental health care, and broader interventions to improve school climate. This study examined the association between urban adolescents' experiences of school‐based bullying and victimization and their use of SHCs.

METHODS

Data was analyzed from 2063 high school students in 5 Northern California school districts using the 2009‐2010 California Healthy Kids Survey. Chi‐square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to measure associations.

RESULTS

Students who were bullied or victimized at school had significantly higher odds of using the SHCs compared with students who were not, and were also significantly more likely to report confidentiality concerns. The magnitude of associations was largest for Asian/Pacific Islander students, though this was likely due to greater statistical power. African American students reported victimization experiences at approximately the same rate as their peers, but were significantly less likely to indicate they experienced bullying.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that SHCs may be an important place to address bullying and victimization at school, but confidentiality concerns are barriers that may be more common among bullied and victimized youth.
PTSD and Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Lehrner A.m.y. , Rosenbaum Talli Y.
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Difficulties in sexual desire and function often occur in persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but many questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of sexual problems in PTSD.

Aim

The aim of this review was to present a model of sexual dysfunction in PTSD underpinned by an inability to regulate and redirect the physiological arousal needed for healthy sexual function away from aversive hyperarousal and intrusive memories.

Method

A literature review pertaining to PTSD and sexual function was conducted. Evidence for the comorbidity of sexual dysfunction and PTSD is presented, and biological and psychological mechanisms that may underlie this co-occurrence are proposed.

Main Outcome Measures

This manuscript presents evidence of sexual dysfunction in conjunction with PTSD, and of the neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of PTSD and sexual function.

Results

Sexual dysfunction following trauma exposure may be mediated by PTSD-related biological, cognitive, and affective processes.

Conclusions

The treatment of PTSD must include attention to sexual dysfunction and vice versa.
Gut microbiome composition and metabolomic profiles of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) reflect host ecology
Authors: Gomez Andres , Petrzelkova Klara , Yeoman Carl J. , Vlckova Klara , Mrázek Jakub , Koppova Ingrid , Carbonero Franck , Ulanov Alexander , Modry David , Todd Angelique , Torralba Manolito , Nelson Karen E. , Gaskins H. Rex , Wilson Brenda , Stumpf Rebecca M. , White Bryan A. , Leigh Steven R.
Published: April 2015

The metabolic activities of gut microbes significantly influence host physiology; thus, characterizing the forces that modulate this micro‐ecosystem is key to understanding mammalian biology and fitness. To investigate the gut microbiome of wild primates and determine how these microbial communities respond to the host's external environment, we characterized faecal bacterial communities and, for the first time, gut metabolomes of four wild lowland gorilla groups in the Dzanga‐Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. Results show that geographical range may be an important modulator of the gut microbiomes and metabolomes of these gorilla groups. Distinctions seemed to relate to feeding behaviour, implying energy harvest through increased fruit consumption or fermentation of highly fibrous foods. These observations were supported by differential abundance of metabolites and bacterial taxa associated with the metabolism of cellulose, phenolics, organic acids, simple sugars, lipids and sterols between gorillas occupying different geographical ranges. Additionally, the gut microbiomes of a gorilla group under increased anthropogenic pressure could always be distinguished from that of all other groups. By characterizing the interplay between environment, behaviour, diet and symbiotic gut microbes, we present an alternative perspective on primate ecology and on the forces that shape the gut microbiomes of wild primates from an evolutionary context.
The Intestinal Gas Questionnaire: development of a new instrument for measuring gas‐related symptoms and their impact on daily life
Authors: Chassany O. , Tugaut B. , Marrel A. , Guyonnet D. , Arbuckle R. , Duracinsky M. , Whorwell P. J. , Azpiroz F.
Published: April 2015

Background

Although gas‐related symptoms (GRS) are common and intrusive, there are no questionnaires to quantitate this problem. This study aimed to develop an instrument to rectify this gap in our knowledge.

Methods

Concepts were initially identified from the literature and interviews with gastroenterologists. Exploratory one‐to‐one interviews and focus groups with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients (n = 28) and non‐IBS subjects (n = 27) with GRS were conducted in UK, France, and Spain leading to a conceptual framework for the questionnaire. Last, iterative rounds of cognitive debriefing were performed with IBS (n = 16) and non‐IBS subjects (n = 14).

Key Results

From the first three steps, nine GRS (bloating, distension, flatulence, odorous flatulence, difficult gas evacuation, stomach rumbling, belching, bad breath, and abdominal movement) were identified although abdominal movement was subsequently excluded. Twelve quality of life domains affected by these symptoms were identified as: Clothing, emotional, physical appearance, diet, daily living, work, social life, physical activity, relationships, sex life, sleep, and cognitive function. A 24‐h recall for symptoms and a 7‐day recall for impact assessment were supported by the qualitative findings. Cognitive debriefing confirmed the understanding of the instrument. Across the three languages, the instrument was conceptually and linguistically consistent.

Conclusions & Inferences

The International Gas Questionnaire is a 2‐part instrument, developed rigorously and simultaneously in three languages assessing seven symptoms (17 items) and their impact on 12 domains (26 items) in IBS and general population. It is now undergoing psychometric validation and should provide a unique tool for epidemiological surveys and clinical trials for developing new treatments for these symptoms.
Adalimumab‐Induced Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in a 16‐Year‐Old Girl with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: West Emily S. , Nanda Kabita , Ofodile Ope , Rutledge Joe , Brandling‐Bennett Heather A.
Published: April 2015

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) antagonists are used in the treatment of numerous autoimmune conditions. Adalimumab is the first monoclonal antibody to TNF‐α and is used to treat juvenile idiopathic arthritis. A growing body of literature associates anti‐TNF‐α therapies with several adverse dermatologic manifestations, including drug‐induced lupus erythematosus (LE). We describe a case of cutaneous LE in a 16‐year‐old girl treated with adalimumab for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The temporal association between her presenting symptoms and adalimumab initiation and gradual improvement after stopping biologic therapy suggest adalimumab‐induced cutaneous LE. With increasing use of anti‐TNF therapies in children, the potential for drug‐induced LE should not be overlooked.
Repression of jasmonate signaling by a non‐TIFY JAZ protein in Arabidopsis
Authors: Thireault Caitlin , Shyu Christine , Yoshida Yuki , St. Aubin Brian , Campos Marcelo L. , Howe Gregg A.
Published: April 2015

JAsmonate ZIM‐domain (JAZ) proteins repress the activity of transcription factors that execute responses to the plant hormone jasmonoyl‐L‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile). The ZIM protein domain recruits the co‐repressors NINJA and TOPLESS to JAZ‐bound transcription factors, and contains a highly conserved TIF[F/Y]XG motif that defines the larger family of TIFY proteins to which JAZs belong. Here, we report that diverse plant species contain genes encoding putative non‐TIFY JAZ proteins, including a previously unrecognized JAZ repressor in Arabidopsis (JAZ13, encoded by At3g22275). JAZ13 is most closely related to JAZ8 and includes divergent EAR, TIFY/ZIM, and Jas motifs. Unlike JAZ8, however, JAZ13 contains a Ser‐rich C‐terminal tail that is a site for phosphorylation. Overexpression of JAZ13 resulted in reduced sensitivity to JA, attenuation of wound‐induced expression of JA‐response genes, and decreased resistance to insect herbivory. JAZ13 interacts with the bHLH transcription factor MYC2 and the co‐repressor TOPLESS but, consistent with the absence of a TIFY motif, neither NINJA nor other JAZs. Analysis of single and higher‐order T‐DNA insertion jaz null mutants provided further evidence that JAZ13 is a repressor JA signaling. Our results demonstrate that proteins outside the TIFY family are functional JAZ repressors and further suggest that this expansion of the JAZ family allows fine‐tuning of JA‐mediated transcriptional responses.
Sequence‐tagged high‐density genetic maps of Zoysia japonica provide insights into genome evolution in Chloridoideae
Authors: Wang Fangfang , Singh Ratnesh , Genovesi Anthony D. , Wai Ching Man , Huang Xiaoen , Chandra Ambika , Yu Qingyi
Published: April 2015

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.), belonging to the genus Zoysia in the subfamily Chloridoideae, is widely used in domestic lawns, sports fields and as forage. We constructed high‐density genetic maps of Zoysia japonica using a restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐Seq) approach and an F1 mapping population derived from a cross between ‘Carrizo’ and ‘El Toro’. Two linkage maps were constructed, one for each of the parents. A map consisting of 2408 RAD markers distributed on 21 linkage groups was constructed for ‘Carrizo’. Another map with 1230 RAD markers mapped on 20 linkage groups was constructed for ‘El Toro’. The average distance between adjacent markers of the two maps was at 0.56 and 1.4 cM, respectively. Comparative genomics analysis was carried out among zoysiagrass, rice and sorghum genomes and a highly conserved collinearity in the gene order was observed among the three genomes. Chromosome collinearity was disrupted at centromeric regions for each chromosome pair between zoysiagrass and sorghum genomes. However, no obvious synteny gaps were observed across the centromeric regions between zoysiagrass and rice genomes. Two homologous chromosomes for each of the 10 sorghum chromosomes were found in the zoysiagrass genome, indicating an allotetraploid origin for zoysiagrass. The reduction of the basic chromosome number from 12 to 10 in chloridoids and panicoids took place via independent single‐step nested chromosome fusion events after the two subfamilies diverged from a common ancestor. The genetic maps will assist in genome sequence assembly, targeted gene isolation and comparative genomic analyses among grasses.
Evolving tectonic concepts of the central and southern Appalachians
Authors: Faill Rodger T.
Published: April 2015

The Appalachian mountain system of eastern North America comprises a complex of deformed rocks which has stimulated geologic thinking since the area was first settled in the 17th century. Little attention was paid to it in the early days of European settlement, but in the early nineteenth century interest grew rapidly, leading to the creation of numerous state surveys and research that has continued unabated to this day. The earliest tectonic concepts were understandably rather primitive and mostly concerned the simpler foreland portion of the orogen. Upheavals, explosions, and other vertical motions were the main ingredients of the theory of the Rogers brothers and the geosyncline of Hall and Dana. Awareness of the importance of horizontal movements increased as continued detailed mapping revealed the presence of large thrust faults, culminating in the middle of this century with the elucidation of a décollement tectonics that pervades the entire Appalachian foreland.

The Appalachian crystallines were originally considered to be part of the crust, and they formed a large part of Appalachia, Dana’s geanticline that supplied sediment to the adjoining geosyncline. Studies early in the 1900s began to reveal the complexities of this terrane and by the middle of this century, the crystallines had been divided into a number of distinctive belts. With the application of the plate tectonics scheme in the 1970s, geologists realized that these belts probably are micro-continents, either broken off from the Laurentian craton, or having come from other plates. With the accession of deep seismic data, the crystallines are no longer thought of as being rooted in the crust, but are believed to have undergone an allochthony at least as extensive as the foreland’s.
Dust in the wind
Authors: Hansen William B.
Published: April 2015

As geologist and director of the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, J. A. Udden gained a reputation as a pioneer geologist from 1911–1932. Less is known about Udden’s tenure at Augustana College in Rock Island, Illinois, from 1888–1911. A study of letters to and from his teacher, students, and sons during this period, in light of some of his key tum-of-the-century publications, shows the influence of Udden’s research at Augustana.

Many of the concepts which brought him recognition later in life were developed under the guidance of his Augustana teacher, Josua Lindahl. As early as 1891, Udden advocated an actualistic approach to geology much like that of Johannes Walther. Udden’s research on wind-blown sediments led to the development of a particle distribution scheme that is used by sedimentologists today—the Udden-Wentworth scale. Working with T. C. Chamberlin, Udden was one of the first geologists to demonstrate that the Pleistocene loess of the Upper Mississsippi Valley was a wind-blown, not water-laid sediment. His interest in wind led to the construction of a working model of a flying machine. He perceived the importance of drill cuttings long before the oil and gas industry realized their value in subsurface geology. An interest in electricity led to Udden’s recommendation of seismic reflection as an exploration tool for oil and gas. Despite a full-time teaching load, Udden published 46 papers during his 23 years at Augustana.
Ralph Stockman Tarr
Authors: Brice William R.
Published: April 2015

R. S. Tarr (1864–1912), a native of Massachusetts and graduate of Harvard University, devoted his very short life to physical geography and glacial geology. Although his first professional work was in the arid regions of the Southwest, he soon returned to the East and began field studies in the Cape Ann area. In 1892 Tarr received an apppointment to Cornell University, where he stayed until his untimely death in March 1912. Once at Cornell, he began investigating the Finger Lake region of central New York. He was especially interested in the origin of the large valleys of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. Twenty years later Tarr said with conviction that the cause was glacial erosion. He was aided on this quest for the causes of the large Finger Lakes by several journeys to active glacial regions. The first was to Greenland in 1896, and starting in 1905, Tarr made several trips to the Yakutat Bay region of Alaska. His ideas and interpretations were not without controversy, and often he would find himself on opposite sides of an argument from T. C. Chamberlin and W. M. Davis.

In addition to his work as a scientist, Tarr was a master educator and writer. He touched the lives of countless students in his own classes, and, especially, through the numerous textbooks he produced. Tarr was able to write for many audiences: his peers in geology with his many scientific publications, students at all levels of education with his popular textbooks, and an audience beyond the academic world through the more popular science magazines of his day.
Surveying the geology of a vast, empty, cold country
Authors: Kupsch W. O.
Published: April 2015

Since its inception in 1842, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) has had to contend with demographic, geographic, political, and cultural factors peculiar to the country and substantially different from those prevailing in either Britain or the United States of America.

Problems of logistics beset the GSC particularly after Confederation in 1867 and the acquisition of Rupert’s Land from the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1870, when a vast area, much of it climatically hostile, was added to its exploratory responsibilities. Innovative field exploration methods ranged from track surveys by canoe in the 1880s to helicopter reconnaissance in the 1950s. Although at first geologists were responsible for the topographic mapping of the country, this task was taken over by a Topographical Division, which in time separated from the GSC and became part of the present-day Surveys and Mapping Branch.

Geology departments of universities in Canada were unable to provide sufficient numbers of geologists with a Ph.D. degree, as desired by the GSC. Until after World War II, most professional geologists in either the GSC or die universities obtained their highest degree outside the country, mostly in the United States.

Publication of results on geological studies done by or for the GSC or provincial surveys has been and still is in government documents. Increasingly, periodicals became vehicles of communication. With the establishment of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences in 1964, Canadians now have a periodical of world standing available at home for the publication of geological papers.
The G, William Holmes Research Station, Lake Peters, northeastern Alaska, and its impact on northern research
Authors: Dutro J. Thomas
Published: April 2015

The Arctic scientific research station at Lake Peters, northeastern Alaska, epitomized scientific field studies in the north for nearly two decades after its founding in 1958. More than 80 scientists based at the station during the years of greatest activity conducted research in 20 scientific disciplines. Some of the more detailed projects involved: Pleistocene and bedrock geologic mapping, geomorphology, glaciology, meteorology, hydrology, physical and biological limnology, botany, archaeology, ichthyology, mycology and ecology.

Lake Peters, one of the Neruokpuk Lakes, is a large, deep glacial lake, located in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in the northeastern Brooks Range. Lake Peters, adjoining Lake Schrader, and the surrounding country are ideally situated for research in various scientific disciplines probing the Arctic environment. Located in one of the more scenic parts of Alaska, the lakes and surrounding mountains also draw a number of visitors each year for recreational camping, hiking and mountain climbing.

The facility was officially named the G. William Holmes Research Station in dedication ceremonies held at the station June 21, 1970. Holmes, a U.S. Geological Survey geologist who died during the winter of 1970, helped establish the station in 1958 and conducted early geological research in the area.
The role and development of the Smithsonian Institution in the American geological community
Authors: Yochelson Ellis L.
Published: April 2015

For more than three decades, from its founding in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution served, not only as a focus for what federal geology there was, but also published scholarly papers on earth sciences, and helped inform the general public about the earth and its history. The educational activity of exhibiting collections increased greatly with the opening of a distinct museum building in 1881. Starting from 1879, the growing collections of the U.S. Geological Survey served as a bond between that organization and the Smithsonian. The opening of a new and far larger museum building in 1910 stimulated further growth of this relationship, but there was little increase in scientific staff of the U.S. National Museum for the next four decades; most of the geologists at the Museum were paid by the Department of the Interior. Despite its limited staff, the Museum performed its function well as a national repository; the mineralogical collections in particular grew to worldwide prominence. Surmounting difficulties of little financial or technical support, a few dedicated individuals on the museum staff published significant papers in the 1930s and 1940s. In the post-war decades, the Museum grew dramatically both in physical size for collection storage and in scientific staff. It is now a preeminent research institution; the principal areas of strength in geological research are in meteoritics, volcanology, and the systematic study of many fossil groups, although contributions are being made in many other subjects. The collections of geological objects cannot be duplicated; the institution will continue
Rummaging through the attic; Or, A brief history of the geological sciences at Yale
Authors: Skinner Brian J. , Narendra Barbara L.
Published: April 2015

Commencing with the appointment of Benjamin Silliman as Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in 1802, the history of instruction and research in the geological sciences at Yale can be conveniently divided into seven generation-long stages. Each stage was characterized by a group of faculty members whose interests and personalities imparted a distinct flavor and character to the institution; as those faculty members left, retired, or died over a decade-long period of change, responsibility for geological studies passed to a new generation.

The first stage began with the appointment of Silliman; the second started in 1850 as Silliman’s career drew to a close and J. D. Dana, his son-in-law, was appointed to the faculty, and brought the first Ph.D. degrees in the United States. The third stage commenced in 1880, and the fourth beginning in 1900, brought the first faculty appointments specifically for graduate instruction. The fifth and sixth stages saw the formative moves that welded different administrative units together, leading to today’s Department of Geology and Geophysics. Stage seven, commencing in 1965, includes the present (1984), but holds the seeds of stage eight.

The increasing diversity of research activities in geology has led to a doubling of the number of geological faculty employed at Yale approximately every 50 years. The number of Ph.D’s awarded has increased at a parallel rate. We suggest the size of the faculty will probably double again by the year 2035 and that production of Ph.D’s will probably rise to a rate of 12
A chronology from Mohole to JOIDES
Authors: Shor Elizabeth N.
Published: April 2015

In the late 1950s, when the competition was strong among oceanographic institutions, an idea arose that was larger than any of them could handle alone. This was the concept of drilling a hole through the crust of the earth to the mantle that came to be called the “Mohole Project.” It was a radical approach: to make a gigantic leap forward in exploration of the earth’s interior through the sea floor, going far beyond the technology of the day to the limits of what was possible, but not tested and proven. Although the project acquired funding early, the impetus was lost when an unexpected contractor was selected with whom the originators did not work smoothly.

Simultaneously, some geologists were urging the drilling of many deep sedimentary sites in the ocean. The geologic community was divided over the merits of drilling a single hole to the mande versus drilling a number of shallower holes. The Mohole Project was cancelled by Congress as a line item when cost estimates soared. The program to drill at many ocean sites survived, briefly as LOCO and CORE, and finally in 1964 as JOIDES, the scientifically productive Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling.
North American paleomagnetism and geology
Authors: Verhoogen John
Published: April 2015

This paper sketches out developments in North American paleomagnetism that have markedly affected geological thought, to the exclusion of those related mostly to the past character and properties of the earth’s magnetic field or to magnetic properties of rocks. Early work (1948) at the Carnegie Institution’s Department of Terrestrial Magnetism was mainly directed, as was also that of P.M.S. Blackett in England, at elucidating the past behavior of the geomagnetic field and its origin; proving or disprov-ing continental drift was not a primary objective, and the concept of sea-floor spreading was, of course, still unheard of. The first surprise came with the discovery of numerous reversely magnetized igneous and sedimentary rocks. It took about 10 years to establish that most of these reversed rocks reflected field reversals rather than self-reversal con-tingent on mineralogical composition. The development of a magnetic time scale based on the chronology of field reversals was of paramount geological significance as it led to confirmation of the Vine-Matthews hypothesis and to plate tectonics; it is now widely applied to worldwide stratigraphie correlations. Unexpected “abnormal” directions of magnetization in pre-Tertiary rocks were first interpreted in terms of polar wander, or, in the case of deformed rocks, in terms of magnetostriction and stress-induced anisotropy; they became accepted by British paleomagnetists as evidence for continental drift a few years before their American colleagues reached the same conclusion. Paleomagnetism has further affected geological thinking by establishing, through determination of the earth’s paleoradius, the improbability of Carey’s expansionist views and, most
The anticlinal theory of oil and gas accumulation
Authors: Galey John T.
Published: April 2015

The anticlinal theory of oil and gas accumulation was conceived in the Appalachians by recognition of the relationship of the structure of the strata to the occurrence of gas and oil. A New England M.D. who had migrated to southern Ohio made the first recorded observation of this relationship before 1836, but pronounced no theory. A quarter century later, in 1861, another New Englander pronounced the first theory from observations on the Ontario Peninsula, Canada. Four months later, an Ohio college professor made observations in West Virginia and independently pronounced essentially the same theory. It was employed successfully there until 1865, after which the concept languished until 1878 by reason of its misapplication. The first successful application of the theory in Ontario had followed its pronouncement by only a year.

Prior to the inception of the natural gas industry in 1884, the anticlinal theory was successfully utilized in the search for oil by knowledgeable prospectors. But they often discovered gas instead of oil, and gas was not then a saleable commodity. Nevertheless, this gas was soon to provide the impetus for the inception of the natural gas industry. The anticlinal theory was reintroduced in 1885 at a propitious time to provide the most viable means, the interpretation of the structure of the rocks, of obtaining a continuing supply for a rapidly growing gas industry. By 1901, its understanding aided the discovery at Spindletop in East Texas of the greatest oil gusher the world had ever known and “began a new era of civilization.”
The development of earthquake seismology in the western United States
Authors: Bolt Bruce A.
Published: April 2015

This paper traces the growth of seismology in the western United States, giving emphasis to geological connections. Pre-instrumental foundations of a science of earthquakes were laid late last century by geologists, especially G. K. Gilbert. These early studies were based largely on Quaternary tectonic structural features evident in the west. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake resulted in a tremendous increase in seismological research and knowledge, including H. F. Reid’s “elastic rebound” fault theory of the seismic source, theses on seismic hazards, prediction, seismometry, and other related topics. Significant growth of seismographic networks in California under the auspices of the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Institute of Technology, led to many geologically valuable results on such issues as seismic activity, tectonic patterns, and focal mechanisms. This discussion covers the period up to about 1960.
Geology from space
Authors: Lowman Paul D.
Published: April 2015

This paper reviews the development of geologic remote sensing of the Earth and earth-like bodies from space in the 1946–1984 period. Topics include sounding rocket photography, hand-held photography from Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, and Skylab missions, the Earth Resources Experiments Package carried on Skylab, Landsats 1 through 5, the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission, Seasat, and geologic remote sensing experiments carried on two Shuttle missions. Extraterrestrial bodies discussed include the Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, and the outer planets and satellites. Data from earth-orbital experiments have been used in oil, mineral, and ground-water exploration, for research, and for geologic education, the most promising applications being in structural geology. Visual range images from Landsat have been the most widely used, but infrared data have also been used successfully for compositional mapping and as indirect indicators of structure, composition, and ground-water distribution. Orbital radar images have proved valuable for structural studies. Extraterrestrial remote sensing has in effect opened up a new solar system by providing close-range data for 17 extraterrestrial bodies previously accessible only by astronomical techniques. Remote sensing from space has been one of the most valuable and unexpected results of space flight.
Regional geomorphology of North America
Authors: Graf William L.
Published: April 2015

Geomorphology is the study of earth-surface processes and forms. As a component of the fields of geology and geography, geomorphology is particularly concerned with change: progressive changes through time or changing spatial distributions at the earth ’s surface. Geomorphology as a science views the objects of its study as collections of elements in complex systems that are groupings of forms and related processes. Because these groupings have regional manifestations strongly controlled by geologic materials and structures, the geomorphic systems of North America have a definable regional expression that serves as a method of organizing knowledge. The Geological Society of America ’s publication series celebrating the Decade of North American Geology and the Centennial of the founding of the organization is generally organized according to geographic regions, so it is appropriate that this companion volume to the series also adopts a regional framework (Figs. 1 and 2).

The geomorphologic divisions of the continent depicted in Figure 2 are broad generalizations. Discussions in subsequent chapters that more specifically define the extent of each division use boundaries suggested by workers several decades ago. In the United States, for example, the modern geomorphologic divisions derive from the efforts of Neville M. Fenneman, who in 1913 proposed to the Association of American Geographers that geomorphic divisions would be useful in research (Fenneman, 1914). Later, a committee chaired by Fenneman and consisting of M. R. Campbell, F. E. Matthes, Douglas Johnson, and Eliot Blackwelder produced a map with three orders
Central Lowlands
Authors: Mickelson David M.
Published: April 2015

“The craton was the focal point for the development of glacial geology in North America.” So begins a summary of nineteenth century contributions to the study of glacial geology on the North American craton by Totten and White (1985). In that paper they trace the development of early ideas about the origin of till from its association with drift ice forward in time to our present concept of till being deposited by an ice sheet that moved into the Central Lowland from the north, producing many of the landforms we see today. Familiar names such as Hitchcock, Whittlesey, Newberry, Chamberlin, Gilbert, and many others attest to the importance of studies of glacial deposits in the Central Lowland in the development of early ideas in glacial geomorphology.

In this chapter I discuss only the development of glacial geomorphological concepts in the glaciated region. Because of space considerations, the very important developments in stratigraphic interpretation, dating, and Quaternary history of the Central Lowland are not covered. Because Totten and White (1985) give a detailed discussion of the development of ideas concerning the glacial geology of the North American craton, I will only briefly summarize contributions of the nineteenth century before discussing the more recent development of ideas in more detail. Much of the following discussion is summarized from Totten and White (1985).

The effectiveness of glacial erosion was widely debated in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Newberry (1862,1870) and Whittlesey (1866) were instrumental in the development of the concept that
Basin and Range
Authors: Dohrenwend John C.
Published: April 2015

The Basin and Range physiographic province is an ideal natural laboratory for geomorphologie research. The more than 400 mountain ranges and intervening basins within the province provide similar topographic settings with similar tectonic origins for large populations of landforms (e.g., alluvial fans, pediments, fault scarps, faceted spurs, range front embayments, pluvial lake shorelines). Samples from these landform populations can be selected and studied in a manner somewhat analogous to the design of a controlled laboratory experiment, that is, by keeping most geomorphic factors (e.g., lithology, structure, tectonic history, climatic history, physiographic setting, etc.) closely constrained, and then studying the effects of variation in the remaining factors on specific aspects of process or form. However, this approach has not been widely utilized. Recent research emphasis has encouraged the intensive study of local areas, and regional studies of specific processes or landforms have not been widely pursued. Moreover, the province is relatively remote and largely undeveloped so that access to many areas is difficult. Consequently, the geomorphology of large areas of the Basin and Range remains, for the most part, unstudied and unknown.
Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province
Authors: Walker H. Jesse , Coleman James M.
Published: April 2015

The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Province differs from most other geomorphic provinces in North America in that it has a large suboceanic area (685 × 103 km2) in addition to its subaerial segment (1,166 × 103 km2; Table 1). The subaerial portion, usually referred to as the Coastal Plain*, extends from Long Island in New York (with outliers in Martha’s Vineyard and Cape Cod) to the Mexico border in Texas and includes all or part of 19 states. The suboceanic portion, which composes part of North America’s Continental Shelf, extends from the Canadian border south and west to the border with Mexico.

The unifying character of this province stems mainly from a geologic history that has recorded alternating periods of submergence and emergence. Thus, all parts of the province have experienced coastal processes at one time or another, and most areas several times. However, over many parts of the province the surface expression of these processes has been destroyed or highly modified by erosion or burial. Most of the suboceanic portion of the province was subaerial as recently as 18,000 years ago, whereas parts of the subaerial portion of the Coastal Plain have not been submerged since the Cretaceous. The interface between the two divisions has been near its present elevational position for only some 5,000 to 6,000 years.

During most of the province’s history, a number of geomorphic processes have been operative upon a relatively gently sloping surface consisting of rocks that generally increase in age upslope. In addition
Erosion, sedimentation, and fluvial systems
Authors: Smith Lawson M. , Patrick David M.
Published: April 2015

The development of knowledge in erosion and sedimentation parallels the growth of the geological sciences. In his Illustration of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth, Playfair (1802) provides lucid descriptions of erosional processes, illustrating their significance in the evolution of landscapes. Sir Charles Lyell (1830) described in uniformitarian terms the nature and importance of erosion and sediment transport. The power of rain to erode surface materials was discussed by Greenwood in 1857. Reports of the exploration of the American Southwest by the U.S. Geological Survey in the latter half of the nineteenth century are replete with the consideration of the impact of erosion and sedimentation in shaping the landscape. Most notable among these reports are those of G. K. Gilbert, whose keen observations and analytical powers allowed him to develop the basis for many of today’s important concepts in fluvial geomorphology (Gilbert, 1880).

As the geological sciences moved into the twentieth century, Gilbert continued to provide theoretical bases for the comprehension of erosional and sedimentary processes. His classic discussion “The transport of debris by running water” was the result of years of flume studies and field observations (Gilbert, 1914). Gilbert’s contributions in this paper include not only a detailed discussion of processes but one of the first analytical statements regarding the impact of man on a fluvial system. Twenhofel’s (1932) famous Treatise on Sedimentation advanced our fledgling knowledge of sedimentary processes. From the field of soil conservation, Bennett (1939) synthesized existing knowledge of the impact of agricultural practices on erosional processes and sedimentation.
Volcanic activity
Authors: Schuster Robert L. , Mullineaux Donal R.
Published: April 2015

This chapter discusses some of the ways volcanic activity can affect structures, developments, facilities, and other engineering works. It is vitally important to recognize the possible effects of volcanic activity on these works of man. The large variety of volcano-related hazards now recognized records a marked recent growth in the understanding of these phenomena. The increasing application of systematic observation and analysis to current volcano-related events and to old deposits of previous events throughout the world has greatly increased our understanding of volcanic phenomena; the threat to life and property from these hazards can now be significantly reduced or avoided by careful forethought by geological scientists, engineers, and planners. Public demand, however, may prevent the withdrawal from use of lands that are affected only once in hundreds or thousands of years, and a low degree of risk in such places may be judged to be economically and socially acceptable.

Volcanic eruptions are widely known and feared, yet few of their specific effects are familiar to most people. Volcanoes affect people in many positive ways; for example, erupted materials commonly produce highly fertile soils. However, the immediate effects of volcanoes on people and their engineering works are frequently negative. Although in many countries volcanic activity is a constant and severe threat, it represents only an occasional danger in the United States. That danger is serious enough, however, to warrant preparatory planning in Hawaii, Alaska, and other western states.

Nonexplosive eruptions that produce lava flows are familiar volcanic phenomena; although they present little danger to people’s lives, they can severely damage property.
Glacial deposits
Authors: Coates Donald R.
Published: April 2015

Today, glaciers cover 10 percent of the Earth’s land area, whereas 30 percent was covered during the maximum glaciation of the Quaternary Period. Although 20 percent of the Earth’s surface has a direct glacial heritage, another 12 percent was impacted by glacially related climates and sediments. Moreover, wind-blown silt, or loess, and long-travelled outwash have also affected many terrains, as in China, eastern Europe, and the Missouri-Mississippi Valley region. The glacial deposits that cover 10 million km2 in North America have profoundly influenced the terrain and must be accounted for when making land-use decisions, whether for agriculture, urbanization, or planning and construction.

The applied geological scientist must consider and understand the vast differences that occur in the many different types of glacial deposits in order to successfully utilize the natural materials and/or sites for man’s use and his engineering works. Each of the different glacial sediments, whether till, ice contact, or outwash, will exhibit different physical characteristics when subjected to man-induced changes. These different properties become manifest when the deposits are exposed in excavations, bearing loads are emplaced, or the material is utilized for construction purposes. Furthermore, there are many dissimilarities among glacigenic sediments even within broad categories. For example, lodgement till has entirely different values of consolidation, permeability, and density than either melt-out till, or flowtill. Many failures of engineering works have occurred when these quality differences have not been recognized in the field (see Kiersch, chapters 1 and 22, this volume).

Glacial deposits create their own landforms and landscapes, and proper identification of these terranes can prove important to the applied geologist.
Aggregates
Authors: Mather Katharine , Mather Bryant
Published: April 2015

The geologist concerned with aggregate should be aware that under the term aggregate there is a very broad range of geological materials. In the foreword to Dolar-Mantuani (1983) we wrote:

Every kind of rock and every mineral species that occurs on this planet as a solid particle, grain, or mass—except ice—is potentially subject to evaluation for use as concrete aggregate. Therefore there is no kind of rock and no mineral species that is not of potential interest to the petro-grapher working on concrete aggregates. However those substances that can significantly affect the performance of concrete for better or worse when they occur as aggregate constituents are more important and, among these, those that occur most frequently are of greater interest.

Any bit of solid material used as an inclusion in a matrix or binder in a composite construction material is considered to be aggregate if it remains solid at the temperature of use and does not dissolve in the environment of use, so long as it is used as particulate material. As noted in the quotation, ice is not evaluated as aggregate for concrete, but ice could be used as aggregate in an appropriately low-temperature environment. Rock salt— halite (NaCl)—which would dissolve in many environments, is for that reason, among others, rarely used as an aggregate, yet rock salt has been quite successfully used as fine and coarse aggregate with portland cement, and with a saturated NaCl solution used as mixing water, to make concrete to plug a tunnel in a salt mine (Polatty and others, 1961).