bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coda
Authors: Freeden Michael
Published: October 2022

The power of silence combines its role as the repository of potential and the extinguisher of capacity, not in dichotomous mode but as a series of scattered and disjointed occurrences and weightings. Its key contribution to political life, as to other spheres, is indispensable, adding texture to the fundamental features it embellishes. It does do while remaining permanently ambiguous and indeterminate, as does the political thinking with which it intersects and that it sporadically obscures. The study of silence emphasizes the connectivity, interdependence, and complexity of abutting disciplines whose frames of reference frequently overlap, even as diverse professional languages are marshalled to interpret them. Ultimately, silence’s frequent double-bind of concealing itself might be its greatest political master-stroke.
A Watery Mars
Authors: Marchi Simone
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on the formation of Mars. It mentions the likeness of Mars and Earth due to the features of oceans, rivers, and life. Close-range observations done by a spacecraft in the orbit of Mars found that the planet has a dry surface covered in red dust. The reddish colour is found to be iron oxides similar to rust. The chapter expounds on the spacecrafts used in observing Mars such as the Pathfinder, Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity. According to mineralogical analysis, the planet has the primary disposition of iron oxide followed by sulfates. On the other hand, craters play a vital role in the exploration of Mars’ water history.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Portugal
Authors: da Fonseca Rui Guerra
Published: October 2022

In Portugal, expropriation of land and other property rights limitations is based on several constitutional provisions, and it has been so since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is a matter of concern in terms of fundamental rights limitations and distribution of legislative powers. The Portuguese Code of Expropriations sets the general legal framework for land expropriations for reasons of general interest, namely regarding procedure (with three types of procedure: normal expropriation; urgent expropriation; and most urgent expropriation) and criteria for compensation. Being an administrative procedure, the legality of an expropriation can be judicially challenged and quashed if illegal on the grounds of substance or process. The expropriation of land and other property rights over economic means after 1974 called for the distinction between expropriation and nationalisation (the latter commonly considered as a politically motivated act, while expropriation would be a non-ideological administrative act). While expropriation of land then developed a close relationship with urban planning, nationalisation was progressively abandoned and reverted until recently it was revived because of public interventions in banks' capital and management in the context of the financial crisis.
Cases
Authors: Conticelli Martina , Perroud Thomas
Published: October 2022

Part III of the book is at the heart of the 'common core' methodology. The hypothetical cases employed in this research have been discussed with national experts in order to ascertain whether they make sense and whether they are pertinent to all the legal systems selected for comparative analysis. Our questionnaire examines a number of cases: the main requirements for property rights restrictions are presented briefly through national reports and discussed through hypotheticals, while our search for comparative evidence focuses on procedural propriety and fairness, leaving aside other aspects, such as the right to compensation. Procedural deviations from classic expropriation administrative procedure are examined in the first group of cases; the relationship between procedural requirements in urban planning and expropriations are addressed by other cases; further factors of complexity, namely when expropriations take place under exceptional circumstances requiring urgent decisions are the object of a third group of hypotheticals; finally, other cases focus on the relevance of procedural requirements in the event of different forms of public interference arising from partial, indirect, or regulatory expropriations likely to affect the enjoyment of property rights, or representing a deprivation of property. The national reports do not only indicate the solution that is more likely to be provided by jurists in their respective legal orders, but also reflect on the underlying institutional and cultural reasons, including the role played by legal formants. The national reports also prepare the ground for comparative analysis included in Part IV.
Mexico
Authors: Meili Stephen
Published: October 2022

Mexico exemplifies both the potential for, and the obstacles to, the effective utilization of constitutionalized human rights laws for refugees. On the one hand, it features many characteristics conducive to positive human rights outcomes for refugees: a Constitution replete with human rights provisions, including the right to asylum and the incorporation of international human rights agreements; an active civil society devoted to the protection of refugees; and at least some individual judges willing to apply constitutionalized human rights provisions to cases involving refugees. On the other hand, Mexico also features significant obstacles to the effective enforcement of the human rights of refugees: a social and political culture that has become more hostile to refugees in recent years; many judges who are either unfamiliar with human rights law or unwilling to apply it in cases involving refugees; and complex procedural legal rules which impede the establishment of enforceable judicial precedent. While it is still too early to judge the effectiveness of constitutionalized human rights law in the Mexican asylum system context, there is no doubt that it has had an impact. It has started a conversation between lawyers, courts, and the government about the applicability of those provisions. It has moved that conversation beyond mere words on paper and into courtroom disputes. And in some cases, at least at the lower levels of the judiciary, refugees have prevailed. Mexico’s Supreme Court has, thus far, not been as receptive to these arguments.
The United States
Authors: Meili Stephen
Published: October 2022

The United States presents a fascinating contrast to the other countries analyzed in this book. It features many factors associated with the successful utilization of constitutionalized human rights law on behalf of refugees: an independent judiciary, a robust cohort of lawyers dedicated to upholding the rights of refugees, a reputation (at least until the Trump Administration) for providing protection to refugees fleeing persecution elsewhere, and a population that is—generally speaking—sympathetic to their plight. What it lacks is a Constitution containing a plethora of human rights provisions applicable to refugees and asylum-seekers. In addition, the U.S. Constitution does not incorporate or reference human rights treaties that the United States has signed, ratified, or otherwise acceded to. As a result, when lawyers representing refugees in the United States invoke the U.S. Constitution to protect their clients, they rely almost exclusively on the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. This chapter demonstrates that the process for greater human rights protections for refugees is not linear. While U.S. lawyers have certainly helped to establish important constitutional rights for non-citizens over the years, an increasingly conservative judiciary and negative depictions of non-citizens in public discourse have reversed or limited those gains. U.S. lawyers, like their counterparts in the other countries featured in this book, have adapted their strategies accordingly, knowing that the path toward greater rights protections for refugees is never straightforward. They also recognize the importance of controlling the public narrative about non-citizens, which has become increasingly acerbic in recent years.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Meili Stephen
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the book’s contributions to three areas of socio-legal scholarship. With respect to cause lawyering, it summarizes how cause lawyers in each of the featured countries have sought to close the gap between constitutionalized human rights law on the books and how they are implemented with respect to refugees. In doing so, the book returns to the theory of a Constitutionalized Human Rights Law Continuum, along which cause lawyers engage in ever-more ambitious steps toward the goal of full implementation of the constitutionalized human rights of asylum-seekers. With regard to the study of human rights treaty effectiveness, the book has presented qualitative data that provides nuance to quantitative studies seeking to find statistically significant relationships between treaty ratification and improved human rights behavior by states. For example, it has demonstrated the many ways in which lawyers utilize human rights treaty provisions that have been incorporated into national constitutions. The book has also expanded knowledge about how constitutional and international commitments interact to promote de facto rights protection. And regarding refugee law, the book has demonstrated that constitutionalized human rights law in certain national contexts provides refugee lawyers with the means to persuade the state to provide greater protection to refugees. While those efforts have frequently left the lawyers frustrated, there can be little doubt that the rights contained in national constitutions have, at the very least, facilitated the mobilization of lawyers and other activists to push state actors to recognize and enforce the human rights of refugees.
Introduction
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley , Jenkins David , Neal Adam
Published: October 2022

Even though our needs for decent human contact, acknowledgement, social inclusion, connection, and intimacy are essential to a minimally decent human life, these social needs have long been the poorest of the poor cousins in human rights debates. They have yet to receive adequate legal recognition or sustained attention from human rights scholars. This pioneering collection of original essays takes a first step toward remedying that by investigating the nature and force of our social needs, including our deep interests in decent interaction, association, belonging, relationship, community, intimacy, and shared ways of living as well as our competing interests in solitude and associative freedom. The fifteen essays initiate a broad conversation that aims to put debates about social human rights on an equal footing with other human rights. These essays identify several unsung human rights and probe the conceptual, normative, and practical implications of taking social rights seriously.
Observation
Authors: Bird Alexander
Published: October 2022

This chapter first characterizes the concept of observation as it has been used in philosophy of science. There the concept combines a claim about the functional role of observation—observation supplies basic evidence in science—and a claim about its nature or identity—observation is perception. If one retains the second, empiricist claim, then anti-realist scepticism about science is warranted, as is shown by an inability to give reductive accounts of testimony and instruments in terms acceptable to the empiricist. Those terms include a commitment to epistemological internalism, since it is internalism that motivates the fundamental role given to perception by empiricism. One should, therefore, reject empiricism. The empiricist, perceptual conception of observation is in any case at odds with how scientists use the term ‘observation’’scientists often claim to observe imperceptible entities such as quarks and m gnetic fields. The chapter proposes a non-empiricist account of observation that allows an observation to be the result of inferences from data. To support this, the chapter draws a distinction between data and observation. And the chapter considers whether science needs perception at all (it does not).
Fathers in a Motherland
Authors: Banerjee Swapna M.
Published: October 2022

Fathers in a Motherland weaves stories of fathers and children into the history of gender, family, and nation in colonial India. Focusing on the reformist Bengali Hindu and Brahmo communities, Banerjee contends that fatherhood assumed new meanings and significance in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century India. During this time of social and political change, fathers extended their roles beyond breadwinning to take an active part in rearing their children. But there were differences in fathers’ attitude towards boy- and girl-children, so fatherhood differed depending on the gender of the child. Utilizing pedagogic literature, children’s magazines, scientific journals, autobiographies, correspondences, and essays, the book documents the different ways the authority and power of the father were invoked and constituted both metaphorically and in everyday experiences. Exploring specific moments when educated men, as biological fathers, literary activists, and educators, assumed guardianship and became crucial agents of change, the book interrogates the connections between fatherhood and masculinity. The last chapter of the book moves beyond Bengal and draws on the lives of Gandhi and Nehru to provide a broader salience to its argument. Reclaiming two missing links in Indian history—fathers and children—the book argues that these biological and imaginary “fathers” assumed the moral guardianship of an incipient nation and rested their hopes on the future generation. While much has been written about the “effeminate Bengali” and colonial masculinity, this study underscores how an s alternate pedagogy outside of school curriculum advocated by the male intelligentsia challenged colonial notions of manliness and masculinity.
Rabindranath Tagore
Authors: Banerjee Swapna M.
Published: October 2022

Chapter 5 examines Rabindranath Tagore as a father and an educator and his conceptualization of an alternate education and masculinity. Utilizing memoirs, essays and letters, the chapter argues that it is crucial to situate Tagore in his family life in order to comprehend his commitment to the public good. His experiences demonstrated the importance of his family as an enabling and a restrictive force. By taking care of a larger community of children as dependents and by protecting them through training and secular education, Tagore displayed his concern as a modern father endowed with altered sensibilities. He acted as a representative of the private–public man, who was deeply invested in children of his own and of others. While one aspect of Tagore’s masculinity was anchored in everyday acts of reformed fatherhood, the other aspect of his manhood de-linked itself from “maleness” and acquired its meaning through education programmes that challenged colonial domination.
Tuning the intentional corona of cerium oxide nanoparticles to promote angiogenesis via fibroblast growth factor 2 signalling
Authors: Fu Lu , Li Rupeng , Whitelock John M , Lord Megan S
Published: October 2022

Inadequate angiogenesis is a hallmark of conditions including cardiovascular diseases, stroke and chronic diabetic wounds, which exhibit tissue ischaemia ensuring that therapeutic strategies to promote angiogenesis are of great interest. However, many angiogenic treatments involve the delivery of growth factors which have limited clinical success due to poor stability, high manufacturing cost and poor efficacy. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) can either promote or inhibit angiogenesis depending on their surface corona chemistry. Here, nanoceria were functionalized with an intentional heparin corona, a polysaccharide which binds and signals growth factors, of different chain lengths and surface grafting density to establish their effect on angiogenesis. These nanoparticles promoted angiogenesis in vivo with the surface grafting density positively correlated with angiogenesis over the widest concentration range; however, chain length did not play a role. The heparin–nanoceria supported fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signalling in vitro and promoted FGF2-mediated angiogenesis in vivo. The nanoparticles were internalized by endothelial cells in vitro where they trafficked to the lysosomes and reduced cell viability suggesting that the angiogenic activity of heparin–nanoceria is mediated in the extracellular environment. Together, this study adds to our knowledge of the angiogenic effects of heparin–nanoceria towards finding new angiogenic treatments.
A homogeneous dopamine–silver nanocomposite coating: striking a balance between the antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility of dental implants
Authors: Wang Shuang , Wu Zichen , Wang Yankai , Hong Huilei , Zhang Lijie , Chen Zhaoyang , Zhang Pengkang , Chen Zirui , Zhang Weibo , Zheng Shunli , Li Quanli , Li Wei , Li Xiangyang , Qiu Hua , Chen Jialong
Published: October 2022

Silver has been widely used for surface modification to prevent implant-associated infections. However, the inherent cytotoxicity of silver greatly limited the scope of its clinical applications. The construction of surfaces with both good antibacterial properties and favorable cytocompatibility still remains a challenge. In this study, a structurally homogeneous dopamine–silver (DA/Ag) nanocomposite was fabricated on the implant surface to balance the antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility of the implant. The results show that the DA/Ag nanocomposites prepared under the acidic conditions (pH = 4) on the titanium surface are homogeneous with higher Ag+ content, while an obvious core (AgNPs)–shell (PDA) structure is formed under neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline conditions (pH = 10), and the subsequent heat treatment enhanced the stability of PDA–AgNPs nanocomposite coatings on porous titanium. The antibacterial test, cytotoxicity test, hypodermic implantation and osteogenesis test revealed that the homogeneous PDA–AgNPs nanocomposite coating achieved the balance between the antibacterial ability and cytocompatibility, and had the best outcomes for soft tissue healing and bone formation around the implants. This study provides a facile strategy for preparing silver-loaded surfaces with both good antibacterial effect and favorable cytocompatibility, which is expected to further improve the therapeutic efficacy of silver composite-coated dental implants.
Subsidizing Labour Hoarding in Recessions: The Employment and Welfare Effects of Short-time Work
Authors: Giupponi Giulia , Landais Camille
Published: October 2022

Short-time work (STW) policies provide subsidies for hour reductions to workers in firms experiencing temporary shocks. They are the main policy tool used to support labour hoarding during downturns and were aggressively used during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet, very little is known about their employment and welfare consequences. This article leverages unique administrative social security data from Italy and quasi-experimental variation in STW policy rules to offer evidence on the effects of STW on firms’ and workers’ outcomes during the Great Recession. Our results show large and significant negative effects of STW treatment on hours, but large and positive effects on headcount employment. We then analyse whether these positive employment effects are welfare enhancing, distinguishing between temporary and more persistent shocks. We first provide evidence that liquidity constraints and rigidities in wages and hours may make labour hoarding inefficiently low without STW. Then, we show that adverse selection of low productivity firms into STW reduces the long-run insurance value of the program and creates significant negative reallocation effects when the shock is persistent.
On the Frontlines: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Workers’ Well-Being
Authors: Schwartz Tayri Talia Meital
Published: October 2022

The crisis created by the spread of COVID-19 brought increasing needs and referrals to social welfare services in many countries. However, at the same time, social services suffered from staff cutbacks and service closures, resulting in significant workload increases to address the hardships associated with the pandemic. This article investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Israeli social workers’ well-being, using a mixed-methods design with a sample of 2,542 licensed social workers. Findings show that over 70 percent of social workers suffered from at least one health problem related to their work. Path analysis findings indicated that social workers who experienced greater service restrictions reported a greater decrease in job satisfaction and experienced higher levels of stress and work-related problems. Machine learning emotion-detection analysis revealed that the pandemic affected their lives, causing feelings of fear, frustration, and sadness. This article demonstrates how social workers whose work was characterized by greater service restrictions were less satisfied with their jobs, more stressed, and experienced greater job-related health problems, and concludes with a discussion of the implications for social work practice in times of crisis.
Molecular phylogeny of human adenovirus type 41 lineages
Authors: Götting Jasper , Cordes Anne K , Steinbrück Lars , Heim Albert
Published: October 2022

Type 41 of human adenovirus species F (HAdV-F41) is a frequent aetiology of gastroenteritis in children, and nosocomial as well as kindergarten outbreaks have been frequently described. In contrast to other HAdV types, HAdV-F41 was not associated with a life-threatening disseminated disease in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients or any severe organ infections so far. Due to the limited clinical significance, the evolution of HAdV-F41 has not been studied in detail. Recently, HAdV-F41 has been associated with severe hepatitis in young children, and interest in HAdV-F41 has skyrocketed, although the aetiology of hepatitis has not been resolved. Complete genomic HAdV-F41 sequences from thirty-two diagnostic specimens of the past 11 years (2011–22) were generated, all originating from gastroenteritis patients. Additionally, thirty-three complete HAdV-F41 genomes from GenBank were added to our phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of sixty-five genomes indicated that HAdV-F41 evolved with three lineages co-circulating. Lineage 1 included the prototype ‘Tak’ from 1973 and six isolates from 2007 to 2017 with an average nucleotide identity of 99.3 per cent. Lineage 2 included 53 isolates from 2000 to 2022, had an average nucleotide identity of 99.8 per cent, and split into two sublineages. Lineage 3, probably described for the first time in 2009, had a 45-nucleotide deletion in the long fibre gene and had evolved significantly in the short fibre and E3 region. Moreover, a recent Lineage 3 isolate from 2022 had a recombinant phylogeny of the short fibre gene. Fibres interact with cellular receptors and determine cellular tropism, whereas E3 gene products interfere with the immune recognition of HAdV-infected cells. This in-depth study on the phylogeny of HAdV-F41 discovered significant evolution of recently described Lineage 3 of HAdV-F41, possibly resulting in altered cellular tropism, virulence, and pathophysiology.
Suitable Methods of Inoculation and Quantification of Fusarium Root Rot in Lentil
Authors: Heineck G. C. , Casanova Joaquin , Porter Lyndon D.
Published: October 2022

Lentil (Lens culinaris L. subsp. culinaris) is an important grain legume grown worldwide. As its popularity grows among consumers and more acres are produced, new root rot complexes have become more prevalent. This work sought to develop methods for studying root rot caused by Fusarium avenaceum in lentil using controlled environments. The objectives were to (i) find an effective and seed-safe sterilization technique, (ii) optimize the inoculation technique and lentil growing environment, and (iii) develop visual and automated disease scoring systems. Results showed the use of detergent and a low concentration (0.1%) of NaClO (the active ingredient in bleach) maintained germinability and effectively eliminated bacterial and fungal contamination on seeds. Other treatments, such as ethanol, reduced seed germination or failed to kill pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium spp. Placing inoculum at a moderate rate of 1 × 106 spores both directly on the seed and on top of the media covering the seed improved severity scores and reduced escapes compared with placement on top of the media only. Visual severity scoring systems and diagrammatic scales were developed for scoring the cotyledon region and roots. A computer vision algorithm was designed to improve the efficiency of scoring the cotyledon region and roots for disease severity using a simple RGB camera and lightbox. Visual and computer scores were best correlated when images were visually scored on a monitor, and multiple images were averaged. The scores generated from the computer vision algorithm had better correlations with visual scores for cotyledon rot (r = 0.92 and β1 = 0.96) than root rot (r = 0.62 and β1 = 0.67).
SSR Variability of Stem Rust Pathogen on Spring Bread Wheat in Russia
Authors: Skolotneva Ekaterina S. , Kosman Evsey , Kelbin Vasiliy N. , Morozova Eugenia V. , Laprina Yulia V. , Baranova Olga A. , Kolomiets Tamara M. , Kiseleva Marina I. , Sergeeva Ekaterina M. , Salina Elena A.
Published: October 2022

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, which used to be a harmful disease of winter wheat in the southern part of Russia, has been largely affecting the yield of spring bread wheat in the territories of the temperate climate zone since 2009. In total, 222 P. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were obtained from samples of susceptible cultivars of spring bread wheat in Central and Volga regions and Omsk and Novosibirsk provinces in 2019. Genotyping of the isolates was carried out at 16 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Number of alleles, proportion of heterozygotes, and deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were determined at each SSR locus. Based on genetic variability of SSR genotypes, it was shown that the P. graminis f. sp. tritici population is subdivided into two large clusters in the territory of the Russian temperate climate zone: the “European” population (the Central region) and the “Asian” one (the Volga region and two main wheat provinces of Western Siberia). Both of the P. graminis f. sp. tritici populations are characterized by a mixed mode of reproduction (sexual and clonal) but different sources of inoculum seem to shape a genotype structure within them. A group of P. graminis f. sp. tritici genotypes with high variability, the inbreeding coefficient closed to zero, and low observed heterozygosity was revealed among samples from Omsk. Moreover, two singular SSR genotypes identified among the Asian samples of P. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates should attract special attention in the monitoring of stem rust in order to disclose unexpected rapid changes of the pathogen in the corresponding regions and to prevent disease outbreak.
Second-Degree Burns and Aloe Vera: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Sharma Sonali , Alfonso Allyson R. , Gordon Alex J. , Kwong Jennifer , Lin Lawrence J. , Chiu Ernest S.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Aloe vera is a cost-effective, accessible wound care adjunct with a minimal risk profile. Despite its centuries-long history being used to treat varying wound types, published reports remain inconclusive on its efficacy. In this article, the authors report the results of a systematic review assessing the efficacy of topical aloe vera products in wound care applications, as well as a meta-analysis of its utility in burn healing where data are most robust.

Data Sources

In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, the authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials assessing the use of aloe vera in healing various wound types.

Study Selection

The database search identified 91 articles. After duplicates were removed, 74 articles were screened, and of those, 47 were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, 28 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 4 studies assessing second-degree burns were included in the meta-analysis.

Data Extraction

The following data points were collected from each study: number of participants/wounds, treatment type, adjunctive therapy (if any), and primary outcomes.

Data Synthesis

Risk-of-bias analysis was conducted on included articles, and results were compiled. A meta-analysis was undertaken for studies focusing on the treatment of burns. Cumulatively, these studies had a total of 133 patients with 163 wounds being assessed. Analysis revealed a statistically significant mean difference in time to healing of 4.44 days in favor of aloe vera treatment (P = .004).

Conclusions

Topical aloe vera usage for second-degree burn wound healing demonstrated significantly faster time to healing compared with other treatments.
The Effect of Sanyrene Liquid Dressing in Preventing Radiation Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Li Siqing , Chen Lanpeng , Yang Zhaoxia , Luo Wenxin , Zhong Liping , Liu Yuxia , Chen Jianmin , Xu Lihong , Xie Minyi , Yang Xiaoyue
Published: October 2022

Objective

To assess the efficacy of Sanyrene liquid dressing (Urgo Medical) in preventing radiation dermatitis (RD) among patients with cancer after radiotherapy.

Data Sources

The authors searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, SinoMed, WanFang Data, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases for articles published from inception to January 2021.

Study Selection

The preliminary search identified 146 studies. After removing duplicates, applying exclusion criteria, and screening titles and abstracts, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction

A standardized form was constructed to extract data from eligible studies. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies.

Data Synthesis

The authors identified a total of 19 studies involving 1,508 patients that assessed the effectiveness of Sanyrene liquid dressing in preventing RD in patients with cancer after radiotherapy. The findings suggested that Sanyrene decreases the total incidence of RD (odds ratio [OR], 5.00; 95% CI, 2.77–9.03; P < .00001), as well as the incidence of RD grade 2 (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.36–0.85; P = .007), grade 3 (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09–0.57; P = .002), and grade 4 (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13–0.78; P = .01). In addition, in comparison with controls, Sanyrene liquid dressing improves the cure rate (OR, 8.18; 95% CI, 4.03–16.60; P < .00001) and delays the occurrence of RD (mean difference, 3.69; 95% CI, 3.03-4.36; P < .00001).

Conclusions

Sanyrene liquid dressing can decrease both the total incidence of RD and the incidence of RD above grade 2. It also improves the cure rate and delays the occurrence of RD. Thus, Sanyrene may be a superior option for preventing RD after radiotherapy. However, the findings were assessed as moderate- to low-quality evidence and more high-quality trials are needed to support this result.
Keeping Viruses in Check
Authors: Kirton Carl A.
Published: October 2022

Vaccine misinformation continues to plague our profession.
Reframing Hospital Nursing as a Specialty to Address the Staffing Crisis
Authors: DiMattio Mary Jane K. , Hudacek Sharon
Published: October 2022

Academia and nursing practice are at a crossroads.
New Indication for Topical Ruxolitnib
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S.
Published: October 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitnib (Opzelura) as topical treatment for nonsegmental vitiligo in children and adults ages 12 years and older.

The most common adverse effects are application site acne, application site itching, common cold, headache, urinary tract infection, application site redness, and fever.
Helping Patients Access Mental Health Services
Authors: Sabella Donna
Published: October 2022

Tips for nurses on addressing this widespread challenge.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Improves Neurocognitive Function and Symptoms of Post-COVID Condition
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: October 2022

According to this study:

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can improve cognitive function, psychiatric symptoms, pain, and fatigue in patients who have post–COVID-19 condition.

The beneficial effect of the therapy can be attributed to increased brain perfusion and neuroplasticity in regions associated with cognitive and emotional roles.
What's the buzz about buprenorphine? A pharmacologic overview
Authors: Moore Dorothy James
Published: October 2022

Buprenorphine is a pain and opioid addiction treatment medication you may not have encountered. Here are some points to keep in mind.
Increase in prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 24 in children upon introducing 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Japan
Authors: Ohkusu Misako , Takeshita Kenichi , Takeuchi Noriko , Ishiwada Naruhiko
Published: October 2022

After introducing the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in children, a change in the prevalence of different Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) has been observed; the prevalence of vaccine serotypes has decreased and that of non-vaccine serotypes has increased. Nowadays, serogroup 24 has become one of the major non-vaccine serotypes causing IPDs in children in Japan. The aim of this study is to characterize clinical and genomic features of the S. pneumoniae serogroup 24 strains isolated from sterile body sites in Japanese children. Serotyping, multi-locus sequence typing and genomic analysis of capsular polysaccharides were performed on 61 strains of serogroup 24 from 2015 to 2021. Among the 61 strains, 36, 23, and 2 strains belonged to serotypes 24F, 24B, and 24C, respectively. Serotypes 24F ST 2572 and 24B ST 2572 were the major serotypes and sequence types observed from 2015 to 2019. On the contrary, 24F ST 162 and 24B ST 2754 were the two major serotypes and sequence types observed after 2020. Two strains of serotype 24C were detected for the first time in Japan. Analysis of the sequence of the abpA gene, which plays a role in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides in S. pneumoniae , was performed to distinguish between different strains of serogroup 24. After the introduction of PCV13 in Japan, serogroup 24 has become one of the most prevalent non-vaccine serotypes causing IPDs in children. This serogroup has not targeted by the next generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Monitoring of S. pneumoniae serogroup 24 that causes IPDs in children is essential.
Arcanobacterium buesumense sp. nov., isolated from an anal swab of a male harbour seal (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Alssahen Mazen , Kreitlow Antonia , Sammra Osama , Lämmler Christoph , Borowiak Maria , Malorny Burkhard , Siebert Ursula , Wohlsein Peter , Prenger-Berninghoff Ellen , Plötz Madeleine , Abdulmawjood Amir
Published: October 2022

A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on an unidentified previously described

Arcanobacterium

-like Gram-positive strain 2701T isolated from an anal swab of a dead male harbour seal. Comparative 16S rRNA sequencing showed that the bacterium belonged to the genus

Arcanobacterium

in the family

Arcanobacteriaceae

. The genome sequence of the strain was obtained by Borowiak et al. []. The genome had a G+C content of 49 mol% and a total length of 1.94 Mb. The presence of the major menaquinone MK-9(H4) supported the affiliation of the isolate with the genus

Arcanobacterium

. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid as major components and two unidentified lipids, a further unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified phosphoglycolipids as well as phosphatidylglycerol. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1 and C18 : 0. Biochemical and phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished the isolate from other members of the genus

Arcanobacterium

and closely related other species. Based on these results, it is proposed that the unknown

Arcanobacterium

sp. strain 2701T should be classified as representing a novel species with the name Arcanobacterium buesumense sp. nov. The type strain is 2701T (=DSM 112952T=LMG 32446T).
Engineering High Throughput Screening Platforms of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Cadena Ines A , Buchanan Mina R , Harris Conor G , Jenne Molly A , Rochefort Willie E , Nelson Dylan , Fogg Kaitlin C
Published: October 2022

There is a critical need for complex multicellular three-dimensional physiomimetic models of cancer that can interface with high throughput drug screening methods to assess anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic drug efficacy in a rapid yet high content manner. We report a multilayer multicellular platform of human cervical cancer cell lines and primary human microvascular endothelial cells that incorporates critical biophysical and extracellular matrix cues, interfaces with standard high throughput drug screening methods, and can evaluate cervical cancer invasion and endothelial microvessel formation over time. Through the use of Design of Experiments statistical optimization, we identified the specific concentrations of collagen I, fibrinogen, fibronectin, GelMA, and PEGDA in each hydrogel layer that maximized cervical cancer invasion and endothelial microvessel length simultaneously. We then validated the optimized platform and assessed the viscoelastic properties of the composite hydrogels as well as their individual constituents. Finally, using this optimized platform, we conducted a targeted drug screen of four clinically relevant drugs on two cervical cancer cell lines. From these data we identified each of the cervical cancer cell lines (SiHa and Ca Ski) as either responsive or refractive to Paclitaxel, Dasitinib, Dovitinib, or Pazopanib. Overall, we developed a phenotypic drug screening platform of cervical cancer that captures cell behavior present in the cervical cancer tumor microenvironment, captures patient to patient variability, and integrates with standard high throughput high content drug screening methods. This work provides a valuable platform that can be used to screen large compound libraries for mechanistic studies, drug discovery, and precision oncology for cervical cancer patients.
RNA molecules display distinctive organization at nuclear speckles
Authors: Paul Sneha , Arias Mauricio A. , Wen Li , Liao Susan E. , Zhang Jiacheng , Wang Xiaoshu , Regev Oded , Fei Jingyi
Published: October 2022

RNA molecules often play critical roles in assisting the formation of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells. Yet, little is known about the organization of RNAs within membraneless organelles. Here, using super-resolution imaging and nuclear speckles as a model system, we demonstrate that different sequence domains of RNA transcripts exhibit differential spatial distributions within speckles. Specifically, we image transcripts containing a region enriched in SR protein binding motifs and another region enriched in hnRNP binding motifs. We show that these transcripts localize to the outer shell of speckles, with the SR motif-rich region localized closer to the speckle center relative to the hnRNP motif-rich region. Further, we identify that this intra-speckle RNA organization is driven by the strength of RNA-protein interactions inside and outside speckles. Our results hint at novel functional roles of nuclear speckles and likely other membraneless organelles in organizing RNA substrates for biochemical reactions.
Agonistic anti-CD40 converts Tregs into Type 1 effectors within the tumor micro-environment
Authors: Maltez Vivien , Arora Charu , Sor Rina , Lian Qiaoshi , Vonderheide Robert H. , Germain Ronald N. , Byrne Katelyn T.
Published: October 2022

Multiple cell types, molecules, and processes contribute to inhibition of anti-tumor effector responses, often frustrating effective immunotherapy. Among these, Foxp3+ CD4+ cells (Tregs) are well-recognized to play an immunosuppressive role in the tumor microenvironment. The first clinically successful checkpoint inhibitor, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, may deplete Tregs at least in part by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), but this effect is unreliable in mice, including in a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In contrast, agonistic CD40 antibody, which serves as an effective therapy, is associated with notable Treg disappearance in the PDAC model. The mechanism of CD40-mediated Treg loss is poorly understood, as Tregs are CD40-negative. Here we have explored the mechanistic basis for the loss of Foxp3 T cells upon anti-CD40 treatment and find, using tissue-level multiplex immunostaining and orthogonal dissociated cell analyses, that Tregs are not depleted but converted into interferon-γ(IFN-γ) producing, Type I CD4+ T effector cells. This process depends on IL-12 and IFN-γsignaling evoked by action of the anti-CD40 antibody on dendritic cells (DCs), especially BATF3-dependent cDC1s. These findings provide insight into a previously unappreciated mechanism of CD40 agonism as a potent anti-tumor intervention that promotes the re-programming of Tregs into tumor-reactive CD4+ effector T cells, markedly augmenting the anti-tumor response.
Insights into the evolution of dermal armour: osteoderms in a mammal, the spiny mouse,Acomys
Authors: Maden Malcolm , Polvadore Trey , Polanco Arod , Barbazuk William B. , Stanley Edward
Published: October 2022

Osteoderms are bony plates which develop in the dermis of the skin of vertebrates, most commonly found in fishes and reptiles. They have evolved independently at least eight times in reptiles suggesting the presence of a gene regulatory network which is readily activated and inactivated. The absence of osteoderms in birds and mammals, except for the one example of armadillos, has prevented a comparative molecular approach to their evolution. However, following CT scanning, we have discovered that in two genera ofDeomyinae, the spiny mouseAcomysand the brush-furred mouse,Lophuromysthere are osteoderms present in the skin of their tails. We have studied osteoderm development within the dermis of the tail inAcomys cahirinusto show that they begin development before birth in the proximal part of the tail skin and they do not complete differentiation throughout the tail until 6 weeks after birth. This has allowed us to study the cellular differentiation of the osteoderms with histology and immunocytochemistry and perform RNA sequencing to identify the gene networks involved in their differentiation. There is a widespread down-regulation of keratin genes and an up-regulation of osteoblast genes and a finely balanced expression of signaling pathways as the osteoderms differentiate. Future comparisons with reptilian osteoderms may allow us to understand how these structures have evolved, why they are so rare in mammals and how they are position-specific.
Building insightful, memory-enriched models to capture long-time biochemical processes from short-time simulations
Authors: Dominic Anthony J. , Sayer Thomas , Cao Siqin , Markland Thomas E. , Huang Xuhui , Montoya-Castillo Andrés
Published: October 2022

The ability to predict and understand the complex molecular motions occurring over diverse timescales ranging from picoseconds to seconds and even hours occurring in biological systems remains one of the largest challenges to chemical theory. Markov State Models (MSMs), which provide a memoryless description of the transitions between different states of a biochemical system, have provided numerous important physically transparent insights into biological function. However, constructing these models often necessitates performing extremely long molecular simulations to converge the rates. Here we show that by incorporating memory via the time-convolutionless generalized master equation (TCL-GME) one can build a theoretically transparent and physically intuitive memory-enriched model of biochemical processes with up to a three orders of magnitude reduction in the simulation data required while also providing a higher temporal resolution. We derive the conditions under which the TCL-GME provides a more efficient means to capture slow dynamics than MSMs and rigorously prove when the two provide equally valid and efficient descriptions of the slow configurational dynamics. We further introduce a simple averaging procedure that enables our TCL-GME approach to quickly converge and accurately predict long-time dynamics even when parameterized with noisy reference data arising from short trajectories. We illustrate the advantages of the TCL-GME using alanine dipeptide, the human argonaute complex, and FiP35 WW domain.
Endonuclease fingerprint indicates a synthetic origin of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Bruttel Valentin , Washburne Alex , VanDongen Antonius
Published: October 2022

To prevent future pandemics, it is important that we understand whether SARS-CoV-2 spilled over directly from animals to people, or indirectly in a laboratory accident. The genome of SARS-COV-2 contains a peculiar pattern of unique restriction endonuclease recognition sites allowing efficient dis- and re-assembly of the viral genome characteristic of synthetic viruses. Here, we report the likelihood of observing such a pattern in coronaviruses with no history of bioengineering. We find that SARS-CoV-2 is an anomaly, more likely a product of synthetic genome assembly than natural evolution. The restriction map of SARS-CoV-2 is consistent with many previously reported synthetic coronavirus genomes, meets all the criteria required for an efficient reverse genetic system, differs from closest relatives by a significantly higher rate of synonymous mutations in these synthetic-looking recognitions sites, and has a synthetic fingerprint unlikely to have evolved from its close relatives. We report a high likelihood that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated as an infectious clone assembledin vitro.

Lay Summary

To construct synthetic variants of natural coronaviruses in the lab, researchers often use a method calledin vitrogenome assembly. This method utilizes special enzymes called restriction enzymes to generate DNA building blocks that then can be “stitched” together in the correct order of the viral genome. To make a virus in the lab, researchers usually engineer the viral genome to add and remove stitching sites, called restriction sites. The ways researchers modify these sites can serve as fingerprints ofin vitrogenome assembly.

We found that SARS-CoV has the restriction site fingerprint that is typical for synthetic viruses. The synthetic fingerprint of SARS-CoV-2 is anomalous in wild coronaviruses, and common in lab-assembled viruses. The type of mutations (synonymous or silent mutations) that differentiate the restriction sites in SARS-CoV-2 are characteristic of engineering, and the concentration of these silent mutations in the restriction sites is extremely unlikely to have arisen by random evolution. Both the restriction site fingerprint and the pattern of mutations generating them are extremely unlikely in wild coronaviruses and nearly universal in synthetic viruses. Our findings strongly suggest a synthetic origin of SARS-CoV2.