bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach to designing an ergnomic handheld 3D laser scanner
Authors: Hessler Deike , Hofmann Thomas
Published: June 2023

Due to ever higher quality and safety standards, the demands on the flexibility of 3D scanners are also growing. Mobile scanning is particularly interesting for confined situations.The need for a hand-held product with which the user should be able to work comfortably for as long as possible expands the interest of a technical advance by the need for good ergonomics. While a team of engineers from ZEISS oversaw the technical implementation, industrial designers were brought into the process to support the ergonomic implementation and the adaptation to the corporate design of the ZEISS company.Taking anthropometric data into account, various options were first identified to enable good ergonomics that take into account the existing technical conditions of the prototype for the optical measurement sensor. More than 60 physical concept models in the actual scale of the sensor, some of them built only as a partial area, characterize the process flow. The models were implemented from semi-finished products, cardboard, Styrofoam or clay and in some cases weights were added. The large number of models made it possible to find the best possible grip concepts for the sensor. By having a real, tangible artifact, the application of ergonomic guiding principles could be well explained to the team. By evaluating it with their own experience, the interdisciplinary team was able to collaborate at eye level. The development of the models was supplemented by computer-aided design, VR models, 3D prints, and prototypes.Subjective acceptance tests were conducted with all models, as well as qualitative interviews with potential users. Of course, these continuous testing cycles included hand sizes of different sizes to accommodate the widest possible user group. In addition, new people were regularly introduced into the circle of test subjects in order to avoid the typical phenomenon of 'burnt users' emerging. As a result of the high number of models, very valid statements could be made about the smallest changes.Due to years of collaboration between engineering and design and the corresponding trust between the disciplines, the process was able to be dynamic and communicative. Weekly meetings and interdisciplinary workshops resulted in a large number of ergonomic variants being discussed and recombined and improved. The relationship of trust between the disciplines also meant that the 'childlike curiosity'' of all those involved in the process could be encouraged and even unusual ideas could be developed and tested. The design team also developed usability and interaction concepts for the operation of the hand-held sensor. Two-dimensional representations of workflows and click dummies supported the process.
Envision - Testing Platform For User-Centered Visualization and Interaction Concepts
Authors: Blessmann Christian , Hessler Deike , Hofmann Thomas
Published: June 2023

ENVISION is an ongoing research project of the Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences (HSOS), the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the software development company FREQUENTIS ORTHOGON. Within the project, a testing platform for user-centered visualization and interaction concepts is being developed. This paper discusses the methodological approach as well as basic conceptual decisions for the selection of a design process for the development of new systems. The scientific focus of this paper is on the user-centered design of future radar interfaces and Controller Working Positions (CWPs).With increasing digitalization and automation in the field of safety-critical air traffic control systems, functional adaptations and enhancements of CWPs are becoming the standard case. The interdisciplinary cooperation between air traffic controllers, software developers and usability experts outlines a procedural model for the development and testing of future cooperation with air traffic controllers and their better integration into the development process of new systems.
Anthropometric-based school furniture design for Ethiopian secondary school students
Authors: Mekonnen Samuel , Pusetso Tebello , Lyu Hui , Emmanuel Ugwueke
Published: June 2023

Students take part in one of the most sedentary occupations. They spend an average of 5-8 hours in school daily. About 80% of this time, they sit in the classroom doing activities such as reading, writing, and communicating. It has been suggested that schools are places where students develop their permanent sitting habits (M. S. Parvez, et al, 2018). The mismatch between students and school furniture dimensions has been associated with adolescent low back pain (Milanese & Grimmer, 2004). Therefore, suitable and comfortable school furniture for students is necessary. Although many developed countries have proposed school furniture dimension guidance, developing countries and most least-developed countries still lack the support of an anthropometric database for school furniture design. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by establishing an anthropometric database of secondary school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, investigating the mismatch between students' anthropometric dimensions and current school furniture dimensions, and providing recommendations for secondary school furniture dimensions.MethodSample selection Two hundred secondary school students (85 (42.5%) male and 115 (57.5%) female) from two secondary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were recruited in this study. Every 25 subjects were randomly selected from each grade in each secondary school using the cluster sampling method. The mean ± SD age and body height were 17 ± 1.4 years and 5.4 ft ± 0.3 ft respectively. The sample size was set according to suggestions from World Health Organization that 200 is the minimum sample size used for building reference standards (WHO, 1995). Before testing, all subjects were instructed about the contents of the experiment and provided their consent.Data treatment and Analysis Body dimensions, including stature, sitting height, knee height, popliteal height, and thigh clearance, were measured using metallic tape. Data were presented with mean, standard deviation, and percentile base for the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentile values. Based on the percentile values of anthropometric dimensions of subjects and furniture dimensions, combinational formulas of furniture dimensions were set. The mismatch is determined if the calculated value of the critical dimensions is outside the interval quantity (Gouvali et al., 2006).ResultThe results of this study show that the chairs and tables of secondary schools in Addis Ababa were poorly designed without considering the anthropometric features of students. Most students sit in chairs with a seat that is too tight and without a backrest, which may cause health problems such as back pain in the long term. Therefore, we proposed three sets of acceptable furniture dimension range for the secondary school students in Addis Ababa, which may be helpful as a reference for school furniture design, and subsequently improve students’ comfort and health in school.
Mapping beyond the horizon
Authors: Silva Jose , Navarro Marques Tiago , Silva Ema
Published: June 2023

The design of interfaces has an extensive focus, which goes beyond the screen design. The objective of this study, developed in learning settings at the University of Évora, Course of Interface Design, first curricular semester of 22/23, was to explore two perspectives of Interface Design. The project focused on mapping six sites related to Nature Spots beyond the horizon established from the classroom. The project included a physical non-digital interface (PhiNDI) and a digital interface component. The study follows a descriptive case methodology. The results allowed the students to develop tangible Design solutions and competencies at the level of the development of affordances. The limitations of the project are related to the development of low and high-fidelity prototypes.
Analysis of children's sitting posture status and influencing factors
Authors: Hu Huimin , Hao Anna , Luo Ling , Niu Wenlei , Chen Jianglan
Published: June 2023

The in-depth interview method was used to conduct research on target children aged 6~12. In the home environment, the sitting characteristics, common sitting posture types and parents' views on children's sitting posture of different school ages were studied, which provided a reference for the refinement of the influence indicators of children's standard sitting posture in the context of intelligent display devices, which provided reference for the design of sitting posture monitoring products. Studies have found that most children use smart display devices for a single continuous duration of 30~40 minutes, and their correct sitting posture maintenance time is shorter, the frequency of bad sitting posture is higher, and the bad sitting posture is mainly hunched back and head down.
Future Companion Intelligent Products
Authors: Wang Xiaoya , Wang Yun
Published: June 2023

Intelligent products are experiencing the development from industrial intelligence to service-oriented, chat-oriented，and virtual life intelligence. Today's Intelligent products can help humans complete complex and dangerous work and gradually become our friends in daily life. Especially in the COVID-19 pandemic, when the whole society faces the challenge of loneliness together, people urgently need to use AI to solve the problem of emotional companionship. It is a problem that needs to be solved by interdisciplinary thinking to make the machines that interact with people able to observe, understand and generate emotional characteristics similar to those of people. This paper introduces companion-type intelligent products and the status quo of multi-modal interaction between such products and users. On this basis, combined with design, psychology, and ergonomics, a design scheme for further research on companion-type intelligent products using multi-modal emotion recognition technology is proposed. This scheme focuses on using the "instinct and emotion" module in the product to adjust the interactive behavior and realize different responses even when the same stimulus is presented.
Effects of design around a window on the mental strain of a person working at a desk
Authors: Ueda Karin , Yoshioka Yohsuke
Published: June 2023

When working in a room, people may choose to work around a window for a sense of openness and recovery of fatigue. However, design around a window for example the size of a window and the distance from the sidewalk may have a negative effect on the mental strain, such as decreased concentration on work.In this study, we examined the effects of design around a window on the mental burden of person working at a desk through a subjective experiment using both a virtual environment technology and an electrodermal activity measurement method. This study is a part of research aimed at obtaining knowledge about design around a window that does not cause mental strain. We arranged floor-to-ceiling height windows and a moving virtual human avatar in the virtual environment and measured the skin potential response (SPR) of the subjects under each condition.A total of eleven students participated in the experiment. The subject wore an electrodermal activity meter and sat in the middle of a quiet experimental room. They also experienced a virtual rectangular room presented via a head-mounted display. The dimensions of the virtual room were set at 3000 mm in width, 2500 mm in depth, and 3000 mm in height. A 3000 mm high window was created on the front wall. We set the subject sat 800 mm away from the window of the virtual room. Human avatars passed outside the window.There are eighteen experimental conditions with those three parameters: three widths of window (1000, 2000, and 3000 mm), three types of avatars (1. walking, 4. jogging, and 5. striding) and two distance levels between the subject and avatar (1000 and 2000 mm). In one continuous trial, three of the eighteen experimental conditions were presented in random order, resulting in three types of avatars appearing at 30-50 seconds intervals while the window width was fixed at a certain level of three. After a 20-second break, the next trial began with the other condition. The order of the window widths and distance level between the subject and avatar was in random order for each subject. During the experiment, the subjects performed a task to type a key in the same direction as an arrow displayed on a monitor.The results showed that the mental strain of the person working at a desk was significantly higher when the window width was 1000 mm in comparison to a window width of 3000 mm. when 1. walking avatar appeared. Compared to the previous experiment in which subjects had no task, the mental strain was significantly reduced in some factors. From these analyses, we find that the narrower the window width, the higher the mental strain on the person working at a desk. Also, it suggests that the mental strain varies depending on existence of a task.These findings may be useful in creating window designs that make it easier to concentrate on tasks.
Grasping Posture Study in One-Handed Touch Screen Operations Based on Posture Coding
Authors: Xiao Xing , Liu Yuxuan , Zhu Yue , Nie Xinmiao , Wang Haining
Published: June 2023

The ergonomic design of the thermal comfort of smartphones requires a greater understanding of the user's preferred grasping postures. This study examined the users' preferred grasping postures in three one-handed and high-heat-generating smartphone applications(short video browsing, video chatting, and video recording). The grasping postures of 50 participants in 3 smartphone application scenarios are photographed. The grasping position is encoded by the smartphone locations (left: L, right: R, top: T, bottom: B, front: F, back: K) and the number of fingers at each contact position. The grasping posture frequency distribution of smartphone application scenarios will be of use to guide the determination of the optimal thermal layout of smartphones in specific application scenarios.
Exploring the Cultivation of Artistic Archaeology Talents in the Context of "New Liberal Arts" in China: A Case Study of "3D Image Design" Course
Authors: Ying Liu , Bao Liyuan
Published: June 2023

The concept of "New Liberal Arts" encourages universities to promote interdisciplinary integration teaching and enhance the breadth and depth of application of professional course contents, so as to promote the application relationship between disciplines and cultivate application composite talents. At present, there is a growing demand for popularisation of science knowledge, and online museums, short science videos and other forms of virtual visualisation of science have been recognised by the market, so talents in this field need to be trained by universities to replenish the market. However, with the development of the times, limited by the speed of renewal of the art archaeology ontology - archaeological resources, how to maintain the rigour and innovation of art archaeology talents to progress together is a current issue that needs to be addressed. The aim of this study is to focus on the cultivation of innovative art archaeological talents, and to explore the teaching of the course "3D Image Design" from the perspective of interdisciplinary, comprehensive literacy, dialectical thinking training, and the social significance of the course, starting from the curriculum of digital media art. The course proposes a "3D creation-based art and archaeology learning method" and an "integrated software application model" that can optimize the traditional teaching methods of art and archaeology courses and cultivate complex talents with a sense of integration of art and science.
Multiple-view Visualization Awareness Model and Measurement Method Construction: Based on Quantitative Analysis of Situation Awareness
Authors: He Xuan , Ji Peng
Published: June 2023

Multiple-view Visualization (MV) is the current trend in information visualization, presenting massive and complex data from multiple perspectives and through different aggregations. MV designs are often used in industrial inspection scenarios, and their interaction design affects the operator's Situational Awareness (SA) and thus the operator's decision-making. However, SA assessments of MV exist mostly after the design is completed and lack effective measurement methods. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of existing SA models, combine the design process and elements of MV, summarize the MV perception model based on the Quantitative Analysis of Situational Awareness (QASA), and propose a method to measure the SA of MV, so as to help designers take the SA into consideration before completing the design. A formal user study was conducted to compare the SA of different layouts, starting with the layout as a design element. Quantitative results showed significant differences in participants' SA when using different layouts. Participants’ feedback confirmed that this measurement method can help designers to conduct user studies on different MV elements to improve operators' SA when using the system.
Combination of tall-man lettering and symbol prefixing to improve drug identification by pharmacists
Authors: Farn Max Liang Sheau , Xuan Luo Kai , Ming Zhang Ren , Sheng Lee Tu
Published: June 2023

Similar drug names can confuse pharmacists and lead to dispensing errors. A well-accepted solution to the problem is tall-man lettering, a typographic alteration to drug names. However, studies of its effectiveness have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, the potential of orthographic alterations to drug names has not been explored. Therefore, this study aims to examine the usefulness of the combination of tall-man lettering and a simple but new orthographic alteration, symbol prefixing. Twenty-six outpatient pharmacists were recruited to participate in an experiment on drug identification. The results showed that first, the accuracy of drug identification increased with tall-man lettering. Next, the response time and the number of eye fixations for the identification decreased with tall-man lettering and symbol prefixing. Finally, the number of eye fixations decreased with symbol prefixing when there was no tall-man lettering. The findings support that tall-man lettering and symbol prefixing are effective techniques for helping pharmacists identify drugs. Further research could assess the impacts of different types of typographic and orthographic alterations for alleviating the problem of drug name confusion and ultimately minimizing medication errors and ensuring patient safety.
Expanding Our Grasp: Artificial Intelligence as the Next Leap Forward in Healthcare Quality
Authors: Kalra Jay , Seitzinger Patrick
Published: June 2023

Healthcare quality and improvement relies on recognizing and improving patters of practice. AI involves self-learning systems using machine learning and pattern recognition to emulate thought processes typically conducted by humans. The purpose of this project was to assess the current state and challenges of healthcare quality and to charter a path forward for innovative applications of Artificial Intelligence technology to strengthen healthcare strategies. Knowledge integration was conducted across medical disciplines to identify key challenges in healthcare delivery and assess how Artificial Intelligence can be leveraged to strengthen healthcare quality. Currently, approximately half of the global population spends less than 5 minutes with their physician during doctor visits. It takes on average of 23.1 seconds for a physician to interrupt patients while they are telling their story. Most patients around the world will experience one or more diagnostic errors in their lifetime. Systematic reviews and narrative reviews of the available evidence report varying global diagnostic error rates ranging from 5% to 23.5%. Currently the physician suicide rate that is 1.5 to 4.5 times higher than that of the general population. Between 30-50% of medical students and residents experience burnout. Burnout is nearly doubling the rate of medical errors, and physicians involved in major errors are experiencing a threefold increase in suicidal ideation. AI technology has the potential to have transformative effects on increasing diagnostic accuracy, mmitigating medical errors, screening and early diagnosis, ddetermining disease susceptibility and progression. Advantages of AI include efficiency, accuracy, prediction/modelling, standardization, immune to fatigue, self-correcting abilities, and accuracy. Drawbacks of AI include developmental costs, unclear legislation, integration issues, lack of explainability, insufficient digital literacy, limited data sharing, and fear of the known. Even with unprecedented innovations in healthcare, we must utilize tried and true methods of healthcare assurance and improvement including identifying vulnerabilities, mitigating biases, and ensuring health equity. AI presents a tool to address longstanding issues in healthcare delivery and achieve a caliber of healthcare quality that was previously beyond our grasp.
Posture correction girdle with intelligent padding system to dynamically adjust the pressure distribution and correct the scoliotic spine
Authors: Ye Zhongping , Yip Joanne , Cheung Jason , Liang Ruixin , Zhang Jun , Li Xiaolu , Tong Kai-Yu
Published: June 2023

The progress of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects the patient’s living quality by increasing the posture imbalance. In early scoliosis, postural correction may be provided to halt the progression of the deformity. Thus, bracing treatment will be introduced to the patients. Compared with the traditional hard brace, the soft brace is preferred due to its intrinsic compliance and light weight. However, in the soft brace, the ideal correction constraints and the contact pressure among the body points are hard to be identified. Therefore, in this study, a new pneumatic padding system is introduced to the posture correction girdle which could dynamically adjust the paddings’ contact pressure. With this calibration design, the therapist could immediately see the effects of the posture correction girdle on patients with different pneumatic pressure from a sitting balance sensing system. Hence, this padding system could provide precise adjustments in order to optimize the pressure level and corrective effect. We have conducted a wear trial with 3 mild scoliosis young subjects with cobb angle between 10-20 degrees. They were invited to undergo a 2-hour trial of the girdle with the optimized pressure parameter. The immediate effects of the posture correction girdle with intelligent pads were evaluated by comparing pre-wearing and post-trial X-ray and 3D scan images. The changes of Cobb and postural angles show that the girdle could reduce the scoliosis curvature and postural imbalance of the subjects. This study demonstrates that an intelligent and sophisticated padding system could be a new alterative intervention to provide optimized pressure with ergonomic designed garments that provide a better healthcare support for patients.
Brain-Tactile Interactive Device for Dementia Prevention of the Early Elderly
Authors: Yu Wu Tyan , Yi Lin Wen
Published: June 2023

The increase in aging populations worldwide has led to an increase in dementia cases, a reality that may significantly raise social costs. Reducing the number of dementia cases is likely a good strategy to directly decrease social expenses while ensuring a better quality of life among the elderly. Previous research results have shown that deep depression or loneliness among the elderly is highly likely to accompany dementia syndrome. The elderly in particular may feel lonely or depressed when living independently or losing contact with their children and friends (Khosravi et al., 2016). The problem of dementia involves a variety of complex issues ranging from decreased social interaction to a lack of physical and mental activities. Experts have suggested that the best way to reduce dementia risk is to create a device that can satisfy several of the above-mentioned issues in one. For instance, a device that provides both entertainment and brain training at the same time. This study has developed such a device, called the Brain-Tactile Interactive Board (BTIB), that young elderly (ages 55 to 65 years old) populations can use as a possible preventative measure against dementia. The BTIB can enhance elderly brain stimulation and cognition through physical interaction and math calculation activities. These activities enable users to fulfill their social urges while reducing dementia risk and promoting happiness and well-being.
Usability Evaluation of Intravascular Administration Set with Safety Lock Regulator to Prevent Medication Error
Authors: Kim Yourim , Jang Wonseuk
Published: June 2023

The safety lock regulator is part of an intravascular administration set with a safety lock to control the infusion rate of fluid and prevent accidents in which fluid is excessively injected due to unexpected events. This study aims to evaluate the usability and satisfaction of intravascular administration set with a safety lock regulator through a usability test. In the usability test, consisting of 22 tasks and 5 scenarios, experienced nurses with an average experience of 6.6 years or more participated to perform tasks and evaluate satisfaction. we collected a number of observational data such as task completion, task completion with an issue and not completion as well as subjective data such as user satisfaction scores and comprehensive opinions. As a result of the evaluation, the success rate of the entire task was 96%, and there were almost no use errors at 4%. The root causes of the observed use errors were low risk due to the lack of understanding of the tasks. The user satisfaction with the 10 questionnaires evaluated on the 5-point Likert scale showed 4.7 scores for the user manual and 4.4 scores for the intravascular administration set. In addition, comprehensive opinions such as user improvement requirements for medical devices and specific reasons for satisfaction were collected. This study confirms that users can safely perform tasks of the use scenario without serious use errors and that safety was improved by preventing operations of the non-medical person by making it difficult to unlock the safety lock regulator. In future studies, it is expected that it will be possible to develop an intravascular administration set that further improves usability and safety by deriving user requirements from the collected comprehensive opinions.
Ergonomic problems in surgical smoke control during surgery
Authors: Shinohara Kazuhiko
Published: June 2023

Surgical smoke is the plume and air contaminants produced by energy devices such as electrocautery and laser scalpels during the surgery. Surgical smoke consists of fine particles containing pathogenic microorganisms and chemical substances from high-temperature carbonized tissues, and poses a health risk to medical personnel during the surgery. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of surgical smoke control. As a surgical smoke protection on the medical staff side, personal protective equipment such as N-95 high-performance masks are widely used. On the other hand, the surgical smoke exhaust system includes ventilation equipment for the entire operating room and a device that directly aspirates surgical smoke in the operative field. Wearing a mask for a long time poses problems such as fatigue, hypercapnia and loss of concentration. Increasing the smoke evacuation efficiency of a surgical instrument-mounted smoke evacuation device poses problems such as deterioration of operability and patient temperature maintenance. Surgical instruments equipped with smoke suction tubes suffer from deterioration in operability due to increased size and weight. Increased ventilation in the surgical environment may cause drying of organs and hypothermia. Surgical instruments with smoke exhaust devices require further reduction in weight, diameter, and ergonomic design.　 In addition, it is necessary to equip surgical instruments and the ventilation function of the operating room with an automatic maintenance function of body temperature and body cavity temperature and humidity.It is important to enlighten medical workers about the importance of measures against surgical smoke, and to improve the smoke exhaust system considering maintenance of physiological environment and solve ergonomic problems.
Life cycle opportunity based on implementation of Quality Management Systems
Authors: Krolas Pawel , Heilala Janne
Published: June 2023

Mico and macro environment creates opportunities and threats for the organization. Enterprise identifies the opportunities to take advantage for the business either intentionally or unintentionally. Organization which focused on taking advantage from the opportunities increase the chance of taking advantage of them. Opportunity is understood as a favorable situation for the subject of action. The ability to use the opportunity creates a framework for establishing cooperation between the company and the client. `The article presents a theoretical and practical approach to the opportunity. The theoretical part presents the idea of the opportunity, meaning and its importance for the organization. The paper presents life cycle opportunity which creates framework for establishing cooperation between supplier and a client. The practical part shows a case study based on the development and implementation of a Quality Management Systems in a selected organization. The work done for the organization has been assessed by the external certification body. Implementation of Quality Management Systems enabled to establishment a long-term cooperation based on annual action that should be taken according to the selected elements of ISO systems.
Visual Thinking Through Diagrams
Authors: Ribeiro Rogério , Raposo Daniel , Almendra Rita , Neves João
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this paper is to identify what kind of schemas or diagrams are most functional as a way of visualizing and transposing ideas.It aims to gather knowledge about how some ideas were interpreted after visualizing visual schemes, especially abstract concepts and the union of dispersed information. Currently, the intangible concepts that define a brand become increasingly complex to express and are almost never fully transmitted to internal and external stakeholders of the entity, creating in the mind of each one, a brand image little related to other aspects, goals and visions that the brand may have.This topic becomes relevant in the transposition of concepts during the development of brands, having visual identity systems or even brands that have their concepts, but need tools capable of communicating them visually.A systematic methodology was adopted, with a non-interventionist basis, with case studies of schemes and diagrams used by major brands and international brands.The results consist in the identification of a set of graphic principles and characteristics that brands should use in order to ensure their clear communication and ideological coherence.
SHELTER Project: Designing an innovative solution for earthquake resilience and survival
Authors: Gomes Ferreira Joao , Moura Rita , Margarida Ferreira Ana , Milne Vasco , Goncalves Eduardo , Abreu Diamantino , Guerreiro Luís
Published: June 2023

Severe earthquakes striking urban areas usually have catastrophic effects, and this risk is particularly acute in cities with more vulnerable buildings located in seismic-prone regions. The ideal solution to overcome this problem is to strengthen (or, in extreme situations, demolish) all vulnerable buildings located in seismic zones to ensure their safety and, thus, the safety of their users. However, this global approach is unfeasible because most owners need to be aware of the problem or have the financial capacity to implement such a solution. In this context, a project was developed entitled SHELTER – “Structural Hyper-resisting Element for Life-Threatening Earthquake Risk”, aiming at finding a viable solution to save human lives in severe seismic events, even when structural collapse occurs.The solution consists of installing a safety “capsule”, i.e., creating a located and structurally robust reinforcement of an accessible zone of the apartment/office where users can be safely protected.Four key aspects had to be addressed to make this concept effective: (i) the users had to be alerted in due time to get into the shelter before the violent shaking started; (ii) the capsule had to resist the actions caused by the building collapse without significant deformations; (iii) people had to survive during the building collapse, and (iv) people had to survive during the time entrapped within the capsule until the rescue teams arrival.This paper focuses on the design of the systems addressing survival during both the building collapse and the entrapped period.The survival during building collapse was based on safety seats, designed within the scope of the SHELTER project, provided with a shock absorber system constituted by a damper and elastic springs. These safety seats can strongly attenuate the peak accelerations that the shelter undergoes due to impacts, highly increasing survival chances.To ensure survival during the entrapped period, fundamental life-supporting needs were first listed: hydration, nutrition, dejection, breathing, SOS emission, thermal comfort, and psychological comfort. These needs were then fulfilled with the corresponding supporting systems or goods, which must be installed in the lifesaving capsule.
Natural and artificial lighting: Influence on readability
Authors: Espada Sílvia , Teixeira Ana , Antunes Maria , Brito-Costa Sonia
Published: June 2023

In the study we present, the effects of different types of light (natural or artificial), different types of texts (scientific and children's) and different reading formats (on screen and on paper) on our readability are addressed, as well as determining the preference of each participant for reading tasks and to what extent reading with natural light and with influences of artificial light affects their readability in design, and how the reading process could be done more effectively, through manipulation of lighting variables. The experiments were based on different tasks, which required 10 participants, to read two different texts (children's text and scientific text), in two different formats (print and screen) under two different types of lighting (natural light and artificial light). During reading, we recorded the following parameters: Heart rate and EEG signal (levels of calm, neutral and active (%) using two devices: a heart rate monitor to measure heart rate and Muse, a brain detection headband that uses real-time biofeedback in its brain activity, which we used to monitor brain activity. After completing the protocol, participants answered a questionnaire to collect data on their reading preferences and were composed of three parts: the first part consisted of questions aimed at collecting demographic information from the participants (age, nationality, and other useful data for our research); the second part addressed three questions about the participants reading preferences; the third part was designed to explore the participants opinions about the test and their comfortability. We conclude that participants prefer reading on paper rather than on screen and their performance was better in reading with artificial light. Although reading with natural light was the preference of most participants, reading with artificial light provides better performance in performing the tasks. These findings could help designers to better understand the roles of lighting variables in the reading process and to create light design products that are more efficient, sustainable, and comfortable.
The creation of a network, in the North of Portugal, as an opportunity for territorial sustainability
Authors: Costa Fátima , Aparo Ermanno , Soares Liliana
Published: June 2023

This article intends to demonstrate that, in the North of Portugal, the creation of a business network can become an opportunity to achieve territorial sustainability.The development of a territorial business network system can be crucial to stimulate local development, in the sense that it represents an opportunity to favor and encourage investments. This strategy, in addition to contributing to the dynamization of the productive activities involved, will make it possible to trigger new partnerships, which may be an opportunity to develop and share resources, processes, knowledge and innovation among the intervening parties.The territory of the North of Portugal is mainly characterized by small and medium-sized companies and, according to data from the National Institute of Statistics, in the study carried out in 2008 on the structures of Portuguese companies, “there were 349,756 micro, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) in Portugal", taking into account that the North region had 113,747 companies, influencing the region's turnover by 69.5%.With this study, the authors intend to demonstrate that in the North of Portugal, the implementation of a design-oriented territorial network strategy can be crucial to achieving territorial sustainability (Costa, F.; Soares, L.; Aparo, E., 2022) to define the evolution of the local economy. In this sense, it is intended to implement a business network system of contacts, through the business characterization of the territory under study, in this case, the North of Portugal, which promote innovation, design-driven innovation (Verganti, 2020), and are also a way of generating dynamism in productive activities, fostering sustainability and even their success or even survival. Based on localized excellence, a project built on a network can activate collaboration processes, boosting the productive capacity of each company, improving the offer and making processes and resources profitable.
Human error and performance modeling with virtual operator model (HUNTER) synchronously coupled to Rancor Microworld Nuclear Power Plant Simulator
Authors: Lew Roger , Boring Ronald , Ulrich Thomas
Published: June 2023

The Human Unimodel for Nuclear Technology to Enhance Reliability (HUNTER) is a virtual nuclear power plant operator. The virtual operator can follow procedures the timing and reliability of their actions are tied to dynamic human performance modeling parameters (Boring et al., 2016). Unlike traditional (static) risk modeling HUNTER has a dynamic version of SPAR-H to calculate performance shaping factors (PSFs) based on evolving plant conditions. HUNTER models task level Goals-Operators-Methods-Selection rules (GOMS)-HRA as the operator walks through procedure steps. Here we describe how the HUNTER virtual operator model was tightly coupled with the Rancor Nuclear Power Plant Microworld as part of a suite of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) tools.
What Fatality and "Prescott Way" Causal Factors Are Revealed in the July 23, 2013, Deployment Zone News Conference?
Authors: Schoeffler Fred , A. Collura Joy
Published: June 2023

This is a story that needs to be told - always remembered - truthfully. This semi-inclusive paper examines the alleged wildland fire human factors that existed, contributing to the fatal Granite Mountain Hot Shot (GMHS) tragedy on the June 30, 2013, Yarnell Hill (YH) Fire; derived from the July 24, 2013, GMHS Deployment Zone (DZ) News Conference videos by InvestigativeMEDIA Reporter and author John Dougherty (JD) with Prescott FD (PFD) Wildland Battalion Chief (WBC) Darrell Willis, along with numerous reporters. The videos were then transcribed from the spoken words into a written PDF format using the novel Otter app so you can truly read what WBC and various Reporters are discussing compared to the mostly unreliable "CC - Closed Caption" hit-and-miss versions in the two videos. Rather than use all the Otter-transcribed text, the authors selectively used those WBC ambiguities of established tried-and-true Rules Of Engagement, i.e. LCES, Fire Orders, etc. Being able to read what is said is more revealing and thought-provoking offering new perspectives on this divisive fatal event. Torn and tormented while aware of the real truth, WBC held these young men as Sons - on the annoying horns of a dilemma - feeing obliged to defend them, weakly attempting to share in his alleged illusory-recollected “truth” of why it happened.
Measurement and Manipulation in Human-Agent Teams: A Review
Authors: Hidalgo Maartje , Rebensky Summer , Nguyen Daniel , Cohen Myke , Temple Lauren , Fegley Brent
Published: June 2023

In this era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, increasingly autonomous and intelligent artificial agents become more integrated into our daily lives. As such, these agents are capable of conducting independent tasks within a teaming setting, while also becoming more socially invested in the team space. While ample human-teaming theories help understand, explain, and predict the outcome of team endeavors, such theories are not yet existent for human-agent teaming. Furthermore, the development and evaluations of agents are constantly evolving. As a result, many developers utilize their own test plans and their own measures making it difficult to compare findings across agent developers. Many agent developers looking to capture human-team behaviors may not sufficiently understand the benefits of specific team processes and the challenges of measuring these constructs. Ineffective team scenarios and measures could lead to unrepresentative training datasets, prolonged agent development timelines, and less effective agent predictions. With the appropriate measures and conditions, an agent would be able to determine deficits in team processes early enough to intervene during performance. This paper is a step in the direction toward the formulation of a theory of human-agent teaming, wherein we conducted a literature review of team processes that are measurable in order to predict team performance and outcomes. The frameworks presented leverage multiple teaming frameworks such as Marks et al.’s (2001) team process model, the IMOI model (Ilgen, 20005), Salas et al.’s big five model (2005) as well as more modern frameworks on human agent teaming such as Carter-Browne et al. (2021). Specific constructs and measures within the “input” and “process” stages of these models were pulled and then searched within the team’s literature to find specific measurements of team processes. However, the measures are only half of the requirement for an effective team-testing scenario. Teams that are given unlimited amount of time should all complete a task, but only the most effective coordinative and communicative teams can do so in a time efficient manner. As a result, we also identified experimental manipulations that have shown to cause effects in team processes. This paper aims to present the measurement and manipulation frameworks developed under a DARPA effort along with the benefits and costs associated with each measurement and manipulation category.
Assessment of pilots' training efficacy as a safety barrier in the context of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS)
Authors: Ziakkas Dimitrios , Pechlivanis Konstantinos , Dillman Brian
Published: June 2023

Aviation and air travel have always been among the businesses at the forefront of technological advancement throughout history. Both the International Air Transportation Authority's (IATA) Technology Roadmap (IATA, 2019) and the European Aviation Safety Agency's (EASA) Artificial Intelligence (AI) roadmap (EASA, 2020) propose an outline and assessment of ongoing technological prospects that change the aviation environment with the implementation of AI from the initial phases. New technology increased the operational capabilities of airplanes in adverse weather. An enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) is a piece of aircraft equipment that captures and displays a scene image for the pilot, allowing for improved scene and object detection. Moreover, an EFVS is a device that enhances the pilot's vision to the point where it is superior to natural sight. An EFVS has a display for the pilot, which can be a head-mounted display or a head-up display, and image sensors such as a color camera, infrared camera, or radar. A combined vision system can be made by combining an EFVS with a synthetic vision system. A forward-looking infrared camera, also known as an enhanced vision system (EVS), and a Head-Up Display (HUD) are used to form the EFVS. Two aircraft types can house an EFVS: fixed-wing (airplane) and rotary-wing (helicopter).Several operators argue that the use of Enhanced Flight Vision Systems (EFVS) may be operated without the prior approval of the competent authority, assuming that the flight procedures, equipment, and pilot safety barriers are sufficiently robust. This research aims to test pilots' readiness levels with no or little exposure to EFVS to use such equipment (EASA, 2020). Moreover, the Purdue simulation center aims to validate this hypothesis. The Purdue human systems integration team is developing a test plan that could be easily incorporated into the systems engineering test plan to implement Artificial Intelligence (AI) in aviation training globally and evaluate the results. Based on guidelines from the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Purdue University School of Aviation and Transportation Technology (SATT) professional flying program recognizes technical and nontechnical competencies. Furthermore, the Purdue Virtual Reality research roadmap is focused on the certification process (FAA, EASA), implementation of an AI training syllabus following a change management approach, and introduction of AI standardization principles in the global AI aviation ecosystem.
Developing Confidence in Machine Learning Results
Authors: Baweja Jessica , Jefferson Brett , Fallon Corey
Published: June 2023

As the field of deep learning has emerged in recent years, the amount of knowledge and expertise that data scientists are expected to absorb and maintain has correspondingly increased. One of the challenges experienced by data scientists working with deep learning models is developing confidence in the accuracy of their approach and the resulting findings. In this study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with data scientists at a national laboratory to understand the processes that data scientists use when attempting to develop their models and the ways that they gain confidence that the results they obtained were accurate. These interviews were analysed to provide an overview of the techniques currently used when working with machine learning (ML) models. Opportunities for collaboration with human factors researchers to develop new tools are identified.
The Design of Mid-Air Ultrasonic Haptic Interfaces Based on the Perception of Lines
Authors: Loranger Jacob , Brown Justin , Kindler Henry , Fink Paul , Dimitrov Velin , Giudice Nicholas
Published: June 2023

Mid-air ultrasonic feedback is a new form of haptic stimulation supporting mid-air, touch-free user interfaces. Functional implementation of ultrasonic haptic (UH) interfaces depend upon the ability to accurately distinguish between the intensity, shape, orientation, and movement of a signal. This user study (N = 15) investigates the ability to non-visually perceive two ultrasonic lines with varying lengths (3, 5, and 7 cm) and orientations (vertical and horizontal) using the palm of the hand. Key results showed that: (1) the orientation of the lines had no effect on a user’s accuracy when determining their relative lengths, (2) line length distinction significantly improved when the length difference was at least 4 cm, and (3) a clear learning curve was evident when evaluating a new user’s ability to perceive ultrasonic signals. The capabilities of UH technology identified and discussed within this study will help engineer user-friendly and functional mid-air haptic interfaces for future applications.