bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rare missense mutation in GJB3 (Cx31G45E) is associated with a unique cellular phenotype resulting in necrotic cell death
Authors: Easton Jennifer A. , Albuloushi Ahmad K. , Kamps Miriam A. F. , Brouns Gladys H. M. R. , Broers Jos L. V. , Coull Barry J. , Oji Vincent , van Geel Michel , van Steensel Maurice A. M. , Martin Patricia E.
Published: March 2018

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva (EKV‐P) is caused by mutations in either the GJB3 (Cx31) or GJB4 genes (Cx30.3). We identified a rare GJB3 missense mutation, c.134G>A (p.G45E), in two unrelated patients and investigated its cellular characteristics. Expression of Cx31G45E‐GFP caused previously undescribed changes within HeLa cells and HaCaT cells, a model human keratinocyte cell line. Cx31WT‐GFP localised to the plasma membrane, but expression of Cx31G45E‐GFP caused vacuolar expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the mutant protein accumulated within the ER membrane and disassembly of the microtubular network occurred. No ER stress responses were evoked. Cx31WT‐myc‐myc‐6xHis and Cx31G45E‐GFP co‐immunoprecipitated, indicative of heteromeric interaction, but co‐expression with Cx31WT‐mCherry, Cx26 or Cx30.3 did not mitigate the phenotype. Cx31 and Cx31G45E both co‐immunoprecipitated with Cx43, indicating the ability to form heteromeric connexons. WT‐Cx31 and Cx43 assembled into large gap junction plaques at points of cell‐to‐cell contact; Cx31G45E restricted the ability of Cx43 to reach the plasma membrane in both HaCaT cells and HeLa cells stably expressing Cx43 where the proteins strongly co‐localised with the vacolourised ER. Cell viability assays identified an increase in cell death in cells expressing Cx31G45E‐GFP, which FACS analysis determined was necrotic. Blocking connexin channel function with 18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid did not completely rescue necrosis or prevent propidium iodide uptake, suggesting that expression of Cx31G45E‐GFP damages the cellular membrane independent of its channel function. Our data suggest that entrapment of Cx43 and necrotic cell death in the epidermis could underlie the EKV skin phenotype.
Explaining the doubling of N2O emissions under elevated CO2 in the Giessen FACE via in‐field 15N tracing
Authors: Moser Gerald , Gorenflo André , Brenzinger Kristof , Keidel Lisa , Braker Gesche , Marhan Sven , Clough Tim J. , Müller Christoph
Published: March 2018

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils via changes in microbial nitrogen (N) transformations. Several studies have shown that N2O emission increases under elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), but the underlying processes are not yet fully understood. Here, we present results showing changes in soil N transformation dynamics from the Giessen Free Air CO2 Enrichment (GiFACE): a permanent grassland that has been exposed to eCO2, +20% relative to ambient concentrations (aCO2), for 15 years. We applied in the field an ammonium‐nitrate fertilizer solution, in which either ammonium () or nitrate () was labelled with 15N. The simultaneous gross N transformation rates were analysed with a 15N tracing model and a solver method. The results confirmed that after 15 years of eCO2 the N2O emissions under eCO2 were still more than twofold higher than under aCO2. The tracing model results indicated that plant uptake of did not differ between treatments, but uptake of was significantly reduced under eCO2. However, the and availability increased slightly under eCO2. The N2O isotopic signature indicated that under eCO2 the sources of the additional emissions, 8,407 μg N2O–N/m2 during the first 58 days after labelling, were associated with reduction (+2.0%), oxidation (+11.1%) and organic N oxidation (+86.9%). We presume that increased plant growth and root exudation under eCO2 provided an additional source of bioavailable supply of energy that triggered as a priming effect the stimulation of microbial soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization and fostered the activity of the bacterial nitrite reductase. The resulting increase in incomplete denitrification and therefore an increased N2O:N2 emission ratio, explains the doubling of N2O emissions. If this occurs over a wide area of grasslands in the future, this positive feedback reaction may significantly accelerate climate change.
Elevated CO2 did not affect the hydrological balance of a mature native Eucalyptus woodland
Authors: Gimeno Teresa E. , McVicar Tim R. , O'Grady Anthony P. , Tissue David T. , Ellsworth David S.
Published: March 2018

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCa) might reduce forest water‐use, due to decreased transpiration, following partial stomatal closure, thus enhancing water‐use efficiency and productivity at low water availability. If evapotranspiration (Et) is reduced, it may subsequently increase soil water storage (ΔS) or surface runoff (R) and drainage (Dg), although these could be offset or even reversed by changes in vegetation structure, mainly increased leaf area index (L). To understand the effect of eCa in a water‐limited ecosystem, we tested whether 2 years of eCa (~40% increase) affected the hydrological partitioning in a mature water‐limited Eucalyptus woodland exposed to Free‐Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). This timeframe allowed us to evaluate whether physiological effects of eCa reduced stand water‐use irrespective of L, which was unaffected by eCa in this timeframe. We hypothesized that eCa would reduce tree‐canopy transpiration (Etree), but excess water from reduced Etree would be lost via increased soil evaporation and understory transpiration (Efloor) with no increase in ΔS, R or Dg. We computed Et, ΔS, R and Dg from measurements of sapflow velocity, L, soil water content (θ), understory micrometeorology, throughfall and stemflow. We found that eCa did not affect Etree, Efloor, ΔS or θ at any depth (to 4.5 m) over the experimental period. We closed the water balance for dry seasons with no differences in the partitioning to R and Dg between Ca levels. Soil temperature and θ were the main drivers of Efloor while vapour pressure deficit‐controlled Etree, though eCa did not significantly affect any of these relationships. Our results suggest that in the short‐term, eCa does not significantly affect ecosystem water‐use at this site. We conclude that water‐savings under eCa mediated by either direct effects on plant transpiration or by indirect effects via changes in L or soil moisture availability are unlikely in water‐limited mature eucalypt woodlands.
Testate amoeba records indicate regional 20th‐century lowering of water tables in ombrotrophic peatlands in central‐northern Alberta, Canada
Authors: van Bellen Simon , Magnan Gabriel , Davies Lauren , Froese Duane , Mullan‐Boudreau Gillian , Zaccone Claudio , Garneau Michelle , Shotyk William
Published: March 2018

Testate amoebae are abundant in the surface layers of northern peatlands. Analysis of their fossilized shell (test) assemblages allows for reconstructions of local water‐table depths (WTD). We have reconstructed WTD dynamics for five peat cores from peatlands ranging in distance from the Athabasca bituminous sands (ABS) region in western Canada. Amoeba assemblages were combined with plant macrofossil records, acid‐insoluble ash (AIA) fluxes and instrumental climate data to identify drivers for environmental change. Two functional traits of testate amoebae, mixotrophy and the tendency to integrate xenogenic mineral matter in test construction, were quantified to infer possible effects of AIA flux on testate amoeba presence. Age–depth models showed the cores each covered at least the last ~315 years, with some spanning the last millennium. Testate amoeba assemblages were likely affected by permafrost development in two of the peatlands, yet the most important shift in assemblages was detected after 1960 CE. This shift represents a significant apparent lowering of water tables in four out of five cores, with a mean drop of ~15 cm. Over the last 50 years, assemblages shifted towards more xerophilous taxa, a trend which was best explained by increasing Sphagnum s. Acutifolia and, to a lesser extent, mean summer temperature. This trend was most evident in the two cores from the sites located farthest away from the ABS region. AIA flux variations did not show a clear effect on mineral‐agglutinating taxa, nor on S. s. Acutifolia presence. We therefore suggest the drying trend was forced by the establishment of S. s. Acutifolia, driven by enhanced productivity following regional warming. Such recent apparent drying of peatlands, which may only be reconstructed by appropriate indicators combined with high chronological control, may affect vulnerability to future burning and promote emissions of CO2.
Modeling the Impact of Stream Discharge Events on Riparian Solute Dynamics
Authors: Mahmood Muhammad Nasir , Schmidt Christian , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Trauth Nico
Published: March 2018

The biogeochemical composition of stream water and the surrounding riparian water is mainly defined by the exchange of water and solutes between the stream and the riparian zone. Short‐term fluctuations in near stream hydraulic head gradients (e.g., during stream flow events) can significantly influence the extent and rate of exchange processes. In this study, we simulate exchanges between streams and their riparian zone driven by stream stage fluctuations during single stream discharge events of varying peak height and duration. Simulated results show that strong stream flow events can trigger solute mobilization in riparian soils and subsequent export to the stream. The timing and amount of solute export is linked to the shape of the discharge event. Higher peaks and increased durations significantly enhance solute export, however, peak height is found to be the dominant control for overall mass export. Mobilized solutes are transported to the stream in two stages (1) by return flow of stream water that was stored in the riparian zone during the event and (2) by vertical movement to the groundwater under gravity drainage from the unsaturated parts of the riparian zone, which lasts for significantly longer time (> 400 days) resulting in long tailing of bank outflows and solute mass outfluxes. We conclude that strong stream discharge events can mobilize and transport solutes from near stream riparian soils into the stream. The impact of short‐term stream discharge variations on solute exchange may last for long times after the flow event.
Minimum wage violation in central and eastern Europe
Authors: GORAUS‐TAŃSKA Karolina , LEWANDOWSKI Piotr
Published: March 2018

This article analyses minimum wage violations over the period 2003–12 in ten central and eastern European countries which all have national statutory minimum wages. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data and the methodology proposed by Bhorat, Kanbur and Mayet (2013), the authors measure the incidence and depth of violation. In addition, they conduct regression analyses on individual, workplace and macro‐level determinants of non‐compliance. While the incidence of violation remains relatively low, the workers that minimum wage policies seek to protect appear to be the most likely to be affected by non‐compliance. Over time, higher minimum to average wage ratios are related to a higher incidence of violation.
Maternal obesity alters uterine NK activity through a functional KIR2DL1/S1 imbalance
Authors: Castellana Barbara , Perdu Sofie , Kim Yoona , Chan Kathy , Atif Jawairia , Marziali Megan , Beristain Alexander G
Published: March 2018

In pregnancy, uterine natural killer cells (uNK) play essential roles in coordinating uterine angiogenesis, blood vessel remodeling and promoting maternal tolerance to fetal tissue. Deviances from a normal uterine microenvironment are thought to modify uNK function(s) by limiting their ability to establish a healthy pregnancy. While maternal obesity has become a major health concern due to associations with adverse effects on fetal and maternal health, our understanding into how obesity contributes to poor pregnancy disorders is unknown. Given the importance of uNK in pregnancy, this study examines the impact of obesity on uNK function in women in early pregnancy. We identify that uNK from obese women show a greater propensity for cellular activation, but this difference does not translate into increased effector killing potential. Instead, uNK from obese women express an altered repertoire of natural killer receptors, including an imbalance in inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1 receptors that favors HLA‐C2‐directed uNK activation. Notably, we show that obesity‐related KIR2DS1 skewing potentiates TNFα production upon receptor crosslinking. Together, these findings suggest that maternal obesity modifies uNK activity by altering the response toward HLA‐C2 antigen and KIR2DL1/2DS1‐controlled TNFα release. Furthermore, this work identifies alterations in uNK function resulting from maternal obesity that may impact early developmental processes important in pregnancy health.
Immune regulation by microbiome metabolites
Authors: Kim Chang H.
Published: March 2018

Commensal microbes and the host immune system have been co‐evolved for mutual regulation. Microbes regulate the host immune system, in part, by producing metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that diverse microbial metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system via host receptors and other target molecules. Immune cells express metabolite‐specific receptors such as P2X7, GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor precursor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), TGR5 and other molecular targets. Microbial metabolites and their receptors form an extensive array of signals to respond to changes in nutrition, health and immunological status. As a consequence, microbial metabolite signals contribute to nutrient harvest from diet, and regulate host metabolism and the immune system. Importantly, microbial metabolites bidirectionally function to promote both tolerance and immunity to effectively fight infection without developing inflammatory diseases. In pathogenic conditions, adverse effects of microbial metabolites have been observed as well. Key immune‐regulatory functions of the metabolites, generated from carbohydrates, proteins and bile acids, are reviewed in this article.
Approximation algorithms and heuristics for task scheduling in data‐intensive distributed systems
Authors: Póvoa Marcelo G. , Xavier Eduardo C.
Published: March 2018

In this work, we are interested in the problem of task scheduling on large‐scale data‐intensive computing systems. In order to achieve good performance, one must construct not only good task schedules but also good data allocation across nodes on the system, since before a task can be executed, it must have access to data distributed on the system. In this article, we present a general formulation of a static problem that combines both scheduling and replication problems in data‐intensive distributed systems. We show that this problem does not admit an approximation algorithm. However, considering a restricted version of the problem that considers some practical constraints, an approximation algorithm can be designed. From a practical perspective, we introduce a novel heuristic for the problem that is based on nodes clustering. We compare the heuristic with two adapted approaches from other works in the literature by computational simulations using an extensive set of instances based on real computer grids. We show that our heuristic often obtains the best solutions and also runs faster than other approaches.
The risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in women with uterine fibroids
Authors: Haan Yentl C. , Diemer Frederieke S. , Van Der Woude Lisa , Van Montfrans Gert A. , Oehlers Glenn P. , Brewster Lizzy M.
Published: March 2018

Women with fibroids have a notably high hypertension risk. However, adjusted data regarding other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are scarce. In this cross‐sectional study, CVD risk factors, hemodynamic parameters, and asymptomatic organ damage were analyzed between women with uterine fibroids and controls in a multi‐ethnic population. In total, 104 women with self‐reported fibroids and 624 controls were included. Women with fibroids had significantly higher odds to have hypertension (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.2‐5.2), diabetes (1.7; 1.0‐2.9), and hypercholesterolemia (1.8; 1.1‐3.2). After adjustment for confounders, only the odds ratio for hypertension was significant (1.8; 1.1‐3.1). Asymptomatic organ damage occurred significantly more often in women with fibroids (66.7%; 95% CI 55.8%‐77.6% vs 42.9%; 38.0‐47.8 in controls), especially in the younger age group (respectively 48.5%; 31.1%‐65.9% vs 22.1%; 17.0‐27.2). In this study, women with fibroids had a remarkably high hypertension risk compared to controls, with more asymptomatic organ damage, in particular young women.
Sex‐ and age‐adjusted prevalence estimates of five chronic inflammatory skin diseases in France: results of the « OBJECTIFS PEAU » study
Authors: Richard M.‐A. , Corgibet F. , Beylot‐Barry M. , Barbaud A. , Bodemer C. , Chaussade V. , D'Incan M. , Joly P. , Leccia M.T. , Meurant J.M. , Petit A. , Geffroy B. Roy , Sei J.F. , Taieb C. , Misery L. , Ezzedine K.
Published: March 2018

Background

There are few population‐based studies assessing the prevalence of skin diseases.

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of five chronic skin inflammatory diseases, i.e. atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis, alopecia areata (AA), vitiligo and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) in France, using validated self‐diagnostic questionnaires.

Methods

Population‐based study using a representative sample of the French general population aged more than 15 years and sampling with replacement design. All participants were asked (ii) to fill in a specific questionnaire including socio‐demographic characteristics, (ii) to declare if they have been diagnosed with one or more skin problem or skin diseases during their life, and (iii) to fill in five validated self‐reported questionnaires for AD, psoriasis, AA, vitiligo and HS.

Results

A total of 20.012 adult participants responded to the questionnaire of whom 9760 were men (48.8%) and 10.252 (51.2%) were women. We identified a prevalence of 4.65% for AD (931 individuals), 4.42% for psoriasis (885 individuals), 1.04% for AA (210 individuals), 0.46% for vitiligo (93 individuals) and 0.15% for HS (29 individuals), respectively.

Limitations

Questionnaire‐based study and possible disease misclassifications.

Conclusion

This is the largest population‐based study aiming to estimate the prevalence of five chronic skin inflammatory diseases.
Intra‐ and interobserver variability of image‐based PASI assessments in 120 patients suffering from plaque‐type psoriasis
Authors: Fink C. , Alt C. , Uhlmann L. , Klose C. , Enk A. , Haenssle H.A.
Published: March 2018

Background

The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) is the standard for psoriasis severity assessment. However, PASI measurement is complex and subjective, frequently leading to a high intra‐ and interobserver variability. To date, the precise extent of variability in PASI measurements and its underlying causes remain unknown.

Objective

To determine the inter‐ and intrarater variability of image‐based PASI measurements by calculating Intra‐Class‐Correlation‐Coefficients (ICCs) and to investigate the impact of the different PASI components and specific anatomic regions on the extent of variability.

Methods

First, the methodology of ‘image‐based’ vs. commonly used ‘live’ PASI measurements was validated in a pilot study. Next, in an observational cohort study, PASI scores of 120 patients affected by plaque psoriasis were prospectively evaluated by three formally trained physicians by means of total body images (TBI). Each observer independently performed two rounds of image‐based PASI calculations in all patients at two different time points.

Results

Overall, 720 image‐based PASI scores were calculated with a mean PASI of 8.8 (range 0.7–34.8). An interrater variability with an ICC of 0.895 and mean absolute difference (MAD) of 3.3 PASI points were observed. Intrarater variability showed a mean ICC of 0.877 and a MAD of 2.2 points. When considering specific PASI components, the highest agreement was found for the assessment of the involved body surface area (BSA), while the lowest ICCs were calculated for severity scoring of ‘scaling’ and ‘induration’. As BSA scores serve as a multiplier in the calculation of PASI, minor inaccuracies were capable of inducing a large share of variability.

Conclusion

The overall inter‐ and intrarater reliability of image‐based PASI measurements in this study was good. However, physicians were formally trained and experienced, which frequently is not the case in a real‐life clinical setting. Therefore, new strategies for higher standardization and objectivity of PASI calculations are needed.
Patterns of reproductive isolation in a haplodiploid – strong post‐mating, prezygotic barriers among three forms of a social spider mite
Authors: Sato Yukie , Sakamoto Hironori , Gotoh Tetsuo , Saito Yutaka , Chao Jung‐Tai , Egas Martijn , Mochizuki Atsushi
Published: March 2018

In speciation research, much attention is paid to the evolution of reproductive barriers, preventing diverging groups from hybridizing back into one gene pool. The prevalent view is that reproductive barriers evolve gradually as a by‐product of genetic changes accumulated by natural selection and genetic drift in groups that are segregated spatially and/or temporally. Reproductive barriers, however, can also be reinforced by natural selection against maladaptive hybridization. These mutually compatible theories are both empirically supported by studies, analysing relationships between intensity of reproductive isolation and genetic distance in sympatric taxa and allopatric taxa. Here, we present the – to our knowledge – first comparative study in a haplodiploid organism, the social spider mite Stigmaeopsis miscanthi, by measuring premating and post‐mating, pre‐ and post‐zygotic components of reproductive isolation, using three recently diverged forms of the mite that partly overlap in home range. We carried out cross‐experiments and measured genetic distances (mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA) among parapatric and allopatric populations of the three forms. Our results show that the three forms are reproductively isolated, despite the absence of premating barriers, and that the post‐mating, prezygotic component contributes most to reproductive isolation. As expected, the strength of post‐mating reproductive barriers positively correlated with genetic distance. We did not find a clear pattern of prezygotic barriers evolving faster in parapatry than in allopatry, although one form did show a trend in line with the ecological and behavioural relationships between the forms. Our study advocates the versatility of haplodiploid animals for investigating the evolution of reproductive barriers.
A Meta‐Synthesis of the Birth Experiences of African Immigrant Women Affected by Female Genital Cutting
Authors: Hamid Asma , Grace Karen Trister , Warren Nicole
Published: March 2018

Introduction

The purpose of this qualitative meta‐synthesis was to understand the labor and birth experiences of immigrant women in countries of resettlement who have a history of female genital cutting (FGC), also known as female genital mutilation or female circumcision.

Methods

We used a meta‐ethnography approach to synthesize the literature on this topic. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts databases from inception to May 2016 using the search terms female genital cutting, female circumcision, clitorectomy, clitoridectomy, pharaonic circumcision, genital circumcision, female genital mutilation, infibulation, and deinfibulation. Our inclusion criteria were 1) peer‐reviewed, original qualitative research; 2) focused on populations affected by FGC or their health care providers; 3) conducted in a country where FGC is not documented as an indigenous practice; 4) English language; and 5) included a description of postmigratory labor and birth experiences of women affected by FGC. Fourteen articles were included.

Results

Two new syntheses emerged from our sample of studies including African immigrant women primarily resettled in Europe and the United States. First, birth after FGC in the context of resettlement included pain and anxiety, and has the potential to retraumatize. Second, while women experienced nostalgia for familiar traditions and perceived disrespect in their new setting, they questioned traditions, including the role of FGC, in their and their daughters’ lives.

Discussion

The negative birth experiences of women affected by FGC highlight the need to improve care for this population. Health care professionals can serve as a source of support for women affected by FGC by acknowledging and addressing FGC in their care and actively listening to their perspectives and concerns.
Effects of ischemic post‐conditioning on neuronal VEGF regulation and microglial polarization in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia
Authors: Esposito Elga , Hayakawa Kazuhide , Ahn Bum Ju , Chan Su Jing , Xing Changhong , Liang Anna C. , Kim Kyu‐Won , Arai Ken , Lo Eng H.
Published: March 2018

Ischemic postconditioning is increasingly being investigated as a therapeutic approach for cerebral ischemia. However, the majority of studies are focused on the acute protection of neurons per se. Whether and how postconditioning affects multiple cells in the recovering neurovascular unit remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we asked whether postconditioning may modulate help‐me signaling between injured neurons and reactive microglia. Rats were subjected to 100 min of focal cerebral ischemia, then randomized into a control versus postconditioning group. After 3 days of reperfusion, infarct volumes were significantly reduced in animals treated with postconditioning, along with better neurologic outcomes. Immunostaining revealed that ischemic postconditioning increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neurons within peri‐infarct regions. Correspondingly, we confirmed that VEGFR2 was expressed on Iba1‐positive microglia/macrophages, and confocal microscopy showed that in postconditioned rats, these cells were polarized to a ramified morphology with higher expression of M2‐like markers. Treating rats with a VEGF receptor 2 kinase inhibitor negated these effects of postconditioning on microglia/macrophage polarization. In vitro, postconditoning after oxygen‐glucose deprivation up‐regulated VEGF release in primary neuron cultures, and adding VEGF to microglial cultures partly shifted their M2‐like markers. Altogether, our findings support the idea that after postconditioning, injured neurons may release VEGF as a ‘help‐me’ signal that promotes microglia/macrophage polarization into potentially beneficial phenotypes.

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An exploration of predictors of children's nurses’ attitudes, knowledge, confidence and clinical behavioural intentions towards children and young people who self‐harm
Authors: Carter Tim , Latif Asam , Callaghan Patrick , Manning Joseph C.
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectives

To explore the potential predictors of children's nurses’ attitudes, knowledge and confidence towards caring for children and young people admitted to hospital with self‐harm.

Background

Admissions to paediatric inpatient settings for individuals who have self‐harmed are growing. Limited previous research suggests that nurses have mixed attitudes towards people who have self‐harmed and potentially lack the confidence to provide effective care. There is a specific paucity of research in this area for children's nurses.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive survey was used to gather data for exploration of variables associated with attitudes, confidence, knowledge and clinical behavioural intentions of 98 registered children's nurses in a single tertiary children's hospital, colocated in a large acute NHS Trust in the UK.

Methods

Data were collected over a 4 weeks in 2015, using an online survey tool. The predictive effect of several demographic variables was tested on the outcomes of attitudes, knowledge, confidence and behavioural intentions, which were collected using relevant, previously used outcome measures.

Results

Increased experience was found to be associated with improved attitudes relating to negativity. Previous training in caring for children who had self‐harmed was found to be associated with improved attitudes around perceived effectiveness of their care. Higher academic qualifications and having undertaken previous training on self‐harm were each found to be associated with increased knowledge of self‐harm, and increased age was associated with reduced knowledge of self‐harm.

Conclusions

This study provides an initial exploration of variables associated with attitudes, knowledge, confidence and behaviour intentions of registered children's nurses in relation to caring for CYP who have self‐harmed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Targeted training on caring for CYP who have self‐harmed should be considered as a component of continuing education for registered children's nurses in the UK to improve the experience and outcomes for this patient group.
Effect of prolonged hospitalization for threatened preterm labor on maternal and fetal vitamin D levels
Authors: Yonetani Naoto , Kaji Takashi , Hichijo Atsuko , Nakayama Soichiro , Maeda Kazuhisa , Irahara Minoru
Published: March 2018

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the effect of prolonged hospitalization for threatened preterm labor (TPL) on maternal and fetal vitamin D status.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study, spanning 4 years, including 18 women with TPL and 36 women with normal pregnancy who received prenatal care for a singleton pregnancy at our center. TPL cases were women who were admitted to our hospital after the second trimester test for at least 28 days, during which time the third trimester test was also performed. Controls were randomly sampled from women matched for age as well as the season during which the third trimester test was performed. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration in maternal blood was compared between the two groups at second trimester, third trimester and in the umbilical cord blood at delivery.

Results

The mean ± SD of maternal serum 25(OH)D concentration in the TPL group (14.0 ± 3.0 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in the control group (17.8 ± 5.9 ng/mL) (P < 0.01) in the third trimester, although there was no significant difference in the second trimester (P = 0.30). There was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in the maternal serum 25(OH)D from the second to third trimester in the TPL group, compared to the control group (P = 0.60). There was no significant difference between the two groups in umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations at delivery (P = 0.41).

Conclusion

Prolonged hospitalization for TPL reduced the maternal vitamin D status but did not influence the neonatal status at delivery.
Threats and Supports to Female Students’ Math Beliefs and Achievement
Authors: McKellar Sarah E. , Marchand Aixa D. , Diemer Matthew A. , Malanchuk Oksana , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: March 2018

This study examines how student perceptions of teacher practices contribute to female high school students’ math beliefs and achievement. Guided by the expectancy–value framework, we hypothesized that students’ motivation beliefs and achievement outcomes in mathematics are fostered by teachers’ emphasis on the relevance of mathematics and constrained by gender‐based differential treatment. To examine these questions, structural equation modeling was applied to a longitudinal panel of 518 female students from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study. While controlling for prior achievement and race, gendered differential treatment was negatively associated with math beliefs and achievement, whereas relevant math instruction was positively associated with these outcomes. These findings suggest inroads that may foster positive math motivational beliefs and achievement among young women.
Comprehension and Processing of Paired Sentences in Second Language Reading: A Comparison of Causal and Semantic Relatedness
Authors: NAHATAME SHINGO
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to examine how second language (L2) readers process and comprehend paired sentences based on the causal and semantic relatedness of the sentences. Causal relatedness refers to the cause‐and‐effect relations between the events described, whereas semantic relatedness refers to the similarity of meaning conveyed by the sentences. In a pair of experiments, Japanese learners of English read 2‐sentence stories with varying causal and semantic relatedness, after which they were asked to recall the second sentence of each story using the first sentence as a cue. Mixed‐effects models with crossed random effects for participants and items revealed that the second sentence was read faster and recalled better when it was more causally related to the first sentence. Semantic relatedness also facilitated the processing times and recall of the second sentence, although the effect was limited by the effects of causal relatedness or participants’ reading skills. Theoretical and educational implications of these findings for L2 text comprehension and processing are discussed.
Isavuconazole treatment for rare fungal diseases and for invasive aspergillosis in patients with renal impairment: Challenges and lessons of the VITAL trial
Authors: Perfect John R. , Cornely Oliver A. , Heep Markus , Ostrosky‐Zeichner Luis , Mullane Kathleen M. , Maher Rochelle , Croos‐Dabrera Rodney , Lademacher Christopher , Engelhardt Marc , Chen Caroline , Marty Francisco M.
Published: March 2018

Invasive fungal disease (IFD) confers a substantial risk for morbidity and mortality to immunocompromised patients. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most common IFD caused by moulds but the prevalence of other rare mould diseases, such as mucormycosis, hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis, may be increasing. Treatments are available for IA, but evidence to support efficacy and safety of antifungal agents for rare IFDs, or for IFDs in special patient populations, is limited or lacking. The VITAL trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of isavuconazole for the treatment of patients with IA and renal impairment, or with IFDs caused by rare moulds, yeasts or dimorphic fungi. These patients stand to benefit most from a new treatment option but are unlikely to be included in a randomised, controlled trial. In this article, we review the challenges faced in the design and conduct of the VITAL trial. We also review the findings of VITAL, which included evidence of the efficacy and safety of isavuconazole. Finally, we consider the importance of trials such as VITAL to inform therapeutic decision making for clinicians faced with the challenge of treating patients with rare IFDs and as one paradigm of how to determine efficacy and safety of new drugs for rare and resistant infections without a suitable comparator.
An Outbreak of Microsporum canis infection at a military base associated with stray cat exposure and person‐to‐person transmission
Authors: Brosh‐Nissimov Tal , Ben‐Ami Ronen , Astman Nadav , Malin Alex , Baruch Yaron , Galor Inbal
Published: March 2018

Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum canis is usually associated with exposure to animals, but outbreaks with anthropophilic transmission were described. A large outbreak in a military base was investigated. We investigated the outbreak's source and risk factors for infection in order to contain and eliminate it. All staff‐members at the base were interviewed and examined. A case‐control analysis of symptomatic patients was used to elucidate risk factors. Stray cats were captured and sampled. M. canis isolated from skin and fur specimens of patients and cats were genotyped by microsatellite sequencing. Fifty‐three of 502 staff‐members were symptomatic. Logistic regression showed risk associated with female gender, cat contact at base and performance of guarding duty. Multiple stray cats were found at the base. M. canis isolates from 4 cats and 4 patients had an identical genotype, while 2 patients had different genotypes. We describe the largest M. canis outbreak reported until now. Epidemiological and phylogenetic tools were used to investigate the source of the outbreak. Multiple exposures to stray cats caused infection of mainly young female soldiers performing guarding duty. Other persons were infected by person‐to‐person transmission. These findings aided in the termination of the outbreak.
High‐Stakes Conflicts and the Link between Theory and Practice: Celebrating the Work of Ellen Giebels
Authors: Oostinga Miriam S. D. , Rispens Sonja , Taylor Paul J. , Ufkes Elze G.
Published: March 2018

In this tribute to the 2012 recipient of the IACM's Jeffrey Rubin's Theory‐to‐Practice Award, we celebrate the work of Ellen Giebels. We highlight her groundbreaking research on influence tactics in crisis negotiations and other high‐stakes conflict situations, showing how her focus on theoretical foundations and careful design has delivered contributions of practical relevance. We then hear from two early career researchers who share how Ellen's research and mentorship fostered their own desire to deliver impactful research. We conclude by inviting Ellen to reflect on future research questions and to underscore her vision on the use of technology in conflict and negotiations research.
History of burning mouth syndrome (1800–1950): A review
Authors: Périer J‐M , Boucher Y
Published: March 2018

This medical history historic literature review aims at understanding the evolution of the medical existence of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) over times. Three historic research tools were used (Medic@, IndexCat, Gallica) with several keywords, exploring the years 1800–1950. One hundred and fifty documents were obtained dating from 1803 to 1937, including 55 reviews, 44 original articles, 40 quotations, and 11 medical dictionaries. A total of 199 cases of BMS were reported which allowed for a narrative review of the early history of BMS (1800–1950). This review spans from the description of the first clinical cases by several authors in Europe to the creation of the syndrome by the French Academy of Medicine, its intellectual sponsorship by the emerging discipline of neuropsychiatry, to its subsequent evolution until the conceptual shift of the American authors. A better knowledge of the evolution of the nosology of BMS throughout history should bring a better understanding of current approaches for treating such an affection.
Is desiccation tolerance and avoidance reflected in xylem and phloem anatomy of two coexisting arid‐zone coniferous trees?
Authors: Sevanto Sanna , Ryan Max , Dickman L. Turin , Derome Dominique , Patera Alessandra , Defraeye Thijs , Pangle Robert E. , Hudson Patrick J. , Pockman William T.
Published: March 2018

Plants close their stomata during drought to avoid excessive water loss, but species differ in respect to the drought severity at which stomata close. The stomatal closure point is related to xylem anatomy and vulnerability to embolism, but it also has implications for phloem transport and possibly phloem anatomy to allow sugar transport at low water potentials. Desiccation‐tolerant plants that close their stomata at severe drought should have smaller xylem conduits and/or fewer and smaller interconduit pits to reduce vulnerability to embolism but more phloem tissue and larger phloem conduits compared with plants that avoid desiccation. These anatomical differences could be expected to increase in response to long‐term reduction in precipitation. To test these hypotheses, we used tridimensional synchroton X‐ray microtomograph and light microscope imaging of combined xylem and phloem tissues of 2 coniferous species: one‐seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) and piñon pine (Pinus edulis) subjected to precipitation manipulation treatments. These species show different xylem vulnerability to embolism, contrasting desiccation tolerance, and stomatal closure points. Our results support the hypothesis that desiccation tolerant plants require higher phloem transport capacity than desiccation avoiding plants, but this can be gained through various anatomical adaptations in addition to changing conduit or tissue size.
Successful treatment of severe subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with rituximab in an adolescent
Authors: Dodds Melissa , Hobday Patricia , Schultz Brittney , Maguiness Sheilagh
Published: March 2018

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus is rare in children. Most patients respond well to conventional therapy with prednisone, hydroxychloroquine, or both. Other case reports and small series have reported successful clearance with rituximab in adults. We report an adolescent who obtained remission with rituximab after failing conventional therapy.
Contrasting features of childhood and adolescent melanomas
Authors: Bartenstein Diana W. , Kelleher Cassandra M. , Friedmann Alison M. , Duncan Lyn M. , Tsao Hensin , Sober Arthur J. , Hawryluk Elena B.
Published: March 2018

Background/Objectives

Melanoma in children and adolescents is uncommon, and there are limited data on pediatric outcomes. Several studies have shown comparable survival rates in children and adults, but other research demonstrates that prepubescent children have more favorable outcomes. This study aims to compare childhood and adolescent melanoma.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of children who received a melanoma diagnosis at the Massachusetts General Hospital between January 1, 1995, and December 21, 2016. Childhood melanoma is defined as disease occurring in patients younger than 11 years old, and adolescent melanoma is defined as disease occurring in patients 11 to 19 years old. Patients diagnosed with ocular melanoma and borderline tumors of uncertain malignant potential were excluded. This analysis compares clinical, histopathologic, and outcome characteristics of childhood and adolescent melanoma.

Results

Thirty‐two children with melanoma were identified (12 children, 20 adolescents). The spitzoid melanoma subtype was significantly more common in children (6/12) than adolescents (2/20) (P = .01). Four adolescents and no children with melanoma died from melanoma, and survival was significantly different between the age groups (P = .04). Median follow‐up time for survivors was 3.6 years.

Conclusions

These results suggest that children and adolescents present with different melanoma subtypes and that adolescents have a more aggressive disease course than children.
Familial Blau syndrome without uveitis caused by a novel mutation in the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 gene with good response to infliximab
Authors: Toral‐López Jaime , González‐Huerta Luz M. , Martín‐del Campo Mónica , Messina‐Baas Olga , Cuevas‐Covarrubias Sergio A.
Published: March 2018

The proband in this study was a 4‐year‐old Mexican girl with Blau syndrome. She and her affected family members had skin rash and arthritis but no uveitis. Exome sequencing and DNA direct sequencing from blood samples revealed a novel nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 gene mutation in the affected family members. This study is the first report of a Mexican family with Blau syndrome showing good infliximab treatment response. The novel mutation in the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 gene (c.1808A>G) enriches the mutation spectrum in Blau syndrome. This family represents one of the few cases of autosomal Blau syndrome with no uveitis; because of phenotype variability, it is important to recognize Blau syndrome's clinical spectrum and recommend genetic consultation.
Ischemia‐modified albumin in preterm infants born to mothers with pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Özdemir Özmert MA , Özdemir Emine , Enli Yaşar , Öztekin Özer , Ergin Hacer
Published: March 2018

Background

Pre‐eclampsia (PE) carries an increased risk for maternal and/or fetal mortality or serious morbidity. PE is associated with ischemia and increased oxidative stress in the placenta, which may lead to modification of plasma albumin to ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA). The aim of this study was to investigate IMA and hematological parameters in mothers and in premature infants in normal and in pre‐eclamptic pregnancies.

Methods

Twenty‐five pregnant women with PE and their premature newborns were categorized as the PE group, and 25 normotensive pregnant women and their premature newborns as the control group. Preterm infants are classified as small for gestational age (SGA) or non‐SGA according to the Fenton preterm growth chart. Serum IMA, complete blood count (CBC), liver function tests (LFT), renal function tests (RFT), albumin, and C‐reactive protein were measured in the mothers immediately before birth, and in the cord blood and serum of the newborns at 6 and 24 h after birth. Clinical and demographic data were recorded for both groups.

Results

While IMA, LFT and RFT were significantly increased in the PE group compared with the control group, albumin and CBC were significantly lower in the PE group. A total of 40% of PE newborns were SGA, 30% of whom had severe SGA (birthweight <3rd percentile). Cord IMA was significantly increased in all preterm neonates in the PE group compared with the control group. No mothers or neonates died.

Conclusion

Serum IMA in addition to the prevalence of SGA were significantly increased in the PE group. Cord blood IMA, therefore, might be a predictive biomarker for SGA in PE pregnancies.
Daily mistrust: A resource perspective and its implications for work and home
Authors: Lanaj Klodiana , Kim Peter H. , Koopman Joel , Matta Fadel K.
Published: March 2018

Mistrust is a daily occurrence at work. Yet little is known about how perceptions of being mistrusted by coworkers may affect employees’ subsequent daily attitudes and behaviors. Indeed, the existing literature on mistrust has overwhelmingly focused on how mistrust affects the trustor (person whose trust is violated) but not the trustee (the mistrusted person). This is problematic because conservation of resources theory (COR) suggests that perceived mistrust is a negative experience likely to affect the mistrusted employees’ subsequent attitudes and behaviors both at work and at home. To investigate this possibility, we conducted an experience sampling study of employees and their significant others over 3 consecutive workweeks. Consistent with COR, day by day perceptions of mistrust increased employees’ emotional exhaustion, consequently leading to withdrawal from colleagues at work and conflict toward their significant other at home. Moreover, supporting self‐enhancement (rather than self‐verification) theory, these effects were stronger when employees perceived mistrust to be high (vs. low) in justification. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of this research.