bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A redox- and photo-responsive quadri-state switch based on dimethyldihydropyrene-appended cobalt complexes
Authors: Bakkar Assil , Cobo Saioa , Lafolet Frédéric , Roldan Diego , Saint-Aman Eric , Royal Guy
Published: January 2016

A multi-addressable quadri-state molecular switch based on the redox and photochromic properties of a dimethyldihydropyrene-substituted terpyridine cobalt complex has been designed and fully characterized.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of a benzofuran-based cage-shaped borate: photo activation of Lewis acid catalysts
Authors: Konishi Akihito , Yasunaga Ryosuke , Chiba Kouji , Yasuda Makoto
Published: January 2016

A benzofuran-based cage-shaped borate showed a higher degree of Lewis acidity and exhibited photo-activated catalytic activity under black-light irradiation.
Insight into a direct solid–solid transformation: a potential approach for the removal of residual solvents
Authors: Yang Pengpeng , Lin Chenguang , Zhuang Wei , Wen Qingshi , Zou Fengxia , Zhou Jingwei , Wu Jinglan , Ying Hanjie
Published: January 2016

A simple humidity process allows a direct solid–solid transformation from the solvate (methanol trihydrate of cAMPNa) to its hydrate form (pentahydrate).
NMR reveals the surface functionalisation of Ti3C2MXene
Authors: Hope Michael A. , Forse Alexander C. , Griffith Kent J. , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Ghidiu Michael , Gogotsi Yury , Grey Clare P.
Published: January 2016

1H and19F NMR experiments have identified and quantified the internal surface terminations of Ti3C2TxMXene.
A pillar[5]arene-based [2]rotaxane lights up mitochondria
Authors: Yu Guocan , Wu Dan , Li Yang , Zhang Zhihua , Shao Li , Zhou Jiong , Hu Qinglian , Tang Guping , Huang Feihe
Published: January 2016

Here we integrate diagnostic and therapeutic agents into a mitochondria-targeting [2]rotaxane, which can be utilized as a drug delivery platform to conjugate anticancer drugs to prepare prodrugs for efficient targeted drug delivery.
Correction: Highly efficient and stable blue polymer light emitting diodes based on polysilafluorenes with pendent hole transporting groups
Authors: Jin Guangrong , Xia Lianpeng , Liu Zhe , Lin Hong , Ling Jun , Wu Hongbin , Hou Lintao , Mo Yueqi
Published: January 2016

Correction for ‘Highly efficient and stable blue polymer light emitting diodes based on polysilafluorenes with pendent hole transporting groups’ by Guangrong Jin et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5tc03665h.
Do Live Versus Audio-Recorded Narrative Stimuli Influence Young Children's Narrative Comprehension and Retell Quality?
Authors: Kim Young-Suk Grace
Published: January 2016

Purpose

The primary aim of the present study was to examine whether different ways of presenting narrative stimuli (i.e., live narrative stimuli versus audio-recorded narrative stimuli) influence children's performances on narrative comprehension and oral-retell quality.

Method

Children in kindergarten (
n
= 54), second grade (
n
= 74), and fourth grade (
n
= 65) were matched on their performance on a standardized oral-language comprehension task and then were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 conditions that differed in how narrative stimuli were presented to children: live narrative stimuli and audio-recorded narrative stimuli.

Results

Kindergartners and 2nd graders in the live condition had higher mean performance on narrative comprehension, with effect sizes of .43 and .39, respectively, after accounting for age, gender, and school. No differences were found in narrative comprehension for children in 4th grade. Children's oral-retell quality did not differ as a function of condition in any grade.

Conclusion

These results suggest that how narrative stimuli are presented to children (i.e., live versus audio-recorded narrative stimuli) may affect children's narrative comprehension, particularly for young children in kindergarten and Grade 2. Implications for assessment and instruction are discussed.
Classification of boundary equilibrium bifurcations in planar Filippov systems
Authors: Glendinning Paul
Published: January 2016

If a family of piecewise smooth systems depending on a real parameter is defined on two different regions of the plane separated by a switching surface, then a boundary equilibrium bifurcation occurs if a stationary point of one of the systems intersects the switching surface at a critical value of the parameter. We derive the leading order terms of a normal form for boundary equilibrium bifurcations of planar systems. This makes it straightforward to derive a complete classification of the bifurcations that can occur. We are thus able to confirm classic results of Filippov [Differential Equations with Discontinuous Right Hand Sides (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1988)] using different and more transparent methods, and explain why the ‘missing’ cases of Hogan et al. [Piecewise Smooth Dynamical Systems: The Case of the Missing Boundary Equilibrium Bifurcations (University of Bristol, 2015)] are the only cases omitted in more recent work.
Characterization of wind velocities in the upstream induction zone of a wind turbine using scanning continuous-wave lidars
Authors: Simley Eric , Angelou Nikolas , Mikkelsen Torben , Sjöholm Mikael , Mann Jakob , Pao Lucy Y.
Published: January 2016

As a wind turbine generates power, induced velocities, lower than the freestream velocity, will be present upstream of the turbine due to perturbation of the flow by the rotor. In this study, the upstream induction zone of a 225 kW horizontal axis Vestas V27 wind turbine located at the Danish Technical University's Risø campus is investigated using a scanning Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) system. Three short-range continuous-wave “WindScanner” lidars are positioned in the field around the V27 turbine allowing detection of all three components of the wind velocity vectors within the induction zone. The time-averaged mean wind speeds at different locations in the upstream induction zone are measured by scanning a horizontal plane at hub height and a vertical plane centered at the middle of the rotor extending roughly 1.5 rotor diameters (D) upstream of the rotor. Turbulence statistics in the induction zone are studied by more rapidly scanning along individual lines perpendicular to the rotor at different radial distances from the hub. The mean velocity measurements reveal that the longitudinal velocity reductions become greater closer to the rotor plane and closer to the center of the rotor. Velocity deficits of 1%–3% of the freestream value were observed 1 D upstream of the rotor, increasing at the rotor plane to 7.4% near the edge of the rotor and 18% near the center of the rotor while the turbine was operating with a high estimated mechanical coefficient of power (CP) of 0.56 yielding an estimated axial induction factor of 0.25. The velocity reductions relative to the freestream velocity become smaller when the turbine's coefficient of power decreases; for a low CP of 0.16 resulting in an estimated induction factor of 0.04, the velocity deficits are ∼1% of the freestream value 1 D upstream of the rotor and only 6% at the rotor plane near the center of the rotor. Additionally, the mean radial wind speeds were found to increase close to the edge of the rotor disk indicating an expansion of the incoming flow around the rotor. Radial velocity magnitudes at the edge of the rotor disk of approximately 9% and 3% of the freestream longitudinal wind speed were measured for the abovementioned high and low CP values, respectively. Turbulence statistics, calculated using 2.5-min time series, suggest that the standard deviation of the longitudinal wind component decreases close to the rotor, while the standard deviation of the radial wind component appears to increase. When the turbine was operating with a high CP of 0.54 resulting in an estimated induction factor of 0.22, standard deviation decreases of up to 22% of the estimated freestream value and increases of up to 46% were observed for the longitudinal and radial components, respectively, near the center of the rotor.
A wind power forecasting system based on the weather research and forecasting model and Kalman filtering over a wind-farm in Japan
Authors: Che Yuzhang , Peng Xindong , Delle Monache Luca , Kawaguchi Takayuki , Xiao Feng
Published: January 2016

The rapid development of wind energy in Japan and the associated high uncertainties and fluctuations in power generation present a big challenge for both wind power generators and electric grids. Accurate and reliable wind power predictions are necessary to optimize the integration of wind power into existing electrical systems. In this study, a hybrid forecasting system of wind power generation was developed by integrating the Kalman filter (KF) with the high resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model as well as an empirical formula of wind power output (power curve). The system has been validated with observations including wind speed and power output over a six-month period for 15 turbine sites at a wind farm in Awaji-island, Japan. The results show that the tuned WRF model is able to provide hub-height wind speed prediction for the target area with reliability to some extent. The predicted wind field can be substantially improved by the Kalman filter as a post-processing procedure. The 15-turbine averaged improvements of mean error, root mean square error, and correlation coefficient are 97%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Meanwhile, the Kalman filter also demonstrates a promising capability of reducing the uncertainties in the power curve model. Systematic validations regarding both wind speed and power output were carried out against the observations for the target wind farm, which show that the hybrid power forecasting system presented in this paper can be an effective and practical tool for short-term predictions of wind speed and power output in Japan area.
Investigation of the effect of resistivity on scrape off layer filaments using three-dimensional simulations
Authors: Easy L. , Militello F. , Omotani J. , Walkden N. R. , Dudson B.
Published: January 2016

The propagation of filaments in the Scrape Off Layer (SOL) of tokamaks largely determines the plasma profiles in the region. In a conduction limited SOL, parallel temperature gradients are expected, such that the resistance to parallel currents is greater at the target than further upstream. Since the perpendicular motion of an isolated filament is largely determined by balance of currents that flow through it, this may be expected to affect filament transport. 3D simulations have thus been used to study the influence of enhanced parallel resistivity on the dynamics of filaments. Filaments with the smallest perpendicular length scales, which were inertially limited at low resistivity (meaning that polarization rather than parallel currents determines their radial velocities), were unaffected by resistivity. For larger filaments, faster velocities were produced at higher resistivities due to two mechanisms. First parallel currents were reduced and polarization currents were enhanced, meaning that the inertial regime extended to larger filaments, and second, a potential difference formed along the parallel direction so that higher potentials were produced in the region of the filament for the same amount of current to flow into the sheath. These results indicate that broader SOL profiles could be produced at higher resistivities.
Photoluminescence study of high density Si quantum dots with Ge core
Authors: Kondo K. , Makihara K. , Ikeda M. , Miyazaki S.
Published: January 2016

Si quantum dots (Si-QDs) with Ge core were self-assembled on thermally grown SiO2 from alternate thermal decomposition of pure SiH4 and GeH4 diluted with He. When the sample was excited by the 979 nm line of a semiconductor laser, fairly broad photoluminescence (PL) spectra in the region of 0.6–0.8 eV were observed at room temperature. The observed PL spectra suggested that radiative recombination of photo-generated carriers through quantized states of Ge core is the dominant pathway for the emission from the dots, reflecting the type II energy band discontinuity between the Si clad and Ge core. We also found that P-δ doping to Ge core plays an important role in recombination through the quantized states in the valence band of Ge core and P donor levels.
Rectifying filamentary resistive switching in ion-exfoliated LiNbO3 thin films
Authors: Pan Xinqiang , Shuai Yao , Wu Chuangui , Luo Wenbo , Sun Xiangyu , Zeng Huizhong , Zhou Shengqiang , Böttger Roman , Ou Xin , Mikolajick Thomas , Zhang Wanli , Schmidt Heidemarie
Published: January 2016

In this letter, we report the resistive switching properties of ion-exfoliated LiNbO3 thin films. After annealing in Ar or in vacuum, electro-forming has been observed on the thin films, and the oxygen gas bubbles can be eliminated by tuning the annealing conditions in order to prevent the destruction of top electrodes. The thin films show rectifying filamentary resistive switching after forming, which is interpreted by a simplified model that the local filament does not penetrate throughout the LiNbO3 thin film, resulting in asymmetric contact barriers at the two interfaces. The well controlled electro-forming step and the highly reproducible switching properties are attributed to the more homogeneous distribution of defects in single crystalline materials and the specific geometry of filament.
GaN hemispherical micro-cavities
Authors: Zhang Yiyun , Feng Cong , Wang T. , Choi H. W.
Published: January 2016

GaN-based micro-dome optical cavities supported on Si pedestals have been demonstrated by dry etching through gradually shrinking microspheres followed by wet-etch undercutting. Optically pumped whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) have been observed in the near-ultraviolet within the mushroom-like cavities, which do not support Fabry-Pérot resonances. The WGMs blue-shift monotonously as the excitation energies are around the lasing threshold. Concurrently, the mode-hopping effect is observed as the gain spectrum red-shifts under higher excitations. As the excitation energy density exceeds ∼15.1 mJ/cm2, amplified spontaneous emission followed by optical lasing is attained at room temperature, evident from a super-linear increase in emission intensity together with linewidth reduction to ∼0.7 nm for the dominant WGM. Optical behaviors within these WGM microcavities are further investigated using numerical computations and three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations.
Tuning the metal-insulator transition via epitaxial strain and Co doping in NdNiO3 thin films grown by polymer-assisted deposition
Authors: Yao Dan , Shi Lei , Zhou Shiming , Liu Haifeng , Zhao Jiyin , Li Yang , Wang Yang
Published: January 2016

The epitaxial NdNi1-xCoxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) thin films on (001) LaAlO3 and (001) SrTiO3 substrates were grown by a simple polymer-assisted deposition technique. The co-function of the epitaxial strain and Co doping on the metal-insulator transition in perovskite nickelate NdNiO3 thin films is investigated. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal that the as-prepared thin films exhibit good crystallinity and heteroepitaxy. The temperature dependent resistivities of the thin films indicate that both the epitaxial strain and Co doping lower the metal-insulator (MI) transition temperature, which can be treated as a way to tune the MI transition. Furthermore, under the investigated Co-doping levels, the MI transition temperature (TMI) shifts to low temperatures with Co content increasing under both compressive and tensile strain, and the more distinction is in the former situation. When x is increased up to 0.10, the insulating phase is completely suppressed under the compressive strain. With the strain increases from compression to tension, the resistivities are enhanced both in the metal and insulating regions. However, the Co-doping effect on the resistivity shows a more complex situation. As Co content x increases from zero to 0.10, the resistivities are reduced both in the metal and insulating regions under the tensile strain, whereas they are enhanced in the high-temperature metal region under the compressive strain. Based on the temperature dependent resistivity in the metal regions, it is suggested that the electron-phonon coupling in the films becomes weaker with the increase of both the strain and Co-doping.
Enhancing the photoresponsivity of bipolar phototransistors for near-infrared detection
Authors: Hsu Klaus Y. J. , Shen Ken S. H. , Chang Ya-Sen
Published: January 2016

Higher photo-responsivity brings the advantage of reducing device area cost for photodetectors. This work demonstrates that the responsivity of a bipolar phototransistor can be greatly enhanced by reusing the parasitic photo-generated carriers in the substrate. The reuse of parasitic photo-carriers can be realized by strapping the base terminal and the local substrate terminal of a bipolar phototransistor via simple metallic interconnect. Test devices were implemented with a commercially available bipolar-CMOS (BiCMOS) process. Compared with the conventional bipolar phototransistor without reusing the substrate carriers, the proposed phototransistor showed at least one order of magnitude improvement in responsivity. The peak of spectral response shifted from the visible light range into the near-IR region, which is beneficial to near-IR detection.
Laser ion source for isobaric heavy ion collider experiment
Authors: Kanesue T. , Kumaki M. , Ikeda S. , Okamura M.
Published: January 2016

Heavy-ion collider experiment in isobaric system is under investigation at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. For this experiment, ion source is required to maximize the abundance of the intended isotope. The candidate of the experiment is 96Ru + 96Zr. Since the natural abundance of particular isotope is low and composition of isotope from ion source depends on the composites of the target, an isotope enriched material may be needed as a target. We studied the performance of the laser ion source required for the experiment for Zr ions.
Changes in growth performance and body and carcass composition of common pheasants following three generations of selection for higher 7-week bodyweight
Authors: Zapletal D. , Karásková K. , Straková E.
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selection of common pheasants for a higher 7-week bodyweight (BW) over three generations on growth performance and composition of body and carcass under intensive rearing. A total of 160 chicks of the selected (S) and the control (C) lines (n = 80, respectively), were used in the experiment. At the end of the experiment (100 days), pheasants of the S line achieved an increase of 9.2% in the average BW compared with those of the C line. The feed conversion ratio over the 100-day period was 5.92 and 5.51 g/g in the S and C lines, respectively. After slaughter, pheasants of the S line showed significantly higher weights of the carcass, legs, skinless legs, neck, heart and liver than those of the C line. The direct positive selection for the 7-week BW in pheasants resulted in significant decreases in carcass dressing-out percentages and the proportion of breast muscle, legs, skinless legs and leg muscles to pre-slaughter BW; only a relative proportion of the heart was higher in the S line than that in the C line (P < 0.01).
Effects of supplement or fertiliser on forage quality, and performance of stocker cattle grazing warm-season pastures
Authors: Rivera J. D. , Gipson M. L. , Gipson R. G. , Lemus R. W.
Published: January 2016

Crossbred (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) beef steers (BW = 232.8 ± 14.6 kg; n = 90) were used over 3 years to examine the efficacy of N fertiliser compared with feed supplementation on forage quality, and animal production. Each year a new group of steers were weighed (unshrunk), and assigned to graze mixed warm-season perennial pastures (Cynodon dactylon and Paspalum notatum Flugge). Paddocks were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: no fertiliser and no supplement (NONE); supplement of 1.1 kg of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) per steer (DM basis) and no fertiliser (DDGS); or fertiliser (134 kg/ha of N applied in split applications) and no supplement (FERT). Cattle were individually weighed at Days 0, 56, 84, and at Day 126, Day 140, Day 93 for Years 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Data were analysed as a mixed model, treatment being used as a fixed effect, year and block as random effects and pasture as the experimental unit. No differences were noted in BW at any point of the study. Greater total average daily gain (ADG) for the grazing period was noted with FERT and DDGS having greatest ADG compared with NONE. Input costs differed (P = 0.001) among all treatments with FERT having the highest input costs, followed by DDGS and NONE. A tendency (P = 0.11) for lowest return was noted with steers in the FERT group returning the least amount of money. No differences (P > 0.10) were noted in forage biomass (kg/ha) at any point of the study. At Day 56, FERT had least ADF (P = 0.03), greatest (P = 0.01) crude protein, and the greatest (P = 0.01) total digestible nutrients (TDN) compared with DDGS and NONE. At Day 84, similar effects existed with FERT having greater crude protein and TDN compared with DDGS and NONE (P ≤ 0.04). No effects (P > 0.10) existed for the last day of sampling for ADF and TDN, however there was a tendency increase in final crude protein (P = 0.07) associated with FERT and DDGS compared with NONE. Results indicate that similar beef cattle performance might be expected if either DDGS or FERT were used, with FERT increasing forage quality at variable points within the study.
Effects of whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites of lactating dairy cows
Authors: de Almeida Gustavo Ferreira , Del Valle Tiago Antônio , de Paiva Pablo Gomes , de Jesus Elmeson Ferreira , Barletta Rafael Vilella , Gandra Jefferson Rodrigues , Bettero Vitor Pereira , Takiya Caio Seiti , Rennó Francisco Palma
Published: January 2016

The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows (133.0 ± 53.1 days in milk, 585.2 ± 54.2 kg of BW and 32.22 ± 5.32 kg/day of milk) were used in six 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-day periods. The cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets: control (CT), diet without oilseed inclusion; whole soybean (WS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole raw soybean (diet DM basis); and whole cottonseed (WCS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole cottonseed (diet DM basis). Dietary supplementation with WS or WCS had no effect on milk yield and composition. DM and non-fibre carbohydrate intake were decreased in cows fed WS and WCS when compared with CT; however, WS and WCS increased ether extract intake and digestibility. The WCS decreased DM, crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrate intake when compared with WS. Cows fed WCS had higher ruminal pH than those fed WS or CT. Cows fed WS showed higher propionate concentration than cows fed WCS. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased when cows were fed WS compared with those fed CT or WCS. The partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with WS or WCS in diets of mid-lactating dairy cows decreased DM intake and altered ruminal fermentation, but did not affect milk yield and composition.
Perspective: are animal scientists forgetting the scientific method and the essential role of statistics?
Authors: Black J. L. , Diffey S. , Nielsen S. G.
Published: January 2016

Animal scientists and their funding organisations need to ensure investment in research is maximised by strict adherence to the scientific method and the rigorous design and analysis of experiments. Statisticians should be considered as equals in the research process, engaged from the beginning of research projects and appropriately funded. The importance of experimental design that accounts for factors affecting the primary experiment measurement is illustrated in two examples. One shows how failure to involve a statistician at the beginning of a project resulted in considerable waste of resources. Subsequent engagement of professional statisticians with rigorous experimental design and analysis led to greatly increased precision in the standard error of an estimate for the digestible energy content of cereal grains for pigs from ± 0.35 MJ/kg to ± 0.16 MJ/kg. The other example shows the effect of the percentage of diets replicated during pelleting and of the total number of pigs required in the experiment on the P-values associated with detecting a pairwise difference between two grains differing in digestible energy content by 0.33 MJ/kg. Decisions based on these relationships have animal welfare and resource allocation implications.
Detection of an interaction between prion protein and neuregulin I-β1 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis
Authors: Arii Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Hidenori , Yamasaki Masayuki , Fukuoka Shin-Ichi
Published: January 2016

Cellular prion protein (PrP) copurifies with neuregulin type I-β1 (NRG I-β1), but no interaction has been detected by a general immunoprecipitation study. We speculate that PrP interacts with NRG I-β1. Here, the interaction of PrP with NRG I-β1 was detected by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between enhanced blue (EBFP) and enhanced green (EGFP) fluorescent protein-fusion proteins. Full-length PrP interacted with EGFP in addition to NRG I-β1. From this result, we deduced that PrP interacts with EGFP through its unstructured N-terminal domain. We therefore detected FRET between PrP deleting the N-terminal domain and NRG I-β1. In contrast, the C-terminal domain of PrP interacted with NRG I-β1 and the proteins dissociated completely in the presence of sodium chloride. This interaction occurs at the nanomolar level, which is important for the reaction to be functional in organisms. We concluded that PrP interacted with NRG I-β1 through its C-terminal domain.
Purification and partial characterization of the extradiol dioxygenase, 2′-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase, in the fluorene degradation pathway from Rhodococcus sp. strain DFA3
Authors: Kotake Tatsuro , Matsuzawa Jun , Suzuki-Minakuchi Chiho , Okada Kazunori , Nojiri Hideaki , Iwata Kenichi
Published: January 2016

Type II extradiol dioxygenase, 2′-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase (FlnD1D2) involved in the fluorene degradation pathway of Rhodococcus sp. DFA3 was purified to homogeneity from a heterologously expressing Escherichia coli. Gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE suggested that FlnD1D2 is an α4β4 heterooctamer and that the molecular masses of these subunits are 30 and 9.9 kDa, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 8.0 and 30 °C, respectively. Assessment of metal ion effects suggested that exogenously supplied Fe2+ increases enzyme activity 3.2-fold. FlnD1D2 catalyzed meta-cleavage of 2′-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl homologous compounds, but not single-ring catecholic compounds. The Km and kcat/Km values of FlnD1D2 for 2,3-dihidroxybiphenyl were 97.2 μM and 1.5 × 10−2 μM−1sec−1, and for 2,2′,3-trihydroxybiphenyl, they were 168.0 μM and 0.5 × 10−2 μM−1sec−1, respectively. A phylogenetic tree of the large and small subunits of type II extradiol dioxygenases suggested that FlnD1D2 constitutes a novel subgroup among heterooligomeric type II extradiol dioxygenases.
Emigration and the Sea
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

This is a history of the Portuguese diaspora that has planted Portuguese-speaking communities across the world, made Portuguese the seventh most widely spoken language, and given rise to a number of Portuguese creole languages. The Portuguese diaspora involves different streams of emigration that have merged to create a highly diverse “Portuguese” world. The settlement of the Atlantic islands mixed migrants from mainland Portugal with slaves from West Arica. The islands themselves then became points of departure for further migrations to West Africa and the New World. The discovery of the sea route to India resulted in the Portuguese founding communities everywhere from East Africa to China. The expulsion of the Sephardic Jews added a new element to the diaspora which planted “Portuguese” communities in Europe, the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and mainland America. Emigration affected all classes in Portugal, not only the poor and landless but also the upper classes and educated who looked for career opportunities outside Portugal. In the nineteenth century Brazil and the Caribbean became the main destinations for emigrants; in the twentieth century, this changed to the United States, South America and above all northern Europe. The book traces the connections with Portugal’s formal empire in Africa and Brazil and looks at the institutions that have bound disparate Portuguese communities together over time and space.
Portuguese Emigration to Africa
Authors: Newitt Malyn
Published: January 2016

Portuguese have emigrated to Africa since the fifteenth century. Through intermarriage with local women a caste of black “Portuguese” emerged who played an important role as intermediaries in West African trade and who developed distinctive creole languages. Portuguese culture also influenced the ruling elite of Kongo and gave rise to the creole ethnic group which dominated Angola for centuries and which has assumed power in the post-colonial era. The scramble for Africa led to increased Portuguese emigration to Africa and after World War II this received active state encouragement, although most Portuguese settlers left the colonies after independence either to return to Portugal or to move on to South Africa. Large numbers have now returned to Africa to find work in the booming economies of Angola and Mozambique.
Wave Theory
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

A traveling wave on a string is used to find the functional form of a one-dimensional wave. Following a discussion of the energy associated with the traveling wave, the one-dimensional model associated with the string illustration is extended to three dimensions. The displacement of the wave discussed in this chapter is assumed to be a scalar function and the theory is called a scalar wave theory. The Helmholtz equation and the dispersion relation are discussed and the concepts of wavenumber, phase velocity, and wavefront are introduced.
Dispersion
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The result of sluggish response of atoms and molecules to light waves is dispersion (i.e., variation of the index of refraction with frequency). A classical model is used to visualize the optical response of materials. The model first treats a system of noninteracting charges. The complexity of the theory is increased by adding an unspecified force between two charges to produce a restoring force when acted upon by an electromagnetic field. Finally, pairs of charges are allowed to interact. The resulting theory explains the origin of a complex dielectric constant and the observation of resonant absorption, but quantum theory is required to calculate experimentally observable parameters. Anomalous dispersion can yield both a phase and a group velocity greater than the speed of light (superluminal propagation). The theory developed to explain this apparent contradiction with the theory of relativity is discussed. The special case of metals and surface plasmons is discussed.
Coherence
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The mathematical implementation of a comparison of two quantities is the correlation operation. This chapter develops the connection between coherence theory and correlation via Fourier theory and discusses the experimental techniques that duplicate the correlation operation, for example the Michelson interferometer and Young’s two-slit configuration. The coherence function is calculated for a typical spectral distribution found in emission or absorption spectroscopy, and the spatial coherence of a line source aids in understanding the use of Michelson’s stellar interferometer to measure the spatial extent of a star. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) utilizes the temporal coherence of a superluminous diode to generate high-spatial-resolution images for medical applications, especially in ophthalmology. Intensity correlation and the Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment are discussed.
Fraunhofer Diffraction
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The Huygens–Fresnel integral is solved with the assumption that all waves in the aperture are plane waves. This assumption leads to Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction is a strong function of source coherence, and its impact is discussed. It is demonstrated that Fraunhofer diffraction is mathematically identical to the Fourier transform integral, and this is used to calculate diffraction from rectangular and circular apertures as well as arrays of apertures. The fact that Fraunhofer diffraction appears in the back focal plane of a lens leads to Abbe’s theory of a microscope. The use of the Fourier theory allows the development of a theory for coherent and incoherent imaging systems. This theory explains the operation of the phase contrast microscope, optical pattern recognition, and the resolution limits of imaging systems. An introduction to computational imaging and coded apertures is also given.
Periodic Index of Refraction
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

Diffraction can be used to increase the performance of optical systems. Two theoretical approaches are discussed, based on materials with a periodic index of refraction: holography and photonic crystals. A hologram is basically the recording of a interference pattern created by a reference wave and a signal wave. A theory is developed based on point objects that can be viewed as generating Fresnel zone lenses. An initial examination of holography treats the recording and reconstruction of interference patterns, using collinearly propagating reference and signal waves. The recording is assumed to be an amplitude recording, and the model developed allows specifications to be placed on the recording material and coherence requirements on the light source. The phase recording is outlined in an appendix. In the general discussion of photonic crystals, Bloch waves are used to describe propagation in a one-dimensional periodic potential created by periodic modulation of the index of refraction.
Anisotropy
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

Optical anisotropic materials have an index of refraction that varies with the propagation direction in the material. These materials are said to be birefringent. In an anisotropic material, the two vectors E and D are no longer parallel to one another, requiring the use of tensors to describe birefringence. Some of the properties of tensors and a geometrical construct used to aid in the interpretation of symmetric second-rank tensors are presented. There are two descriptions of propagation in an anisotropic material, and both geometrical constructions are described. The nonzero scalar product E⋅k≠0 leads to Fresnel’s equation. Some materials will rotate the plane of polarization, and a brief discussion of what is called optical activity is given.
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Guenther B. D.
Published: January 2016

The relationship between P and E is assumed to be described by a power series, and nonlinear effects are assumed to be small perturbations of linear behavior. Maxwell’s equations are used to obtain the equation of motion for a wave propagating in a nonlinear medium. The nonlinear behavior is characterized through a nonlinear dielectric susceptibility. Experimental nonlinear effects are discussed in terms of a nonlinear optical coefficient. The effects of crystal symmetry are discussed. Phase matching is introduced and methods are described. Second-harmonic generation is discussed, as is phase conjugation arising from third-order nonlinearities.
Homeric Epic and its Reception
Authors: Schein Seth L.
Published: January 2016

This book consists of twelve chapters written over the past forty-five years. Nine are revised and in some cases expanded versions of previously published papers. Chapters 7, 9, and 11 are new. The twelve chapters reflect the author’s long-standing interest in, and approaches to, the literary interpretation of Homeric poetry. Some focus closely on the diction, metre, style, and thematic resonance of particular passages and episodes and move from close readings to broad ideas and interpretations; others explore the usefulness of mythological allusion, Homeric intertextuality, hexameter metrics, and the contrast between humanity and divinity as interpretive pathways into the poems; still others explore the contributions to the literary interpretation of Homeric poetry by Milman Parry and Ioannis Kakridis, who founded the two most fruitful twentieth-century scholarly approaches to Homeric epic: the study of the poems as traditional oral formulaic poetry and of ‘the epic technique of oral versemaking’ (Parry) and the Neoanalytical emphasis on the Homeric adaptation and transformation of traditional mythology, folktales, and poetic motifs (Kakridis). The final three chapters discuss some of the most compelling poetic and critical receptions of the Iliad since the late nineteenth century and the institutional reception of the Iliad and Odyssey in colleges and universities in the United States over the past two centuries. All twelve chapters gain strength by being brought together in a single volume that focuses on the iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite as literary works.
Odysseus and Polyphemos in the Odyssey
Authors: Schein Seth L.
Published: January 2016

The story of Odysseus and Polyphemos in Book 9 of the Odyssey differs in five respects from the well known, wide-spread folk-tale of a hero trapped in a cave by a one-eyed, giant shepherd: Polyphemos eats his victims raw, not cooked; he is blinded by an olive-wood stake instead of a metal spit, and put to sleep by drinking too much wine, not as a result of his meal; Odysseus tells the Cyclops that his name is ‘Nobody’ rather then ‘Myself’, and he and his men are almost killed when Odysseus shouts out his real name, not when a magic ring, a gift of the giant shepherd, begins to shout ‘here I am’. These differences makes sense in light of themes, ideas, and ethical values central to the poem and illustrate the poet’s technique of appropriating and adapting traditional folklore and mythology in accordance his own poetic purposes.
‘War—What is it Good For?’ in Homer’s Iliad and Four Receptions
Authors: Schein Seth L.
Published: January 2016

The most compelling twentieth- and twenty-first-century receptions of Homer’s Iliad often fail to do justice to the complexity of its representation of war. These receptions dwell on the brutal, dehumanizing features of Iliadic warfare, its physical and psychological harshness and destructiveness, the pathos of its victims and its cost in human terms, but they rarely capture the ‘joy of battle’ (charmê) that warriors ‘remember’ and call on their comrades to ‘remember’ in the midst of battle, or the economic, social, and almost metaphysical fruitfulness of war as a means of winning honour and glory. Detailed attention to the critical receptions by Simone Weil and Rachel Bespaloff and the poetic receptions of Alice Oswald and Christopher Logue show in detail how these authors understand, interpret, and transform the Iliadic representation of warfare in accordance with their own experiences, insights, and values.
An Uneasy Smile
Authors: Bakker Mathieu de
Published: January 2016

Herodotus, in contrast to some of his contemporaries, does not commit himself to the medium of maps. Instead, he ridicules mapmakers for the content and pretence of their works and makes characters like Aristagoras and Xerxes fail in their aspirations when they attempt to view the world from a higher, cartographical vantage point. Herodotus’ alternative approach is to describe space from the down-to-earth perspective of a wandering traveller and measure distance in temporal rather than spatial units. The advantage of this so-called ‘hodological’ perspective, however, can be questioned. In the polemical Egypt book, for instance, Herodotus yields to the methods of cartographers with an eye to upholding his authority. In battle scenes, meanwhile, the use of the perspective contributes to an impression of ignorance on Herodotus’ part about the course of the events, and to the anecdotal, piecemeal structure that characterizes these passages.
Pots in Space
Authors: Brughmans Tom , Poblome Jeroen
Published: January 2016

Roman tableware distribution is traditionally explored through establishing presences in specific places, often visualized as dots on a map. As such these attestations seem to represent distinct entities that do not relate, other than in their relative proximity. This chapter challenges an exclusively geographical perspective of tableware distribution by proposing a networks approach for exploring ceramic distributions. It states that it is equally informing to explore the dynamics between physical and relational space. This chapter aims at addressing the following issues: To what extent can the relationships between attestations of tableware sherds inform us on processes that led to the distribution of the original vessels as we know it, and how can topological and geographical networks complement each other in understanding such processes?
Tracing Networks
Authors: Foxhall Lin , Rebay-Salisbury Katharina
Published: January 2016

Material culture is pivotal in the construction and maintenance of contacts between people and allows exploring networks and geographical connections ‘below the radar’ of texts like Herodotus’. ‘Tracing Networks’, a research programme funded by the Leverhulme Trust, used the chaîne opératoire and Cross-Craft Interaction as systematic frameworks to investigate networks of craftspeople and craft traditions across and beyond the Mediterranean region c.1500–200 bc. Scientific analytical techniques and semantic web technology contribute to tracking movements of objects and help to explain how and why traditions, techniques, and technologies change and cross cultural boundaries. The networks this chapter shows being reconstructed using everyday objects seem mundane, but they add a crucial component in understanding the ancient world: how people, while sourcing raw materials, learning crafts, and trading objects experienced their world.
Verbal Expressions of Geographical Information
Authors: Eide Øyvind
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores differences between maps and verbal texts which have consequences not only for how things are said, but also for what can be said in each of the two media. It expands on the claim that Herodotus’ contribution can serve as a critique of cartographic reason, linking up with a discussion of the consequences of the ongoing spatial turn in the humanities. Mapping is compared to modelling in digital humanities and is seen as a process of coming to know stable maps and models. The chapter also shows how the studies of the sister arts of poetry and painting, the Ut pictura poesis tradition leading up to intermedia studies, are relevant for the relationship between narrative texts and geographical maps in general. This diachronic approach can help us better understand the problems of representing space, in antiquity as well as today.
Martingale unobserved component models
Authors: Shephard Neil
Published: January 2016

This chapter generalizes the familiar linear Gaussian unobserved component models or structural time series models to martingale unobserved component models. This generates forecasts whose rate of discounting of data is time-varying or local. How to handle such models is shown, effectively using an auxiliary particle filter which deploys M competing Kalman filters run in parallel. Here, one thinks of M as being 1000 or more. The model is applied to inflation forecasting. The martingale unobserved component model generalizes in several ways, to allow for trends, cycles, and seasonal components, and the methods developed in this chapter can be extended in the same way.
On detecting end-of-sample instabilities
Authors: Busetti Fabio
Published: January 2016

Tests of parameter instabilities are likely to have low power when changepoints occur towards the end of the sample. This chapter considers various modifications to existing tests and introduces new statistics designed to have high power in such circumstances. The properties of both Wald-type tests of a one-time shift in the parameters and locally most powerful (LMP) tests against the hypothesis of random walk coefficients are examined. Asymptotic critical values of the tests are provided and their properties are evaluated in finite samples. Empirical illustrations describe the use of the tests for detecting structural changes at the time of the “Great Recession.”
Improved frequentist prediction intervals for autoregressive models by simulation
Authors: Helske Jouni , Nyblom Jukka
Published: January 2016

It is well known that the so-called plug-in prediction intervals for autoregressive processes, with Gaussian disturbances, are too short, i.e. the coverage probabilities fall below the nominal ones. However, simulation experiments show that the formulas borrowed from the ordinary linear regression theory yield one-step prediction intervals, which have coverage probabilities very close to that claimed. From a Bayesian point of view the resulting intervals are posterior predictive intervals when uniform priors are assumed for both autoregressive coefficients and logarithm of the disturbance variance. This finding enables one to see how to treat multi-step prediction intervals that are obtained by simulation either directly from the posterior distribution or using importance sampling. An application of the method to forecasting the annual gross domestic product growth in the United Kingdom and Spain is given for the period 2002 to 2011 using the estimation period 1962 to 2001.
The superiority of the LM test in a class of econometric models where the Wald test performs poorly
Authors: Ma Jun , Nelson Charles R.
Published: January 2016

In models having a representation y=γ·g(β,x) + ɛ the standard Wald test for β has systematically been the wrong size in finite samples when the identifying parameter γ is small relative to its estimation error. This chapter looks at the Lagrange multiplier test based on linearization of g(.) which may be interpreted as an approximation to an exact test for a ratio of regression coefficients, or as a reduced form test which is exact when g(.) is linear. It shows that this test has nearly the correct size in nonlinear regression, ARMA, GARCH, and unobserved components models when the Wald test performs poorly.