bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Papillary‐cystic neoplasms of the middle ear are distinct from endolymphatic sac tumours
Authors: Taverna Cecilia , Pollastri Federica , Pecci Rudi , Giannoni Beatrice , Fattorini Caterina , Santucci Marco , Mueller Sarina K , Stoehr Robert , Franchi Alessandro , Agaimy Abbas
Published: September 2020

Aims

Papillary neoplasms of the middle and inner ear are rare and poorly characterised. The current World Health Organization classification divides them into two major subtypes: aggressive papillary tumours (APTs) and endolymphatic sac tumours (ELSTs). The aim of this article is to present two papillary neoplasms of the middle ear that do not fit into either the classic APT category or the classic ELST category, and compare them with three ELSTs.

Methods and results

The patients were a 48‐year‐old female and a 59‐year‐old male without a history of other neoplasms. Histology showed papillary‐cystic growth of predominantly oncocytic (Case 1) or mucinous (Case 2) cells surrounded by a p63‐positive basal layer. The overall histology was reminiscent of oncocytic sinonasal papilloma (Case 1) and pancreatobiliary or salivary intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (Case 2). Ovarian‐type stroma, invasion and malignant features were absent. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of cytokeratin (CK) 7, but not carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) or paired box gene 8 (PAX8) (except for very focal PAX8 expression in Case 1). The TST15 gene panel and HRAS sequencing revealed no pathogenic mutations in BRAF, KRAS, EGFR, AKT1, or HRAS. The TruSight RNA fusion panel revealed an MKRN1–BRAF fusion in Case 1. No fusion was detected in Case 2. The three ELSTs showed classic features of the entity, expressed CK7, epithelial membrane antigen, PAX8, and CAIX, and lacked a basal cell layer.

Conclusion

These novel cases suggest that papillary tumours of the ear represent a heterogeneous spectrum of distinct neoplasms unified by a prominent papillary‐cystic pattern rather than a single entity. Future studies should clarify whether the MKRN1–BRAF fusion is a defining recurrent driver event, especially in those cases reported as sinonasal‐type middle ear papillomas.
Ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties of Aurivillius phase Ca2Bi4Ti5O18
Authors: Wang Yaqiong , Zhang Man , Wu Jiyue , Hu Zimeng , Zhang Hongtao , Yan Haixue
Published: September 2020

Aurivillius phase Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders with micrometer size were produced by solid‐state reaction. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the powders had polar orthorhombic structure with space group of B2cb. Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 ceramic exhibited frequency independent dielectric anomaly at 774°C. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 value of poled Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 pellets was 0.7 ± 0.2 pC/N. Both frequency independent dielectric anomaly and detectable d33 value clearly indicated that Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 is a ferroelectric material with Curie point of 774 ℃. UV–vis absorption spectra revealed that Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 had a direct band gap of 3.2 eV. Photocatalytic activity of the Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders was examined by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar light. 16% of RhB solution was degraded by Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders after 4 hours UV‐vis irradiation. With Ag nanoparticles deposited on the Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders surface, 50% of RhB was degraded under the same irradiation condition. The fitted degradation rate constant of Ag decorated Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 was 4 times higher than that of bare Ca2Bi4Ti5O18. This work suggested that the Aurivillius ferroelectric Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 is a promising candidate for photocatalytic applications.
Effect of rs4719839 polymorphism on risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia, expression of microRNA‐148 and autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1)
Authors: Wang Shu‐peng , Li Wen , Li Chen , Duan Xue‐yan , Duan Jun
Published: September 2020

MiR‐148 is a negative regulator of autophagy 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), a gene implicated in the pathogenesis of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP). Therefore, the role of miR‐148 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of VAP was studied here. The expression of miR‐148, ATG16L1, Beclin‐I, LC3‐II, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of VAP patients was detected to study their relationship in the pathogenesis of VAP. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients carrying the AA/AG genotypes of miR‐148 rs4719839 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) were more prone to VAP due to the higher expression of miR‐148, TNF‐α and IL‐6 along with suppressed expression of ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II in their serum and PBMCs. Transfection of miR‐148 mimics to primary PBMCs genotyped as GG and AA decreased the expression of ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II. Finally, cells carrying the AA genotype of rs4719839 SNP were more sensitive to the role of LPS stimulation in suppressing ATG16L1, Beclin‐I and LC3‐II expression while activating TNF‐α and IL‐6 expression. Our work presented detailed evidence, suggesting that the rs4719839 polymorphism can affect the risk of VAP.
Down‐regulation of diesel particulate matter‐induced airway inflammation by the PDZ motif peptide of ZO‐1
Authors: Kang Dong Hee , Lee Tae‐Jin , Kim Ji Wook , Shin Yu Som , Kim Ju Deok , Ryu Sung Won , Ryu Siejeong , Choi Yung Hyun , Kim Cheol Hong , You EunAe , Rhee SangMyung , Song Kyoung Seob
Published: September 2020

Although diesel airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) has been known to play a role in many human diseases, there is no direct evidence that therapeutic drugs or proteins can diminish PM2.5‐induced diseases. Nevertheless, studies examining the negative control mechanisms of PM2.5‐induced diseases are critical to develop novel therapeutic medications. In this study, the consensus PDZ peptide of ZO‐1 inhibited PM2.5‐induced inflammatory cell infiltration, pro‐inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and TEER in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and AM cells. Our data indicated that the PDZ domain in ZO‐1 is critical for regulation of the PM2.5‐induced inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, the PDZ peptide may be a potential therapeutic candidate during PM‐induced respiratory diseases.
The role of dental insurance in mitigating mortality among working‐age U.S. adults with periodontitis
Authors: Sadiq Naveed , Probst Janice C. , Merchant Anwar T. , Martin Amy B. , Shrestha Deepika , Khan M. Mahmud
Published: September 2020

Aim

To assess the relationship of dental insurance with all‐cause mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), diabetes mellitus (DM), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBD) among those with periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

NHANES III and its associated mortality data set were used in this study. The outcome variables were “all‐cause mortality” and “combined mortality” due to CVD, DM, and CBD. The independent variable was dental insurance stratified over periodontitis status. Unweighted frequencies with weighted column percentages were used for descriptive statistics, and chi‐square test was applied for significance. Cox proportional hazard models were used for stratified multivariable analyses. All analyses were performed in SAS v9.4 accounting for survey data complexities. Significance level was kept at 5%.

Results

The mortality was 14.58% for all‐cause mortality and 4.06% for combined mortality among those with periodontitis in this study. Dental insurance significantly reduced the hazard of all‐cause mortality among those with periodontitis (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61 – 0.93), adjusted for covariates. However, no association of dental insurance with combined mortality was observed among periodontitis group.

Conclusions

Dental insurance reduces hazard of all‐cause mortality among those with periodontitis. Dental insurance ensures access to dentists and improves oral and dental health. Longitudinal study is needed to establish causality.
Microcomputed tomography evaluation of cement film thickness of veneers and crowns made with conventional and 3D printed provisional materials
Authors: Sampaio Camila S. , Niemann Katherin D. , Schweitzer Daniel D. , Hirata Ronaldo , Atria Pablo J.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate, through microcomputed tomography (μCT), the cement film thickness of veneers and crowns made with different provisional materials.

Material and Methods

A veneer and a crown preparation were performed on a central incisor and a second molar of a dental model, respectively, scanned with an intraoral scanner, and the .stl files were exported to an LCD‐based SLA three‐dimensional (3D)‐Printer. Twenty‐four preparations were 3D‐printed for each veneer and crown and divided into four groups (n = 6/group): (a) Acrylic resin (Acrílico Marche); (b) Bisacrylic resin (Protemp 4); (c) PMMA computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) (Vipiblock); and (d) 3D‐printed resin for provisional restorations (Raydent C&B for temporary crown and bridge). Veneers and crowns restorations were performed and cemented with a flowable composite. Each specimen was scanned with a μCT apparatus, files were imported for data analysis, and cement film thickness was quantitatively measured. Data were analyzed by 2‐way ANOVA and Tukey post‐hoc tests (α = .05).

Results

Crowns presented a thicker cementation film than veneers (P < .05).The bisacrylic resin showed the smallest veneer film thickness, similar to the acrylic resin (P = .151), which was not significantly different than the PMMA CAD/CAM material (P = .153). The 3D printed provisional material showed the thicker film, different than all other materials (P < .05). The bisacrylic resin showed a cement film thickness with a high number of voids in its surface. For crowns cementation, the 3D printed provisional material showed the thicker cementation film, different than all other materials (P < .05).

Conclusions

Different provisional materials present different film thicknesses. The 3D printed provisional material showed the highest veneer and crown film thicknesses. Veneers film thicknesses were smaller than crowns for all provisional materials.

Clinical Significance

The 3D printed provisional material studied can be satisfactorily used, presenting appropriate adaptation with the tooth preparation, however, it shows the highest cement film thickness for both veneers and crowns cementations when compared with other provisional materials. A better internal fit, or smaller cement film thickness is obtained by CAD/CAM materials, acrylic and bisacrylic resins. Veneer cementation showed a smaller cement film thickness compared with crown cementation for all provisional materials.
The Experiences of Couple/Marriage and Family Therapists of color: A Survey Analysis
Authors: Erolin Kara S. , Wieling Elizabeth
Published: September 2020

The family therapy literature documenting the experiences of couple/marriage and family therapists (C/MFTs) of color as a group is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of C/MFTs of color in their clinical training programs, clinical work, and related areas of professional challenges and opportunities. Participants (N = 113) completed a one‐time, anonymous electronic survey on SurveyMonkey consisting of demographic questions, closed‐ and open‐ended questions about their experiences. Key findings are reported related to C/MFTs of color experiences in training programs, areas of professional need, and working with racial and/or ethnic minority clients. These findings shed light on how social justice principles and practices upheld in our field are experienced from the emic perspectives of C/MFTs of color. These voices help to broaden our understanding of how we might move forward in advocating for and advancing a more culturally responsive agenda within our profession.
Preliminary study on the feasibility of a two‐stage screening strategy for otitis media with effusion in children
Authors: Yang Jia , Zhang Hu , Zhao Na , Shi Zhong‐Gang , Xu Anting
Published: September 2020

Aim

To evaluate the feasibility of a two‐stage screening strategy for otitis media with effusion (OME) in pre‐school and school children. The risk factors of OME were also studied.

Methods

One hundred and eighty‐nine children aged 4–8 years were recruited. The two‐stage screening consisted of an on‐site screening with a portable otoscopy along with a questionnaire to both diagnose children with OME and identify children at risk, and a standard screening performed at a regional hospital for final diagnosis. The prevalence detected from the two‐stage screening approach was compared to the actual prevalence.

Results

The detection rate of OME through the two‐stage screening approach was not significantly different from the actual prevalence rate (12.7% vs. 13.4%, P = 0.847). Children from the urban area had a lower risk for OME than that from the rural area (P = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) = 0.28, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.11–0.74). Compared to childcare dining, family dining helped to reduce the chance of OME (P < 0.001, OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06–0.38).

Conclusions

The two‐stage screening strategy was effective for screening for OME among pre‐school and school children. It can be used in rural areas that have a high prevalence of OME and limited medical resources.
Which landscape and abiotic site factors influence vegetation succession across seres at a country scale?
Authors: Vítovcová Kamila , Tichý Lubomír , Řehounková Klára , Prach Karel
Published: September 2020

Questions

(1) How much do abiotic site factors and land‐cover categories influence the course of succession across successional series at a country scale? (2) Are there any differences in the abiotic site factors and land‐cover categories which are responsible for driving primary and secondary seres? (3) Which of the factors influence species richness and participation of target species?

Location

Various disturbed sites in the Czech Republic, Central Europe.

Methods

The Database of Successional Series (DaSS) was compiled of 21 different types of succession, comprising 2,846 phytosociological relevés. The stages ranged from 1 to >150 years in age. Abiotic site factors included macroclimate characteristics and substrate; landscape factors comprised various land‐cover categories in a radius of 1 km around each sampled site. Principal Coordinate Analysis of Neighbour Matrices (PCNM) was performed to quantify the effect of abiotic site factors and landscape factors on seral vegetation, also regarding the primary or secondary status of succession. The relationships between number of species, number and proportion of target species and abiotic site and landscape factors were further assessed using generalised linear model analysis.

Results

All considered abiotic and landscape factors were found to have significant effects on the course of succession. The effects of abiotic site factors appeared to be more important than those of the surrounding landscape structure. Species richness was higher on basic substrates. The proportion of target species increased with increasing woodland area in the surrounding and with a wetter and colder climate, and decreased with urbanisation rate of the landscape.

Conclusion

Not only local but landscape factors, such as climate and land cover, should be considered in any study of succession, as they substantially influence the general successional pattern. Quantification of the role of these environmental factors may help to decide where a spontaneous restoration is a viable option for the restoration of disturbed sites. The primary or secondary status of succession is less relevant than has usually been supposed.
Seminal fluid protein divergence among populations exhibiting postmating prezygotic reproductive isolation
Authors: Garlovsky Martin D. , Evans Caroline , Rosenow Mathew A. , Karr Timothy L. , Snook Rhonda R.
Published: September 2020

Despite holding a central role in fertilization, reproductive traits often show elevated rates of evolution and diversification. The rapid evolution of seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) within populations is predicted to cause mis‐signalling between the male ejaculate and the female during and after mating resulting in postmating prezygotic (PMPZ) isolation between populations. Crosses between Drosophila montana populations show PMPZ isolation in the form of reduced fertilization success in both noncompetitive and competitive contexts. Here we test whether male ejaculate proteins produced in the accessory glands or ejaculatory bulb differ between populations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We find more than 150 differentially abundant proteins between populations that may contribute to PMPZ isolation, including a number of proteases, peptidases and several orthologues of Drosophila melanogaster Sfps known to mediate fertilization success. Males from the population that elicit the stronger PMPZ isolation after mating with foreign females typically produced greater quantities of Sfps. The accessory glands and ejaculatory bulb show enrichment for different gene ontology (GO) terms and the ejaculatory bulb contributes more differentially abundant proteins. Proteins with a predicted secretory signal evolve faster than nonsecretory proteins. Finally, we take advantage of quantitative proteomics data for three Drosophila species to determine shared and unique GO enrichments of Sfps between taxa and which potentially mediate PMPZ isolation. Our study provides the first high‐throughput quantitative proteomic evidence showing divergence of reproductive proteins between populations that exhibit PMPZ isolation.
Deep vein thrombosis in patients with neuromuscular disease who undergo tracheotomy with positive pressure ventilation
Authors: Yamada Hidetada , Nishikawa Tomokazu , Yamasaki Masami , Fukuba Hiromasa , Ohmori Hiromitsu , Nakamura Mashio , Miyachi Takafumi
Published: September 2020

Background

Deep vein thrombosis and its progression to pulmonary thromboembolism is a major source of mortality in patients with neuromuscular disease. Furthermore, ventilator use poses a high risk of DVT to patients.

Methods

Hospitalized patients with neuromuscular disease who underwent tracheotomy with positive pressure ventilation (TPPV) had DVT evaluated in the lower extremities by ongoing whole leg venous ultrasonography. Patients who were diagnosed with DVT underwent a second ultrasonography 1 month later. The attending physicians decided on therapeutic measures. All patients were followed during the study period.

Results

Eight of 33 patients had DVT. The site of DVT formation was the iliac veins in three cases, femoral veins in two cases, and calf veins in three cases. All of the patients with DVT were asymptomatic. There was no difference in the clinical future between patients with DVT and those without DVT. Progression of DVT was not observed in the second ultrasonographic examination 1 month later. All patients with DVT had an excellent prognosis after a follow‐up period of 9 months.

Conclusion

The prevalence of DVT in patients with neuromuscular disease who undergo TPPV might be high. Further large studies on this issue are required because the clinical significance of this DVT is uncertain.
Financial burden of epidermolysis bullosa on patients in the United States
Authors: Gorell Emily S. , Wolstencroft Paige W. , de Souza Mark P. , Murrell Dedee F. , Linos Eleni , Tang Jean Y.
Published: September 2020

Individuals with epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of genodermatoses with skin fragility, often require specialized and expensive bandaging. We analyzed the results from an online survey of 249 EB patients and caregivers living in the United States to investigate the financial impact of EB. Of respondents with severe EB subtypes (recessive dystrophic and junctional), 73% reported a major or moderate financial impact and 26% spent greater than $1000 per month on wound care supplies. These results demonstrate the high financial burden associated with epidermolysis bullosa in the United States and support the need for a federally funded EB bandage program.
Impaired perceptual processing of facial expression categorization in social anhedonia
Authors: Nie Lu , Zhou Shiyu , Wang Zhao , Wang Mengyao , Wang Yun , Zheng Ya
Published: September 2020

The current event‐related potential study investigated the perceptual processing of the categorization advantage of happy over sad faces in social anhedonia with a nonclinical sample. A high social anhedonia (HSA, N = 25) group and a low social anhedonia (LSA, N = 27) group performed a facial expression categorization task during which they classified facial expressions (happy, neutral, sad), irrespective of face orientation (upright, upside‐down). Behaviorally, happy faces were identified more quickly than sad ones in the upright but not inverted orientation. Electrophysiologically, the LSA group showed earlier N170 latencies for happy than for sad faces in the upright but not upside‐down orientation, whereas the HSA group did not show any expression effect on N170 latencies. Moreover, N170 and P2 amplitude results revealed that HSA relative to LSA individuals showed delayed neural discrimination between happy and sad faces. These results suggest that social anhedonia is associated with a deficit of perceptual processing during facial expression categorization.
Response dependence of reversal‐related ERP components in perception of ambiguous figures
Authors: Abdallah Diane , Brooks Joseph L.
Published: September 2020

Perceptual multi‐stability is characterized by alternating interpretations of an unchanging stimulus input. The reversal negativity (RN) and reversal positivity (RP) ERP components show differences in electrophysiological responses between trials on which participants experience a perceptual reversal of a multi‐stable stimulus versus trials without a reversal (i.e., stable). However, it is unclear to what extent these two ERP components reflect reversal‐related perceptual processing rather than task and response processes. To address this, we varied task and response requirements while measuring the RN and RP. In the standard reversal task, participants indicated whether they saw a perceptual reversal on each trial. In contrast, in the identity task participants reported perceived identity of the stimulus (e.g., face or vase) without any reference to reversals. In some blocks, reversal trials required a response whereas in other blocks stable trials required a response. We found that the RN appeared independently of task and response style. However, the early latency RP component was only present when participants responded manually. For non‐response trials, a component was found during the same latency as the RP but with inverted polarity. Our results suggest that the early RP component is dependent on response‐related processes rather than being a pure neural signature of perceptual processes related to endogenous perceptual reversals.
Healthcare Access among Older Rural Women Veterans in Utah*
Authors: Ward Carol J. , Cope Michael R. , Jackson Jorden
Published: September 2020

Using gender and life course frameworks attuned to overlapping roles and statuses, this exploratory case study highlights the experiences of older, rural female veterans in Utah with accessing Veterans Administration and other healthcare. Based on three focus groups with 22 women, findings show that these veterans experienced similar healthcare access obstacles to female veterans in other contexts. Most also experienced invisibility and discrimination in the military, which carried over as they became veterans. However, while these older, rural women veterans voiced new concerns about their own healthcare in later life course stages, they also described extensive experience with coordination of services and advocacy for other veterans, family and rural community members. Thus, these women veterans acted as healthcare advocates in a complex, bureaucratic, strained system. Feeling largely excluded from the male veterans' networks and organizations, they perceived the need to create new networks that could assist veterans in need.
Racial Resentment or Sexism? White Americans’ Outgroup Attitudes as Predictors of Gun Ownership and NRA Membership
Authors: Filindra Alexandra , Kaplan Noah J. , Buyuker Beyza E.
Published: September 2020

Gun ownership is a key predictor of gun policy preferences, political advocacy on behalf of gun rights, and political engagement. Theories have linked both racial and gender ideologies to gun ownership among white Americans, but the evidence is spotty. Statistical analyses provide some limited confirmation that racial resentment is a key predictor of gun ownership, but the role of sexism has not been tested quantitatively especially in conjunction with racial resentment. We use the 2004–2016 ANES and a 2015 Gun Survey to statistically test the relative importance of racial resentment and sexism in predicting gun ownership, rationales for owning firearms, and NRA membership among whites. We find strong evidence that racial resentment is associated with gun ownership, rationales for owning firearms, and NRA membership, but the results for sexism are generally not consistent with expectations.
Resurgence of BK virus following Covid‐19 in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Masset Christophe , Ville Simon , Halary Franck , Gaborit Benjamin , Bressolette‐Bodin Celine , Deltombe Clément , Dujardin Amaury , Jacquemont Lola , Lebot Sabine , Kervella Delphine , Figueres Lucille , Cantarovich Diego , Giral Magali , Hourmant Maryvonne , Blancho Gilles , Garandeau Claire , Meurette Aurélie , Dantal Jacques
Published: September 2020

Kidney transplant recipients have been supposed vulnerable to severe Covid‐19 infection, due to their comorbidities and immunosuppressive therapies. Mild‐term complications of Covid‐19 are currently unknown, especially in this population. Herein, we report two cases of BKV replication after non‐severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The first case was a 59‐year‐old man, transplanted 3 months ago, with recent history of slight BKV viremia (3.3 log10 DNA copies/ml). Despite strong reduction of maintenance immunosuppression (interruption of mycophenolic acid and important decrease of calcineurin inhibitors), BKV replication largely increased after Covid‐19 and viremia persisted at 4.5 log copy/ml few months later. The second case was a 53‐year‐old woman, transplanted 15 years ago. She had a recent history of BKV cystitis, which resolved with a decrease of MPA dosage. Few weeks after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, she presented recurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms. Our reports highlight that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, even without severity, could disrupt immune system and particularly lymphocytes, thus leading to viral replication. Monitoring of viral replications after Covid‐19 in kidney transplant recipients could permit to confirm these preliminary observations.
Evaluation of accuracy for18F‐FDG positron emission tomography and computed tomography for detection of lymph node metastasis in canine oral malignant melanoma
Authors: Willcox Jennifer L. , Spriet Mathieu , Zwingenberger Allison L. , Phillips Kathryn L. , Burton Jenna H. , Skorupski Katherine A. , Hansen Katherine S. , Affolter Verena K. , Woolard Kevin D. , Beylin David , Giuffrida Michelle A.
Published: September 2020

Tumour stage has been demonstrated to have prognostic significance in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Various evaluation techniques of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have been reported for staging of head‐and‐neck tumours in people, but canine‐specific data are limited, and reports for CT accuracy have been variable. In this prospective study, the head/neck of client‐owned dogs with cytologically or histologically diagnosed OMM were imaged with18Fluorine‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) PET/ CT. Bilateral mandibular lymphadenectomy was performed for histopathologic assessment. Two evaluation techniques for CT and PET were applied by four independent observers. CT evaluation utilized both a standardized grading scheme and a subjective clinical interpretation. PET evaluation was first performed solely on18F‐FDG‐uptake in lymph nodes compared to background on a truncated scan excluding the oral cavity. Subsequently, the entire head/neck scan and standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements were available. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed with histopathology as gold standard. Twelve dogs completed the study and metastatic OMM was identified in six mandibular lymph nodes from five dogs. Of the CT‐interpretation techniques, use of clinical grading performed best (sensitivity = 83% and specificity = 94%). Both PET techniques resulted in 100% sensitivity, but primary tumour site evaluation and use of SUV increased specificity from 78% to 94%. The SUVmax cut‐point, 3.3, led to 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity. In this population of dogs, PET appeared to be highly sensitive but at risk of being less specific without use of appropriate parameters and thresholds.
How Context Inf luences Development
Authors: Ferguson William D.
Published: September 2020

Political settlements underlie institutional construction and thus a society’s prospects for development. Without some mutually understood method for settling major disputes through politics rather than organized violence, institutions cannot resolve CAPs that impede development. This chapter develops my approach to categorizing political settlements. It offers a framework that permits systematic inquiry into relationships between distributions of power, institutional evolution, and prospects for resolving a series of context-specific CAPs of achieving economic and political development. Political settlements differ fundamentally according to their social foundations’which groups are party to the settlement’and their configuration of authority among insider elites. A four-quadrant typology distinguishes between broad and narrow social foundations and coherent (unipolar) versus disorganized (multipolar) configurations of authority. Additionally, the presence of resource constraints and mutually understood threats to elite political survival conditions motivations to create institutions.
Japan’s “Northern Territories”
Authors: Bukh Alexander
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores national identity entrepreneurship related to Japan’s territories occupied by the Soviet Union in the waning days of WWII and focuses on the origins and transformations in the “Japan’s inherent territory” narrative. Originating in the critical juncture created by the defeat, the Soviet occupation, and the domestic reforms, the “inherent territory” framing of the occupied islands was initially utilized by the grassroots movement as part of an attempt to draw attention to the economic plight of those that suffered from the Soviet occupation. In the early 1950s, Hokkaido Prefecture embraced the irredentist cause as a means of political struggle with Tokyo. From the late 1960s, as a result of Tokyo’s appropriation of the “Northern Territories” and cooptation of the grassroots organizations, the narrative has changed significantly. From legitimation strategy, the “inherent territory” has gradually transformed into an end in itself, a symbol of injustice inflicted upon the nation.
Predictive Capability Maturity Quantification Using Bayesian Network
Authors: Lin Linyu , Dinh Nam
Published: September 2020

In nuclear engineering, modeling and simulations (M&Ss) are widely applied to support risk-informed safety analysis. Since nuclear safety analysis has important implications, a convincing validation process is needed to assess simulation adequacy, i.e., the degree to which M&S tools can adequately represent the system quantities of interest. However, due to data gaps, validation becomes a decision-making process under uncertainties. Expert knowledge and judgments are required to collect, choose, characterize, and integrate evidence toward the final adequacy decision. However, in validation frameworks, CSAU: code scaling, applicability, and uncertainty (NUREG/CR-5249) and EMDAP: evaluation model development and assessment process regulatory guide (RG 1.203), such a decision-making process is largely implicit and obscure. When scenarios are complex, knowledge biases and unreliable judgments can be overlooked, which could increase uncertainty in the simulation adequacy result and the corresponding risks. Therefore, a framework is required to formalize the decision-making process for simulation adequacy in a practical, transparent, and consistent manner. This paper suggests a framework—“Predictive capability maturity quantification using Bayesian network (PCMQBN)”—as a quantified framework for assessing simulation adequacy based on information collected from validation activities. A case study is prepared for evaluating the adequacy of a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic simulation in predicting the hydrodynamic forces onto static structures during an external flooding scenario. Comparing to the qualitative and implicit adequacy assessment, PCMQBN is able to improve confidence in the simulation adequacy result and to reduce expected loss in the risk-informed safety analysis.
Superimposed training low probability of detection underwater communications
Authors: Louza Fabio B. , DeFerrari Harry A.
Published: September 2020

This paper proposes a superimposed training method for low probability of detection underwater acoustic communications. A long pilot sequence was superimposed to the message for equalization and synchronization purposes. A fast Hadamard transform (FHT) estimated the channel impulse response and compressed the pilot energy. A Wiener filter performed equalization. The interference signal was removed using hyperslice cancellation by coordinate zeroing. An inverse FHT decompressed the remaining sequence energy and the message was retrieved. Results from a shallow water experiment presented bit error rates <10−2 for signal-to-noise ratios <−8 dB.
Concurrent Heat and Intermittent Hypoxic Training: No Additional Performance Benefit Over Temperate Training
Authors: McCleave Erin L. , Slattery Katie M. , Duffield Rob , Crowcroft Stephen , Abbiss Chris R. , Wallace Lee K. , Coutts Aaron J.
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To examine whether concurrent heat and intermittent hypoxic training can improve endurance performance and physiological responses relative to independent heat or temperate interval training. Methods: Well-trained male cyclists (N = 29) completed 3 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity interval training (4 × 60 min·wk−1) in 1 of 3 conditions: (1) heat (HOT: 32°C, 50% relative humidity, 20.8% fraction of inspired oxygen, (2) heat + hypoxia (H+H: 32°C, 50% relative humidity, 16.2% fraction of inspired oxygen), or (3) temperate environment (CONT: 22°C, 50% relative humidity, 20.8% fraction of inspired oxygen). Performance 20-km time trials (TTs) were conducted in both temperate (TTtemperate) and assigned condition (TTenvironment) before (base), immediately after (mid), and after a 3-week taper (end). Measures of hemoglobin mass, plasma volume, and blood volume were also assessed. Results: There was improved 20-km TT performance to a similar extent across all groups in both TTtemperate (mean ±90% confidence interval HOT, −2.8% ±1.8%; H+H, −2.0% ±1.5%; CONT, −2.0% ±1.8%) and TTenvironment (HOT, −3.3% ±1.7%; H+H, −3.1% ±1.6%; CONT, −3.2% ±1.1%). Plasma volume (HOT, 3.8% ±4.7%; H+H, 3.3% ±4.7%) and blood volume (HOT, 3.0% ±4.1%; H+H, 4.6% ±3.9%) were both increased at mid in HOT and H+H over CONT. Increased hemoglobin mass was observed in H+H only (3.0% ±1.8%). Conclusion: Three weeks of interval training in heat, concurrent heat and hypoxia, or temperate environments improve 20-km TT performance to the same extent. Despite indications of physiological adaptations, the addition of independent heat or concurrent heat and hypoxia provided no greater performance benefits in a temperate environment than temperate training alone.
Lower-Extremity Motor Synergies in Individuals With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Jagodinsky Adam E. , Angles Rebecca , Wilburn Christopher , Weimar Wendi H.
Published: September 2020

Current theoretical models suggest that ankle sprain copers exhibit movement adaptations contributing to the avoidance of chronic ankle instability. However, few studies have examined adaptations at the level of biomechanical motor synergies. The purpose was to examine characteristics of the support moment synergy between individuals with chronic ankle instability, copers, and healthy individuals. A total of 48 individuals participated in the study. Lower-extremity kinetics and variability in the moment of force patterns were assessed during the stance phase of walking trials. The copers exhibited reductions in the support moment during the load response and preswing phase compared with the chronic ankle instability group, as well as during the terminal stance and preswing phase compared the healthy group. The copers also exhibited reductions in the hip extensor moment and ankle plantarflexion moment compared with healthy and chronic ankle instability groups during intervals of stance phase. Variability of the support moment and knee moment was greater in the copers compared with the chronic ankle instability group. Dampening of the support moment and select joint moments exhibited by the copers may indicate an adaptive mechanism to mitigate loading perturbations on the previously injured ankle. Heightened motor variability in copers may be indicative of a more adaptable motor synergy compared with individuals with chronic ankle instability.
School-Based Exercise Intervention Improves Blood Pressure and Parameters of Arterial Stiffness in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ketelhut Sascha , Ketelhut Sebastian R. , Ketelhut Kerstin
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based exercise intervention on endurance performance (EP), blood pressure (BP), and arterial stiffness in children. Methods: A total of 105 students (mean age = 8.2 [0.6] y; 51% girls; body mass index = 17.8 [3.0] kg/m2) were randomized to the intervention group (IG, n = 51) and control group (CG, n = 54). During a 37-week experimental period, the IG received an exercise intervention (2 × 45 min/wk) in addition to their regular school physical education class (3 × 45 min/wk). EP, peripheral and central BP, pulse pressure, augmentation pressure, augmentation index, and aortic pulse wave velocity were assessed. Results: Following the intervention, significant changes (P < .05) in EP, peripheral and central systolic BP, pulse pressure, augmentation pressure, augmentation index, and aortic pulse wave velocity were found in the IG. Children in the CG displayed significant changes in peripheral and central diastolic BP. An analysis of the baseline-to-post changes revealed significant between-group differences in EP (P < .001), pulse pressure (P = .028), augmentation pressure (P = .007), and aortic pulse wave velocity (P = .037) that favored the IG and in peripheral and central diastolic BP that favored the CG. Conclusion: The school-based exercise intervention had beneficial effects not only on EP but also on different hemodynamic parameters.
Viral heart damage under scrutiny
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Researchers are hunting for myocarditis in COVID-19 survivors.
Cryo-EM structure of 90
S
small ribosomal subunit precursors in transition states
Authors: Du Yifei , An Weidong , Zhu Xing , Sun Qi , Qi Jia , Ye Keqiong
Published: September 2020

How ribosomes are made

The formation of eukaryotic ribosomes is a complex process that starts with transcription of a large precursor RNA that assembles into a large 90S preribosome, which matures to finally give the 40S small subunit of the ribosome. Cheng
et al.
and Du
et al.
give insight into this process, using cryo–electron microscopy to look at intermediates along the pathway. Together, these studies reveal how a cast of molecular players act to coordinate the compositional and structural changes that transform the 90S preribosome into a pre-40S subunit.

Science
, this issue p.
1470
, p.
1477
Messengers from the microbiota
Authors: Shaikh Fyza Y. , Sears Cynthia L.
Published: September 2020

Microbiota produce inosine, a metabolite that modulates effector T cells and tumor immunity
Advance in global ocean acoustics
Authors: Wunsch Carl
Published: September 2020

Earthquakes can be used to define changes in ocean heat content
Multiplicative suppression of decoherence
Authors: Hemmer Philip
Published: September 2020

Combining different protocols extends the life of a quantum system
Self-experimentation, ethics, and regulation of vaccines
Authors: Guerrini Christi J. , Sherkow Jacob S. , Meyer Michelle N. , Zettler Patricia J.
Published: September 2020

DIY COVID-19 vaccines raise legal and ethical questions
Intravenous paracetamol for neonates: long-term diseases not escalated during 5 years of follow-up
Authors: Juujärvi Sanna , Saarela Timo , Pokka Tytti , Hallman Mikko , Aikio Outi
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate the long-term adverse reactions of paracetamol in children who required intensive care shortly after birth. Paracetamol is a widely used analgesic in neonates, but the long-term studies are lacking. Previous epidemiological studies have reported associations between early paracetamol intake and diseases in childhood.

Design

Five-year follow-up cohort of children who required intensive care shortly after birth.

Setting

Single tertiary care hospital; neonatal and paediatric intensive care units.

Interventions

Intravenous paracetamol was administered for pain and discomfort to the neonates during their intensive care, while for the control infants, it was not available.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was the incidence of asthma; secondary outcomes were neonatal diseases and long-term morbidities (atopic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, autism, speech disorders, cerebral palsy). Long-term morbidities were adjusted based on antenatal and neonatal risk factors.

Results

We screened all neonates admitted to the intensive care units soon after birth in Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, during 1 October 2007 to 31 December 2013. Altogether, 1552 infants needed intensive care. Of them, 735 (47%) were treated with intravenous paracetamol. We obtained their long-term data from the Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare, including all physician-made diagnoses from all primary healthcare units and hospitals in Finland. We found no difference in the asthma incidence or in other long-term morbidities between paracetamol-treated and non-exposed infants.

Conclusions

Intravenous paracetamol given to neonates did not associate with childhood disorders compared with the non-exposed infants during the 5-year follow-up. The previous hypothesis that early paracetamol use causes childhood morbidities was not confirmed.
PTSD and bipolar II disorder in Fukushima disaster relief workers after the 2011 nuclear accident
Authors: Hori Arinobu , Takebayashi Yoshitake , Tsubokura Masaharu , Kim Yoshiharu
Published: September 2020

The global threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to accurately identify the immediate and long-term postdisaster impacts on disaster-relief workers. We examined the case of a local government employee suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and bipolar II disorder following the Great East Japan Earthquake. The complex and harsh experience provoked a hypomanic response such as elated feelings with increased energy, decreased need for sleep and an increase in goal-directed activity, which allowed him to continue working, even though he was adversely affected by the disaster. However, 3.5 years later, when he suffered further psychological damage, his PTSD symptoms became evident. In addition to treating mood disorders, trauma-focused psychotherapy was required for his recovery. Thereafter, we considered the characteristics of mental health problems that emerge in disaster-relief workers, a long time after the disaster, and the conditions and treatments necessary for recovery.
Institutionalising global health: a call for ethical reflection
Authors: Sayeed Sadath , Taylor Lauren
Published: September 2020

We describe a global health course and pedagogy that highlights the moral ambiguity and many ethical compromises that have emerged as the discipline has increasingly become institutionalised. We encourage students to reflect on how the oft-declared aspiration for global health equity still remains seriously contested as a normative and political matter, especially in settings like the USA. We further encourage students to reflect on how authentic concern for social justice, health equity and human rights are consistently undermined by unconscious and/or intentional fealty to standard operating procedures within hierarchical structures and systems. Lastly, we encourage students to openly question and critique the dominant socioeconomic and institutional paradigms that influence practitioner ways of thinking about global health. Our aim is to provide a learning space for students to at least imagine, if not demand, more daring modes of engagement. We also encourage our colleagues in the global health education community to be forthright that the process of institutionalising global health reliably favours our own interests more than those we claim to be most concerned about. If the ideal of global health is to build a bridge to human solidarity, we see substantial risk that current popularised approaches might never yield a structural tipping point.
Improving knowledge translation for increased engagement and impact in healthcare
Authors: Eljiz Kathy , Greenfield David , Hogden Anne , Taylor Robyn , Siddiqui Nazlee , Agaliotis Maria , Milosavljevic Marianna
Published: September 2020

Ineffective knowledge dissemination contributes to clinical practice and service improvements not being realised. Meaningful knowledge translation can occur through the understanding and matching of appropriate communication mediums that are relevant for different stakeholders or audiences. To this end, we present a dissemination instrument, the ‘REAch and Diffusion of health iMprovement Evidence’ (README) checklist, for the communication of research findings, integrating both traditional and newer communication mediums. Additionally, we propose a ‘Strategic Translation and Engagement Planning’ (STEP) tool, for use when deciding which mediums to select. The STEP tool challenges the need for communicating complex and simple information against the desire for passive or active stakeholder interaction. Used collaboratively by academics and health professionals, README and STEP can promote co-production of research, subsequent diffusion of knowledge, and develop the capacity and skills of all stakeholders.
Clinical presentation of paediatric patients with COVID-19 admitted to a single paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Iran
Authors: Saeed Amir , Shorafa Eslam , Sanaeidashti Anahita , Kadivar Mohammad Rahim
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To describe the clinical characteristics of paediatric patients admitted to a single paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Iran with COVID-19.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of paediatric patients who were admitted to a COVID-19-dedicated PICU from 16 March 2020 to 21 April 2020 with COVID-19.

Results

Six children had confirmed COVID-19 and four had suspected COVID-19. Six had pre-existing chronic medical conditions. Nine had respiratory failure and needed ventilation. Five children, of whom four had chronic medical conditions, died. Four had cardiac arrhythmias. Clinical presentation included fever and cough.

Conclusion

COVID-19 can be fatal in paediatric patients, especially in those with a chronic medical condition.