bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Puromycin, 2,2′‐Anhydro‐pyrimidine Nucleosides, Cytidines and 2′,3′‐Anhydroadenosine from 3′,5′‐O‐Sulfinyl xylo‐Nucleosides
Authors: Takatsuki Ken‐ichi , Ohgushi Sumito , Kohmoto Shigeo , Kishikawa Keiki , Yamamoto Makoto
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of a Fludarabine Intermediate via Selective Alkylation of 2‐Fluoroadenine.
Authors: Schulmeier Brian E. , Cantrell William R. Jr. , Bauta William E.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rational Design and Synthesis of Novel Nucleotide anti‐Giardia Agents.
Authors: Suk Dae‐Hwan , Bonnac Laurent , Dykstra Christine C. , Pankiewicz Krzysztof W. , Patterson Steven E.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Total Synthesis of Siphonazole, a Structurally Unusual Bis‐Oxazole Natural Product.
Authors: Linder Joerg , Moody Christopher J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Four New Lignans from Kadsura heteroclita.
Authors: Xu Li‐jia , Peng Yong , Chen Si‐bao , Chen Shi‐lin , Xiao Pei‐gen
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biologically Active Metabolites from Fungi. Part 27. New Massarilactones, Massarigenin E, and Coniothyrenol, Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Coniothyrium sp. from Carpobrotus edulis.
Authors: Kock Ines , Krohn Karsten , Egold Hans , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Rheinheimer Joachim
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Preclavulone A and Its Methyl Ester.
Authors: Porta Alessio , Re Savino , Zanoni Giuseppe , Vidari Giovanni
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benzo[b]fluorenes via Indanone Dianion Annulation. A Short Synthesis of Prekinamycin (IX).
Authors: Birman Vladimir B. , Zhao Zhufeng , Guo Lei
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Approaches to the Synthesis of Arisugacin A.
Authors: Jung Michael E. , Min Sun‐Joon
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mathematics of Periodic Tables for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons
Authors: Dias Jerry Ray
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hamilton Cycles and Paths in Fullerenes.
Authors: Marusic Dragan
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemometric Approach in Quantification of Structural Identity/Similarity of Proteins in Biopharmaceuticals.
Authors: Zuperl S. , Pristovsek P. , Menart V. , Gaberc‐Porekar V. , Novic M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cluj and Related Polynomials Applied in Correlating Studies.
Authors: Diudea Mircea V. , Vizitiu A. E. , Janezic Dusanka
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Graphical Representation and Numerical Characterization of H5N1 Avian Flu Neuraminidase Gene Sequence.
Authors: Nandy Asheh , Basak Subhash C. , Gute Brian D.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Estimation of Kovats Retention Indices Using Group Contributions.
Authors: Stein Stephen E. , Babushok Valeri I. , Brown Robert L. , Linstrom Peter J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
QUASI: A Novel Method for Simultaneous Superposition of Multiple Flexible Ligands and Virtual Screening Using Partial Similarity.
Authors: Todorov Nikolay P. , Alberts Ian L. , de Esch Iwan J. P. , Dean Philip M.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Three‐Electron Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds in the Open‐Shell Complexes [H2X2]+ for X: F, Cl, and Br.
Authors: Bil Andrzej , Berski Slawomir , Latajka Zdzislaw
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Puckering Coordinates of Monocyclic Rings by Triangular Decomposition.
Authors: Hill Anthony D. , Reilly Peter J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In vitro and in vivo Profile of 5‐[(4′‐Trifluoromethyl‐biphenyl‐2‐carbonyl)‐amino] ‐1H‐indole‐2‐carboxylic Acid Benzylmethyl Carbamoylamide (Dirlotapide), a Novel Potent MTP Inhibitor for Obesity.
Authors: Li Jin , et al. et al.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sodium Channel Blockers.
Authors: Kyle Donald J. , Ilyin Victor I.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acyl Pyrrolidine Inhibitors of HCV RNA‐Dependent RNA Polymerase to Identify a Molecule with Replicon Antiviral Activity.
Authors: Burton George , et al. et al.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silica‐Sulfuric Acid: A Versatile Reagent
Authors: Gawande Manoj B.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Multiconfigurational Quantum Chemical Methods for Molecular Systems Containing Actinides
Authors: Gagliardi Laura , Roos Bjoern O.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pig Liver Esterase (PLE) as Biocatalyst in Organic Synthesis: From Nature to Cloning and to Practical Applications
Authors: Dominguez de Maria Pablo , Garcia‐Burgos Carlos A. , Bargeman Gerrald , van Gemert Robert W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Maruoka Keiji
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Paclitaxel from Primary Taxanes: A Perspective on Creative Invention in Organozirconium Chemistry
Authors: Ganem Bruce , Franke Roland R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Post‐Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Bryliakov K. P.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transition‐Metal Complexes of Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: Sessler Jonathan L. , Tomat Elisa
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleophilic Dearomatizing (DNAr) Reactions of Aromatic C,H‐Systems. A Mature Paradigm in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Lopez Ortiz Fernando , Iglesias Maria Jose , Fernandez Ignacio , Andujar Sanchez Carmen M. , Ruiz Gomez Gloria
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advances in the Development of Novel Cobalt Fischer—Tropsch Catalysts for Synthesis of Long‐Chain Hydrocarbons and Clean Fuels
Authors: Khodakov Andrei Y. , Chu Wei , Fongarland Pascal
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bis(imino)pyridines: Surprisingly Reactive Ligands and a Gateway to New Families of Catalysts
Authors: Gibson Vernon C. , Redshaw Carl , Solan Gregory A.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Natural Products with Maleic Anhydride Structure: Nonadrides, Tautomycin, Chaetomellic Anhydride, and Other Compounds
Authors: Chen Xiaolong , Zheng Yuguo , Shen Yinchu
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate — A Versatile Single‐Electron Oxidant
Authors: Nair Vijay , Deepthi Ani
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polyhalomethanes Combined with Lewis Acids in Alkane Chemistry
Authors: Akhrem Irena , Orlinkov Alexander
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of C‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Aziridines
Authors: Singh Girija S. , D'hooghe Matthias , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Menthol in Synthetic Chemistry
Authors: Oertling Heiko , Reckziegel Aurelia , Surburg Horst , Bertram Heinz‐Juergen
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Endohedral Metallofullerenes and Nanopeapods
Authors: Kitaura Ryo , Shinohara Hisanori
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanism of Metallothionein Gene Activation Mediated by Heavy‐Metal Dependent Transcription Factor MTF‐1
Authors: Otsuka Fuminori , Ohno Shotaro , Suzuki Kaoru , Takahashi Kazuko , Ohsawa Motoyasu , Koizumi Shinji
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Physiological Significance of Metallothionein in Oxidative Stress
Authors: Min Kyong‐Son
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Metallothionein
Authors: Sato Masao , Suzuki Shinya
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Relative Energy Computations with Approximate Density Functional Theory — A Caveat!
Authors: Schreiner Peter R.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spontaneous Resolution, Whence and Whither: From Enantiomorphic Solids to Chiral Liquid Crystals, Monolayers and Macro‐ and Supramolecular Polymers and Assemblies
Authors: Perez‐Garcia Lluisa , Amabilino David B.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A boost in addition to whole‐brain radiotherapy improves patient outcome after resection of 1 or 2 brain metastases in recursive partitioning analysis class 1 and 2 patients
Authors: Rades Dirk , Pluemer Andre , Veninga Theo , Dunst Juergen , Schild Steven E.
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND.

The current study was conducted to compare 2 treatment regimens including surgical resection and whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for patients with 1 to 2 brain metastases.

METHODS.

A total of 201 patients with recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class 1 to 2 disease with 1 to 2 resectable brain metastases were analyzed retrospectively. Patients underwent either resection of the metastases plus WBRT with 10 fractions of 3 grays (Gy) each or 20 fractions of 2 Gy each (99 patients; Group A) or the same treatment plus a WBRT boost to the metastatic site (10 fractions of 3 Gy each plus 5 fractions of 3 Gy each or 20 fractions of 2 Gy each plus 5 fractions of 2 Gy each) (102 patients; Group B). Eight other potential prognostic factors were evaluated with regard to overall survival (OS), brain control (BC), and local control of resected metastases (LC): age, gender, Karnofsky performance status, extent of surgical resection, tumor type, extracranial metastases, RPA class, and interval from tumor diagnosis to WBRT.

RESULTS.

Group B patients had better 1‐year OS (66% vs 41%; P < .001). On multivariate analysis of OS, treatment regimen (relative risk [RR] of 1.94; P < .001), extent of surgical resection (RR of 1.80; P = .001), and interval from tumor diagnosis to WBRT (RR of 1.62; P = .010) were found to be statistically significant. On multivariate analysis of BC, treatment regimen (RR of 2.15; P = .002), extent of surgical resection (RR of 2.78; P < .001), and interval from tumor diagnosis to WBRT (RR of 1.52; P = .034) were found to be statistically significant. On multivariate analysis of LC, treatment regimen (RR of 2.31; P = .002) and extent of surgical resection (RR of 3.79; P < .001) were found to be statistically significant. On RPA class subgroup analyses, outcome was found to be significantly better with a WBRT boost in both RPA class 1 and class 2 patients. A WBRT boost resulted in better outcome after both complete and incomplete surgical resection. However, the results concerning BC and LC were not found to be statistically significant if surgical resection was incomplete.

CONCLUSIONS.

After surgical resection of 1 to 2 brain metastases, a boost of 10 to 15 Gy in addition to WBRT was found to improve outcome. After incomplete surgical resection, further dose escalation to the metastatic site may be considered. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Finite difference time domain (FDTD) analyses applied to NDT & E inductive sensor modelling
Authors: Silva I. , Beck J. , Costa E. , Gaydecki P.
Published: July 2007

In this work, a simple but effective algorithm was developed that can perform 3D simulations of magnetic fields emanating from coils and simple geometry objects in the time‐harmonic domain. The software was intended to provide information that would help in an inductive sensor design, by simulating the interaction of the excitation field with objects with and without defects positioned within the field space of an inductive sensor. The object field was disturbed in all its three components in the presence of a 3D defect. The change in magnetic field intensity caused by the defect was of the order of 104 times smaller than the excitation field at a distance of 15 cm from the objects. This suggests that a large amplification factor should be used in the sensor design. The main contribution of this article lies in the fact that a passive inductive sensor could be modelled by finite difference time domain, with enough details on how it would respond to metal objects and its defects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A taxonomy of grid workflow verification and validation
Authors: Chen Jinjun , Yang Yun
Published: July 2007

In a grid architecture, a grid workflow management system is a type of high‐level grid middleware which is supposed to support modelling, redesign and execution of large‐scale sophisticated scientific and business processes in many complex e‐science and e‐business applications. To ensure the correctness of grid workflow specification and execution, grid workflow verification and validation must be conducted. However, current research on grid workflow verification and validation is at the infancy stage and very few projects focus on them. Therefore, a systematic investigation and an overall classification of key issues in grid workflow verification and validation is helpful and should be presented so that we can keep on the right track and reduce unnecessary work as much as possible. As such, in this paper, we analyse the grid workflow verification and validation and present a taxonomy. Especially, we identify some important open points which are not discussed by the current research and hence need further investigation. The taxonomy is aimed at providing an overall picture of grid workflow verification and validation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Definition of High Resolution Protein Structure and Backbone Conformational Dynamics using NMR Residual Dipolar Couplings
Authors: Bouvignies Guillaume , Markwick Phineus R. L. , Blackledge Martin
Published: July 2007

Despite the importance of molecular dynamics for biological activity, most approaches to protein structure determination, whether based on crystallographic or solution studies, propose three‐dimensional atomic representations of a single configuration that take no account of conformational fluctuation. Non‐averaged anisotropic NMR interactions, such as residual dipolar couplings, that become measurable under conditions of weak alignment, provide sensitive probes of both molecular structure and dynamics. Residual dipolar couplings are becoming increasingly powerful for the study of proteins in solution. In this minireview we present their use for the simultaneous determination of protein structure and dynamics.
A comparison of three flow cytometry methods for evaluating mitochondrial damage during staurosporine‐induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells
Authors: King Malcolm A. , Eddaoudi Ayad , Davies Derek C.
Published: July 2007

Measuring cytochrome c release during apoptosis provides valuable information about the nature and extent of apoptosis. Several years ago a flow cytometric method (based on selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with digitonin) was developed that has advantages over other techniques. These experiments describe a comprehensive evaluation of that method. Apoptosis was triggered in Jurkat cells with staurosporine and then flow cytometry was used to measure three aspects of mitochondrial damage: (1) cytochrome c release (with the digitonin assay and a commercially available kit based on the same principle), using a DNA‐binding dye to define cell cycle stage; (2) loss of mitochondrial cardiolipin, assessed by a decrease in 10 N‐nonyl acridine orange (NAO) binding; and (3) loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, assessed by a decrease in tetramethylrhodamineethylester (TMRE) binding. The results from these three assays were compared with an antibody‐based assay for cleaved caspase 3. The digitonin assay and the commercially available kit gave comparable results, showing that staurosporine caused cytochrome c release in all phases of the cell cycle and clearly defining those cells that had lost DNA due to internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. The pattern of fluorescence demonstrated that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was either the sole or the predominant pathway to be activated and that cytochrome c release in an individual cell was all‐or‐nothing. However, comparison with the other assays showed that the cytochrome c release assay underestimated the true extent of apoptosis. This was caused by the selective loss of some digitonin‐treated apoptotic cells. The flow cytometry assay for cytochrome c release provides valuable information but it underestimates the percentage of apoptotic cells. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Analysis of cell differentiation by division tracking cytometry
Authors: Ko Kap‐Hyoun , Odell Ross , Nordon Robert E.
Published: July 2007

We propose a quantitative method to characterize growth and differentiation dynamics of multipotent cells from time series carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA‐SE) division tracking data. The dynamics of cell proliferation and differentiation was measured by combining (CFDA‐SE) division tracking with phenotypic analysis. We define division tracking population statistics such as precursor cell frequency, generation time and renewal rate that characterize growth of various phenotypes in a heterogeneous culture system. This method is illustrated by study of the divisional recruitment of cord blood CD34+ cells by hematopoietic growth factors. The technical issue of assigning the correct generation number to cells was addressed by employing high‐resolution division tracking methodology and daily histogram analysis. We also quantified division‐tracking artifacts such as CFDA‐SE degeneration and cellular auto‐fluorescence. Mitotic activation of cord blood CD34+ cells by cytokines commenced after 2 days of cytokine stimulation. Mean generation number increased linearly thereafter, and it was conclusively shown that CD34+ cells cycle slower than CD34− cells. Generation times for CD34+ and CD34− cells were 24.7 ± 0.8 h and 15.1 ± 0.9 h (±SD, n = 5), respectively. The 20‐fold increase in CD34+ cell numbers at Day 6 could be attributed to a high CD34+ cell renewal rate (91% ± 2% per division). Although cultures were initiated with highly purified CD34+ cells (∼96%), CD34− numbers had expanded rapidly by Day 6. This rapid expansion could be explained by their short generation time as well as a small fraction of CD34+ cells (∼5%) that differentiated into CD34− cells. Multitype division tracking provides a detailed analysis of multipotent cell differentiation dynamics. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Novel gcm‐dependent lineages in the postembryonic nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Soustelle Laurent , Giangrande Angela
Published: July 2007

glial cells missing genes (gcm and gcm2) act as the glial fate determinants in the Drosophila embryo. However, their requirement in the adult central nervous system (CNS) is at present not known, except for their role in lamina glia. This is particularly important with respect to two recent sets of data. Adult glial subpopulations differentiate through embryonic glia proliferation. Also, gcm‐gcm2 are required for the differentiation of specific adult neurons. We here show that gcm is expressed in precursors and postmitotic, migrating, cells of the medulla neuropile glia (mng) lineage. It is also expressed in a thoracic glial lineage and in neurons of the ventral nerve cord (VNC). Finally, while gcm is required for gliogenesis in medulla and VNC, it does not seem to be required for the generation of VNC neurons. Developmental Dynamics 236:2101–2108, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Onset of ETS expression is not accelerated by premature exposure to signals from limb mesenchyme
Authors: Wang Guoying , Scott Sheryl A.
Published: July 2007

The ETS transcription factors ER81 and PEA3 are expressed in discrete populations of sensory and motor neurons and regulate late events in neuronal development and limb innervation. Although initiation of ETS expression requires limb‐derived signals, we show here that precocious axon growth into transplanted older donor limbs, which prematurely exposes neurons to limb‐derived signals, does not accelerate the onset of expression of Er81 or Pea3. Similarly, neither MN‐cadherin, which is reportedly regulated by ER81, nor T‐cadherin is expressed precociously in neurons innervating older donor limbs. Thus, neurons must attain a particular level of differentiation to respond to inducing signals from limb. We also show that signals emanating from limb mesenchyme are sufficient to initiate Er81 and Pea3 expression in sensory and motor neurons in the absence of myogenic cells in Spd mutant mice and that induction of ETS expression is unlikely to directly involve retinoid signaling from limb mesenchyme. Developmental Dynamics 236:2109–2117, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular distribution of importins correlates with germ cell maturation
Authors: Hogarth Cathryn A. , Jans David A. , Loveland Kate L.
Published: July 2007

Importin proteins regulate access to the nucleus by recognizing and transporting distinct cargo proteins. Building on studies in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, we hypothesized that regulated expression and subcellular localization of specific importins may be linked to mammalian gonadal differentiation. We identified distinct developmental and cellular localization patterns for importins β1, α3, α4 and RanBP5 (importin β3) in fetal and postnatal murine testes using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Importin β1 protein is detected in selected germ and somatic cells in fetal gonads, with a striking perinuclear staining evident from embryonic day (E) 14.5 within testicular gonocytes. RanBP5 exhibits age‐ and gender‐specific subcellular localization within fetal gonads. At E12.5, RanBP5 protein is cytoplasmic in gonocytes but predominantly nuclear in oogonia, but by E14.5 RanBP5 appears nuclear in gonocytes and cytoplasmic in oogonia. In postnatal testes, importin α3 and α4 in spermatocytes, spermatids, and Sertoli cells display cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, respectively. Developmental Dynamics 236: 2311–2320, 2007.© 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Additional sex combs affects antennal development by means of spatially restricted repression of Antp and Wg
Authors: Halachmi Naomi , Schulze Karen L. , Inbal Adi , Salzberg Adi
Published: July 2007

Additional sex combs (Asx) is thought to function in protein complexes of both the Trithorax and Polycomb groups, but very little is known about its developmental roles. Here, we present a detailed analysis of Asx's role in antennal development. We show that loss of Asx in the antennal disc causes a complex phenotype, which consists of distal antenna‐to‐leg transformations and outgrowth of ectopic leg‐like appendages from the Dpp‐expressing domain of the disc. Our analyses suggest that these phenotypes are caused mainly by segment‐specific de‐repression of Antp and expansion of wg expression. We thus conclude that Asx functions normally to repress Antp and to restrict wg expression in specific regions of the developing disc. We also show that, in the absence of Asx's function, Antp expression does not lead to efficient repression of the antennal‐determining gene hth, suggesting that Asx is also required for the repression of hth by Antp. Developmental Dynamics 236:2118–2130, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cadherin expression in the developing chicken cochlea
Authors: Luo Jiankai , Wang Hong , Lin Juntang , Redies Christoph
Published: July 2007

In this study, we demonstrate that eight classic cadherins are differentially expressed in distinct anatomical regions of the cochlea during late stages of chicken embryonic development. Cadherin‐6B is expressed in hair cells and spindle‐shaped cells, while cadherin‐8 mRNA is found only in supporting cells. Cadherin‐11 is widely expressed not only in mesenchymal cell around the cochlea, but also in supporting cells and homogene cells. N‐cadherin is found in the sensory epithelium, the neurons of the acoustic ganglion and on their neurites that target the hair cells. Three closely related cadherins (cadherin‐7, cadherin‐19, and cadherin‐20) are expressed in a partially complementary manner in spindle‐shaped cells and acoustic ganglion cells. R‐cadherin is observed in homogene cells, acoustic ganglion cells, and their projections to hair cells. The expression of classic cadherins in the developing cochlea suggests a role for cadherins in the development of the cochlea. Developmental Dynamics 236:2331–2337, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodal activity around Kupffer's vesicle depends on the T‐box transcription factors notail and spadetail and on notch signaling
Authors: Gourronc Francoise , Ahmad Nadira , Nedza Nicholas , Eggleston Timothy , Rebagliati Michael
Published: July 2007

The node, or its zebrafish equivalent, Kupffers Vesicle (KV), is thought to generate laterality cues through cilia‐dependent signaling. An interaction between Nodal ligands and Nodal antagonists around the node/KV is also required. Here we investigate whether loss of Brachyury/Notail or Tbx16/Spadetail disrupts the balance of Nodal ligands (Southpaw) and antagonists (Charon) around Kupffers Vesicle. Reduction of Spadetail or Notail disrupts expression of southpaw in the perinodal domains flanking Kupffers Vesicle. Similar to what was published for Notail, we find Spadetail is also required for expression of charon. We present evidence for the model that Notail has a direct role in regulating the charon promoter. In particular, a flanking genomic region with putative Notail binding sites can drive KV expression of a reporter in a Notail‐dependent fashion. This region also contains motifs for CSL/RBP‐J/Su(H). Consistent with this, we find charon expression is strongly Notch‐dependent whereas perinodal southpaw expression is not. Developmental Dynamics 236:2131–2146, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression profiles of the duplicated matrix metalloproteinase‐9 genes suggest their different roles in apoptosis of larval intestinal epithelial cells during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis
Authors: Hasebe Takashi , Kajita Mitsuko , Fujimoto Kenta , Yaoita Yoshio , Ishizuya‐Oka Atsuko
Published: July 2007

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a pivotal role in development and/or pathogenesis through degrading extracellular matrix (ECM) components. We have previously shown that Xenopus MMP‐9 gene is duplicated. To assess possible roles of MMP‐9 and MMP‐9TH in X. laevis intestinal remodeling, we here analyzed their expression profiles by in situ hybridization and show that their expression is transiently up‐regulated during thyroid hormone‐dependent metamorphosis. Of interest, MMP‐9TH mRNA is strictly localized in the connective tissue and most highly expressed just beneath the larval epithelium that begins to undergo apoptosis. On the other hand, cells expressing MMP‐9 mRNA become first detectable in the connective tissue and then, after the start of epithelial apoptosis, also in the larval epithelium. These results strongly suggest that MMP‐9TH is responsible in the larval epithelial apoptosis through degrading ECM components in the basal lamina, whereas MMP‐9 is involved in the removal of dying epithelial cells during amphibian intestinal remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 236:2338–2345, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type I collagen is a genetic modifier of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in murine skeletal development
Authors: Egeblad Mikala , Shen H.‐C. Jennifer , Behonick Danielle J. , Wilmes Lisa , Eichten Alexandra , Korets Lidiya V. , Kheradmand Farrah , Werb Zena , Coussens Lisa M.
Published: July 2007

Top‐view of skull from a newborn Mmp2+/−; Colr/+ mouse stained with alcian blue (for cartilage) and alizarin red (for bone). See Egeblad et al., Developmental Dynamics 236:1683–1693. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of induction motor speed sensorless vector control to railway vehicle traction
Authors: Kondo Keiichiro , Yuki Kazuaki
Published: July 2007

Pulse generators (PGs) are equipped to detect the rotor frequency of induction traction motors for torque control in railway vehicle traction field. Eliminating PGs is preferable from the viewpoints of increasing the reliability of the traction system, reduction of both the initial and maintenance cost, and downsizing induction traction motors. Expecting those advantages, we have been studying the application of a sensorless control method to induction traction motor control. Prior to some reports of studies and tests to apply speed sensorless strategy to railway vehicle traction we launched ideas to apply the speed sensorless control strategy and results of the studies and tests. In this paper, we present the novel control method for railway vehicle traction and some results of theoretical study and tests. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(2): 69–77, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20273
A new current control method for energy‐efficient/wide‐speed‐range drive of permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a new current control method for energy‐efficient and/or wide‐speed‐range drive of salient‐pole permanent magnet synchronous motors. The proposed method is distinguished from conventional ones by the following features. (1) The original command is a signed current norm. (2) The exact d‐axis and q‐axis current commands that perform energy‐efficient and/or wide‐speed‐range drive are analytically and simply determined from the singed current norm command. (3) For speed control mode, the system turns out to be nonlinear, but its stability can be guaranteed based on Popov's stability theorem. (4) It can be applied for a mode similar to torque control. (5) Current limitation can be carried out accurately but very simply. Concrete analytical d‐axis and q‐axis current commands are presented, which satisfy exactly one of three optimum current control codes such as maximum torque, maximum power factor, and voltage limitation. A design method for PI speed controller that guarantees system stability is also presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 66–77, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20305
Computation of heat loads in cryogenic parts of high‐temperature superconductor synchronous machines
Authors: Taku Seigo , Maki Naoki
Published: July 2007

High‐temperature superconductor (HTS) synchronous machines are expected to have higher efficiency and smaller size than normal conductor synchronous machines, and are being developed mainly in the USA and Germany. This paper describes a computation method of heat loads in cryogenic parts of HTS synchronous machines, and the evaluation study results of heat loads in HTS synchronous motors for blowers, in which Bi‐2223 is used at 30 K, using the computation method. From the evaluated heat loads, the required capacity of the refrigerator for HTS synchronous machines may be determined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(2): 62–68, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20338
Characteristics comparison of high‐frequency multilevel inverter connected with filter inverters
Authors: Iwaya Kazuki , Noguchi Toshihiko
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a characteristics comparison of a high‐frequency multilevel inverter connected with small‐ capacity filter inverters. In general, PWM inverters require a low‐pass filter in order to reduce switching harmonics. However, in the high‐frequency systems such as class D power amplifiers, the cutoff frequency of the low‐pass filter must be set at high frequency. Thus, harmonic distortion of the output voltage is enlarged to a harmful level. Increasing the number of output voltage levels is effective in reducing the harmonic distortion of the output voltage and the low‐pass filter size. The proposed systems consist of a five‐level inverter and several cascade‐connected low‐voltage full bridge inverters without any external DC power sources for filtering the output voltage. The five‐level inverter generates a stepwise waveform with five‐level voltage, and the low‐voltage filter inverter superimposes harmonic components to compensate for the voltage waveform distortion. Therefore, the proposed system can reduce its total switching loss and can increase the number of the output voltage levels. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed systems is verified through several experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 58–65, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20373
Signal control by successive updating of control parameters based on prediction of traffic flow
Authors: Oda Toshihiko
Published: July 2007

In traditional coordinated traffic signal control on an urban road network, the following two problems occur. First, the conventional method involves a time lag between traffic measurement and signal control. Second, an abrupt switching of control parameters throws the traffic flow into disorder.

This paper proposes a new approach to avoid these problems. We increase the frequency of switching. The control parameters are switched as frequently as every two cycles. At the time of switching, minor variations of the ongoing plan are generated. For each variation of plan, traffic delay at each intersection is predicted based on measured traffic data at upstream detectors. Then the plan minimizing the delay is chosen to be the control parameters in the next cycle. In order to evaluate the validity of this approach, experiments were carried out using a traffic simulator. The experiments indicate that the proposed method reduces the queue length significantly, compared with the conventional method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 49–57, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20391
Determination of optimal sending voltage profile in distribution systems with distributed generators
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Matsuki Junya , Suzuki Ryoji , Muto Eiji
Published: July 2007

Sending voltage profile of distribution feeder is controlled by changing a tap of distribution transformer. In a distribution network with distributed generators, for reasons of effect of reversed flows from them and existence of a great number of sending voltage profile candidates, it is not easy to control sending voltage profile within the acceptable voltage limit. In this paper, in order to determine the optical sending voltage profile of distribution transformer in a distribution network with distributed generators, the authors propose a new method to determine the optimal sending voltage profile so as to minimize the total number of tap position's change per day under constraints of acceptable voltage limit. In the proposed method, after calculating acceptable range of three‐phase voltage of distribution feeder, the optimal profile of tap position within the calculated acceptable voltage range is determined among these candidates by using reduced ordered binary decision diagram (ROBDD) which is an efficient enumeration algorithm. In order to check the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are carried out for a distribution network model with a distributed generator. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(2): 16–24, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20393
Position sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using extended electromotive force
Authors: Tanaka Koji , Miki Ichiro
Published: July 2007

Driving a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) requires the rotor position information to control the motor torque, and this is generally detected by mechanical position sensors such as an encoder or a resolver. However, these sensors increase the machine size and the cost of the drive, and reduce reliability of the system. Therefore, many papers about position sensorless drive method of PMSM have been published. This paper presents a position sensorless control of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). A mathematical model of IPMSM using the extended electromotive force (EMF) in the rotating reference frame is utilized to estimate the rotor speed and position. This model has a simple structure integrating position information into the extended EMF term. Therefore, the sensorless control based on the mathematical motor model can be implemented simply. The estimation method proposed is based on the principle that the error of the current is proportional to that of extended EMF. This method was carried out using a 6‐pole, 400‐W, 1750 r/min test motor system. It was found that sensorless speed control was achieved from 80 r/min to 1800 r/min under 0 to 100%loads. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(3): 41–48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20406
Synchronous averaging for asynchronous sampling data
Authors: Noro Yuichi , Kuno Kazuhiro
Published: July 2007

The progress of digital audio technology has enabled the familiar use of products such as CD and DAT in acoustic measurement. For example, a signal reproduced with a CD player is inputted into a subject for measurement and a DAT recorder records its response. However, the sampling cannot be synchronized completely with the input signal, although both nominal sample rates are set up equally, because the player and recorder work independently. The most popular solution is to use software to perform the synchronous addition after converting the recorded signal into the original sampling rate. However, the rate conversion also has an error due to the windowing in the high‐frequency region of the processed signal. This paper proposes a new method for averaging asynchronous sampling data to solve these problems. To evaluate performance, the transfer function of only measuring equipment estimated from asynchronous sampling data was compared with the measurement results in synchronous sampling conditions. Both results agreed within 0.1 dB, so the effectiveness of the new method was confirmed. In measuring the frequency response of a BPF when white noise is introduced, the proposed method was compared with the method using rate conversion. As a result, the noise reduction was almost the same, and the processing time was reduced to about one‐fourth. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(2): 33– 41, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20455
Feature extraction by supervised independent component analysis based on category information
Authors: Takabatake Hiroki , Kotani Manabu , Ozawa Seiichi
Published: July 2007

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a technique of transforming observation signals into their unknown independent components; hence, ICA has often been applied to blind signal separation problems. In this application, it is expected that the obtained independent components extract essential information of independent signal sources from input data in an unsupervised fashion. Based on such characteristics, ICA is currently utilized as a feature extraction method for images and sounds for recognition purposes. However, since ICA is an unsupervised learning, the obtained independent components are not always useful in recognition. To overcome this problem, we propose a supervised approach to ICA using category information. The proposed method is implemented in a conventional three‐layered neural network, but its objective function to be minimized is defined not only for the output layer but also for the hidden layer. The objective function consists of the following two terms: one evaluates the kurtosis of hidden unit outputs and the other evaluates the error between output signals and their teacher signals. The experiments are performed using several standard datasets to evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm. It is confirmed that a higher recognition accuracy is attained by the proposed method as compared with a conventional ICA algorithm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 161(2): 25–32, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20522