bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of Titanium by Cobalt-Containing Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Promotes Osteogenic Response
Authors: Qin Yang , Zhao Quan-Ming , Ni Xiao-Hui , Yin Shi , Ma Zhi-Gang , Ni Jin-Ping , Xia Ya-Qing , Suresh Shoma , Krishnan Sasirekha , Zou Chun-Xiang , Ramalingam Murugan
Published: July 2021

Titanium (Ti) is a widely used metallic biomaterial in developing orthopedic implants or devices, but it is often encountered with a poor osteogenic response. In this study, the authors report the surface modification of Ti with cobalt (Co)-containing titanium dioxide (TiO2)
coatings by plasma oxidation technique in order to enhance its cellular response. The results were compared between unmodified and surface modified Ti. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the surface coating was homogenous and porous throughout the test specimen. Indeed,
the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis showed that the cobalt was evenly distributed on the Ti surface. It was also observed from the preliminary cell culture studies that the surfacemodified Ti has excellent cell compatibility and has promoted the adhesion and proliferation
of osteoblasts when compared to the unmodified Ti. The present study clearly demonstrated that the Co-containing plasma electrolytic oxidation is an efficient technique for the surface modification of Ti in order to promote its osteogenic response.
Downregulation of miR-24 Enhances Cisplatin Sensitivity in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Liang Zhiyu , Li Chuan
Published: July 2021

GSK-3β is a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancers by phosphorylated degrading β-catenin. Several studies showed association of miR-24 with breast cancer. Bioinformatics analysis showed a relationship of miR-24 with GSK-3β. Our study assessed miR-24’s
role in GSK-3β/β-catenin siganling and breast cancer cell cisplatin resistance. MiR-24, GSK-3β, β-catenin, and Bcl-2 expressions in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/DDP cells were detected along cell proliferation and apoptosis. DDP resistance cells were assigned
into miR-NC, miR-24 inhibitor, pIRES-blank, pIRES-GSK-3β, and miR-24 inhibitor+pIRES-GSK-3β groups and cell proliferation was determined. MiR-24 inhibited GSK-3β level. GSK-3β and cell apoptosis significantly downregulated, while miR-24, β-catenin,
Bcl-2, and cell proliferation significantly elevated in DDP resistance cells. MiR-24 inhibitor and/or pIRES-GSK-3β significantly increased GSK-3β level, declined β-catenin and Bcl-2 expressions, attenuated cell proliferation, enhanced cell apoptosis, and
weakened cisplatin resistance. MiR-24 upregulation was related to breast cancer cell cisplatin resistance. Inhibition of miR-24 upregulated GSK-3β, restrained Wnt/β-catenin signaling and cisplatin resistance in breast cancer cells.
Construction of a Blood Vessel Wall with Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Sheets In Vitro
Authors: Xu Zhicheng , Zhang Qun
Published: July 2021

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are a reliable and easily accessible source of adult stem cells. Thus, ASCs are increasingly used as seed cells in tissue engineering. This report investigated the possibility of engineering a large vessel using unwoven polyglycolic acid (PGA) fibers
covered with ASC sheets treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). After coiling around a silicone tube, the complex was secured by surgical sutures and cultured In Vitro for six weeks. Gross views showed
that glossy and smooth tubular tissue was engineered. Histological examination revealed regularly distributed cells and a few collagenous and elastic fibers in the differentiated group. Cells were randomly distributed, and disorganized collagenous and small elastic fibers were detected in
the control group. Our results indicate the promising potential of ASC sheets and PGA fibers for the construction of large vessel walls.
Silencing of hsa_circ_0000515 Inhibits Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells by Sponging miR-615-5p In Vitro
Authors: Wang Xuli , Wang Aiping
Published: July 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to participate in the molecular mechanism of human cancers. This study investigates the role of circRNA hsa_circ_0000515 in gastric cancer (GC) cells and the underlying mechanism associated with microRNA-615-5p (miR-615-5p). qRT-PCR analysis
showed the upregulation of hsa_circ_0000515 and downregulation of miR-615-5p in GC cell lines. Loss-of-function experiments indicated that suppression of hsa_circ_0000515 inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Dual-luciferase reporter assay highlighted that hsa_circ_0000515
was able to act as a ceRNA of miR-615-5p. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0000515 could interact with splicing factors and bind miR-615-5p to regulate progression of GC cells. Deficiency of miR-615-5p reverses the inhibitory roles of si-hsa_circ_0000515 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion
of GC cells. The findings highlighted the promising uses of hsa_circ_0000515 as a likely novel target for gastric cancer treatment.
Dexmedetomidine Suppressing Apoptosis to Release Rats’ Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Hai-Fan Zhao , Chong Li , Zhi-Duo Hu , Hong Chen , Tao Jiang , Shou-Cai Xu
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Explore the dexmedetomidine’s therapeutic impact on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the related principle. Methods: The work established the rats’ liver I/R model. Liver tissues’ pathological state from each rat was evaluated by
HE staining. ELISA was utilized to confirm the activity of MDA and SOD in the liver tissue, AST in the serum, and the ALT’s concentration. The apoptotic state of liver tissue was detected by TUNEL assay. Bcl-2, Caspase-3, HO-1, and BAX’s expressions of each rat’s liver tissue
had been confirmed through immunohistochemistry and western blot. Results: Rats’ liver injury from I/R group and DEX+A group was rat’s liver tissue had been confirmed through immunohistochemistry and western blot. severer than that from Sham group in terms of HE staining
and ELISA. The injured tissue has been improved by the introduction of Dexmedetomidine. The TUNEL, Immunohistochemistry and Western Blot results indicated that the high apoptotic rate in I/R model was inhibited using Dexmedetomidine. However, the inhibitory effects were reversed by the co-administration
of Atipamezole. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine suppressed apoptosis to alleviate rats’ hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injuries.
MicroRNA-64 Promotes Progression of Liver Cancer Through Targeting X-Box Binding Protein 1 (XBP1)
Authors: Jiang Haiying , Yi Jieming , Cheng Shouren
Published: July 2021

Liver cancer is still a horrible threat to people’s health worldwide. Herein, we aimed to explore the mechanism underlying microRNA (miR)-64’s role in liver cancer progression to provide novel insight into therapy. Expression of miR-64 in liver cancer cells was determined
by RT-qPCR. Luciferase reporter gene assay detected the potential binding between miR-64 and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Cancer cells were transfected with specific plasmids of XBP1, followed by MTT experiment and Ttranswell assay to assess invasion and proliferation. miR-64 was highly
expressed in liver cancer cells and positively correlated with cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. miR-64 targeted and inhibited XBP1 expression. Overexpression of miR-64 significantly resulted in increased cell viability and invasion. Taken altogether, miR-64 promotes liver cancer
through inhibiting XBP1, providing insight into miR-64-based targeted therapy against liver cancer.
Decellularization Strategies to Engineer Fibrocartilage Bioscaffolds: A Review
Authors: Yusof F. , Sha’ban M. , Azhim A.
Published: July 2021

Fibrocartilage or known as meniscus tissues located in between the tibia and femur always subjected to extreme forces that can lead to injury especially for the sportsperson. The meniscal injury mean incidence in the general population is 66 per 100,000. The principal methods for the
surgical management of fibrocartilage injury have been improvised from meniscectomy to meniscal repair and meniscal reconstruction that portrays different advantages and disadvantages in the short and long-term results. The inability to treat meniscus injury without osteoarthritis development
in long-term results also motivates to find new treatment strategies. In this current era, the development of the multidisciplinary fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine provides new alternatives for the treatment approaches. This field involves the regeneration of the required
tissue using scaffolds such as synthetic, natural, and biological scaffolds to restore the damaged one. Biological scaffolds are preferable because it tremendously mimics the native anatomical structure and has similar ratios and concentration of the proteins and growth factors that influence
tissue repair and remodeling. The development of biological scaffolds with low immunogenic levels involves the decellularization process that eliminates all the cellular components while preserved the extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity and mechanics. In this review, the pros and cons of
the recent decellularization strategies to engineer fibrocartilage scaffolds have been discussed. We believed that the ideal decellularization methods still need to be explored to develop suitable biological scaffolds that structurally and functionally mimic native tissue as a replacement
for new tissue regeneration.
Ultrasound Color Doppler Measures Neovascularization in Achilles Tendinopathy: Review
Authors: Zhou Huiyu , Chen Chaoyi , Zhang Yan , Ugbolue Ukadike Chris
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Color Doppler ultrasonography (CD) has been used to employ in Achilles tendinopathy, there is a need to measure neovascularization in Achilles tendinopathy to reach a consensus for CD application. The object of this systematic retrospect is to summarize
the literature regarding whether is a relationship between the neovascularization and Achilles tendinopathy by CD detecting. Method: The databases search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase extracted 543 articles for title and abstract review. After deleting duplicate papers and evaluating
which one meets the inclusion criteria, a total of 8 articles were selected. Results and conclusion: Differentiate a physiological and pathological color Doppler flow in Achilles tendon is important to further clinically diagnose, since neovascularization in tissue structure can be
influenced by variation reasons. The standardized tenoangiography protocol be supposed to develop when assessment asymptomatic or symptomatic tendons.
The Application of Medical Imaging on Disabled Athletes in Winter Paralympic Games: A Systematic Review
Authors: Xu Datao , Fekete Gusztáv , Song Yang , Zhao Liang , Sun Dong , Gu Yaodong
Published: July 2021

Purpose: the purpose of this study was to summarize the application and effects of current medical imaging in sports for the disabled, to provide a feasible reference for future imaging medical services and biomechanical modeling for winter Paralympic athletes. Methods:
An electronic search was conducted among Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases, using the following keywords, “Disability,” “Winter Olympics” and “Medical Imaging.” Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to screen all identified
studies. Of the 374 identified studies, 10 studies were included. Results: Most studies have reported on the application of medical imaging technology in the diagnosis of disability (n =6) and only a few have focused on biomechanical modeling (n = 3) and disability classification
(n = 1). However, only 3 studies were involved in winter Paralympic athletes. The results of this study indicate that medical imaging technology can effectively diagnose and prevent the occurrence of injuries in disabled athletes. Conclusion: It is important to use medical imaging
to understand the injury mechanism of winter Paralympics athletes and to develop injury prevention strategies. However, only a few studies have focused on the application of medical imaging technology to the winter Paralympic. The results of this study can provide a feasible reference for
the medical treatment and training of athletes in the Winter Paralympic Games.
Advances in the Application of the Dual Fluoroscopic Imaging System in Sports Medicine: A Literature Review
Authors: Zhang Cui , Sun Xiaole , Tang Yunqi , Wang Shaobai , Ye Dongqiang , Fu Weijie , Liu Yu , Huang Lingyan
Published: July 2021

The dual fluoroscopic imaging system (DFIS) is a new non-invasive motion analysis system that does not interfere with movement, has high precision and repeatability and is not affected by the errors caused by the relative movement of skin and soft tissues. DFIS has been recently used
in the field of sports medicine. This narrative review focuses on relevant literature on the origin, development and mechanism of action of DFIS and summarises the application of DFIS in injury and rehabilitation treatment, such as the reliability of test results; the position relationships
of bony structures in the shoulder, lumbar spine, knee joint and ankle joint during exercise and its six degree-of-freedom (6DOF) movement to calculate cartilage deformation, contact area/trajectory and ligament strain. This article puts forward the problems encountered in practice that need
to be solved and looks forward to the future applications of DFIS in the field of sports, especially in injury prevention and treatment.
Ultrasound Comparison of the Abductor Hallucis Muscle Between Normal and Hallux Valgus Feet After Long-Distance Running: A Pilot Study
Authors: Feng Yong , Shen Siqin , Song Yang
Published: July 2021

Purpose: Previous research has indicated that the structure and function of abductor hallucis muscle (AbdH) would be adversely affected by hallux valgus (HV). However, the influence of long-distance running on AbdH in HV feet has not been explored. Therefore, this pilot study
aimed to compare the imaging differences of AbdH between normal and HV feet after long-distance running. Methods: A total of 14 male adults were divided into two groups (Normal Foot Group (NFG), Hallux Valgus Group (HVG)) based on their foot morphology. A B-mode ultrasonic scanner was
utilized for measuring AbdH thickness, cross-sectional area, and pennation angle before and after 5-km running test. Perceived soreness was monitored simultaneously using the visual analogue scale. Results: AbdH showed significantly differences between groups before and after the running
test. Compared with NFG, HVG exhibited smaller value before the test while greater changes in all parameters although pennation angle failed to reach the significant level. Conclusions: These results further confirmed that HV could lead to the morphological alterations of AbdH. Also,
AbdH of people with HV would endure more fatigue and soreness when performed the same long-distance running test with normal counterparts. Nevertheless, more studies are much needed for further verification.
The Clinical Value of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Evaluated by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Noninfectious Nonunion
Authors: Hu Yinfeng , Jia Xuewen , Zhu Yingchun , Xu Youfeng , Guo Minhua , Ma Ling , Su Nan , Jiangyue Mingming , Zhu Yufeng , Zhang Shengmin
Published: July 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical value of Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in evaluating Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for noninfectious nonunion.Methods: Thirty-eight patients with long bone nonunion fractures whose were treated in our hospital from October 2016 to October 2019 were included (20 males and 18 females). The patients received ESWT once a week for 12 consecutive weeks. CEUS was performed before and after the first ESWT session. According to the ratio of the perfusion area to the callus area, neovascular blood flow observed in CEUS was divided into 4 grades: grade 0 = 0%, grade 1 = 0–30%, grade 2 = 30–70% and grade 3 = 70–100%. The peak values of microbubbles perfusion in the callus area were recorded before and after ESWT. Each patient was followed up for 12 months to record the healing time. Nonunion over 12 months was considered a nonhealing fracture. To compare the ultrasonic data before and after ESWT, pairedTtest was used and the correlation between the ultrasonic data and the nonunion healing time, the pearson analysis was used.Results: Of the 38 patients, 35 patients achieved nonunion healing. The healing time ranged from 5 months to 12 months. Among the 38 patients, 24 patients had a microvascular health score of 0 points and 14 patients had a score of 1 point before treatment. After therapy, the neovascular health score was 0, 1, 2 and 3 in 5, 10, 15 and 8 patients, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference before and after treatment (P< 0.05). The peak value of microbubbles perfusion in the fracture site after ESWT was significantly higher than that before ESWT (P< 0.05). The greater of difference, the shorter of healing time.Conclusion: Under the supervision of CEUS, the changes in microvascular perfusion of noninfectious nonunion patients before and after ESWT effectively reflected the therapeutic effect. CEUS could predict the ESWT on bone nonunion at an early stage.Level of evidence: Level III.
Ties That Remind: Known Family Connections to Past Events as Salience Cues and Collective Memory of Stalin’s Repressions of the 1930s in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Gerber Theodore P. , van Landingham Michael E.
Published: July 2021

Building on ideas of Halbwachs and others regarding how families shape collective memory, we argue that known family connections to past events serve as salience cues. Due to kin preference (humans’ tendency to empathize with family members more than strangers), awareness that a relative participated in a specific past event increases its visibility, moral relevance, and emotional resonance, compared to that of the vast number of other historical occurrences, with intuitive consequences for whether and how the event is remembered in the present. We illustrate this effect of known family connections to the past by analyzing whether and how contemporary Russians recall a controversial episode from the Soviet period: Stalin’s repressions of the 1930s. We use qualitative data from focus groups and unusually detailed survey data, collected in 2010, to illustrate this property of recognized family connections to a past mass trauma. We also propose four distinct components of perceptions of past events: awareness, knowledge, importance, and moral valence. Our findings confirm the strong influence of known family ties to victims, which exhibit more consistent connections to memories of the repressions than do other factors, although family socialization through childhood discussions, cohort differences, education, and exposure to official narratives also matter.
When to Consider Lynch Syndrome in Non-Colon and Non-Endometrial Malignancies
Authors: Arroyave Aaron J. , Good Alan W. , Ward Andrew J. , Orucevic Amila L. , McLoughlin James M.
Published: July 2021

Lynch syndrome (LS) is a common genetic syndrome characterized by pathogenic mutations of DNA mismatch repair genes resulting in a hereditary predisposition to cancer. While typically associated with colonic and endometrial cancer, LS additionally influences the development of many other malignancies. The Amsterdam II and Revised Bethesda Guidelines are the established clinical criteria for diagnosing LS. These guidelines are based on the most general characteristics of LS and do not address specific characteristics of the less commonly LS-associated malignancies. For individuals that present initially with a non-colon and non-endometrial malignancy, recommendations and guidelines on when to consider screening for LS are limited. Therefore, it is essential that clinicians are familiar with distinct LS-associated patient- and tumor-specific characteristics, especially of the less common LS-associated cancers, so that LS’s diagnosis is not missed. In this review article, we focus on extra-colonic and extra-endometrial LS-associated cancers, paying particular attention to any established or currently investigated cancer features that help raise suspicion for LS and potentially lead to its earlier diagnosis. This review will also discuss current guidelines specific to each LS-associated malignancy.
Improved Overall Well-Being After Breast Conserving Therapy Using Three-Dimensional Bioabsorbable Markers and Tissue Rearrangement, a Single Institution’s Preliminary Experience
Authors: Jordan Rebecca M. , Rebielak Monica , Johnson Kelly , Fluck Marcus , Oxenberg Jacqueline
Published: July 2021

Tissue rearrangement (TR) is a basic oncoplastic technique to reshape the breast after breast conserving therapy (BCT). Tissue rearrangement can be combined with three-dimensional bioabsorbable markers (3DBM) as an easily adaptable technique to provide volume replacement and focused radiation. Since 3DBM can take time for absorption and symptoms related to its use have not been fully assessed, we evaluate patient’s overall satisfaction and well-being after TR with 3DBM is performed. We surveyed patients receiving BCT with adjuvant radiotherapy using BREAST-QTM BCT satisfaction and physical well-being surveys comparing patients receiving BCT alone to BCT with TR and/or 3DBM. Of 68 patients, 56 underwent BCT alone, 10 had BCT with TR + 3DBM, and 2 had BCT with TR. No significant difference was seen in physical well-being ( P = .39), while overall satisfaction was significantly improved following TR + 3DBM ( P = .0088). In summary, TR with use of 3DBM provides basic oncoplastic options to improve patient satisfaction without significantly changing symptoms.
Personality change in the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: 30-Year cohort study
Authors: Yang Min , Tyrer Helen , Johnson Tony , Tyrer Peter
Published: July 2021

Background:

Persistence is said to be a feature of personality disorder, but there are few long-term prospective studies of the condition. A total of 200 patients with anxiety and depressive disorders involved in a randomised controlled trial initiated in 1983 had full personality status assessed at baseline. We repeated assessment of personality status on three subsequent occasions over 30 years.

Methods:

Personality status was recorded using methods derived from the Personality Assessment Schedule, which has algorithms for allocating Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) categories. The category and severity of personality diagnosis were recorded at baseline in the randomised patients with DSM-III anxiety and depressive diagnoses. The same methods of assessing personality status was repeated at 2, 12 and 30 years after baseline.

Results:

Using the ICD-11 system, 47% of patients, mainly those with no personality disturbance at baseline, retained their personality status; of the others 16.8% improved and 20.4% worsened to more severe disorder. In DSM-III diagnosed patients, those diagnosed as Cluster A and Cluster C increased in frequency (from 14% to 40%, p < 0.001, and 21.5% to 36%, p < 0.001, respectively) over follow-up, while those with Cluster B showed little change in frequency (22% to 18%, p = 0.197).

Conclusion:

In this population of patients with common mental disorders, personality status showed many changes over time, inconsistent with the view that personality disorder is a persistent or stable condition. The increase in diagnoses within the Cluster A and C groups suggests personality disorder generally increases in frequency as people age.
Long-term efficacy of metacognitive therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy for depression
Authors: Carter Janet D , Jordan Jennifer , McIntosh Virginia VW , Frampton Christopher MA , Lacey Cameron , Porter Richard J , Mulder Roger T
Published: July 2021

Objective:

To examine the two-year outcomes for depression, anxiety, cognitive and global social functioning after cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) for depression.

Method:

Participants were 31 adults with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder in a randomised pilot study comparing MCT and CBT. Therapy modality differences in change in depression and anxiety symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes, metacognitions, rumination, worry and global social functioning were examined at the two-year follow-up for those who completed therapy.

Results:

Significant improvements, with large effect sizes, were evident for all outcome variables. There were no significant differences in outcome between CBT and MCT. The greatest change over time occurred for depression and anxiety. Large changes were evident for metacognitions, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, worry and global social functioning. Sixty-seven percent had not experienced a major depression and had been well during all of the past year, prior to the follow-up assessment.

Conclusion:

The finding at end treatment, of no modality specific differences, was also evident at two-year follow-up. Although CBT and MCT targeted depression, improvements were much wider, and although CBT and MCT take different approaches, both therapies produced positive change over time across all cognitive variables. CBT and MCT provide treatment options, that not only improve the longer-term outcome of depression, but also result in improvements in anxiety, global social functioning and cognitive status.
Validation of a Dari translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among women of refugee background at a public antenatal clinic
Authors: Blackmore Rebecca , Gibson-Helm Melanie , Melvin Glenn , Boyle Jacqueline A , Fazel Mina , Gray Kylie M
Published: July 2021

Objective:

Identifying women at risk of depression and anxiety during pregnancy provides an opportunity to improve health outcomes for women and their children. One barrier to screening is the availability of validated measures in the woman’s language. Afghanistan is one of the largest source countries for refugees yet there is no validated measure in Dari to screen for symptoms of perinatal depression and anxiety. The aim of this study was to assess the screening properties of a Dari translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Dari version to 52 Dari-speaking women at a public pregnancy clinic in Melbourne, Australia. A clinical interview using the depressive and anxiety disorders modules from the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) was also conducted. Interview material was presented to an expert panel to achieve consensus diagnoses. The interview and diagnostic process was undertaken blind to Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale screening results.

Results:

Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Dari version was good (α = 0.79). Criterion validity was assessed using the receiver operating characteristics curve and generated excellent classification accuracy for depression diagnosis (0.90; 95% confidence interval [0.82, 0.99]) and for anxiety diagnosis (0.94; 95% confidence interval [0.88, 1.00]). For depression, a cut-off score of 9, as recommended for culturally and linguistically diverse groups, demonstrated high sensitivity (1.00; 95% confidence interval [0.79, 1.00]) and specificity (0.88; 95% confidence interval [0.73, 0.97]). For anxiety, a cut-off score of ⩾5 provided the best balance of sensitivity (1.00; 95% confidence interval [0.72, 1.00]) and specificity (0.80; 95% confidence interval [0.65, 0.91]).

Conclusion:

These results support the use of this Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Dari version to screen for symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy as well as the use of a lowered cut-off score.
Associations of childhood emotional and physical neglect with mental health and substance use in young adults
Authors: Grummitt Lucinda Rachel , Kelly Erin Veronica , Barrett Emma Louise , Lawler Siobhan , Prior Katrina , Stapinski Lexine A , Newton Nicola Clare
Published: July 2021

Background:

Childhood neglect is a risk factor for subsequent mental health problems. However, research on the unique contribution of emotional and physical subtypes of neglect is lacking. Importantly, if emotional and physical neglect have different impacts on mental health, they must be examined separately to understand how to prevent and treat their effects.

Objective:

This study aimed to examine associations of emotional and physical neglect with depression, anxiety, stress, alcohol and drug use in 18- to 20-year-olds.

Methods:

Participants ( N = 569, mean age = 18.9, 70% female) responded in an online survey to questions on childhood emotional and physical neglect, childhood abuse, symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and alcohol and drug use and problems. Procedures were approved by the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee. Hierarchical linear regressions were performed, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and other adverse childhood experiences.

Results:

Combined neglect was associated with depression ( B = 2.895, p < 0.001), anxiety ( B = 1.572, p = 0.003) and stress ( B = 1.781, p = 0.001). However, a second model entering emotional and physical neglect as separate exposures revealed emotional neglect was driving this association with depression ( B = 2.884, p < 0.001), anxiety ( B = 1.627, p = 0.001) and stress ( B = 1.776, p = 0.001), and that physical neglect was not associated with any outcome. Neither emotional nor physical neglect were associated with alcohol or drug use.

Conclusion:

Emotional neglect is a risk factor for mental health problems in early adulthood. Research that combines emotional and physical neglect into a single exposure may be obscuring relationships with mental health. Mental health prevention and treatment must screen for, and address, emotional neglect.
Risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder among Chinese people: A meta-analysis
Authors: Ji Yinan , Yin Margaret Xi Can , Zhang Anna Yan , Wong Daniel Fu Keung
Published: July 2021

Objectives:

Effective prevention and intervention of Internet gaming disorder require the identification of risk and protective factors. This study aims to exhaustively review the risk and protective factors of Internet gaming disorder among Chinese people.

Method:

We searched for articles published from database inception to February 2020 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and two Chinese databases, CNKI and Wanfang Data. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they addressed Internet gaming disorder, sampled people in China, presented correlational factors of Internet gaming disorder and reported the effect sizes for correlations. Reviewers independently selected the studies, assessed their validity and extracted the data. Pooled Pearson’s correlations were calculated using the random effects model.

Result:

In the meta-analysis, 153 studies covering 115,975 subjects were included. We identified 56 risk factors and 28 protective factors. Most risk factors strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder fell into the category of maladaptive cognitions and motivations. Other factors that showed high effect sizes fell into various categories, including psychopathological characteristics, personality traits, cognition emotion regulation style and gaming-related factors. The only protective factor strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder was self-control. We found that the factors related to the ‘environments’ show modest effect sizes compared to those related to the individual. The pooled effect sizes for most factors were not influenced by outliers and publication bias.

Conclusion:

Factors strongly correlated with Internet gaming disorder, especially maladaptive cognitions and motivations, are more likely to be proximal correlates of Internet gaming disorder and may be considered the focus of interventions. We encourage further empirical and experimental studies to examine the causal pathway and the treatment efficacy.
Incidence and risk factors of mental disorders in the elderly: The European MentDis_ICF65+ study
Authors: Andreas Sylke , Schulz Holger , Volkert Jana , Lüdemann Jonas , Dehoust Maria , Sehner Susanne , Suling Anna , Wegscheider Karl , Ausín Berta , Canuto Alessandra , Crawford Michael J , Da Ronch Chiara , Grassi Luigi , Hershkovitz Yael , Muñoz Manuel , Quirk Alan , Rotenstein Ora , Belén Santos-Olmo Ana , Shalev Arieh , Weber Kerstin , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Härter Martin
Published: July 2021

Objective:

While incidence rates of depression and anxiety disorders in the elderly have been comprehensively investigated, the incidence rates of other mental disorders have rarely been researched. The incidence rate and predictors of various mental disorders in the elderly were evaluated in different European and associated countries.

Methods:

A cross-sectional and longitudinal multi-centre survey of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) diagnoses was conducted in different European and associated countries (Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Israel) to collect data on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in the elderly. The sample size of the longitudinal wave was N = 2592 elderly.

Results:

The overall 1-year incidence rate for any mental disorder in the elderly is 8.65%. At 5.18%, any anxiety disorder had the highest incidence rate across all diagnostic groups. The incidence rate for any affective disorder was 2.97%. The lowest incidence rates were found for agoraphobia (1.37%) and panic disorder (1.30%). Risk factors for the development of any mental disorder were never having been married, no religious affiliation, a higher number of physical illnesses and a lower quality of life.

Conclusion:

In comparison to other studies, lower incidence rates for any affective disorder and middle-range incidence for any anxiety disorder were found. To the authors’ knowledge, no prior studies have reported 1-year incidence rates for somatoform disorder, bipolar disorder and substance misuse in community-dwelling elderly. These findings indicate the need to raise awareness of psychosocial problems in the elderly and to ensure adequate availability of mental health services.
When Technocratic Appointments Signal Credibility
Authors: Alexiadou Despina , Spaniel William , Gunaydin Hakan
Published: July 2021

How do prime ministers manage investors’ expectations during financial crises? We take a novel approach to this question by investigating ministerial appointments. When prime ministers appoint technocrats, defined as non-partisan experts, they forgo political benefits and can credibly signal their willingness to pay down their debt obligations. This reduces bond yields, but only at times when the market is sensitive to expected repayments—that is, during crises. To examine the theory, we develop an event study analysis that employs new data on the background of finance ministers in 21 Western and Eastern European democracies. We find that investors reward technocratic appointments by reducing a country’s borrowing costs. Consistent with the theory, technocratic appointments under crises predict lower bond yields. Our findings contribute to the literature on the interplay of financial markets and domestic politics.
Evacuation Behavior in a Subway Train Emergency: A Video-based Analysis
Authors: Philpot Richard , Levine Mark
Published: July 2021

How do people behave in the seconds after they become aware they have been caught up in a real-life transport emergency? This paper presents the first micro-behavioral, video-based analysis of the behavior of passengers during a small explosion and subsequent fire on a subway train. We analyzed the behavior of 40 passengers present in the same carriage as the explosion. We documented the first action of the passengers following the onset of the emergency and described evidence of pro- and anti-social behavior. Passengers’ first actions varied widely. Moreover, anti-social behavior was rare and displays of pro-sociality were more common. In a quantitative analysis, we examined spatial clustering of running behavior and patterns in passenger exit choices. We found both homogeneity and heterogeneity in the running behavior and exiting choices of passengers. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mass emergency literature and for evacuation modeling.
Formulary Drug Review: Cabotegravir
Authors: Levien Terri L. , Santos Audrian , Baker Danial E.
Published: July 2021

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433.
Observer-based adaptive neural network backstepping sliding mode control for switched fractional order uncertain nonlinear systems with unmeasured states
Authors: Chen Tao , Cao Damin , Yuan Jiaxin , Yang Hui
Published: July 2021

This paper proposes an observer-based adaptive neural network backstepping sliding mode controller to ensure the stability of switched fractional order strict-feedback nonlinear systems in the presence of arbitrary switchings and unmeasured states. To avoid “explosion of complexity” and obtain fractional derivatives for virtual control functions continuously, the fractional order dynamic surface control (DSC) technology is introduced into the controller. An observer is used for states estimation of the fractional order systems. The sliding mode control technology is introduced to enhance robustness. The unknown nonlinear functions and uncertain disturbances are approximated by the radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The stability of system is ensured by the constructed Lyapunov functions. The fractional adaptive laws are proposed to update uncertain parameters. The proposed controller can ensure convergence of the tracking error and all the states remain bounded in the closed-loop systems. Lastly, the feasibility of the proposed control method is proved by giving two examples.
Transnational Universities and English Medium Instruction in China: How Admissions, Language Support and Language Use Differ in Chinese Universities
Authors: McKinley Jim , Rose Heath , Zhou Sihan
Published: July 2021

This article reports on a study of policymaking at transnational and local universities in China concerning English Medium Instruction (EMI) provision, and the impact this has on stakeholder experiences. It explores policymaking at two transnational universities, which are compared and contrasted with data collected at six other Chinese universities that offer EMI programmes. Data were collected via individual and group interviews with 26 key policy stakeholders during fieldwork at the eight universities and centred on language-related policy diffusion surrounding admissions, language support, and language use. Findings revealed a reliance on foundation year studies at transnational universities versus the Gaokao (national college entrance examination) at other universities to ensure students had the requisite proficiency upon admissions. Findings also revealed transnational universities were more likely to offer language support to their students and have language policies governing language use. Overall, the findings reveal a range of affordances and caveats associated with each institution’s contextualized policy making, causing ease and conflict for EMI stakeholders.
Choreographing atmospheres in Copenhagen: Processes and positions between home and public
Authors: Bille Mikkel , Hauge Bettina
Published: July 2021

This article explores how people choreograph spaces to feel particular ways through material objects and intangible phenomena like light and sound. Drawing on theories of atmospheres and ethnographic fieldwork in Copenhagen, we argue that while there has been a proliferation of research on atmospheres in urban studies, we also need to attend empirically to the processes through which they come into being, consolidate and coagulate. Through exploring the interplay between domestic and urban spaces, we highlight the volatility and inherently social character of atmospheres. This entails how people’s dynamic positioning within an urban atmosphere comes to matter for people’s sense of the city. We exemplify with one such sensation of the city through the concept of ‘midding’, as the feeling of comfortably being on the perimeter of a situation. Exploring atmospheric positionings and processes enlightens our understanding of the urban atmosphere and shows how shared atmospheric moments connect people in time and space, stressing the importance of urban design to allow for such sharing.
Land use disadvantages in Germany: A matter of ethnic income inequalities?
Authors: Jünger Stefan
Published: July 2021

Environmental hazards affect people from different income groups and migration backgrounds on different levels. The research on environmental inequalities and environmental justice has proposed several theories to explain such inequities; still, it remains unclear which of these theories applies to the German societal context. This research investigates whether individual-level income differences between Germans and migrants account for objectively measured exposure to the environmental goods and bads of land use, specifically soil sealing and green spaces. Marginal effects and predictions based on georeferenced survey data from the German General Social Survey reveal that Germans with higher incomes live in areas with better neighbourhood quality. Germans with lower incomes are exposed to fewer disadvantages stemming from land use, and there is no marginal difference between nonurban and urban municipalities. Spatial assimilation in high-income groups occurs; however, the difference in low-income groups can be explained by place stratification and discrimination in the housing market. While this study uses more indirect and non-hazardous measures of environmental quality – in contrast to air pollution or noise – it provides evidence that such indicators also create distributional injustices in Germany.
To Compete or Cooperate? Intermunicipal Management of Overtourism
Authors: Yuval Fany
Published: July 2021

Is it beneficial for municipalities to cooperate or compete with one another to attract visitors? The myopic rationality of game theory favors competition for short-term gains, whereas the nonmyopic theory of moves suggests that cooperation in this regard might be more farsighted, consensual, inclusive, and sustainable. To understand why popular cities switched to cooperation when faced with the crisis of overtourism, even though the players’ preferences about the outcomes did not change, we analyzed the case study of Amsterdam. The results indicate that the theories are appropriate in different situations. Thus, the theory of moves’ rules—alternating choices, thinking ahead in making choices—are more appropriate to finding a solution that would be stable in the future, not just one that is myopically stable in the present. We conclude that cooperation remains a more beneficial approach to managing tourism even in periods of undertourism. Policy directions are provided.
Toward an Assessment of Quality of Life Indicators as Measures of Destination Performance
Authors: Berbekova Adiyukh , Uysal Muzaffer , Assaf A. George
Published: July 2021

This study tests a reciprocal relationship between objective quality of life indicators and traditional destination performance measures over time. A set of 16 quality of life indicators (covering economic, social, and environmental domains) and a set of five destination performance variables of tourist arrivals and spending proxies were used to perform a canonical correlation analysis. This panel data represents observations from 105 countries during the period of 1995–2018. The findings confirmed that a reciprocal link exists between the two sets. Specifically, the results showed that economic factors, along with education, and health indicators are strongly associated with performance measures of the tourism industry. The article concludes with implications for destination managers and avenues for future research.
Moral Judgments of COVID-19 Social Distancing Violations: The Roles of Perceived Harm and Impurity
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel L. , Tomiyama A. Janet
Published: July 2021

Can perceptions of impurity uniquely explain moral judgment? Or is moral judgment reducible to perceptions of harm? Whereas some perspectives posit that purity violations may drive moral judgment distinctly from harm violations, other perspectives contend that perceived harm is an essential precursor of moral condemnation. We tested these competing hypotheses through five preregistered experiments (total N = 2,944) investigating U.S. adults’ perceptions of social distancing violations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Perceived harm was more strongly related to moral judgment than was perceived impurity. Nevertheless, over and above perceived harm, perceived impurity reliably explained unique variance in moral judgment. Effects of perceived harm and impurity were significant among both liberal and conservative participants but were larger among liberals. Results suggest that appraisals of both harm and impurity provide valuable insights into moral cognition. We discuss implications of these findings for dyadic morality, moral foundations, act versus character judgments, and political ideology.
Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech
Authors: Almagro Manuel , Hannikainen Ivar R. , Villanueva Neftalí
Published: July 2021

Tracing the boundaries of freedom of expression is a matter of wide societal and academic import—especially, as these boundaries encroach on the politics of inclusion. Yet, the elements that constitute offensive speech and determine its legal status remain poorly defined. In two studies, we examined how lay judges evaluate the offensiveness of apparently descriptive statements. Replicating prior work, we found that non-linguistic features (including speaker intent and outcomes on the audience) modulated the statements’ meaning. The speaker’s identity—and, in particular, their membership in the target group—independently influenced evaluations of offensive speech among conservatives and progressives alike. When asked to disclose their abstract principles, or jointly evaluate two contrastive cases, participants tended to deny the relevance of identity while primarily endorsing the intent principle. Taken together, our findings confirm that assessments of offensive speech are governed by contextual features, some of which are not introspectively deemed relevant.