bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faster Extraction of Heavy Metals from Soils Using Vacuum and Ultrasonic Energy
Authors: Pontes Fernanda V M , Carneiro Manuel C , de Souza Evelyn da M F , da Silva Lílian I D , Monteiro Maria Inês C , Neto Arnaldo A
Published: September 2013

A fast vacuum- and ultrasound-assisted acid extraction of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn from soils using a homemade system has been investigated. Preliminarily, a full factorial design with two levels and three variables (extracting agent, extraction temperature, and sonication time) was applied to optimize the extraction conditions (without vacuum) for some heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn). The best results were obtained with a 3:1 HCl extraction solution, temperature of 80°C, and time of 2 h. As this sonication time was too long, a vacuum pump was used to produce air bubbles in order to increase the contact between the sample and the extracting agent and to prevent the sample sedimentation. This improvement drastically reduced the sonication time to 2 min. Under these conditions, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn were totally extracted (recoveries of 86–99%), while recoveries of 73–76 and 74% were obtained for Fe and Pb, respectively. The LOD values using flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were 3.2, 7.5, 37.5, 7.5, 22.5, and 3.8 μg/g, respectively. The RSDs were lower than 11% (n = 3).
Validated Stability-Indicating Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Separation and Determination of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablets
Authors: Alzoman Nourah Z , Sultan Maha A , Maher Hadir M , AlShehri Mona M , Olah Ileana V
Published: September 2013

A novel, fast, sensitive, and specific capillary electrophoresis (CE) technique coupled to a diode array detector has been developed for the separation and simultaneous determination of carvedilol (CRV) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in two combination formulations. The proposed method utilized a fused silica capillary (55 cm × 75 μm id) and the background electrolyte solution phosphate buffer (12.5 mM, pH 7.4)–methanol (95 + 5, v/v). The separation was achieved at 30 kV applied voltage and 24°C. Atorvastatin (80 μg/mL) was chosen as the internal standard. The described method was linear over the range of 1–200 and 0.2–150 μg/mL for CRV and HCT, respectively. Intraday and interday RSD (n = 6) was ≤1.4%. The LOD values of CRV and HCT were 0.26 and 0.07 μg/mL, respectively. The validated CE method was successfully applied to the analysis of two commercial tablet dosage forms. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk samples of the two drugs using thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, and the stressed samples were analyzed by the proposed method. Degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with the determination of CRV and HCT; the assay could, therefore, be considered stability-indicating.
A Geographical Discrimination of Shanxi Extra Aged Vinegars Using Polyalcohols as the Discriminators
Authors: Luo Meizhong , Zheng Yanjie , Xiong Cen , Li Bifang , Chen Sujuan , Bai Wenliang , Zeng Yongting , Li Yongle , Zhang Xieguang
Published: September 2013

A discrimination method based on polyalcohol determination was developed for authenticity of protected geographical indication (PGI) vinegars—Shanxi extra aged vinegar (SVs) in China. Six polyalcohols in vinegars including erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, inositol, mannitol, and sorbitol were selected as the PGI discriminators. GC/MS was used to analyze the polyalcohols in the SVs, Zhenjiang vinegars (ZVs), Kazuo aged vinegars (KVs), and other non-geographical indication protected vinegars (NVs). SVs can be distinguished from KVs by the chemical markers mannitol and sorbitol, although the production processes for both types of vinegars are similar. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish SVs from ZVs and NVs. The differences among the three kinds of vinegars shown by PCA results may be due to the higher erythritol content in SVs, and the inositol and mannitol in ZVs. This study also found that the amount of polyalcohols in Chinese vinegars increases with the acidity value only, regardless of the aging time. The overall results indicated that the polyalcohols can be practicable discriminators for SV discrimination.
Rapid Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Flavonol Aglycones in Food Using u-HPLC Coupled with Heating Block Acidic Hydrolysis
Authors: Shim You-Shin , Kim Seunghee , Seo Dongwon , Ito Masahito , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Park Hyun-Jin , Ha Jaeho
Published: September 2013

A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of flavonol aglycones in food using ultra-high-performance LC (u-HPLC) coupled with a heating-block acidic hydrolysis method was validated in terms of precision, accuracy, and linearity. The u-HPLC separation was performed on an RP C18 column (particle size 2 μm id, 2 mm, length 100 mm) with a photodiode array detector. The LOD and LOQ of the u-HPLC analyses were 0.15 and 0.47 mg/kg for myricetin, 0.09 and 0.28 mg/kg for quercetin, 0.16 and 0.49 mg/kg for kaempferol, and 0.08 and 0.25 mg/kg for isorhamnetin. The intraday and interday precisions of the individual flavonol aglycones were less than 9.31%. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r2 = 0.99) within the tested ranges. Total run time of u-HPLC was 13 min. The rapid u-HPLC method presented herein significantly improved the speed, sensitivity, and resolution of the analyses of myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in food.
Interlaboratory Validation Study of an Event-Specific Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection Method for Genetically Modified 55-1 Papaya
Authors: Noguchi Akio , Nakamura Kosuke , Sakata Kozue , Kobayashi Tomoko , Akiyama Hiroshi , Kondo Kazunari , Teshima Reiko , Ohmori Kiyomi , Kasahara Masaki , Takabatake Reona , Kitta Kazumi
Published: September 2013

Genetically modified (GM) papaya line 55-1 (55-1) is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, and is commercially available in several countries. A specific detection method for 55-1 is required for mandatory labeling regulations. An event-specific real-time PCR method was developed by our laboratory. To validate the method, interlaboratory validation of event-specific qualitative real-time PCR analysis for 55-1 was performed in collaboration with 12 laboratories. DNA extraction and real-time PCR reaction methods were evaluated using 12 blind samples: six non-GM papayas and six GM papayas in each laboratory. Genomic DNA was highly purified from all papayas using an ion-exchange column, and the resulting DNA sample was analyzed using real-time PCR. Papaya endogenous reference gene chymopapain (CHY) and the event-specific 55-1 targeted sequence were detected in GM papayas whereas CHY alone was detected in non-GM papayas in all laboratories. The cycle threshold values of CHY and the 55-1 targeted sequence showed high repeatability (RSDr 0.6–0.8%) and reproducibility (RSDR 2.2–3.6%). This study demonstrates that the 55-1 real-time PCR detection method is a useful and reliable method to monitor 55-1 papaya in foods.
Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination of 151 Pesticides in Soybeans and Pulses
Authors: Wang Jian , Cheung Wendy , Chow Willis
Published: September 2013

This paper presents the application of ultra-high performance LC (UHPLC) and MS for the determination of 151 pesticides in soybeans and pulses. A core-shell particle (2.6 μm particle size) column and a fully porous sub-2 μm (1.7 μm particle size) column showed comparable performance in chromatographic resolution and separation, increasing selectivity, and reducing analysis time. UHPLC was coupled with either a triple quadrupole mass analyzer (MS/MS) or a quadrupole Orbitrap (namely Orbital trap) mass spectrometer (Q-Orbitrap MS), which possesses fast data acquisition capability. Both configurations yielded analytical run times of ≤14 min. Soybean and pulse samples were analyzed and quantitated for pesticide residues using the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) procedure, UHPLC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS, and matrix-matched standard calibration curves (in an analytical range of 5–500 μg/kg) with isotopically-labeled standards or a chemical analog as internal standards. The method performance parameters that included overall recovery, intermediate precision, and measurement uncertainty were evaluated according to a nested design experiment. Approximately 89% of the pesticides studied had recoveries between 81 and 110%; 95%, had intermediate precision ≤20%; and 93% showed measurement uncertainty ≤40%. From a pilot study of 100 samples, eight tested positive by UHPLC/ESI-MS/MS for carbendazim, methomyl, or imidacloprid. These pesticides were further confirmed using UHPLC/ESI-Q-Orbitrap MS based on accurate mass measurement with mass error ≤5 ppm.
Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Foods by Pressure Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2013.06
Authors: Julshamn Kaare , Maage Amund , Norli Hilde Skaar , Grobecker Karl H , Jorhem Lars , Fecher Peter , Dowell Dawn
Published: September 2013

The method for the determination of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in foods by pressure digestion and inductively coupled plasma (ICP)/MS, previously published in J.AOAC Int. 90, 844–856 (2007), was approved as First Action 2013.06 on April 9, 2013 by the Method-Centric Committee for Elemental Contaminants in Food. Digestion occurs using nitric acid in a closed vessel with elevated temperature and pressure by conventional or microwave-assisted heating. Determination occurs using ICP/MS. The elemental concentration ranges for As were 0.06–21.4, for Cd 0.03–28.3, for Hg 0.04–0.6, and for Pb 0.01–2.4 in mg/kg dry matter. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) ranged from 3.8 to 24% for As, 2.6 to 6.9% for Cd, 4.8 to 8.3% for Hg, and 2.9 to 27% for Pb. Reproducibility RSD (RSDR) ranged from 9.0 to 28% for As, 2.8 to 18% for Cd, 9.9 to 24% for Hg, and 8 to 50% for Pb.
Representing the "Historical Centre" of Bologna: Preservation Policies and Reinvention of an Urban Identity
Authors: De Pieri Filippo , Scrivano Paolo
Published: September 2013

This article analyzes the visual and textual representations of the "historical centre" of Bologna before and after 196% the year when the first of the city’s celebrated plans for the preservation of the ancient urban fabric were approved. In spite of the attempts made by architects and planners to precisely and "technically" define the object of the plans, the notion of "historical city centre" remained a vague and ambiguous one. Conflicting images of history, tradition, and centrality shaped the preservation policies, and were in turn reshaped by them. The visual, historical, and political discourse behind the Bologna plans intentionally brought together a multiplicity of local and non-local cultures, resulting in an overall reinvention of both a local identity and an idea of the city of the past.
Movie Palaces on Canadian Downtown Main Streets: Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver
Authors: Moore Paul S.
Published: September 2013

The emergence of movie palaces is traced for St. Catherine Street in Montreal, Yonge Street in Toronto, and Granville Street in Vancouver. Beginning in 1896, film shows were included in a range of urban amusement places. When dedicated movie theatres opened by 1906, they were quickly built throughout the city before the downtown "theatre districts" became well defined. Not until about 1920 were first-run vaudeville-movie palaces at the top of a spatial hierarchy of urban film-going, lasting into the 1950s. After outlining the formation of movie palace film-going, the paper notes how the downtown theatres were next to each city's major department store. A theoretical analysis of how amusement and consumption make "being downtown" significant in everyday urban life follows. A review of the social uses of electric lighting and urban amusements finds that movie palace marquees become a symbol for the organization of downtown crowds and consumers into attentive mass audiences. A brief account of the decline of the movie palace, from the 1970s to 2000, concludes by reviewing the outcomes of replacement by multiplex theatres, demolition, or preservation.
Je Cherche Fortune: Identity, Counterculture, and Profit in Fin-de-siècle Montmartre
Authors: Kenny Nicolas
Published: September 2013

This paper examines the Parisian neighbourhood of Montmartre during the 1880s and 1890s. Isolating themselves on a hilltop to the north of the city, a defiant community of painters and poets left the busy macadam below to position themselves physically and symbolically at the apex of anti-bourgeois, countercultural sentiment. Known for its subversive character, Montmartre's legacy appealed to these passionate and creative youths, and their appropriation of a semi-rural district on the fringes of the metropolitan centre of modernity symbolized their desire to escape stifling cultural traditions. Particularly revealing are the ways in which their art and literature represented at once a deeply interior questioning of identity as well as a loosely unified movement of cultural protest. By the turn of the 20th century, many of these artists and writers had been tamed by the commercialization of their nonconformity, but Montmartre remains a powerful site for the memory of its influential social and cultural transgressions.
Blurred Vision: The Calgary Union Stockyard Issue, 1913–1914
Authors: Foran Max
Published: September 2013

Calgary's historic association with the ranching industry and the increased volume of livestock from mixed farms led municipal leaders to explore the possibility of establishing a union stockyard in the city in 1913–1914. The measures taken to realize this ambition proved futile for several reasons. City leaders could not match their vision with coherence or direction. The result was inadequate consultation with stakeholders, internecine rivalries, and an almost comical sequence of policy changes in which the city's role in the proposed stockyards stance went from coordinator to partner to sole owner. City Council's well-meaning but ill-informed campaign reflected the random approach to civic policy-making that characterized municipal governments of the period.
Creating Community: Industrial Paternalism and Town Planning in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, 1923–1955
Authors: White Neil
Published: September 2013

In the early twentieth century numerous primary extractive industries constructed company towns on the resource frontiers of North America. Company directors hoped that massive capital infusion in remote areas in the form of planned towns would secure a much-needed skilled workforce and generally increase returns. The pulp and paper town of Corner Brook in western Newfoundland is a significant, but largely neglected case in point. This paper details the paternalist and utilitarian motivations of companies for single-industry community construction at this time. More importantly, however, it offers a new and critical approach to the issue of single-industry community development. Early multinational companies sought to secure a place "on the ground" through comprehensive planning and community administration. At the same time, residents of Corner Brook, though constrained by dependence on the sole industry, negotiated their own physically and socially distinct community in a variety of ways. The global-local nexus of company planning, resident response, and change introduces a complexity into the study of company towns that are generally portrayed in terms of rigid top-down company exploitation of a "captive" workforce.
Herbert Brown Ames: Political Reformer and Enforcer
Authors: Méthot Mélanie
Published: September 2013

To make a distinction between political and social reform may appear simplistic, especially when one considers that many turn of the century social reformers were advocates of prohibition, temperance, child welfare and they turned to the pursuit of female enfranchisement, to achieve their goals. Yet, for social reformers contemporary critics, there was a distinction between political and social reforms, and in their eyes, the ones that needed to be urgently implemented were the latter. The review of social reformer Herbert Brown Ames' municipal career shows that he chose to focus on political reform. He did not envision reforms that would radically transform society. Instead, he asked those with means to assume what he believed should be their moral and financial responsibilities towards the less fortunate. He still believed in the hierarchy of classes. He emphasized the importance of honest businessmen holding positions of potential authority, stressing that the key to a better society resided in the establishment of a professional, accountable, and "scientific" municipal government made up of men like himself. His attempt at professionalizing the municipal government should be seen as a first effort at creating a bureaucra^. Ames should be remembered as a paternalist philanthropist businessman who advocated political reforms.
“A Future in the Past”? Tourism Development, Outport Archaeology, and the Politics of Deindustrialization in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s
Authors: Overton James
Published: September 2013

The fishing industry crisis of the 1990s saw the already precarious economic base of the many towns and small communities further eroded in Newfoundland and Labrador. The situation was made worse by both federal and provincial pursuit of programs of economic liberalization that sought to limit the role of the state in economic and social affairs.

As the effects of the crisis were felt, and established state supports were weakened, tourism was embraced by a growing body of local development and heritage organizations as a way of restoring the shattered economic base of many communities. Limited, short-term funding for some tourism-related projects was provided mostly from government programs, largely as a means of politically managing the structural adjustment that was being pursued.

This paper examines the role of the state policy in deindustrialization. After discussing the crisis in Newfoundland and Labrador and the promotion of community development in response to that crisis, some of the problems associated with tourism development and "outport archaeologyn are outlined. Focusing on sustainability and survival, an assessment is made of the role of tourism in dealing with crisis in the once-fishing-dependent communities of Newfoundland and Labrador.
The Landscapes of Winnipeg’s Wildwood Park
Authors: Martin Michael David
Published: September 2013

This paper is a review of the history of the differentiated landscapes of Winnipeg’s Wildwood Park—their origins and their transformations since the community’s establishment in the late 1940s by builder/developer Hubert Bird. Bird patterned his scheme after Stein and Wright’s Radburn garden-city fragment, but the uniquely evolved character of Wildwood Park owes as much to regional landscape, geomorphology, and local post-war culture as it owes to its famed antecedent. As a unique and idiosyncratic community design, Wildwood Park merits attention and further study by planning historians and those interested in alternative neighbourhood forms as social constructions or cultural landscapes. In addition, it suggests many things to designers of contemporary communities, many of whom are currently looking to traditional pre-World-War-II grid-pattern neighbourhood structure and aesthetics as inspiration for (presumably) more socially cohesive neighbourhoods. Whether such designers are inclined toward the garden-city precept for separation of automobiles and pedestrians, or toward this contradictory "new urbanist" premise that cars and people should cohabitate within community open space, Wild-wood Park has much to offer as precedent. Both its pedestrians-only park and its highly interactive lanes that do mix people and cars—and particularly these two complementary landscapes considered as a "matched set"—offer many interesting design lessons in matters of two-dimensional platting, three-dimensional neighbourhood structure and four-dimensional considerations for structural and landscape transformations that occur over the span of several decades.
A Regional Perspective on Canadian Suburbanization: Reflections on Richard Harris’s Creeping Conformity
Authors: McCann Larry
Published: September 2013

Richard Harris’s recently published Creeping Conformity offers a carefully reasoned interpretation of the country’s evolving suburban landscape from the late-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. In particular, Harris argues that Canadian suburbs have passed from a state of diversity to one of conformity. No longer are suburbs a jumble of land uses and social classes. Instead, through the initiative of large, vertically integrated corporations, supported by federal mortgage and other fiscal policies, suburbs have become more middle class, yielding to a "conformity" in the shaping of their physical design and social make-up. This paper suggests that factors of a distinctive regional character—for example, corporate land development in western Canadian cities before World War I and provincial town planning and zoning legislation in the 1920s—require elaboration within the "diversity to conformity" model. Once done, we can then speak more assuredly about how, when, and to what extent "conformity" has emerged to distinguish Canada’s suburban landscape.
“Said tree is a veritable nuisance”: Ottawa’s Street Trees 1869-1939
Authors: Dean Joanna
Published: September 2013

Street trees exist in an ambiguous space between built and natural environments, their status reflecting shifting attitudes towards the natural world. Their place was especially evident in debates over street trees in Ottawa between 1869 and 1939. In the late nineteenth century, homeowners were encouraged to plant trees, to bring esthetic order to the residential streetscape and to reduce miasma. But as they matured, the trees came into conflict with the rapidly expanding infrastructure of sidewalks, asphalt paving, and utility wires. The Ottawa Horticultural Society, led by Dominion Horticulturalist W. T. Macoun, urged city council to have them managed professionally. In response, during the 1920s and 1930s the city engaged in an extensive program of tree trimming and removal, targeting the American elm.
“A Grey Wee Town”: An Environmental History of Early Silver Mining at Cobalt, Ontario
Authors: Baldwin Douglas O. , Duke David F.
Published: September 2013

Cobalt was Ontario’s first mining-boom town and at its height was the world’s fourth-largest producer of silver. The initial discovery of silver in 1903 led to a rush that saw the town grow to several thousand inhabitants within a decade. In this period, land values rose to astronomical heights, thousands of claims were laid, and the town was hemmed in by mining operations. Initially the mines were relatively small-scale and used simple technology, but soon major mining interests impinged on the town geographically and severely affected it politically and economically. The mining-boom story of Cobalt takes the form of a conflict between the town council on the one hand and powerful mining concerns on the other. The former struggled to provide a reasonable standard of living for Cobalt’s inhabitants, while the latter attempted to extract as much silver as quickly as possible from the surrounding land, from beneath neighbouring lakes, and even from within the townsite itself. In this struggle both the urban and natural environments suffered: financial constraints and near-unrestricted mining production resulted in a thoroughly inadequate urban infrastructure, especially in the provision of water for the town’s inhabitants, while unhindered mining systematically deforested and denuded the land around the town and even drained the town’s original main source of water, Cobalt Lake. Today, almost a century after the silver industry began to decline, the Cobalt region still displays the environmental impact of the mining activities of those early, rush years.
Annihilating Space and Time: The Modernization of Fire-Fighting in Late Nineteenth-Century Cornwall, Ontario
Authors: Stein Jeremy
Published: September 2013

The concept "time-space convergence" is rarely used in the context of internal urban communication or urban service provision. This paper applies the concept to the process and modernization of fire-fighting. It does so with reference to Cornwall, Ontario's experience of fighting fires in the late nineteenth century. Examination of the fire-fighting process and of technology's historical role within it shows "time-space convergence" to be a pervasive feature of urban fire control Evidence from Cornwall supports this assertion. Speed was critical The advent of manufacturing, the wish of Cornwall's elite to protect its property, and greater emphasis on the economic value of time and space, all contributed to renewed efforts to speed up the process of fighting fires. Repeatedly, these concerns prompted decisions to invest in new fire-fighting technology. Success was limited, but communities like Cornwall came increasingly to view technology as a measure of their modernity and communal worth. Acquisition of new fire-fighting technology was a clear demonstration of a community's intention to protect accumulated urban assets. This demonstration of intent was as much evidence of a community's modernity as were the multiple efforts to demonstrate and to improve upon the technology's effectiveness.
Eden Smith and the Canadian Domestic Revival
Authors: Adams Annmarie
Published: September 2013

The designer of more than 2500 detached houses in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Toronto, Eden Smith has been hailed as the author of a distinctly Canadian style of domestic architecture. Yet his self-promotion and the reception of his work in both the professional and popular presses of the time emphasize the Englishness of his houses. This paper considers the domestic architecture of Eden Smith as an index of attitudes held by Toronto's upper middle class toward Britain in the early twentieth century. What did the image of an "English house" represent in Edwardian Toronto? Why were these particular qualities attractive to Toronto's landed gentry?

Eden Smith's architecture was both distinct and derivative. The language of the elevations was unmistakably British, while the plan of his houses was something completely new. Smith's popularity and his influence on subsequent generations of Canadian house-architects speak eloquently of the willingness of Toronto's middle class to try new things, but only clothed in the auspices of a British past.
Arrêt sur quelques images de l’enfance*
Authors: Mavrikakis Catherine
Published: September 2013

Dans plusieurs de ses récits, Michael Delisle présente un univers où l’enfant est maltraité, battu et où son futur est avorté. S’il est possible de lire les scènes de cette enfance bafouée comme constitutives d’une fondation de la modernité québécoise, il est important de comprendre que Delisle ne tente pas simplement de nous donner un regard sur l’Histoire du Québec. C’est alors la question de l’anachronisme, du non-historique, d’une marge à l’intérieur même de la société du progrès que Delisle offre au lecteur-spectateur. En ce sens, les textes de Delisle participent d’une esthétique du laid où le lecteur reste sidéré par le récit, arrêté devant celui-ci, comme on le serait devant une image photographique.
La Bildung dans quatre nouvelles du Sort de Fille de Michael Delisle*
Authors: Mottet Philippe
Published: September 2013

Plusieurs oeuvres narratives de Michael Delisle abordent le thème de l’initiation dans le cadre de la banlieue de la rive sud de Montréal des années 1960 et 1970. Dans les nouvelles d’Helen avec un secret et du Sort de Fille, les rencontres que font les protagonistes (généralement adolescents) constituent autant d’événements initiatiques vécus dans l’adversité. Dans Le sort de Fille, ces initiations, malgré la logique du recueil de textes indépendants qui est la sienne, composent une véritable Bildung, donc un ensemble coordonné d’initiations, malgré l’apparente diversité des personnages qui en font l’objet. C’est à définir l’unité et la syntaxe de cette Bildung dans quatre des sept nouvelles du Sort de Fille que s’attèle l’auteur de cet article.
De la judéité souterraine au texte-crypte dans Barney’s version de Mordecai Richler
Authors: Constant Marie-Hélène
Published: September 2013

Le dernier roman de Mordecai Richler, Barney’s Version (1997), s’il propose sous la forme des mémoires un récit autobiographique du personnage de Barney Panofsky, déploie un sous-texte rempli de références culturelles et mémorielles qui en appelle à une communauté de lecteurs élus par une même connaissance des signes textuels de la judéité. Cet article tente d’abord de montrer comment est (ré)activé ce réseau dans la construction d’une bibliothèque imaginaire érigée en lieu de mémoire permettant le legs patrilinéaire. Sur ces bases, il dégage ensuite en quoi l’anglais « yiddishifié » de Richler est un lieu de sédimentation de l’identitaire judaïque, et opère comme une modalité du rite, c’est-à-dire dans un double mouvement d’ouverture à l’élection d’une communauté et de repli sur le secret — moyen de préserver l’accès aux signes aux initiés, à la manière du schibboleth.
Constitutionnalité de dispositions conférant un statut, des privilèges et des droits à une langue minoritaire : le cas singulier du Nunavut et de sa Loi sur la protection de la langue inuit
Authors: Robinson Julie , Power Mark C.
Published: September 2013

La Loi sur la protection de la langue inuit (LPLI) est une loi récente du Nunavut. Unique en son genre au Canada, elle est plus ambitieuse encore que la Charte de la langue française du Québec. Loi controversée, certains se demandent si le législateur n’aurait pas outrepassé ses pouvoirs en adoptant certaines de ses dispositions. En effet, l’article 3 de la LPLI prétend obliger les ministères, organismes ou institutions du gouvernement fédéral opérant au Nunavut à fournir leurs services destinés au public et à afficher leurs panneaux en langue inuit, alors même que ces organisations agissent à l’intérieur d’un champ de compétence fédérale. Les articles 29, 30 et 34 de la LPLI rendent obligatoire la préparation d’un plan d’action pour la langue inuit précisant la manière dont une organisation entend respecter la loi. Ce plan doit être approuvé par le commissaire aux langues, qui dispose d’un important pouvoir d’enquête relativement au respect de la loi. Au premier abord, ces dispositions semblent contredire la règle aujourd’hui acceptée selon laquelle un ordre de gouvernement peut légiférer en matière de langue dans la mesure où il le fait de manière accessoire à un champ de compétence qui lui est propre. Cette norme tire sa force de certaines particularités de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867. Toutefois, après analyse, il appert que ce cadre conceptuel ne s’applique pas au Nunavut. Ce dernier détient bel et bien le pouvoir d’imposer sur son territoire l’utilisation de la langue inuit aux ministères, organismes et institutions du gouvernement fédéral.
La protection d’une vitalité fragile : les droits linguistiques autochtones en vertu de l’article 35
Authors: Poliquin Gabriel
Published: September 2013

L’auteur propose d’interpréter l’article 35 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 et la jurisprudence pertinente à cet article à la lumière de certains principes généraux issus de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada portant sur l’article 23 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, qui garantit des droits linguistiques aux communautés de langue officielle. La thèse suivante se dégage de cette interprétation : les droits autochtones garantis à l’article 35 comprennent des droits linguistiques, dont une obligation positive de l’État de favoriser la vitalité des langues autochtones. Cette obligation de favoriser la vitalité des langues autochtones se démarque de l’obligation de l’État en matière de langues officielles qui est d’assurer l’égalité des deux communautés de langue officielle. L’obligation positive de l’État à l’égard des communautés de langues autochtones est de mettre en place les structures nécessaires à la préservation des patrimoines linguistiques autochtones pour assurer leur transmission d’une génération à l’autre. Le contenu de cette obligation pourra varier d’une communauté linguistique autochtone à l’autre selon l’écologie linguistique propre à cette communauté. L’auteur propose en outre que cette interprétation de l’article 35 est conforme aux principes promulgués par les accords internationaux auxquels le Canada est partie en matière de droits autochtones.
Two Roads Diverged: A Comparative Analysis of Indigenous Rights in a North American Constitutional Context
Authors: Vicaire Peter Scott
Published: September 2013

Fuelled by contrasting political backdrops, indigenous tribes on opposite sides of what has become the Canadian-American border have travelled upon very different trajectories, receiving dissimilar treatment from the respective governments that have laid claim to their lands.

Indian tribes in the United States have sometimes had progressive legislators and high-ranking government officials enact bold laws and policies that were instrumental in creating positive change. Inversely, Aboriginal peoples in Canada have generally had to muddle through decade after decade of middling, indifferent, or occasionally even malicious bureaucrats who have continued to be too sheepish or backward-thinking to make any significant improvements. Further, the Canadian Parliament has yet to offer any substantive legislation in the vein and magnitude of that which was vital in making positive changes for American Indian tribes, even though numerous independent sources have pointed to such an approach. Rather, decades of piecemeal legislation have served only as a half-hearted attempt to counter the more odious effects of the archaic Indian Act, while those laudable governmental voices that have called for bold, substantial change have been largely ignored.
The Emergence of the Press Baron as ‘literary Villain’ in English Letters 1909–1939
Authors: Lonsdale Sarah
Published: September 2013

Although the figure of the journalist is a familiar character of Victorian and Edwardian literature, in 1909 a new figure connected with the press emerges in English letters and becomes a preoccupation for writers for the next thirty years: the popular press baron. While Edwardian ‘newspaper fictions' portrayed him as an entrepreneurial genius, more literary writers became increasingly concerned with popular newspaper proprietors' ability to distort the literary marketplace and devalue language. By the mid to late 1930s the fictional press baron becomes increasingly threatening not just to leftwing politics and writers' ability to get published but to faith in the value of the written word itself. In this study I will attempt to account for this character's emergence in fiction, and writers' attitudes towards him.1
British Literary Responses to the Suez Crisis
Authors: Hammond Andrew
Published: September 2013

By the 1950s, the Suez Canal was crucial for Britain's trade in the Middle East, for its communication with overseas dependencies and for its containment of Soviet influence in Africa. The sudden nationalisation of the canal in July 1956 by Gamal Abdul Nasser, and the obstruction of British military intercession by the United States, struck a blow to the prestige of the nation that resonated in the work of British novelists for decades to come. This essay examines the discursive responses to the Suez Crisis in such texts as John Fowles' Daniel Martin (1977), Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet (1957–60) and Olivia Manning's The Levant Trilogy (1977–80), analysing its links to orientalism, anti-Americanism, Cold War hostilities and fears about British national decline.
Every Little Girl Can Grow up to Be Queen: The Coronation and the Virgin in the Garden
Authors: Feingold Ruth P.
Published: September 2013

A. S. Byatt's The Virgin in the Garden is a bildungsroman that explores its heroine, Frederica Potter's, complicated coming of age during 1953, the year of the Coronation of Elizabeth II. Likewise, the Coronation itself can be considered a bildungsroman of Elizabeth, and of Britain. Both novel and Coronation link the development of individual young women to that of the nation: on the one hand, they are constrained by an ideology of domesticity that channels them into marriage and motherhood; on the other, they derive symbolic – and perhaps some real – power through the way national myths of identity revolve around their likeness.
‘A Land Poisoned’: Eugene McCabe and Irish Postcolonial Gothic
Authors: Flannery Eóin
Published: September 2013

While many of Eugene McCabe's works adhere to the recognisable features of literary naturalism, including a fraught exposition of character, realist narrative language and pessimistic tone, it is my intention to spotlight the formal Gothic dimensions of these literary fictions. I will address, primarily, his most accomplished work to date, the novel Death and Nightingales and his acclaimed, and later televised, short story trilogy, ‘Cancer’, ‘Heritage’ and ‘Victims’. Land and violence are at the core of these narratives and, while the later novel is set in a pre-partition context, many of the same political strains surface across the stories. Appropriation, division, loyalty, and threat are pivotal to the narrative momentum of McCabe's tales, as the author seeks to relate the indelible traumas that stain the physical and cultural landscape of both a pre-partition Ulster and post-partition borderland.
Synthesis of RF Circuits with Negative Time Delay by Using LNA
Authors: Ravelo B.
Published: September 2013

A demonstration of the negative time-delay by using active circuit topologies with negative group delay (NGD) is described in this paper. This negative time delay is realized with two different topologies operating in base band and modulated frequencies. The first NGD topology is composed of an RL-network in feedback with an RF/microwave amplifier. Knowing the characteristics of the amplifier, a synthesis method of this circuit in function of the desired NGD values and the expected time advance is established. The feasibility of this extraordinary physical effect is illustrated with frequency- and time-domain analyses. It is shown in this paper that by considering an arbitrary waveform signal, output in advance of about 7 ns is observed compared to the corresponding input. It is stated that such an effect is not in contradiction with the causality. The other NGD topology is comprised of a microwave amplifier associated with an RLC-series resonant. The theoretical approach illustrating the functioning of this NGD circuit is established by considering the amplifier S-parameters. Then, synthesis relations enabling to choose the NGD device parameters according to the desired NGD and gain values are also established. To demonstrate the relevance of the theoretic concept, a microwave device exhibiting NGD function of about -1.5 ns at around 1.19 GHz was designed and analyzed. The NGD device investigated in this paper presents advantages on its faculty to exhibit positive transmission gain, the implementation of the bias network and matching in the considered NGD frequency band.
Finite Difference Time-Domain Modelling of Metamaterials: GPU Implementation of Cylindrical Cloak
Authors: Dawood A.
Published: September 2013

Finite difference time-domain (FDTD) technique can be used to model metamaterials by treating them as dispersive material. Drude or Lorentz model can be incorporated into the standard FDTD algorithm for modelling negative permittivity and permeability. FDTD algorithm is readily parallelisable and can take advantage of GPU acceleration to achieve speed-ups of 5x-50x depending on hardware setup. Metamaterial scattering problems are implemented using dispersive FDTD technique on GPU resulting in performance gain of 10x-15x compared to conventional CPU implementation.
Resonance of Superconducting Microstrip Antenna with Aperture in the Ground Plane
Authors: Benkouda S. , Fortaki T. , Amir M. , Benghalia A.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a rigorous full-wave analysis of a high Tc superconducting rectangular microstrip antenna with a rectangular aperture in the ground plane. To include the effect of the superconductivity of the microstrip patch in the full-wave analysis, a complex surface impedance is considered. The proposed approach is validated by comparing the computed results with previously published data. Results showing the effect of the aperture on the resonance of the superconducting microstrip antenna are given.
Operating Parameters Affecting the Formation of Kaolin Aerated Flocs in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Oliveira Cristiane , Rodrigues Rafael Teixeira , Rubio Jorge
Published: September 2013

The formation of aerated flocs (aeroflocs) and the main operating parameters involved were studied to improve the rapid solid/liquid separation by flocculation–flotation. A continuous flow system at the laboratory scale was used that coupled micro‐bubbles dissolved air flotation and a flocs generator reactor (FGR). The aerated floc characterization technique was employed to characterize the aggregates obtained using a non‐ionic polymer (920SH SNF‐Floerger®). Flocculation–flotation studies evaluated the effect of the suspension flow rates (Qs: 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, and 0.48 m3/h, the air/solid rates (A/S: 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/mg) and the forms of flocculation (flocculation form I: a primary flocculation after coagulation inside a stirred tank, followed by mixture with air bubbles into the FGR and flocculation form II: full flocculation in the FGR). The main results demonstrated that the mixture of particles, air micro‐bubbles and polymeric macromolecules in a proper turbulent flow inside the FGR was the key to the effective generation of very light aerated flocs. These aggregates had higher uprising rates, which ranged between 70 and 150 m/h and represented 83% of the flocs population at an air/solid rate of 0.02 mg/mg and a flow rate of 0.24 m3/h. It is believed that, by maximizing operating parameters, improvements are achieved, mainly, both increasing the removal efficiencies and the design of the equipment that can be more compact requiring fewer areas than conventional units.
The use of prebiotics during the first year of life for atopy prevention and treatment
Authors: de Moura Priscilla Negrão , Rosário Filho Nelson Augusto
Published: September 2013

The incidence of allergic diseases has increased in recent decades. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of allergic manifestations in children. We sought to conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in children. We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, SciELO, IBECS, Web of Science and Clinical Trials databases as well as Google Scholar and the references of the articles identified. Randomised clinical trials, in which one of the treatments was performed with prebiotics and the control group was treated with placebo, were included in the review. The data selection were performed by two reviewers, and the study quality was evaluated according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) items, according to the recommendations for improving the quality of reports of randomised clinical trials. The selected studies showed heterogeneity with regard to the participants, albeit with similar outcomes. The treatment group size ranged from 134 to 259 children, and the studies compared prebiotic to placebo treatment in each group. In general, these articles showed a trend toward less allergic reactions in the groups receiving active therapy with prebiotics. Although there was a trend for reduced allergic symptoms following the administration of prebiotics, there was not sufficient evidence to establish that such treatment is effective for the prevention of allergies in children.
The Use of ROC Analysis for the Qualitative Prediction of Human Oral Bioavailability from Animal Data
Authors: Olivares-Morales Andrés , Hatley Oliver J. D. , Turner David , Galetin Aleksandra , Aarons Leon , Rostami-Hodjegan Amin
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a tool for the qualitative prediction of human oral bioavailability (Fhuman) from animal oral bioavailability (Fanimal) data employing ROC analysis and to identify the optimal thresholds for such predictions.

Methods

A dataset of 184 compounds with known Fhuman and Fanimal in at least one species (mouse, rat, dog and non-human primates (NHP)) was employed. A binary classification model for Fhuman was built by setting a threshold for high/low Fhuman at 50%. The thresholds for high/low Fanimal were varied from 0 to 100 to generate the ROC curves. Optimal thresholds were derived from ‘cost analysis’ and the outcomes with respect to false negative and false positive predictions were analyzed against the BDDCS class distributions.

Results

We successfully built ROC curves for the combined dataset and per individual species. Optimal Fanimal thresholds were found to be 67% (mouse), 22% (rat), 58% (dog), 35% (NHP) and 47% (combined dataset). No significant trends were observed when sub-categorizing the outcomes by the BDDCS.

Conclusions

Fanimal can predict high/low Fhuman with adequate sensitivity and specificity. This methodology and associated thresholds can be employed as part of decisions related to planning necessary studies during development of new drug candidates and lead selection.
Affective dimensions as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder in first psychotic episodes
Authors: Arrasate M. , González-Ortega I. , Alberich S. , Gutierrez M. , Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M. , Mosquera F. , Cruz N. , González-Torres M.A. , Henry C. , González-Pinto A.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To examine the predictive diagnostic value of affective symptomatology in a first-episode psychosis (FEP) sample with 5 years’ follow-up.

Method

Affective dimensions (depressive, manic, activation, dysphoric) were measured at baseline and 5 years in 112 FEP patients based on a factor structure analysis using the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Patients were classified as having a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at baseline (BDi), bipolar disorder at 5 years (BDf), or “other psychosis”. The ability of affective dimensions to discriminate between these diagnostic groups and to predict a bipolar disorder diagnosis was analysed.

Results

Manic dimension score was higher in BDi vs. BDf, and both groups had higher manic and activation scores vs. “other psychosis”. Activation dimension predicted a bipolar diagnosis at 5 years (odds ratio = 1.383; 95% confidence interval, 1.205–1.587; P = 0.000), and showed high levels of sensitivity (86.2%), specificity (71.7%), positive (57.8%) and negative predictive value (90.5%). Absence of the manic dimension and presence of the depressive dimension were both significant predictors of an early misdiagnosis.

Conclusion

The activation dimension is a diagnostic predictor for bipolar disorder in FEP. The manic dimension contributes to a bipolar diagnosis and its absence can lead to early misdiagnosis.