bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards furfural and biomass char production from Camellia oleifera husks using dilute hydrochloric acid pretreatment: a comprehensive investigation on adsorption performance
Authors: Hu Mingyang , Yu Yanyan , Li Xiaoyan , Wang Xinyu , Liu Yun
Published: September 2023

The whole component utilization of lignocellulose was achieved, and hemicellulose was used to prepare FF which was adsorbed with S-8 macroporous resin and purified. The residue including cellulose and lignin was converted to biomass char, which was used for the adsorption of methylene blue dye.
Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and aquatic toxicity studies of anionic surfactants derived from amino and α-hydroxy acids
Authors: Kalebic Demian , Binnemans Koen , de Witte Peter A. M. , Dehaen Wim
Published: September 2023

A library of surfactants derived from natural products was synthesized. Bioderived surfactants exhibited diverse pH-dependent foaming properties, CMC values and generally low aquatic toxicity.
Recent advances in Cu-BTC MOF-based engineered materials for the photocatalytic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater towards environmental remediation
Authors: Roy Saptarshi , Darabdhara Jnyanashree , Ahmaruzzaman Md.
Published: September 2023

Cu-MOF has gained attention due to its exceptional thermal stability, large surface area and pore volume. This review summarizes its advantages covering synthesis, reactivity and applications in removing toxic pharmaceutical residues from wastewater.
Multifunctional materials for catalyst-specific heating and thermometry in tandem catalysis
Authors: Farpón Marcos G. , Peláez Raquel , Recio Verónica , Atakan Burak , Zaldo Carlos , Prieto Gonzalo
Published: September 2023

A multifunctional material design, integrating catalytic and auxiliary magnetic susception and contactless thermal sensing functionalities, unlocks catalyst-specific heating and thermometry for spatially proximate solid catalysts in a single reactor.
Photo and redox active carbon nitride – dual functionality for energy storage
Authors: Mann Rohit , Khushalani Deepa
Published: September 2023

The ability to directly capture and store solar energy in an electrical form within a single structure is an intriguing concept and if feasible, could be an ideal approach to overcome the intermittency issue of solar energy.
Guest-induced breathing mediated selective alcohol recovery from water by MIL-88A(Fe)
Authors: Barroso Nagore , Dutta Subhajit , Andreo Jacopo , Beobide Garikoitz , Castillo Oscar , Luque Antonio , Pérez-Yáñez Sonia , Wuttke Stefan
Published: September 2023

Guest-induced breathing mediated selective alcohol adsorption.
Thiophene-fused boron dipyrromethenes as energy efficient near-infrared photocatalysts for radical polymerizations
Authors: Stafford Alex , Allen Seth R. , Grusenmeyer Tod A. , O'Dea Connor J. , Estergreen Laura , Roberts Sean T. , Page Zachariah A.
Published: September 2023

A series of thiophene-fused boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) photoredox catalysts are systematically examined to identify structure–reactivity relationships that enable efficient near-infrared light-induced polymerizations.
Stretchable, ultralow detection limit and anti-interference hydrogel strain sensor for intelligent throat speech recognition using Resnet50 neural network
Authors: Zhou Jiaye , Chen Tianchi , He Zhenzhi , Sheng Lianchao , Lu Xiangning
Published: September 2023

Flexible strain sensors have important applications in wearable electronics, human motion monitoring, and healthcare.
A new method for rapid identification of traditional Chinese medicine based on a new silver sol: using the SERS spectrum for quality control of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides in Potentilla discolor Bge.
Authors: Du Menghan , Sun Zeqi , Xie Minzhen , Gu Siqi , Chen Yongchao , Wang Qi
Published: September 2023

The effectiveness of cesium ions as focusing agents in enhancing Raman signals of flavonoids is demonstrated. By using cesium ions, Potentilla discolor Bge. samples from ten origins are characterized, and an efficient method is proposed for identification of traditional Chinese medicines.
Phosphorylation amplified asymmetry of spiro[acridine-9,9′-xanthene] hosts for efficient blue and white thermal activated delay fluorescent diodes
Authors: Zhu Anqi , Li Ying , Man Yi , Pang Yudong , Duan Chunbo , Han Chunmiao , Zhang Jing , Cao Chenhui , Wei Ying , Shui Xinfeng , Xu Hui
Published: September 2023

“Molecular asymmetry” for spiro host development led to synergy between functional group and asymmetric core in electronic and steric effects, rendering ∼100% photoluminescence quantum yield and top-rank efficiencies of 69.3 lm W−1 and 22.9% from the single-emissive-lay TADF WOLEDs.
Lhs1 dependent ERAD is determined by transmembrane domain context
Authors: Sukhoplyasova Maria , Keith Abigail M. , Perrault Emma M. , Vorndran Hannah E. , Jordahl Alexa S. , Yates Megan E. , Pastor Ashutosh , Li Zachary , Freaney Michael L. , Deshpande Riddhi A. , Adams David B. , Guerriero Christopher J. , Shi Shujie , Kleyman Thomas R. , Kashlan Ossama B. , Brodsky Jeffrey L. , Buck Teresa M.
Published: September 2023

Transmembrane proteins have unique requirements to fold and integrate into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Most notably, transmembrane proteins must fold in three separate environments: extracellular domains fold in the oxidizing environment of the ER lumen, transmembrane domains (TMDs) fold within the lipid bilayer, and cytosolic domains fold in the reducing environment of the cytosol. Moreover, each region is acted upon by a unique set of chaperones and monitored by components of the ER associated quality control machinery that identify misfolded domains in each compartment. One factor is the ER lumenal Hsp70-like chaperone, Lhs1. Our previous work established that Lhs1 is required for the degradation of the unassembled α-subunit of the epithelial sodium channel (αENaC), but not the homologous β- and γENaC subunits. However, assembly of the ENaC heterotrimer blocked the Lhs1-dependent ER associated degradation (ERAD) of the α-subunit, yet the characteristics that dictate the specificity of Lhs1-dependent ERAD substrates remained unclear. We now report that Lhs1-dependent substrates share a unique set of features. First, all Lhs1 substrates appear to be unglycosylated, and second they contain two TMDs. Each substrate also contains orphaned or unassembled TMDs. Additionally, interfering with inter-subunit assembly of the ENaC trimer results in Lhs1-dependent degradation of the entire complex. Finally, our work suggests that Lhs1 is required for a subset of ERAD substrates that also require the Hrd1 ubiquitin ligase. Together, these data provide hints as to the identities of as-yet unconfirmed substrates of Lhs1 and potentially of the Lhs1 homolog in mammals, GRP170.
Analytical Study to Assessment the Stability of the Al-Askarian Underpass in Najaf
Authors: ALKhayat Zaid N. , Fakhraldin Mohammed K.
Published: September 2023

This study studied the most important problems that may be exposed to the Al-Askarian underpass in the province of Najaf. The length of the tunnel is 507 m. It is divided into two parts according to the number of test pits, and each part is divided into 17 parts depending on the locations of the joints in the tunnel. During the construction process, the problem of height-water level appeared at the construction site, so four wells were drilled to control the groundwater level. The highest groundwater level was recorded at a depth of 1 m below the ground level. The analytical study showed that the stability of the origin, depending on the safety factor, is as follows: Safety coefficient against overturning from 3.5 to 10.4. Safety coefficient against sliding from 1.23 to 25.6. Safety coefficient against bearing capacity from 6.4 to 108.7. Calculations were also made to find out the resistance of the tunnel against the ascending forces in the event that the groundwater level rises to the ground level and to suggest appropriate treatments for such a case.
Correlating Standard Penetration Test (SPT) with Various Soil Properties in Different Kirkuk City Locations: A Case Study Utilizing Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) for Assessment and Prediction
Authors: Ibrahim Mohammed O. , Raheem Aram M. , Naser Ibrahim J. , Omar Najat Q. , Najmadeen Kazewa T.
Published: September 2023

Due to cost limitations, it is not practicable to experimentally investigate the soil characteristics over the entire city. Given this, the study has focused on using a geographic information system, especially the IDW technique, with linear regression models. The study's data collection was taken from different locations around Kirkuk province. The IDW technique was used to examine the Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) and chemical properties such as total Sulphur content SO3 (%), total soluble salt TSS (%), organic content ORG (%), chlorine concentration Cl (ppm), free calcium carbonate content CaCO3 (%), Gypsum content GYP (%), and pH. Both single-regression and multi-regression models were utilized to interpolate the SPT and soil properties. Sets of digital maps were created to examine the chemical properties and SPT of Kirkuk soils. SPT values can be predicted more precisely based on integrated physical and chemical soil properties rather than chemical or physical characteristics alone. SPT and physical soil components have been shown to have various positive and negative relationships. While the SPT values have shown favorable relationships with both silt and clay amounts, they have shown negative correlations with gravel and sand contents. The variations of SPT with chemical soil properties have revealed positive correlations with SO3 (%), TSS (%), CaCO3 (%), GYP (%), and pH contents, while negative correlations were obtained between SPT with ORG (%) and Cl (ppm).
Effect of Using Vertical Drainage Column in Hemrin Dam on Factor of Safety Under Seismic Load
Authors: Abdalhassan Fatima F. , Jalut Qassem H.
Published: September 2023

Recent years have seen an increase in the use of computer-based numerical models to test the stability of earth dams and to simulate the impact of all the factors that affect their safety. Geo-Studio software and its sub-programs SLOPE/W, and QUAKE/W are used to determine the factors of safety and stability of dams, and investigations of dynamic analysis, a finite element serves as its base to do the numerical modeling for this study. The Hemrin Dam represents the case study and is regarded as the study's major focus. The results showed that the values of the safety factor increased from (1.439) to (1.583) when the water level is 8m, from (1.365) to (1.549) when the water level is 16 m, and from (1.084) to (1.317) maximum water level is 32m, without and with a vertical drainage column, because the pore water pressure is reduced and the effective stress is increased. In the case of a Rapid drawdown of water when a vertical drainage column is added, the value of the factor of safety decreases from 1.371 to 1.306 for the initial time, while decreasing from 1.406 to 1.363 for the second day of rapid drawdown. These reductions result from there is a delay between the process of the reservoirs' water level dropping and the water level lowering on the earthen dam's side. The vertical drainage column is crucial for the stability of the dam as the water is drained using the existing vertical and horizontal filters which eventually improve and increase the value of the effective stress.
Evaluation the Effects of Waste Glass Powder Mixed with Hydrated Lime on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Clayey Soil
Authors: Salih Asmaa G. , Rashid Ahmad S. A. , Salih Nihad B.
Published: September 2023

Stabilization of clayey soil is commonly used to enhance unfavorable engineering properties. The effects of silica additives on soil improvement have been considered recently, and documented research studies on the characteristics of problematic clays stabilized by silica additives are interesting for many researchers. Alternative waste disposal strategies that would be both economically beneficial and environmentally friendly have been identified by this study. In the present study, waste silica-based addition is used to stabilize clayey soil, and the time-dependent changes in strength properties are investigated. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were conducted on stabilized samples at various curing durations to investigate macro-level properties. The UCS test results revealed that the 7.5% of GP+ 5% L content was optimal for the clayey soil as the strength was increased by 166.06%. The addition of the glass powder with hydrated lime components to the clayey soil resulted in stabilized samples, indicating a dense and compact matrix and reduced soil porosity, which increased the mechanical strength, according to the SEM analysis. This curing reaction technique is very beneficial and economical for geotechnical engineering applications.
Numerical Analysis of the Pile-Grout System in Soft Clay under Vertical and Lateral Load
Authors: Qaddoory Khalid I. , Noman Bilal J. , Saleh Husam M.
Published: September 2023

In this paper, a numerical investigation of the effects of grout parameters on the load response of concrete pile-grout systems in soft clay is presented. The study examines the influence of grout diameter and depth on the load bearing capacity of the pile under vertical and lateral loads. The research findings indicate that grouting can enhance the load bearing capacity of a single pile system by up to 27% under vertical loads and up to 51% under lateral loads, depending on the diameter and depth of the grout used. This is due to the grout's ability to fill voids in the soil and improve the soil-pile interface, resulting in better soil-pile interaction. Additionally, the study demonstrates that increasing the diameter and depth of grout leads to a larger treated soil area and subsequently an increase in load bearing capacity. Furthermore, the research indicates a linear relationship between the amount of grout material utilized and the increase in the load bearing capacity of the pile. The study concludes that grouting is an effective method for improving the pile performance systems, particularly in soft soil conditions. The results of the research are consistent with prior studies on the use of grout material to enhance the load-carrying capacity of pile systems.
Uncertainty Characterization for Soil Cohesion in a Project Site in Nasiriyah Using Bayesian Methods
Authors: Abd Al-Haleem Zainab , Shakir Ressol R.
Published: September 2023

High uncertainties arias through the characterization of soil parameters because of the lack of data obtained from geotechnical reports. Reducing these uncertainties may improve the characteristic values of soil parameters. This research aims to probabilistically characterize a soil's cohesion parameter in Nasiriyah. The Bayesian approach has been applied to soil data obtained through a project in Nasiriyah. The soil at the site is classified as lean clay, and the soil cohesion has been evaluated using two Bayesian methods: the ordinary, normal distribution method (OND) and the Marcove Chain Monte Carlo-based Bayesian approach (MCMC) method. The previous knowledge utilized in the Bayesian approach was based on 20 boreholes, and the subjective probability approach has functioned in the prior probability distribution. The OND method deduced a mean value of cohesion of (195.9 kPa) and a standard deviation of (14.68 kPa), (COV) 7.49%. It was noted that the probability distribution has a more significant effect than the previous distribution on the posterior distribution. The MCMC method summarized the probabilistic description of the soil characteristic, through which it reached the mean and the subsequent standard deviation (167.49) kPa (109.8) kPa, respectively, and the coefficient of Variation (COV) was 65.6%. It is considered the most appropriate and common method, especially in high-dimensional data when the results are not well known because it can provide a probabilistic value for the not well-known data.
Behavior of Steel-Fiber Reinforced Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Containing LECA after the Exposure to Internal Sulfate Attack
Authors: Motar Shahad B. , Awad Hadeel K.
Published: September 2023

For many years, lightweight concretes (LWC) have been utilized successfully in the construction of buildings because of their low specific weight, high thermal insulation capacity, and sound insulation. The development that led to lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) is a significant step forward in recent years. These concrete chains self-compacting concrete's beneficial properties with lightweight concrete. The purpose of this experimental investigation is to determine how the internal sulfates attack effect fresh and hard properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) made by using lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) before and after the addition of 0.5 volume fraction (Vf) of steel fibers. In fine aggregate, several concrete mixes were cast in different SO3 percentages (0.34, 2, 4, and 6%). The fresh properties of LWSCC concrete were tested, such as (slump, sieve segregation resistance, and L-box test). The hard properties of LWSCC were (Compressive, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, oven-dried density, and modules of elasticity). The results showed that the presence of SO3 in fine aggregate affects the properties of LWSCC. A significant decrease in fresh properties of LWSCC mixes with (2, 4, and 6%) of SO3 in fine aggregate. In addition, the mechanical properties (compressive St., splitting tensile St., flexural St., density, and modulus of elasticity) decreased as curing age increased, and SO3% increased. When sulfate percent rose from (0.34% to 2%, 4%, and 6%) in compressive St., the reduction was (16.53, 22.45, and 26.47%) at 120 days. Adding 0.5% Vf of steel fiber enhanced the mechanical properties of LWSCC.
Strengthening of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Slender Column with CFRP
Authors: Ali F. A. , Hasan Q. A. , Mohammed D. H.
Published: September 2023

This piece provides an overview of an experimental program that tests the structural performance of slender recycled aggregate RAC columns that are externally restrained by carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP composite system). To demonstrate that the CFRP strengthening system is one of the recommended effective techniques for making up for the reduction in load-carrying capacity caused by the use of 100% RCA in combination with the slenderness of column specimens, eight slender circular RC columns were modeled and tested. To more accurately predict the structural features of the RC thin column (the ultimate carrying weight, first cracking load, load-displacement curve, and load-strain response), the findings from experiments have been analyzed and monitored. The findings indicated that the type of transverse reinforcement and the amount of external strengthening impact the degree of improvement in column performance. The strength for the tied RC columns with 100% RCA confined by (25, 50, and 100) % CFRP increased by 5.5, 44.97, and 112.85%, respectively, compared to control columns with no CFRP confinement. Similar strength improvements are seen in spirally RC columns with 100% RCA and the same external confinement coverage ratio: 10.32, 42.81, and 113.51%.
The Combined Impact of Imposed Loads and Elevated Temperature on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Samples
Authors: Shaker Maytham , Al-Ameeri Abbas
Published: September 2023

Reinforced concrete buildings and structures are exposed to fire, and the concrete's qualities can vary in the case of an uncontrolled fire. It is essential to know how concrete's properties may change as a result of exposure to high temperatures and loading for normal concrete with or without fiber reinforcement. Understanding the strength characteristics of concrete structures exposed to high temperatures is important in order to be able to predict how these structures will perform after exposure to this condition. This study investigates the combined impact of loading and high temperature on the properties of concrete samples by testing the compressive, flexural strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of normal-strength concrete (NSC) with or without steel fiber. The type of steel fiber employed in this investigation is hooked-end steel fiber with a 1% volume fraction of concrete. The concrete samples were subjected to four sustained load cases (0, 20, 40, and 60% of ultimate load) and exposed to elevated temperatures (25, 300, and 500°C) for about 2 hours. In addition, using an unrestrictive test before and after loading and heating, the results indicated the maximum deference of compressive strength decreasing is 4% for the steel fiber (SF1) mixture compared with NSC mixture at 300°C for all load cases. While at 60% sustained load and 500°C, the maximum deference of compressive strength decreasing is 12% for the NSC mixture as compared with the SF1 mixture. The maximum difference in flexural strength is 20% for mixtures with steel fiber (SF1) compared to NSC mixtures at 500°C for all load cases. In addition, the UPV test was used to investigate the microstructure and quality of concrete. This test indicated no difference or approximately equal values for SF1 and NSC mixtures at 25 and 300°C for all load cases, while at 500°C, the UPV test for NSC had a higher value than the UPV value of the SF1 mixture.
Semi-Flexible Pavement: A Review of Design and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Abdulsahib Iftikhar , Hilal Miami M. , Fattah Mohammed Y.
Published: September 2023

It is known to researchers in the field of road construction and development. Three types of pavement are rigid, flexible, and composite paving. The composite pavement consists of a layer of flexible pavement on top of which a layer of rigid pavement is placed or vice versa. All of these types have advantages in addition to disadvantages that affect road performance on the one hand and user convenience on the other. About 50 years ago, work began establishing a type of pavement characterized by its semi-flexible performance, which combines rigid pavement's rigidity and flexible pavement's flexibility. It is called semi-flexible pavement and grouted macadam in some sources. It consists mainly of an open-graded asphalt mixture in which the percentage of air voids ranges from (25 to 35%), and in some sources, it is mentioned that it ranges between (20 to 28%) grouted with a high-performance cementitious material. Work began on this type of pavement in the sixties of the last century. However, there is no approved specification for its design, as its design methods differ according to the researcher's vision. This scientific paper aims to facilitate the way for new researchers in this field by knowing the basic stages of semi-flexible pavement design and presenting the existing design methods and what is required for laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of the completed pavement design. It was found that the performance of semi-flexible paving depends mainly on the bonding between its components, as it is considered a composite material. For this reason, the direction in the future may be to study the bonding between asphalt and cement, in particular, as they are two basic materials in their composition.
Enhancing Shear Strength of Bonding Materials Used for Asphalt Concrete and Composite Pavement Layers
Authors: Falih Teeba , Abed Alaa H.
Published: September 2023

A tack coat is a thin cut-back cement or asphalt emulsion coating applied on an existing non-absorbent pavement. A good bonding between the asphalt and concrete is necessary to provide sufficient structural strength. Poor adhesion will result in shear failure. The shear test is one of the basic tests to determine bond strength. This study aims to quantify the best shear resistance obtained using three types of cut-back asphalts (RC70, RC800 modified with polymer 4.5% and MC70), PG (76-10) modified asphalt cement with polymer 4.5%, Sikadur®-31 CF usage at elevated temperatures between +25°C and +45°C and Nitomortar TC2000 epoxy from Fosrok company. All are applied on concrete surfaces with an application rate of 0.5kg/m2 except for Nitomortar, which depends on layer thickness ranges between (1-2.5) mm instead of the application rate. A special attachment and loading mechanism were designed to facilitate the measurement of the asphalt-to-concrete contact shear strength in Al-Ahmad Lab-Baghdad. Vertical shear force is applied to a multiple-layer sample with a 0.25 kN/sec rate until the failure occurs at the interface. The final result of this test is stated in terms of the maximal force or power needed to break the bond. The average shear strength of tack coat materials is (0.049, 0.0455, 0.0085, 0.677, 1.088, 1.361) MPa Respectively. It concluded that Fosrok epoxy has the maximum shear strength. Also, adding polymer to asphalt increased the viscosity. All materials used enhanced the shear strength of bonding materials used for asphalt concrete and composite pavement layers
Identifying the Crash Worthiness and Crash Avoidance Factors Based on Road Features
Authors: Shokat Doaa M. , Jameel Abeer Khudhur
Published: September 2023

The increased rate of road fatalities ad injured has been a vital issue. Risk assessment of road projects is essential in the pre-construction stages to prevent road crashes from occurring in the operational stage. Identifying the contributing factors of road safety is essential to propose countermeasures and control the issue of the increase in road fatalities. These factors are categorized according to the transportation system's main elements: road users, infrastructure, and vehicles. They are also categorized according to the likelihood of crashes reflecting the crashworthiness factors and the severity of crashes reflecting the crash-occurrence factors. This paper aims to identify the factors related to road features affecting the likelihood and severity of crashes in a selected road section in Iraq. The selected road section is a portion of the main transport corridor, expressway 1/R9, designed to connect major cities and is used by significant traffic volume, leading to increased crash fatalities. The selected section connects Al-Bushajal with Al-Malahima village in Ramadi City. The selected tool is the International Road Assessment Program (iRAP), a valid risk assessment at road networks. The assessment output is in terms of star rating and star rating score. A higher star rating means safer road conditions, while a higher star rating score means more dangerous road conditions. The assessment results show high vehicle risk levels, and two types of crashes are diagnosed as the most common. Road improvements that meet safety standards are proposed, such as resurfacing with adequate overlay, improving delineation, lighting, metal barriers for the median and passenger side, and using shoulder rumble strips. The assessment results after improvements show upgrading the star rating to the recommended minimum (4 and 5) for vehicle occupants.
Response of Permeable Pavement under Wheel Truck to Rainfall Runoff and its Effects (Laboratory Model)
Authors: Al-Adili Aqeel , Rasha H.A. Al-Rubaee , Osamah H. Chfat
Published: September 2023

Good water drainage from different sources is one of the most important factors that must be considered when designing subways and highways. The research aims to study and analyze the effect of heavy, medium, and low rainfall, select suitable materials to drain rainwater from the surface and vertical drains, and evaluate the rutting that appeared on the compacted surface asphalt layer. The methodology of this research includes the laboratory model (prototype model). A laboratory model consisting of typical structure layers of flexible pavement was used in this research with a 2% slope for degradations and changes in the volumetric properties and permeability of the surface and binder layers of the highway section. A wheel truck was manufactured and used for a continuous go-and-forth with the influence of three different rain intensities to identify and simulate the actual situation of highways and roads. The rainfall duration of 30 mm/min rainfall intensity was 90 minutes, and the rain intensity of 60 mm/min had a rainfall duration of 60 minutes. For the rainfall intensity of 90 mm/min, the time of rainfall was equal to 30 minutes. The results obtained from the laboratory simulation model (box model) indicated that the average quantity of infiltrated water produced by the 30mm/min rainfall intensity in the pavement structure is 36.4 % greater than the average infiltration of this water from the 60mm/min intensity and 52% higher than the 90mm/min intensity of rain. The time of surface drainage ending and the ending time of vertical drainage increases when the rain duration is long, even if the rain intensity is low. The rut depth appeared after 2816 wheel load repetitions to increase this depth by 96% after 127 days of load passage under three different rainfall intensities of a different time. The tensile strength was significantly reduced by 17.25%. The TSR values indicate that the mixtures of the surface and binder layers have good resistance to moisture damage.
Mechanical Evaluation of Sustainable Concrete Used in a Concrete Pavement that Production from Iron Filling Waste
Authors: salman Zahraa N. J. , Al-Jumaili Mohammed A. H.
Published: September 2023

In this research used iron filling as partial replacement fine aggregate at percent 5,10, and 15% by weight of fine aggregate and maintaining the ratio of water to cement at 40% and study observe that produces concrete with high compressive strength, tensile and flexural strength at replacement percent I10% and production of concrete with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion with continued replacement and thus obtaining the maximum distance between expansion joints at the rate of addition of I15%.
Study the Effect of Parameters on Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise (TPIN)
Authors: Shubber Ammar A. M. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Taher Mustafa Hadi
Published: September 2023

The present study was prepared to determine the effect of different parameters on tire-pavement Interaction noise (TPIN). TPIN was calculated utilizing the Onboard Sound Intensity Method (OBSI) using apparatus Lutron 801 sound level meter single probe 1 kHz of one microphone is placed at the right back test tire with a specific distance. A total of 30 sections were selected for the main roads in Baghdad city, with 134 meters for each test section in length. TPIN data was calculated for various parameters such as different pavement types, various test vehicles, different speeds (40, 56, and 72) km/h, various types of tires, different pavement aging, and different mean texture depth (MTD) values Which is measured by a sand patch test. The sound intensity dBA increases when MTD value and vehicle speed increase in both types of pavements. On the other hand, the sound intensity dBA increases when age increases for asphalt pavement type while it decreases in asphalt concrete pavement type. In addition, the sound intensity dBA in the asphalt pavement type is lower than in the asphalt concrete pavement when compared to the condition of the new pavement. The opposite is in the case of old pavement surfaces. As well as, the sound intensity dBA in Bus is greater than in the passenger car, and the silver stone tire is lower than the Dunlop tire in the passenger car. Finally, it is concluded that TPIN may be reduced or increased due to the effect of different parameters.
Enhancing Asphalt Mixture Performance with Crumb Rubber: A Sustainable Solution for Improved Durability and Mechanical Properties
Authors: khadim Hawraa M. , Al-Mosawe Hasan M.
Published: September 2023

Asphalt crumb rubber is a type of pavement material formed by mixing asphalt cement with crumb rubber that is derived from recycled tires. This eco-friendly approach aids in waste reduction and promotes environmental preservation by incorporating recycled materials into pavement construction. The study aimed to examine the behavior of asphalt mixtures modified with crumb rubber, made by blending recycled tire-derived crumb rubber with asphalt cement. Adding crumb rubber improved the performance of asphalt mixtures, with 8% crumb rubber enhancing the Marshall stability by 20% and 34% for 40/50 and 50/60 grades, respectively. The moisture susceptibility of both grades also improved. Crumb rubber is a sustainable material that can improve the performance of asphalt mixtures.
Enhancing Bitumen Properties through Worm Mix Asphalt Additives: A Study on Physical and Rheological Characteristics
Authors: Hasan Wshyar M. , Yousif Rana A. , Jasim Abbas F. , Tayh Sady A.
Published: September 2023

This study aimed to determine how various concentrations of warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives can affect the rheological and physical characteristics of asphalt cement. Bitumen was modified by the chemical additive PAWMA® with an addition ratio of (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6), while the organic additives, Sasobit® and Kaowax®, were added at concentrations of (2, 4, and 6%) by the weight of bitumen. Bitumen hardness, softness, temperature susceptibility, viscosity, and elastic behavior have all been measured using a variety of physical and rheological tests, such as the penetration degree, softening point, penetration index, rotational viscosity, and dynamic shear rheology. This study showed that bitumen physical and rheological properties were affected differently according to the type and percentage of the WMA additive employed. The PAWMA additive, for instance, raised the bitumen penetration while Sasobit® and Kaowax® decreased the bitumen penetration degree. The inverse occurred for the softening point values. All WMA additives lowered bitumen viscosity values. Results from a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) showed that the rutting index value (G*/Sin) rose, indicating improved rutting resistance.
Effects of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on Mechanical Characteristics of Asphaltic Mixtures for Surface Layer
Authors: Fattah Mohammed Y. , Qasim Zaynab I. , Zuhier Yaseen A.
Published: September 2023

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is considered one of the valuable alternatives to raw materials due to reducing the need to use raw materials, which are less in some world regions. It additionally reduces the highly-priced new bitumen required inside the asphaltic mixture manufacturing and contributes to the preservation of natural resources. To achieve maximum benefit from the integration RAP in asphaltic mixture, it is necessary to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the recycling process on the properties of asphalt pavement. This study examines the effect of adding reclaimed asphalt pavement by different percentages on the mechanical properties of asphaltic mixture for the surface layer in terms of Marshall's stability, Retained Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, and compressive strength. Two types of asphalt grade (40-50) and (60-70) were used in addition to one type of aggregate gradation of the wearing course to prepare the asphaltic mixture. The Superpave system was applied to select the best aggregate gradation and optimum asphalt content using Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) and to prepare compacted asphaltic specimens of 100 mm diameter for simulating Marshall’s molds. PAP is added by four different percentages of (7, 13, 19, and 25) % by the weight of the total asphalt mixture, and samples are prepared to compare the mechanical properties with conditional ones. The results show that adding RAP to the asphalt mixture improved the measured properties. In contrast, the mix containing RAP showed lower loss of stability, lower loss in indirect tensile strength, higher stripping resistance, and better durability than the mixture without RAP.
Dense Grade Surface Course Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixture Properties Containing Cement and Wheat Straw Ash (WSA)
Authors: Shala Ammar A. , Al-Hdabi Abbas
Published: September 2023

Hot mix asphalt (HMA) can be replaced by cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs), which are more environmentally friendly, less expensive, and use less energy. However, traditional CBEM has some drawbacks, primarily because it takes a while to reach its peak performance and is more susceptible to water damage. This paper talks about the test results of research that looked into and tried to make a new dense grade CBEM with a waste biomass material called wheat straw ash (WSA), made when the wheat straw is burned. The new (CBEM) was compared to a reference standard cold mix and to hot mix asphalt. The Marshall test and the indirect tensile strength test were used to measure the mechanical properties of the mixtures. The durability was tested by seeing how it reacted to water and how long it lasted. The outcomes demonstrated that CBEMs constructed using regular Portland cement (OPC) has superior mechanical characteristics, and then WSA could replace some OPC without compromising the gains. According to the results, the new CBEMs with WSA performed significantly better than the older CBEMs with OPC. The sensitivity to water also considerably improved when WSA was utilized. This study paves the way for creating novel, highly mechanically efficient CBEMs manufactured from biomass ash.
Evaluation the Usage of Local Materials in HMA Surface Layer
Authors: Almaali Yassir Abo , Saad Dhuha A.
Published: September 2023

The importance of roads and all the facilities related to the mobility of people, goods, and vehicles in the world exceed the social and economic significance but play a main role in politics and government decisions. As a result of the increasing population in Iraq and the dramatical growth in heavy vehicles twenty years ago and due to the rising percentage of new construction projects in the country, the need appeared to assess and improve the hot mix asphalt layers used in the construction of flexible pavements. In this research, a hot mix asphalt surface layer was used with a 12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size from one aggregate source (Al Nibaie quarry) and one penetration grade type of asphalt binder (40 -50), also in this research work has been added one type of polymers by several percentages namely, Crumb Rubber Modifier (CRM) to enhance the properties of asphalt binder which in turn improves HMA. The evaluation process included the preparation of two types of mixtures (unmodified and modified mixtures) by using the Superpave mix design method and to estimate the ability of mixtures to resist the three main types of failure that may be flexible pavement exposed to, Wheel track test was used to simulate the permanent deformation resistance of mixtures, flexural beam fatigue test to determine the fatigue cracking resistance of mixtures and indirect Tensile Strength test was used to determine the strength to moisture damage for prepared mixtures. Results demonstrated that adding modified waste polymer to the asphalt cement with different percentages significantly improved mechanical and durability properties.
Electro-mechanical Properties of Functional Fiber-Based Rigid Pavement under Various Loads Applied on a Large-Scale in-Situ Section
Authors: Hameed Irfan Talib , Al-Dahawi Ali
Published: September 2023

Highways play a critical role in development plans worldwide, as they significantly impact people's daily lives. Monitoring vehicle weights can enhance road lifespan, improve efficiency, and reduce maintenance costs. Self-sensing concrete has emerged as a groundbreaking technology for real-time monitoring structures and infrastructures, including rigid pavement. By incorporating electrically conductive materials (ECMs), this type of concrete can detect and measure load magnitudes. An experimental study investigated the electro-mechanical properties of rigid pavement under various types of loads using chopped carbon fiber (CCF) and macro-end hook steel fiber (SF) on a large-scale in situ section. The applied loads were represented by trucks classified according to Iraqi standards. The study revealed that as the applied loads on the test section increased, the electrical resistivity (ER) decreased accordingly, with the degree of change being directly proportional to the magnitude of the applied stress.
Application of ANSYS-Fluent Software for Innovative Stepped Dissipation Blocks Arrangement in Ogee Spillway
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Mohammed , Al-Shuker Abdulhassan
Published: September 2023

The Ogee Spillway is one of the most crucial flood control structures, and it is developed at the same time as dams. The Ogee Spillway's downstream portions experience scouring due to flow, a problem that persists in reality. This paper aims to investigate the hydraulic performance of stepped block dissipater using a three-dimensional simulation model. The dissipated block was given a new distribution that may be one, two, or three rows in the transverse arrangement at a right angle with the path lines. The numerical simulations for flow and scour were performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ANSYS-Fluent software. Under Froude numbers ranging from 2.75 to 9.25, the sequence depth and transverse velocity distribution were measured. According to the results, the employed blocks minimized flow rates and sediment scouring throughout the stilling basin in line with suggested distributions, particularly with the Fr 4.5-9.25 range. With values in the 0.95-0.98 range of Correlation Coefficient (R2) and 0.43-0.45 of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) the coefficient and the comparison of the computational and experimental data looked to be in good agreement. The results proved that the stepped block configuration with (A1, A2, and A3) block distributions, where the A3 distribution appeared with good results of reducing flow velocities within the stilling basin following A1 and A2 distributions, especially with the range of Fr 4.5-8.5. Also, good stability of the hydraulic jump was observed when using A3, while this was difficult to achieve by using both A1 and A2.
Adsorption Sulfate from Wastewater by Using New Material
Authors: Obeid Ashraf F. , Nile Basim K. , Al Juboury Maad F.
Published: September 2023

Using physical activation, a new composite adsorbent was prepared by modifying low-cost local adsorbent. This low-cost local adsorbent was also prepared from activating sludge, bentonite, and limestone (SBL). In comparison to the low-cost LCL, the adsorption capacity of the new composite adsorbent was improved. This was measured in terms of its ability to remove sulfate from wastewater. The behavior of the sulfate adsorption processes by using (SBL) as an adsorbent was investigated in batch experiments by examining different values of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and initial SO4 concentration. The high removal efficiency was exhibited by (SBL) = 96%. These results reveal the great potential of the new composite adsorbent (SBL) if applied to the absorption of sulfate ions.
Evaluating Urban Streets and Public Transportation in Karbala City Using GIS
Authors: Fahad Ali F. , Al-Jameel Hamid A. , Al Muhanna Raid R. A.
Published: September 2023

Because of the privilege of the city of Karbala with its religious character, this city has become a destination for all visitors from all cities of the world; as a consequence, there are now more people living in Karbala, which has increased the number of vehicles on the road and, consequently, the amount of traffic congestion. In this study, the degrees of public transportation service in the city of Karbala as well as the urban road network, were assessed using GIS. The collected data include the number of nodes, links, and the total length of Karbala's urban road network using a GIS program and traffic composition (bus and minibus). Then, a set of coefficients for evaluating the urban road network was calculated) β- Index, α- Index, γ- Index, η- Index and GTP- Index), After determining the percentage of buses and minibusses, it became clear that public transportation in Karbala is very weak and needs development, as the percentage of buses and minibusses did not exceed 30% of the total traffic volume.
Urban Development of Bayn Al-Haramayn Zone Based on 25-Year Estimation of Al-Arbaeen Crowd Density
Authors: Abbas Maher K. , Naji Zaynab M. , A.R. Zainab , M.F. Muneer
Published: September 2023

Karbala city is known to host one of the largest annual human gatherings in the world, where a diverse group of visitors congregates in the Karbala old city to participate in the Al-Arbaeen rites. This significant event peaked on Safar 19th, resulting in mobility issues, particularly in the Bayn Al-Haramayn zone. To address this concern, this study proposes a plan that estimates the number of visitors over the next 25 years and presents a solution for the vertical expansion of the zone while maintaining its urban fabric. The proposal includes estimating the areas required to accommodate the visitors based on an average crowd density of 3.5 individuals per square meter. The authors predict that the number of pilgrims will continue to increase over the next 25 years, and by 2046, an area of 148 square kilometers will be necessary to accommodate them. Expanding the Bayn Al-Haramayn zone is crucial as it is a vital destination for many visitors, and its spiritual significance adds value to the experience of performing the Ziyarat-Alarbaeen rituals. The proposed solution focuses on vertical expansion, providing a total area of 10, 116 m2 and can accommodate up to 35, 500 capita. Moreover, the proposed solution also integrates mobility paths that align with the urban scene of the area.
Optimal pricing strategy in an unreliable M/G/1 retrial queue with Bernoulli preventive maintenance
Authors: Xu Fan , Tian Ruiling , Shao Qi
Published: September 2023

This paper studies an unreliable M/G/1 retrial queue with Bernoulli preventive maintenance, in which the server may break down while providing service to customers. Before the start of each service, the server is subjected to preventive maintenance with a certain probability, which extends the lifetime of the server. If arriving customers find the server unavailable, they decide to balk or enter the orbit based on the linear reward-cost structure. First, the stationary distribution of system states and some important performance measures are derived. Then, we investigate the equilibrium joining strategies of customers in both cooperative and non-cooperative cases, respectively. Next, the optimal pricing strategy is considered from the perspective of the social planner. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the influence of system parameters on customer equilibrium joining probabilities and the optimal pricing strategy.