bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Belief
Authors: Zimmerman Aaron Z.
Published: May 2018

Have you ever called yourself a “pragmatist”? Have you ever wondered what that means? The author traces the origins of pragmatism to a theory of belief defended by the nineteenth-century Scottish philosopher Alexander Bain, and defends it in light of contemporary cognitive neuroscience, social psychology, and evolutionary biology. Pragmatists define our beliefs in terms of information poised to guide our more attentive, controlled actions. The author describes the consequences of this definition for the reader’s thinking on the relation between psychology and philosophy, the mind and brain, the nature of delusion, faith, pretence, racism, and more. He employs research on animal cognition to argue against the propositional attitude analysis of belief now popular among Anglo-American philosophers, offers pragmatic diagnoses of Capgras syndrome and various forms of racial cognition, and defends William James’s famous doctrine of the “will to believe.” We have some wiggle room to believe what we want. Indeed, the adoption of a theory of belief is an instance of this very phenomenon.
A More Liberal Surrender
Authors: Lecourt Sebastian
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how Walter Pater translated the political paradoxes of Arnoldian secularism into an ethical paradox of asceticism. In his 1885 historical novel, Marius the Epicurean, Pater tells the story of a second-century Roman who turns toward the new religion of Christianity because he sees in it the summation of his own pagan past. In this way Marius becomes a kind of conversion novel against conversion, one that rejects an ascetic, conversionist Christianity for a religion that embraces all the contradictory inheritances of history. In his very repudiation of ascetic sacrifice, however, Marius also becomes the sacrificial victim of his own aesthetic openness: a paragon of self-cultivation who is ultimately slain by his own refusal to reject any aspect of experience.
Locating meanings
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter characterizes meanings in terms of certain generative procedures. We can begin to locate the natural phenomenon of linguistic meaning by focusing on (Chomsky-style) examples of constrained homophony. Two or more lexical items can connect distinct meanings with the same pronunciation; and phrases like ‘ready to please’ are similarly homophonous. But as ‘eager to please’ and ‘easy to please’ illustrate, phrasal homophony is constrained. Such facts provide important clues about what meanings are, and how they can(not) be combined. The details provide reasons for identifying the languages that children naturally acquire with biologically implemented procedures, and not sets of expressions. There are English procedures; but English is not a thing that speakers share and use to communicate. In this context, some initial reasons are given for doubting that the relevant procedures generate sentences that have truth conditions.
Invention and satisfaction
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: May 2018

This chapter reviews some relevant technical material in three stages. Section one outlines Frege’s conception of (ideal) thoughts and their components, some difficulties for this conception, and a familiar hierarchy of types—starting with  and , corresponding to entities and truth values—that is often presupposed in discussions of linguistic meaning. Section two reviews the essential aspects of a typologically spare Tarskian semantics for a possible language of thought whose expressions are all sentential. Section three shows how such a mental language could be extended in a more Fregean way. Given this background, we can envision many versions of the idea that meanings are instructions for how to access and assemble concepts, depending on how the space of accessible/constructible concepts is constrained.
Events and framing
Authors: Pietroski Paul M.
Published: May 2018

Examples of adverbial modification, as in ‘Alvin chased Theodore gleefully yesterday’, were supposed to illustrate virtues of the Davidsonian conjecture reviewed in chapter four. But it is argued that such examples provide further evidence against the conjecture. A theory of meaning, for an expression-generating procedure that children can acquire, is concerned with how expressions like ‘Alvin chased Theodore’ are understood (not how the expressions are related to the events that occurred). A theory of truth is concerned with how expressions are related to the events that occurred (not how the expressions are understood). If one forces a plausible theory of meaning to also serve as a theory of truth, then ordinary action reports present deep metaphysical puzzles, as opposed to mundane “framing effects” that reveal the representational format that humans use to understand linguistic expressions.
Racial Diversity, Immigration, and Social Spending in the US
Authors: Spies Dennis C.
Published: May 2018

The chapter analyses the fractious relationship between racial diversity and the welfare state in the US—arguably the most influential case in NPD literature. It shows that US Whites are critical of welfare because their attitude rests on negative feelings about African-Americans and Latino immigrants. However, not all parts of the US welfare state are affected by this combination of race coding and low public support: means-tested welfare is badly affected but the social security components are not. These differences are traced back to their origins by comparing a highly race coded and unpopular welfare program (AFDC, and later TANF) with a non-coded, popular program of old age social security (OAI). Originally highly affected by racial considerations, the programs diverged because of their institutional design and their ability to raise and expand their political support bases.
The Alignment and Representation of European Voters
Authors: Spies Dennis C.
Published: May 2018

The chapter shows how anti-immigrant sentiment and welfare support influence the voting behavior of natives and foreign-born citizens in Europe. The results indicate that both sets of attitudes are strongly related to party support, and that, in combination, they do not lead to very welfare-critical political coalitions. On the one hand, parts of the US setup are present in many European countries: anti-immigrant votes go nearly exclusively to the Extreme Right and the mainstream-right, whereas foreign-born voters predominantly support left-wing parties. On the other hand, the political landscape with regard to welfare that emerges from these alignments is far less likely to foster retrenchment than the political landscape we find in the US. Extreme Right Parties (ERPs) especially, as the party family benefitting most from the anti-immigrant vote, are deeply divided by the heterogeneous welfare stance of their supporters.
The Reconstitution of Security Provision after the Cold War
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book, explaining its rationale, conceptual framework, and methodology and placing it within the context of the existing literature. It argues that the nature and impact of commercialization of security in East European polities is profound and, in itself, deserves more attention than it has received so far. But the processes and practices examined in this book transcend the boundaries of those polities. A study of East European commercialization of security also sheds new light on aspects of the evolution of the European Union (EU) and the wider structures of European policing and security that have been insufficiently examined until now.
Stock Characters with Stiff-Brimmed Bonnets
Authors: Bell Erin
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines continuity and change in representations of women Friends by non-Quakers in the first 150 years of Quakerism’s existence. Unsurprisingly, given their active role, including the unusual position of female travelling preachers, a large amount of attention, often negative, was paid to Quaker women by male non-Quakers. Analysis of such depictions reveals that stereotyping of female Friends served a number of different ends: it sought to titillate non-Quaker men with depictions of young Quaker women, and to reinforce non-Quaker men’s self-appointed role as moral guardians with religious, moral, and gendered superiority over Quaker women. The chapter considers how such responses were likely driven by anxious hegemonic masculinity, identified by several scholars as central to mainstream male identity, which led Quaker women to initially be viewed as a potent threat and later as stock figures, created to belittle female Friends’ growing moral and political influence.
Afterword
Authors: Trevett Christine
Published: May 2018

It is a little over a century since Mabel Richmond Brailsford penned her narrative history of Quaker Women, 1650–1690 (1915). In the interim, rich veins of evidence have become more easily accessible, analytical tools more refined, and as the value of women’s writings has been reappraised, so many by Quaker women have been rescued from neglect....
On the Importance of a General Theory and an Overview of the Austerity Framework
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

In this chapter we take a step back and consider what we’ve seen so far and talk a bit about the methodology which will inform the remainder of the book. In particular, it argues that it’s a worthwhile enterprise to present a theory of conceptual engineering in general, one that is applicable to all the diverse instances of it we saw in Chapter 2. It does so by presenting five very general questions about conceptual engineering which are worth answering. It then goes on to present a preliminary sketch of a framework for understanding conceptual engineering, which is called the Austerity Framework.
The Illusion of Incoherent/Inconsistent Concepts
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the notion of an inconsistent concept. Previous chapters have argued that—despite its name—conceptual engineering has no use for concepts. However, a number of conceptual engineers give a central role to the idea that certain concepts are inconsistent. One might think that because it has no role for concepts the author’s theory will be unable to speak to the concerns of such conceptual engineers. The aim in this chapter is to respond to this line of thought, by explaining why such engineers (incorrectly) appeal to inconsistent concepts. In order to explain this notion, it appeals to three ideas: i) inconsistent beliefs or conceptions, ii) inconsistent introductory events, and iii) metasemantic messiness. It then compares this approach with that of philosophers who want to use conceptual engineering to solve paradoxes.
The Worldliness of Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

This chapter defends the initially radical sounding idea that conceptual engineering involves engineering the world. According to the author’s view, conceptual engineering is not about the concept of marriage, or the word ‘marriage’, but about marriage itself. This means that conceptual engineering involves literally changing the world. It provides arguments in favor of the worldly construal of conceptual engineering, stemming from the account of samesaying given in Chapter 10. It then suggests that the worldly construal is not as radical as it sounds, and provides arguments against the idea that conceptual engineering involves engineering concepts, changing the constitutive principles of concepts, or manipulating persisting entities. It closes by drawing out some metaphilosophical implications of the worldly construal of conceptual engineering.
Varieties of Conceptual Engineering
Authors: Cappelen Herman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 2 gave an overview of the varieties of conceptual engineering. This chapter shows how the tools of the Austerity Framework enable us gain a greater understanding of the different kinds of conceptual engineering. Some engineers (such as Haslanger and Clark and Chalmers) are concerned with improving the way we speak about a topic. Others, most notably Scharp, are concerned with concepts that they call inconsistent. It is argued that we think of these concepts as lacking an adequate metasemantic base. Finally, there are engineers who seek to exploit lexical effects of certain words, and so are happy to change words’ meanings even if that means changing topic. The chapter goes on to consider the connections between these three kinds of conceptual engineering, and ends by considering some conservative and some radical features of the Austerity Framework.
Praeparatio Evangelica in Early Christian Gospels
Authors: Gathercole Simon
Published: May 2018

The novelty of the Christian message was a crucial point of discussion in the early church, a discussion reflected in both canonical and non-canonical gospels. In contrast to texts which saw the gospel events as fulfilling scripture, the Gospel of Thomas in particular is striking in presenting a virtually unqualified rejection of any antecedent revelation. Approaches are by no means confined to this binary contrast. In the Gospel of Truth, a protological myth is contained within the same work as an account of the activity of Jesus, such that praeparatio evangelica and evangelium are juxtaposed. The Nag Hammadi Gospel of the Egyptians undercuts scripture by means of the even more ancient Seth. According to the Gospel of Philip, Christian salvation has been symbolically presaged throughout history. This chapter reassesses the claim that Marcion is the only theologian truly to have claimed newness for the Christian good news.
Women in the Gospels of Mark and Mary
Authors: Tuckett Christopher
Published: May 2018

While the Gospels of Mark and Mary are very different and neither gospel makes the role of women the prime focus of attention, the prominence of female characters is striking in both. This chapter explores how, despite their great differences, the two texts show a remarkable similarity in their depiction of Jesus’ women followers. In both, women take on crucial roles at the conclusion of Jesus’ earthly career. Although the original ending of Mark may suggest that the women disciples failed to communicate the message entrusted to them at the, this impression is countered by the later Markan endings and by most other post-Markan retellings of the tomb story. In the Gospel of Mary, Peter and Andrew’s attack on Mary is countered by Levi’s defence of her as a uniquely privileged disciple. Both Mark and the Gospel of Mary use women figures to present a message of discipleship.
‘My Power, Power, You Have Left Me’
Authors: Omerzu Heike
Published: May 2018

The christology of the Gospel of Peter has been debated ever since the so-called Akhmîm document (PCairo 10759) was discovered in 1886–7. This fragment contains an account of Jesus’ passion and resurrection partly paralleled in the canonical gospels, and it can most likely be identified with the gospel that Serapion, bishop of Antioch, encountered in Rhossus around 200 CE. This essay reconsiders the supposed ‘docetism’ of this text by analysing representations of Jesus’ death on either side of the canonical divide. The starting point is a narrative and intertextual analysis of key features of the Gospel of Peter, including indirect characterization by the use of christological titles, Jesus’ silence during the crucifixion ‘as if he felt no pain’, and his last words at the cross, ‘My power, power, you have forsaken me!’ These features are compared to the canonical gospels and other early Christian traditions on Jesus’ death.
Public Monuments and the Monogrammatic Display of Authority in the Post-Roman World
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the monogrammatic display of authority in public buildings, and churches in particular—a practice that was established in the sixth century—and sets the three most influential architectural examples of that tradition in Constantinople within their contemporary Byzantine political and cultural contexts, namely St Polyeuktos, Sts Sergius and Bacchus, and Hagia Sophia. The final section of this chapter examines the continued use of personal monograms on capitals, chancel screens, and mosaics by early Byzantine emperors, as well as the appropriation of that imperial practice by early medieval ecclesiastical hierarchs in various parts of the post-Roman world—such as Constantinople and several cities in Asia Minor, Tomis in Romania, Zvart’nots in Armenia, Rome and Ravenna in Italy, as well as Grado, Porec, and Solin in the North Adriatic.
Monogrammatic Culture in Pre-Carolingian Europe
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar
Published: May 2018

This chapter first examines various material media manifesting the use of monograms as signs of authority for early medieval kings and bishops and as visual tokens of social status for sixth- and seventh-century elites. It also surveys the functional usage of invocational cruciform devices, christograms, and the sign of the cross on material artefacts and manuscripts, both in the Christian East and the Latin West. The final section analyses the impact of late antique monogrammatic culture on the evolving early medieval discourse on the extralinguistic qualities of letters and the symbolic significance of their visual characteristics and on the appearance of monogrammatic lettering in Latin manuscripts. It also examines the importance of this cultural tradition for the origins of ‘monogrammatic initials’—initials that were composed of several letters combined in the manner of a monogram—a new visual phenomenon characteristic of early medieval graphicacy.
Subtle Syntactic Cues Affect Intuitions about Knowledge
Authors: Horne Zachary , Cimpian Andrei
Published: May 2018

To investigate the nature and limits of knowledge, epistemologists often consult intuitions about whether people can be said to have knowledge or, alternatively, to know particular propositions. This chapter identifies a problem with this method. Although the intuitions elicited via statements about “knowledge” and “knowing” are treated as interchangeable sources of evidence, these intuitions actually differ. Building on prior psychological evidence, the chapter hypothesizes that the epistemic state denoted by the noun “knowledge” is viewed as stronger (e.g. more certain, more reliable) than the epistemic state denoted by the verb “know.” This hypothesis was supported by the results of six studies that used a variety of methodologies and data sources (e.g. philosophical texts, naive participants’ intuitions). This research has significant implications for epistemology: The syntactic structure of the linguistic examples offered as evidence for epistemological claims may influence the extent to which these examples provide intuitive support for the relevant claim.
The Ordinary Concept of Knowledge-How
Authors: Gonnerman Chad , Mortensen Kaija , Robbins Jacob
Published: May 2018

Some epistemologists appear to maintain that the folk can serve as a source of dialectical advantage in debates between intellectualists and anti-intellectualists about knowledge-how. The common assumption seems to be that the philosophical account that best accords with the folk concept has a dialectical advantage over its competitors such that it ought to enjoy a strong (though defeasible) presumption in its favor. Work in experimental philosophy on the folk concept has thus far been rather conflicted, with some reporting results suggesting that the concept is intellectualist and others that it is anti-intellectualist. This chapter presents results in line with the claim that the folk concept is an epistemological hybrid, embodying both intellectualist and anti-intellectualist factors.
Introduction to Creating and Capturing Value Through Crowdsourcing
Authors: Tucci Christopher L. , Afuah Allan , Viscusi Gianluigi
Published: May 2018

Partly fueled by the pervasiveness of information technologies that facilitate the broadcasting of problems to crowds, and by anecdotal examples of phenomenally high-value solutions from outsourcing some problems to crowds, growth in the research and practice of crowdsourcing for problem solving has been remarkable. Research streams have been emerging in different disciplines. In this introduction to the volume, we introduce twelve chapters by scholars—from different disciplines—who explore interesting topics from some of these emerging research streams. The chapters fall into different groups distinguished by whether value is created and captured via tournament-based, collaboration-based, or hybrid crowdsourcing activities. We also offer future research directions and conclusions.
Co-Creation from a Telecommunication Provider’s Perspective
Authors: Šundić Milica , Leitner Karl-Heinz
Published: May 2018

Recently, a number of co-creation approaches and techniques have been proposed for supporting innovation processes. These range from traditionally organized ideation workshops within an organization, to implementation of open innovation methods that allow the involvement of various external and globally distributed partners. Particularly in dynamic and emerging industries, innovation seems necessary, with both closed and open approaches being applied. This chapter provides an empirical study on idea contests with customers and employees of a large telecommunications provider in Austria, and provides insight into the commercial feasibility of ideas, their origin, and likelihood, as well as how social media tools support community building during idea generation. Aiming at developing basic managerial implications on how to apply crowdsourcing effectively, we compare the outcomes of open, semi-open, and closed co-creation approaches, and discuss the importance of lead users and idea-sponsors. We find evidence for offline community building and other aspects supporting organizational crowdsourcing.
Co-opetition in Crowdsourcing: When Simultaneous Cooperation and Competition Deliver Superior Solutions
Authors: Afuah Allan
Published: May 2018

In tournament-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd compete to solve a problem and the agent with the best solution wins. In collaboration-based crowdsourcing, members of a crowd cooperate to solve a problem, bringing their collective expertise to bear on the problem. Each can yield extraordinarily high-value solutions. This raises a question: Can crowdsourcing co-opetition—simultaneous cooperation and competition to solve a problem via crowdsourcing—deliver even higher-value solutions than either tournament-based or collaboration-based crowdsourcing alone? I argue that simultaneous competition to solve modules of a decomposable problem and collaboration to aggregate the module solutions produces a higher-value solution to the problem than collaboration alone. And simultaneous cooperation to reduce crowdsourcing frictions and competition to solve a non-decomposable problem yields a higher-value solution than competition alone.
Ethics in Crowdsourcing: Revisiting and Revising the Role of Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Curto-Millet Daniel , Nisar Arsalan
Published: May 2018

Stakeholder theory is one of the predominant theories on ethics for guiding the inclusion of stakeholders for organizations to balance their interests ethically. However, emerging phenomena, such as the increasing importance of organizations adopting novel forms of engagement like crowdsourcing, challenge stakeholder theory in substantial ways, primarily induced by the vagueness of the term “crowd” and how it could or should relate to the organization. In this chapter, we revise the extent to which stakeholder theory is applicable to crowdsourcing by identifying its limitations, so as to allow for a better understanding of the ethical challenges surrounding crowdsourcing. By so doing, we substantiate some of the ethical consequences of crowdsourcing and propose recommendations on how stakeholder theory can provide a response to such ethical dilemmas. We provide one of the first attempts to debate the role of stakeholder theory for future research directions in the context of crowdsourcing.
International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Follesdal Andreas , Ulfstein Geir
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents the main contents of the book, setting the stage by discussing the expansion of international courts, and the challenges therein, touching upon the legitimacy crises certain courts have faced. The introduction stresses that the volume shows how ICs are adaptable, but that these adaptations may matter little if the concern and criticism against ICs is more general in its character, and in reality is a resistance against what is seen as a development towards undermining national sovereignty.
The Governance of International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Blokker Niels
Published: May 2018

Niels Blokker addresses a central, common legitimacy challenge to the governance of international courts and tribunals (ICs) themselves. How can various international organs—such as the General Assembly or the Assembly of States Parties—serve to secure the ICs’ requisite independence whilst ensuring their accountability? The governing institutions must secure this balance in each case, but do so in different ways. Blokker demonstrates some of the dilemmas arising in the context of ICs in balancing independence and accountability. An important question is what would be the best organizational choice(s)—possibly with different answers for different ICs. He also raises the issues of what can be learnt from the international requirements as regards the governance of national courts.
Escaping from Law, Appealing to it
Authors: Penca Jerneja
Published: May 2018

Penca examines the International Rights of Nature Tribunal (IRNT), exploring how and why the language and concept of an international tribunal is used. The aim of the chapter is to describe the endeavour aiming at legal authority, as an empirical fact, and flag some of the issues deserving of wider theoretical and practical study. The claim being made is that the disputes contemplated by the IRNT (which consist of disputes that fail to reach courts as well as those that are dissatisfied with the judicial rulings) constitute a valuable critique of where the existing international judiciary fails.
The Contribution of the International Court of Justice to the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Pipan Dominika Švarc
Published: May 2018

Dominika Švarc explores the way in which the interstate International Court of Justice (ICJ) deals with individual human rights and international humanitarian law. She argues that ever since the Interpretation of Peace Treaties case in 1950, the ICJ has taken an increasingly strong role in recognizing, interpreting, and developing these two disciplines. The Court relies on the cooperation with regional human rights courts and global human rights treaty bodies.
Should We (Still) Worry about Fragmentation?
Authors: Pellet Alain
Published: May 2018

Alain Pellet argues that we should not worry about fragmentation, given the multiplicity of international courts. To the contrary, he defends the dialogue among the many courts as contributing to the responsible development of international law. He responds to several criticisms concerning possible interpretative fragmentation; competing jurisdiction and forum shopping; as well as regional courts as a potential challenge to the global rule of law, holding that whilst fragmentation might be a problem in theory, it hardly ever occurs in practice. Pellet concludes that the several international courts are not a threat, but an enrichment of international jurisprudence.
Divine Reflections
Authors: Brooke Alice
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores Sor Juana’s best known auto sacramental, El divino Narciso. In particular, it focusses on what previous critics have perceived to be the weakness of the play, that is Sor Juana’s choice of Narcissus as a figure of Christ. In contrast, this study argues that the apparent dissimilarity between Narcissus’ self-love and Christ’s selfless love is precisely the reason for Sor Juana’s choice. In particular, it explores a little-known source for the play, Jakob Masen’s Speculum imaginum, and its connection to Golden Age theories of wit. Specifically, it demonstrates how Masen’s emphasis on originality and the unexpected, together with his theories on mirrors and optics, explains Sor Juana’s Christological reading of the Ovidian myth. The study then turns to the loa to explore how the treatment of optics in the auto can also be applied to its introductory piece, and how this illuminates its reading of the Conquest.
Conclusion
Authors: Brooke Alice
Published: May 2018

The Conclusion to this study summarizes the arguments made in the Introduction and three main chapters, exploring how the presence of empirical ideas in Sor Juana’s autos sacramentales situate her as a ‘bridge’ between older ways of thinking and modern epistemological approaches. In particular, it emphasizes the importance of understanding Sor Juana’s treatment of typology and transubstantiation in the autos and their loas in the context of her explorations of the natural world through the methods of the New Philosophy, and of her emphasis on the ‘wondrous harmony’ that is present throughout creation, and which is crucial to understanding both the natural world, and human creative endeavour. Building on these conclusions, it suggests four ways in which the recognition of the significance of the New Philosophy to Sor Juana’s autos points to new directions in research into both her own works, and to the context in which they were produced.
It’s Not About the Money
Authors: Gardner John
Published: May 2018

This chapter turns to the case in favour of the wrongdoer repairing the losses that they caused to the person wronged. The literature on repair by wrongdoers often emphasizes reconciliation, although the chapter questions this emphasis. It asks if reconciliation is always desirable and, if so, why repair by the wrongdoer of losses that were caused by the wrongdoer is an effective way to achieve it. There must be an independent case for such repair that makes it a suitable strategy of reconciliation. The chapter advances such an independent case, namely the case that, by repairing the losses the wrongdoer caused, they come closer to doing what they should have done in the first place. More precisely they conform, as far as can still be done, to reasons that they did not conform to when they failed in their duty.
Ancient Epidemics
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins with human and animal sacrifices to appease the gods during pestilence, but shows that such acts were extremely rare and, when they occurred, quickly disappeared or changed form often to animal sacrifice. It investigates the scapegoat in ancient epidemics, showing the concept as far removed from present-day notions. The ancient one was often a volunteer, exemplary of self-sacrifice for the greater good of the community. Instead of being outcasts, foreigners, or despised minorities (for whom we reserve the term today), in antiquity, almost without exception, they were the elites. More emphatically, from literary and historical descriptions of the fifth century BCE to the sixth CE Justinianic Plague, the chapter charts societal reactions to epidemics, finding that they spawned acts of altruism, public holidays, and self-sacrifice. Instead of blaming or inflicting violence on ‘others’, epidemics were forces for unity, healing rifts between classes, factions, and regions at war.
Cholera Protest over Time
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces variations in violent reactions spurred by cholera in Spain, Portuguese territories, Venezuela, Czarist Russia, the Soviet Union, the Middle East, Tunisia, Egypt, and again Italy, now over time, including protests against quarantines as well as against municipalities prohibiting quarantine, and protests increasingly engaged with national politics with middle-class support against states’ negligence in providing clean water or investment in sewage systems. Italy, from the 1860s to the 1880s, shows another new trend: charity between the North and South with ‘young men’ sacrificing their lives to relieve suffering in hecatombs of cholera disaster, as in Naples in 1884. Despite these variations, cholera continued to spur disturbances based on class and on the old mythologies. With Ebola, cholera-like social toxins of distrust and hatred of the poor towards the medical corps provoked by funerary restrictions have endured to the present.
The Great Influenza
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: May 2018

By October 1918, influenza had passed from a joking matter about the usual coughs and sniffles to a disease suddenly perceived as new, mysterious, and deadly. This chapter reviews the recent historiography of the Great Influenza from the 1970s to later studies that attempt to wedge this pandemic into a post-AIDS schema, claiming that it too ignited blame and the scapegoating of diseased victims and ‘others’. The chapter questions this portrayal along with the notion that it was a ‘Forgotten Pandemic’, especially in America. It also anticipates a theme developed in subsequent chapters that this pandemic sparked a charitable reaction of a magnitude never before witnessed in the history of medicine and disease. Moreover, at least in the US, the scale of this charitable response was new, and principally came from women and their organizational initiatives.
The Energy Security Paradox
Authors: Nyman Jonna
Published: May 2018

The decisions we make about energy shape our present and our future. From geopolitical tension to environmental degradation and an increasingly unstable climate, these choices infiltrate the very air we breathe. Energy security politics has direct impact on the continued survival of human life as we know it, and the earth cannot survive if we continue consuming fossil energy at current rates. The low carbon transition is simply not happening fast enough, and change is unlikely without a radical change in how we approach energy security. But thinking on energy security has failed to keep up with these changing realities. Energy security is primarily considered to be about the availability of reliable and affordable energy supplies—having enough energy—and it remains closely linked to national security. The Energy Security Paradox looks at contemporary energy security politics in the United States and China, demonstrating that current energy security practices actually lead to a security paradox: they produce insecurity. Based on in-depth empirical analysis, it develops the ‘energy security paradox’ as a framework for understanding the interconnected insecurities produced by current practices. However, it also goes beyond this, examining resistance to current practices to highlight that we not only can do energy security differently: this is already happening. In the process, it demonstrates that the value of security depends on the context. Based on this, it proposes a radical reconsideration of how we approach and practice energy security.
Contesting Energy Security in China
Authors: Nyman Jonna
Published: May 2018

Chapter 6 challenges common sense energy security practices in China. It looks at power in the energy security system, to try to understand how and why the common sense has emerged, while exploring who resists, and how. It begins by examining who has power to frame the narrative, discussing vested interests and the ways in which they push the debate in particular directions. It then surveys ‘alternative’ visions of energy security, highlighting the range of actors that contest the common sense—including official and elite actors as well as non-state interest groups, and what different interpretations of energy security they forward. As part of this, it explores how these different actors contest the common sense, and what alternative visions of energy security they forward.
The Pop-Feminist Subject
Authors: Spiers Emily
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 explores how pop-feminist accounts of subjectivity draw heavily upon poststructuralist understandings of identity as pluralistic and unstable. Many pop-feminists, however, retain the assumption that, underlying the playful performance of shifting identities, there remains a sovereign subject capable of mediating reflexively and autonomously over such performances. Spiers shows how this ‘sovereign’, yet ‘performative’ pop-feminist subject is profoundly linked to the ideal flexible, entrepreneurial self of neoliberalism. She then develops a counter model of subjectivity and agency based on an ethics of intersubjective relationality, reflecting on the role narrative plays within the theories of subjectification that seek to carve out a space for agency away from the binary of social determinism and prediscursive subjective sovereignty, a binary much pop-feminist non-fiction and life narrative ultimately reverts to. This underpins Spiers’s claim that the literary fiction discussed generates a more probing exploration of selfhood and agency than the pop-feminist non-fiction and life narrative.
British Pop-Feminism on the Literary Marketplace
Authors: Spiers Emily
Published: May 2018

This chapter investigates post-chick-lit debates concerning the ‘democratization’ of fiction which collide with claims that the UK’s publishing industry inclines increasingly towards simplifying and sexualizing literary fiction written by women. Long-standing debates within feminist scholarship concerning the practices of reading first-person narratives written by women become compounded by the contemporary frameworks of market and genre within which those narratives are situated. Spiers examines three examples of pop-literary fiction by British writers Scarlett Thomas, Helen Walsh, and Gwendoline Riley, reading these against the corpus of British pop-feminist non-fiction and life narrative written by journalists Polly Vernon, Caitlin Moran, Ellie Levenson, and Hadley Freeman, and academics Catherine Redfern and Kristin Aune.
Progression (Cambodia’s Three Transitions)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Overview After a Preamble that discusses a transitional justice outreach guide and discourses related to time and space, Chapter 1, “Progression,” considers two earlier transitions obscured by the discourses of the transitional justice imaginary. The first comprised a series of initiatives, including a tribunal, undertaken by the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK) immediately after Democratic Kampuchea (DK) (1979 to late 1980s). Cambodia’s second post-DK transition involved the transitional democratization and human rights efforts undertaken related to the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in the early 1990s.More detailed discussionDrawing on the experience of Thun Saray and Kassie Neou, two leading Cambodian human rights advocates, “Progression” explores how the transitional justice imaginary involve temporal erasures, masking other important historical post-DK “currents” that inform the current transitional justice moment. These include a first post-DK “transition” undertaken by the PRK regime in the 1980s and a second transition: UN democratization and peacebuilding efforts during the early 1990s, which helped catalyze a proliferation of Cambodian human rights NGOs. The current “transition,” in other words, follows two other important transitional moments that are largely obscured even as they mediate the current moment in different ways. In making this point, the chapter also discusses Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) defense arguments highlighting temporal erasures, including the pre- and post- DK (the period of Khmer Rouge rule) events that, they contended, undermined a standardized “Manichean” historical narrative about DK—one that, if taken-for-granted, was highly politicized and thereby raised questions about the impartiality and credibility of the court.
Time (The Khmer Institute of Democracy)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

Overview: Focusing on two in-depth case studies (Khmer Institute of Democracy (KID) and the Center for Social Development), the next two chapters unpack the genealogies of these intermediary outreach non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the institutional practices that laid a basis for their specific Khmer Rouge Tribunal outreach activities. This history, as well as the background and vision of the NGO leaders, is critical to understanding how, in the interstices of the transitional justice assemblage, these NGOs “translated” global justice in complicated, uneven, and creative ways often by using simplification and vernacularization, including the use of Buddhist concepts. More detailed: Chapter 2, “Time,” picks up this line discussion by looking at the history of KID and how the booklet was linked to the NGO’s earlier aims and practices. By exploring the creation and use of this booklet, the chapter also explores different “vortices” or whirlpools of movement that, if affected by the force of the “global justice,” are also informed by other contextual factors and are combustive in the sense of generating acts of imagination. By focusing on an NGO and particular individuals who played a direct or indirect role in the creation of the booklet, this chapter foregrounds lived experience and interstitiality, thus seeking to go beyond the global-local binary in different ways.
Aesthetics (Theary Seng, Vann Nath, and Victim Participation)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

The second part of the book, “Turbulence,” centers on the transitional justice encounter of three survivors (Theary Seng, Vann Nath, and Bou Meng) involved in victim participation at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). Chapter 4, for example, is loosely structured around the idea of aesthetics and the experience of two victims who participated in the proceedings, Theary Seng and former S-21 prisoner Vann Nath. If the 2008 reenactment highlighted the performative dimensions of the transitional justice imaginary, it also suggested an implicit aesthetics as a former prison that had been converted into a genocide museum was, in this moment, envisioned as a crime site now inhabited by court personnel, victims and witnesses, and defendant, and evidence. The ECCC has a similar aesthetics of justice, ranging from court regalia and symbols to courtroom demeanor, technologies, styles of speech and movement, and public participation. The first part of the chapter centers on the experience of the first civil party, Theary Seng. Originally skeptical of the ECCC, Seng came to believe it had transformative possibilities in terms of promoting democracy in Cambodia. To this end, in a series of pretrial hearings, she sought to speak directly in court. Initially successful, Seng was eventually silenced as the Pre-Trial Chamber ruled that civil parties could only speak through their lawyers. Seng, for her part, became increasingly critical of the court, stating that she refused to be a piece of “décor” in a “sham.” Eventually she would renounce her civil party status and become an outspoken critic of the court, which was increasingly beset by controversy. The remainder of the chapter focuses on Vann Nath’s Case 001 testimony. On the day of his testimony, the 500-seat courtroom was packed, as it would be during many subsequent trial sessions. Vann Nath’s art, much of which he had produced during People’s Republic of Kampuchea for display at Tuol Sleng, was reintroduced as juridical evidence and shown in court. The chapter explores some of these aesthetic dimensions of the transitional justice imaginary even as it considers the lived experience and practices that informed Vann Nath’s art, including Buddhist aesthetics and beliefs.
Normativity (Civil Party Testimony)
Authors: Hinton Alexander Laban
Published: May 2018

In Chapter 8, “Normativity,” I follow this line of discussion but focus on the understandings of less educated Cambodian civil parties, including rural villagers. The chapter focuses, in particular, on everyday understandings of “return,” which inform transactions with beings ranging from patrons to family members and the spirits of the dead. For many Cambodians, the court provided an opportunity to fulfill their obligations to significant others. Not doing so might lead to a rupturing and disordering of their social world, including angering the dead who might afflict a relative in response. The chapter also explores civil parties’ views of Duch as relations with the defense became increasingly tense.
Introduction
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

The general introduction sets the scene for the legal issues addressed in this book by presenting their relevance in most recent conflicts and other situations of violence, including in Syria, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine, the Central African Republic, and Kenya. It also introduces the legal framework the book sets out to examine, notably international humanitarian law, human rights law, and international criminal law. The introductory chapter further presents the book’s methodology, introduces its structure, and explains key terms and concepts. These include, in particular, the terms ‘non-state armed group’, ‘international legal personality’, and ‘degree of organization’, which are especially relevant throughout the book.
Human Rights, Natural Rights, and their Applicability beyond the State–Individual Relationship
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 starts by briefly recalling the traditional, state-centred human rights narrative and the main reasons for a state-focused approach to human rights law: human rights law is widely understood as obligations of states towards individuals living under their jurisdiction. The chapter’s main section, however, presents an alternative view, argueing that philosophically, human rights may also be understood as individual rights that apply not only vis-à-vis governments but also vis-à-vis other actors. Diverting from the mainstream human rights narrative, the chapter shows that this understanding not only finds support in important philosophical accounts on human rights but is also reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Fallacy of Effective Human Rights Protection under Relevant Treaty Law when Armed Groups Commit Violations
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman
Published: May 2018

Chapter 5 adds to the contemporary discourse on human rights obligations of non-state armed groups by showing that in many situations, there is a clear legal need for these obligations. This chapter first engages in the debate on whether and to what extent certain human rights treaties address armed groups directly. Second, it shows that under the law of state responsibility, states are generally not responsible for human rights violations committed by non-state entities. Third, it recalls that under international human rights law, states have an obligation to protect human rights against violations committed by armed groups. However, it argues that because this cannot be a strict obligation but is one that depends on states’ capacities and the particular circumstances, often this framework cannot adequately protect individuals against human rights violations by armed groups. The result is a legal and practical need for human rights obligations of non-state armed groups.