bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Civic Hero in Milton's Prose
Authors: Patterson Annabel
Published: May 2022

The heroic metaphors and allusions in Milton's prose have received little attention in their own right, having been subordinated to study of either his early epic plans or his mature rejection of classical epic. But following Milton's heroic language from pamphlet to pamphlet one finds a coherent and partly self-contained pattern. In wrestling with the problematical role of the intellectual in times of crisis, and in trying to define that role as heroic, Milton created a linguistic and metaphoric synthesis of action and contemplation which differs from the passive fortitude of the great poems. Its affinities are with Ciccro's definition of the orator, and with Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics at the point where they lead into the Politics, rather than with the Book of Job; and its emphasis is on the hero as public benefactor. Developed in part to justify his decision to enter the church reform debates, Milton's synthesis is held defensively in the divorce pamphlets, actively in the Areopagitica; set aside for political expediency in the regicide pamphlets, it is triumphantly restated in the Second Defence; and finally, in the Pro Se Defensio, Milton found it crumble in his hands. When Milton dropped out of politics, his civic heroism had become impossible to maintain, not only because of the Restoration, but because, as his language reveals, his confidence in his own impartiality and unselfishness had been destroyed.
The Rhetor as Creator in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Shawcross John T.
Published: May 2022

In Paradise Lost Milton simulates the role of the creator by certain rhetorical aims and techniques: Milton's creation is to aid the replenishment of heaven with true, faithful, and loving spirits by asserting God's great love seen in his eternal providence and by countering the antiheroic element that sees God as unjust and tyrannic. The complexity of Milton's simulated creation of a world is seen in the poem's intricate structures; its philosophical technique is sustained by the literary device of opposites, each of which moves from one extreme to the other and which together create the vagueness of distinction between them which is characteristic of man's thought. His world, like God's, is ever changing: the techniques to emphasize this are the compounding of time, the “harassing” of the reader, the manipulation of language, the structure of the poem, alterations in style. But over all is a persistent threat of truth. The contrast between the first (in man's mind) and the second (in God's mind) is seen in Satan, who is a Steppenwolf wishing to become an Everyman. The world's problems owe much to Everyman's (Adam and Eve's) becoming Steppenwolf. Milton's thesis is: experience is fulfilled in living, not after death, if we accept life as it is.
“A FREE AND OPEN ENCOUNTER”: MILTON AND THE MODERN READER
Authors: Landy Marcia
Published: May 2022

Literature embodies not universal or essential truths, but ideas and values which, like the reader's own, are conditioned and limited by history. Thus, Milton's views of authority relations, power, marriage, kinship relations, dominance and subordination, and his use of typification to define normative and deviant behavior, are subject to evaluation, rejection, or acceptance in the light of modern conceptions, drawn partly from anthropological and sociological research. In Satan and his women characters, Milton struggles to reconcile mutuality, hierarchy, and individual action. Eve's relation to Satanic deviancy, her learning of prescribed roles, and her acceptance of familial and domestic responsibilities define the woman's sphere in Paradise Lost. Similarly circumscribed, the Lady in Comus affirms community, sociability, and culture. The portrait of Dalila defines proper conjugal relations in terms of female subordination and service. Besides illuminating historical attitudes toward women, these characterizations compel the reader to question the presence of “universal truths” in Milton or any literature.
CONTIGUITIES AND MOVING LIMBS: STYLE AS ARGUMENT IN “AREOPAGITICA"
Authors: Smallenburg Harry R.
Published: May 2022

Milton presents his forceful argument against censorship in a form that dramatizes the nature of the truth humans must not attempt to suppress. Sentences in the introduction have “broken” syntactical patterns; the explicit order of arguments becomes confused and the divisions are blurred as reasons overlap from section to section; flights of “inspired” rhetoric seem to appear randomly; finally, the imagery toward the end of the tract represents truth as fragmented and incomplete. Although critics have seen a disparity between the intuitive, imaginative persuasiveness of the tract and a logical, discursive weakness, both kinds of argumentation are actually integrated and suggest that truth, which has a divine life of its own, must be allowed to appear freely, unconstrained by the necessarily limited forms and perceptions of human beings.
"THE WARS OF TRUTH": WISDOM AND STRENGTH IN “AREOPAGITICA"
Authors: Whitaker Juanita
Published: May 2022

Milton's epistemology, embodied in the image of the warfaring Christian who dialectically struggles with truth and error alike, informs all arguments in Areopagitica. The wisdom-and-strength topos provides a model for understanding a range of images which support this theme. For Milton, complete wisdom and strength is man's dedicated struggle to know God's truth, and the occasion of the treatise clearly manifests the topos: Books (wisdom) are fighting (strength) to exist in England. The book metaphor admits the full epistemological scope of a free press: Society has all options for positive or perverted wisdom and strength. Censorship, however, is both a violent act (perverted strength) and a fear of ideas (intellectual weakness). His own heroic wisdom and strength is revealed in Milton's courage in voicing Areopagitica, which itself affirms the wisdom and strength of language and celebrates the power of the word.
“She May Have More Shapes Than One”: Milton and the Modern Idea That Truth Changes
Authors: Long Anne B.
Published: May 2022

Recent ideas about how science operates suggest a new approach to the way in which John Milton assimilated the impact of the Copernican Revolution. Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific paradigms suggests Milton's characterization of God's progressive revelation of truth and the implications Milton depicts in his epic for the individual. Kuhn describes any given scientific framework of thought as an allegory which is “true” only in the sense that it permits creative work. Controversies in science lead to new formulations of truth. When contradiction arises, individuals should wait patiently for the new paradigm. Milton similarly believes that God accommodates truth to man's abilities. Areopagitica suggests that truth changes and that conflicts between opposing truths lead to a wider vision. Be Doctrina details the radically different characteristics of God's dispensations. In Paradise Lost, Milton feels free to choose the scientific paradigm which allows him creativity. He depicts conflicts between characters who have explored fully their particular dispensations and who must acknowledge at the moment of conflict the need for a wider truth. Because the creature can never know absolute truth, his patient waiting must be prompted and sustained by a positive and soul-testing allegiance to truth.
“A Death Like Sleep”: The Christology of Milton's Twenty-Third Sonnet
Authors: Colaccio John J.
Published: May 2022

Milton's “late espoused Saint” appears at the center of two planes of spiritual movement, horizontal and vertical, each culminating in God and corresponding to the traditions of Christian typology and Christian Neoplatonism. On the former, she reveals eschatologically Christ's redemptive self-sacrifice, subtly fulfilling the sacrifice ethos of pagan and Jewish myth and history. On the latter, she, like Dante's Beatrice, descends the Neoplatonic order seeking to “embrace” her beloved through grace. That the sonnet's persona, who represents every Christian, including Milton, fails to recognize the import of the saint is due to the Thomistic-Neoplatonic doctrine of intellectual blindness and man's desiccated will to choose “higher” objects of love. Hence, like Dante in the Purgatorio, the persona's unrefined affection casts a veil over his own eyes. His affectional egocentricity (“my... Mine”) prohibits his understanding that the “late espoused Saint” is now wedded to the true Bridegroom. The vision breaks at the word “delight,” as does Adam's dream of Eve (PL VIII, 474—80), signifying in the context of the Thomistic idea of dilection (love from rational choice, electionem) the persona's archetypical error. The persona's still “fancied sight” causes him to “wake” to the Christian Neoplatonic dream life of mortality.
Milton's Biblical Style in “Paradise Regained”
Authors: Elliott Emory
Published: May 2022

In Paradise Regained, Milton employs biblical allusions in several significant ways. Through the very words and phrases of Scripture, he draws into the poem essential details of the encircling framework of Christ's total career and teaching, and he thereby puts the particular episode of the temptations into a biblical perspective. Many allusions recall biblical passages which emphasize Christ's humanity—his diligence in the study of the Scripture, his compassion for all men, and his passion and death. Other allusions serve to point up the superior exegetical principles which enable Christ to make Satan appear foolish in his misinterpretations of the Scriptures. Throughout the debates between Christ and Satan, allusions to the epistles of Paul and to the book of Revelation also provide a structural tension between the restraint and self-discipline needed in this world which are stressed in the Pauline allusions in the poem's early books and the eternal reward or punishment of the next world which is stressed in the allusions to Revelation, which increase near the poem's conclusion. Through his manipulations of biblical allusions, Milton alerts his readers to important nuances of Christ's victory and of the poem's meaning.
Milton's Hebraic Herculean Hero
Authors: Kessner Carole S.
Published: May 2022

Samson Agonistes is unique in its treatment of the Herculean hero so prevalent in Renaissance drama (for example, Tamburlaine, Bussy D'Ambois, Coriolanus). Milton regarded Samson as a type of Hercules; but neither the biblical nor the Greek hero was adequate as a model for the hero of his drama. Unlike other Renaissance dramatists, whose conception of the Herculean hero derived from traditional versions (for example, Sophocles' Women of Trachis) and who portrayed Hercules in all his areté, Milton's conception rested on the much more humanized hero of Euripides' Heracles. Comparison of Heracles with Samson Agonistes reveals many similarities in theme, structure, and character. The conflict in both plays is spiritual and internal, and both heroes move from a nadir of despair to insight and gradual accumulation of inner strength. A persistent image in both plays is the movement from darkness to light, in each case reflecting the thematic movement from physical blindness to spiritual vision. Furthermore, the Amphitryon-Heracles relationship is very much like that of Manoa and Samson; Theseus functions in much the same way as does the Chorus in Samson; Hera's role is similar to Dalila's; and Lycus has much in common with Harapha. Finally, both plays end with emphasis on the hero's fame in history and his continuing influence on society; and both plays ignore traditional reference to the hero's deification or immortality.
Effects of processing parameters on residual stress fields of 2024-T351 alloy blade subjected to massive double-sided laser peening treatment
Authors: Xiang Y. F. , Mei Ruolan , Zhao Lingzhi , Ling Francischi chung , Lu Guoguang , Su Shichen
Published: May 2022

Double-sided laser shot peening (DSLSP) is a promising technique for improving mechanical properties for thin-section components. Residual stress (RS) field induced in the thin 2024-T351 alloy blade by DSLSP was investigated through experiments and finite element simulation. The effects of key parameters, such as pulse scanning patterns, overlapping rates, and DSLSP modes, on the RS field were analyzed. The model was validated by comparing the simulation results with experiment data. The results revealed that the scanning patterns advertently influenced the RS distribution, and compressive residual stresses were found to exist inside the curved thin-section blade. The overlapping rate of 70% could drive the tensile stress (TS) distributed at the near-surface into a fully compressed state, while it could also cause a large-scale TS concentration at the edge of the blade. Moreover, the mechanism of shock wave reflection-coupling on RS distribution with two DSLSP modes was also clearly revealed. The alternate double-sided laser peening mode would greatly limit the edge stress concentration and result in a better RS distribution.
Teorier om lovlydighet og håndhevelse: Hvilken virkelighetsforståelse skal tilsynet bygge på?
Authors: Gezelius Stig S.
Published: May 2022

Et tilsyn må baseres på generelle antakelser om hvordan mennesker motiveres til å handle lovlydig. Slike antakelser – som betegnes som teorier – går i to hovedretninger innen lovlydighetsforskningen. Den ene retningen ser på mennesket som et fritt og selvisk individ motivert av forventninger om personlig belønning og straff. Den andre retningen ser på mennesket som et sosialt vesen formet av kulturens normer og virkelighetsoppfatninger. Dette sosiale vesenet motiveres av behov for tilhørighet i menneskelige fellesskap. Kapitlet oppsummerer hva forskningen sier om riktigheten av disse modellene, og hva funnene innebærer for lovhåndhevelsen. Kapitlet argumenter for at effektivt tilsyn trenger et virkemiddelapparat som er mangfoldig nok til å kunne appellere til ulike typer motivasjoner. Den såkalte håndhevelsespyramiden, som har hatt stor innflytelse på tilsynsforskningen i senere år, beskriver hvordan et slikt virkemiddelapparat kan utformes.
Det risikobaserte tilsynet – inspektørenes oppfatninger av tilsynsprosessen
Authors: Holm Arne
Published: May 2022

Dyrevelferdslovgivningens mål er å sikre god dyrevelferd. Idealet er at regelverket overholdes og at både Mattilsynet og dyreholdere deler syn på dyrevelferd. For å realisere dette idealet foretar Mattilsynet blant annet en kontroll av regeloverholdelse blant dyreholdere, basert på risiko for avvik fra regelverket. Kapitlet drøfter hvilke hovedutfordringer Mattilsynet står overfor når tilsynsstrategien skal implementeres, samt i hvilken grad den risikobaserte tilsynsstrategien utfordrer målet om et helhetlig og enhetlig tilsyn på dyrevelferdens område. Analysen bygger dels på en survey til ansatte i Mattilsynet, dels på en survey til produsenter samt intervjuer med ansatte i Mattilsynet som har dyrevelferd som en av sine arbeidsoppgaver.
Hovedfunnene avdekker noen utfordringer ved tilsynsstrategien og peker i retning av at det særlig er i oppfølgingen, etter at et avvik er avdekket og dialog ikke har ført frem, at det helhetlige og enhetlige ved tilsynet utfordres. Dette har blant annet sammenheng med at inspektørene som deltar i studien, systematisk opplever virkemidler ulikt avhengig av kjønn. Samtidig utfordres forholdsmessigheten gjennom begrenset bruk av skjønn, ved at opptrapping av virkemiddelbruk i noen grad skjer automatisk. Blant inspektørene opplever de aller fleste allikevel at tilsynet i liten grad preges av konflikter med dyreholdere.
«Alt handler om skjønn»: Rettslige rammer for skjønnsutøvelse møter skjønnsutøvelse på bakkeplanet
Authors: Stokstad Sigrid
Published: May 2022

Alle som har ansvar for produksjonsdyrs velferd må bruke skjønn i arbeidet sitt. For å forstå samspillet mellom lovgivningen, produsentene og Mattilsynet, er det viktig å vite hvordan skjønnsutøvelsen fungerer. I dette kapitlet tar vi utgangspunkt i de rettslige rammene for skjønnsutøvelse i arbeidet med dyrevelferd og undersøker hvordan produsenter og inspektører oppfatter og anvender dem. Det er en avstand mellom de formelle rammene for bruk av skjønn i dyrevelferdsarbeidet og aktørenes oppfatninger om dem. Både produsenter og inspektører har forventninger om at inspektørene skal fylle dette rommet gjennom dialog under tilsynet. Rollen som mellomledd mellom lovgivning og praksis er krevende, men viktig. Formelle styringsmidler som lovgivning og instrukser spiller en vesentlig rolle, men det er samtidig god grunn til å være oppmerksom på og prioritere det relasjonelle i tilsynsarbeidet. Dialog mellom inspektør og produsent forutsetter en relasjon som legger til rette for læring. Vi ser også at relasjonelle forhold internt på arbeidsplassen i Mattilsynet har betydning for normutviklingen hos den enkelte inspektøren.
Forvaltning av dyrevelferd i Norge og Sverige
Authors: Hedman Frida Lundmark , Veggeland Frode , Vågsholm Ivar , Berg Charlotte
Published: May 2022

I dette kapittelet sammenlikner vi organisatoriske utfordringer knyttet til norsk og svensk forvaltning av dyrevelferd. Norge og Sverige prioriterer begge dyrevelferd, har omfattende dyrevelferdslovgivning på plass og er underlagt de samme EU-forpliktelsene på dyrevelferdsområdet (Sverige som EU-medlem, Norge som del av EØS). I Norge er ansvaret for dyrevelferd plassert i ett statlig tilsyn – Mattilsynet. Dette tilsynet har ansvar for inspeksjoner over hele landet, både i slakterier og hos dyreholdere, og har videre ansvar for å utarbeide og komme med forslag om nytt regelverk. Sverige har en forvaltningstradisjon med større autonomi lagt til fagmyndighetene. Ansvaret for dyrevelferd er fordelt på to sentrale statlige fagmyndigheter – Livsmedelsverket og Jordbruksverket – og på 21 regionale statlige myndigheter (länsstyrelser). I dette kapittelet viser vi hvordan slike forskjeller i organisering kan få konsekvenser for en koordinert og konsistent forvaltning av dyrevelferdslovgivningen.
Percepción de la esquizofrenia y el efecto de la psicoeducación con realidad virtual
Authors: Álvarez Cedillo Jesús Antonio , Álvarez Sánchez Teodoro , González Vásquez Alexis
Published: May 2022

En este artículo se realizó una investigación cualitativa basada en la teoría fundamentada y se aplicó la codificación mediante el software libre Tagette. Se parte del hecho de que el uso de herramientas de realidad virtual permite fortalecer los procesos de tratamiento y análisis a través de la psicoeducación. Se busca reducir el tiempo de terapia y enseñanza en los familiares y conocidos de los pacientes con trastorno de esquizofrenia. Se realizaron varias propuestas de entornos 3D, audios e imágenes en el escenario para buscar los estímulos deseados en el usuario. Para esto se realizaron pruebas alfa y beta con la metodología de caja blanca y gris. Como resultados, surge un desarrollo tecnológico como una herramienta de apoyo a familiares directos del paciente, el cual muestra al usuario los padecimientos que puede llegar a tener en su vida cotidiana una persona con esquizofrenia. Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 40 estudiantes, la mitad de ellos sin antecedentes de la enfermedad.
CONTEXTUALITY IN KAPLAN’S AND KATZ’S SEMANTICS
Authors: Борисов Евгений Васильевич
Published: May 2022

Семантические теории Д. Каплана и Д. Катца репрезентируют подход к естественному языку, противоположный подходу Л. Витгенштейна, П. Стросона и ряда других мыслителей. Теории Каплана и Катца отображают феномены контекстуальности, тогда как Витгенштейн и Стросон полагали, что контекстуальность делает семантическую теорию для естественного языка невозможной. Я сравниваю теории Каплана и Катца и показываю, что они базируются на аналогичных четырехчленных различениях. У Каплана это различение выражения, характера, содержания и референта; у Катца – различение выражения, смысла выражения как типа, смысла выражения как токена и референта. Аналогия между характером у Каплана и смыслом выражения-типа у Катца обусловлена тем фактом, что в формальном аспекте оба суть функции от контекстов. Содержание у Каплана и смысл выражения как токена у Катца аналогичны в том, что оба определяют референцию. Это позволяет заключить, что данные теории репрезентируют один и тот же подход к контекстуальности.

Semantic theories by Kaplan and Katz represent a view on ordinary language opposed to the view of the late Wittgenstein, Strawson, and others. Both Kaplan’s and Katz’s theories accommodate phenomena of contextuality, whereas Wittgenstein and Strawson held that contextuality makes a semantic theory for ordinary language impossible. I compare the two theories and show that both are based on analogous fourfold distinctions. In Kaplan, it is the distinction of expression, character, content, and reference. The analogous distinction in Katz is the distinction of expression, the sense of expression-type, the sense of expression-token, and reference. The analogy between Kaplan’s character and Katz’s sense of expression-type is established by the fact that both are, formally speaking, functions from contexts. Content (Kaplan) and the sense of expression-token (Katz) are similar in that both determine reference (extension) with respect to a possible world. So we can conclude that both theories represent the same approach to contextuality.
Archipelagic Pursuits: A Coming Together of Art Making and Sea Kayaking
Authors: Lawrence Donald S.
Published: May 2022

This paper considers the archipelago as a model of exchange and commerce to explore the meeting place between art and what Denis Cosgrove has described as the “geographical imagination.” It does so by considering two artistic projects in which the domains of art making overlap the author’s interest in sea kayaking—the two together constituting a vernacular, personally inscribed practice. These projects, at the Art Gallery of Greater Victoria (2006) and as part of Tasmania’s biennial Ten Days on the Island (2011), are contextualized by the work of theorists coming from geography and visual arts. The paper extends Katherine Harmon’s observation about the way that maps, “like artworks”, may highlight “differences between collective and individual experience.” Like the form of handdrawn maps, another seemingly obsolete technology, the camera obscura, is presented as a means of invoking a heightened, experiential engagement with the (island) landscape.
Immigrants, islandness and perceptions of quality-of-life on Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Randall James E. , Kitchen Peter , Muhajarine Nazeem , Newbold Bruce , Williams Allison , Wilson Kathleen
Published: May 2022

This paper explores perceptions of immigrant quality-of-life (QOL) and islandness in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, and compares these perceptions to those of Canadian-born residents of the same provincial capital. The study employed a mixedmethods approach, including a household telephone survey conducted in the summer of 2012 (n=302), focus group interviews with immigrants in late 2012 and observations on preliminary results by the staff of the PEI Association of Newcomers to Canada (PEIANC), the primary immigrant settlement service agency on the island. The analysis of the results suggests that immigrants have a high and undifferentiated assessment of their own QOL, sense of belonging and sense of place compared to Canadian-born islanders; immigrants are also critical of the quality of education and of the range of recreational and cultural events underway on the Island. While they express positive sentiments regarding life on the Island, immigrants still feel excluded from social and economic opportunities.
Archipelagic ambiguities: the demarcation of modern Japan, 1868-1879
Authors: Walker Jordan B.
Published: May 2022

In the modern era, the demarcation of national boundaries has been a critical feature of the international system. Continent-based demarcations are often more complex than island-based demarcations due, in part, to the former’s generally greater ethnic, religious and historical diversities. However, island-based demarcations, especially when involving archipelagos, can also be a challenging process. States with extensive archipelagos are often faced with geographical archipelagic ambiguities, whereby it is unclear to the archipelagic state and other states where the former’s national boundaries begin and end. This paper explores the archipelagic ambiguities modern Japan was faced with and examines their origins and how they were resolved. By 1868, Japanese leaders realized that Japan’s lingering territorial uncertainties could no longer be left unaddressed if their country was to become a contemporary state. The modern demarcation of Japan was a process lasting more than a decade, until the country resolved the geographical ambiguities along its northern and southern peripheries.
Reflections on small island states and the international climate change negotiations (COP21, Paris, 2015)
Authors: Hoad Darren
Published: May 2022

The latest and most significant round of multilateral climate negotiations (COP21) takes place in Paris (30/11 to 11/12/2015). Like other participants and signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, small island states have submitted contributions (INDCs) towards reducing emissions as a precursor to the creation of a post-Kyoto global emissions framework. This reflection outlines their contributions and examines the underlying dynamics of small island INDCs as they attempt to engage with the process of international negotiation. Preliminary findings confirm the need for small island states to be supported financially and technically by global institutional mechanisms in order to develop the capacity to deal with climate change.
In the Azores, looking for the regions of knowing
Authors: Neilson Alison Laurie , Pato Carlos de Bulhão , Arroz Ana Moura , Mendonça Enésima , Picanço Ana
Published: May 2022

This multi-voice script highlights the process of five years of research with coastal fishing communities in the Azores islands of Portugal. Initially, we used photo elicitation and focus groups to invite people to speak about the sea and all the deep, complex and sometimes contradictory meanings that it may have. In later years, the researchers sought environmental justice within everyday processes, using deep ethnographic and autobiographicnarrative inquiry which led to participation in learning about – as well as supporting – collaborations between fishers, scientists and policy makers. The text is constructed via artsinformed research methodology and consists of two parallel, creative narratives, intermittently interrupted by a visual narrative. This work calls for looking at the sea through new eyes, hearing with new ears, feeling differently and awakening to the possibility of knowing the sea in unfamiliar ways.
Critiquing the SNIJ Hypothesis with Corsica and Hawai'i
Authors: Androus Zachary , Greymorning Neyooxet
Published: May 2022

This article incorporates an island Indigenous perspective into a discussion of the popular sub-national island jurisdiction (SNIJ) hypothesis that focuses on cultural and political aspects. Corsica and Hawai'i both fit the SNIJ profile; but, in each case, the island Indigenous population is excluded from the benefits that accrue to affiliated islands. An Indigenous perspective on the question of affiliation includes consideration of cultural factors like language and identity in addition to political elements like sovereignty, independence, and affiliation. Any SNIJ or independent small island that bears a colonial history requires accounting for the island Indigenous populations as distinct elements. Corsicans and Hawaiians alike have suffered loss of language, land, and lifeways since their transitions from independence to dependency, demonstrating that measures beyond the economic and sociodemographic need to be taken into account when determining the well-being of an island territory in its particular stage of decolonization.
Powłoki jadalne i ich wpływ na jakość i trwałość owoców i warzyw
Authors: Kozłowicz Katarzyna , Sułkowska Monika , Kluza Franciszek
Published: May 2022

Celem pracy była analiza stosowania oraz wpływu na jakość i przechowywanie owoców i warzyw nakładanych na nie zróżnicowanych powłok jadalnych. Analizę poprzedzono charakterystyką ogólnych uwarunkowań przetwórstwa i składowania owoców i warzyw. Krytycznie oceniono skład powłok jadalnych i przytoczono przykłady ich stosowania na wybrane owoce i warzywa. Stwierdzono, że warstwy ochronne nałożone tuż po okresie pozbiorczym przedłużają trwałość, regulują procesy oddychania, hamują ubytki wilgoci, zabezpieczają przed patogenami chorobotwórczymi oraz przedłużają dopuszczalny okres przechowywania owoców i warzyw.
Określenie dynamiki znoszenia rozpylanej cieczy za pomocą równania Rosina-Rammlera
Authors: Kowalik Witold
Published: May 2022

Najczęściej w ochronie roślin stosowane są rozpylacze ciśnieniowe, które zamieniają energię potencjalną sprężonej cieczy na energię kinetyczną cieczy rozpylonej. Ilość wytwarzanych kropel oraz ich spektrum zależy od ciśnienia roboczego, wielkości i kształtu dyszy oraz parametrów rozpylanej cieczy. Celem pracy jest określenie wielkości oraz ilości znoszenia kropel wytwarzanych w rozpylaczu przy różnych prędkościach wiatru. Przeprowadzone obliczenia funkcji Rosina-Rammlera wykazały, że nierównomierność oprysku powstająca w wyniku znoszenia kropli przez wiatr jest znaczna. Największa nierównomierność oprysku powstaje w niewielkiej odległości od opryskiwacza. Ze wzrostem tej odległości ilość znoszonej cieczy gwałtownie się zmniejsza.
Charakterystyka wykorzystania wybranych substancji krioochronnych w zamrażaniu i przechowywaniu żywności
Authors: Kozłowicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2022

W pracy przeanalizowano problematykę wykorzystania i zastosowania hydrokoloidów jako substancji krioochronnych w procesie zamrażania i zamrażalniczego przechowywania żywności. Przedstawiono również charakterystykę i przykłady zastosowania karagenów. Stwierdzono, że wprowadzenie hydrokoloidów polisacharydowych do modyfikowanej żywności wpływa na przebieg procesu jej zamrażania. Ich działanie jest zróżnicowane w zależności od budowy i właściwości funkcjonalnych. Ponadto, ograniczają one w znacznym stopniu negatywny wpływ tego procesu na zmiany strukturalne zamrażanej i przechowywanej żywności.
Wybrane cechy jakościowe chrupek kukurydzianych z dodatkiem odtłuszczonych nasion lnu
Authors: Wójtowicz Agnieszka , Pasternak Ewelina , Juśko Stanisław , Hodara Krystyna , Kozłowicz Katarzyna
Published: May 2022

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań wybranych cech fizycznych oraz tekstury chrupek kukurydzianych wzbogacanych zróżnicowanym dodatkiem odtłuszczonych nasion lnu w ilości od 2,5 do 15%. Chrupki wytwarzano w jednoślimakowym ekstruderze TS-45 z układem plastyfikujący L/D = 12 przy temperaturze w zakresie 120–150°C i obrotach ślimaka 100 obr.min-1, formując je w matrycy z otworem 3 mm do postaci przekąski gotowej do bezpośredniego spożycia. Badając wytworzone chrupki, oceniano wskaźnik ich ekspandowania promieniowego, gęstość w stanie usypowym i gęstość właściwą, barwę w skali CIE-Lab, twardość za pomocą testu cięcia oraz cech sensoryczne, oceniając ich kształt, barwę, smak, zapach i kruchość w 5-punktowej skali. Analiza wyników pomiarów cech fizycznych i tekstury chrupek z dodatkiem odtłuszczonego lnu wykazała, że zwiększanie udziału lnu wpłynęło na ograniczenie wskaźnika ekspandowania promieniowego i na zwiększenie gęstości właściwej ekstrudatów. Dodatek lnu zwiększał siłę cięcia chrupek i obniżał jasność wyrobów.
Punkty krytyczne w zabiegu ochrony roślin
Authors: Sawa Józef
Published: May 2022

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań czynności występujących w zabiegach ochrony roślin, mogących wpływać na jakość wykonania zabiegów. Do tych czynności zaliczono: magazynowanie środków ochrony roślin, dobór parametrów pracy opryskiwacza, przygotowanie cieczy roboczej, proces wykonania opryskiwania, postępowanie z pozostałością roztworu cieczy lub środka ochrony roślin. Zwrócono uwagę na precyzje wykonania czynności i wyznaczono wskaźnik zdatności ogólnej (Cp), który określa proces zabiegu ochrony roślin jako niezdatny, dla obecnie przyjętych wymagań jakościowych i rozpylaczy rolniczych stosowanych w badaniach.
Analiza możliwości rozwoju produkcji oraz rynku produktów regionalnych i tradycyjnych w województwie lubelskim
Authors: Paluch Agata , Stoma Monika
Published: May 2022

Przedmiotem badań był rynek produktów regionalnych w województwie lubelskim. W pracy przedstawiono aktualnie zarejestrowane produkty tradycyjne oraz scharakteryzowano, jakie produkty są według Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi regionalnymi i tradycyjnymi. Przeprowadzone badania miały na celu analizę możliwości rozwoju produkcji i rynku produktów regionalnych i tradycyjnych w województwie lubelskim, a także zbadanie wpływu miejsca zamieszkania konsumentów na postrzeganie tych produktów. W badaniach wzięto ponadto pod uwagę źródła informacji o produktach tradycyjnych oraz możliwościach zakupu, jak również determinanty, które skłaniają do ich zakupu.
Estimated Public Health Gains From German Smokers Switching to Reduced-Risk Alternatives: Results From Population Health Impact Modelling
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K. , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N. , Fry John S.
Published: May 2022

Background

Smoking is associated with cancer and cardio-respiratory mortality. Reducing smoking prevalence will lead to fewer deaths and more life-years. Here, we estimate the impact of hypothetical introduction of reduced-risk products (heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes) in Germany from 1995 to 2015 on mortality from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke in men and women aged 30–79 years.

Methods

We used a previously described population health impact model, with individuals with a defined baseline cigarette smoking distribution followed under a “Null Scenario”, with reduced-risk products never introduced, and various “Alternative Scenarios” where they are. Transition probabilities allow product use to change annually, with the individual product histories allowing estimation of risks, relative to never users, which are then used to estimate reductions in deaths and life-years lost for each Alternative Scenario.

Results

In the Null Scenario, we estimated 852,000 deaths from cigarette smoking (42,600 per year), with 8.61 million life-years lost. Had everyone ceased smoking in 1995, and with no use of reduced-risk products, these numbers would reduce by 217,000 and 2.88 million. Compared to the Null Scenario, the estimated reductions would be 159,000 and 2.06 million with an immediate complete switch to heat-not-burn products and 179,000 and 2.34 million with 50% of smokers immediately switching to heat-not-burn products and 50% to e-cigarettes. In four Scenarios with a more gradual switch, the estimated decreases were 39,800–81,000 deaths and 0.50–1.05 million life-years, representing 17.5%–37.5% of the effect of immediate cessation in 1995. These estimates assume that switching to heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes involves risk decreases of 80% and 95% of those from quitting, respectively. The reductions in mortality would be greater with more diseases and a wider age range considered or with a longer follow-up period, as the decreases increased markedly with time. Various limitations are discussed, none affecting the conclusion that introducing these new products into Germany in 1995 could have substantially reduced deaths and life-years lost.

Conclusions

Deaths from cigarette smoking could be substantially reduced not only by cessation but additionally by switching to reduced-risk products. Respective public health campaigns might increase such switching.
Estimated Public Health Gains From Smokers in Germany Switching to Reduced-Risk Alternatives: Results From Population Health Impact Modelling by Socioeconomic Group
Authors: Rytsar Romana , Djurdjevic Smilja , Nussbaum Alexander K. , Kaul Ashok , Bennewitz Emanuel , Lee Peter N. , Fry John S.
Published: May 2022

Background

We previously estimated the impact of introducing heat-not-burn products and e-cigarettes in Germany on smoking-related disease mortality in men and women aged 30–79 years between 1995 and 2015. Here, we estimate the impact by socioeconomic group.

Methods

Individuals with a defined baseline cigarette smoking distribution were followed under a “Null Scenario” (no reduced-risk products) and “Alternative Scenarios” (reduced-risk products introduced). Transition probabilities allowed estimation of annual product use changes, with individual product histories used to estimate reductions in deaths and life-years lost. Here, however, individuals were classified into two socioeconomic groups defined by income and education, with allowance for variation by group in initial smoking prevalence and the probability of changing product use, or of changing socioeconomic group.

Results

With no allowance for socioeconomic group, deaths would have reduced by 217,000 (from 852,000 for continued smoking) had everyone immediately ceased smoking in 1995 and by 40,000 to 179,000 had one or two types of reduced-risk products – the heat-not-burn product and the e-cigarette – been adopted by smokers to varying extents. With such allowance, we estimate substantial drops in each socioeconomic group. Where all cigarette smokers switched immediately, half of them to heat-not-burn products, half to e-cigarettes, the estimated drops in deaths were 60,000 in group A (higher socioeconomic group) and 122,000 in group B (lower), about 82% of the drops associated with immediate cessation (73,000 in A and 148,000 in B). With more gradual conversion, the drops were 26,648 in A and 53,000 in B, about 35% of those from cessation. The drops in deaths and life-years saved were about 2 and 1.5 times higher in group B, respectively, associated with its greater numbers, older age, and higher smoking prevalence. The estimated reductions would increase upon considering more diseases, a wider age range, or longer follow-up. Methodological limitations would not affect the conclusion that introducing these products in 1995 in Germany could have substantially reduced deaths and life-years lost in both groups, more so in B.

Conclusions

Although cessation is optimal for reducing mortality, switching to reduced-risk products also provides substantial health gains. A public health approach encouraging lower socioeconomic group smokers to switch to reduced-risk products could diminish smoking-related health inequalities relative to continued smoking.
Economic Dispatch with Transmission Losses in a Distributed Generation Network of Bahawalpur
Authors: Khan Ahmad , Rashid Zeeshan , Umer Farhana , Yousaf Abdur Rehman , Saeed Arif
Published: May 2022

In an electrical power system, the ultimate aim is to generate and deliver electrical energy to consumer side with minimum cost involved. Thus, least fuel cost, effective unit commitment and minimum transmission losses are desirous to achieve economic dispatch in a distributed generation network. In this research, economic dispatch considering transmission losses in a distributed generation network of Bahawalpur is reported. A MATLAB algorithm is designed which gives optimum division of power between two power plants and their transmission losses. Power plants considered here are thermal power plant Muzafargarh and Kot Addu Power Company (KAPCO), the former being located at smaller distance from Bahawalpur district. Finally, load trend of Bahawalpur district, optimum generation verses power demand, associated transmission losses, penalty factor and fuel cost economy are shown in the Results Section through graphs and tables. It is concluded that thermal power plant shares higher contribution of load power due to smaller distance from load and, thus, smaller transmission losses ensuring minimum cost operation.
Hot-spots of the genus Aconitum in the Ukrainian Carpathian Region
Authors: Novikov Andriy , Mitka Józef , Sup-Novikova Mariia
Published: May 2022

Basing on 2054 georeferenced occurrences of ten Aconitum species, the initial map of the species richness per each of 57 operational geographic units (OGU) of the Ukrainian Carpathian Region (UCR) has been developed. Next, to avoid unequal data distribution, we counted absolute species presence per OGU, based on which we calculated ‘rarity-weighted richness’ (RWR) and performed parsimony analysis. As a result, we found that Chornohora and Svydovets made a strongly supported cluster with the highest Aconitum species diversity and demonstrated the highest RWR values, hence being the main hot-spot of the genus distribution in the UCR. This main hot-spot also spreads to adjacent mountain ranges, including Maramures and Gorgany. Probably, a continuous gradient of Aconitum taxonomic richness from southeast toward northwest of the UCR existed before. The gap in Polonyna Borzhava, located between Polonyna Rivna and Polonyna Rivna, can be secondarily resulted by the high level of anthropogenic transformation of this region. Contrary, the high RWR value and distinct clustering of the Polonyna Rivna supported the presence of a local isolated Aconitum hot-spot related to two prominent mountain peaks located here – Runa-Plai Mt. (in Polonyna Rivna) and Pikui Mt. (in adjacen Waterdivided Mountain Range).
Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)
Authors: Kliszcz Angelika
Published: May 2022

Celem pracy było nazwanie i standaryzacja faz rozwojowych słonecznika bulwiastego (Helianthus tuberosus L.), rosnącego w klimacie umiarkowanym, na podstawie klucza oznaczeń BBCH. Tego rodzaju analizę wykonano po raz pierwszy, co było oczekiwane w dyskursie naukowym, jak i praktycznym. Rosnące zainteresowanie tym gatunkiem, zarówno z punktu widzenia naukowego jak i utylitarnego, stawia potrzebę nazwania jego poszczególnych stadiów rozwojowych oraz ich standaryzacji w zakresie nomenklatury. Słonecznik bulwiasty jest rośliną o wielokierunkowym wykorzystaniu w różnych gałęziach przemysłu. Surowcem w przemyśle spożywczym są bulwy, które gromadzą znaczne ilości inuliny – łańcuchowego polimeru fruktozy, o istotnych właściwościach probiotycznych. Dzięki temu bulwy są cennym składnikiem żywności funkcjonalnej, substratem w produkcji farmaceutyków, czy napojów alkoholowych, a także pozwalają na przetrwanie gatunku w środowisku w okresie zimowym. Formowanie się bulw zachodzi przez znaczną część rozwoju ontologicznego gatunku (BBCH 49) i związane jest głównie z fotoperiodem, sumą temperatur efektywnych oraz obecnością nadziemnej biomasy rośliny, z której zachodzi alokacja asymilatów do bulw w okresie rozwoju generatywnego. Spośród wielu innych zastosowań, roślina ta jest wykorzystywana jako surowiec energetyczny, gdyż naturalnie wyschnięta biomasa nadziemna, pod koniec sezonu wegetacyjnego, zawiera niską zawartość wody i plasuje ten gatunek w środku listy roślin energetycznych.
Allelopathic effect of macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus (Ochrophyta) and Coccotylus brodiei (Rhodophyta) on the growth and photosynthesis performance of Baltic cyanobacteria
Authors: Budzałek Gracjana , Śliwińska-Wilczewska Sylwia
Published: May 2022

In aquatic ecosystems, allelopathic activity depends on the production and secretion of allelopathic compounds and their effective dispersal in the environment. In addition, macroalgae have been found to produce active metabolites that affect other organisms that compete with them for nutrients. However, the allelopathic activity of Baltic red and brown macroalgae on filamentous cyanobacteria is still insufficiently understood. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to demonstrate and compare the allelopathic effects of macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus L. and Coccotylus brodiei (Turner) Kütz. on the growth and photosynthetic activity of two Baltic cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp. and Nostoc sp. It was found a stimulating effect of different concentrations (5, 25, and 50 µL mL–1) of the aqueous extract obtained from C. brodiei on the number of cells of Nostoc sp. which constituted 108%, 140%, and 147%, respectively, relative to the control treatment.

On the other hand, extracts obtained from F. vesiculosus had no statistically significant effect on the number of cells of the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp. and Nostoc sp. Moreover, the C. brodiei extracts had no significant impact on the growth of Aphanizomenon sp. Furthermore, Baltic macroalgae F. vesiculosus and C. brodiei was able to exert allelopathic effects on photosynthesis performance of Nostoc sp. and Aphanizomenon sp. and compounds produced by them had inhibitory, stimulatory, or no significant effect on the maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). The results obtained in this work constitute an important contribution to the knowledge on the allelopathic activity of Baltic red and brown algae on certain bloom-forming species of filamentous cyanobacteria.
Expected Economy Rate
Authors: Dona Nirodha Epasinghege , Nguyen Robert , Gill Paramjit , Swartz Tim
Published: May 2022

This paper introduces the expected goals concept to limited overs cricket where ideas are illustrated using the economy rate statistic. The approach is primarily explored as a proof of concept since the detailed data that are required for full adoption of the proposed methods are not currently widely available. The approach is based on the estimation of batting outcome probabilities given detailed data on each ball that is bowled in a match. Machine learning techniques are used for the estimation procedure.
Actos disentivos que afectan al "dictum".
Authors: Herrero Gemma
Published: May 2022

.
La interacción entre sociolingüística, semántica y discurso
Authors: Serrano María José
Published: May 2022

.
La retórica belicista de un aliado menor. Implicaturas políticas y legitimación de la guerra en Iraq por parte de José María Aznar.
Authors: Van Dijk Teun A
Published: May 2022

.
Seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis sicca: A review
Authors: Singh Rashmi , Madke Bhushan , Bose Shiti
Published: May 2022

Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is one of the most common dermatological conditions faced by the general population, regardless of geographic location and ethnicity. Given its widespread existence, it still remains puzzling for dermatologists and the affected individuals due to its varying presentations and recurring nature. We have presented a concise review of seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis sicca.