bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Performance in Incentive Compensation
Authors: Dean Hildebrandt F.
Published: March 2007

Of the split award, multiplier, and matrix methods of determining individual awards under executive incentive plans, the matrix method tends to produce awards that are most closely tied to actual differences in performance.
Deferred Cash Compensation— The Other Side of the Coin
Authors: Sullivan James J.
Published: March 2007

Boosted by the Revenue Act of 1978, deferred compensation programs should be advantageous for the high-income earner.
Taxation of the Expatriate Employee After the Foreign Earned Income Act of 1978
Authors: Leamon Jerry P. , Claus Steve A.
Published: March 2007

The authors maintain that the latest law regulating taxation of U.S. employees abroad doesn't go far enough in alleviating inequities. They explain why and give guidelines on accumulating information to take full advantage of the law.
Investment Strategies for the Incentive Stock Options . Created by the 1981 Tax Act
Authors: Wolfe Stephen H.
Published: March 2007

Courtesy of the 1981 Tax Act, incentive stock options increase the potential gains for corporate executives and reduce the cost involved. [See page 2 for other effects of the Act.]
Sales Compensation: A Systematic Approach
Authors: Ellig Bruce R.
Published: March 2007

An effective compensation plan for the salesforce requires attention to marketing philosophy and objectives, product lines, and profit margins, and calls for an integrated approach by the compensation representative and the sales manager.
Health Care Cost Containment in the 1980s
Authors: Mcilroy Gary T.
Published: March 2007

Benefits administrators—and their employers—can no longer ignore the skyrocketing costs of health care. The wide range of measures explored here for controlling these costs include negotiating with providers, analyzing medical claims, enlisting the aid of employee/patients, structuring benefit programs to eliminate excesses, and setting up wellness programs to alter the lifestyles—smoking, drinking, poor nutrition—that result in crippling, even fatal diseases.
TO Defer or Not to Defer: Risks and Considerations
Authors: Paul Robert D. , Lawrence Stewart D.
Published: March 2007

Deferring compensation may not always be the best investment decision. In this age of hostile takeovers, executives will want to consider some other long-term investment options.
ISOs versus NQSOs: The Choice Still Exists
Authors: Linney Reid C. , Marshall Charles T.
Published: March 2007

Do the Tax Reform Act changes that affect incentive stock options effectively kill them as a viable long-term incentive vehicle? The authors say, maybe not!
Employee Benefits in the Year 2000
Authors: O'Donnell John B.
Published: March 2007

To meet the future needs of employees and employers, the author recommends that employers take a two-pronged approach: review employee benefit objectives and urge Congress to maintain a stable legislative environment.
The Link Between Compensation Design and Succession Planning
Authors: Tharp Charles Glen
Published: March 2007

Failure to consider succession objectives when planning executive compensation can lead to intradepartmental transfer problems. This article shows how to plan ahead and avoid future headaches.
Candida and the Lactating Breast: Predisposing Factors
Authors: Amir Lisa Helen
Published: March 2007

Candida albicans infection of the nipples and breast ducts is a cause of sore nipples and "shooting" breast pain during lactation. A questionnaire which sought to identify predisposing factors was given to 51 women with candidiasis of the lactating breast, 18 women with other breastfeeding difficulties, and 29 women breastfeeding without any difficulties.

Nipple damage in early lactation, mastitis, recent use of antibiotics postpartum, long-term use prior to pregnancy, and history of vaginal thrush were positively associated with candidiasis of the lactating breast. Thrush, especially oral thrush, was more common in babies of mothers in the candida group. However, some mothers with symptomatic candida infection reported none of these predisposing factors.
Writing for Publication: Case Reports
Authors: Coates Mary-Margaret
Published: March 2007

A publishable case report in the field of lactation consulting informs readers about some new or unexpected facet of lactation (the production of milk) or breastfeeding (the act of infant feeding). It increases our understanding of this physiological process and improves our ability to resolve breastfeeding problems. The Introduction should state the topic and why it is important. The Description should vividly describe the essential elements needed to understand the case; the Summary should discuss evidence from one's own observations and from pertinent literature that defends one's conclusions, and it should state how this information will be useful clinically. Having decided on the intended readership and a journal to which to submit the manuscript, and searched the literature for similar cases, the investigator has enough perspective to begin preparing a case report.
The Association of Formula Samples Given at Hospital Discharge With the Early Duration of Breastfeeding
Authors: Snell B. J. , Krantz Marie , Keeton Rebecca , Delgado Karen , Peckham Carol
Published: March 2007

Conflicting results have been reported regarding the association of formula samples given at hospital discharge with breastfeeding duration. This study investigated the relationship between the distribution of formula samples and breastfeeding duration in lowincome Hispanic women.

A gift pack of formula was distributed randomly to 88 breastfeeding women. All women received a telephone call at one and three weeks to collect information about infant feeding.

Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference in the proportion of women exclusively breastfeeding at one week. However, fewer women were exclusively breastfeeding in the gift pack group at three weeks (p<.004). Gift packs given to Hispanic breastfeeding women are associated with a decrease in exclusively breastfeeding during the first three weeks postpartum.
The Effects of Breast Reduction and Breast Augmentation Surgery on Lactation: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Widdice Laura
Published: March 2007

An annotated bibliography reviews journal literature, some medical texts and sources cited therein, from the past ten years on the subject of the effects ofbreast reduction and breast augmentation surgery on the ability to lactate. Far more information is available about the relationship of breast reduction surgery and lactation than about breast augmentation surgery and lactation. Women are often able to breastfeed after breast augmentation surgery. Depending upon the type of breast reduction surgery, estimates of the number of women who can lactate after reduction surgery range from zero to 70 percent.
An Assessment Tool for Evaluating Hospital Breastfeeding Policies and Practices
Authors: Kovach Andrea Crivelli
Published: March 2007

In 1991, UNICEF and WHO launched the Baby Friendly Hospital Initia tive, a global initiative promoting breastfeeding within hospitals. This article describes the development and use of a detailed questionnaire to acquire baseline data on hospital breastfeeding policies in the southeastern Pennsylvania Delaware Valley and to classify hospitals by their level of implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative.

The purpose of the questionnaire is twofold: a) to describe and analyze hospitals' breastfeeding policies and practices, and b) to classify hospitals with respect to their level of implementation of each of the Ten Steps and implementation of the Ten Steps overall. JHL 12:41-45, 1996.
HLA Antigens in Depressed, Demented, and Nondemented Elderly
Authors: Small Gary W. , Matsuyama Steven S. , Komanduri Ramanujam , Spar James E. , Fairbanks Lynn
Published: March 2007

To identify HLA antigen associations with geriatric depression, the authors typed 36 elderly patients with major depression and, for comparison, 36 patients with Alzheimer-type dementia and 29 nondemented elderly controls. The frequency for antigen Aw32 was significantly higher in the group of patients with major depression (14%) than in the demented (0%) and control (3%) groups. The frequencies for antigens Aw32 (22%) and Bw51 (22%) were significantly higher in the subgroup of 23 patients with endogenous depression than in the demented (Aw32 = 0%; Bw51 = 11%) and the control (Aw32 = 3%; Bw51 = 0%) groups. Although these results were derived from a relatively small sample (n = 101) and become nonsignificant when corrected for multiple comparisons, they suggest that HLA antigen associations may be present for only certain depressive subtypes in geriatric depression. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:70-75).
Diagnosis of Rare Dementia Syndromes: An Algorithmic Approach
Authors: Reichman William E. , Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The etiology of dementia can be diagnosed in most patients using a standard clinical approach consisting of physical, neurologic, and mental status examinations, and laboratory testing, lumbar puncture, and neuroimaging. In some cases, however, the clinical presentation or historical data are unusual, or the results of the workup are inconclusive or atypical. A rare cause of dementia may then be present and a complicated evaluation may be necessary to identify the specific disease process. A potentially useful approach to the diagnosis of rare dementing disorders consists of a series of diag nostic algorithms. This approach utilizes results of neuroimaging studies to guide the evaluation through additional diag nostic steps such as specific enzymatic or immunologic assays or biopsy of extraneural tissues. The disorders potentially detected by these algorithms typically have unusual clinical features such as early age of onset, abnormal neurologic signs and symptoms early in the clinical course, early personality and mood changes, extrapyramidal or cerebellar signs and symptoms, seizures, peripheral neuropathy or myopathy, and extraneural abnormalities involving the dermatologic, car diovascular, musculoskeletal, or ocular systems. Accurate diagnosis of these rare causes of dementia is important for medical and psychiatric management, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
Shoplifting Associated With Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: Report of a Case
Authors: McIntyre A.W. , Emsley R.A.
Published: March 2007

A 52-year-old woman who had been apprehended for shoplifting was found to have normal-pressure hydrocephalus due to aqueduct stenosis. We ascribe the shoplifting to impairment of social judgment, which was one of the observed fea tures of a dementia. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion by means of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt resulted in resolution of her symptoms. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:229-230).
Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease: Possible Effect of Genetic Variation in the Serotonin Transporter
Authors: Menza Matthew A. , Palermo Brandon , DiPaola Rocco , Sage Jacob I. , Ricketts Michael H.
Published: March 2007

Recently, a functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene has been linked to anxiety. In cell culture, the short allele of this polymorphism synthesizes less serotonin transporter, resulting in a reduction of the removal of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. This pilot study examines depression and anxiety in Parkinson's disease patients as a function of the variation in this polymorphism. Thirty-two patients were geno typed and then blindly administered the Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Scales. Clinical data on the neurologic features of the disease were also gathered. Patients with the short allele of the serotonin transporter promotor scored significantly higher on both the depression and anxiety measures. There were no differences between groups for any neurologic variable. Patients with the short allele were more likely to have scores for anxiety and depres sion that indicated "caseness." This study suggests that the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene may represent a significant risk factor for the development of anxiety and depression in Parkinson's disease patients. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:49-52).
Attention: Neuropsychological Predictor of Competency in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Bassett Susan Spear
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between two different competencies, financial and medical decision making, and explore whether neuropsychological testing can identify a common underlying cognitive oper ation impaired in patients with AD. The objective was to examine the neuropsychological predictors of financial and medical decision-making competencies in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Twenty individuals with mild to moderate AD and 20 control subjects matched for age and education were evaluated at a university medical center. All participants were administered a financial competency questionnaire, a competency test for medical deci sion making, and a set of standardized neuropsychological tests selected to reflect cognitive processes theoretically related to competency. In addition, an informant provided information regarding banking history for each partici pant. AD patients performed more poorly on all measures, including both measures of competency, which were highly related (R = .718, P < .001). Two tests, Trails A and Word List Recall, were significantly correlated with both competency measures, with Trails A predicting over 85% of the variance in competency scores. Trails A discrimi nated competent from not competent participants with an accuracy ranging from 77% to 82%. Measures of financial and medical decision-making competency were significantly correlated among patients with AD. One brief neu ropsychological test of attention, Trails A, proved to be highly predictive of performance on both competency measures and useful in the discrimination of competent performance on these measures and by informant report. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:200-205).
Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia: Development of Test Scales and Presentation of Data for 555 Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Mack James L. , Patterson Marian B. , Tariot Pierre N.
Published: March 2007

We studied 555 Alzheimer's disease patients on the Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia (BRSD), which uses infor mant interviews to measure behavioral pathology in demented patients. For the 45 items, ratings of present ranged from 5% to 66% of the subjects, with 39 rated present in at least 10%. Twenty-nine items were significantly corre lated with dementia severity. The mean number of items present per subject was 13.5; only two subjects had none rated present. Factor analysis identified six factors common to mildly and moderately demented subjects. Six sub scales were developed: Depressive Symptoms, Inertia, Vegetative Symptoms, Irritability/Aggression, Behavioral Dysregulation, and Psychotic Symptoms. Interitem consistency was high for three subscales (α's from .75 to .80) and moderate for three (α's from .48 to .56). Four subscale scores and total scores were significantly but weakly cor related with dementia severity. Detailed results and test instructions are presented in the BRSD manual, available from The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:211-223).
New Dimensions of Human Caring Theory
Authors: Watson M. Jean
Published: March 2007

This paper highlights the changing nature of nursing. Shifting direc tions toward a new consciousness of human caring and healing guide and direct nursing's future and offer a hopeful paradigm for the future of health care. What is emerging is a moral ideal of human caring that raises new questions and reverses the traditional medical treatment model. A caring ethic is introduced in relation to transpersonal caring theory that allows for new epistemologies and ontologies of being, such as evolution of consciousness and transcendence.
Interpretive reproduction in children's role play
Authors: Corsaro William A.
Published: March 2007

Recent theoretical developments in sociology, anthropology, and psychology have led to the development of an interpretive approach to childhood socialization. From the interpretive perspective, socialization is viewed as a reproductive rather than a linear process. The process is reproductive in the sense that children do not merely indi vidually internalize the external adult culture. Rather children become a part of adult culture, that is, contribute to its reproduction, through their negotiations with adults and their creative production of a series of peer cultures with other children. In this paper I analyze an everyday activity in the peer culture of young children, their pro duction of dramatic role play. The comparative micro-analysis of the role play of white middle-class and black lower-class children captures how the children's produc tion and sharing of important elements of their peer cultures contribute to the repro duction of basic features of the American class structure.
A comparison of the child rearing attitudes of Japanese and American mothers
Authors: Kakinuma M.
Published: March 2007

An examination of parenting magazines in Japan and the US reveals that Japanese mothers tend to seek advice from fellow mothers while American mothers tend to seek updated information on child-rearing practices. Up to 60% of articles in Japa nese magazines are based on some form of readers' input while less than 10% of arti cles in American magazines are. Content analysis of letters reveals that Japanese mo thers often write to tell funny experiences or exchange ideas, while Americans write to comment on the content of the magazine articles. These differences seem to reflect differences in the child-rearing traditions of both countries. Japanese child rearing is more communally oriented and sharing plays an important role. American child rear ing, however is a more private affair, where parents are responsible for gathering proper information.
In fairness to our children: international law and intergenerational equity
Authors: Weiss E.B.
Published: March 2007

Children are the first embodiment of the interests of future generations. Every gen eration receives the environment in trust from previous generations with obligations as trustees to protect it for future generations, and rights as a beneficiary to use it. Children have intergenerational rights to a robust environment in which we preserve options for them and protect the quality of such shared resources as air, water, and soil. While sustainable development is inherently intergenerational, we need to de velop further the normative framework for protecting the environmental interest of children and through them the interest of future generations.
Fathers and children: the missing link. Illustrated by the Norwegian case
Authors: Jensen An-Magritt
Published: March 2007

Much attention is given to changing family patterns in industrilized countries. Often the question is asked about how a family dissolution may affect the relationship be tween fathers and children, and the consequences for children of little contact. Here, the question is put another way around. It is asked how can we understand the increas ing tendency of fathers to have children in consensual unions, as opposed to marriage. Hence, attention is given to family formation and the change in marriage as a social institution to secure fathers rights to children. As consensual unions dissolve more often than marriages, fathers end up in a weaker situation than married fathers in relation to children. The question discussed is whether this can be understood as a reflection of children as a more marginal resource to fathers in present days families as compared to historical periods.
Culture, Arithmetic and Mathematical Models
Authors: Nunes Carraher Terezinha , Schliemann Analúcia Dias
Published: March 2007

Three sources of data on Mathematical knowledge are analyzed here in detail, leading to four main conclusions. First, reasoning principles underlying written and oral Mathematics appear to be the same. Second, there are diverse ways of understanding and using mathematical concepts which depend upon the cultural conditions under which Mathematics is practised. Third, schools transmit culturally perfected mathematical tools (such as numeration systems, algorithms, and formulas) and tend to make students good model-users but are perhaps carrying out this function at the expense of meaning. Fourth, Mathematics learning in daily life produces meaningful procedures which may, however, be of restricted applicability.
The Role of Energy in the Surgence of Ethnicity
Authors: Adams Richard N.
Published: March 2007

The only rationale the state has ever had for existing was that it could provide its members with greater security than was possible if they were to remain in fragmented societies. States have now demonstrated under a variety of regimes types - democratic, socialist, authoritarian, totalitarian, etc. - that they fall far short of meeting this demand. The current appearance of ethnic and ethnic-nationalistic movements all over the world reflect the human beings' return the individual's identity with a primordial social relation - ancestry - to create or recreate organizations to do the job left undone by the state.
A Humanistic Theory of Theory
Authors: Hatch Elvin
Published: March 2007

—ABSTRACT—

This article argues that anthropological theory necessarily takes the form of interpretive theory, for in order to understand human affairs it is necessary to understand the cultural systems of meaning that mediate the world that people experience. Even anthropologists who eschew interpretive approaches use them, often unwittingly, and the article analyzes the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Julian Steward to make this point.

It explores the nature of interpretive theory, giving an analysis of a variety of 'families' or types of interpretation that have appeared in the literature. It suggests that we may speak of progress in anthropological theory and indicates how this is achieved, and concludes by proposing that we may also speak of progress in ethnography.
Being at the ringside- and even in the ring
Authors: Cudlipp Jodi
Published: March 2007

The world of newspapers grew to know a great deal about the late Hugh Cudlipp- the colossus of Mirror Group Newspapers who became Baron Cudlipp of Aldingbourne. Hugh Cudlipp died on May 17, 1998. But it knows little about his widow, Jodi Cudlipp, his wife for 35 years. During that marriage Jodi Cudlipp met all the political luminaries of the period. British Journalism Review invited Lady Cudlipp to reminisce about...
'Dual brain action': the case studies of Lewis C. Bruce in the 1890s
Authors: Finger Stanley , Gehr Sara Elizabeth , West Allison Lewis
Published: March 2007

The idea that contrasting states of consciousness or dual personalities may in some way be related to the two hemispheres of the brain drew considerable attention during the nineteenth century, especially after cerebral dominance became accepted in the 1860s. The notion that the better educated and more verbal personality could be associated with the left hemisphere, whereas a more primitive or beast-like personality could be associated with the right, was the subject of two papers by Scottish psychiatrist Lewis Campbell Bruce in the 1890s. Bruce was guided by three beliefs: (a) that quality research can come out of asylums for the insane; (b) that purely psychological theories of mental disorders have been given entirely too much attention; and (c) that insanity must have a physical basis. After encountering three cases of what he called 'dual brain action ', he concluded that, at least in some cases, cortical epilepsy is a likely trigger for the switching back and forth from the more intellectual personality of the left hemisphere to the more instinctive and impulsive personality of the right hemisphere.
Neuropsychiatric perspectives from nineteenth-century India: the diaries of Dr Charles I. Smith
Authors: Jain Sanjeev , Murthy Pratima , Shankar S.K.
Published: March 2007

The history of disease contributes to a better understanding of the growth of ideas in medicine. The colonial period was marked by a rapid increase in the variety of diseases that were known to European practitioners. We have studied the diary of Dr Charles Smith who worked in Bangalore in the nineteenth century. We feel that some of his descriptions tally with later accounts of cysticercosis. He also comments on a wide range of behavioural symptoms, and attempts to correlate neuropathological observations to these. This neuropsychiatric perspective was prominent in the nineteenth century. Infective causes of psychiatric disorders are once again considered important; this account highlights the fact that similar ideas were prevalent in British India, even 150 years ago. In addition, Dr Smith's comments describe the social mileu of 'western' medicine in India in the early colonial period.
The development of the hysterical personality
Authors: Alam Chris N. , Merskey H.
Published: March 2007

We have surveyed a large sample of the literature in English and French from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries to examine the evolution of the idea of Hysterical Personality. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the predominant concept was one of depression, with violent and labile emotions and nervousness, accompanying physical complaints. Thereafter, depression was overshadowed by attention to suggestibility, egocentricity, deficient will, exaggeration, simulation and the like. The change of emphasis appears most with the Parisian group, especially Du Saulle (1883), Richer (1885), and Janet (1907). Concomitantly, with the development of the theories of conversion and dissociation the emphasis on depression and also on deficient will or lack of volition also declined.
The Maastricht Protocol On Social Policy: Theory and Practice
Authors: Falkner Gerda
Published: March 2007

This article undertakes a first stock-taking of the practice under the Maastricht Social Policy Agreement between the E U member states except the UK. It provides an overview of the rules and experience to date concerning the legal nature, its policy innovations, its corpor atist potentials, and the UK opt-out. The trends can be summarized as normalization, concerning the Agreement's legal character, and as trend continuation, concerning policy competences and majority voting. However, two surprising developments may already be observed: evolving patterns of 'Euro-corpora tism'; and significant effects from and on the UK. This country's opt-out, on the one hand, and the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference, on the other, have so far been considerable factors determining the application of the new powers. Therefore, the policy innovations of the Social Agreement might have much more of an impact in the longer run.
Equal Treatment for Men and Women in Complementary Pensions: Answers or Unresolved Questions?
Authors: Eylenbosch Ann , Verreth Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The European Union plays an important part in the equal treatment for men and women. Article 119 of the EC Treaty and the directives implementing the principle of equal pay for equal work reflect a rapidly changing evol ution since the Barber judgment. Not only the pension bodies themselves but also the govern ments and the other parties involved find it hard to recover from the shock wave the Barber judgment sent through the sector. The commotion caused by the issue of equal treat ment has not yet completely subsided.
'Social Partnerships', the Market and Trade-Union Involvement in Training: Britain and Germany Compared
Authors: Upchurch Martin
Published: March 2007

Interest has arisen in the contribution of vo cational education and training (VET) to national competitiveness as part of more gen eral debates on 'national economic models'. In particular the 'dual system' of the German `model' has been put forward as a more com petitive example than the deregulated and market-based system in Britain. Over the last decade and a half, training has been consider ably overhauled in Britain with the aim of rais ing both the quantity and quality of provision. A range of new initiatives has been introduced without altering the market-driven and volun tarist approach. More recently, policy docu ments have emerged in Britain from both government and opposition on the question of education and training, while in Germany the Kohl regime has launched a '50-point pro gramme' with the intention of labour-market deregulation and cutting non-wage costs. Yet evidence suggests that while the German sys tem itself is now under strain as a result of in creasing unemployment and employer-driven moves towards more flexible labour practices, it nevertheless remains superior in terms of its output and contribution to the country's skills base. This article assesses the core philosophies and approaches within both systems and ex amines the prospects for 'plugging the gap' in training between Britain and Germany. Finally, attention is given to the role of trade unions and collective bargaining as a vehicle for change.
Istanbul Rising
Authors: Robins Kevin , Aksoy Asu
Published: March 2007

This article takes as its starting point the debates on urban globalization and the formation of world cities. Its substantive focus is on the developments that are potentially transforming Istanbul into a global metrop olis. We consider the attempts being made by the urban elites to modernize the urban structure and form, in line with economic strategies taking place in other world cities. The article then moves on to consider the urban culture of Istanbul, looking at de velopments which problematize and inhibit economic globalization. These developments reflect the resur gence of elements that have been repressed in Tur kish culture during the Republican period (when Istanbul was displaced by Ankara as the national capi tal). What we now see is the coexistence of two Istanbuls: that being engineered from above by the urban elites; and that which is rising from below as a result of the new cultural dynamics. We argue that Istanbul provides an excellent focus for exploring the relation between economic and cultural, and also political, aspects of globalization, showing how the processes of urban change are rooted in the broader socio-economic agendas of the particular global region.
Some Aspects of Social Status, Culture and Promotion Factors of the Family in Relation to Sport Practice
Authors: Famaey-Lamon Annie
Published: March 2007

Sport is a reflection of society and depends on the nature and the behaviour of the persons going in for sport. These persons belong usually to a family, the basic cell of the social circle. A fundamental question is the relation existing between social and status characteristics, the culture level and the promotion chances of the family, which as a whole are characteristic for the behaviour of the members of the family and the sports they go in for.

The present investigation is part of a national population and family inquiry, known under the name of "Performance and Talent''. The information was gath ered by interviewing, 2,000 mothers of 12 year-old pupils of 107 representative schools spread over the whole territory of Belgium.

Among other facts it became evident, from the results of a two-dimensional and multivalent investigation, that:

— members of a family influence each other by the practice of sport;

— the relation between social status, culture and promotion factors in the family on the one hand, and sport practice on the other hand, may not be considered as really determinant;

— the justificatory social factors are not the same for both man and woman. Indeed, for both the educational level of the man is the most important predictor whether sport is practised or not.

This fact is established as well in combination with status and culture factors, as in connection with information concerning promotion chances.
Issues in and Patterns of Women's Participation in Sports in Nigeria
Authors: Anyanwu S.U.
Published: March 2007

In this article an attempt has been made to discuss some of the problems against women's involvement in sports in Nigeria. Reference is made to the Nigerian traditional culture which regarded women as the fair and weaker sex who should not participate in any vigorous physical activity. In the past, society frowned at women taking part in such activities like wrestling, shooting with bows and arrows, horse-back riding and hunting. The assumption of the people was that women's involvement in those traditional sports could make them de velop heavy muscles and loss their feminine appearance.

The article highlighted some misconceptions regarding the physiological effects of women's participation in sports on the menstrual cycle and child bearing ability. The fear of society about this was a great deterrent to women's participation in sports. Also the psychological effects of the influence of parents' opinion on their daughters participating in sports are mentioned.

The discussion on the current trends in women's participation in sports empha sised the equal opportunity which the Nigerian women now enjoy with man in sports. This social change is attributed to the impact of cultural contact between the Western world and Nigeria through formal education. With the present change of attitude toward women in sports, the Nigerian women have made a breakthrough in the arena of sports at national and international levels. The article gives a brief account of the performances and achievements of the Nigerian women in sports at the institutional and community levels and also at some inter national sports competitions such as the Commonwealth and the Olympic Games.
Professional Sport and the Recession: The Case of British Soccer
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to summarise the available evidence on the economic crisis currently affecting Professional Soccer in England and Wales. Various economic and social aspects of soccer's post-war decline are discussed, as well as the inadequacy of the analyses of soccer's current situation offered by economists. The paper proceeds to examine the ways in which individual clubs and the football league as a whole are now engaged in the search for new sources of capital. This forms the basis for an analysis of the contradictory tendencies and pressures towards "retrenchment" and "reconstruction" in the game's traditional relationship to the broader society.
Conflict Resolution in Games and Sports
Authors: Rees C. Roger , Miracle Andrew W.
Published: March 2007

Structural elements which seem to limit and control conflicts in games and sports are examined. How these elements may be developed within sport environments is then discussed. Valuable lessons can be learned (a) from sports and games in non-Western societies where conflict is often controlled by ritual, (b) from the informal games of children, where the play element often is maintained, and (c) from the concept of subordinate goals, developed as a way of ensuring association. Finally, these three forms of conflict resolution are demonstrated in the game of rugby football.
Status Crystallization, Social Class, Integration and Sport
Authors: Lüschen Günther
Published: March 2007

Consistent with Lenski's theory of status crystallization, a pilot study shows that athletes have comparatively low status crystallization; moreover, those with high levels of performance crystallize even lower. Obviously, sport and high sport performance compensate for status inconsistency. Contrary to Lenski, low-crystallized individuals try to gain influence in their groups and clubs, while the high-crystallized show more general social contacts and enjoy higher prestige. Athletes make criticisms of the existing social class system, particularly among those with low status crystallization. This results in a weakening of class crystallization, and it may suggest that, through sport, social integration beyond social classes is possible.
On Ethnic Sport Among Turkish Migrants in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Frogner Eli
Published: March 2007

Politicians and sociologists have endeavoured to ascertain the role of ethnic sport in view of the assimilation and integration of ethnic minorities. Data gathered from an inquiry of Turkish migrants in the Federal Republic of Germany are presented as a test of hypotheses regarding conditions for and effects of the participation in ethnic sport. It was found that participation in ethnic sport did not influence individual essimilation and personal integration. The study shows that, to a certain degree, acceptance of the traditional sport- specific norms was connected with participation in ethnic sport. All in all, the results of this study do not prove that ethnic sport can be regarded as an "asylum" for underprivileged members of an ethnic minority.
How Should We Theorize Sport in a Capitalist Patriarchy?
Authors: Hall M. Ann
Published: March 2007

Although materialist analyses of sport have been helpful insofar as they sort out the intricacies of class, they have been of much less assistance in discussions of gender. The problem is a production bias, which means a structuralist model of capitalist production relations within which gender relations are examined. The analysis of the patriarchy/ capitalism relationship must go beyond a mere encompassing of gender issues within a fundamentally unchanged materialism. Until this happens, there will be little real understanding of the social and symbolic significance of sport.
Some Comparisons of Women's Sport in East and West
Authors: Riordan James
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relative contributions of women in selected Western and Eastern countries to the sporting achievements of their national teams, particularly in the Olympic Games. It would seem evident that the public fact of women displaying physical and cerebral skill, strength, courage and grace, winning recognition for club or country, the self- acting behaviour and bodily liberation associated with sport are all serving to promote the notion of independent women acting in their own right. This is challenging the whole set of cultural and traditional attitudes about women's position and role in society. Thus sport may work as an agent of social change.
The Pictorial Representation of Sports on Television
Authors: Hesling Willem
Published: March 2007

A textual analysis of sports on television focusses on the semiotic codes these broadcasts are composed of. The sports broadcast is then considered to be an autonomous, textual reality which differs from the sports event in structure and function. An investigation of three popular television sports (football, tennis, cycle racing) demonstrates which textual television codes are being articulated. This analysis makes clear that sports on television serves three fundamental, textual functions: providing a fascinating illusion of reality, supplying surplus information and dynamizing the original sports event into an entertainment spectacle. By deploying these textual strategies, sports broadcasts on television have developed a "vraisemblance" which has gradually detached itself from the original sports event.
The Situation of Sport Sociology in France
Authors: Bouet Michel A. , Errais Borhane , Larbi Mohammed Ben , Leblanc Pierre
Published: March 2007

The sociology of sport as a structured body of specialized knowledge was established quite late (not before 1970). However, it developed quite rapidly, showing some original features, with a particular stress on social change. The main interests are in studies devoted to sport as social practices, to sports areas, to socio-economical aspects of sport and to ethno-sociology of sports. It is noticeable that a number of universitary institutions and the Institut National du Sport et de 1 'Education Physique (I.N.S.E.P.) are involved, as major partners, in the sociology of sport.
Physical Movement in the Aging Society of Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Kengo
Published: March 2007

Japan has an increasing population of aged people. This will lead to social problems and changes concerning both individuals and society at large. From an historical perspective, this paper outlines the past, present and future changes in the Japanese population structure and its human relationships. Individual abilities and interests will prevail over those of the group. The Japanese idea of group harmony must survive, however. The importance and real meaning of physical activity and related services for the old are emphasized.
Sociabilities and Volunteering in Sports Associations in France
Authors: Malenfant Chantal
Published: March 2007

In France, most of the people who are involved in sports associations as managers and coaches are volunteers. The general working hypothesis is that volunteers' motivations vary (although not radically) according to the different geographical areas. Distinct forms of sociabilities are emerging. The research shows that there is no overall contrast between the areas which have been studied. Nevertheless some trends are observed: Types of volunteers vary according to the geographical regions. Three kinds of sport sociabilities can be pointed out: sport sociabilities oriented towards the institutions (sports clubs); sport sociabilities oriented towards other people (sports participants); sport sociabilities oriented towards oneself.
Conflict Theory and Deviance in Sport
Authors: Eitzen D. Stanley
Published: March 2007

The general principles common to conflict theory are: (1) the primary unit of analysis is social structure; (2) conflict is endemic in social organizations; (3) persons in similar social conditions will organize to promote their group interests; (4) the powerful use their power to keep themselves in power; (5) inequities in wealth, power, and prestige plus the exploitation by the powerful toward the powerless lead to conflicts between them; (6) the understanding of society requires the understanding of the political economy; (7) the conditions of social organization, domination, and exploitation have alienating, repressive, and frustrating effects on individuals; and (8) human beings are the architects of social organization. These principles of conflict theory are applied to deviance in sport. Specifically, this paper defines deviance from the conflict perspective by using objective criteria. Next the structural roots of deviance in sport are examined by focusing on the structural conditions of massification and commodification.
Sociological Research on Sports Organizations in the Federal Republic of Germany: An Overview
Authors: Horch Heinz Dieter
Published: March 2007

The article gives a review of the sociology of sports organizations and hence of the sports organizations in West Germany. The most significant characteristic is that sport is here chiefly offered by voluntary associations. The overview of the results is made on the basis of system-theoretical arrangement. The organization is presented with its aims, and structure (mesosociology) in interaction with the members' (microsociology) and the outside world (macrosociology of the organization). The resume shows that the sociology of sports organizations in West Germany has made good progress in only a few years.
Sport in Society, Sociology and Journals: Missing Perspectives and Cultural Idiosyncrasies in an International Social Institution
Authors: Weis Kurt
Published: March 2007

The multi-levelled division of this topic brings out the fact that sport appears in different guises on these different levels. Sociology presents an important but one-sided perspective of sport as a national and international social institution. This is highlighted by recent developments in the Olympics. The author, former editor of the International Review for the Sociology of Sport, submits that sport in journals is hiding behind words which inform us irrefutably about the style and the cultural background of the authors, and somewhat more refutably and one-sidedly about sport. Sport actually concerns the culture of body and mind. overlooked by today's mainstream sociology.
Sport in Space and Time: "Civilizing Processes", Trajectories of State-Formation and the Development of Modern Sport
Authors: Dunning Eric
Published: March 2007

This paper is primarily about sport in the "civilizing process" in Norbert Elias's sense of that term (1939; 1978a; 1982). It is divided into two broad sections which are entitled: (i) Aspects of Time, Space and the Sociology of Sport and (ii) Aspects of Sport in the Civilizing Processes of Western Europe. Section 1 involves a discussion of some complex conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues, together with a critique of the ways in which some historians, philosophers and philosophically-orientated sociologists have conceptualized "space" and "time". This first section both starts and finishes with a consideration of sport-related issues. Section 2 involves an attempt to explain why specifically modern forms of sport developed first of all in England. Light is shed on this issue by means of a comparative and developmental analysis focused on the differential trajectories of state-formation of the emergent nation-states of Western Europe.
Commercial Supply for River Water Sports
Authors: Mounet Jean-Pierre , Chifflet Pierre
Published: March 2007

This article will highlight the relative influence of the physical, technical and symbolic factors in the creation and implementation of marketable products for river water sports. These products are offered in a "standardized" form which is specific to each company, concerning bank contact points. The products undergo a form of behavioral normalization of trajectories in the river.
Acute Inpatient Palliative Medicine in a Cancer Center: Clinical Problems and Medical Interventions—A Prospective Study
Authors: Lagman Ruth , Rivera Nilo , Walsh Declan , LeGrand Susan , Davis Mellar P.
Published: March 2007

The clinical characteristics and medical interventions of the 100 consecutive cancer admissions to the acute care inpatient palliative medicine unit at the Cleveland Clinic for 2 months are described. Median age was 62 years (range, 31 to 92 years). The male-female ratio was 1:1. Most admissions were referred by hematology-oncology and had prior antineoplastic therapy. Reasons for admission were symptom control and cancer-related complications. Patients underwent invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, hydration, transfusions, radiation, or chemotherapy, or a combination, during their admission. Most were discharged home with hospice care or had outpatient clinic follow-up. The mortality rate was 20%. Aggressive multidisciplinary management of symptoms, disease complications, comorbid conditions, and psychosocial problems were provided. Palliative medicine physicians provided continuity of care in the outpatient clinic and at home. An acute inpatient palliative medicine unit within a tertiary level medical center has a definable and important role in comprehensive cancer care.
A Prospective Randomized Study of Corticosteroids as Adjuvant Drugs to Opioids in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano L. , Berchovich Michela , Casuccio Alessandra , Fulfaro Fabio , Mangione Salvatore
Published: March 2007

This randomized controlled study evaluated the role of corticosteroids as adjuvants to opioid therapy in 76 advanced cancer patients with pain who requiring strong opioids. Patients were divided in 2 groups. Group O received conventional opioid treatment. Group OS received dexamethasone (8 mg orally) along with conventional treatment. Pain and symptom intensity, sense of well-being, and opioid escalation index and distress score were recorded at weekly intervals until death. No differences in pain intensity, opioid consumption, and opioid escalation index were found in 66 patients who survived 33 to 37 days. Corticosteroids did not provide significant additional analgesia to opioids, but persistently decreased opioid-related gastrointestinal symptoms for the patients with limited survival and improved the sense of well-being for some weeks. Corticosteroidrelated toxicity was minimal. Further studies with an increased sample size are necessary to detect any minimal difference in analgesia between the two groups.