bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Atom Matrix Reactions with Small Molecules
Authors: MANCERON L. , ANDREWS L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: “Short‐Bite” Ligands in Cluster Synthesis
Authors: MAGUE J. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Properties and Applications of Organolithium Compounds. Part 1
Authors: FUELLING G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Acids
Authors: BARRETT G. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Analogue and Conformational Studies on Peptide Hormones and Other Biologically Active Peptides
Authors: BLADON C. M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Biosynthesis of “Unnatural” Natural Products: The Polyketide Example
Authors: TSOI C. J. , KHOSLA C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Routes for the Synthesis of Organometallic Reagents
Authors: PERIASAMY M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reviews on General and Synthetic Methods
Authors: PATTENDEN G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Utilization of Anisaldehyde
Authors: YANG A. , LIU S. , CAO G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of S‐(+)‐Carvone in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Products Using Chemical Transformations and Bioconversions
Authors: VERSTEGEN‐HAAKSMA A. A. , SWARTS H. J. , JANSEN B. J. M. , DE GROOT A. , BOTTEMA‐MACGILLAVRY N. , WITHOLT B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Retiferols. Design and Synthesis of the New Class of Vitamin D Analogues
Authors: KUTNER A. , ZHAO H. , PODOSENIN A. , FITAK H. , CHODYNSKI M. , HALKES S. J. , WILSON S. R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rate Constants for Reactions of Transients from Metal Ions and Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: BUXTON G. V. , MULAZZANI Q. G. , ROSS A. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Frontiers of High‐Tech Magnetic Materials
Authors: KRONMULLER H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultra Fine, Ultra Soft Metallic Fibers
Authors: RUDKOWSKI P. , STROM‐OLSEN J. O. , RUDKOWSKA G. , ZALUSKA A. , CIUREANU P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Synthesis of Nanophase Materials
Authors: KLABUNDE K. J. , STARK J. V. , KOPER O. , MOHS C. , KHALEEL A. , GLAVEE G. , ZHANG D. , SORENSEN C. M. , HADJIPANAYIS G. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of Glasses and Ceramics
Authors: DUPREE R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of NMR Spectroscopy to Surfaces and Catalysts: Acidic Sites and Adsorbed Species
Authors: PFEIFER H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Characterization of Broensted and Lewis Acidity by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: PFEIFER H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Extraction and Purification of Fullerenes: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: THEOBALD J. , PERRUT M. , WEBER J.‐V. , MILLON E. , MULLER J.‐F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Developmental motifs reveal complex structure in cell lineages
Authors: Geard Nicholas , Bullock Seth , Lohaus Rolf , Azevedo Ricardo B. R. , Wiles Janet
Published: August 2010

Many natural and technological systems are complex, with organizational structures that exhibit characteristic patterns but defy concise description. One effective approach to analyzing such systems is in terms of repeated topological motifs. Here, we extend the motif concept to characterize the dynamic behavior of complex systems by introducing developmental motifs, which capture patterns of system growth. As a proof of concept, we use developmental motifs to analyze the developmental cell lineage of the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealing a new perspective on its complex structure. We use a family of computational models to explore how biases arising from the dynamics of the developmental gene network, as well as spatial and temporal constraints acting on development, contribute to this complex organization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 16: 48‐57, 2011
Aminosilicone Solvents for CO2 Capture
Authors: Perry Robert J. , Grocela‐Rocha Teresa A. , O'Brien Michael J. , Genovese Sarah , Wood Benjamin R. , Lewis Larry N. , Lam Hubert , Soloveichik Grigorii , Rubinsztajn Malgorzata , Kniajanski Sergei , Draper Sam , Enick Robert M. , Johnson J. Karl , Xie Hong‐bin , Tapriyal Deepak
Published: August 2010

This work describes the first report of the use of an aminosilicone solvent mix for the capture of CO2. To maintain a liquid state, a hydroxyether co‐solvent was employed which allowed enhanced physisorption of CO2 in the solvent mixture. Regeneration of the capture solvent system was demonstrated over 6 cycles and absorption isotherms indicate a 25–50 % increase in dynamic CO2 capacity over 30 % MEA. In addition, proof of concept for continuous CO2 absorption was verified. Additionally, modeling to predict heats of reaction of aminosilicone solvents with CO2 was in good agreement with experimental results.
Influenza matrix 1‐specific human CD4+FOXP3+ and FOXP3− regulatory T cells can be detected long after viral clearance
Authors: Piersma Sytse J. , van der Hulst Jeanette M. , Kwappenberg Kitty M. C. , Goedemans Renske , van der Minne Caroline E. , van der Burg Sjoerd H.
Published: August 2010

Control and termination of infection with Influenza A virus is associated with increased IL‐10 production in mouse models. Notably, IL‐10 can be produced by Treg. Therefore, we investigated whether the population of IL‐10‐producing influenza‐specific CD4+ T cells comprised Treg as they are potent suppressors of the adaptive immune response. Influenza‐specific IL‐10‐producing T cells were detected in all human donors displaying influenza‐specific immunity. Isolation of Matrix 1 protein‐specific IL‐10‐producing T‐cell clones revealed that a substantial proportion of these T‐cell clones displayed the capacity to suppress effector cells, functionally identifying them as Treg. Both FOXP3+ and FOXP3− CD4+ Treg were isolated and all were able to exert their suppressive capacity when stimulated with cognate antigen, including influenza virus‐infected cells. In vitro suppression was not mediated by IL‐10 but involved interference with the IL‐2 axis. The isolated Treg suppressed amongst others the IL‐2 production of influenza‐specific T‐helper cells as well as partially prevented the upregulation of the high‐affinity IL‐2 receptor on CD8 effector cells. So far the induction of virus‐specific Treg has only been studied in the context of chronic viral infections. This study demonstrates that virus‐specific Treg can also be induced by viruses that are rapidly cleared in humans.
B7‐H1 expression on non‐B and non‐T cells promotes distinct effects on T‐ and B‐cell responses in autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Hamel Keith M. , Cao Yanxia , Wang Yumei , Rodeghero Rachel , Kobezda Tamas , Chen Lieping , Finnegan Alison
Published: August 2010

The immune system has developed several regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis of adaptive immune responses. T‐cell programmed death (PD)‐1 recognition of B7‐H1 (PD‐L1) expressed on APC and non‐lymphoid tissue regulates T‐cell activation. We show that B7‐H1−/− mice exhibit exacerbated proteoglycan (PG)‐induced arthritis and increased Th‐1 CD4+ T‐cell responses. Unexpectedly, the PG‐specific antibody response in B7‐H1−/− mice was diminished. A reduction in the number of peanut agglutinin+ GC coincided with a decrease in CD19+ GL‐7+ CD95+ GC B cells that was a result of increased caspase‐induced apoptosis. The percent of CD38+ CD138+ emerging plasma cells was decreased. B7‐H1−/− mice exhibited an increased frequency of CD4+ PD‐1hi CXCR5hi ICOShi CD62Llo T follicular helper cells that displayed a hyperactive phenotype with increased expression of mRNA transcripts for Bcl6, IL‐21, and the apoptosis‐inducer molecule FasL. In cell transfer of B7‐H1−/− cells into SCID mice, non‐B and non‐T cells were sufficient to normalize the antibody response, T‐cell hyperactivity, and the development of PG‐induced arthritis. These findings indicate that B7‐H1 on non‐B and non‐T cells signals through PD‐1 on T effector cells to prevent excessive activation and reduce autoimmune arthritis. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate a novel role for B7‐H1 expression in promoting B‐cell survival by regulating the activation of T follicular helper cell.
From Flexible to Constrained Tris(tetraamine) Ligands: Synthesis, Acid–Base Properties, and Structural Effect on the Coordination Process with Nucleotides
Authors: Delépine Anne‐Sophie , Tripier Raphaël , Le Baccon Michel , Handel Henri
Published: August 2010

This work presents the synthesis and characterization of L2 and L3, which formed with the previously described ligand L1 a family of three tris(tetraamine) ligands based on a mesitylenyl spacer. The trimeric ligands differ from one to the other by the nature of their tetraamine moieties: triethylenetetraamine (L1), cyclen (L2), and constrained cyclen (L3). The impact of the rigidification of the structure from L1 to L3 on the acid–base properties is investigated, and the behavior of the ligands towards triphosphate (TriP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) anion receptors is explored by potentiometric investigations. To characterize and understand the driving forces implicated in the supramolecular assemblies, results are supported by 1H and 31P NMR measurements performed over a wide pH range. ATP appears as the most complexed anion and particular attention is given to comparison with its inorganic triphosphate analogue to highlight the contribution of π‐stacking interactions. Results unambiguously show the various coordination scheme induced by the structure of the ligands.
Regioselectivity in the Addition of Grignard Reagents to Bis(2‐benzothiazolyl) Ketone: C‐ vs. O‐Alkylation Using Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Boga Carla , Micheletti Gabriele
Published: August 2010

The reaction between bis(2‐benzothiazolyl) ketone (1) and a series of ring‐substituted phenyl Grignard reagents gives, in considerable amount, the unexpected O‐alkylation product derived from the attack of the Grignard reagent to thecarbonyl oxygen atom, thus extending the range of rarely reported cases in which O‐alkylation can occur. The expected classic 1,2‐addition product and that derived from O‐alkylation have been obtained in a relative molar ratio dependent on the substituent on the phenyl ring. Bis(2‐benzothiazolyl) aryl carbinols, the classic 1,2‐addition products to the carbonyl group of 1, were obtained in high yield through an alternative synthetic route that permitted the limit imposed by O‐ vs. C‐alkylation competition to be overcome.
Cathodes for High‐Temperature PEM Fuel Cells Based on a Si0.97Al0.03C Promoter and a Sn0.95In0.05P2O7 Ionomer
Authors: Harada T. , Jin Y. C. , Heo P. , Hibino T.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a promising approach to reduce the quantity of Pt required in cathodes for high‐temperature proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Based on preliminary experiments, thermally stable Si0.97Al0.03C and Sn0.95In0.05P2O7 were selected as promoter and ionomer, respectively. Si0.97Al0.03C particles (∼40 nm) and Sn0.95In0.05P2O7 particles (∼45 nm) were successfully produced on a carbon support. Pt particles (∼9 nm) were selectively impregnated in the vicinity of the ionomer. Polarisation measurements revealed that the Pt‐Sn0.95In0.05P2O7‐Si0.97Al0.03C/C cathode exhibited much higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity than that observed for a pure Pt/C cathode, due to the enhanced dissociative oxygen adsorption on the Si0.97Al0.03C particles and the increased number of reaction sites for the ORR provided by the Sn0.95In0.05P2O7 particles. Fuel cell operation tests demonstrated that a Pt‐Sn0.95In0.05P2O7‐Si0.97Al0.03C/C cathode with a low Pt loading of 0.1 mg cm–2 provides better cell performance than a Pt/C cathode with a Pt loading of 1.0 mg cm–2.
Conductive Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates Made from PVDF, PET and Co‐continuous PVDF/PET Filled with Carbon Additives
Authors: Nguyen L. , Mighri F. , Deyrail Y. , Elkoun S.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this work was to develop and characterise electrically conductive materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells and bipolar plates (BPPs). These BPPs were made from highly conductive blends of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as matrix phase. The conductive materials were developed from carefully formulated blends composed of conductive carbon black (CB) powder and, in some cases, graphite synthetic flakes mixed with pure PET, PVDF or with PVDF/PET systems. They were first developed by twin‐screw extrusion process then compression‐molded to give BPP final shape. As the developed blends have to meet properties suitable for BPP applications, they were characterised for their rheological properties, electrical through‐plane resistivity (the inverse of conductivity), oxygen permeability, flexural and impact properties. Results showed that lower resistivity was obtained with PVDF/CB blends due to the higher interfacial energy between the PVDF matrix and CB and also the higher density and crystallinity of PVDF, compared to those of PET. It was also observed that the lowest resistivity values were obtained with mixing PVDF and PET at controlled compositions to ensure PVDF/PET co‐continuous morphology. Also, slow cooling rates helped to attain the lowest values of through‐plane resistivity for all studied blends. This behaviour was related to the higher crystallinity obtained with low cooling rates leading to smaller amorphous regions in which carbon particles are much more concentrated.
Electrochemical Performance of La2NiO4‐based Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Single Cell Test
Authors: Pérez‐Coll D. , Aguadero A.
Published: August 2010

The electrochemical performance of La2NiO4‐Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 composite cathode material with Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 electrolyte and Ni‐Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 anode has been studied. Powders of La2NiO4 were prepared by a nitrate‐citrate route whereas commercial Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 was used to prepare the electrolyte and composites/cermets of cathode and anode, respectively. Fuel cell tests were performed with stationary air as oxidant and humidified hydrogen as fuel using single cells with 450 μm‐thick electrolytes. Values of maximum power density higher than 130, 200 and 275 mW cm–2 were obtained for temperatures of 750, 800 and 850 °C, respectively. Impedance spectroscopy under open cell voltage (OCV) conditions and with different current loads was used as a complementary tool to study the different contributions to the voltage loss of the system. The ohmic loss was revealed as the main important contribution to the internal voltage loss of the single cell even at lower temperatures due to the use of a 450 μm‐thick electrolyte. Decreasing the electrolyte thickness to values in the order of 150 μm is expected to produce a decrease higher than 45% in the total cell resistance under OCV conditions, improving the maximum power density to 190 mW cm–2 at 750 °C. The performance of the cell was affected by the hydrogen flux as was made evident by changing the flow rate of the fuel in the range 8–66 ml min–1. An increase higher than 20% in the maximum power density was directly obtained by simply increasing the hydrogen flux from 8 to 66 ml min–1. However, the increase in the hydrogen flow rate produced a decrease in the fuel utilisation. Very good stability of the single cell was also obtained after operation times higher than 40 h with the cell producing the maximum power density.
Electrochemical Properties of PSFC–BCYb Composites as Cathodes for Proton Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Vert V. B. , Solís C. , Serra J. M.
Published: August 2010

The electrochemical properties of mixed conducing ceramic–ceramic composites for proton conducting fuel cells have been investigated. Different ratios of Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3–δ–BaCe0.9Yb0.1O3–δ composites have been tested as cathodes in symmetrical cells based on BaCe0.9Y0.1O3–δ dense electrolytes. Impedance measurements have been carried out in the temperature range of 600–800 °C under wet (2.5%) air. Different dilutions on both oxygen partial pressure and water content have been performed as a function of the temperature in order to characterise the processes (surface reaction and charge transport) occurring at the composite electrode under oxidising conditions. The variation of the impedance spectra after replacing protonated water by heavy water has been studied in order to understand the role of the proton transport in the overall composite cathode operation. Additional four‐point DC‐conductivity measurements have been done under different atmospheres comprising different oxygen partial pressures and H2O/D2O saturation for composites and single materials.
Quality control and quality assurance in genotypic data for genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Laurie Cathy C. , Doheny Kimberly F. , Mirel Daniel B. , Pugh Elizabeth W. , Bierut Laura J. , Bhangale Tushar , Boehm Frederick , Caporaso Neil E. , Cornelis Marilyn C. , Edenberg Howard J. , Gabriel Stacy B. , Harris Emily L. , Hu Frank B. , Jacobs Kevin B. , Kraft Peter , Landi Maria Teresa , Lumley Thomas , Manolio Teri A. , McHugh Caitlin , Painter Ian , Paschall Justin , Rice John P. , Rice Kenneth M. , Zheng Xiuwen , Weir Bruce S. ,   for the GENEVA Investigators
Published: August 2010

Genome‐wide scans of nucleotide variation in human subjects are providing an increasing number of replicated associations with complex disease traits. Most of the variants detected have small effects and, collectively, they account for a small fraction of the total genetic variance. Very large sample sizes are required to identify and validate findings. In this situation, even small sources of systematic or random error can cause spurious results or obscure real effects. The need for careful attention to data quality has been appreciated for some time in this field, and a number of strategies for quality control and quality assurance (QC/QA) have been developed. Here we extend these methods and describe a system of QC/QA for genotypic data in genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). This system includes some new approaches that (1) combine analysis of allelic probe intensities and called genotypes to distinguish gender misidentification from sex chromosome aberrations, (2) detect autosomal chromosome aberrations that may affect genotype calling accuracy, (3) infer DNA sample quality from relatedness and allelic intensities, (4) use duplicate concordance to infer SNP quality, (5) detect genotyping artifacts from dependence of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium test P‐values on allelic frequency, and (6) demonstrate sensitivity of principal components analysis to SNP selection. The methods are illustrated with examples from the “Gene Environment Association Studies” (GENEVA) program. The results suggest several recommendations for QC/QA in the design and execution of GWAS. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 591–602, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome‐wide association studies using haplotype clustering with a new haplotype similarity
Authors: Jin Lina , Zhu Wensheng , Guo Jianhua
Published: August 2010

Association analysis, with the aim of investigating genetic variations, is designed to detect genetic associations with observable traits, which has played an increasing part in understanding the genetic basis of diseases. Among these methods, haplotype‐based association studies are believed to possess prominent advantages, especially for the rare diseases in case‐control studies. However, when modeling these haplotypes, they are subjected to statistical problems caused by rare haplotypes. Fortunately, haplotype clustering offers an appealing solution. In this research, we have developed a new befitting haplotype similarity for “affinity propagation” clustering algorithm, which can account for the rare haplotypes primely, so as to control for the issue on degrees of freedom. The new similarity can incorporate haplotype structure information, which is believed to enhance the power and provide high resolution for identifying associations between genetic variants and disease. Our simulation studies show that the proposed approach offers merits in detecting disease‐marker associations in comparison with the cladistic haplotype clustering method CLADHC. We also illustrate an application of our method to cystic fibrosis, which shows quite accurate estimates during fine mapping. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 633–641, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantile regression analysis of the rational addiction model: investigating heterogeneity in forward‐looking behavior
Authors: Laporte Audrey , Karimova Alfia , Ferguson Brian
Published: August 2010

The time path of consumption from a rational addiction (RA) model contains information about an individual's tendency to be forward looking. In this paper, we use quantile regression (QR) techniques to investigate whether the tendency to be forward looking varies systematically with the level of consumption of cigarettes. Using panel data, we find that the forward‐looking effect is strongest relative to the addiction effect in the lower quantiles of cigarette consumption, and that the forward‐looking effect declines and the addiction effect increases as we move toward the upper quantiles. The results indicate that QR can be used to illuminate the heterogeneity in individuals' tendency to be forward looking even after controlling for factors such as education. QR also gives useful information about the differential impact of policy variables, most notably workplace smoking restrictions, on light and heavy smokers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Cardenolide and Two New Pregnane Glycosides from the Root Barks of Periploca sepium
Authors: Deng Yan‐Ru , Wei Yin‐Pan , Yin Fei , Yang Hong , Wang Ying
Published: August 2010

A new cardenolide and two new pregnane glycosides, periplogenin 3‐[O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐sarmentopyranoside] (1), (3β,20S)‐pregn‐5‐ene‐3,17,20‐triol 20‐[O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐canaropyranoside] (2), and (3β,14β,17α)‐3,14,17‐trihydroxy‐21‐methoxypregn‐5‐en‐20‐one 3‐[O‐β‐oleandropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐β‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐cymaropyranoside] (3), were isolated from the root barks of Periploca sepium Bge, together with seven related known compounds, periplogenin, xysmalogenin, (3β,20S)‐pregn‐5‐ene‐3,17,20‐triol, (3β,14β,17α)‐3,14,17‐trihydroxy‐21‐methoxypregn‐5‐en‐20‐one, (3β,20S)‐pregn‐5‐ene‐3,20‐diol 3‐β‐glucopyranoside 20‐β‐glucopyranoside, (3β,20S)‐pregn‐5‐ene‐3,20‐diol 3‐[O‐2‐O‐acetyl‐β‐digitalopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐cymaropyranoside] 20‐[O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐digitalopyranoside], and (3β,20S)‐ pregn‐5‐ene‐3,20‐diol 20‐[O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐glucopyranoside]. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses.
The Adverse Effect of Benzannelation on the Aromaticity of Oxocinyl Anion: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Kasmai Hamid S. , Wang Xiaodong , Doan Hanh‐Nhon , Femia Josef F. , Yablonsky Thad M. , Read Mary E. , Dutton David T.
Published: August 2010

A synthesis of 2H‐1‐benzoxocin from readily available compounds was accomplished. The potentially ‘aromatic’ π‐excessive systems 2H‐1‐benzoxocinyl and 6H‐dibenz[b,f]oxocinyl anions were generated from their corresponding conjugate acid precursors 7c and 8, respectively. It was found that 2H‐1‐benzoxocinide 3d lacks the type of π‐frame stability associated with the parent 2H‐oxocinide 1d and that the dibenzo analog 5b is more unstable than 3d. Both 3d and 5b undergo rapid structural reorganization to form their corresponding stable isomeric anions. We were able to characterize the proton‐quenched products of these anions as the ring‐opened structures 15 and 18, respectively. 1H‐NMR and an ab initio calculation at the 6‐31g* level indicated that, unlike the ‘aromatic’ parent 2H‐oxocinide 1d and the aza analog 3c, 3d incorporates a non‐planar oxocinyl ring in which the negative charge is primarily localized on the pentadienyl moiety of the ring, but also partial delocalization of π‐electron density onto the benzene ring occurs.
A New Dimeric Alkaloid from the Leaf of Psychotria calocarpa
Authors: Zhou Hua , He Hong‐Ping , Wang Yue‐Hu , Hao Xiao‐Jiang
Published: August 2010

Psychotriasine was isolated from the leaves of Psychotria calocarpa (Rubiaceae). The structure was established by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR analysis. To the best of our knowledge, psychotriasine is the first example of a dimeric tryptamine‐related alkaloid that contains a free Nα‐methyltryptamine unit in the molecule.
Hydroformylation of Oct‐1‐ene in Novel Ionic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Yang Jing , Li Fei‐Fei , Zhang Juan , Li Ji , Wang Wen‐Xin
Published: August 2010

Hydroformylation of oct‐1‐ene leading to nonanal (denoted by n) and 2‐methyloctanal (denoted by iso), in a novel series of caprolactam‐based and common imidazolium‐based ionic liquid crystals (ILCs; see Fig. 1) carried out for the first time (caprolactam=hexahydro‐2H‐azepin‐2‐one) (Scheme). Variation of the chain length (n) of the alkyl substituent (Cn) at the caprolactam cation (CP+) from n=12 to 18 caused the n/iso ratios to vary from 1.7 to 2.9. Meanwhile, the TOF (turnover frequency) decreased from 148 to 122 mol mol−1 h−1. Hydroformylation in the imidazolium‐based ILCs revealed that [C16MIm]⋅BF4 (n/iso 5.2, TOF 969 mol mol−1 h−1) was more favorable than [C16MIm]⋅MsO (n/iso 3.7, TOF 969 mol mol−1 h−1) for the formation of the unbranched aldehyde. Although the n/iso ratio in caprolactam‐based ILCs was lower than that in imidazolium‐based ILCs, the conversions are higher in the former ILCs on the whole. It should be noted that the lamellar mesophase has a strong effect on the regioselectivity and TOF of the hydroformylation. Also, it is evident that the influences of different ILCs on the hydroformylation under the various reaction conditions are greatly different. The identification of the reaction products was established by GC and GC/MS analyses.
Stereoselective Synthesis of [5‐[4,4,4,4′,4′,4′‐Hexafluoro‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐D‐valine]]‐ and [5‐[4,4,4,4′,4′,4′‐Hexafluoro‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐L‐valine]cyclosporin A
Authors: Eberle Marcel K. , Keese Reinhart
Published: August 2010

Addition of various amines to the 3,3‐bis(trifluoromethyl)acrylamides 10a and 10b gave the tripeptides 11a–11f, mostly as mixtures of epimers (Scheme 3). The crystalline tripeptide 11f2 was found to be the N‐terminal (2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐substituted (R,S,S)‐ester HOCH2CH2O‐D‐Val(F6)‐MeLeu‐Ala‐OtBu by X‐ray crystallography. The C‐terminal‐protected tripeptide 11f2 was condensed with the N‐terminus octapeptide 2b to the depsipeptide 12a which was thermally rearranged to the undecapeptide 13a (Scheme 4). The condensation of the epimeric tripeptide 11f1 with the octapeptide 2b gave the undecapeptide 13b directly. The undecapeptides 13a and 13b were fully deprotected and cyclized to the [5‐[4,4,4,4′,4′,4′‐hexafluoro‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐D‐valine]]‐ and [5‐[4,4,4,4′,4′,4′‐hexafluoro‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐L‐valine]]cyclosporins 14a and 14b, respectively (Scheme 5). Rate differences observed for the thermal rearrangements of 12a to 13a and of 12b to 13b are discussed.
Perceptual denoising of color images
Authors: Netravali Ilka A. , Holt Robert J. , Webb Charles
Published: August 2010

Denoising of color images is a trade‐off between sharpness of an image and perceived noise. We formulate a novel optimization problem that can maximize sharpness of an image while limiting the perceived noise under a model of visibility of additive random noise. We derive a closed‐form expression for an optimal two‐dimensional finite impulse response filter, show its uniqueness and existence, and present simulation results for black and white as well as color images. Simulation results show remarkable reduction in perceptibility of noise, while preserving sharpness. The computational burden required for the optimal filter is reduced by a new adhoc filter which is simple but has near optimal performance. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 215–222, 2010.
Shadow removal from image of stained glass windows
Authors: Suganthan Shanmugalingam , MacDonald Lindsay
Published: August 2010

Shadows may be formed on stained glass windows by structural bars supporting the leaded panels, or by external protective wire grilles, or by masonry, such as mullions or buttresses, or external objects, such as trees. The eye tends to “discount” such shadow formations when viewing the actual windows even though in the photographic images they are very clearly visible. This article introduces a method to remove shadow effects on stained‐glass windows; the observed image, as captured by the camera, may be modeled mathematically as a combination of a “true stained glass image” and a “grille/bar image.” A mixture model is derived, based on a theoretical model of image formation, leading to a conjectured relationship between “shadow” pixels and the neighboring “nonshadow” pixels. The resulting mixture model assumes a multiplicative relationship. If this mixture can be separated into its original components, then it should be possible to remove the unwanted shadow component from the captured image to produce the desired image of the stained glass without the shadows. The digital modeling techniques enable the shadows to be characterized and removed with a reasonable degree of success. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 223–226, 2010.
Lie group method: A new approach to image matching with arbitrary orientations
Authors: Ying Shihui , Qiao Hong
Published: August 2010

In this article, we develop a new method for image matching of any two images with arbitrary orientations. The idea comes from the workpiece localization in machining industry. We first describe an image as a 3D point set other than the common 2D function f(x, y), then, making the sets corresponding to the compared images form solid surfaces, we equivalently translate the matching problem into an optimization problem on the Lie group SE(3). Through developing a kind of steepest descent algorithms on a general Lie group, we present an practical algorithm for matching problem. Simulations of eye detection and face detection are presented to show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 245–252, 2010.
Automatic facial expression recognition based on pixel‐pattern‐based texture feature
Authors: Lu Hu‐Chuan , Huang Ying‐Jie , Chen Yen‐Wei
Published: August 2010

PCA, ICA, and Gabor wavelet are considered as the important and powerful face representation methods. In this article, we propose a new approach for face representation, which is called a pixel‐pattern‐based texture feature (PPBTF) and apply it to the real‐time facial expression recognition. A gray scale image is transformed into a pattern map where edges and lines are used for characterizing the facial texture information. Based on the pattern map, a feature vector is comprised of the numbers of the pixels belonging to each pattern. We use the image basis functions obtained by principal component analysis as the templates for pattern matching. Adaboost and Support Vector Machine are adopted to classify facial expression. Extensive experiments on the Cohn‐Kanade Database, PIE Database, and DUT Database illustrate that the PPBTF is quite effective and insensitive to illumination. The comparison with Gabor show the PPBTF is speedy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 253–260, 2010
Estimation of a dense velocity field based on the statistics of dynamic speckle
Authors: Aoudi Walid , Vray Didier
Published: August 2010

This article presents a new technique for flow velocity estimation from ultrasound image sequences. The method is based on the analysis of the temporal statistics of the speckle pattern in motion. We demonstrate that the biased local temporal variance (LTV) of a single pixel within an image of dynamic speckle is related to velocity. This allows us to estimate the total velocity magnitude without the requirement of neither block matching nor autocovariance estimation. A new estimator, asymptotically without bias, called LTV is presented. Results conducted on experimental B mode sequences (40 MHz) of blood mimicking fluid with calibrated velocities are presented. Performances of the estimator are studied and results show good agreement with the statistical model. Magnitude of the 3D velocity vector in the range of 0.1–2 mm/s have been estimated with a standard deviation error of less than 12%. The validity of the method and its limitations are then discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 268‐276, 2010
Selective and adaptive signal hiding technique for security of JPEG2000
Authors: Seo Young‐Ho , Choi Hyun‐Jun , Yoo Ji‐Sang , Kim Dong‐Wook
Published: August 2010

In this article, we proposed a selective partial image encryption scheme of Secure JPEG2000 (JPSEC) for digital cinema or any other JPEG2000‐based applications. It makes a scalable encryption scheme possible on the basis of a trade‐off relationship between the encryption effect and the encryption cost. The encryption scheme was designed to activate during the image compression process, which is between quantization and entropy coding. Three data selection schemes were involved to select the parts of data to be encrypted: subband selection, data bit selection, and random selection of coefficients. The experimental results with over 3000 test images revealed that the PSNRs were between about 9.5 to 7.5 dB when the portion of the encrypted data by this scheme was between 1/4096 and 1/256. As the encryption effect is reasonably high with very low cost, the proposed scheme has high potential to provide secure communications in a variety of wired/wireless scenarios. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 277‐284, 2010
c‐Cbl regulates glioma invasion through matrix metalloproteinase 2
Authors: Lee Hojin , Tsygankov Alexander Y.
Published: August 2010

c‐Cbl, a multifunctional adaptor and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays a role in such cytoskeleton‐mediated events as cell adhesion and migration. Invasiveness of human glioma is dependent on cell adhesion, migration, and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the function of c‐Cbl in glioma invasion has never been investigated. We report here, for the first time, that c‐Cbl plays a positive role in the invasion of ECM by SNB19 glioma cells. RNAi‐mediated depletion of c‐Cbl decreases SNB19 cell invasion and expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). Consistent with these findings, SNB19 cells expressing wild‐type, but not mutant c‐Cbl show increased invasion and MMP2 expression. We demonstrate that the observed role of c‐Cbl in invasion of SNB19 cells is not mediated by the previously shown effects of c‐Cbl on cell adhesion and migration or on EGFR signaling. Together, our results suggest that c‐Cbl promotes glioma invasion through up‐regulation of MMP2. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1169–1178, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capacitation suppression by mouse seminal vesicle autoantigen involves a decrease in plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA)‐mediated intracellular calcium
Authors: Lu Shing‐Hwa , Yen Yuan‐Kuei , Ling Thai‐Yen , Cheng Kur‐Ta , Shu Jye‐An , Au Heng‐Kien , Huang Yen‐Hua
Published: August 2010

Successful fertilization is tightly regulated by capacitation and decapacitation processes. Without appropriate decapacitation regulation, sperm would undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction which leads to loss of fertilization ability. Seminal plasma is known to negatively regulate sperm capacitation. However, the suppressive mechanisms still remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate the decapacitation mechanism of mouse seminal vesicle autoantigen (SVA) might target membrane sphingomyelin (SPM) and regulate plasma membrane Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA) activity. The SVA was shown to suppress sperm capacitation induced by a broad panel of capacitation factors (bovine serum albumin (BSA), PAF, and cyclodextrin (CD)). Furthermore, SVA significantly decreased [Ca2+]i and NaHCO3‐induced [cAMP]i. Cyclic AMP agonists bypassed the SVA's suppressive ability. Importantly, the SVA may regulate PMCA activity which was evidenced by the fact that the SVA decreased the [Ca2+]i and intracellular pH (pHi) of sperm; meanwhile, a PMCA inhibitor (carboxyeosin) could reverse SVA's suppression of [Ca2+]i. The potential target of the SVA on membrane SPM/lipid rafts was highlighted by the high binding affinity of SPM–SVA (with a Kd of ∼3 µM) which was close to the IC50 of SVA's suppressive activity. Additionally, treatment of mink lung epithelial cells with the SVA enhanced plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)‐1 expression stimulated by tumor growth factor (TGF)‐β and CD. These observations supported the membrane lipid‐raft targeting of SVA. In summary, in this paper, we demonstrate that the decapacitation mechanism of the SVA might target membrane sphingolipid SPM and regulate PMCA activity to lower [Ca2+]i, thereby decreasing the [cAMP]i level and preventing sperm pre‐capacitation. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1188–1198, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hedgehog signaling and osteogenic differentiation in multipotent bone marrow stromal cells are inhibited by oxidative stress
Authors: Kim Woo‐Kyun , Meliton Vicente , Bourquard Noam , Hahn Theodore J. , Parhami Farhad
Published: August 2010

Oxidative stress may play a major role in age‐related osteoporosis in part by inhibiting osteoblast generation from osteoprogenitors cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that oxidative stress may inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSC) in part by inhibiting the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, which is essential for bone development and maintenance and induces osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of oxidative stress on Sonic Hh (Shh)‐induced osteogenic differentiation and signaling in M2‐10B4 (M2) MSC, C3H10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts, and mouse primary MSC. Treatment of cells with H2O2 inhibited Shh‐induced osteogenic differentiation determined by the inhibition of Shh‐induced expression of osteogenic differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osterix (OSX), and bone sialoprotein (BSP). Similar effects were found when oxidative stress was induced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XXO) or minimally oxidized LDL (MM‐LDL). H2O2, XXO, and MM‐LDL treatment inhibited Shh‐induced expression of the Hh target genes Gli1 and Patched1 as well as Gli‐dependent transcriptional activity in M2 cells. H2O2 treatment also inhibited Hh signaling induced by the direct activation of Smoothened by purmorphamine (PM), but not by Gli1 overexpression. This suggests that oxidative stress may inhibit Hh signaling upstream of Gli activation and Gli‐induced gene expression. These findings demonstrate for the first time that oxidative stress inhibits Hh signaling associated with osteogenic differentiation. Inhibition of Hh signaling‐mediated osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells may in part explain the inhibitory effects of oxidative stress on osteoblast development, differentiation, and maintenance in aging. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 1199–1209, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleic acid sequence design via efficient ensemble defect optimization
Authors: Zadeh Joseph N. , Wolfe Brian R. , Pierce Niles A.
Published: August 2010

We describe an algorithm for designing the sequence of one or more interacting nucleic acid strands intended to adopt a target secondary structure at equilibrium. Sequence design is formulated as an optimization problem with the goal of reducing the ensemble defect below a user‐specified stop condition. For a candidate sequence and a given target secondary structure, the ensemble defect is the average number of incorrectly paired nucleotides at equilibrium evaluated over the ensemble of unpseudoknotted secondary structures. To reduce the computational cost of accepting or rejecting mutations to a random initial sequence, candidate mutations are evaluated on the leaf nodes of a tree‐decomposition of the target structure. During leaf optimization, defect‐weighted mutation sampling is used to select each candidate mutation position with probability proportional to its contribution to the ensemble defect of the leaf. As subsequences are merged moving up the tree, emergent structural defects resulting from crosstalk between sibling sequences are eliminated via reoptimization within the defective subtree starting from new random subsequences. Using a Θ(N3) dynamic program to evaluate the ensemble defect of a target structure with N nucleotides, this hierarchical approach implies an asymptotic optimality bound on design time: for sufficiently large N, the cost of sequence design is bounded below by 4/3 the cost of a single evaluation of the ensemble defect for the full sequence. Hence, the design algorithm has time complexity Ω(N3). For target structures containing N ∈{100,200,400,800,1600,3200} nucleotides and duplex stems ranging from 1 to 30 base pairs, RNA sequence designs at 37°C typically succeed in satisfying a stop condition with ensemble defect less than N/100. Empirically, the sequence design algorithm exhibits asymptotic optimality and the exponent in the time complexity bound is sharp. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011