bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Interdependence Between Indonesia-Australia Through Cybersecurity Cooperation Post-Indonesia-Australia Cyberwar in 2013
Authors: Lestari Elva Azzahra Puji
Published: February 2021

The geographical proximity between Indonesia and Australia leads to harmonious relations between these two countries, especially in security. The development of information technology is one of the areas becoming the focus of Indonesia and Australia in maintaining regional security. Security cooperation has been established between Indonesia and Australia. This development can have an impact on a dispute between Indonesia and Australia, particularly in the 2013 cyberwar conflict. An Australian cyber-attack on Indonesia by tapping President Yudhoyono’s communication network caused the cyberwar incident. However, the post-cyberwar between Indonesia and Australia did not cause tension in the relations between the two countries. Indonesia approved the MOU of Cybersecurity Cooperation with Australia in 2018. This study aims to analyze the causes of Indonesia and Australia’s choice to continue their cybersecurity cooperation after the Indonesia-Australia cyberwar in 2013. This research utilized the theory of complex interdependence and domestic politics and qualitative analysis methods. The results revealed that Australia’s soft power resources, Australia’s political credibility, the advantages of Indonesia and Australia as democratic countries, and the political survival of individual leaders caused both countries to continue their cybersecurity cooperation after the Indonesia-Australia cyberwar in 2013.
A clinical and biochemical laboratory profile to measure the severity of dengue fever in paediatric population and their outcome
Authors: Talari Sandhya Rani , Belavadi Gangadhar
Published: February 2021

Background: Aim of the study was to assess various clinical manifestations of dengue fever, and complications, to establish the diagnosis of dengue fever based on dengue antigen (NS 1) and antibody (IgM, IgG) and to find the association between the clinical findings with laboratory findings.Methods: 100 cases of suspected children below 18 years of age with clinical features suggestive of dengue infection and children presenting with fever of acute onset (<2 weeks), pain abdomen, vomiting, rash, flushed appearance and bleeding manifestation were studied. The cases were followed up for the clinical and laboratory parameters and were treated according to WHO guidelines.Results: Out of total 100 cases studied 36 were classified as classical dengue fever, 33 as DHF, 15 as DSS, 16 as DLI. It was observed that the disease was common in age group of 5-11 year (54%). Most of the patients were male (66%) with an M:F ratio of 1.94:1. The common presenting symptoms were fever (96%), vomiting (49%), abdominal pain (42%), headache (12%), myalgia (7%), arthralgia (4%), retro orbital pain (1%). General physical examination revealed presence of hypotension, tachycardia, rashes, facial puffiness (28%), pedal oedema (21%), and conjunctival congestion (18%). The skin bleeding was the most common manifestation noted in 12 cases (12%) followed by GIT bleeding like hematemesis 4 cases (4%) followed by epistaxis 4 cases (4%), haematuria 2 cases (2%) and gum bleeds 2 cases (2%). In systemic examination patients were found to have hepatomegaly (53%), ascites (13%), splenomegaly (8%), and pleural effusion (27%). 36 (36%) patients in the study had leucopoenia and mean total leukocyte count of 6014.5 cells/cu mm. The highest and lowest TLC was 22000 and 1400 cells/cumm respectively. 85% cases had thrombocytopenia in the present study. The mean platelet in the present study was 41870 cells/cu mm. Elevated liver enzymes and elevated serum creatinine count was found in complicated forms of disease.Conclusions: The treatment of dengue is mainly supportive, but early institution and meticulous monitoring are the corner stone for positive outcome. Much more awareness, vigilance and research in the diagnostic modalities is further needed to avoid unnecessary panic and platelet transfusions.
Mycoplasma pneumonia among children with acute respiratory infection
Authors: Chacko Anjali Ann , Subbiah Ramaraj , Varghese Tharun C. , Susheela Kundoly Velayudhan
Published: February 2021

Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Mycoplasma pneumonia remains the most common species causing ARI in school going children. IgM ELISA is considered as the single most appropriate test for diagnosis of acute mycoplasma pneumonia infection. Objectives of the study was to assess the proportion of mycoplasma pneumonia among children aged 2-12 years admitted with ARI using IgM ELISA kit.Methods: Study design included prospective descriptive study. Study carried out at Amala institute of medical sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Study period from January 2019 to June 2020. Inclusion criteria included all children between age group 2-12 years admitted in paediatrics department with clinical features of ARI. Exclusion criteria excluded parents/patients who are not willing to participate in the study and patients who are known cases of reactive airway disease. A total of 124 children, aged 2-12 years with clinical features of ARI admitted during January 2019 to June 2020 were included in this study. This was to know the proportion of Mycoplasma pneumonia among these children using IgM ELISA test kit and to understand their clinical profile.Results: 71 were males. Mean age of children in the study group was 4.4±2.4. IgM ELISA was positive in 9 subjects (7.3%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 50, 85, 40, 89.7 and 79.5% respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumonia in our population based on IgM ELISA was 7.3%. Mycoplasma pneumonia IgM ELISA test is superior to cold agglutinin test.
Effectiveness of montelukast in childhood asthma: a prospective observational study
Authors: Gangdev Krutika , Jain Hemant , Luhadia Atul
Published: February 2021

Background: Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of airways to various stimuli, manifested by widespread narrowing of airways causing paroxysmal dyspnoea, wheezing or cough. Most asthma medications are inhalational and compliance is difficult. So, development of an orally active and once daily drug with additional bronchodilator properties would lead to a major advance for managing young patients with asthma.Methods: Children between 6-18 years with not well controlled asthma on daily controller therapy were enrolled. Their personal data and history regarding the duration of asthma symptoms, frequency and severity of exacerbations was noted. Diagnosis and grading of severity of asthma was confirmed by spirometry. Then subjects were started on montelukast as add on to their daily controller therapy and were reassessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks by clinical symptoms and PEFR. The change in frequency of symptoms and PEFR at the end of 12 weeks gave the outcome of efficacy of montelukast. Side effects of montelukast were also assessed.Results: Among total 64 subjects, at 4 weeks, 52 improved to well-controlled asthma. The remaining 12 did not improve, so required an increase in dose of their daily controller medication. Out of those 12 subjects, 10 subjects improved to well-controlled asthma at 8 weeks and 2 subjects still did not improve, so, their inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) dose was further increased. All 64 subjects showed improvement at 12 weeks. No serious side effects were observed.Conclusions: 81.25% subjects showed improvement at the 1st follow up itself and no serious complications were observed. So, it can be suggested that montelukast is a safe drug.
Menorrhagia in a teenager: a rare presentation of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Sadaf Salma , Kariyappa Pushpalatha
Published: February 2021

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare clonal disorder characterised by complement mediated hemolysis, thrombosis and bone marrow failure due to mutation of PIG A gene on chromosome X which codes for decoy proteins Glycoprotein anchor (CD55 and CD59) on hematopoietic stem cells. Onset of PNH is typically seen in adulthood. Pediatric cases account for 5-10% of all reported cases. It is largely underdiagnosed in children because of varied presentation and atypical symptoms. Here, we report a young girl who presented with menorrhagia and severe pallor which when evaluated unmasked the underlying PNH with aplastic anemia. She underwent a successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant. She has remained asymptomatic for 2 years highlighting the need for early evaluation and management for a better outcome.
Correlation of serum amylase level with the severity of acute organophosphorus compounds poisoning
Authors: Paul Gunosindhu , Kabir Mohammed Ruhul , Kamrul-Hasan A. B. M. , Ahammed S. K. Kabir , Hossain M. Enayet , Ahammed Ferdaus , Basak Shishir Kumar , Islam A. F. M. Nazmul
Published: February 2021

Background: Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is a common mode of suicidal poisoning in our country and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Serum amylase has shown a promising role in the assessment of the severity of OP poisoning. We conducted this study to see the association of serum amylase level with acute OP poisoning severity.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 patients admitted with acute OP poisoning to the inpatient department of medicine of a tertiary hospital in Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2018. Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning scale was used to detect clinical severity. Serum amylase was measured on the day of admission.Results: The patients' mean age was 23.68±6.80 years, and 65.3% were male. As assessed by the POP scale, 56.7%, 34.7%, and 8.7% of patients had mild, moderate, and severe grades of OP poisoning, respectively. The median serum amylase level was 103.50 (IQR 73.75-156.0) IU/l; 44.7% of the subjects had normal, and 53.3% had an elevated serum amylase. A progressive increase in serum amylase level was observed with the increasing severity of OP poisoning; 77.0 IU/l (IQR 58.0-97.0) in mild grade, 154.0 IU/l (IQR 125.25-162.5) in moderate grade, and 298.0 IU/l (IQR 289.5-305.0) in severe grade and the differences in the median amylase across the three groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation between serum amylase level and POP scale score (r=0.970; p<0.001) was also observed.Conclusions: Serum amylase level may be used as a readily available marker of the severity of acute OP poising in resource-poor settings.
The detection of colistin resistance in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates
Authors: Koçer Ipek , Zer Yasemin , Buyuktas Ayse
Published: February 2021

Background: Infections that develop with resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have been associated with high morbidity and mortality. Problems in the treatment of these infections have required the use of new treatment options such as colistin in recent years. This study was carried out to contribute to routine applications by investigating the compatibility of methods commonly used in determining colistin susceptibility with the gold standard broth microdilution (BMD) method.Methods: Colistin MIC values were determined by BMD, broth microdilution based commercial kit (Sensititre, ThermoFisher, USA), Vitek2 (bioMerieux, France) and gradient test (Bioanalyse, Turkey) in 128 carbapenem resistant K. pneumonaie strains isolated from various clinical samples sent from July 2018 to July 2019 to the microbiology laboratory.Results: According to the BMD method, 62 (48.4%) of the isolates were susceptible and 66 (51.6%) were colistin resistant. Accepting BMD method as reference, very large error (to find a susceptible result in a reference test as susceptible) and large error (to detect a susceptible result in a reference test as resistant) ratios in broth microdilution based commercial kit, automated system and gradient test were found respectively as 0%, 15.1, 18.1 and 0, 6.4 and 9.6%. According to the ISO performance criteria, the commercial kit shows "acceptable performance" while the other two tests have a very large error rate of >10% and are considered as "unacceptable performance".Conclusions: It was concluded that the ready kit we tested in laboratories with heavy workload could be used to determine the colistin susceptibility and the result determined in automated systems should be confirmed.
Organ donation perception and beliefs: a cross sectional study amongst degree college students and teachers in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Gupta Priyanka , Sodhani Shreya , Bhate Kamaxi
Published: February 2021

Background: Studies have shown that there is a lack of understanding about deceased organ donation. An adequate knowledge and the right attitude towards organ donation helps create a positive influence on people which may increase the organ donation rate. Since young students are less prejudiced and easily accept new ideas, it is necessary to educate the youth about organ donation through their teachers. At the same time, it is imperative to train teachers who will be responsible for spreading awareness so that they can include this topic in their lessons.Methods: A cross- sectional study was conducted among the degree college teachers and students in Mumbai city from November 2017- January 2018, after obtaining the institutional ethical approval and written informed consent. Using purposive sampling, teachers and students of degree colleges in Mumbai were approached, out of which 40 students and 40 teachers consented to participate in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the pre-existing understanding, beliefs, perception and attitude about deceased organ donation.  Results: Limited number of degree college teachers and students were aware of the various terminologies related to organ donation. Organ donation definition was correctly answered by 23 teachers (57.5%) and 17 students (42.5%). The correct meaning of brainstem death was known to 19 teachers (47.5%) and 2 students (5%). There are certain misconceptions and perceptions about deceased organ donation among both the teachers and the students. 13 teachers (32.5%) and 16 students (40%) believed that donor family will be revealed about the recipient’s details. 7 teachers (17.5%) and 18 students (45%) were of the opinion that government provides monetary support to donor families. decision of organ donation after death rests on relatives was known to 33 teachers (82.5%) and 21 students (52.5%). About 6 teachers (15%) and 18 students (45%) wrongly believed that if conflicts arise between relatives’ organs can still be donated. There’s no possibility of buying /selling of organs in India was known 27 teachers (67.5%) and 31 students (77.5%). About 34 teachers (85%) and 31 students (77.5%) wanted to pledge for organ donation after death. 90% teachers and 80% students said they think deceased organ donation awareness should be incorporated in the education curriculum.Conclusions: 85% of the study subjects (both teachers and students) felt the need of intensifying organ donation awareness programmes. Thus, organ donation awareness should be effectively incorporated in the educational curriculum.
The role of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure and its correlation with echocardiography
Authors: Toppo Archana , Varma Sanjay , Karwa Aneesh , Khare Rajeev Lochan , Malhotra Yogendra
Published: February 2021

Background: The primary aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the role of NT-proBNP in the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure and its correlation with echocardiography.Methods: Hospital based observational and analytical study undertaken on a total of 65 patients of diastolic heart failure fulfilling clinical inclusion criteria. The enrolled patients had a mean age of 54.5 years with a female preponderance (33 females vs. 32 males). Patients underwent clinical evaluation and echocardiography examination. NT-proBNP estimation was done using autoanalyzer working on principle of electrochemiluminisense. Patients were divided into various grades of diastolic dysfunction on the basis of echocardiography. Statistical analysis was done to find the significance of levels of NT-proBNP and its correlation with the grading of diastolic heart failure.Results: There was a statistically significant higher level of serum NT-proBNP in patients with diastolic heart failure and the increasing levels were directly proportional to severity of diastolic dysfunction. The mean level of NT-proBNP increased from 361.08 pg/ml to 3570 pg/ml in increasing severity of diastolic dysfunction.Conclusions: Results suggested positive correlation of rising NT-proBNP levels with increasing severity of diastolic dysfunction.
Correlation of severity of dengue with serum aminotransferase levels
Authors: Javed Syed , Singh Prabhat , Paliwal Sanjay Kumar
Published: February 2021

Background: In dengue, association of fever (most common presenting symptom) with hepatic involvement can be relatively more serious. Such patients may have raised serum aminotransferase levels as well as can be more prone to bleeding due to deranged liver functions. Thus, the present study was conducted with an objective to correlate these enzyme levels with the severity of dengue fever.Methods: This prospective, observational study was carried out for 1.5 years at a tertiary care teaching hospital in southern Rajasthan after ethics committee approval. Those patients diagnosed with dengue, admitted at this tertiary centre, aged 18 years and above and willing to give consent for participation, were included in the study. Patients were assessed for clinical features of dengue along with both laboratory and radiological investigations. Severity of dengue was correlated with aminotransferase levels. Data analysis was carried out using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Total 200 patients were analysed. Mean age was 36.92±14 years while male: female ratio was 1.23:1 in the study population. All patients (100%) had fever whereas shock and bleeding tendency were noted in 16 (8%) and 4 (2%) patients respectively. Majority 130 (65%) patients had moderate dengue. Raised aminotransferase levels were noted in approximately 65% study patients out of which nearly 40% patients had moderate dengue. Correlation of raised aminotransferase levels with thrombocytopenia, shock, bleeding tendency were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Serum aminotransferase levels were elevated in moderate dengue patients. However, there was no significant correlation of raised enzyme levels with thrombocytopenia, presence of shock and bleeding tendency or as the severity of dengue increases. Thus, it is quite subjective whether to predict severity of dengue from raised enzyme levels or not.
Distribution of interstitial lung diseases in a tertiary care centre of South India
Authors: Vemuri Mahesh Babu , Rajaram Manju , Mohapatra Madhusmita Mohanty , Vijayageetha Mathavaswami , Negi V. S. , Adithan Subathra , Chtoi Pampa , Chandran B. V. Sai , M. Ravindrachari
Published: February 2021

Background: The term interstitial lung diseases (ILD) refer to a broad category of lung diseases rather than a specific disease entity. True prevalence of ILD is difficult to estimate and it may vary according to the geography, environment, occupation etc. Aim and objectives were to find out the distribution of interstitial lung disease (ILD) subtypes in a tertiary care centre.  Methods: A descriptive study was conducted between August 2016 and November 2018 in a tertiary care centre in Puducherry, South India. Baseline demographic details, clinical symptoms, signs, radiological findings (chest radiograph and HRCT), pathological findings, and physiological findings were taken into consideration and diagnosis of type of interstitial lung disease was made using multidisciplinary discussion. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19.0 version.Results: A total of 150 patients were recruited of which 70.5% were females. Most common ILD subtype in our study was connective tissue disease associated ILD – 97 patients (65%) followed by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)–31 patients (22%). Most common type of CTD ILD observed in our study was progressive systemic sclerosis (46%) followed by mixed connective tissue disease (24%). The most common HRCT finding was NSIP pattern and most commonly observed physiological abnormality was moderate restriction and moderate diffusion impairment.  Conclusions: Connective tissue disease-associated ILD was the most common ILD found in our study amongst south Indian population. This suggests that the distribution of ILD would vary depending on the geographical area and the environmental exposure which was in contrast with the Indian ILD registry.
COVID-19 in a bone marrow transplant patient
Authors: Alharbi Ayman A.
Published: February 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a new pandemic with over 190000 cases and 7800 death reported world-wide as of 18 March 2020. Due to its high infectivity and pathogenicity, most people are vulnerable to this virus, especially those with comorbidities. According to a previous study, patients with pre-existing conditions are more likely to require mechanical ventilation, which may lead to a higher risk of death. Post-transplant patients are usually under immunosuppressive therapy; this immune deficiency status may result in opportunistic infections. For now the experience in the management of COVID-19 in the post-transplant population is limited. Here we report COVID-19 case who just underwent transplantation and did not show any disease activity, despite of his suppressed immune status.
Analysis of outcome of percutaneous versus open pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of thoraco-lumbar spine fractures: a prospective comparative study
Authors: Kumar Raj , Sarkar Bhaskar , Ifthekar Syed , Mittal Samarth , Kandwal Pankaj , Azam Quamar
Published: February 2021

Background: Aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness between percutaneous and open pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures with spinal injury.

Methods: A prospective comparative study including thirty patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture were equally divided into an open pedicle screw fixation (OPSF) group and a percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) group. Demographic characteristics, clinical and radiological outcomes, and adverse events were assessed and compared between the 2 groups.

Results: Demographic and clinical features including age, gender, fracture level, mechanism of injury and neurological status in both groups were not significantly different (all p>0.05). The PPSF group exhibits significantly lower operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospital stay compared with the OPSF group (all p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the sagittal Cobb′s angle (CA), fracture vertebral body angle (VBA), anterior vertebral body height (AVBH) on pre-operative, immediate post-operative and final follow up between the two surgical techniques (all p>0.05). Visual analogue scale (VAS) remarkably decreased in both groups after surgery but difference was not statically significant (p=0.808). Common postoperative complications in both groups were superficial infections, pressure ulcer and urinary tract infection (UTI) worsening. Hardware failure was seen only in one case of PPSF group.

Conclusions: Patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures can be effectively managed with PPSF/OPSF. There were no significant differences in radiological and clinical outcomes and post-op complications between 2 groups but blood loss, operative time and hospitalization stay were less in percutaneous group, which may represent a potential benefit.

 
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty of hip joint: prospective randomised comparative study of direct anterior approach versus posterior approach
Authors: Sancheti Mukesh , Ghagre Mahendra
Published: February 2021

Background: The dilemma while treating cases with hemiarthroplasty is the surgical approach to be employed. The aim of present study is comparison of posterior approach and direct anterior approach with regards to various relevant outcomes and evaluate early surgical complications.

Methods: In this randomized observational study conducted over 2 years, 20 patients each with intra-capsular neck femur fracture were enrolled as per predefined selection criteria and treated with hemiarthroplasty (bipolar) either by posterior approach or by direct anterior approach. Follow up was done for all the patients at regular intervals with standard post-operative protocol, including evaluation for surgical complications, active range of motion and assessment of Harris hip score.

Results: Overall infection rate was 5% (two patients in posterior approach, no patient in direct anterior approach, the difference being statistically insignificant). No incidences of dislocation were reported in either group. Two patients of posterior approach had abductor weakness. Periprosthetic fracture and deep vein thrombosis were observed in one case each in posterior approach group. In posterior surgical group, excellent Harris hip score in 25% patients, good in 57.5% patients and fair in 17.5% patients were observed; while in direct anterior surgical group, excellent score was observed in 12.5% patients, good in 55% patients and fair in 32.5% patients.

Conclusions: No major clinically or statistically significant differences were observed between for outcomes and complications between the two approaches. Larger randomized trials with bigger samples are recommended.
Cervical edema after anterior cervical fusion, a rare but potentially fatal complication: a case report
Authors: João Vale , Rui Pereira , Pedro Bem , Sara Diniz , Miguel Pereira , Pedro Neves
Published: February 2021

Anterior approaches to the cervical spine can be performed for spine decompression and instrumentation in many pathologic conditions. Cervical spine surgeries complicate in 5.3% of cases, with anterior procedures representing 65% of them. Airway compromise requiring tracheostomy or reintubation is rare but may lead to potentially catastrophic complications. There are several causes for airway compromise, including post-operative cervical swelling or hematoma, pharyngeal edema, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, angioedema, and graft or implant displacement. We present a case of a 57-year-old male with chronic neck and left radicular pain. He was submitted to C5-C6 anterior cervical disc fusion that was complicated with airway compromise in the orthopedics ward. The patient required emergent reintubation for airway protection, wound exploration and intensive care. Hematoma is often the first diagnosis to consider in the immediate postoperative period. A low threshold for intubation should be maintained. After airway protection, it is essential to differentiate etiologies, to guide subsequent management.

 
Los artefactos en cuanto posibilitadores de acción. Problemas en torno a la noción de agencia material en el debate contemporáneo
Authors: Parente Diego
Published: February 2021

La recuperación de la materialidad como tópico de análisis en el pensamiento contemporáneo ha derivado principalmente de los teóricos de la sociología, la antropología y la arqueología. Este impulso dio lugar al surgimiento de una serie de enfoques habitualmente reunidos bajo la denominación agencia material (material agency). Desde una perspectiva centrada en los problemas de filosofía de la técnica, el propósito de este artículo es proponer una noción de agencia que logre integrar adecuadamente el entorno material donde se despliega las acciones y el conjunto de affordances (o posibilidades de acción) que los artefactos y sistemas técnicos abren al interior de una cultura. Con este objetivo la primera parte de este trabajo se dedica a explorar críticamente la propuesta de tres representantes paradigmáticos del enfoque de la agencia material cuyas teorías tienen implicaciones cruciales para una teoría de los artefactos. A fin de esclarecer estas últimas, la segunda sección propone discutir cuatro sentidos de agencia que se hallan con frecuencia en el debate contemporáneo sobre agencia material. La tercera sección, en último término, señala las aporías de los sentidos de agencia reconstruidos y defiende una noción de agencia andamiada que resulta refractaria a un enfoque completamente simétrico sobre organismos y artefactos.
El cuerpo humano como un sistema complejo a la luz del contexto histórico-científico del descubrimiento de la circrculación pulmonar: de alejandrinos, árabes, herejes y nobles
Authors: Serna Horacio
Published: February 2021

La historia remota de las ciencias de la complejidad se suele desconocer al poner de manifiesto que es un conjunto de campos del conocimiento que tuvieron su desarrollo en el siglo xx, sin embargo, las ideas generatrices de las tesis defendidas por las ciencias de la complejidad, en particular la idea de sistema complejo, vienen desde mucho antes. El descubrimiento de la circulación pulmonar revolucionó la manera de entender la medicina en el marco del cambio del paradigma hipocrático-galénico que tuvo influencia hasta muy avanzada la Edad Media, además, el descubrimiento de marras estuvo muy nutrido de elementos que dan sustento para considerarlo como un acontecimiento de suma importancia en el desarrollo histórico de las ideas tempranas en ciencias de la complejidad y en el reconocimiento del cuerpo humano como un sistema complejo.
Linguistic notes: on iota and comma
Authors: Korpysz Tomasz
Published: February 2021

In Norwid’s writings, the nouns koma [comma] and jota [iota] that literally mean respectively: ‘comma’ and ‘the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet’ or ‘the Polish letter and consonant j’, in the vast majority of cases have secondary, figurative meanings – in particular, when they are elements of phraseological units, but also in some other contexts they usually refer to some small elements of a text. It is symptomatic that a large part of Norwid’s usages more or less directly refer to the well-known biblical quotation from the Gospel of Matthew, which in King James Version reads: “For verily I say unto you, till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.” Norwid’s use of comma and iota analysed in this article indirectly confirms the importance that the poet attached not only to the graphic layout and punctuation, or more generally to the formal aspects of the texts, but also to their proper, profound understanding.
Norwid’s Roma antiqua in its full version
Authors: Gadamska-Serafin Renata
Published: February 2021

Magdalena Karamucka’s book Antyczny Rzym Norwida [Norwid’s Ancient Rome] is the first monographic study of the problem addressed in the title. Ancient Rome is presented in this valuable study from different perspectives: as a geographical, historical and cultural reality and as a literary topos. The starting point for the discussion is a chapter devoted to a Roman episode of Norwid’s biography and his Roman readings. Another subject of analysis are the poet’s political, religious and historiosophical reflections about Rome and his remarks on literature, art and Roman theatre. The main, comparative part is devoted to a meticulous analysis of reminiscences, quotations (paraphrases), titles, etc. taken from works of Roman authors (including Catullus, Horace, Juvenal, Ovid, Virgil), Norwid’s translational work and his Roman correspondence. However, Norwid’s Roma antiqua presented in the monograph is not frozen in a dead form. The author shows in an interesting and convincing way how this romanitas becomes a starting (or reference) point for the author of Quidam in his reflections on almost all aspects of his contemporary times.
Russia an empire of the “form” in Cyprian Norwid’s writings
Authors: Karamucka-Marcinkiewicz Magdalena
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is to analyse Norwid’s historiosophical reflections on Russia, in which the key role is played by metaphors based on the relationship between the “form” and the “content”. This metaphoricity is reflected in the popular motif in the poet’s works, which considered the relationships of the “word” – the “letter” and the “spirit” – the “body”. In the analysed fragments, mainly from the poem Niewola, tsarist, imperialist Russia appears as an empire of the “form”, which in this case is supposed to mean the dominance of formalism and broadly understood enslavement over the spiritual content. In Norwid’s eyes, Russia, similarly to imperial Rome, stands in a clear opposition to the spirit of freedom, nation or humanity. The poet’s vision reflects the popular trends in the 19th-century literature.
Norwid's "tatarski czyn". Between hierarchy and eruption (semantics, contexts, and consequences)
Authors: Zehnder Christian
Published: February 2021

Drawing on a scholarly polemic of the 1930s, this paper differentiates between two ways of understanding and translating Cyprian Norwid’s formula “tatarski czyn,” as ‘Tatar deed’ (from the Polish czyn) or as ‘Tatar rank’ (from the Russian chin according to the Tsarist Table of Ranks). The aim is to show how the eruptive versus the hierarchical readings of “tatarski czyn” have influenced the opinions on Norwid’s dialogic treatise Promethidion (1851) and, more generally, on his criticism of the utopian thought of Polish Romanticism and of Russian po-litics. It was Adam Mickiewicz who in the 1820s and 1830s pointed to the homonymy between czyn and chin and its potential in enacting ambivalences between the seemingly incommensurable imaginaries of eruption and hierarchy. Moreover, Mickiewicz already linked both understandings of czyn with a stereotypical Tatar, or Mongolian, “Asianness.” In this respect, Norwid’s formula is fairly conventional. What is genuinely original, however, is how Norwid turns Mickiewicz’s earlier ideas against those of the later Mickiewicz who, in his Paris Lectures on the Slavs (1840–1844), seems to glorify the “Tatar deed.” In contrast to the “bloody ladder” of Russian bureaucracy and the irrational tendency in Mickiewicz’s activism, Norwid suggests a “gradual labor” culminating in, not erupting with, the deed (Promethidion). This aspect of Norwid’s metaphorical thought is shown in a parallel reading with the philosopher August Cieszkowski who, in his Prolegomena to Historiosophy (1838), conceptualized history as a “texture of deeds” leading to institutions. Similarly, Norwid’s positive notion of the deed, i.e. his revision of Romantic activism, should be situated beyond the alternatives of eruption and hierarchy.
Russia: Asia or Europe? Reflections on the awareness of the Polish intelligentsia in the 19th century as the ideological context of Norwid’s work
Authors: Dworak Anna M.
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the views of the Polish intelligentsia in Cyprian Norwid’s lifetime on the issue of Russia’s membership in Europe. Among the discussed examples there are particularly frequent attempts to push Russia out of Europe by emphasising its Asian character. The examples of pan-Slavic ideas are less frequent. Against this background, Norwid’s views on the question of Russia’s Asianness seem to be exceptionally balanced. The poet noticed that Russia was different, but he believed that isolating it from Europe could be more detrimental than beneficial.
Christ and children. Graphic inedita of Norwid
Authors: Chlebowska Edyta
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is to present two previously unknown drawings by Norwid, inspired by the New Testament, which have recently been added to the register of his artistic legacy. The first of the sketches Chrystus i dzieci w świątyni jerozolimskiej [Christ and Children in the Temple of Jerusalem] (1855, lost) illustrates a quotation from the Gospel of Matthew (Mt 21, 15-17). The second composition Chrystus błogosławiący dzieci [Christ Blessing Children] (1857, National Library) refers to an episode mentioned several times in the Gospels (Mt 19, 13-15; Mk 10, 13-16; Lk 18,15-17).
Controllable Michelson interferometer of refractive type
Authors:   The Russian State Scientific Center for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics (RTC), Saint Petersburg, Gryaznov N. A. , Goryachkin D. А. , Kuprenyuk V. I. , Sosnov Е. N. , Alekseev V. L.
Published: February 2021

In some applications of a Michelson interferometer, in particular, when it is used in a laser resonator, the high stability of its phases is necessary. The proposed paper contains the comparison of two interferometer configurations. The first of them uses a classical schematic interferometer, the second one is designed with the use of a refractive schematic one, which is typical of enhanced stability against misalignments and occasional fluctuations of surrounding air. The possibility is discussed of applying the controllable refractive interferometer inside the resonator for generation of ultra short laser pulses.
Spectral studies of textile optical bleach and organic dye
Authors:   Saint Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics, Russia, Maiorov E. E. , Chernyak T. A. ,   Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (GUAP), Russia, Tsygankova G. A. ,   The naval Polytechnic Institute, Pushkin, Russia, Mashek A. C. ,   The naval Polytechnic Institute, Pushkin, Russia, Konstantinova A. A. ,   Military Academy of Telecommunications named. S.M. Budyonny, Saint Petersburg, Russia, Pisareva E. A. ,   Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Published: February 2021

This paper shows the relevance of the developed spectrophotometer for the study of optical bleach and organic dye for different tissues. The paper presents a block diagram of the spectrophotometer and provides technical and operational characteristics of the device. Diffuse reflection spectra were obtained for different tissue samples, which show that the optical bleach forms a short-wave absorption band at λ ≤ 420 nm and gives a luminescent additive to the reflected radiation flux in the blue region of the spectrum λ ≈ 430–480 nm. In the region of λ ≈ 500–640 nm, the reflection coefficient decreases. A quantitative comparison of the brightness parameter B determined from the R(λ) spectra and the brightness parameter B of the white tissues was performed. The results of Be measurements were reduced to the reference value Br by linear interpolation. The interpolation error did not exceed δB ≤ 1 %. The color parameters for the X, Y, and Z coordinates were measured with an error of no more than 1 %. The diffuse reflection spectra of colored tissue samples are analyzed and the results of measurements of colorimetric coordinates are obtained.
Variação no Português Tikuna: um estudo com base na concordância verbal de primeira pessoa e de /s/ em posição de onset
Authors: Pessoa dos Santos Bonifácio Ligiane
Published: February 2021

neste artigo, apresentamos um estudo da variação no Português Tikuna, com base na análise das variáveis sociais e linguísticas no uso de um fenômeno morfossintático e um fonético.  O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar quais fatores sociais e linguísticos estariam condicionando a variação quanto ao uso da concordância na primeira pessoa do singular (P1) e ao uso de /s/ em posição de onset. O arcabouço teórico fundamenta-se no campo da Sociolinguística e do Contato Linguístico, a partir de trabalhos como os de Weinreich (1953), Chambers (2003) Wolfram (1969), Romaine (1978), Trudgill (1972), Tarallo (2007) entre outros. Os dados referentes aos falantes foram coletados por meio de gravações em áudio e vídeo com vinte e três professores Tikuna. A análise dos dados é feita em termos de frequência e utiliza o método quali-quantitativo, uma vez que, a partir do corpus da pesquisa, há a sistematização e análise estatística das informações, seguindo-se a análise descritiva. O registro e a análise desses fenômenos variáveis têm a intenção de contribuir para a descrição do português falado na região norte do Brasil
Caminhos para as línguas na fronteira: Políticas Linguísticas no Brasil
Authors: Rodrigues Luana Ferreira
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo tem como objetivo trazer algumas considerações sobre as políticas públicas voltadas para as línguas em contexto de fronteira no Brasil, por meio da análise de leis e projetos desenvolvidos pelo Estado nos últimos anos, como o Programa Escolas Interculturais de Fronteira (PEIF), entre os anos de 2005 e 2015, em convênio entre o Ministério da Educação do Brasil e a Secretaria Educativa do Mercosul. Sob a ótica da Política Linguística e estudos realizados por pesquisadores como Calvet (2002), Oliveira (2016), Sagaz (2013), Berger (2015) e Paz (2016), pretende-se pensar a importância do planejamento linguístico e a posta em prática de políticas que visem a preservação das línguas e a difusão do plurilinguismo no contexto fronteiriço.
Da distinção entre dois mundos/níveis: um estudo sobre os domínios semiótico e semântico
Authors: Schmitt Briane , Toldo Oldeste Claudia Stumpf
Published: February 2021

Neste estudo, procuramos investigar o problema da significação a partir da perspectiva sobre as noções de forma e sentido na linguagem, propostas por Émile Benveniste (2006). Este trabalho justifica-se na medida em que busca compreender de que maneira se constroem os sentidos que circulam nas práticas enunciativas, em especial no discurso sobre o incêndio da boate Kiss, ocorrido no dia 27 de janeiro de 2013, na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar a maneira como os domínios do semiótico e do semântico funcionam no processo de significação da linguagem. O estudo tem como pressupostos teóricos as noções sobre forma e sentido na linguagem propostas por Émile Benveniste (2006) em sua obra Problemas de Linguística Geral II, bem como algumas considerações sobre os estudos benvenistianos discutidas por Valdir do Nascimento Flores (2013). O corpus dessa pesquisa é composto por três recortes do livro intitulado Todo dia a mesma noite, de autoria de Daniela Arbex, cuja obra tem o caráter de uma extensa reportagem sobra a tragédia na boate Kiss. A pesquisa é do tipo exploratória, bibliográfica e sua análise é qualitativa. A constatação deste trabalho é de que o domínio semântico, embora sempre relacionado e só existente por conta do domínio semiótico, se destaca por ser o responsável pela riqueza infinita de sentidos, uma vez que sempre considera o ato enunciativo como único, atualizado no presente da enunciação, e que dá margem para acréscimos de sentidos que dependem do próprio uso do sistema que é a língua.
O campo semântico “jogos e diversões infantis” na região norte do Brasil: uma descrição geossociolinguística
Authors: Ferreira Josevaldo Alves
Published: February 2021

Este trabalho pretende mapear a produção lexical do campo semântico “Jogos e Brincadeiras Infantis” em seis estados da região norte do Brasil – Pará, Amapá, Amazonas, Rondônia, Acre e Tocantins – os quais fazem parte da rede de pontos do projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil (ALiB) e, desse modo, fazer uma análise comparativa entre os dados urbanos (capitais) e rurais (interior), assim como observar subáreas geográficas onde ocorram itens lexicais comuns. A metodologia seguida observará os preceitos advindos da dialetologia pluridimensional utilizada por Thun (1998), assim como as contribuições feitas por pesquisadores da área como Cardoso (2010) e Razky (2013).  Os resultados serão apresentados por meio de cartas linguísticas, que demonstrem a variação lexical dos itens pesquisados do ponto de vista diatópico, e de gráficos que apresentem a variação diastrática (idade e sexo). Os dados analisados na pesquisa fazem parte do acervo do projeto ALiB e foram coletados em 23 localidades dos estados acima mencionados considerando falantes de ambos os sexos, de duas faixas etárias de idade (18 a 30 e 50 a 65 anos de idade), com nível fundamental incompleto de educação. Os resultados evidenciam que o campo semântico analisado não apresenta grandes diferenças lexicais entre as capitais e as cidades do interior mas apontam para a existência de duas subáreas que apresentam características lexicais comuns a essas subáreas. Outrossim, a variação diagenérica mostra pouca variação entre homens e mulheres no campo semântico observado. Quanto à idade, verifica-se certo conservadorismo nos falantes mais velhos, os quais preferem os usos lexicais mais peculiar na região norte.
Preliminary Study of Pre-hospital Pain Management and Comparison of Pain Management Methods in Emergency Patients
Authors: Sorri Farhad , Hashemian Farshad , Hajialikhani Shahin , Bakhshaei Mohammad Hossein
Published: February 2021

Background: Pain is an unpleasant sensation in the body or mind. Uncontrolled pain can increase mortality and morbidity with its negative physiological effects. Effective pain management especially in emergency conditions is essential to keep the patient in optimal conditions and to achieve good clinical results. As most of the injured and traumatic conscious patients with acute pain in emergency situations, need control and perfect pain management during transfer to hospital essential to feel satisfied and improve the quality of service and to decrease mortality and morbidity. Due to some limitation to use opioid drugs in pre-hospital systems, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of non-opioids drugs in different doses on pre-hospital emergency traumatic conscious patients.
Methods: Infusion of 1 gr IV acetaminophen and 30 mg IV ketorolac were studied separately and in combination 500 mg acetaminophen and 15 mg ketorolac on 95 patients in three separate groups in the pre-hospital pain control system. Patient pain score was collected at 5 intervals.
Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the three groups in pain scores reduction finally (p> 0.05). The rate of pain reduction in emergency department is very important and these criteria was significant (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the combination of ketorolac and acetaminophen reduces pain more rapidly than either alone. According to our findings we suggest a combination of apotel and ketorolac is injected in advance in moderate to severe conscious traumatic patient before any change in the position of patients if there are not any contraindications.
Benchmarking Datasets from Malaria Cytotoxic T-cell Epitopes Using Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Adiga Rama
Published: February 2021

Background: Epitope prediction remains a major challenge in malaria due to the unique parasite biology, in addition to rapidly evolving parasite sequence variation in Plasmodium species. Although several models for epitope prediction exist, they are not useful in Plasmodium specific epitope development. Hence, it was proposed to use machine learning based methods to develop a peptide sequence based epitope predictor specific for malaria.
Methods: Model datasets were developed and performance was tested using various machine learning algorithms. Machine learning classifiers were trained on epitope data using sequence features and comparison of amino acid physicochemical properties was done to yield a valid prediction model.
Results: The findings from the analysis reveal that the model developed using selected classifiers after preprocessing by Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) performed better than other methods. The datasets for benchmarks of performance are deposited in the repository https://github.com/githubramaadiga/epito-pe_dataset.
Conclusion: The study is the first in-silico study on benchmarking Plasmodium cytotoxic T cell epitope datasets using machine learning approach. The peptide based predictors have been used for the first time to classify cytotoxic T cell epitopes in malaria. Algorithms has been evaluated using real datasets from malaria to obtain the model