bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis and SAR Study of cis‐2,6‐Dialkyl‐4‐chloro‐tetrahydropyrans.
Authors: Miranda Pedro O. , Leon Leticia G. , Martin Victor S. , Padron Juan I. , Padron Jose M.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Enantioselective Approach to Cyclic β‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Olefin Metathesis Reactions.
Authors: Lesma Giordano , Danieli Bruno , Sacchetti Alessandro , Silvani Alessandra
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Halo‐6‐hydroxy‐5,5‐dimethyl (ethyl)‐5,6‐dihydro‐1H‐pyridine‐3,4,4‐tricarbonitriles by the Reaction of Tetracyanoethylene with Aldehydes.
Authors: Eremkin Aleksei V. , Molkov Sergei N. , Ershov Oleg V. , Kayukov Yakov S. , Nasakin Oleg E. , Tafeenko Viktor A. , Nurieva Evgeniya V.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Spirofused 3‐Substituted 2,3,4,4a,5,6‐Hexahydro‐6H‐benzo[c]quinolizine Using the tert‐Amino Effect.
Authors: Deeva Elisaveta V. , Glukhareva Tatiana V. , Tkachev Alexey V. , Morzherin Yury Yu.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Pyrazoles and Isoxazoles as Potent αvβ3 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Penning Thomas D. , et al. et al.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calcium Chloride Catalyzed Three Component, One‐Pot Condensation Reaction: An Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Gangadasu B. , Narender P. , Raju B. China , Rao V. Jayathirtha
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Suzuki‐Type Pd(0) Coupling Reactions in the Synthesis of 2‐Arylpurines as Cdk Inhibitors.
Authors: Vandromme Lucie , Piguel Sandrine , Lozach Olivier , Meijer Laurent , Legraverend Michel , Grierson David S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Introduction of Substituents on the 2‐Oxo‐piperazine Skeleton by [3 + 2] Cycloaddition and Subsequent Transformation.
Authors: Wierschem Frank , Rueck‐Braun Karola
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Lactams Through RCM Reaction of Oxyoxazolidinones.
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Tanaka Keiichi , Hayashi Takahiro , Omata Yoji
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zirconyl(IV) Chloride: A Novel and Efficient Reagent for the Rapid Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Nagawade Rahul R. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Functionalized Organotrifluoroborates via Halomethyltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Ham Jungyeob
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereodivergent Formation of Alkenylsilanes: syn or anti Hydrosilylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Cyclopentadienylcobalt(I) Chelate Bearing a Pendant Phosphane Tether.
Authors: Yong Li , Kirleis Karin , Butenschoen Holger
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile and Highly Efficient Route to α‐Amino Phosphonates via Three‐Component Reactions Catalyzed by Mg(ClO4)2 or Molecular Iodine.
Authors: Wu Jie , Sun Wei , Xia Hong‐Guang , Sun Xiaoyu
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Ring‐Opening Reaction of 1,2‐Epoxides with Arylselenol under Solvent‐Free Conditions and Application to the Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Yang Ming‐Hua , Yuan Chao‐Ying , Pan Yi , Zhu Chen‐Jian
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Enantioselective Synthesis of Natural Striatenic Acid and Its Methyl Ester.
Authors: Aubin Yoann , Audran Gerard , Monti Honore
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclopropanation of Betulonic Acid and Its Methyl Ester with Dichlorocarbene Generated under Phase Transfer Catalysis Conditions.
Authors: Komissarova N. G. , Belenkova N. G. , Shitikova O. V. , Spirikhin L. V. , Yunusov M. S.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ferromagnetic Resonance in Ga1‐xMnxAs Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Furdyna Jacek K.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Huge Magnetoresistance in Association with Strong Magnetoelastic Effects
Authors: Morellon L. , Ibarra M. R.
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials with Metallurgical and Crystalline Alignment
Authors: Okutani Takeshi , Nagai Hideaki , Mamiya Mikito
Published: August 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Problems getting back in the swing after breast cancer
Authors: Cowden Sharon
Published: August 2006

For more than 50 years, Cancer has explored every facet of malignant disease, including morphology, therapy, epidemiology, biology, historical perspective, and basic science. However, the Editors of Cancer believe that the human beings who bear the burden of this illness have much to teach us, and we now solicit essays from patients and family members about their experience. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Differences in chemo‐ and cytoarchitectural features withinpars principalisof the rat anterior olfactory nucleus suggest functional specialization
Authors: Meyer Elizabeth Amory , Illig Kurt R. , Brunjes Peter C.
Published: August 2006

The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) lies between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex and is the first bilaterally innervated structure in the olfactory system. It is typically divided into two subregions:pars externaandpars principalis. We examined the cytoarchitecture ofpars principalis,the largest cellular area of the region, to determine whether it is homogeneously organized. Quantitative Nissl studies indicated that large cells (cell body area >2 standard deviations (SD) larger than the mean cell size) are densest in lateral and dorsolateral regions, while small cells (>1 SD smaller than the mean) are more numerous in medial and ventral areas. Further evidence for regional differences in the organization of the AON were obtained with immunohistochemistry for calbindin (CALB), parvalbumin (PARV), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and choline transporter (CHT). Cells immunopositive for CALB (CALB+) were denser in the deep portion of Layer II, although homogeneously dispersed throughout the circumference of the AON. PARV+ cells were located in the superficial half of Layer II and were sparse in ventral and medial regions. CHT+ and GAD+ fibers were denser in lateral versus medial regions. No regional differences were found in GAD+ somata, or in norepinephrine transporter or serotonin transporter immunoreactivity. The observed regional differences in cyto‐ and chemoarchitectural features may reflect functional heterogeneity within the AON. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:786–795, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of prokineticins and their receptors in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Cheng Michelle Y. , Leslie Frances M. , Zhou Qun‐Yong
Published: August 2006

Prokineticins are a pair of regulatory peptides that have been shown to play important roles in gastrointestinal motility, angiogenesis, circadian rhythms, and, recently, olfactory bulb neurogenesis. Prokineticins exert their functions via activation of two closely related G‐protein‐coupled receptors. Here we report a comprehensive mRNA distribution for both prokineticins (PK1 and PK2) and their receptors (PKR1 and PKR2) in the adult mouse brain with the use of in situ hybridization. PK2 mRNA is expressed in discrete regions of the brain, including suprachiasmatic nucleus, islands of Calleja and medial preoptic area, olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens shell, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, and amygdala. PK1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the brainstem, with high abundance in the nucleus tractus solitarius. PKR2 mRNA is detected throughout the brain, with prominent expression in olfactory regions, cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus, septum and hippocampus, habenula, amygdala, nucleus tractus solitarius, and circumventricular organs such as subfornical organ, median eminence, and area postrema. PKR2 mRNA is also detected in mammillary nuclei, periaqueductal gray, and dorsal raphe. In contrast, PKR1 mRNA is found in fewer brain regions, with moderate expression in the olfactory regions, dentate gyrus, zona incerta, and dorsal motor vagal nucleus. Both PKR1 and PKR2 are also detected in olfactory ventricle and subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle, both of which are rich sources of neuronal precursors. These extensive expression patterns suggest that prokineticins may have a broad array of functions in the central nervous system, including circadian rhythm, neurogenesis, ingestive behavior, reproduction, and autonomic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:796–809, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinct perisynaptic and synaptic localization of NMDA and AMPA receptors on ganglion cells in rat retina
Authors: Zhang Jun , Diamond Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2006

At most excitatory synapses, AMPA and NMDA receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs) occupy the postsynaptic density (PSD) and contribute to miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) elicited by single transmitter quanta. Juxtaposition of AMPARs and NMDARs may be crucial for certain types of synaptic plasticity, although extrasynaptic NMDARs may also contribute. AMPARs and NMDARs also contribute to evoked EPSCs in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but mEPSCs are mediated solely by AMPARs. Previous work indicates that an NMDAR component emerges in mEPSCs when glutamate uptake is reduced, suggesting that NMDARs are located near the release site but perhaps not directly beneath in the PSD. Consistent with this idea, NMDARs on RGCs encounter a lower glutamate concentration during synaptic transmission than do AMPARs. To understand better the roles of NMDARs in RGC function, we used immunohistochemical and electron microscopic techniques to determine the precise subsynaptic localization of NMDARs in RGC dendrites. RGC dendrites were labeled retrogradely with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) injected into the superior colliculus (SC) and identified using postembedding immunogold methods. Colabeling with antibodies directed toward AMPARs and/or NMDARs, we found that nearly all AMPARs are located within the PSD, while most NMDARs are located perisynaptically, 100–300 nm from the PSD. This morphological evidence for exclusively perisynaptic NMDARs localizations suggests a distinct role for NMDARs in RGC function. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:810–820, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Horizontal eye movement networks in primates as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus: Differences in monosynaptic input to “slow” and “fast” abducens motoneurons
Authors: Ugolini Gabriella , Klam François , Doldan Dans Maria , Dubayle David , Brandi Anne‐Marie , Büttner‐Ennever Jean , Graf Werner
Published: August 2006

The sources of monosynaptic input to “fast” and “slow” abducens motoneurons (MNs) were revealed in primates by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus after injection either into the distal or central portions of the lateral rectus (LR) muscle, containing, respectively, “en grappe” endplates innervating slow muscle fibers or “en plaque” motor endplates innervating fast fibers. Rabies uptake involved exclusively motor endplates within the injected portion of the muscle. At 2.5 days after injections, remarkable differences of innervation of slow and fast MNs were demonstrated. Premotor connectivity of slow MNs, revealed here for the first time, involves mainly the supraoculomotor area, central mesencephalic reticular formation, and portions of medial vestibular and prepositus hypoglossi nuclei carrying eye position and smooth pursuit signals. Results suggest that slow MNs are involved exclusively in slow eye movements (vergence and possibly smooth pursuit), muscle length stabilization and gaze holding (fixation), and rule out their participation in fast eye movements (saccades, vestibulo‐ocular reflex). By contrast, all known monosynaptic pathways to LR MNs innervate fast MNs, showing their participation in the entire horizontal eye movements repertoire. Hitherto unknown monosynaptic connections were also revealed, such as those derived from the central mesencephalic reticular formation and vertical eye movements pathways (Y group, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus). The different connectivity of fast and slow MNs parallel differences in properties of muscle fibers that they innervate, suggesting that muscle fibers properties, rather than being self‐determined, are the result of differences of their premotor innervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:762–785, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular Silanol Chemistry: Inclusion Complexes of 1,3,5‐Tris(diisopropylhydroxysilyl)benzene and 4,4′‐Bis(pyridines) (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 17/2006)
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Jänicke Sanna L.
Published: August 2006

The cover picture shows the supramolecular structure of an inclusion complex between the trisilanol 1,3,5‐(HOiPr2Si)3C6H3 and trans‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe). The trisilanol molecules are associated by SiO–H···O(H)Si hydrogen bonds, giving rise to the formation of 1D (horizontal) chains. The bpe molecules resemble pillars that are situated perpendicularly to the 1D chains and linked by SiO–H···N hydrogen bonds. The supramolecular motif is somewhat reminiscent of the Acropolis of Selinunte built 650 BC in Sicily, a masterpiece of classical Greek architecture. Details of synthesis and structures of supramolecular complexes between the trisilanol 1,3,5‐(HOiPr2Si)3C6H3 and a number of 4,4′‐bis(pyridine) compounds are described in the article by J. Beckmann and S. L. Jänicke on p. 3351 ff.
A New, Mild, General and Efficient Route to Aryl Ethyl Carbonates in Solvent‐Free Conditions Promoted by Magnesium Perchlorate
Authors: Bartoli Giuseppe , Bosco Marcella , Carlone Armando , Locatelli Manuela , Marcantoni Enrico , Melchiorre Paolo , Palazzi Paolo , Sambri Letizia
Published: August 2006

A new, general and mild method for the direct synthesis of aryl and alkyl ethyl carbonates promoted by a Lewis acid is reported. The reaction proceeds smoothly with diethyl dicarbonate in the presence of Mg(ClO4)2, a specific activator of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, and shows general applicability. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Efficient and Selective Hydroarylation of Styrenes with Electron‐Rich Arenes, Catalyzed by Bismuth(III) Chloride and Affording Markovnikov Adducts
Authors: Sun Hong‐Bin , Li Biao , Hua Ruimao , Yin Yingwu
Published: August 2006

In the presence of BiCl3, the hydroarylation of styrenes with electron‐rich arenes afforded Markovnikov adducts selectively in good to high yields. Under arene‐free conditions, the intermolecular hydroarylation of α‐substituted styrenes and subsequent intramolecular hydroarylation produced the cyclic dimers of α‐substituted styrenes in good yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Functional Group Migration in Reactions of 1,2‐Diferrocenyl‐3‐(methylthio)cyclopropenylium Iodide with CH Acids
Authors: Klimova Elena I. , García Marcos Martínez , Berestneva Tatiana Klimova , Alvarez Toledano Cecilio , Toscano Ruben Alfredo , Backinowsky Leon V.
Published: August 2006

1,2‐Diferrocenyl‐3‐(methylthio)cyclopropenylium iodide reacts with malonic acid derivatives (diethyl malonate and malononitrile as the active methylene compounds) to give mainly the corresponding 3,4‐diferrocenyl‐2‐(methylthio)hexa‐2,4‐dienedioic acid and 2,3‐diferrocenyl‐4‐(methylthio)buta‐1,3‐diene‐1,1‐dicarboxylic acid derivatives as well as ethyl 2,3‐diferrocenyl‐4‐(methylthio)‐5‐oxocyclo‐1,3‐pentadiene‐1‐carboxylate or 2‐cyano‐3,4‐diferrocenyl‐5‐(methylthio)‐2,4‐cyclopentadien‐1‐imine. X‐ray diffraction data for diethyl (2Z,4E)‐3,4‐diferrocenyl‐2‐(methylthio)hexa‐2,4‐dienedioate and 2,3‐diferrocenyl‐4‐(methylthio)buta‐1,3‐diene‐1,1‐dicarbonitrile are presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Theoretical Evaluation of the Michael‐Acceptor Ability of Conjugated Nitroalkenes
Authors: Rai Vishal , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: August 2006

A theoretical evaluation of the relative Michael‐acceptor abilities of a variety of substituted aromatic and aliphatic nitroalkenes is reported. Several global and local reactivity indices were evaluated with the incorporation of natural charge obtained from natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Natural charges at the carbon atom β to the NO2group and the condensed Fukui functions derived by this method were quite consistent with the reactivity. The reactivity of nitroalkenes was further examined by kinetic experiments that were monitored by NMR spectroscopy. The isolated yields reported in the literature were also found to have a dependable correlation with these reactivity indices in the majority of cases. The computational methods employed in the calculation of natural charge, the condensed Fukui function, local softness and other reactivity parameters were chosen after evaluation of various methods for their ability to satisfactorily predict the NMR chemical shift of the1H atom β andcisto the NO2group (β‐H) in nitroalkenes. Our approach appears suitable for predicting the relative Michael‐acceptor abilities of various nitroalkenes, based on the β‐carbon natural charge and the indices derived from it. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Expedient Synthesis of Perfluorinated Tetraazamacrocycles: New Ligands for Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidation under Fluorous Biphasic Conditions
Authors: de Castries Augustin , Magnier Emmanuel , Monmotton Sophie , Fensterbank Hélène , Larpent Chantal
Published: August 2006

Conjugate additions of cyclam to perfluorohexyl vinyl sulfone and sulfoxide, which act as efficient fluorous Michael acceptors, readily give access to new fluoro‐ponytail tetraazamacrocycles in good yields. The solubility of the N‐tetrasubstituted macrocycles depends dramatically on the nature of the polar function (SO or SO2): the sulfoxide cyclam derivative is soluble in perfluorodecaline (pfd) and perfluoromethylcyclohexane (pfmc) while the sulfonyl derivative is almost insoluble in organic or fluorous solvents. In agreement with the well known affinity of cyclam for copper(II) ions, stable copper complexes of the fluorous macrocyclic ligands have been isolated and characterized. In chloroform/methanol, complexes with four perfluorinated tails have been obtained from reaction of the tetra‐N‐perfluorohexylsulfinyl‐substituted macrocycle with copper nitrate and copper perfluorocarboxylate. In trifluoroethanol, a selective retro‐Michael reaction has been observed and the same reaction specifically gives copper complexes of the tri‐N‐substituted macrocycle. Complexes with three and four fluorous tails associated with perfluorocarboxylate counteranions are soluble in fluorous solvents (pfd and pfmc). These copper complexes were tested as catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexene by molecular oxygen in the presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tbhp). The oxidation reactions proceed under fluorous biphasic conditions and the catalyst can be recovered and reused. Quenching experiments indicate that cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide is the main oxidation product of the reaction performed with or without tbhp. Interestingly, these perfluorinated copper complexes are good, recyclable catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexene by molecular oxygen without tbhp at room temperature and 65 °C.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Gold Catalysis: Observation of a Two‐Fold Intermolecular Hydroarylation of Unactivated C–C Triple Bonds
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Blanco M. Carmen
Published: August 2006

The cationic binuclear catalyst [(Mes3PAu)2Cl]BF4 enables the reaction of 2‐methyl‐ or 2‐pentylfuran with phenylacetylene, 1‐pentyne or 1‐heptyne to yield the products of a twofold hydroarylation of the alkyne. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The impact of e‐HR on professional competence in HRM: Implications for the development of HR professionals
Authors: Bell Bradford S. , Lee Sae‐Won , Yeung Sarah K.
Published: August 2006

Information technology has been cited as a critical driver of HR's transition from a focus on administrative tasks to a focus on serving as a strategic business partner. This strategic role not only adds a valuable dimension to the HR function, but also changes the competencies that define the success of HR professionals. Interviews were conducted with HR representatives from 19 firms to examine the linkage between electronic human resources (e‐HR) and the reshaping of professional competence in HRM. Based on the findings, we draw implications for the development of HR competencies and identify learning strategies that HR professionals can utilize to fulfill their changing roles and responsibilities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Commentary on “meeting the competency needs of global leaders: A partnership approach”: An executive coach's perspective
Authors: Brownell Judi , Goldsmith Marshall
Published: August 2006

This article concludes that common competencies, the fundamental knowledge and skills developed in traditional educational environments, are necessary but insufficient in the preparation of global leaders. Rather, human resource professionals, in partnership with management educators, are best positioned to identify and facilitate global leadership excellence by focusing on the identification and development of key personal characteristics or distinctive competencies. In particular, global leaders must be men and women of sound character. We further propose that “distinctive competencies” are best assessed through experience in the field. Recommendations are offered as to how competency‐based leadership development can be designed to address both common and distinctive competencies, with special attention to the individual's character. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The importance of the employee perspective in the competency development of human resource professionals
Authors: Graham Mary E. , Tarbell Lindsay M.
Published: August 2006

Recent specification of HR competencies has the potential to influence the professional development of all HR practitioners. It is possible, however, to master the competencies and still underperform. This disconnect may occur because current competency work reflects the perspective of top management clients of human resources to the neglect of the employee perspective. In addition, competencies have become linked so tightly to firm outcomes that normative influences in competency development are lost. To think through these issues, we examine the credibility competency for HR professionals (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005). Focus groups confirm that credibility dimensions vary across stakeholders, with employees emphasizing trust, management emphasizing expertise and effective relationships, and top management emphasizing the achievement of results. We conclude that more broadly defined competencies for HR professionals are necessary. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting assessment center performance with 360‐degree, top‐down, and customer‐based competency assessments
Authors: Hagan Christine M. , Konopaske Robert , Bernardin H. John , Tyler Catherine L.
Published: August 2006

In the first criterion‐related validity study of a complete 360‐degree competency assessment process (i.e., where customer data are included), aggregated 360‐degree assessment of 428 retail associate store managers on six competencies showed strong validity (.50) in the prediction of assessment center performance. In addition, 360‐degree assessments on each of the six competencies were significantly correlated with the criteria. The aggregated 360‐degree assessments also demonstrated incremental validity over managerial ratings alone in the prediction of assessment center criteria. Customer (mystery shopper) assessments were also significantly correlated with the assessment center criteria and exhibited incremental validity beyond supervisory assessments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A competency‐based framework for promoting corporate entrepreneurship
Authors: Hayton James C. , Kelley Donna J.
Published: August 2006

Corporate entrepreneurship, the discovery and pursuit of new opportunities through innovation and venturing, is an important source of competitive advantage. Corporate entrepreneurship involves a diverse set of activities such as innovation in products and processes; the development of internal and external corporate ventures; and the development of new business models, which require an array of roles, behaviors, and individual competencies. In this article, we define individual competencies and distinguish them from other individual difference constructs. We argue that given the unique requirements of corporate entrepreneurship, a competency‐based approach to assessing organizational human capital needs is superior to more traditional job‐analytic methods. Drawing on existing literature, we outline a competency framework for supporting corporate entrepreneurship and infer the underlying, measurable knowledge, skills, and abilities that contribute to these competencies. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this framework for the staffing, training and development, and performance‐appraisal practices of firms seeking to promote corporate entrepreneurship. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A situationalist perspective to competency management
Authors: Capaldo Guido , Iandoli Luca , Zollo Giuseppe
Published: August 2006

The dominant view in managerial practice assumes that competencies are “universal” constructs whose meaning is independent from any specific context. The “universalist” approach ensures a high degree of efficiency through standardization of competency codebooks. However, the effectiveness of this approach has often been questioned. Overgeneralization makes the description of competencies ambiguous and does not provide HR managers with adequate practical information. An alternative, “situationalist” approach defines competencies as situated, idiosyncratic constructs whose meaning is deeply influenced by organizational culture and by the unique way people make sense of their jobs. We propose a methodological approach to competency management based on a situationalist perspective. Through a field study carried out in a large Italian organization, we discuss the issues relevant to consider when developing competency‐management systems though a situationalist approach. In particular, we show that the situationalist approach, by ensuring higher attention to the meaning and to the situated nature of competencies, is more capable of dealing with some of the critical management challenges outlined in the recent literature, such as the demand for more participative approaches and the increasing emphasis on emerging competencies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Book review
Authors: Graham Mary E.
Published: August 2006

Warren Farrell. Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth About the Pay Gap—And What Women Can Do About It. New York: American Management Association, 2005. 270 pages.
Book review
Authors: Umphress Elizabeth
Published: August 2006

Yoav Vardi & Ely Weitz. (2004). Misbehavior in Organizations: Theory, Research, and Management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 337 pages.
Competencies in practice: An interview with Hanneke C. Frese
Authors: Hayton James C. , McEvoy Glenn M.
Published: August 2006

In this interview with Hanneke C. Frese, we explore a few of the issues associated with the practical application of competency models. Hanneke has broad international experience in a number of organizational settings and has observed both the advantages and the challenges of implementing competency frameworks. In addition, we discuss the contribution that competency modeling can make to the firm and areas for future development and application of these models.
Agkistin‐s, a disintegrin domain, inhibits angiogenesis and induces BAECs apoptosis
Authors: Ren Aixia , Wang Shaohui , Cai Wenjie , Yang Guanzhen , Zhu Yichun , Wu Xiangfu , Zhang Yaozhou
Published: August 2006

Previous work in our laboratory has shown agkistin, a snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) from the venom of Agkistrodon halys, possesses antiplatelet aggregation activity. In this study, we further examined the antiangiogenic activity of agkistin‐s, the disintegrin domain of agkistin. Recombinant agkistin‐s was produced in Escherichia coli by subcloning its cDNA into pET28a vector, and the effect of purified agkistin‐s was evaluated. At the concentration of 0.5–1.5 µM, the recombinant agkistin‐s exhibited inhibitory activities on the bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) migration and proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, it exhibited an effective antiangiogenic effect when assayed by using the 10‐day‐old embryo chick CAM model and effectively inhibits the tube‐like structure formation. Furthermore, it potently induced BAECs apoptosis as examined by flow cytometric assays. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1517–1523, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The drosophila ortholog of the endolysosomal membrane protein, endolyn, regulates cell proliferation
Authors: Zhou Guang‐Qian , Zhang Youyi , Ferguson David J.P. , Chen Sa , Rasmuson‐Lestander Åsa , Campbell Frederick C. , Watt Suzanne M.
Published: August 2006

Endolyn (CD164) is a sialomucin that regulates the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. This molecule is predominately localized in endocytotic compartments, where it may contribute to endolysosomal biogenesis and trafficking. In order to more closely define the function of endolyn from an evolutionary view‐point, we first analyzed endolyn orthologs in species ranging from insects, fish, and birds to mammals. The predicted molecular structures of the endolyn orthologs from these species are well conserved, particularly with respect to significant O‐linked glycosylation of the extracellular domain, and the high degree of amino acid similarities within their transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with the latter possessing the lysosomal target signal, YXXϕ. Focusing on Drosophila, our studies showed that the subcellular distribution of endolyn in non‐polarized Drosophila S2 cells resembles that of its human counterpart in hematopoietic cells, with its predominant localization being within intracellular vesicles, while a small fraction occurs on the cell surface. Both Y → A and L → A mutations in the YHTL motif perturbed the normal subcellular distribution of Drosophila endolyn. Interestingly, embryonic and early larval development was often arrested in endolyn‐deficient Drosophila mutants. This may partly be due to the role of endolyn in regulating cell proliferation, since knock‐down of endolyn expression in S2 cells resulted in up to 50% inhibition of cell growth, with a proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that endolyn is an evolutionarily conserved sialomucin fundamentally involved in cell proliferation in both the human and Drosophila melanogaster. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1380–1396, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A proteomic approach to the identification of early molecular targets changed by L‐ascorbic acid in NB4 human leukemia cells
Authors: Park Seyeon , Lee Joomin , Yeom Chang‐Hwan
Published: August 2006

The pro‐oxidant effect of L‐ascorbic acid (LAA) is toxic to leukemia cells. LAA induces the oxidation of glutathione to its oxidized form (GSSG) and this is followed by a concentration‐dependent H2O2 accumulation, which occurs in parallel to the induction of apoptosis. To identify early protein targets of LAA in leukemia cells, we used a differential proteomics approach in NB4 human leukemia cells treated with 0.5 mM of LAA for 30 min. This exposure was determined to efficiently block cellular proliferation and to activate oxidative stress‐inducible apoptosis. We identified nine proteins that sensitively reacted to LAA treatment by using two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight‐MS. A subunit of protein‐disulfide isomerase (a thiol/disulfide exchange catalyst) and immunoglobulin‐heavy‐chain binding protein (BiP, identical to Hsp70 chaperone) showed quantitative expression profile differences. A myeloid leukemia associated antigen protein (a tropomyosin isoform) showed changes in pI as a result of phosphorylation. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that the addition of LAA to cells results in an immediate change in the intracellular thiol/disulfide condition and that this includes an increase in the GSH oxidation with changes in the superfamily of thiol/disulfide exchange catalysts. These results suggest that LAA oxidizes intracellular reduced glutathione and modulates disulfide bond formation in proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1628–1641, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Downregulation of miR‐122 in the rodent and human hepatocellular carcinomas
Authors: Kutay Huban , Bai Shoumei , Datta Jharna , Motiwala Tasneem , Pogribny Igor , Frankel Wendy , Jacob Samson T. , Ghoshal Kalpana
Published: August 2006

MicroRNAs (miRs) are conserved small non‐coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. The miR profiles are markedly altered in cancers and some of them have a causal role in tumorigenesis. Here, we report changes in miR expression profile in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) developed in male Fisher rats‐fed folic acid, methionine, and choline‐deficient (FMD) diet. Comparison of the miR profile by microarray analysis showed altered expression of some miRs in hepatomas compared to the livers from age‐matched rats on the normal diet. While let‐7a, miR‐21, miR‐23, miR‐130, miR‐190, and miR‐17‐92 family of genes was upregulated, miR‐122, an abundant liver‐specific miR, was downregulated in the tumors. The decrease in hepatic miR‐122 was a tumor‐specific event because it did not occur in the rats switched to the folate and methyl‐adequate diet after 36 weeks on deficient diet, which did not lead to hepatocarcinogenesis. miR‐122 was also silent in a transplanted rat hepatoma. Extrapolation of this study to human primary HCCs revealed that miR‐122 expression was significantly (P = 0.013) reduced in 10 out of 20 tumors compared to the pair‐matched control tissues. These findings suggest that the downregulation of miR‐122 is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and could be a potential biomarker for liver cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 671–678, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of reactive oxygen species is an early event in dolichyl phosphate‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshiko , Nohara Kazunari , Okubo Tomoko , Kano Itsu , Akagawa Keisuke , Kano Kazutaka
Published: August 2006

The mechanism of induction of apoptosis by dolichyl phosphate (Dol‐P) was investigated in U937 cells. Studies using isolated mitochondria revealed that the respiratory complex II activity was almost completely inhibited by 20 µg/ml of Dol‐P but not by the same concentration of dolichol. Activities of complex I and III were also inhibited by Dol‐P, but nearly 50% of activity still remained at 20 µg/ml. Dol‐P induced release of cytochrome‐c from the isolated mitochondria. Fluorometric microtiter plate assay revealed that generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in a time‐dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis also indicated that Dol‐P caused loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and increased ROS generation. The addition of the antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) significantly inhibited Dol‐P‐induced ROS generation and activation of caspase‐3. A specific inhibitor of respiratory complex II, thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA), increased ROS generation, potentially mimicking the consequence of inhibition of electron flow at complex II by Dol‐P in U937 cells. Electron microscopy revealed that mitochondria became swollen and spherical in shape by the treatment with Dol‐P. Neither the tyrosine kinase inhibitor k252a nor mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 inhibited the Dol‐P‐induced apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that the direct disruption of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and the consequent ROS generation play a critical role in the initiation of Dol‐P‐induced apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 349–361, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic modifiers promote efficient generation of neural‐like cells from bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal cells grown in neural environment
Authors: Alexanian Arshak R.
Published: August 2006

Understanding mechanisms that govern cell fate decisions will lead to developing techniques for induction of adult stem cell differentiation to desired cell outcomes and, thus, production of an autologos source of cells for regenerative medicine. Recently, we demonstrated that stem cells derived from adult central nervous system or bone marrow grown with other cell lineages or with more undifferentiated cells sometimes take on those characteristics. This indicates that manipulating extracellular factors may be sufficient to alter some developmental restrictions regulated by the epigenetic system. In this study, using pharmacological agents that interfere with the main components of the epigenetic program such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, we induce high‐level expression of embryonic and neural stem cell (NSC) marker Sox2 in bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Exposure of these modified cells to a neural environment via juxtacrine and paracrine interactions promote efficient generation of neural stem‐like cells as well as cells with neuronal and glial characteristics. We concluded that the manipulation strategy used in this study can be a useful method for efficient production of NSC‐like cells from MSCs. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 362–371, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel identification of peripheral dopaminergic D2 receptor in male germ cells
Authors: Otth Carola , Torres Mauricio , Ramírez Alfredo , Fernandez Juan Carlos , Castro Maite , Rauch M. Cecilia , Brito Mónica , Yañez Alejandro J. , Rodríguez‐Gil Joan‐Enric , Slebe Juan Carlos , Concha Ilona I.
Published: August 2006

Dopamine is a recognized modulator in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral organ functions. The presence of peripheral dopamine receptors outside the CNS has suggested an intriguing interaction between the nervous system and other functional systems, such as the reproductive system. In the present study we analyzed the expression of D2R receptors in rat testis, rat spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa, in different mammals. The RT‐PCR analysis of rat testis mRNA showed specific bands corresponding to the two dopamine receptor D2R (L and S) isoforms previously described in the brain. Using Western blot analysis, we confirmed that the protein is present in rat testis, isolated spermatogenic cells and also in spermatozoa of a range of different mammals, such as rat, mouse, bull, and human. The immunohistochemistry analysis of rat adult testis showed that the receptor was expressed in all germ cells (pre‐ and post‐meiotic phase) of the tubule with staining predominant in spermatogonia. Confocal analysis by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that in non‐capacitated spermatozoa of rat, mouse, bull, and human, D2R is mainly localized in the flagellum, and is also observed in the acrosomal region of the sperm head (except in human spermatozoa). Our findings demonstrate that the two D2 receptor isoforms are expressed in rat testis and that the receptor protein is present in different mammalian spermatozoa. The presence of D2R receptors in male germ cells implies new and unsuspected roles for dopamine signaling in testicular and sperm physiology. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 141–150, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salvianolic acid B attenuates MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression in vivo in apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient mouse aorta and in vitro in LPS‐treated human aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Lin Shing‐Jong , Lee I‐Ta , Chen Yung‐Hsiang , Lin Feng‐Yen , Sheu Li‐Min , Ku Hung‐Hai , Shiao Ming‐Shi , Chen Jaw‐Wen , Chen Yuh‐Lien
Published: August 2006

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a water‐soluble antioxidant derived from a Chinese medicinal herb, is believed to have multiple therapeutic and preventive against human vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis. To elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms, we produced hypercholesterolemia by feeding apo‐E‐deficient mice a 0.15% cholesterol diet and inflammation in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), focusing on the metallopreteinases MMP‐2 and MMP‐9, the relevant signal transduction pathways and the effects of Sal B. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated apo‐E‐deficient mice fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet for 12 weeks exhibited thickened intima and elevated levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in aortic sections, both of which were attenuated by 0.3% Sal B dietary supplement. Western blotting and zymography analyses indicated that unstimulated HASMCs exhibited basal levels of protein and activity levels for MMP‐2 and barely detectable levels for MMP‐9, both of which were markedly upregulated by LPS, which also induced cell migration. Sal B significantly attenuated upregulations of both MMPs as well as the LPS‐induced cell migration through the inactivation of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 protein synthesis as well as the downregulation of the extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK). These results demonstrate that Sal B has anti‐migration properties on smooth muscle cells and may explain its anti‐atherosclerotic properties. This novel mechanism of action of Sal B, in addition to its previously reported inhibition of LDL oxidation, may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 372–384, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment and characterization of an immortomouse‐derived odontoblast‐like cell line to evaluate the effect of insulin‐like growth factors on odontoblast differentiation
Authors: Catón Javier , Bringas Pablo , Zeichner‐David Margarita
Published: August 2006

Insulin‐like growth factors (IGF‐I and IGF‐II) play important roles in regulating growth and differentiation of many different organs including teeth. The presence of these factors in the developing tooth has been demonstrated. In vitro studies using tooth explants grown in the presence of IGFs suggest that they promote differentiation of ameloblast and odontoblasts cells. This is achieved by inducing or repressing gene expression associated with these cells. Since some of the genes involved in tooth differentiation are expressed by both cells, to determine the effect of IGF on odontoblast cell differentiation we first need a cell line in which a controlled environment can be created. In this study, we report the establishment and characterization of an Immortomouse‐derived odontoblast‐like cell line. This conditional cell line can grow indefinitely under permissive conditions in the presence of INF‐γ at 33°C, differentiate into odontoblast‐like cells and produce a mineralized extracellular matrix when the INF‐γ is removed and cell maintained at 39°C. Addition of exogenous IGFs to the media results in an accelerated production of a mineralized matrix. This is the result of increased transcription of genes associated with bone mineralization while down regulating genes associated with dentin formation like DSPP. This data suggest that IGFs induce dental papillae mesenchyme cells to produce a bone‐like mineralized extracellular matrix. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 450–463, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.