bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analytic-geospatial approach for sustainable water resource management: a case study in the province of Perugia
Authors: Casadei Stefano , Bellezza Michele , Casagrande Luca , Pierleoni Arnaldo
Published: September 2016

Water is a strategic, but also highly vulnerable, natural resource. This because the increasing demand from multiple uses, in many cases competing amongst them, seems to influence the concepts of sustainability of the exploitation. From the operational point of view, the studied system is an integrated decision support system. It is not only a platform to exchange information and assessments, but also a tool for conflict resolution, in the management of water resources, to obtain the consensus among all participants in the decisional processes. So the canonical “top-down” approach has been replaced with a “bottom-up” approach where all stakeholders become decision makers themselves. The application of the aforementioned approach was studied for the Tiber River basin and has been applied to the Province of Perugia area. The study focused to the building of a spatial database of hydrological data and multipurpose water withdrawals, together with the setting of the evaluation model for the surface water resources. This model bases its algorithms on regionalization procedures of flow parameters. For the definition of the river condition, hydrological indices calculated from the hydrological database have been used, while for the existing withdrawals, an analysis procedure has been developed, that from the point of interest directly selected on the map, finds out the upstream basin and, by means of overlay procedures, identifies the upstream water uses and the total flow that could be extracted. The potential of the system and the technologies used are contained in a WEB platform that allows the analysis of the database of water uses/withdrawals on the cartography, and the comparison with the hydrogeological characteristics of the sub-basin examined. The purpose of this study is to provide software tools that can be used as a support in water resource evaluation and management policies at the basin scale.
Time domain reflectometry-measuring dielectric permittivity to detect soil non-acqeous phase liquids contamination-decontamination processes
Authors: Comegna A. , Coppola A. , Dragonetti G. , Chaali N. , Sommella A.
Published: September 2016

Contamination of soils with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) constitutes a serious geo-environmental problem, given the toxicity level and high mobility of these organic compounds. To develop effective decontamination methods, characterisation and identification of contaminated soils are needed. The objective of this work is to explore the potential of dielectric permittivity measurements to detect the presence of NAPLs in soils. The dielectric permittivity was measured by Time Domain Reflectometry method (TDR) in soil samples with either different volumetric content of water (􀀅w) and NAPL (􀀅NAPL) or at different stages during immiscible displacement test carried out with two different flushing solutions. A mixing model proposed by Francisca and Montoro, was calibrated to estimate the volume fraction of contaminant present in soil. Obtained results, showed that soil contamination with NAPL and the monitoring of immiscible fluid displacement, during soil remediation processes, can be clearly identified from dielectric measurements.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Plasmodium falciparum in Lake Victoria Islands, A Region of Intense Transmission
Authors: Mulenge Felix M. , Hunja Carol W. , Magiri Esther , Culleton Richard , Kaneko Akira , Aman Rashid A.
Published: September 2016

Understanding the genetic structure and transmission dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in malaria-endemic regions is crucial before the implementation of interventions. Located in a high-transmission region of western Kenya where P. falciparum is the predominant species, the Lake Victoria islands are ideal for feasibility of malaria elimination studies. We analyzed genetic variation in eight microsatellite loci to examine parasite population structure and gene flow patterns across five sites. High levels of genetic diversity were measured throughout the region (mean heterozygosity index = 0.84). The overall fixation index value between the sites was 0.044, indicating that approximately 5% of the overall allelic variation is due to differences between the populations. Based on these results, we concluded that parasite population structure in the studied islands is shaped by human migration patterns that maintain extensive parasite gene flow between the sites. Consequently, any malaria elimination and interventions strategies in the study area will have to be carried out broadly on all four islands and adjoining mainland region.
The Efficacy of Individual Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) for Concerned Significant Others of Problem Gamblers
Authors: Nayoski Nicole , Hodgins David C.
Published: September 2016

Treatment options for concerned significant others (CSOs) of problem gamblers are limited, and available treatments focus exclusively on the distress of CSOs. Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) is a comprehensive treatment program for CSOs of substance abusers that has been shown to reduce CSO distress in addition to the substance abuser's alcohol or drug behaviour. CRAFT capitalizes on the well-documented fact that family members have considerable influence on the substance abuser's decision to enter treatment. The present study modified the CRAFT approach into an individual treatment format for CSOs of problem gamblers and examined its efficacy in comparison to a CRAFT self-help workbook in a randomized clinical trial. A total of 31 participants were recruited. No statistical differences were found between the groups; however, effect sizes indicated that participants who received the CRAFT individual intervention seemed to have better outcomes than did those who received the CRAFT workbook (decreased days and dollars gambled by the gambler and improved CSO functioning). No differences between groups were found for gambler treatment entry rates over the follow-up period in terms of effect sizes. The results provide initial, but limited, support for the CRAFT approach delivered to CSOs of treatment-resistant problem gamblers in an individual treatment format compared with the self-help workbook format. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to gauge the efficacy of the CRAFT individual intervention compared with the CRAFT self-help workbook.
Parental and peer influences on emerging adult problem gambling: Does exposure to problem gambling reduce stigmatizing perceptions and increase vulnerability?
Authors: Gay Jessica , Gill Peter Richard , Corboy Denise
Published: September 2016

Research has identified 18 to 30 years olds as the biggest spenders on gambling activities, with significantly higher prevalence of gambling problems than other age groups. Identifying the factors that influence the development of gambling problems in young people is important for guiding prevention strategies. This study aimed to analyse how emerging adult problem gambling is influenced by the people around them. In particular, we explored whether perceived parental and peer problem gambling predicted emerging adult problem gambling, and whether reduced gambling self-stigma mediated these relationships. A community sample of 188 Australian gamblers aged 18 to 29 (M = 21.41, SD = 2.99) completed three versions of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) and the Gambling Perception Scale. Results indicated that perceived parental and peer gambling were positively related to emerging adult problem gambling. While reduced gambling helping stigma was related to higher problem gambling, stigma did not mediate the links between significant others' gambling and emerging adult problem gambling. We conclude that social influences are important in the development of problem gambling for young people, and that older male emerging adults who have a gambling mother are at most risk of problem gambling.
Jesus: An Experiment in Christology
Authors: Schillebeeckx Edward
Published: September 2016

The existence of the historical Jesus cannot be doubted. But who was Jesus of Nazareth? And who is he for us today? In this controversial work Schillebeeckx offers his ‘experiment’: an informative and sustained hermeneutical reflection on the story of Jesus. It became a bestseller, and would become the first volume of Schillebeeckx’ trilogy on Jesus Christ. He presents a Christology ‘from below’, rooted in the synoptic gospels, but especially in Mark and in the Q tradition. At the same time he is clearly interested in portraying ‘the historical Jesus’ as both Proclaimer and Proclaimed. In this major work Schillebeeckx tries to answer questions such as: Is the promise of salvation only to be found in Jesus Christ because he was a gift from God, as the Gospels tell us? What can we say about the inspiration of so many who do not attend church or adhere to any believe they find in Jesus Christ? Schillebeeckx takes us into his promising quest that leads to the ultimate question of what religious truth actually is.
Infrared limb emission measurements of aerosol in the troposphere and stratosphere
Authors: Griessbach Sabine , Hoffmann Lars , Spang Reinhold , von Hobe Marc , Müller Rolf , Riese Martin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Altitude-resolved aerosol detection in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is a challenging task for remote sensing instruments. Infrared limb emission measurements provide vertically resolved global measurements at day- and nighttime in the UTLS. For high-spectral-resolution infrared limb instruments we present here a new method to detect aerosol and separate between ice and non-ice particles. The method is based on an improved aerosol–cloud index that identifies infrared limb emission spectra affected by non-ice aerosol or ice clouds. For the discrimination between non-ice aerosol and ice clouds we employed brightness temperature difference correlations. The discrimination thresholds for this method were derived from radiative transfer simulations (including scattering) and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS)/Envisat measurements obtained in 2011. We demonstrate the value of this approach for observations of volcanic ash and sulfate aerosol originating from the Grímsvötn (Iceland, 64° N), Puyehue–Cordón Caulle (Chile, 40° S), and Nabro (Eritrea, 13° N) eruptions in May and June 2011 by comparing the MIPAS volcanic aerosol detections with Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) volcanic ash and SO2 measurements.
Variability in methane emissions from West Siberia's shallow boreal
lakes
Authors: Sabrekov Aleksandr F. , Runkle Benjamin R. K. , Glagolev Mikhail V. , Terentieva Irina E. , Stepanenko Victor M. , Kotsyurbenko Oleg R. , Maksyutov Shamil S. , Pokrovsky Oleg S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Small lakes represent an important source of atmospheric CH4 from northern wetlands. However, spatio-temporal variations in flux magnitudes and the lack of knowledge about their main environmental controls contribute large uncertainty into the global CH4 budget. In this study, we measured methane fluxes from small lakes using chambers and bubble traps. Field investigations were carried out in July–August 2014 within the West Siberian middle and south taiga zones. The average and median of measured methane chamber fluxes were 0.32 and 0.30 mgCH4 m−2 h−1 for middle taiga lakes and 8.6 and 4.1 mgCH4 m−2 h−1 for south taiga lakes, respectively. Pronounced flux variability was found during measurements on individual lakes, between individual lakes and between zones. To analyze these differences and the influences of environmental controls we developed a new dynamic process-based model. It shows good performance with emission rates from the south taiga lakes and poor performance for individual lakes in the middle taiga region. The model shows that, besides well-known controls such as temperature, pH and lake depth, there are significant variations in the maximal methane production potential between these climatic zones. In addition, the model shows that variations of gas-filled pore space in lake sediments are capable to control the total methane emissions from individual lakes. The CH4 emissions exhibited distinct zonal differences not only in absolute values but also in their probability density functions: the middle taiga lake fluxes were best described by a lognormal distribution while the south taiga lakes followed a power law distribution. The latter suggests applicability of self-organized criticality theory for methane emissions from the south taiga zone, which could help to explain the strong variability within individual lakes.
A global wetland methane emissions and uncertainty dataset for atmospheric chemical transport models
Authors: Bloom A. Anthony , Bowman Kevin , Lee Meemong , Turner Alexander J. , Schroeder Ronny , Worden John R. , Weidner Richard , McDonald Kyle C. , Jacob Daniel J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Wetland emissions remain one of the principal sources of uncertainty in the global atmospheric methane (CH4) budget, largely due to poorly constrained process controls on CH4 production in waterlogged soils. Process-based estimates of global wetland CH4 emissions and their associated uncertainties can provide crucial prior information for model-based top-down CH4 emission estimates. Here we construct a global wetland CH4 emission model ensemble for use in atmospheric chemistry and transport models. Our 0.5° × 0.5° resolution model ensemble is based on satellite-derived surface water extent and precipitation re-analyses, nine heterotrophic respiration simulations (eight carbon cycle models and a data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis) and three temperature parameterizations for the period 2009–2010; an extended ensemble subset – based solely on precipitation and the data-constrained terrestrial carbon cycle analysis – is derived for the period 2001–2015. We incorporate the mean of the full and extended model ensembles into GEOS-Chem and compare model against surface measurements of atmospheric CH4; model performance (site-level and zonal mean anomaly residuals) compares favourably against published wetland CH4 emissions scenarios. We find that uncertainties in carbon decomposition rates and wetland extent together account for more than 80 % of the primary uncertainty in the timing, magnitude and seasonal variability of wetland CH4 emissions, although uncertainty in the temperature CH4:C dependence is a significant contributor to seasonal variations in mid-latitude wetland CH4 emissions. The combination of satellite, carbon cycle models and temperature dependence parameterizations provides a physically informed structural a priori uncertainty critical for top-down estimates of wetland CH4 fluxes: specifically, our ensemble can provide enhanced information on the prior CH4 emissions uncertainty and the error covariance structure, as well as a means for using posterior flux estimates and their uncertainties to quantitatively constrain global wetland CH4 emission biogeochemical process controls.
Application of GRACE to the assessment of model-based estimates of monthly Greenland Ice Sheet mass balance (2003–2012)
Authors: Schlegel Nicole-Jeanne , Wiese David N. , Larour Eric Y. , Watkins Michael M. , Box Jason E. , Fettweis Xavier , van den Broeke Michiel R.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Quantifying the Greenland Ice Sheet's future contribution to sea level rise is a challenging task that requires accurate estimates of ice sheet sensitivity to climate change. Forward ice sheet models are promising tools for estimating future ice sheet behavior, yet confidence is low because evaluation of historical simulations is challenging due to the scarcity of continental-wide data for model evaluation. Recent advancements in processing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data using Bayesian-constrained mass concentration ("mascon") functions have led to improvements in spatial resolution and noise reduction of monthly global gravity fields. Specifically, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's JPL RL05M GRACE mascon solution (GRACE_JPL) offers an opportunity for the assessment of model-based estimates of ice sheet mass balance (MB) at ∼ 300 km spatial scales. Here, we quantify the differences between Greenland monthly observed MB (GRACE_JPL) and that estimated by state-of-the-art, high-resolution models, with respect to GRACE_JPL and model uncertainties. To simulate the years 2003–2012, we force the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) with anomalies from three different surface mass balance (SMB) products derived from regional climate models. Resulting MB is compared against GRACE_JPL within individual mascons. Overall, we find agreement in the northeast and southwest where MB is assumed to be primarily controlled by SMB. In the interior, we find a discrepancy in trend, which we presume to be related to millennial-scale dynamic thickening not considered by our model. In the northwest, seasonal amplitudes agree, but modeled mass trends are muted relative to GRACE_JPL. Here, discrepancies are likely controlled by temporal variability in ice discharge and other related processes not represented by our model simulations, i.e., hydrological processes and ice–ocean interaction. In the southeast, GRACE_JPL exhibits larger seasonal amplitude than predicted by the models while simultaneously having more pronounced trends; thus, discrepancies are likely controlled by a combination of missing processes and errors in both the SMB products and ISSM. At the margins, we find evidence of consistent intra-annual variations in regional MB that deviate distinctively from the SMB annual cycle. Ultimately, these monthly-scale variations, likely associated with hydrology or ice–ocean interaction, contribute to steeper negative mass trends observed by GRACE_JPL. Thus, models should consider such processes at relatively high (monthly-to-seasonal) temporal resolutions to achieve accurate estimates of Greenland MB.
Subgrid snow depth coefficient of variation within complex mountainous terrain
Authors: Sexstone Graham A. , Fassnacht Steven R. , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio , Hiemstra Christopher A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Given the substantial variability of snow in complex mountainous terrain, a considerable challenge of coarse scale modeling applications is accurately representing the subgrid variability of snowpack properties. The snow depth coefficient of variation (CVds) is a useful metric for characterizing subgrid snow distributions but has not been well defined by a parameterization for mountainous environments. This study utilizes lidar-derived snow depth datasets from mountainous terrain in Colorado, USA to evaluate the variability of subgrid snow distributions within a grid size comparable to a 1000 m resolution common for hydrologic and land surface models. The subgrid CVds exhibited a wide range of variability across the 321 km2 study area (0.15 to 2.74) and was significantly greater in alpine areas compared to subalpine areas. Mean snow depth was an important factor of CVds variability in both alpine and subalpine areas, as CVds decreased nonlinearly with increasing snow depths. This negative correlation is attributed to the static size of roughness elements (topography and canopy) that strongly influences seasonal snow variability. Subgrid CVds was also correlated with topography and forest variables; important drivers of CVds included the subgrid variability of terrain exposure to wind in alpine areas and the mean and variability of forest metrics in subalpine areas. Two simple statistical models were developed (alpine and subalpine) for predicting subgrid CVds that show reasonable performance statistics. The methodology presented here can be used for parameterizing CVds in snow-dominated mountainous regions, and highlights the utility of using lidar-derived snow datasets for improving model representations of snow processes.
Los presupuestos de la sana crítica ¿Están nuestros jueces preparados para la sana crítica?
Authors: Domínguez Angulo Juan Pablo
Published: September 2016

Los objetivos de este artículo son el denunciar las falencias cometidas por los jueces en materia probatoria y cómo estas riñen con los fundamentos teóricos de dicha especialidad. El método utilizado esencialmente es la observación crítica de algunas actuaciones judiciales relevantes, deduciendo de ellas conclusiones abstractas y generales. La principal conclusión del artículo es la denuncia de la grave situación que presenta la administración de justicia al respecto del tema probatorio, que vulnera principios como la Necesidad de la Prueba y la misma justificación del establecimiento de la Sana Crítica, y la necesidad de proveer soluciones urgentes a esta problemática.
Studying the Effective Factors on Quality of Human Sources Training Plans (Case study: Employees of Iran's Saderat Bank- Tehran's West Superintendence)
Authors: Avanaki Mina Jamshidi , Najafifar Kolsoom
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to study the effective factors on quality of human sources training plans. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and correlation kind and in terms of method, it is a survey research. The statistical population includes all employees who work in Saderat Bank of Tehran's west superintendence that the total number was 200 persons. The sample size was selected 131 persons according to Cochran's formula and the sampling method was simple random. In order to collect the data, the researcher-made questionnaire with 37 items in the form of 5-degree Likert spectrum from too high to too low was used. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by some of the experts and knowledgeable persons. Since Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the variables of curriculums (0.875), training environment (0.942), work environment (0.759), personality characteristics of trainees (0.901), quality of in-service training plans (0.867) was obtained higher than 0.7, therefore the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and two-variable linear Regression with spss software were used. The results indicated the variables of curriculums with β coefficient of 0.068 percent, training environment with β coefficient of 0.379 percent, work environment with β coefficient of 0.762 percent and personality characteristics of trainees with β coefficient of 0.241 percent have the power of predicting the dependent variable changes of in-service training plans quality. The adjusted explanation coefficient was 0.980 that indicated 4 independent variables of the research have been able to predict 98 percent of dependent variable changes.
Lignocellulosic Processing with Acid Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Improving the Acquisition of Sugar Fermentation
Authors: Hendrianie Nuniek , Juliastuti Sri Rahmania , Iwani Moch. Izati , Eka Affrida
Published: September 2016

Banana peels is a waste which has not been widely used, so that the relatively long time the existence of such waste brings its own problems such as pollution. Banana peels contain high enough lignocellulosic and can be degraded into simpler forms. The Lignin content of banana peels needs to be removed / destroyed structure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition ratio of Trichoderma reseei and Aspergillus niger on hydrolysis liquefaction and saccharification time in stage hydrolysis to glucose produced with the highest glucose parameters. In this study, the method was used to degrade lignin by using sulfuric acid (2%). Afterward, the cellulose content was changed in liquefaction process. Hydrolysis liquefaction performed using Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei with a mixture ratio of 1: 0, 0: 1, 1: 1 and 1: 2. Furthermore, substrate hydrolysis liquefaction saccharification going through the process of hydrolysis to increase glucose levels were formed. Hydrolysis liquefaction aims to change the content of starch in the banana skin into glucose using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the addition of 20% (v / v). Hydrolysis process of liquefaction is done by varying the sampling time on day - 3, 6, and 9. In this study the hydrolysis of liquefaction of banana peels use a mixture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger 2:1 at a temperature of 50oC, pH 5, and 64 h for resulted in glucose with the best content was 0.52%. In addition, the results showed that the hydrolysis saccharification with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucose levels were highest on day 3 with a temperature of 30oC and pH 5, resulting in glucose content to 1.63%.
The influence of tree species on carbon storage in northern China
Authors: Chen Guopeng , Shen Huitao , Cao Jiansheng , Zhang Wanjun
Published: September 2016

Selection of tree species is an important management decision for increasing carbon storage in regional planting programs in China. This study quantifies above and belowground carbon storage by several species in the Desertification Combating Program around Beijing and Tianjin (DCBT). Results show that the total carbon storage of the Pinus davidiana plantation was significantly higher than that of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica but not significantly differ from plantations of Pinus tabulaeformis and Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii. Most of the carbon was in the aboveground biomass. These results suggest that tree species have substantial influences on carbon storage, and that species should be considered in improving carbon sequestration potential for afforestation/reforestation projects.
AN ENSEMBLE TEMPLATE MATCHING AND CONTENT-BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL SCHEME TOWARDS EARLY STAGE DETECTION OF MELANOMA
Authors: Kostopoulos Spiros , Glotsos Dimitris , Asvestas Pantelis , Konstandinou Christos , Xenogiannopoulos George , Sidiropoulos Konstantinos , Nikolatou Eirini-Konstantina , Perakis Konstantinos , Mantzouratos Spyros , Sakkis Theophilos , Sakellaropoulos George , Nikiforidis George , Cavouras Dionisis
Published: September 2016

Malignant melanoma represents the most dangerous type of skin cancer. In this study we present an ensemble classification scheme, employing the mutual information, the cross-correlation and the clustering based on proximity of image features methods, for early stage assessment of melanomas on plain photography images. The proposed scheme performs two main operations. First, it retrieves the most similar, to the unknown case, image samples from an available image database with verified benign moles and malignant melanoma cases. Second, it provides an automated estimation regarding the nature of the unknown image sample based on the majority of the most similar images retrieved from the available database. Clinical material comprised 75 melanoma and 75 benign plain photography images collected from publicly available dermatological atlases. Results showed that the ensemble scheme outperformed all other methods tested in terms of accuracy with 94.9±1.5%, following an external cross-validation evaluation methodology. The proposed scheme may benefit patients by providing a second opinion consultation during the self-skin examination process and the physician by providing a second opinion estimation regarding the nature of suspicious moles that may assist towards decision making especially for ambiguous cases, safeguarding, in this way from potential diagnostic misinterpretations.
Giono, Translator or Reader of Moby-Dick?
Authors: Génin Isabelle
Published: September 2016

The article discusses the interaction between reading and translating, in the case of the first unabridged translation of Moby-Dick into French by Jean Giono, Lucien Jacques and Joan Smith, published by Gallimard in 1941. After a brief survey of the status of that translation—an important cultural landmark in France—the paper examines what the paratext (Giono’s diary, notes and letters) and the typescripts reveal about a seemingly paradoxical situation: Giono’s keen reading of Moby-Dick on the one hand and the simplification and clarification strategies adopted in the translation on the other hand. A selection of stylistic analyses illustrates both the choices made by the translators and the part played by each participant in the project. It appears that Giono did not necessarily misread Moby-Dick, underestimating its scope and significance. Instead, after reading the novel, he grew indifferent to its translation and concentrated his energy on his own writing in which he re-invested his reading experience. As to the other co-translators, Joan Smith provided a word-for-word translation of the text that made no attempt at interpreting the text, while Lucien Jacques strove to re-write Smith’s literal first draft, in spite of his difficult position as a non-reader (albeit an enthusiastic one) of Moby-Dick.
Relectures et traductions du Hamlet de Shakespeare par Yves Bonnefoy : de la ré-énonciation à la création
Authors: Roesler Stéphanie
Published: September 2016

Toute traduction littéraire commence par la lecture, étape première de l’interprétation qui est déjà éminemment subjective. La traduction ne saurait prétendre à l’objectivité pas plus qu’à la transparence du traducteur, et ce plus encore dans le cas de la traduction de la poésie, où sens et forme sont inséparables. La voix du traducteur, expression même de sa subjectivité, sera nécessairement audible dans la traduction, qui est ré-énonciation. C’est ce que nous démontrerons ici à travers les cinq traductions du Hamlet de Shakespeare par Yves Bonnefoy, qui illustre comment, passant de la ré-énonciation à la création, il a su faire résonner sa propre voix de poète traducteur. Des notions théoriques empruntées à Barbara Folkart nous aideront à mettre en lumière le fait que la traduction de la poésie ne peut être que subjective, création d’un poème nouveau dans une autre langue, et finalement activité d’écriture.
La crise de la dette en Europe
Authors: Jeanneret* Alexandre , Chouaib Elian
Published: September 2016

Cet article offre une analyse de la crise de la dette en Europe. Nous relevons d’abord les origines de la crise en présentant les problèmes structurels de la zone euro et, plus particulièrement, des pays ayant sollicité l’aide de l’Europe. Nous étudions ensuite les différentes réformes qui ont été entreprises par l’Union européenne et certains gouvernements avant d’exposer les risques de contagion auxquels font face les autres membres de l’Union économique et monétaire. Finalement, nous proposons certaines réformes qui peuvent aider à préserver la zone euro et éviter ainsi une nouvelle crise de la dette.
Semipolar III–nitride light-emitting diodes with negligible efficiency droop up to ∼1 W
Authors: Oh Sang Ho , Yonkee Benjamin P. , Cantore Michael , Farrell Robert M. , Speck James S. , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P.
Published: September 2016

We demonstrate 1 mm2 blue light-emitting diodes with a negligible efficiency droop up to ∼1 W. LEDs with 12- to 14-nm-thick single quantum wells were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on a free-standing semipolar

GaN substrate. Packaged devices showed an external quantum efficiency of 42.3% at 20 A/cm2 with a negligible efficiency droop up to 991 mW at 900 mA. At 900 mA, the thermal droop and hot/cold factor were 8.2% and 0.92, respectively. The adoption of a thick active region resulted in excellent optical and thermal performance characteristics that are suitable for high-power lighting applications.
Strain evolution of epitaxial tetragonal-like BiFeO3 thin films on LaAlO3(001) substrates prepared by sputtering and their bulk photovoltaic effect
Authors: Nakashima Seiji , Uchida Tomohisa , Doi Kentaro , Saitoh Koh , Fujisawa Hironori , Sakata Osami , Katsuya Yoshio , Tanaka Nobuo , Shimizu Masaru
Published: September 2016

The structural evolution of high-quality 3.3–73.2-nm-thick tetragonal-like BiFeO3 (T-BFO) thin films grown on LaAlO3(001) substrates and the bulk photovoltaic effect of the films were investigated. The T-BFO films were grown by rf magnetron sputtering, showing the Peudellösung fringes around the T-BFO (001) diffraction peak in X-ray diffraction θ–2θ patterns. These indicate the structural coherence between the surface and the interface in the surface normal direction of the films. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy reveal that the lattice relaxation behavior from the MA monoclinic to MC monoclinic structure occurs as the film thickness increases. The domain structure was partly controlled by using a vicinal LAO (001) substrate along [100]. Regarding the current–voltage characteristics of the Pt/T-BFO/Pt coplanar capacitor under violet laser illumination, T-BFO films show an anomalous photovoltaic effect with an open-circuit voltage of 6.1 V and a short-circuit current of −290 pA along the [100]T-BFO direction.
Mechanism of drag coefficient saturation at strong wind speeds
Authors: Takagaki Naohisa , Komori Satoru , Suzuki Naoya , Iwano Koji , Kurose Ryoichi
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have demonstrated the saturation of drag coefficients at strong wind speeds. But the mechanism behind this saturation has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, at normal and strong wind speeds, we use a wind‐wave tank for investigating the peak enhancement factor of the wind‐sea spectrum, which is an appropriate wave parameter for representing interfacial flatness. We measured the water‐level fluctuation using wave gauges. At strong wind speeds, the result shows that the peak enhancement factor of the wind‐sea spectrum decreases with decreasing inverse wave age and with increasing wind speed. This suggests that the distinctive wind‐wave breaking occurs at strong wind speeds. It also suggests that this distinctive breaking of wind waves causes the saturation of drag coefficients at strong wind speeds.
RBSPICE measurement of ion loss during the 2015 March storm: Adiabatic response to the geomagnetic field change
Authors: Soto‐Chavez A. R. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Gerrard A. , Kim H. , Bortnik J. , Manweiler J. W.
Published: September 2016

A strongly energy‐dependent ring current ion loss was measured by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument on the Van Allen Probes A spacecraft in the local evening sector during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm. The ion loss is found to be energy dependent where only ions with energies measured above ∼ 150 keV have a significant drop in intensity. At these energies the ion dynamics are principally controlled by variations of the geomagnetic field which, during magnetic storms, exhibits large‐scale variations on time scales from minutes to hours. Here we show that starting from ∼19:10 UTC on 17 March the geomagnetic field increased from 220 to 260 nT on a time scale of about an hour as captured by RBSPICE‐A close to spacecraft apogee, L = 6.1 and magnetic local time (MLT) = 21.85 h (GSM coordinates X =− 4.89, Y = 3.00, and Z =− 0.73). We demonstrate the relationship between this large geomagnetic field increase and the dropouts of the
150 keV ring current ions.
Nonvolatile Random Access Memory and Energy Storage Based on Antiferroelectric Like Hysteresis in ZrO2
Authors: Pešić Milan , Hoffmann Michael , Richter Claudia , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe
Published: September 2016

To date antiferroelectrics have not been considered as nonvolatile memory elements because a removal of the external field causes a depolarization, resulting in a loss of the stored information. In comparison to ferroelectrics, antiferroelectrics are known for their enhanced fatigue resistance. Therefore, the main scope of this study is the development of a new memory device concept that would enable the usage of antiferroelectrics as a nonvolatile material with improved wake‐up and enhanced endurance properties. Recent studies have shown antiferroelectric behavior in ZrO2, a material that is widely used in semiconductor industry, especially in dynamic random access memories. The basis of the new concept is the antiferroelectric hysteresis combined with the use of different workfunction electrodes that induce an internal bias field. Utilizing this approach, the field cycling endurance is drastically improved. Combining a comprehensive material study and electrical trap spectroscopy together with Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire formalism, a proof of concept for a novel antiferroelectric random access memory is presented. For implementing a nonvolatile random access memory, the capacitors have to be realized in a 3D integrated version. These 3D integrated ZrO2 capacitors can be used as energy storage devices as well, showing record high energy storage density and very high energy efficiency values.
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Current Status and New Strategies Using Polymeric Materials
Authors: Pinho Ana C. , Fonseca Ana C. , Serra Arménio C. , Santos José D. , Coelho Jorge F. J.
Published: September 2016

Experiments concerning peripheral nerve regeneration have been reported since the end of the 19th century. The need to implement an effective surgical procedure in terms of functional recovery has resulted in the appearance of several approaches to solve this problem. Nerve autograft was the first approach studied and is still considered the gold standard. Since autografts require donor harvesting, other strategies involving the use of natural materials have also been studied. Nevertheless, the results were not very encouraging and attention has moved towards the use of nerve conduits made from polymers, whose properties can be easily tailored and which allow the nerve conduit to be easily processed into a variety of shapes and forms. Some of these materials are already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as is presented here. Furthermore, polymers with conductive properties have very recently been subject to intensive study in this field, since it is believed that such properties have a positive influence in the regeneration of the new axons. This manuscript intends to give a global view of the mechanisms involved in peripheral nerve regeneration and the main strategies used to recover motor and sensorial function of injured nerves.
Highly stable hydrophobic SiNCO nanoparticle‐modified silicon nitride membrane for zero‐discharge water desalination
Authors: Wang Jun‐Wei , Li Lin , Gu Jian‐Qiang , Yang Ming‐Ye , Xu Xin , Chen Chu‐Sheng , Wang Huan‐Ting , Agathopoulos Simeon
Published: September 2016

Membrane distillation water desalination can attain a significantly higher water recovery than reverse osmosis, while the lack of stable hydrophobic membranes limits its commercial applications. This article presents the preparation of a new hydrophobic membrane by modifying a porous Si3N4 substrate with vesicular SiNCO nano‐particles. The membrane had a water contact angle of 142°, due to the presence of –Si–CH3 terminal groups and the high surface roughness. The contact angle remained nearly the same after exposures of the membrane to boiling water, aqueous solutions with pH ranging from 2 to 12, and benzene. The membrane exhibited satisfactory water desalination performance on highly concentrated NaCl solutions and simulated seawater. With the highly stable membrane, it is promising to develop a zero‐discharge water desalination process for simultaneous production of fresh water for daily uses and brine for industrial uses. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1272–1277, 2017
A Formal Synthesis of Komaroviquinone: Use of a Pt‐Catalyzed Hydrative Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Piao Lanhua , Jung Jaemun , Kim Jaewoong
Published: September 2016

A formal synthesis of komaroviquinone has been accomplished by utilizing the Pt‐catalyzed hydrative cyclization of an enynal that was easily prepared in a convergent manner. The Pt‐catalyzed hydrative cyclization reaction afforded the corresponding tricyclic product, which was utilized in the synthesis of a known precursor that led to the formation of komaroviquinone through an additional four‐step synthesis.
Hybrid Bilayer WSe2–CH3NH3PbI3 Organolead Halide Perovskite as a High‐Performance Photodetector
Authors: Lu Junpeng , Carvalho Alexandra , Liu Hongwei , Lim Sharon Xiaodai , Castro Neto Antonio H. , Sow Chorng Haur
Published: September 2016

A high‐performance 2D photodetector based on a bilayer structure comprising a WSe2 monolayer and CH3NH3PbI3 organolead halide perovskite is reported. High performance is realized by modification of the WSe2 monolayer with laser healing and perovskite functionalization. After modification, the output of the device was three orders of magnitude better than the pristine device; the performance is superior to that of most of the 2D photodetectors based on transition‐metal‐dichalcogenides (TMDs). This result indicates that combinatory TMDs–halide perovskite hybrids can be promising building blocks in optoelectronics.
General, Highly Selective Synthesis of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Difunctionalized Building Blocks by Regiodivergent Epoxide Opening
Authors: Funken Nico , Mühlhaus Felix , Gansäuer Andreas
Published: September 2016

We describe a regiodivergent epoxide opening (REO) featuring a catalyst‐controlled synthesis of enantiomerically and diastereomerically highly enriched or pure syn‐ and anti‐ 1,3‐ and 1,4‐difunctionalized building blocks from a common epoxide precursor. The REO is attractive for natural product synthesis and as a branching reaction for diversity‐oriented synthesis with epoxides.
Graphane Nanostripes
Authors: Wang Lu , Sofer Zdeněk , Bouša Daniel , Sedmidubský David , Huber Štěpán , Matějková Stanislava , Michalcová Alena , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2016

Graphane, the hydrogenated counterpart of graphene, was shown to exhibit properties such as tunable band gaps through varied degrees of hydrogenation, fluorescence, or ferromagnetism. Graphane nanostripe properties have also been theoretically predicted. Herein, we show that graphane nanostripes can be prepared by opening carbon nanotubes using Birch reduction in liquid ammonia utilizing potassium as a reducing agent and water as a proton donor. The prepared graphane nanostripes exhibit several exceptional properties when coupled with trace metal dopants. The interplay of metallic nanoparticles and defects lead to a spin polarization and induction of ferromagnetic moment, as well as to enhanced electrocatalytic properties in the hydrogen evolution reaction when compared to non‐hydrogenated carbon nanotubes.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Hydroxylation of Cage B−H Bonds of o‐Carboranes with O2 or Air
Authors: Lyu Hairong , Quan Yangjian , Xie Zuowei
Published: September 2016

A rhodium‐catalyzed hydroxylation of a cage B4−H bond in o‐carboranes with either O2 or air as the oxygen source is described, and serves as a new methodology for the regioselective generation of a series of 4‐OH‐o‐carboranes in a one‐pot process. The use of either O2 or air as both the oxidant and the oxygen source makes this protocol very environmentally friendly and practical.
Functionalization of Recombinant Amelogenin Nanospheres Allows Their Binding to Cellulose Materials
Authors: Butler Samuel J. , Bülow Leif , Bonde Johan
Published: September 2016

Protein engineering to functionalize the self‐assembling enamel matrix protein amelogenin with a cellulose binding domain (CBD) is used. The purpose is to examine the binding of the engineered protein, rh174CBD, to cellulose materials, and the possibility to immobilize self‐assembled amelogenin nanospheres on cellulose. rh174CBD assembled to nanospheres ≈35 nm in hydrodynamic diameter, very similar in size to wild type amelogenin (rh174). Uniform particles are formed at pH 10 for both rh174 and rh174CBD, but only rh174CBD nanospheres showes significant binding to cellulose (Avicel). Cellulose binding of rh174CBD is promoted when the protein is self‐assembled to nanospheres, compared to being in a monomeric form, suggesting a synergistic effect of the multiple CBDs on the nanospheres. The amount of bound rh174CBD nanospheres reached ≈15 mg/g Avicel, which corresponds to 4.2 to 6.3 × 10−7 mole/m2. By mixing rh174 and rh174CBD, and then inducing self‐assembly, composite nanospheres with a high degree of cellulose binding can be formed, despite a lower proportion of rh174CBD. This demonstrates that amelogenin variants like rh174 can be incorporated into the nanospheres, and still retain most of the binding to cellulose. Engineered amelogenin nanoparticles can thus be utilized to construct a range of new cellulose based hybrid materials, e.g. for wound treatment.
Biosynthesis of poly(2‐hydroxyisovalerate‐co‐lactate) by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Yang Jung Eun , Kim Je Woong , Oh Young Hoon , Choi So Young , Lee Hyuk , Park A‐Reum , Shin Jihoon , Park Si Jae , Lee Sang Yup
Published: September 2016

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) containing 2‐hydroxyacids such as lactate (LA) and 2‐hydroxybutyrate (2HB) have recently been produced by metabolically engineered microorganisms. Here, we further expanded 2‐hydroxyacid monomer spectrum of PHAs by engineering Escherichia coli to produce PHAs containing 2‐hydroxyisovalerate (2HIV). To generate 2HIV in vivo, feedback resistant ilvBNmut genes encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase and ilvCD genes encoding ketol‐acid reductoisomerase and dihydroxyacid dehydratase, respectively, and panE gene encoding d‐2‐hydroxyacid dehydrogenase are overexpressed. Also, pct540 gene encoding evolved propionyl‐CoA transferase and phaC1437 gene encoding evolved PHA synthase are overexpressed along with ilvBNmut, ilvCD, and panE genes in E. coli strain for in vivo synthesis of 2HIV containing PHAs. E. coli strain expressing all of these genes can produce poly(13.2 mol% 2HIV‐co‐7.5 mol% 2HB‐co‐42.5 mol% 3HB‐co‐36.8 mol% LA) when it is cultured in a chemically defined medium containing 20 g/L of glucose and 2 g/L of sodium 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3HB). To produce PHA containing only 2HIV and LA monomers, poxB, pflB, adhE and frdB genes encoding enzymes involved in competing pathways for pyruvate are deleted so that cells can generate more 2HIV and LA. When this engineered E. coli strain expressing ilvBNmut, ilvCD, panE, pct540 and phaC1437 genes is cultured in the medium containing 20 g/L of glucose and 2 mM l‐isoleucine, which can inhibit l‐threonine dehydratase responsible for in vivo 2HB generation, poly(20 mol% 2HIV‐co‐80 mol% LA) can be produced to the polymer content of 9.6% w/w. These results suggest that novel PHAs containing 2HIV can be produced by engineering branched‐chain amino acid metabolism.