bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrine promotes apoptosis in SW480 colorectal cancer cells via elevating MIEF1‐related mitochondrial division in a manner dependent on LATS2‐Hippo pathway
Authors: Zhang Yawei , Wang Meiping , Xu Xianfeng , Liu Yonghong , Xiao Chunhong
Published: May 2019

Matrine, an alkaloid compound isolated from Sophora flavescens Ait, has been shown to exert cancer‐killing actions in a variety of tumors; however, its anticancer mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not clear. The goal of our study was to characterize the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of matrine in SW480 CRC cells in vitro. Matrine treatment reduced mitochondrial metabolic function and ATP levels, repressed mitochondrial membrane potential, evoked mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation, and promoted cyt‐c‐related mitochondrial apoptosis activation. In addition, we found that matrine treatment activated mitochondrial fission through upregulating mitochondrial elongation factor 1 (MIEF1); silencing of MIEF1 prevented matrine‐mediated mitochondrial damage and reversed the decrease in SW480 cell viability. Moreover, matrine treatment affected MIEF1 expression via the large tumor suppressor‐2 (LATS2)‐Hippo axis, and LATS2 deficiency suppressed the anticancer actions exerted by matrine on SW480 cancer cells. In summary, we show for the first time that matrine inhibits SW480 cell survival by activating MIEF1‐related mitochondrial division via the LATS2‐Hippo pathway. These findings explain the anticancer mechanisms of matrine in CRC and also identify the LATS2‐MIEF1 signaling pathway as an effective target for the treatment of CRC.
MRI‐based risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: A prospective observational study
Authors: Shimizu Tatsuya , Motosugi Utaroh , Komatsu Nobutoshi , Ichikawa Shintaro , Inoue Taisuke , Onishi Hiroshi , Enomoto Nobuyuki
Published: May 2019

Background

MR‐based metrics, including hepatobiliary phase (HBP) hypointense nodules without arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE), and liver stiffness as measured by MR elastography are useful markers to stratify the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in chronic liver disease patients. However, prospective studies are needed to clarify their utility.

Purpose

To perform a risk analysis of HCC development in chronic liver disease patients, with a focus on MR‐based biomarkers.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects

Consecutive 110 cirrhotic patients (61 males, 49 females) without a history of HCC who matched the inclusion criteria.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T/3D gradient‐echo T1‐weighted images and MR elastography.

Assessment

Patients underwent MRI for HCC screening and attended follow‐up appointments every 3 months. The primary endpoint was the development of hypervascular HCC. Patients were classified according to the presence of an HBP hypointense nodule without APHE (if present in the liver, the patient was classified in nonclean liver group; if absent, clean liver group), and stiffness value on MR elastography (soft liver, <4.0 kPa; stiff liver, ≥4.0 kPa) at the initial examination.

Statistical Tests

Risk factors were identified in univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. Incidence rates of HCC development were evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Patients were classified into clean‐liver (n = 76) and nonclean‐liver groups (n = 34), and into soft‐liver (n = 53) and stiff‐liver groups (n = 45). During the follow‐up period (median, 21.0 months), 16 patients developed hypervascular HCC. Patients in the nonclean‐liver group showed a higher incidence of hypervascular HCC than those in the clean‐liver group (3‐year HCC incidence rates: 50.4% and 5.7%, respectively; P < 0.05). A nonclean liver was independently associated with hypervascular HCC development (hazard ratio, 18.75; 95% confidence interval, 4.83–128.63; P < 0.0001), but stiff liver was not (1.91; 0.66–6.23; P = 0.23).

Data Conclusion

An HBP hypointense nodule without APHE observed on a gadoxetic acid‐enhanced MR image is a strong indicator of subsequent development of hypervascular HCC in patients with chronic liver disease.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:389–396.
Improved Survival Following Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Pediatric Acute Liver Failure: Analysis of 20 Years of US National Registry Data
Authors: Firl Daniel J. , Sasaki Kazunari , McVey John , Hupertz Vera , Radhakrishnan Kadakkal , Fujiki Masato , Eghtesad Bijan , Miller Charles M. , Quintini Cristiano , Hashimoto Koji
Published: May 2019

This study estimated the utility of technical variant grafts (TVGs), such as split/reduced liver transplantation (SRLT) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), in pediatric acute liver failure (PALF). PALF is a devastating condition portending a poor prognosis without liver transplantation (LT). Pediatric candidates have fewer suitable deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) donor organs, and the efficacy of TVG in this setting remains incompletely investigated. PALF patients from 1995 to 2015 (age <18 years) were identified using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (n = 2419). Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to assess outcomes. Although wait‐list mortality decreased (19.1% to 9.7%) and successful transplantations increased (53.7% to 62.2%), patients <1 year of age had persistently higher wait‐list mortality rates (>20%) compared with other age groups (P < 0.001). TVGs accounted for only 25.7% of LT for PALF. In the adjusted model for wait‐list mortality, among other factors, increased age (subhazard ratio [SHR], 0.97 per year; P = 0.020) and access to TVG were associated with decreased risk (SHR, 0.37; P < 0.0001). LDLT recipients had shorter median waiting times compared with DDLT (LDLT versus DDLT versus SRLT, 3 versus 4 versus 5 days, respectively; P = 0.017). In the adjusted model for post‐LT survival, LDLT was superior to DDLT using whole grafts (SHR, 0.41; P = 0.004). However, patient survival after SRLT was not statistically different from DDLT (SHR, 0.75; P = 0.165). In conclusion, despite clear advantages to reduce wait‐list mortality, TVGs have been underutilized in PALF. Early access to TVG, especially from LDLT, should be sought to further improve outcomes.
An augmented reality platform for interactive aerodynamic design and analysis
Authors: Badías Alberto , Curtit Sarah , González David , Alfaro Icíar , Chinesta Francisco , Cueto Elías
Published: May 2019

While modern CFD tools are able to provide the user with reliable and accurate simulations, there is a strong need for interactive design and analysis tools. State‐of‐the‐art CFD software employs massive resources in terms of CPU time, user interaction, and also GPU time for rendering and analysis. In this work, we develop an innovative tool able to provide a seamless bridge between artistic design and engineering analysis. This platform has three main ingredients: computer vision to avoid long user interaction at the pre‐processing stage, machine learning to avoid costly CFD simulations, and augmented reality for an agile and interactive post‐processing of the results.
The FTO Gene and Measured Food Intake in 5‐ to 10‐Year‐Old Children Without Obesity
Authors: Ranzenhofer Lisa M. , Mayer Laurel E.S. , Davis Haley A. , Mielke‐Maday Hanna K. , McInerney Hailey , Korn Rachel , Gupta Nikita , Brown Amanda J. , Schebendach Janet , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Thaker Vidhu , Chung Wendy K. , Leibel Rudolph L. , Walsh B. Timothy , Rosenbaum Michael
Published: May 2019

Objective

Genetic variation in the first intron of FTO (e.g., single‐nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs9939609) is strongly associated with adiposity. This effect is thought to be mediated (at least in part) via increasing caloric intake, although the precise molecular genetic mechanisms are not fully understood. Prior pediatric studies of FTO have included youth with overweight and obesity; however, they have not informed whether a genotypic effect on ingestive behavior is present prior to obesity onset. Therefore, this study investigated the association between FTO and caloric intake in children aged 5 to 10 years without obesity (adiposity ≤ 95th percentile).

Methods

A total of 122 children were genotyped for rs9939609 and ate ad libitum from a laboratory lunch buffet following a standardized breakfast. Linear regressions, adjusting for body mass, were used to examine the association between FTO “dose” (number of copies of SNP rs9939609) and intake variables.

Results

There was a significant association between FTO and total intake. Each risk allele predicted an additional 64 calories, accounting for 3% of the variance. There were no associations between FTO and macronutrient preference, energy density, or diet variety. Results were influenced by race.

Conclusions

Results corroborate and extend prior work by showing a dose‐dependent effect on food intake in children without obesity.
Optimal control of fractional neutral stochastic differential equations with deviated argument governed by Poisson jumps and infinite delay
Authors: Durga N. , Muthukumar P.
Published: May 2019

In this work, the optimal control for a class of fractional neutral stochastic differential equations with deviated arguments driven by infinite delay and Poisson jumps is studied in Hilbert space involving the Caputo fractional derivative. The sufficient conditions for the existence of mild solution results are formulated and proved by the virtue of fractional calculus, characteristic solution operator, fixed‐point theorem, and stochastic analysis techniques. Furthermore, the existence of optimal control of the proposed problem is presented by using Balder's theorem. Finally, the obtained theoretical results are applied to the fractional stochastic partial differential equations and a stochastic river pollution model.
A Comparison of Phenolic Monomers Produced from Different Types of Lignin by Phosphotungstic Acid Catalysts
Authors: Du Boyu , Liu Bingyang , Wang Xing , Zhou Jinghui
Published: May 2019

Herein we studied the chemical structure of different types of lignin samples and the potential to prepare phenolic monomers was illustrated by phosphotungstic acid catalysts. Different types of H/G/S lignin components had different structures. The lignin extracted from poplar had the highest molecular weight and β‐O‐4 aryl ether contents, followed by pine and straw lignin samples. After depolymerization by PTA catalyst, the yields of phenolic monomers detected was 8.06 wt % (poplar), 5.44 wt % (pine) and 4.52 wt % (straw), respectively. Further, the ratios of H/G/S in the phenol monomers were also different, indicating that the S, G and H types structural units were continuously transformed with each other during the reaction. In our study, the change in the types of lignin samples resulted into an improvement of the distribution of phenolic products, and also the selectivity of phenolic monomers significantly.
Current Trends in Steroid Dose Choice and Frequency of Administration of Epidural Steroid Injections: A Survey Study
Authors: Vydra Darrell , McCormick Zack , Clements Nate , Nagpal Ameet , Julia Jonathan , Cushman Daniel
Published: May 2019

Background

Epidural steroid injections (ESI) are commonly used to treat refractory radicular spinal pain. Although evidence suggests that an increasing cumulative dose of exogenous corticosteroid may be harmful, knowledge of current practice patterns is limited regarding the choice of dose and frequency of epidural steroid injections (ESIs).

Objective

Describe current practice trends in the dose selection and frequency of administration of transforaminal ESIs (TFESIs) and interlaminar ESIs (ILESIs).

Design

Cross‐sectional survey study.

Setting

Not applicable.

Participants

Three hundred fourteen physician members of the Spine Intervention Society (SIS). From May to June 2018, an online survey was distributed to 5907 physician members of the SIS.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Corticosteroid dose used by practitioners and the number of annual ESIs administered per patient.

Results

Three hundred fourteen physicians responded to the survey. For single cervical or lumbar injections of dexamethasone, most physicians (56.0%) reported using 10 mg; 17% of physicians reported use of doses greater than 10 mg, with 6% using a dose of 20 mg per injection level. The most common particulate corticosteroid dose used during both cervical and lumbar ILESIs was 80 mg (cervical = 55.4%, lumbar = 54.7%). During cervical and lumbar ILESIs, 17% and 12.7% of physicians reported using doses greater than 80 mg, respectively. Almost 10% of physicians reported performing cervical TFESIs with particulate steroids. Forty percent of physicians reported allowing four ESIs at a given spinal segmental level per year (cervical/thoracic/lumbosacral). A small percentage of physicians reported allowing more than six ESIs annually (6%) and >10 injections annually (1%).

Conclusions

There is considerable variability among this large cohort of interventionists with regard to corticosteroid dose selection and epidural steroid injection frequency. A small proportion of respondents reported Mulitsociety Pain Workgroup guideline‐discordant use of particulate steroids during cervical TFESIs. These findings demonstrate a need for additional research regarding both the reasons for such variation in care and the reasons for guideline‐discordant practice in a subset of physicians.

Level of Evidence

IV.
In‐Depth Proteomic Analysis of Human Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid toward the Biomarker Discovery for Lung Cancers
Authors: Sim Seo Young , Choi Yu Ri , Lee Jun Hyung , Lim Jae Min , Lee Seung‐Eun , Kim Kwang Pyo , Kim Jin Young , Lee Seung Hyeun , Kim Min‐Sik
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Lung cancer is among the most common cancers. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) can be easily obtained from patients with lung cancers. The aim is to develop a novel proteomic method of the molecule‐based sensitive detection of biomarkers from BALF.

Experimental Design

BALF samples are collected from segmental bronchus of 14 patients with lung cancers from Kyung Hee University Hospital. First, BALF proteome is depleted using a depletion column, and then peptides are prepared from the enriched low abundant proteins and fractionated by high pH reverse phase liquid chromatography prior to LC‐MS/MS. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012645.

Results

A novel method is developed for in‐depth proteomic analysis of BALF by combining antibody‐based depletion of high abundant proteins from BALF with high pH peptide fractionation. Peptides are analyzed on a high resolution Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer. MaxQuant search result in the identification of 4615 protein groups mapped to 4534 genes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

It is found that the method outperformed conventional BALF proteomic methods and it is believed that this method will facilitate the biomarker research for lung cancer. In addition, it is shown that BALF will be a great source of biomarkers of lung diseases.
NMR experiments redefine the hemoglobin binding properties of bacterial NEAr‐iron Transporter domains
Authors: Macdonald Ramsay , Mahoney Brendan J. , Ellis‐Guardiola Ken , Maresso Anthony , Clubb Robert T.
Published: May 2019

Iron is a versatile metal cofactor that is used in a wide range of essential cellular processes. During infections, many bacterial pathogens acquire iron from human hemoglobin (Hb), which contains the majority of the body's total iron content in the form of heme (iron protoporphyrin IX). Clinically important Gram‐positive bacterial pathogens scavenge heme using an array of secreted and cell‐wall‐associated receptors that contain NEAr‐iron Transporter (NEAT) domains. Experimentally defining the Hb binding properties of NEAT domains has been challenging, limiting our understanding of their function in heme uptake. Here we show that solution‐state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to define the Hb binding properties of NEAT domains. The utility of this method is demonstrated using the NEAT domains from Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes. Our results are compatible with the existence of at least two types of NEAT domains that are capable of interacting with either Hb or heme. These binding properties can be predicted from their primary sequences, with Hb‐ and heme‐binding NEAT domains being distinguished by the presence of (F/Y)YH(Y/F) and S/YXXXY motifs, respectively. The results of this work should enable the functions of a wide range of NEAT domain containing proteins in pathogenic bacteria to be reliably predicted.
CsBa2I5:Eu2+,Sm2+—The First High‐Energy Resolution Black Scintillator for γ‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Wolszczak Weronika , Krämer Karl W. , Dorenbos Pieter
Published: May 2019

Scintillators are materials that absorb a high energy particle (α,β,γ radiation) and downconvert it into a short pulse of visible or near‐visible light. As determined by photon detection statistics, the ultimate energy resolution for γ‐photon detection can only be approached for materials that show a perfect proportional response with γ‐energy. A large amount of research has resulted in the discovery of highly proportional materials, such as SrI2:Eu2+ and CsBa2I5:Eu2+. However, the resolution is still limited because of unavoidable self‐absorption of Eu2+ emission, especially when large‐sized scintillators are to be used. By co‐doping with Sm2+, the emission of Eu2+ can be efficiently shifted to the far‐red by exploiting nonradiative energy transfer. Herein, this new idea is applied to CsBa2I5, and Sm co‐doped CsBa2I5:Eu2+ can be considered as the first “black scintillator” with an emission wavelength around 755 nm, a remarkable high energy resolution of 3.2% at 662 keV gamma excitation, and a scintillation decay time of 2.1 μs. The proposed double‐doping principle can be used to develop an entirely new class of near‐infrared (NIR) scintillators.
Development and Validation of a Multiresidue Method for Fluazifop‐p–butyl and Its Two Major Relevant Metabolites in Panax ginseng Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Li Guangling , Hou Zhiguang , Lu Zhongbin , Chen Xiling
Published: May 2019

Fluazifop‐p‐butyl (FPB) is used to control the gramineous weeds in Panax ginseng field, which has the risk of exceeding the maximum residue limit of FPB in Panax ginseng. A modified QuEChERS sample preparation method was developed for the simultaneous determination of FPB and its two major relevant metabolites, fluazifop‐p‐acid (FP) and 2‐hydroxy‐5‐ trifluoromethylpyridin (TFMP) in Panax ginseng by using Carboxylated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐COOH) mixed with ostade‐cylsilane (C18), primary secondary amine (PSA), and graphitized carbon black (GCB) as purification materials. Furthermore, the HPLC‐MS/MS parameters were optimized. The method was further validated by determining the linearity (R2>0.999), fortified recovery (77.6‐97.8%), relative standard deviation (<13.6%) and sensitivity (LOQ, 2.0‐ 8.6 μg kg‐1 for FPB, 3.9‐5.8 μg kg−1 for FP and 3.5‐9.0 μg kg−1 for TFMP in Panax ginseng root, leaf, and seed samples, respectively). The main advantages of the method are high recovery, high sample throughput, facile sample preparation, a smaller volume of organic solvents and low cost per sample. The entire method can withstand practice testing expected to be used for the screening of FPB residue in Panax ginseng samples.
Fabrication of Al2O3/IL‐Based Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Gunday Seyda Tugba , Cevik Emre , Yusuf Abdulmalik , Bozkurt Ayhan
Published: May 2019

In the present work, we investigated physical properties as well as supercapacitor application of nanocomposite polymer gel electrolytes. The polymer electrolyte (PE) consists of Ionic Liquid, (1‐Ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IL)) as a softening agent, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as a nano additive and sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) as the main polymer. The resulting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte structure was characterized using spectroscopic methods. Thermal characteristic properties of polymeric nanocomposites were investigated by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and terhmogravimetric analysis (TGA). Conductivity measurements of the materials were obtained between −20 °C and 100 °C at varying temperature intervals. The highest ionic conductivity values were obtained from the SPSU / 0.1 IL and SPSU / 5% Al2O3 / 0.2 IL polymer electrolyte structures as 2.5 x10−4 and 2.06 x10−3 S cm−1 at 100 °C, respectively. The maximum specific capacitance value of 144 F g−1 was obtained from SPSU / 5% Al2O3 / 0.2 IL polymer electrolyte based system at a current density of 1 A g−1. The supercapacitor reached an energy density of 20 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1028 W kg−1. In addition, the supercapacitor has shown a remarkable capacitance retention with a performance loss of only about 10% after 5000 cycles.
Cytotoxicity and Crystal Structures of Nitrosoruthenium Complexes mer‐[Ru(NO)Py2Cl3] and mer‐[Ru(NO)(γ‐Pic)2Cl3]
Authors: Makhinya Alexander N. , Eremina Julia A. , Sukhikh Taisiya S. , Baidina Iraida A. , Il'in Maxim A. , Klyushova Lyubov S. , Lider Elizaveta V.
Published: May 2019

The reaction of K2[Ru(NO)Cl5] with excess of pyridine or γ‐picoline in DMF solution at high temperature gives mer‐[Ru(NO)Py2Cl3] (I) and mer‐[Ru(NO)(γ‐Pic)2Cl3] (II), correspondingly, that were obtained with high yields (∼80%) by filtration of concentrated solutions. There is another method for this synthesis that consists of reaction of the same salt with respective heterocycle in water solution with following evaporation with ethanol addition (yield is ∼95%). The crystal structures of the compounds were determined by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction analysis. Synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, IR‐ and NMR‐spectroscopy. The title complexes and related compounds fac‐[Ru(NO)Py2Cl3] (III), cis‐[Ru(NO)Py2Cl2(OH)] (IV), trans‐[Ru(NO)Py2Cl2(OH)] (V), trans‐[Ru(NO)Py4(OH)]Cl2⋅H2O (VI), trans‐[Ru(NO)Py4Cl]Cl2⋅H2O (VII) were examined on cytotoxic activity towards Hep‐2 cancer cell line and HEK‐293 cell line. All the complexes have shown a dose‐dependent cytotoxic effect, complex II has the lowest IC50 value.
One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of β‐Lactams via In Situ Generated Imines
Authors: Mozaffari Abolfazl , Jarrahpour Aliasghar , Alborz Maryam , Turos Edward
Published: May 2019

An efficient, atom‐economic, multi‐component reaction protocol has been developed for the synthesis of β‐lactams. This new procedure employs a one‐pot sequential multicomponent Staudinger reaction between acetic acid derivatives and imines generated in situ by thermal melting of an aryl or heteroaryl aldehyde with the primary amine. The protocol has the merits of simple operation, short reaction time, convenient work‐up, good yields, applicability to a broad range of substrates, cheap and less hazardousness to humans and environment. The structures of the β‐lactam adducts E1‐30 were characterized by spectral (FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, GC‐MS) and elemental analyses.
Synthesis of Meso/Macroporous γ‐Alumina via Aluminum Pellet with Controllable Porosity: Ammonium Bicarbonate Influences through Drying and Calcination Steps
Authors: Bamdadi Milad , Bozorg Ali , Tavasoli Ahmad , Shateri Saeid , Andache Mahmoud
Published: May 2019

Mesoporous and macroporous γ‐alumina have been synthesized using the economic source of aluminum pellets. To manipulate the porosity and overall porous characteristics, ammonium bicarbonate was incorporated into the gel and studied to determine its influence on the porous structure of the obtained γ‐alumina. The nanostructure of the synthesized γ‐alumina, characterized by the N2 sorption isotherms and FESEM analysis, indicated that the γ‐alumina of desired pore size distribution could be achieved using such economical source of aluminum when ammonium bicarbonate was considered to tailor its porous structure. The formation of macropores in synthesized γ‐alumina was confirmed by the FESEM images and the crystalline structure of the γ‐alumina of optimal porous structure was revealed via X‐ray diffraction pattern. Before and after being calcinated at 500 °C, TG‐DTA and FT‐IR analyses were also conducted to better assess the impact that thermal processes could have on ultimate γ‐alumina porous characteristics. Considering the embedded ammonium bicarbonate expander, a two‐step mechanism was finally proposed to explain the observed porosity developed through heating stages. Different porosity patterns developed through drying and calcination steps were then contributed to the reactions taking place at each, and N2 sorption isotherms, as well as the FESEM images, were used to evaluate the introduced pore forming mechanisms.
Charge and Discharge Reactions of a Lead Fluoride Electrode in a Liquid‐Based Electrolyte for Fluoride Shuttle Batteries:‐The Role of Triphenylborane as an Anion Acceptor‐
Authors: Konishi Hiroaki , Minato Taketoshi , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: May 2019

Lead fluoride (PbF2) is a promising electrode material for fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity (219 mAh g–1). In this study, the discharge and charge capacities of a PbF2 electrode were measured using a bis[2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethyl] ether containing cesium fluoride and triphenylborane as an electrolyte. A high specific capacity was maintained during both the discharge and charge processes in the first cycle, but the capacity decreased from the first charge process to the following discharge process. To clarify the electrochemical reaction mechanism, the dissolution and change in the electronic state of Pb at the PbF2 electrode during the discharge and charge processes were evaluated via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results obtained from AAS and XPS indicated that Pb was formed during the discharge process. Conversely, the formation of PbF2 and dissolution of Pb coexisted within the wide range of charge process. The PbF2 could react in the following cycle, but the dissolved Pb was unable to contribute to the following discharge/charge reaction. Therefore, after the initial charge process, the capacity decreased.
Effects of Minerals in Anthracite on the Formation of Coal‐Based Graphene
Authors: Lan Chunyuan , Tang Yuegang , Huan Xuan , Che Qili
Published: May 2019

The minerals in raw anthracite significantly limit the preparation of coal‐based graphene. Raw and demineralized anthracites were graphitized and coal‐based graphene was prepared by improved Hummers’ oxidation‐reduction method. The morphologies, crystal structures and spectroscopic characteristics of the products in various stages were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that demineralized or not, anthracite can be used to prepare graphene, but the minerals in anthracite physically inhibit the directional development of graphene sheets. And the residual high temperature conversion products of the minerals embedded between graphene sheets will lead to multiple irregular pore defects on the surface of graphene, which will have strongly unfavorable effects on the properties of coal‐based graphene materials. Demineralization of raw anthracite can reduce the defective pores and oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surface of coal‐based graphene and improves its morphology and properties.
Calixarene Based Ionic Liquid as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines and Bis‐pyridines
Authors: Alishahi Nasrin , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Moghadam Majid , Kia Reza
Published: May 2019

In this work, a calixarene based ionic liquid was successfully prepared and characterized by different techniques. This ionic liquid was used as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of a series of polysubstituted pyridines from aldehydes, malononitrile, 1,3‐diketones and arylamines in water as a green solvent. Also, for the first time, symmetric and unsymmetric polysubstituted bis‐pyridines were obtained in high yields from diamines using this catalyst. Mild reaction conditions, high to excellent yields, easy work‐up, excellent activity and reusability of the catalyst are the key features of this method which make it an interesting and novel alternative for the synthesis of the above mentioned important heterocyclic compounds.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties Comparison of Fe3N Doped with Ni, Mn and Co
Authors: Lei Xiang , Pan Xin , Ye Zhantong , Yang Xuwei , Chen Xiaodong , Shi Zhan , Yang Hua
Published: May 2019

Three different transition metal elements doped Fe3N were prepared by a simple path. Their structure, morphology, and magnetic properties were carefully investigated by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy as well as vibrating sample magnetometer. Moreover, we detailedly compared and analyzed the impact of different transition metal elements on the properties of Fe3N. Combining with the results of analysis and comparison, it indicates that this simple method can be used to explore the impact on the transition metal nitride incorporated with different transition metal elements in the carbon‐rich system.
Single and double electron capture associated with target K‐shell ionization for F7 + ,8 + ,9++Ar
Authors: La Mantia David , Kumara P. N. S. , Kayani Asghar , Tanis John
Published: May 2019

Ratios for target Ar K‐shell ionization associated with single and double electron capture, as well as the ratios corresponding to total capture and the projectile K x rays, were determined for 1.8‐ to 2.2‐MeV/u F7 + ,8 + ,9+ projectiles. This work was performed at Western Michigan University with the tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. Coincidences between emitted K‐shell X‐rays (both target and projectile) and the corresponding charge‐changed particles were observed. The F9+ Ar K X‐ray coincidence ratios for double to single capture are found to well exceed unity over the limited energy range of the measurements. Possible explanations for this anomalous behavior are discussed.
Interaction of highly charged ions with carbon‐based materials using Kobe EBIS
Authors: Nishida Naofumi , Hori Yuki , Yamauchi Akane , Fujiwara Hazuki , Sakurai Makoto , Fujiwara Yuya , Honda Shin‐ichi , Fujii Shunjiro , Sakaue Hiroyuki A. , Kato Daiji , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Ishibashi Koji , Terui Toshifumi , Lee Kuei‐Yi
Published: May 2019

Interaction of highly charged ions (HCIs) with surfaces produce various specific phenomena as a consequence of the potential energy that HCI possesses. In the present study, we have observed photon emission, structural, magnetic, and electronic modification on various carbon‐based materials such as carbon nanotube by the impact of HCIs using an electron beam ion source named Kobe EBIS installed at the Kobe University. In order to study the potential effect, HCIs of Arq+ (q = 6–16) with the intensity of 0.1–1 nA are projected on the surface with a constant kinetic energy (16 keV). For photon emission measurements, we observed spatial and spectral distribution of visible light emission from the surface during irradiation with HCIs. On the other hand, the structural modification of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) irradiated with HCIs has been analyzed using a transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Irradiation effects on the resistivity of single MWCNT supported on micrometer scale bridge pattern were also measured. We have also measured magnetic structure of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite irradiated with HCIs using electron spin resonance at low temperature. At the present paper, we will review our recent experimental results on the interaction of HCI with various carbon‐based materials.
Autoionization in the evolution process of dense Rb Rydberg atoms in nP states
Authors: Li Y. F. , Zhao D. M. , Ma X. , Yang J.
Published: May 2019

The autoionization mechanisms of dense nP3/2 (n = 20–97) Rydberg gases of 87Rb atoms in the spontaneous evolution were investigated for the first time. By observing the characteristic time of the electrons generated through autoionization process, the dependence of autoionization mechanisms (black‐body radiation, electron–Rydberg collision, and Penning ionization) on the principal quantum number n of initial nP states was demonstrated. The dependence on the number n in nP Rydberg atoms is similar to those in nD Rydberg atoms.
Six simple guidelines for introducing new genera of fungi
Authors: Vellinga Else C. , Kuyper Thomas W. , Ammirati Joe , Desjardin Dennis E. , Halling Roy E. , Justo Alfredo , Læssøe Thomas , Lebel Teresa , Lodge D. Jean , Matheny P. Brandon , Methven Andrew S. , Moreau Pierre-Arthur , Mueller Gregory M. , Noordeloos Machiel E. , Nuytinck Jorinde , Ovrebo Clark L. , Verbeken Annemieke
Published: May 2019

We formulate five guidelines for introducing new genera, plus one recommendation how to publish the results of scientific research. We recommend that reviewers and editors adhere to these guidelines. We propose that the underlying research is solid, and that the results and the final solutions are properly discussed. The six criteria are: (1) all genera that are recognized should be monophyletic; (2) the coverage of the phylogenetic tree should be wide in number of species, geographic coverage, and type species of the genera under study; (3) the branching of the phylogenetic trees has to have sufficient statistical support; (4) different options for the translation of the phylogenetic tree into a formal classification should be discussed and the final decision justified; (5) the phylogenetic evidence should be based on more than one gene; and (6) all supporting evidence and background information should be included in the publication in which the new taxa are proposed, and this publication should be peer-reviewed.
Pelvic angiography is effective for emergency pediatric patients with pelvic fractures: a propensity-score-matching study with a nationwide trauma registry in Japan
Authors: Katayama Yusuke , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Hirose Tomoya , Kiguchi Takeyuki , Matsuyama Tasuku , Takahashi Hiroki , Kiyohara Kosuke , Sado Junya , Adachi Shingo , Noda Tomohiro , Izawa Junichi , Nakagawa Yuko , Shimazu Takeshi
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the implementation of pelvic angiography (PA) and outcome in emergency pediatric patients with pelvic fracture.

Methods

We extracted data on pelvic fracture patients aged ≤ 19 years between 2004 and 2015 from a nationwide trauma registry in Japan. The main outcome was hospital mortality. We assessed the relationship between implementation of PA and hospital mortality using one-to-one propensity-score-matching analysis to reduce potential confounding effects in comparing the PA group with the non-PA group.

Results

In total, 1351 patients were eligible for our analysis, with 221 patients (16.4%) included in the PA group and 1130 patients (83.6%) included in the non-PA group. For all patients, the proportion of hospital mortality was higher in the PA group than in the non-PA group [13.6% (30/221) vs 7.1% (80/1130), crude odds ratio (OR) 2.062 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.318–3.224); p = 0.002]. In the propensity-score-matched patients, the proportion of hospital mortality was lower in the PA group than in the non-PA group [10.5% (22/200) vs 18.2% (38/200), p = 0.027]. This finding was confirmed in both the multivariable logistic regression model [adjusted OR 0.392 (95% CI, 0.171–0.896); p = 0.026] and the conditional logistic regression model [conditional OR 0.484 (95% CI, 0.261–0.896); p = 0.021].

Conclusion

The implementation of PA was significantly associated with lower hospital mortality among emergency pediatric patients with pelvic fractures compared with the non-implementation of PA.
A Brief History of Protein Sorting Prediction
Authors: Nielsen Henrik , Tsirigos Konstantinos D. , Brunak Søren , von Heijne Gunnar
Published: May 2019

Ever since the signal hypothesis was proposed in 1971, the exact nature of signal peptides has been a focus point of research. The prediction of signal peptides and protein subcellular location from amino acid sequences has been an important problem in bioinformatics since the dawn of this research field, involving many statistical and machine learning technologies. In this review, we provide a historical account of how position-weight matrices, artificial neural networks, hidden Markov models, support vector machines and, lately, deep learning techniques have been used in the attempts to predict where proteins go. Because the secretory pathway was the first one to be studied both experimentally and through bioinformatics, our main focus is on the historical development of prediction methods for signal peptides that target proteins for secretion; prediction methods to identify targeting signals for other cellular compartments are treated in less detail.
Agilität, Ambidextrie und organisationale Veränderungskompetenz. Rudi Wimmer über Erbe und Zukunft des Change Managements
Authors: Wimmer Rudi , von Ameln Falko
Published: May 2019

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rudi Wimmer ist Professor für Führung und Organisation am Institut für Familienunternehmen der Universität Witten/Herdecke. Von 2013 bis 2016 Vizepräsident dieser Universität. Gründer und Partner der osb international AG. Mitglied in Aufsichtsräten unterschiedlicher familiengeführter Unternehmen. Wimmer ist einer der Vordenker der systemischen Organisationsberatung und hat zu diesem Thema zahlreiche Publikationen veröffentlicht.
A review of binder jet process parameters; powder, binder, printing and sintering condition
Authors: Dini Fahimeh , Ghaffari Seyed Amir , Jafar Javadpour , Hamidreza Rezaie , Marjan Shiri
Published: May 2019

Binder jetting is a subset of additive manufacturing and is a suitable technique for the construction of metallic, ceramic and polymeric composite materials.

In this rapid prototyping method, a binder is selectively deposited onto the powder bed, bonding these areas together to form a solid part one layer at a time usually based on a CAD model.

Selection of appropriate parameters in order to obtain the final product with desired quality and proper construction time is a challenge, which is due to high influences of binder jetting process parameters on the quality of fabricated objects.

Powder characteristics such as particle packing, green strength, particle size distribution, and also wettability and flow ability of powder, as well as binder characteristics and device parameters are effective factors on the binder jetting process.

In this 3D printing technique, there are possible defects that are divided to two groups of before and after sintering defects that should be controlled to achieve a printed part with minimum deviation from the designed model.
Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War
Authors: HALL ANDREW B. , HUFF CONNOR , KURIWAKI SHIRO
Published: May 2019

How did personal wealth and slaveownership affect the likelihood Southerners fought for the Confederate Army in the American Civil War? On the one hand, wealthy Southerners had incentives to free-ride on poorer Southerners and avoid fighting; on the other hand, wealthy Southerners were disproportionately slaveowners, and thus had more at stake in the outcome of the war. We assemble a dataset on roughly 3.9 million free citizens in the Confederacy and show that slaveowners were more likely to fight than non-slaveowners. We then exploit a randomized land lottery held in 1832 in Georgia. Households of lottery winners owned more slaves in 1850 and were more likely to have sons who fought in the Confederate Army. We conclude that slaveownership, in contrast to some other kinds of wealth, compelled Southerners to fight despite free-rider incentives because it raised their stakes in the war’s outcome.
Reply to Evans
Authors: Horne James R.
Published: May 2019

Although Donald Evans and I argue for similar forms of life, he emphasizes non-egoism in mystical morality and I stress its personal character. In addition, we differ on whether the scholar of mysticism should commit himself to its actual practice. Our basic agreement is partly evinced in his succinct ten-point characterization of my concepts of the “moral mystic”, and “proper-name morality”. Evans clarifies my presentation and implicitly challenges me to attempt further development of my ideas.
Surprising relationships among unitary reflection groups
Authors: Coxeter H. S. M.
Published: May 2019

The transpositions that generate a symmetric group can be represented as real reflections: symmetry operations of a regular simplex. Analogous unitary reflections serve to generate other factor groups of the braid group; they are symmetry operations of regular complex polytopes. Certain relationships among these groups have, as geometric counterparts, unexpected plane sections of the polytopes, beginning with the square sections of the regular tetrahedron. In Section 6, 5-dimensional coordinates will be used to exhibit pentagonal sections of the 4-dimensional regular simplex. The most spectacular instance of such “equatorial” sections occurs in the case of the Witting polytope in complex 4-space, so exquisitely drawn by Peter McMullen for the frontispiece of Regular Complex Polytopes [6]. This has a plane section 3{<5}3 which appears thare as Fig. 4.8B on page 48. Shephard [9, p. 92] called it 3(360)3. Its 120 vertices will be seen to be situated “inside” 120 of the 2160 faces 3{3}3 of the Witting polytope. These “faces” are self-inscribed octagons [7, p. 290].
Most Tender and Fairest of Women: a Study in the Transmission of Aggada
Authors: Visotzky Burton L.
Published: May 2019

Midrashic literature often employs the exegesis of a biblical text as the source for a story. When the story is coupled with a historic person, a legend is born. Since there are historic aspects to the legend, its historicity is sometimes uncritically accepted in its entirety. In most instances, however, the fictional content of a legend far exceeds its historical content. Some of these legends continue to flourish and evolve into baroque narratives often quite far removed from the original scriptural verse that precipitated their creation. Then, only a careful examination of the transmission history of the story can recapture its original exegetic context. Beginning with the assumption that some stories evolve from a simple exegesis to a full-blown narrative through the accretion of folk motifs and the fixed formulas of story tellers, one may order the versions of a given legend according to their development.
Characterization of a high molecular weight protective antigen ofPlasmodium yoelli
Authors: Holder A. A. , Freeman R. R.
Published: May 2019

A 230000 molecular weightPlasmodium yoeliiprotective antigen was characterized. Two monoclonal antibodies againstP. yoeliiimmunoprecipitated the 230000 mol. wt protein and a number of lower molecular weight polypeptides. These polypeptides were shown by peptide mapping and specific antibody binding to be fragments of the large protein. Iodination experiments suggested that the lower molecular weight species may be present on the surface of the merozoite. The protein was found not to be glycosylated. By serology, related antigens were shown to be associated with blood-stage schizonts ofP. vinckeisubspp.,P. chabaudisubspp. andP. falciparum.
The migration and survival of gamma-irradiatedSchistosoma mansonilarvae and the duration of host—parasite contact in relation to the induction of resistance in mice
Authors: Mangold Beverly L. , Dean D. A.
Published: May 2019

The migration in mice of 20, 50 and 90 krad.60Co-irradiatedSchistosoma mansonilarvae, biosynthetically radio-isotope labelled with [75Se]-selenomethionine, was evaluated by autoradiography of compressed tissues and compared to the migration of non-irradiated75Se-labelled larvae. The migration of 20 krad. -irradiated schistosomula between skin and lungs was slightly delayed but otherwise paralleled the migration of normal, non-irradiated schistosomula during the first 8 days following exposure. By day 8 over 90% of both non-irradiated and 20 krad. -irradiated organises were located in the lungs. In contrast to non-irradiated organisms, however, only a small proportion of 20 krad. organisms migrated to the liver. The delay in migration between skin and lungs was more pronounced with 50 krad. -irradiated schistosomula. Nevertheless, 45–93% of 50 krad. -irradiated organisms migrated to the lungs by 8 days post-exposure. Over 90% of the 50 krad. larvae detected in the mouse on day 21 were in the lungs; no more than an occasional 50 krad.-irradiated organism was ever detected in the liver. In three experiments, over 85% of the 90 krad. -irradiated organisms were retained in the skin; in a fourth experiment about half of the 90 krad. -irradiated organisms migrated as far as the lungs. As with 50 krad. organisms, only an occasional 90 krad. organism was ever detected in the liver. Removal of the skin exposure site within the first 4 days of immunization with either 50 or 90 krad. -irradiated cercariae completely blocked the induction of resistance. Removal between the 4th and 6th days gave variable results. Mice had to be in contact with the irradiated larvae for a minimum of 8–11 days to stimulate a level of resistance comparable to that of mice whose immunization site was not removed.
Hymenolepis diminuta: protein synthesis in cysticercoids
Authors: Jeffs S. A. , Arme C.
Published: May 2019

Incorporation of four amino acids into protein by stage V cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta occurred in the order leucine > phenylalanine > alanine > proline. Leucine incorporation was apparently linear over a 5 h period in contrast to uptake which was non-linear over the same time. Pre-incubation in sugars did not affect protein synthesis but incorporation was inhibited by cycloheximide. Uptake and incorporation of leucine by stage III cysticercoids exceeded that of stage V metacestodes and the 10-day-old adult worm.
The connections between art and science in Antarctica: Activating Science*Art
Authors: Stevens Craig , O’Connor Gabby , Robinson Natalie
Published: May 2019

Art may be made as a guide to understanding sense of place, and also as a pathway to understanding and valuing scientific ideas. Here we consider this connection in the context of a selected history of artists working in Antarctica, from early explorers to the modern era. This provides a parallel trajectory for the nature, realisation and purpose of the art. We then consider the interaction between art and science and the nature of interdisciplinary work by looking at work produced in a sea ice-based science field camp by an artist collecting data – both scientific and art focused. The artist participated in two field campaigns a year apart, allowing comparison of the evolution of both the artistic practice and the science data collection. Furthermore, the collection of data that served both needs provides a unique point of connection between two fields of endeavour, which are typically considered as separate.