bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HfO2-CODOPING CONCENTRATION ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Er3+-DOPED LiNbO3
Authors: DAI LI , SU YAN-QING , WU SHI-PING , MU YANG , GUO JING-JIE , LI ZI-ZHI , XU YU-HENG
Published: March 2010

A series of Hf , Er co-doped LiNbO 3 crystals were grown by Czochralski technique with 1 mol% of Er 2 O 3 and with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mol% of HfO 2, respectively. The optical damage resistance of Hf : Er : LiNbO 3 crystals was studied by the transmitted beam pattern distortion method. The optical damage resistance of Hf (6 mol%): Er : LiNbO 3 crystals is about two orders of magnitude higher than that in Hf : Er : LiNbO 3. The X-ray power diffraction, the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and the infrared absorption spectrum were measured and discussed in terms of the spectrometric characterization and the defect structure of crystals. The results showed that with mild co-doping with HfO 2, Er 3+ substitutes Nb 5+, whereas with heavy co-doping, a part of Er 3+ substitutes Li +. The structure defects were discussed in this paper to explain the improvement of the optical damage resistance in the Hf : Er : LiNbO 3.
Lymphangiogenesis-independent resolution of experimental edema
Authors: Ongstad Emily L. , Bouta Echoe M. , Roberts Jaclynn E. , Uzarski Joseph S. , Gibbs Sara E. , Sabel Michael S. , Cimmino Vincent M. , Roberts Melissa A. , Goldman Jeremy
Published: March 2010

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C is necessary for lymphangiogenesis, and excess VEGF-C has been shown to be ameliorative for edema produced by lymphatic obstruction in experimental models. However, it has recently been shown that edema can resolve in the mouse tail even in the complete absence of capillary lymphangiogenesis when distal lymph fluid crosses the regenerating wound site interstitially. This finding has raised questions about the action of VEGF-C/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling during the resolution of experimental edema. Here, the roles of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 signaling in edema resolution were explored. It was found that edema resolved following neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 in the mouse tail skin, which inhibited lymphangiogenesis. Neutralization of either VEGFR-2 or VEGFR-3 reduced angiogenesis at the site of obstruction at day 10 (9.2 ± 1.2% and 11.5 ± 1.0% blood capillary coverage, respectively) relative to controls (14.3 ± 1.5% blood capillary coverage). Combined VEGFR-2/-3 neutralization more strongly inhibited angiogenesis (6.9 ± 1.5% blood capillary coverage), leading to a reduced wound repair of the lymphatic obstruction and extended edema in the tail skin. In contrast, improved tissue repair of the obstruction site increased edema resolution. Macrophages in the swollen tissue were excluded as contributing factors in the VEGFR-dependent extended edema. These results support a role for VEGFR-2/-3-combined signaling in the resolution of experimental edema that is lymphangiogenesis independent.
Comparison of parathyroid hormone and G-CSF treatment after myocardial infarction on perfusion and stem cell homing
Authors: Huber Bruno C. , Fischer Rebekka , Brunner Stefan , Groebner Michael , Rischpler Christoph , Segeth Alexander , Zaruba Marc M. , Wollenweber Tim , Hacker Marcus , Franz Wolfgang-Michael
Published: March 2010

Mobilization of stem cells by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was shown to have protective effects after myocardial infarction (MI); however, clinical trials failed to be effective. In search for alternative cytokines, parathyroid hormone (PTH) was recently shown to promote cardiac repair by enhanced neovascularization and cell survival. To compare the impact of the two cytokines G-CSF and PTH on myocardial perfusion, mice were noninvasively and repetitively investigated by pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) after MI. Mobilization and homing of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMCs) was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. Mice (C57BL/6J) were infarcted by left anterior descending artery ligation. PTH (80 μg/kg) and G-CSF (100 μg/kg) were injected for 5 days. Perfusion defects were determined by 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT at days 6 and 30 after MI. The number of BMCs characterized by Lin−/Sca-1+/c-kit+ cells in peripheral blood and heart was analyzed by FACS. Both G-CSF and PTH treatment resulted in an augmented mobilization of BMCs in the peripheral blood. Contrary to G-CSF and controls, PTH and the combination showed significant migration of BMCs in ischemic myocardium associated with a significant reduction of perfusion defects from day 6 to day 30. A combination of both cytokines had no additional effects on migration and perfusion. In our preclinical model, SPECT analyses revealed the functional potential of PTH reducing size of infarction together with an enhanced homing of BMCs to the myocardium in contrast to G-CSF. A combination of both cytokines did not improve the functional outcome, suggesting clinical applications of PTH in ischemic heart diseases.
Competition of pyruvate with physiological substrates for oxidation by the heart: implications for studies with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate
Authors: Moreno Karlos X. , Sabelhaus Scott M. , Merritt Matthew E. , Sherry A. Dean , Malloy Craig R.
Published: March 2010

Carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) isotopomer analysis was used to measure the rates of oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, ketones, and pyruvate to determine the minimum pyruvate concentration ([pyruvate]) needed to suppress oxidation of these alternative substrates. Substrate mixtures were chosen to represent either the fed or fasted state. At physiological [pyruvate], fatty acids and ketones supplied the overwhelming majority of acetyl-CoA. Under conditions mimicking the fed state, 3 mM pyruvate provided ∼80% of acetyl-CoA, but under fasting conditions 6 mM pyruvate contributed only 33% of acetyl-CoA. Higher [pyruvate], 10–25 mM, was associated with transient reduced cardiac output, but overall hemodynamic performance was unchanged after equilibration. These observations suggested that 3–6 mM pyruvate in the coronary arteries would be an appropriate target for studies with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. However, the metabolic products of 3 mM hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate could not be detected in the isolated heart during perfusion with a physiological mixture of substrates including 3% albumin. In the presence of albumin even at high concentrations of pyruvate, 20 mM, hyperpolarized H13CO3−could be detected only in the absence of competing substrates. Highly purified albumin (but not albumin from plasma) substantially reduced the longitudinal relaxation time of [1-13C]pyruvate. In conclusion, studies of cardiac metabolism using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate are sensitive to the effects of competing substrates on pyruvate oxidation.
Simulated urban carbon monoxide air pollution exacerbates rat heart ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Meyer G. , André L. , Tanguy S. , Boissiere J. , Farah C. , Lopez-Lauri F. , Gayrard S. , Richard S. , Boucher F. , Cazorla O. , Obert P. , Reboul C.
Published: March 2010

Myocardial damages due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) are recognized to be the result of a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies suggested that, among environmental factors, carbon monoxide (CO) urban pollution can be linked to cardiac diseases and mortality. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of exposure to CO pollution on cardiac sensitivity to I/R. Regional myocardial I/R was performed on isolated perfused hearts from rats exposed for 4 wk to air enriched with CO (30–100 ppm). Functional variables, reperfusion ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and cellular damages (infarct size, lactate dehydrogenase release) were assessed. Sarcomere length shortening and Ca2+handling were evaluated in intact isolated cardiomyocytes during a cellular anoxia-reoxygenation protocol. The major results show that prolonged CO exposure worsens myocardial I/R injuries, resulting in increased severity of postischemic VA, impaired recovery of myocardial function, and increased infarct size (60 ± 5 vs. 33 ± 2% of ischemic zone). The aggravating effects of CO exposure on I/R could be explained by a reduced myocardial enzymatic antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase −45%; glutathione peroxidase −49%) associated with impaired intracellular Ca2+handling. In conclusion, our results are consistent with the idea that chronic CO pollution dramatically increases the severity of myocardial I/R injuries.
Peak systolic velocity of mitral annular longitudinal movement measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging as an index of global left ventricular contractility
Authors: Seo Jeong-Sook , Kim Dae-Hee , Kim Won-Jang , Song Jong-Min , Kang Duk-Hyun , Song Jae-Kwan
Published: March 2010

We sought to test whether the peak systolic velocity of mitral annular longitudinal movement ( S′) measured by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging technique is useful to assess global left ventricular (LV) contractility under various LV inotropic conditions, including regional wall motion abnormality. In addition, the accuracy of S′ relative to LV ejection fraction (EF), a conventional index of LV contractility, and its association with apical rotation, a new index of LV contractility, were also evaluated. We measured S′ at the medial mitral annulus and apical rotation in 11 open-chest anesthetized dogs at eight inotropic stages before and after ligation of either the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery. Maximal positive dP/d t (dP/d tpeak) was monitored using a high-fidelity pressure catheter and used as the standard measure of LV contractility. S′ showed dose-dependent increases and decreases after dobutamine and esmolol infusion, respectively. There was a stronger association between dP/d tpeak and S′ ( R2 = 0.665, P < 0.001) than between dP/d tpeak and EF ( R2 = 0.408, P < 0.001), and this trend was more apparent with coronary ligation, regardless of the ligation site. The strength of association between dP/d tpeak and S′ ( R2 = 0.665) was not different from that between dP/d tpeak and apical rotation ( R2 = 0.726) ( P = 0.350). The association between LV EF and S′ was modest ( R2 = 0.472, P < 0.001), whereas a good association between S′ and apical rotation was observed both with ( R2 = 0.552, P < 0.001) and without ( R2 = 0.674, P < 0.001) coronary ligation. S′ is a more sensitive index of global LV contractility than is LV EF, reflecting both LV longitudinal shortening and torsional deformation.
Zinc modulates the innate immune response in vivo to polymicrobial sepsis through regulation of NF-κB
Authors: Bao Shengying , Liu Ming-Jie , Lee Bryan , Besecker Beth , Lai Ju-Ping , Guttridge Denis C. , Knoell Daren L.
Published: March 2010

Zinc is an essential element that facilitates coordination of immune activation during the host response to infection. We recently reported that zinc deficiency increases systemic inflammation, vital organ damage, and mortality in a small animal model of sepsis. To investigate potential mechanisms that cause these phenomena, we used the same animal model and observed that zinc deficiency increases bacterial burden and enhances NF-κB activity in vital organs including the lung. We conducted further studies in the lung to determine the overall impact of zinc deficiency. At the molecular level, NF-κB p65 DNA-binding activity was enhanced by zinc deficiency in response to polymicrobial sepsis. Furthermore, expression of the NF-κB-targeted genes IL-1β, TNFα, ICAM-1, and the acute phase response gene SAA1/2 were elevated by zinc deficiency. Unexpectedly, the amount of NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein was increased in the lung including alveolar epithelia of zinc-deficient mice. These events occurred with a significant and concomitant increase in caspase-3 activity within 24 h of sepsis onset in zinc-deficient mice relative to control group. Short-term zinc supplementation reversed these effects. Reconstitution of zinc deficiency in lung epithelial cultures resulted in similar findings in response to TNFα. Taken together, zinc deficiency systemically enhances the spread of infection and NF-κB activation in vivo in response to polymicrobial sepsis, leading to enhanced inflammation, lung injury, and, as reported previously, mortality. Zinc supplementation immediately before initiation of sepsis reversed these effects thereby supporting the plausibility of future studies that explore zinc supplementation strategies to prevent sepsis-mediated morbidity and mortality.
Hepatic Metabolism and Transporter Gene Variants Enhance Response to Rosuvastatin in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bailey Kristian M. , Romaine Simon P.R. , Jackson Beryl M. , Farrin Amanda J. , Efthymiou Maria , Barth Julian H. , Copeland Joanne , McCormack Terry , Whitehead Andrew , Flather Marcus D. , Samani Nilesh J. , Nixon Jane , Hall Alistair S. , Balmforth Anthony J. ,   on behalf of the SPACE ROCKET Trial Group
Published: March 2010

Background—

Pharmacogenetics aims to maximize benefits and minimize risks of drug treatment. Our objectives were to examine the influence of common variants of hepatic metabolism and transporter genes on the lipid-lowering response to statin therapy.

Methods and Results—

The Genetic Effects On STATins (GEOSTAT-1) Study was a genetic substudy of Secondary Prevention of Acute Coronary Events—Reduction of Cholesterol to Key European Targets (SPACE ROCKET) (a randomized, controlled trial comparing 40 mg of simvastatin and 10 mg of rosuvastatin) that recruited 601 patients after myocardial infarction. We genotyped the following functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes coding for the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolic enzymes, CYP2C9*2 (430C>T), CYP2C9*3 (1075A>C), CYP2C19*2 (681G>A), CYP3A5*1 (6986A>G), and hepatic influx and efflux transporters SLCO1B1 (521T>C) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; 421C>A). We assessed 3-month LDL cholesterol levels and the proportion of patients reaching the current LDL cholesterol target of <70 mg/dL (<1.81 mmol/L). An enhanced response to rosuvastatin was seen for patients with variant genotypes of either CYP3A5 (
P
=0.006) or BCRP (
P
=0.010). Furthermore, multivariate logistic-regression analysis revealed that patients with at least 1 variant CYP3A5 and/or BCRP allele (n=186) were more likely to achieve the LDL cholesterol target (odds ratio: 2.289; 95% CI: 1.157, 4.527;
P
=0.017; rosuvastatin 54.0% to target vs simvastatin 33.7%). There were no differences for patients with variants of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, or SLCO1B1 in comparison with their respective wild types, nor were differential effects on statin response seen for patients with the most common genotypes for CYP3A5 and BCRP (n=415; odds ratio: 1.207; 95% CI: 0.768, 1.899;
P
=0.415).

Conclusion—

The LDL cholesterol target was achieved more frequently for the 1 in 3 patients with CYP3A5 and/or BCRP variant genotypes when prescribed rosuvastatin 10 mg, compared with simvastatin 40 mg.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://isrctn.org
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN 89508434.
Relations of Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Abnormalities to Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Measures of Cardiac Structure and Function
Authors: Velagaleti Raghava S. , Gona Philimon , Chuang Michael L. , Salton Carol J. , Fox Caroline S. , Blease Susan J. , Yeon Susan B. , Manning Warren J. , O'Donnell Christopher J.
Published: March 2010

Background—

Data regarding the relationships of diabetes, insulin resistance, and subclinical hyperinsulinemia/hyperglycemia with cardiac structure and function are conflicting. We sought to apply volumetric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in a free-living cohort to potentially clarify these associations.

Methods and Results—

A total of 1603 Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants (age, 64�9 years; 55% women) underwent CMR to determine left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM to end-diastolic volume ratio (LVM/LVEDV), relative wall thickness (RWT), ejection fraction, cardiac output, and left atrial size. Data regarding insulin resistance (homeostasis model, HOMA-IR) and glycemia categories (normal, impaired insulinemia or glycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes) were determined. In a subgroup (253 men, 290 women) that underwent oral glucose tolerance testing, we related 2-hour insulin and glucose with CMR measures. In both men and women, all age-adjusted CMR measures increased across HOMA-IR quartiles, but multivariable-adjusted trends were significant only for LVM/ht
2.7
and LVM/LVEDV. LVM/LVEDV and RWT were higher in participants with prediabetes and diabetes (in both sexes) in age-adjusted models, but these associations remained significant after multivariable adjustment only in men. LVM/LVEDV was significantly associated with 2-hour insulin in men only, and RWT was significantly associated with 2-hour glucose in women only. In multivariable stepwise selection analyses, the inclusion of body mass index led to a loss in statistical significance.

Conclusions—

Although insulin and glucose indices are associated with abnormalities in cardiac structure, insulin resistance and worsening glycemia are consistently and independently associated with LVM/LVEDV. These data implicate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in concentric LV remodeling.
Interactive EC Control of Synthesized Timbre
Authors: McDermott James , O'Neill Michael , Griffith Niall J. L.
Published: March 2010

Perhaps the biggest limitation of interactive EC is the fitness evaluation bottleneck, caused by slow user evaluation and leading to small populations and user fatigue. In this study these problems are addressed through the proposal of new user interface techniques for interactive EC, which allow faster evaluation of large numbers of individuals and the combination of interactive with noninteractive evaluation. For the first time in the interactive EC literature a set of rigorous usability experiments compares these techniques with existing interactive EC and non-EC interfaces, for the application domain of sound synthesis. The results show that a new user interface for interactive EC improves performance, and further experiments lead to refinement of its design. The experimental protocol shows, again for the first time, that formal usability experiments are useful in the interactive EC setting. Statistically significant results are obtained on clearly-defined performance metrics, and the protocol is general enough to be of potential interest to all interactive EC researchers.
Between Loagaeth and Cosening: Towards an Etiology of John Dee's Spirit Diaries Entre Loagaeth et Cosening: Vers une étiologie des Journaux spirites de John Dee
Authors: Sledge James Justin
Published: March 2010

Bien que le contenu de ce qu'on appelle les "journaux spirites" du Dr. John Dee (1527–1608/9) et de son "skryer" Edward Kelly (1555–1597?) ait fait l'objet de maintes interprétations savantes, une théorie étiologique systématique des séances elles-mêmes fait encore défaut. Après une évaluation et une critique des theories étiologiques données jusqu'ici, et spécialement de la "théorie charlatan", cet article entreprend d'établir une méthodologie critique centrée sur des facteurs explicatifs de mise entre parenthèse, puis de construire un modèle explicatif comprenant quatre éléments de base: 1) Les conditions environnementales dans les quelles les séances se situaient culturellement et matériellement. 2) Les traits comportementaux de Kelly qui dénoteraient la possibilité d'un état psychotique préexistant. 3) Des états modifiés de conscience (EMC) déclenchés par les séances elles-mêmes et venant, en plus, agir sur celles-ci. Et finalement: 4) Le processus épistémologique formateur qui permettait à Kelly de créer les contenus des séances comme une sorte de fabrication de mythe et comme quelque chose qui est à l'opposé de la tromperie délibérée. Cet article, qui s'appuie très largement sur les rapports que Dee tenait des séances, a pour objet de rendre compte, de façon substantielle, de l'étiologie des "conférences angéliques" elles-mêmes.
God's Last, Best Gift to Mankind: Gnostic Science and the Eschaton in the Vision of John Murray Spear Le dernier, le meilleur, cadeau à l'humanité: Science Gnostique et Eschaton dans la vision de John Murray Spear
Authors: Laycock Joseph
Published: March 2010

En 1853, John Murray Spear tenta de construire une machine en se servant de schémas reçus par communication spirite avec Benjamin Franklin. Les historiens se sont efforcés d'accorder cet épisode, connu comme 'l'Expérience du Nouveau Moteur', avec l'œuvre antérieure de Spear abolitionniste. On ne peut comprendre convenablement le Nouveau Moteur sans prendre en considération la place de la technologie dans le projet 'dispensationnaliste' de Spear. Si l'expérience avait réussi, les successeurs de Spear auraient cru qu'une source énergétique libre allait faciliter l'abolitionnisme ainsi qu'un paradis socialiste sur terre. Le Nouveau Moteur représente aussi une importante étude de cas en matière de théorisation des rapports entre ésotérisme et science. La vision qu'avait Spear d'un avenir utopique fonctionnant par la vertu d'une technologie spirituelle représente une forme de la 'science gnostique' qui s'est trouvée au carrefour des imaginations scientifique et religieuse.
Solve et Coagula: Attitudes Toward the Ambrosial Aspects of Human Seed in Certain Yogic Traditions and in the Sexual Magick of Aleister Crowley Solve et Coagula: Attitudes envers les aspects ambroisiens de la semence humaine dans certaines traditions yogiques et dans la magie sexuelle d'Aleister Crowley
Authors: Djurdjevic Gordan
Published: March 2010

Certaines traditions du yoga voient dans la semence mâle l'élixir potentiel d'immortalité. L'éjaculation du sperme, lequel devrait retourner à son lieu d'origine, la tête, est une perte de ce potentiel. Dans celle-ci, en effet, cette substance acquiert sa forme subtile par transformation, devenant ainsi l'élixir. La méthode consiste en une spiritualisation du matériel. Cela correspondrait au solve selon la terminologie alchimique.La magie sexuelle d'Aleister Crowley part d'un point de vue similaire, mais ici la méthode se trouve inversée, car la semence est éjectée et consommée. Le sperme matériel est sanctifié, et vu comme une théophanie. Le spirituel est matérialisé: coagula.L'objet de cet article est de comparer ces deux orientations et d'en explorer les implications, la question essentielle étant ici celle de la localisation du sacré; en effet, l'une reflète l'acosmisme des traditions indiennes, et l'autre la tendance, propre à la magie d'Aleister Crowley, de valoriser l'existence matérielle.
The Myth Incarnate: Recoupling Processes, Turmoil, and Inhabited Institutions in an Urban Elementary School
Authors: Hallett Tim
Published: March 2010

The study of institutional myths has been central to organizational sociology, cultural sociology, and the sociology of education for 30 years. This article examines how the myth concept has been used and develops neglected possibilities by asking: What happens when myths become incarnate, and how does this occur? In other words, what happens when conformity to a rationalized cultural ideal such as ‘‘accountability’’ is no longer symbolic but is given tangible flesh? Data from a two-year ethnography of an urban elementary school provide answers and reveal ‘‘recoupling’’ processes through which institutional myths and organizational practices that were once loosely connected become tightly linked. In the school studied here, recoupling accountability with classroom practices created a phenomenon that teachers labeled ‘‘turmoil.’’ The findings advance our understanding of the micro-sociological foundations of institutional theory by ‘‘inhabiting’’ institutionalism with people, their work activities, social interactions, and meaning-making processes.
Still Separate and Unequal? A City-Level Analysis of the Black-White Gap in Homicide Arrests since 1960
Authors: LaFree Gary , Baumer Eric P. , O'Brien Robert
Published: March 2010

More than four decades ago, the Kerner Report chronicled the violent disturbances of the 1960s and predicted that the United States was rapidly moving toward two racially separate and unequal societies. Resulting concerns about black and white inequality form a critical chapter in the history of sociological research. Few studies, however, explore trends in racial inequality in rates of violence. Has the gap between black and white violence rates significantly narrowed since 1960 and, if so, why? Drawing on recent work on assimilation and the literature on race inequality, we develop a set of hypotheses about black-white differences in violence rates and how these rates may have changed during the past four decades. We emphasize race differences in family structure, economic and educational inequality, residential integration, illicit drug involvement, and population composition. Using race-specific homicide arrest and census data on social, economic, and demographic conditions for 80 large U.S. cities from 1960 to 2000, we find substantial convergence in black-white homicide arrest rates over time, although this convergence stalled from the 1980s to the 1990s. Consistent with theoretical expectations, we find that, since the 1960s, the racial gap in homicide arrests declined more substantially in cities that had greater reductions in the ratio of black to white single-parent families, as well as in cities that experienced greater population growth and increases in the proportion of the population that is black. Also, as expected, the race gap in homicide arrests widened in cities that had an increasing ratio of black to white rates of drug arrests. Measures of racial integration, however, have no discernible impact on the black to white homicide arrest ratio.
Moving Out but Not Up: Economic Outcomes in the Great Migration
Authors: Eichenlaub Suzanne C. , Tolnay Stewart E. , Trent Alexander J.
Published: March 2010

The migration of millions of southerners out of the South between 1910 and 1970 is largely attributed to economic and social push factors in the South, combined with pull factors in other regions of the country. Researchers generally find that participants in this migration were positively selected from their region of origin, in terms of educational attainment and urban status, and that they fared relatively well in their destinations. To fully measure the migrants’ success, however, a comparison with those who remained in the South is necessary. This article uses data from the U.S. Census to compare migrants who left the South with their southern contemporaries who stayed behind, both those who moved within the South and the sedentary population. The findings indicate that migrants who left the South did not benefit appreciably in terms of employment status, income, or occupational status. In fact, inter-regional migrants often fared worse than did southerners who moved within the South or those who remained sedentary. These results contradict conventional wisdom regarding the benefits of exiting the South and suggest the need for a revisionist interpretation of the experiences of those who left.
Is There a Downside to Shooting for the Stars? Unrealized Educational Expectations and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Reynolds John R. , Baird Chardie L.
Published: March 2010

Despite decades of research on the benefits of educational expectations, researchers have failed to show that unrealized plans are consequential for mental health, as self-discrepancy and other social psychological theories would predict. This article uses two national longitudinal studies of youth to test whether unrealized educational expectations are associated with depression in adulthood. Negative binomial regression analyses show that unmet expectations are associated with a greater risk of depression among young adults who share similar educational expectations. The apparent consequences of aiming high and falling short result, however, from lower attainment, not the gap between plans and attainment. Results indicate almost no long-term emotional costs of ‘‘shooting for the stars’’ rather than planning for the probable, once educational attainment is taken into account. This lack of association also holds after accounting for early mental health, the magnitude of the shortfall, the stability of expectations, and college-related resources, and it is robust across two distinct cohorts of high school students. We develop a theory of ‘‘adaptive resilience’’ to account for these findings and, because aiming high and failing are not consequential for mental health, conclude that society should not dissuade unpromising students from dreams of college.
I’d Like to Thank the Academy, Team Spillovers, and Network Centrality
Authors: Rossman Gabriel , Esparza Nicole , Bonacich Phillip
Published: March 2010

This article uses Academy Award nominations for acting to explore how artistic achievement is situated within a collaborative context. Assessment of individual effort is particularly difficult in film because quality is not transparent, but the project-based nature of the field allows us to observe individuals in multiple collaborative contexts. We address these issues with analyses of the top-10 credited roles from films released in theaters between 1936 and 2005. Controlling for an actor's personal history and the basic traits of a film, we explore two predictions. First, we find that status, as measured by asymmetric centrality in the network of screen credits, is an efficient measure of star power and mediates the relationship between experience and formal artistic consecration. Second, we find that actors are most likely to be consecrated when working with elite collaborators. We conclude by arguing that selection into privileged work teams provides cumulative advantage.
Charles Gelso: The “Real” Person
Authors: Hill Clara E.
Published: March 2010

Charles Gelso has had a major influence in counseling psychology with his contributions to the literature in many areas such as research methodology, research training, psychotherapy outcome, and the therapeutic relationship as well as in his work as an editor and as a teacher and mentor. This interview with Gelso highlights the early experiences, relationships, and ideas that have influenced him over his prolific career.
Multicultural Personality: An Evolving Theory of Optimal Functioning in Culturally Heterogeneous Societies
Authors: Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: March 2010

The present article provides an update of the author’s evolving theory of the “multicultural personality” (MP). The MP is conceptualized as a narrow matrix of personality traits or dispositions (characteristic adaptations) that can be subsumed under broad trait models of personality (e.g., Big Five). MP theory posits that its constituent factors will demonstrate incremental validity over broad personality traits in predicting adaptive human behavior in increasingly culturally heterogeneous societies. The present theory of the MP is anchored across the disciplines of evolutionary biology, human ecology, personality and developmental psychology, and counseling and positive psychology. The specific definition of the MP is based on an integration of leading theories and constructs in multicultural psychology. Limitations of MP theory are highlighted, future directions for research presented, and tentative implications for counseling training and practice noted.
The Impact of School Environment and Grade Level on Student Delinquency: A Multilevel Modeling Approach
Authors: Lo Celia C. , Kim Young S. , Allen Thomas M. , Allen Andrea N. , Minugh P. Allison , Lomuto Nicoletta
Published: March 2010

Effects on delinquency made by grade level, school type (based on grade levels accommodated), and prosocial school climate were assessed, controlling for individual-level risk and protective factors. Data were obtained from the Substance Abuse Services Division of Alabama’s state mental health agency and analyzed via hierarchical linear modeling, yielding three major findings. First, grade level’s effects on delinquency varied strongly by school type, although in the multivariate context the interaction effects of grade level and school type were not significant. Second, prosocial school climate significantly explained differential delinquency rates. Third, the requirement that students change schools upon reaching a certain grade level does, as the literature notes, appear to lead to a poor environmental fit for students’ developmental needs.
Disproportionate Minority Confinement of Juveniles
Authors: Davis Jaya , Sorensen Jon R.
Published: March 2010

Beginning in fiscal year 1994, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention included, as a requirement for a state to receive Federal Formula Grants, the determination of whether disproportionate minority confinement existed in its juvenile justice system, the identification of its causes, and the development and implementation of corrective strategies. The current study examined the extent to which U.S. juvenile justice systems have been successful in reducing disproportionate minority confinement—specifically, disproportionate African American incarceration—since the implementation of the office’s initiative. The findings suggest that, on average, there has been a reduction of nearly one fifth in the disproportionate Black:White ratio of juvenile placements, controlling for the groups’ rate of arrests during the past decade.
Violent Video Games, Catharsis Seeking, Bullying, and Delinquency
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J. , Olson Cheryl K. , Kutner Lawrence A. , Warner Dorothy E.
Published: March 2010

The effects of violent video game exposure on youth aggression remain an issue of significant controversy and debate. It is not yet clear whether violent video games uniquely contribute to long-term youth aggression or whether any relationship is better explained through third variables such as aggressive personality or family environment. The current study examines the influence of violent video game exposure on delinquency and bullying behavior in 1,254 seventh- and eighth-grade students. Variables such as parental involvement, trait aggression, stress, participation in extracurricular activities, and family/peer support were also considered. Results indicated that delinquent and bullying behavior were predicted by the child’s trait aggression and stress level. Violent video game exposure was not found to be predictive of delinquency or bullying, nor was level of parental involvement. These results question the commonly held belief that violent video games are related to youth delinquency and bullying.
Edentulism and Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-income Adults
Authors: Tsakos G. , Herrick K. , Sheiham A. , Watt R.G.
Published: March 2010

Poor dental status negatively relates to dietary intakes. However, this issue has not been researched among the most vulnerable groups in society. We aimed to investigate, in a national low-income sample, the association between dental status and fruit and vegetable consumption. We analyzed data on adults aged 50 years and older from the Low Income Diet and Nutrition Survey, a representative sample of deprived UK households. Considerable numbers reported difficulty eating specific foods, with significantly worse experience among edentate than dentate people. The mean daily fruits and vegetables consumption was low (256.5 g for dentate, 207.1 g for edentate). After adjustment for socio-demographic and behavioral variables, edentate individuals consumed 50.7 g (27.0, 74.3) fewer fruits/vegetables per day than the dentate. Over and above the effects of material deprivation on nutrient intake, edentulism negatively relates to eating fruits and vegetables and achieving a healthy diet in materially deprived older adults.
Impact of the Script in a Supplemental Reading Program on Instructional Opportunities for Student Practice of Specified Skills
Authors: Cooke Nancy L. , Galloway Tara W. , Kretlow Allison G. , Helf Shawnna
Published: March 2010

Many educators are reluctant to use scripted instruction, reporting that scripts are mechanical in nature and only appropriate for low-level skills. This study sought to investigate the impact of a supplemental program’s script on the rate of on-task and off-task instructional opportunities offered by the instructor for students to practice the specific skills targeted in lesson exercises. Using a multiple-baseline across-participants design, four paraeducators delivered daily instruction, first in a nonscripted version of an explicit supplemental program and then in the scripted version of the same program, to 12 first-grade students identified at risk for reading failure. Upon introduction of the script, the rate of on-task instructional opportunities for student practice was substantially higher, and the rate of off-task instructional opportunities diminished. Both paraeducators and student participants preferred the scripted instruction.
School-Age Prework Experiences of Young People With a History of Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Durkin Kevin , Fraser Jill , Conti-Ramsden Gina
Published: March 2010

Young people with specific language impairment (SLI) are at risk for poorer outcomes with respect to employment in adulthood, yet little is known of how early school-age prework experiences prepare them for the job market. This study examined whether young people with SLI engage in similar types of early work experiences as their typically developing (TD) peers. A total of 139 young people with a history of SLI and 124 TD peers attending their final year of compulsory secondary education were interviewed about early work experiences, current part-time employment, career aspirations, and perceived workplace challenges. Individuals with SLI experienced different types of work placements and were more likely to aspire to manual tasks, whereas their TD peers aspired to professional roles. Differences in early prework experiences and vocational aspirations are already evident in 16-year-old young people with SLI. Several challenges and potential barriers to employment are identified.
Get the Lead Out: Environmental Politics in 1970s St. Louis
Authors: Gioielli Robert
Published: March 2010

During the early 1970s, residents of St. Louis’s poorest African American neighborhoods mounted a spirited campaign to get city politicians and public health officials to address the epidemic of childhood lead paint poisoning in their communities. This activism was directly connected to aspects of the civil rights and black power movements, but it was also a response to the decline of the city’s physical space. Housing discrimination, disinvestment, deindustrialization, and population loss forced many poor black residents to live in the city’s rapidly decaying housing stock. Activists and residents seized on childhood lead poisoning, caused by the overwhelming use of lead paint, as a tangible manifestation of discrimination and injustice. Although the success of this activism was limited—it raised awareness but did not solve the core problem of inadequate housing—the St. Louis story is an important example of postwar urban environmentalism. During the 1960s and 1970s, poor and working-class urbanites across the country engaged in similar activism to address the physical problems of urban decline. This activism was an important part of the early environmental movement and is the precursor to what would become known as environmental justice.
Moving On Out: Black Pioneering in Chicago, 1915-1950
Authors: Cooley Will
Published: March 2010

In the first half of the twentieth century, many African Americans placed their hopes in property ownership and upward mobility to legitimize black claims to full citizenship. However, “black pioneers” were caught between a hostile white world and the deteriorating conditions in the overcrowded ghetto. While this story is usually told from the vantage point of whites who reacted to such “invasions” with hostility and flight, I center the experiences of black pioneers who were agents of spatial and socioeconomic expansion as well as instigators of integration. Despite the legal and extralegal barriers erected to keep African Americans in the ghetto, black pioneers consistently demonstrated that they would not be contained by these artificial fences. Most often pioneers were from the black middle class, as these men and women had the means and the business connections to purchase homes in white areas.
Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement
Authors: Schilke Oliver , Goerzen Anthony
Published: March 2010

This research conceptualizes and operationalizes alliance management capability. The authors develop alliance management capability as a second-order construct to capture the degree to which organizations possess relevant management routines that enable them to effectively manage their portfolio of strategic alliances. In addition to identifying and measuring specific organizational routines as critical dimensions of alliance management capability, the authors advance knowledge on the performance effects of dedicated alliance structures and alliance experience based on survey data from 204 firms. Their primary contribution is a theoretically sound alliance management capability measure that is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proactiveness, and alliance transformation. One of the key findings is that alliance management capability has a positive impact on alliance portfolio performance and mediates the performance effects of dedicated alliance structures and alliance experience.
Pay It Forward: The Positive Crossover Effects of Supervisor Work—Family Enrichment
Authors: Carlson Dawn S. , Ferguson Merideth , Kacmar K. Michele , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Whitten Dwayne
Published: March 2010

This research examines the crossover effect of supervisors’ work—family enrichment on subordinates’ work—family enrichment and job performance. Drawing on broaden and build theory and Westman’s crossover work, the authors posit that supervisors’ work—family enrichment leads to the creation of a family-friendly work environment, which in turn promotes subordinate work-to-family enrichment and subsequent performance. Subordinate perceptions of schedule control and family-supportive organization are used to operationalize a family-friendly work environment because immediate supervisors are frequently key gatekeepers in setting these organizational practices within a work unit. The authors test hypotheses based on this model using a sample of 161 subordinates and their immediate supervisors (N = 48) and find that work-to-family enrichment crosses over from the supervisor to the subordinate through the subordinate’s perceptions of greater schedule control. Crossover effects were not detected for family-to-work enrichment. Furthermore, this study substantiates the impact of the subordinate’s work-to-family enrichment on job performance as rated by the supervisor and the job incumbent.
Gender Differences in Postretirement Employment
Authors: Pleau Robin L.
Published: March 2010

This study examines gender differences in postretirement employment, using the first eight waves of Health and Retirement Study data. Gender is shown to be an important factor in understanding transitions into postretirement employment. Forty-seven percent of retirees ( n = 3,590) experienced postretirement employment, with 43% of retired women making the transition, compared with 50% of retired men. Marital status, earnings, and household wealth were significant only when gender interaction terms were introduced due to countervailing effects by gender. For women, being married and having high household wealth were negatively associated, and higher earnings positively associated, with labor force reentry; for men, wealth and earnings had the opposite effect. Hazard models show that divorced and separated women have a greater likelihood of labor force reentry than married women and that this difference increases with time out of the labor force, suggesting push factors that derive from economic vulnerability.
Does Gender Moderate Factors Associated With Whether Spouses Are the Sole Providers of IADL Care to Their Partners?
Authors: Feld Sheila , Dunkle Ruth E. , Schroepfer Tracy , Shen Huei-Wern
Published: March 2010

The authors explored whether gender moderated the influence of other factors on solo spousal caregiving. The subsample ( n = 452) from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study included elderly care recipients (CRs) receiving assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and their spouses. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of solo spousal IADL care. Gender moderation was tested by product terms between CRs’ gender and measures of partners’ health, potential helpers, and sociodemographic characteristics. As numbers of CRs’ IADLs and couples’ proximate daughters increased, wives less often received care solely from their husbands, but husbands’ receipt of care from their wives was unaffected. Age differences between spouses and CRs affected solo spousal caregiving to wives and husbands in opposite ways. Regardless of gender, CRs’ numbers of limitations in activities of daily living and spouses with limitations in IADLs or activities of daily living reduced the likelihood of solo spouse care. Identifying circumstances influencing solo spouse caregiving differently among couples with frail wives and husbands facilitates gender-sensitive services.
Gender and the Work-Family Interface: Exploring Differences Across the Family Life Course
Authors: Martinengo Giuseppe , Jacob Jenet I. , Hill E. Jeffrey
Published: March 2010

This study examines gender differences in the work—family interface across six family life stages using a global sample of IBM employees in 79 countries ( N = 41,813). Family life stage was constructed using the age of respondent and age of youngest child. Results revealed that having young children at home was the critical catalyst for gender differences in the work—family interface. The greatest gender differences were found in the central stages of life when children require more temporal and economic resources from their parents. When life stage was not considered, the first and last stages tended to offset each other, concealing major gender differences during the central stages of family life. These findings signify that life stage is an important concept to consider in research related to gender and the work— family interface. Implications to the development of work policies attentive to shifts in work—family linkages during the life course are discussed.
Is There a Downside to Schedule Control for the Work-Family Interface?
Authors: Schieman Scott , Young Marisa
Published: March 2010

Using data from a 2007 U.S. survey of workers, this article examines the implications of schedule control for work—family role blurring and work—family conflict. Four main findings indicate that (a) schedule control is associated with more frequent working at home and work—family multitasking activities; (b) the positive association between schedule control and multitasking suppresses the negative association between schedule control and work— family conflict; (c) the positive association between working at home and multitasking is weaker among individuals with greater schedule control; and (d) the positive association between work—family multitasking and work— family conflict is weaker among individuals with greater schedule control. Our findings reveal previously undocumented mediating, suppression, and moderating patterns in the ways that schedule control contributes to work—family role blurring and work—family conflict. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for views of schedule control as a “resource” and theories about the borders in the work—family interface.