bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Sodium Nitrate and Coated Methionine on Lactation Performance, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, Amino Acid Metabolism, and Microbial Communities in Lactating Buffaloes
Authors: Guo Yanxia , Fan Zexiang , Li Mengwei , Xie Huade , Peng Lijuan , Yang Chengjian
Published: March 2023

Sodium nitrate is used as a non-protein nitrogen supplement while methionine is considered as a common methionine additive for ruminants. This study investigated the effects of sodium nitrate and coated methionine supplementation on milk yield, milk composition, rumen fermentation parameters, amino acid composition, and rumen microbial communities in lactating buffaloes. Forty mid-lactation multiparous Murrah buffaloes within the initial days in milk (DIM) = 180.83 ± 56.78 d, milk yield = 7.63 ± 0.19 kg, body weight = 645 ± 25 kg were selected and randomly allocated into four groups (N = 10). All of animals received the same total mixed ratio (TMR) diet. Furthermore, the groups were divided into the control group (CON), 70 g/d sodium nitrate group (SN), 15 g/d palmitate coated L-methionine group (MET), and 70 g/d sodium nitrate +15 g/d palmitate coated L-methionine group (SN+MET). The experiment lasted for six weeks, including two weeks of adaption. The results showed that most rumen-free amino acids, total essential amino acids, and total amino acids in Group SN increased (p < 0.05), while the dry matter intake (DMI) and rumen acetate, propionate, valerate, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in Group MET decreased (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in milk yield, milk protein, milk fat, lactose, total solid content, and sodium nitrate residue in milk among groups (p > 0.05). Group SN+MET had a decreased rumen propionate and valerate (p < 0.05), while increasing the Ace, Chao, and Simpson indices of alpha diversity of rumen bacteria. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in Group SN+MET, but Bacteroidota, and Spirochaetota were decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, Group SN+MET also increased the relative abundance of Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, Microbacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Klebsiella, which were positively correlated with cysteine and negatively correlated with rumen acetate, propionate, valerate, and TVFA. Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was identified as a biomarker in Group SN. Norank_f__UCG-011 was identified as a biomarker in Group MET. Acinetobacter, Kurthia, Bacillus, and Corynebacterium were identified as biomarkers in Group SN+MET. In conclusion, sodium nitrate increased rumen free amino acids, while methionine decreased dry matter intake (DMI) and rumen volatile fatty acids. The combined use of sodium nitrate and methionine enriched the species abundance of microorganisms in the rumen and affected the composition of microorganisms in the rumen. However, sodium nitrate, methionine, and their combination had no significant effect on the milk yield and milk composition. It was suggested that the combined use of sodium nitrate and methionine in buffalo production was more beneficial.
pH Drives Differences in Bacterial Community β-Diversity in Hydrologically Connected Lake Sediments
Authors: Pu Haiguang , Yuan Yuxiang , Qin Lei , Liu Xiaohui
Published: March 2023

As microorganisms are very sensitive to changes in the lake environment, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of the structure and diversity of lake sediment microbial communities can provide feedback on sediment status and lake ecosystem protection. Xiao Xingkai Lake (XXL) and Xingkai Lake (XL) are two neighboring lakes hydrologically connected by a gate and dam, with extensive agricultural practices and other human activities existing in the surrounding area. In view of this, we selected XXL and XL as the study area and divided the area into three regions (XXLR, XXLD, and XLD) according to different hydrological conditions. We investigated the physicochemical properties of surface sediments in different regions and the structure and diversity of bacterial communities using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that various nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and carbon (DOC, LOC, TC) were significantly enriched in the XXLD region. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacterial phyla in the sediments, accounting for more than 60% of the entire community in all regions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis and analysis of similarities confirmed that β-diversity varied among different regions. In addition, the assembly of bacterial communities was dominated by a heterogeneous selection in different regions, indicating the important influence of sediment environmental factors on the community. Among these sediment properties, the partial least squares path analysis revealed that pH was the best predictor variable driving differences in bacterial communities in different regions, with higher pH reducing beta diversity among communities. Overall, our study focused on the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in lake sediments of the Xingkai Lake basin and revealed that high pH causes the β-diversity of bacterial communities in the sediment to decrease. This provides a reference for further studies on sediment microorganisms in the Xingkai Lake basin in the future.
Special Issue “Extragastric Disorders of Helicobacter pylori Infection: From Diagnosis to Treatment”: Editorial
Authors: Doulberis Michael , Papaefthymiou Apostolis , Kountouras Jannis
Published: March 2023

Gut microorganisms represent a very attractive field of contemporary biomedical research since they exhibit complex interactions with their host and shape immunity in health and disease [...]
Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Response Mechanisms of Mikania micrantha to Puccinia spegazzinii Infection
Authors: Ren Xinghai , Zhang Guangzhong , Jin Mengjiao , Wan Fanghao , Day Michael D. , Qian Wanqiang , Liu Bo
Published: March 2023

Mikania micrantha is one of the worst invasive species globally and can cause significant negative impacts on agricultural and forestry economics, particularly in Asia and the Pacific region. The rust Puccinia spegazzinii has been used successfully as a biological control agent in several countries to help manage M. micrantha. However, the response mechanisms of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii infection have never been studied. To investigate the response of M. micrantha to infection by P. spegazzinii, an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics was performed. The levels of 74 metabolites, including organic acids, amino acids, and secondary metabolites in M. micrantha infected with P. spegazzinii, were significantly different compared to those in plants that were not infected. After P. spegazzinii infection, the expression of the TCA cycle gene was significantly induced to participate in energy biosynthesis and produce more ATP. The content of most amino acids, such as L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan and L-citrulline, increased. In addition, phytoalexins, such as maackiain, nobiletin, vasicin, arachidonic acid, and JA-Ile, accumulated in M. micrantha. A total of 4978 differentially expressed genes were identified in M. micrantha infected by P. spegazzinii. Many key genes of M. micrantha in the PTI (pattern-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity) pathways showed significantly higher expression under P. spegazzinii infection. Through these reactions, M. micrantha is able to resist the infection of P. spegazzinii and maintain its growth. These results are helpful for us to understand the changes in metabolites and gene expression in M. micrantha after being infected by P. spegazzinii. Our results can provide a theoretical basis for weakening the defense response of M. micrantha to P. spegazzinii, and for P. spegazzinii as a long-term biological control agent of M. micrantha.
Microbiota Phenotype Promotes Anastomotic Leakage in a Model of Rats with Ischemic Colon Resection
Authors: Zamorano Diego , Ivulic Dinka , Viver Tomeu , Morales Felipe , López-Kostner Francisco , Vidal Roberto M.
Published: March 2023

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery, but the mechanism behind this complication is still not fully understood. Despite the advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care, the complication rates have remained steady. Recently, it has been suggested that colon microbiota may be involved in the development of complications after colorectal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of gut microbiota in the development of colorectal AL and their possible virulence strategies to better understand the phenomenon. Using 16S rRNA sequencing of samples collected on the day of surgery and the sixth day following surgery, we analyzed the changes in tissue-associated microbiota at anastomotic sites created in a model of rats with ischemic colon resection. We discovered a trend for lower microbial diversity in the AL group compared to non-leak anastomosis (NLA). There were no differences in relative abundance in the different types of microbial respiration between these groups and the high abundance of the facultative anaerobic Gemella palaticanis is a marker species that stands out as a distinctive feature.
Ensemble Learning, Deep Learning-Based and Molecular Descriptor-Based Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Matsuzaka Yasunari , Uesawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2023

A deep learning-based quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis, namely the molecular image-based DeepSNAP–deep learning method, can successfully and automatically capture the spatial and temporal features in an image generated from a three-dimensional (3D) structure of a chemical compound. It allows building high-performance prediction models without extracting and selecting features because of its powerful feature discrimination capability. Deep learning (DL) is based on a neural network with multiple intermediate layers that makes it possible to solve highly complex problems and improve the prediction accuracy by increasing the number of hidden layers. However, DL models are too complex when it comes to understanding the derivation of predictions. Instead, molecular descriptor-based machine learning has clear features owing to the selection and analysis of features. However, molecular descriptor-based machine learning has some limitations in terms of prediction performance, calculation cost, feature selection, etc., while the DeepSNAP–deep learning method outperforms molecular descriptor-based machine learning due to the utilization of 3D structure information and the advanced computer processing power of DL.
Evaluation of Biological Activities of Twenty Flavones and In Silico Docking Study
Authors: Belaiba Meriam , Aldulaijan Sarah , Messaoudi Sabri , Abedrabba Manef , Dhouib Adnene , Bouajila Jalloul
Published: March 2023

This work aimed to evaluate the biological activities of 20 flavones (M1 to M20) and discuss their structure–activity relationships. In vitro assays were established to assess their numerous biological activities (anti-α-amylase, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-xanthine oxidase, anti-superoxide dismutase, and anticancer cell lines (HCT-116, MCF7, OVCAR-3, IGROV-1, and SKOV-3 cells lines)). An in silico docking study was also established in order to find the relationship between the chemical structure and the biological activities. In vitro tests revealed that M5 and M13 were the most active in terms of anti-α-amylase activity (IC50 = 1.2 and 1.4 µM, respectively). M17 was an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and performed better than the reference (allopurinol), at IC50 = 0.9 µM. M7 presented interesting anti-inflammatory (IC50 = 38.5 µM), anti-supriode dismutase (anti-SOD) (IC50 = 31.5 µM), and anti-acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 10.2 µM) activities. Those abilities were in concordance with its high scavenging activity in antioxidant ABTS and DPPH assays, at IC50 = 6.3 and 5.2 µM, respectively. Selectivity was detected regarding cytotoxic activity for those flavones. M1 (IC50 = 35.9 µM) was a specific inhibitor to the MCF7 cancer cell lines. M3 (IC50 = 44.7 µM) and M15 (IC50 = 45.6 µM) were particularly potent for the OVCAR-3 cell line. M14 (IC50 = 4.6 µM) contributed more clearly to inhibiting the colon cancer cell line (HCT116). M7 (IC50 = 15.6 µM) was especially active against the ovarian SKOV human cancer cell line. The results of the biological activities were supported by means of in silico molecular docking calculations. This investigation analyzed the contribution of the structure–activity of natural flavones in terms of their biological properties, which is important for their future application against diseases.
Selenium Nanoparticles Based on Morinda officinalis Polysaccharides: Characterization, Anti-Cancer Activities, and Immune-Enhancing Activities Evaluation In Vitro
Authors: Yao Mengxin , Deng Yuan , Zhao Zhimin , Yang Depo , Wan Guohui , Xu Xinjun
Published: March 2023

Recently, selenium nanoparticles have been drawing attention worldwide, and it is crucial to increase the stability of nano-Se. Morinda officinalis polysaccharides (MOP) are the main active component in Morinda officinalis radix. However, their low activity has limited their application. A novel selenium nanoparticle (Se-MOP) was prepared to solve these problems using MOP as a dispersant. The zeta potential was measured to evaluate the stability, and UV and ATR-FTIR were used to investigate the binding type of selenium and MOP. The morphology was observed by the TEM method. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on five selected cancer cells (HepG2, MCF-7, AGS, PC9, and HCT8) was evaluated, showing remarkable inhibition of all five cancer cells. The mechanism of inhibition was also investigated by cell circle assay, and it was found that Se-MOP could induce cell circle G0/G1 phase arrest. Immune-enhancing activities were evaluated by measuring the proliferation and cytokines of mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro and quantitative RT-PCR. The results indicated that single stimulation of Se-MOP and synergistic stimulation with PHA or LPS increased immune capacity and improved immune by increasing the expression of cytokines.
Design and Analysis of Gallium Arsenide-Based Nanowire Using Coupled Non-Equilibrium Green Function for RF Hybrid Applications
Authors: Paramasivam Pattunnarajam , Gowthaman Naveenbalaji , Srivastava Viranjay M.
Published: March 2023

This research work uses sp3d5s* tight-binding models to design and analyze the structural properties of group IV and III-V oriented, rectangular Silicon (Si) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Nanowires (NWs). The electrical characteristics of the NWs, which are shielded with Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3) material and the orientation with z [001] using the Non-Equilibrium Green Function (NEGF) method, have been analyzed. The electrical characteristics and the parameters for the multi-gate nanowires have been realized. A nanowire comprises a heavily doped n+ donor source and drains doping and n-donor doping at the channel. The specified nanowire has a gate length and channel length of 15 nm each, a source-drain device length LSD = 35 nm, with La2O3 as 1 nm (gate dielectric oxide) each on the top and bottom of the core material (Si/GaAs). The Gate-All-Around (GAA) Si NW is superior with a high (ION/IOFF ratio) of 1.06 × 109, and a low leakage current, or OFF current (IOFF), of 3.84 × 10−14 A. The measured values of the mid-channel conduction band energy (Ec) and charge carrier density (ρ) at VG = VD = 0.5 V are −0.309 eV and 6.24 × 1023 C/cm3, respectively. The nanowires with hydrostatic strain have been determined by electrostatic integrity and increased mobility, making them a leading solution for upcoming technological nodes. The transverse dimensions of the rectangular nanowires with similar energy levels are realized and comparisons between Si and GaAs NWs have been performed.
Highly Processed Food Consumption and Its Association with Anthropometric, Sociodemographic, and Behavioral Characteristics in a Nationwide Sample of 2742 Japanese Adults: An Analysis Based on 8-Day Weighed Dietary Records
Authors: Shinozaki Nana , Murakami Kentaro , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi
Published: March 2023

This cross-sectional study assessed highly processed food (HPF) consumption and its association with individual characteristics in a nationwide sample of Japanese adults. Eight-day weighed dietary records were obtained from 2742 free-living adults aged 18–79 years across Japan. HPFs were identified based on a classification method developed by researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The basic characteristics of the participants were assessed using a questionnaire. On average, HPF contributed to 27.9% of daily energy intake. The contribution of HPF to the daily intake of 31 nutrients ranged from 5.7% for vitamin C to 99.8% for alcohol (median, 19.9%). Cereals and starchy foods were the main food groups that contributed to the total energy intake of HPF. Multiple regression analysis showed that the older group (60–79 years) had a lower HPF energy contribution than the younger group (18–39 y) (regression coefficient (β) = −3.55, p < 0.0001). Compared to current smokers, past and never-smokers had lower HPF energy contributions (β = −1.41, p < 0.02; and −4.20, p < 0.0001, respectively). In conclusion, HPFs account for approximately one-third of energy intake in Japan. Younger age and current smoking status should be considered in future intervention strategies to reduce HPF consumption.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Malnutrition and In-Hospital Death in Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19
Authors: Boaz Mona , Kaufman-Shriqui Vered
Published: March 2023

Background: Malnutrition and increased malnutrition risk are frequently identified in hospitalized adults. The increase in hospitalization rates during the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by the documentation of adverse hospitalization outcomes in the presence of certain co-morbidities, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. It was not clear whether the presence of malnutrition increased in-hospital death in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Objectives: To estimate the effect of malnutrition on in-hospital mortality in adults hospitalized with COVID-19; and secondarily, to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition in adults hospitalized with malnutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Collaboration databases were queried using the search terms malnutrition and COVID-19 and hospitalized adults and mortality. Studies were reviewed using the 14-question Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD) (questions appropriate for quantitative studies). Author names; date of publication; country; sample size; malnutrition prevalence; malnutrition screening/diagnostic method; number of deaths in malnourished patients; and number of deaths in adequately nourished patients were extracted. Data were analyzed using MedCalc software v20.210 (Ostend, Belgium). The Q and I2 tests were calculated; a forest plot was generated, and the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using the random effects model. Results: Of the 90 studies identified, 12 were finally included in the meta-analysis. In the random effects model, malnutrition or increased malnutrition risk increased odds of in-hospital death by more than three-fold: OR 3.43 (95% CI 2.549–4.60), p < 0.001. The pooled prevalence estimate for malnutrition or increased malnutrition risk was 52.61% (95% CI 29.50–75.14%). Discussion and Conclusions: It is clear that malnutrition is an ominous prognostic sign in patients hospitalized with COVID. This meta-analysis, which included studies from nine countries on four continents with data from 354,332 patients, is generalizable.
Postoperative Osteoporosis in Subjects with Morbid Obesity Undergoing Bariatric Surgery with Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Aaseth Jan O. , Alexander Jan
Published: March 2023

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic accompanied by adverse health effects. The limited efficiency of traditional weight reduction regimens has led to a substantial increase in the use of bariatric surgery. Today, sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most used procedures. The present narrative review focuses on the risk of developing postoperative osteoporosis and summarizes some of the most relevant micronutrient deficiencies associated with RYGB and SG. Preoperatively, the dietary habits of obese individuals might lead to precipitated deficiencies in vitamin D and other nutrients affecting bone mineral metabolism. Bariatric surgery with SG or RYGB can aggravate these deficiencies. The various surgical procedures appear to affect nutrient absorption differently. Being purely restrictive, SG may particularly affect the absorption of vitamin B12 and also vitamin D. In contrast, RYGB has a more profound impact on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients, although both surgical methods induce only a mild protein deficiency. Despite adequate supplementation of calcium and vitamin D, osteoporosis may still occur after the surgery. This might be due to deficiencies in other micronutrients, e.g., vitamin K and zinc. Regular follow-ups with individual assessments and nutritional advice are indispensable to prevent osteoporosis and other adverse postoperative issues.
Using Capillary Whole Blood to Quantitatively Measure Ferritin: A Validation Trial of a Point-of-Care System
Authors: Fiddler Joanna L. , McBurney Michael I. , Haas Jere D.
Published: March 2023

Iron deficiency is a public health problem with devastating health, developmental and behavioral effects which often exacerbated due to affordability and access to screening and diagnosis. Using IronScan™ a portable, point-of-care diagnostic system capable of quantitatively measuring ferritin in blood, we validated IronScan™ ferritin measurements using whole blood and serum with a lab-based, regulator-approved analytical device for measuring ferritin in venous serum. Capillary (finger stick) and venous whole blood samples were obtained from 44 male and female volunteers. Venous serum (vSer) ferritin concentrations were measured on Immulite 2000 Xpi (gold standard). Capillary whole blood (cWB), venous whole blood (vWB), and vSer ferritin levels were measured by IronScan™. cWB ferritin concentrations from IronScan™ were significantly correlated (R2 = 0.86) with vSer measured with the FDA-approved Immulite system. The results from the multiple regression analysis indicate that 10% of the variability was due to the method of blood collection (venous vs. capillary) and 6% was due to the form of blood analysis (whole blood vs. serum). The sensitivity of diagnosing iron deficiency using the WHO cutoff of <30 ng/mL is 90%, with a specificity of 96%. In conclusion, IronScan™ is a rapid viable option for measuring ferritin as a point-of-care system.
Identification and Selection of Prospective Probiotics for Enhancing Gastrointestinal Digestion: Application in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Dietary Supplements
Authors: Cappello Claudia , Tlais Ali Zein Alabiden , Acin-Albiac Marta , Lemos Junior Wilson José Fernandes , Pinto Daniela , Filannino Pasquale , Rinaldi Fabio , Gobbetti Marco , Di Cagno Raffaella
Published: March 2023

Our study investigated the effectiveness of 446 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to different species and isolated from diverse sources (food, human, and animal) as potential probiotic candidates, with the perspective of producing dietary supplements or pharmacological formulations suitable for enhancing gastrointestinal digestion. The survival capability of all the isolates under harsh gastrointestinal tract conditions was evaluated, in which only 44 strains, named high-resistant, were selected for further food digestibility investigations. All 44 strains hydrolyzed raffinose and exhibited amino and iminopeptidase activities but at various extents, confirming species- and strain-specificity. After partial in vitro digestion mimicking oral and gastric digestive phases, food matrices were incubated with single strains for 24 h. Fermented partially digested matrices provided additional functional properties for some investigated strains by releasing peptides and increasing the release of highly bio-accessible free phenolic compounds. A scoring procedure was proposed as an effective tool to reduce data complexity and quantitively characterize the probiotic potential of each LAB strain, which could be more useful in the selection procedure of powerful probiotics.
Pitfalls and Risks of “New Eating Disorders”: Let the Expert Speak!
Authors: Salatto Alessia , Riccio Maria Pia , Garotti Raffaele , Bravaccio Carmela , Spagnuolo Maria Immacolata
Published: March 2023

Since the post-pandemic period, there has been an increase in the incidence of eating disorders (EADs) and a lowering of the age of onset. In addition to the ‘classic’ forms, there has also been an increase in new forms of EADs. This article proposes a brief review of the literature concerning mainly two of these new disorders: atypical anorexia and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. In addition, a brief overview is proposed of the most frequently raised questions that clinicians may face when dealing with EADs. The answers are provided by doctors from the Federico II University of Naples, who additionally offer the most common red flags on the topic derived from long clinical experience. This article is proposed to be a brief operational guide for all clinicians working in the pediatric area in order to provide diagnostic clues and useful elements to refer patients to specialists for a correct and multidisciplinary treatment.
Mothers’ Access to Social and Health Care Systems Support during Their Infants’ First Year during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Feminist Poststructural Study
Authors: Benoit Britney , Aston Megan , Price Sheri , Iduye Damilola , Sim S Meaghan , Ollivier Rachel , Joy Phillip , Nassaji Neda Akbari
Published: March 2023

Social support and health services are crucial for mothers and families during their infants’ first year. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of self-isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on mothers’ access to social and health care systems support during their infants’ first year. We utilized a qualitative design using feminist poststructuralism and discourse analysis. Self-identifying mothers (n = 68) of infants aged 0 to 12 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia, Canada completed an online qualitative survey. We identified three themes: (1) COVID-19 and the Social Construction of Isolation, (2) Feeling Forgotten and Dumped: Perpetuating the Invisibility of Mothering, and (3) Navigating and Negotiating Conflicting Information. Participants emphasized a need for support and the associated lack of support resulting from mandatory isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. They did not see remote communication as equivalent to in-person connection. Participants described the need to navigate alone without adequate access to in-person postpartum and infant services. Participants identified conflicting information related to COVID-19 as a challenge. Social interactions and interactions with health care providers are crucial to the health and experiences of mothers and their infants during the first year after birth and must be sustained during times of isolation.
UVC-Based Air Disinfection Systems for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Present in the Air
Authors: Garg Harry , Ringe Rajesh P. , Das Supankar , Parkash Suraj , Thakur Bhuwaneshwar , Delipan Rathina , Kumar Ajay , Kulkarni Kishor , Bansal Kanika , Patil Prabhu B. , Alam Tabish , Balam Nagesh Babu , Meena Chandan Swaroop , Thakur Krishan Gopal , Kumar Ashok , Kumar Ashwani
Published: March 2023

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared in May 2021 that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted not only by close contact with infectious respiratory fluids from infected people or contaminated materials but also indirectly through air. Airborne transmission has serious implications for the control measures we can deploy, given the emergence of more transmissible variants. This emphasizes the need to deploy a mechanism to reduce the viral load in the air, especially in closed and crowded places such as hospitals, public transport buses, etc. In this study, we explored ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation for its ability to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 particles present in aerosols and designed an air disinfection system to eliminate infectious viruses. We studied the virus inactivation kinetics to identify the UVC dosage required to achieve maximum virus inactivation. Based on the experimental data, UVC-based devices were designed for the sanitization of air through HVAC systems in closed spaces. Further, a risk assessment model to estimate the risk reduction was applied which showed that the use of UVC radiation could result in the reduction of the risk of infection in occupied spaces by up to 90%.
Structural Complementarity of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase and Its Inhibitors for Implication in B-Cell Malignancies and Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Najmi Asim , Thangavel Neelaveni , Mohanan Anugeetha Thacheril , Qadri Marwa , Albratty Mohammed , Ashraf Safeena Eranhiyil , Saleh Safaa Fathy , Nayeem Maryam , Mohan Syam
Published: March 2023

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a critical component in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and is also expressed in haematogenic and innate immune cells. Inhibition of BTK hyperactivity is implicated in B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. This review derives the structural complementarity of the BTK-kinase domain and its inhibitors from recent three-dimensional structures of inhibitor-bound BTK in the protein data bank (PDB). Additionally, this review analyzes BTK-mediated effector responses of B-cell development and antibody production. Covalent inhibitors contain an α, β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety that forms a covalent bond with Cys481, stabilizing αC-helix in inactive-out conformation which inhibits Tyr551 autophosphorylation. Asn484, located two carbons far from Cys481, influences the stability of the BTK-transition complex. Non-covalent inhibitors engage the BTK-kinase domain through an induced-fit mechanism independent of Cys481 interaction and bind to Tyr551 in the activation kink resulting in H3 cleft, determining BTK selectivity. Covalent and non-covalent binding to the kinase domain of BTK shall induce conformational changes in other domains; therefore, investigating the whole-length BTK conformation is necessary to comprehend BTK’s autophosphorylation inhibition. Knowledge about the structural complementarity of BTK and its inhibitors supports the optimization of existing drugs and the discovery of drugs for implication in B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
Efforts toward PET-Activatable Red-Shifted Silicon Rhodamines and Silicon Pyronine Dyes
Authors: Kramer Carsten Sven , Kanagasundaram Thines , Matthias Jessica , Kopka Klaus
Published: March 2023

Tracers for bimodal optical imaging and positron emission tomography unite multiple advantages in a single molecule. Their tumor-specific uptake can be visualized after their PET activation by radiofluorination via PET/CT or PET/MRI allowing for staging or therapy planning, while their non-radioactive moiety additionally facilitates the visualization of malignant tissue during intraoperative fluorescence-guided surgery or in histological assessments. The silicon-bridged xanthene core offers the opportunity for radiofluorination with SiFA isotope exchange to obtain a small-molecule, PET-activatable NIR dye that can be linked to different target vectors. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the PET-activation of a fluorinated silicon pyronine, belonging to a class of low-molecular-weight fluorescence dyes with a large Stokes shift (up to 129 nm) and solvent-dependent NIR dye properties, with a successful radiochemical conversion of 70%. The non-fluorinated pyronine precursor is easily accessible by a three-step sequence from commercially starting material with a 12% overall yield. Moreover, a library of seven unusually functionalized (by approximately 15 nm), red-shifted silicon rhodamines were synthesized in three- to four-step sequences and the optical properties of the novel dyes were characterized. It was also shown that the synthesized silicon rhodamine dyes can be easily conjugated by amide bond formation or ‘click-reaction’ approaches.
H2O2-PLA-(Alg)2Ca Hydrogel Enriched in Matrigel® Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Bîrcă Alexandra Cătălina , Chircov Cristina , Niculescu Adelina Gabriela , Hildegard Herman , Baltă Cornel , Roșu Marcel , Mladin Bianca , Gherasim Oana , Mihaiescu Dan Eduard , Vasile Bogdan Ștefan , Grumezescu Alexandru Mihai , Andronescu Ecaterina , Hermenean Anca Oana
Published: March 2023

Hydrogel-based dressings exhibit suitable features for successful wound healing, including flexibility, high water-vapor permeability and moisture retention, and exudate absorption capacity. Moreover, enriching the hydrogel matrix with additional therapeutic components has the potential to generate synergistic results. Thus, the present study centered on diabetic wound healing using a Matrigel-enriched alginate hydrogel embedded with polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the samples, performed to evidence their compositional and microstructural features, swelling, and oxygen-entrapping capacity, were reported. For investigating the three-fold goal of the designed dressings (i.e., releasing oxygen at the wound site and maintaining a moist environment for faster healing, ensuring the absorption of a significant amount of exudate, and providing biocompatibility), in vivo biological tests on wounds of diabetic mice were approached. Evaluating multiple aspects during the healing process, the obtained composite material proved its efficiency for wound dressing applications by accelerating wound healing and promoting angiogenesis in diabetic skin injuries.
Chitosan-Coated Alginate Microcapsules of a Full-Spectrum Cannabis Extract: Characterization, Long-Term Stability and In Vitro Bioaccessibility
Authors: Villate Aitor , San Nicolas Markel , Olivares Maitane , Aizpurua-Olaizola Oier , Usobiaga Aresatz
Published: March 2023

Cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa are increasingly used in medicine due to their therapeutic potential. Moreover, the synergistic interaction between different cannabinoids and other plant constituents has led to the development of full-spectrum formulations for therapeutic treatments. In this work, the microencapsulation of a full-spectrum extract via vibration microencapsulation nozzle technique using chitosan-coated alginate is proposed to obtain an edible pharmaceutical-grade product. The suitability of microcapsules was assessed by their physicochemical characterization, long-term stability in three different storage conditions and in vitro gastrointestinal release. The synthetized microcapsules contained mainly ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-type and cannabinol (CBN)-type cannabinoids and had a mean size of 460 ± 260 µm and a mean sphericity of 0.5 ± 0.3. The stability assays revealed that capsules should be stored only at 4 °C in darkness to maintain their cannabinoid profile. In addition, based on the in vitro experiments, a fast intestinal release of cannabinoids ensures a medium–high bioaccessibility (57–77%) of therapeutically relevant compounds. The full characterization of microcapsules indicates that they could be used for the design of further full-spectrum cannabis oral formulations.
Evaluation of Medication Prescribing Applications Available in Australia
Authors: Amin Riya , Cato Melissa , Rahavi Sasha , Tran Kristin , Lee Kenneth , Lobo Elton , Mill Deanna , Page Amy , Salter Sandra
Published: March 2023

Prescription request applications (apps) have changed the way consumers can obtain prescription-only medications. However, there is a lack of research surrounding such apps and their potential risks to consumers. We conducted an Australian study to (1) identify and characterise prescription request apps available in Australia and (2) assess whether prescription request apps in Australia adhere to guidelines for safe prescribing. Three online platforms (iOS App Store, Google Play store and Google search engine) were searched using 14 different search terms. Prescription request apps were identified based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. To determine whether the prescription request apps adhere to a safe prescribing framework, five medications were selected, and their corresponding consultation questionnaires were assessed against the Australian National Prescribing Service MedicineWise 12 core competencies for safe prescribing. A total of seven prescription request apps were identified. Assessment of the prescription request apps revealed that none of the apps provided prescribers with sufficient information to meet all the competencies required for safe prescribing; rather, they inconsistently adhered to the safe prescribing framework. Thus, consumers and healthcare professionals should consider the implications and safety concerns of obtaining medications via prescription request apps.
Cultivating COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence in Pharmacy Professionals
Authors: Aqel Osama , Alqadheeb Banin , Felix Mariana , Amundson Collin , Bingham Jennifer M. , Meyer Katie , Warholak Terri , Axon David R.
Published: March 2023

Pharmacists promote vaccinations and challenge misconceptions about vaccine hesitancy, yet pharmacists’ knowledge of vaccine confidence has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to compare pharmacists’ knowledge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine confidence before and after a live continuing education (CE) session. This pretest–posttest study evaluated the differences before and after a live CE session on COVID-19 vaccine confidence provided to pharmacists at a nationwide health technology company. Participants’ total pretest and posttest scores were compared using paired t-tests, while pretest and posttest scores for each item were compared using chi-squared tests. A Bonferroni correction was applied, resulting in an alpha level of 0.005. A total of 279 pharmacists participated in this study. After the CE session, mean knowledge scores increased (5.2 ± 1.5 to 7.4 ± 1.35, p < 0.0001). After the CE session, there was no significant increase in pharmacists’ knowledge about the approach that is not recommended when discussing vaccination beliefs with a patient (71.3% to 77.4%, p = 0.099), determinants of vaccine uptake (83.9% to 87.8%, p = 0.182), and social determinants of health that can influence vaccination rates (93.6% to 96.4%, p = 0.121). There was a significant change in pre- and posttest knowledge for the remaining seven items.
Function-Versatile Thermo-Optic Switch Using Silicon Nitride Waveguide in Polymer
Authors: Chen Tao , Ding Zhenming , Dang Zhangqi , Jiang Xinhong , Zhang Ziyang
Published: March 2023

A function-versatile thermo-optic switch is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using silicon nitride waveguides embedded in polymer cladding. The device consists of a 1 × 2 input splitter, 2 single-mode waveguides for phase shifting, and a thermally controlled 2 × 2 output coupler to give another degree of freedom in achieving phase-matching conditions. Combining the high waveguide birefringence of the thin silicon nitride waveguide and the excellent thermo-optic property of the polymer material, this device can realize multiple functions by applying different micro-heater powers, i.e., polarization-independent path switching, beam splitting, and polarization beam splitting. For the polarization-independent path switching, the fabricated device has shown a crosstalk suppression better than 10 dB for the TE mode and over 20 dB for the TM mode in the wavelength range from 1500 nm to 1620 nm. For the polarization beam splitting function, the device can reach a polarization extinction ratio greater than 10 dB at selected bands. This simple yet scalable device may find applications in polarization-multiplexed optical communication technology and complex photonic computing networks.
Phytophthora pseudocryptogea, P. nicotianae and P. multivora Associated to Cycas revoluta: First Report Worldwide
Authors: Aloi Francesco , Parlascino Rossana , Conti Taguali Sebastiano , Faedda Roberto , Pane Antonella , Cacciola Santa Olga
Published: March 2023

A dieback was observed on three-year-old pot-grown plants of Cycas revoluta in Sicily (Italy). Symptoms, including stunting, yellowing and blight of the leaf crown, root rot and internal browning and decay of the basal stem, closely resembled the Phytophthora root and crown rot syndrome, common in other ornamentals. Isolations from rotten stem and roots, using a selective medium, and from rhizosphere soil of symptomatic plants, using leaf baiting, yielded three Phytophthora species, P. multivora, P. nicotianae and P. pseudocryptogea, were obtained. Isolates were identified by both morphological characters and DNA barcoding analysis, using three gene regions: ITS, β-tub and COI. Phytophthora pseudocryptogea was the sole species isolated directly from the stem and roots. The pathogenicity of the isolates of the three Phytophthora species was tested on one-year-old potted plants of C. revoluta, using both stem inoculation by wounding, and root inoculation through infested soil. Phytophthora pseudocryptogea was the most virulent and, like P. nicotianae, reproduced all the symptoms of natural infections, while P. multivora was the least virulent and induced solely very mild symptoms. Phytophthora pseudocryptogea was identified as the causal agent of the decline of C. revoluta, as it was re-isolated from both the roots and stems of artificially infected symptomatic plants, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates.
Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of Gossypium YTH Domain-Containing RNA-Binding Protein Family and the Role of GhYTH8 in Response to Drought Stress
Authors: Hao Wei , Wang Weipeng , Xiao Xiangfen , Sun Jialiang , Wu Bingjie , Zhao Yuping , Pei Shuaishuai , Fan Wenjia , Xu Dongbei , Qin Tengfei
Published: March 2023

YTH domain-containing proteins are one kind of RNA-binding protein involved in post-transcriptional regulation and play multiple roles in regulating the growth, development, and abiotic stress responses of plants. However, the YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family has not been previously studied in cotton. In this study, a total of 10, 11, 22, and 21 YTH genes were identified in Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium barbadense, and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. These Gossypium YTH genes were categorized into three subgroups by phylogenetic analysis. The chromosomal distribution, synteny analysis, structures of Gossypium YTH genes, and the motifs of YTH proteins were analyzed. Furthermore, the cis-element of GhYTH genes promoter, miRNA targets of GhYTH genes, and subcellular localization of GhYTH8 and GhYTH16 were characterized. Expression patterns of GhYTH genes in different tissues, organs, and in response to different stresses were also analyzed. Moreover, functional verifications revealed that silencing GhYTH8 attenuated the drought tolerance in the upland cotton TM-1 line. These findings provide useful clues for the functional and evolutionary analysis of YTH genes in cotton.
Features of Natural Succession of Ex-Arable Forest Steppe Grassland (from Western Romania) under the Influence of Climate
Authors: Sărățeanu Veronica , Cotuna Otilia , Paraschivu Mirela , Cojocariu Luminița L. , Horablaga Nicolae Marinel , Rechițean Dorin , Mircov Vlad Dragoslav , Sălceanu Călin , Urlică Alina Andreea , Copăcean Loredana
Published: March 2023

Important land surfaces from hill and mountain areas from the northern hemisphere formerly used for cropping were abandoned. Often, the abandoned land evolved by natural succession to grassland, shrubland or even to forest. The main goal of this paper is to bring new datasets necessary for the understanding of the evolution of ex-arable grassland vegetation from the forest steppe area into relationship with climate. The researches were performed in the locality of Grădinari (Caraş-Severin County, Western Romania) on an ex-arable plot abandoned since 1995. The vegetation data were collected for 19 years (time interval 2003–2021). The analyzed vegetation features were floristic composition, biodiversity and pastoral value. The climate data considered were air temperature and rainfall amount. The vegetation and climate data were correlated statistically, with a view to highlighting the potential impact of the temperature and rainfalls during the evolution of succession process on the grassland’s floristic composition, biodiversity and pastoral value. The pressure of the increased temperatures on the natural restoration process of the biodiversity and pastoral value of ex-arable forest steppe grassland could, at least partially, be mitigated by random grazing and mulching works.
Permanent Spreading of 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in Modern Wheat Breeding
Authors: Korobkova Varvara A. , Bespalova Ludmila A. , Yanovsky Aleksey S. , Chernook Anastasiya G. , Kroupin Pavel Yu. , Arkhipov Andrey V. , Yurkina Anna I. , Nazarova Lubov A. , Mudrova Aleksandra A. , Voropaeva Anastasiya D. , Puzyrnaya Olga Yu. , Agaeva Elena V. , Karlov Gennady I. , Divashuk Mikhail G.
Published: March 2023

Wheat-rye translocations 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL are used in bread wheat breeding worldwide because a short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) when introgressed into the wheat genome confers resistance to diseases, pests and better performance under drought-stress conditions. However, in durum wheat genotypes, these translocations occur only in experimental lines, although their advantages could enhance the potential of this crop. P.P. Lukyanenko National Grain Centre (NGC) has successfully developed commercially competitive cultivars of bread and durum wheat demanded by many agricultural producers in the South of Russia for decades. Here, 94 accessions of bread and 343 accessions of durum wheat, representing lines and cultivars from collection, competitive variety trials and breeding nursery developed at NGC were screened for 1RS using PCR markers and genomic in situ hybridization. The 1RS.1BL and 1RS.1AL translocations were detected in 38 and 6 bread wheat accessions, respectively. None of the durum wheat accessions showed translocation, despite the fact that some of them had 1RS.1BL donors in their pedigree. The absence of translocations in the studied durum wheat germplasm can be caused by the negative selection of 1RS carriers at different stages of the breeding process due to low quality and difficulties in transferring rye chromatin through wheat gametes.