bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Feeding of Dairy Cows with Fodder Beet and Concentrate containing Two Levels of Protein
Authors: Roberts D J , Sabri M S
Published: June 2019

Fodder beet is a high yielding crop in terms of dry matter (DM) per hectare with yields of up to 12 t DM ha-1 from the roots and 2 to 5 t DM ha-1 from the tops. The root has a high metabolizable energy (ME) content and the average utilized metabolizable energy (UME) per hectare is 150% of average grass silage UME production (Heppel, 1985). The roots are highly digestible and can be used in dairy cow diets as a substitute for silage or concentrates. Most research work has shown an increase in total dry matter intake when fodder beet is included in a dairy cow ration (Roberts, 1987). The effect on animal performance, particularly milk fat content, is however more variable (Sabri, 1987). One reason for the differences may be the level of protein supplementatio in the fodder beet rations.

This experiment evaluated the interactions between the feeding of fodder beet and level of protein supplementation in the concentrate on feed intake and cow performance.
The Effect of Cobalt Deficiency in the Pregnant Ewe on Lamb Viability
Authors: G.E.J. Fisher  , MacPherson A.
Published: June 2019

Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of sub-clinical cobalt deficiency in pregnant hill sheep, on lamb viability. This form of the deficiency is not characterised by clinical symptoms. The disease is therefore difficult to detect, and may be of economic importance to farms on land of marginal cobalt status.

In each of two trials, both with sixty Scottish Blackface x Swaledale ewes, animals were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: A. Cobalt-deficient intake throughout pregnancy; B. Initially cobalt-sufficient intake, but deficient from mid-pregnancy (Trial 1) or initially cobalt-deficient intake, but repleted from mid-term (Trial 2); C. Cobalt-sufficient intake throughout pregnancy. A cobalt-deficient ration (<0.06 mg Co/kg DM) of Timothy hay, micronised maize and maize gluten, was fed from tupping in Trial 1, and from two months before tupping in Trial 2. Treated animals received a weekly oral dose of 0.7 mg Co/head.

Vitamin B12 (microbiological and radio-immuno assays) and methylmalonic acid (capillary gas chromatography) were analysed in ewe and lamb sera, as indicators of cobalt status. Levels of passively acquired immunity were measured by analysis of lamb sera, sampled at two and four weeks post-partum, for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT).
Fishmeal and Amino Acid Supplementation of Early Weaned Lambs Grazing Roa Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) or Huia White Clover (Trifolium repens)
Authors: Poppi D P , Cruickshank G J , Sykes A R
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments with early weaned lambs at pasture have indicated the large protein losses which occur in the rumen (prairie grass 3%, ryegrass 22%, white clover 29% and lucerne 42%) (Cruickshank et al. 1985). Growth appeared to be related to duodenal protein supply and these were similar for the grasses and for the legumes (grasses 228 g/d liveweight gain and 0.92 g duodenal NAN/kg W/d, legumes 314 g/d and 1.22 g duodenal NAN/kg W/d). Efficiency of use of absorbed amino acid also appeared to be low (0.43). These results suggested that growth of lambs grazing these high quality pastures could be increased by increasing duodenal protein supply and/or by amino acid supplementation. Because of the large protein losses which occur in the rumen of animals grazing legume pastures in particular there is scope for manipulation of this aspect either through supplementation or plant breeding.

The objective of this experiment was to examine the liveweight gain response of lambs grazing grass or legume pastures to fishmeal supplementation and also the response of lambs grazing legume pastures to two forms of protected amino acid supplements designed to supplement first limiting amino acid(s).
Effect of Delaying Service in Purebred Sows on First and Second Litter Performance
Authors: Mercer J. T. , Francis M. J. H.
Published: June 2019

Selection for improved growth and efficiency has probably led to later maturity in pigs, so that gilts only reach puberty at heavier weights than they did ten years ago. A consequence of this might be that it would be beneficial to delay first service in the modern gilt. Previous analysis of a breeding company's herd records showed a significant relationship (b=0.05) between age at first effective service and total numbers born in the gilt litter.

As a result of these findings a minimum age at first service has been stipulated for purebred gilts of 240 days across all NPD herds. Farrowings under this regime commenced in February 1987, and the reproductive performance since that date has been monitored and compared against that for the previous 12 months.
The Practical Implications of Altering the Sheep Breeding Season
Authors: Slade C F R
Published: June 2019

The supply of lamb meat to the market varies more than other red meats. This is hardly surprising given the seasonal breeding characteristic of the great majority of sheep in this country. The Variable Premium system that currently operates in this country is designed to try and even-out the supply of ‘finished’ lamb. There is a natural spread of lambing and a wide variety of techniques used to ‘finish’ store lambs. In spite of all these factors there is still a marked shortage of lambs available particularly in the months of April and May.
Differences in the Relation between Carcass Visual Scores and Composition in Heifers and Steers
Authors: Fisher A.V. , Broadbent J.S. , Coutts C. , Kay R.M. , Rigby I.
Published: June 2019

It is well recognised that heifers, which are the source of approximately 0.35 of all clean cattle slaughtered for beef in Britain, yield carcasses that are different from those of steers in several commercially important aspects: they are lighter, are scored fatter than steers and have poorer conformation. Live and carcass wholesale prices for heifers are, on average, lower than for steers.

In the USA, studies have shown that yield grade equations, deveoped to predict the ‘cutability’ of carcasses, overestimate this in heifers compared with steers, ie. heifers yield less of the defined primal cuts than steers at the same levels of fat thickness over the rib, rib eye area, kidney + pelvic + heart fat proportion, and carcass weight (predictor variables). However, it has recently been shown that this bias is apparently the result of differences between the sexes in the relation between the fat depth measurement and the total amount of fat trim. In Britain, estimates of yield are based on visual scores of fatness and conformation, but there Is little information on the relations between carcass morphology and composition in the two sexes, differences in which may have important commercial implications.
Effect of high-fat diets rich in stearate or oleate-containing triglycerides on backfat consistency and fatty acid composition in bacon pigs
Authors: Roberts J L , Enser M
Published: June 2019

It is well known that feeding excess linoleic acid, which is preferentially deposited, has the effect of producing soft backfat in pigs. However, the firmness of this adipose tissue, as measured by mechanical probe, can often be better related to the proportion of stearate in the lipid than to linoleate. This study attempted to harden the backfat of bacon pigs by feeding a high-fat diet containing a high concentration of stearate. For comparison, pigs were fed a diet similar in all respects including linoleic acid concentration, except that the proportion of stearate was low, while that of oleate - the most abundant fatty acid in backfat, but previously found to be of low importance for its mechanical consistency - was high.
Animal Production - a case study of consumer reaction with special reference to the diet and health issue
Authors: Wright Gillian
Published: June 2019

Healthy eating is now a feature of the strategies of many organisations in the food industry. This has developed since the recommendations of the NACNE (National Advisory Committee on Nutrition Education) report, and COMA (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy) report on cardiovascular disease were published. These led to considerable media coverage and stimulated consumer demand for healthy choices in their shopping. This research is concerned with the consumer reaction to dietary recommendations, using milk as a case study. The increased interest in diet and health can be demonstrated by the increased market share of some food products: wholemeal bread now accounts for 25% of bread sales and low fat milks for over 20% of total milk sales.
An estimate of the incidence of dark cutting beef in the United Kingdom
Authors: Brown S.N. , Bevis E.A.
Published: June 2019

Dark cutting beef (DCB) is characterised by its high ultimate pH, purple black colour, firm texture and dry surface. This meat has become an economic problem because of its unacceptability to the consumer especially under normal retail conditions. Even with this economic pressure little information is available, in this country, concerning the incidence of high ultimate pH beef or the factors that could effect it. This work examines the occurrence of high ultimate pH meat (>6.0) and the effects of pre-slaughter handling.
Low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal as a protein source for milk production
Authors: Vincent Isobel , Hill R.
Published: June 2019

Low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (<20 μmol/g) is likely to replace the high-glucosinolate meal currently produced in the UK, and in this experiment the use of low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) as the sole protein supplement in a compound feed for milk production in cows was assessed. There were three compound concentrate feeds of similar energy and protein content, 0% RSM (group A), 15% RSM (B) and 30% RSM (C). The additional protein in diets A and B was provided as soyabean meal (SBM).

Eighteen Friesian cows were divided into three groups, balanced with regard to previous yield and number of lactations, and three weeks after calving were given one of the compound feeds in a 3x3 changeover experiment; each of the three feeding periods was four weeks. Barley meal was given as a parlour feed, 1 kg air dry at each milking, and the compound concentrate and grass silage were given at Broadbent-Calan gates in quantities related to expected milk yield.
Upgrading barley straw for goats: the effectiveness of a sodium hydroxide and urea dip method
Authors: Wrathall J.H.M. , Owen E. , Pike D.J.
Published: June 2019

In recent years, interest in the use of chemically treated crop by-products, such as straw, as animal feed has been increasing. So far, most treatment methods which have been developed involve highly technical procedures requiring skilled labour, complex machinery and hence, large amounts of capital. The aim of the work reported here was to assess the feasibility of using a simple dip method to treat straw with both NaOH (to improve digestibility and hence intake) and urea (to increase the nitrogen content) and subsequently to investigate the effects of feeding this straw to young goats. Results were compared with those obtained for commercially-treated and untreated straw.

The dip treatment method involved immersing small bales (density = 69kg/m3 ) in a NaOH (llg/dm3) and urea (7g/dm3) solution for 45 minutes followed by draining for 2 hours and storage for 3-6 days prior to feeding (unchopped).
Intake and utilization of whole grain supplements by young sheep
Authors: Hosking B.J. , Egan A.R.
Published: June 2019

This study was undertaken to obtain information on the digestion and utilization of whole grain faba bean and barley diets by young sheep with a view to providing a better understanding of the factors leading to differences in production that occur when these grains are fed to grazing animals.
Nucleic Acids in Grass and Grass Silage
Authors: McAllan A B , Braithwaite G D
Published: June 2019

Little attention has been directed at defining the ‘protein’ fraction of silages. This component is normally estimated by fractionation based on solubility characteristics and under the conditions most commonly used, nucleic acids (ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)) would appear in the protein fraction. Grasses and legumes can contain appreciable amounts of nucleic acids ranging from 11-29 and 19-53 g/kg dry matter respectively (McAllan, 1982). No information is available as to the effects of ensilage on these nucleic acids. Microbes also contain appreciable amounts of nucleic acids which can account for 150-200 gN/kg total-N of the cell and these amounts may vary according to the stage of growth. It has been suggested (Ullrich, 1982) that microbial-N contribution to the total-N content of silage is as much as 220-280 g/kg. Thus the total amount of silage ‘protein-N’ present in the form of nucleic acid-N (from both plant and microbes) could be appreciable leading to a considerable overestimation of the ‘protein’ content of the silage.
Dietary energy values of fats for poultry as Influenced by age and rate of inclusion
Authors: Salvador F. , Wiseman J.
Published: June 2019

Fats are important energy-yielding raw materials in diets for poultry. It is well known however that they are extremely variable commodities, with factors such as chain length and degree of saturation of constituent fatty acids together with the proportion of free fatty acids having significant effects on fat dietary energy values. A further factor which may affect their utilisation is the age of the bird to which they are fed together with the rate of inclusion. Quantifying this effect would not, however, appear to have been studied in detail. The objective of the current study was an investigation into the interactions between age of bird, fat chemical structure and rate of Inclusion of fat on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) values.
The management and performance of a flock lambed in May
Authors: Stone C R
Published: June 2019

By lambing upland ewes in May, it is possible to match the ewe's nutritional needs closely with grass growth (Newton et al 1982). Requirements for high cost housing and supplementary feeding during late pregnancy can be minimised. The resulting late born lambs should be available for sale as ‘out of season’ lamb when prices are at their highest. Delayed tupping, however, has been shown to reduce lambing performance in most breeds due to a lower ovulation rate (Land et al 1969). Ewe fertility, by contrast, is not affected as oestrus is strong with most indigenous breeds until February (Wheeler et al 1977). This experiment was designed to study the long term management requirements and performance of a late lambed (1 May to 5 June) flock and the efficacy of androstenedione (Fecundin) as a means of improving ovulation rate.
The Intake and Performance of Pregnant Ewes In-Wintered on Straw-Based Diets
Authors: Haigh J. M. , King M. E. , Keeling B. J. , Inglis D. M.
Published: June 2019

Limited work has been carried out on straw feeding to pregnant ewes. The present study aimed to assess intake and performance of ewes when fed diets based on either barley or pea straw.

One hundred and forty mule ewes were randomly allocated to basal diets of pea or barly straw 15 weeks prior to lambing and allowed access to straw prior to housing to allow diet familiarisation. Pregancy diagnosis was performed at 75-80 days of gestation using real time ultrasound scanning. All in-lamb ewes were housed and grouped according to predicted foetal load. Ewe liveweight and condition was assessed at housing, 6 and 4 weeks prior to lambing and immediately after lambing.

Straw was available ad libitum and was supplemented with 400 g/day distillers dark grains. From 6 weeks prior to lambing whole barley with an inclusion of 15% fishmeal was fed twice daily up to a level of 600 g/day for ewes carrying twins and triplets and 400 g/d for ewes carrying singles.
The effect of supplementary feeding in relation to sward height during the pre- and post-mating periods on reproductive performance of brecon cheviot ewes
Authors: Gunn R.G. , Maxwell T.J. , Sim D.A. , Jones J.R. , James M.E.
Published: June 2019

Sward growth rate and height decline under autumn grazing in the UK. This eventually depresses ewe intake, live weight and body condition and may, as a consequence, reduce reproductive performance. The provision of supplementary feeding is a strategic measure to avoid this but requires quantification in relation to measurable variables such as sward height and stage of the reproductive cycle.

A management decision rule for supplementary feeding over the mating period, which is currently operated in the MLURI upland system studies, requires that, in order to maintain both body weight and condition until the completion of the second cycle of mating, concentrated feed be introduced when sward height (herbage mass) is ≤3.5 cm (≤1200 kg DM/ha), be increased when height is ≤3.0 cm ( ≤ 1000 kg DM/ha) and ad lib, hay be introduced when height is ≤ 2.5 cm (≤ 750 kg DM/ha).
Effect of Body Condition at Calving and Dietary Energy Supply on Milk Yield, Milk Quality and Dry-Matter Intake in Lactating Cows
Authors: Jones G.P. , Garnsworthy P.C.
Published: June 2019

Recent work concluded that when lactating dairy cows are fed a relatively high energy diet (Garnsworthy and Jones, 1987), increasing the dietary undegradable protein (UDP) supply to those which are fat at calving leads to increased mobilisation of body fat reserves; however, increasing the UDP supply to those which are thin at calving results in reduction of voluntary feed intake, but does not affect the change in condition or milk yield. Little difference was found in yields of cows fat at calving receiving a relatively high UDP diet post calving, and cows thin at calving receiving a high or low UDP diet. Similar results were obtained with diets of lower energy and protein content (Jones and Garnsworthy, 1987). The investigation reported here aimed to examine the effect of body condition at calving on the response to energy level in the diet.
The effects of cubicle or strawyard housing and a post-partum injection of prostaglandin on the production and reproductive performance of dairy cows
Authors: Schofield S.A. , Phillips C.J.C.
Published: June 2019

The objective of the experiment was to compare the production and reproductive performance of dairy cows in two environments known to produce large differences in cow behaviour - the cubicle house and straw yard. In addition an injection of prostaglandin analogue was investigated in both environments as it has been previously reported that a post-partum injection.of PGF2 α can improve poor reproductive performance (Knight, 1985).

Forty multiparous spring-calving cows were allocated for 12 weeks prepartum and 12 weeks postpartum t0o either a covered strawyard (S) stocked at 0.12 cows/m2 or a cubicle house (C) stocked at 0.17 cows/ m2. One half of each group received an injection PGF2 (P) 21 days post-partum, the other half receiving no injection (N). All cows were offered a complete diet ad libitum (ME 11.9 MJ/kg DM, CP 164g/kg) and results for the animal production and reproduction are presented for the postpartum period, and results for hoof condition presented for the entire winter.
The Consumption of whey by Non-Lactating Sows
Authors: Walker N.
Published: June 2019

Non-lactating sows are the only class of pig fed below appetite and can make use of bulky feeds including low dry matter materials such as liquid whey. Farmers who feed whey to pregnant sows from communal troughs complain of the difficulty of maintaining homogeneous body condition throughout the herd. The object of these experiments was to quantify the differences in intake between sows which produce this disparity and to indicate how feed dispensing systems might be controlled.
The Effect of Water Delivery Rate and Drinker Number on the Water use of Growing Pigs
Authors: Barber J. , Brooks P.H. , Carpenter J.L.
Published: June 2019

An increasing national demand for water coupled with a greater awareness of its potential for environmental pollution has augmented the concern generated by the relatively large quantities wasted on pig farms. Moreover, in the present financial climate this waste represents a useful source of cost saving, through the prospect of reduced supply, storage and disposal expenditure.

Several factors are understood to influence the use of water by pigs. Earlier studies at Seale-Hayne (Gill, Brooks and Carpenter, 1986), showed that scale fed pigs used 75.6% more water from Monoflow drinkers (nipple type drinkers) than from Arato 80 drinkers (bite type drinkers). Mount et al., (1971) indicated that temperature has an important effect on water consumption and Gill et al.,(1986) showed that the number of feeds per day was also of significance to the quantity of water used. A clear objective in husbandry should be the provision of water in a manner which takes account of these and other factors.
Post-weaning compensatory growth in autumn born suckler calves
Authors: Osoro K. , Wright I.A.
Published: June 2019

The ability of growing animals to exhibit compensatory growth after a period of undernutrition is well documented (O'Donovan 1984). However, in cattle most information is on calves born in spring, underfed during the post-weaning winter and showing compensatory growth during the following grazing season. Little information is available on post-weaning compensatory growth in autumn born suckled calves.
Fish meal supplementation of sugar beet feed or barley based concentrates for finishing beef cattle fed on grass silage diets
Authors: Kay R.M. , Harland J.I.
Published: June 2019

Whilst it is predicted that for finishing cattle (over 350 kg at start) fed grass silage diets, rumen degradable protein (RDP) should provide all protein requirements, previous studies have shown very variable growth responses from protein supplementation of cereal or starchy concentrates fed with grass silage. The protein source usually used being white fish meal which is high in rumen undegradable protein (UDP). This experiment investigated the response to fish meal supplementation of an energy concentrate based on either barley (starchy) or sugar beet feed (SBF, fibrous) when fed with good quality (64‘D’) grass silage to cattle in the finishing period of a traditional 18 month semi-intensive system.

Forty two 15 month and twelve 14 month old Friesian steers were blocked by weight and allocated at random to treatments (weights as fed):

1. 2kg barley plus minerals (2B)

2. 1.8 kg barley plus 0.2 kg fish meal (2BF)

3. 2 kg sugar beet feed plus minerals (2S)

4. 1.8 kg sugar beet feed plus 0.2 kg fish meal(2SF)

5. 4 kg sugar beet feed plus minerals (4S)

6. 4 kg barley plus minerals (4B)
The effect of body condition, feed level and temporary calf separation on the post-partum anoestrous period and LH and FSH levels in beef cows
Authors: Wright I.A. , Russel A.J.F. , Whyte T.K. , McBean A.J.
Published: June 2019

Compared with other species of farm livestock the reproductive performance of beef cows is poor. Mating and calving periods are frequently extended to avoid having a large proportion of barren Cows. vs. For example the ‘average’ MLC recorded herd has a calving period of over 4months. This makes management of beef cow herds difficult and has a deleterious effect on biological efficiency and profitability.

One of the major limitations to improvement of reproductive efficiency in beef cattle is the extended post-partum anoestrus. Beef cows have longer post-partum anoestrous periods than dairy cows. In one study of three different herds (Peters and Riley, 1982) the mean length of the anovulatory period ranged from 24 to 88 days.
Starch:fibre ratio of concentrates for dairy cows
Authors: Sutton J D , Bines J A , Napper D J , Morant S V
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment it was found that when concentrates were given in large amounts with a fixed ration of hay, cows receiving starchy concentrates gave more milk but with a lower fat concentration than cows receiving the same amount of high quality fibrous concentrates of a similar metabolisable energy (ME) concentration. The purpose of the present experiment was to examine the effects of varying the starch:fibre ratio of the concentrates on milk yield and composition and on hay intake.

Sixty-one Friesian cows in their second or later lactation were given a standard ration for the first two weeks of lactation and were then allocated to one of eight experimental treatments for the following 18 weeks. All the cows were given 13.5 kg/d of one of four concentrates of similar crude protein and estimated ME concentrations. The concentrates varied from high starch (S) based on barley, wheat and cassava to high fibre (F) based on high-quality by-products (citrus pulp, molassed sugar beet pulp and wheatfeed) with two intermediate types (SF and FS).
Lamb growth performance and rate of finishing In relation to sward height and herbage mass on set-stocked swards
Authors: Lloyd M. , Swift G. , Swanston S. , Hunter A. , Doney J. M.
Published: June 2019

Experiments designed to test animal responses to sward manipulation suggest that ewe performance and lamb growth are positively related to herbage mass and thus sward height (1,2,3,). From this component research, it is suggested that to maximise herbage production and animal performance during the main grazing season, sward heights should be maintained within the range of 4 to 6 cm; herbage mass should not exceed 1600 kg DM/ha (4,2). This trial was set up to test the efficacy and sensitivity of this approach in a set-stocked, grass lamb finishing system.
The amino acid requirements of pigs for maintenance and for growth
Authors: Fuller M.F. , McWilliam R. , Wang T.C.
Published: June 2019

The optimal balance of amino acids in the diet of the growing pig was estimated by ARC (1981) on the basis of a number of disparate studies augmented by data on the amino acid composition of the whole body on the premise that the amino acids incorporated into accreted body proteins are the major determinant of requirements and that this pattern is not distorted by inequalities in the utilisation of individual amino acids. In an accompanying paper (Wang & Fuller, paper no. 91) an optimal pattern was derived by direct experiment which was shown to be utilised better than that described by ARC (1981). That pattern, however, which related to one particular rate of nitrogen input and the particular rate of protein accretion which that input supported, includes two components, a requirement for maintenance and a requirement for protein accretion. There is clear evidence from studies with rats and chicks that the optimal pattern of amino acids for maintenance and growth are quite different and so the optimal pattern for any particular rate of growth will depend on the relative contributions of the two components. The purpose of this experiment was to estimate both.
Gratian Slept Here: The Changing Identity of the Father of the Systematic Study of Canon Law
Authors: Noonan John T.
Published: June 2019

Who was Gratian? It is hardly necessary to justify the interest of such a question. The Concordia discordantium canonum is one of the most influential law books of all time — a teacher's case book which became, for over 700 years, the law of the Catholic Church; a book which is at the roots of Western legal thought, ecclesiastical and lay; a vast storehouse of prior legislation and judgments, a set of masterful hypotheticals, and a rich commentary distinguished by its shrewdness and wisdom. In any time, in any land, its author would be honored for his achievement and sought after for his skill. His book was composed in a literate age in a milieu which valued learning, and even more than learning, valued law. Surely the composer has left some traces of himself and not vanished into the mists of myth.
The Public Assembly in the Time of Louis the Pious
Authors: Rosenthal Joel T.
Published: June 2019

The prominence of the public assembly is one of the most striking features of the reign of Louis the Pious. Both the chronicles and the imperial biographers refer again and again to the frequent public gatherings at which much of the business of the empire was transacted. This business varied in nature and importance, just as the assemblies varied in their location and duration. However, there seems to have been no major category of public business which was systematically kept from the purview of the public assembly.
Beowulfand Christian Tradition: A Reconsideration from a Celtic Stance
Authors: Donahue Charles
Published: June 2019

SinceBeowulfwas made available to scholars early in the last century it has been recognized as a poem deeply rooted in Germanic heroic tradition and dealing with ancient and pagan Scandinavian heroes. No pagan gods, however, are mentioned by name, and there are many references to the one true God who rules at all times over all. Further, there are unmistakable allusions to the story of Cain and Abel and to the giants who were destroyed by the flood. There are, however, no such allusions to any specifically Christian doctrines.
Administrative Shifts of Competence under Theoderic
Authors: Sinnigen William G.
Published: June 2019

From an administrative point of view the Roman Empire in the West did not come to an end when Romulus Augustulus was deposed in A. D. 476 Generally speaking, the kingdoms of Odoacer and Theoderic were administered by the same agencies that had managed the empire since the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. It is not surprising that there should have been much apparent continuity between late imperial and barbarian rule. The bureaucratic apparatus of empire, no matter how corrupt and cumbersome, was at least adapted to the needs of a civilized state, and it made sense to gratify the traditional ambitions of the senatorial establishment by maintaining ancient offices for its tenure. No wonder that an anonymous chronicler could remark that Theoderic ‘maintained the civil service for the Romans as it had been under the emperors.’
William James Stillman. Images in the Archives of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
Authors: Harlan Deborah
Published: June 2019

Previous discussions of collections printed in Archaeological Reports have consisted of catalogues of antiquities. This contribution does not deal with antiquities per se, but with objects depicting antiquities – 46 glass plate photographic negatives dating to the nineteenth century. However, these objects are also culturally-produced artefacts. Most of them are large, approximately 20cm by 20cm, glass plates, though some are rectangular of both smaller and larger dimensions. In addition, there are seventeen duplicated images in a British standard 8.25cm by 8.25cm lantern slide format. These glass artefacts are remnants of a much larger collection of negatives and slides amassed by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (hereafter Hellenic Society) in the late nineteenth to the first half of the twentieth century.
Protecting access to land for indigenous and non-indigenous communities: A new page for the World Bank?
Authors: Brunori Margherita
Published: June 2019

The World Bank has reviewed its environmental and social policies at a moment of intense production of international instruments dealing with land tenure, all of which take the form of soft law. This endeavour is motivated by the progressive acknowledgement of the importance of secure and equitable access to land for the realization of human rights and food security. The latest contribution of the World Bank to this debate is of great significance. This article aims to unveil the effects that the new Environmental and Social Framework is likely to generate in this context. It analyses the protection of access to land and security of tenure contained in the World Bank’s Environmental and Social Standards in light of the developments occurring at the international level. To this end, the article reviews the changes to the standards in the context of the social impacts when a lending project affects land holders or users directly or indirectly; addresses the mechanisms for protecting, compensating and improving livelihood opportunities for those affected by the projects; and comments on the safeguarding of indigenous peoples’ lands. The article finds that the World Bank, by incorporating some of these emerging standards, has confirmed the relevance of emerging principles and guidelines on land, even if they are contained in non-binding instruments. On a critical note, the article recognizes the refusal of the World Bank to adopt the underlying discourse and fully embrace human rights achievements in the context of land issues.
A deterministic rewrite system for the probabilistic λ-calculus
Authors: Leventis Thomas
Published: June 2019

In this paper we present an operational semantics for the ‘call-by-name’ probabilistic λ-calculus, whose main feature is to use only deterministic relations and to have no constraint on the reduction strategy. The calculus enjoys similar properties to the usual λ-calculus. In particular we prove it to be confluent, and we prove a standardisation theorem.
Categorical models of the differential λ-calculus
Authors: Cockett Robin , Gallagher Jonathan
Published: June 2019

The paper shows how the Scott–Koymans theorem for the untyped λ-calculus can be extended to the differential λ-calculus. The main result is that every model of the untyped differential λ-calculus may be viewed as a differential reflexive object in a Cartesian-closed differential category. This extension of the Scott–Koymans theorem depends critically on unraveling the somewhat subtle issue of which idempotents can be split so that differential structure lifts to the idempotent splitting.

The paper uses (total) Turing categories with “canonical codes” as the basic categorical semantics for the λ-calculus. It develops the main result in a modular fashion by showing how to add left-additive structure to a Turing category, and then – on top of that – differential structure. For both levels of structure, it is necessary to identify how “canonical codes” must behave with respect to the added structure and, furthermore, how “universal objects” must behave. The latter is closely tied to the question – which is the crux of the paper – of which idempotents can be split while preserving the differential structure of the setting.

This paper is the full version of a conference paper and includes the proofs which were omitted from that version due to page-length restrictions.
International credit market integration in northwestern Europe in the 1670s
Authors: Li Ling-Fan
Published: June 2019

This article studies the financial market integration in the 1670s by examining the effectiveness of triangular exchange arbitrage. The results suggest that international credit markets based on bills of exchange in northwestern Europe were well integrated and responded to exchange-rate differences quickly. The speed of adjustment, ranging between one and three weeks, accorded with the speed of communication, but the transaction cost associated with exchange arbitrage was much lower than that of shipping bullion. Although warfare had a disruptive effect on exchange arbitrage by increasing transaction cost, markets were resilient in remaining efficient.
How can a ‘Responsible’ European Union Contribute to the Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect?
Authors: Ercan Pinar Gözen , Günay Defne
Published: June 2019

In 2013, in light of the mass atrocity cases in Libya and Syria, the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament recommended ‘to reconfirm the EU’s commitment to R2P [Responsibility to Protect] by adopting an interinstitutional “Consensus on R2P”’. Despite such reaffirmation, the Union’s role in implementing R2P remains an open-ended question. To date, the EU’s contribution to R2P has rarely been studied. In our attempt to contribute to the literature, approaching the issue from an ethical perspective, we aim to answer the following questions: what are the existing capacities of the EU in contributing to R2P; and what can the EU do to be a more responsible actor in the future? After identifying the existing capacities of the Union, we analyse what the EU can do to make the international community more responsible in the future given that we have already left behind the first decade of the norm, which was characterized by inconsistent implementation. Finally, we conclude that the Union holds a genuine potential for further development and a consistent implementation of the norm mainly by utilizing its non-military tools.
Living Comatulids
Authors: Messing Charles G.
Published: June 2019

Comatulid crinoids, or featherstars, are the dominant group of living crinoids and occur in a wide range of modern marine environments from the intertidal zone to the abyss. This chapter outlines current understanding of comatulid classification, distribution, feeding ecology, diets, predation, and taphonomy. A detailed introduction to morphological features, terms and associated symbology is given together with a discussion of practical aspects of working with specimens and the difficulties associated with species identifications. An artificial key to the families of comatulids is included.
Implications of research on living stalked crinoids for paleobiology
Authors: Meyer David L.
Published: June 2019

Stalked crinoids (sea lilies) are not extinct, but are restricted to depths below 100 m and comprise over 80 living species. Over the past 20 years, a wide range of new information on the biology of stalked crinoids has been acquired from deep-sea photography and submersible studies. Taphonomic studies show that stalked crinoids can disarticulate and undergo breakage and abrasion without significant transportation, although crinoids can survive the rigors of transportation without damage if decay has not weakened connective tissues. Because stalks can remain articulated longer than crowns, the occurrence of articulated fossil crinoid stalks should not be interpreted as proof of rapid burial. Stalked crinoids are passive suspension feeders forming filtration fans oriented normal to bottom currents of low velocity. Mutable collagenous tissues comprising the ligaments of stalk, cirri, and arms are significant in providing variable stiffness that enables stalked crinoids to maintain elevation of the stalk and the filtration fan feeding posture. Regenerated arms and stalks lacking crowns suggest that stalked crinoids are subject to predation by fish in deep water, although predation pressure is likely lower than in shallow water.
Evolutionary paleoecology of dense ophiuroid populations
Authors: Aronson Richard B. , Blake Daniel B.
Published: June 2019

Issues of scale are becoming increasingly important to paleobiological interpretations of the fossil record. Nevertheless, a number of biological processes display scale-independent behaviors. The effects of predation on the distribution of dense populations of epifaunal, suspension-feeding ophiuroids are scale-independent, at scales ranging from the microecological to the macroevolutionary. On a microecological scale (meters to kilometers, hours to days), dense ophiuroid populations are limited in shallow-water environments by predatory fishes and crabs. On a larger, ecological scale (tens to hundreds of kilometers, decades to centuries), circumstantial evidence indicates that oceanographically driven, multidecadal cycles of predator abundance determine the abundance of ophiuroids throughout the western English Channel. On a macroevolutionary scale (millions to tens of millions of years, global spatial scale), dense, autochthonous assemblages of ophiuroids declined in conjunction with the Mesozoic diversification of modern shell-crushing predators: teleostean fishes, decapod crustaceans, and neoselachian sharks. The sporadic reappearance of dense ophiuroid populations in a late Eocene, shallow marine deposit in Antarctica suggests that predator-prey relationships were disrupted as temperatures declined in the region at that time. Scale-independence is a useful model for explaining and predicting patterns of distribution of dense ophiuroid populations in time and space.
How chordates and echinoderms separated from each other and the problem of dorso-ventral inversion
Authors: Jefferies R. P. S.
Published: June 2019

It is now possible to reconstruct what happened when the chordates and echinoderms first split from each other. This involves a three-way comparison among: 1) the soluteColeicarpus, which is probably a stem-group dexiothete; 2) the Cincta, which seem to be the least crownward known echinoderms; and 3) the soluteCastericystis, which is a stem-group chordate, probably the least crownward known. Counter-torsion of the tail, by which the effects of dexiothetism were nullified in the tail, took place in two phases, firstly in the fore tail and later in the hind tail. Echinoderms and chordates are descended from ancestors that were attached to, or lay on, the sea floor and were therefore much more liable to attack from above than beneath. This probably explains why the main nerve trunk in chordates is dorsal, rather than being ventral as in protostomes.
The Geological Time Scale
Authors: Gradstein Felix M.
Published: June 2019

This lecture reviews Geologic Time Scale 2004 (Gradstein, Ogg et al., 2004; Cambridge University Press), constructed and detailed by 40 geoscience specialists, and indicates how it will be further refined. Since Geologic Time Scale 1989 by Harland et al., many developments have taken place: (1) Stratigraphic standardization through the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has greatly refined the international chronostratigraphic scale. In some cases, traditional European-based stages have been replaced with new subdivisions that allow global correlation. (2) New or enhanced methods of extracting high-precision age assignments with realistic uncertainties from the rock record. These have led to improved age assignments of key geologic stage boundaries and other global correlation horizons. (3) Orbital tuning has greatly refined the Neogene, and improved parts of Paleogene and Mesozoic. (4) Statistical techniques of compiling integrated global stratigraphic scales within geologic periods.

Anticipated advances to the Geologic Time Scale during the next 8 years include: a geologically realistic Precambrian scale, formal definition of all Phanerozoic stage boundaries, orbital tuning of polarity chrons and biostratigraphic events for entire Cenozoic and Cretaceous, a detailed database of high-resolution radiometric ages that includes “best practice” procedures, full error analysis, monitor ages and conversions, resolving age dating controversies (e.g., zircon statistics and possible reworking) across Devonian/Carboniferous, Permian/Triassic, and Anisian/Ladinian boundaries, improved and standardized dating of several ‘neglected’ intervals (e.g., Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, and Carboniferous through Triassic, and detailed integrated stratigraphy for Upper Paleozoic through Lower Mesozoic.

The geochronological science community and ICS are focusing on these issues. A modified version of the time scale to accompany the standardization (boundary definitions and stratotypes) of all stages is planned for 2008 (to be presented at the 33th International Geologic Congress in Oslo), with a totally revised version of GTS available in 2012.
Long-Term Records of Continental Diatoms Paleolimnology and Biochronology
Authors: Starratt Scott W.
Published: June 2019

The great abundance and diversity of diatoms in lacustrine sediments and their ability to adjust to rapid changes in physical, chemical, and biological conditions makes them ideal for the study of lake history. Continuous diatom records from long-lived lakes have the potential to answer questions of basin history, climate variability, ecological change, and evolution. Isolated Tertiary outcrops provide a more limited record of environmental conditions, but as the ability to correlate individual exposures improves through the use of techniques such as tephrochronology, it is becoming possible to evaluate the timing of environmental or evolutionary changes on a regional basis.
Using Diatoms as Ecological and Paleoecological Indicators in Riverine Environments
Authors: Stone Jeffery R.
Published: June 2019

Fossil diatom assemblages are useful for reconstructing past environmental changes in riverine systems. However, few studies have attempted to utilize paleolimnological techniques in these settings. Analysis of sediments from riverine environments can provide key information predating the impact of human development, which cannot be acquired by other means. Paleolimnological techniques can be used to determine the natural variability in these systems and to estimate the magnitude and rates of change that the environment may have undergone as a result of anthropogenic or climatic factors, and to provide realistic goals for management of negatively-impacted systems.

Reconstructing past riverine settings requires an understanding of the factors that control the spatial distribution of diatoms in riverine settings; this paper discusses the impact of resources, stressors, and disturbance events, which are the primary controls on the distribution of benthic diatoms in modern riverine environments. A selection of case studies that utilize paleolimnological techniques to infer past stream hydrology are also discussed; these examples encompass the use of fossil diatom assemblages from sediments recovered from lowland floodplain and meandering river systems, estuarine environments, fluvial lakes, arctic deltaic environments, and terminal lakes.
Estimating Rates and Probabilities of Origination and Extinction Using Taxonomic Occurrence Data: Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) Approaches
Authors: Liow Lee Hsiang , Nichols James D.
Published: June 2019

We rely on observations of occurrences of fossils to infer the rates and timings of origination and extinction of taxa. These estimates can then be used to shed light on questions such as whether extinction and origination rates have been higher or lower at different times in earth history or in different geographical regions, etc. and to investigate the possible underlying causes of varying rates. An inherent problem in inference using occurrence data is one of incompleteness of sampling. Even if a taxon is present at a given time and place, we are guaranteed to detect or sample it less than 100% of the time we search in a random outcrop or sediment sample that should contain it, either because it was not preserved, it was preserved but then eroded, or because we simply did not find it. Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) methods rely on replicate sampling to allow for the simultaneous estimation of sampling probability and the parameters of interest (e.g. extinction, origination, occupancy, diversity). Here, we introduce the philosophy of CMR approaches especially as applicable to paleontological data and questions. The use of CMR is in its infancy in paleobiological applications, but the handful of studies that have used it demonstrate its utility and generality. We discuss why the use of CMR has not matched its development in other fields, such as in population ecology, as well as the importance of modelling the sampling process and estimating sampling probabilities. In addition, we suggest some potential avenues for the development of CMR applications in paleobiology.