bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Report of the Conference on Redesigning Nursing Education for Public Health
Authors: Abrams Sarah E.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
The following paper extracts some highlights from a conference on nursing education for public health, convened by the Division of Nursing, Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources Administration, of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare in May 1973. This brief examination of selected discussions among participants about trends in health care, the challenges they believed they would face in improving health status, and the inferences they drew for planning public health nursing education may provide a partial foundation for examining current issues in the education of public health nurses. Although public health nursing roles have evolved dramatically over the last 34 years, the issues raised during the conference have not been completely or adequately resolved. The difficulty of predicting or prophesying the future during a period of rapidly changing social and political conditions, and the importance placed by these leaders of public health nursing on participating in the formation of goal‐directed public policy remain salient lessons for the contemporary reader.
The Effectiveness of Denture Cleansers on Soft Denture Liners Colored by Food Colorant Solutions
Authors: Saraç Duygu , Saraç Y. Şinasi , Kurt Murat , Yüzbaşioğlu Emir
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the color stability of soft denture liners and the effectiveness of denture cleansers on soft denture liners colored by food colorants in different time periods.

Materials and Methods: A plasticized acrylic resin soft liner (Viscogel) and a silicone‐based soft liner (Mollosil) were used in this study. From each material 30 specimens (a total of 60 specimens) were prepared in a Teflon mold 15 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. The prepared specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C. Initial color measurements of the specimens were made using a small‐area colorimeter. The specimens of the two soft liners were divided into three groups each containing 10 specimens. The specimens of the first, second, and third group were immersed for 14 hours (2 hours × 7 days) in 3% erythrosine, tartrazine, and sunset yellow food colorant solutions, respectively. Then the second color measurements were made. After the second measurements, the specimens of each group were divided into two subgroups (n = 5) and were immersed in denture cleansers (Fittydent and Curadent Weekly) for 8 hours, and the third measurements were made. At the end of these procedures, the weekly simulation period was completed. The fourth, fifth, and sixth color measurements were made at the end of the simulation periods for 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively. Color difference (ΔE) values were calculated, and the derived data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance for three‐way classification and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests (α= 0.05).

Results: There were significant differences between soft liners and cleansers in terms of color change. Mollosil demonstrated mean discoloration values (ΔE) between 0.81 and 2.66, Viscogel showed ΔE between 1.26 and 12.83. Viscogel exhibited slightly greater color changes than Mollosil and the results showed significant differences ( p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the food colorants ( p > 0.05). Denture cleansers showed significant differences ( p < 0.001). Fittydent demonstrated lower ΔE values than Curadent.

Conclusion: Silicone‐based soft denture lining material seems to be more resistant to staining. With respect to denture cleansers, Fittydent was more effective than Curadent in this trial.
Effect of Water Storage and Surface Treatments on the Tensile Bond Strength of IPS Empress 2 Ceramic
Authors: Salvio Luciana A. , Correr‐Sobrinho Lourenço , Consani Simonides , Sinhoreti Mário A.C. , De Goes Mario F. , Knowles Jonathan C.
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of water storage (24 hours and 1 year) on the tensile bond strength between the IPS Empress 2 ceramic and Variolink II resin cement under different superficial treatments.

Materials and Methods: One hundred and eighty disks with diameters of 5.3 mm at the top and 7.0 mm at the bottom, and a thickness of 2.5 mm were made, embedded in resin, and randomly divided into six groups: Groups 1 and 4 = 10% hydrofluoric acid for 20 seconds; Groups 2 and 5 = sandblasting for 5 seconds with 50 μm aluminum oxide; and Groups 3 and 6 = sandblasting for 5 seconds with 100 μm aluminum oxide. Silane was applied on the treated ceramic surfaces, and the disks were bonded into pairs with adhesive resin cement. The samples of Groups 1 to 3 were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours, and Groups 4 to 6 were stored for 1 year. The samples were subjected to a tensile strength test in an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min, until failure. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (5%).

Results: The means of the tensile bond strength of Groups 1, 2, and 3 (15.54 ± 4.53, 10.60 ± 3.32, and 7.87 ± 2.26 MPa) for 24‐hour storage time were significantly higher than those observed for the 1‐year storage (Groups 4, 5, and 6: 10.10 ± 3.17, 6.34 ± 1.06, and 2.60 ± 0.41 MPa). The surface treatments with 10% hydrofluoric acid (15.54 ± 4.53 and 10.10 ± 3.17 MPa) showed statistically higher tensile bond strengths compared with sandblasting with 50 μm (10.60 ± 3.32 and 6.34 ± 1.06 MPa) and 100 μm (7.87 ± 2.26 and 2.60 ± 0.41 MPa) aluminum oxide for the storage time 24 hours and 1 year.

Conclusions: Storage time significantly decreased the tensile bond strength for both ceramic surface treatments. The application of 10% hydrofluoric acid resulted in stronger tensile bond strength values than those achieved with aluminum oxide.
Porcelain Inlays Cemented with Composite Resin Cement: An In Vivo Investigation of Pulpal Reaction One Year Following Cementation
Authors: Vigolo Paolo , Graiff Lorenzo , Mutinelli Sabrina , Fonzi Fulvio
Published: February 2007

Purpose: This in vivo study was designed to verify the presence of pulpal inflammation on teeth after 1 year of function from cementation of porcelain inlays.

Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two vital, healthy, caries‐free and previously untreated maxillary and mandibular first premolars in eight patients needing extraction for orthodontic reasons were included in this study. For each patient three first premolars were randomly chosen and treated with porcelain MOD inlays. One first premolar served as the control group with no restorations. The porcelain inlays were cemented with dental adhesive and composite resin cement without pulpal protection. The same dentist, following standardized preparation, impression, and cementation techniques, accomplished all clinical phases. The teeth were extracted 1 year later. The condition of the pulp tissues of the 24 teeth with porcelain inlays was compared with the pulpal tissues of the eight teeth of the control group. The data relating to the number of inflammatory cells were evaluated by one‐way analysis of variance to assess quantitative differences between the group of teeth with porcelain inlays and the group without porcelain inlays (p < 0.05). Means and standard deviations were calculated for each group.

Results: The microscopic analysis revealed the absence of pulpal inflammation of the teeth with porcelain inlays when compared with the teeth of the control group. The analysis of variance revealed no statistical differences between the two groups compared.

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the cementation of porcelain inlays with dental adhesive and composite cement on healthy premolars did not result in any inflammatory reaction of the pulpal tissues 1 year after placement.
Microabrasion of Cast Metal Margins—A Warning
Authors: Mansueto Michael A. , Verrett Ronald G. , Phoenix Rodney D.
Published: February 2007

Plastic test patterns were milled to simulate casting margins and were cast in a variety of dental alloys. The cast specimens were exposed to horizontal and vertical streams of low‐pressure microabrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide particles. Post‐exposure measurements show all specimens were affected by microabrasion. Dentists and laboratory technicians who use microabrasion must be aware of the potential damage to casting margins.
Left Ventricular Function in Male Patients with Secondary Hypogonadism
Authors: Baysan Oben , Bolu Erol , Uzun Mehmet , Kilicaslan Fethi , Erinc Kursad , Pinar Murat , Hasimi Adnan , Yokusoglu Mehmet , Genc Celal , Yelamanchili Pridhvi , Karaeren Hayrettin , Isik Ersoy
Published: February 2007

Background: In addition to the effects on ventricular repolarization, testosterone could also affect left ventricular performance. The enhancement of left ventricular contractility in testosterone‐deficient rats following testosterone replacement implies to the possible testosterone effect. Objectives: The aim of the current study is to reveal the alterations of left ventricular functions, if any, in secondary hypogonadal male patients. Methods: Thirty‐four males with secondary hypogonadism comprised the study group. The control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. Echocardiographic measurements including left ventricular dimensions, ejection fraction, mitral inflow, and left ventricular outflow parameters were obtained from all subjects. Tissue Doppler parameters were also measured from left ventricular lateral wall and interventricular septum. Results: Left ventricular diameters, wall thicknesses, and performance parameters were similar in both groups. Mitral inflow parameters showed a statistically insignificant difference. Pulse‐wave tissue Doppler interpretation of hypogonadal and healthy subjects were similar in terms of lateral and septal basal segment Sm, Em, and Am wave velocities. Conclusions: Regarding the findings of previous studies that showed impaired myocardial contractility and lusitropy in testosterone deficient rats and our study results, further studies are needed for better understanding of testosterone's effects on human myocardium.
The use of two nature‐like fishways by some fish species in the Swedish River Emån
Authors: Calles E. O. , Greenberg L. A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –  We studied the use of two nature‐like fishways by 15 fish species (N = 240) in the River Emån in southern Sweden. Use of the fishways for both passage and as a habitat was studied by electrofishing, trap catches and PIT telemetry. Of the 187 PIT‐tagged fish, 52 individuals from 10 different species ascended one of the fishways for a total passage efficiency of 74%. For the five species that most frequently ascended the fishways, the passage efficiency was 100% for tench (Tinca tinca L.) and perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), 86% for chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.), 60% for burbot (Lota lota L.) and 50% for roach (Rutilus rutilus L.). Individuals that failed to pass the fishways were typically small cyprinids or species that were assumed to have taken up residence in the fishways, such as juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and burbot. The nature‐like fishways have re‐established longitudinal connectivity for most of the studied species and also functioned as rearing and winter habitat for a number of species.
Numerical and behavioural response of cyprinids to the introduction of predatory brook trout in two oligotrophic lakes in northern Ontario
Authors: Pink M. , Fox M. G. , Pratt T. C.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –  Response of potential prey to the introduction of piscivores in a whole ecosystem is generally inferred from small‐scale studies. Using distance sampling, two lakes that were initially without predators and three control lakes where predators were previously present were examined for the response of prey species to the introduction of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Responses monitored included numerical changes in abundance, changes in habitat use patterns, and changes in the mean shoal sizes of potential prey species. No statistical changes in abundance or habitat use patterns were detected, whereas there was a significant increase in the mean shoal sizes of potential prey species in lakes where predators were added. We conclude that, in some natural systems, shoaling may be the first response potential prey initiate to reduce mortality risk.
Ground Water Flow Modeling with Sensitivity Analyses to Guide Field Data Collection in a Mountain Watershed
Authors: Johnson Raymond H.
Published: February 2007

In mountain watersheds, the increased demand for clean water resources has led to an increased need for an understanding of ground water flow in alpine settings. In Prospect Gulch, located in southwestern Colorado, understanding the ground water flow system is an important first step in addressing metal loads from acid‐mine drainage and acid‐rock drainage in an area with historical mining. Ground water flow modeling with sensitivity analyses are presented as a general tool to guide future field data collection, which is applicable to any ground water study, including mountain watersheds. For a series of conceptual models, the observation and sensitivity capabilities of MODFLOW‐2000 are used to determine composite scaled sensitivities, dimensionless scaled sensitivities, and 1% scaled sensitivity maps of hydraulic head. These sensitivities determine the most important input parameter(s) along with the location of observation data that are most useful for future model calibration. The results are generally independent of the conceptual model and indicate recharge in a high‐elevation recharge zone as the most important parameter, followed by the hydraulic conductivities in all layers and recharge in the next lower‐elevation zone. The most important observation data in determining these parameters are hydraulic heads at high elevations, with a depth of less than 100 m being adequate. Evaluation of a possible geologic structure with a different hydraulic conductivity than the surrounding bedrock indicates that ground water discharge to individual stream reaches has the potential to identify some of these structures. Results of these sensitivity analyses can be used to prioritize data collection in an effort to reduce time and money spend by collecting the most relevant model calibration data.
A Physical Antialias Filter for Time‐Series Temperature Measurements
Authors: Fairley Jerry P. , Zakrajsek John R.
Published: February 2007

Collecting high‐quality time‐series data requires sampling at a frequency at least twice that of the highest frequency in the monitored signal (the Nyquist frequency). Many signals of interest to hydrologists vary slowly over long periods of time but display infrequent and/or unpredictable episodes of rapid, high‐frequency change that can result in a corrupted (aliased) data stream. Although the standard remedy for this difficulty is to use an analog filter to remove frequencies above the Nyquist frequency prior to sampling, electronic components to construct analog filters for frequencies of interest to hydrologists do not exist. To mitigate this problem when monitoring temperatures in natural systems, we suggest enclosing the temperature monitoring device (thermocouple or thermistor) in a housing designed to change the characteristic response time of the device and thus create a band‐limited signal suitable for sampling. We call this strategy “physical antialias filtering” because it depends on manipulating physical heat transfer characteristics rather than analog electronics to filter out frequencies above the Nyquist. We provide a simple analytical expression to calculate the frequency response of a filter with a known characteristic response time and illustrate its application with the results of laboratory tests. In addition to its usefulness in designing antialias filters, the analytical expression provided can be applied to the correction of data from a temperature probe that is housed to protect it from contact with corrosive fluids or other damaging environmental influences.
Differences in Blood Pressure Control and Stroke Mortality Across Spain
Authors: Redón Josep , Cea-Calvo Luis , Lozano José V. , Martí-Canales Juan C. , Llisterri José L. , Aznar Jose , González-Esteban Jorge
Published: February 2007

The objective was to assess the stroke risk and prevalence of the cardiovascular risk factors and to analyze their relationship with the specific stroke rates of mortality in each of the autonomic communities of Spain. We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study of population >60 years old in Spanish primary care centers. In all of the subjects, clinical, biochemical, and electrocardiographic data were obtained, and the 10-year stroke risk was calculated using the Framingham score. Mortality rates of stroke, age and sex adjusted, were obtained for each of the autonomic communities from the Ministry of Health. A total of 7343 subjects (mean age: 71.6 years, 53.4% women, 34.4% obese, and 27.1% diabetic subjects) were analyzed. A total of 73% were already diagnosed with hypertension. Among hypertensive subjects, 29.1% had blood pressure on therapeutic objective, and, of the total population, 35.7% had blood pressure under control. ECG–left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 12.9% of the subjects. The estimated stroke risk was 19.6%. Stroke mortality rates were significantly related to the estimated 10-year stroke risk (
r
=0.41;
P
<0.05) in each autonomic community. Poor hypertension control (
P
=−0.42;
P
<0.05) and prevalence of ECG–left ventricular hypertrophy (
P
=0.52;
P
<0.05) were the main factors related to the stroke mortality rates after controlling by age, sex, obesity, diabetes, and urban setting. Differences in stroke mortality throughout the autonomic communities of Spain were associated with indexes of worse blood pressure handling, low control rates, and high left-ventricular hypertrophy.
Novel Nitric Oxide Synthase–Dependent Mechanism of Vasorelaxation in Small Arteries From Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Kang Kyu-Tae , Sullivan Jennifer C. , Sasser Jennifer M. , Imig John D. , Pollock Jennifer S.
Published: February 2007

To determine the mechanism(s) involved in vasorelaxation of small arteries from hypertensive rats, normotensive (NORM), angiotensin II-infused (ANG), high-salt (HS), ANG high-salt (ANG/HS), placebo, and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rats were studied. Third-order mesenteric arteries from ANG or ANG/HS displayed decreased sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation compared with NORM or HS, respectively. Maximal relaxations were comparable between groups. Blockade of Ca
2+
-activated K
+
channels had no effect on ANG versus blunting relaxation in NORM (log EC
50
: −6.8±0.1 versus −7.2±0.1 mol/L). NO synthase (NOS) inhibition abolished ACh-mediated relaxation in small arteries from ANG, ANG/HS, and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt versus blunting relaxation in NORM, HS, and placebo (% maximal relaxation: ANG: 2.7±1.8; ANG/HS: 7.2±3.2; NORM: 91±3.1; HS: 82.1±13.3; deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt: 35.2±17.7; placebo: 79.3±10.3), indicating that NOS is the primary vasorelaxation pathway in these arteries from hypertensive rats. We hypothesized that NO/cGMP signaling and NOS-dependent H
2
O
2
maintains vasorelaxation in small arteries from ANG. ACh increased NOS-dependent cGMP production, indicating that NO/cGMP signaling is present in small arteries from ANG (55.7±6.9 versus 30.5±5.1 pmol/mg), and ACh stimulated NOS-dependent H
2
O
2
production (ACh: 2.8±0.2 μmol/mg;

N
ω
-nitro-
l

-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride+ACh: 1.8±0.1 μmol/mg) in small arteries from ANG. H
2
O
2
induced vasorelaxation and catalase blunted ACh-mediated vasorelaxation. In conclusion, Ca
2+
-activated K
+
channel–mediated relaxation is dysfunctional in small mesenteric arteries from hypertensive rats, and the NOS pathway compensates to maintain vasorelaxation in these arteries through NOS-mediated cGMP and H
2
O
2
production.
Do Statins Reduce Blood Pressure?
Authors: Strazzullo Pasquale , Kerry Sally M. , Barbato Antonio , Versiero Marco , D’Elia Lanfranco , Cappuccio Francesco P.
Published: February 2007

A meta-analysis was performed of the effect of 3hydroxy3methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) on blood pressure in humans including the randomized, controlled trials of statin therapy (20 trials and 828 patients) in which concomitant antihypertensive treatment (if any) remained unchanged throughout the study. A total of 291 and 272 patients were given a statin or placebo, respectively, in parallel group trials, whereas 265 took part in crossover trials receiving a statin and placebo (or probucol, in 1 trial). Systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in patients on statin than in those on placebo or control hypolipidemic drug (mean difference: −1.9 mm Hg; 95% CI: −3.8 to −0.1). The effect was greater when the analysis was restricted to studies with a baseline systolic blood pressure >130 mm Hg (Δ systolic blood pressure: −4.0; 95% CI: −5.8 to −2.2 mm Hg). There was a trend for lower diastolic blood pressure in patients receiving statin therapy compared with control: −0.9 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.0 to 0.2) overall and −1.2 mm Hg (95% CI: −2.6 to 0.1) in studies with a baseline diastolic blood pressure >80 mm Hg. In general, the higher the baseline blood pressure, the greater the effect of statins on blood pressure (
P
=0.066 for systolic blood pressure and
P
=0.023 for diastolic blood pressure). The blood pressure response to statins was unrelated to age, changes in serum cholesterol, or length of the trial. In conclusion, statin therapy has a relatively small but statistically significant and clinically meaningful effect on blood pressure.
Moderate Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Male Mice Lacking the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Gene
Authors: Said Sami I. , Hamidi Sayyed A. , Dickman Kathleen G. , Szema Anthony M. , Lyubsky Sergey , Lin Richard Z. , Jiang Ya-Ping , Chen John J. , Waschek James A. , Kort Smadar
Published: February 2007

Background—Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a pulmonary vasodilator and inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, has been reported absent in pulmonary arteries from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We have tested the hypothesis that targeted deletion of the VIP gene may lead to PAH with pulmonary vascular remodeling.

Methods and Results—We examined VIP knockout (VIP−/−) mice for evidence of PAH, right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Relative to wild-type control mice, VIP−/−mice showed moderate RV hypertension, RV hypertrophy confirmed by increased ratio of RV to left ventricle plus septum weight, and enlarged, thickened pulmonary artery and smaller branches with increased muscularization and narrowed lumen. Lung sections also showed perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates. No systemic hypertension and no arterial hypoxemia existed to explain the PAH. The condition was associated with increased mortality. Both the vascular remodeling and RV remodeling were attenuated after a 4-week treatment with VIP.

Conclusions—Deletion of the VIP gene leads to spontaneous expression of moderately severe PAH in mice during air breathing. Although not an exact model of idiopathic PAH, the VIP−/−mouse should be useful for studying molecular mechanisms of PAH and evaluating potential therapeutic agents. VIP replacement therapy holds promise for the treatment of PAH, and mutations of the VIP gene may be a factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PAH.
The Balance Sheet Effects and Macroeconomic Development in the Pacific Region
Authors: Kohsaka Akira , Enya Masahiro
Published: February 2007

This paper focuses on balance sheet adjustments across the recent boom–bust cycles in the Pacific region along with structural changes in sectoral balance sheets and policy environments. Comparing empirical regularities across industrial as well as East Asian countries over the past decades, our analysis shows that asset price busts and concurrent macroeconomic developments in East Asia share some common patterns, identified using event analysis, with industrial economies.

Regarding the macroeconomic impact of asset market price busts, we generally observed qualitatively similar features between industrial countries and East Asian emerging markets. Major differences between the two groups appear in the magnitude of swings and the speed of recoveries of the key macroeconomic variables. Negative impacts on investment were stronger in East Asia, but quicker recoveries were their features, whereas private consumption was commonly rather robust to asset market turmoil.
Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Economic Integration in East Asia
Authors: Wakasugi Ryuhei
Published: February 2007

It is notable that the trade in East Asian countries has increased more than proportionately to the growth of economy. This paper tests the hypothesis that the recent trade expansion is induced by development of international fragmentation of production. This paper constructs an index of vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) to measure the fragmentation of production, and finds that the share of VIIT has been rising in East Asia as well as in NAFTA and the EU using the gravity equation. It also establishes that a rising share of VIIT is an important factor in explaining the recent expansion of trade with East Asia. The results suggest that an agreement to remove and harmonize institutional impediments among East Asian countries is important for further expansion of trade within the region.
Who Pays China's Bank Restructuring Bill?
Authors: Ma Guonan
Published: February 2007

This paper addresses questions related to the cost of China's bank restructuring and financing. We first propose a framework for recognizing losses. Then, we examine the recent major moves by the Chinese government to repair the country's bank balance sheets. Finally, we explore the implications of the Chinese ways of funding the bank restructuring. We find that the Chinese government has been decisive in confronting the costly task of bank restructuring. Looking through the elaborate funding arrangements adopted so far, the Chinese taxpayers have paid most of the bill.
On the Frequency of Severe Terrorist Events
Authors: Clauset Aaron , Young Maxwell , Gleditsch Kristian Skrede
Published: February 2007

In the spirit of Lewis Richardson’s original study of the statistics of deadly conflicts, we study the frequency and severity of terrorist attacks worldwide since 1968. We show that these events are uniformly characterized by the phenomenon of “scale invariance,” that is, the frequency scales as an inverse power of the severity, P(x) Αx-α. We find that this property is a robust feature of terrorism, persisting when we control for economic development of the target country, the type of weapon used, and even for short time scales. Further, we show that the center of the distribution oscillates slightly with a period of roughly τ≈ 13 years, that there exist significant temporal correlations in the frequency of severe events, and that current models of event incidence cannot account for these variations or the scale invariance property of global terrorism. Finally, we describe a simple toy model for the generation of these statistics and briefly discuss its implications.
International Security Institutions, Domestic Politics, and Institutional Legitimacy
Authors: Chapman Terrence L.
Published: February 2007

Scholars have devoted considerable attention to the informational role of international institutions. However, several questions about the informational aspects of institutional behavior remain underexplored: What determines how audiences respond to institutional decisions? Through what channels does information provision affect foreign policy? To answer these questions, I develop a formal model motivated by recent literature on the informational effects of security institutions. The formal model depicts information transmission between a domestic audience, an international institution, and a foreign policy maker. Statements issued by member states through the institution serve to inform the audience about the likely outcomes of its leader’s actions. The model demonstrates that leaders have incentives to consult relatively conservative institutions, because their support convinces audiences that they should also support proposed policies. Leaders face incentives to avoid the disapproval of more revisionist institutions, because their opposition will tend to induce public opposition. The empirical implications are discussed.
Do Hegemons Distribute Private Goods?
Authors: Bussmann Margit , Oneal John R.
Published: February 2007

According to power-transition theory, war is most likely when the leading state is challenged by a rapidly growing, dissatisfied rival. Challengers are said to be dissatisfied because the hegemon manages the status quo for its own benefit, rewarding its allies and penalizing rivals. We assess the leading state’s ability to distribute the private goods of peace, victory in war, and economic prosperity. States with alliance portfolios similar to the hegemon’s are not protected from aggression; nor do they grow more rapidly than countries with which the leading state is not closely allied. The dominant power’s allies are more apt to win defensive wars, although the means by which this is accomplished are unclear. On balance, our results call into question the ability of the leading state to engineer satisfaction by distributing private goods. Like hegemonic-stability theory, power-transition theory exaggerates the influence of the leading state over the international system.
The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare
Authors: Parson Don
Published: February 2007

This article argues that the decline of the public housing program in the early 1950s has an overlooked political dimension—the role of the Red Scare/McCarthyism. Public housing advocates had used social democratic reform to secure the program. After the 1949 Housing Act, public housing foes were able to sequester the expansion of public housing legislation by turning to the local level. Many municipal policy battles attempted to limit the acceptance of federal public housing by means of Red Scare tactics. This is illustrated by the Los Angeles public housing war, one of the most vicious Red Scares of the domestic cold war. The Red Scare was used to cancel the ten-thousand-unit public housing contract with the federal government and to reverse city policy by toppling the pro–public-housing mayoral regime. Public housing's local defeats were circulated back to the national level, resulting in the demise of the program.
Something to Help Themselves
Authors: Baranski John
Published: February 2007

In San Francisco, a groundswell of tenant activism contributed to the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Born in ideas of democracy and justice, in struggles against inequality and poverty, tenants used the resources of the San Francisco Housing Authority, the local agency in charge of public housing, to build a movement around more and better public housing, useful jobs, civil rights, and child and health care. Public housing tenants and their allies even demanded control of public housing funds and policy making and a more humane urban redevelopment program. Female tenants took the lead in marshalling private and public resources in these organizing campaigns. Tenant militancy peaked at the moment when local and national efforts by tenants met the cuts of the Nixon administration, thus posing considerable financial and legislative constraints on tenant goals of expanding the rights of citizens.
Temporary Housing, Permanent Communities
Authors: Dinzey-Flores Zaire Z.
Published: February 2007

The Puerto Rico Housing Authority was created in 1938 as a consequence of the 1937 U.S. Federal Housing Act. Increased migration to Puerto Rico's urban centers had resulted in overflowing slums. Public housing became the prime solution. In 1964, Luis Muñoz Marín, first Puerto Rican elected governor and the first governor under the formally defined Estado Libre Asociado/Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, outlined the fundamental policies regarding urban housing and renewal efforts. These policies consolidated the main objectives of the public housing program: to destigmatize public housing, to make it transitory, and to promote home ownership. This article overviews the theoretical traditions and aims that have shaped public housing in Puerto Rico, details the policy and design interventions serving these aims, and explores the consequences of such interventions. The focus is on public housing design and placement as shaped by an assumption that the communities would be temporary, and the eventual reality of permanence.
Potentially Stressful Life Events and Emotional Closeness Between Grandparents and Adult Grandchildren
Authors: Wood Suzanne , Liossis Poppy
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study is to explore the variation in emotional closeness in the adult grandchild and grandparent relationship in relation to the occur-rence of potentially stressful life events in childhood. A sample of university students ( N = 119) completed a questionnaire measuring elements of inter-generational solidarity. Comparisons were made on emotional closeness between groups that had and had not experienced a life event, revealing it was the grandparent’s enactment of normative solidarity, as perceived by the adult grandchild, that produced greater emotional closeness. Complementing the findings of Bengston and Roberts, this research supports the theoretical view that high levels of normative solidarity lead to greater affectual solidarity, which in turn produces higher associational solidarity.
Additional Thoughts on Conversational and Motivational Sources of the Dilution Effect
Authors: Igou Eric R.
Published: February 2007

In a recent article, Igou and Bless (2005) presented evidence that the “dilution effect” (e.g., Nisbett, Zukier, & Lemley, 1981) is based on adherence to a conversational rule (maxim of relation; Grice, 1975). Kemmelmeier (2007) challenges this conclusion, arguing instead for a motivational explanation for the dilution effect. This response addresses Kemmelmeier's critique of Igou and Bless's research and illustrates limitations to his motivational approach.
Semantics of Success or Pragmatics of Progress?
Authors: Anand P. B.
Published: February 2007

Definitions and indicators play an important role in determining success. In the context of the Millennium Development Goals, the global target of reducing the proportion of population without access to improved sources of water is expected to be met. A major contributor to success is India, where the proportion of population with access to water has increased from 68% in 1990 to 86% in 2002. However, micro-level evidence does not necessarily tally with the national picture of “tremendous progress.” This article attempts to probe deeper into access to water supply in India and draw important policy implications based on a brief institutional mapping of water supply, a critical analysis of national water policies, and a detailed case study of Chennai. This analysis highlights that issues of inequality, quality, and affordability are important in terms of access for the poor. An alternative entitlements-based indicator is proposed and some important challenges considered.
Willingness of the Poor to Pay for Improved Access to Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Services
Authors: Murad Mohammad Wahid , Raquib Mohammad Abdur , Siwar Chamhuri
Published: February 2007

This study uses a contingent valuation method and multiple linear regression techniques to determine the factors that could affect the willingness to pay for solid waste collection and disposal services of householders residing in the squatter and low-cost flats in the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. One of the main problems experienced by many developing nations is the lack of service provisions, particularly in the low-income areas. Because such conditions adversely affect the quality of life of the poor, local stakeholders’ participation in social and environmental activities is necessary to resolve such socially undermining and environmentally degrading problems. In fact, tackling such a problem would require massive investment schemes by local governments. However, the governments of developing nations usually suffer from heavily burdened and stretched financial and economic resources and a high opportunity cost of funds. Therefore, society’s participation is logically and realistically needed for widening infrastructure and environmental service provisions.
Leveraging Competitive Advantages
Authors: Webster D. G.
Published: February 2007

Contrary to expectations, fishing countries have established relatively effective management plans for a few international fisheries. The model described in this article explains how such multilateral regulation can evolve in spite of strong political and economic barriers to cooperation. Qualitative cases from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas were used to test the model. Although there was not enough political will to maintain stocks at sustainable levels, fishing countries developed successful rebuilding plans for some overfished stocks. Developing countries played a critical role in this arena because the growth of their fleets provided incentives for developed countries to prefer stronger management. When powerful countries with high costs of production began to lose market share under open access, they turned to negotiated access rights in order to protect their fleets. This system also benefited developing countries when they garnered concessions and side payments for their cooperation.
Housing, Gangs, and Homicide
Authors: Hagedorn John , Rauch Brigid
Published: February 2007

Recent declines in homicide in Chicago have been seen as similar to earlier declines in New York City and Los Angeles. Popular explanations that policing strategies largely explain variation in rates of violence have been skeptically greeted by criminologists. However, no plausible explanation for persisting high rates of homicide in some cities and very low rates in others has been credibly presented. One reason for this may be the narrowness of criminological investigations. Explanations for violence internationally have included human rights, housing, and economic development among other variables. This article presents data from a study on homicide in Chicago and supplements criminological thinking on homicide by adding insights from urban and globalization research.
“Don’t Be a Blockhead”
Authors: Fisher Robert , Brooks Fred , Russell Daniel
Published: February 2007

The recent proliferation of community-based responses to urban problems has been characterized by a shift away from protest tactics to more moderate approaches of building community and consensus, developing social capital, and identifying and improving local assets. This case study examines the persistence and effectiveness of protest tactics in a campaign by the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now against H&R Block around predatory tax preparation practices. It reveals the potential of direct action, especially when local protests are coordinated nationally. This combination helps to transcend the inherent limits of both community-based activism and national-oriented advocacy efforts.
Pedagogy for the Children of the Oppressors
Authors: van Gorder Andrew Christian
Published: February 2007

North American and European models of higher education often claim to be committed to the nurturing of social justice. In The Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire described how most education shares some complicity in the maintenance of an unjust status quo of oppression. Following Freire, this article focuses on how educators among the world’s privileged can encourage students to move from postures of ignorance, guilty remorse, or paternalistic activism vis-à-vis the world’s oppressed toward a respectful, dialogical interrelationship.
Perception of Active and Passive Turning in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Earhart Gammon M. , Stevens Elizabeth S. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Hong Minna
Published: February 2007

Background. Many individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) experience difficulty with turning, yet little is known about the reasons for this difficulty.

Objective. The authors sought to determine whether individuals with PD can use visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive cues to estimate how far they have turned.

Methods. Fifteen PD subjects and 11 controls performed active and passive turns to the left and right, with and without vision, with amplitudes of 90, 180, 270, and 360 degrees. For active conditions, subjects were told the direction and amplitude of the desired turn and then attempted to turn in place the specified amount via actively stepping. For passive conditions, subjects were told that the disc they stood on would turn and they were to press a button when they had traveled the specified amplitude.

Results. There were no differences between PD and control groups in any of the conditions, suggesting that those with PD effectively used sensory cues available in the different conditions to accurately judge distance turned. The authors found no apparent deficits in the visual, vestibular, or proprioceptive systems or in integration of these senses for performance of the turning task tested.

Conclusions. Turning difficulties associated with PD may more likely relate to motor or sensorimotor integration deficits than to pure sensory or sensory integration deficits. Generalizability of the study may be limited by the fact that subjects were tested at a single velocity for passive rotations, were on medication, and had relatively mild PD (primarily H&Y 2).
Assessment and Training in a 3-Dimensional Virtual Environment With Haptics: A Report on 5 Cases of Motor Rehabilitation in the Chronic Stage After Stroke
Authors: Broeren Jurgen , Rydmark Martin , Björkdahl Ann , Sunnerhagen Katharina Stibrant
Published: February 2007

Objective. This exploratory study assessed the possible effectiveness of hemiparetic upper extremity training in subjects with chronic stroke with computer instrumentation (haptic force feedback) and 3-dimensional visualization applied to computer games, as well as to evaluate concurrent computer-assisted assessment of the kinematics of movements and test whether any improvement detected in the computer environment was reflected in activities of daily living (ADLs).

Methods. A single-subject repeated-measures experimental design (AB) was used. After baseline testing, 5 patients were assigned to the therapy 3 times a week for 45 min for 5 weeks. Velocity, time needed to reach, and hand path ratio (reflecting superfluous movements) were the outcome measures, along with the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the Box and Block test. The follow-up phase (C) occurred 12 weeks later.

Results. Improvements were noted in velocity, time, and hand path ratio. One patient showed improvement in occupational performance in ADLs.

Conclusions.The application of this strategy of using virtual reality (VR) technologies may be useful in assessing and training stroke patients. The results of this study must be reproduced in further studies. The VR systems can be placed in homes or other nonclinical settings.
Surface Electromyography of Lumbar Paraspinal Muscles During Seated Passive Tilting of Patients With Lateropulsion Following Stroke
Authors: Babyar Suzanne R. , McCloskey Karilyn Hildebrand , Reding Michael
Published: February 2007

Background. Patients with lateropulsion (pushing) following stroke push toward the contralesional side. Their response to a passive tilt while seated has not been studied with surface electromyography (sEMG) of lumbar paraspinal muscles.

Objective. To compare onset, response duration, and trends in lumbar paraspinal muscle activity among patients with stroke, patients with stroke and lateropulsion, and healthy controls during seated passive tilting.

Method. Seated subjects were passively tilted in the frontal plane at slow and fast speeds. Bilateral sEMG electrodes at the level of lumbar vertebrae 3 recorded paraspinal muscle activity. Surface EMG onset, response duration, and type of muscle activity were compared for 15 patients with stroke and lateropulsion, 12 patients with uncomplicated stroke, and 16 healthy, aged controls. Correlations were assessed between the Burke Lateropulsion Scale (BLS) and both sEMG onset and sEMG response duration.

Results. Onset of muscle activity was similar in all groups. Patients with lateropulsion showed decreased sEMG response duration in weak-sided paraspinal muscle activity during slow, passive tilting to the strong side. They had more variable muscle activity during fast, passive tilting to the weak side than controls. BLS scores did not correlate with dependent variables.

Conclusions. Patients with lateropulsion activated paraspinal muscles with similar onset time as controls during seated passive tilting. Lateropulsion influences weak-sided paraspinal response duration during passive tilting. Graviceptive neglect may explain some of this difficulty with sustaining contractions, but weakness may also be a contributing factor.
Effects of Stroke Severity and Training Duration on Locomotor Recovery After Stroke: A Pilot Study
Authors: Plummer Prudence , Behrman Andrea L. , Duncan Pamela W. , Spigel Pam , Saracino Dawn , Martin Jennifer , Fox Emily , Thigpen Mary , Kautz Steve A.
Published: February 2007

Background. Locomotor training using partial body weight-supported treadmill (BWST) walking has been widely investigated for people after stroke, yet there remains a lack of evidence concerning the optimal training duration and the effect of locomotor impairment severity. Previous protocols have not emphasized the transfer of locomotor skills from the BWST environment to overground.

Objectives. To assess the feasibility of a program combining locomotor training using BWST with task-specific overground training and to obtain pilot data on the effects of severity and training duration on recovery of locomotion.

Methods. Seven adults with chronic poststroke hemiparesis and gait speed less than 0.8 m/s were recruited to participate in a 12-week (36 session) locomotor training program. Each session comprised 20 to 30 minutes of training using BWST with manual assistance, followed by 10 to 15 minutes of overground training to transfer the skills trained in the BWST environment. Gait speed was the primary outcome measure.

Results. Six out of the 7 enrolled individuals completed the intervention program; 1 was withdrawn due to transportation difficulties affecting compliance with the training schedule. Four of the 6 participants had a functionally significant improvement in walking speed after 36 sessions, defined as having achieved a 0.4 m/s gait speed or greater for those with initial severe gait speed impairment (<0.4 m/s) or as having achieved a 0.8 m/s gait speed or greater for persons with initial moderate gait speed impairment (≥0.4 m/s and <0.8 m/s). All participants improved in balance and distance walked over 6 minutes, and 5 of the 6 participants showed increases in their daily home and community step activity.

Conclusions. A locomotor training program combining walking using BWST and manual assistance with overground practice is feasible for people with chronic poststroke hemiparesis and moderate or severe gait speed impairment. This intervention shows promise for achieving functionally significant improvements in walking speed.