bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actions Speak Louder Than Words
Authors: Tanner Carmen , Brügger Adrian , van Schie Susan , Lebherz Carmen
Published: December 2010

Ethical scandals in business have led to calls for more ethical or moral leadership. Yet, we still know very little about what characterizes ethical leadership and what its positive consequences actually are. We argue that the major question is not about what leaders value, but rather whether their ethical values are regularly reflected in behavioral patterns across situations and situational challenges. To address this, we have begun to build the Ethical Leadership Behavior Scale, which is based on behaviors reflecting concrete manifestations of ethical values (e.g., fairness, respect) across occasions and situational barriers. A study with 592 employees of 110 work units in two departments provided a first test of this scale and demonstrated that the level of ethical leadership behavior predicts important work-related attitudes (job satisfaction, work engagement, affective organizational commitment) and outcomes (health complaints, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism).
The transition to superrotation in terrestrial atmospheres
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan L. , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: December 2010

We show that by changing a single nondimensional number, the thermal Rossby number, global atmospheric simulations with only axisymmetric forcing pass from an Earth‐like atmosphere to a superrotating atmosphere that more resembles the atmospheres of Venus or Titan. The transition to superrotation occurs under conditions in which equatorward propagating Rossby waves generated by baroclinic instability at intermediate and high latitudes are suppressed, which will occur when the deformation radius exceeds the planetary radius. At large thermal Rossby numbers following an initial, nearly axisymmetric phase, a global baroclinic wave of zonal wave number one generated by mixed barotropic‐baroclinic instability dominates the eddy flux of zonal momentum. The global wave converges eastward zonal momentum to the equator and deposits westward momentum at intermediate latitudes during spin‐up and before superrotation emerges, and the baroclinic instability ceases once superrotation is established. A global barotropic mode of zonal wave number one generated by a mix of high‐ and low‐latitude barotropic instability is responsible for maintaining superrotation in the statistically steady state. At intermediate thermal Rossby numbers, momentum flux by the global baroclinic mode is subdominant relative to smaller baroclinic modes, and thus strong superrotation does not develop.
Regulation of protein function by ‘microProteins’
Authors: Staudt Annica‐Carolin , Wenkel Stephan
Published: December 2010

Many proteins achieve their function by acting as part of multi‐protein complexes. The formation of these complexes is highly regulated and mediated through domains of protein–protein interaction. Disruption of a complex or of the ability of the proteins to form homodimers, heterodimers or multimers can have severe consequences for cellular function. In this context, the formation of dimers and multimers can be perturbed by proteins referred to here as ‘microProteins’. These disruptive protein species contain the protein‐interaction domains of bona fide interaction partners, but lack the functional domains required for the activation of, for example, transcription or DNA binding. MicroProteins thus behave as post‐translational regulators by forming homotypic dimers with their targets, and act through the dominant–negative suppression of protein complex function. Although the first microProtein was identified more than two decades ago, the recent discovery and characterization of three further small protein species in plants emphasizes their importance. The studies discussed in this review demonstrate that the action of microProteins is general and that it has evolved in both the animal and the plant kingdoms.
Ex Vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Neuropathological Correlation in a Murine Model of Hypoxia–Ischemia-Induced Thrombotic Stroke
Authors: Shereen Ahmed , Nemkul Niza , Yang Dianer , Adhami Faisal , Dunn R Scott , Hazen Missy L , Nakafuku Masato , Ning Gang , Lindquist Diana M , Kuan Chia-Yi
Published: December 2010

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a powerful method to visualize white matter, but its use in patients with acute stroke remains limited because of the lack of corresponding histologic information. In this study, we addressed this issue using a hypoxia–ischemia (HI)-induced thrombotic model of stroke in adult mice. At 6, 15, and 24 hours after injury, animals were divided into three groups for (1) in vivo T2- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, followed by histochemistry, (2) ex vivo DTI and electron microscopy, and (3) additional biochemical or immunochemical assays. The temporal changes of diffusion anisotropy and histopathology were compared in the fimbria, internal capsule, and external capsule. We found that HI caused a rapid reduction of axial and radial diffusivities in all three axonal bundles. A large decrease in fractional anisotropy, but not in axial diffusivity per se, was associated with structural breakdown of axons. Furthermore, the decrease in radial diffusivity correlated with swelling of myelin sheaths and compression of the axoplasma. The gray matter of the hippocampus also exhibited a high level of diffusion anisotropy, and its reduction signified dendritic degeneration. Taken together, these results suggest that cross-evaluation of multiple DTI parameters may provide a fuller picture of axonal and dendritic injury in acute ischemic stroke.
Glutamate Transporter Type 3 Knockout Reduces Brain Tolerance to Focal Brain Ischemia in MICE
Authors: Li Liaoliao , Zuo Zhiyi
Published: December 2010

Excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs) transport glutamate into cells under physiologic conditions. Excitatory amino-acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3) is the major neuronal EAAT and also uptakes cysteine, the rate-limiting substrate for synthesis of glutathione. Thus, we hypothesize that EAAT3 contributes to providing brain ischemic tolerance. Male 8-week-old EAAT3 knockout mice on CD-1 mouse gene background and wild-type CD-1 mice were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes. Their brain infarct volumes, neurologic functions, and brain levels of glutathione, nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) were evaluated. The EAAT3 knockout mice had bigger brain infarct volumes and worse neurologic deficit scores and motor coordination functions than did wild-type mice, no matter whether these neurologic outcome parameters were evaluated at 24 hours or at 4 weeks after brain ischemia. The EAAT3 knockout mice contained higher levels of HNE in the ischemic penumbral cortex and in the nonischemic cerebral cortex than did wild-type mice. Glutathione levels in the ischemic and nonischemic cortices of EAAT3 knockout mice tended to be lower than those of wild-type mice. Our results suggest that EAAT3 is important in limiting ischemic brain injury after focal brain ischemia. This effect may involve attenuating brain oxidative stress.
Fibrin-based Matrices to Support Stem Cell-Based Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Gorodetsky Raphael , Mironi-Harpaz Iris , Seliktar Dror
Published: December 2010

Cell-based tissue engineering requires a safe delivery of cells on different matrices and their successful implantation. Nevertheless, the application and practice of this approach is not straightforward. Matrices or cast polymers of different chemical compositions may not be biocompatible. Foreign matrices may be rejected with the loss of the implanted cells that they carry with possible induction of other adverse effects. Moreover, many of such matrices may not degrade in adequate rate to be replaced by new extracellular matrix of the regenerated tissue. Fibrinogen is a naturally circulating protein which is involved in wound healing and can be activated in a controlled manner to polymerize into fibrin polymer. These properties render it a candidate of choice for such applications. The high cell binding efficiency of fibrinogen further stresses its potential as a cell carrier. Nevertheless, fibrin polymers are not highly stable and they may bio-degrade too fast in the body. Selected approaches and technologies to enhance tissue regeneration with stabilized fibrin based safe and efficient cell binding matrix for transplantation are discussed.
(Stem) Cell Based Therapy for Neurological Disorders
Authors: Einstein O. , Ben-Hur T.
Published: December 2010

The unrealistic view as if stem cells may serve as a magic bullet to treat neurological disorders has long been substituted with the understanding that cell therapy should be tailored for each disease. The specific source and type of candidate cells for therapy, and their exact stage along the developmental pathway determine their therapeutic potential. These need to match the specific needs of each disease, considering also the timing and route of cell delivery. Here, we overview the prospects of cell therapy for neurological diseases, from both aspects of the candidate cells', and of the therapeutic needs of brain tissue. We focus on the regenerative, trophic, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties of various types of neural and non-neural stem cells, and how these can be beneficial to the brain.
Mesenchymal Osteogenic Precursors for Bone Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Baldini Nicola , Dallari Dante , Perut Francesca
Published: December 2010

Musculoskeletal conditions are major causes of disease burden around the world. The treatment of congenital skeletal lesions, bone tumors, degenerative osteoarthropathies, metabolic imbalances, and fractures often require extensive bone reconstruction. Bone graft and artificial implants are being extensively used for bone stock replacement, although biological reconstruction would offer several advantages. Fortunately, bone tissue has the ability to regenerate, and this peculiar feature can be advantageously exploited. A thorough knowledge of the multiplex factors underlining the bone healing process, including osteogenic cells and growth factors, is mandatory to translate in vitro and in vivo studies into a clinical setting. This chapter provides an overview of the biology of bone regeneration and some examples of clinical trials where this knowledge has been translated into practice.
Effective Tissue Repair and Immunomodulation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells within a Milieu of Cytokines
Authors: Lim Philip , Patel Shyam A. , Rameshwar Pranela
Published: December 2010

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appear to be safe for cellular therapy across allogeneic barrier. MSCs have the potential for tissue regeneration of mesodermally-derived cells, such as bone, cartilage, and adipose, and also cells of ectodermal origin. The immune properties of MSCs are relevant to their potential application for hyper immune diseases such as the treatment of autoimmune and other inflammatory disorders. MSCs exert immune suppressor functions such as decrease in T-cell proliferation and effector cell function, with concomitant expansion of regulatory T cells. In light of dampened outcome from recent clinical trials with MSCs, this chapter discusses how the immune microenvironment and local cytokine milieu can dictate the effects of MSCs on various biological processes. For example, variations in the local concentration of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can influence the antigen-presenting function of MSCs, thereby making MSCs immune suppressor or enhancer. The diverse effects of MSCs as well as the potential confounds by an inflamed microenvironment are highlighted to emphasize the need to understand the basic biology of MSCs for effective treatment for tissue repair or resetting the immune system.
Acidifying peat as an aid to the reconstruction of lowland heath on arable soil: a field experiment
Authors: Dunsford S. J. , Free A. J. , Davy A. J.
Published: December 2010

1. The potential of naturally pyritic peat as a soil amendment for the reconstruction of lowland heath on land with a long history of arable cultivation was investigated in a factorial, field experiment. Peat was incorporated to a depth of 0·5 m at 50% and 75% by volume; a third treatment had a 0·1‐m blanket of peat overlaying a 75% mixture, and unamended soil was the control. Half of each treatment plot was sown with forage‐harvested brashings of Calluna vulgaris and the other half with acidophilic grasses (Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina, Deschampsia flexuosa).

2. Peat‐treated plots acidified rapidly to pH 2·5–3·5, depending on the proportion of peat, whereas the control soil remained at pH 6·0–7·0. After 5 years the pH of the treated plots had risen slightly and was stable at between 3 and 4. There was considerable spatial variability in all peat incorporation treatments.

3. High densities of C. vulgaris established in the first summer on both peat mixtures, especially the 50% peat, but densities were very low on the peat blanket and control soil. The growth of the largest individual plants was as good on the peat blanket as on the mixtures but was generally poor on the control soil. However, the development of cover was much more rapid on both mixtures (approaching 50% after 5 years) than on either the peat blanket or control soils. Calluna vulgaris flowered well on all peat treatments from the second summer (1994). Various measures of performance of C. vulgaris, considered across treatments, showed optima at around pH 3–4.

4. On the grass subplots, Agrostis capillaris became dominant, reaching very high cover on 50% peat and control soil. Festuca ovina occupied the less acid areas within treatments, and Deschampsia flexuosa increased steadily in cover on particularly acid areas (10% cover by 1996 on the peat blanket).

5. Pioneer annual weeds were replaced by persistent perennial weeds, particularly in C. vulgaris subplots. Their establishment was probably facilitated by lack of competition, together with fertile pockets and channels resulting from imperfect mixing of the peat. Regular cutting above the C. vulgaris canopy was necessary to control the spread of Cirsium arvense, Agrostis gigantea, Rubus fruticosus, Urtica dioica and Betula pendula. Rubus fruticosus and U. dioica invaded even the extremely acid peat blanket.

6. Pyritic peat can be used to create soil conditions suitable for the rapid establishment of heathland species. Grazing, cutting and ‘weed‐wiped’ herbicides would probably be necessary to control persistent, acid‐tolerant weeds in the management of vegetational development.
Simulated long‐term vegetation response to grazing heterogeneity in semi‐arid rangelands
Authors: Weber Gerhard E. , Jeltsch Florian , Van Rooyen Noel , Milton Suzanne J.
Published: December 2010

1. The long‐term effects of small‐scale spatial heterogeneity of livestock grazing on vegetation dynamics were studied with a grid‐based model of major life forms of savanna vegetation. Based on southern Kalahari ecology, the model includes stochastic life‐history variables, resource competition for soil water, and biomass production for annuals, perennial grasses and shrubs.

2. Grazed at individual severities, the model’s 25 m2 grid cells defined the spatial scale of heterogeneity. Different scenarios of grazing heterogeneity were generated by modifying distributional and behavioural features of the grazing model. Simulations were run over 50 years under moderate to high constant stocking rates.

3. Results confirmed a previously reported threshold response of shrub cover increase: under moderate grazing pressure, little change in shrub cover occurred; when grazing pressure exceeded a threshold, shrub cover increased drastically.

4. Under moderate or high stocking rates, grazing heterogeneity did not modify grazing effects. However, within an intermediate range of stocking rates, small‐scale heterogeneity determined the long‐term impact of grazing. In particular, utilization intensity at the threshold of shrub cover increase was 60% less under high compared to low local grazing heterogeneity.

5. Sensitivity of vegetation dynamics to local grazing heterogeneity was also exemplified under a landscape‐scale grazing gradient as observed at watering points: at a given utilization intensity, a wide zone of increased shrub cover occurred under large local grazing heterogeneity, while under the least heterogeneous grazing only a narrow zone of slightly increased shrub cover occurred.

6. Because of the slow progress of shrub cover increase, a mismatch of management and ecological time scales was diagnosed and its implications for management are discussed.

7. We conclude that knowledge of local grazing heterogeneity is crucial for correct assessment of livestock impact on vegetation dynamics. Consequently, management aiming at sustainable land use should account for spatial grazing aspects. These poorly understood aspects form a gap to be filled by both empirical and theoretical studies.
Conservation of vascular plants in single large and several small mires: species richness, rarity and taxonomic diversity
Authors: Virolainen K. M. , Suomi T. , Suhonen J. , Kuitunen M.
Published: December 2010

1. This study on vascular plant species of boreal spruce and pine mires concentrated on two geometrical principles: whether single large or several small (SLOSS) reserves contain more species and whether patch shape should be as nearly circular as possible.

2. SLOSS and patch shape have usually been tested by using species richness. Only a few studies have taken the rarity of species into account, and taxonomic diversity has never been used. In our study, all three of these factors were used.

3. Our results showed that the number of species was not related to the spruce mire size, but it increased in relation to the pine mire size. In contrast, the rarity score increased in relation to the area of spruce mires, but it was not related to the area of pine mires. Taxonomic diversity was not related to size in the case of spruce mires, but it increased with pine mires.

4. The SLOSS comparison showed that several small mires contained more vascular plant species than a large one of equal size. Several small mires also had higher rarity scores and taxonomic diversity than a single large mire. The number of species, rarity score and taxonomic diversity increased in relation to the number of small mires in a group. The same results were obtained with both spruce and pine mires.

5. Species richness, rarity score and taxonomic diversity were not related to mire shape. The results did not depend on the mire type.
Effects of sea‐ranching and family background on fitness traits in brown trout Salmo trutta reared under near‐natural conditions
Authors: Dannewitz Johan , Petersson Erik , Prestegaard Tore , Järvi Torbjörn
Published: December 2010

Many threatened populations of salmonids depend on supplemental releases of hatchery‐produced fish. Laboratory studies suggest that altered selection regimes in the hatchery may result in evolutionary changes of traits connected to fitness. Such changes can have profound effects on the performance of the hatchery fish following release in the natural environment, and may also affect the genetic characteristics of locally adapted wild populations. However, surprisingly few studies have looked at the ability of hatchery fish to compete with wild conspecifics under natural conditions.

We studied growth, survival and life‐history adoption of a wild and a multigeneration sea‐ranched strain of brown trout Salmo trutta in a semi‐natural stream. The fish were planted in the stream as eyed eggs and their family and strain origins were later revealed by microsatellite markers.

In the first experiment, in which the experimental fish originated from a full‐sib mating design, there were strong family effects on both growth and survival over the first growth season. In the second experiment, in which the experimental fish originated from a half‐sib mating design, there were significant male and female effects on growth parameters but not on survival over the first growth season.

When family and male–female effects were accounted for, there were no differences between wild and sea‐ranched trout in body size and condition factor after the first growth season, or in survival up to this stage. Nor was there any difference between the groups in the proportions that metamorphosed into the migratory smolt phase at 1 year of age.

Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that wild‐born trout of sea‐ranched origin can successfully compete with trout of wild origin under semi‐natural conditions. This indicates that the impact of hatchery selection on the performance of sea‐ranched fish in the wild may not be as pronounced as previously thought. It is suggested that for salmonid populations that depend on supplemental stocking, more effort should be paid to minimizing negative environmental effects during hatchery rearing. The observed differences in fitness characters between families suggest that family effects should be taken into account in stocking programmes because the amount of genetic variation maintained within populations is related to the variance in family performance.
Comparing biodiversity between protected areas and adjacent rangeland in xeric succulent thicket, South Africa: arthropods and reptiles
Authors: Fabricius C. , Burger M. , Hockey P. A. R.
Published: December 2010

1. Although it is widely assumed that protected areas conserve species that would not survive elsewhere, this assumption is seldom tested. The aim of the study was to determine the respective roles of a nature reserve and commercial and subsistence rangeland in preserving terrestrial arthropods and reptiles in xeric succulent thicket in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

2. Faunal diversity on a nature reserve (the Great Fish River Reserve Complex) was compared with a historically overgrazed commercial farm, an intensively managed, conservatively stocked commercial farm and a communal grazing area. Terrestrial arthropods and reptiles were caught in paired pitfall traps inside and outside the nature reserve, specimens being sorted into recognizable taxonomic units (RTU). The taxa occurring in each land management unit were compared using RTU diversity, a hierarchical richness index (HRI), community similarity and uniqueness.

3. The nature reserve contained more RTU and a greater HRI than adjacent land for most arthropod groups, and also supported more unique taxa than the other study localities.

4. Snakes and lizards, in contrast, were almost twice as abundant in the communal grazing area as elsewhere, although reptile species diversity was similar at all localities.

5. Each individual locality contained fewer than 62% of the total number of arthropod RTU and 55% of the total reptile RTU; the communal grazing area contained only 37% of the total number of arthropod RTU collected in the study area.

6. Nineteen (73%) of the ant, 18 (69%) of the weevil, 60 (70%) of the spider and 12 (60%) of the grasshopper RTU and 10 (66%) of the reptiles were shared by the three land uses. Six new weevil species and probably several new arachnid species were collected, but all the new weevils were confined to the nature reserve.

7. The communal grazing area differed most from the nature reserve in richness and community composition, followed by the conservatively stocked commercial farm. The historically overgrazed commercial farm was most similar to the nature reserve.

8. The communal grazing area was characterized by xeric‐adapted reptiles and predatory arthropods whose ranges are centred in the semi‐arid parts of South Africa. In contrast, the nature reserve and commercial farms supported more mesic‐adapted reptiles and herbivorous arthropods.

9. Synthesis and applications. The data show how protected areas are key to conserving those species that decrease under heavily grazed and disturbed conditions. However, they also illustrate that diverse land‐use mosaics promote gamma diversity in the xeric succulent thicket of South Africa. Conservation policies that include protected space in the wider environment and conserve habitat diversity are likely to both promote regional richness and support scarce species.
Photolysis of solid NH3 and NH3–H2O mixtures at 193 nm
Authors: Loeffler M. J. , Baragiola R. A.
Published: December 2010

We have studied UV photolysis of solid ammonia and ammonia-dihydrate samples at 40 K, using infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and microgravimetry. We have shown that in the pure NH3 sample, the main species ejected are NH3, H2, and N2, where the hydrogen and nitrogen increase with laser fluence. This increase in N2 ejection with laser fluence explains the increase in mass loss rate detected by a microbalance. In contrast, for the ammonia–water mixture, we see very weak signals of H2 and N2 in the mass spectrometer, consistent with the very small mass loss during the experiment and with a <5% decrease in the NH3 infrared absorption bands spectroscopy after a fluence of ∼3 × 1019 photons/cm2. The results imply that ammonia–ice mixtures in the outer solar system are relatively stable under solar irradiation.
Temperature dependent free energy surface of polymer folding from equilibrium and quench studies
Authors: Chakrabarty Suman , Bagchi Biman
Published: December 2010

Langevin dynamics simulation studies have been employed to calculate the temperature dependent free energy surface and folding characteristics of a 500 monomer long linear alkane (polyethylene) chain with a realistic interaction potential. Both equilibrium and temperature quench simulation studies have been carried out. Using the shape anisotropy parameter (S) of the folded molecule as the order parameter, we find a weakly first order phase transition between the high-temperature molten globule and low-temperature rodlike crystalline states separated by a small barrier of the order of $k_B T$kBT. Near the melting temperature (580 K), we observe an intriguing intermittent fluctuation with pronounced “1/f noise characteristics” between these two states with large difference in shape and structure. We have also studied the possibilities of different pathways of folding to states much below the melting point. At 300 K starting from the all-trans linear configuration, the chain folds stepwise into a very regular fourfold crystallite with very high shape anisotropy. Whereas, when quenched from a high temperature (900 K) random coil regime, we identify a two step transition from the random coiled state to a molten globulelike state and, further, to a anisotropic rodlike state. The trajectory reveals an interesting coupling between the two order parameters, namely, radius of gyration ($R_g$Rg) and the shape anisotropy parameter (S). The rodlike final state of the quench trajectory is characterized by lower shape anisotropy parameter and significantly larger number of gauche defects as compared to the final state obtained through equilibrium simulation starting from all-trans linear chain. The quench study shows indication of a nucleationlike pathway from the molten globule to the rodlike state involving an underlying rugged energy landscape.
The mobility in disordered molecular systems with energies given by a charge-induced dipoles interaction
Authors: Tonezer Camila , Freire José A.
Published: December 2010

We investigate the field dependence of the mobility in a model for a disordered molecular system containing spatial and energetic disorders. In this model we assign an isotropic polarizability to each site and take the site energies to be the site polarization energies, the interaction energy of a charge in the given site with the induced dipoles in the neighboring sites. This model was shown, in a previous publication, to contain short-ranged energetic correlations and we show in this work that this correlation produces a charge mobility proportional to the exponential of the square root of the applied field, the Poole–Frenkel dependence observed in various disordered organic materials, over a significant range of fields. We present an expression for the field dependence of the mobility in terms of the average intersite separation and of the isotropic polarizability of the electronic states, the two model parameters.
Histone3 lysine4 trimethylation regulated by the facilitates chromatin transcription complex is critical for DNA cleavage in class switch recombination
Authors: Stanlie Andre , Aida Masatoshi , Muramatsu Masamichi , Honjo Tasuku , Begum Nasim A.
Published: December 2010

Ig class switch recombination (CSR) requires expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and transcription through target switch (S) regions. Here we show that knockdown of the histone chaperone facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) completely inhibited S region cleavage and CSR in IgA-switch-inducible CH12F3-2A B cells. FACT knockdown did not reduce AID or S region transcripts but did decrease histone3 lysine4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at both the Sμ and Sα regions. Because knockdown of FACT or H3K4 methyltransferase cofactors inhibited DNA cleavage in H3K4me3-depleted S regions, H3K4me3 may serve as a mark for recruiting CSR recombinase. These findings revealed an unexpected evolutionary conservation between CSR and meiotic recombination.
Control in a cross-linguistic perspective: French-Norwegian
Authors: Helland Hans Petter
Published: December 2010

In this chapter, we examine control configurations in French gérondif clauses in which the referential properties of the implicit subject argument (PRO) have to be determined by contextual (linguistic and extra-linguistic) factors. We compare the control facts with parallel Norwegian translations. As a Germanic language, Norwegian does not have equivalent gérondif constructions, hence leaving it to the translator to resolve the control facts left unspecified in the French original. Traditionally, it is held that the implicit subject of the gérondif has to be the same as the subject of the matrix clause. It will be shown that this generalisation does not hold. In fact, PRO may have an explicit controller that is either a subject, an object or a prepositional complement of the matrix. The controller may also have an arbitrary reference. As a result, the resolution of PRO in the traditional sense will be regulated by control theory and discussed with respect to obligatory and non-obligatory control contrasts (OC vs. NOC) in generative settings. The data is taken from the Oslo Multilingual Corpus (OMC). This database enables us to compare parallel texts from Norwegian, English, German and French. We focus here primarily on Norwegian translations of French originals.
Bilingual term recognition revisited
Authors: Vintar Spela
Published: December 2010

The paper describes LUIZ, a bilingual term recognition system that has been developed for the Slovene-English language pair. The system is a hybrid term extractor using morphosyntactic patterns and statistical ranking to propose domain-specific expressions for each of the two languages, whereupon translation equivalents between the languages are identified using the innovative bag-of-equivalents approach. This simple but effective method is based on the Twente word aligner to obtain a lexicon of single word translation pairs and their probability scores, which is then used to identify correspondences between multi-word terms. The bilingual term recognition system has been tested and evaluated on three parallel subcorpora from the tourism, accounting and military domain. Average precision of the term alignment component is 0.83, whereby only fully equivalent and domain-relevant terms were counted as positives. Another advantage of the described approach is the fact that we successfully detect term variants and multiple translations of a candidate multi-word term. Since our term alignment method does not require sentence-aligned corpora it can be used with comparable corpora, provided we already have a domain-specific lexicon or dictionary of single-word correspondences. The paper concludes with some thoughts on the users of term recognition systems and their needs based on our observations from the online version of the system.
Analysing the status of borrowed morphemes in terminological structure
Authors: Kageura Kyo
Published: December 2010

Borrowed morphemes play an important role in Japanese terminologies. Though several investigations have dealt with the status of borrowed morphemes in Japanese terminologies, the status of borrowed morphemes within the structure of terminologies has not been fully addressed so far. In order to clarify the status of borrowed morphemes within the terminological structure, we introduce the concept of morphological network of terminology and investigate the status of morphemes within the network from the point of view of their conceptual versatility, conceptual prestige and the mixing degree between borrowed and native morphemes. Through the analyses of the terminologies of six domains, we shed light on aspects of the status of borrowed morphemes which have hitherto been unaddressed. The study also shows the general usefulness of the concept of morphological network in examining the status of different types of morphemes. With minor exceptions, it was revealed that the borrowed morphemes are used not only less frequently both typewise and tokenwise, but also have less conceptual versatility and conceptual prestige in comparison with native morphemes. We have confirmed that the borrowed and native morphemes are less mixed than would be expected if randomness was assumed.
Blood cells as functional markers of antioxidant vitamin status
Authors: Tur-Marí Josep , Sureda Antoni , Pons Antoni
Published: December 2010

Antioxidants have shown beneficial effects in several biological systems, in which they were able to prevent oxidative stress-associated damage. Vitamins C and E are key antioxidants in man. Dietary intake cannot accurately reflect plasma vitamin levels. However, the plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins could also reflect the acute assimilation of these vitamins. It has been pointed out that antioxidant vitamin blood contents reach a saturation level by intake of dietary supplements. Antioxidant vitamin plasma levels are the parameter most used to determine antioxidant status. However, the vitamin plasma levels may not reflect the nutritional status of vitamins. It has been pointed out that the vitamin E in adipose tissue can be used as a measure of vitamin E status. To determinate antioxidant vitamin contents in lymphocytes and neutrophils after exercise is a useful tool to assess the functional status of antioxidant vitamins.
Prevalence and deteminants of obesity in Spanish children and young people
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluis , Bartrina Javier Aranceta , Pérez-Rodrigo Carmen , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Delgado-Rubio Alfonso
Published: December 2010

Prevalence estimates of obesity in a national random sample of Spanish children and young people are presented in this paper, defined by age- and sex-specific BMI national reference standards for the 85th percentile (overweight) and 97th percentile (obesity), as well as by Coleet al.criteria. A random sample of 3534 people, aged 2–24 years, was interviewed between 1998 and 2000. The study protocol included personal data, data on education and socioeconomic status (SES) for the family, dietary assessment, anthropometric measurements and physical activity. The prevalence of obesity was 13·9 % (95 % CI 12·7, 15·1) considering Spanish reference standards as cut-offs. Obesity was significantly higher in boys (15·6 %) than in girls (12 %). The highest values were observed between 6 and 13 years of age. Using Cole's cut-offs, the estimated prevalence of obesity was 6·3 % (95 % CI 5·4, 7·5) with a similar pattern to that previously described by sex. Regarding sociodemographic factors, sex, age group, region, size of locality of residence, mother's level of education and family SES level were significant predictors for obesity in children and adolescents under 14 years. Among young people, the main sociodemographic predictors for obesity were geographical region and family SES level. Odds ratio for obesity was 1·27 for those with a more frequent consumption of buns, cakes and snacks, and 1·71 for those with more frequent consumption of sugared drinks. Adequate consumption of fruit and vegetables, usually having breakfast and regular sports practice had a protective effect. The available data show that obesity in Spain is a public health issue given its magnitude and increasing trends. Among Spanish children and young people, those at prepubertal age, particularly boys, can be identified as a group at higher risk for overweight and obesity, particularly children from lower SES families.
The role of enriched foods in infant and child nutrition
Authors: Shamah Teresa , Villalpando Salvador
Published: December 2010

Since the last century, fortified and enriched foods are products whose original composition has been modified–through addition of essential nutrients–to satisfy specific population needs. For the fortification of foods to have a positive impact on nutritional status, the micronutrients added must be well absorbed and utilized by the organism (bioavailability). Diverse factors affect bioavailability, such as the nutritional status of individuals, the presence in the diet of substances which facilitate or inhibit its absorption, interactions among micronutrients, illnesses, and chemical characteristics of the compound used for fortification. In countries such as Chile, Venezuela and Mexico, important effects have been demonstrated in reducing iron deficiency anaemia in children under 5 years of age. In less than a decade, the salt iodization programme has also proven its effectiveness. Other programmes have fortified foods with Zn, vitamin A and folic acid, which are deficient in infants and children of many populations. In summary, food fortification is a low-cost, relatively simple strategy that may reach a wide range of people, and contribute to reducing the high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies affecting children, especially in poor countries. The costs due to losses of human capital and their repercussions on health and future development are very high. Building links among academic researchers, politicians, food manufacturers and consumers is essential in order for food fortification to be efficacious and effective, and therefore should be considered as part of an integral strategy to combat micronutrient deficiencies.
Is an integral nutritional approach to eating disorders feasible in primary care?
Authors: de la Torre Alberto Miján , Pérez-García Ana , de la Torre Elvira Martín , de Mateo Silleras Beatriz
Published: December 2010

Patients with eating disorders (ED) show alterations in both their behaviour and their intake of food, frequently presenting nutritional and somatic affectations. Besides the classical forms such as anorexia or bulimia nervosa, there has recently been an increase in atypical or incomplete forms of ED, such as binge eating. Primary care (PC) services form the central and closest nucleus of health care for the individual and the family, where ED occur and leave their mark. This allows PC to provide an integral response at all levels of care for ED. Primary prevention at school, in the family and community is fundamental to avoiding its inception. Secondary prevention is based on early diagnosis and treatment of ED and favours a better prognosis of the illness. Tertiary prevention tries to reduce the serious consequences with rehabilitation measures to alleviate complications and avoid risk to life. Due to its complexity, these patients are afforded the attention of multidisciplinary teams of specialists with experience in treating this condition. In consultation with the team, the general practitioner should adopt a leading role at all levels of attention, as he/she is the link between the team, the family and the patient. This requires both regulated, specific training in the disease and the allocation of resources to carry it through. Putting into practice all these plans would allow us to give a positive answer to the question posed in the title of the present article.
The SUMO protease SENP6 is a direct regulator of PML nuclear bodies
Authors: Hattersley Neil , Shen Linnan , Jaffray Ellis G. , Hay Ronald T.
Published: December 2010

Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is the core component of PML-nuclear bodies (PML NBs). The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system (and, in particular, SUMOylation of PML) is a critical component in the formation and regulation of PML NBs. SUMO protease SENP6 has been shown previously to be specific for SUMO-2/3–modified substrates and shows preference for SUMO polymers. Here, we further investigate the substrate specificity of SENP6 and show that it is also capable of cleaving mixed chains of SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3. Depletion of SENP6 results in accumulation of endogenous SUMO-2/3 and SUMO-1 conjugates, and immunofluorescence analysis shows accumulation of SUMO and PML in an increased number of PML NBs. Although SENP6 depletion drastically increases the size of PML NBs, the organizational structure of the body is not affected. Mutation of the catalytic cysteine of SENP6 results in its accumulation in PML NBs, and biochemical analysis indicates that SUMO-modified PML is a substrate of SENP6.
A Ral GAP complex links PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling to RalA activation in insulin action
Authors: Chen Xiao-Wei , Leto Dara , Xiong Tingting , Yu Genggeng , Cheng Alan , Decker Stuart , Saltiel Alan R.
Published: December 2010

Insulin stimulates glucose transport in muscle  and adipose tissue by translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. We previously reported that activation of the small GTPase RalA downstream of PI 3-kinase plays a critical role in this process by mobilizing the exocyst complex for GLUT4 vesicle targeting in adipocytes. Here we report the identification and characterization of a Ral GAP complex (RGC) that mediates the activation of RalA downstream of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway. The complex is composed of an RGC1 regulatory subunit and an RGC2 catalytic subunit (previously identified as AS250) that directly stimulates the guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis of RalA. Knockdown of RGC proteins leads to increased RalA activity and glucose uptake in adipocytes. Insulin inhibits the GAP complex through Akt2-catalyzed phosphorylation of RGC2 in vitro and in vivo, while activated Akt relieves the inhibitory effect of RGC proteins on RalA activity. The RGC complex thus connects PI 3-kinase/Akt activity to the transport machineries responsible for GLUT4 translocation.
Distinct roles of 1α and 1β heavy chains of the inner arm dynein I1 ofChlamydomonasflagella
Authors: Toba Shiori , Fox Laura A. , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Porter Mary E. , Oiwa Kazuhiro , Sale Winfield S.
Published: December 2010

The Chlamydomonas I1 dynein is a two-headed inner dynein arm important for the regulation of flagellar bending. Here we took advantage of mutant strains lacking either the 1α or 1β motor domain to distinguish the functional role of each motor domain. Single- particle electronic microscopic analysis confirmed that both the I1α and I1β complexes are single headed with similar ringlike, motor domain structures. Despite similarity in structure, however, the I1β complex has severalfold higher ATPase activity and microtubule gliding motility compared to the I1α complex. Moreover, in vivo measurement of microtubule sliding in axonemes revealed that the loss of the 1β motor results in a more severe impairment in motility and failure in regulation of microtubule sliding by the I1 dynein phosphoregulatory mechanism. The data indicate that each I1 motor domain is distinct in function: The I1β motor domain is an effective motor required for wild-type microtubule sliding, whereas the I1α motor domain may be responsible for local restraint of microtubule sliding.
Body mass indices and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Futter James E. , Cleland John G.F. , Clark Andrew L.
Published: December 2010

Aims

There is an inverse relation between body mass and mortality in large populations of patients with chronic heart failure with a broad range of disease severity. The best measure of body size to describe the relation is not clear.

Methods and results

Patients with chronic heart failure (n = 2271, age 71.9 ± 11.3 years; 74.6% male) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction were followed for a median of 1785 days (inter‐quartile range, 874–2311 days) in survivors. We measured body mass index (BMI: weight/height2), ponderal index (PI: weight/height3), and body surface area (BSA). In a subset of 1025 patients, we also calculated the ‘Charles index’ [weight/(waist2 × height)] together with bioimpedance data. During follow‐up, 912 patients died. Measures of body mass were strong univariable predictors of outcome, and BSA (χ2 = 71.3) was the strongest predictor followed by height (χ2 = 68.6), weight (χ2 = 57.4), then BMI (χ2 = 15.2). The larger the patient's size, the lower the risk of mortality. Body surface area was the single strongest predictor of outcome in a multivariable model including 14 variables. In the subset with bioimpedance data, basal metabolic rate, BSA, weight, BMI, percentage body fat, fat mass, PI, and fat‐free mass were all univariable predictors of outcome.

Conclusion

Measures of body size are strongly related to outcome in patients with chronic heart failure. Body surface area is a stronger predictor of mortality than other measures of body habitus, irrespective of height correction. The greater the overall bulk of the body, the better the survival.
Introduction
Authors: Brock Robert J. , Menezes Gui Manuel Machado , Bergstad Odd Aksel , English Elizabethann
Published: December 2010

Brock, R. J., Menezes, G. M. M., Bergstad, O. A., and English, E. 2011. Introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 253.
Meta-Analysis for Evidence Synthesis in Plant Pathology: An Overview
Authors: Madden L. V. , Paul P. A.
Published: December 2010

Meta-analysis is the analysis of the results of multiple studies, which is typically performed in order to synthesize evidence from many possible sources in a formal probabilistic manner. In a simple sense, the outcome of each study becomes a single observation in the meta-analysis of all available studies. The methodology was developed originally in the social sciences by Smith, Glass, Rosenthal, Hunter, and Schmidt, based on earlier pioneering contributions in statistics by Fisher, Pearson, Yates, and Cochran, but this approach to research synthesis has now been embraced within many scientific disciplines. However, only a handful of articles have been published in plant pathology and related fields utilizing meta-analysis. After reviewing basic concepts and approaches, methods for estimating parameters and interpreting results are shown. The advantages of meta-analysis are presented in terms of prediction and risk analysis, and the high statistical power that can be achieved for detecting significant effects of treatments or significant relationships between variables. Based on power considerations, the fallacy of naïve counting of P values in a narrative review is demonstrated. Although there are many advantages to meta-analysis, results can be biased if the analysis is based on a nonrepresentative sample of study outcomes. Therefore, novel approaches for characterizing the upper bound on the bias are discussed, in order to show the robustness of meta-analysis to possible violation of assumptions.