bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PET imaging of fructose metabolism in a rodent model of neuroinflammation with 6-[ 18F]fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose
Authors: Boyle Amanda J. , Murrell Emily , Tong Junchao , Schifani Christin , Narvaez Andrea , Wuest Melinda , West Frederick , Wuest Frank , Vasdev Neil
Published: October 2022

Introduction:Fluorine-18 labeled 6-fluoro-6-deoxy-D-fructose (6-[18F]FDF) was developed for PET imaging of fructose metabolism in breast cancer via the fructose-preferred facilitative hexose transporter, GLUT5. In the brain, GLUT5 is predominantly expressed on microglial cells that are activated in response to inflammatory stimuli. We hypothesize that 6-[18F]FDF will specifically image microglia following neuroinflammatory insult.Methods:6-[18F]FDF was evaluated in a neuroinflammation model induced by unilateral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the right striatum (50 µg/animal) in male and female rats. Comparison of 6-[18F]FDF and the glucose derivative [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), was performed by longitudinal dynamic PET imaging in vivo. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine the presence of activated microglia (Iba-1) and astrocytes (GFAP) in fixed brain tissues.Results:In LPS-injected rats, increased accumulation of radioactivity from 6-[18F]FDF was observed in the ipsilateral striatum compared to the contralateral side at 24-48 hr post-LPS injection, with plateaued uptake at 60-120 min significantly higher in the right (0.985 ± 0.047 SUV) vs. left (0.819 ± 0.033 SUV) striatum at 48 h (P= 0.002; n = 4M/3F). The ipsilateral-contralateral difference in striatal 6-[18F]FDF uptake expressed as binding potential peaked at 48 h (male: 0.25 ± 0.03; female: 0.11 ± 0.03) and was significantly decreased at later time points of one, two and four weeks; and was higher in male rats (P= 0.017). In contrast, increased [18F]FDG uptake was observed in the ipsilateral striatum compared to the contralateral striatum and was highest at one week post-LPS injection. Iba-1 and GFAP immunohistochemistry confirmed LPS-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes in the ipsilateral striatum.Conclusions:This proof-of-concept study revealed an early response of 6-[18F]FDF to neuroinflammatory stimuli in rat brain. 6-[18F]FDF represents a potential PET radiotracer for imaging microglial GLUT5 density in the brain with applications in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
Interactive neuroinflammation pathways and transcriptomics-based identification of drugs and chemical compounds for schizophrenia
Authors: Koole Lisa , Martinez Pilar , Amelsvoort Therese , Evelo Chris T. , Ehrhart Friederike
Published: October 2022

Background
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder affecting one percent of the worldwide population. Despite the progress in elucidating its aetiology, treatment strategies have not succeeded in alleviating the symptoms effectively. Accumulating evidence indicates that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathology of these disorders by altering neurodevelopmental processes and specifically affecting glutamatergic signalling and astrocytic functioning. Omics data analysis can facilitate the assessment of these mechanisms and help to identify new therapeutic strategies. The aim of this study was to curate and publish interactive biological pathways involved in schizophrenia for the identification of novel pharmacological targets implementing pathway, gene ontology, and network enrichment analysis.
Methods
Neuroinflammatory pathways were created using PathVisio and published in WikiPathways. A transcriptomics dataset, originally created by Narla et al. was selected for data visualisation and analysis. Gene ontology terms and pathways were obtained for differentially expressed genes using g:Profiler and BiNGO. Transcriptomics data was visualised within the curated pathways. Cytoscape was used for network-based gene set and pathway enrichment analyses. Networks were extended with transcription factors, pathways, and drugs and then network hubs were determined based on degrees of connectivity.
Results
Glutamatergic, immune, and astrocytic signalling as well as extracellular matrix reorganisation were altered in schizophrenia while we did not find an effect on the complement system. The alterations might impair neural development and maintenance. Transcription factor networks revealed complex interactions between transcription factors, transporters, and inflammatory receptors. We also report pharmacological agents that target the glutamate receptor subunits, inflammatory mediators, and metabolic enzymes found.
Conclusion
New neuroinflammatory pathways incorporating the extracellular matrix, glutamatergic neurons, and astrocytes in the aetiology of schizophrenia were established. Transcriptomics based network analysis provided novel targets, including extra-synaptic glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters and extracellular matrix molecules that can be evaluated for therapeutic strategies.
Ultrasound-Promoted preparation and application of novel bifunctional core/shell Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @PTS-APG as a robust catalyst in the expeditious synthesis of Hantzsch esters
Authors: Shakib Peyman , Dekamin Mohammad G. , Valiey Ehsan , Karami Shahriar
Published: October 2022

In this work, D-(−)-α-phenylglycine (APG)-functionalized magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG) was designed and successfully prepared in order to implement the protocols of green chemistry for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives under ultrasonic radiation in EtOH. After preparing the nanocatalyst and confirming its structure by different spectroscopic methods or techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Its performance under ultrasonic radiation and various conditions were examined. The yield of target derivatives was controlled under various conditions and it was found that it reaches more than 80% in just 10 min, which indicates the high performance of the nanocatalyst along with the synergistic effect of ultrasonic radiation. The structure of the products was identified by melting point as well as FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. The Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG nanocatalyst is easily prepared from commercially available, lower toxicity and thermally stable precursors through a cost-effective, highly efficient and environmentally friendly procedure. The advantages of this method include simplicity of operation, reaction under mild conditions, use of environmental radiation sources, obtaining pure products with high efficiency in the shortest time without using a tedious path which is all in the shadow of green chemistry. Finally, a reasonable mechanism is proposed for the preparation of polyhydroquinoline (PHQ) and 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) derivatives in the presence of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-APG bifunctional magnetic nanocatalyst.
Identification of hydrogeochemical and stable isotopic groundwater processes in the Laayoune-Dakhla region (Southern Sahara, Morocco)
Authors: Mizeb Khalid , Ghalit Mohammad , Doubi Mostafa , Erramli Hamid , Kanti Mokhtar El
Published: October 2022

The assessment of major elements and stable isotopes of groundwater in the Laayoune-Dakhla region was carried out in order to determine the various geochemical processes that contribute to the mineralization of these waters. A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected from wells in the Laayoune-Dakhla region (southern Sahara, Morocco). Using a hydrogeochemical assessment technique, this study will look at the general conditions of groundwater for drinking reasons. The statistical results of the major cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) of the major anions (Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, NO3−), show that the abundant cations and anions are of the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO3−, respectively. The EC value of the water in the study area ranges from 1290 to 6895 µS/cm with an average of 3341.53 µS/cm. The pH value of the water samples is between 6.88 and 7.75. The waters of the study area were determined to be hydrogeochemical facies Na-Cl (86.66%) and Ca-SO4 (13.33). Their chemistry seems to be mainly controlled by sulphate, calcium, chloride and sodium and is explained by the dissolution of the evaporative formations characteristic of the Saharan regions. Ionic reports show that rock weathering and mineral dissolution and evaporation control the chemical evolution of groundwater. In addition, a good correlation between calcium and sulphate suggests leaching of gypsum and anhydrite. The values of δ18O vary from − 6.96 to -8.93‰ while those of δ2H vary between − 51.5 and − 65.56‰. The presence of evaporation was confirmed by stable isotope levels (δ18O, δ2H). The variation in oxygene-18 levels can be interpreted in terms of the difference in altitude between the recharge altitudes.
Indentation of an elastic half-space by four moving punches
Authors: Saha Sandip , Das Apurba Narayan , Prasad V. Ramachandra , Beg Osman Anwar
Published: October 2022

The dynamic and static problems of finding stress component under four moving punches (a ≤ |X| ≤ b, c ≤ |X| ≤ d), located closely to each other over an elastic half-plane (Y = 0), are solved. Employing the Fourier integral transform, the problem is converted to a set of integral equations. Using Hilbert transform technique, the integral equations are solved to obtain the stress and the displacement components. Finally, exact expressions for the stress components under the punches and the normal displacement component in the regions outside the punches have been derived. Numerical results showing the variations in stress intensity factors (SIF) at the punch ends and absolute value of torque applied over the contact regions with different values of the parameters used in the problems have been presented in the form of graphs.
The Emergence of Brightest Cluster Galaxies in the Most Massive Protocluster Core
Authors: Zheng XianZhong
Published: October 2022

Distant protoclusters of galaxies, as the progenitors of massive galaxy clusters in the present day, are expected to host brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) at their early formation stage. It remains unclear whether (some) BCGs were already in place with quenched star formation before the formation of a mature cluster core. Here we report the detection of a pair of massive quiescent galaxies likely in the process of merging at the centre of the spectrscopically confirmed, extremely massive protocluster BOSS1244 at a look-back time of 10.58 billion years. These galaxies, BOSS1244-QG1 (0.525 trillion solar mass) and BOSS1244-QG2 (0.132 trillion solar mass), were detected with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) grism slitless spectroscopic observations. These two quiescent galaxies are among the brightest member galaxies in BOSS1244 and reside at redshifts z=2.2451 and z=2.2413, with a half-light radius of 6.72±0.50 and 2.72±0.16 kiloparsec, respectively. BOSS1244-QG1 and BOSS1244-QG2 are separated by a projected distance of about 70 physical kiloparsecs, implying that we are likely to be witnessing them during the formation of a massive BCG, through a dry merger with size and mass simliar to the most massive BCGs in the local Universe. We thus infer that BCG formation may have taken place before the virialization of the cluster core, which is believed to illuminate and heat gas up within the protocluster core. Moreover, we find a strong density-star formation relation over a scale of 20 co-moving Mpc in BOSS1244, implying that the quenching of star formation in BCGs and their progenitors is likely governed by environment-related processes before the virialization.
Stationary distribution and probability density for a stochastic SEIR-type model of coronavirus(COVID-19) with asymptomatic carriers
Authors: Liu Qun
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we propose a stochastic SEIR-type model to describe the propagation mechanism of coronavirus (COVID-19) in the population. Firstly, we show that there exists a unique global positive solution of the stochastic system with any positive initial value. Then we adopt a stochastic Lyapunov function method to establish sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of an ergodic stationary distribution of positive solutions to the stochastic model. Especially, under the same conditions as the existence of a stationary distribution, we obtain the specific form of the probability density around the quasi-endemic equilibrium of the stochastic system. Finally, numerical simulations are introduced to validate the theoretical findings. spectively. S(t) denotes the number of individuals who are susceptible to the disease, E(t) represents the number of exposed (in the latent period) individuals and R(t) represents the number of individuals who have been infected and then removed from the possibility of being infected again at time t, respectively. All parameters are strictly positive and their descriptions are given in Table 1.
Concept of terahertz waveguide plasmon amplifier based on a metal groove with active graphene
Authors: Morozov Mikhail Yu. , Popov Vyacheslav V.
Published: October 2022

We propose a concept of terahertz waveguide plasmon amplifier based on a metal groove with active graphene. It is shown that the power amplification factor of the longitudinal-section magnetic (LSM) waveguide plasmon (normalized to its wavelength) near the cutoff frequency of this mode can exceed the amplification factor of the transverse magnetic (TM) plasmon in a layered graphene structure by more than four orders of magnitude for the same frequency. This is caused by the increase of the LSM plasmon wavelength near the cutoff frequency, smaller energy velocity of the LSM mode, and greater energy release from graphene for the LSM plasmon due to stronger lateral confinement of the LSM waveguide plasmon as compared to the TM plasmon in a layered graphene structure. We show that the enhancement of the LSM plasmon amplification factor near the cutoff frequency is a stronger effect than that due to screening of graphene.
XSMILES: interactive visualization for molecules, SMILES and XAI attribution scores
Authors: Heberle Henry , Zhao Linlin , Schmidt Sebastian , Wolf Thomas , Heinrich Julian
Published: October 2022

Background: Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have shown increasing applicability in chemistry. In this context, visualization techniques can highlight regions of a molecule to reveal their influence over a predicted property. For this purpose, some XAI techniques calculate attribution scores associated with tokens of SMILES strings or with atoms of a molecule. While an association of a score with an atom can be directly visually represented on a molecule diagram, scores computed for SMILES non-atom tokens cannot. For instance, a substring [N+] contains 3 non-atom tokens, i.e., [, +, and ], and their attributions, depending on the model, are not necessarily revealing an influence of the nitrogen atom over the predicted property; for that reason, it is not possible to represent the scores on a molecule diagram. Moreover, SMILES’s notation is complex, foregrounding the need for techniques to facilitate the analysis of explanations associated with their tokens.
Results: We propose XSMILES, an interactive visualization technique, to explore explainable artificial intelligence attributions scores and support the interpretation of SMILES. Users can input any type of score attributed to atom and non-atom tokens and visualize them on top of a 2D molecule diagram coordinated with a bar chart that represents a SMILES string. We demonstrate how attributions calculated for SMILES strings can be evaluated and better interpreted through interactivity with two use cases.
Conclusions: Data scientists can use XSMILES to understand their models’ behavior and compare multiple modeling approaches. The tool provides a set of parameters to adapt the visualization to users’ needs and it can be integrated into different platforms. We believe XSMILES can support data scientists to develop, improve, and communicate their models by making it easier to identify patterns and compare attributions through interactive exploratory visualization.
Accountable Care Organization: Is it early approach in Saudi Arabia?
Authors: Alharbi Abeer Mohammed , Nassar Ghaliah abdulaziz , Alerwi Mariam , Aljelban Amjad Saleh , alslaihim Ahmed , Alshehri Bander , Alenezi Anwar , Alsuwaidan Salem
Published: October 2022

Accountable Care organizations (ACOs) is trying to evolve all around the world moving towards and keeping cost effective at minimum, providing better quality of care and improving health outcomes in a patient-centered manner. Adopting technology to organized and coordinate care between health care network, primary health care and hospitals to facilitate care and management, monitoring, and reporting quality and cost data to track patient across health care providers by allowing access to patient electronic medical file, avoiding duplication of services and prevent medical errors.
Objectives and Aims:
The main objectives of this study is to find out the association of demographic data and the level of knowledge, attitude and confidence of the physicians in various age, gender, specialty, area of work and their clinical and administrative field experiences. This is to assess the ability to establish successful basement to build a new trend in healthcare system “Accountable Care Organizations” (ACOs) in Saudi Arabia.
Results
This is a prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 321 physicians with average age of 42.8 (±11 SD). Results showed the average score for knowledge of all respondents was 65.2 (out of 100) with (±15.7 SD). The overall average of the modes of the attitude was 6.8 out of 10; While the overall average of the modes for the confidence was 5.9 out of 10.
Conclusion:
This study was conducted to assess physician’s knowledge, attitude and confidence toward implementation of ACO in Saudi Arabia. The current study suggested that there was no significant difference between the level of knowledge toward ACOs between males and females and between the specialties (consultant, specialist, or resident).
Results showed that there was no significant difference in attitude between male and female neither there was significant difference between different specialties consultants, specialists and residents. Moreover, those physicians with administrative experience had better attitude towards ACO than those with clinical experience.
Male showed higher confidence compared with female. There were similarity in results with no significant changes between consultants, specialists and residents with predominantly average mode of what is considered as moderate confidence.
This study is confirming that Saudi Arabia is ready for the transformation and vision 2030 to adopt the ACO health care system with this knowledge, attitude and confidence of the Saudi physicians.
Analysing drivers of community vulnerability to flood hazards in Kasese Municipality, Uganda
Authors: Tibara Yayiru , Wasswa Hannington , Semakula Henry Musoke
Published: October 2022

Floods have become common characteristics of climate change in recent years. In the Western part of Uganda, Kasese Municipality, at least five major flash flood disasters have been experienced since 2013 and have left a trail of devastation and human deaths in their wake. Because communities' survival is at stake, it's critical to understand how disaster vulnerability is built. Many vulnerability drivers, on the other hand, are frequently hidden and distant from the triggering events. With the projected increase in extreme flooding due to climate change, the research study focused on analysing the drivers of community vulnerability to flood hazards in Kasese municipality. To analyse the drivers of vulnerability, key informants and focus group discussion were used. The major drivers of vulnerability to flood hazards in Kasese Municipality were high levels of poverty, lack of adequate land for settlement and farming, lack of adequate information on disaster risk management, and lack of early warning system. However, none of these factors, by themselves, make the community vulnerable. Instead, they are mutually inclusive, with each supporting the other(s). The findings of the study can help the government and decision-makers strengthen policy actions by strengthening flood disaster risk reduction mitigation measures and guaranteeing optimal resource use to reduce future vulnerabilities and consequences.
Effect of Sowing Pre-germinated Onion Seeds in Cold Soil on Time of Emergence, Maturity, and Yield1
Authors: Lipe William N. , Skinner John A.
Published: October 2022

Pre-germinated onion (Allium cepa L. cv. New Mexico White Grano) seeds, sown in Olton sandy loam soils at 1.7–7.3°C began to emerge after 7 days compared with 30 days for dry non-germinated seeds. Plant stands were established with pre-germinated seeds 12 days earlier than with non-germinated dry seeded onions. The earlier emergence and more rapid growth achieved by pre-germinated seedlings resulted in 10 to 12 days earlier maturity and a 37.5% increase in bulb diameter at harvest. Increased bulb diameter placed 58% of the yield in the 5.1–7.7 cm (2-3 inch) diameter grade compared to 29% for checks and yield of marketable onions was significantly improved.
Elemental Content of Frozen Snap Bean Fruit1
Authors: Mills Harry A. , Benton Jones J.
Published: October 2022

The establishment of an average elemental composition for snap bean to satisfy nutritional labelling requirements is probably not possible. Analysis for the elemental content of 40 frozen snap bean samples collected at 8 locations in the United States revealed a wide range in concentration for the 18 elements determined. Several causes for this wide variation are suggested.
Chrysanthemum Cultivars Differ in Foliar Leafminer Damage1
Authors: Schuster D. J. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: October 2022

Twenty eight cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. varied widely in foliar damage by the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard. The total number of leafmines per 5 stems range from 1.3 for ‘Nob Hill’ to 15.5 for ‘Deep Valiant.’ In general, the standardtype cultivars had less leafminer damage than the spray-types. ‘Iceberg,’ a spray-type cultivar commonly grown in Florida, was more damaged than 11 spray and 9 standard cultivars. Foliage of ‘Bright Yellow Tuneful,’ ‘Divinity,’ ‘Pink Marble,’ ‘Nob Hill,’ ‘Albatross,’ ‘Sea Foam,’ and ‘Colonel Comfort’ had less damage in 2 experiments than foliage of ‘Iceberg.’
Ashs' First Meeting
Authors: Blackwell Cecil
Published: October 2022

The photo on the front cover was made during the First Annual Meeting of the “Society for Horticultural Science” in St. Louis, Missouri, December 28-29, 1903 (“American” was not added to the name of the Society until 1916). The group was photographed during a visit to the Missouri Botanic Garden, and does not include all those who attended the meetings. The photo was sent in September 1968, by Harvey O. Werner, Emeritus Professor of Horticulture at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln (a member since 1928, and a Fellow since 1965).
Horticulture's Ancient Roots
Authors: Janick Jules
Published: October 2022

Our celebration of the 75th anniversary of the American Society for Horticultural Science is an appropriate time to reflect on the past three-quarters of a century, review our record, and hopefully to revel in our accomplishments. As George Santayana has stated, “Those who can't remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” Still it is reasonable to ask ourselves if our profession — Horticultural Science — is really only 75 years old? I think not. It is surely much older. My thesis is that horticulture takes us back to the beginning of man's rendevous with civilization.
Growth Regulators in Pomology: The End of The Beginning
Authors: Martin George C.
Published: October 2022

Historians tend to find what they are looking for. My bias in developing historical aspects of Growth Regulators (GR) in Pomology has been positive, as I believe that control of plant growth will eventually be possible. The thought processes and actions taken by individuals who led the way to eventual use of GR are difficult to access. Perhaps the beginnings were initiated by those who had the time to observe plant growth and write down what they saw. To credit any one individual would be of doubtful accuracy. Historically, the one who accumulates fame for a breakthrough put the finishing touches on an idea which had evolved over a long period of time.
Fruit Breeding — History, Progress, and Perspective
Authors: Fredric Hough L.
Published: October 2022

It would be a laborious task indeed to do justice to my title, on this 75th anniversary of the organization of our Society and just 78 years after the republication of Mendel's experiments, if we did not have the recent, excellent encyclopedia and gospel, the good news about fruit breeding — Advances in Fruit Breeding (14); and if Dr. J. N. Moore (21) had not presented an inspiring summary of breeding research with some of the “small” fruits, together with an optimistic yet, to my mind, very reasonable prognosis for achievements through breeding.
Growth and Development of Landscape Plants: A Science Comes of Age
Authors: Tukey H. B.
Published: October 2022

The founding and early administration of the American Society for Horticultural Science was led by those concerned primarily with pomology and to a lesser extent vegetable crops, and these two areas of horticulture dominated Society meetings for half a century. Reports of research with ornamental crops, including both floriculture and nursery plants, did not appear on programs or in the Proceedings for many years, despite the interest of L. H. Bailey, first president of the Society. Bailey mentioned the virtues of floriculture and landscape gardening in his first presidential address (1) and later the “growing taste for ornamental planting” in America (2). Speakers at early meetings summarized research on nursery crops in Europe (16), the benefits of plant exploration in China, and the need for a coordinated effort in establishing a system of plant introduction (2), but it was not until 1913 that Blake's report (3) on roses appeared, the first paper about a floricultural crop. Woody plants were first discussed in 1925-26 (11, 17, 25); but it was not until 1930, 27 years after the founding of the Society, that papers related to nursery plants appeared with any frequency. Thus, the early history in ASHS of growth and development of woody landscape plants is sparse, although at the same time bulletins were being published at several experiment stations and scientists in Europe were publishing regularly.
Blightlike Citrus Tree Declines in South America and South Africa1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Schwarz Ralph E. , Campiglia Hector G. , Moreira Celio S. , Rossetti Victoria
Published: October 2022

Water injection tests and analysis of the outer trunk wood for Zn, K, Mg, CI, and water-soluble phenolics of trees declining of declinamiento or fruta bolita (Argentina), marchit-amiento repentino (Uruguay), declinio (Brazil), and an unnamed decline in South Africa showed that these trees behave like blight-affected trees in Florida. Water uptake of declining trees is reduced, and Zn, K, Mg, and CI levels in the wood are usually higher than in healthy trees. Trees of ‘Valencia’, ‘Westin’, ‘Tarocco’, ‘Calderon’, ‘Natal’, ‘Alidjan’, and ‘Washington navel’ sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), ‘Eureka’ and ‘Lisbon’ lemons (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.), ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (C paradisi Macf.), and ‘Comun’ mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), rough lemon (C. limon), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata), and Rangpur (C. reticulata hybrid) rootstocks were used in this study.
Microwave Drying of Nursery Leaf Samples for Elemental Analysis1
Authors: Smith Morris W. , Gaines T. Powell
Published: October 2022

Nutrient concentration of azalea (Rhododendron sp.), juniper (Juniperus sp.), crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.), and camellia (Camellia sp.) did not differ between leaves dried in microwave or conventional ovens.
Interpreting the Metabolic Responses of Plants to Water Stress1
Authors: Hanson Andrew D.
Published: October 2022

Climatic factors-particularly the ranges and mean values of water availability and temperature-were major selective forces in the evolution of crop plants, and it is adaptation to these factors which sets the broad distribution limits for today's crops. The extremes of the ranges of water availability and temperature (the stresses of drought, flooding, cold and heat) likely to be encountered at any location are particularly important in determining the crop species and cultivars which can be profitably grown there, i.e. the adapted genotypes for that environment. The phenomenon of plant adaptation to environment can, in principle, be understood in physiological, biochemical and genetic terms. Current research on crop adaptation to stress-prone environments, research which seeks such an understanding, may influence the future practices in both plant breeding and crop management.
Stress Ethylene Production-A Measure of Plant Response to Stress
Authors: Tingey David T.
Published: October 2022

Data on plant response to stress are used to implement the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Clean Air Act, and other federal regulations. Phytotoxicological data are essential in assessing the environmental hazards inherent in waste, sludge and/or dredge spoil disposal methods and in evaluating the potential or existing impacts of various industrial and/or energy processes.
Response of Forsythia ☓ intermedia to Growth Retardants and Sodium Chloride1
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Lumis G. P.
Published: October 2022

Dikegulac-sodium application markedly increased branch number and decreased branch length of Forsythia × intermedia Zab. plants, but salt application to the rooting medium decreased the effectiveness of this growth retardant. Ancymidol reduced branch length without increasing branch number, while daminozide did not affect branch length or number. Salt application did not affect plant response to ancymidol or daminozide.
Evaluation of Root Growth in Varying Medium Densities and through Dissimilar Soil Surfaces1
Authors: Nicolosi Ralph T. , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: October 2022

Root penetration of Euonymus data (Thunb.) Siebold ‘Compactus’ through a peat-soil (1:1 v/v) medium and into an unamended mineral soil increased as medium density increased from 1.3 to 1.8 g/cm3. Root penetration was decreased at all medium densities across a glazed interior medium-soil interface.
Differential Cultivar Responses of Tomato Transplants to Ethephon1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Phatak S. C. , Liptay A.
Published: October 2022

Cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) responded differently when (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied at 300 ppm in the transplant stage. The amount of stem root proliferation and the length of these roots were the largest on ‘Ohio 7663’ transplants. ‘Heinz 2653’, ‘Libby 2981’, ‘Heinz 414’, ‘Knox’ and ‘Campbell 28’ showed major stem root proliferation from ethephon, whereas ‘Peto 80’, ‘Campbell 37’, ‘Hunt 62’, and ‘Hunt 208 F’ had a very small amount of stem root proliferation. The average stem diameter for the 18 cultivars treated with ethephon increased from 0.50 to 0.63 cm in 21 days.
The Effect of Dusting Sulfur on Muskmelons1
Authors: Johnson Hunter , Mayberry Keith S.
Published: October 2022

Thirty-one cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were evaluated for their response to foliar dusting sulfur applications. Most cultivars were highly resistant to sulfur injury. Resistance was variable among cantaloupe types (Reticulatus group); all winter melon types (Inodorus group) were resistant.
Anatomical and Morphological Adaptation of Plants to Waterlogging1
Authors: Kawase Makoto
Published: October 2022

Most agricultural crops are mesophytes which require an environment which is neither too wet nor too dry for maximum growth and productivity. Once soil becomes waterlogged, air space is displaced with water. The O2 remaining in the soil, either dissolved in water or trapped in air cavities, is quickly depleted by respiration of plant roots and soil microorganisms (69). O2 replenishment in the soil is very inefficient because of the stow diffusion of atmospheric O2 into the waterlogged soil. Root systems are thus suddenly plunged into an anaerobic condition by waterlogging. If waterlogging continues for a tong period, the reducing processes in the rhizosphere aggravate the plant condition. Waterlogging does not necessarily occur only when the soil is inundated. Rather, waterlogging often occurs when water fills a critical proportion of the soil air spaces, depending upon the species of the plant involved. Such problems are prevalent in fields having poor drainage, that is, when underground and surface drainage is inadequate to remove water from the soil after a rain.
A Compact Automatic System for Measuring CO2 and C2H4 Evolution by Harvested Horticultural Crops1
Authors: Watada Alley E. , Massie David R.
Published: October 2022

A compact automatic system was developed for sampling, analyzing, calculating, and recording rates of carbon dioxide and ethylene production by up to 54 samples. The system consists of rotary stepping valves, microcomputer with printer, cassette tape recorder, and a gas Chromatograph.
Poor Anchorage of Deeply Planted Peach Trees1
Authors: Lyons C. G. , Yoder K. S.
Published: October 2022

Strong winds during periods of heavy rainfall in August and Septem ber 1979 either blew over or loosened m any 3- to 5-year-old peach (Prunus persica(L.) Batsch) trees in Northern Virginia. In the spring of 1980, many of these trees grew poorly, failed to produce normal leaves, and in some cases, died.
Increase in Fruit Set of ‘Starking Delicious’ Apple with Triadimefon1
Authors: Strydom D. K. , Honeyborne G. E.
Published: October 2022

Two prebloom and 3 postbloom sprays of the mildewcide triadimefon were applied at 2 rates (25 and 100 ppm) to ‘Starking Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) The higher rate significantly increased fruit set and seed content and increased yield 30% without any detrimental effect on fruit size.
Thinning ‘Loring’ Peaches with CGA 15281
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Carlton C. C. , Short K. C. , McGuire J. A.
Published: October 2022

Adequate fruit thinning of ‘Loring’ peach [Prunus persia (L.) Batsch] was achieved with single applications of (2-chloroethyl)-methylbis (phenylmethoxy) silane (CGA 15281) at concentrations of 240, 360, and 480 ppm applied at seed length of 8.8 mm and 2 applications at 240 and 360 ppm applied 7 days apart at 8.8 and 10.8 mm seed lengths in 1978. Additional hand thinning following treatment was required. In 1979 adequate thinning was achieved with 1 application of 240 ppm applied at seed length of 13.9 mm or 480 ppm applied at an 8.5-mm seed length. Yields from these treatments were reduced but did not differ from the control treatment. Multiple applications and higher rates resulted in over-thinning and reduced yields. The sensitivity of fruit to thinning appeared to increase with increased seed length. In 1978, foliage injury occurred at all rates and the severity of injury increased at higher concentrations and multiple applications. However, no foliage injury was observed in 1979.
Growth Response of Foliage Plants to Night and Water Temperatures1
Authors: Poole R. T. , Conover C. A.
Published: October 2022

Maranta leuconeura Kerchoviana E. Morr. grew better at 15 than 21°C minimum night temperature (MNT), while Aglaonema commutation Schott. ‘Fransher’ and Aphelandra squar-rosa Nees. ‘Dania’ were unaffected by reduced MNT. Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Marianne’ and Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott. ‘Bostoniensis’ (Boston Fern) grew slightly better at 21 and 18° MNT while growth of Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt (Golden Pothos) improved with each increase in MNT. Irrigation with 5,10,15 or 20° water had no effect on plant growth or grade.
Influence of Sulfur Dioxide Fumigation on Regrowth of American Sycamore Seedlings Treated with Maleic Hydrazide1
Authors: Roberts B. R. , Domir S. C.
Published: October 2022

Two-year-old containerized seedlings of American sycamore (Platanus occidentals L.) were treated with maleic hydrazide (MH) before, after, or in the absence of sulfur dioxide (S02) fumigation. Exposure to S02 did not reduce the effectiveness of MH in controlling regrowth of this species. A strong negative linear trend was observed between SO2 concentration and sprout growth, either with or without MH treatment. In all instances, exposure to 1.0 ppm S02 resulted in high levels of phytotoxicity.
Effects of Antitranspirants on Hydrangea1
Authors: Tracy T. E. , Lewis A. J.
Published: October 2022

Antitranspirants (Exhalt 4-10, Vapor Gard, Wilt Pruf, and Folicote) were more phyto-toxic when applied to detached florets than to detached leaves of hydrangea (Hydrangea macro-phylla Thunb. cv. Improved Merveille). Transpiration was high from hydrangea flowers as well as leaves. Folicote applied to intact flowering plants at concentrations of 1.25–5.00% was effective in reducing transpiration 10–15% compared to untreated plants.
Qualitative Test for Silver in Cut Carnations1
Authors: Gorin Natalio , Zonneveld Hendrik , Spekking Willem T.
Published: October 2022

Receptacles from cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) incubated in silver thiosulfate were digested, neutralized to pH 1.0 and treated with dithizone solution in carbon tetrachloride. Controls were incubated in sodium thiosulfate or in tap water. With silver, the dithizone solution changed from green to yellow and the spectrophotogram had one peak with a maximum at wavelength 462.5 nm. The controls remained green and their spectrophotograms had two peaks at 447.5 nm and 617.5 nm, as did dithizone solution alone. The method is specific for silver ions.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Sydnor T. Davis
Published: October 2022

The 1980s are predicted to be a decade of change for the academic community. The 1960s were characterized by rapid increases in student numbers in all areas of higher education. Because of the tremendous demand, universities were able to hire additional faculty and staff. The 1970s were characterized by a relatively static enrollment period in most areas of the U.S. Numbers of new positions decreased, while student numbers and demand for services remained reasonably constant. Horticulture’s history during this period was slightly different. While student numbers increased during the 1960s, on a percentage basis, absolute numbers remained reasonably constant. Growth in horticulture came during the 1970s, when the number of new faculty positions being created were lower. The result has been strained budgets and nerves, as horticulture departments have been forced to provide services for a large number of students without the rapidly increasing budgets characteristic of the 1960s.
Developing Cooperation Between Landscape Architecture and Horticulture
Authors: Carpenter Jot D.
Published: October 2022

The concerns that I wish to address are ones I have been discussing for a decade. As a student at the University of Georgia, I was in the Department of Landscape Architecture and the College of Agriculture. It is interesting to note that at that time, I did not know a Department of Horticulture existed at The University of Georgia. Unfortunately, this is still the situation on a number of campuses today. At both Georgia and Harvard, the landscape architecture student is taught plant material by a member of the landscape architecture faculty. Yet at many other schools, horticulture faculty teach such courses.
In Vitro Propagation of Thornless Trailing Blackberries1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Chu M. C. , Gomez E.
Published: October 2022

Rapid proliferation of axillary buds of ‘Thornless Boysenberry’ and ‘Thornless Young-berry’ (Rubus sp.) in tissue culture has been achieved on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Shoots were induced to root on medium consisting of MS high mineral salts, myo-inositol, and thia-mine·HCl diluted to 1/16 to 1/2 strength and supplemented with full strength sucrose and agar. Rooted plants have been successfully moved to soil and grown in the greenhouse.
Stunt Disease in Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Dale J. L. , Mainland CM.
Published: October 2022

Tissue of‘Garden Blue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were collected from field-grown plants with typical symptoms of stunt disease in North Carolina. Electron microscopy examination revealed bodies having mycoplasmalike characteristics in the phloem sieve elements indicating that this species can be naturally infected with the stunt disease organism.
Growth of Tomato Seedlings at Sub-atmospheric Pressures1
Authors: Rule D. E. , Staby G. L.
Published: October 2022

Growth of ‘Cambell-28’ (C-28) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum. Mill.) seedlings at 250 torr was stimulated over growth at 750 torr but growth appeared to be inhibited at 125 torr. Growth stimulation was measurable after a lag phase.
Effects of Late-season Nitrogen and Foliar Calcium Applications on Sweet Potatoes1,2
Authors: Hammett Larry K.
Published: October 2022

Form, rate, and date of late-season soil application of N and foliar applications of CaCl2 to ‘Jewel’ sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) did not influence root yield, cracking, and mineral, carbohydrate, carotene or ascorbic acid concentrations. Use of CaCl2 foliar sprays and Ca(NOSS3)2 as a top dressing did not increase root Ca levels, firmness, or reduce the incidence of root cracking.
Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivar Response to Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal1
Authors: Lindgren D. T. , Shearman R. C. , Bruneau A. H. , Schaaf D. M.
Published: October 2022

A trial of 38 cultivare of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) demonstrated genetic differences to an infestation of bluegrass billbug. The correlation coefficient between injury ratings and billbug larval density in sod samples was r = 0.73. Thatch accumulation was not significantly correlated (r = 0.31) with billbug density.
Vegetative Growth Control of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Hedges with Chlormequat1
Authors: Criley Richard A.
Published: October 2022

Chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) was the most effective of several growth retardants in retarding new growth of field-grown of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. without serious side effects. A reduction by one-third to one-half of non-treated growth occurred for 1000 and 3000 ppm (active ingredient), respectively. Over 3½ year period of repeated shearings plus spray applications, 1500 ppm was the most satisfactory following each shearing, while 3000 ppm could be used with alternate shearings. The growth retarding effect of 3000 ppm chlormequat was carried over from previous applications when sheared growth was untreated.
Nature and Mechanisms of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Plants: a Review1
Authors: Pearson O. H.
Published: October 2022

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has been described in many of our cultivated crops and is commercially useful in the production of hybrids when pollen vectors will provide the necessary economic levels of seed production. In the more common type, the sporophytic, the development of the microspore is affected by the abnormal growth of the tapetum or mistiming of callose formation and, in corn at least, the mitochondrial complex is involved. In the gametophytic system the factor causing abortion of the pollen apparently resides in the microspore rather than in its environment. Other systems which suggest plasmid-like inclusions associated with CMS have been reported. Transfer to the cytosterile mechanism by cell fusion has been accomplished, but wider application of this technique waits on methods for development of plants from naked protoplasts In more species.
Practical Aspects of Pest Management
Authors: Barnett William W.
Published: October 2022

The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) has received widespread acceptance only within the past decade. Evidence of this is reflected in the increased number of articles dealing with pest management being published in scientific journals, and the increased number of papers presented at various scientific meetings. However, it is not all that new. A version of the IPM called supervised control was being practiced in alfalfa and cotton in California over 30 years ago and a sophisticated cotton insect scouting program was being used in Arkansas in the 1950s. Though these early programs were aimed at insect control, they demonstrated the advantages of extensive monitoring, which is the backbone of any pest management program.
A Relationship between Water Loss and Storage Breakdown of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: October 2022

Increased water loss during storage in air at 0-l°C was associated with reductions of senescent and low temperature breakdown of ‘Mcintosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in 3 storage seasons. Postharvest CaCl2 dip-treatments reduced storage breakdown when water loss was minimal.
Flowering Response of ‘Heritage’ Red Raspberry to Temperature and Nitrogen1
Authors: Lockshin L. S. , Elfving D. C.
Published: October 2022

Plants of the fall-bearing red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L. cv. Heritage) were grown in 2 day/night temperature regimes (29/24°C and 25.5°/20°) under a 16-hour day with 3 nitrogen levels (0, 5 or 10 mg N/week). Canes flowered 2 weeks earlier and more profusely in the higher temperature. Nitrogen promoted greater cane growth, more flowering nodes per cane, and increased flowering per unit vegetative growth. The combination of high temperature and high nitrogen promoted greatest cane elongation, earliest and most profuse flowering, and the most flowers per unit of cane growth.
Rate of Water Uptake and Sites of Water Entry in Seeds of Different Cultivars of Dry Bean1
Authors: Korban Safi S. , Coyne Dermot P. , Weihing John L.
Published: October 2022

Variations occurred in the rate of water uptake of seeds of different dry bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L). ‘Pinto UI11’ had a higher water uptake by 24 hours than the other 6 cultivars. The micropyle was the main site for water entry in white-seeded ‘Great Northern’ and it is inferred that the raphe and or hilum areas were mainly involved in water uptake in ‘Pinto UI11’. No water uptake through the seed coat of seeds of 7 cultivars occurred by 2, 4, or 8 hours and only a small amount by 24 hours, except ‘GN Star’ where no water uptake was noted indicating that it had an impermeable seed coat during that period.
Influence of Maximum Air Temperatures and Irrigation Frequencies during High Temperature Periods on Growth of Four Foliage Plants1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A.
Published: October 2022

Four foliage plants were grown in greenhouses with maximum temperatures of 32, 38 or 44°C, May through October and irrigated 2, 3 or 4 times/week. Good quality Nephrolepis ex-altata (L.) Schott. ‘Bostonienis’ (Boston fern) and Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ were grown at 38 and 44° maximum when irrigated 4 times/week. Plant grades of Cala-thea makoyana E. Morr. (peacock plant) were reduced by temperature increase and by frequent irrigation. Chamaedorea elegans Mart, (parlor palm) was unaffected by treatment. After plants were maintained for three months under an interior environment, differences between treatments were less noticeable.