bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A UNIQUE OILED BIRD REHABILITATION OPERATION—MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA, FEBRUARY 19811
Authors: Schultz Donald P. , Johnson W. Waynon , Berkner Alice B.
Published: January 2015

A mystery oil spill off the east coast of South Carolina in February 1981 resulted in the oiling of an estimated 700 loons. The majority of the oiled birds came ashore within a 60 mile radius of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Cleanup efforts were begun by untrained volunteers. Later, the Regional Pollution Response Coordinator for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, in conjunction with the International Bird Rescue Research Center, conducted a cleanup program under the aegis of the Regional Response Plan. Unique features of the cleanup effort included recruitment and training of locally available volunteers, the necessity of using locally available resources in emergency situations, and the pugnacious nature and specialized dietary requirements of the birds. The entire cleanup program lasted about three weeks and was highlighted by the successful release of 53 percent of the birds.
Cloud and precipitation features of Super Typhoon Neoguri revealed from dual oxygen absorption band sounding instruments on board FengYun‐3C satellite
Authors: Han Yang , Zou Xiaolei , Weng Fuzhong
Published: January 2015

A new methodology is developed to detect the cloud structures at different vertical levels using the dual oxygen absorption bands located near 60 GHz and 118 GHz, respectively. Observations from Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MWHS) on board the recently launched Chinese FengYun‐3C satellite are used to prove the concept. It is shown that a paired oxygen MWTS and MWHS sounding channel with the same peak weighting function altitude allows for detecting the vertically integrated cloud water path above that level. A cloud emission and scattering index (CESI) is defined using dual oxygen band measurements to indicate the amounts of cloud liquid and ice water paths. The CESI distributions from three paired channels reveal unique three‐dimensional structures of clouds and precipitation within Super Typhoon Neoguri that occurred in July 2014.
Statistical altitude distribution of the auroral density cavity
Authors: Alm L. , Li B. , Marklund G. T. , Karlsson T.
Published: January 2015

The statistical altitude distribution of auroral density cavities located between 3.0 and 6.5 RE is investigated using in situ observations from flux tubes exhibiting auroral acceleration. The locations of the observations are described using a pseudo altitude derived from the distribution of the parallel potential drop above and below the satellite. The upper edge of the auroral acceleration region is observed between 4.375 and 5.625 RE. Above 6.125 RE, none of the events exhibit precipitating inverted V electrons, though the upward ion beam can be observed. This indicates that the satellites are located inside the same flux tube as, but above, the auroral acceleration region. The electron density decreases as we move higher into the acceleration region. The spacecraft potential continues to decrease once above the acceleration region, indicating that the density cavity extends above the acceleration region. From 3.0 to 4.375 RE the pseudo altitude increases by 0.20 per RE, consistent with a distributed parallel electric field. Between 4.375 and 5.625 RE the pseudo altitude increases weakly, by 0.01 per RE, due to an increasing number of events per altitude bin, which are occurring above the acceleration region. Above 5.625 RE the pseudo altitude increases by 0.28 per RE, due to a rapid increase in the number of events per altitude bin occurring above the acceleration region, indicating that the remaining parallel potential drop is concentrated in a narrow region at the upper edge of the acceleration region, rather than in a distributed parallel electric field.
Explicit characteristics of evolutionary‐type plasma bubbles observed from Equatorial Atmosphere Radar during the low to moderate solar activity years 2010–2012
Authors: Ajith K. K. , Ram S. Tulasi , Yamamoto M. , Yokoyama T. , Gowtam V. Sai , Otsuka Y. , Tsugawa T. , Niranjan K.
Published: January 2015

Using the fan sector backscatter maps of 47 MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) at Kototabang (0.2°S geographic latitude, 100.3°E geographic longitude, and 10.4°S geomagnetic latitude), Indonesia, the spatial and temporal evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) were examined to classify the evolutionary‐type EPBs from those which formed elsewhere and drifted into the field of view of radar. A total of 535 EPBs were observed during the low to moderate solar activity years 2010–2012, out of which about 210 (~39%) are of evolving type and the remaining 325 (~61%) are drifting‐in EPBs. In general, both the evolving‐type and drifting‐in EPBs exhibit predominance during the postsunset hours of equinoxes and December solstices. Interestingly, a large number of EPBs were found to develop even a few minutes prior to the apex sunset during equinoxes. Further, the occurrence of evolving‐type EPBs exhibits a clear secondary peak around midnight (2300–0100 LT), primarily, due to higher rate of occurrence during the postmidnight hours of June solstices. A significant number (~33%) of postmidnight EPBs generated during June solstices did not exhibited any clear zonal drift, while about 14% of EPBs drifted westward. Also, the westward drifting EPBs are confined only to June solstices. The responsible mechanisms for the genesis of fresh EPBs during postmidnight hours were discussed in light of equatorward meridional winds in the presence of weak westward electric fields.
Ultra‐High Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Hierarchical CoO Nanowire Clusters as Binder Free Electrodes
Authors: Cao Kangzhe , Jiao Lifang , Liu Yongchang , Liu Huiqiao , Wang Yijing , Yuan Huatang
Published: January 2015

Although transition metal oxide electrodes have large lithium storage capacity, they often suffer from low rate capability, poor cycling stability, and unclear additional capacity. In this paper, CoO nanowire clusters (NWCs) composed of ultra‐small nanoparticles (≈10 nm) directly grown on copper current collector are fabricated and evaluated as an anode of binder‐free lithium‐ion batteries, which exhibits an ultra‐high capacity and good rate capability. At a rate of 1 C (716 mA g−1), a reversible capacity as high as 1516.2 mA h g−1 is obtained, and even when the current density is increased to 5 C, a capacity of 1330.5 mA h g−1 could still be maintained. Importantly, the origins of the additional capacity are investigated in detail, with the results suggesting that pseudocapacitive charge and the higher‐oxidation‐state products are jointly responsible for the large additional capacity. In addition, nanoreactors for the CoO nanowires are fabricated by coating the CoO nanowires with amorphous silica shells. This hierarchical core–shell CoO@SiO2 NWC electrode achieves an improved cycling stability without degrading the high capacity and good rate capability compared to the uncoated CoO NWCs electrode.
Ternary Hybrids of Amorphous Nickel Hydroxide–Carbon Nanotube‐Conducting Polymer for Supercapacitors with High Energy Density, Excellent Rate Capability, and Long Cycle Life
Authors: Jiang Wenchao , Yu Dingshan , Zhang Qiang , Goh Kunli , Wei Li , Yong Yili , Jiang Rongrong , Wei Jun , Chen Yuan
Published: January 2015

The utilization of Ni(OH)2 as a pseudocapacitive material for high performance supercapacitors is hindered by its low electrical conductivity and short cycle life. A coaxial ternary hybrid material comprising of amorphous Ni(OH)2 deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes wrapped with conductive polymer (poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate)) is demonstrated. A thin layer of disordered amorphous Ni(OH)2 is deposited by an effective “coordinating etching and precipitating” method, resulting in an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 3262 F g−1 at 5 mV s−1 and excellent rate capability (71.9% capacitance retention at 100 mV s−1). More importantly, the polymer layer prevents the degradation of the nanostructure and dis­solution of Ni ion during repeated charge–discharge cycling for 30 000 cycles, a phenomenon which often plagues Ni(OH)2 nanomaterials. Using the ternary Ni(OH)2 hybrid and the reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube hybrid as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitors exhibit high energy density of 58.5 W h kg−1 at the power density of 780 W kg−1 as well as long cycle life (86% capacitance retention after 30 000 cycles). The ternary hybrid architecture design for amorphous Ni(OH)2 can be regarded as a general approach to obtain pseudocapacitive materials for supercapacitors with both high energy density, excellent rate capability, and long cycle life.
Biodegradable Thin Metal Foils and Spin‐On Glass Materials for Transient Electronics
Authors: Kang Seung‐Kyun , Hwang Suk‐Won , Yu Sooyoun , Seo Jung‐Hun , Corbin Elise A. , Shin Jiho , Wie Dae Seung , Bashir Rashid , Ma Zhenqiang , Rogers John A.
Published: January 2015

Biodegradable substrates and encapsulating materials play critical roles in the development of an emerging class of semiconductor technology, generally referred as “transient electronics”, whose key characteristic is an ability to dissolve completely, in a controlled manner, upon immersion in ground water or biofluids. The results presented here introduce the use of thin foils of Mo, Fe, W, or Zn as biodegradable substrates and silicate spin‐on‐glass (SOG) materials as insulating and encapsulating layers, with demonstrations of transient active (diode and transistor) and passive (capacitor and inductor) electronic components. Complete measurements of electrical characteristics demonstrate that the device performance can reach levels comparable to those possible with conventional, nontransient materials. Dissolution kinetics of the foils and cytotoxicity tests of the SOG yield information relevant to use in transient electronics for temporary biomedical implants, resorbable environmental monitors, and reduced waste consumer electronics.
Lapita diet and subsistence strategies on Watom Island, Papua New Guinea: New stable isotope evidence from humans and animals
Authors: Kinaston Rebecca L. , Anson Dimitri , Petchey Peter , Walter Richard , Robb Kasey , Buckley Hallie
Published: January 2015

Stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) were analyzed from the bone collagen of individuals (n = 8) from a Lapita burial ground (ca. 2800–2350 BP) on Watom Island, located off northeast New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago. The aim of this study was to assess the diet and subsistence strategies of humans that lived during the later Lapita period in Near Oceania. To aid in the interpretation of the human diet we analyzed the stable isotope ratios of faunal material from the site (n = 27). We also aim to assess methods of animal husbandry at the site over time from an analysis of the stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of pig bones (n = 22) from different temporal periods (Lapita, post‐Lapita, and late prehistoric). The protein diet of the humans consisted of marine organisms from the inshore environment and some deep‐water species, most likely marine turtle, in addition to higher trophic level terrestrial foods, likely pig and native animals (e.g., fruit bat, Cuscus and bandicoot). Although the sample sizes were small, females (n = 4) displayed more variable δ13C and δ15N values compared with males (n = 4), which may be associated with the movement of adult females to the island. The stable isotope analysis of the pig bones indicated that there were few differences between the diets of the pigs from the Lapita and post‐Lapita layers, suggesting that the method of pig husbandry was similar between these two periods and was likely relatively free‐range. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:30–41, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IDENTIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEASES IN LARVAL PREPARATIONS OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE (Oulema melanopus, CHRYSOMELIDAE, COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Wielkopolan Beata , Walczak Felicyta , Podleśny Andrzej , Nawrot Robert , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska Aleksandra
Published: January 2015

We determined some biochemical properties of Oulema melanopus larval gut proteases. We found adult midgut enzyme preparations yielded results similar to whole‐larval preparations, permitting studies of the very small whole‐larval preparations. Protein preparations were analyzed using FITC–casein as a substrate. Acidic pH is optimal for proteolytic activity (range 3.0–4.0). Cysteine protease activity increased at acidic pH and in the presence of β‐mercaptoethanol. Protease activities at all pH values were maximal at 45°C. Enzyme activity in larval preparations was inhibited by addition of Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and K+ (10 mM). Fe2+ and Zn2+ significantly decreased enzyme activity at all pH values, Ca2+ and Mg2+ at pH 6.2 and Mg2+ at pH 4.0. Inhibitors, including pepstatin A, showed the greatest inhibition at pH 4.0; phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N‐p‐tosyl‐l‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone at pH 6.2; and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, Nα‐tosyl‐l‐lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride, N‐p‐tosyl‐l‐phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, trans‐epoxysuccinyl‐l‐leucylamido‐(4‐guanidino) butane at pH of 7.6. Inhibition assays indicated that cysteine, aspartyl (cathepsin D), serine (trypsin, chymotrypsin‐like) proteases and metalloproteases act in cereal leaf beetle digestion.
Does convection vary in different cloud disturbances?
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Yoshida Ryuji , Yamaura Tsuyoshi , Yashiro Hisashi , Tomita Hirofumi , Kajikawa Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2015

Deep moist convection is an element of cloud disturbances such as Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), tropical cyclones (TCs), mid‐latitudinal low depressions (MDL), and fronts (FRT). However, differences in convection characteristics in disturbances remain unclear. We first clarified the statistical features of the convection (structure, intensity, and environmental parameters) in various disturbances simulated by a global simulation with a sub‐kilometre grid spacing. The convection in MJO (TC) was tall with a strong (weak) upward motion, and was driven by large convective available potential energy (strong low‐level convergence). The convection in MDL and FRT was shorter and characterized by a strong vertical wind shear.
Urban extent enhances extreme precipitation over the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Wang Dagang , Jiang Peng , Wang Guiling , Wang Dashan
Published: January 2015

The relationship between urban extent and extreme precipitation over the Pearl River Delta in China is evaluated using the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission 3B42 precipitation product. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation indices agrees well with that of the urban extent, with significant and positive spatial correlation between the two. The correlation is stronger for extreme indices at shorter temporal scales than for those at longer temporal scales. For example, the coefficient of correlation with the natural logarithm of urban extent is 0.42 for the maximum consecutive 5‐day precipitation amount and reaches 0.74 for the maximum consecutive 3‐h precipitation amount.
Over‐expression of ICE2 stabilizes cytochrome P450 reductase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris
Authors: Emmerstorfer Anita , Wimmer‐Teubenbacher Miriam , Wriessnegger Tamara , Leitner Erich , Müller Monika , Kaluzna Iwona , Schürmann Martin , Mink Daniel , Zellnig Günther , Schwab Helmut , Pichler Harald
Published: January 2015

Membrane‐anchored cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are a versatile and interesting class of enzymes for industrial applications, as they are capable of regio‐ and stereoselectively hydroxylating hydrophobic molecules. However, CYP activity requires sufficient levels of suitable cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) for regeneration of catalytic capacity, which is a bottleneck in many industrial applications. Searching for positive effectors of membrane‐anchored CYP/CPR function, we transformed and screened selected strains from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae knockout collection for Hyoscyamus muticus premnaspirodiene oxygenase (HPO; CYP) and Arabidopsis thaliana CPR (AtCPR) expression levels, as well as for activity towards (+)‐valencene. We found that in cells lacking the type III membrane protein Ice2p, AtCPR was destabilized. Remarkably, over‐expression of ICE2 improved (+)‐valencene hydroxylation to trans‐nootkatol by 40–50%, both in resting cells and in vivo. Time‐resolved immunoblot analysis and cytochrome c reductase activity assays revealed that Ice2 up‐regulation stabilized AtCPR levels and activity over extended periods of bioconversion. To underscore that we had identified a novel positive effector of recombinant CYP/CPR function, we confirmed the beneficial effect of ICE2 over‐expression for two further CYP/CPR combinations and the alternative host Pichia pastoris. Thus, we propose Ice2 up‐regulation as a general tool for improving the applications of recombinant CYPs in yeasts.
Crystal and molecular structure of the analgesic tetrapeptide, l‐Phe‐l‐Leu‐l‐Pro‐l‐Ser
Authors: Kaminsky Werner , Stenkamp Ronald E. , Skubatz Hanna
Published: January 2015

The tetrapeptide, l‐Phe‐l‐Leu‐l‐Pro‐l‐Ser (FLPS), alleviates pain in a rat model of post‐surgery pain. The crystal structure of the tetrapeptide is solved at high resolution (0.54 Å). The asymmetric unit contains two FLPS molecules, one Zn ion, and four molecules of water with a formula of [Zn(C23H33N4O6)2(H2O)4]. Each Zn ion is octahedrally coordinated with Phe and Ser residues from four peptide molecules [2N+4O]. The linking of Phe and Ser residues of one FLPS molecule to three other FLPS molecules by Zn ion forms a complex consisting of chains of metal ions and FLPS molecules oriented along the b axis. Analysis of molecular packing reveals the coexistence of two FLPS conformers in the same crystal. The crystallographic parameters for [Zn(C23H33N4O6)2(H2O)4] are as follows: space group P212121, a = 9.8698(2) Å, α = 90°, b = 20.1844(4) Å, β = 90°, c = 25.9302(6) Å, γ = 90°. Volume = 5165.71(19) Å3, Z = 4, density (calc) = 1.364 Mg/cm3, and agreement factor R1 = 4.13%. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 84–90, 2015.
Address medical decisions, return‐to‐play guidelines
Authors: Neal Timothy , Quandt Eric , Thornton James , Anderson Jeffrey
Published: January 2015

It's critical that your athletics department and institution empower your sports medicine staff and physicians to make all medical decisions based on their professional judgment about what's best for the long‐term well‐being of each student‐athlete. In fact, case law establishes the team physician as having the final say in student‐athlete medical clearance.
Was good faith enough to excuse coach's improper actions?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: January 2015

Greg Winslow was hired in 1999 by Ventura College as head coach of the men's basketball team. In 2003, Winslow and Nancy Fredrickson became the co‐athletic directors. Their supervisor was Steven Tobias, dean of athletics. At that time, all donations to the athletic fund were deposited in a trust account.
Chromia on Anatase: A Catalyst for Selective Hydrocarbon Combustion in the Presence of CO
Authors: Swislocki Simon , Stöwe Klaus , Maier Wilhelm F.
Published: January 2015

The catalytic activity and selectivity for propane combustion in the presence of CO have been studied with anatase, rutile, eskolaite, chromia‐impregnated anatase, and titania‐impregnated chromia and its physical mixtures. It was found that the selectivity and activity depend on the TiO2 modification. Cr‐doped anatase converts 80 % propane with 100 % selectivity, whereas chromia on rutile converts CO preferentially to propane. Cr10@HOM 500/4 (HOM=Hombikat) and the physical mixture Cr10+HOM 500/4 are promising new catalysts for selective propane oxidation. High‐resolution TEM and powder XRD analyses have shown that a solid solution of chromia in anatase is the active phase of these selective oxidation catalysts. Diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy demonstrated the effects of Cr‐doping of TiO2, and Rietveld refinement analysis implied a solid solution of Cr3+ ions in anatase. Evidence for a Mars–van Krevelen mechanism was obtained. Catalyst deactivation was reduced by increasing the oxygen content in the feed. The catalyst is reactivated by treatment with oxygen.
A New Class of Tunable Heterojunction by using Two Support Materials for the Synthesis of Supported Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Liao Fenglin , Lo Ben Tsz , Sexton Douglas , Qu Jin , Ma Chensheng , Chan Rath Chau‐Ting , Lu Qin , Che Renchao , Kwok Wai‐Ming , He Heyong , Fairclough Simon , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: January 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue (02/2015) is provided by research groups at the University of Oxford (UK), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK, China), USA Naval Research Laboratory (USA), and Fudan University (China). The image depicts a new facile method for producing extremely small supported noble‐metal particles modified with secondary atoms from two support materials. See the Full Paper itself at 10.1002/cctc.201402710.
A copula‐based risk aggregation model
Authors: Côté Marie‐Pier , Genest Christian
Published: January 2015

A flexible approach for risk aggregation is considered. The model consists of a tree structure, bivariate copulas, and marginal distributions. The construction relies on a conditional independence assumption whose implications are studied. A procedure for selecting the tree structure is developed using hierarchical clustering techniques, along with a distance metric based on Kendall's tau. Estimation, simulation, and model validation are also discussed. The approach is illustrated using data from a Canadian property and casualty insurance company.The Canadian Journal of Statistics43: 60–81; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Formation of contractile networks and fibers in the medial cell cortex through myosin‐II turnover, contraction, and stress‐stabilization
Authors: Nie Wei , Wei Ming‐Tzo , Ou‐Yang H. Daniel , Jedlicka Sabrina S. , Vavylonis Dimitrios
Published: January 2015

The morphology of adhered cells depends crucially on the formation of a contractile meshwork of parallel and cross‐linked fibers along the contacting surface. The motor activity and minifilament assembly of non‐muscle myosin‐II is an important component of cortical cytoskeletal remodeling during mechanosensing. We used experiments and computational modeling to study cortical myosin‐II dynamics in adhered cells. Confocal microscopy was used to image the medial cell cortex of HeLa cells stably expressing myosin regulatory light chain tagged with GFP (MRLC‐GFP). The distribution of MRLC‐GFP fibers and focal adhesions was classified into three types of network morphologies. Time‐lapse movies show: myosin foci appearance and disappearance; aligning and contraction; stabilization upon alignment. Addition of blebbistatin, which perturbs myosin motor activity, leads to a reorganization of the cortical networks and to a reduction of contractile motions. We quantified the kinetics of contraction, disassembly and reassembly of myosin networks using spatio‐temporal image correlation spectroscopy (STICS). Coarse‐grained numerical simulations include bipolar minifilaments that contract and align through specified interactions as basic elements. After assuming that minifilament turnover decreases with increasing contractile stress, the simulations reproduce stress‐dependent fiber formation in between focal adhesions above a threshold myosin concentration. The STICS correlation function in simulations matches the function measured in experiments. This study provides a framework to help interpret how different cortical myosin remodeling kinetics may contribute to different cell shape and rigidity depending on substrate stiffness. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality of experience estimation with layered mapping for hypertext transfer protocol video streaming over wireless networks
Authors: Wang Yumei , Sun Mengyao , Wang Kaiyu , Zhang Lin
Published: January 2015

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) video streaming has occupied more than half of mobile Internet traffic today. Quality of experience (QoE) estimation for HTTP video streaming is significantly meaningful for network operators, as they can utilize valuable network resources more efficiently based on the QoE estimated. But, it is very hard to estimate QoE accurately with theoretical methods. In this paper, we adopt three buffering‐related application metrics, which have been verified to be the main factors that influence the QoE of HTTP videos, together with three fundamental quality of service (QoS) metrics in network layer, to estimate QoE. We suggest a two‐layered mapping model to capture the correlation between network QoS and application QoS and that between application QoS and QoE. Then, we exploit four regression methods, that is, linear regression, back propagation neural network, general regression neural network and support vector regression (SVR), to investigate the mapping relations of the network metrics, the application buffering‐related metrics and QoE. Experimental results demonstrate that general regression neural network and SVR perform almost equally well in fitting ability, and SVR performs best among the four methods in terms of generalization ability. Finally, we analyze the influences of different network QoS parameters on QoE based on the experimental results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐RNA‐155‐mediated control of heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) is required for restoring adaptively tolerant CD4+ T‐cell function in rodents
Authors: Zhang Jinyu , Vandevenne Patricia , Hamdi Haifa , Van Puyvelde Merry , Zucchi Alessandro , Bettonville Marie , Weatherly Kathleen , Braun Michel Y.
Published: January 2015

T cells chronically stimulated by a persistent antigen often become dysfunctional and lose effector functions and proliferative capacity. To identify the importance of micro‐RNA‐155 (miR‐155) in this phenomenon, we analyzed mouse miR‐155‐deficient CD4+ T cells in a model where the chronic exposure to a systemic antigen led to T‐cell functional unresponsiveness. We found that miR‐155 was required for restoring function of T cells after programmed death receptor 1 blockade. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) was identified as a specific target of miR‐155 and inhibition of HO‐1 activity restored the expansion and tissue migration capacity of miR‐155−/− CD4+ T cells. Moreover, miR‐155‐mediated control of HO‐1 expression in CD4+ T cells was shown to sustain in vivo antigen‐specific expansion and IL‐2 production. Thus, our data identify HO‐1 regulation as a mechanism by which miR‐155 promotes T‐cell‐driven inflammation.
Synthesis, Structures and Thermal Decomposition of Monomeric Aluminium, Gallium and Indium Silylphosphanides
Authors: Kapitein Manuel , von Hänisch Carsten
Published: January 2015

Monomeric N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐stabilized compounds (IMes)R2MP(H)SitBuPh2 (2: M = Al, R = Et; 3: M = Ga, R = Et; 4: M = Ga, R = iPr; 5: M = In, R = Et) have been prepared in moderate yields through the cleavage of four‐membered metal phosphine rings like [iPr2GaP(H)SitBuPh2]2 (1) described herein. These compounds were isolated and characterized by means of X‐ray crystallographic analysis as well as NMR spectroscopy. On this basis the structural properties, specifically the M–P bond lengths and CNHC–M–P angles, are discussed and compared to literature‐known compounds insofar as possible. Proceeding from the cis setting between the phosphorus‐bound hydrogen and the metal‐bound organic substituent with very low torsion angles, which result in a nearly coplanar arrangement, the results of thermally induced elimination reactions are described. Further, the resulting heterocubane structures 6 and 7 are described.
The Nature of Hydrogen Production from Aqueous‐Phase Methanol Dehydrogenation with Ruthenium Pincer Complexes Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Lei Ming , Pan Yuhui , Ma Xuelu
Published: January 2015

A density functional theory (DFT) study was performed to unveil the nature of dihydrogen (H2) production from aqueous‐phase methanol dehydrogenation catalyzed by a ruthenium pincer complex. Three catalytic cycles of methanol, formaldehyde, and formate dehydrogenations were investigated at the ωB97X‐D/BSI level. The calculated results indicate that the methanol‐assisted hydrogen‐release step is much more favorable than the direct hydrogen‐release one. The dehydrogenation step, the methanol‐assisted hydrogen‐release step, and the CO2‐release step are the rate‐determining steps of methanol, formaldehyde, and formate dehydrogenations (stage I, stage II, and stage III), respectively. In addition, the formate dehydrogenation is proposed to be more difficult than the methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenations according to calculated free‐energy profiles. Methanol and formaldehyde dehydrogenation likely follow an outer‐sphere mechanism, but formate dehydrogenation could involve both outer‐sphere and inner‐sphere mechanisms. These results add to our fundamental understanding of this efficient hydrogen‐generation reaction from methanol, which could be helpful in the implementation of the methanol/hydrogen economy.
A Fivefold Interpenetrating dmd Topological Copper(I) Cyanide Complex Formed by C–C Bond Cleavage of Acetonitrile
Authors: Li Lin , Wang Chun‐Hai , Zhang Xia‐Li , Liu Xi
Published: January 2015

The solvothermal reaction of a mixture of copper nitrate and 3,5‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (4,4′‐Hbpt) in a mixed acetonitrile/water solvent leads to a special copper(I) cyanide complex Cu3(CN)3(4,4′‐Hbpt)2 (1) with a fivefold interpenetrating dmd topological framework. The cyanide ligands in the structure are generated in situ from the C–C cleavage of acetonitrile under solvothermal conditions. Solid‐state luminescence experiments show that 1 can emit efficient violet luminescence, and the possible emission mechanism was investigated in detail through theoretical calculations. The results may be helpful for the design and synthesis of efficient luminescent materials.
Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes Based on 2,6‐Bis(quinolin‐2‐yl)pyridine Ligands – Multiple‐Charged‐State Modules for Potential Density Memory Storage
Authors: Marin Ion , Turta Constantin , Benniston Andrew C. , Harrington Ross W. , Clegg William
Published: January 2015

The two ligands 2,6‐bis(4‐methylquinolin‐2‐yl)pyridine (L1) and diethyl 2,2′‐(pyridine‐2,6‐diyl)bis(quinolone‐4‐carboxylate) (L2) were used to prepare the homoleptic [Ru(L2)2][PF6]2 (RU1) and heteroleptic [Ru(L1)(L2)][PF6]2 (RU2) complexes. DFT calculations (B3PW91,3‐21G**) performed on both RU1 and RU2 revealed that redox at the ruthenium site for RU2 is less positive by ca. 110 mV. Consequently, the one‐electron ligand‐based reduction for RU2 is more cathodic by 80 mV. Electrochemistry experiments confirmed that the prediction is qualitatively correct and that the complexes can each hold up to five electrons reversibly.
Ionic liquid‐assisted subcritical water promotes the extraction of lipids from wet microalgae Scenedesmus sp
Authors: Chen Xiaolin , Hu Linfeng , Xing Ronge , Liu Song , Yu Huahua , Qin Yukun , Li Kecheng , Li Rongfeng , Li Pengcheng
Published: January 2015

Presently, microalgae are considered one of the most promising feedstocks. However, a large scale and efficient extraction method is costly to implement. Therefore, in this paper, we examine the use of an environmentally friendly solvent‐ionic liquid‐assisted subcritical water method to extract lipids from wet Scenedesmus sp. The extraction efficiency under various experimental conditions was evaluated. The optimal experimental parameters consisted of the ionic liquid species [HNEt3][HSO4], a 1% concentration of ionic liquid species‐ [HNEt3][HSO4], and a temperature of 110°C. The lipid yield under the optimal conditions (35.67% dried weight biomass) was close to that of the Bligh & Dyer method (35.32% dried weight biomass). However, the triacylglycerol content (73.63% total lipids) was higher than that of the Bligh & Dyer's method (60.44% total lipids). In addition, algae cell residues assembled into microspheres, therefore, they were easy to separate from the mixture.

Practical applications: This method allows for easy and efficient extraction of lipids from wet microalgae, and it is environmentally friendly and easy to scale up. Therefore, it may prove beneficial for biodiesel production.

A new, environmentally friendly method of extracting lipids from the wet Scenedesmus sp. is described, in which the effect of various experimental parameters including ionic liquid species, the concentration of ionic liquids, and temperature on the extraction efficiency were evaluated. By this method, lipids can be extracted from wet microalgae easily and efficiently. The lipid yield under the optimal conditions was close to the extraction result of Bligh & Dyer's method and the TAG concentration was higher than that of the Bligh & Dyer's method. Analysis of the fatty acid composition showed that the extracted lipids were a good source of crude oil for future biodiesel production.
Improving oxidative stability of peanut oil under microwave treatment and deep fat frying by stearic acid–surfacant–tea polyphenols complex
Authors: Shi Rong , Guo Yi , Vriesekoop Frank , Yuan Qipeng , Zhao Shuna , Liang Hao
Published: January 2015

In this work we present a study of the influence of a stearic acid–surfactant–tea polyphenols complex (SSTC) on the oxidative and thermal stability of peanut oil under microwave heating and simulated deep fat frying. Changes of the quality parameters of all oil samples containing different SSTCs were very obvious, compared with those of pure peanut oil. Especially for the oil sample containing SSTC‐P, the p‐anisidine value decreased 48.89% and 14.90% after microwave heating and simulated deep fat frying. For K232, it decreased 36.90% and 33.18%, respectively. By GS–MS analysis, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in peanut oil containing SSTC‐P was 8.7 times more than that in pure peanut oil after microwave treatment. As an efficient food antioxidant, the self‐assembled complex of tea polyphenols in edible oil prepared by this novel method may have great market potential.

Practical applications: Oxidation processes are one of the major problems encountered in oil consumption and storage. The addition of natural antioxidants is a major way to inhibit oxidation processes in edible oils. Tea polyphenols are excellent source of phenolic compounds, which have been reported to show good antioxidant activity. The results of this study suggest that oil‐soluble tea polyphenols can be prepared based on a stearic acid–surfactant–tea polyphenols complex. The dispersion of SSTC into peanut oil can improve oxidative and thermal stability of edible oil. Therefore, the complex of tea polyphenols in edible oil may have great market potential of food antioxidant.

Tea polyphenols solution was used as the aqueous phase. Stearic acid containing appropriate amount of surfactant were poured into a 50 mL centrifuge tube, and kept in a water bath maintained at 80°C and stirred at 500 rpm until a homogeneous clear solution was obtained. Then, the aqueous phase and the oil phase were mixed using a homogenizer at 26 000 rpm for 2 min to form a stable W/O emulsion. The resulting emulsion was frozen rapidly in liquid nitrogen, and lyophilized using a freeze‐drying machine for 48 h. Finally, all of the stearic acid–surfactant–tea polyphenols complexes (SSTC) were obtained. The SSTC was dispersed in peanut oil. Oxidation products of the oil sample were analyzed by GC–MS under microwave heating.
Monitoring the oxidative stability and volatiles in blanched, roasted and fried almonds under normal and accelerated storage conditions by DSC, thermogravimetric analysis and ATR‐FTIR
Authors: Valdés Arantzazu , Beltrán Ana , Karabagias Ioannis , Badeka Anastasia , Kontominas Michael G. , Garrigós María Carmen
Published: January 2015

In this study, the effect of different cooking processes (blanching, roasting and frying) on the oxidative stability of almonds under normal storage and accelerated oxidation conditions were investigated. Fried almonds showed higher initial linoleic acid content due to oil frying medium migration to the samples. As oxidation time increased, a different trend in fatty acid composition was obtained depending on the oxidation conditions used. Samples processed at high temperatures presented an initial high PV, resulting in an advanced state of oxidation. A simultaneous formation of hydroperoxides and secondary oxidation compounds was observed in samples under normal storage, presenting raw samples of the lower PV and AV. Lower values of thermal parameters (DSC and TGA) were obtained with increasing oxidation time at 100°C. The most abundant volatile compounds (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS) present in raw almonds were benzaldehyde, 1,3‐dimethyl‐benzene, 1,2‐dimethyl‐benzene, styrene, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, alpha‐pinene and limonene; whereas roasted almonds showed Maillard reaction volatiles such as pyrazines, pyrroles and furans; and fried almonds showed compounds derived from frying oil decomposition (trans,cis‐2,4‐decadienal and trans,trans‐2,4‐decadienal) and higher amounts of aldehydes (hexanal, octanal and nonanal). The generation of hydroperoxides, their degradation and the formation of secondary oxidation products were also investigated by FTIR analysis.

Practical applications: Processing of almonds at high temperatures may result in quality deterioration, leading to oxidative rancidity. The studied techniques used in this paper can be useful for processors in order to monitor the oxidative degradation of nuts with storage time and to evaluate their acceptance on the market. In particular, the use of DSC, TGA and ATR‐FTIR could be suitable for studying the shelf life of processed almonds and saving time, which is very precious in quality control.

The effect of different cooking processes (blanching, roasting and frying) on the oxidative stability of almonds under normal storage and accelerated oxidation conditions were investigated. Fatty acid composition, primary and secondary oxidation products, thermal parameters, volatiles and lipid degradation were assessed. Results indicate that processing and technological strategies should be used for almond production in order to obtain better oxidative stability and to assure preservation of their overall nutritional profile.
Lipophilization of phenolic acids with phytosterols by a chemoenzymatic method to improve their antioxidant activities
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Hwang Seung Hwan , Lim Soon Sung
Published: January 2015

In this study, a two‐step method for chemoenzymatic lipophilization of phenolic acids with phytosterols was studied. Optimal conditions for esterification involved the use of a binary solvent containing hexane and 2‐butanone (3 mL, 8:2, v/v), a relatively equal molar ratio of vinyl ester to phytosterols (0.1 mmol), and 100 U/mL of lipase from Candida rugosa at 55°C. Various phenolic acids were used, but only ten of them were successes. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by total oxidation (TOTOX) value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value. Phytosteryl 4‐hydroxybenzoate, phytosteryl vanillate, and phytosteryl ferulate showed potential for use as food antioxidants.

Practical applications: There is increasing interest in the development of antioxidants from natural sources because of the concerns about the safety of synthetic antioxidants. Lipophilization of phenolic acids was carried out to improve the hydrophobicity and change the antioxidant capacity of phenols. This study focuses on phytosterol, which is a food‐grade mixture of steroid compounds, having development and application potential as a cost effective food additive. According to our results, phytosteryl phenolates, which are defined as esters between phytosterols and phenolic acids, have the potential for use as alternative food antioxidants in the food industry.

The lipophilization of phenolic acids with phytosterols was carried out via a two‐step chemoenzymatic route as the figure showed. The intermediate vinyl esters were first chemically produced and subsequently esterified with phytosterols catalyzed by lipase from Candida rugosa.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Analogues of 4,5‐Dihydroorotic Acid
Authors: Sukach Volodymyr A. , Resetnic Anastasia A. , Tkachuk Viktor M. , Lin Zhengguo , Kortz Ulrich , Vovk Mykhailo V. , Röschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: January 2015

4‐(Trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones react with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst to give Michael‐like 1,4‐conjugate hydrocyanation adducts exclusively at the 3,6‐positions. The resulting 2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidine‐4‐carbonitriles have been used to synthesize new trifluoromethylated 4,5‐dihydroorotic acid analogues and their esters in racemic as well as enantiopure forms by a chiral auxiliary approach. The orthogonal intramolecular C–F···C=O interaction between the fluorine atom of the CF3 group and the carbon atom of the ester group observed in the crystal state may stabilize the sterically unfavourable conformation of the methyl 2‐oxo‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)hexahydropyrimidine‐4‐carboxylate molecule with axially oriented substituents.
From Amino Acids to Fluorine‐Containing Carbohydrates: De Novo Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4‐Fluoroxylose and ‐lyxose
Authors: Albler Christopher , Schmid Walther
Published: January 2015

Fluorine‐containing amino sugars are highly interesting synthetic targets owing to their promising applications in medicinal chemistry. However, only a few concise approaches for their preparation are described. Herein, we wish to report on a titanium‐mediated aldol addition strategy for the preparation of 2‐amino‐2,4‐dideoxy‐4‐fluoropentoses. Our earlier reports on the application of serine‐ and threonine‐derived aldehydes in this reaction are now complemented by the corresponding cysteine analogues. Furthermore, a new deprotection sequence for the fluorohydrin aldol products has been developed by applying a photochemical Pummerer‐type rearrangement followed by acidic cleavage of the monothioacetals obtained, finally furnishing 2‐acetamido‐2,4‐dideoxy‐4‐fluoro‐D‐xylose and ‐lyxose in a four‐step synthetic sequence. Moreover, we found that the cysteine‐derived aldehydes behave differently in aldol reactions compared with their serine and threonine analogues.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective C‐Glycosylation of Glycals with Sodium Arylsulfinates
Authors: Ma Jimei , Xiang Shaohua , Jiang Hong , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: January 2015

An efficient glycosylation method to synthesize 2‐deoxy‐C‐aryl glycosides was developed. This C‐glycosylation strategy is based on a palladium‐catalyzed desulfitative Ferrier‐type coupling reaction of glycals and sodium arylsulfinates. A series of C‐aryl glycosides were obtained in moderate to good yields with exclusive regio‐ and stereoselectivities. The anomeric selectivity was found to depend on the configuration of the C3 substituent of the glycals.
Dynamic FE simulation of four‐story steel frame modeled by solid elements and its validation using results of full‐scale shake‐table test
Authors: Miyamura Tomoshi , Yamashita Takuzo , Akiba Hiroshi , Ohsaki Makoto
Published: January 2015

Dynamic finite element analyses of a four‐story steel building frame modeled as a fine mesh of solid elements are performed using E‐Simulator, which is a parallel finite element analysis software package for precisely simulating collapse behaviors of civil and building structures. E‐Simulator is under development at the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), Japan. A full‐scale shake‐table test for a four‐story frame was conducted using E‐Defense at NIED, which is the largest shaking table in the world. A mesh of the entire structure of a four‐story frame with approximately 19 million degrees of freedom is constructed using solid elements. The density of the mesh is determined by referring to the results of elastic–plastic buckling analyses of a column of the frame using meshes of different densities. Therefore, the analysis model of the frame is well verified. Seismic response analyses under 60, 100, and 115% excitations of the JR Takatori record of the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu earthquake are performed. Note that the simulation does not reproduce the collapse under the 100% excitation of the Takatori record in the E‐Defense test. Therefore, simulations for the 115% case are also performed. The results obtained by E‐Simulator are compared with those obtained by the E‐Defense full‐scale test in order to validate the results obtained by E‐Simulator. The shear forces and interstory drift angles of the first story obtained by the simulation and the test are in good agreement. Both the response of the entire frame and the local deformation as a result of elastic–plastic buckling are simulated simultaneously using E‐Simulator. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nicht vergessen …
Authors: Güntürkün Onur
Published: January 2015

Im Alltag ist der Mensch ständig mit Situationen konfrontiert, in denen früher Gelerntes nicht mehr gültig ist — Psychologen sprechen vom „Extinktionslernen”︁. Die damit verbundenen Mechanismen auf Verhaltens‐, Hirn‐ und Immunebene am Beispiel von Tauben und Menschen zu verstehen, fordert den Scharfsinn der Forscher heraus — und könnte langfristig auch der Therapie von Angstpatienten zugutekommen.
Gesucht: Wissensbasierte Antworten
Authors: Visbeck Martin , Schmalzbauer Bettina
Published: January 2015

Zur Lösung der drängenden globalen Umweltfragen setzt „Future Earth”︁ auf internationale Zusammenarbeit, interdisziplinäre Forschungskooperationen und vernetzte Grundlagenforschung — Leitgedanken eines neuen Forschungsprogramms
Magische Präsenz
Authors: von den Hoff Ralf
Published: January 2015

Verehrt und bekränzt, aber auch verleumdet, umgestaltet und zerstört: Porträtstatuen von Herrschern und Denkern waren im antiken Griechenland ein wichtiger Teil der kulturellen, sozialen und auch politischen Kommunikation. Ein deutsch‐französisches Forschungsprojekt von Klassischen Archäologen, Althistorikern und Epigrafikern nimmt nun den entsprechend facettenreichen Umgang mit den Bildnissen in den Blick.
Price‐to‐Earnings Ratios and Option Prices
Authors: Chua Ansley , DeLisle R. Jared , Feng Sze‐Shiang , Lee Bong Soo
Published: January 2015

In May of 1997, in the midst of the Internet bubble, the average month end P/E ratio for the software industry was 44. However, the 5‐year historical average was 31. In this study, we examine the effect of this industry value fluctuation on the effects of option prices. We examine the relationship between the level of relative valuation and option pricing via deviations in put‐call parity and a two‐factor option pricing model incorporating relative valuation. We find support that the increase in relative industry valuation Granger causes put‐call parity deviations, implying investors price options with greater expectation of downward movement. Additionally, we develop a model and find support that the two‐factor option pricing model that incorporates relative industry valuation prices options better than the standard Black–Scholes (1973) model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:738–752, 2015