bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of Fractal Microstructure in Nanocarbon Polymer Composites
Authors: Artyukov Igor , Bellucci Stefano , Kolesov Vladimir , Levin Vadim , Morokov Egor , Polikarpov Maxim , Petronyuk Yulia
Published: May 2024

The in situ study of fractal microstructure in nanocarbon polymers is an actual task for their application and for the improvement in their functional properties. This article presents a visualization of the bulk structural features of the composites using pulsed acoustic microscopy and synchrotron X-ray microtomography. This article presents details of fractal structure formation using carbon particles of different sizes and shapes—exfoliated graphite, carbon platelets and nanotubes. Individual structural elements of the composite, i.e., conglomerations of the particles in the air capsule as well as their distribution in the composite volume, were observed at the micro- and nanoscale. We have considered the influence of particle architecture on the fractal formation and elastic properties of the composite. Acoustic and X-ray imaging results were compared to validate the carbon agglomeration.
Preparation and Preliminary Analysis of Several Nanoformulations Based on Plant Extracts and Biodegradable Polymers as a Possible Application for Chronic Venous Disease Therapy
Authors: Ungureanu Andreea Roxana , Ozon Emma Adriana , Musuc Adina Magdalena , Anastasescu Mihai , Atkinson Irina , Mitran Raul-Augustin , Rusu Adriana , Popescu Liliana , Gîrd Cerasela Elena
Published: May 2024

Nanotechnology is one of the newest directions for plant-based therapies. Chronic venous disease often predisposes to long-term and invasive treatment. This research focused on the inclusion of vegetal extracts from Sophorae flos (SE), Calendulae flos (CE), and Ginkgo bilobae folium (GE) in formulations with PHB and PLGA polymers and their physicochemical characterization as a preliminary stage for possible use in the development of a complex therapeutic product. The samples were prepared by an oil–water emulsification and solvent evaporation technique, resulting in suspensions with high spreadability and a pH of 5.5. ATR-FTIR analysis revealed bands for stretching vibrations (O-H, C=O, and C-H in symmetric and asymmetric methyl and methylene) in the same regions as the base components, but switched to high or low wavenumbers and absorbance, highlighting the formation of adducts/complexes between the extracts and polymers. The obtained formulations were in the amorphous phase, as confirmed by XRD analysis. AFM analysis emphasized the morphological peculiarities of the extract–polymer nanoformulations. It could be noticed that, in the case of SE-based formulations, the dominant characteristics for SE-PHB and SE-PLGA composition were the formation of random large (SE-PHB) and smaller uniform (SE-PLGA) particles; further on, these particles tended to aggregate in the case of SE-PHB-PLGA. For the CE- and GE-based formulations, the dominant surface morphology was their porosity, generally with small pores, but larger cavities were observed in some cases (CE- and GE-PHB). The highest roughness values at the (8 µm × 8 μm) scale were found for the following samples and succession: CE-PHB < SE-PLGA < SE-PHB-PLGA. In addition, by thermogravimetric analysis, impregnation in the matrix of compression stockings was evaluated, which varied in the following order: CE-polymer > SE-polymer > GE-polymer. In conclusion, nine vegetal extract–polymer nanoformulations were prepared and preliminarily characterized (by advanced physicochemical methods) as a starting point for further optimization, stability studies, and possible use in complex pharmaceutical products.
Design of Static Output Feedback Suspension Controllers for Ride Comfort Improvement and Motion Sickness Reduction
Authors: Kim Jinwoo , Yim Seongjin
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a method to design a static output feedback active suspension controller for ride comfort improvement and motion sickness reduction in a real vehicle system. Full-state feedback controller has shown good performance for active suspension control. However, it requires a lot of states to be measured, which is very difficult in real vehicles. To avoid this problem, a static output feedback (SOF) controller is adopted in this paper. This controller requires only three sensor outputs, vertical velocity, roll and pitch rates, which are relatively easy to measure in real vehicles. Three types of SOF controller are proposed and optimized with linear quadratic optimal control and the simulation optimization method. Two of these controllers have only three gains to be tuned, which are much smaller than those of full-state feedback. To validate the performance of the proposed SOF controllers, a simulation is carried out on a vehicle simulation package. From the results, the proposed SOF controllers are quite good at improving ride comfort and reducing motion sickness.
Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the Al–Mo–Hf Ternary System at 400 °C and 600 °C
Authors: Liu Boliang , Yu Zhiqiang , Liu Libin , Zhang Ligang
Published: May 2024

This study investigates the phase equilibria of the Al-Mo-Hf ternary system at 400 °C and 600 °C using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA/WDS) techniques. Seven three-phase and five two-phase regions were identified at 400 °C, while eight three-phase and four two-phase regions were identified at 600 °C. Despite variations in the solid solubility ranges of certain compounds, the distribution of phase zones in the isothermal cross-section remained consistent at both temperatures. Using the experimental results and logical deductions, isothermal cross-sections were constructed for the Al-Mo-Hf ternary system at 600 °C and 400 °C.
The Gaseous Hydrogen Transport Capacity in Nanopores Coupling Bulk Flow Mechanisms and Surface Diffusion: Integration of Profession and Innovation
Authors: Wan Yanglu , Lu Wei , Huang Zhouman , Qian Rucang , Sun Zheng
Published: May 2024

Due to its unique chemical structure, hydrogen energy inherently has a high calorific value without reinforcing global warming, so it is expected to be a promising alternative energy source in the future. In this work, we focus on nanoconfined hydrogen flow performance, a critical issue in terms of geological hydrogen storage. For nanopores where the pore scale is comparable to hydrogen’s molecular size, the impact on hydrogen molecules exerted by the pore surface cannot be neglected, leading to the molecules near the surface gaining mobility and slipping on the surface. Furthermore, hydrogen adsorption takes place in the nanopores, and the way the adsorption molecules move is completely different from the bulk molecules. Hence, the frequently applied Navier–Stokes equation, based on the no-slip boundary condition and overlooking the contribution of the adsorption molecules, fails to precisely predict the hydrogen flow capacity in nanopores. In this paper, hydrogen molecules are classified as bulk molecules and adsorption molecules, and then models for the bulk hydrogen and the adsorption hydrogen are developed separately. In detail, the bulk hydrogen model considers the slip boundary and rarefaction effect characterized by the Knudsen number, while the flow of the adsorption hydrogen is driven by a chemical potential gradient, which is a function of pressure and the essential adsorption capacity. Subsequently, a general model for the hydrogen flow in nanopores is established through weight superposition of the bulk hydrogen flow as well as the adsorption hydrogen, and the key weight coefficients are determined according to the volume proportion of the identified area. The results indicate that (a) the surface diffusion of the adsorption molecules dominates the hydrogen flow capacity inside nanopores with a pore size of less than 5 nm; (b) improving the pressure benefits the bulk hydrogen flow and plays a detrimental role in reducing surface diffusion at a relatively large pressure range; (c) the nanoconfined hydrogen flow conductance with a strong adsorption capacity (PL = 2 MPa) could reach a value ten times greater than that with a weak adsorption capacity (PL = 10 MPa). This research provides a profound framework for exploring hydrogen flow behavior in ultra-tight strata related to adsorption phenomena.
Religious Education as a Platform for Pupils’ Social Development and Prevention of Internet Addiction: The Case of Slovakia
Authors: Niklová Miriam , Hanesová Dana
Published: May 2024

The authors present changes in the content and teaching methods of religious education (RE) in the third decade of the 21st century, as proposed by the current curricular reform of compulsory education in Slovakia. First, they analyse the reform documents in terms of social competence development as one of the RE content requirements. Second, they seek a teaching methodology that applies a balanced approach to the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) while protecting RE pupils and their building of healthy human relationships from the potential threat of digital addiction. The authors based their teaching ideas on the findings from their research. To explore the relationship between addictive Internet behaviour and social intelligence, they used a questionnaire including the Internet Addiction Test and the TSIS Scale. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis. Data on 386 adolescent respondents revealed a statistically significant difference between males and females in social awareness, with males performing significantly better. A weak positive relationship (ρ = 0.240) was identified between social awareness and addictive Internet behaviour. In the discussion, the authors suggest teaching methods for developing social competence via RE without resisting the opportunities provided by ICT, while also avoiding an increase in the risk of online social media addiction. They suggest that even denominational RE should prioritize cultivating healthy relationships not only with God but also relationships with other people, the outside world, and oneself.
Automated Grasp Planning and Finger Design Space Search Using Multiple Grasp Quality Measures
Authors: Hota Roshan Kumar , Liu Gaoyuan , Decraemer Bieke , Swevels Barry , Burggraeve Sofie , Verstraten Tom , Vanderborght Bram , Van de Perre Greet
Published: May 2024

As the industry shifts to automated manufacturing and the assembly of parts in smaller batches, there is a clear need for an efficient design of grippers. This paper presents a method for automated grasp planning and finger design for multiple parts using four grasp quality measures that capture the following important requirements for grasping: (i) uniform contact force distribution; (ii) better gravity wrench resistance; (iii) robustness against gripper positioning error; and (iv) ability to resist larger external wrench on the object. We introduce the fingertip score to quantify the grasp performance of a fingertip design over all the objects. The method takes the CAD model of the objects as the input and outputs the optimal grasp location and the best finger design. We use the method for a three-point grasp with a parallel jaw gripper. We validate our method on two sets of objects. Results show how each grasp quality measure behaves on different objects and the variation in the fingertip score with finger design. Finally, we test the effectiveness of the optimal finger design experimentally. The three-point grasp is suitable for grasping objects larger than is possible with shape-matching fingertips.
Carrier Phase Dual One-Way Ranging Method Based on a Frequency Hopping Signal
Authors: Zhang Jiebin , Feng Wenquan , Wang Hao , Jia Zhenhua
Published: May 2024

With the development of navigation satellite constellation systems, to improve navigation service and orbit determination performance, the accuracy requirements for maintaining temporal references have increased rapidly. Among the current navigation satellites, a dual one-way ranging (DOWR) approach based on intersatellite links (ISLs) is widely adopted in the BeiDou system and global positioning system (GPS) to transmit satellite time reference information. However, the accuracy of DOWR is restricted by the pseudonoise (PN) code rate. To improve the accuracy of DOWR, the PN code measurement must be replaced by the carrier phase measurement. This paper introduces an algorithm that utilizes frequency hopping to achieve carrier phase ranging. In addition to the high-precision advantages of carrier phase measurements, the anti-interference performance of the ranging signal is also improved due to the characteristics of the frequency hopping signal itself. Ultimately, at a carrier-to-noise ratio of 40 dB-Hz, the measurement accuracy is 9.54 μm, while the PN code measurement accuracy in the same environment is 0.13 m. As the carrier-to-noise ratio increases, the measurement accuracy further improves.
Light-Adaptive Human Body Key Point Detection Algorithm Based on Multi-Source Information Fusion
Authors: Hu Zhigang , Zhang Chengwu , Wang Xinzheng , Ge Aoru
Published: May 2024

The identification of key points in the human body is vital for sports rehabilitation, medical diagnosis, human–computer interaction, and related fields. Currently, depth cameras provide more precise depth information on these crucial points. However, human motion can lead to variations in the positions of these key points. While the Mediapipe algorithm demonstrates effective anti-shake capabilities for these points, its accuracy can be easily affected by changes in lighting conditions. To address these challenges, this study proposes an illumination-adaptive algorithm for detecting human key points through the fusion of multi-source information. By integrating key point data from the depth camera and Mediapipe, an illumination change model is established to simulate environmental lighting variations. Subsequently, the fitting function of the relationship between lighting conditions and adaptive weights is solved to achieve lighting adaptation for human key point detection. Experimental verification and similarity analysis with benchmark data yielded R2 results of 0.96 and 0.93, and cosine similarity results of 0.92 and 0.90. With a threshold range of 8, the joint accuracy rates for the two rehabilitation actions were found to be 89% and 88%. The experimental results demonstrate the stability of the proposed method in detecting key points in the human body under changing illumination conditions, its anti-shake ability for human movement, and its high detection accuracy. This method shows promise for applications in human–computer interaction, sports rehabilitation, and virtual reality.
MocapMe: DeepLabCut-Enhanced Neural Network for Enhanced Markerless Stability in Sit-to-Stand Motion Capture
Authors: Milone Dario , Longo Francesco , Merlino Giovanni , De Marchis Cristiano , Risitano Giacomo , D’Agati Luca
Published: May 2024

This study examined the efficacy of an optimized DeepLabCut (DLC) model in motion capture, with a particular focus on the sit-to-stand (STS) movement, which is crucial for assessing the functional capacity in elderly and postoperative patients. This research uniquely compared the performance of this optimized DLC model, which was trained using ’filtered’ estimates from the widely used OpenPose (OP) model, thereby emphasizing computational effectiveness, motion-tracking precision, and enhanced stability in data capture. Utilizing a combination of smartphone-captured videos and specifically curated datasets, our methodological approach included data preparation, keypoint annotation, and extensive model training, with an emphasis on the flow of the optimized model. The findings demonstrate the superiority of the optimized DLC model in various aspects. It exhibited not only higher computational efficiency, with reduced processing times, but also greater precision and consistency in motion tracking thanks to the stability brought about by the meticulous selection of the OP data. This precision is vital for developing accurate biomechanical models for clinical interventions. Moreover, this study revealed that the optimized DLC maintained higher average confidence levels across datasets, indicating more reliable and accurate detection capabilities compared with standalone OP. The clinical relevance of these findings is profound. The optimized DLC model’s efficiency and enhanced point estimation stability make it an invaluable tool in rehabilitation monitoring and patient assessments, potentially streamlining clinical workflows. This study suggests future research directions, including integrating the optimized DLC model with virtual reality environments for enhanced patient engagement and leveraging its improved data quality for predictive analytics in healthcare. Overall, the optimized DLC model emerged as a transformative tool for biomechanical analysis and physical rehabilitation, promising to enhance the quality of patient care and healthcare delivery efficiency.
Experimental Study of White Light Interferometry in Mach–Zehnder Interferometers Based on Standard Single Mode Fiber
Authors: Cano-Perez José Luis , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Jaime , Perezcampos-Mayoral Christian , Pérez-Campos Eduardo L. , Pina-Canseco María del Socorro , Tepech-Carrillo Lorenzo , Vargas-Treviño Marciano , Guerra-Hernández Erick Israel , Martínez-Helmes Abraham , Estudillo-Ayala Julián Moisés , Sierra-Hernández Juan Manuel , Rojas-Laguna Roberto
Published: May 2024

In this work, we experimentally analyzed and demonstrated the performance of an in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer in the visible region, with an LED light source. The different waist diameter taper and asymmetric core-offset interferometers proposed used a single-mode fiber (SMF). The visibility achieved was V = 0.14 with an FSR of 23 nm for the taper MZI structure and visibilities of V = 0.3, V = 0.27, and V = 0.34 with FSRs of 23 nm, 17 nm, and 8 nm and separation lengths L of 2.5 cm, 4.0 cm, and 5.0 cm between the core-offset structure, respectively. The experimental investigation of the response to the temperature sensor yielded values from 50 °C to 300 °C; the sensitivity obtained was 3.53 a.u./°C, with R2 of 0.99769 and 1% every 1 °C in the transmission. For a range of 50 °C to 150 °C, 20.3 pm/°C with a R2 of 0.96604 was obtained.
Ultrasonic Pretreatment Combined with Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation for Extraction of Essential Oil from Melaleuca bracteata ‘Revolution Gold’ Leaves Scales Induced by Cellulase-Inorganic Salt and Its Anti-Fungal Activity
Authors: Huang Yan , Zhang Xiaonan , Zeng Fajian , Chang Jinmei , Liu Zhiwei
Published: May 2024

In order to further develop the commercial use of Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell), this report studied the extraction of essential oil from Melaleuca bracteata (F. Muell) leaves using ultrasonic pretreatment, cellulase-inorganic salt soaked and combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. To optimize the primary contributing parameters, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied. The optimum yield of essential oil was 9.61 mL/kg DW at a microwave power of 510.77 W, lithium chloride dose of 63.56 μmol, and microwave irradiation period of 46.97 min. The essential oil included a total of 41 compounds, and methyl eugenol (76.53%) and methyl cinnamate (12.62%) were the main compounds. The inhibitory impact was notable when the essential oil concentration was 1.6 mg/mL. Therefore, it has the potential to replace chemical pesticides. When the concentration of the essential oil solution was 1.6 mg/mL, the three pathogenic species of fungus (Pseudocercospora psidii, Colletotrichum eriobotryae, and Colletotrichum siamense) were greatly affected; at this dose, the fungus was unable to develop and its growth diameter was 0 mm. Additionally, the fungus’s inhibition rate reached 100%.
Greening the BRICS: How Green Innovation Mitigates Ecological Footprints in Energy-Hungry Economies
Authors: Zhang Junmei , Yasin Iftikhar
Published: May 2024

The escalating energy consumption seen in the BRICS countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, presents a substantial environmental problem, resulting in the depletion of resources, amplified carbon emissions, and endangering the well-being of ecological systems. The study examines the potential of green innovation to alleviate these adverse effects. By combining green technology with strong institutions and responsible energy consumption, we argue that the BRICS nations can significantly reduce their ecological footprint. This research, encompassing data from 1995 to 2022, employs Driscoll–Kraay and panel quantile regression to analyze the complex interplay of institutional quality, energy consumption, green innovation, and ecological footprints across the BRICS countries. Our findings reveal that green innovation is crucial in mitigating the ecological footprint, particularly when combined with resilient institutional quality and controlled energy use. Conversely, factors like high energy consumption, natural resource rent, and urbanization contribute to an increased ecological footprint. Notably, the study emphasizes the critical role of both institutional quality and renewable energy consumption in effectively reducing the ecological burden within the BRICS nations. These findings suggest that prioritizing investments in green technology and institutional development, even amidst high energy demands, represents a viable strategy for the BRICS nations to achieve sustainable growth and environmental responsibility.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Perceptions of Local Food Market Channels
Authors: Rossi Jairus
Published: May 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on food systems. Despite disrupting conventional markets—such as grocery stores—farmers that focused on short supply chains found new market opportunities. As consumers increasingly became concerned with the safety of in-person shopping, some turned to purchasing directly from farmers and markets that carried products marketed as local, organic, and/or sustainable. With these changes in mind, I ask how consumer perceptions of local food systems (LFSs) changed in the two years after COVID-19. If consumers are more aware of local markets, farmers might reorient production to focus on local supply chains and sustainable production methods. To evaluate consumer perceptions, I use survey responses from residents in five communities in the US South in 2019 and 2022. Using a treatment effects model with propensity score matching, I show that residents became more aware of most local market channels, such as specialty retail stores and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). Some residents were also more likely to have a positive perception of markets that provide fresh vegetables to low-income residents. Finally, residents wanted more investment into markets that make fresh, local products more available, such as community-owned groceries and CSA.
Synergistic Effect of PBz/Epoxy/PCLA Composite Films with Improved Thermal Properties
Authors: Periyasamy Thirukumaran , Asrafali Shakila Parveen , Kim Seongcheol , Lee Jaewoong
Published: May 2024

Polybenzoxazines (PBzs) are advanced forms of phenolic resins that possess many attractive properties, including thermally induced self-curing polymerization, which produces void-free polymer products without any by-product formation. They also possess a high Tg (glass transition temperature) and thermal stability, but the produced materials are brittle in nature, due to which the final form of their application is very difficult. Hence, in this paper, an attempt has been made to overcome the brittleness of PBz by blending it with epoxy and ε-caprolactam (CPLA) to produce free-standing PBz/Epoxy/PCLA (polycaprolactam) films. The curing process between the three components (i.e., Bzo, epoxy, and caprolactam) was monitored using differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis. The results show that there is no appreciable shift in curing the exotherm observed, except a slight shift in the curing process. However, the heat liberated during the exotherm (ΔH) decreases drastically from 121 to 84 J/g, indicating that the content of benzoxazine is very important as it is involved in the polymerization process through oxazine ring-opening. The morphological studies analyzed using SEM and AFM analyses indicate that there was no observable phase separation up to 30 wt.% of CPLA loading, whereas a higher CPLA content of 50 wt.% causes agglomeration and leads to distinctive phase separation. Moreover, the thermal stability of the composite film, PBz/Epoxy/PCLA30, is also increased with a 10% degradation temperature, T10, of 438 °C, when compared with an PBz/Epoxy film. From the obtained results, it is evident that the formation of a composite film through the melt blending process could produce a tough and thermally stable film without sacrificing individual properties.
A Continuous Plug-Flow Anaerobic-Multistage Anoxic/Aerobic Process Treating Low-C/N Domestic Sewage: Nutrient Removal, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Microbial Community Analysis
Authors: Xie Yuting , Zhang Wenlong , Jiang Jie , Li Yi , Tong Linlin , Yang Guangyu
Published: May 2024

The anaerobic-multistage anoxic/aerobic (A-MAO) process has shown good potential for advanced nitrogen removal in recent years, but its greenhouse gas emissions still need to be fully explored. The effects of the influent distribution and external carbon source sodium acetate on nutrient removal, greenhouse gas emissions, and the microbial community structure in a continuous plug-flow A-MAO reactor fed with real low C/N ratio domestic sewage were investigated. The results showed that altering the allocation of carbon source resulted in average chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) concentration in effluent reduced to 26.10 ± 4.86 and 6.65 ± 1.73 mg/L, respectively. Both operations reduced the emission rate of greenhouse gas. While the addition of external car-bon sources leaded to lower N2O emission rates and higher CO2 and CH4 emission rates. The addition of sodium acetate facilitated nitrification and denitrification processes, thereby leading to a reduction in N2O production. Meanwhile, it spurred the growth of methanogenic bacteria and heterotrophic microorganisms, thus boosting the production of CO2 and CH4. Influent distribution promoted the increase of Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi and Acidobacteriota of the reactor. The enrichment of typical hydrolytic bacteria and glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) increased the utilization efficiency of carbon sources in the system after the addition of sodium acetate. The significant increase of typical denitrifying bacteria (DNBs) Azospira reduced the N2O emission during heterotrophic denitrification process, which was considered to be an important functional genus for increasing nitrogen loss in this system. The rational utilization of carbon source makes the difference in metabolism function. The study provides a valuable strategy for comprehensively evaluating the pollutant removal and greenhouse gas emission reduction from the A-MAO process.
An Improved Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm for High-Dimension Optimization and Its Engineering Applications
Authors: Wang Xu , Kang Hongwei , Shen Yong , Sun Xingping , Chen Qingyi
Published: May 2024

One of the limitations of the dung beetle optimization (DBO) is its susceptibility to local optima and its relatively low search accuracy. Several strategies have been utilized to improve the diversity, search precision, and outcomes of the DBO. However, the equilibrium between exploration and exploitation has not been achieved optimally. This paper presents a novel algorithm called the ODBO, which incorporates cat map and an opposition-based learning strategy, which is based on symmetry theory. In addition, in order to enhance the performance of the dung ball rolling phase, this paper combines the global search strategy of the osprey optimization algorithm with the position update strategy of the DBO. Additionally, we enhance the population’s diversity during the foraging phase of the DBO by incorporating vertical and horizontal crossover of individuals. This introduction of asymmetry in the crossover operation increases the exploration capability of the algorithm, allowing it to effectively escape local optima and facilitate global search.
DAE-GAN: Underwater Image Super-Resolution Based on Symmetric Degradation Attention Enhanced Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Gao Miaowei , Li Zhongguo , Wang Qi , Fan Wenbin
Published: May 2024

Underwater images often exhibit detail blurring and color distortion due to light scattering, impurities, and other influences, obscuring essential textures and details. This presents a challenge for existing super-resolution techniques in identifying and extracting effective features, making high-quality reconstruction difficult. This research aims to innovate underwater image super-resolution technology to tackle this challenge. Initially, an underwater image degradation model was created by integrating random subsampling, Gaussian blur, mixed noise, and suspended particle simulation to generate a highly realistic synthetic dataset, thereby training the network to adapt to various degradation factors. Subsequently, to enhance the network’s capability to extract key features, improvements were made based on the symmetrically structured blind super-resolution generative adversarial network (BSRGAN) model architecture. An attention mechanism based on energy functions was introduced within the generator to assess the importance of each pixel, and a weighted fusion strategy of adversarial loss, reconstruction loss, and perceptual loss was utilized to improve the quality of image reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved significant improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and underwater image quality measure (UIQM) by 0.85 dB and 0.19, respectively, significantly enhancing the visual perception quality and indicating its feasibility in super-resolution applications.
Fluorine-Free Single-Component Polyelectrolyte of Poly(ethylene glycol) Bearing Lithium Methanesulfonylsulfonimide Terminal Groups: Effect of Structural Variance on Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Ochiai Bungo , Hirabayashi Koki , Fujii Yudai , Matsumura Yoshimasa
Published: May 2024

Fluorine-free single-component polyelectrolytes were developed via the hybridization of lithium methanesulfonylsulfonimide (LiMSSI) moieties to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives with different morphologies, and the relationship between the structure and its ionic conductivity was investigated. The PEG-LiMSSI derivatives with one, two, and three LiMSSI end groups were prepared via the concomitant Michael-type addition and lithiation of PEGs and N-methanesulfonylvinylsulfonimide. The ionic conductivity at 60 °C ranged from 1.8 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−4 S/cm. PEG-LiMSSI derivatives with one LiMSSI terminus and with two LiMSSI termini at both ends show higher ionic conductivity, that is as good as fluorine-free single-component polyelectrolytes, than that with two LiMSSI termini at one end and that with three LiMSSI termini.
Social and Structural Determinants of Health Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Older Adults in the United States
Authors: Kalu Kingsley , Shah Gulzar , Tung Ho-Jui , Bland Helen W.
Published: May 2024

State-level COVID-19 vaccination rates among older adults have been uneven in the United States. Due to the immunocompromised nature of older adults, vaccine hesitancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the association between the social determinants of health, the structural determinants of health, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among older adults in the United States. Secondary data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) dataset were used. A descriptive analysis and multinomial multivariable logistic regression were performed to examine the association of the independent variables—gender, age, race, immigration status, marital status, broadband internet access, social security income, Medicare coverage, education, and frequency of religious service—with the dependent variable, vaccine hesitancy. Compared to the respondents with no vaccine hesitancy and without the specific predictor, the respondents who reported religious attendance at least once/week were more likely to be “somewhat hesitant”, divorced respondents had higher odds of being “somewhat hesitant”, and older adults aged 65–74 years were more likely to be “very hesitant” or “somewhat hesitant” about the COVID-19 vaccine. Compared to the respondents with no vaccine hesitancy and without the specific predictor, females had higher odds of being “very hesitant”, “somewhat hesitant”, or a “little hesitant”, and African Americans were more likely to be “very hesitant”, “somewhat hesitant”, or a “little hesitant” about the COVID-19 vaccine. Addressing these factors may limit the barriers to vaccine uptake reported among older adults and improve herd immunity among the immunocompromised population.
Comparative Study on the Determination of Chlorophyll-a in Lake Phytoplankton by a YSI Multi-Parameter Water Quality Meter and Laboratory Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Wang Jie , Duan Lizeng , Li Donglin , Zhang Yuwei , Yuan Zheng , Li Huayu , Zhang Hucai
Published: May 2024

Algal blooms caused by eutrophication are a major global problem, and the monitoring and prediction of algal densities in lakes are important indicators of eutrophication management. However, the reliability of the commonly used chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to characterize phytoplankton density in lake environments needs to be further investigated. In this paper, we sampled and analyzed 365 samples from nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province during the dry and rainy seasons. The Chl-a data measured by the laboratory spectrophotometric method and the portable YSI multi-parameter water quality meter (YSI) directly used in the field were compared, and regression analysis and correlation analysis with phytoplankton density were performed. Most of the Chl-a values measured by the laboratory instrument were greater than those measured by the YSI, and the correlation between the two methods was weak (0.492, p < 0.001). The correlation between Chl-a and phytoplankton density measured by the YSI reached 0.67 (p < 0.001) in the dry season, while the laboratory methods used to measure Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density may have led to an overestimation of phytoplankton density due to nonspecific sources of Chl-a. However, both methods are relatively inaccurate for characterizing phytoplankton density. For different trophic states of lakes, nutrient concentration changes affect the Chl-a concentration of phytoplankton. During different seasons, changes in the fluorescence intensity of phytoplankton in response to environmental conditions prevent the YSI results from reflecting the authentic phytoplankton density. Furthermore, high species diversity can lead to inconsistent changes in Chl-a and phytoplankton because the content of Chl-a in individual cells of different phytoplankton is different. The relationship between Chl-a and phytoplankton density was species specific. Therefore, when applying Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density in lakes, it is necessary to consider environmental conditions, phytoplankton community structure and other practical conditions. In addition, laboratory analytical methods and instrumental techniques and instruments need to be improved.
Excess of Nutrients in Prefabricated or Compact Wastewater Treatment Plants: Review, Solution Alternative, and Modeling for Verification
Authors: Díaz Marco Antonio , Blanco David , Chandia-Jaure Rosa , Lobos Calquin Danny , Decinti Alejandra , Naranjo Pedro , Almendro-Candel María Belén
Published: May 2024

Chile has numerous areas that lack sewage collection, including in the capital city. Sanitation in these cases is managed through individual solutions like septic tanks or small wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use biological treatment, usually activated sludge with extended aeration. In general, the design of these systems adheres to the quality standards mandated by regulations for discharge, infiltration, or irrigation. In this scenario, traditional methods like increasing dissolved oxygen (DO) or hydraulic retention time (HRT) were unable to effectively reduce excessive nutrients. Therefore, literature related to nutrient excess and denitrification systems is consulted and reviewed to compile different solutions suitable for the presented issue. Potential solutions were modeled and verified using the free simulation software WRc STOAT. The software accurately predicted the unsatisfactory results of the current setup and provided parameters for the proposed modifications. Experience, precise user definition, influential characteristics, and modeling are essential in the design of WWTPs.
Evaluation of Midwifery Practices among Registered Midwives in Selected Hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Maleta Kgatsere Sarah , Tau Mpho Gift , Bopape Mamare Adelaide
Published: May 2024

Midwifery practices are defined as the level of midwifery care in which midwives use their expertise, management, and clinical leadership to provide personalized, evidence-based care to women independently and autonomously. Midwifery care includes antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care, which are defined by the WHO as the care provided by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women and adolescent girls to ensure the best health conditions for the mother and baby during the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum period. The aim of this study was to evaluate midwifery practices among registered midwives in selected hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional research design was used to assess and describe midwifery practices among registered midwives in selected hospitals in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The population size was 100 registered midwives in the selected hospitals. The sample size of 80 registered midwives was determined using the Slovin formula. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample. A self-developed questionnaire was tested and validated prior to conducting the main study. The findings of the pilot study were used to refine the questionnaire before being used for the main study. Reliability and validity were ensured. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 with the assistance of a statistician. The study revealed inadequate provision of midwifery care during antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods due to lack of resources and equipment. The shortage of midwives and the shorter experience in the clinical setting within the midwifery environment were overwhelming. The study concluded that the practices of registered midwives were inadequate due to some challenges they faced during the provision of midwifery care. Inadequate midwifery practices have serious implications for the health and well-being of mothers and newborns. These practices were influenced by various factors, such as inadequate material and human resources and lack and malfunctioning of available equipment. The study recommended that women have access to a variety of pain relief options during labor, including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. In addition, the study recommended implementation of the presence of doulas during labor and childbirth.
Demographics and Five Cs of PYD as Predictors of the Domains of Contribution among Youth in Nigeria
Authors: Olurin Temitayo
Published: May 2024

In recent times, research has focused on positive youth development (PYD) amidst the deficits of youth. However, little is known about PYD and its potential to predict social engagement. Thus, this study aimed to examine the presence of the 5Cs of PYD (competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring) and its difference in gender and prediction to contribution, specifically social engagement among family, peers, schools, and community. The sample size consisted of Nigerian youth in University (N = 394, Mage = 18.42, SD = 1.02). The PYD framework served as the theoretical perspective underpinning the study. Questionnaires were administered using the 5Cs model of PYD and contribution items. Data were analysed for descriptive, correlations, and hierarchical regression to examine the predictors of contribution while controlling for demographics. The results showed greater scores in competence, connection, and character for women. Competence and connection (β = 0.56, p < 0.05) specifically had significantly independent associations with community volunteerism. While the findings highlight the Cs experienced and predictive values among each variable in the Nigerian context, future research could consider how each domain of the 5Cs holistically promotes contribution equally in males and females among diverse Nigerian youth. The research has implications for research, policy, and practice.
CUMHURİYET DEĞERİ TAŞIYAN MARKALARIN CUMHURİYETİN 100. YILI KAPSAMINDA GERÇEKLEŞTİRDİKLERİ TUTUNDURMA FAALİYETLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Bahar Reyhan , Villi Bilge
Published: May 2024

Günümüzde yaşanan yoğun rekabet dolayısıyla markaların tutundurma stratejilerinde sadece ürün ve hizmetlerine ilişkin mesajlar vermeleri yetersiz kalmaktadır. Ancak tüketiciyle bağ kurabilen ve farklılaşan markalar rekabet ortamında başarılı olabilmektedir. Tutundurma stratejilerinde farklılaşabilmenin yollarından biri de içinde bulunduğu toplumu önemseyen mesajlar ileten özel gün kutlamalarıdır. Özel günler markaların hedef kitleleri ile ortak değer üreterek rakiplerinden farklılaşmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Cumhuriyet’in 100. yılında markaların tutundurma faaliyetlerini analiz etmektir. Bu kapsamda Marketing Türkiye ve Aksoy Araştırma firmasının iş birliğiyle Cumhuriyetin 100’üncü yılına özel “Cumhuriyet Değerlerini Taşıyan Markalar” araştırmasının sonucunda belirlenen markaların Cumhuriyetin 100. yılı temasıyla yürüttüğü faaliyetler ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada belirlenen markanın web sitelerinde paylaştıkları reklam filmleri, logoları, yaptıkları özel etkinlik/projeler, kampanyalar, çıkardıkları özel koleksiyonlar, Instagram hesaplarında yaptıkları paylaşımlar, paylaşım yaparken kullandıkları etiketler gibi kriterler incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak markaların “Cumhuriyet Değeri Taşıyan Marka” olmaya yeteri kadar önem vermedikleri ve sosyal medyayı bu yönde yeterli düzeyde kullanamadıkları görülmektedir.
Embodied and Operational Carbon Analysis: A Grasshopper-Based Method for Visually Comparing Impacts of Material Choices
Authors:   University of Minnesota, Christenson Mike , Gay Robert ,   University of Minnesota, Srivastava Malini ,   University of Minnesota
Published: May 2024

This paper aims to describe and evaluate a parametric method for enabling embodied carbon analysis early in architectural design. The method utilizes Grasshopper, within Rhino, to convert volumes of modeled materials into equivalent volumes of carbon dioxide, providing a means to visualize and compare embodied carbon impacts. As described here, the parametric method is an extension of an earlier method developed within a graduate-level architecture design studio taught by authors Mike Christenson and Malini Srivastava, focused on renovating an existing building. The studio aimed to influence students’ awareness and consideration of embodied carbon impacts in their design processes. Author Robert Gay, a student in the studio, proposed an extension to the original method, increasing its relevance to early design decisions informed by awareness of embodied carbon impacts. The paper provides details on the extended method and its implementation, identifies limitations, and proposes specific enhancements.
Incremental House
Authors:   Carnegie Mellon University, Ficca Jeremy
Published: May 2024

According to the United Nations Environment and International Energy Agency study on accompanying energy consumption, 39% of total global carbon emissions are linked to building construction. While approximately 72% of this segment occurs over the course of a building’s operable lifespan, the 28% associated with embodied processes of construction offers a significant opportunity to address carbon emissions on the front end of construction. Carbon sequestration will play an increasingly important role in addressing atmospheric carbon in the timespans required to avoid the most devastating impacts of climate change. While much attention has been directed recently to bio-based methods of construction such as mass-timber, there are an expanding array of harvested materials that have great potential to sequester carbon, reduce reliance upon petrochemicals, while offering distinct material/structural/spatial configurations.1
The Trinity-Charleston Hybrid; Creating Affordable, Sustainable, Urban Infill Housing
Authors:   Thomas Jefferson University, Griffen Craig
Published: May 2024

The numbers defining our current housing crisis are daunting. In 2020, 30% of all households had “unaffordable” rent or mort-gage payments, defined as exceeding 30% of monthly household income… and more than 1 in 7 households paid over half of their income on housing.1 There is a national shortage of 7.3 million affordable and available rental homes for extremely low- income renters.2 And on top of this, population demographics are changing with greater demand by the Missing Middle sector of people, who do not fit the typical family structure and make a decent income, yet can still not find affordable housing.3 While this presents a high hurdle to clear, there is still an abundance of vacant land in our cities with enormous potential to address this problem.
Adapting Boundaries: Maintaining Small Retail Strip Malls While Expanding Affordable Housing
Authors:   Tulane University, Hubbell Mitchell
Published: May 2024

Adapting Boundaries reimagines strip mall sites as opportunities for affordable housing infill and develops a residential build-ing typology adapting to the rear of these sites. Additionally, the project addresses low residential lot availability in North America, focusing on Los Angeles, California as a case study. A lack of residential lot availability has caused Los Angeles researchers, including Dana Cuff, to challenge designers in pursuing more innovative housing typologies that address this issue.1 California’s “Middle-Class Housing Act,” Senate Bill 6 and Assembly Bill 2011, makes this challenge more feasible, allow-ing housing on sites previously zoned for commercial use and providing a framework for design. Adapting Boundaries focuses on the city’s ubiquitous strip mall inventory and the recurrent boundary condition between the rear faces of strip malls and the neighborhoods behind. The project questions how the bound-ary between residential and commercial zones can be altered, promotes low-rise, high-density housing, and encourages neigh-borhood connectivity [1].
Collective Comfort: A Public Program for Heat Resilience
Authors:   University of Houston, Munenzon Dalia , Galvez Elizabeth ,   University of California, Berkeley
Published: May 2024

American desert cities designed and built at the turn of the century, in collaboration with the advent of air-conditioning technologies, have been able to house millions of Americans by relying primarily on fossil-fuels to supply relief from extreme hot weather. The Phoenix Metro Area, or The Valley of The Sun as it is known to locals, experienced 145 days reaching tempera-tures over 100˚F in 2020 according to the National Weather Service. In July of 2023, Phoenix set a new record with 31 days straight of over 110-degree heat. The increased probability of a longer-lasting heat-wave, combined with the over demand of electrical power supply during extreme weather events can be catastrophic, especially to the most vulnerable communities.2 As climate change intensifies, desert cities like Phoenix must innovate and adapt, ensuring the safety and well-being of all residents, particularly those in high-risk areas.