bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approximate analytic solution to the coupled problems of coronal heating and solar-wind acceleration
Authors: Chandran Benjamin D. G.
Published: May 2021

Between the base of the solar corona at$r=r_\textrm {b}$and the Alfvén critical point at$r=r_\textrm {A}$, where$r$is heliocentric distance, the solar-wind density decreases by a factor$ \mathop > \limits_\sim 10^5$, but the plasma temperature varies by a factor of only a few. In this paper, I show that such quasi-isothermal evolution out to$r=r_\textrm {A}$is a generic property of outflows powered by reflection-driven Alfvén-wave (AW) turbulence, in which outward-propagating AWs partially reflect, and counter-propagating AWs interact to produce a cascade of fluctuation energy to small scales, which leads to turbulent heating. Approximating the sub-Alfvénic region as isothermal, I first present a brief, simplified calculation showing that in a solar or stellar wind powered by AW turbulence with minimal conductive losses,$\dot {M} \simeq P_\textrm {AW}(r_\textrm {b})/v_\textrm {esc}^2$,$U_{\infty } \simeq v_\textrm {esc}$, and$T\simeq m_\textrm {p} v_\textrm {esc}^2/[8 k_\textrm {B} \ln (v_\textrm {esc}/\delta v_\textrm {b})]$, where$\dot {M}$is the mass outflow rate,$U_{\infty }$is the asymptotic wind speed,$T$is the coronal temperature,$v_\textrm {esc}$is the escape velocity of the Sun,$\delta v_\textrm {b}$is the fluctuating velocity at$r_\textrm {b}$,$P_\textrm {AW}$is the power carried by outward-propagating AWs,$k_\textrm {B}$is the Boltzmann constant, and$m_\textrm {p}$is the proton mass. I then develop a more detailed model of the transition region, corona, and solar wind that accounts for the heat flux$q_\textrm {b}$from the coronal base into the transition region and momentum deposition by AWs. I solve analytically for$q_\textrm {b}$by balancing conductive heating against internal-energy losses from radiation,$p\,\textrm {d} V$work, and advection within the transition region. The density at$r_\textrm {b}$is determined by balancing turbulent heating and radiative cooling at$r_\textrm {b}$. I solve the equations of the model analytically in two different parameter regimes. In one of these regimes, the leading-order analytic solution reproduces the results of the aforementioned simplified calculation of$\dot {M}$,$U_\infty$, and$T$. Analytic and numerical solutions to the model equations match a number of observations.
Social Investment, Employment and Policy and Institutional Complementarities: A Comparative Analysis across 26 OECD Countries
Authors: BAKKER VINCENT , VAN VLIET OLAF
Published: May 2021

Raising employment has been at the heart of EU strategies for over twenty years. Social investment, by now a widely debated topic in the comparative welfare state literature, has been suggested as a way to pursue this. However, there are only a couple of systematic comparative analyses that focus on the employment outcomes associated with social investment. Analyses of the interdependence of these policies with regard to their outcomes are even more scarce. We empirically analyse the extent to which variation in employment rates within 26 OECD countries over the period 1990-2010 can be explained by effort on five social investment policies. We additionally explore the role of policy and institutional complementarities. Using time-series cross-section analyses we find robust evidence for a positive association between effort on ALMPs and employment rates. For other policies we obtain mixed results. ALMPs are the only policies for which we observe signs of policy interdependence, which point at diminishing marginal returns. Additionally, our analysis demonstrates that the interdependence of social investment policies varies across welfare state regimes. Together, this indicates that the employment outcomes of social investment policies are also contingent on the broader framework of welfare state policies and institutions.
A Failed Experiment: Okinawan Indents and the Postwar Torres Strait Pearlshelling Industry, 1958–1963
Authors: Shnukal Anna
Published: May 2021

Throughout its European history, Australia has solved recurrent labor shortages by importing workers from overseas. Situated on shipping lanes between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the northern Australian pearlshelling industry became a significant locus of second-wave transnational labor flows (1870–1940) and by the 1880s was dependent on indentured workers from the Pacific and Southeast Asia. Exempted from the racially discriminatory Immigration Restriction Act of 1901, indentured Asian seamen, principally Japanese, maintained the industry until the outbreak of the Pacific War in 1941. The Torres Strait pearlshelling industry, centered on Thursday Island in Far North Queensland, resumed in 1946 amid general agreement that the Japanese must not return. Nevertheless, in 1958, 162 Okinawan pearling indents arrived on Thursday Island in a controversial attempt to restore the industry's declining fortunes. This article is intended as a contribution to the history of transnational labor movements. It consults a range of sources to document this “Okinawan experiment,” the last large-scale importation of indentured Asian labor into Australia. It examines Australian Commonwealth-state tensions in formulating and adopting national labor policy; disputes among Queensland policy makers; the social characteristics of the Okinawan cohort; and local Indigenous reactions. Also discussed are the economics of labor in the final years of the Torres Strait pearling industry. This study thus extends our knowledge of transnational labor movements and the intersection of early postwar Australian-Asian relations with Queensland Indigenous labor policy. It also foreshadows contemporary Indigenous demands for control of local marine resources.
Tilting at windmills: Reparations and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Moffett Luke , Sandoval Clara
Published: May 2021

More than 20 years on from the signing of the Rome Statute, delivering victim-centred justice through reparations has been fraught with legal and practical challenges. The Court’s jurisprudence on reparations only began to emerge from 2012 and struggles to find purchase on implementation on the ground. In its first few cases of Lubanga, Katanga, and Al Mahdi the eligibility and forms of reparations have been limited to certain victims, subject to years of litigation, and faced difficulties in delivery due to ongoing insecurity. This is perhaps felt most acutely in the Bemba case, where more than 5,000 victims of murder, rape and pillage were waiting for redress, and the defendant was not indigent, but where he was later acquitted on appeal, thereby extinguishing reparation proceedings. This article critically appraises the jurisprudence and practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on reparations. It looks at competing principles and rationales for reparations at the Court in light of comparative practice in international human rights law and transitional justice processes to consider what is needed to ensure that the ICC is able to deliver on its reparations mandate. An underpinning argument is that reparations at the ICC cannot be seen in isolation from other reparation practices in the states where the Court operates. Reparative complementarity for victims of international crimes is essential to maximize the positive impact that the fulfilment of this right can have on victims and not to sacrifice the legitimacy of the Court, nor quixotically strive for the impossible.
The role of the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio for pre-operative risk stratification of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair
Authors: Manuel Valdano , Miana Leonardo A. , Turquetto Aida , Guerreiro Gustavo Pampolha , Fernandes Natália , Jatene Marcelo Biscegli
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Acute kidney injury is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease and mortality after congenital heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is an inexpensive and easy to measure biomarker for predicting outcomes in children with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical correction.

Objective:

To identify children at high risk of acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair using the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio.

Methods:

This single-centre retrospective analysis included consecutive patients aged < 18 years who underwent tetralogy of Fallot repair between January 2014 and December 2018. The pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was measured using the last pre-operative complete blood count test. We used the Acute Kidney Injury Network definition.

Results:

A total of 116 patients were included, of whom 39 (33.6%) presented with acute kidney injury: 20 (51.3%) had grade I acute kidney injury, nine had grade II acute kidney injury (23.1%), and 10 (25.6%) had grade III acute kidney injury. A high pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was associated with grade III acute kidney injury in the post-operative period (p = 0.04). Patients with acute kidney injury had longer mechanical ventilation time (p = 0.023), intensive care unit stay (p < 0.001), and hospital length of stay (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that the pre-operative neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio can be used to identify patients at risk of developing grade III acute kidney injury after tetralogy of Fallot repair.
A Direct Flight to Revolution: Maududi, Divine Sovereignty, and the 1979-Moment in Iran
Authors: FUCHS SIMON WOLFGANG
Published: May 2021

This article explores the engagement of the Pakistani Jamaʿat-i Islami (JI) with the Iranian Revolution. I argue that the Islamist JI was drawn to the events because it reflected a core concern and signature idea of Abu ’l-Aʿla Maududi, namely to establish the sovereignty of God (hakimiyya) on earth. My analysis of various travelogues and JI publications from the 1980s demonstrates that JI observers were deeply familiar with internal revolutionary dynamics and Iran's Shiʿi identity. The prospect of seeing a proper Islamic system in action, with potentially global consequences for their cause, initially crowded out any sectarian concerns for the JI. At the same time, certain JI leaders began to voice criticism of what they perceived as rash revolutionary policies that differed from Maududi's careful, irenic understanding of a proper Islamic revolution. They also took note of sectarian messages that damaged Iran's ecumenical outreach. It was, however, the more general geopolitical climate in the Middle East and South Asia which forced the JI to publicly downplay its ties with Iran. By the late 1980s, being accused of harbouring affinities for the ‘deviant Islam’ of Shiʿism was a charge that had to be avoided at all costs in Pakistan and beyond.
Quantifying Real-Time Sample Temperature Under the Gas Environment in the Transmission Electron Microscope Using a Novel MEMS Heater
Authors: Li Meng , Xie De-Gang , Zhang Xi-Xiang , Yang Judith C. , Shan Zhi-Wei
Published: May 2021

Accurate control and measurement of real-time sample temperature are critical for the understanding and interpretation of the experimental results from in situ heating experiments inside environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). However, quantifying the real-time sample temperature remains a challenging task for commercial in situ TEM heating devices, especially under gas conditions. In this work, we developed a home-made micro-electrical-mechanical-system (MEMS) heater with unprecedented small temperature gradient and thermal drift, which not only enables the temperature evolution caused by gas injection to be measured in real-time but also makes the key heat dissipation path easier to model to theoretically understand and predict the temperature decrease. A new parameter termed as “gas cooling ability (H)”, determined purely by the physical properties of the gas, can be used to compare and predict the gas-induced temperature decrease by different gases. Our findings can act as a reference for predicting the real temperature for in situ heating experiments without closed-loop temperature sensing capabilities in the gas environment, as well as all gas-related heating systems.
Firmer Roots of Ethnicity and Nationalism? New Historical Research and Its Implications for Political Science
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: May 2021

Among social scientists, constructivism has long reigned supreme in the study of ethnicity, nationality, and nationalism. Accordingly, scholars have highlighted the role of cultural framing and political choice in the definition of ethnic categories, their fluidity, and their flexible boundaries. Conversely, they have deemphasized the historical roots of ethnicity and depicted nations as the contested products of nationalist movements and political leaders and as (merely) “imagined communities” (Anderson 1991). Although constructivism encompasses a broad gamut of theories that differ in the malleability ascribed to ethnicity (Chandra 2012, 19–22, 139–49), recent authors have emphasized its susceptibility to change by highlighting manipulation by political-electoral entrepreneurs (Wilkinson 2012) and focusing on “identity in formation” (Laitin 1998), “ethnicity without groups” (Brubaker 2004), and “imagined noncommunities” characterized by “national indifference” (Zahra 2010).
Democratic imperialism and Risorgimento colonialism: European legionnaires on the Argentine Pampa in the 1850s
Authors: Bonvini Alessandro , Jacobson Stephen
Published: May 2021

In the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, democratic nationalism promoted the liberation of oppressed peoples from the shackles of absolutist empires and prophesied the emergence of a cosmopolitan brotherhood of nation states. From a global perspective, however, this political culture could be imperial. The governors of State of Buenos Aires modelled plans for the White colonization of the pampas on French Algeria. They sent a Military-Agricultural Legion to the enclave of Bahía Blanca, near the Patagonian frontier, to participate in the war against the Indians. Launched as the successor to Garibaldi’s Italian Legion of Montevideo, its leaders promised to bring civilization to savage lands in the spirit of Columbus and in the name of the Risorgimento. This case study offers a window into the cross-pollination of ideas concerning conquest and colonization between Latin America and Europe. Expansion and secession, empire and nation, mestizaje and racial hierarchies, cosmopolitanism and adventurism, all coexisted within an entangled republican universe.
Enslaved in Dzungaria: what an eighteenth-century crocheting instructor can teach us about overland globalisation
Authors: Hellman Lisa
Published: May 2021

This global microhistorical analysis of the Swede Brigitta Scherzenfeldt’s capture in Russia and her subsequent enslavement in the Dzungar khanate stresses actors and regions needed to nuance the history of globalisation. The early globalisation process is commonly exemplified with maritime contacts, involving free and often male West European actors. In contrast, this study combines multilingual source material to trace and discuss economic integration, cross-border trade, forced migration, the circulation of knowledge, literary depictions, and diplomatic contacts in the Central Asian borderlands between China and Russia. In the process, I clarify the importance of female, coerced actors, and overland connections between non-European empires for the history of early modern globalisation.
‘Old-Time Religion in a New-Fashioned Way’: The Ministry of ‘Billy’ Richards, 1943–74
Authors: Masom Grant
Published: May 2021

In 1943 a twenty-six-year-old Pentecostal pastor arrived in Slough, a fast-growing industrial town that many church leaders found spiritually tough. Over the next thirty years Billy Richards built a thriving church with six hundred adult members and a thousand children attending groups across the town. His ministry extended beyond Slough through books, radio broadcasts, correspondence courses and international speaking tours. His methods embraced modern media, new forms of worship, conservative theology and a focus on the active work of the Holy Spirit. One local newspaper characterized it as ‘Old-Time Religion in a New-Fashioned Way’. This article explores the inspirational aspects of Richards's ministry, how these took institutional expression in his lifetime, and why that institution continues to be influential today. His ministry provides one example of how local churches could adapt successfully to the changing social and cultural landscape of late twentieth-century Britain. This has implications for the understanding of urban mission and the contribution made by the agency of organized religious institutions to twentieth-century secularization.
From Institution to Inspiration: Why the Friars Minor Became Franciscans
Authors: Şenocak Neslihan
Published: May 2021

Medieval religious institutions, such as the papacy or the religious orders, tend to designate a saint as their founding inspiration. For the papacy, this has been St Peter; for the religious orders, saints such as St Benedict, St Dominic or St Francis. While it might appear logical to think of these inspiring founders as preceding the establishment of such institutions, in reality the latter are almost entirely responsible for the making, maintaining and circulating of the image of a founding saint. Hence it is necessary to approach historiographical narratives with great caution in which an institution is thought to be diverging from the founder's path, falling short of the founder's ideals or deliberately distorting the image of a founder to justify their evolution. If such a discrepancy between the initial ideal and later practice is observed, the central point of investigation should focus on why the hagiographical and liturgical records regarding the founding saint included elements in conflict with the institutional practice. This article will investigate the medieval evidence and the historiographical narratives pertaining to the Order of Friars Minor.
Trinitarian Hagiography in Late Medieval England: Rewriting St Robert of Knaresborough in Latin Verse
Authors: Hunter Blair Hazel J.
Published: May 2021

The Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives (or Trinitarian Order) is one of the least studied continental religious groups to have expanded into thirteenth-century England. This article examines shifting notions of Trinitarian redemption in late medieval England through the prism of the order's writing about Yorkshire hermit St Robert of Knaresborough (d. 1218). Against the Weberian theory of the routinization of charisma, it demonstrates that Robert's inspirational sanctity was never bound too rigidly by his Trinitarian hagiographers, who rather co-opted his unstable charisma in distinct yet complementary ways to facilitate institutional reinvention and spiritual flourishing in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Das Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrom: selten, vielmals verpasst oder zu häufig diagnostiziert?
Authors: Dorn Patrick , Zehnder Adrian , Kocher Gregor J.
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Das Thoracic-Outlet-Syndrom (TOS) präsentiert sich mit verschiedenen Symptomen, die durch Kompression des neurovaskulären Bündels im Bereich der oberen Thoraxapertur verursacht werden. Da die Pathogenese die Therapie des TOS mitbestimmt, ist die Einteilung gemäss der betroffenen Struktur in das neurogene, venöse und arterielle TOS (nTOS, vTOS und aTOS) sinnvoll. Häufig ist jedoch von Mischformen auszugehen, die dann meistens auch unter dem Begriff «unspezifisches TOS» in die Gruppe des nTOS eingereiht werden. Da kein diagnostischer Goldstandard-Test zur Verfügung steht, nimmt die exakte Anamnese und klinische Untersuchung weiterhin einen grossen Stellenwert ein. Diagnostische Erfahrungen und therapeutische Fortschritte haben jedoch zu hoffnungsvollen Möglichkeiten im herausfordernden Management dieses Krankheitsbildes geführt.
Eine seltene Ursache der Hyperkalzämie
Authors: Emmenegger Luca , Vogetseder Alexander , Bodmer Michael
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Sarkoidose ist eine seltene Ursache der Hyperkalzämie. Als häufigste Ursachen kommen ein primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus sowie ein malignes Tumorleiden in Frage. Weitere Ursachen können eine Vitamin-D-Intoxikation, sonstige granulomatöse Erkrankungen (Tuberkulose, Pilzinfektionen etc.) oder ein multiples Myelom sein. Aufgrund der breiten Differenzialdiagnose ist eine systematische Abklärung entscheidend, um die korrekte Diagnose zu stellen. Zur Therapie einer Hyperkalzämie erfolgt eine Volumensubstitution und anschliessende Gabe von Bisphosphonaten. Bei einer Sarkoidose als Ursache der Hyperkalzämie ist zudem eine systemische Steroidtherapie mit Prednisolon indiziert.
CME-Rheumatologie 23/Antworten: Rheumatoide Arthritis nach COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2-Infektion
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio , Micheroli Raphael
Published: May 2021

Zusammenfassung. Personen mit rheumatischen Erkrankungen, insbesondere solche unter immunmodulierender Behandlung, haben ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko. Andererseits ist bekannt, dass virale Infektionen eine Ursache für akute Arthralgien und für eine Arthritis sind. Wir stellen im Folgenden einen Fall mit ACPA- und RF-positiver rheumatoider Arthritis vor, aufgetreten nach COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2-Infektion, und diskutieren den möglichen Zusammenhang mit der Infektion.
Intercomparison of the Performance of Four Data Assimilation Schemes in a Limited‐Area Model on Forecasts of an Extreme Rainfall Event Over the Uttarakhand in Himalayas
Authors: Rakesh S. , Kutty Govindan
Published: May 2021

The present study compares the performance of four data assimilation (DA) systems: Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter (EAKF), Variational (3DVAR/4DVAR), and Hybrid ensemble‐3DVAR (HYBRID) in the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. A heavy rainfall event that caused notorious floods in the Uttarakhand over the Himalayan region is considered. Observations are assimilated at every 6 h interval and all the conventional observations including cloud tracked‐wind from the satellite available from Global Telecommunication System are used. The forecasts initialized from the analysis of four DA systems at different lead times are evaluated. Additionally, a non‐cycled nested assimilation strategy that provides advantages of increased resolution in the DA system is tested. The results indicate that 4DVAR experiments produce more skillful forecasts for wind while both 4DVAR and EAKF experiments show improvement for upper tropospheric temperature forecasts as compared to the other experiments. The evaluation of rainfall forecast depicts that the 4DVAR DA system has outperformed the other DA systems when the effect of high‐resolution assimilation is mimicked in the system using the nested assimilation strategy. Further analysis on the dynamics of the event indicates that an early merging of the southward protruding trough with the westward‐moving monsoon depression has resulted in stronger southeastward flow in EAKF and HYBRID experiments, which is suggested as a potential reason for enhanced precipitation over the Uttarakhand in both the experiments.
A Nationwide Analysis of Water Scarcity and Cloud Seeding Demand Levels From Analyzing Water Utilization Data, Agricultural Drought Maps, and Local Conditions in China Mainland
Authors: Kong Mengyuan , Wang Gaoxu , Wu Yongxiang , Liu Guodong , Gu Ying , Wu Wei
Published: May 2021

China has lots of funds, materials, and human resources in cloud seeding operations to help with water shortage problems across the country. But there is little guide about when and where the operations would obtain better benefits. To fill this gap, the modified Water Utilization Level (WUL) map of China mainland was plotted with the acquirable water utilization data on sub‐watershed scales in this study. Then the agricultural drought levels map of different counties were integrated with the modified WUL Map under preset rules to generate an integrated water scarcity map. Lastly, the cloud seeding demand maps of different seasons were drawn by integrating the agricultural drought seasons map of different counties with the integrated water scarcity map and the modified WUL map. Results showed that the middle north of China should have the highest priorities for cloud seeding operations during spring and summer, and some regions at the south during winter and spring, a few scattered regions at the northwest during spring and summer and a few regions at the middle of southeast China during summer and autumn should also have high priorities of cloud seeding operations. This research can help rain enhancement operations to obtain better effects on easing water scarcity problems and deepen the cooperation of water resources department and weather modification department in China. The designed intersecting rules of different maps in this paper also might inspire other relevant researches.
Factors Determining Seagrass Blue Carbon Across Bioregions and Geomorphologies
Authors: Mazarrasa Inés , Lavery Paul , Duarte Carlos M. , Lafratta Anna , Lovelock Catherine E. , Macreadie Peter I. , Samper‐Villarreal Jimena , Salinas Cristian , Sanders Christian J. , Trevathan‐Tackett Stacey , Young Mary , Steven Andy , Serrano Oscar
Published: May 2021

Seagrass meadows rank among the most significant organic carbon (Corg) sinks on earth. We examined the variability in seagrass soil Corg stocks and composition across Australia and identified the main drivers of variability, applying a spatially hierarchical approach that incorporates bioregions and geomorphic settings. Top 30 cm soil Corg stocks were similar across bioregions and geomorphic settings (min‐max: 20–26 Mg Corg ha−1), but meadows formed by large species (i.e., Amphibolis spp. and Posidonia spp.) showed higher stocks (24–29 Mg Corg ha−1) than those formed by smaller species (e.g., Halodule, Halophila, Ruppia, Zostera, Cymodocea, and Syringodium; 12–21 Mg Corg ha−1). In temperate coastal meadows dominated by large species, soil Corg stocks mainly derived from seagrass Corg (72 ± 2%), while allochthonous Corg dominated soil Corg stocks in meadows formed by small species in temperate and tropical estuarine meadows (64 ± 5%). In temperate coastal meadows, soil Corg stocks were enhanced by low hydrodynamic exposure associated with high mud and seagrass Corg contents. In temperate estuarine meadows, soil Corg stocks were enhanced by high contributions of seagrass Corg, low to moderate solar radiation, and low human pressure. In tropical estuarine meadows formed by small species, large soil Corg stocks were mainly associated with low hydrodynamic energy, low rainfall, and high solar radiation. These results showcase that bioregion and geomorphic setting are not necessarily good predictors of soil Corg stocks and that site‐specific estimates based on local environmental factors are needed for Blue Carbon projects and greenhouse gases accounting purposes.
Torn Between Two Plates: Exhumation of the Cer Massif (Internal Dinarides) as a Far‐Field Effect of Carpathian Slab Rollback Inferred From 40Ar/39Ar Dating and Cross Section Balancing
Authors: Löwe Georg , Schneider Susanne , Sperner Blanka , Balling Philipp , Pfänder Jörg A. , Ustaszewski Kamil
Published: May 2021

Extension across the southern Pannonian Basin and the internal Dinarides is characterized by Oligo‐Miocene metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) exhumed along mylonitic low‐angle extensional shear zones. Cer MCC at the transition between Dinarides and Pannonian Basin occupies a structural position within the distal‐most Adriatic thrust sheet and originates from two different tectonic processes: Late Cretaceous‐Paleogene nappe‐stacking during a continent‐continent collision with Adria in a lower plate position, and exhumation related to Miocene extension driven by the Carpathian slab‐rollback. Structural data and a balanced cross section across the Cer massif show linking of the exhuming shear zone to a breakaway fault, which reactivated the early Late Cretaceous most internal nappe contact. Paleozoic greenschist‐to amphibolite‐grade lithologies surround a polyphase intrusion composed of I‐ and S‐type granites and were exhumed along a shear zone characterized by top‐N transport. Thermobarometric analyses indicate an intrusion depth of 7–8 km of the Oligocene I‐type granite; cooling below ∼500°C occurred at 25.4 ± 0.6 Ma (1σ) yielded by 40Ar/39Ar dating of hornblende. Biotite and white mica from this intrusion as well as from the mylonitic shear zone yield 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of 17–18 Ma independent of the used techniques (in situ laser ablation, single‐grain total fusion, single‐grain step heating, and multi‐grain step heating). White mica from the S‐type granite yield an 40Ar/39Ar cooling age of 16.7 ± 0.1 Ma (1σ). Associated dikes intruding the shear zone were also affected by N‐S extension resulting in the exhumation of the MCC, which was triggered by the opening of the Pannonian back‐arc basin in response to the Carpathian slab‐rollback.
Humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by inactivated and RBD-subunit vaccines
Authors: Cao Yunlong , Yisimayi Ayijiang , Bai Yali , Huang Weijin , Li Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhiying , Yuan Tianjiao , An Ran , Wang Jing , Xiao Tianhe , Du Shuo , Ma Wenping , Song Liyang , Li Yongzheng , Li Xiang , Song Weiliang , Wu Jiajing , Liu Shuo , Li Xuemei , Zhang Yonghong , Su Bin , Guo Xianghua , Wei Yangyang , Gao Chuanping , Zhang Nana , Zhang Yifei , Dou Yang , Xu Xiaoyu , Shi Rui , Lu Bai , Jin Ronghua , Ma Yingmin , Qin Chengfeng , Wang Youchun , Feng Yingmei , Xiao Junyu , Xie Xiaoliang Sunney
Published: May 2021

SARS-CoV-2 variants could induce immune escape by mutations on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD). Here we report the humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), of the plasma and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) elicited by CoronaVac (inactivated vaccine), ZF2001 (RBD-subunit vaccine) and natural infection. Among 86 potent NAbs identified by high-throughput single-cell VDJ sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinees and convalescents, near half anti-RBD NAbs showed major neutralization reductions against the K417N/E484K/N501Y mutation combination, with E484K being the dominant cause. VH3-53/VH3-66 recurrent antibodies respond differently to RBD variants, and K417N compromises the majority of neutralizing activity through reduced polar contacts with complementarity determining regions. In contrast, the 242–244 deletion (242–244Δ) would abolish most neutralization activity of anti-NTD NAbs by interrupting the conformation of NTD antigenic supersite, indicating a much less diversity of anti-NTD NAbs than anti-RBD NAbs. Plasma of convalescents and CoronaVac vaccinees displayed comparable neutralization reductions against pseudo- and authentic 501Y.V2 variants, mainly caused by E484K/N501Y and 242–244Δ, with the effects being additive. Importantly, RBD-subunit vaccinees exhibit markedly higher tolerance to 501Y.V2 than convalescents, since the elicited anti-RBD NAbs display a high diversity and are unaffected by NTD mutations. Moreover, an extended gap between the third and second doses of ZF2001 leads to better neutralizing activity and tolerance to 501Y.V2 than the standard three-dose administration. Together, these results suggest that the deployment of RBD-vaccines, through a third-dose boost, may be ideal for combating SARS-CoV-2 variants when necessary, especially for those carrying mutations that disrupt the NTD supersite.
Clinical utility of DaTscan in patients with suspected Parkinsonian syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bega Danny , Kuo Phillip H. , Chalkidou Anastasia , Grzeda Mariusz T. , Macmillan Thomas , Brand Christine , Sheikh Zulfiqar H. , Antonini Angelo
Published: May 2021

Images of DaTscan (ioflupane [123I] SPECT) have been used as an adjunct to clinical diagnosis to facilitate the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative (ND) Parkinsonian Syndrome (PS) vs. non-dopamine deficiency aetiologies of Parkinsonism. Despite several systematic reviews having summarised the evidence on diagnostic accuracy, the impact of imaging results on clinical utility has not been systematically assessed. Our objective was to examine the available evidence on the clinical utility of DaTscan imaging in changing diagnosis and subsequent management of patients with suspected PS. We performed a systematic review of published studies of clinical utility from 2000 to 2019 without language restrictions. A meta-analysis of change in diagnosis and management rates reported from each study was performed using a random-effects model and logit transformation. Sub-group analysis, meta-regression and sensitivity analysis was performed to explore heterogeneity. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen of these contributed to the meta-analyses including 950 and 779 patients with a reported change in management and change in diagnosis, respectively. The use of DaTscan imaging resulted in a change in management in 54% (95% CI: 47–61%) of patients. Change in diagnosis occurred in 31% (95% CI: 22–42%) of patients. The two pooled analyses were characterised by high levels of heterogeneity. Our systematic review and meta-analysis show that imaging with DaTscan was associated with a change in management in approximately half the patients tested and the diagnosis was modified in one third. Regardless of time from symptom onset to scan results, these changes were consistent. Further research focusing on specific patient subgroups could provide additional evidence on the impact on clinical outcomes.
Exposition of respiratory ailments from trace metals concentrations in incenses
Authors: Bu-Olayan A. H. , Thomas B. V.
Published: May 2021

Selected trace metals of importance in different incense before and after the smoldering process were assessed based on the recent respiratory ailments. Marketed perfumed and non-perfumed incense from different countries was separately analyzed using an Inductive coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A particulate analyzer measured the dispersed particulates (PM2.5) in the indoor environment. The analysis revealed higher mean metals concentrations in the smoldered perfumed incense (1.98 µg g−1) than in the non-smoldered and non-perfumed incense (0.59 µg g−1). Pilot-scale experiments included the smoke dispersed in different sized-rooms, and the distance between the inhaler and the smoldering incense. Simultaneously, a questionnaire distributed to 300 residents from six sampling areas revealed the exposure of incense to human health. This study indicated significant attributes on (a) the room size and incense volume, (b) the permissible inmate’s number in a room, (c) the distance between the inmate vicinity and the point of smoldering incense, (d) selectivity of incense, besides the outdoor environmental influence. Furthermore, this study revealed the various categories of respiratory ailments in residents in relation to the frequency of burning incense, prolonged smoke exposure, and the impact of burners although, earlier beneficial effects of incenses were evidenced. This study recommends preventive measures to human respiratory ailments from smoldering incense.
A novel method for in situ TEM measurements of adhesion at the diamond–metal interface
Authors: Loginov P. A. , Sidorenko D. A. , Orekhov A. S. , Levashov E. A.
Published: May 2021

The procedure for in situ TEM measurements of bonding strength (adhesion) between diamond and the metal matrix using a Hysitron PI 95 TEM Picoindenter holder for mechanical tests and Push-to-Pull devices was proposed. For tensile tests, dog-bone shaped lamellae 280–330 nm thick and ~ 2.5 µm long were used as objects of study. The lamellae were manufactured using the focused ion beam technology from the metal–diamond interface of diamond-containing composite material with a single-phase binder made of Fe–Co–Ni alloy. The experimentally determined bonding strength was 110 MPa.
Gene variants and expression changes of SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood are associated with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Maszlag-Török Rita , Boros Fanni A. , Vécsei László , Klivényi Péter
Published: May 2021

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. There is a growing body of evidence of the involvement of sirtuins (SIRTs) in disease pathomechanism. SIRTs are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases which take part in various cellular functions. However, available data of the relationship between SIRT gene polymorphisms and PD is limited. Our aim was to investigate the possible association of 10 SNPs identified within non-mitochondrial SIRTs, SIRT1, -2 and -6 with the risk of PD in Hungarian population, and to compare the expression level of these SIRTs between healthy controls and PD patients. Our results showed that rs3740051 and rs3818292 of SIRT1 and rs350843, rs350844, rs107251, rs350845 and rs350846 of SIRT6 show weak association with PD risk. On the contrary rs12778366 and rs3758391 of SIRT1 and rs10410544 of SIRT2 did not show association with PD. Moreover, we detected that mRNA level of SIRT1 was down-regulated, and mRNA level of SIRT6 was up-regulated, while SIRT2 mRNA level was not altered in the peripheral blood of PD patients as compared to controls. The difference in both cases was more pronounced when comparing the early-onset PD group to the control cohort. Nevertheless, mRNA level changes did not show any association with the presence of any of the investigated SNPs either in the PD or in the control group. In conclusion, our findings suggest that non-mitochondrial sirtuins, SIRT1 and -6 but not SIRT2 might contribute to the pathogenesis of PD in the Hungarian population both via their altered mRNA levels and via gene alterations identified as specific SNPs.
Point-of-care lung ultrasound in COVID-19 patients: inter- and intra-observer agreement in a prospective observational study
Authors: Lerchbaumer Markus H. , Lauryn Jonathan H. , Bachmann Ulrike , Enghard Philipp , Fischer Thomas , Grune Jana , Hegemann Niklas , Khadzhynov Dmytro , Kruse Jan Matthias , Lehner Lukas J. , Lindner Tobias , Oezkan Timur , Zickler Daniel , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Hamm Bernd , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Muench Frédéric
Published: May 2021

With an urgent need for bedside imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this study’s main goal was to assess inter- and intraobserver agreement in lung ultrasound (LUS) of COVID-19 patients. In this single-center study we prospectively acquired and evaluated 100 recorded ten-second cine-loops in confirmed COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) patients. All loops were rated by ten observers with different subspeciality backgrounds for four times by each observer (400 loops overall) in a random sequence using a web-based rating tool. We analyzed inter- and intraobserver variability for specific pathologies and a semiquantitative LUS score. Interobserver agreement for both, identification of specific pathologies and assignment of LUS scores was fair to moderate (e.g., LUS score 1 Fleiss’ κ = 0.27; subpleural consolidations Fleiss’ κ = 0.59). Intraobserver agreement was mostly moderate to substantial with generally higher agreement for more distinct findings (e.g., lowest LUS score 0 vs. highest LUS score 3 (median Fleiss’ κ = 0.71 vs. 0.79) or air bronchograms (median Fleiss’ κ = 0.72)). Intraobserver consistency was relatively low for intermediate LUS scores (e.g. LUS Score 1 median Fleiss’ κ = 0.52). We therefore conclude that more distinct LUS findings (e.g., air bronchograms, subpleural consolidations) may be more suitable for disease monitoring, especially with more than one investigator and that training material used for LUS in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) should pay refined attention to areas such as B-line quantification and differentiation of intermediate LUS scores.
Cardiovascular Risk Comparison between Expanded Hemodialysis Using Theranova and Online Hemodiafiltration (CARTOON): A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lee Yeonhee , Jang Myoung-jin , Jeon Junseok , Lee Jung Eun , Huh Wooseong , Choi Bum Soon , Park Cheol Whee , Chin Ho Jun , Kang Chae Lin , Kim Dong Ki , Han Seung Seok , Joo Kwon Wook
Published: May 2021

Expanded hemodialysis (HDx) with medium cutoff (MCO) membranes, which remove middle-to-large molecules well, may be a good option to replace online hemodiafiltration (online-HDF). To provide more evidence, this randomized controlled trial compared several cardiovascular parameters between patients undergoing HDx and online-HDF. Eighty patients undergoing thrice-weekly hemodialysis were randomly assigned to receive either HDx with a Theranova membrane (n = 43) or online-HDF (n = 37). The primary endpoints were changes in brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), echocardiographic parameters, and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores over 1 year, and the secondary endpoints included blood cardiovascular biomarkers, mortality, and patient-reported outcomes. A linear mixed model and log-rank test were used to estimate the group differences. 65 patients had completed the trial. The changes in baPWV and echocardiographic parameters did not differ between the two groups. The CAC scores remained stable in the online-HDF group, whereas an increasing trend was shown in the HDx group (P = 0.012). Other endpoints, including cardiovascular and all-cause mortalities, were similar between the two groups. The changes in cardiovascular parameters did not differ between HDx with an MCO membrane and online-HDF. However, attention may be needed in patients with high CAC scores or scores with an increasing tendency when online-HDF is replaced with HDx with an MCO membrane.
Effects ofEucommia ulmoidesextract against renal injury caused by long-term high purine diets in rats
Authors: Li An , Yuan Jin-Feng , Gong Qin , Zhang Ni , Chen Lan-Ying , Luo Ying-Ying , Cui Ya-Ru , Wang Hui-Ling , Liu Rong-Hua
Published: May 2021

Study of the effects and protective mechanism ofEucommia ulmoidesextract on renal injury caused by long-term high purine diets in rats.
Segregated co-assembly of fullerene–triphenylene hybrid dendrimers in columnar mesophases showing ambipolar charge transport
Authors: Mu Bin , Chen Jian , Chen Keyang , Zhang Chunxiu , Chen Dongzhong
Published: May 2021

Segregated columnar co-assembly of fullerene–triphenylene hybrid dendrimers enables ambipolar charge-transport properties with the formation of both a hole-transporting triphenylene column and an electron-transporting fullerene array.
An unprecedented pyridine-based dinuclear mixed-valent ReI/VII oxo-bridged complex: a solvatochromic and AIE-active probe for nanomolar detection of picric acid and trinitrotoluene
Authors: Mukherjee Atasi , Bhattacharya Suman , Chakravarty Manab
Published: May 2021

Oxo-bridged mixed-valent binuclear ReI/VI complex is synthesized using a twisted bulky pyridyl ligand. The complex shows solvatofluorochromic/AIE-feature and is utilized to detect picric acid/TNT in nanomolar range. The sensing is also explored in paper strip/soil.
Improved energy storage performance of PbZrO3 antiferroelectric thin films crystallized by microwave radiation
Authors: Fang Yin , Bai Yu , Li Yi Zhuo , Liu Ning , Zhang Fan , Wang Chao , Wang Zhan Jie
Published: May 2021

We prepared amorphous PZO films by chemical solution deposition and then crystallized the films by microwave radiation. Using microwave radiation in the crystallization of AFE thin films is an effective method to improve their energy storage performance.
Direct conversion of lignin to high-quality graphene-based materials via catalytic carbonization
Authors: Ishii Takafumi , Mori Mikaru , Hisayasu Shiguma , Tamura Ryusuke , Ikuta Yuki , Fujishiro Fumito , Ozaki Jun-ichi , Itabashi Hideyuki , Mori Masanobu
Published: May 2021

Directly converting lignin to graphene via catalytic carbonization is expected to expand the industrial use of lignin and graphene-based materials.
Facile synthesis of a carbon dots and silver nanoparticles (CDs/AgNPs) composite for antibacterial application
Authors: Wei Xinjing , Cheng Feng , Yao Yue , Yi Xiaotong , Wei Binxiao , Li Hongbin , Wu Yadong , He Jinmei
Published: May 2021

One-step facile synthesis of a carbon dots and silver nanoparticles (CDs/AgNPs) composite without the introduction of toxic chemicals.
Dynamics and extensional rheology of polymer–surfactant association complexes
Authors: Martínez Narváez Carina D. V. , Mazur Thomas , Sharma Vivek
Published: May 2021

We find the aqueous PEO–SDS mixtures show a significantly weaker concentration-dependent variation in the extensional relaxation time, filament lifespan, and extensional viscosity values than anticipated by the shear viscosityvs.concentration plots.
Advanced separators based on aramid nanofiber (ANF) membranes for lithium-ion batteries: a review of recent progress
Authors: Yang Bin , Wang Lin , Zhang Meiyun , Li Weiwei , Zhou Qiankun , Zhong Linxin
Published: May 2021

The recent application progress and challenges of the state-of-the-art ANF-based membranes for LIB separators are critically reviewed, demonstrating that ANF separators are promising building blocks for high-performance LIB separators.
A highly stable, selective, and high-performance VOC sensor using a SnS2 nano-lotus structure
Authors: Mishra Rajneesh Kumar , Choi Gyu Jin , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Kaushik Ajeet , Sohn Youngku , Lee Seung Hee , Gwag Jin Seog
Published: May 2021

Ionic active site formation, VOC interactions with depletion-region modulation, and the outstanding selectivity of a SnS2 NLS sensor were demonstrated in this study.
Accurately predicting optical properties of rare-earth, aluminate scintillators: influence of electron–hole correlation
Authors: Singh Christopher N. , Pilania Ghanshyam , Bárta Jan , Uberuaga Blas Pedro , Liu Xiang-Yang
Published: May 2021

Advanced modeling shows that electron-hole interactions play a pivotal role in the energetics of radiation-detection materials. Uncovering the nature of these quantum decay processes has implications for nuclear, space, and medical applications.
Conducting a Virtual Study With Special Considerations for Working With Persons With Aphasia
Authors: Doub Ashleigh , Hittson Anne , Stark Brielle C.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The use of technology (e.g., telehealth) in clinical settings has rapidly increased, and its use in research settings continues to grow. The aim of this report is to present one potential solution to a clinical issue that of virtual and remote assessment for the purposes of spoken language research in persons with aphasia (PWA). To do so, we report detailed methods for conducting a multitimepoint (test–retest) virtual paradigm, assessing lifestyle, physiological, cognitive, and linguistic factors in persons with and without aphasia.

Method

Procedures for virtual assessment are detailed in a sample of adults with no brain damage (
N
= 24) and PWA (
N
= 25) on a test–retest paradigm (data collection approximately 10 ± 3 days apart). This report provides practical information about pre-assessment (e.g., recruitment, scheduling), assessment (e.g., aphasia-friendly consent presentation, investigator fidelity), and postassessment (e.g., data storage, quality check) procedures for human behavior research using a virtual platform.

Results

Preliminary study data are provided, indicating high retention rates, high rates of data acquisition, and feasibility. Common technological troubles and solutions are discussed, and solutions are offered. The results suggest that our pre-assessment, assessment, and postassessment procedures contributed to the success of our study.

Conclusions

We provide a practical methodology for conducting a multitimepoint study, with considerations for PWA, adding to the body of research on telehealth in clinical populations. Future studies should continue to evaluate telemethodology, which may be core for diversifying studies, improving study retention, and enrolling larger sample sizes.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14608101