bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Russian Occupation
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

The Russians were coming. The air was filled with enthusiastic shouts, laughter, and handclapping. Here and there a flower could be seen flying, as if searching for a safe landing. The crowd and the flowers were welcoming the Soviet soldiers who, whether walking or sitting on top of military vehicles, seemed surprised, perhaps even embarrassed by the tumultuous greetings. Some smiled, others waved tentatively. Most just looked ahead as they passed the lines of excited people.
The German Invasion
Authors: Tec Nechama
Published: November 2023

On a day in July 1941, a German officer stood at the door smiling. “Will you put me up for one night?” Chaja knew enough German to understand. But what could she reply? Afraid to say yes, afraid to say no, she nodded in agreement, but made no move. The man brushed past her. She followed, listening to him. “I like your house, it looks better than the others. My men are settled for the night. I am glad that you don’t mind.” Then, as an afterthought, he added, “Don’t be afraid of me. I will not harm you.” The house belonged to Chaja’s sister, Rachel Boldo. Like so many others, the Boldos left in a hurry for the countryside. They joined their relatives in the village Duia lzwa. Independent and ready to help, Chaja volunteered to watch the house. A girlfriend whose home was hit by a bomb moved in with her.
The Cradle of Professionalism
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

The first fully professional teams grew out of rivalries between the athletic associations that proliferated in America’s cities during the late nineteenth century. These athletic clubs had the obvious purpose of providing facilities and playmates for athletes and wannabees in track and field, boxing, wrestling, cycling, gymnastics, and football. They also had a less obvious purpose: to give ambitious young men a toehold on the social ladder by putting them in touch with well-connected men who also enjoyed sports competition.
The Coming of Jim Thorpe
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

The independents and nascent professionals of football’s early years used in tercollegiate rules for the very good reason that the colleges were the natural leaders. The colleges had in vented the game and supplied most of the stars for the athletic clubs and other independent teams. It was not until the early 1930s that the pros were confident enough to stray from the leadership of the colleges.
A Debacle and the Wartime Blues
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

The year 1940 was a watershed for professional football for two reasons. First, millions of American sports fans were introduced to pro football by the first radio network broadcast of an NFL game. It was the astonishing 73 to O blowout of the Washington Redskins by the Chicago Bears in that year’s championship game. The second reason, which is not unrelated to the first, is that the game heralded a revolution in offenses, not only in pro football but, by a trickle-down process, in colleges and high schools too.
The Postwar War
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

In a prescient column in Newsweek in October 1945, sports columnist John Lardner foretold football’s future. “Pro football has growing pains,” he wrote. “The end of the war may be the event which will build the sport into national proportions both geographically and commercially, just as the end of the last war gave pro players their original impetus and made them begin to think of organization and respectability.” Major college football was still the game of choice for most football fans, but Lardner predicted a coming change.
Black Players and Blackballs
Authors: Peterson Robert W
Published: November 2023

The first year of the war between the leagues-1946-was notable for an other reason besides the birth of the MFC. It was also the year when the apparent gentlemen’s agreement barring black players from professional football at the top level (though not in the minor leagues) came to an end. Black players performed in the NFL for the first time since 1933, and the new MFC opened its ranks enough to allow a couple of black stars to slip through.
Risk Factors for Infection and the Probability of HIV Transmission
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we describe several types of observational studies that were used to define behaviors and other factors associated with increased risk of HIV infection and AIDS. Careful interview of individual patients with AIDS identified the major modes of transmission. Case-control studies comparing patients with AIDS to subjects without AIDS further delineated behaviors and other factors associated with increased risk of AIDS. When assays for antibody to HIV became available in 1984, investigators classified populations into seropositive people with prevalent HIV infections and seronegative people. The prevalent seropositives were compared to seronegatives to define risk factors for infection in prevalent case-control studies. A fourth type of study to define risk factors for infection was derived from longitudinal follow-up of cohorts of initially seronegative individuals. Such studies could identify factors associated with increased risk of incident seroconversion. In addition, cohort studies provided estimates of the probability of seroconversion in a specified time interval (Section 3.5.1). In Sections 2.2 and 2.3 we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these designs and some of the findings from such studies.
Epidemic Transmission Models
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Gail Mitchell H
Published: November 2023

Even though AIDS incidence data are reliable enough to make useful short-term projections of AIDS incidence (Chapters 7 and 8), such data lag the course of infection by several years and give much less reliable information on underlying infection trends in HIV prevalence and incidence. Even serial survey of seroprevalence in selected populations (Chapter 3) provide only uncertain evidence as to the general course of HIV prevalence and incidence. Yet it is precisely the trends in HIV prevalence and incidence that will determine the long-range impact of HIV infection. In this chapter, we discuss mathematical models of epidemic transmission in an effort to gain insight into plausible trends in HIV infection curves, g(s).
Defining Autism, PDD, and other Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Autism is a developmental disorder that affects many aspects of how a child sees the world and learns from his or her experiences. Children with autism lack the usual desire for social contact. The attention and approval of others are not important to them in the usual way. Autism is not an absolute lack of desire for affiliation, but a relative one.
The Importance of Very Early Intervention
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

There are many reasons why early intervention—the sooner the better—is important for children with autism and PDD. Many of the reasons seem intuitively obvious to parents, but often parents encounter a “cart driving the horse” mentality from professionals unfamiliar with the treatment of young autistic and PDD children. For example, some parents are told that an early diagnosis doesn’t matter because the child can’t go to school until he’s five, anyway (which is untrue)—or until he’s three (which is also untrue). As we discused in Chapter 8, there is now a federal law in the United States that mandates developmental services for any child identified as having a developmental disability from birth onward. While primary care providers offer somewhat less of this “wait and see ” attitude these days, many remain unaware that there are treatment resources out there. Some who are aware of treatment resources for very young children may have only a partial knowledge of whom such services are for. Only a very few primary care providers have much of a sense of the efficacy of very early interventions for autistic and PDD children. Among these are pediatricians who have taken special training in dealing with children with developmental difficulties and are usually called “developmental” or “behavioral” pediatricians. Seeking out such a developmental or behavioral pediatrician is a good idea if you want regular pediatric care from someone who can also appreciate and help with the difficulties of raising a child who needs extra help.
Teaching Communication Skills to Children with Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna
Published: November 2023

Thus far we have discussed when education should be started, what to look for in a classroom and in a teacher, and how an autistic child should be taught. In this chapter, we discuss the specifics of teaching communication skills to children with autism and PDD who are at different levels of language development. To begin with, the same principles that apply for teaching an autistic child anything apply to teaching language: The child needs to be instrumentally motivated. This means that an autistic child is most interested in communicating when there are things he wants for himself and cannot get for himself. The first step in learning how to teach communication skills to autistic children is recognizing that the moment that the child wants something is the moment that the window of accessibility to language learning is open widest.
Fields of Glory
Authors: Bartov Omer
Published: November 2023

It is commonly assumed, at least in the West, that the glorification of war is a thing of the past. Even more prevalent is the assumption that such war-related phenomena as expulsions and deportations, ethnic cleansing and mass rape, massacre and genocide would be universally condemned in any civilized country. Indeed, such condemnation is viewed as a mark of civilization, and groups or nations that still conduct policies of this nature are considered to be, by definition, beyond the pale. And yet, only a few decades ago, war was seen by most Europeans as a glorious undertaking, and many of the actions we would describe today as war crimes were celebrated as an inherent part of the conduct of war and the consolidation of victory or, at the very least, were perceived as regrettable but unavoidable features of modern warfare.
Eugenics on Film
Authors: Pernick Martin S
Published: November 2023

Many in the movie world objected to The Black Stork not only because they found it unpleasant and controversial, but because they opposed eugenics. The film industry often lumped eugenicists with those they considered puritanical elitist reformers, hostile to all working-class amusements, from saloons to dance halls, not incidentally including movie houses. And the eugenic movement’s opposition to immigration likely alienated some of the immigrants who were rapidly coming to prominence in the film industry.

Still the silent screen was far from “silent” about eugenics. Dozens of films depicted eugenics and heredity before the rise of aesthetic censorship. Today, all but a handful have crumbled into dust, and most are completely unknown, even to specialists in cinema history. Many were one-reelers, for which there are still no adequate subject indexes. Even to discover their existence required page-by-page searches of old film trade magazines. In some cases, little can be learned about them beyond their titles. But for many, enough information has survived so that it is possible to reconstruct something of their content.
... With the Potential for Equally Great Changes on a Global Scale
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1988, the ozone was in the wrong place. There was too much of it in American cities and not enough over Antarctica. Unusual weather, in combination with auto and other emissions, had led to the highest ozone concentrations in ten years in many cities. The American public raised a hue and cry for tougher clean air regulations, many of which had been relaxed in the past decade. Whether the amendments of 1989 to the 1970 Clean Air Act will produce the desired effects remains to be seen. But ozone has disproved the notion that the American public is lethargic on certain environmental matters. Indeed, in both the matter of ozone in urban air and the ozone hole in the stratosphere, the public led its leaders.
The Roots of Prophecy: Orwell and Nature
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

Futurology notwithstanding, nobody can foretell the future. That does not mean that there are no true prophets--only that our understanding of what is prophecy has become confused. In modem times we have had our share of prophets. Among those who have written in English, names such as C. S. Lewis, E. F. Schumacher, James Burnham, and Lewis Mumford would be prominent on lists of prophets, although not always together on the same lists. But one name would be on nearly every list, the name of George Orwell. As we try to cope with this most complex, unstable, and unpredictable era of human history, it may help to learn how a master navigator took his bearings.
The Overmanaged Society
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

We shall have to refer it right and left; and when we refer it anywhere, then you’ll have to look it up. When it comes back to us at any time, then you had better look us up. When it sticks anywhere, you’ll have to try to give it a jog Try the thing and see how you like it. It will be in your power to give it up at any time if you don’t like it. You had better take a lot of forms away with you. Give him a lot of forms! There is an extraordinary proliferation of managers in our society, an ever-increasing percentage of people who control events but do not themselves produce anything real or useful. The problem of the growth of management and its influence penetrates nearly every area of modem life. Yet after decades of pervasive overmanagement, comparatively few people understand it as a widespread destructive force.
State of the Art
Authors: Ehrenfeld David
Published: November 2023

The trouble began one day about three or four years ago when I was sitting in my former office in Rutgers’s Old Blake Hall. Old Blake was built more than a half-century ago by New Jersey’s fruit growers to house the ag school’s pomologists-scientists who study how to grow fruit. The building was named after Professor Maurice A. Blake, an early Rutgers pomologist who knew all there was to know about peach trees. But universities have short memories when it comes to gifts from people who are now dead, and when I was there, Old Blake housed Forestry and Wildlife, the group with which I had cast my lot.
Duke Ellington Form Beyond Form
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Main Stem was recorded in 1942 and therefore comes from a great period for Duke Ellington as a composer, orchestrator, and leader of a large jazz ensemble. I am not sure that it is one of the masterpieces of that period, but it is at least excellent. On the face of it, Main Stem may seem casual enough: a blues in a relatively fast tempo. It opens with a theme played by the orchestra, followed by a succession of one-chorus solos by sidemen, and a final return to the theme. It is a big band blues, then, apparently like many another casually conceived and executed big band blues of the time.
Count Basie And Lester Young Style Beyond Swing
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

Since the mid-‘fifties, the Count Basie orchestra has been a superb precision ensemble, and perhaps the greatest brass ensemble of the century. And that fact adds an irony to a distinguished career, for it was not always such.
Horace Silver The Meaning of Craftsmanship
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

In April 1954 Miles Davis led an “all-star “ recording date which produced Walkin ‘ and Blue ‘n ‘ Boogie. I think that the music on those two classic blues performances could be said to represent the state of modern jazz as it entered its second decade. The pianist involved, however, was a relative new comer named Horace Silver. Silver ‘s recording activities were then prolific, but his role in jazz was really just beginning, and his work as a pianist, composer, and leader of quintets became pivotal in the jazz of the late ‘fifties.
The Meaning Of A Music An Art for the Century
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: November 2023

The arts in our time have been perhaps unduly subjected to the quest for meaning. And that quest, often when it is called “social “ and sometimes even when it has been called psycho logical, has been basically political either in its motives or its consequences. Indeed, one suspects that some contemporaries tend to treat a political situation or system as a “given, “ an absolute, and not as an expression of man ‘s psyche.
Health Facilities
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

In addition to health personnel, there are three other types of health resource-facilities, commodities, and knowledge-in all national health systems. This chapter will examine health facilities in the world scene. Among these facilities, the oldest type in every country is the hospital.
Private Sector Health Care
Authors: Roemer Milton I
Published: November 2023

When all the organized health programs discussed in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 have been accounted for, there remains a private sector of health care in every health system. It varies enormously among countries in size and character, but everywhere it is a residual part of the health system structure. It is not organized deliberately in the usual sense, but is governed by economic forces of supply and demand, competition and price, and various aberrations of these forces, found in every market.
Programming a MIMD-SIMD Hybrid Computer: Modula*
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

Introduction. In this section we will discuss a new parallel programming lan guage based upon Modula-2 in somewhat the same way that C* was based upon the C programming language. The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy.
Parsing And The Evaluation Of Arithmetic Expressions
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

This essentially amounts to an implementation of a scanner. In the present section we will show how a parser (at least for certain simple grammars) can also be implemented on such a machine. It follows that for certain simple programming languages (ones whose grammar is a operator-precedence grammar), the whole front end of a compiler can be implemented on a SIMD machine We then show how certain operations similar to those in the code-generation part of a compiler can also be efficiently implemented on a SIMD machine. Essentially the algorithm presented here will take a syntax tree for an arithmetic expression (this is the output of the parser) and evaluate the expression, but it turns out not to be much more work to generate code to compute the expression.
Searching And Sorting
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

In this section we will discuss some important parallel sorting algorithm. We have already seen one sorting algorithm at the end of§ 2 in chapter II. That algorithm sorted n numbers in time O(lg2  n) using 0( n) processors. The theoretical lower bound in time for sorting n numbers is O(lg n) (since this many comparisons must be performed). The algorithms presented here take advantage of the full power of SIMD computers.
Binding Passions
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

The Holy Office in Venice, as the agency of a rejuvenated Roman Inquisition, was an important arbiter of orthodoxy in late Renaissance Venice. In this boldly structured work, Guido Ruggiero presents five narrative accounts of inidividual encounters with the Inquisition that turn around how the passions were both bound by late Renaissance society and were seen in turn as binding people. With an imaginative flair for story-telling and impeccable scholarship, Ruggiero opens up new perspectives on magic, witchcraft, love, marriage, gender and discipline illuminating a chapter in Venetian history previously unexplored. This entertaining work will be of interest to scholars, the general reader and students alike.
“The Fortune-Telling Friar”: Fra Aurelio di Siena and the Wages of Sin
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

Marin Sanuto, the famous Venetian Renaissance diarist, in his memoirs noted briefly toward the end of that massive recording of all that he deemed fit to remember of his age: “On this day [10 August 1533] there was made and completed the marriage of Bianca my natural daughter with Anzolo di Gratariol son of Messer Alexandro, the physician. It was a handsome and honored marriage because at the ceremony there were a goodly number of senators and my relatives as well.”
Principies of Research Design
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We discussed in chapter 1 how a fundamental step in scientific inquiry is to ask, exactly, “What is the question?” Explicit formulation of the question is essential, because it determines what we do in the design of the study that is supposed to answer it. This might appear trivial, but much experience with student-designed studies shows that insufficient critical thought is given to (a) stating the question exactly and (b) designing the work explicitly to answer the question.
Other Means of Scientific Communication
Authors: Valiela Ivan
Published: November 2023

We have used our best scientific intuition to discern the important question, we have designed the best possible way to test the question, we have used innovative ways to do the needed measurements, and we have excellent data; at some point in our scientific lives we will surely have to give the dreaded oral presentation. The first point to make about talks is that even experienced speakers have some apprehension at the prospect. The second point is that giving talks is theater.
Knowledge, Truth, and Reliability
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

The philosophy of knowledge and truth is dominated by two metaphors: that of a system of elements that correspond with particular facts in the world, and that of a raft or boat of interconnected judgements, where no element corresponds to anything external. The choice is between realism and a leaning towards a correspondence theory of truth, on the one hand, and holism, verging towards idealism, with a coherence theory of truth, on the other: the pyramid and the raft. These images have complementary attractions, but neither provides a solid, stable metaphor whereby we can understand how truth connects us to the world and its facts. The first prompts the charge of foundationalism, or of the myth that we can step outside our best beliefs to estimate how well they correspond with the facts. And the second seems to disconnect the web of belief from proper control by the world, so falling into idealism or relativism. In spite of rearguard actions it is the second image that dominates philosophy today. I shall have little to say to oppose that movement of opinion. But if we follow it, does it leave our concept of knowledge where we would like it to be, or does it demand, as some have maintained, abandoning the concept as the remnant of a classical but outmoded self-image?
Filling in Space
Authors: Blackburn Simon
Published: November 2023

Why do people think that dispositions must have categorical grounds underlying them? Well, the clock tells the time because there is such-and-such an arrangement of little bits inside it; Sandy barks because her vocal chords vibrate; the light glows because electrons whizz around in its filament. The explanations are excellent, but do they illustrate the doctrine?
Turning the Corner
Authors: Solso Robert L
Published: November 2023

The science of the mind in 2001 and beyond can be forecasted paradoxically by taking a look backward in time. and the further we look back, the clearer will be the view of the future. In this retrograde approach to the future science of the mind, two historical periods can be considered-the twentieth century and the entire history of the universe that preceded it. That ought to cover just about everything important.
The Death of Developmental Psychology1
Authors: Mandler Jean M
Published: November 2023

When I was asked to review the history of psychology in the past century, it made me quite grumpy. They must think me past my prime. Although I am at retirement age, I am as busy in the laboratory as ever. I really don’t have time to act the elder statesperson. Besides, the century isn’t finished. There is still a decade to go, and if my current research is any indication, there will be a lot of action before 2100 rolls around. Anyway, it would be more fun to predict what will happen in the twenty-second century than merely to summarize the events of the twenty-first. Well, I suppose I can take a few hours off to imprint my memories onto the visual scratch-pad of my computer. The computer editor can turn it into language, because I can’t be bothered to think so slowly.
Freud Returns?
Authors: Kosslyn Stephen M
Published: November 2023

The twenty-first century may well see the return of many of Sigmund Freud’s ideas to mainline academic psychology, which will be part of a grand synthesis of psychoanalysis, other forms of clinical psychology, behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. In his famous “Project for a scientific psychology,” Freud (1895/1954) outlined goals that were simply beyond the reach of then-current research methods. Moreover, Freud lacked the scientific vocabulary to state his ideas clearly. The rise of cognitive neuroscience has ameliorated both deficiencies, and these developments may pave the way for many of Freud’s deep insights and observations again to assume center stage in psychology.
Toward an Ecological Physics and a Physical Psychology
Authors: Turvey M T , Shaw Robert E
Published: November 2023

It is reasonably fair to say that the major achievement of the nineteenth century was a formal and rigorous understanding of the previously intuitive idea of “energy” and that the major achievement of the twentieth century has been a similar grasp of the previously intuitive idea of “information,” at least as that idea bears on systems of communication. As we peer into the twenty-first century, we can see science shaping up to address the intuitive idea of “knowledge,” more precisely of “knowing about” as a property that some material systems can possess with respect to themselves and to other material systems. One suspects that a major scientific goal of the next century, perhaps the major goal, will be a formal and rigorous understanding of “knowing about.”
From Speech-ls-Special to Talking Heads: The Past to the Present
Authors: Massaro Dominic W
Published: November 2023

Good audience, why partake in this antiquated pastime of scientific inquiry? Existence opened in mystery and will close in mystery. Our telecom channels have been designated to please, not puzzle. For those into delectation, the other telecom channels offer instantaneous desserts. Virtual Reality 3 presents Marilyn Momoe’s rendezvous with Madonna III. If this tryst is too boring, the multistimulation of Bach’s Brandenburg concerti is guaranteed to bombard all sensory stations--sensory overload at its finest. Julia Child’s gastronomic channel is serving up Stegosaurus, as reconstructed from simulations of the fossil record.
Perennial Issues for the Next Century
Authors: Massaro Dominic W , Solso Robert L
Published: November 2023

In this concluding chapter, we simply want to yank some threads running through these varied chapters. We realize that our discussion will not capture the heart of these highly original and creative pieces, but we offer it as an integrative framework for what we see as perennial issues in our discipline. Most of our contributors explored well beyond the science of the mind by anticipating the state of the world at large. This choice was viewed as more or less mandatory because psychology will necessarily be immensely changed by developments outside its discipline. This influence is what Hunt calls a pull. It is difficult to imagine how psychology would have evolved (if it were to have evolved at all) without the technology developed during the Industrial Revolution. Would psychology have leapt out of philosophy departments without chronometers, tachistoscopes, memory drums, 3 by 5 cards (oops), or audiorecorders? In like fashion, we expect that the ongoing revolutions in telecommunications, computer delivery systems, genetic engineering, and natural science will impact our science in important ways.
Les Atomes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Occasionally, I get really excited about a 70-year-old book, or perhaps a 120-year-old book, and then find colleagues giving me strange looks. One such “quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore” that impels me to exuberance is Les Atomes by Jean Perrin. The work, which should be honored as a classic, has fallen into disuse and obscurity. I’m in the process of trying to restore interest in this book for the enlightenment of historians of science and the edification of students of elementary chemistry, who are presented with the atomic hypothesis as if it were Holy Writ.
Fundamental Laws Of Nature
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Sitting In An Auditorium at the California Institute of Technology one Friday morning in January, my thoughts began to drift. We were assembled to celebrate the 60th birthday of Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, and the room was filled with people listening to talks on the future of research on the fundamental laws of nature. It was daunting to be in a room shared with so many brilliant thinkers in physics and mathematics, but there I was.
The Smoking Gun
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Now That Scientific Integrity has become a major public issue, I am tempted into going to the closet and dragging out a skeleton that has been gathering dust for many years. I would have done this earlier, but the current climate of opinion seems more favorable. In 1974 I attended an international ecology meeting in the Netherlands. I was discussing some scientific theories with a young Belgian scientist, who pointed out that I would appreciate the ideas in a new book, L’Anti hasard by Ernest Schoffeniels, which had just appeared in print. He offered to bring his copy to the next session to show me. When he appeared with the volume, he thought I would be particularly interested in Chapter 4.
Justice
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

It Has Taken Me Much of a lifetime finally to appreciate an anecdote I heard my father tell when I was 10. Dad was a businessman who had many lawyer stories, not in the modem hatethe-lawyers vein, but with a deep appreciation of the vagaries of the law. He once remarked that had his family come to the United States earlier, he probably would have become a lawyer. But, alas, the problems of earning a livelihood forced him to postpone his education until his mid-80s, when he enrolled in a community college.
Nixon And Thermodynamics
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Richard Milhous Nixon is not my favorite U.S. President, nor is he my least favorite. He did play a major role in determining my career, however, and I think that the time has come to acknowledge his contribution. I was about to say, “to give the devil his due,” but that would be a more judgmental statement than I wish to make. Let the facts speak for themselves.
“George Mason One Of Our Really Great Men”
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Those Byline Readers among you will note that my niche has changed from Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale University to Biology and Natural Philosophy at George Mason University. The relocation of one professor is hardly a matter of note, but somehow I cannot resist seeking for the deeper significance of each minor event in life. And this inquiry has, as is often the case, opened up a new stream of thought quite unrelated to the immediate act.
Koobi Fora
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Most Of us like to be present at “firsts” or to visit sites where the original something or other took place. These firsts come with varying degrees of emotional impact. Thus, for example, a few weeks ago in Nairobi I was present at what was billed as the first performance on the African continent of Sonata No. 15 by Niccolo Paganini. Doubtless for Paganini devotees in the audience this was a magical moment, but to me it was merely an interesting footnote to a fine concert by Fernando Antonelli on the violin and Francesco Beroglio on the guitar. I was frankly more taken by the oft-performed Sonata No. 3 in C Major, with the extraordinary Mato perpetuo, in which the violinist plays 2,100 notes in three minutes.
Twenty Books Clad In Black Or Red
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

THE OTHER DAY I was planning on reading for relaxation and pulled out my old copy of Aristotle’s The Parts of Animals. Every time I start to read this extraordinary man’s work, the following lines from Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales seem to come to mind:

Those words are a delightful description of the ideal scholar, whose most cherished possessions were bound volumes of philosophy. All of which gets one to thinking about Aristotle’s position in intellectual history. For the past 400 years, starting about 200 years after Chaucer’s death, Aristotle has, in my opinion, gotten a bum deal.

A variety of circumstances and a group of unsympathetic readers have combined to blur our understanding of the man and his works. I am absolutely amazed at how often at cocktail parties, banquets, and other social functions one hears some thoughtless, unfeeling, prejudicial remark about his savant, and one is forced to correct the misconceptions. There is a trade-off for setting the record straight. Some people can get quite touchy about having their sloppy philosophical and historical ideas amended.
Flights Of Fancy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

OVER THE YEARS, when our children were growing up, discussions at the dinner table often led to a postprandial examination of an encyclopedia to resolve some differences of opinion about matters of fact. Through the years we thus acquired two editions of the Britannica, one of the World Book, a few copies of the one-volume Columbia, and a Book of Knowledge, which came with me from my parents’ home. It was thus an exercise in nostalgia, mixed with deja vu, when the 17 members of the nowextended family were sitting around the New Year’s table and the unlikely discussion of flying mammals arose.

I asserted, more surely than was justified by my solid knowledge, that all flying mammals were bats, members of the order Chiroptera. Exception was immediately noted: “What about flying foxes?” “How about flying squirrels?” and “Don’t forget the flying wombat!” The matter clearly awaited encyclopedic authority.

For completeness in reviewing names that look as though they belong to flying mammals, I should point out that the Flying Tigers were a group of American airmen in the Burma theater of operations around 1941 and the Flying Dutchman is the name of a spectral ship doomed to sail forever. I hope this completes the catalogue of apparent flying mammals.
Rocks
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

SOMETIMES, when musing about seemingly insoluble problems, the mind takes to wandering along rather whimsical ways. So it was the other day when the tangible I was wandering down Front Street in Lahaina, Hawaii, thinking about the changing global ecosystem. I had been working on a piece about balancing species endangerment against economic concerns. That is a most difficult issue, truly deserving of Solomonic wisdom-which we, alas, can only aspire to.

In an unexplained thought, doubtless brought on by direct noonday sun on the forehead, I began to put myself in the position of a thinking rock about 3.85 billion years ago. I would have been distressed about what was happening to my environment. An ugly stuff referred to by some rocks as “life” is beginning to show up all over. The beautiful crystal-clear ocean waters are beginning to cloud up as this material accretes in very unrocklike ways. Clean wet seashore stones are being covered by an ugly, greengray slimy goo. Rock environmentalists among us are truly upset.
Separate Spheres
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

According to the so called traditional view, it is a man’s duty to serve his family by being a breadwinner and protector, whereas a woman’s duty is to be a good wife and mother. More than any other cultural belief, this idealized notion of separate spheres for mothers and fathers shapes what it means to be a man or a woman in our society. Kind and gentle women are supposed to stay home to care for children and family, allowing bold and aggressive men to venture out into the competitive worlds of work, politics, and war. According to this widely held view, the rights and duties of men and women are separate but complementary, flowing directly from some underlying natural difference between mothers and fathers. Like all beliefs, however, the separate spheres ideal is shaped by one’s culture, and is subject to change as the social and economic factors that produced it undergo changes of their own. In this chapter I explore some of the historical roots of the belief in separate spheres to see just how much change might be possible.
Changing Patterns of Family Work
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

In The Second Shift, sociologist Arlie Hochschild presented compelling accounts of working parents trying to balance job and family responsibilities in the 1980s. Not surprisingly, she concluded that wh;it seems natural and fair to most people actually favors husbands’ interests over wives’. According to Hochschild, American women put in fifteen hours more each week than their husbands on all types of work—both paid and unpaid—amounting to a full extra month of 24-hour workdays in a year. Trying to understand how and why this second shift falls on women, Hochschild and her assistants inter-viewed and observed 52 couples over an eight-year period.
Explaining Family Work
Authors: Coltrane Scott
Published: November 2023

In the last three chapters I explored how some California couples talked about balancing paid work and family obligations. Focusing on personal motivations and social contexts, I was able to generate some ideas about why other couples might attempt to share various aspects of household labor and which couples might be most likely to succeed. My goals in this chapter are to broaden the previous analysis to include studies of families from throughout the United States, to identify the most promising explanations for why Americans share family work, and to test these ideas using a national sample of households. Results will provide the basis for making predictions about the future in the last chapter.
Prologue—Two Aristocracies: A Dialogue
Authors: Taylor William R
Published: November 2023

The Social Problems in the South which worried and perplexed the novelists were not confined to those which concerned slavery and the status of women, deeply troubling as these were. Other tensions were building within the society at about the same time, and there is evidence that these tensions are responsible for certain features of the plantation novel as it developed. During the twenty years from Swallow Barn to Uncle Tom, Southerners betrayed a growing uneasiness over their ability to keep their house in order. The fear of a divided South and anxiety about alienation of the West grew more apparent as the sectional crisis increased in intensity.
Virtue Theory
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

Medicine is a moral community because it is at heart a moral enterprise and its members are bound together by a common moral purpose. If this is so, they must be guided by some shared source of morality-some fundamental rules, principles, or character traits that will define a moral life consistent with the ends, goals, and purposes of medicine. For centuries, this source was the character of the physician and, in keeping with the moral philosophy of the times, virtue ethics provided the conceptual foundation for professional ethics. In modem times, for reasons we shall outline briefly, virtue has been supplanted by principle- and rule-based ethics.
The Ends of Medicine and Its Virtues
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, we noted that the virtues acquire their standing within a moral community. So far, we have argued that they are interrelated with principles and moral rules within the context of that community and the wider society in which the practices of medicine occur. Since that society is constantly evolving, changes in the internal morality of the profession also occur. These changes are required by both the practice and its public expectations. Several problems arise in this scenario, however. One is that medicine should not be subject to the whims of the society in which it is found, and to its mores, without the self-critical examination brought to the discipline by medical ethics during the past thirty years. Examples of an uncritical acceptance of social mores include the Nazi physicians and their experiments, torturing of political prisoners in some countries in South America, or the use of psychiatric wards to detain and suppress political dissidents that occurred in the USSR.
A Crown of Glory That Fadeth Not Away
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da
Published: November 2023

And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness: And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness. Leviticus 16:21-22 Political trials are peculiar trials. Their goal is to reassert power and authority. A political trial is both a ritual of exorcism and a process of excommunication, whose purpose is to expel the one who has threatened the established order and raised doubts about its legitimacy. The defendant’s guilt has been decided a priori. The trial is theater, staged to reinforce community bonds, to sacralize rules and beliefs, and to demonstrate the “fair- ness” of the punishment. In such trials, the accusation, the inquiry, and the sentence expose the ideological foundations of the social “order” and offer important clues to the nature of the conflict rending it. By defining what is criminal, the trial reveals what is the norm. Political “criminals” have few choices. They may conform to the norms, admit their “guilt,” and make public penitence, in the hope their judges will be merciful (which is very unlikely considering the purposes of the trial). They may deny the ideas or actions imputed to them and plead innocence (which seldom has a better result). But they may reassert their repudiation of the norm and try to use the trial as a setting for the advocacy of their own ideas, a legitimation of their own norms, and a validation of their rebellion.
Industrialization: Managing a Socialist Enterprise
Authors: Kaple Deborah A
Published: November 2023

The Chinese Communist Party’s first goal in pursuing its “dream of a red factory” was to begin the process of socialist industrialization. The CCP’s proposed model was a hybrid of Soviet and indigenous thought and included a Soviet-inspired formal statement known as the “Indus­ trial Management Mechanism,” as well as its own movement to “demo­ cratize” enterprise management. Because of the plethora of contradic­ tory rules and instructions in this proposed model, it was an unwieldy and unrealistic progam for factory managers to follow.
Facets: Retellings in Therapeutic Discourse
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

An understanding of how narratives arise and function in psychotherapy is essential to a discourse-centered ethnography of communication of this speech event because narratives are a principal component of each and every therapy session. Clients tell from one to many stories in a given hour’s session, and average four per session in the current corpus. These narratives are reconstructions of actual recent events, events of long ago, or childhood happenings in which the narrator was a participant. They are told in first person and belong to the genre of personal experience narrative.
Glimmers: Therapeutic Uses of Metaphor
Authors: Ferrara Kathleen Warden
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I focus on the actual and situated use of metaphor in therapeutic discourse from a discourse-centered perspective. This differs from the approaches taken in the vast literature on metaphor from various disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and linguistics. Often, in other approaches to metaphor, actual language tends to be set aside once codings are made, and extracts showing language in use are a rarity. Here, actual language is the centerpiece of my analysis, and the orientation is to the functional and interactional aspects of language in use.
New York and Chicago
Authors: James LR
Published: November 2023

Clearly, Art Knew from the beginning of his professional career-and there is no doubt that in 1928 he was already a professional-that New York was where the important action was. While Tatum was in grade school the dynamic center of jazz had moved from New Orleans to Chicago (not directly, or “up the river,” but through many indirections), and then during Tatum’s early ‘teens New York became the center of most important musical activity (clubs featuring top musicians, musical theater, music publishing, the recording industry). In effect, until you had competed and succeeded in New York, you were still in the minor leagues.
Introduction
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B
Published: November 2023

Chemical contamination of the human environment and environmental radiation and noise did not originate at any particular time. Natural processes have been generating noise, heat, and chemical contaminants throughout most of the history of the earth. Some natural waters that are remote from human activities have levels of dissolved chemicals and radionuclides that make them unsafe by today’s standards, and the air above swamps and near geothermal springs is contaminated by sulfur gases. There have been some poisonings of humans and grazing animals by natural chemical toxicants in the fruits and foliage they consumed. Most current problems of chemical contamination, however, arise from anthropogenic sources, i.e., those attributable either directly or indirectly to human activity. In shaping the environment to our needs and convenience, we have used the earth’s resources to feed, clothe, and heat us, to power our machines, and to produce material goods. Our ability to mold our environment has enabled us to greatly increase our numbers and improve our standard of living. But in our often careless use of natural resources, we have created contamination. Although the term contamination is often used interchangeably with “pollution,” the latter is better defined as contamination to a degree that renders some resource unfit for its desired use.