bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organoplatinum‐Substituted Polyoxometalate Inhibits β‐amyloid Aggregation for Alzheimer's Therapy
Authors: Zhao Jing , Li Kexin , Wan Kaiwei , Sun Tiedong , Zheng Nannan , Zhu Fanjiao , Ma Jichao , Jiao Jia , Li Tianchan , Ni Jinyuan , Shi Xinghua , Wang Hui , Peng Qiang , Ai Jing , Xu Wanhai , Liu Shaoqin
Published: October 2019

Aggregated β‐amyloid (Aβ) is widely considered as a key factor in triggering progressive loss of neuronal function in Alzheimer's disease (AD), so targeting and inhibiting Aβ aggregation has been broadly recognized as an efficient therapeutic strategy for curing AD. Herein, we designed and prepared an organic platinum‐substituted polyoxometalate, (Me4N)3[PW11O40(SiC3H6NH2)2PtCl2] (abbreviated as PtII‐PW11) for inhibiting Aβ42 aggregation. The mechanism of inhibition on Aβ42 aggregation by PtII‐PW11 was attributed to the multiple interactions of PtII‐PW11 with Aβ42 including coordination interaction of Pt2+ in PtII‐PW11 with amino group in Aβ42, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. In cell‐based assay, PtII‐PW11 displayed remarkable neuroprotective effect for Aβ42 aggregation‐induced cytotoxicity, leading to increase of cell viability from 49 % to 67 % at a dosage of 8 μm. More importantly, the PtII‐PW11 greatly reduced Aβ deposition and rescued memory loss in APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice without noticeable cytotoxicity, demonstrating its potential as drugs for AD treatment.
An Hetero‐Epitaxially Grown Zeolite Membrane
Authors: Jeong Yanghwan , Hong Sungwon , Jang Eunhee , Kim Eunjoo , Baik Hionsuck , Choi Nakwon , Yip Alex C. K. , Choi Jungkyu
Published: October 2019

The secondary growth methodology to form zeolite membranes has stringent requirements for homogeneous epitaxial intergrowth of the seed layer and limits the number of accessible high‐quality zeolite membranes. Despite previous reports on hetero‐epitaxial growth, high‐performance zeolite membranes have yet to be reported using this approach. Here, the successful hetero‐epitaxial growth of highly siliceous ZSM‐58 (DDR‐type zeolite) films from a SSZ‐13 (CHA‐type zeolite) seed layer is reported. The resulting membranes show excellent CO2 perm‐selectivities, having maximum CO2 /N2 and CO2 /CH4 separation factors (SFs) as high as about 17 and 279, respectively, at 30 °C. Furthermore, the hybrid membrane maintains the CO2 perm‐selectivity in the presence of water vapor (the third main component in both cases), that is, CO2 /N2 SF of about 14 and CO2 /CH4 SF of about 78, respectively, at 50 °C (a representative temperature of both CO2‐containing streams).
Catalytic Enantioselective Methylene C(sp3)−H Amidation of 8‐Alkylquinolines Using a Cp*RhIII/Chiral Carboxylic Acid System
Authors: Fukagawa Seiya , Kojima Masahiro , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki
Published: October 2019

Catalytic enantioselective directed methylene C(sp3)−H amidation reactions of 8‐alkylquinolines using a Cp*RhIII/chiral carboxylic acid (CCA) hybrid catalytic system are described. A binaphthyl‐based chiral carboxylic acid efficiently differentiates between the enantiotopic methylene C−H bonds, which leads to the formation of C−N bonds with good enantioselectivity.
Direct Mechanocatalysis: Palladium as Milling Media and Catalyst in the Mechanochemical Suzuki Polymerization
Authors: Vogt Christian G. , Grätz Sven , Lukin Stipe , Halasz Ivan , Etter Martin , Evans Jack D. , Borchardt Lars
Published: October 2019

The milling ball is the catalyst. We introduce a palladium‐catalyzed reaction inside a ball mill, which makes catalyst powders, ligands, and solvents obsolete. We present a facile and highly sustainable synthesis concept for palladium‐catalyzed C−C coupling reactions, exemplarily showcased for the Suzuki polymerization of 4‐bromo or 4‐iodophenylboronic acid giving poly(para‐phenylene). Surprisingly, we observe one of the highest degrees of polymerization (199) reported so far.
A Low‐Cost and Environmentally Friendly Mixed Polyanionic Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Song Tianyi , Yao Wenjiao , Kiadkhunthod Pinit , Zheng Yongping , Wu Nanzhong , Zhou Xiaolong , Tunmee Sarayut , Sattayaporn Suchinda , Tang Yongbing
Published: October 2019

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are the most promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries in the development of renewable energy sources. The advancement of NIBs depends on the exploration of new electrode materials and fundamental understanding of working mechanisms. Herein, via experimental and simulation methods, we develop a mixed polyanionic compound, Na2Fe(C2O4)SO4⋅H2O, as a cathode for NIBs. Thanks to its rigid three dimensional framework and the combined inductive effects from oxalate and sulfate, it delivered reversible Na insertion/desertion at average discharging voltages of 3.5 and 3.1 V for 500 cycles with Coulombic efficiencies of ca. 99 %. In situ synchrotron X‐ray measurements and DFT calculations demonstrate the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reactions contribute to electron compensation during Na+ desertion/insertion. The study suggests mixed polyanionic frameworks may provide promising materials for Na ion storage with the merits of low cost and environmental friendliness.
Improved flashover performance and tracking resistance of silicone rubber by direct fluorination
Authors: An Zhenlian , Shen Ruochen , Gao Wenjian , Gu Xiaoxiao , Chen Weijun , Yang Long , Yang Wei , Zhang Zhuo
Published: October 2019

Silicone rubber (SIR) samples are fluorinated using a F2/N2 mixture at different temperatures. Physicochemical characteristics are analyzed by attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Basic properties of the fluorinated surface layers are investigated, and the intrinsic alternating current (AC) flashover performance and tracking resistance of the surface fluorinated samples are evaluated. The flashover test results indicate that the fluorination leads to an improvement in AC flashover performance of the SIR material, as a result of the competition between the favorable effect of the increase in surface conduction and the adverse effect of a likely increase in surface layer permittivity. The increase in AC flashover voltage is associated with the voltage‐increasing mode of the flashover test. The flashover test results also show an improved tracking resistance of the SIR material by the fluorination, and the improvement is especially significant for the fluorinated surface layer that has less cleavage of SiC bonds or a good compactness as well as a large thickness. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48556.
Digitale Bildung: Botanik mal anders!
Authors: Meinders Kai , Papenbrock Jutta
Published: October 2019

Das Institut für Botanik der Leibniz Universität Hannover untersucht in Kooperation mit dem Gymnasium Goetheschule Hannover, ob SchülerInnen mit fortgeschrittenen 3D‐Programmen und einem 3D‐Drucker in einer AG komplexe Blütenmodelle herstellen und botanisches Fachwissen aufbauen können. Dazu wurde das kompetenzorientierte Unterrichtskonzept Blühende Fantasie: 3D‐Druck von Blütenmodellen entworfen, durchgeführt und anschließend ausgewertet.
The assembly of integrated rat intestinal‐hepatocyte cultures
Authors: Kothari Anjaney , Rajagopalan Padmavathy
Published: October 2019

The jejunum is the segment of the small intestine responsible for several metabolism and biotransformation functions. In this report, we have cultured rat jejunum explants in vitro and integrated them with hepatocyte cultures. We have also investigated the changes in jejunum function at different locations since spatial variations in intestinal functions have been reported previously. We divided the length of the rat jejunum into three distinct regions of approximately 9 cm each. We defined the regions as proximal (adjacent to the duodenum), medial, and distal (adjacent to the ileum). Spatiotemporal variations in functions were observed between these regions within the jejunum. Alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of enterocyte function), decreased twofold between the proximal and distal regions at 4 hr. Lysozyme activity (a marker of Paneth cell function) increased from the proximal to the distal jejunum by 40% at 24 hr. Mucin‐covered areas, a marker of goblet cell function, increased by twofold between the proximal and distal segments of the jejunum at 24 hr. When hepatocytes were integrated with proximal jejunum explants, statistically higher urea (~2.4‐fold) and mucin (57%) production were observed in the jejunum explants. The integrated intestine‐liver cultures can be used as a platform for future investigations.
Thiel embalming: Quantifying histological changes in skeletal muscle and tendon and investigating the role of boric acid
Authors: McDougall Seaneen , Soames Roger , Felts Paul
Published: October 2019

Cadaver preservation methods impact their utilization in anatomical research and teaching. Thiel‐embalmed cadavers show flexibility, however, the cause remains poorly understood. This study aimed to (1) describe qualitative and quantitative histological differences between Thiel‐embalmed and formalin‐fixed skeletal muscle and tendon tissue; (2) investigate whether boric acid in Thiel solution is solely responsible for modification of tissues; and (3) explore whether the modifications observed could potentially explain the mechanisms underpinning flexibility of Thiel cadavers. Skeletal muscle and tendon samples were harvested from mice preserved using formalin, Thiel solution, or modified‐Thiel solution (without boric acid). Using standard H&E and Gomori's trichrome histological methods, tissues were examined to determine whether differences were apparent between the preservative treatments. Differences were present between the Thiel and formalin‐fixed tissues; formalin‐fixed samples remained substantially more intact while Thiel‐embalmed samples showed fiber fragmentation and lack of nuclei. The mean cell diameter of Thiel‐embalmed muscle (24.4 μm) was significantly smaller (P < 0.005) than formalin‐fixed muscle (40.7 μm). There was significantly greater (P < 0.005) fragmentation in Thiel‐embalmed muscle (631.5 per 1 mm2) compared to formalin‐fixed muscle (75.4 per 1 mm2). Samples embalmed using modified‐Thiel showed a severe lack of integrity within internal tissue structure. This suggests that Thiel solution significantly alters tissue structure at cellular level, with quantitative data demonstrating measurable differences between Thiel and formalin‐fixed specimens. While the precise mechanism for these alterations remains unknown, it is shown that boric acid is not the only component of Thiel responsible for degradation of internal tissue structure. Clin. Anat., 33:696–704, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Click‐Chemistry‐Based Enrichable Crosslinker for Structural and Protein Interaction Analysis by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Stadlmeier Michael , Runtsch Leander Simon , Streshnev Filipp , Wühr Martin , Carell Thomas
Published: October 2019

Mass spectrometry is the method of choice for the characterisation of proteomes. Most proteins operate in protein complexes, in which their close association modulates their function. However, with standard MS analysis, information on protein–protein interactions is lost and no structural information is retained. To gain structural and interactome data, new crosslinking reagents are needed that freeze inter‐ and intramolecular interactions. Herein, the development of a new reagent, which has several features that enable highly sensitive crosslinking MS, is reported. The reagent enables enrichment of crosslinked peptides from the majority of background peptides to facilitate efficient detection of low‐abundant crosslinked peptides. Due to the special cleavable properties, the reagent can be used for MS2 and potentially for MS3 experiments. Thus, the new crosslinking reagent, in combination with high‐end MS, should enable sensitive analysis of interactomes, which will help researchers to obtain important insights into cellular states in health and diseases.
High‐Performance Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors Facilitated by N‐doped Porous Vertical Graphene Nanomesh Arrays
Authors: Chi Kai , Zhang Xiangyu , Tian Xin , Zhang Zheye , Wu Zhu , Xiao Fei , Wang Shuai
Published: October 2019

The design of self‐supporting electrode scaffold with large surface area, good flexibility, and high electrical conductivity is of great significance to the development of high performance flexible supercapacitors. Herein, we report the fabrication of N‐doped porous vertical graphene nanomesh arrays (NVGMs) on flexible carbon cloth (CC) substrate (CC@NVGMs) via a facile self‐sacrificing template method. The NVGMs provide large surface area, more growth sites of active materials, good electrical conductivity and short diffusion paths, leading to greatly enhanced performance. After decorating MnO2 nanosheets and polypyrrole films on the NVGMs, the hierarchical nanohybrid electrodes show notable improvement of areal capacitances, greatly decrease of equivalent series resistance, significantly enhancement of rate performance, compare to those of the active materials on bare CC. Furthermore, the flexible asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled by these two nanohybrid electrodes has an energy density of up to 1.92 mWh cm−3.
Electronic Metal‐Support Interaction‐Modified Structures and Catalytic Activity of CeOx Overlayers in CeOx/Ag Inverse Catalysts
Authors: Ren Muqing , Qian Kun , Huang Weixin
Published: October 2019

Electronic metal‐support interactions (EMSIs) of oxide‐supported metal catalysts strongly modifies the electronic structures of the supported metal nanoparticles. The strong influence of EMSIs on the electronic structures of oxide overlayers on metal nanoparticles employing cerium oxides/Ag inverse catalysts is reported herein. Ce2O3 overlayers were observed to exclusively form on Ag nanocrystals at low cerium loadings and be resistant to oxidation treatments up to 250 °C, whereas CeO2 overlayers gradually developed as the cerium loading increased. Ag cubes enclosed by {001} facets with a smaller work function exert a stronger EMSI effect on the CeOx overlayers than Ag cubes enclosed by {111} facets. Only the CeO2 overlayers with a fully developed bulk CeO2 electronic structure significantly promote the catalytic activity of Ag nanocrystals in CO oxidation, whereas cerium oxide overlayers with other electronic structures do not. These results successfully extend the concept of EMSIs from oxide‐supported metal catalysts to metal‐supported oxide catalysts.
Alpha‐Carbonic Acid Revisited: Carbonic Acid Monomethyl Ester as a Solid and its Conformational Isomerism in the Gas Phase
Authors: Köck Eva‐Maria , Bernard Jürgen , Podewitz Maren , Dinu Dennis F. , Huber Roland G. , Liedl Klaus R. , Grothe Hinrich , Bertel Erminald , Schlögl Robert , Loerting Thomas
Published: October 2019

In this work, earlier studies reporting α‐H2CO3 are revised. The cryo‐technique pioneered by Hage, Hallbrucker, and Mayer (HHM) is adapted to supposedly prepare carbonic acid from KHCO3. In methanolic solution, methylation of the salt is found, which upon acidification transforms to the monomethyl ester of carbonic acid (CAME, HO‐CO‐OCH3). Infrared spectroscopy data both of the solid at 210 K and of the evaporated molecules trapped and isolated in argon matrix at 10 K are presented. The interpretation of the observed bands on the basis of carbonic acid [as suggested originally by HHM in their publications from 1993–1997 and taken over by Winkel et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 and Bernard et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011] is inferior compared with the interpretation on the basis of CAME. The assignment relies on isotope substitution experiments, including deuteration of the OH‐ and CH3‐ groups as well as 12C and 13C isotope exchange and on variation of the solvents in both preparation steps. The interpretation of the single molecule spectroscopy experiments is aided by a comprehensive calculation of high‐level ab initio frequencies for gas‐phase molecules and clusters in the harmonic approximation. This analysis provides evidence for the existence of not only single CAME molecules but also CAME dimers and water complexes in the argon matrix. Furthermore, different conformational CAME isomers are identified, where conformational isomerism is triggered in experiments through UV irradiation. In contrast to earlier studies, this analysis allows explanation of almost every single band of the complex spectra in the range between 4000 and 600 cm−1.
Hexabenzocoronene Graphitic Nanocoils Appended with Crown Ethers: Supramolecular Chirality Induced by Host–Guest Interaction
Authors: Zeng Wang , Zhang Wei , Li Xianying , Jin Wusong , Zhang Dengqing
Published: October 2019

We have designed and synthesized two new achiral hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC) derivatives, HBCCE and HBCTEG‐CE, which bear the crown ether as the pendant for the amino acid binding site. The HBCCE self‐assembled into a racemic mixture of P‐ and M‐handed helical nanocoils, however, in the presence of chiral amino acid guests, it formed helical nanocoils with one‐handed screw sense. The effects of the concentration, type and configuration of the guests on the induced circular dichroism (ICD) during the co‐assembly of HBCCE with chiral amino acids were also investigated. Additionally, after complete removal of the chiral guests, the optically active nanocoils did not racemize, even in the presence of excess amino acids with the opposite configuration. In contrast, HBCTEG‐CE with a long triethylene glycol (TEG) chain between the crown ether group and the HBC unit did not exhibit ICD during the co‐assembly with chiral amino acids.
Surveillance of cancer among sexual and gender minority populations: Where are we and where do we need to go?
Authors: Gomez Scarlett Lin , Duffy Christine , Griggs Jennifer J. , John Esther M.
Published: October 2019

Systematic collection of high‐quality data on sexual and gender minority status is fundamental to assessing and monitoring the burden of cancer in this understudied and underserved population. The majority of hospitals do not collect these data, and physicians' offices do not perceive the data to be medically relevant.
Outcomes of multimodal therapy in a large series of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Fan Dan , Ma Jennifer , Bell Andrew C. , Groen Andries H. , Olsen Kyrie S. , Lok Benjamin H. , Leeman Jonathan E. , Anderson Erik , Riaz Nadeem , McBride Sean , Ganly Ian , Shaha Ashok R. , Sherman Eric J. , Tsai C. Jillian , Kang Jung J. , Lee Nancy Y.
Published: October 2019

Background

The role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) for local tumor control is critical because mortality often is secondary to complications of tumor volume rather than metastatic disease. Herein, the authors report the long‐term outcomes of RT for patients with ATC.

Methods

A total of 104 patients with histologically confirmed ATC were identified who presented to the study institution between 1984 and 2017 and who received curative‐intent or postoperative RT. Locoregional progression‐free survival (LPFS), overall survival (OS), and distant metastasis–free survival were assessed.

Results

The median age of the patients was 63.5 years. The median follow‐up was 5.9 months (interquartile range, 2.7‐17.0 months) for the entire cohort and 10.6 months (interquartile range, 5.3‐40.0 months) for surviving patients. Thirty‐one patients (29.8%) had metastatic disease prior to the initiation of RT. Concurrent chemoradiation was administered in 99 patients (95.2%) and 53 patients (51.0%) received trimodal therapy. Systemic therapy included doxorubicin (73.7%), paclitaxel with or without pazopanib (24.3%), and other systemic agents (2.0%). The 1‐year OS and LPFS rates were 34.4% and 74.4%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, RT ≥60 Gy was associated with improved LPFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.135; P = .001) and improved OS (HR, 0.487; P = .004), and trimodal therapy was associated with improved LPFS (HR, 0.060; P = .017). The most commonly observed acute grade 3 adverse events included dermatitis (20%) and mucositis (13%), with no grade 4 subacute or late adverse events noted (adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]).

Conclusions

RT appears to demonstrate a dose‐dependent, persistent LPFS and OS benefit in patients with locally advanced ATC with an acceptable toxicity profile. Aggressive RT should be strongly considered for the treatment of patients with ATC as part of a trimodal treatment approach.
Electrochemically Facile Hydrogen Evolution Using Ruthenium Encapsulated Two Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework (2D COF)
Authors: Maiti Sayan , Chowdhury Additi Roy , Das Apurba K.
Published: October 2019

Two dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are unique class of crystalline porous polymers which are formed by the covalent bonding between the organic building blocks. Their layers are stacked to each other by non‐covalent interactions. The stacking sequence between the layers is highly significant towards various applications. In this article, we have prepared ruthenium ions encapsulated 2D COF (Ru@COF) from a synthesized COF. We have performed an electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction using Ru@COF as electrocatalyst. Moreover, Ru@COF shows better electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity compared to bare RuCl3 and COF. The HER activities are measured in 1.5 M H2SO4 medium. Ru@COF shows onset potential 159 mV with the Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1. The linear Tafel plot with the slope 79 mV dec−1 indicates Volmer‐Heyrovsky‐Tafel mechanism for the Ru@COF catalysed HER. COF plays a crucial role in maintaining stability and catalytic efficiency of the material. Interestingly, Ru@COF acts as exemplary electrocatalyst material that is used as solid binder‐free cathodic electrode on glassy carbon electrode surface.
Variability and Heritability of Thiamine Pharmacokinetics With Focus on OCT1 Effects on Membrane Transport and Pharmacokinetics in Humans
Authors: Jensen Ole , Matthaei Johannes , Blome Felix , Schwab Matthias , Tzvetkov Mladen V. , Brockmöller Jürgen
Published: October 2019

Thiamine is substrate of the hepatic uptake transporter organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), and pathological lipid metabolism was associated with OCT1‐dependent thiamine transport. However, it is unknown whether clinical pharmacokinetics of thiamine is modulated by OCT1 genotype. We analyzed thiamine transport in vitro, thiamine blood concentrations after high‐dose and low‐dose (nutritional) intake, and heritability of thiamine and thiamine‐phosphate blood concentrations. The variant OCT1*2 had reduced and OCT1*3 to OCT1*6 had deficient thiamine uptake activity. However, pharmacokinetics of thiamine did not differ depending on OCT1 genotype. Further studies in primary human hepatocytes indicated that several cation transporters, including OCT1, OCT3, and THTR‐2, contribute to hepatic uptake of thiamine. As much as 54% of the variation in thiamine and 75% in variation of thiamine monophosphate plasma concentrations was determined by heritable factors. Apparently, thiamine is not useful as a probe drug for OCT1 activity, but the high heritability, particularly of thiamine monophosphate, may stimulate further genomic research.
Exposure–Response Analyses for Upadacitinib Efficacy and Safety in the Crohn's Disease CELEST Study and Bridging to the Extended‐Release Formulation
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed‐Eslam F. , Klünder Ben , Lacerda Ana P. , Othman Ahmed A.
Published: October 2019

Upadacitinib plasma concentrations, efficacy, and safety data from 216 subjects with moderate‐to‐severe active Crohn's disease (CD) from the 16‐week induction period of the CELEST study were analyzed to characterize upadacitinib exposure–response relationships in CD. Subjects in CELEST received either placebo or upadacitinib (3, 6, 12, 24 mg b.i.d. or 24 mg q.d.). Exposure–response models were developed and utilized to simulate efficacy of induction doses of the immediate‐release (IR) and extended‐release (ER) formulations. Upadacitinib exposures associated with 18–24 mg b.i.d. (IR formulation) or 45–60 mg q.d. (ER formulation) are estimated to have greater efficacy during 12‐week induction in patients with CD compared with lower doses. No exposure–response relations were observed with decreases in hemoglobin or lymphocytes at week 16 or with herpes zoster infections, pneumonia, or serious infections during 16 weeks of treatment in this study. These analyses informed the selection of upadacitinib induction dose for phase III studies in CD.
Reproducibility of Flow Cytometry Through Standardization: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Kalina Tomas
Published: October 2019

There is an agreement in the field that interlaboratory reproducibility of flow cytometry measurements as well as the whole studies might be improved by a consensual use of methodological approach. Typically, a consensus is made on a crucial markers needed in the immunostaining panel, sometimes on the particular fluorochrome conjugates and rarely on a complete set of methods for sample preparation. The term “standardization” is used to describe the complete set of methodical steps, while “harmonization” is used for partial agreement on the method. Standardization can provide a platform for improved reproducibility of cytometry results over prolonged periods of time, across different sites and across different instruments. For the purpose of structured discussion, several desired aims are described: common interpretation of the immunophenotype definition of a target subset, accurate quantification, reproducible pattern of a multicolor immunophenotype, and reproducible intensity of all measured parameters. An overview of how standardization was approached by several large consortia is provided: EuroFlow, The ONE Study, Human Immunology Project Consortium (HIPC), and several other groups. Their particular aims and the tools adopted to reach those aims are noted. How those standardization efforts were adopted in the field and how the resulting outcome was evaluated is reviewed. Multiple challenges in the instrument hardware design, instrument setup tools, reagent design, and quality features need to be addressed to achieve optimal standardization. Furthermore, the aims of different studies vary, and thus, the reasonable requirements for standardization differ. A framework of reference for the reasonable outcomes of different approaches is offered. Finally, it is argued that complete standardization is important not only for the reproducibility of measurements but also for education, for quality assessment and for algorithmic data analysis. The different standardized approaches can and in fact should serve as benchmarking reference tools for the development of future flow cytometry studies. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Incorporation of the Milan system in reporting salivary gland fine needle aspiration cytology—An insight into its value addition to the conventional system
Authors: Kaushik Richa , Bhatia Khyati , Sarin Haimanti , Gautam Dheeraj , Sarin Deepak
Published: October 2019

Background

Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytology (MSRSGC) was introduced to standardise the terminology and reporting of salivary gland cytology. The purpose of our study was to compare the conventional system and the proposed Milan System to look for concordance rates in cytohistopathologic correlation and any value addition to the conventional system.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross sectional observational study. The fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were reported in the conventional manner and were correlated with the surgical specimen. The cyto‐histopathological correlation was studied to look for concordance rates. FNAC were retrospectively reviewed and were categorised according to the Milan system. These reports were correlated with surgical specimen category wise and concordance rates, risk of neoplasm (RON), risk of malignancy (ROM) were calculated.

Results

Salivary gland FNAC done during the study period was 323 in number and histopathological correlation was available for 153 cases. The concordance rate of type specific diagnosis was 80.3% as per conventional system. With the application of Milan system, the concordance rates rose to 88.07% with an improvement of 6.67%(excluding non‐diagnostic). RON and ROM for non‐diagnostic (I)—50%, 50%; non‐neoplastic (II)—22%,0%; atypia of unknown significance (III)—66%, 11%; benign neoplasm (IVA)—98%, 3%; salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (IVB)—93%,14%; suspicious for malignancy (V)—100%, 60% and malignant (VI) was 100%, 94%.

Conclusion

The broad categorisation provided by the Milan system represents the gross rate of malignancy and helps in deciding the management plan and eventual surgical plan. Thus, it adds value to conventional reporting of salivary gland cytology.
Corralling a black swan: natural range of variation in a forest landscape driven by rare, extreme events
Authors: Donato Daniel C. , Halofsky Joshua S. , Reilly Matthew J.
Published: October 2019

The natural range of variation (NRV) is an important reference for ecosystem management, but has been scarcely quantified for forest landscapes driven by infrequent, severe disturbances. Extreme events such as large, stand‐replacing wildfires at multi‐century intervals are typical for these regimes; however, data on their characteristics are inherently scarce, and, for land management, these events are commonly considered too large and unpredictable to integrate into planning efforts (the proverbial “Black Swan”). Here, we estimate the NRV of late‐seral (mature/old‐growth) and early‐seral (post‐disturbance, pre‐canopy‐closure) conditions in a forest landscape driven by episodic, large, stand‐replacing wildfires: the Western Cascade Range of Washington, USA (2.7 million ha). These two seral stages are focal points for conservation and restoration objectives in many regions. Using a state‐and‐transition simulation approach incorporating uncertainty, we assess the degree to which NRV estimates differ under a broad range of literature‐derived inputs regarding (1) overall fire rotations and (2) how fire area is distributed through time, as relatively frequent smaller events (less episodic), or fewer but larger events (more episodic). All combinations of literature‐derived fire rotations and temporal distributions (i.e., “scenarios”) indicate that the largest wildfire events (or episodes) burned up to 105–106 ha. Under most scenarios, wildfire dynamics produced 5th–95th percentile ranges for late‐seral forests of ~47–90% of the region (median 70%), with structurally complex early‐seral conditions composing ~1–30% (median 6%). Fire rotation was the main determinant of NRV, but temporal distribution was also important, with more episodic (temporally clustered) fire yielding wider NRV. In smaller landscapes (20,000 ha; typical of conservation reserves and management districts), ranges were 0–100% because fires commonly exceeded the landscape size. Current conditions are outside the estimated NRV, with the majority of the region instead covered by dense mid‐seral forests (i.e., a regional landscape with no historical analog). Broad consistency in NRV estimates among widely varied fire regime parameters suggests these ranges are likely relevant even under changing climatic conditions, both historical and future. These results indicate management‐relevant NRV estimates can be derived for seral stages of interest in extreme‐event landscapes, even when incorporating inherent uncertainties in disturbance regimes.
Assessing precipitation, evapotranspiration, andNDVIas controls of U.S. Great Plains plant production
Authors: Chen Maosi , Parton William J. , Hartman Melannie D. , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Smith William K. , Knapp Alan K. , Lutz Susan , Derner Justin D. , Tucker Compton J. , Ojima Dennis S. , Volesky Jerry D. , Stephenson Mitchell B. , Schacht Walter H. , Gao Wei
Published: October 2019

Productivity throughout the North American Great Plains grasslands is generally considered to be water limited, with the strength of this limitation increasing as precipitation decreases. We hypothesize that cumulative actual evapotranspiration water loss (AET) from April to July is the precipitation‐related variable most correlated to aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in the U.S. Great Plains (GP). We tested this by evaluating the relationship ofANPPtoAET, precipitation, and plant transpiration (Tr). We used multi‐yearANPPdata from five sites ranging from semiarid grasslands in Colorado and Wyoming to mesic grasslands in Nebraska and Kansas, mean annualNRCS ANPP, and satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Results from the five sites showed that cumulative April‐to‐JulyAET, precipitation, and Tr were well correlated (R2: 0.54–0.70) to annual changes inANPPfor all but the wettest site.AETand Tr were better correlated to annual changes inANPPcompared to precipitation for the drier sites, and precipitation in August and September had little impact on productivity in drier sites. April‐to‐July cumulative precipitation was best correlated (R2 = 0.63) with interannual variability inANPPin the most mesic site, whileAETand Tr were poorly correlated withANPPat this site. Cumulative growing season (May‐to‐September)NDVI(iNDVI) was strongly correlated with annualANPPat the five sites (R2 = 0.90). UsingiNDVIas a surrogate forANPP, we found that county‐level cumulative April–JulyAETwas more strongly correlated toANPPthan precipitation for more than 80% of theGPcounties, with precipitation tending to perform better in the eastern more mesic portion of theGP. Including the ratio ofAETto potential evapotranspiration (PET) improved the correlation ofAETto bothiNDVIand mean county‐levelNRCS ANPP. Accounting for how different precipitation‐related variables controlANPP(AETin drier portion, precipitation in wetter portion) provides opportunity to develop spatially explicit forecasting ofANPPacross theGPfor enhancing decision‐making by land managers and use of grasslandANPPfor biofuels.
1,3‐Adamantanedicarboxylate and 1,3‐Adamantanediacetate as Uranyl Ion Linkers: Effect of Counterions, Solvents and Differences in Flexibility
Authors: Thuéry Pierre , Atoini Youssef , Harrowfield Jack
Published: October 2019

Seven homo‐ or heterometallic uranyl ion complexes with 1,3‐adamantanedicarboxylic acid (H2ADC) or 1,3‐adamantanediacetic acid (H2ADA) have been synthesized under solvo‐hydrothermal conditions in the presence of different counterions and organic cosolvents, and characterized by their crystal structure and uranyl emission spectrum. [PPh3Me][UO2(ADC)(NO3)] (1) crystallizes as a simple monoperiodic chain, but [PPh4]2[(UO2)2(ADC)3]·2H2O (2) and [PPh4]2[(UO2)2(ADA)3] (3) display trough‐like monoperiodic polymers (assembled in pairs in 3) in the cavity of which the counterions are located. A similar arrangement is found in [Ni(cyclen)(H2O)][(UO2)2(ADC)3]·H2O (4). Diaxial bonding of NiII in [(UO2)2(ADC)2Ni(R,S‐Me6cyclam)(HCOO)2]·CH3CN (5) and [UO2(ADA)2Ni(R,S‐Me6cyclam)] (6) results in bridging monoperiodic uranyl‐containing subunits into neutral, diperiodic networks. [UO2(ADA)(DMPU)] (7), containing coordinated N,N′‐dimethylpropyleneurea, is also a diperiodic assembly with the common fes topological type. Except complex 6 which is non‐luminescent, all complexes give solid‐state emission spectra displaying the usual vibronic fine structure, albeit with low photoluminescence quantum yields.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct ortho‐C–H Bond Sulfonylation and Halogenation of Phthalazine‐1,4‐diones
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Lehi Noushin Farajinia , Osmani Chiman , Movahed Siyavash Kazemi
Published: October 2019

The regio‐ and chemo‐selective Pd‐catalyzed C–H activation methods have been successfully reported for directed C–H sulfonation and halogenation of pyridazinedione with arylsulfonyl chlorides and N‐halosuccinimide, respectively. These protocols are compatible with a range of various functional groups and exhibit excellent regio‐selectivity under mild reaction conditions by use of inexpensive and readily accessible reagents.
A Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Pyrroles through Photochemically Generated Acylazirines
Authors: Paternoga Jan , Opatz Till
Published: October 2019

A synthesis of highly substituted 2,4‐diacylpyrroles through a Cu‐catalyzed dimerization of acylazirines generated in situ by a photochemical valence isomerization is described. The shown methodology allows the use of simple precursors and a readily available copper(II)‐catalyst. Since the reaction is best performed at elevated temperatures, a method to adjust the temperature of the reaction mixture during this dual light and metal‐induced process was established. Additionally, mechanistic studies of the reaction were performed in order to provide a deeper understanding of the chemistry of 2‐acylazirines.
Synthesis of Novel D–π–A Dyes for Colorimetric Cyanide Sensing Based on Hemicyanine–Functionalized N‐(2‐Pyridyl)pyrazoles
Authors: Garzón Luz‐Mery , Portilla Jaime
Published: October 2019

Novel integrated N‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazole‐hemicyanine dyes (PH) were synthesized as promisor chemodosimeters for colorimetric and ratiometric CN– detection. These dyes, obtained by a three‐step sequence starting from acetophenones in up to 69 % overall yield, are donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) systems consisting of indolium‐salts bearing a modular donor aryl group on its pyrazole ring PHa–e. The salts displayed high selectivity and sensitivity for CN– (LOD of up to 9.9 × 10–7 m), as determined by interrupting the modular D–π–A system by nucleophilic attack of the cyanide on its iminium group; the mechanism of this process was confirmed by Job′s plot experiment, spectral analysis, cyclic voltammetry studies and TD‐DFT calculations. This probe changes its color from deep yellow to colorless and can be used for in‐the‐field measurements without special equipment, since this change can be easily observed by the naked eye; indeed, yellow test strips were suitably used to detect CN– in water.
Glycoconjugated Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers for PDT – Overcoming Aggregation in Solution
Authors: Bächle Felix , Siemens Nikolai , Ziegler Thomas
Published: October 2019

A series of new glycoconjugated zinc(II) phthalocyanines (Pcs) was synthesized and fully characterized. The major focus of the structural design for these new Pcs was upon the reduction of aggregate formation in solution. Therefore, the aglycons of the Pc‐linked sugars, the number and the position of the carbohydrate substituents on the Pc and the linker between sugar and Pc were varied. Specifically, di‐ and octasubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines with triazole and C–C linkages were synthesized and their aggregation behaviour was investigated by UV/Vis‐, CD‐ and NMR spectroscopy. The C‐glycosidically decorated Pcs described here are the first compound types of this kind. These C‐glycosidically substituted Pcs were shown to not form any aggregation in solution and hence, are considered to be potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. All Pcs synthesized in this study exhibited excellent photophysical properties for use as photosensitizers (λmax> 675 nm with εmax> 105m–1 cm–1). Preliminary cytotoxicity studies of the Pcs presented here showed that all Pcs are photodynamically effective.
Direct Arylations via C–H Bond Functionalization of 1,2,3‐Triazoles by a Reusable Pd/C Catalyst Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Punzi Angela , Zappimbulso Nicola , Farinola Gianluca M.
Published: October 2019

Fully substituted triazoles are synthesized by a sustainable direct arylation reaction performed under solvent‐free conditions and in the presence of a recyclable Pd/C heterogeneous catalyst. Exclusion of air as well as anhydrous conditions are not required, enabling a convenient synthesis of 1,4,5‐trisubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles and 1,2,3‐triazole‐fused isoindolines starting from 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles, easily prepared via click chemistry, and functionalized aryl iodides.
Au‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Ritter Reaction of Haloalkynes with Nitriles for (Z)‐β‐Halogenated Enamides
Authors: Liu Congrong , Yang Fulai
Published: October 2019

An efficient and stereoselective protocol has been developed for the synthesis of (Z)‐β‐halogenated enamide through gold catalyzed Ritter reaction. In the presence of 2 mol% BrettPhosAuCl and 2 mol% AgNTf2, a broad range of nitriles smoothly underwent Ritter reaction with aromatic, vinylic or aliphatic haloalkynes to give structurally diverse (Z)‐β‐halogenated enamides in excellent to good yields.
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkene C=C Bonds Using a Manganese Catalyzed Oxidation with H2O2 Combined with Periodate Oxidation
Authors: Mecozzi Francesco , Dong Jia Jia , Angelone Davide , Browne Wesley R. , Eisink Niek N. H. M.
Published: October 2019

A one‐pot multi‐step method for the oxidative cleavage of alkenes to aldehydes/ketones under ambient conditions is described as an alternative to ozonolysis. The first step is a highly efficient manganese catalyzed epoxidation/cis‐dihydroxylation of alkenes. This step is followed by an Fe(III) assisted ring opening of the epoxide (where necessary) to a 1,2‐diol. Carbon–carbon bond cleavage is achieved by treatment of the diol with sodium periodate. The conditions used in each step are not only compatible with the subsequent step(s), but also provide for increased conversion compared to the equivalent reactions carried out on the isolated intermediate compounds. The described procedure allows for carbon–carbon bond cleavage in the presence of other alkenes, oxidation sensitive moieties and other functional groups; the mild conditions (r.t.) used in all three steps make this a viable general alternative to ozonolysis and especially for use under flow or continuous batch conditions.
Synthesis of Functionalized Novel α‐Amino‐β‐alkoxyphosphonates through Regioselective Ring Opening of Aziridine‐2‐phosphonates
Authors: Polat‐Cakir Sidika , Beksultanova Nurzhan , Dogan Özdemir
Published: October 2019

Aziridines are highly useful compounds as building blocks for the synthesis of important organic compounds. Amino acid synthesis by aziridine ring opening reaction is a good example to the use of aziridines. Although this reaction is studied by many groups, the synthesis of amino phosphonic acids is less explored. In this study, we have carried out the ring opening reaction of aziridinyl phosphonates with a variety of alcohols including the more functional propargylic and allylic alcohols. These reactions provided functionalized α‐amino‐β‐alkoxyphosphonates in 40–91 % yield.
Unsteady MHD flow of laminar liquid film over a porous medium using DTM‐Pade approximation
Authors: Dash R. K. , Mishra S. R.
Published: October 2019

An analysis is carried out for the flow of an unsteady electrically conducting liquid film on a horizontal stretching surface embedded with porous medium. In addition, a uniform heat source is taken care of in the present problem to model the governing equations of momentum and thermal energy to enhance the thermal properties of the considered fluid. Similarity variable as well as transformations are used to transform these equations into nondimensional. Solutions of these transformed ordinary differential equations are obtained using approximate analytical method, such as differential transformation method, and their refinement is verified by Pade approximant. The methodology of the analytical approach is presented clearly. Further, for validation, the numerical solutions are obtained and compared with the present analytical solution. The characteristics of the exhibiting parameters are shown via graphs and then discussed.
A numerical approach for MHD Al2O3–TiO2/H2O hybrid nanofluids over a stretching cylinder under the impact of shape factor
Authors: Ghobadi Amir Hossein , Hassankolaei Mosayeb Gholinia
Published: October 2019

In this research, the heat transfer and magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow of a (Al2O3–TiO2/H2O) hybrid nanofluid past a stretching cylinder under the impact of heat generation, nonlinear thermal radiation, and nanoparticles shape factor has been analyzed using the Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg fifth order numerically method. The impact of changing diverse parameters, such as nanoparticles shape factor, named hexahedron and lamina, on temperature and velocity profiles and induced magnetic field, has been explored. The main motivation of this article is using hybrid nanoparticles to improve heat transfer. The novel findings of the current research illustrate that the Lorentz force produced by increasing magnetic field parameter () causes a decline in velocity profile; also increasing solar radiation, shape factor and the use of hybrid nanoparticles caused increment in the temperature profile. Furthermore, the lamina nanoparticle shape has more impact on Nusselt number () compared with hexahedron‐shaped nanoparticle.
Performance investigation of a solar water distiller integrated with a parabolic collector using fuzzy technique
Authors: Aldoori Wadhah H. , Ahmed Ahmed H. , Ahmed Anmmar M.
Published: October 2019

A recent study of the design of solar distillation with solar radiation concentration was carried out by an independent device. Transformer oil was used as a fluid to transfer heat to the distilled basin. The design and operational variables are essential, such as distiller dimensions, concentration ratio, pressure, and temperature. A mathematical model was proposed to simulate the system for 2 July 2018 from 10 am to 4
 pm in the climatic conditions of the city of Kirkuk, Iraq. Fuzzy logic (FL) was used to select the affected parameters: water temperature (Tw), water pressure (Pw), glass temperature (Tg), and vapor pressure (Pg) which have a separated membership function that control the linguistic variables. The results showed that the best performance of the distiller is at Tw = 100°C, Pg = 10 000 Pa, Tg = 20°C, and Pw = 20 000 Pa, and concentration ratio of 30. This study used FL to analyze solar distiller performance and identify optimum temperature, pressure, and concentration ratio on the productivity of solar distiller.
RETRACTED: The value of endocervical and endometrial lidocaine flushing before office hysteroscopy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shoab Amira Y. , Maged Ahmed M. , Ramadan Wafaa , Dahab Sherif , Deeb Wesam S. , Ali Yahia Z.A. , Mostafa Walaa A.I. , Hussein Eman A.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of flushing the cervical canal and the uterine cavity with local anesthetic in order to reduce the pain felt by patients during office hysteroscopy.

Methods

A double‐blind randomized controlled trial was conducted between May 1, 2018, and February 28, 2019, involving 260 women undergoing office hysteroscopy at Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Women were randomized using a computerized random number generator to intrauterine and intracervical instillation 5 minutes before the procedure of either 5 mL lidocaine 2% diluted in 15 mL normal saline, or 20 mL normal saline alone. The primary outcome measure was the visual analog scale (VAS) pain score reported by women during the procedure. Secondary outcomes included VAS score at 10 and 30 minutes after the procedure, the need for analgesia, and occurrence of vasovagal attacks.

Results

Women in the lidocaine flushing group reported a significantly lower VAS score during the procedure (1.8 ± 1.1 vs 5.2 ± 1.8) and 10 and 30 minutes after it (1.3 ± 1.15 and 0.8 ± 0.9 vs 4.3 ± 2.1 and 2.98 ± 1.96) when compared with control women (P<0.001). More women without lidocaine flushing experienced vasovagal attacks (25/130 vs 9/130, P<0.001) and needed analgesia (84/130 vs 13/130, P<0.001) when compared with women with lidocaine flushing.

Conclusion

Flushing of the cervical canal and uterine cavity with local anesthetic significantly decreased pain sensation in women undergoing office hysteroscopy.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03530488