bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal deep learning model for distortion classification in laparoscopic video
Authors: AlDahoul Nouar , Abdul Karim Hezerul , Ba Wazir Abdulaziz Saleh , Toledo Tan Myles Joshua , Ahmad Fauzi Mohammad Faizal
Published: October 2021

Background: Laparoscopy is a surgery performed in the abdomen without making large incisions in the skin and with the aid of a video camera, resulting in laparoscopic videos. The laparoscopic video is prone to various distortions such as noise, smoke, uneven illumination, defocus blur, and motion blur. One of the main components in the feedback loop of video enhancement systems is distortion identification, which automatically classifies the distortions affecting the videos and selects the video enhancement algorithm accordingly. This paper aims to address the laparoscopic video distortion identification problem by developing fast and accurate multi-label distortion classification using a deep learning model. Current deep learning solutions based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can address laparoscopic video distortion classification, but they learn only spatial information.

Methods: In this paper, utilization of both spatial and temporal features in a CNN-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model is proposed as a novel solution to enhance the classification. First, pre-trained ResNet50 CNN was used to extract spatial features from each video frame by transferring representation from large-scale natural images to laparoscopic images. Next, LSTM was utilized to consider the temporal relation between the features extracted from the laparoscopic video frames to produce multi-label categories. A novel laparoscopic video dataset proposed in the ICIP2020 challenge was used for training and evaluation of the proposed method.

Results: The experiments conducted show that the proposed CNN-LSTM outperforms the existing solutions in terms of accuracy (85%), and F1-score (94.2%). Additionally, the proposed distortion identification model is able to run in real-time with low inference time (0.15 sec).

Conclusions: The proposed CNN-LSTM model is a feasible solution to be utilized in laparoscopic videos for distortion identification.
Preface
Authors: Arend Andres
Published: October 2021

Preface
From a private collection to a state museum: Pauls Stradiņš Museum of the History of Medicine
Authors: Salaks Juris , Vanags Kaspars
Published: October 2021

In 2021, Pauls Stradiņš Museum of the History of Medicine in Rīga (Latvia) will celebrate 60 years since it acquired the status of a state museum. This article describes the history of its creation, the work of the museum from 1961 to 2019, its basic functions and structures, the consequences of ideological deviations, and outlines the vision for the future development of the museum.

On the one hand, the museum is based on the idea and collection of Doctor Pauls Stradiņš, an avid enthusiast, and his skill in keeping, supplementing, and improving his collection and legalising it as a state-run institution. However, no less important has been the attitude of the public and the authorities towards this institution, public support for P. Stradiņš’ idea. The relatively liberal attitude towards the initially private museum is explained by the fact that healthcare was declared one of the priorities of the Soviet Union, and the history of medicine was ideologically a relatively neutral field. In addition, the “national” moment was less emphasised in P. Stradiņš Museum – in the context of Latvia, the museum mainly showed folk medicine, fighting against epidemics, medicine in cities but did not highlight medical achievements during the years of Latvia’s independence.

The paradigm of the museum has changed today. Aspects of medicine, as in natural and technological sciences, which are within the competence of social history, anthropology and cultural theory have come to the fore. The experience of the global pandemic has brought conflict and tension into and around health in public opinion. This calls for a review of the six decades of exhibition traditions and the dynamics of the relationship with the museum’s existing and potential audience, which has been cultivated for six decades.
Analiza tematyczna wybranych artykułów naukoznawczych
Authors: Jedlikowska Dorota
Published: October 2021

Prezentowany artykuł wpisuje się w dziedzinę naukoznawstwa. Tekst stanowi streszczenie jednego z rozdziałów rozprawy doktorskiej. Jego celem jest przedstawienie własnych interpretacji tematów poruszanych w czasopismach naukowych ukazujących się w Polsce, a poświęconych zagadnieniom nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego. Analiza tematyczna artykułów pozwoliła wyszczególnić cztery kategorie analityczne: widzialności i produktywności naukowej, normatywizacji polityki naukowej, kapitału komunikacyjnego i anomii dyskursywnej.
III Międzynarodowa Konferencja Naukowa pt. „Zagrożenia i wyzwania bezpieczeństwa współczesnego świata. Wymiar społeczno-kulturowy”,
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

.
Professor Andrzej Kossakowski awarded the Polish Nobel Prize
Authors: Chruściński Dariusz
Published: October 2021

.
The Effects of Price Rank on Clicks and Conversions in Product List Advertising on Online Retail Platforms
Authors: Zhuang Mengzhou , Fang Eric (Er) , Lee Jongkuk , Li Xiaoling
Published: October 2021

In light of the critical role of price information in consumers’ decision making, this study investigates the effect of price rank on consumers’ responses to product list advertising (PLA). The research documents that the price rank is more influential than actual price for PLA. In addition, the research highlights a tradeoff in price-rank decisions: A price rank that drives more clicks does not necessarily lead to more conversions; to drive traffic, managers should strive for an extreme (i.e., either high or low) to elicit more clicks, then follow up with online engagement tools (e.g., cross-selling and product recommendations). To maximize direct revenue, managers instead should strive for moderate ranks to satisfy consumers’ desire for a compromise between price and quality. However, consumers without uncertainty tend to rely less on price rank, so the effects diminish among specific keywords and increase among popular keywords. In order to achieve the desired price ranks, firms participating in PLA might monitor and adjust their advertising offers. There are commonly two specific avenues: Change the product price if the required change is within a certain range or change the advertised product if the required price change is beyond a certain range.
Raw Ideas in the Fuzzy Front End: Verbosity Increases Perceived Creativity
Authors: Kornish Laura J. , Jones Sharaya M.
Published: October 2021

At the “fuzzy front end” of an innovation process, organizations typically consider dozens, or even hundreds, of raw ideas. Selecting the best ones is a double challenge: evaluating so many ideas is a large undertaking, and the ideas in their raw form permit only noisy evaluations. In this paper, we demonstrate a further challenge to that large-scale evaluation of raw ideas. We show that verbosity raises the evaluation of ideas, that is, ideas expressed in more words are rated higher. This relationship is especially pronounced for ratings of creativity. Theory tells us that the effect of length on creativity is compounded because length cues both components of creativity—novelty and usefulness. We demonstrate how effort in reading (disfluency) and perceptions of complexity work together to explain the relationship between length and creativity. Our findings provide simple but important new directives for improving the use of crowdsourcing in the practice and study of innovation: either standardize the length of the ideas or control for length in their evaluation. Overall, we urge care with using measures of novelty or creativity when the idea descriptions vary in length.
A Structural Model of a Multitasking Salesforce: Incentives, Private Information, and Job Design
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Sudhir K. , Uetake Kosuke
Published: October 2021

This paper broadens the focus of empirical research on salesforce management to include multitasking settings with multidimensional incentives, where salespeople have private information about customers. This allows us to ask novel substantive questions around multidimensional incentive design and job design while managing the costs and benefits of private information. To this end, the paper introduces the first structural model of a multitasking salesforce in response to multidimensional incentives. The model also accommodates (i) dynamic intertemporal tradeoffs in effort choice across the tasks and (ii) salesperson’s private information about customers. We apply our model in a rich empirical setting in microfinance and illustrate how to address various identification and estimation challenges. We extend two-step estimation methods used for unidimensional compensation plans by embedding a flexible machine learning (random forest) model in the first-stage multitasking policy function estimation within an iterative procedure that accounts for salesperson heterogeneity and private information. Estimates reveal two latent segments of salespeople—a hunter segment that is more efficient in loan acquisition and a farmer segment that is more efficient in loan collection. Counterfactuals reveal heterogeneous effects: hunters’ private information hurts the firm as they engage in adverse selection; farmers’ private information helps the firm as they use it to better collect loans. The payoff complementarity induced by multiplicative incentive aggregation softens adverse specialization by hunters relative to additive aggregation but hurts performance among farmers. Overall, task specialization in job design for hunters (acquisition) and farmers (collection) hurts the firm as adverse selection harm overwhelms efficiency gain.

This paper was accepted by Duncan Simester, marketing.
Intersection Disjunctions for Reverse Convex Sets
Authors: Towle Eli , Luedtke James
Published: October 2021

We present a framework to obtain valid inequalities for a reverse convex set: the set of points in a polyhedron that lie outside a given open convex set. Reverse convex sets arise in many models, including bilevel optimization and polynomial optimization. An intersection cut is a well-known valid inequality for a reverse convex set that is generated from a basic solution that lies within the convex set. We introduce a framework for deriving valid inequalities for the reverse convex set from basic solutions that lie outside the convex set. We first propose an extension to intersection cuts that defines a two-term disjunction for a reverse convex set, which we refer to as an intersection disjunction. Next, we generalize this analysis to a multiterm disjunction by considering the convex set’s recession directions. These disjunctions can be used in a cut-generating linear program to obtain valid inequalities for the reverse convex set.
Turkish EFL teachers’ attitudes towards online instruction throughout the Covid-19 outbreak
Authors: Civelek Mustafa , Toplu Işılay , Uzun Levent
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the present study is to shed light on the attitudes of Turkish EFL teachers towards online instruction (OI), the impact of training on their attitudes, the obstacles they encounter, and the strategies to deliver OI more successfully throughout the Covid-19 outbreak. The participants were 70 EFL teachers (52 female, 18 male). The data was collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed by using SPSS 26. Descriptive statistics of each item was calculated and an independent sample t-test was conducted to answer the research questions. For the analysis of the interview data, the responses of the participants were transcribed and the recurring themes were identified. The results revealed that the attitudes of Turkish EFL teachers, who experienced online instruction during the Covid-19 outbreak, are not as positive as expected regarding some of the results of the related research in the literature. The interview findings revealed that EFL teachers do not feel capable of delivering online instruction effectively since they do not have adequate knowledge and necessary skills to do that. In view of the findings, it’s suggested that online instruction methodology should be integrated into teacher training programs and teachers should receive an in-service training about the related subject.
PENGARUH SUASANA TOKO, KUALITAS PELAYANAN, KEPERCAYAAN, DAN PERSEPSI HARGA TERHADAP MINAT BELI ULANG
Authors: Nugrahaeni Monita , Guspul Ahmad , Hermawan Hermawan
Published: October 2021

This study aims to investigate the effect of store atmosphere, service quality, price perception, and trust on the repurchase intention of Ayam Susan Wadaslintang. The sampling method of this study was the non-probability sampling by using the accidental sampling technique to 100 consumers. The data then being analyzed statistically by using multiple linear regression analysis, validity test, reliability test, and t-test. The result of the study shows that store atmosphere, service quality, price perception, and trust have a positive effect on consumer repurchase intention.
The effect of local anaesthetic on delayed bleeding in a epigastric flap model of rats
Authors: Tapan Mehmet , Ünlü Ramazan Erkin , İğde Murat , Tapan Yasemin Urcan , Öztürk Mehmet Onur , Tekindal Mustafa Agah
Published: October 2021

Objective:

Local anaesthetics are often used in plastic surgery practice. Through their mechanism of action, local anaesthetics produce a sympathetic blockage with a subsequent vasodilatation and a resulting local increase of perfusion. The effect of vasodilation of the local anaesthetics causes bleeding locally resulting in haematoma, bruising and/or pain. We present an experimental study of the effects of local anaesthetics on delayed bleeding.

Method:

In this animal study, 36 adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of nine animals: lidocaine; lidocaine and epinephrine; bupivacaine; and control. An epigastric flap model was harvested. Local anaesthetics that are frequently used in daily practice were administered in equal amounts to the harvested flap.

Results:

After 24 hours, the rats were euthanised to collect and measure all coagula under the epigastric flap. No statistically significant differences in relation to the amount of coagulum were found between the groups.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that proper haemostasis is achieved, there is no difference on the effect of delayed bleeding between the local anaesthetics which are often used.
Measurement of phase refractive index directly from phase distributions detected with a spectrally resolved interferometer
Authors: Zhang Kaining , Sasaki Osami , Choi Samuel , Luo Songjie , Suzuki Takamasa , Pu Jixiong
Published: October 2021

A phase refractive index is measured directly from an unwrapped spectral phase distribution whose

2

π

ambiguity is determined by fitting the spectral phase distribution with functions based on Cauchy’s equation. The phase refractive index of a quartz glass with 20 µm thickness is measured exactly from three spectral phase distributions detected in two different configurations of a spectrally resolved interferometer. Since there is a high possibility that the

2

π

ambiguity cannot be correctly determined when there is a large difference between a function of the real refractive index and Cauchy’s equation, characteristics of the fitting are examined.
Using DFB laser self-injection locked to an optical waveguide ring resonator as a light source of Φ-OTDR
Authors: Zhu Xuyang , Li Xiuli , Zhang Rong , Zhao Zhenming , Kong Mei
Published: October 2021

A distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser self-injection locked to an optical waveguide ring resonator (OWRR) is used in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (

Φ

-OTDR) vibration sensing system as its light source. A frequency-hopping-free period of more than 100 s is realized. A spatial resolution of 13 m at 4700 m and simultaneous measurement of two vibration sources are realized. The measurable vibration frequency is from 8 Hz to the upper limit of the sampling theorem. These satisfactory performances demonstrate that the DFB laser locked to an OWRR is not only cost effective, but also stable and reliable for

Φ

-OTDR sensing.
Fabrication and characterization of a porous ZnO flexible UV photodetector on fiberglass and the electrode dimensions effect
Authors: Jezeh Zahra Aminrayai , Efafi Babak , Ghafary Bijan
Published: October 2021

In this study, three flexible metal–semiconductor–metal ultraviolet photodetectors are fabricated on the FR4 fiberglass substrate based on the porous zinc oxide by radiofrequency sputtering. Their copper electrodes were created by printed circuit board, a simple and cheap method. Here, the effect of porosity on the photodetector parameters is discussed. The results show that the difference in the finger size in the photodetectors leads to differences in the parameters. In these photodetectors, as the fingers increase in length, dark current increases from 0.25 to 67.3 µA, photocurrent from 1.98 to 208 µA, and response time from 430 to 570 ms. Also, with expanding finger width, these parameters changed 18.48 µA, 26.8 µA, and 440 ms, respectively.
Discriminating turbid media by scatterer size and scattering coefficient using backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light
Authors: Singh Michael D. , Vitkin I. Alex
Published: October 2021

The effects of scatterer size and scattering coefficient on backscattered linearly and circularly polarized light are investigated through Stokes polarimetry. High-SNR polarization modulation/synchronous detection measurements are corroborated by polarization-sensitive Monte Carlo simulations. Circular degree of polarization (DOP) is found to be sensitive to scatterer size, but is equivocal at times due to helicity flipping effects; linear DOP appears to be mostly dependent on the medium scattering coefficient. We exploit these trends to generate a DOPC - DOPL response surface which clusters turbid samples based on these medium properties. This work may prove useful in biomedicine, for example in noninvasive assessment of epithelial precancer progression.
Machine learning for quality of transmission: a picture of the benefits fairness when planning WDM networks
Authors: Lonardi Matteo , Pesic Jelena , Zami Thierry , Seve Emmanuel , Rossi Nicola
Published: October 2021

In the present day, the evaluation of machine learning (ML) as a candidate for substituting analytical quality of transmission (QoT) estimators is done in a compartmentalized way. The assessment is not produced from a global optical network design perspective and with accurate optical design metrics; on the contrary, the evaluation heavily focuses on the physical layer impairment precision capabilities while underemphasizing the effects at the network layer. In this paper, we recommend a suitable methodology for evaluating the QoT substitution based on the foundational idea that different QoT estimators should be examined on a comparative basis by analyzing network-relevant metrics at parity of availability performance. Pragmatically, we recommend comparing performance estimation solutions through the aggregate network throughput, i.e., capacity, at the equity of their overestimation likelihood, which drives system margins. To demonstrate the need for such a network viewpoint and illustrate the potential drawbacks of an inadequate assessment of the QoT substitution, we use the proposed method in several scenarios (altering network topologies, input parameter uncertainty conditions, and availability requirements), showing that we can achieve gains in QoT estimation error or design margins while observing notable losses in terms of network throughput. Considering the results were contrary to what one may expect, we decided to undergo a statistical analysis in order to investigate and grasp the consequences of the model error distribution in relation to the network capacity.
PON going beyond FTTH [Invited Tutorial]
Authors: Pfeiffer Thomas , Dom Pascal , Bidkar Sarvesh , Fredricx François , Christodoulopoulos Konstantinos , Bonk René
Published: October 2021

Time division multiplexing passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) are the most widely deployed optical system solutions in current broadband access networks worldwide. The energy and cost efficiency of both their implementation and operation has reached levels that also make them an attractive option for other cost sensitive communication networks. We discuss how essential features of current TDM-PON specifications can be leveraged to also use them for low latency and high capacity professional services in public and private networks. Also, possible PON architecture evolutions towards added intra-PON communication are outlined that are motivated by the latency requirements of some practical use cases.
Ultrafast nonlinear optical properties of orthorhombic YbFeO3 thin film
Authors: Gaur Anshu , Mohiddon Mahamad Ahamad , Soma Venugopal Rao
Published: October 2021

Tuning magnetization in rare-earth orthoferrites (

R
F
e

O

3

) by ultrashort laser pulses is one of the emerging interests of new technologies. It subsequently revitalized the interest in light intensity-dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of orthoferrites. The present work reports the results from femtosecond (fs) NLO characterization of

Y
b
F
e

O

3

thin film by the standard Z-scan technique in open- and closed-aperture configurations. The thin film sample of

Y
b
F
e

O

3

deposited on quartz substrate is irradiated with

∼

50

f
s

laser pulses of varying input powers.

Y
b
F
e

O

3

exhibited reverse saturable absorption characteristics at the excitation wavelengths of 600 and 800 nm. The observed NL absorption characteristics are associated with the electronic excitation between

F

e

3
+

3d-orbitals and charge transfer transition from O 2p-orbital to

F

e

3
+

3d-orbitals, respectively. The NL parameters are estimated using the coupled-type absorption model for simultaneous linear and two-photon absorption (2PA) developed previously by our group and found comparable to that of the many other mixed oxide materials such as

(

B
a

,

S
r

)

T
i

O

3

. The NL coefficients are correlated with linear absorption characteristics at 2PA wavelengths and with the theoretical 2PA model based on parabolic and nonparabolic band structures reported in the literature.
Modeling and characteristics of a nanostructured NiO/GeSe core–shell perovskite solar cell
Authors: Khaled Awad , Hameed Mohamed Farhat O. , Hussein Mohamed , Grattan K. T. V. , Rahman B. M. A. , Obayya S. S. A.
Published: October 2021

Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently
seen considerable progress, and this has encouraged researchers to
evolve and test numerous different and potentially improved device
architectures. As a result, in this paper, a theoretical design for
improving light absorption to obtain maximum photocurrent using
NiO/GeSe core–shell nanostructures is introduced. The effects of using
nanostructure arrays, based on the light trapping technique, on the
light absorption, generation of carriers, absorption field profiles,
and finally the photocurrent density of PSCs, have been investigated
through a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain approach. By
selecting NiO and GeSe as the core and the shell materials, the
absorption of the active layer has been increased, relative to the use
of a conventional planar structure. This core–shell nanostructure
leads to a reduction in the carrier recombination within the PSC
proposed design. The results obtained from our simulation show that
the device performance is highly dependent on the height and materials
used in the core–shell. Significantly, an optimal height of 160 nm was
obtained for core–shell in a PSC design with a

J

ph

value of

27.23

m
A

/

c
m

2

.
Agile wide-field imaging with selective high resolution
Authors: Peng Lintao , bian Liheng , Liu Tiexin , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2021

Wide-field and high-resolution (HR) imaging are essential for various applications such as aviation reconnaissance, topographic mapping, and safety monitoring. The existing techniques require a large-scale detector array to capture HR images of the whole field, resulting in high complexity and heavy cost. In this work, we report an agile wide-field imaging framework with selective high resolution that requires only two detectors. It builds on the statistical sparsity prior of natural scenes that the important targets locate only at small regions of interest (ROI), instead of the whole field. Under this assumption, we use a short-focal camera to image a wide field with a certain low resolution and use a long-focal camera to acquire the HR images of ROI. To automatically locate ROI in the wide field in real time, we propose an efficient deep-learning-based multiscale registration method that is robust and blind to the large setting differences (focal, white balance, etc) between the two cameras. Using the registered location, the long-focal camera mounted on a gimbal enables real-time tracking of the ROI for continuous HR imaging. We demonstrated the novel imaging framework by building a proof-of-concept setup with only 1181 gram weight, and assembled it on an unmanned aerial vehicle for air-to-ground monitoring. Experiments show that the setup maintains 120° wide field of view (FOV) with selective 0.45mrad instantaneous FOV.
Active control technology of a diffraction grating wavefront by scanning beam interference lithography
Authors: Liu Zhaowu , Yang Hang , Li Yubo , Jiang Shan , Wang Wei , Song Ying , Bayanheshig  , Li Wenhao
Published: October 2021

To fabricate plain holographic gratings with high wavefront quality and to obtain the wavefront required in varied line-space grating, an active control technology of a diffraction grating wavefront by modulating the phase distribution of the scanning-beam interference lithography system was proposed. Sinusoidal wavefront control is simulated, and the controlled wavefront being almost the same as the target wavefront. A photoresist grating was fabricated whose surface is uniform and the wavefront is ideally sinusoidal. The theoretical analysis and experimental results confirmed that the wavefront of the diffraction grating can be actively controlled by modulating the phase distribution of the scanning-beam interference lithography system.
Temporal dissipative structures in optical Kerr resonators with transient loss fluctuation
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Liu Tuo , Sun Suwan , Guo Hairun
Published: October 2021

Dissipative structures are the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking in a dynamic open system, which is induced by either the nonlinear effect or loss fluctuations. While optical temporal dissipative solitons in nonlinear Kerr cavities has been widely studied, their operation is limited to the red-detuned regime. Here, we demonstrate an emergent dissipative soliton state in optical nonlinear cavities in the presence of loss fluctuations, which is accessible by self-evolution of the system on resonance. Based on a modified dissipative and Kerr-nonlinear cavity model, we numerically investigate the effect of the loss modulation on the intracavity field pattern, and in transmission observe a single and bright soliton pulse state at the zero detuning. The effect of the optical saturable absorption is also numerically investigated, which is recognized as an effective approach to the transient loss fluctuation in the cavity. The estimated power efficiency of the resonant bright soliton can be higher than that of the conventional dissipative Kerr soliton, which is determined by the loss modulation depth and the pump intensity. The self-starting soliton state on system’s resonance is potentially of wide interest, which physically contributes to insights of the temporal structure formation in dissipative cavities. On application aspect, it may constitute a way to the generation of ultra-fast soliton pulse trains as well as the generation of soliton micro-combs.
Solar cell BRDF measurement and modeling with out-of-plane data
Authors: Small Todd V. , Butler Samuel D. , Marciniak Michael A.
Published: October 2021

In this work, a CCD-augmented complete angle scatter instrument (CASI) with a visible red laser source was used to measure the BRDF of a commercially available solar cell designed for small satellites, simultaneously capturing both in-plane and out-of-plane data with high angular resolution surrounding the specular direction. The measurements exhibited three distinct scatter features: a central specular peak, an offset specular peak, and a diffraction pattern. The two peaks were caused by different material surfaces with slightly different normal directions, and the diffraction pattern arose from periodically-spaced metal conducting bars running in one direction across the solar cell surface. The diffraction pattern measurements were verified in-plane with an original single-pixel CASI detector and then used to inform the creation of a single closed-form BRDF model capable of describing the out-of-plane features. Both specular peaks were modeled using a traditional microfacet formulation, but the offset peak model implemented a rotation of the incident and scatter directions to account for the difference in surface normal direction. The diffraction pattern–which is not typically described with microfacet models–was described based on Fraunhofer diffraction through two rectangular stripes, adjusted in terms of microfacet coordinates. Parameters for the model were chosen manually, based largely on physical material properties when possible, rather than using optimized fitting algorithms. Model results were compared to the measurements by using the same CCD pixel scatter coordinates. Qualitatively, the model successfully replicated the observed features, and quantitatively, the modeled peak values agree with the measurements within an order of magnitude.
We value your Opinion: editorial
Authors: Boltasseva Alexandra
Published: October 2021

Editor-in-Chief, Alexandra Boltasseva, discusses Opinions, a unique article format in Optical Materials Express.
Diagnosing underdetermination in stable isotope mixing models
Authors: Osada Yutaka , Matsubayashi Jun , Tayasu Ichiro
Published: October 2021

Stable isotope mixing models (SIMMs) provide a powerful methodology for quantifying relative contributions of several sources to a mixture. They are widely used in the fields of ecology, geology, and archaeology. Although SIMMs have been rapidly evolved in the Bayesian framework, the underdetermination of mixing space remains problematic, i.e., the estimated relative contributions are incompletely identifiable. Here we propose a statistical method to quantitatively diagnose underdetermination in Bayesian SIMMs, and demonstrate the applications of our method (named β-dependent SIMM) using two motivated examples. Using a simulation example, we showed that the proposed method can rigorously quantify the expected underdetermination (i.e., intervals of β-dependent posterior) of relative contributions. Moreover, the application to the published field data highlighted two problematic aspects of the underdetermination: 1) ordinary SIMMs was difficult to quantify underdetermination of each source, and 2) the marginal posterior median was not necessarily consistent with the joint posterior peak in the case of underdetermination. Our study theoretically and numerically confirmed that β-dependent SIMMs provide a useful diagnostic tool for the underdetermined mixing problem. In addition to ordinary SIMMs, we recommend reporting the results of β-dependent SIMMs to obtain a biologically feasible and sound interpretation from stable isotope data.
Un Trono constitucional para Francia: Chateaubriand y la idea de una monarquía liberal
Authors: Zerolo Durán Armando
Published: October 2021

La Restauración en Francia fue el campo de prueba de un experimento político que funcionó mal. La Revolución acabó con el Antiguo Régimen y abrió la posibilidad de una forma política más democrática. El objeto de investigación de este ensayo se centra en dos puntos. El primero, la interpretación personal que hizo Chateaubriand de los principios constitucionales establecidos en la Carta de 1814 otorgada por Luis XVIII; el segundo, la lucha velada que sostuvo con los miembros de su partido desde la tribuna del periódico El Conservador para explicarles que la Monarquía debía adaptarse a los principios constitucionales si quería sobrevivir. Se verá que la propuesta de Chateaubriand era mucho más consecuente de lo que habitualmente se ha afirmado y que en sus escritos se puede encontrar una teoría política original.
El bonapartismo, o la "dictadura democrática" moderna
Authors: Basabe Nere
Published: October 2021

La inusitada repetición en Francia de dos Imperios surgidos de la dinastía de los Bonaparte a lo largo del siglo XIX (1799-1815 y 1852-1870) dio origen a una corriente ideológica y una cultura política propia que, en opinión de muchos, alcanza incluso hasta nuestros días. Pese a su especificidad histórica y la dificultad de su conceptualización, el bonapartismo reunía una serie de características de radical novedad: forma por excelencia de la dictadura moderna, modelo de tránsito entre las antiguas monarquías absolutistas y los totalitarismos contemporáneos, el bonapartismo se presenta así como una curiosa combinación de autoritarismo político-militar pero legitimada por un fuerte apoyo de base popular y plebiscitario, que vino a dar al traste con la tipología de las formas clásicas de gobierno.
Aportes de la Gaceta de Madrid como fuente para el estudio del clima y los desastres «naturales»: Una aproximación inicial
Authors: Lozano Díaz José Daniel
Published: October 2021

La atención que prestó la prensa en el siglo XVIII a la hidrometeorología extrema, a los avisos de actividad sísmica y emisiones volcánicas, además de a la influencia del comportamiento del clima en la salud, hacen de este tipo de publicaciones una fuente complementaria en el estudio de la Pequeña Edad del Hielo y los desastres que desencadenaron fenómenos naturales. En este estudio pretendemos aproximarnos a uno de los periódicos oficiales españoles del siglo XVIII: la Gaceta de Madrid. La cantidad y calidad de sus noticias, muchas veces impresas con descripciones detalladas de los fenómenos e impactos causados, y su amplia cobertura geográfica, nos permitirán plantear la hipótesis de que la Gaceta fue mucho más que un compendio de información oficial y político-militar. Procuraremos definir las características del periódico y el potencial que encierran sus noticias como proxy data climático, de fenómenos naturales, de sus efectos en la salud y de fenómenos geológicos extremos.
El «temblor grande» de 1822 y sus efectos sociopolíticos en Chile independiente
Authors: Palacios Roa Alfredo Jacob
Published: October 2021

En Chile, durante sus primeros años de vida independiente, un violento terremoto arruinó las dos principales ciudades del país. Este fenómeno se desencadenó en una sociedad con un escaso bagaje cultural con respecto a los sismos y fue utilizado por la aristocracia conservadora como una herramienta para derrocar el régimen autoritario instaurado por el gobernante de la época y recobrar los privilegios que les fueron arrebatados durante este proceso.
La Batllia General de València en temps de Germania
Authors: Conca Alonso Josep Miquel
Published: October 2021

El present treball pretén abordar la Batllia General de València durant la revolta de la Germania. Aquesta institució encarregada de governar el Reial Patrimoni va haver d’enfrontar-se a difícils situacions i crear noves solucions als problemes plantejats pels agermanats. El seu estudi ens permetrà aproximar-nos a un dels esdeveniments que va marcar la Història Moderna del regne de València i que encara avui desperta interés.
Reseña de Francisco García González (ed.), Vivir en soledad. Viudedad, soltería y abandono en el mundo rural (España y América Latina, siglos XVI-XXI)
Authors: Grajales Porras Agustín Guillermo
Published: October 2021

Reseña: Francisco García González (ed.), Vivir en soledad. Viudedad, soltería y abandono en el mundo rural (España y América Latina, siglos XVI-XXI), Madrid: Iberoamericana/Vervuert, Tiempo Emulado: 70, 2020, 520 pp. ISBN 978-84-9192-010-6 (Iberoamericana), 978-3-96456-916-5 (Vervuert) y 978-3-96456-917-2 (eBook).
Reseña de Francisco Andújar Castillo, El Atila de Madrid: La forja de un banquero en la crisis de la monarquía (1685-1715)
Authors: Cebreiro Ares Francisco
Published: October 2021

Reseña de: Francisco Andújar Castillo, El Atila de Madrid: La forja de un banquero en la crisis de la monarquía (1685-1715), Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2021, 344 pp. ISBN:978-84-17945-48-0.
Mundo das crianças versus mundo dos adultos em O Gatola da Cartola
Authors: Deiab Rafaela de Andrade
Published: October 2021

A presente resenha do livro O Gatola da Cartola identifica na tensão entre mundo infantil e mundo adulto a principal chave de leitura e significação da obra. O contraste entre diversão e regra permeia toda a narrativa e trama. Além disso, o renomado autor Dr. Seuss, ao eleger um narrador criança e calibrar a linguagem nessa oscilação entre diversão e regra, captura os leitores mirins e adultos em busca de um desfecho, bem como promove uma reflexão sobre infância e controle.
Overcoming Challenges in Assessing Mathematical Reasoning
Authors:   Deakin University, Herbert Sandra
Published: October 2021

Despite mathematical reasoning being necessary for in-depth understanding of mathematical concepts, many teacher experience difficulty in assessing it. Data were collected from 34 primary teachers at 4 Victorian government schools at two post- lesson reflective sessions following lessons with a focus on reasoning. These sessions facilitated teachers’ collaborative efforts to assess their students’ reasoning from students’ work samples. The data included transcripts of all the reflective sessions; written work samples; and associated completed rubrics. Analysis of these data enabled identification of seven challenges teachers experienced in assessing reasoning: Limited guidance provided by curriculum documents; Teachers’ knowledge of reasoning; Teacher noticing and interpretation of student reasoning; Students’ difficulties in articulating their reasoning; Assessing progress in reasoning; Inadequacy of work samples; and Challenges in tracking and reporting student progress in reasoning. The discussion presents strategies to overcome these challenges.
UPGRADE OF THE LANGENDORFF APPARATUS USING THE INFRARED THERMO-CONTROL SYSTEM AND AN INTELLIGENT HEATER
Authors: Skopalík Josef , Sekora Jiří , Pešl Martin , Bébarová Markéta , Švecová Olga , Parák Tomáš , Čmiel Vratislav , Provaznik Ivo , Jeklová Edita , Mašek Josef
Published: October 2021

Biological experiments involving isolated organs and tissues demand precise temperature monitoring and regulation. An automatic temperature control system was proposed and optimised on real isolated swine hearts and the prototype is described in this work. The traditional Langendorff apparatus consists of a heart holder, a reservoir of perfusion solution flowing to aortic cannula and a heating bath allowing passive heat transfer to the reservoir of perfusion solution. The commercial infrared camera FLIR T62101 was added to this basic set-up and used for very precise monitoring of the temperature kinetic of the organ and connected with an electronic feedback loop, which allowed real-time and precise regulation of heat transfer from the heating bath to the perfusion solution and in turn indirectly to the heart tissue. This provides real time control and active regulation of the myocardial tissue temperature. The infrared camera was tested in several modes and several variants of detection were optimised for ideal measurement of the region of interest of the ex vivo organ. The kinetics of the temperature changes and temperature stability of the tissue were recorded and calibrated by external electronic thermometers (type Pt100, inserted in tissue). The time lapse from the hang-up of the hypo termed organ (30 °C) until optimal warming (37 °C) was less than eight minutes in the final instrument prototype. The final stability of the 37 °C tissue temperature was approved; the temperature fluctuation of left ventricle tissue was characterised as 36.8 ± 0.5 °C. This upgraded traditional instrument could be used in specific preclinical and clinical transplantation and analytical projects in future.
Edukační přínos zoologických zahrad: etická reflexe
Authors: Hrdá Marie
Published: October 2021

Jedním z primárních cílů zoo je vzdělání a výchova v ekologii a ochranářství. Tento příspěvek k proměně lidského přístupu k přírodě a zastavení vymírání druhů, který má nějakým způsobem legitimizovat držení divokých zvířat v zajetí, je kritiky zpochybňován. Jak tomu je se vzdělávacím přínosem ve skutečnosti, mohou ukázat výzkumy. Text se věnuje výsledkům výzkumů o vzdělávacím přínosu zoo a jejich analýzám. Předpokládá se, že návštěva zoo by měla přispět k pro-environmentálnímu cítění, ochranářskému étosu, postoji a chování, ke gramotnosti v biodiverzitě a dalším. Závěry výzkumů jsou ale prozatím přinejmenším nejednoznačné. Cílem příspěvku je v kontextu těchto nejnovějších výzkumů poukázat na další relevantní faktory, které mohou ovlivňovat postoje lidí, a na případný potenciální edukační přínos zoologických zahrad v jiných oblastech.
Modelling and optimization of sulfur addition during 70MnVS4 steelmaking: An industrial case study
Authors: Kovačič M. , Lešer B. , Brezocnik M.
Published: October 2021

Štore Steel Ltd. is one of the major flat spring steel producers in Europe. Among several hundred steel grades, 70MnVS4 steel is also produced. In the paper optimization of steelmaking of 70MnVS4 steel is presented. 70MnVS4 is a high-strength microalloyed steel which is used for forging of connecting rods in the automotive industry. During 70MnVS4 ladle treatment, the sulfur addition in the melt should be conducted only once. For several reasons the sulfur is repeatedly added and therefore threatening clogging during continuous casting and as such influencing surface defects occurrence and steel cleanliness. Accordingly, the additional sulfur addition was predicted using linear regression and genetic programming. Following parameters were collected within the period from January 2018 to December 2018 (78 consequently cast batches): sulfur and carbon cored wire addition after chemical analysis after tapping, carbon, manganese and sulfur content after tapping, time between chemical analysis after tapping and starting of the casting, ferromanganese and ferrosilicon addition and additional sulfur cored wire addition. Based on modelling results it was found out that the ferromanganese is the most influential parameter. Accordingly, 12 consequently cast batches (from February 2019 to October 2019) were produced with as lower as possible addition of ferromanganese. The additional sulfur addition in all 12 cases was not needed. Also, the melt processing time, surface quality of rolled material and sulfur cored wire consumption did not change statistically significantly after reduction of ferromanganese addition. The steel cleanliness was statistically significantly better.
Identification of the behavioral criteria of dairy cattle on the basis of electronic imaging
Authors: Jemmali Ines , Lakhoua Mohamed Najeh , Jabri Imed , Djemali Mnaouer , Annabi Mohamed
Published: October 2021

The paper deals with the identification of the behavioral criteria of dairy cattle through Imaging. The objective of the study is the optimization of the rate of pregnancy in these cows. Indeed, the gestural behaviors of 200 cows belonging to a stable were observed by giving more attention to cows that show signs of heat known. A camera was used to record the different postures and the different behaviors of these cows. The quantitative data of reproduction studied farm showed that the rate of pregnancy in these cows is far from optimal. This is due essentially to a lack of monitoring and observation of cows in heat negatively affecting the economics of the operation. Detecting cows in heat can be made and improved by using Imaging. This will facilitate the life of farmers and increase their income and decreasing the time for detection of the heat.
Temporal Regimes in Kenmu nitchū gyōji (Daily Observances of the Kenmu Era), with annotated translation
Authors: Müller Simone
Published: October 2021

This article examines time recording and time practices in Kenmu nitchū gyōji, a medieval document describing daily and monthly routine at the court of Emperor Go-Daigo in the beginning of the fourteenth century. By probing into the text’s chronographic and chronopolitical features, it is shown that Kenmu nitchū gyōji is strongly concerned with temporality, providing an ideal in which court regularities are meant to repeat identically according to a minutely regulated sequential progression. These peculiar temporal characteristics exhibit the text’s political function: by way of a chronological and at the same time cyclical structure, the image of a divine order is provided, thus legitimizing imperial rule.
The shifted Gompertz-G family of distributions: Properties and applications
Authors: Eghwerido Joseph Thomas , Agu Friday Ikechukwu
Published: October 2021

This article proposes a class of generator for classical statistical distribution called the shifted Gompertz-G (SHIGO-G) distribution for generating new continuous distributions. Special models of the proposed model were examined together with some of its statistical properties in closed form which makes it tractable for censored data. Its major properties include heavy tail, approximately symmetric, left and right skewed with a combination of exponential and a reverted Gumbel distributions called the Gompertz. The bivariate SHIGO-G is introduced. The parameters estimate of the proposed model was obtained by maximum likelihood method. A Monte Carlo simulation study was employed to investigate the performance of the estimators of the proposed model mean, variance, bias and mean square error. A two real life illustration was used to examine the empirical goodness-of-fit of the test statistic of the proposed model. The results of the real life applications show that the SHIGO-G model provides a better fit for the data set used.
Alföldi tanyák és tanyapolitikák a múltban és a jelenben
Authors: Bray Ágnes , Kovács Teréz
Published: October 2021

This paper provides a historical and economical overview of the way in which scattered farmsteads in the Great Plain have evolved over time, from their rise to their decline. From the end of the 17th century to the middle of the 20th century, these scattered farmsteads played a crucial role in agricultural production. From 1949, the Hungarian Communist Party limited the opportunities for the construction of new buildings to scattered farmsteads, which lead to a sharp population decline: the share of population living on the Great Plain in scattered farmsteads declined from around 30% in 1910 to 6% in 1990. After the system change in the era of new capitalism, scattered farmsteads are no longer places for living and agricultural production only, but have other functions as well, such as rural tourism, leisure, holiday accomodation, gastronomic services, second homes as horse riding.