bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Biologic Outcomes and Objectively Measured Physical Activity Accumulated in ≥ 10-Minute Bouts and < 10-Minute Bouts
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Cardinal Bradley J.
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

Examine whether nonbout physical activity (i.e., <10 minutes' duration of physical activity [PA]) demonstrates a stronger association with health outcomes than bout physical activity (i.e., ≥ 10 minutes' duration).

Design.

Cross-sectional study.

Setting.

NHANES 2003–2006.

Subjects.

A total of 6321 participants ranging in age from 18 to 85 years.

Measures.

Objectively measured PA was assessed using accelerometry. A variety of health outcomes (e.g., triglyceride levels) were objectively measured, including an assessment of metabolic syndrome.

Analysis.

Multivariate regression analyses examined the association between bouts and nonbouts on each of the biologic health outcomes. Additionally, differences in each of the biologic variables among those who met PA guidelines for both approaches were evaluated.

Results.

After adjustments, results were similar for both approaches. For example, the odds ratio (OR) for metabolic syndrome for nonbouts (OR, 1.89; p < .001) was similar to that for bouts (OR, 1.87; p = .002). With the exception of body mass index, similar values for the biologic variables were found between those meeting guidelines for the two PA approaches.

Conclusion.

Engaging in nonbouts, as opposed to bouts of PA, is just as strongly associated with several biologic health outcomes, suggesting that adults who perceive themselves as having little time to exercise may still be able to enhance their health by adopting an active lifestyle approach.
Different characteristics of new particle formation between urban and deciduous forest sites in Northern Japan during the summers of 2010–2011
Authors: Jung J. , Miyazaki Y. , Kawamura K.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. To investigate new particle formation (NPF) events in urban and forest environments, number size distributions of ultrafine particles were measured at an urban site and a deciduous forest site in Sapporo, Northern Japan, during the summers of 2011 and 2010, respectively. The burst of nucleation mode particles at the urban site typically started in the morning (07:00–11:30 local time, LT) with simultaneous increases in SO2 and O3 concentrations and the UV index under clear (sunny) weather conditions. The growth rates of nucleated particles at the urban site ranged from 5.0 to 7.8 nm h−1 with an average of 6.3 ± 1.1 nm h−1. NPF events at the urban site were separated into events with or without subsequent particle growth after the burst of nucleation mode particles. This division was found to relate to prevailing wind direction because the subsequent growth of freshly nucleated particles typically occurred when wind direction shifted to northwesterly (from residential and public park areas), whereas it did not occur under southeasterly winds (from the downtown area). During the periods with NPF events, elevated concentrations of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were obtained under conditions of northwesterly winds when compared to southeasterly winds, whereas no difference in SO2 levels was recorded. These results suggest that variations in NMHC concentration may play an important role in the growth of freshly nucleated particles at the urban site. The burst of nucleation mode particles at the forest site typically started around noon (10:30–14:30 LT), which was 3–4 h later than that at the urban site. Interestingly, at the forest site the burst of nucleation mode particles usually started when air masses originating from urban Sapporo arrived at the forest site. The present study indicates that the inflow of these urban air masses acted as a trigger for the initiation of the burst of nucleation mode particles in the deciduous forest.
Observations of total RONO2 over the boreal forest: NOx sinks and HNO3 sources
Authors: Browne E. C. , Min K.-E. , Wooldridge P. J. , Apel E. , Blake D. R. , Brune W. H. , Cantrell C. A. , Cubison M. J. , Diskin G. S. , Jimenez J. L. , Weinheimer A. J. , Wennberg P. O. , Wisthaler A. , Cohen R. C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In contrast with the textbook view of remote chemistry where HNO3 formation is the primary sink of nitrogen oxides, recent theoretical analyses show that formation of RONO2 (ΣANs) from isoprene and other terpene precursors is the primary net chemical loss of nitrogen oxides over the remote continents where the concentration of nitrogen oxides is low. This then increases the prominence of questions concerning the chemical lifetime and ultimate fate of ΣANs. We present observations of nitrogen oxides and organic molecules collected over the Canadian boreal forest during the summer that show that ΣANs account for ~ 20% of total oxidized nitrogen and that their instantaneous production rate is larger than that of HNO3. This confirms the primary role of reactions producing ΣANs as a control over the lifetime of NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) in remote, continental environments. However, HNO3 is generally present in larger concentrations than ΣANs indicating that the atmospheric lifetime of ΣANs is shorter than the HNO3 lifetime. We investigate a range of proposed loss mechanisms that would explain the inferred lifetime of ΣANs finding that in combination with deposition, two processes are consistent with the observations: (1) rapid ozonolysis of isoprene nitrates where at least ~ 40% of the ozonolysis products release NOx from the carbon backbone and/or (2) hydrolysis of particulate organic nitrates with HNO3 as a product. Implications of these ideas for our understanding of NOx and NOy budget in remote and rural locations are discussed.
Performance of the line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) for temperature, water vapor, and trace gas retrievals: recent updates evaluated with IASI case studies
Authors: Alvarado M. J. , Payne V. H. , Mlawer E. J. , Uymin G. , Shephard M. W. , Cady-Pereira K. E. , Delamere J. S. , Moncet J.-L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Modern data assimilation algorithms depend on accurate infrared spectroscopy in order to make use of the information related to temperature, water vapor (H2O), and other trace gases provided by satellite observations. Reducing the uncertainties in our knowledge of spectroscopic line parameters and continuum absorption is thus critical to improving the application of satellite data to weather forecasting. Here we present the results of a rigorous validation of spectroscopic updates to an advanced radiative transfer model, the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM), against a global dataset of 120 near-nadir, over-ocean, nighttime spectra from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI). We compare calculations from the latest version of LBLRTM (v12.1) to those from a previous version (v9.4+) to determine the impact of spectroscopic updates to the model on spectral residuals as well as retrieved temperature and H2O profiles. We show that the spectroscopy in the CO2 ν2 and ν3 bands is significantly improved in LBLRTM v12.1 relative to v9.4+, and that these spectroscopic updates lead to changes of ~0.5 K in the retrieved vertical temperature profiles below 10 hPa, with the sign of the change and the variability among cases depending on altitude. We also find that temperature retrievals using each of these two CO2 bands are remarkably consistent in LBLRTM v12.1, potentially allowing these bands to be used to retrieve atmospheric temperature simultaneously. The updated H2O spectroscopy in LBLRTM v12.1 substantially improves the residuals in the P-branch of the H2O ν2 band, while the improvements in the R-branch are more modest. The H2O amounts retrieved with LBLRTM v12.1 are on average 14% lower between 100 and 200 hPa, 42% higher near 562 hPa, and 31% higher near the surface compared to the amounts retrieved with v9.4+ due to a combination of the different retrieved temperature profiles and the updated H2O spectroscopy. We also find that the use of a fixed ratio of HDO to H2O in LBLRTM may be responsible for a significant fraction of the remaining bias in the P-branch of the H2O ν2 band. There were no changes to O3 spectroscopy between the two model versions, and so both versions gives positive residuals of ~0.3 K in the R-branch of the O3 ν3 band. While the updates to the H2O self continuum employed by LBLRTM v12.1 have clearly improved the match with observations near the CO2 ν3 bandhead, we find that these updates have significantly degraded the match with observations in the fundamental band of CO. Finally, significant systematic residuals remain in the ν4 band of CH4, but the magnitude of the positive bias in the retrieved mixing ratios is reduced in LBLRTM v12.1, suggesting that the updated spectroscopy could improve retrievals of CH4 from satellite observations.
The influence of temperature and seawater carbonate saturation state on 13C-18O bond ordering in bivalve mollusks
Authors: Eagle R. A. , Eiler J. M. , Tripati A. K. , Ries J. B. , Freitas P. S. , Hiebenthal C. ,   A. D. Wanamaker Jr., Taviani M. , Elliot M. , Marenssi S. , Nakamura K. , Ramirez P. , Roy K.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. The shells of marine mollusks are widely used archives of past climate and ocean chemistry. Whilst the measurement of mollusk δ18O to develop records of past climate change is a commonly used approach, it has proven challenging to develop reliable independent paleothermometers that can be used to deconvolve the contributions of temperature and fluid composition on molluscan oxygen isotope compositions. Here we investigate the temperature dependence of 13C-18O bond abundance, denoted by the measured parameter Δ47, in shell carbonates of bivalve mollusks and assess its potential to be a useful paleothermometer. We report measurements on cultured specimens spanning a range in water temperatures of 5 to 25 °C, and field-collected specimens spanning a range of −1 to 29 °C. In addition we investigate the potential influence of carbonate saturation state on bivalve stable isotope compositions by making measurements on both calcitic and aragonitic specimens that have been cultured in seawater that is either supersaturated or undersaturated with respect to aragonite. We find a robust relationship between Δ47 and growth temperature. We also find that the slope of a linear regression through the Δ47 data for bivalves plotted against seawater temperature is significantly shallower than previously published inorganic and biogenic carbonate calibration studies produced in our laboratory and go on to discuss the possible sources of this difference. We find that changing seawater saturation state does not have significant effect on the Δ47 of bivalve shell carbonate in two taxa that we examined, and we do not observe significant differences between Δ47-temperature relationships between calcitic and aragonitic taxa.
Abrupt shifts of the Sahara-Sahel boundary during Heinrich Stadials
Authors: Collins J. A. , Govin A. , Mulitza S. , Heslop D. , Zabel M. , Hartmann J. , Röhl U. , Wefer G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Relict dune fields that are found at 14° N in the modern-day African Sahel are testament to equatorward expansions of the Sahara desert during the late Pleistocene. However, difficulties of dating dune formation mean that abrupt millennial-scale climate events are not always resolved in these records. High-resolution marine core studies have identified Heinrich Stadials as the dustiest periods of the last glacial, although no studies have mapped the spatio-temporal evolution of dust export from West Africa. We use the major-element composition of four marine sediment cores to reconstruct the spatial extent of Saharan-dust versus river-sediment input to the continental margin from West Africa over the last 60 ka. This allows us to map the position of the sediment composition corresponding to the Sahara-Sahel boundary. Our records indicate that the Sahara-Sahel boundary reached its most southerly position (13° N) during Heinrich Stadials, suggesting that these were the periods when the sand dunes formed at 14° N on the continent, rather than at the Last Glacial Maximum. We find that SSB position was closely linked to North Atlantic sea surface temperatures, which during Heinrich Stadials triggered abrupt increases of aridity and wind strength in the Sahel, exposing new dust sources. This result illustrates the influence of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the southerly extent of the Sahara desert and has implications for global atmospheric dust loading.
Some aspects of cultivation and utilization of waxy maize (Zea mays L. ssp. ceratina)
Authors: Klimek-Kopyra Agnieszka , Szmigiel Aleksander , Zając Tadeusz , Kidacka Agnieszka
Published: January 2013

This paper is a review of available literature on Zea mays L.ssp.ceratina. It contains information on the origin, cul- tivation and utilization of waxy maize in the world and can be a contribution to the development of new research on maize cultivation and starch processing technology.
 Maize, as an old and economically important cereal, played an enormous role in the ancient civilisations of the New World. Among the maize subspecies compared, Z. mays ssp. indurata and Z. mays ssp. indentata are now the most important in Poland. The subspecies Z. mays ssp. saccharata has a marginal role, while Z. mays ssp. ceratina has not been hitherto cultivated. Decisions to introduce the subspecies Z. mays ssp. ceratina into cultivation are based on different grounds, taking into account both agro-climatic conditions and industrial uses of grain processing products. The growing demand for maize grain, stimulated by the increased demand for maize starch and oil in the global market as raw materials that are important in food production, is an impulse for the development of agrobiological research. The development of the starch industry, associated with the demand for industrial starch, will probably contribute to increased interest in this subspecies in Central Europe, also including Poland. Waxy maize grain can be a major ingredient of high-energy feeds for livestock, replacing in this role the type of maize that has been grown for this purpose until now.
 A great advantage of waxy maize is its specific structure of starch, due to its unique and high amylopectin content (95-98%), which creates unlimited possibilities of industrial use. Currently, waxy maize acreage in Europe does not exceed 2% of the maize crop area in this continent.
Verification of the systematic position of California brome (Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn., Poaceae), cv. 'Broma', on the basis of analysis of issr markers
Authors: Sutkowska Agnieszka
Published: January 2013

‘Broma’ is a grass cultivar belonging to the species Bromus carinatus. In the Lists of Agricultural Plant Varieties of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU), it is shown as Bromus willdenowii (= B. catharticus, B. unioloides) (List of Agricultural Plant Varieties 1989-2009), whereas already in 1984 Mirek demonstrated on the basis of morphological analysis that this was a different closely related species – B. carinatus.
 The aim of the present study was to verify the species affiliation of cv. ‘Broma’. The conducted analysis of ISSR molecular markers included representatives of cv. ‘Broma” as well as of B. carinatus and B. willdenowii.
The method used allowed the identification of molecular markers of the above-mentioned taxa. The numerical analysis of the obtained results suggests that cv. ‘Broma’ should be classified in the species B. carinatus, not B. willdenowii.
In vitro morphogenetic response of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) to the elevated levels of copper and myo-inositol
Authors: Toma Rafail S. , Danial Gharbia N.Y. , Habash Atheel H.
Published: January 2013

The elevated levels of copper and myo-inositol in the MS medium were demonstrated to enhance culture growth and morphogenetic response of apple and pear explants. The results revealed that the highest number of branches per explant (2.80) for apple was obtained from the levels of 0.0+ 100 and 0.050+400 mg/l of both copper and myo-inositol, respectively (C1M2 and C4M4), while for pear 3.40 branches per explant were achieved from the same treatment. The mean length of branches was significantly lower in the case of the control treatment (the absence of copper and inositol). The highest number of leaves per explant (29.73 and 29.80) for both apple and pear, respectively, was recorded for treatment C4M4 (0.050+ 400 mg/l of both copper and myo-inositol, respectively. At the rooting stage, the elevated levels of copper and myo-inositol were very effective in stimulating root formation in both apple and pear shoots. The highest number of roots in apple (2.00 roots/ explant) was achieved while using 0.100+ 800 (C5M5) of both copper and myo-inositol, whereas the highest number of roots for pear (3.17 roots/ explant) was recorded for C6M6 (0.200+ 1600). The highest mean length of roots for apple reached 1.23 cm in treatment C3M3 and 1.10 cm for pear in treatment C6M6. These data suggest that the higher levels of copper and myo-inositol enabled shoot and root formation in the explants, and it might be necessary to use higher levels of these two medium components in order to enhance morphogenetic potential of explants.
Decorative values and the nutritional status of some Magnolia species under the climatic conditions of Lublin (Poland). Part II. Evaluation of the nutritional status of the plants
Authors: Michałojć Zenia , Jarosz Zbigniew , Bartnik Krzysztof , Konopińska Joanna
Published: January 2013

The present study was conducted on six Magnolia species in the period 2006-2008 in the Botanical Garden of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. The soil and leaves from the locations of the following species of Magnolia were subjected to evaluation: cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata L.), Kobushi magnolia (Magnolia kobus DC), purple lily magnolia (Magnolia liliiflora L.), Japanese willow-leaf magnolia (Magnolia salicifolia Siebold et Zucc. Maxim.), saucer magnolia (Magnolia x soulangiana Soul.-Bod.), and umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala L.). The studied plants were planted during the period 1968-1989 on grey-brown podzolic soil derived from loess. The significantly lowest content of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as the lowest pH were recorded in the soil from the location occupied by the purple lily magnolia (M. liliiflora). The other sites were characterized by an optimal range of pH, high soil phosphorus and magnesium availability as well as medium potassium availability. An optimal content of nitrogen and calcium was found in the leaves of the cucumber tree (M. acuminata), of phosphorus and magnesium in the leaves of the Kobushi magnolia (M. kobus), and of potassium in the leaves of the Japanese willow-leaf magnolia (M. salicifolia). A low content of nitrogen and calcium was shown in the leaves of the purple lily magnolia (M. liliiflora), of phosphorus in the leaves of the saucer magnolia (M. x soulangiana), and of potassium in the indicator parts of the cucumber tree (M. acuminata). The study found that among the studied species the cucumber tree (M. acuminata) could be a good biostabilizer of nitrogen, while the Kobushi magnolia (M. kobus) a good biostabilizer of phosphorus and magnesium. In spite of significant differences in soil nutrient availability and clear variations in macronutrient contents in the indicator parts of the investigated plants, no visual symptoms of nutrient deficit were found in the Magnolia species under study.
Weed infestation of a cereal-legume mixture depending on its concentration and position in a crop rotation
Authors: Kostrzewska Marta K. , Wanic Maria , Jastrzębska Magdalena
Published: January 2013

A field study was carried out in the period 2000-2006 at the Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo belonging to the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. Its aim was to compare weed infestation of a mixture of spring barley and field pea grown in a four crop rotation with different crop selection and sequence. Each year during tillering of spring barley and before the harvest of the mixture, weed species composition and density were evaluated, while additionally weed biomass was also estimated before the harvest. These results were used to determine species constancy, Simpson’s dominance index, the Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indices as well as the community similarity index based on floristic richness, numbers and biomass of particular weed species. The cropping frequency and the position of the mixture in the crop rotation did not differentiate the species composition and total biomass of weed communities in the cereal-legume mixture crops. The crop rotation in which the mixture constituted 50% and was grown after itself had a reducing effect on weed numbers. Growing field pea in the 4-year crop rotation promoted weed infestation of the mixture and the dominance of weed communities. Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Echinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Polygonum convolvulus, and Sonchus arvensis were constant components of the agrophytocenoses. The weed communities were more similar in terms of their floristic composition than in terms of weed density and air-dry weight of weeds.
Comparative and Practical Aspects of Localization‐Based Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Laevsky Gary S. , O'Connell Christopher B.
Published: January 2013

Super‐resolution microscopy overcomes diffraction to generate images with superior resolution compared to conventional light microscopy. Localization‐based super‐resolution methods result in up to ten‐fold improvement in resolution by determining the positions of fluorescent molecules with sub‐pixel accuracy. This process critically depends on controlled emission at the level of individual fluorophores so that fluorescence is non‐overlapping, allowing for accurate centroid determination of diffraction‐limited spots by Gaussian fitting of the pixel intensities. The intrinsic photoswitching behavior of many fluorophores provides a convenient way to achieve emitter isolation. Here, we describe methods for label preparation and staining of cellular structures to obtain high‐quality images using localization super resolution. We also compare labeling strategies and dye characteristics relevant to all localization‐based techniques, such as STORM and PALM. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 63:2.20.1‐2.20.11. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow Cytometry‐Based Quantification of Cell Proliferation in the Mixed Cell Co‐Culture
Authors: Gerashchenko Bogdan I. , Howell Roger W.
Published: January 2013

In cell communities, among the crucial signals that govern cell function are those generated locally by surrounding cells. A co‐culture of mixed homotypic or heterotypic cells, which is often used in various fields of experimental biology and medicine, can be applied for elucidation of the role of cell proximity in modulating proliferative responses. Quick and reliable quantification of the changes in proliferation of each of the mixed cell populations as a result of their co‐culture is of importance. For this purpose, flow cytometry together with fluorescent tracers that do not affect cell proliferation can be used. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 63:9.40.1‐9.40.10. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Clicked Pyridyl‐Triazole Ligand: From Homogeneous to Robust, Recyclable Heterogeneous Mono‐ and Polymetallic Palladium Catalysts for Efficient Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, and Heck Reactions
Authors: Wang Dong , Denux Dominique , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier
Published: January 2013

Various mono‐ and polymetallic palladium complexes containing a 2‐pyridyl‐1,2,3‐triazole (pyta) ligand or a nonabranch‐derived (nonapyta) ligand have been synthesized by reaction of palladium acetate with these ligands according to a 1:1 metal‐ligand stoichiometry and used as catalysts for carbon‐carbon cross‐coupling including the Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira and Heck reactions. The unsubstituted monopalladium and nonapalladium complexes were insoluble in all the reaction media, whereas tri‐ and tetranuclar palladium complexes were soluble, which allowed conducting catalysis under either homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. The organopalladium complexes were characterized by standard analytical and spectroscopic methods and by thermogravimetry showing decomposition above 110 °C. Both types of catalysts showed excellent activity for these cross carbon‐carbon bond formations involving aryl halides including activated aryl chlorides or acyl chloride. Besides the comparison between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, the key feature of these catalysts is their remarkable robustness that allowed recycling at least ten times in the example of the Heck reaction with excellent yields and without significant reduction of the conversion.
Asymmetric, Regioselective Bromohydroxylation of 2‐Aryl‐2‐propen‐1‐ols Catalyzed by Quinine‐Derived Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Ye , Xing Hui , Xie Weiqing , Wan Xiaolong , Lai Yisheng , Ma Dawei
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric bromohydroxylation of 2‐aryl‐2‐propen‐1‐ols catalyzed by quinine‐derived bifunctional catalyst has been developed. The regioselectivity was controlled by employing a boronate ester as tether which was formed in situ and enantioselectivity was introduced by taking advantage of a quinine‐derived bifunctional catalyst which activated the boronate ester and N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS) at the same time. Chiral bromohydrin, which is a useful feedstock in organic synthesis, was produced in moderate to excellent enantioselectivity in a two‐step reaction sequence.
A novel dynamic bayesian network‐based networked process monitoring approach for fault detection, propagation identification, and root cause diagnosis
Authors: Yu Jie , Rashid Mudassir M.
Published: January 2013

A novel networked process monitoring, fault propagation identification, and root cause diagnosis approach is developed in this study. First, process network structure is determined from prior process knowledge and analysis. The network model parameters including the conditional probability density functions of different nodes are then estimated from process operating data to characterize the causal relationships among the monitored variables. Subsequently, the Bayesian inference‐based abnormality likelihood index is proposed to detect abnormal events in chemical processes. After the process fault is detected, the novel dynamic Bayesian probability and contribution indices are further developed from the transitional probabilities of monitored variables to identify the major faulty effect variables with significant upsets. With the dynamic Bayesian contribution index, the statistical inference rules are, thus, designed to search for the fault propagation pathways from the downstream backwards to the upstream process. In this way, the ending nodes in the identified propagation pathways can be captured as the root cause variables of process faults. Meanwhile, the identified fault propagation sequence provides an in‐depth understanding as to the interactive effects of faults throughout the processes. The proposed approach is demonstrated using the illustrative continuous stirred tank reactor system and the Tennessee Eastman chemical process with the fault propagation identification results compared against those of the transfer entropy‐based monitoring method. The results show that the novel networked process monitoring and diagnosis approach can accurately detect abnormal events, identify the fault propagation pathways, and diagnose the root cause variables. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 59: 2348–2365, 2013
Beyond shape selective catalysis with zeolites: Hydrophobic void spaces in zeolites enable catalysis in liquid water
Authors: Gounder Rajamani , Davis Mark E.
Published: January 2013

Zeolites confine active sites within void spaces of molecular dimension. The size and shape of these voids can be tuned by changing framework topology, which can influence catalytic reactivity and selectivity via coupled reaction‐transport phenomena that exploit differences in transport properties among reactants and/or products that differ in size and shape. The polarity and solvating properties of intrazeolite void environments can be tuned by changing chemical composition and structure, ranging from hydrophobic defect‐free pure‐silica surfaces to silica surfaces containing hydrophilic defect sites and/or heteroatoms. Here, we discuss how the polarity of zeolite voids influences catalytic reactivity and selectivity via the partitioning of reactant, product, and solvent molecules between intrazeolitic locations and external fluid phases. These findings provide a conceptual basis for developing selective catalytic processes in aqueous media using hydrophobic zeolites that are able to adsorb organic reactants while excluding liquid water from internal void spaces. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3349–3358, 2013
Catalytic Activity of Cu/SBA‐15 for Peroxidation of Pyridine Bearing Wastewater at Atmospheric Condition
Authors: Subbaramaiah V. , Srivastava Vimal Chandra , Mall Indra Deo
Published: January 2013

In this study, Cu‐loaded Santa Barbara amorphous (SBA)‐15 catalysts were synthesized by impregnation method and further used for catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO) of pyridine from aqueous solution using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The synthesized catalysts have been characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area: temperature‐programmed reduction, H2‐chemisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Characterization results indicate good dispersion of Cu species inside the porous structure of SBA‐15. The effect of various parameters such as Cu loading on SBA‐15, pH, catalyst dose, H2O2 concentration, and temperature have been studied for their effect on CWPO of pyridine. More than 97% pyridine removal and 92% total organic carbon removal was achieved at optimum condition. Cu/SBA‐15 showed stable performance during reuse for six cycles with negligible copper leaching. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2577–2586, 2013
Four new patients with Gomez–Lopez‐Hernandez syndrome and proposed diagnostic criteria
Authors: Rush Eric T. , Adam Margaret P. , Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia , Hartmann Julianne E. , Dobyns William B. , Olney Ann Haskins
Published: January 2013

Gomez–Lopez‐Hernandez syndrome (GLHS) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder. We are aware of thirty previously reported cases. We present four additional patients with this condition. Previously reported patients have shown the hallmark triad of rhombocephalosynapsis, trigeminal anesthesia, and bilateral parietal or parieto‐occipital alopecia. Rhombencephalosynapsis consists of agenesis of the cerebellar vermis, fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, and the dentate nuclei. The gene or genes responsible for GLHS remain unknown. Alopecia is seen in all previously reported cases of GLHS. Additional craniofacial findings such as low‐set and posteriorly rotated ears, midface retrusion, craniosynostosis, and brachyturricephaly are also very common in this syndrome. Trigeminal anesthesia, reported in the original three patients, is seen in just over half of reported patients. Most patients with GLHS have motor delays, intellectual disability, and hypotonia. Unusual stereotypic movements of the head are seen in many patients with GLHS. Neuroimaging of patients with GLHS shows rhombencephalosynapsis is universally present, with ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia being common. We propose that rhombencephalosynapsis and scalp alopecia are necessary, but by themselves not sufficient, for a diagnosis of GLHS. Additional findings of trigeminal anesthesia or one of two major craniofacial findings (brachycephaly and/or turricephaly or midface retrusion) are sufficient to make a diagnosis of GLHS. Additional categories of probable and possible GLHS are proposed for patients whose examination may be compatible with a diagnosis of GLHS, but CNS imaging has not yet been obtained. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geometric variation of the frontal squama in the genus homo: Frontal bulging and the origin of modern human morphology
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Athreya Sheela , de la Cuétara José Manuel , Marks Tarah
Published: January 2013

The majority of studies of frontal bone morphology in paleoanthropology have analyzed the frontal squama and the browridge as a single unit, mixing information from different functional elements. Taking into account that the bulging of the frontal bone is often described as a species‐specific trait of Homo sapiens, in this article we analyze variation in the midsagittal profile of the genus Homo, focusing on the frontal squama alone, using landmark‐based superimpositions and principal components analysis. Our results demonstrate that anatomically modern humans are definitely separated from extinct human taxa on the basis of frontal bulging. However, there is minor overlap among these groups, indicating that it is necessary to exercise caution when using this trait alone to make taxonomic inferences on individual specimens. Early modern humans do not show differences with recent modern humans, and “transitional” individuals such as Jebel Irhoud 1, Maba, and Florisbad, show modern‐like frontal squama morphology. The bulging of the frontal squama in modern humans may represent a structural consequence of more general cranial changes, or it could be a response to changes in the morphology of the underlying prefrontal brain elements. A subtle difference between Neandertals and the Afro‐European Middle Pleistocene Homo sample is associated with flattening at bregma in the former group, a result that merits further investigation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Antibacterial and anticoagulation properties of polyethylene/geneO‐MPC nanocomposites
Authors: Jin Suxing , Xu Dong , Zhou Ninglin , Yuan Jiang , Shen Jian
Published: January 2013

Nanocomposite technology has been utilized to improve biocompatibility and mechanical property of biomedical catheter materials. In this study, graphene oxide (GeneO), graphene oxide complexes with 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine (GeneO‐MPC), and modified polyethylene (PE/GeneO‐MPC) nanocomposites applied in biomedical catheter materials field were synthesized and their bacteriostasis to E. coli and S. aureus was studied. According to the results of bacterial adhesion, PE/GeneO‐MPC nanocomposites inhibited the growth of the mass of predominant bacteria. PE/GeneO‐MPC could reduce platelet adhesion greatly as compared to PE, which displayed the improved anticoagulant property. The tensile strength and elongation of PE/GeneO‐MPC nanocomposites were enhanced by 15.5 and 97.3%, respectively. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Silicone rubber films modified by ethylenoxy moieties: Characterization and drug delivery properties
Authors: Soulas Dimitrios N. , Papadokostaki Kyriaki G. , Sanopoulou Merope
Published: January 2013

We present a comparative study between two different types of modification applied on a highly hydrophobic, yet biocompatible polymer, aiming to increase its hydrophilicity. More specifically, silicone rubber (SR) was modified by the introduction of low‐molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol), through either (a) blending or (b) addition‐grafting reaction. The modifications were first evaluated in neat films with respect to their water sorption capacity, stability of ethylenoxy groups' embedment, mechanical and thermal properties. The results from this series of tests showed that blending offered better results in terms of hydrophilicity, both surficial and in the bulk, while the films maintained better mechanical properties. Subsequently, the release kinetics of a relatively hydrophilic drug (theophylline) along with the concurrent water uptake was examined in drug‐loaded, pure and modified SR films. As in the case of the drug‐free films, blending appeared to offer better possibilities in controlling the drug's release rate through increased water sorption. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Selective recognition of beta‐cypermethrin by molecularly imprinted polymers based on magnetite yeast composites
Authors: Guan Wei‐Sheng , Lei Jun‐Ru , Wang Xu , Zhou Ya , Lu Chen‐Chen , Sun Shao‐Fang
Published: January 2013

Magnetic nanoparticles were attached to yeast by co‐precipitation reaction of FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O. Then, based on magnetite yeast composites (M@Y), the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) were synthesized for the selective recognition of beta‐cypermethrin (PP321). MMIPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, Fourier transform infrared analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis. MMIPs exhibited uniform morphology and magnetic property (Ms = 17.87 emu/g) and thermal stability. Batch mode adsorption studies were carried out to investigate the specific adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and selective recognition. The Langmuir isotherm model was fitted to the equilibrium data slightly better than the Freundlich model, and the adsorption capacity of MMIPs was 39.64 mg/g at 298 K. The kinetic properties of MMIPs were well described by the pseudo‐second‐order equation. Hydrogen bonds between methacrylic acid and PP321 were mainly responsible for the adsorption mechanism. The MMIPs prepared were applied to the separation of PP321 from experimental samples successfully. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Characterization of shear stress at the tool‐part interface during autoclave processing of prepreg composites
Authors: Joven Ronald , Tavakol Behrouz , Rodriguez Alejandro , Guzman Mauricio , Minaie Bob
Published: January 2013

In this article, shear stress between an aluminum tool and a carbon fiber‐epoxy prepreg is characterized during cure using polymeric release agent and release film at the tool‐part interface. The effects of surface roughness, release materials, pull‐out speed, temperature, and normal force (autoclave pressure) on the shear stress are investigated using a customized friction rig. Results show that the interfacial shear stress decreases as the temperature increases and it increases as the normal force increases when using either the release film or the release agent. Additionally, changes in surface roughness from 1.35 to 0.18 μm decrease the shear stress 10–27% while the use of release agent shows a decrease between 23% and 51% in the shear stress. Furthermore, strong adhesion between the tool and the part is observed when using release agent and pull‐out speeds of 0.05 mm/min (static/dynamic friction ratio of 5.29 ± 0.19). Using the experimental data, a mathematical approach based on the Coulomb's friction model is proposed to predict the friction force at the tool‐part interface. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior of superabsorbent hydrogel from sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated tamarind kernel powder‐g‐PAN
Authors: Trivedi Jignesh H.
Published: January 2013

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐grafted sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated tamarind kernel powder (Na‐PCMTKP‐g‐PAN, %G = 413.76 and %GE = 96.48) was prepared using the established optimal reaction conditions for ceric‐initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto Na‐PCMTKP (DS = 0.15) in a homogeneous medium. The graft copolymer was hydrolyzed by 0.7N KOH solution at 90–95°C to yield the superabsorbent hydrogel H‐Na‐PCMTKP‐g‐PAN. The nitrile groups of Na‐PCMTKP‐g‐PAN were completely converted into a mixture of hydrophilic carboxamide and carboxylate groups during alkaline hydrolysis, followed by in situ crosslinking of the grafted PAN chains. The products were characterized spectroscopically and morphologically. The swelling behavior of the unreported superabsorbent hydrogel, H‐Na‐PCMTKP‐g‐PAN, was studied by carrying out its absorbency measurements in low‐conductivity water, 0.15M salt (NaCl, CaCl2, and AlCl3) solutions, and simulated urine (SU) at different timings. The swelling behavior of the hydrogel in different swelling media followed the second‐order kinetics. The values of the various swelling characteristics were reported. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Sorption properties of polymers based on N‐substituted maleimides
Authors: Batueva Tatiana D. , Gorbunova Marina N. , Scherban M. G.
Published: January 2013

Physicochemical and functional properties of 2,2‐diallyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetraethylguanidinium chloride copolymers with N‐(n‐carboxyphenyl)maleimide, of N‐vinylpyrrolidone with N‐(n‐carboxyphenyl)maleimide, and of N‐vinylpyrrolidone with N‐phenylmaleimide have been investigated. Specific surface area and porosity of the copolymers under investigation have been determined by using the low‐temperature adsorption method. Electron microscope investigations in surfaces of the polymers have evinced that all of them have a spongy microstructure, the N‐vinylpyrrolidone copolymer with N‐(n‐carboxyphenyl)maleimide being the most homogeneous of these. Sorption capacity of the copolymers toward Re(VII) ions has been investigated. The process is described by the Langmuir isotherm. The pH is the most important parameter for sorption process of Re(VII). In the conjoint presence of Re(VII) and Mo(VI) in a solution of acid and ammoniac mediums, rhenium can be separated from molybdenum by using the sorbents under investigation at pH > 4.5 or at hydrochloric acid concentrations 0.1 mol L−1 and more. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Parametric Absolute Stabilization for Interconnected Lurie Time‐Delay Systems with Polytopic Uncertainty
Authors: Chen Ning , Liu Yutian , Liu Bo , Gui Weihua
Published: January 2013

The paper considers the parametric absolute stabilization for interconnected Lurie time‐delay systems with polytopic uncertainty. The concept of parametric absolute stabilization characterizes both the existence and the stability of equilibrium in the case of uncertain parameters and reference input shift. First, the existing conditions of parametric stability and the stable region are studied by the change of the uncertain parameters and reference input based on decentralized state feedback. Then, a delay‐dependent absolute stability condition in parametric stabilization region for interconnected Lurie time‐delay systems with polytopic uncertainties is obtained through a linear matrix inequality method. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Organic Photovoltaic Devices Based on a New Class of Oligothienylenevinylene Derivatives as Donor Materials
Authors: Kwok Eric Chi‐Ho , Tsang Daniel Ping‐Kuen , Chan Mei‐Yee , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: January 2013

A new class of donor–acceptor‐containing oligothienylenevinylenes with a triphenylamine donor and a dicyanovinyl group as acceptor has been synthesized and characterized. By extending the oligothiophene backbone, both the optical bandgaps and the charge‐transport properties can be tuned. These oligothienylenevinylene derivatives show intense charge‐transfer absorption bands that cover the entire visible spectrum, with low optical bandgaps of approximately 1.64 eV. In addition, electrochemical studies reveal that these compounds possess relatively large ionization potentials of approximately 5.5 eV. On the basis of these newly developed dicyanovinyl‐substituted chromophores as donor materials and C60 as acceptor material, bilayer organic photovoltaic devices have been fabricated, with the best device showing a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.0 %, with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.68 V and a fill factor of 0.60 after thermal annealing. The obvious morphology change with the formation of small domains in thin films and the reduction of series resistance are believed to be responsible for the dramatic performance improvement upon thermal annealing.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of All Four Diastereomers of 2,6‐Disubstituted Piperidines through Stereoselective Monoamination of 1,5‐Diketones
Authors: Simon Robert C. , Zepeck Ferdinand , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: January 2013

The regioselectivity of various enantiocomplementary ω‐transaminases was evaluated for the stereoselective monoamination of designated 1,5‐diketones; excellent conversions, enantio‐ and regioselectivities were observed. The resulting amino‐ketones underwent spontaneous intramolecular ring closure to afford Δ1‐piperideines, which served as precursors for the cis‐ and anti‐piperidine scaffold as demonstrated for the synthesis of the alkaloids dihydropinidine and epi‐dihydropinidine. Key to the success of accessing the trans‐piperidines was a Lewis acid mediated conformational change of the Δ1‐piperideines in the reduction step. Thus, all four diastereomers of 2,6‐disubstituted piperidines could successfully be prepared.
Three‐Coordinate Nickel(I) Complexes Stabilised by Six‐, Seven‐ and Eight‐Membered Ring N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, EPR/DFT Studies and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Page Michael J. , Lu Wei Y. , Poulten Rebecca C. , Carter Emma , Algarra Andrés G. , Kariuki Benson M. , Macgregor Stuart A. , Mahon Mary F. , Cavell Kingsley J. , Murphy Damien M. , Whittlesey Michael K.
Published: January 2013

Comproportionation of [Ni(cod)2] (cod=cyclooctadiene) and [Ni(PPh3)2X2] (X=Br, Cl) in the presence of six‐, seven‐ and eight‐membered ring N‐aryl‐substituted heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) provides a route to a series of isostructural three‐coordinate NiI complexes [Ni(NHC)(PPh3)X] (X=Br, Cl; NHC=6‐Mes 1, 6‐Anis 2, 6‐AnisMes 3, 7‐o‐Tol 4, 8‐Mes 5, 8‐o‐Tol 6, O‐8‐o‐Tol 7). Continuous wave (CW) and pulsed EPR measurements on 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 reveal that the spin Hamiltonian parameters are particularly sensitive to changes in NHC ring size, N substituents and halide. In combination with DFT calculations, a mixed SOMO of ∣3d〉 and ∣3d〉 character, which was found to be dependent on the complex geometry, was observed and this was compared to the experimental g values obtained from the EPR spectra. A pronounced 31P superhyperfine coupling to the PPh3 group was also identified, consistent with the large spin density on the phosphorus, along with partially resolved bromine couplings. The use of 1, 4, 5 and 6 as pre‐catalysts for the Kumada coupling of aryl chlorides and fluorides with ArMgY (Ar=Ph, Mes) showed the highest activity for the smaller ring systems and/or smaller substituents (i.e., 1>4≈6≫5).
A Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐Based α‐Helix Mimetics, Part 1: Synthesis of Core Fragments with Two Electronically Differentiated Leaving Groups
Authors: Peters Martin , Trobe Melanie , Tan Hao , Kleineweischede Rolf , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: January 2013

Teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics have proven to be useful compounds for the inhibition of protein–protein interactions (PPI). We have developed a modular and flexible approach for the synthesis of teraryl‐based α‐helix mimetics. Central to our strategy is the use of a benzene core unit featuring two leaving groups of differentiated reactivity in the Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling used for terphenyl assembly. With the halogen/diazonium route and the halogen/triflate route, two strategies have successfully been established. The synthesis of core building blocks with aliphatic (Ala, Val, Leu, Ile), aromatic (Phe), polar (Cys, Lys), hydrophilic (Ser, Gln), and acidic (Glu) amino acid side chains are reported.