bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restorative justice on trial in Britain
Authors: Marshall Tony Francis
Published: July 2007

A major government study followed all cases referred to the main victim‐offender mediation projects in England over two years. Despite many favorable outcomes, the projects encountered problems owing to the hostile environment of traditional criminal justice and its offender orientation and punishment focus. Existing agencies tended to take over the new projects, trying to adapt them to their own ends, whereas the greatest potential in such innovations lies in their new aims of reconciliation and a conflict resolution approach to crime policy.
The roles of the intervenor: A client‐centered approach
Authors: Joyce Daniel P.
Published: July 2007

This article examines the complex nature of the field of conflict resolution. Case examples are utilized to demonstrate the clashes between professional ethics and uniform standards of practice, and the client‐centered approach to interventions. The author cautions against movements to universalize ethics and standards.
Mediating conflicts of persons at risk of homelessness: The helping hand project
Authors: Nelson Mardell C , Sharp William R.
Published: July 2007

This article describes a model project for using volunteer mediators trained in conducting needs assessments, providing information and referral services, and using mediation skills to implement strategies that prevent high‐risk households from becoming homeless. This project demonstrates social systems mediation skills and shows how, when used with, negotiations and mediation hearings, they have an empowering effect on the parties to housing conflicts: households, landlords, utility companies, and service providers. To date, die project has prevented over four hundred families from becoming homeless while saving thousands of dollars and building a community‐based social services mediation program.
Advanced medical directives and family conflict: A potential opportunity for mediator intervention
Authors: Gentry Deborah
Published: July 2007

The author first examines patient self‐determinism as a public policy issue, legislation that was enacted as a result of activism related to this issue, and recent trends relative to the initial implementation of the legislation that may be of interest to family mediators. Second, the author suggests ways family mediators could reach out to serve an as yet untapped clientele who are distraught over family conflict generated by one or more members having formulated advanced medical directives.
The mediator as trickster: The folkloric figure as professional role model
Authors: Benjamin Robert D.
Published: July 2007

As mediators continue to formulate and develop the profession of mediation, they have tended to use the traditional professions of law, medicine, and mental health as a model. That model is not well suited to the purposes and practice of mediation because it is fundamentally anchored in a technical‐rational conceptual orientation that encourages the professional to be an expert. As an alternative professional role model for mediators, the folkloric trickster figure offers greater promise. The trickster figure, like the mediator, demonstrates the effective integration of both the analytical skill and the intuitive sensibilities necessary to be effective in the management of conflict.
From diatribe to dialogue on divisive public issues: Approaches drawn from family therapy
Authors: Chasin Richard , Herzig Margaret , Roth Sallyann , Chasin Laura , Becker Carol , Stains Robert R.
Published: July 2007

Public discourse on divisive issues is often dominated by destructive debate between polarized opponents. Applying family therapy ideas, the Public Conversations Project fosters constructive dialogue on such conflicts. Their approach includes (1) collaborating with participants, starting with extensive premeeting exchanges, (2) using ground rules and formats that prevent reen‐actment of the “old” conversation, and (3) fostering respectful inquiry to stimulate a “new” conversation that increases understanding of the “other” as a person, not a stereotype or position. The project's emphasis is not on resolving specific disputes but on improving the way people with strong differences relate to each other.
Effects on high school students of integrating conflict resolution and peer mediation training into an academic unit
Authors: Stevahn Laurie , Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T. , Laginski Anne Marie , O'Coin Iris
Published: July 2007

The effectiveness of a conflict resolution and peer mediation program in a suburban Canadian secondary school was examined. Subjects were forty‐two ninth‐grade English students heterogeneous in academic achievement. A pretest‐posttest control‐group experimental design was employed. Students randomly assigned to the experimental condition spent ten hours studying a literature unit into which conflict resolution training had been integrated. Students randomly assigned to the control condition studied the identical literature unit for ten hours without conflict resolution and peer mediation training. Significant differences between treatment groups occurred in academic achievement and retention of academic learning, knowledge and retention of the conflict resolution procedure, application of the procedure in a conflict situation, and attitudes toward conflict.
Broadening the scope of divorce mediation to meet the needs of children
Authors: Beck Peggy , Biank Nancee
Published: July 2007

Divorce mediation has made advancements in the divorce process. Divorcing couples are now faced with an option that empowers and supports them during and after the divorce. Nearly one million children are affected by divorce each year. These children are unable to speak for themselves. Parents are prone to inaccurately assess their children's needs during a divorce. They often feel overwhelmed and focus on themselves. They may even use their children to this end. The authors want mediators to broaden the scope of divorce mediation to include a child assessment. It will serve as an objective tool that will give the divorcing couple vital information to help them make informed decisions. It will protect their most important assets, their children.
Humanistic mediation: A transformative journey of peacemaking
Authors: Umbreit Mark S.
Published: July 2007

Building on the rich experience of mediators in many fields who have periodically experienced the process to be far more than just developing a settlement, a humanistic model of mediation is presented. The model allows practitioners to more intentionally and consistently tap into the intrinsic transformative and healing potential of mediation. The dominant Western “settlement‐driven” model of problem‐solving mediation is contrasted with the “dialogue‐driven” humanistic approach and its nondirective style of mediation, which routinely involves the mediator meeting separately one or more times with parties in conflict prior to the mediation session. Specific elements of the model are presented, as well as the paradigm of healing on which it is based. Drawing on the wisdom of numerous indigenous traditions of peacemaking and the experience of many mediators in family, community, workplace, and victim‐offender mediation settings, humanistic mediation practice offers a genuine transformative journey of peacemaking that is grounded in compassion, strength, and our common humanity.
Confronting social injustice as a mediator
Authors: McCormick Michael A.
Published: July 2007

Using literature from several disciplines and reflections on the author's mediating experience, this article asserts that mediators should confront social injustice. The author suggests that the ethic of impartiality be joined by other guiding principles such as transformation, equality, relationship, and justice. Mediators, he contends, need to challenge power imbalances, appeal to moral authority, and encourage disputants to exercise self‐actualizing and cooperative forms of power. This is possible, he argues, when the mediator helps the perpetrator of an injustice subjectively experience the harm done to the victim. Such an approach necessarily implies a revision of our notion of impartiality.
Costs of Mediation: Whose Responsibility?
Authors: Kovach Kimberlee K.
Published: July 2007

While noting the rapid growth in the availability and use of mediation in dealing with an ever‐widening array of conflict settings, this article raises serious concerns regarding the mechanisms for funding such services. The article also notes that the growing challenge of ensuring availability of mediation services for all regardless of income has become a serious concern for the profession.
Can't i get no satisfaction? Thoughts on the promise of mediation
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: July 2007

This article argues that, contrary to the view of Robert A. Baruch Bush and Joseph P. Folger, expressed in their book The Promise of Mediation, the “Satisfaction Story” has a place in well‐conducted mediation practice. The author examines the arguments on which Bush and Folger justify their rejection of “Satisfaction” and argues that problem‐solving mediation is not inevitably directive, and that problem solving and “Transformation” are not mutually exclusive.
Kilometer 101: Oasis or mirage? An analysis of third‐party self‐interest in international mediation
Authors: Levitt Matthew A.
Published: July 2007

Mediators enter disputes with self‐interests that go beyond the simple resolution of the conflict between the parties. Most often, they are the result of subconscious, innocent, even human desires to succeed or to be praised by one's peers and superiors. At the other extreme, these interests can drive mediators to use their powerful position in calculated, even selfish manipulation of the process to suit their own preferences. This article explores third‐party self‐interest in the context of Henry Kissinger's role in the Israeli‐Egyptian ceasefire talks in 1973 and 1974. It illustrates the relevance of these issues for other mediation contexts.
The limits of the mediator's neutrality
Authors: Cohen Orna , Dattner Naomi , Luxenburg Ahron
Published: July 2007

The subject of this article is neutrality in the role of the family mediator. The question it addresses is whether spouses in a conflict situation on the interpersonal level are capable of cooperating on the parental level to reach sensible decisions as to their children's welfare. The article discusses the dilemma of the mediator as to whether, and how, to intervene in the couple's parental decisions regarding their children's welfare; it ends with a case study and conclusions.
Transitions: Moving parties between stages
Authors: Wildau Susan T.
Published: July 2007

This chapter explores how mediators move parties through strategic tasks that will result in settlement and how destructive bargaining styles and strategies can be reversed.
Selected strategies for managing multiparty disputes
Authors: Lesnick Michael T. , Ehrmann John R.
Published: July 2007

The authors discuss how multiparty disputes differ from two‐party disputes and what strategies mediators can use to structure and intervene in such disputes.
Conciliation: Responses to the emotional content of disputes
Authors: Terry Susanne
Published: July 2007

How should the mediator respond to a client's emotions? This chapter explores when the expression of clients' emotions should be encouraged as a settlement technique.
Mediator strategies for dealing with dirty tricks
Authors: Smart Louise
Published: July 2007

The author presents a definition of dirty tricks and strategies for dealing with them.
New perspectives on the options generation process
Authors: Shaw Margaret L. , Phear W. Patrick
Published: July 2007

How do mediators help parties reach effective resolutions? Does the traditional linear approach limit the potential benefits of the process?
A critique of family mediators: Myths, themes, and alliances
Authors: Girdner Linda K.
Published: July 2007

Can the metaphor of the family help us, as family mediators, to understand ourselves better?
The positive impact of divorce mediation on children's behavior
Authors: Stull Donald E. , Kaplan Nancy M.
Published: July 2007

What benefits for the children are suggested by research on divorcing parents who choose to mediate their dispute?
Mediation and the special‐child family
Authors: Davidson Jeff
Published: July 2007

What attitudes and approaches are essential in mediating for families with special children?
Qualifications of family mediators
Authors: Dutenhaver Katheryn M.
Published: July 2007

Who decides qualifications?
Measuring clients' perceptions and satisfaction
Authors: Kelly Joan B. , Gigy Lynn
Published: July 2007

The CAMS questionnaire is a reliable and valid questionnaire, and its generalizability should now be tested by additional use.
Getting to the table: Three paths
Authors: Laue James H. , Burde Sharon , Potapchuk William , Salkoff Miranda
Published: July 2007

Getting to the table—to a negotiating forum—is a prerequisite for getting to “yes.” The process is especially complex in policy disputes, for which there are few established forums for collaborative problem solving.
The role of citizens groups in policy conflicts
Authors: Kunde James E. , Rudd Jill E.
Published: July 2007

Who represents “citizens” or “the public” in complex policy negotiations? Mediation of a development dispute in Denver provides one answer.
Conflict resolution and public disputes: Bibliography and resources
Authors: Laue James H. , Potapchuk William
Published: July 2007

This chapter presents an annotated bibliography and a guide to resources in the field of mediating public disputes.
Shared custody: A case study in mediation
Authors: Cloke Kenneth
Published: July 2007

How might a male‐female attorney‐therapist team mediate between parents who were never married?
Mediation for reconciliation
Authors: Plesent Emanuel
Published: July 2007

How might divorce mediation evolve into reconciliation?
Adoption mediation: Applying preventive conflict management to open‐adoption planning
Authors: Etter Jeanne , Giovannini Martin
Published: July 2007

This chapter presents a case study that illustrates the effectiveness of applying mediation techniques to the adoption process in order to maximize success in adoption management.
Mediation makes a difference
Authors: Landau Barbara
Published: July 2007

What is the process of mediating a contested adoption?
Communication in mediation: Is more necessarily better?
Authors: Rogers Susan J. , Francy Claire
Published: July 2007

What does observation of one hundred mediations suggest?
Divorce mediation: For better or for worse?
Authors: Bautz Barbara J.
Published: July 2007

What is the relationship between mediated divorce or a contested divorce and satisfaction with the divorce agreement?
Comparing the results of mediated domestic relations cases
Authors: Orbeton Jane , Charbonneau Paul G.
Published: July 2007

Domestic relations cases mediated in a mandatory state program settle in mediation and receive uncontested court orders. Even cases not settling in mediation are likely to settle and not experience a contested trial.
The Child's input in the mediation process: Promoting the best interests of the child
Authors: Paquin Gary W.
Published: July 2007

A survey of public mediators in California shows that children are involved in the mediation process in a variety of ways.
Attorneys and mediation: From threat to opportunity
Authors: Melamed James
Published: July 2007

Has the playing field changed as a result of mediation? Can an old dog learn new tricks? But what if one is afraid to try something new? New statutes, new codes of ethics, new problems. What does it all mean for the practicing attorney?
Mediation and the unauthorized practice of law
Authors: Rogers Nancy H. , McEwen Craig A.
Published: July 2007

What actions have been taken against mediators who have crossed the line from giving information and assistance to giving advice and acting as a legal representative? What themes permeate court opinions on the unauthorized practice of law as it relates to mediation? What safeguards can be employed to avoid the unauthorized practice of law?
Mediator malpractice liability
Authors: Hufnagle Gracine
Published: July 2007

Maybe I can avoid the pitfall of the unauthorized practice of law, but don't hit me in my pocketbook where it really hurts. What has been the actual experience of the insurance companies who write malpractice policies for mediators? What is the potential exposure? What can be done to avoid a claim?
Guidelines for mediator/attorney cooperation
Authors: Leick Christine
Published: July 2007

What are the special problems encountered by an attorney who supports mediation but also has a duty to protect the client? What are appropriate guidelines to follow to ensure a cooperative relationship between professionals during the processing of the case? Can mediators learn to accept the fact that sometimes an attorney, in good conscience, must advise a client to pursue a different settlement option, even though it means upsetting “cooperative” negotiations?
Business valuations in a mediation setting
Authors: Thorsen Richard D. , McGill Dennis
Published: July 2007

What is the role of the neutral CPA who advises both couples in mediation about the value of a business asset? What guidelines should be implemented to ensure that the evaluator maintains neutrality? Why is it important for the mediator to understand the multiplicity of approaches when valuing a business?
Court‐ordered mediation in Florida
Authors: Talcott Bruce W.
Published: July 2007

What happens when one state decides to aggressively reduce its backlog by passing a comprehensive mandatory mediation statute for not just divorce but all civil matters? And most importantly, at the suggested court‐ordered rate of $125 per hour? Who partakes of the spoils?
Issue development in divorce mediation
Authors: Donohue William A. , Lyles Judith , Rogan Randall
Published: July 2007

Couples experiencing difficulty reaching agreement in mediation focus more on relationship issues; their mediators shy away from these issues and direct couples to discuss more factual issues.
A prospective study of the diagnostic accuracy of cytological criteria in the FNAB diagnosis of breast papillomas
Authors: Field Andrew , Mak Alison
Published: July 2007

Seventy‐four fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of breast were selected from the 133 cases with surgical biopsy follow up, from a total of 1,154 consecutive breast FNAB received in a 6‐month‐period. These 74 cases were reviewed and scored using all relevant cytological criteria for proliferative breast lesions used in our recent retrospective study, without reference to the original cytological and surgical biopsy diagnoses.

Of the 42 criteria scored, 13 had a statistically significant association between the cytology score and the presence or absence of a papilloma (PAP), and the sensitivities, specificities and positive predictive values (PPV) of these individual criteria, or a combination of criteria, were derived.

It was found that stellate and meshwork tissue fragments and papillary fragments were all highly specific (0.98) for the diagnosis of PAP, with meshwork fragments having the highest PPV (0.93). Stellate fragments (0.41) and papillary fragments (0.24) were less sensitive not only because they occurred less often, but also because they were present in smaller numbers. The presence of a proteinaceous background with macrophages and siderophages or a moderate to marked number of apocrine sheets were useful indicators only when coexisting with at least one of the above three features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:465–475. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyto‐histological correlations in primary, recurrent and metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma: The institut Curie's experience
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Caillaud Jean‐Michel , Orbach Daniel , Brisse Hervé , Lagacé Réal , Vielh Philippe , Couturier Jerôme , Fréneaux Paul , Theocharis Stamatios , Sastre‐Garau Xavier
Published: July 2007

To determine diagnostic cytomorphologic features of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) material, the cytologic material and corresponding histologic slides of 180 tumors obtained from 109 patients were reviewed. Fifty eight (32.2%) tumors were primary, 34 (18.9%) recurrent, and 88 (48.9%) metastatic. A review of original cytology reports revealed that 176 of 180 (97.8%) tumors were either diagnosed accurately or as round cell sarcoma, while 3 (1.7%) were reported as suspicious. In one case (0.5%), the material was unsatisfactory. No false negative samples were seen.

When FNA morphology was correlated with different histological subtypes, the alveolar subtype RMSs were more cellular than the nonalveolar ones (91.4% vs. 64.9%). Similarly, alveolar subtype RMSs compared with nonalveolar ones exhibited more rhabdomyoblastic cells (77.1% vs. 52.7%), alveolar structures (67.6% vs. 10.8%), giant, multinucleated cells (22.9% vs. 6.7%), mitotic figures (57.1% vs. 18.9%), and cyto‐nuclear atypia (77.1% vs. 43.2%). Inversely, spindle‐shaped cells were more frequently seen in nonalveolar versus alveolar RMSs (37.8% vs. 20.9%). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:482–487. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct‐to‐vial comparison of a new liquid‐based cytology system, liqui‐PREP™ versus the conventional Pap smear
Authors: Park Joonseok , Jung Eun‐Ha , Kim Changok , Choi Young Hee
Published: July 2007

The objective of the study was to assess the clinical utility of a liquid‐based cytology system on cervicovaginal screening in a clinical commercial laboratory.

Twenty‐six thousand, one hundred and seventy eight cervicovaginal specimens were prepared by the Liqui‐PREP™ (LGM International Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL) with a direct‐to‐vial comparison to 218,548 cases of the conventional direct smear from August 2005 through December 2005. Biopsy data was obtained to confirm the sensitivity for each method.

Liqui‐PREP™ showed a marked increase in HSIL+ detection compared to the conventional smear ( P = 0.001). The rate of LSIL and AGC detection was higher with Liqui‐PREP™ ( P equals; 0.001 for both). The percentage of ASCUS specimens was higher than with conventional smear due to cleaner slides and easier detection of suspicious cells. The WNL rate was lower for Liqui‐ PREP™ ( P = 0.001) consistent with increased HSIL+ and ASCUS. The unsatisfactory rate was lower for Liqui‐PREP™ ( P = 0.017). The histological predictive value of Liqui‐PREP™ was slightly higher than the conventional smear (94.1% versus 89.9%).

The Liqui‐PREP™ system similar to other reported LBC technologies shows an increased detection of squamous intraepithelial lesions, and gives higher‐quality slides for interpretation than the conventional smear. Histological results confirm that this increase in cytological findings are clinically significant. LGM's new LBC technology is a more sensitive screening tool when compared with the conventional smear. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:488–492. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathologic findings in “POEMS” syndrome associated with Castleman disease
Authors: Owens Christopher L. , Weir Edward G. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: July 2007

A 34‐year‐old man with a history of a scorpion bite followed by increasing polyneuropathy and IgG lambda monoclonal gammopathy was referred for fine‐needle aspiration of a lytic bone lesion and an enlarged axillary lymph node. The findings in the bone lesion were consistent with a plasmacytoma. The FNA of the lymph node showed a peculiar capillary proliferation in a background of polymorphous mature lymphocytes. Flow cytometric analysis showed a mixed lymphoid population. The lymph node was originally signed out descriptively, but review of the case showed features consistent with Castleman disease. After the pathologic findings and clinical features were discussed with the clinical team, the diagnosis of POEMS syndrome was established. Subsequent surgical excision of the lymph node was diagnosed as hyaline vascular‐variant Castleman disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:512–515. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition Metal(II)–Salen and –Salophen Macrocyclic Complexes for Rotaxane Formation: Syntheses and Crystal Structures
Authors: Narita Mamiko , Yoon Il , Aoyagi Masaru , Goto Midori , Shimizu Toshimi , Asakawa Masumi
Published: July 2007

We used a “threading‐followed‐by‐shrinking” approachto prepare [2]rotaxanes possessing nickel(II)–salen and–salophen moieties. Reactions of macrocycles incorporating salen and salophen moieties with secondary dialkylammonium salts, followed by the addition of aqueous sodium sulfate, afforded the corresponding pseudorotaxanes; subsequent addition of nickel acetate shrank the effective size of the macrocycles to give the respective [2]rotaxanes. We obtained a [2]rotaxane possessing a salen unit in remarkably high yields ― even in a polar solvent ― indicating that the “threading‐followed‐by‐shrinking” and “salen‐ring‐opening‐and‐closing” approaches occurred together. In addition, we expanded the “threading‐followed‐by‐shrinking” approach to prepare a [2]rotaxane and a bis[2]rotaxane comprising two palladium(II)–salophen moieties linked in a bismacrocycle and one and two secondary dialkylammonium salts, respectively. Furthermore, we prepared a tetraphenylporphyrin rhodium(III) chloride [Rh(TPP)Cl]‐stoppered [2]rotaxane comprising a palladium(II)–salophen macrocycle and a pyridyl‐terminated thread‐like ion coordinated to the rhodium(III) center, which has potential as a next‐generation molecular machine exhibiting catalytic function. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Sterically Demanding Iminopyridine Ligands
Authors: Irrgang Torsten , Keller Sandra , Maisel Heidi , Kretschmer Winfried , Kempe Rhett
Published: July 2007

Two sterically demanding iminopyridine ligands, (2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)[6‐(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene]amine and (2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)[6‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene]amine, were prepared by a two‐step process: first, condensation of 6‐bromopyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde with an equimolecular amount of 2,6‐diisopropylaniline, and second, Kumada‐type coupling of in‐situ‐formed Grignard compounds of 1‐bromo‐2,6‐dimethylphenyl and 1‐bromo‐2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl. Dichlorido complexes of the ligands were synthesized starting from FeCl2, [PdCl2(cod)], [NiCl2(dme)], and CoCl2 (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene, dme = dimethoxyethane). X‐ray crystal structure analyses of a Fe, Pd, and Co complex were determined. Ethylene polymerization/oligomerization behavior of the dichlorido complexes after activation with methylaluminoxane or triethylaluminum was studied. Ethylene dimerization selectivity greater than 95 % was observed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Reactivity of New Bis(tetramethylpiperidino)(phosphanyl)alumanes
Authors: Habereder Tassilo , Nöth Heinrich , Paine Robert T.
Published: July 2007

Syntheses for the new bis(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidino)(phosphanyl)alumanes, tmp2AlP(SiMe3)2, tmp2AlP(SnMe3)2 and (tmp2Al)2PPh are described along with spectroscopic characterization and X‐ray crystallographic structure determinations. In addition, the insertion reactions between tmp2AlP(SiMe3)2 and CO2, COS and CS2 are described and compared with the outcomes for CO2 insertion reactions with tmp2AlCl and tmp2AlMe. In the case of the amino‐phosphanyl‐alumane, the Al–P bond undergoes the insertion chemistry in contrast to Al–N bond insertions observed with tmp2AlCl and tmp2AlMe. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
H‐Point Standard Addition Method Applied to Voltammetry of Microparticles. Quantitation of Dyes in Pictorial Samples
Authors: Bosch‐Reig F. , Doménech‐Carbó A. , Doménech‐Carbó M. T. , Gimeno‐Adelantado J. V.
Published: July 2007

A solid‐state electrochemical application of the H‐point standard addition method (HPSAM) for quantifying two electroactive compounds, A, B, that produce strongly overlapped voltammetric peaks is described. It is based on peak current measurement in square‐wave voltammograms recorded for solid samples containing a reference compound R, upon additions of a A‐ (or B‐) containing standard compound. The method allows to the determination of the mass fraction of A and B by applying the H‐point standard addition method to solid state voltammetry. The quotients between the currents measured at two selected potentials and the peak current of R vary linearly with the mass ratio of the added standard and the reference compound, thus providing an electrochemical method for determining the content of A and B in the sample avoiding matrix effects. The method is applied to the simultaneous determination of alizarin and purpurin in madder pigments and pictorial specimens using morin as a reference material.
Global statistical analysis of MISR aerosol data: a massive data product from NASA's Terra satellite
Authors: Shi Tao , Cressie Noel
Published: July 2007

In climate models, aerosol forcing is the major source of uncertainty in climate forcing, over the industrial period. To reduce this uncertainty, instruments on satellites have been put in place to collect global data. However, missing and noisy observations impose considerable difficulties for scientists researching the global distribution of aerosols, aerosol transportation, and comparisons between satellite observations and global‐climate‐model outputs. In this paper, we fit a Spatial Mixed Effects (SME) statistical model to predict the missing values, denoise the observed values, and quantify the spatial‐prediction uncertainties. The computations associated with the SME model are linear scalable to the number of data points, which makes it feasible to process massive global satellite data. We apply the methodology, which is called Fixed Rank Kriging (FRK), to the level‐3 Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) dataset collected by NASA's Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument flying on the Terra satellite. Overall, our results were superior to those from non‐statistical methods and, importantly, FRK has an uncertainty measure associated with it that can be used for comparisons over different regions or at different time points. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil degradation in central Spain due to sheet water erosion by low‐intensity rainfall events
Authors: Marques M. J. , Bienes R. , Pérez‐Rodríguez R. , Jiménez L.
Published: July 2007

Runoff and sediment lost due to water erosion were recorded for 36 (1 m2) plots with varying types of vegetative cover located on sloping gypsiferous fields in the South of Madrid. 75% of the events had maximum 30‐minute intensity (I30) less than 10 mm h−1 in the period studied (1994–2005).

As for the vegetative cover, maximum correlation between runoff and soil loss was found in the least protected plots (0–40% cover) during the most intense rainfall events; however, a significant positive correlation was also observed in plots with greater coverage (40–60%). If coverage exceeded 60%, rainfall erosivity declined.

The average amount of sediment produced in high‐intensity events was significantly greater (approximately 7 g m−2 per I30 event >10 mm h−1) than that produced in the rest of the moderate‐intensity events (approximately 3 g m−2 per I30 event <10 mm h−1), but due to the high rate of occurrence of the latter throughout the year sediment loss during the period studied totaled 128 g m−2. By comparison, only 40 g m−2 was produced by the I30 events greater than 10 mm h−1.

Even though the amount of soil lost is relatively insignificant from a quantitative standpoint, the organic matter content lost in the sediment (six times more than in the soil) is a permanent loss that threatens the development of the surface of the soil in this area when the vegetative cover is less than 40%. The soil here experiences a chronic loss of 0·02 mm annually as a consequence of frequent, moderate events, in addition to any loss produced by extraordinary events, which, though less frequent, are much more erosive. If moderate events are ignored, an important part of soil loss will be lost in the long run. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of the essential oils of seven Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) species grown in Brazil
Authors: Silva Cleber J. , Barbosa Luiz C. A. , Maltha Célia R. A. , Pinheiro Antônio L. , Ismail Fyaz M. D.
Published: July 2007

The compositions of the essential oils obtained from seven species of Melaleuca grown in the municipal district of Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were analysed by both GC and GC–MS. The various Melaleuca species showed differences within their relative essential oil compositions. Each of the oils analysed revealed a dominant component: terpinen‐4‐ol (53.7 ± 0.2%) for M. alternifolia; 1,8‐cineole for M. armillaris (80.2 ± 0.0%), M. ericifolia (79.5 ± 0.4%), M. cajuputi, subspecies cajuputi (43.7 ± 0.5%) and M. cajuputi subspecies platyphylla (41.0 ± 8.5%); viridiflorol (71.0 ± 0.9%) for M. quinquenervia; and methyl eugenol (96.6 ± 0.7%) for M. leucadendra. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplication of the paternal IGF2 allele in trisomy 11 and elevated expression levels of IGF2 mRNA in congenital mesoblastic nephroma of the cellular or mixed type
Authors: Watanabe Naoki , Haruta Masayuki , Soejima Hidenobu , Fukushi Daisuke , Yokomori Kinji , Nakadate Hisaya , Okita Hajime , Hata Jun‐ich , Fukuzawa Masahiro , Kaneko Yasuhiko
Published: July 2007

In a metaphase comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization study of 13 congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) tumors, trisomy 11 was found in seven cellular or mixed type tumors, disomy 11 with other chromosome changes in two cellular type tumors, and no chromosome changes in four classical type tumors. Reverse‐transcription (RT)‐PCR analysis detected the ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion transcript in all eight cellular or mixed type tumors examined, but not in four classical type tumors. All seven tumors with trisomy 11 showed duplication of the paternal IGF2 allele, and six cellular or classical type tumors with disomy 11 showed one paternal and one maternal allele of IGF2, analyzing the methylation status of the sixth CTCF site of the H19‐differentially methylated region. Allelic expression study using the ApaI/AvaII polymorphism site at exon 9 of IGF2 showed retention of imprinting in all seven tumors examined. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis showed higher expression levels of IGF2 mRNA in three of three cellular type tumors with trisomy 11, in one cellular type tumor with disomy 11, and in three of four classical tumors than in fetal kidneys or normal kidney tissues. Thus, duplicated paternal IGF2 resulted in elevated IGF2 mRNA levels, and may provide CMN or its precursor cells with a proliferative advantage. The mechanism explaining that some cellular or classical type tumors with disomy 11 also showed elevated IGF2 mRNA levels remains unresolved. IGF2 clearly plays an important role in the tumorigenic process of CMN, although it is difficult to assess its exact role. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling groundwater levels in an urban coastal aquifer using artificial neural networks
Authors: Krishna B. , Satyaji Rao Y. R. , Vijaya T.
Published: July 2007

The prediction of groundwater levels in a basin is of immense importance for the management of groundwater resources, especially in coastal regions where the water table fluctuations are to be limited to avoid seawater intrusion. In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodology is presented to predict groundwater levels in individual wells with one month lead. Groundwater levels were also predicted in neighboring wells using model parameters from the best network of a well. This methodology is applied to an urban coastal aquifer in Andhra Pradesh state, India. The results suggest that the feed forward neural network with Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithm is a good choice for predicting groundwater levels in individual wells. Bayesian Regularization (BR) model parameters of Balaji Nagar well are also used successfully to predict groundwater levels in the study area. It was observed that the ANN‐based algorithms were a better choice for the prediction of groundwater levels with limited hydrological parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative quantum chemical study of the ruthenium catalyzed olefin metathesis
Authors: Piacenza M. , Hyla‐Kryspin I. , Grimme S.
Published: July 2007

The accurate quantum mechanical description of homogeneous catalysis involving transition‐metal complexes is a complicated and computationally demanding task. Hence, in this study the performance of different quantum chemical approaches with respect to the ruthenium catalyzed olefin metathesis of ethylene and RuCl2(PH3)2CH2 as a model system is investigated. All intermediates and transition states that are relevant for the rate determining steps of competing reaction mechanisms (associative and two dissociative pathways) are considered. Results from density functional theory calculations employing B‐P86, B97‐D, B3‐LYP, TPSSh, and B2‐PLYP functionals, as well as from MP2 and SCS‐MP2 perturbation theory are compared to reference values (relative and reaction energies) obtained at the QCISD(T) level of theory. In particular, the applicability of AO basis sets of increasing size ranging from double‐ζ to quadruple‐ζ quality is evaluated for representative methods. For some reaction steps, large basis set effects on the order of 10 kcal mol−1 (50% of Δ E) are observed. Double‐ζ type basis sets yield very unreliable results while properly polarized triple‐ζ sets provide reaction energies quite close to the basis set limit. The performance of recommended methods is B2‐PLYP>TPSSh>B‐86≈B97‐D>SCS‐MP2. The often used standard approaches B3‐LYP and MP2 provide overall the largest errors. The accurate QCISD(T) computations predict in conclusion (and in agreement with a recent other study) that for the model system considered, the dissociative trans pathway is favored over the dissociative cis pathway and also over the associative reaction mechanism. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Metastasis from a primary angiosarcoma of the scalp to the colon: Sonographic and CT findings
Authors: Fujii Yasutomo , Koibuchi‐Yamaoka Harumi , Taniguchi Nobuyuki , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Nagai Hideo
Published: July 2007

We report a case of metastasis to the colon from a primary angiosarcoma of the scalp in a 61‐year‐old Japanese man and describe the sonographic features and CT findings, with a brief discussion of the clinical and histopathologic findings. Although this entity is extremely rare, it should be considered when a patient with prior diagnosis of angiosarcoma in another organ has focal thickening with preserved compressibility of the wall of the colon. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Compression of left inferior vena cava: A form of nutcracker syndrome
Authors: Fitoz Suat , Yalcinkaya Fatos
Published: July 2007

Left renal vein hypertension has been described in the literature as a cause of persistant hematuria. We report a case of nutcracker syndrome with hematuria involving the left inferior vena cava diagnosed with Doppler sonography and MRI. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Can gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography differentiate between uterine leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma?
Authors: Exacoustos Caterina , Romanini Maria Elisabetta , Amadio Annalisa , Amoroso Concetta , Szabolcs Beata , Zupi Errico , Arduini Domenico
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the role of gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography to distinguish uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) from leiomyoma (LM).

Methods

We analyzed the preoperative gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings of 8 patients with LMS, 21 patients with cellular leiomyomas, and 3 patients with smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential and compared these findings to 225 patients with benign LM. All patients underwent myomectomy or hysterectomy. Number, size, echotexture, degenerative changes, and vascularity (central or peripheral; absent, mild, moderate, or marked) were recorded and correlated to the histologic findings

Results

LMSs were significantly larger than other uterine smooth muscle tumors. They were all solitary, and 7/8 lesions had a diameter ≥8 cm. Degenerative cystic changes were observed in 4 lesions, and increased peripheral and central vascularity was demonstrated in 7 lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of increased central and peripheral vascularity in the diagnosis of LMS were 100%, 86%, and 19%, respectively. Combining other sonographic findings with marked central vascularity, positive predictive value increased to 60%, but sensitivity decreased to 75%.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study suggest that the detection of hypervascularity in combination with other sonographic findings can identify suspicious uterine smooth muscle tumors that will require additional diagnostic evaluation before treatment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2007
Giant renal angiomyolipoma with fatal hemorrhage due to a large pseudoaneurysm
Authors: Gaikwad Anand B. , Madathil Mathews Baby , Kothari Abhaykumar S.
Published: July 2007

We report a case of giant renal angiomyolipoma (AML) with a large pseudoaneurysm causing fatal hemorrhage. A 60‐year‐old woman presented with right‐sided abdominal pain. Sonographic examination revealed a large hyperechoic renal mass. CT examination of the abdomen revealed a 15‐cm AML of the right kidney with a large hemorrhagic area within it. Subsequent color Doppler examination revealed a 2.9‐cm pseudoaneurysm arising from the upper segmental branch of the right renal artery. The patient, who was about to undergo transcatheter embolization of the pseudoaneurysm, died from cardio‐respiratory arrest. The autopsy findings confirmed a large right renal AML containing a thrombosed pseudoaneurysm and a large perinephric hematoma. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008
Zur Dehydrierung der gesättigten Fettsäuren I. Zur Frage nach der Bildung von Ölsäure aus Stearinsäure
Authors: Franke Wilhelm , Rügge Heinrich , Gäbelein Klaus
Published: July 2007

Die Überführung gesättigter Fettsäuren in ungesättigte ist ein Vor‐ gang, der sowohl vom rein chemischen wie vom biochemischen Stand‐ punkt aus erhebliches Interesse beansprucht, das vor allem durch die besonderen physikalischen Eigenschaften und die erhöhte chemische Reaktionsbereitschaft der ungesättigten Fettsäuren und ihrer Derivate bedingt ist. Trotzdem ist die Zahl der einschlägigen präparativen Untersuchungen heute noch recht gering.
Partielle asymmetrische Synthesen von Ephedrin‐Derivaten unter dem Einfluß von Seitenketten‐ und Kernsubstituenten. III. Mitt. Über die Umlagerung des N‐Acetyl‐d,l‐norephedrins in N‐Acetyl‐d,l‐pseudo‐norephedrin mit Thionylchlorid
Authors: Müller Horst K.
Published: July 2007

Die ausgeprägte Neigung der erythro‐Formen einiger Ephedrin‐Derivate, durch Walden'sche Umkehrung am C‐Atom 1 der Seitenkette in die threo‐Isomeren überzugehen, wird unter sehr verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen in der Literatur beschrieben1–5).

Obwohl in den letzten Jahren die Umlagerung ephedrinähnlicher Verbindungen mit Thionylchlorid häufig untersucht wurde, ist beim N‐Acetyl‐d,l‐norephedrin die Reaktionsfolge und deren sterischer Verlauf noch unaufgeklärt. Deshalb werden nachstehend die isolierbaren Zwischenprodukte dieser Umlagerung hinsichtlich ihrer Konstitution und Konfiguration beschrieben.
Über eine durch ihre Anionen katalysierte Umwandlung der Thiosäuren in Dithioacylale. Zur Kenntnis der Thiosäuren III
Authors: Behringer Hans , Grunwald Georg Friedrich
Published: July 2007

Aliphatische und aromatische Thiosäuren liefern in Gegenwart kleiner Mengen ihrer Alkali‐ oder quartären Ammoniumsalze Dithioacylale (I), Thiobenzoesäure auch mit Borfluorid. Die Reaktion scheint nicht über den den Dithioacylalen zugrundeliegenden Aldehyd zu verlaufen. Die Eigenschaften der Bis‐acylverbindungen von 1,1‐Dithiolen werden beschrieben.
Über vielwertige quartäre Ammoniumverbindungen V. Mitteilung. Einige Gallensäure‐Derivate
Authors: Lettré Hans , Scholtissek Christoph
Published: July 2007

Aus Desoxybiliansäure wurde über das 4‐Säuredimethylamid durch Reduktion mit LiAlH4 das 3,4‐Seco‐cholan‐3,12,24‐triol‐4‐dimethylamin und hieraus die quartäre Ammoniumverbindung erhalten. In Fortsetzung früherer Versuche gelang es, Desoxybiliansäure in das Tri‐säure‐dimethylamid und dieses durch Reduktion mit LiAlH4 in das dreiwertige Amin 3,4‐Seco‐3,4,24‐tri‐dimethylamino‐cholan‐12‐ol überzuführen. Hieraus wurde die dreiwertige quartäre Ammoniumverbindung 3,4‐Seco‐cholan‐12‐ol‐3,4,24‐tri‐trimethylammoniumjodid hergestellt. Analoge Reaktionsfolgen wie früher mit Desoxybiliansäure wurden mit Biliansäure durchgeführt. Biliansäure und Isobiliansäure wurden zu fünfwertigen Alkoholen, Isodesoxybiliansäure wurde zu einem vierwertigen Alkohol reduziert
Zur Konstitution der tetrameren Blausäure und ihrer Acyl‐Derivate
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Schmötzer Günter , Becher Hermann‐Josef
Published: July 2007

Durch vergleichende Untersuchungen der Infrarot‐Spektren der tetrameren Blausäure und ihrer Acylderivate wird, zusammen mit chemischen Umsetzungen, die Konstitution der Acylderivate bewiesen. Sie leiten sich von der Diamino‐maleinsäure‐dinitril‐Form der tetrameren Blausäure ab. – Es folgt eine theoretische Betrachtung zur Konstitution der tetrameren Blausäure.
Zum Mechanismus der Sommelet‐Reaktion
Authors: Franzen Volker
Published: July 2007

Bei der Sommelet‐Reaktion geht, wie Versuche mit C6H5·CD2·NH2 zeigen, ein Wasserstoffatom der neben der Aminogruppe stehenden CH2‐Gruppe als Hydrid‐ion auf den Wasserstoffakzeptor über. Die Reaktion wird durch komplexbildende Schwermetallkationen nicht katalysiert. Die Unterschiede zwischen der Sommelet‐Reaktion und den Reaktionen des Carbinol‐Carbonyl‐Gleichgewichts werden diskutiert.
2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐zucker durch katalytische Halbhydrierung von Amino‐, Arylamino‐ und Benzylamino‐nitrilen; D‐ und L‐Glucosamin. Aminozucker‐synthesen II
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Kirschenlohr Werner
Published: July 2007

Ausgehend von D‐ bzw. L‐ Arabinose wurden Amino‐, Arylamino‐ und Benzylamino‐nitrile dargestellt, deren katalytische Hydrierung zu D‐ bzw. zu dem noch unbekannten L‐Glucosamin‐hydrochlorid (70—75% d. Th.) führte. γ‐ und δ‐Hydroxy‐aldehyde lassen sich allgemein durch Hydrierung von γ‐ und δ‐Hydroxy‐nitrilen in saurer Lösung gewinnen. Die Arbeitsbedingungen für die Synthese von 2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐zuckern werden beschrieben und Betrachtungen über den Reaktionsmechanismus (Abfangen der Aldehydstufe durch die γ‐ bzw. δ‐ständigen Hydroxyle) angestellt.
D‐Galaktosamin aus D‐Lyxose. Aminozucker‐synthesen III
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Kirschenlohr Werner
Published: July 2007

Ein durch Umsetzung von D‐Lyxose mit NH3 und HCN leicht erhältliches Aminonitril läßt sich durch katalytische Halbhydrierung in D‐Galaktosamin‐hydrochlorid (64–70% d. Th.) verwandeln. Das N‐Benzyl‐D‐galaktosaminsäure‐nitril liefert unter denselben Bedingungen nicht den Aminozucker, sondern D‐Galaktosaminsäure. Das Benzylamino‐nitril ist offenbar im Gegensatz zum Amino‐ und zum Phenylamino‐nitril ein cyclisches Imino‐lacton (IR‐Spektrum).
Darstellung von N‐Acetyl‐lactosamin (4‐β‐D‐Galaktopyranosyl‐2‐desoxy‐2‐acetamino‐D‐glucopyranose) aus Lactose. Aminozucker‐synthesen IV
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Kirschenlohr Werner
Published: July 2007

Aus dem Anilid der 3‐β‐D‐Galaktopyranosyl‐D‐arabinose läßt sich durch Addition von Blausäure, katalytische Halbhydrierung und Acetylierung das N‐Acetyl‐lactosamin (4‐β‐D‐Galaktopyranosyl‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamin) in einer Ausbeute von 42% d. Th. gewinnen. Die synthetische Substanz ist mit dem aus Mekonium, aus Frauenmilch und aus dem Mucin des Schweinemagens erhaltenen Disaccharid identisch. Die Darstellung des genannten Anilids aus Lactose wird beschrieben.