bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cystophorous Cercaria, C. projecta n.sp., from the Snail, Helisoma antrosa, North America
Authors: Willey Charles H.
Published: June 2009

A new species of larval trematode, C. projecta, infects Helisoma antrosa. The very small distome cercaria is ontogenetically young, showing no traces of reproductive anlagen even after excystment. It belongs to the cystophorous cercariae, and has a vesicular tail into which the body of the cercaria withdraws when mature. In this encysted state the cercaria is expelled from the snail and awaits ingestion by the next host. The redia is a large, elongate sac, without “feet,” possessing a small pharynx, short intestine and an excretory system consisting of a longitudinal channel and at least sixty flame cells on each side of the body. Excystment is caused by mechanical pressure which releases a force within the cyst, which projects the cercaria very rapidly through a long cuticular tube, the excretory projection, to a considerable distance away from the cyst. Various complex appendages of the tail vesicle along with parts of the excretory system play a large part in this process of excystment. As postulated, the purpose of this type of excystment is to throw the larva away from its cyst, to prevent it from being regurgitated from the body with the empty cyst.
Ornithomyia avicularia(Diptera Hippoboscidae) as the Carrier of Mallophaga, with some Remarks on Phoresy in Insects
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

In July, 1927, Dr Kenneth Smith took a specimen of the Hippoboscid flyOrnithomyia aviculariaon the window of a building at the Cambridge University farm. The fly was lethargic and easily captured, and, noticing that its abdomen was infested by some parasite, the captor kindly handed me the specimen.
The GeneraSphyrionandBasanistes(Copepoda) as represented by the Collection in the British Museum
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Generic Diagnosis, ♀.Cephalothoraxwith transverse lateral expansions, small in young, resembling a hammer in old specimens, between whose anterior surfaces projects the head.Necksmooth, cylindrical and without swimming feet.Trunkmuch enlarged transversely, smooth, flattened dorsiventrally, bearing a pair of posterior appendages profusely and dichotomously branched.Abdominal appendagesreduced to two small knobs; or one undivided abdomen.Egg-strings long and straight; eggs multiseriate. Two pairs of antennae, twopairs of maxillae, one pair of maxillipedes.
The Harvest Bug. An Account of the Present State of our Knowledge of the Larval Trombidiid Mites attacking Man
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

There is still so much confusion with regard to the minute hexapod mites which have for ages plagued man in various parts of the world, and which are known popularly as harvest bugs, harvest mites, bête rouge, rouget, chigger mites, etc., that a review of our present knowledge of the matter may be of use in saving investigators' time in referring to a voluminous and widely scattered literature.
Report on a Collection of Cestoda, mainly from Egypt. Part III. Cyclophyllidea (Conclusion): Tetraphyllidea
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

A few specimens very badly preserved and pigmented: coating them was a deposit which entirely obscured the internal anatomy and could not be removed. The internal anatomy therefore could not be removed. The internal anatomy therefore could not be elucidated. Length 10*, greatest breadh 0·47. Scolex 0·54 dia. As the only species without a rostellum recorded from this host isA. vaginatusthe specimens are listed under that name.
Studies on the Trematode Family Strigeidae (Holostomidae). No. XII.Agamodistomum la-rueisp. nov.
Authors: Hughes R. Chester
Published: June 2009

Twelve larval trematodes, herein described asAgamodistomum la-ruein.sp., were found by Prof. La Rue, at the autopsy of a racoon,Procyon lotor lotor(Linn.), which had been kept for several months in captivity near Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan, during the spring and summer of 1925. The parasites were found by teasing the lungs apart in water. It was not determined whether they were in the alveoli of the lungs or in the tissue. They were apparently not encysted.
The anatomy of three digenetic trematodes, Skrjabiniella aculeatus (Odhner), Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rud.) and Sterrhurus fusiformis (Lühe) from Conger conger (Linn.)
Authors: Jones Dilys O.
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of three digenetic trematodes from Conger conger (Linn.), Skrjabiniella aculeatus (Odhner), Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rud.) and Sterrhurus fusiformis (Luhe) has been described. The technique employed is given, and in each case the history of the species has been traced.

2. The discussion on the nomenclature of Skrjabiniella aculeatus explains why this generic name used by Issaitschikow (1928) has been adopted in this work in place of Prosorhynchus, and a key to the genera Prosorhynchus s.str. and Skrjabiniella has been suggested. A table showing the proposed division of Odhner's genus Prosorhynchus is included.

3. In the discussion on the hemiurid worms it is pointed out that there is no sound basis for the separation of the genera Lecithochirium and Sterrhurus as they stand.
A record of parasitic worms from fishes in rock pools at Aberystwyth
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

Various records have, from time to time, been made of parasitic worms from marine fishes around the British Isles. Nicoll (1915) has compiled a very valuable list of the Trematoda, which class has received more attention than have the other parasitic worms of fishes. They have been recorded from Scottish waters by T. Scott (1901), from the Irish Sea by A. Scott (1904), from the Northumberland coast by Lebour (1908) and from Ireland by Bellingham in 1844 and Southern in 1912. The Cestoda have received less attention. Woodland (1927) has recorded some species from Plymouth, and a record of the trematode and cestode parasites of fishes from the Porcupine Bank, Irish Atlantic Slope, and Irish Sea has been made by Rees & Llewellyn (1941). The records of Nematoda and Acanthocephala are very scanty. Baylis & Jones (1933) include them together with trematodes and cestodes in a list of parasitic worms obtained from marine fishes at Plymouth.
Studies on the nature and properties of the perienteric fluid ofAscaris lumbricoides
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: June 2009

1. The composition of the perienteric fluid ofAscaris lumbricoidesof the pig, immediately after removal from the host and after varying periods ofin vitrostarvation, is recorded.

2. Apart from the more frequently observed constituents of invertebrate tissue fluids, the body fluid ofAscariswas found to contain ascorbic acid, amino sugar and small amounts of uronic acid.

3. Large amounts of anion other than chloride, probably fatty acid, must have been present in the body fluid, though chloride was probably the predominant anion in fluids of parasites which had passed several days ofin vitrolife.

4. The chief factors (starvation, osmotic pressure and the nature of the medium, etc.) affecting the composition of the body fluid are briefly discussed.
On Two New Tapeworms from the Ostrich, with a Key to the Species ofDavainea
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The material which forms the basis of the following account consists of two tubes of tapeworms collected from ostriches at the Veterinary Pathological Laboratory, Nairobi, British East Africa. One tube contained approximately 12 scolices and the anterior portions of the strobilae attached to them, together with several fragments of the more posterior portions: these are described under the nameDavainea beddardin. sp. The other tube contained one large fragment of aDavaineaand several smaller pieces but no scolices: these are described under the headingDavaineasp. For this material I am indebted to Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S. to whom I wish here to express my thanks. I have also to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Librarian of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons for allowing me to consult literature unobtainable elsewhere.
On a New Ciliate: Lambornella stegomyiae n.g., n.sp., Parasitic in the Body-Cavity of the Larvae of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker (Diptera, Nematocera, Culicidae)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The material which forms the subject of this communication was derived from Dr W. A. Lamborn's collection, and was placed at my disposal through the kindness of Dr Guy A. K. Marshall, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London. It comprised eight larvae of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker, which had been preserved in formaldehyde solution (10 per cent.), and the specimens were mounted individually on microscope slides in the same medium.
On the African Streblidae (Diptera Acalypterae) including the morphology of the genus Ascodipteron Adens. and a description of a new species
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

Dr F. W. Edwards has kindly submitted to me the specimens of Streblidae collected by him in March 1935, during his entomological expedition to East Africa, in the caves near Kapretwa, at 6500 ft., on Mt Elgon, Kenya. To this material he added the specimens collected by Dr G. H. E. Hopkins, in the same locality, and asked me to write a short report.
On Yugoslavian (Balkan) ticks [Ixodoidea]
Authors: Oswald B.
Published: June 2009

The state of Yugoslavia provides both an abundant and important source for zoological studies owing to its varied geographical, climatic and ethnographic conditions. To the student of ticks especially there is hardly a country in Europe which offers as large a field for study as Yugoslavia. Therefore I trust a short description of the Yugoslavian ticks and their biological habits, so far as known, will be of some interest.
The early stages ofLimnophora exurdaPand. (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

The larvae and puparia ofLimnophora exurdaare to be found in tufts of wet moss or liverworts in or near small waterfalls.

The larvae are carnivorous and exhibit the characteristic morphological characters of carnivorous anthomyid larvae.
On some American genera of the Streblidae and their species, with the description of a new species of Trichobius (Diptera, Acalypterae)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

In the present paper I discuss the identity and systematic position of Synthesiostrebla amorphochili Townsend, Speiseria ambigua Kessel and Lemosia setosa Pessôa ão. Besides, I include in this paper a revision of the species of the genus Paratrichobius, which structurally is more or less closely related to the genus Synthesiostrebla.
The morphology and systematic position ofDobellina mesnilinov.gen. (Entamoeba mesniliKeilin, 1917)
Authors: Bishop Ann , Tate P.
Published: June 2009

1. A detailed morphological study has been made of the amoeba, parasitic in larvae ofTrichocera, which was described by Keilin (1917) under the nameEntamoeba mesnili.

2. This study shows that the parasite cannot be included in any of the existing genera of parasitic amoebae and the new genusDobellinais formed for it. A diagnosis of the genusDobellinais given.

3. In CambridgeTrichoceralarvae were never found infected withDobellina mesniliearlier in the winter than January and the infection rate appears to be highest (up to 92%) towards the end of January and in February. Infected larvae were never found later in the year than May.
Larval and nymphal mites (Acarina; Trombiculidae) from Ceylon and the maldive islands
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

During five months spent in Colombo (April–August 1944) a large number of small mammals and birds were examined for larval Trombiculinae.

From November 1944 to February 1945 similar investigations were carried out on the Maldive Islands. The number of species obtained included three species of the genus Gahrliepia Oudemans, 1912 (not included in this paper), Trombicula deliensis Walch, 1923, Trombicula acuscutellaris Walch, 1923, Neoschöngastia indica Hirst, 1915, Walchia turmalis Gater, 1932 (a second species of Walchia not included in this paper), a new species of Schöngastia herein named ‘maldiviensis’ n.sp., and Womersleyia minuta n.g., n.sp.
The Morphology and Method of Division ofTrichomonas
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Three trichomonads have been cultivated and studied,T. hominis, Trichomonassp. fromM. nemestrinus(= R.T. strain), andT. batrachorumfrom English frogs and toads.

2. A number of strains ofT. batrachorumwere cultivated over periods varying from two weeks to five months without the appearance of aEutrichomastixstage.

3. The division process ofT. batrachorumhas been studied. The new basal fibre arises as an outgrowth from the blepharoplast. The old axostyle is absorbed and new ones are formed from the daughter blepharoplast during the telophase. Six chromosomes appear during the prophase. Spindle fibres do not appear. There is a separation of the daughter blepharoplasts into centro-some and basal granule at the metaphase.

4. Division ofT. hominisandTrichomonassp. fromM. nemestrinusis essentially similar to that ofT. batrachorum. The number of chromosomes appeared to be five or six. Double individuals were found in the cultures, and inT. hominisindividuals containing four or six sets of organellae. Their significance is obscure.
On Two New Species of the Genus Astiotrema Looss belonging to the Family Lepodermatidae Odhner
Authors: Mehra H. R.
Published: June 2009

The genus Astiotrema Looss is parasitic in reptiles (tortoises and snakes), except Ast. impletum Looss, which is known from a fish Tetradon fahaka. Hitherto three species of this genus have been recorded, two from Egypt and one from Naples (Italy). The present paper contains an account of two more species obtained from tortoises at Allahabad. The allied genus Glypthelmins Stafford is parasitic in Amphibia in North America.
Matériaux pour la Connaissance des Diptères Pupipares. I
Authors: Falcoz Par L.
Published: June 2009

Parmi le nombre des Diptères Pupipares de provenances diverses que j'ai eu l'occasion d'étudier récemment, certains, jugés nouveaux, seront décrits ici, d'autres, déjà connus, mais oftrant quelque intérêt aux divers points de vue systématique, éthologique ou géographique, feront l'objet d'une mention spéciale.
A Survey of Cawston's Species of South African Cercariae
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll
Published: June 2009

For several years Dr F. G. Cawston of Durban, Natal, has been making examinations of various mollusks taken from the rivers and pools of the Transvaal and Natal in order to discover the fluke infection of the region. These examinations have been extensive as regards the number of individuals of each species examined, ranging up into the thousands for the more common gasteropods. The investigations have been carried on through the various seasons of the year so that the data are representative. I have been enabled to re-examine much of this material through the courtesy of Dr Cawston, who has also placed at my disposal many of the biological data concerned with these researches.
Fish Myxosporidia from Plymouth
Authors: Dunkerly J. S.
Published: June 2009

During the summer of 1914 and during the months January to April, 1920, I have been able to investigate the Myxosporidian parasites of fish occurring at Plymouth, and I am glad to take this opportunity of thanking the Ray Lankester Trustees for their grant in aid of this research, and also to express my gratitude for the very valuable and kind assistance afforded me by the Director, Dr E. J. Allen, and staff of the Marine Biological Station at Plymouth, where the researches were carried out. The assistant Mr Smith helped me very considerably in the identification of the fish examined.
On a Remarkable New Species ofPorocephalus (P. pomeroyi, sp. n.) from the Fore-gut of a Nigerian Cobra
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

In August, 1920, Dr Andrew Balfour, C.B., C.M.G., Director of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, received from Mr A. Pomeroy, F.E.S., Official Entomologist in South Nigeria, a tube containing some parasites from the “fore-gut” of a Cobra (Naia nigricollisReinh.) from Ilaro, South Nigeria. Dr Balfour kindly handed these specimens to me for examination. The specimens were few in number, comprising only ten Nematodes and the two examples ofPorocephalusdescribed in the present Note. One of these examples at once attracted my attention by reason of its remarkable external form (Text-figure 1, A). I have consulted most of the available literature dealing withPorocephalusand the figure which, so far as I have discovered, most nearly approaches that of the present specimen is that ofP. annulatusBaird, supplied by Shipley (his Text-figure 5, p. 59) in his memoir on the Linguatulidae. From my reproduction of Shipley's figure (Text-figure 1, C) it will be seen thatPorocephalus annulatus, like the new species nowto be described, has a very narrow “neck,” but whereas inP. annulatusthis neck is very short, in the new species it is comparatively very long; moreover, whereas inP. annulatusthe cephalo-thorax (prosoma) is not longer than broad (or only slightly so in some specimens) and the first annulus of the “abdomen” (opisthosoma) is certainly no larger than succeeding annuli, in the new species the prosoma is roughly three times longer than it is broad and the first annulus is at least twice the size of the third at any succeeding annulus.
A Collection of Nematode Parasites from Zanzibar
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

For the opportunity of studying this collection of round-worms from Zanzibar I am greatly indebted to Mr W. Mansfield-Aders, Economic Biologist to the Zanzibar Government.
Experiments on the Disinfection of Sperm in Mammals, especially in relation to Dourine in Horses
Authors: Iwanow E.
Published: June 2009

The problem of sperm disinfection in mammals is not only interesting from the biological standpoint. It is of practical value especially in the horse-breeding industry.
The Trematode Parasites ofTurritella communisLmk. from Plymouth and Naples
Authors: Rothschild Miriam
Published: June 2009

In 1931 Dr M. V. Lebour drew my attention to a larval Trematode (one of the “Hugetailed Monostome” group of H. M. Miller, 1925) which occurred quite frequently inTurritella communisfrom the Rame Mud, Plymouth. During 1932–4 I examined 541Turritella communisfrom the same locality and an 8 per cent. general infection with four species of closely related cercariae was recorded, but the species which was common the previous year did not occur once. 180Turritella communisfrom Naples revealed a 5 per cent, infection of two other closely related species.
On the Persistence of Eosinophilia, and on Immune Reactions in Human Trichinosis, Several Years after Recovery
Authors: Theiler Hans , Augustine Donald L. , Spink Wesley W.
Published: June 2009

Following a brief historical introduction, the results of differential counts, precipitin tests and skin reactions on seven cases of trichinosis 4–9 years after recovery are presented. Eosinophile counts ranging from 2 to 7 per cent. were encountered, but the number of cases studied does not warrant any conclusion being drawn. Positive precipitin tests and intradermal reactions were encountered in cases up to 7 years after infection. The findings are discussed, together with a consideration of the pertinent literature, and the importance of the skin reaction and precipitin tests as aids to diagnosis are emphasised in conjunction with due consideration of the history and symptomatology. It is affirmed that the tests have proved of value in establishing a diagnosis in mild cases.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge our indebtedness to Dr George R. Minot, who made the records of the hospital available to us, and to Dr W. D. Sutliff, whose continued interest and ready co-operation greatly facilitated our work.
Method of Chain Formation inHerpetomonas bancrofti
Authors: Holmes Francis O.
Published: June 2009

Stages of incomplete division of chains of individuals in the speciesHerpetomonas bancrofti, as well as the distribution of abnormal cells within long chains, were found to support the writer's earlier view (Holmes, 1931) that successive longitudinal divisions of individuals occur within chains. In this type of division there is alternate splitting of individuals from anterior and from posterior ends of cells. It is concluded that this hitherto unproved type of division of pairs and chains is sufficient to account for the presence of all observed aggregates.

No evidence was found suggesting occurrence of any essentially different type of cell division, such as the transverse fission reported by Franchini (1931, 1931a) as possibly accounting for formation of chains inH. ganorae.
Observations Upon Chilomastix from Bufo vulgaris, with notes on Chilomastix aulastomi
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Chilomastix from Bufo vulgaris has been grown in culture media but a “pure” strain was not obtained. Division and encystment occurred.

2. Two types of division were found. In one type the original cytostome and flagella persisted and a new set was formed from one pair of basal granules. In the other type the original cytostome disappeared and two new ones were formed from the two pairs of basal granules. This second type of division is similar to that of Chilomastix aulastomi from Haemopis sanguisuga.

3. It is therefore probable that two species of Chilomastix are present in Bufo vulgaris.

4. Cysts of Chilomastix from Bufo vulgaris and of Chilomastix aulastomi were studied. Nuclear division was never seen in them.

I wish to offer my best thanks to Mr Clifford Dobell, F.R.S., for kindly reading through the manuscript.
A Parasitic Copepod, Pupulina flores, Redescribed after Forty Years
Authors: Wilson Charles Branch
Published: June 2009

In 1892 P. J. van Beneden described and figured among some caligids from Africa and the Azores a new genus and species to which he gave the name Pupulina flores. He claimed to have found both sexes of the new parasite, but acknowledged that he had described as male and female of his species two copepods which had previously been designated by different names. They were found upon the same host, a devil-fish, and he believed that they were of the same species. In this, however, he was mistaken, for the specimen he described as the male was really a young female of an entirely different species. Owing to this mistake, together with the very imperfect description of both sexes, Bassett-Smith in 1899 denied the validity of the new genus and transferred Beneden's species to the well-known genus Lepeophtheirus. Following this lead the present author placed it in a key to the species of Lepeophtheirus published in 1905, and it has remained there up to the present time.
A note onMicrocotyle fusiformisGoto. A fish trematode new to Britain
Authors: Crofton H. Draper
Published: June 2009

The genusMicrocotyleof the order Monogenea is a large one, containing about forty species, and it is well summarized by MacCallum (1913, 1915).
Studies on the germ cell cycle of the digenetic trematodeParorchis acanthusNicoll
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. The anatomy of the adult miracidium ofParorchis acanthusis described.

2. Development of the miracidium and of the succeeding larval stages has been followed.

3. Cleavage of the fertilized egg gives rise to an ectodermal and a propagatory cell. The former gives rise to the soma, and the latter, after contributing a few small cells to the body of the miracidium, becomes the germ cell.

4. This germ cell develops in the same way into the first generation redia while still in the body of the miracidium.

5. The fully formed miracidium contains a single fully formed redia when it penetrates the intermediate molluscan host.

6. In the intermediate host the miracidium disintegrates and second generation rediae are formed from the germ cells in the body cavity of the parent redia.

7. The germ cells in the body cavity of the daughter redia give rise to cercariae by a similar process of embryonic development to that found in preceding generations.

8. The germ cells in the cercariae become differentiated into the adult genitalia.

9. No evidence has been found to show that rediae or cercariae are derived from cells in the wall of the redia.

10. No ovary, maturation process, parthenogenesis, or fertilization takes place in any of the larval stages, but germinal lineage is apparent throughout the life cycle.
The larval Trombiculinae (Acarina, Trombidiidae) with descriptions of twelve new species
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Our knowledge of this interesting group of mites has been built up by the writings of some twenty-two acarologists, of different nationalities, whose papers are published in some four or five languages and have appeared in thirty to forty journals.
On the parasites of silver foxes on some farms in the south-west
Authors: Watkins C.V. , Harvey L. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The carcasses of 154 silver foxes of various ages, from fifteen farms in the southwest, have been examined and their parasites recorded. In addition, those of fourteen wild red foxes have similarly been examined.

2. The incidence of various species of nematode, cestode, and protozoan parasites has been analysed for the foxes, in age groups and in farm groups.

3. The worm egg counts in the faeces have been discussed in relation to the numbers of female worms in the foxes. No adequate correlation has been established between the two sets of data.

4. The ages of the foxes at incidence of the nematode parasites has been discussed, and the possibility of the development of resistance to various species investigated.

5. Certain peculiarities in the sex ratios of the Nematoda have been discussed.

6. The possibility of infestation of silver foxes by parasites derived from the wild-red-fox population of the neighbourhood of the farms has been investigated, as has also that of the transference of Crenosoma striatum from the hedgehog to foxes.
Pentastoma gracile (Linguatulidae) as a human parasite
Authors: Sandon H.
Published: June 2009

A linguatulid, very similar to the nymphal ‘Pentastoma gracile’ from crocodiles described by Sambon, was found in faecal material from a European resident in Khartoum. There is no evidence concerning the method of infection.

I am indebted to Dr E. S. Horgan, until recently Director of the Stack Medical Research Laboratories, for his reply to my inquiries concerning linguatulid infections in the Sudan; and to Prof. J. J. C. Butley, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for his valuable assistance in obtaining relevant literature.
Experimental differentiation of Leishmania
Authors: Kirk R.
Published: June 2009

It is generally accepted that the various species of Leishmania of men and dogs are morphologically indistinguishable. Therefore it has been argued that, according to the present rules of taxonomy, they should all be included in one species, L. donovani (Laveran & Mesnil, 1903), Ross, 1903. A review of the literature indicates, however, that this view is not generally acceptable, while strict adherence to the morphological rule would require the inclusion of the Leishmania of lizards (L. hemidactyli, L. agamae, etc.) in the same species as those of men and dogs.
Parasitic copepods of fish from Ceylon. III
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

Most of the nine species dealt with in this paper were collected before the outbreak of World War II. Library facilities in Ceylon, meagre enough even in normal times, were altogether unavailable during the war years owing to the removal of the Colombo Museum Library to safe areas inland. It was only after the library was brought back to Colombo at the beginning of 1947 that this paper could be got ready for publication. Hence it appears 10 years after the last contribution in the series.
A method for estimating the toxic effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies
Authors: Mer G. G. , Davidovici S.
Published: June 2009

A method for comparing the lethality effect of contact insecticides on mosquitoes and house-flies is proposed.

It is based on the comparison of the death-rate and the length of survival of insects after a contact for a very short and exactly measured time with a surface sprayed with a known concentration of the insecticide.

It is suggested that the same method may be used to compare the susceptibility of various species of mosquitoes and flies to the toxic action of a contact insecticide.

Some of the methods and apparatus were worked out and constructed by the Staff of No. 1 Malaria Field Laboratory under the command of the senior author. The following Officers and N.C.O.'s of the Royal Army Medical Corps were especially active in this work, and acknowledgement is made of their valuable contributions: Major T. T. Macan, Major Fox, Lt. MacDonald, Staff-Sgt. (later Major) Iles, Cpl. Mortimer.

We are also indebted to Prof. F. S. Bodenheimer and Major T. T. Macan for their help in preparing this paper.
An experimental study of East Coast fever in Ugand II. The durability of immunity in East Coast fever
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: June 2009

Confusion exists as to whether the immunity produced by one attack of East Coast fever is absolute or whether it requires to be maintained by reinfection.

During the present experiments mild transient infections have been produced in six calves, and in five cases the immunity has been incomplete and second attacks have followed reinfestation by infected ticks.

The time interval between the attacks has varied from 1 to 16 months, and it is suggested that when the interval is prolonged the second attack will be severe and may be fatal.

It is concluded that the durability of the immunity depends on the severity of the original attack, being durable when the attack is severe, and only transient and probably never solid when the attack is mild.

The temperature reaction is at the moment the best indicator as to the severity of the attack and the type of immunity evolved.
Blood parasites of East African vertebrates, with a brief description of exo-erythrocytic schizogony in Plasmodium pitmani
Authors: Garnham P. C. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The following new species were encountered in this investigation:

Haemogregarina hamata in Lacerta jacksoni;

Hepatozoon minchini in Crotaphopeltis degeni

Pirhaemocyton granosa in Agama colonorum

Atoxoplasma argyae n.gen. n.sp. in Argya rubi-ginosa

Spirochaeta harveyi in Cercopithecus aethiops.

2. Further information is given in regard to the following known species, including new host records:

Plasmodium pitmani in Mabuia striata and M. maculilabris

Trypanosoma martini in Mabuia maculilabris

Plasmodium vaughani in Othyphantes reichenowi

Plasmodium relictum in Othyphantes reichenowi and Passer iagoensis

Haemoproteus wenyoni in Passer griseus

Leucocytozoon sp. in nine species of birds

Hepatocystes epomophori in Epomophorus labiatus

Hepatocystes kochi in Cercopithecus, etc.

Babesia pitheci in Cercopithecus mitis.

3. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is described in Plasmodium pitmani of the skink (from spleen and heart preparations).
The immature stages of Ixodes frontalis Panzer 1795
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

When reviewing the status of Ixodes frontalis Panzer in an earlier paper (Arthur, 1952) the reference to Acarus (Ixodes) turdi Scopoli was not included, for the description might well apply to any tick. This is equally true for Panzer's description, and this name has been retained through popular usage. Neumann (1899) was the first worker to present a fairly clear account of this species but, as his host range shows, it may well have been clouded by reference to Ixodes brunneus Koch. The available descriptions refer to the female. Larvae have hitherto been neglected or else described as similar to the female, with the addendum that ‘in the larva the scutum is as broad as long’. Examination of ticks from a large number of birds has convinced me that in the past the immature stages of many species of ticks have, on this basis, been incorrectly determined. This may possibly be one reason for the suggested rarity of records of the immature stages of I. frontalis. In the present paper the larva of this species has been described. This description has been based on larvae sent to me by Mr John Ash.
A note on the electron microscopy of the turnip yellow mosaic virus
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

An attempt to differentiate by means of the electron microscope between particles of the top and bottom components of the turnip yellow mosaic virus is described. Since the particles of the top component are thought to be hollow spheres, it might be expected that they would collapse after drying and thus throw a smaller shadow than the particles of the bottom component which are thought to have a more solid centre. No difference could be perceived between the two types of particle, so that the apparently hollow particles can withstand the effect of drying without collapsing.

Sections were cut of leaves of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis) and particles were observed inside the cells which could conceivably be virus particles.
Ixodes theileri n.sp, with observations on species confused therewith
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of tick, I. theileri from South Africa, is described. Hitherto it has been collected only from birds.

2. Existing descriptions of I. daveyi Nuttall 1913 and I. brunneus Koch 1844 are amplified, and the synonymy of I. frontalis (Panzer, 1795) discussed.

3. Diagnostic characters, whereby I. daveyi, I. brunneus, I. frontalis and I. theileri may be separated, are tabulated.
The action of amoebicidal drugs on Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934 in vitro
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. A method, based on that devised for E. histolytica by Dobell (1947), was worked out for testing the action of drugs upon E. invadens.

2. The sensitivity of di- and monobacterial strains of E. invadens to emetine was determined, and of a dibacterial strain to the quinaldines A 352, A 356 and A 404. E. invadens was killed by emetine at concentrations of 1/50,000–1/100,000, A 352 or A 356 at 1/100,000, and A 404 at 1/10,000. The strains of E. invadens used in the present tests are thus less sensitive to emetine than is E. histolytica, but the sensitivity of the two species to the quinaldines is similar.

3. A strain of E. invadens which was maintained for 9 months in the presence of increasing concentrations of emetine, did not become resistant to the drug.

I am indebted to Dr A. Bishop for much advice and criticism; to Dr J. D. Fulton for a culture of Bacterium coli A'; and to Dr J. Walker for supplies of the compounds A 352, A 356 and A404. The work has been financed by the Medical Research Council.
On the bat parasites in Palestine I. Nycteribiidae, Streblidae, Hemiptera, Siphonaptera
Authors: Theodor O. , Moscona A.
Published: June 2009

In connexion with studies on bat malaria carried out by Prof. G. Mer and Dr N. Goldblum at the Malaria Research Station of the Hebrew University, a great number of ectoparasites of bats were submitted to us for identification. Together with material collected by us, over a thousand nycteribiids, streblids, Hemiptera, Siphonaptera, ticks and mites were examined.
The larval genera and species of ‘harvest mites’ (Acarina: Trombiculidae)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

The mites of the subfamily Trombiculinae are of special importance since, in the larval form, they are reported from many countries to be a nuisance to human beings by the intense irritation caused by their bites. At least two species of these larvae are the acknowledged vectors of scrub typhus (OXK typhus, ‘tsutsugamushi’ or Japanese river fever). The nymph and adult mites are free living and are known to be predatory, feeding upon the collembola and also on the eggs of ants, mosquitoes and collembola. In the larval stage they are found as parasites on mammals, birds, snakes, lizards and frogs. They have also been recorded upon a scorpion and upon three families of grasshoppers.
Choniosphaera indica, a copepod parasitic on the crabNeptunussp
Authors: Gnanamuthu C. P.
Published: June 2009

The choniostomatids parasitic on Crustacea have been exhaustively studied by Hansen. To the six genera and forty-three species he had described in 1897, he added a new genus and three more species in 1904, and seven more species in 1923. Scott (1904, 1905, 1907) described seven more species, Fraenkel (1915) three new species, Monod (1930) one, and Blake (1929) two. In 1929, however, Connolly described a new genusChoniosphaeraand its type speciesC. cancrorum, from parasites found on American crabsCancer amoenas, C. irroratusandC. borealis. In the present paper a new speciesChoniosphaera indica, parasitic on the edible crabNeptunus sanguinolentusof Madras, is described.
The Complement-fixation test in bilharziasis I. The value of different extracts of Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica worms as antigens
Authors: Eliakim M. , Davies A. Michael
Published: June 2009

1. Different extracts of adult worms of S. mansoni and F. hepatica have been examined in the C.F.T. for bilharziasis. Extracts of S. mansoni worms in Coca's solution, alcohol-ether and absolute alcohol after acetone extraction possess high antigenic activity, the first being the most specific but less sensitive than the others. Extracts in Coca's solution of alcohol-ether insoluble residues still showed slight activity while acetone and polysaccharide (formamide) extracts showed none.

2. Using the Coca's extract of S. mansoni worms, the C.F.T. was positive in 83% of sera of untreated patients and 58% of treated. The figures using the alcohol-ether extract were 13 and 4% respectively and, for the alcoholic extract of acetone insoluble residue, 42 and 13%.

3. Extracts of F. hepatica worms showed the same general trend, but even in the two extracts to show activity (alcohol-ether and alcohol extract of acetone insoluble material) the titre was too low for use in the test.

4. Of rabbits immunized with three different fractions of S. mansoni worms only that given the Coca extract showed complement-fixing antibodies and then only with the homologous antigen. Skin tests on the rabbits were negative to each of the antigens used.

5. The nature of the antigen in the C.F.T. is discussed, and it is suggested that the active portion is lipo-protein in nature or more than one substance is involved. For use in clinical diagnosis, an extract of S. mansoni worms in Coca's solution is recommended.

Our grateful thanks are due to Mr O. D. Standen of the Wellcome Laboratories of Tropical Medicine, London, for his generous gift of worm powder, and to Professor G. Witenberg of the Hebrew University for his interest in our work.
The Prophylaxis of Malaria by Drugs
Authors: Strickland C. , Roy D. N.
Published: June 2009

The prophylaxis of plasmodial infections, by means of drugs in general, and by plasmoquine in particular, has been the subject of two reports to which we wish to refer: (1) by James, Nicol and Shute (1931), and (2) by Swellengrebel and de Buck (1931). The authors of report (1) obtained complete success by the use of 0·06 g. of plasmoquine before, and daily for 6 days after, the bite of infected mosquitoes, while the authors of report (2), giving 0·03 g. of the drug daily, had but poor success, notwithstanding Ottolenghi and Brotzu (1929), whom they cite, having reported that 0·02 g. daily with 0·25 g. of quinine was a good practical prophylactic.
The Action of Plasmoquine on Mosquito-induced Malaria of Birds
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

The experiments described show that plasmoquine is very effective in preventing or delaying attacks of malaria in birds infected with P. relictum by direct blood inoculation, but has little or no prophylactic action in birds infected by the bites of mosquitoes.

In the mosquito-induced malaria parasites may appear in the blood 3 or 4 days after the cessation of plasmoquine treatment and there is no appreciable delay as compared with untreated control birds.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from North China. Part I. Filarioidea
Authors: Li Hsi-Chieh
Published: June 2009

The parasitic nematodes described in this paper were collected by Dr E. C. Faust during his stay in China, and sent to Prof. Hoeppli for identification and study. The total collection amounts to about 500 vials, the majority of which were collected in Peiping (Peking), mainly from birds.
Trichostrongylid Nematodes from Sheep in Kenya
Authors: Daubney R.
Published: June 2009

In most parts of the world helminth infestations are responsible for such a heavy wastage of sheep that their control has undoubtedly become one of the most important charges that devolve upon the flock-owner. It might be thought that in tropical regions suited to the raising of sheep the problem of helminth control would cease to be urgent; and that climatic conditions, the general aridity of land chosen in such countries for sheep-rearing, and its consequently smaller carrying capacity, would contribute to form an environment distinctly unfavourable both to the survival of the free-living stages of parasitic worms and to their chances of reaching a suitable intermediary or definitive host. Such areas are not usually well watered, and it certainly does result from the paucity of permanent streams and standing water that few species of trematodes are represented. Those species that do occur, e.g. Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, are restricted to particular localities and are easily subjected to control.
Life History Studies on Trematodes of the Subfamily Reniferinae
Authors: Talbot S. Benton
Published: June 2009

1. The life histories of Lechriorchis primus Stafford, L. tygarti n.sp. and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. have been experimentally completed in three hosts, the first complete life histories to be worked out for species of the subfamily Reniferinae.

2. The definitive hosts of the three forms were found to be two species of garter snakes, Thamnophis sauritus and T. sirtalis.

3. Three species of snails, Physella gyrina, P. parkeri, and P. ancillaria, have been found to serve as the first intermediate host in the life cycles of Lechriorchis primus and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp., and two species of snails, Physella gyrina and P. heterostropha, in the life cycle of Lechriorchis tygarti n.sp.

4. The tadpoles of two species of frogs, Rana clamitans and R. pipiens, were found to serve as the second intermediate hosts in the life cycles of all three trematodes. The cercariae penetrate larvae of Triturus and small fish, but live only a short time in these animals.

5. Every stage in the life history of Lechriorchis primus, including egg, miracidium, mother sporocyst, daughter sporocyst, cercaria, metacercaria, and developmental stages in the definitive host, has been described in detail.

6. The mother sporocyst of forms having a stylet cercaria is described for the first time.

7. The flame cell pattern of the cercariae of L. primus, L. tygarti n.sp., and Caudorchis eurinus n.gen. et sp. has been determined to be of the “2 × 6 × 3’ type. Also the adult stage of C. eurinus was determined to have the same type.

8. It has been pointed out that the life histories of the members of the subfamily are uniform in that their life history stages display a remarkable similarity.

9. It has been suggested that this uniform type of life cycle and remarkable similarity of larval stages offer the most logical basis for establishing the subfamily Reniferinae as a natural group.
Description of a New Genus of Lepodermatidae (Trematoda) with a Systematic Essay on the Family
Authors: Baer Jean G.
Published: June 2009

We had the opportunity of examining about twelve snakes (Tropidonotus natrix) all from the same district, and found in almost every case a heavy infection with various Trematodes. In the lungs we foundSaphedra longicollis, and in the small intestineLeptophallus nigrovensisandCercorchis nematoides, together with several specimens ofOdhneria bolognensisn.g., n.sp. We will discuss the systematic position of this new genus in another part of this paper.
On Two Species of Cestoda from a Mongoose
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The material described in this paper was obtained from a mongoose (Herpestes albopunctatusHodgson 1853), dead twelve hours when dissected. In the mesentery were numerous larval cestodes and in the intestine approximately fifty adults of another species. The preservation was good. The preservation was good. I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr G. D. Bhalerao, M.Sc., of this University, for the help given me in the preparation of the specimens.
On the Migration of Hypoderma lineatum from the Skin to the Gullet
Authors: Hadwen S. , Fulton J. S.
Published: June 2009

On June 10th, 1923, a practising veterinary surgeon brought into the Pathological Laboratory at the University scrapings that he had obtained from a herd of cattle which were suspected of being mangy. The sample was examined for mites without success. The veterinary surgeon said that the lesions were not typical of mange, but if it was not mange, it was some form of dermatitis which was unknown to him.
On the Collection and Examination of Tapeworms
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

With the exception of the Handbook of Braun and Lühe (1910) and two papers by Gough (1911) and Baylis (1922), very little has appeared dealing with the technique of the examination of cestodes, in particular no special methods for their rapid examination have been described. Fixing, staining and mounting, with the washing necessary at various stages in the preparation of cestodes, may occupy from two to five days. Some other quicker process is obviously needed, this it is the main object of the present paper to supply. The following methods should be understood to apply to fresh material.
Special Apparatus and Technique for the Study of Mosquitoes and other Aquatic Insects
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm E.
Published: June 2009

In laboratories which are situated either abroad or in districts at some distance from commercial centres, it often happens that needed apparatus is difficult to obtain, and these notes may be helpful to workers in such situations.
On the Technique of Cestode Study
Authors: Wardle Robert A.
Published: June 2009

The accurate identification of cestodarian and cestodan helminths depends so much upon the correct interpretation of their internal morphological features that a rapid yet satisfactory routine technique in their preparation for microscopical examination is much to be desired. Not all workers publish their technical methods, and, among those who do, no two seem to be in agreement. Some of the collection and preservation methods, in particular, which are advocated, whilst admirable for museum specimens or histological study, are impracticable under the conditions of a field survey, where many host animals have to be quickly examined and rapidly accumulating specimens are preserved and studied by methods which will not strain unduly the limited facilities of a field laboratory or a small biological station.
On a New Species of Trematode (Prohemistomum serpentum n.sp.) from a Snake, with a Note on an Immature Species of Heterechinostomum Odhner from the Cat
Authors: Gogate B. S.
Published: June 2009

Description. Body more or less elongated, narrowing anteriorly and posteriorly. Length 1·34–1·441, maximum width 0·476, maximum thickness 0·433, both measured in the region of adhesive apparatus. Entire surface of the body, except adhesive apparatus and the region posterior to second testis, covered with fine spines. Ventral folds originate approximately at centre of body and meet a little behind the level of posterior third to form a shallow cavity occupied by the adhesive apparatus. Adhesive apparatus smooth, oval, 0·4–0–44 long, 0·26–0–3 wide, with narrow central depression, anteriorly reaching acetabulum and posteriorly anterior margin of posterior testis. In it are imbedded vitelline follicles, anterior testis, ovary and anterior portions of cirrus sac and uterus.