bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Planned Hospital Birth Attended by Midwives Compared with Physicians in British Columbia
Authors: Janssen Patricia A. , Ryan Elizabeth M. , Etches Duncan J. , Klein Michael C. , Reime Birgit
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Background:
The impact of midwifery versus physician care on perinatal outcomes in a population of women planning birth in hospital has not yet been explored. We compared maternal and newborn outcomes between women planning hospital birth attended by a midwife versus a physician in British Columbia, Canada.
Methods:
All women planning a hospital birth attended by a midwife during the 2‐year study period who were of sufficiently low‐risk status to meet eligibility requirements for home birth as defined by the British Columbia College of Midwives were included in the study group (n =488). The comparison group included women meeting the same eligibility requirements but planning a physician‐attended birth in hospitals where midwives also practiced (n =572). Outcomes were ascertained from the British Columbia Reproductive Care Program Perinatal Registry to which all hospitals in the province submit data. Results: Adjusted odds ratios for women planning hospital birth attended by a midwife versus a physician were significantly reduced for exposure to cesarean section (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39–0.86), narcotic analgesia (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.18–0.37), electronic fetal monitoring (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.16–0.30), amniotomy (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56–0.98), and episiotomy (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.42–0.93). The odds of adverse neonatal outcomes were not different between groups, with the exception of reduced use of drugs for resuscitation at birth (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.83) in the midwifery group. Conclusions: A shift toward greater proportions of midwife‐attended births in hospitals could result in reduced rates of obstetric interventions, with similar rates of neonatal morbidity. (BIRTH 34:2 June 2007)
Perforating Neutrophilic and Granulomatous Dermatitis of the Newborn—A Clue to Immunodeficiency
Authors: Torrelo Antonio , Vera Angel , Portugués Mar , De Prada Inmaculada , Sanz Andrés , Colmenero Isabel , Zulaica Ander , De Lucas Raúl , Fraga Javier , Pedraz Javier , Fontán Sindo , Zambrano Antonio
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  We report two newborns with a widespread cutaneous eruption consisting of discrete papules which evolved into vesicles, pustules, crusts, and ulcers. These healed over a 2‐week period with scarring. Histopathology showed three main features—histiocytic granulomas, neutrophilic infiltration, and transepidermal elimination of degenerated collagen and debris through hair follicles. Both patients had congenital immunodeficiency. This skin condition of the newborn, with distinct clinical and histopathologic features, is a manifestation of immunodeficiency that has not been previously described.
Randomized Trial on Sun Safety Education at Ski and Snowboard Schools in Western North America
Authors: Walkosz Barbara , Voeks Jenifer , Andersen Peter , Scott Michael , Buller David , Cutter Gary , Dignan Mark
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Go Sun Smart, a sun safety education program, directed to parents and children enrolled in ski and snowboard schools at high altitude resorts in western North America. Twenty‐six ski resorts were paired and then randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Three hundred fifty‐seven parents were interviewed about their children's sun safety behavior and exposure to the Go Sun Smart program. More parents at the intervention resorts reported that their child was wearing sunscreen than at the control resorts (OR 2.37, 95% CI 0.93, 5.99) but this result was significant only at resorts in the Northwest region (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.24, 5.95). Parents at intervention resorts had significantly increased odds of having seen a Go Sun Smart poster than those at the control resorts (OR = 8.53, 95% CI 2.17, 33.54). No significant differences were identified between the intervention and control groups for verbal messages from ski resort employees about sun protection. Outdoor wintertime recreation venues are a potentially effective site from which to implement sun safety education programs for children and parents.
Multiple Juvenile Xanthogranulomas in a 13‐Year‐Old
Authors: Redbord Kelley Pagliai , Sheth Anita P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  A 13‐year‐old Caucasian girl presented with a 1½ month history of multiple, asymptomatic, discrete, orange‐yellow to skin‐colored, dome‐shaped, smooth, 3 to 6 mm papules on the arms, legs, trunk, and buttock. Pathology showed a dermal infiltrate of Touton‐type giant cells, scattered lymphocytes, and macrophages. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile xanthogranuloma. We present this patient because of the uncommon presentation of multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas in a 13‐year‐old. Although juvenile xanthogranuloma generally occurs in infancy, it must be included in the differential diagnosis for an older child. This entity can less frequently occur in adults and typically a solitary lesion is found. Multiple juvenile xanthogranuloma is rare in older children and adults. Work‐up should include a thorough review of systems, physical examination, and ophthalmology examination. Pediatricians and dermatologists should be aware that juvenile xanthogranulomas might occur in older children.
Hyperthyroidism and Lupus‐like Syndrome in an Adolescent Treated with Minocycline for Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Benjamin Robert W. , Calikoglu Ali S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic commonly used in the treatment of acne. While it is generally considered to be a safe medicine, a number of side effects have been associated with its use. We describe an adolescent boy who developed hyperthyroidism and a drug‐induced lupus‐like syndrome following minocycline treatment for his acne.
Congenital Cranial Fasciitis—‘‘Watch and Wait’’ or Early Intervention
Authors: Oh Chang‐Keun , Whang So‐Min , Kim Byoung‐Gyun , Ko Hyun‐Chang , Lee Chang‐Hoon , Kim Hak Jin , Kim Yong Woo , Kwon Kyung‐Sool
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Cranial fasciitis is a rare variant of nodular fasciitis of childhood, a benign condition cured by surgical excision. Recently, spontaneous involution has been reported and a ‘‘watch and wait’’ approach was recommended. We report an instance of a congenital cranial fasciitis that grew rapidly during a 10‐month follow‐up after fine needle aspiration and incisional biopsy. Conservative surgical excision was curative with no recurrence over a follow‐up period of 4 years. Therefore, we recommend that early excision may be necessary in lieu of a ‘‘watch and wait’’ approach for large, rapidly growing cranial fasciitis.
Localized Cutaneous Cryptococcus albidus Infection in a 14‐Year‐Old Boy on Etanercept Therapy
Authors: Hoang Jeannine Koay , Burruss Jyoti
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Immune‐modulating medications, such as the tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitors, are establishing a niche in the dermatologic therapeutic armamentarium as novel, effective, and relatively safe alternatives in the treatment of numerous inflammatory dermatoses. The benefits of anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α inhibitor therapy are well known. However, these agents are also associated with an increased risk of infectious complications—most commonly granulomatous infections with mycobacteria and fungi.

We present a teenaged boy with localized, cutaneous Cryptococcus albidus infection on the scalp which occurred after he began etanercept for refractory psoriasis. The infection resolved after a course of fluconazole. This is the second report of localized, cutaneous C. albidus infection, but the first occurring in association with etanercept therapy. Our patient's findings remind us that extra vigilance is imperative in monitoring patients on immunosuppressive regimens and that any persistent, nonhealing lesion in these patients should prompt evaluation for potential infection, not only from common and typical pathogens but also from more unusual, atypical ones.
Dermatitis Artefacta in a 12‐Year‐Old Girl Mimicking Cutaneous T‐cell Lymphoma
Authors: ANGUS JANET , AFFLECK ANDREW G. , RAVENS CROFT JANE C. , LEACH IAIN H. , SLATER DAVID N. , MILLARD LESLIE G.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Dermatitis artefacta or factitious disease may be unrecognized in children. We present a 12‐year‐old girl who had an unusual facial lesion on the chin, which was self‐inflicted but histologically mimicked cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Our report emphasizes both the potential diagnostic pitfalls and the importance of clinicopathologic correlation.
A Rare Cause of Preseptal Cellulitis: Anthrax
Authors: ARTAC HASIBE , SILAHLI MUSA , KELES SEVGI , OZDEMIR MUSTAFA , REISLI ISMAIL
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Infection of the eyelids confined to the preseptal space is relatively common but potentially serious. We report a child with cutaneous anthrax to remind that the interesting contagious cause be included in the differential diagnosis of the preseptal cellulitis.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Authors: FOX GARY N.
Published: May 2007

Letters to the Editor are welcomed for publication (subject to editing). Letters must be signed by all authors, typewritten double spaced, and must not exceed two pages of text including references. Two copies of all letters should be submitted along with one copy on disk. Letters should not duplicate material submitted or published in other journals. Prepublication proofs will not be provided.
Prophylactic red blood cell exchange for prevention of severe immune hemolysis in minor ABO‐mismatched allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation after reduced‐intensity conditioning
Authors: Worel Nina , Greinix Hildegard T. , Supper Volker , Leitner Gerda , Mitterbauer Margit , Rabitsch Werner , Fischer Gottfried , Rosenmayr Agathe , Höcker Paul , Kalhs Peter
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND: Delayed severe immune hemolysis due to donor‐derived passenger lymphocytes is observed in minor and/or bidirectional ABO‐mismatched transplants, especially after reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC). The incidence is reported in up to 30 percent of patients and can result in multiorgan failure (MOF) and death.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A first group of 32 patients (historical control) underwent RIC followed by allogeneic hematopoietic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation at our institution. In 5 of 10 patients with a minor and/or bidirectional ABO‐mismatched graft, severe immune hemolysis was observed, leading to death in 3 of them. Therefore, we initiated a protocol with prophylactic red blood cell (RBC) exchange in minor and/or bidirectional ABO mismatch of a second group of patients (study group) and investigated the incidence of hemolysis, transplant‐related mortality (TRM), and overall survival (OS) and compared these data with the historical control group. Twenty‐two of 80 patients in the study group had a minor and/or bidirectional ABO‐mismatched donor.

RESULTS: In 20 patients, a prophylactic RBC exchange was performed. Three patients showed mild to moderate citrate reactions, and in 1 patient the procedure had to be stopped because of hypotension. Eighteen of 20 patients engrafted uneventfully, 1 patient rejected his graft, and another 1 showed signs of mild hemolysis. In the minor and/or bidirectional ABO‐mismatched setting patients in the study group had a lower risk for TRM at 1 year compared to patients in the historical control group (16% vs. 53%, p < 0.05) and a better 1‐year OS (65% vs. 40%, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: RBC exchange is a safe procedure, reducing the incidence of delayed severe immune hemolysis and thus the risk of TRM in minor and/or bidirectional ABO‐mismatched cases.
The consequences of temporary deferral on future whole blood donation
Authors: Custer Brian , Chinn Artina , Hirschler Nora V. , Busch Michael P. , Murphy Edward L.
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND:The consequences of temporary deferral are not well understood. This study sought to investigate blood donor return after deferral expiration.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:A retrospective cohort analysis of allogeneic whole‐blood donation was conducted. All deferred donors and a random sample of eligible donors were identified from the year 2000, with subsequent blood center visits through December 2005 captured. Stratified results are reported as the percentage returning, rates of return, and time to return. Measures of statistical association and Cox regression modeling are reported.

RESULTS:For first‐time (FT) donors, 25 percent of temporarily deferred donors returned during the 5‐year follow‐up period compared to 47 percent of eligible donors (p < 0.0001); for repeat donors, 81 and 86 percent of deferred and eligible donors returned, respectively (p < 0.0001). Depending on the deferral category, 14 to 31 percent of FT and 58 to 90 percent of repeat donors returned. Rates (per year) of successful donation during the follow‐up period were 0.09 for index‐deferred FT donors, 0.28 for eligible FT donors, 1.0 for deferred repeat donors, and 1.45 for eligible repeat donors. Multivariate modeling indicated that in addition to deferral, age, sex, race, and education were associated with return in both FT and repeat donors.

CONCLUSION:The effects of deferral were more pronounced than expected, affecting both FT and repeat donors. For FT donors, the type and duration of deferral, while important, were not as relevant as hypothesized because so few returned, suggesting the need to develop appropriate interventions to recapture those donors likely to be eligible.
Improved Survival Associated with Prophylactic Implantable Defibrillators in Elderly Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction and Depressed Ventricular Function: A MADIT‐II Substudy
Authors: HUANG DAVID T. , SESSELBERG HENRY W. , McNITT SCOTT , NOYES KATIA , ANDREWS MARK L. , HALL W. JACKSON , DICK ANDREW , DAUBERT JAMES P. , ZAREBA WOJCIECH , MOSS ARTHUR J. ,   for the MADIT‐II Research Group
Published: May 2007

Introduction:We aim to evaluate the mortality benefit from defibrillator therapy in eligible elderly patients. Effective primary prevention of sudden cardiac death with implantable cardioverter defibrillators is well demonstrated in patients with coronary disease and depressed ventricular function.

Methods and Results:Among 1,232 patients enrolled with prior infarct and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤0.30, 204 were ≥75 years old. Of these 204 patients, 121 underwent defibrillator implant. Relative to the younger patients, those ≥75 years had a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), widened QRS, and lower use of beta‐blockers and HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors. Relevant clinical covariates were similar in elderly patients randomized to conventional and defibrillator therapy. The hazard ratio for the mortality risk in patients ≥75 years assigned to defibrillator implant compared with those in conventional therapy was 0.56 (95 confidence interval 0.29–1.08; P = 0.08) after a mean follow‐up of 17.2 months. Comparatively, the hazard ratio in patients <75 years assigned to defibrillator implant was 0.63 (0.45–0.88; P = 0.01) after 20.8 months. Elderly patients had similar reductions in quality of life (QoL) regardless of treatment randomization. Scores through Health Utilities Index Mark III (HUI) Questionnaire changes from baseline to 1 year were −0.22 for patients with conventional therapy versus −0.20 for patients with ICD, and −0.36 versus −0.27 at 2 years, respectively (P = NS).

Conclusion:The implantable defibrillator is associated with an equivalent reduction of mortality in elderly and younger patients, with no compromise in the QoL in the older age subjects.
A Rare Congenital Anomaly: Biatrial Appendage Aneurysm with Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defect
Authors: Sevimli Serdar , Gundogdu Fuat , Aksakal Enbiya , Arslan Sakir , Gurlertop Yekta , Senocak Huseyin
Published: May 2007

Atrial appendage aneurysms are extremely rare entities in cardiology practice. There are reports of solitary left and right atrial appendage aneurysms in the literature. A case of biatrial appendages aneurysms is reported here. This is the first report of such an anomaly.
Mineralizer‐Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of BiFeO3Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Xu Gang , Ren Zhaohui , Wei Xiao , Weng Wenjian , Du Piyi , Shen Ge , Han Gaorong
Published: May 2007

BiFeO3(BFO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method assisted by a mineralizer at as low a temperature as 200°C. The products were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and physical property measurement system. It was found that KNO3as a mineralizer played an important role in the formation of BFO nanoparticles, and the as‐synthesized BFO nanoparticles showed an enhanced ferromagnetism at room temperature.
Spontaneous Ejecta from β‐Eucryptite Composites
Authors: Reimanis I. E. , Seick C. , Fitzpatrick K. , Fuller E. R. , Landin S.
Published: May 2007

Polycrystalline ceramic composites, comprised of primarily β‐eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) and lithium aluminate (LiAl5O8) crystals, with a near‐zero coefficient of thermal expansion, were examined with indentation experiments. A unique behavior is reported: subsequent to the indentation, the material responds by ejecting multiple particles violently from the area of the indent for a time period up to several minutes. The behavior is suppressed in the absence of moisture. An estimate of the source of energy for this process and a potential mechanism are discussed.
Fabrication of Nano‐Scaled α‐Al2O3 Crystallites Through Heterogeneous Precipitation of Boehmite in a Well‐Dispersed θ‐Al2O3‐Suspension
Authors: Yu Pei‐Ching , Yang Rung‐Je , Chang Ya‐Ting , Yen Fu‐Su
Published: May 2007

The possibility of eliminating finger or vermicular growth of α‐Al2O3 particles obtained by calcination of boehmite was examined. Heterogeneous precipitation of boehmite in a well‐dispersed θ‐Al2O3 suspension was first prepared, in which the mass ratio of boehmite to θ‐crystallite was evaluated to form agglomerates of similar sizes that will form α‐Al2O3 crystallites of <100 nm in diameter. θ‐ to α‐phase transformation of alumina experiences a nucleation and growth mechanism, with the critical size of nucleation being ∼25 nm for θ‐Al2O3 and the size for accomplishment of transformation followed by finger growth being ∼100 nm. Hence, fabricating agglomerates that would form α‐Al2O3 crystallites with sizes <100 nm accompanied with appropriate thermal treatments can be a method for obtaining α‐Al2O3 crystallites free of finger growth. It is found that proper preparation of the agglomerate with appropriate size may initiate a simultaneous and lower temperature θ‐ to α‐Al2O3 phase transformation for such powder systems, substantially limiting the mass transfer among the newly formed α‐Al2O3 particles. Moreover, α‐Al2O3 crystallites free of finger growth can be obtained.
The α‐amylase inhibitor acarbose does not affect the parasitoidVenturia canescenswhen incorporated into the diet of its hostEphestia kuehniella
Authors: Kaufnerová Jana , Munzbergová Zuzana , Jarošík Vojtěch , Hubert Jan
Published: May 2007

Amylase inhibitors (AIs) are suitable candidates for protecting plants and their products from attacks by herbivorous and granivorous insects. However, detailed studies of the suppressive effects of AIs on target and non‐target insects are necessary before their application in post‐harvest protection. To address this issue, laboratory bioassays were used to test the effect of the non‐proteinaceous inhibitor acarbose on a stored product pest, the flour mothEphestia kuehniella(Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and its parasitoidVenturia canescens(Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Two sublethal concentrations (0.001 and 0.0001%, wt/wt) of acarbose were incorporated into the diet of parasitized and unparasitized larvae ofE. kuehniella.Development time and fresh body weight of the larvae, together with the size of the wasps, were compared for insects reared on acarbose‐treated and control diets. On the diet containing 0.001% acarbose, the developmental time was longer and relative weight gains of theE. kuehniellalarvae were lower, but the weight of the larvae prior to pupation was similar to that of the control. The acarbose did not have a suppressive effect on the parasitoidV. canescens; in fact the wasps that emerged from the hosts reared on a diet containing 0.0001% acarbose were on average larger and heavier than the controls. These results demonstrate that it might be possible to enhance the control of stored product pests by using both biological control and AIs.
Testing ant predation on the coffee berry borer in shaded and sun coffee plantations in Colombia
Authors: Armbrecht Inge , Gallego Maria Cristina
Published: May 2007

Soil‐dwelling ants, many of which are generalist predators, are more diverse in shaded than in sun coffee plantations without trees. We compared ant predation on the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in three shaded and three sun coffee plantations in Apía, Colombia, in both the wet and the dry seasons. We found that H. hampei adults exposed to ants for 5 days suffered higher removal in shaded plantations and in the wet season. In the laboratory, we observed that ants killed 74–99% of H. hampei adults over the course of 5 days. Ants appear to be important predators of H. hampei, particularly in shaded coffee plantations and in the wet season.
Day–night expression patterns of clock genes in the human pineal gland
Authors: Ackermann Katrin , Dehghani Faramarz , Bux Roman , Kauert Gerold , Stehle Jörg H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Rhythm generation within the mammalian circadian system is achieved by clock genes and their protein products. As an integral part of this system, the pineal gland serves the need to tune the body to the temporal environment by the rhythmic synthesis and release of melatonin. A number of human disorders and syndromes are associated with alterations in circadian rhythms of clock genes and their protein products and/or a dysfunction in melatonin synthesis. In the human, little is known about the molecular signature of time management. Pineal tissue from regular autopsies was allocated to asserted time‐of‐death groups (dawn, day, dusk, night), and analyzed by RT‐PCR, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy for expression of clock genes. Despite the observed diurnal rhythms in activity of the arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase and in melatonin content, mRNA levels for the clock genes Period1, Cryptochrome1, Clock, and Bmal1, and also amounts of corresponding clock gene proteins showed no differences between time‐ of‐death groups. In contrast, a time‐of‐day‐dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of clock gene proteins was detected. These data confirm the minor importance of a transcriptional regulation for dynamics in the human pineal gland, and offer a novel twist in the molecular competence of clock gene proteins.
Therapeutic Options for Digital Ulcers in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Chung Lorinda
Published: May 2007

Digital ulcers (DU) affect up to half of all patients with systemic sclerosis at some point during their disease.These lesions are extremely painful, heal slowly, and lead to substantial disability. DU arise from recurrent ischemic injury and microtrauma. Treatments for DU include non‐pharmacologic modalities such as avoiding cold,stress,and trauma,as well as smoking cessation.Possible pharmacologic therapies for the prevention of DU include vasodilating agents to treat Raynaud phenomenon, statins, and oral agents used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors). The treatment of existing DU includes hydrocolloid occlusion, wound care, pain control, antibiotics, and the use of vasodilating medications. Intravenous or subcutaneous prostacyclins and digital or cervical sympathectomy should be considered for severe cases.
On the Determinants of Mortality Reductions in the Developing World
Authors: Soares Rodrigo R.
Published: May 2007

This article presents and critically discusses evidence on the determinants of mortality reductions in developing countries. It argues that increases in life expectancy between 1960 and 2000 were largely independent of improvements in income. The author characterizes the age and cause‐of‐death profile of changes in mortality and assesses what can be learned about the determinants of these changes from the international evidence and from country‐specific studies. Public health infrastructure, immunization, targeted programs, and the spread of less palpable forms of knowledge all seem to have been important factors. Finally, the article suggests that the evolution of health inequality across and within countries is intrinsically related to the process of diffusion of new technologies and to the nature of these new technologies, public or private.
Longevity Among Hunter‐ Gatherers: A Cross‐Cultural Examination
Authors: Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard
Published: May 2007

Post‐reproductive longevity is a robust feature of human life and not only a recent phenomenon caused by improvements in sanitation, public health, and medical advances. We argue for an adaptive life span of 68‐78 years for modernHomo sapiensbased on our analysis of mortality profiles obtained from small‐scale hunter‐gatherer and horticultural populations from around the world. We compare patterns of survivorship across the life span, rates of senescence, modal ages at adult death, and causes of death. We attempt to reconcile our results with those derived from paleodemographic studies that characterize prehistoric human lives as “nasty, brutish, and short,” and with observations of recent acculturation among contemporary subsistence populations. We integrate information on age‐specific dependency and resource production to help explain the adaptive utility of longevity in humans from an evolutionary perspective.
A Need for a Taxonomy for Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Nakken H. , Vlaskamp C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract  There is extensive discussion on the quality of education and support for individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in relation to inclusion and full citizenship. The discussions are complicated because of differences or lack of clarity in the description of the variations and types of PIMD. A description of the core group is offered, but it is also argued that there cannot be an absolute separation of this specific target group from other adjoining groups. The authors propose a multi‐axial model‐based taxonomy that distinguishes visual and/or auditory impairments, other physical impairments, and mental health problems, in addition to the two key defining characteristics (limited intellect and compromised physical functions). The authors also propose that assessment of people with PIMD be structured toward ascertainment of diagnostic objectives (e.g., confirming or disconfirming the person’s level of intellectual disability) and the determination of a starting point and direction for support of the individual. They conclude that, to prevent misunderstanding in comparison of results of educational programs and interventions, it is recommended that workers describe individuals (or subgroups) with PIMD in publications in detail—using operational definitions. In addition, they propose that an international effort be undertaken to develop and use generally agreed assessment procedures.
Concept Comparison of Caring and Social Support
Authors: Finfgeld‐Connett Deborah
Published: May 2007

PURPOSE. To explicate the similarities and differences between the concepts of caring and social support.

METHODS. Qualitative concept comparison.

FINDINGS. Similarities and/or subtle and substantive differences exist between caring and social support. Both concepts are characterized as dynamic interpersonal processes that involve sensitivity. Caring appears to lie within the purview of expert nurse providers, while social support is located primarily within the domain of lay providers. Social support is perfunctory and focused, whereas caring encounters are more intimate and holistic. Caring results in improved mental well‐being for both recipients and providers, while improvements in mental health are limited to social support recipients. Unlike social support, physical well‐being is an outcome of caring.

CONCLUSIONS. Caring and social support share common attributes and outcomes; however, they appear to be different processes that predominately exist in separate domains. Caring appears to reside within the professional paradigm of nursing, while social support exists primarily within the sphere of lay providers.

IMPLICATIONS. Nurses are encouraged to develop and use well‐delineated conceptual frameworks to guide practice and research.
Physical Properties of Acetylated and Enzyme‐Modified Potato and Sweet Potato Flours
Authors: Yadav A.R. , Guha M. , Reddy S.Y. , Tharanathan R.N. , Ramteke R.S.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Textural profile, pasting behavior, gelatinization characteristics, sedimentation volume, and gel consistency of acetylated (Ac) and enzyme (glucoamylase)‐modified (EM) potato and sweet potato flours have been investigated to determine their suitability in products such as baked goods, soup, and pudding. Dough hardness of Ac and EM samples was significantly higher than their native samples (P < 0.01). Dough cohesiveness of modified potato did not change, while it decreased in modified sweet potato. With increase in moisture, textural properties of modified samples, in general, showed reduced values. Rapid Visco Analyser showed least pasting viscosities of Ac flours due to restricted swelling of starch granules while EM flours exhibited high viscosities. Acetylated samples showed reduced gelatinization temperature (GT), and enthalpy (ΔH) compared to native samples, whereas enzyme‐treated samples showed no significant changes in GT, indicating their comparable crystallinity values with those of native samples. Modified flour samples had lower sediment volumes and gel consistency, and the gel consistency of EM flour correlated with its cold paste viscosity.
Effects of Leuconostoc mesenteroides Starter Culture on Fermentation of Cabbage with Reduced Salt Concentrations
Authors: Johanningsmeier Suzanne , McFeeters Roger F. , Fleming Henry P. , Thompson Roger L.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Sauerkraut fermentations rely upon selection of naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria by addition of 2.0% to 2.25% granulated sodium chloride (NaCl) to shredded cabbage. Excess brine generated is a waste product with high levels of organic material (BOD) and nonbiodegradable NaCl. The objective was to determine whether addition of Leuconostoc mesenteroides starter culture to reduced‐salt cabbage fermentations would yield sauerkraut with reproducible and acceptable chemical composition and sensory qualities. Shredded cabbage was salted with 0.5%, 1.0%, or 2.0% NaCl (wt/wt) at 2 starter culture levels, none or L. mesenteroides strain LA 81, ATCC 8293 (106 CFU/g). Fermentation products were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and pH was measured during the initial stages of fermentation and after 10 mo storage at 18 °C. A trained descriptive sensory panel used category scales to rate the flavor and texture of selected sauerkrauts. A modified Kramer shear test was used to measure firmness. Cabbage fermented with L. mesenteroides consistently resulted in sauerkraut with firm texture and reduced off‐flavors across all salt levels (P < 0.05). Conversely, sauerkraut quality was highly variable, with softening and off‐flavors occurring as salt concentrations were decreased in natural fermentations (P < 0.05). Fermentations were rapid, with a more uniform decline in pH when starter culture was added. L. mesenteroides addition to cabbage fermentations ensured that texture and flavor quality were retained, while allowing 50% NaCl reduction. Application of this technology to commercial sauerkraut production could improve the uniformity of fermentations and substantially reduce generation of nonbiodegradable chloride waste.
Folates in Asian Noodles: III. Fortification, Impact of Processing, and Enhancement of Folate Intakes
Authors: Bui LanT. T. , Small Darryl M.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:  Asian noodles, a widely consumed staple food, were evaluated as potential vehicles for fortification with folic acid. Samples of white salted, yellow alkaline, and instant noodles, prepared under controlled laboratory conditions, were fortified and folates were measured at each stage of processing using a microbiological assay. Although the 3 styles showed differing patterns of retention, overall losses were slightly more than 40% and were similar for all styles. White salted and yellow alkaline noodles showed no significant decrease in total folate content during production. In contrast, significant losses occurred for instant noodles during steaming and deep‐frying of the noodle strands. In all cases, substantial losses occurred during subsequent cooking of the dried noodles. Fortification at a rate of 50% of the reference value per serving resulted in retention of folate at levels corresponding to 30% following cooking, whereas unfortified noodles contributed less than 4% per serving. It is concluded that fortifying Asian noodles provides an effective means for enhancing folate intake.
In vivo transfection of C/EBP‐α gene could ameliorate CCL4‐induced hepatic fibrosis in mice
Authors: Mei Shuang , Wang Xueqing , Zhang Jinsheng , Qian Jin , Ji Juling
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in liver fibrosis. CCAAT/enhancer‐binding proteins‐alpha (C/EBP‐α) can inhibit HSCs activation in vitro, as described in our previous study. However, little is known about the in vivo effect of C/EBP‐α gene in hepatic fibrosis.

Methods:  Male BALB/c mice were injected by hydrodynamic protocol with pIRES2‐EGFP‐C/EBPα expression vector from the first to the fourth week (early intervention) or from the ninth to the 12th week (late intervention) after CCl4 injection, respectively. Successful transfection of vector and the expression of C/EBP‐α were confirmed with the appearance of green fluorescence in liver cells, immunohistochemical staining and the western blot.

Results:  High expression of C/EBP‐α gene in liver cells, especially in non‐parenchymal cells, could reduce the content of collagens by 82.5% and 72.3% (Sirius red staining + image analysis) and the content of hydroxyproline by 56.3% and 51.6%, respectively, in the early and late intervention experiments.

Conclusion:  It is evident that exogenous C/EBP‐α gene has an early and late intervention role in mice liver fibrosis.
Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of hepatocarcinogenesis in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A preliminary report
Authors: Torisu Yuichi , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Masahiro , Hosaka Tetsuya , Sezaki Hitomi , Akuta Norio , Kawamura Yusuke , Yatsuji Hiromi , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: May 2007

Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been reported to increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinogenesis in chronic liver diseases. This study aims to elucidate whether DM is an independent risk factor for the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

Methods: Forty‐seven patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were retrospectively observed for a median of 6.8 years. The patients showed a history of heavy alcohol intake of 500 kg or more until the diagnosis of cirrhosis, and no patients had hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B virus DNA measured by nested polymerase chain reaction, or antihepatitis C virus.

Results: During the observation period, HCC developed in nine patients (19.1%). Cumulative appearance rates of HCC were 10.5%, 23.8% and 33.3% at the end of the fifth, 10th and 15th years, respectively. When they were divided into two groups according to the association of diabetes, carcinogenesis rates in patients with (n = 11) and without (n = 36) DM, cumulative carcinogenesis rates were 32.7% and 3.2% at the end of fifth year, 32.7% and 20.2% at the tenth year, and 66.3% and 20.2% at the 15th year, respectively. Crude carcinogenesis rate in the patient with DM was significantly higher than that of patients without DM (P = 0.0034). Multivariate analysis disclosed a higher age (hazard ratio 28.1,P = 0.007), and association of DM (hazard ratio 21.7,P = 0.006) significantly affected future carcinogenesis rate.

Conclusion: DM seemed to be an independent risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis in the cohort study of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
Free Vibrations of a Rotating Inclined Beam
Authors: Lee Sen Yung , Sheu Jer Jia
Published: May 2007

By utilizing the Hamilton principle and the consistent linearization of the fully nonlinear beam theory, two coupled governing differential equations for a rotating inclined beam are derived. Both the extensional deformation and the Coriolis force effect are considered. It is shown that the vibration system can be considered as the superposition of a static subsystem and a dynamic subsystem. The method of Frobenius is used to establish the exact series solutions of the system. Several frequency relations that provide general qualitative relations between the natural frequencies and the physical parameters are revealed without numerical analysis. Finally, numerical results are given to illustrate the general qualitative relations and the influence of the physical parameters on the natural frequencies of the dynamic system.
Does deep water running reduce exercise-induced breast discomfort?
Authors: McGhee Deirdre E , Power Bruce M , Steele Julie R
Published: May 2007

Aim:

To establish whether exercise-induced vertical breast displacement and discomfort in women with large breasts were reduced during deep water running compared to treadmill running.

Methods:

Sixteen women (mean age  = 32 years, range 19–43 years; mean mass  = 74.1 kg, range 61–114 kg; mean height  = 1.7 m, range 1.61–1.74 m), who were professionally sized to wear a C+ bra cup, were recruited as representative of women with large breasts. After extensive familiarisation, vertical breast motion of the participants was quantified as they ran at a self-selected stride rate on a treadmill and in 2.4 m deep water. Immediately after running, the subjects rated their breast discomfort and breast pain (visual analogue scale) and their perceived exertion (Borg scale). Breast discomfort, breast pain, perceived exertion, vertical breast displacement and vertical breast velocity were compared between the two experimental conditions.

Results:

Exercise-induced breast discomfort was significantly less and perceived exertion was significantly greater during deep water running relative to treadmill running. Although there was no significant between-condition difference in vertical breast displacement, mean peak vertical breast velocity was significantly (p<0.05) less during deep water (upward mean (SD): 29.7 (14.0) cm.s−1; downward: 31.1 (17.0) cm.s−1) compared to treadmill running (upward mean (SD): 81.4 (21.7) cm.s−1; downward: 100.0 (25.0) cm.s−1).

Conclusion:

Deep water running was perceived as a more strenuous but comfortable exercise mode for women with large breasts. Increased comfort was attributed to reduced vertical breast velocity rather than reduced vertical breast displacement.
Strength of biaxially loaded slender I-section beam-columns
Authors: Salem A H , El Aghoury M , El Dib F F , Hanna M T
Published: May 2007

The strength of a slender section is governed by local buckling of its elements. The local buckling mode is mainly affected by the width to thickness ratios of elements forming the section and the member slenderness ratio. A nonlinear finite element model was developed in this paper to study the effect of the mentioned factors on the capacity of biaxially loaded slender I-section beam–columns. A group of I sections was selected with varying flange width to flange thickness and web width to web thickness ratios. Different member slenderness ratios were chosen to study the different modes of failure. The results show that the linear interaction equation is safe and provides a good fit to the ultimate capacity of members with intermediate slenderness ratios. It is conservative, however, for short member slenderness ratios. Lastly, compared with the newly developed finite element model, the 1996 edition of the American Iron and Steel Institute specification for cold-formed steel structural members and the European Committee for Standardization Eurocode 3 conservatively predict the capacity of members, especially for large ratios of minor axis to major axis bending.Key words: structural engineering, steel, stability, buckling, biaxial loads, ultimate strength.
Investigation of glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer shells as formwork and reinforcement for concrete columns
Authors: Sheikh Shamim A , Jaffry S A.D , Cui Ciyan
Published: May 2007

An investigation was conducted to study the behaviour of full-scale concrete-filled glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) shells under concentric compression. The main objective was to assess the suitability of prefabricated GFRP shells for stay-in-place formwork and confining reinforcement for columns. Seventeen columns, 356 mm in diameter and 1524 mm long were tested. The nominal target concrete compressive strength at 28 d was 30 MPa. Variables examined included number of GFRP layers, fibre orientation, and amount of longitudinal and lateral steel. Confinement by GFRP shells resulted in concrete response that displayed increased strength and associated strain followed by a ductile descending branch. Fibres in the longitudinal direction improved the load-carrying capacity of the columns, but the increase was less than the capacity of the fibres determined from the tension tests. Glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer shells also eliminate the need for closely spaced confinement steel, which should improve the quality of construction. In addition to ease of construction, GFRP shells provide protection against environmental effects, thus helping to reduce life cycle costs.Key words: columns, confinement, stay-in-place formwork, strength, ductility, energy capacity, earthquake, seismic resistance, lateral reinforcement, glass-fibre-reinforced-polymer (GFRP) shell.
A time-splitting method on a nonstaggered grid in curvilinear coordinates for implicit simulation of non-hydrostatic free-surface flows
Authors: Javan M , Namin M M , Neyshabouri S A.A. Salehi
Published: May 2007

The numerical solution of flows with a freely moving boundary is of great importance in practical application such as ship hydrodynamics. Details are given of the development of a two-dimensional vertical numerical model for simulating unsteady and steady free-surface flows on a nonstaggered grid in curvilinear coordinates, using a non-hydrostatic pressure distribution. In this model, Reynolds equation and the kinematic free-surface boundary condition are solved simultaneously, so that the water-surface elevation can be integrated into the solution and solved for, together with the velocity and pressure field. In computational space, the Cartesian velocity components and the pressure are defined at the center of a control volume, while the volume fluxes are defined at the midpoint on their corresponding cell faces. Detailed numerical results are presented for the wave generation above an obstacle and resonant motion standing wave. The results show that the numerical algorithm described is able to produce accurate predictions and is also easy to apply.Key words: free-surface simulation, nonstaggered grid, time-splitting method, unsteady flow, turbulent flow.
Surface motility of Xylella fastidiosa visualized by oblique illumination
Authors: Chen J. , Groves R. , Civerolo E. , Livingston S.
Published: May 2007

Stereomicroscopic observations using oblique illuminations revealed the presence of two types of movement trails by Xylella fastidiosa strains (A- and G-genotypes) isolated from almond-leaf scorch samples on the surface of PW and PD3 culture media. The A-genotype strains showed curved motility trails, and the G-genotype strains showed straight motility trails. Haloes were found around some G-genotype colonies due to the excretion of unknown factors and (or) compounds, which might be related to bacterial surface motility.
Sequence variability in the FUM1 gene of Fusarium verticillioides strains
Authors: da Silva Valéria Nascimento , de Araujo Jansen , Durigon Edison Luiz , Corrêa Benedito
Published: May 2007

Fumonisins are mycotoxins, produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides , that are potentially carcinogenic to humans and toxic to animals. Synthesis of these toxins is directed by a cluster of 15 genes, among which FUM1 is the largest; it encodes a polyketide synthase. This enzyme probably catalyzes the synthesis of a polyketide that forms a large portion of the fumonisin structure. In this study, 27 strains possessing the FUM1 gene, as determined by polymerase chain reaction, were analyzed. A portion of the FUM1 gene was amplified and sequenced from 6 of 27 Brazilian strains isolated from corn and sorghum. The sequence similarity for the six F. verticillioides strains was almost 100%.
Papaya shoot tip associated endophytic bacteria isolated from in vitro cultures and host–endophyte interaction in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Thomas Pious , Kumari Sima , Swarna Ganiga K. , Gowda T.K.S.
Published: May 2007

Fourteen distinct bacterial clones were isolated from surface-sterilized shoot tips (~1 cm) of papaya (Carica papaya L. ‘Surya’) planted on Murashige and Skoog (MS)-based papaya culture medium (23/50 nos.) during the 2–4 week period following in vitro culturing. These isolates were ascribed to six Gram-negative genera, namely Pantoea ( P. ananatis ), Enterobacter ( E. cloacae ), Brevundimonas ( B. aurantiaca ), Sphingomonas , Methylobacterium ( M. rhodesianum ), and Agrobacterium ( A. tumefaciens ) or two Gram-positive genera, Microbacterium ( M. esteraromaticum ) and Bacillus ( B. benzoevorans ) based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Pantoea ananatis was the most frequently isolated organism (70% of the cultures) followed by B. benzoevorans (13%), while others were isolated from single stocks. Bacteria-harboring in vitro cultures often showed a single organism. Pantoea, Enterobacter, and Agrobacterium spp. grew actively on MS-based normal papaya medium, while Microbacterium, Brevundimonas, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium spp. failed to grow in the absence of host tissue. Supplying MS medium with tissue extract enhanced the growth of all the organisms in a dose-dependent manner, indicating reliance of the endophyte on its host. Inoculation of papaya seeds with the endophytes (20 h at OD550 = 0.5) led to delayed germination or slow seedling growth initially. However, the inhibition was overcome by 3 months and the seedlings inoculated with Pantoea, Microbacterium, or Sphingomonas spp. displayed significantly better root and shoot growths.
Detection of the Escherichia coli pathogenic geneeaewith three real-time polymerase chain reaction methods
Authors: McCrea Joanne  Karen , Liu Chenyi , Ng Lai-King , Wang Gehua
Published: May 2007

Several real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are currently available to rapidly detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence. When used for detection of pathogenic organisms, the turnaround time for PCR-based methods is much lower than for traditional culture techniques. This study compared the sensitivity of three real-time PCR methods when detecting the Escherichia coli pathogenic gene eae to determine which method is most effective in identifying very low levels of the organism. The three methods were used to detect the eae gene over a range of DNA concentrations. The differences in sensitivity were statistically significant (p < 0.05), and SYBR Green I PCR was found to have the lowest detection limit of the three; LUX primers had the highest detection limit. Therefore, using a defined DNA concentration for detecting the eae gene, SYBR Green I is the best alternative.