bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Lessons—Part 1
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

Topics regarding preparation for the first year orchestra class are addressed that include finding the proper instrument sizing, attaching fingerboard markings, obtaining instrument supplies, selecting method books, and utilizing practice planners that guide students on how to practice correctly. The author discusses how to incorporate parental involvement in the beginning orchestra and give the students the chance to perform publicly for their parents and the parents to witness their children’s progress. Finally, the chapter discusses the importance of including aural training in the lessons and the value of incorporating music theory. Classroom activities for developing both skills and encouraging individual and class participation are included.
The First Lessons—Part 2
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides several tension-free exercises that help string players develop a beautiful tone quality as a result from developing proper physical posture and instrument position. Included are catchphrases that also help students readily remember how to physically align the body and maintain proper instrument position. Beginning pieces that incorporate left-hand pizzicato as well as first position fingering are introduced and explained. The chapter provides pedagogical discussion on how to implement beginning music theory concepts (form, music symbols, note names) to beginner-level repertoire. Finally, twenty detailed lesson plans are provided that demonstrate the author’s “main idea” teaching concepts, rehearsal environment, and structure for the first year orchestra.
Assessment
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

The chapter describes why orchestra students must understand the “what,” “how,” and “why” involved with assessment procedures in order to attain musical success. Examples of how differentiation, which allows every student to receive valuable feedback from the director about strengths and areas for improvement, applies to orchestra assessment are provided. The author discusses how a director can determine when and if assessment is necessary and whether it will prove rewarding, informative, and valid, as it must for students to attain an independent functioning level of lifelong musicianship. Informal and formal orchestra assessment procedures are described in detail. Sample grading rubrics are provided as well.
Intermediate-Advanced Level—Part 2
Authors: Butz Karel
Published: August 2019

The chapter provides several rehearsal concepts that develop stronger rhythmic precision and phrasing concepts within the intermediate-advanced orchestra. Rhythmic precision depends the students’ ability to cognitively interpret and intrinsically feel the rhythmic notation correctly, as well as the students’ ability to maneuver the bow in such a way that the articulation is rhythmically precise. The author discusses ensemble development activities designed to promote better intrinsic pulse, hand-eye coordination with the bow, leadership, listening, and left- and right-hand coordination. In addition, the chapter discusses how beautiful phrasing is developed by listening, singing, using imagery, identifying harmonic structure, and incorporating body movement.
One Job, Many Lives
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

The lives of five workers, in three countries, can tell us much about the world of work today. Ashley, a young American, takes a job in a call center following a family tragedy, but quits it as soon as she is able. Mina, an Indian woman, must leave the industry because the men in her life believe that a “call center job equals a call girl job.” Daisy, from a rural province in the Philippines, desperately seeks call center work as a way to achieve independence. She aspires to be like her cousin Belle, a proud and sophisticated transgender call center agent. Joy, meanwhile, forgoes her dream to migrate and become a nurse in order to stay in the Philippines and make a decent living answering calls.
Firms
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

Firms and business units that control the technologies to handle phone calls actively constructed a global labor market for voice services. In theoretical terms, they can be considered a form of liquid “voice capital.” An analysis of consulting reports reveals how voice capital sees the world as graded according to cost and human capital. Such grading offers voice capital two potential pools of labor: India and the Philippines. The ethnographic literature on voice offshoring to India shows that there was no stable assemblage there. Men use call centers as steppingstones toward technology jobs, while women who work as call agents are stigmatized.
Restless Gays
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

Gay individuals in the Philippines have long been accepted in the public eye, yet have been discriminated against at work. The gay subculture has developed its own values and ways of being. A key component of successfully performing a gay identity in the Philippines today is speaking English well. It distinguishes one as urbane, cosmopolitan, and sophisticated. For the gay community in Manila, call centers have become known as a “gay paradise.” They are spaces wherein it is possible to safely enact gender identities. Nonetheless, gay workers remain restless, as they dream of leaving the country for the West or of pursuing a profession in the Philippines.
Rooted Men
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

Straight Filipino men are underrepresented (at approximately 15%) in the call center labor force. Gendered norms about Filipino masculinity, this chapter argues, have established English-language fluency as a feminine, or even gay, trait. “Real men,” so to speak, work with their hands and bodies rather than with their voices. Still, many Filipino men do pursue and obtain call center jobs. They do so as means by which to establish roots in the Philippines rather than migrate abroad. To work in the industry, however, straight men must be able to deflect various challenges to their masculinity. Case studies of male workers are used to illustrate this dynamic.
Gone, Baby, Gone
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2019

The author’s premise is that the voice industry will not return to the United States. Reflecting the analysis presented in previous chapters, this chapter offers a dim prognosis for those who wish to bring call center jobs “back home.” As the author notes, the value proposition simply isn’t there. Countries such as India and the Philippines offer labor that is both cheap (relative to the West) and skilled enough (when it comes to English fluency). The Philippines in particular has emerged as a call center “nirvana,” as a stable labor market assemblage in which firms find workers and workers find jobs offering strategic and sustainable solutions to their dilemmas.
Lists
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

This chapter starts with Jack Goody’s observations on the capacities of lists as a written technology, but focuses less on their theoretical possibilities and more on actual Roman usage. Rather than trying to encompass all possible lists (a huge category), the chapter addresses several types that each have some additional information feature: alphabetical lists, indexed lists, tables of contents, and nested lists. Tables of contents and alphabetical lists are restricted primarily to scholarly contexts, and even then are disfavored because of precisely the same disarticulation that gives them their formal power. Nested lists, by contrast are principally used to track large, dynamic, multi-user public archives, arising fairly naturally from the social and material “scaffolding” of that context. Indexed lists appear in a broader variety of contexts, but with a different kind of constraint. The indexical features are used for purposes of verification and authorization rather than as finding aids. In fact, the same appears to be true, if to a lesser extent, for the other specialized kinds of lists.
Tables and Tabular Organization
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

The “tables” of this chapter are matrices whose rows and columns are used systematically to arrange and locate bits of data with respect to two parameters. An extensive survey of documents that might have been expected to take tabular form (mathematical and grammatical reference tools) or even appear to be tables (calendars, accounting records) shows that most of them are in fact one-dimensional lists. Modern research has documented the value of tables as a device to think with, but also has shown that their use is less intuitive than might be imagined in a culture (like ours) which is saturated with them. In the Roman world, by contrast, restriction of certain contexts creates a vicious circle, discouraging further use. The contexts in which tables do appear, like those of the related nested list, involve multiple types of cognitive “scaffolding,” particularly the ongoing use and editing of single documents by one or more users over time.
Weights and Measures
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

In modern cultures, a wide variety of objects and practices are measured in a variety of dimensions (time, length, weight, etc.) with the implicit expectation that objects of equal measurements are interchangeable in use across a similarly wide variety of contexts. This was not true in the Roman world. Ambitions for standardizing weights and measures were weak at the local level (individual cities or even marketplaces) and weaker still at grander scales (provinces, the empire). Direct observation of surviving measurement apparatus shows the expected lack of standardization. Absent the possibility of transparently translating between thing and number, Romans adopted a number of other petrological strategies. Proportion, rather than measurement anchored to an external standard, was very prominent, sometimes in explicit form, sometimes implicit. In many contexts, a higher degree of approximation was allowed for than we might expect. Most important, while the results of measurement were not seen as transparent, that gave all the more occasion for individual performances of measurement in hyper-local contexts where their effects would be predictable.
Representing Three Dimensions
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

Ancient painting made little or no use of single-point perspective. Some modern scholars, however, have inferred from this that ancient artists and audiences lacked a sense of “space.” This chapter’s three case studies (two involving fresco painting and one low-relief stucco, all in the genre generally known as sacro-idyllic landscape) argue instead for the existence a diversity of ways of encoding spatial information. The approaches are distinct, but they show family resemblances by drawing differentially from more or less the same pool of strategies (involving color coding, scaling, and foreshortening of objects of predictable size and shape, physical overlap, narrative connection, and others). In combination, these do not determine a single spatial reading for any given work of art, but they constrain the range of plausible approximations. That several superficially diverse sets of works converge on this property shows that spatiality was important to all of them.
Representing Two Dimensions
Authors: Riggsby Andrew M.
Published: August 2019

Maps are taken here as graphic representations in which space within the image corresponds to space in the real world. More abstract data graphics in which image space corresponds to other aspects of the real world are rare, but mapping better attests along a spectrum from plans of buildings or neighborhoods (apparently common) to rarer regional and even world maps. Like other devices discussed in the book, maps in general are used in a limited number of contexts (e.g., construction, fiscality), and individual instances are ruthlessly stripped of information not needed for their individual purpose. Few if any of our surviving examples are rigorously to scale, and so some scholars have rejected their identification as maps at all. In fact, while individual approaches are distinct, they nonetheless show family resemblances by drawing differentially from more or less the same pool of strategies. In combination, these do not determine a single spatial reading for any given work of map, but they constrain the range of plausible approximations. If the direct evidence leads us to this non-anachronistic notion of mapping, then indirect evidence suggests cartography would have been important in some additional contexts, as well.
The Concept of Persons in Kant and Fichte
Authors: Ware Owen
Published: August 2019

It is well known that Kant seeks to discredit rational psychology on the grounds that one cannot access the nature of the soul by reflecting on the “I think” of self-consciousness. What is far less understood, however, is why Kant still believes that the theorems of rational psychology are analytically true insofar as they represent the “I” through the categories of substance, reality, unity, and existence. Early post-Kantian thinkers like Fichte would abandon this restriction and approach the concept of the “I” instead through the category of community or reciprocal interaction. The result was nothing less than a radical shift in thinking about persons after Kant, yet in a way that would bear a striking affinity to the substance monism of Spinoza. The aim of this chapter is to trace the origin of this shift and its aftermath in Fichte’s effort to defend a new conception of the “I.”
Persons and Selves in Buddhist Philosophy
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: August 2019

While Buddhists famously deny the existence of a self, they distinguish between selves and persons, and allow for the existence of persons as entities having a sort of derived reality. By “self” they understand whatever counts as the essence of the psychophysical complex, while by “person” they understand the psychophysical complex as a whole. This essay explores the arguments whereby Buddhists sought to establish their claim that strictly speaking neither self nor person exists, but that persons are nonetheless useful posits of a scheme that is meant to accommodate our everyday interests and cognitive limitations. This yields a way of understanding the connection between reductionism about persons and consequentialism in ethics, as well as why it might be that puzzle cases have loomed so large in recent discussions of diachronic personal identity.
Worlds Olio
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Worlds Olio. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: whether or not there are inherent capability differences between men and women; gender; similarities and differences between human beings and (other) animals; happiness; fame; desire; self-love; forms of government; social order; the authority and reach of philosophy; the role of the senses in cognition; medical experimentation and disease; God; predestination; and the regularity that is exhibited in the natural world. The chapter begins with a preface in which Cavendish speaks very negatively of the capacities of women, at one point saying that “Women have no strength nor light of Understanding, but what is given them from Men.” The reader can decide against the background of other texts in the corpus whether Cavendish is embracing an anti-feminist position here or whether she is being ironic.
Philosophical Letters
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Philosophical Letters. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes; the philosophy of René Descartes; the philosophy of Henry More; the science of Constantijn Huygens; gender; the role of theology in philosophy; God; the inconceivability of God; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the identity of a body and its location; materialism; the eternity of matter; creation; sensory perception; patterning; animal knowledge; freedom; motion; the transfer of motion; the impossibility of immaterial motion; embodied cognition; laws of nature; the spirit of nature; vitalism and the activity of matter; panpsychism; the struggle for bodies to maintain their structural integrity; individuation; death and regeneration; imagination; certainty; action at a distance; action by contact; the natural soul of the human being; the supernatural soul of a human being; how to read scripture; illegitimate uses of scripture; order vs. disorder; the interdependence of the bodies of nature; natural magic; occasional causation; medicine; and the limits of science. Philosophical Letters is not an actual correspondence in which Cavendish has a thorough and extended exchange with Descartes, Hobbes, More, and Van Helmont. Such a back-and-forth was presumably not in the cards, in part because of gender norms surrounding the question of who should engage in intellectual disputation with whom. In Philosophical Letters Cavendish engages a fictional correspondence between herself and a “Madam” who has asked her to comment on the work of all four philosophers.
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: the divisibility of body; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the reliability of scientific instrumentation; the reliability and sophistication of natural sense organs; artefacts vs. natural productions; the knowledge and know-how that are ubiquitous in nature; creation; annihilation; the interdependence of creatures; color; materialism; the nature of ideas; representation; God; belief in the existence of God; the limits of knowledge; death and regeneration; creation; gender; order vs. disorder; atomism; motion; freedom; the impossibility of incorporeal motion; panpsychism; action at a distance; action by contact; sensory perception and patterning; rational perception; embodied cognition; self-knowledge; self-motion; the different kinds of matter; animal knowledge; and the eternity of matter. Cavendish begins Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy by repeating the claim that there is no inherent difference between women and men with respect to intellectual capacities. The book treats a wide range of topics, but a central undercurrent is that matter is eternal and that bodies are sophisticated and have the wherewithal to bring about organization and order on their own.
Grounds of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Grounds of Natural Philosophy. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: materialism; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the identity of a body and its location; the impossibility of immaterial motion; the different kinds of matter; order vs. disorder; active regions of the world that we do not notice; self-motion; self-knowledge; panpsychism; sensory perception and patterning; dreams; occasionalism; causality; chance; freedom, the cooperation of the parts of nature; individuation; natural productions vs. artefacts; imagination; fame; the afterlife; God; and belief in the existence of God. Cavendish enters into a wide spectrum of philosophical debates in Grounds of Natural Philosophy, but much of the focus is on arguments for materialism, the distinction between rational matter and sensitive matter, the knowledge and information that is shared among creatures, individuation, and the sophistication of natural (as opposed to artificial) productions.
Poems and Fancies
Authors: Cunning David
Published: August 2019

This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s poems and other short pieces. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: atomism; empty space; active regions of the world that we do not notice; the ideas that occur to us and why; animal knowledge; insect knowledge; peace and conflict; gender; imaginary worlds; poetry; animal cruelty; and the treatment of nature. The poems on atomism reflect a view that Cavendish entertained early on and then abandoned in favor of her animist view that bodies are not only divisible, but also active, perceptive, and knowledgeable. A common theme across other poems is the sophistication of nonhuman creatures, for example in “A Dialogue between an Oake, and a Man cutting him downe,” “A Morall Discourse betwixt Man, and Beast,” “Of the Ant,” and “Of Fishes.”
The First Public Guy
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

On November 4, 1605, Guy Fawkes was just another obscure English gentleman with Catholic sympathies and a decade of success as a courageous and skilled soldier. His obscurity abruptly changed in the night of November 5. On November 6, encouraged by “gentler tortures” ordered by the king, “John Johnson” confessed that he was Guy Fawkes. Thus the public quickly learned that Guy Fawkes had come very close to destroying the House of Lords with everyone in it, and the name Guy Fawkes became immediately one of the most famous in England, far more than that of Robert Catesby, because Guy had been the guy with the match. Within two months, all 13 of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators were arrested or killed, including four in a gunfight at Holbeche House in Staffordshire. On January 30 and 31, 1506, having been convicted of treason in a short trial, he and the seven others who remained alive were hanged, drawn, and quartered. That was the end for the earthly Guy.
Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

Presidential candidates and their campaigns in the United States are fully invested in the use of social media. Yet, since 1996 presidential campaigns have been experimenting with ways to use digital communication technologies on the Internet to their advantage. This book tells the stories of the practices of campaigning online between 1996 and 2016, looking at winners and also-rans. The stories provide rich details of the factors that contribute to the success or failure of candidates, including the influence of digital media. The stories also show how political campaigns over six election cycles transitioned from the paradigm of mass media campaigning, to networked campaigning, and finally to mass-targeted campaigning. Campaigns shifted from efforts at mass persuasion to networked persuasion by identifying and communicating with super-supporters to give them the right digital tools and messages to take to their social network. Campaigns learned over time how to use the Internet’s interactive affordances to communicate with the public in ways that structures what supporters do for the campaign that maximizes strategic benefit—what I call “controlled interactivity.” By the 2016 campaign, technology companies made it easier and more effective to engage in mass-targeted campaigning—using large-scale data analytics by campaigns and tech companies to identify target audiences for campaigns to advertise to online.
Introduction
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of key arguments and goals. A key mission of the book is to help scholars of political communication and digital media contextualize and better understand the shifting practices by campaigns long before Barack Obama was a household name. To do so, this study borrows from the work of Robert Denton, looking especially at the political and social context, the organization, fundraising, and image construction of the candidates, as well as factoring in the role of journalists and the hybrid media environment and public opinion polling. I also examine citizen involvement in the campaign. I describe how campaigns’ use of digital communication technologies and the specific affordance of interactivity bring to light that the objective of a campaign is to win—not to fully engage citizens in the campaign. This chapter concludes by providing a brief outline of the book, underscoring the shifting campaign practices that occurred between 1996 and 2016.
1996
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

The 1996 presidential campaigns were the first to experiment with DCTs. Democratic President Bill Clinton and his challenger, Republican Bob Dole, built the first presidential campaign websites, and their experimentation established the core genre of the campaign website. Ironically, it was the seventy-year-old Republican who had the more cutting-edge website, while the president’s site was more cautious—reflecting a pattern in future elections in which challengers are more forward thinking and experimental than incumbents. They have more to lose when experimenting with untested communication technologies. The campaigns demonstrated the mass media paradigm of campaigning, while dabbling with digital media. The absence of human-interactive affordances in their DCTs underscore that the underlying attitudes campaigns held toward citizens is that they are to be managed and controlled, persuaded but not empowered except in the most limited sense.
2000
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

The 2000 campaigns focused on experimentation with DCTs. Changes in election laws made collecting contributions online feasible, which became a focus of campaigns. John McCain was savvy at capitalizing on fundraising, establishing the infrastructure to channel enthusiasm into money following key events. George W. Bush built a massive voter file for microtargeting. Steve Forbes constructed an image as the first “Internet candidate,” while Al Gore, who also should have done so, instead used DCTs conservatively. Bill Bradley developed a community involvement kit, a clear indication that campaigns began to see the potential of two-step flow. Yet, campaigns were still generally distrustful of what might happen if they let their supporters genuinely engage with the campaign. As hierarchical organizations with professional and highly paid senior staff who at their gut level—and through their experience know how to campaign—the idea of more citizen-driven efforts in political campaigns was unthinkable.
2012
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

The 2012 presidential candidates refined proven practices and ran the most data-driven campaigns in history. The candidates deployed social media, strategic online ad buys, and used their websites as the cornerstones of their campaign practices in the increasingly complex, hybrid media environment. Obama’s and Romney’s campaigns produced a variety of tactics to interact with supporters in a way that suggested that controlled interactivity had been perfected. They built massive voter files to target usual demographic groups while expanding to new groups typically unreached by campaigns and conducted careful message testing to yield maximum effect. Yet, for the carefully scripted work to structure interactivity between supporters and the campaign and among supporters to greatest advantage for the candidate, a substantial challenge remained: how to manage messaging in the complex, hybrid media environment where gaffes and opposition discourse can be amplified in ways unintended and with unknown consequences for campaigns.
Conclusion
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer
Published: August 2019

This final chapter recaps the arguments and discusses implications of how campaigns have used DCTs. By only looking at digital practices of political campaigns, it is worrisome that we fail to see that for most campaigns digital media is still only a small part of the overall focus of campaigns. Greater appreciation is needed for understanding DCT use in the context of other factors of a campaign. Campaigns have dramatically changed their strategies over time as they learned the benefits and the challenges of communicating with the public and the media through DCTs. In 1996 they barely interacted with the public and controlled the message as much as possible. By 2016, they were using a variety of interactive affordances to mobilize supporters, attack opponents, and influence the news media’s agenda through their digital media accounts. They also learned to capitalize on the public’s data that they generate about themselves when they interact with the campaign online and in partnering with digital technology companies, such as Facebook, to engage in unprecedented micro-targeting through paid ads.
Embodied Reconciliation
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.
Conclusion
Authors: Moland Lydia L.
Published: August 2019

Hegel’s wide-ranging philosophy of art allows us both to assess the expression of different worldviews in art and the ways in which individual arts—architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—allow us to sense ourselves and become aware of the world around us. His aesthetic theory elucidates crucial components of philosophical idealism generally, and his description of how art gives us joy illuminates modern aesthetic experience as well. This chapter connects Hegel’s “aesthetics of truth,” and so his idealism, to a description of aesthetic pleasure, then briefly speculates on how Hegel’s theory of art can be applied and extended to our experiences of contemporary art today.
“Humanity Requires All the Relief Which Can Be Afforded”
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers the prehistory of Saint Elizabeths, including efforts to manage the insane in the District of Columbia in the first half of the nineteenth century and the establishment of the hospital in 1855. It examines how local officials, the federal government, and District residents addressed the problem of mental illness through public policy and private care. The chapter also reveals the role that ideas of racial difference played in decisions about where to locate Saint Elizabeths’ and its original design. Maintaining strict separation of the races became a central objective of the hospital’s first superintendent, Charles H. Nichols, as he laid out the hospital. This objective was in keeping with the moral treatment model of nineteenth-century asylum psychiatry.
The Paradox of Enlightened Care
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter covers Saint Elizabeths during the tenure of its first superintendent, Charles H. Nichols (1855–1877), including the impact of the Civil War on the composition of the patient population, the general operation of the hospital, and the overall treatment of African American patients. Although blacks were among the soldiers, sailors, and federal prisoners admitted to the hospital in its early years, the majority of African American patients were indigent civilian residents of the District. The Civil War led to emancipation in the District and the influx of contrabands—black refugees and fugitive slaves—into the city, making it difficult for hospital officials to employ a strict residency requirement for admission. The chapter also explores the ways in which racial discrimination characterized the hospital’s therapeutic regime. It further reveals how African American patients and their families sought to shape their own experiences in the hospital.
Care and the Color Line
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines how the medical consensus about black mental illness in the post-Reconstruction era contributed to the unequal treatment of African American patients at Saint Elizabeths and, in turn, how black patients and their communities sought to manage their therapeutic experience. The tendency to construct black madness as particularly violent and depraved—evident in the profession’s conflation of African American insanity with mania—led to Saint Elizabeths housing black male patients, regardless of their diagnosis and civil status, with insane convicts and the criminally insane. Both African American male and female patients were sequestered in overcrowded, substandard wards. They were also subjected to menial forms of labor, especially laundering and cooking, that masqueraded as therapy. Yet patients and their families made their own interventions in the clinical relationship and attempted to shape the treatment that they and their loved ones received.
Conclusion
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: August 2019

The conclusion provides a summation of the book’s main arguments and offers suggestions for further research in the history of African American mental health. It reasserts the two central theses. First, Saint Elizabeths’ psychiatrists’ construction and reaffirmation of the white psyche as the norm produced a great deal of ambiguity regarding the nature of black insanity. This contributed to the prioritizing of the white sufferer of mental illness and the marginalization of mentally ill blacks. Second, African American patients and their communities exercised agency in their interactions with Saint Elizabeths, both to shape the therapeutic experience and to assert their status as citizens. This latter argument suggests that the orthodox view that African Americans have generally had an indifferent or antagonistic relationship to psychiatry needs to be rethought, which will require further historical scholarship, particularly with respect to African American activism within the realm of mental health care.
Occupying Your Rightful Space
Authors: Morinis Alan
Published: August 2019

When Moses is described (Numbers 12:3) as being more humble than any other person on the face of the earth, and when God is described as being humble, we are forced to dissociate Jewish notions of humility from any connotations of meekness or diffidence. Biblical and rabbinic texts reveal that the essential consideration in assessing a person’s humility is not that person’s relative assertiveness or timidity but rather with how much he or she subjugates personal self-interest to higher purposes. As articulated within the Jewish tradition of self-development called Mussar, humility inheres in directing one’s will toward sensitive service of the needs and wants of others within one’s social sphere as well as in line with one’s allegiance to the divine. Virtuous humility expresses itself in everyday contexts in the measure of the “space” (be that in the physical, emotional, verbal, financial, or another realm) that a person occupies. The ideal is to take up just as much space as is necessary to fulfill one’s mission of service in his or her life, neither more nor less. Moses fits (as well as defines) this paradigm.
Humility in Four Forms
Authors: Narvaez Darcia
Published: August 2019

Relational humility is not simply an intellectual thing, but embodied, all the way down to neurobiological systems. Humility is a developmental process, shaped and expressed within social systems from the beginning of life. Humility emerges naturally from beingness co-constructed by family and community. When parents and caregivers are humble before the needs of children, providing the evolved nest or developmental system for raising the young, a cascade of long-term effects ensues. When a baby is not treated with respect and empathy, with needs met promptly, neurobiology develops in the direction of self-protection with a cacostatic (too much or too little) orientation (dominance or submission) toward others, undermining capacities for humility. The cascade of effects shape cultural practices from the ground up, as individuals form and shape community cultures that carry across generations. Relational humility is defined as multilayered, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and ecological humility—relational attunement with others and with the web of life.
Humility as a Foundational Virtue
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole
Published: August 2019

We each stand, phenomenologically speaking, at the center of the universe. This inherent centeredness biases our experience of our own needs, desires, interests, beliefs, goals, and values as being more immediate and urgent than those of others’, manifesting in a natural self-orientation that—if left unchecked—can lead us to problematically privilege, prioritize, and favor ourselves. The central thesis presented here is that the interfering and distorting influences that arise from this centeredness are most effectively combated, and ultimately quieted, through the cultivation of humility. And further, that humility should be considered a foundational virtue, necessary for the full development and exercise of other virtues, and maturely virtuous character.
Self-Other Concept in Humble Love
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Spezio Michael
Published: August 2019

After a period in l’Arche communities, members’ self-other concept often changes from what is typical for modern secular societies to that of receiving “life” from and giving “life” to others. The two kinds of construal are mutually contrary. Following Jean Vanier, we call the ethos guiding the first construal the Normal. Its leading concepts are success, competence, competition, advancement, achievement, power, superior-inferior, and rival as criteria for evaluating persons. Here the relations of self and other are distancing, alienating, ones of differential competence, superior or inferior achievement, competition for power, being winner and loser, etc. Contrastingly, the concepts governing self-other construals characterizing long-term living in l’Arche are mutuality, vulnerability, forgiveness, compassion, reconciliation, belonging, and friendship. Humble love combines two complementary virtues: humility and agapê. The tyranny of the Normal erects walls that impede the symmetrical construals of self-other characteristic of humble love. Humility dissipates or undermines the distancing, alienating self-other construals, bringing down these walls.
Humility and Decision-Making in Companies
Authors: Argandoña Antonio
Published: August 2019

A firm is a community of people who cooperate to achieve a purpose that is in everyone’s interest, albeit for different reasons. A manager’s task is to bring about this cooperation through these people’s motivations, which may be financial but also psychological, social, and moral—and it is here where virtues come into play. Managers must be virtuous and foster or, at least, not obstruct the other stakeholders’ moral qualities. Among these virtues, there is one that warrants particular attention: humility, the operative habit of having a realistic, objective knowledge of oneself and of others and acting accordingly, and which provides the basis for making decisions that seek the firm’s good and that of other people. This does not guarantee the firm’s financial success, but it does provide the means by which a humble manager can become an excellent manager.
Self-Trust and Epistemic Humility
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi
Published: August 2019

Some cognitive domains, like the moral, aesthetic, and religious, seem to demand a special kind of intellectual autonomy. We should, it is thought, think for ourselves and not trust others. This call for autonomy seems to support a radical intellectual self-sufficiency. In particular, the fact that our peers disagree with us can be disregarded by the fully intellectually self-sufficient person. I argue against radical intellectual self-sufficiency. I argue, instead, that our basis for self-trust in these domains should also extend to trusting others. So long as we do not have a good account of our own reliability in these domains, our general cognitive similarity to others ought to lead us to weight their testimony, and so weight their disagreement. We should be epistemically humble in the face of disagreement. Furthermore, epistemic humility here is a form of intellectual autonomy, for we discover the evidence of disagreement and think through its consequences for ourselves.
Understanding Humility as Intellectual Virtue and Measuring It as Psychological Trait
Authors: Haggard Megan C.
Published: August 2019

While the actions and behaviors associated with humility have been lauded as exemplary by many and condemned as detrimental by others, this chapter will explore the intellectual experience of humility and how it is measured as a personality trait in psychology. This chapter will examine humility through the lens of Aristotle’s virtuous golden mean, where intellectual humility lies between intellectual arrogance (deficiency) and intellectual servility (excess). In support of this, research shows that intellectually humble people demonstrate more careful and open-minded thinking styles, which can create a more thoughtful and open intellectual environment around them. The chapter will conclude with implications of intellectual humility in various domains, including business, leadership, and medical contexts.
Persian Temple Renovations and the Rebuilding of the Jerusalem Temple
Authors: Davis Andrew R.
Published: August 2019

This chapter shows how Persian kings used temple renovation to distance themselves from recent turmoil and to associate their reigns with more illustrious past traditions. The renovation was also the beginning of a larger program of cultic and/or economic restoration. This rhetoric of renovation sheds light on texts relating to the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple, especially Ezra 5:7–6:12, which employs similar rhetoric. For the Jewish elders in this passage, the renovation of the Jerusalem temple is the symbol through which they express religious continuity as well as discontinuity.
Introduction
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

Projects are instrumentally structured but open-ended courses of action. Life projects—projects that occupy all or almost all of a life—seem to implement a proposal regarding what it takes to have a meaningful life. It is suggested that the best way to assess such a proposal is to examine a life that instantiates it.
Mill’s Postdoc
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

J. S. Mill’s famous ‘Mental Crisis’ is argued to have been prompted by editing Jeremy Bentham’s Rationale of Judicial Evidence. The Crisis, it is suggested, was brought on by Mill’s specifically aesthetic response to Bentham’s manuscripts.
Justice, Freedom of Speech, and Other Higher Pleasures
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

John Stuart Mill constructed a utilitarian defence of freedom of speech and of the press that turned on his associationist psychology: without free speech, you will be bored literally out of your mind. He likewise constructed a utilitarian defence of justice, one that made justice out to be a higher pleasure, and provided an associationist account of the higher pleasures to underwrite the argument.
Taking Liberties with Utilitarianism
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

J. S. Mill’s argument for the Principle of Liberty is shaped by a concern with moral freedom. ‘Genius’—figuring things out for yourself—fosters moral freedom; Mill understands originality as a higher pleasure, because it will experienced as such by both ‘poetic’ and ‘analytic’ minds. However, the institutions Mill designed have failed to create the strong-willed individualists that he anticipated.
A Very Quiet Tragedy
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

A precondition on having a life project is that one stays ruthlessly on point. A second precondition is that one is ruthless in pressing forward in one’s intellectual explorations. These conditions cannot be jointly satisfied, and providing scaffolding or restricting the scope of a life project in order to make that possible undercuts the reasons to have one.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

The default methodology in analytic philosophy is to survey intuitions, which are then brought into a reflective equilibrium. That method is suitable for reconstructing well-exercised concepts that are embedded in a successful practice; “the meaning of life” is not one of those concepts. Argument-by-biography—an analog of the focus on mechanism in recent philosophy of science—is offered as an alternative.
Writing for Love and Money
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

This book tells the story of how families separated across borders write—and learn new ways of writing—in pursuit of both love and money. Over the past decades, global economic inequality has continued to promote the growth of labor migration. According to the UN, 244 million people currently live outside the countries of their birth. The human drama behind these numbers is that labor migration often separates parents from children, brothers from sisters, lovers from each other. Migration, undertaken in response to problems of the pocketbook, also poses problems for the heart. Based on field research and interviews with transnational families in Latin America (Brazil), Eastern Europe (Latvia), and North America (United States), Writing for Love and Money: How Migration Drives Literacy Learning in Transnational Families shows how families separated across borders turn to writing to address these problems. They are writing to sustain meaningful relationships across distance and to better their often impoverished circumstances. The book reveals that, despite policymakers’ concerns about brain drain, immigrants’ departures do not leave their homelands wholly educationally hobbled. Instead migration promotes experiences of literacy learning in transnational families as they write to reach the two life goals that globalization consistently threatens: economic solvency and familial intimacy. The book thus shows how migration itself can be a source of technologically savvy, emotionally attuned, globally conscious, and entrepreneurial literacy learning.
What’s New about Writing for Love and Money?
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 tells of writing’s enduring entanglement in love and money across selected historical and contemporary periods and cultures. It argues that writing for love and money is not new. It suggests that taking both a sociohistorical and ethnographic perspective on migration-driven literacy learning allows one to explore which legacies of writing for love and money people activate or discard given their particular historical moments, their particular geo-political contexts, and their particular relationships, goals, and lives. Such an exploration can be undertaken through the kind of comparative, transnational analysis that the subsequent chapter outlines.