bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoring Migraine Sufferers’ Ability to Function Normally: A Comparison of Rizatriptan and Other Triptans in Randomized Trials
Authors: Bussone Gennaro , D’Amico Domenico , McCarroll Kathleen A. , Gerth William , Lines Christopher R.
Published: April 2003

Background: Many migraine patients are unable to function normally during a migraine attack. Assessments of treatment efficacy have tended to focus on migraine symptoms, rather than looking at functional impact. This study compared the efficacy of different oral triptans for restoring normal function in migraine sufferers. Methods: Retrospective subgroup analysis of data from five randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials in which oral rizatriptan was directly compared with oral sumatriptan 100 mg (772 attacks), 50 mg (2,227 attacks), and 25 mg (1,182 attacks), naratriptan 2.5 mg (413 attacks), and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg (578 attacks) for the acute treatment of a moderate or severe migraine attack. Functional disability was evaluated by patients on a 4-grade scale (‘normal’, ‘mild impairment’, ‘severe impairment’, ‘requires bedrest’) at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 h after dosing. This analysis looked at the percentage of patients who had normal functional ability at 2 h, the last time point before escape medications were allowed, in the subgroup of patients who had some level of disability at baseline. Results: Most patients in each trial and treatment group had some level of disability at baseline (range = 94–100%). At 2 h, more patients on rizatriptan 10 mg were able to function normally compared with sumatriptan 100 mg (39 vs. 32%, odds ratio = 1.4, p = 0.021), sumatriptan 50 mg (47 vs. 42%, odds ratio = 1.2, p = 0.033), sumatriptan 25 mg (48 vs. 36%, odds ratio = 1.7, p < 0.001), naratriptan 2.5 mg (39 vs. 22%, odds ratio = 2.5, p < 0.001), and zolmitriptan 2.5 mg (45 vs. 36%, odds ratio = 1.6, p = 0.008). Conclusion: In direct head-to-head comparative clinical trials, oral rizatriptan 10 mg enabled more migraine sufferers to function normally at 2 h after dosing than oral sumatriptan, naratriptan, and zolmitriptan.
An Unusual Primary Renal Lymphoma
Authors: Mansouri Hamid , Gaye Macoumba , Hassouni Khalid , Errihani H. , Kettani Fouad , El Gueddari Brahim
Published: April 2003

A case of primary renal lymphoma (PRL) in a 78-year-old man is reported. The tumor was found by computed tomography during a check-up for hematuria and weight loss. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses of this tumor revealed features typical of low-grade lymphoma with localized amyloid deposition. PRL is a rare disease and only a few cases have been reported previously. To our knowledge, there have been no other reports of PRL with localized amyloid deposition.
An Epidemiological Genetic Study of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease in Western Japan
Authors: Kurihara Saiko , Adachi Yoshiki , Wada Kenji , Awaki Etsuko , Harada Hideaki , Nakashima Kenji
Published: April 2003

We identify the prevalence and genetic features of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) in Yonago and Sakaiminato, western Japan. From information in registered records and questionnaires, definite or candidate CMT patients were examined. Eleven families with 19 patients (7 female and 12 male) were identified and the prevalence was 10.8 per 100,000 in April 2000. Eleven patients in 6 families showed a Thr124Met mutation of the MPZ gene, in 2 families duplication of the PMP22 gene was suggested and no abnormalities were found in 2 families. To identify the occurrence of mildly affected CMT, the exhaustive region-matched and family study was necessary.
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Acute Stroke – A Tool of Uncertain Value?
Authors: Fiehler Jens , Fiebach Jochen B. , Gass Achim , Hoehn Mathias , Kucinski Thomas , Neumann-Haefelin Tobias , Schellinger Peter D. , Siebler Mario , Villringer Arno , Röther Joachim
Published: April 2003

The concept of a mismatch between the lesion volume in diffusion- and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicating ‘tissue at risk of infarction’ is based on the assumption that tissue with diffusion slowing in diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) or decreased values of the apparent diffusion coefficient represents irreversibly damaged tissue. Recent experimental as well as clinical studies, however, have shown that tissue with diffusion slowing may well normalize if the hypoperfusion is moderate or transient. We will interpret these findings in the light of experimental data and suggest a way for the interpretation of different time courses of lesion development in DWI within a clinical MRI protocol. MR stroke imaging delivers important information in acute stroke, particularly in defining the ‘tissue at risk of infarction’.
Iron Deficiency during Embryogenesis and Consequences for Oligodendrocyte Generation in vivo
Authors: Morath Daniel J. , Mayer-Pröschel Margot
Published: April 2003

One of the hallmarks of the pathology of iron deficiency in children is neurological disabilities that are often associated with hypomyelination. It has been hypothesized that this amyelination is mainly due to a disruption of myelin generation during the early postnatal stages when oligodendrocytes mature to generate myelin producing cell. In addition to these suggestions, we have previously provided in vitro data showing that iron affects both the proliferation and differentiation of glial precursor cells leading to a disruption in the generation of oligodendrocytes. We now present evidence demonstrating in vivo that iron deficiency during pregnancy affects the iron levels of various brain tissues in the developing fetus and disrupts not only the proliferation of their glial precursor cells but also disturbs the generation of oligodendrocytes from these precursor cells. In addition, we show that iron deficiency during embryogenesis affects glial lineage cells in a tissue-specific manner. Our studies offer the possibility to begin to comprehend whether any effects that occur during embryogenesis might have an influence on the establishment of the pathological defects that occur as a consequence of iron deficiency.
Regulation of the Tissue-Specific Expression of Transferrin Gene
Authors: Zakin Mario M. , Baron Bruno , Guillou Florian
Published: April 2003

Transferrin (Tf), the plasma protein involved in iron transport, seems to play complex physiological roles related to cell function, differentiation and proliferation. The protein is essentially synthesized in hepatocytes, but also in Sertoli cells, in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus in rodents and in oligodendrocytes in all species analyzed. In this manuscript, we review the results obtained on Tf gene expression in the different cellular systems in which the protein is synthesized. In vitro and ex vivo experiments indicate that different combinations of transcription factors are necessary in different subsets of cells to achieve Tf tissue-specific expression. Several lines of transgenic mice were generated in which the expression of reporter genes is under the control of different Tf regulatory regions. More recently, transgenic mice were obtained using the complete human Tf gene and its 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences. These mice constitute the first model in which the physiological consequences of a specific Tf over expression in oligodendrocytes can be studied. Although much information is now available, further work is still necessary for a full understanding of the in vivo mechanisms responsible for the regulation of Tf gene expression.
HoloTransferrin but Not ApoTransferrin Prevents Schwann Cell De-Differentiation in Culture
Authors: Salis C. , Goedelmann C.J. , Pasquini J.M. , Soto E.F. , Setton-Avruj C.P.
Published: April 2003

Schwann cells (SCs) in culture, without the presence of axons, become de-differentiated, reaching a condition similar to that of their precursor cells. The cytoplasmic accumulation of transferrin (Tf) in the myelinated peripheral nerve has been reported and data in the literature support a role for apoTf in myelination in the CNS. In the present report, we used SC cultures to evaluate the capacity of apoTf and holoTf to prevent cell de-differentiation promoted by fetal calf serum deprivation. SCs incubated in a serum-free medium showed a decrease in the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and P₀, markers of mature myelin-forming SCs, together with an increase in the levels of p75NTR and glial fibrillary acidic protein, markers of immature SCs. Treatment with holoTf prevented the decrease in expression of MBP and P₀ and the increase in p75NTR. ApoTf was unable to prevent these changes except when iron was added to the cultures. These results suggest a role for holoTf in the regulation of myelin formation by SCs.
Reperfusion but Not Acute Ischemia in Pig Small Intestine Induces Transcriptionally Mediated Heat Shock Response in situ
Authors: Oksala N.K.J. , Kaarniranta K. , Tenhunen J.J. , Tiihonen R. , Heino A. , Sistonen Lea , Paimela H. , Alhava E.
Published: April 2003

Background: Although there is data on the cytoprotective role of heat shock proteins in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, the effects of ischemia and reperfusion per se on the small intestinal heat shock response have been poorly characterized. Methods: Four female pigs were subjected to 60-min ischemia by superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 360-min reperfusion. Systemic and local hemodynamics were monitored. Samples from the jejunal mucosa and muscularis were obtained for histology and for time series molecular biologic analyses of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), hsp70 mRNA and Hsp70 protein. Results: A 30-min reperfusion of jejunum after a preceding 1-hour ischemia results in a significantly increased DNA-binding activity of HSF1, in a 10-fold increase of hsp70 mRNA in the mucosal and in a 7-fold increase in the muscular layers. Translational activation and accumulation of Hsp70 protein occurs after 60 min of reperfusion in the intestine. Nevertheless, a 60-min ischemia inducing mucosal detachment does not induce the heat shock response at any level analyzed. Conclusions: Ischemia alone is insufficient to induce the heat shock response, whereas subsequent reperfusion induces the response via transcriptionally mediated induction of Hsp70 synthesis both in the mucosal and muscular layers.
Pancreatic Tuberculosis: Still a Histopathological Diagnosis
Authors: Chaudhary Adarsh , Negi Sanjay S. , Sachdev Ajay K. , Gondal Ranjana
Published: April 2003

Background: Pancreatic tuberculosis is usually unsuspected as it can present in various forms. Though an uncommon disease, once diagnosed it is potentially curable. Patients and Methods: Retrospective review of the records of 9 patients with histologically proven tuberculosis of the pancreas. Results: In none of the 9 patients was a preoperative diagnosis of tuberculosis possible. The diagnoses considered included: pancreatic cancer (n = 5); acute pseudocyst (n = 1); pancreatic abscess (n = 1); chronic pancreatitis with pancreatic head mass (n = 1), and carcinoma of the colon causing massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 1). All the patients underwent surgery. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by histopathological examination of biopsy specimens obtained at the time of laparotomy. One patient died, the remaining patients received antitubercular therapy and are doing well at a median follow-up period of 26 months. Conclusion: In view of the nonspecific and variable clinical presentation and atypical radiological signs, a clinical diagnosis of pancreatic tuberculosis is usually not possible. Therefore there should be a high index of suspicion for this disease in young patients residing in endemic areas. Our experience highlights the importance of performing biopsy in apparently inoperable pancreatic mass lesions.
Detection of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I) Infection during Coculture of HTLV-I Infected and Uninfected Cells Using Inverse Long PCR
Authors: Ishizaki Junzo , Okayama Akihiko , Kuroki Masayuki , Tsubouchi Hirohito
Published: April 2003

Objective: Identifying the new integration of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral genome into initially uninfected cells after cocultivation with HTLV-I infected cells is important for clarifying the process of infection. We examined the usefulness of inverse long polymerase chain reaction (IL-PCR) for this purpose. Method: An experimental system using IL-PCR was applied to detect the transmission of HTLV-I between irradiated HTLV-I infected cells (HUT102) and uninfected targed cells (MOLT4, K562) after short-term and long-term coculturing. Results: In every coculture experiment with irradiated HTLV-I infected cells and uninfected cells, the new integration of HTLV-I was easily identified by IL-PCR. Oligoclonal proliferation of HTLV-I-positive cells was shown among MOLT4 cells even 4 months after the cocultivation; however, no evidence of viral replication was observed by indirect immunofluorescence assay or reverse transcription-PCR. We also used IL-PCR to assess the inhibitory effects of azidothymidine, anti-gp46, anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and anti-heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) monoclonal antibody. Integration of HTLV-I provirus was inhibited in all of these cases except for anti-HSC70. Conclusion: This experimental method enabled the detection of cell-to-cell transmission of HTLV-I directly and was useful for studying the mechanisms of cell-associated HTLV-I infection.
Warfarin: Mechanisms for Durable Effects in Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Askew Kim , Wallin Reidar , Sane David C.
Published: April 2003

The post-coronary artery bypass grafting study and the thrombosis prevention trial have suggested that warfarin has effects that persist after the state of anticoagulation has been reversed. One potential mechanism for this durable benefit involves the inhibition of the activity of the growth arrest-specific gene 6. Warfarin may also contribute to arterial calcification by inhibiting the activity of the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein. These durable effects are probably unique to warfarin and are not likely to be shared by the direct thrombin inhibitors.
Role of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Neurons in the Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Cultured Rat Embryonic Olfactory Placodes
Authors: Funabashi Toshiya , Daikoku Shigeo , Suyama Kumiko , Mitsushima Dai , Sano Akane , Kimura Fukuko
Published: April 2003

We recently established a primary cell culture system of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originating from olfactory placodes of rat embryos at E13.5 and showed that cultured olfactory placodes released GnRH into the medium in a pulsatile fashion with an interpulse interval of about 30 min. Since the reported presence of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the culture of rat olfactory placode raises questions as to the role played by these GABA neurons in the GnRH pulse generation, we immunostained GnRH neurons and GABA neurons in this culture system to examine the interrelationship between both types of neurons, and determined the effects of GABA and the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, on GnRH release. The immunohistochemical study showed that GnRH neurons received fiber terminals from GABA neurons. GnRH neurons in culture released GnRH into the medium at intervals of 30–40 min, confirming our previous study. Treatment with 20 µM GABA prolonged the interpulse interval and decreased the amplitude of GnRH pulses. Bicuculline administered at 20 µM did not affect either parameter, but 50 µM bicuculline elevated the mean GnRH level, although it did not affect either the interpulse interval or the amplitude of GnRH pulses. In addition, 50 µM bicuculline increased the mean trough levels of GnRH pulses, although 20 µM bicuculline did not. In light of the in vivo studies performed previously, we suggest that the GnRH pulse generator, which probably consists of a small population of GnRH neurons in the culture, does not involve GABA neurons to generate the pulsatile GnRH release, although it may be responsive to the inhibitory transmitter GABA. We also found that there may be another population of GnRH neurons in the culture whose activity is strongly suppressed by the tonic inhibition of GABA neurons. Although it is speculative, these latter GnRH neurons may be responsible for the surge of GnRH release.
Speech Loudness and Quality 12 Months after Intensive Voice Treatment (LSVT®) for Parkinson’s Disease: A Comparison with an Alternative Speech Treatment
Authors: Sapir Shimon , Ramig Lorraine O. , Hoyt Patricia , Countryman Stefanie , O’Brien Christopher , Hoehn Margaret
Published: April 2003

Thirty-five individuals with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease were enrolled in speech treatment. Twenty-two were enrolled in a high-effort phonatory-respiratory treatment program (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, LSVT®) and 13 were enrolled in a high-effort respiratory treatment program (RET). Perceptual judgments of speech loudness and quality were made independently by 6 listeners on recordings of the ‘Rainbow Passage’. These recordings had been obtained just before treatment (pre) and at 12 months’ follow-up (FU12). The speech samples in the LSVT group, but not in the RET group, were significantly more likely to be perceived ‘louder’ and ‘better quality’ at FU12 than at pre (p < 0.0001). These findings, along with others, suggest that the long-term effects of the LSVT are perceptible, clinically significant and treatment-specific.
Effects of Age on Contralateral Suppression of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Human Listeners with Normal Hearing
Authors: Kim SungHee , Frisina D. Robert , Frisina Robert D.
Published: April 2003

The auditory efferent system presumably plays a role in enhancing signals in noise and, in particular, speech perception in background noise. This study measured the age-related changes of the medial olivocochlear (MOC) system by comparing distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) with and without contralateral white noise stimulation. Otoacoustic emissions were typically reduced in level (magnitude) when white noise was presented to the contralateral ear. This contralateral suppression (CS) is attributed to activation of the MOC system, which has an inhibitory effect on the outer hair cell (OHC) system. By studying CS on cochlear output in human listeners of different ages, it is possible to describe aging effects on the MOC system. Human subjects were young adult, middle aged and old (n = 10/group). All subjects had normal hearing and middle-ear function based upon standard audiometric criteria. The present study recorded 2f1–f2 DPOAE-grams in response to moderate primary tones (L1 = 75, L2 = 65 dB SPL), from 1 to 6.3 kHz. The principal findings were that DPOAE levels were smaller in the old compared to the young group and that CS declined with age for the middle-aged and old groups. In addition, CS in the 1- to 2-kHz range was greater than in the 4- to 6-kHz range for all ages, but especially for the old group. These findings suggest that a functional decline of the MOC system with age precedes OHC degeneration. Moreover, the MOC system maintains better function in the 1- to 2-kHz range than in the 4- to 6-kHz range as a function of age.
Transient Topographical Disorientation
Authors: Gil-Néciga E. , Alberca R. , Boza F. , Montes E. , Sánchez B. , García Lozano R. , García D.
Published: April 2003

Transient topographical disorientation (TTD) is a short-lasting inability to find one’s way in a familiar environment, while the patient remains conscious and is able to recall what happened. We report the study of 10 patients with episodes of TTD, studied on the days following the last episode. The episodes of TTD could be separated into two types: the patients either reported difficulties in spatial orientation with preserved abilities to recognize landmarks and objects, or the difficulties appeared with the recognition of landmarks. Tests exploring spatial orientation, as well as higher visuoperceptive capacities were altered in most of the patients and brain SPECT showed hypoperfusion of the right hemisphere in all patients, which could also be demonstrated 2 years later in some cases. Altogether, our findings suggest that TTD is frequently associated with a more persistent right hemisphere dysfunction of unknown cause. This chronic alteration could represent either a sequel of the acute episode or a preexisting right hemisphere deficit, which inclined the acute insult to be manifested as TTD.
Heterogeneity of O6-Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase Activity in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Lees Nicholas P. , Harrison Kathryn L. , Hill Elizabeth , Hall C. Nicholas , Povey Andrew C. , Margison Geoffrey P.
Published: April 2003

Objectives: MGMT (O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase) reverses the carcinogenic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Measurement of MGMT activity in tumours might thus be of use in selecting those patients with colorectal cancer who may be sensitive to adjuvant alkylating agent therapy. The aim of this study was to assess whether measurement of MGMT activity in a single tumour biopsy is representative of the whole tumour. Methods: Multiple symmetrically spaced biopsies were taken from colorectal cancers obtained from 9 patients. MGMT activity was then measured in cell-free extracts by quantifying the transfer of [3H]methyl group from calf thymus DNA methylated in vitro with N-nitroso-N-[3H]-methylurea to the MGMT protein. Results: MGMT activity was detected in all tumour samples with the activity ranging between 3.6 and 36.2 fmol/µg DNA and 202–1,986 fmol/mg protein. Heterogeneity in MGMT activity (ratio of maximum/minimum MGMT levels per tumour) varied between 1.3 and 5.4. Conclusions: Measurement of MGMT activity in a single biopsy is not necessarily indicative of the level throughout the tumour. The response of colorectal cancers to alkylating agent treatment is likely to be non-uniform both within the tumour and between patients.
Mucosal Cytology in the Determination of the Pubertal Status in Girls
Authors: Schmidt Fabian , Grulich-Henn Jürgen , Heinrich Udo E. , Bettendorf Markus
Published: April 2003

Aim: To assess and validate the diagnostic value of buccal and vaginal smears in the ambulatory care of girls with potential disorders of puberty. Methods: Smears were obtained from 77 girls who presented for assessment of their pubertal status, stained as described by Papanicolaou, examined for signs of estrogenization according to the method of Schmitt, and compared with the clinical status. Results: Vaginal but not buccal smears reflect accurately the changes of sexual maturation, even more sensitive than single serum hormone measurements. Conclusions: Vaginal smears represent a valid, reproducible, and well-tolerated diagnostic tool in the ambulatory care of peripubertal girls to identify their estrogen status with high sensitivity and specificity. The decision to perform confirmative but invasive diagnostic procedures can be based on auxology, physical examination, bone age determination, and analysis of vaginal smears.
Clinical Features and Outcome of Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing a Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Yip Hon-Kan , Chen Mien-Cheng , Wu Chiung-Jen , Hang Chi-Ling , Hsieh Kelvin Yuan-Kai , Fang Chih-Yuan , Yeh Kuo-Ho , Fu Morgan
Published: April 2003

Background: While coronary artery aneurysm is an uncommon anatomic disorder and has various forms, its clinical features and outcome and its impact on thrombus formation and the no-reflow phenomenon in the clinical setting of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) have not been discussed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this anatomic disorder predisposes to a high burden of thrombus formation, and subsequently leads to the no-reflow phenomenon and untoward clinical outcome in patients with AMI undergoing p-PCI. Methods and Results: In our hospital, emergency p-PCI was performed in 924 consecutive patients with AMI between May 1993 and July 2001. Of these 924 patients, 24 patients (2.6%) who had an infarct-related artery (IRA) with aneurysmal dilatation were retrospectively registered and constituted the patient population of this study. Angiographic findings demonstrated that the ectasia type (defined as diffuse dilatation of 50% or more of the length of the IRA) was found most frequently (70%), followed by the fusiform type (20%; defined as a spindle-shaped dilatation in the IRA) and the saccular type (10%; defined as a localized spherical-shaped dilatation in the IRA). The right coronary artery was the most frequently involved vessel (54.2%), followed by the left anterior descending (25.0%) and the left circumflex arteries (20.8%). Coronary angiography revealed that all of these aneurysmal IRA filled with heavy thrombus (indicated as high-burden thrombus formation). The no-reflow phenomenon (defined as ≤TIMI-2 flow) and distal embolization after p-PCI were found in 62.5 and 70.8% of the IRA, respectively. The incidence of cardiogenic shock and the 30-day mortality rate were 25 and 8.3%, respectively. The survival rate was 90.9% (20/22) during a mean follow-up of 19 ± 30 months. Conclusions: While aneurysmal dilatation of an IRA is an uncommon angiographic finding in the clinical setting of AMI, it is frequently associated with high-burden thrombus formation and has a significantly lower incidence of successful reperfusion. However, the long-term survival of these patients is excellent.
Consanguinity and Ocular Genetic Diseases in South India: Analysis of a Five-Year Study
Authors: Kumaramanickavel G. , Joseph B. , Vidhya A. , Arokiasamy T. , Shridhara Shetty N.
Published: April 2003

Objective: Consanguineous marriage is a widely practised social custom in Asia and northern Africa. In south India, Dravidian Hindus have contracted consanguineous marriages for over 2,000 years. In the present study, the influence of consanguinity on the prevalence of visual disorders was examined in patients attending a specialist genetic eye clinic. Subjects and Methods: A total of 2,335 patients attending Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India, were screened for genetic eye disorders over a five-year period. The patients were drawn from all parts of India and from neighbouring countries in south Asia. Results and Discussion: Six hundred and seventy-three (28.8%) of the patients tested for ophthalmic genetic disorders reported a family history of consanguinity. The majority (n = 574) of these families were from south India. In the patient group as a whole, the most common form of consanguineous union was between first cousins (n = 367), followed by uncle/niece marriage (n = 177), equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding α = 0.0202. Among the consanguineous families, 430 of 673 (63.9%) had retinitis pigmentosa, 167 of these cases were autosomal recessive and 199 were isolated cases. The public in regions such as south India should be made aware of the merits and demerits of consanguineous marriages.
Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of Renal Denervation in Conscious Rats after Adenosine Administration and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition
Authors: Girchev Radoslav , Mikhov Dimitar , Markova Petia
Published: April 2003

The role of renal nerves on renal and cardiovascular responses to adenosine administration and/or acute NO synthase inhibition was investigated. Conscious male Wistar rats with implanted catheters in femoral artery for blood pressure registration, femoral vein for drug infusion and bladder for urine collection were used. Adenosine was applied i.v. (1.0 mg/kg BW bolus) followed by infusion of 0.1 mg/kg·min, and/or nitric oxide synthase inhibition (NOSI) was performed by i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg BW N-Ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) before and 1 week after bilateral renal denervation (BRD). NOSI decreased HR and increased SAP, MAP and DAP both in intact and BRD rats. Baroreflex sensitivity increased in intact and BRD rats. Adenosine did not change HR, blood pressure or baroreflex sensitivity in intact as well as BRD rats. NOSI increased V, VUNa and VUCI in intact rats but decreased V and did not alter VUNa and VUCI in BRD rats. Adenosine increased V, VUCI and Ccr in intact rats but did not change renal excretory function in BRD rats. Combined application of adenosine and L-NAME led to a dramatic increase of V, VUNa, VUCl and Ccr in intact rats. However, VUNa and VUCI in BRD rats were lower as compared to intact rats. Therefore, changes in renal excretory function seen after NOSI are not exclusively the result of pressure diuresis and natriuresis but in some way are dependent on renal nerves. Renal denervation attenuates the renal excretory response to adenosine. Sympathetic nervous system is important in mediating the effects of adenosine and/or NO on renal excretory function. Renal denervation did not change the pattern of baroreflex sensitivity after adenosine and/or L-NAME administration.
Umbilical Cord Pseudocyst in a Fetus with Trisomy 18
Authors: Kuwata T. , Matsubara S. , Izumi A. , Odagiri K. , Tsunoda T. , Watanabe T. , Taniguchi N. , Sato I.
Published: April 2003

An umbilical cord pseudocyst was detected in the 28th week of gestation in a fetus complicated with growth restriction and polyhydramnios. The combination of cord pseudocysts, growth restriction, and polyhydramnios prompted us to perform a detailed ultrasonographic examination (gray scale and three-dimensional), which revealed the presence of micrognathia, overlapping fingers, and congenital heart defects, features characteristic of trisomy 18. Karyotyping confirmed a diagnosis of trisomy 18. After spontaneous labor onset, the infant was delivered at 31 weeks of gestation, and died soon after delivery. An umbilical cord pseudocyst is a good marker for the prenatal detection of trisomy 18.
Diet and Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in the Arab Middle East Countries
Authors: Musaiger Abdulrahman O.
Published: April 2003

The picture of health and nutritional status in the Arab Middle East countries has changed drastically during the past four decades as a result of changes in dietary habits, socio-economic situation and lifestyle. The chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, hypertension and cancer have become the main public health problems in most of these countries. Pattern of food consumption may play an important part in the increasing incidence of CHD in this region. The traditional diet, characterized by a high-fiber content and low in fat and cholesterol has changed to a more westernized diet with high content of fat, free sugars, sodium and cholesterol. Daily per capita fat supplies showed an impressive increase in most of these countries, ranging from 13.6% in Sudan to 143.3% in Saudi Arabia. A high intake of cholesterol is reported in some of these countries. Also, the consumption of fiber-rich foods such as whole grains, vegetables and fruits is low. Data from food composition tables in the region showed that sodium content in the Arab Middle East diet is high. Dietary guidelines and recommendations for the prevention and control of chronic diseases, including CHD, in these Arab countries are provided.
Sarcoidosis Preceding Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Authors: Serratrice J. , Granel B. , Swiader L. , Disdier P. , Weiller-Merli C. , Lepidi H. , de Roux-Serratrice C. , Andrac-Meyer L. , Weiller P.J.
Published: April 2003

We report 2 patients who had sarcoidosis with skin involvement associated with bilateral anterior uveitis. During the follow-up, they developed chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. This association is of particular interest as sarcoidosis and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia may be considered as disorders of a common monocyte-macrophage cell lineage.
Comparison of the Effects of Daily Applications between Topical Corticosteroid and Tacrolimus Ointments on Normal Skin: Evaluation with Noninvasive Methods
Authors: Kikuchi Katsuko , Tagami Hachiro
Published: April 2003

Objective: To evaluate the skin changes of the neck of normal individuals after repeated applications of moderate-strength corticosteroid or tracrolimus ointment for 3 weeks by use of noninvasive biophysical measurements. Methods: A 0.12% betamethasone-17-valerate ointment or a 0.1% tacrolimus ointment was applied to the right side of the neck of 8 adult volunteers twice daily for 3 weeks together with control petrolatum applied to the left side of the neck for comparison. Biophysical skin measurements were performed on the neck skin before, 1 and 3 weeks after the start of the treatment and 1 week after the cessation of the treatment. Results: A decrease in hygroscopicity and water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum (SC) when evaluated with the in vivo water sorption-desorption test was found on the corticosteroid-ointment-treated side after 3 weeks of the treatment as compared with the petrolatum-treated side. The erythematous reaction to a topically applied 0.1% aqueous solution of methyl nicotinate, a vasodilator, appeared more slowly on the corticosteroid-ointment-treated skin than on the control skin. No such changes were observed on the skin treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Conclusion: Tacrolimus appears to cause few if any functional changes in the SC of healthy human skin because of its poor permeability into skin with an intact barrier function.
Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Intake and Excretion on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women in Hermosillo, Mexico
Authors: Méndez R.O. , Gómez M.A. , López A.M. , González H. , Wyatt C.J.
Published: April 2003

Calcium (Ca) is important in bone formation and as aging progresses, bone loss gradually occurs. With the onset of menopause, reduced estrogen levels and insufficient Ca in the diet often create serious problems with fractures. Since little is known about the diet and other factors related to risk factors in postmenopausal women in northern Mexico, it was the objective of this study to determine the effects of dietary Ca and phosphorus (P) and their excretion, anthropometric measurements, and blood serum estradiol on bone density in women aged 45–63 years. No studies are available on the dietary intake of Ca and P and the effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women in northern Mexico, so this study reports some of the first data on this population. Women with an average age of 55 years showed a positive relation of Ca intake and Ca excretion, however, dietary intake of Ca and P had no relation to bone density. Age, urinary Ca, Ca/creatinine and years of postmenopause had the highest negative correlation. Weight and body mass index had a positive correlation with BMD in the forearm and heel. Only 15% of the women met the recommendation of 1,500 mg/day of Ca. A high Ca/creatinine ratio has been proposed to indicate excess Ca excretion and subsequent bone density loss. Thirty-five percent of the women exceed the Ca/creatinine indicator of >0.16. In this study, 1% of the subjects were classified as osteoporotic and 37% as osteopenic.
Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: Clinical, Ultrastructural and Chemical Analysis
Authors: Massara M.L.A. , Alves J.B. , Brandão P.R.G.
Published: April 2003

With the purpose of checking, in vivo, the effect of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) on the remaining demineralized dentin, 12 primary molars with deep occlusal lesions from children with ages ranging from 3 to 7 were evaluated. After lesion excavation, and before glass ionomer cement placement, dentin samples were collected from the pulpal wall of the cavity. After 3 months, the restorations were removed and new samples were collected. Six microareas of each sample were analyzed by X-ray energy dispersion spectrometer. Samples obtained before treatment were infected and intertubular dentin had a loosely organized collagen matrix, with well-defined collagen fibers. Following treatment, in addition to a drastic reduction of the amount of bacteria, the intertubular dentin was denser, with more compact and closely packed collagen fibers. An increased calcium concentration was observed in dentin collected after treatment (p < 0.001), suggesting tissue remineralization, but fluoride was not detected. We conclude that ART allows a one-session approach, with the purpose of creating more favorable conditions for the healing process.
Conservation of the 5S-bearing chromosome pair and co-localization with major rDNA clusters in five species of Astyanax (Pisces, Characidae)
Authors: Almeida-Toledo L.F. , Ozouf-Costaz C. , Foresti F. , Bonillo C. , Porto-Foresti F. , Daniel-Silva M.F.Z.
Published: April 2003

Major and 5S ribosomal genes have been localized in chromosomes from five fish species, genus Astyanax, using in situ hybridization (FISH) with 28S and 5S rDNA probes. In situ signals for the major rDNA co-localized with the 5S rDNA clusters in the pericentromeric region of one marker chromosome in all five species analyzed. The conserved local- ization of these two rDNA clusters in the five related Astyanax species was considered as indicative of a close relationship among them. The use of these molecular markers for elucidating evolutionary relationships among closely related taxa is discussed.
Candidate gene analysis of KIAA0678 encoding a DnaJ-like protein for adolescent nephronophthisis and Senior-Løken syndrome type 3
Authors: Volz A. , Melkaoui R. , Hildebrandt F. , Omran H.
Published: April 2003

Nephronophthisis (NPH), an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease, causes progressive renal failure. The gene for adolescent nephronophthisis (NPHP3) has been mapped to chromosome 3q21→q22. Senior-Løken syndrome (SLS) describes the association of NPH and Leber congenital amaurosis. Recently a locus for Senior-Løken syndrome (SLSN3) has been localized on chromosome 3q21→q22 containing the whole critical NPHP3 region. Within the critical NPHP3/SLSN3 region we identified the gene KIAA0678 encoding a DnaJ-like protein. KIAA0678 was considered a good functional candidate gene for NPH3 and SLS3, because molecular cha- perones are involved in the etiology of renal and retinal diseases. Analysis of the genomic structure of KIAA0678 identified 25 exons. For mutational analysis all exons and intron-exon boundaries were amplified and directly sequenced. Affected individuals of two NPH3 families and one SLS family with haplotypes indicative for homozygosity by descent for the NPHP3/SLSN3 locus were studied. No mutation in KIAA0678 was detected. We conclude, KIAA0678 most likely is not responsible for NPH and SLS in the patients studied.
Oxytocin Induces Apical and Basolateral Redistribution of Aquaporin-2 in Rat Kidney
Authors: Jeon Un Sil , Joo Kwon Wook , Na Ki Young , Kim Yon Su , Lee Jung Sang , Kim Jin , Kim Gheun-Ho , Nielsen Søren , Knepper Mark A. , Han Jin Suk
Published: April 2003

The aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel is mainly located in the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct epithelial cells, but there has been some evidence of a moderate amount of basolateral localization of AQP2 at least in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Previous in vitro microperfusion studies showed that oxytocin has an antidiuretic action, most likely mediated by the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) in rat IMCD. By using immunohistochemistry in kidneys from male Sprague-Dawley rats, we observed acute effects of oxytocin on AQP2 localization which were prevented by a V2R antagonist. After intraperitoneal administration of oxytocin (10 U), immunohistochemistry of IMCD revealed that AQP2 was shifted from diffuse cytoplasmic localization in controls to the apical and basolateral membrane domains in oxytocin-treated rats. This pattern of AQP2 redistribution was noted in connecting tubule, cortical collecting duct and outer medullary collecting duct as well as in IMCD, although the tendency to basolateral localization was somewhat less. The pretreatment using a V2R antagonist blocked redistribution of AQP2 in response to oxytocin. We conclude that oxytocin induces a V2R-mediated redistribution of AQP2-containing cytoplasmic vesicles to both apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains in rat kidney. Oxytocin may be one of the factors that accounts for vasopressin-independent AQP2 targeting in the kidney.
Comparison of Activities Dependent on Glutathione S-Transferase and Cytochrome P-450 IA1 in Cultured Keratinocytes and Reconstructed Epidermal Models
Authors: Harris Ian R. , Siefken Wilfried , Beck-Oldach Konstanze , Brandt Michael , Wittern Klaus-Peter , Pollet Dieter
Published: April 2003

There is an increasing need for in vitro testing of compounds for topical application. Reconstructed epidermal models may provide a suitable and relevant model for screening compounds that may affect the activities of phase I and II enzymes involved in epidermal detoxification. In this study, we measured the activity of a phase I enzyme, cytochrome P450 IA1, i.e. 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activities, and that of a phase II enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST). The enzyme activities were determined in cultured keratinocytes, reconstructed epidermal models and samples of human epidermis or hair follicle. EROD activity was detected in cultured keratinocytes and was induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and β-naphthoflavone. The level of induction increased with increasing confluence. Induced EROD activity could be inhibited by clotrimazole in a dose-dependent manner. However, EROD activity was not detected in either hair follicles or untreated epidermal models but could be induced by 3-MC. The ability to induce EROD activity in epidermal models was batch dependent, and clotrimazole was able to inhibit the induced EROD activity. ECOD activity was detected in untreated models and paralleled EROD activity. GST activity was detected in cultured keratinocytes and all epidermal models. GST activity in models was equal or higher than the activity in epidermal samples. Reconstructed skin models may be useful to study the effects of non-water-soluble topical formulations on xenobiotic metabolism.
Self-Biting Induced by Activation of L-Type Calcium Channels in Mice: Serotonergic Influences
Authors: Kasim Suhail , Egami Kiyoshi , Jinnah H.A.
Published: April 2003

The L-type calcium channel activator ±Bay K 8644 has recently been shown to provoke self-injurious biting in young mice. Since the serotonergic systems have been implicated in the expression of self-injurious behavior in both humans and animals, the present studies tested whether drugs influencing serotonin systems could modify the ability of ±Bay K 8644 to cause this behavior. The ability of ±Bay K 8644 to provoke self-biting behavior was increased by the serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor clorgyline. On the other hand, the ability of ±Bay K 8644 to provoke self-biting was decreased by depletion of serotonin with p-chlorophenylalanine or 5,7-dihyroxytryptamine. These results suggest that the ability of ±Bay K 8644 to provoke self-injurious behaviors may be mediated by serotonergic influences.
The Activity of Levofloxacin and Comparator Agents against Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Collected Worldwide during 1999 and 2000
Authors: Jones Mark E. , Blosser-Middleton Renee S. , Critchley Ian A. , Thornsberry Clyde , Sahm Daniel F. , Yamakita Juri , Akasaki Moriaki , Karlowsky James A.
Published: April 2003

Background: Increases in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae have been documented worldwide. Methods: During 1999 and 2000, 5,015 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 13 countries on five continents and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: Penicillin resistance rates were as follows: South Korea, 70.1%; Hong Kong, 50.3%; Thailand, 39.3%; France, 28.7%; Spain, 24.8%; Mexico, 18.1%; Ireland, 11.8%; South Africa, 11.1%; Italy, 9.4%; United Kingdom, 3.1%; Brazil, 2.9%; China, 2.3%, and Germany, 0.7%. Resistance to azithromycin, clarithromycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was commonly associated with penicillin resistance. Levofloxacin-resistant isolates were detected in 8 of 13 countries: Germany (0.2%), France (0.4%), Thailand (0.5%), South Korea (0.9%), Mexico (1.5%), Spain (1.6%), China (3.3%) and Hong Kong (8.0%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≧3 antimicrobial classes) occurred in 626/5,015 isolates (12.5%). Levofloxacin was active against 96.0% (601/626) of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates and 99.7% (4,374/4,389) of the non-MDR isolates. Conclusion: Although relatively high levels of levofloxacin resistance were detected in China and Hong Kong, overall, levofloxacin remained active against >99% of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae despite their resistance to other agents. Continued surveillance of S. pneumoniae will track any changes in levofloxacin activity, should they occur.
Safety of Various Dosage Regimens during Induction of Sublingual Immunotherapy
Authors: Grosclaude M. , Bouillot P. , Alt R. , Leynadier F. , Scheinmann P. , Rufin P. , Basset D. , Fadel R. , André C.
Published: April 2003

Background: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to injection immunotherapy. Administration of high doses of allergens to ensure efficacy has been shown to be well tolerated. The aim of the present study was the first step to address the issue of fast-induction regimens using various induction SLIT regimens in paediatric and adult patients. Methods: Sixty-four patients (age range 5–46 years) with grass pollen rhinoconjunctivitis were enrolled in an 8-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of SLIT. Sixty-three patients were randomized to four groups and evaluated at the end of the study. One group received placebo (n = 16) and the other three groups (n = 47) received five grass pollen extracts according to three different induction regimens: regimen 1 starting with 3 IR tablets (n = 15), regimen 2 starting with 10 IR (n = 16) and regimen 3 starting with 30 IR (n = 16). The maintenance phase was made with sublingual-swallow drops at the same concentration of 300 IR/ml for all the patients. Adverse events were recorded on diary cards. Results: During induction phase, 25/47 patients in the SLIT groups had adverse reactions in comparison to 2/16 patients in the placebo group (p < 0.05). The rate of adverse reactions was 33.3% (11.8–61.6) (95% CI) for regimen 1, 31.3% (11.0–58.7) for regimen 2, 43.8% (19.8–70.1) for regimen 3 and 12.5% (1.6–38.3) for placebo. Fifty-seven reactions were local reactions involving the oral region (54 SLIT, 3 placebo) and 13 were systemic reactions (all in the SLIT groups). 11/13 reactions were mild (gastrointestinal disorders, rhinoconjunctivitis), 1/13 consisted of moderate asthma and 1/13 consisted of severe abdominal pain. No urticaria, angioedema or life-threatening events were observed. Conclusions: These preliminary data showed that various induction regimens for SLIT are generally well tolerated and could allow a fast build-up phase of SLIT.