bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypophosphatemia in Enterally Fed Patients in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Fuentes Eva , Yeh D. Dante , Quraishi Sadeq A. , Johnson Emily A. , Kaafarani Haytham , Lee Jarone , King David R. , DeMoya Marc , Fagenholz Peter , Butler Kathryn , Chang Yuchiao , Velmahos George
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Hypophosphatemia has been associated with refeeding malnourished patients, but its clinical significance is unclear. We investigated the incidence of refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and its association with early enteral nutrition (EN) administration and clinical outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a 2‐year database of patients receiving EN in the SICU. RH was defined as a post‐EN phosphorus (PHOS) level decrement of >0.5 mg/dL to a nadir <2.0 mg/dL within 8 days from EN initiation. We investigated the risk factors for RH and examined its association with clinical outcomes using multivariable regression analyses. Results: In total, 213 patients comprised our analytic cohort. Eighty‐three of 213 (39%) individuals experienced RH and 43 of 130 (33%) of the remaining patients experienced non‐RH hypophosphatemia (nadir PHOS level <2.0 mg/dL). Overall, there was a total 59% incidence of hypophosphatemia of any cause (N = 126). Nutrition parameters did not differ between groups; most patients were initiated on EN within 48 hours of SICU admission, and timing of EN initiation was not a significant predictor for the development of RH. The median hospital length of stay (LOS) was 21 and 24 days for those with and without RH, respectively (P = .79); RH remained a nonsignificant predictor for hospital LOS in the multivariable analysis. Conclusions: RH is common in the SICU but is not related to timing or amount of EN. Hypophosphatemia is also common in the critically ill, but regardless of etiology, it was not found to be a predictor of worse clinical outcomes.
Deconstructing Pediatric Blenderized Tube Feeding
Authors: Zettle Stacey
Published: August 2016

Blenderized tube feeding has been steadily gaining in popularity among parents and caregivers of tube‐fed children. Numerous websites and social media accounts are devoted to the topic, and the parent may be the one to initially broach the subject of implementing this type of feeding plan. This article discusses several different approaches to planning a blenderized tube feeding. As practitioners build their knowledge of and familiarity with blenderized tube feeding, they may feel more comfortable recommending this method to a wider variety of patients.
The Operational Challenges for Batterer Intervention Programs: Results From a 2-Year Study
Authors: Morrison Penelope K. , Hawker Lynn , Miller Elizabeth P. , Cluss Patricia A. , George Donna , Fleming Rhonda , Bicehouse Terry , Wright Kalem , Burke Jessica , Chang Judy C.
Published: August 2016

Batterers intervention programs (BIPs) constitute a primary intervention for perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). There is little understanding as to what operational, or program-level, challenges BIPs face that can impede their effectiveness and adherence to state standards. As part of a 2-year ethnographic study, we conducted 36 individual semistructured interviews with professionals working with BIPs and identified five themes related to program-level challenges for BIPs: (a) information barriers, (b) safety issues, (c) facilitator retention and training, (d) the need for monitoring, and (e) funding constraints. We conclude that continued work needs to be done at both the state and local level, and in coordination with community judicial, mental health, human services, and other agencies to help provide resources that support BIPs in sustained, safe, and as effective as possible work.
Relationships Among Dispositional Mindfulness, Distress Tolerance, and Women’s Dating Violence Perpetration: A Path Analysis
Authors: Brem Meagan J. , Khaddouma Alexander , Elmquist Joanna , Florimbio Autumn Rae , Shorey Ryan C. , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: August 2016

Scant research examined mechanisms underlying the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and dating violence (DV) perpetration. Using a cross-sectional design with 203 college women, we examined whether distress tolerance mediated the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and DV perpetration (i.e., psychological aggression and physical assault). Path analyses results revealed indirect effects of mindfulness facets nonjudging of inner experiences and nonreactivity to inner experiences on both psychological aggression and physical assault through distress tolerance. Mindfulness facets observing, describing, and acting with awareness were not linked to DV perpetration through distress tolerance. Results suggest that women who allow internal experiences to come and go without assigning criticism or avoidance are better able to tolerate transient distress and less likely to abuse a dating partner. Future research may examine distress tolerance and dispositional mindfulness facets as potential intervention targets for women who abuse dating partners.
Risk Factors for Concordance Between Partners in Assault Among University Student Couples
Authors: Straus Murray A. , Saito Kei
Published: August 2016

Based on information 11,408 university students provided on perpetration of physical assault in a romantic relationship, they were classified into three Dyadic Concordance Types (DCTs). We then examined six risk factors drawn from previous literature of partner violence: physical abuse as a child, antisocial personality characteristics, alcohol abuse, coercive control, chronic denigration in a relationship, and patriarchy at the societal level. We hypothesized that some risk factors for assault are different dependent on the DCT. Using multinomial logistic regression, we found that some risk factors were associated with an increase in the risk of a couple being in the Male Only assaulted DCT more than the other two DCTs (e.g., men who were high in antisocial personality characteristics). Other risk factors were found to be associated with a greater increase in the risk a couple being in the Both assaulted DCTs (e.g., chronic denigration). These results suggest that theories about the etiology of partner violence should take into account whether the couple is Male Only, Female Only, and Both assaulted. Identification of the DCTs of cases can be helpful in focusing research, treatment, and prevention of partner violence in a way that better reflects the actual situation.
Forgiveness Working: Forgiveness, Health, and Productivity in the Workplace
Authors: Toussaint Loren , Worthington Everett L. , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Hook Joshua , Berry Jack W. , Shivy Victoria A. , Miller Andrea J. , Davis Don E.
Published: August 2016

Purpose:

Associations between forgiveness and health promotion in the workplace were examined as mediating effects of workplace interpersonal stress.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

Multiple Washington, DC, office-based and Midwestern manufacturing workplaces.

Participants:

Study 1: 108 employees (40 males and 68 females); mean age was 32.4 years. Study 2: 154 employees (14 males and 140 females); mean age was 43.9 years.

Measures:

Questionnaires measured forgiveness, unproductivity, absenteeism, stress, and health problems.

Analysis:

Bivariate and multiple correlation/regression and structural equation models were used. Indirect effects were estimated with bootstrapping methods.

Results:

In study 1, forgiveness of a specific workplace offense was inversely associated with unproductivity ( r = −.35, P < .001) and mental ( r = −.32, P = .001) and physical ( r = −.19, P = .044) health problems. In study 2, trait forgiveness was inversely associated with unproductivity (β = −.20, P = .016) and mental (β = −.31, P < .001) and physical health problems (β = −.28, P = .001), and workplace interpersonal stress partially mediated these associations (indirect effects = −.03, −.04, −.05, respectively).

Conclusion:

The association of forgiveness and occupational outcomes is robust. Forgiveness may be associated with outcomes by (at least partially) reducing stress related to workplace offenses. Forgiveness may be an effective means of coping following being emotionally hurt on the job that may promote good health, well-being, and productivity.
Maternal Buprenorphine Maintenance and Lactation
Authors: Jansson Lauren M. , Spencer Nancy , McConnell Krystle , Velez Martha , Tuten Michelle , Harrow Cheryl A. , Jones Hendrée E. , Swortwood Madeleine J. , Barnes Allan J. , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: August 2016

Background:

In addition to the well-known benefits of human milk and breastfeeding for the mother and infant, breastfeeding may mitigate neonatal abstinence syndrome severity in prenatally opioid-exposed infants. However, lack of conclusive data regarding the extent of the presence of buprenorphine and active metabolites in human milk makes the recommendation of breastfeeding for buprenorphine-maintained women difficult for many providers.

Objective:

This study seeks to determine the concentrations of buprenorphine and its active metabolites (norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide) in human milk, maternal plasma, and infant plasma of buprenorphine-maintained women and their infants.

Methods:

Up to 10 buprenorphine-maintained women provided paired breast milk and plasma samples at 2, 3, 4, 14, and 30 days postdelivery, and 9 infants provided plasma samples on day 14 of life. All samples were analyzed via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine concentrations of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide by a fully validated method.

Results:

Concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites are low in human milk and maternal plasma. Breastfed infant plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were low or undetectable and metabolite concentrations undetectable at 14 days of infant age. There were significant correlations between maternal buprenorphine dose and maternal plasma and human milk buprenorphine concentrations.

Conclusion:

These data find low concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites in human milk and lend support to the recommendation for lactation among stable buprenorphine-maintained women. However, the correlation between maternal dose and maternal plasma and human milk buprenorphine concentrations bears further study.
Evaluation of squeezability behavior of pharmaceutical eye-droplets vials: The liquid and the vial factors
Authors: Koumoulos Elias P , Charitidis Costas A
Published: August 2016

Despite the fact that the use of eye drops preparations is a simple task for most of the people for certain patients (i.e. for elderlies or for those suffering by musculoskeletal or neurological diseases) can make the eye drop insertion rather problematic. Given that most of the ocular diseases are associated with age, the poor patient compliance with the treatment is a common issue. Thus, for the design of the eye drop vials, the aforementioned issue should be taken into account and reliable methods for the description of their squeezability behavior should be developed. The present study aims both to develop prototype instrumentation and to fully determine the squeezability behavior of five different pharmaceutical eye-droplets vials. The correlation between the force required to deliver each droplet and the time is also investigated. Five different eye drops vials (containing different commercial available ophthalmic preparations) were selected to be investigated. Squeezability tests were performed using prototype instrumentation. A linear correlation between the applied force and the time was proven; a sudden decrease in the required force when each drop released was observed. The squeezability factor in all cases is below the typical range for the human squeezability requirements and is a combination of the liquid and the vial parameters.
Investigation on the best process criteria for lap joint friction stir welding of AA1100 aluminum alloy via Taguchi technique and ANOVA
Authors: Khalkhali Abolfazl , Sarmadi Morteza , Sarikhani Ehsan
Published: August 2016

Friction stir welding is a novel joining process extensively used for welding of aluminum alloys. It is widely known that the process parameters involved in friction stir welding play a pivotal role in determining the final characteristics and microstructure of the joint. However, it is still unclear that what combination of process parameter values will lead to the optimum joint characteristics. Taguchi technique is a handy and efficient method that has been widely used for performing optimization in manufacturing engineering. In this paper, lap joint friction stir welding was performed on AA1100 and the process parameters were optimized using Taguchi L16 orthogonal design of experiments. Unlike previous studies on optimization of friction stir welding process in aluminum alloys, a more comprehensive approach has been taken towards the number of input and output parameters of the process. Process parameters considered in this study were tool rotational speed, tool traverse speed, tool tilt angle, and tool pin shape. The optimum design was obtained with reference to output parameters including hardness and grain size in the weld center zone, maximum working temperature, joint tensile strength, and elongation as well as the vertical and horizontal forces on the tool during the process. Analysis of variance was additionally performed to evaluate the significance of each design parameter on output parameters. Results gained from analysis of variance indicated that rotational speed and traverse speed were the most critical parameters in determining the weld mechanical properties as well as quality of the weld microstructure. Finally, to validate predicted optimum values based on Taguchi technique, confirmation tests were conducted, where an excellent agreement was observed between the predicted and experimental values, showing accuracy of the employed method and obtained results.
Wheel–rail dynamic interaction due to rail weld irregularity in high-speed railways
Authors: Gao Jianmin , Zhai Wanming , Guo Yi
Published: August 2016

Rail weld geometry irregularity is one of the main excitation sources for vehicle–track coupled dynamic system, and it has a direct effect on the wheel–rail dynamic interactions, which are responsible further for the wheel–rail noise, railway component damages, and track deteriorations. In many previous studies, the rail weld irregularity was usually modeled as a single or composite concave cosine wave based on field investigations on traditional railway lines or researchers’ experiences. These investigations were mainly concentrated on the maximum value of the rail weld irregularity. However, the geometrical shape was usually ignored. In this paper, a series of rail weld irregularities measured on Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway passenger-dedicated line in China are presented. Based on the analysis of the measured rail surface geometry in the weld zones, some typical theoretical models of the rail weld irregularity are established. Then, the effectiveness of the established rail weld irregularity models are demonstrated for dynamic evaluation of the rail weld irregularity in high-speed railways by comparison between the wheel–rail dynamic responses excited by the measured and the modeled rail weld irregularities, respectively. Finally, the influences of different rail weld irregularities on the wheel–rail dynamic interactions are investigated using the vehicle–track coupled dynamics model and the established rail weld irregularity models. The results are expected to be capable of providing references for the analysis and evaluation of the rail weld irregularity in high-speed railways.
Dynamic performance of a pantograph–catenary system with consideration of the contact surface
Authors: Song Dongli , Jiang Yanan , Zhang Weihua
Published: August 2016

The influence of contact surface upon the dynamic performance of a pantograph–catenary system is a question that has been highlighted by the increasing use of high speed railways. Using the mode-superposition method, we establish a pantograph–catenary-coupled dynamics model with consideration of the contact surface; we analyse the characteristics of the contact surface based on a large amount of measured data; and we determine the characteristic parameters according to their influence upon the system dynamic performance. The results show that the contact wire irregularity contains a periodic component formed by gravity and a random component formed by wear, local assembly errors, hardpoints and the like. Periodic and low-frequency random irregularities mainly lead to the increase in contact force amplitude at peak points with wavelengths submultiple of the tension length, span or dropper spacing. On the contrary, high-frequency random irregularity has a great influence upon the amplitude of all frequencies and is the main factor leading to the deterioration of the system dynamic performance. The contact strip wear surface achieves quadratic function fitting, and we propose two characteristic quantities of this surface, namely, shape parameter A, and wear depth B. The wear surface of contact strip enhances the periodic characteristics of pantograph–catenary system of each span, leading to the amplitude increase of the contact force in frequency with span submultiple wavelength. The bigger the absolute value of the shape parameter, the poorer the dynamic performance. According to the criteria of the contact force eigenvalues, we determine the threshold value of the contact strip shape parameter A, and the contact wire irregularity amplitude of each frequency. The threshold given in this paper can be used in the condition assessment of parts, and make judgements on whether a servicing is needed, which is part of the technologies for informationisation and intelligent high-speed train health management.
A new grinding strategy to improve the acoustic properties of railway tracks
Authors: Kuffa Michal , Ziegler Daniel , Peter Thomas , Kuster Fredy , Wegener Konrad
Published: August 2016

Rail grinding is a special application of high-performance dry grinding, which combines a number of special characteristics, such as high feed speed, good surface roughness and waviness and a high material removal rate. Since beginning of the 20th century, rail grinding is used as a maintenance process and is essential for the increased rail life. In recent years, the surface roughness of railway tracks became increasingly important, especially with respect to the noise emissions. The rail grinding has a positive impact on the quality and life of the railway infrastructure, particularly on the driving comfort and safety. However, for the first weeks after the grinding, residents near railway lines have increased noise emissions from passing trains. This undesirable side-effect is a result of the rough surface left after the grinding process. Only through numerous train crossings are the generated roughness peaks gradually smoothed, whereby the noise emission is reduced. The wheel–rail contact is the dominant noise source at speeds between 50 and 250 km/h. Below those speeds, the propulsion noises outweigh and above 250 km/h the aerodynamic effects outweigh the wheel–rail contact noise emissions. In this paper, a newly developed rail grinding strategy is presented, which improves the roughness of the rail surface and, thus, delivers a reduction of noise emissions immediately after the grinding. The basic development of this new grinding technique was performed as a laboratory test, which will be presented in detail. Furthermore, for a better understanding of the process, the most important technological and kinematic variables are presented. The results of acoustic measurements on a track section, which has been ground with this new technology, will be presented.
Numerical investigations of different tip designs for shroudless turbine blades
Authors: Caloni Stefano , Shahpar Shahrokh , Coull John D
Published: August 2016

The over-tip leakage represents a third of the loss encountered in a typical high-pressure turbine stage. In this paper, numerical investigations are carried out to study the effects of different tip designs on the aerodynamic performance and cooling requirements. A parametric design tool is used to conduct an automatic optimisation of the blade tip. The parameterisation allows overhangs to be added to the tip of the aerofoil to form a winglet, and in addition, a recessed cavity can be applied to produce a squealer tip. The squealer rim may also be opened near the leading-edge and the trailing-edge of the aerofoil. Flow computations are performed by an in-house 3D high fidelity computational fluid dynamic solver for predicting the performance of the component. The solver has been validated with experimental data. Following a preliminary design of experiment, a meta-model is built and an automatic, multi-objective optimisation is carried out to reduce the loss introduced by the over-tip leakage and minimise the heat load on the blade. Three novel designs from the Pareto front have been further analysed. They show a significant improvement over a reference closed squealer in terms of the aerodynamic performance and the heat load. The flow mechanisms providing these benefits are explained in detail.
Experimental and numerical investigations of head-flow curve instability of a single-stage centrifugal pump with volute casing
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Zhu Zuchao , Li Yi , Chen Xiaoping
Published: August 2016

Unstable or flat head-flow curves can cause problems in parallel operations or in flat systems. Despite the considerable efforts that have been devoted to the study of head-flow curve instability in single-stage centrifugal pumps with volute casing, the cause of such phenomenon is not sufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the variation of hydraulic losses based on the relationship between velocity distribution and entropy generation fields. Steady-state and unsteady simulations were obtained for a pump with an impeller outlet diameter of 174 mm, and the unsteady results are more coincided with the experiments. Results showed that the losses mainly focused on the blade suction surface and volute tongue, as well as in the region of the volute discharge at high flow rates. The entropy generation rate of the pump casing at partial flow rates changed slightly with a decrease in flow rate, whereas the energy losses in the impeller increased steeply when the flow rate dropped to 35 m3/h (the design flow rate was 60 m3/h). The losses in the impeller were mainly concentrated on the region near the inlet and outlet and were lower near the impeller inlet than near the impeller outlet, where a counter-rotating vortex was developed near the blade trailing edge. The vortex caused a drastic increase in the entropy generation rate on the pressure surface and in the flow passage. Such increase was the main cause of the head-flow characteristic instability.
Jekyll and Hyde revisited: Young people's constructions of feminism, feminists and the practice of “reasonable feminism”
Authors: Calder-Dawe Octavia , Gavey Nicola
Published: August 2016

It is a decade and a half since Nigel Edley and Margaret Wetherell's (2001) “Jekyll and Hyde: Men's constructions of feminism and feminists” called scholarly attention to men's discursive splitting of feminism and feminists into good and monstrous variants. In this article, we ask whether this double vision persists and how it operates in a cultural moment when feminism and feminist issues are (re)entering the mainstream. We draw from data collected in the course of a New Zealand study exploring how young people were making sense of sexism, feminism and gender (in)equality. Our analysis of participants' accounts suggests a binary discursive formulation of feminism is alive and well: “unreasonable feminism” damns and dismisses feminism, while “fair feminism” affirms it, aligning it with equality. Where previous research has shown how such pejorative and affirming accounts are worked together in ways that dilute or depoliticise feminism, we explore how teenagers who explicitly adopted a feminist identity drew on these discourses to justify a more politicised feminist position. Many participants adopted a practice of “reasonable feminism”, embodying and evidencing feminist reasonableness through their rhetorical and performative devices.
Spatial Bayesian surveillance for small area case event data
Authors: Rotejanaprasert Chawarat , Lawson Andrew , Bolick-Aldrich Susan , Hurley Deborah
Published: August 2016

There has been little development of surveillance procedures for epidemiological data with fine spatial resolution such as case events at residential address locations. This is often due to difficulties of access when confidentiality of medical records is an issue. However, when such data are available, it is important to be able to affect an appropriate analysis strategy. We propose a model for point events in the context of prospective surveillance based on conditional logistic modeling. A weighted conditional autoregressive model is developed for irregular lattices to account for distance effects, and a Dirichlet tessellation is adopted to define the neighborhood structure. Localized clustering diagnostics are compared including the proposed local Kullback–Leibler information criterion. A simulation study is conducted to examine the surveillance and detection methods, and a data example is provided of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma data in South Carolina.
Two-level spatially structured models in spatio-temporal disease mapping
Authors: Ugarte María Dolores , Adin Aritz , Goicoa Tomás
Published: August 2016

This work focuses on extending some classical spatio-temporal models in disease mapping. The objective is to present a family of flexible models to analyze real data naturally organized in two different levels of spatial aggregation like municipalities within health areas or provinces, or counties within states. Model fitting and inference will be carried out using integrated nested Laplace approximations. The performance of the new models compared to models including a single spatial random effect is assessed by simulation. Results show good behavior of the proposed two-level spatially structured models in terms of several criteria. Brain cancer mortality data in the municipalities of two regions in Spain will be analyzed using the new model proposals. It will be shown that a model with two-level spatial random effects overcomes the usual single-level models.
Rapid amelioration of severe manic episodes with right unilateral ultrabrief pulse ECT: a case series of four patients
Authors: Sidorov Alexey , Mayur Prashanth
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The aim of this small case series is to describe four cases of severe mania, where ultrabrief pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was used as a primary mode of treatment.

Methods:

A retrospective file review was undertaken of four patients identified as having received ultrabrief pulse ECT for severe mania. The outcome measures for treatment efficacy were the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI).

Results:

All the patients showed significant clinical improvement. A comparison of pre- and post-treatment YMRS and CGI scores showed a dramatic decrease in all four cases. However, one patient was shifted to brief pulse ECT due to inadequate response.

Conclusions:

Ultrabrief pulse ECT may be an effective treatment in cases of severe mania. Due to the very small number of cases in the current case series, no specific conclusions regarding efficacy may be drawn; however, larger, controlled studies would be indicated.
Measuring Organizational Climate in Prisons
Authors: Lugo Melissa
Published: August 2016

To date, literature examining the organizational context in corrections focuses primarily on the impact of organizational culture on prison violence. The operationalization of organizational climate has received limited attention in the empirical literature. Organizational climate refers to the attributes of the institution (e.g., resources, leadership, management) rather than focusing solely on the shared values and beliefs among correctional staff. Although organizational climate can advance our understanding of factors conducive to institutional misconduct, staff stress, and the like, more studies are warranted concerning the measurement of this construct. Using a confirmatory factor analysis, this study supplements the literature by examining the specific factors that tap into the latent construct of organizational climate. The benefits of understanding organizational climate are discussed from both a measurement and policy standpoint.
Identification of Signet Ring Cell Change in Colonic Subserosa in the Setting of Clostridium difficile Colitis
Authors: Khan Omar , Ligato Saverio
Published: August 2016

Signet ring cell change of intestinal epithelial cells is a rare but well-known mimicker of signet ring cell carcinoma and is often associated with ischemic and/or pseudomembranous colitis. Instead, signet ring cell change involving nonepithelial cells in the subserosa of the intestine is an extremely rare finding with only a single case report in the literature to date. We report a new case of benign signet ring cell change localized in the subserosa of the large bowel incidentally identified in a resection specimen for Clostridium difficile colitis mimicking a metastatic signet ring cell carcinoma. Based on the morphologic features and immunohistochemical profile, we propose that these signet ring cells may possibly represent modified/degenerated fat cells. Furthermore, we discuss how to differentiate benign signet ring cells from a signet ring cell carcinoma.
Impact of Domestic Violence on Children’s Education in Colombia: Methodological Challenges
Authors: Assaad Ragui , Friedemann-Sánchez Greta , Levison Deborah
Published: August 2016

We explore the methodological challenges of estimating the effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) against the mother on the educational outcomes of her children. We tackle the problem of potential endogeneity and non-random selection of children into situations where they are exposed to IPV using non-parametric matching methods and parametric instrumental variable methods. Using Colombia’s 2005 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), we find that IV and non-IV estimators produce qualitatively similar results at varying degrees of precision, for some educational outcomes. Therefore, exogeneity of IPV to various education outcomes cannot be taken for granted; appropriate methods need to be used to study its causal effects.
Why Getting Inside the “Black Box” Is Important
Authors: Famega Christine , Hinkle Joshua C. , Weisburd David
Published: August 2016

We propose that the causes of the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of police interventions can be better understood with an increased focus on the measurement of treatment implementation and outputs, as opposed to the more common “black box” conceptualizations of police interventions and outcome-only evaluations used in most experimental studies. We present findings from a randomized, experimental evaluation of broken windows policing at hotspots in three California cities. Our analysis suggests that variation in the treatment delivered to target street segments within and between cities limited the ability of the study to detect potential treatment impacts and was due in part to the failure of the police agencies to take ownership of the science of the intervention.
2015 Henry Mayer Lecture: critical media studies and the re-invention of the media
Authors: Turner Graeme
Published: August 2016

This is the expanded text of the Henry Mayer Memorial Lecture presented by Graeme Turner at the University of Queensland in November 2015. In it, he outlines his argument from his book, Re-inventing the Media, before going on to draw upon that argument to present a series of issues that need to be addressed by critical media studies in the future: the challenge of a bifurcating field, the thoroughgoing commercialisation of the media, and media studies’ drift away from the interrogation of the operation of power in the relations between the media, their audiences and the state.
‘New and important careers’: how women excelled at the BBC, 1923–1939
Authors: Murphy Kate
Published: August 2016

From its beginnings in 1923, the BBC employed a sizeable female workforce. The majority were in support roles as typists, secretaries and clerks but, during the 1920s and 1930s, a significant number held important posts. As a modern industry, the BBC took a largely progressive approach towards the ‘career women’ on its staff, many of whom were in jobs that were developed specifically for the new medium of broadcasting. Women worked as drama producers, advertising representatives and Children’s Hour Organisers. They were talent spotters, press officers and documentary makers. Three women attained Director status while others held significant administrative positions. This article considers in what ways it was the modernity and novelty of broadcasting, combined with changing employment possibilities and attitudes towards women evident after the First World War, that combined to create the conditions in which they could excel.
Proteus online
Authors: Malcic Steven
Published: August 2016

Scholarship on digital identity has historically reflected a Protean discourse, framing arguments in terms of fluidity and constraint. After explicating the Protean discourse that has framed critical approaches to digital identity, this article exposes how the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), in order to justify its centralized authority of the Domain Name System, itself mobilizes a Protean discourse, representing digital identity as a finite supply of water in need of proper management. From its formation in 1998 until 2009, when the US Department of Commerce effectively released the corporation from its official supervision, ICANN assembled a regime for the management of digital identity, which is itself an infrastructure for a global identity industry. By adopting an infrastructural disposition, this article situates global Internet governance in relation to the academic corpus on digital identity, interrogating the discursive conditions by which we have come to understand ourselves in relation to the Internet’s most basic addressing schema, the enclosures within which all virtual communities congregate.
‘Having my own room would be really cool’: Children’s rooms as the social and material organizing of siblings
Authors: Palludan Charlotte , Winther Ida Wentzel
Published: August 2016

In this article, the authors examine how materiality can be understood as a co-creator and significant carrier of social processes. They focus on the ways children in large sibling groups relate to bedrooms and identify the logics at play when the organizing of children’s bedrooms and siblings are interwoven. Children have dreams and expectations of establishing a space by way of having their own room and stuff, and they implement this desire for ownership through specific strategies to obtain material presence and leave territorial marks, which afford them positioning and recognition within sibling relations and families. The authors’ analysis clearly shows that children gain material weight across households with varying material resources and different socio-cultural views on how to allocate these resources. It also shows that processes surrounding the material constitution of siblingships are embedded in a child-focused society with strong cultural norms about what constitutes a good life for children.
Risky substance use among young adults in the nightlife arena: An underused setting for risk-reducing interventions?
Authors: Nordfjærn Trond , Bretteville-Jensen Anne Line , Edland-Gryt Marit , Gripenberg Johanna
Published: August 2016

Aims: Alcohol and illicit substance use among young adults carries the risk of adverse consequences like violence, injuries, risky sexual behaviour and, ultimately, the development of possible addiction. The nightlife arena is a high-risk setting for excessive substance use and the aims of this study were to examine prevalence rates and identify high-risk subgroups in this context. Methods: Patrons ( n = 1099, response rate 76%) entering or exiting 12 popular licensed premises in downtown Oslo, Norway, completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire and their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels were measured using a Breathalyzer. Results: The average BAC levels were similar ( t = 1.67, degrees of freedom (df)= 936, non-significant (ns)) and high both for males (1.03‰) and females (0.97‰). A total of 67% reported ever using illicit drugs, 43% reported last-year use, 25% last-month use and 14% use during the last 48 hours. High-risk groups included the youngest patrons (16–20 years) where 50% reported illicit drug use in the last year. Males reported more use of illicit drugs than females, whereas females had equally high alcohol consumption frequency and intoxication levels as males. Young age, male gender, frequent alcohol intoxications and age < 15 for first alcohol intoxication experience were associated with increased risk of illegal substance use in multivariate analyses. Conclusions:The high levels of alcohol and illicit drug use, particularly among patrons younger than 21 years, should be of concern to the community, policymakers and the nightlife industry. The nightlife arena may be an under-utilized setting for the implementation of risk-reducing interventions.
Visualization in analysis: developing ANT Analysis Diagrams (AADs)
Authors: Payne Lisa
Published: August 2016

This article presents a novel diagramming approach which employs aspects of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) in the creation of ANT Analysis Diagrams (AADs). ANT is a socio-material approach which allows for the consideration of both human and inanimate entities in a social context. AADs provide a novel method for the analytical investigation of social situations, thereby both operationalizing elements of ANT and generating a visualization of a domain. It is the process of creating an AAD which is crucial, focusing attention on the characteristics of the entities involved and the nature of the relationships between them, thereby supporting the analysis of qualitative social data. As this article illustrates, AADs can be usefully applied to a wide range of social contexts and across scales, from the individual person, to groups through to broad social concepts.
Discourses of contradiction
Authors: Golnaraghi Golnaz , Dye Kelly
Published: August 2016

Drawing upon postcolonial and postcolonial feminist lenses, this study critically analyzes the discourses, evident in the popular press, that serve to construct identities associated with veil-wearing Muslim women. Through print and digital media articles from January 2009 to December 2011, we trace the discursive character of the veil-wearing Muslim woman through conversations before, during, and after Bill 94 was tabled by the Quebec government. Concerned not only with the Western construction of the “other,” we attempted to provide the space necessary to hear Muslim women. Considerable focus was placed on teasing out interviews with Muslim women or responses by Muslim women. Findings suggest that several contradictions exist in terms of Western constructions and how Muslim women in Canada construct their own identities. At the center of these contradictions lies the symbolism of the veil, representing oppression and submission to some and empowerment and resistance to others.
Feature extraction and feature selection for classifying cyber traffic threats
Authors: Moore Kristy L , Bihl Trevor J , Bauer Kenneth W , Dube Thomas E
Published: August 2016

Cyber networks frequently encounter amounts of network traffic too large to process real-time threat detection efficiently. This research examines combined classification and feature selection using the artificial neural network (ANN) for cyber network threat detection. Examined network traffic data was from the 2003–2007 and 2009 Department of Defense Cyber Defense Exercises (CDXs). Firstly, a feature extraction process is developed using Fullstats to extract 248 features from the CDX dataset. Security Onion is used to determine class labels (cyber attack and severity of attack). Various threat detection scenarios are considered in analyzing the data: threats versus no-threats, severity of threats (low, medium, and high) for known threats, and complete (no-threat, low, medium, and high). ANN signal-to-noise ratio feature selection was used to remove non-salient features and determine an appropriate level of dimensionality for classifying cyber attack and normal operating conditions. Considering the set of 248 features from the CDX data, consistent classification accuracy of 83–97% (testing/training sets) and 63–88% (validation sets) is seen until 18 features. Thus, a 90% data reduction is shown to be possible with negligible reduction in performance with additional insight into the source (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or Open Systems Interconnection layer) of salient features.
Pareto front–based multi-objective real-time traffic signal control model for intersections using particle swarm optimization algorithm
Authors: Jiao Pengpeng , Li Ruimin , Li Zhihong
Published: August 2016

Real-time traffic control is very important for urban transportation systems. Due to conflicts among different optimization objectives, the existing multi-objective models often convert into single-objective problems through weighted sum method. To obtain real-time signal parameters and evaluation indices, this article puts forward a Pareto front–based multi-objective traffic signal control model using particle swarm optimization algorithm. The article first formulates a control model for intersections based on detected real-time link volumes, with minimum delay time, minimum number of stops, and maximum effective capacity as three objectives. Moreover, this article designs a step-by-step particle swarm optimization algorithm based on Pareto front for solution. Pareto dominance relation and density distance are employed for ranking, tournament selection is used to select and weed out particles, and Pareto front for the signal timing plan is then obtained, including time-varying cycle length and split. Finally, based on actual survey data, scenario analyses determine the optimal parameters of the particle swarm algorithm, comparisons with the current situation and existing models demonstrate the excellent performances, and the experiments incorporating outliers in the input data or total failure of detectors further prove the robustness. Generally, the proposed methodology is effective and robust enough for real-time traffic signal control.
From Rome to Tyre to London: Shakespeare’s Pericles, leadership, anti-absolutism, and English exceptionalism
Authors: Bezio Kristin MS
Published: August 2016

Discussions on the nature of leadership—and, specifically, the nature of kingship or sovereignty—are ubiquitous to most historical overviews of leadership studies. This paper suggests that leadership studies would benefit from the use of complex literary and historical analyses, which can then be applied to aid in the understanding of appropriate modern-day corollaries. In particular, the paper presents an interrogation of Shakespeare’s late romance Pericles to examine how early moderns saw the development of proto-democratic ideals. In addition, this paper suggests that Pericles was an open critique of the Union between England and Scotland proposed by King James I in the early seventeenth century. To the early modern English, Union represented the abuse of royal prerogative and the potential loss of English national identity. Finally, the paper concludes by using Pericles and Union to examine the traditions and concerns facing the present-day United Kingdom in the immediate aftermath of the referendum to withdraw from the European Union.
Dopaminergic inhibition by G9a/Glp complex on tyrosine hydroxylase in nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity
Authors: Wang Nan , Shen Xiaofeng , Bao Senzhu , Feng Shan-Wu , Wang Wei , Liu Yusheng , Wang Yiquan , Wang Xian , Guo Xirong , Shen Rong , Wu Haibo , Lei Liming , Xu Shiqin , Wang Fuzhou
Published: August 2016

The neural balance between facilitation and inhibition determines the final tendency of central sensitization. Nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity was considered as the results from the enhanced ascending facilitation and the diminished descending inhibition. The role of dopaminergic transmission in the descending inhibition has been well documented, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies demonstrated that the lysine dimethyltransferase G9a/G9a-like protein (Glp) complex plays a critical role in cocaine-induced central plasticity, and given cocaine’s role in the nerve system is relied on its function on dopamine system, we herein proposed that the reduced inhibition of dopaminergic transmission was from the downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression by G9a/Glp complex through methylating its gene Th. After approval by the Animal Care and Use Committee, C57BL/6 mice were used for pain behavior using von Frey after spared nerve injury, and Th CpG islands methylation was measured using bisulfite sequencing at different nerve areas. The inhibitor of G9a/Glp, BIX 01294, was administered intraventricularly daily with bolus injection. The protein levels of G9a, Glp, and tyrosine hydroxylase were measured with immunoblotting. Dopamine levels were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. The expression of G9a but not Glp was upregulated in ventral tegmental area at post-injury day 4 till day 49 (the last day of the behavioral test). Correspondingly, the Th CpG methylation is increased, but the tyrosine hydroxylase expression was downregulated and the dopamine level was decreased. After the intracerebroventriclar injection of BIX 01294 since the post-injury days 7 and 14 for consecutive three days, three weeks, and six weeks, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was upregulated with a significant decrease in Th methylation and increase in dopamine level. Moreover, the pain after G9a/Glp inhibitor was attenuated significantly. In sum, methytransferase G9a/Glp complex partially controls dopaminergic transmission by methylating Th in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain.
Microstructural study of the lunate in stage III Kienböck’s disease with micro-computed tomography imaging
Authors: Xiong G. , Xiao Z. , Wang H. , Guo S. , Tao J.
Published: August 2016

Seventeen fresh lunates with stage III Kienböck’s disease were scanned with micro-computed tomography. Four regions of interest were selected to measure trabecular parameters, which were compared with those from normal lunates. Within the three regions in the distal surface, there was more compact trabecular bone in the middle region when compared with the palmar and dorsal regions. In the central part, the trabeculae of the Kienböck’s lunates were much thicker than those in normal lunates. The diameters of the palmar nutrient foramina of the Kienböck’s lunates were significantly smaller than those in normal lunates. In affected lunates, the bony disruptions were mostly located in the palmar or dorsal areas, which were shown from trabecular bone structure analysis to be structurally weaker. This leads to separation of the distal part of the fractured bone, disruption of the blood supply, poor bone remodelling and proneness to secondary fracture and eventual collapse.