bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cultural Practices on Tuber Yields and Sapogenin Content of Discorea floribunda1
Authors: Kennard W. C. , Morris M. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Significantly higher yields of tropical yams and significantly higher sapogenin content were found in tubers growth with adequate vine support. Chicken wire trellis gave the best support to the vines. Both yield and sapogenin content were higher in the second year growth of plants than in the first year.
Effect of Soil Moisture Tension and Oxygen Concentration on the Growth of Corn Roots1
Authors: Gingrich J. R. , Russell M. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increases in soil moisture tension from 1 through 12 atm. brought about progressively smaller increases in radicle elongation, fresh weight, dry weight, and degree of seedling hydration. Growth properties were most sensitive in the range between 1 and 3 atm. At low moisture stress, oxygen concentration of the root atmosphere needed to be above 10.5% for maximum growth.
Interaction of Cytoplasm and Genes in Male‐Sterile Corn Crosses Involving Two Inbred Lines1
Authors: Briggle L. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

An hypothesis was formulated, whereby the incomplete male‐sterility of M1984 ✕ M14 was explained as the expression of a major gene in conjunction with a cytoplasmic factor. The gene is apparently pleiotropic in effect, one expression of which is the reduced growth of the anthers, and the second being the cessation of development of microspores bearing the dominant allele.
The Effect of Light and Other Factors on Breaking the Dormancy of Guayule Seed1
Authors: Emparan Phyllis R. , Tysdal H. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Exposure to light for 3 to 4 days during germination, plus the oxidation brought about by using ¾% sodium hypochlorite, completely broke the dormancy of guayule seed so that freshly harvested achenes gave maximum germination equal to that after 84 days of storage. The effect of light and hypochlorite are additive. Age of the achene may decrease hypochlorite concentration requirement. Optimum temperatures were 30 to 20° C. Light and sodium hypochlorite did not counteract temperature variations. Light had no adverse effect on achenes which were past the dormancy stage.
Root Development of Winter Wheat as Influenced by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Kmoch H. G. , Ramig R. E. , Fox R. L. , Koehler F. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Root development of winter wheat was studied in central Nebraska. Depth of soil moisture and rate of nitrogen fertilization were variables. A dense network of roots developed in soil when soil moisture tension was above 15 atmospheres. When moisture conditions were favorable, roots were observed at a depth of 13 feet. There was evidence of moisture depletion to a depth of 8 feet. Nitrogen fertilization increased root weights and moisture utilization at all moisture levels.
Effectiveness of Successive Cycles of Phenotypic Recurrent Selection in Sweetclover1
Authors: Johnson I. J. , El Banna A. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The effectiveness of phenotypic recurrent selection was measured in four successive cycles on first year growth of biennial yellow sweetclover. Results from this study show that changes per cycle, as measured in terms of variances and population means, were greater for a plant character with high heritability than for a character with a lower heritability. The progress made suggests that phenotypic recurrent selection may be an effective means for modifying an unselected population to improve uniformity in growth type and plant vigor.
Oil and Protein Relationships between Inbred Lines and their Single Cross Progeny1
Authors: Genter C. F. , Eheart J. F. , Linkous W. N.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

Correlations between various inbred lines and their single cross progeny consistently indicated that very little dominance is expressed in the inheritance of either oil or protein percentage of the corn kernel. Slight dominance of both high‐oil and high‐protein percentage was indicated.
Sulfur Availability in Seven Southeastern Soils as Measured by Growth and Composition of White Clover1
Authors: Bardsley C. E. , Jordan Howard V.
Published: July 2010

Sypnosis

White clover, grown without added sulfur, was reduced in yield on 3 Southeastern soils at the third cutting and on all 7 soils at the fifth cutting. A seventh cutting produced extremely sulfur‐deficient clover which was lower in nitrogen content and had a wider S:N ratio than clover which received sulfur. Methionine and cystine were decreased in dry matter. The nutritive value of the protein in the sulfur‐deficient clover was maintained in terms of methionine but cystine was reduced.
Inheritance of Resistance to Certain Races of Leaf Rust of Wheat1
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul J. , Caldwell Ralph M. , Nelson Oliver E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Resistances of soft red winter wheat, Purdue Sel. 3369‐61‐1‐1‐10, to races 9, 15, and 76 are controlled by single, dominant genes designated Lr4, Lr5, and Lr6, respectively. Lr4 is independent of Lr5 and Lr6; Lr5 and Lr6 are linked with a crossover percentage of 5.5. Resistance to race 5 is controlled by a single dominant gene. Resistance to race 65 is controlled by duplicate recessive genes designated as Lr7 and Lr8 that are inherited independently of each other and of the gene for resistance to race 5. Lr6 is inherited independently of Lrl in Malakof controlling resistance to race 76. Lr4 is nonallelic with a recessive gene in Wabash for resistance to race 9.
Yield and Quality of Spring Malting Barley Varieties Grown as Winter Annuals Under Irrigation1
Authors: Day A. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Of twenty spring barley varieties grown as winter annuals under irrigation the Coast group was higher yielding, but lower in malting quality than the Manchuria group. In general, the Coast group was more resistant to lodging and shattering than the Manchuria group.
Moisture Relations in Soft Red Winter Wheats. II. Awned versus Awnless and Waxy versus Nonwaxy Glumes1
Authors: Pool Mart , Patterson Fred L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The presence of awns increased losses and gains of grain of ripe standing wheat. Selection for awns in a breeding program should be in efficient method of obtaining faster drying varieties for the humid soft wheat area. Waxy glumes slowed both moisture losses and gains of grain and were considered undesirable.
Vernalization of Immature Winter Wheat Embryos1
Authors: Weibel D. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Immature embryos of developing seeds of Comanche wheat, an obligate winter variety, were vernalized. Spikes were detached from 8 to 12 days after anthesis and chilled at 32 to 40° F. for 40 to 50 days with the stems in water in a refrigerator. Plants grown from these seeds produced heads only when subjected to a long‐day photoperiod.
The Influence of Temperature and Photoperiod on Growth and Flowering of Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)1
Authors: Knight W. E. , Hollowell E. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Photoperiodic response in crimson clover was greatly affected by temperature. Earliest flowering occurred when plants six weeks old were shifted from outside cold frames into a greenhouse with relatively high temperature. High night temperatures from germination to maturity inhibited flower production. Crimson clover flowered earlier as length of photoperiod increased. Under long daylengths the plants produced smaller seed heads, fewer leaves, less branching and greater height than under the shorter photoperiods.
Effect of Artificial Lodging on Grain and Malt Quality of Fall‐sown Irrigated Barley1
Authors: Day A. D. , Dickson A. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Artificial 45° lodging of spring barley grown as a winter annual under flood irrigation had little effect on barley and malt quality. Lodging at 90° caused increases in barley nitrogen, malt nitrogen, wort nitrogen, diastatic power, and alpha‐amylase; decreases in barley and malt kernel weights, and malt extract percentage; but had very little effect on the ratio of wort nitrogen to malt nitrogen, or of beta‐amylase to alpha‐amylase.
Water‐Use Efficiency of Corn, Wheat, and Meadow Crops1
Authors: Dreibelbis F. R. , Harrold L. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Water‐use efficiency for corn, wheat, and meadow crops varied considerably from year to year and was not coincident with either the highest or lowest amounts of rainfall for the growing season. Slightly higher efficiencies were obtained on the Muskingum silt loam than on Keene. Irrigation on corn in 1953 and on meadow in 1955 resulted in higher water‐use efficiency for these crops than occurred in any year when the crops were not irrigated.
The Relative Removal of Soil Moisture by Alfalfa and Orchardgrass1
Authors: Chamblee Douglas S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The relative soil moisture removal of alfalfa and orchardgrass was studied over a period of 2 years. During periods when these species produced equal amounts of growth, moisture in the 0‐ to 12‐inch soil layer was depleted at approximately the same rate by both species. On 36% of the days during the growing period in the dryer year the soil moisture level under alfalfa reached the wilting percentage to a depth of 30 inches.
Development of Spring Wheat: I. The Effect of Photoperiod1
Authors: Riddell J. A. , Gries George A. , Stearns Forest W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increasing the day length accelerated development, primarily during the pre‐initiation phase of growth. Dividing the normal 24‐hour day into several cycles in which the same light‐to‐darkness ratio was maintained also accelerated development. This promotion in development was due to the interruption of the dark rather than the light period.
Effect of Various Meadow Crops, Soybeans, and Grain on the Crops Which Follow1
Authors: Schmid A. R. , Caldwell A. C. , Briggs R. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Nitrogen was the most important single factor influencing yields of corn and wheat following meadows, grain, and soybeans. A large contribution of nitrogen by one‐ and two‐year legume meadows was obtained. Corn yields following soybeans were greater than those following oats. Pure grass meadow had a slight stimulating effect on corn yields as compared to oats but a depressing effect on wheat yields as compared to wheat at another location.
Comparative Toxic Effects of 3‐Nitropropionic Acid, Sodium Nitrite and Indigofera Endecaphylla on Chicks1
Authors: Britten E. J. , Matsumoto H. , Palafox A. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Creeping indigo and 3‐nitropropionic acid produced identical symptoms but nitrite caused no toxicity. It is concluded that 3‐nitropropionic acid is the toxic constituent of creeping indigo.
Effects of Manurial Treatments and Times of Planting on Rice Production in Different Soil Types in West Bengal1
Authors: Basak M. N. , Klemme A. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Thirty pounds of N per acre caused a significant increase in yield. Responses to bulky organic manure and ammonium sulphate, alone or in combination, were practically identical. Lateritic soils showed a higher grain‐producing capability than low‐land Gangetic alluvium soils of higher fertility status. Yields of grain decreased progressively with delay of planting from mid‐July to mid‐September. Time of application of ammonium sulphate had no influence on rice yield. Split applications were moderately superior to composite applications.
Interaction of Moisture and Temperature on Viability of Forage Seeds Stored in Hermetically Sealed Cans1
Authors: Ching T. M. , Parker M. C. , Hill D. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Crimson clover containing 6% moisture remained highly viable after 3 years under all temperature conditions, while ryegrass showed some decline in germination at 38° C. Seed with 8% moisture preserved well except at 38° C., whereas seed with 12 and 16% moisture remained viable only at 3° C. Seed with 16 and 20% moisture at 22° and 38° C. deteriorated within 3 months. Decline of viability could be retarded by improved storage conditions.
The Influence of Cutting Interval on Alfalfa Production in the High Andes1
Authors: Crowder Loy V. , Vanegas Jaime , Silva Jose
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Percentage of flowering was not a reliable guide for alfalfa harvests since plants remain vegetative throughout the year and appearance of flowers is sporadic and erratic. Clipping alfalfa when new shoots were 2 inches high resulted in high quality forage and hay yields equal to those from other cutting frequencies. Many plants had not reached apparent physiological maturity when clipped every 5 or 7 weeks, but many leaves were lost when cutting was delayed longer.
Relative Yields of First (Apical) and Second Ears of Semi‐Prolific Southern Corn Hybrids1
Authors: Bauman Loyal F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Most of the yield variations resulted from differences in second‐ear yield when a significant number of second ears were produced. First‐ear yield was relatively unaffected by environment unless the crop was so poor that few second ears developed. Variations in second‐ear yields resulted primarily from differences in number rather than size. The plants tended to develop a fullsized first ear, and any additional yield came largely from second ears.
Lodging Resistance Studies in Oats. III. Optimum Number of Plots and Samples for cLr and Snap Scores1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Murphy H. C. , Petr F. , Norden A. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

For a specific degree of precision the cost of testing lodging resistance by the cLr method was three times as great as by the snap method. Where a progeny row could be grown the snap method was the most satisfactory.
A Preliminary Study of the Effect of Low Concentrations of Phenoxy‐type Growth Regulators on Early Physiological Shedding in Deltaphine, TPSA, Cotton: II. Influence on Flower Initiation1
Authors: Johnson S. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Cottonseeds were soaked in dilute solutions of 4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid and naphthaleneacetic acid in order to determine the effect of these chemicals on floral initiation. No effect was noted.
Chemical Composition of Irrigation Waters in the South Carolina Coastal Plain and Effects of Chlorides in Irrigation Water on the Quality of Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Peele T. C. , Webb H. J. , Bullock J. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The chloride content of these waters ranged from 4 to 55 ppm. The average increase in percent chlorine in the cured leaf was 0.009 for each pound of chlorine added by the irrigation water. The smoking quality of the tobacco was lowered when the irrigation water contained 225 ppm chloride ions but the commercial grade was not affected significantly by chloride in the water.
A Major Cause of Winterkill of Winter Oats1
Authors: Pfeifer Robert P. , Kline J. Philip
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Winterkill in winter oats occurred during January in the 2 years studied. Winterkill was related to the temperature of the soil. Soil temperatures of 22° F. at 1‐inch depth caused significant winterkilling in certain varieties of winter oats. Winterhardiness increased as age of plants increased.
A Comparison of the Performance of Bromegrass, Orchardgrass, and Timothy in Northern Wisconsin1
Authors: Schmidt D. R. , Tenpas G. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Timothy produced more dry matter than bromegrass and orchardgrass when grown in pure stands without nitrogen fertilizer and in association with trefoil‐red clover. Orchardgrass was the most productive of the nitrogen‐fertilized pure grass stands cut at the pasture stage. Bromegrass yielded slightly more than timothy and orchardgrass in the alfalfa‐ladino association and in nitrogen‐fertilized stands managed as hay. Crude protein production was usually in the following order: bromegrass, timothy, and orchardgrass.
Yield Components in Oats. V. Optimum Number of Replicates and Samples Per Plot for Spikelet Counts1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Rodgers P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

For measuring the number of spikelets per head in oats at a minimum cost, the most efficient number of replicates and samples per plot to obtain a precision of σ2x̄=.08 X̄ were 7 and 6, respectively.
Reaction of Smooth Bromegrass to Seedling Pathogens1
Authors: Kaufmann M. J. , Drolsom P. N. , Nielsen E. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Inoculation with pure cultures of Pythium graminicola and Helminthosporium sativum indicated that repeatable differences in reaction to infection occur among seedlings of named strains and experimental synthetics of smooth bromegrass.
Activities of Acid Phosphatase, Peroxidase, and Polyphenolase in Etiolated Shoots from Control and Irradiated Maize Seeds1
Authors: Haskins F. A. , Downs S. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Evidence is presented that enzymatic differences exist between etiolated shoots from appropriately irradiated maize seeds and shoots from control seeds. Differences in specific activities of acid phosphatase and peroxidase became apparent only when individual portions (first internode, coleoptile, and unexpanded foliage leaves) of the shoot were considered. Contributions of the three shoot portions to total activities of acid phosphatase, peroxidase, and polyphenolase also were studied, and irradiation‐induced differences in the patterns of contribution were noted.
Evapotranspiration for Corn as Related to Pan Evaporation1
Authors: Fritschen Leo J. , Shaw R. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A relationship between evapotranspiration for corn and pan evaporation has been presented. This relationship may be used to determine irrigation requirements.
Performance of Temperate Zone Pasture Species Within Tropical Boundaries, as Represented by Colombia1
Authors: Crowder Loy V. , Ramirez Rodrigo , Chaverra Hernan
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Performance was best at elevations between 6,500 and 9,000 feet. At lower elevations initial growth was superior but survival was low because of high temperatures, drouth, and diseases. In higher regions the short day, low temperatures, and cloudiness hindered growth. Varieties originating nearest the tropical latitude grew more rapidly as seedlings and during establishment, flowered earlier and more profusely, had higher seed yields, and produced more total forage, but were less persistent.
Relationship between Losses of Fermentable Sugars and Changes in Organic Acids of Silage1
Authors: Kearney P. C. , Kennedy W. K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Fermentable sugars were reduced to half of their original content under conditions simulating poorly compacted silage during the first day of fermentation. Due to the low initial sugar content of alfalfa, aerobic respiration caused greater deterioration in alfalfa than in orchardgrass. Organic acid formation in the resultant silage was related to the sugar losses.
Soil Moisture Regime Effect on Yield and Evapotranspiration from Warm Season Perennial Forage Species1
Authors: Doss Basil D. , Bennett O. L. , Ashley D. A. , Weaver H. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Average yields of warm season perennial forage species increased as soil moisture increased for all species except sericea which yielded highest at the intermediate moisture regime. Total water used depended more upon the amount of available water in the soil than on plant species. Moisture was first extracted at a shallow depth beneath the plant, and then at successively lower depths.
Influence of Mulching on the Manganese Content of Corn Plant Tissue1
Authors: Parker Don T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seedling corn plants grown on mulched soil contained less Mn than plants grown on bare soil. Although a marked Mn deficiency did not occur, evidence of an influence on plant physiology was indicated by an accumulation of free α‐amino‐N in very young plants. In soils normally low in available Mn mulching could critically affect the Mn nutrition of corn.
Evapotranspiration Rates from Bermudagrass and Corn at Raleigh, North Carolina1
Authors: van Bavel C. H. M. , Harris D. G.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The Penman formula in three modifications accounts reasonably well for the observed values. Roughly, evapotranspiration was equivalent to 0.8 of net radiation over the crop.
Response of Normal and “uzu” Winter Barley Varieties to Fertilizer Additions1
Authors: Barthakur Badan C. , Poehlman J. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Mo. B‐475, normal, and C.I. 7439, “uzu”, winter barley varieties were compared with all treatment combinations of 3 fertilizer rates and solid and spaced seeding rates. Mo. B‐475 produced higher grain yields as a result of more spike‐bearing tillers and heavier kernels; C.I. 7439 had the largest number of kernels per spike. None of the “variety × fertilizer” interactions reached the 5% level of significance.
Effect of Seeding Rate, Row Spacing, and Rate and Placement of Fertilizer on Winter Wheat Performance in Michigan1
Authors: Kinra K. L. , Foth H. D. , Robertson L. S. , Brown H. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Culms per square foot, height, and vigor in the fall were much affected by seeding rate, row spacing distance, fertilizer rate, and fertilizer placement while yield, lodging score, and test weight were less affected. However, the positive correlation between fall culm count and yield in 3 of the 4 experiments emphasizes the importance of selection, of proper row spacing distance, seed rate, fertilizer rate, and fertilizer placement for producing winter wheat in Michigan.
Chemical Composition of Tobacco in Relation to Leaf‐Burn and Quality1
Authors: Peterson L. A. , Tibbits T. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Leaf‐burn of tobacco was significantly related to the leaf constituents in the following order of importance: K(+) > Cl(−) > SO4−S(−) > Mg(−) > NO3−N(−) > total N(−). Magnesium was the only constituent that was significantly related (inversely) to quality.
Field Plot Technique Studies with Flue‐Cured Tobacco. I. Optimum Plot Size and Shape1
Authors: Crews Julian W. , Jones Guy L. , Mason D. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Optimum plot size was estimated from Smith's soil heterogeneity index and relative cost of experimental procedures. Estimates of optimum size of unguarded plots for measuring yield ranged from 19 to 39 plants when data from individual locations and years were considered separately. However, considering all trials for both size and shape, plots 1 row wide (3.5 feet) by 49.5 feet long (27 plants spaced 22 inches) were optimum.
Estimation of Optimum Plot Size and Shape for Safflower Yield Trials1
Authors: Wiedemann A. M. , Leininger L. N.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Optimum plot size and shape for safflower yield trials were estimated to be 8 times the basic unit or 3.67 feet wide by 20 feet long. Drastic and sudden changes in soil uniformity can lead to an abnormal calculated value of b.
Interrelations Between Post‐Harvest Dormancy and Soil Moisture in Germination of Wheat1
Authors: Harris Wallace W. , Lawless John R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Time of planting, age of seed, and soil moisture conditions affected germination and emergence of 4 varieties of winter wheat in field and laboratory tests. All varieties germinated poorly, regardless of soil moisture conditions, when planted before dormancy was completed; however, varieties differed in ability to germinate under limited soil moisture when not affected by post‐harvest dormancy. Rate of growth, as measured by epicotyl length, was positively correlated with soil moisture.
Density of Alfalfa Plants as a Criterion for Estimating Productivity of an Alfalfa Bromegrass Mixture on Fertile Soil1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Wedin W. F. , Hueg W. F.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

In a 2‐year study, no significant differences in dry matter yield or protein content appeared between alfalfa‐brome stands originally containing from 2 to 12 or more alfalfa plants per square foot. Increments of nitrogen up to 120 pounds per acre did not affect yield, but caused an increase in crude protein percentage of the mixed forage by the second year.
Yield of Orchard Grass as Influenced by Rates of Nitrogen and Harvest Management1
Authors: Drake Mack , Colby W. G. , Bredakis E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yields were increased by early initial harvest, by 3‐inch height of cut, and by 400 lb. N/A. Interactions between height of cut and time of harvest, height of cut and rate of N, and time of harvest and rate of N were highly significant. No N response was produced by normal date of harvest plus 1.5‐inch cut. Early stage of maturity was more important than height of cut in the first harvest, but height of cut was more important in subsequent harvests.
Seed Treatment Studies on Sorghum in Texas1
Authors: Quinby J. R. , Stewart Robert B. , Watkins G. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The most effective treatments increased emergence about 10%, but the least effective did not increase it at all. Organic protectants were more effective than mercurial. The protection increased as seed aged, but seed more than 2 years old did not emerge well enough to be used for planting.
Effect of Row Spacing Distance on Oat Performance1
Authors: Foth H. D. , Robertson L. S. , Brown H. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Data on yield components, culm size and straw‐grain ratio, percentage composition, and accumulation of N, P, and K, and the weight and distribution of roots indicate that the greater growth and accumulation of nutrients of plants grown on plots with the narrowest row spacing distance was more likely the result of better utilization of light in photosynthesis than any difference associated with the root system.
Effect of Clipping on the Invasion of Pastures by Velvetgrass, Holcus lanatus L.1
Authors: Hart Richard H. , McGuire William S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Velvetgrass invasion of stands of perennial ryegrass, orchardgrass, tall fescue, and meadow foxtail was retarded by clipping to a height of 4 inches as compared to 2 inches, and by clipping twice during the season as compared to clipping 3 times.
Control of Moisture Content in Greenhouse Soils1
Authors: Hanan Joe J. , Langhans R. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

It was found possible to maintain relatively constant moisture conditions in greenhouse soils through the application of Richards' “outflow law”.
Effect of Applied Sulfur on Yield and Sulfur Uptake of Various California Dryland Pasture Species1
Authors: Jones Milton B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Forage production was increased by sulfur applied up to 40 pounds per acre. The subclover component increased up to 80 pounds of S per acre. Annual grass yields at the high rates of S were decreased by clover competition. Higher rates of S application had a greater carry‐over effect than the 20‐pound raw. Subclover and hardingrass had the greatest increase in uptake of S with increasing rates of applied S, while annual grasses had the least.
Soil Aeration and Plant Root Relations. III. Physical Aspects of Oxygen Diffusion in the Liquid Phase of the Soil1
Authors: Kristensen K. J. , Lemon E. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

This paper first takes up the oxygen “supply” characteristics of the soil environment, considering the various soil parameters required in the simple model for oxygen diffusion near plant roots. Finally the “demand” and “supply” aspects of oxygen in the root‐soil system is integrated demonstrating that the two aspects are interdependent. Quantitative data offer evidence of the limits imposed by root respiration and soil aeration in the immediate root environment.
Differential Accumulation of Strontium, Calcium, and Other Elements by Corn (Zea Mays L.) Under Greenhouse and Field Conditions
Authors: Baker Dale E. , Thomas W. I. , Gorsline G. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

From the results of this investigation, it was concluded that differential accumulation of elements by corn genotypes grown in the field can be predicted from the accumulations of young plants of the same genotypes grown in the greenhouse.
Soil Moisture Extraction Trends of Several Legume‐Grass Mixtures as Affected by Cutting Frequency and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Wolf Dale D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Soil moisture extracted under mixtures cut 3 times was less at the 12‐inch soil depth, but greater at the 48‐inch depth, than with 5 cuttings. Extraction under alfalfa‐grass mixtures receiving nitrogen was greater at 12 inches, but usually less at 48 inches, than under mixtures receiving no nitrogen. Mixtures containing alfalfa extracted less soil moisture at 12 inches, but more at 48 inches, than mixtures containing birdsfoot trefoil or ladino clover.
Comparison of Fertility Treatments in a Corp Rotation Experiment1
Authors: Cady F. B. , Mason D. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A mathematical model was developed from the structure and design of a crop rotation experiment. The data were collected from a two‐year cornsoybean rotation replicated three times. Sixteen fertility treatments were applied to each whole plot, and the rotation was continued for six years. The analysis of variance, based on this model, is developed, and the computational procedures are described in detail. The expectation of the mean squares for the several sources of variation provide a basis for determining the appropriate F tests.
Leaf Development: Index of Plant Response to Environmental Factors1
Authors: Higgins Joseph J. , Haun Joseph R. , Koch E. James
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Daily morphologic changes in plants were visually detected and recorded quantitatively. Changes in leaf form were used to determine the relative influences of environmental factors on plant growth. The lag in effect of each environmental factor was used in subsequent multiple regression analyses, responses to individual factors were determined, and a growth‐prediction equation was made.
Performance of Tillage Implements in a Stubble Mulch System. II. Effects on Soil Cloddiness1
Authors: Woodruff N. P. , Fenster C. R. , Chepil W. S. , Siddoway F. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Under field conditions, effects of stubble mulch tillage implements on soil cloddiness varied widely from year to year. During initial tillage, 2‐inch chisels, 32‐inch sweeps, and a one‐way disk operated 4 inches deep produced a more cloddy soil surface than a rodweeder with shovels, an 8‐foot V‐sweep, or a one‐way disk operated 2 inches deep. During subsequent tillage, a given implement increased or decreased cloddiness depending on type of previous tillage and soil moisture at time of tillage.
Fruiting and Growth Characteristics of Cotton in Relation to Soil Moisture Tension1
Authors: Bruce R. R. , Römkens M. J. M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Square initiation was reduced by increased tension limit and was directly related to plant height increase prior to 4 weeks past first bloom. Associated with the greater square production of treatments at low tension all season was a greater number of squares shed. Bloom production was also progressively reduced by increasing the tension limit. Prior to maximum fruit load square and post‐bloom abscission relative to total fruit production was not significantly affected by tensions of 2.5 atmospheres.
Manual Removal of Suckers from Fresh Market Sweet Corn in New Jersey1
Authors: Snell Robert S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Manual removal of sweet corn suckers in irrigated plantings in New Jersey does not improve ear weight, ear length, or tip fill. Maturity may be hastened slightly. Removal by cutting at one foot in height does not damage ear weight, ear length, or tip fill; maturity is hastened and regrowth of suckers is slight. This appears to be the best method for growers who wish to remove suckers for greater ease in spraying or dusting and harvesting sweet corn.
Interaction of Nitrogen and Soil Moisture on the Production and Persistence of Timothy in Lysimeters1
Authors: Willhite F. M. , Grable A. R. , Rouse H. K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Urea‐N increased production of timothy approximately 5‐fold, irrespective of depth of water table and soil. Yields were about the same with water tables maintained at 2.5, 15, or 46 cm. as without a water table. Greatest yield occurred in lysimeters with 46 cm. of soil, 46‐cm. water tables, and N fertilizer. Within 2 years, Juncus balticus completely dominated nonfertilized timothy growing with 2.5 or 15‐cm. water tables. Formation of moss and a sod mat on the soil surface coincided with the appearance of Juncus.
Effect of Fall and Spring Application of Four Rates of Potassium on Yield and Composition of Timothy in Alaska1
Authors: Laughlin Winston M.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

K application increased dry‐matter yields, K content, P and K uptake, and recovery of applied P, tended to increase the Ca/Mg ratio and sum of cations, reduced leaf spot infection, and tended to reduce N, P, Mg, and Ca content. Forage contained very high Mg and low Ca producing a low Ca/Mg ratio. Second clipping forage contained more Ca and Mg and less K than did the first clipping. Spring K application increased K content and uptake and tended to reduce incidence of leaf spot as compared to fall K application.
The Effect of Moisture Level and Incubation Time on the Chemical Equilibria of a Toledo Clay Loam Soil1
Authors: Harter R. D. , McLean E. O.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Incubation of a Toledo clay loam soil revealed that as soil water is increased above field‐capacity the soil environment is changed from oxidizing to reducing conditions. This transformation occurred in about five days. Thus, a soaking rain could create an healthy environment for plant growth, unless drainage is prompt. The formation of the genetic soil profile can also be partially explained by this rapid reduction.
Soil and Plant Responses to Long‐Term Fertilization of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)1
Authors: Markus D. K. , Battle W. R.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yields and persistence were greatly increased by K fertilization over a period of 9 years. Yields were not affected and persistence was reduced by N and P. P concentration in alfalfa hay was dependent on rainfall rather than on the P fertilizer. Levels of soil K and P supplies were considerably influenced by K and P. Continued alfalfa production was largely dependent on the relative abundance of K provided by fertilization. P from the soil supply was sufficient for maximum yields, but supply was depleted without application of P.
Influence of Drying Method and Fertility Treatments on the Total and Water Soluble Nitrogen Contents of Alfalfa1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Noller C. H. , Rhykerd C. L.
Published: July 2010

An established stand of Ranger alfalfa was fertilized with various combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. One sample of freshly harvested material was immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen, freeze‐dried, and stored in a refrigerator. A second sample was weighed and dried to a constant weight. Forage was analyzed for total nitrogen and water soluble nitrogen (WSN).

Freeze‐dried forage was found to be significantly higher (P<.01) in WSN but significantly lower (P<.01) total nitrogen than the oven‐dried material. Total nitrogen was not significantly affected by fertilizer treatments in the freeze‐dried forage. However, harvest date had a significant effect. Oven‐dried forage showed both a significant fertilizer and harvest effect.

The WSN content of forage subjected to freeze‐drying was not altered significantly by either fertilizer treatments or harvest date. Identical samples of oven‐dried material showed contrary results with significant effects for both fertilizer treatments and harvest date. The variance estimates showed chemical analyses from the freeze‐dried forage to be more variable than similar oven‐dried material.

Since the method of drying had a definite effect on the total and water soluble nitrogen constituents of forage plants, analyses on oven‐dried samples may not be representative of green plant material.
An Application of Multiple Covariance Analysis to the Estimation of Fertilizer Response Functions
Authors: Hoepner Paul H. , Lutz J. A.
Published: July 2010

A procedure to test whether or not significant differences exist in fertilizer response functions is important in the statistical analysis of experimental data. Analysis of covariance is often used in the analysis of linear functions. This paper extends the analysis of covariance procedures to quadratic and higher order least squares regression functions by applying the statistical techniques to the results of an actual experiment.
Effect of Steam Blanching and Method of Drying on Solubility of Alfalfa Constituents1
Authors: Routley D. G. , Byers G. L.
Published: July 2010

Steam blanching has been shown to accelerate the drying of alfalfa. The object of this experiment was to determine the effect of blanching on the solubility of alfalfa constituents important in animal nutrition. Four treatments consisted of a combination of steam blanching for 2 minutes vs no steam, and oven (36C) vs freeze drying. Total nitrogen, alcohol‐soluble nitrogen, and sugars were measured. Also measured were nitrogen and dry matter dissolved by a buffer solution (pH 4.0), a buffered cellulase‐pepsin solution, and an acid detergent solution. Sugars and total nitrogen were unaffected by the treatments but blanching reduced the alcohol‐soluble nitrogen. Blanching also significantly reduced the dry matter and nitrogen removed by buffer, but had only small effect on the amount removed by the enzymes. Oven drying slightly lowered enzyme‐soluble nitrogen. Detergent‐soluble nitrogen and dry matter were reduced by oven drying, particularly after blanching. The results show that blanching effectively inactivates enzymes which may cause deterioration during drying or storage. A combination of blanching and oven drying appears to cause some reaction involving the nitrogen compounds which could reduce their digestibility.
Comparative Root Morphology for Inbred Lines of Corn as Related to Performance1
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Solanki S. S.
Published: July 2010

Root volume, length, number, dry weight, seminal root volume and top‐root ratio of 14 inbreds grown in solution culture were correlated with growth after seminal root removal and with field performance at low competition and after root pruning.

Inbreds differed significantly in their root character with number and volume positively associated, and number and length negatively associated. Rates of increase for root volume, length and number differed markedly, with rate of growth in length actually decreasing with maturity.

Inbreds with higher top‐root ratios had small actual root systems. As development proceeded, those inbreds with a high proportion of seminal roots tended to have smaller total root systems. Top dry weight produced after seminal root removal was highly correlated with total root volume and number, indicating that those inbreds with larger root systems were better able to tolerate loss of their seminal roots. While loss of seminal roots reduced ultimate top dry weight, time of loss of these roots was of relative unimportance.

Only limited statistical relationships were apparent for root volume, length and number with field performance, although the proportion of seminal roots was important. Those inbreds with vigorous seminal root systems early in development tended to show less reduction in height and ear weight and less delay in maturity due to root pruning in the field. Those with a high proportion of seminal roots later in development and with high top‐root ratios showed more damage due to root pruning and more delay in maturity.
Effects of Spot Seeding on Establishment of Three Range Grasses1
Authors: McGinnies William J.
Published: July 2010

A two‐year study was made to determine the effects on seedling establishment of placing more than one seed in a seed‐spot or hill. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Fisch. ex Link.) Schult.), pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.) and Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) were planted at 2 locations in northern Colorado in seed‐spots that contained 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 seeds per spot. At Fort Collins, the number of seedlings produced per seed planted was reduced as the number of seeds per spot was increased. At the second location, north of Nunn, Colorado, the effects of number of seeds per spot were not consistent.
Effect of Partial Acidulation and Elemental Sulfur on Availability of Phosphorus in Rock Phosphate1
Authors: Ashby D. L. , Fenster W. E. , Attoe O. J.
Published: July 2010

A study was made of the effect of partial acidulation of rock phosphate, coating with elemental S, granule size, placement, and soil pH on yield and uptake of P and S by ryegrass grown on Miami (pH 6.7) and Dubuque (pH 6.0 and 7.0) silt loams in the greenhouse. In most cases, both yield and P uptake increased with each increase in level of acidulation; however, the results for the 50 and 100% levels were quite similar. Total P recovery by the ryegrass was highly correlated with the percentage of total P that was available (water soluble plus citrate soluble) in the fertilizer. Mixing of the granules with the soil gave higher yields and P recovery than banding, and the 10‐ to 20‐mesh granules were generally more effective than the 5‐ to 10‐mesh size on the soil at pH 6.0. Coating of the granules with elemental S gave no significant increases in yield but increased P recovery significantly from the 5‐ to 10‐mesh granules in several cases. Both yield and P uptake for rock phosphate were higher at pH 6.0 than 7.0.
Effect of Germination Temperature on Surface Area and CO2 Production of Corn Seedlings1
Authors: Perrier Eugene R. , Twersky Marvin , Peters Doyle B. , Gylys Vytas
Published: July 2010

Corn seedlings were germinated at 29C and 25C, then transferred to growth chambers at 25C and aerated with sterilized, CO2‐free air under dark conditions. A modification of the Devaux technique was used to measure the surface area of irregularly shaped corn seedlings.

The growth rate, as measured by the surface area and the CO2 respired, was greater for the corn seedlings germinated at 29C than at 25C. The flux of CO2 declined with time and the rate of decline increased as the temperature of germination increased. In general, the growth rate was greater for the shoot than the root under the conditions of the experiment.
Determination of Input Levels for a Selected Probability of Response on a Curvilinear Regression Function1
Authors: Walker W. M. , Carmer S. G.
Published: July 2010

A method was developed relating the probability of obtaining a further increase in a selected dependent variable with an increased level of input of the independent variable. For the technique presented a curvilinear regression model was assumed.

The technique principally involves equating the ratio of the square of the first derivative and its variance to an F ratio. A similar equation obtained by equating the ratio of the first derivative and its standard error to t was also suggested.

The solution of either equation for X, the input factor, results in a value above which the probability of being in error by rejecting the null hypothesis is greater than α, the selected probability level. At any input value less than X, the probability of being wrong in rejecting the null hypothesis is less than α.

An example demonstrating the applicability of this concept to a fertilizer response function was shown.
Indicator Plant Aberrations at Threshold Soil Herbicide Levels
Authors: Lynd J. Q. , Rieck Charles , Barnes Don , Murray Don , Santelmann Paul W.
Published: July 2010

Plant symptoms indicating threshold soil herbicide levels on a Typic Quarzipsamment, Eufaula fine sand, are described and illustrated for five long‐residue phytotoxic compounds from three chemical families: the substituted ureas, the triazines, and the pyridines. Cucumis sativa developed marginal chlorosis with 1 ppmw fluometuron (3 (m‐trifluoromethylpheny1)‐1,l‐dimethylurea); palmate veinal chlorotic pattern with 1 ppmw prometryne (2‐methylmercapto‐4,6‐bis (isopropylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine); auxin‐type manifestations of meristematic tissues with 0.01 ppmw picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐uichloro‐picolinic acid); and an interveinal chlorotic pattern with 1 ppmw pyriclor (2,3,5‐trichloro‐4‐pyridinol). Robinia pseudoacacia developed severe leaf curling and stem twisting with tendril type appearance and restricted club‐like root system at 1 ppmw N‐serve (2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine).
Chemical Composition, Palatability, and Digestibility of Ryegrass‐Tall Fescue Hybrids, ‘Kenwell’, and ‘Kentucky 31’ Tall Fescue Varieties1
Authors: Buckner R. C. , Todd J. R. , Burrus P. B. , Barnes R. F.
Published: July 2010

An annual ryegrass‐tall fescue amphiploid hybrid, a (perennial ryegrass × tall fescue) × tall fescue backcross hybrid, ‘Kenwell,’ and Ky. 31 tall fescue were compared for digestibility, palatability, and chemical constituents thought to be related to nutritional quality of forages. The grasses were sampled during spring, summer and fall, 1963–1966.

The amphiploid hybrid was higher in crude protein, total sugars, moisture, and in vitro digestibility and lower in silica and crude fiber than the backcross hybrid and tall fescue varieties.

All chemical constituents were closely associated and influenced digestibility and palatability. Silica was positively associated with crude fiber and negatively related to protein, sugar, moisture, and digestibility.

The grasses increased in soluble and decreased in structural cell constituents during the fall season. Sugar content may be a valuable criterion for evaluating the grasses studied for nutritional value in a breeding program.
Influence of Season, Population, and Spacing on Axillary Bud Development of Sweet Corn1
Authors: Andrew R. H.
Published: July 2010

Early single‐eared and late multiple‐eared sweet corn hybrids were grown in a range of spacings, populations, and row widths over a 5‐year period at the Arlington Experimental Farm. The plots on Waupun silt loam soil were at a high fertility level as recommended for production of 3,810 to 5,080 kilograms (150 to 200 bushels) of field corn per acre. Determinations were made of snapped weight in the husk, usable husked ear weight, number of usable ears, percent of usable ears, maturity and of barrenness and multiple earing on a usable and total ear basis, concern here being primarily with the last three measurements.

Prolific Hybrid 2 was more responsive to season in production of weight of snapped corn in the husk. Hybrid 1 was more dependent upon plant population for production of number of usable ears while Hybrid 2 was able to compensate at low populations by producing more ears per plant. Percent of usable ears was markedly higher for both hybrids at all treatments in the drier year, indicating that rainfall had its greatest effect on activation of buds rather than on proportion of buds completing development. This effect was relatively greater for Hybrid 2. While barrenness was directly proportional to population, the single eared hybrid showed relatively more barrenness at the high population and under dry conditions. Population was of greater importance than row width in terms of response elicited for the measurements of these studies.
Vibratory Separator—A New Research Tool1
Authors: Hardin E. E. , Grisez J. P.
Published: July 2010

A newly designed laboratory model vibratory seed separator has value as a research tool to crop specialists working with small quantities of seed. The machine can accomplish numerous separations and can be easily cleaned and transported.