bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Traffic in Affect: Marietta Holley, Suffrage, and Late-Nineteenth-Century Popular Humour
Authors: Epp Michael H
Published: June 2006

After calling for a major re-theorization of the relations in mass culture between humour, the politics of affect, and the stereotype, I engage these relations through a case study of the articulation of women's rights with the traffic in affect. The argument focuses on late-nineteenth-century U.S. writer Marietta Holley to tell the story of the production and circulation of stereotypes in the context of women's suffrage. Holley's stereotypes have traditionally been derided as crude or lauded as complex reversals of sexist ideology, but the differences in these judgements only underscore the sense in which her work has too often a modernist aesthetic critique that relies too much on "value" and that cannot account for the cultural work of the literary outside the regime of quality and complexity. In focusing on the cultural work of Holley's popular stereotypes in relation to print culture, the humour industry, and suffrage, this paper extends Margaret Finnegan's important analysis of the points of intersection between women's suffrage and consumer culture to include the connections between humour, politics, and the economic traffic in affect, connections that still characterize political activism and consumer culture in the twenty-first century. Après avoir signalé l'opportunité d'une re-théorisation importante des liens qui existent dans la culture de masse entre l'humour, la politique des affects et les stéréotypes, j'analyse ces liens par le biais d'une étude de cas portant sur l'articulation des droits des femmes en termes d'affects. Le raisonnement est centré sur l'écrivaine américaine Marietta Holley (fin du dix-neuvième siècle), et raconte la production et la circulation des stéréotypes dans le contexte du suffrage féminin. Traditionnellement, les stéréotypes de Holley ont été ridiculisés comme simplistes ou encore glorifiés comme un renversement complexe de l'idéologie sexiste, mais ces différences de jugements ne font que souligner la façon dont son oeuvre a toujours été soumise à une critique esthétique moderniste trop centrée sur les « valeurs » et incapable de rendre compte du travail culturel de la littéraire en dehors des critères de qualité et de complexité. En centrant son analyse sur l'oeuvre culturelle que constituent les stéréotypes populaires de Holley en relation avec la culture journalistique, l'industrie de l'humour et le suffrage, cet article augmente la portée de l'analyse que fait Margaret Finnegan des points d'intersection entre le suffrage féminin et la culture consumériste, de façon à inclure les liens qui unissent l'humour, la politique et l'échange économique en termes d'af-fects, liens qui caractérisent encore aujourd'hui l'activisme politique et la culture consumériste.
Mrs. Stanton's Bible (review)
Authors: Harde Roxanne
Published: June 2006

This review provides an overview of Kathi Kern's reading of 125 Elizabeth Cady Stanton's religious and feminist thought as responses to her contemporary political culture. Looking at recent views of Stanton's seemingly disparate identities—including theologian, politician, and racist—Kern contends that splintering Stanton's work among academic disciplines and reading her writing through the lens of twenty-first-century thinking about race and sexuality gain us very little. Kern argues instead that Stanton's quest for religious liberty connects those partial and seemingly disparate identities. Ce compte-rendu donne un aperçu de l'analyse que fait Kathi Kern de la pensée religieuse et féministe d'Elizabeth Cady Stanton en tant que réaction à sa culture politique contemporaine. Si on se penche sur certaines opinions récentes exprimées par Kern sur les identités apparemment contradictoires de Stanton – la théologienne, la femme politique et la raciste – Kern soutient qu'il ne sert à rien d'analyser séparément l'œuvre de Stanton parmi les autres disciplines universitaires, ni de lire ses écrits à la lumière de la pensée actuelle en matière de race et de sexualité. Selon Kern, la quête de liberté religieuse de Stanton est précisément l'élément qui relie ses différentes identités partielles et apparemment contradictoires.
Mass Appeal(s): Representations of Women's Public Speech in Suffrage Literature
Authors: Joseph Maia
Published: June 2006

This article considers the emergence of women into the public sphere during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries via portrayals of women's public speech in three literary texts associated with the suffrage movement—Laura J. Curtis's Christine: Woman's Trials and Triumphs (1856), Elizabeth Robins's The Convert (1907), and The Sturdy Oak: A Composite Novel of American Politics (1917), edited by Elizabeth Jordan. All three novels depict members of the suffrage movement negotiating tensions between private and public, speaker and audience, leader and led, and individual and crowd or collective. Read together, the novels register a transition from an early focus on the female public speaker as an individual set apart from the crowd—and thus as a single, authoritative voice—to an increasing interest in the dynamics of an integrated relationship between speaker and crowd, which ultimately results in the development of a more democratically informed conceptualization of political action and appeal. In this way, the novels offer valuable insight into women's growing understanding, during the period, of what it means to organize a mass movement and, in a more general sense, to participate in public space. Cet article a pour objet l'émergence des femmes dans le domaine public au dix-neuvième siècle et au début du vingtième siècle, à travers l'interprétation du discours public des femmes dans trois textes littéraires liés au mouvement pour le suffrage – Christine: Woman's Trials and Triumphs (1856) de Laura J. Curtis, The Convert (1907) d'Elizabeth Robin, et The Sturdy Oak: A Composite Novel of American Politics (1917), édité par Elizabeth Jordan. Les trois romans proposent une représentation des membres du Canadian Review of American Studies/Revue canadienne d'e€tudes ame€ricaines 36, no.1, 2006 mouvement pour le suffrage alors qu'elles surmontent les tensions qui se créent chez elles entre les domaines privé et public, entre la conférencière et le public qui l'écoute, entre la leader et ceux et celles qu'elle inspire, et enfin entre l'individu et la foule ou la collectivité. Lus comme un ensemble, ces romans témoignent de la transition qui a eu lieu entre une analyse centrée sur la femme conférencière comme individu qui se distingue de la collectivité – et donc comme une voix unique faisant figure d'autorité –à un intérêt croissant pour la dynamique qui caractérise la relation qui s'établit entre l'oratrice et la foule, ce qui en définitive conduit au développement d'une conceptualisation de l'action politique plus approfondie et plus attirante. Dans ce sens, ces romans offrent une perspective privilégiée sur la conscientisation des femmes au cours de cette période, au sujet de ce qu'implique l'organisation d'un mouvement politique de masse et, dans un sens plus large, la participation à la chose publique.
"More Than She Deserves": Woman Suffrage Memorials in the "Equality State"
Authors: Lamont Victoria
Published: June 2006

How is it that the first significant victory in the history of the woman suffrage movement—the enfranchisement of women in Wyoming Territory in 1869—is also the most poorly remembered and understood? This article argues that the terms by which woman suffrage was deemed memorable in Wyoming were at odds with the historical material itself: Political women were frowned upon in Wyoming; hence memorials were erected to women who had played a relatively minor role in the movement, while the most active suffragists were demonized as mannish office seekers. Buildings most closely associated with woman suffrage, such as the site where the first woman jurors deliberated, were allowed to go to ruin while monuments to early suffrage "mothers" were erected on sites of dubious provenance. This fragile foundation rendered these memorials vulnerable to critique by twentieth-century historians who characterized suffrage as a gift given to women by a chivalrous legislature. Meanwhile, the woman activists who had sacrificed their reputations for the sake of the cause have been all but forgotten. Comment se fait-il que la première victoire significative dans l'histoire du mouvement pour le suffrage féminin – l'octroi du droit de vote aux femmes dans le Territoire du Wyoming en 1869 – soit également le moins connu et le moins bien compris ? La thèse de cet article est que les conditions qui rendaient mémorable le suffrage des femmes dans le Wyoming cadraient mal avec la matière historique elle-même : les femmes politiques étaient mal vues dans le Wyoming, c'est pourquoi on a érigé des monuments à celles qui avaient joué un rôle relativement mineur au sein du mouvement, alors que les suffragistes les plus engagées étaient perçues comme des femmes masculines en quête de pouvoir. Les lieux les plus étroitement associés au suffrage féminin, par exemple l'endroit où les premières femmes juristes ont délibéré, ont été laissésà l'abandon tandis que des monuments à certaines « mères » du mouvement ont été érigés sur des sites douteux. En raison de leurs fondements fragiles, ces monuments ont ainsi été exposésà la critique des historiens du vingtième siècle, qui ont caractérisé le droit de vote comme un cadeau qu'une législature galante aurait fait aux femmes. Pendant ce temps, les activistes qui avaient sacrifié leur réputation pour la cause ont été presque oubliées.
Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity (review)
Authors: Rosenblum Shelly
Published: June 2006

This article, a review of Susan Zaeske's Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity, argues that the book makes an important contribution to the ongoing conversations about the role of women in US political culture. Zaeske chronicles the history of petition writing, exploring why it became popular—particularly for women—how its tactics evolved, and the ways in which it affected antebellum reform movements. The book traces the evolution of women's petitions through various political and social sites and finds that through these efforts women made important strides toward securing their own rights and transforming the political identity of woman into that of active national citizen. The essay contextualizes Zaeske's work within scholarship about women and political culture and claims further that the book is the first to combine historiography with rhetorical analysis. Cet article, qui est un compte-rendu de Signatures of Citizenship: Petitioning, Antislavery, and Women's Political Identity, de Susan Zaeske, soutient que cet ouvrage constitue une contribution importante au discours sur le rôle des femmes dans la culture politique américaine. Zaeske fournit un récit détaillé sur l'histoire des pétitions politiques en explorant les raisons pour lesquelles elles ont été populaires (en particulier chez les femmes), l'évolution des stratégies qu'elles mettent en œuvre et l'influence qu'elles ont eue sur les mouvements de réforme qui ont précédé la guerre de Sécession. Cet ouvrage trace l'évolution des pétitions féminines à travers différents lieux politiques et sociaux, et conclut que, grâce à ces efforts, les femmes ont pu franchir des étapes importantes qui ont servi à garantir leur propres droits, à transformer l'identité politique de la femme et à faire d'elle une citoyenne nationale active. Cet essai situe l'œuvre de Zaeske dans le contexte de la recherche sur les femmes et la culture politique, précisant qu'il s'agit de la première étude en mesure d'associer l'historio-graphie et l'analyse rhétorique.
Expatriate Lifestyle as Tourist Destination: The Sun Also Rises and Experiential Travelogues of the Twenties
Authors: Field Allyson Nadia
Published: June 2006

In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway depicts the fictional movements of his characters as experiential travelogue, making the expatriate artist lifestyle a tourist experience. While not explicitly a guidebook, the novel belongs to the tradition of period travelogues such as Pages from the Book of Paris, Paris with the Lid Lifted, How to be Happy in Paris (without being ruined), and Paris on Parade. Such books served as guides to a lifestyle, rather than to monuments or museums. Jake Barnes's emphasis on his environment and recurrent references to the streets, bars, and caf�s frequented by his expatriate companions place The Sun Also Rises within a body of travel literature describing the infamous expatriate lifestyle.
The "Whine" of Jewish Manhood: Re-Reading Hemingway's Anti-Semitism, Reimagining Robert Cohn
Authors: Kaye Jeremy
Published: June 2006

The article examines the significance of Robert Cohn, The Sun Also Rises's infamous Jewish boxer, to the construction of masculinity in Hemingway's novel. Whereas a long critical tradition has treated Cohn's Jewishness largely as evidence of Hemingway's supposed anti-Semitism, the author maintains that Cohn's Jewishness has subversive potential. He asks how we can reimagine Cohn, not as an object of anti-Semitism, but as an agent of Jewish manhood, disrupting the novel's privileged pairing of hegemonic and Heming- wayesque masculinity.
Allusions to the New Testament and The Merchant of Venice in "God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen": Hemingway's Anti-Semitism Reconsidered
Authors: Kruse Horst Hermann
Published: June 2006

"God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen" has confused readers and critics alike. The essay points out allusions to The Merchant of Venice and the New Testament, describing how they combine with other subdued references to form an attack on puritanical attitudes in contemporary America. In breaking up the stereotypical view of the Jew and in setting up the Jewish Doc Fischer as a Christ figure, Hemingway deliberately atones for previously anti-Semitic writing. Study of the story's composition and early publication history also supports these findings and argues for a reconsideration of commonly held views concerning Hemingway's anti-Semitism.
Hemingway's In Our Time: Cubism, Conservation, and the Suspension of Identification
Authors: Narbeshuber Lisa
Published: June 2006

Taking issue with criticism that links In Our Time to Cubist technique and theory, the essay nevertheless finds the comparison of Hemingway's stories and Cubism fruitful for what it tells us about form in his work. The liberated tone of early Cubism stands in stark contrast to the restrictive tone of In Our Time. Hemingway's collection focuses mostly on the isolated, meditative, reflexive character of Nick, whereas Cubism strives for the democratic and the social. In Our Time assumes a certain depth, whereas Cubism creates flat surfaces.
Hemingway's Lost Friend: Norton S. Baskin
Authors: Tarr Rodger L
Published: June 2006

The friendship of Ernest Hemingway and Norton S. Baskin has until now escaped notice. Baskin once owned the posh Castle Warden Hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, and later managed the Dolphin Restaurant and Bar at the famed tourist attraction Marineland. Hemingway and Baskin became friends after first meeting in 1940, and on a number of occasions Hemingway visited with Baskin on his way north. Baskin described one such visit in a letter, dated 24 September 1947, to his wife, the Pulitzer Prize winning novelist Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, who also knew and admired Hemingway. The letter displays the respect Baskin felt for Hemingway and provides some valuable information about Hemingway's life in Cuba during this period.
The "Integrative" Rhetoric of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech
Authors: Vail Mark
Published: June 2006

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech exhibits an "integrative" rhetorical style that mirrors and maintains King's call for a racially integrated America. Employing the theoretical concepts of voice merging, dynamic spectacle, and the prophetic voice, this essay examines how text and context converge to form a rhetorical moment consonant with the goals of the speech, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and the nonviolent direct-action civil rights movement.
Probabilités de Ruine pour une Classe de Modèles de Risque Semi-Markoviens
Authors: Janssen Jacques , Reinhard Jean-Marie
Published: June 2006

We consider particular semi-Markov risk models M/SM and /SM for which the interarrival distributions are exponential with parameters depending of the risk type. We obtain theoretical expressions for the ruin probabilities on an infinite horizon.

In the special case of exponential distributions for the claim amounts, ruin probabilities are in both models solutions of linear differential systems. These systems are explicitly solved when there are only two risk types.
Surgical outcome of T4a and resected T4b oral cavity cancer
Authors: Liao Chun‐Ta , Chang Joseph Tung‐Chieh , Wang Hung‐Ming , Ng Shu‐Hang , Hsueh Chuen , Lee Li‐Yu , Lin Chih Hung , Chen I‐How , Kang Chung‐Jan , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Tsai Ming‐fong , Yen Tzu‐Chen
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND.

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2002 staging system (AJCC 2002) suggested that squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) with T4b is unresectable. The current retrospective results show that selected T4b patients were resectable with favorable outcomes.

METHODS.

From January 1996 to December 2000, 103 consecutive untreated T4 OSCC patients (reclassified by AJCC 2002) without carotid artery encasement and skull base extension were eligible for radical treatment. All received head‐and‐neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or computed tomography (CT) scans before operation. The surgical principles were safety margins of ≥1 cm for primary tumors, modified/radical neck dissections for clinical lymph node‐positive disease, and supraomohyoid neck dissection for lymph node‐negative disease. In all, 95.1% of patients (98 of 103 patients) underwent free‐flap reconstructions. Adjuvant radiotherapy or concomitant chemoradiotherapy was administed to those with pathological T4 (AJCC 1997), cervical lymph node metastasis, or close margins (≤4 mm). Survivals were calculated according to the method of Kaplan and Meier.

RESULTS.

In all, 58 patients were classified as having T4a disease and 45 were classified as having T4b disease. No statistical difference was observed in the 5‐year local control, neck control, disease‐free survival, and overall survival rates between the T4a and T4b groups. In multivariate analyses, pathologic lymph node status (pN0‐1 vs. pN2) was found to be the sole independent predictor for T4b for local control (P = .012), disease‐free survival (P = .005), and overall survival (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS.

Selected T4b OSCC patients were found to be resectable with outcomes that were comparable to those of T4a OSCC patients and may benefit from radical surgery, free‐flap reconstruction, and adjuvant therapy. A pathologic lymph node status of ≥2 was found to be the sole independent predictor for T4b disease in local control and survival. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Review of capecitabine as oral treatment of gastric, gastroesophageal, and esophageal cancers
Authors: Ajani Jaffer
Published: June 2006

Capecitabine is a novel, orally administered fluoropyrimidine carbamate that has been approved for adjuvant treatment in patients with Stage III colon cancer, first‐line metastatic colorectal cancer, and metastatic breast cancer, both as a single agent (for patients who are resistant to paclitaxel and anthracyclines) and in combination with docetaxel (after failure on anthracycline‐based therapy). Capecitabine is being investigated in Phase I and II trials for the treatment of gastric, gastroesophageal, and esophageal cancers, primarily in the first‐line metastatic setting but also in the adjuvant setting. The MEDLINE data base was searched for English‐language clinical trials that were published from 1996 through October 2005 along with relevant abstracts that were presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology and at meetings of the European Cancer Conference and the European Society of Medical Oncology. The most frequently investigated combinations were capecitabine with docetaxel, paclitaxel, cisplatin, or oxaliplatin, and capecitabine also has been combined with irinotecan. These therapies have yielded efficacy data that compare favorably with data from Phase III trials of parenteral 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in the first‐line metastatic setting, and they mostly are well tolerated. Capecitabine, when combined in doses <1250 mg/m2 twice daily, consistently resulted in a lower frequency of Grade 3 or 4 toxic effects. Capecitabine, as a representative of oral fluoropymidine, is a promising agent in gastroesophageal cancers. Although some Phase III trials are completed, additional Phase III trials of capecitabine‐based combinations that compare its efficacy and safety with parenteral 5‐FU–based combinations, in both first‐line metastatic and adjuvant settings, would be important. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Proceedings of the consensus conference on breast conservation, April 28 to May 1, 2005, Milan, Italy
Authors: Schwartz Gordon F. , Veronesi Umberto , Clough Krishna B. , Dixon J. Michael , Fentiman Ian S. , Heywang‐Köbrunner Sylvia H. , Holland Roland , Hughes Kevin S. , Margolese Richard , Olivotto Ivo A. , Palazzo Juan P. , Solin Lawrence J. ,   and the Consensus Conference Committee
Published: June 2006

In a single generation the treatment of most women with early‐stage breast cancer has changed dramatically. Clinical trials with more than 20 years of follow‐up have documented that for appropriately selected patients breast conserving surgery, followed by whole breast irradiation, has an outcome equivalent to mastectomy. The appropriate selection of patients remains controversial. Questions remain regarding the role of new diagnostic imaging modalities, radiation therapy techniques, achieving optimal cosmesis, the choice and the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy, etc. To address these issues, the fifth international consensus conference of the Breast Health Institute, cosponsored by the European Institute of Oncology, was convened in Milan, April 29 through May 1, 2005. This article is a summary of the proceedings.
Hodgkin disease survival in Europe and the U.S.
Authors: Allemani Claudia , Sant Milena , De Angelis Roberta , Marcos‐Gragera Rafael , Coebergh Jan Willem ,   and the EUROCARE Working Group
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND.

The survival of patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) varies markedly across Europe and generally is shorter than the survival of patients in the U.S. To investigate these differences, the authors compared population‐based HD survival in relation to morphologic type among populations in Europe and the U.S.

METHODS.

The authors analyzed 6726 patients from 37 cancer registries that participated in EUROCARE‐3 and 3442 patients from 9 U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries. Patients were diagnosed during 1990 to 1994 and were followed for at least 5 years. The European registries were grouped into EUROCARE West, EUROCARE UK, and EUROCARE East. Morphologic groups were nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, lymphocyte predominance, and not otherwise specified (NOS). The influence of morphology on geographic differences in 5‐year relative survival was explored by using multiple regression analysis.

RESULTS.

In the model that was adjusted by age, gender, and years since diagnosis, the relative excess risk (RER) of death was 0.93 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.81–1.05) in EUROCARE West, 1.15 (95% CI, 1.04–1.28) in EUROCARE UK, and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.21–1.60) in EUROCARE East (compared with the SEER data). When morphology was included, EUROCARE UK and SEER no longer differed (RER, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.95–1.18). Morphology distribution varied markedly across Europe and much less in the U.S., with nodular sclerosis less common in Europe (45.9%) than the U.S.(61.7%). The RER data showed that patients who had lymphocyte depletion, NOS, and mixed cellularity had a significantly worse prognoses compared with patients who had nodular sclerosis, whereas patients who had lymphocyte predominance had the best prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current results provide population‐based evidence that morphology strongly influences the prognosis of patients with HD. However differences in the morphologic case mix explains only some of the geographic variations observed in survival. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Safety and efficacy of external beam radiation therapy for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with prior 90Y‐ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy
Authors: Justice Terry E. , Martenson James A. , Wiseman Gregory A. , Witzig Thomas E.
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND.

Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are radiosensitive tumors. Recent trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of beta irradiation delivered by monoclonal antibodies conjugated to radioisotopes such as yttrium‐90 or iodine‐131. Many patients eventually relapse after radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and require additional treatment. The goal of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) delivered after RIT.

METHODS.

We reviewed the records of 135 patients with relapsed B‐cell NHL who had received RIT with 90Y‐ibritumomab tiuxetan to identify patients who subsequently received EBRT. The response rates and radiation‐induced toxicity from the EBRT were assessed.

RESULTS.

Nineteen of 135 (14%) patients received EBRT to a total of 39 tumor sites. Complete radiation therapy records were available for 16 patients (36 tumor sites), which formed the basis for this analysis. The median EBRT dose was 28.5 Gy (range, 10–40 Gy), with a median fraction size of 2 Gy (range, 1–5 Gy). Response data were available for 29 treated sites. The overall response rate was 90% (26/29) with 12 complete responses (41%), 7 complete clinical responses (24%), 7 partial responses (24%), and 3 stable (10%). Toxicities were generally transient, reversible, and corresponded to the anatomic regions irradiated.

CONCLUSIONS.

EBRT can produce tumor responses at sites of NHL that relapse after RIT with acceptable toxicity. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Pilot phase IIA study for evaluation of the efficacy of folic acid in the treatment of laryngeal leucoplakia
Authors: Almadori Giovanni , Bussu Francesco , Navarra Pierluigi , Galli Jacopo , Paludetti Gaetano , Giardina Bruno , Maurizi Maurizio
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND

It has been previously observed that patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma or with laryngeal leucoplakia present a significant reduction in plasma folate levels. The current Phase IIA pilot study assessed the effectiveness of folic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients affected by glottic laryngeal leucoplakia,

METHODS

Forty‐three untreated patients affected by glottic laryngeal leucoplakia were enrolled in the Ear, Nose, and Throat Department (Universita Cattolica del Saco Cuore, Rome, Italy). Glottic leucoplakia was initially diagnosed by indirect laryngoscopy and successively confirmed by diagnostic direct microlaryngoscopy with a biopsy for histologic assessment. Folic acid (Folina, Schwarz Pharma, Germany) was administered orally (5 mg every 8 hours) for 6 months. Patients were monitored every 30 days by videolaryngoscopy.

RESULTS

Twelve (28%) patients had no response, 19 (44%) had a partial response, and 12 (28%) had a complete response. The mean increase in serum folate levels (10.06 ± 0.53) and the mean decrease in homocysteine serum (3.65349 ± 0.85526) at the end of the study were highly significant (P = .0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The larynx is 1 of the sites of major interest and a good model for the development of chemopreventive agents, but so far the proposed agents have shown no clear efficacy on precancerous lesions or on the development of second malignancies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Palliative goals, patient selection, and perioperative platelet management: Outcomes and lessons from 3 decades of splenectomy for myelofibrosiswith myeloid metaplasia at the Mayo Clinic
Authors: Mesa Ruben A. , Nagorney David S. , Schwager Susan , Allred Jacob , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: June 2006

BACKGROUND.

Although splenectomy may palliate massive splenomegaly in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, this procedure carries significant risks. The authors retrospectively analyzed their experience with splenectomy over the course of 30 years to analyze the impact of improved techniques, antimicrobials, and aggressive postoperative control of platelet counts on outcome.

METHODS.

A total of 314 patients underwent splenectomy between 1976 and 2004 for mechanical symptoms (= 156 patients [49%]), anemia (= 78 patients [25%]), portal hypertension (= 47 patients [15%]), or thrombocytopenia (= 33 patients [11%]). Of a total of 91 patients studied during the last decade, 69 patients (76%) experienced a palliative benefit for their primary surgical indication for a median of 12 months (range, 1‐91 months).

RESULTS.

Perioperative complications occurred in 87 patients (27.7%) including infection (= 31 patients [9.9%]), thrombosis (= 31 patients [9.9%]), or bleeding (= 44 patients [14%]), 21 of which (6.7% of all patients) were fatal. Perioperative thrombohemorrhagic complications decreased in the last decade through the use of platelet apheresis and the prompt use of cytoreductive agents to counteract postsplenectomy thrombocytosis. Survival after splenectomy was found to be decreased in patients with preoperative thrombocytopenia (<100 × 109/L [P = 0.006]) but not by indication, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) prognostic score, or the decade in which splenectomy was performed.

CONCLUSIONS.

The lack of improvement in overall postsplenectomy survival over time may be a reflection on the failure of medical therapy to improve survival in patients with MMM. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Fast Reciprocating Probe Assembly for the KSTAR
Authors: Bak J. G. , Lee S. G. , KSTAR project team
Published: June 2006

A fast reciprocating probe assembly (FRPA) that can scan a distance of up to 32.5 cm with a maximum speed of 1.7 m/s was fabricated to obtain the spatial profile of basic plasma parameters in the edge region of the KSTAR plasma during a plasma discharge of 20 s. The probe driving mechanism consists of two parts; first a slow movement driven by a servo motor system and then a fast reciprocating movement actuated by a pneumatic system. A performance test of the drive system, which is remotely controlled by a PC, was carried out. The prototype of the probe head for the KSTAR FRPA was fabricated as a modular type for easy replacement. It was installed in the fast injection probe assembly (FIPA) in the Hanbit magnetic mirror device, and a radial plasma parameter profile measurement was carried out. The performance test results of the drive system and the profile measurements using the probe head are presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Two Methods of Interpretation of LangmuirProbe Data for an Inductively Coupled Oxygen Plasma
Authors: Chung T. H. , Shin Y. M. , Seo D. C.
Published: June 2006

The Langmuir probe technique has some drawback in applying to electronegative plasma since it is difficult to interpret the probe I – V data. The positive ion flux to the probe is modified due to the presence of negative ions. In this study, an inductively coupled oxygen RF plasma is employed to perform the Langmuir probe measurement of the electronegative discharge. Plasma parameters are obtained from Langmuir probe measurement using two different methods which are based on electron energy distribution function (EEDF) integrals, and the method based on the fluid model for the modified ion flux, respectively. The EEDF is measured by a double differentiation of the I – V characteristics according to the Druyvesteyn formula. The electron densities estimated based on the two methods are compared. The EEDF integral method gives little higher values than the modified ion flux method. It is observed that at low pressure the EEDF is close to a Maxwellian. Generally, as the pressure increases, the distributions switch to bi‐Maxwellian and to Druyvesteyn, and suggest some depletion of electrons with larger energies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experiments on the Angular Dependence of the Ion Energy Reflection Coefficient at Low Energies
Authors: Koch B. , Bohmeyer W. , Fussmann G. , Matyash K. , Schneider R.
Published: June 2006

In this paper we present a method of deriving the ion energy reflection coefficient R E from simultaneous measurements of the current‐ and energy flux density as functions of the bias voltage applied. R E is measured as a function of the angle in a low temperature magnetized plasma. The measurements were performed for different ion gyro radii covering the whole angular range between normal and grazing incidence. The values thus obtained for R E are in the range 0.2 to 0.4. They are below theoretical values calculated using the TRIM code. In case of small ion gyro radii r i, a strong angular dependence of R E is observed which does not occur for large r i. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of Plasma Parameters from Thermal Probe Data
Authors: Matsuura H. , Jida T.
Published: June 2006

Thermal probe method uses heat flux data as the function of probe bias voltage. These data contain not only electron information but also ion one. In this paper, we applied a thermal probe to DC‐glow discharge plasma and test it to deduce electron and ion temperature. Obtained temperatures are in qualitative agreement with theoretical prediction, but the accuracy of heat flux measurement must be largely improved. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PIC‐MCC Model of a Plasma in the Vicinity of a Cylindrical Langmuir Probe
Authors: Soberón F.
Published: June 2006

A full kinetic model of an argon plasma in the vicinity of a cylindrical Langmuir probe is developed and presented. The model is one‐dimensional in the radial direction and three‐dimensional in velocity space. The model simulates the plasma transition from the bulk to the probe surface and particle collection by the probe. Monte Carlo particle‐neutral collisions are considered in the model to account for collisional effects on the probe particle collection. Particles are loaded at the plasma bulk boundary with Maxwellian velocity distribution functions. The model output includes space potential and particle density profiles as a function of radius. The model also reproduces typical Langmuir probe current‐voltage characteristics at different pressures, plasma parameters and probe dimensions. Modelled electron and ion currents at different pressures for similar plasma parameters are presented, analysed and compared. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Probe Diagnostics of Microwave Plasma at Frequency 2.45 GHz in CW and Pulse Regime
Authors: Straňák V. , Adámek P. , Blažek J. , Tichý M. , Špatenka P.
Published: June 2006

The paper is focused on diagnostics of newly developed surfatron‐based plasma source working at frequency 2.45 GHz. This plasma source of jet type can be operated in cw as well as in PC controlled pulse regime. We carried out diagnostic of the plasma exiting the nozzle by single and double Langmuir probe in cw as well as in pulsed regime of plasma source operation. The basic plasma parameters ‐ electron density and electron temperature ‐ are estimated from single probe measurements at low pressures. The electron temperature in wide range of pressures is evaluated from double probe measurements. Time evolution of electron temperature along a single period in pulsed mode of operation is measured and discussed. The exiting plasma stream is directly applied on a plastic material sample (PE) with the aim to increase its hydrophility. Degree of hydrophility is characterized by contact angle measurements. Relations between process plasma parameters and results of contact angle measurements are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of Plasma Parameters in Low Temperature High Density Hollow Cathode Plasma Jet Working in Magnetic Field
Authors: Virostko P. , Hubička Z. , Adámek P. , Čada M. , Olejníček J. , Tichý M. , Šícha M.
Published: June 2006

Low temperature low pressure hollow cathode plasma jet system working in static magnetic field was investigated by means of time resolved Langmuir probe technique. The hollow cathode discharge was excited in a cylindrical nozzle fabricated from Ti by continuous DC, pulsed DC, continuous wave radio‐frequency (RF) and pulse‐modulated RF power. Pure Ar was used as working gas. Electron distribution, electron density, and effective electron temperature were measured and compared between the different plasma jet excitation modes. Time evolution of plasma parameters was studied and compared with time evolution of power absorbed in the discharge in pulsed DC and pulse‐modulated RF discharge excitation modes. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Supersonic Ion Beams on the Triple Probe Measurement
Authors: Woo H.‐J. , Chung K.‐S. , Choi Y.‐S. , Lee M.‐J. , Zimmerman D. , McWilliams R.
Published: June 2006

Although theory of the triple probe for Maxwellian plasma is well known, analysis with ion beams has not been established. Since plasma parameters, especially electron temperature, are distorted severely in the presence of supersonic ion beams, a new model for deducing electron temperature is introduced by solving the governing equations of the triple probe including the beam currents to three probe tips through simple assumptions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, Complexation and Spectrofluorometric Studies of a New NS3 Anthracene‐Containing Macrocyclic Ligand
Authors: Tamayo Abel , Escriche Lluis , Casabó Jaume , Covelo Berta , Lodeiro Carlos
Published: June 2006

A new fluorescent device for detecting protons and metal ions, 11‐(9‐anthracenylmethyl)‐1,4,7‐trithia‐11‐azacyclotetradecane (L), has been synthesised. In addition, the photophysical properties of both the free and protonated species have been examined by absorption and fluorescence titrations of dichloromethane solutions of L with methanesulfonic acid. The coordinating properties of L toward PdII, ZnII, NiII and CoII have been studied both in solution and in the solid state. Different behaviours have been observed in the absorption and fluorescence titrations of L with the above‐mentioned transition‐metal ions. To evaluate whether these differences were due to the existence of equilibria between protonated and complexed species, such titrations have been repeated in the presence of an equivalent amount of acid. The structure of the [Pd(L)](BF4)2 complex has been solved by X‐ray crystallography. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Amino Acid Esters and Amides for Reductive Amination of Mucochloric Acid: Synthesis of Novel γ‐Lactams, Short Peptides and Antiseizure Agent Levetiracetam (Keppra®)
Authors: Das Sarma Koushik , Zhang Ji , Huang Yun , Davidson James G.
Published: June 2006

A simple methodology utilizing mucochloric acid anddifferent α‐ and β‐amino acid esters, amides and shortpeptides for the synthesis of novel γ‐lactam and γ‐lactam‐based short peptides was developed. The synthesis of an antiseizure agent, Levetiracetam (Keppra®) was demonstrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Bayesian hierarchical model for over‐dispersed count data: a case study for abundance of hake recruits
Authors: Mendes Jorge M. , Turkman K. F. , Jardim Ernesto
Published: June 2006

In this paper, we introduce a Bayesian Hierarchical model to estimate the abundance of hake recruits, as well as to study their spatial distributional patterns in the Portuguese territorial waters. Main objective of the paper is to improve on traditional empirical methods based on sampling averages and variances by using probabilistic models that capture spatial dependence structures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field‐enhanced scanning near‐field optical microscopy
Authors: Bouhelier Alexandre
Published: June 2006

This manuscript reviews the principles and recent advances of scanning near‐field optical microscopy based on tip‐induced field enhancement. These scanning microscopes utilize minute probes to locally enhance an electromagnetic field through a complex interplay between surface plasmon excitation and localization of electric charges by geometrical singularities. The necessary conditions leading to an electromagnetic enhancement will be reviewed, as well as the means to characterize it. A brief account of the theoretical framework will be given, together with applications of the technique ranging from chemical imaging to nanolithography. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autofluorescence properties of rat cerebellum cortex during postnatal development
Authors: Croce Anna C. , Pisu Maria B. , Roda Elisa , Avella Debora , Bernocchi Graziella , Bottiroli Giovanni
Published: June 2006

Background and Objectives

The multilayered structure of rat neocerebellum cortex (VI–VIII lobules of the vermis) during postnatal development undergoes rearrangements, which in turn are affected by treatment with the anti‐tumoral drug cisplatin. The dependence of autofluorescence emission properties on the tissue structural and molecular features has been investigated.

Study design/Materials and Methods

Autofluorescence analysis was performed at defined time points of cerebellar histogenesis—11, 17, and 30 postnatal days‐ under normal conditions or after 5 µg/g body weight cisplatin treatment at 10 postnatal day. Autofluorescence signal was analyzed in vivo at the surface of intact lobules of cerebellum vermis by means of fiber optic spectrofluorometry, or on tissue sections by means of microspectrofluorometry and fluorescence imaging.

Results

In vivo spectroscopy showed changes of autofluorescence signal both during normal histogenesis and after cisplatin treatment. External granular layer (EGL) and molecular layer (ML), that is, the more external layers were found to be interested by structural alterations, and showed the greatest changes in signal amplitude, accounting for the in vivo results. Fitting analysis indicated that changes in spectral shape reflected an increase in oxidative damages induced by cisplatin treatment.

Conclusions

The results confirm the relationship of the autofluorescence emission properties with histological and biochemical features of biological tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:598–607, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Excess Coupling Agent on the Microdeformation Processes and Mechanical Properties of Poly(propylene)/Wood‐Flour Composites
Authors: Hristov Velichko , Krumova Marina , Michler Georg
Published: June 2006

Summary: It is well known that coupling agents improve the adhesion between poly(propylene) and wood fillers leading to an increase of the composite mechanical properties. Above a certain concentration limit of the coupling agent, however, deterioration of the mechanical properties often occurs, and little attention has been directed so far towards finding out the reasons for that behavior. Transmission electron microscopy and high‐voltage electron microscopy were used in this work to study the morphology and microdeformation behavior of PP/wood‐flour composites modified with high amounts of maleated poly(propylene) as a coupling agent. It was found that the coupling agent containing a higher concentration of grafted maleic anhydride forms a separate phase in the poly(propylene) matrix, influencing the mechanical properties of the composites.

HVEM micrograph of the deformation structure of wood‐filled poly(propylene) composite showing fibrils stretching between the coupling agent domains and the PP matrix.

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HVEM micrograph of the deformation structure of wood‐filled poly(propylene) composite showing fibrils stretching between the coupling agent domains and the PP matrix.
Optical Fibers by Reactive Extrusion of Butyl Methacrylate
Authors: Berthet Romuald , Chalamet Yvan , Taha Mohamed , Zerroukhi Amar
Published: June 2006

Summary: A process for the production of poly(butyl methacrylate) optical fibers by reactive extrusion is developed. The reactive system is adapted to the reduced reaction time in the extruder combining concepts based on the free volume theory and a kinetic model for the mass polymerization of butyl methacrylate. A kinetic model is proposed and the reaction evolution is simulated at different temperatures and initiator concentrations. This allows the choice of reaction conditions adequate for reactive extrusion technical limitations. Reactive extrusion experiments are carried out in a twin‐screw extruder and the effect of the different kinetic and process conditions on the reaction are analyzed in relation to the residence time distribution measured by an UV fluorescence method. Some optical properties of poly(butyl methacrylate) fibers are reported.

Conversion versus the position along the screw length.

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Conversion versus the position along the screw length.
New Miscible Poly(ether imide)/Poly(phenyl sulfone) Blends
Authors: Ramiro Jorge , Eguiazábal José Ignacio , Nazábal Jon
Published: June 2006

Summary: Blends of PEI and PPSU were prepared directly during the plasticization step of an injection molding process throughout the full composition range. The molded blends were transparent and showed a single glass transition and no dispersed phase by SEM. These characteristics did not allow the presence of a single miscibilized phase to be inferred unambiguously due to the very similar Tgs and refractive indices of the two components of the blends. Miscibility was inferred after close observation of the position, height and area of the enthalpy relaxation peak of the 50/50 blend. The modulus of elasticity and yield stress changed linearly with composition, leading to polymer materials with intermediate characteristics. The linearity was attributed to the lack of decrease in free volume induced by mixing and to the similar orientation of the components before and after mixing. The PPSU presence only slightly reduced the known tendency towards brittle fracture of PEI under notched impact conditions, but the presence of a single amorphous phase led to an expected ductile behavior of the blends close to that predicted by the single rule of mixtures.

Break stress (•) and break strain (○) of PEI/PPSU blends as a function of composition.

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Break stress (•) and break strain (○) of PEI/PPSU blends as a function of composition.
New Results on the Correlation Molecular Architecture‐Melt Elasticity‐Blowing Process‐Film Properties for Conventional and Metallocene‐Catalyzed Polyethylenes
Authors: Leal Virginia , Lafuente Pilar , Alicante Raquel , Pérez Ruth , Santamaría Anton
Published: June 2006

Summary: Melt elasticity of a series of conventional and metallocene‐catalyzed PEs is investigated. The samples show very noticeable differences in their molecular architecture, including a variable degree of LCB and MWD. Four parameters (De, RSI, recoverable shear and steady state compliance), determined through dynamic viscoelastic measurements, are correlated with molecular architecture and blown film properties. RSI parameter shows a particular capacity to discern the LCB effect from the MWD effect on PE melt elasticity. Enhancing melt elasticity improves bubble stability, but provokes more haze and poorer impact properties in the film.

Dart impact values vs. relaxation spectrum index.

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Dart impact values vs. relaxation spectrum index.