bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rearing in natural and recovering tidal wetlands enhances growth and life‐history diversity of Columbia Estuary tributary coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch population
Authors: Craig B. E. , Simenstad C. A. , Bottom D. L.
Published: May 2014

This study provides evidence of the importance of tributary tidal wetlands to local coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch populations and life‐history diversity. Subyearling and, to a lesser extent, yearling O. kisutch life histories utilized various estuary habitats within the Grays River, a tidal freshwater tributary of the Columbia River estuary, including restoring emergent wetlands and natural forested wetlands. Migration timing data, size distributions, estuary residence and scale patterns suggest a predominance of subyearling migrant life histories, including several that involve extended periods of estuary rearing. Estuarine‐rearing subyearling O. kisutch exhibited the greatest overall growth rates; the highest growth rates were seen in fish that utilized restoring emergent wetlands. These results contrast with studies conducted in the main‐stem Columbia River estuary, which captured few O. kisutch, of which nearly all were hatchery‐origin yearling smolts. Restoration and preservation of peripheral and tributary wetland habitats, such as those in the Grays River, could play an important role in the recovery of natural O. kisutch populations in the Columbia River and elsewhere.
The Joint Cross Section of Stocks and Options
Authors: AN BYEONG‐JE , ANG ANDREW , BALI TURAN G. , CAKICI NUSRET
Published: May 2014

Stocks with large increases in call (put) implied volatilities over the previous month tend to have high (low) future returns. Sorting stocks ranked into decile portfolios by past call implied volatilities produces spreads in average returns of approximately 1% per month, and the return differences persist up to six months. The cross section of stock returns also predicts option implied volatilities, with stocks with high past returns tending to have call and put option contracts that exhibit increases in implied volatility over the next month, but with decreasing realized volatility. These predictability patterns are consistent with rational models of informed trading.
The Effect of Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resin Thickness on the Bond Strength of a Repaired Denture Tooth
Authors: Clark Wendy Auclair , Hsu Yung‐Tsung
Published: May 2014

Purpose

This study analyzed the conventional method of rebonding a denture tooth, evaluating the effect of varied thickness of autopolymerizing acrylic resin on the bond strength and the failure mode.

Materials and Methods

A total of 52 heat‐polymerizing acrylic resin specimens were fabricated with an anterior denture tooth. A cantilever‐type bending force was applied with a universal testing machine to each specimen until failure. The failure mode was determined, and cohesive failures were excluded from part II. Thirty specimens were randomly selected and divided into three groups (n = 10). For each group, resin was relieved from the bonding area to create a 0, 1, or 3 mm space. The tooth was repositioned using its matrix and reattached to its base, filling the relieved space with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. The repaired specimens were tested using the same parameters. Data were analyzed with paired t‐tests, one‐way ANOVA, and post hoc test. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.

Results

The mean peak load to failure for the part I group was 88.91 N. While the peak load to failure decreased to 71.96 N (19.69% loss of original bond strength), statistical analysis revealed no difference between the bond strength of the specimens repaired with a 0 mm thickness of autopolymerizing acrylic resin and the original (part I) group (p > 0.05). The bond strength was lower for the group repaired with a 1 mm thickness compared to the original (part I) group (p < 0.05), with 65.8 N load to failure (29.63% loss). The bond strength was even lower for the group repaired with a 3 mm thickness (p < 0.05), with 58.64 N load to failure (33.07% loss). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference between the 0 and 3 mm groups (p = 0.04). The most common failure mode in the original group was adhesive (56%), then combination (34%), then cohesive (9.8%). The repaired group (n = 30) had similar results, with 56.7% adhesive, 36.7% combination, and 6.7% cohesive failures.

Conclusions

The bond strength of a replaced denture tooth is affected by the thickness of the autopolymerizing acrylic resin. The failure mode of a rebonded denture tooth follows the same trend of the original failure. If possible, replace teeth with no relief. If combination failure occurs, leave residual base acrylic resin on the ridge lap.
Misleading morphologies and the importance of sequencing type specimens for resolving coralline taxonomy (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): Pachyarthron cretaceum is Corallina officinalis
Authors: Hind Katharine R. , Gabrielson Paul W. , Lindstrom Sandra C. , Martone Patrick T.
Published: May 2014

Coralline red algae play a key role in the ecology of near shore marine ecosystems and are increasingly being used to study the effects of climate change in the marine environment. Corallines are very difficult to identify to species, and even to genus, using morpho‐anatomy, likely complicating studies of their ecology, physiology, and biodiversity. We sequenced a 296 base pair fragment of chloroplast DNA from a 187‐year‐old isolectotype specimen of Pachyarthron cretaceum, a morphologically distinct geniculate species, to demonstrate that coralline morphology is often misleading and that species names can only be applied unequivocally by comparing DNA sequences from type material with sequences from field‐collected specimens. Our results indicate that Pachyarthron cretaceum is synonymous with Corallina officinalis.
Facial composites and the misinformation effect: How composites distort memory
Authors: Topp‐Manriquez Lisa D. , McQuiston Dawn , Malpass Roy S.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

This study examined how constructing and viewing facial composites affects memory accuracy.

Method

Participants (n = 240) viewed a target face for 60 s; half were then randomly assigned to construct a facial composite while the other half completed a distracter task. Participants were then randomly assigned to view a composite either once, twice or not at all during a 1‐week delay between the first and second session. Those who constructed a composite viewed their own composite during the 1‐week delay, while those who did not construct a composite were yoked with someone who did, thereby viewing their counterpart's composite. In session 2, all participants completed a six‐person forced‐choice identification task. The participant was asked to identify the target from a six‐person photo array. The photo array was composed of the target, the composite, and four morphed images that combined certain percentages of both the target and composite.

Results

Results showed that identification accuracy was lower for those who created a composite versus those who did not. These individuals were likely to identify an image consisting of a blend between the target and composite more often than those not creating a composite. In addition, those who only viewed a composite experienced memory contamination similar to those who created a composite.

Conclusion

Our findings illustrate that creating a composite or simply viewing someone else's composite hinders identification accuracy and one's memory for the target face. This research provides important implications regarding the methods used in collecting eyewitness descriptions during the investigative process.
Emergent patterns of population genetic structure for a coral reef community
Authors: Selkoe Kimberly A. , Gaggiotti Oscar E. ,   ToBo Laboratory, Bowen Brian W. , Toonen Robert J.
Published: May 2014

What shapes variation in genetic structure within a community of codistributed species is a central but difficult question for the field of population genetics. With a focus on the isolated coral reef ecosystem of the Hawaiian Archipelago, we assessed how life history traits influence population genetic structure for 35 reef animals. Despite the archipelago's stepping stone configuration, isolation by distance was the least common type of genetic structure, detected in four species. Regional structuring (i.e. division of sites into genetically and spatially distinct regions) was most common, detected in 20 species and nearly in all endemics and habitat specialists. Seven species displayed chaotic (spatially unordered) structuring, and all were nonendemic generalist species. Chaotic structure also associated with relatively high global FST. Pelagic larval duration (PLD) was not a strong predictor of variation in population structure (R2 = 0.22), but accounting for higher FST values of chaotic and invertebrate species, compared to regionally structured and fish species, doubled the power of PLD to explain variation in global FST (adjusted R2 = 0.50). Multivariate correlation of eight species traits to six genetic traits highlighted dispersal ability, taxonomy (i.e. fish vs. invertebrate) and habitat specialization as strongest influences on genetics, but otherwise left much variation in genetic traits unexplained. Considering that the study design controlled for many sampling and geographical factors, the extreme interspecific variation in spatial genetic patterns observed for Hawaìi marine species may be generated by demographic variability due to species‐specific abundance and migration patterns and/or seascape and historical factors.
Tracing the colonization and diversification of the worldwide seabird ectoparasite Ixodes uriae
Authors: Dietrich Muriel , Kempf Florent , Boulinier Thierry , McCoy Karen D.
Published: May 2014

Historical patterns of dispersal and population isolation are key components shaping contemporary genetic diversity across landscapes and require explicit consideration when examining the relative role of different factors in driving the evolution of host specificity in parasitic organisms. In this study, we investigate the worldwide colonization history of a common ectoparasite of seabirds, the tick Ixodes uriae. This tick has a circumpolar distribution across both hemispheres but has repeatedly formed host‐specific races within different regions. By combining mitochondrial and nuclear data, we infer how this species spread to its present‐day distribution and how the colonization process may have affected the geographic and host‐associated structure of this tick within regions. We demonstrate that I. uriae is highly structured at a global scale and isolates into four genetic groups that correspond to well‐defined geographical regions. Molecular dating suggests that the diversification of I. uriae began in the early Miocene (22 Myr) and that this tick colonized most of the southern hemisphere before moving into northern latitudes via two independent routes. However, no relationship between the degree of host race divergence and colonization history was evident, supporting previous hypotheses that host specialization evolves relatively rapidly in this parasite, but does not typically lead to speciation. We discuss the possible historical and contemporary mechanisms of large‐scale dispersal for this ectoparasite and how its biological characteristics may condition current patterns of genetic diversity. More generally, our results illustrate how combining broad‐scale sampling and modern molecular tools can help disentangle complex patterns of diversification in widespread parasites.
Raising the Mandatory Retirement Age and its Effect on Long‐run Income and Pay‐as‐you‐go (PAYG) Pensions
Authors: Fanti Luciano
Published: May 2014

In this paper we study the effects of raising the mandatory retirement age in the neoclassical growth model context. It is shown that postponement of the retirement age may be harmful for long‐run income and even for pensions. Our findings show that the retirement age might be reduced, thereby obtaining a higher income and even higher pension benefits. This suggests that the idea that a higher mandatory age of retirement is always beneficial in the long run for income and pension payments is theoretically controversial.
Fatty acid binding protein 4 expression in cerebral vascular malformations: implications for vascular remodelling
Authors: Cataltepe Sule , Arikan Meltem Cevik , Liang Xiaoliang , Smith Thomas W. , Cataltepe Oguz
Published: May 2014

Aim

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and cavernous malformations (CM) are the most commonly encountered cerebral vascular malformations, which are dynamic lesions with de novo growth potentials. Postnatal angiogenesis and vasculogenesis have been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of these malformations. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is an intracellular lipid chaperone, which is expressed in a subset of endothelial cells. FABP4 enhances the angiogenic responses of endothelial cells and is not expressed in normal cerebral vasculature. Herein, we investigated the hypothesis that FABP4 expression may be up‐regulated in AVM and CM.

Methods

The abundance of FABP4 expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry on 35 paraffin‐embedded AVM and CM sections. FABP4‐expressing cells were further characterized by double immunofluorescence using antibodies against various cell‐specific markers.

Results

Heterogenous FABP4 expression was detected in 100% AVM and 78% of CM samples. Endothelial cell FABP4 expression was present in 65% and 43% of AVM and CM, respectively. Interestingly, a population of FABP4‐positive perivascular cells was detected in 100% of AVM and 86% of CM sections examined. These cells were negative for markers of macrophages and smooth muscle cells, but expressed vimentin, a marker of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts.

Conclusion

FABP4 expression is detected in AVM and CM in a subset of endothelial cells and some perivascular fibroblast‐like vimentin‐positive cells.
Magnolia cattienensis sp. nov. (Magnoliaceae) from Vietnam
Authors: Nam Vu Quang
Published: May 2014

A new species of the family Magnoliaceae, Magnolia cattienensis Q. N. Vu from Cát Tiên National Park, in the Lâm Đồng Province, south of Vietnam is described and illustrated. Magnolia cattienensis is most closely related to M. henryi Dunn, but differs by narrowly cuneate and gradually attenuate bases of the leaves (vs broadly cuneate, not attenuated), pilose pedicles (vs glabrous), and villose peduncles (vs glabrescent), pubescent gynoecium (vs glabrous), and fewer mature carpels (26–30 vs 85–90) with dense trichomes (vs glabrous).
Through the doors of perception to function in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses
Authors: Bucher Marcel , Hause Bettina , Krajinski Franziska , Küster Helge
Published: May 2014

The formation of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is initiated by the bidirectional exchange of diffusible molecules. While strigolactone hormones, secreted from plant roots, stimulate hyphal branching and fungal metabolism, fungal short‐chain chitin oligomers as well as sulfated and nonsulfated lipochitooligosaccharides (s/nsMyc‐LCOs) elicit pre‐symbiosis responses in the host. Fungal LCO signals are structurally related to rhizobial Nod‐factor LCOs. Genome‐wide expression studies demonstrated that defined sets of genes were induced by Nod‐, sMyc‐ and nsMyc‐LCOs, indicating LCO‐specific perception in the pre‐symbiosis phase. During hyphopodium formation and the subsequent root colonization, cross‐talk between plant roots and AM fungi also involves phytohormones. Notably, gibberellins control arbuscule formation via DELLA proteins, which themselves serve as positive regulators of arbuscule formation. The establishment of arbuscules is accompanied by a substantial transcriptional and post‐transcriptional reprogramming of host roots, ultimately defining the unique protein composition of arbuscule‐containing cells. Based on cellular expression profiles, key checkpoints of AM development as well as candidate genes encoding transcriptional regulators and regulatory microRNAs were identified. Detailed functional analyses of promoters specified short motifs sufficient for cell‐autonomous gene regulation in cells harboring arbuscules, and suggested simultaneous, multi‐level regulation of the mycorrhizal phosphate uptake pathway by integrating AM symbiosis and phosphate starvation response signaling.
Activation of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 enhances phosphate acquisition in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lei Lei , Li Yuan , Wang Qian , Xu Juan , Chen Yifang , Yang Hailian , Ren Dongtao
Published: May 2014

Despite the abundance of phosphorus in soil, very little is available as phosphate (Pi) for plants. Plants often experience low Pi (LP) stress. Intensive studies have been conducted to reveal the mechanism used by plants to deal with LP; however, Pi sensing and signal transduction pathways are not fully understood.

Using in‐gel kinase assays, we determined the activities of MPK3 and MPK6 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under both LP and Pi‐sufficient (Murashige and Skoog, MS) conditions. Using MKK9 mutant transgenic and crossed mutants, we analyzed the functions of MPK3 and MPK6 in regulating Pi responses of seedlings. The regulation of Pi responses by downstream components of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 was also screened.

LP treatment activated MPK3 and MPK6. Under both LP and MS conditions, mpk3 and mpk6 seedlings took up and accumulated less Pi than the wild‐type; activation of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 in transgenic seedlings induced the transcription of Pi acquisition‐related genes and enhanced Pi uptake and accumulation, whereas its activation suppressed the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and anthocyanin accumulation; WRKY75 was downstream of MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 when regulating the accumulation of Pi and anthocyanin, and the transcription of Pi acquisition‐related and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.

These results suggest that the MKK9‐MPK3/MPK6 cascade is part of the Pi signaling pathway in plants.
Salivary antimicrobial proteins associate with age‐related changes in streptococcal composition in dental plaque
Authors: Malcolm J. , Sherriff A. , Lappin D.F. , Ramage G. , Conway D.I. , Macpherson L.M.D. , Culshaw S.
Published: May 2014

Secretion of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) and salivary antibodies can modify biofilm formation at host body surfaces. In adolescents, associations have been reported between dental caries and salivary AMPs. AMPs demonstrate direct antimicrobial effects at high concentrations, and at lower more physiological concentrations they mediate changes in host cell defenses, which may alter the local environment and indirectly shape local biofilm formation. The expression of salivary AMPs in preschool children, at an age when the oral bacteria are known to change, has not been investigated. We sought to investigate salivary AMP expression in the context of previously well‐documented changes in the oral cavities of this age group including salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), oral bacteria and dental caries. Dental plaque and saliva were collected from 57 children aged 12–24 months at baseline, of whom 23 children were followed‐up at 3 years of age. At each time, saliva was assessed for LL37, human neutrophil peptides 1–3, calprotectin, lactoferrin, salivary IgA, total plaque bacteria and Streptococcus mutans. Over time, concentrations of AMPs, S. mutans and bacteria‐specific salivary IgA increased. Caries experience was also recorded when children were 3 years old. Concentrations of AMPs were highest in the saliva of 3‐year‐old children with the greatest burden of S. mutans. These data suggest that salivary AMPs are variable over time and between individuals, and are linked with bacterial colonization. At follow up, the majority of children remained caries free. Larger longitudinal studies are required to confirm whether salivary AMP levels are predictive of caries and whether their modulation offers therapeutic benefit.
Shame, Violence, and Morality
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: May 2014

Shame is most frequently defined as the emotion we feel when we fail to live up to standards, norms, or ideals. I argue that this definition is flawed because it cannot explain some of the most paradigmatic features of shame. Agents often respond to shame with violence, but if shame is the painful feeling of failing to live up to an ideal, this response is unintelligible. I offer a new account of shame that can explain the link between shame and violence. On my view, shame arises out of a tension between our identity and our self‐conception: those things about which we feel shame are part of our identities, but they are not part of our self‐conception. I conclude by arguing that this account of shame is a valuable moral emotion.
Public Value Accounting: Establishing the Philosophical Basis
Authors: Moore Mark H.
Published: May 2014

Questions of how best to define the ends, justify the means, and measure the performance of governments have preoccupied political economists for centuries. Recently, the concept of public value—defined in terms of the many dimensions of value that a democratic public might want to see produced by and reflected in the performance of government—has been proposed as an alternative approach. This article develops three philosophical claims central to the practice of public value accounting: (1) when the collectively owned assets of government are being deployed, the appropriate arbiter of public value is the collectively defined values of a “public” called into existence and made articulate through the quite imperfect processes of democratic governance; (2) the collectively owned assets include not only government money but also the authority of the state; (3) the normative framework for assessing the value of government production relies on both utilitarian and deontological philosophical frameworks.
Toward a better comprehension of Lean metrics for research and product development management
Authors: Mascarenhas Hornos da Costa Janaina , Oehmen Josef , Rebentisch Eric , Nightingale Deborah
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a compilation and empirical survey‐based evaluation of the metrics most commonly used by program managers during product development management. This work is part of a bigger project of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Project Management Institute (PMI) and International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). Three methodological procedures were applied: systematic literature review, focus‐group discussions, and survey. The survey results indicate the metrics considered to be the most and least useful for managing lean engineering programs, and reveals a shift of interest towards qualitative metrics, especially the ones that address the achievement of stakeholder values, and the absence of useful metrics regarding the lean principles People and Pull.
Fragmented or cohesive transnational private regulation of sustainability standards? A comparative study
Authors: Fransen Luc , Conzelmann Thomas
Published: May 2014

Literature on private regulation recognizes the proliferation of competing regulatory organizations and approaches in various industries. Studies analyzing why fragmentation arises so far focus on single‐case studies, the exploration of single variables, or variation in types of fragmentation. This article analyzes why in certain industries and for certain issues regulatory organizations proliferate, while in others a single regulatory organization emerges which covers the entire industry. Through a comparative case study of private regulation of sustainability standards in the forestry, clothing, IT‐electronics, and chemicals industries, we show how a combination of low industrial concentration, civil society involvement in governance, and stringent standards of a first‐moving regulator offer the strongest explanation for a fragmented private regulatory field, while high industrial concentration, business‐driven governance, and lenient standards of a first‐moving regulator lead to cohesive regulation.
Learning to deal constructively with troubled conscience related to care providers' perceptions of deficient teamwork in residential care of older people – a participatory action research study
Authors: Ericson‐Lidman Eva , Strandberg Gunilla
Published: May 2014

Conscience can be perceived as an asset that helps care providers to provide good care, but it can also be a burden that generates stress of conscience (stress related to a troubled conscience). Participatory action research (PAR) has been shown to be successful in supporting care providers in residential care of older people to learn to deal with their troubled conscience in challenging and demanding care situations. The aim of the study was to describe an intervention process to assist care providers in residential care of older people to constructively deal with their troubled conscience related to perceptions of deficient teamwork. The study design was grounded in PAR. Nine enrolled nurses (ENs), two nursing aids (NAs), one Registered Nurse (RN) and their manager participated in 12 PAR sessions. All sessions were tape‐recorded, and a domain analysis of the transcriptions was performed. Findings show that a PAR‐based intervention can support care providers to understand, handle and take measures against deficient teamwork. Using troubled conscience as a driving force can increase the opportunities to improve quality of care in residential care for older people. During the PAR process, participants raised their awareness of the need to view the team in a wider sense and that the manager and the Registered Nurse should also be members of the team to improve team outcome. To improve clinical practice, we suggest that teams in residential care of older people should be enabled to share and reflect on challenging situations that generate troubled conscience. However, as shown in this study, care providers might need support in order to facilitate and promote sharing and reflecting on what their conscience tells them.
Proliferation Patterns in a Pig Model of AV Fistula Stenosis: Can we Translate Biology into Novel Therapies?
Authors: Chan Jenq‐Shyong , Campos Begoña , Wang Yang , Mistry Meenakshi , Lee Timmy , Munda Rino , Arend Lois , Roy‐Chaudhury Prabir
Published: May 2014

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) stenosis remains an important cause of AVF maturation failure for which there are currently no effective therapies. To understand the mechanisms involved, we have examined the pattern of cellular proliferation at different time points in a pig model of AVF stenosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of cellular proliferation was performed at 2, 7, 28, and 42 days. The distribution of cellular proliferation within the different layers of the vessel wall was also studied. An ANOVA analysis was used to identify differences between the magnitude of cellular proliferation at different time points and within different layers of the vessel wall. Adventitial proliferation occurred at 2 days and declined over time. Intimal and medial proliferation peaked at 7 days and then decreased over time. There was minimal proliferation in all three layers at the 28‐ and 42‐day time points. An important finding was the presence of active myofibroblast proliferation within “neointimal buds” at the 7‐day time point. Results suggest that there could be early adventitial activation, followed by a passage of these cells into the medial and intimal layers. These suggest that the application of perivascular antiproliferative (adventitial) therapies at the time of surgery could potentially reduce AVF maturation failure.
A case of unprovoked venous thromboembolism in a marathon athlete presenting atypical sequelae: What are the chances?
Authors: Hull C. M. , Hopkins C. L. , Purdy N. J. , Lloyd R. C. , Harris J. A.
Published: May 2014

Marathon runners are exposed to multiple thrombogenic risk factors including dehydration and hemoconcentration, injury and inflammation, long‐distance travel between events, and contraceptive usage. However, despite awareness about thromboembolism and several case reports detailing life‐threatening hypercoagulopathies in athletes, the prevalence of venous thromboembolism in marathon runners remains uncharted. There is a lack of data and evidence‐based guidelines for these athletes and for healthcare providers, including general medical practitioners and sports physicians. We present an episode of unprovoked deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in a female marathon athlete who presented with atypical sequelae over the course of 8 months, and identify some “easy‐to‐miss” warning signs and symptoms. Through dialogue with the patient regarding their personal questions and anxieties surrounding idiopathic DVT‐PE, we identify a clear need for more accessible information and comprehensive research concerning the detection, prevalence, and long‐term management of venous thromboembolism in athletes. We discuss the possibility that being an athlete might constitute a more significant risk factor for venous thromboembolism than is currently estimated by commonly used diagnostic protocols and conclude that there is quite possibly a need for more specific clinical guidelines for athletes in this area.
Disaster, Time, and Dialogue: A Couple Lessons from Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Kroll‐Smith Steve , Madsen Rachel S.
Published: May 2014

There is much to learn about ourselves and the worlds we fashion “when all hell breaks loose” (W. Lloyd Warner 1947:1).

This brief paper is about The Katrina Bookshelf, specifically about a couple of the contributions several of the forthcoming books on The Shelf will make to the social study of disaster. It is both a collective and an individual achievement. Imagine The Katrina Bookshelf as a composition and each book on The Shelf a movement, a part of the composition that is more or less complete in and of itself. Any one of the books could be taken from The Shelf and read alone, independent of the others. Each has its own voice and reaches its own resolution. But examined together, The Shelf reveals the phenomenal human complexity that is Hurricane Katrina.
ASpace‐Time RasterGISData Model for Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation Responses to a Freeze Event
Authors: Zhao Ziliang , Shaw Shih‐Lung , Wang Dali
Published: May 2014

Many past space‐timeGISdata models viewed the world mainly from a spatial perspective. They attached a time stamp to each state of an entity or the entire area of study. This approach is less efficient for certain spatio‐temporal analyses that focus on how locations change over time, which require researchers to view each location from a temporal perspective. In this article, we present a data model to organize multi‐temporal remote sensing datasets and track their changes at the individual pixel level. This data model can also integrate raster datasets from heterogeneous sources under a unified framework. The proposed data model consists of several object classes under a hierarchical structure. Each object class is associated with specific properties and behaviors to facilitate efficient spatio‐temporal analyses. We apply this data model to a case study of analyzing the impact of the 2007 freeze in Knoxville, Tennessee. The characteristics of different vegetation clusters before, during, and after the 2007 freeze event are compared. Our findings indicate that the majority of the study area is impacted by this freeze event, and different vegetation types show different response patterns to this freeze.
Heme‐related molecules induce rapid production of neutrophil extracellular traps
Authors: Kono Mari , Saigo Katsuyasu , Takagi Yuri , Takahashi Takayuki , Kawauchi Sawako , Wada Atsushi , Hashimoto Makoto , Minami Yosuke , Imoto Shion , Takenokuchi Mariko , Morikawa Takashi , Funakoshi Kunihiro
Published: May 2014

Background

Pulmonary endothelial cell damages caused by neutrophil overactivation could result in acute lung injuries including transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI). We previously reported that heme‐related molecules derived from hemolysis induced the production of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils. Recently, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been demonstrated to associate with the onset of TRALI.

Study Design and Methods

In this study, neutrophils' morphologic changes induced by the heme‐related molecule hemin were confirmed to be NETs via confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy (EM). Additionally, concentrations of hemin in red blood cell (RBC) components were measured via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and possible contribution of these molecules to the onset of TRALI was discussed.

Results

SYTOX green staining observation via confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that neutrophil morphology changed rapidly upon addition of hemin. The nuclei began to be enlarged and become segmented after 5 minutes, and NET‐like structures were released from neutrophils after 15 minutes. In EM observation, NET‐like structures appeared after 10 minutes and the nucleoplasm was partially separated from the nuclear membrane, which were consistent with the features of NET formation. These structures stained positively for both myeloperoxidase and histone H3 antibodies.

Conclusion

Thus, our results suggest that hemin induced NETs in 15 minutes, a quicker reaction than NET induction by phorbol myristate acetate requiring 3 hours. Moreover, since RBC components, especially those with long‐term storage, contained sufficient hemin concentration to induce NETs, special attention to hemolysis of stored RBC components is important.
Fieldwork, Film, and the Tourist Gaze: Making 农家乐 Peasant Family Happiness
Authors: Chio Jenny
Published: May 2014

Making a film about tourism and being a tourist can often look like the same thing—an outsider with a camera, gazing at a community and people through a lens. And while using a camera in the field can render the ethnographer more legible and logical to one's interlocutors, the production of a film using footage gathered during fieldwork demands an acknowledgment of one's responsibility and relationship to a community and to individuals, qualities not demanded of tourists (or the images they make/take), whose visits are fleeting and temporary. Moreover, a film about tourism challenges viewers to think critically about the consequences of the “tourist gaze” in a destination community. This essay explores the structural, ethical, and social issues faced in making 农家乐 Peasant Family Happiness, a film about two rural, ethnic tourism villages in China. In so doing, I reflect on ethnographic filmmaking as both a component of ethnographic fieldwork and a form of engagement with, and for, viewers.
Long‐term impacts from damming and water level manipulation on flow and salinity regimes in Lake Urmia, Iran
Authors: Zeinoddini Mostafa , Bakhtiari Arash , Ehteshami Majid
Published: May 2014

Lake Urmia in the north‐west of Iran is very large, very shallow and several times more saline than ocean water. The salinity of this terminal lake is of great ecological consequence for the existence and growth of Artemia Urmiana, a unique zooplankton endemic to the lake. It is a main food source for large bird populations. During the past decades, Lake Urmia has been strained by a number of anthropogenic and natural causes. They include extensive damming on the contributory rivers, building a dike‐type causeway and climate change. This paper deals with the long‐term impacts of damming, fresh water overexploitation and water level manipulation on flow and salinity conditions in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, the flow and salinity regimes were numerically simulated for the next four decades. The validity of the pseudo‐three‐dimensional hydrodynamic and advection‐dispersion models was assessed through sensitivity analysis of the models and comparing the simulated results against field measurements. The model predicted that because of damming on the rivers, the mean water level in the lake will possibly experience a drop of 2.2–2.8 m over next 40 years. The results indicated that, over decadal time periods, the lake most probably will be split into two interconnected smaller lakes. The northern lake was foreseen to become extremely saline, which will seriously threaten the Artemia's survival in this area. Over the long‐term periods, the southern lake seemed not to deviate much from its existing conditions. It however appeared to become more responsive to seasonal climatic changes and to the rivers inflow, as compared with its current conditions. Effects from climate changes were not considered in the current study.
Identifying concert halls from source presence vs room presence
Authors: Haapaniemi Aki , Lokki Tapio
Published: May 2014

Identification of concert halls was studied to uncover whether the early or late part of the acoustic response is more salient in a hall's fingerprint. A listening test was conducted with auralizations of measured halls using full, hybrid, and truncated impulse responses convolved with anechoic symphonic music. Subjects identified halls more reliably based on differences in early responses rather than late responses, although varying the late response had more effect on acoustic parameters. The results suggest that in a typical situation with running symphonic music, the early response determines the perceptual fingerprint of a hall more than the late response.
The effects of reverberant self- and overlap-masking on speech recognition in cochlear implant listeners
Authors: Desmond Jill M. , Collins Leslie M. , Throckmorton Chandra S.
Published: May 2014

Many cochlear implant (CI) listeners experience decreased speech recognition in reverberant environments [Kokkinakis et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129(5), 3221–3232 (2011)], which may be caused by a combination of self- and overlap-masking [Bolt and MacDonald, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 21(6), 577–580 (1949)]. Determining the extent to which these effects decrease speech recognition for CI listeners may influence reverberation mitigation algorithms. This study compared speech recognition with ideal self-masking mitigation, with ideal overlap-masking mitigation, and with no mitigation. Under these conditions, mitigating either self- or overlap-masking resulted in significant improvements in speech recognition for both normal hearing subjects utilizing an acoustic model and for CI listeners using their own devices.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Origin of
BRAF
V600E Mutations in Hairy Cell Leukemia
Authors: Chung Stephen S. , Kim Eunhee , Park Jae H. , Chung Young Rock , Lito Piro , Teruya-Feldstein Julie , Hu Wenhuo , Beguelin Wendy , Monette Sebastien , Duy Cihangir , Rampal Raajit , Telis Leon , Patel Minal , Kim Min Kyung , Huberman Kety , Bouvier Nancy , Berger Michael F. , Melnick Ari M. , Rosen Neal , Tallman Martin S. , Park Christopher Y. , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: May 2014

The cell of origin for the chronic lymphoproliferative disorder hairy cell leukemia is a long-term hematopoietic stem cell, as shown through human genetic data and murine genetic models.
Reactive Species Contribute to Antibiotic-Mediated Killing
Authors: Bhardwaj Anshu
Published: May 2014

Damaging reactive oxygen species drives antibiotic-mediated killing.
Young Blood Rejuvenates the Aging Brain
Authors: Musiek Erik
Published: May 2014

Blood from young mice counteracts age-related deterioration of learning and memory in old mice.
Deletion of the Uracil Permease Gene Confers Cross-Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Azoles in Candida lusitaniae and Highlights Antagonistic Interaction between Fluorinated Nucleotides and Fluconazole
Authors: Gabriel Frédéric , Sabra Ayman , El-Kirat-Chatel Sofiane , Pujol Sophie , Fitton-Ouhabi Valérie , Brèthes Daniel , Dementhon Karine , Accoceberry Isabelle , Noël Thierry
Published: May 2014

We characterized two additional membrane transporters (Fur4p and Dal4p) of the nucleobase cation symporter 1 (NCS1) family involved in the uptake transport of pyrimidines and related molecules in the opportunistic pathogenic yeast
Candida lusitaniae
. Simple and multiple null mutants were constructed by gene deletion and genetic crosses. The function of each transporter was characterized by supplementation experiments, and the kinetic parameters of the uptake transport of uracil were measured using radiolabeled substrate. Fur4p specifically transports uracil and 5-fluorouracil. Dal4p is very close to Fur4p and transports allantoin (glyoxyldiureide). Deletion of the
FUR4
gene confers resistance to 5-fluorouracil as well as cross-resistance to triazoles and imidazole antifungals when they are used simultaneously with 5-fluorouracil. However, the nucleobase transporters are not involved in azole uptake. Only fluorinated pyrimidines, not pyrimidines themselves, are able to promote cross-resistance to azoles by both the salvage and the
de novo
pathway of pyrimidine synthesis. A reinterpretation of the data previously obtained led us to show that subinhibitory doses of 5-fluorocytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorouridine also were able to trigger resistance to fluconazole in susceptible wild-type strains of
C. lusitaniae
and of different
Candida
species. Our results suggest that intracellular fluorinated nucleotides play a key role in azole resistance, either by preventing azoles from targeting the lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase or its catalytic site or by acting as a molecular switch for the triggering of efflux transport.
Selective Pharmacologic Inhibition of a PASTA Kinase Increases Listeria monocytogenes Susceptibility to β-Lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Pensinger Daniel A. , Aliota Matthew T. , Schaenzer Adam J. , Boldon Kyle M. , Ansari Israr-ul H. , Vincent William J. B. , Knight Benjamin , Reniere Michelle L. , Striker Rob , Sauer John-Demian
Published: May 2014

While β-lactam antibiotics are a critical part of the antimicrobial arsenal, they are frequently compromised by various resistance mechanisms, including changes in penicillin binding proteins of the bacterial cell wall. Genetic deletion of the
p
enicillin binding protein
a
nd
s
erine/
t
hreonine kinase-
a
ssociated protein (PASTA) kinase in methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) has been shown to restore β-lactam susceptibility. However, the mechanism remains unclear, and whether pharmacologic inhibition would have the same effect is unknown. In this study, we found that deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of the PASTA kinase in
Listeria monocytogenes
by the nonselective kinase inhibitor staurosporine results in enhanced susceptibility to both aminopenicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics. Resistance to vancomycin, another class of cell wall synthesis inhibitors, or antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis was unaffected by staurosporine treatment. Phosphorylation assays with purified kinases revealed that staurosporine selectively inhibited the PASTA kinase of
L. monocytogenes
(PrkA). Importantly, staurosporine did not inhibit a
L. monocytogenes
kinase without a PASTA domain (Lmo0618) or the PASTA kinase from MRSA (Stk1). Finally, inhibition of PrkA with a more selective kinase inhibitor, AZD5438, similarly led to sensitization of
L. monocytogenes
to β-lactam antibiotics. Overall, these results suggest that pharmacologic targeting of PASTA kinases can increase the efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Evidence for Amphotericin B as a P-Glycoprotein Substrate on the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Wu Ji-Qin , Shao Kun , Wang Xuan , Wang Rui-Ying , Cao Ya-Hui , Yu Yun-Qiu , Lou Jin-Ning , Chen Yan-Qiong , Zhao Hua-Zhen , Zhang Qiang-Qiang , Weng Xin-Hua , Jiang Chen , Zhu Li-Ping
Published: May 2014

Amphotericin B (AMB) has been a mainstay therapy for fungal infections of the central nervous system, but its use has been limited by its poor penetration into the brain, the mechanism of which remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in AMB crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The uptake of AMB by primary brain capillary endothelial cells
in vitro
was significantly enhanced after inhibition of P-gp by verapamil. The impact of two model P-gp inhibitors, verapamil and itraconazole, on brain/plasma ratios of AMB was examined in both uninfected CD-1 mice and those intracerebrally infected with
Cryptococcus neoformans
. In uninfected mice, the brain/plasma ratios of AMB were increased 15 min (3.5 versus 2.0;
P
< 0.05) and 30 min (5.2 versus 2.8;
P
< 0.05) after administration of verapamil or 45 min (6.0 versus 3.9;
P
< 0.05) and 60 min (5.4 versus 3.8;
P
< 0.05) after itraconazole administration. The increases in brain/plasma ratios were also observed in infected mice treated with AMB and P-gp inhibitors. The brain tissue fungal CFU in infected mice were significantly lower in AMB-plus-itraconazole or verapamil groups than in the untreated group (
P
< 0.005), but none of the treatments protected the mice from succumbing to the infection. In conclusion, we demonstrated that P-gp inhibitors can enhance the uptake of AMB through the BBB, suggesting that AMB is a P-gp substrate.
New Amphiphilic Neamine Derivatives Active against Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Interactions with Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Sautrey Guillaume , Zimmermann Louis , Deleu Magali , Delbar Alicia , Souza Machado Luiza , Jeannot Katy , Van Bambeke Françoise , Buyck Julien M. , Decout Jean-Luc , Mingeot-Leclercq Marie-Paule
Published: May 2014

The development of novel antimicrobial agents is urgently required to curb the widespread emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria like colistin-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. We previously synthesized a series of amphiphilic neamine derivatives active against bacterial membranes, among which 3′,6-di-
O
-[(2″-naphthyl)propyl]neamine (3′,6-di2NP), 3′,6-di-
O
-[(2″-naphthyl)butyl]neamine (3′,6-di2NB), and 3′,6-di-
O
-nonylneamine (3′,6-diNn) showed high levels of activity and low levels of cytotoxicity (L. Zimmermann et al., J. Med. Chem. 56:7691–7705, 2013). We have now further characterized the activity of these derivatives against colistin-resistant
P. aeruginosa
and studied their mode of action; specifically, we characterized their ability to interact with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to alter the bacterial outer membrane (OM). The three amphiphilic neamine derivatives were active against clinical colistin-resistant strains (MICs, about 2 to 8 μg/ml), The most active one (3′,6-diNn) was bactericidal at its MIC and inhibited biofilm formation at 2-fold its MIC. They cooperatively bound to LPSs, increasing the outer membrane permeability. Grafting long and linear alkyl chains (nonyl) optimized binding to LPS and outer membrane permeabilization. The effects of amphiphilic neamine derivatives on LPS micelles suggest changes in the cross-bridging of lipopolysaccharides and disordering in the hydrophobic core of the micelles. The molecular shape of the 3′,6-dialkyl neamine derivatives induced by the nature of the grafted hydrophobic moieties (naphthylalkyl instead of alkyl) and the flexibility of the hydrophobic moiety are critical for their fluidifying effect and their ability to displace cations bridging LPS. Results from this work could be exploited for the development of new amphiphilic neamine derivatives active against colistin-resistant
P. aeruginosa
.