bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Mathematics as a part of the New Education,"Its Nature and Function"
Authors: Downey Walter F.
Published: January 2021

When we consider the present tendency in secondary mathematics as a reorganized subject in the newer curriculum, we are immediately impressed by the increased stress on the human phase of the subject. During the last quarter of a century, in our constant effort for sound progress, our best guide has been the pupil. Mathematics is to-day making a greater contribution because of this changed emphasis. Our present program definitely calls for the adaptation of the subject to the child. Considerations of his interests, tastes, capacities, life situations, and civic needs to-day, as never before, are the determining factors in the revision of curricula, reorganization of courses of study and textbooks, as well as the basic guide in the newer technique of instruction.
Mathematics and Modern Life
Authors: Barber Harry C.
Published: January 2021

Present day demands that each subject justify its existence in the school curriculum are so well known as to need no review in this paper. The bearing of these demands on mathematics, however, presents an interesting situation when considered in relation to the increasing importance of mathematics in modern civilization. It is a curious phenomenon that mathematics should be challenged just at this time when its value in the world is greater and more apparent than ever before. This challenge docs not so much question the value of mathematics itself as the objl?ctives of ntathematics teaching, the content of mathematics courses, and the methods of presentation. The mathematics of the secondary school may well be criticized as being too mechanical, too much concerned with technique, too little concerned with the true kernel of the subject. The leaders within the field of mathematics teaching are in hearty accord with these criticisms, and they are making a constant battle against (1) too meagre a definition of mathematics and too narrow a concept of its possibilities, (2) the use of obsolescent material, (3) the rote method of presentation.
The Formula in Secondary Education
Authors: Bigelow O. H.
Published: January 2021

We all know that due to external pressure the Mathematical Association of America appointed a committee called the National Committee on Mathematical Requirements and that this committee made recommendations for the reorganization of mathematics in secondary education. Through external pressure, I say, this was brought about; for either mathematicians were too near to be able to focus on the large defects that appeared to outsiders or were too busy amplifying and extending the knowledge brought down from the ancients to realize that times were changing and that if we were to give every child a high school education, we must use a different procedure from that of the old world where only a select class receive a broad education.
Ability Classification in Ninth Grade Algebra
Authors: Mensenkamp L. E.
Published: January 2021

Certain tendencies which have long been operating in our schools have by their cumulative effect brought about a change in the ninth grade school population which has made classification into ability groups and other devices for adjusting instruction to the varying needs of the individual pupil more important than ever before.
Grouping in Geometry Classes
Authors: Weissman H.
Published: January 2021

The most important problem in our present system of mass education is that of adjusting instruction to -suit the individual pupil. Our uniform “whole-class” method of instruction is designed for the “average pupil.” The tendency to group together pupils of widely differing abilities brings about a situation where a lesson, which is too short for some, is too long for others. The more gifted pupil is deprived of the opportunity for his full development since he is not called upon to do his utmost, and therefore marks time. The less gifted pupil, on the other hand, being forced to compete with the brighter, becomes discouraged, develops the feeling of inferiority and habits of failure.
Human Interest put into Mathematics
Authors: Leacock Stephen
Published: January 2021

The student of arithmetic who has successfully striven with money sums and fractions, finds himself. confronted by an unbroken expanse of questions known as problems. These are short stodcs of adventure and industry with the end omitted, and though betraying a strong family resemblance, are not without a certain element of romance.
Selecting Tests for Measuring Achievement in High School Mathematics
Authors: Desing Minerva
Published: January 2021

In the early days of education, testing was almost a sort of contest between the teacher and the student. The teacher chose his questions with malice aforethought, and the student, in a mental perspiration, sought to acquit himself with as little dishonor as possible. The test offered defiance to the pupil to prove that he knew whereof he spoke. The attitude of both pupils and teachers has undergone considerable chauge since those days. The introduction of new-type examinations has gone far towards eliminating the fear of tests and the actual physical distress of testing periods from the experience of pupils. But we are here concerned with the attitude of the teacher. For her also testing has takeu on a new meaning. The test is no longer an "instrument of torture," but a teaching device. We do not test to prove' how little the pupil knows, but to determine whathe knows and if possible why be does not know more. Education has been defined as the effecting of desirable changes in the pupil. To do this we must put knowledge, ideals, attitudes and the like where there were none before, or modify those already existing. It then becomes necessary for us to know what is in the minds we are to change. And this is to be discovered by testing alone. It is of no avail to teach the student what he knows. We must teach him what he does not know. And in order to keep track of the changes that have been brought about, we must resort to frequent testing.
Geometry as Preparation for College
Authors: Longley W. R.
Published: January 2021

In considering the role played by geometry in the preparation of candidates for college work, let us first ask if the present training is satisfactory. Does it meet the tests mentioned by Professor Jackson in his statement of the essentials given in The Mathematics Teacher last December? To answer this question I can give the direct testimony of only a comparatively small number of college teachers of mathematics, but the silence of hundreds of others may be taken to mean general assent.
Professors of Education and Their Academic Colleagues
Authors: Bagley William C.
Published: January 2021

An Outstanding feature of the present educational situation in the United States is the almost exclusive control of educational policies and programs in the lower schools by what I may call the "educational generalists." These comprise the professors of education in our universities, colleges, and teacher-training institutions, together with administrators, supervisors, and research-workers in the publicschool service. The latter groups, in ever increasing numbers, represen in their attitude toward educational problems the traditions and ideals of the professors of education who are increasingly responsible for their training; hence the professor of education, in the last analysis, is the controlling agent. With the growth of his influence, the subject- matter specialists - the scholars in the differentiated fields of knowledge-have a constantly diminishing influence in determining where our educational system will go and how it will get there.
Mathematics and World History
Authors: L. Schaaf William
Published: January 2021

A Suggestive if not unique interpretation of the history of mathematics is that proposed by Oswald Spengler in the first volume of his Decline of the West, in the chapter entitled "The Meaning of Numbers." This explanation, which might be termed a morpltological interpretation, is based on the thesis that every outstanding culture is (or was) an organic structure; as such, every culture has its own mathematic, which is a morphological and distinctive characterization of that culture. Accordingly, the so-called growth of mathematics throughout the ages has not been a continuous, homogeneous and cumulative development. Furthermore, the particular "mathematic" of any given culture is inherently a necessary part of that culture, an expression of its world-being, just as its literature, music, art and morals are also an intrinsic part of that culture. In short, the mathematic of a culture is the culmination of the symbolic expression of the soul and spirit of that culture.
History of Mathematics in the Classroom
Authors: Wiltshire Bernice
Published: January 2021

I Was Recently confronted with the assertion that teachers of mathematics would soon be seeking other fields as that subject was fast approaching a state of obsoleteness in the high school curriculum. This was of course an extreme view but nevertheless in line with the trend of opinion that makes necessary the justifying of the place of mathematics by reorganized and enriched teaching that will be adequate for our present type of high school pupil.
Laboratory Work in Geometry
Authors: McDill R. M.
Published: January 2021

Two questions are raised by our subject: first, is it possible to teach geometry as a laboratory science and, if so, is it desirable? With certain limitations, my conclusion is that we may answer both of these questions in the affirmative.
New Books
Authors: Simons Lao G.
Published: January 2021

This work attempts to answer the question: “What was taught in elementary algebra in the past, not just in the immediate past, but approximately since algebra has been a high school subject?“ It attempts to answer this question in so far as an answer is contained in the contemporary algebra textbooks of the various decades since the inception of the high school movement. A total of 257 books by 158 authors constitutes the basis of the study. These are listed in a bibliography in the appendix and show the wide range of the study.
Consumers Uses of Arithmetic Again
Authors: Bowden A. O.
Published: January 2021

The article written by Professor C. N. Shuster and printed in The Mathematics Teacher for March, 1930, which purports to be a "review" of my dissertation, "Consumers Uses of Arithmetic," calls for a reply. The "review" is more of a defense of the vocation of mathematics teachers than a thorough, unbiased review of a piece of educational research.
Understanding and Mechanical Performance in Algebra
Authors: Breslich E. R.
Published: January 2021

Every new study of the results obtained by pupils in algebra adds further evidence to the findings of former studies that pupils master surprisingly little of the subject matter and processes taught in that course. Teachers of mathematics have not been indifferent to this problem. Efforts to solve it have been in the direction of giving an increasing amount of attention to such measures as supervision of pupils at study, careful rationalization of concepts and processes, development of generalization, provision for individual differences, and scientific administration of practice and drill. However, they seem to have accomplished little toward correcting the situation.
What Modern School Administration Expects of High School Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Lambert Jackson L.
Published: January 2021

Accepting the modern dictum that all school teachers, high or elementary, are teachers of children rather than teachers of subjects, there is the added responsibility of teaching children something. Hence, there exists some 25 per cent of the total high school staff whose efforts are devoted to assisting pupils to a degree of mastery of elementary mathematics. To be able to perform this function the teacher of high school mathematics must make an appropriate preparation.
Functional Geometry
Authors: Salkind Charles
Published: January 2021

Perhaps the coincidence of the appearence of the article by Barnet Rudman, “The Future Geometry,” in the January, 1932, issue of this magazine with a similar article in preparation by the writer himself is not so strange after all. The big issue raised by Mr. Rudman is, or should be, uppermost in the minds of mathematics teachers. Training in reasoning is the premier of our objectives in the teaching of geometry. We justify the inclusion of this subject in the curriculum largely by the alleged or actual benefits to be derived from the ability to do postulational reasoning, the ability to select proper standards of logic, the ability to detect false conclusions, the ability to interpret results properly, and so forth. These are our trump cards in meeting the opposition of the Sneddens.
The Function Concept in Algebra
Authors: Longley W. R.
Published: January 2021

No general movement in education has introduced details which were new to all teachers. When the name of Montessori was in all of the newspapers as the prophet of new and better things in elementary education I recall a letter from a somewhat indignant teacher in a small school in Mississippi asserting that she had always used the identical methods that were making the Italian teacher famous. I have no doubt that many secondary school teachers made use of the function concept years before it was brought to general attention in the report of the National Committee on the Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education. The material in this report was widely circulated, was discussed in meetings all over the country, and quite generally approved before publication. Yet it has failed to produce the maximum beneficial effect. Too many teachers who really approve of the function concept in theory find difficulty in the practical classroom application. Only a few months ago an experienced teacher in one of the large New England high schools referred to the topic as “collegiate.” She could perfectly well omit it from the text which she was using, but she wanted it cut out of the text so that she would not have to omit it.
The Principle of Fractions in Arithmetic
Authors: Stelson H. E.
Published: January 2021

Observations made during several years of teaching in college have convinced me that freshmen have less knowledge of fractions than should normally be expected. This deficiency has undoubtedly been a major cause for the failure of freshmen1 to master either the art of verifying trigonometric identities or that of manipulating algebraic formulas. This lack of ability to work examples in fractions was very forcibly brought to my attention in teaching the content of arithmetic to students who were preparing to teach in elementary schools. Examinations showed that their ability in working fractions had probably deteriorated since they had left the elementary school.
Sir Isaac Newton
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

Newton … declared, with all his grand discoveries recent, That he himself felt “only like a youth Picking up shells by the great ocean ‘truth’.”
Daily Testing
Authors: Blaisdell Walter H.
Published: January 2021

The content material of this article is intended to demonstrate that daily testing can be made to serve several purposes, i.e., to educate the pupil not to waste his time, to induce him to evaluate his past performance and to develop original thought. The experiment which has furnished the material for this article was and is being performed with various ninth grade algebra classes, has thus far covered somewhat more than four years in time and is, as yet, far from being complete. These classes consist, for the most part, of pupils of foreign parentage, having low reading quotients in comparison with their intelligence quotients. The outstanding characteristics of such pupils indicate that they do not know how to use their time to good advantage, but that they show a decidedly favorable response to the stimulations offered in the procedure outlined below.
Does Mathematics Condition Human Progress?
Authors: Mitchell U. G.
Published: January 2021

Empirical Basis of Mathematics. The fact that mathematics originated in human experience leads us to wonder if mathematics, in its entirety, is not merely the abstract form of the world about us. Not the abstract form of the world of physical phenomena alone, to be sure, but of the logical and psychological phenomena of the intellectual world as well.
Secondary School Mathematics and the Changing Curriculum
Authors: Breslich E. R.
Published: January 2021

The curriculum must be adapted to the changes in the social order. -The American high school developed out of the needs of society and its rapid growth is accounted for to a large degree by the constant endeavor to serve the needs of society. The number of pupils has increased at a rate passing all expectation until now more than half of the population of high school age is enrolled in the secondary school. Not many years ago it was an unusual event when a member of the family graduated from the high school. Today the family expects all of the children to become high school graduates and, if the family income permits, to assist them to go to college. In the present depression when jobs are few many high school graduates are appealing to the school to help them change enforced idleness into an opportunity for further education and improvement. They are asking for readmission, and the disappointment is keen when they find that the schools are not able to accommodate them.
Report of the Committee on Individual Differences
Authors: Schorling Raleigh
Published: January 2021

Orientation. In 1926 the Committe on the Reorganization of Secondary School Curricula, of the North Central Association, appointed a subcommittee for mathematics. The general purpose of this committee concerned the enrichment of high school curricula. The committee attempted to list the specific objectives under the headings health, leisure time, social, and vocational.
Official Notice
Authors: Schreiber Edwin W.
Published: January 2021

As Secretary of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, I officially announce the annual election of certain officers of the National Council, said election to take Place at Cleveland, Ohio, on Friday, February 23, 1934. Article III, Section 7 of the by-laws states: “At least two months before the date of the annual meeting, all members shall be given the opportunity through announcement in the official journal to suggest by mail for the guidance of the Directors a candidate for each elective office for the ensuing year. At least one month before the annual meeting the Secretary of the Board of Directors shall send to each member an official ballot giving the name of two candidates for each office to be filled. These candidates shall be selected by a nominating committee of the Board of which the Secretary shall be chairman. The election shall be by mail or in person and shall close on the date of the annual meeting.”
Teaching an Appreciation of Mathematics: The Need of Reorganization in Geometry
Authors: Stabler E. Russell
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to do three things: first, to present a modern point of view concerning the nature of mathematics; second, to mention some defects in the typical organization of subject matter in high school plane geometry from this point of view; third, to suggest a reorganization of geometry subject matter which may permit a better appreciation of the nature of mathematics than the typical organization.
George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

It was in the year 1734 that Bishop Berkeley made his famous attack upon the doctrine of fluxions, which was the starting-point of all philosophical discussion of the new mathematics in England during the eighteenth century.* Bishop Berkeley is better known as a philosopher and as a theologian than as a mathematician. Yet the publication of his essay The Analyst has been characterized as “the most spectacular event of the century in the history of British mathematics.** And present day students will be interested in this two hundred year old attack on the methods of the calculus.
Development of Mathematics in Secondary Schools of the United States
Authors: Wren F. L. , McDonough H. B.
Published: January 2021

The early settlers of the American colonies were influenced by the educational principles and practices of the countries from which they had come, and these educational policies had, in turn, evolved under the influence of the Renaissance and Reformation. These two movements had co-operated in fostering a new liberal education which “implied the intellectual, moral, esthetic, and physical development of the individual for true fulfillment of complete life as a citizen.”1 This, under the influence of the times, meant a linguistic type of education, the language being Latin. The curricula of the schools were thus organized to conform to the objectives which this ideal fostered. Various formulations of these objectives may be found in the literature of the time.
New Books
Authors: Tyler H. W.
Published: January 2021

AM anual of Thesis Writing. (For Graduates and Undergraduates). By Arthur H. Cole and Karl W. Bigelow. John Wiley and Sons, 1934, IX+48. Price, $0.75.
Why Teach Geometry?
Authors: Sanford Vera
Published: January 2021

Some years ago, a visitor questioned a class in plane geometry asking what benefit they had received or expected to receive from their study. The pupils gave the customary answers: the uses of geometry in the arts and in science, contact with an ancient body of knowledge, and a possible vague benefit to their minds. The visitor parried each reply with the proper time-honored criticism and then one student blurted out “I like geometry because it gives me mental satisfaction.”
Travel Motivates Mathematics
Authors: Moore Eoline Wallace
Published: January 2021

A junior high school teacher who brought back some coins when she went abroad last year helped her pupils to build an interesting unit around problems of foreign money. The study of foreign exchange is especially timely, but sometimes bard to make interesting. But it took on new and unusual interest when actual money from many lands was handled.
A High School Teacher's View on the Training of Teachers of Secondary Mathematics
Authors: Hildebrandt Martha
Published: January 2021

One hears so much about changing the curriculum; about introducing into our high schools new courses, in some of which the subject matter is embarrassingly vague; about tests and measuremepts and laboratories to help the pupil adjust himself…. I hesitate, unable to choose a word for that to which the pupil must adjust himself and not at all certain just what the pupil has to adjust. One reads about differentiated courses and incidentally also about integrating courses. Is it not possible that each new fashion in education is just another attempt to improve the teaching in the schools of the respective states from which you and I come.
A Short Algebra Program for a P.T.A. Open House Meeting
Authors: Briggs Dorothy F.
Published: January 2021

In the fall of each year, the P.T.A. of Northeast Junior High School, Kansas City, Missouri sponsors an Open House night meeting, at which, after a short program in the auditorium, each parent follows his child's schedule of classes for fifteen minute periods. In each class period, the “pupils” of the evening have a chance to meet their “teachers” and to gain some small idea of the courses for which they are “enrolled.”
Permanency of Retention of learning in Secondary School Mathematics
Authors: Douglass Harl R.
Published: January 2021

There have been many statements and disagreements and a few investigations relative to the proportions of high school mathematics once learned which will be remembered after the passage of various amounts of time.
Some Observations on Teaching Percentage
Authors: Butler Charles H.
Published: January 2021

Percentage is without doubt one of the most widely used applications of arithmetic. If, on the grounds of universal practical direct utility, a case can be made for any part of secondary school mathematics, then certainly such a case can be made for percentage. Without some understanding of it, it is impossible to perform such simple and universally useful activities us computing interest, determining discounts, and making simple routine comparisons of quantitative data. Even the intelligent perusal of the daily paper requires an understanding of percentage. Aside from the fundamental processes themselves, percentage probably has more widespread and direct applications to the ordinary affairs of all people than any other special topic in the whole range of mathematics.
Teachers’ Salaries and Cost of living
Authors: Arnett L. D.
Published: January 2021

Within the last decade several important investigations have been made bearing on the question of teachers’ salaries. As a result a very considerable amount of data has been collected which indicates the position the teacher occupies in the class of salaried and wage-earning people and also to some extent the status of the teaching profession. The facts thus brought together have served a good purpose, because they have in general directed attention to some of the obstacles in the way of a teaching profession, among which may be mentioned low salaries, insecurity of the teaching position, and the short annual school term.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Jabb Maurice J.
Published: January 2021

The methods spoken of in Mr. Hart’s paper are excellent. The addition and subtraction method can be used even in Arithmetic, if the numbers to be factored are large. This method, however, allows still farther development.
Training for Efficiency in Elementary Mathematics
Authors: Koch E. H.
Published: January 2021

To-day the dominant note in education is efficiency. It is fitting therefore that we should consider the factors for training in efficiency in elementary mathematics. The work of this association like that of kindred societies affords the best opportunity for promoting efficiency. In this respect our work does not differ from the main work of every other world movement as manifested in the conventions and meetings of men with their coworkers. In fact the agitations for improvement in the teaching of mathematics is as you know but one phase of a perplexity which confronts every field of human activity.
An Arithmetical Test in Three Philadelphia High Schools
Authors: Rorer Jonathan H.
Published: January 2021

It has often been stated that the modern high school pupil does not possess ordinary skill in the common arithmetical processes. He has met unfavorable criticism in this respect not only from the college professor, who reports him unable to perform correctly the easy numerical work of the laboratory, but also from the man of business who frequently claims that the high school boy who finds his way into commercial life, cannot even add, subtract, multiply and divide.
From Interest to Interest
Authors: Weiner M.
Published: January 2021

It is common knowledge that very few students find great interest in a subject that is presented mechanically and which shows no immediate practical value to the student. Students of education know, too, that mathematics though full of philosophical implications, cultural possibilities, logical development, dynamic content, and with numerous practical applications, is the “butt” of attack by many people and is slowly being relegated to the scrap heap, as were Latin and Greek. With this situation staring me in the face for many years, I finally made an honest attempt through one of my students to develop a greater interest in the subject, and thus to inculcate a higher desire to understand the subject better.
Teaching for Transfer of Training in Mathematics
Authors: Hedrick E. R.
Published: January 2021

1. Introduction. Transfer of training has been much discussed. The usual discusions are concerned with the transfer of factual knowledge, or of skills, or of types of abilities, to other fields than that in which they were acquired, or to life. Thus one rnquires whether at raining in logical thinking (gained, say, in the study of plane geometry) “transfers” to such fields as law, or economics, or diplomacy.
The Relationship Between Vocabulary and Ability in first Year Algebra
Authors: Buckingham Guy E.
Published: January 2021

Positive relationsbip bas been shown between the elimination of errors in the processes of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of monomials and the ability to solve the more complex problems in first year Algebra.1 The relationship between silent reading ability and ability in first year Algebra has been demonstrated to be low but positive.2 A careful interpretation of these studies leads one to conclude that other factors are present to help or hinder the learning process in beginning Algebra.
Greetings to My Friends of the National Council
Authors: Slaught Herbert Ellsworth
Published: January 2021

When I was asked to send this message to you, I was wamed that it would not sound natural without a joke and a laugh from me. Well, here is a joke that has never been in print, not even in the Literary Digest. Way back in the early eighties the President of Colgate University, who was an austere man of powerful physique and commanding presence, and who considered himself the personal guardian of the college boys, was the originator of many a unique saying current on the campus, of which the following is a sample:
The Art of Teaching A New Department
Authors: Larson Clara
Published: January 2021

With the change in the philosophy of education and with mathematics on the defensive, I found it necessary to change my method of teaching geometry and to stimulate interest in the subject. I found it necessary to connect geometry with daily life and to have activities suited to the needs, in terests, and abilities of the pupils.
Providing for Individual Needs in Mathematics
Authors: Mallory Virgil S.
Published: January 2021

As high school teachers of mathematics we are aware of the necessity for providing for differences in the abilities of the pupil in our high school clases. We know how much these abilities vary even in preumably homogeneos groups. The best pupil in a class can do, with accuracy, nearly twice as much work as another pupil in that same class and yet both of them would be classified as bright pupils. The variation in a presumably homogeneous slow group is much greater and when we realize that in an unselected group both the brightest and the slowest may be preent, it seems evident that no mere differentiation of work in a single class can possibly provide for the wide variations in interest, in abilities, and in needs of all the pupils at present in high school. The only way that adequate provision can be made is through a revision of the course of study in mathematics. In making this revision we shall have to bear in mind not only the needs of that large group of pupils for whom we baYe been steadily simplifying our courses in mathematics but also the needs of that smaller group whose native intelligence gives promise of leadership.
Linkages
Authors: Hilsenrath Joseph
Published: January 2021

There is probably no construction in geometry which is so readily acceptable as that of drawing the straight line. Although Euclid postulated this construction in 300 B.C., it was not until over 2000 years had elapsed that a mechanical device was invented for making the construction. Euclidian geometry is based upon two fundamental postulates: first, that it is possible to draw a straight line between two points, second, that a circle can be drawn with any point as center and any line as radius. The second construction (postulate 3) is easy to make. Take any object, however irregular its shape, preferably fiat but not necessarily so; choose any point on its surface, such as A, and thereafter cause that point to remain fixed at the required center in the plane. Choose another point B at the required distance from the first; cause the second point to move freely about the first, and the locus described by it will be a circle with A as center and AB as radius. (See figure 1.)
Random Notes on Geometry Teaching
Authors: Barber Harry C.
Published: January 2021

The now-popular educational doctrine,—teach less mathematics; teach something that will make better citizens-is already diminishing the enrollment in secondary school geometry. Perhaps the enrollment in geometry ought to be reduced; perhaps, in this age, that would be a serious blunder; perhaps it makes lit tle difference either way.
A New Committee on Arithmetic
Authors: Morton R. L.
Published: January 2021

In February, 1930, the National Society for the Study of Education presented its well known Twenty-ninth Yearbook at the annual meeting which was held that year at Atlantic City. The Twenty-ninth Yearbook contains in some seven hundred pages the report of the Society's Committee on Arithmetic. There is much valuable material in the Twenty-nint h Yearbook. Part I devotes six chapters to “Some Aspects of Moderu Thought on Arithmetic.” Part II reports in 14 chapters a series of research studies in arithmetic. There is no doubt that this yearbook has had a large influence on the construction of courses of study and the writing of textbooks. Also, supervisors and teachers who read the yearbook have reflected its influence in teaching practices. However, as the Reviewing Committee points out in its 29–page Critique, emphasis in the yearbook is largely upon the computational function. Little attent ion is given to other functions of arithmetic instruction, notably the informational function, the sociological function, and the psychological function. Furthermore, the research studies quite naturally include what the Committee was able to collect and do not rover the subject at all completely.
Suggestions For Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Austin C. M.
Published: January 2021

The teacher is the most important factor in our scheme of education. James A. Garfield is reported to have said that Mark Hopkins on one end of a log and a boy on the other end made a school. Fine buildings and fine equipment are splendid helps but without the inspired and enthusiastic teacher they are nothing. There is no substitu te for good teaching. Even lazy and indifferent pupils are oftentimes roused out of their indifference and lethargy by a real teacher. In his hands the seemingly dry bones of the subject will glow and take on the forms of life.
The Art of Teaching A Christmas Project
Authors: Batz Muriel
Published: January 2021

About a week before Christmas members of the Mathematics Club decided they would like a Christmas tree for their next meeting. Several boys volunteered to pick it out and supply a holder for it. They made a wise selection for they carried a well proportioned, nicely shaped balsam which displayed beyond a doubt their recent exposure to the topic of symmetry. With the tree they smuggled in an old Brer Rabbit gallon molasses pail filled with dampened sand. They promptly deposited their cylindrical container in one corner of the room. Then, one set about circumscribing Brer Rabbit with green wrapping paper, while the other braced the tree upright in the moistened sand.
The Enrichment of the Mathematics Course
Authors: Riter H. E.
Published: January 2021

The growing desire among teachers of mathematics to make their subject significant in the lives of all their pupils has led them to seek out means of enriching the course beyond the narrow confines of text book material or prescribed courses of study. To this end they have at tempted to link up mathematics with real life situations where it is used, to acquaint pupils with something of its long history and social significance, and to develop an appreciation and interest that will lead to voluntary investigation and study. With the lessening pressure of outside examinations in our own high schools it would appear that there is a present opportunity for worth while achievement along this line.
Calculus Versus Geometry
Authors: Adler Claire Fisher
Published: January 2021

Sometime ago this problem was given on an examination for teaching positions in the high schools of New York City.
How Old Is Ann?
Authors: Stanley Ogilvy C.
Published: January 2021

Although it is not at all a difficult problem, it occurred to me that perhaps the readers of The Mathematics Teacher might be interested to see the simple algebraic solution to Dr. A. A. Bennett's “How Old Is Ann?” printed at the end of his article in the November (1937) issue.
Trends and Policies in Arithmetic Curricula
Authors: Buckingham B. R.
Published: January 2021

During the past half dozen years events have been moving pretty fast in the field of arithmetic. I may be the victim of an illusion—an illusion arising from concentration of attention upon a matter of considerable personal interest, yet I have other personal interests, and to those interests I have often devoted more attention than I have ever given to arithmetic. It is my deliberate judgment, to be taken for what it is worth, that an unusually rapid change is taking place in the subject-matter of arithmetic and in the objectives entertained by students and teachers of the subject. To document this would perhaps be tedious. One may, however, point to one large general trend which includes within itself many subordinate trends and implies still others as a natural consequence.
The Effect of Remedial Work in Reading Comprehension upon Algebraic Achievement
Authors: Clark Mildred I.
Published: January 2021

When the United States declared war against Germany, four million men were chosen for military and naval service. Many thousands were tested in ability to read. Two types of tests were given: the Alpha, which required ability to read and write; and the Beta, for foreigners and illiterates. Since about one-quarter of the men judged were unable to take the Alpha tests, there must have been more than one million of our soliders and sailors who were unable to write simple letters or to read a newspaper with ease.
A Report on a Diagnostic Testing Program at Purdue University: The Number Technique Ability of Students in Beginning Courses in Mathematics
Authors: Keller M. W. , Shreve D. R. , Remmers H. H.
Published: January 2021

It is desirable that the college teacher know what numerical manipulations his students can do when they enter freshman mathematics courses so that he will be able to remedy the more glaring deficiencies as the course work proceeds, in order that the students may not be handicapped throughout the course, or even sometimes fail as a consequence of their disabilities. The high school and grade teachers are also interested in knowing what manipulative ability the students have retained so that they may increase the emphasis on those topics which students in general seem to forget, or have not mastered sufficiently well.
The Art of Teaching
Authors: Eckel Marion G.
Published: January 2021

In the November 1940 issue of THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER Mr. Katra's article on “Teaching the Subtraction of Signed Numbers” describes the use of a device which may be very easily extended to the teaching of multiplication and division of signed numbers.
Mathematics in the Training of Industrial Workers
Authors: Leonard Clarence J.
Published: January 2021

Let me at the start make a distinction between shop mathematics, and technical mathematics or mathematics in the education of industrial men. Shop mathematics usually confines itself to the production of answers to specific problems selected from one or two specialized trades. Technical mathematics covers the basic applications from the sciences of production, including the shops, the drafting rooms, machine design, and the allied sciences such as aerodynamics, principles of electricity, etc. It is this broader field of activity that I have in mind as I present this paper.
A Reorganization of Geometry for Carryover
Authors: Aten Harold D.
Published: January 2021

“I enrolled in this course merely to complete the college entrance requirements … Now I wish that I could study geometry all the rest of the time I am in high school.” The fifteen-year-old writer of the preceding statement had little interest or ability in mathematics. Early in the course he tried to explain a postulate by a highly-prized “picture of one.” With I.Q. (Terman) 98, he ranked in the third quartile of eighty-five tenth grade pupils who formed our experimental group. He kept a detailed notebook of theorems and daily assignments, written up in his own words. At the end of the year he confided that he had never seen inside a geometry book. He took the Cooperative Plane Geometry test, Revised Series Form Q, of the American Council of Education with a score of 25.5, about 40 per cent above the standard for the country as a whole.
The Challenge of the Bright Pupil
Authors: Moore Lillian
Published: January 2021

There is so much time, energy and effort being expended to develop a mathematics course for the slow pupil, to select from arithmetic, algebra, geomotry, trigonometry those units which will most benefit the non-academically minded pupil, entering the high schools in increasing numbers, that we are apt to forget that the bright pupil needs as much individual attention, adjustment, revised methods and content as the slow pupil. We are, also, likely to overlook the fact of supreme importance that it is more vital to provide for the maximum development of the powers and abilities of the bright pupil than of the mentally slower one.
The Art of Teaching: Junior High School Mathematics Clubs
Authors: Person Ruth
Published: January 2021

Very little was done with junior high school mathematics club work prior to 1930 but, in the last decade, this project has been introduced to many classroom groups of young persons of junior high school age. Much enthusiasm for the work entailed has been shown by the pupils concerned and much benefit has been reaped by those participating actively in this type of school club work. For greatest success the work of each particular junior high school mathematics club must be planned to meet the general interest of the pupils concerned and attuned to their average ability. Suggestion for the organization of such a club may come logically from the mathematics teacher and a proper presentation of the project to the class can produce a club of self-chosen members enthusiastically awaiting the enjoyment of many mathematical treats.
The Mathematics Vocabulary of Current Periodical Literature
Authors: Bertotti Joseph M.
Published: January 2021

In recent years educators have placed more and more stress upon the topic of vocabulary comprehension as a factor in determining the degree of success of pupils in various branches of school work which they undertake.
Teaching Relationships in Junior High School
Authors: Christofferson H. C.
Published: January 2021

For many years, we have emphasized relationships in the teaching of intuitive geometry. We have developed formulas for finding the area of a rectangle and of a triangle. These express very concisely and clearly the relationship which exists between A and the variables b and h. The formula for the area of a circle, A = πr2, is a bit more complex and I am inclined to believe that we have studied the formula without really appreciating the relationship involved. Let me emphasize by means of a little model the double-headed effect of r upon A.
A Prediction of Pupil Success in College Algebra1
Authors: Scott Winston M. , Gill John P.
Published: January 2021

1. No person Will propose that he can predict the mark of a particular pupil. We do claim, however, that, within certain limits of error, the marks of a group of students can be predicted.
Mathematics in CCC Education
Authors: Ruch G. M.
Published: January 2021

Purpose of the CCC—In any discussion of the educational program of the Civilian Conservation Corps it should be borne in mind that, as established in 1933, it bad no primary educational objective in the sense of formal instruction. Rather, its purposes should be described as twofold: (a) work relief, and (b) conservation and development of natural resources.
Aerial Navigation
Authors: Moore Lillian
Published: January 2021

At the present time mathematics for defense is the primary aim of the alert teacher of mathematics. Teachers must engage enthusiastically in the national civilian defense training program. The secondary-school teacher of the social sciences is in teres ted principally in democratic principles, the development of loyalty and cooperation as citizens of a representative democracy. The teacher of the physical sciences is interested in giving students technical knowledge which will enable them to work intelligently in airplane factories, hospitals, shipyards, at the drafting board, on the assembly line, typing, filing, or to prepare for active duty in the army or navy. The teacher of mathematics should realize the importance of mathematical training in the defense program.
The Necessary Redirection of Mathematics, Including Its Relation to National Defense
Authors: Betz William
Published: January 2021

Introduction. For years, a deep-seated controversy has been rending education into hostile camps and mutually opposed pressure groups. In this battle, mathematics has been receiving a peculiarly negative treatment.
A Reply to Mr. Nygaard
Authors: Royall Norman N.
Published: January 2021

I have read, with ever increasing incredulity, an article in the October (1941) issue of The Mathematics Teacher entitled “A Functional Revision of Plane Geometry” by P. H. Nygaard. Mr. Nygaard's article is such a glaring example of the type of discussion which finds its way into print today to the mortal harm of sound instruction in mathematics that I can not let it pass unchallenged. We have here at Winthrop a student chapter of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics into the hands of whose members there comes each month during the school year a copy of The Mathematics Teacher. Since I am the faculty sponsor of this group I can for them correct the enors in Mr. Nygaard's essay. The effect of this correction is, however, limited by the range of my voice; therefore, I hope that my reply may have full publicity in The Mathematics Teacher to the end that I may reach the audience afforded to Mr. Nygaard.
The Navy and the Schools
Authors: Smith Paul C.
Published: January 2021

We are engaged in a Total War. Total war, as conceived by our enemies, means that all the resources of their nations have been mobilized for a single purpose-war. And, as we must realize, it is therefore necessary to mobilize all the resources of thls nation of ours in order to achieve final victory over our totalitarian enemies.
Mathematics in the National Emergency
Authors: Hedrick E. R.
Published: January 2021

I have spoken frequently to your organization and I am happy to be with you again today. I hope that I shall not weary you with too much repetition of my own past statements. At the least, you know where I stand. When he reported to his wife on a sermon entitled “Sin,” the late President Coolidge is said to have told her only, “He was against it.” In the same admirably brief manner, as for the teaching of mathematics in our schools, you may safely report that I favor it.
Official Notice: The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
Authors: Schreiber Edwin W.
Published: January 2021

As Secretary of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, I officially announce the annual election of certain officers of the National Council, said election to take place February 27 1943.