bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of α‐, 310‐, and π‐helix in helix→coil transitions
Authors: Armen Roger , Alonso Darwin O.V. , Daggett Valerie
Published: May 2003

The conformational equilibrium between 310‐ and α‐helical structure has been studied via high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy by Millhauser and coworkers using the MW peptide Ac‐AMAAKAWAAKA AAARA‐NH2. Their 750‐MHz nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectra were interpreted to reflect appreciable populations of 310‐helix throughout the peptide, with the greatest contribution at the N and C termini. The presence of simultaneous αN(i,i + 2) and αN(i,i + 4) NOE cross‐peaks was proposed to represent conformational averaging between 310‐ and α‐helical structures. In this study, we describe 25‐nsec molecular dynamics simulations of the MW peptide at 298 K, using both an 8 Å and a 10 Å force‐shifted nonbonded cutoff. The ensemble averages of both simulations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental helical content from circular dichroism (CD), the 3JHNα coupling constants, and the 57 observed NOEs. Analysis of the structures from both simulations revealed very little formation of contiguous i → i + 3 hydrogen bonds (310‐helix); however, there was a large population of bifurcated i → i + 3 and i → i + 4 α‐helical hydrogen bonds. In addition, both simulations contained considerable populations of π‐helix (i → i + 5 hydrogen bonds). Individual turns formed over residues 1–9, which we predict contribute to the intensities of the experimentally observed αN(i,i + 2) NOEs. Here we show how sampling of both folded and unfolded structures can provide a structural framework for deconvolution of the conformational contributions to experimental ensemble averages.
A wheat germ cell‐free system is a novel way to screen protein folding and function
Authors: Morita Eugene Hayato , Sawasaki Tatsuya , Tanaka Rikou , Endo Yaeta , Kohno Toshiyuki
Published: May 2003

For high‐throughput protein structural analysis, it is indispensable to develop a reliable protein overexpression system. Although many protein overexpression systems, such as that involving Escherichia coli cells, have been developed, the number of overexpressed proteins showing the same biological activities as those of the native proteins is limited. A novel wheat germ cell‐free protein synthesis system was developed recently, and most of the proteins functioning in solution were synthesized as soluble forms. This suggests the applicability of this protein synthesis method to determination of the solution structures of functional proteins. To examine this possibility, we have synthesized two 15N‐labeled proteins and obtained 1H‐15N HSQC spectra for them. The structural analysis of these proteins has already progressed with an E. coli overexpression system, and 1H‐15N HSQC spectra for biologically active proteins have already been obtained. Comparing the spectra, we have shown that proteins synthesized with a wheat germ cell‐free system have the proper protein folding and enough biological activity. This is the first experimental evidence of the applicability of the wheat germ cell‐free protein synthesis system to high‐throughput protein structural analysis.
An electronic effect on protein structure
Authors: Hinderaker Matthew P. , Raines Ronald T.
Published: May 2003

The well‐known preference of the peptide bond for the trans conformation has been attributed to steric effects. Here, we show that a proline residue with an N‐formyl group (Hi−1−C′i−1=Oi−1), in which Hi−1 presents less steric hindrance than does Oi−1, likewise prefers a trans conformation. Thus, the preference of the peptide bond for the trans conformation cannot be explained by steric effects alone. Rather, an n → π* interaction between the oxygen of the peptide bond (Oi−1), and the subsequent carbonyl carbon in the polypeptide chain (C′i) also contributes to this preference. The Oi−1 and C′i distance and Oi−1···C′i=Oi angle are especially favorable for such an n → π* interaction in a polyproline II helix. We propose that this electronic effect provides substantial stabilization to this and other elements of protein structure.
Effects of sucrose on conformational equilibria and fluctuations within the native‐state ensemble of proteins
Authors: Kim Yong‐Sung , Jones Latoya S. , Dong Aichun , Kendrick Brent S. , Chang Byeong S. , Manning Mark C. , Randolph Theodore W. , Carpenter John F.
Published: May 2003

Osmolytes increase the thermodynamic conformational stability of proteins, shifting the equilibrium between native and denatured states to favor the native state. However, their effects on conformational equilibria within native‐state ensembles of proteins remain controversial. We investigated the effects of sucrose, a model osmolyte, on conformational equilibria and fluctuations within the native‐state ensembles of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and S and horse heart cytochrome c. In the presence of sucrose, the far‐ and near‐UV circular dichroism spectra of all three native proteins were slightly altered and indicated that the sugar shifted the native‐state ensemble toward species with more ordered, compact conformations, without detectable changes in secondary structural contents. Thermodynamic stability of the proteins, as measured by guanidine HCl‐induced unfolding, increased in proportion to sucrose concentration. Native‐state hydrogen exchange (HX) studies monitored by infrared spectroscopy showed that addition of 1 M sucrose reduced average HX rate constants at all degrees of exchange of the proteins, for which comparison could be made in the presence and absence of sucrose. Sucrose also increased the exchange‐resistant core regions of the proteins. A coupling factor analysis relating the free energy of HX to the free energy of unfolding showed that sucrose had greater effects on large‐scale than on small‐scale fluctuations. These results indicate that the presence of sucrose shifts the conformational equilibria toward the most compact protein species within native‐state ensembles, which can be explained by preferential exclusion of sucrose from the protein surface.
Structure of two fungal β‐1,4‐galactanases: Searching for the basis for temperature and pH optimum
Authors: Le Nours Jérôme , Ryttersgaard Carsten , Lo Leggio Leila , Østergaard Peter Rahbek , Borchert Torben Vedel , Christensen Lars Lehmann Hylling , Larsen Sine
Published: May 2003

β‐1,4‐Galactanases hydrolyze the galactan side chains that are part of the complex carbohydrate structure of the pectin. They are assigned to family 53 of the glycoside hydrolases and display significant variations in their pH and temperature optimum and stability. Two fungal β‐1,4‐galactanases from Myceliophthora thermophila and Humicola insolens have been cloned and heterologously expressed, and the crystal structures of the gene products were determined. The structures are compared to the previously only known family 53 structure of the galactanase from Aspergillus aculeatus (AAGAL) showing ∼56% identity. The M. thermophila and H. insolens galactanases are thermophilic enzymes and are most active at neutral to basic pH, whereas AAGAL is mesophilic and most active at acidic pH. The structure of the M. thermophila galactanase (MTGAL) was determined from crystals obtained with HEPES and TRIS buffers to 1.88 Å and 2.14 Å resolution, respectively. The structure of the H. insolens galactanase (HIGAL) was determined to 2.55 Å resolution. The thermostability of MTGAL and HIGAL correlates with increase in the protein rigidity and electrostatic interactions, stabilization of the α‐helices, and a tighter packing. An inspection of the active sites in the three enzymes identifies several amino acid substitutions that could explain the variation in pH optimum. Examination of the activity as a function of pH for the D182N mutant of AAGAL and the A90S/ H91D mutant of MTGAL showed that the difference in pH optimum between AAGAL and MTGAL is at least partially associated with differences in the nature of residues at positions 182, 90, and/or 91.
Automated protein fold determination using a minimal NMR constraint strategy
Authors: Zheng Deyou , Huang Yuanpeng J. , Moseley Hunter N.B. , Xiao Rong , Aramini James , Swapna G.V.T. , Montelione Gaetano T.
Published: May 2003

Determination of precise and accurate protein structures by NMR generally requires weeks or even months to acquire and interpret all the necessary NMR data. However, even medium‐accuracy fold information can often provide key clues about protein evolution and biochemical function(s). In this article we describe a largely automatic strategy for rapid determination of medium‐accuracy protein backbone structures. Our strategy derives from ideas originally introduced by other groups for determining medium‐accuracy NMR structures of large proteins using deuterated, 13C‐, 15N‐enriched protein samples with selective protonation of side‐chain methyl groups (13CH3). Data collection includes acquiring NMR spectra for automatically determining assignments of backbone and side‐chain 15N, HN resonances, and side‐chain 13CH3 methyl resonances. These assignments are determined automatically by the program AutoAssign using backbone triple resonance NMR data, together with Spin System Type Assignment Constraints (STACs) derived from side‐chain triple‐resonance experiments. The program AutoStructure then derives conformational constraints using these chemical shifts, amide 1H/2H exchange, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), and residual dipolar coupling data. The total time required for collecting such NMR data can potentially be as short as a few days. Here we demonstrate an integrated set of NMR software which can process these NMR spectra, carry out resonance assignments, interpret NOESY data, and generate medium‐accuracy structures within a few days. The feasibility of this combined data collection and analysis strategy starting from raw NMR time domain data was illustrated by automatic analysis of a medium accuracy structure of the Z domain of Staphylococcal protein A.
Insights into dimerization and four‐helix bundle formation found by dissection of the dimer interface of the GrpE protein from Escherichia coli
Authors: Mehl Andrew F. , Heskett Luke D. , Jain Sumesh S. , Demeler Borries
Published: May 2003

The GrpE heat shock protein from Escherichia coli has a homodimeric structure. The dimer interface encompasses two long α‐helices at the NH2‐terminal end from each monomer (forming a “tail”), which lead into a small four‐helix bundle from which each monomer contributes two short sequential α‐helices in an antiparallel topological arrangement. We have created a number of different deletion mutants of GrpE that have portions of the dimer interface to investigate requirements for dimerization and to study four‐helix bundle formation. Using chemical crosslinking and analytical ultracentrifugation techniques to probe for multimeric states, we find that a mutant containing only the long α‐helical tail portion (GrpE1–88) is unable to form a dimer, most likely due to a decrease in α‐helical content as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy, thus one reason for a dimeric structure for the GrpE protein is to support the tail region. Mutants containing both of the short α‐helices (GrpE1–138 and GrpE88–197) are able to form a dimer and presumably the four‐helix bundle at the dimer interface. These two mutants have equilibrium constants for the monomer–dimer equilibrium that are very similar to the full‐length protein suggesting that the tail region does not contribute significantly to the stability of the dimer. Interestingly, one mutant that contains just one of the short α‐helices (GrpE1–112) exists as a tetrameric species, which presumably is forming a four‐helix bundle structure. A proposed model is discussed for this mutant and its relevance for factors influencing four‐helix bundle formation.
The long‐range electrostatic interactions control tRNA–aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase complex formation
Authors: Tworowski Dmitry , Safro Mark
Published: May 2003

In most cases aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are negatively charged, as are the tRNA substrates. It is apparent that there are driving forces that provide a long‐range attraction between like charge aaRS and tRNA, and ensure formation of “close encounters.” Based on numerical solutions to the nonlinear Poisson‐Boltzmann equation, we evaluated the electrostatic potential generated by different aaRSs. The 3D‐isopotential surfaces calculated for different aaRSs at 0.01 kT/e contour level reveal the presence of large positive patches—one patch for each tRNA molecule. This is true for classes I and II monomers, dimers, and heterotetramers. The potential maps keep their characteristic features over a wide range of contour levels. The results suggest that nonspecific electrostatic interactions are the driving forces of primary stickiness of aaRSs–tRNA complexes. The long‐range attraction in aaRS–tRNA systems is explained by capture of negatively charged tRNA into “blue space area” of the positive potential generated by aaRSs. Localization of tRNA in this area is a prerequisite for overcoming the barrier of Brownian motion.
Importance of α–helix N–capping motif in stabilization of ββα fold
Authors: Koscielska‐Kasprzak Katarzyna , Cierpicki Tomasz , Otlewski Jacek
Published: May 2003

FSD‐1 (full sequence design 1) is a protein folded in a ββα motif, designed on the basis of the second zinc finger domain of Zif268 by a substitution of its metal coordination site with a hydrophobic core. In this work, we analyzed the possibility of introducing the DNA recognition motif of the template zinc finger (S13RSDH17) into FSD‐1 sequence in order to obtain a small DNA‐binding module devoid of cross‐link(s) or metal cofactors. The hybrid protein was unfolded, as judged by CD and NMR criteria. To reveal the role of each of the five amino acids, which form the N‐capping motif of the α‐helix, we analyzed conformational and stability properties of eight FSD‐1 mutants. We used a shielded methyl group of Leu 18 and a CD signal at 215 nm as a convenient measure of the folded state. Glu 17→His substitution at the N3 in S13NEKE17 variant decreased the folded structure content from 90% to 25% (equivalent to 1.8 kcal • mole−1 destabilization) by disruption of N‐capping interactions, and had the most significant effect among single mutants studied here. The Ncap Asn 14 substitution with Arg considerably decreased stability, reducing structure content from 90% to 40% (1.4 kcal • mole−1 destabilization) by disruption of a helix‐capping hydrogen bond and destabilization of a helix macrodipole. The N1 Glu 15→Ser mutation also produced a considerable effect (1.0 kcal • mole−1 destabilization), again emphasizing the significance of electrostatic interactions in α‐helix stabilization.
Structural perturbation and enhancement of the chaperone‐like activity of α‐crystallin by arginine hydrochloride
Authors: Srinivas Volety , Raman Bakthisaran , Rao Kunchala Sridhar , Ramakrishna Tangirala , Rao Ch Mohan
Published: May 2003

Structural perturbation of α‐crystallin is shown to enhance its molecular chaperone‐like activity in preventing aggregation of target proteins. We demonstrate that arginine, a biologically compatible molecule that is known to bind to the peptide backbone and negatively charged side‐chains, increases the chaperone‐like activity of calf eye lens α‐crystallin as well as recombinant human αA‐ and αB‐crystallins. Arginine‐induced increase in the chaperone activity is more pronounced for αB‐crystallin than for αA‐crystallin. Other guanidinium compounds such as aminoguanidine hydrochloride and guanidine hydrochloride also show a similar effect, but to different extents. A point mutation, R120G, in αB‐crystallin that is associated with desmin‐related myopathy, results in a significant loss of chaperone‐like activity. Arginine restores the activity of mutant protein to a considerable extent. We have investigated the effect of arginine on the structural changes of α‐crystallin by circular dichroism, fluorescence, and glycerol gradient sedimentation. Far‐UV CD spectra show no significant changes in secondary structure, whereas near‐UV CD spectra show subtle changes in the presence of arginine. Glycerol gradient sedimentation shows a significant decrease in the size of α‐crystallin oligomer in the presence of arginine. Increased exposure of hydrophobic surfaces of α‐crystallin, as monitored by pyrene‐solubilization and ANS‐fluorescence, is observed in the presence of arginine. These results show that arginine brings about subtle changes in the tertiary structure and significant changes in the quaternary structure of α‐crystallin and enhances its chaperone‐like activity significantly. This study should prove useful in designing strategies to improve chaperone function for therapeutic applications.
Noncharged amino acid residues at the solvent‐exposed positions in the middle and at the C terminus of the α‐helix have the same helical propensity
Authors: Ermolenko Dmitri N. , Richardson John M. , Makhatadze George I.
Published: May 2003

It was established previously that helical propensities of different amino acid residues in the middle of α‐helix in peptides and in proteins are very similar. The statistical analysis of the protein helices from the known three‐dimensional structures shows no difference in the frequency of noncharged residues in the middle and at the C terminus. Yet, experimental studies show distinctive differences for the helical propensities of noncharged residues in the middle and in the C terminus in model peptides. Is this a general effect, and is it applicable to protein helices or is it specific to the model alanine‐based peptides? To answer this question, the effects of substitutions at positions 28 (middle residue) and 32 (C2 position at the C terminus) of the α‐helix of ubiquitin on the stability of this protein are measured by using differential scanning calorimetry. The two data sets produce similar values for intrinsic helix propensity, leading to a conclusion that noncharged amino acid residues at the solvent‐exposed positions in the middle and at the C terminus of the α‐helix have the same helical propensity. This conclusion is further supported with an excellent correlation between the helix propensity scale obtained for the two positions in ubiquitin with the experimental helix propensity scale established previously and with the statistical distribution of the residues in protein helices.
Propensities, probabilities, and the Boltzmann hypothesis
Authors: Shortle David
Published: May 2003

The relative strengths of interactions involving polypeptide chains can be estimated with reasonable accuracy with statistical potentials, free‐energy functions derived from the frequency of occurrence of structural arrangements of residues or atoms in collections of protein structures. Recent published work has shown that the energetics of side‐chain/backbone interactions can be modeled by the ϕ/Ψ propensities of the 20 amino acids. In this report, the more commonly used ϕ/Ψ probabilities are demonstrated to fail in evaluating the free energies of protein conformations because of an overriding preference for all helical structures. Comparison of the hypothetical reactions implied by these two different statistics—propensities versus probabilities—leads to the conclusion that the Boltzmann hypothesis may only be applicable for the calculation of statistical potentials after the starting conformation has been specified. This conclusion supports a simple conjecture: The surprising success of the Boltzmann hypothesis in explaining the energetics of protein structures is a direct consequence of a real equilibrium, one extending over evolutionary time that has maintained the stability of each protein within a narrow range of values.
Divine Action and the Trinity: A Brief Exploration of the Grounds of Trinitarian Speech about God in the Theology of Adolf Schlatter
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: May 2003

This article explores Schlatter's doctrine of the Trinity in the light of the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation of the economic and the ontological Trinity. It is shown that Schlatter relates God's triune being and God's trinitarian action through the notion of love – where God's love ad extra as well as ad intra is oriented toward the particular in such a way as to enable true otherness. It will be argued, moreover, that Schlatter's contribution to the contemporary trinitarian debate lies in propounding an applied trinitarian theology which is faithful to its object. When God in himself and in relation to creation is oriented toward and actively seeks the other, then theology cannot talk about God's being apart from the actuality of his actions in this world.
‘Instrument of the union of hearts’: The Theology of Personhood and the Bishop
Authors: Williams A. N.
Published: May 2003

This article explores Schlatter's doctrine of the Trinity in the light of the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation of the economic and the ontological Trinity. It is shown that Schlatter relates God's triune being and God's trinitarian action through the notion of love – where God's love ad extra as well as ad intra is oriented toward the particular in such a way as to enable true otherness. It will be argued, moreover, that Schlatter's contribution to the contemporary trinitarian debate lies in propounding an applied trinitarian theology which is faithful to its object. When God in himself and in relation to creation is oriented toward and actively seeks the other, then theology cannot talk about God's being apart from the actuality of his actions in this world.
Catholic, Calvinist, and Lutheran Doctrines of Eucharistic Presence: A Brief Note towards a Rapprochement
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: May 2003

This article explores Schlatter's doctrine of the Trinity in the light of the contemporary debate, focusing on the relation of the economic and the ontological Trinity. It is shown that Schlatter relates God's triune being and God's trinitarian action through the notion of love – where God's love ad extra as well as ad intra is oriented toward the particular in such a way as to enable true otherness. It will be argued, moreover, that Schlatter's contribution to the contemporary trinitarian debate lies in propounding an applied trinitarian theology which is faithful to its object. When God in himself and in relation to creation is oriented toward and actively seeks the other, then theology cannot talk about God's being apart from the actuality of his actions in this world.
Much Ado about Nothing: Karl Barth's Being Unable to Do Nothing about Nothingness
Authors: McDowell John C.
Published: May 2003

Often a source of concern to commentators about the adequacy of Barth's theology is his treatment of evil, in particular Church Dogmatics III/3 §50 with its depiction of evil as das Nichtige (the nothingness). Against the impression that Barth has little time in his systematic theology for doing justice to evil it is worth attempting a reading that indicates the importance of this section and what it seems that Barth is doing with it. Das Nichtige belongs to a conflictual and dramatic account, and talk of its, for Barth, ‘absurd’‘existence’ belongs there. The dramatic flavour of this discussion further impresses that there is more to be said about ‘Barth on evil’ than any focus on the paradoxical and negative language used to depict it could express – this ‘more’ should come specifically through ethics.
On the psycho‐social conditions of psychotherapy in post‐Soviet Georgia
Authors: Korinteli Rezo
Published: May 2003

Abstract The article describes the social, economic and political conditions that influence the practice of psychotherapy in post‐Soviet Georgia. The author looks at the specific Soviet and post‐Soviet mentalities and defines certain characteristics of these mentalities, the master‐slave relationship between the people and the State, the materialistic world view, the nostalgia for the past and idealization of Soviet times, the identity crisis produced by the socio‐economic traumas. The paper then provides clinical illustrations of these phenomena and shows how they can interfere with the process of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapists’ dreams about their patients
Authors: Kron Tamar , Avny Nadav
Published: May 2003

Abstract This study examines therapists’ dreams about their patients from the Jungian and the relational perspectives. Few clinical and empirical references to this subject are to be found in the literature. In the present study 31 dreams were collected from 22 therapists. Dreams were collected using anonymous self‐report inventory. The research focused on three theoretical research questions: 1. What themes appear in the manifest content of therapists’ dreams about their patients? 2. What contributions are made by Jungian interpretation of therapists’ dreams about their patients? 3. To what extent are masochistic contents present in the manifest content of therapists’ dreams about their patients?

The first question was addressed using categorical content analysis of a) themes common to different dreams and b) pre‐determined themes for all dreams. The third research question was addressed using Beck's (1967)‘Masochistic Dream’ measure. Results: Among the themes common to different dreams were: therapist‐patient role reversal; therapist and/or patient attends and remains in meeting, departs/doesn’t depart; cancellation of therapy session; sexuality between therapist and patient; aggression; presence vs. absence; non‐verbal relationship and communication; time; driving vs. stopping. With regard to pre‐determined themes it was found that in 20 of the 31 dreams, the therapist had a negative experience and was characterized as vulnerable. Likewise it was found that 26 out of 31 dreams took place in either a) a street, a road, a route, a corridor; b) en route to somewhere; c) a therapy room and/or building; d) a house. With regard to the contribution of Jungian interpretations of the dreams it was found that 17 of the dreams had diagnostic and prognostic elements, 4 of which were initial dreams, 9 of them were compensatory dreams and in 14 it was found that the patient represents the shadow of the therapist. With regard to the third question it was found that 18 of the 31 dreams met Beck's (1967) criteria for masochistic dreams. The theoretical discussion examines the findings from a Jungian perspective, with an emphasis on also understanding the dream in terms of its expression of relational aspects of the therapist‐patient relationship. The findings affirm the presence of the ‘wounded healer’ archetypes in therapists’ dreams about their patients. The results of the study indicate that therapists’ dreams about their patients can be a valuable tool for deepening understanding of the therapeutic relationship and process.
Subliminal processes, dissociation and the ‘I’
Authors: Bob Petr
Published: May 2003

Abstract The study of unconscious processes leads to the hypothesis of the limit of consciousness, which involves two main kinds of psychic activity. The first represents psychic contents which are subliminal for their low energy, the second subliminal contents which are inaccessible to consciousness because they are dissociated in the subliminal region. Dissociation is a concept introduced by Pierre Janet for splitting consciousness due to traumatic events or during hypnosis. It takes a more general form in Hilgard's neo‐dissociation theory of hypnotic phenomena and also in Jung's theory of the collective unconscious. Further generalization links it to the modern findings of explicit and implicit perception, leading to a shift in dissociation from hypothesis to clinical, experimental and theoretical reality. Studies in hypnosis also point to the existence of an integrative psychic entity, that comprises the conscious ‘I’. Hilgard called this the hidden observer, and his findings represent empirical confirmation of Jung's term for the Self as mirror ‘I’, which leads to many important consequences for self‐discovery and the meaning of life.
Joseph Brodsky, One Poem at a Time
Authors: Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2003

Books reviewed in this article

Lev Loseff and Valentina Polukhina, (eds.), Joseph Brodsky: The Art of a Poem

L. V. Losev and V. P. Polukhina (eds.), Kak rabotaet stikhotvorenie Brodskogo: Iz issledovanii slavistov na Zapade
Apropos Bagritsky and the Russian‐Jewish Question
Authors: Freidin Gregory
Published: May 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Maxim D. Shrayer, Russian Poet / Soviet Jew: The Legacy of Eduard Bagritskii
Social roles and negotiation of status in host‐tourist interaction: A view from British television holiday programmes
Authors: Jaworski Adam , Ylänne‐MEwen Virpi , Thurlow Crispin , Lawson Sarah
Published: May 2003

Although folk discourses frequently emphasise such raison d’être benefits of tourism as broadening one's horizons through knowing foreign people(s) and cultures, most critical studies of tourism stress tourists’ relative illiteracy with regard to the ‘reading’ of the local. This paper is based on extracts from two British holiday programme series, BBC's Holiday 2000/1 and ITV's Wish You Were Here?, in which the presenters engage in some form of verbal (and non‐verbal) interaction with local people. A close discourse analysis of these interactions reveals that the dominant ideology of tourism, as propagated in the programmes, gives evidence of only limited contact between tourists and local people, although the former often create the illusion of closeness, familiarity and ‘friendship’. Most contact with local people occurs in their principal roles as either ‘helpers’/‘servants’, ‘experts’, or as part of ‘local scenery’. At times, however, local people are seen to resist these super‐imposed roles, casting themselves as worldly and cosmopolitan. Meanwhile, it is often the presenter‐tourists who construct for themselves parochial identities by adhering to stereotyped interpretations of local people and seeking ‘safe’ interpretations of the host culture. These encounters are therefore often sites of power struggle, in which presenter‐tourists assert themselves as dominant and powerful, while local people may subvert these attempts, for example, by claiming high status for themselves through expert knowledge.
The origins of Soviet sociolinguistics
Authors: Brandist Craig
Published: May 2003

The work of Lev Iakubinskii, Boris Larin and Viktor Zhirmunskii working at the Institute of Discursive Culture in Leningrad in the 1920s and 1930s deserves to be recognised as an early version of sociolinguistics. These thinkers combined dialect geography with Marxist sociological thought and contemporary work on linguistic conflicts and planning to produce very sophisticated sociological reflections on language. The influence of their teacher, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, was crucial to their work, as was the tradition of Russian dialect research carried out by Aleksei Shakhmatov and others. However, the socio‐political conditions for linguistic research brought about by the 1917 revolution were decisive. The historical significance of the reception and reinterpretation of these ideas is considerable, leading to a reconsideration of the origins of sociolinguistics and of the relationship between Marxism and the language sciences in the early years of the Soviet Union.
Language endangerment and language revival
Authors: Mühlhäusler Peter
Published: May 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

David Crystal, Language Death

Leanne Hinton and Ken Hale (eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice

Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine, Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages
Critical perspectives on language(s)
Authors: Harvey Sharon
Published: May 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

A. Suresh Canagarajah, Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching

Robert Phillipson (ed.), Rights to Language: Equity, Power, and Education

Alastair Pennycook, Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction
A Manifesto for Instructional Technology: Hyperpedagogy
Authors: Dwight Jim , Garrison Jim
Published: May 2003

We believe hypertext and hypermedia solidify bold and original ideas having the power to open new realms of creative possibility. Unfortunately, we find the new tools encrusted within concepts borrowed from traditional curriculum theory and instructional design. Our goal in this paper is to liberate hypertext; doing so requires challenging Western metaphysics. We rely on the philosophy of John Dewey to disclose this metaphysics and propose an alternative. The paper reviews dominant models of curriculum, especially Ralph Tyler's, revealing their concealed metaphysical assumptions. Our efforts are greatly aided by Herbert M. Kliebard's critique of the Tyler rationale, exposing the fact that, in spite of its inflated claims, all there is to Tyler's rationale is “the philosophical screen.” That is also all we think there is to all the dominant models of curriculum. We show that the philosophical screen is largely comprised of a concealed metaphysics before concluding by showing how hypertext and hypermedia, freed of dogmatic metaphysics, may yield what we call hyperpedagogy, based upon theories of emergent pedagogy and transactional metaphysics.
A New Role in Facilitating School Reform: The Case of the Educational Technologist
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: May 2003

School reform advocates have been frustrated over the slow pace of integrating proposed school improvements, hypothesizing that the resiliency of established roles contributes much to the conserving tendencies of educational institutions. In seeking to understand this issue, the school reform movement has paid close attention to established roles, such as teachers and principals, and the issues these individuals face as they seek to address change. They have paid relatively little attention, however, to the emergence of new roles. The educational technologist (ET) is a role that is growing rapidly within schools in conjunction with the widespread adoption of networked technology. Looking back over 6 years of research data from a qualitative research study of networked technology integration in one K-12 system, the author examines the emergence of the ET role from the classical sociological perspectives of social structure, space, and time and its relationship to the cluster of core positions. This study demonstrates the importance of role to school reform issues, indicating that it can be used as a critical lens for understanding the progress of reform and the nature of technology integration.
Emerging Forms of School Organization
Authors: Rufo-Lignos Patricia , Richards Craig E.
Published: May 2003

This article argues that new forms of school organization are emerging that do not fit the classical definitions of public and private schools. Three case study schools are used to explore the critical features of the public-private distinction in American schooling. We focus on the fuzzy boundary between schools that are clearly public and those that are clearly private. It is our contention that the shared characteristics between public and private schools are sufficiently stabilized to contain the ground for emerging forms of school organization that defy the public-private dichotomy.
Constructive Conflict: How Controversy Can Contribute to School Improvement
Authors: Uline Cynthia L. , Tschannen-Moran Megan , Perez Lynne
Published: May 2003

Conflict, though often unsettling, is a natural part of collective human experience. It can leave participants ill at ease, so it is often avoided and suppressed. Yet conflict, when well managed, breathes life and energy into relationships and can cause individuals to be more innovative and productive. Conflict is present within our schools whether we like it or not. Educators must find ways to legitimize critique and controversy within organizational life. This article examines constructive conflict within the context of a comprehensive Midwestern high school engaged in significant reform efforts. Here conflict is employed as a means to promote individual and organizational learning and growth.
Parents and the Politics of Homework: Some Historical Perspectives
Authors: Gill Brian P. , Schlossman Steven L.
Published: May 2003

Homework has been a topic of considerable controversy in 20th century American education, largely because it is a linchpin in the relationship between home and school. This essay examines parent opinions on homework between 1900 and 1960 in order to integrate parents’ elusive voices into the history of American education, and to shed new light on modern-day controversies regarding the school-family interface. The underlying question we explore is whether, in educational policymaking, the family ought to march to the beat of the school, or the school ought to march to the beat of the family? We conclude that if parents want homework, and if homework keeps parents in touch with the program of the school, then it is the abolition of homework -not its presence - that most threatens parents’ interests.
Zero Tolerance Policy in Schools: Rationale, Consequences, and Alternatives
Authors: Casella Ronnie
Published: May 2003

This article discusses theory and related policies that support zero tolerance policy in schools, including rational choice theory in criminology and national crime policies based on deterrence. Potential consequences of zero tolerance policy implementation in schools are also described. These consequences are shown to involve outcomes similar to those identified by researchers who have studied national crime policy, especially in relation to incarceration. Drawing from the qualitative data, anecdotal evidence, and related research, the article concludes with suggestions for violence prevention based on a model of restorative justice, including a practical agenda for what schools may do to prevent violence and to discipline students who act aggressively.
The Debate Continues: Further Evidence of Discontinuity in Dewey's Philosophy
Authors: Prawat Richard S.
Published: May 2003

Stank and Russell (2002) present arguments that refute Prawat's two-part thesis that Dewey underwent a dramatic midcareer change in his philosophy and that this change drew heavily on Pence's metaphysics. In response to this critique, Prawat presents additional evidence to support his claim that a comparison of the 1910 and 1933 versions of How We Think reveals a major change in Dewey's views about inductionism. Prawat also presents new evidence to support the claim that this shift occurred at midcareer (i.e., 1915) and that the resulting change in philosophical outlook maps closely onto Pence's earlier, groundbreaking work on inquiry and epistemology.
Miskitu Or Creole? Ethnic Identity And The Moral Economy In A Nicaraguan Miskitu Village
Authors: JAMIESON MARK
Published: May 2003

This article examines dual ‘ethnic identity’ in a bilingual and ‘mixed’ Miskitu and Creole village in eastern Nicaragua. Following Kindblad's (2001) discussion of the existence of Parry and Bloch's (1989) ‘short‐term’ and ‘long‐term cycles of exchange’, concerned respectively with individual appropriation and the reproduction of ‘the social and cosmic order’, among the Miskitu of neighbouring Tasbapauni, it concludes that the terms of ‘ethnic identity’, Miskitu and Creole, are used in neighbouring Kakabila to situate actions within competing moral orders. It also shows that from any given vantage‐point a particular transaction may be thought of as being socially reproductive and therefore ‘Miskitu’, while from another it may be deemed to be motivated by individualistic concerns and therefore ‘Creole’. The distinction between ‘long‐term’ and ‘short‐term’ is thus shown, like that between Miskitu and Creole in Kakabila, to be relative rather than absolute.
Long‐Term Memory Of Extreme Events: From Autobiography To History
Authors: CAPPELLETTO FRANCESCA
Published: May 2003

The article analyses narratives of massacres by German troops in two villages in Tuscany during the Second World War. It explores the mechanisms of construction of group memory, considering the recollections from the perspective of both their social patterning and their emotional quality. Working from Bloch's assertion that there is no difference between the representations of autobiographical memory and those of historical accounts, I argue that visual imagery associated with past traumatic experience is a fundamental part of oral narratives, and facilitates the passage from personal to public memories. Treating the memory as a form of intersubjective knowledge endowed with symbolic content, rather than as a unanimous, collective endeavour, I argue for an approach that integrates different disciplinary theories.
Lines And Circles: Images Of Time In A Panará Village
Authors: EWART ELIZABETH
Published: May 2003

This article is an analysis of dual organization from the perspective of Panará people in central Brazil. It is suggested that the circular layout of villages with a central men's house can be read as instantiating distinct forms of temporality such that recursive transformation on the periphery is opposed to innovative transformation at the centre. Furthermore, I suggest that the tendency for innovation at the centre makes this the privileged space in which to encounter and incorporate people and things which come from the outside, beyond the circle of village houses. In this sense it may be more correct, as Lévi‐Strauss argued, to think of binary opposition as being a form of triadic organization. Finally, I argue that binary ways of organizing the world among the Panará are not based on the opposition of nature to culture but rather on the encounter between Panará and enemy‐others. As these categories have changed through history, so ways of instantiating the difference between selves and others among the Panará have also transformed.
Separateness as a Relation: The Iconicity, Univocality and Creativity of Korowai Mother‐In‐Law Avoidance
Authors: STASCH RUPERT
Published: May 2003

A Korowai mother‐in‐law and son‐in‐law avoid seeing and touching each other, sharing food, speaking of each other in the singular, and uttering each other's names. I argue that these different avoided actions are understood as analogous forms of contact and impingement, and that the avoidances embody a qualitatively distinctive vision of social existence, according to which separateness, obligation, and uncertainty can be conjoined as positive bases of social connection. Avoidance practices epitomize and shape the broader institutional character of affinity as a relation of contingent accommodation and obligation. Korowai register these aspects of avoidance practice explicitly in their ideas about the consequences of transgression, and in their creative adjustment of the degrees of avoidance that they uphold.
The Demand for Health Care Services in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Sahn David E. , Younger Stephen D. , Genicot Garance
Published: May 2003

This paper examines the pattern of health care demand in rural Tanzania. We distinguish between hospital and clinic‐based care, in both the public and private sector using a two‐level nested multinomial logit model. Own price elasticities of demand for all health care options are high, although less so for public clinics and dispensaries than other choices. However, there is a high degree of substitution between public and private care. Consequently, price increases or user fees will result in small percentage of people opting for self‐treatment. Another important contribution of this paper is that the quality of medical care has large effects on health demand. This applies to the quality and availability of doctors/nurses, drugs and the clinic environment.
Fiat Money and Quality Uncertainty
Authors: Haegler Urs
Published: May 2003

The paper studies the role of money as a medium of exchange when barter trade is restricted not only by the double‐coincidence‐of‐wants requirement but also by private information about the quality of commodities. For this purpose, the model of Kiyotaki and Wright (1989) is extended to include commodities of both high and low quality. It is shown that, despite being intrinsically useless, fiat money may have value in trade because it is of uniform quality. Moreover, the introduction of a sufficiently small amount of fiat money proves to be welfare‐increasing.
On the Neutrality of Inside and Outside Money
Authors: Jefferson Philip N.
Published: May 2003

The relationships between nominal inside money and real economic activity and nominal outside money and real economic activity are explored using data on checkable deposits, M2 excluding currency, the monetary base, and real income in the United States from 1900 to 1992. This is done by calculating the long‐run elasticities of real output with respect to inside and outside components of the money stock. Small but significant deviations from neutrality are detected for inside money over a range of identifying assumptions. The evidence suggests, however, that the source of non‐neutrality is not the one hypothesized by Gurley and Shaw (1960).
Generational Accounts, Aggregate Saving and Intergenerational Distribution
Authors: Buiter Willem H.
Published: May 2003

Are generational accounts informative about the effect of the budget on the intergenerational distribution of resources and on aggregate saving? First, the usefulness of generational accounts lives or dies with the strict life‐cycle model of household consumption. Second, even if the life‐cycle model holds, generational accounts ignore the intergenerational redistribution associated with the government's provision of public goods and services and with intergenerational externalities. Third, generational accounting ignores the effect of the budget on tax and transfer bases and on before‐tax and ‐transfer quantities and prices. That is, it does not handle incidence or general equilibrium repercussions.
Inventories and Strikes
Authors: Clark Simon
Published: May 2003

This paper analyses a dynamic model of bargaining and strikes in which the reservation wage of union members in each period is private information. The model endogenizes the firm's decision to accumulate inventories of finished goods in order to enhance its bargaining position. With higher inventories, the firm makes a lower wage offer, thereby accepting an increased probability of a strike. The model can help explain empirical results that have found a positive correlation between wages and inventory accumulation. It also shows that, unless inventories are controlled for, strike incidence will exhibit a spurious negative state dependence.
Bargaining Frictions, Bargaining Procedures and Implied Costs in Multiple‐Issue Bargaining
Authors: Busch Lutz‐Alexander , Horstmann Ignatius J.
Published: May 2003

The paper explores how bargaining frictions and bargaining procedures interact to determine players’ bargaining costs in multiple‐issue bargaining settings. When bargaining frictions take the form of discounting and agreements are implemented as they are reached, issue‐by‐issue negotiation can generate bargaining costs different from those that occur if all issues are bargained simultaneously. These cost differences result in differences in allocations across bargaining procedures such that players disagree on the desired method of bargaining. Similar results hold for certain fixed‐cost bargaining friction specifications. This analysis provides a potential explanation of both agenda bargaining and incomplete contracts.
Firing Costs, Employment Fluctuations and Average Employment: An Examination of Germany
Authors: Hunt Jennifer
Published: May 2003

West Germany's Employment Promotion Act of 1985 facilitated the use of fixed‐term contracts and increased the number of dismissals above which the employer is required to establish a ‘social plan’ (involving severance payments). I assess the effect of this reduction in ‘firing costs’ on movements in employment, using monthly data on a panel of detailed manufacturing industries for 1977‐92. I also examine the effect of introducing flexible hours of work in certain industries beginning in 1985. I find that employment adjustment was unaffected by the lower firing costs, but slowed by the greater working hours flexibility.