bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for breast cancer in health care quality improvements. A second systematic review.
Authors: Ramírez-Morera Anggie , Tristán Mario , Salazar-Vargas Jordan , Rivera-Chavarría Ana Leonor
Published: December 2022

Background: Traditionally, EB-CPGs have been believed to mainly improve the quality and consistency of health care, but this claim must be conclusively proven. We used the Donabedian three-dimensional model (structure, process, and patient outcomes) to assess improvements in the quality of medical care derived from implementing EB-CPGs. This study corresponds to the second systematic review carried out as a series of studies on different clinical issues that aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the application of the EB-CPG for improving the quality of care.

Methods: We followed the methods described by the Cochrane Handbook and presented a descriptive analysis because of the high heterogeneity found across the included studies. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, and EBSCO Host databases, as well as the grey literature, between 1990 and April 2021. No language restrictions were applied. Only randomised clinical trials (RCTs) were selected.

Results: Of the total of 364 interventions included in the eleven RCTs evaluated, 11 (3%) were related to healthcare structure, 51 (14%) to the healthcare delivery process and 302 (83%) to patient outcomes. Regarding the impact of using the EB-CPGs, in 303 interventions (83%), there were no significant differences between the control and experimental groups. In 4 interventions (1%), the result favoured the control and intervention groups in 57 of the interventions (16%).

Conclusions: Our study showed that EB-CPGs slightly enhanced the quality of health care in the three dimensions described by Donabedian. Future RCTs should improve their design and methodological rigour by considering the certainty of the evidence supporting the EB-CPGs recommendations. In that context, broader analyses could be performed, having more concise hypotheses for further research.

Registration: PROSPERO CRD42020205594
LTE Downlink Scheduling: A True Bayesian Estimate Approach
Authors:   Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Malacca, Malaysia, Hatta Khairul Anwar Bin Kamarul , KuokKwee Wee , Ping Cheah Wooi , Yityin Wee
Published: December 2022

Extended research has been made in exploring the possibilities of a better real-time oriented downlink scheduling. The reason for these possibilities is caused by a fast-paced growth demand for multimedia applications that are mainly developed for mobile devices, and requires a high-speed wireless transmission for its satisfaction. Repositioning mobile devices have been one of the challenges arising from that demand. Due to the growth of mobile device users, another challenge has also been found, which is the capability of wireless networks to handle multiple simultaneous users within a single cell network environment. Current downlink scheduling algorithm which can cope with this challenge, Most Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF), needs to be improvised to suits the demands. True Bayesian Estimate (TBE) is one of the Bayes Estimator models which is suitable for handling multivariate parameters. Three proposed TBE algorithms have been designed with each having a different key design and objective. TBE-Fair (TBE-F) has provided a fairer and less delay scheduling as compared to MLWDF while TBE-Delay (TBE-D) manages to have a higher throughput rate. TBE-Flow Delay (TBE-FD) is an overall scheduler that manages multivariate QoS to perform better for real-time scheduling. All the TBE’s algorithms have better performances than MLWDF in real-time traffic due to its main key design of real-time oriented scheduling which focuses more on video and VoIP flows.
A Variational Information Bottleneck Method for Network Intrusion Detection
Authors:   School of Information and Communication Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, Thieu Vu Van , Anh Nguyen The , Hai Tran Hoang
Published: December 2022

The increasing application of machine learning to network intrusion detection has shown great successes in the recent years. To reduce the high dimension of captured network records for classifiers to learn efficiently, various feature reduction methods have been proposed. Using the Information Bottleneck framework, a concise and discriminative feature representation can be derived by optimizing an intuition and theoretically grounded objective function. In this paper, we propose a novel Variational Information Bottleneck method for Network Intrusion Detection that can produce high-quality low-dimensional representation to increase the classification accuracy of conventional machine learning classifier. Moreover, the proposed model is shown to achieve promising accuracy scores in comparison to several state-of-the-art anomaly-based IDS, on both the 2-class classification and 5-class classification intrusion detection problem.
VALUE-SEMANTIC SPHERE OF STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITIES OF VARIOUS REGIONS OF RUSSIA
Authors: Kornilova Olga A. , Krylova Elena L. , Matasova Inna L. , Shatalina Mariia A.
Published: December 2022

Purpose. In this article, the similarities and differences of the value-semantic sphere of students of Russian universities are considered as a subject of research. Keeping in mind the regional specifics, it is assumed that the existing similarities in the value-semantic sphere of students of Russian universities in different regions will prevail over the differences. The study involved students of universities in Samara, Omsk, Vladikavkaz and Voronezh.

Methodology. Standardized test methods and methods of mathematical statistics were used to collect and process empirical data.

Results. The study revealed statistically significant differences in the degree of meaningfulness of life and the level of internality of students. The greatest discrepancy in the degree of importance was revealed regarding the values of health, material well-beingнаряду, creativity, family, career, service, glory and rest. At the same time, statistically significant differences in self-actualization and personality orientation were not found. The study participants from different cities showed mostly normal and inflated levels of self-esteem and self-acceptance, most of the students prefer to live in the present, not to postpone and not to plan for a long time ahead. There was also a similarity in the desire to adhere to certain principles, as opposed to showing flexibility and reactivity.

Practical implications. The results of this study will be useful in organizing extracurricular educational work with students, as a basis for the formation and development of their moral self-awareness and subjectivity, as well as the development of educational motivation and professional identity.
Risk and protective factors associated with internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among 13-15-year-old youth
Authors: Bobrowski Krzysztof , Ostaszewski Krzysztof
Published: December 2022

Cel pracy

Celem badań była identyfikacja czynników (ryzyka i chroniących) związanych z występowaniem problemów zdrowia psychicznego młodzieży.

Metoda

Badaną grupę stanowili uczniowie szkół podstawowych i gimnazjalnych z Iławy w wieku 13-15 lat (N=574). Dane zbierano za pomocą audytoryjnych anonimowych badań ankietowych. W badaniach uwzględniono dwie grupy problemów zdrowia psychicznego: internalizacyjne (przejawy depresji i problemy emocjonalne) oraz eksternalizacyjne, (używanie substancji psychoaktywnych, zachowania agresywne, wykroczenia), a także szereg czynników psychospołecznych (wparcie i kontrolę rodziców, więź ze szkołą, wpływy rówieśnicze, wiktymizację, sposoby spędzania czasu wolnego). Do identyfikacji czynników ryzyka i czynników chroniących wykorzystano modele hierarchicznej regresji logistycznej ze statystyką Walda.

Wyniki

Wsparcie i kontrola rodzicielska okazały się być uniwersalnymi czynnikami chroniącymi, które zmniejszają ryzyko zarówno problemów internalizacyjnych jak i eksternalizacyjnych. Z drugiej strony, bycie ofiarą przemocy rówieśniczej oraz poświęcanie dużej ilości czasu na e-kontakty okazały się czynnikami ryzyka dla obu grup problemów zdrowia psychicznego młodzieży. Ponadto istotnymi czynnikami w modelach regresji były: płeć, negatywne wpływy rówieśnicze, więź ze szkołą oraz korzystanie z gier komputerowych / wideo.

Wnioski

Profilaktykę problemów zdrowia psychicznego młodzieży należy ukierunkować na edukację rodziców w zakresie wsparcia i kontroli nastolatków, wzmacnianie więzi uczniów ze szkołą oraz odporności na negatywne wpływy towarzystwa rówieśniczego.
Infections and mental diseases: from tuberculosis to COVID-19
Authors: Rybakowski Janusz
Published: December 2022

Pandemia COVID-19 przyczyniła się do reaktywacji zainteresowania związkiem zaburzeń psychicznych z czynnikami infekcyjnymi. W niniejszym przeglądzie mającym charakter narracyjny dokonano omówienia niektórych chorób infekcyjnych i relacji z zaburzeniami psychicznymi poczynając od gruźlicy, poprzez kiłę, toksoplazmozę i grypę, aż do COVID-19. Związek gruźlicy z melancholią był postulowany od kilku wieków. W latach 1950-tych okazało się, że lek przeciwgruźliczy, iproniazyd, ma działanie przeciwdepresyjne. W początku XX wieku wykazano, że zaburzenia psychiczne związane z kiłą można leczyć poprzez inokulację malarii, co zapoczątkowało rozwój immunoterapii tych chorób. Stwierdzono zwiększoną częstość zakażenia Toxoplasma gondi w chorobach psychicznych oraz istotnie wyższe ryzyko zachorowania na schizofrenię, jeżeli infekcja wystąpi w okresie ciąży. Uzyskano dowody na częstsze występowanie schizofrenii u osób urodzonych w latach pandemii grypy w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Zaburzenia psychiczne mogą być następstwem dawnej infekcji genomu człowieka przez retrowirusy. Infekcja w okresie ciąży może zwiększać ryzyko tych zaburzeń w późniejszym okresie życia. Znaczenie patogenetyczne może mieć również infekcja w wieku dorosłym. COVID-19 powoduje znaczące konsekwencje dla zdrowia psychicznego, zarówno wczesne, jak i późne. Dwuletnie obserwacje pandemii przyniosły informacje odnośnie terapeutycznego działania różnych leków psychotropowych na wirus SARS-CoV-2. Mimo uprzednich danych na temat przeciwwirusowego działania litu, nie potwierdzono jego istotnego wpływu na występowanie i przebieg COVID-19.
Ailing healer – dillemas of a psychotherapist when facing her/his own illness
Authors: Kansy Milena , Gdowska Katarzyna
Published: December 2022

Artykuł przedstawia dylematy i trudności, które może napotkać psychoterapeuta w obliczu własnej choroby fizycznej, utrudniającej lub uniemożliwiającej kontynuowanie procesów terapeutycznych w formie praktykowanej przed zachorowaniem. Ta sytuacja często wymaga modyfikacji w sposobie pracy i ustaleniach z pacjentami, a czasem wręcz innowacji, czyli przekroczenia pewnych konwencji. Chorowanie terapeuty uobecnia się nie tylko w umyśle terapeuty, ale przejawia w relacji terapeutycznej z pacjentem i wpływa na przeżywanie przez niego terapii, a także doświadczanie psychoterapeuty i doświadczanie siebie w relacji z nim. Sytuacja choroby terapeuty i jej możliwych konsekwencji dla procesu terapeutycznego wiąże się z dylematem odsłaniania się terapeuty. Bez wątpienia po jego stronie pozostaje odpowiedzialność dotycząca tego, kiedy, w jaki sposób i w jakim stopniu przedstawić pacjentowi tę sytuację i jej potencjalny wpływ na przebieg procesu. Czerpiąc z własnych doświadczeń oraz opierając się na literaturze przedmiotu zamierzamy nakreślić i zaakcentować pewne szczególne okoliczności, które mogą się pojawić w psychoterapii prowadzonej przez chorującego terapeut(k)ę. Bierzemy pod uwagę zarówno tzw. rzeczywistość zewnętrzną, jak i przestrzeń subiektywnych przeżyć oraz intersubiektywny obszar relacyjny. Proponujemy, by zobaczyć te sytuacje jako możliwe krytyczne momenty psychoterapii, które oprócz trudności wzmagają szanse na pogłębienie relacji terapeutycznej i doświadczenie facylitujące zmianę. Zatem celem ostatecznym jest poruszenie myśli i refleksja na temat opisanej i podobnych do niej sytuacji. Praca zawiera przegląd piśmiennictwa, jak i refleksje z własnej praktyki terapeutycznej i superwizyjnej.
Diversity Preference-Aware Link Recommendation for Online Social Networks
Authors: Yin Kexin , Fang Xiao , Chen Bintong , Sheng Olivia R. Liu
Published: December 2022

Link recommendation, such as “People You May Know” on LinkedIn, recommends links to connect unlinked online social network users. Existing link recommendation methods tend to recommend similar friends to a user but overlook the fact that different users have different diversity preferences when making friends in a social network. That is, some users prefer to connect with friends of similar profiles while some others prefer to befriend those of different profiles. For example, Jane prefers to connect with those primarily majoring in mathematics, whereas Jack prefers to befriend those in many different majors. To address this research gap, we define and operationalize the concept of diversity preference and propose a new link recommendation problem: the diversity preference-aware link recommendation problem. We then develop a novel link recommendation method that recommends friends to cater each user’s diversity preference. Our study informs researchers and practitioners about a new perspective on link recommendation – diversity preference-aware link recommendation. Our study also suggests that recommender systems need to be designed to meet each user’s diversity preference rather than indiscriminately increase the diversity of recommended items for every user.
Pricing of Vice Goods for Goal-Driven Consumers
Authors: Amaldoss Wilfred , Harutyunyan Mushegh
Published: December 2022

Research in psychology shows that consumption goals can help consumers avoid excessive consumption of vice goods and the associated long-term harm. In this paper, we propose a model of self-control with consumption goals and examine how goals moderate the behavior of consumers and the firm’s strategy. We find that consumers’ personal goals lead to a lower price for a less unhealthy product but a higher price for a more unhealthy product. Furthermore, even though personal goals reduce the sales of a product, the firm can be better off if consumers have goals rather than no goals. The improvement in the firm’s profits need not be at consumers’ expense. In fact, consumer welfare increases with personal goals. In some contexts, consumption is not driven by personal goals but shaped by social norms, such as the advice of experts or social groups. We find that, unlike personal goals, normative goals make consumers less sensitive to price and do not always improve consumer welfare. Furthermore, normative goals can hurt the firm’s profits in contexts in which personal goals could improve profits. Finally, we show that our framework with dynamically inconsistent preferences yields results that are consistent with alternative formulations of consumer self-control problems, such as the dual-self model of Thaler and Shefrin and the costly self-control model of Gul and Pesendorfer.

This paper was accepted by Duncan Semester, marketing.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4567 .
TÜRK VE MOĞOL KÜLTÜRÜNÜN TARİHSEL PAYDASI: DOKUZ SAYISI
Authors: YILMAZ Bilen
Published: December 2022

Yüzlerce yıllık kader birliğine sahip Türklerin ve Moğolların, gerek devlet geleneği ve gerekse sosyal yaşama dair çok sayıda ortak motifi paylaştıkları görülür. Dokuz sayısı, iki milletin ortak kültür motifleri arasında öne çıkan önemli bir semboldür. Dokuz sayısına dair ilk bilgiler Altay yaratılış efsaneleri içinde geçmektedir. Ortak soy birliğine de vurgu yapan ve bir vesile ile Oğuz Han ve Cengiz Han’ı birbirine bağlayan destansı anlatılarda da yine dokuz sayısına çok sayıda atıf yapıldığı görülmektedir. Orta Asya başta olmak üzere, dünya tarihinin akışına yön veren Türklerin ve Moğolların eski kültürlerine ait motifleri, zaman içinde dâhil oldukları inanç sistemlerine de taşıdıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim dokuz sayısı, Türkistan bölgesinde yoğun şekilde gelişme gösteren Tasavvuf kültürüne de geçerek, verilen edebî ürünlerde kendini göstermiştir. Tarihleri, Cengiz Han ile adeta yeniden yazılan Moğolların, dokuz sayısını kutsiyet sembolü olarak kullandıklarına dair çok sayıda kaynak mevcuttur. Bu eserlerde, daha çok Cengiz Han ile özdeşleşen dokuz sayısının, Timur devrine ait kaynaklarda da yine Timur’a atfen kullanıldığı görülür. Benzer yazım gelenekleriyle ortaya çıkan edebî ve tarihsel kaynaklarda da aynı tutumun izlendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu makalede, inanç eksenli ortaklığın yansıması olarak öne çıkan ve sembolik olmakla birlikte birer kültür motifi özelliği bulunan dokuz sayısının mitolojik, edebî ve tarihsel kaynaklar içindeki kullanımını, Orta Asya ve yakın çevresi özelinde inceledik.
Investigation of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-oxidative Activities of Lonicerae Flos, Citri Pericarpium and Violae Herba Complex (LCVC)
Authors: Kim Hong Kyoung
Published: December 2022

Objectives: The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of LCVC (Lonicerae Flos, Citri Pericarpium and Violae Herba Complex) have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying these effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.Methods: The evaluation of the anti-oxidative activity of LCVC was completed via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity, FRAP assay, measurement of polyphenol and flavonoid, assessment of ROS and NO levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was defined by measuring the production of biomarkers (PGE2, IL-1B, IL-6 and TNF-α), proteins (ERK, JNK, P38, Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1) and expressions of genes (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Nrf2, Keap1, HO-1 and NQO1) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.Results: LCVC have polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The results of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacity and FRAP assay showed that the anti-oxidative activity was increased. Production of ROS, NO, IL-6, TNF-α, mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, Keap1, iNOS and COX-2 were decreased, and NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were increased. In protein expression, JNK and Keap1 were decreased, NQO1, Nrf2 and HO-1 were increased, and no relationships were observed with the ERK and P38 by LCVC.Conclusions: These results suggest that LCVC may offer protective effects against LPS-induced inflammatory and oxidative responses through attenuating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and MAPKs pathway. Therefore, we propose that LCVC has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities that have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative disorders caused by the over-activation of macrophages.
The trend of key results and strategies for improvement of Herbal Medicine Consumption Survey
Authors: Park Yooseon , Kim Hyunmin , Kim Dongsu , Choi Shouran , Ahn Eunji , Lee Jihyeon
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To identify changes in the subjects and methods of Herbal Medicine Consumption Survey, and analyze trend of the key resultsMethods: The population, methods, and items of the basic reports of all Surveys on Consumption of Herbal Medicine(HM) were organized in a time-series manner. The analysis items were trend in the purchase of standardized HM; consumption value share, and price of prepared HM; type of herbal dispensary; and awareness of HM policy in Koran Medicine(KM) institutions.Results: The price of HM preparations showed an upward trend in 2011, 2014, and 2017 surveys, and decreased in the 2020 survey. However, despite this recent decrease, the 2021 survey also saw the highest proportion of HM users reporting that price of herbal decoction is expensive. Furthermore, the demand for expanded coverage of herbal decoction was the greatest for the expansion of health insurance benefits. Efforts such as adjusting the number of covered diseases and the cost of health insurance coverage would be necessary. Regarding decoction dispensaries the proportion of HM hospitals using only extramural herbal dispensaries increased. Finally, the consumption of HM and the size of the HM industry has continued to expand due to the large-scale branding of KM institutions and the expansion of health insurance coverage.Conclusion: Future surveys must standardize and unify the items for the time-series continuity and compare the results with government statistics reports on HM to increase reliability. Moreover, specialized survey items may be developed for KM, to establish a better and efficient distribution system for domestic HMs.
“Too Many Brick Walls”: Perspectives on Accessing Disability Information and Resources Among Service Providers
Authors: Carter Erik W. , Lanchak Emily R. , McMillan Elise D.
Published: December 2022

Disability service providers are often critical sources of guidance for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their families. This study examined the extent to which these professionals were familiar with community resources that could help support the inclusion of people with IDD in valued experiences and help meet pressing service needs for families. We surveyed 294 service providers about their familiarity with disability-related resources, their experiences trying to access needed information and resources for their work, and the sources of information they consider most helpful. The degree to which participants were familiar with community resources varied widely across professionals and topic areas. Moreover, more than half of providers indicated they are sometimes or often unable to find needed information or assistance related to serving people with disabilities. The most helpful sources of disability information were said to be internet searches, conferences or workshops, and local/state disability organizations. We address implications for policy, practice, and research aimed at strengthening the pathways through which information is disseminated to individuals with disabilities and their families.
A low cost phase modulation system for tissue spectroscopy and oximetry
Authors: Yang Yunsong , Liy Hanli , Chance Britton , Zhang Yutao
Published: December 2022

A laser-based frequency domain spectrometer for tissue diagnosis is presented. Using I&Q demodulation and frequency-division multiplexing techniques, we measured the optical properties of tissue-simulating models.
Frequency-Domain Photon Migration (FDPM) Measurements of Normal and Malignant Cell and Tissue Optical Properties
Authors: Tromberg Bruce J. , Coquoz Olivier , Fishkin Joshua B. , Anderson Eric R. , Pham David , Brenner Matthew , Svaasand Lars O.
Published: December 2022

A 1 GHz multi-frequency, multi-wavelength FDPM instrument is used to quantitatively measure optical properties of normal and malignant cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo, respectively. A spherical cuvette is developed for characterizing cell suspensions in small-volumes (0.45 mL). Absorption parameters are used to calculate hemoglobin concentration (oxy-, deoxy-, total-) and oxygen saturation in vivo. Scattering parameters are used to compare normal and malignant cells in vitro and evaluate the impact of cell size on the reduced scattering cross-section. Our results show that normal and malignant tissues have clearly resolvable optical and physiological property differences which may be useful in identifying tumors.
Fetal Brain Oxygenation during Labor studied by Frequency Domain Spectroscopy
Authors: Watson R , Kohl M , O'Brien P , Lawrence S , Delpy DT , Cope M
Published: December 2022

Hypoxic-ischemia of the brain (tissue oxygen deficiency due to obstructed circulation) during birth can result in neurological impairment and consequently patients that may require specialised care for the remainder of their life. An accurate method for measuring fetal brain oxygenation is therefore required. Traditional clinical techniques do not directly measure cerebral oxygenation and are unpleasant for both the mother and fetus. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a technique that allows changes in tissue chromophore concentrations to be measured non-invasively. Most NIR spectrometers use algorithms which assume that the optical pathlength of the light in the tissue does not change during the measurement. In the area of fetal NIR spectroscopy, it is of interest to determine whether contraction induced optical pathlength changes produce significant errors in the estimated concentration changes. An intensity modulated optical spectrometer (MOS) can provide optical pathlength information in addition to the pure intensity data provided by traditional NIR spectrometers. An MOS is used here to investigate the influence of contractions on the change in the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin status in the fetal brain. It was found that in most cases the changes in optical pathlength did not contribute significantly to any error. It appears that the pathlength changes are primarily due to contraction induced absorption changes. It also appears that artefactual pathlength and absorption changes, which occur due to maternal movement, while to0 complicated to physically characterise are readily recognisable in the raw data.
Measurement of the muscle optical properties on muscular dystrophy patients by a frequency-domain photometer.
Authors: Quaresima Valentina , Romina Sfareni , Pizzi Assunta , Ferrari Marco
Published: December 2022

The nove1 therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy increase the need of quantitative methods to evaluate the progression of muscular dystrophy (MD) disease. Non invasive near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) might play an important role in the evaluation of muscle tissue function.
Optical Properties of Normal and Diseased Breast Tissues:
Authors: Troy Tamara L. , Page David L. , Sevick-Muraca Eva M.
Published: December 2022

The use of near-infrared (NIR) measurements of photon migration has been recently demonstrated for the detection of breast cancer in Europe. Yet the clinical success of this potential screening tool depends upon consistent detection of the disease at earlier stages than is currently possible with conventional x-ray mammography. In this paper, we present the optical property measurements of 115 histologically classified breast tissue specimens in order to determine whether consistent and significant optical contrast exists for detection of the disease. Our in vitro optical properties measured with a double integrating sphere technique show consistent changes (yet statistically insignificant) in effective scattering coefficients, μs , with tissue classification of infiltrating carcinoma (N=48), ductal carcinoma in situ (N=5), mucinous carcinoma (N=3), normal fatty (N=23), and normal fibrous tissues (N=35). However, there is little change in the in vitro tissue absorption coefficient, μa, measured at 749, 789, and 836 nm. For normal and diseased tissue specimens extracted from the same patient. we found differences in optical properties indicating optical contrast.
Optical Mapping of the Human Breast using Second Derivative Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Quaresima Valentina , Sfareni Romina , Matcher Steve J. , Hall Jeffrey W. , Ferrari Marco
Published: December 2022

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (650-1100 nm) has been applicated for monitoring of brain and muscle oxygenation. Although optical breast imaging instrumentation, using one to four wavelengths in the NIR range, has been developed, very few in vivo breast spectral data are available. This study reports the optical map of breasts and an accurate characterization of spectroscopic fatures by derivative and difference spectroscopy. The bands due to water, lipids and deoxy-hemoglobin have been precisely identified. Results indicate that there is a large variability of breast composition at different locations in the same subject as well as amongst subjects.
Measurement of laser-excited fluorescence spectra of individual airborne biological particles
Authors: Chen Gang , Chang Richard K. , Nachman Paul , Pinnick Ronald G. , Hill Steven C. , Fernandez Gilbert L. , Mayo Michael W.
Published: December 2022

We are developing laser based fluorescence particle counters and spectrum analyzers which should be useful for real-time monitoring of airborne bacteria, proteins or other particles. Improved methods for detecting and characterizing airborne particles could be useful in applications such as studying the spread of diseases of plants, animals, and humans, or determining the sources of particles in clean rooms. Many airborne bacteria, pollens and viruses are of medical, agricultural, or ecological interest. Some diseases of humans (e.g., tuberculosis), of farm animals, of agricultural crops, and of forest trees are commonly transmitted through the air. Some airborne pollens cause allergies in humans. Bacteria (e.g., Bacillus thuringensis) used to control certain pests are commonly disseminated through the air.
In vivo Measuring of Blood Flow Changes using Diffusing Wave Correlation Techniques
Authors: Meglinsky I.V. , Boas D.A. , Yodh A.G. , Chance B.
Published: December 2022

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the study of flow phenomena in complex fluids using photon speckle correlation techniques 1,
2
. The best-known applications of these studies in biology and medicine are the non-invasive measurements of blood flow in large and small blood vessels, as well as the blood volume changes in capillary loops of muscles and other biological tissues In this contribution, methods for probing the spatially varying dynamics of blood flow in heterogeneous turbid media with diffusing light are applied. The method utilizes the Doppler broadening of light that arises in a multiply scattering dynamical media, but the method is also responsive to μa, μs’ changes. Specifically, we use correlation techniques to monitor blood flow in the arm during cuff ischemia. Our measurements clearly show blood flow changes with cuff pressures, including the hyperemic overshoot after cuff release. In this paper we describe experiments, and discuss the results with some theoretical explanation and correlation with physiological phenomena.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on Solute-Induced Changes in Optical Properties in Living Tissues
Authors: Liu Hanli , Zhang Yutao , Kimura Mika , Chance Britton
Published: December 2022

A number of recent studies have focused on the possibility of using the NIR techniques to monitor a change of glucose concentration in tissue [1,2]. The basis of the method rests on the fact that a change of refractive index in the extracellular fluid due to the presence of additional glucose causes a small change in the overall scattering property of the tissue that could be detected by the NIR techniques. Chance et al [ 3] show that in lipid and yeast cell suspensions, an increase in concentration of a general solute, such as sugars and electrolytes, gives rise to a decrease in scattering factor of the suspension. These results are in good agreement with those given in Refs. 1 and 2. However, in the tissue measurement performed on a perfused rat liver, the results obtained by adding mannitol (or glucose) to the perfusate of the perfused liver displayed a behavior in contrast to those in the lipid suspensions [3] and can not be well explained by the change of only refractive index. In order to employ the NIR techniques for a broad use in noninvasive physiological monitoring, we wish to show in this paper the solute-induced correlation between optical properties in tissue and its refractive index as well as its osmolarity.
Non-invasive Technique for the Diagnosis of Diseased Salivary Glands in situ
Authors: Gannot I , AH Gandjbakhche , G Gannot , PC Fox , H Koch , RF Bonner
Published: December 2022

A simulation experiment for 3-D imaging exogenous fluorescinated antibodies that specifically bind to infiltrating lymphocytes in minor salivary glands was carried out. Rhodamine targets embedded in a Delrin disk were covered by Delrin slabs of various thickness. Surface images were obtained for a different target depths and radial distances from laser excitation to target fluorophore. These images were analyzed and compared to theoretical calculations using previously determined scattering and absorption coefficients of the Delrin. Good agreement between experiments and theory was achieved.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging with frequency-domain photon migration measurement
Authors: Paithankar D.Y. , Sevick-Muraca E.M.
Published: December 2022

The feasibility of employing fluorescent contrast agents to perform optical imaging in tissues and other scattering media has been examined through computational studies. Fluorescence lifetime and yield can give crucial information about local metabolite concentration or environmental conditions within tissues. This information can be employed towards disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment if non- invasively quantitated from re-emitted optical signals. However, the problem of inverse image reconstruction of fluorescence yield and lifetime is complicated due to the highly scattering nature of the tissue. In this work, a light propagation model employing the diffusion equation is used to account for the scattering of both the excitation and fluorescent light. Simulated measurements of frequency-domain parameters of fluorescent modulated AC intensity and phase-lag are used as inputs to an inverse image reconstruction algorithm which employs the diffusion model to relate frequency-domain measurements resulting from a modulated input at the phantom periphery. In the inverse image reconstruction algorithm, we employ a Newton-Raphson technique combined with Marquardt algorithm to converge upon the fluorescent properties within the medium. The successful reconstruction of both the fluorescence yield and lifetime in the case of heterogeneous fluorophore distribution within a scattering medium has been demonstrated without a priori information or without the necessity of obtaining "absence" images.
Sensitivity of Diffusive Fluorescent Waves in Tissue-like Turbid Media
Authors: Lit X. D. , O’Leary M. A. , Boast D. A. , Chance B , Yodht A. G.
Published: December 2022

Analytic solutions of fluorescent diffusive waves are presented for homogeneous and heterogeneous turbid media. The results are used to ascertain potential limitations of fluorescent probes.
Optical Biopsy - Detecting Cancer with Light
Authors: Katz A. , Alfano R. R.
Published: December 2022

The medical community has a strong interest in developing new, more sophisticated techniques for smart, non-invasive methods of detecting disease. This article describes a potentially new medical tool called optical biopsy. Over the past ten years, researchers at the City College of New York (CCNY) have been developing spectroscopic techniques for an optical biopsy approach to evaluate, diagnosis and characterize tissue.1,2 Optical biopsy techniques do not require the removal of tissue from the body. They are based on the analysis of a biomedical sample through its characteristic optical properties as shown in Fig. 1. By illuminating a tissue sample and analyzing the “colors” of the light which the sample emits or scatters in response to this optical excitation, one is are able to determine the state of the tissue - normal, benign, precancerous or cancerous. Fluorescence1-7 and Raman8-11 processes are potential optical biopsy methods. In fluorescence spectroscopy, one measures the allowed electronic transitions, while Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to the vibrational transitions from various groups of molecules. When a photon is absorbed in tissue, the excited molecule can return to the ground state by radiation Fig. 2 schematically shows the transitions for absorption, fluorescence, Raman and phosphorescence. The spectrum of the light emitted gives information about the presence of different molecules or structural changes that occur in the tissue and hence, the state of the tissue. The change in state from normal to cancerous alters tissue structure and composition and thus alters the spectrum of emitted and scattered light.
Fourier Diagnostic Analysis of Fluorescence Spectra from Normal and Malignant Breast Tissues
Authors: Katz A. , Yang Y. , Celmer Edward J. , Zurawska-Szczepaniak Margaret , Alfano R. R.
Published: December 2022

Fourier analysis was applied to the fluorescence spectra from normal, malignant and adipose (fat) breast tissues for the purpose of developing a spectroscopic diagnostic approach for detecting malignancy. The magnitude and phase of the first three harmonics were used successfully to distinguish malignant breast tissue samples from normal and adipose samples. A sensitivity of 0.95 was achieved when the results were compared with pathology.
Quantitative Laser Scanning Confocal Autofluorescence Microscopy of Normal, Premalignant, and Malignant Colonie Tissues
Authors: Wang Hsing-Wen , Canto Marcia I. , Willis Joseph , Sivak Michael V. , Izatt Joseph A.
Published: December 2022

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy has received considerable attention as an application of lasers and fiberoptics to noninvasive tissue diagnosis, particularly in early detection of cancer in the breast1, lung1,2, esophagus3, and colon4-7. LIF spectroscopy is currently under study as a noninvasive method of tissue diagnosis in the colon due to its potential for future routine application in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The distinction of normal colon from premalignant and malignant lesions is of potential clinical importance because the early detection of these lesions is important in the treatment of patients. Previously published analyses of ultraviolet LIF spectral and intensity differences have correctly differentiated adenomas from normal colonic mucosa and hyperplastic polyps with resulting sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of 80-100%, 77-95%, and 82-94%, respectively4-7. Although these initial studies have provided compelling evidence supporting the use of LIF spectroscopy in early colon cancer diagnosis, there remains little information available regarding the specific origins and biochemical correlates of LIF spectra in colonic tissue. Proposed theories for the source of LIF differences in the colonic polyp model have included changes in gross polyp morphology7, microvascular changes7, differences in crypt architecture8, and biochemical differences characteristic of dysplastic epithelial cells8.
Optical Biopsy of Ocular Tissue with Two-Photon Excitation Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Masters Barry R.
Published: December 2022

Two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy is used to produce three-dimensional maps of cellular metabolism based on the fluorescence of the naturally occurring reduced pyridine nucleotides NAD(P)H. The fluorescence from NAD(P)H was imaged with submicron lateral resolution through the 400 micron thickness of the cornea. Metabolic imaging with two-photon excitation scanning laser microscopy with near-infrared excitation has several advantages over conventional ultraviolet light. The near infrared light can penetrate deeper into the ocular tissue, there is reduced photodamage, and the chromatic aberration that occurred with ultraviolet excitation light is eliminated. In order to confirm that the fluorescence intensity is predominately from the NAD(P)H, the tissues were incubated with cyanide. A subsequent time dependent doubling of the intensity of fluorescence resulted. All cell types in the cornea of an ex vivo eye were imaged. The fluorescence from keratocytes in the corneal stroma was only observed after cyanide treatment. NAD(P)H fluorescence from lens epithelial cells was observed as well as from the lens fibers. These studies demonstrate the validity of using two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy to perform a noninvasive optical biopsy of ocular tissue.
The significance of fiber numerical aperture for optical measurements of turbid media
Authors: Mourant Judith R. , Hielscher Andreas H.
Published: December 2022

The effects of fiber numerical aperture, size and separation are investigated for light delivery and collection geometries relevant to endoscopically mediated optical diagnosis of tissue.
Ultrashort pulse focusing through a planar interface between free space and a nonlinear medium
Authors: Reyes-Mora Francisco J. , Rodríguez-Herrera Oscar G.
Published: December 2022

We present a method to calculate the spatiotemporal electric field distribution of ultrashort pulses focused by an aberration-free lens through a planar interface between free space and a nonlinear medium. The method combines the Fresnel diffraction integral, which is used to model the propagation of the focused pulse in free space, and the angular spectrum propagation method, used to propagate the focused pulse within the nonlinear medium by introducing the irradiance-dependent nonlinear refractive index in the angular spectrum propagator. We have modeled the propagation of ultrashort mildly focused pulses through a Ti:sapphire crystal, characterized only by its linear and nonlinear refractive indices, for pulses with different powers and durations, finding that the proposed method is able to reproduce the self-focusing phenomenon observed in nonlinear media. Our results show that the focal spot within the nonlinear medium is closer to the interface, and it is slightly wider for pulses with higher incident power. However, despite the dependence of the effective refractive index of the nonlinear medium on irradiance, which is the power per unit area, and assuming that the group velocity dispersion and the propagation time difference are suitably corrected, the focused pulse duration is essentially unaffected by the incident power and remains virtually constant during propagation in the nonlinear medium. Finally, the proposed method also reproduces the spatiotemporal coupling arising from the intrinsic correlation between spatial and temporal properties of the focused pulse.
Polarization-dependent thermal-tunable graphene-based metamaterial exploiting critical coupling with guided mode resonances
Authors: Qing Ye Ming , Huang Zetao , Jiang Haoyi , Li Bingxiang
Published: December 2022

A polarization-dependent thermal-tunable graphene metamaterial consisting of a graphene monolayer, amorphous silicon photonic crystal, and lossless metallic mirror is proposed to realize manipulation of light absorption. Benefiting from the 90° rotational asymmetry of the structure, anisotropic absorption can be obtained. We attribute the perfect absorption to the critical coupling with guided resonance, which can be well analyzed by the coupled mode theory. By adjusting the polarization angle, the absorption amplitude can be flexibly controlled, so that a variety of related functions can be realized, including single- or dual-channel absorbers, modulators, and switches, as well as spectral engineering. Intriguingly, the spectral response can be accurately controlled by thermal tuning with a tuning efficiency of 0.12 nm/°C, and such tuning does not affect the spectral characteristics. The thermo-optic tunable graphene-based metamaterial is particularly desirable for various potential applications.
400 kHz repetition rate THz-TDS with 24 mW of average power driven by a compact industrial Yb-laser
Authors: Millon C. , Houver S. , Saraceno C. J.
Published: December 2022

We demonstrate a high average power terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THZ-TDS) set-up based on optical rectification in the tilted-pulse front geometry in lithium niobate at room temperature, driven by a commercial, industrial femtosecond-laser operating with flexible repetition rate between 40 kHz – 400 kHz. The driving laser provides a pulse energy of 41 µJ for all repetition rates, at a pulse duration of 310 fs, allowing us to explore repetition rate dependent effects in our TDS. At the maximum repetition rate of 400 kHz, up to 16.5 W of average power are available to drive our THz source, resulting in a maximum of 24 mW of THz average power with a conversion efficiency of ∼ 0.15% and electric field strength of several tens of kV/cm. At the other available lower repetition rates, we show that the pulse strength and bandwidth of our TDS is unchanged, showing that the THz generation is not affected by thermal effects in this average power region of several tens of watts. The resulting combination of high electric field strength with flexible and high repetition rate is very attractive for spectroscopy, in particular since the system is driven by an industrial and compact laser without the need for external compressors or other specialized pulse manipulation.
Frequency demodulation of an inhomogeneous medium multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser and its sensing application
Authors: Xu Jian , Ning Tigang , Zheng Jingjing , Pei Li , Li Jing , Wang Jianshuai , Bai Bing
Published: December 2022

Dispersion characteristic could be a significant factor, which impacts the beat frequency of Multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser (MMFL). In this paper, the mechanism of beat frequency generation in inhomogeneous medium Multi-longitudinal mode fiber laser is discussed. Compared with cavity length-dependent fiber laser sensing system, the proposed model uses a several-millimeter-Fiber-Bragg-Grating (FBG) as the sensing head, which features both high sensitivity and compact size. We designed an experiment to exhibit possible sensing application based on the proposed theory as well.
Spatial mode and wavelength switchable erbium-doped fiber laser based on a fiber beam shaper
Authors: Chen Kai , Fang Wentan , Ma XiaoHui , Zhou Yong , Zhang Wei , Chen Xiaolin , Huang Song , Liao Meisong , Ohishi Yasutake , Gao Weiqing
Published: December 2022

A fiber-based beam shaper to adjust the distribution of spatial modes in a few-mode fiber (FMF) is theoretically and experimentally investigated in this work. A compact and robust device, composed with a single mode fiber-graded index multimode fiber-few mode fiber (SMF-GIMF-FMF), is fabricated by simply fusion splicing of the fibers. Switchable spatial modes and multi-wavelength comb are obtained by the combination of the beam shaper and the few-mode fiber Bragg grating (FM-FBG). This combination acts as a filter to select the wavelength and spatial mode in the laser. A spatial mode switchable fiber laser with high mode purity is extended among LP01, LP11 and cylindrical vector beam (CVB) by adjusting the pressure applied on the beam shaper. Five-discrete wavelengths and their free combination wavelength comb are emitted with a slope efficiency higher than 10%. The fiber laser can be used in the spatial- and wavelength-division multiplexing (SWDM) fiber communication networks requiring particular structure light field.