bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design, development and analysis of a conductive fabric based flexible and stretchable strain sensor
Authors: Pal Sayantan , Sarkar Debadrata , Roy Shibendu S. , Paul Arijit , Arora Aman
Published: September 2020

This article presents the design, fabrication and characterisation of an elastomeric flexible and stretchable strain sensor using a variable resistance fabric. This provides a viable alternative to the microfluid and nanoparticle based flexible strain sensors involving complex fabrication techniques. A nylon-spandex based stretchable fabric serves as the sensing element which is in turn embedded in an elastomeric substrate. The fabricated sensor is experimentally characterised for determining the linearity, hysteresis, stretchability and gauge factor. The Finite Element Method based simulations to predict the operational force range of the sensor corresponding to its strain sensing range has been validated with the experimental results. These sensors have a wide range of potential applications in the constantly developing field of compliant robotics and mechanisms. In future works, these sensors will be utilized in the biomechanical analysis of human movements to track the various joint parameters.
Design of automatic side stand and spring compression control system using arduino programming
Authors: Ramanathan S , Gowtham S , Gugan E , Saisaran K , Guhan M
Published: September 2020

Motorcycles are undoubtedly heavy, which commonly poses a problem when erecting the bike onto conventional double foot kick stands as well as it seems difficult to lift the bikes. So, using side stands is better to handle while parking bike, but it makes severe injury if the stand is not released. Most of the street side accidents occur due to lagging in releasing the side stand. This work mainly aims in designing an intelligent mechanism that automatically lifts the side stand when the driver sits in the seat. By using this control system whose setup has the ignition switch, pressure sensor,relay switch, motor drive, dc motor all controlled by the Arduino uno board through the programming interface, when the ignition switch is turned on and when the person sits on the seat integrated with spring, the spring compresses and the signals the motor to turn on and hence the stand slides up. When the ignition switch is turned off and low pressure sensed the side stand automatically pulls out to withstand the two-wheeler.
Smoke based visualization of turbulent swirl jet flow
Authors: Balachander Aakash , Alase Akash , Adithya Menon K , Mahendra Perumal G , Kannan B T
Published: September 2020

The present study deals with the visualization of turbulent jet flow from swirl nozzles. A low-cost turbulent jet facility developed was utilized for all the experiments. Two types of vanes are considered for the present study viz. flat vanes and airfoil-shaped vanes. All the vanes are fixed to a circular hollow hub at the center. The flow is visualized by seeding smoke from incense material as tracer particles. A solid-state laser with 405nm wavelength is used for the illumination via a glass rod thereby producing a laser sheet. Cross-sectional visualizations are made at various axial downstream locations. The effect of the vane angle has a greater influence on the production of jet flow vortices due to swirlers. The present study reveals that the increase in the vane angle increases the production of vortices.
Numerical study of sweeping jet actuators
Authors: Jethani Riya , Pranav Nandan Goud M , Bhawalkar Prayas , Bharadwaj K K
Published: September 2020

A Sweeping Jet Actuator emits spatially oscillating jets without any moving parts which are self-induced and self-sustaining. These pulsating jets are used to control flow separation over the bodies such as aircraft wing which eventually reduces the overall drag on the wing and ultimately the efficiency of the flight is increased with no complexity since there are zero moving parts in the system. Here, we intend to characterise various fluidic oscillators (angled and curved) designs and to analyse the characteristics of the flow numerically using ANSYS (fluent) Software with the aim of finding an effective one for use in flow separation control. After analysing various parameters, it was concluded that the curved oscillator was found to be efficient in oscillating the flow.
Preliminary aero-acoustic measurements of free rotating rotor with predefined imbalance
Authors: Duseja Mahima , Kannan B T
Published: September 2020

The Rotor noise is known to be highly annoying and intrusive. Therefore, rotor noise will be one of the major design parameters for next-generation quieter rotor-crafts or drones. This will only be possible with a better understanding of rotor aerodynamics and acoustics. The present study tries to use a simplistic rotor driven by an electric motor for the noise generation. A microphone is used to measure the acoustic signals and Fast Fourier Transform is used to find the dominant frequencies or the energy distribution. A differential manometer is used to measure the averaged velocity along the radial direction. The characterization of the flow field in terms of radial velocity variation and acoustic signal characterization provides preliminary information on the physics of aerodynamics and aero-acoustics of rotor systems. The results from the experiments suggest that the predefined imbalance imposed on the rotor increases the noise due to aerodynamics and also due to structural vibrations.
Numerical investigation of bubble diameter in branched microchannel
Authors: Balasekhar C S K , Tanish P , Mishra Ayush , Kushwaha Atul , Kumar Pankaj
Published: September 2020

With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of pre-determining the mean droplet size to its maximum. We have analysed the various parameters that can influence the bubble size formed. Our main objective is to derive a relationship between diameter of microchannel, length of the junction, emulsion flow rate, and mean droplet diameter so that we would be able to determine the emulsion properties beforehand. It was found that bubble size increases as flowrate of continuous phase decreases.
Stress distribution in ceramic orthodontic bracket, tooth, bone and PDL contact assembly - A finite element study
Authors: Magesh V , Harikrishnan P
Published: September 2020

Malocclusion (teeth irregularity) problems are increasing rapidly across the world in all age groups. Malocclusion is treated in orthodontics which is a specialty of dentistry. Orthodontic bracket is a component of fixed orthodontic appliance which is used to treat the malocclusion through archwire forces transferred to the tooth. In orthodontic treatment, the preadjusted orthodontic brackets are most widely used compared to the conventional brackets as there is an in-built torque by the angulated slot walls. This study aim to compare the stress distribution in the preadjusted ceramic brackets with and without Stainless steel (SS) metal slot insert along with tooth, alveolar bone and Periodontal Ligament (PDL) contact assembly using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). A preadjusted maxillary right central incisor ceramic orthodontic bracket (with and without metal insert in the slot) are modeled using CATIA software. The solid model of a maxillary right central incisor tooth is obtained from a Computer Tomography (CT) scan using image processing software. The PDL and alveolar bone are modelled using CATIA as per the dimensions. The assembled solid model consists of bracket with and without SS metal slot insert, adhesive layer, tooth, alveolar bone and PDL. The contact between the components and the mesh is created using hypermesh software. The archwire torque is applied as couple inside the bracket slot without using an archwire. The stress distribution in the assembly components are analysed for the applied couple (torque). The stresses induced in the assembly components are compared between ceramic bracket with and without metal slot insert. Thisin-silicostudy would help the clinicians to understand the behavior of commonly used ceramic bracket with and without metal slot insert and choose the appropriate bracket for successful treatment.
A biomechanical study on post-scoliotic deformity correction
Authors: Balamurugan S , Pandey Kunal , Iyer Shraddha R , Krishnan Appaji , Patil Shantanu
Published: September 2020

Scoliosis is the deformity of the growing human spinal column such that the vertebral alignment is distorted in a corkscrew fashion. A person with severely deformed spine may find it difficult to breathe as the ribcage may press against the internal organs compromising the functions of the lungs and the heart. Due to the altered load transfer, these patients also suffer from back pain and early arthritis. The scoliotic deformity is surgically corrected by using implants which are screwed into the vertebra. In severe cases, complete correction may not be achievable. As a result, the loads experienced by the implants may not be optimal, leading to their early failure. The objective of this work is to study the effect on the deformity correction in a scoliotic spine. A three-dimensional model of the surgically corrected spine was segmented from the computed tomography scan and converted into a surface model. This model was imported in to ANSYS for meshing and subjected to compression load to simulate weight bearing. The stress concentration and displacement across the entire spine, individual vertebrae and discs was analysed. The effect on the implants was separately analysed as well.
A biomechanical study of the scoliotic thoracolumbar spine
Authors: Raja D , Iyer Shraddha R , Pandey Kunal , Krishnan Appaji , Patil Shantanu
Published: September 2020

Scoliosis is a disease of the spine which leads to corkscrew curvature occurring due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The abnormal curve is generally observed during the growth spurt just before puberty. Scoliosis has been classified into three different forms namely idiopathic, congenital and neuromuscular. When no specific cause for spinal defect is identified, the deformity is called idiopathic scoliosis. The patient specific scan model falls in the category congenital scoliosis. Mild cases of scoliosis can be treated by physiological treatments. Severe cases of scoliosis may have vertebral twisting, vertebral fusion and semi developed vertebral deformation. Severe cases of scoliosis could lead to adjacent organ damage, especially the heart and lungs. Large number of patients experience various back problems rendering day to day activities and normal physiological motion difficult. In most of the cases, scoliosis needs multiple surgical corrections with various implant rods and screws attached to the vertebrae. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of upper body load on the scoliosis affected region located at the junction of thoracic and lumbar region of the spine before surgery. The CT scan of the model is segmented and meshed to conduct studies such as stress concentration analysis, strain analysis and deflection in the segments.
Effect of nozzle turbulent intensity in multiple round jets using openFOAM®
Authors: Kannan B T , Gaur Nikhil , Balakrishnan P
Published: September 2020

The present work is about the effects of turbulent intensity on the flow field of turbulent multiple jets. The simulations are carried out by using an open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics C++ code OpenFOAM®. The governing equations invoked are Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations by using simpleFoam solver. The standard two-equation turbulence model is used along with the mean flow equations to account for turbulence effects. The solved flow field shows a significant effect of turbulent intensity on the potential core of both single and multiple jets which is supported by reference literature. Downstream the potential core, the turbulence intensity does not affect the decay rate of turbulent jets considered in the study. The performance parameters show that the higher initial values of turbulent intensity is favorable only for the single jet simulations. In contrast, the lower initial values of turbulent intensity is favorable for multiple jet simulations.
Synthesis and characterization of cost effective and eco-friendly magneto rheological fluid for aerospace applications
Authors: Praveen Ankamreddi , Jagadeesha T
Published: September 2020

The magnetorheological fluid is field dependent fluid which changes its rheological characteristics under the influence of external magnetic field. Being one of the critically investigating smart material in the field of rheology, the fluid finds its application in wide range of mechanical engineering. In this study two samples were prepared using a carrier fluid as the blend of silicon oil and flex seed oil with a magnetic particles i.e. electrolytic iron powder with a weight of 25gms. The prepared samples and a commercially available MR fluid were characterised using magneto rheometer and also the fluids were subjected to experimental simulation and the performance of synthesized organic based MR fluid was recorded and compared to commercially available MR fluid (ARUS). It was observed that the samples so prepared gives a healthy competition to commercially available MR fluid, hence in order to enhance the performance the composition of magnetic particles can be increased. The variation of viscosity with respect to shear rate is observed at different current values like 0A, 0.5A, 1A, 1.5A and 2A and it is comparable with standard oil. The variation of shear stress with respect to shear rate is observed at different current values like 0A, 0.5A, 1A, 1.5A and 2A and is comparable with standard oil. Initial yield strength of 40 Pa is observed for the synthesised fluid.
Performance evaluation of unpreprocessed and pre-processed ultrasound images of carotid artery using CNN algorithm
Authors: Varma Shalini , Dhanalakshmi S , Latha S
Published: September 2020

Detection of plaques is an important task especially those which are prone to rupture and may dislocate to some other body parts. Also early detection reduces the risk of cardiac and cerebrovascular anomalies. Due to its wide availability and low cost, ultrasound images of carotid artery has the ability and potential to gain the preference over other resources for plaque detection and analysis in medical practice. However, the difficulty caused in automated techniques to identify plaques is significantly due to image noise, plaque size and the complex appearance of tissues comprising a plaque. So, in this paper, we have addressed this problem by using deep learning techniques such as CNN algorithm. Here we will build a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) that will extract features from the dataset of images thereby giving detailed information which will help the clinicians to identify the abnormalities and constituents of different plaques in an image and report the image as “normal” or “abnormal”. In this paper we have used approximately 1000 images (JPG format) of 100 cases to process and has validated the proposed convolutional neural network (CNN). The process of cross-validation with the clinical assessment showed a correlation of about 0.75 for the detection of plaque. This results indicate the potential of deep learning techniques in medical fields, here, automatic detection of anomalies in carotid ultrasound images.
Limiting stiffness coefficients analysis of texture foil journal bearing
Authors: Arokya Agustin S , Shravankumar C , Rao T V V L N
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the limiting stiffness coefficients of a foil journal bearing with the texture bump profile of top foil. The limiting stiffness coefficients are evaluated based on simplified compressible Reynolds equation for large bearing numbers with high speeds of foil journal bearing. A limiting pressure gradient solution for a texture bump of top foil bearing is analyzed. The analytical model accounts for the top foil texture bump profile and bottom foil bump compliance. Results of linearized nondimensional stiffness coefficients obtained using infinitesimal perturbation method are compared for various top foil texture bump profiles. The influence of top foil texture bump extent and height on the limiting stiffness coefficients of a foil journal bearing are investigated.
Design and analysis of multi fuel injector
Authors: Deepak K , Lakshmanan T
Published: September 2020

In accordance with strict emission norms, the depletion of fossil fuels requires a fuel injection system that is efficient, responsive, and adaptable to various locally available fuels. Hence, electronically controlled fuel injector technology is the best option for fulfilling this requirement. Commercially, there are various types of fuel injectors which are mainly used for specific fuels such as gasoline, diesel, CNG, LPG, etc. This research outlined in this paper is based on the design of a multi-fuel injectorwhich will be compatible to both gaseous and liquid fuels as a tremendous volume of research has been done in the usage of alternative fuels like hydrogen, JP-8, biogas, producer gas, acetylene, alcohol, and biodiesel. Since the government is primarily focused on green fuels and biogas fuels, the design of such a type of injector will become an excellent opportunity for the design of new products that will be compatible with automobile engines, gas-turbines, aerospace combustion furnaces, gas stoves, etc. An electronically controlled solenoid-operated multi-fuel injector was designed by utilizing the properties and parameters of liquid and gaseous fuel injectors. The designed Multi-fuel injector was modeled in Solid Works and simulated in ANSYS software. The simulated injector was tested with fuels, including gasoline, CNG, and acetylene. Due to a pressure limitation of 5 bar, the designed injector was tested only for low viscous fuels. The injector worked in the velocity range of 70 to 100 m/s. The usage of the Solenoid coil control enabled the injector to function with quick response, injected fuel quantity, and start of injection for various fuels.
Estimation of critical speeds of a rotor supported on ball bearings
Authors: Uday Pavuluri , Prabu J , Solairaju M , Shravankumar C , Jegadeesan K , Rao T V V L N
Published: September 2020

In this work study of a rotor supported on ball bearings and containing a fatigue crack is carried out. The primary objective of the work is to obtain the load-distribution of the ball bearings from which the support stiffness in two transverse directions are obtained. The other objective is the rotor-dynamic analysis of a shaftsupported on these bearings. A mathematical model of a rigid rotorsupported on flexible bearings is considered for the purpose. Effects of bearing stiffness, damping and gyroscopic effects are included in the study. The governing equations of motion are obtained. The whirl frequencies of the rotor system are obtainedusing Eigen value formulation of the problem. A Campbell diagram is plotted which is used to obtain the critical speeds of the rotor system. These results are supported with the results from frequency response function plots.
Mathematical simulation of vibration signature of ball bearing defects in a rotor bearing system
Authors: Prabu J , Uday Pavuluri , Solairaju M , Shravankumar C , Jegadeesan K , Rao T V V L N
Published: September 2020

This paper presents the analytical model of a ball bearing with localized defect in the outer race. The outer raceway defect is modelled based on the reduction in the contact force due to localised increase in the clearance. The contact forces are modelled based on Hertzian contact deformation theory. The geometry of the defect is considered as a half sinusoidal wave. The contact between the ball and the outer raceway is modelled using non-linear springs, acted upon rotor mass. The system governing equations of motion are obtained and represented in state space form. Numerical simulations are carried out using MATLAB environment to study the effect of outer race defect on vibration responses. Time and Frequency domain characteristics of the simulated vibration signals are obtained.
Bio-Mechanical behaviour of artificial intervertebral disc in lumbar spine
Authors: Ajith B , Daniel Glad Stephen J , Prakash M
Published: September 2020

Total Disc replacement has the higher success rate for reducing the lower back pain and increased mobility in intervertebral disc in lumbar spine region. An Artificial disc replacement, the method is designed to bring about pain relief by eliminating the painful disc, then the motion at that spinal section is kept with the use of a prosthetic implant. This creates a need for studies to be conducted to examine these failures. The main aim of this study is to develop and designing an artificial intervertebral lumbar disc based on literature and validates its function using finite element analysis. A finite element model of L4 to L5 section of lumbar spine model was created by using computer tomography scan images of a person. From that a surface model of the L4 to L5 lumbar section model was developed. From that, Different components were added to complete the intact L4-L5 lumbar section model and concerned properties were attributed to each of the component model. This intact spine model was then validated with reported literature. To analyse the range of motion variation and also compared to the validated intact spine analysis results with the reported literature. Thus, a biomechanical behavior study of the lumbar spine was conducted to analyse the range of motion where a semi-constrained artificial lumbar disc is designed and checked for the normal motion by comparing intact model spine and artificial disc implanted spine results using finite element analysis.
An experimental studies on strength properties of bacterial concrete
Authors: Jagannathan P , Satyanarayanan K S , Arunachalam Kantha Deivi
Published: September 2020

Cement concrete is a massively “used construction material throughout the world and in the process of manufacturing of one ton of cement 850 kg of CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere, In this research, bacterial concrete was produced by replacing part of cement in controlled concrete with equal volume of class F fly ash enriched with bacteria Bacillus sphaericus (B. sphaericus) such that the strength of 28 days of bacterial concrete is at par with controlled concrete. B. sphaericus precipitate Calcium Carbonate while producing bacterial culture which fills the minute pores in bacterial concrete and makes it to attain higher strength. Experiments were made by replacing cement from 0% to 50% with class F fly ash enriched with bacteria B. sphaericus and found that”bacterial concrete made with of 25% replacement (M2CFB25) is suitable in fresh state and in hardened state. In fresh concrete with water cement ratio of 0.4 the compaction factor of controlled concrete (M2CC) was 0.85, fly ash concrete with 25% replacement to cement (M2CF25) was 0.84 whereas for M2CFB25 it was 0.89 which is more advantageous for M2CFB25to get good compaction. Compressive strength of 28 days concrete M2CC, M2CF25 and M2CFB25 are 45.19 N/mm2, 41.23 N/mm2 and 48.11 N/mm2. Similarly 28 days concrete split tensile and flexural strength of M2CFB25 is higher than M2CC and M2CF25. Fly ash concrete M2CF25 has gained less compressive strength, split tensile and flexural strength than M2CC on 28 days of curing. X-Ray diffraction test results indicated M2CFB25 have more peaks than M2CC and M2CF25 and there by confirmed the presence of higher CaCO3 in bacterial concrete. The usage of bacterial concrete M2CFB25 in lieu of M2CC will reduce the amount of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere and reduce the depletion of natural resources.
Analysis of carbon fibre bone plate for “B1” type periprosthetic femoral fracture
Authors: Raja D , Roy Sandipan , Patil Shantanu , Datta Shubhabrata
Published: September 2020

Peri-prosthetic Fractures after Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) are a dreaded complication which happen frequently due to aging and day to day normal activities of the patient. These fractures happen below the cemented/uncemented stem, either straight/oblique direction concerning the transverse plane. Treatment requires surgical stabilization using metal plates, screws, cables and/or clamps. However, stress shielding in bone due to metal plates can be reduced by designing implants with fibre reinforced polymer composites. The present study aims to study the stress distribution in a composite plate using carbon fibre for a B1 type periprosthetic femoral fracture fixation in immediate postoperative (IPO) condition and compared with metal plate by varying geometrical parameters, laminate stacking sequence and fibre orientation. To evaluate the axial stiffness and surface stress of composite plate fixation finite element (FE) analysis was done. Various parameters like axial movement, shear movement, strain and maximum stress are considered to measure the fracture stability and the healing process through FE method. The results showed that the proposed composite bone plate could be a potential candidate for replacement of metallic bone plates for periprosthetic fracture in the femur.
Experimental and analytical stress analysis of spur gear
Authors: Vigneshwaran K , Shanmugam Dinesh , Balasuthagar C
Published: September 2020

Gears are most powerful machine element to transmit the motion between rotating shaft. It acts as a dominating transmission system from many years ago. In this work, a spur gear from stone crusher machine is analysed using theoretical Lewis equation and Finite element analysis method. Here, the bending stress on the spur gear is analysed since these stresses induced play a vital role in gear life. The analysis presented the effect of gear material on induced bending stress. The material C15 steel/CI 30 is replaced by C45 steel/CI 30.The C45 steel material has better mechanical properties than C15 material. The result explains that C45/CI30gives lower value of bending stress as compare to the existing material. Module is important parameter during modelling of spur gear. The parameter is varied and proportionally the bending stress are determined theoretically for both new and existing materials. Finally the results of both gear are compared and concluded with the American gear manufacturer association data. The results shows that the bending stress reduces with increase in module. The future work is to find the bending stress induced on spur gear by varying the module using FEA and varying the shape of meshing structure.
Spine curvature data measurement and its application on product development
Authors: Shanmugam Dinesh , Subramaniyam Murali
Published: September 2020

Human Spinal Column important structure thatgives strength and support to the entire upper body. The entire vertebral column is divided into Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx. The normal spine curvature consists of cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumber curve andsacral curve. The normal spine has an S-shaped curve when viewed from the sideways. Two alternating curves to create an S like structure areLordotic Curve (Lordosis) andKyphotic curve (Kyphosis).It has been suggested that deviations in one or both of these variables may increase a person’s risk of developing back pain. Human spine curvature datarequiredin various field including – to study how heavy school bags affects posture/curvature of school going kids,spine curvature changes due to aging,posture changes with pregnancy,upper body posture changes due to mobile phone use,body posture changes due to sitting posture / office ergonomics, etc.Besides, the human spine curvature data are required for product development such as a mattress, chair, automobile seat, pillow, rehabilitation pads, school bag, baby carrier, assistive product for pregnant women/elderly, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of spine curvature data measurement and its applications on product development.
Experimental Investigation of Particle Impact Damping On Machine Tools
Authors: Muthu E , Dashora Shashwat , Nandakumar P.
Published: September 2020

In machine structure, the boring operations are extensively used for enlarging an existing hole. For large sized workpieces, the overhang length of the boring tool increased, which disturbs the slenderness of the tool (length to diameter ratio) leading to high amplitude vibrations. The tool-workpiece interaction strains the shank and induces vibrations in the workpiece. These vibrations bring along a package of defects such as poor surface finish, dimensional inaccuracy, reduced material removal rate etc. In order to suppress the damping, small metal particles were used. Particle impact damping [6] is a method of achieving high structural damping by using a particle filled enclosure in the region of high displacements. A series of experiments were performed where the closure was attached to the tool at three different locations, the material as well as the size of the particle was changed for obtaining different experimental observations. Further, a particle effectiveness or packing ratio of 25%,50%and 75% was used for experiments. Using NI signal software and LabVIEW we were able to obtain the natural frequency with and without the damper, in an experiment the frequency of vibration was reduced about 15% with the damper
Mechanical response of taper dental implants using finite element analysis
Authors: Jain Vinamra , Dommeti Vamsi Krishna , Nutu Emil , Merdji Ali , Biswas Jayanta Kumar , Roy Sandipan
Published: September 2020

Implants have created a great impact in the bio medical industry. There are different kinds of dental implants which are existing in the market. Every implant has a unique feature and withstands for different time period. This study on the dental implant creates a new model which includes the porous and tapered angle. Titanium alloy was used for making the implant and supporting bone tissue was considered. Computed tomography data were used to generate the mandible model. In the analysis both static and dynamic loading condition were considered. Three dimensional FEM was performed on the implant to find out the mechanical response for this specific type of implant. The von-Misses stress were calculated for implants and it was observed that safe when compared with yield strength of implant and abundant. In analysis it was also varied bone quality for cortical and cancellous bone and the effect of stress produced can be predated before the implantation done for the patients.
A Review on Analysis and Development of Mathematical Formulation Interpolants for a 4 Noded Polygon using Wachspress’ Interpolation Function
Authors: Sandeep Kumar D , Jeyakarthikeyan P V
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a detailed view of a methodology of using Wachspress’ Interpolation Function for the analysis and development of Interpolants by means of a mathematical formulation for a 4 Noded Element i.e. A 4 Noded Quadrilateral Element which has been already addressed by Stephane P.A. Bordas, Sundararajan Natarajan in their research work from where the authors have took have inspiration and worked for advancement. Here a 4 Noded Quadrilateral is taken for analysis and is sub divided into 4 equal Quadrilaterals using Smoothed Finite Element Analysis (SFEM) and the respective coordinates of the discretized element will be same as the local coordinates of the parent element without and coordinate transformation. Once it is done then we form the C Matrix (Shape function Values Matrix) which remains constant. Here we consider the line that connects two nodes and using that we will use to generate the Wachspress’ Interpolants. Later on multiplication of the B Matrix (First Derivative Matrix) with the C Matrix, D Matrix (Material Matrix) and the Area Matrix we can find the Element Stiffness Matrix and later the results will be validated with that of an already existing generic example.
Improvement in forming process using Magnetorheological Fluid Assisted Cushion in Hydraulic Press
Authors: Vijaya A
Published: September 2020

The role of cushion pressure in hydraulic press plays a vital role in forming the component. In the present work, an attempt was made to analyse the influence of Magnetorheological cushion in addition to the existing cushion system, in forming small cup shaped component. The innovative Magnetorheological assisted hydraulic press of 1 ton capacity is designed and fabricated. The formability of Aluminium and Galvanised Iron sheet of different thickness was analyzed. The Magnetorheological cushion improves the formability of components with the reduced number of wrinkles in it. The forming process with the Magnetorheological fluid assisted cushion hydraulic press was more efficient than ordinary hydraulic presses.
Process parameter optimization of abrasive water jet machining on monel k400 alloy
Authors: Senkathir S , Thulasi Prakash S , Sriram S , Arun Raj A C , Geethapriyan T
Published: September 2020

Nowadays it’s difficult to use a metal with high corrosion resistant properties in required applications. Monel 400 is one nickel based alloy having required property to be applicable in such scenarios. It is used in highly corrosive environments such as marine, chemical and aerospace industries as it has the property of maintaining its toughness over a range of temperature, however machining of this Monel alloy is relatively tough due to its characteristic work hardening properties. To tackle the mentioned issues, Abrasive water jet machining is used which is a widely known nontraditional machining technique. The process parameters and the response variables were chosen depending on the machine specifications, and parameter combinations were made using Minitab statistical software. The parameters and their interactions like the cut quality on the alloy, nozzle diameters effects, and water pressure were also studied. Response surface model and various statistical algorithms such as S-N ratio, ANOVA and regression equations were utilized for formation of the design of experiment, optimization of process parameters for the machining process were done using Grey relations. Reduction of surface roughness, maximization of Material removal rate while simultaneously reducing the cycle time for the operation was the primary objective. The results thus obtained indicates that the quality of cut was the most influential factor in the machining process followed by water-jet pressure value.
The role of laser in manufacturing of shape memory alloy (sma)
Authors: Karpagaraj A , Ramesh R , Arun Selva Kumar T , Rajesh Kumar N
Published: September 2020

Shape Memory Alloys are widely used smart materials in recent times for various applications from aerospace to biomedical field. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is made of mixture of different metal powders (Ni-Ti with 50 – 50 Wt% (approximate) can give Nitinol) and/or by using filler metals. However, fusing the selected powder mixture and making as SMA is a challenging task. Researchers used various techniques for making SMA which can be classifed into two major categories likely casting method and powder metallurgy method. Laser power to make SMA is widely used by most of the researchers. These processes are further classified by conventional and non-conventional methods. Under this method various classification like Direct Laser Melting, Selective Laser Melting, Laser Sintering and Laser Cladding are available. In this article, the above-mentioned production methods using laser as major source are studied carefully. The advantages and limitations are also discussed on justifying the suitability of processing SMA by lasers. Along with their limitations the influence of each parameter is focused. Finally, a conclusion is made based on this detailed study.
Controlling an humanoid robot using iot
Authors: Padhmesh U , Kumaraswamy A
Published: September 2020

The internet of things make peoples life easier, smarter and allow them to control over their surroundings. The project describe the design and understanding of the mobile application for the Android based system which is focused on manual control of humanoid robot using wireless technology. NodeMcu - ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi enabled chip, which is used for controlling the robot. Programming is done based on the requirement and uploaded to the Node Mcu by using Arduino IDE. Google Firebase is used as a cloud provides that helps information to be synchronized between users and to store that information on to the cloud. MIT APP IN-VENTOR is used to develop an application for Android phones. Robot can be now controlled from any device which has this application specifically developed for this robot and the major advantage is we control this robot from any location through internet.
Error analysis and point data processing of reconstructed surface by reverse engineering
Authors: Ann Joachim Martin R , Daniel Glad Stephen J , Vinoth A , Muthu E
Published: September 2020

Reverse engineering is the processes of extracting design information (data points) from a product in an attempt to duplicate it. But when generating a surface using the acquired data points, there are a lot of surface inaccuracies compared to the original CAD model. The goal of this work is to reveal the errors between the shapes through a comparative study of the original CAD models and the generated surface models. To accomplish this task a mouse structure and an aerofoil are modelled in CAD Software and their NC codes are generated using master CAM. The models are then machined with these codes in CNC milling machine. Using portable CMM, laser scanning is performed on the fabricated models to collect the data points. With these data points the surface models are generated in GEOMAGIC and compared with the input models structured using CAD software. On comparison, it is inferred that the number of input data points of point cloud data significantly affects the surface accuracy of the reverse engineered model especially at the edges of the model. Experimental results on error analysis are reported which validates the above work.
Optimization of Process Parameters using Taguchi Technique for Drilling Aluminium Matrix Composites (LM6 / B4C)
Authors: Sarala Rubi C , Udaya Prakash J , Rajkumar C
Published: September 2020

Due to their abrasive behaviour, metal matrix composites (MMCs) are difficult to machine, so it is necessary to develop a suitable technology for their efficient machining. The ultimate goal of the research is to study the impact of process variables such as reinforcement, drill type, speed and feed rate on the thrust force and burr height during AMCs drilling. Aluminium Matrix Composites were manufactured with LM6 aluminium alloy as matrix and B4C as reinforcement through the low cost stir casting process. Experiments were performed using L27 orthogonal array in a CNC Vertical Machining Centre equipped with cutting tool dynamometer to measure the thrust force and burr-height was measured using vision measuring system. Experimental results demonstrated that this strategy enhances the performance characteristics expected in the drilling phase.
Effect of MQL, wet and dry lubrication on functional behavior of end milled nimonic-263
Authors: Shekhar Shubham , Gowthaman S , Jagadeesha T
Published: September 2020

The demand for lower costs with eco-friendly characteristics has stimulated the use of alternate machining practices. The intrinsic properties of Ni-based aerospace alloy make it an uphill task to perform machining on it. The ease of machining of these alloys can be achieved by optimizing the cutting conditions with use of efficient and effective cooling mechanism. The methodology aims to predetermine the MQL performance on surface characteristics over dry and wet conditions and to determine the optimum machining parameters which provides substantial influence on functional attributes such as load bearing ability, wear resistance, etc. The feed rate (2, 20 and 50 mm/min), flow rate (5, 8 and 11 ml/min for MQL) and spindle speed (1000, 2500, 4000 rpm) were used as machining parameters (Independent variables) to govern the alterations in surface profile characteristics such as surface roughness, surface topography and surface morphology of the end milled Nimonic-263 alloy. Furthermore, the ANOVA statistical analysis shows the strong influence of the machining environment over the surface profile parameters. Additionally, the chip morphology (dry machining) was analyzed to examine the effect of variation in machining conditions over the shearing mechanism and its impact on generation of surface profiles. Finally, it has been found that the MQL with intermediate cutting conditions can be an alternative which offers better functional characteristics.
Zero Defect Assurance of Three-Wheeler Product Using IoT Systems
Authors: Hussain Muddubhai Asif , Mohammed Iqbal U
Published: September 2020

By considering quality improvement in three-wheeler vehicle, IOT based Zero Defect Assurance framework is created which can keep up basic discharge related processes and product parameters and parts alongside the vehicles. This includes various forms like IOT products and procedure parameters catching and child part capturing against the vehicle number and quality creation. The system will be created utilizing different IOT gadgets, sensors, PLC’s, programming’s and databases. This application will be conveyed in Engine Assembly, Vehicle Assembly and Sub Assembly lines. These frameworks will be utilized for maintaining a strategic distance from abandons going to the next stage and additionally to recover the information for dissecting field grumblings and emanation related grievances. It is likewise used to enhance the procedure and product characteristics in the system. The hard-wares utilized in this work are useful to peruse the information from the parts and to show the on-time capacity of the parts and guide against the Unique Vehicle Number (UVN).
Comparative study of tungsten inert gas and friction stir welding of aluminium alloy aa5083 (armour grade) aluminium alloy joints
Authors: Srinivasan Mouriya , Saravana Kumar R , Rajasekaran T.
Published: September 2020

Aluminium-magnesium Alloy AA5083 is used widely as a building and tooling material in aerospace, automobile, and marine industries. This Work shows the comparison of AA5083 (armor grade) – 6mm thickness plate weldments mechanical properties on TIG Welding and FSW processes. Welding of metals is based upon the input parameters as it has an important role of finalizing the weldment and the tool used for welding is H13 Tool Steel as the tool has less deformation due to high chromium content. Generally, the welding processes are aimed at achieving a welding joint with superior mechanical properties with minimum deformation. The tensile strength of the weldments is found by testing in the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTM) machine. The hardness test is performed by Vickers Hardness tester to characterize the welded area. Macro Vickers Hardness is performed in the welded area of the workpiece to finalize mechanical properties in different heat-affected zones of FSW welded workpiece to analyze and find the efficient input parameter of FSW. The efficient input parameter for TIG welding is identified and a comparative study is made and the result proves that FSW welding is a better welding technique.
Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis of the Impact of Tool Edge Geometry in Orthogonal Machining of Super Alloy Inconel 718
Authors: Veeranaath V , Anshuman Aakash , Sethia Suryaansh
Published: September 2020

The demand for super alloys of extraordinary hardness and confrontation for automobile and aeronautical applications. However, the metal cutting of super alloys like Inconel 718 are very tough because of various factors like the formation of built up edges, increased machining forces, increased machining temperature, high tool wear, etc. These reasons may lead to poor surface finish, reduced tool life and improper chip formation. The edge dimensions of tool inserts play a vital in the orthogonal machining of aerospace super alloys which are hard to machine alloys. This tool insert geometry also directly have an influence in chip formation mechanism which in turn panels the chip morphology. In this paper, orthogonal machining test on Inconel 718 have been conducted to examine the impression of the edge geometry in machining outputs like surface roughness, machining forces, temperature and cutting insert wear. The consequence of machining constraints are also studied on the above mentioned outputs. Cutting edges are modified using Wire EDM technique. Silicon Nitride and Cubic Born Nitride tool inserts were used for orthogonal machining. This paper is mainly focused to compare the machining outputs beforehand and later alteration of tool insert geometry. The tool cracks and built up edge formation by means of microscopic images were inferred and examined. The parameters which are to be varied in the experiment are defined by L9 orthogonal array. The metal cutting was developed in AdvantEDGE software to analyse conforming stress dissemination.
Performance Characteristics of Electrochemical Micromachining on Pure Titanium using coated tool electrode
Authors: Geethapiriyan T , Arul Jeya Kumar A , Arun Raj A C , Kumarasamy Gowtham , Silkson John J
Published: September 2020

Owing to its hardenable nature and corrosive resistant, Titanium is mainly utilized in fabricating turbine blade applications. Since it is very tough to creating the complex shape on this material by using traditional machining process. Generally micro holes are produced over the turbine blades to reduce the heat using EDM and LBM process. These processes can produce a heat affected zone over the machining surface and higher operating cost. The target of this present study was to make a micro hole on titanium by using electro chemical micro machining process and also attempt to identify the performance of nickel coated copper electrode for embellishing the ECM process. Since the process involves with no tool wear and less heat affect zone, it is possible to improve the machinability of the material. Titanium specimens have been machined using ECM process with uncoated copper electrode and nickel coated electrode under different process parameters combinations. From the experimental results, the better MRR and surface finish were observed from the nickel coated copper electrode.
A novel three axis Semi Elliptic Manipulator Configuration for simultaneous Multi Point Operations
Authors: Srinivasan Shylesh , Thakur Shilpa
Published: September 2020

A new three axes robotic configuration named as “Semi Elliptic Configuration” has been explored here. The configuration’s topology, working principle, forward kinematics, inverse kinematics and application have been described in this article. The inverse and forward kinematic equations have been derived using more fundamental mathematical tools like plane coordinate geometry, trigonometry and properties of triangles instead of using DH parameters, Transformation and Jacobian matrices. The configuration’s name has been derived from the unconventional geometry of the work volume within which it operates. Unlike the cubically shaped work volume of a typical XYZ Cartesian robotic configuration, its shape has been warped towards the edge containing the vertical Z-axis. It was found that the edges enclosing the face opposite to the Z-axis is part of an Ellipse. Two mutually perpendicular co-planar arms originating from the Z-axis enclose the semi elliptic boundary. Two manipulators of such configuration could be accommodated and be made to work independently within the cubical volume occupied by the perpendicular arms. It was found that the configuration’s work volume leaves a void region within the volume of occupancy of the configuration’s structure, which proved to be a disadvantage in certain applications and an advantage in others. An enhancement has been proposed to work around this restriction. The modification allows the configuration to expand its work volume into the void regions. The superior version of the Semi elliptic configuration was named “Enhanced Semi Elliptic Configuration”.