bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulating levels of PCSK9, ANGPTL3 and Lp(a) in stage III breast cancers
Authors: Chong Émilie Wong , Joncas France-Hélène , Seidah Nabil G , Calon Frédéric , Diorio Caroline , Gangloff Anne
Published: March 2022

Background/ Synopsis: Cholesterol plays an important role in sustaining tumor growth and metastasis in a large variety of cancers. New and powerful cholesterol-lowering drugs are being used in combination to treat cardiovascular diseases. Thus, it becomes intuitive to verify whether these drugs could be combined to induce a cholesterol shortage sufficient to impede tumor progression. Circulating levels of the targets of a new generation of lipid-lowering drugs have not been fully investigated in cancers. Given that drugs directed against PCSK9 (evolocumab, alirocumab, inclisiran), ANGPTL3 (evinacumab) and Lp(a) (pelacarsen) are available, it becomes important to assess circulating levels of these drug targets and their role in cancers. Objective/Purpose: To compare circulating levels of PCSK9, ANGPTL3, and Lp(a) in women with stage III breast cancer versus women with premalignant or benign breast lesions. Methods: Twenty-three plasma samples from women diagnosed with a stage III breast cancer (ductal, lobular or mixed) were matched for age with twenty-three plasma samples from women bearing premalignant (stage 0, n=9) or benign (n= 14) breast lesions. The lipid profile (Apo B, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides levels) and Lp(a) were measured on a Roche Modular analytical platform, whereas LDL levels were calculated with the Friedewald formula. ANGPTL3 and PCSK9 plasma levels were quantitated by ELISA. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. Results: PCSK9 levels were significantly higher in women with stage III breast cancer compared to age-matched counterparts presenting a benign lesion (95.9 +/- 27.1 ng/mL vs. 78.5 +/- 19.3 ng/mL, p<0.05, n=14). Moreover, PCSK9 levels positively correlated with breast disease severity (benign, stage 0, stage III) (Rho=0.34, p<0.05, n=46). In contrast, ANGPTL3 and Lp(a) plasma levels did not display any association with breast disease status and lipids did not correlate with disease severity. Conclusion: In this cohort of 46 women, PCSK9 levels increased along with the severity of breast disease. Given that PCSK9 plays an important role in maintaining cholesterolemia and has been shown to degrade MHC-I on tumor cells, impeding immune T-cells response to tumors, the association between PCSK9 levels and breast disease severity needs to be further investigated in larger studies.
Dynamics of the Delta and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States: the battle of supremacy in the presence of vaccination, mask usage and antiviral treatment
Authors: Ngonghala Calistus N , Taboe Hemaho B , Gumel Abba B
Published: March 2022

The effectiveness of control interventions against COVID-19 is threatened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We present a mathematical model for studying the transmission dynamics of two of these variants (Delta and Omicron) in the United States, in the presence of vaccination, treatment of individuals with clinical symptoms of the disease and the use of face masks. Using current daily case data for COVID-19, we showed that the predominant Omicron variant can be eliminated if current control measures are maintained at their baseline levels. Vaccine-derived herd immunity can be achieved (so that the pandemic will be eliminated) if at least 68% of the population is fully-vaccinated. We showed that elimination is feasible by June 2022 if current baseline level of full vaccination coverage is increased by about 20%. The prospect of pandemic elimination is significantly improved if vaccination is combined with a face mask strategy that prioritizes moderately effective and high-quality masks. Having a high percentage of the populace wearing the moderately-effective surgical mask is more beneficial to the community than having low percentage of the populace wearing the highly-effective N95 masks. We showed that waning natural and vaccine-derived immunity (if considered individually) offer marginal impact on disease burden, except for the case when they wane at a much faster rate (e.g., within three months), in comparison to the baseline (estimated to be within 9 months to a year). Treatment of symptomatic individuals has marginal effect in reducing daily cases of SARS-CoV-2, in comparison to the baseline, but it has significant impact in reducing daily hospitalizations. Further, while treatment significantly reduces hospitalization, the prospects of COVID-19 elimination in the United States is more significantly enhanced if investments in control resources are focused on mask usage and vaccination rather than on treatment.
Hygiene Behavior and Its Influencing Factors among Primary School Children in Delanta District, North East Ethiopia
Authors: Yizengaw Habtie , Ebrahim Hussen , Wassihun Yitbarek , Walle Getaw
Published: March 2022

Background
Poor hygiene behaviours create a serious public health threat to school children. One of the major problems faced by school children are infections. The primary causes of infection are associated with poor water supply, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene behaviors, which can lead to decreased academic performance and increased likelihood of dropout; this, in turn, prevents children from attaining the numerous economic and health benefits associated with educational attainment. Thus, the study aims to assess hygiene behaviors and influencing factors among primary school children in Delanta District, North East Ethiopia, 2020.
Methods
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 primary school students of Delanta District, from February 1to29, 2020. The participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested interviewer administered structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics using frequency, proportion, and summary measures were done. Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were also done to identify independent variables associated with hygiene behaviors among primary school children. P value less than 0.05 and an adjusted odd ratio with 95% confidence interval noninclusive of one were considered as statistically significant.
Results
A total of 407 respondents were included with a response rate of 100%. The prevalence of positive hygiene behavior was 59.7%( 95% CI 54.6%, 64.1%). Out of the total respondents, 205 (50.4%) had knowledge on water handling practices whereas 236 (58%) of the respondents had knowledge on latrine utilization but 258 (63.4%) of the respondents did not know the proper hand washing practices. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, taking training on hygiene and sanitation (AOR 2.2; 95% CI 1.3, 3.6), having awareness on hand washing practices (AOR: 1.92, 95% CI (5.5, 15.7) and having knowledgeable on latrine utilization (AOR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.02, 2.67) demonstrated a statistically significant association with the hygiene behavior.
Conclusion
The overall findings revealed that the students had adequate knowledge on water handling and latrine utilization but poor knowledge on hand washing practices and a greater number of school children did not aware on water handling and hand washing practices. Therefore, focused strategies should be designed on promoting knowledge of school children on toilet use and hand washing practices.
Triage and Outcomes for a Whole Cohort of Patients Presenting for Major Emergency Abdominal Surgery Including the No-LAP Population: A Prospective Single-Center Observational Study
Authors: Ebrahim Mohamed , Lauritsen Morten Laksáfoss , Cihoric Mirjana , Hilsted Karen Lisa , Foss Nicolai Bang
Published: March 2022

Background:Clinical outcomes for patients with an indication for major emergency abdominal surgery, who do not proceed to the operating room, are not well characterised in the existing literature. Triage criteria may vary between centres, which could significantly impact reported postoperative outcomes. Methods:We aimed to characterise the entire population presenting with an indication for acute high-risk abdominal surgery, including patients not proceeding to surgery, in a prospective observational single-center study in a high-volume Danish center. In all, 252 consecutive patients presenting with acute surgical abdominal pathology, where major emergent abdominal surgery was indicated, were prospectively included from 15th October 2020 to 15th August 2021.Results:Overall, 21 patients (8.3%) of our total study cohort did not proceed to surgery. These patients were significantly older, more comorbid with higher ASA scores, poor performance status, and were more likely to have bowel ischemia. Poor functional performance and surgeons’ consideration of futile intervention were the main reasons for the decision not to operate in all 21 patients. Overall, 30-day mortality was 95% for the No-LAP cohort, 9% for the LAP cohort, and 16% for the whole cohort respectively. Thus, indicating the No-LAP group selection as one of the main determinants of overall outcome and postoperative reported outcome. Conclusions: There is a need for prospective international multi-center studies to characterise the entire cohort of patients eligible for emergency laparotomy including the No-LAP population, as large variations in triage criteria and culture seem to exist.Trial registration: Retrospectively registered.
Variability in Platelet-Rich Plasma Preparations Used in Regenerative Medicine: A Systematic Review.
Authors: Tey Raghvendra , Joshi Vivek , Haldankar Pallavi , Raj Rishi , Maradi Ravindra
Published: March 2022

Background
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and its derivatives are used in several aesthetic, dental, and musculoskeletal procedures. Their efficacy is primarily due to the release of various growth factors (GF), interleukins, cytokines, and white blood cells. However, the PRP preparation methods are highly variable, and studies lack consistency in reporting complete procedures to prepare PRP and characterize PRP and its derivatives. Also, all the tissue-specific (in vivo and in vitro) interactions and functional properties of the various derivatives/factors of the PRP have not been taken into consideration by any study so far. This creates a potential space for further standardization of the PRP preparation methods and customization of PRP/PRP derivatives targeted at tissue-specific/pathology specific requirements that would enable efficacious and widely acceptable usage of PRP as main therapy, rather than being used as adjuvant therapy. The main objective of our study was to investigate the variability in PRP preparation methods and to analyze their efficacy and reliability.
Method
This study considered articles published in the last 5 years, highlighting the variability in their PRP preparation methods and characterization of PRP. Following the PRISMA protocol, we selected 12 articles for the study. The selected articles were assessed using NHLBI quality assessment tool.
Results
We noted differences in 1) approaches in producing PRP, 2) extent of characterization of PRP, 3) small scale and large-scale preparation methods, 4) in vitro and in vivo studies.
Conclusion
We identified two studies describing the procedures which are simple, reproducible, economical, provide a good yield of platelets, and therefore can be considered methods for further tissue-specific and pathology-specific standardizations of PRP and its derivatives. We recommend further randomized studies to understand the full therapeutic potential of the constituents of PRP and its derivatives.
Fish microbiomes 101: disentangling the rules governing marine fish mucosal microbiomes across 101 species
Authors: Minich Jeremiah , Härer Andreas , Vechinski Joseph , Frable Benjamin , Skelton Zachary , Kunselman Emily , Shane Mike , Perry Daniela , Gonzalez Antonio , McDonald Daniel , Knight Rob , Michael Todd , Allen Eric
Published: March 2022

Fish are the most diverse and widely distributed vertebrates, yet little is known about the microbial ecology of fishes nor the biological and environmental factors that influence the fish microbiome. The microbiota from 101 species of Southern California marine fishes, spanning 22 orders, 55 families, and 83 genera representing ~ 25% of local marine fish diversity, was analyzed to identify patterns that explain microbial diversity patterns in a geographical subset of marine fish biodiversity. We compared fish microbiomes (gill, skin, midgut, and hindgut) using alpha, beta, and gamma diversity along with establishing a novel method to estimate microbial biomass (Qiime2 plugin katharoseq). For oceanic fishes from the neritic zone, host size and distance from shore were negatively associated with microbial biomass densities and diversity in the gills. Body site was the strongest driver for beta diversity with strong evidence of phylosymbiosis observed across the gill, skin, and hindgut, but not midgut. The majority of microbes from all fish body sites were of unknown origin but overall sea water generally contributes more microbes to fish mucus compared to marine sediment. In a meta-analysis of vertebrate hindguts (569 species), mammals had the highest gamma diversity when controlling for host species number while fishes had the highest percent of unique microbial taxa (92%). In fishes, the midgut, gill, and skin contains the majority of microbial diversity which collectively can be 5.5 times higher than the hindgut. The composite dataset will be useful to vertebrate microbiome researchers and fish biologists interested in microbial ecology with applications in aquaculture and fisheries management.
Exosomal circ-RBM23 sponging miR-139-5p to promote liver regeneration through RRM2/AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: li ting , fu yu , guo zeyi , zhu honglei , liao hangyu , niu xiaoge , zhou lin , fu shunjun , li shao , wang lujia , zheng yizhou , pan mingxin , gao yi , he guolin
Published: March 2022

Background
Exosomes are small nano-size membrane vesicles and are involved in intercellular interaction. Here, we examined if exosomes obtained from human placental stem cells promote liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.
Methods
Exosomes generated from primary human placental-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) were isolated and characterized. Cell co-culture model was used to clarify whether exosomes can induce hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. Partial hepatectomy mouse model was used to evaluate whether exosomes can promote hepatocytes proliferation in vivo.
Results
Our results demonstrated that human placental-derived stem cells exosomes (hPMSCs-exo) can induce hepatocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, exosomal circ-RBM23 served as a ceRNA (competing endogenous RNAs) for miR-139-5p, regulated RRM2 and accelerated proliferation through AKT/mTOR pathways. Ablation of circ-RBM23 suppressed the pro-proliferative effect of exosomes.
Conclusions
The hPMSCs exosomal circ-RBM23 stimulated cell proliferation and liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy by a ceRNA network mechanism. Our findings highlight a potential novel therapeutic avenue for liver regeneration.
Spinal Nerve Block and Recovery after Spinal Anesthesia in Frail Patients - a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Lee Tzu-Ling , Chung Shih-Chieh , Su Yi-Kai , Chen Tzu-Shan , Lam Chen-Fuh
Published: March 2022

Background: Frailty in surgical patients is associated with significantly higher incidences of perioperative mortality and complications. Although neuraxial anesthesia is preferable alternative to general anesthesia in frail patients, it remains undetermined whether the pharmacodynamic profiles of local anesthetics used in intrathecal spinal nerve blocks are altered in this population.Methods: This prospective observational cohort study recruited 62 patients scheduled for operations that were able to be performed under spinal anesthesia between April 22 to June 30, 2020 in our hospitals. Levels of dermatome blockage after spinal anesthesia and the recovery of spinal nerve sensory and motor function were recorded.Results: The prevalence of frailty in patients receiving spinal anesthesia in this study was 25.8%. Compared with non-frail patients, frail patients were significantly older, had a higher proportion of females, and tolerated less intense metabolic equivalent activities. The pre-surgical incision sensory blockage levels were not different between frail and non-frail patients following intrathecal administration of similar dose of bupivacaine. Time intervals to pain sensation at surgical sites (sensory recovery) and voluntary knee flexion (motor recovery) were also similar between the frail and non-frail groups. But, frail patients were associated with more episodes of hypotension and required more vasopressors during operations.Conclusion: Our study illustrates that bupivacaine sensitivity in spinal nerve blocks is not significantly affected by frailty. However, special attention should be paid to correct intraoperative hypotension after spinal anesthesia in frail patients.
Assessment of the Economic and Energetic Potential of Residues from the Green Coconut Industry
Authors: Romão Débora , Santana Jr. Claudio , Brito Mateus , Scapin Elisandra , Pedroza Marcelo , Rambo Michele , Rambo Magale
Published: March 2022

This work uses new waste feedstock, essential to increase the range of new biomasses, demonstrating experimentally and numerically the economic potential of coconut husk residues to produce renewable biofuels (pyrolytic oil and biochar) through slow pyrolysis. The samples were submitted to a pyrolysis process (500 ºC for 30 min, with a heating rate of 20 ºC min-1, using water vapor as carrier gas), where the biochar and bio-oil yields reached were 31 and 30%, respectively. The main components found in bio-oil were furfural (29.23%), phenol (22.18%), and isoeugenol (10.26%). The surface area values (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Langmuir) found for biochar were greater than 300 m2 g-1 and a micropore volume of 0.11 cm3 g-1. The estimated theoretical energy potential of biochar and bio-oil were 208,107,180 MJ and 190,205,438 MJ, equivalent to 3,729,518.4 tons of coconut husks. Thus, this study brings as a novelty a new feedstock associated with bioprocess technological models that will pave sustainable avenues for the development of biorefineries, offering a sustainable green option to produce bioproducts and bioenergy. In the proposed model, the wastes are valorized using various processes addressing economy.
Exploring Factors Leading to Customer Loyalty to Fashion Brands: A Case Study of Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors:   Chinhoyi University of Technology, Ndlovu Nomagugu , Dandira Tarirai ,   Senior  Lecturer, Chinhoyi University of Technology., Chimbindi Felisia ,   Senior Lecturer, Chinhoyi University of Technology
Published: March 2022

The study sought to analyze the factors that lead to customer loyalty to fashion brands in Harare, Zimbabwe. The study made use of a qualitative research approach. Data was collected using unstructured interviews and focus group discussions from five managers and ten fashion consumers for five fashion retail shops in Harare selected through the purposive sampling technique. Findings were analyzed thematically. The findings reflected that customer loyalty to fashion brands was mostly influenced by economic conditions such as inflation, wages, market interest rates, demographics, customer satisfaction, decrease in disposable income and buying power. Strategies such as product promotions and provision of flexible hire purchase facilities among other suggestions emerged from the findings as ways to improve customer loyalty and viability of the fashion business. The study recommends fashion retailers to formulate a fashion retailer’s board responsible for organizing forums to discuss issues regarding customer brand loyalty and fashion retail business improvement. The study findings helped to develop a model that may help in improving fashion products consumption and customer loyalty.
Radon concentration measurement and effective dose assessment in drinking groundwater for the adult population in the surrounding area of a thermal power plant
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Kumar Pankaj , Agrawal Anshu , Sahoo B. K.
Published: March 2022

Radon in the household water collected from hand pumps is measured using a continuous radon monitor. Water samples are collected from 25 villages from the surrounding regions of the National Capital Power Cooperation (NTPC), Dadri. The radon concentration ranges from 17±1 to 68±3 Bql−1 with a mean value of 33±13 Bql−1. The measured radon concentration in all collected samples lies well within the limit of 100 Bql−1as set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean values of the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radon and due to the inhalation of radon released from water are 84±33 and 167±65 μSvy−1, respectively. In addition, the mean values of estimated total annual effective doses are found to be 167±65 μSvy−1. The mean value of total annual effective doses is found to be higher than the reference dose level of 100 μSvy−1 recommended by the WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The mean values of effective doses per annum to the lungs and stomach are 9.9±3.9 and 10.1±3.9 μSv, respectively.
La esclavitud y el legado cultural de África en el Caribe
Authors: Creus Jacint , Belmonte Postigo José Luis , Puig Samper Miguel Ángel , García Rodríguez Mercedes , Meneses Muro María Elena , Fernández Prieto Leida , Almanza Hernández Roberto , Fernández Chaves Manuel F. , González Ripoll Loles , Santamaría Antonio , Barcia Zequeira María del Carmen , Naranjo Orovio Consuelo , Martín Eduardo , Méndez Rodríguez Luis , Pérez García Rafael M. , Herrera Jerez Miriam , Gómez Alejandro , Hevia Lanier Oilda , Moïse Myriam , Elías Caro Jorge Enrique , Liano Dante
Published: March 2022

El propósito de esta obra es dar a conocer a un público amplio uno de los fenómenos de mayor trascendencia y vergüenza para la humanidad como fue la esclavización de más de doce millones y medio de africanos que fueron trasladados a América, obligados a trabajar y vivir como esclavos. Muchos países participaron en la trata de esclavos en distintos momentos y con diferente intensidad (Gran Bretaña, Portugal, Francia, España, Dinamarca, Países Bajos, Alemania, Estados Unidos...). El proceso de esclavización produjo la invisibilización de los pueblos y de las culturas, reducidas bajo términos como africanos, esclavos o negros. La esclavitud y su memoria ha provocado a lo largo de los siglos una estigmatización de quienes fueron esclavos y en ocasiones también de sus descendientes. Las diferencias físicas superficiales como el color de la piel, que no genéticas, de las poblaciones procedentes de África contribuyeron a fortalecer las ideas sobre las distancias construidas entre las poblaciones (superioridad/inferioridad; civilizado/bárbaro; civilizado/salvaje) que justificaron la esclavitud y posteriormente la exclusión y el racismo.
Contratos inteligentes: un análisis teórico desde la autonomía privada en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano
Authors: Fuentes Blanco Edgar Andrés
Published: March 2022

Los contratos inteligentes pueden definirse como protocolos computacionales que aseguran la ejecución de prestaciones de manera automática, reduciendo los riesgos de incumplimiento de las partes, anulando la intermediación de terceros y garantizando la seguridad suficiente para impedir que los extremos de un contrato modifiquen arbitrariamente las cláusulas desfavorables o impidan la ejecución de las prestaciones incómodas. No obstante, a pesar del entusiasmo que han provocado los contratos inteligentes, estos también han incitado muchas inquietudes, en especial para la ciencia del derecho, pues si bien su aplicación promete revolucionar las relaciones de los sectores industriales modernos y las relaciones entre particulares, también han generado cuestionamientos sobre su validez, naturaleza jurídica, libertad negocial, disciplina normativa, coherencia con el derecho privado, interpretación y posibilidad de revisión judicial, entre otros temas que requieren respuesta por parte de la doctrina jurídica. Con el propósito de contribuir a la temática desde el punto de vista jurídico, el presente libro describe las características técnicas y funcionales de los contratos inteligentes, su naturaleza jurídica, función económica, sus principios y elementos constitutivos, así como el alcance y los límites que tiene la autonomía privada para su celebración y ejecución bajo el amparo del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano.
Reminiscencias en recovecos samarios
Authors: Lacera Rúa Armando Alfredo
Published: March 2022

De la mano diestra de Armando Lacera Rúa nos trasladamos a la Santa Marta de mediados del siglo XX. Ya aquí, van apareciendo con gran vivacidad rincones, calles y lugares de grata recordación, ya desaparecidos, que Lacera conserva en su memoria ajenos al paso demoledor de los años. Así, podemos visitar las conocidas Tiendas de Chinos que fueron verdaderos centros del quehacer intelectual samario y presenciar los debates punzantes entre los intelectuales de la época que allí se daban cita al calor de las partidas de dominó. De aquí nos trasladamos a los campitos de fútbol de Pescaíto y a todo lo que fuera el germen y desarrollo de la pasión samaria: el fútbol. Y opuesto al quehacer intelectual y deportivo, recorremos con nostalgia el barrio El Ancón; para luego adentrarnos en la famosa y bulliciosa Calle de las Piedras y recrear su actividad comercial, hotelera y de prostitución con sus bares y cantinas. Son varios los temas que completan esta compilación de imágenes de recovecos samarios que con pleno vigor y de forma amena nos presenta el autor. Imágenes con las que los sobrevivientes de tiempos idos pueden solazarse en sus recuerdos y, quienes aún no existían, tienen hoy un completo cuadro de la otrora Santa Marta.
Pharmacological Chemistry and Biomedical Implications of Chemical
Ingredients from Parthenium hysterophorus
Authors: Jaiswal Jyotsna , Singh Nitika , Gupta Vivek Kumar , Doharey Pawan Kumar , Siddiqi Nikhat Jamal , Sharma Bechan
Published: March 2022

Parthenium hysterophorus L. belonging to the family Asteraceae is a noxious weed in-festation with allelopathic effects with its lower economic value. It poses a serious risk to its sur-roundings. The presence of oils, polyphenols, flavones, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, pseudoguai-anolides, and histamines in P. hysterophorus makes it important and beneficial due to its medicinal properties. This review article is focused on the history, geographical distribution, chemical compo-sition, and molecular structure of some phytochemicals and ethanopharmacological aspects of P. hysterophorus. The harmful effects of this weed have also been included. The information avail-able from the existing literature revealed that P. hysterophorus is rich in various phytochemicals with different pharmacological activities. However, the complete analysis of different phytoconstit-uents isolated from P. hysterophorus and their specific properties are not fully understood. The spo-radic information published in some journals suggests that this plant could be exploited to develop new drugs against certain diseases, including cancer, HIV-1 infection, and immunological disorders. The structure and mode of action of some compounds such as parthenin and stigmasterol were also discussed. Though the current information on P. hysterophorus indicates the ethnopharmacological implications of extracts of this plant, more systematic and extensive studies are still required to properly understand the contribution of its specific chemical constituents responsible for their vari-ous medicinal properties.
In Vitro Investigation of Potential Pepsin Inhibitors: New Perspectives for
the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Salvio Riccardo , Leoni Luca , Damiani Valerio
Published: March 2022

Background:

In patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Desease (GERD), the digestive enzyme
pepsin can reach the esophagus and extraesophageal sites and cause damage with inflammation
and other tedious symptoms.

Methods:

In this work, a number of biocompatible, non-toxic, and hypoallergenic compounds were
tested in vitro as pepsin inhibitors. The residual enzyme activity in the presence of the investigated
compounds was measured through a convenient and reliable UV-vis method based on the cleavage of
hemoglobin. This method is applicable even if the investigated additives are scarcely soluble in water
and the test mixtures are dispersions rather than solutions.

Results:

A few negatively charged saccharides showed the highest effect among the investigated compounds.
The inhibitory activity of pepstatin and lovastatin was also tested with the same method in a
wide range of concentrations. These compounds turned out to be effective even if present in extremely
low amounts. A docking/molecular dynamic investigation providesuseful insights into the binding site
and the mechanism of action of pepstatin as an inactivating agent toward pepsin.

Conclusion:

In particular, the computational study indicates that the binding with this compound significantly
increases the mobility of the active site residues and prevents them from cooperating in the reactive
event.
Activity of Fosfomycin against the Spectrum of Uropathogens Causing
Cystitis
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Mohapatra Sarita , Pius Aswin , Sharma Rohini , Khan M.A. , Kumar Nikhil , Chakrawarty Avinash , Vishwakarma Vishal Kumar , Nischal Neeraj , Ranjan Piyush , Soneja Manish , Wig Naveet
Published: March 2022

Background:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent bacterial infections
commonly seen in females. A high degree of antimicrobial resistance in uropathogens has challenged
the use of therapeutic agents. Fosfomycin, which is an old antibiotic with distinctive characteristics,
seems to be a promising novel therapeutic agent with a good bactericidal activity towards multi-drug
resistant (MDR) uropathogens.

Objective:

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity of fosfomycin
among uropathogens causing cystitis.

Methods:

The study was carried out between 2017-2018. A total of 2060 UTI suspects from outpatient
departments (OPDs) and inpatient departments (IPDs) were screened. Out of 2060 screened patients,
1658 were IPD patients, and 402 were OPD patients. The patient’s midstream urine samples were collected
aseptically and processed according to standard protocols. The frequency of extendedspectrum-
beta lactamases (ESBLs) producer and carbapenem resistance were estimated, respectively.
Cultures with significant growth of uropathogens were identified, and minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) to fosfomycin was determined by agar dilution (AD) and by E-test methods.

Results:

184 out of 2060 (8.9%) urine samples showed significant growth of uropathogens. Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli (UPEC) (64%, 118/184) was found to be the most isolated uropathogen.
Among these Gram-negative uropathogens, 80% were ESBLs producers, 43.2% were carbapenemresistant,
and 78% isolates were found to be MDR. The fosfomycin susceptibility for UPEC was 95%
by the AD method.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that fosfomycin is reasonably effective and can be used in the
treatment of MDR uropathogens along with uncomplicated UTIs.
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Adipose and Liver Fatty Acid Composition and
mRNA Expression Involved in Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat-Fed Rats
Authors: Sato Daisuke , Nakamura Takao , Amarume Jota , Yano Mizuna , Umehara Yuta , Nishina Atsuyoshi , Tsutsumi Kazuhiko , Feng Zhonggang , Kusunoki Masataka
Published: March 2022

Background:

SGLT2 inhibitor enhances not only glucose excretion but also fatty acid utilization. Those facts suggest that SGLT2 inhibitor affects fat accumulation and lipid storage.

Objective:

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of dapagliflozin on fatty acid composition and gene expression involved in fatty acid metabolism in rat adipose and liver tissues.

Methods:

We administered 1 mg/kg/day dapagliflozin for 7 weeks to male high-fat-fed rats (DAPA group), and then weights and 22 fatty acid contents in the epididymal (EPI), mesenteric (MES), retroperitoneal (RET), and subcutaneous (SUB) adipose tissues, and the liver were compared with the vehicle-administered control group.

Results:

In the EPI, RET, and SUB in the DAPA group, contents of several fatty acids were lower (P<0.05) than those in the control group, while no significant difference was detected in tissue weight. In the MES, tissue weight and a wide variety of fatty acid contents, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, were lower (P<0.05). As for the liver tissue, no significant difference was observed in fatty acid contents between the groups. mRNA expression of Srebp1c in EPI was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the DAPA group than in the control group, while Scd1 expression in the liver was lower (P<0.01).

Conclusion:

These results suggest that dapagliflozin might suppress lipid accumulation especially in the MES, and could reduce contents of fatty acids not in the liver but in adipose tissues in high-fat-fed rats. In addition, dapagliflozin could influence mRNA expression involved in lipogenesis in the EPI and liver.
Research Development of Centroid Deviation Type Spherical Robot
Authors: Jiang Jingang , Zhang Yi , Song Shichang , Sun Jianpeng , Wu Dianhao
Published: March 2022

Background:

With the continuous development of science and technology, more and
more human work has been replaced by robots because robots can do many jobs that human beings
are not competent for. At present, researchers pay more and more attention to a new type of robot,
the spherical robot. The most widely used spherical robot is the centroid deviation spherical robot.
This paper mainly introduces the driving mode and structure of the spherical robot with centroid
deviation.

Objective:

This paper explores the classification, development, advantages, and disadvantages of the
driving modes of the spherical robot with centroid deviation.

Methods:

This paper reviews various products and patents related to centroid deviation spherical
robot. This paper also introduces the structural characteristics, differences, and applications of the
existing spherical robots with centroid deviation.

Results:

This paper compares and analyzes various spherical robots with centroid deviation, and
their typical characteristics are summarized. This paper analyzes the main problems existing in various
structures of the spherical robot, looks forward to the development trend of spherical robot, and
discusses the research status and future of products and patents of the spherical robot.

Conclusion:

According to different driving modes, the spherical robot with centroid deviation can
be divided into single pendulum drive, double pendulum drive, trolley drive, rolling body drive, and
multi mass block drive. Among them, single pendulum drive, trolley drive, and rolling element
drive are the most studied. At present, the structures of products and patents are similar, and the research
direction has shifted from innovation to optimization.
The Motivation Competencies That Count Most: An Online International Study
Authors: Epstein Robert , Ho Megan E. , Scandalis Zoë , Ginther Anna
Published: March 2022

Background:

With an online sample of 8,349 people from 123 countries (74.9% from the U.S., Canada, and India), a new test was used to rank eight motivation-related competencies according to how well they predicted desirable, self-reported outcomes. Each of the competencies was derived from empirical studies showing that such competencies were associated with higher levels of motivation. The competencies were: Maintains Healthy Lifestyle, Makes Commitments, Manages Environment, Manages Rewards, Manages Stress, Manages Thoughts, Monitors Behavior, and Sets Goals.

Objective:

The study was conducted to identify and prioritize competencies that are associated with higher levels of motivation.

Methods:

A “concurrent study design” was used to assess predictive validity, which was suggested by a strong association between test scores and self-reported answers to criterion questions about levels of motivation, life satisfaction, and professional success. Regression analyses were conducted to prioritize the competencies. Demographic analyses were also conducted.

Results:

The findings support the value of motivation training; test scores were higher for people who had received such training and were positively correlated with the number of training hours accrued. Effects were found for education, race and age, but no male/female difference was found. Regression analyses pointed to the importance of two of the eight competencies in particular: Sets Goals and Manages Thoughts.

Conclusion:

The study supports the view that motivation competencies can be measured and trained and that they are predictive of desirable motivational outcomes.
Bioinspired Nanostructured Materials for Energy-Related Electrocatalysis
Authors: Rajkumar M.
Published: March 2022

Conventional synthetic methods are facing great challenges to prepare functional nanostructures with fine design, tunable property, high efficiency and good sustainability. In recent decades, bioinspired synthesis has been extensively applied for the synthesis of nanomaterials with fascinating properties. Modifying the electrodes with bioinspired nanomaterials is of great interest because of their unique advantages and outperforming characteristics. In this chapter, the recent progresses on the bio-inspired synthesis of nanomaterials and their applications in energy-related electrocatalysis are focussed. The general mechanisms of key electrocatalytic processes such as oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), methanol oxidation and formic acid oxidation reactions are discussed. Importantly, the characterization of bio-inspired nanomaterials and their enhanced energy-relevant electrocatalytic properties in terms of onset potential, peak current density and durability are elaborately reviewed. The chapter is concluded with the advantages and limitations of bioinspired methodology and the possible solutions to improve the electrocatalytic performance in the future.
Bio-Mediated Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Murugadoss G.
Published: March 2022

Preparation of nanomaterials using bio-mediated techniques is a novel and environmentally friendly method. It has been well demonstrated that the environment friendly green synthesis method is more adoptable for synthesis of various type of nanoparticles including metal oxide and metal sulphide-based compounds, nanocomposites, core-shell and quantum dots (QDs) for several applications. This chapter mainly discusses on the bio-mediated synthesis of the nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) applications. In addition, this chapter briefly discusses about synthesis of the nanomaterials using various plant extracts and then how it can be used as photoanode or photocathode or sensitizer in DSSCs. It also highlights how the nanoparticles influence in improving the photovoltaic performance.
The Performance Study of CIGS Solar Cell by SCAPS-1D Simulator
Authors: Shukla V.
Published: March 2022

Abstract: The reference structure was simulated by SCAPS-1D simulator. The simulation result showed the effect of CIGS thickness, band gap and effect of EBR on the cell performance. From the simulation it could be seen that all parameters were sharply affected below CIGS thickness of 1000 nm due to increase of recombination velocity at back contact and poor absorption. Open circuit voltage was improved by CIGS thickness and band gap. Reference structure showed 18.78% efficiency after simulation with CIGS thickness of 3000 nm and band gap of 1.15 eV. The back electron reflector (EBR) had been inserted to reduce the effect of back contact recombination. With EBR cell performance was significantly improved. The proposed structure showed 19.30% efficiency with CIGS thickness of 1000 nm.
Ionization Potentials of Nucleic Acid Intercalators
Authors: Satish D.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Nucleic acid based electronic devices have attracted particular interest over the past two decades due to its ability of long-range charge transport and self-assembly. The π-π interactions of the stacked bases are believed to be responsible for the long-range charge transport. The insertion of intercalators could alter electronic structure of the host nucleic acids which may influence the charge transport through the nucleic acid. The influence of intercalators on charge transport through the host nucleic acids largely depends on ionization potentials of the intercalators. Therefore, in this work we intend to determine vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials of the nucleic acid intercalators by using density functional theory calculations using Gaussian 16 package. We also explore the role of solvent and discuss the significance of ionization potential values in comparison with the ionization potential values of nucleic acid bases. Ionization Potential values of these intercalators range from 7.67 eV to 11.12 eV and 4.5 eV to 6.46 eV in vacuum and aqueous medium, respectively. Daunomycin is found to have lowest ionization potential value in vacuum as well as in aqueous medium. On the other hand, Proflavine (Anthraquinone) has highest ionization potential value in vacuum (aqueous medium). Non-planar intercalators exhibit distinct vertical and adiabatic ionization potential values and decrease drastically upon solvation.
Exploiting Reducing Ability of DMF For Assembled Gold Nanostructures
Authors: Rajput H.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. We explore stable assembly of gold NPs in single step process by introducing a simple chemical synthesis in which pH changed gold precursor is added to dimethylformamide solution at RT. The redox chemistry of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been effectively utilized in the formation of surfactant free, small chain metal NPs networks (plasmonic oligomers) via molecular dipolar coupling. Kinetic absorption / TEM images illustrate gold nanocrystals formation, their inter-particle coupling as a function of pH as well as with DMF-Water ratio. Sub-nano gap inter-particle coupling b/w spherical/anisotropic Au NPs is seen through arising of new LSPR hump in NIR region. 1-D organized gold nanocrystals are formed when pH modified metal precursor is added to refluxed (80 0C) DMF: Water mixture. The inter-particle coupling provides unique strategy can promote complex sub-wavelength optical waveguides and nanophotonic devices.
Role of Plasma-Induced Liquid Chemistry for the Reduction Mechanism of Silver Ions to form Silver Nanostructures
Authors: Patel J.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. There exists a variety of reports on the synthesis of silver nanostructures by plasma-liquid interactions; however seldom are those that discusses the underlying reaction kinetics. The present study focuses in such direction where the role of plasma-induced chemistry has been analysed in detail with the reports on the influence of radicals on the formation of silver nanostructures. The silver nanostructures are synthesized from various precursor concentrations of silver and characterized byultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Further, experiments have been carried out to clarify the role of reductants in silver nanostructures synthesis. It is found that hydrogen peroxide is unable to reduce the silver ions to silver atoms which is a necessary step to produce silver nanostructures. The addition of organic solvents such as methanol and ethanol has been found to enhance the production rate of silver nanostructures which indicates that methanol and ethanol are strong electron donors affecting the reduction process of silver ions. In order to probe the exact reaction mechanism for silver nanostructures synthesis, iodine has been used as hydrogen radical scavenger along with silver precursor solutions; however, it has been observed that addition of iodine ions generates a favourable condition for the reduction of silver ions. The ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy results indicate the existence of small clusters of silver ions and silver iodide and further transmission electron microscopy characterization suggests that a well-dispersed silver nanoparticles of less than 30 nm in size have been formed. The lattice spacing calculation from transmission electron microscopy images suggests the presence of crystallinity of the particles. Overall, it is found that there are two possible ways for the reduction mechanism of silver nanostructures: either via hydrated electrons or hydrogen radicals or both.
Operationalizing Human Security in Contemporary Operating Environment
Authors: Anning Stephen
Published: March 2022

On November 24, 2021, Mr. Stephen Anning presented on Operationalizing Human Security in Contemporary Operating Environment at the 2021 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. The key points of discussion included the concept of human security, the differences between interstate and intrastate conflict, the challenges of understanding human security, and how operationalizing human security can address some of those challenges. The presentation was followed by a question and answer period with questions from the audience and CASIS Vancouver executives.
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM MATERI ELEKTROPLATING MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DAN KETERAMPILAN BERFIKIR KRITIS SISWA
Authors: Triastuti Eny
Published: March 2022

Tujuan  penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran berbasis STEM pada materi pokok elektroplating terhadap pemahaman konsep dan keterampilan berfikir kritis siswa. Penelitian pendahuluan menemukan bahwa pembelajaran yang digunakan di SMA Negeri 1 Yogyakarta belum berorientasi pada keterampilan abad ke-21 yaitu melatihkan keterampilan berpikir kritis, kreatif, kerjasama, dan komunikasi. Siswa dipersiapkan tidak hanya untuk melanjutkan pendidikan ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi, tetapi harus bisa menyelesaikan tantangan dan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian pre-Experimen Design dengan metode One-Group Pretest Posttest Design menurut Sugiyono (2018:74). Desain penelitian ini adalah One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design yaitu diberi perlakuan pretest sebelum diberi perlakuan agar hasil perlakuan dapat diketahui. Uji validitas isi (content validity) untuk instrumen penelitian berupa angket variabel diperoleh melalui pendapat ahli (expert judgment) yaitu pakar ahli dari Widya Iswara PPPPTK IPA sebagai pakar ahli model pembelajaran dan materi instrumen untuk menelaah instrumen penilaian berfikir kritis siswa. Implementasi pembelajaran berbasis STEM pada materi pokok elektroplating dapat disimpulkan bahwa Model Pembelajaran STEM PJBL pada topik materi  electroplating  dapat meningkatan keterampilan berfikir kritis siswa melalui lima tahapan belajar yaitu refleksion, reseach, discovery, aplication, dan communication serta meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa  dengan nilai rata-rata pre-posttest  61,19 menjadi 90 dengan skor N gain sebesar 0,74 dengan kategori tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh positif pembelajaran berbasis STEM materi elektroplating  terhadap keterampilan berfikir kritis dengan skor nilai 2,66 dari rentang 1-3  atau  88,50.