bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flatbed Truck Tool Bins Keep Tools in Place
Authors: McDonald Calvin
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” describes the usefulness of installing tool bins on utility truck beds for storage of materials, thus allowing the truck to dump loads without needing to remove tools and personal items from the truck bed. A long bin extending the width of the truck bed and installed just behind the cab can hold shovels, picks, and similar equipment. Side bins extending the length of the truck bed can hold smaller tools and personal items.
Lifting Meter Boxes Made Quick and Easy
Authors: Garcia Simon
Published: June 2018

This edition of “Gimmicks and Gadgets” presents an illustration for constructing a device for lifting meter boxes. The device is not only easy and economical to build, but enables an operator to lift a meter box in about 15 minutes. Furthermore, the device does not disturb the ground surrounding the meter box.
Hazardous Electrical Currents in Water Lines
Authors: Lee Magone E.
Published: June 2018

This article points out the likelihood of an electrical accident occurring in a water distribution system if the water piping system is conductive, if the water piping system is being used as a ground for electrical equipment or appliances, or if an “open” neutral exists in an electrical line. To avoid the possibility of electrical shock within the distribution system, the author presents a safety procedure recently adopted by the Mountain Water Company in Missoula, Montana. The procedure states that metal pipes must be electrically bonded (jumpered) before separating. This is imperative when working with either mains or service lines, as well as when setting or changing meters if a meter horn or bypass line is not in place.
Principles of Coagulation and Flocculation
Authors: Herman Lyle D.
Published: June 2018

This paper discusses the functions and properties of coagulation and flocculation. Coagulation and flocculation are related terms describing the process of preparing colloidal materials for removing by sedimentation. Coagulation is the process used to reduce the energy forces present around particles that tend to keep them from joining together to form a larger mass. Flocculation refers to the process used to bring the coagulated particles together so that they can combine to form larger, settleable, and filterable masses of particles called floc. Zeta potential is defined and its role in coagulation described. The importance of flash mixing and slower agitating processes in flocculation are also emphasized.
Deicer Unit Will Keep Treatment Facilities Ice‐Free
Authors: Greaves R.W.
Published: June 2018

A problem that plagues water treatment plants in cold climates is ice forming on open settling basins and filters. This article outlines steps taken by treatment plants in Granite City and East St. Louis, Illinois to deice treatment equipment. Deicing units work on the principle of agitating the water, thus preventing ice formation. An air stone and a propeller type deicer are discussed.
Three‐Piece Meter Cleaning Tool
Authors: Reaser Bill D.
Published: June 2018

The meter cleaning tool (MCT) described is capable of opening stuck lids, cleaning dirty meter faces, and emptying water‐filled meter pits. Assembly and use of the MCT are outlined.
Fluoridation Crossword Puzzle
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

This crossword puzzle contains 119 clues that test knowledge related to various aspects of fluoridation.
Chlorine Disaster Avoided in Seattle
Authors: Hilmoe David J. , Reimer Darrell A. , Sweet Allan D. , Gay Laverne D.
Published: June 2018

Following a potential disaster involving a leaking chlorine container, the Seattle, Washington, Water Department evaluated and enhanced its safety and handling procedures for chlorine throughout the system. Improvements in several categories are outlined.
The Microscope—A Valuable Tool for the Water Lab
Authors: Miller Bob
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how use of a microscope and an algae identification guide can aid effective control and treatment of algae in fresh water reservoirs. Some types of algae are harmless and will cause no problems in terms of odors, filter clogging, or toxins. When nuisance algae are identified, microscopic analysis facilitates determination of copper sulfate dosages needed for control.
Energy Conservation in Municipal Water Systems
Authors: Reheis Harold F.
Published: June 2018

In water systems, the greatest amount of energy is consumed by pumping. Other usage components are lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and water treatment. Proportions of consumption will vary among systems supplied by surface water or groundwater. This article provides guidelines for optimum pump selection, advantages of variable speed pumping, and a performance comparison of two variable‐speed raw‐water pumps. Part two of this article discusses optimum use of storage facilities and use of available rate structures (type DIALOG AN 0011123).
Exhaust Blower Unclogs Curb Stops
Authors: Jones Richard E.
Published: June 2018

The first place winner in the 1983 Annual Gimmicks‐and‐Gadgets contest was an exhaust blower used to thaw or clean frozen or dirt‐filled curb stops. Instructions for construction and safe use of the device are provided.
How to Grease Motors
Authors: Tedrow L.E.
Published: June 2018

This article emphasizes the importance of proper lubrication in maintaining motors in peak operating condition. Grease is frequently used as a lubricant because it provides good sealing, it is retained in the bearings, and it permits longer service intervals. Suggestions for selecting the proper grease and for regreasing procedures are discussed. This is a reprint of an article which appeared in the April 1984 issue of EC & M (Electrical Construction and Maintenance).
Backwash Turbidimeter Lowers Operating Costs
Authors: Boyd Josephine W.
Published: June 2018

Most water treatment plant operators monitor filter backwashing visually (eyeballing) or else wash for a predetermined period of time. However, eyeballing lacks consistency because of human errors and differing perceptions about what is clean enough, and preset timers do not account for changes in plant operation. To make matters worse, eyeballers tend to add a minute or two to wash time for insurance, while timer users commonly set timers on the long side to make sure filters come clean under a worst‐case situation. A backwash monitor or backwash turbidimeter minimizes human error and increases filter efficiency by ensuring adequate washing as well as limiting excessive use of finished water. It measures the wide range of turbidities encountered during backwashing and signals as soon as the wash water achieves the desired clarity. If used in an automated system, the backwash turbidimeter monitors backwash water and signals computers or controllers. This article describes the operation of a typical backwash turbidimeter and gives an example of its use in a Forest Grove, Oregon, water treatment plant.
Effective Cleaning of Water Mains
Authors: Jones Lawrence V.
Published: June 2018

This article deals with the cleaning of water mains to remove encrustations and tuberculation, to improve hydraulic capacity, and to assist in eliminating turbidity, tastes, odor, and other contamination. Initial procedures, including planning and notification of interested parties, are described. Cleaning methods such as air purging, swabs, and pigs are discussed, and final procedures to be completed after the cleaning process are detailed. The author also stresses the importance of monitoring and evaluation of water quality in order to find the causes of water quality problems so that preventive measures can be instituted or revised.
Chlorination Crossword Puzzle Answers
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

The answers to a crossword puzzle on chlorination that appeared in the March issue of OpFlow presented found in this article.
Handling Sludge From Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Calkins Donald C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses common water treatment plant sludge disposal methods including discharge to a sanitary sewer and landfilling. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented, and laws and regulations pertaining to sludge disposal are addressed. Steps that may be taken to minimize sludge production including reduction of raw water solids, conservation of coagulant, use of alternate coagulants, direct filtration, coagulant aid, and coagulant recovery are discussed. This is part two of a two‐part article on handling water treatment plant sludge. Part one appeared in the August 1985 issue of OpFlow.
Basic Leak Detection Is Necessary for Any System
Authors: Brown Timothy G.
Published: June 2018

The following topics are addressed in this article: benefits of leak detection; leak characteristics, and what happens when leaks enter sanitary sewers or cause washouts (cavities created by water eroding the subsoil and undermining the road surface); and types of leak detection equipment including aquaphones, geophones, sonic leak detection equipment, and leak noise correlators.
Hand Protector Prevents Injuries
Authors: Daddario Ray
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a hand protector constructed from high‐density rubber used to prevent injury when using flaring tools.
The Fair Labor Standards Act and the 12‐Hour Shift
Authors: Beer Charles R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the impact of the Fair Labor Standards Act on the Denver Water Department, where treatment plant operators have been working on a 12‐hour shift schedule since 1980. A recent ruling on the Act does not outlaw the use of extended shifts, but it requires that all hours worked over 40 in a work week must be paid at the time and one‐half overtime rate. The Denver Water Department found that it could minimize overtime by redefining the work week so that operators' work hours were more evenly distributed between weeks. The new schedule produces a maximum of eight hours of overtime pay per operator every four weeks. A table illustrating Denver's 12‐hour shift schedule is presented.
Hazardous Electrical Currents in Water Lines
Authors: Lee Magone E.
Published: June 2018

The Mountain Water Company in Missoula, Montana has recently incorporated a procedure into the company's safety rules. The rule states that metal pipes must be electrically bonded (jumpered) before separating and applies when working with mains or service lines, as well as when setting or changing meters if a meter horn or bypass line is not in place.
Polymer Dispenser Simplifies Measuring Procedures
Authors: Burrows R.C.
Published: June 2018

Details for constructing a measuring dispenser for adding polymer into day tanks are provided.
Hydrant Flusher Solves High‐Flow Problem
Authors: Strayer John D.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction and use of an elbow hydrant flusher to facilitate flushing high‐flow fire hydrants located on busy or narrow streets.
Key‐Controlled Distribution Station Saves Money
Authors: Smith John A.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a keyed system which was installed by the City of Decatur, Illinois, to keep track of the amount of water used by water haulers who purchase water from the city.
Lifter Used to Remove Valve Box Lids
Authors: Guzman Jose
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a valve box lid lifter to make removal of valve lids easier.
Repair of a Pneumatic Instrumentation System
Authors: Merriman David , Mertes Charles
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the problems posed by an inoperative pneumatic instrumentation and control system at the Twin City Water and Sewer District water treatment plant in Tascarawas County, Ohio, and its subsequent repair. Costs for various repair or replacement options are presented.
Standpipe Makes Service Turn‐On Easy
Authors: O'Leary J. David
Published: June 2018

This article describes a method devised to avoid reexcavating water services during water main renewal. PVC pipe covered by a tin can allows access to a corporation stop after a trench has been backfilled.
Jar Tests Fine‐Tune Your Plant's Performance
Authors: Kerri Kenneth D. , Beard James D.
Published: June 2018

Jar tests are used to show the effectiveness of chemical treatment in a water treatment facility. They are also useful for evaluating new coagulants or polymers for use on a plant scale. This article presents jar test procedures for water treatment plant operators. The following factors related to the coagulation process and jar tests that operators need to be aware of are discussed: chemical selection, detention times, alkalinity, and polymers. Guidelines for conducting accurate jar tests are presented. Steps in performing jar tests are outlined, and the evaluation of jar test results is discussed. Variations and improvements to the standard jar test are described.
Water Audit Reduces Unaccounted‐for Water
Authors: Wheadon Dean A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the results of research into procedures for leak‐detection methods and the reduction of unaccounted‐for water. The procedure devised is labeled a “water audit”. The audit includes seven steps: perform a preliminary water audit, perform a testing program on source‐of‐supply meters, perform a testing program on commercial and industrial meters, perform a sample testing program on residential meters, perform a leak survey, perform a miscellaneous‐loss survey to determine the efficient operation of the water utility, and perform a water‐rate study to determine budgeted needs. Each of these steps is discussed briefly. Ways to obtain financing for such an audit are discussed as well as where increased revenues can be allocated.
Testing Polymers at Full Plant Scale
Authors: Henket Frans
Published: June 2018

A process for testing polymers at full plant scale is outline in this article. First, coagulation effectiveness is determined via a jar test or other testing procedure. The final step is plant testing. A streaming current monitor (SCM) in combination with an existing pilot filter is recommended to improve coagulant testing in the plant.
Water Meter Testing Used to Raise Revenues
Authors: Barker Gene R.
Published: June 2018

This article emphasizes the importance of water meter testing as a tool for enhancing revenues, lowering meter replacement costs, and improving customer relations. Testing meters ensures accuracy, which in turn ensures that water being delivered is paid for, that the costs of water service is spread equally among all users, and that water conservation is promoted. When designing a meter testing program, cost efficiency is paramount. Monitoring the program allows the utility to determine if meters are being read at the most cost efficient times.
Contest Promotes Water‐Saving Landscaping
Authors: Miller Treva
Published: June 2018

To spread the message of water conservation to its 3.3 million consumers, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power cosponsors a water conservation gardens contest. Prizes are $1000, $500, and $250. The contest began in 1986, with 34 entries. In 1987, 50 homeowners entered. Details of the contest, including sponsors, categories, entering, judging, and prizes are discussed.
Pressure Readings Point Out Distribution System Problems
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: June 2018

The City of Columbus (Ohio) Water Division has developed a device, called a leak checker, which uses pressure readings to determine whether leaks and causes of inadequate pressure occur in the utility's or the customer's area of responsibility. The leak checker is a standard meter jumper with a gate valve and a cut‐in tee for a pressure gauge. In addition to finding leaks, the leak checker can also determine if adequate flow is available through the customer's service. The device takes approximately 30‐45 minutes to build and costs $40.00.
Cryptosporidium—The Industry's New Superbug
Authors: Silverman Gary P.
Published: June 2018

This article gives an overview of the current knowledge of Cryptosporidium. The organisms' life cycle, hosts, epidemiology, and treatment options, as well as two case studies, are briefly discussed. Comparisons with Giardia are also made.
Basic Operation of Electronic Valve Controllers
Authors: Peirce Fred
Published: June 2018

The basic components of electronic valve controllers are discussed, including command devices, feedback devices, electronic controllers, and valve actuators. Signal adjustments are explained.
Preventing Early Failure of Pump Ball Bearings
Authors: Goode Thomas
Published: June 2018

Ninety percent of premature pump ball bearing failure can be attributed to corrosion caused by contamination, poor handling before and during installation, lubricant failure, or overheating caused by improper fits in housings or shafts. This article discusses these causes of bearing failure and how bearing life can be extended. Selection, storage, and handling during installation are focused on as methods of preventing premature bearing failure.
Bubble Barrier Prevents System Contamination
Authors: Everton Robin C.
Published: June 2018

The Strensham Water Treatment Plant, in the United Kingdom, purchased a bubble barrier in order to prevent system contamination by oil, leaves, and animals from the River Severn, the plant's raw water source. This low maintenance solution works by forcing compressed air out of carefully sized and positioned nozzles below the water's surface. This causes water and air to be carried to the surface. A flowing current of air and water with less relative density than the surrounding water is created, forming a subsurface barrier.
Prebuilt Pilot‐Control Device Saves Time
Authors: Brown Dennis E.
Published: June 2018

An operator in Colorado Springs, Colorado, has invented a prebuilt pilot‐control device for pressure‐regulating valves which can be installed in less than two minutes. Replacement of a standard pilot‐control device normally takes an hour.
Techniques for Handling Water Treatment Sludge
Authors: Innocenti Primo
Published: June 2018

Water treatment plant sludge consists primarily of the solids that are found in raw water. These solids include colloidal materials, organic and inorganic solids, algae and viruses, and treatment chemicals. Treatment chemicals, which are added to the water during a specific treatment process, cause any solids present in the water to settle out. There are various types of water treatment processes, and each process produces a characteristic type of sludge. This paper discusses the following areas related to water treatment sludges: sources of sludge, sludge removal, and sludge disposal alternatives. Sludge lagoons, mechanical dewatering, and disposal of dried sludge are addressed.
Developing an Equitable Water Rate Structure
Authors: Giardina Richard D.
Published: June 2018

An effective rate structure is essential to a balanced budget. In order to be fair to all customer classes, and to guarantee income to pay for all the costs of service, utilities establish rate structures. By assessing a wide array of factors and identifying which are most important, utility managers can choose or design a rate structure that meets community and utility pricing objectives, furthers city policies, and promotes common philosophies. Monthly water charges and type of rate structure (uniform, declining block, and inverted block) for twenty‐two major US cities are included in this article.
Floating Tank‐Level Gauges Can Be Read at a Glance
Authors: McDaniel Bud
Published: June 2018

When tank levels must be read individually, floating tank‐level indicators may be used. If indicators are clearly marked, tank levels can be read at a glance, saving operators time and trouble. Materials required to build the floating tank‐level indicators and costs involved are presented.
Proper Maintenance Makes Tanks Last Longer
Authors: Knoy E. Crone
Published: June 2018

Steel water storage tanks that are properly maintained can remain useful for decades. Maintenance is often performed on a regular basis, whether it is needed or not. In other instances, maintenance is performed only when a municipal board of directors or utility manager is warned by a maintenance contractor os imminent tank failure. Most of those who could climb have neither the experience nor technical background to know what to look for once they get to the top of the tank. To correct these problems, a professional approach to tank maintenance was developed. This approach, which has proven to be very successful, is discussed in this article.
Using Compressed Air to Empty Hydrants That Won't Drain
Authors: Watson Dale C.
Published: June 2018

Materials, costs and instructions are presented for constructing a device to empty dry‐barrel fire hydrants that won't drain properly.
The Heat's On: Protect Your Motor for Longer Life
Authors: Hansen Hugh J. , Trimmer Walter L.
Published: June 2018

Heat causes motors to wear out prematurely. Whenever a motor overheats, some amount of time is subtracted from its operating life expectancy. Discussed in the article are stages showing how heat harms motors, standard operating conditions, limits on operating environment temperature, and steps to prevent premature wear.
Ventilator Draws Steam, Heat Away From Feed Belts
Authors: Nicholas Eugene
Published: June 2018

The treatment facilities had recurring problems with lime‐slaker feed belts being destroyed by the heat generated during slaking. When the ventilating jet‐spray system malfunctioned or when the unit shut down, steam would rise to the lime feed belt. The chemical reaction of the steam with the lime on the belt would cause the belt to burn. To correct the problem, a direct‐drive upblast ventilator was installed outside the building. Materials and costs to install the ventilator are presented.
Three Simple Cost‐Saving Tips for Water Systems
Authors: Arber Richard P.
Published: June 2018

This article presents some ideas for examining possible cost savings within your water system. The areas in which you spend the most are the areas in which you can save the most. Examples presented in this article are the cost of chemicals, energy costs, and increasing filter runs.
You Can Write Your Plant's O&M Manual
Authors: Settle Tom
Published: June 2018

The article describes the steps to be taken in writing and maintaining an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Manual. Also discussed are the advantages of writing your own manual and limits to be placed on in‐house work, and an outline of topics to include. Also stressed is the importance of updating your manual.
Look at, Listen to Your Hydraulic System.
Authors: Freimuth Eric
Published: June 2018

The key to preventive maintenance is an awareness not only of what makes the system go, but what the system is telling you it needs to keep going. Fluids and their levels, filters, gauges, hoses, and the sounds of pumps and motors all keep a running dialogue as to how they are doing. Topics covered in the article are hydraulic fluids, system monitors, hoses, pumps, and cylinders.
Weighted Slide Helps Move Curb Boxes, Dig Holes
Authors: Dunn Bob , Francis William
Published: June 2018

After many years, curb boxes often become corroded and stuck. This gimmick makes raising and lowering curb boxes easier by giving you leverage from above; you don't have to dig a big hole to pry the curb box out. An added benefit is that the device can be easily modified to poke holes in the ground for signs and other small diameter poles. Construction materials and costs are presented.
Training Operators to Work With Electric Controls
Authors: Warrick Andrew S.
Published: June 2018

How can a utility safely train a beginning operator to use electropneumatic and electrohydraulic controls without risk? The Municipal Authority of the Borough of West View, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, developed a gadget to solve the dilemma. The training control board simulates various automatic controllers for pumps, tanks, reservoirs, lighting systems, filter controls, and general plant equipment. Included in the article are construction materials and costs.
How to Deal With False Advertising and Scare Tactics
Authors: Murrell Norman E.
Published: June 2018

Advertisers use scare tactics because they can. They will continue to use them as long as they work. The most effective way to stop scare tactics or misleading advertisements is to teach your consumers to see through them. When consumers are educated, scare tactics don't work.
New Disinfection Requirements of the SWTR
Authors: Clement Bob
Published: June 2018

Among the many requirements of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), which goes into effect December 31, 1990, one of the most complicated covers disinfection. This article discusses some disinfection requirements of the SWTR. The article discusses general requirements, CT values, compliance requirements for systems that do not filter, systems that filter, similar requirements for filtered and unfiltered systems, the distribution system, and violations.
New Turbidity Requirements of the SWTR
Authors: Clement Bob
Published: June 2018

The new Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), which goes into effect December 31, 1990, will change the way many US water systems do business. Discussed in the article are the SWTR Basic Requirements, monitoring, systems that do not filter, turbidity monitoring before disinfection, and turbidity monitoring after disinfection.
A Cleaner, Gentler Way to Clean Valve Boxes
Authors: Bellamy Robert L.
Published: June 2018

Compressed air is often used to clean debris out of valve boxes. One major drawback with this method is that the dirt, stones, and water from the valve box are blown all over the immediate area. Here is a cleaner, gentler way of cleaning a valve box, using a combination sewer rodder/vacuum truck, commonly called a vacuutruck.
Is Your Groundwater Under the Influence?
Authors: Von Huben Harry
Published: June 2018

Most well sources are considered groundwater, but some wells, especially shallow wells near surface water, are subject to contamination by disease‐causing organisms from surface water. Under the new Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), all groundwater that is “under the direct influence of surface water” (GWUI) must be treated like surface water. Groundwater sources most likely to be under the influence of surface water include springs, infiltration galleries, Ranney wells, and shallow wells. The state decides whether the groundwater system is under the influence of surface water and classify them. How the state decides, planning for change, modifying sources, and compliance requirements are summarized.
Banged‐Up Hydrant Finds New Life as Drop Box
Authors: Carwile Ray
Published: June 2018

Payment drop boxes, as a rule, have little character. They're patient, but not personable. The Department of Utilities in Norfolk, Virginia, recently installed a drop box with a sense of humor, one that customers often step back from and smile at‐it's a bright red fire hydrant. Construction and materials for the drop box are discussed in the article.
Rule Changes Way Systems Will Look at Coliform
Authors: Hardesty Connie
Published: June 2018

Beginning Dec. 31, 1990, water systems must meet new US Environmental Protection Agency standards for coliform. All systems will experience some change, and many will be unable to comply. Compliance with the new rule is based on the absence of total coliforms (including fecal coliform or E. coli). Instead of measuring for the number of total coliforms in a sample, water systems will test for their presence or absence. If tests show that total coliforms are present in the sample, then other tests and more samples will be required. If further testing shows the presence of fecal coliform or E. coli, then the public must be notified. The article discusses monitoring, test methods, positive tests, repeat sampling, invalid samples, public notification, sanitary surveys, and variances and exemptions.
Winter Worries: Why Do Water Mains Break?
Authors: Russell Jodye Levy
Published: June 2018

Unraveling the mysteries of pipe failures allows the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission to make cost‐effective, sound engineering decisions on ways to prevent breaks. Further, by tracking break patterns and trends, the Commission will be better able to identify mains that are likely to fail, and to rehabilitate or replace them before they actually break. The article analyzes a study being conducted by the Commission on main failures which emphasizes analyzing samples of broken mains and soils from trenches of failures.
Formal Orientation Starts Employees Off Right
Authors: Johanson Don
Published: June 2018

The City of Salem (Oregon) Public Works Department designed a program to ensure that new employees receive immediate, consistent, and accurate information to get them started right. The purpose of the program is to provide the new employee with a knowledgeable, consistent explanation of city activities, management philosophy, management structure, policy, public relations, safety, and risk management, as well as the total salary and all fringe benefits that go with his or her job. This article describes how the program was founded, organized and carried out.
Z‐E‐B‐R‐A Spells Trouble for Treatment Operators
Authors: Cobban Bill
Published: June 2018

Zebra mussels gained a foothold in European freshwater harbors during the past 150 years, having gradually spread to that region from the Caspian Sea. Having established a foothold in the European bays, zebra mussels are believed to have been inadvertently taken aboard tankers bound for North America when the vessels drew in water to use as ballast. Zebra mussels cause damage both to man‐made and natural processes. The problems they create for water treatment operators result from the species' rapid rate of regeneration coupled with their ability to attach to almost any clean, hard surface and their tendency to form clumps. The zebras can easily clog submersed pipe openings. Other problems result from the weight of many thousands of mussels on a buoy or piece of equipment. There are several ways to fight zebra mussels, from scraping out clogged intakes to preventive chlorination, but both preventive and remedial actions can be expensive. Monitoring in areas currently affected or potentially threatened by zebra mussels is essential. Unfortunately, the zebra's appearance during the early stages of development closely resembles that of other mussels; false alarms have been sounded on more than one occasion.
Double‐Dowel Organizer Holds Old, New Circular Charts
Authors: Dehler G. Robert
Published: June 2018

Circular charts‐both new and old‐are difficult to store. New charts need to be keep clean and unwrinkled, and old charts need to be kept in order for record keeping. This device makes it easier to keep the charts in order. This organizer holds charts by handing them on wooden dowel. The design provides one hanger for blank charts and one for record keeping purposes. Materials and instructions are included in the article.
Restore Old Pipe With Cleaning, Lining Program
Authors: Scanga Pat , Guttman Hershel
Published: June 2018

Today, unlined cast‐iron water mains account for the majority of pipe in most distribution systems across the country. However, even if their structural integrity is adequate, their carrying capacity will have been reduced in most instances. As corrosion occurs, the inside of the pipe will begin developing pits as material is removed and then tubercules are formed. To restore the carrying capacity of unlined water mains and prevent further internal corrosion, a method has been developed whereby the mains are cleaned by removing all tubercules, and then a cement‐mortar lining is applied to the pipe walls to prevent the formation of new tubercules. The article describes the process used to clean and line cast‐iron pipelines. A table gives approximate costs for cement mortar lining versus pipe replacement.
Computers Bring Certification Exams to Operators
Authors: Ferley Mark A.
Published: June 2018

The Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), with a US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water grant, is developing a computerized version of the Very Small Water System operator certification exam. The goal is to develop a computerized system for administering operator certification exams. Operators would take the test using their personal computer; this would save operators the trouble and expense of traveling to a central location to take the test.
Seven Ways Certification, Training Can Help You
Authors: Kerri Kenneth D.
Published: June 2018

The benefits of operator certification for small water systems include: customer satisfaction, public image, protecting capital investment, regulatory compliance, safety, providing a basis for hiring qualified operators, and operator self‐esteem. Each of these is briefly discussed.
Preparation Key to Passing Certification Exam
Authors: Beer Chuck
Published: June 2018

This article offers helpful tips on studying for, preparing for and taking the operator certification exam.
Blue Thumbs Up for Drinking Water Week
Authors: Johnston Kimberly
Published: June 2018

This article offers ideas for promoting drinking water during National Drinking Water Week.
Establishing a Confined‐Space Entry Program
Authors: Robey Rod
Published: June 2018

Confined spaces can maim and kill. Injury or death can come from lack of oxygen, presence of toxic gases, fire, explosions, entrapment, electrical shock, falls, and falling objects. Establishing a program to protect the safety of workers who must enter such spaces is vitally important. This article describes the dangers of confined spaces and outlines the basic components of a safety program. Confined spaces include storage tanks, pipelines, manholes, tunnels, utility vaults, and digesters. They also include open‐top spaces greater than 4 ft deep, such as excavations, clarifiers, and sedimentation basins. An oxygen scale shows what hazardous conditions can result from low levels of oxygen in a confined space (for example, at 6 percent oxygen, death will occur within minutes).
Don't Overlook Importance of Off‐the‐Job Safety Training
Authors: Walcher Jenni
Published: June 2018

The author suggests that on‐the‐job safety programs should address off‐the‐job safety issues. The author believes that employees who are careful at home will carry that attitude to their jobs. While the article does not address specific safety issues, it presents reasons for emphasizing off‐the‐job safety and how to present the concept to employees.
Biofilm Problems Make It Difficult to Comply With SDWA
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Biological regrowth (BRG) is another name for an increase in live microorganisms in drinking water after disinfection has been completed. The microorganisms, which include coliform bacteria, other bacteria, fungi, or yeasts, may become suspended in the water or attach to the walls of the distribution system, forming what is known as “biofilm.” Biofilm can trigger positive test results for things such as E. coli. The article discusses: the importance of BRG prevention; total coliform rule; surface water treatment rule; BRG research; and solving BRG problems.
Let Your Fingers Do the Working — Dial 1‐(800) VALVE ON
Authors: Traughber Brent
Published: June 2018

Keeping distant tanks filled requires operating remote valves. To save a 22‐mile round trip each time the valve needed to be activated, the author created a system that allows the valve to be operated from a telephone. Materials, details of construction, and a schematic are included.
Sudden Stops, Sharp Turns Scramble Tools in Rear of Truck
Authors: Garone Lester A.
Published: June 2018

The article lists materials and construction instructions for an equipment rack to organize valve keys, wrenches, pipe probes, shovels, brooms, and sections of PVC in the back of a truck.
Learning How to Solve for the Unknown Value
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

This article explains how to solve a mathematical equation that contains an unknown value. The first of two articles on solving for an unknown value, this article explains in simple, step‐by‐step instructions, how to solve the problem when the equation has only multiplication or division. The second article on solving for unknown values deals with equations that also contain addition and subtraction; that article appears in the March 1993 Opflow, p 10. This article is one of 13 in a series called Math in Chunks.
Check Out Lead Paint Removal Methods, Regs
Authors: Harris George E.
Published: June 2018

New and increasingly strict regulations describe performance standards for removing paint from structures such as water tanks. These standards protect both the worker and the environment from lead‐based paints during removal operations. Utilities must make careful and thoughtful decisions about removing lead‐based paint from their water tanks. Although many methods exist, some may be more effective than others, depending on the circumstance. This article highlights several removal methods and concludes with a case history using one of the methods‐the dustless needle gun system.
Water Storage Tanks: Your Utility's Achilles' Heel?
Authors: Petersen Kim E.
Published: June 2018

A properly designed and implemented security program is cost‐effective, and it can reduce loss from theft, as well as lower the cost of repairing vandalized company assets. In many cases, an effective security program can also eliminate the potential for lawsuits. Above all else, an effective security program provides for the safety and well‐being of a water utility's customers, which means good business, and makes good sense. Four principles apply to the protection of physical installations: deter, delay, deny, and detect. Deter intruders by creating an environment in which the possibility risk of detection is too great to risk (for example, with lighting). Delay intruders with physical barriers, such as fences. “Tamperproof” the installation with a design that ensures that, even if the intruder persists, nothing of value can be tampered with. Security patrols not only detect intruders but also deter them.
Opportunity to Address Arsenic Now, Before Regulations
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

When we think of arsenic, an image of a skull and crossbones usually comes to mind. This impression of arsenic as a deadly, potent poison has been reinforced in the minds of the public by mystery writers and movie makers for years. Because this strong association of arsenic with poison exists in most people's minds, the arsenic rule is sure to catch the public's notice. A better understanding of what arsenic is, and is not, is needed to help educate drinking water consumers and to prepare for the revised arsenic rule.
NRC Determines Current Fluoride MCL Appropriate
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Fluoride is known for its cavity‐fighting benefits, but some people suspect it causes adverse health effects. Regardless, the latest report from the National Research Council (NRC) has concluded that the current level of fluoride (4 mg/L) in drinking water does not cause adverse health effects.
Surface Water Treatment Rule Targets Microbials
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

The goal of the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) is to ensure that harmful microbes are either removed or inactivated. This article discusses regulatory requirements, focusing on removal by filtration. Rather than performing difficult tests to monitor for microorganisms, water systems must accumulate a certain number of credits or points by achieving certain treatment goals. A table summarizes filtration credits, which are based on turbidity after filtration. Details on filtration credits and turbidity standards are given for conventional treatment with direct filtration, slow sand filtration, and diatomaceous earth filtration. Finally, some suggestions for improving filtration are given. This is one in a series of five articles about the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Other articles discuss “SWTR Disinfection Standards for Filtered Systems” (June 1993); “SWTR – C x T Values Indicate Disinfection Applied” (July 1993); “Configuration, Operation of System Affects C x T Values” (August 1993); and “SWTR Conditions to Avoid Filtration Are Demanding (September 1993).
OSHA Releases New Confined‐Space Safety Regs
Authors: Glaser Kennan C.
Published: June 2018

After years of debate, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) released new regulations on confined‐space entry. The new regulations were published in the January 14, 1993, Federal Register and officially became enforceable on April 14, 1993. The new federal regulations have much in common with the proposed standard, which has been used during the past two or three years. They also contain a number of significant changes and enhancements.
Configuration, Operation of System Affects C × T Values
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

This article is the fourth in a series examining the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). This month's column explains how to calculate C x T values and what design and operational factors affect the value. This is one in a series of five articles about the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Other articles discuss “Surface Water Treatment Rule Targets Microbials” (May 1993); “SWTR Disinfection Standards for Filtered Systems” (June 1993); “SWTR – C x T Values Indicate Disinfection Applied” (July 1993); and “SWTR Conditions to Avoid Filtration Are Demanding (September 1993).
Plant Optimization Paves Way for SWTR Compliance
Authors: Pauley Dale , Holbrook Charles , Owen Larry , Yeager Gary , Matthews Bryan
Published: June 2018

The Lincoln Public Service District wasn't worried about complying with the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) for seemingly good reason–early monitoring showed average turbidity levels in the acceptable range. Fortunately, the district went one step further by participating in the Composite Correction program, which did indeed highlight the system's problems with spiking turbidity levels. The US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water Support Division and Process Applications, Inc., developed the program in anticipation of the SWTR. This article describes how the district's staff optimized their filtration plant and improved their operations with only a few minor modifications to existing facilities.
Dry Hydrants Supply Year‐Round Fire Protection
Authors: Campbell Ken
Published: June 2018

A dry hydrant is a low‐cost, reliable, year‐round source of water for fire protection. This simple device requires only a body of water with truck access. Dry hydrants are used in rural areas to protect large buildings or as fill points. They are also used in urban settings to temporarily increase municipal supplies when a distribution system cannot deliver adequate flows for fire protection.
Question of the Month
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about available funds to pay for small water system improvements required by the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The answer lists other available funds such as the Rural Development Administration, state agencies, CoBank (a federally chartered private financial institution), banks, and private financing.
New Chlorine Injection System Saves Money
Authors: Richerson Jim , Brooke Ralph
Published: June 2018

In past years the City of Hutchinson, Kansas, Water Department used a chlorine system that required two injectors at each well site. Because of a change in state regulations, chlorine injection into a well is prohibited (except in emergencies). Instead, injection must be made into the main located outside of the well house. The change in regulations prompted water department employees to design a series of valves that would enable chlorine injection to be accomplished through a one‐injector system.
Conservation, Like Change, Isn't Easy
Authors: Barbato Jane
Published: June 2018

Many people believe the changes involved with water conservation will somehow diminish their life‐style. The author lists suggestions for conserving water inside and outside the home. She then lists suggestions for dealing with the public's concerns.
Particle Monitor Measures Filter Performance
Authors: Veal Charles , Riebow Byron
Published: June 2018

A particle monitor exhibits sufficient detection sensitivity for particles in the Giardia and Cryptosporidium size ranges. This technique can be used to continuously monitor settled and filtered water and measure particle removal efficiency. Using the particle monitor for continuous measurement of filter efficiency provides a cost effective, simple method to measure water quality.
Part II—What You Should Know About Cryptosporidium
Authors: Pontius Frederick
Published: June 2018

This is Part II of an article discussing Cryptosporidium. This part explains the processes of detection, filtration and chlorination for control. A 12‐Point Action Plan for systems to handle and prevent Crypto outbreaks is also included.
Membrane Filtration Fits the Bill for Winchester
Authors: Moffett Jesse W.
Published: June 2018

The City of Winchester, Virginia, needed to select a method of filtration that would satisfy its unique requirements. Ultimately, membrane filtration was chosen as the best method. This article describes why the city chose this particular process.
How to Tame an Aggressive Softened Water
Authors: Harms Leland L. , Kwan Bennet C. , Sarai Darshan S.
Published: June 2018

Water District No. 1 of Johnson County, Kansas, improved its finished water quality by adopting operating techniques that ensured the precipitation of calcium carbonate throughout the distribution system. Carbonate precipitation was achieved by slightly raising pH, alkalinity, and total hardness levels. Results showed a decrease in corrosion rates as well as a decrease in consumer complaints regarding water quality. When adapting the methods discussed in this article to other water systems, coupons should be placed near the treatment plant and midway in the distribution system. A few coupons placed near dead ends will help discern whether the adjusted treatment is penetrating the entire system. Flushing dead‐end lines will help facilitate this penetration.
Get Grip on Metal Valve Lids With Magnetic Handle
Authors: Woodard William
Published: June 2018

The article discusses a magnetic handle to assist in removing valve lids. Materials and instructions are provided.
What Turbidity Measurements Can Tell Us
Authors: Letterman Raymond D.
Published: June 2018

While alternative methods for measuring filter performance such as particle counters and monitors are increasing in importance, the turbidity measurement continues to have a significant place in water plant operations. All techniques have limitations and, consequently, no single method can provide all the answers to monitoring filter performance. In the future, many systems will need to use a combination of measurements. This article describes the turbidity measurement and the proper sampling and measurement techniques needed to analyze high‐quality filtered water as mandated by US Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
Lead and Copper Rule Corrections Issued
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

Technical corrections to the lead and copper rule became effective on the date of publication, June 30, 1994. This notice corrects errors and clarifies certain provisions of the rule that have caused confusion since the rule was promulgated on June 7, 1991.
One Good Reason for a Safety Program
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

If you think the only reason you need a safety program is to comply with regulations and department policy–think again. The most important reason for a safety program is you. An effective program enables you to go home each night the same way your came to work: alive and healthy. The author suggests several ways to get a safety program started.
Plan Early for Information Collection Rule
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

Promulgation of the challenging Information Collection Rule (ICR) is expected in June 1995, with monitoring to begin October 1995. This article highlights several key issues and offers suggestions on how to prepare for the ICR.