bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spin Seebeck effect
Authors: Uchida K. , Ramos R. , Saitoh E.
Published: December 2017

Chapter 18 This chapter discusses the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), which stands for the generation of a spin current, a flow of spinangular momentum, as a result of a temperature gradient in magnetic materials. In spintronics and spin caloritronics, the SSE is of crucial importance because it enables simple and versatile generation of a spin current from heat. Since the SSE is driven by thermally excited magnon dynaimcs, the thermal spin current can be generated not only from ferromagnetic conductors but also from insulators. Therefore, the SSE is applicable to “insulator-based thermoelectric conversion” which was impossible if only conventional thermoelectric technologies were used. In this chapter, after introducing basic characteristics and mechanisms of the SSE, important experimental progresses, such as the high-magnetic-field response of the SSE and the enhancement of the SSE in multilayer systems, are reviewed.
Spin-Mechatronics—mechanical generation of spin and spin current
Authors: Matsuo M. , Saitoh E. , Maekawa S.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses interconversion phenomena between spin and mechanical angular momtum. In moving objects, the spin gauge fields emerge from inertial effects and produce angular momentum transfer between mechanical motion and spin. Such spin-mechanial effects are predicted by quantum theory in non-inertial frames, and confirmed by recent experiments including the resonance frequency shift in NMR, the stray field measurement of rotating metals, and the inverse spin Hall voltage generation in liquied metals. These spin-mechanical effects that arise via the spin-gauge fields open a new field of spintornics, where spin and mechanical motion couple harmoniously.
You are never yourself to yourself
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

This chapter begins with an account of Stein sitting for Picasso in 1905–6, and a discussion of her word portraits, before tracing how her art of portrait-writing evolved. It examines The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933), Everybody’s Autobiography (1938), Paris France (1940), and Wars I Have Seen (1945). The role of collaboration is explored, as well as how memoir-writing and autobiography implicate others. The chapter explores the aftermath of Stein’s first autobiography, as depicted in her second memoir; her ideas on autobiography and detective stories; the strong influence of visual art and Cubism on her work as an autobiographer; and the dichotomy between the present and the role of memory in all her literary portraiture. Stein’s portrayals of Ford, James, and Lewis are also discussed, as well as her years in Occupied France during the Second World War.
Epilogue
Authors: Boyd Maunsell Jerome
Published: December 2017

The Epilogue opens by discussing the composition of Viriginia Woolf’s unfinished fragment of autobiography, “Sketch of the Past” (1939–40). It analyzes some of Woolf’s theories in this text: above all, on how the time of the writing always affects the nature of autobiography, and on how all autobiography inevitably includes other people, thereby becoming a form of group biography. The Epilogue returns to and summarizes the central themes in Portraits from Life: especially the difficulty of distinguishing between the two genres of the novel and the autobiography, and the way in which autobiography is always implicatory. It argues that there is a crucial difference, finally, in the risks involved in “formal” autobiography, and ends with an assertion of the distinct features of autobiography as opposed to the novel.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Bowman Alan
Published: December 2017

The introduction sets the contributions of this volume within the context of scholarly debate over the scale, nature, and importance of Roman trade since the mid-twentieth century, and highlights the conceptual links and common leitmotifs between papers in the volume. The focus is on the period from c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state in commerce, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army.
Stone Use and the Economy
Authors: Russell Ben
Published: December 2017

This chapter concentrates on the non-imperial demand for stone in the Roman world, to provide some context for understanding the imperially orchestrated stone trade. Two related trends underpin the fashion for stone use: a widespread growth in demand for stone of all types, especially during the first three centuries AD; and targeted and disproportionately high demand for high-quality decorative stones. Imperial building projects played a major role in this process, setting the tone for much non-imperial activity; they have the highest densities of decorative stones and have consequently attracted most scholarly attention. However, in aggregate terms more stone was consumed by the non-imperial market; the bulk of this material moved only short distances to satisfy local demand. The level of demand for high-quality or uniquely patterned stone from imperial building projects, primarily at Rome, distorts the picture of small-scale, localized quarrying and the typically limited pattern of distribution that was the norm.
Procurators’ Business? Gallo-Roman Sigillata in Britain in the Second and Third Centuries AD
Authors: Fulford Michael
Published: December 2017

The publication of the potters’ stamps on Gallo-Roman sigillata (Names on Terra Sigillata: An Index of Makers’ Stamps & Signatures on Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata) offers an unparalleled opportunity for re-examining the movement of sigillata (samian) across the western provinces of the Empire between the first and third centuries AD from production centres in south, central, and eastern Gaul, and in Germany. The potters’ stamps provide a common means for quantitative analysis. This chapter examines examples where there is no decline in volume of supply of samian with distance from production centres, suggesting that this can be explained if the cost of transport was subsidized or met in full by the state, probably through the organization of the cursus publicus. Controlled supply raises further questions about the nature of luxury in the Roman world and, for Britain, of the role of London in the supply system.
The Silk Road between Syria and China
Authors: Graf David F.
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the archaeological and written evidence for the so-called Silk Roads and the development of trade along them between the second century BC and the end of the Han dynasty in the early second century AD. The Silk Road trade at the Chinese end originated epiphenomenally on the practice of state tribute and diplomatic embassies, as tribute in kind and diplomatic gifts were resold by their enterprising recipients. As trade developed along the routes westwards and gained its own momentum, its value was harnessed by the state in the form of heavy customs dues. Rather than a coordinated route utilized by merchants travelling the length of the terrain between China and Rome, the picture emerging is that of segmented trade involving various merchants.
The Speed of Tristram Shandy
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

The expansion of the turnpike system and the introduction of steel springs to carriages in the mid-eighteenth century led to a sudden increase in the speed at which people, goods, and information could travel around Britain. Some celebrated the profits and pleasures afforded by this new culture of mobility. Others, including Rousseau, warned that technological improvement was not being matched by comparable advances in health, happiness, and virtue. This chapter reads the radical digressiveness of Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy as a response to the alienating moral effects of the conventional modern novel’s linear, end-oriented narrative machinery. By derailing narrative progress—a rupture signalled in volume VII by the shattering of Tristram’s post-chaise—and withholding closure altogether, Sterne sought to deliver his readers from the circuit of desire, frustration, and disappointment he understood to organize both the experience of reading a modern novel and living in a modern technological society.
The Machine in the Ghost
Authors: Drury Joseph
Published: December 2017

Though famous for its visual effects, the most important feature of Ann Radcliffe’s gothic fiction is its use of mysterious music and indistinct sounds. According to late eighteenth-century vitalist physicians, the nerves vibrated in response to external impressions like the strings on a musical instrument. Alternately pampered and overstimulated by modern conveniences, the nerves lost the ‘tone’ necessary for physical and mental health. With the rise of a new ‘expressive’ aesthetics that emphasized literature’s power, like music, to stimulate affective responses rather than ideas, novels soon became implicated in this discourse. Like ‘ethereal’ instruments such as the Aeolian harp and the glass harmonica, Radcliffe’s narrative machinery was to administer therapeutic vibrations and excite imaginative reveries that reconnected the body to nature’s vital resources. In The Mysteries of Udolpho, however, Radcliffe warns that this machinery, if administered to an already debilitated body, could cause nervous pathologies and excite uncanny hallucinations.
Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

The quantification of perfusion from arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI data relies upon the principles of tracer kinetics. This chapter first outlines the simplest form of a tracer kinetic model that can be applied to ASL data, before exploring variations on this model that can be applied to extract other hemodynamic information such as arterial transit time. Finally, the chapter examines how tracer kinetic models are used with data to estimate perfusion parameters, including the use of model fitting and Bayesian inference.
Calibration: Estimating Arterial Blood Magnetization
Authors: Chappell Michael , MacIntosh Bradley , Okell Thomas
Published: December 2017

To get a measure of perfusion in absolute units from arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI measurements, a further calibration step is required. Using a separate image acquired at the same time as the main ASL data, a number of options exist to calculate the required value of arterial blood magnetization. This chapter outlines common approaches, along with their differing strengths and weaknesses, including using a reference region of tissue, or computation of the necessary calibration factor in each voxel of the image.
Baudelaire’s Assemblage
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Song is a combination of elements, of which the outcome is not always stable. This chapter examines the nature of the bonds formed between poem and music by proposing a new ‘‘assemblage’’ model, which focuses on five key parameters: (a) metre/prosody; (b) form/structure; (c) sound properties/repetition; (d) semantics/word painting; (e) live performance options. This approach bridges methodological gaps exposed through an examination of existing models used in translation theory, adaptation theory, and word/music theory. The two stages in the assemblage model examine: (1) adhesion strength (how closely poem and music stick together); (2) accretion/dilution (how successful the song setting is). The phases of analysis factor in how song is a non-permanent form which goes through multiple iterations of repackaging, including different performances of the same song and different settings of the same poem.
Repackaging Baudelaire
Authors: Abbott Helen
Published: December 2017

Beginning with a survey of known Baudelaire settings, this chapter analyses the extent of reworkings of Baudelaire’s poetry, including those made by the poet himself, through the different editions of Les Fleurs du mal, and translations of his work beyond France. The rationale for the selected corpus of song settings is then outlined (focus on an important time period for transmission of Baudelaire’s poetry across Europe; analysis of groups of Baudelaire poems set to music by a given composer; focus on scores which converge around the mélodie genre). It explores definitions of a ‘song set’ as: (a) a looser grouping than the ‘song cycle’ of the German Lied tradition; and (b) shaped by both aesthetic and commercial concerns. These concerns influence the analysis which seeks to balance ‘quantifiable’ features of song settings against the challenges of evaluating songs which emerge from a given historical and cultural context.
Science, Research, Development and Scholarship
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter defines the domain of science, research, development and scholarship. Science is the established knowledge; research is the process by which the scientific domain is extended. ‘Managing science’ means first ‘managing scientific research’–the process of discovering new facts and phenomena. However, the knowledge itself may not be immediately useful–to become useful requires development. While scholarship is more difficult to define, one way to describe it that it is the systematic accumulation of knowledge about knowledge (of something). This chapter makes the case for science across the whole domain, including ‘blue skies’ research. It also discusses the importance of mathematics and the costs of science.
Universities and Laboratories
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the institutions that do science (universities and laboratories), and discusses their organization and structure, as well as the similarities and difference between universities and national and international laboratories. A university is generally understood to be an institute of higher education; it offers teaching to academic degree standard, and pursues research and scholarship. In contrast, laboratories have usually a well-defined domain and limited scope for enquiry beyond that domain. The business of running a university or a laboratory and the structures needed to support them are described, and the concepts of vision, mission, strategic planning and research funding are introduced and described. Academic freedom and research ethics are also discussed.
Recruitment
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses the topic of recruitment. Recruitment is a key management activity. Mostly, recruitment is a great success but, occasionally, it can go horribly wrong. A significant objective of the recruitment process is to tilt the outcome in favour of the former while avoiding the latter. There are several different types of recruitment, but they share many common recruitment actions. The necessary paperwork (job description, person specification, advertisement, etc.) is discussed, as well as the need to eliminate both conscious and unconscious bias. The need for, and actions required to achieve, equal opportunity regardless of gender, ethnicity or sexual preference are also discussed. In addition, the processes of candidate selection and interview are described.
Managing Scientists and Others
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses issues regarding the management of scientists, such as performance appraisal, career development, pay, recognition and reward, promotion and tenure. As scientists work their way up the academic ladder, sooner or later they find themselves supervising someone else, typically a postdoc but possibly a graduate student or a technician. At some point, it becomes clear that a deeper understanding of the art of people management is required. This chapter addresses ways to develop people and, eventually, to deal with retirement. Examples of common personnel problems and how to deal with them are also discussed, including how to deal with the wayward genius. Finally, the sometimes delicate issue of authorship is discussed.
Committee Meetings
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

This chapter concerns the structure, organization and conduct of a meeting, including the special role of the chair of the committee. Meetings are an essential tool for getting things done, although, used skilfully, they can also be used to block the undesirable or unachievable. As meetings of one sort or another are an essential part of research life, professional scientists should aspire to be as efficient in these more managerial aspects as they are in the research itself. In this chapter, the various founding documents of the committee (terms of reference, standing orders, etc.) are described. The organization of the agenda and the writing of the minutes are also discussed. In addition, some examples are given about how to deal with difficult issues in committee.
Just Managing
Authors: Peach Ken
Published: December 2017

In this chapter, three aspects of management are discussed: first, the need for managers to behave in an ethical manner; second, the need for managers to avoid stress and, if it is unavoidable, to manage it; third, the business of management, that is, budgeting, accounts, audits, grant management and space management. Management is not an end in itself; it is a means to an end. In this case, the end is science–the pursuit of knowledge–for its own sake, for the advancement of society, or both. Good and effective management of science is essential if science is to be able to achieve its full potential, to make sure that the scientists have the resources, equipment, space and time to facilitate their science and are as little troubled by the burdens of bureaucracy as possible.
Aesthetic Goods and the Nature of Religious Understanding
Authors: Wynn Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers what kind of understanding is required if the religious or spiritual life is to be ordered not only to moral, but also aesthetic goods. It addresses three questions. First: how might aesthetic goods contribute to spiritual well-being? Second, what must the spiritual or religious person understand if their life is to be directed to these spiritually significant aesthetic goods? And finally: how is this understanding to be realized if its object is as described in our response to this second question? The chapter proposes that a deeper appreciation of the spiritual significance of aesthetic goods yields a new and fruitful perspective on the bodily and perceptual character of religious understanding.
Extraordinary Courts
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

While governments attributed the retention of capital punishment to the threat posed by the IRA, simultaneously they railed at the ineffectiveness of the ordinary courts. The jury had long been vulnerable to outside influences, whether this involved its packing with members supportive of the authorities or its intimidation by subversive elements. A complicating factor, especially in political crimes, was sympathy for perpetrators which could translate into a reluctance to convict. Sometimes the state dispensed with judges and juries and set up special tribunals, staffed initially by army officers, to ensure that prosecutions were secured, and enemies dispatched. The work of these extraordinary courts—the military courts, the Special Criminal Court, and the Special Powers Tribunal—is the focus of this chapter. The role of Seán MacBride and the cases of Seán McCaughey, George Plant, and Patrick McGrath, among others, are discussed.
Blurring the Separation of Powers
Authors: O'Donnell Ian
Published: December 2017

There is a tripartite separation of powers in Ireland and no organ of state may interfere with the functions exclusively ascribed to another. The legislature sets the parameters of punishment through the enactment of laws. The judiciary imposes punishment. The executive becomes involved in exercising clemency. The boundaries may seem clear but they are porous. When capital punishment was under consideration judges, legislators, governors general, and even the president, attempted to influence the executive in ways that ranged from the dubiously acceptable to the constitutionally impermissible. There was no evidence of the executive or legislative branches attempting to influence the judiciary; when judicial advice was sought it was with circumspection, patience, and deference. The cases of some condemned men—Patrick Boylan, Patrick Heffernan, William Wall, and Tomás MacCurtain—are reviewed in this chapter, and the actions of judges, politicians, and bishops on their behalf are analysed.
Realisms in International Political Theory
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the concept of realism in political science. It examines challenges and critiques against realism in this field, particularly when compared to its opposite—moralism. The chapter goes on to illustrate the unrealistic nature of certain realisms applied to political science, by citing three examples: the “realistic utopian” theory, immanence to practice, and a realism driven by a Nietzschean critique of morality and insisting on the categorical difference between morality and politics. The realisms of these examples are then rejected, paving the way for a discussion into the principle of justification. Finally, the chapter elaborates on two components for critical realism with regard to justice and democracy in transnational contexts: normative and empirical.
Introduction
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The introductory chapter to Part III, which focuses on religious change in Eastern Europe, discusses general trends of religiosity in the region. Changes to the religious landscape in the post-communist countries of Eastern and Central Europe have been marked in recent years by processes not only of revival, but also of decline. The introduction identifies three different trajectories in Eastern and Central Europe that will be dealt with: religious renaissance, religious decline, and slight decline against the background of widespread stability. This explains the choice of the three case studies to be analysed in the following chapters: Russia, East Germany, and Poland.
Poland
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

The chapter on Poland focuses on two questions. Why, in contrast to all other state-socialist countries, did the church’s capacity for integration actually increase rather than decrease despite persecution and discrimination during the communist period? And why has this capacity also remained more or less constant (albeit to a lesser extent) in the period since the end of communist rule? The authors have identified four key factors in the remarkable resistance of the Polish Catholic Church during the period of communist persecution: the fusion of religious and national values, the specific conflict dynamics of the church’s struggle with the state, the structural conservatism of agricultural production in Poland, and the actions of Pope John Paul II. Explanations for the surprising stability of religiosity in Poland after 1990 point to the behaviour of the Church itself, to the internal pluralization of Catholicism, and to the impact of a homogeneous religious culture.
Introduction
Authors: Pollack Detlef , Rosta Gergely
Published: December 2017

Opponents of secularization theory often emphasize that what can be said about religion in Europe cannot be applied to other regions of the world. They regularly refer to non-European countries where processes of modernization and religious revitalization have gone hand in hand. Therefore, to determine the role of religion in the modern world and the reasons for its changes means dealing with non-European societies. This short introductory chapter to Part IV explains the selection of the three case studies to be discussed in more detail in the chapters that follow: the US, South Korea, and the Pentecostal movement.
Internal Difficulties in Defending the Method of Cases, and the Claim of Continuity
Authors: Baz Avner
Published: December 2017

The chapter examines Timothy Williamson’s and Herman Cappelen’s attempts to defend the method of cases in its traditional, “armchair” form, against the “cognitive diversity” and “calibration” objections. The aim of the chapter is to continue the work of Chapter One of exposing the internal difficulties that have presented themselves for those wishing to defend the method, and to begin to work toward establishing the book’s basic contention that the method of cases rests on substantive and (therefore) challengeable presuppositions about language. More specifically, the chapter argues that Williamson’s and Cappelen’s defense of the method rests entirely on the claim of continuity between our employment of words outside philosophy and what we do with them when we ask the theorist’s questions and give our answers to them.
Conclusion
Authors: Baz Avner
Published: December 2017

The conclusion underscores the difference between the method of cases as commonly practiced and ordinary language philosophy. The latter proceeds by inviting us to project ourselves imaginatively into situations of significant speech—situations in which the words would actually be used; the former invites us to “apply” our words to “cases” from a metaphysically detached position in which nothing but a philosophical theory hangs on what we say. But, as argued in this book, apart from being put to some particular use or another, in a context suitable for that use, our words mean, and say, nothing determinate. The Conclusion accordingly proposes that in deploying the method of cases, we are going, and getting, nowhere with our words. It ends with a few thoughts about how that sort of philosophical idleness may be avoided.
Electrical Power Distribution
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

It is very difficult to store electrical energy in sufficient quantities, and transmission over long distances results in unacceptable losses. Generation of electrical power therefore has to match demand. The peaks in electrical demand usually come from domestic rather than industrial consumers. Generating systems that are best left running continuously, such as nuclear, are used to meet the base load, which is the demand that does not change with time of day or season. Generally, anything involving a steam cycle is better suited to meeting base load demand. Gas turbines that can respond quickly are used to meet demand peaks.
Air Transportation
Authors: Rez Peter
Published: December 2017

When an airplane is full, the energy used to travel a given distance compares very favourably with driving an economical car. Primary energy use is less since airplane turbofan engines are more efficient than car engines. Even airplanes with propellers driven by petrol engines are more efficient than cars as the engines are operating at near-peak rpm and producing a higher proportion of the rated power. Air travel uses a lot of energy because it makes travelling long distances easy, even if not very comfortable. The airplane is limited by the weight it can carry, which puts a limit on how tightly the passengers can be squeezed together. Given that drag will always be a factor in high-speed transportation, even for ground transportation, energy use can be minimised by reducing the cross-sectional area and squeezing more people into even smaller spaces, such as in the hyperloop.
Disentangling and Shapelessness
Authors: Kirchin Simon
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers a second anti-separationist strategy, namely the thought that if one separates thick concepts into thin evaluation and nonevaluative, descriptive content, as separationists think, one is erroneously committed to thinking that the latter can in some way map onto the evaluative concept that one is analysing such that one can predict novel uses of that concept. This anti-separationist argument is often called the ‘disentangling argument’, something that is reliant on the ‘shapelessness hypothesis’, and is associated with John McDowell and David Wiggins, among others. This famous argument and hypothesis are laid out in great detail. The upshot is that the argument does not work as traditionally given, although a weaker version may have some attraction. Overall it is argued that nonseparationists should pursue a different anti-separationist strategy.
The Greediness of Scales
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2017

Any straightforward attempt to capture the interactive relationships between size scales within a complexly layered material such as a bar of steel encounters immediate descriptive obstacles sometimes called the “tyranny-of-scales problem.” These obstacles trace not only to the unmanageable number of descriptive parameters required for such a task but to the fact that the localized models that capture the material’s scale-centered behaviors most effectively are syntactically inconsistent with one another. The innovations of modern multiscalar modeling have surmounted these barriers by developing descriptive architectures that implement clever forms of “divide and conquer” tactics. The tremendous effectiveness of these innovations offers great insight into the workings of practical language in general.
Believers in The Land of Glory
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2017

We employ words like “cause” both to structure an investigative architecture and to register concrete physical data in light of that strategic background. As a result, “cause”’s referential significance becomes very complicated as the word progressively enters fresh patches of application. Jim Woodward’s studies have demonstrated the central role that considerations of manipulative control play in mapping out the contours of these strategic specializations. In contrast, analytic metaphysicians have attempted to carve out an a priori pre-science of causal necessity that falters through ignoring these developmental considerations. All in all, this essay presents a critique of necessitarian thinking not unlike that offered by Quine in his well-known “Two Dogmas of Empiricism.”
A Second Pilgrim’s Progress
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: December 2017

Influenced by Quine, self-styled naturalist projects within the philosophy of mathematics rest upon simplistic conceptions of linguistic reference and how the inferential tools of applied mathematics help us reach empirical conclusions. In truth, these two forms of descriptive enterprise must work together in a considerably more entangled manner than is generally presumed. In particular, the vital contributions of set theory to descriptive success within science have been poorly conceptualized. This essay explores how a less onerous “naturalism” can be conceived on this corrected basis. A useful distinction between “mathematical optimism” and “mathematical opportunism” is introduced, which draws our attention to some open questions with respect to the concrete representational capacities of applied mathematics.
Isaac of Nineveh's Ascetical Eschatology
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: December 2017

This book demonstrates that Isaac’s eschatology is an original synthesis based on ideas garnered from a distinctively Syriac cultural milieu. This cultural milieu includes ideas adapted from Syriac authors like Ephrem, John the Solitary, and Narsai, but also ideas adapted from the Syriac versions of texts originally written in Greek, like Evagrius’s Gnostic Chapters, Pseudo-Dionysius’s Mystical Theology, and the Pseudo-Macarian homilies. Isaac’s eschatological synthesis of this material is a sophisticated discourse on the psychological transformation that occurs when the mind has an experience of God. It begins with the premise that asceticism was part of God’s original plan for creation. Isaac says that God created human beings with infantile knowledge and that God intended from the beginning for Adam and Eve to leave the Garden of Eden. Once outside the garden, human beings would have to pursue mature knowledge through bodily asceticism. Although perfect knowledge is promised in the future world, Isaac also believes that human beings can experience a proleptic taste of this future perfection. Isaac employs the concepts of wonder and astonishment in order to explain how an ecstatic experience of the future world is possible within the material structures of this world. According to Isaac, astonishment describes the moment when a person arrives at the threshold of eschatological perfection but is still unable to comprehend the heavenly mysteries, while wonder describes spiritual comprehension of heavenly knowledge through the intervention of divine grace.
The East-Syriac Reception of Evagrius’s Gnostic Chapters
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: December 2017

The first chapter demonstrates that even though Isaac quotes Evagrius throughout much of his writing, Isaac does not adopt Evagrius’s eschatological framework. In order to reach this conclusion, this chapter conducts a detailed comparison of two Syriac translations of the Gnostic Chapters, which is the Evagrian text that Isaac quotes most often. While the sixth-century Syriac version of the Gnostic Chapters includes a detailed eschatological consideration of the human soul in the future world, the fifth-century Syriac version is void of any distinctive eschatological framework. Since Isaac only used the fifth-century Syriac version of the Gnostic Chapters, he cannot have derived his eschatological framework from Evagrius. Rather, following Babai the Great, who established a framework for interpreting the fifth-century Syriac version of the Gnostic Chapters, Isaac interprets Evagrius’s Gnostic Chapters as a work describing the journey of asceticism.
Felix Culpa
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the theological milieu that informs Isaac’s protological narrative, which in turn, informs his eschatology. Isaac’s protology is influenced by the infantile Adam tradition begun by Theodore of Mopsuestia, but preserved in the extant Syriac tradition by Narsai. According to both Theodore and Narsai, God intentionally created Adam in a mortal state so that Adam could pursue immortality through a process of maturation from infant to adult. Isaac repeats this position and cites Theodore as a source, but he also adds a unique ascetical component from Pseudo-Macarius. In particular, he says that the bodily labor assigned to Adam as a consequence of the fall has become the primary means by which human beings undergo the maturation process. Since the time of Christ, this bodily labor has taken on the form of monastic asceticism, which Isaac describes with “cultivation” language inspired by the Syriac version of the Pseudo-Macarian corpus.
Wonder as the Culmination of Isaac of Nineveh’s Eschatology
Authors: Scully Jason
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Isaac’s synthetic account of wonder and astonishment, which makes use of all the source material discussed in the previous three chapters. According to Isaac, the human soul is capable of processing material sensations with temporal reasoning, but it cannot process spiritual forms of knowledge. Since spiritual insights are immaterial and cannot be understood through temporal reasoning, the soul enters into a state of uncomprehending astonishment when it receives spiritual insights from divine revelation. The mind, by contrast, is capable of comprehending spiritual insights through wonder. The transition from astonishment to wonder represents the moment when a person moves from soul to mind and begins to comprehend the mysteries of the future world through ecstasy. Once people understand the mysteries of the future world, they begin to live the heavenly way of life while remaining in the material world.
The King’s English by Kingsley Amis
Authors: Ostade Ingrid Tieken-Boon van
Published: December 2017

The famous English novelist Kingsley Amis also wrote a usage guide, called The King’s English, published posthumously in 1997. This title refers to his illustrious predecessor Henry Fowler, who is frequently quoted in the book and even has an entry of his own—unusual for the genre. In this chapter I will argue that Amis’s The King’s English is not a typical usage guide. Though it does offer language advice, most of the entries read like brief linguistic—often humorous—narratives rather than typical usage items. His section on Americanisms, is an example of this; and he also published instances of usage advice elsewhere, as on the once controversial hopefully. This chapter therefore argues that the book was actually a publisher’s project, aiming to profit both from Amis’s reputation when he was still remembered well by the public and from the growing market for usage advice literature at the time.
Punch as a satirical usage guide
Authors: Crystal David
Published: December 2017

Punch magazine is a primary source for popular attitudes to language in the nineteenth century. This chapter presents the findings of a comprehensive search of the issues published in the Victorian era, between 1841 and 1901, to determine which linguistic topics provided the motivation for articles and cartoons. Particular attention is devoted to grammar (especially the ongoing influence of Lindley Murray) and pronunciation (especially the use and abuse of ‘letter H’), but a number of other themes also emerged, notably in relation to vocabulary, slang, orthography, and style. Languages other than English (especially French) also receive satirical attention. A chronologically organized appendix lists all the items found.
Uncomfortable questions and inconvenient data in conservation science
Authors: Kareiva Peter , Marvier Michelle
Published: December 2017

This chapter outlines the problems of exaggeration, misuse of statistics, and publication bias that plague all scientific disciplines, but that may be especially acute in the mission-oriented field of conservation. Because conservation describes itself as a crisis discipline, its scientific publications tend to reinforce that view, even when the data are lacking. And when data run counter to accepted wisdom, out of fear such results might be misinterpreted or misused to counter conservation’s mission, the review process sometimes favors dogma over data. Black-box models, data gaps filled with expert opinion, and a general lack of easy access to key data make the testing of alternative hypotheses or interpretations extremely difficult. Self-correction and iteration are key to scientific progress. In conservation especially, with the fate of biodiversity in the balance, it is essential that conservationists get the science right, even if it means admitting mistakes.
What is the evidence for planetary tipping points?
Authors: Brook Barry W. , Ellis Erle C. , Buettel Jessie C.
Published: December 2017

This chapter critically evaluates the likelihood that planet Earth will cross one or more global environmental tipping points, resulting in a degraded state that would be difficult to reverse. Ecological tipping points occur when components of a system change rapidly due an initial forcing that is amplified by positive feedbacks, resulting in a regime shift. The chapter examines the evidence in support of biological and geophysical boundaries that clearly delimit a “safe operating space” for people and biodiversity. For individual ecosystems, abrupt state transitions have been documented. However, apart from the climate system, there is scant evidence (or theoretical justification) to support the view that global aggregates like biodiversity, chemical cycles, or resource extraction have planetary thresholds that define the boundaries of a global safe operating space. Acknowledging the absence of clear evidence for thresholds or boundaries at the global level does not diminish the seriousness of anthropogenic impacts. It does, however, imply that local-scale mitigation actions will be most effective.
Fealty to symbolism is no way to save salmon
Authors: Kareiva Peter , Carranza Valerie
Published: December 2017

This chapter tells the story of how the management options regarding Snake River chinook salmon became conflated with advocacy efforts to remove four major hydroelectric dams. As a result, conservation scientists lost sight of the larger, more complicated landscape of threats to these salmon. Simulation models that were meant to explore a wide variety of management options were so complex as to be impenetrable, and model outputs were never compared to real population data. Based on these flawed models, advocates for dam removal overstated the peril to salmon with a certainty that was unjustified (e.g., forecasting certain extinction by 2017 that never happened). This chapter argues that turning a complicated decision about hydropower, engineering solutions, hatcheries, harvest, habitat degradation, and salmon into a symbolic choice of “dams or fish” has hindered the discovery of portfolios of intervention and management that might actually solve the problem.
Conservation in the real world
Authors: Kiesecker Joseph M. , Sochi Kei , Evans Jeff , Heiner Michael , Kennedy Christina M. , Oakleaf James R.
Published: December 2017

This chapter highlights the challenge of meeting conservation goals in the face of a rapidly expanding human population, and advocates for the conservation community to expand its focus from the siting of protected areas to also include spatial planning for how to achieve development objectives. A framework entitled, Development by Design, is introduced to proactively identify when development impacts are compatible with conservation goals and when they are not, and to invest as much analysis into anticipating where development is likely to occur as into biodiversity needs. This chapter examines two applications of this framework—oil and gas development in the western USA and mining in Mongolia, documenting how a mix of stakeholder engagement, strong science, and ultimately a willingness to compromise can not only produce significant conservation gains but also meet economic objectives.
Conservation bias: What have we learned?
Authors: Silliman Brian , Wear Stephanie
Published: December 2017

Conservation science is unique among scientific disciplines in that it was founded on a set of normative principles. The often dogmatic adherence to these principles has made conservation science vulnerable to confirmation bias. When confronted with data, many foundational ideas in conservation, such as all nonnative species are bad, reserves are the best method to save nature, and biodiversity is declining locally, are found to be inconsistent or inaccurate. Evaluation of the validity of these ideas, however, is not crippling. Instead critical evaluation provides opportunities to learn and pivot to take advantage of new opportunities. These new conservation frontiers include planning to co-exist with nature in addition to protecting nature from humans, and creating novel and hybrid ecosystems in addition to restoring ecosystems to a pristine state. The future holds great promise for nature to expand and thrive if data are used to correct biases and conservation practices are adjusted accordingly.
Corruption and Anticorruption in France between the 1670s and the 1780s
Authors: Durand Stéphane
Published: December 2017

This chapter shows that the way in which corruption was dealt with at the level of provincial administration depended on how it was uncovered and on the choice of individual plaintiffs between the ordinary courts of the kingdom (justice déléguée) and the king’s justice retenue. Promising swiftness and harshness in tackling administrative misconduct, the latter, which was represented in the provinces by the intendant, gradually encroached on the business of the ordinary courts. The chapter shows that royal government associated the effectiveness of royal prosecution of corruption with avoiding jurisdictional competition and concentrating judicial proceedings in the intendant’s hands. Although the latter’s judicial duties thrust him into the thick of local politics and local rivalries, his investigations hardly ever tried to follow the political ramifications of corruption cases.
Corruption and Anticorruptionin Early-Nineteenth-Century Sweden
Authors: Bågenholm Andreas
Published: December 2017

This chapter challenges common historiographical claims about the significance of the Swedish transition of circa 1800. It concludes, based on a novel reading of key primary sources, that there is only weak evidence that Sweden was a thoroughly corrupt state around 1820 or that corruption was the most important political problem at that time, and was therefore actively and effectively combated in the subsequent decades. However, the chapter does present evidence that there was a great awareness of the problems that existed and argues (while being aware of the conceptual problems involved) that these problems show many similarities with Weberian-style bureaucratization.
Corruption in an Anticorruption State?
Authors: Steiner André , Petrak-Jones Kirsten
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a striking account of corruption in a state that saw itself as both free from corruption and as a clear exponent of the modern belief in the end of corruption; namely, the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR). It discusses the official ideology and the anticorruption laws that were in place but also three distinct types of corruption that were present in the GDR. Ultimately, the chapter shows how the image of anticorruption was maintained by, on the one hand, accommodating to certain privileges and overlooking the clear misconduct of a part of the communist elite and, on the other hand, by concealment of the actual evidence of corruption.
Afterword
Authors: Johnston Michael
Published: December 2017

The afterword to this volume argues that seeking a triumph of anticorruption smacks of rosy self-assessments that situate us at the end of history. It continues to explain that there are at least two other major fallacies in the ways we commonly understand corruption problems. One is to assume that the standards against which we judge political actors are more or less permanent aspects of the political landscape. The second fallacy is to assume that thanks to modern conceptions of “good governance” and the role of the “neutral” state and technological innovations we have now got anticorruption figured out. The afterword concludes by emphasizing that we would be well-served if we were to look to the past, as well as to other parts of the world, with the more modest goal of learning how to ask, and seek answers for, better questions.
Marriage, Slavery, and the Merger of Wills
Authors: Broad Jacqueline
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines three seventeenth-century feminist critiques of the misogynist pamphleteer John Sprint (fl. 1699–1700). It demonstrates that an ideal of freedom as rational self-governance—controlling one’s own will in conformity with the law of reason—plays a crucial role in the arguments of Sprint’s key critics, Eugenia, Mary Astell, and Mary Chudleigh. In their responses to Sprint, these Englishwomen highlight the moral dangers of the marital relationship, and especially the threat that such relationships pose to a woman’s capacity for rational self-governance. They argue that marriage thwarts this capacity if a wife is expected to ‘merge her will’ with that of her husband (as Sprint had suggested), such that she only ever thinks and desires what he himself thinks and desires. The chapter concludes by drawing parallels between these women’s views and those of recent feminist theorists of autonomy.