bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Oxidised Cellulose for the Determination of Strychnine in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Elvidge D A , Proctor K A
Published: April 2011

With oxidised cellulose as a carboxylic cation exchange medium strychnine can be separated from extraneous interfering materials in a pure form for spectrophotometric assay. When brucine is also present a 2-point spectrophotometric procedure is adopted. Results compare well with chemical assays with a coefficient of variation of about 1 per cent. The oxidation procedure used in the official assay of nux vomica completely destroys brucine with no loss of strychnine.
THE DETERMINATION AND EXCRETION OF POLYHYDROXY (CATECHOLIC) PHENOLIC ACIDS IN URINE
Authors: Tompsett S L
Published: April 2011

The Mitchell reaction (ferrous sulphate) has been applied to the determination of catecholic phenolic acids and pyrogallol in urine. A technique has been described for the determination of pyrogallol in the presence of catecholic phenolic acids. The separation of catecholic phenolic acids by paper chromatography has been examined. A study has been made of the excretion of these substances in urine.
THE PERSISTENT ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF N-ALLYL-1-(P-CYCLOHEXYLOXYPHENYL)ETHYLAMINE TO ANALGESIC AGENTS
Authors: McCoubrey A
Published: April 2011

N-Allyl-l-(p-cyclohexyloxyphenyl)ethylamine, given one to two days beforehand, reduced the amount of 1-(p-cyclohexyloxyphenyl)ethy-lamine entering the adrenal glands of rats after an intraperitoneal dose by about 5μg./g. without affecting non-specific accumulation. The effect was not observed with a closely similar, but analgesically inactive amine. The cerebral cortex acquired increased ability to accumulate the amine but heart remained unaffected. The reduced ability of the adrenal to accumulate the amine was restored at the same time that the analgesic antagonistic activity of the allylamine had begun to wane.
THE DETERMINATION OF BETA-SUBSTITUTED GLUTARIMIDES IN BLOOD: TIME-CONCENTRATION CURVES AFTER INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF TWO BARBITURATE ANTAGONISTS
Authors: Anderson K W
Published: April 2011

A simple and rapid spectrophotometric procedure has been developed which is capable of estimating 2 mg. per cent of β-substituted glutarimides in blood with an accuracy of 90 per cent. Within 10 minutes of intravenous administration in guinea pigs 90 per cent of two barbiturate antagonists, β-methyl-β-ethyl glutarimide and β-spirocyclo-pentane glutarimide were removed from blood. Some discussion follows on whether the compounds were rapidly metabolised in blood or distributed evenly throughout the body tissues. The phase of rapid removal is followed by a period of moderately slow removal, apparently due to excretion.
A CRITERION FOR OXYTOCIC ACTIVITY: Studies with Tochergamine
Authors: Garrett W J , Embrey M P
Published: April 2011

NN-Diethyl-N'-(2-tetralyl)-glycinamide, a substance of high oxytocic activity in the isolated uterus preparation, has been tested on the intact human puerperal uterus and been found to be without demonstrable activity, in doses of 1–20 mg. parentally. The absolute necessity for testing oxytocic activity by an objective method on the intact human uterus is stressed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIGITOXIN, ACETYLDIGITOXIN AND GITALIN (AMORPHOUS) IN CATS
Authors: Lu F C , Lavallee A , Allmark M G , Hossain M A
Published: April 2011

The lethal doses of digitoxin, acetyldigitoxin and gitalin were determined in cats. Electrocardiograms were recorded intermittently during the course of the repeated injections of these glycosides. Their relative lethal activities in cats were found to be similar to the reported relative therapeutic activities in man. Gitalin was found to be significantly more liable to cause cardiac arrhythmias than the other two glycosides.
THE DETECTION OF YELLOW PHOSPHORUS AND PHOSPHIDES IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Curry A S , Rutter E R , Chin-Hua Lim
Published: April 2011

The micro test to detect poisoning by yellow phosphorus or zinc phosphide has been modified and improved so that increased specificity is obtained. This is achieved by paper electrophoresis. Chlorine is used in the place of solid calcium hypochlorite to oxidise silver phosphide to silver phosphate.
SOME IN VITRO INHIBITORS OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Authors: Beasley Y M , Overell B G , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

Work on sulphonamides as in vitro inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase has been extended by the preparation and assay of novel types. Although diphenylsulphonamides, p-alkoxycarbonylbenzene sulphonamides and 5-alkoxycarbonylamino-1:3:4-thiadiazole-2-sulphon-amides showed noteworthy activity in vitro, only the thiadiazole derivatives possessed diuretic activity in the rat.
THE IN VITRO EVALUATION OF A SODIUM POLY-HYDROXYALUMINIUM MONOCARBONATE HEXITOL COMPLEX AS A GASTRIC ANTACID
Authors: Gwilt J R , Livingstone J L , Robertson A
Published: April 2011

Techniques for assessing antacid activity are discussed. The commonly used antacids have been evaluated using two complementary in vitro techniques and appraised using as criteria the properties considered to describe the ideal antacid. In confirmation with previous workers most of the substances tested were shown not to meet the optimum requirements. In particular the results confirmed the loss of activity of aluminium hydroxide gel preparations on drying and their variation in neutralising capacity. A new substance, a sodium polyhydroxy-aluminium monocarbonate hexitol complex, which is a white tasteless odourless powder, compared favourably with the best of the established preparations tested—a liquid aluminium hydroxide gel and was the only solid meeting the suggested criteria.
Science Papers and Discussions: The Basis for "Sufficient of a Suitable Bacteriostatic" in Injections
Authors: Sykes G
Published: April 2011

In the light of the relative lethal and inhibitory properties of several known bacteriostats, including those recommended in the B.P., along with some observations on their partitioning ratios between rubber and water, the requirements for “sufficient of a suitable bacteriostatic” are discussed, and various criteria are suggested. Attention is drawn particularly to the narrowness of the margin between effective lethal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration of many bacteriostats and to the consequent need to prevent their loss by absorption into rubber, or through any other cause. Activity against mould spores as well as against resistant vegetative bacteria is also desirable.
The Precision of Some Procedures in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Rogers A R
Published: April 2011

Estimates have been made of the variance associated with the calibration of a number of 10- and 20-ml. pipettes and 50-ml. burettes of Grade B quality, and of the variance associated with their use by a class of students. Comparison with the variance of the results of students performing simple titrations with this apparatus indicates that the chief components of the latter variance have been identified.
The Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using 4-Aminohenazone
Authors: Johnson C A , Savidge R A
Published: April 2011

The determination of phenols based upon coupling with 4-aminophenazone in the presence of an alkaline oxidising agent has been examined. The importance of pH has been studied and a suitable buffering agent has been recommended. The reactivity of many phenols of pharmaceutical interest has been investigated and the application of the method to a number of pharmaceutical preparations is described.
A Comparative Study of the Hydrolytic and Non-Hydrolytic Methods for The Assay of Solanaceous Drugs
Authors: Drey R E A
Published: April 2011

The results given by the hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic methods of determining the total alkaloidal content are in good agreement for belladonna, hyoscyamus and stramonium; the agreement is fair for Duboisia leichhardtii and Datura sanguinea, whilst for Duboisia myoporoides the non-hydrolytic method gives high values. An improved paper chromatographic system for the separation of the principal tropane alkaloids has been developed; the system was used to determine the individual alkaloidal content of the respective drugs and to provide the appropriate factor for converting titre to percentage of total alkaloid.
A Light-Scattering Study of Lysolecithin Sols
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

Sols of four samples of lysolecithin have been studied by means of a light-scattering apparatus. The results of a large number of measurements have been analysed statistically. They indicate that the mean molecular weight of the micelles in the sols is 92,400, the experimental error in this estimate being 7 per cent.
The Size Analysis of Phenothiazine
Authors: Thornton M J
Published: April 2011

Results are given for the analysis of particle size distribution of a sample of finely ground phenothiazine by four different methods. Each method is reproducible and is in use for the size analysis of phenothiazine in different laboratories, but the results differ considerably. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed briefly, and a means of comparing the results with those obtained by surface area measurements is shown.
Further Studies on Some Esters of 4-Aminosalicyclic Acid
Authors: Drain D J , Lazare R , Poulter G A , Tattersall K , Urbanska Alicja
Published: April 2011

A series of alkyl and aryl esters of 4-aminosalicyclic acid (PAS) has been examined for protective effect in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and the PAS blood levels after oral administration to mice, rats and rabbits studied. On the basis of these results, p-tolyl-4-aminosalicylate (p-tolyl PAS) was selected for further examination and has been shown to be of low toxicity in experimental animals and to produce moderately high and sustained PAS blood levels in man.
The Assay of Anti-Haemophilic Globulin
Authors: Savage R Maxwell
Published: April 2011

The Biggs, Eveling and Richards assay of anti-haemophilic globulin is examined and some modifications discussed. The statistical design and analysis is offered in a simple form suitable for routine application. The relationships of some defects in the assay to the property of the phospholipid are discussed. It is shown that the method is satisfactory if certain precautions are taken, and if the interpretation is carried out objectively by mathematical methods. Serious errors can arise from neglect of these precautions. Modified assays are described, one of which could probably be used in cases of serious difficulty with reagents. The other apparently depended on the properties of a particular batch of prothrombin. The method was abandoned and is reported here because it is the only modification that gave promise of being more accurate than the original. It is emphasised that the assay is based on hypotheses that have been satisfactorily verified, but that are well recognised to be incomplete. The course of the reaction is by no means clear, and it is unlikely that the assay can accurately be used to compare materials widely dissimilar in qualitative properties.
The Antagonism of The Antibacterial Action of Mercury Compounds
Authors: Cook A M , Steel K J
Published: April 2011

The antibacterial activity of cysteine, glutathione, thioglycollate, dimercaprol and horse serum to E. coli I has been studied. Incorporation of these materials into solid media has little adverse effect upon the number of cells multiplying on it, but in the diluents used for preparing dilutions for counting the effect is more marked. Dimercaprol produces the largest reduction in the number of cells subsequently multiplying. Dimercaprol and thioglycollate are believed to exert their effect by retarding the metabolic processes. Concentrations of the materials suitable for quantitative work involving viable counts have been determined.
Physico-Chemical Studies of Aspirin with Glycine
Authors: Rapson H D C , Singleton D O , Stuart A C E , Taylor Mary P
Published: April 2011

The relative solubility and rate of dissolution of aspirin in water and glycine solution have been measured. A technique involving a mathematical examination of the front profile of chromatograms has been used to study the extent of the adsorption of glycine from aqueous solution on aspirin. Aspirin is more soluble and more rapidly dissolved in glycine solution than water, and glycine is found to adsorb, in significant amounts, on aspirin crystals. The findings are discussed in an attempt to explain, in physico-chemical terms, differences in taste and adhesion to the oral mucosa that are discernible when aspirin tablets compounded with or without glycine are savoured. Attention is drawn to certain aspects of the results which have a bearing on the transport of aspirin.
Phytochemical Changes Initiated by Insects
Authors: Challen Stephen B
Published: April 2011

The occurrence of leaf galls and the relation between the host plant and the causative insect are discussed. The leaves, galls, and leaves freed from galls of Salix fragilis have been examined by one-way and two-way paper chromatography and a separation of the major constituents achieved on powdered cellulose columns. The galls and leaves freed from galls were compared by band chromatography and the results suggest that one phytochemical change initiated by the sawfly is an accumulation of catechins, leucoanthocyanins and a ninhydrin positive substance.
Gas Chromatography in Routine Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Baines C B , Proctor K A
Published: April 2011

The application of gas chromatography to the determination of various volatile constituents in a range of pharmaceutical preparations is described. The method is simple, rapid and reliable and has been used to assay camphor, menthol, diethyl phthalate and a number of volatile oils.
The Preparation and Evaluation of Some Phenolic Ethers as Antifungal Agents
Authors: Coates L V , Drain D J , And F June Macrae , Tattersall K
Published: April 2011

A series of phenolic ethers, derivatives of hydroxybenzoic acids, benzaldehydes and acylophenones have been prepared and tested in vitro for antifungal action. The highest activity was found in those compounds having an amyloxy group ortho to a carbonyl radical. Data are presented on the in vivo antifungal activity and toxicity of 2-n-amyloxybenzamide and 2-n-amyloxyacetophenone.
Pholcodine Tartrate and Related Salts
Authors: Stern E S , Wood D R
Published: April 2011

Pholcodine gives stable hydrated salts, crystallisable from water, with a series of dibasic hydroxy acids, the most important salt being the tartrate. The preparation and analysis of these salts is described.
The Glycosidic Constituents of Hydrocotyle Vulgaris L
Authors: Mink Chr J K
Published: April 2011

From Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. the amorphous saponin earlier designated Hydrocotyle-saponin B has been isolated and its hydrolysis products studied.
Determination of Barbituric Acid Derivatives as Mercury Complexes
Authors: Björling C O , Berggren A , Willman-Johnson B
Published: April 2011

Barbituric acid derivatives give precipitates with mercuric ions, which are soluble in certain organic solvents, for example, chloroform, and can be extracted. By the addition of dithizone to the extract the mercury can be determined and hence the equivalent amount of the barbiturate. As little as 0.1 μg./ml. in the final solution can be determined. Interferences seem to be few.
Antagonism Between Alkylated and Norcompounds of the Morphine Group Injected Intracisternally into Mice
Authors: Horlington M , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

The analgesia which resulted from the intracisternal injection of mixtures of morphine and normorphine in mice developed more slowly than, and finally equalled but did not exceed that of the more active component of the mixture. Pethidine and morphine antagonised normorphine similarly. However, the analgesia which followed the intracisternal injection of mixtures of pethidine and norpethidine developed as rapidly but was less intense than that due to either single component of the mixtures.
A Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Reserpine
Authors: Bose B C , Vijayvargiya R
Published: April 2011

A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of reserpine in crude drugs and pharmaceutical preparations has been described. The method is capable of detecting microquantities of reserpine (0.25 μg./ml.). It is capable of estimating reserpine in crude drugs, alkaloidal mixtures, reserpine and serpentina tablets. The reserpine content in samples of Dehradun and Bengal varieties of R. serpentina has been found to be 0.117 and 0.103 per cent respectively.
A Study of Bacteriological Media: The Examination of Casamin E
Authors: Habeeb A F S A
Published: April 2011

Three batches of Casamin E have been examined quantitatively for their free and total amino acid content. Variation occurs in the free amino acid content in the three batches examined. The peptides were examined qualitatively. The batches were examined for their strepogenin activity using the media of Steele, Sauberlich, Reynolds and Baumann1 and Kodicek and Mistry2. The stimulatory pattern appeared to be different with the two basal media.
The Synthesis of Some Potential Antimetabolites of Phenylalanine: Part I. The Synthesis of some γγ-Dialkyl-α-Aminobutyric Acids
Authors: Meakin B J , Mumford F R , Ward E R
Published: April 2011

Seven new dialkylaminobutyric acids have been synthesised as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. None showed any significant activity against the Newcastle disease virus in vitro.
The Histamine-Heparin Complex
Authors: Sanyal R K , West G B
Published: April 2011

Some factors concerned in the formation in vitro of a complex between the base histamine and the acid heparin have been studied. More histamine is contained in the complex when precipitation is carried out in acid medium in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. Although the staining properties and morphological characters of the complex resemble those of natural mast cell granules, it has not been possible to release most of the histamine from the synthetic granules without dissolving them. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline failed to form complexes with heparin and did not alter the formation of the complex of histamine and heparin.
Comparative Efficacy of Bactericidal Compounds in Buffer Solutions Part I
Authors: Hess H , Speiser P
Published: April 2011

A standardised membrane filter technique, adapted to the counting of organisms previously exposed to disinfectants, has been compared statistically with the pour-plate method. The membrane filters were found to be as suitable as pour-plates for counting viable organisms. The filter method is superior in disinfection experiments, since any quantity of test-mixture can be filtered and the danger of bacteriostasis is excluded. In disinfection experiments with high mortality levels, a great increse in variation occurred in replicate tests. Enriched media were not found to be superior to ordinary nutrient agar for the incubation of filter discs. The Gram-positive organisms tested showed a marked decrease in viable cells after storage at room temperature in slightly acid phosphate solutions for 24 hours, whereas in neutral and slightly alkaline solutions the viable count remained constant. The Gram-negative test organisms were not significantly affected by the phosphate buffer solutions.
Comparative Efficacy of Bactericidal Compounds in Buffer Solutions Part II
Authors: Hess H , Speiser P
Published: April 2011

A number of phenols, aromatic alcohols, organic mercury compounds andquaternary ammoniumcompounds have beenexamined, by the membrane filter method, to assess their antibacterial action at four different pH values against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The killing rate of the compounds tested varied with the pH. The phenols, in the undissociated state, and the aromatic alcohols were most effective against Gram-negative cells at a slightly alkaline pH, and least effective at a pH of 5.5 to 7, whereas against Gram-positive cells, the compounds were least bactericidal at a pH of 7 to 8.5 Upon Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative cells, phenylmercuric borate was more potent in alkaline solution, thiomersal, in acid solution. This difference is connected with the opposite charges of the active ions. A reduction in bactericidal activity was noted in acid solutions of domiphen bromide and cetyl pyridinium chloride although the activity of the latter was less influenced by pH. The importance of the partition ratio between water and a lipid phase for the bactericidal efficacy of phenols and aromatic alcohols is stressed, and a new approach to the testing of these compounds is proposed. 4-Chloro- 8- phenylethyl alcohol yielded promising results as a new bactericidal agent. Pseudomonas pyocyanea was more rapidly killed by the compounds tested than Escherichia coli.
Oxime Therapy in Poisoning by Six Organo-phosphorus Insecticides in the Rat
Authors: Sanderson D M , Edson E F
Published: April 2011

The effects of two oxime reactivators, PAM and TMB4, on poisoning by six organophosphate indirect cholinesterase inhibitors with different phosphorylating groups have been examined in the rat. Repeated oxime injections were beneficial in poisoning by parathion, parathionmethyl, phenkaptone and, to a lesser extent, diazinon, but ineffective with dimefox and dimethoate. PAM had no additional antidotal value against dimethoate poisoning when given with atropine. The findings are related to expected degrees of irreversibility of cholinesterase inhibition with different phosphorus compounds.
Anatomical Studies in the Genus Digitalis: Part II. The Anatomy of the Inflorescence ofD. lanata L
Authors: Cowley P S , Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

The morphology and detailed anatomy of the inflorescence of Digitalis lanata have been described. The diagnostic characters which are the most valuable in identifying the inflorescence in admixture with the leaf are the abundance of glandular trichomes; the pollen grains; the sclerenchymatous fibres and lignified pith of the pedicel and stem; also the lignified cells of the anther, fruit wall and seed coat. Those characters which may be used to distinguish the inflorescence from that of D. purpurea are noted.
The Strength of Compressed Tablets: Part II. The Bonding of Granules during Compression
Authors: Shotton E , Ganderton D
Published: April 2011

The deformation of tablet granules has been followed over a wide pressure range by preparing and compressing sucrose granules with coloured surfaces. By examination of the fracture of the compacts in a strength test, it has been possible to determine the structural role of the granule at these pressures.
The Use of Laminar Lubricants in Compaction Processes
Authors: Train D , Hersey J A
Published: April 2011

A punch penetration shear test has been used to support the theory of orientation of layers within the crystal lattice as the lubricating mechanism of laminar solids. Under high applied loads, this orientation is prevented, thereby causing a high value of the shear strength. The increased shear strength is manifest in an increased coefficient of friction under high loads, as found experimentally in the die pressing of solid plugs of talc and graphite. The use of these solids as lubricants in compaction processes cannot be justified at high constraining loads, where the relative density of the compact is high.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: ‡Part VII. Linear Polyonium Ethers
Authors: Edwards D , Lewis J J , McPhail D E , Muir T C , Stenlake J B
Published: April 2011

The tris-onium ethers (XIII, A and B) and the tetra-onium ethers (XV A, B and C), together with the corresponding polymethylene tris-onium (XIV A and B) and polymethylene tetra-onium compounds (XVI, A, B and C), have been synthesised. Replacement of a methylene group in the inter-onium polymethylene chain by an ether link almost always lowers muscle relaxant potency.
The Precision of Some Procedures in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Part II. Titrations
Authors: Rogers A R
Published: April 2011

Estimates have been made of the variation of the results obtained by students in eight schools of pharmacy and by analysts in five industrial laboratories performing simple titrations. Coefficients of variation in the range 0.1 to 0.2 per cent were typical of the industrial analysts. The corresponding figures for the students were mostly in the range 0.2 to 0.5 per cent.
Separation and Estimation of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases from a Heated Suspension of Micrococcus flavus
Authors: Gerritsma K W , Levius H P
Published: April 2011

A method has been described for the chromatographic separation of a mixture of purine and pyrimidine bases. They are identified as single substances in solution by the ultra-violet light absorption at a small number of wavelengths. Checks on the purity of the recovered bases are also described and the method is applied to the separation and estimation of purine and pyrimidine bases from the supernatant fluid of a heated suspension of Micrococcus flavus.
The Determination of the Relative Configuration of Morphine, Levorphanol and Laevo-Phenazocine by Stereoselective Adsorbents
Authors: Beckett A H , Anderson Patricia
Published: April 2011

The preparation of levorphanol, dextrorphan and morphine stereoselective adsorbents is described. These adsorbents are used to show that the laevo isomers of morphine, phenazocine and a related compound, and racemorphan and related morphinans have similar configurations; the analgesic activity of the various compounds resides substantially in these laevo isomers.
The Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Some Modified Aluminium Hydroxides as Gastric Antacids
Authors: Davison B K , Schaffer R E
Published: April 2011

The preparation and properties of some aluminium hydroxides modified by carbohydrates are described. In vitro evaluation of their antacid properties shows that they are quick acting products of high neutralising capacity and capable of prolonged buffering in the pH range 3 to 4. They compare well in a variety of tests with liquid aluminium hydroxide gel.
Studies on Bacterial Populations in Solutions of Phenols
Authors: Bean H S , Walters V
Published: April 2011

The shape of time-survivor curves for E. coli suspended in aqueous solutions of benzylchlorophenol depends on the concentration of the bactericide. In some concentrations the last survivors exhibit unexpected multiplication. The death of the organisms is accompanied by the release of cell-constituents having an ultra-violet absorption maximum at 260 mμ. Growth occurred when E. coli exudate was added to aqueous suspensions of E. coli whereas in its absence the organisms died. The numbers of viable organisms depended upon the concentration of the added cell exudate. The fate of the last survivors of a suspension of E. coli in benzylchlorophenol solution was controlled by re-suspending them in components of the reaction mixture. Removal of cell-exudate produced rapid death and the removal of bactericide led to multiplication of the organisms. It is concluded that cell exudate constituted the nutrient substrate for multiplication of last survivors in an initially bactericidal system. The theories of disinfection and the influence of cell exudate upon the shape of time-survivor curves are discussed.
Studies in Organo-Selenium Compounds: Part I. Determination of Se
Authors: Dingwall D , Williams W D
Published: April 2011

Selenium in some organo-selenium compounds has been determined colorimetrically by conversion to selenious acid and hence to a selenium sol stabilised with chlorpromazine hydrochloride. Nonionic, cationic and anionic stabilisers have been compared with chlorpromazine hydrochloride but only cetomacrogol appeared to be as efficient.
The Effect of Cortisone and Hydrocortisone on the Plasma Levels of Corticotrophin in the Rat, After an Acute Stress
Authors: Barrett A M
Published: April 2011

Pretreatment of intact female rats with cortisone and hydrocortisone acetates produces a graded inhibition of ACTH release in response to acute stress as shown by changes in plasma ACTH levels. The inhibition was greater with hydrocortisone and was dependent upon the time and dose relations.
Micellar Size of Mixed Lysolecithin-Lecithin Sols
Authors: Robinson N
Published: April 2011

Lysolecithin and lecithin can be expected to occur together in biological systems—aggregates formed by mixed lysolecithin-lecithin sols were found to have a molecular weight of nearly 1.5 million and to be unsymmetrical, probably closest to a rod shape of length 1,500 Å. The particles were thought to be mixed micelles and not solubilised lecithin within the micelles of the highly surface-active lysolecithin according to the classical Hartley concept.
The Effect of Ortho Substitution on the Hydrolysis of Benzoylcholine
Authors: Thomas J , Stoker J R
Published: April 2011

A series of mono- and di-ortho-substituted benzoylcholine compounds has been prepared and the rates of hydroxide ion and cholinesterase catalysed hydrolysis has been determined for each compound. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the compounds have also been determined. It has been found that some of the compounds are stable to esterase catalysed hydrolysis and that the groups which confer stability do not prevent the formation of enzyme substrate complexes. The most suitable groups for ester stabilisation, when used as ortho substituents, are alkyl and iodo as mono substituents and most groups, except hydroxy, as di-ortho substituents.
The Isolation of Cymarin and Periplocymarin from the Seeds of Castilloa Elastica Cerv
Authors: Adams (Miss) Gillian R , Wilkinson S
Published: April 2011

Two known cardiac glycosides, cymarin and periplocymarin have been isolated from the seeds of the South American rubber tree, Castilloa elastica.
A New Analeptic: 5,5-Diethyl-1,3-Oxazin-2,4-Dione (Dioxone): II. Antagonism to some C.N.S. Depressants
Authors: Maffii G , Serralunga M G
Published: April 2011

Dioxone (5,5-diethyl-1,3-oxazine-2,4-dione), has been found to exhibit a strong antagonistic effect to barbiturates and chlorpromazine. Given subcutaneously, dioxone significantly reduces the mortality in mice from phenobarbitone and allows an increase in the LD50 of quinalbarbitone and hexobarbitone in mice, and pentobarbitone in rats and mice, thus showing its barbiturate antagonist action both at lethal and depressant dose levels. As with leptazol and bemegride, dioxone does not show any significant effect on the depressant activity of ethanol. It has no effect on lethal doses of chlorpromazine but it has an awakening effect on mice sedated with the drug. The pharmacological actions of dioxone, suggest that its mode of action is functional, rather than at a cellular competition level.
African Rauwolfia Species: Part I. The Structure of the Root and Stem ofRauwolfia volkensii Stapf
Authors: Court William E
Published: April 2011

A possible substitute or adulterant for the roots of R. vomitoria Afz. is the shrubby East African species R. volkensii Stapf. The anatomy of the roots and stems is described and illustrated, and compared with published data about other African species
Studies on the Kinetics of Fungicidal Action: Part I. The Effect of Concentration and Time on the Viability ofPenicillium notatum Spores in Solutions of Phenol
Authors: Chauhan N M , Walters V
Published: April 2011

About 98 per cent of Penicillium notatum spores produced germ tubes in liquid nutrient media within 12 hr. Viability was unaffected by storage in distilled water for 20 days at 4°. The sporicidal activity of phenol was measured by determining the percentage of germinated spores before and after contact with phenol solution. Spores were separated on membrane filters from fungicide by rapid filtration, and incubated in Horowitz fluid medium. The rate of death in solutions containing 0.5 to 1.25 per cent phenol followed a first order reaction. The values of the concentration exponent for 50 and 100 per cent mortalities were 12 and 10.5 respectively
Paper Chromatographic Separation of the Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Dryopteris Species
Authors: Penttilä Aneri , Sundman Jacobus
Published: April 2011

A paper chromatographic technique, using buffered filter papers, is described for separating from Dryopteris ferns the phloroglucinol derivatives and some of their decomposition products. The RF values on papers buffered from pH 4.0 to pH 9.1 are given in the form of diagrams with the aid of which the appropriate buffer can be chosen depending on the mixture to be separated
Some 1–Alkyl-3-Aroyl Ureas
Authors: Beasley (Miss) Y M , Petrow V , Stephenson O
Published: April 2011

Some 1-alkyl-3-aroylureas and a few related types have been synthesised for examination as anticonvulsants. Maximum activity was found in 3-benzoyl-1-n-butylurea and 1-n-butyl-3-o-toluoylurea
Some Effects of a Hemicholinium Compound (HC-3) on Neuromuscular Transmission in the Cat
Authors: Evans E R , Wilson H
Published: April 2011

The hemicholinium compound 4, 4′-biphenylylenebis[carbonylmethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium bromide] (HC-3) (Long and Schueler, 1954) has been shown to produce a neuromuscular block in rabbits which is of gradual onset, long duration (Reitzel and Long, 1959) and dependent on the frequency of nerve stimulation (Wilson and Long, 1959).

An attempt has been made in the present study to determine the effect of HC-3 on neuromuscular transmission in the cat by using the tibialis anterior muscle-sciatic nerve preparation. Some effects on this preparation have already been described by Bowman and Rand (1961).
The Particle Size Distribution of Marble on Wet Ball Milling
Authors: Barnett M I , James K C
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of a wet ball milling procedure which depends on the apparent viscosity of the charge increasing during the operation until the balls are held by the charge, and circulate with the mill. By varying the solid: liquid ratio of the charges the mean particle size of the product was changed, and shown to be a linear function of the proportion of solid in the charge. The effect of changing the ball size is discussed.
The Effect of a Sulphated Polysaccharide on the Acidity and Volume of Histamine-Stimulated Gastric Secretion in the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Anderson W , Marcus R , Watt J
Published: April 2011

Degraded carrageenan administered in aqueous solution via an oesophageal tube to guinea-pigs twice daily and also freely available as drinking fluid, for 8 to 14 days, causes a 50 per cent reduction in the volume and acidity of histamine-stimulated gastric juice. This could be an important factor in the protection afforded by carrageenan against histamine-induced duodenal ulceration.
The Spasmolytic Actions of Pyrogallol and Catechol on the Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum
Authors: Johnson E S
Published: April 2011

Pyrogallol and catechol, potent inhibitors of catechol-o-methyl transferase, have general non-specific spasmolytic actions on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Spasmogens acting by the intramural nervous mechanism are inhibited by lower concentrations of pyrogallol and catechol than are spasmogens acting directly on the smooth muscle. Possible explanations and implications are discussed.
Direct Colorimetric Determination of Small Quantities of m-Aminophenol in Sodium Aminosalicylate
Authors: Bićan-Fister Tatjana
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method has been developed for the determination of m-aminophenol in sodium p-aminosalicylate by formation of a blue colour with phosphomolybdic acid. Although both sodium aminosalicylate and m-aminophenol form blue complexes with this reagent, prior isolation of the m-aminophenol is unnecessary because the extinction coefficient for the m-aminophenol complex is 90 times that of sodium p-aminosalicylate complex.
A Note on the Activity of Six Penicillins Against Escherichia Coli
Authors: Russell A D
Published: April 2011

A quantitative comparison of the activity of six penicillins against Escherichia coli has been made. The order of their effectiveness in inhibiting growth was benzylpenicillin and phenbenicillin, phenoxy-methylpenicillin, phenethicillin, propicillin, methicillin; and in inducing spheroplasts benzylpenicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, phenethicillin and phenbenicillin, propicillin, methicillin.
Monomolecular Layers of Synthetic Phosphatides
Authors: van Deenen L L M , Houtsmuller U M T , de Haas G H , Mulder E
Published: April 2011

In studying the functions of phosphatides in biological membranes, investigations have been made into monomolecular layers of synthetic phosphatides. Force-area curves of monolayers of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, all containing identical fatty acids, showed small differences, obviously to be attributed to differences in size and charge of the end groups. The shifts of the force-area curves within one class of phosphatides were more pronounced and are brought about by variations of the apolar moiety. Shortening of the chain length and particularly unsaturation of the fatty acid constituents greatly expanded the films of the l-α-lecithins, thereby increasing the closest stable packing attainable. Force-area curves of structurally isomeric mixed-acid l-α-phosphatides, carrying dissimilar fatty acids in different positions, were identical. Mixed films consisting of phosphatides and cholesterol in molar equivalents—at proportions also found in red cell membranes—revealed a condensing effect of cholesterol on the film of phosphatides containing certain unsaturated fatty acid constituents.
Effect of Imipramine, Amitriptyline and Their Monomethyl Derivatives on Reserpine Activity
Authors: Garattini S , Giachetti A , Jori A , Pieri L , Valzelli L
Published: April 2011

Impramine, amitriptyline and their respective N-monomethyl derivatives (desmethylimipramine and desmethylamitriptyline) prevent reserpine activity to varying degrees. Desmethylimipramine and desmethylamitriptyline are more effective than are imipramine and amitriptyline in reducing the hypothermia induced by reserpine in rats. Imipramine and desmethylimipramine are more effective than are amitriptyline and desmethylamitriptyline in decreasing the severity of gastric ulcers induced by reserpine in restrained rats. Desmethylimipramine does not prevent the lowering of brain amines by reserpine. The antagonistic effect of imipramine toward leptazol convulsions in mice is not shared by desmethylimipramine. Imipramine and desmethylimpramine do not potentiate the central effects of 5-hydroxy- tryptophan and tryptamine and do not prevent the hypothermia induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, α-methyl-dopa or chlorpromazine. The activity of desmethylimipramine may be differentiated therefore on a pharmacological basis from that of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and amphetamine.
A Comparison of the Thyroxine: Tri-Iodothyronine Content and Biological Activity of Thyroid from Various Species
Authors: Wiberg G S , Devlin W F , Stephenson N R , Carter J R , Bayne A J
Published: April 2011

Samples of ox and sheep thyroid were less potent than pig thyroid in biological assays when the doses were administered either on the basis of B.P. “Thyroxine-iodine” or U.S.P. total combined iodine. Chemical analyisis for iodothyronines revealed that the molar ratio of thyroxine to tri-iodothyronine approximated 2:1 in pig thyroid but approached 3:1 in ox and sheep preparations. Thus the ox and sheep samples which were less potent in the biological assay than pig thyroid also contained less tri-iodothyronine. By using tri-iodothyronine as the dosage basis, there was very little if any difference in physiological efficacy in goitre prevention assay.
The Estimation of N-Benzyl-N′N″-Dimethylguanidine (Bw 467C60) in Urine and Some Observations on its Reaction with Hypobromite
Authors: McCoubrey A
Published: April 2011

N-Benzyl-N′N″-dimethylguanidine, a new anti-adrenergic drug, was estimated in urine by treatment with alkaline hypobromite, extraction of the bromo derivative with carbon tetrachloride and spectrophotometric estimation of the iodine liberated from acidified potassium iodide. Some peculiarities of the bromo derivative are described.
The Evaluation of Canada Balsam
Authors: Challen Stephen B
Published: April 2011

Adulteration of commercial samples of Canada balsam with oil is reported, and methods for the detection of this are described. Fresh samples of oleoresin collected during field studies in Quebec Province have been analysed and certain natural variation in the properties of unadulterated oleoresin noted. Acid values may be correlated with the age and condition of trees from which the oleoresins were obtained.
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana
Authors: Beckett A H , Shellard E J , Tackie A N
Published: April 2011

Seven alkaloids, rotundifoline, isorotundifoline, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, ciliaphylline, rhynchociline and mitraciliatine have been isolated from the leaves of Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. The latter three are hitherto undescribed alkaloids.
The Action of Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol Alone and in Admixture on the Growth of Escherichia Coli
Authors: Garrett Edward R , Brown M R W
Published: April 2011

The dependence of E. coli growth rates upon chloramphenicol concentration has been established. Chloramphenicol and tetracycline are equivalent in their action on E. coli and their combined effects on growth rate are additive. The decrease in rate of growth is a function of the first power of concentration of either antibiotic or combinations of them. A new mechanism of action is implied when the growth rate decreases to negative values: at this stage the rate of decrease is a function of a fractional power of the concentration.
The Estimation of Morphine, Codeine and Thebaine in Opium and in Poppy Latex by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Wassel Gamila
Published: April 2011

The recommended method involves separation of the morphine from the mixed alkaloids in chloroform using 0·1n sodium hydroxide and separation of the codeine and thebaine by means of a buffer solution of pH 2·0. The two fractions are then chromatographed on paper and after suitable colour development the areas of the spots are measured planimetrically. Constant areas for the same quantities of alkaloid are obtained by ensuring that the initial spots of material applied to the starting line are of constant area and that the running conditions are rigidly controlled, especially the temperature. To overcome the variability due to differences between sheets of chromatographic paper the “4 point bioassay” technique is used (in which two dose levels of standard solution of alkaloids and two dose levels of the unknown fraction are applied for each assay). The coefficients of variation for individual assays are for morphine, 3 to 6 per cent; for thebaine 5 to 7 per cent. Replicate assays can readily be run on one sheet of paper resulting in increased accuracy. The method is particularly suitable for small quantities of raw material (100 to 200 mg.) and is two to three times quicker than other published methods.
A Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Phenothiazine
Authors: Holbrook A , Barlow F S , Bailey F
Published: April 2011

A chromatographic assay of phenothiazine is described employing an acetonitrile-hexane partition system supported on Celite. Chromatographic separation is followed by ultra-violet measurement of the eluate fractions at 253 mμ. The system enables a determination of phenothiazine to be made in the presence of diphenylamine, carbazole, phenothiazone and phenothiazine sulphoxide, in addition to ingredients used as excipients in dispersible powders. The method has been tested on a range of samples and the results compared with those obtained by alternative procedures.
Pharmacological Actions of Hemlock (Conium Maculatum) Alkaloids
Authors: Bowman W C , Sanghvi I S
Published: April 2011

The actions of three hemlock alkaloids—coniine, N-methylconiine and α-coniceine—have been examined on isolated tissues, on anaesthetised cats and hens and on conscious mice and young chicks. The most pronounced action of the alkaloids was to block spinal reflexes by an action exerted in the spinal cord. Their peripheral actions on autonomically innervated structures were mainly a consequence of an initial stimulant and a secondary depressant action on autonomic ganglia. Large doses of the alkaloids stimulated skeletal muscle and subsequently caused neuromuscular block. This blocking action differed in many respects from that produced by decamethonium or tubocurarine.
Inhibitions by Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline of the Consumption of Pyruvate by Aerobacter Aerogenes
Authors: Jones J G , Morrison G A
Published: April 2011

The effects of tetracycline and oxytetracycline on the production of pyruvate and on its utilisation by a strain of Aerobacter aerogenes in glucose-mineral salt media, have been examined. Both antibiotics inhibit the production of formate from pyruvate by non-proliferating suspensions of cells in unaerated, but not in aerated media. The only acidic material accumulated during growth is formic acid and the cessation of growth coincides with the concentration of undissociated formic acid reaching 0·2 mM and 0·3 mM respectively in unaerated and aerated media. At the end of the growth phase of unaerated cultures the reproduction of cells is replaced by the production of lactic acid. The possibility of a common primary site of inhibition being responsible for inhibition of pyruvate and mode II inhibition of growth (Jones and Morrison, 1962) is discussed.
A Note on the Relation Between the Resting Release of Acetylcholine and Increase in Tone of the Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum
Authors: Johnson E S
Published: April 2011

When the Magnus preparation of the guinea-pig ileum treated with diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (Mipafox) was suspended in Krebs solution, the increase in tone with time was found to be proportional to the acetylcholine output. Use may be made of this phenomenon to monitor the state of the preparation in experiments involving the resting release of acetylcholine.
Physico-Chemical Experiments with Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Sols
Authors: Robins D C , Thomas I L
Published: April 2011

The solubilities of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in some organic solvents have been determined. The results of surface tension studies of aqueous sols of PE show that it has marked surface-active properties and surface ageing occurs. The effect of pH, concentration, mono- and divalent salts on surface activity has been investigated, and discussed in the light of previous theories. The critical micelle concentration is in the range 0·002 to 0·01 per cent w/v. The isoelectric point is at pH 3·1. The effect of mono- and divalent salts on the stability of PE sols has been studied.
A Hypothesis for the Mode of Action of α-Methyldopa in Relieving Hypertension
Authors: Day M D , Rand M J
Published: April 2011

There is evidence that α-methyldopa can serve as the precursor of α-methylnoradrenaline in the body. The α-methylnoradrenaline so formed may enter noradrenaline storage sites and then be released as a false neuro-transmitter. Because of the lesser potency of α-methylnoradrenaline there is some loss of responsiveness to sympathetic nerve stimulation which can explain the lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients.