bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les aristocraties bretonnes à l'épreuve des répercussions de la première guerre mondiale
Authors: Bensoussan David
Published: December 2008

Résumé Longtemps en position prédominante dans une grande partie des campagnes bretonnes, l’aristocratie rurale est confrontée à des difficultés croissantes au lendemain de la première guerre mondiale. Tandis que ses convictions monarchistes apparaissent de plus en plus obsolètes, elle voit ses liens avec le clergé, relais majeur de son influence auprès des populations, fortement fragilisés par la condamnation pontificale de l’Action française en 1926. Parallèlement, sa domination socio-économique est remise en cause par une partie de la paysannerie. Face à ces difficultés, l’aristocratie rurale fait le choix, non sans tensions internes, d’un engagement redoublé sur le terrain du syndicalisme agricole. Les succès obtenus lui permettent de disposer de ressources sociales qu’elle mobilise, dans les années 1930, autour de l’apologie du corporatisme agrarien. L’objectif affiché est l’instauration d’un nouveau régime politique qui la consacrerait comme une autorité naturelle.
L'aristocratie allemande au service de l'État et la césure de 1918
Authors: Vincent Marie-Bénédicte
Published: December 2008

Résumé Si 1918 est incontestablement une césure politique et démographique pour la noblesse allemande, qui perd avec l’abolition de la monarchie la situation privilégiée qu’elle détenait dans les institutions du Kaiserreich, peut-on pour autant parler d’un déclin aristocratique dans les années 1920 ? L’article se propose d’examiner la place de la noblesse dans l’appareil d’État de la république de Weimar, en évoquant successivement les cas de l’armée, de la diplomatie et de l’administration prussienne. Ce faisant, l’article montre que si la noblesse n’est plus une élite de pouvoir, elle continue d’exercer une influence au sein de ces élites de fonction. Mais le traumatisme de la défaite et de la révolution, loin d’avoir eu un effet homogénéisateur sur la noblesse, a au contraire accentué sa fragmentation. Cette division politique est un des éléments expliquant la faiblesse de la noblesse face au nazisme à la veille des années 1930.
L'antichambre de l'Holocauste ?
Authors: Gerwarth Robert , Malinowski Stephan
Published: December 2008

Résumé Les rapports entre le colonialisme européen et le national-socialisme sont devenus l’enjeu d’une controverse à l’échelle internationale. Dans les pas de Hannah Arendt, certains universitaires ont récemment avancé l’idée que l’Holocauste ne pourrait pas être compris sans prendre en compte les « racines coloniales » du nazisme. En particulier, il est suggéré que le colonialisme allemand et la guerre contre les Herero (1904-1907) aurait servi de modèle à la guerre d’extermination en Europe de l’Est (1939-1945). Cet article tente de critiquer une telle approche qui suggère une continuité entre les massacres coloniaux de 1904 et Auschwitz. Il s’agit de mettre en question ce caractère dit exceptionnel de la guerre coloniale allemande. Du reste, la nature « coloniale » de la guerre d’extermination nazie – malgré sa rhétorique – serait davantage une chimère qu’une réalité historique.
Les jumelages franco-allemands
Authors: Defrance Corine
Published: December 2008

Résumé Bien qu’on compte aujourd’hui près de deux mille cinq cents jumelages entre la France et l’Allemagne, ceux-ci sont restés longtemps un objet négligé de l’historiographie. Pourtant, depuis le 40 e  anniversaire du traité de l’Élysée, en 2003, ils suscitent un regain d’intérêt, lié au débat sur le rôle que les collectivités territoriales et la société civile doivent jouer dans les relations transnationales. En retraçant l’histoire des premiers jumelages franco-allemands – véritable innovation de l’après-guerre –, il s’agit de mettre en lumière le rôle des acteurs non étatiques dans les relations bilatérales et la démocratisation des échanges franco-allemands. C’est à ce niveau qu’il faut rechercher les facteurs et les étapes du processus de rapprochement et de réconciliation qui devait permettre à Charles de Gaulle et Konrad Adenauer de signer le traité d’amitié en 1963. Mais ces jumelages, majoritairement conclus entre des villes de RFA et de France, concernèrent aussi, dans une moindre mesure, des villes est-allemandes. Aussi, dans une première partie, il s’agira de repérer les cadres organisationnels, les réseaux dans lesquels ces appariements s’inscrivent et les milieux qui les ont portés : quelles furent les raisons de l’engagement dans ce type d’action ? Dans un second temps, il s’agira de reconstituer le paysage des jumelages bilatéraux jusque dans les années 1970, pour identifier et analyser les phases, les blocages et les spécificités régionales de ces jumelages.
Sport universitaire, violence et construction de l'identité masculine aux États-Unis de l'ère progressiste aux années 1930
Authors: Klein Jonathan
Published: December 2008

Résumé Le sport universitaire américain, inspiré de l’exemple anglais, naît au milieu du 19 e siècle dans les universités d’élite de la côte Est. Le premier tiers du 20 e siècle correspond à la fois à une époque de violence exacerbée dans le sport universitaire, en particulier dans le football américain, nettement perceptible dans les sources, et pouvant aller jusqu’à la mort de joueurs, et, corrélativement, à une prise de conscience de la nécessité d’intervenir à l’échelle fédérale pour en réduire les manifestations les plus sensibles. La création de la National Collegiate Athletic Association, à partir de 1905, inspirée entre autres par Theodore Roosevelt, ne met pas fin à la violence sur les terrains de sport universitaire. Au contraire, cette violence qui se perpétue permet aux jeunes hommes américains de construire et d’attester leur identité masculine à travers une socialisation par le sport universitaire de haut niveau, alternative possible à une formation militaire, à une époque où les inquiétudes provoquées par les bouleversements de la société américaine, en particulier la disparition de la Frontière et la mémoire de la guerre de Sécession, se développent.
Une histoire sociale à l'italienne ?
Authors: Salvati Mariuccia
Published: December 2008

Résumé L’article est divisé en trois parties : la première dresse un tableau de la situation de l’histoire sociale depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, soit depuis la fin du fascisme et de son hostilité radicale à l’égard des sciences sociales. Dans les années 1940-1950, la reprise des études sur la société se fait sous le signe du marxisme et du parti communiste. Cependant, en dehors des partis et des universités, des travaux originaux sont menés par des écrivains et des sociologues, qui s’engagent dans une recherche sur la société se voulant être aussi un rendez-vous civil. La deuxième partie, consacrée aux années 1970, suit le débat sur l’histoire sociale, dans ses deux versions, labour history et microstoria . La troisième partie fait rapidement le tour de la production en histoire sociale dans les années 1980-1990, tant sur le versant de la microstoria que sur celui de la labour history , soulignant une sorte d’influence réciproque pour la période contemporaine, influence jamais admise mais évidente vu le déplacement des centres d’intérêts vers les territoires et vers le rôle de la société dans l’histoire des institutions. Même si les tendances internationales prédominent aujourd’hui, le territoire et la microstoria restent les traits particuliers de l’histoire sociale italienne, car ils sont très proches de ses spécificités géographiques et historiques.
Formes et fonctions de l'antifascisme dans la vie politique italienne
Authors: Galli della Loggia Ernesto
Published: December 2008

Résumé En 1945, l’antifascisme était le seul moyen de légitimation à la disposition du nouveau régime politique de l’Italie et de sa nouvelle élite politique. Ce fut l’idéologie nouvelle de la République nouvellement née et il fut au début utilisé dans ce but. Mais très tôt, et de plus en plus, l’antifascisme devint un simple outil de parti communiste dans sa lutte contre ses ennemis, périodiquement accusés d’œuvrer au rétablissement d’un régime autoritaire. De cette façon, et en raison de la force de la gauche tout au cours de l’après-guerre, la perpétuation de l’opposition fasciste/antifasciste devint une caractéristique permanente de la vie culturelle et politique italienne. Et les mêmes raisons alimentèrent l’image mythique d’une Résistance comme grande rébellion du peuple. Cet article examine les formes et les phases de cette subtile opération idéologique visant à apporter au parti communiste à la fois la légitimation démocratique et nationale dont il avait si radicalement besoin et une influence hégémonique dans le milieu intellectuel.
Miracles et défaillances de l'économie italienne
Authors: Segreto Luciano
Published: December 2008

Résumé De combien de miracles économiques un pays est-il capable ? La question est moins rhétorique et évidente qu’elle peut paraître, en particulier dans le cas de l’Italie. L’économie du pays des exceptions (tant d’un point de vue négatif que positif) est examinée pour évaluer dans quelle mesure l’Italie peut répondre aux nouveaux défis de la concurrence mondiale, en tenant compte de son retard historique, de ses sous-estimations et de ses erreurs, principaux éléments de son passé lointain comme plus récent.
« L'aventure fascinante de l'Église en Italie »
Authors: Durand Jean-Dominique
Published: December 2008

Résumé L’étude du fait religieux en Italie révèle un pays très éloigné de la France et même de bien d’autres pays européens : présence sociale, dynamisme des engagements, vigueur des pratiques populaires, rôle politique de l’Église catholique entretiennent une singularité qui surprend de prime abord l’observateur. Celle-ci se confirme dès lors que l’on analyse de plus près les réalités quotidiennes et les tendances de fond des évolutions. La longue histoire du christianisme depuis les martyres de Pierre et de Paul donne à l’Italie un rapport particulier à la religion malgré les vicissitudes de la construction de l’État national imposée à l’Église et les progrès de la sécularisation de la société. Rome capitale de l’État italien, et capitale de la catholicité, impose un rapport profondément original entre Église et État, un rapport réglé par le régime concordataire intégré dans la Constitution républicaine, mais qui va au-delà des règles juridiques, pour créer, non sans tensions parfois, une sorte d’osmose entre le spirituel et le temporel.
Mao et son modèle
Authors: Bianco Lucien
Published: December 2008

Résumé Lénine était très soucieux de ne pas répéter les erreurs des Jacobins, Mao a reproduit le système soviétique sans s’émouvoir outre mesure de ses tares ou en prétendant faire mieux. Il a adopté la stratégie stalinienne d’industrialisation, encore plus inadaptée à la Chine qu’à la Russie. Quand il a voulu la corriger, il en a aggravé les excès en lançant le Grand Bond en avant. La famine qui en a résulté a été encore plus meurtrière que celle que la collectivisation et la dékoulakisation avaient provoquée en Ukraine en 1933. Entre les crimes et les aberrations suprêmes des deux dictateurs (Grande Terreur stalinienne, Révolution culturelle), les différences sautent aux yeux sans masquer complètement les similitudes. Étendons cette remarque à l’ensemble de leurs pratiques de gouvernement : en première approximation, on peut rapporter les contrastes aux personnalités dissemblables de deux dictateurs devenus tyrans, l’essentielle parenté des deux régimes à leur commune matrice léninienne.
Quand l'Australie invente et réinvente une tradition
Authors: Rechniewski Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

Résumé Ces vingt dernières années, période qui correspond à « l’ère de commémoration » identifiée par Pierre Nora, l’anniversaire du débarquement à Gallipoli, quand les Anzac ont lancé un assaut infructueux contre les troupes turques, solidement retranchées, ont été marquées en Australie avec une nouvelle ferveur. Avec le soutien du gouvernement et des média pour cette « réinvention de la tradition », Gallipoli a acquis, dans l’imaginaire australien, un statut iconique comme événement fondateur de la nation. Cet article suggère des raisons pour lesquelles cette histoire s’est dotée d’un tel pouvoir, examine la nature et les origines du mythe et les aspects de l’identité australienne qui y trouveraient leur expression. Il signale le rôle des élites, et surtout des hommes politiques, dans la dissémination de la légende et cela à leurs propres fins – à des fins assez diverses, d’ailleurs, car les événements se prêtent à plusieurs interprétations.
Control of the Morphology and Structural Development of Solution‐Processed Functionalized Acenes for High‐Performance Organic Transistors
Authors: Lim Jung Ah , Lee Hwa Sung , Lee Wi Hyoung , Cho Kilwon
Published: December 2008

Solution‐processable functionalized acenes have received special attention as promising organic semiconductors in recent years because of their superior intermolecular interactions and solution‐processability, and provide useful benchmarks for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). Charge‐carrier transport in organic semiconductor thin films is governed by their morphologies and molecular orientation, so self‐assembly of these functionalized acenes during solution processing is an important challenge. This article discusses the charge‐carrier transport characteristics of solution‐processed functionalized acene transistors and, in particular, focuses on the fine control of the films' morphologies and structural evolution during film‐deposition processes such as inkjet printing and post‐deposition annealing. We discuss strategies for controlling morphologies and crystalline microstructure of soluble acenes with a view to fabricating high‐performance OFETs.
A Spring‐Like Behavior of Chiral Block Copolymer with Helical Nanostructure Driven by Crystallization
Authors: Chiang Yeo‐Wan , Ho Rong‐Ming , Thomas Edwin L. , Burger Christian , Hsiao Benjamin S.
Published: December 2008

The crystallization of helical nanostructure resulting from the self‐assembly of a chiral diblock copolymer, poly(styrene)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) (PS‐PLLA), is studied. Various crystalline PS‐PLLA nanostructures are obtained by controlling the crystallization temperature of PLLA (Tc,PLLA), at which crystalline helices and crystalline cylinders occur while Tc,PLLA < Tg,PS (the glass transition temperature of PS) and Tc,PLLA ≥ Tg,PS, respectively. As evidenced by selected‐area electron diffraction and two‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction results, the PLLA crystallites under confinement reveal a unique anisotropic character regardless of the crystallization temperature. On the basis of observed uniaxial scattering results the PLLA crystallites grown within the microdomains are identified as crystals with preferential growth directions either along the [100] or along the [110]‐axes of the PLLA crystalline unit cell, at which the molecular chains and the growth direction are normal and parallel to the central axes of helices, respectively. The formation of this exclusive crystalline growth is attributed to the spatial confinement effect for crystallization. While Tc,PLLA < Tg,PS, owing to the directed crystallization by helical confinement, the preferential crystalline growth leads to the crystallization following a helical track with growth direction parallel to the central axes of helices through a twisting mechanism. Consequently, winding crystals with specific crystallographic orientation within the helical microdomains can be found. By contrast, while Tc,PLLA ≥ Tg,PS, the preferential growth may modulate the curvature of microdomains by shifting the molecular chains to access the fast path for crystalline growth due to the increase in chain mobility. As a result, a spring‐like behavior of the helical nanostructure can be driven by crystallization so as to dictate the transformation of helices, resulting in crystalline cylinders that might be applicable to the design of switchable large‐strain actuators.
A New Look to Ring in the New Year
Authors: Flanagan Dave
Published: December 2008

With a clean new design for 2009, the editor looks forward to bringing you the most interesting, highest‐quality—and maybe even surprising—full papers in materials science.
An N‐Linked Bidentate Phosphoramidite Ligand (N‐Me‐BIPAM) for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Arylboronic Acids to N‐Sulfonylarylaldimines
Authors: Kurihara Kazunori , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: December 2008

A chiral N‐linked C2‐symmetric bidentate phosphoramidite (N‐Me‐BIPAM) was newly developed for the rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective addition of arylboronic acids to N‐sulfonylimines. This ligand achieved high enantioselectivities in a range of 84–99% ee in additions of arylboronic acids to N‐tosyl‐ and N‐nosylarylaldimines.
Development of an anatomically based whole‐body musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Ogihara Naomichi , Makishima Haruyuki , Aoi Shinya , Sugimoto Yasuhiro , Tsuchiya Kazuo , Nakatsukasa Masato
Published: December 2008

We constructed a three‐dimensional whole‐body musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) based on computed tomography and dissection of a cadaver. The skeleton was modeled as a chain of 20 bone segments connected by joints. Joint centers and rotational axes were estimated by joint morphology based on joint surface approximation using a quadric function. The path of each muscle was defined by a line segment connecting origin to insertion through an intermediary point if necessary. Mass and fascicle length of each were systematically recorded to calculate physiological cross‐sectional area to estimate the capacity of each muscle to generate force. Using this anatomically accurate model, muscle moment arms and force vectors generated by individual limb muscles at the foot and hand were calculated to computationally predict muscle functions. Furthermore, three‐dimensional whole‐body musculoskeletal kinematics of the Japanese macaque was reconstructed from ordinary video sequences based on this model and a model‐based matching technique. The results showed that the proposed model can successfully reconstruct and visualize anatomically reasonable, natural musculoskeletal motion of the Japanese macaque during quadrupedal/bipedal locomotion, demonstrating the validity and efficacy of the constructed musculoskeletal model. The present biologically relevant model may serve as a useful tool for comprehensive understanding of the design principles of the musculoskeletal system and the control mechanisms for locomotion in the Japanese macaque and other primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Markers of physiological stress in juvenile bonobos (Pan paniscus): Are enamel hypoplasia, skeletal development and tooth size interrelated?
Authors: Lukacs John R.
Published: December 2008

A reduction in enamel thickness due to disrupted amelogenesis is referred to as enamel hypoplasia (EH). Linear EH in permanent teeth is a widely accepted marker of systemic physiological stress. An enigmatic, nonlinear form of EH commonly manifest in great ape and human deciduous canines (dc) is known as localized hypoplasia of primary canines (LHPC). The etiology of LHPC and what it signifies—localized traumatic or systemic physiological stress—remains unclear. This report presents frequency data on LHPC, hypostotic cranial traits, and tooth size in a sample of juvenile bonobos, then tests hypotheses of intertrait association that improve knowledge of the etiology and meaning of LHPC. The fenestration hypothesis is tested using hypostotic cranial traits as a proxy for membrane bone ossification, and the relationship between tooth size, LHPC, and hypostosis is investigated. Macroscopic observations of EH, hypostotic traits, and measurements of buccolingual tooth size were conducted according to established standards. LHPC was found in 51.2% of bonobos (n = 86) and in 26% of dc teeth (n = 269). Hypostotic traits were observed in 55.2% of bonobos (n = 96). A test of the association between LHPC and hypostosis yielded nonsignificant results (χ2 = 2.935; P = 0.0867). Primary canines were larger in specimens with LHPC than in unaffected specimens (paired samples t test; udc, P = 0.011; ldc, P = 0.018), a result consistent with the fenestration hypothesis of LHPC pathogenesis. Hypostosis was not associated with differences in tooth size (P > 0.05). LHPC may be an indirect indicator of physiological stress, resulting from large, buccally displaced primary canines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food mechanical properties in three sympatric species of Hapalemur in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar
Authors: Yamashita Nayuta , Vinyard Christopher J. , Tan Chia L.
Published: December 2008

We investigated mechanical dietary properties of sympatric bamboo lemurs, Hapalemur g. griseus, H. aureus, and H. (Prolemur) simus, in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Each lemur species relies on bamboo, though previous behavioral observations found that they specialize on different parts of a common resource (Tan: Int J Primatol 20 1999 547–566; Tan: PhD dissertation 2000 State University of New York, Stony Brook). On the basis of these earlier behavioral ecology studies, we hypothesized that specialization on bamboo is related to differences in mechanical properties of specific parts. We quantified mechanical properties of individual plant parts from the diets of the bamboo lemur species using a portable tester. The diets of the Hapalemur spp. exhibited high levels of mechanical heterogeneity. The lemurs, however, could be segregated based on the most challenging (i.e., mechanically demanding) foods. Giant bamboo culm pith was the toughest and stiffest food eaten, and its sole lemur consumer, H. simus, had the most challenging diet. However, the mechanical dietary properties of H. simus and H. aureus overlapped considerably. In the cases where lemur species converged on the same bamboo part, the size of the part eaten increased with body size. Plant parts that were harvested orally but not necessarily masticated were the most demanding, indicating that food preparation may place significant loads on the masticatory apparatus. Finally, we describe how mechanical properties can influence feeding behavior. The elaborate procurement processes of H. simus feeding on culm pith and H. griseus and H. aureus feeding on young leaf bases are related to the toughnesses of protective coverings and the lemurs' exploitation of mechanical vulnerabilities in these plants. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex uno plures (“aus Einem Vieles”): Konzepte zur Erweiterung des Polyolefin‐Repertoires durch reversiblen Gruppentransfer
Authors: Sita Lawrence R.
Published: December 2008

Das Gebiet der Polyolefinewird als ausgereift betrachtet und vermittelt den Eindruck, man könne jede Polymerstruktur durch iterative Derivatisierung des Koordinationskatalysators erhalten. Dieses Konzept ist jedoch selbstbeschränkend. Bimolekulare Gruppentransferreaktionen bieten dagegen eine einfache Möglichkeit, ausgehend von einem Katalysator durch Variieren der Reaktionsparameter vielfältige Polyolefinmaterialien zugänglich zu machen.

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Das Gebiet der Polyolefine, die mit homogenen, löslichen Katalysatoren durch Koordinationspolymerisation von Ethen und 1‐Alkenen hergestellt werden, wird heute als ausgereift betrachtet. Mit diesem Status ist der allgemeine Eindruck verbunden, dass inzwischen jede gewünschte stereochemische Mikrostruktur oder Copolymerzusammensetzung durch iterative Derivatisierung eines ursprünglichen Moleküldesigns routinemäßig und mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit erhältlich ist. Dieses “Ein‐Katalysator‐ein‐Material”‐Konzept ist aber in sich selbstbeschränkend, weil die Zahl der Molekülstrukturen, die synthetisiert und verwendet werden können, begrenzt ist. Vor kurzem eingeführte Reaktionen mit nicht‐terminierenden, reversiblen Gruppentransferprozessen, die mit der Kettenfortpflanzung konkurrieren, bilden indes die Basis für neuartige “Ein‐Katalysator‐viele‐Materialien”‐Konzepte, die das Potenzial haben, die Bandbreite von Polyolefinmaterialien für das 21. Jahrhundert enorm zu vergrößern.
“Wenn Schweine fliegen könnten”: Zum Prinzip der mikroskopischen Reversibilität
Authors: Blackmond Donna G.
Published: December 2008

Wie durch einen dunklen Spiegel: Mehrere kürzlich beschriebene autokatalytische Reaktionsmodelle, die den Ursprung der Homochiralität erklären sollen, umfassen Regenerierungsreaktionen in einem abgeschlossenen System, um die Umwandlung des einen Produktenantiomers in das andere einzubeziehen. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass diese Modelle das Prinzip der mikroskopischen Reversibilität verletzen, das für Reaktionsnetzwerke auch weit entfernt vom Gleichgewicht Gültigkeit haben muss.

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Synthese, Struktur und Komplexierungseigenschaften von partiell und vollständig reduziertenmeso‐Octamethylporphyrinogenen (Calix[4]pyrrolen)
Authors: Blangy Valeria , Heiss Christoph , Khlebnikov Vsevolod , Letondor Christophe , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen , Neier Reinhard
Published: December 2008

Aus alt mach neu: Calixpyrrole sind bekannte Anionenbinder und können nur schwer in Übergangsmetallkomplexe überführt werden. Die vollständige Hydrierung eines Calixpyrrols ergab nun einen Liganden, der leicht klassische Kupfer‐, Nickel‐ und Palladiumkomplexe bilden kann. Die Metallkomplexe enthalten ein Netzwerk von vier ausgerichteten Wasserstoffbrücken, die spezifisch Gegenionen binden (siehe Bild; blau N, weiß H, grün Cl, rot Cu, Ni oder Pd).

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Bifunctional Dendrimers: From Robust Synthesis and Accelerated One‐Pot Postfunctionalization Strategy to Potential Applications
Authors: Antoni Per , Hed Yvonne , Nordberg Axel , Nyström Daniel , von Holst Hans , Hult Anders , Malkoch Michael
Published: December 2008

Zwei Sätze von difunktionellen AB2C‐Dendrimeren mit internen Acetylen/Azid‐ und externen Hydroxygruppen wurden synthetisiert. Eine erfolgreiche Funktionalisierung in situ belegte das chemoselektive Verhalten der Dendrimere, die außerdem in dendritische Nanopartikel umgewandelt oder als dendritische Vernetzer beim Aufbau von Hydrogelen eingesetzt werden konnten.

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Synthetische Lectine
Authors: Kubik Stefan
Published: December 2008

Konkurrenz zur Natur: Bei der Kohlenhydraterkennung kann die supramolekulare Chemie in Wasser nun in Bezug auf Effizienz und Selektivität mit natürlichen Systemen konkurrieren. Ein synthetischer Kohlenhydratrezeptor bindet N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosaminderivate (siehe Bild; grau C, weiß H, blau N, rot O) ähnlich stark wie das Lectin Weizenkeimagglutinin und übertrifft sogar dessen Selektivität. Damit kann dieser Rezeptor möglicherweise in Zelladhäsionsprozesse eingreifen.

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Bifunctional Dendrimers: From Robust Synthesis and Accelerated One‐Pot Postfunctionalization Strategy to Potential Applications
Authors: Antoni Per , Hed Yvonne , Nordberg Axel , Nyström Daniel , von Holst Hans , Hult Anders , Malkoch Michael
Published: December 2008

A fourth wheel: Two sets of bifunctional AB2C dendrimers having internal acetylene/azides and external hydroxy groups were constructed utilizing benign synthetic protocols. An in situ postfunctionalization strategy was successfully carried out to illustrate the chemoselective nature of these dendrimers. The dendrimers were also transformed into dendritic nanoparticles or utilized as dendritic crosslinkers for the fabrication hydrogels.

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Ultrasonic and mechanical measurements for the detection of crosslink density of SBR and NBR based on various curing systems
Authors: Lawandy S. N. , Halim S. F. , Afifi H. A.
Published: December 2008

The stress–strain measurements of styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) samples based on various curing systems were used to access the crosslink density of various rubber mixes. Same materials were subjected to various uniaxial compression strains. The thicknesses before compression and after recovery were recorded. After recovery, pulse echo method was used to measure the ultrasonic velocity for the dilatational wave and that of shear wave at a frequency of 2 MHz and at room temperature. Both of the ultrasonic velocities were used to determine the elastic moduli of the samples. The relation between the elastic moduli and the corresponding recovery values were used to determine the crosslink density of samples. The crosslink density values obtained from the two techniques were compared. Butadiene‐acrylonitrile (NBR) rubber mix was used to show that the ultrasonic technique is applicable for other rubber compounds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Bonding properties between nitrile–butadiene rubber and aluminum alloy treated by anodizing methods
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Feng , Fan Li , Zhao Xu‐Hui , Zhang Li‐Qun , Liu Li , Zuo Yu
Published: December 2008

In this work, the bonding properties between the LD7 aluminum alloy anodized by sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) were investigated. The bonding properties between the anodized aluminum alloys and NBR were compared with those between aluminum alloys treated by burnishing or sandblasting and NBR. The results revealed that, in comparison with sulfuric acid anodized samples, samples anodized in phosphoric acid solutions showed higher 90° peel strength. Under the same conditions, an increase in the anodic film thickness in the studied range may improve the adhesion property between rubber and an aluminum alloy. In comparison with aluminum alloys treated by burnishing or sandblasting, the surface of the anodized aluminum alloy showed homogeneously dispersed pores, which resulted in better and homogeneous bonding properties. A vacuum‐drying process on the anodized aluminum alloys after they were coated with adhesives facilitated penetration of the adhesive molecules into the pores on the oxide layer, which considerably improved the bonding properties. In addition, rubber macromolecules could also penetrate the pores in the aluminum oxide layer, leading to a strong physical anchor–hold interaction after a long time of soaking and diffusion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Photochemistry of low‐density polyethylene–montmorillonite composites
Authors: Ghafor Wael A. , Halley Peter J. , Hill David J. T. , Martin Darren J. , Rasoul Firas , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: December 2008

Photo‐oxidation at the exposed surfaces of low‐density polyethylene/montmorillonite composites was analyzed with attenuated total reflection/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the clay particles were dispersed but not exfoliated in the polymer matrix. The extent of oxidative degradation of the low‐density polyethylene matrix was slightly greater when montmorillonite was present and was greatest for the blend of low‐density polyethylene and organically modified montmorillonite. The Fourier transform infrared measurements demonstrated that the rate of photo‐oxidation in the bulk was lower than that observed at the surface, but the oxidation chemistry was similar at the surface and in the bulk. The distribution of the photo‐oxidation products was somewhat modified in the presence of montmorillonite and organically modified montmorillonite in comparison with pure low‐density polyethylene, with the yield of acidic products higher and the yield of double bonds lower. These observations were attributed to a slightly higher yield of radicals and some modification of the quantum yield for the processes leading to the formation of double bonds when the clay filler was present. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of syndiotactic polystyrene with polybutadiene and 4‐methylstyrene
Authors: Srinate Nathinee , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan
Published: December 2008

The basic method for synthesizing syndiotactic polystyrene‐g‐polybutadiene graft copolymers was investigated. First, the syndiotactic polystyrene copolymer, poly(styrene‐co‐4‐methylstyrene), was prepared by the copolymerization of styrene and 4‐methylstyrene monomer with a trichloro(pentamethyl cyclopentadienyl) titanium(IV)/modified methylaluminoxane system as a metallocene catalyst at 50°C. Then, the polymerization proceeded in an argon atmosphere at the ambient pressure, and after purification by extraction, the copolymer structure was confirmed with 1H‐NMR. Lastly, the copolymer was grafted with polybutadiene (a ready‐made commercialized unsaturated elastomer) by anionic grafting reactions with a metallation reagent. In this step, poly(styrene‐co‐4‐methylstyrene) was deprotonated at the methyl group of 4‐methylstyrene by butyl lithium and further reacted with polybutadiene to graft polybutadiene onto the deprotonated methyl of the poly(styrene‐co‐4‐methylstyrene) backbone. After purification of the graft copolymer by Soxhlet extraction, the grafting reaction copolymer structure was confirmed with 1H‐NMR. These graft copolymers showed high melting temperatures (240–250°C) and were different from normal anionic styrene–butadiene copolymers because of the presence of crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene segments. Usually, highly syndiotactic polystyrene has a glass‐transition temperature of 100°C and behaves like a glassy polymer (possessing brittle mechanical properties) at room temperature. Thus, the graft copolymer can be used as a compatibilizer in syndiotactic polystyrene blends to modify the mechanical properties to compensate for the glassy properties of pure syndiotactic polystyrene at room temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Spoliation of fluoroperm rigid gas permeable contact lens by sodium chloride: A positron annihilation study
Authors: Deepa Urs M. V. , Ranganathaiah C.
Published: December 2008

The interaction of sodium chloride with Fluoroperm92 contact lens has been investigated using several techniques. Results indicate adhesion of sodium chloride to the methacrylate and fluorine sites of the lens resulting to zones of excess salt concentration. Na+ and Cl− ions appear to be pushed toward the polymer by water molecules, which favor the bulk water structures. Further inference is that lens with more free water leads to localized spots of drying resulting to sites for lipid deposition and lens spoilage. The changes in refractive index of the lens due to salt adhesion correlate well with the free volume. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical properties of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(lactic acid) blends
Authors: Simões C. L. , Viana J. C. , Cunha A. M.
Published: December 2008

The aim of this work was to better understand the performance of binary blends of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters to overcome some limitations of the pure polymers (e.g., brittleness, low stiffness, and low toughness). Binary blends of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared by melt blending (in a twin‐screw extruder) followed by injection molding. The compositions ranged from pure biodegradable polymers to 25 wt % increments. Morphological characterization was performed with scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The initial modulus, stress and strain at yield, strain at break, and impact toughness of the biodegradable polymer blends were investigated. The properties were described by models assuming different interfacial behaviors (e.g., good adhesion and no adhesion between the dissimilar materials). The results indicated that PCL behaved as a polymeric plasticizer to PLA and improved the flexibility and ductility of the blends, giving the blends higher impact toughness. The strain at break was effectively improved by the addition of PCL to PLA, and this was followed by a decrease in the stress at break. The two biodegradable polymers were proved to be immiscible but nevertheless showed some degree of adhesion between the two phases. This was also quantified by the mechanical property prediction models, which, in conjunction with material property characterization, allowed unambiguous detection of the interfacial behavior of the polymer blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of a photoimmobilizable histidine polymer for surface modification
Authors: Sakuragi Makoto , Tsuzuki Saki , Hasuda Hirokazu , Wada Akira , Matoba Kenji , Kubo Izumi , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: December 2008

A novel photoreactive polymer with histidine polar groups was synthesized through the copolymerization of two types of methacrylic acid, one carrying histidine groups and the other carrying azidoaniline groups. The polymer was photoimmobilized on polyester disks for surface modification. The effect of the surface modification on the hydrophilic and biofouling properties was investigated. Static contact angle measurements showed that the polymeric surface was modified to be comparatively hydrophilic in the polymer‐immobilized region. Micropattern immobilization was carried out with a photolithographic method. Atomic force microscopy measurements showed that the polymer was formed on the disks in response to ultraviolet irradiation. Protein adsorption was reduced on the polymer‐immobilized regions, and in those regions, spreading and adhesion of mammalian cells were reduced in comparison with that in nonimmobilized regions. In conclusion, a novel histidine‐containing polymer was photoreactively immobilized on a conventional polymer surface, and it had reduced interaction with proteins and cells. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile in the presence of poly(methyl methacrylate) seed particles: Influence of the addition mode on the surface morphology
Authors: Guangzhi Yang , Yang Liu , Runping Jia , Risheng Xu , Xia Wang , Licheng Ling , Junhe Yang
Published: December 2008

Acrylonitrile (AN) was polymerized in the presence of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) seed latex by both the batch and dropwise addition modes. The two addition modes both led to PMMA/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite particles with a core/shell structure with PMMA as the core and PAN as the shell. The shell thickness could be adjusted by a change in the amount of the second‐stage AN monomer relative to the PMMA seed polymer. However, the surface morphologies of the composite polymers were quite different, which showed a rambutan‐like batch mode and an urchinlike dropwise mode. The reason was considered as the different precipitation mechanisms of PAN small‐particle precipitation for the batch mode and linear PAN segment growth for the dropwise mode. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fishless shallow lakes of Southern Patagonia as habitat for waterbirds at the onset of trout aquaculture
Authors: Lancelotti Julio L. , Pozzi Luciana M. , Yorio Pablo M. , Diéguez María C. , Pascual Miguel A.
Published: December 2008

The Strobel Meseta, a basaltic plateau of Patagonia (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina), holds thousands of shallow fishless lakes that are prime habitat for many species of waterbirds, including some considered ‘near threatened’. In recent years, several lakes have been stocked with trout which has created uncertainty about the potential effects on the recipient ecosystem.

Limnological and topographical analyses were performed in a group of 32 lakes of the Strobel Meseta in order to characterize and classify individual lakes of the meseta based on their limnological and topographic features, analyze the association between lake type and use by aquatic birds in general and by the endemic hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) in particular, and evaluate the overlap between trout aquaculture and critical habitat for waterbirds.

The lakes were classified by multivariate analyses into four characteristic types: turbid, high conductivity lakes (T), small vegetated lakes (SV) and larger lakes which were subdivided into either vegetated (LV) or unvegetated (LU). In general, macrophyte cover was the main classificatory variable, whereas conductivity, pH, surface, and depth contributed moderately. Large vegetated lakes were generally found to be important for waterbirds and provided critical habitat for the hooded grebe, whereas trout farmers largely favoured large unvegetated lakes. However, since some large vegetated lakes have already been stocked, there is some level of geographical overlap between waterbird habitat and trout farming.

The existence of some level of spatial segregation between production and critical waterbird habitat affords opportunities for designing a spatially‐based management system for trout aquaculture.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The cost of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Bernatsky Sasha , Hudson Marie , Panopalis Pantelis , Clarke Ann E. , Pope Janet , Leclercq Sharon , St. Pierre Yvan , Baron Murray ,   The Canadian Scleroderma Research Group
Published: December 2008

Objective

To assess costs related to systemic sclerosis (SSc) and their determinants.

Methods

The Canadian Scleroderma Research Group is comprised of 15 centers contributing to a registry of adult patients with SSc. Available cross‐sectional data included clinical variables and standardized measures of health resource use and time loss. Annualized averages of direct medical costs were calculated by multiplying health service utilization levels by the appropriate unit prices, determined from government fee schedules, professional associations, and other sources. Indirect costs were calculated from the subjects' self‐reported time loss related to illness and to seeking health care, as well as caregiver time losses. Costs were represented in 2007 Canadian dollars.

Results

In the sample of 457 patients with SSc, the average direct cost per patient was $5,038 per year (95% confidence interval [95% CI] $4,400, $5,676). Regarding indirect costs, the value of potential productivity loss related to paid labor was estimated at an average of $5,345 per patient per year (95% CI $4,598, $6,092), and the cost of lost productivity related to unpaid labor contributed another $8,070 per patient annually. The average total annual cost was estimated at $18,453 (95% CI $16,598, $20,308) per patient. Total annual costs were strongly associated with younger age, greater disease severity, and poorer health status.

Conclusion

Costs related to SSc are considerable, and there is a high impact of disease severity and health status on economic burden.
Time to treatment as an important factor for the response to methotrexate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Albers H. M. , Wessels J. A. M. , van der Straaten R. J. H. M. , Brinkman D. M. C. , Suijlekom‐Smit L. W. A. , Kamphuis S. S. M. , Girschick H. J. , Wouters C. , Schilham M. W. , le Cessie S. , Huizinga T. W. J. , ten Cate R. , Guchelaar H. J.
Published: December 2008

Objective

Methotrexate (MTX) is the most commonly used disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Currently, individual response to MTX cannot be reliably predicted. Identification of clinical and genetic factors that influence the response to MTX could be helpful in realizing the optimal treatment for individual patients.

Methods

A cohort of 128 JIA patients treated with MTX were studied retrospectively. Eleven clinical parameters and genotypes of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 genes related to the mechanism of action of MTX were compared between MTX responders and nonresponders using a multivariate regression analysis.

Results

The time from diagnosis to start of MTX treatment, physician's global assessment at baseline, and the starting dose were significantly associated with the response to MTX at 6 months after initiation. Patients with a shorter time from diagnosis to start of MTX and a higher disease activity according to the physician but with a lower MTX dose showed an increased response. The effect of the starting dose on MTX response seemed to be mainly due to the influence of the systemic JIA subtype. The time from diagnosis to start of MTX treatment and physician's global assessment at baseline were highly correlated. Therefore, the precise effect size of each independent variable could not be determined.

Conclusion

In children with JIA, the time from diagnosis to start of MTX appears to be an important factor for MTX response. Our results suggest that an earlier start of MTX treatment will lead to an increased response.
Inflammatory lesions of the spine on magnetic resonance imaging predict the development of new syndesmophytes in ankylosing spondylitis: Evidence of a relationship between inflammation and new bone formation
Authors: Maksymowych Walter P. , Chiowchanwisawakit Praveena , Clare Tracey , Pedersen Susanne J. , Østergaard Mikkel , Lambert Robert G. W.
Published: December 2008

Objective

To determine whether a vertebral corner that demonstrates an active corner inflammatory lesion (CIL) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is more likely to evolve into a de novo syndesmophyte visible on plain radiography than is a vertebral corner that demonstrates no active inflammation on MRI.

Methods

MRI scans and plain radiographs were obtained for 29 patients recruited into randomized placebo‐controlled trials of anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti‐TNFα) therapy. MRI was conducted at baseline, 12 or 24 weeks (n = 29), and 2 years (n = 22), while radiography was conducted at baseline and 2 years. A persistent CIL was defined as a CIL that was found on all available scans. A resolved CIL was defined as having completely disappeared on either the second or third scan. A validation cohort consisted of 41 AS patients followed up prospectively. Anonymized MRIs were assessed independently by 3 readers who were blinded with regard to radiographic findings.

Results

New syndesmophytes developed significantly more frequently in vertebral corners with inflammation (20%) than in those without inflammation (5.1%) seen on baseline MRI (P ≤ 0.008 for all reader pairs). They also developed more frequently in vertebral corners where inflammation had resolved than in those where inflammation persisted after anti‐TNF treatment. This was confirmed in the analysis of the prospective cohort, in which significantly more vertebral corners with inflammation (14.3%) compared with those without inflammation (2.9%) seen on baseline MRI developed new syndesmophytes (P ≤ 0.003 for all reader pairs).

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that a syndesmophyte is more likely to develop from a prior inflammatory lesion, supporting a relationship between inflammation and ankylosis.