bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structures of the oceanic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary: Mineral‐physics modeling and seismological signatures
Authors: Olugboji T. M. , Karato S. , Park J.
Published: February 2013

We explore possible models for the seismological signature of the oceanic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) using the latest mineral‐physics observations. The key features that need to be explained by any viable model include (1) a sharp (<20 km width) and a large (5–10%) velocity drop, (2) LAB depth at ~70 km in the old oceanic upper mantle, and (3) an age‐dependent LAB depth in the young oceanic upper mantle. We examine the plausibility of both partial melt and sub‐solidus models. Because many of the LAB observations in the old oceanic regions are located in areas where temperature is ~1000–1200°K, significant partial melting is difficult. We examine a layered model and a melt‐accumulation model (at the LAB) and show that both models are difficult to reconcile with seismological observations. A sub‐solidus model assuming absorption‐band (AB) physical dispersion is inconsistent with the large velocity drop at the LAB. We explore a new sub‐solidus model, originally proposed by Karato [2012], that depends on grain‐boundary sliding. In contrast to the previous model where only the AB behavior was assumed, the new model predicts an age‐dependent LAB structure including the age‐dependent LAB depth and its sharpness. Strategies to test these models are presented.
Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-Fabp) modulates murine stellate cell activation and diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Chen Anping , Tang Youcai , Davis Victoria , Hsu Fong-Fu , Kennedy Susan M. , Song Haowei , Turk John , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Newberry Elizabeth P. , Davidson Nicholas O.
Published: February 2013

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is crucial to the development of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Quiescent HSCs contain lipid droplets (LDs), whose depletion upon activation induces a fibrogenic gene program. Here we show that liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-Fabp), an abundant cytosolic protein that modulates fatty acid (FA) metabolism in enterocytes and hepatocytes, also modulates HSC FA utilization and in turn regulates the fibrogenic program. L-Fabp expression decreased 10-fold following HSC activation, concomitant with depletion of LDs. Primary HSCs isolated from

L-FABP

−/− mice contain fewer LDs than wild-type (WT) HSCs, and exhibit up-regulated expression of genes involved in HSC activation. Adenoviral L-Fabp transduction inhibited activation of passaged WT HSCs and increased both the expression of prolipogenic genes and also augmented intracellular lipid accumulation, including triglyceride and FA, predominantly palmitate. Freshly isolated HSCs from

L-FABP

−/− mice correspondingly exhibited decreased palmitate in the free FA pool. To investigate whether

L-FABP

deletion promotes HSC activation

in vivo

, we fed

L-FABP

−/− and WT mice a high-fat diet supplemented with trans-fatty acids and fructose (TFF). TFF-fed

L-FABP

−/− mice exhibited reduced hepatic steatosis along with decreased LD abundance and size compared to WT mice. In addition, TFF-fed

L-FABP

−/− mice exhibited decreased hepatic fibrosis, with reduced expression of fibrogenic genes, compared to WT mice.

Conclusion

:

L-FABP

deletion attenuates both diet-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis, despite the observation that L-Fabp paradoxically promotes FA and LD accumulation and inhibits HSC activation

in vitro

. These findings highlight the importance of cell-specific modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism in promoting fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Toxicity of ethylmercury (and Thimerosal): a comparison with methylmercury
Authors: Dórea José G. , Farina Marcelo , Rocha João B. T.
Published: February 2013

Ethylmercury (etHg) is derived from the metabolism of thimerosal (o‐carboxyphenyl‐thio‐ethyl‐sodium salt), which is the most widely used form of organic mercury. Because of its application as a vaccine preservative, almost every human and animal (domestic and farmed) that has been immunized with thimerosal‐containing vaccines has been exposed to etHg. Although methylmercury (meHg) is considered a hazardous substance that is to be avoided even at small levels when consumed in foods such as seafood and rice (in Asia), the World Health Organization considers small doses of thimerosal safe regardless of multiple/repetitive exposures to vaccines that are predominantly taken during pregnancy or infancy. We have reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies that compare the toxicological parameters among etHg and other forms of mercury (predominantly meHg) to assess their relative toxicities and potential to cause cumulative insults. In vitro studies comparing etHg with meHg demonstrate equivalent measured outcomes for cardiovascular, neural and immune cells. However, under in vivo conditions, evidence indicates a distinct toxicokinetic profile between meHg and etHg, favoring a shorter blood half‐life, attendant compartment distribution and the elimination of etHg compared with meHg. EtHg's toxicity profile is different from that of meHg, leading to different exposure and toxicity risks. Therefore, in real‐life scenarios, a simultaneous exposure to both etHg and meHg might result in enhanced neurotoxic effects in developing mammals. However, our knowledge on this subject is still incomplete, and studies are required to address the predictability of the additive or synergic toxicological effects of etHg and meHg (or other neurotoxicants). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Set‐up of an infrared fast behavioral assay using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae, and its application in compound biotoxicity screening
Authors: Bichara Darío , Calcaterra Nora B. , Arranz Silvia , Armas Pablo , Simonetta Sergio H.
Published: February 2013

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly employed for evaluating toxicity and drug discovery assays. Commonly experimental approaches for biotoxicity assessment are based on visual inspection or video recording. However, these techniques are limited for large‐scale assays, as they demand either a time‐consuming detailed inspection of the animals or intensive computing resources in order to analyze a considerable amount of screenshots. Recently, we have developed a simple methodology for tracking the locomotor activity of small animals cultured in microtiter plates. In this work, we implemented this automatic methodology, based on infrared (IR) microbeam scattering, for measuring behavioral activity in zebrafish larvae. We determined the appropriate culture conditions, number of animals and stage of development to get robust results. Furthermore, we validated this methodology as a rapid test for evaluating toxicity. By measuring the effects of reference compounds on larvae activity, we were able to estimate the concentration that could cause a 50% decrease in activity events values (AEC50), showing a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.91) with the LC50 values obtained with the standard DarT test. The toxicity order of the measured compounds was CuSO4 > 2,4‐dinitrophenol > 3,4‐dichloroaniline > SDS > sodium benzoate > EDTA > K2CrO4; regarding solvents, EtOH ≈ DMSO. In this study, we demonstrate that global swimming behavior could be a simple readout for toxicity, easy to scale‐up in automated experiments. This approach is potentially applicable for fast ecotoxicity assays and whole‐organism high‐throughput compound screening, reducing the time and money required to evaluate unknown samples and to identify leading pharmaceutical compounds. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of potential injectable polymeric biomaterials for bone regeneration
Authors: Dreifke Michael B. , Ebraheim Nabil A. , Jayasuriya Ambalangodage C.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the potential injectable polymeric biomaterial scaffolds currently being investigated for application in bone tissue regeneration. Two types of injectable biomaterial scaffolds are focused in this review, including injectable microspheres and injectable gels. The injectable microspheres section covers several polymeric materials, including poly(L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)‐PLGA, poly(propylene fumarate), and chitosan. The injectable gel section covers alginate gels, hyaluronan hydrogels, poly(ethylene‐glycol)‐PEG hydrogels, and PEG‐PLGA copolymer hydrogels. This review focuses on the effect of cellular behaviorin vitroandin vivoin terms of material properties of polymers, such as biodegradation, biocompatibility, porosity, microsphere size, and cross‐linking nature. Injectable polymeric biomaterials offer a major advantage for orthopedic applications by allowing the ability to use noninvasive or minimally invasive treatment methods. Therefore, combining injectable polymeric biomaterial scaffolds with cells have a significant potential to treat orthopedic bone defects, including spine fusion, and craniofacial and periodontal defects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Significance of Antibodies Against the Native Ribosomal P Protein Complex and Recombinant P0, P1, and P2 Proteins in the Diagnosis of Chinese Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Li Jing , Shen Ying , He Jing , Jia Rulin , Wang Xiujie , Chen Xiaosan , Wang Dahai , Han Lei , Zhu Lei , Chi Xiaofeng , Saschenbrecker Sandra , Dähnrich Cornelia , Stöcker Winfried , Schlumberger Wolfgang , Li Zhan‐Guo
Published: February 2013

Background

This study aimed to evaluate autoantibodies against the native ribosomal P complex (anti‐Rib‐PC) and recombinant ribosomal P proteins (anti‐Rib‐P0, anti‐Rib‐P1, anti‐Rib‐P2) for their prevalence, diagnostic relevance and clinical associations in a Chinese cohort with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Anti‐Rib‐P, anti‐dsDNA and anti‐Smith antigen (Sm) antibodies were analyzed in sera from 198 patients with SLE, 33 with rheumatoid arthritis, 61 with Sjögren's syndrome and 70 healthy individuals by means of ELISA.

Results

Antibody prevalences were 29.8% (anti‐Rib‐PC), 33.3% (anti‐Rib‐P0), 42.9% (anti‐Rib‐P1) and 34.3% (anti‐Rib‐P2), at a specificity of 99%. Among SLE patients lacking anti‐dsDNA and anti‐Sm, 27.8% showed positive for at least one of the investigated anti‐Rib‐P types. The serological hit rate provided by anti‐dsDNA/anti‐Sm detection (72.7%) was increased upon parallel testing for anti‐Rib‐PC (77.3%) or anti‐Rib‐P0/P1/P2 (80.3%). Anti‐Rib‐P positivity was associated with disease activity, neuropsychiatric events, lupus nephritis, skin rash, lymphocytopenia, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates, decreased complement C3/C4 and elevated IgA/IgG levels.

Conclusion

Based on these results, antibodies against ribosomal P proteins are important complementary parameters to anti‐dsDNA and anti‐Sm, and should be considered for inclusion in the classification criteria for SLE. The diagnostic value of anti‐Rib‐P0/P1/P2 is diagnostically superior to that of anti‐Rib‐PC. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:87–95, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Serum and Saliva Levels of Ischemia‐Modified Albumin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Toker Aysun , Aribas Alpay , Yerlikaya F. Hümeyra , Tasyurek Erkan , Akbuğa Kürşat
Published: February 2013

Objective

Ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA) is a novel marker for diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and it is considered as a serum marker. The aim of the study was to evaluate salivary IMA levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to determine the relation between serum and salivary IMA levels.

Methods

A total of 60 patients with AMI and 40 control subjects who are age and sex matched with AMI group were included in our study. The diagnosis of AMI was based on the WHO classification criteria. All patients underwent the clinical assessment, consisting of electrocardiography, and serum cardiac markers. Serum and salivary IMA levels were measured at the first and second days of AMI by using a colorimetric method.

Results

Serum IMA levels were significantly higher in the first and second day of AMI patients, however, salivary IMA levels were significantly higher in the first day of AMI patients compared to the control (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between salivary IMA levels and serum IMA levels both in the first and second day of AMI patients (r = 0.298, P < 0.05; r = 0.319, P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion

We concluded that salivary IMA levels at the first day of AMI could be used as an alternative marker to serum IMA levels for diagnosis of AMI. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 27:99–104, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partial Online List Coloring of Graphs
Authors: Wong Tsai‐Lien , Zhu Xuding
Published: February 2013

For a graph G, let be the maximum number of vertices of G that can be colored whenever each vertex of G is given t permissible colors. Albertson, Grossman, and Haas conjectured that if G is s‐choosable and , then . In this article, we consider the online version of this conjecture. Let be the maximum number of vertices of G that can be colored online whenever each vertex of G is given t permissible colors online. An analog of the above conjecture is the following: if G is online s‐choosable and then . This article generalizes some results concerning partial list coloring to online partial list coloring. We prove that for any positive integers , . As a consequence, if s is a multiple of t, then . We also prove that if G is online s‐choosable and , then and for any , .
Reaction of Some 2‐Quinolone Derivatives with Phosphoryl Chloride: Synthesis of Novel Phosphoric Acid Esters of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolone
Authors: Rudolf Ondřej , Mrkvička Vladimír , Lyčka Antonín , Rouchal Michal , Klásek Antonín
Published: February 2013

3‐Chloroquinoline‐2,4‐diones do not react with phosphoryl chloride, however, 2,4‐dichloroquinolines and/or 4‐chloroquinolin‐2‐ones are formed in the presence of N,N‐dimethylaniline. Along with these compounds, small quantities of novel dihydrogen phosphates of 4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2‐ones were isolated. We outline a simple procedure that allows for the preparation of these compounds in moderate to good yields. All compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, IR, EI‐MS, and ESI‐MS spectroscopy, and in select cases by 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Nutritional assessment of transgenic lysine‐rich maize compared with conventional quality protein maize
Authors: Tang Maozhi , He Xiaoyun , Luo Yunbo , Ma Liyan , Tang Xiaoge , Huang Kunlun
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND: The gene sb401 encoding a lysine‐rich protein has been successfully integrated into the genome of maize (Zea mays), its expression showing as increased levels of lysine and total protein in maize seeds. As part of a nutritional assessment of transgenic maize, nutritional composition, especially unintended changes in key nutrients such as proximates, amino acids, minerals and vitamins as well as in antinutrient (phytate phosphorus), and protein nutritional quality were compared between transgenic maize (inbred line 642 and hybrid line Y642) and conventional quality protein maize (QPM) Nongda 108.

RESULTS: The contents of total protein, lysine, some other amino acids, several minerals and vitamin B2 in transgenic inbred line 642 and hybrid line Y642 were significantly higher than those in conventional QPM. Water‐soluble protein and G2‐glutelin were significantly promoted in transgenic maize Y642.

CONCLUSION: Insertion of the lysine‐rich sb401 gene increased the total protein and lysine content of transgenic maize varieties, leading to an improved amino acid score and therefore an improvement in the nutritive value of maize. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Initial investigation of anterior approach to arytenoid adduction in excised larynges
Authors: McCulloch Timothy M. , Hoffman Matthew R. , McAvoy Kieran E. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Arytenoid adduction (AA) can dramatically improve voice quality in patients with vocal fold paralysis (VFP); however, it is technically challenging. We present an anterior approach to AA, where GORE‐TEX suture attached to curled wire is passed through the thyroid cartilage or cricothyroid membrane via a guide needle and used to manipulate the muscular process of the arytenoid. Performing AA via an anterior approach leads to comparable aerodynamic and acoustic outcomes compared to traditional AA in an excised larynx model.

Study Design:

Repeated measures with each larynx serving as its own control.

Methods:

We performed thyroplasty followed by traditional and anterior AA on excised larynges with simulated VFP. Aerodynamic and acoustic measurements were recorded.

Results:

Anterior AA significantly improved aerodynamic (phonation threshold power: P = .003) and acoustic parameters (percentage jitter: P = .028; percentage shimmer: P = .001; signal‐to‐noise ratio: P = .034) compared to VFP in this excised larynx model. Anterior AA and traditional AA produced comparable improvements in all parameters (phonation threshold power: P = .256; percentage jitter: P = .616; percentage shimmer: P = .281; signal‐to‐noise ratio: P = .970).

Conclusions:

Anterior AA is an alternative to traditional AA that is easier to perform and produces comparable improvements in laryngeal function.
Lipomatous lesions of the parotid gland: Analysis of 70 cases
Authors: Starkman Sidney J. , Olsen Steven M. , Lewis Jean E. , Olsen Kerry D. , Sabri Alain
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To investigate presenting signs and symptoms, preoperative workup, operative therapy, and morbidity of benign and malignant lipomatous lesions of the parotid gland.

Study Design:

Medical literature review and retrospective chart review for all patients who underwent surgery for lipomatous lesions of the parotid gland at our institution from 1959 to 2009.

Methods:

Seventy patients underwent surgery for such lesions. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin and reviewed, and clinical information was obtained from hospital medical records for each case.

Results:

Forty‐nine patients (70.0%) were male and 21 (30.0%) female (mean age, 49.9 years). Of the lesions, 43 (63.2%) were intraparotid, 25 (36.8%) periparotid, 69 (98.6%) unilateral, and 1 (1.4%) bilateral (average size, 3.7 cm). Fifty‐nine patients were treated with superficial or partial superficial parotidectomy, 10 were treated with total parotidectomy, and one was treated with parapharyngeal space dissection. Complications included six cases (8.6%) of facial paresis or paralysis and two cases of hematoma. No lesions recurred.

Conclusions:

We present the largest series, to our knowledge, of lipomatous lesions of the parotid gland. These masses, although rare, should be considered in the evaluation of a parotid mass. This series provides insight into the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical treatment of parotid lipomatous lesions. Surgical extent depends on lesion location in the gland. Lipomatous masses can be effectively treated surgically with low morbidity and high cure rates. Laryngoscope, 2013
Efficacy of a topical sesame/rose geranium oil compound in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia associated epistaxis
Authors: Reh Douglas D. , Hur Kevin , Merlo Christian A.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Topical Sesame/Rose geranium oil compound is an effective therapy for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) associated epistaxis.

Study Design:

Cohort Study.

Methods:

Twenty patients with HHT confirmed by the Curaçao criteria were treated with a sesame/rose geranium oil topical compound between January 2010 and June 2011. A treatment evaluation survey was conducted at least 3 months after treatment initiation. Changes in epistaxis severity scores (ESS), patient satisfaction, and any adverse effects were assessed.

Results:

A total of 20 patients completed the study. The average (SD) age was 54.4 (14.6), and 14 (70%) were female. The median time on rose geranium oil was 183 days (IQR: 114–311). At the conclusion of the study, 18 (90%) were still using rose geranium oil. The majority (75%) of patients subjectively felt improvement with the treatment. The improvement was felt to be gradual in 25% and immediate in 50% of patients. Mean (SD) overall satisfaction using a 10‐point Likert scale was 7.8 (3.1), with 50% of the patients reporting a satisfaction rating of 10. Mean (SD) epistaxis severity score (ESS) prior to treatment was 5.3 (1.7). After treatment with sesame/rose geranium oil, mean (SD) ESS was found to be 3.5 (1.8). Treatment with sesame/rose geranium oil was associated with a statistically significant improvement in ESS by 1.81 (P <0.0001). There were no adverse side‐effects from the treatment.

Conclusion:

A sesame/rose geranium oil compound can significantly reduce the epistaxis severity scores of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia‐related epistaxis.
Latissimus dorsi muscle free flap revisited: A novel endoscope‐assisted approach
Authors: Cha Wonjae , Jeong Woo‐Jin , Ahn Soon‐Hyun
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Achieving a functionally favorable and aesthetically acceptable outcome in oncologic and reconstructive surgery is important in the current era. Latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is traditionally performed with a large incision in lateral position. We report an endoscope‐assisted harvest of LD muscle free flap in supine position to avoid a large scar and facilitate a two‐team approach for oral cavity reconstruction.

Study Design:

Consecutive case series.

Methods:

Four consecutive patients underwent LD muscle free flap for various oral cavity reconstructions. LD muscle free flaps were harvested under endoscope assistance.

Results:

Endoscope‐assisted LD free‐flap harvest allowed a small incision in the axillary pit, which can be easily concealed without change of patient position, resulting in shortened operative time. Endoscopic harvest caused no acute complications, and donor site morbidity was minimal. Reconstructions with endoscope‐assisted LD muscle free flap of the oral cavity defect site were successful in all cases.

Conclusions:

Endoscope‐assisted LD muscle free flap is a feasible and practical option for the reconstruction of selective oral cavity defects with aesthetically excellent donor site scar. Laryngoscope, 2013
Frozen margin analysis as a prognosis predictor in early glottic cancer by laser cordectomy
Authors: Fang Tuan‐Jen , Courey Mark S. , Liao Chun‐Ta , Yen Tsu‐Chen , Li Hsueh‐Yu
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

The impact of margin status on the outcomes of early glottic cancer after endoscopic resection is controversial; second look laryngoscopy has shown a low rate of residual cancer, even in margin positive patients. Intraoperative frozen section analysis has been suggested as an alternative to routine second look procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate and search for predictors of outcomes in patients following endoscopic resection based on intraoperative frozen section margin analysis.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Records of consecutive patients treated for early glottic cancer by endoscopic resection with the CO2 laser were evaluated for margin status at the time of intervention, disease recurrence rate, and survival data. Kaplan‐Meir survival rates were determined and subgroups were compared with log‐rank test and Chi‐square test.

Results

From February 2004 to September 2011, 75 consecutive patients with complete records were identified. The 5‐year overall survival rate and the disease‐specific survival rate are 84 and 98%, respectively. Recurrence within 12 months (P = 0.019) and initially positive frozen section margins, despite enlarging the cordectomy field to obtain negative margins (P = 0.001), were determined to be predictors for poor overall survival.

Conclusions

In endoscopic resection of early glottic cancer with the CO2 laser, initial intraoperative frozen section margin involvement during the primary resection and early local recurrence are poor signs for overall survival.

Level of Evidence

4.
Lipomas of the cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal
Authors: White James R. , Carlson Matthew L. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Neff Brian A. , Driscoll Colin L. , Lane John I. , Link Michael J.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To describe the presentation and clinical course of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and internal auditory canal (IAC) lipomas.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary academic referral center.

Methods

All patients presenting with a CPA or IAC mass radiographically consistent with a lipoma on high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were identified. Data including presenting symptomatology, tumor characteristics, management strategy, and patient course were collected.

Results

Between 1996 and 2012, 15 patients were diagnosed with a CPA or IAC lipoma at the authors' institution and were included in the analysis. The mean duration of radiological and clinical follow‐up was 3.4 years and 5.1 years, respectively. Eight lesions were confined to the IAC, while seven involved the CPA. The median tumor size at diagnosis was 7.2 mm; one patient demonstrated tumor growth on serial MRI while the remaining subjects did not have radiological progression. The most common presenting symptoms were sensorineural hearing loss (40%) and tinnitus (33%); five patients were diagnosed after incidental discovery on MRI. Fourteen patients were managed with observation, while one subject underwent subtotal resection. None of the observed patients reported worsening symptoms at last follow‐up.

Conclusions

While rare, lipomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of CPA and IAC lesions. Owing to a generally benign clinical course and high morbidity associated with resection, microsurgery should only be considered in cases of definite tumor enlargement with intractable symptoms from mass effect. Careful radiological evaluation is critical for establishing an accurate diagnosis in order to prevent unnecessary morbidity associated with resection.

Level of Evidence

2b.
A Faith‐ and Community‐Based Approach to Identifying the Individual at Risk for Head and Neck Cancer in an Inner City
Authors: Carter John M. , Winters Ryan D. , Lipin Rosa , Lookabaugh Sara , Cai David , Friedlander Paul L.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

To perform a subset analysis of faith‐ and community‐based screening events to further identify at‐risk populations for head and neck cancer in hopes of further focusing screening efforts.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Three hundred fifty‐three individuals (n=353) presented to community events and self‐selected for head and neck cancer screenings. A subgroup analysis focusing on risk factors for the development of head and neck cancer and for poor overall prognosis was performed. Subgroups analyzed were individuals screened at church‐affiliated events, social events, or community outreach events at homeless shelters. Statistical analysis was performed using one‐tailed analysis of variance test.

Results

The outreach group had more risk factors for development of cancer, and a significantly higher proportion who used tobacco (P<.05) and consumed >1 drink/day (P<.05). Those in the outreach and church groups had a greater number of risk factors for a poor prognosis with and neck cancer in comparison with the social group: number of uninsured subjects (P<.05), fewer subjects with private insurance (P<.05), fewer subjects with a primary care provider (P<.05), and more subjects with a reported barrier to care (P<.05).

Conclusions

Inhabitants of homeless shelters represent a particularly vulnerable population for both the development and poor prognosis of head and neck cancer. Members of urban church groups are also an at‐risk subpopulation due to the prevalence of poor prognostic risk factors. These groups may benefit from future targeted screenings for head and neck cancer.

Level of Evidence

2 b
Legal Liability in Iatrogenic Orbital Injury
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Kovalerchik Olga , Mauro Andrew C. , Baredes Soly , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

In this study, we detailed factors governing legal outcomes in iatrogenic orbital injury, with the purpose of discussing strategies to minimize liability and enhance patient safety.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

Jury verdict and settlement reports were searched from publically available federal and state court records using the Westlaw database (Thomson Reuters, New York, NY). After exclusion of nonrelevant cases, 20 cases of iatrogenic orbital injuries were examined for factors such as legal outcome, damages awarded, defendant specialty, alleged causes of malpractice, and patient demographic information.

Results

The majority (60.0%) of cases were resolved in the defendant's favor. Payment was considerable for the cases decided in support of the plaintiff, averaging $1.13 million. Out‐of‐court settlements averaged $1.78 million (range, $487,500–$3.9 million), whereas jury‐awarded damages averaged $472,661 (range, $75,000–$763,214). Complications stemming from endoscopic sinus surgery were most common (50.0%). Diplopia was the most common medical complaint (50.0%), whereas permanent deficits and having to undergo additional surgery were each present in 65.0% of cases.

Conclusions

The potential for permanent sequelae of iatrogenic orbital injury makes this complication susceptible to malpractice litigation. Otolaryngologists were the most common defendants. Although cases were resolved in the defendant's favor 60% of the time, payments made were considerable, averaging $1.13 million. Steps to minimize liability and improve patient safety include an informed consent process explicitly listing risks, including diplopia and blindness, and obtaining timely ophthalmology consultation when a complication is recognized.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 123:2099–2103, 2013
Associations between obesity and inflammatory sinonasal disorders
Authors: Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Determine whether adult obesity is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and/or allergic rhinitis (AR).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of medical panel survey.

Methods

The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a large‐scale household‐based survey of health care utilization in the United States (2008 and 2010) was examined, identifying adult cases of CRS and AR. The presence or absence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) was determined. Adjusting for age, sex, race, geographic region, insurance coverage, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, odds ratios for the presence of CRS and/or AR in the presence of obesity were determined. The relations between body mass index as a linear variable and the presence of CRS and AR were determined.

Results

A total of 17.6 ± 0.6 million adults reported AR (7.7% ± 0.3%) and 13.0 ± 0.5 million reported CRS (5.7% ± 0.2%; weighted estimates). Additionally, 64.9 ± 1.4 million adults (29.0% ± 0.4%) were classified as obese based on body mass index. The adjusted odds ratio for AR when obesity was present was 1.22 (P < .001, 95% confidence interval = 1.12–1.33). The adjusted odds ratio for CRS when obesity was present was 1.31 (P < .001, 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.45). Increasing body mass index as a continuous variable was significantly associated with the presence of both AR (odds ratio = 1.023, P < .001) and CRS (odds ratio = 1.022, P < .001).

Conclusions

The current data demonstrate an increased prevalence of adult obesity associated with both AR and CRS.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 123:1840–1844, 2013
Long‐term depression‐like plasticity of the blink reflex for the treatment of blepharospasm
Authors: Kranz Gottfried , Shamim Ejaz A. , Lin Peter T. , Kranz George S. , Hallett Mark
Published: February 2013

Our previous work showed a beneficial therapeutic effect on blepharospasm using slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, which produces a long‐term depression (LTD)‐like effect. High‐frequency supraorbital electrical stimulation, asynchronous with the R2 component of the blink reflex, can also induce LTD‐like effects on the blink reflex circuit in healthy subjects. Patients with blepharospasm have reduced inhibition of their blink recovery curves; therefore, a LTD‐like intervention might normalize the blink reflex recovery (BRR) and have a favorable therapeutic effect. This is a randomized, sham‐controlled, observer‐blinded prospective study. In 14 blepharospasm patients, we evaluated the effects of high‐frequency supraorbital stimulation on three separate treatment days. We applied 28 trains of nine stimuli, 400 Hz, either before or after the R2 or used sham stimulation. The primary outcome was the blink rate, number of spasms rated by a blinded physician and patient rating before, immediately after and 1 hour after stimulation while resting, reading, and talking; secondary outcome was the BRR. Stimulation “before” and “after” the R2 both showed a similar improvement as sham stimulation in physician rating, but patients felt significantly better with the before condition. Improvement in recovery of the blink reflex was noted only in the before condition. Clinical symptoms differed in the three baseline conditions (resting, reading, and talking). Stimulation before R2 increased inhibition in trigeminal blink reflex circuits in blepharospasm toward normal values and produced subjective, but not objective, improvement. Inhibition of the blink reflex pathway by itself appeared to be insufficient for a useful therapeutic effect. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
The spectrum of movement disorders in children with anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Baizabal‐Carvallo José Fidel , Stocco Amber , Muscal Eyal , Jankovic Joseph
Published: February 2013

Background

Movement disorders are frequent but difficult to characterize in patients with anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.

Methods

The phenomenology of movement disorders was characterized after a detailed examination of children with anti‐NMDAR‐encephalitis.

Results

We studied 9 children (5 females), ages 3–14 years, with confirmed anti‐NMDAR‐encephalitis. All patients presented with at least 1 movement disorder, including chorea (n=4), stereotypic movements (n=4), ataxia (n=3), limb dystonia (n=2), limb myorhythmia (n=2), oromandibular dystonia (n=2), facial myorhythmia, blepharospasm, opisthotonus, athetosis, and tremor (n=1, each). More than a single movement disorder was observed in 6 of these patients. Resolution of the abnormal movements was observed in all patients with immunotherapy; 1 patient improved with tetrabenazine.

Conclusions

A wide variety of movement disorders, often in combination, can be observed in children with anti‐NMDAR encephalitis. Patients commonly present with more than a single movement disorder. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Pilot study of H2 therapy in Parkinson's disease: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Yoritaka Asako , Takanashi Masashi , Hirayama Masaaki , Nakahara Toshiki , Ohta Shigeo , Hattori Nobutaka
Published: February 2013

Background

Oxidative stress is involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies have confirmed that molecular hydrogen (H2) functions as a highly effective antioxidant in cultured cells and animal models. Drinking H2‐dissolved water (H2‐water) reduced oxidative stress and improved Parkinson's features in model animals.

Methods

In this a placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group clinical pilot study, the authors assessed the efficacy of H2‐water in Japanese patients with levodopa‐medicated PD. Participants drank 1,000 mL/day of H2‐water or pseudo water for 48 weeks.

Results

Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores in the H2‐water group (n=9) improved (median, −1.0; mean±standard deviation, −5.7±8.4), whereas UPDRS scores in the placebo group (n=8) worsened (median, 4.5; mean±standard deviation, 4.1±9.2). Despite the minimal number of patients and the short duration of the trial, the difference was significant (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The results indicated that drinking H2‐water was safe and well tolerated, and a significant improvement in total UPDRS scores for patients in the H2‐water group was demonstrated. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Developing dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease—give up or move forward?
Authors: Lindvall Olle
Published: February 2013

Despite 3 decades of basic and clinical studies, there is still no dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Several arguments have been put forward why this approach, so far tested with transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic dopamine‐rich tissue, will never be of clinical use and should be abandoned: (1) Lack of efficacy in 2 sham surgery‐controlled trials; (2) occurrence of troublesome off‐medication dyskinesias in a subgroup of grafted patients; (3) disease process destroys grafted neurons; and (4) non‐motor symptoms will not be influenced by intrastriatal dopaminergic grafts. Here, the author argues that, based on recent scientific advancements, the development of a dopaminergic cell therapy for Parkinson's disease should continue. Factors influencing the outcome after transplantation have now been identified, and dopaminergic neurons can be generated in large numbers from stem cells. Mechanisms of graft‐induced dyskinesias are much better understood, and patients with well functioning grafts can exhibit long‐term motor recovery of therapeutic value even in the presence of non‐motor symptoms. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Cyclic Systems Distribution Along Similarity Measures: Insights for an Application to Activity Landscape Modeling
Authors: Pérez‐Villanueva Jaime , Méndez‐Lucio Oscar , Soria‐Arteche Olivia , Izquierdo Teresa , Concepción Lozada M. , Gloria‐Greimel Walter A. , Medina‐Franco José L.
Published: February 2013

The emerging concept of the activity landscape has been widely applied for structureactivity relationships (SAR) characterization. Since chemical space representation plays a crucial role in activity landscape modeling, an adequate selection of similarity measures is desirable. Herein a set of 658 cyclooxygenase inhibitors were structurally analyzed using 12 molecular similarity representations and two levels of chemotype classification. Then, three uncorrelated similarity measures and mean similarity (obtained with data fusion) were combined with chemotype information using the herein proposed chemotypesimilarity graphs. Chemotype‐similarity graphs showed the cumulative distribution of molecular pairs with the same and different chemotype along similarity values; leading to establish an interpretable, quantitative and activity independent threshold in similarity measures based on chemotype distributions. This approach gave additional information to similarity measures and can be considered as an interpretable criterion to define high and low similar compounds. The results were applied to model the activity landscape using StructureActivity Similarity (SAS)‐like maps. Some examples of pairs in each region of the SAS‐like maps were analyzed which showed valuable SAR information for cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
Multi‐Turn Transmit Coil to Increase B1 Efficiency in Current Source Amplification
Authors: Gudino N. , Griswold M. A.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

A multi‐turn transmit surface coil design was presented to improve B1 efficiency when used with current source amplification.

Methods

Three different coil designs driven by an on‐coil current‐mode class‐D amplifier with current envelope feedback were tested on the benchtop and through imaging in a 1.5 T scanner. Case temperature of the power field‐effect transistor at the amplifier output stage was measured to evaluate heat dissipation for the different current levels and coil configurations. In addition, a lower power rated device was tested to exploit the potential gain in B1 obtained with the multi‐turn coil.

Results

As shown both on the benchtop and in a 1.5 T scanner, B1 was increased by almost 3‐fold without increasing heat dissipation on the power device at the amplifier's output using a multi‐turn surface coil. Similar gain was obtained when connecting a lower power rated field‐effect transistor to the multi‐turn coil.

Conclusion

In addition to reduce heat dissipation per B1 in the device, higher B1 per current efficiency allows the use of field‐effect transistors with lower current ratings and lower port capacitances, which could improve the overall performance of the on‐coil current source transmit system. Magn Reson Med 69:1180–1185, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive Contrast MR Imaging of Tendons, Ligaments, and Menisci by Subtraction of Signals From a Double Echo Steady State Sequence (Sub‐DESS)
Authors: Martirosian Petros , Schraml Christina , Springer Fabian , Schwenzer Nina F. , Würslin Christian , Schick Fritz , Deimling Michael
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To improve the visualization of fibrous tissues as tendons, ligaments and fibrocartilage structures as menisci by positive contrast using a new 3D Double Echo Steady State (DESS) sequence.

Methods

The proposed 3D DESS sequence works with separate acquisition of a first echo with an echo time (TE1) of 1.2 ms followed by a more heavily T2‐weighted second echo recorded at time TE2. Subtraction of images from both echoes leads to positive signal from fibrous tissues, whereas in other tissues as musculature and fat the subtraction signal nearly vanishes due to almost similar signal strength in both echoes. Systematic measurements in healthy volunteers with different sets of pulse repetition time (TR), TE1, readout bandwidth and flip angle were performed to determine optimal sequence parameters.

Results

The presented 3D sequence with Cartesian readout requires relatively short measuring time, provides reasonable signal‐to‐noise ratio and can be easily implemented in protocols for clinical musculoskeletal MR imaging. Degenerative changes or tears of tendons, ligaments and fibrocartilage are known to cause increased water content and therefore prolongation of transverse relaxation times, which leads to reduced signal intensities in the “subtraction images.”

Conclusion

Positive contrast of fibrous tissue as demonstrated by the proposed sub‐DESS approach provides improved conspicuity and allows for three‐dimensional reconstruction especially of structures with curved geometry. Magn Reson Med 71:294–301, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real‐Time Multipoint Gastrointestinal 19‐Fluorine Catheter Tracking
Authors: Hahn Tobias , Kozerke Sebastian , Schwizer Werner , Fried Michael , Boesiger Peter , Steingoetter Andreas
Published: February 2013

Purpose

To develop MR based real‐time gastrointestinal 19‐Fluorine (19F) catheter tracking and visualization allowing for real‐time detection and feedback of 3D catheter shape and movement as well as catheter‐driven adjustments of 1H imaging geometry parameters.

Methods

Data were acquired on a 3T clinical system using 3D Golden Angle radial sampling. Two gastrointestinal catheters incorporating four fiducial 19F markers (65 or 50 µL marker volume) were tracked while being pulled through a gel phantom by an operator inside the MR room with velocities of 2–18 mm/s. During continuous acquisition, k‐space profiles were transferred in real‐time to an external computer for concurrent reconstruction of 3D 19F images and detection and visualization of marker positions. Based on αthe marker positions, automatic adjustments of 1H imaging planes to facilitate targeted anatomical scanning was implemented.

Results

Mean tracking reliabilities were 94.5 and 83.6% (catheters 1 and 2) for temporal resolutions 185–740 ms. Reconstruction times of 196 ms were achieved. Real‐time visual feedback allowed the operator to accurately control the catheter movement. Catheter‐guidance for 1H imaging was reliable.

Conclusion

The presented real‐time 19F MR based framework for the tracking of 19F labeled devices is applicable to combined 19F and 1H MRI guidance of gastrointestinal devices in vivo. Magn Reson Med 71:302–307, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Not Enough of a ‘Dark’ Trait? Linking Machiavellianism to Job Performance
Authors: Zettler Ingo , Solga Marc
Published: February 2013

Machiavellianism is typically considered to encompass rather negatively connoted characteristics such as being ruthless, deceitful or self–centred. Concerning its influence on job performance, there have been notions about a positive linear association as well as a negative one. Somewhat reflecting these different views, a recent meta–analysis regarding this link indicated both large variability in respective empirical investigations and no substantial linear association. Herein, we aimed to integrate the theoretical underpinnings of both perspectives of a linear link by proposing an inverted U–shaped relation between Machiavellianism and job performance. Using data from n = 235 dyads of self–rating and colleague rating, results supported this hypothesis with regard to the three dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour, whereas no support was found with regard to task performance. More precisely, intermediate levels of Machiavellianism yielded the highest organisational citizenship behaviour as compared with both lower and higher levels—although employees with lower levels had outcomes nearly as high as those of employees with intermediate levels. Further, tenure was found to moderate the curvilinear relation between Machiavellianism and organisational citizenship behaviour directed at individuals. In sum, this investigation might help to disentangle different understandings of the effects of Machiavellianism in organisational life and beyond. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Abo‐, Inco‐, Ona‐, and Rima‐Botulinum Toxins in Clinical Therapy: A Primer
Authors: Chen Jack J. , Dashtipour Khashayar
Published: February 2013

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular‐blocking agent used for the treatment of a variety of medical and cosmetic indications. Currently, in the United States, there are four BoNT formulations licensed for use: abobotulinumtoxinA, incobotulinumtoxinA, onabotulinumtoxinA, and rimabotulinumtoxinB. These revised name designations were established to reinforce the understanding that each BoNT product has an individual potency and is not interchangeable with any other BoNT product. The therapeutic use of BoNTs is expanding and new formulations are on the horizon. This article is a primer that describes distinctions among currently available, licensed BoNT formulations. Toxin pharmacology, product characteristics, storage, handling, preparation, and dosages will be reviewed. In addition, issues related to dose equivalency ratios, immunogenicity, potency, and toxin spread will be discussed. Therapeutic indications and safety are discussed briefly. Knowledge of the available and licensed BoNT formulations and the ability to make distinctions in toxin pharmacology, product characteristics, and indications are vital for product selection, preparation, drug information, avoidance of drug errors, quality assurance, and patient safety.