bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerostructural topology optimization using high fidelity modeling
Authors: Gomes Pedro , Palacios Rafael
Published: April 2022

We investigate the use of density-based topology optimization for the aeroelastic design of very flexible wings. This is achieved with a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes finite volume solver, coupled to a geometrically nonlinear finite element structural solver, to simulate the large-displacement fluid-structure interaction. A gradient-based approach is used with derivatives obtained via a coupled adjoint solver based on algorithmic differentiation. In the example problem, the optimization uses strong coupling effects and the internal topology of the wing to allow mass reduction while maintaining the lift. We also propose a method to accelerate the convergence of the optimization to discrete topologies, which partially mitigates the computational expense of high-fidelity modeling approaches.
Kac’s Process with Hard Potentials and a Moderate Angular Singularity
Authors: Heydecker Daniel
Published: April 2022

We investigate Kac’s many-particle stochastic model of gas dynamics in the case of hard potentials with a moderate angular singularity, and show that the noncutoff particle system can be obtained as the limit of cutoff systems, with a rate independent of the number of particles N. As consequences, we obtain a wellposedness result for the corresponding Boltzmann equation and propagation of chaos in the many-particle limit $$N\rightarrow \infty $$

N
→
∞

.
Living on the edge: environmental variability of a shallow late Holocene cold-water coral mound
Authors: Raddatz Jacek , Liebetrau Volker , Rüggeberg Andres , Foubert Anneleen , Flögel Sascha , Nürnberg Dirk , Hissmann Karen , Musiol Johannes , Goepfert Tyler Jay , Eisenhauer Anton , Dullo Wolf-Christian
Published: April 2022

Similar to their tropical counterparts, cold-water corals (CWCs) are able to build large three-dimensional reef structures. These unique ecosystems are at risk due to ongoing climate change. In particular, ocean warming, ocean acidification and changes in the hydrological cycle may jeopardize the existence of CWCs. In order to predict how CWCs and their reefs or mounds will develop in the near future one important strategy is to study past fossil CWC mounds and especially shallow CWC ecosystems as they experience a greater environmental variability compared to other deep-water CWC ecosystems. We present results from a CWC mound off southern Norway. A sediment core drilled from this relatively shallow (~ 100 m) CWC mound exposes in full detail hydrographical changes during the late Holocene, which were crucial for mound build-up. We applied computed tomography, 230Th/U dating, and foraminiferal geochemical proxy reconstructions of bottom-water-temperature (Mg/Ca-based BWT), δ18O for seawater density, and the combination of both to infer salinity changes. Our results demonstrate that the CWC mound formed in the late Holocene between 4 kiloannum (ka) and 1.5 ka with an average aggradation rate of 104 cm/kiloyears (kyr), which is significantly lower than other Holocene Norwegian mounds. The reconstructed BWTMg/Ca and seawater density exhibit large variations throughout the entire period of mound formation, but are strikingly similar to modern in situ observations in the nearby Tisler Reef. We argue that BWT does not exert a primary control on CWC mound formation. Instead, strong salinity and seawater density variation throughout the entire mound sequence appears to be controlled by the interplay between the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow and the overlying, outflowing Baltic-Sea water. CWC growth and mound formation in the NE Skagerrak was supported by strong current flow, oxygen replenishment, the presence of a strong boundary layer and larval dispersal through the AW, but possibly inhibited by the influence of fresh Baltic Water during the late Holocene. Our study therefore highlights that modern shallow Norwegian CWC reefs may be particularly endangered due to changes in water-column stratification associated with increasing net precipitation caused by climate change.
Predicting coral metapopulation decline in a changing thermal environment
Authors: Holstein Daniel M. , Smith Tyler B. , van Hooidonk Ruben , Paris Claire B.
Published: April 2022

Thermal stress is expected to compromise the persistence of tropical corals throughout their biogeographic ranges, making many reefs inhospitable to corals by the end of the century. We integrated models of local predictions of thermal stress throughout the coming century, coral larval dispersal, and the persistence of a coral’s metapopulation(s) in the Caribbean to investigate broad trends in metapopulation fragmentation and decline. As coral reef patches become inhospitable throughout the next century, the metapopulation of Orbicella annularis is predicted to fragment, with sub-networks centered around highly connected patches and thermal refuges. Some of these are predicted to include the reefs of Colombia, Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Southern and Northern Cuba, Haiti, and the Bahamas. Unknown coral population demographic parameters, such as lifetime egg production and stock-recruitment rates, limit the model’s predictions; however, a sensitivity analysis demonstrates that broadscale patterns of fragmentation and metapopulation collapse before the end of the century are consistent across a range of potential parameterizations. Despite dire predictions, the model highlights the potential value in protecting and restoring coral populations at strategic locations that are highly connected and/or influential to persistence. Coordinated conservation activities that support local resilience at low coral cover have the potential to stave off metapopulation collapse for decades, buying valuable time. Thermal refuges are linchpins of metapopulation persistence during moderate thermal stress, and targeted conservation or restoration that supports connectivity between these refuges by enhancing local population growth or sexual propagation may be critically important to species conservation on coral reefs.
Downbeat nystagmus becomes attenuated during walking compared to standing
Authors: Dietrich Haike , Pradhan Cauchy , Heidger Felix , Schniepp Roman , Wuehr Max
Published: April 2022

Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) is a common form of acquired fixation nystagmus related to vestibulo-cerebellar impairments and associated with impaired vision and postural imbalance. DBN intensity becomes modulated by various factors such as gaze direction, head position, daytime, and resting conditions. Further evidence suggests that locomotion attenuates postural symptoms in DBN. Here, we examined whether walking might analogously influence ocular-motor deficits in DBN. Gaze stabilization mechanisms and nystagmus frequency were examined in 10 patients with DBN and 10 age-matched healthy controls with visual fixation during standing vs. walking on a motorized treadmill. Despite their central ocular-motor deficits, linear and angular gaze stabilization in the vertical plane were functional during walking in DBN patients and comparable to controls. Notably, nystagmus frequency in patients was considerably reduced during walking compared to standing (p < 0.001). The frequency of remaining nystagmus during walking was further modulated in a manner that depended on the specific phase of the gait cycle (p = 0.015). These attenuating effects on nystagmus intensity during walking suggest that ocular-motor control disturbances are selectively suppressed during locomotion in DBN. This suppression is potentially mediated by locomotor efference copies that have been shown to selectively govern gaze stabilization during stereotyped locomotion in animal models.
No-Dimensional Tverberg Theorems and Algorithms
Authors: Choudhary Aruni , Mulzer Wolfgang
Published: April 2022

Tverberg’s theorem states that for any $$k\ge 2$$

k
≥
2

and any set $$P\subset {\mathbb {R}}^d$$

P
⊂

R

d

of at least $$(d+1)(k-1)+1$$

(
d
+
1
)
(
k
-
1
)
+
1

points in d dimensions, we can partition P into k subsets whose convex hulls have a non-empty intersection. The associated search problem of finding the partition lies in the complexity class $$\text {CLS} = \text {PPAD} \cap \text {PLS}$$

CLS
=
PPAD
∩
PLS

, but no hardness results are known. In the colorful Tverberg theorem, the points in P have colors, and under certain conditions, P can be partitioned into colorful sets, in which each color appears exactly once and whose convex hulls intersect. To date, the complexity of the associated search problem is unresolved. Recently, Adiprasito, Bárány, and Mustafa (SODA 2019) gave a no-dimensional Tverberg theorem, in which the convex hulls may intersect in an approximate fashion. This relaxes the requirement on the cardinality of P. The argument is constructive, but does not result in a polynomial-time algorithm. We present a deterministic algorithm that finds for any n-point set $$P\subset {\mathbb {R}}^d$$

P
⊂

R

d

and any $$k\in \{2,\dots ,n\}$$

k
∈
{
2
,
⋯
,
n
}

in $$O(nd\lceil {\log k}\rceil )$$

O
(
n
d
⌈

log
k

⌉
)

time a k-partition of P such that there is a ball of radius $$O((k/\sqrt{n}){\text {diam}}(P))$$

O
(

(
k
/

n

)

diam

(
P
)

)

that intersects the convex hull of each set. Given that this problem is not known to be solvable exactly in polynomial time, our result provides a remarkably efficient and simple new notion of approximation. Our main contribution is to generalize Sarkaria’s method (Israel Journal Math., 1992) to reduce the Tverberg problem to the colorful Carathéodory problem (in the simplified tensor product interpretation of Bárány and Onn) and to apply it algorithmically. It turns out that this not only leads to an alternative algorithmic proof of a no-dimensional Tverberg theorem, but it also generalizes to other settings such as the colorful variant of the problem.
Last-mile drone delivery combinatorial double auction model using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Lee Chen-Wei , Wong Wai-Peng
Published: April 2022

This study proposes a combinatorial double auction bi-objective winner determination problem for last-mile delivery using drone. Prior studies are limited on solving mixed integer model, which are not efficient for large-scale scenario. However, this is not practical in real cases as the computation time to obtain the solution is longer due to number of combinations of packages and participants anticipated in the last-mile delivery platform. Four multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) with the decomposed winner determination problem model are experimented. This study is able to yield Pareto optimal solutions from multiple runs of mixed linear integer programming (MILP) using different objectives weights in the model. Unmanned aerial vehicle, or drone, has potential to reduce cost and save time for last-mile logistic operations. The result positively shows MOEAs are more efficient than MILP in yielding a set of feasible solutions for undertaking complex winner determination problem models. The percentage of improvement in terms of time spent identifying the best option is almost 100%. This is likely an unprecedented research in drone where combinatorial double auction is applied to complex drone delivery services and MOEAs are used to solve the associated winner determination problem model.
Freitagnachts unterwegs im ÖPNV
Authors: Kapitza Jonas
Published: April 2022

Urbane Zentren spielen eine zentrale Rolle für nächtliche Freizeitaktivitäten in der Stadt. In ihnen bündeln sich die Angebote der nächtlichen Freizeitökonomien, wie Bars, Restaurants oder Clubs, die oft auf einzelne Hotspots konzentriert sind. Um zu diesen Hotspots zu gelangen, müssen Wege zurückgelegt und Verkehrsmittel genutzt werden. Dabei unterscheidet sich die räumliche Mobilität in der Nacht, insbesondere im Bereich des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs (ÖPNV), in vielerlei Hinsicht von derjenigen am Tag. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert der Beitrag am Beispiel von Karlsruhe die nächtlichen Mobilitätsprozesse, die zu Freizeitzwecken im ÖPNV stattfinden. Die Basis der Analyse bildet ein Datensatz, der im Rahmen eines studentischen Workshops während einer nächtlichen Befragung in den Bahnen der Karlsruher Verkehrsbetriebe entstanden ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter anderem, dass Haltestellen, die sich in unmittelbarer Nähe der nächtlichen Freizeitökonomien befinden, in der Nacht überdurchschnittlich oft von Fahrgästen des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs frequentiert werden. Trotz einiger Kritikpunkte wird das nächtliche ÖPNV-Angebot dabei überwiegend positiv wahrgenommen. Gleichwohl zeigt der Artikel grundsätzliche Verbesserungspotenziale auf und stellt geeignete Handlungsspielräume und Optimierungsmaßnahmen vor. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für weitere Forschungsansätze zum Thema der nächtlichen Mobilität gegeben.
The Unreliability of Online Review Mechanisms
Authors: Narciso M.
Published: April 2022

Online reviews have an undeniable impact on the market and are an important source of consumer information. From a legal perspective, online reviews actively influence consumers’ decisions to enter into a contract. Moreover, online reviews convey pre-contractual information that consumers find relevant and easy to understand, unlike the pre-contractual information disclosed as a result of EU law–based information duties. From this perspective, online reviews could potentially be seen as a complement of the flawed EU law–based information paradigm and regulatory improvement options based on reviews could be explored. However, the unreliability of online reviews is an obstacle that haunts consumers, practitioners, regulators, and academics alike. This unreliability has previously been identified as a reason not to award online reviews a more significant role in the EU law–based regulatory framework of pre-contractual information in consumer contracts. This paper explores the merits of this argument by discussing how the unreliability of online reviews is currently regulated. This paper takes a broad perspective on regulation, focusing not only on EU consumer legislation, but also looking at standardization, soft law, self-regulation, and the role of national consumer authorities. Overall, this paper argues that there are sufficient measures in place to shift the debate from the unreliability of reviews to reviews’ potential role in the protection of consumer informational interests.
Waif or hybrid? Observation records of rare coloration grouper in Djibouti
Authors: He Song , Green Alison L. , Samoilys Melita A. , Moussa Omar Youssouf , Berumen Michael L.
Published: April 2022

We observed groupers with an unusual color pattern in Ghoubet-Al-Kharab Bay, Djibouti, on two occasions in 2014 and 2020. It matches the field observation of a juvenile Cephalopholis formosa in India in 1980. If this is the case, our observation represents a major range extension for C. formosa. Alternatively, based on the intermediate coloration of the specimens and sightings, we propose that they may be hybrids of C. formosa and C. oligosticta. We present two possible scenarios that may have facilitated hybridization: rarity and overlapping ranges in Djibouti with self-recruitment or rarity and overlapping ranges in another location (e.g., Socotra or the Arabian Sea) with long-distance larval dispersal to Djibouti. This hybridization is possible given the genetic similarity between the two putative parent species and because similar hybridization cases have been recorded within this genus and family elsewhere. However, both of these scenarios would require a range extension for one or both parent species as they are not previously known to overlap. Nevertheless, further field observations and genetic studies are required to verify the proposed identification of the putative hybrid and test the presented scenarios.
Understanding factors that affect wellbeing in trans people “later” in transition: a qualitative study
Authors: Aldridge Z. , Thorne N. , Marshall E. , English C. , Yip A. K. T. , Nixon E. , Witcomb G. L. , Bouman W. P. , Arcelus J.
Published: April 2022

Purpose

Although cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that trans people present with lower quality of life and wellbeing than the general population, few studies have explored the factors associated with this, particularly in those who have medically transitioned some time ago. This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature on what factors are associated with wellbeing in trans people who initiated medical transition some time ago.

Methods

This study used semi-structured one-to-one interviews with 23 participants to investigate the factors that impact upon the wellbeing of trans people who had initiated Gender Affirming Medical Treatment five or more years ago. The content of the interviews were analysed with an inductive, grounded theory approach to identify common themes within them.

Results

The four themes identified include some consistencies with cisgender populations (while being viewed through the lens of trans experience), as well as those more specific to the trans experience. Together these themes were: Interactions with healthcare services; Seeking societal acceptance; Quality of social support; The ‘double-edged sword’ of media and social media. Each of the themes identifies a factor that participants highlighted as impacting, either positively or negatively, on their wellbeing.

Conclusions

The results highlight the importance of social support, protective legislations, awareness of trans issues in the general public, and the need of improving the knowledge held by non-specialist healthcare providers.
The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development
Authors: Marconi P. , Arengo F. , Clark A.
Published: April 2022

The high Andean arid plateau extends through Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. Within the desert matrix, basins contain wetlands that provide essential resources for human activity, and habitat for biodiversity highly adapted to extreme temperatures, altitudes, and salinity gradients. In these waterscapes, the water balance, even without human intervention, is negative and their unique biodiversity and lifeways are now confronted with an unprecedented level of development from lithium mining for rechargeable batteries. The “lithium triangle” coincides with the areas of highest abundance of the altiplano’s iconic flamingos. Flamingos are an ideal flagship for conservation because of the landscape scale at which they use wetlands, and Network of Wetlands for Flamingo Conservation, which implies the sustainable use of these wetlands, can be invoked to determine priority conservation actions. Since 2016, mining exploration has increased throughout the region, most notably in Argentina. A review of the Environmental Impact Reports (IIAs) for projects in Catamarca, Argentina, shows that they do not comply with national guidelines: they do not adequately address water budgets, consider protected area status, engage local communities, or consider cumulative and synergistic impacts. While the transition to “green” energy sources holds the promise of mitigating the negative impacts of traditional energy sources responsible for climate change, a truly sustainable energy sector would consider the full life cycle of the battery (“cradle-to-grave”), the social and environmental impacts of mining, and the feedback processes across the coupled socioecological systems, from raw material mining through production, use, recycling, and disposal.
Defining and Measuring Indices of Happiness and Unhappiness in Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ramey Devon , Healy Olive , McEnaney Emma
Published: April 2022

Improving quality of life (QoL) is the goal of behavior analytic services, but there can be barriers to assessing the QoL of autistic children due to characteristics inherent in the condition. Given that happiness is a fundamental element of QoL, previous research has relied on behavioral indicators of mood (e.g., smiling, crying) to evaluate the overall QoL of disabled individuals. However, the use of these traditional indices may not accurately reflect the emotional well-being of autistic individuals, who are known to engage in idiosyncratic mood indicators. The current study replicated selected procedures from Parsons et al. (2012) to identify and validate the unique mood indicators of young autistic children. The study showed that individualized indices of happiness and unhappiness could be operationally defined and reliably measured among these children. Key findings and limitations of this study are discussed, and the implications of these findings are presented.
The Influencers of International Investment Law: A Computational Study of ISDS Actors’ Changing Behavior
Authors: Lie Runar Hilleren
Published: April 2022

This Article studies the change in behavior over time for the professional actors in the international investment arbitration system. Using the results from a large-scale computational analysis, I find indications that the actors have increased their use of citations and their use of terms that originate outside of the litigated treaties. In light of these findings, I argue that the actors are increasingly challenging the insulated structural outset of international investment law with a more systemic approach to legal reasoning. Subsequently, I explore if theories from the realm of cognitive science may provide explanations for why the actors are changing their behavior and what consequences such cognitive mechanisms may have on the systems development.
Bias in International Law
Authors: Fikfak Veronika , Peat Daniel , van der Zee Eva
Published: April 2022

This special issue looks at how cognitive bias matters to international law. We wish to shed light on the legal frames, labels, and cognitive biases that shape our understanding of international rules, the application of these rules, and outcomes of international adjudicatory processes. Adopting the behavioral approach to international law, we focus on actual behavior rather than assumed behavior of actors taking part in the international legal process. The central idea of this approach is that human cognitive capacities are limited—or bounded—by a variety of cognitive, emotional and social, or group-based biases. Our aim is to explore how these biases operate on the individual, group, and state level in various spheres of international law. This Symposium therefore looks beyond the traditional understanding of international law as applying between states, and focuses on how individuals, as actors in the international sphere, use international law language to influence other people, to create communities, and to shape identities.

This Introduction first serves to explain the type of shortcuts we make in our decision-making. This description of biases is followed by an overview of behavioral literature in international law that has thus far examined how bias operates in different aspects of international law—in relation to sources, to compliance, and individuals taking part in the international legal process. We then turn to introduce the Symposium and explain its contribution to the existing literature.
Consuming International Law: Towards an Experimental Research Agenda for Understanding the Effects of Corporate International Humanitarian Law Violations on Consumer Buying Behavior
Authors: Kolieb Jonathan
Published: April 2022

The focus of international humanitarian law scholarship, and that of international law more broadly, has traditionally taken a state-centric focus, for good reason. Moreover, the age-old question of “does international law work” is explored thorough the rubric of state and, more recently, corporate-level compliance. Such endeavors, however, overlook a set of participants in international law: The individual. Diffusion of international law norms through the general populace is a valuable goal in itself, but by leveraging their decision-making as consumers, it may also play an important role in inducing greater compliance by companies and states. This is acknowledged by the proliferation of consumer boycott campaigns, country-of-origin labelling requirements, and increased demands for corporate transparency. However, little is known about whether international law influences consumer choices. Using international humanitarian law as an illustrative example, this article contends that international legal scholarship should be expanded to include the consumer within its ambit, and that one promising pathway to do so is through greater uptake of the methodological approaches and insights offered by behavioral economics.
The effect of study abroad on the choice of request perspectives in formal and informal contexts: evidence from role play
Authors: Annan Emmanuella Bafua
Published: April 2022

The present study reports on the effect of study abroad on the choice of request perspectives in formal and informal situations using the intermediary of an open role play test. The study is a longitudinal one involving 24 Ghanaian L2 French learners. At least 12 out of the 24 did a study abroad in France and the other 12 in Benin. Both groups studied for a duration of 10 months in their respective contexts. Additional data included learner’s self-reported volume of interaction in French per day. The main results show that the effect of formality of the context on the choice of request perspectives is only observed after study abroad. This seems to be as a result of their interaction with L1 speakers during study abroad leading to the adoption of native-like use of request perspectives in formal and informal situations.
One Challenge Disguised as Two? New Scholarship on the Economic and Social Effects of Border Changes and Modernisation in Twentieth-Century Poland
Authors: Kouli Yaman
Published: April 2022

Few European countries have gone through as much as Poland during the twentieth century. Even among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, which during the ‘Age of Extremes’ experienced the substantial losses and movement of tens of millions of people, Poland's history is somewhat unique, as most of these expulsions affected the Polish border regions. Although not the only culprit, one can make a strong case that the border changes were a primary factor, having – for better or worse – a strong effect on the economy, the society and the general development of Poland. Poland has, nevertheless, been economically successful since the 1990s. It is thus with good reason that two questions have played a major role in the historiography of economic and social trends in twentieth-century Poland. The first one was whether the ‘border changes’ were a burden, or if Poland was able to profit from them. The second question asks whether Poland was able to modernise because of them. At the same time, few authors recognised that both issues are closely intertwined. Emphasising their interconnection is the main purpose of this review.
A multimedia paediatric cardiology assessment tool for medical students and general paediatric trainees: development and validation
Authors: Wilson Hunter C. , Lim Tiffany R. , Axelrod David M. , Werho David K. , Handler Stephanie S. , Mullan Patricia B. , Cooke James M. , Owens Sonal T.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Understanding how cardiovascular structure and physiology guide management is critically important in paediatric cardiology. However, few validated educational tools are available to assess trainee knowledge. To address this deficit, paediatric cardiologists and fellows from four institutions collaborated to develop a multimedia assessment tool for use with medical students and paediatric residents. This tool was developed in support of a novel 3-dimensional virtual reality curriculum created by our group.

Methods:

Educational domains were identified, and questions were iteratively developed by a group of clinicians from multiple centres to assess understanding of key concepts. To evaluate content validity, content experts completed the assessment and reviewed items, rating item relevance to educational domains using a 4-point Likert scale. An item-level content validity index was calculated for each question, and a scale-level content validity index was calculated for the assessment tool, with scores of ≥0.78 and ≥0.90, respectively, representing excellent content validity.

Results:

The mean content expert assessment score was 92% (range 88–97%). Two questions yielded ≤50% correct content expert answers. The item-level content validity index for 29 out of 32 questions was ≥0.78, and the scale-level content validity index was 0.92. Qualitative feedback included suggestions for future improvement. Questions with ≤50% content expert agreement and item-level content validity index scores <0.78 were removed, yielding a 27-question assessment tool.

Conclusions:

We describe a multi-centre effort to create and validate a multimedia assessment tool which may be implemented within paediatric trainee cardiology curricula. Future efforts may focus on content refinement and expansion to include additional educational domains.
Symposium Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Global Law and the Environment
Authors: CUSATO Eliana , JONES Emily , OHDEDAR Birsha , BUENO DE MESQUITA Judith
Published: April 2022

Global law and the environment is an increasingly prominent and rapidly evolving area of scholarship. In confronting global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, freshwater scarcity, and other symptoms of planetary breakdown, critical scholars from different intellectual traditions are questioning the traditional approach taken within environmental law which has, so far, only managed to save “some trees” but failed to keep “the forest”. These dominant legal interactions often use the law to address “problems” after they arrive. However, the law plays a key role also in constituting these “problems” by incentivizing certain harmful activities, upholding socio-political-economic structures, and through the limited framing of the issues it claims to solve. It is becoming increasingly clear that we live in a “legally constituted world”. Against this background, there is a need for further critical reflection on the role of the law in preventing, addressing, and even driving the entangled socio-ecological-economic crises of modernity. Through interrogating the assumptions that underlie environmental law, critical scholars have exposed, challenged, and put forward alternative visions to its neo-colonial and gendered biases; its exclusion of indigenous perspectives and voices; its construction upon problematic representations of “the environment” that centres an anthropocentric worldview; and a neoliberal economic order that fosters vast environmental damage.
„Sie sagten mir, ich werde mich daran gewöhnen“
Authors: Rüegg Sebastian , Brändli Helene
Published: April 2022

Was ist zu diesem Thema bereits bekannt?

Zwangsmaßnahmen haben auf alle Beteiligten teils weitreichende Auswirkungen. In der Aus- und Weiterbildung kommt die Auseinandersetzung mit der Zwangsausübung und deren Auswirkungen zu kurz und es fehlt dabei die Betroffenenperspektive.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Das Aus- und Fortbildungsangebot [zwang]los möchte dies ändern. Es soll Fachpersonen ermöglichen, sich unter Einbezug der Betroffenenperspektive mit der Prävention von Zwang und dessen Auswirkungen auseinanderzusetzen.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Erste Erfahrungen in der Umsetzung sind ermutigend und lassen hoffen, dass durch ebensolche Schulungen ein Paradigmenwechsel unterstützt werden kann.
A New Emergent Constraint Corrected Projections of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Rajesh P. V. , Goswami B. N.
Published: April 2022

How the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) would change in future is of broader scientific interest and critical for adaptation to climate change and sustainable development for the vulnerable population of the region. An Emergent Constraint (EC), to correct the projections of ISMR by the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project‐6 (CMIP6) models for systematic model biases is urgently needed but has been lacking. Founded on an observed association between the multi‐decadal variability (MDV) of ISMR and North Atlantic (NA) sea surface temperature (SST), here we unravel a strong correlation between future changes in ISMR and biases in simulating the present‐day ISMR MDV. The new emergent constraint renders a 32% reduction in the multi‐model ensemble mean of projected ISMR increase, making the corrected future ISMR change (3.64 ± 2.5) %/K. The estimate based on this EC is robust and more reliable than previous estimates for basing policy interventions toward adaptation and mitigation.
Improved Parameterization for the Size Distribution of Emitted Dust Aerosols Reduces Model Underestimation of Super Coarse Dust
Authors: Meng Jun , Huang Yue , Leung Danny M. , Li Longlei , Adebiyi Adeyemi A. , Ryder Claire L. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Kok Jasper F.
Published: April 2022

Aircraft measurement campaigns have revealed that super coarse dust (diameter >10 μm) surprisingly accounts for approximately a quarter of aerosols by mass in the atmosphere. However, most global aerosol models either underestimate or do not include super coarse dust abundance. To address this problem, we use brittle fragmentation theory to develop a parameterization for the emitted dust size distribution that includes emission of super coarse dust. We implement this parameterization in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and find that it brings the model in good agreement with aircraft measurements of super coarse dust close to dust source regions. However, the CESM still underestimates super coarse dust in dust outflow regions. Thus, we conclude that the model underestimation of super coarse atmospheric dust is in part due to the underestimation of super coarse dust emission and likely in part due to errors in deposition processes.
Effects of Subseasonal Variation in the East Asian Monsoon System on the Summertime Heat Wave in Western North America in 2021
Authors: Qian Yitian , Hsu Pang‐Chi , Yuan Jiacan , Zhu Zhiwei , Wang Huijun , Duan Mingkeng
Published: April 2022

In the early summer (late June–early July) of 2021, a prolonged and extremely high temperature event was observed in the Northwest United States and Southwest Canada. In this study, a connection was found between the subseasonal variations of the East Asian monsoon system and the anomalous heat dome over western North America (WNA). Around 2–3 pentads prior to the period of maximum heat, a northward‐propagating rain belt and abnormally intensified jet stream in East Asia excited a Rossby wave train, causing the high‐pressure anomaly over WNA that was responsible for the occurrence of this heat wave in 2021. Multivariate singular value decomposition analysis results using historical data and a series of numerical experiments further supported the finding of this East Asia–western North America teleconnection. The results provide precursor signals for better monitoring and predicting heat waves over WNA.
Interpreting Differences in Radiative Feedbacks From Aerosols Versus Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Salvi Pietro , Ceppi Paulo , Gregory Jonathan M.
Published: April 2022

Experiments with seven Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 models were used to assess the climate feedback parameter for net historical, historical greenhouse gas (GHG) and anthropogenic aerosol forcings. The net radiative feedback is found to be more amplifying (higher effective climate sensitivity) for aerosol than GHG forcing, and hence also less amplifying for net historical (GHG + aerosol) than GHG only. We demonstrate that this difference is consistent with their different latitudinal distributions. Historical aerosol forcing is most pronounced in northern extratropics, where the boundary layer is decoupled from the free troposphere, so the consequent temperature change is confined to low altitude and causes low‐level cloud changes. This is caused by change in stability, which also affects upper‐tropospheric clear‐sky emission, affecting both shortwave and longwave radiative feedbacks. This response is a feature of extratropical forcing generally, regardless of its sign or hemisphere.
A pilot study to evaluate the erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium as a marker for cellular salt sensitivity in hypertension
Authors: McNally Ryan J. , Morselli Franca , Farukh Bushra , Chowienczyk Phil J. , Faconti Luca
Published: April 2022

Supressed plasma renin in patients with primary hypertension is thought to be an indirect marker of sodium-induced volume expansion which is associated with more severe hypertension and hypertension-mediated organ damage. A novel test for erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium (eGCSS) has been proposed as a direct measure of sodium-induced damage on erythrocyte surfaces and a marker of sensitivity of the endothelium to salt in humans. Here we explore if eGCSS relates to plasma renin and other clinical and biochemical characteristics in a cohort of patients with primary hypertension. Hypertensive subjects (n = 85, 54% male) were characterised by blood biochemistry (including plasma renin/aldosterone), urine analysis for albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), 24-h urine sodium/potassium excretion. eGCSS was measured using a commercially available kit. Correlations between eGCSS and clinical and biochemical characteristics were explored using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and characteristics compared across tertiles of eGCSS. eGCSS was inversely correlated with renin (p < 0.05), with renin 17.72 ± 18 µU/l in the highest tertile of eGCSS compared to 84.27 ± 146.5 µU/l in the lowest (p = 0.012). eGCSS was positively correlated with ACR (p < 0.01), with ACR 7.37 ± 15.29 vs. 1.25 ± 1.52 g/mol for the highest vs. lowest tertiles of eGCSS (p < 0.05). eGCSS was not correlated with other clinical characteristics or biochemical measures. These results suggests that sodium retention in hypertension characterised by a low-renin state is associated with cell membrane damage reflected by eGCSS. This may contribute to the hypertension-mediated organ damage and the excess mortality associated with sodium overload and “salt sensitivity”.
Hemoglobin level and osteoporosis in Chinese elders with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Xiu Shuangling , Mu Zhijing , Sun Lina , Zhao Lei , Fu Junling
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Several studies demonstrated a positive relationship between hemoglobin level and bone mineral density (BMD). Thus, the association between hemoglobin concentration and osteoporosis in elders with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was explored in this study.

Methods

Totally, 573 elders with T2DM were included in the study. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Hemoglobin levels were tested. The association between the hemoglobin level and osteoporosis was subjected to logistic regression analysis.

Results

For men, the hemoglobin levels were significantly lower in osteoporosis group than that in non-osteoporosis group (135.98 ± 16.20 vs. 142.84 ± 13.78 g/L, P = 0.002). Hemoglobin levels were positively related with BMD of total hip and femoral neck in men (r = 0.170, P = 0.004; r = 0.148, P = 0.012, respectively). After adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH) D3], the hemoglobin level was related with a 0.97-fold lower risk of osteoporosis (odds ratio (OR): 0.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95–0.99; P = 0.004) in men, but no such association was found in women.

Conclusion

Higher levels of hemoglobin play a protective role against osteoporosis in older men with T2DM.
Distinct phases of adult microglia proliferation: a Myc-mediated early phase and a Tnfaip3-mediated late phase
Authors: Tan Wulin , Su Po-Yi Paul , Leff Jacqueline , Gao Xiang , Chen Jiao , Guan Andrew K. , Kalyanasundaram Gokul , Ma Averil , Guan Zhonghui
Published: April 2022

Microgliosis is a hallmark of many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, seizure, traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries, and peripheral and optic nerve injuries. Recent studies have shown that the newly self-renewed microglia have specific neurological functions. However, the mechanism of adult microglia proliferation remains largely unclear. Here, with single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the sciatic nerve injury induced two distinct phases of microglia proliferation in mouse spinal cord, each with different gene expression profiles. We demonstrate that the transcription factorMycwas transiently upregulated in spinal cord microglia after nerve injury to mediate an early phase microglia proliferation. On the other hand, we reveal that the tumor-necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (Tnfaip3) was downregulated to mediate theMyc-independent late-phase microglia proliferation. We show that cyclin dependent kinase 1, a kinase with important function in the M phase of the cell cycle, was involved only in the early phase. We reveal that although the early phase was neither necessary nor sufficient for the late phase proliferation, the late-phase suppressed the early phase microglia proliferation in the spinal cord. Finally, we demonstrate that the termination of spinal cord microglia proliferation required bothMycandTnfaip3to resume their baseline expression. Thus, we have delineated an interactive signaling network in the proliferation of differentiated microglia.
Systems view of Bacillus subtilis pellicle development
Authors: Krajnc Mojca , Stefanic Polonca , Kostanjšek Rok , Mandic-Mulec Ines , Dogsa Iztok , Stopar David
Published: April 2022

In this study, we link pellicle development at the water–air interface with the vertical distribution and viability of the individualB. subtilisPS-216 cells throughout the water column. Real-time interfacial rheology and time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy were combined to correlate mechanical properties with morphological changes (aggregation status, filament formation, pellicle thickness, spore formation) of the growing pellicle. Six key events were identified inB. subtilispellicle formation that are accompanied by a major change in viscoelastic and morphology behaviour of the pellicle. The results imply that pellicle development is a multifaceted response to a changing environment induced by bacterial growth that causes population redistribution within the model system, reduction of the viable habitat to the water–air interface, cell development, and morphogenesis. The outcome is a build-up of mechanical stress supporting structure that eventually, due to nutrient deprivation, reaches the finite thickness. After prolonged incubation, the formed pellicle collapses, which correlates with the spore releasing process. The pellicle loses the ability to support mechanical stress, which marks the end of the pellicle life cycle and entry of the system into the dormant state.
Digitising historical sea level records in the Thames Estuary, UK
Authors: Inayatillah Addina , Haigh Ivan D. , Brand James H. , Francis Katy , Mortley Alex , Durrant Matthew , Fantuzzi Laura , Palmer Elizabeth , Miller Callum , Hogarth Peter
Published: April 2022

London is one of the world’s most important coastal cities and is located around the Thames Estuary, United Kingdom (UK). Quantifying changes in sea levels in the Thames Estuary over the 20th century and early part of the 21st century is vital to inform future management of flood risk in London. However, there are currently relatively few long, digital records of sea level available in the Thames. Here we present a new extensive sea level dataset that we have digitised from historical hand-written tabulated ledgers of high and low water, from the Port of London Authority (PLA). We captured 463 years of data, from across 15 tide gauge sites, for the period 1911 to 1995. When these historical datasets are combined with digital records available from the PLA since 1995, the sea level time-series span the 111-year period from 1911 to 2021. This new dataset will be of great importance for ongoing monitoring of mean sea-level rise, and changes in tidal range and extreme sea levels in the Thames Estuary.
Databases of quantum periods for Fano manifolds
Authors: Coates Tom , Kasprzyk Alexander M.
Published: April 2022

Fano manifolds are basic building blocks in geometry – they are, in a precise sense, atomic pieces of shapes. The classification of Fano manifolds is therefore an important problem in geometry, which has been open since the 1930s. One can think of this as building a Periodic Table for shapes. A recent breakthrough in Fano classification involves a technique from theoretical physics called Mirror Symmetry. From this perspective, a Fano manifold is encoded by a sequence of integers: the coefficients of a power series called the regularized quantum period. Progress to date has been hindered by the fact that quantum periods require specialist expertise to compute, and descriptions of known Fano manifolds and their regularized quantum periods are incomplete and scattered in the literature. We describe databases of regularized quantum periods for Fano manifolds in dimensions up to four. The databases in dimensions one, two, and three are complete; the database in dimension four will be updated as new four-dimensional Fano manifolds are discovered and new regularized quantum periods computed.
COVID-19 Open-Data a global-scale spatially granular meta-dataset for coronavirus disease
Authors: Wahltinez Oscar , Cheung Aurora , Alcantara Ruth , Cheung Donny , Daswani Mayank , Erlinger Anthony , Lee Matt , Yawalkar Pranali , Lê Paula , Navarro Ofir Picazo , Brenner Michael P. , Murphy Kevin
Published: April 2022

This paper introduces the COVID-19 Open Dataset (COD), available at goo.gle/covid-19-open-data. A static copy is of the dataset is also available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5399355. This is a very large “meta-dataset” of COVID-related data, containing epidemiological information, from 22,579 unique locations within 232 different countries and independent territories. For 62 of these countries we have state-level data, and for 23 of these countries we have county-level data. For 15 countries, COD includes cases and deaths stratified by age or sex. COD also contains information on hospitalizations, vaccinations, and other relevant factors such as mobility, non-pharmaceutical interventions and static demographic attributes. Each location is tagged with a unique identifier so that these different types of information can be easily combined. The data is automatically extracted from 121 different authoritative sources, using scalable open source software. This paper describes the format and construction of the dataset, and includes a preliminary statistical analysis of its content, revealing some interesting patterns.
Annual 30-m big Lake Maps of the Tibetan Plateau in 1991–2018
Authors: Zhao Rui , Fu Ping , Zhou Yan , Xiao Xiangming , Grebby Stephen , Zhang Guoqing , Dong Jinwei
Published: April 2022

Lake systems on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are important for the supply and storage of fresh water to billions of people. However, previous studies on the dynamics of these lakes focused on monitoring on multi-year scales and therefore lack sufficient temporal information. Here we present a new dataset comprising annual maps of big lakes (>10 km2) on the TP for 1991–2018, generated by utilizing all available Landsat images in conjunction with Google Earth Engine. The annual lake maps with high overall accuracy (~96%) highlight distinctive lake distribution and lake changes: (1) about 70% number and area of lakes concentrated in the Inner basin; (2) generally increasing trends in both the area (by 33%) and number (by 30%) of lakes from 1991 to 2018; (3) the total area changes were dominated by larger lakes (>50 km2) while more fluctuations in the lake number changes were found in medium lakes (10−50 km2). Our dataset infills temporal gaps in long-term inter-annual variations of big lakes, contributing towards enhanced knowledge of TP lake systems.