bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European Integration: The Rescue of the Nation State?
Authors: Bideleux Robert
Published: February 2013

Rejecting claims that European integration has been inimical or antithetical to nations, states, and ‘national’ interests, Alan Milward's The European Rescue of the Nation-State (1992) argues that the relationship between European integration and the nation-state has been mutually beneficial and supportive. This article discusses the European Union's ‘rescues’ of small and sub-state nations, languages, cultures, and minorities; EU state-building and ‘rescues of the nation-state’ in the post-Communist East Central European, Baltic, and Balkan regions; transformations of the states in need of ‘rescue’, focusing on ‘embedded neoliberalism’; the EU and ‘the nation-state’ after the Lisbon Treaty of 2009; the ‘Great Recession’ of 2008–2009 and the eurozone crises of 2010–2012; and the decade-long ‘money illusion’ of economic prosperity in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain.
Veblen Redivivus: Leisure and Excessin Europe
Authors: Wakeman Rosemary
Published: February 2013

Mass consumption and leisure are among the most fascinating and thought-provoking challenges for twentieth-century historians. It was precisely the initial phases of mass consumerism that prompted Norwegian-American economist Thorstein Veblen to warn of the consequences of ‘conspicuous consumption’ and misguided materialism in his 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class. In Veblen's estimation, new-money leisure classes could dress up their pretensions and social status with a wasteful display of commodities. It was television more than any other factor that introduced people to the new world of things. Sports claimed a prominent place on television and in leisure life throughout Europe in the second half of the twentieth century and beyond. Tourism emerged from the ashes of World War II as one of the best prospects for European economic recovery and for providing relief for restive, war-weary Europeans only too happy for a few days of holiday respite. The second half of the twentieth century gives scholars every reason for pause in assessing the intertwining of citizen and consumer.
‘Gentlemen, you are Mad!’: Mutual Assured Destruction and Cold War Culture
Authors: Berend Ivan T.
Published: February 2013

In the year after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the historian and critic Lewis Mumford made a dramatic attack on the insanity of the nuclear age. In his article entitled ‘Gentlemen: You are Mad!’, Mumford said: ‘We in America are living among madmen. Madmen govern our affairs in the name of order and security’. According to Mumford, the modern superweapon society, for all its technological supremacy, was unable to recognise the looming disaster. People were sleepwalking towards the abyss of atomic war. The Cold War arms race created and served to maintain what Winston Churchill termed ‘the balance of terror’. By the end of the 1960s, both the United States and the Soviet Union had more than enough nuclear weapons to withstand a first strike and still be able to retaliate. This article explores how mutual assured destruction (MAD) was reflected and refracted in European culture and society from 1950 to 1985, and shows how film and fiction played a key role in highlighting the potential effects of MAD – a global nuclear holocaust.
Images of Europe, European Images: Postwar European Cinema and Television Culture
Authors: Bondebjerg Ib
Published: February 2013

The audio-visual culture of Europe right after 1945 was a culture in ashes in a Europe soon to be divided into east and west under the Cold War. It was a Europe where nation-states had to reconstruct and revitalise a cinema culture damaged by war, and where television did not emerge until the 1950s, or in some countries even later. Already during the 1980s, a cultural policy and a policy for film and media was starting to develop, and both the MEDIA programmes (from 1987) and the EURIMAGE programme (from 1988) represented the institutionalisation of support for the diversity of film and media culture in Europe as a whole. This article explores European images in cinema and television culture during the postwar period. It also discusses fascism and new wave cinema in Southern Europe, new wave cinema in Scandinavia and the rise of a modern welfare culture, European media culture and the Communist ‘Ice Age’, European art television and national fiction series, the transnational power of television, documentary film and television, and digital television and film in European perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Trentmann Frank
Published: February 2013

This volume follows several of the most exciting recent pathways into consumption and its history, re-examines old debates, and looks ahead to questions for future research. It looks at several rich traditions of material culture that existed prior to modernity with which consumer society is often conflated. The book examines the public as well as private face of consumption, in relation to public life and social order as well as the organization of households and social groups. It also discusses the movement of goods between societies, along with questions of global exchange and diffusion in the early modern world. The book then explores luxury and necessity, the luxury wars, patterns of possessions and diet in town and country, changes in the standard of living, the life cycle of consumption from the desire to consume in the future (saving), the use of energy to be comfortable and run things, and the politics of consumption. Finally, it considers the relationship between consumers and civil society, status, family life, generational identities, fashion, and well-being.
Transatlantic Consumption
Authors: McDonald Michelle Craig
Published: February 2013

The parameters of material culture studies of the 1980s and 1990s were influenced in no small part by the concurrent rise of Atlantic history and its emphasis on crossing national, regional, and imperial boundaries. Indeed, it is the circulation of goods, people, and ideas across and around the Atlantic Ocean that defined the field. Early studies traced migration, trade patterns, or specific commodities, but more recent work has focused on less tangible, but critically related, fields to consumption, such as taste and refinement, and adaptation and creolization. Like material culture studies, Anglo-Atlantic scholarship outpaced other aspects of the field until the last decade, but historians and literary scholars have begun to turn the tide, and the resulting work broadened both the Atlantic regions and peoples considered as consumers, including Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, as well as women, and native and enslaved peoples. This article, which focuses on consumption in the transatlantic, begins with a discussion on the slave trade and then explores the changing profile of transatlantic consumers.
The Global Exchange of Food and Drugs
Authors: Fernández‐Armesto Felipe , Sacks Benjamin
Published: February 2013

There are few more intriguing problems in the history of consumption than that of how cultural barriers to the transmission of foods and drugs have been traversed or broken. Environmental change is a crucial part of the background of global exchanges of food and drugs. The process we have come to know as ‘the Columbian exchange’ of the last half-millennium made it possible to transplant crops to new climates, by a mixture of adaptation and accident. Shifts of religion can also play a big part. This article discusses the global exchange of food and drugs. After briefly considering imperialism and migration, which are inescapable parts of the background of trade, it focuses on trade itself, which is probably the biggest single influence on the global exchange of commodities such as salt, sugar and spice, psychotropic beverages, and therapeutic and recreational drugs. The article concludes with a discussion on food and drugs in the era of global trade.
From India to the World: Cotton and Fashionability
Authors: Parthasarathi Prasannan , Riello Giorgio
Published: February 2013

Since at least the nineteenth century, cotton has been the most important textile fibre in the world. In 1913, cotton accounted for 80 per cent of global fibre consumption: cotton consumption for textile uses was about 4 billion kilograms, while that of wool, the second most important fibre, was about 700 million kilograms. In 1990, even after the rise of synthetic fibres, which accounted for 38 per cent of global fibre use in textiles, cotton accounted for 48 per cent of world fibre share and wool had slumped to the low proportion of 4.9 per cent. The appeal of cotton lay in its fashionability, which was often associated with the exotic, the hard to get, the item that came from afar. Cotton textiles, many from the Indian subcontinent, satisfied these fashion desires for the rare and the unusual. This article explores cotton and fashionability in India. After discussing cotton textiles, it looks at the diffusion of Indian cottons in Africa and Asia, as well as in Europe and the Atlantic world.
Standard of Living, Consumption, and Political Economy Over the Past 500 Years
Authors: Shammas Carole
Published: February 2013

The phrase ‘standard of living’ is closely identified with a more-than-century-long debate in both the popular press and academic journals about the effects of the early stages of industrialization on the working class, especially in nineteenth-century Britain. This article explores when and why the consumption of material goods became the measure of the ‘standard of living’, and, secondly, what has led to its displacement in more recent times. These shifts provide insight into changing assumptions about the desirability of household accumulation. The article tracks the state of our knowledge about transformations in living standards from the early modern period on, and examines whether a longer and broad historical view has demoted industrialization as a causal factor. It looks at the promotion of well-being by limiting consumption, political economy and the emergence of a standard of living debate, human capital, public goods, poverty lines, and consumer sovereignty.
Sites of Consumption in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Welch Evelyn
Published: February 2013

In 1535, the Venetian patrician Francesco Priuli began a new account book for his household's daily expenditure. Despite his elevated standing, he kept it in his own hand, noting with precision how his money was spent, where, when, and on what. There are a number of things to note about this patrician family's behaviour. One is that a major mercantile city such as Venice already offered a wide range of shopping spaces and opportunities in the early sixteenth century (and had for many years). Also, forms of payment varied and could take place long after the goods had been transferred. Moreover, Priuli's purchases (and his occasional sales) make it clear that Venice's large second-hand markets provided economic security. This article focuses on sites of consumption in early modern Europe, first considering the moral aspects of the division of labour and then discussing the spectacles of consumption. It also examines credit, the sites of bargaining and exchange of material goods, and activities such as lotteries, second-hand dealers, pawnbrokers, and auctions.
Public Spaces, Knowledge, and Sociability
Authors: Cowan Brian
Published: February 2013

The concept of sociability was introduced as an analytic term by the German sociologist Georg Simmel. Sociability has figured prominently in recent histories of consumer society and material cultures. It has become increasingly clear to historians and social theorists that the places where consumption took place, or where consumer desires were stimulated, and the social milieux in which consumers were located, are just as important to understand as the actual acts of consumption. The German sociologist Norbert Elias introduced Freudian insights into human psychology into a ‘processual’, or what is sometimes called a ‘figurational’, framework for his historical sociology. His works have had a major impact on the history of sociability and knowledge formation. The history of ‘civil society’ has been a major growth industry in the last few decades, and much of this work has developed under the rubric of explaining and exploring the rise of a ‘public sphere’ in early modern Europe. Unlike Elias, the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas located the origins of modern sociability and civil society outside of the realm of court society.
Comfort and Convenience: Temporality and Practice
Authors: Shove Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

Despite being embedded in the practices and discourses of daily life, comfort and convenience are not terms around which theories and studies of consumption have traditionally revolved. Over the last decade or so, the tides of intellectual fashion have begun to turn, bringing the mundane into view and highlighting previously invisible dimensions of consumer culture. In reviewing changing interpretations of comfort and convenience, this article captures some of the processes through which the contours of social life are simultaneously sustained and transformed. It also examines how interpretations of comfort and convenience come to be as they are today, and in understanding the types of consumption and demand they entail. This more substantive angle is important in that contemporary definitions of physical well-being and temporal order imply and rely upon forms of resource consumption which are unsustainable in the longer run or on a global scale. The article concludes by considering time and timing, convenience and compromise, convenience and the time–space profiles of practice, and changing patterns of consumption in relation to comfort and convenience.
Consumer Activism, Consumer Regimes, and the Consumer Movement: Rethinking the History of Consumer Politics in the United States
Authors: Glickman Lawrence B.
Published: February 2013

The historiography of consumer society in the United States has matured in the last decade. As David Steigerwald noted in an influential review essay in 2006, ‘consumer interpretations of American history have come of age’, interpretations that prominently emphasize the politics of consumption. Indeed, Steigerwald made his claim about the state of the field largely on the basis of an analysis of the paradigm-shifting books of T. H. Breen on ‘how consumer politics shaped independence’ (2005) and Lizabeth Cohen on ‘the politics of mass consumption in postwar America’ (2003). This article explores and disaggregates three core elements of consumer politics in America: what it calls consumer activism, the consumer movement, and consumer regimes.
Consumer Movements
Authors: Hilton Matthew
Published: February 2013

The phenomena of consumer organizing, consumer protesting, consumer activism, and consumer movements are not confined to recent decades. While many consumers have undoubtedly displayed a voracious appetite for getting ever more stuff, others have demonstrated an engaged form of citizenship eager to inject morality and politics into the marketplace. Yet for all that the study of consumption has expanded exponentially over the last three decades, it is only relatively recently that our knowledge of these movements has come anywhere close to catching up with what is known about, say, consumer psychology, consumer marketing, consumer economics, or the cultural practices of shoppers. This article examines why scholars of consumption have turned to an analysis of consumer activism, offers a broad chronology of consumer movements to show the different types of consumer politics that have emerged over the last 200 years, and looks at some of the areas to which future scholars of consumption and social movements might turn their attention.
The Politics of Everyday Life
Authors: Trentmann Frank
Published: February 2013

As recently as 1985, the doyen of social science history in Germany, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, said the study of everyday life added little more than a bit of ‘gruel’ to the main course of history. Since then, the turf wars between social history, history from below, and cultural history have themselves become a thing of the past. It was during the 1950s–1970s that first sociologists, and then ‘new social’ historians, embraced the everyday. The flowering of consumption studies since would be unthinkable without the recognition that everyday life is an important – perhaps the most important – place people find meaning, develop habits, and acquire a sense of themselves and their world. This article offers an historical account of the changing scope and politics of everyday life. In contrast to recent discussions that have made the everyday appear the product of Western Europe after World War II, it traces the longer history of the everyday and the different politics of modernity which it has inspired.
Youth and Consumption
Authors: Capuzzo Paolo
Published: February 2013

The kaleidoscope of social identity is defined by multiple forces of signification. Gender, ethnicity, and class trace porous borders of the social and symbolic space within which consumption practices unfold, changing, forcing, and sometimes even subverting the apparent fixity of those spaces. The transition from childhood to adulthood is marked by clear biological changes that affect the conduct of life and the ways in which to confront a series of phases in the form of the transformation and maturation of the body. The analysis of consumption practices can be useful in showing how young people define themselves. As part of a discussion on youth and consumption, this article focuses on cultures of consumption among young workers. It also discusses the social deviance and consumer behaviour of young people, the impact of advertising on the social representation of the youth body, films and fantasies, and the emergence of a youth mass market.
Consumption and Well-Being
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: February 2013

Consumption defines the standard of living – whether food is hot or cold, whether walls are dry or damp. It is the stuff of desires and dreams. It signals superiority, but also community. It drives policy and vexes scholars. But consumption is not consummation. Its purpose recedes even as it is being realized. If insatiability is the vortex at the heart of consumption, there are also other problems. In standard economic theory, consumers rank preferences in the present, but the most significant choices arise not between two immediate substitutes (say coffee or tea), but between the present and the future. This article opens with some standard assumptions about the benefits of consumption, and competing ones about its futility. It discusses the findings of social and behavioural research on consumption and well-being, the link between happiness and wealth, relative income, habituation, materialism, history and culture, advertising, myopia, narcissism, and individualism.
Social interaction and the Internet
Authors: Rice Ronald E. , Shepherd Adrian , Dutton William H. , Katz James E.
Published: February 2013

This article examines a central question raised by the growth in Internet use: is Internet use associated with increased or decreased social interaction? First, it reviews relevant prior literature and research on the digital divide in general and the relationships of Internet use with social interaction. This overview grounds four research questions, namely what can be learnt by: comparing users and non-users; comparing users with more and less offline interpersonal and mediated social interaction; assessing changes in social networks; and comparing US and British Internet users. It then identifies possible answers to these questions based on results from national surveys in the USA in 1995 and 2000 and Britain in 2003.
Love letters
Authors: Whitty Monica
Published: February 2013

This article considers the history of dating throughout the ages, and compares how previous forms of dating might compare to the way individuals initiate and develop relationships in cyberspace. Similarities between the ways individuals in the past developed relationships using the telegraph and love letters are elucidated. Some important differences between the Internet and these spaces are also presented. While early theories on computer-mediated relating presented a rather negative view of online relationships, later theorists argued that the Internet provides a unique way to get to know others as well as to self-disclose to others. While it is fairly widely accepted by researchers today that real relationships can be formed online and successfully move offline, it is argued that the ways individuals go about developing these relationships varies according to which space the relationship is initiated in in cyber space. Comparisons are made between the ways individuals develop romantic relationships via newsgroups with the ways they are developed via an online dating site. Finally, suggestions for how online dating might look in the future are considered.
Trust and social interaction on the Internet
Authors: Green Melanie C.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on interactions and relationships that start on the Internet. Relationships that begin online pose unique challenges: false identities are easy to create and difficult to verify. Visual and non-verbal cues are typically absent, despite the technical possibilities for video and audio transmissions. Because individuals communicating online are likely to be geographically distant from one another, it is often impossible to rely on mutual acquaintances to vouch for the trustworthiness of a person.
Computer-mediated communication and social identity
Authors: Spears Russell , Lea Martin , Postmes Tom
Published: February 2013

This article argues that social identities not only populate computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the Internet, but they often thrive there, both by designation (of identity: the cognitive dimension) and by design (the strategic dimension in which identities and their agendas are contested). This means that far from being eliminated in CMC, the group and its effects often shine through in CMC (intragroup cohesiveness and conformity, intergroup contrast, and competition). In terms of status and power differentials this can mean that the power and status relations associated with categories are reinforced, both cognitively, by being tied to the roles and relations associated with these identities, and strategically, by the surveillance which CMC can sometimes bring.
Phantom emotions
Authors: Barak Azy
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the notion of ‘phantom emotions’. Two psychological phenomena – the natural tendency, based on personal needs and wishes, to fantasize and close gaps in subjectively important information in ambiguous situations on the one hand; and the common use of a made-up persona to represent one's identity in virtual environments, on the other – unavoidably creates phantom emotions. An individual online genuinely experiences an emotion – be it attraction or repulsion, lust, love, hate, or jealousy – although these emotional sensations are based, in principle, on false objective foundations. Moreover, not only is the external information inaccurate (or entirely false), but the personal emotions are elicited (or triggered) by illusionary objects momentary believed to be authentic and real.
Tokyo youth at leisure
Authors: Schiano Diane J. , Elliott Ame , Bellotti Victoria
Published: February 2013

This article describes some suggestive findings on how young adults in Tokyo use mobile- and PC-based Internet resources outside of work or school. The primary interest is to explore leisure activities – and most notably, leisure outings – and how they are supported online. The findings presented here are initial results from an extensive research project designed to explore how Tokyo youth spend leisure time, and how they tend to coordinate, plan, and otherwise support leisure activities. The ultimate goal of the project is to help identify issues and opportunities for designing new online media to support leisure activities, especially leisure outings.
Designing online experiments
Authors: Birnbaum Michael H.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the design of Internet-based experiments. It discusses the five criteria of a theory, between- versus within-subject designs, representative design, and systextual design. The results of psychological experiments can and do depend on the experimental designs used to establish causal effects. For example, the effect of a variable can be opposite in within- as opposed to between-subjects designs. It can also be reversed when the correlations among independent variables are manipulated via systextual design. These findings mean that the conclusions one draws need to be restricted to the type of experimental design used until one has established the effects of experimental designs themselves.
Context effects in Internet surveys
Authors: Smyth Jolene D. , Dillman Don A. , Christian Leah Melani
Published: February 2013

This article first presents a definition of context effects that eliminates from consideration factors beyond the control of survey researchers yet is sufficiently broad to incorporate diverse but related sources of survey context. It then examines four types of context effects that have been documented in mail and telephone surveys with an eye towards identifying new concerns which have arisen or may arise as a result of conducting Internet surveys. The four sources of context effects discussed are: the survey mode used to pose questions to respondents, the order in which questions are asked, the ordering of response options, and the choice of response scale. In addition to reviewing previous research, the results of new context experiments are reported in which response scales across Internet and telephone modes are manipulated.
Internet research ethics
Authors: Ess Charles M.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses Internet research ethics, which promises to become an ever-more robust and significant field within information ethics, on the one hand, and research ethics more broadly, on the other. As new venues emerge for human–human and human–machine interaction, it seems certain that new ethical conundrums will emerge. But the overall history of Internet research ethics includes at least some convergence on key values and rights, while at the same time preserving important local differences with regard to approaches to ethical decision making and implementation of basic rights and principles – even across East–West divides. This trajectory suggests not the certainty of finding resolutions to every ethical problem that comes along, but rather the sense of finding such resolutions in the face of new difficulties, with sufficient frequency and success to encourage further efforts to do so.
Introduction
Authors: Devine T. M. , Wormald Jenny
Published: February 2013

This book explores the history of modern Scotland from the Renaissance and Reformation periods rather than the previous conventional starting points, such as the Union of 1707 or the later seventeenth century. It demonstrates that there are long-run social, religious, and intellectual forces that shaped the modern Scottish nation which cannot be fully understood without reaching back in time to the sixteenth century. The book also examines the existing trend towards the internationalization of Scottish history by including articles on emigration, immigration, and empire. Contributors are historians in their respective fields, such as geography, political science, literature, and sociology. There are also articles on environment, myth, family, criminality and violence, gender, contemporary society, and economy.
The Demographic Factor
Authors: Anderson Michael
Published: February 2013

For its size, Scotland has a very diverse natural environment. Historically, there have also been major regional differences in landholding practices, industrial development, and popular and religious culture. All these produced a highly differentiated spatial demography; and this means that we always need to go below the national level if we are to fully understand Scottish population change and its implications for the people of Scotland. Scotland's first official census, in 1801, showed a national population of somewhat over 1.6 million, with figures for every civil parish. In spite of some problems with data collection, the results for most places are probably accurate for the civilian population to within a few per cent. It seems that, as in England and many other countries, opportunities for marriage were a major control over Scottish demographic change during this period. This article, which analyses Scotland's demographic history and looks at contrasting patterns of population change between 1801 and 2001, also discusses fertility, mortality, and migration in Scotland during the same period.
Religion and Society to c.1900
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: February 2013

The Revolution of 1688, which brought the Dutch Calvinist Stadtholder William of Orange and his consort, Mary, to the English throne, was mainly a political event, but it also had important religious dimensions, and this was especially true of Scotland. This article provides an overview of religion in modern Scotland up to 1900, with emphasis on the movement from a unitary Calvinist state, an aspiring ‘godly commonwealth’, to a multi-denominational, increasingly pluralist society. After discussing the Reformation in Scotland, it looks at the rigorous Calvinism of the Covenanting period, and especially the Westminster Confession that was adopted in the 1640s and still remains the official standard of faith in the Church of Scotland. Following the restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660 under Charles II, the Crown reimposed episcopacy within the Scottish Church, proscribed the Westminster Confession, and declared royal supremacy over the Church. For many Presbyterians, the early eighteenth century was the golden age for the Scottish Church. The article also examines pluralism and mission culture in Scotland during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Clearances and the Transformation of the Scottish Countryside
Authors: Dodgshon Robert
Published: February 2013

Underpinning the transformation of the Scottish countryside during the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, and forming a vital precondition for the Improving Movement, were far-reaching changes in the structure and layout of farms, and in the nature of the farm community. When first coined as a description of the changes that swept across the Highlands and Islands over the second half of the eighteenth first half of the nineteenth century, the meaning, chronology, and distribution of the clearances were all clearly defined. ‘Clearance’ was seen as a term that best captured the sudden and socially disruptive way in which many traditional communities in the Highlands were swept aside to make way for sheep. Establishing the build-up of market responsiveness is important when we come to look at the restructuring of towns. This article, which discusses Scotland's clearances and the transformation of the Scottish countryside, focusing on the Lowlands, Southern Uplands, and Highlands and Islands, also examines the persistence of small farms, crofts and townships, and the spread of new husbandries.
The Renaissance
Authors: Thomas Andrea
Published: February 2013

The Renaissance in Scotland was an amalgamation of influences, both foreign and domestic, some of which originated in Italy whilst others were rooted in northern Europe. One important influence was the impact of humanism. It is difficult to identify precisely when the first stirrings of the Renaissance were felt in Scotland, but if notions of historical self-awareness and individualistic self-fashioning are significant, then arguably the roots may be traced to the personal rule of James I (r.1406–1437). As a woman, Mary, Queen of Scots could not fully participate in a revival of the cult of chivalry during her brief adult reign, but as dowager Queen of France she was wealthy enough to afford grand court entertainments, spectacles, and rituals to promote a message of national reconciliation and royal revival. This article deals with the Scottish Renaissance, the Reformation of 1560, and the rise of Protestantism from 1567–1625.
Reformed and Godly Scotland?
Authors: Wormald Jenny
Published: February 2013

On September 16, 2010, two notable religious figures came to Edinburgh. One was the Reverend Ian Paisley, leader of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ireland, and the other was Pope Benedict XVI. Paisley and his supporters went to the Magdalen Chapel in the Cowgate, the church where, Paisley erroneously claimed, the Scottish Reformation of 1560 began its life, presided over by John Knox. The Reverend's doughty defence of that Reformation was somewhat weakened by the fact that Edinburgh exists on two levels, and geographically it was Paisley and his sixty followers who were at a disadvantage. Paisley, heir to Knox, was the representative of the long-held belief in the peculiarly godly nature of reformed Scotland; those who cheered the Pope were the destroyers of that Scottish godly Protestantism which, from the sixteenth to the twentieth century, had been the bedrock of the nation's identity and justifiable pride in itself. The belief of the unusual godliness of reformed Scotland began its life in the late sixteenth century and flowered with renewed vigour after the union of the parliaments in 1707.
The Seventeenth-Century Irish Connection
Authors: Fitzgerald Patrick
Published: February 2013

Any exploration of the waves of migration and bonds of association that have characterized the historic relationship between Scotland and Ireland must begin with a consideration of the physical geographical context within which this human history was played out. Firstly, let us consider the North Channel, the body of water that lies between the tip of the Kintyre peninsula and Torr Head on the north Antrim coast. Even today, those who regularly traverse this ‘narrow sea’ talk in the vernacular idiom about going ‘ower the sheugh’, a sheugh in Irish meaning a field drainage ditch and thereby emphasizing the limited impediment to contact. This perspective may be widened to accommodate a view of the entire body of the Irish Sea as acting over the longue durée as an inland sea or inland waterway, a bridge to coastal cultural contact rather than a barrier. The accession in March 1603 of James VI of Scotland to the English throne as James I served to affect a significant transformation in how Scottish migration to Ireland was viewed from London or Dublin.
Scottish Jacobitism in its International Context
Authors: Szechi Daniel
Published: February 2013

From its very inception, Scottish Jacobitism was an intrinsically international phenomenon. At its core lay a network of supporters at home who plotted and planned for the great day, but these men and women were always connected to an exterior network of overseas exiles who lobbied foreign governments and smuggled arms, money, and propaganda into Scotland to promote the cause. Religion was far from being the sole motivation for Scottish Jacobites. At least equally important in many cases was the conviction after 1707 that the Stuarts' cause was Scotland's cause. Despite the very real ideological division between Jacobites and Whigs, the former never separated from the rest of Scottish society. Long before there was Jacobitism, there was a Scottish diaspora in Europe. In terms of European power politics, the Scottish Jacobites in many respects began as just one of a number of ethnic, patriotic movements resisting the imperial drive of the European great powers.
The Rise (and fall?) of the Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Broadie Alexander
Published: February 2013

The eighteenth-century cultural movement known as the European Enlightenment contained a specifically Scottish Enlightenment that was recognized as a powerhouse of ideas in fields as diverse as philosophy, political economy, physics, chemistry, and geology. This article focuses on the Scottish Enlightenment. After identifying some of the luminaries (or ‘literati’) of the Scottish Enlightenment, it gives a brief account of what it is that makes something an ‘Enlightenment’. First, the people. They included philosophers such as Francis Hutcheson and David Hume, political economists such as Adam Smith and Sir James Steuart, mathematicians such as Colin Maclaurin and Matthew Stewart, and the geologist James Hutton. It has been held by some that the 1707 Union of Scotland and England is a major element in the explanation of how Scotland came to have an Enlightenment. The article also considers the intellectual life of pre-Enlightenment Scotland, some of the writings that emanated from the Scottish Enlightenment itself, and the question of when the Scottish Enlightenment ended.
Industrialization and the Scottish People
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: February 2013

In the nineteenth century, Scotland had an economy and a society subject to one of the most rapid early transformations in industrial experience of any country in the Western world. Unique among the smaller European countries with peasant-based local economies surviving well into the nineteenth century, though as yet subject to little comparative analysis, Scotland's dramatic shift from a mostly underdeveloped, rural backwater in the mid-eighteenth century to one of the key industrial hubs of the British empire by the mid-nineteenth, was largely orchestrated from above, by government and its agencies, and by wealthy landowners. This article examines the impact of industrialization in Scotland on the Scottish people, and on the workplace, labour markets, conditions of life, culture, and environment. It also focuses on some of the heroes who emerged during the industrialization, including inventors, businessmen, and some industrial workers.
Scotland and the Eighteenth-Century Empire
Authors: Hamilton Douglas
Published: February 2013

The revitalization of Scottish history in the 1960s reawakened scholarly interest in overseas connections that had lain more or less dormant since the 1930s. As a result, eighteenth-century Scots have appeared as Virginian tobacco merchants, Jamaican planters, American scholars, African explorers and slave traders, Indian nabobs, and soldiers and doctors seemingly everywhere. With a few notable exceptions, however, these studies of Scots overseas have often been region specific rather than offering a broader imperial or global perspective. This article locates Scotland's experience at the heart of the British Empire and argues that eighteenth-century Scots did not feel themselves confined to British imperial endeavour, but sought advantage in other empires of Europe. This facility to work through alternative imperial traditions had its roots in long-standing personal and mercantile relationships between Scots and northern Europe and Scandinavia, and in the particular circumstances of the demise of Scotland's own independent empire at Darien on the isthmus of Panama.
The Challenge of Radicalism to 1832
Authors: Pentland Gordon
Published: February 2013

Principally, Scottish historians have been concerned with three groups of questions. First, they have been exercised by the question of class: to what extent were popular politics, and radicalism in particular, a reflection of Scotland's experiences of industrialization and demographic expansion across this period; and how far do they provide a key to the exploration of class formation and inter-class relations? A second and related set of questions revolves around the issue of ‘stability’: was Scotland relatively more stable a society across this period, especially in comparison to England and Ireland; and, if so, what factors would explain this? A final set of questions runs throughout modern Scottish historiography: what do the politics of the period reveal about the relationship between England and Scotland, and the position of Scotland within the imperial state? This article examines the ‘Age of Reform’ along the line provided by the Napoleonic Wars and suggests what was distinctive about popular political developments in Scotland in each of these periods.
The Scottish Cities
Authors: Rodger Richard
Published: February 2013

The reorientation of trade and industry in the eighteenth century towards the Atlantic and colonial trades reinvigorated the west of Scotland burghs, particularly Glasgow. The pace of economic growth, although a generation behind that of England, assumed a sufficient momentum in the early nineteenth century to attract to the Scottish cities significant numbers of migrants from highland and lowland Scotland, as well as from Ulster and the southern Irish provinces. Scale, mass, density, and complexity were key characteristics of urban change in the nineteenth-century Scottish city. Social control was never far away from the actions of authority; disorder, instability, and uncertainty increased risk and were anathema to a middle class with considerable investments in property, public positions, and political power. Under conditions of rapid urbanization, not to manage urban space was to invite social disintegration. A pleasurable aspect of the nineteenth-century Scottish city was the music and entertainment that filled the bandstands, parks, and public spaces.
Identity within the Union State, 1800–1900
Authors: Morton Graeme
Published: February 2013

Radicalism peaked in Scotland in the 1790s, and would continue to rumble into the 1820s, and beyond that, into Chartism and suffrage disputes. Coming out of the eighteenth century, the Scots found common cause as Britons facing down the upheavals of American independence, war with France, the United Irishmen's challenge to British rule, and union with Ireland. Tales of great men, especially military men, marked Scotland's impact in its Empire role. The regiments and the (often brutal) successes of the Scottish soldier were strong narratives at home. Similarly, accounts of Scottish overseas missionaries coupled firmly nation and Empire across the genders. These were identities of the Union state. In John M. Mackenzie's terms, the British Empire, for the Scots, reflected English institutions imbued with a Scottish ethos. This article explores identity within the Union state during the years 1800–1900, focusing on parliamentary reform and political identity, nationalism within the Union state, and the establishment of the Scottish Home Rule Association in 1886.
The Great War
Authors: McFarland E. W.
Published: February 2013

The themes of tragedy and futility have come to dominate the popular memory of the Great War. In Scotland, its legacy is overlaid with a sense of inordinate sacrifice: a small nation, with a historic martial tradition, drawn into a global conflict of unprecedented destructive power. The emotional hold of this portrayal remains so powerful that the historian often struggles to confront the gap between memory and actual experience. It was economic and demographic patterns rooted in Scotland's historic engagement with the international economy prior to 1914 that maximized the national contribution to Britain's war effort. While the war may have strengthened the ‘diffuse Christianity’ of citizen soldiers, the situation for institutional religion on the home front was rather more complex. Distinctive issues of national identity mediated Scottish engagement with the conflict. It is perhaps in the area of commemoration and remembrance that the limitations of the traditional class-based template for understanding the Scottish Great War experience appear most exposed.
Challenging the Union
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: February 2013

The existential challenge to the Union began with the election of a disciplined cadre of MPs from the Irish Party in 1880, and culminated with the election of a Scottish National Party majority government in 2011. The years from 1885 to 1921 have been described as the high age of primordial unionism. For a primordial unionist, the Union of Great Britain and Ireland, passed by an Act of Parliament in 1800 and taking effect in January 1801, was to be defended at all costs. Prime Minister William Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule in 1885 splintered the party systems throughout the British Isles, and in Scotland, created the Unionist Party, the dominant party until the 1950s. This article examines the challenges faced by the Union, focusing on efforts to kill the Home Rule during 1885–1924 and the passage of the Scotland Act 1998. It also discusses the Constitutional Convention, the Labour Party government and its policies, and the ‘West Lothian Question’ and ‘Barnett Formula’.
A New Scotland? Society and Culture
Authors: McCrone David
Published: February 2013

In the post-war period, Scotland's economic transformation owed much to the influx of foreign companies, and was subject to the ebb and flow of global capitalism. In truth, the vast majority of Scots owe their allegiance to national (Scottish) identity, rather than the state (British) variety. The fact that only four in 100 born and living in Scotland give priority to being British over being Scottish is surely a change from the experiences and aspirations of their parents and grandparents. Warfare no longer binds Scots into being British, and the long process of dismantling the welfare state begun by Margaret Thatcher and the neo-liberals shows no sign of retreating. Above all, the recovery of a parliament at the cusp of the new century is surely the mark of modern Scotland, and lying behind it, the assertion of Home Rule and more self-government. Demography is manifestly connected to patterns of social inequality and social class. This article explores Scotland's demography, its social stratification, and its social values and attitudes since the mid-1980s.
Risk Preferences and Food Consumption
Authors: Fox John A.
Published: February 2013

This article examines some of the risks intrinsic to food and discusses how those risks are perceived, or misperceived, by both consumers and the experts. It then discusses risk preferences and examines the literature that attempts to connect those preferences to food consumption choices. It also deals with constructed preferences—the idea that individuals might not have stable, well-defined preferences but instead that their preferences are constructed as needed and readily influenced by characteristics of the decision environment. Furthermore, the insights from that literature provide useful guidance for researchers studying food consumption choices and the inclusion of measured risk preferences improves model performance in the sense of painting a better picture of how consumers respond to food risk.
Discrete Choice Theory and Modeling
Authors: Adamowicz W. L. , Swait Joffre D.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the methods employed in discrete choice models relevant to food demand analysis. Discrete analysis of food choices can be grouped into two main areas: analysis that focuses on the consumer to assess preferences and welfare, and analysis that focuses on assessing consumer behavior to provide marketing or sales strategies. This article illustrates that discrete choice models of food demand have been estimated from a variety of data sources: choice experiments, experimental economic data, and scanner panel data. It examines the conceptual framework underpinning these discrete choices. It reflects on the relatively unique properties of disaggregate food choices and the corresponding issues for discrete choice demand analysis. This article considers the operationalization of models based on the theoretical microeconomic model. Finally, it provides a brief description of some interesting extensions and future research issues in the area of discrete choice analysis and food demand.