bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noninvaziv Mekanik Ventilasyon Desteği Alan Hastalarda Yüz Bölgesindeki Basınç Yarası Gelişme Sıklığı ve Oluşumunu Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi
Authors: AKIN Neslihan , KARAHAN Elif
Published: January 2020

Amaç: Noninvaziv mekanik ventilasyon (NIMV) tedavisi sırasında kullanılan maskeye bağlı gelişen
yüz basınç yaralanmaları tedavi başarısını olumsuz yönde etkileyen en önemli
etkenlerden biridir. Bu çalışma, Batı Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer
alan bir devlet hastanesinin dahili yoğun bakım ünitesinde NIMV tedavisi alan hastalarda yüz bölgesindeki basınç yarası sıklığını ve oluşumunu
etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amacıyla longitudinal tipte tanımlayıcı
olarak yapıldı.Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemini 01 Şubat 2018 – 01 Şubat 2019 tarihleri arasında tedavi alan 33 hasta oluşturdu. Araştırmaya dahil olma kriterlerini taşıyan hastalar
NIMV tedavisi başlangıcından itibaren ilk 24 saat değerlendirildi ve veriler
tedavinin 2., 6., 12. ve 24. saatlerinde kayıt altına alındı. NIMV tedavisi süresince sadece oro-nazal
maske kullanıldı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel metodlar,
Mann-Whitney U testi, Friedman Testi, Bonferroni düzeltmeli Wilcoxon
signed-ranks testi, Fisher’s exact testi ve Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact testi
kullanıldı. Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda hastaların  %75,8’i evre I, %6,1’i evre II olmak üzere  yüz bölgesi basınç yarası oluşma sıklığının %81,9 olduğu belirlendi. Tedavinin başlaması ile
birlikte hastaların Glaskow Koma Skorunun anlamlı olarak yükseldiği, maske uyum
puanının anlamlı olarak arttığı görüldü. Evre II yüz bölgesi basınç yarası gelişen hastalara ince gazlı pansuman ile kapama işlemi uygulandı. Yüz bölgesinde basınç yarası gelişen hastaların yaş ortalaması 73,37±13,43, kronik
hastalığa sahip olan, steroid tedavisi alan ve obez hastalarda yüz bölgesi
basınç yarası gelişimi dikkat çekici düzeyde yüksek olduğu görüldü.Sonuç: NIMV tedavisi uygulanan
hastalarda ilk 24 saat içerisinde yüz bölgesi basınç yarası gelişme sıklığının
oldukça yüksek olduğu bu nedenle farklı tip maske kullanımı ile benzer
çalışmaların yapılmasını önermekteyiz.
Voice-related Outcomes after Long-Term Androgen Treatment in Trans Males
Authors: SİRİN Seher , POLAT Aslıhan
Published: January 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate voice-related
outcomes of long-term androgen treatment in trans male individuals.Methods: Trans male individuals who were under hormone
treatment for at least one year were evaluated. Self-Perception of Voice
Masculinity (SPVM) scale, adapted Transsexual Voice Questionnaire for trans
males (a-TVQFtM), Voice-related Quality of Life (V-RQOL), and the
mean fundamental frequency (f0) were used to assess voice outcomes. Results: Of the thirteen trans male individuals in this
study, the mean age was 26.15 years. The median SPVM was 4, which equated to
“somewhat male”. The
median f0 was 119 Hz and did not differ
from Turkish cisgender male normative data. The median a-TVQFtM scores showed a decreasing trend and the
median V-RQOL scale scores showed an increasing trend in accordance with the
decrease of median f0 scores. Two individuals were within a gender ambiguous f0
range and a failure rate of 15.4% was observed. Of these two individuals who
were still within a gender ambiguous f0 range, one perceived his voice as
gender neutral, while the other one perceived his voice as very male.Conclusion: Cross-sex hormone treatment was largely effective
in voice masculinization for trans male individuals seeking treatment. Its
pitch lowering effect is associated with a significant improvement in the
voice-related quality of life of trans individuals, especially in vocal
identity. In some cases, a cisgender male frequency may not be achieved. This
situation should be evaluated with caution when discussing treatment outcomes
and the necessity of additional interventions.
The Second Party Secretary and his Personal Networks in Soviet Lithuania after 1964: Towards the Localisation of the ‘Second’
Authors: Grybkauskas Saulius
Published: January 2020

Abstract This article deals with the personal network of Second Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LCP CC of the LSSR), which in the Soviet system of governance was under competitive tension and represented a certain alternative for Moscow (the Centre) with regard to the titular (Lithuanian) nomenklatura. Unlike the heads of the Lithuanian nomenklatura, who could capitalise on relations with family, fellow countrymen or others, when forming their networks, the base on which second secretaries sent from Moscow had to rely in network building consisted of formal powers and institutional resources, namely their previous experience as functionaries in Moscow or other Soviet republics, direct links with the central party apparatus in Moscow, and the supervision of the most significant departments of the LCP CC. Cadre stagnation and a policy of trust in the cadres evidenced in the period of Brezhnev’s rule changed the situation of second secretaries as agents of Moscow. The second secretary had to refer in his activities to the interests of the titular nomenklatura leading to the beginning of his localisation (domestication) within the party nomenklatura, which contravened the logic of the institution of the Second Secretary, who was intended to be Moscow’s representative in a Soviet republic.
The Image of Lithuania in English Publications in the 17th Century
Authors: Sliesoriūnas Gintautas
Published: January 2020

In the 17th century, as contacts between citizens of England, which was gaining increasing importance in Europe, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) intensified, the phenomenon of the image of Lithuania in English and Scottish societies, as well as the level of their knowledge about the GDL, became more important. The issue of mentioning Lithuania in West European historical sources and the related issue of the image of Lithuania in the region in the 16th–17th centuries has already been analysed in Lithuania, albeit not thoroughly enough. However, the question of the image of Lithuania in English publications in the 17th–18th centuries still requires more detailed analysis. This article discusses Lithuania-related facts that could have been familiar not only to the narrow circle of people that were in close contact with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but also to wider well-read English and Scottish society. The few educated members of English society who had an interest in learning more about Lithuania had access to publications in various languages published in different countries. However, this article dwells almost exclusively on publications in the English language dating from the 17th century that facilitated the rendering of knowledge and opinions about Lithuania to a much wider circle of people who read in the English language.
The Structure and Scope of the Foreign Trade of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th to 18th Centuries: The Case of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Authors: Žiemelis Darius
Published: January 2020

This article is a continuation of the analysis of the structure and extent of the foreign trade of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th to 18th centuries, the starting point of which is the problematic place of the concept of the capitalist world system (CWS) which has exaggerated too much the influence of international trade on the socioeconomic development of the Commonwealth. Having analysed Poland’s foreign trade structure in the 16th to 18th centuries, as well as the scale of its economic involvement in international trade, the article seeks to determine the foreign trade structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in the 16th to 18th centuries, and the scale of its involvement in international trade. The article consists of two sections (The Integration of the GDL’s Foreign Trade in the 16th to 18th Centuries into European Market Relations: The Role of Sea Trade and its Growth; and The Foreign Trade of the GDL with the West in the 16th to 18th Centuries: Structure and Scale), and a Summary. The latter contains a comparative analysis of the structure and scale of the foreign trade of Poland and the GDL with the west, and the scale of the Commonwealth’s involvement in international trade is determined.
Society Without a Civil Registry (1918–1940): Outcomes and Consequences
Authors: Laukaitytė Regina
Published: January 2020

This paper analyses the resulting legal situation in the Lithuanian Republic in 1918–1940 when only the clergy of state-recognised religions registered acts of civil status (births, marriages and deaths). This situation created many problems for the small number of believers of ‘unrecognised’ religions, and non-religious citizens. This paper investigates the different approaches to civil registration by the political forces representing the government. It attempts to explain what solutions society found from the resulting situation, that is, how in the absence of a state registration system of civil status, believers of ‘unrecognised’ communities and the non-religious population nevertheless married, registered children and buried their dead. The consequences of the dominance of Church registration are also discussed.

All the right and left political parties that ruled the Lithuanian state recognized the importance of the introduction of civil registration: all of them promised and prepared to adopt laws to regulate it. However, by 1940 these laws were not adopted. This was determined by the active opposition by the Catholic Church, and from a religious point of view the quite homogeneous position of the majority of society. The dominance of Church registration radicalised the part of society that was dissatisfied with this, especially the intelligentsia. The Lietuvos laisvamanių etinės kultūros draugija (Lithuanian Libertines Society) appeared and grew, its initiative spread to establish civil marriage in the Klaipėda region and abroad, and to establish a cemetery for libertines (freethinkers). Although such events were rare, their presence indicates a social change: the trend towards the liberalisation of traditional conservative Catholic culture.
FBXW11 is differentially expressed in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and associates with survival.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: January 2020

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) has the lowest median survival rate of any cancer. 99% of patients will expire within 5 years (1). The poor treatment options for this brain cancer (2) demand understanding of the basic manner in which DIPG function at the level of gene expression. By comparing the tumor transcriptomes of patients with DIPG that survived more or less than six months using a published dataset (3), we found that four of the genes whose expression was most different between these patients were genes encoding Fbox proteins. Moreover, the expression of one of these genes, FBXW11, was significantly associated with patient survival. This is the first report documenting differential expression of Fbox proteins in the tumors of patients with DIPG and their association with patient outcomes.
Regression-Based Model for the Evaluation of CYP2D6-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions
Authors: Lozano Roberto , Frutos Alberto , Apesteguia Alberto , Martinez Alejandro , Alcazar Maria-Angeles , Franco Esther
Published: January 2020

Linear regression-based model between area-under-curve (AUCr) and thetherapeutic range-to-inhibition constant ratio (TR-to-Ki). As result, a linear log-log regression model,between the averaged AUCr, calculated as the mean from the values of different DDIs between severalvictim-drugs with the same inhibitor (AUCr avg), and the mean TR-to-Ki ratio (TRm-to-Ki), calculated asthe mean value between the maximum and minimum TR of the inhibitor divided by its Ki, obtained thebest correlation (r2= 0.72; p=0.0116). Accordingly, a drug-drug interaction involving reversible inhibitorydrugs of CYP2D6 could be manage by adjusting dose of victim and/or inhibitory drug to the magnitudeof the desired change, by applying data of TR and Ki of inhibitor to the equation of regression linepresented here.
PERANAN KEPALA RUANGAN TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN KINERJA PERAWAT SESUAI DENGAN UNIT KOMPETENSI JENJANG KUALIFIKASI PERAWAT
Authors: Zega Petra Diansari
Published: January 2020

ABSTRAKRumah sakit memiliki salah satu peran yakni memberikan pelayanan keperawatan yang berkualitas dan bermutu kepada masyarakat dengan cara meninggkatkan professionalisme perawat melalui melalui pengembangan karir perawat yang dilaksanakan melalui penempatan perawat pada jenjang yang sesuai dengan kompetensinya. Kepala ruangan memiliki peranan yang utama dalam mengelola sumber daya di ruangan unit perawatan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi peranan kepala ruangan terhadap pengembangan kinerja perawat sesuai dengan unit kompetensi jenjang kualifikasi perawat. Metode yang digunakan kajian ini dilakukan dengan mencari sumber data baik dari jurnal maupun buku-buku yang berhubungan. Artikel penelitian yang digunakan bersumber dari Google Scholar. Strategi kepala ruangan yang proaktif dapat meningkatkan kinerja unit. Kepala ruangan harus menata jenjang karir perawat di ruangan sesuai dengan kompetensi yang dimiliki perawat. Diharapkan Kepala Ruangan mampu menata dan menempatkan perawat sesuai dengan jenjang karir dan kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh perawat.
ANALISIS FIBER TO THE HOME
Authors: moh.fatkuroji
Published: January 2020

AbstrakSerat optik merupakan media transmisi yang dapat menyalurkan informasi dengan kapasitas besar dan teknologinya disebut JARLOKAF (Jaringan Lokal Akses Fiber). Salah satu perkembangan JARLOKAF yaitu FTTH (Fiber To The Home). Pembangunan jaringan FTTH menggunakan teknologi GPON. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka dilakukan analisis jaringan FFTH berteknologi GPON dengan parameter daya transmisi di Optical Line Terminal, daya receiver, redaman kabel serat optik, konektor, passive splitter, dan sambungan. Hal tersebut dilakukan dengan metode link power budget. Setelah itu dilakukan pengembangan jaringan FTTH dengan merancang jalur distribusi sebanyak tiga opsi dan menganalisis menggunakan metode link power budget dan rise time budget. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah Meranti dengan 40 pelanggan terakhir memiliki Pr sensitivitas rata-rata uplink (downlink), yakni -23,8 dBm (- 23,6 dBm) sehingga margin daya yang didapatkan adalah 4,1 dBm untuk uplink dan 4,3 dBm untuk downlink. Sedangkan pada perencanaan pengembangan jaringan Meranti didapatkan bahwa opsi kedua menjadi opsi yang terbaik dengan jarak total 5,422 km memiliki Pr sensitivitas terbesar, yakni -25,8 dBm untuk uplink dan -25,2 dBm untuk downlink sehingga margin daya yang didapatkan adalah 2,2 dBm untuk uplink dan 2,8 untuk downlink dan rise time total sebesar 0,258 ns untuk uplink dan 0,283 ns untuk downlink.Kata kunci : Jaringan FTTH, GPON, Link Power Budget, Rise Time Budget
Foreign language training for visually impaired students in South East Asian countries
Authors: Melie Steina , William George , Susanto Susanto , Nanda Deri Sis
Published: January 2020

With disabled students, teachers have less opportunity to receive in their classes those who have sensory deficits, due to their rarity and few formations exist. But teachers are supposed to be able to teach all students, in their diversity, whether it is related to their culture or to the consequences of physical, sensory or mental disorders. In this population, the visually impaired students are the least numerous and know a particular situation, even paradoxical. Unlike other students with disabilities, they have been integrated for a long time, at the end of high school and at university, and for the blind often schooling in mainstream came after the specialized establishment from which they left by mastering the techniques of compensation. The lack of specialized staff dedicated to the visually impaired, in particular the teachers, is often a brake on inclusion and can bring a return of the students in non-inclusive device, and, in times of budgetary constraints, considerations only on the number of students are likely to forget that they cannot succeed without mastering techniques that can be taught. After having recalled the constraints which arise to study this population, we present the specificity of its needs. We link these needs to the foreign language skill that these students must acquire in order to become independent in their learning for global context, especially in South East Asia countries.
Administrasi layanan khusus
Authors: atika nurul
Published: January 2020

Abstrak- In general, this research aims to find out and analyze what is administration in various specialized service fields. This research uses the literature study method by collecting literature (material materials) sourced from books, journals, and other sources related to the science of Educational Administration. Special service administration, namely providing special services or a business that is not directly related to the teaching and learning process in the classroom. But specifically given by schools to students so that they are more optimal in implementing the learning process. The types of special services are libraries, labor, UKS, cafes, religious facilities and dormitories. There are several roles of a teacher in the administration of special services, namely: Teacher involvement in library administration for example introducing books to students, knowing the types and mastering general criteria that determine the merits of a library of books, and promoting the library both for use and for guidance.
Perancangan Network Address Translation (NAT)
Authors: Azahro Asiah
Published: January 2020

Tugas Jaringan Komputer
Fixation Induced Blindness
Authors: Yousef Ahmad
Published: January 2020

This article reports how fixation could convey visual stimuli to the invisibility region whether the stimuli are presented centrally or peripherally regardless the textures of the background. It also reports the impossibility of conveying visual stimulus to the invisibility region when the stimulus is not fixated, namely, when the stimulus is in motion. We started in discussing how visual fixation could convey a centrally presented stimulus (pink horse) into the invisibility region under certain conditions, and why breaking the aforementioned invisibility by an intentional saccade away from the fixational point allows the stimulus to exert a ghostly horse but with complementary colours. Scientists had been hypothesizing that image aftereffect is caused by neural adaptation. In another word, the retinal photoreceptors & its corresponding neurological pathways to the visual awareness might be being idle, namely, the visual respective field might be idle. Idle visual receptive field seems to be the best explanation of the present illusion, namely, we see the light grayish background turned to greenish in the aforementioned desensitized receptive field. Important to mention, fixation greatly inhibits the spontaneous saccadic eye movements, and thus, it reduces the rooms of the receptive field remapping. Namely, every visual space will be possibly have unchangeable visual map in the brain. To arrest the aforementioned statements, we built a running stimulus to disallow the overlapping of the image and its aftereffect, and we found that the image cannot disappear. In another word, the visual awareness of the aforementioned stimulus would have ghostly & cloudy green balls in between the original materials (purple balls). The previously mentioned finding confirms the role of the spontaneous saccadic movement in promoting visibility & preventing the blindness, also see reference 1. We ended this research with asserting whether the claims against Emmert's law which raised doubts about the accurate compliance of the aforementioned law and size–distance invariance hypothesis. Weirdly enough, the claims are correct as if the image aftereffect projected against distant wall is following the dynamical visual angle but not the static one.
Self-Esteem in 60 Seconds: The Six-Item State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES-6)
Authors: Webster Gregory D. , Howell Jennifer Lee , Shepperd James A
Published: January 2020

With 20 items, the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991) can be cumbersome in settings that demand efficiency. The present research created an efficient six-item version of the SSES that preserves score reliability and validity and its three-dimensional structure: social, appearance, and performance self-esteem. Item response theory and confirmatory factor analyses identified the “best” six items—two from each dimension (Study 1). Participants completed the SSES four times at two-week intervals (Studies 2 & 3). The six-item SSES’ scores showed adequate test–retest reliability, explained substantial variance in trait-relevant measures, and showed convergent validity with related self-esteem measures. Participants completed the SSES and a laboratory experiment where they received negative feedback on an essay they had written and could retaliate against their evaluator by allocating hot sauce for them to consume (Study 4). The six-item SSES interacted with self-esteem instability in expected ways to predict hot sauce allocated.
Ambivalence and interpersonal liking: The expression of ambivalence as social validation of attitudinal conflict
Authors: Toribio-Flórez Daniel , van Harreveld Frenk , Schneider Iris K.
Published: January 2020

Literature on attitude similarity suggests that sharing similar attitudes enhances interpersonal liking, but it remains unanswered whether this effect also holds for ambivalent attitudes. In the present research, we shed light on the role attitudinal ambivalence plays in interpersonal liking. Specifically, we examine whether people express ambivalence strategically to generate a positive or negative social image, and whether this is dependent on the attitudinal ambivalence of their perceiver. We test two alternative hypotheses. In line with the attitude-similarity effect, people should express ambivalence towards ambivalent others to enhance interpersonal liking, as sharing ambivalence might socially validate the latter’s experience of attitudinal conflict. On the other hand, people might express more univalence, as ambivalence may drive ambivalent others towards the resolution of their attitudinal conflict and univalent stances could help to achieve that goal. In two studies (N = 449, 149), people expressed similar attitudes to those of their perceivers, even when the latter experienced attitudinal conflict (Study 1 and 2). Moreover, they composed an essay, the message of which validated their perceiver’s attitudinal conflict (Study 2). In line with these results, we further observe that the more people experienced their ambivalence as conflicting, the more they liked others who similarly experienced attitudinal conflict (Study 1). These findings suggest that the expression of ambivalence can have important interpersonal functions, as it might lead to an enhanced social image when interacting with those coping with attitudinal conflict.
Tracing Causal Paths from Experimental and Observational Data
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Yamamoto Teppei
Published: January 2020

The study of causal mechanisms abounds in political science, and causal mediation analysis has grown rapidly across different subfields. Yet, conventional methods for analyzing causal mechanisms are difficult to use when the causal effect of interest involves multiple mediators that are potentially causally dependent—a common scenario in political science applications. This article introduces a general framework for tracing causal paths with multiple mediators. In this framework, the total effect of a treatment on an outcome is decomposed into a set of path-specific effects (PSEs). We propose an imputation approach for estimating these PSEs from experimental and observational data, along with a set of bias formulas for conducting sensitivity analysis. We illustrate this approach using an experimental study on issue framing effects and an observational study on the legacy of political violence. An open-source R package, paths, is available for implementing the proposed methods.
Personal Tutorage System for Schools in Pakistan: A Policy Proposal
Authors: Tariq Asma , Janan Faraz
Published: January 2020

The core objective of a school is to develop children for challenges ahead in life ahead by passing them through a well-developed mechanize process of teaching, learning, and scholarship. While teaching helps them to grow academically, learning and scholarship are essential for personal development. In a participatory, progressive and tolerant society, the role of a teacher is to help children in becoming positively ‘participating citizens’. In Pakistan, there is a huge emphasis on exam-oriented quantitative teaching practices within government schools; however, the learning and scholarship aspect seems to have been largely left neglected. Currently, the only opportunity for a child to have a mentor-oriented learning experience within the school is through subject classes. Unfortunately, these classes do provide subject-specific guidance but does address after the overall development needs of a child, in particular: personal development, their trajectory in achieving their full potential, hitting learning objectives through the schooling experience and in developing ways of self-reflection. The purpose of the draft is to propose a system of Personal Tutorage to be introduced at the government schools in Pakistan. For the benefit of the political and bureaucratic audience, the authors have intentionally kept the discussion closely relevant to the very structure of the proposed system and have avoided unnecessary jargon, as well as a detailed literature review. The draft is by no means suggested as a final proposal and has substantial room for updates and structural improvements. Please note that elements or resources within to furnish this proposal may not be at present available in schools. Here, the word Personal Tutor refers to a member of staff in a school, typically a teacher; tutees refer to the students.
Entrepreneurial behavior of large cardamom growers: A case study in Lamjung district of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Srijana , Pandey Bishnu , Joshi Narayan Raj , Shrestha Jiban , Timsina Krishna Prasad
Published: January 2020

Study on entrepreneurial behavior of large cardamom growers in Lamjung District, Nepal was conducted from December 2017 to June 2018 in Marshyangdi Rural Municipality of Lamjung district. The Rural Municipality was selected purposely for the study due to the recent establishment of Cardamom Zone under Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project in the Municipality focusing on large cardamom development. Altogether 80 large cardamom growers were selected randomly from 454 large cardamom growers of the study site. Data were collected through household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interview, personal observation and other secondary sources. Results showed that a greater proportion of large cardamom growers were found to have medium level of innovativeness (45%), decision making ability (51.2%), information seeking ability (48.8%), risk orientation (46.2%), leadership ability (43.8%), achievement motivation (46.2%) and low management orientation (56.3%) which contributed to the overall medium entrepreneurial behavior (47.5%) of large cardamom growers in the study area. About 35 percent of farmers were belonging to the low entrepreneurial behavior and only a few numbers of farmers (17.5%) were under high entrepreneurial behavior category. The high number of farmers with low and medium entrepreneurial behavior and low number of farmers with high entrepreneurial behavior has resulted in poor commercialization of large cardamom in the study area. Educational status, land holding, extension participation, economic motivation, experience in large cardamom farming and area of large cardamom cultivation were found to have significant correlation with the entrepreneurial behavior of large cardamom farmers while age had negative and significant effect. There is still scope to increase the number of large cardamom farmers with high entrepreneur behavior for commercializing large cardamom in the study area but programs should be designed and implemented accordingly.
Participatory ranking of fodders in the western hills of Nepal
Authors: Tamang Bir Bahadur , Shah Manoj Kumar , Dhakal Bishnu , Chaudhary Pashupati , Chhetri Netra
Published: January 2020

Fodder is an important source of feed of the ruminants in Nepal. In the mid hills of Nepal, farmers generally practice integrated farming system that combines crop cultivation with livestock husbandry and agroforestry. Tree fodders are good sources of protein during the forage and green grass scarcity periods especially in dry season. Local communities possess indigenous knowledge for the selection of grasses and tree fodders at different seasons in mid hills of western Nepal. A study was conducted on the perception of farmers with respect to selection of fodder species in eight clusters in Kaski and Lumjung districts that range 900-2000 meter above sea level and receive average precipitation of 2000- 4500mm per annum. During the fodder preference ranking, farmers prepared the inventory of fodders found around the villages and nearby forests and selected top ten most important fodders in terms of their availability, palatability, fodder yield, milk yield and milk fat yield. In total, 23 top ranking fodders species were selected from the eight clusters. These fodder species were also ranked using pairwise ranking and weighted scoring methods and ranking was done on the basis of merit numbers obtained from weighted scores. The analysis revealed Artocarpus lakoocha as best tree fodder followed by Ficus semicordata, Thysanolena maxima and Ficus calvata. Similarly, the calendar of fodders trees for lopping season and the best feeding time was prepared on the basis of farmers’ local knowledge. This study suggests strategies for promotion of locally preferred tree fodder species and supplementing tree fodder with feed in different seasons depending on their availability and local preferences.
Bung: A traditional practice of potato cultivation in eastern hills of Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Kalika Prasad , Timilsina Amit Prasad
Published: January 2020

Eastern hill region is one of the high potato producing areas of potato in Nepal. There are many traditional potato production systems existing in the region. Among them, 'Bung' and 'Lhose' are very popular systems. There are some under-proven views of naming to this unique cultivation practice. Field observations, key informants' interview, and group discussion were carried out at three sites of Okhaldhunga and Solukhumbu districts in July 2019 to explore the basic information on the bung system. The results of this investigation revealed that the century-old practice utilized marginal sloppy lands of mountains for cultivation of potatoes. Farmers left land fallow for 4-5 years to grow weeds and herbs. Thereafter, they slashed them with a thin layer of soil, stacked them over winter, burned and mixed with the soil making a raised pit. They planted 15-25 potato seed tubers into these pits depending upon the pit size. No additional fertilizer is added to these pits. No intercultural operations are carried out until harvesting. It was explained that the yield of potato from the bung was significantly higher   15-20 kg)  than that of general local practice called lhose system (5-7 kg) from the area equivalent to Bung . Some interventions such as high yielding varieties, easy-to-handle equipment for bung preparation and introduction of fast-growing non-hazardous weeds, etc. were the demands of the farmers to increase profit from the bung system.
Farmers’ perception on the performance of different rice varieties in Kapilvastu district, Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Sundar , Sapkota Sanjib
Published: January 2020

Rice is the major staple food crop in Nepal. To date, several rice varieties have been developed and released in Nepal. However, rice production is far below in comparison with its production potential. A household survey was conducted in Bangaganga municipality of Kapilvastu district in 2018 to assess farmers’ perception on performance of four different rice varieties (Radha-4, Ramdhan, Gorakhnath, and Sawa). The data were collected from a total of 120 rice farmers (randomly selected) using the interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale, and indexing technique. Statistical analysis showed that the Ramdhan variety had the highest yield (4.95 t/ha), whereas Radha-4 had the lowest yield (3.15 t/ha). The most disease and drought-tolerant variety, as perceived by the farmers, was Radha-4. Smut and Khaira were perceived as the primary diseases whereas Brown planthopper and Rice Gundhi bug were the most important insects of all studied rice varieties. The study recommended that the plant breeders should focus on developing site-specific rice varieties to meet the multiple concerns of the farmers, such as higher yield and stress-tolerant. The farmers should be made aware of varietal selection and crop pest management techniques via training programs, which further helps to reduce the yield gap between farmers’ field and research field.
Comparative economics of maize grain and seed production in Okhaldhunga district, Nepal
Authors: Dulal Puspa Raj , Marahatta Santosh , Karn Rupak
Published: January 2020

Maize cultivation is the one the major farm activities among Nepalese farmers. Basically, in the rural hills of Nepal like Okhaldhunga, it dominates any other crop production. The study was conducted for comparative assessment of economics, marketing and identification of major problems of maize seed and grain production in the hilly eastern district, Okhaldhunga during June of 2017. The data were obtained through the interview of 66 producers (33 each of maize grain and seed producers) with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and parametric tests (-test, t-test) were applied. Both the grain and the seed producers were similar in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, marketing accessibilities but the seed producers were significantly benefited from the training, the extension services, credit facilities despite having 0.14 ha lesser landholding than grain producers. The inputs (manures, fertilizers and the seed) contributed 48% and 50% of the total cost incurred for grain and seed production respectively and the pre-sowing and sowing activities contributed more than 77% of cost in both cases. Despite higher cost for seed production (NRs. 24,969 more than grain production), the benefit-cost ratio of seed production was found higher (1.31) than grain production (1.05). Only 24% of the total harvest was processed and marketed as seed and using optimum quantity (66% middle portion of the cob) for seed production could further increase the income by 23.35%, the improved B:C ratio being 1.51 . The major production problems were scarce farm labor followed by lack of infrastructures while low seasonal price followed by low volume of production ranked the first and second most important marketing related problems.
Allocative efficiency and adoption of improved maize variety: A case of eastern hills of Nepal
Authors: Katel Tilak , Dahal Bhishma Raj , Bhatta Sandesh
Published: January 2020

Production and  profit from maize farming can be substantially increased by allocating resources efficiently and adopting improved maize variety. In this context, a study was undertaken to determine the allocative efficiency and factors affecting adoption of improved maize variety in Eastern hills of Nepal. Random sampling was conducted in eastern part of Khotang district namely, Halesi municipality and Diktel Rupakot Majuwagadi municipality during month of March 2019. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered among 80 randomly selected farmers cultivating maize since last two years. Face to face interview was scheduled to obtain data. Cobb Douglas production function was used to determine allocative efficiency; probit regression model was launched to determine factors affecting adoption of improved maize variety.  Significant positive relation of cost of seed, planting, and weeding with income has suggested to increase expenditure on certified maize seed over own farm seed, line sowing over broadcasting, and weeding. The model revealed that increasing all the factors of production by 100% would result in increase in income by 71.83%. Furthermore, cultivating improved maize variety is more profitable than own farm seed. Probit regression model showed that, farmers who have received training, who were member of cooperatives and who have received high schooling were more likely to adopt open-pollinated improved maize variety. Unavailability of inputs (seed, fertilizer, and labor), insect pest attack and adverse climatic conditions were major constraint of maize farming. Therefore, it would be better to suggest maize producers to increase expenditure on seed; make maize field weed free and adopt line sowing method. In addition, providing training, increasing access over inputs and encouraging farmers towards cooperatives could be virtuous for sustainable maize production.
Economics of Rubber Production in Jhapa, Nepal
Authors: Poudel Mousami , Adhikari Prabin , Dhungana Suryamani , Paudel Shankar , Thapa Kanti , Bidari Angila , Manandhar Ramita
Published: January 2020

A study was conducted to examine cost structure and economic feasibility of rubber production in Jhapa district. It also aimed to assess determinants of increment in acreage of rubber cultivation in the study area. A total of sixty two rubber growers were selected by simple random sampling and interviewed with pre-tested semi structured schedule on the month of March, 2019. Study revealed that the total cost of natural rubber production per hectare of rubber orchard was 499774.8 NRs. /year. It was found to be economically viable and cost effective as indicated by satisfactory values of Benefit Cost Ratio (1.5), Net Present Value of NRs. 686547 at a discount rate of 12 percent and Internal Rate of Return 18 percent. Probit model revealed that trainings received, experience of rubber farming, ethnicity and membership in community organizations were significant factors that positively affected farmers’ decision in expanding rubber cultivation area. Received trainings solely could increase probability of acreage increment by 36.9 percent. Thus, it is recommended that extension services like training, farmers’ field school, and farm visits should be intensified for increment of profitability from rubber farming in Jhapa, Nepal.
Production economics and resource use efficiency of tomato under open field condition in Kapilvastu, Nepal
Authors: Subedi Manoj , Pandey Madhav , Ojha Rakesh Kumar , Acharya Bibek
Published: January 2020

A study was conducted in Kapilvastu district with an objective to analyze the production economics and resource use efficiency of tomato production under open field condition. Altogether ninety tomato growers were purposely selected for household survey. Primary data were collected using pre-tested interviews and focus group discussion with tomato farmers and stakeholders. Data was analyzed using SPSS and STATA, and socio-demographic characteristics, Cobb-Douglas production function and resource use efficiency of the tomato farmers was studied. The tomato production in the studied site was found to be a labor-intensive venture as cost incurred for labor was about 39 percent of the total cost with gross margin of NRs. 7255.10 per kattha and net profit of NRs. 5464.1 per kattha. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis showed positive and significant relationship of cost on labor, seed, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizer and micronutrients and other associated expenses with the gross income. The returns to scale of 1.02 indicated increasing returns to scale whereas resource use efficiency values indicated all input resources were underutilized in tomato production.
Q-Fever, an undermined zoonotic threat
Authors: Shrestha Swochhal Prakash , Kaphle Krishna , Panth Yuvraj , Shrestha Swoyam Prakash
Published: January 2020

With upto 75% of all human disease being zoonotic in origin, proper study of the diseases is necessary to prevent any outbreak or human loss. More studies are required for developing countries like Nepal where there are no appropriate provisions for situations after breakouts. One such little known sporadic zoonosis is Q-fever. Q-fever (Coxiellosis) is caused by Gram-negative bacterium Coxiella burnetii that infect cattle and other ruminants with serious concerns for developing reproductive disorders and flu-like symptoms in human. There have been reports of undifferentiated febrile illness of Rickettsial cause in human and seroprevalence of Coxiella antibodies in goats of Chitwan and dairy cattle of Rupandehi for the first time. Low infectious dose and high resistivity to environment makes the disease more potent. Q-fever continues to be unexplored in Nepal despite its identification in neighboring countries like India. Thus, this paper after reviewing related articles from various journals, proceedings and magazines from online sources like Google Scholar, Mendeley, NCBI and PubMed is aimed to evaluate current status of disease, its epidemiology, zoonotic potential and preventive measures that can be adopted to minimize the threat of the disease as much as possible.
Threats of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) incidence in Nepal and it’s integrated management-A review
Authors: Bhusal Sudhan , Chapagain Enjila
Published: January 2020

Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is in the state of major threat for Nepal especially in maize although it has more than 80 host to continue its life cycle. After its first incidence in Africa in 2016, it has already spread in more than 100 countries within a short period of time. It was seen in India for the first time in 2018. Due to the open border between Nepal and India, there is high probability of incidence of pest in Nepal. The temperature regime of Nepal is highly suitable for the pest establishment. Now is the time to think about the pest which can cause severe damage to the second most produced cereal crop of Nepal i.e. maize. Management of the pest is possible through many biological, chemical and cultural means. Planting of legumes as a trap crop and ploughing field properly before planting the field can be a best possible cultural method of managing the pest. Natural enemies like Telenomus, Trichogramma chilotraeae for controlling the eggs, Bacillus thuringiensis for larvae and Brachymeria ovata for pupa of Fall Armyworm in Maize and Vegetables. Similarly, Neem extracts are found be larvicidal and the oil extracted from the seeds of long pepper are found to be checking Spermatogenesis of the pest. Chemicals like Methomyl, Cyfluthrin, Methyl parathion are used tocontrol the pest. Use of chemicals at the initiation of the pest spread is discouraged as it can hamper the natural enemy present in the surrounding ecology. However, the use of pesticides can be done below the economic threshold level so that the pest does not develop any resistance towards the chemicals.
Valorisation d’une adventice poussant en Algérie : Chrysanthemum coronarium L
Authors: Benouaklil F. , Hamaidi-Chergui F. , Hamaidi M.-S. , Saidi F.
Published: January 2020

De nombreuses plantes aromatiques, considérées parfois comme adventices, possèdent des propriétés biologiques très intéressantes dont l’application s’étend à divers domaines telles que la médecine, la pharmacie, la cosmétologie et l’agriculture. Ce travail, réalisé sur l’huile essentielle des capitules de Chrysanthemum coronarium L., a pour objectifs de localiser les sites sécréteurs, de recenser les différents composés biochimiques et d’évaluer certains effets thérapeutiques. L’étude microscopique a montré la présence des glandes sécrétrices sessiles et des papilles responsables de la sécrétion de l’huile essentielle au niveau des capitules du chrysanthème à couronne. L’analyse par CG/MS de l’huile essentielle des capitules du chrysanthème à couronne, dont le rendement est de 0,15%, a permis l’identification de 57 constituants (89,51%) dont certains sont majoritaires, tels que l’ester d’acide acétoacétique, de 3(10)carèn-4-ol (14,01%) et l’acétate de verbanyle (8,20%). Malgré sa faible activité antimicrobienne, l’huile essentielle des capitules de Chrysanthemum coronarium L. testée sur 11 microorganismes par la méthode de diffusion sur Gélose se distingue par une activité remarquable sur Bacillus subtilis avec une zone d’inhibition de 20,33 mm ± 0,58. L’huile essentielle possède un effet anti-inflammatoire comparable à celui du diclofénac à une concentration de 50 mg/kg avec un pourcentage de réduction d’œdème de 46,95%.
Data-visualization and new literacies
Authors: De Moura Almeida Eduardo
Published: January 2020

This article introduces audiovisual data-set, and data-visualization methods developed to analyze video remixes, i.e., Anime Music Videos (AMVs). It mainly focuses on reviewing the methodology that has supported our Ph.D. thesis which aims to integrate a qualitative methodology according to Bakhtin's theories of genre and architectonics, and a quantitative methodology based on media visualization techniques and statistical distributions of formal and stylistic choices. More specifically, it aimed to reflect upon on audiovisual productions belonging to the site http://www.animemusicvideos.org/. Community whose goal is the elaboration and distribution of Japanese animations remixes called Anime Music Videos (AMVs). We propose to integrate an enunciative-discursive perspective, formulated for verbal language with an analysis objective method of multimodal objects. Hence we suggest a mixed research design (quantitative and qualitative) based on statistical distributions and description and analysis of our data visualization techniques, aiming to reveal relationships and patterns in our collection of audiovisual data, so as to provide productive transitions between the concepts proposed by Bakhtin and his Circle, and analysis of editing and video editing tools.
Improving the contact strength of V-belt pulleys using plastic deformation
Authors: Marchenko D.D. , Matvyeyeva K.S.
Published: January 2020

The article presents the results of a study of the contact strength of V-belt pulleys when they work on contact collapse. To increase the wear resistance and contact strength of the tribological conjugation, a method for rolling around the side surfaces of pulleys with a roller and a device for its implementation are proposed. The proposed method and device can increase the wear resistance of the pulleys, and hence the durability    of 1.6 ... 2.1 times.
PEMBELAJARAN RITEL ALFAMART CLASS SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA SISWA DI BUSINESS CENTER SMK NEGERI 2 NGANJUK
Authors: Sugi Lilis , Mahfudiyanto Mahfudiyanto , Prio Rohmad
Published: January 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan kegiatan pembelajaran ritel Alfamart class sebagai upaya meningkatkan minat berwirausaha siswa di business center SMK Negeri 2 Nganjuk  Jenis penelitian adalah menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan deskripsi untuk memaparkan hasil penelitian. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XI Pemasaran kewirausahaan yang memperoleh pembelajaran kewirausahaan di class Alfamart dan praktikum di business center SMK Negeri 2 Nganjuk sebanyak 90 siswa. Sampel Penelitian menggunakan rumus Slovin dengan jumlah 47 sampel. Peneliti merencanakan menggunakan metode pengumpulan data kuantitatif berupa kuesioner dan metode pengumpulan data kualitatif berupa wawancara. Hasil penelitian terdapat pengaruh positif pembelajaran ritel Alfamart class terhadap minat berwirausaha siswa di business center SMK Negeri 2 Nganjuk, dengan  koefisien regresi pembelajaran ritel Alfamart (X) sebesar 0,252 yang bernilai positif dengan sig 0,000 < 0,5.  Penjelasan pengaruh tersebut adalah mengasah kemampuan siswa dalam bidang kewirausahaan dan memberikan bekal pada siswa ketika praktek di Business center Alfamart memerlukan perhatian dan motivasi dalam kegiatan pembelajaran ritel.