bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors for Unplanned Hospitalization of New Home Care Clients
Authors: Rönneikkö Jukka K. , Mäkelä Matti , Jämsen Esa R. , Huhtala Heini , Finne‐Soveri Harriet , Noro Anja , Valvanne Jaakko N.
Published: December 2016

Objectives

To identify factors predicting unplanned hospitalization of new home care clients using the Resident Assessment Instrument for Home Care (RAI‐HC).

Design

A register‐based study based on RAI‐HC assessments and nationwide hospital discharge records.

Setting

Municipal home care services in Finland.

Participants

New Finnish home care clients aged 63 and older (N = 15,700).

Measurements

Information from home care clients’ first RAI‐HC assessment was connected to information regarding their first hospitalization over 1 year of follow‐up. Multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent risk factors for hospitalization.

Results

Forty‐three percent (n = 6,812) of participants were hospitalized at least once. The strongest independent risk factors were hospitalization during the year preceding the RAI‐HC assessment (odds ratio (OR) = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.87–2.16), aged 90 and older (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.48–1.92), renal insufficiency (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.22–1.69) and using 10 or more drugs (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.26–1.58). Other independent risk factors were male sex, previous emergency department visits or other acute outpatient care use, daily urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, history of falls, cognitive impairment, chronic skin ulcer, pain, unstable health status, housing‐related problems, and poor self‐rated health. Parkinson's disease, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer were independent prognostic indicators. A body mass index of 24 kg/m2 or greater and the client's own belief that functional capacity could improve had a protective role.

Conclusion

Assessing new home care clients using the RAI‐HC reveals modifiable risk factors for unplanned hospitalization. Systematic assessment by a multidisciplinary team at the beginning of the service and targeting modifiable risk factors could reduce the risk of unplanned hospitalization.
Expression of type III collagen correlates with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kumari Karuna , Ghosh Snehashish , Patil Shankargouda , Augustine Dominic , Samudrala Venkatesiah Sowmya , Rao Roopa S.
Published: December 2016

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate, compare, and correlate the types of collagen fibers seen in different grades of oral cancer.

Methods

Thirty cases of histologically‐diagnosed, well‐, moderately‐, and poorly‐differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were retrieved from the archives of the Institute. Collagen was evaluated using picrosirius red stain and immunohistochemical analysis of the antibody to type III collagen. A correlation between these findings and the grade of OSCC was evaluated.

Results

Collagen fibers showed a change in birefringence ranging from reddish–orange to greenish–yellow in well‐ to poorly‐differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma. The findings were statistically significant for polarizing colors observed in grades of OSCC (P<.001). Immunohistochemical staining intensity of type III collagen changed from weak to strong as grade increased for OSCC, and was also statistically significant (P<.001).

Conclusion

In the present study, tumor progression reflected a change in collagen present, from type I to type III. Determination of the type of collagen in different grades of OSCC can facilitate therapeutic targeting of molecules responsible for invasion and progression of oral cancer.
Psychosocial impact on families with an infant with a hypoplastic left heart syndrome during and after the interstage monitoring period – a prospective mixed‐method study
Authors: Stoffel Gaby , Spirig Rebecca , Stiasny Brian , Bernet Vera , Dave Hitendu , Knirsch Walter
Published: December 2016

Aims and objectives

To investigate parents’ experiences, coping ability and quality of life while monitoring their sick child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome at home.

Background

Interstage home monitoring for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome reduces interstage mortality between Norwood stages I and II. Little is known about the psychosocial impact of interstage home monitoring.

Design

Prospective mixed‐method study.

Methods

This study assessed the psychosocial impact on parents during interstage home monitoring. This contains for quantitative assessment the Short Form Health Survey questionnaire and the Impact of Family Scale administered one and five weeks following discharge before and after stage II. For qualitative assessment, semi‐structured interviews focussing on the postdischarge coping strategies were conducted twice, five weeks after hospital discharge before and after stage II.

Results

Ten infants (eight males) with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 7) or other types of univentricular heart malformations (n = 3), and their parents (nine mother/father two‐parent households, one single mother) were included. There were no interstage deaths. Mental Health Composite Summary scores were low in both parents (mothers: 40·45 ± 9·07; fathers: 40·58 ± 9·69) and lowest for the item ‘vitality’ (mothers: 37·0 ± 19·46; fathers: 43·12 ± 25·9) before and after stage II. Impact of Family Scale values showed higher daily and social burdens for mothers. ‘Becoming a family’ was the most important task as coping strategy to equilibrate the fragile emotional balance. The parents judged interstage home monitoring as a protective intervention.

Conclusions

Although psychosocial burden before and after stage II remains high, becoming a family is an essential experience for parents and confirms their parenthood.

Relevance to clinical practice

Healthcare professionals must be aware of parents’ needs during this vulnerable interstage period and to provide psychosocial and nursing support.
Hypointense Vessels Detected by Susceptibility‐Weighted Imaging Identifies Tissue at Risk of Infarction in Anterior Circulation Stroke
Authors: Cheng Bastian , Schröder Nikolaus , Forkert Nils Daniel , Ludewig Peter , Kemmling André , Magnus Tim , Fiehler Jens , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The diagnostic value of susceptibility‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging of acute stroke patients has shown potential as a surrogate marker of impaired hemodynamics. We investigate the value of asymmetrical hypointense cerebral vessels (HV) for the identification of vessel status and tissue at risk of infarction (TaR).

METHODS

Symmetry of HV was visually rated on SWI data from a well‐defined population of acute anterior circulation stroke with onset <24 hours. MRI perfusion data was analyzed and volumes of tissue at risk segmented using a delay threshold of Tmax> 6 seconds. Status of the extra‐ and intracranial arteries was assessed by ultrasound and MR angiography.

RESULTS

35 patients were included (12 women; median age 69 years, IQR 61–77; median NIHSS at admission 10, IQR 6–20). Asymmetrically distributed HV were detected at the stroke hemisphere in 25 patients (71%). Of those, 12 patients displayed occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, whereas occlusion of the extracranial ICA was detected in 6 patients. TaR was larger, yet not significantly different in patients with asymmetrically HV (mean volume 38.9 ml, SD 52.9 ml) compared to patients showing symmetrical HV (4.2 ml; SD 10.7 ml, p‐value 0.081). Significant differences where, however, found after excluding patients with extracranial ICA occlusions (42.9 ml; SD 50.4 ml vs. 4.2 ml, SD 10.8 ml, p‐value 0.025).

CONCLUSION

Visual analysis of HV in SWI identifies tissue at risk in patients with anterior circulation stroke. Potentially pre‐existing extracranial ICA occlusions leading to prominent HV have to be considered as a confounding factor.
Adolescent Communal Narcissism and Peer Perceptions
Authors: Barry Christopher T. , Lui Joyce H. L. , Lee‐Rowland Lauren M. , Moran Erin V.
Published: December 2016

Objective

The present study extended recent work on communal narcissism to a sample of at‐risk adolescents. Although narcissism is widely considered an agentic personality construct, Gebauer and colleagues (Gebauer, Sedikides, Verplanken, & Maio, 2012) demonstrated the existence and utility of a communal narcissism construct in adults. The extent to which this variant of narcissism applies to adolescents is not yet known. Because communal narcissism (e.g., feeling that one is the most helpful, is a great influence on others, will bring about world peace) may actually be aversive to others, we investigated the associated self‐ and peer perceptions of adolescent communal narcissism.

Method

Participants were 136 adolescents (104 males, 32 females; 52.2% White, 42.2% Black, 5.6% Other) aged 16–19, who were attending a 22‐week residential program together. Participants completed self‐report measures of narcissism and interpersonal behavior, as well as a peer nomination procedure.

Results

Self‐reported communal narcissism was significantly related to self‐reported pro‐social behavior but was associated with peer‐reported aggression, similar to the findings for nonpathological narcissism, which is considered agentic.

Conclusions

Adolescent communal narcissism appears to be tied to negative peer perceptions. The implications for understanding the interpersonal consequences of adolescent grandiosity in communal domains are discussed.
Overexpression of Jatropha curcas Defensin (JcDef) Enhances Sheath Blight Disease Resistance in Tobacco
Authors: Wang Qingwei , Zhu Shuhua , Liu Yao , Li Rui , Tan Shancai , Wang Shenghua , Tang Lin , Chen Fang
Published: December 2016

Plant defensins are small, basic, cysteine‐rich peptides, belonging to the antimicrobial peptide superfamily, commonly found in the plant kingdom. In this study, we cloned and characterized a plant defensin gene from Jatropha curcas (JcDef). JcDef carried conserved receptor binding sites and a cysteine motif, and it was phylogenetically grouped together with defensin Ec‐AMP‐D2‐like in Elaeis guineensis. JcDef is localized to cytoplasm and highly expressed in young tissues with fast metabolism such as cotyledons and stem apexes. Transgenic expression of JcDef in tobacco showed enhanced resistance against sheath blight disease caused by R. solani, indicating the antibacterial function.
Effect of meat enhancement solutions with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and konjac flour on texture and quality attributes of pale, soft, and exudative pork
Authors: Booren B. L. , Castell‐Perez M. E. , Miller R. K.
Published: December 2016

The objective of this study was to determine whether addition of hydrocolloids, buffer ingredients, salt, and sodium phosphate improve the color, texture, and pH of normal and pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) meat. Specific solutions include potassium bicarbonate (KHCO), ammonium bicarbonate (NHHCO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and konjac flour (KF). Three studies were carried out. First, the stability and viscoelastic properties of the different solutions was determined. Second, fresh normal (pH 5.6–5.9) and PSE (pHu < 5.4) Longissimus dorsi muscles were ground and assigned a treatment solution: control (fresh normal), water, NaCl/SP, KHCO, NHHCO, KF, HPMC, KHCO/KF, KHCO/KF/NaCl/SP (sodium phosphate), NHHCO/HPMC, and NHHCO/HPMC/NaCl/SP. Third, treatment solutions with suitable viscoelastic properties and stability, were added, homogenized, stuffed into tubes, and cooked to an internal temperature of 75C to form gels, and torsion and texture profile analysis performed. The PSE treated samples containing bicarbonate/hydrocolloid treatments had similar hardness‐first bite, hardness‐second bite, and gumminess values to the normal‐control samples while the NHHCO treated samples had air pockets in the cooked gel. Third, consumers (n = 92) evaluated control and PSE beef/pork frankfurters produced with the following treatments: KHCO, KHCO/HPMC, and KHCO/KF. Treatment had no effect (p > .05) on overall like/dislike of flavor, but PSE frankfurters were preferred (p < .05) to the controls. The use of KHCO with hydrocolloids, salt and SP improved the color, pH and texture properties of PSE ground pork; further research to examine the effectiveness in whole PSE pork muscle systems is needed.

Practical applications

Meat processors could use KHCO with HPMC or KF as ingredients to improve color, texture, and pH of PSE meat. The reduction of variation between PSE and normal pork muscle would improve pork quality and add value to PSE meat products.
Bran‐induced effects on the evolution of bubbles and rheological properties in bread dough
Authors: Ishwarya S. Padma , Desai Kiran M. , Naladala Srinivasulu , Anandharamakrishnan C.
Published: December 2016

Evolution of bubbles is the key to volume development in bread dough. The influence of wheat bran on bubble growth in bread dough through the mixing, fermentation, and proofing stages is described as a function of its level of addition. Confocal laser scanning microscopy in combination with image processing tools was used to obtain the bubble size and shape parameters. The relationship between bubble behavior and dough rheology was mapped using biaxial extension and dynamic oscillatory rheometry studies. With increase in level of bran addition, mean bubble size decreased corresponding to each stage and showed an inverse relationship with dough overpressure and elastic modulus. Addition of wheat bran was observed to suppress the bubble coarsening phenomenon in dough. Experimental observations indicated the plausibility of coalescence‐mediated bubble growth in bread dough during the latter stages of fermentation and proofing, which was hindered in the presence of bran particles.

Practical application

The results of this work provide an insight to the underlying mechanism by which wheat bran addition impacts the volume development in bread dough. The inferences presented in this research work can be used as a basis to study bubble dynamics in an opaque food system such as bread dough. This information would be of interest to industrial researchers working on the new product development of aerated bakery products with functional fibrous ingredients.
Resource Use Assessment of Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon, Production in Thailand and Vietnam
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , McNevin Aaron A. , Racine Phoebe , Tinh Huynh Quoc , Minh Hang Ngo , Viriyatum Rawee , Paungkaew Duangchai , Engle Carole
Published: December 2016

Resource use was investigated at 34 Litopenaeus vannamei and five Penaeus monodon farms in Thailand and 30 L. vannamei and 24 P. monodon farms in Vietnam. Farms varied in water surface areas for production, reservoirs, canals, and settling basins; in pond size and depth; and in water management, stocking density, feeding rate, amendment input, aeration rate, crop duration, and crops per year. Production of L. vannamei averaged 17.3 and 10.9 m.t./ha/yr, and feed conversion ratio averaged 1.49 and 1.33 in Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. On average, production of 1 m.t. of L. vannamei required 0.58 ha land, 5,400 m3 water, 60 GJ energy, and 1218 kg wildfish in Thailand and 1.76 ha land, 15,100 m3 water, 33.7 GJ energy, and 1264 kg wildfish in Vietnam. Resource use per metric ton of shrimp declined with greater production intensity. In Thailand, P. monodon was produced at 0.2–0.4 m.t./ha/yr, with no inputs but water and postlarvae. In Vietnam, P. monodon production averaged 3.60 m.t./ha/yr. Production of 1 m.t. of P. monodon required 0.80 ha land, 36,000 m3 water, 47.8 GJ energy, and 1180 kg wildfish, and resource use per ton production declined with increasing production intensity.
Capparis dongvanensis sp. nov. (Capparaceae) from Vietnam
Authors: Thuong Sy Danh , Choudhary Ritesh Kumar , Bach Tran The , Hai Do Van , Quang Bui Hong , Tucker Gordon C. , Mau Chu Hoang , Lee Joongku , Lee Changyoung , Eum Sangmi
Published: December 2016

Capparis dongvanensis (Capparaceae) is described as a new species and illustrated from Ha Giang Province of Vietnam. It is morphologically similar to C. lanceolaris and C. fengii, but differs in the number of flowers on peduncles, length of spine and petiole, apex of the leaf, type of inflorescence, petal color, cylindrical ovary without any beak, fruit shape and number of seeds per fruit. Diagnostic morphological characters along with pollen and seed SEM images of C. dongvanensis and allied species are provided. Its ecology, habitat and conservation status are also described.
Sex‐specific density‐dependent secretion of glucocorticoids in lizards: insights from laboratory and field experiments
Authors: Mugabo Marianne , Galliard Jean‐François Le , Perret Samuel , Decencière Beatriz , Haussy Claudy , Meylan Sandrine
Published: December 2016

Negative density feedbacks have been extensively described in animal species and involve both consumptive (i.e. trophic interactions) and non‐consumptive (i.e. social interactions) mechanisms. Glucocorticoids are a major component of the physiological stress response and homeostasis, and therefore make a good candidate for proximate determinants of negative density feedbacks. Here, we combined laboratory and field experiments with enclosed populations to investigate the relationship between density, social stress and plasma corticosterone levels in the common lizard Zootoca vivipara. This species exhibits strong negative density feedbacks that affect females more than males, and its life history is sensitive to experimentally‐induced chronic elevation of corticosterone plasma levels. We found that prolonged crowding in the laboratory can trigger a chronic secretion of corticosterone independent from food restriction. In the field experiments, corticosterone levels of females were not affected by population density. Corticosterone levels of males increased with population density but only during the late activity season in a first field experiment where we manipulated density. They also increased with density during the mating season but only in populations with a female‐biased sex ratio in a second field experiment where we crossed manipulated density and adult sex ratio. Altogether, our results provide limited evidence for a role of basal corticosterone secretion in density feedbacks in this species. Context and density‐dependent effects in males may arise from changes in behavior caused by competition for resources, male–male competition, and mating.
Supra‐Hisian Conduction Block as an Unusual Presenting Feature of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: PRABHU MUKUND ARAVIND , PAI PRAVEEN GOPALAKRISHNA , VUPPUTURI ANJITH , SHEKHAR SARITHA , HARIKRISHNAN MADHAVANKUTTY SANTHAKUMARI , KUMARASWAMY NATARAJAN UMAYAMMAL
Published: December 2016

Background

Atrioventricular (AV) block is rare in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC).

Case report

A 66‐year‐old female presented with fatigue. Her electrocardiogram revealed 3:2 Mobitz Type II AV block, confirmed to be supra‐Hisian by electrophysiological study. Echocardiogram and left ventricular angiogram showed moderate left ventricular dysfunction and apical ballooning, whereas coronary angiogram revealed mildly ectatic coronaries. At 2 weeks AV block persisted, needing permanent pacemaker implantation. At 1‐month follow‐up, she had normal ventricular function and no AV block.

Conclusion

Delayed recovery of AV conduction is possible in TC, thus implying to wait for a longer period before implanting a pacemaker.
Clinical and therapeutic implications of BRAF mutation heterogeneity in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Mesbah Ardakani Nima , Leslie Connull , Grieu‐Iacopetta Fabienne , Lam Wei‐Sen , Budgeon Charley , Millward Michael , Amanuel Benhur
Published: December 2016

Heterogeneity of BRAF mutation in melanoma has been a controversial subject. Quantitative data on BRAF allele frequency (AF) are sparse, and the potential relationship with response to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) in patients with metastatic melanoma is unknown. We quantitatively measured BRAF AF in a cohort of treatment naïve metastatic melanoma samples by pyrosequencing and correlated with survival data in patients treated with BRAFi as part of their clinical care. Fifty‐two samples from 50 patients were analysed. BRAF V600E mutations were detected in 71.1% of samples followed by V600K (25%) and V600R (3.9%). There was a wide range of AF from 3.9% to 80.3% (median 41.3%). In 33 patients treated with BRAFi, there was no difference in overall or progression‐free survival when the patients were categorized into high or low AF groups. There was no correlation between AF and degree of response, and no difference in survival based on genotype.
Combined liver transplant and pancreaticoduodenectomy for inflammatory hilar myofibroblastic tumor: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Berumen Jennifer , McCarty Patrick , Mo Jun , Newton Kimberly , Fairbanks Timothy , Mekeel Kristin , Hemming Alan
Published: December 2016

IMT, previously known as IPT, is a relatively rare tumor that was originally described in the lungs, but case reports have reported the tumor in almost every organ system. Surgical resection is typically the mainstay of therapy; however, tumors have also been shown to respond to chemotherapy or anti‐inflammatory therapy and some have spontaneously regressed. We present a literature review and case report representing the first documentation to date of liver transplant combined with PD for surgical resection of a myofibroblastic tumor non‐responsive to medical therapy.
The “Hero‐Protector Narrative”: Manufacturing Emotional Consent for the Use of Force
Authors: Clément Maéva , Lindemann Thomas , Sangar Eric
Published: December 2016

How do political leaders manufacture collective emotions to justify the use of force? This article introduces the “hero‐protector narrative” as a conceptual model to analyze how political leaders try to manufacture specific collective emotions to encourage their audience to perceive violence as the only morally acceptable course of action. In our model, we formalize a set of distinctive narrative structures (roles and sequences), which are combined to activate compassion and moral anger as well as identification with “heroic” behavior. Furthermore, we argue that the resonance of this narrative draws on values of hyper‐masculinity in patriarchal societies. As such this narrative is to be found across different types of actors (state/nonstate) and culturally diverse settings. To test our model, we use a computer‐assisted QDA approach. We compare systematically discourses produced by political actors legitimizing the use of force versus actors opposing the use of force. We find that discourses supporting the use of force, such as those produced by George W. Bush and Osama bin Laden in the context of the Iraq war, share the structural characteristics of the hero‐protector narrative. In this regard, they differ remarkably from violence‐opposing discourses, regardless of their cultural background.
Reliability of periodontal diagnostic tools for monitoring peri‐implant health and disease
Authors: Coli Pierluigi , Christiaens Véronique , Sennerby Lars , Bruyn Hugo De
Published: December 2016

The prevalence, causes and consequences of crestal bone loss at dental implants are a matter of debate. In recent years, a high prevalence of peri‐implant soft‐tissue inflammation, associated with peri‐implant bone loss, has been reported and the need for treatments similar to those offered for natural teeth affected by periodontitis has been proposed. This suggestion is based on the assumption that periodontal indices, such as probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing, are reliable indicators of the peri‐implant tissue conditions and good predictors of future bone loss. However, based on a critical review of the literature in the present paper, it is concluded that periodontal indices are not reliable either for identifying peri‐implant disease or for predicting future risk for peri‐implant crestal bone loss and implant failure. The long‐term experiences with dental implants, presented in the literature, indicate that the presence of bleeding on probing, probing pocket depths much larger than 4 mm and some bone loss seem to reflect, in most instances, normal conditions of well‐functioning dental implants, bearing in mind that healing of dental implants is the result of a foreign body reaction with the formation of scar tissue. Therefore, the use of probing pocket depth and bleeding on probing assessments may lead to over‐diagnosis and possibly to over‐treatment of assumed biofilm‐mediated peri‐implantitis lesions. It is the opinion of the authors of this review that a treatment should only be initiated when a clinical problem is present based on patient's symptoms (discomfort, pain), the presence of swelling, redness and pus, and significant crestal bone loss over time (as verified with radiographs). The treatment should aim at resolving the infection, which could include removal of the implant.
Clinical relevance of dimensional bone and soft tissue alterations post‐extraction in esthetic sites
Authors: Chappuis Vivianne , Araújo Mauricio G. , Buser Daniel
Published: December 2016

The key to achieving pleasing esthetics in implant dentistry is a thorough understanding of the biological processes driving dimensional bone and soft tissue alterations post‐extraction. The aim of the present report is first to characterize the extent of bone and soft tissue changes post‐extraction and second to identify potential factors influencing tissue preservation in order to facilitate successful treatment outcomes. The facial bone wall thickness has been identified as the most critical factor influencing bone resorption and can be used as a prognostic tool in order to identify sites at risk for future facial bone loss subsequent to tooth extraction. Clinical studies indicated that thin bone wall phenotypes exhibiting a facial bone wall thickness of 1 mm or less revealed progressive bone resorption with a vertical loss of 7.5 mm, whereas thick bone wall phenotypes showed only minor bone resorption with a vertical loss of 1.1 mm. This is in contrast to the dimensional soft tissue alterations. Thin bone wall phenotypes revealed a spontaneous soft tissue thickening after flapless extraction by a factor of seven, whereas thick bone wall phenotypes showed no significant changes in the soft tissue dimensions after 8 weeks of healing. In sites exhibiting a limited bone resorption rate, immediate implant placement may be considered. If such ideal conditions are not present, other timing protocols are recommended to achieve predictable and pleasing esthetics. Socket preservation techniques for ridge preservation utilizing different biomaterials and/or barrier membranes often result in a better maintenance of tissue volumes, although the inevitable biological process of post‐extraction bone resorption and bone modeling cannot be arrested. In summary, the knowledge of the biological events driving dimensional tissue alterations post‐extraction should be integrated into the comprehensive treatment plan in order to limit tissue loss and to maximize esthetic outcomes.
Implant placement post extraction in esthetic single tooth sites: when immediate, when early, when late?
Authors: Buser Daniel , Chappuis Vivianne , Belser Urs C. , Chen Stephen
Published: December 2016

Implant placement in post‐extraction sites of single teeth in the esthetic zone has been a topic of great interest in the field of implant dentistry since 1990. Triggered by the development of guided bone regeneration, the concept of immediate implant placement became quite popular in the 1990s. In the past 12 years, however, the dental community has begun to focus increasingly on the esthetic outcomes of post‐extraction implant placement and several studies indicated a significant risk for the development of mucosal recessions with immediate implants. Parallel with this, significant progress has been made in the understanding of tissue biology in terms of hard and soft tissue alterations post extraction, based on preclinical, clinical and radiological studies. This knowledge has helped better to understand the etiology of these esthetic complications with immediate implant placement. The present review first analyzes the various phases of the development of therapeutic strategies over the years for post‐extraction implant placement in single tooth sites in the esthetic zone. It presents the current knowledge concerning the terminology with immediate, early and late implant placement, the risk factors for the development of esthetic complications, and the selection criteria for the various treatment options. In the second part, clinical recommendations are given, since a clinician active in this field of implant therapy can use all treatment options depending on the preoperative analysis including a 3D cone beam computed tomography. The selection criteria for all four treatment options are presented and documented with typical case reports to illustrate the current treatment approaches applied in daily practice.
Coverage of mucosal recessions at dental implants
Authors: Sculean Anton , Chappuis Vivianne , Cosgarea Raluca
Published: December 2016

Facial peri‐implant mucosal recessions represent an increasing complication in implant dentistry and may negatively affect the esthetic outcome and patient satisfaction. The aim of the present paper is to provide a review on the potential causes of facial peri‐implant mucosal recessions and to provide a rationale for treatment along with possible treatment options. The available data indicate that soft tissue augmentation around dental implants is possible, but at present there is no evidence demonstrating that the augmented soft tissues are able to influence the peri‐implant bone levels (e.g. to limit peri‐implant bone loss). Therefore, the rationale to cover or correct peri‐implant mucosal recessions are (i) to optimize the possibility for performing an adequate level of oral hygiene, and (ii) to improve esthetics. At present, there is very limited evidence supporting any specific treatment modality for covering peri‐implant soft tissue recessions. The limited available data indicate that only shallow peri‐implant mucosal recessions (e.g. up to 2 mm) may be treated successfully by means of a coronally advanced flap and subepithelial connective tissue graft or with guided bone regeneration, while no data are available supporting the possibility of covering deep and large peri‐implant mucosal recessions.
Combating the scientific decline effect with confidence (intervals)
Authors: Groppe David M.
Published: December 2016

A symptom of the need for greater reproducibility in scientific practice is the decline effect—the fact that the size of many experimental effects decline with subsequent study or fail to replicate entirely. A simple way to combat this problem is for scientists to more routinely use confidence intervals (CIs) in their work. CIs provide frequentist bounds on the true size of an effect and can reveal when a statistically significant effect is possibly too small to be reliable or when a large effect might have been missed due to insufficient statistical power. CIs are often lacking in psychophysiological reports, likely due to the large number of dependent variables, which complicates deriving and visualizing CIs. In this article, I explain the value of CIs and show how to compute them for analyses involving multiple variables in various ways that adjust the intervals for the greater uncertainty induced by multiple statistical comparisons. The methods are illustrated using a basic visual oddball ERP dataset and freely available MATLAB software.
Considering ERP difference scores as individual difference measures: Issues with subtraction and alternative approaches
Authors: Meyer Alexandria , Lerner Matthew D. , De Los Reyes Andres , Laird Robert D. , Hajcak Greg
Published: December 2016

There is growing interest in psychophysiological and neural correlates of psychopathology, personality, and other individual differences. Many studies correlate a criterion individual difference variable (e.g., anxiety) with a psychophysiological measurement derived by subtracting scores taken from two within‐subject conditions. These subtraction‐based difference scores are intended to increase specificity by isolating variability of interest. Using data on the error‐related negativity (ERN) and correct response negativity (CRN) in relation to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we highlight several conceptual and practical issues with subtraction‐based difference scores and propose alternative approaches based on regression. We show that ERN and CRN are highly correlated, and that the ΔERN (i.e., ERN − CRN) is correlated in opposite directions both with ERN and CRN. Bivariate analyses indicate that GAD is related to ΔERN and ERN, but not CRN. We first show that, by using residualized scores, GAD relates both to a larger ERN and smaller CRN. Moreover, by probing the interaction of ERN and CRN, we show that the relationship between GAD and ERN varies by CRN. These latter findings are not evident when using traditional subtraction‐based difference scores. We then completed follow‐up analyses that suggested that an increased P300 in anxious individuals gave rise to the apparent anxiety/CRN relationship observed. These findings have important conceptual implications for facilitating the interpretability of results from individual difference studies of psychophysiology.
Dealing with ocular artifacts on lateralized ERPs in studies of visual‐spatial attention and memory: ICA correction versus epoch rejection
Authors: Drisdelle Brandi Lee , Aubin Sébrina , Jolicoeur Pierre
Published: December 2016

The objective of the present study was to assess the robustness and reliability of independent component analysis (ICA) as a method for ocular artifact correction in electrophysiological studies of visual‐spatial attention and memory. The N2pc and sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), electrophysiological markers of visual‐spatial attention and memory, respectively, are lateralized posterior ERPs typically observed following the presentation of lateral stimuli (targets and distractors) along with instructions to maintain fixation on the center of the visual search for the entire trial. Traditionally, trials in which subjects may have displaced their gaze are rejected based on a cutoff threshold, minimizing electrophysiological contamination by saccades. Given the loss of data resulting from rejection, we examined ocular correction by comparing results using standard fixation instructions against a condition where subjects were instructed to shift their gaze toward possible targets. Both conditions were analyzed using a rejection threshold and ICA correction for saccade activity management. Results demonstrate that ICA conserves data that would have otherwise been removed and leaves the underlying neural activity intact, as demonstrated by experimental manipulations previously shown to modulate the N2pc and the SPCN. Not only does ICA salvage and not distort data, but also large eye movements had only subtle effects. Overall, the findings provide convincing evidence for ICA correction for not only special cases (e.g., subjects did not follow fixation instruction) but also as a candidate for standard ocular artifact management in electrophysiological studies interested in visual‐spatial attention and memory.
Reliability of surface facial electromyography
Authors: Hess Ursula , Arslan Ruben , Mauersberger Heidi , Blaison Christophe , Dufner Michael , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Ziegler Matthias
Published: December 2016

Data from two studies were used to estimate the reliability of facial EMG when used to index facial mimicry (Study 1) or affective reactions to pictorial stimuli (Study 2). Results for individual muscle sites varied between muscles and depending on data treatment. For difference scores, acceptable internal consistencies were found only for corrugator supercilii, and test‐retest reliabilities were low. For contrast measures describing patterns of reactions to stimuli, such as high zygomaticus major combined with low corrugator supercilii, acceptable internal consistencies were found for facial reactions to smiling faces and positive affective reactions to affiliative images (Study 2). Facial reactions to negative emotions (Study 1) and facial reactions to power and somewhat less to achievement imagery (Study 2) showed unsatisfactory internal consistencies. For contrast measures, good temporal stability over 24 months (Study 1) and 15 months (Study 2), respectively, was obtained. In Study 1, the effect of method factors such as mode of presentation was more reliable than the emotion effect. Overall, people's facial reactions to affective stimuli seem to be influenced by a variety of factors other than the emotion‐eliciting element per se, which resulted in biased internal consistency estimates. However, the influence of these factors in turn seemed to be stable over time.
Beyond Profiling: The Institutional Sources of Racial Disparities in Policing
Authors: Epp Charles R. , Maynard‐Moody Steven , Haider‐Markel Donald
Published: December 2016

American policing faces a crisis of legitimacy. A key source of this crisis is a widespread police practice commonly endorsed by police leaders to fight crime. This is the investigatory stop, used to check out people who seem suspicious and to seize illegal drugs and guns and make arrests. Using data from an original scientific survey of drivers in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the authors show that racial disparities in police stops are concentrated in investigatory vehicle stops. In these stops, but not others, officers disproportionately stop African Americans and question and search them. The overwhelming majority of people stopped in this way are innocent, and the experience causes psychological harm and erodes trust in and cooperation with the police. Many of the most controversial police shootings during the past two years occurred in these stops. Reforming this practice is an essential step toward restoring trust in the police.
Collective Leadership and Context in Public Administration: Bridging Public Leadership Research and Leadership Studies
Authors: Ospina Sonia M.
Published: December 2016

This article challenges the view that public leadership research should maintain a separate perspective in the study of public leadership. It discusses the benefits of further embedding the public leadership research domain within leadership studies, constructing a cross‐fertilization that contributes to advance both. The article maps key concerns in relational leadership theories, contrasting them with current work in the public leadership research domain and offering suggestions to close the gap. It highlights public leadership scholarship's competitive advantage to contribute to theorizing about leadership, given the importance of context for building contemporary theories of relational leadership.
Echocardiographic abnormalities and their impact on health status in patients with COPD referred for pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Houben‐Wilke Sarah , Spruit Martijn A. , Uszko‐Lencer Nicole H.M.K. , Otkinska Gosia , Vanfleteren Lowie E.G.W. , Jones Paul W. , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Franssen Frits M.E.
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Both patients with cardiac diseases as well as those with COPD report an impaired health status. The frequencies of objectively assessed co‐morbid cardiac diseases and their impact on health status in patients with COPD are unknown. We aimed to investigate echocardiographic abnormalities and their impact on health status in a large cohort of patients with COPD referred for pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, observational analyses, demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed during an inpatient pre‐PR assessment. All patients underwent Doppler echocardiographic evaluation. Health status was assessed using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).

Results

A total of 514 patients (55.3% males, age: 64.1 (9.1) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1
): 48.6 (20.0) % predicted) were included for analyses. Two hundred and seventy‐six patients (53.7%) were diagnosed with one or more echocardiographic abnormalities. Most prevalent were left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH, 31.0%), increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP, 20.4%) and impaired LV ejection fraction (LVEF, 16.5%). Of the 276 patients, 176 (63.8%) with echocardiographic abnormalities did not have these recorded in their medical history. Patients with echocardiographic abnormalities reported a worse health status as assessed with the SGRQ total score (62.5 (17.1) vs 59.3 (17.6) points, P = 0.044). CCQ and CAT did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

More than half of the patients referred to PR had echocardiographic abnormalities of which two‐third did not have them recorded in their medical history. We detected a limited impact of echocardiographic abnormalities on health status.
Motor adaptations to unilateral quadriceps fatigue during a bilateral pedaling task
Authors: Brøchner Nielsen N.‐P. , Hug F. , Guével A. , Fohanno V. , Lardy J. , Dorel S.
Published: December 2016

This study was designed to investigate how motor coordination adapts to unilateral fatigue of the quadriceps during a constant‐load bilateral pedaling task. We first hypothesized that this local fatigue would not be compensated within the fatigued muscles leading to a decreased knee extension power. Then, we aimed to determine whether this decrease would be compensated by between‐joints compensations within the ipsilateral leg and/or an increased contribution of the contralateral leg. Fifteen healthy volunteers were tested during pedaling at 350 W before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of 15 minutes of electromyostimulation on the quadriceps muscle. Motor coordination was assessed from myoelectrical activity (22 muscles) and joint powers calculated through inverse dynamics. Maximal knee extension torque decreased by 28.3%±6.8% (P<.0005) immediately after electromyostimulation. A decreased knee extension power produced by the ipsilateral leg was observed during pedaling (−22.8±12.3 W, −17.0%±9.4%; P<.0005). To maintain the task goal, participants primarily increased the power produced by the non‐fatigued contralateral leg during the flexion phase. This was achieved by an increase in hip flexion power confirmed by a higher activation of the tensor fascia latae. These results suggest no adjustment of neural drive to the fatigued muscles and demonstrate no concurrent ipsilateral compensation by the non‐fatigued muscles involved in the extension pedaling phase. Although interindividual variability was observed, findings provide evidence that participants predominantly adapted by compensating with the contralateral leg during its flexion phase. Both neural (between legs) and mechanical (between pedals) couplings and the minimization of cost functions might explain these results.
Amyloid precursor protein traffics from the Golgi directly to early endosomes in an Arl5b‐ and AP4‐dependent pathway
Authors: Toh Wei Hong , Tan Jing Zhi A. , Zulkefli Khalisah L. , Houghton Fiona J. , Gleeson Paul A.
Published: December 2016

The intracellular trafficking and proteolytic processing of the membrane‐bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) are coordinated events leading to the generation of pathogenic amyloid‐beta (Aβ) peptides. The membrane transport of newly synthesized APP from the Golgi to the endolysosomal system is not well defined, yet it is likely to be critical for regulating its processing by β‐secretase (BACE1) and γ‐secretase. Here, we show that the majority of newly synthesized APP is transported from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) directly to early endosomes and then subsequently to the late endosomes/lysosomes with very little transported to the cell surface. We show that Arl5b, a small G protein localized to the TGN, and AP4 are essential for the post‐Golgi transport of APP to early endosomes. Arl5b is physically associated with AP4 and is required for the recruitment of AP4, but not AP1, to the TGN. Depletion of either Arl5b or AP4 results in the accumulation of APP, but not BACE1, in the Golgi, and an increase in APP processing and Aβ secretion. These findings demonstrate that APP is diverted from BACE1 at the TGN for direct transport to early endosomes and that the TGN represents a site for APP processing with the subsequent secretion of Aβ.
Discriminating the hemolytic risk of blood type A plasmas using the complement hemolysis using human erythrocytes (CHUHE) assay
Authors: Cunnion Kenji M. , Hair Pamela S. , Krishna Neel K. , Sass Megan A. , Enos Clinton W. , Whitley Pamela H. , Maes Lanne Y. , Goldberg Corinne L.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

The agglutination‐based cross‐matching method is sensitive for antibody binding to red blood cells but is only partially predictive of complement‐mediated hemolysis, which is important in many acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. Here, we describe complement hemolysis using human erythrocytes (CHUHE) assays that directly evaluate complement‐mediated hemolysis between individual serum‐plasma and red blood cell combinations. The CHUHE assay is used to evaluate correlations between agglutination titers and complement‐mediated hemolysis as well as the hemolytic potential of plasma from type A blood donors.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Plasma or serum from each type A blood donor was incubated with AB or B red blood cells in the CHUHE assay and measured for free hemoglobin release.

RESULTS

CHUHE assays for serum or plasma demonstrate a wide, dynamic range and high sensitivity for complement‐mediated hemolysis for individual serum/plasma and red blood cell combinations. CHUHE results suggest that agglutination assays alone are only moderately predictive of complement‐mediated hemolysis. CHUHE results also suggest that plasma from particular type A blood donors produce minimal complement‐mediated hemolysis, whereas plasma from other type A blood donors produce moderate to high‐level complement‐mediated hemolysis, depending on the red blood cell donor.

CONCLUSION

The current results indicate that the CHUHE assay can be used to assess complement‐mediated hemolysis for plasma or serum from a type A blood donor, providing additional risk discrimination over agglutination titers alone.