bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition in Multiechelon Assembly Supply Chains
Authors: Carr Scott M. , Karmarkar Uday S.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we study competition in multiechelon supply chains with an assembly structure. Firms in the supply chain are grouped into homogenous sectors (nodes) that contain identical firms with identical production capabilities that all produce exactly one undifferentiated product (that may itself be a “kit” of components). Each sector may use several inputs to produce its product, and these inputs are supplied by different sectors. The production process within any sector is taken to be pure assembly in fixed proportions. The number of firms in each sector is known. The demand curve for the final product is assumed to be linear, as are production costs in all sectors. Competition is modeled via a “coordinated successive Cournot” model in which firms choose production quantities for their downstream market so as to maximize profits, given prices for all inputs and all complementary products. Production quantities for sectors supplying the same successor are coordinated through pricing mechanisms, so that complementary products are produced in the right proportions. Under these assumptions, equilibrium prices for any multiechelon assembly network are characterized by a system of linear equations. We derive closed-form expressions for equilibrium quantities and prices in any two-stage system (i.e., a system with multiple input sectors and a single assembly sector). We show that any assembly structure can be converted to an equivalent (larger) structure in which no more than two components are assembled at any node. Finally, large structures can be solved either by direct solution of the characteristic linear equations or through an iterative reduction (compression) to smaller structures.
Incentives Between Firms (and Within)
Authors: Gibbons Robert
Published: January 2005

This paper reviews the significant progress in “agency theory” (i.e., the economic theory of incentives) during the 1990s, with an eye toward applications to supply transactions. I emphasize six recent models, in three pairs: (1) new foundations for the theory of incentive contracts, (2) new directions in incentive theory, and (3) new applications to supply transactions. By reviewing these six models, I hope to establish three things. First, the theory of incentive contracts needed and received new foundations. Second, new directions in incentive theory teach us that incentive contracts are not the only source of incentives. Finally (and especially relevant to supply transactions), the integration decision is an instrument in the incentive problem.
Cybrid principles: guidelines for merging physical and cyberspaces
Authors: Anders Peter
Published: January 2005

This paper introduces seven principles for the design of mixed reality compositions. Despite the novelty of this technology, we have derived the principles from the basic human needs served by traditional architecture as well as those that have arisen since the introduction of information
technologies. These principles draw also from research in cognitive science and the recognition of the multivalent, psychosomatic nature of space.
Mediated experience and the synaptic gap: an analogy
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: January 2005

The aim of this article is to construct an analogy between the synaptic gap and mediated experience. In the brain sciences, the synaptic gap is defined as the space between neurons, a divide across which the activity of the brain is conducted. Research findings suggest that the network of synaptic gaps in the brain best describes the locus of the mind. Mediated experience denotes a perceptual experience made possible by technology, in which a phenomenon is perceived through a representation that has been transmitted as information across a network. The transmission of representational information across a divide is the crux of the analogy between mediated experience and the synaptic gap. Cybernetics, media theory, information theory and postmodern theory have all explored various inferences that follow from the structural resemblance between neural networks and communications media networks. In the arts, theorists have described a networked global brain and posited the emergence of a collective consciousness. In general, these theories are not widely accepted. This article concludes that these theories might be reframed in the light of a recent distinction provided by cognitive science between consciousness and mind. While it is unlikely that networked mediated experience gives rise to a collective consciousness, it may well constitute aspects of an externalization of a collective mind.
Catechol-O-Methyltransferaseval158metGenotype Affects Processing of Emotional Stimuli in the Amygdala and Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Smolka Michael N. , Schumann Gunter , Wrase Jana , Grüsser Sabine M. , Flor Herta , Mann Karl , Braus Dieter F. , Goldman David , Büchel Christian , Heinz Andreas
Published: January 2005

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) degrades the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. A functional polymorphism in the COMT gene (val158met) accounts for a fourfold variation in enzyme activity. The low-activitymet158allele has been associated with improved working memory but with higher risk for anxiety-related behaviors. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed the effects of COMT genotype on brain activation by standardized affective visual stimuli (unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral) in 35 healthy subjects. The analysis of genotype effects was restricted to brain areas with robust activation by the task. To determine genedose effects, the number ofmet158alleles (0, 1, or 2) was correlated with the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response elicited by pleasant or unpleasant stimuli compared with neutral stimuli. COMT genotype had no significant impact on brain activation by pleasant stimuli but was related to the neural response to unpleasant stimuli: reactivity to unpleasant stimuli was significantly positively correlated with the number ofmet158alleles in the limbic system (left hippocampus, right amygdala, right thalamus), connected prefrontal areas (bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex), and the visuospatial attention system (bilateral fusiform gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule). Genotype explained up to 38% of interindividual variance in BOLD response elicited by unpleasant stimuli. We conclude that (1) genetic variations can account for a substantial part of interindividual variance in task-related brain activation and that (2) increased limbic and prefrontal activation elicited by unpleasant stimuli in subjects with moremet158alleles might contribute to the observed lower emotional resilience against negative mood states.
Mechanisms of Rhythm Generation in a Spinal Locomotor Network Deprived of Crossed Connections: The Lamprey Hemicord
Authors: Cangiano Lorenzo , Grillner Sten
Published: January 2005

The spinal network coordinating locomotion in the lamprey serves as a model system, in which it has been possible to elucidate connectivity and cellular mechanisms using the isolated spinal cord. Locomotor burst activity alternates between the left and right side of a segment through reciprocal inhibition. We have recently shown that the burst generation itself in a hemisegment does not require inhibitory mechanisms. The focus of this study is the intrinsic operation of this hemisegmental burst-generating component of the locomotor network.

Brief electrical stimulation (0.3 s) of the hemicord evokes long-lasting bouts (>2 min) of bursts (2-15 Hz) in the mid to high-frequency range of locomotion. Bout release is an all-or-none phenomenon requiring a threshold intensity of stimulation and glutamatergic transmission within a population of excitatory interneurons, with axons extending over several segments. The progressive activity-dependent decrease in burst frequency that takes place during a bout is followed by a slow recovery process lasting >20 min. Intracellular recordings of single motoneurons, excitatory interneurons, and inhibitory interneurons show that locomotor bouts, in general, are accompanied by a marked depolarization. Membrane potential oscillations and spikes occur in phase with the ventral root (VR) bursts. Active motoneurons and interneurons fire one spike per VR burst, as also confirmed by axonal recordings. Thus, the reciprocal inhibition between opposite hemisegments in the intact cord not only ensures left-right alternation and lowers the locomotor frequency but also promotes a shift from single to multiple action potentials per cycle in network neurons.
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate-Dependent Ca2+Threshold Dynamics Detect Spike Timing in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells
Authors: Doi Tomokazu , Kuroda Shinya , Michikawa Takayuki , Kawato Mitsuo
Published: January 2005

Large Ca2+signals essential for cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell synapses are known to be induced when PF activation precedes climbing fiber (CF) activation by 50-200 ms, consistent with cerebellar learning theories. However, large Ca2+signals and/or LTD can also be induced by massive PF stimulation alone or by photolysis of caged Ca2+or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). To understand the spike-timing detection mechanisms in cerebellar LTD, we developed a kinetic model of Ca2+dynamics within a Purkinje dendritic spine. In our kinetic simulation, IP3was first produced via the metabotropic pathway of PF inputs, and the Ca2+influx in response to the CF input triggered regenerative Ca2+-induced Ca2+release from the internal stores via the IP3receptors activated by the increased IP3. The delay in IP3increase caused by the PF metabotropic pathway generated the optimal PF-CF interval. The Ca2+dynamics revealed a threshold for large Ca2+release that decreased as IP3increased, and it coherently explained the different forms of LTD. At 2.5 μmIP3, CF activation after PF activation was essential to reach the threshold for the regenerative Ca2+release. At 10 μmIP3, the same as achieved experimentally by strong IP3photolysis, the threshold was lower, and thus large Ca2+release was generated even without CF stimulation. In contrast, the basal 0.1 μmIP3level resulted in an extremely high Ca2+threshold for regenerative Ca2+release. Thus, the results demonstrated that Ca2+dynamics can detect spike timing under physiological conditions, which supports cerebellar learning theories.
Regulation of Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis by Insulin Receptor Substrate 53, a Downstream Effector of Rac1 and Cdc42 Small GTPases
Authors: Choi Jeonghoon , Ko Jaewon , Racz Bence , Burette Alain , Lee Jae-Ran , Kim Seho , Na Moonseok , Lee Hyun Woo , Kim Karam , Weinberg Richard J. , Kim Eunjoon
Published: January 2005

The small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 are key regulators of the morphogenesis of actin-rich dendritic spines in neurons. However, little is known about how activated Rac1/Cdc42 regulates dendritic spines. Insulin receptor substrate 53 (IRSp53), which is highly expressed in the postsynaptic density (PSD), is known to link activated Rac1/Cdc42 to downstream effectors for actin regulation in non-neural cells. Here, we report that IRSp53 interacts with two specific members of the PSD-95 family, PSD-95 and chapsyn-110/PSD-93, in brain. An IRSp53 mutant lacking the C-terminal PSD-95-binding motif shows significant loss of synaptic localization in cultured neurons. Overexpression of IRSp53 in cultured neurons increases the density of dendritic spines but does not affect their length or width. Conversely, short-interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of IRSp53 reduces the density, length, and width of spines. In addition, the density and size of spines are decreased by a dominant-negative IRSp53 with a point mutation in the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and a dominant-negative proline-rich region of WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family Verprolin-homologous protein), a downstream effector of IRSp53 that binds to the SH3 domain of IRSp53. These results suggest that PSD-95 interaction is an important determinant of synaptic IRSp53 localization and that the SH3 domain of IRSp53 links activated Rac1/Cdc42 to downstream effectors for the regulation of spine morphogenesis.
The Wake-Promoting Peptide Orexin-B Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission to Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Serotonin Neurons through Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signaling
Authors: Haj-Dahmane Samir , Shen Roh-Yu
Published: January 2005

The wake-promoting neuropeptides orexins (hypocretins) play a crucial role in controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in the CNS. In this study, using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in an acute dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) slice preparation, we report that orexin B (Orx-B) depresses the evoked glutamate-mediated synaptic currents in DRN 5-HT neurons. The Orx-B-induced depression is accompanied by an increase in the paired-pulse ratio and the coefficient of variance, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. Orx-B also reduces the frequency but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs, indicating that depression of glutamatergic transmission is mediated by a decrease in glutamate release. Surprisingly, the Orx-B-induced inhibition of glutamatergic transmission is abolished by postsynaptic inhibition of G-protein signaling with GDPβS, suggesting that this effect is signaled by postsynaptic orexin receptors and expressed presynaptically, presumably through a retrograde messenger. Interestingly, the Orx-B-induced depression of glutamate release is mimicked and occluded by the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2, and is abolished by the CB1cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM 251. These results imply that the Orx-B-induced depression of glutamatergic transmission to DRN 5-HT neurons is mediated by retrograde endocannabinoid release. Examination of downstream signaling pathways involved in this response indicates that the effect of Orx-B requires the activation of phospholipase C and DAG lipase enzymatic pathways but not a rise in postsynaptic intracellular calcium. Therefore, our findings reveal a previously unsuspected mechanism by which postsynaptic orexin receptors can modulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission to DRN 5-HT neurons.
Inhibition of Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 Blocks Estrogen and Androgen Action on Male Sex Behavior and Associated Brain Plasticity
Authors: Charlier Thierry D. , Ball Gregory F. , Balthazart Jacques
Published: January 2005

Studies of eukaryotic gene expression demonstrate the importance of nuclear steroid receptor coactivators in mediating efficient gene transcription. However, little is known about the physiological role of these coactivatorsin vivo. In Japanese quail, the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) is broadly expressed in steroid-sensitive brain areas that control the expression of male copulatory behavior, and we investigated the role of this coactivator by antisense technology. Daily intracerebroventricular injections of locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense (AS) oligonucleotides targeting SRC-1 significantly reduced the expression of androgen- and estrogen-dependent male-typical sexual behaviors compared with control animals that received the vehicle alone or scrambled oligonucleotides. Sexual behavior was restored and even enhanced within 48 h after interruption of LNA injections. Western blot analysis confirmed the decrease of SRC-1 expression in AS animals and suggested an overexpression 48 h after the end of injections. The effects of SRC-1 knock-down on behavior correlated with a reduction in volume of the preoptic medial nucleus (POM) when its borders were defined by Nissl staining or by aromatase immunohistochemistry. The amount of aromatase-immunoreactive material in POM was also reduced in the AS compared with the control group. Previous work on SRC-1 knock-out mice raised questions about the importance of this specific coactivator in the regulation of reproductive behavior and development of sexually dimorphic structures in the CNS. Together, the present findings indicate that SRC-1 modulates steroid-dependent gene transcription and behavior and highlight the rapid time course of steroid-induced brain plasticity in adult quail.
Target-Specific Regulation of Synaptic Amplitudes in the Neocortex
Authors: Watanabe Junryo , Rozov Andrei , Wollmuth Lonnie P.
Published: January 2005

In layers 2/3 in the rat visual cortex, glutamatergic synapses, between pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons, show target-specific depression or facilitation. To study the mechanisms regulating these short-term synaptic modifications, we recorded from synaptically connected pyramidal neurons (presynaptic) and multipolar or bitufted interneurons (postsynaptic). Evoked AMPA receptor (AMPAR)- or NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated EPSCs were pharmacologically isolated at these pyramidal-to-interneuron synapses while altering release probability (Pr) by changing the extracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]o). At the pyramidal-to-multipolar synapse, which shows paired-pulse depression, elevation of [Ca2+]ofrom physiological concentrations (2 mm) to 3 mmincreased the amplitude of the initial AMPAR-mediated EPSC and enhanced paired-pulse depression. In contrast, the initial NMDAR-mediated EPSC did not change in amplitude with raisedPrnor was paired-pulse depression altered. This lack of an increase of NMDAR-mediated currents is not a result of Ca2+-dependent effects on the NMDAR. Rather, at the pyramidal-to-multipolar synapse, raisedPrincreases the transient glutamate concentration at individual release sites, possibly reflecting multivesicular release. In contrast, at the pyramidal-to-bitufted synapse, which shows facilitation, AMPAR- and NMDAR-meditated EPSCs showed parallel increases in response to raisedPr. Thus, our results reveal differential recruitment of AMPA and NMDARs at depressing and facilitating synapses in layers 2/3 of the cortex and suggest that the mechanisms regulating dynamic aspects of synaptic transmission are target specific.
Mesolimbic Dopamine Super-Sensitivity in Melanin-Concentrating Hormone-1 Receptor-Deficient Mice
Authors: Smith Daniel G. , Tzavara Eleni T. , Shaw Janice , Luecke Susan , Wade Mark , Davis Richard , Salhoff Craig , Nomikos George G. , Gehlert Donald R.
Published: January 2005

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons and MCH-1 receptors (MCH1r) densely populate mesolimbic dopaminergic brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The regulation of dopamine by MCH1r was suggested to be an important mechanism underlying the hyperactive phenotype of MCH1r knock-out (ko) mice. However, MCH1r modulation of monoamine neurotransmission has yet to be examined. We tested whether dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin function is dysregulated in MCH1r ko and wild-type (wt) mice. MCH1r ko mice exhibited robust hyperactivity in a novel or familiar environment and were super-sensitive to the locomotor activating effects ofd-amphetamine and the D1agonist 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benazepine HCl. The D2agonist, quinpirole, decreased locomotion similarly in both ko and wt mice. Tissue contents of dopamine within the NAc and caudate-putamen were not significantly different in ko compared with wt mice. Basal and amphetamine-evoked NAc dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin efflux, as measured usingin vivomicrodialysis, were not significantly different between genotypes. In contrast, D1-like and D2-like receptor binding were significantly higher within the olfactory tubercle, ventral tegmental area, and NAc core and shell of ko mice. Norepinephrine transporter (NET) binding was significantly elevated within the NAc shell and globus pallidus of ko mice, whereas serotonin transporter binding was decreased in the NAc shell. Thus, deletion of MCH1r results in an upregulation of mesolimbic dopamine receptors and NET, indicating that MCH1r may negatively modulate mesolimbic monoamine function. MCH1r may be an important therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders involving dysregulation of limbic monoamine systems.
A Preferential Role for Glycolysis in Preventing the Anoxic Depolarization of Rat Hippocampal Area CA1 Pyramidal Cells
Authors: Allen Nicola J. , Káradóttir Ragnhildur , Attwell David
Published: January 2005

During brain anoxia or ischemia, a decrease in the level of ATP leads to a sudden decrease in transmembrane ion gradients [anoxic depolarization (AD)]. This releases glutamate by reversing the operation of glutamate transporters, which triggers neuronal death. By whole-cell clamping CA1 pyramidal cells, we investigated the energy stores that delay the occurrence of the AD in hippocampal slices when O2and glucose are removed. With glycolytic and mitochondrial ATP production blocked in P12 slices, the AD occurred in ∼7 min at 33°C, reflecting the time needed for metabolic activity to consume the existing ATP and phosphocreatine, and for subsequent ion gradient decrease. Allowing glycolysis fueled by glycogen, in the absence of glucose, delayed the AD by 5.5 min, whereas superfused glucose prevented the AD for >1 h. With glycolysis blocked, the latency to the AD was 6.5 min longer when mitochondria were allowed to function, demonstrating that metabolites downstream of glycolysis (pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates, and amino acid oxidation) provide a significant energy store for oxidative phosphorylation. With glycolysis blocked but mitochondria functioning, superfusing lactate did not significantly delay the AD, showing that ATP production from lactate is much less than that from endogenous metabolites. These data demonstrate a preferential role for glycolysis in preventing the AD. They also define a hierarchy of pool sizes for hippocampal energy stores and suggest that brain ATP production from glial lactate may not be significant in conditions of energy deprivation.
Number and Density of AMPA Receptors in Single Synapses in Immature Cerebellum
Authors: Tanaka Jun-ichi , Matsuzaki Masanori , Tarusawa Etsuko , Momiyama Akiko , Molnar Elek , Kasai Haruo , Shigemoto Ryuichi
Published: January 2005

The number of ionotropic receptors in synapses is an essential factor for determining the efficacy of fast transmission. We estimated the number of functional AMPA receptors at single postsynaptic sites by a combination of two-photon uncaging of glutamate and the nonstationary fluctuation analysis in immature rat Purkinje cells (PCs), which receive a single type of excitatory input from climbing fibers. Areas of postsynaptic membrane specialization at the recorded synapses were measured by reconstruction of serial ultrathin sections. The number of functional AMPA receptors was proportional to the synaptic area with a density of ∼1280 receptors/μm2. Moreover, highly sensitive freeze-fracture replica labeling revealed a homogeneous density of immunogold particles for AMPA receptors in synaptic sites (910 ± 36 particles/μm2) and much lower density in extrasynaptic sites (19 ± 2 particles/μm2) in the immature PCs. Our results indicate that in this developing synapse, the efficacy of transmission is determined by the synaptic area.
The Fetal Basis of Amyloidogenesis: Exposure to Lead and Latent Overexpression of Amyloid Precursor Protein and β-Amyloid in the Aging Brain
Authors: Basha M. Riyaz , Wei Wei , Bakheet Saleh A. , Benitez Nathalie , Siddiqi Hasan K. , Ge Yuan-Wen , Lahiri Debomoy K. , Zawia Nasser H.
Published: January 2005

The fetal basis of adult disease (FeBAD) hypothesis states that many adult diseases have a fetal origin. According to FeBAD, injury or environmental influences occurring at critical periods of organ development could result in “programmatic” changes via alterations in gene expression or gene imprinting that may result in functional deficits that become apparent later in life. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by excessive deposits of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which are snippets of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). The predominately sporadic nature of AD suggests that the environment must play a role in neurodegeneration. To examine latent responses to an environmental agent, we exposed rodents to lead and monitored the lifetime expression of theAPPgene. We observed that APP mRNA expression was transiently induced in neonates, but exhibited a delayed overexpression 20 months after exposure to Pb had ceased. This upregulation in APP mRNA expression was commensurate with a rise in activity of the transcription factor Sp1, one of the regulators of theAPPgene. Furthermore, the increase inAPPgene expression in old age was accompanied by an elevation in APP and its amyloidogenic Aβ product. In contrast,APPexpression, Sp1 activity, as well as APP and Aβ protein levels were unresponsive to Pb exposure during old age. These data suggested that environmental influences occurring during brain development predetermined the expression and regulation of APP later in life, potentially altering the course of amyloidogenesis.
Differential Regulation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor- and AMPA Receptor-Mediated Dendritic Ca2+Signals by Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Activity in Hippocampal Interneurons
Authors: Topolnik Lisa , Congar Patrice , Lacaille Jean-Claude
Published: January 2005

Calcium plays a crucial role as a ubiquitous second messenger and has a key influence in many forms of synaptic plasticity in neurons. The spatiotemporal properties of dendritic Ca2+signals in hippocampal interneurons are relatively unexplored. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging and whole-cell recordings to study properties of dendritic Ca2+signals mediated by different glutamate receptors and their regulation by synaptic activity in oriens/alveus (O/A) interneurons of rat hippocampus. We demonstrate that O/A interneurons express Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) providing fast Ca2+signals. O/A cells can also coexpress CP-AMPARs, Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs (CI-AMPARs), and group I/II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (including mGluR1a), in the same cell. CI-AMPARs are often associated with mGluRs, resulting in longer-lasting Ca2+signals than CP-AMPAR-mediated responses. Finally, CP-AMPAR- and mGluR-mediated Ca2+signals demonstrate distinct voltage dependence and are differentially regulated by presynaptic and postsynaptic activity: weak synaptic stimulation produces Ca2+signals mediated by CP-AMPARs, whereas stronger stimulation, or weak stimulation coupled with postsynaptic depolarization, recruits Ca2+signals mediated by mGluRs. Our results suggest that differential activation of specific glutamate receptor-mediated Ca2+signals within spatially restricted dendritic microdomains may serve distinct signaling functions and endow oriens/alveus interneurons with multiple forms of Ca2+-mediated synaptic plasticity. Specific activation of mGluR-mediated Ca2+signals by coincident presynaptic and postsynaptic activity fulfills the conditions for Hebbian pairing and likely underlies their important role in long-term potentiation induction at O/A interneuron synapses.
In the Arctic with Malaurie
Authors: Jackson Bruce
Published: January 2005

In October 1997, the author accompanied French anthropogeographer Jean Malaurie on a two‐week trip in and around Nome, Alaska, in preparation for a circumpolar conference to be held in St. Petersburg in 1999. This essay describes encounters and conversations with area residents that took place during that trip, as well as observations of and on the courts, shamans, language, the tundra, and the aurora borealis.
Violence in Peru: Performances and Dialogues
Authors: Isbell Billie Jean
Published: January 2005

The author analyzes protest songs and art from postwar Peru using Nestor García Canclini's understanding of the current reorganization of culture as a struggle over symbolic capital and cultural goods. The author also seeks to place her own work on the dialogical ground occupied by Peruvian performers through her creation of laments by the means of dedications to the disappeared. In so doing, she seeks not only to influence readers' perceptions of the political violence in Peru, but also to transform the relationship of researchers to and the rules of academic discourse about such events.
Mediating Nationalism and Archaeology: A Matter of Trust?
Authors: Scham Sandra A.
Published: January 2005

Recognizing that the past is a property of value, archaeologists have traditionally presented themselves as “trustees” of that property. Yet they have in fact become contractors who try to divorce themselves from the consequences of their work. The two roles are very different, and there is much to be gained from re‐creating the idea of archaeological trusteeship. A trustee is a disinterested protector of property for the beneficiaries; a contractor is responsible only to the signatories to the contract and has no impartial obligations. Recognizing the distinction is crucial to the argument that archaeologists can “make a difference” in how cultural property is negotiated.
The Dialogics of Southern Quechua Narrative
Authors: Mannheim Bruce , Vleet Krista Van
Published: January 2005

Southern Quechua conversational narratives aredialogicalin four senses. First, at theformallevel, the narrative is produced between interlocutors; second, narrativeembedsdiscourse within discourse by means of quotations or indirect discourse; third, implicit or hidden dialogue between texts is brought out through theintertextualreference to other coexisting narratives; and, fourth, there is a complex pattern of participation through which dialogue takes place not only between actual speaking individuals but between distinct, intersecting participantrolesthat evoke multiple interactional frameworks. Rigorous attention to each level allows us to integrate narrative analysis more closely into ethnographic study, in terms of both the social tactics of specific narrative events and the broader discursive frameworks that they illuminate.
Authorizing Knowledge in Science and Anthropology
Authors: Fujimura Joan H. , Luce Henry R.
Published: January 2005

An analogy exists between today's “defenders” of science in the “science/culture wars” and 19th‐century “defenders” of euclidean geometry. Current critics have appointed themselves as arbiters of truth in a manner analogous to that of 19th‐century mathematicians and theologians who argued against noneuclidean geometry that challenge Euclid's mathematically, philosophically, and theologically entrenched fifth postulate. The science wars then and now are not about science versus antiscience, objectivity versus subjectivity, but about authority in science: what kind of science should be practiced, and who gets to define it?
Camelot at Yale: The Construction and Dismantling of the Sapirian Synthesis, 1931‐39
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: January 2005

For a brief shining moment in the 1930s, Edward Sapir stood at the forefront of a new synthesis of Boasian ethnology and linguistics. But his call to Yale in 1931 was a mandate taken up against formidable odds, and the grand synthesis soon began to unravel. George Peter Murdock, who became chairman in 1939, moved the department toward science and “verified theory.” In the period immediately following World War II, Sapir's program was not revived, but its legacies have come to us by way of the Yale ethnoscience and linguistic anthropology of the 1960s, and his synthesis remains a viable option for Americanist anthropology at the millennium.
Indigenous Women's Identities and the Politics of Cultural Reproduction in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Muratorio Blanca
Published: January 2005

This essay explores the current problems of cultural reproduction and identity politics in the Ecuadorian Amazon through the personal memory narratives of a group of elder indigenous women facing difficulties with their granddaughters. It argues that women's histories and their conceptions of self are inscribed in their experiences in a self‐defined “domestic space.” This intracultural struggle provides a better understanding of the scripts of cultural reproduction being played, largely by men, in other scenarios.
Post‐Sandinista Ethnic Identities in Western Nicaragua
Authors: Field Les
Published: January 2005

The meanings of the ethnic labels Indian and mestizo in Latin America are often treated as stable, bounded, and clearly marked by anthropologists, nationalists, and indigenous intellectuals alike. In Nicaragua, the post‐Sandinista emergence of a discourse of indigenous identity in the western region, where successive state elites have considered that identity erased, underscores the dynamic mutability of both indigenous and mestizo ethnicities. This reconsideration derives from dialogue between anthropological analysis and an indigenous intellectual involved in organizing in the western region.
The Alchemy of Charity: Of Class and Buddhism in Northern Thailand
Authors: Bowie Katherine A.
Published: January 2005

This essay focuses on a form of unidirectional giving current in Theravada Buddhism: the institution of merit making as practiced in northern Thailand. Many scholars have noted its centrality in village religious practices but have failed to locate it within the broader context of class stratification. As a result, the prevailing paradigm of merit making misrepresents the character of the recipients, the donors, and their mutual interaction. This essay argues that cross‐class, unidirectional forms of giving such as charity may be important in mediating hegemony and resistance in complex societies.
Faux Documentary and the Memory of Realism
Authors: Feldman Allen
Published: January 2005

Enigmatic Tibet. 1942. 105 minutes. Schäer expedition, private copy.
Telling a Story about the Past: Fact and Fiction in Two Recent Films on the History of Anthropology
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: January 2005

Ishi, The. Last Yahi. 1992. 57 minutes, color. Produced and directed by Jed Riffe and Pamela Roberts. Distributed by the Center for Media and Independent Learning, University of California Extension, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704; 510/642‐0460. Fax 510/643‐9271. Available in video and 16mm.

Margaret Mead: An Observer Observed. 1995.85 minutes, color. Produced by Virginia Yans‐McLaughlin. Directed by Alan Berliner. Distributed by Filmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY l0016; 212/808‐4980.
After a Men's Cult
Authors: Robbins Joel
Published: January 2005

The Cassowary's Revenge: The Life and Death of Masculinity in. New Guinea Society. Donald Tuzin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 248 pp.
Yanomamology, Missiology, and Anthropology
Authors: Whitehead Neil L.
Published: January 2005

The Yanomami and Their Interpreters: Fierce People or Fierce Interpreters? Frank A. Salamone. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997. 117 pp.

Spirit of the Rainforest:. Yanomamö Shaman's Story. Mark Ritchie. Chicago: Island Lake Press, 1996. 271 pp.

Yanomamö Interactive: The Ax Fight. Peter Bella. Napoleon Chagnon. and Gary Seaman. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology Multimedia Series Windows/Macintosh CDROM. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1997.
Struggle of the Poor: Neighborhood Organization and Clientelist Practice in a Quito Squatter Settlement
Authors: Weatherford Jack
Published: January 2005

Struggle of the Poor: Neighborhood Organization and Clientelist Practice in. Quito Squatter Settlement. Gerrit Burgwal. Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1995. 260 pp.
Self‐Help Housing, the Poor, and the State in the Caribbean
Authors: Palacio Myrtle
Published: January 2005

Self‐Help Housing, the Poor, and the State in the Caribbean. Robert B. Potter and Dennis Conway. eds. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997. 299 pp.
Postcolonial Identities in Africa
Authors: Gray Christopher
Published: January 2005

Postcolonial Identities in Africa. Richard Werbner and Terence Ranger. eds. London: Zed Books, 1996. 292 pp.
Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism
Authors: Douglas Stuart
Published: January 2005

Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Mahmood Mamdani. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 353 pp.
The East in the West
Authors: Sabloff Jeremy A.
Published: January 2005

The East in the West. Jack Goody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 295 pp.
Sites of Desire, Economies of Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Hefner Robert W.
Published: January 2005

Sites of Desire, Economies of Pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific. Lenore Manderson and Margaret Jolly. eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 367 pp.
Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture
Authors: Franklin Sarah
Published: January 2005

Making Gender: The Politics and Erotics of Culture. Sherry B. Ortner. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1996. 262 pp.
Denying Biology: Essays on Gender and Pseudo‐Procreation
Authors: Tuzin Donald
Published: January 2005

Denying Biology: Essays on Gender and Pseudo‐Procreation Warren Shapiro and Uli Lanham. eds. MD: University Press of America, 1996. 250 pp.
The Cool Knife: Imagery of Gender, Sexuality, and Moral Education inKaguru Initiation Ritual
Authors: Shaw Carolyn Martin
Published: January 2005

The Cool Knife: Imagery of Gender, Sexuality, and Moral Education inKaguru Initiation Ritual. T. O. Beidelman. Washington, DO. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997. 312 pp.
Men Own the Fields, Women Own the Crops: Gender and Power in the Cameroon Grassfields
Authors: Regis Helen A.
Published: January 2005

Men Own the Fields, Women Own the Crops: Gender and Power in the Cameroon Grassfields. Miriam Goheen. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1996. 252 pp.
Women at the Crossroads: A Prostitute Community's Response to AIDS in Urban Senegal
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: January 2005

Women at the Crossroads:. Prostitute Community's Response to AIDS in Urban Senegal. Michelle Lewis Renaud. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 172 pp.
Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in a Yemeni Town
Authors: Adra Najwa
Published: January 2005

Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in. Yemeni Town. Anne Meneley. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. 216 pp.
Keeping House in Lusaka
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: January 2005

Keeping House in Lusaka. Karen Tranberg Hansen. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 228 pp.
Academic Outlaws: Queer Theory and Cultural Studies in the Academy
Authors: Murray Stephen O.
Published: January 2005

Academic Outlaws: Queer Tlieory and Cultural Studies in the Academy. William G. Tierney. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997. 186 pp.
Elsie Clews Parsons: Inventing Modern Life
Authors: Hare Peter H.
Published: January 2005

Elsie Clews Parsons: Inventing Modern Life. Desley Deacon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. 520 pp.
Das Innere des Ausseren: Ritual, Macht und historische Praxis bei den Ngaing in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Sturzenhofecker Gabriele
Published: January 2005

Das Innere des Ausseren: Ritual, Macht und historische Praxis bei den Ngaing in Papua New Guinea. Wolfgang Kempf. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1996. 277 pp.
Children of the Blood
Authors: Strathern Andrew
Published: January 2005

Children of the Blood. Bernard Juillerat. Nora Scott, trans. Oxford, England: Berg Publishing, 1996. 620 pp.
Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: January 2005

Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia:. Conflict of Cultures. Frederic W. Gleach. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 241 pp.
The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present
Authors: Emberling Geoff
Published: January 2005

The Archaeology of Ethnicity: Constructing Identities in the Past and Present. Sian Jones. London: Routledge, 1997. 180 pp.
Iron Technology in East Africa: Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology
Authors: Fagan Brian
Published: January 2005

Iron Technology in East Africa: Symbolism, Science, and Archaeology Peter Schmidt. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 328 pp.
Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in a Forest‐Savanna Mosaic
Authors: Cleveland David A. , Powell Joseph B.
Published: January 2005

Misreading the African Landscape: Society and Ecology in. Forest‐Savanna Mosaic. J. Fairhead and M. Leach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 354 pp.
The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal
Authors: Irvine Judith T.
Published: January 2005

The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of Waalo, Northern Senegal. Samba Diop. Lewiston, Canada; Edwin Mellen Press, 1995. 389 pp.
Interaction and Grammar
Authors: Carr Gerald L.
Published: January 2005

Interaction and Grammar. Elinor Ochs. Emanuel A. Schegloff. and Sandra A. Thompson. eds. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics, 13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 486 pp.
Rethinking Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Meek Barbra A.
Published: January 2005

Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson. eds. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, 17. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 488 pp.
Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750‐1970
Authors: Moore Spencer
Published: January 2005

Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750‐1970. Suzanne L. Marchand. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. 400 pp.
Völkerkunde im Nationalsozialismus: Aspeckte derAnpassung, Affinitat, und Behauptung einerwissenschaftlichen Disziplin
Authors: Rethmann Petra
Published: January 2005

Völkerkunde im Nationalsozialismus: Aspeckte derAnpassung, Affinitat, und Behauptung einerwissenschaftlichen Disziplin. Hans Fischer. Hamburg, Germany. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1990. 312 pp.
Mothercraft, statecraft, and subjectivity in the Palestinian intifada
Authors: Jean‐Klein Iris
Published: January 2005

Focusing on Palestinian subjectivity during the intifada, / highlight connections between domestic processes and the nascent state. Empowered by the progressive‐nationalist movement, ordinary young men and women challenged the moral authority of the domestic patriarch. The new moral subjects were not, however, producing "themselves" individually and reflexively. In the face of paradoxical conditions of self‐making precipitated by the organized political struggle, young men with their mothers and sisters became moral persons through a collaborative and reciprocal exercise of self,[statecraft, kinship, political organization, gender, personhood, Middle East]
Love in a Time of Hate: Liberation Psychology in Latin America
Authors: Nelson Diane M.
Published: January 2005

Love in. Time of Hate: Liberation Psychology in Latin America. Nancy Caro Hollander. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. xi. 271 pp., notes, index.
Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989‐1998
Authors: Escobar Arturo
Published: January 2005

Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989‐1998. Janine R. Wedel. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. xvii. 286 pp., maps, figures, notes, selected bibliography, index.
Kunnskap om Kultur: Folkloristisk Dialoger
Authors: Olson Julia
Published: January 2005

Kunnskap om Kultur: Folkloristisk Dialoger. Knut Aukrust and Anne Eriksen. eds. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1999. 204 pp., photographs, illustrations, bibliography, index.
Australia and the Pacific Islands
Authors: Osamu Yamaguti
Published: January 2005

Australia and the Pacific Islands. Adrienne L. Kaeppler and J.W. Love. eds. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1998. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, vol. 9. xxvii. 1,088 pp., compact disc, illustrations, glossary, notes on the audio examples, index.
Brushed by Cedar, Living by the River: Coast Salish Figures of Power
Authors: Palmer Andie Diane
Published: January 2005

Brushed by Cedar, Living by the River: Coast Salish Figures of Power. Crisca Bierwert. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999. xvii. 314 pp., illustrations; notes, bibliography; index.
God's Place in the World: Sacred Space and Sacred Place in Judaism
Authors: Bunzl Matti
Published: January 2005

God's Place in the World: Sacred Space and Sacred Place in Judaism. Seth D. Kunin. London: Cassell, 1998. vii +163 pp., bibliography, index.
The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Inari Worship
Authors: Ben‐Ari Eyal
Published: January 2005

The Fox and the Jewel: Shared and Private Meanings in Contemporary Inari Worship. Karen A. Smyers. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999. ix. 271 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index.
Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery
Authors: Simons Anna
Published: January 2005

Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence, and the Legacy of Slavery. Catherine Besteman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. ix. 284 pp., maps, photographs, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Settling Accounts; Violence, justice, and Accountability in Postsocialist Europe/ Subversions of International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture
Authors: Stade Ronald
Published: January 2005

Settling Accounts; Violence, justice, and Accountability in Postsocialist Europe. John Borneman. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. xii +197 pp., bibliography, index.

Subversions of International Order: Studies in the Political Anthropology of Culture. John Borneman. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. viii. 341 pp., notes, references, index.
Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil
Authors: Lesser Jeffrey
Published: January 2005

Racial Politics in Contemporary Brazil. Michael Hanchard. ed. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.225 pp., tables, index.
Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves
Authors: Weix G. G.
Published: January 2005

Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. Mary Beth Mills. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999. vii. 218 pp., figures, maps, photographs, glossary, references, index.
Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy
Authors: Gudeman Stephen
Published: January 2005

Farmers of the Golden Bean: Costa Rican Households and the Global Coffee Economy. Deborah Sick. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1999. xii. 169 pp., tables, figures, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Memories Cast in Stone: The Relevance of the Past in Everyday Life
Authors: Theodossopoulos Dimitrios
Published: January 2005

Memories Cast in Stone: The Relevance of the Past in Everyday Life. E. David Sutton. Oxford: Berg, 1998. xi. 241 pp., map, illustrations, notes, references, index.
Faith and its fulfillment: agency, exchange, and the Fijian aesthetics of completion
Authors: Miyazaki Hirokazu
Published: January 2005

In this article, I develop a theory of what I call the abeyance of agency, drawing upon a comparison between Fijian Christian church and gift‐giving rituals. I argue that from religious practitioners' viewpoint, religious faith concerns not so much the intentions of an anthropomorphic God as the limits that are temporarily placed on ritual participants' agency. Such abeyance and subsequent recovery of their agency enables them to experience the intimations of an ultimate response,[agency, form, temporality, gift exchange, Christianity, Fiji]
Skins of desire: poetry and identity in Koriak women's gift exchange
Authors: Rethmann Petra
Published: January 2005

Koriak women in the northern Kamchatka peninsula in the Russian Far Bast offer gifts of handworked reindeer fur and leather to entice men to become their sweethearts. Examining two love stories involving reindeer herding Koriak women and men, I explore the meaning of the gift as an embodied metaphor that arouses desire and creates seductive subjectivities. Focusing on sewers' creativity, I situate my analysis within a wider discussion on aesthetics and gift exchange to explore the poetic dimensions of the gift. In a final outlook, I ask about the significance of fur production and exchange for Koriak identity formation, [gift exchange, aesthetics, poetry, indigeneity, Koriak, Russia]