bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The geology of Hong Kong
Authors: Ruxton Bryan P.
Published: October 2009

A revised succession for Hong Kong includes: marine Upper Palaeozoic and deltaic Lower Jurassic sediments, a series of acid volcanic rocks probably of Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous age, a major intrusive cycle followed by continental Red Beds, post-Red Beds thrusting of mid-Tertiary(?) age, and late Tertiary fanglomerates. No evidence was found of a cycle of igneous activity of post-Red Beds age as previously claimed.

The major intrusive complex is probably of Upper Cretaceous age and consists of:

(Youngest)
Dyke swarms (granite-porphyries and basic dykes), and associated types,

Batholithic granite

(Oldest)
Sheets of quartz-porphyry.

The activity which produced these intrusions probably took place beneath a land surface on or near the margin of a continental block.
Dinantian, Namurian and Westphalian rocks of the district south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon
Authors: Prentice John Edward
Published: October 2009

A stratigraphical succession in the lower part of the Culm Measures has been established in an area between the rivers Taw and Torridge, south-west of Barnstaple, North Devon. Higher Culm strata rest, possibly with unconformity, on the following sequence:—

(d) I
nstow
B
eds
: A greywacke-shale sequence including the Instow Fish-bed. (1500+feet.)

(c) L
imekiln
B
eds
: Bedded siliceous siltstones and black shales. (100–120 feet.)

(b) C
hert
B
eds
: Recognized in two facies—a central or Codden Hill facies, consisting almost entirely of bedded chert, and a northern or Fremington facies, containing in addition much limestone and shale. At the top of the Chert Beds in each facies are a
Posidonia becheri
and a “
Goniatites spiralis
” bed. (150–300+ feet.)

(a) P
ilton
B
eds
(thickness unknown).

The evidence of goniatites, trilobites and lamellibranchs is used to correlate the succession with the Carboniferous of North Germany and northern England. The presence of parts of zones II, IIIα and IIIβ of the German sequence is recognized in successive levels in the Codden Hill facies of the Chert Beds, whilst the Fremington facies is correlated with P
1
of northern England. The Chert Beds in both facies are terminated by the “
G. spiralis
” bed of P
1
d-P
2
a ( =IIIβ
7
or IIIγ
1
) age. The lower and upper
Reticuloceras
stages are represented in the Limekiln Beds, whilst G
2
goniatites are found in the Fish-bed, which lies near the top of the Instow Beds.

The lower part of the sequence is involved in a number of southward-dipping thrust-sheets; the upper part is steeply folded but rarely inverted. The general trend of fold-axes is E.–W.; there is a general westerly plunge of around 12°. Faults are both north-westerly and north-easterly, and appear to have succeeded the main thrusting, whilst minor E.–W. faulting has been observed. The cleavage and jointing can in most cases be related to the major tectonic pattern.
Development of idraparinux and idrabiotaparinux for anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Harenberg Job
Published: October 2009

Idraparinux is an analogue of fondaparinux binding with high affinity to antithrombin. It was designed for weekly, rather than daily, administration, with an exceptionally long half-life. One potential problem with small heparin-like fragments of this type is the difficulty of neutralising excessive activity in the case of sideeffects or overdose. The efficacy of idraparinux was was proven in clincial studies with patients suffering from venous thromboembolism (VTE) or atrial fibrillation. Due to major bleeding events during treatment for more than six months the development of idraparinux was stopped. Idrabiotaparinux has an attached biotin moiety at the non-reducing end unit, which allows its neutralisation with avidin, an egg-derived protein with low antigenicity. This compound is currently investigated in clinical trials for prevention of recurrent VTE in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. The future of idrabiotaparinux depends also on the safety and efficacy of avidin.
DAT1 and 5HTT Are Associated With Pathological Criminal Behavior in a Nationally Representative Sample of Youth
Authors: Vaughn Michael G. , DeLisi Matt , Beaver Kevin M. , Wright John Paul
Published: October 2009

The study of serious, violent, and chronic offenders is a primary research area in criminology; however, its genetic underpinnings are relatively unknown. Based on genetically sensitive data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study empirically explored the genetic antecedents of chronic and dangerous criminal behavior. Controlling for age, gender, cognitive ability, and self-control, the models yielded some significant effects for the genetic polymorphisms dopamine transporter (DAT1) and serotonin transporter (5HTT), and these effects were conditioned by the delinquent peer network within which adolescents were situated—thereby suggesting a significant Gene × Environment interaction.
Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Medial Frontal Cortex and the Caudate in Adolescent Boys With Externalizing Behavior Disorders
Authors: Shannon Katherine E. , Sauder Colin , Beauchaine Theodore P. , Gatzke-Kopp Lisa M.
Published: October 2009

Studies addressing the neural correlates of criminal behavior have focused primarily on the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. However, few studies have examined dopaminergic inputs to these or other brain regions, despite the fact that central dopamine (DA) dysfunction is associated with both trait impulsivity and novelty seeking. Given long-standing associations between both of these personality traits and externalizing psychopathology, the authors examined effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex, two areas that rely on DA input to facilitate associative learning and goal directed behavior. Dysfunction in top-down and bottom-up processing within this dopaminergically mediated frontostriatal circuit may be an important biological vulnerability that increases one’s likelihood of engaging in delinquent and criminal behavior. When compared with controls, reduced effective connectivity between these regions among adolescents with externalizing psychopathology was found, suggesting deficiencies in frontostriatal circuitry.
Phenotypic and Aetiological Associations Between Psychopathic Tendencies, Autistic Traits, and Emotion Attribution
Authors: Jones Alice P. , Larsson Henrik , Ronald Angelica , Rijsdijk Fruhling , Busfield Patricia , Mcmillan Andrew , Plomin Robert , Viding Essi
Published: October 2009

Some behavioural overlap exists between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and both phenotypes are thought to be associated with problems in empathy. However, the broad behavioural profiles and the cognitive-affective deficits associated with the two conditions are at least partly separable. The main aim of this study was to assess the extent to which the aetiology of psychopathic tendencies is independent of autistic traits. A secondary aim was to study the aetiology of emotion attribution ability and its association with psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits. Based on data from a sample of 642 twin pairs, the genetic and nonshared environmental influences related to psychopathic tendencies were largely unique to each phenotype. Common environmental influences between psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits overlapped. Poorer emotion attribution ability was associated with increased psychopathic tendencies and autistic traits, and these associations were mainly explained by common genetic factors.
Executive Functioning and Risky Decision Making in Young Male Offenders
Authors: Syngelaki Eva M. , Moore Simon C. , Savage Justin C. , Fairchild Graeme , Van Goozen Stephanie H.M.
Published: October 2009

Executive functioning (EF) deficits have been implicated in antisocial behavior. EF constitutes a broad selection of functions, and it is yet to be determined what specific aspects of EF are associated with antisocial behavior. This study examines IQ, EF, and related decision-making processes in young males involved with the criminal justice system and their age-matched male controls. The Risky Choice Task (RCT), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and tests taken from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessing spatial working memory, planning, and set-shifting ability were administered. Young offenders showed lower estimated IQ scores and perseveration of responding, as indicated by performance on the WCST. There were also specific EF impairments, such as problems in working memory and planning (CANTAB). Finally, young offenders showed more risky decision-making than controls did, particularly after a small win. The results on the RCT suggest altered reward mechanisms in young offenders, whereas the findings also support the notion of EF difficulties related to dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex functioning. The implications of these findings for interventions with young offenders are discussed.
What Biosocial Criminology Offers Criminology
Authors: Wright John Paul , Boisvert Danielle
Published: October 2009

Criminology has historically maligned biological perspectives despite the scientific rigor of the biological sciences. In recent years, however, a growing number of criminologists are incorporating biological, neurological, genetic, and neuropsychological constructs along with environmental measures into their research. This review explores the relevance of biosocial criminology to the parent discipline of criminology by focusing on its scientific discovery, advanced methodologies, increased theoretical specificity, acknowledgement and illumination of individual differences, and promise of effective policy based on knowledge of human development. In sum, biosocial criminology is a potential fruitful paradigm shift in the scientific study of crime.
What is wrong with agonistic pluralism?
Authors: Erman Eva
Published: October 2009

During the last couple of decades, concurrently with an increased awareness of the complexity of ethical conflicts, political theorists have directed attention to how constitutional democracy should cope with a fact of incommensurable doctrines. Poststructuralists such as Chantal Mouffe claim that ethical conflicts are fundamentally irreconcilable, which is indeed a view shared by many liberal theorists. The question of whether ethical conflicts are in principle irreconcilable is an important one since the answer has implications for what democratic institutions are desirable. In light of this question the article investigates the notion of conflict in agonistic pluralism and discourse theory. At first glance, Mouffe’s agonism seems apt to accommodate ethical conflict in democratic governance, since it focuses on conflict as the core of politics, whereas Habermasian deliberative democracy seems inappropriate for this task, as it focuses on consensus. However, through an inquiry into the conditions of conflict this article will argue the opposite, namely, that conflict cannot be adequately understood within Mouffe’s agonistic framework. The thesis defended is (1) that discourse theory offers a more accurate account of conflict than agonistic theory because it embraces the idea that deliberation is constitutive of conflict, and (2) that some of Habermas’ assumptions concerning ethical discourse need to be revised in order for his democratic theory to fully accommodate this insight.
Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas
Authors: Sievert Angela J. , Fisher Michael J.
Published: October 2009

Pediatric low-grade gliomas encompass a heterogeneous set of tumors of different histologies. Cerebellar pilocytic astrocytomas occur most frequently followed by supratentorial diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas. Recent research has implicated activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK pathway in tumorigenesis of these tumors. Surgery is the mainstay of therapy. Overall survival rates for patients whose tumors are completely resected are 90% or greater, 10 years from diagnosis. Conversely, most optic pathway/hypothalamic, deep midline, and brain stem gliomas have minimal potential for resection; these tumors can be difficult to treat and deserve special attention. Combination chemotherapy is currently recommended as front-line adjuvant treatment for progressive or recurrent tumors. Second-line radiotherapy can also improve overall survival but is associated with more frequent and significant neurocognitive, endocrine, and other long-term toxicities.
Neuroimaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors: From Basic to Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Authors: Panigrahy Ashok , Blüml Stefan
Published: October 2009

In this review, the basic magnetic resonance concepts used in the imaging approach of a pediatric brain tumor are described with respect to different factors including understanding the significance of the patient’s age. Also discussed are other factors directly related to the magnetic resonance scan itself including evaluating the location of the tumor, determining if the lesion is extra-axial or intra-axial, and evaluating the contrast characteristics of the lesion. Of note, there are key imaging features of pediatric brain tumors, which can give information about the cellularity of the lesion, which can then be confirmed with advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The second part of this review will provide an overview of the major advanced MRI techniques used in pediatric imaging, particularly, magnetic resonance diffusion, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and magnetic resonance perfusion. The last part of the review will provide more specific information about the use of advanced magnetic resonance techniques in the evaluation of pediatric brain tumors.
Neurologic Sequelae of Brain Tumors in Children
Authors: Ullrich Nicole J.
Published: October 2009

Neurologic signs and symptoms are often the initial presenting features of a primary brain tumor and may also emerge during the course of therapy or as late effects of the tumor and its treatment. Variables that influence the development of such neurologic complications include the type, size, and location of the tumor, the patient’s age at diagnosis, and the treatment modalities used. Heightened surveillance and improved neuroimaging modalities have been instrumental in detecting and addressing such complications, which are often not appreciated until many years after completion of therapy. As current brain tumor therapies are continually refined and newer targeted therapies are developed, it will be important for future cooperative group studies to include systematic assessments to determine the incidence of neurologic complications and to provide a framework for the development of novel strategies for prevention and intervention.
A metasynthesis of midwives’ experience of hospital practice in publicly funded settings: compliance, resistance and authenticity
Authors: O'Connell Rhona , Downe Soo
Published: October 2009

Worldwide, increasing percentages of women are giving birth in centralized hospitals in the belief that this maximizes safety for themselves and their babies. In parallel, there is international recognition that the number of birth interventions used in the routine care of labouring women is rising. This is fuelling concern about iatrogenesis, and, particularly, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. It also has an adverse impact on the economics of health care. National and international policy characterizes midwives as the guardians of normal childbirth. This guardianship appears to be failing. The objective of this metasynthesis is to explore midwives’ perceptions of hospital midwifery with a focus on labour ward practice to examine professional discourses around midwifery work in the current modernist, risk averse and consumerist childbirth context. Based on an iterative search strategy, 14 studies were selected for the metasynthesis. Three overarching themes were identified: ‘power and control’; ‘compliance with cultural norms’; and ‘attempting to normalize birth’. Most midwives aimed to provide what they characterized as ‘real midwifery’ but this intention was often overwhelmed with heavy workloads and the normative pressure to provide equitable care to all women. This raises questions of authenticity, both in terms of midwives living out their beliefs, and in terms of acknowledgement of the power to resist. The theoretical insights generated by the metasynthesis could have resonance for other professional and occupational groups who wish to offer autonomous individualized services in an increasingly risk-averse target driven global society.
Enacting death in the intensive care unit: medical technology and the multiple ontologies of death
Authors: Hadders Hans
Published: October 2009

This article explores various ways health personnel enact death in connection with mechanical ventilation treatment withdrawal in the intensive care unit (ICU) at Trondheim University Hospital. The main focus is on sedated terminal patients who undergo mechanical ventilator treatment withdrawal and relatives’ presence at this time. Mol’s (2002) praxiographic orientation of the actor-network approach is followed while exploring this medical practice. Utilizing this interdisciplinary science and technology studies approach this article describes what Timmermans and Berg (2003) have called ‘ technology-in-practice’. Thus the main focus of the analysis is on medical interventions, and enactments of death within medical practice. The article argues against a ‘social essentialist’ approach to medical technology, which views technology as a passive force empowered by social relations. It explores how various enactments of death are intrinsically linked with and shaped by the use of medical technology within clinical practice. A praxiographic inquiry into how death is enacted carefully takes notice of how medical practice and techniques make death audible, tangible, visible, knowable and real. Mol’s praxiographic approach also enables a description of how the multiple enactments of death connect within end-of-life care through various forms of coordination. This article is based on interviews with 28 nurses and two physicians in a Norwegian intensive care unit.
Stigma, or sort of cool
Authors: Scheffels Janne
Published: October 2009

The aim of this article is to explore young adult smokers' constructions of identity, as revealed in accounts of their smoking experiences. A qualitative study was conducted in which interviews were held with 21 male and female smokers aged 18-23. The data were analyzed based on principles from a social constructivist approach to grounded theory, acknowledging the role of language and discourse in the construction of reality. Three key identities were read out of the interviewees' accounts: 1) the performative smoker, a construction related mainly to smoking initiation; 2) the defensive smoker; and, 3) the negotiating smoker. The smoker identities constructed by young adult smokers in this study appear to be characterized by considerable contradiction: a 'split vision' between classical positive meanings of smoking as a symbol of freedom, courage and individuality together with conflicting yet parallel meanings positioned by a strong discourse of smoking as stigmatized, immoral and undistinguished.
Controlling the ‘anti sexual’ city
Authors: Sanders Teela
Published: October 2009

This article makes connections between the politics and policies relating to prostitution and anti social behaviour, with the construction of sexual citizenship. Through an analysis of what I have termed policing the ‘anti sexual’ city, I argue that new social technologies of control applied by a range of policing agencies include a gendered and sexual dimension to enforce ‘appropriate’ conduct among those considered to be sexually ‘disordered’ and ‘uncivil’. I apply the concept of public patriarchy to the case of the management of female street prostitution, through New Labour’s insistence on an eradication and ‘exiting’ agenda. I argue that ‘forced welfarism’, through anti social behaviour mechanisms, are used to enforce ‘correct’ sexual citizenship through the tools of public patriarchy. Mechanisms of coercion, rehabilitation, and responsibilization are applied to sex workers through the contradictory narratives of ‘victim’ and ‘offender’ that are played out in policy and practice. In summary, I argue that anti social behaviour policies that implement contractual governance have become a vehicle for ensuring that the benchmarks of sexual citizenship are maintained through the politics of inclusion and exclusion.
Social landlords and the regulation of conduct in urban spaces in the United Kingdom
Authors: Flint John , Pawson Hal
Published: October 2009

Social landlords in the United Kingdom are embedded in governance regimes that regulate citizens’ conduct, including addressing antisocial behaviour. This article seeks to contribute to the literature on the geography of regulating conduct through examining the spatial dimensions of social landlords’ attempts to influence behaviour, and to map the range of technologies and measures utilized by social landlords on to particular urban spaces. Two spaces are identified: the property and its vicinity, and the wider neighbourhood. The article argues that social landlords have been engaging in increasingly intensive regulation of the private and domestic arena of the home as well as expanding their role in the regulation of spaces and populations within and beyond residential neighbourhoods.
Planning, urban design and the night-time city
Authors: Roberts Marion
Published: October 2009

The planning system was constrained by a neo-liberalist insistence on land-use planning in the 1980s and early 1990s, thereby providing the institutional framework for deregulation of the numbers, capacities and types of licensed premises in town and city centres. This had a direct impact on levels of crime, violence and anti-social behaviour. Criminologists have criticized planners for their complicity in this process. The article argues that entertainment uses have been marginal to the social and ecological preoccupations of the planning profession. It suggests that the reintroduction of spatial planning by the New Labour government has allowed planners to reassert social and environmental objectives into their development plans and potentially to introduce a greater degree of regulatory control. The article examines the changes to the planning system and its complex relation to licensing. Finally, it questions whether this new opportunity for planners to intervene will be realized in the current economic downturn.
Identification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins associated with metastasis and functional analysis of FER in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Li Haiyu , Ren Zhenggang , Kang Xiaonan , Zhang Lan , Li Xuefei , Wang Yan , Xue Tongchun , Shen Yuefang , Liu Yinkun
Published: October 2009

Background-

Aberrant activity of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins is commonly associated with HCC metastasis. Cell signaling events driven by these proteins are implicated in numerous processes that alter cancer cell behavior. Exploring the activities and signaling pathways of these proteins in HCC metastasis may help in identifying new candidate molecules for HCC-targeted therapy.

Methods-

Hep3B (a nonmetastatic HCC cell line) and MHCC97H (a highly metastatic HCC cell line) were used in this study, and the tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins expressed in these cell lines were profiled by a phosphoproteomics technique based on LC-MS/MS. Protein-protein interaction and functional clustering analyses were performed to determine the activities of the identified proteins and the signaling pathways closely related to HCC metastasis.

Results-

In both cell lines, a total of 247 phosphotyrosine (pTyr) proteins containing 281 pTyr sites were identified without any stimulation. The involvement of almost 30% of these in liver or liver cancer has not been reported previously. Biological process clustering analysis indicated that pTyr proteins involved in cell motility, migration, protein autophosphorylation, cell-cell communication, and antiapoptosis functions were overexpressed during metastasis. Pathway clustering analysis revealed that signaling pathways such as those involved in EGFR signaling, cytokine- and chemokine-mediated signal transduction, and the PI3K and JAK-STAT cascades were significantly activated during HCC metastasis. Moreover, noncanonical regulation of the JNK cascade might also provide new targets for HCC metastasis. After comparing the pTyr proteins that were differentially expressed during HCC cell metastasis, we selected FER, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, and validated its role in terms of both expression and function. The data confirmed that FER might play a critical role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC.

Conclusion-

The identification of pTyr proteins and signaling pathways associated with HCC metastasis could provide useful information for selecting new molecular intervention targets. Moreover, FER might serve as a novel drug target in future HCC therapy.
Targeted next-generation sequencing of a cancer transcriptome enhances detection of sequence variants and novel fusion transcripts
Authors: Levin Joshua Z , Berger Michael F , Adiconis Xian , Rogov Peter , Melnikov Alexandre , Fennell Timothy , Nusbaum Chad , Garraway Levi A , Gnirke Andreas
Published: October 2009

Targeted RNA-Seq combines next-generation sequencing with capture of sequences from a relevant subset of a transcriptome. When testing by capturing sequences from a tumor cDNA library by hybridization to oligonucleotide probes specific for 467 cancer-related genes, this method showed high selectivity, improved mutation detection enabling discovery of novel chimeric transcripts, and provided RNA expression data. Thus, targeted RNA-Seq produces an enhanced view of the molecular state of a set of "high interest" genes.
Anionic Fluoro Complex of Element 105, Db
Authors: Kasamatsu Yoshitaka , Toyoshima Atsushi , Asai Masato , Tsukada Kazuaki , Li Zijie , Ishii Yasuo , Toume Hayato , Sato Tetsuya K , Kikuchi Takahiro , Nishinaka Ichiro , Nagame Yuichiro , Haba Hiromitsu , Kikunaga Hidetoshi , Kudou Yuki , Oura Yasuji , Akiyama Kazuhiko , Sato Wataru , Ooe Kazuhiro , Fujisawa Hiroyuki , Shinohara Atsushi , Goto Shin-ichi , Hasegawa Taichi , Kudo Hisaaki , Nanri Tomohiro , Araki Mikio , Kinoshita Norikazu , Yokoyama Akihiko , Fan Fangli , Qin Zhi , Düllmann Christoph E , Schädel Matthias , Kratz Jens V
Published: October 2009

We report on the characteristic anion-exchange behavior of the superheavy element dubnium (Db) with atomic number Z=105 in HF/HNO3 solution at the fluoride ion concentration [F−]=0.003 M. The result clearly demonstrates that the fluoro complex formation of Db is significantly different from that of the group-5 homologue Ta in the 6th period of the periodic table while the behavior of Db is similar to that of the lighter homologue Nb in the 5th period.
New Scheelite-based Environmentally Friendly Yellow Pigments: (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4
Authors: Sameera Saithathul Fathimah , Rao Padala Prabhakar , Kumari Leela Sandhya , Koshy Peter
Published: October 2009

New scheelite-based environmentally friendly yellow pigments with the general formula, (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4 (x=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) have been synthesized by a solid-state route. The resulting colorants were characterized for their structural as well as optical properties. The color parameters, L*, a*, and b* values have been significantly improved in the solid solutions of (BiV)x(CaW)1−xO4 over those of BiVO4. Further, the solid solutions allow fine tuning of the optical band gap resulting in various shades of yellow. The synthesized pigments were found to be interesting alternatives to existing toxic yellow pigments.
Organogel Formation and Chromic Behavior of Hydrogen-bonding Lophine Derivatives
Authors: Yabuuchi Kazuhiro , Oda Naoki , Inokuchi Makoto
Published: October 2009

A new hydrogen-bonding lophine derivative and its dimeric compound have been prepared. The monomeric compound acts as a low molecular weight gelator for several organic solvents such as benzene and tetrachloromethane, while the dimeric compound does not. However, the dimeric compound easily forms thin films by casting from solutions, and the film exhibits chromic behavior by both UV irradiation and strong shear stress.
Media use and school achievement – boys at risk?
Authors: Mößle Thomas , Kleimann Matthias , Rehbein Florian , Pfeiffer Christian
Published: October 2009

In work done at the German Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony (KFN) various methods have been used to investigate how specific inappropriate media usage patterns affect academic performance in children and adolescents. The findings are paralleled by current international research indicating a negative relationship between these two variables. Based on a cross‐sectional survey of 5,529 fourth grade students and a longitudinal panel study with 1,157 primary schoolchildren, a key finding can be demonstrated: the more time students spend on consuming media and the more violent its contents are, the worse are their marks at school, even when controlling for vital factors such as family, educational, or immigrant background. In particular, boys who gender‐specifically are better equipped with electronic media devices, who partially have extensive media usage times and who strongly prefer violent media content, are at the risk of showing poor school performance. In fact, a decrease in academic performance of boys can be observed in German school statistics. By presenting first results of a school‐based intervention programme, a promising approach to the reduction of detrimental effects of electronic media use on school performance is introduced.
When the happy victimizer says sorry: Children's understanding of apology and emotion
Authors: Smith Craig E. , Chen Diyu. , Harris Paul L.
Published: October 2009

Previous research suggests that children gradually understand the mitigating effects of apology on damage to a transgressor's reputation. However, little is known about young children's insights into the central emotional implications of apology. In two studies, children ages 4–9 heard stories about moral transgressions in which the wrongdoers either did or did not apologize. In Study 1, children in the no‐apology condition showed the classic pattern of ‘happy victimizer’ attributions by expecting the wrongdoer to feel good about gains won via transgression. By contrast, in the apology condition, children attributed negative feelings to the transgressor and improved feelings to the victim. In Study 2, these effects were found even when the explicit emotion marker ‘sorry’ was removed from the apology exchange. Thus, young children understand some important emotional functions of apology.
Gender and images of nature and sport in British and German news magazines: the global and the national in images of advertising
Authors: Wrsching Martha
Published: October 2009

The article has an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on research from gender, media, sport and cultural studies. It considers the discourses of nature and sport in advertising which targets mainly men, in the editorial context of two examples of British and German news magazines, namelyThe EconomistandDer Spiegel, from a critical cultural and gender studies perspective. It aims to outline the relational nature and hierarchical structure of gender reflected in constructs of popular culture; to assess whether promotional discourses of nature and sport are conceived to assert a uniform, global hegemonic masculinity, or whether nationally distinctive target-groups are addressed in specifically national ways. It analyzes the particular gender ideologies contained in commodity advertising that use metaphors of untamed nature and competitive sports to address audiences who are considered to be opinion leaders in Britain and/or Germany. The aspiration towards global competitiveness or neo-colonial domination visualized by wild, virgin landscapes and global sports will be questioned in relation to the concept of global or national identity.
Clinical and Economic Effects of iNO in Premature Newborns With Respiratory Failure at 1 Year
Authors: Watson R. Scott , Clermont Gilles , Kinsella John P. , Kong Lan , Arendt Robert E. , Cutter Gary , Linde-Zwirble Walter T. , Abman Steven H. , Angus Derek C. ,   on behalf of the Prolonged Outcomes After Nitric Oxide Investigators
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: The long-term consequences of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) use in premature newborns with respiratory failure are unknown. We therefore studied the clinical and economic outcomes to 1 year of corrected age after a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic iNO.

METHODS: Premature newborns (gestational age ≤34 w, birth weight 500–1250 g) with respiratory failure randomly received 5 ppm iNO or placebo within 48 h of birth until 21 d or extubation. We assessed clinical outcomes via in-person neurodevelopmental evaluation at 1 y corrected age and telephone interviews every 3 m. We estimated costs from detailed hospital bills and interviews, converting all costs to 2008 US$. Of 793 trial subjects, 631 (79.6%) contributed economic data, and 455 (77.1% of survivors) underwent neurodevelopmental evaluation.

RESULTS: At 1 y corrected age, survival was not different by treatment arm (79.2% iNO vs. 74.5% placebo, P = .12), nor were other post-discharge outcomes. For subjects weighing 750–999 g, those receiving iNO had greater survival free from neurodevelopmental impairment (67.9% vs. 55.6%, P = .04). However, in subjects weighing 500–749 g, iNO led to greater oxygen dependency (11.7% vs. 4.0%, P = .04). Median total costs were similar ($235 800 iNO vs. $198 300 placebo, P = .19). Quality-adjusted survival was marginally better with iNO (by 0.011 quality-adjusted life-years/subject). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was $2.25 million/quality-adjusted life-year.

CONCLUSIONS: Subjects in both arms commonly experienced neurodevelopmental and pulmonary morbidity, consuming substantial health care resources. Prophylactic iNO beginning in the first days of life did not lower costs and had a poor cost-effectiveness profile.
Minimally Invasive Antral Membrane Balloon Elevation in the Presence of Antral Septa: A Report of 26 Procedures
Authors: Kfir Efraim , Goldstein Moshe , Rafaelov Ronen , Yerushalmi Israel , Kfir Vered , Mazor Ziv , Kaluski Edo
Published: October 2009

Antral septa of the maxillary sinus occurs in approximately one third of patients undergoing posterior maxillary bone augmentation and is considered a relative contraindication for lateral maxillary window (“hinge osteotomy”). We present the results of 26 consecutive cases of patients with septated maxillary sinus who underwent minimally invasive antral membrane balloon elevation (MIAMBE) followed by bone augmentation and implant fixation. After undergoing preprocedural assessment and signing an informed consent, 57 consecutive patients were referred for posterior maxillary bone augmentation. Alveolar crest exposure (via 3-mm osteotomies), MIAMBE, and bone augmentation were followed by implant placement and primary closure (executed at the same sitting). Implant loading was done 6–9 months later. Twenty-six out of 57 (45.6%) patients had significant septa (detected on computed tomography) in the designated augmentation region. Twenty-four (92%) concluded the initial procedure successfully. Two patients had membrane tear requiring procedure abortion. Mean procedure time was 48 ± 23 minutes. Incremental bone height consistently exceeded 10 mm, and implant survival of 95.2% was observed at 6–9 months. MIAMBE can be applied to patients in need of posterior maxilla bone augmentation in the presence of septated maxillary sinus with high procedural success, low complication rate, and satisfactory bone augmentation and implant survival. MIAMBE should be an alternative to the currently employed methods of maxillary bone augmentation, especially in the presence of septated maxilla.
Effect of Gravity on Squeeze Treatment
Authors: Foroushani S. Abtahi , Ravari R. Rostami , Amani M.
Published: October 2009

The use of scale-inhibitor squeeze treatments to prevent downhole deposition of carbonate and sulphate scale is a well-stablished procedure in both onshore and offshore oil production facilities. Such treatments are used in production wells when the watercut reaches a level where scale formation is considered to be a problem that cannot be economically controlled by remedial dissolution of the deposits. Increasing the squeeze life is the key parameter in optimizing the treatments. Many ways and solutions for optimization of treatments have been suggested. In this study we are interested in the ways which are related to gravity effects and generally the objective of this project is to investigate the effect of gravity on the different stages of a treatment.
The Comparison of Effects of Injection of Natural/Nitrogen Gases on Asphaltene Precipitation Process
Authors: Hajizadeh Alireza , Ravari Reza Rostami , Amani Mahmood
Published: October 2009

Asphaltene and wax depositions in the course of production of many Iranian reservoirs have become a serious problem. In order to investigate the effects of injecting rich and dry gases and also nitrogen, on the asphaltene precipitation process, a comprehensive research study was launched.

The three phase equilibrium calculation of NGHIEM and his colleagues was used [6]. In the method pure asphaltene in the oil was considered as solid and the heavy part of the oil was split as precipitating and non-precipitating. The provided model was able to describe the phase behavior of reservoir oil encountered with a compositional disturbance caused by injecting light fluids into the reservoir during the production period.

In this work, first, the natural depletion model of each case was constructed and then the changes of behavior by injecting rich and dry natural gases and also high nitrogen content gas were investigated. Also the changes in the onset of asphaltene precipitation for different injections were shown. The achieved results showed that the nitrogen gas had more moderate effect on precipitation process compared to more vigorous effect of dry and rich gases.
On the Importance and Application of Integrated Asset Modeling of a Giant Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Khedr Osama , Al Marzouqi M. , Torrens Richard , Amtereg Ahmed
Published: October 2009

This paper presents an application of integrated asset modeling to a giant offshore oil field. The field is located northwest of Abu Dhabi Island and is one of the largest offshore fields in the world. The asset comprises several individually modeled reservoir layers sharing a common surface facility. The traditional method of modeling this field involves running separate simulation models assuming fixed boundary conditions at the wellhead. This does not accurately model the effects of the constraints imposed by the surface facility.

The primary aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of integrated asset modeling in formulating an optimized, cost- effective development plan. This is achieved through the provision of realistic production profiles, taking into account the impact of system backpressure and changes in operating conditions. Secondly, integrated modeling acts to reduce uncertainty in the design data in terms of phased production for future facility upgrading and replacement. Finally, integrated modeling provides a framework for production system optimization under different development schemes.

Included in the discussions presented here are a validation of the integrated asset modeling tool, an overview of the business requirements for the operation of the field over the next 30 years, and analysis of selected development strategies highlighting the added value of integrated asset modeling.

The results of the integrated studies helped to formulate decisions on infill drilling based on realistic production profiles. Secondly, they served to reduce risk through better understanding of the surface and subsurface interaction. Thirdly, they helped to support the decision for commissioning a new concept facility layout (artificial islands), which represents a significantly lower CAPEX investment with more flexibility. Finally, the integrated study assisted in making decisions on the application and type of artificial lift and displacement mechanisms.
Reservoir Rock Typing in a Carbonate Reservoir- Cooperation of Core and Log Data: Case Study
Authors: Chekani Mitra , Kharrat Riyaz
Published: October 2009

Reservoir characterization is one of the most challenging subjects in Carbonate reservoirs. In this study Flow Zone Index, Winland and initial water saturation methods were used to classify rock typing in an Iranian oil field located in the south-eastern region. In addition, the predicted initial water saturation along with log and core data was used for capillary pressure estimation.

The studied field is a Cretaceous fractured oil bearing reservoir composed of tightly packed limestone characterized by high porosity but poor permeability with a thickness of 55-65 meters throughout the reservoir. The matrix permeabilities and porosity are in the range of 0.01-150 md and 5-40 percent respectively. The oil gravity is 21.5 degree API.

Conventional Core data were first used to define the rock types for the cored intervals in which nine district rock types were defined. Furthermore, the FZI (Flow Zone Index) log was also generated based on the permeability which was obtained from FMI (Full-bore Formation Micro Imager) and porosity logs of cored and un-cored intervals. In addition, SLMP (Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz) plots were generated for the purpose of identifying flow zone and barriers in each well. Also, Winland method was also used for the same purpose. The results of SLMP were consistent with Winland result and FZI. The Scanning Electro Microscopy Photomicrographs of the obtained rock type were studied and found to be consistent with the finding of this work.

Further, the available initial water saturations obtained from log data were classified in three groups and found to consistent with FZI and Winland methods. Based on the DRT (District Rock Type) obtained from the FZI method a correlation between initial water saturation from the log and DRT was developed for the purpose of initial water saturation prediction. The generated data was used for the capillary pressure and relative permeability estimation. The generated capillary pressure and relative permeability were consistent with available scale data and provided sufficient Pc curve for the uncored intervals.
Generating 3-D Permeability Map of Fracture Networks Using Well, Outcrop and Pressure Transient Data
Authors: Jafari A. , Babadagli T.
Published: October 2009

This paper was prepared for the 2009 SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference.

Well log and core information, seismic surveys, outcrop studies, and pressure transient tests are usually insufficient to generate representative 3-D fracture network maps individually. Any combination of these sources of data could potentially be used for accurate preparation of static models.

Our previous attempts showed that there exists a strong correlation between the statistical and fractal parameters of 2-D fracture networks and their permeability (Jafari and Babadagli, 2009). We extend this work to fracture network permeability estimation using the statistical and fractal properties data conditioned to well test information. For this purpose, 3-D fracture models of nineteen natural fracture patterns with all known fracture network parameters were generated initially. It is assumed that 2-D fracture traces on the top of these models and also 1-D data from imaginary wells which penetrated the whole thickness of the cubic models were available, as well as pressure transient tests of different kinds. The 1- and 2-D data include statistical parameters (density and length distribution) and ten different fractal characteristics of different properties of the fracture system. Next, the permeability of each 3-D fracture network model was calculated and then converted into a grid based permeability map for drawdown well test simulations using commercial software packages.

Finally, an extensive multivariable regression analysis using the statistical and fractal properties and well test permeability as independent variables was performed to obtain a correlation for equivalent fracture network permeability. The equation was validated against different natural and synthetic fracture network patterns. The cases requiring expensive well (logsand cores) and reservoir (pressure transient tests) data were identified. This approach and correlation is expected to be a useful tool for practitioners asit reduces the computational time in static model preparation significantly and utilizes the available data effectively.

Introduction

The two most common approaches proposed for model transport in fractured reservoirs (dynamic modeling) are single and dual-porosity models. These methods require grid based representation of fracture network properties like porosity and permeability. The discrete fracture network approach is morecapable of representing the complex nature of fracture networks but they are limited in modeling complex dynamic processes. Hence, an accuraterepresentation of a fracture network and its equivalent permeabilitydistribution is a crucial task in dynamic modeling.
Shale Barrier Effects on the SAGD Performance
Authors: Shin Hyundon , Choe Jonggeun
Published: October 2009

The SAGD process has already been implemented for commercial production in Alberta Oil Sands areas in Western Canada since early 2000. SAGD performance is very sensitive to reservoir heterogeneities such as shale barriers, bottom and/or top water zones, and a gas cap. In the SAGD process, low permeability zones such as shale layers may act as a flow barrier depending on their size, vertical and horizontal locations, and continuity throughout the reservoir thus making it very important to understand and characterize the effect of shale layers.

In this study, the impact of various sizes and locations of shale barriers have been investigated through two-dimensional hypothetical simulation models. The various simulation models have been designed to investigate the shale size and vertical location in both BIP (shale between the injector and producer) and AP (shale above the producer) cases. Two different types of models were designed to look at the effect of flow path existence between the injector and producer: type-A is designated as having a no flow path directly above the producer and type-B has a flow path directly above the producer.

The simulation results show that type-A has a greater impact than type-B on SAGD performance especially for the BIP case. Small shale sizes of 3 and 5 m have a slight impact on performance; however, cases with 10 m shale have a greater impact due to the disruption of gravity drainge to the producer. Type-A BIP may require a longer pre-heating period for successful SAGD operation. Generally, shale barriers of 5 to 25 m are not critical for an AP case regardless of vertical location of shale barriers; however shale barriers greater than 50 m may act as a barrier and reduce the effective pay thickness of the reservoir depending upon the its vertical location.