bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrological and biogeochemical features of the Northern Adriatic Sea in the period 2003–2006
Authors: Socal Giorgio , Acri Francesco , Bastianini Mauro , Bernardi Aubry Fabrizio , Bianchi Franco , Cassin Daniele , Coppola Joan , De Lazzari Amelia , Bandelj Vinko , Cossarini Gianpiero , Solidoro Cosimo
Published: November 2008

This paper reports on the main biogeochemical properties of the Northern Adriatic Sea in the period May 2003–November 2006 within the framework of the European program INTERREG III Italy‐Slovenia. Spatial and temporal distributions of water density, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon) and chlorophyll a are presented. Multivariate methods such as fuzzy k‐means, self‐organising maps and cluster analysis were used to identify the different water masses and to characterise the temporal and spatial variability of the main biogeochemical features present in the area. The results confirm that the Po River outflows and the meteorological forcing factors are the main components triggering the alternation of stratification and mixing of the water column and that strongly affect the trophic state of the basin. In general, oligotrophic conditions dominate, and were more pronounced offshore, but mesotrophy occurred episodically in May 2004 and July 2005, when phytoplankton blooms were observed concomitant with vertical stability of the water column. A marked interannual variability was also observed, supporting the importance of maintaining long‐term observations of the basin.
Immunohistochemistry Diagnosis of an Ovarian Dysgerminoma in One Bitch
Authors: Park JK , Goo MJ , Hong IH , Ki MR , Han JY , Jeong KS
Published: November 2008

Contents

An ovarian enlargement (diameter, 8 cm) was identified and surgically excised from a 5‐year‐old female dog. Microscopic examination of the multinodular neoplasm revealed sheets of polygonal neoplastic cells with large nuclei, frequent mitosis, necrosis and haemorrhage. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and alkaline phosphatase but were negative for CD3, CD79a, cytokeratin, alpha‐fetoprotein, inhibin‐α and S‐100. The histopathological diagnosis of the mass was unilateral ovarian dysgerminoma.
Impaired extinction of learned fear in rats selectively bred for high anxiety – evidence of altered neuronal processing in prefrontal‐amygdala pathways
Authors: Muigg Patrik , Hetzenauer Alfred , Hauer Gabriele , Hauschild Markus , Gaburro Stefano , Frank Elisabeth , Landgraf Rainer , Singewald Nicolas
Published: November 2008

The impaired extinction of acquired fear is a core symptom of anxiety disorders, such as post‐traumatic stress disorder, phobias or panic disorder, and is known to be particularly resistant to existing pharmacotherapy. We provide here evidence that a similar relationship between trait anxiety and resistance to extinction of fear memory can be mimicked in a psychopathologic animal model. Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high (HAB) or low (LAB) anxiety‐related behaviour were tested in a classical cued fear conditioning task utilizing freezing responses as a measure of fear. Fear acquisition was similar in both lines. In the extinction trial, however, HAB rats showed a marked deficit in the attenuation of freezing responses to repeated auditory conditioned stimulus presentations as compared with LAB rats, which exhibited rapid extinction. To gain information concerning the putatively altered neuronal processing associated with the differential behavioural response between HAB and LAB rats, c‐Fos expression was investigated in the main prefrontal‐amygdala pathways important for cued fear extinction. HAB compared to LAB rats showed an attenuated c‐Fos response to repeated conditioned stimulus presentations in infralimbic and cingulate cortices, as well as in the lateral amygdala, but facilitated the c‐Fos response in the medial part of the central amygdala. In conclusion, the present results support the notion that impaired extinction in high anxiety rats is accompanied by an aberrant activation profile in extinction‐relevant prefrontal‐amygdala circuits. Thus, HAB rats may represent a clinically relevant model to study the mechanisms and potential targets to accelerate delayed extinction processes in subjects with enhanced trait anxiety.
Light responses in the mouse retina are prolonged upon targeted deletion of the HCN1 channel gene
Authors: Knop Gabriel C. , Seeliger Mathias W. , Thiel Frank , Mataruga Anja , Kaupp U. Benjamin , Friedburg Christoph , Tanimoto Naoyuki , Müller Frank
Published: November 2008

Hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels contribute to pacemaker activity, and co‐determine the integrative behaviour of neurons and shape their response to synaptic stimulation. Four channel isoforms, HCN1–4, have been described in mammals. Recent studies showed particularly strong expression of HCN1 channels in rods and cones of the rat retina, suggesting that HCN1 channels are involved in the shaping of light responses in both types of photoreceptors. Therefore, the loss of HCN1 channels should lead to pronounced changes in light‐induced electrical responses under both scotopic and photopic conditions. This was tested using a mouse transgenic approach. We used immunohistochemistry and patch‐clamp recording to study the distribution of HCN1 channels in the mouse retina. HCN1 channels were strongly expressed in rod and cone photoreceptors, as well as in some bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cell types. In electroretinograms (ERGs) from animals in which the HCN1 channel gene had been knocked out, the b‐wave amplitudes were unaltered (scotopic conditions) or somewhat reduced (photopic conditions), whereas the duration of both scotopic and photopic ERG responses was strikingly prolonged. Our data suggest that in visual information processing, shortening and shaping of light responses by activation of HCN1 at the level of the photoreceptors is an important step in both scotopic and photopic pathways.
Persistent behavioral impairments and neuroinflammation following global ischemia in the rat
Authors: Langdon Kristopher D. , Granter‐Button Shirley , Corbett Dale
Published: November 2008

Cognitive deficits associated with cardiac arrest have been well documented; however, the corresponding deficits in animal models of global ischemia have not been comprehensively assessed, particularly after long‐term, clinically relevant survival times. We exposed male Sprague–Dawley rats to 10 min of bilateral carotid artery occlusion + systemic hypotension (40–45 mmHg) or sham surgery, and used histopathological assessments for short‐term survival animals (16 days) and both behavioral and histopathological assessments for long‐term survival animals (270 days). Analyses revealed significant long‐term deficits in ischemic animals’ learning, memory (T‐maze, radial arm maze), working memory (radial arm maze), and reference memory (Morris water maze, radial arm maze) abilities that were not associated with a general cognitive decline. Histological results showed significant increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron glia 2, OX‐42 and ED‐1 staining, as well as significant decreases in microtubule‐associated protein 2 staining and cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) cell counts 16 days post‐ischemia. The pattern at 270 days was similar, but notably there was a persistent elevation of ED‐1 staining, suggesting recent cell death as well as significant atrophy of CA1. Whereas previous work has primarily reported transient changes in behavior after global ischemia, this study describes disturbances in several different functional domains following CA1 cell loss at clinically relevant survival times. Moreover, the histopathological outcome is suggestive of a spontaneous repopulation of CA1, but this was not sufficient to offset the behavioral impairments arising from the ischemic insult.
The Wage Effects of Computer Use: Evidence from WERS 2004
Authors: Dolton Peter , Pelkonen Panu
Published: November 2008

Computers and ICT have changed the way we live and work. The latest Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS) 2004 provides a snapshot of how using ICT has revolutionized the workplace. Various studies have suggested that the use of a computer at work boosted earnings by as much as 20 per cent. Others suggest this reported impact is due to unobserved heterogeneity. Using excellent data from the WERS employer–employee matched sample, we compare ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates with those from alternative estimation methods and those which include controls for workplace and occupation interactions. We show that OLS estimates overstate the return to computer use but that including occupation and workplace controls, reduces the return to around 3 per cent. We explore the return on different IT skills and find a small return to the use of the ‘office IT function’ and the intensity of computer use as measured by the number of tasks a computer is used for.
A Quarter Century of Workplace Employment Relations Surveys
Authors: Bryson Alex , Green Francis , Whitfield Keith
Published: November 2008

The 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004) is the fifth in a series that spans almost a quarter of a century. This paper reflects on the history of this series, examines some of its key limitations and speculates on what future directions it might take.
The Influence of Stock Market Listing on Human Resource Management: Evidence for France and Britain
Authors: Conway Neil , Deakin Simon , Konzelmann Suzanne , Petit Héloïse , Rebérioux Antoine , Wilkinson Frank
Published: November 2008

We use data from the Relations Professionnelles et Négociations d'Entreprise survey of 2004 and the Workplace Employment Relations Survey of 2004 to analyse how far approaches to human resource management differ according to whether an establishment is part of a company with a stock exchange listing. In both countries we find that listing is positively associated with teamworking and performance‐related pay, while in France, but not in Britain, it is also linked to worker autonomy and training. Our findings are inconsistent with the claim that shareholder pressure operates as a constraint on the adoption of high‐performance workplace practices. The pattern is similar in the two countries, but with a slightly stronger tendency for listing to be associated with high‐performance workplace practices in France.
Is There a Public Sector Training Advantage? Evidence from the Workplace Employment Relations Survey
Authors: Murphy Philip , Latreille Paul L. , Jones Melanie , Blackaby David
Published: November 2008

Using matched employer–employee data from the Workplace Employment Relations Survey (2004), we find a significant training ‘advantage’ exists for public sector workers over private sector workers even after accounting for differences in the composition of the two workforces. This finding is robust to all but one change in specification, designed to account for worker sorting effects which can lead to unobserved workplace‐based effects being correlated with individual worker characteristics. Using the average characteristics of workers within an establishment as a control for these sorting effects all but eliminates the estimated public sector training advantage, which has otherwise been an empirical regularity of many individual‐based training models.
How Does Workplace Monitoring Affect the Gender Wage Differential? Analysis of the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings and the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey — A Research Note
Authors: Davies Rhys , Welpton Richard
Published: November 2008

This paper outlines the development of a new data source that combines workplace information from the Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS) with employee data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE). Illustrative analysis of the gender wage differential demonstrates how the inclusion of additional workplace characteristics collected from WERS can be utilized to understand better‐observed patterns in earnings within ASHE. Analysis reveals that monitoring gender equality at the workplace is not associated with a reduction in the gender wage gap. Matching WERS/ASHE provides the opportunity to investigate a wider range of workplace phenomena than would be possible based only upon the WERS Survey of Employees.
Gene-Environment Interactions in Depression Research
Authors: Monroe Scott M. , Reid Mark W.
Published: November 2008

Recent studies on life stress, depression, and polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) are characterized by powerful genetic techniques, but are also characterized by unconventional and inconsistent approaches to assessing life stress. The present review addresses this problem by critically evaluating this rapidly growing literature with regard to the concepts and procedures employed to assess life stress and the research designs used to test causal associations. The existing body of evidence is seriously compromised by the predominance of ad hoc approaches for measuring life stress and by a lack of attention to key issues concerning research design. Principles and procedures for more refined and rigorous stress measurement are outlined. Improved guidelines are needed to direct future research on interactive effects of life stress and genes in psychopathology, pathophysiological processes, and disease.
Ability Differences Among People Who Have Commensurate Degrees Matter for Scientific Creativity
Authors: Park Gregory , Lubinski David , Benbow Camilla P.
Published: November 2008

A sample of 1,586 intellectually talented adolescents (top 1%) were assessed on the math portion of the SAT by age 13 and tracked for more than 25 years. Patents and scientific publications were used as criteria for scientific and technological accomplishment. Participants were categorized according to whether their terminal degree was a bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree, and within these degree groupings, the proportion of participants with at least one patent or scientific publication in adulthood increased as a function of this early SAT assessment. Information about individual differences in cognitive ability (even when measured in early adolescence) can predict differential creative potential in science and technology within populations that have advanced educational degrees.
The Devil You Know
Authors: Hirsh Jacob B. , Inzlicht Michael
Published: November 2008

Individuals differ in the extent to which they respond negatively to uncertainty. Although some individuals feel little discomfort when facing the unknown, those high in neuroticism find it aversive. We examined neurophysiological responses to uncertainty using an event-related potential framework. Participants completed a time-estimation task while their neural activity was recorded via electroencephalography. The feedbackrelated negativity (FRN), an evoked potential that peaks approximately 250 ms after the receipt of feedback information, was examined under conditions of positive, negative, and uncertain feedback. The magnitude of these responses was then analyzed in relation to individual differences in neuroticism. As expected, a larger FRN was observed after negative feedback than after positive feedback for all participants. For individuals who scored highly on trait neuroticism, however, uncertain feedback produced a larger neural response than did negative feedback. These results are discussed in terms of affective responses to uncertainty among neurotic individuals.
Preschoolers' Responses to Social Comparisons Involving Relative Failure
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Brickman Daniel
Published: November 2008

Prior work indicates that preschoolers (ages 4–5) maintain high self-appraisals and behavioral engagement after performing less well than their peers. This study tested the hypothesis that relative failure has more negative consequences for preschoolers when they interpret achievement differences as being tied to membership in social categories (e.g., when members of different categories have different achievement levels), as opposed to variations in individual effort. Preschoolers ( N = 58) were randomly assigned to receive feedback that a same-gender, other-gender, or gender-unidentified peer performed better than they did on a novel task. Experiences of failure relative to other-gender peers resulted in impaired performance on a subsequent task trial, as well as lack of improvement in self-evaluations after children received more positive feedback. These findings have implications for the origins of social comparisons, category-based reasoning, and the development of gender stereotypes and achievement motivation.
Black + White = Black
Authors: Peery Destiny , Bodenhausen Galen V.
Published: November 2008

Historically, the principle of hypodescent specified that individuals with one Black and one White parent should be considered Black. Two experiments examined whether categorizations of racially ambiguous targets reflect this principle. Participants studied ambiguous target faces accompanied by profiles that either did or did not identify the targets as having multiracial backgrounds (biological, cultural, or both biological and cultural). Participants then completed a speeded dualcategorization task requiring Black/not Black and White/not White judgments (Experiments 1 and 2) and deliberate categorization tasks requiring participants to describe the races (Experiment 2) of target faces. When a target was known to have mixed-race ancestry, participants were more likely to rapidly categorize the target as Black (and not White); however, the same cues also increased deliberate categorizations of the targets as “multiracial.” These findings suggest that hypodescent still characterizes the automatic racial categorizations of many perceivers, although more complex racial identities may be acknowledged upon more thoughtful reflection.
Two Fixations Suffice in Face Recognition
Authors: Hsiao Janet Hui-wen , Cottrell Garrison
Published: November 2008

It is well known that there exist preferred landing positions for eye fixations in visual word recognition. However, the existence of preferred landing positions in face recognition is less well established. It is also unknown how many fixations are required to recognize a face. To investigate these questions, we recorded eye movements during face recognition. During an otherwise standard face-recognition task, subjects were allowed a variable number of fixations before the stimulus was masked. We found that optimal recognition performance is achieved with two fixations; performance does not improve with additional fixations. The distribution of the first fixation is just to the left of the center of the nose, and that of the second fixation is around the center of the nose. Thus, these appear to be the preferred landing positions for face recognition. Furthermore, the fixations made during face learning differ in location from those made during face recognition and are also more variable in duration; this suggests that different strategies are used for face learning and face recognition.
Feedback Produces Divergence From Prospect Theory in Descriptive Choice
Authors: Jessup Ryan K. , Bishara Anthony J. , Busemeyer Jerome R.
Published: November 2008

A recent study demonstrated that individuals making experience-based choices underweight small probabilities, in contrast to the overweighting observed in a typical descriptive paradigm. We tested whether trial-by-trial feedback in a repeated descriptive paradigm would engender choices more correspondent with experiential or descriptive paradigms. The results of a repeated gambling task indicated that individuals receiving feedback underweighted small probabilities, relative to their no-feedback counterparts. These results implicate feedback as a critical component during the decision-making process, even in the presence of fully specified descriptive information. A model comparison at the individual-subject level suggested that feedback drove individuals' decision weights toward objective probability weighting.
Counteracting Loneliness
Authors: Zhou Xinyue , Sedikides Constantine , Wildschut Tim , Gao Ding-Guo
Published: November 2008

Four studies tested whether nostalgia can counteract reductions in perceived social support caused by loneliness. Loneliness reduced perceptions of social support but increased nostalgia. Nostalgia, in turn, increased perceptions of social support. Thus, loneliness affected perceived social support in two distinct ways. Whereas the direct effect of loneliness was to reduce perceived social support, the indirect effect of loneliness was to increase perceived social support via nostalgia. This restorative function of nostalgia was particularly apparent among resilient persons. Nostalgia is a psychological resource that protects and fosters mental health.
Which Thoughts Count? Algorithms for Evaluating Satisfaction in Relationships
Authors: Gable Shelly L. , Poore Joshua
Published: November 2008

Individuals differ in both their motivation to obtain incentives in their relationships (approach goals) and their motivation to dampen the threats in their relationships (avoidance goals). When evaluating relationship satisfaction, individuals with strong approach goals should weigh positive features in their relationships more heavily than do individuals low in approach goals, and individuals with strong avoidance social goals should weigh negative features more than do individuals with weaker avoidance social goals. In a study testing this idea, participants were randomly signaled several times a day to report their positive (passion) and negative (insecurity) thoughts about their current romantic partner. At the end of the day, they reported their overall relationship satisfaction. The results confirmed the hypotheses: Algorithms used to assess relationship satisfaction differ as a function of goal strength. We discuss the results not in terms of biases in subjective evaluation, but rather in terms of variations in the very definition of satisfaction.
Perceptual-Load-Induced Selection as a Result of Local Competitive Interactions in Visual Cortex
Authors: Torralbo Ana , Beck Diane M.
Published: November 2008

A growing literature suggests that the degree to which distracting information can be ignored depends on the perceptual load of the task, or the extent to which the task exhausts perceptual capacity. However, there is currently no a priori definition of what constitutes high or low perceptual load. We propose that interactions among cells in visual cortex that represent nearby stimuli determine the perceptual load of a task, and that manipulations designed to modulate these competitive spatial interactions should modulate distractor processing. We found that either spatially separating the task-relevant items in a display or placing the target and nontargets in different visual fields increased interference from a distractor that was to be ignored. These data are consistent with the idea that the ability to ignore such distracting information results in part from the need to actively resolve competitive interactions in visual cortex, and is not the consequence of an exhausted capacity per se.
On Feelings as a Heuristic for Making Offers in Ultimatum Negotiations
Authors: Stephen Andrew T. , Pham Michel Tuan
Published: November 2008

This research examined how reliance on emotional feelings as a heuristic influences how offers are made. Results from three experiments using the ultimatum game show that, compared with proposers who do not rely on their feelings, proposers who rely on their feelings make less generous offers in the standard ultimatum game, more generous offers in a variant of the game allowing responders to make counteroffers, and less generous offers in a dictator game in which no responses are allowed. Reliance on feelings triggers a more literal form of play, whereby proposers focus more on how they feel toward the content of the offers than on how they feel toward the possible outcomes of those offers, as if the offers were the final outcomes. Proposers who rely on their feelings also tend to focus on gist-based construals of the negotiation that capture only the essential aspects of the situation.
Changing the subject – about cousin marriage, among other things*
Authors: Kuper Adam
Published: November 2008

The original sin of anthropology was to divide the world into civilized and savage. The social systems of all those other peoples supposedly rested upon a foundation of blood relationships. Anthropologists therefore became at once the experts on the primitive and on kinship. In the 1970s Western kinship systems began to undergo radical change. Simultaneously, the old orthodoxies about kinship crumbled in anthropology. Young ethnographers generally lost interest in the topic. Kinship systems have nevertheless not gone away, out there in the world. But to understand them we must first abandon the opposition between the modern and the traditional, the West and the Rest.

Le péché originel de l’anthropologie fut de diviser le monde en « civilisé » et « sauvage », en partant du principe que les systèmes sociaux des autres reposaient sur des fondations constituées par les liens du sang. Les anthropologues devinrent ainsi à la fois les experts des primitifs et de la parenté. Dans les années 1970, les systèmes de parenté occidentaux ont amorcé des changements radicaux. Dans le même temps, les vieilles orthodoxies anthropologiques relatives à la parenté ont commencéà s’effriter, et les jeunes ethnographes se sont pour la plupart désintéressés du sujet. Les systèmes de parenté n’ont pas disparu pour autant dans le monde mais il faut, pour les comprendre, renoncer d’abord à l’opposition entre modernité et tradition, entre l'Occident et le reste du monde.
Engaging the spirits of the dead: soul‐calling rituals and the performative construction of efficacy
Authors: Endres Kirsten W.
Published: November 2008

Focusing on the issue of ritual efficacy in relation to the prior intentions (or agendas) of the ritual agents, this article probes the usefulness of Humphrey and Laidlaw's concept of ‘ritualized action as non‐intentional mode of behaviour’. The article describes and analyses a specific set of Vietnamese commemorative rites held with the purpose of communicating with the souls of the dead and smoothing the deification process of ten young heroines of the Vietnam War. The article contends that ritual efficacy emerges from the dialogic and interactive nature of ritual performance in which the enactment of the agents' intentions is a crucial factor.

En s’appuyant sur la question de l’efficacité des rituels par rapport aux intentions (ou programmes) préalables des agents rituels, l’auteure évalue ici l’utilité du concept « d’action ritualisée comme mode de comportement non intentionnel » de Humphrey et Laidlaw. Elle décrit et analyse un ensemble spécifique de rites commémoratifs vietnamiens, pratiqués dans le but de communiquer avec les âmes des morts et de faciliter le processus de déification de dix jeunes héroïnes de la guerre du Vietnam. L’auteure affirme que l’efficacitéémerge de la nature logique et dialogique des pratiques rituelles, dans lesquelles la mise en scène des intentions des agents est un facteur essentiel.
Divergent visions: localist and cosmopolitan identities in highland Sardinia
Authors: Sorge Antonio
Published: November 2008

This article examines the distinctions between two polysemic social categories – localists and cosmopolitans – in the highland village of Orgosolo in Sardinia, Italy. The analysis proceeds from an assumption of the inherent internal contradictoriness and diversity of cultural systems, and focuses on how seemingly incommensurable norms and values are articulated, embodied, and symbolized in day‐to‐day practice. Following a presentation of the historical dimensions and numerous elements inherent in the distinction between the categories of localist and cosmopolitan, I argue that a partial rapprochement is achieved through a widely shared sense of village identity that centres upon an image of Orgosolo as inimitable and unique.

L’auteur examine les distinctions entre deux catégories sociales polysémiques (localistes et cosmopolites) dans le village montagnard d’Orgosolo, en Sardaigne (Italie). Son analyse part de l’hypothèse que les systèmes culturels sont intrinsèquement contradictoires et divers, et se concentre sur la manière dont des normes apparemment incommensurables sont articulées, incarnées et symbolisées dans la pratique quotidienne. Après une présentation des dimensions historiques et de nombreux éléments inhérents à la distinction entre les catégories localiste et cosmopolite, l’auteur affirme qu’un rapprochement partiel est rendu possible par un sens largement partagé de l’identité du village, centré sur une image d’Orgosolo comme un lieu inimitable et unique.
The undead genealogy: omnipresence, spirit perspectives, and a case of Mongolian vampirism
Authors: Swancutt Katherine
Published: November 2008

This article gives the sequel to a case study on magical innovation introduced earlier in theJRAI, and shows that Buryat Mongol shamans regularly deflect hostile forces by adopting spirit perspectives. Presenting new ethnography on Buryat vampiric imps and an episode of intra‐familial vampirism, the article argues that, in Buryat sociality, anyone – including omnipresent spirits – may cross the virtuous‐unvirtuous divide. In northeast Mongolia, Buryats consider that close ancestral spirits watch after their descendants, whereas distant ancestral spirits manage a spirit bureaucracy. Building on Viveiros de Castro's work on perspectivism, the article thus proposes that close spirit perspectives entail an ‘intimacy affect’ while distant spirit perspectives entail a ‘virtuosity affect’. Buryat shamans sometimes oscillate between these perspectives to access both spirit intimacy and virtuosity. The article culminates by demonstrating how a Buryat shaman used intimacy and virtuosity to expunge her mother's ex‐husband and his undead relatives from the patriline.

Cet article s’inscrit dans le prolongement d’une étude de cas sur l’innovation magique présentée précédemment dans leJRAI. Il montre que les chamanes des Bouriates de Mongolie repoussent régulièrement les forces hostiles en adoptant le point de vue des esprits. L’article présente une nouvelle ethnographie des farfadets vampires des Bouriates et un épisode de vampirisme intra‐familial, et avance que dans la vie sociale des Bouriates, n’importe qui (y compris les esprits omniprésents) peut franchir la frontière entre vertu et absence de vertu. Les Bouriates du Nord‐est de la Mongolie croient que les esprits ancestraux qui leur sont proches veillent sur leurs descendants, tandis que les esprits ancestraux distants gèrent la bureaucratie des esprits. À partir des travaux de Viveiros de Castro sur le perspectivisme, l’auteure propose que les perspectives des esprits créent un « affect d’intimité », tandis que les esprits distants suscitent un « affect de virtuosité ». Les chamanes bouriates oscillent parfois entre ces deux perspectives pour accéder à la fois à l’intimité et à la virtuosité. Ceci est mis en évidence à travers un exemple qui constitue le clou de l’article : la manière dont une chamane bouriate a chassé de la patrilignée l’ex‐mari de sa mère et les parents « non morts » de celui‐ci.
‘They may say tourist, may say truly painting’: aesthetic evaluation and meaning of bark paintings in western Arnhem Land, northern Australia1
Authors: Taylor Luke
Published: November 2008

For Kuninjku artists, the production of bark paintings is inspired by their love for the Ancestrally created clan country, the key ground of Kuninjku existence, and yet the works are also produced to be sold on the world market. The intention of the artists is to educate non‐Kuninjku audiences about the importance of country. Artists manipulate culturally appropriate forms of representation and aesthetic treatment in order to create works that have both local and broad‐based appeal. The focus of this article is upon the way Kuninjku learn about appropriate ways of painting within the familial context and how this context is also intercultural in scope. The article leads to a consideration of the way artists develop experience and seniority and may break away from established forms to create new work. In this respect certain Kuninjku artists become leaders in developing styles they consider suitable for the contemporary art market.

La production de peintures sur écorce par les artistes kuninjku est inspirée par l’amour des terres de leur clan, créées par les Ancêtres et lieu essentiel de leur existence. Pourtant, ces œuvres sont également destinées àêtre vendues sur le marché mondial. L’intention des artistes est de faire comprendre au public non kuninjku l’importance du pays. Ils manipulent les formes culturellement appropriées de représentation et de traitement artistique et esthétique pour créer des œuvres ayant à la fois un intérêt local et un attrait plus large. L’auteur met ici l’accent sur la manière dont les Kuninjku apprennent les manières appropriées de peindre dans le contexte familial, et comment ce contexte a aussi une portée interculturelle. L’article débouche sur une analyse de la façon dont les artistes acquièrent expérience et ancienneté et peuvent alors rompre avec les formes établies de création de nouvelles œuvres. À cet égard, certains artistes kuninjku deviennent des chefs de file dans le développement de styles qu’ils considèrent adaptés au marché de l’art contemporain.
Transnationalizing Families: Canadian Immigration Policy and the Spatial Fragmentation of Care‐giving among Latin American Newcomers1
Authors: Bernhard Judith K. , Landolt Patricia , Goldring Luin
Published: November 2008

Complex factors associated with migration and immigration policies contribute to the dispersion of families across space. We draw on interviews with 40 Latin American women in Toronto who experienced separation from children as a result of migration and argue that Canadian immigration policy and elements of the women’s context of departure lead to the systemic production of transnational family arrangements. Once in Canada, the women dealt with unexpected lengths of separation, the spatial dispersal of social reproduction, and post‐reunification problems. The absence of a normative framework that could help the mothers make sense of family dispersal meant that their experiences of migration, family separation, reunification and settlement were marked by tension, guilt, isolation and shame.
The Evolution of the Temporary Protection Visa Regime in Australia
Authors: Mansouri Fethi , Leach Michael
Published: November 2008

While the Temporary Protection Visa (TPV) regime was formally introduced in October 1999 by the Howard Government, the concept of temporary protection was not totally alien to the Australian humanitarian landscape. Earlier examples reflected a standard use of temporary protection as a complementary or interim protection mechanism, offering short‐term group‐based protection where individual assessment under the 1951 Convention was both impractical and untimely. This paper focuses on the wider and more controversial changes in the use of temporary protection mechanisms that were to follow with the introduction of the TPV in 1999, which offered substitute protection for individually assessed Convention refugees who had arrived onshore without valid travel documents. It examines the history and evolution of the TPV policy regime from 1999 to the announcement of its abolition in 2008, arguing that the introduction and subsequent development of the policy may be understood as a product of a conservative, exclusionist political climate in Australia, following the unprecedented impact of the populist One Nation party in 1998, and later, the impact of September 11th. It also examines later amendments to the regime as a response to growing domestic disquiet about the impacts of the policy, and the abolition of the TPV policy under a new Australian government elected in late 2007.
Weighting the Weights: Agreement among Anthropometric Indicators Identifying the Weight Status of People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Verstraelen C. J. F. , Maaskant M. A. , Van Knijff‐Raeven A. G. M. , Curfs L. M. G. , Van Schrojenstein Lantman– de Valk H. M. J.
Published: November 2008

Background  The aims of this study were (1) to determine to what extent body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fat free mass index (FFMI) and skinfold thickness are feasible measurement options in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) to measure their weight status, and (2) to assess the level of agreement among these methods.

Methods  BMI, waist circumference, FFMI derived from the Bioelectrical Impedance Analyser and skinfold thickness were all determined in 76 people with intellectual disabilities.

Results  BMI and waist circumference could be measured in all subjects. Skinfold thickness and FFMI failed in, respectively, five and 14 people. In general, intertest reliabilities were low. For underweight people, the agreement was acceptable.

Conclusions  BMI and waist circumference were feasible measurement options. Agreements among the methods were low. Implications of these results are discussed.
Understanding Challenging Behaviour: Perspectives of Children and Adolescents with a Moderate Intellectual Disability
Authors: Byrne Alison , Hennessy Eilis
Published: November 2008

Background The present study examines understanding of challenging behaviour among a sample of children and adolescents with a moderate intellectual disability, and investigates their behavioural intentions towards peers with challenging behaviour.

Methods The study involved the collection of quantitative and qualitative data. In the quantitative part of the study participants (n = 39) completed a modified Friendship Activity Scale (FAS) following the presentation of vignettes depicting individuals with challenging and non‐challenging behaviour. In the qualitative part of the study, participants (n = 31) took part in a semi‐structured interview that sought their views on the causes of the challenging behaviour described in one of the vignettes.

Results Analysis of the data from the FAS indicates that participants have significantly more positive intentions towards a vignette character that does not engage in challenging behaviour. Content analysis of the qualitative data indicates that participants hold a variety of beliefs about the causes of challenging behaviour. Suggestions include the possibility that it is a response to transient emotional states and to external events.

Conclusions The findings are consistent with the findings of other studies on young people’s understanding of and attitudes towards peers with atypical behaviour. The theoretical and clinical implications for young people with intellectual disabilities are discussed.
Educational Attainment and Cohort Change Among Conservative Protestants, 1972–2004
Authors: MASSENGILL REBEKAH PEEPLES
Published: November 2008

A growing literature examines how conservative Protestants have made status gains relative to mainline Protestants over the past three decades. The results of these studies are inconclusive: by some measures conservative Protestants have achieved socioeconomic parity, in other accounts significant discrepancies remain. This article examines the relationship between religion of origin and educational attainment, highlighting the significance of both religious background (rather than adult affiliations) and cohort change in understanding religious stratification. The findings are somewhat mixed: while conservative Protestants born since 1960 are no less likely to finish high school than their mainline counterparts, the negative effect of a conservative Protestant background on college completion remains virtually unchanged for cohorts born before 1940, between 1940 and 1959, and between 1960 and 1972, even when controlling for family background. Conservative Protestants are keeping pace with the educational gains made by mainline Protestants in the postwar era, but other factors associated with a conservative Protestant background still exert a negative influence on educational attainment.
The Implicit Relationship Between Religious and Paranormal Constructs
Authors: WEEKS MATTHEW , WEEKS KELLY P. , DANIEL MARY R.
Published: November 2008

Several decades worth of research have produced mixed results concerning the relationship between beliefs in religious and paranormal phenomena. While this previous work focused on the explicit measurement of these beliefs, these studies focused on a new level of analysis. Specifically, what is the implicit relationship between religious and paranormal constructs? In Study 1, participants completed a version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess the association between religious and paranormal stimuli, as well as completed measures of religiosity and paranormal belief. Results supported an association between these constructs that was moderated by intrinsic religiosity and faith in science. Study 2 again provided evidence for an association while addressing a methodological concern regarding the IAT. The results are discussed in their impact on the understanding of the cognitive representation of religious and paranormal constructs and the respective belief systems.
A Whisper Toward Peace: A Theoretical Analysis of the Council for a Parliament of the World Religions
Authors: BLOCH JON P.
Published: November 2008

The Council for a Parliament of the World Religions has been meeting since 1993 to foster a global religious ethic toward world peace, based on the premise that major world religions share this ethic in common. Roland Robertson's multidimensional model of globalization is utilized to analyze the Parliament's foundational Declaration, and explore why the Parliament's message is not receiving wider attention. Excerpts from anti‐Parliament sources are included. Based on this analysis, the Parliament appears to have a limited conception of globalization, and so offers but a partial knowledge claim on how religion can resolve global problems. Seen in this light, it is not surprising that some oppose the Parliament's agenda, feel alienated by it, or—given its limitations—are not aware of it.
“De Facto Congregationalism” and Mormon Missionary Outreach: An Ethnographic Case Study
Authors: PHILLIPS RICK
Published: November 2008

A number of theorists in the sociology of religion hold that denominations in the United States have remained vital by decentralizing power, and shifting control from central hierarchies to individual congregations: a strategy dubbed “de facto congregationalism.” However, changes in the polity of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (the LDS, or Mormon, Church) contravene this trend. Unlike most denominations, Mormonism—a vital faith by all accounts—has centralized its authority and standardized its programs in recent decades. This article investigates whether the logic of de facto congregationalism applies to Mormonism. From a case study of missionary outreach in an LDS congregation, I investigate how mandates from the church's central headquarters are interpreted and implemented at the grassroots level. My findings show that the church's centralized polity may hinder the functioning of Mormon congregations outside traditional strongholds in Utah and the Intermountain West—a finding consistent with the logic of de facto congregationalism.
Prayer, God Imagery, and Symptoms of Psychopathology
Authors: BRADSHAW MATT , ELLISON CHRISTOPHER G. , FLANNELLY KEVIN J.
Published: November 2008

Researchers have shown a longstanding interest in the relationship between religion and mental health. Here, we outline a series of hypotheses linking personal prayer, images of God, and mental health. We then empirically test the hypotheses using data from an online survey of U.S. adults (N= 1,629) conducted in 2004 by Spirituality and Health magazine. We find a positive correlation between both frequency of prayer and the perception of God as remote and several different forms of psychopathology; a perceived intimate relationship with a loving God is inversely related. The positive association between prayer and psychopathology manifests itself primarily among individuals who experience God as either (a) remote or (b) not loving. We also find an inverse correlation between prayer and psychopathology among individuals who believe that they are praying to a close (the inverse of remote) God. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on the religion‐mental health connection and outline an agenda for future research.
The Earnings of American Jewish Men: Human Capital, Denomination, and Religiosity
Authors: CHISWICK BARRY R. , HUANG JIDONG
Published: November 2008

This article analyzes the determinants of the earnings of American Jewish men using the 2000/2001 National Jewish Population Survey. Nonresponse to the question on earnings is analyzed. Earnings are related to conventional human capital variables, as well as Jewish‐specific variables. Except for the size of place and region variables, the standard human capital variables have similar effects for Jewish men and the general male population. Jewish day schooling as a youth enhances earnings. Earnings vary by denomination, with Jewish men who identify their denomination as Conservative earning the most, with secular and Orthodox Jews earning less. The effect on earnings of religiosity (measured by synagogue attendance) is not monotonic. Earnings are highest for those who attend about once a week, are lower for those who attend daily, and are lowest for those who never attend.
Gender, Marital Status, and Alcohol Behavior: The Neglected Role of Religion
Authors: ELLISON CHRISTOPHER G. , BARRETT JENNIFER B. , MOULTON BENJAMIN E.
Published: November 2008

Substantial previous research indicates that married persons enjoy better mental and physical health than others. One prominent explanation for these patterns is that married persons practice better health behaviors, including lower levels of alcohol consumption, particularly heavy drinking. However, studies of marital status differences in health behaviors have ignored the role of religious homo/heterogamy and attendance, important potential confounding and moderating factors. Focusing on alcohol behavior, we analyze 1977–1994 General Social Survey data, finding that lower levels of drinking are especially pronounced among homogamous conservative couples, and to a lesser extent among mixed‐faith unions with one conservative partner. Controlling for other background characteristics, nonconservatives married to nonconservatives do not consistently consume less alcohol than unmarried persons, suggesting that much of the apparent marital status effect on drinking is actually due to religious factors. Contrary to some prior theory and research, these patterns are broadly consistent for both men and women.
The Education‐Contingent Association Between Religiosity and Health: The Differential Effects of Self‐Esteem and the Sense of Mastery
Authors: SCHIEMAN SCOTT
Published: November 2008

Using data from a representative sample of adults in Toronto, Canada, I examine the education‐contingent association between religiosity (subjective religiosity and religious attendance) and four health‐related outcomes: depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and self‐rated health. I also test the extent that two personal resources—the sense of mastery and self‐esteem—contribute to those associations. Findings indicate that subjective religiosity and attendance are generally associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety, alcohol use, and poor health. Moreover, although not entirely uniform, subjective religiosity and attendance tend to be associated more negatively with these outcomes among individuals with fewer years of education. While the sense of mastery suppresses the education‐contingent influence of religiosity on distress outcomes, self‐esteem generally contributes to those patterns. On balance, the suppression effects of mastery are offset by the explanatory effects of self‐esteem. These findings elaborate on the well‐established association between religiosity and health by illustrating education‐contingent effects and potential counterbalancing roles of personal resources in these processes.