bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Deep Convolutional Neural Network to Limit Virus Spread Using Facial Mask Segmentation
Authors: Lefloch D. , Wang J. M.
Published: July 2021

Due to the recent COVID-19 outbreak the world has experienced many challenges. Limit and control the virus spread rate is one of them. This letter focuses on limiting the speed of virus spreading by monitoring the use of facial mask in crowded public environments such as tourism places, commercial centres, etc. The proposed method first accurately localizes faces using a state-of-the-art approach and, segments facial mask in a second step. The facial mask segmentation allows to distinguish whether the current subject is wearing a facial mask or not but also if it is properly covering the human face. Indeed, most recent face detection algorithms provide as output a set of facial features such as nose tip and mouth corners. By combining these facial features with facial mask segmentation, the proposed method detects real-time subjects that indirectly encourage virus spread in crowded environments. The proposed facial mask segmentation model is trained with pairs of RGB images and its corresponding alpha image created by extending the publicly available real-world masked face dataset. Further, the proposed model is pruned and optimized using the TensorRt library to be usable for real-world applications.
Porous parachute modelling with an Euler-Lagrange coupling
Authors: Aquelet Nicolas , Wang Jason
Published: July 2021

A newly developed approach for tridimensional fluid-structure interaction with a deformable thin porous media is presented. The method presented couples a Arbitrary Lagrange Euler formulation for the fluid dynamics and a updated Lagrangian finite element formulation for the thin porous medium dynamics. The interaction between the fluid and porous medium are handled by a Euler-Lagrange coupling, for which the fluid and structure meshes are superimposed without matching. The coupling force is computed with an Ergun porous flow model. As test case, the method is applied to an anchored air parachute placed in an air stream.
Calcul parallèle appliqué aux écoulements de fluides complexes
Authors: Digonnet Hugues , Basset Olivier , Silva Luisa , Coupez Thierry
Published: July 2021

In this paper we present numerical simulations of complex fluid flows performed on a PC cluster. These simulations were possible thanks to a parallelization strategy that is transparent and efficient: each developer does not need to know a parallel programming library and its specific language. Instead, he uses purely SPMD tools to build their applications. Two examples are shown, as well as the computational results obtained for problems that need the resolution of linear Systems of over 7 million of unknowns.
Simulation numérique de la propagation de fissure dans les superalliages monocristallins
Authors: Bouvard Jean-Luc , Chaboche Jean-Louis , Feyel Frédéric , Gallerneau Franck
Published: July 2021

In this study, a numerical method is developped to simulate fatigue crack growth. This method is based on a numerical coupled analysis using a cohesive zone modelling under cyclic loading in order to develop a coupled predictive approach of the crack growth. First, we present this damage law, then its validation by a convergence study of the solution with mesh size. We apply this model to the crack growth calculations in the case of a smooth specimen with a precracking made with a single crystal superalloy. Finally, we define the method to calibrate the cohesive zone model parameters on the base of experimental tests performed in pur fatigue regime.
Post-flambage unilatéral des films minces sur substrat
Authors: Parry Guillaume , Colin Jérôme , Coupeau Christophe , Cimetière Alain
Published: July 2021

Various buckling equilibria can be observed on the delaminated areas of thin films. These equilibria are usually under advanced post-buckling. Results of the finite element analysis for the post-buckling equilibria of a thin film delaminated along a rectangular strip are discussed in this paper. Those results are compared with experimental observations performed with the help of an in-situ atomic force microscope coupled to a compression device which allows to vary the biaxial stress state in the film. The transitions from straightsided blisters to bubbles or telephone cord blisters are characterized. Both sub-critical and super-critical transitions are highlighted. A mapping of the various stable post-critical equilibria is given.
Une méthode de pénalité-projection pour les écoulements dilatables
Authors: Jobelin Matthieu , Piar Bruno , Angot Philippe , Latché Jean-Claude
Published: July 2021

We present in this paper a novel pressure correction method for dilatable flows. Named "penalty-projection method", this scheme differs from the usual projection method by the addition in the prediction step of a penalty term, built to enforce the mass balance. This term is proportional to a penalty parameter r. Numerical experiments show that the accuracy of the scheme is drastically improved. The splitting error, dominant at large time steps, may be reduced down to zero by choosing larger and larger values for r; note, however, that a too large value degrades the conditioning of the operator associated to the prediction step. In addition, the loss of convergence observed with the standard projection method in case of open boundary conditions is not observed anymore, as soon as r is nonzero.
A flexible 3D finite element simulation of grain growth
Authors: Serre Benoit , Maurice Claire , Roland Fortunier
Published: July 2021

The finite element approximation of a grain growth model based on the variational formulation of Lagrange equations is presented. The specific developments needed to implement it into the flexible finite element software Zset are detailed. These are mainly the topological transformations due to geometry changes, and the associated remeshing. Finally, the evolution of a typical microstructure of 20 grains is simulated.
A non-intrusive approach of goal-oriented error estimation for evolution problems solved by the finite element method
Authors: Chamoin Ludovic , Ladevèze Pierre
Published: July 2021

In this article, we set up a non-intrusive procedure that yields for strict and highquality error bounds of quantities of interest in linear viscoelasticity problems solved by means of the Finite Element Method. The non-intrusive feature is achieved by introducing, via a partition of unity, enrichment functions in the solution of the adjoint problem (handbook techniques). The resulting goal-oriented error estimation method is thus easy to implement in a FE code and enables to consider trully pointwise quantities of interest.
Crustal deformation analysis of Thessaly (central Greece) before the March 2021 earthquake sequence near Elassona-Tyrnavos (northern Thessaly)
Authors: Lazos Ilias
Published: July 2021

Thessaly lies on the Aegean (micro-)plate, undergoing internal crustal deformation due to the plate relative motion against the adjacent Anatolian and Nubian plates. As a result, the whole Thessalian Basin was supposed to be under an extensional tectonic regime of N-S direction. However, the recent earthquake sequence of March 2021 which occurred close to the northwestern margin of the basin revealed NE-SW direction of extension. Based on 7-year GPS measurements recorded by stations installed within and around the basin we assessed four deformational parameters for Thessaly aiming at the understanding of the deformation processes that control the region. These parameters are i) the Maximum Horizontal Extension (MAHE), ii) the Total Velocity (TV), iii) the Maximum Shear Strain (MSS), and iv) the Area Strain (AS). The results show that during the monitoring period, Thessaly moved toward the S-SW with a simultaneous clockwise rotation and underwent dispersed deformation mostly associated with dilatation. Focusing on the epicentral area of the 2021 sequence, strain during the 7-year period was rather low in all three strain parameters, implying a mature stage of elastic strain accumulation before the fault rupture.
Collection of genetic data at scale for a nationally representative population: the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Fitzsimons Emla , Moulton Vanessa , Hughes David A , Neaves Sam , Ho Karen , Hemani Gibran , Timpson Nicholas , Calderwood Lisa , Gilbert Emily , Ring Susan
Published: July 2021

A DNA bank has been created from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) saliva samples. A total of 23,336 samples are available, from 9,259 cohort members (4,630 males and 4,629 females), 8,898 mothers and 5,179 fathers. There are 4,533 mother, child, father ‘triads’. This paper describes the collection of the saliva samples from cohort members and their biological parents in the MCS. It analyses response rates and predictors of response, and details the DNA extraction, genotyping and imputation procedures performed on the data.
Dual-comb ranging with frequency combs from single cavity free-running laser oscillators
Authors: Nürnberg Jacob , Willenberg Benjamin , Phillips Christopher R. , Keller Ursula
Published: July 2021

Laser ranging (LIDAR) with dual optical frequency combs enables high-resolution distance measurements over long ranges with fast update rates. However, the high complexity of stabilized dual optical frequency comb systems makes it challenging to use this technique in industrial applications. To address this issue, here we demonstrate laser ranging directly from the output of both a free-running dual-comb diode-pumped semiconductor and solid-state laser oscillator. Dual-comb operation from a single cavity is achieved via polarization duplexing with intracavity birefringent crystals. We perform ranging experiments with two implementations of this scheme: a modelocked integrated external cavity surface-emitting laser (MIXSEL) and a Yb:CaF2 solid-state laser. For these proof of principle demonstrations, we measure the distance to a moving mirror mounted on a home-made shaker. The MIXSEL laser has a repetition rate of 2.736 GHz and a repetition rate difference of 52 kHz, and yields a measurement resolution of 1.36 µm. The Yb:CaF2 laser has a repetition rate of 137 MHz and a repetition rate difference of 952 Hz, and yields a measurement resolution of 0.55 µm. In both cases the resolution is inferred by a parallel measurement with a HeNe interferometer. These results represent the first laser ranging with free-running dual-comb solid-state oscillators. With further optimization, resolution well below 1 µm and range well above 1 km are expected with this technique.
Hybrid coupling optomechanical assisted nonreciprocal photon blockade
Authors: Gao Yong-Pan , Wang Chuan
Published: July 2021

The properties of the open quantum system in quantum information is a science now extensively investigated more generally as a fundamental issue for a variety of applications. Usually, the states of the open quantum system might be disturbed by decoherence which will reduce the fidelity in the quantum information processing. So it is better to eliminate the influence of the environment. However, as part of the composite system, rational use of the environment system could be beneficial to quantum information processing. Here we theoretically studied the environment induced quantum nonlinearity and energy spectrum tuning method in the optomechanical system. And we found that the dissipation coupling of the hybrid dissipation and dispersion optomechanical system can induce the coupling between the environment and system in the cross-Kerr interaction form. When the symmetry is broken with a directional auxiliary field, the system exhibits the non-reciprocal behavior during the photon excitation and photon blockade for the clockwise and counterclockwise modes of the whispering gallery mode microcavity. Furthermore, we believe that the cross-Kerr coupling can be more widely used in quantum information processing and quantum simulation.
Radial-cavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy
Authors: Lv Haohua , Zheng Huadan , Liu Yihua , Yang Zhifei , Wu Qian , Lin Haoyang , Montano Baiyang Antonio Zhou , Zhu Wenguo , Yu Jianhui , Kan Ruifeng , Chen Zhe , Tittel Frank K.
Published: July 2021

Radial-cavity quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (RC-QEPAS) was proposed for trace gas analysis. A radial cavity with (0,0,1) resonance mode was coupled with the quartz tuning fork (QTF) to greatly enhance the QEPAS signal and facilitate the optical alignment. The coupled resonance enhancement effects of the radial cavity and QTF were analyzed theoretically and researched experimentally. With an optimized radial cavity, the detection sensitivity of QEPAS was enhanced by

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1

order of magnitude. The RC-QEPAS makes the acoustic detection module more compact and optical alignment comparable with a bare QFT, benefiting the usage of light sources with poor beam quality.
Beam shape modification due to the non-linear optical response in a dense rubidium vapor
Authors: van Lange A. J. , van Solinge S. P. , Buist G. , van Oosten D.
Published: July 2021

Dense atomic vapors have strong non-linear optical properties for near-resonant light. As a result, an initially Gaussian beam profile is strongly distorted due to propagation through such a dense vapor, leading to various distinct beam profiles. In our experiment, we track the detuning from resonance at which these beam profiles occur as a function of intensity. We establish a detuning curve as a function of intensity for each shape at two different cell temperatures. After proper scaling, the detuning curves all collapse onto one universal detuning curve, which suggests that the shapes are manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon.
Investigating associations between COVID-19 mortality and population-level health and socioeconomic indicators in the United States: A modeling study
Authors: Kandula Sasikiran , Shaman Jeffrey
Published: July 2021

Background

With the availability of multiple Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and the predicted shortages in supply for the near future, it is necessary to allocate vaccines in a manner that minimizes severe outcomes, particularly deaths. To date, vaccination strategies in the United States have focused on individual characteristics such as age and occupation. Here, we assess the utility of population-level health and socioeconomic indicators as additional criteria for geographical allocation of vaccines.

Methods and findings

County-level estimates of 14 indicators associated with COVID-19 mortality were extracted from public data sources. Effect estimates of the individual indicators were calculated with univariate models. Presence of spatial autocorrelation was established using Moran’s I statistic. Spatial simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models that account for spatial autocorrelation in response and predictors were used to assess (i) the proportion of variance in county-level COVID-19 mortality that can explained by identified health/socioeconomic indicators (R2); and (ii) effect estimates of each predictor.

Adjusting for case rates, the selected indicators individually explain 24%–29% of the variability in mortality. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and proportion of population residing in nursing homes have the highest R2. Mortality is estimated to increase by 43 per thousand residents (95% CI: 37–49; p < 0.001) with a 1% increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and by 39 deaths per thousand (95% CI: 34–44; p < 0.001) with 1% increase in population living in nursing homes. SAR models using multiple health/socioeconomic indicators explain 43% of the variability in COVID-19 mortality in US counties, adjusting for case rates. R2 was found to be not sensitive to the choice of SAR model form. Study limitations include the use of mortality rates that are not age standardized, a spatial adjacency matrix that does not capture human flows among counties, and insufficient accounting for interaction among predictors.

Conclusions

Significant spatial autocorrelation exists in COVID-19 mortality in the US, and population health/socioeconomic indicators account for a considerable variability in county-level mortality. In the context of vaccine rollout in the US and globally, national and subnational estimates of burden of disease could inform optimal geographical allocation of vaccines.
A comparison of liver fat fraction measurement on MRI at 3T and 1.5T
Authors: Athithan Lavanya , Gulsin Gaurav S. , House Michael J. , Pang Wenjie , Brady Emer M. , Wormleighton Joanne , Parke Kelly S. , Graham-Brown Matthew , St. Pierre Tim G. , Levelt Eylem , McCann Gerry P.
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Volumetric liver fat fraction (VLFF) measurements were made using the HepaFat-Scan® technique at 1.5T and 3T to determine the agreement between the measurements obtained at the two fields.

Methods

Sixty patients with type 2 diabetes (67% male, mean age 50.92 ± 6.56yrs) and thirty healthy volunteers (50% male, mean age 48.63 ± 6.32yrs) were scanned on 1.5T Aera and 3T Skyra (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) MRI scanners on the same day using the HepaFat-Scan® gradient echo protocol with modification of echo times for 3T (TEs 2.38, 4.76, 7.14 ms at 1.5T and 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 ms at 3T). The 3T analyses were performed independently of the 1.5T analyses by a different analyst, blinded from the 1.5T results. Data were analysed for agreement and bias using Bland-Altman methods and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). A second cohort of 17 participants underwent interstudy repeatability assessment of VLFF measured by HepaFat-Scan® at 3T.

Results

A small, but statistically significant mean bias of 0.48% was observed between 3T and 1.5T with 95% limits of agreement -2.2% to 3.2% VLFF. The ICC for agreement between field strengths was 0.983 (95% CI 0.972–0.989). In the repeatability cohort studied at 3T the repeatability coefficient was 4.2%. The ICC for agreement was 0.971 (95% CI 0.921–0.989).

Conclusion

There is minimal bias and excellent agreement between the measures of VLFF using the HepaFat-Scan® at 1.5 and 3T. The test retest repeatability coefficient at 3T is comparable to the 95% limits of agreement between 1.5T and 3T suggesting that measurements can be made interchangeably between field strengths.
Mass media exposure and use of reversible modern contraceptives among married women in India: An analysis of the NFHS 2015–16 data
Authors: Ghosh Ranjita , Mozumdar Arupendra , Chattopadhyay Aparajita , Acharya Rajib
Published: July 2021

Since the inception of the National Programme for Family Planning, messages on family planning (FP) have been promoted across India using different mass media platforms. Mass media plays an important role in disseminating important information among the masses, such as how reversible modern methods give women more reproductive choices than opting for permanent methods that limit their child-bearing capacity. Mass media can provide a continuous flow of information and motivation to deter women from discontinuing the methods they have opted for. However, very few studies have been conducted on this issue, especially using recently available data. This study particularly focuses on exposure to mass media and the use of reversible modern methods of family planning among married women in India. The data for this study was obtained from the National Family Health Survey (2015–16) on currently married women aged 15–49 years. The association of reversible modern method use with media exposure variables was examined, controlling for a set of independent variables from multiple levels—individual, district, state, and region. The findings from this study showed that television was the most important medium for disseminating information on FP among married women in India. Spatial analysis revealed that some districts in the north, parts of the northeast, and Kerala in South India lacked any television exposure. The results from the decomposition analysis showed that mass media exposure was associated with a 14% increase in the use of reversible modern methods. Results from the multilevel analyses showed that exposure to TV along with other media (AOR 1.57 95% CI 1.49–1.65) and exposure to FP messages through different media (AOR 1.22 95% CI 1.12–1.32) had a significant positive effect on the use of reversible modern methods even when various individual, district, state, and regional-level factors were controlled. The findings of this paper provide evidence supporting the use of mass media to promote and increase awareness of voluntary contraceptive use in India. An increase in mass media exposure coupled with improvement in coverage and services of the FP program can significantly increase the use of reversible modern methods in a cost-effective yet efficient manner among women in need of FP services.
Cognitive impairment in syphilis: Does treatment based on cerebrospinal fluid analysis improve outcome?
Authors: Davis Arielle P. , Maxwell Clare L. , Mendoza Haley , Crooks Abby , Dunaway Shelia B. , Storey Sher , Stevens Claire , Tantalo Lauren C. , Sahi Sharon K. , Robertson Kevin R. , Marra Christina M.
Published: July 2021

Background

Individuals with previous syphilis may experience cognitive impairment. The goal of this study was to determine if those at high risk for laboratory-defined neurosyphilis are cognitively impaired, and whether treatment based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings results in better outcomes.

Methods

Participants had a new syphilis diagnosis, serum RPR titer ≥ 1:32 or peripheral blood CD4+ T cells ≤ 350/ul (in persons living with HIV) and did not endorse neurological symptoms. They underwent computerized cognitive assessment with the CogState. Thirty-two were randomized to either undergo lumbar puncture (LP) or to not undergo LP and 14 underwent LP; 64 were not randomized and 48 opted to undergo LP.

Results

Demographics, cognitive complaints and cognitive impairment did not differ between randomized and nonrandomized participants. Two-thirds were cognitively impaired, and impairment was not more common in those with cognitive complaints. The adjusted odds of increased severity of impairment were 3.8 times greater in those with CSF pleocytosis compared to those without. Time to cognitive normalization, improvement or decline did not differ between those who did not undergo LP and those who underwent LP and whose treatment was based on CSF analysis. Taking into account pre-treatment cognitive impairment, the risk of cognitive decline was lower in those with CSF pleocytosis treated for neurosyphilis compared to those without CSF pleocytosis not treated for neurosyphilis, (HR 0.24 (95% CI 0.07–0.88], p = 0.03).

Conclusion

In individuals at high risk for laboratory-defined neurosyphilis, cognitive complaints are not a good indicator of cognitive impairment. Severity of cognitive impairment was greater in those with CSF pleocytosis. Identification and treatment of those with neurosyphilis may mitigate subsequent cognitive decline.
Potential negative impact of reputed regulators’ decisions on the approval status of new cancer drugs in Latin American countries: A descriptive analysis
Authors: Durán Carlos E. , Cañás Martín , Urtasun Martín , Elseviers Monique , Vander Stichele Robert , Christiaens Thierry
Published: July 2021

Background

Many new cancer drugs are being approved by reputed regulatory authorities without evidence of overall survival benefit, quality of life improvement, and often based on clinical trials at high risk of bias. In recent years, most Latin American (LA) countries have reformed their marketing authorization (MA) rules to directly accept or abbreviate the approval process in case of earlier authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration, mainly. This study assessed the potential impact of decisions taken by EMA regarding the approval of new cancer drugs based on no evidence of overall survival or in potentially biased clinical trials in LA countries.

Design

Descriptive analysis.

Setting

Publicly accessible marketing authorization databases from LA regulators, European Public Assessment Report by EMA, and previous studies accessing EMA approvals of new cancer drugs 2009–2016.

Main outcome and measures

Number of new cancer drugs approved by LA countries without evidence of overall survival (2009–2013), and without at least one clinical trial scored at low risk of bias, or with no trial supporting the marketing authorization at all (2014–2016).

Results

Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Peru have publicly accessible and trustful MA databases and were included. Of the 17 cancer drugs approved by EMA (2009–2013) without evidence of OS benefit after a postmarketing median time of 5.4 years, 6 LA regulators approved more than 70% of them. Of the 13 drugs approved by EMA (2014–2016), either without supporting trial or with no trial at low risk of bias, Brazil approved 11, Chile 10, Peru 10, Argentina 10, Colombia 9, Ecuador 9, and Panama 8.

Conclusions

LA countries keep approving new cancer drugs often based on poorly performed clinical trials measuring surrogate endpoints. EMA and other reputed regulators must be aware that their regulatory decisions might directly influence decisions regarding MA, health budgets and patient’s care elsewhere.
Tropical Storm Debby: Soundscape and fish sound production in Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Boyd Anjali D. , Gowans Shannon , Mann David A. , Simard Peter
Published: July 2021

Tropical cyclones have large effects on marine ecosystems through direct (e.g., storm surge) and indirect (e.g., nutrient runoff) effects. Given their intensity, understanding their effects on the marine environment is an important goal for conservation and resource management. In June 2012, Tropical Storm Debby impacted coastal Florida including Tampa Bay. Acoustic recorders were deployed prior to the storm at a shallow water location inside Tampa Bay and a deeper water location in the Gulf of Mexico. Ambient noise levels were significantly higher during the storm, and the highest increases were observed at lower frequencies (≤ 500 Hz). Although the storm did not directly hit the area, mean ambient noise levels were as high as 13.5 dB RMS above levels in non-storm conditions. At both the shallow water and the deep water station, the rate of fish calls showed a variety of patterns over the study period, with some rates decreasing during the storm and others showing no apparent reaction. The rates of fish calls were frequently correlated with storm conditions (storm surge, water temperature), but also with lunar cycle. Reactions to the storm were generally stronger in the inshore station, although fish sounds increased quickly after the storm’s passage. Although this was not a major tropical cyclone nor a direct hit on the area, the storm did appear to elicit a behavioral response from the fish community, and ambient noise levels likely limited the abilities of marine species to use sound for activities such as communication. Given the increases in intensity and rainfall predicted for tropical cyclones due to climate change, further studies of the ecological effects of tropical cyclones are needed.
Social sentiment segregation: Evidence from Twitter and Google Trends in Chile during the COVID-19 dynamic quarantine strategy
Authors: Díaz Fernando , Henríquez Pablo A.
Published: July 2021

The Chilean health authorities have implemented a sanitary strategy known asdynamic quarantineorstrategic quarantineto cope with the COVID-19 pandemic. Under this system, lockdowns were established, lifted, or prolonged according to the weekly health authorities’ assessment of municipalities’ epidemiological situation. The public announcements about the confinement situation of municipalities country-wide are made typically on Tuesdays or Wednesdays before noon, have received extensive media coverage, and generated sharp stock market fluctuations. Municipalities are the smallest administrative division in Chile, with each city broken down typically into several municipalities. We analyze social media behavior in response to the confinement situation of the population at the municipal level. The dynamic quarantine scheme offers a unique opportunity for our analysis, given that municipalities display a high degree of heterogeneity, both in size and in the socioeconomic status of their population. We exploit the variability over time in municipalities’ confinement situations, resulting from the dynamic quarantine strategy, and the cross-sectional variability in their socioeconomic characteristics to evaluate the impact of these characteristics on social sentiment. Using event study and panel data methods, we find that proxies for social sentiment based on Twitter queries are negatively related (more pessimistic) to increases in the number of confined people, but with a statistically significant effect concentrated on people from the wealthiest cohorts of the population. For indicators of social sentiment based on Google Trends, we found that search intensity during the periods surrounding government announcements is positively related to increases in the total number of confined people. Still, this effect does not seem to be dependent on the segments of the population affected by the quarantine. Furthermore, we show that the observed heterogeneity in sentiment mirrors heterogeneity in stock market reactions to government announcements. We provide evidence that the observed stock market behavior around quarantine announcements can be explained by the number of people from the wealthiest segments of the population entering or exiting lockdown.
Slim cigarette smoking in Urban China: Who are the early adopters and why?
Authors: Wang Jijiang , Wong Shiushing , Zhuang Yue-Lin , Jiang Yuan , Zhu Shu-Hong
Published: July 2021

Sales data in China indicate that slim cigarette consumption has increased dramatically over the last few years. This study examined who smoked slim cigarettes and the reasons for adopting these new products. A survey of an online panel from 19 Chinese cities was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 with 20,055 members aged 16 and older. Among the 31.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 30.1–33.4] of panel members who reported currently smoking, 37.7% (95% CI = 34.8–40.5) smoked slim cigarettes. Among smokers, women were significantly more likely to smoke slim cigarettes than men [56.5% (95% CI = 50.8–62.2) vs. 35.5% (95% CI = 32.8–38.1)]. Smokers with a bachelor’s degree were more likely to smoke slim cigarettes than those without [41.3% (95% CI = 38.1–44.4) vs. 33.1% (95% CI = 30.0–36.1)]. Most slim cigarette smokers were dual smokers [77.7% (95% CI = 75.3–80.1)], smoking both regular and slim cigarettes. Among dual smokers, 97.5% (95% CI = 96.7–98.3) started smoking regular cigarettes before slim cigarettes. Of the many reasons given for smoking slim cigarettes, 37.0% (95% CI = 34.3–39.7) directly related to harm reduction with another 10.1% (95% CI = 8.4–11.7) reporting their reason as wanting “to reduce consumption of regular cigarettes,” a plausible indication of harm reduction. These findings suggest strong interest in harm reduction among the current Chinese smoking population and that the popularity of slim cigarettes is likely to increase, with the more educated as the early adopters. Given the absence of any evidence that these products actually reduce harm, it is urgent that the public health community be on high alert in order to avoid repeating the sad history of low-tar cigarettes, when a supposed harm-reduction product misled the field of tobacco control.
Treponema denticola dentilisin triggered TLR2/MyD88 activation upregulates a tissue destructive program involving MMPs via Sp1 in human oral cells
Authors: Ganther Sean , Radaic Allan , Malone Erin , Kamarajan Pachiyappan , Chang Nai-Yuan Nicholas , Tafolla Christian , Zhan Ling , Fenno J. Christopher , Kapila Yvonne L.
Published: July 2021

Periodontal disease is driven by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, resulting in over-representation of species that induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue-remodeling matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the periodontium. These chronic tissue-destructive inflammatory responses result in gradual loss of tooth-supporting alveolar bone. The oral spirocheteTreponema denticola, is consistently found at significantly elevated levels in periodontal lesions. Host-expressed Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) senses a variety of bacterial ligands, including acylated lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins.T.denticoladentilisin, a surface-expressed protease complex comprised of three lipoproteins has been implicated as a virulence factor in periodontal disease, primarily due to its proteolytic activity. While the role of acylated bacterial components in induction of inflammation is well-studied, little attention has been given to the potential role of the acylated nature of dentilisin. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis thatT.denticoladentilisin activates a TLR2-dependent mechanism, leading to upregulation of tissue-destructive genes in periodontal tissue. RNA-sequencing of periodontal ligament cells challenged withT.denticolabacteria revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and degradation including potentially tissue-specific inducible MMPs that may play novel roles in modulating host immune responses that have yet to be characterized within the context of oral disease. The Gram-negative oral commensal,Veillonella parvula, failed to upregulate these same MMPs. Dentilisin-induced upregulation of MMPs was mediated via TLR2 and MyD88 activation, since knockdown of expression of either abrogated these effects. Challenge with purified dentilisin upregulated the same MMPs while a dentilisin-deficientT.denticolamutant had no effect. Finally,T.denticola-mediated activation of TLR2/MyD88 lead to the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Sp1, which was shown to be a critical regulator of allT.denticola-dependent MMP expression. Taken together, these data suggest thatT.denticoladentilisin stimulates tissue-destructive cellular processes in a TLR2/MyD88/Sp1-dependent fashion.
The educational backgrounds of DIY musicians
Authors: Quigley Nicholas Patrick , Smith Tawnya D.
Published: July 2021

In this qualitative, exploratory study we examined the music education backgrounds and current creative practices of thirteen self-described do-it-yourself (DIY) musicians from around the United States. A growing community of scholars within and outside of education have noted the relative inclusionary nature of DIY communities as compared to mainstream society. Several themes have emerged in DIY music participation literature, including social influences and isolation, and music making for self care and self expression. DIY music-making can offer a potentially liberating space for those marginalized by traditional schooling, providing students with social, educational and musical opportunities they could not find or participate in at school. Through an analysis of interviews and participation-observations of creative practices such as band rehearsals and improvisation sessions, we found that similar themes emerged in our own data. Implications for music education include the importance of more individualized instruction and opportunities for self care and self expression.
El proceso de confinamiento por la Covid-19 del alumnado con trastornos del espectro autista escolarizado en centros ordinarios: un análisis cualitativo del impacto sobre ellos, sus necesidades futuras y las de sus familias
Authors: Simón Rueda Cecilia , Cañadas Pérez Margarita , Fernández Blázquez M.ª Luz , Echeita Sarrionandia Gerardo
Published: July 2021

El estudio que se presenta tiene como objetivo principal “dar voz” a familias que tienen hijos con Trastornos del Espectro Autista para conocer el impacto que tiene en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de estos la situación de confinamiento generada por la COVID-19. Para ello, se ha contado con la participación voluntaria de 19 progenitores con hijos TEA escolarizados en centros ordinarios desde las etapas de educación infantil hasta la educación superior de dos comunidades autónomas. Como estrategia de recogida de información se han llevado a cabo cuatro grupos de discusión. Los resultados obtenidos muestran los apoyos prestados por la escuela a sus hijos y que han contribuido a su aprendizaje. Asimismo, han hecho hincapié en las dificultades encontradas que lo han limitado, la participación social de sus hijos como dimensión fundamental para las familias, el impacto de las demandas realizadas por parte del centro en el bienestar familiar, así como sus preocupaciones en relación con la incorporación de estos a la escuela. Como se mostrará, esta situación ha puesto de manifiesto factores importantes tanto de las políticas como de las prácticas de centro relevantes para los centros que se preocupan por la inclusión.
Atención temprana en tiempos de Covid-19: investigar la/s realidad/es de la teleintervención en las prácticas centradas en la familia
Authors: Rodríguez García Lidia , Herrán García Iván , de la Mano Rodero Paola , Díaz Sánchez Cristina , Martínez Carrillo Juan
Published: July 2021

El equipo TRASCIENDE surge a partir de la necesidad de articular un proyecto de colaboración entre Plena inclusión-CLM y la UCLM para la transformación social, científica, académica y profesional en materia de discapacidad, inclusión y ciudadanía. A raíz de la situación sociosanitaria provocada por la COVID-19, el equipo TRASCIENDE se ha visto implicado en el cambio social que ha producido el confinamiento, desarrollando, necesariamente, un rol de observador del cambio. Esta situación global nos lleva a formularnos preguntas que pretenden iniciar procesos de investigación en la práctica: ¿de qué manera este confinamiento ha afectado a las prácticas en Atención Temprana? Para responder a esta pregunta se decide adoptar una perspectiva de investigación cualitativa para explorar las percepciones de familias y profesionales (logopedas, fisioterapeutas, estimuladoras y coordinadoras) de equipos de Atención Temprana, sus dificultades y sus fortalezas en esta situación de cambio. El trabajo describe un proceso de exploración de las prácticas durante los primeros meses del confinamiento, prácticas que se han dirigido, en muchos casos, hacia la teleintervención. Los datos han sido recogidos mediante entrevistas etnográficas (familias) y grupos focales (profesionales) y han sido tratados mediante análisis temático (Attride-Stirling, 2001). Los resultados muestran la percepción de las familias y los profesionales articulados en tres focos de redes temáticas: la reacción personal y colectiva a la nueva situación, lo que puede permanecer de la teleintervención (con sus matices) y lo que subyace a las prácticas en esta modalidad. El estudio abre, además, nuevas líneas de investigación futuras que evidencian la dificultad del proceso de transformación hacia modelos verdaderamente centrados en la familia.
Regional timber supply for shipbuilding and maintenance of war fleets in Cadiz: methods, agents and phases (1717-1736)
Authors: Trindade Ana Rita
Published: July 2021

In the period of 1717-1736, the southern peninsular forests became a new resource frontier at the service of the Spanish Navy, in the context of the Bourbon Reforms. The timber supply for shipbuilding and maintenance of war fleets in Cádiz was made through four methods:  direct administration by commissioned services; purchase from regional middlemen merchants; articulation between contractors and direct administration; articulation with the Royal Exchequer. The rhythm of supply was the reflex of different needs and constraints in three phases: maintenance of fleets during the period of consolidation of Cádiz as a naval and commercial center (1717-1727); the first shipbuilding series (1728-1731); the impact of the 30’s Mediterranean campaigns and the shipbuilding production of Ciprian Autran (1731-1736).
¿En qué consistió el triunfo del Estado Forestal? Contractor State y los asentistas de madera del siglo XVIII
Authors: Riezu Elizalde Óscar , Torres Sanchez Rafael
Published: July 2021

El artículo revisa la idea tradicional de la construcción de un Estado Forestal y de su supuesto triunfo a mediados del siglo XVIII a partir de la política de suministros de madera para la construcción naval. El objetivo es analizar cómo el progresivo avance en la capacidad legislativa y administrativa del Estado para intervenir en la gestión de los recursos forestales afectó al abastecimiento de madera. Concluimos que el aumento de la autoridad de la Corona sobre los bosques, al imponerse sobre cualquier otra jurisdicción, repercutió en la capacidad del Estado de desarrollar políticas de abastecimiento, así como en la modificación de su relación con los proveedores. El Estado español logró durante el siglo XVIII imponer un efectivo monopolio sobre los recursos forestales, que le permitió desarrollar políticas nacionalistas en beneficio de la explotación por sus súbditos, al tiempo que permitió al Estado conceder a los asentistas marcos de actuación más seguros, mediante la imposición y extensión de la autoridad real.
La agencia de las mujeres en la diáspora: las portuguesas en Canarias en las redes transfronterizas durante el periodo de consolidación del mundo atlántico
Authors: Álvarez Santos Javier Luis
Published: July 2021

Especial significancia tuvo la comunidad portuguesa en Canarias, en particular desde la agregación de Portugal a la Monarquía Hispánica. Sin embargo, es poco conocida la agencia de las mujeres portuguesas emigrantes a estas islas y sus vínculos transatlánticos. Este estudio, que metodológicamente se sustenta sobre el análisis de fuentes documentales primarias insulares, aborda las implicaciones que tuvo para este colectivo su triple condición de mujeres, emigrantes y forasteras en un espacio de frontera en construcción con el propósito de reconocer la huella de las mujeres portuguesas que se establecieron en las Islas y discernir las relaciones sociales, económicas y profesionales en las que se insertan. Estos objetivos tienen como finalidad definir la propia identidad de las mujeres emigrantes procedentes de Portugal en Canarias a partir de su agencia transfronteriza durante la consolidación del mundo atlántico para así construir una novedosa narrativa histórica sobre las mujeres forasteras en espacios de frontera.
Las hermandades de ciegos oracioneros en la España moderna: entre la pobreza y el privilegio
Authors: Gomis Coloma Juan , Romero Eva
Published: July 2021

Este artículo analiza el fenómeno del asociacionismo de los ciegos en la España Moderna, que se materializó en la fundación de hermandades en un buen número de ciudades entre los siglos XIV y XVI. Además de ofrecer, por primera vez, un panorama general de la red de cofradías que florecieron en territorio hispánico, se analizan sus primeros siglos de andadura, en los que las finalidades caritativas y asistenciales que persiguieron en sus orígenes fueron pronto sustituidas por otras de tipo profesional, cuando estas corporaciones consiguieron obtener del poder civil el monopolio sobre el rezo ambulante de oraciones. Se estudia el proceso de concesión de este privilegio, la regulación profesional a la que los ciegos sometieron el rezo y las razones que pudieron impulsar al poder a favorecer de este modo a los ciegos.
Diagnostic Dilemma of a Pelvic-Abdominal Mass in a Teenage Girl
Authors: Dhillon A.S. , Pandey Kartika
Published: July 2021

The differential diagnosis of an abdominal mass in young teenage girls include pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic abdominal Koch’s, endometriosis, pedunculated uterine leiomyomata, colonic mass, and germ cell tumour. There is a strong possibility of benign, borderline, or malignant ovarian carcinoma to be diagnosed in young girls with abdominal mass. Preoperative diagnosis depends on age, menopausal status, serum cancer antigen (CA) level of 125, ultrasound and radiological imaging of the mass. For better diagnosis of benign borderline serous tumours, borderline ovarian tumours (BOTs) and invasive cancers, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography has to be done. However, among patients with benign cysts, BOTs and invasive cancers, CA-125 levels can be same. Likewise, the imaging results are not unique to BOTs. The diagnosis of BOTs can therefore be not established before surgery and intraoperative decisions regarding the extent of surgical management are based on the results of frozen section examination. In BOTs, an effective frozen section diagnosis is of considerable significance. Women of reproductive age always want traditional fertility-sparing surgery. Benign cysts should be distinguished from BOTs. Inadequate surgical staging of BOT may result in misdiagnosis of BOT as a benign tumour, leading to more vigorous treatment and possible tumour spread.1
Preventative and Proactive Measures to Mitigate the Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Young James , He Emily , Boone DaLoria , Luehr Julia , Tasnim Kazi , Turner Meghan , Ambatipudi Mythri , Carrillo Gonzalez Paola , Mooney David , Koh Esther
Published: July 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission can be mitigated through a combination of preventive and proactive measures. In this review, we first highlight modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, quantitatively assess individual mitigation measures, and conclude with a qualitative comparison. We detail how the efficacy of specific face masks must be balanced with their availability, while for comparison, social distancing and good hygiene practices may not be as directly effective as respirators but are widely accessible methods not subject to limited supplies. Controlling environmental setting, testing, and contact tracing are highly effective mitigation practices, but typically require collective action versus the individual activity of the former strategies. Our qualitative comparative assessment of preventative mitigation factors (i.e., face mask usage, social distancing, hygiene, and choice of environment setting) and proactive mitigation measures (i.e., testing, and contact tracing) serves to inform communities on the effectiveness and feasibility of these strategies.
An improved bound on the sum of prime numbers
Authors: Feliksiak Monica
Published: July 2021

We derive two asymptotic formulae, for the upper bound on the sum of the first n primes. Both the Supremum and the Estimate of the sum are superior to known bounds. The Estimate bound had been derived to promote the efficiency of estimation of the sum.
Fontes potenciais de poluição das águas subterrâneas e uma proposta de priorização de áreas de fiscalização em um mu-nicípio industrializado
Authors: Jesus Lucas Scarpanti de , Riyis Marcos Tanaka , Giacheti Heraldo Luiz
Published: July 2021

Esse artigo apresenta uma metodologia para seleção de áreas com fontes potenciais de poluição da água subterrânea e sua aplicação em um município industrializado do interior de São Paulo. Como existem múltiplas fontes potenciais de poluição e dificuldade em estabelecer critérios de priorização de áreas a serem investigadas, é necessário utilizar ferramentas e técnicas que possibilitem orientar e planejar inspeções de campo. Os dados do cadastro de atividades fontes de poluição da CETESB foram utilizados aplicando-se o método POSH – IG associado à análise espacial de densidade de Kernel em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados revelaram um hot spot de 6,96 km² com 383 indústrias de elevado potencial poluidor das águas subterrâneas; dentro dele a faixa de maior densidade de Kernel apresentou 124 indústrias ocupando uma área de 0,41 km². Uma grande diferença entre o número de áreas contaminadas cadastradas pela CETESB (duas) e a quantidade (383) de fontes com alto potencial poluidor (índice POSH-IG igual a 3) foi observada na área desse hot spot. Portanto, a metodologia aplicada foi satisfatória na indicação de áreas de interesse para realização de inspeções de campo, identificando uma área de 6,96 km² em um município com 450,38 km², que possui grande potencial poluidor das águas subterrâneas e somente duas áreas contaminadas conhecidas. Esta abordagem pode ser empregada para orientar a fiscalização de locais que possam contaminar as águas subterrâneas.