bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Extreme UV Spectra of the Dite Tokamak
Authors: Hobby M.G. , Mansfield M.W.D. , Peacock N.J. , Cowan R.D.
Published: June 2019

The emission spectrum of the Culham Tokamak, DITE, has been photographed between 10 and 300 Å with spatial and, to a limited extent, temporal resolution. The line spectrum throughout this wavelength range has been interpreted in detail. Apart from well known impurity lines of the light elements, 0, N and C, and of metallic ions of Fe, Cr and Ni, the emission spectrum of DITE is found to be overwhelmingly due to high-stripped Mo ions, the identity of which is confirmed from comparisons with a laser-produced plasma spectrum of Mo and with ab initio Hartree Fock calculations.

In DITE it has been found that Mo ions with degrees of ionisation ranging from XIV to XXIV and above are present. The Mo spectrum may be broadly divided into two distinct regions. In the first, 65-90 Å, a strong dense band of emission lines is observed. These lines may all be accounted for as 3p → 3d transitions in Mo XVI and higher degrees of ionisation.

The second group of Mo lines, between 54 and about 20 Å comprises broad well-spaced bands of emission. The 3d → 4p bands extend below o 35 Å, probably at least as far as Mo XXIV, but are overlapped by other n=3→n = 4 bands, notably 3d → 4f, in lower degrees of ionisation. Inner . subshell transitions are shown to be of some importance in accounting forthe complexity of the merging bands at around 20 Å.
Highly Stripped Ions (Up to Mo XXXIII) and Forbidden Mo Lines in the Soft X-Ray Spectrum from TFR Tokamak
Authors: Klapisch M. , Finkenthal M. , Fraenkel B.S. , Schweitzer N. , Schwob J. L.
Published: June 2019

The spectrum of the TFR Tokamak has been observed in the range 5-100 Å. Identification of Mo XIV to Mo XXXIII lines originating from the limiter was achieved by comparison with the Mo spectrum emitted from a low-inductance vacuum spark, and with relativistic calculations. Some of the TFR lines were identified as forbidden transitions (electric quadrupole). The appearance of these lines depending on plasma parameters is discussed.
Photometric Monitoring of Binaries in Open Clusters and Associations: NGC 6231
Authors: Sterken C. , Bouzid M. Y.
Published: June 2019

Over the last couple of years we carried out long-term CCD monitoring of open clusters and associations with as principal goal the detection and study of pulsating stars. A by-product of this project is the serendipitous collection of multicolour photometry of most interesting compact binaries which show signs of activity, viz. variable periods and strongly variable light curves. This presentation illustrates the project, and concentrates on intriguing species of interacting binaries in NGC 6231.
X-Ray Heated Accretion Discs Around Stellar Mass Black Holes
Authors: Hubeny Ivan , Wickramasinghe Dayal T.
Published: June 2019

We investigate the effects of irradiation on the vertical structure of accretion discs around black holes and its impact on the emergent energy distribution. Models are presented for a 10 Solar mass black hole in a low mass X-ray binary assuming a black body spectrum for the incident radiation. We show that for a disc annulus at a given radius, the spectra become increasingly distorted as the incident flux increases relative to the viscously generated heating flux in the disc. Significant effects are apparent for rings even at distances of ~ 10,000 Schwarzschild radii from the black hole for realistic dilution factors.
A New Interpretation of the Low Radial Velocity Determined from the HeII Emission Line in the Galactic Supersoft X-Ray Source RX J0019.8+2156
Authors: Hachisu Izumi , Kato Mariko
Published: June 2019

We propose a new interpretation for the low radial velocity of He II emission line in the Galactic supersoft X-ray source RX J0019.8+2156 based on a 2-D numerical simulation of dynamical mass transfer in binary systems. A more massive main-sequence (MS) companion of ~ 2.0 M⊙ is derived for a ~ 0.6 M⊙ white dwarf (WD) primary.

The Galactic supersoft X-ray source RX J0019.8+2156 (hereafter, RX J0019) with a 12.2 mag optical counterpart was discovered by ROSAT. The source is a binary with the period of 0.66 days and its X-ray luminosity is fairly constant, at least, for 7 yrs. Therefore RX J0019 seems to be a typical luminous supersoft X-ray source (SSS) with steady hydrogen shell-burning on a mass-accreting white dwarf (WD).
AA DOR An Eclipsing Subdwarf - Brown Dwarf Binary
Authors: Rauch T.
Published: June 2019

AA DOR, is an eclipsing, close, post common-envelope binary (PCEB) consisting of a sdOB primary star and an unseen secondary with an extraordinary small mass (M2 ≈ 0.066M⊙) formally a brown dwarf (see Rauch 2004 for details). In a spectral analysis of AA DOR, Rauch (2000) determined Teff = 42 kK and log g — 5.2 (cgs). The determination of the components' masses by comparison of these results with evolutionary models of Driebe et al. (1998) shows a discrepancy to masses derived from radial-velocity and the eclipse curves (Hilditch et al. 2003) log g = 5.5 would be necessary in order to achieve an intersection at M1 ≈ 0.330M⊙.
Flickering Mapping of the Cataclysmic Variables
Authors: Bortoletto A. , Baptista R.
Published: June 2019

We report results of simulation to evaluate the ability of the eclipse mapping method to reproduce the spatial distribution of flickering in cataclysmic variables stars.

Flickering is a fast intrinsic brightness scintilation occurring on time scales from seconds to minutes with amplitudes of 0.01 - 1 mag. Flickering is observed in all sources believed to be powered by accretion is considered a fundamental signature of accretion. Nevertheless, it is one of the least undestood aspects of the accretion process.
Activity of the New Filament in the Perseid Meteor Stream
Authors: Šimek M. , Pecina P.
Published: June 2019

The activity profile of the new filament in the Perseid meteor stream and its 1986-1994 levels were analyzed from Ondřejov radar observations. The filament was first detected in 1986 at its minimum activity level. Its maximum flux was observed in 1993. A secondary maximum appeared in the period 1988-1989. The cross-section profile of the new cloud shows an activity peak at L⊙ = 138°.87±0°.04 (equinox 1950.0).
STARDUST: Comet and Interstellar Dust Sample Return Mission
Authors: Brownlee D.E. , Burnett D. , Clark B. , Hanner M. S. , Horz F. , Kissel J. , Newburn R. , Sandford S. , Sekanina Z. , Tsou P. , Zolensky M.
Published: June 2019

STARDUST, a Discovery-class mission, will return intact samples of cometary dust and volatiles from comet P/Wild 2, as well as samples of the interstellar dust moving through the solar system. Dust capture utilizes aerogel, a microporous silica that is capable of intact capture of hypervelocity particles. A navigation camera, an in situ dust analyzer, and a dust flux monitor complete the payload. The Wild 2 flyby takes place in January 2004, with Earth return in January 2006.
Mineralogical Changes in IDPS Resulting From Atmospheric Entry Heating
Authors: Keller Lindsay P , Thomas Kathie L. , McKay David S.
Published: June 2019

All extraterrestrial particles are heated during their passage through the Earth's atmosphere. The mineral assemblages that form during entry heating can be used to constrain the maximum temperature attained which, in turn, places limits on their entry velocity Entry velocity can be used to discriminate typical cometary IDPs from asteroidal particles.

A common feature of heated IDPs is the presence of magnetite (Mt) rims on the particle surface. These rims range from thin, discontinuous Mt layers on lobes or on small constituent grains within lightly heated IDPs, to thick, continuous, polycrystalline rims that completely surround many strongly heated particles. Petrographic evidence indicates that Mt rims form directly from individual phases in IDPs via oxidation of Fe from the host phases. Our data indicate that the temperature of magnetite formation can range from a minimum of ~600°C (by decarbonation of Fe-bearing carbonates and the breakdown of phyllosilicates) to T > 850°C (decomposition of laihunite). In extreme cases, μm-sized Mt plates armor the surface of partly melted chondritic IDPs. Magnetite rims are more well-developed on hydrated IDPs than on anhydrous particles. The development of magnetite rims correlates with other independent indicators of heating including loss of volatile trace elements and sulfur depletions.
COBE/DIRBE Studies of Scattering By Interplanetary Dust
Authors: Berriman G. B. , Weiland J. L. , Lisse C. M. , Reach W. T. , Hauser M. G. , Kelsall T.
Published: June 2019

The high photometric quality and full-sky coverage in the COBE DIRBE datasets make possible detailed studies of the interplanetary medium. This paper presents a preliminary derivation of the infrared scattering phase function of interplanetary dust. The ultimate purpose of these investigations is to use the DIRBE observations to constrain the composition, size and structure of interplanetary dust grains.
Radial Velocities of Dust Particles in the F-Corona
Authors: Shestakova L.I. , Aimanov A.K. , Aimanova G.K.
Published: June 2019

Observations of radial velocities in the F-corona in the elongation range from 3 to 6 solar radii were carried out on July 11, 1991 (Mexico, La Paz) by means of a Fabry-Perot spectrograph. The Fraunhofer lines in the spectral region of H and K Call were used. The average velocities to the West and to the East of the Sun within 30° of the ecliptic plane are +30 km/s and -27 km/s respectively. This confirms the main results of the F-corona radial velocity observations by Shcheglov et al. (1987), Shestakova (1987) on July 31, 1981 about predominance of prograde Keplerian motion of the dust near the ecliptic plane and the effective radius of dust grains (≈0.4μm)
Time Variation of the Solar Dust Cloud
Authors: Kimura H.
Published: June 2019

We have found from line-of-sight integration of scattered light and thermal emission that the appearance of a hump in the F-corona, which was observed in the near-infrared wavelengths by Peterson (1969) and MacQueen (1968), is very sensitive to the change of size distribution of circumsolar dust grains. Namely, the size distribution affects the balance of scattered sunlight and thermal emission. We suggest that a temporal variation in the size distribution of circumsolar dust grains is a potential origin of the temporal variation of the hump structure observed in the F-corona.
Morphology of Cometary Dust Coma and Tail
Authors: Sekanina Z.
Published: June 2019

This paper summarizes some recent progress in our understanding of the morphological diversity of dust comets. This diversity is a product of dust emission from discrete active areas on the nucleus surface and provides information on the comet's rotation state and source function. Advances in computer simulations of large-scale dust coma morphology are described and the diagnostic properties of various dusty features are emphasized. Also addressed are some of the issues of dust tail morphology and particle fragmentation. Finally, constraints on the mass, size, and velocity field of the dust population of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 are set from the object's morphological observations in 1993-94.
The Mobility of a Hydrogen Atom on an Icy Mantle
Authors: Masuda Koichi
Published: June 2019

It is probable that most molecules in space are formed on the surface of small solid grains in dense molecular clouds. Such grains have generally accumulated icy mantles inside dark clouds. We have investigated the dynamical behavior of a hydrogen atom impinging on the mantle consisting of amorphous water ice based on an MD (Molecular Dynamics) computer simulation to estimate the structure of the resulting grains with the icy mantles. We have found that the hydrogen atoms impinging on the surface of amorphous water ice were easily trapped in a dent of the surface and, consequently they are fixed there firmly. Our results, which neglect tunneling, suggest that the migration of hydrogen atoms over a large region of the surface of icy grains may be less common than is often assumed.
On the crystalline silicate component of comet dust
Authors: Mayo Greenberg J. , Li Aigen , Yamamoto Tetsuo , Kozasa Takashi
Published: June 2019

The effects of preaggregation silicate crystallinity and postaggregation silicate crystallinity on the 11.3μm structure in comet dust emission have been calculated. Of the order of 10 - 20% crystallinity provides the best agreement to date with observation but the fits are not yet fully satisfactory.
The utilization of fish by-products and waste in animal feeding
Authors: Pike I. H. , Tatterson I. N.
Published: June 2019

Most of the by-products from fish go into the production of fish meal and fish oil, the latter going directly to the human food chain, and therefore do not really come under the heading of industrial by-products and waste per se. Broadly speaking, fish meal made from fish offal is a by-product which otherwise would have been wasted. This paper discusses the quantities involved and the nutritional properties offish meal, and in addition, the contribution to fish meal and fish oil made from species which are not suitable for human consumption (e.g. sandeels) or where the quantities caught exceed the demand for human consumption (e.g. sprats).

Any method of utilizing fish by-products for animal feeding should minimize chemical changes in the product to avoid reduction in the nutrients which are present at the time of catching. In some respects chemical changes in fish by-products are brought about in a similar way to those in grass, cut for preservation. The fish material has a high water content, around 75%, and from the time of catching is subject to chemical changes by enzymes in the fish and also by bacterial action. Fish, however, differs from grass in that it contains oil and virtually no carbohydrates. The demersal, or lean fish, for example, cod, haddock, plaice, saithe, etc., contain high levels of oil in the liver which are removed for separate processing, but little in the flesh and in the offal produced. The ‘industrial’ fish caught are mainly pelagic species with high levels of oil in the flesh.
6.18 The Role of The Liver in the Metabolism of Manganese and Copper
Authors: Symonds H. W. , Charmley Lynne L.
Published: June 2019

The liver is important in the homeostatic regulation of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). The rates at which the liver removes these trace elements from plasma and excretes them in bile have been measured by using either cattle in which the duodenum had been surgically modified to allow bile to be sampled and its rate of flow measured, or cattle with cannulae in hepatic, portal, mesenteric and carotid vessels.
8.5 Source of Protein Supplementation for Various Forages
Authors: Smith T. , Broster W. H. , Siviter J. W.
Published: June 2019

To make the best use of forages, it is necessary to consider the need for, and source of, nitrogen supplementation of the diet. This paper describes a study of the use of spring barley straw and other forages in the diet of the dairy heifer between 9-18 months of age, 200-300 kg live weight and required to grow at 0.5-0.7 kg per day. In the feeding trials, fixed amounts of the diets were fed.

In the first series of experiments, it was demonstrated that spring barley straw could supply up to 70% of the dry matter (DM) intake in mixed straw:concentrate diets when an adequate protein content was supplied. Thus, when fish meal was added, the required growth rates were obtained, as demonstrated in Figure 8.5.1 (Smith, Broster and Siviter, 1980), comparing favourably with estimates of energy requirements for growth (MAFF, 1975). With low straw (< 50%) diets, the response to fish meal was less.
Meeting consumer demands for milk and identifying research priorities
Authors: Leaver J. D. , Flores J. Santos , Anderson S.
Published: June 2019

The demand for dairy products is rising steeply in developing countries with increasing per capita incomes, in particular in Asia and Latin America. In contrast consumption is relatively static in developed countries. Only about 6% of global milk production is traded with the European Union (EU) being the major exporter, followed by New Zealand and Australia.

A conceptual model of driving force, state and response (DSR) is used to describe the dynamic in which research agendas have to be set within the milk production and consumption environment. Two countries with contrasting dairy industries, Mexico and the United Kingdom (UK) are discussed in relation to the DSR model and the implications for their research agendas. Mexico is a large importer of milk powder and has a milk production industry which consists of predominantly small- to medium-sized farms in a range of climatic regions, with poor farmer to consumer infrastructure. The UK has a well developed industry from farmer to consumer but has problems of milk quota restrictions, declining subsidies and the impact of BSE. Consumer demand in Mexico is in general for more dairy products at competitive prices, whereas in the UK, consumer demand is declining and there is a greater emphasis on food safety, animal welfare and environmental implications of dairying. Consequently the research agendas for the two countries have to be different.

In both countries, researchers dominate the research agendas, having a substantial influence on research priorities and the topics and modes of research. If the problems relating to the milk production and consumption environment are to be addressed, the relevant stakeholders within the DSR model need to be participants in setting research agendas. This should lead to less inappropriate research being carried out and to improved adoption pathways. Participatory approaches to research agendas involve stakeholders both in the prioritization of research and in its implementation.
Livestock and their interaction with the environment: an overview
Authors: Steinfeld H.
Published: June 2019

This paper draws on a recent multi-donor study on livestock and the environment and highlights how its findings might impact on research agendas worldwide. The soaring demand for meat and milk puts great pressure on the global natural resource base. About one-quarter of the world's total land area is used for grazing livestock. In addition, about one-fifth of the world's arable land is used for growing cereals for livestock food. Livestock production is the world's largest land user and may soon he its most important agricultural activity in terms of economic output. Livestock produce 13 billion tons of waste each year. A large part of this is recycled but, where animal concentrations are high, waste poses an environmental hazard. Water, already scarce in many parts of the world, is required not only for animals' drinking but also to grow food crops and for waste disposal. Pollution of land and water is another concern as is the impact by livestock, directly or indirectly, on biodiversity. Greenhouse gases from livestock and livestock waste contribute to global warming.

The paper provides an overview of critical livestock environment interactions, so-called hotspots, notably the overgrazing/degradation issue, deforestation, the ‘involution’ of mixed farming systems and the waste problem in areas of high animal concentrations. Measures that tackle only the superficial effects of environmental damage will never be as effective as a policy which attacks the underlying causes. Those causes are often deeply entrenched in what has become an almost universal fact: those who gain benefits from over-exploitation and degradation of the environment have not paid the full cost. Incorporating the environmental cost into the price of livestock products is critical to achieving sustainable development. The technological opportunities, and, therefore, the scope, for increasing livestock production, while simultaneously reducing the use of natural resources per unit of product, are enormous. Research needs to be channelled to reflect real scarcities of natural resources while respecting the need to maintain and improve livelihoods.
Purine nitrogen index, a potentially new parameter for rapid food evaluation in ruminants
Authors: X. B. Chen  , M. C. N. Jayasuriya
Published: June 2019

Ruminant production is an important sector of livestock agriculture. However, compared with simple-stomached animals, the conversion of plant material to animal products is low in efficiency and gives rise to large amounts of waste to the environment. Improvement in animal performance in the past has been based largely on greater input into the production system, rather than on a better efficiency of food conversion. With the increasing focus on resource efficiency and environmental protection, one important feature of future production systems will be to maximize efficiency and minimize waste. To aid the development and management of such systems, rapid food evaluation techniques are desired. In this paper, we propose that the measurement of purine derivative nitrogen as a proportion of total nitrogen in the urine, could provide a rapid indication of the efficiency with which food nitrogen is converted to microbial protein.
The consumer, the citizen and animal welfare
Authors: Layton R. , Bonney R.
Published: June 2019

In answer to the question ‘who writes the rules?’ relative to animal welfare the only accurate answer there can be is that the animal writes the rules. However in deciding the current animal welfare standards adopted by society the consumer plays a key rôle as the retail market is constantly working to meet the consumer's concerns. The consumer has a real, if often uninformed, concern regarding animal welfare. Animal welfare science clearly demonstrates that current systems are often at odds with the needs of animals. Ethical sectors of the food chain will put in place systems which reflect knowledge of animal welfare science as far as is currently possible and not merely the consumer perception in this area. The ability to deliver good animal welfare depends upon the willingness of the food chain to provide and the consumer to pay. The development of assurance schemes which truly address animal welfare science, translated into accurate labelling and backed by an awareness programme will make it easy for consumers to take the responsibility which, as citizens, they wish to do. We will then have an accurate picture of society's concerns to which the food chain can respond.
Science into practice: Theories, successes and lessons
Authors: Attenborough M , Thompson J E
Published: June 2019

The transfer and uptake of existing and new knowledge is fundamental to the survival of a sustainable pig industry and the supporting network of research and development, and it is of some concern that a wealth of useful R&D information already exists that remains largely underutilised across all livestock sectors. In an environment of ever decreasing funding for research, it is important to recognize that research is a means to an end, not an end unto itself, and strategic planning is necessary to maintain a knowledge transfer focus in all activities in this field. Adoption of technology is the desired outcome for all applied pig research and this ultimately provides those involved with a measure of success whilst providing pork producers and industry with a competitive advantage, satisfying public perception of “industry dealing with issues” and importantly facilitating feedback from industry to those conducting research.
The effect of education on buyer behaviour in relation to equine herbal medicine
Authors: Bolwell C.F. , Abraham D. M.
Published: June 2019

Herbal medicines are used in the horse to treat disease and help sustain optimum health within the body (Fleming, 2002). The popularity of complementary alternative medicines (CAM) in humans, such as herbal medicine, is continually growing across the United Kingdom (Ernst and White, 2000) and worldwide (Maclennon et al., 2003). The ability of alternative medicine to provide relief of specific symptoms to ailments is thought to be a major factor contributing to the rise of CAM (Pascoe, 2002). Much research has been conducted assessing the market for herbal products in humans, but little has been done on equine herbal products. Research by Astin (1998) suggests that a significant predictor of CAM use in humans is the buyers’ level of education; at least 50 % of respondents using CAM had degrees. A higher level of education allowed buyers to gain an understanding of the use of CAM and how it works.
Long-term changes in some benthic species in the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference to Tellina tenuis da Costa
Authors: Barnett P. R. O. , Watson J.
Published: June 2019

Synopis

Present knowledge of long-term changes in benthic species in the Firth of Clyde is reviewed.

Recent work on the annual variations in seasonal cycles of the sand-dwelling bivalve Tellina tenuis da Costa shows some correlations with natural and man-made variations in seawater temperature. Between 1973 and 1984 inclusive good settlements of young occurred on the two beaches examined in the autumns of years when higher mean seawater temperatures occurred in June and July. The implications are discussed in relation to cycles of climatic change. In general, settlements at Hunterston, a thermally enriched area, were considerably greater than at Kames Bay, a site affected only by natural temperature changes. However, T. tenuis at Kames Bay grew to much larger maximum sizes than at Hunterston, except in 1979, when Hunterston animals were larger. The possible interactions of food availability and the modifying effects of heated discharges are discussed.

Earlier results by Dr A. C. Stephen between 1926 and 1951 are reassessed in the light of present knowledge.
Clyde Nephrops: biology and fisheries
Authors: Bailey N. , Howard F. G. , Chapman C. J.
Published: June 2019

Synopsis

The fishery for Norway lobsters Nephrops norvegicus began in the 1950s and has since become one of the most valuable assets of the Clyde Sea Area. Landings of Nephrops reached a peak of 26001 in 1972. Following a decline in landings up to 1975 there has been a further increase to over 45001 in 1983, valued at £4–5 million. Most of the landings are made by inshore trawlers working from Ayr, Troon, Girvan, Largs, Campbeltown and Tarbert. Recently a small creel fishery has developed in some sea lochs. The abundance of the stock appears to have been maintained; landings per unit of fishing effort have fluctuated without any obvious trend.

Since September, 1979. several aspects of the biology of Nephrops have been studied in an area south of the Little Cumbrae at the north end of the east Arran Basin. Data are presented on the density, size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology and feeding of Nephrops in this area. The results are compared with those obtained for other Nephrops populations, revealing some unusual features of Clyde Nephrops. In the Clyde, densities were lower than in a number of other areas, while growth rate was much higher and animals grew to larger sizes. Sexual maturity was attained at a larger size in Clyde Nephrops and studies of ovary development revealed that considerable numbers of large females did not reproduce annually, in contrast to some other areas. Recent observations suggest that the biological characteristics of Nephrops populations in an area may be influenced by features of the local physical environment such as the particle size distribution and organic carbon content of the sediment. Differences between Clyde Nephrops and those from other areas are discussed in relation to this.
Gastropod Evolutionary History
Authors: Signor Philip W.
Published: June 2019

If taxonomic richness or ecological diversity defines evolutionary success, then the gastropods must be placed among the most successful clades of all time. Today, the gastropods are the most speciose class of fossilizable marine invertebrates. They have a rich fossil record extending nearly to the base of the Phanerozoic, documenting an almost uninterrupted taxonomic and ecological diversification (Figure 1). Yet the snails have been often overlooked as a focus of evolutionary or paleoecological study. Classic evolutionary studies of gastropods, for example Fisher et al.'s (1964) study of Athleta or Gould's (1969) work on Poecilozonites, indicate no inherent deficiencies in the taxon and suggest a simple lack of attention. The purpose of this paper is to summarize some of the major features of the history of gastropod evolution, to review problems in the analysis of fossil gastropods, and to reiterate some long-standing questions about the evolution and relationships of ancient snails. The goal is not only to provide a useful guide for non-specialists facing the prospect of lecturing on the beasts, but also to direct prospective students to problems perhaps worthy of their future research effort.
Contemporary Alternative Systems for Laying Fowls: Production Data and Behavioural Findings
Authors: Gibson S.W. , Dun P. , Hogarth G. , Anderson J.A. , Whittemore C.T. , Hughes B.O.
Published: June 2019

Over 95% of laying fowls in the UK are now housed in conventional battery cages. In recent years the general public and more specifically an Agricultural Committee on Animal Welfare in Poultry (1981) have raised doubts concerning the welfare of hens maintained this way and have called for further studies on alternative systems.

Consequently investigations into three alternatives to battery cages have been initiated: a range and covered strawyard system at The West of Scotland Agricultural College and a modified deep litter system at The East of Scotland College of Agriculture. The main objective of these investigations is to determine the practical feasibility and welfare consequences of the respective systems as alternatives to cages for keeping laying fowls. As well as recording productivity, the behavioural activities and distribution of wing-tagged birds have been monitored within the flocks of both the strawyard and deep litter systems. In all three studies ISA Brown layers were used and compared with sister stock housed in cages.
The effect of breed type on the relative variability of different fat depots in cattle
Authors: Fisher A.V. , Bayntun Jacqueline A.
Published: June 2019

It is well documented for cattle that there are distinct differences between breed types in the partitioning of carcass fat, the dairy breeds having relatively more intermuscular (IF) and kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF), and less subcutaneous fat (SF) than the British beef breeds at the same level of total fatness. Many of the simpler methods for predicting the fat content of an animal or carcass are based on measurement of the subcutaneous fat depot only (some ultrasonic techniques; carcass classification and fat depth probes) and would be expected to suffer from breed bias because of these different relations. This study examines a second aspect of the effect of breed type on fat deposition, namely the relative variability within the different depots among beef and dairy breeds. If the variability within the subcutaneous depot differs between types, this would lead to differences in the stability of prediction methods.
A Comparison of two Upland Systems of Management for a breeding herd of Red Deer
Authors: Hamilton W. J. , Maxwell T.J.
Published: June 2019

A study was initiated to explore the possibility of farming red deer more intensively on upland sown pastures. It was recognised that economic viability would depend not only upon high levels of animal performance but also on low winter feed costs; the study was concerned essentially therefore In comparing two different wintering systems.

Recognised that economic viability would depend not only upon high levels of animal performance but also on low winter feed costs; the study was concerned essentially therefore In comparing two different wintering systems.

Two groups of 34 hinds each were kept on two systems of management which differed In two respects, for a period of two years. Both groups were grazed at 10 hinds per hectare on sown upland pasture from mid May; calving took place In late May and June. A proportion of the grazed area was used for conservation in the early summer. However, one group of hinds, System A, was mated (October) and then wintered on a heather dominant hill pasture of approximately 11 hectares. The second group of hinds, (System B), was mated on Its sown pasture area and then wintered in a small paddock where it was fed daily.

Liveweight loss during the winter in both herds was controlled where necessary by feeding additional hay and concentrate as required to achieve a liveweight of 80.0 kg by the end of March.
The ability of lambs to recover from a period of underfeeding
Authors: Cropper M. , Lloyd M. , Emmans G.C. , Hinks C.
Published: June 2019

Growing lambs are frequently subject to varying planes of nutrition. Knowledge of the response of lambs to the restoration of non-limiting feeding conditions following a period of feed restriction is necessary in order to determine economic systems for finishing lambs.

Thirty Blackface wether lambs (birth weight 3.8 kg s.d. 0.38 kg) were treated in two ways from birth to 25 kg live weight (LW). One half were reared by well-fed ewes at grass (treatment UR). The other lambs sucked poorly-fed ewes up to weaning at 18.2 kg LW (s.d. 1.9); thereafter R lambs were given 700 g/day of a high quality pelleted feed (F) to 25 kg LW. Feed F contained 158 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM) and had an estimated metabolisable energy yield of 12.5 MJ/kg DM.

From 25kg LW both UR and R lambs had ad libitum access to feed F to a final LW of 45 kg unless slaughtered earlier. The feed intakes and LW of individual sheep were measured weekly. Six lambs from each treatment were slaughtered at 25 kg LW in order to assess the effect of treatment on body composition. Three lambs from each treatment were subsequently slaughtered at 35 kg, 40 kg and 45 kg LW. Weights of gut-fill and organs were recorded and the cold carcass (CC) dissected into lean, bone and fat.
Out-of-Season Breeding in Adult Suffolk Ewes following Light and Melatonin Treatment
Authors: Ward Sandra J. , Williams H.LI.
Published: June 2019

Photostimulation is an effective means of manipulating reproductive activity in most British breeds of sheep. Short term light treatment can initiate oestrus cycles during June/July and thus provides the opportunity for autumn lambing (Williams, 1977). The most effective light treatments comprise a period of supplementary light followed by a period of long nights which requires controlled environmental housing. Recent investigations have demonstrated that melatonin treatment may replace the long night phase thus simplifying management (Williams, 1985). Attempts to dispense with the period of supplementary light by transferring Spring lambing Welsh Mountain ewes abruptly to long nights during early Spring were not as successful as the conventional type of light treatment (Williams, 1967). This investigation was undertaken to compare the response of adult Suffolk crossbred ewes given melatonin in the Spring with or without a priming period of supplementary light.
Boccaccio and the Stars: Astrology in the ‘Teseida’
Authors: Smarr Janet Levarie
Published: June 2019

In Boccaccio's epic, the Teseida, the narrative of events is scattered with references to the rising constellations and positions of the planets. Whether or not Boccaccio actually believed in astrology (as he did to some degree), the zodiac is a set of publicly recognized symbols for various kinds of action and states of mind, and Boccaccio might well have considered poetically correlating the astral positions with his narrative. Numerous scholars have pointed out the meanings of astronomical passages in the writings both of Dante, whom Boccaccio imitated in many ways, and of Chaucer, whose astrology-filled Knight's Tale is based on the Teseida. Quaglio, investigating the extent of Boccaccio's astronomical knowledge, is not concerned with the literary uses of that knowledge. Earlier critics, assuming that the narratives were autobiographical, investigated some of the astronomical passages in search of historical dates for Boccaccio's affair with Fiammetta; but the confusion of calendars and lack of sufficiently detailed information in the texts resulted in a variety of answers and no way to judge among them. At the same time many of the astronomical verses that seemed unrelatable to Boccaccio's own romance were left unmentioned.
Temporal and Spiritual Regalia during the Reigns of St. Louis and Philip III
Authors: Campbell Gerard J.
Published: June 2019

The Gregorian reform of the eleventh century mounted a massive attack on lay control over churches and church appointments, yet the degree to which this attack succeeded in attaining its objectives varied from country to country. Local conditions and personalities were important in determining the outcome of the struggle over investiture and other related questions, but neither side achieved a complete victory, because the final agreements between clerical and lay leaders were a compromise which produced the usual mixture of satisfaction and disappointment. The church gained the most substantial victory, for the smothering stranglehold of the laity over the church and churchmen was broken, nevermore to be restored in the Middle Ages. Increased spiritual freedom for the church in subsequent centuries resulted from the struggle of the mid-eleventh century. Nevertheless, the church had not broken completely from its close ties with the world of feudalism. If bishoprics, abbeys, and parish churches were not feudal possessions of kings and nobles, laymen still retained many rights reminiscent of the earlier days when laymen claimed a proprietary right over the churches in their areas. The purpose of this paper is to consider one of these remnants of earlier days: the right of regalia I will examine the right of regalia, temporal and spiritual, together with some related institutions during the reigns of St. Louis and Philip III of France.
II. Le vin du « Layon »
Authors: Wagret Paul , le Theule Joël
Published: June 2019

Parmi les vins d'Anjou, le « Layon » a acquis une réputation qui dépasse le cadre de la province. Ce vin « comparable au Sauternes, de 12 à 13°, titrant 60 à 80 g. de sucre, d'une teinte or vert », a une saveur qui se prolonge en s'affinant dans le palais, « saveur de miel ou de coing ». C'est le produit paradoxal en apparence d'un de ces vignobles d'exception « où la vigne est près de sortir de son domaine naturel », où le travail est un art et a donné naissance à un milieu social particulier.

Certes, pour aider à la création de ce vignoble d'exception, il a fallu que la géographie collabore : elle apportait des conditions privilégiées, quand on pense que la vigne ne réussit plus guère à une trentaine de kilomètres plus au Nord.
Artificial Intelligence and International Security: The Long View
Authors: Gill Amandeep Singh
Published: June 2019

How will emerging autonomous and intelligent systems affect the international landscape of power and coercion two decades from now? Will the world see a new set of artificial intelligence (AI) hegemons just as it saw a handful of nuclear powers for most of the twentieth century? Will autonomous weapon systems make conflict more likely or will states find ways to control proliferation and build deterrence, as they have done (fitfully) with nuclear weapons? And importantly, will multilateral forums find ways to engage the technology holders, states as well as industry, in norm setting and other forms of controlling the competition? The answers to these questions lie not only in the scope and spread of military applications of AI technologies but also in how pervasive their civilian applications will be. Just as civil nuclear energy and peaceful uses of outer space have cut into and often shaped discussions on nuclear weapons and missiles, the burgeoning uses of AI in consumer products and services, health, education, and public infrastructure will shape views on norm setting and arms control. New mechanisms for trust and confidence-building measures might be needed not only between China and the United States—the top competitors in comprehensive national strength today—but also among a larger group of AI players, including Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.
Artificial Intelligence in Global Health
Authors: Davies Sara E.
Published: June 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reaching into every aspect of global health. In this essay, I examine one example of AI's potential contributions and limitations in global health: the prediction, treatment, and containment of a global influenza outbreak. The potential advantages are clear. AI can aid global influenza surveillance platforms by improving the capacity of organizations to look for novel influenza outbreak strains in the right places, to identify populations most likely to spread influenza, and to produce real-time information about the disease's spread by monitoring social media communications to track outbreak events. There are also very real limitations to what AI can do, and it is crucial that AI not be used as an excuse not to invest in strengthening health systems and other traditional components of global healthcare. AI may also be able to improve our understanding of who should receive a vaccine and what is most effective for large-scale vaccine delivery, but there will always be blind spots that the data cannot fill. Investment in healthcare, with attention to the danger of minimal access to care for minority groups that are at risk and in fragile situations, remains the best chance to prepare communities for outbreak detection, surveillance, and containment.
Effects of melatonin on production of reactive oxygen species and developmental competence of bovine oocytes exposed to heat shock and oxidative stress duringin vitromaturation
Authors: Cavallari Fernanda de Castro , Leal Cláudia Lima Verde , Zvi Roth , Hansen Peter J.
Published: June 2019

Heat shock may disrupt oocyte function by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We evaluated the capacity of the antioxidant melatonin to protect oocytes using two models of oxidative stress – heat shock and the pro-oxidant menadione. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were exposed in the presence or absence of 1 µM melatonin to the following treatments during maturation: 38.5°C, 41°C and 38.5°C+5 µM menadione. In the first experiment, COC were matured for 3 h with 5 µM CellROX® and analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy to quantify production of ROS. The intensity of ROS was greater for oocytes exposed to heat shock and menadione than for control oocytes. Melatonin reduced ROS intensity for heat-shocked oocytes and oocytes exposed to menadione, but not for control oocytes. In the second experiment, COC were matured for 22 h. After maturation, oocytes were fertilized and the embryos cultured for 7.5 days. The proportion of oocytes that cleaved after fertilization was lower for oocytes exposed to heat shock and menadione than for control oocytes. Melatonin increased cleavage for heat-shocked oocytes and oocytes exposed to menadione, but not for control oocytes. Melatonin tended to increase the developmental competence of embryos from heat-shocked oocytes but not for embryos from oocytes exposed to menadione or from control oocytes. In conclusion, melatonin reduced production of ROS of maturing oocytes and protected oocytes from deleterious effects of both stresses on competence of the oocyte to cleave after coincubation with sperm. These results suggest that excessive production of ROS compromises oocyte function.
What's on the menu? Options for strengthening the policy and regulatory framework for the exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources
Authors: Hiemstra S.J. , Drucker A.G. , Tvedt M.W. , Louwaars N. , Oldenbroek J.K. , Awgichew K. , Kebede S. Abegaz , Bhat P.N. , da Silva Mariante A.
Published: June 2019

This paper addresses major issues and challenges for Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) and the livestock sector, as well as options for further development of policies or regulatory approaches. Three main areas were identified, i) how we can halt the further erosion of genetic diversity and promote sustainable breeding and use, ii) whether there is a need to regulate the exchange of genetic material and iii) how to balance different systems of rights (e.g. sovereign rights of nations, intellectual property rights, communal rights or rights of livestock keepers).

To halt further erosion, complementary ex-situ and in-situ conservation approaches are needed and breeding and marketing of local breeds should be strengthened. Secondly, recognizing the importance of the exchange of AnGR, broad access and responsible and equitable exchange mechanisms should be further promoted. Thirdly, regarding intellectual property rights, there is a need to adapt the application of the patent system to the special circumstances inherent in animal breeding. Moreover, possible sui generis systems should be further explored in order to better balance different rights systems.

Rather than developing a new or adapted internationally legally binding framework, the intergovernmental process under FAO may instead wish to focus, in the first instance, on the development of voluntary instruments to strengthen national policies and the implementation of action at national levels.

Debates and developments related to international agreements in the crop sector have also tended to frame the debate for AnGR. However, before launching into a discussion on whether or not an ‘FAO Animal Treaty’ would be needed, one should first of all clarify the problems to be dealt with and regulated via an international regime.
Chemosynthesis and Chemosymbiosis in the Fossil Record: Detecting Unusual Communities Using Isotope Geochemistry
Authors: Cobabe Emily A.
Published: June 2019

The exploration of chemosynthetic communities in the geologic record over the last ten years has generated a series of sedimentological, tectonic and geochemical criteria that help define a continuum of environments from hot hydrothermal vents to nearshore geothermal deposits. Many of these studies have used stable isotope geochemistry to uncover a depleted carbon signature that characterizes most fossil chemosynthetically derived deposits. Isotope geochemistry (carbon, nitrogen and sulfur) as been an important thread in the story of the discovery of modern chemosynthetic communities, as well, adding to understanding of the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems. With increasing awareness of the prominence of these communities, not just as a biological novelty, but as a fundamental component of life on Earth (and perhaps elsewhere), the drive to develop geochemical proxies for chemosynthetic taxa in the fossil record intensifies. Increased ability to recognize these communities provides access to a second tier of paleobiological questions, including ideas of evolutionary history and selective advantage.