bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durasi penggunaan gawai dan kejadian miopia pada pelajar SMA Negeri 1 Pangkalpinang
Authors: Khairunnisa Jasmine , Rasyid Meriana
Published: February 2025

Penggunaan gawai memberikan dampak positif yang signifikan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia. Pertama, gawai memberikan akses mudah ke berbagai sumber informasi dan platform pembelajaran. Penggunaan gawai dalam pendidikan dapat meningkatkan akses ke materi belajar, memfasilitasi pembelajaran mandiri, dan memperkaya pengalaman belajar. Meskipun demikian, penggunaan gawai dapat berpotensi memiliki dampak negatif pada kesehatan, terutama pada kesehatan mata. Salah satu kelainan refraksi mata yang terkait dengan aktivitas digital ialah miopia atau rabun jauh. Tujuan studi ini untuk mengetahui hubungan penggunaan gawai terhadap kejadian miopia pelajar SMA Negeri 1 Pangkalpinang. Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif analitik cross-sectional. Studi ini melibatkan 200 pelajar yang terdiri dari 96 (48%) laki-laki dan 104 (52%) perempuan. Diagnosis miopia dilakukan dengan melakukan pemeriksaan visus sedangkan durasi penggunaan gawai menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil studi didapatkan mayoritas menggunakan gawai lebih dari 3 jam (165 subjek; 82,5%) dan tidak menderita miopia (139 subjek; 69,5%). Analisis statistik dengan menggunakan chi square didapatkan tidak ada hubungan signifikan anatara durasi penggunaan gawai dengan kejadian myopia (nilai p 0,137). Namun, secara epidemiologi durasi gawai yang lama dapat menjadi factor risiko terjadinya myopia (PRR 1,64). Selain itu, perlu diperhatikan faktor-faktor lain yang dapat memengaruhi risiko miopia, seperti faktor genetik, pencahayaan atau lingkungan, dan kebiasaan membaca.
Pengetahuan mengenai anestesi dan peran dokter spesialis anestesi pada mahasiswa psikologi Universitas Tarumanagara
Authors: Cheryl Claudia Angelica , Atzmardina Zita
Published: February 2025

Pasien terkadang tidak menyadari bahwa dokter spesialis anestesi ialah seorang dokter spesialis dan memiliki peran di luar ruang operasi. Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang bidang anestesi dan peran dokter spesialis anestesi ini dapat membuat dokter spesialis anestesi merasa kurang dihargai. Oleh karena itu, kami merasa perlu untuk mengeksplorasi pengetahuan sebuah kepompok orang, dalam hal ini mahasiswa dari jurusan psikologi, tentang anestesi dan peran seorang dokter spesialis anestesi. Studi deskriptif ini dilakukan terhadap 118 mahasiswa psikologi  yang diberikan kuesioner pengetahuan terkait anestesi dan peran dokter spesialis anestesi. Hasil studi didapatkan jumlah mahasiswa yang memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai anestesi (49,2%), peran dokter spesialis anestesi (61,1%), dan baik anestesi maupun peran dokter spesialis anestesi (63,6%). Lebih dari 90% mahasiswa mengetahui bahwa dokter spesialis anestesi bertanggung jawab untuk memantau tanda vital pasien, dan mayoritas juga dapat mengidentifikasi komplikasi anestesi ringan atau berat. Hasil studi ini bertentangan dengan keyakinan bahwa masyarakat umum memiliki pengetahuan yang tidak memadai mengenai anestesi dan peran dokter spesialis anestesi.
Faktor risiko pediculosis capitis pada anak-anak di Banjar Buaji Anyar, Denpasar Timur, Bali
Authors: Song Chrismerry , Malini Ni Kadek Cintya
Published: February 2025

Pediculosis capitis atau infestasi oleh Pediculus humanus capitis dapat menyerang semua usia, terutama anak-anak, namun sering terabaikan. Angka kejadian pediculosis capitis di Indonesia masih tinggi dan menyebabkan morbiditas seperti anemia, infeksi bakteri sekunder, menurunkan prestasi belajar dan rasa percaya diri. Studi deskriptif potong lintang ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor risiko pediculosis capitis pada anak-anak di Banjar Buaji Anyar, Kota Denpasar Timur, Bali. Hubungan antara faktor risiko dan kejadian pediculosis capitis dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square (p < 0,005) dan uji epidemiologi menggunakan prevalence ratio (PR, CI 95%). Total responden 94 orang dengan 34,04% (32/94) responden positif pediculosis capitis. Faktor risiko yang ditemukan adalah jenis kelamin (PR = 1,18, CI 95% 0,66 – 2,12); panjang rambut (PR = 1,18, CI 95% 0,66 – 2,12); kebiasaan menggunakan handuk (PR = 2,24, CI 95% 1,33 – 3,76), sisir (PR = 7,85, CI 95% 1,14 – 53,93), asesoris rambut (PR = 1,79, CI 95% 1,03 – 3,12), dan bantal bersama (PR = 2,14, CI 95% 0,84 – 5,43); serta pendapatan keluarga sama atau di bawah upah minimum regional (PR = 12,65, CI 95% 3,21 – 49,90). Hubungan bermakna secara statistik ditemukan antara kejadian pediculosis capitis dengan pemakaian sisir bersama (p = 0,003), pendapatan keluarga ≤ UMR (p = 0,000). Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara pediculosis capitis dengan jenis kelamin (p = 0,573), panjang rambut (p = 0,573), pemakaian handuk bersama (p = 0,005), pemakaian asesoris rambut bersama (p = 0,056), dan pemakaian bantal kepala bersama (p = 0,073).
Implementasi “Lima Prinsip Tepat” terapi anti hipertensi pada lansia di panti wreda
Authors: Tiranda Wisasti Gladys Chantika , Gunawan Shirly
Published: February 2025

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyebab utama mortalitas dan morbiditas di Indonesia. Prevalensinya meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia. Pengobatan yang tepat akan mendukung keberhasilan pengelolaan hipertensi, terutama pada lansia. Pengobatan yang tepat melibatkan lima prinsip tepat: tepat pasien, tepat obat, tepat dosis, tepat waktu, dan tepat rute pemberian. Penelitian ini akan menggambarkan ketepatan penggunaan obat antihipertensi pada lansia di panti werda. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah deskriptif dengan desain cross-sectional. Data diperoleh dari kuesioner dengan pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik non-random sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Subjek studi ini ialah lansia yang tinggal di panti werda di Tangerang dan Cibubur. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa 62 lansia di panti jompo menderita hipertensi, yang didominasi oleh perempuan (71%). Sebagian besar dari mereka menderita hipertensi derajat I (87,1%), hipertensi sistolik terisolasi (11,3%), dan hipertensi derajat II (1,6%). Amlodipin merupakan obat yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai monoterapi, sedangkan untuk kombinasi,  amlodipin dan candesartan merupakan terapi kombinasi hipertensi yang paling banyak digunakan. Lima prinsip tepat dalam pengobatan (tepat pasien, tepat obat, tepat dosis, tepat waktu, dan tepat rute) telah diimplementasikan dengan cukup baik pada lansia yang mengonsumsi obat antihipertensi di panti werda.
International Justice and Pancasila: A Case Study of The Gambia
Authors: Mendy Ousu
Published: February 2025

International justice is as topical as it is relevant to global governance. This is manifest in fledgling and thriving democracies, failed and enduring states, and tyrannous and constitutionally governed states. Similar to the Gambian transitional justice, the Pancasila’s social justice system in Indonesia also depicts an unfulfilled project of promoting justice and order during the transition period. Therefore, to make a comprehensive study of international justice and Pancasila using The Gambia as a case study, normative legal research is adopted through a conceptual framework of the international justice and its relation to Pancasila and The Gambia. It focuses on investigating the relation between international justice, Pancasila justice, and the justice system of The Gambia. Both Indonesia and The Gambia experience authoritarianism for decades and they are undergoing democratisation, but the political interests of their post-authoritarian governments over national interests mar their transitional justice systems. Thus, this research, recommends that prioritisation of victim participation, ensuring comprehensive mechanisms like truth and reparations commissions, putting into effect institutional reforms to prevent future abuses, advancing broad public engagement, addressing foundational causes of conflicts, and connecting efforts with other peacebuilding initiatives are keys to a successful transitional justice system.
Heeding the Song Unseen
Authors: Bell Anne
Published: February 2025

If one descends the Tatshenshini River* in July, one is bound to come across the .hermit thrush hopping about under the poplar, willow and scrubby spruce. A reclusive bird, its name seems to suit its unassuming appearance and the sparse, rugged surroundings in which I first heard it sing.. Like a small brown robin deprived of its orange breast, it could easily pass unnoticed, and I myself would scarcely have paid it much attention had it not been for its song, a splash of delicate, resonant crystal and sparkling cascades. [...]
Web application for lightning occurrence visualization: lightspot
Authors: Díaz Ortiz Fernando Augusto , Romero-Romero Johan , Yepes-Chala Karen , Cifuentes-Guerrero Pedro L.
Published: February 2025

Introduction: this article presents the development of a web application designed to visualize data related to lightning occurrences, using information provided by the lightning location network World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN)..Objetive: the aim of this study is to develop a tool that enables the visualization of lightning data, facilitating its analysis through the use of agile methodologies such as extreme programming and Scrum..Methodology: the development methodology of the application includes the use of extreme programming and Scrum, covering software architecture, interface design, and the execution of functional and integration testing to ensure system performance and functionality.Results: the application was validated using lightning data from the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, showing intense electrical activity in the Bajo Magdalena region, particularly in the municipalities of Yacopí and Caparrapí. A peak in activity was observed around 9:00 p.m. local time. The obtained results align with findings from previous studies conducted in broader areas, validating the effectiveness of the application.Conclusions: the web application demonstrated in this article facilitates the processing and analysis of large volumes of lightning data, confirming its usefulness for studies in different regions and contributing to the monitoring of electrical phenomena.
Four-Body Transit-Orbit Classification Combining Lagrangian Coherent Structures with Data Mining
Authors: Fu Shuyue , Wu Di , Shi Peng , Gong Shengping
Published: February 2025

Low-energy transfers are advantageous for lunar exploration missions due to their low fuel consumption and extended launch periods. This study combines natural dynamics with data mining to analyze and construct multibody trajectories. We focus on the classification of interior transit orbits and their application to low-energy transfers in the sun–Earth/moon planar bicircular restricted four-body problem (PBCR4BP). First, the Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) are used to generate the interior transit orbits. The number of periapses around the moon is selected as the classification parameter and is mapped into the LCSs. Clear classification boundaries are achieved using a data-mining approach. Then, the dependence of the classification on energy levels and solar gravity perturbation is discussed and summarized. Based on these classifications and their dependencies, strategies for constructing two low-energy transfer scenarios are proposed. The effectiveness of these strategies is confirmed through numerical simulations of the transfer trajectories. The dynamic behaviors and transfer characteristics of transit orbits and their families are revealed, and a direct link between transit-orbit families and low-energy transfers is established.
Website of Trinity University of Asia-High School: An Interactive Platform for Prospective Students and Parents
Authors:   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Jamero John Ervin , Lee Cheen-aij ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Manzon Rofold Keen ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Mendoza IV Ramon Issachar ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Reyes Victoria ,   STI College Bacoor, Philippines, Crisostomo Suzette ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Villones Roman ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines, Bunag Ferdinand ,   College of Engineering and Information Sciences, Trinity University of Asia, Philippines
Published: February 2025

Purpose –The project aims to enhance the school's communication and information dissemination processes by providing a user-friendly and interactive platform for students, parents, and teachers.

Method –The use of agile methodology in system development was essential because it allowed for adaptive planning, continuous feedback, and iterative development, enabling teams to respond to changing requirements and deliver high-quality software promptly.

Results –Achieving an excellent rating with a weighted mean of 4.5 for the website's Portability, Usability, and Reliability was extremely significant. It indicated that the website effectively met the needs and expectations of users in these crucial areas.

Conclusion –It had a positive effect on the organization's online presence and user satisfaction.And underscored the website's success in meeting the organization's goals and user expectations, solidifying its reputation as a reliable and user-friendly platform.

Recommendations –The development of the website provided the researchers with the opportunity to hone their skills and become proficient developers. They conducted research as a group and collaborated to improve the website, ultimately refining their concepts to create a user-friendly platform.

Research Implications –The study allows to provision of online information about the school's events, gives sufficient promotional and marketing activities, and increases the number of applicants to enroll in the school. The system has been implemented to aid Trinity University of Asia –High School and isupdated and continuously maintainedtoits latest version.

Practical Implications –Having information about the school on a website, creates an impact that can make a school known easily. And, to encourage students to enroll in the school by posting their offers to those students who are inquiring about the services they offer by lookingat the internet.

Keywords–school, website, development, information, user-friendly, platform, students, organizations
Water Supersaturated by Ultrafine Bubble CO2 for Maximizing Potential of Geological Sequestration
Authors: Aoki J. , Ueda R. , Suganuma T. , Goto A. , Okano Y. , Tamagawa T.
Published: February 2025

A conventional geological carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration has risks of leakage and insufficient utilization of storage capacity. These undesirable phenomena are attributed to the separation of CO2 due to gravitational effects. Carbonated water injection is one approach to solve the technical challenges, however it has limited CO2 content per unit volume. Ultrafine bubble (UFB) technology has the potential to increase the CO2 content in the carbonated water, i.e. the water becomes supersaturated with CO2 by dispersing CO2-UFBs. The UFBs less than 1 μm in diameter have a small buoyancy and maintain the stability of them for a long duration. Because CO2-supersaturated water has the potential to suppress the reduction in sweep efficiency caused by the difference in viscosity with in-situ fluid, the risk of insufficient pore space utilization can be minimized. The knowledge of UFB under high pressure has rarely been reported and is crucial for designing CO2-UFB injection systems. Experiments on CO2-UFB under high pressure were carried out in this study. Five additives, i.e. trisiloxane, calcium carbonate particle, oleic acid, ethanol and saponin, were tested to make the UFB and the CO2 content more stable. A Simulation study was also conducted to examine effective injection strategies. As a result, the following conclusions were achieved: (1) 30-40 vol.% of CO2 can be dispersed in water as UFBs and maintained for approximately 120 minutes by using trisiloxane. However, the UFBs at high temperatures become unstable immediately. (2) The other additives, except for calcium carbonate particles, also have an effect on increasing the CO2 content in the water. The maximum increase ratio of the CO2 content in the solubility is 10%. (3) Numerical flow simulations have suggested that the CO2-UFB injection carries minimal risk of CO2-leakage to the surface and can improve sweep efficiency.
Downhole Venturi Flowmeter with Removable Orifice
Authors: Lowes E. M. , Cook T.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the use of a downhole venturi flowmeter in a water injection dump flood well to monitor injection rates. The venturi installed downhole features a unique removable orifice which can be retrieved on wireline to facilitate an array of well interventions.

A proposal to convert a producing oil well in the Western Flank of the Cooper Basin, central Australia to a water injection dump flood well included fracture stimulation and ongoing downhole rate measurement to monitor injectivity. For downhole rate measurement, two preferred options were evaluated: regular memory production logs on slickline for intermittent measurement or downhole venturi with continuous measurement and surface output. Due to the higher ongoing intervention monitoring costs and the irregularity of the acquisition associated with a Memory Production Log, the venturi and pressure gauge combination emerged as the preferred option. At the time, venturis on the Australian market featured fixed orifices or wedges, limiting through bore access, and potentially hindering much needed fracture stimulation and future through tubing well intervention activities. A novel solution was needed.

Facing this challenge, the operator collaborated with their downhole gauge provider to conceptualize a bespoke, cost-effective venturi. This innovative solution features an orifice which could be removed and replaced on slickline. The resultant equipment not only satisfied the requirement to measure the rate of water injection but also allowed through bore access in the completion to facilitate fracture stimulation and well intervention activities, and offered flexibility to change the orifice size, accommodating various injection rates. The venturi flowmeter sub and downhole gauges were installed as part of the permanent completion in January 2024. After successful fracture stimulation of the well, the orifice tool was installed in the flowmeter sub. From the measured pressures either side of the orifice, a dump flood rate was inferred.

The collaboration has resulted in an efficient and versatile venturi design tailored to the specific needs of the well which also reduces ongoing intervention risk. Dependent on the performance of the dump flood it will be possible to retrieve and change out the orifice to suit the flowing conditions without needing to pull the completion.
A New Approach for Hydraulic Fractures Modelling Using Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)
Authors: MousaviMirkalaei S. M. , Gautam S. , Ghadami N. , Edmondson M. D.
Published: February 2025

Hydraulic fracturing, as a technology that can effectively enhance the permeability of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, is widely used in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources. In many unconventional fractured reservoirs, dual porosity with logarithmic space local grid refinement is used to model hydraulic fracture. However, this method is numerically expensive, and it is not practical with numerous wells and several fracture stages. A new approach of using Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) modeling technology is proposed in this paper which can effectively model flow in hydraulic fracture and enhance the runtime compared to the previous method. A reference solution with small fracture aperture (0.001 ft) and logarithmic grid was built to get the true numerical solution and then a few template models with 2 ft fracture width were created and matched to the reference solution. Finally, the DFN model was built and results were matched to true solution and then sensitivity analysis is done for different host block and DFN aperture.

A decent match was achieved between the conventional approach of hydraulic fracture modeling and using DFN. The results show that refinement makes a small impact on the initial match and the amount of refinement required as a function of the matrix permeability. For lower reservoir < 100 nD (0.0001 mD), it is required 7×7×1 or 9×9×1 refinement based on accuracy and for higher perm > 0.1 mD, there is no need for refinement. There is no difference between Aperture of 0.1 ft and 0.001 ft however once aperture increases to 1 ft, it is required to increase the host block size, and this reduces the quality of match. For low porosity of DFN greatly increase run-time so if volume needs to be preserved, and the best idea is to keep DFN Aperture small. The new approach has been successfully used for a template model and the runtime enhanced by 10 times faster compared to reference solution which has a big effect on the modeling of unconventional reservoir in the future.
Complex Risk Assessment of Offset Wells Using Cognitive Analysis
Authors: Parmar H. S. , Kiran BP S. , Singh M. , Gurusamy S. K.
Published: February 2025

Offset Wells Analysis (OWA) involves a detailed study of drilling and completions issues that occurred in historical data. Risk assessment comprises a study of all such issues including their causes and resolutions with the aim of well design that mitigates such non-productive time (NPT) with the final aim of well delivery on time and budget. Such issues include stuck pipe, wellbore instability, lost circulation, fishing and other incidents – some of which cause complete-or partial delays of field operations.

Details of issues are described in daily drilling reports (DDRs) including time stamped activity descriptions. Human experts currently study a series of activity descriptions detailing which type of NPT occurred at particular depths and what were the precursor contributors, if any, for these incidents. The subsequent activity descriptions also detail incident resolution. Human study of this NPT is time consuming, laborious and of sub-optimal scale.

Significant time savings and scope expansion is possible if a machine could intelligently understand and identify the activities described in DDRs, including the sequences of non-productive time. Cognitive knowledge-based computing can successfully deliver this outcome. Such a cognitive system identifies about 150 drilling and completions activities and events including 14 NPT event types. It also studies drilling activity sequences and delineates phases such as drilling, casing, cementing, fishing and others. It has successfully delivered more than 50% time and cost savings by automatically classifying activities and identifying Phases and Sections for many hundreds of wells at more than 90% accuracy.

DDR information from the Volve Field (24 wells) in the North Sea was processed by the cognitive system and individual NPT incidents were identified automatically. The system studied the sequences of activities across full-well depths and delineated drilling Phases and well sections. It applied logic and reasoning to the activity sequences before and after the occurrence of NPT and correctly understood and identified the start and end of contributing sequences to NPT. For example, sequences of lost circulation and well bore instability were identified before the occurrence of stuck pipe. Also, the start and end of several fishing operations was accurately identified via cognitive analysis.

This system heralds the ability of machines to study complex industrial activity such as drilling and completions described in natural language and to apply reasoning and logic to automatically, and accurately provide quantitative analytics for faster well design as well as an expanded study of risk in historical wells, leading to lower field downtime in future.
Optimization of Completions Using Inner String Metal Expandable Packers: A Case in Production and Injection Wells
Authors: Cayao J. J. R. , O’Reilly T. , Ismail A. , Kolakalapudi M. K. , Tea K. , Adeyeba A.
Published: February 2025

Several challenges are involved in the design and construction of wells, especially in the initial phase of field development. Oftentimes, wells penetrate a number of geologic targets that must be effectively isolated. In order to maximize the recovery in any hydrocarbon field development, well completions must be designed effectively and should last for a number of years while adapting to ever-changing conditions (Bellarby, 2009).

Uncertainties concerning early water breakthrough, gas cusping, and late-life souring have been identified as just a few of the main challenges that must be addressed by the multi-zone completion design for the field offshore Brunei, operated by Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP). Furthermore, an effective zonal isolation (ZI) is necessary to avoid any potential crossflow between zones over the life of the well for the said multi-zone completions.

Considering the challenges identified, an Inner String Packer (ISP) must be incorporated in the completion design. ISP must be set inside cemented and perforated liners to complement controlled downhole production and ensure effective reservoir management.

A Metal Expandable Packer (MEP) capable of passing through perforation burrs without the need for a dedicated wellbore clean-out or deburr run has been designed, tested, and qualified as an ISP to optimize the completion design and operations.

Driven by the increasing associated costs in drilling and completing a well, the industry has always been on the lookout for an enabling technology. This paper focuses on the design considerations, planning and execution of a recently completed drilling campaign offshore Brunei. An innovative MEP technology utilized in a single-string, multi-zone completion is presented, and how the above-mentioned novel MEP design optimized the completion design while reducing associated rig time and cost over the whole drilling and completion campaign.

The improved functionality of the MEP in multi-zone systems presented in this paper highlights not only the substantial cost reduction, but also the significant benefits which reduced operational constraints and complexity.
Leveraging Seismic Inversion for Enhanced Reservoir Characterization and Field Development Planning: A X Field, Sarawak Basin Case Study
Authors: Yong C. L. , Aly O. , Kholiq A. , Murineddu A. , Tan S. , Fahmi F. , Zainuddin N. , Phonphetrassameekul N.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This paper presents a study to understand the reservoir properties distribution from seismic data and to enhance the seismic interpretation model for well planning. The objective of the study is to minimize the drilling risk associated with the high-rapid spatial heterogeneity and compartmentalization of the current reservoir rocks. Seismic inversion and rock physics are powerful tools that deliver information about intra-well rocks’ elastic attributes and reservoir properties such as porosity, saturation, and rock lithology classification.

The paper presents detailed and comprehensive technical workflow of a surface seismic and rock physics inversion study that has been carried out on the current project to characterize the reservoir properties from the seismic.

Challenges

There are several challenges related to the characterization of reservoir rocks. The reservoir rocks are affected by a series of complex faulting systems. In addition, the reservoir rocks are characterized by a high-horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of its reservoir properties distribution (porosity, saturation, and rock facies), which is challenging to resolve using seismic imaging techniques alone.

It was important to go beyond seismic imaging techniques to better characterize the reservoir rocks in terms of reservoir properties such as effective porosity, water saturation, and rock classification.

Other challenges related to the acquired data were also encountered: Geophysical logs, including sonic and density logs, measure rock properties near the borehole. The reliability of these logs is affected by borehole diameter and shape, as well as drilling fluid invasion. Acoustic well logs need to be conditioned before using them in geophysical analysis because any error is going to be propagated through the subsequent processes.

Surface seismic data quality is impacted by residual noise, gather misalignment, and improper amplitude balancing. To optimize seismic data for inversion studies, processes including principal component analysis (PCR), nonrigid matching (NRM), and offset spectral matching (OSM) are applied to improve the quality of seismic data. Spectral balancing was also applied to maintain seismic amplitude fidelity.
Enhance Well Mastering with Machine Learning-Based Entity Matching
Authors: Zhang Xiaoniu , Ludena Teoty Alexandra Angulo , Shumaker Niven
Published: February 2025

In the oil and gas industry, data is sourced from multiple providers and software systems, covering subsurface, drilling, completion reporting, and well and reservoir analysis. Integrating this data for complex analysis and decision-making presents a persistent challenge, particularly in maintaining accurate and consistent well data (well mastering) due to inconsistencies across various sources. Well entity matching across different data formats, standards, and quality levels often leads to incomplete or incorrect data consolidation when relying on traditional methods like unique identifiers [e.g., well unique identifier (UWI)] or rule-based systems. These conventional approaches often suffer from low recall and poor adaptability to new or evolving data patterns, causing valuable information collected over the years to be overlooked or lost.

To overcome these limitations, we propose a machine learning (ML) approach that enhances well entity matching by improving flexibility, adaptability, and coverage. Our solution introduces two ML-based processes designed to predict well entity matches with confidence scores based on well-defined attributes: Pretrained ML model for entity matching: This model is meticulously developed to enhance matching efficiency, coverage, and accuracy across a variety of data sources, ensuring robust performance even in complex scenarios.Active learning for enhanced precision: Incorporating client-specific expertise, this iterative active learning process enables the model to refine its accuracy by leveraging domain knowledge and client-provided labels, significantly boosting both the coverage and quality of entity matching.

Our initial results demonstrate that our machine learning models outperform traditional rule-based methods, significantly improving recall and coverage while maintaining strong precision. This approach enhances the well mastering process by providing scalable, efficient, and accurate data integration for business applications. The most notable benefit of this technology is the considerable improvement in Recall and F1 scores.
Quantitative Evaluation of The Influence of Long-Term Water Drive on Pore Structure in Different Types of Reservoirs
Authors: Chen Mingyang , Hou Yawei , Li Wenbin , Wang Pengfei , Fan Jiale , Liu Xiaohan
Published: February 2025

The P Oilfield in the Bohai Sea has now entered the later stage of development, with a rapid increase in water cut and an accelerated decline rate. Within the loosely consolidated sandstone reservoirs, long-term water drive has caused changes in the pore structure, further exacerbating reservoir heterogeneity. To quantitatively characterize this impact, a novel experimental method utilizing high-speed water drive of rock cores at different pump rates, coupled with monitoring using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, has been proposed. This method allows for a quantitative evaluation of the changes in pore structure in the loosely consolidated sandstone caused by long-term water drive. The study has identified three classes of reservoirs and their respective patterns of changes in pore-throat size at different water drive rates and stages, as well as the mechanisms affecting pore-throat connectivity. The research findings indicate that in Class I and Class II high-quality reservoirs, when the flow rate exceeds 2 ml/min, water drive leads to the detachment of particles from the framework, resulting in an enlargement of the large pore-throat radius and a reduction in the small pore-throat radius due to particle retention and plugging, thus intensifying the heterogeneity. Ultimately, by displacing the rock samples at a flow rate of 6 ml/min to 1000 PV, the median pore-throat radius increased by 20% to 70%. In Class III reservoirs, by displacing the rock samples at a flow rate of 4 ml/min to 500 PV, pore-throat plugging occurred, resulting in a 90% decrease in the overall median pore-throat radius and a deterioration in pore-throat connectivity. This study enables the quantitative evaluation of the long-term impact of water drive on reservoir pore structure, provides a clear understanding of the water drive intensity in different types of reservoirs, and helps mitigate the effects of water injection development on reservoir heterogeneity. It offers new insights for the development of similar loosely consolidated sandstone reservoirs.
Machine Learning-Based Model for Prediction Permeability in Porous Media: Method and Application to Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Li Peiyu , Song Zhaojie , Song Yilei , Han Xiao , Wang Jiaqi , Jia Zhihao , Ren Haochen
Published: February 2025

Accurately predicting permeability in porous media is crucial for various engineering fields, including petroleum engineering, geology, and environmental science. Unlike conventional reservoirs, shale reservoirs predominantly feature micro- to nano-scale pores, making permeability prediction challenging and difficult to obtain through experimental methods. This research presents an innovative model based on machine learning to address these challenges. By leveraging data-driven approaches, this work establishes a workflow for predicting permeability in porous media. The study employs a hybrid CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model, incorporating convolutional neural networks (CNN), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and an attention mechanism to predict permeability using pore-throat parameters. The dataset, generated through a Quartet Structure Generation Set method and pore network models, consists of 600 randomly created porous media samples. Key finding include: (1) the proposed CNN-BiLSTM-Attention model outperforms traditional models (MLP, CNN, and CNN-BiLSTM), with RMSE, MAE, and R2 values of 0.0076, 0.0058, and 0.97, respectively; (2) the most influential factors affecting permeability are the mean pore radius, mean throat radius, and porosity; and (3) the model successfully predicts permeability in shale oil reservoir samples, closely matching with experimental and pore network model results. This study offers a highly efficient and accurate machine learning model for permeability prediction, particularly suited to unconventional reservoirs, providing potential applications in reservoir evaluation and enhanced oil recovery strategies.
Maximizing Sales From a 40-year-old Integrated Oil-gas-condensate Hub
Authors: Zulhaimi Muhammad Hazwan Afiq
Published: February 2025

This paper illustrates how understanding facility limit, remaining subsurface potentials production profiles as well as optimizing product flow routing in an integrated oil-gas-condensate facility complex for mature fields are key to protecting and further optimizing base volumes while enabling volume gains from new wells. Low-cost and reliable execution of surface modifications via control valve, choke reinstatement and well mix optimization with strong integrated subsurface-surface network understanding are key ingredients in identifying and realizing the value from a potential unoptimized network.

The evaluation includes the use of integrated network simulator and wellbore hydraulic model software application on potential gains from system pressure reduction; followed by assessments to address subsurface-surface uncertainties from the existing network comprising Oil and Non-Associated Gas wells, and impact to network well mix and Gas lift optimization.

Well level performance from well tests, network level performance from platform to separator outlet, gas lift and key surface equipment e.g., separators, pipelines and compressors history were some of the information used for the evaluation. The evaluation recommends splitting oil and gas wells to prevent backpressure impact, optimize the system pressures and utilize the full ullage of the integrated network gas compressor. Based on actual observation, the system pressure reduced by 26% which results in 8% of incremental oil gain.

The integrated network simulator model recommends reduction of gas lift consumption, selective wells to shut in and choke down as we add more wells into the network to manage backpressure impact. Gas lift header pressure controls and well production chokes were reinstated and resized appropriately to enable production optimization. As a result, about 9% of total oil production was recovered from the optimized network, and a further 3% increase was observed from new wells post-network optimization.

This paper will illustrate the challenges in a 40-year-old complex integrated network facility, with combinations of oil, non-associated gas and gas cap blow down production and approaches taken to address the challenged and continue to maximize overall production.
Dissolving the Fracture Space: Modeling the Effects of Reactive Fluids During CO2 Storage
Authors: Rached R. M.
Published: February 2025

Carbon capture and storage involves injecting reactive fluids into subsurface reservoirs, which induce dissolution within fractures. Mineral removal from contacting asperities alters the fracture geometry and affects its mechanical and hydraulic properties. To better understand these processes, this study developed a coupled hydro-chemical numerical model to simulate the evolution of the fracture pore space due to dissolution.

The finite element method (FEM) is used to simulate the advection-diffusion-reaction of the reactive fluids within a fracture. Fluid flow satisfies the Navier-Stokes law for an incompressible fluid. Mineral dissolution occurs at fracture walls and asperities. The geometric evolution of the fracture due to dissolution is simulated using a moving mesh, where the moving mesh velocity is determined by the total volume of dissolved solid at each element. The simplified fracture aperture is simulated in 2D. The applied boundary conditions simulate the injection of different concentrations of acid under various flow rates.

The competing rates of advection, diffusion, and reaction control the evolution of the fracture. The results show that different dissolution regimes are possible for the same initial geometry, with the dimensionless Damkohler number (tadvection/treaction) capturing these variations. The study found that complex fracture topologies generate heterogeneous flow fields, with fast advection-control in the center of the fracture coexisting with diffusion-control in slow regions. The findings suggest the need for future work using 3D simulations and coupled mechanical simulations to better understand these phenomena.

This study presents a novel, coupled hydro-chemical FEM model tool to simulate fracture geometry evolution due to dissolution. The results advance the current understanding of the effects of different initial geometries and flow conditions on the dissolution process. The tool reveals the complex interplay of advection and reaction rates that control fracture space evolution, which has important implications for carbon capture and storage operations.
Research and Application of Gravel Packing Sand Control Technology for Horizontal Well Segments
Authors: Xu Fengxiang , Zheng Jiuzhou , Zhang Lun , Ji Zhengxin
Published: February 2025

For loose sandstone long horizontal sections, especially those with shale intervals or large permeability differences, a single-stage generalized gravel packing can easily lead to sand bridging and premature termination of the gravel packing process, resulting in unsatisfactory packing effectiveness. Moreover, for edge-bottom reservoirs, generalized packing can cause serious interlayer crossflow and interlayer interference, making water control more challenging. To address the sand control and water control requirements of horizontal well gravel packing, a segmented packing technology and string have been proposed and developed. The segmented gravel packing technology string for open-hole horizontal wells consists of wellbore tools and service tools. The wellbore tool string incorporates bypass isolation packers for horizontal well segmentation, while the service tool string includes bypass isolation setting tools and bypass valve closing tools. This process involves setting and sealing before packing and finally closing the bypass channel, effectively isolating sand control segments inside and outside the casing. When combined with water control tools (such as AICD, ICD, intelligent production allocation tools, etc.) on sand control screens or central pipes, segmented sand control and water control technology can be achieved.

The core of the segmented gravel packing sand control technology for horizontal wells lies in the bypass isolation packer, which consists of an expandable element and a swellable element. The hydraulic expandable element ensures effective isolation during the packing process, and the swellable element can freely expand after packing to maintain long-term sealing effectiveness. Additionally, the packer is equipped with a bypass channel to allow passage of the packing sand, which can be closed after completion of the packing.

Following the successful development of this technology, it has been applied in over 20 wells in field operations. Field application results have shown stable mechanical performance of the entire string, ensuring safety and reliability during construction. Notably, in well A256H of the Bohai Oilfield, the first successful application offshore in China was achieved. The open-hole section was 246m long, divided into two segments for sand control and water control. The packing efficiency reached 100%, and combined with water control tools, segmented sand control and water control were achieved, resulting in a 5% reduction in water cut.
Eliminating Packoff and High Circulating Pressure During Well Cementing
Authors: Pleshkov D. , Taylor A. , Mora K. , Lozada A. , Pazmino D. , Sanchez Gould M.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the successful well cleaning enhancements, cementing optimizations, and centralizer selection that were used during the deployment and cementing operations of liner string installations in a 20-pilot-well project in Ecuador.

Statistically, most of the packoff events in Ecuador during liner cementing have occurred in directional and horizontal wells where the presence of unstable limestone and shale zones affects openhole stability and geometry. Packoff events have been observed in most fields in Ecuador, but the study presented in this paper focused on only four fields: Auca, Shushufindi, Ron, and Villano.

In the past, high circulating pressures and packoff incidents have caused significant problems for well construction in these fields. Every packoff event was classified as catastrophic and often led to remedial cementing, sidetracking, or even well abandonment in severe cases. Operators favored expandable liner hangers because of their larger bypass areas, higher activation pressures, and the ability to rotate and reciprocate the string during cementing operations, which helps prevent premature activation of the hanger setting tool from high circulating pressures. However, packoff events continued to occur even with the use of expandable liner hangers, leading to an assumption that the problem was much larger and not associated solely with the liner hanger's geometry and operating pressures (Torres 2016).

The study of the problem began with an analysis of historical data from 150 wells that were completed with expandable liner hangers and experienced high circulating pressures.

The study revealed that despite using expandable liner hanger technology with a larger bypass area than that of conventional systems, 62% of the 150 wells had still experienced high circulating pressures and packoff behaviors of varying severity. This indicated that job parameters, rather than mechanical limitations, might have been the primary cause. Furthermore, an analysis of solids recovered from liner installations, which were identified as shale, led to a reassessment of hole cleaning procedures, the fluids used, and the cementing program.

A set of recommendations on wellbore cleanout, cementing fluids, pumping schedule, liner hanger technical requirements, rotation and reciprocation during cementing, and centralizer type and placement was developed and implemented for the 20-well pilot project. This involved multiple operators and fields and was used to test theories regarding the causes of high circulating and packoff behavior. A majority of the 20 wells did not experience any high circulating pressure or packoff behavior, and none of these wells required remediation work (Pleshkov et al. 2025).
Analyzing Polymer Flooding Strategies for Enhanced Profitability in Water Cut Management: A Case Study of a Sandstone Field in Kazakhstan
Authors: Sagandykova Dilyara , Shakeel Mariam , Pourafshary Peyman
Published: February 2025

The application of polymer flooding is under investigation to control water-cut and recover residual oil from a giant sandstone reservoir in Kazakhstan, where the water-cut in most producers exceeds 90 %. This study investigated an innovative approach to optimize mobility control through changes in polymer injection mode. Slug-wise and tapered polymer flooding techniques were examined to assess the feasibility of achieving effective mobility control with reduced polymer quantities and cost. Additionally, the study explored altering the polymer solution temperature to activate the synergy of mobility control and thermal effects.

Incremental recovery values achieved through these methods were compared to conventional polymer flooding. Slug-wise polymer injection yielded an oil-to-polymer ratio 16 times higher than conventional flooding, while tapered flooding resulted in a 38 % OOIP incremental oil recovery with 81 % lower polymer consumption. Hot polymer flooding improved incremental recovery by 4 % compared to conventional flooding. These results indicate significant cost savings, especially with tapered and slug-wise techniques, emphasizing their economic advantages.

Applying hybrid enhanced oil recovery mechanisms presents an opportunity to reduce project costs. For instance, achieving comparable results with lower chemical concentrations is of practical significance. The potential impact of this work on enhancing the profitability of chemical enhanced oil recovery within the sandstone reservoir under study is critical for the oil company.