bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective Roles of Lauric Acid and Resveratrol: Shared Benefits in Neuroinflammation and Anxiety, Distinct Effects on Memory Enhancement
Authors: Kisioglu Betul , Onal Esra , Karabulut Derya , Onbasilar Ilyas , Akyol Asli
Published: October 2024

Neuroinflammation can be triggered by a high‐fat/high‐fructose diet (HFFD), and CD36 may be an underlying mechanism. Lauric acid (LA), the major fatty acid in coconut oil, and resveratrol, the plant‐based polyphenolic compound, may exert anti‐inflammatory effects. Therefore, this study investigated the possible effects of LA and resveratrol on diet‐induced neuroinflammation and CD36. Healthy male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks of age, n = 31) were fed a control diet (10%kcal fat) or diets containing high fat (60%kcal fat) and fructose (5% w/v fructose drinking water) for 6 weeks, ad libitum. Supplemented to the HFFD, mice daily received resveratrol (7.5 mg/kg) (HFFD‐RSV) or LA (750 mg/kg) (HFFD‐LA). At the end of the study, HFFD resulted in anxiety‐like behavior, reduced locomotor activity, neuroinflammation (increased brain GFAP, IL‐6, MCP‐1, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α), and systemic inflammation (increased plasma GFAP, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, IL‐12p70, reduced plasma IL‐10). HFFD‐RSV and HFFD‐LA alleviated HFFD‐induced anxiety‐like behavior, neuroinflammation, and systemic inflammation. HFFD‐LA improved memory. Brain and plasma CD36 levels were increased by HFFD and reduced by HFFD‐RSV or HFFD‐LA. Dietary resveratrol and LA intake may alleviate HFFD‐induced neuroinflammation, systemic inflammation, and anxiety‐like behavior and improve memory, as CD36 may be an underlying mechanism.
Influence of the Blends of Sheep's and Goat's Milk on the Functional Properties and Volatile Compounds of Lighvan Cheese During Ripening: A Comparative Study
Authors: Saremnezhad Solmaz , Soltani Mostafa , Tekin Ali , Kanmaz Hilal , Sahingil Didem , Kaya Büşra , Gökçe Yasemin , Hayaloglu Ali Adnan
Published: October 2024

In this study, the influence of different ratios of sheep's to goat's milk (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) on the content of functional metabolites and volatiles in Lighvan cheese throughout ripening was investigated. The samples were ripened under brine for 90 days and assessed in terms of variations in chemical composition, proteolysis, angiotensin‐converting enzyme, α‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities, antioxidant power, total free amino acids, gamma amino butyric acid, free fatty acids, and volatile compounds. Results showed that by increasing the proportion of goat's milk, the samples exhibited higher antioxidant effect and inhibition of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme during ripening. After 90 days, an increase in α‐glucosidase and a slight decrease in α‐amylase inhibitory activities were observed in Lighvan cheese samples that were produced with 50%, 75% and 100% of goat's milk. In contrast, higher contents of sheep's milk led to a significant increase in the concentration of esters, terpenes and alcohols and a slight increase in gamma‐aminobutyric acid. The highest concentration of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was observed in the cheese prepared with 100% raw sheep's milk after 90 days of ripening. The results revealed the possibility of making a functional white‐brined cheese by monitoring the type and ratio of the used milk and ripening time.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Dysphagia Rehabilitation With an Adjustable Resistance Training Device in Laryngectomized Individuals
Authors: Neijman Marise , Hilgers Frans J. M. , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. , van Son Rob J. J. H. , Stuiver Martijn M. , van der Molen Lisette
Published: October 2024

Background

This study investigated long‐term outcomes of dysphagia rehabilitation with an adjustable resistance training device (Swallowing Exercise Aid, SEA2.0) in laryngectomized individuals.

Methods

Seventeen laryngectomized participants who participated in a Clinical Phase II Trial were reevaluated at T3 (approximately 6 months after T2), including an interview, PROMS, oral intake, and swallowing capacity. Results of T3 were compared with the earlier time points T0 (baseline), T1 (after 6 weeks of training), and T2 (after 8 weeks of rest).

Results

All outcomes at T3 remained improved compared to T0. Compared to findings at T2, participants reported some deterioration in swallowing at T3. Swallowing capacity and oral intake slightly decreased. Swallowing‐related quality of life slightly improved.

Conclusions

Benefits of swallowing rehabilitation with the SEA2.0 in laryngectomized individuals are still noticeable long term. The need for continued exercising to fully maintain improved function is likely, but the required intensity and extent should be determined in further research.
Meta‐analysis of the comparison of laparoscopic pectopexy and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Xiao Tingwei , Du Junxiao , Geng Jianfang , Li Lei
Published: October 2024

Background

The effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic pectopexy (LP) in the treatment of female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) have recently gained significant interest.

Objective

This study aimed to compare the outcomes and effectiveness of LP and laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC).

Search Strategy

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, and CNKI. No language restrictions were applied in the search. The search encompassed the entire period from the inception of the respective databases to April 2023.

Selection Criteria and Data Collection

All randomized controlled trials and comparative studies were included. A cumulative analysis was conducted on 10 studies, accounting for 15% of the overall research pool. The sample sizes of these studies were 760. Two researchers independently evaluated the eligibility of the studies, collected the relevant data, and evaluated their potential bias.

Main Results

Compared with LSC, the average operation time for LP in the simple surgery group was shorter (standardized mean difference [SMD] –2.14, 95% CI –2.68 to −1.60, P < 0.001). The average bleeding volume was lower (SMD –3.17, 95% CI –5.22 to −1.12, P = 0.002), the postoperative indwelling catheterization time was shorter (SMD –0.35, 95% CI –0.67 to −0.02, P = 0.040), and there were fewer total postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% CI 0.30–0.94, P = 0.030). In terms of effectiveness, the LP group had fewer postoperative prolapse recurrences than the LSC group (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14–0.77, P = 0.010).

Conclusion

LP demonstrates a comparable surgical efficacy to LSC. However, the surgical safety of LP is significantly improved. These findings should be validated by including additional randomized controlled trials.
Adenomyosis: A potential cause of surgical failure in treating dyspareunia in rectovaginal septum endometriosis
Authors: Mercorio Antonio , Della Corte Luigi , Dell'Aquila Michela , Pacella Daniela , Bifulco Giuseppe , Giampaolino Pierluigi
Published: October 2024

Objective

Dyspareunia can severely impact the quality of life of patients with endometriosis. This symptom is often linked to a specific form of deep infiltrating endometriosis, such as rectovaginal septum endometriosis. Despite the radicality of surgery, persistence and recurrence of symptoms post‐surgery are not uncommon. The aim of the present study was to determine whether adenomyosis contributes to the failure of surgical interventions for dyspareunia in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective single‐cohort study was conducted at the at tertiary care gynecologic center of the University Federico II of Naples, using medical records from January 2020 to July 2023. The study included patients who underwent surgery for dyspareunia associated with rectovaginal endometriosis and had a definitive histologic diagnosis. Pain and sexual quality of life were assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and the sexual quality of life‐female (SQoL‐F) questionnaire, both before and 6 months after surgery. Patients with isolated rectovaginal endometriosis were compared to those with concurrent adenomyosis.

Results

A total of 94 patients were included: thirty‐five in group A (endometriosis with adenomyosis) and 59 in group B (isolated rectovaginal endometriosis). Histology confirmed deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) in all patients. Clinical characteristics such as age, BMI, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility, showed no significant differences between the groups. Multiparity was more common in group A (20%) compared to group B (5.1%) (P < 0.001). Pain VAS scores decreased significantly in both groups: from 7.11 to 5.40 in group A and from 7.34 to 3.31 in group B (both P < 0.001). Sexual quality of life (SQoL) scores improved significantly: from 42 to 57 in group A and from 41 to 66 in group B (both P < 0.001). Patients in group B showed a more significant improvement. Adjusted linear regression showed no significant association between parity and the severity of dyspareunia or sexual quality of life.

Conclusion

Adenomyosis appears to reduce the effectiveness of surgical treatment for dyspareunia in patients with rectovaginal septum endometriosis. Comprehensive preoperative screening for adenomyosis is recommended to improve surgical outcomes and provide appropriate counseling. Future research should further explore the impact of adenomyosis on dyspareunia and the potential benefits of adjunctive medical therapies.
“I don't feel fully prepared”: a qualitative study of recently graduated students' mental health experiences of the transition out of university
Authors: Magier Megan J. , Law Madelyn , Martini Tanya , Pennisi Sarah , Lucibello Kristen M. , Patte Karen A.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This study aimed to better understand the mental health experiences of students as they prepared to transition out of university.

Participants

Participants included 18 recently graduated students from a Canadian university.

Methods

Virtual one‐on‐one semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted and analyzed following the protocol for content analysis and using QSR NVivo.

Results

Four main themes were identified, including: distress and feelings of doubt, the importance of connections, the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and experiences with mental health service use. Participants discussed feeling pressured to succeed and a fear of failure, uncertainty and unpreparedness for next steps, the importance of connections to peers and professors, a lack of motivation and feeling ‘unfinished’ due to the COVID‐19 pandemic response, and the need for flexible and accessible mental health services to address immediate and longer‐term needs.

Conclusion

Results have implications for better support of students as they prepare for graduation.
Assessment of Optical Attenuation and Skin Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Chen Minghui , Shen Yue , Zhu Jianguo , Su Tingwei , Zhang Yifei , Wang Weiqing , Chen Chang , Zhou Lin
Published: October 2024

Diabetes management often involves invasive blood glucose monitoring, which can be uncomfortable for patients. Non‐invasive techniques like multiple μ‐spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (mμSORS) offer a promising alternative. To provide clinical data supporting mμSORS, we conducted a clinical trial with 198 participants to evaluate mμSORS for non‐invasive blood glucose measurement. Using Optical Coherence Tomography, we studied skin thickness and optical attenuation in 172 diabetic and 26 healthy subjects. Results showed thicker stratum corneum and stratum spinosum (SS) in diabetics. Epidermal thickness increased with age and body mass index (BMI), decreased with skin brightness, and varied minimally with gender. Optical attenuation in SS was lower in diabetics, decreased with increasing a*, and was minimally affected by gender and BMI but increased with age in the upper dermis. These findings support mμSORS for accurate non‐invasive glucose monitoring.
CXCR4 up‐regulation mediated by USP1 deubiquitination promotes the tumorigenesis and immune escape in esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma
Authors: Xiao Liang , Xu Haixia , Li Meixiang , Lin Lin , Zhu Yan
Published: October 2024

CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and ubiquitin specific protease 1 (USP1) have been reported to involve in the tumorigenesis of esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma (ESCC). Here, we investigated whether USP1 induced CXCR4 deubiquitination in regulating ESCC progression. MTT assay, 5‐ethynyl‐2'‐deoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry, transwell assay and ELISA analysis were used to detect cell oncogenic phenotypes, macrophage phenotypes, inflammatory cytokines production, the cytotoxicity of cytokine‐induced killer (CIK) cells and CD8 + T cell apoptosis. Protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation assay. Cellular ubiquitination detected the ubiquitination effect on CXCR4. A mouse xenograft model was established for in vivo experiments. CXCR4 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and cells. Functionally, CXCR4 silencing suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, CXCR4 deficiency suppressed cancer cell immune escape by suppressing macrophage M2 polarization, elevating inflammatory cytokines produced by PBMCs, enhancing the cytotoxicity of CIK cells, and suppressing CD8 + T cell apoptosis. A high USP1 expression was observed in ESCC, USP1 interacted with CXCR4 and enhanced its protein stability through deubiquitination. USP1 silencing suppressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and immune escape, which were reversed by CXCR4 overexpression. In vivo assay showed that USP1 deficiency impeded tumor growth by regulating CXCR4. Besides, fused in sarcoma (FUS) was confirmed to bind to USP1 and stabilized its mRNA expression, and could regulate CXCR4 via USP1. In conclusion, USP1 stabilized CXCR4 by removing ubiquitination on CXCR4, thereby promoting ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and immune escape in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo.
Metabolic Compensation Associated With Digestion in Response to the Latitudinal Thermal Environment Across Populations of the Prairie Lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)
Authors: Haussmann Benjamin D. , Hegdahl Tiffany R. , Robbins Travis R.
Published: October 2024

Environmental temperatures directly affect physiological rates in ectotherms by constraining the possible body temperatures they can achieve, with physiological processes slowing as temperatures decrease and accelerating as temperatures increase. As environmental constraints increase, as they do northward along the latitudinal thermal gradient, organisms must adapt to compensate for the slower physiological processes or decreased opportunity time. Evolving faster general metabolic rates is one adaptive response posited by the metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) hypothesis. Here we test the MCA hypothesis by examining metabolism of prairie lizard populations across the latitudinal thermal gradient. Our results show that populations from cooler environments have higher standard metabolic rates (SMRs), but these are explained by associated larger body sizes. However, metabolic rates of fed, postprandial individuals (MRFed) and metabolic energy allocated to digestion (MRΔ) were highest in the population from the coldest environment after accounting for the effect of body size. Our results suggest cold‐adapted populations compensate for lower temperatures and shorter activity periods by increasing metabolic rates associated with physiological processes and thus support the MCA hypothesis. When examining energy expenditure, metabolic rates of individuals in a postprandial state (MRFed) may be more ecologically relevant than those in a postabsorptive state (SMR) and give a better picture of energy use in ectotherm populations.
Nutrition support in children discharged from the pediatric intensive care unit: A bi‐national prospective cohort study (ePICUre)
Authors: Winderlich Jacinta , Little Bridget , Oberender Felix , Bollard Tessa , Farrell Tamara , Jenkins Samantha , Landorf Emma , McCall Andrea , Menzies Jessica , O'Brien Katie , Rowe Carla , Sim Kirsten , van der Wilk Melanie , Woodgate Jemma , Paul Eldho , Udy Andrew A. , Ridley Emma J.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

The role of nutrition in the recovery of critically ill children has not been investigated and current nutrition provision in the post‐pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) period is unknown. The primary objective of this study was to describe ward nutrition support in children following PICU discharge.

Methods

Children up to 18 years admitted to one of nine PICUs over a 2‐week period with a length of stay >48 h were enrolled. Data were collected on the first full ward day following PICU discharge and on Days 7, 14, 21, and 28 following PICU admission. Data points included oral intake, enteral (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) support, and oral and EN energy and protein provision.

Results

Among the 108 children, on the first full ward day 75/108 (69%) children received EN, 54/108 (50%) oral intake, and 8/108 (7%) PN. Of those receiving oral nutrition only on the first full ward day (25/108; 23%), 9/25 (36%) received <50% of their estimated energy and protein requirements. Of those provided EN only, and where nutrition targets were known, on the first full ward day 8/46 (17%) and 7/46 (15%) met <75% of their estimated energy and protein requirements, respectively. On Day 28, this increased to 4/12 (33%) and 5/12 (42%).

Conclusions

In this study of ward‐based nutrition support, key findings included consistent use of EN and PN up to at least 28 days following PICU admission, and a high proportion of children receiving EN or oral intake only not meeting their estimated energy and protein requirements.
Using at least 20% medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty is associated with improved patient‐reported outcome measures across all knee arthroplasty patients
Authors: Møller Julie Kristine Steen , Bunyoz Kristine Ifigenia , Henkel Cecilie , Bredgaard Jensen Christian , Gromov Kirill , Troelsen Anders
Published: October 2024

Purpose

To investigate the impact of orthopaedic surgeons' arthroplasty distributions on patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) following knee arthroplasty, thus addressing the gap in knowledge regarding the optimal distribution of arthroplasties.

Methods

2256 knee arthroplasties were included (total knee arthroplasty [TKA] or unicompartmental knee arthroplasty [UKA]). All were conducted at a single centre between August 2016 and August 2022 with a minimum of 1‐year follow‐up. The Oxford Knee Score (OKS), the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) and the Activity and Participation Questionnaire (APQ) were assessed preoperatively, and at 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were categorized based on the surgeons' yearly surgeries: (1) TKA only, (2) TKA+ <20% medial UKA, (3) TKA+ ≥20% medial UKA and (4) TKA+ ≥20% medial UKA + lateral UKA + patellofemoral UKA. Linear regression models adjusted for demographic variables and preoperative PROM scores were used to estimate changes in mean PROM scores.

Results

Group 4 showed significantly higher improvements in PROM scores at 3 and 12 months compared to Group 1. In the 12‐month adjusted analysis, Group 4 had 1.9 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–2.8) higher OKS‐, 7.0 points (95% CI: 3.9–10.2) higher FJS‐ and 8.3 points (95% CI: 4.8–11.8) higher APQ‐change than Group 1. There were no significant differences between Groups 1 and 2, nor any clinically relevant differences between Groups 3 and 4. Additionally, the percentage of patients who achieved excellent OKS (>41) was significantly higher in Groups 3 + 4 compared to Groups 1 + 2 (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Despite limitations, the findings of this study suggest that utilizing ≥20% medial UKA leads to greater postoperative improvements in PROM across all treated knee arthroplasty patients.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Health and Reflux Management: Insights from a Tertiary Medical Center
Authors: Osafo Neil K. , Bock Jonathan M. , Blumin Joel H. , Adams Jazzmyne A. , Friedland David , Luo Jake
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To assess the correlation of social determinants of health (SDOH) with the general care patterns related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Determine correlation of SDOH on utilization rates for medication, reflux testing and surgical intervention for patients diagnosed with reflux. Describe overall care patterns for gastroesophageal reflux disease care at a tertiary academic facility.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Patient demographics (age, sex, race, ethnicity, and insurance status) were extracted for adults diagnosed with reflux between 2009 and 2019. Odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between sociodemographic factors and reflux treatment pathways were determined by chi‐square analyses.

Results

A total of 143,786 patients were evaluated during the study period with a diagnosis code of reflux. A subgroup of 40,754 patients had objective reflux testing including Bravo, dual pH‐impedance, manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and esophagram, but no significant difference in utilization rates was found. A total of 239 patients who failed medical management underwent fundoplication. White (OR 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.56–3.70) and female (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05–1.79) patients were more likely to undergo fundoplication than Black (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.25–0.70) and male (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.95) patients. Patients with private insurance (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.23–2.04) were more likely to undergo fundoplication than those with public insurance (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.50–0.84). Male patients were less likely to undergo fundoplication (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49–0.98) among patients evaluated for reflux with EGD.

Conclusions

SDOH correlate with patterns of reflux evaluation and management at our tertiary care center.

Level of Evidence

IV Laryngoscope, 2024
Designing a Nasal Lining‐Framework Complex for Reconstructing Total Nasal Defects
Authors: Yu Bao‐Fu , Wei Shu‐Yi , Chen Xiao‐Xue , Wang Zi , Zhu Hai‐Jun , Zhang You‐Lai , Liu Jia , He Jin‐Guang , Dai Chuang‐Chang , Wei Jiao
Published: October 2024

Objective

To validate the feasibility of an innovative nasal lining‐framework complex (NLFC) for reconstructing total nasal defects.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

This NLFC is composed of forearm flap and support framework. Twenty‐four patients were followed up for a minimum of 17 months in 5 centers. Patients' medical history data were retrospectively analyzed. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of surgeons and patients was used to evaluate the aesthetic effects and self‐satisfaction. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire and Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire were used for functional assessment.

Results

Reconstruction surgeries were all successfully completed. The flaps healed well in all patients, and there were no signs of ischemic necrosis. The healing time of the wound was 10 to 14 days, except for 1 case with infection. The nasal lining was reconstructed and no significant contracture was observed. The average VAS of surgeons was 4.29 ± 0.69 (range 3‐5). The mean VAS score of patients was 3.75 ± 0.79 (range 2‐5). There was a significant positive correlation between patients' and surgeons' VAS scores (P = .007, r = .5355). The results of the NOSE questionnaire showed that all patients had no obvious ventilation restriction, and only 3 patients mildly felt that the nasal inspirations were slightly insufficient during exercise or exertion. The mean ROE of the patients was 21 ± 1.96 (range 18‐25).

Conclusion

This NLFC is suitable for total nasal reconstruction, which can provide effective support to prevent flap collapse and retraction and ensure good nasal ventilation.

Level of Evidence

Level IV, therapeutic study.
A deep learning model optimized by Bayesian Optimization with Hyperband for fast prediction of the elastic properties of 3D tubular braided composites at different temperatures
Authors: Zhang Yuyang , Li Huimin , Ge Lei , Zheng Lei , Tang Zijia , Zhao Fei
Published: October 2024

Three dimensional (3D) tubular braided composites are widely used in various industries due to their excellent mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics. However, traditional numerical and experimental methods face challenges in predicting mechanical properties quickly and accurately due to factors such as ambient temperature, component materials, and geometric parameters. To address this issue, this paper combines deep neural networks (DNN) and two‐scale finite element analysis to accelerate the solution speed. The dataset is first obtained through a two‐scale finite element model with temperature based on micro‐CT. Then, the mapping model of macroscopic compression elastic properties and the influencing factors of material properties is established by DNN and Bayesian Optimization with Hyperband (BOHB) hyperparameter optimization algorithm. The rapid prediction of axial compression elastic properties of 3D tubular braided composites under different ambient temperatures, component materials, porosities, braiding angles and fiber volume contents is achieved. Finally, the accuracy of the predicted results of the constructed model is verified by experiments.

Highlights

A BOHB optimized deep learning model coupled with a finite element framework is proposed

Fast prediction of elastic properties of 3D tubular braided composites at different temperatures

The accuracy of the prediction results of the constructed model is verified by experiments
Predictors of Poststroke Fatigue in Stroke Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Asran Alshimaa , Orabi Marwa , Elshamly Samir , Negm Mohamed , Osama Ahmed
Published: October 2024

Poststroke fatigue (PSF) is a common, underestimated sequel of stroke that affects the quality of life of patients. In this study, the authors investigate the prevalence of PSF in three equal groups: control, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke patients. Some of the multidimensional factors that predict PSF are examined, and the implications for improvement of stroke management are highlighted.
What Is the Relationship Between Social Cognition and PTSD?
Authors: Wiseman Chantelle
Published: October 2024

PTSD is a disorder caused by trauma, but trauma does not explain fully why some individuals develop PTSD and others do not. Difficulties in social cognition (the ability to recognize the emotions, actions and intentions in oneself and others) have been hypothesized as a risk factor for PTSD. However, trauma exposure and PTSD have also been suggested to impair social cognition. This article explores the evidence for the relationship between social cognition and PTSD and also addresses areas for further research.
Peak Experience and the Insula in Health and Illness
Authors: Nicholson Simon
Published: October 2024

Three major neural networks exist in the human central nervous system—the executive function network, the default mode network and the salience network. A key component of the latter is the insula. The insula and associated structures is implicated in peak experiences such as romantic love, profound spirituality and engagement with the arts which can impart to those experiencing them a sublime sense of connection with something beyond themselves which helps give their lives meaning. This mental state can also occur in rare neuropsychiatric disorders; here, Dr Nicholson explores the research.
Crystal Evolution of Amorphous Poly(lactic acid) During Simultaneous Multi‐step Tensile Deformation and Annealing
Authors: Kajornprai Todsapol , Sringam Jiradet , Seejuntuek Anucha , Kaewsuwan Dechmongkhon , Kamonsutthipaijit Nuntaporn , Chio‐Srichan Sirinart , Suppakarn Nitinat , Trongsatitkul Tatiya
Published: October 2024

The cold‐crystallization and crystal evolution of amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are analyzed during multistep tensile deformation and annealing at 70°C using in situ synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) measurements. The 2D‐WAXS diffraction pattern reveals that the PLA crystalline structure forms perpendicular to the draw direction. The annealing process lets to a rearrangement of the crystalline structure, while the stretching causes crystal contraction. Both WAXS and FTIR analyses confirm that the crystals developed through stretching and annealing are in the α′‐form. The crystallinity of PLA increases with higher deformation strains and longer annealing times. The orientation degree of both crystalline and amorphous phases of PLA, as indicated by the Hermans orientation factor and dichroic ratio of 956 cm−1 band (evaluated by WAXS and polarized FTIR analysis, respectively) also increase. The enhanced cold‐crystallization ability of PLA is attributed to the synergistic effect of tensile deformation and annealing, rather than either technique alone. The unusual crystallization phenomenon observed during multistep tensile deformation coupled with annealing provides valuable insights into the crystallization and crystal evolution of PLA.
Suicide in Gynecological and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Simonetti Alessio , Ferrara Ottavia Marianna , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Bernardi Evelina , Restaino Antonio , Moccia Lorenzo , Camardese Giovanni , Mazza Marianna , Scambia Giovanni , Sani Gabriele
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Depression and suicide rates are high among cancer sufferers. Women with breast and gynecological cancer show high levels of distress, depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, and anxiety. Understanding suicide rates and risk factors in this population would represent a viable tool in planning tailored, prevention strategies. The objective of this study was to estimate suicide rate and identify the determinants of suicide risk in women with breast and other gynecologic cancer.

Methods

A systematic research was performed in PubMed and PsycINFO from anytime to September 26, 2023. The following search strategy was used: (Gynaecol* OR Gynecolog*) AND (cancer OR tumor OR tumor OR neoplas* OR malignan*) AND suicid*. In this review, we adhered to PRISMA statement.

Results

Nine papers met inclusion criteria. Women with breast or gynecological cancers showed higher suicide rates compared to the general population. Ovarian cancer was associated with higher suicide risk and suicidal ideation compared to other gynecological cancers. The extent of surgical demolition was positively associated with both. Psychological factors, such as self‐perceived burden and alexithymia, might also influence suicidal thinking.

Conclusions

Women with breast and gynecological cancer are at high risk of suicide. Intervention aimed to reduce burden related to psychological factors might help reducing such risk.
Dyspnea and nocturnal cough due to esophageal diffuse leiomyomatosis in a girl with hematuria
Authors: Park Sun Woo , Lee Minjeong , Kang Hee Gyung , Moon Jin Soo , Kim Hyun‐Young , Park Ji Soo
Published: October 2024

A 7‐year‐old girl with hematuria and clinical suspicion of Alport syndrome (AS) presented with dyspnea and nocturnal cough, initially diagnosed and treated as asthma. Despite inhaled corticosteroid therapy, her symptoms persisted, and spirometry indicated obstructive lung function without bronchodilator response. Chest CT revealed diffuse thickening of the esophageal wall, tracheal compression, with involvement of the gastric cardia, suggestive of diffuse leiomyomatosis. Subsequent genetic reanalysis confirmed the presence of a contiguous deletion of COL4A5 and COL4A6 genes, solidifying the diagnosis of AS. Diffuse leiomyomatosis, a rare benign neoplasm associated with AS, typically manifests as dysphagia, but in this case, it presented initially with asthma‐like symptoms. This case emphasizes the importance of imaging when asthma treatment fails, particularly in patients with coexisting conditions of another system.
Local Regulation of Mitochondrial Respiratory for Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy and Breaking Chemoresistance in Hypoxia
Authors: Huang Baoxuan , Zhu Mengting , Cui Zepeng , Chen Suwen , Huang Gang , Tian Jia , Zhang Weian
Published: October 2024

The hypoxic condition in solid tumors induces therapy resistance, limited therapeutic efficacy, and tumor recurrence, especially for chemotherapy and aerobic photodynamic therapy (PDT). To address this matter, an O2 regulator (SNP@Ato) is designed for breaking chemoresistance and enhancing PDT, which is constructed by loading Atovaquone (Ato) through self‐assembly and host‐guest interaction between β‐cyclodextrin functionalized tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP‐CD4) and thioketal‐linked camptothecin/azobenzene (Azo‐TK‐CPT). Specifically, the porphyrin units in SNP@Ato are in “Off state” due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect between the porphyrin units and azobenzene. After encountering the hypoxic condition in solid tumors, SNP@Ato is dissociated by the cleaved azobenzene on account of over‐expressed azo‐reductase. Then the mitochondrial respiratory of cancer cells would be suppressed with the participation of Ato, generating a local hypoxia relief for sensitized chemotherapy and enhanced PDT. Accompanied by efficient PDT, the TK linker is broken by ROS, and the CPT is released from the prodrugs. Compared with the SNP group without oxygen‐regulator, SNP@Ato exhibits a remarkable improvement of the therapeutic effect against hypoxic tumors in vitro and in vivo. This work proposes a novel paradigm for overcoming hypoxia‐induced therapeutic resistance.
Decrypting Synergy of Alloy & Metal Nanoparticles Within Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Zn‐Air Batteries with Ultralong Cycling Stability
Authors: Qing Baoyu , Liu Yijiang , Yang Duanguang , Yang Mei , Liu Bei , Chen Hongbiao , Li Huaming
Published: October 2024

The exploration of efficient, robust, and low‐cost bifunctional electrocatalysts to drive the commercial application of Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) is of great significance but still remains a challenge. Herein, a 1D coordination polymer (1D‐CP) derived FeNi alloy & Co nanoparticles (NPs) co‐implanted N‐doped carbon nanosheets (FNC/NCS) is judiciously crafted and employed as a high‐performance electrocatalyst for ultralong lifetime ZABs. The key to this strategy is the leveraging of metal‐coordinated melamine to direct the pyrolysis of 1D‐CP, enabling the in situ formation of well‐dispersed FeNi alloy and Co NPs within the carbon matrix. The resulting FNC/NCS exhibits prominent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with a small overall oxygen potential difference (ΔE = 0.68 V). Density functional theory (DFT) simulation demonstrates that the synergistic effect between FeNi alloy and Co NPs can reduce energy barriers, promote electron transfer, and optimize the formation of crucial intermediates, thereby largely boost ORR/OER activity of FNC/NCS. The FNC/NCS‐assembled ZABs possess high specific capacity, large power density, and ultralong cycling life in both aqueous (> 3300 h) and solid‐state (150 h) electrolytes. This work provides a viable strategy for 1D‐CP‐derived bifunctional electrocatalysts and dissects the synergistic effect between different metal species, affording significant guidance for the development of renewable energy materials.
Inequality and public opinion on military spending in the United States
Authors: Lee Hak‐Seon
Published: October 2024

In this article, I argue that increasing inequality should have an impact on public opinion which balances the impact of military spending in the United States. Using the so‐called “guns versus butter trade‐off” argument, I show that, as inequality increases between those at a lower income level and those at the upper end of income, the public may view social spending as too small and military spending as too large. In response, the public should act less favorably to expenditure on the military. An empirical test of the effect of inequality on public support (since the 1980s) of military spending, in which I employ public opinion data, confirms my expectations: widening inequality engenders a negative impact on public support for defense expenditures.
Addressing E-Participation Barriers with Design Thinking
Authors: Mariani Ilaria , Mortati Marzia , Rizzo Francesca , Deserti Alessandro
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the application of design thinking in enhancing e-participation by aligning DT practices with identified barriers to participation. The chapter discusses practical strategies for leveraging DT to address issues such as digital illiteracy and lack of engagement, providing a framework for implementing more effective and inclusive e-participation initiatives.
Flux quantization on M5-branes
Authors: Giotopoulos Grigorios , Sati Hisham , Schreiber Urs
Published: October 2024

Abstract

We highlight the need for global completion of the field content in the M5-brane sigma-model analogous to Dirac’s charge/flux quantization, and we point out that the superspace Bianchi identities on the worldvolume and on its ambient supergravity background constrain the M5’s flux-quantization law to be in a non-abelian cohomology theory rationally equivalent to a twisted form of co-Homotopy. In order to clearly bring out this subtle point we give a streamlined re-derivation of the worldvolume 3-flux via M5 “super-embeddings”. Finally, assuming the flux-quantization law to actually be in co-Homotopy (“Hypothesis H”) we show how this implies Skyrmion-like solitons on general M5-worldvolumes and (abelian) anyonic solitons on the boundaries of “open M5-branes” in heterotic M-theory.
From inflation to quintessence: a history of the universe in string theory
Authors: Cicoli Michele , Cunillera Francesc , Padilla Antonio , Pedro Francisco G.
Published: October 2024

Abstract

We present a type IIB 4D string model with stabilised moduli which is able to describe the history of the universe from inflation to quintessence. The underlying Calabi-Yau volume is controlled by two moduli which are stabilised by perturbative effects. The lighter of them drives Fibre Inflation at a large energy scale. The two associated axions are ultra-light since they are lifted only at the non-perturbative level. The lighter of them can drive quintessence if its decay constant is large enough to prevent quantum diffusion during inflation from ruining the initial conditions. The right dark energy scale can be obtained via a large suppression from poly-instanton effects. The heavier axion gives a negligible contribution to dark matter since it starts oscillating after matter-radiation equality. If instead none of the two axions has a large decay constant, a mild alignment allows the lighter axion to drive quintessence, while the heavier can be at most a few percent of dark matter due to isocurvature and UV bounds. In both cases dark matter can also come from either primordial black holes or the QCD axion.
Memory burden effect mimics reheating signatures on SGWB from ultra-low mass PBH domination
Authors: Bhaumik Nilanjandev , Haque Md Riajul , Jain Rajeev Kumar , Lewicki Marek
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Ultra-low mass primordial black holes (PBH), briefly dominating the expansion of the universe, would leave detectable imprints in the secondary stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB). Such a scenario leads to a characteristic doubly peaked spectrum of SGWB and strongly depends on the Hawking evaporation of such light PBHs. However, these observable signatures are significantly altered if the memory burden effect during the evaporation of PBHs is taken into account. We show that for the SGWB induced by PBH density fluctuations, the memory burden effects on the Hawking evaporation of ultra-low mass PBHs can mimic the signal arising due to the non-standard reheating epoch before PBH domination. Finally, we point out that this degeneracy can be broken by the simultaneous detection of the first peak in the SGWB, which is typically induced by the inflationary adiabatic perturbations.
Spikes and spines in 4D Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity
Authors: Borissova Johanna , Dittrich Bianca , Qu Dongxue , Schiffer Marc
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Simplicial approaches to quantum gravity such as quantum Regge calculus and spin foams include configurations where bulk edges can become arbitrarily large while the boundary edges are kept small. Spikes and spines are prime examples for such configurations. They pose a significant challenge for a desired continuum limit, for which the average lengths of edges ought to become very small. Here we investigate spike and spine configurations in four-dimensional Lorentzian quantum Regge calculus. We find that the expectation values of arbitrary powers of the bulk length are finite. To that end, we explore new types of asymptotic regimes for the Regge amplitudes, in which some of the edges are much larger than the remaining ones. The amplitudes simplify considerably in such asymptotic regimes and the geometric interpretation of the resulting expressions involves a dimensional reduction, which might have applications to holography.
Schwarzschild geodesics from scattering amplitudes to all orders in GN
Authors: Mougiakakos Stavros , Vanhove Pierre
Published: October 2024

Abstract

The dynamics of the leading self-force (0SF) order, corresponding to the geodesic motion of a light body in the exact background of a heavy body, are explicitly derived for the first time using a flat space scattering amplitude-based approach. This is achieved by utilising the cubic formulation of Einstein’s general relativity coupled to the effective worldline action of massive point particles, which was employed to derive the Schwarzschild black hole metric in [1].
Erratum to: Coarse-graining black holes out of equilibrium with boundary observables on time slice
Authors: Takeda Daichi
Published: October 2024

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP05(2024)319
Quark-hadron duality violations and higher-order 1/mb corrections in inclusive semileptonic B decays
Authors: Mannel Thomas , Milutin Ilija S. , Verkade Rens , Vos K. Keri
Published: October 2024

Abstract

The theoretical description and data for inclusive semileptonic B decays have reached incredible precision. This motivated us to re-animate the discussion of possible Quark-Hadron Duality violations. There seems that there is currently no evidence of a failure of the Heavy Quark Expansion (HQE) used to compute observables for these decays. However, we might arrive at a point where an asymptotic behaviour of the HQE would limit a further increase of precision. We discuss this possibility and suggest a simple model, which can be used to study the effects of higher orders in the 1/mb expansion and possible quark-hadron duality violations. We devise observables sensitive only to such higher-order effects to test the behaviour of the HQE. Using these observables we obtain a first estimate of possible quark-hadron duality violations using the measured q2 moments.
The potential effects of deepfakes on news media and entertainment
Authors: Lundberg Ebba , Mozelius Peter
Published: October 2024

Deepfakes are synthetic media, such as pictures, music and videos, created with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools, a technique that builds upon machine learning and multi-layered neural networks trained on large datasets. Today, anyone can create deepfakes online, without any knowledge about the underpinning technology. This fact opens up creative opportunities at the same time as it creates individual and societal challenges. Some identified challenges are fake news, bullying, defamation, media manipulation and democracy damage. The aim of this study was to analyse and discuss how deepfakes could affect entertainment, education and digital news media in positive and negative ways. The chosen research strategy was a qualitative cross-sectional study to create a snapshot of current attitudes in blogs, online discussion fora and from a selected expert panel. Firstly, blogs and internet discussion fora on deepfakes and AI were analysed inductively. Secondly, results from the previous step were used to create a question scheme for semi-structured interviews with some selected experts that have relevant knowledge in the field of AI and deepfakes. Finally, interviews answered were analysed thematically using the Technology Affordances and Constraints Theory as an analytical lens. Findings show that deepfakes at the same time have a wide variety of affordances, but also some critical constraints to consider. In the affordance part, there are the potential use of deepfakes for speculative and provoking concepts, not only as entertainment, but also to illustrate educational scenarios that are hard or impossible to capture in traditional videos, images or sound recordings. Furthermore, there are many affordances for entertainment and the creation of environments where realism is not an important condition. Some examples are video game graphics, animated film background music in games and music videos. However, the conclusion is that the findings comprise more of constraints than of affordances, where the serious negative aspect of deepfakes can lead to psychological, financial and social harm. Many images and videos in news media have already been manipulated during the last decades, but deepfakes can take this to a new and more problematic level where the overall trust might disappear. The author’s recommendation is to further increase the focus on source criticism and that discussions on which sources to trust should be an early introduced part of educational programmes.
Development of bacterial resistance in Germany from 2008 to 2022 — major culprit pathogens, antibacterial drugs, and prescribing practices
Authors: Bindel Lilly Josephine , Seifert Roland
Published: October 2024

Rising bacterial resistance is a global threat, causing rising financial burdens on healthcare systems and endangering effective treatment of bacterial infections. To ensure the efficacy of antibacterial drugs, it is essential to identify the most dangerous pathogens and vulnerable antibacterial drugs. Previous research by our group suggested irrational outpatient prescribing practices in Germany, supporting a growing bacterial resistance. This study analyses developments and characteristics for the ten most prescribed antibacterial drugs in Germany from 2008 to 2022. Conclusions are based on the development of bacterial resistance levels and an analysis of correlations between pathogens. We identified cefuroxime axetil, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin as the most problematic drugs. Particularly problematic pathogens include E. faecalis, E. faecium, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis. Besides increasing bacterial resistance, they are characterised by a high proportion of significant positive correlations, indicating a high potential for mutually reinforcing resistance development. Alarmingly, most of the antibacterial drugs analysed showed a growing resistance to at least one of the analysed pathogens. In most cases, the best treatment option is threatened by increasing bacterial resistance. We also identified several differences between current bacterial resistance data and therapeutic guidelines. In aggregate, our findings support irrational prescribing behaviour and underscore the urgent need for improved prescribing practices to counter rising bacterial resistance in Germany. Moreover, therapeutic guidelines for bacterial infections, the “holy grail” of pharmacotherapy, must be updated more frequently.