bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue:From Althusser’s Theory of a Murder to Foucault’s Aesthetics of Existence
Authors: Porter Dennis
Published: November 2023

Judt’s description of the unique role French intellectuals seemed destined to play on the world stage in the twentieth century as a result of their historical legacy of revolution corresponds remarkably well to the lives and careers of both Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault. Both were intellectuals in the classic French sense that their remoter ancestors were the eighteenth-century philosophes and their role vis-a-vis the state was redefined for modern French public life by the events of the Dreyfus Affair. Yet by the end in both cases that was not enough.
Is the Only Good God a Dead God?
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The last statement elicits a knowing nod from many Jews. To them, it wryly captures the nature of Jewish experience throughout history-a protracted story of suffering that climaxes with the Holocaust. How, then, should Jews view their existence “after Auschwitz”? According to Richard Rubenstein’s classic by that title, Jews, post-Holocaust, must come to see that they inhabit a world in which God is no longer alive. For those living in the shadow of Auschwitz, the caring, just God of Jewish tradition has died. Reigning instead as Lord of the world, says Rubenstein, is omnipotent Nothingness.
The Religious Thought of Chu Hsi
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

Recognized as one of the greatest philosophers in classical China, Chu Hsi (1130-1200) is known in the West primarily through translations of one of his many works, the Chin-ssu Lu. In this book, Julia Ching offers the first book-length examination of Chu Hsi’s religious thought, based on extensive reading of both primary and secondary sources. Ching begins by providing an introduction to Chu’s twelfth-century intellectual context. She then examines Chu’s natural philosophy, looking in particular at the ideas of the Great Ultimate and at spirits and deities and the rituals that honor them. Next, Ching considers Chu’s interpretation of human nature and the emotions, highlighting the mystical thrust of the theoretical and practical teachings of spiritual cultivation and meditation. She discusses Chu’s philosophical disputes with his contemporariesin particular Lu Chiu-yuanand examines his relationship to Buddhism and Taoism. In the final chapters, Ching looks at critiques of Chu during his lifetime and after and evaluates the relevance of his thinking in terms of contemporary needs and problems. This clearly written and highly accessible study also offers translations of some of Chu’s most important philosophical poems, filling a major gap in the fields of both Chinese philosophy and religion.
Philosophical Disputes with Lu Chiu-yüan
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

So far, I have situated the development of some of Chu Hsi’s ideas in the con text of discussions and debates with others, whether with a friend, like Chang Shih, or with a disciple, like Ts’ai Yiian-ting. But I have preferred to treat Chu’s thinking thematically rather than concentrate on the discussions and debates. In this chapter, however, I shall dwell on the philosophical discussions and disputes that Chu Hsi and Lu Chiu-yiian entered into on a variety of subjects and occasions. I do so because I believe Lu to be Chu’sonly philosophical equal, and also a powerful rival, among their contemporaries. An exposition of their exchanges will highlight a whole range ofissues on which they professed agree ment or disagreement.
Chu Hsi and Taoism
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

Chu Hsi acknowledged a youthful interest in Taoism. He says that he was en grossed with “Buddhism and Taoism” for “over ten years.” This lasted until he met Li T’ung and decided to concentrate on “the learning of the sages.”
The “Problem” of Nature in the Bible
Authors: Hiebert Theodore
Published: November 2023

In both the popular consciousness and the enduring achievements of Western culture, the world of nature is remembered and represented as a familiar part of the biblical story. Biblical images of nature have, in fact, become a standard feature of the Western imagination. One of the now famous examples of this phenomenon in popular culture was the recitation of Genesis 1 on the first moon voyage. To express their amazement at the natural beauty of the planet earth floating in space as a small blue sphere, the Apollo 8 astronauts chose to read, out of all the nature literature of Western culture, the biblical story of creation.
The Bible and Nature Ancient Israelite Views and Modern Environmental Theologies
Authors: Hiebert Theodore
Published: November 2023

The detailed survey of the Yahwist’s landscape in chapters 2, 3, and 4 pro vides us with a new set of measurements-of J’s physical terrain and intellectual perspective-with which to reassess the larger issue that prompted this survey. This is the common belief, widespread in traditional biblical scholarship and recent environmental writing alike, that nature poses a problem for biblical thought. It is a belief, in its scholarly version at least, based solidly on two interrelated concepts: the idea that biblical religion is an historical religion for which the world of nature is of only peripheral interest, and the idea that this viewpoint derived largely from Israel’s desert origins.
Saint Foucault
Authors: Halperin David M
Published: November 2023

Although there is scarcely more than a mention of homosexuality in his scholarly writings, Michael Foucault, who died of AIDS in 1984, has become a powerful source of both personal and political inspiration to an entire generation of gay activists? Offering a no-holds barred rebuke to recent criticism of Foucault by Camille Paglia, Richard Mohr, biographer James Miller, and others, Saint Foucault is an uncompromising and impassioned defence of the late French philosopher and historian. A sometimes scathing, sometimes moving exploration of truth and sexual politics, it shows Foucault as a galvanizing thinker who will continue to serve as a model for gay intellectuals and activists.
Introduction
Authors: Schiller Anne
Published: November 2023

A report on regional criminality featured in the 5 January 1991 issue of Indonesia’s premier newsmagazine, Tempo, appealed to its national readership’s worst fears about the customs of their compatriots deep in the rain forests of Central Kalimantan. According to the report, titled “Gadut, Tumbal Tiwah” (Gadut, spirit offering at tiwah), members of the “Dayak Kaharingan tribe” were continuing their ancestral practice of taking human heads as part of their preparations for enacting traditional secondary burial rituals called tiwah. Many readers of Tempo’s unsettling report would probably have reacted contemptuously to the term “Dayak,” which connotes a host of mostly negative images of Borneo’s indigenous inhabitants. Presumably some readers would have subscribed to the popular view of Dayaks as ferocious wild men with a passion for hunting heads and possibly also indulging in cannibal feasts. Tempo’s writers suggested a parallel between the exaggerated tales of Native American tribes that skinned or scalped their victims and accounts of the practices of contemporary Dayak peoples. They noted the Kalimantan exception, where head-hunting “isn’t a fairy tale” (96).
Epilogue: Basir Muka and Religious Reformulations
Authors: Schiller Anne
Published: November 2023

This volume has offered an exploration of rituals, beliefs, and attitudes associated with treatment of the dead among an indigenous rain forest people of Indonesia. I have sought to relate the rituals to their changing social contexts and, in so doing, probe the relationship between religious and social transformation. To this end, I have focused attention on the changing form and content of tiwah as understood by lay people as well as priests.
W.E.B. Du Bois and Dedication to the Dead
Authors: Hall James C
Published: November 2023

What might it mean to understand the past? Certainly the cliche about not repeating mistakes has relevance, although as a comprehensive ethic or political strategy in the face of entrenched racism it may be dangerously trite. More compelling may be the assertion that through the past one achieves, often at some significant cost, a kind of moral illumination. In this context, the present has meaning (or perhaps has meaning imposed upon it) through the recognition of past suffering, the creation of a kind of ancestral solidarity. Yet this too may melt into thin air. Such a confidence may be shown to be mostly narcissistic projection, indeed even neurosis. If both the instrumental and mythic pursuits of the past prove faulty, if not ephemeral, why does C.L.R. James’s assertion remain so compelling, and seem to direct so much sixties—and more recent—African-American cultural practice? A central argument of this book has been that a striking component of post-World War II African-American intellectual and cultural life has been the increasing, if not obsessive, attention to this problem of the cultural significance of historical memory. Black anxiousness about the promise of modernity has been articulated most forcefully through an extended evaluation of the possibilities of “past-ness.”
Media Images/Feminist Issues
Authors: Rhode Deborah L
Published: November 2023

For those committed to feminism, a central concern has always been how the media reflect and recast feminist issues. For those committed to feminist research, media studies offer a particularly useful perspective on the social construction of a political movement. Indeed, even formulating this topic as a research question yields unexpected insights. In the Readers’ Guide to Periodical Literature, “feminism” traditionally was not considered significant enough to warrant a separate entry. In the 1950s, the feminist heading had only a cross-reference to “Women, social and moral questions.” This entry listed a handful of articles and a “see also” reference to alcoholism, divorce, harem, and prostitution. Over the next two decades, these cross-references expanded and eventually came to include “Women, equal rights.” But not until the early 1980s did feminism become a topic heading in its own right.
Fear of Feminism
Authors: Mccluskey Martha T
Published: November 2023

A profusion of mainstream media reports have declared that one of the biggest problems facing U.S. women in the 1990s is that feminists talk too much about women as victims. “Has sisterhood become victimhood?” ask ads for Katie Roiphe’s book The Morning After: Sex, Fear and Feminism on Campus (1993b). Roiphe (1991) argues that college feminists’ emphasis on the problem of date rape has served to reinforce what she claims are traditional ideas of women as victims and men as aggressors: “Let’s not chase the same stereotypes our mothers have spent so much energy running away from. Let’s not reinforce the images that oppress us, that label us victims, and deny our own agency and intelligence, as strong and sensual, as autonomous, pleasure-seeking, sexual beings.”
Law and Racial Reelism
Authors: Russell Margaret M
Published: November 2023

Black women occupy a role both central and peripheral, pervasive and invisible, in Hollywood’s cinematic history. From the earliest days of film, black women’s bodies have been a vehicle through which movieland sexual fantasies and fears have been transmogrified and black women’s historical circumstances have been used as fodder for the cinematic trivialization of their oppression. Generations of viewers have grown up with predominant (and sometimes exclusive) imagery of black women as alternately subhuman and superhuman: The animalistic Jezebel (Painter 1992, pp. 209–10), the fleshy and jovial mammy (Bogle 1992), the stern and aggressive matriarch (Gilkes 1983, pp. 288–300), and even the doomed “tragic mulatto” (Bogle 1992, p. 5) are meant to suggest that black women—are quite literally—a “breed apart” from the rest of humanity. The unifying theme underlying all of these stereotypes is one of deviance and worthlessness; whether sycophantic or strong, black women are deemed both powerless and somehow responsible for their own sorry fates. Even the image of the long-suffering, “Rock of Gibraltar” matriarch is laced with assumptions of inferiority and with the message that black women deserve their subordinated status. What Jacquelyn Grant has observed with respect to black women’s historic role in the church also rings true of black women’s place in popular culture: “[I]t is often said that women are the ‘backbone.’ … On the surface, this may appear to be a compliment … [but] most … who use this term are referring to location rather than function. What they really mean is that women are in the ‘background’ and should be kept there” (1982, p. 141).
Women on Trial
Authors: Lucia Cynthia
Published: November 2023

In the 1949 film, Adam’s Rib, often classified as a screwball comedy, Spencer Tracy plays Assistant D.A. Adam Bonner, married to attorney Amanda Bonner (Katharine Hepburn), whom he suddenly finds opposing him in the courtroom. Defending a woman accused of assaulting her unfaithful husband, Hepburn attempts to reread and reshape the law to reflect progressive values. Lecturing his wife, Tracy’s character clearly sees her action as an assault upon law, a challenge to the patriarchal foundations of the law, and by extension, a personal challenge to himself, as a man and as her husband: “Contempt for the law, that’s what you’ve got. It’s a disease, a spreading disease.
Law, Cultural Media[tion], and Desire in the Lives of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Higgins Tracy E , Tolman Deborah L
Published: November 2023

In order to perpetuate itself, every oppression must corrupt or distort those various sources of power within the culture of the oppressed that can provide energy for change. For women, this has meant suppression of the erotic as a considered source of power and information within our lives.
“Bad Mothers” and Welfare Reform in Massachusetts
Authors: Ashe Marie
Published: November 2023

In February 1994, in Boston, six young children were removed, by police action, from the custody of their mother, Claribel Ventura. Their removal and the apparent circumstances of their lives immediately became the subject of intensive media coverage.

While the past two decades have been marked by increased public awareness of what is called “child abuse” (Ashe and Cahn 1993; L. Gordon 1988), most legal cases concerning that reality do not receive intensive media coverage. Some do. Claribel Ventura’s is one such case. The story of Claribel Ventura—the public story—began to be told on February 13, 1994. On that date, The Boston Globe reported the previous day’s visit, by members of the Boston Police Department, to the apartment in the publicly subsidized housing project in Boston’s Mission Hill section in which Claribel Ventura and her children had at that time been residing for approximately three weeks. The early newspaper accounts reported a police description of the condition of Ventura’s home as “trash-filled” (Hutchinson 1994a), its floors “strewn with human feces” (Vaznis 1994a) and “littered” with beer bottles (Vaznis 1994b).
White Kids and No Kids At All: Working-Class Culture and Languages of Race
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

As the minstrel show situated itself in the urban North, its debased cultural position, no less than its racial economy, made its representations politically volatile. Its racial meanings were inextricable from its class argument, and one must therefore attend to the shifting class formations, and minstrelsy’s shifting place within them, in the antebellum North. It was in rowdy theatrical spaces that an emergent racial politics was both registered and created, and that the racial feeling underlying and shaping but many times eluding the official narratives of race in these years began to appear. Rather than locate in disembodied minstrel types some coherent, intentional politics (derived from our present notions of nineteenth-century racial matters), one ought, as Gareth Stedman Jones’s work suggests, to examine the complications in the minstrel show’s languages of race with reference to antebellum social and political developments (Languages 8). The popular theater was itself an increasingly crucial though less and less respectable part of those developments, and for a time this status enabled minstrelsy to become an oppositional, almost underground cultural form. As a result, it told a story less articulate yet perhaps more revealing than the taunts and ripostes of polemicists.
“Genuine Negro Fun”: Racial Pleasure and Class Formation in the 1840s
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

Sometime in the winter of1842-43 four irregularly employed circus and minstrel men, in one of the numberless small hotels that lined the Bowery, hit upon the idea of a blackface minstrel band. The band would soon be called the Virginia Minstrels, and it was the first troupe of its kind to form in New York City. Although the story is variously told, all accounts agree that this happy occurrence came about quite by accident. Sitting in the North American Hotel, Dan Emmett, Billy Whitlock, Dick Pelham, and Frank Brower one day decided to descend upon the Bowery Circus with fiddle, banjo, tambourine, and bones and treat one of its proprietors to what Emmett termed a “charivari.” “Without any rehearsal,” according to Emmett, “with hardly the ghost of an idea as to what was to follow,” they crossed the street and “‘browbeat’ Uncle Nate Howes into giving them an engagement, the calculation being that he would succumb in preference to standing the horrible noise” the men made. Intrigued, Howes challenged them to sing a song, whereupon they lit into “Old Dan Tucker,” Emmett singing and the others joining in the chorus. “The four minstrels were as much surprised at the result as was Uncle Nate,” Emmett later told the New York Clipper. “After singing some more songs for him, they returned to the North American, where they resumed their ‘horrible noise’ in the reading-room, which was quickly filled with spectators.”
Rage, Race, and Desire Savage Holiday, by Richard Wright
Authors: Tate Claudia
Published: November 2023

How could he ever explain that a daydream buried under the rigorous fiats of duty had been called forth from its thirty-six-year-old grave by a woman called Mabel Blake, and that that taunting dream had so overwhelmed him with a sense of guilt compounded of a reality which was strange and alien and which he loathed, but which, at the same time, was astonishingly familiar to him: a guilty dream which he had wanted to disown and forget, but which he had had to reenact in order to make its memory and reality clear to him! At the level of concrete psychopathology, the compulsion to repeat is an ungovernable process originating in the unconscious. As a result of its action, the subject deliberately places himself in distressing situations, thereby repeating an old experience, but he does not recall this prototype; on the contrary, he has the strong impression that the situation is fully determined by the circumstances of the moment.
Kīrti ŚrīPredicament
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

This book is primarily about how kīrti Śr īR ājasinha expressed a classical understanding of Buddhism and appealed to various paradigmatic discourses of kingship through the religious works he sponsored. As I detail his enterprising program of reform, reestablishment, and renewal in chapters 2-4, the specific parameters of his classical Buddhist perspective will become quite apparent. Initially, it would be helpful to know why he expended such great effort and wealth to revive what had become essentially an institutionally moribund religious tradition.
Saints In Exile
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

Nationalism is one of the most serious political problems in the world today. This volume is a collection of papers which address the topic of the ethics of nationalism. The contributors include some of the most eminent political philosophers and political scientists active today. The bulk of the literature on nationalism is in the social sciences and tends to focus on descriptive and prescriptive themes and issues of policy. This collection, however, focuses on the deeper moral issues that must be addressed if a policy prescription is to be well grounded.
Introduction
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

Early in his engaging reworking of the Tibetan Book of the Dead, Sogyal Rinpoche describes his master. Iamyang Khyentse, to whom he was given when only six months old, functioned as his living link to Tibetan Buddhist tradition.
Wisdom
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully
Published: November 2023

We have described The Buddha as a monk, or a protomonk, stressing his removal of himself from the world, his dedication to celibacy, and his sponsorship of begging and obedience. We might describe him equally well as a sage, an exemplar of wisdom. Gautama became the Buddha, as we have underlined, by gaining awareness. His authority rested on the fact that he knew and could teach from personal experience, simply by sharing the light that flooded his own being. This is the enviable position of the sage, Eastern and Western.
Home in a Rage
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

I begin with a writer whose importance to the tradition of comic literature that I am addressing cannot be overstated but whose status as an important American writer has been on the wane for the last several scholarly generations.1 Washington Irving has been more or less moved to the edge of his canonical pedestal because he is too sentimental for twentieth-century tastes, yet that is precisely why he is of such great importance to the tradition of domestic humor. With The Sketch Book, Irving virtually singlehandedly imported humor into American literature. There had been much literary comedy before, even much written by Irving himself. But American comedy before The Sketch Book was witty, satirical, usually overtly political. Think of Benjamin Franklin’s “Dogood Papers,” or of Hugh Henry Brackenridge’s Modem Chivalry, or Tabitha Tenney’s Female Quixotism, or William Byrd’s “History of the Dividing Line” and “Secret History of the Line.” Each of these has a definite satirical bent, and in each case the reader can discern a strong, clear authorial point of view, usually carried by a positive narrator.2
Madness Runs in Families
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have tried to show not only that humor is used to articulate certain attitudes about domesticity, but also that it served as a way to explore new possibilities within and without the range of ideas that conform to the ideology. I have also tried to suggest that humor’s range and powers are finally limited by a need for conceptual security, by the final inability of comedians to deal fully with the chaos that their own practice makes available to them. What I hope to have shown thus far with respect to humor is that it is both an opening into new psychic and social territory, but that it paradoxically needs the old as a safe ground in the first place. It is a paradox of structure and freedom being mutually interdependent and opposite, much as the American ideology that required domesticity as an intermediate ideology puts freedom and equality into a paradoxical tension. It is also a paradox of inside and outside not only being interdependent by the binary construction that defines each only in terms of the other, but also of requiring a mutual communication, a knowledge of what the other entails in order to maintain the dialectical opposition of each to the other. The freedoms of humor at the expense of domesticity require full knowledge and ultimately the acceptance of the constraints of it as well.
North Carolina
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

The undulating Nantahala Mts., from Wayah Bald, North Carolina. Trail miles: 95.6 in North Carolina, 207.7 shared with Tennessee Trail maintenance: Nantahala Hikmg Club, National Park Service and Smoky Mts. Hikmg Club (in Great Smoky Mts. National Park), Carolina Mt. Club Highest point: Clingmans Dome, 6,643 ft. (highest point on the AT) Broadest rivers: French Broad, Nantahala (bridge at Wesser over kayak racecourse), Little Tennessee (AT crosses 480-ft.-high Fontana Dam) Features: The AT traverses most-visited national park in the U.S. (Great Smoky Mts.), with extraordinary variety of plant life (balsam fir, flame azalea) due to sustained high elevation and abundant precipitation. Extensive wilderness areas in national park and forests; over 70 miles of crest-line trail; spectacular vistas.
Tennessee
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

Day hiker and Catawba rhododendron in the mountains of Tennessee. Trail miles: 69.5 in Tennessee, 207.7 shared with North Carolina Trail maintenance: Tennessee Eastman Hiking Club Highest point: Roan Mt., 6,285 ft. Broadest river: Laurel Fork Features: The AT follows the Tennessee border with North Carolina, frequently entering and leaving the state along the mountain crests in Great Smoky Mts. National Park. Spectacular views and rich plant life, including famous Roan Mt. wild rhododendron garden.
Connecticut
Authors: Emblidge David
Published: November 2023

In a shady pine plantation north of St. Johns Ledges, Kent, Connecticut. Trail miles: 45 Trail maintenance: Appalachian Mt. Club (Connecticut chapter) Highest point: Bear Mt., 2,316 ft. Broadest river: Housatonic (two AT crossings) Features: Lovely views of Housatonic River valley from the Taconic Range, one of the oldest geologic areas on the AT. Longest riverside walk on the AT, with miles of whitewater views (in season).
Robert Pinsky’s Social Nature
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

A poet’s mark may be measured by his or her ability to expand the language available to poetry. The effort is usually subtle (we don’t need to think of Shakespeare as a formally innovative writer), and it always depends on an openness to a variety of poetries, past and present. For a legitimately postmodern poet, argues Robert Pinsky, “formal freedom feels assumed, and matters of technique [are] no longer fighting issues in the old modernist sense.”1 Pinsky himself not only admires both the formal terseness of J. V. Cunningham and the capacious waywardness of Frank O’Hara; his poems also partake of both these qualities. Unlike other writers who seem, mostly because of their formal choices, more programmatically postmodern, Pinsky has consequently become the more truly innovative poet—the poet who increases the possibilities available to poetry.
A Confucian Path From Conscientiousness To Spontaneity
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Confucian tradition has honored the beauty in genuine goodness, where the shadow of self-conscious hesitation is gone and nobility of character expresses itself spontaneously. The ideal is appealing, but how shall this beautiful spontaneity dawn in human character? How can one live spontaneously without betraying duty? Is it possible to cultivate such a manner of living?

Confucius’ autobiographical sketch indicates something of his steps along the way.

A spontaneity that “follows the dictates of one’s heart” while remaining “within the boundaries of right” can hardly be confused with impulsiveness.

In the program to achieve a noble and spontaneously expressive character, the golden rule plays an important and many-faceted role. First, the practice of the rule strengthens the virtues conducive to humane relationships in an orderly society. Second, the rule symbolizes the goal itself, the way of relating that is ideal. Third, the rule functions as a thread of continuity between levels of interpretation that range in focus from socialethical norms to philosophical and spiritual realization.
From Greek Reciprocity To Cosmopolitan Idealism
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

“Sophistry” is a term of abuse. Used by the greatest thinkers of ancient Greece to characterize their opponents as purveyors of sham wisdom, “sophistry” connotes deceptive reasoning and rhetoric that sacrifices truth on the altar of social power. As characterized by Socrates (ca. 470–399), Plato (ca. 428–348 or 347), and Aristotle (384–322), the Sophists were the ones who entered the field of philosophy armed with talent, skill, and broad information, but refused to submit to the reconstruction of popular opinion required by honest logic and philosophical insight. Sophistic oratory, whether spoken or written—when it was not confrontational and abusive—was marked by a pleasing and ambiguous mix of social propriety, vague idealism, and partisan self-interest. Yet it was the Sophist Isocrates (436–335) who, more than anyone else, was responsible for the burst of golden rule thinking that entered fourth-century Greek culture.
A Principle of Sensitivity and Respect
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Contemporary philosophies of self and other are providing a new context for interpreting the golden rule, especially for thinkers developing the continental European traditions of philosophy. One cannot help remarking that world war has marked the lives of surprisingly many of the authors treated in these chapters, including three discussed here, heightening sensitivities, strengthening moral conviction, and showing the reciprocal influence of philosophical reflection and committed human living.

The careful study of empathy has been undertaken in the philosophical tradition of phenomenology. This discipline, as developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) and others, originally aimed to describe rigorously the most general features of experience, and it may be regarded as a philosophic approach to psychology. Describing the experience of other persons, Husserl focused on the phase of relating in which the self, the conscious subject, forms its sense of the other. According to Husserl (philosophizing in the first person singular, inviting the reader to see for himself or herself and speak forth his or her own insight), I, as an embodied ego, in the presence of another person before me, recognize that person as analogous to myself( The other person’s stream of experience is never intuitively presented to me as though it were part of my own stream of experience. For this reason, in talking about intersubjective understanding, Husserl speaks of apperception rather than intuition, to indicate that I do not perceive the other’s experience, even though I do have a sense of it: I apperceive it. Nor do I go through a process of inference, reasoning that the other person’s body is similar to what mine would look like if I were experiencing X, so the other person must be experiencing X (or something similar), too.
The Return of the Gift
Authors: Webb Stephen H
Published: November 2023

Someone gives something to somebody. These three elements constitute what we commonly call gift giving, an apparently simple structure that, when closely examined, opens onto a multitude of complex questions. Even a partial list of these questions would serve only to raise countless issues that cannot be rendered clearly or completely. Such issues, however, can be grouped around the three basic aspects of giving that my initial sentence outlines. First, someone gives. What is generosity? Why should someone give something to somebody else? How is generosity motivated and maintained? Second, something is given. What is a good gift? What distinguishes a gift from other objects, and how is the gift presented in order to verify this distinction? To whom should the gift be given? Third, someone receives.
Examination of Conditions
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Neither from itself nor from another, Nor from both, Nor without a cause, Does anything whatever, anywhere arise. There are four conditions: efficient condition; Percept-object condition; immediate condition; Dominant condition, just so. There is no fifth condition.
Examination of the Aggregates
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Apart from the cause of form, Form cannot be conceived. Apart from form, The cause of form is not seen. If apart from the cause of form, there were form, Form would be without cause. But nowhere is there an effect Without a cause. If apart from form There were a cause of form, It would be a cause without an effect. But there are no causes without effects.
Examination of Actions and Their Fruits
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Self-restraint and benefiting others With a compassionate mind is the Dharma. This is the seed for Fruits in this and future lives. The Unsurpassed Sage has said That actions are either intention or intentional. The varieties of these actions Have been announced in many ways.
Examination of the Four Noble Truths
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

If all of this is empty, Neither arising nor ceasing, Then for you, it follows that The Four Noble Truths do not exist. If the Four Noble Truths do not exist, Then knowledge, abandonment, Meditation and manifestation Will be completely impossible. If these things do not exist, The four fruits will not arise. Without the four fruits, there will be no attainers of the fruits. Nor will there be the faithful.
Examination of the Aggregates
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The five aggregates are the basic Buddhist categories of personal constituents. The first-that discussed as an example in this chapter-is in Sanskrit rupa, in Tibetan gzugs. Unfortunately, given the lexicography of Western philosophy, this word has historically been translated as “form.” This practice is so ubiquitous that I am loathe to depart from it, despite the confusion it engenders. For what the word means is matter. The other aggregates are sensation, perception, intellect, and the dispositions. It is important to realize that this taxonomy is to be understood pragmatically: There is no deep doctrinal or philosophical point that hangs on dividing the properties or capacities of humans up in just this way. In fact, most often the only important point about analysis in terms of the aggregates is that humans are composite. The precise nature of the best decomposition is of interest to psychology and to soteriological practitioners, but is at bottom, from the standpoint of the tradition, an empirical matter.
Examination of the Prior Entity
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Now one can surely imagine an opponent responding to the argument of the previous chapter by granting that agency and its corelative phenomena might be empty, yet still denying that awareness itself-the subjectivity that grounds perception-could be empty. For, one might argue, the emptiness of all phenomena still requires that there be a subject for whom they are phenomena. Nāgārjuna’ articulates this response in the opening verses of this chapter: Since sight and hearing, etc., and Feeling, etc., exist, He who has and uses them Must exist prior to those, some say.
Examination of Connection
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The word here translated as “connection” (phrad-pa) is the term denoting the relation between the components that are compounded in any compounded phenomenon. It can also describe the relation between two things coming together in space and time or colliding, or two things fitting together, and while this can be taken fairly literally in the context of physical objects when they are understood as compounded of their parts, the relation is actually much more general than that. In fact, the example that Nāgārjuna’ takes as central, and one that is used by some earlier Buddhist theorists as an example of a case of connection in this sense, is visual perception. In such a case, accord-ing to the proponent of the reality of meeting, or compounding, the subject, the sensory organs, the sensory faculty, and the object join together, or “connect,” not in a literal physical sense of spatiotemporal coincidence, but rather in the sense of forming an ensemble. Sense perception is, on this view, the entire compound ensemble.
Examination of Bondage
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

So there are no entities. But still, from a Buddhist perspective, we are bound: bound to our conceptions of entities and essence, bound to our selves, bound to objects, and principally, bound to cyclic existence itself. Surely, the opponent might ask, mustn’t the bondage that accounts for the illusions so ruthlessly analyzed in the previous chapter be intrinsically real? If not, what is the causal basis for all of these illusions and all of this suffering? In a Buddhist framework, this bondage to cyclic existence is instantiated in endless transmigration in sarpsara, and freedom from bondage would be liberation from cyclic existence into nirvāna. We will postpone a discussion of the precise nature of that liberation and of nirvāna until we reach the chapters where that topic is discussed, namely, XXII and XXV.
Examination of Self and Entities
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

A good deal of the confusion Nāgārjuna’ diagnoses in the previous two chapters concerns the presupposition that the self, as an afflicted being capable of liberation from suffering, must be thought of as an inherently real entity. In this chapter, therefore, Nāgārjuna’ turns to an examination of the self, per se, apart from its relation to such things as perception, action, suffering, affliction, and so forth, as he has examined it in prior chapters.
Examination of Becoming and Destruction
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Nāgārjuna’examines the phenomenon of momen-tary impermanence. At this point in the dialectic, one might suggest that since the emptiness of phenomena derives directly from their decomposition into momentary time-slices and from the fact that they are constantly coming into existence and being destroyed, that process of momentary arising and destruction itself ought to be real in the strong sense. Nāgārjuna’, by way of completing the discussion of the nature of conventional phenomena, demonstrates the emptiness of even arising and destruction themselves as a prelude to the final section of the text, that discussing the nature of the ultimate and its relation to conventional reality.
Examination of Nirvāna
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

This chapter continues the study of the nature of what are often thought of as ultimate realities and that of their relation to the conventional world. It follows quite naturally on the preceding chapter, which considered the relation between emptiness and the conventional world. For insight into emptiness is, from the standpoint of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāphilosophy, an important precondition for entry into Nirvāna. And just as the ultimate truth is related to the conventional as an understanding of the way things really are as opposed to the way they appear to be, Nirvāna is related to sarpsara as a state of awareness of things as they are as opposed to a state of awareness of things as they appear to be.
Women as Sources of Redemption and Knowledge In Early Christian Traditions
Authors: Streete Gail Corrington
Published: November 2023

Christianity developed within a matrix of religious traditions, nearly all of which promised what they defined as salvation. For Judaism and the other Greco Roman religious traditions that influenced formative Christianity in the period from the first through the fourth and early fifth centuries of the Common Era, the term “salvation” could be understood as embracing three general categories. In the first, salvation denoted safety, rescue, or being made secure by a powerful force that overcame other powerful and hostile forces rendering one’s existence in this world and the next powerless and helpless. Salvation could also mean “salvage,” the restoration of the person or the world to some original but lost perfection or, at the very least, the removal of the restrictions of suffering, limit and death that hedged about the human situation.
Helping others speak better
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Perhaps you have people working for you who give presentations. Or there’s a co-worker or friend who needs some help. How can you help them become better speakers? Too often, those helping with a presentation simply look through the other person’s transparencies and then offer suggestions. However, that’s often too late in the process. And, because there’s no rehearsal, it doesn’t show what will happen when the person actually stands up.
The Aesthetics of Suffering
Authors: Ross Ellen M
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets before us the visual world of medieval reflection on the figure of the suffering Jesus. I consider images of the suffering Jesus in two media: medieval church wall paintings and manuscript illuminations, particularly illuminations from Psalters and Books of Hours. My analysis of representative set tings in which artistic depictions of the suffering Jesus appear demonstrates that for medieval Christians, the portrayal of the suffering Jesus made tangible and palpable the mercy of God. The suffering Jesus was the primary expression of the deep and abiding love of the medieval God for the world, a love so great that it foreordained the death of God’s son.
The Social Principle
Authors: Wigger John H
Published: November 2023

Like all popular religious movements, American Methodism was, at heart, a local event. Its itinerant plan ensured both that each community would have some direct connection with the movement as a whole and that lay members would have a remarkable degree of input in shaping the character of the church. On the standard four weeks’ circuit, an itinerant might visit each society only twice a month, and then only rarely on a Sunday. At all other times the administration of the church was in the hands of local preachers, lay exhorters, stewards, and class leaders. The continuity of the class meetings, quarterly meetings, love feasts, and camp meetings, and the constancy of Methodist discipline, all acted as a counter weight to the transience of the itinerancy. Together, these community events did much to define the “movement culture” of Methodism’s connectional system. They prevented American Methodism from either splintering into a se ries of disjointed revivals or turning to congregationalism. No other religious movement of the period, including the Baptists, could call on such a uniform set of nationally recognized institutions. No labor association could match the national scope of Methodism’s appeal among artisans and middling folk of the early republic.
Police and Politics in Chicago
Authors: Skogan Wesley G , Hartnett Susan M
Published: November 2023

Community policing came to Chicago on April 29, 1993: That was inauguration day for CAPS (Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy), an ambitious plan to reorganize the police department, redefine its mission, and forge a new relationship between police and residents of the city.
Quincas Borba
Authors: Machado De Assis Joaquim Maria
Published: November 2023

Along with The Posthumous Memoirs of Br's Cubas and Dom Casmurro, Quincas Borba is one of Machado de Assis' major works and indeed one of the major works of nineteenth-century fiction. With his uncannily postmodern sensibility, his delicious wit, and his keen insight into the political and social complexities of the Brazilian Empire, Machado opens a fascinating world to English-speaking readers. When the mad philosopher Quincas Borba dies, he leaves to his friend Rubiao the entirety of his wealth and property, with a single stipulation: Rubiao must take care of Quincas Borba's dog, who is also named Quincas Borba, and who may indeed have assumed the soul of the dead philosopher. Flush with his newfound wealth, Rubiao heads for Rio de Janeiro and plunges headlong into a world where fantasy and reality become increasingly difficult to keep separate. We encounter roses that speak to each other, discussing the character and actions of their owner, Sofia; even the stars above occasionally comment, sarcastically, on the humans below. When Rubiao falls in love with the wife of his best friend, we see adultery as yet another betrayal of reality. Rubiao's own hold on reality becomes ever more tenuous as he makes elaborate plans for his marriage, even though he has no bride, and fantasizes that he has become Napoleon III. The very nature of reality, the novel seems to be saying, is an agreed-upon fiction told by an unreliable narrator. Brilliantly translated by Gregory Rabassa, Quincas Borba is a masterful satire not only on life in Imperial Brazil but the human condition itself.
Introduction
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: November 2023

When Robert Bork was nominated for the U.S. Supreme Court, one of his former colleagues at Yale explained why the Senate shouldn’t worry about Bork’s somewhat intemperate scholarship. Since becoming a judge, the colleague explained, Bork had changed his reasoning style. Then came the zinger: This eminent professor testified that Bork’s “abandonment of his slashing and extreme style in favor of a judicious incremental approach to thinking about the law ... disqualifies him for a reappointment at Yale Law School.” Apparently, only extremists make good legal academics. Reason, moderation, and common sense may be positive traits in a judge, but nowadays they are fatal flaws in a legal scholar.
Winds of Change
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

Although America’s exponential leap in annulments happened suddenly, it did not develop out of nothingness. No single event or idea accounts for the seismic change in the production of decrees of nullity. Several factors were at work simultaneously, some with more impact than others. Cumulatively, however, their effect on traditional Church teaching on the permanance and indissolubility of marriage was devastating. In this chapter we shall examine some precursors to change that predate Vatican II and the impetus to change provided by the Council itself.
Building on the Groundwork
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

If in the hierarchy of influences on annulment in America the “spirit of Vatican II” and the new pastoralism vie for top honors, Gaudium et Spes, is not far behind. This section of the Council’s Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modem World deals with the sanctity of marriage and the family. The text appearing on those few pages, it is repeatedly alleged, signals a shift in Church teaching on the nature or essence of marriage. Before examining No. 48, it is instructive to note some prefatory remarks in No. 47. Pointed reference is made to such marital and familial “blemishes” as polygamy, the “plague of divorce,” and free love.
Psychologizing Annulment
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no modem society is more thoroughly smitten with psychology than the United States. A society that prizes individualism and the discipline that specializes in the study and treatment of individual behavior were made for each other. Psychology’s influence runs broad and deep. Psychologists pontificate with total aplomb on innumerable facets of human behavior. Their pronouncements are taken quite seriously, despite frequent gaping chasms between what they say and what they really know. Psychotherapy (“talk-therapy”) has ta pered off in popularity in recent years, but counseling is a leading growth industry, surprisingly resistant to vagaries of the business cycle.
Respondents and the Right of Defense
Authors: Vasoli Robert H
Published: November 2023

Virtually every facet of the American tribunal system examined thus far bespeaks an orientation toward petitioners and nullity. The proannulment hydra rears its heads even in what should be unlikely places, for example, in the role of the respondent. In practical terms, respondents fit a variety of molds. Tribunals often differentiate between “cooperative” and “uncooperative” respondents. The former are those who participate in the tribunal’s investigation, usually by testifying and perhaps by tendering names of witnesses. Many re act to a petition for annulment with equanimity, relief, or even ill-disguised glee.