bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new socially parasitic Myrmica, with a reassessment of the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY
Published: January 2008

Myrmica ereptrix, a new species socially parasitic on Myrmica rugosa, is described from a single female discovered in Kashmir, India. A synoptic table of the known social parasites in genus Myrmica is given and the genus‐level names Paramyrmica, Sommimyrma and Sifolinia are discussed and newly synonymized with Myrmica. The genus Myrmica is redefined for all castes. An outline is given of the evolution of the characteristic venation of Myrmica alates. The structure of the metasternal process in genera of the A/y/Twca‐group is discussed and used in the generic diagnosis for the first time.
On the systematic position of Catocala Schrank (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Mitter C. , Silverfine E.
Published: January 2008

The Holarctic genus Catocala Schrank is argued to belong to an otherwise mainly Ethiopian and Oriental clade consisting, in addition to this genus, of Audea Walker, Crypsotidia Rothschild, Hypotacha Hampson, Tachosa Walker and Ulotrichopus Wallengren. The principal synapomorphy is a distinctively sclerotized, elongate ovipositor. A numerical phylogenetic analysis of this group based on fifty‐five characters suggests that Catocala may be paraphyletic, a subset of species being the closest relatives of Ulotrichopus. Catocala and Ulotrichopus together appear to be the sister‐group of the remaining four genera. Audea fatilega Felder & Rogenhofer is found to have the characters of Ulotrichopus.
A taxonomic revision of the genera Polemograptis Meyrick, and Archigraptis Razowski (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: TUCK K. R.
Published: January 2008

Polemograptis Meyrick is here restricted to three species, with five species being transferred elsewhere. Archigraptis Razowski, previously a monobasic genus, is expanded to include three new species and A.stauroma (Diakonoff), n.comb. A hindwing cubital pecten is reported for two species of Polemograptis. The sexually dimorphic hind‐wing anal tuft of two species of Archigraptis is discussed. It is suggested that the bright colours of one species of Archigraptis may indicate a mimetic association with a gelechiid moth.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Nyttum (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: DOLLING WILLIAM R. , CASINI CARLOS E.
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Neotropical genusNyttum,belonging to the wholly New World tribe Acanthocephalini of the plant‐feeding heteropterous family Coreidae, is redescribed. Its distribution is shown to extend from Mexico to Uruguay.Nyttum limbatumSpinola, from Brazil, andN.punctatum(Dallas), widespread in South and Central America, are redescribed;Anasa perfusaDistant is synonymized withN.punctatum.Seven new species are described:Nyttum amaralae,from Uruguay;N.beckeri,from Brazil and ‘West Indies’N.nigrum,from Venezuela;N.pallens,from Mexico;N.pulchrum,from Peru;N.rubrum,from Brazil; andN.spinolaifrom Brazil and Guyana. A key to the species is included.Placoscelisis regarded as the genus most closely related toNyttumand it is shown that the same two types of paramere and the same two types of aedaegus occur in both genera.

. Se redescribe el género neotropicalNyttum,perteneciente a la tribu Acanthocephalini que se encuentra exclusivamente en el Nuevo Mundo, dentro de la familia Coreidae (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera) que se alimenta exclusivamente de vegetales. Se indica que la distribución de este género se extiende desde Mexico al Uruguay. Se redescribenNyttum limbatumSpinola del Brasil yN.punctatum(Dallas), de amplia distribución en América del Sur y Central.Anasa perfusaDistant es sinonimizada conN.punctatum.Se describen siete neuvas especies:Nyttum amaralae,del Uruguay;N.beckeri,del Brasil e ‘Indias Occindentales’N.nigrum,de Venezuela;N.pallens,de Mexico;N.pulchrum,de Perú;N.rubrum,de Brasil; yN.spinolai,de Brasil y Guyana. Se incluye una clava para la separation de las especies. Se considera quePlacoscelises el género mas cercano aNyttum,y se indica que los mismos dos tipos de parameros y los mismos dos tipos de aedeagus se encuentran en ambos.
The peculiar Asian ghost moth genus Bipectilus Chu & Wang: taxonomy and systematic position (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae s.str.)
Authors: NIELSEN EBBE S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract Bipectilus Chu & Wang, 1985, from China, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam is redescribed. Eight species are recognized in the genus; two were described previously (Gorgopis unimacula Daniel and Bipectilus yunnanensis Chu & Wang) and six new species are named. A key to the males is provided and all species and their genitalia are described and illustrated. One new combination is established and one lectotype is designated. Observations on the cuticular anatomy of Bipectilus are presented. The monophyly of Bipectilus is supported by several autapomorphies but the genus also possesses many plesiomorphic traits including spurs on the hind tibia in some species. Bipectilus is placed in the Hepialidae s.str. and the autapomorphies of that taxon are summarized. It is concluded that Bipectilus represents an early lineage within the family, and possibly represents the sister‐group of all other Hepialidae s.str. All Asian species originally placed in Gorgopis Hübner are removed from this endemic Afrotropical hepialid genus.
A new genus and six new species of the tribe Goniini (Diptera: Tachinidae) from China, Thailand and New Guinea
Authors: SHIMA HIROSHI , CHAO CHIEN‐MING
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new genus of micro‐oviparous tachinids, Crosskeya gen.n. (tribe Goniini sensu Herting, 1984), is described. Descriptions of six new species belonging to the genus are included: gigas (type species), nigrotibialis and chrysos from China, longicornis and assimilis from Thailand, and papuana from Papua New Guinea. A key to the six species is provided.
An interesting new species of Megaselia from Sulawesi, the ground plan of the Phoridae (Diptera) and phylogenetie implications for the Cyclorrhapha
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

Megaselia biarticulata sp.n. is described from Sulawesi. Its distinctly two‐segmented palp reinforces the view that a two‐segmented palp is part of the ground plan of the family. The tibial hair palisades are also postulated as part of the ground plan and serve to link the Phoridae to the Platypezidae. The median furrow on the frons is considered as part of the ground plan. Furthermore it is postulated that it is homologous with the frontal vitta in the Schizophora, and that its invaginated lower end gave rise to the ptilinum. The Empidoidea cannot be ancestral to the Cyclorrhapha and the case for regarding these two taxa as sister groups seems highly tenuous in the light of the inferred ground plan for the Phoridae.
The higher classification of the ant subfamily Leptanillinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: BOLTON BARRY
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Until now the ant subfamily Leptanillinae has been closely linked with the army ant subfamilies Dorylinae and Ecitoninae, but on relatively tenuous evidence. The current phylogenetic study strongly indicates that this view is incorrect and that the leptanillines really constitute the sister‐group of subfamily Ponerinae, and are at a consider‐ ably greater taxonomic distance from the Army Ant subfamilies. Three tribes are now recognized within the Leptanillinae (Leptanillini; Anomalornyrmini, new tribe; and Apomyrmini, transferred here from Ponerinae: Arnblyoponini), containing a total of eight genera with fewer than fifty species in all. The subfamily and its component tribes are diagnosed and discussed here, and a key to genera provided. New taxa described include Anomalomyrma Taylor gen.n., type‐species A. taylori Bolton sp.n. and Protanilla Taylor gen.n., type‐species P. rafflesi Taylor sp.n.
Revision of the Alamirinae (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Couturiera Disney, 1979, only known in the female sex, is synonymized with Perissa Borgmeier, 1967, only known in the male sex, a syn.n., thus solving the problem of the ‘missing’ males of the Alamirinae. Perissa kensmithi (Disney) comb.n., P.lewisi (Disney) comb.n. and P.orientalis (Disney & Peterson) comb.n. are transferred from Couturiera. Perissa couturieri Disney is synonymized under P. lewisi (Disney) and C.palawanensis Disney under P.georgei Disney. Perissa latiptera sp.n., P.oligoseta sp.n., P.tinglei sp.n. and Perittophora couturieri gen.n., sp.n., are described from Zimbabwe. A key to the twelve species of Alamirinae is provided. It is hypothesized that the Alamirinae may be paraphyletic, by virtue of exclusion of the Termitoxeniinae. The latter is probably polyphyletic, in that each Alamirinae genus is probably the sister group of a different Termi‐toxeniin clade.
Comparative morphology of the tibial flexor and extensor tendons in insects
Authors: FURTH DAVID G. , SUZUKI KUNIO
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The relative size, orientation, and degrees of sclerotization of the tibial flexor and extensor tendons are compared in nineteen orders of insects. The sclerotized, independently movable tibial flexor sclerite, known previously only from Alticinae and Carabidae (Coleoptera), is found in some other Coleoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera and Heteroptera. The Heteroptera also have another small sclerite at the base of the tibial extensor tendon. The tibial flexor sclerite is presumed to provide additional strength and leverage to the flexion of the tibia in certain insect groups; it may also provide protection for the ventral side of the femoro‐tibial joint of the leg.
The metatibial extensor and flexor tendons in Coleoptera
Authors: FURTH DAVID G. , SUZUKI KUNIO
Published: January 2008

The metatibiae of genera in several families of Coleoptera with enlarged metafemora are examined, including Chrysomelidae (Alticinae, Galerucinae, Sagrinae), Bruchidae (Pachymerinae, Rhae‐binae, Eubaptinae, Bruchinae), Scirtidae and Oedemeridae. There is an evident pattern concerning the relative size of the tibial extensor and flexor tendons that is dependent on the type of hind leg movement of a specific beetle group. Beetle groups that jump (e.g. Alticinae, Scirtidae) always have a greatly enlarged metatibial extensor tendon and associated musculature. However, other groups with swollen metafemora that do not jump have enlarged metatibial flexor tendons with the associated musculature for holding/grasping onto the vegetation (Sagrinae, Bruchidae) or onto the female during copulation (male Oedemera). This indicates a strong functional relationship between Sagrinae and Bruchidae, both with large flexor tendons, and between the Alticinae and Galerucinae, with relatively large extensor tendons; these two cases may also have phylogenetic meaning. This pattern of the metatibial extensor and flexor tendon size related to function is presumably true for at least all other Coleoptera.
A revision of the Holarctic species ofSerromyiaMeigen (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: BORKENT A. , BISSETT B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.This revision recognizes sixteen extant species ofSerromyiain the Holarctic Region including seven described as new:S.bicolorBorkent,S.borealisBorkent,S.nudicolisBorkent,S.pacificaRemm,S.sierrensisBorkent,S.tectaBorkent andS.vockerothiBorkent. In addition, eleven new synonyms are indicated. Keys and descriptions of the male and female adults, and their known distributions, are given for all species. The egg and first instar larva ofSerromyia nudicolisBorkent n.sp., the pupa ofS.atra(Meigen) and the fourth instar larvae of an unidentifiedSerromyiaare also described.

All available fossil specimens were examined, some redescribed, and two named as new:S.ryszardiBorkent andS.sinuosaBorkent.

New combinations areS.alpheus(Heyden),Atrichopogon trichopus(Thomson) andMonohelea scirpi(Kieffer).

Limited phylogenetic interpretation indicates that all extent Holarctic species, with the exception ofS.mangroviDelecolle and Braverman, form a monophyletic group. Six Baltic amber species are not members of this clade.Metacanthoheleais recognized as the sister group of the genusSerromyia.
The scale insect genus Houardia Marchal (Homoptera: Coccidae)
Authors: HODGSON C. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The type species of the genus Houardia, H.troglodytes Marchal, is redescribed and a lectotype designated; H.abdita De Lotto is also redescribed and a new species from Africa described. A key is given for the separation of the three known species.
Evidence for the existence of a species closely related to the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani‐Perez based on host ranges, morphological characters, isoelectric focusing banding patterns, cross‐breeding experiments and sex pheromone specificities (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Authors: Höller C Arsten
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Host transfer trials with six strains of the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani‐Perez revealed the presence of two differing host ranges: three strains parasitized Sitobion uvenae (F.) and S.fragariae (Wlk.) exclusively, whereas the others successfully developed in both Sitobion species and also in Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), M.festucue cerealiurn Stroyan, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and Diuraphis muehlei Börner. The two host range groups were poorly distinguishable by means of morphological characters. In con trast, isoelectric focusing proved to be a much better tool for discrimi nation. Reproductive isolation between the two host range groups was clear but not complete, as evidenced by crossing experiments with laboratory‐bred and field‐collected material. Under field conditions, males showed a specific response to virgin females of the two groups. Hence, the sex pheromones of the females were obviously different. Considering these results, a species (Aphidius sp. A) closely related to A.rhopalosiphi seems to occur. As a detailed study of morphological characters is still lacking, Aphidius sp. A is not yet formally established here. Due to its dependence upon Sitobion spp., Aphidius sp. A may be an economically important parasitoid of the pest aphid S.avenae.
The fossil pupa Simulimima and the evidence it provides for the Jurassic origin of the Simuliidae (Diptera)
Authors: KEY R. W. CROSS
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Examination of the Middle Jurassic dipteran pupal fossil Simulimima grandis Kalugina shows it to possess the pupal diagnostic characters of Simuliidae and to be not significantly distinguishable from the pupa of modern Prosimulium. The nominal monotypic genus Simulimima Kalugina is assigned to that family, but provisionally maintained as valid in the absence of knowledge of associated life stages. The holotype and only specimen of S.grandis is redescribed and illustrated photographically and by line drawings, with emphasis on features which pertain to its family placement. Unambiguous assignment to Simuliidae implies an earlier Mesozoic origin for the blackflies than previously evidenced by available fossils, and it is suggested that the origins of the Simuliidae go back to Lower Jurassic times.
A systematic reappraisal of the Australian Aphroteniinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) with dating from vicariance biogeography
Authors: CRANSTON P. S. , EDWARD D. H. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The chironomid subfamily Aphroteniinae is revised for the Australian fauna. The larval‐based genus Anaphrotenia Brundin is synonymized with Aphroteniella Brundin, and Anaphrotenia lacustris Brundin with Aphroteniella filicomis Brundin, and all stages redescribed and illustrated. A second Australian species, Aphroteniella tenuicornis Brundin, has been reared and the larva is described and the pupa and male redescribed here.

Paraphrotenia fasclpennis Brundin, previously known only from the Australian type locality, is reported from a second site. The pupa and previously unde‐scribed female adult are described and figured.

Aphrotenia Brundin, previously known only from Cape Province, South Africa, is recorded from Australia through Aphrotenia australiensis, newly described here and taking the authorship of Hergstrom. An unreared and unnamed larva of Aphrotenia is described and figured.

Aphrotenia, and thus the subfamily, can be dated through a vicariance paradigm substantiated by a Cretaceous fossil record, to a minimum of 120 m.y.b.p.

Keys are given to larva, pupa and adults of the Australian Aphroteniinae.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Chimarrhodella Lestage (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae)
Authors: BLAHNIK ROGER J. , HOLZENTHAL RALPH W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical genus Chimarrhodella Lestage is presented. Four described species are recognized, C.galeata (Martynov), C.peruviana (Ross), C.ulmeri (Ross) and C.nigra Flint. In addition, five new species are described, C.costaricensis sp.n. (Costa Rica), C.tapanti sp.n. (Costa Rica), C.flinti sp.n. (Venezuela), C.pilcopata, sp.n. (Peru) and C.tobagoensis sp.n. (Tobago). These species are organized into two monophyletic species groups, designated here the Galeata Group and the Peruviana Group. The Galeata Group is characterized by having male genitalia with tergum X possessing well developed lateral lobes bearing sclerotized, spine‐like processes and includes C.galeata, C.costaricensis, C.flinti, C.pilcopata and C.tapanti. The Peruviana Group is characterized by having male genitalia with tergum X only slightly divided apically, tergum IX bearing hook‐like processes posteriorly, and female genitalia with segment VIII much elongated in comparison to the Galeata Group and includes C.peruviana, C.nigra, C.tobagoensis and C.ulmeri. Records of the genus from Costa Rica and Tobago represent significant extensions of the known range for the genus, previously unknown north of Panama. A key to males and known females and a species‐level phylogenetic analysis are included.
The life history and larval morphology ofAperilampus(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Philomidinae), with a discussion of the phylogenetic affinities of the Philomidinae
Authors: DARLING D. CHRISTOPHER
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The host association and larval morphology ofAperilampus(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Philomidinae) are documented for the first time based on specimens collected during the excavation of ground‐nesting bee nests in South Africa.Aperilampus variansStrand is a primary parasite of the pupa ofHalictus (Seladonia) africanusFriese (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). The first and final‐instar larvae are described and illustrated, and notes are provided on the behaviour of the first‐instar larva. The first‐instar larva is a planidium and synapomorphies are documented between the first‐instar larva ofAperilampusand the planidia of Chrysolampinae, Perilampidae and Eucharitidae.
Larvae of the Costa Rican Hetaerina (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with comments on distribution
Authors: ZLOTY JACEK , PRITCHARD GORDON , ESQUIVEL CARLOS
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The larvae of seven of the nine Costa Rican species of Hetaerina (H.capitalis, H.cruentata, H.fuscoguttata, H.majuscula, H.miniata, H.occisa and H. titia) were identified by matching their Cellulose Acetate Gel Electrophoresis (CAGE) patterns with those of adults. CAGE allows larval descriptions to be processed at a much faster rate than through traditional rearing techniques and, provided that refrigeration and a power supply are available, is relatively portable and robust. Adults of H.capitalis, H.cruentata and H.miniata were also reared from final instar larvae. Larvae of H.caja and H.sempronia were identified by site association with adults and unique suites of morphological characters. Characters on the head, antennae, labium, pronotum, legs, abdomen, and caudal appendages are described and illustrated, and a key to final instar larvae of all nine species is presented. The distribution of Hetaerina in Costa Rica is influenced primarily by the Cordillera.
Revision of Palaearctic mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae), with phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of world species
Authors: COURTNEY GREGORY W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae) of the Palaearctic Region are revised to include eight species. Four new species are described: D. brachyrhina sp. nov., D.oporina sp. nov. and D. blepharis sp.nov. from the Himalayas (Assam and Sikkim), and D.bicarinata sp. nov. from southern Korea. A lectotype is designated for D.mirabilis Edwards, and a key to adult males of all Palaearctic species is provided.

Larval, pupal and adult characters were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of world species of Deuterophlebiidae. Based on features of the adult male, the Himalayan species D. brachyrhina and D. oporina are considered the most primitive deuterophlebiids. The Nearctic species D. inyoensis is proposed as the sister group of the remaining species. Relationships among the latter are based primarily on larval and pupal characters; however, lack of information about the immature stages of several Palaearctic species contributes to a poorly resolved phylogeny. Several alternative hypotheses are presented and discussed. All phylogenetic alternatives suggest that the Nearctic fauna originated from at least two invasions of North America.
Mendesellinae, a new subfamily of braconid wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with a review of relationships within the microgastroid assemblage
Authors: WHITFIELD J. B. , MASON W. R. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new subfamily of braconid wasps, the Mendesellinae, is proposed and described. It is represented by two genera and nine species, all newly described: Mendesella gen.n., type species M.amazonica sp.n., M.braziliensls, sp.n., M.magna sp.n., Epsilogaster gen.n., type species E.bicolor sp.n., E.brazMensis sp.n., E.dureno sp.n., E.palenque sp.n., E.tico sp.n. and E.panama sp.n. The phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of the ‘microgastroid assemblage’ of Braconidae are reviewed and analysed, to clarify the status and relationships of the new subfamily.
A new genus and phylogenetic analysis of the Bathyaulacini and Glyptomorphini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae)
Authors: JAMIL M. , CHISHTI K. , QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: January 2008

A new genus Annectobracon (type species A. eventus sp.n. from China, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam) and A. excavata sp.n. from India and Sri Lanka belonging to the tribe Bathyaulacini are described and illustrated, and an identification key to the species is provided. A phylogenetic analysis of the tribes Bathyaulacini and Glyptomorphini is presented, and the new genus is shown to be the sister group of Ischnobracon Baltazar.
Convergent evolution between Echidnophora and Termitoxeniinae (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: DISNEY R. H. L.
Published: January 2008

Echidnophora dondroi sp.nov. is described from females collected in the fungus gardens of a nest of the termite Odontotermes takensis in North Sumatra. Resemblances between Echidnophora and Termitoxeniinae are discussed and interpreted as examples of convergence. The peculiarly modified basal sockets of some major abdominal bristles in many Termitoxeniinae are illustrated and discussed. The hypothesis is advanced that these modified sockets are the sites from which exudates attractive to termite workers are discharged. It is further postulated that these exudates are primarily lipid material. Furthermore, the abdominal bristles of the Termitoxeniinae examined are smooth, in contrast to the fluted bristles characteristic of Echidnophora, other Phoridae, and those of workers of termite hosts of the Termitoxeniinae. This is probably an adaptation that renders the bristles more pliant, and thus less liable to being broken off when stroked by a termite worker. Enlarged collars, arising from the basal sockets and embracing the bases of the bristles, probably serve as an additional protection.
Phylogeny and distribution of the phoracanthine genus Atesta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Australia
Authors: WANG QIAO , NEW TIM R. , THORNTON IAN W. B.
Published: January 2008

The phylogeny of the phoracanthine genus Atesta (thirty‐four species) is analysed using cladistic methods. The monophyly of Atesta is confirmed. Three major monophyletic species groups are recognized: (1) the thorntoni‐group including twelve species: A.thorntoni, A.balteata, A.latifasciata, A.mediana, A.patula, A.newi, A.angasi, A.bifasciata, A.besti, A.ciliata, A.paratasmanica and A.tasmanica; (2) the sisyrioides‐group consisting of seventeen species: A.ibidionoides, A.carteri, A.longoelytrata, A.pubescens, A.stigmosa, A.sita, A.vittata, A.sparsa, A.minuta, A.tropicalis, A.unifasciata, A.sisyrioides, A.nigrihumerus, A.apicalis, A.brittoni, A.antennalis and A.brooksi, and (3) the houstoni‐group containing five species: A.mapida, A.houstoni, A.tripartita, A.dixoni and A.centroaustralica. The distribution patterns of Atesta are described and discussed. Five distinct areas of endemism are found for Atesta: the Torresian, Timorian, Kosciuskan, Western and Eyrean Subregions. The Torresian Subregion has nine species, three of which are endemic to the subregion; the Timorian has four species, two of which are endemic; the Kosciuskan has twenty‐three species, sixteen of which are endemic, the Western has five species, four of which are endemic, and the Eyrean has three species, one of which is endemic. Two kinds of distribution patterns for Atesta are identified: the wet adapted (peripherial), including the thorntoni‐group and sisyrioides‐group, and the wide‐adapted, consisting of the houstoni‐group. The thorntoni‐group is typically a southern Australian species group, distributed in south‐eastern and south‐western Australian continent and Tasmania. The sisyrioides‐group is mainly distributed in southeastern, eastern and northern Australian continent and Tasmania. The distribution of the houstoni‐group includes central and peripherial Australian continent.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF MODEL OLIGO‐ AND POLYNUCLEOTIDES—IV. HETERO‐OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT SINGLE AND TWIN‐STRANDED POLYMER CHATNS.*†
Authors: Wierzchowski K. L. , Shugar D.
Published: January 2008

A study has been made of the photochemical transformations undergone by pyrimidine residues in a number of di‐, tri‐ and tetra‐nucleotides, and in high molecular weight single and twin‐stranded model polynucleotides. The results confirm and extend previous conclusions as to resistance of purines and indicate that one of the predominant reactions exhibited by uridylic and cytidylic acid residues is the reversible nucleophilic addition of water to the 5, 6 double bond of the pyrimidine rings. Results for poly‐A‐poly‐U provide an explanation for the apparent resistance of DNA to U.V. irradiation (as measured by changes in U.V. absorption spectra), due to the fact that photolysis of a uracil residue is accompanied by dissociation of the hydrogen bonds to the adenine of the A‐U base pair and the resultant reduction in hypochromicity partially compensates for loss of absorption of the uracil residue. Quantum yield calculations have been made for the various polymers. A tabulation is presented of data hitherto accumulated with regard to the photochemical behaviour of pyrimidines in nucleotide chains, as well as the kinetic constants for the reverse thermal reaction. Attention is drawn to the significance of the results with reference to models for biological thermal and photoreactivation. From a consideration of the quantum yields for pyrimidine residues in various types of nucleotide chains, it is concluded that energy transfer in nucleic acids, insofar as it exists, is not of primary importance in the production of photochemical lesions.
PRIMARY REACTIONS IN BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS—II. THE QUANTUM REQUIREMENT FOR BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL CONVERSION IN THE CHROMATOPHORE
Authors: Clayton R. K.
Published: January 2008

Reversible light‐induced alteration of a special component of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl,) is observed in bacterial chromatophores. The alteration involves bleaching of the long‐wave absorption band at 870–890 mp and a blue shift of the band at 800 mp. Assuming that the altered BChl, molecule loses all of its long‐wave absorption, and that the extinction coefficient of this band is equal to that of the corresponding band in the major component of BChl, a quantum requirement could be computed for the light‐induced change. It was found with most preparations that two to four quanta suffice for the alteration of one BChl, molecule, even in dried chromatophores at 1° K.

This result is taken as supporting evidence for the importance of light‐induced BChl, conversion in photosynthesis. It also shows that BChl, is effective as an energy sink in the chromatophore.
IDENTIFICATION OF ULTRAVIOLET‐INDUCED THYMINE DIMERS IN DNA BY ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Setlow R. B. , Carrier W. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The irradiation of native DNA's by ultraviolet radiation of different wave lengths changes their absorption spectra. The changes are similar to those found for the formation of dimers between adjacent thymines in polynucleotide chains. The decreases in absorbance at 270 mµ produced by 280 mµ irradiation are reversed to a large extent by subsequent 239 mµ irradiation. The magnitude of the absorbance changes produced by large doses of 280 mµ correspond to the formation of dimers between approximately 50 per cent of all the TT sequences in the DNA. An incident dose of 100 erg/mm2 of 280 mµ radiation forms about one dimer per molecule of calf thymus DNA of molecular weight 6 times 106. The irradiation of heat‐denatured DNA produces larger absorbance changes than are observed in native DNA. The absorbance changes in denatured DNA arise in part from a heat‐reversible reaction, presumably involving cytidine, part from the formation of thymine dimers, and part from some unknown photoproducts. The reversal of thymine dimers by short wave length irradiation does not pioduce an equivalent change in the melting temperature of the DNA.
THE PHOTO‐DIMERIZATION AND EXCIMER FLUORESCENCE OF 9‐METHYL ANTHRACENE
Authors: Birks J. B. , Aladekomo J. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Ultra‐violet irradiation of oxygen‐free solutions of 9‐methyI anthracene leads to the formation of both stable dimers and metastable excimers. The fluorescence spectra of concentrated solutions show an excimer emission band. This behaviour is attributed to the partial steric hindrance of dimer formation by the meso‐sub stituent, and it is proposed that the stable dimers and excimers correspond to anti‐parallel and parallel configurations of the two monomers respectively. A consideration of the monomer fluorescence data for anthracene and its meso‐substituted derivatives suggests that steric hindrance similarly reduces the interactions with solvent molecules which lead to internal quenching.
PHOTODIMERIZATION OF THYMINE AND URACIL ON FILTER PAPER*
Authors: Ishihara HIroshi
Published: January 2008

Abstract—Thymine and uracil dimerized by ultraviolet irradiation (principally at 253 7 mμ) on filter paper and on quartz fiber sheet show a fairly good yield. These irradiation products were identical with the photodimers prepared from frozen aqueous solution. Thymine and uracil dimer in an aqueous solution reverted to the original pyrimidines by the ultraviolet irradiation with quantum yields of 0.65 and 0.50 respectively. Uracil dimer was rather labile towards hot alkaline solution. In neutral and acidic media, both dimers were quite stable. Photodimers of cytosine and isocytosine were not obtained.
PHOTOREVERSION VON VIER GRUPPEN UV‐INDUZIERTER MUTATIONEN ZUR GIFTRESISTENZ IM NICHTPHOTOREAKTIVIERBAREN E. COLI
Authors: Kaplan R. W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— In the non‐photoreaclivable bacterial strain E. coli B/phr‐/MC2 the photoreversion of four groups of u.v.‐induced mutations were investigated. They lead to resistance to Chloramphenicol (2 mg/l; “C”), Penicillin (13 or 16 mg/l; “P13” and “P16”) or Streptomycin (3 mg/l; “S”). The u.v.‐dose curve is concave for the C‐mutations (two to three hits), about linear for P13 and S, and they reach peaks and decrease at high u.v.‐doses. Though no photoreactivation of killing (PR) is present there is photoreversion of all four types of mutations (PRM). At u.v.‐doses below the peaks in average about 43 per cent mutations are photoreversible. At high u.v.‐doses the curves with light‐post treatment (L) cross the darkcurves (D). In the photoreactivable strain B/r (by the spontaneous mutation MC2 to Mitomycin‐resistance strain B/phr‐ was made about as u.v.‐resistant as B/r is) the photoreversion of the mutation groups C, P13 and P16 (S was not investigated here) was much higher, in average about 77 per cent at low doses. It is assumed that the difference in PRM of about 34 per cent between both strains is due to a PRM‐mechanism present in B/r but not in B/phr‐/MC2; this mechanism may be the photoreactivating enzyme that opens thymine‐dimers. The PRM in B/phr‐/MC2 must then be due to a second mechanism which is probably not the dimer opening enzyme. It may be the same mechanism as in the case of mutations of phage kappa which are induced by u.v. and reversed partially by light, both extra cellularly. The premutations giving this second type of PRM may perhaps be cytosine‐hydrate in the DNA. Tn average about 23 per cent mutations of B/r are photostable. Since this ratio decreases with low u.v.‐doses in the C‐mutations and increases in P13 and in P16 probably two types of photostable premutations seem to exist.
THE PHOTO‐DTMERS OF ANTHRACENE, TETRACENE AND PENTACENE
Authors: Birks J. B. , Appleyard J. H. , Pope Rosalind
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Ultra‐violet irradiation of deoxygenated solutions of anthracene, tetracene or pentacene causes the disappearance of the polyacene absorption spectrum and the appearance of an absorption spectrum which is attributed to the photo‐dimer of the polyacene. Molecular structures for ditetracene and dipentacene are proposed, based on that of dianthracene.
PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS OF THYMINE, URACIL, URIDINE, CYTOSINE AND BROMOURACIL IN FROZEN SOLUTION AND IN DRIED FILMS*
Authors: Smith Kendric C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The photochemistry of uracil, uridine, cytosine, thymine and broinouracil has been investigated in frozen aqueous solution and in dried films. Essentially the same photoproducts were obtained in the two conditions; however, the yield of photoproducts was considerably greater in frozen solution. Uracil forms a dimer which can exist in two forms. Some kinetic data are presented for the interconversion of these two forms, The mixed dimer of thymine and uracil can also exist in two forms. Uridine forms only one acid stable photoproduct and does not appear to form mixed photoproducts under the conditions used. Two new photoproducts of thymine other than the dimer are described. Cytosine was at first considered to be completely inert hut using more sensitive detecting equipment it has recently been found to form uracil dinier as a result of dinierization and deamination. The most remarkable response was shown by bromouracil. When irradiated by itself it formed no photoproducts but when irradiated in the presence of uracil, uridine, cytosine or NaOH it formed many photoproducts. Most of these products were devoid of bromide, but two still contained bromine. One of these has been identified as the mixed dimer of uracil and bromouracil while the other has been tentatively identified as the dimer of bromouracil. Dimers of thymine or bromouracil were not formed by X‐rays.
THE THEORY OF EXCITON DISTRIBUTION IN ORGANIC SOLIDS
Authors: Levine Sumer N.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The present paper gives an account of the phenomenological theory underlying the three dimensional distribution of excitons in solids. General expressions for the steady state distribution are derived taking into account the bulk and surface and annihilation generation of excitons, the influence of sample geometry and fluorescent reabsorption effects. The wave form of the optical excitation has also been included for purposes of generality. Approximations to the general results are provided for certain special cases which may apply to organic solids.
RADIATION MEASUREMENT IN PHOTOBIOLOGY — CHOICE OF UNITS
Authors: Craig R.E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The physical units most commonly used in photometry have limited value outside the field of illumination engineering. They tend also to conceal rather than display the physical concept of radiation as understood at present.Only by making the concepts of quantum theory accessible by a fundamental change of units, can those concepts make their full contribution to photobiology.

The paper suggests adoption of the quantum as the unit of intensity and the electron volt as the specification of spectral quality, thus bringing the nomenclature of photometry into line with other branches of radiation physics. A start is made with definition of some of the essential derived units, source intensity, irradiation, and flux.
STUDIES ON FLAVINS IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS‐I*. SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RIBOFLAVIN, RIBOFLAVIN TETRABUTYRATE AND LUMICHROME
Authors: Koziol Jacek
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The absorption and fluorescence spectra of riboflavin, riboflavin tetrabutyrate and lumichrome have been studied in organic solvents of different polarity including ethanol, acetone, dioxane, pyridine, acetic acid and in cyclohexane‐dioxane mixtures. The molar extinction coefficients of the compounds were measured and the character of solvent sensitive changes observed in the absorption spectra are discussed. The effect of hydrogen bonding and/or intramolecular charge transfer complex are proposed as possible explanation.

Changes in the shape of fluorescence emission spectra are less evident; in the case of riboflavin tetrabutyrate, mirror symmetry to the shape of the longest wavelength maximum was observed in low‐polar solvents. Quantum yields of fluorescence are higher the lower the polarity of the solvent used; the value for riboflavin tetrabutyrate is greater than for riboflavin. Changes were also observed in the fluorescence emission spectra of lumichrome in solvents of different polarity.

Fairly good agreement was demonstrated for positions of the observed absorption maxima of riboflavin in 98% dioxane, riboflavin tetrabutyrate and lumichrome in 80% cyclohexane in mixture with dioxane and the values calculated from energies of molecular orbitals of flavins computed by B. Pullman and A. Pullman.
GAMMA RAY THERMOLUMINESCENCE IN NUCLEIC ACID CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Singh B. B. , Charlesby A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The phenomenon of gamma ray thermoluminescence has been studied in DNA, RNA, and their various constituents. Single peaks in the glow curves have been usually observed at 110–120°K except in cytosine which shows two peaks at 135°K and 180°K. Adenine and cytosine show very intense thermoluminescence whereas the intensity of light emitted from thymine, uracil and guanine is very small. The addition of sugar and sugar‐phosphate groups to the base‐molecules affects only the amount of light emitted. The thermoluminescence emission spectra lie in the same wavelength region as the u.v. induced phosphorescence, suggesting a triplet‐singlet transition. The spectral content of DNA thermoluminescence seems to be superposition of contributions from its constituents. An attempt is made to explain the phenomenon as a result of electron‐cation recombination.
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE OCELLAR PIGMENT OF SPIROCODON, AN ANTHOMEDUSA
Authors: Yoshida M. , Ohtsuki H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The ocellar pigment of Spirocodon saltatrix was extracted with 2% mildly alkaline cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 90% methanol acidified with HCl. In the case of CTAB‐extracted pigment, maximum changes in optical density upon illumination occurred in mildly alkaline media under aerobic conditions and in neutral media under anaerobic conditions. The density spectrum of the sample illuminated under anaerobic conditions closely resembled that of the reduced form of the pigment illuminated in the presence of air. When reduced in darkness, the pigment became photostable and its density spectrum differed from that of the pigment reduced after illumination. On aeration of the pigment solution illuminated under anaerobic conditions, its density spectrum in the visible range became similar to that of the pigment illuminated in the presence of air. A trace of air dissolved in experimental media caused auto‐oxidation of the reduced form, during the process of which a definite isosbestic point was observed at 480 mμ. Under anaerobic conditions, short period of illumination produced changes in spectral absorbance only in the visible range. Changes in the u.v. range required longer exposures. The pigment extracted with acidified methanol was readily auto‐oxidizable and it was the reduced form which showed photosensitivity, though the degree of sensitivity was extremely low. The density spectrum of illuminated pigment resembled that of the oxidized form. From these experiments, a tentative scheme involving an electron transfer system has been suggested for the chain of photic reaction of the anthomedusan ocellar pigment.
PHOTOXIDATION OF ASCORBATE TO OXALATE AND THREONATE MEDIATED BY CHLOROPLASTS IN FAR RED LIGHT
Authors: Habermann Helen M. , Hayward Patricia C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Chloroplasts illuminated with light absorbed predominantly by Photosystem I can mediate the photoxidation of ascorbic acid to threonic and oxalic acids. Two micromoles of oxygen are consumed for each micromole of ascorbic acid added. The kinetics of this endogenous chloroplast system closely resemble the kinetics of an artificial flavin‐manganese‐catalase system in which flavin is the photosensitizing dye.
ROLE OF CAROTENOIDS IN PROTECTING CHLOROPHYLL FROM PHOTODESTRUCTION—II. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FOUR MODIFIERS OF THE ALBINO cl1 MUTANT OF MAIZE*
Authors: Robertson Donald S. , Bachmann Marilyn D. , Anderson I. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— By combining independent, dominant, niodifier genes of the albino cl1 mutant it is possible to produce a spectrum of phenotypes ranging from normal green to albino. Analysis of plastid pigments reveals that the albino possesses the ability to produce as much or more chlorophyll than normal siblings and that this ability is not impaired by the presence of the modifier genes. The modifiers do influence, however, the amount of carotene and xanthophyll the plants produced. The level of the three plastid pigments (chlorophyll, carotene and xanthophyll) vary simultaneously and, in most modified phenotypes, occur in approximately the same concentrations relative to their normal siblings. Since chlorophyll production appears to be normal in these mutants, it is suggested that the modifier genes do not directly influence the concentration of this pigment. Rather, the ultimate amount of chlorophyll will not rise above that which can be protected from photodestruction by the carotenoid levels determined by the various modifier genotypes.
COMPARISON OF SURVIVAL OF A U.V.‐IRRADIATED URACIL‐REQUIRING STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B IN THE PRESENCE OF CHLORAMPHENICOL AND IN THE ABSENCE OF THE ESSENTIAL METABOLITE
Authors: Drakulić M. , Kos E. , Brdar B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Restoration of viability of E. coli B U‐ after a total dose of 900 ergs/mm2 U.V. in the presence of chloramphenicol and in the absence of uracil was studied. Both treatments result in the recovery of the same fraction of the irradiated bacterial population. There is no additive effect if both treatments are applied to the same irradiated culture.
SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLLS IN VITRO AND IN VIVO*
Authors: Clayton Roderick K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Chromatophores from Rhodopseudonionas spheroides were treated with potassium iridic chloride so as to destroy the major complement of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) without harming the photochemically active P870. A band at 802 mμ, attributed to a pigment P800, survived this treatment along with P870. Extraction of such chromatophores with a mixture of acetone and methanol removed the absorption bands of P800 and P870; a corresponding amount of BChl was found in the extract. The yield of BChl was too great to have been derived from either P800 or P870 alone; analysis of extinction cofficients and band areas of these pigments indicates that they are both specialized fornis of BChl, in a molecular ratio of 2P800:1P870.

Bleaching of P870, without attenuation of the absorption band of P800, could be effected by adding potassium ferricyanide to the iridic chloride‐treated chromatophores. Extraction of chromatophores in this condition gave a reduced yield of BChl, consistent with a 2:1 ratio of P800 to P870 under the assumption that the BChl in the extract was derived in this case from P800 alone.

An absorption band at 600 mμ in iridic chloride‐treated chromatophores, characteristic of BChl and ascribed to P800 and P870, is partly bleached and shifted to shoiter wavelengths upon illumination. This reversible effect, and a similar one near 375 mμ (corresponding to the Soret band maximum of BChl), has the combined attributes of the blue‐shift of P800 and the bleaching of P870 seen in a spectrally resolved form near 800 and 865 mμ respectively. The 600 mμ band is bleached by about 30 per cent, again consistent with a ratio of 2P800:1P870.

These data, in conjunction with information published elsewhere, support the view that two molecules of P800 and one of P870 are associated jointly with a photosynthetic reaction center.

It was observed that the long wave absorption bands of BChl in vivo are sometimes narrower than the narrowest bands that have been observed for BChl in dilute organic solutions. Sharpness of these bands is most conspicuous in some forms absorbing near 800 mμ.
FLUORESCENCE FROM MAJOR AND MINOR BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL COMPONENTS IN VIVO*
Authors: Clayton Roderick K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— In the photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium, Rhoahpirillum rubrum, and Rhodopseudomonus spheroides the fluorescence of bacteriochlorophyll is probably free of contamination by a “fast” component of delayed emission, judging from the characteristics of the delayed light measured 3 msec after excitation.

In Rps. spheroides the pigment P870, associated with photochemical reaction centers, is non‐fluorescent in its photochemically active state. Fluorescence of P870 can be induced by either of two agencies that suppress its photochemical activity: exposure to Na2S2O4 and (in a dry chromatophore film) dessication.

The yield of fluorescence from the major (light harvesting) component of bacteriochlorophyll in vivo is brought to a common maximum value by conditions that suppress the photochemical activity of P870. In addition to dessication and exposure to Na2S2O4 these conditions include saturating illumination and exposure to K3Fe(CN)6. Of these four treatments only the last two bleach the long wave absorption band of P870.

These experiments support the following assertions:

(1) P870 traps singlet excitation energy absorbed by the light harvesting BChl; the trapping function of P870 depends on its ability to initiate and participate in photochemistry.

(2) Both dessication and exposure to Na2S2O4 suppress the photochemical activity of P870 by blocking an event that proceeds directly from the excited singlet state in P870.

(3) The fluoresecence of BChl in vivo is emitted almost entirely by a major (light harvesting) component.