bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville
Authors: Martin Phyllis
Published: February 2010

In this book, Phyllis Martin, a well-known Africanist scholar, opens up a whole new field of African research: the leisure activities of urban Africans. Her comprehensive study, set in colonial Brazzaville and based on a wide variety of written sources and interviews, investigates recreational activities from football and fashion to music, dance and night life. In it, she brings out the ways in which these activities built social networks, humanised daily life and forged new identities, and explains how they ultimately helped to remake older traditions and values with new cultural forms.
Functional Sentence Perspective in Written and Spoken Communication
Authors: Firbas Jan
Published: February 2010

Inspired by the ideas of the Prague School, the theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP) is concerned with the distribution of information as determined by all meaningful elements, from intonation (for speech) to context. A central feature of FSP is communicative dynamism. Jan Firbas discusses the distribution of the degrees of communicative dynamism over sentence elements, which determines the orientation or perspective of the sentence. He examines also the relation of theme and rheme to, and implementation by, syntactic components. Special attention is paid to the relation between FSP and word order. The second part of the book deals with spoken communication and considers the place of intonation in the interplay of FSP factors, establishing the concept of prosodic prominence. It tackles the relationship between the distribution of degrees of communicative dynamism as determined by the interplay of the non-prosodic FSP factors and the distribution of degrees of prosodic prominence as brought about by intonation.
Whitehead Groups of Finite Groups
Authors: Oliver Robert
Published: February 2010

This book's aim is to make accessible techniques for studying Whitehead groups of finite groups, as well as a variety of related topics such as induction theory and p-adic logarithms. The author has included a lengthy introduction to set the scene for non-specialists who want an overview of the field, its history and its applications. The rest of the book consists of three parts: general theory, group rings of p-groups and general finite groups. The book will be welcomed by specialists in K- and L-theory and by algebraists in general as a state-of-the art survey of the area.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Chung T. J.
Published: February 2010

Increasingly, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are being used to study and solve complex fluid flow and heat transfer problems. This comprehensive book ranges from elementary concepts for the beginner to state-of-the-art CFD for the practitioner. It begins with CFD preliminaries, in which the basic principles of finite difference (FD), finite element (FE), and finite volume (FV) methods are discussed and illustrated through examples, with step-by-step hand calculations. Then, FD and FE methods respectively are covered, including both historical developments and recent contributions. The next section is devoted to structured and unstructured grids, adaptive methods, computing techniques, and parallel processing. Finally, the author describes a variety of practical applications to problems in turbulence, reacting flows and combustion, acoustics, combined mode radiative heat transfer, multiphase flows, electromagnetic fields, and relativistic astrophysical flows. Students and practitioners - particularly in mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and civil engineering - will use this authoritative text to learn about and apply numerical techniques to the solution of fluid dynamics problems.
Culture and Communication
Authors: Leach Edmund
Published: February 2010

Edmund Leach's book investigates the writings of 'structuralists,' and their different theories: the general incest theory and of animal sacrifice. This book is designed for the use of teaching undergraduates in anthropology, linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and related disciplines faced with structuralist argument. It provides the prolegomena necessary to understand the final chapter of Levi-Strauss's massive four-volume Mythologiques. Some prior knowledge of anthropological literature is useful but not essential. The principal ethnographic source is the Book of Leviticus; this guide should help anyone who is trying to grasp the essentials of 'seminology' - the general theory of how signs and symbols come to convey meaning. The author's core thesis is that: 'the indices in non-verbal communication systems, like the sound elements in spoken language, do not have meaning as isolates, but only as members of set'; the book's special merit is that it makes this kind of jargon comprehensible in terms of our everyday experience.
Economic Growth
Authors: de la Grandville Olivier
Published: February 2010

How can society improve its living standards? What are the conditions necessary for prosperity? These are the questions that define the essence of growth theory. In this user-friendly book, Olivier de la Grandville provides a fascinating introduction to the theory of economic growth and shows how many results from this field are of paramount importance for society. The classical mechanics of the growth process are carefully explained, with two chapters devoted to the fundamental issue of the substitution of labor for capital in the growth process (co-written with Robert M. Solow, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics). The book also addresses the fundamental question of the optimal investment rate of an economy. In addition, de la Grandville shows us that by unifying the descriptive and normative aspects of growth theory we can generate many fresh insights, including a proof of Adam Smith's 'Invisible Hand' conjecture.
Veto Bargaining
Authors: Cameron Charles M.
Published: February 2010

The late-twentieth century has given rise to the most concentrated period of divided party government in American history. With one party controlling the presidency and the opposing party controlling Congress, the veto has inevitably become a critical tool of presidential power. Combining sophisticated game theory with unprecedented data, this book analyzes how divided party presidents use threats and vetoes to wrest policy concessions from a hostile Congress. Case studies of the most important vetoes in recent history add texture to the analysis, detailing how President Clinton altered the course of Newt Gingrich's Republican Revolution. Offering the first book-length analysis to bring rational choice theory to bear on the presidency, Veto Bargaining offers a major contribution to our understanding of American politics in an age of divided party government.
Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State
Authors: Beissinger Mark R.
Published: February 2010

This 2002 study examines the process by which the seemingly impossible in 1987 - the disintegration of the Soviet state - became the seemingly inevitable by 1991, providing an original interpretation not only of the Soviet collapse, but also of the phenomenon of nationalism more generally. Probing the role of nationalist action as both cause and effect, Beissinger utilizes data and case studies from across the USSR during its final years to elicit the shifting relationship between pre-existing structural conditions, institutional constraints, and event-generated influences in the nationalist explosions that brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union. As Beissinger demonstrates, the 'tidal' context of nationalism - i.e., the transnational influence of one nationalism upon another - is critical to an explanation of the success and failure of particular nationalisms, why some nationalisms turn violent, and how a crescendo of events can overwhelm states, periodically evoking large-scale structural change in the character of the state system.
Visions of Politics
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: February 2010

The second of three volumes of essays by Quentin Skinner, one of the world's leading intellectual historians. This collection includes some of his most important essays on the political thought of the Italian renaissance, each of which has been carefully revised for publication in this form. All of Professor Skinner's work is characterised by philosophical power, limpid clarity, and elegance of exposition; these essays, many of which are now recognised classics, provide a fascinating and convenient digest of the development of his thought. Professor Skinner has been awarded the Balzan Prize Life Time Achievement Award for Political Thought, History and Theory. Full details of this award can be found at http://www.balzan.it/News_eng.aspx?ID=2474
On Nature and Language
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: February 2010

In On Nature and Language Noam Chomsky develops his thinking on the relation between language, mind and brain, integrating current research in linguistics into the burgeoning field of neuroscience. This 2002 volume begins with a lucid introduction by the editors Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. This is followed by some of Chomsky's writings on these themes, together with a penetrating interview in which Chomsky provides the clearest and most elegant introduction to current theory available. It should make his Minimalist Program accessible to all. The volume concludes with an essay on the role of intellectuals in society and government. Nature and Language is a significant landmark in the development of linguistic theory. It will be welcomed by students and researchers in theoretical linguistics, neurolinguistics, cognitive science and politics, as well as anyone interested in the development of Chomsky's thought.
Singularities
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: February 2010

Erwin Schrödinger's What is Life? published 60 years ago, influenced much of the development of molecular biology. In this new book Christian De Duve, Nobel Laureate and pioneer of modern cell biology, presents a contemporary response to this classic, providing a sophisticated consideration of the key steps or bottlenecks that constrain the origins and evolution of life. De Duve surveys the entire history of life, including insights into the conditions that may have led to its emergence. He uses as landmarks the many remarkable singularities along the way, such as the single ancestry of all living beings, the universal genetic code, and the monophyletic origin of eukaryotes. The book offers a brief guided tour of biochemistry and phylogeny, from the basic molecular building blocks to the origin of humans. Each successive singularity is introduced in a sequence paralleling the hypothetical development of features and conditions on the primitive earth, explaining how and why each transition to greater complexity occurred.
Semiparametric Regression for the Applied Econometrician
Authors: Yatchew Adonis
Published: February 2010

This book provides an accessible collection of techniques for analyzing nonparametric and semiparametric regression models. Worked examples include estimation of Engel curves and equivalence scales, scale economies, semiparametric Cobb-Douglas, translog and CES cost functions, household gasoline consumption, hedonic housing prices, option prices and state price density estimation. The book should be of interest to a broad range of economists including those working in industrial organization, labor, development, urban, energy and financial economics. A variety of testing procedures are covered including simple goodness of fit tests and residual regression tests. These procedures can be used to test hypotheses such as parametric and semiparametric specifications, significance, monotonicity and additive separability. Other topics include endogeneity of parametric and nonparametric effects, as well as heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation in the residuals. Bootstrap procedures are provided.
Word and World
Authors: Hanna Patricia , Harrison Bernard
Published: February 2010

This important book proposes a new account of the nature of language, founded upon an original interpretation of Wittgenstein. The authors deny the existence of a direct referential relationship between words and things. Rather, the link between language and world is a two-stage one, in which meaning is used and in which a natural language should be understood as fundamentally a collection of socially devised and maintained practices. Arguing against the philosophical mainstream descending from Frege and Russell to Quine, Davidson, Dummett, McDowell, Evans, Putnam, Kripke and others, the authors demonstrate that discarding the notion of reference does not entail relativism or semantic nihilism. A provocative re-examination of the interrelations of language and social practice, this book will interest not only philosophers of language but also linguists, psycholinguists, students of communication and all those concerned with the nature and acquisition of human linguistic capacities.
Restoring Responsibility
Authors: Thompson Dennis F.
Published: February 2010

In this important collection of essays Dennis Thompson argues for a more robust conception of responsibility in public life than prevails in contemporary democracies. He suggests that we should stop thinking so much about public ethics in terms of individual vices (such as selfishness or sexual misconduct) and start thinking about it more in terms of institutional vices (such as abuse of power and lack of accountability). Combining theory and practice with many concrete examples and proposals for reform, these essays could be used in courses in applied ethics or political theory and will be read by professionals and graduate students in schools of political science, public policy, law, public health, journalism and business.
Thermodynamic Formalism
Authors: Ruelle David
Published: February 2010

Reissued in the Cambridge Mathematical Library this classic book outlines the theory of thermodynamic formalism which was developed to describe the properties of certain physical systems consisting of a large number of subunits. It is aimed at mathematicians interested in ergodic theory, topological dynamics, constructive quantum field theory, the study of certain differentiable dynamical systems, notably Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows. It is also of interest to theoretical physicists concerned with the conceptual basis of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The level of the presentation is generally advanced, the objective being to provide an efficient research tool and a text for use in graduate teaching. Background material on mathematics has been collected in appendices to help the reader. Extra material is given in the form of updates of problems that were open at the original time of writing and as a new preface specially written for this new edition by the author.
The Voluntary Environmentalists
Authors: Prakash Aseem , Potoski Matthew
Published: February 2010

Can businesses voluntarily adopt progressive environmental policies? Most environmental regulations are based on the assumption that the pursuit of profit leads firms to pollute the environment, and therefore governments must impose mandatory regulations. However, new instruments such as voluntary programs are increasingly important. Drawing on the economic theory of club goods, this book offers a theoretical account of voluntary environmental programs by identifying the institutional features that influence conditions under which programs can be effective. By linking program efficacy to club design, it focuses attention on collective action challenges faced by green clubs. Several analytic techniques are used to investigate the adoption and efficacy of ISO 14001, the most widely recognized voluntary environmental program in the world. These analyses show that, while the value of ISO 14001's brand reputation varies across policy and economic contexts, on average ISO 14001 members pollute less and comply better with governmental regulations.
Harmonic Analysis on Finite Groups
Authors: Ceccherini-Silberstein Tullio , Scarabotti Fabio , Tolli Filippo
Published: February 2010

Line up a deck of 52 cards on a table. Randomly choose two cards and switch them. How many switches are needed in order to mix up the deck? Starting from a few concrete problems such as random walks on the discrete circle and the finite ultrametric space this book develops the necessary tools for the asymptotic analysis of these processes. This detailed study culminates with the case-by-case analysis of the cut-off phenomenon discovered by Persi Diaconis. This self-contained text is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in the areas of representation theory, group theory, harmonic analysis and Markov chains. Its topics range from the basic theory needed for students new to this area, to advanced topics such as the theory of Green's algebras, the complete analysis of the random matchings, and the representation theory of the symmetric group.
Making Sense of Humanity
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: February 2010

This new volume of philosophical papers by Bernard Williams is divided into three sections: the first Action, Freedom, Responsibility, the second Philosophy, Evolution and the Human Sciences; in which appears the essay which gives the collection its title; and the third Ethics, which contains essays closely related to his 1983 book Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Like the two earlier volumes of Williams's papers published by Cambridge University Press, Problems of the Self and Moral Luck, this volume will be welcomed by all readers with a serious interest in philosophy. It is published alongside a volume of essays on Williams's work, World, Mind, and Ethics: Essays on the Ethical Philosophy of Bernard Williams, edited by J. E. J. Altham and Ross Harrison, which provides a reappraisal of his work by other distinguished thinkers in the field.
Speaking of a Personal God
Authors: Brümmer Vincent
Published: February 2010

This short work shows how systematic theology is itself a philosophical enterprise. After analysing the nature of philosophical enquiry and its relation to systematic theology, and after explaining how theology requires that we talk about God, Vincent Brümmer illustrates how philosophical analysis can help in dealing with various conceptual problems involved in the fundamental Christian claim that God is a personal being with whom we may live in a personal relationship.
Jews in the Hellenistic World
Authors: Williamson Ronald
Published: February 2010

An extremely important Jewish writer and thinker of the first century AD, Philo of Alexandria exercised through his ideas and language a lasting influence on the development and growth of Christianity in the New Testament period and later. This book provides an introduction to the major themes and ideas in the religious and philosophical thinking of Philo and outlines the importance of his thought by means of introductory treatments and sections of freshly translated text and commentary. Dr Williamson illustrates in his work the place and significance of Philo within Judaism and as part of the background to Christianity, and so provides a valuable resource for scholars and students in this area of study.
The Palestinian Liberation Organisation
Authors: Cobban Helena
Published: February 2010

This is a comprehensive political analysis of the PLO. A correspondent in Beirut from 1976 to 1981, Helena Cobban has been able to study developments at close quarters and use documentary sources and first-hand recollections which have never been included in previous Western analyses of the movement. The book maintains that one key to understanding the development of the PLO is an examination of the development of its predominant member-group, Al-Fateh. The first part focuses on the history of Fateh, showing how its interests and the PLO's became intertwined. The latter part discusses the interrelations between the Fateh leadership and various factors which affect and are affected by its performance, such as the internal Palestinian opposition, the Arab milieu, and the resistance movement inside the Israeli-occupied areas. The final chapter draws together all the strands to arrive at the precise sources of the Fateh leadership's relative stability, as well as to assess its effectiveness in key areas of its operations.
Health and Society in Britain since 1939
Authors: Berridge Virginia
Published: February 2010

British health policy has undergone enormous change in the post-war era. The NHS established in the post-war period has been constantly reorganised, and the role of doctors and associated medical professions has radically changed. This 1999 book considers the changes in health policy and in the service provided by the NHS, and examines in detail the 'mixed economy' of health care and the role of different providers of health care, as well as their relationships both with recipients of care and the state. In doing so, Professor Berridge sheds light on the increasingly important part that lay people, especially women, have played in the provision of health care and looks at community care and the shifting balance of power within the medical profession. The book provides a guide to changes in health and health policy during and since World War II, giving an authoritative analysis of the most recent research.
Introduction to Theoretical Neurobiology
Authors: Tuckwell Henry C.
Published: February 2010

The second part of this two-volume set contains advanced aspects of the quantitative theory of the dynamics of neurons. It begins with an introduction to the effects of reversal potentials on response to synaptic input. It then develops the theory of action potential generation based on the seminal Hodgkin-Huxley equations and gives methods for their solution in the space-clamped and non-space-clamped cases. The remainder of the book discusses stochastic models of neural activity and ends with a statistical analysis of neuronal data with emphasis on spike trains. The mathematics is more complex in this volume than in the first volume and involves numerical methods of solution of partial differential equations and the statistical analysis of point processes.
The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Authors: Kimura Motoo
Published: February 2010

Motoo Kimura, as founder of the neutral theory, is uniquely placed to write this book. He first proposed the theory in 1968 to explain the unexpectedly high rate of evolutionary change and very large amount of intraspecific variability at the molecular level that had been uncovered by new techniques in molecular biology. The theory - which asserts that the great majority of evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused not by Darwinian selection but by random drift of selectively neutral mutants - has caused controversy ever since. This book is the first comprehensive treatment of this subject and the author synthesises a wealth of material - ranging from a historical perspective, through recent molecular discoveries, to sophisticated mathematical arguments - all presented in a most lucid manner.
Saussure
Authors: Holdcroft David
Published: February 2010

The Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) has exerted a profound influence not only on twentieth century linguistics but on a whole range of disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. His central thesis was that the primary object in studying a language is the state of that language at a particular time – a so-called synchronic study. He went on to claim that a language state is a socially constituted system of signs that are quite arbitrary and that can only be defined in terms of their relationship within the system. This new perspective has changed the way people think about linguistics and has led to important attempts to apply structuralist ideas in anthropology, literary criticism, and philosophy. Professor Holdcroft's book expounds and elaborates Saussure's central ideas. It also offers a critical assessment of them, arguing that many of Saussure's claims are either questionable or have been misunderstood.
To Profit or Not to Profit
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J.
Published: February 2010

Nonprofit organizations are increasingly resembling private firms in a transformation bringing with it a shift in financial dependence from charitable donation to commercial sales activity. This book, first published in 1998, examines the reasons and consequences of the mimicry of private firms by fundraising nonprofits. User fees and revenue from 'ancillary' activities are mushrooming, with each having important side effects: pricing out of the market certain target groups; or distracting the nonprofit from its central mission. The authors focus first on issues that apply to nonprofits generally: the role of competition, analysis of nonprofit organization behavior, the effects of distribution goals and differential taxation of nonprofit and for-profit activity revenue, the effects of changes in donations on commercial activity, and conversions of nonprofits to for-profits. They then turn to specific industries: hospitals, universities, social service providers, zoos, museums, and public broadcasting. The book concludes with recommendations for research and for public policy toward nonprofits.
Why NATO Endures
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: February 2010

Why NATO Endures examines military alliances and their role in international relations, developing two themes. The first is that the Atlantic Alliance, also known as NATO, has become something very different from virtually all pre-1939 alliances and many contemporary alliances. The members of early alliances frequently feared their allies as much if not more than their enemies, viewing them as temporary accomplices and future rivals. In contrast, NATO members were almost all democracies that encouraged each other to grow stronger. The book's second theme is that NATO, as an alliance of democracies, has developed hidden strengths that have allowed it to endure for roughly 60 years, unlike most other alliances, which often broke apart within a few years. Democracies can and do disagree with one another, but they do not fear each other. They also need the approval of other democracies as they conduct their foreign policies. These traits constitute built-in, self-healing tendencies, which is why NATO endures.
Body Movement and Speech in Medical Interaction
Authors: Heath Christian , Nicholls Katherine
Published: February 2010

This book is based on a substantial collection of video recordings of everyday medical consultations in the UK, and offers a micro-analysis of the visual and vocal aspects of the interaction between doctors and patients. Using actual examples, accompanied by numerous illustrations, Christian Heath explores the moment-by-moment coordination of body movement and speech by and between doctor and patient. He discusses various aspects of medical examination, leave-taking, and the ways in which the participants sustain each other's attention. He also raises certain practical issues of medical work, such as the use of records and computers during the consultation, and the impact of 'bureaucratic' demands on the flow of information between doctor and patient. The book reveals the delicacy and precision which enter into the articulation and synchrony of visual behaviour and speech, and throws light on the systematics - the social organization - underlying the seeming minutiae of everyday life. In this way, it contributes both to our understanding of doctor-patient communication, and to the growing body of research on face-to-face interaction.
Dirac Operators and Spectral Geometry
Authors: Esposito Giampiero
Published: February 2010

The Dirac operator has many useful applications in theoretical physics and mathematics. This book provides a clear, concise and self-contained introduction to the global theory of the Dirac operator and to the analysis of spectral asymptotics with local or non-local boundary conditions. The theory is introduced at a level suitable for graduate students. Numerous examples are then given to illustrate the peculiar properties of the Dirac operator, and the role of boundary conditions in heat-kernel asymptotics and quantum field theory. Topics covered include the introduction of spin-structures in Riemannian and Lorentzian manifolds; applications of index theory; heat-kernel asymptotics for operators of Laplace type; quark boundary conditions; one-loop quantum cosmology; conformally covariant operators; and the role of the Dirac operator in some recent investigations of four-manifolds. This volume provides graduate students with a rigorous introduction and researchers with a valuable reference to the Dirac operator and its applications in theoretical physics.
Genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the invasive psocidLiposcelis decolor(Pearman) in Australian grain storage systems
Authors: Mikac K.M. , FitzSimmons N.N.
Published: February 2010

Microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasiveL. decolorpopulations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HOwas less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci,ENA(excluding null alleles) correctedFSTestimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. TheENA-correctedFSTvalues (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12,P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19,P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal byL. decolorat moderate to potentially high levels.
Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Operational Research (OR) Society's Special Interest Group on Agriculture and Natural Resources (SIG-ANR)
Authors: SANDARS D. L.
Published: February 2010

This group, which represents the reformed Operational Research (OR) Society's Agriculture and Related Industries group (http://www.orsoc.org.uk), promotes the use of OR (or the application of the scientific method) in solving management and governance problems within this sector. The theme of this meeting was to look at models concerned with making better decisions for the management or governance of the agricultural and natural resource industries. This first one day meeting was at Reading University, Berkshire, UK on the 2 April when the following papers were read.
A topological lens for a measure-preserving system
Authors: GLASNER E. , LEMAŃCZYK M. , WEISS B.
Published: February 2010

We introduce a functor which associates to every measure-preserving system (X,ℬ,μ,T) a topological system$(C_2(\mu ),\tilde {T})$defined on the space of twofold couplings ofμ, called the topological lens ofT. We show that often the topological lens ‘magnifies’ the basic measure dynamical properties ofTin terms of the corresponding topological properties of$\tilde {T}$. Some of our main results are as follows: (i)Tis weakly mixing if and only if$\tilde {T}$is topologically transitive (if and only if it is topologically weakly mixing); (ii)Thas zero entropy if and only if$\tilde {T}$has zero topological entropy, andThas positive entropy if and only if$\tilde {T}$has infinite topological entropy; (iii) forTaK-system, the topological lens is aP-system (i.e. it is topologically transitive and the set of periodic points is dense; such systems are also called chaotic in the sense of Devaney).
Polymorphisms and adiabatic chaos
Authors: NEISHTADT A. , TRESCHEV D.
Published: February 2010

At the end of the last century Vershik introduced some dynamical systems, called polymorphisms. Systems of this kind are multivalued self-maps of an interval, where (roughly speaking) each branch has some probability. By definition, the standard Lebesgue measure should be invariant. Unexpectedly, some class of polymorphisms appeared in the problem of destruction of an adiabatic invariant after a multiple passage through a separatrix. We discuss ergodic properties of polymorphisms from this class.
Editors' Introduction: India and International Law in the Periphery Series
Authors: JOHNS FLEUR , SKOUTERIS THOMAS , WERNER WOUTER
Published: February 2010

This is the third issue of the Periphery Series of the Leiden Journal of International Law. The first two were dedicated to the works of the Chilean jurist Alejandro Álvarez and the Nigerian international lawyer Taslim Olawale Elias – two scholars from regions conventionally cast as ‘peripheral’ to the discipline's metropolitan ‘centre’. This issue takes a somewhat different perspective by focusing on a country (or subcontinent) as a whole. Its primary questions concern the way in which Indian scholars have imagined, shaped, and reshaped international law; the manner in which India's domestic system has received international law; and the ways in which India has been projected by the international legal system.
MORAL AMBIGUITIES UNDERLYING THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT: A PERSPECTIVE FROM MILITARY ETHICS
Authors: van Baarda Th.A.
Published: February 2010

The law of armed conflict suffers from an internal ambiguity. The Declaration of St Petersburg (1868) made the ambiguity explicit when it stated that ‘the necessities of war ought to yield to the requirements of humanity’. The Lieber Code (1863) was less explicit, though it suffered from the same ambiguity. The Code received a lengthy critique from the Confederate Secretary of War who stated bluntly: ‘A military commander under this code may pursue a line of conduct in accordance with the principles of justice, faith and honour, or he may justify conduct correspondent with warfare of the barbarous hordes who overran the Roman Empire, or who, in the Middle Ages, devastated the continent of and menaced the civilisation of Europe’. Which of the two considerations, the Confederate Secretary demanded to know, should prevail: humanity or necessity?
PROTECT RESPONSIBLY: THE AFRICAN UNION'S IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 4(H) INTERVENTION
Authors: Kuwali Dan
Published: February 2010

The concept of ‘the responsibility to protect’ (R2P) was endorsed at the 2005 World Summit by the UN General Assembly. This concept, like the right to intervene under Article 4(h) of theConstitutive Act of the African Union, aims to end mass atrocity crimes in the form of war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Yet the question that remains is: what if the UN Security Council is unwilling or unable to act? Further, there is a continuing unanswered question: ‘should action to prevent large-scale killing in an African country be beholden to a Security Council that has no permanent African membership?’ The High-level Panel indicated that in some urgent situations UN Security Council authorization may be sought after operations have commenced, whereas the World Summit Outcome rejected demands that states or organizations such as the African Union (AU) should be able to act before gaining UN authorization. These are the principal issues addressed in this analysis, which discusses how the AU can implement the right to intervene under Article 4(h) against the background of the prohibition of the use of force regime under the UN Charter. The analysis explores the current thinking of the AU and the international community on the key question of how to proceed in cases where the UN Security Council is deadlocked in using force to prevent mass atrocity crimes. The discussion highlights the intention of the framers of the AU Actvis-à-visthe practice of the Security Council in authorizing enforcement action as well as views of various commentators in this regard.
THE STATUS OF PEACE OPERATION PERSONNEL UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Authors: Engdahl Ola
Published: February 2010

Current peace operations often include an element of enforcement. Such operations are based upon Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and are regularly endowed with a right to use ‘all necessary measures’ to fulfil the tasks set down in the particular mandate from the UN Security Council. Such operations, moreover, are often deployed in unstable conditions that border on armed conflict, or in areas of existing conflict. At times, the military forces involved in these operations are also involved in the armed conflict itself.

The utilization of military force naturally raises the question of the legal status of personnel in peace operations under international humanitarian law (IHL). They represent the international community and as such are protected personnel. But how should they be treated from the perspective of IHL? Should they, despite their obvious military characteristics, be regarded as civilians? At what point, if any, could they be regarded as combatants? On the issue of change of status under IHL, does the same threshold apply for the operation's military forces as for other military personnel? Does the involvement of peace forces in an armed conflict, made up of contributions from a number of States, automatically cause that conflict to assume an international nature? Are theConvention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personneland IHL, applicable in non-international armed conflicts, mutually exclusive? These dilemmas are well illustrated by the difficulties facing the International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan.
CHANGING THE LANDSCAPE: ISRAEL'S GROSS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN THE OCCUPIED SYRIAN GOLAN
Authors: Murphy Ray , Gannon Declan
Published: February 2010

Successive Israeli governments have adopted a number of policies to control and contain the Syrian population since Israel began its occupation. Numerous villages have been destroyed, thousands driven from their homes, private and public property expropriated, the remaining Arab villages have been prevented from expanding and the free movement of people curtailed. In 1981, Israel enacted legislation that purported to annex the territory. This move was widely condemned by the international community and from the perspective of international law, the Syrian Golan remains an occupied territory to which the laws of occupation apply.

The northern hemisphere summer of 2008 marked the 41st anniversary of Israel's occupation. This report outlines the background to the occupation and the consequences for the local population. It then examines the action of the Israeli authorities and argues that certain practices by the Israeli Defence Forces constitute war crimes, which in some cases may also amount to grave breaches of the Fourth Geneva Convention governing the protection of civilians.
MISTREATMENT OF THE WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED BY THE ICRC STUDY ON CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW
Authors: Benoit James P.
Published: February 2010

In 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) completed a ten-year study on customary international humanitarian law, based on an assessment of the State practice of over 150 nations over the preceding thirty years. Somewhat surprisingly, but perhaps owing to the sheer size of theICRC Study, only two states have officially responded to the ICRC: the United States and Israel. Although an analysis of the US response is beyond the scope of this paper, it generally criticizes theICRC Study'sunorthodox methodology, including both the State practice it considered, and its lack of proof ofopinio juris.

The ICRC is a venerable organization, traditionally viewed as the guardian of international humanitarian law. Its study is a monumental work compiling a surfeit of State practice. Nevertheless, theICRC Studyarticulates ‘rules’ that are not sustainable under the traditional theory of customary international law formation, as may be seen by the examination in Section 3 of the three seemingly uncontroversial rules proposed for handling the wounded, sick and shipwrecked.
THE EXTRAORDINARY CHAMBERS IN THE COURTS OF CAMBODIA AND THE PROGRESS OF THE ‘KHMER ROUGE TRIALS’
Authors: Jørgensen Nina H.B.
Published: February 2010

The world has witnessed many atrocities since the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, better known as the Khmer Rouge, marched into Phnom Penh on 17 April 1975 and unleashed a regime of terror of more than three and a half years on the Cambodian people in which an estimated quarter of the population perished. However, the fate that befell this small South-East Asian nation continues to grip and challenge the imagination. Perhaps it is the notion of the State turning on its own people on such an unprecedented scale that is so difficult to fathom. Perhaps it is the tranquil, smiling populace, forging a space in the modern era against the proud backdrop of the ancient Angkorian temples that makes such a dark recent history so improbable. Or perhaps it is the scales of justice, finally weighing in, more than thirty years after the crimes in defiance of donor countries' ‘tribunal fatigue’, that have refocused the world's attention.

The Khmer Rouge takeover had been preceded by a struggle for power which saw Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who had abdicated and governed Cambodia since independence in 1953, overthrown by Prime Minister Lon Nol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak on 17 March 1970. The new government was allied to the United States in the Vietnam War, fuelling Khmer Rouge resentment as well as that of Sihanouk who aligned himself with the communists. The Khmer Rouge gradually consolidated its power and control of territory, and when the time was seen to be ripe to institute the planned nationwide ‘agrarian dictatorship’, it easily overpowered the weak and corrupt Lon Nol government.
THEOREMS OF POINTS AND PLANES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROJECTIVE SPACE
Authors: GLYNN DAVID G.
Published: February 2010

We discuss n4 configurations of n points and n planes in three-dimensional projective space. These have four points on each plane, and four planes through each point. When the last of the 4n incidences between points and planes happens as a consequence of the preceding 4n−1 the configuration is called a ‘theorem’. Using a graph-theoretic search algorithm we find that there are two 84 and one 94 ‘theorems’. One of these 84 ‘theorems’ was already found by Möbius in 1828, while the 94 ‘theorem’ is related to Desargues’ ten-point configuration. We prove these ‘theorems’ by various methods, and connect them with other questions, such as forbidden minors in graph theory, and sets of electrons that are energy minimal.
RATIONALISM AND EMPIRICISM: WILL THE DEBATE EVER END?
Authors: Murphy Benjamin
Published: February 2010

Anyone taking a class in Modern Philosophy will learn that one of the most important issues in 17th and 18th Century philosophy was the debate between rationalists and empiricists. In 2005, Matthias Steup and Ernest Sosa edited a book entitled Contemporary Debates In Epistemology (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2007), which includes a chapter entitled ‘Is There A Priori Knowledge?’ (pp. 98–122). In this chapter, Laurence BonJour defends rationalism and Michael Devitt defends empiricism. So, this philosophical debate has been going on for four centuries, and it still has not been settled. This is the kind of thing that gets philosophy a bad reputation. If a dispute can continue for four centuries without resolution, that is surely an indication that nobody knows how to tell a good answer from a bad one. In this article I want to consider why the debate is unresolved after so much time.
THINKING TOOLS: AVAILABILITY BIAS
Authors: Bebbington Dene
Published: February 2010

Thinking Tools is a regular feature that introduces tips and pointers on thinking clearly and rigorously.
Lava production at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: 1995–2009
Authors: Wadge G. , Herd R. , Ryan G. , Calder E. S. , Komorowski J.‐C.
Published: February 2010

We estimate that about 1 km3 of andesitic lava has been produced at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from 1995 to 2009. There were three major episodes of extrusion, each lasting about 2 to 3.5 years and producing about 280 to 340 M m3 of lava, and one minor episode. Our estimates account for the dense rock equivalent volumetric contributions from the core and talus components of the lava dome, pyroclastic flow deposits and air‐fall deposits. By 2005 at least two thirds of the erupted mass has already entered the sea. The average lava flux across the major extrusion episodes has been 3–5 m3s−1, with short‐period (10–15 days) pulses up to 10–20 m3s−1. The first and third episodes of extrusion show similar flux histories suggesting similar behaviour of the system ten years apart. Waning flux towards the end of each episode may be caused by declining overpressure in the magma reservoir.
Carbonate compensation dynamics
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P. , Middelburg Jack J. , Meysman Filip J. R.
Published: February 2010

Carbonate saturation (zsat) and compensation (zcc) depths change with deep‐ocean acidification and basification. We present simple, explicit, mechanistic formulas for the positions of these two critical depths. In particular zccis expressed as a function of the mean dissolved carbonate ion concentration of the deep ocean, [CO3]D, the supply of dissolvable CaCO3, Fc, and the dissolution rate constant at the sediment‐water interface, kc, which we show to be essentially mass‐transfer controlled. Calculations reveal that zsatand zccare today some ∼0.9 km apart and will rise and separate by as much as 1.7 km with acidification; conversely, if [CO3]Dincreases, zsatand zccwill deepen, but their separation will asymptote to ∼0.7 km.
Observation of a possible neutron burst associated with a lightning discharge?
Authors: Martin Inácio M. , Alves Mauro A.
Published: February 2010

During routine measurements of the background count rate of low‐energy neutrons with a standard He‐3 detector tube in the city of Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil, we observed a sudden and sharp increase in the neutron count rate. This sharp increase was practically simultaneous with a lightning discharge that occurred in the vicinity of the tube detector. Since sources of spurious signals, such as malfunctioning equipment and electrical transients, have been eliminated as causes of the observed event, we are led to conclude that we possibly recorded a burst of neutrons associated with the lightning discharge.