bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the theory of phase transitions
Authors: Müller Ulrich , de la Flor Gemma
Published: December 2024

Whether a compound experiences a phase transition is a matter of thermodynamics. According to the Landau theory, the Gibbs free energy can be expanded to a Taylor series with respect to an order parameter η. For a continuous phase transition, only even powers of η may appear in the Taylor series. For a temperature-driven phase transition, η is proportional to [(Tc − T)/Tc]β, T being the temperature, Tc the critical temperature, and β the critical exponent. Landau theory shows discrepancies with experimental findings, especially when there are short-range atomic interactions. An improvement has been achieved with the renormalization-group theory, where fluctuations are considered.
Professional development of teachers as an agent of change in primary mathematics teaching
Authors: Hošpesová Alena , Kaur Berinderjeet
Published: December 2024

Teachers of mathematics at pre-primary and primary school levels are usually generalists, as they teach most subjects. Therefore, professional development (PD) in mathematics is an important contributing factor to knowledge and practice that has impacts on their instructional practices. This chapter reviews past presentations at SEMT symposia related to PD for mathematics teachers. The selected presentations are organized into three broad areas: (i) developing teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT), (ii) context, content, and structure of PD programmes, and (iii) the impact of PD on participant’s practice. The SEMT presentations illuminated the role of cultural contexts for the efficacy of PD programmes, that the content of most PD programmes was problem solving, and there were limited examples of possible structures for partnerships between institutions, and schools. Lastly, several presentations reported on the impact of PD programmes on participants’ classroom instruction.
Promoting mathematical literacy: Perspectives from SEMT
Authors: Morge Shelby , Pugalee David
Published: December 2024

A framework for mathematical literacy is used to explore SEMT contributions related to the learning of mathematics. This mathematical literacy framework enables demonstration of how presenters have expanded understanding of students’ processes for learning mathematics and what it means to have a deep mathematical understanding. The framework allows exploration of student learning as one that involves engagement in processes that enable students to learn important mathematics with deep conceptual understanding. This chapter explores reasoning, problem solving, representing, and manipulating as processes that work together to deepen students’ mathematical learning. It also addresses communication, technology, and values as ‘enablers’ that support students as they explore and develop mathematical understandings. Research cited here highlights how these processes and enablers work together. The perspectives from SEMT demonstrate significant and continued contributions that provide a foundation for understanding students’ mathematical learning, and also provide guidance on advancing the knowledge and practices of mathematics educators.
Citizen Agency and Autonomy in Shared Governance
Authors: Dzur Albert W. , Hendriks Carolyn M.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 5 examines how citizens’ governance spaces engage with state, market, and civil society actors. The chapter develops the concept of congruence to capture the autonomy and collaboration of citizen spaces as they interact with public and private sector actors. The concept of congruence moves beyond static divisions between state-society-market, recognizing those state and market actors who support collective problem solving by helping citizens find their way through administrative blockages. Drawing on empirical cases, the chapter shows that when there is a high degree of congruence, citizens actively initiate and engage in partnerships to leverage skills, knowledge, and capital to address a collective problem. Congruence cannot always be fully expressed, for example, when citizens are coopted, or when the goals of citizen spaces diverge from those of state and non-state actors; then, citizens might choose to work at some distance. Citizen spaces view state and market actors as potential channels of support and expertise rather than opponents or mere funding sources.
Recognizing the Risks
Authors: Addison Tony , Roe Alan
Published: December 2024

This chapter analyses the risks facing resource-dependent countries. These include: (i) economic mismanagement (the ‘resource curse’); (ii) political mismanagement; and (iii) environmental damage (climate change and the destruction of natural capital). It distinguishes ‘risk’ (which can be addressed probabilistically) from ‘uncertainty’ (infrequent unpredictable events). Mozambique, with its large natural gas resource, provides examples of all the component risks and uncertainties. The chapter then explores the risks and uncertainties arising from the global transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy. This shift could result in ‘stranded countries’ as well as ‘stranded assets’. Finally, the chapter explores the nature of the net-zero transition for metals, including the eventual emergence of new cheaper materials as substitutes for critical, but expensive, minerals. Overall, the chapter recommends focusing on a nation’s entire portfolio of natural resources to minimize the impact of shocks, and to mitigate risks and uncertainties.
Transforming States
Authors: Addison Tony , Roe Alan
Published: December 2024

While market mechanisms and private initiatives can deliver much for development, public action is also necessary to: maximize the economic benefits of the extractive industries; manage potentially large capital and revenues flows; minimize adverse environmental and social impacts; and steer the economy towards a net-zero future. An ‘all of government’ approach is desirable: to coordinate action, especially between local and central government, around a long-term sector strategy; and to provide the private sector with a consistent policy framework which encourages investment. The chapter also emphasizes improvements to public finance, including taxation, especially those tax issues relating to national strategies for net zero, as well as the politically challenging task of removing fossil fuel subsidies. The chapter discusses the many decisions involved in the macroeconomic management of resource booms, including accumulating (or paying off) debt and how much to spend and how much to save in a sovereign wealth fund.
Transforming Companies
Authors: Addison Tony , Roe Alan
Published: December 2024

Companies in the oil, gas, and mining sectors face ever-intensifying scrutiny over their environmental, social, and (corporate) governance (ESG) practices and impacts: from civil society but also from investment funds and other stakeholders with ESG mandates. Companies with good practices—and the chapter documents significant progress since 2000—can deliver substantial benefits to host economies: both local and national. The chapter suggests further ways in which they could enhance their impacts in partnerships with government. Unfortunately, there are also companies that are at best cynical about their ESG impacts, or uncaring: the worst outcomes arise when they coexist with exclusive governments favouring elite interests. The chapter also discusses the issues arising for companies from the eventual stranding of fossil fuels: international oil companies (IOCs) may exit oil and coal, and shift to renewables, at a much faster rate than national oil companies (NOCs). The latter pose a potential macroeconomic risk.
Everyday Aesthetic Injustice
Authors: Nanay Bence
Published: December 2024

The aim of this chapter is to show that everyone is in danger of being culpable of aesthetic injustice on a daily or maybe even hourly basis. More specifically, if the following three premises are accepted, the conclusion of everyday aesthetic injustice follows: (A) One can never fully be “participants” in a different culture; (B) one engages, on a daily basis, with works from different cultures; and (C) aesthetic judgment has a degree of intersubjective normativity. If the argument is valid, then in order to avoid being culpable of everyday aesthetic injustice, (at least) one of (A), (B), or (C) has to be discarded. The chapter argues that the best option is to reject (C) and approach works from cultures that are not one’s own with a fair amount of aesthetic humility.
A Melody of Lucknow
Authors: Katz Max
Published: December 2024

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Lucknow towered as North India’s undisputed epicenter of music and dance. The king himself was a musician and dancer, and he patronized hundreds of renowned performing artists. Yet this thriving artistic hotbed collapsed in 1856 when the king was deposed and his city captured by British colonial forces. According to legend, at the moment of his departure, the king composed a thumri—or “semi-classical” song—in which he assumed the voice of a young bride torn from her natal home on her wedding day. The song, titled “Babul Mora,” has since become perhaps the most widely known and beloved thumri in the North Indian musical repertoire. This chapter leads readers into an analysis of the song, arguing that its lyrics and its melody evoke collective memories of both the glory of precolonial Lucknow and the tragedy of its occupation and demise.
Hale da Divan
Authors: Protopapas Janice
Published: December 2024

The Namdhari Sikhs known as Kukas (the “shriekers”) hold an honored place in India’s freedom struggle. Led by Baba Ram Singh (1816–1885), this puritanical community launched a political and social reform campaign against the British based on the principles of non-cooperation and swadeshi as political weapons. Their musical service, hale da divan, “verses of attack,” serves as a sonic weapon through which to impart persuasive political/spiritual messages for freedom and social change. Chanting Sikh hymns with the instrumental accompaniment, members were and are still often induced into altered states of mastana (ecstasy), resulting in outbursts of cries, gesticulations, spinning heads, swaying bodies, rocking, and falling down as they reach a state of total absorption. Through interviews and audio and video recordings, the author also examines the performance of hale da divan as a mode of transmitting historical consciousness, arousing emotions that re-enact past events and bring them into present consciousness.
Systematic and Embodied Music Theory of Tamil Parai Drummers
Authors: Sherinian Zoe C.
Published: December 2024

In Tamil Nadu, India, the parai frame drum is traditionally performed by members of outcaste, untouchable communities. In villages, it is the caste duty of these hereditary musicians to announce auspicious occasions like festivals and weddings as well as inauspicious occasions like funerals. Like its performers, the parai has been considered devalued and polluted. Nevertheless, parai-attam encompasses a systematic and embodied music/aesthetic theory. It includes both a quantitative, positivist knowledge that can be understood through notational and descriptive analysis and an embodied qualitative experience as intersectional and intersensorial aesthetic knowledge. Drawn on fieldwork and documentary films on hereditary male village musicians and the feminist women’s group Sakthi Kalai Kuzhu, this chapter argues that the use of film footage as a medium of aesthetic analysis effectively demonstrates the intersensorial, embodied knowledge that parai drummers have and the pedagogical process of learning intercorporeal alignment through group/community processes.
Music and the Trans-thirunangai Everyday at Koovagam, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Roy Jeff
Published: December 2024

Since the 1980s, the religious festival known as the Kuthandavar-Aravan, or Koovagam, festival has become a contested site for the celebration of transgender and thirunangai (transfeminine people of Tamil Nadu) self-determination. Drawing from audiovisual footage and short films created at the 2013 and 2014 Koovagam festivals, the author’s work explores the variable musical and sonic landscapes of performance within imagined traditional spaces and professionally staged contexts known as the “Miss Koovagam” talent competition. Through narrative modes of reflexivity and non-linear storytelling, the chapter explores how music and sound affirm transgender and thirunangai selfhood in ways that account for multiple possibilities of feeling, acting, being, and belonging in the everyday. An exercise accompanying this chapter provides readers with the opportunity to examine the relationships between music, gender, and sexuality situated in the sociological and political histories and conditions of a place as well as within the context of their own lives.
Tamil Rap and Social Status in Malaysia
Authors: Paige Aaron
Published: December 2024

In the Malaysian-Tamil diaspora, social status is primarily negotiated through language and class. Drawing upon sociolinguistic ideologies of Tamil diglossia from South India, educated professionals describe their speech as high and/or pure (sentamil), and that of the working class as “bent” (kochaitamil). In response to this derogatory stereotyping, Malaysian Tamil working-class youth began using rap as a strategic site for constructing counter-hegemonic linguistic ideologies. This chapter analyzes verses by Malaysian Tamil rappers Coco Nantha, Dr. Burn, and Masta K, pointing to the ways in which these artists use (1) a verbal aesthetic that recalls the classical, ancient language of Tamil literature and (2) a reflexive poetics of metalinguistic commentary and praise about the Tamil language itself. Rapping about language is central to the way in which these artists question the superimposition of linguistic register onto social position and instantiate a new politics and poetics of diasporic belonging.
Locating Research to Inform Practice Questions
Authors: Morgan Sherry
Published: December 2024

After developing a PICO question, the next logical question is how one might locate and access the research to answer the question. This chapter covers fundamental information about the technical aspects of finding studies and databases that will answer your practice-based questions. Using a case example, this chapter illustrates the process of searching for evidence in library databases and evidence-based repositories.
Qualitative Research and the EBP Process
Authors: Bell Holly
Published: December 2024

Chapter 6 covers the role of qualitative research in the EBP process. The chapter begins with a brief review of qualitative inquiry since many students get little exposure to it in their curriculum. In the EPB process, qualitative research can answer a PICO question directly or contribute to information about client or provider preferences. The in-depth information offered in qualitative research can address “lived experience” questions or why or how an intervention is effective or ineffective. An example using an empirically supported treatment for clients who have gone through trauma, trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), is threaded through the chapter to show the role that this type of inquiry can play in the EBP process.
Introduction
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

Sometimes presented as occasional aberrations, ministerial sex scandals have in fact had a long history in the context of US Protestantism. Beginning with the media revolution of the 1830s, pastoral transgressions have presented a publicity problem for the religion of the majority in the young nation. As the press debated whether and how much to cover clerical improprieties, Protestants experimented with ways to mitigate the effects of scandal in their midst. Although Protestants have survived multiple publicity crises caused by scandal, the very act of publicizing their transgressions has led to a broader cultural reckoning with issues of religious authority, charismatic influence, and sexual abuse.
Deplorable Subjects
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

The press revolution of the 1830s fundamentally transformed life in the young republic and presented new moral quandaries for both the press and the public. On the one hand, publishers believed that printing unsavory details of sexual crimes would corrupt the citizenry. On the other hand, they felt it was their duty to expose religious leaders who strayed from sexual orthodoxy. In the end, scandal publishing enabled public discussions of contentious issues. Three cases exemplify these developments: the secrecy surrounding Ammi Rogers’s crimes, the sensational seduction and murder trial of Ephraim Avery, and the unprintable details of Eleazar Sherman’s dismissal from ministry. By the mid-nineteenth-century, sex scandals—even involving ministers—would become widely covered, presenting a new problem for Protestant publicity.
Introduction: Finding a Musical Way through Stalinist Cinema
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Chapter 1 (“Introduction”) provides a discussion of musical and cinematic contexts for Shostakovich’s film music from 1936 to 1953, arguments and objectives, methods, and brief thematic outlines of the subsequent chapters. It contains the methodological framing for the book, including a theoretical discussion of the concepts of middlebrow and mainstream as they apply to Shostakovich’s late Stalinist film music. The chapter summaries survey the primary themes specific to the films as they apply to the larger arguments and objectives, including director-specific conceptions of sound design; the slippage between symphonic underscoring and song; musical narration of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and nation in response to the films’ subjects; and musical characterization of war, heroism, myth-making, and the slippage between reality and fiction.
Rural Social Work Practice
Authors: Carbajal Jose , Cordova Wilma
Published: December 2024

Practicing clinical social work is challenging when working in rural communities. This chapter provides information regarding the challenges and the specific intricacies of clinical practice. It illustrates clinical practice in two different rural communities and the specific delivery of services in two different settings. Challenges include (a) navigating the judicial system without creating major issues for the client when working with undocumented individuals and (b) contacting law authorities when relationships are intertwined and include familial relatives. Both cases address clinical aspects and the need for community involvement in providing services in communities in which services are limited, especially for those needing mental health care. Research is limited with regard to providing clinical social work in rural areas.
Ingram in the 1570s
Authors: Snow Dean
Published: December 2024

John Hawkins gave up his career in slaving and took up a new one updating the Royal Navy for Queen Elizabeth. Francis Drake took the lead pirating in the Caribbean. He took out four voyages in the first half of the new decade, and Ingram was employed on one or two of the later ones. Ingram might also have served on Martin Frobisher’s search for a Northwest Passage, but there is no convincing evidence. John White’s portraits of three Inuit captives in 1577 was among the few notable outcomes of these voyages. David Ingram and Richard Browne were certainly with Francis Drake on the first part of his 1577–1580 voyage around the world. Browne died accidentally on their ship, the Elizabeth, before Captain Wynter gave up and turned back to England. This left Drake to sail a lone ship, The Golden Hind, across the Pacific and home. The decade ended with Humphrey Gilbert’s efforts to plant an English colony at or near the mythical Norumbega on the Penobscot River.
Brothers in Arms
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter brings a myriad of sources produced by both leading and rank-and-file Brothers—e.g., diaries, memoirs, letters, songs, poems, and propaganda—into conversation with diplomatic cables, intelligence reports, and news articles in Arabic, English, and Hebrew to reconstruct the history of the Muslim Brotherhood’s (MB) war in Palestine. Divided into five parts, this chapter traces the MB’s intensifying engagement in Palestine from 1936 onward, culminating in the Palestine War and the MB’s conflict-ridden relationship with the government in Egypt. The chapter argues that the engagement in the war was ultimately what prompted the government to dissolve the MB on December 8, 1948. Any treatment of the MB’s first prison ordeal must therefore begin with a detailed account of the events that eventually placed thousands of Brothers behind bars in Egypt.
The Enlightenment
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter describes the Prison Service’s re-education program known by the Brothers as the “Enlightenment.” It argues that the incongruity between propaganda and prison life, coupled with the perceived hypocrisy of the lecturers, was the principal reason for the short life of the Enlightenment. Rather than legitimizing the claims of Gamāl ʿAbd al-Nāṣir’s regime and al-Azhar, the program exposed them as weak and hollow, turning Brothers not only against the state, but also against its representatives in the prisons of Egypt. Enforced for only a brief period, between 1955 and 1957, and again between 1966 and 1967, the re-education program was thus overwhelmingly a failure, and only exacerbated the Brothers’ antipathy toward ʿAbd al-Nāṣir. However, the program did succeed in one crucial aspect: in pitching the Brothers against one another, fostering a rift between those willing and those unwilling to pledge loyalty to the Egyptian President.
It’s a Match?
Authors: Abo-Zena Mona M. , Golden Alexandrea R.
Published: December 2024

This chapter supports researchers in aligning qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods research with the goals of a particular study. Whatever the research design, this chapter uplifts a decolonial critique of research and outlines considerations for just and quality scholarship. It disrupts how dominant research paradigms privilege particular notions, tools, and methods at the expense of other perspectives that facilitate capturing the lived experiences of diverse individuals and communities with a focus on emerging adults across contexts. To maximize the benefits and to redress the oppressive potential of research, this chapter outlines steps to work toward just and impactful human development scholarship focusing on emerging adulthood. This chapter reviews how to align the theoretical frameworks guiding research questions and designs that contribute to producing ecologically valid scholarship with and about emerging adults.
Sampling Emerging Adults Using Quantitative Methods
Authors: López-Madrigal Claudia , García-Manglano Javier , Schwartz Seth J.
Published: December 2024

Emerging adulthood is a complex and diverse stage of life that presages multiple life trajectories. During the last decade, empirical studies on emerging adults have only begun to capture the heterogeneity of this population. Almost half of emerging adult studies have limited their samples to college students, thereby underrepresenting this developmental period. This chapter presents an overview of different considerations for obtaining samples of emerging adults for quantitative studies. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section offers a psychological and sociological overview of emerging adulthood. The second section focuses on sampling issues related to the representativeness of quantitative studies with this population. Specifically, considerations regarding the forgotten half and hard-to-reach populations are identified. Implications and alternative approaches are discussed.
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in Emerging Adult Research
Authors: Conroy Dom , Smith Jonathan A. , Butler Stephen M.
Published: December 2024

Interpretative phenomenological analysis provides a framework to conduct research designed to understand lived experience. Studies of emerging adulthood may often be experiential in focus (e.g., concerning identity, life transition, key life relationships, etc.). This chapter presents interpretative phenomenological analysis as a research method and considers interpretative phenomenological analysis research using samples of emerging adults. The main body of this chapter provides a guide for using interpretative phenomenological analysis to study emerging adulthood. This guide will outline designing interpretative phenomenological analysis studies, developing interview schedules for use in interpretative phenomenological analysis research, and the process of recruitment and conducting interviews. This key chapter section contains a complete account of how to analyze emerging adult interview data using interpretative phenomenological analysis from the earliest initial case study stages through to cross-case analysis and how to develop deeper, more elaborate approaches to an interpretative phenomenological analysis. The chapter concludes with discussion of strengths and limitations of interpretative phenomenological analysis as a research method.
The Holy Suburb of Wheaton, Illinois
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 5 considers four possible reasons for the concentration of evangelicals in the suburb of Wheaton, Illinois: race and ethnicity within a changing region, a network of evangelical actors, cultural affinities between evangelical life and the quality of life in Wheaton, and successfully competing for church attendees, employees, and other resources in the community. Known as a religious community from the beginning, after World War II Wheaton added numerous subdivisions and many evangelical organizations and businesses located in the community or in adjacent newly founded Carol Stream, where evangelical leaders provided land and financing. In this history of Wheaton, three factors stand out for the emergence and consistency of an evangelical character: Wheaton maintained a white and wealthy demographic, cultural affinities between evangelicals and bedroom suburbs involving the celebration of single-family homes and family life, and opportunities for evangelicals to engage in a growing and closely knit evangelical network.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents a study of great power subversion—peer-on-peer hostile meddling in domestic affairs—in three critical periods of twentieth-century international politics: the twenty years’ crisis leading up to World War II, the origins of the Cold War, and the mature Cold War of the 1960s and 1970s. It explores the contest between the subversive potency of transnational ideological movements (fascism and communism) backed by fearsome great powers and the surprising defensive resilience of target democracies. The chapter shows how new technology (e.g., radio, fax machines, and computers) as well as novel institutions (e.g., the Communist International) fed waves of optimism and fear about subversion. It provides new interpretations of the role of subversion in the Cold War and a new assessment of the Reagan administration’s approach to counter-subversion.
Looking Forward
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

The chapter discusses three underappreciated lessons for the future of great power subversion. First, diplomacy can still buttress deterrence and defense in a target state’s toolkit for managing subversion. Second, democracies are more robust than they seem, and history reveals a more nuanced and less fraught assessment of democracies’ resilience in the face of subversion than contemporary headlines imply. Third, over the long term, technology is never a game-changer in a complex strategic arena like great power subversive competition. These lessons add up to a comparatively sanguine assessment of subversion’s role in twenty-first-century great power rivalry. Great power subversion has returned, but its role has not been transformed.
“Informative, Shocking, Entertaining”
Authors: Walsh Maria , Gansewig Antje
Published: December 2024

School interventions involving former extremists have been popular in Germany for several decades. Nevertheless, such interventions have only recently gained research attention. This chapter provides an overview of the national practice and the relevant state of the research. Furthermore, considering the effects and effectiveness of these initiatives, it pays particular attention to the results of existing Germany-based evaluation studies. There is no clear scientific indication for the effectiveness of former extremists in prevention and education with students. Rather, there is clear evidence for core challenges. Consequently, this chapter recommends greater attention to the needs and rights of students, further research on the approach, and reconsideration of the practice.
Parliamentary Logic
Authors: Power Greg
Published: December 2024

The assumption is that politicians will always want to make their institutions stronger—so that they can produce better legislation and hold government to account—but in many places these incentives simply do not exist. The central question posed by David Mayhew in the 1970s is why would politicians do anything that does not serve the purpose of getting them re-elected? The answer lies in the way that institutions evolve, as they start to create their own internal incentive structures, built around status, influence and power. As politicians learn to use parliamentary procedure to pursue their personal, political and professional objectives, so they start to value the institutions, invest in them and make them stronger. The problem is that in many weak states, rates of legislative turnover are routinely over 60%, which means that the parliaments are stripped of institutional memory, professional capacity and political acuity. The tragedy of turnover is not properly appreciated, but as one Malawian MP puts it, politicians simply do not have the time or scope to learn the art of politics. Breaking out of the catch-22 that keeps institutions weak means starting with the incentives that shape political behavior in the first place.
Individuals Over Institutions
Authors: Power Greg
Published: December 2024

The first characteristic of a more behavioral approach to political development is to focus on people more than process. Recent international development assistance has been dominated by institution-building in other countries. In Afghanistan the international community created the constitution and institutions that they were aiming at, but they failed to take the people inside those buildings with them. As a result, the country’s politics stayed the same. This gap between surface and substance is seen in many international efforts. All change is—ultimately—behavioral change. The contrasting examples of the California State Legislature and the Malawian parliament show that political institutions only get stronger when politicians want to make them stronger. That tends to happen when those institutions can be used by politicians to fix the problems that they need to deal with today. It is when institutional process can be used to align short term political incentives with longer-term institution building, and when the fate of politicians is tied to the development of the institution itself, that lasting change tends to occur. In other words, it is the human side of political development that determines how institutions evolve.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Robert Dale
Published: December 2024

The understudied fiction and poetry of extreme poverty in the US during the Great Depression frequently follows what this chapter calls the poetics of the stiff, a pared-down aesthetics of blunt language, static plot, and minimized characterization that matches the pared-down lives of those whose unemployment drives them to life on the street and extreme poverty, seeming to freeze time in a hungry stasis with no hope for a better future. This chapter charts the poetics of the stiff and contrasts its portrayal of isolated, mostly urban suffering with the more famous and more hopeful genres of proletarian literature about workers, Depression documentary photography and film, and rural upheaval, arguing that a vast body of mostly forgotten writing from the Depression can show us an alternative portrait of Depression history, writing, aesthetics, and suffering if we look at writing about, and sometimes by, the long-term unemployed.
Hungry a Long Time
Authors: Parker Robert Dale
Published: December 2024

Despite the extensive attention to Langston Hughes’s poetry, his poems about the poverty of the Great Depression have not received much critical commentary. For African Americans, this chapter argues, extreme poverty was widespread even before the Depression, but not until massive numbers of whites lost their jobs in the Depression did the larger culture widely recognize the crisis of extreme poverty. By blaming Black poverty on bad luck, many of Hughes’s early poems gradually imply a systemic tilt that makes so-called bad luck hit African Americans disproportionately. Hughes’s poems drew on the characteristic preoccupations of the poetics of the stiff and recast them in the styles he was already experimenting with, including blues poems. In “Advertisement for the Waldorf-Astoria” (1931), he merges many different styles and voices into one multi-voiced poem that offers one of the Depression’s most ambitious recalibrations of literary style specifically for the portrayal of extreme poverty.
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Robert Dale
Published: December 2024

Amid a nation that often defines itself through its massive wealth, scholars’ helpful focus on fiction and poetry’s engagement with the politics of labor in the 1930s has had the accidental side effect of making it harder to see the fiction and poetry of Depression unemployment and extreme poverty. This book seeks to enlarge and shift our literary history of the Great Depression by encouraging us to recover the literary history of extreme poverty itself. Many now often forgotten or underknown writers faced Depression suffering more directly than most better remembered writers, and often they faced the suffering of extreme Depression poverty so bluntly that their contemporaries turned away, but also so boldly that we will find it newly bracing to recover and honor their writing and the memory of their despair.
Days One to Four
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

There is international press excitement on the announcement of the Runciman Mission, and high expectations. Walter and Hilda Runciman arrive in Prague by train. Runciman addresses the assembled press corps. The couple settle into the Alcron Hotel and adjust to the heatwave. The chapter explores the blocks faced to date by Czechoslovak Government’s negotiations with the Sudeten German Party, and the difficulties presented by the Czechoslovak constitution. There is a description of Walter’s first meetings with Sudeten Germans. Walter and Hilda visit the President and his wife at the Hradčany palace. The chapter explores the Runcimans’ opinions of Beneš, Hilda’s opinion of Hugh Wilson, US ambassador to Berlin, and her argument with him. Hilda’s tactlessness proved detrimental to the work of the Mission.
Days Seven to Ten
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

Ashton-Gwatkin reports to Strang at the Foreign Office. This chapter sees the revival of the official Negotiating Committee under Hodża. The well-known pacificist Lord Allen of Hurtwood comes to Prague with the Quaker Corder Catchpool and urges the SdP to negotiate with Runciman. As a result, K.H. Frank, deputy head of the Sudeten German Party, unexpectedly calls on Runciman. The Czechoslovak Foreign Ministry lays on entertainments for the Mission and its members. The chapter considers the aloofness of Ashton-Gwatkin from the Czechs and indifference of Hilda towards them. It goes onto describe the relationship of Lord Allen with the SdP and his influence over them. Hilda records the opinions of the British Military attaché, Colonel Strong. His reports to London were later overlooked. Bob Boothby, a vocal anti-appeaser, visits the President, urging armed resistance to Hitler.
Days Twenty-Four to Thirty and the Fourth Weekend Continued
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

At Rothenhaus, Ashton-Gwatkin debriefs Frank who is just back from Berlin: Frank appears agreeable to British proposals but withholds the report of Hitler’s true aggressive aims. Ashton-Gwatkin holds a long talk with Henlein and is hood-winked into believing in his genuine desire for peaceful Anglo-German relations. Henlein demands the Carlsbad Program for settlement of Sudeten problem and ignores the Third Plan. He has a brief meeting with Runciman. The chapter describes Margie Fairweather, her second marriage, and new career as pilot. The chapter goes onto describe the “Munich Room” at Rothenhaus with signatures of all members of the Mission, with Margie and the SdP negotiators.
Days Thirty-Four to Thirty-Seven
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

The Czech cabinet approves the Fourth Plan. There is uproar and protest by the general public over the terms of the plan. The SdP quickly submit lengthy and reasoned arguments for and against acceptance of the Fourth plan. Kundt argues the plan was compatible with state integrity, but says the opposite, privately, to the German government: that it would lead to Nazi domination. Hohenlohe fails to tell Ashton-Gwatkin. There are riots at Moravská Ostrava, and arrests of SdP arms smugglers by Czech police create an excuse to call off negotiations. Hodza agrees to Frank’s demands regarding the Czech police and the incident is resolved. Serious rumours circulate about assassinations of Henlein, and even Runciman, which would have been a pretext for Germany to launch the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Times newspaper publishes an anonymous article suggesting the cession of the Sudetenland to Germany on the same day as the riots at Moravská Ostrava. Runciman, under great strain, contemplates resignation.
Days Forty-One to Forty-Four
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

Beneš broadcasts to the nation. There is vicious anti-Czech propaganda from the Nuremberg Rally and an immediate uprising in the Sudetenland after Hitler’s speech brought new demands. Hitler manipulates the Sudeten situation for his own ends whilst talking peace, not war. Henlein breaks off his negotiations. There is a glimmer of hope for the negotiations after the uprising but Ashton-Gwatkin says, “How can Czechs and Germans be expected to live happily after this?” Runciman and the British government took these words to heart. It is too late, Beneš tries to resume negotiations. Hodza resigns but is persuaded by Beneš to stay on. Stopford feels that the end of the road has been reached. Cession of the Sudetenland as a last resort is considered by Beneš. Chamberlain meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden on 16th September and Runciman meets him in London later the same day. The Mission officially ends but this is not publicly announced. Runciman loses hope. On 18th September Hodza broadcasts to the country offering a renewal of negotiations on the Fourth Plan, but his words fall on deaf ears, internationally reaching neither Runciman nor Chamberlain back in London.
Preparations
Authors: Shukman Ann
Published: December 2024

Basil Newton, British Minister in Prague, has to persuade President Beneš of Czechoslovakia, and the leaders of the Sudeten German Party, to accept the British mediator. Beneš accepts reluctantly. The chapter analyzes Beneš’s character and opinions. In the absence abroad of Konrad Henlein, the SdP leader, Ernst Kundt, leader of the Prague SdP Assembly delegates and accepts the British mediator on the Party’s behalf. He is encouraged by the Slovak Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, Milan Hodža. Henlein is tracked down in Switzerland by Lord Vansittart’s personal intelligence agents. He is reluctant to meet Runciman. Meanwhile in London Runciman picks his team (Frank Ashton-Gwatkin, Robert Stopford, Ian Henderson), omitting any Czech expert. He is briefed, seemingly rather inadequately, by the Foreign Office, and enjoys some days yachting at Cowes.
Competitive Intervention and Protracted Civil War, 1946–2009
Authors: Anderson Noel
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents a series of quantitative tests that rigorously assess the book’s theory of competitive intervention against rival explanations drawn from the existing literature. Analyzing a novel dataset of military aid transfers to civil war combatants for all years 1946–2009, it estimates the effect of competitive intervention on conflict duration and probes its connection to the global prevalence of civil war. The results provide statistically and substantively significant evidence in support of the theory’s core claims. Across numerous model specifications that employ alternative measures of civil war, account for unobserved decade-specific confounders, and control for unobserved conflict-specific heterogeneity, competitive intervention is shown to systematically prolong conflict. The magnitude of this effect is large: the estimated hazard of conflict termination is reduced by more than 50% across every point in time over a conflict’s duration. These findings are shown to be remarkably robust, even when constraining the data sample by time period and disaggregating competitive interveners by their great power status. Temporal variation in average conflict duration is likewise shown to be a key driver of the waxing and waning of civil war over time. By testing the theory with a global sample of over six decades of internal conflict, these findings confirm the generalizability of the argument across the wide range of political, economic, and social contexts in which civil wars are waged.
Devoted to the King, 1791–2
Authors: Gilks David
Published: December 2024

This chapter substantiates Mallet du Pan’s verdict that, as a representative in the Legislative Assembly, Quatremère was ‘devoted to the king’ until the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792. Although Quatremère opportunistically attacked Old-Regime ‘despotism’ in several speeches and reports, he voted on the right consistently and in 1792 helped the royalist press articulate a coherent anti-Jacobin discourse. Much of his work as a representative served clear political purposes consistent with this royalist agenda, including his defence of refractory priests, the royal veto, émigrés, and ministers and his efforts to hamper the war effort in summer 1792. However, the chapter also reveals that even his ostensibly apolitical work as a representative served polemical ends. The chapter concludes by studying Quatremère’s desperate, unpublished, and hitherto forgotten pamphlet that urged centrist and Feuillant representatives in summer 1792 to support Lafayette as the only possible saviour of the constitution against illegal and arbitrary power.
Justice to the Papacy, 1796
Authors: Gilks David
Published: December 2024

This chapter reinterprets Quatremère’s Letters on the Plan to Abduct the Monuments of Italy, which he wrote in July 1796. In response to the official justification for seizing cultural property as part of France’s civilizing mission, Quatremère argued that protecting and advancing civilization required all nations to leave Rome intact and respect eighteenth-century conventions about diplomacy, rights, and the treatment of artworks and antiquities during wartime. The chapter shows how he tried to make the Letters acceptable for republicans by deploying their language and mimicking the concept of a singular and secular civilization that became central to the French Republic’s identity after Thermidor. On closer inspection, Quatremère’s famous work fits the broader strategy of the Clichy club to make republicans question the Republic. However, his conceit failed to deceive informed contemporaries: they recognized that he attacked the Directory when he praised the papacy for nourishing the civilization that the Republic protected in theory yet endangered in practice.
Strand Two
Authors: Tannam Etain
Published: December 2024

Strand Two of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement of 1998 provided for the creation of the North South Ministerial Council. This chapter assesses the success of Strand Two, practical North–South cooperation on the island of Ireland. It highlights some successes, but it argues that Strand Two did not meet its potential from 1999 to 2023. The chapter analyses how identity politics had a significant impact on Strand Two’s operation. Rather than Strand Two causing reconciliation, weakness in reconciliation impeded Strand Two, so that it did not develop as anticipated as a dynamic tool of reconciliation. The salience of ethnic identity politics was very obvious.
Struggles for Sovereignty in the Age of Empire
Authors: Chehabi H. E. , Motadel David
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the struggles for sovereignty of the few nominally independent non-Western states in the imperial age. It examines the ways in which countries such as China, Ethiopia, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (Iran), and Siam (Thailand) managed to keep European imperialism at bay, whereas others, such as Hawai‘i, Korea, Madagascar, Morocco, and Tonga, long struggled, but ultimately failed, to maintain their sovereignty. Its chapters address four major aspects of the relations these countries had with the Western imperial powers: armed conflict and military reform, unequal treaties and capitulations, diplomatic encounters, and royal diplomacy. The chapter provides the first comprehensive global history of the engagement of the independent non-European states with the European empires, reshaping our understanding of sovereignty, territoriality, and hierarchy in the modern world order.
Military Reform in Siam
Authors: Charney Michael W.
Published: December 2024

How Siam’s leaders were able to navigate the ascendancy of European empires to survive as one of the few non-Western polities to avoid colonization remains the subject of debate. This chapter approaches this question by examining military reform as part of the answer. Military reform was certainly one of the kinds of reforms that were undertaken during the transition from an absolute monarchy to a modern state in Siam (Thailand), which were necessary for the non-Western country to survive. The results were the establishment of a new model of relationship between the king, the state, and the people and the reshaped perspectives of military officers who would be ever more powerful within an increasingly modern and bureaucratically organized Siamese military, leading to a new, commanding role for the military in the Siamese state.
Meiji Diplomacy and the Pursuit of Sovereignty
Authors: Cobbing Andrew
Published: December 2024

This chapter charts Japan’s campaign to revise the Ansei Treaties signed under duress in 1858, signaling the end of the country’s long-standing seclusion policy. With the ailing Tokugawa regime then collapsing just a decade after several new treaty ports opened to trade, it was not until the Meiji Restoration that it became fully apparent just how these treaties encroached on Japanese sovereignty—by ceding to foreign powers extraterritorial rights on Japanese soil and control over Japanese tariffs. Treaty revision soon became the primary foreign policy objective of the new Meiji state, a target broadly attained when, after several rounds of diplomatic negotiations, the treaty port regime came to an end in 1899. Although viewed as a tortuously slow process in Japan, this was seen as a remarkable achievement abroad, and something of a milestone in reshaping the international order.