bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waveform inversion of poststacked reflection seismic data with well log constrained using nonlinear optimization methods
Authors: Parra Jorge O. , Parra Jonathan S. , Iturraran-Viveros Ursula
Published: November 2017

Surface reflection seismic inversion techniques are currently applied by the industry for mapping the rock physical properties of oil reservoirs. This information permits speeding up the interpretation process to ultimately provide well locations. At present, many companies require the inversion to be completed before any well is drilled. Inversion techniques can be applied to prestacked and poststacked seismic data. Prestacked data inversion is more complex than poststacked, but it provides more information for the interpreter (e.g., P-wave and S-wave impedances). On the other hand, poststacked inversion provides only the acoustic P-wave impedance. However, the main outcome of prestacked inversion is the increase in resolution when full waveforms are inverted. Currently, poststacked seismic inversion is used to correlate P-wave impedance with rock physical properties obtained from well logs. The logs are provided by a well near the survey line, allowing images of different rock properties to be processed and analyzed. We extend the use of the acoustic P-wave impedance by constraining it with the well lithology, consequently categorizing the impedance by classes (i.e., sand, shale, and limestone) and converting the impedance to earth properties using well logs and regression models. This process allows us to build a single initial estimate of the earth property model, which is iteratively refined to produce a synthetic seismogram (by means of forward modeling) to match the observed seismic data. The inversion algorithm that minimizes the misfits between observed and synthetic full-waveform data improves the P-wave velocity resolution. The interpreter can thus delineate thin channels (flow units saturated with hydrocarbons) that are undetected using current techniques.
Student Zone
Authors: Elkins Kathryn
Published: November 2017

Fifty university student officers from SEG Student Chapters representing 27 countries received travel grants to attend the SEG/Chevron Student Leadership Symposium (SLS), which took place 22–24 September in conjunction with the SEG International Exposition and 87th Annual Meeting in Houston, Texas.
Reviews
Authors: Krebes Edward S.
Published: November 2017

The Finite-Difference Modelling of Earthquake Motions: Waves and Ruptures, by Peter Moczo, Jozef Kristek, and Martin Gális, ISBN 978-1-107-02881-4, 2014, Cambridge University Press, 383 p., US $160 (print).
Phase II Study of BGJ398 in Patients With FGFR-Altered Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Javle Milind , Lowery Maeve , Shroff Rachna T. , Weiss Karl Heinz , Springfeld Christoph , Borad Mitesh J. , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Goyal Lipika , Sadeghi Saeed , Macarulla Teresa , El-Khoueiry Anthony , Kelley Robin Kate , Borbath Ivan , Choo Su Pin , Oh Do-Youn , Philip Philip A. , Chen Li-Tzong , Reungwetwattana Thanyanan , Van Cutsem Eric , Yeh Kun-Huei , Ciombor Kristen , Finn Richard S. , Patel Anuradha , Sen Suman , Porter Dale , Isaacs Randi , Zhu Andrew X. , Abou-Alfa Ghassan K. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios
Published: November 2017

Purpose

No standard treatment exists for patients with cholangiocarcinoma for whom first-line gemcitabine-based therapy fails. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 ( FGFR2) fusions/translocations are present in 13% to 17% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. BGJ398, an orally bioavailable, selective pan-FGFR kinase inhibitor, has shown preliminary clinical activity against tumors with FGFR alterations.

Methods

A multicenter, open-label, phase II study ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02150967) evaluated BGJ398 antitumor activity in patients age ≥ 18 years with advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma containing FGFR2 fusions or other FGFR alterations whose disease had progressed while receiving prior therapy. Patients received BGJ398 125 mg once daily for 21 days, then 7 days off (28-day cycles). The primary end point was investigator-assessed overall response rate.

Results

Sixty-one patients (35 women; median age, 57 years) with FGFR2 fusion (n = 48), mutation (n = 8), or amplification (n = 3) participated. At the prespecified data cutoff (June 30, 2016), 50 patients had discontinued treatment. All responsive tumors contained FGFR2 fusions. The overall response rate was 14.8% (18.8% FGFR2 fusions only), disease control rate was 75.4% (83.3% FGFR2 fusions only), and estimated median progression-free survival was 5.8 months (95% CI, 4.3 to 7.6 months). Adverse events included hyperphosphatemia (72.1% all grade), fatigue (36.1%), stomatitis (29.5%), and alopecia (26.2%). Grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 25 patients (41%) and included hyperphosphatemia (16.4%), stomatitis (6.6%), and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (4.9%).

Conclusion

BGJ398 is a first-in-class FGFR kinase inhibitor with manageable toxicities that shows meaningful clinical activity against chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma containing FGFR2 fusions. This promising antitumor activity supports continued development of BGJ398 in this highly selected patient population.
Platelet Transfusion for Patients With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update
Authors: Schiffer Charles A. , Bohlke Kari , Delaney Meghan , Hume Heather , Magdalinski Anthony J. , McCullough Jeffrey J. , Omel James L. , Rainey John M. , Rebulla Paolo , Rowley Scott D. , Troner Michael B. , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: November 2017

Purpose

To provide evidence-based guidance on the use of platelet transfusion in people with cancer. This guideline updates and replaces the previous ASCO platelet transfusion guideline published initially in 2001.

Methods

ASCO convened an Expert Panel and conducted a systematic review of the medical literature published from September 1, 2014, through October 26, 2016. This review builds on two 2015 systematic reviews that were conducted by the AABB and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines. For clinical questions that were not addressed by the AABB and the International Collaboration for Transfusion Medicine Guidelines (the use of leukoreduction and platelet transfusion in solid tumors or chronic, stable severe thrombocytopenia) or that were addressed partially (invasive procedures), the ASCO search extended back to January 2000.

Results

The updated ASCO review included 24 more recent publications: three clinical practice guidelines, eight systematic reviews, and 13 observational studies.

Recommendations

The most substantial change to a previous recommendation involved platelet transfusion in the setting of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Based on data from randomized controlled trials, adult patients who undergo autologous stem-cell transplantation at experienced centers may receive a platelet transfusion at the first sign of bleeding, rather than prophylactically. Prophylactic platelet transfusion at defined platelet count thresholds is still recommended for pediatric patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation and for adult and pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Other recommendations address platelet transfusion in patients with hematologic malignancies or solid tumors or in those who undergo invasive procedures. Guidance is also provided regarding the production of platelet products, prevention of Rh alloimmunization, and management of refractoriness to platelet transfusion ( www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines and www.asco.org/guidelineswiki ).
Predicting Severity of Acute Pain After Cesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review
Authors: Gamez Brock H. , Habib Ashraf S.
Published: November 2017

Cesarean delivery is one of the most common surgical procedures in the United States, with over 1.3 million performed annually. One-fifth of women who undergo cesarean delivery will experience severe pain in the acute postoperative period, increasing their risk of developing chronic pain and postpartum depression, and negatively impacting breastfeeding and newborn care. A growing body of research has investigated tools to predict which patients will experience more severe pain and have increased analgesic consumption after cesarean delivery. These include quantitative sensory testing, assessment of wound hyperalgesia, response to local anesthetic infiltration, and preoperative psychometric evaluations such as validated psychological questionnaires and simple screening tools. For this review, we searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane database, and Google Scholar to identify articles that evaluated the utility of various tools to predict severe pain and/or opioid consumption in the first 48 hours after cesarean delivery. Thirteen articles were included in the final review: 5 utilizing quantitative sensory testing, including patient responses to pressure, electrical, and thermal stimuli; 1 utilizing hyperalgesia testing; 1 using response to local anesthetic wound infiltration; 4 utilizing preoperative psychometric evaluations including the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and simple questionnaires; and 2 utilizing a combination of quantitative sensory tests and psychometric evaluations. A number of modalities demonstrated statistically significant correlations with pain outcomes after cesarean delivery, but most correlations were weak to modest, and many modalities might not be clinically feasible. Response to local anesthetic infiltration and a tool using 3 simple questions enquiring about anxiety and anticipated pain and analgesic needs show potential for clinical use, but further studies are needed to evaluate the utility of these predictive tests in clinical practice.
Effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Outcomes in Adult Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies
Authors: Xie Jianfeng , Zhang Xiwen , Xu Jingyuan , Zhang Zhongheng , Klingensmith Nathan J. , Liu Songqiao , Pan Chun , Yang Yi , Qiu Haibo
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been demonstrated to prevent organ dysfunction in cardiac surgery patients. However, recent large, prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had controversial results. Thus, a meta-analysis of RCTs was performed to investigate whether RIPC can reduce the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute kidney injury (AKI), and mortality in adult cardiac surgery patients.

METHODS:

Study data were collected from Medline, Elsevier, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science databases. RCTs involving the effect of RIPC on organ protection in cardiac surgery patients, which reported the concentration or total release of creatine kinase-myocardial band, troponin I/troponin T (TNI/TNT) after operation, or the incidence of AMI, AKI, or mortality, were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted data using a standardized data extraction protocol where TNI or TNT concentrations; total TNI released after cardiac surgery; and the incidence of AKI, AMI, and mortality were recorded. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS:

Thirty trials, including 7036 patients were included in the analyses. RIPC significantly decreased the concentration of TNI/TNT (standard mean difference [SMD], −0.25 ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.41 to −0.048 ng/mL; P = .004), creatine kinase-myocardial band (SMD, −0.22; 95% CI, −0.07–0.35 ng/mL; P = .46), and the total TNI/TNT release (SMD, −0.49 ng/mL; 95% CI, −0.93 to −0.55 ng/mL; P = .03) in cardiac surgery patients after a procedure. However, RIPC could not reduce the incidence of AMI (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70–1.13; P = .34) and AKI (relative risk, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72–1.06; P = .18), and there was also no effect of RIPC on mortality in adult cardiac surgery patients. Interestingly, subgroup analysis showed that RIPC reduced incidence of AKI and mortality of cardiac surgery patients who received volatile agent anesthesia.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our meta-analysis demonstrated that RIPC reduced TNI/TNT release after cardiac surgery. RIPC did not significantly reduce the incidence of AKI, AMI, and mortality. However, RIPC could reduce mortality in patients receiving volatile inhalational agent anesthesia.
Perioperative Steroid Use for Tonsillectomy and Its Association With Reoperation for Posttonsillectomy Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshihisa , Shinzawa Maki , Tanaka Shiro , Tanaka-Mizuno Sachiko , Kawakami Koji
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:

Steroids reduce postoperative complications after tonsillectomy such as nausea and vomiting, pain, and delayed recovery. However, steroids may also increase the risk of severe posttonsillectomy bleeding requiring reoperation.

METHODS:

To evaluate the risk of postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation related to perioperative steroid use, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of 6149 patients treated at 68 hospitals using a hospital-based claims database. The primary outcome was reoperation for bleeding within 14 postoperative days. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) between perioperative steroid use and reoperation by multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders. We also estimated differences in the adjusted risk. Subgroup analyses after dividing patients into adults and children were also performed.

RESULTS:

The incidence of reoperation did not differ significantly between patients who received steroids on the day of tonsillectomy and those who did not (1.8%, n = 15 vs 1.5%, n = 79; adjusted OR 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45–1.43; P = .46). We also found nonsignificant associations in both adults (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.38–1.38; P = .33) and children (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.34–4.11; P = .80). The adjusted risk differences estimated by the logistic regression model were −0.30% (95% CI, −1.05 to 0.45) in all patients, −0.64% (95% CI, −1.82 to 0.54) in adults, and 0.13% (95% CI, −0.93 to 1.19) in children.

CONCLUSIONS:

Steroid use on the day of tonsillectomy was not associated with an increased risk of reoperation for bleeding. Although the wide range of CIs for the ORs could not eliminate the possibility of increased risk, especially in children, the incremental risks of reoperation for steroid use were within an acceptable range for both adults and children. Our results support the safety of perioperative steroid use for tonsillectomy, considering the magnitude of risk of reoperation because of bleeding.
Airway Management in a Patient With Tracheal Disruption due to Penetrating Neck Trauma With Hollow Point Ammunition: A Case Report
Authors: Johnson Angela M. , Hill James L. , Zagorski Dave J. , McClain Joseph M. , Maronian Nicole C.
Published: November 2017

Rapid sequence induction and intubation was performed for a patient in respiratory distress after a gunshot wound to the neck. Resistance was noted distal to vocal cords. With a bronchoscope unavailable, the endotracheal tube was advanced with a corkscrew maneuver. Subcutaneous emphysema had developed. The endotracheal tube was advanced into the right mainstem with adequate ventilation. Imaging illustrated tracheoesophageal injury. The patient was emergently explored. An intraluminal bullet was removed, lateral wall tracheal defect was repaired, and a tracheostomy was placed. The intubating provider should secure the airway by the method they are most comfortable, have high suspicion of airway injury, and prepare to manage airway disruption.
Mechanical regulation of musculoskeletal system development
Authors: Felsenthal Neta , Zelzer Elazar
Published: November 2017

During embryogenesis, the musculoskeletal system develops while containing within itself a force generator in the form of the musculature. This generator becomes functional relatively early in development, exerting an increasing mechanical load on neighboring tissues as development proceeds. A growing body of evidence indicates that such mechanical forces can be translated into signals that combine with the genetic program of organogenesis. This unique situation presents both a major challenge and an opportunity to the other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, namely bones, joints, tendons, ligaments and the tissues connecting them. Here, we summarize the involvement of muscle-induced mechanical forces in the development of various vertebrate musculoskeletal components and their integration into one functional unit.
miR-126-5p promotes retinal endothelial cell survival through SetD5 regulation in neurons
Authors: Villain Gaëlle , Poissonnier Loïc , Noueihed Baraa , Bonfils Gaëlle , Rivera Jose Carlos , Chemtob Sylvain , Soncin Fabrice , Mattot Virginie
Published: November 2017

MicroRNAs are key regulators of angiogenesis, as illustrated by the vascular defects observed in miR-126-deficient animals. The miR-126 duplex gives rise to two mature microRNAs (miR-126-3p and -5p). The vascular defects in these mutant animals were attributed to the loss of miR-126-3p but the role of miR-126-5p during normal angiogenesis in vivo remains unknown. Here, we show that miR-126-5p is expressed in endothelial cells but also by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the mouse postnatal retina and participates in protecting endothelial cells from apoptosis during the establishment of the retinal vasculature. miR-126-5p negatively controls class 3 semaphorin protein (Sema3A) in RGCs through the repression of SetD5, an uncharacterized member of the methyltransferase family of proteins. In vitro, SetD5 controls Sema3A expression independently of its SET domain and co-immunoprecipitates with BRD2, a bromodomain protein that recruits transcription regulators onto the chromatin. Both SetD5 and BRD2 bind to the transcription start site and to upstream promoter regions of the Sema3a locus and BRD2 is necessary for the regulation of Sema3A expression by SetD5. Thus, neuronally expressed miR-126-5p regulates angiogenesis by protecting endothelial cells of the developing retinal vasculature from apoptosis.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Planar Chiral Cyclophanes
Authors: Tanaka Ken
Published: November 2017

The catalytic enantioselective synthesis of planar chiral cyclophanes has been achieved by two types of transition-metal catalysis: (1) enantioselective construction of aromatic rings by transition-metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions; (2) enantioselective construction of ansa chains by transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. The former approach has been achieved by the cationic rhodium(I)/H8-BINAP complex-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of triynes, which afforded planar chiral dioxa[6]–[12]metacyclophanes with high ee values, although the yields were low. Planar chiral carba[10]–[12]paracyclophanes could also be synthesized with high yields and ee values by the cationic rhodium(I)/BDPP complex-catalyzed enantioselective intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of cyclic diynes with monoynes. On the other hand, the latter approach was achieved by the cationic rhodium(I)/BINAPHANE or palladium(II)/BINAP complex-catalyzed double C–S bond formation between dithiols and 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzenes, which afforded planar chiral dithia[9]–[12]paracyclophanes and dithia[3.3]paracyclophanes with varying yields and ee values.
Announcements of Support and Public Good Provision
Authors: Kessler Judd B.
Published: November 2017

Providing information about contributions to public goods is known to generate further contributions. However, it is often impossible to provide verifiable information on contributions. Through a large-scale field experiment and a series of laboratory experiments, I show that nonbinding announcements of support for a public good encourage others to contribute, even when actual contributions might not or cannot be made. Providing a way to easily announce support for a charity increases donations by $865 per workplace fundraising campaign (or 16 percent of average giving). I discuss implications for understanding prosocial behavior and for organizations aiming to increase contributions to public goods. (JEL C93, D64, D83, H41, L31)
Fiscal Unions
Authors: Farhi Emmanuel , Werning Iván
Published: November 2017

We study cross-country risk sharing as a second-best problem for members of a currency union using an open economy model with nominal rigidities and provide two key results. First, we show that if financial markets are incomplete, the value of gaining access to any given level of aggregate risk sharing is greater for countries that are members of a currency union. Second, we show that even if financial markets are complete, privately optimal risk sharing is constrained inefficient. A role emerges for government intervention in risk sharing both to guarantee its existence and to influence its operation. The constrained efficient risk-sharing arrangement can be implemented by contingent transfers within a fiscal union. We find that the benefits of such a fiscal union are larger, the more asymmetric the shocks affecting the members of the currency union, the more persistent these shocks, and the less open the member economies. Finally, we compare the performance of fiscal unions and of other macroeconomic stabilization instruments available in currency unions such as capital controls, government spending, fiscal deficits, and redistribution. (JEL E62, F31, F32, F41, F45)
Not So Demanding: Demand Structure and Firm Behavior
Authors: Mrázová Monika , Neary J. Peter
Published: November 2017

We show that any well-behaved demand function can be represented by its “demand manifold,” a smooth curve that relates the elasticity and convexity of demand. This manifold is a sufficient statistic for many comparative statics questions; leads naturally to characterizations of new families of demand functions that nest most of those used in applied economics; and connects assumptions about demand structure with firm behavior and economic performance. In particular, the demand manifold leads to new insights about industry adjustment with heterogeneous firms, and can be empirically estimated to provide a quantitative framework for measuring the effects of globalization. (JEL F12, L11)
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodule smaller than 1.0 cm: accuracy of TIRADS classification system in more than 1000 nodules
Authors: Mendes Guilherme F , Garcia Marcio RT , Falsarella Priscila M , Rahal Antonio , Cavalcante Junior Francisco A , Nery Daniela R , Garcia Rodrigo G
Published: November 2017

Objective:

To identify whether or not the same ultrasound features can be applied and should be considered to support the decision as to which subcentimeter nodules should be biopsied with fine needle aspiration (FNAB).

Methods:

Single-institution, IRB approved, retrospective study conducted from 2008 to 2016 that evaluated 1094 thyroid nodules smaller than 1.0 cm that were classified according to TIRADS and submitted for FNAB.

Results:

The value of FNAB of thyroid nodules smaller than 1.0 cm were assessed and correlated with the sonographic criteria by comparing the obtained results with the cytological findings in 1094 thyroid nodules. In the analysis considering all nodules, the proportion of malignancies among nodules with TIRADS 2 is 0.91% and for TIRADS 3 is 2.87%. Among those classified as 4A, 12.26%; with 4B classification, 34.43%; with 4C classification, 66.6%; and among those with 5 classifications, 85.7%.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the TIRADS classification system, based on the sonographic features reported herein, may help detect which nodules should be investigated for potential malignancies.

Advances in knowledge:

Few reports compare the efficacy of ultrasound-FNAB for thyroid nodules smaller than 1.0 cm in diameter. The findings of malignancy in this subgroup of nodules may help in the clinical follow-up of which patients should be submitted to an early imaging evaluation or intervention.
Διεκδικητικό Κίνημα και Πολιτική: Ο ελληνικός συνδικαλισμός πριν από τη δικτατορία (1962-1967)
Authors: Σεφεριάδης Σεραφείμ
Published: November 2017

Το κείμενο αυτό στοχεύει διπλά: αφενός, σε μια καταρχάς συγκριτι- κή-θεωρητική διατύπωση των ευρύτερων ιστορικών-δομικών χαρακτηριστικών και της αναπτυξιακής τροχιάς του ελληνικού εργατικού κινήματος και, αφετέρου, στη διερεννηση της συνεισφοράς τον στο κοινωνικό και πολιτικό γίγνεσθαι κατά την κρίσιμη πενταετία πριν από τη δικτατορία. Το άρθρο διατυπώνει τα πρώτα ερευνητικά συμπεράσματα για (α) την εξέλιξη της συνδικαλιστικής αντιπολίτευσης στον εσωτερικό θεσμικό χώρο του κινήματος (β) την αμφίδρομη σχέση που η αντιπολίτευση αυτή είχε με το διεκδικητικό κίνημα και την πολιτική συγκυρία, και (γ) τη σημασία της πολιτικής των εργατικών οργανώσεων καθώς και των πολιτικών κομμάτων με επιρροή στα λαϊκά στρώματα, ως παράγοντα που βοηθά στην ερμηνεία της αδυναμίας του εργατικού κινήματος να προβάλλει ουσιαστική αντίδραση στην επιβολή της δικτατορίας. Το κείμενο τελειώνει με εκτενή βιβλιογραφική αναφορά σε πρόσφατες μελέτες που εννοιολογούν συγκριτικά την επίδραση της δικτατορίας στον ελληνικό συνδικαλισμό.
Δημήτρης Χαραλάμπης, Δημοκρατία καί παγκοσμιοποίηση. Η έννοια τον ανθρώπου στη νεωτερικότητα: Πραγματική αφαίρεση καί ορθός λόγος, Ίδρυμα Σάκη Καράγιωργα, Αθήνα 1998
Authors: Δεμερτζής Νίκος
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Herbert Dachs, κ.ά. (επιμ.), Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs. Die Zweite Republik, 3η έκδ., Manz, Βιέννη 1997, 955 σελ. Emmerich Talos, κ.ά. (επιμ.), Handbuch des politischen Systems Österreichs. Erste Republik 1918-1933, εκδ. Manz, Βιέννη 1995, 711 σελ. Volkmar Lauber (επιμ.), Contemporary Austrian Politics, Boulder, Westview Press, 1996, 289 σελ.
Authors: Μαυρογορδάτος Γ. Θ.
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
ΕΥΑΓΓΕΛΟΣ ΒΕΝΙΖΕΛΟΣ, Η αναθεώρηση τον Συντάγματος: Συνολικό σχέδιο για την Ελλάδα του 21ου αιώνα, Συναινετική αναθεώρηση II, Εκδ. Αντ. Ν. Σάκκουλα, Αθήνα 1998. I. Μ. ΒΑΡΒΙΤΣΙΩΤΗΣ, Η Ελλάδα μπροστά στο 2000, Ένα Νέο Συνταγματικό Πλαίσιο, Εκδ. Αντ. Ν. Σάκκουλα, Αθήνα 1998.
Authors: Μακρυδημήτρης Αντώνης
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Ιωάννα Τσιβάκου, Υπό το βλέμμα του παρατηρητή: Περιγραφή και σχεδίαση κοινωνικών οργανώσεων, Θεμέλιο, Αθήνα 1997, 243 σελ.
Authors: Καλλίνικος Ιωάννης Γ.
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Εκλογικές μεταβολές στην κοινωνική βάση του νέου ΠΑΣΟΚ: Διεύρυνση του εκλογικού ακροατηρίου και ρωγμές στον σκληρό πυρήνα
Authors: Ζαφειρόπουλος Κώστας , Μαραντζίδης Νίκος
Published: November 2017

Σε σχέση με προηγούμενες εκλογές, οι πιο πρόσφατες βουλευτικές εκλογές παρουσίασαν ένα διαφορετικό είδος εκλογικής συμπεριφοράς, σε ό,τι αφορά στην ταξικότητα της ψήφου προς το ΠΑΣΟΚ. Η πρόσφατη βιβλιογραφία δείχνει ότι οι ψηφοφόροι των αστικών περιοχών της πρωτεύουσας έτειναν να μετατοπιστούν προς το παςοκ στις εκλογές του 1996, ενώ, αντίθετα, αυτοί των λαϊκών περιοχών εκδήλωσαν έντονες τάσεις φυγής. Στο άρθρο αυτό επεκτείνουμε την ανάλυση σε εννέα μεγάλες πόλεις. Επιχειρούμε μια ποσοτική ανάλυση με χρήση πινάκων συνάφειας και log-linear μοντέλων. Στις δύο μεγαλύτερες πόλεις, Αθήνα και Θεσσαλονίκη, τα κοινωνικά στρώματα δείχνουν να έχουν διαφορετική στάση απέναντι στο παςοκ από ό,τι στις υπόλοιπες επαρχιακές πόλεις, όπου εμφανίζεται μια περισσότερο κοινωνικά ομοιογενής συμπεριφορά.
Susan Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War, The Brookings Institution, Washington DC 1995, ix+536 σελ.
Authors: Βερέμης Θάνος
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Κέντρο Γυναικείων Μελετών και Ερευνών Διοτίμα , Το φύλο των δικαιωμάτων. Εξουσία, γυναίκες και ιδιότητα του πολίτη, Νεφέλη, Αθήνα 1999,565 σελ.
Authors: Σπουρδαλάκης Μιχάλης
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Η νέα διοικητική «πραγματικότητα» στην πρωτοβάθμια τοπική αυτοδιοίκηση: ο Ν. 2539/1997
Authors: Χρυσανθάκης Χαράλαμπος
Published: November 2017

Με το V. 2539/1997, η Πολιτεία προέβη στην αναδιαμόρφωση του καθεστώτος των πρωτοβάθμιων οργανισμών τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης (δήμων, κοινοτήτων και επαρχείων). Η μεταρρύθμιση αυτή χαρακτηρίζεται από το πλεονέκτημα του εκσυγχρονισμού. Ταυτοχρόνως όμως δε στερείται και ορισμένων νομικών και οργανωτικών προβλημάτων. Τα εν λόγω προβλήματα επιβάλλουν την ενεργοποίηση τόσο του νομοθέτη όσο και της διοίκησης προς την κατεύθυνση της σαφούς οριοθέτησης των ασκούμενων αρμοδιοτήτων, της προσεκτικής παρακράτησης των τοπικών υποθέσεων υπέρ των οτα, και της καλύτερης επικοινωνίας μεταξύ των ενδιαφερομένων και των αρμόδιων αρχών
Οι νέες σχέσεις κεντρικού και τοπικού δημόσιου τομέα με αφορμή τον περιορισμό των κρατικών επιχορηγήσεων και την αύξηση των τοπικών φορολογικών εσόδων
Authors: Γκέκας Ράλλης
Published: November 2017

Αντικείμενο αυτού του άρθρου είναι να μελετήσει τη νέα ποιότητα στις σχέσεις κεντρικού και τοπικού δημόσιου φορέα. Στην Ελλάδα οι σχέσεις αυτές περνούν κρίση με αφορμή την αύξηση των τοπικών φορολογικών εσόδων. Η έρευνα πραγματοποιήθηκε με βάση τα δεδομένα ενός δείγματος πολιτικών που εφαρμόστηκαν στις χώρες Αυστρία, Γαλλία, Δανία, Ολλανδία και Φινλανδία για τη χρονική περίοδο 1979-1992. Διαπιστώνεται ότι η συμπεριφορά των Οργανισμών Τοπικής Αυτοδιοίκησης ήταν πολύ διαφορετική από αυτή που ανέμεναν οι κεντρικές κυβερνήσεις. Όταν η διαφωνία μεταξύ τοπικής-κεντρικής κυβέρνησης είναι μεγάλη, οι αποκλίσεις από τους αρχικούς στόχους της κεντρικής κυβέρνησης είναι μεγαλύτερες. Αυτό είναι ένα στοιχείο που θα πρέπει να ληφθεί πολύ σοβαρά υπόψη, ακόμα και στην Ελλάδα που η Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση δεν έχει την ανάλογη αυτονομία ή φορολογική ελευθερία.
Δίκαιο είναι το νόμιμο - Βιβλιοκριτικό Δοκίμιο: Niklas Luhmann, Νομιμοποίηση μέσω διαδικασίας Μτφρ. Κωνσταντίνος Βαθειώτης, εκδόσεις Κριτική, σειρά: Γλώσσα-Θεωρία-Πράξη, Αθήνα 1999, 389 σελ.
Authors: Μακρυδημήτρης Αντώνης
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Ζιλ Λιποβετσκί , Το λυκόφως τον καθήκοντος. Η ανώδυνη ηθική των σύγχρονων δημοκρατικών καιρών. Πρόλ. Δ. Ποταμιάνος. Μτφρ. από τα γαλλικά [Le crépuscule du devoir. L’éthique indolore des nouveaux temps démocratiques] B. Μηγιάκη, Καστα- νιώτης, Αθήνα 1999, 325 σελ.
Authors: Κωνσταντακόπουλος Σταύρος
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Benjamin Constant, Περί ελευθερίας και ελευθεριών, ελληνική μετάφραση Ελ. Κόλια - Τ. Δαρβέρης, επιμέλεια Φ. Παιονίδης, Ζήτρος, Θεσσαλονίκη 2000.
Authors: Κοτρόγιαννος Δημήτρης
Published: November 2017

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Ο ρόλος του κράτους στα ραδιοτηλεοπτικά μέσα επικοινωνίας: Μύθος καί πραγματικότητα
Authors: Σεραφετινίδου Μελίνα
Published: November 2017

Το άρθρο καταδεικνύει το μύθο πίσω από την αντίληψη της κρατικής ραδιοφωνίας-τηλεόρασης ως «δημόσιας κοινωνικής υπηρεσίας» αναπτύσσοντας μια ερμηνεία των κρατικών μέσων η οποία εδράζεται στη θεώρηση του σύγχρονου παρεμβατικού κράτους όχι ως διαχειριστή της οικονομίας, αλλά ως νέο φορέα του κεφαλαίου, ως κρατικό κεφάλαιο το οποίο αντικαθιστά ή ανταγωνίζεται τον παραδοσιακό φορέα  τις ιδιωτικές επιχειρήσεις. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στην ανάλυση των μηχανισμών που αποκαλύπτουν τον κεφαλαιοκρατικό χαρακτήρα των δημόσιων οργανισμών «κοινής ωφελείας», καθώς και την εγγενή ιδιοτέλεια των στελεχών τους. Τέλος, υποστηρίζεται ότι η έκταση και η συγκεκριμένη μορφή που προσλαμβάνει ο κρατικός έλεγχος του ραδιοτηλεοπτικού πεδίου σε κάθε χρονική περίοδο ή/και κοινωνικό σχηματισμό σε τελική ανάλυση καθορίζεται από την ισορροπία δυνάμεων μεταξύ κρατικού και ιδιωτικού κεφαλαίου, όπως αποδεικνύουν τα γεγονότα που οδήγησαν στην επικράτηση της ιδιωτικής πρωτοβουλίας στις ΗΠΑ, στο κρατικό μονοπώλιο στις ευρωπαϊκές κοινωνίες μέχρι τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του ’70, και στην απορύθμιση και ιδιωτικοποίηση του πεδίου από το 1980 και μετά.
Κομματικό σύστημα και πολιτικός ανταγωνισμός στην Ελλάδα, 1981-2001
Authors: Παππάς Τάκης Σ.
Published: November 2017

Το άρθρο αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια αναθεώρησης της κρατούσας στη σχετική βιβλιογραφία άποψης, σύμφωνα με την οποία το σύγχρονο κομματικό σύστημα, αφενός μεν, αποτελεί συνέχεια του προδικτατορικού συστήματος, αφετέρου δε, χαρακτηρίζεται από (περιορισμένο) πολυκομματισμό και ισχυρή πόλωση. Αντίθετα, υποστηρίζει αυτό το άρθρο, το κομματικό σύστημα που διαμορφώθηκε στη χώρα μετά τις εκλογές του 1981 και εξακολουθεί να παραμένει σε ισχύ είναι κλασικός δικομματισμός. Στο πρώτο μέρος, αναπτύσσεται μια κριτική θεώρηση της κρατούσας αντίληψης στη βάση τριών ερωτημάτων: εμπειρικού, θεωρητικού και ερμηνευτικού χαρακτήρα. Στη συνέχεια επιχειρείται η καταμέτρηση των «σημαντικών» κομμάτων που διαθέτει το σύγχρονο κομματικό σύστημα. Η καταμέτρηση αποδίδει δύο μόνο σημαντικά κόμματα, το ΠΑΣΟΚ και τη να, πράγμα που θεμελιώνει την υπόθεση περί δικομματισμού. Στο τρίτο μέρος, η συζήτηση εστιάζεται στα χαρακτηριστικά του εκλογικού ανταγωνισμού στο δικομματικό σύστημα. Η μεγάλη και συνεχής εξασθένηση της πόλωσης στοιχειοθετείται από τρεις κατηγορίες εμπειρικού υλικού: (α) τη σύγκλιση των δύο σημαντικών κομμάτων όσον αφορά τις ιδεολογικές τους θέσεις, καθώς και τις πολιτικές που εφαρμόζουν- (β) την περιστολή της κλίμακας ιδεολογικού ανταγωνισμού που χαρακτηρίζει το κομματικό σύστημα- (γ) τη συμπεριφορά των εκλογέων, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από μη-συμμετοχική δράση, έλλειψη ενδιαφέροντος για την πολιτική και αυξανόμενο κυνισμό. 1
Whole-exome sequencing for detecting inborn errors of immunity: overview and perspectives
Authors: Bosch Barbara , Itan Yuval , Meyts Isabelle
Published: November 2017

The study of inborn errors of immunity is based on a comprehensive clinical description of the patient’s phenotype and the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms and their genetic etiology. Deciphering the pathogenesis is key to genetic counseling and the development of targeted therapy. This review shows the power of whole-exome sequencing in detecting inborn errors of immunity along five central steps taken in whole-exome sequencing analysis. In parallel, we highlight the challenges for the clinical and scientific use of the method and how these hurdles are currently being addressed. We end by ruminating on major areas in the field open to future research.
Proposed In‐Training Electrocardiogram Interpretation Competencies for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Trainees
Authors: Antiperovitch Pavel , Zareba Wojciech , Steinberg Jonathan S. , Bacharova Ljuba , Tereshchenko Larisa G. , Farre Jeronimo , Nikus Kjell , Ikeda Takanori , Baranchuk Adrian ,   International Society of Electrocardiology and the International Society of Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology
Published: November 2017

Despite its importance in everyday clinical practice, the ability of physicians to interpret electrocardiograms (ECGs) is highly variable. ECG patterns are often misdiagnosed, and electrocardiographic emergencies are frequently missed, leading to adverse patient outcomes. Currently, many medical education programs lack an organized curriculum and competency assessment to ensure trainees master this essential skill.

ECG patterns that were previously mentioned in literature were organized into groups from A to D based on their clinical importance and distributed among levels of training. Incremental versions of this organization were circulated among members of the International Society of Electrocardiology and the International Society of Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology until complete consensus was reached.

We present reasonably attainable ECG interpretation competencies for undergraduate and postgraduate trainees. Previous literature suggests that methods of teaching ECG interpretation are less important and can be selected based on the available resources of each education program and student preference. The evidence clearly favors summative trainee evaluation methods, which would facilitate learning and ensure that appropriate competencies are acquired. Resources should be allocated to ensure that every trainee reaches their training milestones and should ensure that no electrocardiographic emergency (class A condition) is ever missed.

We hope that these guidelines will inform medical education programs and encourage them to allocate sufficient resources and develop organized curricula. Assessments must be in place to ensure trainees acquire the level‐appropriate ECG interpretation skills that are required for safe clinical practice.
Toward an Agile IT Service Management Framework
Authors: Verlaine Bertrand
Published: November 2017

For a couple of decades, information technology (IT) as well as its management have been evolving toward more agility. Cloud computing and service-oriented computing have enabled increases in the agility of, respectively, the hardware and the software components of IT services. Similarly, companies more and more often use agile methods for managing their IT projects. This means that many IT organizations can follow the values and principles of the Agile theory, which shares many similarities with service science. However, regarding the management of IT operations, existing solutions are largely process oriented and focus on the control and respect of the initial commitments. Therefore, these solutions, called IT service management (ITSM) methods, are not aligned with the agile values and principles. In response, we propose the basics of a future agile IT service management framework. To do so, we revisit the agile values and principles applied in the software development to best suit the ITSM context. We also identify some practices applied in the current ITSM methods that (partially) block the evolution toward more agility in ITSM. These practices are discussed and rewritten accordingly.
The role of neurectomy in the management of spasticity of the upper limb
Authors: Mikalef Petros , Power Dominic
Published: November 2017

Neurectomy is one of the treatments available to the surgeon treating patients with spasticity of the upper limb. Its popularity has increased in recent years. Accurate knowledge of the anatomical variations of the terminal branches to the muscles is required in order to achieve a successful outcome. Although the anatomy has been thoroughly studied, there are still controversies regarding the percentage of the nerve to be resected for a successful result, and also regarding the terminology that has been used in the literature to describe the procedure. The literature for neurectomies for the upper limb is reviewed and an agreement regarding terminology is proposed.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:469-473. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160074
The significance of the pharyngeal veins during carotid endarterectomy: description of an anatomical triangle
Authors: Aldoori J , Mahadevan V , Aldoori M
Published: November 2017

Injuries to the hypoglossal and vagus nerves are the most commonly reported injuries during carotid endarterectomy. While unilateral single nerve injury is usually well tolerated, bilateral or combined nerve injuries can pose a serious threat to life. This study aims to increase awareness of the inferior pharyngeal vein, which usually passes posterior to the internal carotid artery but sometimes crosses anterior to it. Injury to either or both hypoglossal and vagus nerves can occur during control of unexpected haemorrhage from the torn and retracted edges of the inferior pharyngeal vein. We recommend careful ligation and division of this vein. In addition, we observed in 9 (17.3%) of the 52 operations that the pharyngeal vein formed a triangle with the vagus and hypoglossal nerves when it passes anterior to the internal carotid artery.
Chest wall resection and reconstruction for Rosai–Dorfman disease masquerading as a chest wall sarcoma
Authors: Joshi V , Offer G , Richards C , Rathinam S
Published: November 2017

Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare benign histiocytic proliferative disease that can present as a pseudotumour of soft tissue. We describe the first chest wall resection and reconstruction.
Knock-out transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein gene suppressed triple-negative breast cancer cell proliferation
Authors: Wardhani Bantari W.K. , Puteri Meidi U. , Watanabe Yukihide , Louisa Melva , Setiabudy Rianto , Kato Mitsuyasu
Published: November 2017

Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) tends to grow more rapidly and has poorer prognosis compared to others. High expression of transmembrane prostate androgen-induced protein (TMEPAI) correlates with poor prognosis in TNBC patients. However, the mechanistic role of TMEPAI in tumorigenic remains unknown. This study aimed to knock-out TMEPAI in TNBC cell line to determine its function further in cells proliferation.Methods: CRISPR-Cas9 has been used previously to knock-out TMEPAI in Hs857T TNBC cell line. Hs587T TNBC parental cell line (wild-type/WT) and TMEPAI knock out Hs 586T cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin and amphotericin B. Both cell lines were seeded in 24-well plates and counted every two days, then proliferation rates were plotted. Afterwards, total RNA were isolated from the cells and Ki-67, and TGF-β mRNA expression levels as proliferation markers were determined.Results: Cell proliferation rates as displayed in growth curve plots showed that WT-TMEPAI cell line grew more rapidly than KO-TMEPAI. In accordance, mRNA expression levels of  Ki-67 and TGF-β  were significantly decreased KO-TMEPAI as compare to TMEPAI-WT.Conclusion: Knock-out of TMEPAI attenuates cell proliferation in TNBC.
Impactos das chuvas na cidade de Fortaleza no triênio 2013, 2014 e 2015
Authors: Queiroz de Lima João Sérgio , Santos Jader De Oliveira , Zanella Maria Elisa
Published: November 2017

O presente artigo objetiva avaliar os impactos das chuvas na Cidade de Fortaleza, quinta metrópole do Brasil, entre os anos de 2013 e 2015. Utiliza-se o método Sistema Clima Urbano para investigação ambiental integrada, com ênfase na climatologia geográfica. O sítio urbano de Fortaleza apresenta diversos ambientes suscetíveis a eventos deflagrados pelas chuvas. Alagamentos e inundações em planícies fluviais, lacustres e flúviomarinhas e movimentos de massa em encostas íngremes de dunas afetam o espaço urbano, além de ressacas do mar na zona costeira. Eventos pluviais acima de 30 mm/dia causam problemas generalizados na cidade, com os mais graves sendo os eventos extremos, acima de 100 mm/dia. Os mais sérios danos incidiram sobre a mobilidade e no uso residencial em todas as regiões do município. Interpreta-se que a sociedade local não apresenta preparo suficiente para lidar com os problemas ambientais detectados, resultado da ocupação inadequada dos ambientes naturais, múltiplas deficiências das infraestruturas urbanas e baixo nível de organização comunitária e das instituições públicas frente às situações de crise.
Risco de burnout e trauma em profissionais da ferrovia com e sem experiência em acidentes
Authors: Fonseca Sérgio , Queirós Cristina , Guimarães Fabienne , Martins Vitor
Published: November 2017

Os profissionais que trabalham na ferrovia enfrentam situações stressantes potenciadoras de stress pós-traumático e de stress crónico no trabalho. Pretende-se conhecer o nível de burnout e a existência de stress pós-traumático, comparando os resultados em função da vivência de acidentes no trabalho. Aplicaram-se a 293 profissionais da ferrovia questões sociodemográficas e profissionais, o Maslach Burnout Inventory e a Impact of Event Scale – Revised. Encontraram-se níveis moderados de burnout, nos quais se destacam 56% dos inquiridos com exaustão emocional elevada. O stress pós-traumático apresentou níveis moderados mas 32% da amostra tem já sintomas de trauma. Verificou-se que 60% da amostra tem experiência de acidentes, apresentando mais exaustão emocional e valores superiores em todas as dimensões do trauma. Quanto mais recente o acidente maior o evitamento psicológico e sintomas de trauma, alertando para a necessidade de prevenir, a longo prazo, o adoecer psicológico.
FPGA implementation of RS codec with interleaver in DVB-T using VHDL
Authors: Kamar Sara , Fouda Abdelmoniem , Zekry Abdelhalim , Elmahdy Abdelmoniem
Published: November 2017

Digital television (DTV) provides a huge amount of information to many users at low cost. Recently, it can be packaged and fully integrated into completely digital transmission networks. Reed-Solomon code (RS) is one type of error correcting codes that can be used to enhance the performance of DTV. Interleaving/deinterleaving process enhances the performance of channel errors by spreading out random errors, very high-speed hardware description language (VHDL) is used in electronic design automation. It can be used as a general-purpose parallel programming language.This paper presents VHDL program for Reed-Solomoncodec (204, 188) and convolutional interleaver/deinterleaver, used in Digital Video Broadcasting-terrestrial system (DVB-T), according to ETSI EN 300 744 V1.5.1 standard. The VHDL programs are implemented on Xilinx 12.3 ISE and then simulated and tested via ISE simulator then the code is synthesized on FPGA device the results are compared with IP core for Xilinx 12.3 ISE, which gives the same results.
Análisis de problemas en estadística y probabilidad en libros de texto de segundo año de educación secundaria
Authors: Sánchez Nicolás Andrés
Published: November 2017

La sociedad demanda hoy día que todo ciudadano logre desarrollar la capacidad de interpretar y cuestionar distintos fenómenos presentes en tablas, gráficos y datos; estas capacidades deben desarrollarse de forma progresiva desde los primeros años de educación. Para ello, también se hace necesario que los recursos apunten al desarrollo de estas, como por ejemplo el libro de texto de matemáticas. El siguiente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar los tipos de problemas propuestos en dos libros de texto de matemática de segundo año de enseñanza secundaria, en el eje temático de estadística y probabilidad. Ambos textos fueron aquellos que se licitaron y distribuyeron gratuitamente y responden a dos periodos curriculares distintos: 1) aquel en que estaban vigentes las antiguas bases curriculares; y 2) el otro donde se implementaron las bases curriculares actuales. El uso del libro de texto escolar por estudiantes y profesores asume la premisa de que las diversas tareas propuestas deben tender a la resolución de problemas. La investigación se llevó a cabo por medio de una metodología cualitativa a través del análisis de contenido. Se usaron las categorías teóricas propuestas por Díaz y Poblete (2001). Dentro de los resultados encontrados se identifica mayormente problemas de tipo rutinarios que sirven para mecanizar procesos; los problemas no rutinarios o de contexto real aparecen en muy pocos casos.
Problemas que dificultan una mejor utilización de la Didáctica de las Ciencias en la formación del profesorado y en la enseñanza secundaria
Authors: Carrascosa-Alís Jaime , Domínguez-Sales M. Consuelo
Published: November 2017

La Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales se puede considerar ya como un cuerpo global y coherente de conocimientos específicos entre los que existe un "núcleo duro" donde se hallan, entre otros, aquellos contenidos más directamente relacionados con aspectos claves para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias. Su apropiación por parte del profesorado, es algo necesario para poder avanzar hacia una enseñanza de las ciencias de mayor calidad. Sin embargo, dicha apropiación exige la superación de una serie de problemas que deben ser tenidos muy en cuenta. En este trabajo se analizan algunos de ellos y se justifican algunas propuestas para poder avanzar en su solución.
Control de un convoy robótico mediante planificación de rutas y estrategias de orientación
Authors: Bermudez-Bohorquez Giovanni Rodrigo , Mancipe-Bernal Christian Anderson , Ortiz-Velasquez Joan Emmanuel
Published: November 2017

Este artículo presenta un estado del arte relacionado con métodos de control implementados en sistemas de convoy robóticos en plataformas móviles que pueden ser utilizados para la planificación de rutas o trayectorias, orientación, percepción de entornos y sistemas de control en el que se involucra la medición, análisis e interpretación de diversas variables y su posterior implementación. Se realizó una revisión de artículos de investigación en índices bibliográficos y bases de datos sobre métodos de control aplicados en sistemas de convoy para de esta forma evidenciar avances, tendencias y métodos de aplicación.