bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographies of elite higher education participation: An urban ‘escalator’ effect
Authors: Davies Joanne , Donnelly Michael , Sandoval‐Hernandez Andres
Published: March 2021

Based on analysis of an administrative dataset, which includes granular detail on 800,000 English students over a 10‐year period, this article identifies an urban ‘escalator’ effect in entry to elite universities, with disadvantaged youth in the urban centres of England having higher rates of entry than similarly disadvantaged youth located rurally. Using multilevel modelling, as well as Geographic Information System (GIS) methods, the analyses show that while place in itself is not a major contributory factor in entry to elite universities overall, there is a distinct urban–rural patterning to progression. When raw progression rates by area alone are observed, rural areas typically have higher progression rates to elite universities. However, when the full range of individual differences are accounted for, including attainment, socio‐economic status, ethnicity and accessibility to elite universities, the converse is true—localities within and surrounding major urban centres are those with the highest progression rates. A ‘vortex of influences’ is likely to favour urban disadvantaged youth, including the geography of social class and ethnic identities, a legacy of concerted policy interventions within urban areas, as well as the proliferation of widening participation activity in urban centres.
Online monitoring of hiPSC expansion and hepatic differentiation in 3D culture by dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Isidro Inês A. , Vicente Pedro , Pais Daniel A. M. , Almeida Joana I. , Domingues Mara , Abecasis Bernardo , Zapata‐Linares Natalia , Rodriguez‐Madoz Juan R. , Prosper Felipe , Aspegren Anders , Alves Paula M. , Serra Margarida
Published: March 2021

Hepatocyte‐like cells derived from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC‐HLC) are expected to have important applications in drug screening and regenerative medicine. However, hiPSC‐HLC are difficult to produce on a large‐scale to obtain relevant numbers for such applications. The aim of this study was to implement a novel integrated strategy for scalable production of hiPSC‐HLC and demonstrate the applicability of dielectric spectroscopy to monitor hiPSC expansion/differentiation processes. We cultured hiPSC as three‐dimensional (3D) aggregates in stirred‐tank bioreactors (STB) operated in perfusion with an in situ capacitance probe. Dissolved oxygen concentration and dilution rate were controlled along the process and after 5 days of cell expansion, the hepatic differentiation was integrated in sequential steps for 28 days. The hiPSC were able to grow as 3D aggregates and the expression of hepatic markers and albumin production after differentiation confirmed that hepatocyte differentiation improved when compared to 2D culture. These hiPSC‐HLC exhibited functional characteristics of hepatocytes including glycogen storage and drug metabolization capacity. Our results also show a good correlation between the cell permittivity measured online and the aggregate biovolume measured by standard offline methods, demonstrating for the first time the potential of dielectric spectroscopy to monitor hiPSC expansion and differentiation in STB.
Exploiting heterologous and endogenous CRISPR‐Cas systems for genome editing in the probiotic Clostridium butyricum
Authors: Zhou Xiuqing , Wang Xiaolu , Luo Huiying , Wang Yaru , Wang Yuan , Tu Tao , Qin Xing , Su Xiaoyun , Bai Yingguo , Yao Bin , Huang Huoqing , Zhang Jie
Published: March 2021

Clostridium butyricum has been widely used as a probiotic for humans and food animals. However, the mechanisms of beneficial effects of C. butyricum on the host remain poorly understood, largely due to the lack of high‐throughput genome engineering tools. Here, we report the exploitation of heterologous Type II CRISPR‐Cas9 system and endogenous Type I‐B CRISPR‐Cas system in probiotic C. butyricum for seamless genome engineering. Although successful genome editing was achieved in C. butyricum when CRISPR‐Cas9 system was employed, the expression of toxic cas9 gene result in really poor transformation, spurring us to develop an easy‐applicable and high‐efficient genome editing tool. Therefore, the endogenous Type I‐B CRISPR‐Cas machinery located on the megaplasmid of C. butyricum was co‐opted for genome editing. In vivo plasmid interference assays identified that ACA and TAA were functional protospacer adjacent motif sequences needed for site‐specific CRISPR attacking. Using the customized endogenous CRISPR‐Cas system, we successfully deleted spo0A and aldh genes in C. butyricum, yielding an efficiency of up to 100%. Moreover, the conjugation efficiency of endogenous CRISPR‐Cas system was dramatically enhanced due to the precluding expression of cas9. Altogether, the two approaches developed herein remarkably expand the existing genetic toolbox available for investigation of C. butyricum.
Integrative analysis regarding the correlation between GAS2 family genes and human glioma prognosis
Authors: Zhao Chunyan , Zhang Nan , Cui Xiaoteng , Zhang Xinxin , Ren Yuanyuan , Su Chao , He Jinyan , Zhang Wei , Sun Xiaoming , Yang Jie , Gao Xingjie
Published: March 2021

Background

Emerging oncogenes were reportedly linked to the complicated subtypes and pathogenesis of clinical gliomas. Herein, we first comprehensively explored the potential correlation between growth‐arrest‐specific two family genes (GAS2, GAS2L1, GAS2L2, GAS2L3) and gliomas by bioinformatics analysis and cellular experiments.

Methods

Based on the available datasets of TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), CGGA (Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas), and Oncomine databases, we performed a series of analyses, such as gene expression, survival prognosis, DNA methylation, immune infiltration, and partner enrichment. We also utilized two glioma cell lines to conduct the colony formation and wound‐healing assay.

Results

GAS2L3 gene was highly expressed in glioma tissues compared to normal brain tissues (p < 0.05). We further observed the relationship between the high expressed GAS2L3 and poor clinical prognosis of brain low‐grade glioma (LGG) cases in our Cox proportional hazard model (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.1715, p < 0.001). Moreover, DNA hypomethylation status of GAS2L3 was correlated with the high expression of GAS2L3 in LGG tissues and the poor clinical prognosis of primary glioma cases (p < 0.05). We also found that the high expression of GAS2L3 was associated with the infiltration level of immune cells, especially the T cells (p < 0.0001). Functional enrichment analysis of GAS2L3‐correlated genes and interaction partners further indicated that GAS2L3 might take part in the occurrence of glioma by influencing a series of biological behaviors, such as cell division, cytoskeleton binding, and cell adhesion. Additionally, our cellular experiment data suggested that a highly expressed GAS2L3 gene contributes to the enhanced proliferation and migration of glioma cells.

Conclusion

This study first analyzed the potential role of GAS2 family genes, especially GAS2L3, in the clinical prognosis and possible functional mechanisms of glioma, which gives a novel insight into the relationship between GAS2L3 and LGG.
Swimming training mitigates the sex‐specific hepatic disruption caused by a high‐calorie diet: The putative modulation of Nrf2/Keap‐1 pathway in male mice
Authors: Jardim Natália Silva , Müller Sabrina Grendene , Nogueira Cristina Wayne
Published: March 2021

This study investigated whether swimming protocol induces adaptations to sex‐specific oxidative stress and Nrf2/Keap‐1 pathway in the liver of mice fed a high‐calorie diet (HCD) during the early life period. Male and female Swiss mice were fed a standard or high‐calorie (enriched with 20% lard and 20% corn syrup) diets, and the trained mice were subjected to a swimming protocol (5 days/week) from 21st to 49th postnatal days. Males fed a HCD had more pronounced alterations in all parameters evaluated than females. Although there was no increase in body weight, the fat deposition was higher in male mice exposed to diet. The intake of HCD induced dyslipidemia mainly in males. In a sex‐dependent manner, the hepatic markers of oxidative damage, antioxidant defences, and a sensitive sulfhydryl protein were altered in mice fed a HCD. Swimming counteracted dyslipidemia, hepatic oxidative stress, and the Nrf2/Keap‐1 signalling downregulation, in a sex‐dependent manner, in mice exposed to a HCD. These findings demonstrate that a non‐pharmacological therapy, swimming protocol, contributed to adaptations of sex‐specific hepatic oxidative stress and Nrf2/Keap‐1 regulation in male mice fed a HCD.
Rescue valve‐in‐valve TAVI: Buy one get one free!
Authors: Koneru Srikanth , Jneid Hani
Published: March 2021

Key Points

The overall incidence of rescue THV‐in‐THV is low (1%). It is diminishing over time, and occurs to a lesser extent with the newer generation TAVR platforms.

Rescue THV‐in‐THV is usually performed for valve mal‐positioning with or without significant aortic regurgitation.

A rescue THV‐in‐THV procedure is associated with higher in‐hospital mortality and complications, but acceptable intermediate‐term outcomes among hospital survivors.
The challenges of coronary no‐reflow phenomenon
Authors: Case Brian C. , Satler Lowell F.
Published: March 2021

Key Points

Proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that intracoronary epinephrine could provide substantial improvement in coronary flow in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction refractory coronary no‐reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Intracoronary epinephrine is a potential solution to an uncommon but clinically serious phenomenon with limited, if any, therapeutic alternatives.

A prospective, large, randomized trial, which is powered for clinical events, would help further validate this management technique.
Antiplatelet therapy regimen and duration after percutaneous coronary intervention: Combining prediction scores with clinical judgment
Authors: Ashley Kellan E. , Hillegass William B.
Published: March 2021

Key Points

The dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) score “decouples” overlapping risk factors for ischemic and bleeding events informing clinical decisions on the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

In patients with DAPT Scores <2 which generally favors short duration therapy, the current meta‐analysis suggests the GLOBAL LEADERS trial regimen of 1 month of aspirin plus ticagrelor followed by 23 months of ticagrelor monotherapy appears uniquely promising when prolonged P2Y12 therapy may be otherwise desirable in these patients.

Risk scores should be developed informing BOTH optimal antiplatelet regimen (such as P2Y12 monotherapy) and treatment duration after PCI.

Individual patient treatment decisions should incorporate these scores and clinical meta‐judgment on relevant additional extenuating factors including candidate factors statistically rejected during derivation of these scores.
Get it, bring it, and place it: Power is nothing without control
Authors: Aranzulla Tiziana Claudia , Musumeci Giuseppe
Published: March 2021

Key Points

The endovascular snare technique (EST) is a strategy to manage the simultaneous occurrence of angulated aorta and preexistent bioprosthetic aortic valve when performing valve‐in‐valve (VIV) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

This technique improves navigability of the self‐expandable (SE) Evolut transcatheter heart valve (THV) and allows to benefit from its advantageous hemodynamics.

Larger studies are needed to evaluated the risk–benefit profile of VIV TAVR with SE THV and EST as compared with other THV types.
Grain weight and the concentrations of phenylpropanoid glycosides and γ‐oryzanol in response to heat stress during ripening in rice
Authors: Nakano Hiroshi , Iwasawa Norio , Takai Toshiyuki , Arai‐Sanoh Yumiko , Kondo Motohiko
Published: March 2021

Background and objectives

Grain weight decreases by heat stress during ripening in rice. Phenylpropanoid glycosides and γ‐oryzanol are biomarkers for heat stress. The relationships between grain weight and the concentrations of these compounds should be understood in order to use biomarkers to improve the heat tolerance of rice. In the present study, we aimed to determine the relationships between grain weight and the concentrations of these compounds in the japonica cultivar Koshihikari and the indica cultivar Takanari.

Findings

In Koshihikari, the concentrations of 3',6‐di‐O‐sinapoylsucrose, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and total γ‐oryzanol had strong negative correlations with grain weight. Conversely, in Takanari, the concentrations of 3',6‐di‐O‐sinapoylsucrose and 3'‐O‐sinapoyl‐6‐O‐feruloylsucrose had negative correlations with grain weight, whereas those of 3',6‐di‐O‐feruloylsucrose and cycloartenyl ferulate had positive correlations with grain weight. Interestingly, the relationships between grain weight and the concentrations of 3',6‐di‐O‐sinapoylsucrose, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and total γ‐oryzanol appeared to be stronger in Koshihikari than in Takanari.

Conclusions

The metabolisms of 3',6‐di‐O‐sinapoylsucrose, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and total γ‐oryzanol may be strongly correlated with grain weight reduction caused by heat stress in Koshihikari.

Significant and novelty

The concentrations of 3',6‐di‐O‐sinapoylsucrose, 24‐methylenecycloartanyl ferulate, and total γ‐oryzanol may be powerful tools for improving the heat tolerance of japonica cultivars.
A rare case of patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a genotype–phenotype correlation revealing a submicroscopic deletion on the long arm of chromosome 17
Authors: Yethindra Vityala , Tagaev Tugolbai , Mamytova Elmira , Mainazarova Elmira , Dzhumakova Cholpon , Namazbekova Asel
Published: March 2021

This paper details a case of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in a genotype–phenotype correlation, and the complexity of pathogenic variants of NF1 gene make correlation difficult. Establishing correlation is useful for targeted therapeutic intervention.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with moderate intellectual disability treated with olanzapine: A case report
Authors: Piacenza Francesco , Ong Suet Kee , O’Brien Patrick , Clancy Maurice
Published: March 2021

This case demonstrates the challenges encountered in a case of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in a young woman with moderate Intellectual Disability.
Pore‐scale modelling of immiscible displacement of ScCO2‐brine in a homogeneous porous network using direct numerical method
Authors: Ranganathan Panneerselvam
Published: March 2021

In this work, the pore‐scale dynamics of immiscible displacement of ScCO2–brine in a homogeneous pore network is studied using the volume of fluid method. The simulation results are verified with the theoretical equation and literature experimental data. First, the pore‐space filling is performed in a unit pore cell having an equal and unequal pore throat for both drainage and spontaneous imbibition. It is observed that the pore‐space filling sequence for drainage follows the rules described by the Young‐Laplace equation whereas the filling sequence did not follow the rule for spontaneous imbibition. Secondly, the simulation is performed for a homogeneous pore network. It is found that the transverse average volume fraction of ScCO2 from the simulation matches with the experimental data for intermediate and higher capillary numbers. Further, the present simulation is extended to study the flow regime identification and viscosity ratio and contact angle effects on ScCO2 volume fraction profile.
Single Particle‐Based Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for Visual Detection of Copper Ions in Confined Space†
Authors: Wang Ke , Qian Manping , Qi Honglan , Gao Qiang , Zhang Chengxiao
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

A single particle‐based confocal laser scanning microscopy was developed for the visual detection of copper ions in confined space. A fluorescence microparticle, named AuNCs/ZIF‐8, was synthesized by coating gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) onto the outer surface of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8). The morphology and solid‐state fluorescence property of AuNCs/ZIF‐8 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence technique. The AuNCs/ZIF‐8 exhibits turn‐off responses to copper ions via fluorescence quenching in the range of 2—15 μmol·L–1 with a detection limit of 0.9 μmol·L–1. More importantly, the distribution of AuNCs on single ZIF‐8 crystal and the fluorescence quenching dynamics on single AuNCs/ZIF‐8 were visualized by 3D‐reconstructed fluorescence imaging. Different distribution of AuNCs on the different surfaces of single ZIF‐8 crystal and similar fluorescence quenching dynamics on the different surfaces of single AuNCs/ZIF‐8 were obtained. These results offer insights into the nature of the fluorescence active sites and the fluorescence quenching dynamics on a single fluorescence particle, which also opens up new opportunities for in situ target biomolecule analysis in confined space.
The effect of luminance on the perception of small color differences
Authors: Kulappurath Sajeesh K. , Shamey Renzo
Published: March 2021

The objectives of this study were two‐fold; to determine how variations in practical illuminance range (from ~300 to ~2300 lx) affect the perception of suprathreshold small color differences for a range of object stimuli across the color space, and to investigate the role of variations in luminance on intra‐ and inter‐observer variability in repeated psychophysical trials. STRESS index and conventional statistical methods suggest the presence of a significant difference between visual responses for large changes in luminance. Inter‐ and intra‐observer variability also varied according to luminance. Calculated color differences based on recent CAM models show good agreement with visual results over the luminance range examined.
Laser‐Assisted Synthesis of Non‐Equilibrium Nanoalloys
Authors: Amendola Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

Vincenzo Amendola
is Professor of Physical Chemistry at Padova University, where he established and directs the Laser‐Assisted Synthesis and Plasmonics (LASP) lab. He obtained a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering in 2008 and the Italian qualification as Full Professor in 2017, after research experience at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cambridge University. He is part of the Program Committee of the ANGEL conference series and he is a current member of the ChemPhysChem Editorial Advisory Board.
Photoactive Zr and Ti Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks for Solid‐State Solar Cells
Authors: Melillo Arianna , García‐Aboal Rocio , Navalón Sergio , Atienzar Pedro , Ferrer Belén , Álvaro Mercedes , García Hermenegildo
Published: March 2021

Solid‐state photovoltaic cells based on robust metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL‐125(Ti), MIL‐125(Ti)‐NH2, UiO‐67, Ru(bpy)2‐UiO‐67, (bpy 2,2‘‐bipyridine) as active components and spiro‐MeOTAD (MeOTAD 2,2‘,7,7‘‐tetrakis[N,N‐di(p‐methoxyphenyl)amino]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene) as hole transporting layer have been prepared., The photovoltaic response of this material increases in the presence of bathochromic −NH2 groups on the linker or Ru (II) polypyridyl complexes light harvester. These results show that the strategies typically employed in photocatalysis to enhance the photocatalytic activity of MOFs can also be applied in the field of photovoltaic devices.
Enhanced Photoinduced Electron Transfer Through a Tyrosine Relay in a De Novo Designed Protein Scaffold Bearing a Photoredox Unit and a FeIIS4 Site
Authors: Tebo Alison , Quaranta Annamaria , Pecoraro Vincent L. , Aukauloo Ally
Published: March 2021

Electron transfer (ET) processes in biology over long distances often proceed via a series of hops, which reduces the distance dependence of the rate of ET. The protein matrix itself can be involved in mediating ET directly through the participation of redox‐active amino acids. We have designed an electron transfer chain incorporated into a de novo protein scaffold, which is capable of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer between a photoredox unit and a FeIIS4 site through a tyrosine amino acid relay. The kinetics were characterized by nanosecond laser pulse photolysis and revealed that electron transfer from [RuIIIbpymal]3+ proceeds most efficiently via a tyrosine located ∼16 Å from Rubpymal (bpymal=1‐((1‐([2,2′‐bipyridin]‐4‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione). Removal of the tyrosine as the electron relay station results in a 20‐fold decrease in the apparent rate constant for the electron transfer.
Excited State Proton Transfer of Quinone Cyanine 9: Implications on the Origin of Super‐Photoacidity
Authors: Lee Changmin , Chung Seyoung , Song Hayoung , Rhee Young Min , Lee Eunsung , Joo Taiha
Published: March 2021

The front cover artwork is provided by the Ultrafast Dynamics Laboratory at Pohang University of Science and Technology (Republic of Korea). The image shows the initial snapshot of quinone cyanine 9 that is undergoing excited‐state proton transfer on a very fast time scale aided by the solvation of water molecules. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cptc.202000254.
A new single‐stage continuous input current‐based high gain boost inverter: Analysis and implementation
Authors: Shaw Priyabrata , Hasan Saad Ul , Khan Md. Noman Habib , Siwakoti Yam P.
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes a wide input voltage range‐based high gain boost inverter. The proposed single power stage inverter provides a high voltage gain direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) conversion with good AC power quality. The circuit also exhibits a continuous input current feature that reduces the additional filtering requirement and suitable for various sources, for example, solar photovoltaic (PV), battery, and fuel cell. Additionally, this topology uses reduced number of semiconductor switches as compared to similar voltage gain conventional inverter topologies. An exhaustive steady‐state mathematical analysis has been performed to obtain various voltage and current relationships including DC to AC voltage conversion ratio. A comprehensive performance comparison has been presented to highlight the key advantages of the proposed topology as compared to existing boost inverters. A 300‐W prototype has been built to validate the operating principle and performance of the proposed boost inverter.
Does muscular or mental fatigue have an influence on the nociceptive flexion reflex? A randomized cross‐over study in healthy people
Authors: Dhondt Evy , Danneels Lieven , Rijckaert Johan , Palmans Tanneke , Van Oosterwijck Sophie , Van Oosterwijck Jessica
Published: March 2021

Background

The nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) is a spinally‐mediated withdrawal reflex occurring in response to noxious stimuli and is used as an electrophysiological marker of spinal nociception. Although it is well‐documented that the NFR is subject to powerful modulation of several personal factors, the effects of experimentally induced fatigue on the NFR have not yet been examined. Hence, this study aimed to characterize if and how fatigue affects spinal nociception in healthy adults.

Methods

The NFR of 58 healthy people was measured prior to and following rest and two fatiguing tasks performed in randomized order. The NFR was elicited by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the sural nerve and objectified by electromyographic recordings from the biceps femoris muscle. An isokinetic fatiguing protocol was used to induce localized muscle fatigue of the hamstrings. The modified incongruent Stroop‐word task was used to provoke mental fatigue. A linear mixed model analysis was performed to assess the influence of fatigue on the NFR.

Results

Low‐to‐moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR in healthy adults. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue.

Conclusions

The relative robustness of the NFR to fatigue may be beneficial in both clinical and research settings where the influence of confounders complicates interpretation. Furthermore, the findings possibly help enhance our understanding on why even demanding cognitive/physical exercise‐based treatment programs form effective treatment strategies for patients with chronic pain.

Significance

The present study unraveled that low‐to‐moderate levels experimentally induced localized muscle and mental fatigue did not affect the NFR. These results suggest that descending pain inhibitory processes to dampen spinal nociception are resistant to the effects of localized muscle and mental fatigue. This relative robustness of the NFR may be beneficial in a clinical setting in which the evaluation of spinal nociception that is unaffected by clinical symptoms of fatigue may be useful (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer‐related fatigue, etc.).
Measurement of the Antipsychotic Clozapine Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites‐Au/Pd/Pt Electrodes
Authors: Senel Mehmet , Durmus Zehra , Alachkar Amal
Published: March 2021

Enhanced methods of drug monitoring are required to support the individualization of therapeutic drug dosing. Clozapine is one of the most important medications for managing schizophrenia, and timely measurement of serum clozapine levels has been identified as a barrier to the broader use of clozapine. For the first time, reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were used to construct an electrochemical clozapine (Clz) sensor. The Reduced graphene oxide (Rego) nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized by using X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) techniques. The Clz sensing electrode was fabricated by drop coating of Rego nanocomposites suspension and Nafion solution on the pencil graphite electrode, respectively. The electrochemical behavior and influence of various physicochemical parameters of sensing electrodes were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The designed sensor displayed decent linear range, detection limit, reproducibility, and reusability results. Under optimum experimental parameters a linear dynamic range of 0.05–10 μM clozapine was observed with actual detection limit of 50 nM. Furthermore, the designed sensing electrode was used to measure the amount of Clz in real samples.
Encapsulation of fragrances in zein nanoparticles and use as fabric softener for textile application
Authors: Pithanthanakul Usaraphan , Vatanyoopaisarn Savitri , Thumthanaruk Benjawan , Puttanlek Chureerat , Uttapap Dudsadee , Kietthanakorn Bangon , Rungsardthong Vilai
Published: March 2021

Fragrances, a mixture of various aromatic compounds, usually have low aqueous solubility and instability to the environment. This research aimed to fabricate the encapsulation of two fragrances in zein nanoparticles and apply it in fabric softener to sustain the fabric with long‐lasting fragrance. Pink fruity fragrances (PF) and white floral fragrances (WF) encapsulated zein nanoparticles (PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs) were prepared by the liquid–liquid dispersion method. Zein and fragrances were mixed and immediately poured under high‐speed homogenizer into citrate buffer containing Tween 20 as a surfactant, and ethanol was removed using a rotary vacuum evaporator. PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs obtained exhibited spherical shape with average sizes at 219.1 ± 7.7 and 301.1 ± 9.8 nm, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of PF‐ZNs, at 69.15 ± 1.31 %, was significantly higher than that of the WF‐ZNs, at 63.91 ± 1.40% (P < .05). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that both fragrances' thermal stability was improved after the encapsulation. The PF‐ZNs and WF‐ZNs were added to fabric softeners and applied to three types of fabrics: cotton, polyester (TK), and blends of cotton/polyester (TC), and the fragrance remaining in the fabrics for 30 days of storage were determined by gas chromatography. The retention of both PF and WF was improved in all fabrics, and significant effects were performed in the cotton fabric with PF‐ZNs. The results showed the potential to use the fragrances encapsulated in zein nanoparticles as fabric softener to improve fabrics' long‐lasting properties, especially for cotton.
New Report on Deep Decarbonization: Implications for US Energy Systems
Authors: Zeitler Elizabeth
Published: March 2021

A recently released report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) has found that deep decarbonization of the US energy system, leading to net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, is feasible and within the historic range of energy system spending as a percent of gross domestic product. A key aspect of the work of the NASEM Committee on Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States: Technological, Policy, and Societal Dimensions was to extend its advice beyond technical and economic decarbonization implications, into the policy and societal considerations required for an effective and just transition to a sustainable energy system. The committee's study produced a technology blueprint for the first 10 years of a transition to deep decarbonization, from 2021–2030, which is aligned with several independent analyses addressing the same problem. The committee presented societal goals that are worthy for achieving a decarbonization transition and a recommended policy framework for achieving technical and societal goals. This article summarizes the important conclusions for readers of this journal.
The Week the Lights Went Out in Texas
Authors: Cartwright Echo D.
Published: March 2021

In previous issues this journal has reported on the need for modernization of the electricity grid and investments in innovation and cleaner distributed energy technologies as critical components of a resilient grid, particularly as states and cities across the country are setting aggressive climate mitigation and decarbonization goals. With increasing frequency society is living through catastrophic weather events, including more frequent and damaging hurricanes and tornadoes, polar vortexes and widespread blizzards with subzero temperatures, forest fires followed by torrential rains and flooding, and record‐setting heat indexes and drought. Natural gas and electric utilities work across the country to monitor weather closely and work hand‐in‐hand with weather forecasters, local Emergency Response Offices, be they state and/or municipal, preparing in advance for severe weather events. Utilities are adept and efficient at entering “storm response mode” – to prepare the electricity grid and ensure utility crews are on hand and at the ready to restore power as quickly as possible to its customers. State and federal regulators require this, and if utilities fail in preparation or response, they can face significant penalties and fines and in some instances potentially lose their franchise operating license. While it is rare to lose a franchise, threats are often made by political leaders when frustrations boil over and constituents are completely frustrated with a utility's response.
Technisch‐biologische Ufersicherungen – Bemessungskonzept für die Ingenieurpraxis an Binnenwasserstraßen
Authors: Fleischer Petra , Gesing Carolin , Stelzer Oliver
Published: March 2021

Zur Verbesserung des ökologischen Zustandes an Binnenwasserstraßen sind in den nächsten Jahren umfangreiche Uferumgestaltungen vorgesehen. Naturnahe Ufersicherungen unter Verwendung von Pflanzen sollen dort, wo es möglich ist, die bisherigen Steinschüttungen ersetzen, um wieder mehr Lebensräume für Pflanzen und Tiere sowie mehr Strukturvielfalt zu schaffen. Mit diesen technisch‐biologischen Ufersicherungen gibt es an Wasserstraßen mit der heutigen Schifffahrtsbelastung noch relativ wenig Erfahrungen. Auf der Grundlage von verschiedenen Forschungsergebnissen und Erkenntnissen aus einem groß angelegten Naturversuch am Rhein bei Worms wurde unter Einbeziehung der Erfahrungen an kleineren Fließgewässern ohne Schifffahrt ein erstes Bemessungskonzept für die Ingenieurpraxis der Wasserstraßen‐ und Schifffahrtsverwaltung erarbeitet und in eine Software integriert. Damit können jetzt neben Schüttsteindeckwerken auch Ufersicherungen mit Pflanzen dimensioniert werden. Die Besonderheiten der lebenden Baustoffe, die hydraulischen Einwirkungen, die zu untersuchenden geotechnischen Versagensmechanismen und die einzelnen Dimensionierungsschritte werden im Folgenden vorgestellt.
A Leap of Faith: Is There a Formula for “Trustworthy” AI?
Authors: Braun Matthias , Bleher Hannah , Hummel Patrik
Published: March 2021

Trust is one of the big buzzwords in debates about the shaping of society, democracy, and emerging technologies. For example, one prominent idea put forward by the High‐Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission is that artificial intelligence should be trustworthy. In this essay, we explore the notion of trust and argue that both proponents and critics of trustworthy AI have flawed pictures of the nature of trust. We develop an approach to understanding trust in AI that does not conceive of trust merely as an accelerator for societal acceptance of AI technologies. Instead, we argue, trust is granted through leaps of faith. For this reason, trust remains precarious, fragile, and resistant to promotion through formulaic approaches. We also highlight the significance of distrust in societal deliberation, as it is relevant to trust in various and intricate ways. Among the fruitful aspects of distrust is that it enables individuals to forgo technology if desired, to constrain its power, and to exercise meaningful human control.
A Methodology to Generate Longitudinally Updated Acute‐On‐Chronic Liver Failure Prognostication Scores From Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Ge Jin , Najafi Nader , Zhao Wendi , Somsouk Ma , Fang Margaret , Lai Jennifer C.
Published: March 2021

Queries of electronic health record (EHR) data repositories allow for automated data collection. These techniques have not been used in hepatology due to the inability to capture hepatic encephalopathy (HE) grades, which are inputs for acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) models. Here, we describe a methodology to use EHR data to calculate rolling ACLF scores. We examined 239 patient admissions with end‐stage liver disease from July 2014 to June 2019. We mapped EHR flowsheet data to determine HE grades and calculated two longitudinally updated ACLF scores. We validated HE grades and ACLF diagnoses by chart review and calculated sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa. Of 239 patient admissions analyzed, 37% were women, 46% were non‐Hispanic white, median age was 60 years, and the median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease–Na score at admission was 25. Of the 239, 7% were diagnosed with ACLF as defined by the North American Consortium for the Study of End‐Stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) diagnostic criteria at admission, 27% during the hospitalization, and 9% at discharge. Forty percent were diagnosed with ACLF by the European Association for the Study of the Liver– Chronic Liver Failure Consortium (CLIF‐C) diagnostic criteria at admission, 51% during the hospitalization, and 34% at discharge. From the chart review of 51 admissions, we found sensitivities and specificities for any HE (grades 1‐4) were 92%‐97% and 76%‐95%, respectively; for severe HE (grades 3‐4), sensitivities and specificities were 100% and 78%‐98%, respectively. Cohen’s kappa between flowsheet and chart review of HE grades ranged from 0.55 to 0.72. Sensitivities and specificities for NACSELD‐ACLF diagnoses were 75%‐100% and 96%‐100%, respectively; for CLIF‐C‐ACLF diagnoses, these were 91%‐100% and 96‐100%, respectively. We generated approximately 28 unique ACLF scores per patient per admission day. Conclusion: We developed an informatics‐based methodology to calculate longitudinally updated ACLF scores. This opens new analytic potentials, such as big data methods, to develop electronic phenotypes for patients with ACLF.
Mossy fiber sprouting into the hippocampal regionCA2in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Freiman Thomas M. , Häussler Ute , Zentner Josef , Doostkam Soroush , Beck Jürgen , Scheiwe Christian , Brandt Armin , Haas Carola A. , Puhahn‐Schmeiser Barbara
Published: March 2021

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) shows neuronal death in cornu ammonis (CA)1, CA3, and CA4. It is known that granule cells and CA2 neurons survive and their axons, the mossy fibers (MF), lose their target cells in CA3 and CA4 and sprout to the granule cell layer and molecular layer. We examined in TLE patients and in a mouse epilepsy model, whether MF sprouting is directed to the dentate gyrus or extends to distant CA regions and whether sprouting is associated with death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4. In 319 TLE patients, HS was evaluated by Wyler grade and International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) types using immunohistochemistry against neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Synaptoporin was used to colocalize MF. In addition, transgenic Thy1‐eGFP mice were intrahippocampally injected with kainate and sprouting of eGFP‐positive MFs was analyzed together with immunocytochemistry for regulator of G‐protein signaling 14 (RGS14). In human HS Wyler III and IV as well as in ILAE 1, 2, and 3 specimens, we found synaptoporin‐positive axon terminals in CA2 and even in CA1, associated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. Sprouting was seen in cases with cell death of target neurons in CA3 and CA4 (classical severe HS ILAE type 1) but also without this cell death (atypical HS ILAE type 2). Similarly, in epileptic mice eGFP‐positive MFs sprouted to CA2 and beyond. The presence of MF terminals in the CA2 pyramidal cell layer and in CA1 was also correlated with the extent of granule cell dispersion. The similarity of our findings in human specimens and in the mouse model highlights the importance and opens up new chances of using translational approaches to determine mechanisms underlying TLE.
The Rise of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: From Molecular Photovoltaics to Emerging Solid‐State Photovoltaic Technologies
Authors: Stojanović Marko , Flores‐Diaz Natalie , Ren Yameng , Vlachopoulos Nikolaos , Pfeifer Lukas , Shen Zhongjin , Liu Yuhang , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Milić Jovana V. , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: March 2021

Over the past three decades, dye‐sensitized solar cells (i. e. Grätzel cells) have evolved from a pioneering concept of molecular photovoltaics to large‐scale industrial deployment. In this review article, we provide a historical overview of the developments with a focus on the scientific advancements that have set the stage for this technology to emerge and thrive. This involves insights into the (photo)electrochemistry of the underlying processes, molecular engineering of dyes, redox shuttles, and hole‐transporting materials, as well as their implementation into solar cells. We further outline applications and future perspectives, involving the long‐lasting objective to develop efficient solid‐state alternatives to conventional dye‐sensitized solar cells.
An examination of mediating processes of work and nonwork support for employee development
Authors: Xu Qiumei Jane , Yunlu Dilek G. , Kim Sungdoo
Published: March 2021

This study examines the influence of supportive work and nonwork environment on employee self‐development. We further propose that career self‐efficacy and career motivation play mediating roles during the process. Cross‐sectional survey data were provided by 418 employees working in a variety of organizations. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling analysis and bootstrap analyses were performed to investigate the hypothesized relationships. Results show that work support and nonwork support for development made unique contributions to employee self‐development. The relationship between nonwork support for development and employee self‐development is mediated by career self‐efficacy and career motivation. The relationship between work support for development and employee self‐development is mediated by career motivation. This research expands the support for development from work environment to a broader social environment and clarifies how both work and nonwork supportive environment are positively related to employee self‐development. Finally, we discuss the practical implications for personnel selection and career development.
Computation of ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with induction and curvature effects
Authors: Bin Mizan Md. Rezwan , Ferdows Mohammad , Shamshuddin MD. , Bég O. Anwar , Salawu Sulyman O. , Kadir Ali
Published: March 2021

Motivated by enrobing processes in manufacturing technology with intelligent coatings, this study analyses the flow of an electroconductive incompressible nanofluid with heat distribution in a boundary layer containing metallic nanoparticles or ferroparticles along an extending cylindrical body with magnetic induction effects. The quasilinear boundary conditions for the partial derivative formulations connecting to the far stream and cylinder wall are converted to ordinary nonlinear derivatives by applying appropriate similarity transformations. The emerging system of derivatives is solved by a stable, efficient spectral relaxation method (SRM). The SRM procedure is benchmarked with special limiting cases in the literature and found to corroborate exceptionally well with other studies in the literature. Here, water is taken as the base liquid containing homogenously suspended nonmagnetic (Nimonic 80a, silicon dioxide [SiO2]) or magnetic nanoparticles (ferric oxide [Fe3O4] and manganese franklinite [Mn–ZnFe2O4]). The influence of all key parameters on the velocity and temperature distributions is displayed in graphs and tables with extensive elucidation. The wall local drag force (skin friction) and local temperature gradient (Nusselt number) are also visualized graphically for various parameters. The rate of convergence of the SRM convergence is compared with that of the successive over‐relaxation method, and it is observed to converge faster. Larger magnetohydrodynamic body force parameter and inverse Prandtl magnetic number induce flow deceleration and enhance temperature. Flow acceleration is computed for SiO2 nonmagnetic nanoparticles, and good heat conduction augmentation is produced with magnetic nanoparticle Fe3O4.
Renal function outcomes in patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer treated with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab and radical cystectomy in the PURE‐01 study
Authors: Trevisani Francesco , Di Marco Federico , Raggi Daniele , Bettiga Arianna , Vago Riccardo , Larcher Alessandro , Cinque Alessandra , Salonia Andrea , Briganti Alberto , Capitanio Umberto , Necchi Andrea , Montorsi Francesco
Published: March 2021

The use of pembrolizumab has been largely accepted in several advanced types of cancers. PURE 01 study (NCT02736266) enrolled consecutively 143 patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer who received 3 cycles of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks before planned radical cystectomy (RC). Clinical, pathological and laboratory data were collected to investigate the relationship between renal function, immunotherapy and cancer‐related outcomes. Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) creatinine‐equation 2009 were reported at baseline and after every cycle of pembrolizumab; the T stage from clinical classification TNM (cTNM) was stated before the treatment. Our analysis did not demonstrate a significant impairment of eGFR after any cycle of pembrolizumab, neither in the overall cohort nor in subgroups considering the T stages or the CKD G‐categories according to K‐DIGO 2012 classification. In conclusion, in neoadjuvant setting before RC our results suggest that pembrolizumab administration is safe for renal function preservation.
Suppression of β‐catenin signaling in colon carcinoma cells by a bacterial protein
Authors: Nadeem Aftab , Aung Kyaw Min , Ray Tanusree , Alam Athar , Persson Karina , Pal Amit , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Wai Sun Nyunt
Published: March 2021

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene is mutated in hereditary colorectal tumors and in more than 80% of sporadic colorectal tumors. APC mutations impair β‐catenin degradation, leading to its permanent stabilization and increased transcription of cancer‐driving target genes. In colon cancer, impairment of β‐catenin degradation leads to its cytoplasmic accumulation, nuclear translocation, and subsequent activation of tumor cell proliferation. Suppressing β‐catenin signaling in cancer cells therefore appears to be a promising strategy for new anticancer strategies. Recently, we discovered a novel Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin, motility‐associated killing factor A (MakA), that affects both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. It promotes bacterial survival and proliferation in invertebrate predators but has unknown biological role(s) in mammalian hosts. Here, we report that MakA can cause lethality of tumor cells via induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, MakA exhibited potent cytotoxic activity, in particular against several tested cancer cell lines, while appearing less toxic toward nontransformed cells. MakA bound to the tumor cell surface became internalized into the endolysosomal compartment and induced leakage of endolysosomal membranes, causing cytosolic release of cathepsins and activation of proapoptotic proteins. In addition, MakA altered β‐catenin integrity in colon cancer cells, partly through a caspase‐ and proteasome‐dependent mechanism. Importantly, MakA inhibited β‐catenin‐mediated tumor cell proliferation. Remarkably, intratumor injection of MakA significantly reduced tumor development in a colon cancer murine solid tumor model. These data identify MakA as a novel candidate to be considered in new strategies for development of therapeutic agents against colon cancer.
Identification of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the vaginal fluid and cervical exfoliated cells of women with active COVID‐19 infection: A pilot study
Authors: Khoiwal Kavita , Kalita Deepjyoti , Shankar Ravi , Kumari Reena , Dhundi Deepika , Bahadur Anupama , Panda Prasan Kumar , Chaturvedi Jaya
Published: March 2021

Synopsis

In women with confirmed COVID‐19, a negative RT‐PCR test result does not rule out the possibility of a low level of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the female genital tract.
Cytotoxic effect of targeted biodegradable epothilone B and rapamycin co‐loaded nanocarriers on breast cancer cells
Authors: Zajdel Alicja , Wilczok Adam , Jelonek Katarzyna , Kaps Anna , Musiał‐Kulik Monika , Kasperczyk Janusz
Published: March 2021

The new therapeutic solutions for breast cancer treatment are needed, for example, combined therapy consisted of several drugs that characterize different mechanisms of action and modern drug delivery systems. Therefore, we used combination of epothilone B (EpoB) and rapamycin (Rap) to analyze the cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells (MCF‐7; MDA‐MB‐231). Also, the effect of drugs co‐delivered in bioresorbable micelles functionalized with biotin (PLA–PEG‐BIO; poly(lactide)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐biotin) was studied. The comparison of effects of the mixture of free drugs and the micelles co‐loaded with EpoB and Rap revealed a significant decrease in the cell metabolic activity and survival. Moreover, the dual drug‐loaded PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles enhanced the cytotoxicity of EpoB and Rap against the tested cells as compared with the free drugs. The blank PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles did not affect the tested cells. We expect that mixture of EpoB and Rap may be promising in breast cancer treatment and PLA–PEG‐BIO micelles as carrier of these two drugs can be applicable for successful targeted delivery.