bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extending document management systems with user-specific active properties
Authors: Dourish Paul , Edwards W. Keith , LaMarca Anthony , Lamping John , Petersen Karin , Salisbury Michael , Terry Douglas B. , Thornton James
Published: July 2002

Document properties are a compelling infrastructure on which to develop document management applications. A property-based approach avoids many of the problems of traditional heierarchical storage mechanisms, reflects document organizations meaningful to user tasks, provides a means to integrate the perspectives of multiple individuals and groups, and does this all within a uniform interaction framework. Document properties can reflect not only categorizations of documents and document use, but also expressions of desired system activity, such as sharing criteria, replication management, and versioning. Augmenting property-based document management systems with active properties that carry executable code enables the provision of document-based services on a property infrastructure. The combination of document properties as a uniform mechanism for document management, and active properties as a way of delivering document services, represents a new paradigm for document management infrastructures. The Placeless Documents system is an experimental prototype developed to explore this new paradigm. It is based on the seamless integration of user-specific, active properties. We present the fundamental design approach, explore the challenges and opportunities it presents, and show our architectures deals with them.
Divide-and-correct methods for multiple precision division
Authors: Stein Marvin L.
Published: July 2002

A division problem is defined and notation to relate it to the problem of multiple precision operation in a digital computer is introduced. A basic divide-and-correct method for multiple precision division is formulated and its known properties briefly reviewed. Of particular interest is the fact that the method produces at each step a set of precisely three estimates for the desired result, one of which is exact.
Solving the biharmonic equation in a square
Authors: Ehrlich L. W.
Published: July 2002

Two methods for solving the biharmonic equation are compared. One method is direct, using eigenvalue-eigenvector decomposition. The other method is iterative, solving a Poisson equation directly at each iteration.
Principles of package design
Authors: Meyer Bertrand
Published: July 2002

Subprogram packages are groups of related subroutines used to extend the available facilities in a programming system. The results of developing several such packages for various applications are presented, with a distinction made between external and internal design criteria— what properties packages should offer to their users and the guidelines designers should follow in order to provide them. An important issue, the design of reusable software, is thus addressed, and the concept of abstract data types proposed as a desirable solution.
A two-list synchronization procedure for discrete event simulation
Authors: Blackstone John H. , Hogg Gary L. , Phillips Don T.
Published: July 2002

The traditional mechanism for maintaining a list of pending events in a discrete event simulation is the simple linked list. However, in large scale simulations this list often becomes cumbersome to maintain since the number of pending events may become quite large. As a result, the execution time required by the simple linked list is often a significant portion of total simulation time. Several papers have been published suggesting improved synchronization procedures. The most efficient procedures reported are the time-indexed procedure and the two-level procedure. Both methodologies are much more efficient than simple linked lists; however, neither has been adopted by a general purpose simulation language. Further, both procedures require external parameter definition, which is a major handicap to their adoption by a general purpose language. This paper introduces a new sychronization procedure, the two-list procedure, which is much faster than simple linked lists for large pending event files. This procedure was designed for implementation in Fortran, and properly implemented it is transparent to the user. Thus it is ideal for adoption by general purpose simulation languages.
Attribute based file organization in a paged memory environment
Authors: Rothnie James B. , Lozano Tomas
Published: July 2002

The high cost of page accessing implies a need for for more careful data organization in a paged memory than is typical of most inverted file and similar approaches to multi-key retrieval. This article analyses that cost and proposes a method called multiple key hashing which attempts to minimize it. Since this approach is not always preferable to inversion, a combined method is described. The exact specifications of this combination for a file with given data and traffic characteristics is formulated as a mathematical program. The proposed heuristic solution to this program can often improve on a simple inversion technique by a factor of 2 or 3.
Cellular arrays for the solution of graph problems
Authors: Levitt K. N. , Kautz W. H.
Published: July 2002

A cellular array is a two-dimensional, checkerboard type interconnection of identical modules (or cells), where each cell contains a few bits of memory and a small amount of combinational logic, and communicates mainly with its immediate neighbors in the array. The chief computational advantage offered by cellular arrays is the improvement in speed achieved by virtue of the possibilities for parallel processing. In this paper it is shown that cellular arrays are inherently well suited for the solution of many graph problems. For example, the adjacency matrix of a graph is easily mapped onto an array; each matrix element is stored in one cell of the array, and typical row and column operations are readily implemented by simple cell logic. A major challenge in the effective use of cellular arrays for the solution of graph problems is the determination of algorithms that exploit the possibilities for parallelism, especially for problems whose solutions appear to be inherently serial. In particular, several parallelized algorithms are presented for the solution of certain spanning tree, distance, and path problems, with direct applications to wire routing, PERT chart analysis, and the analysis of many types of networks. These algorithms exhibit a computation time that in many cases grows at a rate not exceeding log
2
n
, where
n
is the number of nodes in the graph. Straightforward cellular implementations of the well-known serial algorithms for these problems require about
n
steps, and noncellular implementations require from
n
2
to
n
3
steps.
Remark 2 on Algorithm 300: Coulomb Wave Functions [S22]
Authors: Vos H.
Published: July 2002

The procedure
Coulomb
can be used very well to generate the Coulomb wave functions

F
L

and

G
L

and their derivatives, needed in elastic scattering calculations in nuclear physics. When the procedure is used many times for many values of
rho
and
eta
, it is not only very useful but also necessary to have in each instance an indication about the accuracy of the results. It is obvious to use the Wronskian relations

F
L

′

G
L

-

F
L
G
L

′ ≡ 1 for the purpose of checking the results, as Fröberg [1] states after formula (3.4). However, one has to be very careful in using these relations. The most significant check is given later on, but first it is shown what can go wrong.
WYLBUR
Authors: Fajman Roger , Borgelt John
Published: July 2002

WYLBUR is a comprehensive system for manipulating all kinds of text, such as computer programs, letters, and manuscripts, using typewriter terminals connected to a computer. It has facilities for remote job entry and retrieval as well as facilities for text alignment and justification. A powerful method for addressing text by content is provided. This paper describes the external appearance of WYLBUR as well as its internal structure. A short description of the major features of ORVYL, a general purpose time-sharing system which operates in conjunction with WYLBUR, is also included.
Measurements of segment size
Authors: Batson Alan , Ju Shy-Ming , Wood David C.
Published: July 2002

Distributions of segment sizes measured under routine operating conditions on a computer system which utilizes variable sized segments (the Burroughs B5500) are discussed. The most striking feature of the measurements is the large number of small segments—about 60 percent of the segments in use contain less than 40 words. Although the results are certainly not installation independent, and although they are particularly influenced by features of the B5500 ALGOL system, they should be relevant to the design of new computer systems, especially with respect to the organization of paging schemes.
Comments on prevention of system deadlocks
Authors: Holt Richard C.
Published: July 2002

Habermann's method of deadlock prevention is discussed, where deadlock is defined as a system state from which resource allocations to certain processes are not possible. It is shown that the scheduler may introduce “artificial” deadlocks which Habermann's method does not prevent. Permanent blocking is the situation where certain processes never receive their resource requests. It is shown that deadlock prevention does not necessarily eliminate permanent blocking. A method of preventing permanent blocking is given.
Recorded magnetic tape for information interchange (1600 CPI, phase encoded)
Authors: Kerpelman C.
Published: July 2002

This proposed American National Standard has been accepted for publication by American National Standards Committee X3, Computers and Information Processing. In order that the final version of the proposed standard reflect the largest public consensus, X3 authorized publication of this document to elicit comment and general public reaction, with the understanding that such a working document is an intermediate result in the standardization process and is subject to change, modification, or withdrawal in part or in whole. Comments should be directed to the X3 Secretary, Business Equipment Manufacturers Association, 1828 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036.—C.K.
A generalized method for generating argument/function values
Authors: Wilson William J.
Published: July 2002

For any finite set of argument/function pairs, an algorithm can be automatically constructed which, on presentation of any argument, will generate its proper function value. Arguments are necessarily unique although functions may be duplicated; i.e. a many-to-one relationship is permitted. For purposes of illustration here, function and argument values are each assumed to occupy a single computer word.
Compact list representation
Authors: Hansen Wilfred J.
Published: July 2002

Compact lists are stored sequentially in memory, rather than chained with pointers. Since this is not always convenient, the Swym system permits a list to be chained, compact, or any combination of the two. A description is given of that list representation and the operators implemented (most are similar to those of LISP 1.5). The system garbage collector attempts to make all lists compact; it relocates and rearranges all of list storage using temporary storage. This unique list-compacting garbage collection algorithm is presented in detail. Several classes of the macros used to implement the system are described. Finally, consideration is given to those design factors essential to the success of a plex processing system implementation.
What is proprietary in mathematical programming?— impressions of a panel discussion
Authors: Smith L. Wheaton
Published: July 2002

A panel discussion on “What is Proprietary in Mathematical Programming?” was sponsored by the Special Interest Committee on Mathematical Programming of the ACM during a Hall of Discussion/on September 7th at the 16TH National ACM meeting in Los Angeles. This note consists solely of the impressions garnered by the moderator of the panel and does not necessarily represent the position of any of the panelists or other participants in the discussion.
n
-dimensional codes for detecting and correcting multiple errors0
Authors: Rubinoff Morris
Published: July 2002

The paper introduces a new family of codes for detecting and correcting multiple errors in a binary-coded message. The message itself is arranged (conceptually) into a multidimensional rectangular array. The processes of encoding and error detection are based upon parity evaluations along prescribed dimensions of the array. Effectiveness of the codes is increased by introducing a “system check bit”, which is essentially a parity check on the other parity bits. Only three-dimensional codes are discussed in this paper, with parity evaluations along the horizontal, the vertical, and one main diagonal. However, the family of codes is not restricted to three dimensions, as evidenced by the discussion by Minnick and Ashenhurst on a similar multidimensional single-bit selection plan used for another purpose [6]. A four-dimensional code, correcting three and detecting four errors, has been developed; the extension to higher-dimensional codes with greater correction power is straightforward.
Simulation and analysis of biochemical systems
Authors: Garfinkel David , Rutledge Joseph D. , Higgins Joseph J.
Published: July 2002

In the study of problems in chemical kinetics in ordinary solution, reactions which may be represented by chemical equations of the form
3
A
+
B
=
C
+
D
(1) are represented kinetically by the differential equations
d
(
C
)/
dt
=
d
(
D
/
dt
= -
d
(
A
)/
dt
= -
d
(
B
)/
dt
=
k
(
A
)(
B
) (2) where (
A
), (
B
), (
C
), ··· , are the concentrations of
A
,
B
,
C
, ··· , and
k
is the kinetic constant for the reaction (assuming it to be occurring in ordinary solution).
Comments on a technique for counting ones
Authors: Sherman P. M.
Published: July 2002

Peter Wegner [1] describes a short 704 SAP program that is faster than the standard technique. The expected number of loops—of five instructions each—for a word half of whose bits are ones, is 18 in this program.
Retiring computer pioneer—
Authors: Oettinger Anthony G. , Aiken Howard
Published: July 2002

In retrospect, it is obvious that Charles Babbage, when writing these words, had Howard Aiken in mind. In July 1961, twenty-four years after conceiving the idea that led to Mark I and after over a quarter century of service to Harvard University and to the advancement of science, Howard Aiken became Professor of Applied Mathematics, Emeritus, and embarked on his present career as a consultant with the same boundless energy and imagination that gave momentum to one of the most revolutionary and important technological advances of this century.
One lost bit
Authors: Oster C. A.
Published: July 2002

The final result of prolonged computations will in general contain some errors. These errors are composed in part of computational round-off errors. This note points out one source of round-off error encountered in the IBM 709-7090 machines. An example is included which demonstrates the potential seriousness of this error and finally a means of coping with it is given. The notation used here is that used in [1].
General language translation schemata
Authors: Ingerman Peter Zilahy
Published: July 2002

In the past Backus Normal Form (BNF) has been defined only informally; however, a formal recognition definition has been evolved.
Analysis of a file addressing method
Authors: Schay G. , Spruth W. G.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a new file addressing method based on the calculation of an address from the identification of a record. For large recirculating type files, it seems to be more advantageous than customary ones. The probability distribution of the displacement of records from their calculated address, which is one less than the number of probes required to address a record, is computed on the basis of a Markov chain model. For the reader not interested in the mathematics, the introduction and the summary should be sufficient.
Logics capturing local properties
Authors: Libkin Leonid
Published: July 2002

Well-known theorems of Hanf and Gaifman establishing locality of first-order definable properties have been used in many applications. These theorems were recently generalized to other logics, which led to new applications in descriptive complexity and database theory. However, a logical characterization of local properties that correspond to Hanf's and Gaifman's theorems is still lacking. Such a characterization only exists for structures of bounded valence. In this paper, we give logical characterizations of local properties behind Hanf's and Gaifman's theorems. We first deal with an infinitary logic with counting terms and quantifiers that is known to capture Hanf-locality on structures of bounded valence. We show that testing isomorphism of neighborhoods can be added to it without violating Hanf-locality, while increasing its expressive power. We then show that adding local second-order quantification to it caputures precisely all Hanf-local properties. To capture Gaifman-locality, one must also add a (potentially infinite) case statement. We further show that the hierarchy based on the number of variants in the case statement is strict.
Interconnecting heterogeneous computer systems
Authors: Notkin David , Black Andrew P. , Lazowska Edward D. , Levy Henry M. , Sanislo Jan , Zahorjan John
Published: July 2002

A software structure created by the Heterogeneous Computer Systems (HCS) Project at the University of Washington was designed to address the problems of heterogeneity that typically arise in research computing environments.
Entertainment robotics
Authors: Veloso Manuela M.
Published: July 2002

Competing teams of autonomous robot soccer players illustrate the challenges, pleasures, and promise of developing collaborative multi-robot applications.
Structured tools and conditional logic: an empirical investigation
Authors: Vessey Iris , Weber Ron
Published: July 2002

Prior research has identified two psychological processes that appear to be used by programmers when they perform design and coding tasks: (a) taxonomizing—identifying the conditions that evoke particular actions; and (b) sequencing—converting the taxa into a linear sequence of program code. Three structured tools—structured English, decision tables, and decision trees—were investigated in a laboratory experiment to determine how they facilitated these two processes. When taxonomizing had to be undertaken, structured English outperformed decision tables, and decision trees outperformed structured English. When sequencing had to be undertaken, decision trees and structured English outperformed decision tables, but decision trees and structured English evoked the same level of performance.
Model management and structured modeling: the role of an information resource dictionary system
Authors: Dolk D. R.
Published: July 2002

Models have historically occupied an ambiguous position within organizations. Management acceptance of management science and operations research models for decision-making has lagged far behind technical advances in these areas. Structured modeling has emerged as a unifying approach to the modeling process with potential to reduce this ambiguity. Structured modeling is primarily oriented to the individual, however. A way of incorporating structured modeling into the organizational framework via existing information resource channels is discussed. A relational model is presented for an information resource dictionary system (IRDS). This IRDS model is then extended to accommodate representation of structured models. This extension of the IRDS can answer queries about structured modeling as well as model instances. The concept of an active IRDS is introduced and an example presented of how an active IRDS can be linked with an optimization algorithm. The conclusion is that the IRDS is a suitable vehicle for incorporating model management and structured modeling as part of an organization's information resource management environment.
Prototyping interactive information systems
Authors: Mason R. E. A. , Carey T. T.
Published: July 2002

Applying prototype-oriented development processes to computerized application systems significantly improves the likelihood that useful systems will be developed and that the overall development cycle will be shortened. The prototype development methodology and development tool presented here have been widely applied to the development of interactive information systems in the commercial data processing setting. The effectiveness and relationship to other applications is discussed.
A general-purpose algorithm for analyzing concurrent programs
Authors: Taylor Richard N.
Published: July 2002

Developing and verifying concurrent programs presents several problems. A static analysis algorithm is presented here that addresses the following problems: how processes are synchronized, what determines when programs are run in parallel, and how errors are detected in the synchronization structure. Though the research focuses on Ada, the results can be applied to other concurrent programming languages such as CSP.
LIGHT CONTROL OF SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: von Arnim Albrecht , Deng Xing-Wang
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Light control of plant development is most dramatically illustrated by seedling development. Seedling development patterns under light (photomorphogenesis) are distinct from those in darkness (skotomorphogenesis or etiolation) with respect to gene expression, cellular and subcellular differentiation, and organ morphology. A complex network of molecular interactions couples the regulatory photoreceptors to developmental decisions. Rapid progress in defining the roles of individual photoreceptors and the downstream regulators mediating light control of seedling development has been achieved in recent years, predominantly because of molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and other species. This review summarizes those important recent advances and highlights the working models underlying the light control of cellular development. We focus mainly on seedling morphogenesis in Arabidopsis but include complementary findings from other species.
MECHANISTIC ASPECTS OF ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS: Lessons from Comparison of RNA and Protein Enzymes
Authors: Narlikar Geeta J. , Herschlag Daniel
Published: July 2002

A classic approach in biology, both organismal and cellular, is to compare morphologies in order to glean structural and functional commonalities. The comparative approach has also proven valuable on a molecular level. For example, phylogenetic comparisons of RNA sequences have led to determination of conserved secondary and even tertiary structures, and comparisons of protein structures have led to classifications of families of protein folds. Here we take this approach in a mechanistic direction, comparing protein and RNA enzymes.

The aim of comparing RNA and protein enzymes is to learn about fundamental physical and chemical principles of biological catalysis. The more recently discovered RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, provide a distinct perspective on long-standing questions of biological catalysis. The differences described in this review have taught us about the aspects of RNA and proteins that are distinct, whereas the common features have helped us to understand the aspects that are fundamental to biological catalysis. This has allowed the framework that was put forth by Jencks for protein catalysts over 20 years ago ( 1 ) to be extended to RNA enzymes, generalized, and strengthened.
Yeast Homotypic Vacuole Fusion: A Window on Organelle Trafficking Mechanisms
Authors: Wickner William , Haas Albert
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Homotypic (self) fusion of yeast vacuoles, which is essential for the low copy number of this organelle, uses catalytic elements similar to those used in heterotypic vesicular trafficking reactions between different organelles throughout nature. The study of vacuole inheritance has benefited from the ease of vacuole isolation, the availability of the yeast genome sequence and numerous mutants, and from a rapid, quantitative in vitro assay of fusion. The soluble proteins and small molecules that support fusion are being defined, conserved membrane proteins that catalyze the reaction have been identified, and the vacuole membrane has been solubilized and reconstituted into fusion-competent proteoliposomes, allowing the eventual purification of all needed factors. Studies of homotypic vacuole fusion have suggested a modified paradigm of membrane fusion in which integral membrane proteins termed “SNAREs” can form stable complexes in cis (when on the same membrane) as well as in trans (when anchored to opposing membranes). Chaperones (NSF/Sec18p, LMA1, and α-SNAP/Sec17p) disassemble cis-SNARE complexes to prepare for the docking of organelles rather than to drive fusion. The specificity of organelle docking resides in a cascade of trans-interactions (involving Rab-like GTPases), “tethering factors,” and trans-SNARE pairing. Fusion itself, the mixing of the membrane bilayers and the organelle contents, is triggered by calcium signaling.
Evolutionarily Related Insertion Pathways of Bacterial, Mitochondrial, and Thylakoid Membrane Proteins
Authors: Dalbey Ross E. , Kuhn Andreas
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The inner membranes of eubacteria and mitochondria, as well as the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, contain essential proteins that function in oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport processes or in photosynthesis. Because most of the organellar proteins are nuclear encoded, they are synthesized in the cytoplasm and subsequently imported into the organelle before they are inserted into the membrane. This review focuses on the pathways of protein insertion into the inner membrane of eubacteria and mitochondria and into the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. In many respects, insertion of proteins into the inner membrane of bacteria is a process similar to that used by proteins of the thylakoid membrane. In both of these systems a signal recognition particle (SRP) and a SecYE-translocase are involved, as in translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. The pathway of proteins into the mitochondrial membranes appears to be different in that it involves no SecYE-like components. A conservative pathway, recently identified in mitochondria, involves the Oxa1 protein for the insertion of proteins from the matrix. The presence of Oxa1 homologues in eubacteria and chloroplasts suggests that this pathway is evolutionarily conserved.
Evolution of Eusociality in Termites
Authors: Thorne Barbara L.
Published: July 2002

Eusociality in Isoptera (termites) converges along many lines with colony organization and highly social behavior in the phylogenetically distinct insect order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps). Unlike the haplodiploid Hymenoptera, however, both sexes of Isoptera are diploid. Termite families thus lack asymmetric degrees of genetic relatedness generated by meiosis and fertilization, so explanations for eusocial evolution based on such asymmetries are not applicable to Isoptera. The evolution of eusociality in termites likely occurred in small families in which most helpers retained developmental flexibility and reproductive options. A suite of ecological and life-history traits of termites and their ancestors may have predisposed them toward eusocial evolution. These characteristics include familial associations in cloistered, food-rich habitats; slow development; overlap of generations; monogamy; iteroparity; high-risk dispersal for individuals; opportunities for nest inheritance by offspring remaining in their natal nest; and advantages of group defense. Such life-history components are particularly persuasive as fostering social evolution because many are present in a broad group of eusocial taxa, including Hymenoptera, beetles, aphids, thrips, naked mole rats, and shrimp. The evolution of eusociality in Isoptera likely evolved in response to a variety of contributing elements and the selective pressures that they generated.
FLORAL SYMMETRY AND ITS ROLE IN PLANT-POLLINATOR SYSTEMS: Terminology, Distribution, and Hypotheses
Authors: Neal Paul R. , Dafni Amots , Giurfa Martin
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Floral symmetry has figured prominently in the study of both pollination biology and animal behavior. However, a confusion of terminology and the diffuse nature of the literature has limited our understanding of the role that this basic characteristic of flower form has played in plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we first contribute a classification scheme for floral symmetry that we hope will resolve some of the confusion resulting from the inconsistent application of terms. Next, we present a short review of the distribution of floral forms in angiosperm families. Finally, we provide a list of hypotheses and, when available, supporting evidence for the causes of the evolution of floral symmetry.
Sustainability of Transgenic Insecticidal Cultivars: Integrating Pest Genetics and Ecology
Authors: Gould Fred
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review examines potential impacts of transgenic cultivars on insect population dynamics and evolution. Experience with classically bred, insecticidal cultivars has demonstrated that a solid understanding of both the target insect's ecology and the cultivar's performance under varied field conditions will be essential for predicting area-wide effects of transgenic cultivars on pest and natural enemy dynamics. This experience has also demonstrated the evolutionary capacity of pests for adaptive response to insecticidal traits in crops. Biochemical and genetic studies of insect adaptation to the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins expressed by currently marketed transgenic cultivars indicate a high risk for rapid adaptation if these cultivars are misused. Theoretical and practical issues involved in implementing strategies to delay pest adaptation to insecticidal cultivars are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on examining the “high dose”/refuge strategy that has become the goal of industry and regulatory authorities.
NEURAL LIMITATIONS IN PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS: Implications for Diet Breadth and Evolution of Host Affiliation
Authors: Bernays E. A.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review points out the problem of processing multiple sensory inputs and provides evidence that generalists suffer a disadvantage compared with specialists with respect to efficiency of host plant choice and discrimination. The specialists' mechanisms for improved efficiency are discussed as well as some of the processes that may be selected to increase processing efficiency in generalists. The fitness consequences of differences in efficiency of specialists and generalists are pointed out. One of the major disadvantages for generalists is the increase in vulnerability to ecological risks, especially risks imposed by various natural enemies. Efficiency-related factors are indicated as previously underestimated elements that could influence host affiliations including diet breadth and changes in host plant use.
Epitaxial Spinel Ferrite Thin Films
Authors: Suzuki Yuri
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Recently there have been significant advances in understanding the magnetic properties of epitaxial ferrite films that are not found in bulk ferrites. Much effort has been expended on trying to achieve bulk properties in thin films for a wide range of applications. From a fundamental science perspective, epitaxial thin films and heterostructures have provided model systems in which novel phenomena, such as modified super-exchange interactions, nearly ideal exchange coupling, and perpendicular exchange coupling, have been observed. These magnetic phenomena and other anomalous magnetic properties are interesting in their own right and are highlighted here.
GENE INTERACTIONS IN GONADAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Parker Keith L. , Schedl Andreas , Schimmer Bernard P.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The acquisition of a sexually dimorphic phenotype is a critical event in mammalian development. Although the maturation of sexual function and reproduction occurs after birth, essentially all of the critical developmental steps take place during embryogenesis. Temporally, these steps can be divided into two different phases: sex determination, the initial event that determines whether the gonads will develop as testes or ovaries; and sexual differentiation, the subsequent events that ultimately produce either the male or the female sexual phenotype. A basic tenet of sexual development in mammals is that genetic sex—determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome—directs the embryonic gonads to differentiate into either testes or ovaries. Thereafter, hormones produced by the testes direct the developmental program leading to male sexual differentiation. In the absence of testicular hormones, the pathway of sexual differentiation is female. This chapter reviews the anatomic and cellular changes that constitute sexual differentiation and discusses SRY and other genes, including SF-1, WT1, DAX-1, and SOX9, that play key developmental roles in this process. Dose-dependent interactions among these genes are critical for sex determination and differentiation.
A Scientist's Adventures in Postmodernism
Authors: Markus Mario
Published: July 2002

The author provides an ac-count of his everyday experience as a physicist, which allows him to witness research on chaos as a science of convergence: the elite with the masses, the scientific dis-ciplines with each other, modern physics with Giordano Bruno's phi-losophy, and science with mysti-cism and art. He also outlines how chaos theory displays postmodern features and dissolves the bound-aries between the “two cultures.”.
Thermonuclear Gardens: Information Artworks about the U.S. Military-Industrial Complex
Authors: Pinkel Sheila
Published: July 2002

The author traces the evolution of her installations about the military-industrial complex during the 1980s and early 1990s and artworks that emerged as a result of her research. In addition to national and international data, maps, graphs and statistics about the industry, the author over time progressively added regional, site-specific information in order to empower viewers. The process of creating these works revealed the place of the nuclear industry in the author's own family, which ultimately facilitated the design of later installations.
D-Tree Substitution Grammars
Authors: Rambow Owen , Vijay-Shanker K. , Weir David
Published: July 2002

There is considerable interest among computational linguists in lexicalized grammatical frameworks; lexicalized tree adjoining grammar (LTAG) is one widely studied example. In this paper, we investigate how derivations in LTAG can be viewed not as manipulations of trees but as manipulations of tree descriptions. Changing the way the lexicalized formalism is viewed raises questions as to the desirability of certain aspects of the formalism. We present a new formalism, d-tree substitution grammar (DSG). Derivations in DSG involve the composition of d-trees, special kinds of tree descriptions. Trees are read off from derived d-trees. We show how the DSG formalism, which is designed to inherit many of the characterestics of LTAG, can be used to express a variety of linguistic analyses not available in LTAG.
Relations between the Neural Bases of Dynamic Auditory Processing and Phonological Processing: Evidence from fMRI
Authors: Poldrack Russell A. , Temple Elise , Protopapas Athanassios , Nagarajan Srikantan , Tallal Paula , Merzenich Michael , Gabrieli John D. E.
Published: July 2002

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine how the brain responds to temporal compression of speech and to determine whether the same regions are also involved in phonological processes associated with reading. Recorded speech was temporally compressed to varying degrees and presented in a sentence verification task. Regions involved in phonological processing were identified in a separate scan using a rhyming judgment task with pseudowords compared to a lettercase judgment task. The left inferior frontal and left superior temporal regions (Broca's and Wernicke's areas), along with the right inferior frontal cortex, demonstrated a convex response to speech compression; their activity increased as compression increased, but then decreased when speech became incomprehensible. Other regions exhibited linear increases in activity as compression increased, including the middle frontal gyri bilaterally. The auditory cortices exhibited compression-related decreases bilaterally, primarily reflecting a decrease in activity when speech became incomprehensible. Rhyme judgments engaged two left inferior frontal gyrus regions (pars triangularis and pars opercularis), of which only the pars triangularis region exhibited significant compression-related activity. These results directly demonstrate that a subset of the left inferior frontal regions involved in phonological processing is also sensitive to transient acoustic features within the range of comprehensible speech.
Fast Temporal Encoding and Decoding with Spiking Neurons
Authors: Horn David , Levanda Sharon
Published: July 2002

We propose a simple theoretical structure of interacting integrate-and-fire neurons that can handle fast information processing and may account for the fact that only a few neuronal spikes suffice to transmit information in the brain. Using integrate-and-fire neurons that are subjected to individual noise and to a common external input, we calculate their first passage time (FPT), or interspike interval. We suggest using a population average for evaluating the FPT that represents the desired information. Instantaneous lateral excitation among these neurons helps the analysis. By employing a second layer of neurons with variable connections to the first layer, we represent the strength of the input by the number of output neurons that fire, thus decoding the temporal information. Such a model can easily lead to a logarithmic relation as in Weber's law. The latter follows naturally from information maximization if the input strength is statistically distributed according to an approximate inverse law.
Pattern Generation by Two Coupled Time-Discrete Neural Networks with Synaptic Depression
Authors: Senn W. , Wannier Th. , Kleinle J. , Lüscher H.-R. , Müller L. , Streit J. , Wyler K.
Published: July 2002

Numerous animal behaviors, such as locomotion in vertebrates, are produced by rhythmic contractions that alternate between two muscle groups. The neuronal networks generating such alternate rhythmic activity are generally thought to rely on pacemaker cells or well-designed circuits consisting of inhibitory and excitatory neurons. However, experiments in organotypic cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord have shown that neuronal networks with purely excitatory and random connections may oscillate due to their synaptic depression, even without pacemaker cells. In this theoretical study, we investigate what happens if two such networks are symmetrically coupled by a small number of excitatory connections. We discuss a time-discrete mean-field model describing the average activity and the average synaptic depression of the two networks. Depending on the parameter values of the depression, the oscillations will be in phase, antiphase, quasiperiodic, or phase trapped. We put forward the hypothesis that pattern generators may rely on activity-dependent tuning of synaptic depression.
Free Enterprise: Virtual Capital and Counterfeit Music at the End of the Century
Authors: Trayle Mark
Published: July 2002

How does a piece of computer network music reflect the virtual economy of the late twentieth century? Was the “open-form” music of the 1960s a bedfellow of organizational science? The author conjectures about the nature of distributed composition and the socioeconomic implications of its application in a composition for networked credit card readers.
A Virtual Environment Task-Analysis Tool for the Creation of Virtual Art Exhibits
Authors: Parent Anne
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the creation of a hypothetical virtual art exhibit using a virtual environment task analysis tool. The Virtual Environment Task Analysis Tool (VETAT-ART) is a paper-and-pencil tool developed to provide structure and guidance to the needs-analysis process that is essential to the development of lifelike virtual exhibits. To illustrate its potential usefulness, VETAT-ART is applied to the design of a historical art exhibit. The first part of the article draws a general profile of our sample application. It introduces organizational-, user-, and task-related factors typically collected when designing or modifying most computer-based systems. The second part of the paper presents the user and task requirements unique to the creation of a virtual environment. Task requirements determine the contents of various storyboards and draw the architecture of the environment. Storyboards describe the images, sounds, sensations, and scents to be found in individual galleries. The architecture establishes a sensible order in which the galleries may be accessed. User requirements determine the human sensory, cognitive, and ergonomic needs relevant to the key activities museum visitors are expected to perform. Activities include visualization and inspection, exploration, and the manipulation of virtual artifacts. Eight goal-categories define user requirements. Visual, auditory, and haptic requirements are determined by humansensory issues. Features relevant to memory capacity, information load, and mental models describe cognitive issues. Physical and physiological considerations are determined by human ergonomics. The third section of the paper suggests usability goals and possible measures of success. In conclusion, limitations and potential extensions of the tool are discussed.
Architecture for an Artificial Immune System
Authors: Hofmeyr Steven A. , Forrest Stephanie
Published: July 2002

An artificial immune system (ARTIS) is described which incorporates many properties of natural immune systems, including diversity, distributed computation, error tolerance, dynamic learning and adaptation, and self-monitoring. ARTIS is a general framework for a distributed adaptive system and could, in principle, be applied to many domains. In this paper, ARTIS is applied to computer security in the form of a network intrusion detection system called LISYS. LISYS is described and shown to be effective at detecting intrusions, while maintaining low false positive rates. Finally, similarities and differences between ARTIS and Holland's classifier systems are discussed.
DIVINE NARCISSISM AND YAHWEH'S PARENTING STYLE
Authors: Lasine Stuart
Published: July 2002

Theologians like Blumenthal, Brueggemann, and Chastain have recently stressed the abusive and sometimes capricious nature of Yahweh's actions toward his people, at times using studies of present-day child abuse to bolster their case. Predictably, such indictments of Yahweh have met with considerable resistance. This paper assesses the proposed analogy between Yahweh's behavior and that of abusive parents, by making more extensive use of the psychological literature on child abuse and trauma. The discussion also moves in a new direction, by employing recent research on narcissistic parenting to analyze Yahweh's behavior as father (and mother) to his "special" child Israel and his unique son Job. Passages in which Yahweh is said to love or hate his human children are examined in terms of psychological studies of parental ambivalence, narcissism and emotional "splitting." The final section of the paper examines the relationship between Yahweh's own lack of a family history and his narcissism, in part by comparing the unique and parentless divine king Yahweh with the Egyptian god Amun. The paper concludes by contrasting the single parent Yahweh with Assmann's characterization of ancient polytheisms, and asking whether monotheism itself is the most dramatic example of divine royal narcissism.
LE MALÉKISME ET LES CONDITIONS REQUISES POUR L'EXERCICE DE LA JUDICATURE
Authors: Carmona Alfonso
Published: July 2002

Le cordouan Ibn Rushd al-Jadd (ob. 520/1126) est le premier, à l'école malékite, à formuler une division tripartite des conditions de capacité pour l'exercice de la judicature: 1) conditions essentielles pour la validité de la nomination, dont l'absence infirmerait toutes les sentences prononcées par celui qui aurait été nommé sans capacité légale; 2) conditions essentielles pour exercer la charge, dont l'absence rendrait obligatoire la destitution, mais pas l'annulation des jugements; et 3) qualités souhaitables chez un juge. Cette division est reprise par le qādī Iyād (ob. 544/1149), mais sa liste n'est pas tout à fait la même que celle du muftī de Cordoue. Ibn Rushd al-Hafīd, le célèbre Averroès (ob. 590/1194), pour sa part, répétera la formulation de son grand-père, établissant lui aussi une distinction entre jawāz al-wilāya (validité de la nomination) et istimrār al-wilāya (capacité pour remplir la fonction). L'étude qui suit essaie de montrer les précédents de cette doctrine surtout à l'intérieur de l'école mālikī.
THE MYTHOLOGICAL PROVENANCE OF ISA. XIV 12-15: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE UGARITIC MATERIAL
Authors: Heiser Michael
Published: July 2002

Many scholars of the Hebrew Bible have postulated that the source of the taunt-song of Isa. xiv 12-15 is to be found in Ugaritic religious literature. Many of these scholars believe that the passage contains elements of both El and Ba'al myths, an assumption that leads them to discount the proposition that all the mythological strands of Isa. xiv 12-15 can be correlated with a single Ugaritic myth. Still others contend that only a single myth concerning the usurpation of El can account for all of the mythological features. This article disputes both of these positions, arguing that no usurpation of El is in view, and that the mythological provenance of Isa. xiv 12-15 can be entirely correlated with the Ba'al-'Athtar myth.
RESUMPTION OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY AFFECTS MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTIONS IN JAPANESE MACAQUES
Authors: Schino Gabriele , Majolo Bonaventura , Ventura Raffaella , Troisi Alfonso
Published: July 2002

This study evaluated the responses of infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to their mother's resumption of mating. Mothers and infants were observed before, during and after the mating season. Observations carried out during the mating season were subdivided according to the mother's consort activity with mature males. During consorts, significant decrements in mother-infant ventroventral contact and proximity, and in the roles played by mothers in maintaining contact and proximity were observed, while maternal rejection increased significantly. Social behaviour of infants and allomaternal care they received were unaffected by the mother's consort activity. Effects of consorts were more evident in female than in male infants, but were not influenced by the infant age or by the quality of the relationship it had with its mother before the mating season. These results do not support the hypothesis that the effects of the mother's resumption of mating may parallel those of experimental mother-infant separation.