bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An anatomic study on the junctura tendinum in the 4th intermetacarpal space and its clinical implication
Authors: Jeon In‐Ho , Seok Joon‐Ho , Park Il‐Hyung , Choi Jin‐Won , Min Woo‐Kie , Kwon Dong‐Soo , Kim Hyo‐Jin , Kim Poong‐Taek
Published: November 2009

We report results of anatomic study in the fourth intermetacarpal space, focusing on the pattern of junctura tendinum and variations of extensor tendons of the little finger with its clinical implication on snapping of the little finger. Fifty unpaired cadaveric hands were dissected from the wrist to the middle phalanx of the ring and little fingers. The type of junctura tendinum was judged based on Von Schroder's classification and the relationship with EDC were recorded. EDC to the little finger and EDM were dissected and the numbers were recorded. Forty six hands (92%) exhibited a junctura tendinum in the fourth intermetacarpal space and it was Type III in 42 hands (84%). The EDC‐little finger was absent in 76% (38 of 50 hands). When present, EDC‐little finger originated most commonly as single thin tendon. The absence of an EDC‐little finger was associated with increased incidence of Type III junctura tendinum (37 of 38 hands). An EDM was present in all 50 hands running from the fifth dorsal compartment. Based on these clinical and anatomic studies, we considered that the snapping of the little finger is more likely subluxation of junctura tendinum rather than subluxation/dislocation of EDC of the little finger. Clin. Anat. 23:56–60, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descriptive anatomy of the dominant septal perforators using Dual Source coronary CT angiography
Authors: Brinjikji Waleed , Harris Scott R. , Froemming Adam T. , Christensen Kevin N. , Lachman Nirusha , Araoz Philip A.
Published: November 2009

Although clinical outcomes for septal ablation in treating left ventricular outflow tract obstructions are generally favorable, a variety of complications have been reported including a high incidence of right bundle branch block. These complications may be attributed to anatomic variability of the dominant septal perforator. We used Dual Source CT Coronary Angiography (DS‐CTA) to determine the location of the termination point of the dominant septal perforator as well as the distance of the termination point from the mitral annulus in patients undergoing DS‐CTA. One‐hundred‐fourteen DS‐CTA scans were retrospectively reviewed by two observers by consensus. The left ventricle was divided into anterior wall, anterioseptum, and inferioseptum. For each segment, the myocardium was divided into three layers (1) right ventricular side, (2) mid portion, and (3) left ventricular side. The zone of termination of the dominant septal perforator was identified as well as the distance of the termination point from the mitral annulus. The dominant septal perforator terminated in the right ventricular side of the anterioseptum in 86 of the 118 visualized terminations (73%) and in the left ventricular anterior wall in 6 visualized terminations (5%). On average, the dominant septal perforator terminated 26.3 ± 8.6 mm from the mitral annulus. In the majority of cases, the dominant septal perforator terminates in the right ventricular side of anterioseptum. In addition, there is great variability in the distribution of the termination point of the dominant septal perforator from the mitral annulus. Clin. Anat. 23:70–78, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variation in the position of the brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) with respect to the trachea: A computed tomography‐based study and literature review of innominate artery compression syndrome
Authors: Fawcett S.L. , Gomez A.C. , Hughes J.A. , Set P.
Published: November 2009

Respiratory compromise due to tracheal compression by the brachiocephalic trunk (BT), a condition first labeled as Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome (IACS), has been controversially attributed to an anomalous origin of this vessel to the left of, and hence crossing, the trachea. The aim of this study was to establish the normal relationship between the BT and trachea in infants, children, and young adults without obstructive respiratory symptoms. One hundred and eighty‐one computed tomography (CT) examinations of the thorax, in three age groups, were reviewed. In axial cross section, the origin of the BT from the aortic arch was identified. The BT origin, with respect to the trachea, was recorded as for a clock face, approximated to the nearest half hour. There were 62 CTs in Group 1 (1 day to 3 years of age), 48 CTs in Group 2 (10–15 years), and 71 examinations in Group 3 (20–40 years). In 96.8% of Group 1, 91.7% of Group 2, and 74.6% of Group 3 the BT origin was to the left of the trachea, between the half past twelve and 3 o'clock positions. The BT origin occurred more the left in Group 1 when compared with the other two groups (P< 0.001). An origin of the BT to the left of the trachea is a normal finding in children and young adults without obstructive respiratory symptoms. There is a tendency for the origin to become progressively more rightward with age. Clin. Anat. 23:61–69, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The iliolumbar artery—Anatomic considerations and details on the common iliac artery trifurcation
Authors: Rusu M.C. , Cergan R. , Dermengiu D. , Curcă G.C. , Folescu R. , Motoc A.G.M. , Jianu A.M.
Published: November 2009

The iliolumbar artery (ILA) of Haller is the largest nutrient pedicle of the ilium and its detailed knowledge is important for various surgical procedures that approach the lumbosacral junction, the L4/L5 disk space, the sacroiliac joint, the iliac and psoas muscles, or the lumbar spine. Also the ILA is relevant for various techniques of embolization. We aimed to evaluate the anatomic and topographic features of the ILA, by dissection on 30 human adult pelvic halves and on 50 angiograms. ILA was a constant presence and it emerged at Level A (from the common iliac artery (CIA), 8.75%), Level B (from the CIA bifurcation, 2.5%), Level C (from the internal iliac artery (IIA), 52.5%), Level D (from the IIA bifurcation, 3.75%), and Level E (from the posterior trunk of the IIA, 32.5%). Level B of origin of the ILA corresponds to a trifurcated CIA (morphology previously unreported), while Level D corresponds to a trifurcated IIA. A higher origin of the ILA corresponds to a more transversal course of it. A descending lumbar branch that leaves the iliac arterial system independently to enter the psoas major muscle, as seen in 48% of cases, may be misdiagnosed as ILA. Surgical interventions in the lumbar, sacral, and pelvic regions must take into account the variable origins of the ILA from the iliac system that can modify the expected topographical relations and may lead to undesired hemorrhagic accidents. Clin. Anat. 23:93–100, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐Step Preparation of Multifunctional Chitosan Microspheres by a Simple Sonochemical Method
Authors: Skirtenko Natalia , Tzanov Tzanko , Gedanken Aharon , Rahimipour Shai
Published: November 2009

Chitosan is a biodegradable natural polymer with great potential for pharmaceutical applications due to its biocompatibility, high charge density, nontoxicity, and mucoadhesion properties. Processing techniques for the preparation of chitosan microspheres have been extensively developed since the 1980s. The present paper describes for the first time a fast and one‐step process for the preparation of stable chitosan microspheres by a simple sonochemical method. The microspheres were characterized by their particle size, surface morphology, stability, and drug‐entrapment efficiency. The average size of the microspheres was found to be around 1 μm with a narrow size distribution, which enabled them to be used for in vivo applications. The encapsulation of different dyes into these microspheres was readily achieved with more than 75 % efficacy by dissolving them into the organic phase before sonication. The chitosan microspheres demonstrated excellent stability toward acidic and basic conditions ranging from pH 4 to 9, thereby indicating their implementation as possible therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The stability of these microspheres appears to be contributed from intermolecular imine cross‐linking in addition to other noncovalent interactions. The ability of the surface‐exposed amino groups of chitosan microspheres to undergo chemical conjugation with potential drugs and/or targeting vectors was determined by their reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and fluorescamine followed by confocal microscopy.
Syntheses, Optical Properties, and Theoretical Investigation of Silafluorenes and Spirobisilafluorenes Bearing Electron‐Donating Aminostyryl Arms around a Silafluorene Core
Authors: Agou Tomohiro , Hossain Md. Delwar , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: November 2009

π‐Extended silafluorenes and spirobisilafluorenes bearing electron‐donating aminostyryl substituents at the 2,7‐ or 3,6‐positions were synthesized by a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. The electronic influence of spirocyclic structure and substitution mode of the aminostyryl substituents was investigated by UV/Vis spectroscopy, which indicated the existence of a spiroconjugation effect in the 3,6‐substituted spirobisilafluorene. They exhibited moderate to strong fluorescence emission, and the fluorescence properties were compatible with the UV/Vis absorption characteristics, except for the 3,6‐substituted spirobisilafluorene, which showed relatively large enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield and Stokes shift. The influence of the spirocyclic structure and substitution mode on the photophysical properties of the silicon compounds was investigated by DFT calculations.
Correlation of the Catalytic Activity for Oxidation Taking Place on Various TiO2 Surfaces with Surface OH Groups and Surface Oxygen Vacancies
Authors: Zheng Zhanfeng , Teo Jaclyn , Chen Xi , Liu Hongwei , Yuan Yong , Waclawik Eric R. , Zhong Ziyi , Zhu Huaiyong
Published: November 2009

Three catalytic oxidation reactions have been studied: The ultraviolet (UV) light induced photocatalytic decomposition of the synthetic dye sulforhodamine B (SRB) in the presence of TiO2 nanostructures in water, together with two reactions employing Au/TiO2 nanostructure catalysts, namely, CO oxidation in air and the decomposition of formaldehyde under visible light irradiation. Four kinds of TiO2 nanotubes and nanorods with different phases and compositions were prepared for this study, and gold nanoparticle (Au‐NP) catalysts were supported on some of these TiO2 nanostructures (to form Au/TiO2 catalysts). FTIR emission spectroscopy (IES) measurements provided evidence that the order of the surface OH regeneration ability of the four types of TiO2 nanostructures studied gave the same trend as the catalytic activities of the TiO2 nanostructures or their respective Au/TiO2 catalysts for the three oxidation reactions. Both IES and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) proved that anatase TiO2 had the strongest OH regeneration ability among the four types of TiO2 phases or compositions. Based on these results, a model for the surface OH group generation, absorption, and activation of molecular oxygen has been proposed: The oxygen vacancies at the bridging O2− sites on TiO2 surfaces dissociatively absorb water molecules to form OH groups that facilitate adsorption and activation of O2 molecules in nearby oxygen vacancies by lowering the absorption energy of molecular O2. A new mechanism for the photocatalytic formaldehyde decomposition with the Au/TiO2 catalysts is also proposed, based on the photocatalytic activity of the Au‐NPs under visible light. The Au‐NPs absorb the light owing to the surface plasmon resonance effect and mediate the electron transfers that the reaction needs.
Reactivity of ortho‐Substituted Aryl–Palladium Complexes towards Carbodiimides, Isothiocyanates, Nitriles, and Cyanamides
Authors: Vicente José , Abad José‐Antonio , López‐Sáez María‐José , Jones Peter G. , Bautista Delia
Published: November 2009

Complexes [Pd(C6H3XH‐2‐R′‐5)Y(N^N)] (X=O, NH; Y=Br, I; R′=H, NO2; N^N=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda), 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy), 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dtbbpy)) react with RNCE (E=NR, S) or RC≡N (R=alkyl, aryl, NR′′2) and TlOTf (OTf=CF3SO3) to give, respectively, 1) products of the insertion of the CE group into the CPd bond, protonation of the N atom, and coordination of X to Pd, [Pd{κ2‐X,E‐(XC6H3{EC(NHR)}‐2‐R′‐4)}(N^N)]OTf or [Pd(κ2‐X,N‐{ZC6H3(NHCR)‐2‐R′‐4})(N^N)]OTf, or products of the coordination of carbodiimides and OH addition, [Pd{κ2‐C,N‐(C6H4{OC(NR)}NHR‐2)}(bpy)]OTf; or 2) products of the insertion of the C≡N group to Pd and N‐protonation, [Pd(κ2‐X,N‐{XC6H3(NHCR)‐2‐R′‐4})(N^N)]OTf.
Synthesis of Highly Efficient Ag@AgCl Plasmonic Photocatalysts with Various Structures
Authors: Wang Peng , Huang Baibiao , Lou Zaizhu , Zhang Xiaoyang , Qin Xiaoyan , Dai Ying , Zheng Zhaoke , Wang Xiaoning
Published: November 2009

By means of a simple ion‐exchange process (using different precursors) and a light‐induced chemical reduction reaction, highly efficient Ag@AgCl plasmonic photocatalysts with various self‐assembled structures—including microrods, irregular balls, and hollow spheres—have been fabricated. All the obtained Ag@AgCl catalysts were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The effect of the different morphologies on the properties of the photocatalysts was studied. The average content of elemental Ag in Ag@AgCl was found to be about 3.2 mol %. All the catalysts show strong absorption in the visible‐light region. The obtained Ag@AgCl samples exhibit enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic contaminants under visible‐light irradiation. The stability of the plasmonic photocatalysts was also investigated in detail.
Evaporation‐Induced Ordered Honeycomb Structures of Gold Nanoparticles at the Air/Water Interface
Authors: Ma Hongmin , Hao Jingcheng
Published: November 2009

The breath figure method was used to prepare dodecanethiol‐capped gold nanoparticle macroporous structures with pore diameters from 1.7 to 3.5 μm on an air/water interface. A two‐step procedure is proposed for the fabrication of these macroporous structures, by forming a surfactant monolayer on water, and drop‐casting a gold nanoparticle dispersion in chloroform onto the surfactant monolayer. The self‐assembled films are easily transferred from the water surface onto different substrates and were characterized by TEM, SEM, and AFM. Ordered honeycomb structures with different pore arrays (perforated monolayer films, hexagonal networks and alveoli‐like porous films) were obtained. The change in morphology is concentration dependent, and deformed structures with elliptic honeycomb networks are also observed. In addition, honeycomb films using gold nanoparticles stabilized by a weakly bound ligand (dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride) were formed by the same technique. These films have potential as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Tungsten(VI) and Tungsten(V) Fluoride Complexes
Authors: El‐Kurdi Said , Al‐Terkawi Abdal‐Azim , Schmidt Bernd M. , Dimitrov Anton , Seppelt Konrad
Published: November 2009

WF6 reacts with phosphines R3P forming 1:1 compounds. With R=P(CH3)3 the coordination around the tungsten atom is capped trigonal prismatic, with R=P(CH3)2C6H5 the coordination is capped octahedral, as established by single‐crystal structure determinations: [(CH3)3PWF6]: a=752.5(21), b=945.7(24), c=629.8(18) pm. β=110.36(13)°, space group Cm, Z=2; [(CH3)2(C6H5)PWF6]: a=762.2(2), b=1123.5(2), c=2647.5(6) pm, space group Pbca, Z=8. [(CF3CH2)2NWF5] reacts smoothly with P(C6H5)3 forming known P(C6H5)3(F)2 and [(CF3CH2)2NWF4P(C6H5)3], a stable, green, molecular species, identified among other methods with an crystal structure determination: a=914.9(1), b=956.0(1), c=1449.8(2) pm, α=7.642(4), β=81.648(3), γ=81.519°, space group P$\bar 1$, Z=2.
Dispersion‐Oriented Soft Interaction in a Frustrated Lewis Pair and the Entropic Encouragement Effect in its Formation
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Rhee Young Min
Published: November 2009

The origin of the stability of a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) tBu3P:B(C6F5)3 is investigated computationally to demonstrate the importance of the dispersion interaction. To this end, the interaction between alkyl‐substituted phosphines (Me3P and tBu3P) and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) is first investigated. Driven by the lone‐pair to π‐orbital interaction, the binding energy is found to be even larger than usual π–π interaction energies between small aromatic compounds. This character, which is inherited to fluorophenyl‐substituted B(C6F5)3 in the FLP, induces large flexibility in the FLP over the molecular surface of B(C6F5)3. This soft interaction, in turn, causes an entropic stabilization of the FLP formation in comparison with classical Lewis pairs based on close and tight PB dative bonds. It also suggests a diverse nature of the FLP when it is involved in chemical reactions. Even with the cooperative participation of the perfluorophenyl groups, a detailed inspection of the FLP interaction potential energy surface indicates that the boron atom is still the major interaction site for the pair formation. This non‐negligible direct PB interaction, which is related also to the soft nature of the borane frontier orbital, is further supported by substantial spatial overlap between the frontier orbitals on the phosphine/borane fragments and their interaction energy estimations.
Modeling excess lung cancer risk among screened arm participants in the Mayo Lung Project
Authors: Goldwasser Deborah L. , Kimmel Marek
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

The Mayo Lung Project (MLP) was a randomized clinical trial designed to test whether periodic screening by chest x‐ray reduced lung cancer (LC) mortality in men who were high‐risk smokers. Among MLP participants, there were more deaths from LC in the screening arm both at the trial's end and after long‐term follow‐up. Overdiagnosis was cited widely as an explanation for the MLP results, whereas a role for excess LC risk attributable to undergoing numerous chest x‐ray screenings largely was unexamined. The authors of this report examined the consistency of the MLP data with a modified 2‐stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of excess LC risk.

METHODS:

By using a simulation model calibrated to the initial MLP data, the authors examined the expected statistical variance of LC incidence and mortality between the screening and control arms. A Bayesian estimation framework using a modified version of the TSCE model to evaluate the role of excess LC risk attributable to chest x‐ray screening was derived and applied to the MLP data.

RESULTS:

Simulation experiments indicated that the overall difference in LC deaths and incidence between the study arm and the control arm was unlikely (P = .0424 and P = .0104, respectively) assuming no excess risk of LC. The authors estimated that the 10‐year excess LC risk for a man aged 60 years who smoked and who received 10 chest x‐ray screenings was 0.574% (P = .0021).

CONCLUSIONS:

The excess LC risk observed among screening arm participants was found to be statistically significant with respect to the TSCE model framework in part because of the incorporation of key risk correlates of age and screen frequency into the estimation framework. Cancer 2010. Published 2010 American Cancer Society
Toxicity report of a phase 1/2 dose‐escalation study in patients with inoperable, locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer with helical tomotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy
Authors: Bral Samuel , Duchateau Michaël , Versmessen Harijati , Verdries Douwe , Engels Benedikt , Ridder Mark De , Tournel Koen , Collen Christine , Everaert Hendrik , Schallier Denis , De Greve Jacques , Storme Guy
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of radiation dose escalation with concurrent chemotherapy using helical tomotherapy (HT) in patients with inoperable, locally advanced, stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (LANSCLC) (grading determined according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 6th edition grading system).

METHODS:

This phase 1/2 study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of radiotherapy in patients with LANSCLC administered concurrently with docetaxel and cisplatin. Radiotherapy was delivered using HT. A dose per fraction escalation was applied starting at 2 grays (Gy), with an increase of 6% per dose cohort (DC). The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group acute radiation morbidity score was used to monitor pulmonary, esophageal, and cardiac toxicity.

RESULTS:

Dose escalation was performed in 34 patients over 5 DCs to a dose per fraction of 2.48 Gy. No differences were observed in acute toxicity between the different DCs. However, a significant increase in late lung toxicity in DC IV, which received a fraction size of 2.36 Gy, necessitated a halt in further dose escalation with the MTD defined as 2.24 Gy per fraction. The overall incidence of acute grade ≥3 esophageal and pulmonary toxicity was 24% and 3%, respectively (grading determined according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group‐European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer toxicity scoring system). The overall incidence of late lung toxicity was 21%, but the incidence was an acceptable 13% in DCs I, II, and III. The local response rate was 61% on computed tomography images.

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of HT to 67.2 Gy with concurrent cisplatin/docetaxel was feasible and resulted in acceptable toxicity. A full phase 2 study has been initiated to establish the true local response rate at the MTD of 2.24 Gy per fraction. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Antimullerian hormone and inhibin B are hormone measures of ovarian function in late reproductive‐aged breast cancer survivors
Authors: Su H. Irene , Sammel Mary D. , Green Jamie , Velders Luke , Stankiewicz Corrie , Matro Jennifer , Freeman Ellen W. , Gracia Clarisa R. , DeMichele Angela
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

In late reproductive‐aged breast cancer survivors, there is a need for real‐time biomarkers of postchemotherapy ovarian function. The objective was to determine whether antimullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B are such biomarkers. The authors tested whether AMH and inhibin B were impacted by breast cancer treatment by comparing cancer survivors to age‐matched control women and determined the association between these hormones and postchemotherapy menstrual pattern.

METHODS:

Breast cancer patients (n = 127) with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I to III disease who were premenopausal at diagnosis were enrolled postchemotherapy and observed. The primary endpoint was chemotherapy‐related amenorrhea (CRA) (≥12 months of amenorrhea after chemotherapy). Matched pair analyses compared AMH, inhibin B, and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels between cancer and age‐matched control subjects. Associations between hormones, CRA status, and change in CRA status over time were assessed.

RESULTS:

The median age of the patients at chemotherapy was 43.2 years (range, 26.7‐57.8 years). At enrollment, median follow‐up since chemotherapy was 2.1 years, and 55% of subjects had CRA. Compared with age‐matched controls, cancer subjects had significantly lower AMH (P = .004) and inhibin B (P < .001) and higher FSH (P < .001). AMH (P = .002) and inhibin B (P = .001) were found to be significantly associated with risk of CRA, even after controlling for FSH. AMH was significantly lower (P = .03) and FSH was significantly higher (P = .04) in menstruating subjects who developed subsequent CRA.

CONCLUSIONS:

AMH and inhibin B are 2 additional measures of postchemotherapy ovarian function in late reproductive‐aged breast cancer survivors. With further research and validation, these hormones may supplement limited current tools for assessing and predicting postchemotherapy ovarian function. Cancer 2010. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
A phase 2 trial exploring the effects of high‐dose (10,000 IU/day) vitamin D3 in breast cancer patients with bone metastases
Authors: Amir Eitan , Simmons Christine E. , Freedman Orit C. , Dranitsaris George , Cole David E. C. , Vieth Reinhold , Ooi Wei S. , Clemons Mark
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

Vitamin D deficiency has potential roles in breast cancer etiology and progression. Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with increased toxicity from bisphosphonate therapy. The optimal dose of vitamin D supplementation is unknown, but daily sunlight exposure can generate the equivalent of a 10,000‐IU oral dose of vitamin D3. This study therefore aimed to assess the effect of this dose of vitamin D3 in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer.

METHODS:

Patients with bone metastases treated with bisphosphonates were enrolled into this single‐arm phase 2 study. Patients received 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 and 1000 mg of calcium supplementation each day for 4 months. The effect of this treatment on palliation, bone resorption markers, calcium metabolism, and toxicity were evaluated at baseline and monthly thereafter.

RESULTS:

Forty patients were enrolled. No significant changes in bone resorption markers were seen. Despite no change in global pain scales, there was a significant reduction in the number of sites of pain. A small but statistically significant increase in serum calcium was seen, as was a significant decrease in serum parathyroid hormone. Treatment unmasked 2 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, but was not associated with direct toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS:

Daily doses of 10,000 IU vitamin D3 for 4 months appear safe in patients without comorbid conditions causing hypersensitivity to vitamin D. Treatment reduced inappropriately elevated parathyroid hormone levels, presumably caused by long‐term bisphosphonate use. There did not appear to be a significant palliative benefit nor any significant change in bone resorption. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Do we know when our clients get worse? an investigation of therapists' ability to detect negative client change
Authors: Hatfield Derek , McCullough Lynn , Frantz Shelby H. B. , Krieger Kenin
Published: November 2009

Routine clinical judgment is often relied upon to detect client deterioration. How reliable are therapists' judgments of deterioration? Two related studies were conducted to investigate therapist detection of client deterioration and therapist treatment decisions in situations of deterioration. The first study examined therapists' ability to detect client deterioration through the review of therapy progress notes. Therapist treatment decisions in cases of client deterioration were also explored. Therapists had considerable difficulty recognizing client deterioration, challenging the assumption that routine clinical judgment is sufficient when attempting to detect client deterioration. A second study was a survey of therapists asking how they detect client deterioration and what treatment decisions they make in response. Symptom worsening was the most commonly stated cue of deterioration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

• Clinicians may have a difficult time detecting when their client's symptoms are worsening.

• Outcome assessment strategies do exist to help clinicians detect client deterioration.
Can we enhance the training of clinical supervisors? A national pilot study of an evidence‐based approach
Authors: Milne Derek
Published: November 2009

Clinical supervision plays an essential part in maintaining professional standards and in achieving the National Health Service's objective of a modern workforce. Paradoxically, little is known about how supervisors themselves acquire competence, leading to lament that ‘something does not compute’. To contribute to a solution, a supervisor training manual that guided trainers in delivering continuing professional development to supervisors in an evidence‐based approach to clinical supervision was piloted nationally, in terms of the reactions of trainers (N = 25 tutors from clinical psychology courses) and their workshop delegates (N = 256 clinical psychology supervisors). Trainers were allocated randomly to either manual‐alone or to a manual‐plus consultancy group. The trainers all rated the manual favourably (mean rating of 78%), but there was no significant difference between the two groups. However, the supervisors within the consultancy group rated the sessions significantly more highly than their counterparts. It is concluded that brief training in an evidence‐based approach appears feasible and acceptable, making more rigorous evaluations appropriate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Clinical supervision is now recognised as essential, yet supervisors tend to receive little or no training, which tends not to be evidence based.

A training guide in evidence‐based clinical supervision has been disseminated and evaluated, in terms of the acceptability of the approach taken to supervision.

The reactions of trainers and supervisors (all associated with clinical psychology training programmes) to this guide were positive, indicating that it merits further development and more rigorous evaluation.
Environmental disclosures of palm oil plantation companies in Malaysia: a tool for stakeholder engagement
Authors: Othman Radiah , Ameer Rashid
Published: November 2009

This paper examines annual environmental protection disclosures of palm oil companies in Malaysia that have significant implications for the preservation of earth, water and air quality. We found that the location of the environmental disclosures vary among the sample companies. We found that the extent of the disclosures on four key items – environmental policy, measurement systems, targets for improvements and impact on biodiversity – has been very low among the sample companies. The paper concludes that unless the gaps in the knowledge of both palm‐oil‐producing companies and stakeholders regarding environmental protection are addressed, environmental degradation is likely to continue and the corporate ‘tick‐boxing’ trickery would carry on concealing the real picture from stakeholders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Visualization of myelination in GFP‐transgenic zebrafish
Authors: Jung Seung‐Hyun , Kim Suhyun , Chung Ah‐Young , Kim Hyun‐Taek , So Ju‐Hoon , Ryu Jaeho , Park Hae‐Chul , Kim Cheol‐Hee
Published: November 2009

The insulation of axons in the vertebrate nervous system by myelin is essential for efficient axonal conduction. Myelination disruption and remyelination failure can cause human diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and hereditary myelin diseases. However, despite progress in understanding myelination regulation, many important questions remain unanswered. To investigate the mechanisms underlying myelination in vivo, we generated transgenic zebrafish expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the mbp promoter. This transgenic fish displayed faithful EGFP expression in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in embryonic and adult zebrafish. Interestingly, although myelination progressed continuously in the postembryonic central nervous system, some of the spinal cord regions were filled with unmyelinated axons even in the adult spinal cord, suggesting functional differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Our results suggest that this transgenic zebrafish could be a valuable animal model to study oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vivo. Developmental Dynamics 239:592–597, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nickelacyclic Carboxylates with Pyridine‐Based Ligand Sets – From Mononuclear Complexes to Supramolecular Architectures by Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Langer Jens , Walther Dirk , Malassa Astrid , Westerhausen Matthias , Görls Helmar
Published: November 2009

A series of nickelacyclic carboxylates of the general formula [Ni(CH2CH2COO)(L2)] with p‐substituted pyridine ligands (2: L = 4‐picoline; 3: L = 4‐MeO2C‐C4H4N; 4: 4‐Me2N‐C4H4N) was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. A correlation between the shift of the CH2 groups of the nickelacycle in the 1H NMR spectra and basicity of the used pyridine ligand was observed. Furthermore, amino‐substituted pyridine derivatives were used in ligand‐exchange reactions leading to supramolecular assemblies via H‐bond formation between the amino function and the carboxylate group. Depending on the ligand used, discrete dimers [5: L2 = (tBu)(Me)2Si‐aminomethylpyridine], chains [6: L2 = 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine] or layers (7: L = 4‐H2N‐C4H4N) were observed. The molecular structures of all new compounds 2–7 were determined by X‐ray measurement.
Embodied cognition: The interplay between automatic resonance and selection‐for‐action mechanisms
Authors: Rueschemeyer Shirley‐Ann , Lindemann Oliver , van Elk Michiel , Bekkering Harold
Published: November 2009

Embodied cognition, or the notion that cognitive processes develop from goal‐directed interactions between organisms and their environment has stressed the automaticity of perceptual and motor resonance mechanisms in other cognitive domains like language. The present paper starts with reviewing abundant empirical evidence for automatic resonance mechanisms between action and language and examples of other cognitive domains such as number processing. Special attention is given here to social implications of embodied cognition. Then some more recent evidence indicating the importance of the action context on the interaction between action and language is reviewed. Finally, a theoretical notion about how automatic and selective mechanisms can be incorporated in an embodied cognitive perspective is provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embodiment, evolution, and social cognition: An integrative framework
Authors: Kaschak Michael P. , Maner Jon K.
Published: November 2009

This paper integrates concepts from evolutionary and embodied approaches to psychology to generate a theoretical framework for understanding social cognition. We begin with the claim that cognition evolved to facilitate the ability to plan and execute action in the world. This evolution was shaped by the adaptive challenges faced by humans throughout their evolutionary history (e.g., self protection, mate selection, navigating status hierarchies, building social coalitions). We discuss how several elements of the embodied cognitive system (perception–action links, the perception of projectable and non‐projectable properties of the environment, and the ability to generate mental simulations) have been shaped by evolution, and how these elements of the cognitive system ground our understanding of social cognition. We also point to areas where our framework can lead to novel directions for research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a radically embodied, embedded social psychology
Authors: Marsh Kerry L. , Johnston Lucy , Richardson Michael J. , Schmidt R. C.
Published: November 2009

A roadmap toward a more radically embodied social psychology is offered. The perspective embeds embodied minds in a niche: A physical and social environment with action possibilities (“affordances”) that humans are equipped to utilize. At the heart of this embedded perspective is the suggestion that the methods and conceptualizations of integrating the body into social psychology must be inherently more relational, approaching meaning as emerging from the relation of the individual to its environment, as instantiated in the affordance construct (Gibson, 1977, 1979). Moreover, a more radical embodiment also demands that scientists reexamine the environment, in a way that goes beyond the truism that the environment influences the individual, to understand how meaning's emergence from individual‐environment interactions obeys universal dynamical principles. In addition, the perspective illustrates that embedding an individual within an emergent social unit of action, a dyadic relationship or a group, provides new possibilities for perceiving and acting that both constrain and extend an individual's way of interacting with the environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embodiment as a unifying perspective for psychology
Authors: Schubert Thomas W. , Semin Gün R.
Published: November 2009

Adaptive action is the function of cognition. It is constrained by the properties of evolved brains and bodies. An embodied perspective on social psychology examines how biological constrains give expression to human function in socially situated contexts. Key contributions in social psychology have highlighted the interface between the body and cognition, but theoretical development in social psychology and embodiment research remain largely disconnected. The current special issue reflects on recent developments in embodiment research. Commentaries from complementary perspectives connect them to social psychological theorizing. The contributions focus on the situatedness of social cognition in concrete interactions, and the implementation of cognitive processes in modal instead of amodal representations. The proposed perspectives are highly compatible, suggesting that embodiment can serve as a unifying perspective for psychology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Independent component regression for predicting the responses of biaxial base‐isolated buildings
Authors: Shirali Sina , Hazra Budhaditya , Narasimhan Sriram , Pandey Mahesh D.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a regression model to predict the base displacement responses of biaxial base‐isolated buildings using independent component analysis. The model proposed utilizes multiple ground motion intensity measures from North American and Japanese earthquakes as inputs, and transforms them into an independent component space using independent component regression (ICR). Unlike other latent variable methods, such as principal component regression, ICR does not readily allow for dimensionality reduction of the components that do not contribute significantly to the explained variance of the original data set. Hence, a whitening‐step to transform the correlated variables into uncorrelated ones is introduced prior to performing ICR. Prediction results are presented and compared with the simulation results for two building models with increasing degree of complexity. The results show that the model based on ICR results in good estimates for the base displacement responses, and the standard errors remain relatively small and constant across a range of isolation periods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow fields in tightly curving meander bends of low width‐depth ratio
Authors: Nanson Rachel A.
Published: November 2009

Upland swamp channels with low width/depth ratios (w/d), armoured beds, minimal sediment loads, tightly curving bends and an absence of point bars provide a striking contrast to the flow characteristics of larger channels with higher w/d ratios. Two subsets of these bends were examined in relation to their patterns of cross‐stream flow relative to the channel boundary. The first, with mean w/d = 2·0 and gentle barforms, exhibited even velocity distributions at bend entrances but developed vertically stacked pairs of maximum velocity filaments (MVFs). Cross‐stream circulation increased with decreasing curvature before essentially ceasing in the tightest bend due to the conservation of angular momentum and reduced vertical velocity differentials; bed friction has more limited influence in narrow deep channels relative to bank friction. In the second subset of bends, with larger w/d (mean 4·8) and much steeper barforms, the MVFs were laterally paired and strongly helical flow was partly driven by the vertical confinement of flow due to large, stable barforms at the bend entrances. In one bend, the velocity profile became inverted immediately past the apex and caused helical flow to abruptly reverse. Point bars in relatively wide bedload channels appear to greatly distort secondary flow patterns. In narrow, deep, sediment‐starved channels, separation zones against the convex and/or the concave bank deliver the flow confinement that would otherwise be provided by point bars or concave‐bank benches. In these channels, separation zones are important for protecting both the channel bed and banks from scour. Three‐dimensional near bankfull flow fields are presented for one bend with a meander pool; inward shifting of the MVF and limited sediment supply are proposed as mechanisms for the development and maintenance of these features. These flow data in narrow and deep peatland channels demonstrate very different flow patterns and morphological characteristics relative to the more commonly studied wide, shallow channels with more abundant sediment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying periglacial erosion: insights on a glacial sediment budget, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska
Authors: O'Farrell Colin R. , Heimsath Arjun M. , Lawson Daniel E. , Jorgensen Laura M. , Evenson Edward B. , Larson Grahame , Denner Jon
Published: November 2009

Glacial erosion rates are estimated to be among the highest in the world. Few studies have attempted, however, to quantify the flux of sediment from the periglacial landscape to a glacier. Here, erosion rates from the nonglacial landscape above the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska are presented and compare with an 8‐yr record of proglacial suspended sediment yield. Non‐glacial lowering rates range from 1·8 ± 0·5 mm yr−1 to 8·5 ± 3·4 mm yr−1 from estimates of rock fall and debris‐flow fan volumes. An average erosion rate of 0·08 ± 0·04 mm yr−1 from eight convex‐up ridge crests was determined using in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be. Extrapolating these rates, based on landscape morphometry, to the Matanuska basin (58% ice‐cover), it was found that nonglacial processes account for an annual sediment flux of 2·3 ± 1·0 × 106 t. Suspended sediment data for 8 years and an assumed bedload to estimate the annual sediment yield at the Matanuska terminus to be 2·9 ± 1·0 × 106 t, corresponding to an erosion rate of 1·8 ± 0·6 mm yr−1: nonglacial sources therefore account for 80 ± 45% of the proglacial yield. A similar set of analyses were used for a small tributary sub‐basin (32% ice‐cover) to determine an erosion rate of 12·1 ± 6·9 mm yr−1, based on proglacial sediment yield, with the nonglacial sediment flux equal to 10 ± 7% of the proglacial yield. It is suggested that erosion rates by nonglacial processes are similar to inferred subglacial rates, such that the ice‐free regions of a glaciated landscape contribute significantly to the glacial sediment budget. The similar magnitude of nonglacial and glacial rates implies that partially glaciated landscapes will respond rapidly to changes in climate and base level through a rapid nonglacial response to glacially driven incision. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical prediction of debris‐flow mobility and deposition on fans
Authors: Scheidl Christian , Rickenmann Dieter
Published: November 2009

A new method to predict the runout of debris flows is presented. A data base of documented sediment‐transporting events in torrent catchments of Austria, Switzerland and northern Italy has been compiled, using common classification techniques. With this data we test an empirical approach between planimetric deposition area and event volume, and compare it with results from other studies. We introduce a new empirical relation to determine the mobility coefficient as a function of geomorphologic catchment parameters. The mobility coefficient is thought to reflect some of the flow properties during the depositional part of the debris‐flow event. The empirical equations are implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) based simulation program and combined with a simple flow routing algorithm, to determine the potential runout area covered by debris‐flow deposits. For a given volume and starting point of the deposits, a Monte‐Carlo technique is used to produce flow paths that simulate the spreading effect of a debris flow. The runout zone is delineated by confining the simulated potential spreading area in the down slope direction with the empirically determined planimetric deposition area. The debris‐flow volume is then distributed over the predicted area according to the calculated outflow probability of each cell. The simulation uses the ARC‐Objects environment of ESRI© and is adapted to run with high resolution (2·5 m × 2·5 m) digital elevation models, generated for example from LiDAR data. The simulation program called TopRunDF is tested with debris‐flow events of 1987 and 2005 in Switzerland. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower Inn Valley railway line – a challenge for the implementation of the Construction Coordination Law
Authors: Passegger Robert , Larcher Christian
Published: November 2009

Various modern and innovative methods are being used to construct the Lower Inn Valley railway, about 40 km of new two‐track line as the northern approach route for the future Brenner Base Tunnel, and work is currently well advanced. The client, the Brenner Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (Brenner Railway Company) (BEG), a subsidiary of the ÖBB Infrastruktur Bau AG, pays great attention to occupational health and safety. This duty is undertaken by design and construction coordinators appointed in line with the Construction Coordination Law – BauKG. The multitude of individual and very large construction and equipment contracts and the works spread over many years with countless specialist companies (e.g. construction, track work, electrical and safety equipment) and the number of contracted employers represent a particular challenge for health and safety management.

Für die unter Anwendung verschiedener moderner und innovativer Baumethoden errichtete bzw. noch in Bau befindliche zweigleisige, ca. 40 km lange Neubaustrecke der Unterinntalbahntrasse als nördliche Zulaufstrecke zum zukünftigen Brenner‐Basistunnel, wurde bzw. wird vom Auftraggeber, der in der ÖBB Infrastruktur Bau AG eingegliederten Brenner Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (BEG), besonderes Augenmerk auf den Arbeitnehmerschutz gelegt. Diese Aufgabe wird von beauftragten Planungs‐ und Baustellenkoordinatoren gemäß Bauarbeitenkoordinationsgesetz – BauKG wahrgenommen. Die vielen einzelnen und sehr großen Haupt‐ und Ausrüstungsbaulose und die über mehrere Jahre dauernden Bauarbeiten mit den zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Gewerken (z.B. Bau, Gleisbau, Elektro‐ und Sicherungstechnik) sowie die zahlreich beauftragten Arbeitgeber stellen eine besondere Herausforderung an den Arbeitnehmerschutz dar.
Emergency medical services for a compressed air construction site – special technical, medical and logistical features
Authors: Wulf Kai , Hörmann Martin , Fluckinger Thomas
Published: November 2009

Tunnelling under compressed air is also a challenge for medical personnel. In addition to the personal suitability, equipment with the correct apparatus is also important. For the compressed air sites in the Lower Inn Valley, it was necessary to maintain specially trained medical personnel on stand‐by round the clock for any emergency in the positive pressure area. This entailed ten ambulance men and seven emergency doctors. The constant readiness of a specially trained emergency team of doctors with apparatus suitable for compressed air provides improved safety for the employees in the positive pressure area and should, according to the available experience, become standard for such large sites.

Tunnelarbeiten unter Druckluft sind auch für medizinisches Personal eine Herausforderung. Neben der persönlichen Eignung steht besonders die apparative Ausrüstung im Vordergrund. Für die Druckluftbaustellen im Unterinntal war es erforderlich, speziell ausgebildetes medizinisches Personal für einen etwaigen Notfall im Überdruckbereich rund um die Uhr in Bereitschaft zu halten. Hierzu waren insgesamt zehn Notfallsanitäter und sieben Notärzte erforderlich. Die ständige Bereitschaft eines speziell ausgebildeten Notarztteams mit Druckluft geeigneten Geräten erhöht die Sicherheit der Arbeiter im Überdruckbereich und sollte nach den vorliegenden Erfahrungen zum Standard einer solchen Großbaustelle gehören.