bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Jurassic record encodes an analogous Dansgaard–Oeschger climate periodicity
Authors: Boulila Slah , Galbrun Bruno , Gardin Silvia , Pellenard Pierre
Published: February 2022

Earth’s past climate exhibits short-term (1500-year) pronounced fluctuations during the last glacial period, called Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) glacial events, which have never been detected in pre-Quaternary times. The record of DO equivalent climate variability in Mesozoic strata can provide constraints on understanding these events. Here we highlight a prominent 1500-year cyclicity in a Jurassic (~ 155 Ma) ice-free sedimentary record from the Tethyan Basin. This Jurassic 1500-year cyclicity is encoded in high-resolution magnetic susceptibility (MS) proxy data reflecting detrital variations, and expressed as marl-limestone couplets. Additionally, MS data detect the modulation of these DO-scale couplets by supercouplet sets, reflecting the precession and its harmonics. We suggest that this Jurassic DO-like cyclicity may originate from paleo-monsoon-like system, analogous to the record of DO events in the Pleistocene East Asian monsoon archives. Paleogeographic reconstructions and atmosphere–ocean simulations further support the potential existence of strong, ancient monsoon circulations in the Tethyan Basin during the Jurassic.
Production of reactive oxygen species and involvement of bioprotectants during anhydrobiosis in the tardigrade Paramacrobiotus spatialis
Authors: Giovannini Ilaria , Boothby Thomas C. , Cesari Michele , Goldstein Bob , Guidetti Roberto , Rebecchi Lorena
Published: February 2022

Water unavailability is an abiotic stress causing unfavourable conditions for life. Nevertheless, some animals evolved anhydrobiosis, a strategy allowing for the reversible organism dehydration and suspension of metabolism as a direct response to habitat desiccation. Anhydrobiotic animals undergo biochemical changes synthesizing bioprotectants to help combat desiccation stresses. One stress is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, the eutardigrade Paramacrobiotus spatialis was used to investigate the occurrence of ROS associated with the desiccation process. We observed that the production of ROS significantly increases as a function of time spent in anhydrobiosis and represents a direct demonstration of oxidative stress in tardigrades. The degree of involvement of bioprotectants, including those combating ROS, in the P. spatialis was evaluated by perturbing their gene functions using RNA interference and assessing the successful recovery of animals after desiccation/rehydration. Targeting the glutathione peroxidase gene compromised survival during drying and rehydration, providing evidence for the role of the gene in desiccation tolerance. Targeting genes encoding glutathione reductase and catalase indicated that these molecules play roles during rehydration. Our study also confirms the involvement of aquaporins 3 and 10 during rehydration. Therefore, desiccation tolerance depends on the synergistic action of many different molecules working together.
Insights from density functional theory calculations on heteroatom P-doped ZnIn2S4 bilayer nanosheets with atomic-level charge steering for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Chong Wei-Kean , Ng Boon-Junn , Er Chen-Chen , Tan Lling-Lling , Chai Siang-Piao
Published: February 2022

ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) is an efficient photocatalyst for solar hydrogen (H2) generation from water splitting owing to its suitable band gap, excellent photocatalytic behaviour and high stability. Nevertheless, modifications are still necessary to further enhance the photocatalytic performance of ZIS for practical applications. This has led to our interest in exploring phosphorus doping on ZIS for photocatalytic water splitting, which has not been studied till date. Herein, phosphorus-doped ZnIn2S4 (P-ZIS) was modelled via Density Functional Theory to investigate the effects of doping phosphorus on the structural and electronics properties of ZIS as well as its performance toward photocatalytic water splitting. This work revealed that the replacement of S3 atom by substitutional phosphorus gave rise to the most stable P-ZIS structure. In addition, P-ZIS was observed to experience a reduction in band gap energy, an upshift of valence band maximum (VBM), an increase in electron density near VBM and a reduction of H* adsorption–desorption barrier, all of which are essential for the enhancement of the hydrogen evolution reaction. In overall, detailed theoretical analysis carried out in this work could provide critical insights towards the development of P-ZIS-based photocatalysts for efficient H2 generation via solar water splitting.
Biological and economic responses to increasing nitrogen rates in Mombaça guinea grass pastures
Authors: Euclides Valéria Pacheco Batista , Montagner Denise Baptaglin , de Araújo Alexandre Romeiro , de Aragão Pereira Mariana , dos Santos Difante Gelson , de Araújo Itânia Maria Medeiros , Barbosa Leandro Francisco , Barbosa Rodrigo Amorim , Gurgel Antonio Leandro Chaves
Published: February 2022

Nitrogen fertilization has been recognized as an essential tool towards the establishment of sustainable intensification of pasture-based livestock systems using tropical perennial grasses if, for a given ecosystem it is capable of increasing forage growth, stocking rates and animal performance. This study assessed pasture growth traits, nutritive value, animal and economic responses of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça guinea grass pastures subjected to different levels of N fertilization (100 (N100), 200 (N200), and 300 (N300) kg N ha−1 yr−1). Pastures were managed under rotational stocking to maintain similar pre (80–90 cm) and post-grazing (45 cm) canopy heights. A partial budget and a Benefit–Cost Analysis were used to assess the economic returns on increasing N fertilization. N300 resulted in greater post-grazing herbage mass. A slightly higher neutral fiber and acid lignin detergent was observed at N100 (P < 0.05); crude protein increased linearly, and in vitro digestible organic matter reached maximum value at 265.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Annual averages of animal weight gain were 515, 590 and 660 g d−1, respectively, for N100, N200 and N300. There was a decrease from 3.7 to 1.9 kg of body weight gain per kg of additional N applied when increasing N rates from 100 to 200 and from 100 to 300 kg ha−1. The net profit improved with increasing N levels, but at reducing rates, reaching its maximum at the N300 level. The change from 100 to 200 kg N ha−1 presented the best return, with USD 3.73 for each additional dollar invested, while the change from 200 kg N ha−1 to 300 kg N ha−1 was economically less than optimal, recouping only USD 1.60 for each dollar. The N300 rate presented the highest net profit per hectare (accounting profit), even in a pessimist scenario (25% reduction in production). Despite being profitable, the N300 rate was less than optimal from an economic standpoint, since an additional 100 kg of Nitrogen ha−1 to change from N200 to N300 level reduced both the net returns and the Benefit–Cost ratio. Our results suggest that the economically optimal level of N fertilization for Mombaça guinea grass pasture should be between 200 and 300 kg ha−1.
A hierarchical study for urban statistical indicators on the prevalence of COVID-19 in Chinese city clusters based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and polynomial best subset regression (PBSR) analysis
Authors: Cheshmehzangi Ali , Li Yujian , Li Haoran , Zhang Shuyue , Huang Xiangliang , Chen Xu , Su Zhaohui , Sedrez Maycon , Dawodu Ayotunde
Published: February 2022

With evidence-based measures, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled by advanced data analysis and prediction. However, while valuable insights are available, there is a shortage of robust and rigorous research on what factors shape COVID-19 transmissions at the city cluster level. Therefore, to bridge the research gap, we adopted a data-driven hierarchical modeling approach to identify the most influential factors in shaping COVID-19 transmissions across different Chinese cities and clusters. The data used in this study are from Chinese officials, and hierarchical modeling conclusions drawn from the analysis are systematic, multifaceted, and comprehensive. To further improve research rigor, the study utilizes SPSS, Python and RStudio to conduct multiple linear regression and polynomial best subset regression (PBSR) analysis for the hierarchical modeling. The regression model utilizes the magnitude of various relative factors in nine Chinese city clusters, including 45 cities at a different level of clusters, to examine these aspects from the city cluster scale, exploring the correlation between various factors of the cities. These initial 12 factors are comprised of ‘Urban population ratio’, ‘Retail sales of consumer goods’, ‘Number of tourists’, ‘Tourism Income’, ‘Ratio of the elderly population (> 60 year old) in this city’, ‘population density’, ‘Mobility scale (move in/inbound) during the spring festival’, ‘Ratio of Population and Health facilities’, ‘Jobless rate (%)’, ‘The straight-line distance from original epicenter Wuhan to this city’, ‘urban per capita GDP’, and ‘the prevalence of the COVID-19’. The study’s results provide rigorously-tested and evidence-based insights on most instrumental factors that shape COVID-19 transmissions across cities and regions in China. Overall, the study findings found that per capita GDP and population mobility rates were the most affected factors in the prevalence of COVID-19 in a city, which could inform health experts and government officials to design and develop evidence-based and effective public health policies that could curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Performance of bioelectrical impedance analysis compared to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in Veterans with COPD
Authors: Cruz Rivera Paola N. , Goldstein Rebekah L. , Polak Madeline , Lazzari Antonio A. , Moy Marilyn L. , Wan Emily S.
Published: February 2022

We examined the performance of a commercially-available handheld bioimpedance (BIA) device relative to dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to assess body composition differences among Veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Body composition was measured using DXA and BIA (Omron HBF-306C) at a single time point. Correlations between BIA- and DXA-assessed percent fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were analyzed using Spearman (ρ) and Lin Concordance Correlation Coefficients (ρc). Mean differences in fat mass were visualized using Bland–Altman plots. Subgroup analyses by obesity status (BMI < 30 versus ≥ 30) were performed. Among 50 participants (96% male; mean age: 69.5 ± 6.0 years), BIA-assessed fat mass was strongly correlated (ρ = 0.94) and demonstrate excellent concordance (ρc = 0.95, [95%CI: 0.93–0.98]) with DXA, with a mean difference of 2.7 ± 3.2 kg between BIA and DXA. Although Spearman correlations between BIA- and DXA-assessed percent fat and fat-free mass were strong (ρ = 0.8 and 0.91, respectively), concordance values were only moderate (ρc = 0.67 and 0.74, respectively). Significantly stronger correlations were observed for obese relative to non-obese subjects for total percent fat (ρobese = 0.85 versus ρnon-obese = 0.5) and fat mass (ρobese = 0.96 versus ρnon-obese = 0.84). A handheld BIA device demonstrated high concordance with DXA for fat mass and moderate concordance for total percent fat and fat-free mass.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02099799.
Antivirus applied to JAR malware detection based on runtime behaviors
Authors: Pinheiro Ricardo P. , Lima Sidney M. L. , Souza Danilo M. , Silva Sthéfano H. M. T. , Lopes Petrônio G. , de Lima Rafael D. T. , de Oliveira Jemerson R. , Monteiro Thyago de A. , Fernandes Sérgio M. M. , Albuquerque Edison de Q. , Silva Washington W. A. da , Santos Wellington P. dos
Published: February 2022

Java vulnerabilities correspond to 91% of all exploits observed on the worldwide web. The present work aims to create antivirus software with machine learning and artificial intelligence and master in Java malware detection. Within the proposed methodology, the suspected JAR sample is executed to intentionally infect the Windows OS monitored in a controlled environment. In all, our antivirus monitors and considers, statistically, 6824 actions that the suspected JAR file can perform when executed. Our antivirus achieved an average performance of 91.58% in the distinction between benign and malware JAR files. Different initial conditions, learning functions and architectures of our antivirus are investigated. The limitations of commercial antiviruses can be supplied by intelligent antiviruses. Instead of blacklist-based models, our antivirus allows JAR malware detection preventively and not reactively as Oracle’s Java and traditional antivirus modus operandi.
Conservation agriculture based integrated crop management sustains productivity and economic profitability along with soil properties of the maize-wheat rotation
Authors: Pooniya Vijay , Zhiipao R. R. , Biswakarma Niraj , Kumar Dinesh , Shivay Y. S. , Babu Subhash , Das Kajal , Choudhary A. K. , Swarnalakshmi Karivaradharajan , Jat R. D. , Choudhary R. L. , Ram Hardev , Khokhar Mukesh K. , Mukri Ganapati , Lakhena K. K. , Puniya M. M. , Jat Rajkumar , Muralikrishnan L. , Singh A. K. , Lama Achal
Published: February 2022

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate eight different integrated crop management (ICM) modules for 5 years in a maize-wheat rotation (MWR); wherein, ICM1&2-ˈbusiness-as-usualˈ (conventional flatbed maize and wheat, ICM3&4-conventional raised bed (CTRB) maize and wheat without residues, ICM5&6-conservation agriculture (CA)-based zero-till (ZT) flatbed maize and wheat with the residues, and ICM7&8-CA-based ZT raised bed maize and wheat with the residues. Results indicated that the ICM7&8produced significantly (p < 0.05) the highest maize grain yield (5 years av.) which was 7.8–21.3% greater than the ICM1-6. However, across years, the ICM5-8gave a statistically similar wheat grain yield and was 8.4–11.5% greater than the ICM1-4. Similarly, the CA-based residue retained ICM5-8modules had given 9.5–14.3% (5 years av.) greater system yields in terms of maize grain equivalents (MGEY) over the residue removed CT-based ICM1&4. System water productivity (SWP) was the highest with ICM5-8, being 10.3–17.8% higher than the ICM1-4. Nevertheless, the highest water use (TWU) was recorded in the CT flatbed (ICM1&2), ~ 7% more than the raised bed and ZT planted crops with or without the residues (ICM4-8). Furthermore, the ICM1-4had produced 9.54% greater variable production costs compared to the ICM5-8, whereas, the ICM5-8gave 24.3–27.4% additional returns than the ICM1-4. Also, different ICM modules caused significant (p < 0.05) impacts on the soil properties, such as organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), dehydrogenase (SDH), alkaline phosphatase (SAP), and urease (URE) activities. In 0.0–0.15 m soil profile, residue retained CA-based (ICM5-8) modules registered a 7.1–14.3% greater SOCand 10.2–17.3% SMBCthan the ICM1-4. The sustainable yield index (SYI) of MWRwas 13.4–18.6% greater under the ICM7&8compared to the ICM1-4.Hence, this study concludes that the adoption of the CA-based residue retained ICMs in the MWRcould sustain the crop yields, enhance farm profits, save water and improve soil properties of the north-western plans of India.
Synthesis of a graphene oxide/agarose/hydroxyapatite biomaterial with the evaluation of antibacterial activity and initial cell attachment
Authors: Khosalim Ingrid Patricia , Zhang Yu Yuan , Yiu Cynthia Kar Yung , Wong Hai Ming
Published: February 2022

Various materials are used in bone tissue engineering (BTE). Graphene oxide (GO) is a good candidate for BTE due to its antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. In this study, an innovative biomaterial consists of GO, agarose and hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized using electrophoresis system. The characterization of the synthesized biomaterial showed that needle-like crystals with high purity were formed after 10 mA/10 h of electrophoresis treatment. Furthermore, the calcium-phosphate ratio was similar to thermodynamically stable HA. In the synthesized biomaterial with addition of 1.0 wt% of GO, the colony forming units test showed significantly less Staphylococcus aureus. Initial attachment of MC3T3-E1 cells on the synthesized biomaterial was observed which showed the safety of the synthesized biomaterial for cell viability. This study showed that the synthesized biomaterial is a promising material that can be used in BTE.
Tailoring the SWIR emission of gold nanoclusters by surface ligand rigidification and their application in 3D bioimaging
Authors: Le Guével Xavier , Wegner K. David , Würth Christian , Baulin Vladimir A. , Musnier B. , Josserand V. , Resch-Genger U. , Coll Jean-luc
Published: February 2022

A detailed description of photophysical properties of SWIR emitting probes and their use for pseudo-3D views of vascular blood vessels.
Shifting multi-resonance to dipolar intramolecular charge-transfer fluorescence by Lewis acid–base Interactions
Authors: Jeong Dong Yeun , You Youngmin
Published: February 2022

Lewis acid interactions of a multi-resonance intramolecular charge-transfer fluorophore enable color tuning over a broad range.
Vibrational Stark fields in carboxylic acid dimers
Authors: Boda Manjusha , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: February 2022

In carboxylic acid dimers the primary vibrational Stark effect is about 4–5 times larger than the secondary vibrational Stark effect.
Molecular-level electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction mediated by single platinum atoms
Authors: Liu Gaoxiang , Ariyarathna Isuru R. , Zhu Zhaoguo , Ciborowski Sandra M. , Miliordos Evangelos , Bowen Kit H.
Published: February 2022

The activation and transformation of H2O and CO2 mediated by electrons and single Pt atoms is demonstrated at the molecular level by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations.
Simple renormalization schemes for multiple scattering series expansions
Authors: Takatsu Aika , Tricot Sylvain , Schieffer Philippe , Dunseath Kevin , Terao-Dunseath Mariko , Hatada Keisuke , Sébilleau Didier
Published: February 2022

Renormalization schemes for improving the convergence of multiple scattering series expansions are studied. Numerical tests on a small Cu(111) cluster show that convergence rates can double or even that a divergent series can eventually converge.
Direct synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas over modified Mo2C catalysts under mild reaction conditions
Authors: Wang Caiqi , Yu Hailing , Lin Tiejun , Qi Xingzhen , Yu Fei , Zhong Liangshu , Sun Yuhan
Published: February 2022

The RhK/Mo2C catalyst exhibited remarkable selectivity for higher alcohols synthesis from syngas under mild reaction conditions owing to the interface sites between Rh and Mo2C promoted by K, which greatly facilitated CO insertion.
A novel Ca/Mn-modified biochar recycles P from solution: mechanisms and phosphate efficiency
Authors: Wang Chengwei , Qiu Cheng , Song Zhengguo , Gao Minling
Published: February 2022

The excessive use of phosphate leads to severe environmental issues, such as a shortage of phosphorus resources and water eutrophication.
Oolong tea extract alleviates weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese rats by regulating lipid metabolism and modulating gut microbiota
Authors: Tung Yen-Chen , Liang Zhi-Rong , Yang Meei-Ju , Ho Chi-Tang , Pan Min-Hsiung
Published: February 2022

Oolong tea extract reduced the body weight and decreased the lipid accumulation in visceral fat via the regulation of lipid metabolism and modulated gut microbiota in high-fat diet-induced obese rats.
Synthesis of phenol esters by direct C–H activation of aldehydes using a highly efficient and reusable copper-immobilized polyimide covalent organic framework (Cu@PI-COF)
Authors: Yadav Priya , Gupta Radhika , Arora Gunjan , Srivastava Anju , Sharma Rakesh K.
Published: February 2022

In the present study, we report the design and fabrication of a thermally and chemically stable copper-based polyimide covalent organic framework (Cu@PI-COF) via a facile and straightforward synthetic approach for the oxidative esterification of aldehydes.
Simulations reveal that antimicrobial BP100 induces local membrane thinning, slows lipid dynamics and favors water penetration
Authors: Franco Leandro R. , Park Peter , Chaimovich Hernan , Coutinho Kaline , Cuccovia Iolanda M. , Lima Filipe S.
Published: February 2022

MD simulations reveal that BP100 peptide induces local membrane thinning and negative curvature, slows lipid dynamics and increases the water life time in the lipid hydrophobic core and transmembrane water transport in the direction of the peptide.
Nitrogen-doped lignin-derived carbon for catalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium via HCOOH-mediated hydrogenation
Authors: Liu Yun , Yang Haihua , Chen Tao
Published: February 2022

Lignin-derived carbon doped with nitrogen for Cr6+ reduction through HCOOH-mediated hydrogenation in mild conditions.
Archaeometric study of execution techniques of white Attic vases: the case of the Perseus crater in Agrigento
Authors: Chirco Gabriella , de Cesare Monica , Chiari Giacomo , Maaß Sarah , Saladino Maria Luisa , Chillura Martino Delia Francesca
Published: February 2022

Imaging and portable XRF and FTIR on Perseus crater evidenced the use of gypsum as white slip after vase's firing.
Cu(OAc)2 catalysed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes to nitriles under ligand-free conditions
Authors: Das Asit Kumar , Nandy Sneha , Bhar Sanjay
Published: February 2022

An economically efficient ligand-free oxidative conversion of aldehydes to nitriles has been achieved using Cu(OAc)2 and NH4OAc as inexpensive materials of low toxicity in the presence of aerial oxygen as an eco-friendly oxidant.
Spoiling of tunability of on-substrate graphene strip grating due to lattice-mode-induced transparency
Authors: Yevtushenko Fedir O. , Dukhopelnykov Sergii V. , Rapoport Yuriy G. , Zinenko Tatiana L. , Nosich Alexander I.
Published: February 2022

We report a loss of tunability of the scattering from the dielectric substrate-backed graphene-strip grating in a narrow-band all-optical electromagnetically induced transparency regime, appearing due to the excitation of the high-Q lattice mode.
Enhanced phosphate removal with fine activated alumina synthesized from a sodium aluminate solution: performance and mechanism
Authors: Wu Guoyu , Liu Guihua , Li Xiaobin , Peng Zhihong , Zhou Qiusheng , Qi Tiangui
Published: February 2022

A fine activated alumina with high specific surface area was prepared by phase evolution from sodium aluminate solution, Al(OH)3 and NH4Al(OH)2CO3. The maximum adsorption capacity was 261.66 mg g−1 and the regenerated material exhibited high performance phosphate removal.
Dynamic covalent chemistry in live cells for organelle targeting and enhanced photodynamic action
Authors: Liu Fei , Danylchuk Dmytro I. , Andreiuk Bohdan , Klymchenko Andrey S.
Published: February 2022

We introduce a concept of dynamic covalent targeting of organelles, where a dye/drug molecule is conjugated with its targeting ligand inside live cells by a reversible hydrazone bond, revealing organelle-dependent photodynamic action.
Propane dehydrogenation over extra-framework In(i) in chabazite zeolites
Authors: Yuan Yong , Lobo Raul F.
Published: February 2022

Indium-containing chabazite zeolites show better stability and C3H6 selectivity for propane dehydrogenation than In2O3, In/SiO2 and In/Al2O3. Extra-framework In+ is identified as the stable active site upon reduction of an impregnated sample.
A multi-interface CoNi-SP/C heterostructure for quasi-solid-state hybrid supercapacitors with a graphene oxide-containing hydrogel electrolyte
Authors: Li Zixiao , Ji Chenchen , Guo Fengjiao , Mi Hongyu , Zhu Xiaoqing , Qiu Jieshan
Published: February 2022

A quasi-solid-state HSC was assembled by a reasonable multi-phase hybrid material and a novel high ionic conductivity hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibited excellent energy/power density (55.6 W h kg−1/8293.3 W kg−1) and long lifespan of 10 000 cycles.
A two-dimensional Ti3C2TX MXene@TiO2/MoS2 heterostructure with excellent selectivity for the room temperature detection of ammonia
Authors: Tian Xu , Yao Lijia , Cui Xiuxiu , Zhao Rongjun , Chen Ting , Xiao Xuechun , Wang Yude
Published: February 2022

A gas sensor fabricated with a two-dimensional Ti3C2TX MXene@TiO2/MoS2 heterostructure exhibits fast response/recovery time, excellent long-term stability and outstanding selectivity at room temperature, making it a promising candidate for practical detectors of NH3.
A simple synthetic entryway into new families of NHC–gold-amido complexes and their in vitro antitumor activity
Authors: Martynova Ekaterina A. , Scattolin Thomas , Cavarzerani Enrico , Peng Min , Van Hecke Kristof , Rizzolio Flavio , Nolan Steven P.
Published: February 2022

A simple synthetic pathway to new families of Au–NHC amido complexes under mild reaction conditions is described. Their in vitro anticancer activity was investigated on three human cell lines, showing comparable or even better results than cisplatin.
Opening new doors to new bio-businesses and their novel products and processes
Authors: Cheetham Peter
Published: February 2022

Innovative products and processes are key to bioenterprise and the creation of successful bio-based businesses and economies. To create new and improved market-ready products, genuinely novel technologies and business advances are usually very necessary. These are exciting and rewarding – but also complex, exacting, expensive and risky, requiring new, often radically new, ways of scientific and business thinking and working by both individuals and companies with collective ambition, imagination, determination and conducive working environments.

In this article, ways that could help emerging bioenterprises succeed are discussed, including how to work more innovatively and combine economic success with contributing ‘people’ and ‘planet’ benefits. How NamZ, now called WhatIF Foods, an emerging bio-business, began, started work and developed its first products is described, giving insights into its strategies, the multiple different challenges faced, the various advances necessary to overcome them and the range of skills required. WhatIF’s approach is to identify unmet needs, unsolved problems and under-researched opportunities – and then to devise, invent and develop a stream of new products to meet and solve these, together with processes to make them, in ways that benefit people (such as farming communities) and that are not just sustainable but can actually reverse environmental and related problems. Then WhatIF develops markets for them – right through to new product launches by partner or subsidiary companies each specializing in manufacturing, marketing, distributing, and selling specific products.
Application of operational modal analysis to investigate transformer vibration patterns
Authors: Pallot Jakob , Ekanayake Chandima , Ma Hui , Naranpanawe Lakshitha
Published: February 2022

This paper develops an operational modal analysis application framework for vibration measurement‐based condition monitoring of transformer winding structure. Within the framework, load transient signals generated by turning on and off transformer or changing transformer load are used as the broadband excitations. Frequency domain decomposition (FDD) technique is used to process the measured transformer vibration signals to detect possible mechanical changes to the transformer's winding and core structure. Case studies demonstrate the OMA application framework (broadband excitation and FDD) can achieve higher accuracy of natural frequency detection of windings, which can pave a way for online transformer winding and core condition monitoring.
Novel and secure plaintext‐related image encryption algorithm based on compressive sensing and tent‐sine system
Authors: Huang Shufeng , Huang Linqing , Cai Shuting , Xiong Xiaoming , Liu Yuan
Published: February 2022

In this paper, a secure plaintext‐related image encryption scheme based on compressive sensing and a tent‐sine system is proposed. First, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used to transform the plain image to get a coefficient matrix. Second, several chaotic sequences generated by the tent‐sine chaotic map are used to scramble the coefficient matrix and construct a measurement matrix. Afterward, compressive sensing is performed on the coefficient matrix to obtain a small‐sized encrypted image. Finally, an image encryption scheme related to plaintext is designed. In particular, the proposed system uses the original image information to participate in the encryption process, ensuring the high sensitivity of the cryptosystem to minor differences in the plain image and good performance on resisting known/selected plaintext attacks. Furthermore, to convey the plaintext‐related parameters to the receiver, the dimension of the ciphertext image is expanded, and the parameters are embedded into the ciphertext image. Simulation results and security analysis show that the proposed image encryption system has strong plaintext sensitivity and robustness for effectively resisting various typical attacks such as brute‐force attacks, statistical attacks, and differential attacks.
A3COSMOS: A census on the molecular gas mass and extent of main-sequence galaxies across cosmic time
Authors: Wang Tsan-Ming , Magnelli Benjamin , Schinnerer Eva , Liu Daizhong , Modak Ziad Aziz , Jiménez-Andrade Eric Faustino , Karoumpis Christos , Kokorev Vasily , Bertoldi Frank
Published: February 2022

Aims. We aim to constrain for the first time the mean mass and extent of the molecular gas of a mass-complete sample of normal > 1010 M⊙ star-forming galaxies at 0.4 < z < 3.6.

Methods. We apply an innovative uv-based stacking analysis to a large set of archival Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations using a mass-complete sample of main-sequence (MS) galaxies. This stacking analysis, performed on the Rayleigh-Jeans dust continuum emission, provides accurate measurements of the mean mass and extent of the molecular gas of galaxy populations, which are otherwise individually undetected.

Results. The molecular gas mass of MS galaxies evolves with redshift and stellar mass. At all stellar masses, the molecular gas fraction decreases by a factor of ∼24 from z ∼ 3.2 to z ∼ 0. At a given redshift, the molecular gas fraction of MS galaxies decreases with stellar mass at roughly the same rate that their specific star-formation rate (SFR/M⋆) decreases. The molecular gas depletion time of MS galaxies remains roughly constant at z > 0.5 with a value of 300–500 Myr, but increases by a factor of ∼3 from z ∼ 0.5 to z ∼ 0. This evolution of the molecular gas depletion time of MS galaxies can be predicted from the evolution of their molecular gas surface density and a seemingly universal MS-only ΣMmol − ΣSFR relation with an inferred slope of ∼1.13, the so-called Kennicutt–Schmidt (KS) relation. The far-infrared size of MS galaxies shows no significant evolution with redshift or stellar mass, with a mean circularized half-light radius of ∼2.2 kpc. Finally, our mean molecular gas masses are generally lower than previous estimates, likely due to the fact that literature studies were largely biased toward individually detected MS galaxies with massive gas reservoirs.

Conclusions. To first order, the molecular gas content of MS galaxies regulates their star formation across cosmic time, while variation in their star-formation efficiency plays a secondary role. Despite a large evolution of their gas content and star-formation rates, MS galaxies have evolved along a seemingly universal MS-only KS relation.
Isomaltulose as an alternative to sucrose in the composition of Turkish delight (lokum)
Authors: Hadjikinova Raina , Hasan Yusuf
Published: February 2022

Turkish delight is a confectionery product that differs from the others with its characteristic soft and jelly-like consistency. The main ingredients used in its production are sugar, wheat starch and glucose syrup. In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase consumer interest in so-called functional foods. This encourages confectionery manufacturers to look for a suitable alternative for partial or complete replacement of sucrose in the composition. One of the newest alternatives to sucrose is isomaltulose. It differs from other sugars by its low glycemic index and its non-cariogenicity. The aim of the present study was to establish the influence of isomaltulose, as a substitute for sucrose in the composition of „Ordinary “and „Extra “Turkish delight, on their main physicochemical parameters and properties. Based on a comparative analysis, the main physicochemical parameters and properties of locum masses, obtained with sucrose and isomaltulose, were determined.
Complex evaluation of the quality of introduced and local varieties of Virginia flue-cured tobacco in Bulgaria
Authors: Nikolov Nikolay , Nikolova Violeta , Popova Venelina
Published: February 2022

The integrated influence of trade, technological and production fundamentals that shape the market of flue-cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco in Bulgaria objectifies the need of systematic surveys on the quality of the tobacco varieties represented in the country. Therefore, current investigation regarded the quality level of PVH19 and Niki tobacco varieties in the regions of South and North Bulgaria (labeled conditionally as “local”), as well as that of two introduced varieties, H9 (Hungary) and V (Greece). The basic indicators of FCV tobacco quality were analyzed (leaf and smoke chemical composition, external leaf quality elements, smoking quality), and the final evaluation was completed by determining the complex “quality index score”. The results from the study revealed differences in tobacco quality formation, both on a region and variety basis, in terms of leaf and smoke chemical composition, expert and smoking assessment. The final rating of the studied varieties by the complex evaluation procedure was as follows: the best quality level was found for the H9 variety introduced for the region of Plovdiv, followed by PVH19 variety from the same region, the next were PVH19 (Parvomay) and V (Central North Bulgaria) varieties, and the lowest rated was the local Niki variety (Central North Bulgaria).
Comparative study of the smoke emissions from fine-cut tobacco blends depending on the characteristics of the used RYO/MYO cigarette materials
Authors: Peeva Silvia , Nikolova Violeta , Nikolov Nikolay
Published: February 2022

The European tobacco market has experienced significant changes in the last years – with the introduction of new tobacco products and the increased consumption of certain traditional products. Recent research of fine-cut tobacco blends (for RYO and MYO cigarettes) in Bulgaria is very limited, which substantiates the current comparative investigation of the smoke emissions of RYO tobaccos, accounting for the used materials (cigarette paper and filter tips). Three variants of laboratory-made cigarettes from five tobacco blends (A -E) were analyzed: variant I – with ready-to-use cigarette tubes; variant II – with gummed cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 8 mm and length 15 mm; variant III – with the same cigarette paper and filter tips with diameter 6 mm and length 20 mm. The highest levels of smoke emissions were found for variant I and the minimal -for variant III, with no uniform trend between the blends. The smoke emissions from the analyzed RYO tobaccos exceeded the legal limits for commercial cigarettes, except for nicotine from blends B and D, and CO from blend D in variant III. In all variants, a strong correlation between the studied smoke emissions was observed -positive for nicotine/tar and tar/CO, and negative for nicotine/CO.
Adsorption characteristics of a ready-made mixture of linseed and dried fruit
Authors: Durakova Albena , Vasileva Adelina , Choroleeva Kornelia
Published: February 2022

Sorption characteristics are an integral part of scientific research on new products since they provide data on the means of processing, transportation, and storage of food products. The present study focuses on the adsorption characteristics of a ready-made mixture of golden linseed – 46%; brown linseed – 25%; granulated plums – 9% and granulated dates – 8% which are organic farming ingredients. The experiment was conducted at temperatures of 10°C, 25°C and 40°C and water activities in the 11.2% -86.8% range. The results demonstrate that at constant water activities the increase in temperature is coupled by a decrease in equilibrium moisture content. The sorption isotherms obtained belong to Type III, typical of food products, according to the classification of Brunauer et al. For the description of adsorption isotherms, we recommend Oswin’s modified three-parameter model. Via the linearization of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller’s model, we calculated the values of the monolayer moisture content (MMC) of the mixture for the three temperatures: 10ºС – 4.85% d.m.; 25ºС – 3.92% d.m. and 40ºС – 3.34% d.m. with control points for water activity of aw < 0.5.
Angeborene Fehlbildungen der ableitenden
Tränenwege
Authors: Heichel Jens , Heindl Ludwig M. , Struck Hans-Gert
Published: February 2022

Die konnatale Tränenwegstenose ist der häufigste Grund einer ophthalmologischen
Konsultation im Kindesalter. Sie ist mit Abstand am häufigsten bedingt durch
eine persistierende Hasner-Membran. Aber es können selten auch angeborene
Fehlbildungen der Tränenwege auftreten. Im Bereich der proximalen ableitenden
Tränenwege kann es zur Anlage überzähliger Tränenpünktchen und Tränenröhrchen
kommen, aber auch zu Divertikeln, Fisteln und Atresien. Die distalen ableitenden
Tränenwege können von Fisteln, Amniotozelen und Zysten betroffen sein. Eine
Assoziation von Tränenwegfehlbildungen mit angeborenen systemischen Erkrankungen
wird in ca. 10% der Fälle beschrieben. In Abhängigkeit vom Schweregrad der
Symptome kann eine chirurgische Sanierung erfolgen, wobei endoskopische
Verfahren mit den Möglichkeiten der modernen Tränenwegschienungen wichtige
Ergänzungen darstellen.
The Burden of Hypercoagulability in COVID-19
Authors: Kim Madeleine , George Andrew , Ganti Latha , Huang Derrick , Carman Matthew
Published: February 2022

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has widespread impact on multiple organ systems, including damage to endothelial cells. Various studies have found evidence for direct mechanisms by which interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endothelial cells lead to extensive damage to the latter, and indirect mechanisms, such as excessively elevated cytokines, can also result in the same outcome. Damage to the endothelium results in release of thrombotic factors and inhibition of fibrinolysis. This confers a significant hypercoagulability burden on patients infected or recovering from COVID-19 infection. In this case report, the authors report the case of a gentleman presenting with extensive deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, in the context of recent COVID-19 infection. The postulated mechanisms and management are discussed.
Anatomical Step-by-Step Dissection of Complex Skull Base Approaches for Trainees: Surgical Anatomy of the Far Lateral Approach
Authors: Graffeo Christopher S. , Perry Avital , Carlstrom Lucas P. , Leonel Luciano , Nguyen Bachtri T. , Morris Jonathan M. , Driscoll Colin L. W. , Link Michael J. , Peris-Celda Maria
Published: February 2022

Introduction Skull base neuroanatomy is classically taught using surgical atlases. Although these texts are critical and rich resources for learning three-dimensional (3D) relationships between key structures, we believe they could be optimized and complemented with step-by-step anatomical dissections to fully meet the learning needs of trainees.

Methods Six sides of three formalin-fixed latex-injected specimens were dissected under microscopic magnification. A far lateral craniotomy was performed by each of three neurosurgery resident/fellow at varying stages of training. The study objective was the completion and photodocumentation of the craniotomy to accompany a stepwise description of the exposure to provide a comprehensive, intelligible, and anatomically oriented resource for trainees at any level. Illustrative case examples were prepared to supplement approach dissections.

Results The far lateral approach provides a wide and versatile corridor for posterior fossa operation, with access spanning the entire cerebellopontine angle (CPA), foramen magnum, and upper cervical region.

Key Steps Include The study includes the following steps: positioning and skin incision, myocutaneous flap, placement of burr holes and sigmoid trough, fashioning of the craniotomy bone flap, bilateral C1 laminectomy, occipital condyle/jugular tubercle drilling, and dural opening.

Conclusion Although more cumbersome than the retrosigmoid approach, a far lateral craniotomy offers unparalleled access to lesions centered lower or more medially in the CPA, as well as those with significant extension into the clival or foramen magnum regions. Dissection-based neuroanatomic guides to operative approaches provide a unique and rich resource for trainees to comprehend, prepare for, practice, and perform complex cranial operations, such as the far lateral craniotomy.
The 7-point Shape and The 9-point Shape: An Innovative Nonsurgical Approach to Improve the Facial Shape
Authors: de Maio Maurício
Published: February 2022

Treatment with injectable fillers is considered to be intrinsically associated with the understanding of facial anatomy and appropriate techniques. However, a more comprehensive understanding of facial structure is critical to improving facial shape. This article presents two Nonsurgical approaches developed from the MD Codes system denominated “The 7-point Shape” and “The 9-point Shape.” Both techniques were designed to help create a more feminine and masculine look, respectively. The aim is to provide foundation for the midface (cheek) and contour for the lower face (chin and jawline) and indirectly improve the facial signs that patients usually focus on when looking for aesthetic treatment (lines, folds, jowls, double chin, etc.). The MD Codes platform aims to deliver an alternative to surgery with injectables. The 7-point Shape and The 9-point Shape may provide visible results immediately after treatment.
Diagnosis of Knee Joint Osteoarthritis by Bioelectrical Impedance Plethysmography
Authors: Saxena Rajendra Kumar , Anand Sneh , Guha Sujoy Kumar
Published: February 2022

Diagnosis of knee joint osteoarthritis (KJO) at early stages can prolong the progression of disabling degenerative ailments. Mostly, diagnosis of KJO is based on patient complaints about difficulty with locomotion and is clinically diagnosed based on gait and features. Classical radiographic and MRI images further validated the presence of KJO. Due to the economic and limited accessibility of the above services in India and neighboring countries, a large number of patients with KJO continue to suffer without a diagnosis. There is a need to develop a cost-effective, quick, simple, non-invasive, and reliable diagnostic technique for the onset of KJO. The present study aims to monitor the conductivity changes and impedance fluctuations using an electrical impedance plethysmograph. Impedance fluctuations recorded in normal and osteoarthritis patients showed marked differences. The analysis of these records can identify early damage to the joint.
Risk Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer in Octogenarians Can Help Stratify the Need for Colonoscopy
Authors: Xiao Amy Y. , Anandabaskaran Sulakchanan , Ow Maggie M.
Published: February 2022

Objective Colonoscopy is increasingly performed in octogenarians for the detection of colorectal cancer (CRC), but its benefits may be outweighed by its risks. The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for CRC in octogenarians presenting for colonoscopy to help stratify the need for this procedure.

Methods A retrospective analysis of 434 patients aged ≥ 80 years referred for a colonoscopy between January 2018 and December 2019. Comparisons were made between those with and without CRC and advanced adenoma (AA). The primary endpoint was to identify the clinical variables predictive of CRC and AA, and the secondary endpoints were complications and death 30 days after the procedure.

Results Colonoscopy was performed in 434 octogenarians, predominantly for symptoms, with CRC in 65 (15.0%) patients. Iron deficiency was associated with a higher risk of having CRC identified on colonoscopy (odds ratio [OR]: 2.33; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] =  1.36–4.00), but not symptoms such as bleeding, weight loss, or diarrhea. A colonoscopy in the last 10 years was protective, with a lower risk of CRC (OR: 0.45; 95%CI = 0.22–0.93). Patients with both normal iron stores and a colonoscopy within 10 years had a 92.5% chance of not having CRC. No variables were predictive of AA. Patients with complications, including death, were older and more likely to have underlying cardiorespiratory disease.

Conclusion Iron status and colonoscopy within 10 years can be used to predict the risk of CRC in octogenarians. Those with low predicted risk, especially if older and with cardiorespiratory disease, should be considered for non-invasive tests, such as computed tomography (CT) colonography, over colonoscopy.
Dynamical analysis of evolutionary public goods game on signed networks
Authors: Zhong Xiaowen , Huang Guo , Wang Ningning , Fan Ying , Di Zengru
Published: February 2022

In evolutionary dynamics, the population structure and multiplayer interactions significantly impact the evolution of cooperation levels. Previous works mainly focus on the theoretical analysis of multiplayer games on regular networks or pairwise games on complex networks. Combining these two factors, complex networks and multiplayer games, we obtain the fixation probability and fixation time of the evolutionary public goods game in a structured population represented by a signed network. We devise a stochastic framework for estimating fixation probability with weak mistrust or strong mistrust mechanisms and develop a deterministic replicator equation to predict the expected density of cooperators when the system evolves to the equilibrium on a signed network. Specifically, the most interesting result is that negative edges diversify the cooperation steady state, evolving in three different patterns of fixed probability in Erdös–Rényi signed and Watts–Strogatz signed networks with the new “strong mistrust” mechanism.