bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Improvement of >10kV SiC IGBTs with Retrograde p-Well
Authors: Tiwari Amit , Antoniou Marina , Lophitis Neo , Perkins Samuel , Trajkovic Tatjana , Udrea Florin
Published: July 2019

A p-well consisting of a retrograde doping profile is investigated for performance improvement of >10kV SiC IGBTs. The retrograde p-well, which can be realized using low-energy shallow implants, effectively addresses the punch-through, a common issue in high-voltage vertical architectures consisting of a conventional p-well with typical doping density of 1e17cm-3 and depth 1μm. The innovative approach offers an extended control over the threshold voltage. Without any punch-through, a threshold voltage in the range 6V-7V is achieved with gate-oxide thickness of 100nm. Gate oxide thickness is typically restricted to 50nm if a conventional p-well with doping density of 1e17cm-3 is utilized. We therefore propose a highly promising solution, the retrograde p-well, for the development of >10kV SiC IGBTs.
Study on Dislocation Behaviors during PVT Growth of 4H-SiC
Authors: Yeo Im Gyu , Eun Tai Hee , Kim Jang Yul , Lee Seung Seok , Seo Han Suk , Chun Myong Chuel
Published: July 2019

The generation and transformation of dislocations in 4H-SiC crystals grown by PVT were investigated. Experiments were carried out in two stages for more comprehensive observation on dislocation behaviors. For the first stage known as initial growth, we investigated mainly the seed and grown interface. The behavior and transition of the dislocations in grown crystal were observed along the length of the crystal at second stage. The formation of threading edge dislocations (TEDs) strongly depends on the surface morphologies related with internal temperature gradients during crystal growth. The basal plane dislocation (BPDs) and threading screw dislocation (TSDs) cause from the seed crystal and formed at the initial stage of growth were gradually decreased in number along the length of the crystal and under certain conditions such as distorted stresses, dislocations were converted into other types of dislocations.
First Experimental Test on Bipolar Mode Field Effect Transistor Prototype in 4H-SiC: A Proof of Concept
Authors: di Benedetto Luigi , Licciardo Gian Domenico , Huerner Andreas , Erlbacher Tobias , Bauer Anton J. , Rubino Alfredo
Published: July 2019

In this paper the Bipolar Mode Field Effect Transistor (BMFET) is demonstrated for the first time in 4H-SiC. The structure is based by two p+-type regions symmetrically placed at both sides of a n-type region channel and the device implements two control mechanisms: into the channel the potential barrier controls the electron flow in the off-state operations, like VJFET-based devices, whereas, during the on-state, the holes injected from the p-n junctions induce the conductivity modulation of the channel reducing the on-resistance with beneficial effects on current gain and switching operations. In order to avoid the reduction of carrier lifetime into the channel due to ion implantation and trench etching, an ad-hoc fabrication process has been set-up to enable the conductivity modulation into the channel. First experimental tests on the prototypes show the correct operations of the device as demonstrated from the changing of the output characteristic from triode-like to pentode-like behaviors, which are ascribed to the two main operation principles of the device.
Direct Bonding of 4H-SiC and SOI Wafers for Radiation-Hardened Image Sensors
Authors: Hasebe Fumiaki , Meguro Tatsuya , Makino Takahiro , Ohshima Takeshi , Tanaka Yasunori , Kuroki Shin Ichiro
Published: July 2019

4H-SiC and SOI substrates were bonded by SiO2-SiO2 direct bonding method with diluted HF solution (0.5 wt.%). After the bonding process, the handle layer and the BOX layer of the SOI substrate were etched by TMAH solution, and finally the silicon active layer with a thickness of 1.5 μm was remained on the 4H-SiC substrate. Using this silicon layer, Si photodiodes on 4H-SiC for the radiation hardened image sensors were fabricated and demonstrated.
Impact of Device Structure on Neutron-Induced Single-Event Effect in SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Kono Hiroshi , Ohashi Teruyuki , Noda Takao , Sano Kenya
Published: July 2019

Neutron single event effect (SEE) tolerance of SiC power MOSFETs with different drift region design were evaluated. The SEE is detected over the SEE threshold voltage (VSEE). The failure rate increases exponentially as the drain voltage increases above VSEE. The device with higher avalanche breakdown voltage has higher SEE threshold voltage. The neutron SEE tolerance of MOSFETs and PiN diodes of the same epitaxial structure were also evaluated. There was no significant difference in the neutron SEE tolerance of these devices.
Novel Method for Evaluation of Negative Bias Temperature Instability of SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Ortiz-Gonzalez Jose , Alatise Olayiwola , Mawby Philip  Andrew
Published: July 2019

The material properties of SiC make SiC power devices a superior alternative to the conventional Si power devices. However, the reliability of the gate oxide has been a major concern, limiting the adoption of SiC power MOSFETs as the power semiconductor of choice in applications which demand a high reliability. The threshold voltage (VTH) shift caused by Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) has focused the attention of different researchers, with multiple publications on this topic. This paper presents a novel method for evaluating the threshold voltage shift due to negative gate bias and its recovery when the gate bias stress is removed. This method could enable gate oxide reliability assessment techniques and contribute to new qualification methods.
Effect of Melt-Back Process on the Quality of Grown Crystal in SiC Solution Growth
Authors: Kawaguchi Kotaro , Seki Kazuaki , Kusunoki Kazuhiko
Published: July 2019

We investigated the effect of a melt-back process on the quality of the grown crystal in 4H-SiC solution growth. In our experiments, the crystal was grown by top-seeded solution growth (TSSG) method with and without melt-back, following which the quality of the obtained crystals was compared. When solution growth was carried out without melt-back, solvent inclusions and a different polytype were observed. When molten KOH etching was conducted, the dislocation density in the crystals at the early stage of growth became much higher than that in a seed crystal. Solvent inclusions, a different polytype, and an increase in dislocations were suppressed when solution growth was performed with melt-back. It was confirmed that melt-back is necessary to prevent the deterioration of crystal quality at the early stage of solution growth.
Avalanche Ruggedness Characterization of 10 kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Parashar Sanket , van Brunt Edward , Sabri Shadi , Ganguly Satyaki , Bhattacharya Subhashish , Veliadis Victor
Published: July 2019

In this paper, single pulse unclamped inductive switching (UIS) test of Wolfspeed Gen-3 10 kV, 15 A 4H-SiC MOSFETs is performed for four operating conditions at room temperature. The avalanche energy is observed to be around 7.0 J. The measured values are in good agreement with expected behavior, which may be extrapolated beyond the experimentally measured range. Failure analysis was conducted after each device failure to observe the failure locations. Avalanche parameters of SiC MOSFETs with various voltage ratings are compared. The avalanche energy of the Gen-3 10 kV, 15 A 4H-SiC MOSFETs is obtained to be superior to earlier generations of 10 kV SiC MOSFETs.
Demonstration of 4H-SiC JFET Digital ICs Across 1000°C Temperature Range without Change to Input Voltages
Authors: Neudeck Philip G. , Spry David J. , Krasowski Michael J. , Prokop Norman F. , Chen Liang Yu
Published: July 2019

Operational testing of prototopye 4H-SiC JFET ICs across an unrivaled ambient temperature span in excess of 1000 °C, from-190 °C to +812 °C, has been demonstrated without any change/adjustment of input signal levels or power supply voltages. This unique ability is expected to simplify infusion of this IC technology into a broader range of beneficial applications.
High Temperature High Current Gain IC Compatible 4H-SiC Phototransistor
Authors: Hou Shuo Ben , Hellström Per Erik , Zetterling Carl Mikael , Östling Mikael
Published: July 2019

This paper presents our in-house fabricated 4H-SiC n-p-n phototransistors. The wafer mapping of the phototransistor on two wafers shows a mean maximum forward current gain (βFmax) of 100 at 25 °C. The phototransistor with the highest βFmax of 113 has been characterized from room temperature to 500 °C. βFmax drops to 51 at 400 °C and remains the same at 500 °C. The photocurrent gain of the phototransistor is 3.9 at 25 °C and increases to 14 at 500 °C under the 365 nm UV light with the optical power of 0.31 mW. The processing of the phototransistor is same to our 4H-SiC-based bipolar integrated circuits, so it is a promising candidate for 4H-SiC opto-electronics on-chip integration.
4H-SiC Trench pMOSFETs for High-Frequency CMOS Inverters
Authors: Inoue Jun , Kuroki Shin Ichiro , Ishikawa Seiji , Maeda Tomonori , Sezaki Hiroshi , Makino Takahiro , Ohshima Takeshi , Östling Mikael , Zetterling Carl Mikael
Published: July 2019

Low-parasitic-capacitance 4H-SiC pMOSFETs using pseudo-self-aligned process were demonstrated for high-frequency CMOS inverters. In these pMOSFETs, device characteristics including parasitic capacitances (gate-source, gate-drain capacitance) were investigated and low parasitic capacitance was achieved by the trench gate structure.
Antecedents of Consumer Materialism: An exploration in Sri Lankan Context
Authors: Malkanthie M. A. A.
Published: July 2019

Materialism is becoming a major problem in the world. Materialistic consumers consume more and even unnecessary things. Overconsumption is one of the major threats to the future of human survival. Hence, the intention of this research is to determine the antecedents of materialism in Sri Lankan context. Through the Literature review, the antecedents of materialism were identified as; depression, anxiety, self- esteem, and stress. Positivist approach with deductive reasoning was used in this study. Individual adult person was taken as the unit of study of this research and this is a single cross -sectional study. Sample of 450 adults was selected according to judgmental sampling technique representing nine provinces in Sri Lanka. Structured questionnaire was used as the data collection tool. Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. Findings show that self-esteem, depression, and stress significantly affect materialism. Further, Self-esteem and depression negatively affect the materialism while “stress” positively affect the materialism. These findings are useful to Marketing Managers to develop more effective marketing strategies in terms of segmentation, strategic brand communication and promotion. By accurately segmenting based on the facet of materialism that is dominant in a specific consumer behavior context will lead to the development of brand communication that better addresses consumer concerns.
Conditional Upregulation of IFN-α Alone Is Sufficient to Induce Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Akiyama Chieri , Tsumiyama Ken , Uchimura Chiaki , Honda Eriko , Miyazaki Yumi , Sakurai Keiichi , Miura Yasushi , Hashiramoto Akira , Felsher Dean W. , Shiozawa Shunichi
Published: July 2019

The cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unknown. IFN-α has been suggested as a causative agent of SLE; however, it was not proven, and to what extent and how IFN-α contributes to the disease is unknown. We studied the contribution of IFN-α to SLE by generating inducible IFN-α transgenic mice and directly show that conditional upregulation of IFN-α alone induces a typical manifestation of SLE in the mice not prone to autoimmunity, such as serum immune complex, autoantibody against dsDNA (anti-dsDNA Ab), and the organ manifestations classical to SLE, such as immune complex–deposited glomerulonephritis, classical splenic onion-skin lesion, alopecia, epidermal liquefaction, and positive lupus band test of the skin. In the spleen of mice, activated effector CD4 T cells, IFN-γ–producing CD8 T cells, B220+CD86+ cells, and CD11c+CD86+ cells were increased, and the T cells produced increased amounts of IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ and decreased IL-2. In particular, activated CD3+CD4−CD8− double-negative T cells positive for TCRαβ, B220, CD1d-teteramer, PD-1, and Helios (that produced increased amounts of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TNF-α) were significantly expanded. They infiltrated into kidney and induced de novo glomerulonephritis and alopecia when transferred into naive recipients. Thus, sole upregulation of IFN-α is sufficient to induce SLE, and the double-negative T cells expanded by IFN-α are directly responsible for the organ manifestations, such as lupus skin disease or nephritis.
Foundation phase learners’ view of learning support and self-esteem
Authors: Kriel Carike , Livingston Candice
Published: July 2019

Background: Learning support in South Africa is a phenomenon where learners who experience barriers to learning are withdrawn from the mainstream class and receive support in their home language and mathematics. A need for learning support surfaced when emphasis was placed on inclusivity in mainstream schools. The efficacy of this withdrawal on self-esteem has however not been investigated.Aim: This study sought to investigate the learners’ experiences of withdrawal for learning support and the relationship with their self-esteem.Setting: A primary school in the Western Cape.Methods: This qualitative design aimed to determine the perspective of the learners. Purposive sampling was used to identify five learners who received learning support. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to analyse data gleaned from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), which had been adapted into an informal interview schedule.Results: Participants in this study did not report negative experiences of learning support. Learners identified that issues of negative self-esteem were unrelated to learning support, but were attributed to school culture, mainstream teachers’ attitudes, family relationships, peer comparisons and social competencies.Conclusion: Participants reported that learning support rarely caused negative self-esteem, but rather heightened confidence in their academic abilities regardless of their need for learning support, holding social factors responsible for their negative self-esteem. The implications of these findings allude to the fact that withdrawal for learning support continues regardless of popular beliefs reported to the contrary. Schools should however monitor these learners in order to determine individual differences and needs.
Awareness of Interventional Radiology among Clinical Years’ Medical Students and Medical Interns at University of Hail
Authors: Albaqawi Rahaf , Alreshidi Meshael , Alshubrami Dalal , Alrasheedi Halah , Alreshidi Fayez , Alrashidi Ibrahim
Published: July 2019

Context: One of the most important challenges facing the evolution of modern interventional radiology is its lack of awareness among medical students. Aims: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, perception, and views of the University of Hail clinical year medical students and medical interns regarding various interventional radiology topics. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study on 244 clinical years' medical students and 87 medical interns from the University of Hail. Materials and Methods: A validated anonymous electronic questionnaire regarding awareness of various interventional radiology topics was sent to all clinical years' students and medical interns, and the results were analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: The sample size was calculated through the Raosoft sample size calculator website. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistics. Results: We received 200 responses. Majority of the participants (45%) agreed that their knowledge and information regarding interventional radiology was poor. Few participants (17%) were interested in considering a career in diagnostic radiology or interventional radiology. The most common reported reason for not considering radiology as a career option was lack of adequate knowledge about the subject (27.5%). Majority of participants (72.5%) had not been exposed to interventional radiology. Only 36.5% of participants were interested in doing a 2-week interventional radiology elective during their internship year. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the majority of undergraduates and interns lack basic knowledge of interventional radiology. About one-third of the respondents were interested in doing their elective term in interventional radiology, and more than half of the participants were not interested or were unsure.
Anosov representations and dominated splittings
Authors: Bochi Jairo , Potrie Rafael , Sambarino Andrés
Published: July 2019

We provide a link between Anosov representations introduced by Labourie and dominated splitting of linear cocycles. This allows us to obtain equivalent characterizations for Anosov representations and to recover recent results due to Guéritaud–Guichard–Kassel–Wienhard [GGKW] and Kapovich–Leeb–Porti [KLP2] by different methods. We also give characterizations in terms of multicones and cone types inspired by the work of Avila–Bochi–Yoccoz [ABY] and Bochi–Gourmelon [BG]. Finally, we provide a new proof of the higher rank Morse Lemma of Kapovich–Leeb–Porti [KLP2].
Corpus-based study of L3 acquisition on Spanish past tense: evidence from learners’ oral production
Authors: Lu Hui-Chuan , Cheng An Chung , Hung Shen Yun
Published: July 2019

This paper focuses on a corpus-based study on the acquisition of L3 Spanish past tense in oral production through a learners’ corpus. The main findings were: (1) Chinese-speaking learners in Taiwan demonstrated more accurate uses of the Spanish preterit than the imperfect in oral productions, same as the findings in their written productions and those in Englishnative speakers of Spanish; (2) These learners used telic verbs more correctly than those of activity and state in preterit form in both oral and written productions; (3) The developmental pattern of the Spanish past tense in the oral production of Chinesespeakinglearners was similar to that of English-speaking learners of Spanish.
Zombies lost in translation. The translation from English to Spanish of (de)humanizing pronouns
Authors: Flores Ohlson Linda
Published: July 2019

The present paper analyses which strategies are used in order to express the personal/inanimate pronoun contrast that serves the function of (de)humanizing zombies, when passages containing this linguistic feature in English are translated into Spanish. English has two sets of pronouns/adjectives, the ones that express personhood (he/his/him, she/her), and the inanimate ones (it/its). The explicit use of these pronouns is obligatory. Spanish on the other hand, has one set of pronouns (él, ella, su, lo, la) that are used both to express personhood as well as with inanimate references. The Spanish subject pronouns are normally used only when there is a need to highlight the subject or contrast it with another subject. Consequently, translators from English to Spanish face a challenge with regard to the translation of the (de)humanizing effect the pronoun contrast adds to the texts in English. The corpus contains examples of the English pronouns being translated with noun phrases, verb phrases, noun clauses, and pronouns, while in some cases the pronoun contrast is omitted, and therefore lost in the translation.
Metaphors of victory and defeat in sports headlines in English and Spanish
Authors: Quintero Ramírez Sara
Published: July 2019

Metaphor is one of the most frequently used resources in the specialized language of sports (cf. Segrave, 2000; Herráez Pindado, 2004; Segura Soto, 2009; Medina Montero, 2015). The focus of this study is on how victory and defeat are expressed through metaphors in sports headlines. The data collection consists of 100 sports headlines in English and 100 in Spanish. Based on our findings, we argue that there is a diversity of metaphors that take advantage of mutual semantic fields to present victory and defeat in the two corpora, the semantic fields that were identified in the study are: a) war, b) laws, c) cleaning, d) royalty, e) life and death, f) space and g) pain. Finally, when a team’s nickname is an animal-related name, journalists map the properties of the animal onto the team (Silaški, 2009) to make the headline more attractive for the audience.
Global carbon budgets estimated from atmospheric O2∕N2 and CO2 observations in the western Pacific region over a 15-year period
Authors: Tohjima Yasunori , Mukai Hitoshi , Machida Toshinobu , Hoshina Yu , Nakaoka Shin-Ichiro
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Time series of the atmospheric O2∕N2 ratio and CO2 mole
fraction of flask samples obtained from the National Institute for Environmental Studies' (NIES's) flask sampling network are
presented. The network includes two ground sites, Hateruma island (HAT;
24.05∘ N, 123.81∘ E) and Cape Ochiishi (COI; 43.17∘ N,
145.50∘ E), and cargo ships regularly sailing in the western
Pacific. Based on temporal changes in fossil-fuel-derived CO2
emissions, global atmospheric CO2 burden and atmospheric potential
oxygen (APO), which were calculated from the observed O2∕N2 ratio
and CO2 mole fraction according to APO = O2+1.1×CO2, we estimated the global carbon sinks of the ocean and land
biosphere for a period of more than 15 years. In this carbon budget
calculation, we adopted a correction for the time-varying ocean O2
outgassing effect with an average of 0.54 PgC yr−1 for 2000–2016. The
outgassing effect, attributed mainly to global ocean warming, was evaluated
under the assumption that the net ocean gas flux is proportional to the
change in the ocean heat content for the 0–2000 m layer. The resulting
oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks were 2.6±0.7 and
1.5±0.9 PgC yr−1, respectively, for a 17-year period
(2000–2016) and 2.4±0.7 and 1.9±0.9 PgC yr−1, respectively, for a 14-year period (2003–2016). Despite the
independent approaches, the sink values of this study agreed with those
estimated by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) within a difference of about
±0.4 PgC yr−1. We examined the carbon sinks for an interval of
5 years to assess the temporal trends. The pentad (5-year) ocean sinks
showed an increasing trend at a rate of 0.08±0.02 PgC yr−2
during 2001–2014, while the pentad land sinks showed an increasing trend at
a rate of 0.23±0.04 PgC yr−2 for 2001–2009 and a decreasing
trend at a rate of -0.22±0.04 PgC yr−2 during 2009–2014.
Although there is good agreement in the trends of the pentad sinks between
this study and that of GCP, the increasing rate of the pentad ocean sinks of
this study was about 2 times larger than that of GCP.
On the contribution of nocturnal heterogeneous reactive nitrogen chemistry to particulate matter formation during wintertime pollution events in Northern Utah
Authors: McDuffie Erin E. , Womack Caroline C. , Fibiger Dorothy L. , Dube William P. , Franchin Alessandro , Middlebrook Ann M. , Goldberger Lexie , Lee Ben H. , Thornton Joel A. , Moravek Alexander , Murphy Jennifer G. , Baasandorj Munkhbayar , Brown Steven S.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Mountain basins in Northern Utah, including the Salt Lake
Valley (SLV), suffer from wintertime air pollution events associated with
stagnant atmospheric conditions. During these events, fine particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) can exceed national ambient air quality
standards. Previous studies in the SLV have found that PM2.5 is
primarily composed of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), formed from the
condensation of gas-phase ammonia (NH3) and nitric acid (HNO3).
Additional studies in several western basins, including the SLV, have
suggested that production of HNO3 from nocturnal heterogeneous
N2O5 uptake is the dominant source of NH4NO3 during
winter. The rate of this process, however, remains poorly quantified, in
part due to limited vertical measurements above the surface, where this
chemistry is most active. The 2017 Utah Winter Fine Particulate Study
(UWFPS) provided the first aircraft measurements of detailed chemical
composition during wintertime pollution events in the SLV. Coupled with
ground-based observations, analyses of day- and nighttime research flights
confirm that PM2.5 during wintertime pollution events is principally
composed of NH4NO3, limited by HNO3. Here, observations and
box model analyses assess the contribution of N2O5 uptake to
nitrate aerosol during pollution events using the NO3- production
rate, N2O5 heterogeneous uptake coefficient (γ(N2O5)), and production yield of ClNO2 (φ(ClNO2)), which had medians of 1.6 µg m−3 h−1, 0.076,
and 0.220, respectively. While fit values of γ(N2O5) may
be biased high by a potential under-measurement in aerosol surface area,
other fit quantities are unaffected. Lastly, additional model simulations
suggest nocturnal N2O5 uptake produces between 2.4 and 3.9 µg m−3 of nitrate per day when considering the possible effects of
dilution. This nocturnal production is sufficient to account for 52 %–85 %
of the daily observed surface-level buildup of aerosol nitrate, though
accurate quantification is dependent on modeled dilution, mixing processes,
and photochemistry.
Significant climate impacts of aerosol changes driven by growth in energy use and advances in emissions control technology
Authors: Zhao Alcide , Bollasina Massimo A. , Crippa Monica , Stevenson David S.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Anthropogenic aerosols have increased significantly since the industrial revolution, driven largely by growth in emissions from energy use in sectors including power generation, industry, and transport. Advances in emission control technologies since around 1970, however, have partially counteracted emissions increases from the above sectors. Using the fully-coupled Community Earth System Model, we quantify the effective radiative forcing (ERF) and climate response to 1970–2010 aerosol emission changes associated with the above two policy-relevant emission drivers. Emissions from energy use growth generate a global mean aerosol ERF of −0.31 W m−2, and result in a global mean cooling of −0.35 K and a precipitation reduction of −0.03 mm day−1. By contrast, the avoided emissions from advances in emission control technology, which benefit air quality, generate a global mean ERF of +0.21 W m−2, a global warming of +0.10 K and global mean precipitation increase of +0.01 mm day−1. The total net aerosol impacts on climate are dominated by energy use growth, from Asia in particular. However, technology advances outweigh energy use growth over Europe and North America. Also, the Arctic climate is significantly affected by aerosol emission changes from Europe, North America, and Asia. Various non-linear processes are involved along the pathway from aerosol emissions to radiative forcing and ultimately to climate responses, suggesting that the diagnosed aerosol forcing and effects must be interpreted in the context of experiment designs. Further, the temperature response per unit aerosol ERF varies significantly across many factors, including location and magnitude of emission changes, implying that ERF, and the related metrics, need to be used very carefully for aerosols. Future aerosol emission pathways have large temporal and spatial uncertainties; our findings provide useful information for both assessing and interpreting such uncertainties, and may help inform future climate change impact reduction strategies.
Simulating precipitation radar observations from a geostationary satellite
Authors: Okazaki Atsushi , Honda Takumi , Kotsuki Shunji , Yamaji Moeka , Kubota Takuji , Oki Riko , Iguchi Toshio , Miyoshi Takemasa
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Spaceborne precipitation radars, such as the Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core
Observatory, have been important platforms to provide a direct measurement
of three-dimensional precipitation structure globally. Building upon the
success of TRMM and GPM Core Observatory, the Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA) is currently surveying the feasibility of a potential
satellite mission equipped with a precipitation radar on a geostationary
orbit. The quasi-continuous observation realized by the geostationary
satellite radar would offer a new insight into meteorology and would advance
numerical weather prediction (NWP) through their effective use by data
assimilation. Although the radar would be beneficial, the radar on the geostationary orbit
measures precipitation obliquely at off-nadir points. In addition, the observing
resolution will be several times larger than those on board TRMM and GPM Core
Observatory due to the limited antenna size that we could deliver. The
tilted sampling volume and the coarse resolution would result in more
contamination from surface clutter. To investigate the impact of these
limitations and to explore the potential usefulness of the geostationary
satellite radar, this study simulates the observation data for a typhoon
case using an NWP model and a radar simulator. The results demonstrate that it would be possible to obtain
three-dimensional precipitation data. However, the quality of the
observation depends on the beam width, the beam sampling span, and the
position of precipitation systems. With a wide beam width and a coarse beam
span, the radar cannot observe weak precipitation at low altitudes due to
surface clutter. The limitation can be mitigated by oversampling (i.e., a
wide beam width and a fine sampling span). With a narrow beam width and a
fine beam sampling span, the surface clutter interference is confined to the
surface level. When the precipitation system is located far from the nadir,
the precipitation signal is obtained only for strong precipitation.
Intergenerational differences in the use of maps: results from an online survey
Authors: Wakabayashi Yoshiki
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Since the end of the 20th century, the widespread availability of information and communications technology (ICT) has led to an increased use of web-based maps that have supposedly changed the use of geospatial information. Although previous studies focused on the conceptual or technical aspects of web maps, few studies have conducted an empirical analysis of the diversity of map usage. In particular, intergenerational differences in the use of digital maps have apparently expanded owing to the generation gap in the skills needed to use ICT devices. In this study, I examined variations in map usage by paying attention to the characteristics of the millennial generation. An online survey of 624 people who signed up for participation was conducted with a research company in 2018. They were sampled equally by gender and age group and were from the Tokyo metropolitan area. A questionnaire was designed to gather data about their current state of map use, their usage of ICT devices, their degree of geospatial awareness, and demographic attributes. The difference in map usage patterns between generational groups was examined using statistical methods. Analysis of the data revealed that most people use web maps while conventional paper maps are still widely used by the middle-aged and the elderly. In particular, intergenerational differences in map usage were observed: younger people prefer using web maps with mobile devices for checking locations but older people are still using conventional paper maps. Among the web maps available, Google Maps was used by the majority of respondents, especially by the younger age group. The next most frequently used was Yahoo! Maps, which was mainly used by the middle-aged and older people while Apple Maps was also preferred by younger people. More than 80% of web map users browse the map with a smartphone; however, middle-aged and older groups tended to use maps with PCs. An analysis of conventional map use revealed many people use tourist maps, maps on signboards, and in-car navigation systems. However, some intergenerational differences were observed. Young people use fewer road maps and in-car navigation systems while elderly people use more housing maps and topographic maps. An analysis of the relationship between map use and geospatial literacy revealed that younger respondents preferred digital maps to paper maps and tended not to ask someone else for directions but relied on ICT tools to find their way. Since some studies have pointed out that the accustomed use of navigation tools may have negative effects on people’s geospatial awareness, young people’s dependence on web maps may reduce their concern with maps and geography, which is characteristic of the millennial generation.
Spatial-Temporal Landscape Analysis of Kallang-Seletar Transect, Singapore
Authors: Wang Tao
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Industrialization and urbanization have been vastly reshaping the physical landscape of Singapore under guided urban planning in the last more than half a century, accompanying Singapore’s successful economic growth and social management. Reconstructing and evaluating the transformation process of physical landscape can help appreciate anthropogenic activities in this progress and explore dynamic urbanizing frontiers into natural and rural environment in different periods. A geographic transect running from Seletar to Kallang in central Singapore Island is delineated for detailed investigation of physical transformation. Typical geographic features at different times, including road networks, terrain, buildings and water bodies were extracted from a series of georeferenced historical topographic maps from 1940s to 2010s. Description, analysis and interpretations of geographic changes and temporal processes are made in this specific transect at different spatial scales. These geographic layers coupled with historical land use and economic policies are considered as key components of transformation analysis of physical landscape in this work. Singapore’ current situation benefits from its unique transformation journey, which is marked by top-down integral spatial planning, and integrating social/demographic and economic policies. Reflection on the transition of this central transect can help us appreciate the current physical status of Singapore Island and better project the path of other booming urbanization areas in surrounding regions. Although Singapore’s chosen path of developments led to remarkable results, careful and comprehensive considerations of social and historical factors must be taken when transferring its policies and strategies to other aspiring regions. One conclusion of this work demonstrates the power of maps for recording physical environment and support scholars in geography, history and urban research to build a temporal image of landscape changes.
Proposals for enhancements of topographic maps for high alpine tours
Authors: Wondrak Stephan
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Today we have diverse and high-quality bases for the planning of high alpine tours. Most widely used are topographic maps, tour guides and online portals. In combination with a topographic map or a map extract, photos and topos, the textual description of a tour guide gives us a comprehensive and detailed picture of our planned high alpine tour. However, this picture can still be improved. The character of a high alpine tour is determined by many criteria. Some of the most important ones can be examined with a topographic map:Length of the tour (distances, total time)Altitude profile (in relation to sea level, differences in altitude)Steepness and exposure of the terrain (steep faces, ridges)Land cover (rock, glacier, moraine, meadows, forest)Other important criteria of a high alpine tour are described textually in tour guides and tour reports on the Internet.Some of these criteria or properties remain unchanged over a long time, others can change within hours. Unchanging properties are for instance theDifficulties in climbing (according to international UIAA scale)Stability or fragility of the rocksClarity of the terrain (structure, important for pathfinding)Slowly changing properties are theCondition of glaciers (snow cover, crevasses, retreat)Stability of slopes (glacial moraines)Degree of protection (security hooks, safety rods, fixed ropes, rappelling points)Marking of the route (Steinmänner, coloured markings)Number of rope teams on the route (potential waiting times, traffic jams, oncoming traffic)Suddenly changing properties are theWeather conditions (temperature, wind, clouds, rain- or snowfall, sight, insolation)Conditions on the terrain (fresh snow, moisture, icing of the rocks)Rock or ice fallFrom the cartographic perspective, in particular the unchanging or slowly changing properties are of interest. How can these properties be mapped in an accurate and comprehensible way?This presentation focuses on potential enhancements of topographic maps, topos and tour guides, to map the above-named unchanging or slowly changing properties of high alpine tours. In this context, the avoidance of overcrowding of the already dense topographic maps is an important requirement, especially for the printed versions of these maps. In interactive online maps, the new map content can be added with a new map layer. Tour guides often include extracts of a topographic map, where requirements and constraints for new map content may be not as strong as in the original printed version. The potential for enhancements of the existing planning bases for high alpine tours is considerable. Due to global warming, route conditions are changing quickly. Unexpected situations on high alpine tours emphasize the necessity of an enhancement or supplement of the existing cartographic representations.
Reconstructing the Christian Malford ecosystem in the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian, Jurassic) of Wiltshire: exceptional preservation, taphonomy, burial and compaction
Authors: Hart Malcolm B. , Page Kevin N. , Price Gregory D. , Smart Christopher W.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Christian Malford lagerstätte in the Oxford Clay Formation of Wiltshire contains exceptionally well-preserved squid-like cephalopods, including Belemnotheutis antiquus (Pearce). Some of these fossils preserve muscle tissue, contents of ink sacks and other soft parts of the squid, including arms with hooks in situ and the head area with statoliths (ear bones) present in life position. The preservation of soft-tissue material is usually taken as an indication of anoxic or dysaerobic conditions on the sea floor and within the enclosing sediments. Interestingly, in the prepared residues of all these sediments there are both statoliths and arm hooks as well as abundant, species-rich, assemblages of both foraminifera and ostracods. Such occurrences appear to be incompatible with an interpretation of potential sea floor anoxia. The mudstones of the Oxford Clay Formation may have been compacted by 70 %–80 % during de-watering and burial, and in such a fine-grained lithology samples collected for microfossil examination probably represent several thousand years and, therefore, a significant number of foraminiferal life cycles. Such samples (even if only 1–2 cm thick) could, potentially, include several oxic–anoxic cycles and, if coupled with compaction, generate the apparent coincidence of well-preserved, soft-bodied, cephalopods and diverse assemblages of benthic foraminifera.
Induced surface fluxes: a new framework for attributing Arctic sea ice volume balance biases to specific model errors
Authors: West Alex , Collins Mat , Blockley Ed , Ridley Jeff , Bodas-Salcedo Alejandro
Published: July 2019

Abstract. A new framework is presented for analysing the proximate causes of
model Arctic sea ice biases, demonstrated with the CMIP5 model HadGEM2-ES (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 – Earth System). In this framework the Arctic sea ice volume is treated as a consequence of
the integrated surface energy balance, via the volume balance. A simple
model allows the local dependence of the surface flux on specific model
variables to be described as a function of time and space. When these are
combined with reference datasets, it is possible to estimate the surface
flux bias induced by the model bias in each variable. The method allows the
role of the surface albedo and ice thickness–growth feedbacks in sea ice
volume balance biases to be quantified along with the roles of model bias
in variables not directly related to the sea ice volume. It shows biases in
the HadGEM2-ES sea ice volume simulation to be due to a bias in spring
surface melt onset date, partly countered by a bias in winter downwelling
longwave radiation. The framework is applicable in principle to any model
and has the potential to greatly improve understanding of the reasons for
ensemble spread in the modelled sea ice state. A secondary finding is that
observational uncertainty is the largest cause of uncertainty in the induced
surface flux bias calculation.
Modelling the Antarctic Ice Sheet across the mid-Pleistocene transition – implications for Oldest Ice
Authors: Sutter Johannes , Fischer Hubertus , Grosfeld Klaus , Karlsson Nanna B. , Kleiner Thomas , Van Liefferinge Brice , Eisen Olaf
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The international endeavour to retrieve a continuous ice core, which spans the middle Pleistocene climate transition ca. 1.2–0.9 Myr ago, encompasses a multitude of field and model-based pre-site surveys. We expand on the current efforts to locate a suitable drilling site for the oldest Antarctic ice core by means of 3-D continental ice-sheet modelling. To this end, we present an ensemble of ice-sheet simulations spanning the last 2 Myr, employing transient boundary conditions derived from climate modelling and climate proxy records. We discuss the imprint of changing climate conditions, sea level and geothermal heat flux on the ice thickness, and basal conditions around previously identified sites with continuous records of old ice. Our modelling results show a range of configurational ice-sheet changes across the middle Pleistocene transition, suggesting a potential shift of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a marine-based configuration. Despite the middle Pleistocene climate reorganisation and associated ice-dynamic changes, we identify several regions conducive to conditions maintaining 1.5 Myr (million years) old ice, particularly around Dome Fuji, Dome C and Ridge B, which is in agreement with previous studies. This finding strengthens the notion that continuous records with such old ice do exist in previously identified regions, while we are also providing a dynamic continental ice-sheet context.
Teaching Spoken Language Through the Text/Discursive Genre Selection Interview: a report on the implementation of a didactic sequence
Authors: Moratto Juliana , Storto Letícia Jovelina
Published: July 2019

This paper reports on the implementation of a didactic sequence which addresses the oral genre selection interview, as a support in the construction of a didactic model, focusing particularly on the evaluation process implemented. The interview was constructed as an oral genre, hence as a communicative social practice and the aim was to develop students’ oral skills through activities grounded in Conversation Analysis (CA). The proposal was motivated on account of the research problem that investigates whether it is possible to develop, potentialize and optimize oral skills through the teaching and approach to text/discursive genres in high school, purposely designed for students who are concluding their technical/vocational education. From the research problem, the educational product developed encompasses a common situation to workers, whose preparation lacked a model directed at the applicant (interviewee). The integration of the oral element involved in a text production requires, firstly, a social practice that is built in a collective context, the text is produced by means of interactions. Results bespeak a more conscious learning process involving language adequacy for manifold social practices, especially for formal situations of linguistic-discursive interactions, as is the case of a selective process.
Gender Identity: passional discourses on discoveries
Authors: Bueno Alexandre Marcelo , Santos da Silva Felipe
Published: July 2019

The gender identity subject has been the focus of several social and political debates in which: there are individuals who try to eliminate social inequalities regarding gender; and, on the other hand, there are those who seek for visibility, fighting for their rights to be validated. Both of the groups constitute part of the LGBTTQI+ community. Thus, the present study refers to a research carried out at a university in the interior of São Paulo, whose corpus consists of statements made by undergraduate students that discuss the themes of identity, gender, prejudice and discrimination. Once it is a multifaceted theme, in which the phenomena of intolerance, hatred and fear emerge – in addition to discussions and positions that involve political, religious and ideological issues – the present work draws on the French discursive semiotics, by Algirdas Julien Greimas and collaborators. In conclusion, in their discourses, it was observed the identity transformation through the subjective confrontation of some malevolent passions, such as hatred and intolerance.
Testing Absolute vs Relative Simultaneity with the Spin-orbit Interaction and the Sagnac Effect
Authors: Spavieri Gianfranco , Rodriguez Miguel , Sanchez Arturo
Published: July 2019

All the experiments supporting special relativity (SR) formulated with Einstein synchronization support as well SR with absolute synchronization, if the corresponding coordinate transformations foresee time dilation and length contraction. We first test absolute vs relative simultaneity with a non-relativistic model of the spin-orbit interaction by taking into account either the effect of the electron hidden momentum or the relativistic effect of the Thomas precession, based on

non-conservation of simultaneity. As second test, we consider a thought experiment equivalent to the Sagnac effect, where a clock measures the time taken by a counter-propagating light signal to perform a round trip on a closed path. While these experiments are coherently described with absolute simultaneity, the result of our tests points out inconsistencies in the case of relative simultaneity, thus favoring the formulation of SR with absolute synchronization, while advocating that

further research and tests on simultaneity are needed for the comprehension of relativistic theories.