bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S-23S spacer region for rapid identification of Salmonella serovars
Authors: Bakshi C. S. , Singh V. P. , Malik Meenakshi ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the spacer regions between the 16S and 23S genes of rRNA genetic loci of Salmonella serovars for their rapid identification. These genetic loci revealed a significant level of polymorphism in length across the species/serovar lines. When the 16S-23S spacer region amplification products were subjected to agarose electrophoresis, the patterns observed could be used to distinguish all the serovars of Salmonella tested. Unique elements obtained in amplification products were mostly clustered at serovar level, although certain genus-specific patterns were also observed. On the basis of the results obtained, the amplification of 16S-23S ribosomal spacer region could suitably be used in a PCR-based identification method for Salmonella serovars.
Development of an antibiotic resistance monitoring system in Hungary
Authors: Kaszanyitzky Éva J. , Tarpai A. , Jánosi Sz. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Because of the rapid development and spread of antimicrobial resistance it is important that a system be established to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic zoonotic and commensal bacteria of animal origin. Susceptibility testing of bacteria from carcasses and different samples of animal origin has been carried out in veterinary institutes for a long time but by an inconsistent methodology. The disc diffusion method proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) was introduced in all institutes in 1997. In order to obtain a coherent view of the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria a computer system was consulted, consisting of a central computer to store all data and some local computers attached to it through the network. At these local measuring stations computers are connected to a video camera, which displays the picture of Petri dishes on the monitor, and inhibition zone diameters of bacteria can be drawn with the mouse by the inspector. The software measures the diameters, evaluates whether or not the bacteria are sensitive, and stores the data. The evaluation is based upon the data of the NCCLS. The central computer can be connected to as many local computers with measuring stations as we wish, so it is suitable for an integrated system for monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from animals, food and humans, facilitating comparison of the occurrence of resistance for each circumstance in the chain. It depends on the examiners which antibiotics they want to examine. Thirty-two different antibiotic panels were compiled, taking into consideration the active ingredients of medicinal products permitted for veterinary use in Hungary, natural resistance and cross-resistance, the mechanism of resistance and the animal species, i.e. which drugs were recommended for treatment in the given animal species, and the recommendations of the OIE Expert Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The members of the panels can be changed any time, even during the measuring process. In addition to the inhibition zone diameters of bacteria the database also includes information about bacterial and animal species, the age of animals and the sample or organ where the bacteria are from. Since January 2001 the antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus strains isolated from the colons of slaughter cows, pigs and broiler chickens has also been examined. Each of the 19 counties of Hungary submits to the laboratory three tied colon samples from a herd of the above-mentioned animals every month.
Pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment of experimentally induced Escherichia coli infection in broiler chicks and turkey poults
Authors: Sárközy G. , Semjén G. , Laczay P. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Experimental colibacillosis was produced in 40 healthy, 7-day-old broiler chickens and turkeys by intratracheal injection of 1 × 108CFU/chick and 1.23 × 109CFU/poult bacteria of an O1:F11 strain ofEscherichia coli, respectively. Two days beforeE. colichallenge all chicks were vaccinated with a live attenuated strain of infectious bronchitis virus (H-52). This model of infection - at least in chicken - proved to be useful for evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial medication, by recording mortality, body weight gain, pathological alterations and frequency of reisolation ofE. coli. Using this model, the efficacy of two different dosing methods of norfloxacin (continuous and pulse dosing) was evaluated. The once-per-day pulse dosing of norfloxacin administered via the drinking water at 15 mg/kg body weight proved to be more efficacious than the continuous dosing method of 100 mg/L for 5 days in chickens, while there were no convincing differences between the two treatment regimens in turkeys. The results confirmed earlier observations on the pharmacokinetic properties of norfloxacin in chicks and turkeys (Laczay et al., 1998).
Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in healthy Standardbred trotters
Authors: Bakos Z. , Vörös K. , Järvinen Taina ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The aim of the study was to establish normal echocardiographic values of healthy Standardbred trotters not published previously. Twenty-three clinically normal horses weighing between 350 and 490 kg were examined in the same manner: first a thorough physical and then detailed echocardiographic examination were performed. Standardised two-dimensional (2D) and guided M-mode echocardiographic imaging techniques were used to measure interventricular septal thickness (IVS), left ventricular internal diameter (LVID), left ventricular wall thickness (LVW), left atrial internal diameter (LAID) in end-systole (s) and end-diastole (d) and aortic diameter (AOD) in end-diastole. Mean, range and standard deviation of the different parameters were calculated. The mean values (in centimetres) were as follow (2D/M-mode): IVSs: 4.6/4.7; IVSd: 3.1/3.0; LVIDs: 7.0/7.0; LVIDd: 10.7/10.7; LVWs: 3.9/3.9; LVWd: 2.7/2.7; LAIDs: 10.4/-; LAIDd: 11.3/-; AODd: 7.2/-. Results of two-dimensional and M-mode measurements were compared to each other and to normal values obtained from other breeds.
Torovirus detection in faecal specimens of calves and pigs in Hungary: Short communication
Authors: Matiz Katalin , Kecskeméti S. , Kiss I. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Bovine torovirus is an established aetiological agent of disease in cattle, while porcine torovirus has only been isolated from healthy animals. Evidence for the presence of torovirus has been described in several European countries and also in the United States. A survey was performed to detect toroviruses in Hungary by means of sampling ten swine and nine bovine herds. Rectal swabs and faecal specimens were collected from diarrhoeic calves and from weaned piglets. The samples were tested by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using torovirus-specific primers and the positive samples were further examined by electron microscopy (EM). Torovirus was detected in 4 diarrhoeic calves (out of 111) and in 10 healthy weaned pigs (out of 200 tested), representing two of the 9 calf herds and two of the 10 pig herds tested. This is the first report of exact diagnosis of torovirus in Hungary.
The endosomal epsilon-coatomer protein is involved in human adenovirus type 5 internalisation
Authors: Jeney Cs. , Banizs Boglárka , Dobay Orsolya ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The effects of bafilomycin A1 and of the reduced level of endosomal epsilon-COP (coatomer protein) on the infectivity of human adenovirus type 5 were investigated in Coxsackie adenovirus receptor- (CAR-) transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The endosomal proton pump inhibitor bafilomycin A1 was able to cause only partial inhibition. Using ldlF cells (an epsilon-COP thermosensitive mutant CHO cell line) the reduction of epsilon-COP level also had partial inhibitory effect. Based on these results and comparing them to existing models of the adenovirus entry, we propose a refined model in which there are two pathways of adenoviral entry: the first one involves the epsilon-COP as the downstream effector of the acidification and can be blocked by bafilomycin A1 and the second one is a pH-independent pathway.
Effects of a non-starch polysaccharidase enzyme preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosus on energy and protein metabolism and milk yield of dairy cattle
Authors: Jurkovich V. , Brydl E. , Rafai P. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) form an integral part of the cell walls in plants and represent considerable available energy when degraded into absorbable mono-, di-, tri- and oligosaccharides. The ruminal microflora hydrolyses a good part of NSPs, however, recently there have been attempts to enhance the rate of utilisation by using external polysaccharidase enzymes. In the present study the effects of an enzyme preparation (Rumino-Zyme) high in xylanase activity were studied on ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, parameters of energy and protein metabolism, milk yield, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body condition score of high-yielding dairy cows. A lignolytic enzyme preparation produced by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was applied in the present experiment and fed to dairy cows at 34 g/day dosage in the period between calving and the 110th day of lactation. This preparation increased VFA concentration in the rumen from about 32 days after calving and onward. Increased VFA concentration was followed by an about 5 to 10% increase in milk production and an almost 0.1% increase in butterfat production. Increased VFA concentration produced more balanced energy metabolism in the experimental cows as indicated by the lower incidence rate of hyperketonaemia, and lower acetoacetic acid and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in the blood of the experimental cows. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was tendentiously higher in the control group and the proportion of cows that had AST activity higher than 100U/l was also higher in the control group. Both control and experimental cows showed balanced protein and acid-base metabolism throughout the experiment. Enhanced VFA concentration contributed to an improvement in energy balance in the experimental cows with a resultant improvement of feed intake and feed utilisation. Due to the more balanced energy metabolism postparturient body condition loss of the treated cows was reduced.
Association between endometritis and urocystitis in culled sows
Authors: Biksi I. , Takács N. , Vetési F. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Slaughterhouse sampling and examination of urogenital tracts of 499 sows and gilts culled for reproductive reasons from 21 Hungarian herds were performed over a 6-year period. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of different urogenital tract lesions, and to provide sensitivity and specificity estimates for macroscopic and bacteriological examinations in the diagnosis of urocystitis and endometritis. Furthermore, the association between endometritis and urocystitis was assessed. The prevalence of main lesions of the urogenital tract was similar to that reported in other studies. The 'sensitivity' of macroscopic and bacteriological methods was determined statistically by taking histopathology as the 'Gold Standard'. As a result, the 'sensitivity' of macroscopic methods for the diagnosis of endometritis and urocystitis was ≤ 18.1% and 47.9%, respectively, while the 'sensitivity' of bacteriology for the diagnosis of the same conditions was ≤ 31.8% and 63.0%, respectively. The presumed positive association between urocystitis and endometritis was confirmed; it was not confounded by parity. Animals affected by urocystitis had a 3.5 times higher odds to simultaneously have endometritis than animals without urocystitis.
Effect of double nursing on some anatomical and physiological properties of the digestive tract of rabbits between 23 and 44 days of age
Authors: Zomborszky-Kovács Melinda , Gyarmati Tünde , Szendrő Zs. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Anatomical and physiological properties of the digestive tract were examined and compared in young rabbits nursed either by one (SS) or by two does (DD) daily up to the age of 35 days. At the age of 23, 30, 37 and 44 days, 8 young per treatment were euthanised. Double suckling and the subsequent higher level of solid feed intake after weaning were found to exert a stronger influence on the weight of the entire gastrointestinal tract and that of its individual parts (the stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon) than on its length. The quantity of the gastric content was found to rise with advancing age in both groups (from 36 to 70g and from 37.5 to 79g). In both groups the pH of the stomach was higher during the suckling period (4.5-5.3) than subsequent to weaning (1.6-2.4). The quantity of the caecal content also increased with age (from 4 or 8g), but on the 37th day significantly higher quantities of caecal content were recorded in DD rabbits (50.5g compared with 35g). The pH of the caecal content decreased more slowly from an initial high value (6.0 and 6.5 in SS and DD rabbits, respectively), and by the 37th day had settled at a low value (5.7-5.8) in both groups. The dry matter content of the caecal content decreased from 270-273g to 188-207g in both groups. Total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) and acetic acid (C2) concentration, which amounted to 66-88% of tVFA, rose; in SS rabbits they were at higher levels by the 30th day (53.6 and 42.2mmol/L, respectively), and remained at an increased level until the 44th day (P<0.05). The ratio of C3:C4 was high on the 23rd day (2.5 and 2.4), but dropped at the age of 30 days (0.5 in SS and 1.7 in DD, P<0.05) and, further, by the 37th day (0.2 in SS). In SS rabbits coliform count proved significantly lower (105) on the 23rd day than in DD rabbits (106). By the 37th day this count had decreased in both groups and subsequently remained at a low level (<104). By the 23rd day Bacteroides were present in large quantities (108) in the caecum and showed no change with advancing age or feeding regime.
IQ és tehetség
Authors: Gyarmathy Éva
Published: August 2004

Jelen tanulmány a tehetség és az intelligencia, illetve az intelligenciahányados viszonyát vizsgálja. A tanulmány először az intelligencia tehetségfogalomhoz hasonló meghatározásának kérdésével és a kreativitással való kapcsolatával foglalkozik, majd az intelligencia és a tehetség összefüggéseit tárgyalja. Ezt követi a tehetségmodellek elemzése, különös tekintettel az intelligencia szerepére a tehetség meghatározásában. Ezután visszatérünk az értelmi képességek mérésének kérdésére, az IQ-nak a tehetségazonosításban betöltött szerepére és más alternatív lehetőségek vizsgálatára. A tanulmány kitér a szabálytalan, illetve alulteljesítő tehetségesek némely csoportjára is, mert a különleges esetek új szempontokat jelentenek a kiemelkedő szellemi teljesítmények megértésében.

A tanulmány utolsó részében az IQ és a tehetség bonyolult kapcsolódásainak illusztrációja gyanánt a tanulási zavarokkal küzdő tehetségesek és csodagyerekek képességeit, valamint a „bölcs idióta" (savant) szindróma jelenséget elemezzük.
Az intelligencia alakulása gyermekkorban: egy 10 éves longitudinális vizsgálat módszertani tanulságai
Authors: Kalmár Magda
Published: August 2004

Bár az IQ kétségkívül az egyik leggyakrabban használt mérőszám a pszichológiában, kevés az azzal kapcsolatos adat, hogyan változik az IQ az életkor függvényében. Még kevesebbet tudunk arról, hogyan alakul az atipikus gyermekek intelligenciája.

Kutatásunkban egy 55 fős koraszülött gyermekcsoport fejlődését tanulmányoztuk. A koraszülöttség perinatális veszélyeztetettségnek tekinthető. A kontrollcsoportot 100 fős, időre született gyermek képezte. A mérések eredményei szerint mindkét csoport átlagos intelligenciája a normál övezetbe tartozott. A koraszülött és az időre született csoport IQ-jának eltérő longitudinális mintázata aláhúzza az életkor mint változó jelentőségét. Az életkorral nem csökkent egyenletesen a koraszülöttség negatív hatása, hanem komplex mintázatot követett. A koraszülöttek jelentős csoporton belüli változatossága és a későbbi fejlemények arra utalnak, hogy a születéskori biológiai rizikónak rejtett hosszú távú következményei lehetnek. Az otthoni környezet feltételei ugyanakkor bizonyíthatóan inkább alakítják a hosszú távú következményeket, mint a perinatális kockázati tényezők.
On random trees
Authors: Móri T.
Published: August 2004

In a one-parameter model for evolution of random trees strong law of large numbers and central limit theorem are proved for the number of vertices with low degree. The proof is based on elementary martingale theory.
Oscillation theorems for fourth-order quasilinear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Kamo K.-I. , Usami H.
Published: August 2004

Oscillation criteria for fourth-order quasilinear ordinary differential equations are obtained. An application to binary semilinear elliptic systems is also given.
Bestimmung der transitiven optimalen Kugelpackungen
Authors: Molnár I. , Prok I. , Szirmai J.
Published: August 2004

Each of the 7 Coxeter space groups inBE3can be extended by the possible symmetries of its fundamental domain. Thus, we get a space groupGin the title. For any orbit type (Wyckoff position) ofGthe optimal ball packing and its D-V cell have been determined, described and enumerated in tables and figures. We make a complete list for all the orbit types of the 29 generalized Coxeter space groups above.
Cohomology on hypergroup algebras
Authors: Medghalchi A. R.
Published: August 2004

There are concepts which are related to or can be formulated by homological techniques, such as derivations, multipliers and lifting problems. Moreover, a Banach algebraAis said to be amenable ifH1(A,X*)=0for everyA-dual moduleX*. Another concept related to the theory is the concept of amenability in the sense of Johnson. A topological groupGis said to be amenable if there is an invariant mean onL8(G). Johnson has shown that a topological group is amenable if and only if the group algebraL1(G)is amenable. The aim of this research is to define the cohomology on a hypergroup algebraL(K)and extend the results ofL1(G)over toL(K). At first stage it is viewed that Johnson's theorem is not valid so more. IfAis a Banach algebra andhis a multiplicative linear functional onA, then(A,h)is called left amenable if for any Banach two-sidedA-moduleXwithax=h(a)x(a? A, x? X),H1(A,X*)=0. We prove that(L(K),h)is left amenable if and only ifKis left amenable. Where, the latter means that there is a left invariant meanmonC(K), i. e.,m(lf)=m(f)x, where lxf(µ)=f(dx*µ). In this case we briefly say thatL(K)is left amenable. Johnson also showed thatL1(G)is amenable if and only if the augmentation idealI={f? L1(G)|∫Gf=0}0has abounded right approximate identity. We extend this result to hypergroups.
One-sided strong laws forincrements of sumsof i.i.d. random variables
Authors: Frolov A. N.
Published: August 2004

We find a universal norming sequence in strong limit theorems for increments of sums of i.i.d. random variables with finite first moments and finite second moments of positive parts. Under various one-sided moment conditions our universal theorems imply the following results for sums and their increments: the strong law of large numbers, the law of the iterated logarithm, the Erdős-Rényi law of large numbers, the Shepp law, one-sided versions of the Csörgő-Révész strong approximation laws. We derive new results for random variables from domains of attraction of a normal law and asymmetric stable laws with index αЄ(1,2).
Emotional Information Processing and Disrupted Parental Bonding: Cognitive Specificity and Avoidance
Authors: Ingram Rick E. , Bailey Kelly , Siegle Greg
Published: August 2004

Although studies have assessed the association between affective dysfunction and parental bonding, little research has assessed the information processing characteristics of individuals with disrupted parental bonding. The current study investigated differences in attentional processing between individuals with relatively poor versus secure parental bonding, and also assessed this processing in conjunction with a mood priming procedure that has been used in previous vulnerability research. Using a Stroop procedure, results indicated that poorly bonded individuals were less distracted by depressive information than were individuals reporting a secure bonding history. Results also suggested that avoidance of anxious information in the poorly bonded group was uniquely associated with maternal overprotection. These results suggest that poorly bonded individuals may cope with their increased vulnerability by avoiding some types of affectively linked information, and that some of this avoidance may be linked to perceptions of a mother who is overly intrusive.
Adult Romantic Attachment and Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Anxiety and Depression: Examining the Interpersonal Basis of Vulnerability Models
Authors: Williams Nathan L. , Riskind John H.
Published: August 2004

Bowlby’s attachment theory contends that all individuals develop working models of self and significant others, based on early experiences, that have important implications for understanding adult psychopathology. From a social cognitive perspective these “working models” can be conceptualized in terms of relational schemas that have the same functions as other types of schemas (e.g., organizing information, guiding future behavior, etc.). Cognitive vulnerability models have proposed a pessimistic explanatory style that confers vulnerability to depression and a looming maladaptive style that confers vulnerability to anxiety. The present study examines the pattern of relationships between adult romantic attachment, cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression, self-reported anxious and depressive symptoms, and both general and specific relationship outcomes. Results suggest that higher levels of attachment insecurity were associated with increased psychological symptoms, higher levels of cognitive vulnerabilities, and greater general and relationship impairments. Moreover, cognitive vulnerabilities partially mediated the relationship between adult attachment and anxious and depressive symptoms, suggesting that insecure attachments may represent a developmental antecedent to cognitive vulnerabilities to anxiety and depression.
Childhood Attachment Experience and Adulthood Cognitive Vulnerability: Testing State Dependence and Social Desirability Hypotheses
Authors: Rogers Gregory M. , Reinecke Mark A. , Setzer Nicole J.
Published: August 2004

Childhood attachment experiences correlate with personality and cognitive factors associated with vulnerability to depression. The majority of the research in this area, however, relies on self-report measures which may be influenced by mood state and individual differences in social desirability. The present study examines whether mood and social desirability confound the association between attachment experience and cognitive vulnerability in a sample of clinically depressed adults. Regression analyses revealed a strong link between the two domains that is almost entirely independent of mood state and social desirability. The findings suggest that the association between early interpersonal experience and dysfunctional cognitive processes can not be attributed to current depression or willingness to present oneself in an unfavorable light. Limitations and clinical implications of the results and future directions are discussed.
Moving From Surviving to Thriving: African American Women Recovering From Intimate Male Partner Abuse
Authors: Taylor Janette Y.
Published: August 2004

In this ethnographic study, a womanist framework was used to investigate the process of recovery from domestic violence. A purposive sample of African American women (N= 21) was interviewed to gain understanding of their recovery process. Survivorship-thriving was the overarching process. Six themes related to survivorship-thriving were identified: (a) Sharing secrets/Shattering silences—sharing information about the abuse with others; (b) Reclaiming the Self—defining oneself separate from abuser and society; (c) Renewing the Spirit—nurturing and restoring the spiritual and emotional self; (d) Self-healing through Forgiveness—forgiving their partners for the abuse and violence; (e) Finding Inspiration in the Future—looking to the future with optimism; and (f) Self-generativity by Engaging in Social Activism—participating in prosocial activities to promote social change. This article presents recovery oriented towards survivorship—thriving as a transformative process overall characterized by resilience and self-generativity. This represents more than just recovery as return to homeostasis or “back to normal.” Implications for survivor-informed practices are included.
Frames and Perspectives in Clinical Nursing Practice: A Study of Norwegian Nurses in Acute Care Settings
Authors: Ellefsen Bodil
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of nurses’ clinical practice in terms of what guide their clinical engagement and clinical constructions. Schön (1983) and Argyris, Putnana, and Smith (1985) have demonstrated that practitioners “see” situations differently depending on how they frame the situation. In nursing, there is a lack of knowledge regarding what kinds of frames nurses are using in their clinical work. The research question was: What frames and perspectives guide nurses’ clinical constructions?

The study was based on a descriptive design using a clinical field approach in an acute care setting in Norway. A theoretical sample consisted of 6 registered nurses, 3 from medical wards and 3 from surgical wards. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews with the nurses, as well as nursing documents about the patients.

The results showed that the nurses’ frame of reference emerged as normality, health, need, trajectory, and action. These are structured on 3 themes: (a) the patient status dimension with a set of 3 frames that are used to consider patients’ current status and condition in terms of normality, health, and needs; (b) the dimension with a frame for judging patients’ situational experiences in relation to hospitalization, (illness trajectory); and (c) the nurses’ action referring to the frame with which nurses consider their actions. These 5 frames form a complex template with which nurses come to arrive at meanings of clinical situations and “design” or engage in their practice. The nurses are moving back and forth between these different perspectives, circulating around the individual patient or patients as a group. The nurses’ practice in this setting tells about the complexity and diversity permeating the assessment, decisions, and performance of nursing care.
Promotion effect of bifunctional five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate on curing of one‐component epoxy resin by imines as latent initiator
Authors: Suzuki Kentarou , Horii Hisakazu , Sugita Yuko , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi
Published: August 2004

This article deals with curing of a one‐component epoxy resin containing a bifunctional five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate 1 with an imine 2 as a latent initiator. When 1 was added to a mixture of epoxy resin and 2, the curing rate and initial adhesive strength increased higher than that without 1. It was supposed that the reaction of 1 and an amine released from 2 was much faster than the amine–epoxide reaction, and a thiol group formed by the reaction of 1 with the amine accelerated the amine–epoxide reaction. The adhesive strength of the one‐component epoxy resin containing 10 mol % of 1 exhibited the highest value. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 961–964, 2004
Porous poly(L‐lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol) blend films
Authors: Nakane Koji , Hata Yoshihiro , Morita Keisuke , Ogihara Takashi , Ogata Nobuo
Published: August 2004

Poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA: Mw = 19.4 × 104)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG: Mw = 400) blend films were formed by use of a solvent‐cast technique. The properties and structures of these blend films were investigated. The Young's modulus of the PLLA decreased from 1220 to 417 MPa with the addition of PEG 5 wt %, but the elongation at break increased from 19 to 126%. The melting point of PLLA linearly decreased with increases in the PEG content (i.e., pure PLLA: 172.5°C, PLLA/PEG = 60/40 wt %: 159.6°C). The PEG 20 wt % blend film had a porous structure. The pore diameter was 3–5 μm. The alkali hydrolysis rate of this blend film was accelerated due to its porous structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 965–970, 2004
Factors affecting outcome in penetrating oesophageal trauma
Authors: Smakman N , Nicol A J , Walther G , Brooks A , Navsaria P H , Zellweger R
Published: August 2004

Background

Penetrating oesophageal trauma is rare and the risk factors affecting outcome have not been clearly identified. Delayed management has been cited as a factor contributing to the high rates of morbidity and mortality, but evidence for this is lacking.

Methods

A retrospective study was undertaken of patients with penetrating oesophageal trauma presenting to a level I trauma centre over 8 years. Outcome was assessed in terms of mortality, morbidity (oesophageal and non-oesophageal), and length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stays.

Results

Fifty-two patients with oesophageal injury who reached the operating theatre were included. The overall mortality rate was 6 per cent. Fifteen patients (29 per cent) developed oesophageal injury-related complications. Time from injury to management was the only important risk factor for the development of oesophageal complications (P = 0·001), but did not affect the length of ICU (P = 0·560) or hospital (P = 0·329) stay, incidence of non-oesophageal injury-related complications (P = 0·963) or death (P = 0·937). Patients with gunshot injuries spent longer in the ICU (P = 0·007) and the duration of hospital stay was longer for those with higher-grade oesophageal injuries (P = 0·025).

Conclusion

The risk of oesophageal injury-related complications was directly related to the interval between the trauma and definitive management of the oesophageal injury.
Australian lawyers' views on competency issues in older adults
Authors: Helmes E. , Lewis V. E. , Allan A.
Published: August 2004

Lawyers are often called upon by their older clients to draft contracts, make up wills or powers of attorney, or provide other forms of legal advice or service. With the increasing numbers of older people in the population, the numbers of older clients for legal practitioners is likely to increase. Older people are also at increased risk for impaired cognitive processes that can affect their ability to make reasoned judgements in civil contracts and other legal arrangements. Here we report on the results of a survey of 302 Australian solicitors as to their experience and practices in determining the capacity of older clients to make legal decisions. The responses, reflecting a 20.7% return rate, showed a wide range of experience in conducting capacity assessments, with a mean of 15.7 years (SD = 10.59). There was a very wide range of practices in determining capacity with no consensus. The most frequent form of questions older clients were asked related to personal and family history. Less than one‐quarter asked for the rationale of the decision: the most appropriate form of question in the literature. The results suggest a need for further training of solicitors in the assessment of the capacity of older clients to make legal decisions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Oxidation of the Cubane [4Fe—4S] Cluster from [4Fe—4S]‐ to [4Fe—4S]3+ in Fe4S4L‐n Complexes.
Authors: Zhai Hua‐Jin , Yang Xin , Fu You‐Jun , Wang Xue‐Bin , Wang Lai‐Sheng
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structural Determination of a New Phase of Monoclinic BaTb2Mn2O7.
Authors: Kamegashira Naoki , Satoh Hirohisa , Meng Jian , Mikami Takeshi
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Planar Nets of Ti Atoms Comprising Squares and Rhombs in the New Binary Antimonide Ti2Sb.
Authors: Derakhshan Shahab , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Katja M. , Dashjav Enkhtsetseg , Qiu Xiangyun , Billinge Simon J. L. , Kleinke Holger
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mg2[BN2]Cl and Mg8[BN2]5I: Novel Magnesium Nitridoborate Halides — Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Vibrational Spectra.
Authors: Somer Mehmet , Kuetuekcue Mehmet Nuri , Cardoso Gil Raul , Borrmann Horst , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Structure and Excited Optical Nonlinearity of a 1D Polymeric [W2O2S6Cu4(NCMe)4] n Cluster.
Authors: Zheng Hegen , Zhou Jianliang , Lappert Michael F. , Song Yinglin , Li Yizhi , Xin Xinquan
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Vanadium(III) Borophosphate, V2[B(PO4)3].
Authors: Meisel Manfred , Paech Michael , Wilde Lutz , Wulff‐Molder Dirk
Published: August 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Jacobsen‐Type Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Aryl Glycidyl Ethers. 31P NMR Analysis of the Enantiomeric Composition of Oxiranes.
Authors: Bredikhin A. A. , Strunskaya E. I. , Novikova V. G. , Azancheev N. M. , Sharafutdinova D. R. , Bredikhina Z. A.
Published: August 2004

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A New Route to Cationic Half‐Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Chiral Cyclopentadienylphosphane Ligands.
Authors: Doppiu Angelino , Salzer Albrecht
Published: August 2004

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A New Entry of Nucleophiles in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition Reactions: Addition of Organozinc Reagents for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4‐piperidones.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Tokunaga Norihito , Doi Hidenori , Hayashi Tamio
Published: August 2004

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Polyhalogenoheterocyclic Compounds. Part 51. Macrocycles from 4‐Alkoxytetrafluoropyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Chambers Richard D. , Khalil Ali , Richmond Paul , Sandford Graham , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: August 2004

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A Traceless Perfluorooctylsulfonyl Tag for Deoxygenation of Phenols under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Zhang Wei , Nagashima Tadamichi , Lu Yimin , Chen Christine Hiu‐Tung
Published: August 2004

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Heterogeneous Shvo‐Type Ruthenium Catalyst: Dehydrogenation of Alcohols Without Hydrogen Acceptors.
Authors: Choi Jun Ho , Kim Namdu , Shin Yong Jun , Park Jung Hye , Park Jaiwook
Published: August 2004

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Reactions of Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate in the Presence of Copper Powder.
Authors: Sato K. , Omote M. , Ando A. , Kumadaki I.
Published: August 2004

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Syntheses of Esters from Carboxylic Acids and Diphenyl Carbonate—4‐Dimethylaminopyridine at Room Temperature.
Authors: Tanasa Fulga , Onciu Marioara , Chiriac Constantin I.
Published: August 2004

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Iodine as an Extremely Powerful Catalyst for the Acetylation of Alcohols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Phukan Prodeep
Published: August 2004

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Molten Salt as a Green Reaction Medium: Efficient and Chemoselective Dithioacetalization and Oxathioacetalization of Aldehydes Mediated by Molten Tetrabutylammonium Bromide.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Das Arijit
Published: August 2004

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syn‐Addition of Metalated Propargylic Amines to Aldehydes. A New Application of Triorganozincates.
Authors: Bernaud Frederic , Vrancken Emmanuel , Mangeney Pierre
Published: August 2004

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Iodine as a Very Powerful Catalyst for Three‐Component Synthesis of Protected Homoallylic Amines.
Authors: Phukan Prodeep
Published: August 2004

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Synthetic Application of 3,3‐Dichloro‐1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone (DCTFA) and 3,3,3‐Trichloro‐1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone (TCTFA) for Trifluorolactic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Ishii Akihiro , Kanai Masatomi , Yasumoto Manabu , Inomiya Kenjin , Kuriyama Yokusu , Katsuhara Yutaka
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Fluorinated Dimethyl Carbonates by Direct Fluorination.
Authors: Takehara Masahiro , Watanabe Susumu , Nanbu Noritoshi , Ue Makoto , Sasaki Yukio
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Optically Active gem‐Difluorocyclopropanes Through a Chemoenzymatic Reaction Strategy.
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Ishida Nanae , Mitsukura Koichi , Hayase Shuichi , Ohashi Kazumasa
Published: August 2004

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Oxidative Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen in Nitroarenes with Trifluoromethyl Carbanions. Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Phenols.
Authors: Surowiec Marek , Makosza Mieczyslaw
Published: August 2004

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Baylis—Hillman Reaction in [bdmim][PF6] Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Hsu Jen‐Chuah , Yen Ya‐Hew , Chu Yen‐Ho
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of Salts of Aroylpyruvic Acids with Heterylamines.
Authors: Kataev S. S. , Kutkovaya N. V. , Makhmudov R. R. , Zalesov V. V.
Published: August 2004

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Efficient Access to Chiral β‐Arylamides via Asymmetric 1,4‐Additions of Potassium Trifluoro(organo)borates.
Authors: Pucheault Mathieu , Michaut Valerie , Darses Sylvain , Genet Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2004

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Carbon Dioxide Promoted Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization of Alkynes in Water.
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Xie Ye‐Xiang
Published: August 2004

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Samarium Reagent‐Promoted Formation of Benzoins from Diarylmethanones and DMF via a Carbene Rearrangement Reaction.
Authors: Liu Yongjun , Xu Xiaoliang , Zhang Yongmin
Published: August 2004

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with Aryl Iodides in the Presence of Indium Tribromide and Its Application to a One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Phenylindole.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Annaka Kimiyoshi , Konakahara Takeo
Published: August 2004

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A Simple and Regioselective Carbon‐Oxygen Bond Cleavage Using Niobium(V).
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Sudo Yukinori , Nishida Atsushi
Published: August 2004

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Addition of Bifunctional Organoboron Reagents to Strained Alkenes. Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation with Rh(I) Catalysis in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Lautens Mark , Mancuso John
Published: August 2004

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Intramolecular Dehydro Diels—Alder Reactions of Diarylacetylenes: Switching Between Benzo[b]‐ and Benzo[c]fluorenones as Products by Controlling the Rearrangement of Cyclic Allene Intermediates.
Authors: Rodriguez David , Martinez‐Esperon Maria Fernanda , Navarro‐Vazquez Armando , Castedo Luis , Dominguez Domingo , Saa Carlos
Published: August 2004

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New Ring Expansion of Cyclobutanones: Synthesis of Pyrrolinones, Pyrrolidines and Pyrroles.
Authors: Verniest Guido , Boterberg Stefaan , Bombeke Filip , Stevens Christian V. , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: August 2004

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N‐Aryl‐γ‐lactams as Integrin αvβ3 Antagonists.
Authors: Dominguez Celia , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Gold‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition Type Reaction of Indoles with α,β‐Enones.
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Bianchi Gabriele , Chiarini Marco , D'Anniballe Gaetano , Marinelli Fabio
Published: August 2004

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Advances Toward New Antidepressants Beyond SSRIs: 1‐Aryloxy‐3‐piperidinylpropan‐2‐ols with Dual 5‐HT1A Receptor Antagonism/SSRI Activities. Part 4.
Authors: Takeuchi Kumiko , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of 2‐Aminopyran Derivatives and 3‐Arylpropionitrile Derivatives Catalyzed by KF/Al2O3.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐shan , Shi Da‐qing , Du Ya , Zhou Yan , Tu Shu‐jiang
Published: August 2004

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Easy Access to 4‐Nitrothiochroman S,S‐Dioxides via Ring‐Enlargement from 3‐Nitrobenzo[b]thiophene.
Authors: Petrillo Giovanni , et al. et al.
Published: August 2004

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The Chemoselective Alkynylation of Dihaloquinolines by the Sonogashira—Hagihara Reaction.
Authors: Beletskaya I. P. , Latyshev G. V. , Tsvetkov A. V. , Lukashev N. V.
Published: August 2004

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Six‐Membered Nitrogen Ring Formation by Radical Cyclization of Trichloroacetamides with Enones. A Synthetic Entry to cis‐Perhydroisoquinoline‐3,6‐diones.
Authors: Vila Xavier , Quirante Josefina , Paloma Laura , Bonjoch Josep
Published: August 2004

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New Sulfonamides with Acridinic Nucleus.
Authors: Ferencz Laszlo , Farcasan Valer , Silberg Ioan A.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Novel Triazolopyridylboronic Acids and Esters. Study of Potential Application to Suzuki‐Type Reactions.
Authors: Abarca Belen , Ballesteros Rafael , Blanco Fernando , Bouillon Alexandre , Collot Valerie , Dominguez Jose‐Reynaldo , Lancelot Jean‐Charles , Rault Sylvain
Published: August 2004

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Efficient, “Tin‐Free” Radical Cyclization to Aromatic Systems. Synthesis of 5,6,8,9,10,11‐Hexahydroindolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines.
Authors: Menes‐Arzate Martha , Martinez Roberto , Cruz‐Almanza‐ Raymundo Cruz‐Almanza‐ Raymundo , Muchowski Joseph M. , Osornio Yazmin M. , Miranda Luis D.
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Medicinally Interesting 2,4‐Diamino‐9H‐pyrimido[4,5‐b]indol‐6‐ols via Extension of the Nenitzescu Reaction.
Authors: Dotzauer Bernd , Troschuetz Reinhard
Published: August 2004

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Efficient One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 7‐Oxo‐1,7,8,8a‐tetrahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Mollahosseini Mehdi , Yavari Hossine , Sayahi Mohammad Hosein , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: August 2004

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Unusual Rearrangement of Spiro β‐Lactams to 1,4‐Diazabicyclo[4,4,0]decanes and 1,4‐Diazabicyclo[4,3,0]nonanes. Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted σ‐Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Macias Alberto , Alonso Eduardo , del Pozo Carlos , Gonzalez Javier
Published: August 2004

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Cycloalkyl[b][1,4]benzodiazepinoindoles Are Agonists at the Human 5‐HT2C Receptor.
Authors: Sabb Annmarie L. , Vogel Robert L. , Welmaker Gregory S. , Sabalski Joan E. , Coupet Joseph , Dunlop John , Rosenzweig‐Lipson Sharon , Harrison Boyd
Published: August 2004

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Molecular Iodine Catalyzed Highly Rapid Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Bandgar B. P. , Bettigeri Sampada V. , Joshi Neeta S.
Published: August 2004

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Conversion of Alkyltrifluoroborates into Alkyldichloroboranes with Tetrachlorosilane in Coordinating Solvents.
Authors: Kim Byung Ju , Matteson Donald S.
Published: August 2004

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Convenient Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Phosphonates via a Mizoroki—Heck Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Diethyl Vinylphosphonate.
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Guchhait Sankar K. , Naravane Abhijit
Published: August 2004

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A Facile Preparation of Organyltellurophosphates.
Authors: Chen Jiang‐Min , Huang Xian
Published: August 2004

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Bielschowskysin, a Gorgonian‐Derived Biologically Active Diterpene with an Unprecedented Carbon Skeleton
Authors: Merrero Jeffrey , Rodriguez Abimael D. , Baran Peter , Raptis Raphael G. , Sanchez Juan A. , Ortega‐Barria Eduardo , Capson Todd L.
Published: August 2004

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Parallel Solution‐Phase Synthesis of (Z)‐3‐(Arylamino)‐2,3‐dehydroalanine Derivatives and Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Fused Pyrimidones.
Authors: Cebasek Petra , Wagger Jernej , Bevk David , Jakse Renata , Svete Jurij , Stanovnik Branko
Published: August 2004

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2‐tert‐Butyl‐3‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydroimidazol‐4‐one‐N‐oxide: A New Nitrone‐Based Chiral Glycine Equivalent.
Authors: Baldwin Steven W. , Long Alan
Published: August 2004

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Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure α‐Ethyl, α‐Vinyl and α‐Ethynyl 3,3,3‐Trifluoro Alaninates.
Authors: Crucianelli Marcello , De Angelis Francesco , Lazzaro Francesco , Malpezzi Luciana , Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: August 2004

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An Improved Asymmetric Synthesis of Unusual Amino Acid (2S,3S)‐3‐Hydroxyproline.
Authors: Huang Pei‐Qiang , Huang Hui‐Ying
Published: August 2004

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Urea Glycoside Synthesis in Water.
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Matsukawa Yohei , Isobe Minoru
Published: August 2004

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Fluorous Thiols in Oligosaccharide Synthesis.
Authors: Jing Yuqing , Huang Xuefei
Published: August 2004

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Total Synthesis of Petrobactin (I) and Its Homologues as Potential Growth Stimuli for Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, an Oil‐Degrading Bacteria.
Authors: Gardner Richard Andrew , Kinkade Rebecca , Wang Chaojie , Phanstiel Otto IV
Published: August 2004

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Magnetism in Nanoclusters
Authors: Binns C.
Published: August 2004

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Ex‐Chiral Pool Enaminones in the Synthesis of Functionalized Heterocycles
Authors: Svete Jurij
Published: August 2004

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Fragment‐Based Drug Discovery.
Authors: Erlanson Daniel A. , McDowell Robert S. , O'Brien Tom
Published: August 2004

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Imido Analogues of Phosphorus Oxo and Chalcogenido Anions
Authors: Chivers Tristram
Published: August 2004

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New Vistas in Chemistry and Applications of Primary Phosphines
Authors: Katti Kattesh V. , Pillarsetty Nagavarakishore , Raghuraman Kannan
Published: August 2004

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Microwave‐Supported Organic Synthesis: Applications. Part 23.
Authors: Keller Walter E.
Published: August 2004

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Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of all‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Douglas Christopher J. , Overman Larry E.
Published: August 2004

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Steroids and Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Maltais Rene , Tremblay Martin R. , Ciobanu Liviu C. , Poirier Donald
Published: August 2004

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High Pressure: A Promising Tool for Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: van Berkom Leon W. A. , Kuster George J. T. , Scheeren Hans W.
Published: August 2004

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Standard Partial Molar Volumes of Electrolytes and Ions in Nonaqueous Solvents
Authors: Marcus Yizhak , Hefter Glenn
Published: August 2004

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A Brighter Future for Protein Design
Authors: Tramontano Anna
Published: August 2004

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