bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental Changes in Infant Attention to Dynamic and Static Stimuli
Authors: Shaddy D. Jill , Colombo John
Published: July 2004

This study examined 4‐ and 6‐month‐olds' responses to static or dynamic stimuli using behavioral and heart‐rate‐defmed measures of attention. Infants looked longest to dynamic stimuli with an audio track and least to a static stimulus that was mute. Overall, look duration declined with age to the different stimuli. The amount of time spent in sustained attention at 4 months, but not at 6 months, was related to stimulus discrimination. These results indicate that the decline in look duration typically observed during the middle of the 1st year for static stimuli does generalize to dynamic stimuli. The results further suggest that the amount of time spent in sustained attention during habituation may be an important indicator of processing in younger infants.
A Genomic Frontier in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Bertini Ivano , Rosato Antonio
Published: July 2004

Genome sequencing projects are providing researchers with an unprecedented wealth of information. This information has the potential to make a deep impact on how experiments are planned and the physiology of living organisms is investigated. One field where the availability of genome sequence has not been thoroughly exploited yet is bioinorganic chemistry. The latter discipline deals with the interaction of biological molecules with inorganic compounds. In this review we give an overview of some aspects of the interplay of genome sequencing projects and bioinorganic chemistry.
Efficient Method for the Esterification of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols Using Di-2-thienyl Carbonate Promoted by DMAP and Iodine
Authors: Oohashi Yoshiaki , Fukumoto Kentarou , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2004

Reaction of carboxylic acids with alcohols by using an equimolar amount of di-2-thienyl carbonate (2-DTC) in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) followed by addition of an equimolar amount of iodine proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding esters and 2(5H)-thiophenone in good to high yields.
Rational Syntheses of Novel Linear Chain Rhodium(I)–Semiquinonato Complexes Using Redox Reaction of Rh4(CO)12 Cluster with o-Benzoquinone Derivatives
Authors: Mitsumi Minoru , Umebayashi Shunsuke , Ozawa Yoshiki , Tadokoro Makoto , Kawamura Haruki , Toriumi Koshiro
Published: July 2004

Redox reactions of dodecacarbonyltetrarhodium(0), Rh4(CO)12, with 9,10-phenanthraquinone derivatives gave novel one-dimensional rhodium(I)–semiquinonato complexes. Two typical linear chain structures with direct Rh–Rh contacts were determined by X-ray crystal structure analyses of the compounds.
New Fluoride-selective Red Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Perylene Derivatives
Authors: Ren Jun , Wang Qiaochun , Qu Dahui , Zhao Xueli , Tian He
Published: July 2004

Two chemosensors based on perylene derivatives linked by urea were synthesized, and they show red color fluorescence and response to fluoride anion selectively with fluorescence quenching. The binding constants of these sensory systems to fluoride anion were high up to ≈105 M−1.
Biomimetic Synthesis of a Leaf-opening Factor, Potassium Isolespedezate, by Direct Formation of Enol-glycoside
Authors: Sugimoto Takanori , Ueda Minoru
Published: July 2004

Potassium isolespedezate (1) is a leaf-opening factor controlling the nyctinastic leaf-movement of leguminous plants. We carried out bioorganic studies on nyctinasty by using synthetic probes designed on the structure of 1 and its galactose analog (2). However, 1 was synthesized via an indirect route because of the difficulty of direct formation of the enol-glycosidic linkage. More efficiency is desired for the preparation of 1 and 2 which are necessary for the synthesis of probe compounds. In this paper, we report the biomimetic synthesis of 1 containing direct formation of an enol-glucosidic linkage. This efficient route makes it possible to prepare 1 and 2 in large quantity.
Direct Electrochemical Fabrication of Metallic Nanopillar Array on Au Electrode Surface by the Template Technique
Authors: Wang Xia-Yan , Zhong Hui , Yuan Jin-Hua , Sheng Dong , Ma Xiang , Xu Jing-Juan , Chen Hong-Yuan
Published: July 2004

This letter presents a novel, simple approach for direct electrochemical fabrication of metallic (Au or Pt) nanopillar array on gold electrode surface, employing cysteamine as a molecular anchor and anodic aluminum oxide as template without any sputtered metal as electrical conductor. The nanopillar arrays were grew directly on the electrode surface, and the prepared nanopillar array electrodes were used directly and easily to the electrochemical application.
Synthesis and Application of Ruthenium(II) Tricarboxyterpyridyl Complex with a Nitrogen Chelete Ligand for Solar Cells Based on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films
Authors: Yamaguchi Takeshi , Yanagida Masatoshi , Katoh Ryuzi , Sugihara Hideki , Arakawa Hironori
Published: July 2004

The ethylenediamine Ru(II) tricarboxyterpyridine complex [Ru(tctpy)(en)(NCS)]Cl (1) was newly synthesized, and its photophysical and photovoltaic properties were characterized. Solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2 films sensitized with 1 exhibited efficient sensitization over the visible and near-infrared region. These solar cells generated a large short-circuit photocurrent of 17.7 mA cm−2 and an open-circuit potential of 0.68 V under simulated AM 1.5 solar irradiation (100 mW cm−2) with a solar energy conversion efficiency of 8.5%.
Synthesis of Needle-like and Flower-like Zinc Oxide by a Simple Surfactant-free Solution Method
Authors: Wang Wei-Wei , Zhu Ying-Jie
Published: July 2004

Single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) with needle-like and flower-like morphologies has been successfully synthesized by decomposition of Zn(OH)42− in aqueous solution at 90 °C. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and zinc source are important factors in determining the phase and morphology of ZnO. When using zinc acetate as the zinc source at 90 °C for 90 min in an oil bath, ZnO with the needle-like morphology was obtained. Whereas using zinc nitrate as the zinc source, ZnO with flower-like morphology was produced.
Intelligent Reactions of Inorganic Phosphor Materials with Microwave Heating
Authors: Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Sato Mineo
Published: July 2004

YVO4:Eu3+ and Mg2SnO4:Mn2+ phosphors were prepared using a domestic microwave oven. The temperature of the raw materials irradiated with a microwave was rose up to 1111–1716 K within 150 s, followed by a sharp drop in the temperature in spite of irradiating the microwave continuously. A low dielectric loss factor of the reaction products caused the sharp drop in temperature as soon as the reaction was completed.
Reducing Gas Sensing Based on the Redox Interconversion of Neodymium (III) Chromate(V)
Authors: Aoki Yoshitaka , Habazaki Hiroki , Konno Hidetaka
Published: July 2004

The novel sensing property of neodymium (III) chromate(V), NdCrO4, to methanol has been demonstrated. The electrical response of this compound did not rely on the surface potential change by the interaction with methanol gas, but was instead due to the redox interconversion of zircon-type NdCrVO4 to KDP-type NdH2CrIIIO4. The NdCrO4 film prepared on alumina substrates with 2.5-μm thickness could respond to methanol of ppm order concentration with an apparent increase in electrical resistance.
Urea-functionalized Resorcinarenes: Preparation, Self-folding, and Their CD Phenomena Caused by Chiral Urea Termini through Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Ito Jun-ichi , Matsumoto Shinji , Hamachi Itaru
Published: July 2004

Self-folding resorcinarenes bearing optically active urea moieties showed unique circular dichroism (CD) phenomena on the macrocyclic skeleton, which were caused by their chiral urea termini through intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in chloroform. These characteristic CD bands were disappeared upon complexation with anions such as chloride and bromide.
The implications of privatization for innovation in Brazilian telecommunications
Authors: Shima Walter T.
Published: July 2004

This article discusses the key role played by the Brazilian telecommunications sector throughout the 1970s and 1980s in building and consolidating a sectoral innovation system (SIS) as part and parcel of a strategy to unify the existing network. The sector provided the essential conditions for the formation of a national technological capability, as was shown by the establishment of the Research and Development Centre of Telebrás (CPqD). A new debate arose, however, which led to the privatization of the Telebrás system - namely, that enhancing CPqD’s competitiveness was essential in a global market formed by strategic alliances. The global market-based strategic alliances set up in Brazil diminished the scope for CPqD and other potential actors to operate in partnership and facilitate the generation and exchange of knowledge. Consequently, the organizational status of CPqD was changed and the Brazilian sectoral innovation system was superseded by a system of global strategic alliances with traditional suppliers around the world. Questions, however, remain about prospects for R&D and innovation consequent upon restructuring of the sector.
Innovation and enhancement of enterprise capabilities
Authors: Hyland Paul W. , Beckett Ronald C.
Published: July 2004

Multiple internal and external factors shape the innovative capacity and practices of enterprises. An enterprise wishing to enhance its innovation capabilities would need to start by making an assessment of its position. Different approaches to such an assessment are put forward in
this paper. Enterprises would also need to make strategic decisions about where they intend to be in the future and what course of action they would need to follow to get there. A recently developed approach that can be used to search out and identify potential faults in the innovation process
is outlined. Given that innovation is a long-term process, enterprises bent on enhancing their innovative capability need to adopt business behaviour that is given less to short-term-based ad hoc practices and more to sustainable growth objectives. This paper explores assessment approaches
that business enterprises could consider for enhancing their long-term competitive and growth performance through innovation.
Theory and practice of environmental management accounting
Authors: Xiaomei Li
Published: July 2004

The theory and practice of environmental management accounting (EMA) have emerged in recent decades as a response to the growth of environmental problems. EMA can be defined as the identification, collection, estimation, analysis, internal reporting, and use of materials and information
relating to energy flow and environmental and other costs for both conventional and environmental decisionmaking within an organization. It is now a widely used tool in balancing the interaction between the economic, social and technological factors in the development process to achieve the
conditions for sustainable environment. The rapid growth in the number of companies that are awarded ISO 14001 certificates has enhanced the development of EMA all over the world. Many governments are involved in promoting EMA. In China, the government and companies are doing their best to
keep pace with the global trend of environmental protection. The main problems of EMA relate to the specification of environmental accounting information, the allocation of environmental costs, legislation issues and the lack of environmental accounting standards. Among all the available policy
instruments governments could use, the paper argues that regulatory or market-sensitive instruments would be more suitable for China. It is also possible for the Chinese government to direct companies in establishing environmental reporting and environmental auditing systems.
A conceptual framework for sociotechno-centric approach to sustainable development
Authors: Cam Chi Nguyen
Published: July 2004

This paper identifies technology, planning, and lifestyle as the main aspects of a holistic approach to the analysis of sustainable development in general and the sustainability of the built environment in particular. A single factor-based linear approach to sustainability issues is
naïve at best and risky at worst, posing conflicts with other approaches and misrepresenting the true overarching picture that needs to be defined as a basis for setting development strategies. Integrating all the three aspects has been attempted for a holistic and effective approach
to sustainable development. However, the current practice of integration involves a one-way, top-down relationship - from sustainable objectives, to technical and planning strategies, and finally to technology-driven lifestyle. In terms of the built environment, this imposed lifestyle puts
under question users’ readiness and willingness to be part of the built environment. The task of solving these conflicts has often relied on education and economic incentives, which have not, however, always been effective. The paper argues that redefining the roles of technology, planning
and lifestyle in a holistic framework, at least conceptually, is necessary for a sound approach to sustainable development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Ekwulugo Frances , Stokes Kathryn
Published: July 2004

Voices of the Poor from Many Lands, Deepa Narayan and Patti Petesch (eds.) (2002) New York: Oxford University Press, 528 pp., ISBN 0 8213 5049 8 (pbk), US $25.

Building Technological Capability: Issues and Prospects, Mozammel Huq (ed.) (2002) Dhaka:
The University Press Limited, xxii + 256 pp., ISBN 984 05 1633 7 (hbk), TK 450.
Is this really Brazil?
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: July 2004

Beto Brant’s film The Trespasser (2002) was considered by many critics as revelatory of Brazil’s moral decadence. This article asks: what does The Trespasser actually reveal about Brazil? How far can a fiction film be taken as evidence of the ethical condition
of a real place? And is the country in the film really Brazil? Through an analysis of the film’s fictitious and documentary aspects, this article suggests that its revelatory quality is of an aesthetic kind: the representation of the supposedly protected universe of the ruling classes
permeated by the misery that surrounds it. It argues that such an aesthetic contamination passes for an ethical diagnosis of Brazil as a whole thanks to the skill with which genre elements are articulated with the document. It concludes that The Trespasser updates the crime thriller
by introducing music-video language as a privileged space for the representation of contemporary alienation in a global context.
The break-up of the national body
Authors: Ko Mika
Published: July 2004

In the context of both contemporary Japanese society and cinema, there seems to be a growing preoccupation with national as well as personal identity in the era of so-called ‘multiculturalism’. By drawing on Tessa Morris-Suzuki’s concept of ‘cosmetic multiculturalism’
as well as anthropologist Mary Douglas’s account of ‘body as society’, this article attempts to examine how ‘body-metaphors’ structure the films of Miike Takashi and how the presence of non-Japanese characters are related to such a body politic of his films. Finally
I argue that by the repeated use of metaphors of the breakdown of bodily boundaries and fragmentation, Miike’s films may allegorize the break-up of the mythical national body of Japan as a racially homogeneous organic unity and non-Japanese characters are mobilized as an active factor
in a narrative strategy to dramatize this.
New World Order
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: July 2004

The ‘new’ in New Cinemas hopes to point to an unashamedly utopian direction, providing a platform not only for the study of new forms of cinematic practices and a new focus on cinemas hitherto neglected in Western scholarship, but also for new ways of configuring
identities and issues of self and otherness through the cinematic apparatus, and a new, heightened consciousness of the constant need to break down the boundary and distinction between self and other even as one problematises them.
Filmed science in search of a form
Authors: Pauwels Luc
Published: July 2004

This article offers a critical overview of the development and deployment of film in scientific endeavours of social and cultural scientists. It addresses some of the key issues involved in the use of a rich medium such as film to document, analyse and communicate about society and culture. In the past, social and cultural scientists have taken different approaches when trying to bring into play or, as the case may be, restrain the varied means of expression that are available within this medium. While the extent to which these means should be applied is still a matter of concern, it is gradually recognized that a more expressive approach is not only unavoidable but also much more fertile if it goes hand in hand with a clear and duly communicated sense of purpose. A peculiarity of film as a tool in human behaviour research is that it can provide an opportunity for the field to ‘talk back’ (i.e. to respond in a very literal sense) and to become actively involved in producing and assessing visual data in various ways. The fact that film creates this opportunity is increasingly recognized and indeed it is increasingly explored in practice, as this approach often yields unique and richer data. Researchers/film-makers, in their role as humans who are studying other humans of different cultures, need to be extremely wary of and explicit about their being ‘positioned subjects’ that operate within a necessarily limiting ‘scopic regime’ and that apply culturally moulded technologies. The growing awareness among scientific film-makers of the far-reaching consequences of these kinds of influences on their visual products is today commonly referred to as ‘reflexivity’.
Cracking the monolith
Authors: Alkassim Samirah
Published: July 2004

This article looks at the works of three experimental video and film artists in Cairo and how they break existing moulds of artistic practice in their use of the medium. They are respectively Sherief El-Azma, a documentary and fiction filmand video-maker; Hassan Khan, an experimental
and documentary video-maker and installation artist; and Wael Shawky, an installation artist. Hamid Naficy’s term ‘accented cinema’ applies to the works of these artists who stand outside the local film industry and yet who benefit from the contradictions and anomalies of
this positioning. By the force of their work, they transform the margins by which they are distinguished in relation to dominant modes of production and reception, into an imaginary centre.
Book Reviews
Authors: Miles Robert J. , Omer-Sherman Ranen , Ostrowska Dorota , Shaw Lisa
Published: July 2004

A Spanish Labyrinth: The Films of Pedro Almodóvar, Mark Allinson (2001) London: I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1860645070, £14.99.

Identity Politics on the Israeli Screen, Yosefa Loshitzky (2001)Austin: University of Texas Press, 22 b/w photos, xvii +
226 pp., ISBN 0-292-74723-3 (hbk), £37.95; ISBN 0-292-74724-1 (pbk), £13.96.

Purity and Provocation: Dogma 95, Mette Hjort and Scott MacKenzie (eds.) (2003) London: BFI, 237 pp., ISBN 0851709524, £15.99.

Cantinflas and the Chaos of Mexican Modernity,
Jeffrey M. Pilcher (2001) Wilmington, DE: SR Books, xxvi + 247 pp., ISBN 0842027696 (hbk), $55; ISBN 0842027718 (pbk), $19.95.
From hot atom chemistry to epithermal chemistry
Authors: Roessler K.
Published: July 2004

The rise and fall of hot atom chemistry (HAC) over the years from 1934 to 2004 is reviewed. Several applications are discussed, in particular to astrophysics and the interaction of energetic ions and atoms in space. Epithermal chemistry (ETC) is proposed to substitute the old name, since it better fits the energy range as well as the non-thermal and non-equilibrium character of the reactions. ETC also avoids the strong connexion of HAC to nuclear chemistry and stands for the opening of the field to physical chemistry and astrophysics.
Excitation functions of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on enriched78Kr with particular relevance to the production of76Br
Authors: Scholten B. , Takács S. , Tárkányi F. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M.
Published: July 2004

Excitation functions of the78Kr(d,α)76Br,78Kr(d,n)79Rb and78Kr(d,x)79Kr reactions were measured for the first time in the energy range up to 13 MeV using the stacked gas cell technique and activation method. Highly enriched78Kr was used as target material. The maximum cross section of the78Kr(d,α)76Br reaction at 13 MeV amounts to 21 mb and the calculated yield of76Br over the energy range Ed=13→4 MeV to only 59 kBq/μA h. Due to the very low expected yield of76Br and the high cost of the target gas, this route is not suitable for production of76Br compared with the other well investigated production routes.
Practical production of 61Cu using natural Co target and its simple purification with a chelating resin for 61Cu-ATSM
Authors: Fukumura Toshimitsu , Okada Kazuhiro , Szelecsényi Ferenc , Kovács Zoltán , Suzuki Kazutoshi
Published: July 2004

Copper-61 (T1/2=3.41 h) produced via the 59Co(α,2n)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Co target was isolated from the irradiated target by two methods developed here and applied for preparation of (61Cu-ATSM) (61Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)), known as an imaging agent of hypoxic tissue. A commercially available cobalt disk (thickness: 125 μm) was irradiated with 40 MeV (37.9 MeV on target) α particles, then treated with conc. HNO3, and the 61Cu was separated by two different methods, i.e. a two column method using a cation and an anion exchange column; and a one column method using a column packed with chelating resin, Chelex 100. Both separation methods gave satisfactory results, though the latter method was superior because of the simplicity of the apparatus, the separation procedure and somewhat shorter processing time. Around 1.1 GBq of 61Cu2+ were obtained with >95% yield (decay corrected) from Co target at 10 μA for 1 h irradiation, and with the radionuclidic purity of >98% (EOS). The only radionuclidic impurity in the isolated 61Cu2+ solution was identified to be 60Cu at EOS but no radionuclidic impurity was observed after 50 hours. The solution of 61Cu-ATSM was prepared in >85% radiochemical yield with >95% radiochemical purity.
Cross section measurements of proton and deuteron induced formation of103Ag in natural palladium
Authors: Hermanne A. , Takács S. , Tárkányi F. , Bolbos R.
Published: July 2004

Proton and deuteron induced nuclear reactions for generation of the103Pd parent103Ag were investigated using the stacked-foil activation technique on natural palladium targets up to Ep=37.3 MeV and Ed=20.5 MeV, respectively. Excitation functions are reported for the first time for the reactionsnatPd(p,xn)103Ag andnatPd(d,xn)103Ag.
The Auger-electron emitter165Er: excitation function of the165Ho(p,n)165Er process
Authors: Beyer G. J. , Zeisler S. K. , Becker D. W.
Published: July 2004

The lanthanide isotope165Er decays by electron capture without any accompanying gamma radiation, which makes it an ideal radionuclide for Auger electron therapy. The chemical properties of erbium with regard to labelling of bio-conjugates are virtually identical to those of radio-yttrium. We measured the excitation function of the165Ho(p,n)165Er reaction and obtained a maximum cross section of 166±20 mb at 11.1±0.5 MeV proton energy. Our findings indicate that165Er can be produced at any small-sized cyclotron in quantities suitable for biomedical applications. The thick target yield at Ep=15 MeV is 55 MBq/μA h. A mass separated sample of the nuclide pair160Er/160Ho was used as model to demonstrate that the separation of the165Er from the target matrix material Ho can be achieved by cation-exchange chromatography using Aminex A5 resin and α-HIBA as eluent in about 1 hour.
Cross sections for production of the therapeutic radioisotopes 198Au and 199Au in proton and deuteron induced reactions on 198Pt
Authors: Tárkányi F. , Hermanne A. , Takács S. , Shubin Yu. N. , Dityuk A. I.
Published: July 2004

The possible production of the therapeutic radioisotopes 198Au and 199Au using charged particle reactions at cyclotrons was investigated. For the first time, excitation functions for the 198Pt(p,n)198gAu, 198Pt(d,2n)198m,gAu and 198Pt(d,x) 199Au nuclear reactions were measured up to 40 MeV proton and 20 MeV deuteron energies. The results were compared with calculations performed with the computer code ALICE-IPPE. Acceptable overall agreement was obtained. Production and product quality parameters are discussed on the basis of the measured cross sections and from the deduced integral yields.
Production of 16N for instrument calibration
Authors: Nickles R. J. , Barnhart T. E. , Avila-Rodrigues M. A. , Converse A. K. , Sundaresan R. , Nye J. A. , Dick D. W. , Roberts A. D.
Published: July 2004

A convenient source of -7 second [16N]-N2 is described, employing the deuteron irradiation of a flow-through nitrogen target, suitable for the calibration of gamma detectors to 7 MeV and beta spectrometers to 10 MeV. Its possible presence as a contaminant in 15O-gases bears watching.
New determination of the half-life of 205Bi
Authors: Kuhnhenn J. , Herpers U. , Michel R.
Published: July 2004

We report a new half-life value of 205Bi. During measurements of cross sections for the production of residual radionuclides in proton-induced reactions on lead and bismuth a discrepancy was recognised between the published half-life of 205Bi and our experimental results. In this work, the value for the half-life of 205Bi was determined to be (14.91±0.07) days, based on measurements on 33 irradiated lead samples.
Some nuclear chemical aspects of medical generator nuclide production at the Los Alamos hot cell facility
Authors: Faßbender M. , Nortier F. M. , Phillips D. R. , Hamilton V. T. , Heaton R. C. , Jamriska D. J. , Kitten J. J. , Pitt L. R. , Salazar L. L. , Valdez F. O. , Peterson E. J.
Published: July 2004

Generator nuclides constitute a convenient tool for applications in nuclear medicine. In this paper, some radiochemical aspects of generator nuclide parents regularly processed at Los Alamos are introduced. The bulk production of the parent nuclides68Ge,82Sr,109Cd and88Zr using charged particle beams is discussed. Production nuclear reactions for these radioisotopes, and chemical separation procedures are presented. Experimental processing yields correspond to 80%-98% of the theoretical thick target yield. Reaction cross sections are modeled using the code ALICE-IPPE; it is observed that the model largely disagrees with experimental values for the nuclear processes treated. Radionuclide production batches are prepared 1-6 times yearly for sales. Batch activities range from 40 MBq to 75 GBq.
The isolation of99Mo from fission material for use in the99Mo/99mTc generator for medical use
Authors: van der Walt T.N. , Coetzee P. P.
Published: July 2004

Molybdenum-99 is an important radionuclide which is used in nuclear medicine and a new method is presented for the isolation and purification of99Mo from fission material. The method was developed to suit the needs of the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) and also because most other methods had been patented and could therefore not be used at NECSA. A uranium-aluminium alloy, cladded in aluminium, served as a target and the target was irradiated in a nuclear reactor for several days. After a cooling period, in order to let the short-lived radionuclides decay, the target material was dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution. The radioactive krypton and xenon gases were collected on activated carbon and stored until both gases had decayed. Aluminium,99Mo,131I and the radionuclides of alkali-soluble elements in the sodium hydroxide solution were separated from the uranium and radionuclides of the alkaline-insoluble elements by filtration. The radionuclides of molybdenum and iodine were separated by anion exchange chromatography, in alkaline medium, from the bulk aluminium and radionuclides of other elements, such as barium, strontium and tellurium.99Mo was selectively eluted with a slightly alkaline lithium sulphate solution, leaving the iodine radionuclides on the resin. The99Mo eluant was acidified with oxalic acid and nitric acid and99Mo separated from the remaining aluminium and other radionuclides by anion exchange chromatography, in acid medium. After elution of99Mo, again with a slightly alkaline lithium sulphate solution, the eluant was acidified with nitric acid,99Mo concentrated on a chelating resin column and finally eluted with ammonia and evaporated to obtain99MoO3which was then dissolved in diluted sodium hydroxide solution. The purity of the final product was within the specifications of the British and European Pharmacopoiea and no further purification steps, such as sublimation, were required.
99mTc gel generators based on zirconium molybdate-99Mo: III: Influence of preparatory conditions of zirconium molybdate-99Mo gel on generator performance
Authors: Saraswathy P. , Sarkar S. K. , Arjun G. , Nandy S. K. , Ramamoorthy Natesan
Published: July 2004

The effect of subtle variations on zirconium molybdate-99Mo gel preparatory conditions, such as stoichiometry of reactants, pH of gel formation, conditioning of gel granulesetc., prior to elution were investigated primarily to arrive at the conditions resulting in high99mTc release and minimal99Mo breakthrough upon elution with normal saline. Zirconium molybdate-99Mo gels were prepared by reacting solutions of Zr and Mo in mole ratios of 0.75-1.5. Both water and normal saline were used for gel disintegration, and the release of99mTc and99Mo from gel columns into eluates was compared. Sharper elution profile of99mTc, but with significantly higher99Mo breakthrough (5-8 times), was obtained when water alone was used for disintegration and elution, in comparison to when saline was used.

Gels exhibiting optimum characteristics were found to be formed at a pH of 4-5 by reacting [Zr]:[Mo] in the mole ratio of 1.25:1 and after drying, the product was dispersed into granules by disintegration with normal saline.99mTc elution efficiency was found to be ∼75% and99Mo breakthrough ∼0.05%. The elution profile was sharp when a 6 g gel column coupled to a 2 g acidic alumina column (to trap99Mo) was eluted with 6-9 ml normal saline. Generators containing upto 23 GBq99Mo were prepared, eluted extensively without changing the alumina column and found to provide pertechnetate of good quality, commensurate with hospital radiopharmacy requirements.
Neutral oxorhenium(V) and oxotechnetium(V) complexes with novel amide thioether dithiolate ligands derived from cysteine
Authors: Noll Bernhard , Hilger Christoph S. , Leibnitz Peter , Spies Hartmut
Published: July 2004

Bifunctional ligands able to form neutral complexes with radioactive technetium and rhenium and to couple to biological relevant anchor groups play an important role in the design of new radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. A novel tetradentate amide thioether dithiolate ligand HS-CH2CH2-S-CH2CONH-CH(COOR)CH2SH (H3SNSS) with R=CH3, C10H21was synthesized that forms stable complexes with technetium and rhenium in oxidation state V. The molecular structures of the rhenium and technetium complexes MO(SNSS) were determined by X-ray structural analysis and show that the metal coordination number is five and the coordination polyhedron is between square-pyramidal and trigonal-bipyramidal. The pendent ester group allows coupling of the chelate unit at biologically relevant anchor groups. As a relevant representative the X-ray structural analysis of the rhenium decylester complex was carried out. The complex formation with Tc at the n.c.a. level and186Re at 10-6M level is described.
188Re(V)-DMSA: in-vitro and in-vivo studies on the individual stereo isomers
Authors: Guhlke Stefan , Scheithauer S. , Oetjen K. , Sartor J. , Bender H. , Biersack H. J.
Published: July 2004

The pentavalent rhenium-188 meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid complex 188Re(V)-DMSA is a beta-emitting analogue of Tc99m(V)-DMSA, an established tracer that is taken up in a variety of histological different tumors and especially in bone metastases arising from breast and prostate carcinomas. The similar general biodistribution and tumor avidity of 188Re- and 99mTc(V)-DMSA therefore suggests the use of the rhenium analog as an agent for therapeutic applications. No-carrier-added 188Re(V)-DMSA is composed of a mixture of three stereoisomers arising from different orientations of the 4 carboxylate groups of the complex. For therapeutic applications it must be known whether there is a difference in the in-vivo biodistribution and kinetics of the individual stereo isomers. The aim of this study was therefore a) to characterize the chemical stability of each of the 3 stereoisomers with respect to time, temperature and pH and b) to evaluate if there are differences in the in-vivo organ distribution of the pure isomers compared to the isomeric mixture.

The in-vitro results revealed for all three individual isomers of 188Re(V)-DMSA a rather slow (with respect to half-life of Re-188) temperature and pH dependent rate of interconversion which would justify the application of pure isomers. The data obtained from urine samples of rats showed a faster interconversion rate and reached a stable isomer distribution after about six to ten hours, depending on which isomer was injected. However there was no evidence for isomer specific excretion rates. The organ biodistribution patterns of all three isomers were very similar at all times studied (10 min up to 24 hours p.i). The tumor uptake in a rat mammary carcinoma model at 1 hour p.i. did also not show any significant differences.

In conclusion the preparation and administration of pure stereoisomers of 188Re-DMSA is possible, however, in-vivo no significant differences in organ distribution and kinetics were observed which would favour the use of purified stereo isomers over the isomeric mixture of 188Re(V)-DMSA.
Analysis of 188Re-EDTMP complexes by HPLC and ultrafiltration
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuyuki , Matsuoka Hiromitsu
Published: July 2004

High performance liquid chromatography (anion-exchange, reversed-phase ion-pair and gel permeation chromatography) and ultrafiltration have been employed to analyze 188Re-ethylenediamine-N,N,N´,N´-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) complexes ( 188Re-EDTMP), prepared from the tin chloride reduction or sodium borohydride reduction in the presence or absence of rhenium carrier. The HPLC analysis showed that the 188Re-EDTMP complexes were mixtures of components and the distribution of the components was dependent upon the total amount of rhenium present and the reducing agents (SnCl2, NaBH4). The ultrafiltration analysis showed that the distribution of nominal molecular weight of 188Re-EDTMP was dependent upon the presence of rhenium carrier and the reducing agents. In addition, it was found that the proportion of chemical species with bigger molecular weight in no-carrier-added 188Re(SnCl2)-EDTMP was larger than that in carrier-added 188Re(SnCl2)-EDTMP.
Semi-remote production of Br-76 and preparation of high specific activity radiobrominated pharmaceuticals for PET studies
Authors: Szajek Lawrence P. , Kao C.-H. K. , Kiesewetter D. O. , Sassaman M. B. , Lang L. , Plascjak P. , Eckelman W. C.
Published: July 2004

The PET radionuclide 76Br (t1/2=16.2 h) can be easily produced utilizing the nuclear reaction As(3He,2n)76Br. We use high-purity arsenic targets and isolate radioactive bromide by chromic acid oxidation followed by simple distillation of [76Br] hydrogen bromide using a semi-remote apparatus. Use of reagents with little or no carrier bromine yields high specific activity radiobrominated pharmaceuticals prepared from the distilled [76Br] hydrogen bromide.
Synthesis of [123I]iodine labelled imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines as potential probes for the study of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors using SPECT
Authors: Katsifis Andrew , Barlin G. , Mattner F. , Dikic B.
Published: July 2004

The pyridazines 3-acetamidomethyl-6-chloro-2-(4´-iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine 1 (IC50=1.6 nM) and 3-benzamidomethyl-6-iodo-2-(4´-t-butylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine 2 (IC50=4.2 nM), are high affinity and selective ligands for the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors (PBR) compared to the Central Benzodiazepine counterparts. The [123I] 1 and [123I] 2 labelled analogues of these compounds were subsequently synthesised for the potential study of the PBRin vivousing SPECT. Radioiodination of [123I] 1 was achieved by iododestannylation of the corresponding tributyl tin precursor with Na[123I] in the presence of peracetic acid or chloramine-T and the product isolated by C-18 RP HPLC. Radioiodination of [123I] 2 was achieved by copper assisted bromine [123I]iodine exchange of the corresponding bromo precursor in the presence of acetic acid and sodium bisulfate as reducing agent at 200 °C. Purification of the crude products were achieved by semi-preparative C-18 RP HPLC to give the products in radiochemical yields >90%. The products were obtained in >97% chemical and radiochemical purity and with specific activities >180 GBq/μmol.
Radioiodination of ammonio-closo-monocarborane, 1-H3N-1-CB11H11. Aspects of labelling chemistry in aqueous solution using Chloramine-T
Authors: Orlova Anna , Sivaev Igor , Sjöberg Stefan , Lundqvist Hans , Tolmachev Vladimir
Published: July 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of electrophilic radioiodination in the labelling of closo-monocarborane(-1). Ammonio-closo-monocarborane (ACMC, 1NH31CB11H11) was labelled with 125I using Chloramine-T as an oxidant. Radio-TLC was used for analysis. Influence of substrate amount, oxidant concentration, and pH of the reaction media on the labelling yield was studied. A labelling yield of 80%-90% was obtained. The results of the study indicate feasibility to use derivatives of closo-monocarborane(-1) as a pendant group for indirect radioiodination of proteins, and for studying pharmacokinetics of boron-rich compounds for BNCT.
Radiosynthesis of (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol for PET investigation of D2 receptor binding
Authors: Moerlein Stephen M. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Welch Michael J.
Published: July 2004

A procedure for the reliable production of the novel PET D2 receptor ligand (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol ([11C]NMB) is described. The method is based on N-methylation of benperidol using [11C]methyl iodide from the PETtrace MeI MicroLab, with product purification via normal-phase HPLC. Batch yields of 2.5±0.9 GBq (68±25 mCi) of [11C]NMB are routinely (n=16) obtained, with a radiochemical purity >98% and an average specific activity of over 40.7 TBq (1100 Ci)/mmol. The overall radiosynthesis, purification, and pre-release quality control testing is accomplished within 50 minutes. The procedure described herein produces a radiopharmaceutical product that is suitable for D2 receptor studies using PET or microPET imaging.
Radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of the 5HT2 receptor ligand [N-11C-methyl]-1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-methylaminopropane for PET
Authors: Schmaljohann J. , Becherer A. , Kletter K. , Gündisch D.
Published: July 2004

In vivo labelling of serotonergic receptors (5HT) could be a useful tool for understanding the physiological and pathophysiological role of neurodegenerative disorders. 1-[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI), a well known agonist with high affinity to 5HT2 receptors, was labelled with C-11 for PET. Here we report the evaluation of the mono-methylated and dimethylated analogs of DOI for PET. The syntheses of [N-11C-methyl]-DOI ([11C]MDOI) and [N-11C-dimethyl]-DOI ([11C]DMDOI) were optimized resulting in radiochemical yields of up to 43%, allowing efficient production for clinical use. High affinities for the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors with a slight preference for 5HT2A were found for MDOI, similar to the highly potent hallucinogen DOI.
Isotopic tracer studies of chemical behavior of rare earth elements in environmental and biological sciences
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Chai Zhifang
Published: July 2004

Rare earth elements (REE), a group of elements with atomic numbers from 57 to 71, have been widely applied in recent years not only in industry but also in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and medicine. Numerous anthropogenic activities make REE to easily enter the environment and finally the human body via the food chain. Therefore, detailed studies on chemical behavior of these metals in environmental and biological systems are imperative. Isotopic tracer method is especially suited to such studies and has played an important role in assessing the environmental effects of REE. In this paper, some recent progress in the study of chemical behavior of REE in environmental and biological sciences made by the isotopic tracer method is outlined.
Trace elements evaluation of some medicinal herbs by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Zaidi Jamshed H. , Fatima I. , Qureshi I. H. , Subhani M. S.
Published: July 2004

Instrumental neutron activation analysis has been used for the analysis of seven varieties of medicinal herbs generally used by the people of South Asian region. Twenty-one trace elements (essential, toxic and non-essential) were determined. This data should not only be helpful in establishing the base-line values in these medicinal herbs but also in correlating their role as therapeutic agents. A comparison of our data with literature values shows variation in trace element contents of same species of different origin which can be attributed to ecological and geographical variations to some extent; however an exact interpretation demands further extensive investigations.
Ultratrace and isotope ratios analyses of some radionuclides by ICP-MS
Authors: Helal A. I. , Zahran N. F. , Amr M. A. , Abd El-Lateef A. M. , Bashter I. I. , Mohsen H. T. , Abbas Y.
Published: July 2004

Extensive work is under way using High Resolution-ICP-MS for90Sr,234U,235U,238U,239Pu,240Pu, and241Am detection. Sample preparation procedures based on liquid-liquid extraction and ion exchange chromatography were developed. Sr, U, Pu, and Am were separated from their matrix and concentrated to improve the power of detection in the mass spectrometer. A microconcentric nebulizer with a desolvation introduction system (Ardius) is used. Instrumental limits of detection using Sr and U standard solutions are 0.01 ppt and 0.006 ppt for Sr and U, respectively. A study is presented on the mass interferences for the specified radionuclides. In the environmental samples investigated the90Sr/86Sr isotope ratio is 6.02×10-9and for240Pu/239Pu the isotope ratio is 0.17.
The study of natural radionuclides and radon exhalation rate in ceramic materials containing fly ash developed in Israel
Authors: Lavi N. , Alfassi Z. B.
Published: July 2004

The ionizing radiation dose from building materials containing fly ash (FA) has been studied. Ceramic products, plates, bricks and blocks containing fly ash have been studied and compared to other construction materials for both natural radionuclides content (NORM), radon exhalation rate and gamma radiation dose .The total radiation dose due to walls built from ceramic blocks containing FA (45% fly ash), was found to be lower than radiation doses due to walls of other construction materials, Assuming two walls (the exterior ones) built of this ceramic material the doses are 0.09-0.13 mSv/y for ceramic materials densities of 800 and 1200 kg/m3, respectively.
Twenty years of structure research on quasicrystals. Part I. Pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals
Authors: Steurer Walter
Published: July 2004

Is quasicrystal structure analysis a never-ending story? Why is still not a single quasicrystal structure known with the same precision and reliability as structures of regular periodic crystals? What is the state-of-the-art of structure analysis of axial quasicrystals? The present comprehensive review summarizes the results of almost twenty years of structure analysis of axial quasicrystals and tries to answer these questions as far as possible. More than 2000 references have been screened for the most reliable structural models of pentagonal, octagonal, decagonal and dodecagonal quasicrystals. These models, mainly based on diffraction data and/or on bulk and surface microscopic images are critically discussed together with the limits and potentialities of the respective methods employed.
Decagonal quasicrystals in Al—Ni—Co: generality and particulars
Authors: Grushko Benjamin , Döblinger Markus
Published: July 2004

A great number of stable and metastable structures associated with the Al—Ni—Co decagonal phase were observed in a continuous range from binary Al—Co to binary Al—Ni. Two independent basic binary compounds forming the continuous row of the decagonal solid solutions are argued for Al—Ni—Co. The formation of different quasiperiodic and periodic structures in this range is discussed. Our analysis leads to a significant simplification of the description of the decagonal range in the equilibrium Al—Ni—Co phase diagram.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic studies of (1RS,2SR)-1-(2-carboxy-4-methyl-5-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dimethyl-cyclopentane-2-carboxylic acid: supramolecular framework built from O—H…O and C—H…O hydrogen bonds
Authors: Mondal Swastik , Mukherjee Monika , Paul Tapas , Mukherjee Debabrata
Published: July 2004

The bicyclic carboxylic acid, C17H22O5, a potential intermediate in the synthesis of bioactive δ-cuparenol has been prepared and characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray studies. The structure derived from the NMR data, the infrared spectra and the chemical analysis is consistent with that of single crystal X-ray analysis. The molecules in the title compound are linked into a three dimensional framework by O—H…O and C—H…O intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular assembly of molecules exhibits R4
4(23) rings. The conformational analysis of the molecule as investigated by the semi-empirical quantum mechanical AM1 calculations shows a good agreement with the X-ray structure.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Cobalt
Authors: Meshri Dayal T.
Published: July 2004

The two fluorides of cobalt, namely the cobalt(II) fluoride and the cobalt(III) fluoride, are of great importance in the fluorochemical industry owing to the use of the latter as a hard fluorinating agent. It is used for the replacement of hydrogen by fluorine in halocarbons, fluorination of alkynes, and fluorination of aromatic compounds.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Hydrogen
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: July 2004

Hydrogen fluoride is the most important manufactured fluorine compound, having the greatest production volume and serving as the raw material for most other fluorine‐containing chemicals. It is produced from sulfuric acid and fluorspar (calcium fluoride ore) at elevated temperatures in a rotating kiln. It is used for the production of fluorocarbons and inorganic fluorides, as a catalyst in the production of high octane gasoline, in aluminum manufacture, as an etchant in the electronic industry, and in stainless steel pickling. Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless liquid or gas that strongly associates to form polymers in both the liquid and gaseous states, and exhibits highly nonideal physical properties. It is a fairly weak acid as a solute, but is highly acidic as a solvent. Among its unusual chemical properties is its reactivity with silica and silicates, including glass. It is a corrosive, hazardous material, but can be handled safely provided rigorous safety precautions are followed. Properties of both the aqueous and anhydrous material are described.