bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Do Group Members Share? The Privileged Status of Cultural Knowledge for Children
Authors: Soley Gaye
Published: September 2019

An essential aspect of forming representations of social groups is to recognize socially relevant attributes licensed by the group membership. Because knowledge of cultural practices tends to be transmitted through social contact within social groups, it is one of the fundamental attributes shared among members of a social group. Two experiments explored whether 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds selectively attribute shared cultural knowledge on the basis of group membership of agents. Using novel social groups, children were introduced to one target agent and two other agents, one of which belonged to the same group as the target and one belonged to a different group. Children were then asked who would know or like same things as the target agent. The results showed that children expect group members to know the same songs, whereas they do not necessarily expect them to like the same songs or know the same generic facts. These findings suggest that children are remarkably selective in the attributions they make based on social group membership and from early on, they expect social group membership and cultural knowledge to be closely linked.
Umstellung der Psoriasis‐Therapie von einem Fumarsäureestergemisch auf ein Dimethylfumarat‐Monopräparat: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie
Authors: Falkvoll Sandra , Gerdes Sascha , Mrowietz Ulrich
Published: September 2019

Hintergrund

Bei der Therapie der mittelschweren bis schweren Psoriasis mit Fumarsäureestern (FAE) war bislang nur ein Gemisch aus Dimethylfumarat (DMF), dem Wirkstoff, und drei Salzen von Ethylhydrogenfumarat verfügbar. Seit 2017 ist erstmals ein DMF‐Monopräparat für diese Indikation zugelassen. Die prospektive Beobachtungsstudie wurde mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die Umstellung von dem FAE‐Gemisch auf das DMF‐Monopräparat bei Patienten unter laufender Therapie zu untersuchen.

Patienten und Methodik

Es wurden 40 Patienten konsekutiv rekrutiert, bei denen eine Umstellung der Therapie auf der Basis der letzten DMF‐Dosis ohne Unterbrechung durchgeführt wurde. Bei der ersten Monitoringvisite nach Umstellung wurde die Wirksamkeit und die Verträglichkeit des DMF‐Monopräparates im Vergleich zur Vortherapie evaluiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Auswertung der Daten zeigte, dass die Wirksamkeit bei nahezu allen Patienten unverändert blieb und die Verträglichkeit (gastrointestinale Symptome und Flush) des DMF‐Monopräparates im Vergleich zur Vortherapie mit dem FAE‐Gemisch bei den meisten Patienten mit „unverändert“ oder „besser“ bewertet wurde.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass bei Patienten mit Psoriasis unter Therapie mit dem FAE‐Gemisch eine direkte Umstellung auf der gleichen DMF‐Dosis ohne Unterbrechung möglich ist.
Fluoreszenzoptische Bildgebung zum Nachweis einer möglichen Psoriasisarthritis im Vergleich zum muskuloskelettalen Ultraschall
Authors: Erdmann‐Keding Magdalena , Ohrndorf Sarah , Werner Stephanie Gabriele , Glimm Anne‐Marie , Burmester Gerd‐Rüdiger , Kokolakis Georgios , Zuberbier Torsten , Sterry Wolfram , Backhaus Marina , Philipp Sandra
Published: September 2019

Ziel

Vergleich der fluoreszenzoptischen Bildgebung (fluorescence optical imaging, FOI) mit Graustufen‐ (GS) und Power‐Doppler‐Ultraschall (PDUS) zum Nachweis von Gelenkentzündung bei Patienten mit bestätigter Psoriasisarthritis (PsA) oder mit Verdacht auf PsA.

Methoden

Patienten (n = 60) mit Psoriasis und druckschmerzhaften und/oder geschwollenen Gelenken wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: Diagnose vor dem Start der Studie vom behandelnden Dermatologen bestätigt (n = 26) und Verdacht auf PsA (n = 34). GS/PDUS der klinisch stärker betroffenen Hand wurde in dorsaler/palmarer Ansicht durchgeführt (Handgelenk, MCP, PIP, DIP2–5). Die FOI‐Untersuchung erfolgte standardisiert durch eine Analyse der prädefinierten Phasen 1–3.

Ergebnisse

FOI war beim Nachweis von Entzündung in PIP/DIP‐Gelenken sensitiver als der muskuloskelettale Ultraschall (MSUS) (p = 0,035). Bestätigte PsA‐Patienten hatten mehr Befunde in P2 und P3 der FOI, während Patienten mit Verdacht auf PsA mehr Befunde in P1 aufwiesen. In der Gruppe mit bestätigter PsA waren insbesondere die MCP‐Gelenke betroffen, während in der Gruppe mit Verdacht auf PsA mehr betroffene Handgelenke und DIP‐Gelenke (p = 0,006) mittels FOI nachgewiesen wurden.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen mit der bestätigten und der Verdachtsdiagnose lassen darauf schließen, dass die FOI für den Nachweis einer frühen PsA ein geeignetes Verfahren ist, da eine vermehrte Anreicherung in P1 am ehesten einer akuten Entzündung entspricht, während eine erhöhte Signalintensität in P2 und P3 eine chronische Entzündung widerspiegelt. Die fluoreszenzoptische Bildgebung könnte daher zukünftig als neues Verfahren in der frühen Diagnose einer PsA Bedeutung erlangen.
Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Messung des Empowerments bei erwachsenen Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis. Der DATEMP‐Fragebogen
Authors: Pereyra‐Rodriguez José Juan , Dominguez‐Cruz Javier Jesús , Hernandez‐Montoya Carlos , Galan‐Gutiérrez Manuel , Martín Carrasco Pablo , Alcántara Luna Sara , Navarro‐Triviño Francisco José , del Pozo Jesús , Ruiz‐Villaverde Ricardo
Published: September 2019

Hintergrund und Ziele

In den letzten Jahren gewann insbesondere bei chronischen Erkrankungen die Erkenntnis an Bedeutung, dass über eine Steigerung des Empowerments von Patienten das medizinische Outcome verbessert und der Einsatz von Gesundheitsleistungen rationalisiert werden kann. Die Entwicklung und Validierung von Messinstrumenten sind zur Verwirklichung dieses Ziels essenziell. In der Dermatologie haben sich nur wenige Studien mit dem Empowerment befasst. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Entwicklung und Validierung eines selbstauszufüllenden Fragebogens für erwachsene Patienten mit der Diagnose atopische Dermatitis (AD), um das Ausmaß ihres Empowerments zu bestimmen.

Methoden

Nach Literaturrecherche und Einrichtung von Consulting‐Gruppen, bestehend aus Patienten und Dermatologen, wurde auf Grundlage der in früheren Empowerment‐Studien verwendeten Dimensionen ein Themenkomplex aus 35 Items erstellt. Eine multidisziplinäre Gruppe wählte daraus die 20 am besten geeigneten Items für den Fragebogen aus. Mit diesen Items sowie den demographischen und klinischen Charakteristika wurde eine Querschnittsstudie durchgeführt. Mit exploratorischer Faktorenanalyse (EFA) der primären Komponenten und Varimax‐Rotation wurde die Anzahl der Items verringert und die Konstruktvalidität bestimmt. Die Reliabilität der individuellen Skalen und des Fragebogens wurde mit Cronbachs α ermittelt.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 242 gültige Fragebogen berücksichtigt. Nach der EFA bestand der endgültige Dermatitis Atópica EMPoderamiento (DATEMP)‐Fragebogen aus 17 Items, die in 4 Faktoren zusammenliefen. Die folgenden 4 Skalen hatten eine ausreichende Zuverlässigkeit: „Wissen“ (knowledge) (Cronbachs α  = 0,808), „Fähigkeiten“ (abilities) (Cronbachs α  = 0,744), „Wille zu Veränderungen“ (intention to change) (Cronbachs α  = 0,798) und „Bewältigungsstrategien“ (coping skills) (Cronbachs α  = 0,772). Insgesamt betrug der Cronbach‐α‐Wert des Fragebogens 0,764.

Schlussfolgerungen

Der DATEMP‐Fragebogen ist das erste spezifisch für Patienten mit AD entwickelte Messinstrument für Empowerment, bei dem eine ausreichende Reliabilität und Konstruktvalidität nachgewiesen wurde. Es handelt sich um einen selbstauszufüllenden Fragebogen, der leicht und schnell zu beantworten ist.
S2k‐Leitlinie zur Therapie der Psoriasis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen – Kurzfassung Teil 2
Authors: Eisert Lisa , Augustin Matthias , Bach Sabine , Dittmann Martin , Eiler Renate , Fölster‐Holst Regina , Gerdes Sascha , Hamm Henning , Höger Peter , Horneff Gerd , von Kiedrowski Ralph , Philipp Sandra , Pleimes Marc , Schlaeger Martin , Schuster Volker , Staubach Petra , Weberschock Tobias , Werner Ricardo Niklas , Nast Alexander , Sticherling Michael
Published: September 2019

Diese Leitlinie richtet sich an Assistenz‐ und Fachärzte der Dermatologie, Pädiatrie, Kinderdermatologie und Kinderrheumatologie sowie an Kostenträger und politische Entscheidungsgremien. Die Leitlinie wurde im formellen Konsensusverfahren (S2k) von Dermatologen und Kinderdermatologen unter Einbindung von Kinderrheumatologen erstellt.

Die Leitlinie stellt einen Überblick über Schweregrad, Lebensqualität und Therapieziele mit Erläuterung der Off‐Label‐Problematik im Kindesalter dar. Es werden Diagnosestellung und Triggerfaktoren erläutert. Der Schwerpunkt der Leitlinie liegt auf der Darstellung der verschiedenen topischen Therapien, UV‐Therapien und systemischen Therapieoptionen mit Abbildung der Empfehlungen zur Anwendung der Therapien sowie Therapiealgorithmen. Darüber hinaus wird im Kontext auf Impfungen bei Psoriasis im Kindesalter sowie auf verschiedene Sonderformen wie Psoriasis guttata, Windelpsoriasis, Psoriasis pustulosa und Psoriasisarthritis eingegangen. Auch werden Empfehlungen zu Tuberkulosediagnostik und Röntgenuntersuchung vor Systemtherapie gegeben.
Exploring the temporal variability of a food web using long‐term biomonitoring data
Authors: Olivier Pierre , Frelat Romain , Bonsdorff Erik , Kortsch Susanne , Kröncke Ingrid , Möllmann Christian , Neumann Hermann , Sell Anne F. , Nordström Marie C.
Published: September 2019

Ecological communities are constantly being reshaped in the face of environmental change and anthropogenic pressures. Yet, how food webs change over time remains poorly understood. Food web science is characterized by a trade‐off between complexity (in terms of the number of species and feeding links) and dynamics. Topological analysis can use complex, highly resolved empirical food web models to explore the architecture of feeding interactions but is limited to a static view, whereas ecosystem models can be dynamic but use highly aggregated food webs. Here, we explore the temporal dynamics of a highly resolved empirical food web over a time period of 18 years, using the German Bight fish and benthic epifauna community as our case study. We relied on long‐term monitoring ecosystem surveys (from 1998 to 2015) to build a metaweb, i.e. the meta food web containing all species recorded over the time span of our study. We then combined time series of species abundances with topological network analysis to construct annual food web snapshots. We developed a new approach, ‘node‐weighted’ food web metrics by including species abundances to represent the temporal dynamics of food web structure, focusing on generality and vulnerability. Our results suggest that structural food web properties change through time; however, binary food web structural properties may not be as temporally variable as the underlying changes in species composition. Further, the node‐weighted metrics enabled us to detect that food web structure was influenced by changes in species composition during the first half of the time series and more strongly by changes in species dominance during the second half. Our results demonstrate how ecosystem surveys can be used to monitor temporal changes in food web structure, which are important ecosystem indicators for building marine management and conservation plans.
Multidimensional stable isotope analysis illuminates resource partitioning in a sub‐Antarctic island bird community
Authors: Connan Maëlle , Dilley Ben J. , Whitehead T. Otto , Davies Delia , McQuaid Christopher D. , Ryan Peter G.
Published: September 2019

A central theme in community ecology is understanding how similar species co‐exist and how their interactions may evolve in the context of climate change. Most studies of resource partitioning among central place foragers, particularly birds, focus on the offspring‐rearing period, when they are accessible, but breeding success may be determined earlier and little is known about how such species partition resources at the onset of breeding. We used a non‐invasive approach to evaluate resource partitioning in co‐existing females at a sub‐Antarctic island during their pre‐laying periods. Three hypotheses were tested using carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios measured in shells and membranes of hatched eggs as ecological tracers: 1) resource partitioning by geographic location and trophic level will exist among the 12 bird species and will be enhanced within taxonomic groups; 2) given the absence of strong oxygen gradients in the Southern Ocean we will not detect spatial structuring based on oxygen isotopes, but differences will exist between resident and oceanic species as the former may use meteoric water; 3) capital and income breeder strategies can be differentiated using stable isotopes of egg remains.

Two and three dimensional isotopic data showed resource partitioning among species. As predicted, segregation was evident within the four main taxonomic groups: penguins, albatrosses, burrowing petrels and giant petrels. Unexpectedly, oxygen isotopes revealed widespread use of meteoric water among a suite of sub‐Antarctic birds. Stable isotopes allowed us to identify females of most species as income breeders at the onset of breeding, with the exception of the females of the two crested penguin exhibiting a mix of income and capital resources use. Multidimensional isotopic analyses revealed that resource partitioning exists at multiple stages of the annual cycle in ways likely to be important under global change, exhibiting wide potential for ecosystem analysis.
Between Malthus and the industrial take‐off: regional inequality in Sweden, 1571–1850
Authors: Enflo Kerstin , Missiaia Anna
Published: September 2019

The causes and extent of regional inequality in the process of economic growth are at the core of historical economic research. So far, much attention has been devoted to studying the role of industrialization in driving regional divergence. However, empirical studies on relatively unequal countries such as Italy and Spain show that inequality was already high at the outset of modern industrialization. Using new estimates of Swedish regional GDP, this article looks for the first time at regional inequality in a pre‐industrial European economy. Its findings show that inequality increased dramatically between 1571 and 1750 and stayed high until the mid‐nineteenth century. This result refutes the classical view that the industrial take‐off was the main driver of regional divergence. Decomposing the Theil index for GDP per worker, we find that the bulk of inequality from 1750 onwards was driven by structural differences across sectors rather than different regional productivity within sectors. We show that counties with higher agricultural productivity followed a classic Malthusian pattern when experiencing technological advancement, while those with higher industrial productivity did not. We suggest that institutional factors, such as the creation of the Swedish Empire, Stockholm's trading rights, and a protective industrial policy, amplified this exceptional pattern.
Why do we feel bored with our clothing and where does it end up?
Authors: Kwon Theresa Anna , Choo Ho Jung , Kim Youn‐Kyung
Published: September 2019

Boredom reflects the dynamic nature of consumer tastes and preferences. Understanding the role of boredom in clothing disposal is of particular importance given that consumers often dispose of clothes they feel bored with, leading to harmful environmental consequences. Despite its substantial influence on postacquisition behaviours, boredom has received insufficient attention in the disposal literature. In this paper, we explore the factors that lead to boredom and the effect of boredom on retention, recycling and discarding of clothing. We use a sequential mixed‐methods approach, consisting of a first qualitative phase that uses in‐depth interviews to generate hypotheses, followed by a second quantitative phase that tests the hypotheses using survey data. In two phases, we identify the oldness of clothing, decreased social fit and purchase of new clothing as drivers of boredom, which implies that the physical and aesthetic attributes of the clothing, social meaning ascribed to the clothing and situational factors collectively influence feelings of boredom towards owned clothing. As boredom intensifies, consumers are less inclined to keep the item and more inclined to recycle or discard it. Furthermore, we find that attachment and resource input (i.e., money, time and effort) moderate the effect of boredom on decisions regarding disposal methods. The results add to our understanding of emotion‐laden disposal by revealing the role of boredom in clothing disposal. Finally, our findings call for the collective efforts of consumers, retailers, campaigners and policymakers to break away from an increasingly extravagant and wasteful culture of clothing consumption.
Investigating volatile compounds’ contributions to the stale odour of green tea
Authors: Dai Qianying , Jin Huozhu , Gao Jing , Ning Jingming , Yang Xiaogen , Xia Tao
Published: September 2019

This study aimed to characterise the volatiles that contribute to stale odour of green tea. Volatiles were extracted using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and analysed using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC‐O). Results showed that a total of ninety‐six volatiles were identified by GC‐MS, in which forty‐four volatiles were screened out based on Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures–discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA), and thirty‐nine volatiles had a significant variation at the level of 0.05 by analysis of variance (anova). From GC‐O analysis, fifty‐four aromatic volatiles with strong aroma intensity (aroma intensity above 2) were perceived. Further investigation revealed that fifteen volatiles, including 1‐octen‐3‐ol, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, safranal, β‐cyclocitral, (E,E)‐3,5‐octadien‐2‐one, (Z,E)‐3,5‐octadien‐2‐one, dimethyl adipate, dihydroactinidiolide, β‐ionone, α‐ionone, geranyl acetone, phenylethyl alcohol, methyl decanoate and α‐terpineol were responsible for stale odour, besides the former nine compounds were only found in stored tea.
Direct observation of the moisture distribution in calcium aluminate cement and hydratable alumina‐bonded castables during first‐drying: An NMR study
Authors: Barakat Ahmed J. , Pel Leo , Krause Olaf , Adan Olaf C. G.
Published: September 2019

The drying behavior for various calcium aluminate cement and hydratable alumina‐bonded refractory castables was investigated in the first‐drying temperature range (100°C‐300°C). Using a specialized high‐temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance setup, we were able to directly and nondestructively measure the spatially and temporally resolved moisture distribution, while simultaneously measuring the temperature distribution as well. These measurements show that the drying front position is a linear function of time, which can be explained on the basis of a simplified model where only vapor transport is considered. Based on the measurements and the model, one can directly determine the permeability at high temperatures. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the drying front speed and temperature strongly correlates with the control of key material parameters (eg, water demand, binder content, etc). In particular, microsilica fume‐containing low‐cement castables displayed the highest vapor pressures, while regular castables generated the lowest vapor pressures reflecting the permeability of these materials.
Modelling time‐varying low‐temperature‐induced mortality rates for pupae of Tuta absoluta (Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Kahrer Andreas , Moyses Anna , Hochfellner Lisa , Tiefenbrunner Wolfgang , Egartner Alois , Miglbauer Teresa , Müllner Katharina , Reinbacher Lara , Pilz Christina , Votzi Julia , Scheifinger Helfried
Published: September 2019

In a series of laboratory experiments, acclimated pupae of Tuta absoluta were exposed to various constant low temperatures in order to estimate their maximum survival times (Kaplan–Meier, Lt99.99). A Weibull function was fitted to the data points, describing maximum survival time as a function of temperature. In another experiment at −6°C, the progress of mortality increasing with exposure time was identified. These values were fitted by a sigmoidal function converging asymptotically to 100% mortality for very long exposure times. Analysing mortality data from the maximum survival experiment by a generalized linear model showed a significant common slope parameter (p < .001) that reveals parallelism of the survival curves at each temperature if a log time axis is used. These curves appear stretched (time scaled) if plotted with a nonlogarithmic time axis. By combining these mathematical relations, it was possible to calculate a species‐specific ‘mortality surface’ which exhibits mortalities, depending on temperature and duration of exposure. In order to accumulate hourly mortalities for courses of varying temperatures, an algorithm was developed which yields mortality values from that surface taking into account the attained mortality level. In validation experiments, recorded mortalities were compared against modelled mortalities. Prediction of mortality was partially supported by the model, but pupae experiencing intensely fluctuating temperatures showed decreased mortality, probably caused by rapid cold hardening during exposure. Despite this observation, mortality data converged to distinct levels very close to 100% depending on the intensity of temperature fluctuations that were characteristic for different types of experiments. The highest mortality limit occurred at intensely fluctuating temperatures in laboratory experiments. This constituted a benchmark that was not reached under various field conditions. Thus, it was possible to identify temperature limits for the extinction of field populations of Tuta absoluta pupae.
Does audit report information improve financial distress prediction over Altman's traditional Z‐Score model?
Authors: Muñoz‐Izquierdo Nora , Laitinen Erkki K. , Camacho‐Miñano María‐del‐Mar , Pascual‐Ezama David
Published: September 2019

We analyze empirically the usefulness of combining accounting and auditing data in order to predict corporate financial distress. Concretely, we examine whether audit report information incrementally predicts distress over a traditional accounting model: the Altman's Z‐Score model. Although the audit report seems to play a critical part in financial distress prediction because auditors should warn investors about any default risks, this is the first study that uses audit report disclosures for predicting purposes. From a dataset of 1,821 Spanish distressed private firms, we analyze a sample of distressed and non‐distressed firms and develop logit prediction models. Our results show that while the only accounting model registers a classification accuracy of 77%, combined models of accounting and auditing data exhibit considerably higher accuracy (about 87%). Specifically, our findings indicate that the number of disclosures included in the audit report, as well as disclosures related to a firm's going concern status, firms’ assets, and firms’ recognition of revenues and expenses contribute the most to the prediction. Our empirical evidence has implications for financial distress practice. For managers, our study highlights the importance of audit report disclosures for anticipating a financial distress situation. For regulators and auditors, our study underscores the importance of recent changes in regulation worldwide intended to increase auditor's transparency through a more informative audit report.
Effects of the presence and absence of amino acids on translation, signaling, and long‐term depression in hippocampal slices from Fmr1 knockout mice
Authors: Cooke Spencer K. , Russin Jacob , Moulton Kristen , Nadel Jeffrey , Loutaev Inna , Gu Qinhua , Li Zheng , Smith Carolyn Beebe
Published: September 2019

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by silencing of the FMR1 gene and consequent absence of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA‐binding protein that can suppress translation. The absence of FMRP leads to symptoms of FXS including intellectual disability and has been proposed to lead to abnormalities in synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity, protein synthesis, and cellular growth pathways have been studied extensively in hippocampal slices from a mouse model of FXS (Fmr1 KO). Enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)‐dependent long‐term depression (LTD), increased rates of protein synthesis, and effects on signaling molecules have been reported. These phenotypes were found under amino acid starvation, a condition that has widespread, powerful effects on activation and translation of proteins involved in regulating protein synthesis. We asked if this non‐physiological condition could have effects on Fmr1 KO phenotypes reported in hippocampal slices. We performed hippocampal slice experiments in the presence and absence of amino acids. We measured rates of incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid into protein to determine protein synthesis rates. By means of western blots, we assessed relative levels of total and phosphorylated forms of proteins involved in signaling pathways regulating translation. We measured evoked field potentials in area CA1 to assess the strength of the long‐term depression response to mGluR activation. In the absence of amino acids, we replicate many of the reported findings in Fmr1 KO hippocampal slices, but in the more physiological condition of inclusion of amino acids in the medium, we did not find evidence of enhanced mGluR5‐dependent LTD. Activation of mGluR5 increased protein synthesis in both wild type and Fmr1 KO. Moreover, mGluR5 activation increased eIF2α phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of p70S6k in slices from Fmr1 KO. We propose that the eIF2α response is a cellular attempt to compensate for the lack of regulation of translation by FMRP. Our findings call for a re‐examination of the mGluR theory of FXS.

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Influence of perioperative stress on central and peripheral oxytocin and arginine‐vasopressin concentrations
Authors: Kagerbauer Simone Maria , Martin Jan , Ulm Bernhard , Jungwirth Bettina , Podtschaske Armin Horst
Published: September 2019

Perioperative stress provides not only physical, but also psychic and emotional aspects, which may influence the hypothalamic neuropeptide system. Studies investigating the perioperative course of central neuropeptide activity are missing. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine perioperative fluctuations in central and concomitant peripheral concentrations of the hypothalamic neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine‐vasopressin (AVP), as well as their impact on perioperative anxiety and depression. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood and saliva were collected from 12 patients who underwent elective endovascular aortic repair with a routinely inserted spinal catheter. AVP and OXT concentrations were analysed at four timepoints: (i) the evening before the operation; (ii) the operation day immediately before anaesthesia induction; (iii) intraoperatively after the stent was placed; and (iv) on day 1 after the operation. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at timepoints 1 and 4. For CSF OXT, the present study showed a significant intraoperative decline, accompanied by a decrease in saliva. OXT blood concentrations before anaesthesia induction were higher than at the evening before the operation. OXT concentrations in CSF and saliva correlated well at timepoints 2‐4. AVP concentrations in CSF, blood and saliva did not show any significant changes perioperatively. However, postoperative AVP blood concentrations showed a significant negative correlation with anxiety and depression scores according to the HADS. This pilot study demonstrates perioperative fluctuations in central OXT concentrations, which are better reflected by saliva than by blood. Further studies are required to determine whether OXT and AVP can predict postoperative post‐traumatic stress disorder.
Is Adolescent Employment Still a Risk Factor for High School Dropout?
Authors: Staff Jeremy , Yetter Alyssa M. , Cundiff Kelsey , Ramirez Nayan , Vuolo Mike , Mortimer Jeylan T.
Published: September 2019

Past cohorts of teenagers who spent long hours in jobs were more likely to drop out of high school than those who worked moderate hours or did not work at all. This article examines the association between employment intensity and dropout among adolescents in the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 who traversed high school during a time of decreased prevalence of both employment and dropout relative to earlier cohorts. Analyses reveal that a relatively small percentage of teenagers nowadays are characterized as either intensive workers or dropouts (around 11% each). Yet, despite declines in intensive employment and dropout, disadvantaged youth remain overrepresented in both groups, and intensive work is still a risk factor for poor grades and dropout.
Distributive politics of public goods networks through multistage voting
Authors: Kurosaka Kengo
Published: September 2019

Public goods networks create conflict between districts needing the network and districts that pay the costs. Thus, it is difficult for pork barrel politicians to achieve logrolling with other districts. I show that logrolling is possible for such politicians if they set their agenda properly. To show this, I model the centralized decision‐making process as a multistage vote among representatives from different districts. I assume the districts are better off if and only if the public good “connects” them to the network. Public goods can be provided universally by setting the agenda properly, even when costs exceed the benefits.
Effects of strontium ranelate on ligature‐induced periodontitis in estrogen‐deficient and estrogen‐sufficient rats
Authors: Marins Letícia Macedo , Napimoga Marcelo Henrique , Malta Fernando de Souza , Miranda Tamires Szeremeske , Nani Edson Parra , Franco Beatriz da Silva Tavares , da Silva Hélio Doyle Pereira , Duarte Poliana Mendes
Published: September 2019

Background and objectives

Strontium ranelate is a medication indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis that presents concomitant anti‐resorptive and osteoanabolic dual biological activity. However, the effects of strontium ranelate on alveolar bone have been poorly explored. Furthermore, to date, there are no data on the effects of this medication on alveolar bone loss (BL) during conditions of estrogen deficiency. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of strontium ranelate on ligature‐induced periodontitis in estrogen‐deficient and estrogen‐sufficient rats.

Methods

Ninety‐six rats were assigned to one of the following groups: sham‐surgery + water (estrogen‐sufficient; n = 24); ovariectomy + water (estrogen‐deficient; n = 24), sham‐surgery + strontium ranelate (ranelate/estrogen‐sufficient; n = 24) and; ovariectomy + strontium ranelate (ranelate/estrogen‐deficient; n = 24). The rats received strontium ranelate or water from the 14th day after ovariectomy until the end of the experiment. On the 21st day after ovariectomy, one first mandibular molar received a ligature, while the contralateral tooth was left unligated. Eight rats per group were killed at 10, 20, and 30 days after ligature placement. Bone loss (BL) and trabecular bone area (TBA) were analyzed in the furcation area of ligated and unligated teeth at all experimental times by histometry. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells and immunohistochemical staining for osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of NF‐КB ligand (RANKL) were assessed in the ligated teeth at 30 days after ligature placement.

Results

At 10 and 30 days, ligated teeth of the estrogen‐deficient group exhibited higher BL, when compared to all other groups (P < .05). At 10 days, TBAs were higher in the unligated teeth of strontium ranelate‐treated groups, when compared to those of untreated groups (P < .05). At 30 days, the ligated teeth of the estrogen‐deficient group exhibited lower TBA than the other groups (P < .05). There were no differences among groups regarding the number of TRAP‐stained cells (P < .05). The strontium ranelate‐treated groups exhibited lower expressions of OCN and RANKL than the untreated groups (P < .05). The estrogen‐sufficient group presented higher staining for OPG than both treated and untreated estrogen‐deficient groups (P < .05).

Conclusions

Strontium ranelate prevented ligature‐induced BL in an estrogen‐deficiency condition and, to a certain extent, increased TBA in the presence and absence of periodontal collapse in states of estrogen deficiency and estrogen sufficiency. Furthermore, strontium ranelate also affected the expression of bone markers, appearing to have acted predominantly as an anti‐resorptive agent.
Global positioning system location clusters vs. scats: comparing dietary estimates to determine mesopredator diet in a conflict framework
Authors: Drouilly M. , Nattrass N. , O'Riain M. J.
Published: September 2019

Studying the feeding ecology of mesopredators living on or adjacent to farmland is important as livestock predation fuels conflict between farmers and predators and between diverse stakeholders on how to best manage this conflict. Most dietary studies on elusive and heavily persecuted predators rely on indirect methods such as scat analysis, because direct observations of predation events are rare. Consequently, the proportion of livestock and other prey that was actively hunted vs. scavenged remains largely unknown. We used data from global positioning system collars affixed to black‐backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and caracal (Caracal caracal) to locate potential feeding sites on farmland and a protected area and to attempt to determine whether prey had been killed or scavenged. We compared dietary estimates from prey items found at global positioning system location clusters (GLCs) with those obtained from scat analysis and investigated whether GLC analysis is a suitable method to determine mesocarnivore diet. The success rate of finding a kill site when investigating GLCs was significantly higher for caracal than for jackal. Only 16.2% and 4.7% of jackal and caracal GLCs, respectively, were classified as scavenging events. Livestock was the most frequently detected prey in both scats and GLCs on farmland but GLCs provided a higher estimate of sheep biomass than scats. Caracal GLCs revealed prey ranging in size from small to large, whereas jackal GLCs were only for medium and large prey categories. Adult male caracals predated significantly more on livestock than females and younger individuals. Collared jackals residing in the protected area never formed GLCs containing livestock remains on neighbouring farms. Together, GLCs and scat analyses provide a more complete understanding of mesopredators feeding ecology on farmland. We recommend that both methods are applied, particularly in regions where livestock predation and lethal management of predators are driving conflict between stakeholders.
Optimal transportation planning for prefabricated products in construction
Authors: Yi Wen , Wang Shuaian , Zhang Abraham
Published: September 2019

Prefabrication‐based construction has several advantages, such as short building time and superior quality. The transportation of prefabricated products from factories to construction sites has two key issues to consider. One is how to efficiently utilize the capacity of trucks in order to use as few trucks as possible, and the other is how to postpone the transportation of prefabricated products so as to pay for them as late as possible. This study proposes a mathematical programming model to optimize the transportation planning of prefabricated products to minimize the sum of trucking transportation costs and inventory holding costs. Extensive numerical experiments show that the optimal transport plan generated by the model outperforms the plan obtained by a greedy approach by 10% of cost savings, implying the effectiveness of the model for the construction industry.
Ants suppressing plant pathogens: a review
Authors: Offenberg Joachim , Damgaard Christian
Published: September 2019

Ant–plant mutualisms are usually regarded as driven by ants defending plants against herbivores in return for plant‐produced food rewards and housing. However, ants may provide additional services. In a review of published studies on ant–pathogen–plant interactions, we investigated whether ants’ extensive hygiene measures, including the use of ant‐produced antibiotics, extend to their host plants and reduce plant pathogen loads. From 30 reported species combinations, we found that the presence of ants lead to reduced pathogen levels in 18 combinations and to increased levels in 6. On average, ants significantly reduced pathogen incidence with 59%. This effect size did not differ significantly from effect sizes reported from meta‐analyses on herbivore protection. Thus, pathogen and herbivore protection could be of equal importance in ant–plant mutualisms. Considering the abundance of these interactions, ecological impacts are potentially high. Furthermore, awareness of this service may stimulate the development of new measures to control plant diseases in agriculture. It should be noted, though, that studies were biased toward tropical ant–plant symbioses and that the literature in the field is limited at present. Future research on plant pathogens is needed to enhance our understanding of ant–plant mutualisms and their evolution.
Efficacy of oral midazolam for minimal and moderate sedation in pediatric patients: A systematic review
Authors: Manso Maria A. , Guittet Catherine , Vandenhende François , Granier Luc‐André
Published: September 2019

One of the most widely used options for minimal/moderate sedation in pediatric patients is oral midazolam, as it presents an alternative to less well‐accepted routes of administration (eg, intravenous or intranasal) of this well‐known efficacious and well‐tolerated short‐acting benzodiazepine. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in order to identify clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of oral midazolam for sedation in pediatric patients in the context of premedication before anesthesia or during diagnostic/treatment procedures. The percentage of responders (response rate) after single administration of oral midazolam was evaluated and compared versus placebo in a subset of placebo‐controlled studies. The range of oral midazolam doses providing effective sedation in the different pediatric age subsets was analyzed in order to assess optimum dosing strategies. A total of 25 pediatric clinical studies, utilizing a variety of measures of sedation effectiveness, were selected. These studies included a total of 1472 patients (aged 4 months‐18 years) treated with midazolam (0.25‐1.5 mg/kg) and 138 patients treated with placebo. The response rates [95% confidence interval] with oral midazolam ranged from 36.7% [21.6%, 54.9%] to 97.8% [86.1%, 99.7%], while with placebo response rates ranged from 4.0% [0.6%, 23.5%] to 41.0% [29.4%, 53.6%]. When considering the 4 placebo‐controlled studies, the odds ratios [95% confidence interval] for the comparison of midazolam vs. placebo ranged from 13.4 [5.0, 36.0] to 25.9 [6.7, 100.6]. The analysis of subgroups by context of sedation showed response rates [95% confidence interval] with oral midazolam ranging from 36.7% [21.6%, 54.9%] to 97.0% [94.8%, 98.3%] for anesthetic premedication and from 56.1% [43.1%, 68.4] to 97.8% [86.1%, 99.7%] for medical procedures. The efficacy of midazolam for pediatric minimal/moderate sedation from a dose of 0.25 mg/kg and above was demonstrated. The probability of occurrence of adverse events and over‐sedation increases with increasing doses.
How help during pregnancy can undermine self‐efficacy and increase postpartum intentions to quit
Authors: Jones Kristen P. , Clair Judith A. , King Eden B. , Humberd Beth K. , Arena David F.
Published: September 2019

Pregnancy reflects a common experience for women in today's workforce, yet recent data suggest that some women scale back or leave the workforce following childbirth. Considering these effects on women's careers, researchers have sought to understand the underlying dynamics of these decisions. Here, we explore a paradoxical reason for weakened postpartum career attitudes: help that women receive during pregnancy. We integrate stereotype threat and benevolent sexism theories to explain how the effects of help on postpartum intentions to quit may be transmitted through reductions in work self‐efficacy. In doing so, we consider the role of perceived impact—or the extent to which help interferes with versus enables women's perceived ability to continue performing their work role. Results of a weekly diary study of 105 pregnant employees suggest that work‐interfering help led to decreased self‐efficacy for work during the following week. Furthermore, there was an indirect effect of average help received at work during pregnancy on postpartum intentions to quit the workforce through reductions in work self‐efficacy that was stronger insofar as help was work‐interfering versus work‐enabling. Taken together, our results highlight unintended negative consequences that occur when others provide ineffective support to women at work during pregnancy.
Thyme and suico essential oils: promising natural tools for potato common scab control
Authors: Prieto M. C. , Lapaz M. I. , Lucini E. I. , Pianzzola M. J. , Grosso N. R. , Asensio C. M.
Published: September 2019

Potato common scab is a worldwide disease mainly caused by Streptomyces scabiei. It seriously affects potato crops by decreasing tuber quality. Essential oils (EO) are natural products with recognised antimicrobial properties. In this research, the antibacterial activities of thyme, oregano, suico and mint EO against S. scabiei were analysed.

Infected tubers and soil samples were used for bacterial isolation; the obtained isolates were genetically identified. The chemical composition of the EO was determined by GC‐MS. The broth microdilution method was used to analyse antibacterial properties of EO.

Thirty‐one bacterial isolates were obtained. The isolate chosen for antibacterial assays was morpho‐physiologically and genetically identified as S. scabiei. Thyme EO was mainly composed of thymol and o‐cymene; suico EO of dihydrotagetone, trans‐tagetone and verbenone; oregano EO of trans‐sabinene hydrate, thymol and ɣ‐terpinene; and mint EO of menthone and menthol. All the EO tested were effective against S. scabiei, but thyme and suico EO were the most successful, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.068 g·l−1 and 0.147 g·l−1, respectively, and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 0.137 g·l−1 and 0.147 g·l−1, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy showed similar damage caused by both thyme and suico EO to the bacterial envelope. Total phenolic content of EO was not related to their antibacterial activity.

Thyme and suico EO are effective antibacterial agents against S. scabiei, impeding bacterial viability and disturbing the bacterial cell envelope. These EO are promising tools for control of potato common scab.
Risk Hedging for Production Planning
Authors: Wang Liao , Yao David D.
Published: September 2019

Traditional production planning is primarily a quantity or capacity decision, which must be made at the beginning of a planning horizon before production starts. Adding to this decision a real‐time control, a risk‐hedging strategy carried out throughout the horizon can better mitigate the risk involved in demand volatility. We demonstrate how this can be done in terms of jointly optimizing the capacity and the hedging decisions, addressing both the mean‐variance and the shortfall objectives. Solution techniques, results, and insights are highlighted. In particular, we illustrate that our approach readily accommodates data analytics and explicitly quantifies the improvement to the efficient frontier contributed by hedging.
Phosphorus fractions and dynamics as affected by land‐use changes in the Central Mexican highlands
Authors: Bayuelo‐Jiménez Jeannette S. , Muraoka Takashi , de la Cruz‐Torres Eulogio , Quintero‐Ponce Esperanza , Paredes‐Gutiérrez Lydia C. , Zaman Mohammad
Published: September 2019

Land‐use change from forest to agriculture in the volcanic ash‐derived soils of Mexico has increased over recent decades. It is likely that land uses and management practices, particularly fertilizer use have affected phosphorus (P) distribution and availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of land‐use types (native forest and maize mono‐cropping), and the related P addition, on the forms and distribution of soil P and their isotopic exchangeability. An Andisol, sampled from a cropping site, along with the contiguous area under native forest was treated with 32P‐labelled potassium phosphate (KH232PO4). The soil samples were extracted after incubation times of 7, 21, 35 and 49 days. Phosphorus content and 32P recovery in fractions sequentially extracted were assessed for each incubation time. Total soil P was dominated by inorganic fractions (79 to 86%) in both land‐use types. Resin‐Pi, bicarbonate extractable inorganic P (Bic‐Pi) and sodium hydroxide extractable inorganic P (NaOH0.1‐Pi) were all raised with P addition. However, the proportion of organic P fraction was reduced under cropped soil. The recovery of 32P in soils with P addition indicates that resin‐Pi, Bic‐Pi and NaOH0.1‐Pi comprised nearly all the exchangeable P. In native soils with no P addition, more than 19% of the 32P was recovered in Bic‐Po and NaOH0.1‐Po forms. This finding indicates that organic P cycling is crucial when soil Pi reserves are presented in an inadequate amount. Ecologically based management has to be designed for replenishment and succeeding maintenance of soil organic P compounds to increase sustainable agricultural production.
Penicillin allergy skin testing as an antibiotic stewardship intervention reduces alternative antibiotic exposures in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Modi Anita R. , Majhail Navneet S. , Rybicki Lisa , Athans Vasilios , Carlstrom Kelley , Srinivas Pavithra , Lang David M. , Sobecks Ronald , Kovacs Christopher S.
Published: September 2019

Background

Antibiotic allergy de‐labeling using penicillin allergy skin testing (PAST) can reduce the use and cost of alternative, non‐β‐lactam antibiotics in general inpatient populations. This strategy's role in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients is unclear.

Methods

This study aimed to determine the effect of a pre‐transplant PAST protocol on antibiotic use, days of therapy (DOT), and cost in an immunocompromised population at a single center from 7/1/2010‐2/1/2019. Patients who received chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy and those who underwent transplantation in the outpatient setting were excluded.

Results

Of 1560 patients who underwent inpatient HSCT during the study period, 208 reported β‐lactam allergy (136/844 [16%] pre‐ and 72/716 [10%] post‐implementation; P < .001). PAST was performed on 7% and 54% of HSCT recipients pre‐ and post‐implementation, respectively. Only two positive PAST were noted. There were no adverse reactions to PAST. There were no significant differences in the disease and transplant characteristics between the two groups. Days of therapy and cost of alternative antibiotics significantly decreased post‐implementation (mean 788 vs 627 days, P = .01; mean $24 425 vs $17 518, P = .009).

Conclusion

Penicillin allergy skin testing adjudicates reported β‐lactam allergy in HSCT recipients, lowering use, DOT, and cost of alternative antibiotics and promoting effective formulary agents to treat immunocompromised HSCT recipients.