bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminist Bunker Fantasies
Authors: Pike David L.
Published: November 2021

Feminist science fiction emerged during the late 1970s as a creative and political force, with the nuclear condition as a core element of this new form and its new approach to science fiction. Despite the full awareness and acknowledgment of the horrors underpinning the postapocalyptic world, this body of work as a whole is hopeful and open to the future in ways that most other 1980s bunker fantasies were not. These are not only survivors’ songs, in other words; they are critical engagements with the complexity of historical change that refunctioned the spaces of the Cold War into new configurations. One of the primary, and often the only, positively bunkered spaces in the texts themselves during this period were the analogous forms of language, storytelling, words, and writing. While the positive, enabling bunker potentials of language—and the stultifying effects of its loss—remain a constant theme through this period, the changing representations of physical spaces in relation to language fall into roughly three periods, analogous to political changes in the cultural perception of nuclear threat. The sheltering power of language remains a constant throughout, as do the spatial association of the fallout shelter with masculine social structures and the nuclear condition, along with the central problematic of reproduction and reproductive futurism in relation to survival in a post-holocaust world; however, writers’ treatment of these themes changes.
The Prefaces
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

Jerome composed a total of eight prefaces for his four Pauline commentaries: one for each of the three books of the Galatians and Ephesians commentaries, and one each for the Titus and Philemon commentaries. In half of these prefaces he includes personal content which has nothing to do with the epistle under comment. This chapter argues that he deployed these four prefaces to work toward a number of goals at once—cultivate literary patrons in Rome, defend his opus Paulinum against anticipated criticism, and displace Marius Victorinus and install himself as the Latin West’s first legitimate commentator on Paul.
Conclusion
Authors: Cain Andrew
Published: November 2021

The Conclusion revisits the principal findings of each chapter and reflects on the lasting achievements of Jerome’s opus Paulinum, especially vis-à-vis the interpretive work of contemporary Latin-language commentators on Paul. Through his four Pauline commentaries he set out to equip Christians in a single weighty reference work with every tool they might need, right at their fingertips, for the advanced study of Paul, and in adapting the form and substance of the Greek exegetical tradition to an entirely new cultural and linguistic context, Jerome effectively recalibrated and retooled Latin biblical exegesis and created what was for all practical purposes a new species of the Pauline commentary in Latin.
Sources of Law
Authors: Pino Giorgio
Published: November 2021

Oddly enough, very scant reference—if any—is made to the sources of law as a genuinely jurisprudential topic in contemporary legal philosophy. Yet, the jurisprudential import of the concept of ‘sources of law’ seems substantial: sources of law are what makes of something ‘a law’—a law is what is produced by, or derives from, a source of law. Sources epitomize the very ‘positivity’ of positive law, an aspect of law which is central to legal positivism of course, but whose importance not even a natural lawyer or an anti-positivist would ever deny. This essay highlights several jurisprudential questions that surround the sources of law, and tries to show they relate to–and contribute to illuminate–many long-debated jurisprudential topics such as the concept of legal validity, the notion and the conditions of existence of a legal system, the problem of legal change, and the scope of legal disagreements.
Supervised Learning in Game Data Science
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses several classification and regression methods that can be used with game data. Specifically, we will discuss regression methods, including Linear Regression, and classification methods, including K-Nearest Neighbor, Naïve Bayes, Logistic Regression, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Support Vector Machines, Decisions Trees, and Random Forests. We will discuss how you can setup the data to apply these algorithms, as well as how you can interpret the results and the pros and cons for each of the methods discussed. We will conclude the chapter with some remarks on the process of application of these methods to games and the expected outcomes. The chapter also includes practical labs to walk you through the process of applying these methods to real game data.
The Architecture of the Cosmos
Authors: Bertone Gianfranco
Published: November 2021

In the first part of the book, I discuss the discovery of gravitational waves and the birth of multimessenger astronomy. Borrowing the structure of Dante’s Paradise and Inferno, I illustrate the biggest mysteries of modern cosmology and argue that multimessenger astronomy, and in particular gravitational waves, may hold the key to unlock these mysteries, and may thus help a bridge between the realm of gravity, and that of quantum physics. Stars. Black holes. Galaxies. Even the most well-known celestial objects are so removed from our daily experience that we might almost mistake them for abstract entities. Yet they are no less real than the objects that surround you as you read these lines.
Selling Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

The chapter shows how Billy Graham’s crusades played an important role in shaping a new relationship between religious life, consumerism, and business culture on both sides of the Atlantic. Graham’s American revival meetings were run with businesslike efficiency, supported by the local business communities, and embedded in vast marketing and media campaigns. Graham himself embodied modern consumer culture and middle-class aspiration. This chapter explores how British and German church leaders and ordinary Christians experienced, discussed, and critiqued a more consumer- and business-oriented faith. While evangelicals and lay Christians in particular were willing to adopt a more businesslike attitude and consumer-oriented rhetoric through their transnational interactions with the Billy Graham team, the majority of church officials in Germany and the United Kingdom defended their more critical stance toward an embrace of consumer capitalism, thus leaving untapped an important source in the battle against secularization.
The Dao of Madness
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

This book offers a picture of madness as a category and a tool in the early Chinese tradition, giving an account of how early Chinese thinkers developed a conception of mental illness connected to both medicine and ethics, particularly in the Warring States and Han periods. Specifically, it is concerned with the connections between madness, mental illness in general, and philosophical positions on personhood, moral agency, responsibility, and social identity. Madness is a near universal category in human thought. In early China, madness (kuang ?) has particular unique forms, shaped through consideration of the features of mind and body, cultural norms, and illness and health. While madness and other forms of mental illness were taken as either foils or ideals by different thinkers in early China, they were nearly always contrasted with operability, proper communal development, and progress on a specifically moral path. This book explores these conceptions of madness in early Chinese thought.
Self, Mind and Body, Agency
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 lays out the dominant views of self, agency, and moral responsibility in early Chinese philosophy. The reason for this is that these views inform the ways early Chinese thinkers approach mental illness, as well as the role they see it playing in self-cultivation as a whole (whether they view it as problematic or beneficial, for example). This chapter offers a view of a number of dominant conceptions of mind, body, and agency in early Chinese thought, through a number of philosophical and medical texts. It covers the Confucian view of personhood as role-based and communal, and the Zhuangist deconstructive view of the self. Finally, the chapter includes an argument that early Chinese thinkers recognized a distinction between mind and body, and that mind was dealt with as a separate category, thus making the topic of “mental illness” possible.
Feigned Madness, Ambivalence, and Doubt in Early Confucianism
Authors: McLeod Alexus
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on the “negative” account of madness found in numerous early texts, most clearly associated with Confucians, that takes madness as the result of character flaw. This chapter focuses on the concept of yangkuang (feigned madness) as a strategy for avoiding responsibility, as well as the idea of legitimate madness as caused by key failures in self-cultivation, particularly regulation of emotions.
The Aesthetic Triad
Authors: Vartanian Oshin , Chatterjee Anjan
Published: November 2021

Following the rapid growth of neuroaesthetics, there was a need to systematize and organize the findings into a coherent and testable framework. With the “aesthetic triad,” the authors presented a model according to which aesthetic experience was viewed as the emergent property of the interaction of three large-scale systems in the brain: sensory-motor, emotion-valuation, and knowledge-meaning. Features that distinguished this model from others was that it was meant to apply to all aesthetic episodes (e.g., art, faces, architecture, etc.) and it acknowledged explicitly that a large variety of aesthetic experiences can emerge as a function of the specific ways in which these systems interact in the course of their emergence. To probe the model, the contribution of the knowledge-meaning system is likely of greatest interest, at least in part because that system encapsulates a large breadth of factors ranging from the personal to the cultural.
Chants, Hypertext, and Prosulas
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

The liturgical chant that was sung in the churches of southern Italy between the ninth and the thirteenth centuries reflects the multiculturalism of a territory in which Roman, Franks, Lombards, Byzantines, Normans, Jews, and Muslims were present at various times and with different political roles. This book examines a specific genre, the prosulas that were composed to embellish and expand preexisting liturgical chants of the liturgy of mass. Widespread in medieval Europe, prosulas were highly cultivated in southern Italy, especially by the nuns, monks, and clerics in the city of Benevento. They shed light on the creativity of local cantors to provide new meanings to the liturgy in accordance with contemporary waves of religious spirituality and to experiment with a novel musical style in which a syllabic setting is paired with the free-flowing melody of the parent chant. In their representing an epistemological “beyond” and because of their interconnectedness with the parent chant, they can be likened to modern hypertexts. The emphasis on universal saints of ancient lineage stressed the perceived links with the cradles of Christianity, Africa and West Asia, and the center of the papal power, Rome, while the high number of Christological prosulas in manuscripts used in nunneries might be tied to the devotion to Jesus as “spiritual spouse” that was typical of female religiosity. Full editions of texts, melodies, and manuscript facsimiles in the companion website enrich the study of the stylistic features and the cultural components of this fascinating genre.
Formal Features and Notation
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Part II addresses the formal features of the prosula genre. After a first chapter that is devoted to a general discussion of prosulas and their textual and notational elements that highlights how the genre is a special window in the modes of chant learning and teaching, it examines the repertories of prosulas for the different genres of the Proper of the mass and the interplay between textual and melodic prosody. In so doing it reveals that prosulas for graduals and tracts (a relatively small repertory) display similarities with the genre of Latin songs and those for alleluias and offertories (the most extended corpuses) reveal a wide array of stylistic features and disclose insights on the local cults of saints.
Case Conceptualization Basics and Assessment
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

This chapter defines the behavioral markers that are included in a pattern-focused case conceptualization. Pattern-focused case conceptualization is a therapeutic strategy that can help clinicians conceptualize client issues, tailoring highly effective treatment, as well as guide them through moment-to-moment decisions made during a session. The chapter reviews the following behavioral markers that can be incorporated into both brief case conceptualizations and full-scale case conceptualizations: pattern, presentation, precipitant, predisposition, protective factors, perpetuants, personality–culture, plan, and predictive factors. The chapter defines each behavioral marker and also provides examples of each. Then, it reviews case conceptualization-informed assessment and also includes a detailed assessment that clinicians can use to inform their clinical evaluation.
Full-Scale Case Conceptualizations
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines a full-scale case conceptualization strategy that is summarized in eight steps. It reviews how pattern is formulated throughout the eight-step process. Pattern links the client’s presenting symptoms to the precipitating event and is driven by the predisposing factors and perpetuants. Pattern also informs the second-order treatment goals and interventions, as well as the likely treatment obstacles and challenges. The chapter informs readers to apply the following eight-step strategy with two case vignettes: Step 1: Specify presenting problem and precipitants; Step 2: Identify maladaptive pattern; Step 3: Identify predisposing factors and perpetuants; Step 4: Specify a cultural formulation; Step 5: Specify the client’s relevant protective factors and strengths; Step 6: Specify treatment goals; Step 7: Specify treatment interventions; and Step 8: Specify obstacles, challenges, and facilitators. The chapter concludes with two case vignettes that demonstrate the eight-step full-scale conceptualization strategy.
Mastering the Competency of Case Conceptualization
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides tools for increasing mastery of case conceptualization with three evidence-based interventions: standardized case conceptualization training, deliberate practice, and mindfulness. It is based on experience in teaching and supervising this approach with master’s students in clinical mental health counseling programs. It also includes experience in conducting research on case conceptualization with trainees and experienced clinicians. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of mastery and then proceeds to describe the three interventions. It describes the experience of achieving a moderate level of mastery in a training program. Finally, an appendix provides a scaffolded format for intentionally integrating this model in various graduate courses.
Pattern-Focused Case Conceptualization
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

Achieving some level of mastery in case conceptualization is essential to be effective in clinical practice. This chapter will be useful to both trainees and practicing clinicians who need to increase their level of mastery in the pattern-focused approach to case conceptualization. First, the chapter describes the development of the pattern-focused approach to case conceptualization training. Next, it provides a plan for increasing one’s level of mastery of case conceptualization using three evidence-based interventions: standardized case conceptualization training, deliberate practice, and mindfulness. It is based on implementing this approach with master’s students in clinical mental health counseling programs in teaching and supervisory contexts, as well as conducting research studies with trainees as well as experienced clinicians.
Forties Swing, Hollywood Flash
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the Hollywood musical films of the Nicholas Brothers under a five-year contract with Twentieth Century-Fox that brought them to the highest level of notoriety as jazz tap dancers in the Swing era. In Down Argentine Way, despite the mere three-and-a-half-minute scene in which the Brothers appeared, audiences flocked to the theater to see them perform the title song. In Sun Valley Serenade, with Dorothy Dandridge, the Brothers’ Chattanooga Choo Choo number was the aural and visual embodiment of swing music. In Orchestra Wives, Harold performed a run-up-the-wall into a backward flip and split that had never before been seen on film. And in their spectacular Jumping Jive number in Stormy Weather, Fayard jumped down one step and landed in a split, Harold leap-frogged over Fayard and landed on the next step into another split, and the Brothers alternately jumped over each other until they reached the bottom of the stairs—a routine Fred Astaire said was the greatest he had ever seen on film.
Who Is Responsible for Cybersecurity?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “Who is responsible for cybersecurity?” addresses how cyber risk prevention and resilience is not a one-person show: it takes a village to reduce organizational cyber risk. A case study opens the chapter by examining the immense hack of Equifax and the company’s poor cyber leadership during and after the data breach. It details the importance of strong leadership and educates readers on achieving accountable leadership for cyber risk. Afterward, it teaches readers about an organization’s enterprise information security policy and outlines the components of a cybersecurity culture. Topics include transparency, accountability, appropriate system knowledge, compliance with policy and procedure, and formal communication channels. The chapter guides executives in budgeting and allocating resources to cyber risk management and explains third-party agreements for cyber risk. It also details the importance of cyber talent management. The chapter concludes with Rosenbach’s Embedded Endurance strategy experience with cyber risk leadership at the U.S. Department of Défense.
How Do I Embed Cyber Risk Management in All Aspects of the Organization?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “How do I embed cyber risk management in all aspects of the organization?” addresses how to adopt an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy in your day-to-day work as a cyber leader. The chapter begins with a case study about the NotPetya cyberattack, which highlights ongoing challenges in cyber insurance and illuminates the need for embedding cyber mitigation measures across all prioritized critical systems, networks, and data. The chapter describes how to develop an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy that is customized for your organization. This chapter walks readers through the key elements of a cyber strategy, from start to finish. This includes defining a risk framework, setting strategic goals, identifying metrics, and establishing strong leadership. The chapter concludes with experiences highlighting the real-world importance of an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy from Rosenbach and Falco.
Some Preliminary Soundings
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents a series of “soundings” of short hexametrical genres. The aim is to investigate the following: (i) how the Homeric poet, in Hector’s description of the burial mound of his antagonist, plays with his audiences’ expectations of the generic and preexisting form of the hexametrical epitaph and how both he and the Hesiodic poet use the hypothêkê, a traditionally hexametrical form of avuncular advice in the Homeric speeches of elders like Peleus or in the Hesiodic address to Perses; (ii) how a mimetic poem composed by Theocritus helps us to imagine the performance context of some fragments of Sappho’s “wedding poems” as epithalamia in hexameters composed in ten-line stanzas and chanted before the door of newlyweds; and (iii) how the short poems embedded in the Pseudo-Herodotean Life of Homer reflect the rich array of short hexametrical performances.
Helen’s Pharmakon as a Disguised Incantation
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

This chapter argues that incantation was another shorter hexametrical genre and it is framed around the description of the powers of Helen’s pharmakon in Odyssey 4. It shows that the key to understanding this enigmatic passage is the realization that the word pharmakon can refer to both an herbal drug that harms or heals the human body and to a verbal incantation that harms or heals the human mind or soul. It argues that the six-line boast about the power of Helen’s pharmakon reflects and perhaps even quotes a hexametrical incantation originally chanted in dactylic hexameters over wine and it surveys the ancient evidence for verbal pharmaka from Empedocles to Plato as well as the evidence for early hexametrical charms. It closes with a discussion of Theocritus’ mimetic Idyll 2 and a series of contemporary Hellinistic curse tablets that display many of the same features.
Nostalgia for the Past, Hope for the Future
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

In 2020, the VOV celebrated seventy-five years of broadcasting. While those celebrations were underway, a former colonial villa which housed the Bạch Mai Wireless Telegraphy Station and was used by the Viet Minh to broadcast radio reports on the Declaration of Independence in 1945, was destroyed to make way for a new road. The epilogue reflects on the accepted history of radio communications, media broadcasting, and the performing arts propagated by the VOV and contrasts that narrative with the findings of this book, which outlines a longer, entangled story involving French colonialism and American imperialism. Drawing on statements by VOV CEO Nguyễn Thế Kỷ concerning the contribution of the broadcast media to Vietnam’s positive response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the writing argues that contemporary reproductions of nostalgic red music reaffirm the centrality of the VOV as a national multimedia network and secure the future of its principal benefactor, the CPV.
The Contagion Next Time
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

In a few short months, COVID-19 devastated the world and, in particular, the United States. Yet America was already in poor health before COVID-19 appeared. Racism, marginalization, socioeconomic inequality—the failure to address these forces left America vulnerable to COVID-19 and the ensuing global health crisis it became. This book articulates the foundational forces shaping health in American society and how they can be strengthened to prevent the next outbreak from becoming a pandemic. Because while no one could have predicted that a pandemic would strike when it did, we did know that a pandemic would strike, sooner or later. The book challenges Americans to tackle the deep-rooted obstacles preventing them from becoming a truly vibrant and equitable nation, reminding them of what they seemed to have forgotten: that health is a public good worth protecting.
Conclusion
Authors: Ackerman Edwin F.
Published: November 2021

The chapter summarizes the main argument of the book and draws out its broader theoretical implications. An account of the relationship between party, capitalism, and the state should begin by establishing the historical conditions of possibility for articulation. By understanding when articulation is possible and when it is not, we gain insights into how social fragmentation might enable political organization. The social fragmentation produced by economic and political primitive accumulations is—perhaps paradoxically—conducive to party organization. The discussion in the chapter is organized around three sorts of conceptual relationships that can be approached from the vantage point of the theory and evidence presented so far: the relationship between party and the modern capitalist state, the relationship between socio-economic structure and modalities of political activity, and, finally, the contemporary relationship between the party-form and neoliberalism.
Sacred Sounds, Secular Spaces
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

This book is the first comprehensive study that reevaluates music’s role in the relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church at the end of the nineteenth century. As the divide between Church and State widened on the political stage, more and more composers began writing religious—even liturgical—music for performance in decidedly secular venues, including popular cabaret theaters, prestigious opera houses, and international exhibitions: a trend that coincided with Pope Leo XIII’s Ralliement politics that encouraged conservative Catholics to “rally” with the Republican government. But the idea of a musical Ralliement has largely gone unquestioned by historians and musicologists alike who have long accepted a somewhat simplistic epistemological position that emphasizes a sharp division between the Church and the “secular” Republic during this period. Drawing on extensive archival research, critical reception studies, and musical analysis, this book reveals how composers and critics from often opposing ideological factions undermined the secular/sacred binary. From the opera house and niche puppet theaters to Parisian parish churches and Montmartre’s famed cabarets, composers and critics from opposing ideological factions used music in their effort to craft a brand of Frenchness that was built on the dual foundations of secular Republicanism and the heritage of the French Catholic Church.
Saint-Eustache
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on a series of oratorio performances that took place at the Church of Saint-Eustache in the spring of 1900 and that generated significant controversy in the Parisian press. Opposition to the concerts from high-ranking government and Church officials recalled timeworn debates surrounding “appropriate” utilizations of sacred space, arguments that evoked long-standing tensions between Church and State (i.e., rules forbidding the performances of opera during Lent), but that also masked an underlying (and specifically French) fear that the so-called “theater of Saint-Eustache” was a step toward the Catholic Church’s defeat by the “secularizing” influence of the Republic. At first glance, this dichotomy seems to support the supposed incompatibility between Catholic traditionalists and secular Republicans. This chapter, however, reveals how the Parisian press configured both these performances and the music itself as models of religious devotion and as symbols of Republican ideology. Rather than casting the concerts as engendering a transformation of Saint-Eustache from sacred sanctuary to secular stage, Republican critics instead celebrated them as an absorption of the sacred into the secular through music.
Developing Credibility and Establishing Trust
Authors: Moran Ricki L. , Marquez Cristina , Garner James
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the importance of clearly establishing social worker roles within and outside of the building and the professional ramifications of differential training between school social workers and teachers. Steps are outlined for maintaining the social work code of ethics while partnering with other school personnel who are not bound to the same code. The importance of explaining confidentiality and its limitations early in the professional relationship is stressed. The social worker should remember to self-disclose only when it benefits the client. Advice is offered for building a solid foundation of trust and establishing credibility during a school social worker’s first three years in a school setting. Potential pitfalls will be discussed as well.
Social-Emotional Learning in a Multitiered System
Authors: Olson Sheri , Lindsey Brenda Coble , Tan Kevin
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses not only the use and application of social-emotional learning within school social work practice but also the role school social workers play in its use. Social-emotional learning is the process of developing knowledge, attitudes, and skills that improve student self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. It is strongly associated with improved grades and test scores, attendance, and positive behaviors. This chapter describes how the National School Social-Emotional Learning Standards that can be used as a framework and highlights assessment and progress-monitoring tools appropriate for multitiered systems of supports in schools. Examples of interventions at tiers 1, 2, and 3 are presented, along with case examples that illustrate how school social workers have been successful at implementing these interventions. The chapter closes by discussing social, racial, emotional, academic, and health challenges school social workers face in its implementation.
Continuity and Change in the Third Century
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter uses two case studies to explore how identities both changed and stayed the same under the changing conditions of the Hellenistic period. First, in southern Italy, Hellenic identity gained increasing prominence, especially at Taras, which understood the growing presence of non-Greeks (including Rome) as a barbarian invasion and invited Pyrrhus to assist it in support of Greekness. This discourse was not universal, however, since other cities such as Thurii were more concerned with local identities and resisting Tarantine imperialism. Second, Syracusan identity in the age of King Hieron II was articulated by three major factors: its sense of Greekness, emphasizing its role as defender of the Sicilian Greeks against barbarian enemies; the memory of the city’s past greatness, especially under the Deinomenids; and pride in its Dorian, Corinthian, and Peloponnesian origins.
Practicing Meditation
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This chapter describes the Buddhist practice of meditation as it appears in the early Mahayana context of the Vimalakīrti Sūtra. It stresses mindfulness as a state of mind cultivated in the midst of ordinary life activity. Rather than demanding the abandonment of the passions and emotional sensitivity, it encourages bodhisattvas to cultivate emotion as one essential element of life. That sensitivity is prevented from being an extreme source of suffering by calming and concentration meditation practices. Vimalakirti is described as practicing and teaching insight meditation throughout the sutra as a means of self-transformation and as a method to deal with the inevitable suffering in human life.
The Dharma of Non-duality
Authors: Wright Dale S.
Published: November 2021

This final chapter follows the sutra’s storyline through its best-known story, in which Vimalakirti challenges thirty-two bodhisattvas to present an articulate account of the non-dual nature of reality. Describing the primary lines of their statements, we learn of the non-duality between self and others, between purity and impurity, between us and them, between the human and the non-human, and between Mahayana and Hinayana. The Buddhist teachings on emptiness, dependent arising, and no-self are shown to account for the persistent non-duality proclaimed in the sutra. By way of these teachings, all dichotomies are declared to be empty of a permanent, essential nature. The chapter concludes with reflection on Vimalakirti’s famous silence in response to the question of non-duality.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 6 looks at the behind-the-scenes influence senators exerted on three bills debated and voted on in 2013: the debt-ceiling bill known commonly as “No Budget, No Pay,” the “Gang of Eight” comprehensive immigration reform bill, and an agriculture bill. It looks at interview data collected in 2013 from legislative directors for nineteen senators examining responses that answer the question of whether back-room dealing is how moderates use their power. That is to say, do legislators consider moderate preferences in an effort to build a large enough coalition to pass legislation? Interview data suggest that while leaders do try to protect moderates, coalitions are built with the opposing side, not with centrists. Indeed, legislators rarely view moderates as the most powerful senators in the Senate, and are seldom lobbied for their vote.
Country-Specific Magnitudes of Migration between Rural and Urban Sectors
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

Across seventy-four countries, six migration propensities of men and women are tabulated in this chapter: notably, for gross and net, lifetime and five-year flow, rural-urban and urban-rural moves. China is purported to have the highest rate of rural-urban migration in recent history, but neither reliable estimates nor sufficient data to permit computations appear to be available. The conventional wisdom is that India has a low rural-urban migration rate, but our estimates contradict this claim. The five-year flow rates are only loosely correlated with lifetime movements. It is important to understand the situation in each country at the time of enumeration, and these specific circumstances are described in the second half of the chapter. Gross rural-urban migration rates increase at higher urbanization levels, but net rural-urban migration proves positive virtually everywhere. Yet a decomposition for twenty-two countries indicates that reclassification of rural areas as urban is far more important than net rural-urban moves in incremental urbanization.
Impacts of Migration on Families
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

The departure of adults from rural homes raises the living standards of the family left behind, but separation of married couples through migration tends to be endemic to particular societies. The proportion of married women left alone in a rural home is particularly large in much of Africa. The incidence of long-term separation before the wife follows the husband into town is high. Yet, more women than men among rural-urban migrants are without their partner who has moved on. The intersection of child and parental migration leaving children in towns with no relative present is shown to be problematic in Haiti and much of Africa. Otherwise, having migrated into town, children are better educated than those remaining at home, but they do not catch up with their urban-born counterparts. Education of children left behind in villages is hurt by maternal migration, though remittance receipts more than offset paternal absence.
Reckoning
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

Reckoning: Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements is an analysis of the emergence of the Movement for Black Lives (M4BL), its organizational structure and culture, and its strategies and tactics, while also laying out and contextualizing the social movement’s unique political philosophy, radical Black feminist pragmatism (RBFM), along with documenting measurable political effects in terms of changing public meanings, public opinion, and policy. Throughout the text, the author interweaves theoretical and empirical observations, rendering both an illustration of this movement and an analysis of the work social movements do in democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

The Introduction argues that social movements are an overlooked democratic institution. They are necessary, not only to address the concerns of those engaging in public interest, nor only for the ethical purpose of achieving more just conditions for all, but also for the health and survival of democracy, as such. Movements are what keep democracy from falling irrevocably into the pitfalls of oligarchy and the bureaucratic iron cage described by Max Weber, chiefly dehumanization, expropriation, and stagnation.
Emergence
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 1 relates the story of the emergence of the movement, beginning with the shocking though, for some, not surprising acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murderer. I discuss the way the activist hashtag #BlackLivesMatter coalesced into an offline movement during the uprising responding to the police murder of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and soon after matured into the Movement for Black Lives, which is the name of a coordinating organization that helps to harmonize the autonomous efforts of individuals, groups, and organizations who take their mission to be defending Black lives from systematic oppression, domination, and premature death.
Political Philosophy
Authors: Woodly Deva R.
Published: November 2021

In the second chapter, Deva Woodly outlines the components of the political philosophy she has observed in the Movement for Black Lives. She argues that radical Black feminist pragmatism is a new approach to politics, one that takes lessons from many twentieth-century ideologies and forges them into a political ethic for our times. There are four constitutive elements and five substantive elements of this political philosophy. The constitutive elements are pragmatic imagination, social intelligence, democratic experimentation, and liberatory aim. The substantive elements are political claim, radical mandate, intersectional lens, margin-to-center ethics, and the politics of care.
Talk About Structural Rationality
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This chapter turns to the semantics of our ordinary talk about structural rationality. Such talk is typically conditional in form, and there is a challenge about whether it squares with the account of the fundamental form of the requirements of structural rationality defended in the previous chapter. Some have tried to meet this challenge by saying that ordinary conditional normative utterances express wide-scope claims, but this chapter argues that this theory is not semantically plausible. Instead, it shows how a standard contextualist semantics for modals and conditionals can vindicate the truth of ordinary conditional utterances about rationality and, indeed, how it can say that these utterances come out true in virtue of requirements of structural rationality of the kind defended in the previous chapter.
Coda: The Tyranny of Value
Authors: Worsnip Alex
Published: November 2021

This coda concludes the book by considering the demand to show that it’s valuable to be structurally rational, issuing a brief polemic against this demand and the broader value-centric picture of normativity that underlies it. It suggests that neither the requirements of structural rationality nor the requirements of substantive rationality are best understood in terms of value and that this is just an instance of a more general moral that not all normativity can be understood in terms of value.
Introduction
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

This chapter explains the Napolas’ significance within the Nazi state, laying out the main arguments of the book as a whole. It sketches the programmatic intentions of the key figures involved in the schools’ founding and subsequent development—Reich Education Minister Bernhard Rust, and NPEA-Inspectors Joachim Haupt and August Heißmeyer. It also provides an overview of relevant sources and secondary literature, as well as a brief summary of the schools’ overall aims and ethos. Put simply, we can see the Napolas as a microcosm in which many of the Third Reich’s most fundamental tendencies can be found in magnified form. The schools aimed to realize the more ‘Socialist’ elements of National Socialism by providing free or heavily subsidized places for children from working-class families, whilst also forming pupils into the avant-garde of the Volksgemeinschaft (the Nazi national community defined by race). All in all, in-depth analysis of the Napolas proves the worth of treating educational history as contemporary history, rather than leaving it languishing on the sub-disciplinary margins of historical enquiry.
‘Selection’, Teaching, and Everyday Life
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins with an experiential account of the selection process and everyday life at the Napolas, drawing on a mixture of contemporary accounts and eyewitness testimonies. It explores pupils’ and parents’ varied motivations for submitting to the schools’ gruelling week-long entrance exam (Aufnahmeprüfung), the nature of the examination itself, and the subsequent process of settling into school life, including pupils’ relationships with support staff and teaching staff. The chapter then goes on to explore the Napolas’ academic and physical education programme in detail, investigating both the content and indoctrinatory effects of teaching—especially the explicitly ideological lessons in ‘national-political instruction’—and the role of sport and pre-military training, which formed a core part of the NPEA curriculum. It also describes the school leaving exam and the ensuing graduation ceremony. In conclusion, the chapter compares the Napolas’ programme with that of other Nazi educational institutions such as the Reich Labour Service (RAD) and the Hitler Youth, analysing the extent to which the Napolas betrayed continuities with pre-National Socialist thinking in their adaptation of principles from reform pedagogy. Ultimately, educational practice at the schools reflected broader trends in Nazi political and pedagogical policy, but the NPEA were far more effective than most Nazi educational institutions in their ability to provide their pupils both with a broad academic curriculum, fully saturated with ideological indoctrination, and with a comprehensive and highly effective programme of physical and pre-military training.
‘Missions’ and Extracurricular Activities
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

The Napolas’ varied programme of extracurricular activities, ranging from semi-pagan ceremonies celebrating the National Socialist ‘political religion’ to opportunities for pupils to realize their artistic ambitions through music, art and design, and amateur dramatics, all formed part of the schools’ all-encompassing programme of ‘total education’. Pupils also routinely embarked on school-trips to foreign countries as far afield as Finland or Greece, as well as undertaking propagandistic excursions to contested ‘borderland regions’, and taking part in regular exchanges with US academies and British public schools. As they matured, pupils would undertake annual labour ‘missions’ (Einsätze), during which they would live and work for several months alongside farmers, miners, or industrial labourers. This chapter explores all of these aspects of the Napolas’ programme in detail. The aims of these activities were expressly political, bolstering the Napolas’ overall ideological effectiveness, as well as ostensibly supporting their claim to be furthering social progress, in accordance with the equalizing ideology of the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft. Once again, the NPEA were often more successful in this regard than other Nazi educational and recreational institutions, including civilian schools, the Hitler Youth, the Reich Labour Service (RAD), and the Strength through Joy leisure organization (Kraft durch Freude/KdF). In this context, the Napolas also offered their pupils substantial scope for the cultivation of individual self-fulfilment. However, although the NPEA programme drew upon the child-centred principles of the reform-pedagogy movement, its ultimate aim was to instil pupils with National Socialist values, instrumentalizing them in the service of the national collective.
For Girls Only
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

The schools for girls at Hubertendorf-Türnitz, Heythuysen, Colmar-Berg, and Achern are the least well-known and well-understood component of the Napola system. This chapter begins by giving an account of how the girls’ schools came into being, their aims, and the heated ministerial debates which dogged their foundation. It then describes everyday life at the girls’ schools, and the similarities and differences between their curriculum and that of the boys’ schools. Finally, it sites the aims and practice of the so-called Mädchen-Napolas within recent historiography on women and gender in Nazi Germany. The political infighting which the girls’ schools provoked, the lack of clarity surrounding their programme, and the piecemeal and contested nature of their development, reflect the fundamental flexibility (or incoherence) of the Nazi state’s attitude towards the ‘women question’ more generally. On the one hand, the girls who attended the Mädchen-Napolas were educated to believe that growing up female in Nazi Germany need be no bar to experiencing comradeship, leadership, and a successful career, and they were given an education broadly analogous to that of their male counterparts. On the other hand, the girls were still trained to see taking care of a husband and family as an ultimate good; their later public or political roles would have been largely limited to the state-sanctioned female spheres of the Nazi womens’ and girls’ organizations, and the caring professions. Ultimately, the Mädchen-Napolas demonstrate, in microcosm, both the scope and the totalitarian restrictions inherent in Nazi attitudes towards young women.
The Demands of Total War
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

The quality of school life at the NPEA gradually deteriorated during wartime—chronic shortages of everything from steel to salt, from teaching staff to stable-hands, increasingly impinged on the schools’ day-to-day functioning. This chapter begins by considering the great expectations placed on the Napolas by the Inspectorate and the armed forces, in their capacity as de facto officer training schools. Secondly, it describes daily life at the NPEA, including the ‘war missions’ (Kriegseinsätze) which pupils were expected to undertake as leaders on the children’s evacuation programme (KLV) or as anti-aircraft auxiliaries (Flakhelfer). It also explores the all-important connections between the Napola home-front and former pupils at the battle front, as exemplified by the school newsletters or Altkameradenbriefe, which were expressly designed to foster a transgenerational sense of comradeship among all who belonged to the Napolas’ ‘extended family’. Finally, the chapter briefly examines the ways in which the NPEA system profited from or abetted the wartime crimes of the Nazi regime, including the expropriation of asylums and Jewish property, and the use of forced labour (not least that of concentration-camp inmates). The conclusion then situates the experience of the Napolas within the context of existing scholarship on the state of German education and society during this turbulent period of total war. Ultimately, the NPEA were better able to withstand the privations of war than most ‘civilian’ schools during this period, due not least to their centralized administration, and their supposedly vital contribution to the war effort.