bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Malware detection method based on image analysis and generative adversarial networks
Authors: Liu Yanhua , Li Jiaqi , Liu Baoxu , Gao Xiaoling , Liu Ximeng
Published: July 2022

Malware detection is indispensable to cybersecurity. However, with the advent of new malware variants and scenarios with few and imbalanced samples, malware detection for various complex scenarios has been a very challenging problem. In this article, we propose a malware detection method based on image analysis and generative adversarial networks, named MadInG, which can improve the accuracy of malware detection for insufficient samples, sample imbalance, and new variants scenarios. Specifically, we first generate fixed‐size grayscale images of malware to reduce the workload of feature engineering or the involvement of domain expert knowledge on malware detection. Then we introduce auxiliary classifier generative adversarial networks into malware detection to enhance the generalization ability of the detector. Finally, we construct a variety of malware scenarios and compare our proposed method with existing popular detection methods. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves high accuracy and well balance in malware detection for different scenarios, especially, the detection rate of malware variants reaches 99.5%.
Dehydrative Substitution Reaction in Water for the Preparation of Unsymmetrically Substituted Triarylmethanes: Synthesis, Aggregation‐Enhanced Emission, and Mechanofluorochromism
Authors: Yashwantrao Gauravi , Shetty Prapti , Maleikal Parimal J. , Badani Purav , Saha Satyajit
Published: July 2022

Water as a reaction media in chemical transformations has several advantages in terms of safety and non‐toxicity. However, dehydrative substitution reaction in water is a highly challenging operation. In this paper, we have reported a sulfamic acid‐mediated dehydrative substitution reaction of benzofuryl alcohols with several nucleophiles in water towards the scalable, easily isolable, synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted triarylmethanes (TRAMs) in good to excellent yields (up to 92 %). Moreover, we have demonstrated that rationally designed propellor‐shaped triarylmethanes promote aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) through restricted intramolecular rotation with irreversible mechanoflurochromic property.
Size spectrum model reveals importance of considering species interactions in a freshwater fisheries management context
Authors: Benoit David M. , Chu Cindy , Giacomini Henrique C. , Jackson Donald A.
Published: July 2022

Inland fisheries have a significant cultural and economic value around the globe, providing dietary protein, income, and recreation. Consequently, methods for monitoring and managing these important fisheries are continually being refined. In marine systems, multispecies size spectrum models have been increasingly used to explore management scenarios of important fish stocks within an ecosystem‐based fisheries management framework; however, these models have not been applied as extensively in freshwater systems. In this study, we developed a multispecies size spectrum model for the fish community of Lake Nipissing, a large, productive lake in Ontario, Canada. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first fully calibrated multispecies size spectrum model for an inland fishery. Using this model, we explored the impacts of potential fishing regimes and management scenarios on fish community dynamics while taking species interactions into account. Specifically, we examined how changes in fishing mortality affect (1) species biomass, (2) community size structure, and (3) stock recovery times. We found that community dynamics following changes in fishing mortality were driven by complex interactions among species, including competition and predation. The greatest changes in biomass and community size structure were observed following changes in fishing mortality of top predators, with community size structure most strongly influenced by changes in the mortality of the largest species. Counter to predictions based on generation time, the smallest species in our model exhibited the longest time to recovery due to strong competition and predation. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering species interactions in the management of inland fisheries and highlight the potential of size spectrum model use in freshwater systems.
Evolution law and application of permeability in gob without coal pillar and self‐formed roadway
Authors: Liu Jinzhao , Chen Xiangjun , Feng Shuailong , Li Xinjian
Published: July 2022

Roof‐cutting and pressure‐releasing technology are used to cut out the pressure transmission line of the critical blocks in the roof, causing the roof to totally collapse in the gob, while the NPR large deformation anchor cable support keeps the highway in its self‐formed state. The gangue compactness has increased greatly when fully collapsed and filled to the gob's edge. At the end of the working face, the void ratio between rock blocks and the loose area is decreased, resulting in an observable shortening of the airflow disturbance distance at the working face and a change in the disaster gas accumulation law in the deep gob. It is critical to obtain the permeability characteristics of gob to avoid hazardous gas migration. The evolutionary model of the permeability of the mined‐out region is created based on the analysis of the movement law of the overburden strata and the collapsed law of the gangue in the gob, and the “Z” ventilation model is built to research the airflow law in the gob. The following are the key conclusions reached: The 0–10 m airflow exchange zone is severe, the 10–45 m airflow return face is weak, the 45–190 m section airflow exchange is weak, and the 190–280 m section airflow confluence gob enhances the top corner's weak air area. The 0–50 m part of the self‐formed Roadway has a wide air leakage channel, and good sealing methods have a significant impact on air leakage in the working face. The two‐dimensional model constructed by comprehensive quantification of the main controlling factors, such as broken‐expand, pressure, and filling degree, can represent the law of gas migration in the panel to a significant extent, and the reliability of the permeability evolution law is confirmed through data comparison and analysis.
Energy‐efficient routing in low power and lossy networks with concurrent overlapping RPL instances
Authors: Jaisooraj J. , Madhu Kumar S. D.
Published: July 2022

The popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) has cut across different fields in the information and communication technology domain. Such a remarkable surge in popularity has indeed marked its stamp in the number of IoT applications getting developed. These applications rely on a solid backing in the low power and lossy networks (LLNs), which is a crucial IoT‐enabling technology. This results in more than one application being performed on top of the same network. Such a scenario is mentioned by the Internet Engineering Task Force, in its description regarding the IPv6 routing protocol for LLNs (RPL), as multiple active routing instances sharing an LLN. The issue becomes more interesting when these instances have overlapping sets of nodes. This article presents a novel objective function (OF) named Multi‐OF that enables the creation of an energy‐efficient RPL instance in an LLN with concurrent overlapping instances. The optimization achieved by Multi‐OF can be attributed to the inclusion of a novel metric named packet energy correlation index (PECI) along with expected transmission count. The correlation provided by PECI gives an estimate regarding the ability of a node, in terms of the available residual energy, to handle the packets waiting in its queue (ie, packet buffer). The efficiency of the proposed OF has been justified through simulations conducted using Contiki‐COOJA, the results of which show improvements in terms of power consumption of nodes, packet delivery ratio, number of preferred parent changes per node, packet overhead, end‐to‐end delay, and jitter.
Polyamines and ethylene interact in mediating the effect of nitrogen rates on synthesis of amino acids in rice grains
Authors: Xu Yunji , Tang Shupeng , Jian Chaoqun , Liu Yang , Li Ke , Zhu Kuanyu , Zhang Weiyang , Wang Weilu , Wang Zhiqin , Yang Jianchang
Published: July 2022

Nitrogen (N) is one of the essential factors influencing amino acid synthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains. Polyamines (PAs) and ethylene (ETH) play vital roles in grain amino acid biosynthesis of rice. However, knowledge is limited about whether and how PAs and ETH mediate the effect of N rate on amino acid biosynthesis. Two rice cultivars were used with three N rates of low (LN), medium (MN), and high (HN) in the study. Levels of free PAs and ETH, activities/gene expressions of key enzymes related to amino acid synthesis in grains, and the amino acid contents in milled rice were investigated. Free spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) concentrations, especially ratios of free PAs to 1‐aminocylopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC), and total amino acids (TAAs), essential amino acids (EAAs), and non‐essential amino acids (NEAAs) contents were increased with N rate, while ethylene evolution rate (EER) and ACC concentration were reduced with N increases. There was relatively little difference in the above parameters between MN and HN. Levels of free Spd and Spm, and their ratios to ACC exhibited significant and positive correlations with the activities/gene expressions of key enzymes related to amino acid biosynthesis, and TAAs, NEAAs, and EAAs contents, whereas ACC and EER levels had significantly negative correlations with those parameters. Exogenous Spd, Spm, or AVG (an ETH synthesis inhibitor) increased the enzymatic activities and gene expressions, whereas MGBG (a Spd or Spm synthesis inhibitor) or ethephon (an ETH‐releasing agent) exerted the opposite effect. These results demonstrated that free PAs and ETH antagonistically interact in mediating the effect of N rate on grain amino acid synthesis of rice. Higher ratios of free PAs to ACC could promote synthesis of amino acids in grains of rice.
Diet triggers specific responses of hypothalamic astrocytes in time and region dependent manner
Authors: Lutomska Luiza Maria , Miok Viktorian , Krahmer Natalie , González García Ismael , Gruber Tim , Le Thuc Ophélia , Murat Cahuê DB , Legutko Beata , Sterr Michael , Saher Gesine , Lickert Heiko , Müller Timo D. , Ussar Siegfried , Tschöp Matthias H. , Lutter Dominik , García‐Cáceres Cristina
Published: July 2022

Hypothalamic astrocytes are particularly affected by energy‐dense food consumption. How the anatomical location of these glial cells and their spatial molecular distribution in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) determine the cellular response to a high caloric diet remains unclear. In this study, we investigated their distinctive molecular responses following exposure to a high‐fat high‐sugar (HFHS) diet, specifically in the ARC. Using RNA sequencing and proteomics, we showed that astrocytes have a distinct transcriptomic and proteomic profile dependent on their anatomical location, with a major proteomic reprogramming in hypothalamic astrocytes. By ARC single‐cell sequencing, we observed that a HFHS diet dictates time‐ and cell‐ specific transcriptomic responses, revealing that astrocytes have the most distinct regulatory pattern compared to other cell types. Lastly, we topographically and molecularly characterized astrocytes expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 in the ARC, of which the abundance was significantly increased, as well as the alteration in their spatial and molecular profiles, with a HFHS diet. Together, our results provide a detailed multi‐omics view on the spatial and temporal changes of astrocytes particularly in the ARC during different time points of adaptation to a high calorie diet.
The impact of family doctor system on patients' utilisation of general practitioner in primary care facilities—Evidence from Hangzhou, China
Authors: Yu Yang , Ye Aizhen , Chen Cen , Dai Weidong , Liu Xu
Published: July 2022

Objective

This study aims to examine whether participating in the contracted family doctor system increases patients' utilisation of primary care general practitioner for multiple disease outcomes in China.

Methods

Binary logistic regression models were estimated using data collected from 372 community residents in nine selected districts of Hangzhou, China.

Results

Findings revealed that (1) for patients with influenza, diabetes, upper respiratory infection, and gingivitis, those who participated in the contracted family doctor system were approximately 4.3 times, 98.4%, 92.5%, and 52.8% more likely to choose primary care general practitioners (GP) for their initial diagnosis, respectively, as compared with their counterparts who did not have contracted family doctors; (2) For patients with stroke or cerebrovascular disease and cholecystitis or cholelithiasis, those who had contracted family doctors were 1.111 times and 80.6% more likely to choose primary care GP for their subsequent disease maintenance, respectively, as compared to their counterparts without contracted family doctors.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the contracted family doctor system not only increases the utilisation of primary care GP for patients with many chronic conditions but also promotes the overall completion of China's hierarchical medical system in the long run. Policy implications were provided to help policymakers actively construct and develop the contracted family doctor system to promote the hierarchical medical system in China.
Combined identification of three lncRNAs in serum as effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Fu Peng , Gong Binbin , Li Huiming , Luo Qing , Huang Zikun , Shan Renfeng , Li Junming , Yan Shaoying
Published: July 2022

Hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV‐related HCC) is a common, highly invasive malignant tumor associated with a high mortality rate. This study aimed to identify the effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HBV‐related HCC. With HBV‐related HCC RNA‐sequencing data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, 159 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) between HBV‐related HCC and para‐carcinoma normal samples were identified, and 12 lncRNAs were eventually assessed for deeper research. Classification analysis developed a three‐lncRNA signature of AC005332.5, ELF3‐AS1 and LINC00665, which was demonstrated to be the most discriminatory with an AUC (Area under the curve) value of 0.913 (95% CI: 0.8610‐0.9665) and verified in validation patients. The expression levels of AC005332.5, ELF3‐AS1 and LINC00665 were significantly changed with different tumor stages or grades. Survival analysis revealed that AC005332.5, ELF3‐AS1 and LINC00665 were highly associated with the prognosis of overall survival. Additionally, the lncRNA signature yielded statistical significance to predict clinical outcomes independently from other clinical variables in validation patients, as suggested in the multivariate Cox hazards analysis. Conclusively, a three‐lncRNA signature of AC005332.5, ELF3‐AS1 and LINC00665 may serve as an excellent diagnostic biomarker for HBV‐related HCC and potential prognostic significance for HBV‐related HCC sufferers.
Asset allocation, limited participation and flight‐to‐quality under ambiguity of correlation
Authors: Huang Helen Hui , Wang Yanjie , Zhang Shunming
Published: July 2022

This paper investigates asset allocation decisions made by three types of traders depending upon incomplete information in market equilibrium. Limited participation phenomenon is observed in the equilibrium. Moreover, we show that traders with more information might not hold more risky assets than others who have less information. Less‐informed traders trade‐off between a diversification effect induced by risk‐averse attitude and a “flight‐to‐quality” effect by their aversion towards correlation ambiguity. In equilibrium, the magnitudes between equilibrium positions of different traders are affected by the true correlation coefficient, the upper‐bound correlation conceived by naive traders and the quality of risky assets simultaneously. In some scenarios, we observe that naive and uninformed traders “escape” from low‐quality assets to high‐quality ones.
Impact of alternative terminology for depression on help‐seeking intention: A randomized online trial
Authors: Smith Jenna , Cvejic Erin , Lal Tara J. , Fisher Alana , Tracy Marguerite , McCaffery Kirsten J.
Published: July 2022

Objective

People with depression experience barriers to seeking professional help. Different diagnostic terminology can influence people's treatment/management preferences. The aim of this study was to investigate how alternative depression diagnostic labels and recommendations impact help‐seeking intentions and psychosocial outcomes.

Methods

Participants (18–70 years) were recruited using an online panel (Australia) to complete a randomized controlled trial. They read a hypothetical scenario where they discussed experiencing depressive symptoms with their GP and were randomized to receive one of four diagnoses (“depression,” “burnout,” “functional impairment syndrome” [fictitious label], no label [control]), and one of two follow‐up recommendations (“clinical psychologist,” “mind coach”). Primary outcome: help‐seeking intention (5‐point scale, higher = greater intention); secondary outcomes: intention to speak to boss, self‐stigma, worry, perceived severity, illness perceptions, and personal stigma.

Results

A total of 676 participants completed the survey. There was no main effect of diagnostic label on help‐seeking intention or stigma outcomes. Intention to speak to a boss was higher with the depression compared to burnout label (MD = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.14–0.66) and perceived severity was higher with the depression label compared to control (MD = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.22–0.74) and all other labels. Those who received the “clinical psychologist” recommendation reported higher help‐seeking intention (MD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.25–0.60) and treatment control (MD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.29–1.10) compared to the “mind coach” recommendation.

Conclusion

Findings highlight the success of efforts to promote help‐seeking from clinical psychologists for depression. If burnout is considered a separate diagnostic entity to depression, greater awareness around what such a diagnosis means may be needed. Future research should examine how different terminologies surrounding other mental health conditions impact help‐seeking and stigma.
Virtual Interview Day: An AEGD's approach and assessment of interviewing during a pandemic
Authors: Itaya Lisa E. , Heydari Amanda , Sands William C. , Okamura Mari Y. , Creasey Jean , Wong Allen
Published: July 2022

Purpose

A novel approach to interviewing for Advanced Education in General Dentistry residency positions became necessary during the COVID‐19 pandemic. An efficient, virtual interview schedule, including video faculty introductions and clinic tour, was devised and executed to replace in‐person interviews. The purpose of this study was to describe and assess this new way of managing virtual interviews.

Methods

Forty virtual interviews were conducted via a web‐based videoconferencing platform. Interviewers and applicants received surveys to be anonymously completed after interviews. The applicant survey gauged how helpful each component of the interview process was in their program ranking decision. The interviewer survey assessed time and knowledge needed for interviewing, clarity of instructions, and if they felt valued.

Results

The response rate was 79% for applicants and 75% for interviewers. There was a high level of satisfaction from both applicants and interviewers. All interviewers reported that the team worked well together, instructions were clear, there was enough collective knowledge to answer questions, and they felt valued. There was a majority of positive responses for clarity of instructions and time with applicants. All applicants responded positively to correspondence with the Admissions Office, interview day instructions, informational PowerPoint, and sessions with the chief resident and program director. Regarding videos of faculty and clinic tour, there was a majority of positive responses. There were varying responses regarding the interview team being fair and nonthreatening. Lessons learned include reviewing on‐camera behavior with interviewers, detailing the interview format in applicants’ correspondence, requesting applicants photos in advance, allowing interviewers more time to study applicant material, and hosting a virtual happy hour for applicants and residents before the interview day.

Conclusion

Overall, the Virtual Interview Day successfully achieved the goals of applicant and program rank selection. Virtual interviews can be considered an alternative to in‐person interviews.
Transitioning from conventional to cover crop systems with minimum tillage does not alter nutrient loading
Authors: Badon Thomas , Czarnecki Joby M. Prince , Baker Beth H. , Spencer Dave , Hill Mark J. , Lucore Andrew E. , Krutz L. J.
Published: July 2022

Nutrient loading from conventional row‐crop production systems impairs surface waterbodies in the mid‐southern United States. This study was conducted to determine whether minimum tillage and winter cover crops can decrease nutrient loading in surface runoff from conventionally tilled row‐crop fields. The effects of winter cover crops and minimum tillage on N and P loading from a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation system were investigated on production fields in northwestern Mississippi using a split‐field approach. As measured at the edge of the field, minimum tillage with cover crops had no effect on surface runoff from production fields regarding N or P loading (p > .10 for all nutrient loads), discharge (p > .10), or loss of suspended solids (p > .10). Minimum tillage and cover crops decreased sediment and nutrient concentrations in runoff for total N (p = .05) and total P (p = .09) but had no effect on other nutrients of interest. Although these practices decreased total N concentration by 36% in surface runoff to receiving waters, this reduction was only seen when aboveground cover crop biomass was present (p = .07). Regardless of the time of year, minimum tillage with cover crops decreased total P concentration in surface runoff by 27% (p = .09). These data indicate that it is unlikely that minimum tillage and cover crops will affect N and P loading while transitioning to a conservation production system in the mid‐southern United States.
The uptake and utility of genetic testing and genetic counseling for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cirino Allison L. , Harris Stephanie L. , Murad Andrea M. , Hansen Brittany , Malinowski Jennifer , Natoli Jaime L. , Kelly Melissa A. , Christian Susan
Published: July 2022

Genetic testing and genetic counseling are routinely indicated for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); however, the uptake and utility of these services is not entirely understood. This systematic review and meta‐analysis summarizes the uptake and utility of genetic counseling and genetic testing for patients with HCM and their at‐risk family members, as well as the impact of genetic counseling/testing on patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). A systematic search was performed through March 12, 2021. Meta‐analyses were performed whenever possible; other findings were qualitatively summarized. Forty‐eight studies met inclusion criteria (47 observational, 1 randomized). Uptake of genetic testing in probands was 57% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40, 73). Uptake of cascade screening for at‐risk relatives were as follows: 61% for cascade genetic testing (95% CI: 45, 75), 58% for cardiac screening (e.g. echocardiography) (95% CI: 40, 73), and 69% for either/both approaches (95% CI: 43, 87). In addition, relatives of probands with a positive genetic test result were significantly more likely to undergo cascade screening compared to relatives of probands with a negative result (odds ratio = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.12, 4.76). Overall, uptake of genetic counseling in both probands and relatives ranged from 37% to 84%. Multiple studies found little difference in PROs between individuals receiving positive versus negative genetic test results; however, other studies found that individuals with positive genetic test results experienced worse psychological outcomes. Genetic testing may also inform life choices, particularly decisions related to reproduction and insurance. Genetic counseling was associated with high satisfaction, increased perceived personal control and empowerment, and decreased anxiety. Approximately half to three‐quarters of patients with HCM and their relatives undergo genetic testing or cascade screening. PROs after genetic testing varied and genetic counseling was associated with high satisfaction and improved PROs.
Opportunistic vegetation in quarry soil restoration from semiarid South East Spain: Pines and spontaneous species
Authors: Luna Lourdes , Lázaro Roberto , Miralles Isabel , Solé‐Benet Albert
Published: July 2022

The objective of our study was to undestand the effect of two organic amendments on three planted autochthonous species in two substrates mulched with pine chips 6 years after starting an experimental restoration in a quarry for cement production in semiarid SE Spain. But because this kind of mulch contained pine cones and pine seedlings appeared after the first year of the restoration, new objectives were added to the initial one: to check if organic amendments influenced pine growth among planted vegetation and if there were competition between planted and non‐planted species. Essential soil parameters, plant cover and diversity and pine growth were measured and statistically processed with correlation analyses, ANOVA and detrended correspondence analysis. Six years after restoration, organic amendments contributed significantly to explain the differences on the tested variables. The combined effects of the two substrates and the two organic amendments effectively enhanced soil properties recovery, but they also facilitated the establishment and entry of new species in addition to planted vegetation, driving a differential plant development. Planted vegetation cover and total plant cover from amended plots were double that of control plots. The number of pines, as well as their coverage, depended on the interaction between amendment type and substrate. Organic amendments favoured opportunistic species which, despite competing with those planted, helped to control soil erosion and enhanced pedogenesis. Pine chips used as mulch and derived pine seedlings, despite not entering the experimental design, might have some potential in the restoration of these particular degraded semiarid environments.
Fine‐Tuned Morphology Based on Two Well‐Miscible Polymer Donors Enables Higher Open‐Circuit Voltage and Enhanced Stability for Highly Efficient Ternary All‐Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Miao , Wu Jingnan , Guo Xia , Wang Yang , Yin Zhihong , Zhang Maojie
Published: July 2022

Developing organic solar cells based on a ternary active layer is one of the most effective approaches to improve their photovoltaic performance. However, limited success has been achieved in all‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs). In this study, a ternary all‐PSC with improved efficiency and stability is realized by using J71 as the third component to adjust the host system of PBDB‐T:PG1. The deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of J71 downshifts the mixed HOMO energy levels of donors. The two polymer donors (PDs) have good miscibility and present Förster resonance energy transfer. When blended with PG1, the optimized morphology is obtained, showing enhanced crystallinity but meanwhile slightly reduced phase separation with improved exciton dissociation and collection efficiency, suppressed charge recombination, and reduced energy loss (0.55 eV). Combining the benefits mentioned above, the ternary all‐PSC exhibits an excellent efficiency of 12.8% with simultaneously elevated open‐circuit voltage (0.96 V), short‐circuit current density (18.4 mA cm−2), and fill factor (72.2%). Moreover, the optimized ternary all‐PSC shows improved storage and thermal stability. This study demonstrates that the utilization of a ternary all‐polymer system based on two well‐miscible PDs is an effective strategy to enhance the photovoltaic performance and stability of all‐PSCs.
Properties and microstructure of copper/graphite composites with copper‐coated graphite fabricated by electroless plating and spark plasma sintering
Authors: Feng X. , Feng B. , Qin X. , Wang J.
Published: July 2022

In order to improve the interfacial bonding between copper and graphite, copper was coated on the graphite by electroless plating. Copper/graphite composites with copper‐coated graphite were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The effects of copper‐coated graphite on the density, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, friction and wear properties of copper/graphite composites were studied. The results show that: copper plating on the graphite surface can improve the wettability of graphite and copper, and the interface between them is well bonded. Compared with pure copper, the microstructure of the composites was significantly refined after adding copper‐coated graphite. The mechanical properties of the composites were significantly improved, with yield compressive strength and elastic modulus increasing by 220 % and 240 %, respectively. With the increase of copper‐coated graphite contents, the density and the conductivity of the composites gradually decreased. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites were significantly reduced. The friction and wear mechanisms of the composites are mainly oxidation wear, fatigue wear and adhesive wear.
988 MH crisis hotline offers hope for communities of color
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2022

The new three‐digit number for mental health emergencies is fast approaching. With an implementation date set for July 16, a former White House representative and 988 spokesperson sees meaning in the launch of this crisis hotline occurring during National Minority Mental Health Awareness Month, stressing that communities of color need to be educated about the benefits of using this hotline.
Atomistic insight into the luminal allosteric regulation of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 by chloride and protons: An all‐atom molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Rostamipour Kiana , Talandashti Reza , Mehrnejad Faramarz
Published: July 2022

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) are essential components of synaptic transmission in the brain. Synaptic vesicles' luminal chloride and low pH regulate VGLUTs allosterically in a cooperative way. The luminal allosteric regulation of VGLUTs by chloride (Cl−) and proton (H+) is possible through the collective work of luminal Cl− and H+ binding site residues. However, precise atomistic details about the luminal Cl− binding to the luminal Cl− binding site and the role of allosteric activation by H+ in VGLUTs are unknown. Using all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations, this study demonstrates the critical role of Cl− binding site residues, details about Cl− binding to the luminal Cl− binding site, and the role of allosteric regulation of VGLUT2 by H+ at an atomistic level. By point mutations, we found out that Arginine (R184), Histidine (H128), and Glutamate (E191) are critical residues in the allosteric regulation of VGLUT2, R184 is the luminal Cl− binding site residue, and H128 and R88 support Cl− binding to R184. Furthermore, we found out that the protonation of H128 and E191 is important in Cl− binding to the luminal Cl− binding site. Furthermore, we investigated the essential interactions between Cl− and H+ binding site residues. Our results can give atomistic evidence for a previous experimental hypothesis about the VGLUTs luminal allosteric regulation by H+ and Cl−.
Approaches to Obtaining Fluorenes: An Alternate Perspective
Authors: Das Anusha S. , Nair Ajil R. , Sreekumar Anjana , Sivan Akhil
Published: July 2022

Fluorene is a well conjugated, planar, polycyclic aromatic organic compound that was first noticed, isolated, and purified by a French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, in 1867. Since then, plenty of scientific investigators has spent years and decades understanding more about fluorene and its derivatives because of its high scope of applications in polymers, electronic devices, sensors, and photochromic materials. By considering the significance and novelty of the title molecule and the need for a concise assembly of its various synthetic methodologies, we tried to incorporate all the significant and recent developments and modifications regarding the synthesis of fluorenes. Here we portrayed various synthetic strategies to get different classes of fluorenes, including 9‐substituted fluorenes, spirofluorene‐based compounds, fluorenes with ring substitution, and fluorene‐based oligomers and polymers. The synthetic approaches for designing fluorene derivatives that are of high utility as well as environment friendly have been briefed in this review.
Syntheses of Mersicarpine, a Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid with an Atypical Tetracyclic Structure
Authors: Xiao Jie , Zhou Guang‐Hua , Ji Cong‐Bin
Published: July 2022

The focus review discusses the synthesis of an important member of the monoterpene indole alkaloid family, mersicarpine. Biosynthetically, mersicarpine, isolated from the Kopsia fruticosa and Kopsia arborea, is proposed to share the same biogenetic pathway as melodinine E and leuconolam, and has a fused tetracyclic [6.5.6.7] ring system characterized by an unusual tetrahydro‐2H‐azepine ring and a hemiaminal motif. As a consequence, this intriguing structural feature has attracted considerable attention from synthetic chemists. The review focuses on the synthesis of mersicarpine from its first synthesis to the most recent one, ranging from 2008–2022.
Early Warning of Coal Spontaneous Combustion: A Study of CO Response Mechanism Based on PANI/Ti3AlC2 Composite Gas Sensing Film**
Authors: Wang Xu‐Wei , Hu Xiang‐Ming , Liang Yun‐Tao , Wu Ming‐Yue , Xue Di , Yu Xiao‐Xiao , Liu Jin‐Di , Dong Hao , Luo Chong‐Yang , Yang Zhen‐Yu
Published: July 2022

Fire accidents caused by coal spontaneous combustion seriously affect the production safety of coal mines. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important gas indicator used for monitoring and early warning detection of coal spontaneous combustion. Therefore, the development of CO sensors with low cost, low power consumption, and environmental protection is highly desirable. This can be achieved through deep optimization of semiconductor CO sensors as alternatives to infrared detection and electrochemical sensors. In this paper, Ti3AlC2 (MXenes)/polyaniline (PANI) composite were studied as semiconductor CO sensors. The optimal added amount of Ti3AlC2 was determined by testing at gas concentrations of 100 ppm and 150 ppm CO. The morphology, structure, and chemical characteristics of each composite were analyzed by field emission transmission electron microscopy (SEM‐EDS), Fourier infrared spectrometry, UV‐visible near infrared spectrophotometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric techniques. Compared to pure PANI material, the SEM‐EDS experimental results showed Ti3AlC2 with an increased number of PANI flake structures, generating more CO gas adsorption sites. The XPS results showed Ti3AlC2 was able of improving the protonation and oxidation degree of PANI, thereby improving its gas sensing performance. Accordingly, a sensing mechanism model was proposed, revealing the excellent sensing performance originating from the gas sensing enhancement effect of heterojunction. In sum, this study provided a scientific basis for the design and development of CO sensors with low cost, low power consumption, and future environmental protection.
Novel Ortho‐Linkage Donor‐Acceptor Type Host Materials for Efficiently Red Phosphorescence Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yang Yong‐Jian , Wei Jia‐Jia , Xiang‐YangLiu  , Li Runlai , Zhang Zhen‐Ming
Published: July 2022

High performance device is the key issue for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) industrialization. In this instance, efficient hosts, emitters, as well as other functional layer materials are essential for the realization of high‐performance OLEDs. Herein, we develop a series of D−A type host materials, TPATRZ, CzTRZ, and POXTRZ with ortho‐linking strategy. The ortho‐linkage makes TPATRZ, CzTRZ, and POXTRZ highly twisted conformations, which reducing the degree of intramolecular conjugation and maintain high triplet energies of these materials. The red phosphorescence organic light emitting diodes by using Ir(piq)2(acac) as dopant, TPATRZ, CzTRZ, and POXTRZ as host materials achieved relative high device performance with over 20 % external quantum efficiency and flat efficiency roll‐off. The EQEs of the champion devices remain above 22 % at the practical luminance (500 and 1000 cd m−2). The device hosted by POXTRZ achieved the highest external quantum efficiency of 24.0 %, as well as smallest efficiency roll‐off of 6.3 % at 1000 cd m−2. These results further extend the possibilities of ortho‐linkage D−A type host materials and make them have a promising application in OLEDs.
An Efficient Ni(II) Laurate Promoted Heterocyclization of Symmetrical Thioureas with Maleic Anhydride and Mechanistic Approach toward Higher Substituted Thiazolidine‐4‐one‐5‐acetic Acids
Authors: Yıldırım Ayhan , Öztürk Serkan
Published: July 2022

For the first time, readily available Ni(II) laurate catalyzed thia‐Michael addition of symmetrical N,N‐disubstituted thioureas to maleic anhydride and subsequent cyclization in toluene afforded novel thiazolidine‐4‐one‐5‐acetic acids with good yields in a short reaction time. The efficiency and low cost of the renewable, eco‐friendly laurate based homogenous Lewis acid catalyst and the fact that cyclization proceeds in a much shorter time means that this synthetic method is interesting from a green chemistry point of view. The catalyst can be reused for many times without any significant loss of activity.
Engineering Bioactive M2 Macrophage‐Polarized, Anti‐inflammatory, miRNA‐Based Liposomes for Functional Muscle Repair: From Exosomal Mechanisms to Biomaterials
Authors: Luo Zhiwen , Qi Beijie , Sun Yaying , Chen Yisheng , Lin Jinrong , Qin Haocheng , Wang Ning , Shi Runjie , Shang Xiliang , Chen Shiyi , Chen Jiwu
Published: July 2022

Severe inflammation and myogenic differentiation disorder are the major obstacles to skeletal muscle healing after injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role as regulatory molecules during the process of muscle healing, but the detailed mechanism of miRNA‐mediated intercellular communication between myoblasts and macrophages remains unclear. Here, it is reported that myoblasts secrete miRNAs‐enriched exosomes in the inflammatory environment, through which miR‐224 is transferred into macrophages to inhibit M2 polarization. Further data demonstrate that WNT‐9a may be a direct target of miR‐224 for macrophage polarization. In turn, the secretome of M1 macrophages impairs myogenic differentiation and promotes proliferation. Single‐cell integration analysis suggests that the elevation of exosome‐derived miR‐224 is caused by the activation of the key factor E2F1 in myoblasts and demonstrates the RB/E2F1/miR‐224/WNT‐9a axis. In vivo results show that treatment with antagomir‐224 or liposomes containing miR‐224 inhibitors suppresses fibrosis and improves muscle recovery. These findings indicate the importance of the crosstalk between myoblasts and macrophages via miRNA‐containing exosomes in the regulation of macrophage polarization and myogenic differentiation/proliferation during muscle healing. This study provides a strategy for treating muscle injury through designing an M2 polarization‐enabling anti‐inflammatory and miRNA‐based bioactive material.
Emerging Low‐Dimensional Heterostructure Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Liang Shi-Jun , Li Yixiang , Cheng Bin , Miao Feng
Published: July 2022

Over the last few decades, advance in material science has made it possible to control the dimensions of materials structures with atomic scale precision and to realize various low‐dimensional heterostructures. These heterostructures have been widely used in the electronic and spintronic as well as optoelectronic devices, with great success. Engineering the dimensionality and physical properties of low‐dimensional materials enables to design a large variety of low‐dimensional artificial heterostructures. The inherent physical properties that these emerging low‐dimensional heterostructures exhibit open unprecedented opportunities for neuromorphic computing applications, e.g., neuromorphic electronics, neuromorphic spintronics, and neuromorphic optoelectronics, which lay the foundation for building up intelligent system in the future. Herein, the current main status of the emerging low‐dimensional heterostructures used in neuromorphic electronic, neuromorphic spintronic, and neuromorphic optoelectronic devices is reviewed, and the relevant challenges and outlook for future advances are discussed.
Three‐Bits Linear Interpolation Error Signal Based ECG Beat Classification
Authors: Alshrouf Anwar , Mansouri Sofiene , Alharbi Yousef
Published: July 2022

About three million people die from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) or infarction each year. It is the biggest killer on the planet and it can happen to anyone, anywhere, and anytime. Early and effective diagnosis from ECG signals can help save a large part of these SCAs. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) detection and classification was performed with different methods. A new method of automatic classification of PVC based on a three‐bit linear interpolation error signal (LIES) is proposed in this paper. We start by a QRS detection, a nonlinear transformation and then a sliding window. This method was tested on normal and abnormal beats obtained from MIT‐BIH and AHA databases. The proposed algorithm with a sensitivity 94.8% and a specificity was 98.6%. is accurate. This algorithm is also automatic, robust, and fast. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Design and Analysis of a Dual‐Direction Hybrid Excitation Generator
Authors: Cao Yu , Liu Chuang
Published: July 2022

With the wide use of new energy vehicles, the research and development of high‐performance generators become more important. The claw pole machine is very suitable to be used as an automobile generator because of its unique characteristics. However, its development is limited by the disadvantage of abundant harmonic content, especially when used with fractional slot concentrated winding layout. A novel dual‐direction hybrid excitation generator (DDHEG) is proposed in this paper. It has dual 3‐phase winding layout to reduce spatial subharmonic magnet motive force (MMF). Also, it uses dual 3‐phase rectifier bridge circuit to reduce armature current, so as to reduce copper loss. It uses rotor sleeve to reduce the eddy current loss in the rotor and permanent magnets (PMs) caused by higher order harmonics. It has hybrid excitation from both directions to improve the efficiency and terminal voltage. The basic characteristics of DDHEG are analyzed by finite element analysis (FEA) method. The highlights of the proposed DDHEG are illustrated. The simulation results and experimental results reveal that the proposed DDHEG can effectively adjust the terminal voltage at different loads and reduce the harmonics and loss to a satisfied degree. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Private credit in dual banking countries: Does bank ownership type matter?
Authors: Noordin Nazrul Hazizi , Mohd Rasid Mohamed Eskandar Shah , Ibrahim Mansor H.
Published: July 2022

This study investigates how the effects of government and foreign bank ownership on private credit vary in the cases of Islamic and conventional banks using data extended from Claessens and van Horen (2014) of 29 dual banking countries from 1995 to 2017. In support of the political view of financial development, we find that the presence of state‐owned Islamic banks seem to be slightly less harmful to private credit flows than their conventional peers, particularly in the period after the global financial crisis. We also document evidence showing that countries with a larger foreign Islamic bank presence tend to have deeper credit markets postcrisis. However, such advantages may often be outweighed by the costs associated with increased penetration by foreign conventional banks.
Supporting young vets
Authors: Blakemore Katharine
Published: July 2022

Katharine Blakemore, BVA membership marketing manager, describes how BVA supports new graduates and the benefits of membership for young vets as they transition into life in practice or other veterinary roles.
BVA and RCVS welcome European colleagues
Authors: Findon Amelia
Published: July 2022

Amelia Findon, BVA policy and governance director, reports on the recent Federation of Veterinarians of Europe General Assembly, which was jointly hosted by BVA and RCVS.
Contributions to expenditure in endoscopic stone management: a costly process
Authors: Mondschein Romy , Bolton Damien , Tan Sarah , Vu Minh Hang , McCahy Philip
Published: July 2022

No comprehensive cost estimates exist for performing ureteropyeloscopy (URS), which is increasingly utilised as a treatment of upper tract urolithiasis in Australia. To estimate expenditure associated with URS in an Australian public hospital setting and determine factors contributing to increased cost. Patients who underwent flexible URS for urolithiasis over a 2-year period at a Victorian public health site were included. Data describing demographics, stone factors, disposable equipment and admission length were retrospectively collected. Procedures were performed using reusable flexible scopes. Previously validated costing models for cystoscopic stent extraction, theatre and recovery per hour and ward admission were used to attach cost to individual episodes. The cost of emergency stent insertion was beyond the scope of this study. 222 patients underwent URS; the combined total number of procedures was 539, comprising 202 stent extractions and 115 stent insertions in addition to 222 URS. Mean procedural cost was $2885 (range $1380–$4900). Mean episode cost excluding emergency stent insertion was $3510 (range $1555–$7140). A combination of flexible scopes, operative time and disposable equipment accounted for nearly 90% of the total procedural cost. Significant cost is associated with URS for treatment of renal and ureteric stones. A large burden of the cost is time in theatre, equipment and the need for multiple associated procedures per episode. Utilising other available treatments such as extracorporeal shockwave therapy (SWL) where appropriate may reduce the financial burden of URS and associated procedures.
Is the performance at the implicit association test sensitive to feedback presentation? A Rasch-based analysis
Authors: Epifania Ottavia M. , Robusto Egidio , Anselmi Pasquale
Published: July 2022

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is commonly used for the indirect assessment of psychological constructs. While the features of the IAT that might influence the performance of the respondents have been extensively investigated, the effect of informing the respondents about the correctness of their responses (i.e., feedback presentation) has been poorly addressed so far. The study addresses this issue by presenting an across-domain (implicit prejudice and food preference) Rasch-based analysis of IAT data obtained with and without feedback presentation. Results showed that speed was influenced by the interaction between feedback presentation and associative condition, whereas accuracy was influenced by the associative condition. This result varied across-domain. Results suggested that IATs administered with feedback presentation provide more accurate information on the construct of interest.