bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Ballet III: Halo spin evolution in the cosmic web
Authors: Ganeshaiah Veena Punyakoti , Cautun Marius , van de Weygaert Rien , Tempel Elmo , Frenk Carlos S
Published: February 2021

We explore the evolution of halo spins in the cosmic web using a very large sample of dark matter haloes in the Lambda cold dark matter Planck-Millennium N-body simulation. We use the nexus+ multiscale formalism to identify the hierarchy of filaments and sheets of the cosmic web at several redshifts. We find that at all times the magnitude of halo spins correlates with the web environment, being largest in filaments, and, for the first time, we show that it also correlates with filament thickness as well as the angle between spin orientation and the spine of the host filament. For example, massive haloes in thick filaments spin faster than their counterparts in thin filaments, while for low-mass haloes the reverse is true. We have also studied the evolution of alignment between halo spin orientations and the preferential axes of filaments and sheets. The alignment varies with halo mass, with the spins of low-mass haloes being predominantly along the filament spine, while those of high-mass haloes being predominantly perpendicular to the filament spine. On average, for all halo masses, halo spins become more perpendicular to the filament spine at later times. At all redshifts, the spin alignment shows a considerable variation with filament thickness, with the halo mass corresponding to the transition from parallel to perpendicular alignment varying by more than one order of magnitude. The cosmic web environmental dependence of halo spin magnitude shows little evolution for z ≤ 2 and is likely a consequence of the correlations in the initial conditions or high redshift effects.
Shape noise and dispersion in precision weak lensing
Authors: Gurri Pol , Taylor Edward N , Fluke Christopher J
Published: February 2021

We analyse the first measurements from precision weak lensing (PWL): a new methodology for measuring individual galaxy–galaxy weak lensing through velocity information. Our goal is to understand the observed shear distribution from PWL, which is broader than can be explained by the statistical measurement errors. We identify two possible sources of scatter to explain the observed distribution: a shape noise term associated with the underlying assumption of circular stable rotation, and an astrophysical signal consistent with a lognormal dispersion around the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR). We have modelled the observed distribution as the combination of these two factors and quantified their most likely values given our data. For the current sample, we measure an effective shape noise of σγ = 0.024 ± 0.007, highlighting the low noise impact of the method and positioning PWL as ∼10 times more precise than conventional weak lensing. We also measure an average dispersion in shears of $\xi _\gamma = 0.53^{+0.26}_{-0.28}$ dex over the range of 8.5 < log M⋆ < 11. This measurement is higher than expected, which is suggestive of a relatively high dispersion in halo mass and/or profile.
Pix2Prof: fast extraction of sequential information from galaxy imagery via a deep natural language ‘captioning’ model
Authors: Smith Michael J , Arora Nikhil , Stone Connor , Courteau Stéphane , Geach James E
Published: February 2021

We present ‘Pix2Prof’, a deep learning model that can eliminate any manual steps taken when measuring galaxy profiles. We argue that a galaxy profile of any sort is conceptually similar to a natural language image caption. This idea allows us to leverage image captioning methods from the field of natural language processing, and so we design Pix2Prof as a float sequence ‘captioning’ model suitable for galaxy profile inference. We demonstrate the technique by approximating a galaxy surface brightness (SB) profile fitting method that contains several manual steps. Pix2Prof processes ∼1 image per second on an Intel Xeon E5-2650 v3 CPU, improving on the speed of the manual interactive method by more than two orders of magnitude. Crucially, Pix2Prof requires no manual interaction, and since galaxy profile estimation is an embarrassingly parallel problem, we can further increase the throughput by running many Pix2Prof instances simultaneously. In perspective, Pix2Prof would take under an hour to infer profiles for 105 galaxies on a single NVIDIA DGX-2 system. A single human expert would take approximately 2 yr to complete the same task. Automated methodology such as this will accelerate the analysis of the next generation of large area sky surveys expected to yield hundreds of millions of targets. In such instances, all manual approaches – even those involving a large number of experts – will be impractical.
Radiative shocks around super-eddington accreting black holes
Authors: Okuda Toru , Singh Chandra B
Published: February 2021

We examine radiative standing shocks in advective accretion flows around stellar-mass black holes by 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations, focusing on the super-Eddington accreting flow. Under a set of input flow parameters responsible for the standing shock, the shock location on the equator decreases towards the event horizon with an increasing accretion rate. The optically thin and hot gas in the narrow funnel region along the rotational axis changes gradually into a dense and optically thick state with the increasingly dense gas transported from the base of the radiative shock near the equator. As a result, the luminosity becomes as high as ∼1040 erg s−1, and the radiation shows a strongly anisotropic distribution around the rotational axis and then very low edge-on luminosity as ∼1036 erg s−1. The mass outflow rate from the outer boundary is high as ∼10−5 and $10^{-4} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ yr−1 but most of the outflow is originated through the radial outer boundary and may be observed over a wide wind region. The models show approximately blackbody spectra with a temperature of 5 × 106–3 × 107 K at the vertical outer boundary surface. The radiative shock models with the super-Eddington luminosities show a possible model for the superaccretor SS 433 and ultraluminous X-ray sources with stellar-mass black holes.
MMT spectroscopy of Lyman-alpha at z ≃ 7: evidence for accelerated reionization around massive galaxies
Authors: Endsley Ryan , Stark Daniel P , Charlot Stéphane , Chevallard Jacopo , Robertson Brant , Bouwens Rychard J , Stefanon Mauro
Published: February 2021

Reionization-era galaxies tend to exhibit weak Ly α emission, likely reflecting attenuation from an increasingly neutral IGM. Recent observations have begun to reveal exceptions to this picture, with strong Ly α emission now known in four of the most massive z = 7–9 galaxies in the CANDELS fields, all of which also exhibit intense [O iii]+H β emission (EW > 800 Å). To better understand why Ly α is anomalously strong in a subset of massive z ≃ 7–9 galaxies, we have initiated an MMT/Binospec survey targeting a larger sample (N = 22) of similarly luminous (≃1–6 L$^{\ast }_{\mathrm{UV}}$) z ≃ 7 galaxies selected over very wide-area fields (∼3 deg2). We confidently (>7σ) detect Ly α in 78 per cent (7/9) of galaxies with strong [O iii]+H β emission (EW > 800 Å) as opposed to only 8 per cent (1/12) of galaxies with more moderate (EW = 200–800 Å) [O iii]+H β. We argue that the higher Ly α EWs of the strong [O iii]+H β population likely reflect enhanced ionizing photon production efficiency owing to their large sSFRs (≳30 Gyr−1). We also find evidence that Ly α transmission from massive galaxies declines less rapidly over 6 < z < 7 than in low-mass lensed systems. In particular, our data suggest no strong evolution in Ly α transmission, consistent with a picture wherein massive z ≃ 7 galaxies often reside in large ionized regions. We detect three closely separated (R = 1.7 physical Mpc) z ≃ 7 Ly α emitters in our sample, conceivably tracing a large ionized structure that is consistent with this picture. We detect tentative evidence for an overdensity in this region, implying a large ionizing photon budget in the surrounding volume.
Building a digital twin of a luminous red galaxy spectroscopic survey: galaxy properties and clustering covariance
Authors: Hernández-Aguayo César , Prada Francisco , Baugh Carlton M , Klypin Anatoly
Published: February 2021

Upcoming surveys will use a variety of galaxy selections to map the large-scale structure of the Universe. It is important to make accurate predictions for the properties and clustering of such galaxies, including the errors on these statistics. Here, we describe a novel technique which uses the semi-analytical model of galaxy formation galform, embedded in the high-resolution N-body Planck-Millennium simulation, to populate a thousand halo catalogues generated using the Parallel-PM N-body glam code. Our hybrid scheme allows us to make clustering predictions on scales that cannot be modelled in the original N-body simulation. We focus on luminous red galaxies (LRGs) selected in the redshift range z = 0.6 − 1 from the galform output using similar colour-magnitude cuts in the r, z, and W1 bands to those that will be applied in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) survey, and call this illustrative sample ‘DESI-like’ LRGs. We find that the LRG-halo connection is non-trivial, leading to the prediction of a non-standard halo occupation distribution; in particular, the occupation of central galaxies does not reach unity for the most massive haloes, and drops with increasing mass. The glam catalogues reproduce the abundance and clustering of the LRGs predicted by galform. We use the glam mocks to compute the covariance matrices for the two-point correlation function and power spectrum of the LRGs and their background dark matter density field, revealing important differences. We also make predictions for the linear-growth rate and the baryon acoustic oscillations distances at z = 0.6, 0.74, and 0.93. All ‘DESI-like’ LRG catalogues are made publicly available.
Evidence for distinctive changes in the solar wind helium abundance in solar cycle 24
Authors: Yogesh  , Chakrabarty D , Srivastava N
Published: February 2021

The relative abundance of alpha particles with respect to protons, usually expressed as AHe = (nα/np)*100, is known to respond to solar activity, although changes in its behaviour in the last four solar cycles are not known. In this letter, by systematically analysing inter-calibrated AHe data obtained from the first Lagrangian point of the Sun–Earth system, we show that AHe variations are distinctively different in solar cycle 24 as compared to the last three cycles. The frequency of AHe = 2–3 per cent events is significantly higher in slow/intermediate solar winds in solar cycle 24 as opposed to the dominance of the typical AHe = 4–5 per cent events in the previous three cycles. Further, the occurrence of AHe > 10 per cent events is significantly reduced in cycle 24. Not only that the changes in delay of AHe with respect to peak sunspot numbers are less sensitive to changes in solar wind velocity in cycle 24. The investigation suggests that the coronal magnetic field configuration started undergoing systematic changes starting from cycle 23 and this altered magnetic field configuration affected the way helium got processed and depleted in the solar atmosphere.
Water intake and progression of chronic kidney disease: the CKD-REIN cohort study
Authors: Wagner Sandra , Merkling Thomas , Metzger Marie , Bankir Lise , Laville Maurice , Frimat Luc , Combe Christian , Jacquelinet Christian , Fouque Denis , Massy Ziad A , Stengel Bénédicte ,   for the CKD-REIN study group
Published: February 2021

Background

Optimal daily water intake to prevent chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is unknown. Taking the kidney’s urine-concentrating ability into account, we studied the relation of kidney outcomes in patients with CKD to total and plain water intake and urine volume.

Methods

Including 1265 CKD patients [median age 69 years; mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 32 mL/min/1.73 m2] from the Chronic Kidney Disease–Renal Epidemiology and Information Network cohort (2013–19), we assessed fluid intake at baseline interviews, collected 24-h urine volumes and estimated urine osmolarity (eUosm). Using Cox and then linear mixed models, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for kidney failure and eGFR decline associated with hydration markers, adjusting for CKD progression risk factors and eUosm.

Results

Patients’ median daily intake was 2.0 L [interquartile range (IQR) 1.6–2.6] for total water and 1.5 L (1–1.7) for plain water, median urine volume was 1.9 L/24 h (IQR 1.6–2.4) and mean eUosm was 374 ± 104 mosm/L. Neither total water intake nor urine volume was associated with either kidney outcome. Kidney failure risk increased significantly with decreasing eUosm ˂292 mosm/L. Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for kidney failure associated with plain water intake were 1.88 (1.02–3.47), 1.59 (1.06–2.38), 1.76 (0.95–3.24) and 1.55 (1.03–2.32) in patients drinking <0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.5–2.0 and >2.0 L/day compared with those drinking 1.0–1.5  L/day. High plain water intake was also significantly associated with faster eGFR decline.

Conclusions

In patients with CKD, the relation between plain water intake and progression to kidney failure appears to be U-shaped. Both low and high intake may not be beneficial in CKD.
The Influence of Smoking Motivation on the Associations Among Cigarette Craving, Attentional Bias to Smoking Cues, and Smoking Behavior
Authors: Creswell Kasey G , Skrzynski Carillon J
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Theory and data suggest that attentional bias (AB) to drug-related cues should be associated with craving when smoking motivation is high, and that AB should be predictive of drug use when immediate use is possible. The current study is the first to test these propositions in smokers in a controlled laboratory environment.

Aims and Methods

Ninety daily smokers were randomly assigned to a high smoking motivation (nicotine-deprived and/or smoking cue exposure) or low smoking motivation (non-deprived and/or control cue exposure) condition. Participants engaged in an AB task in which they viewed smoking and matched control pictures while their eye movements were continuously monitored. Participants were then given the option to smoke, and latency to first puff and number of puffs were coded.

Results

High motivation smokers had significantly higher urges to smoke (p < .001) and shorter latencies to smoke (p = .001) than low motivation smokers, but AB measures (ie, dwell time and initial fixation bias scores) and number of puffs did not differ across groups (ps > .45). As predicted, the association between dwell time bias scores and urge to smoke was stronger in the high (r = .47) than low (r = .18) smoking motivation condition, but this difference failed to reach significance (p = .068). Contrary to predictions, neither AB measure was significantly associated with smoking behavior (SB). Internal reliability was excellent for dwell time bias scores (alpha = .90) but very low for initial fixation bias scores (alpha = .20).

Conclusions

Maintenance of attention on drug-related cues may be a valid index of incentive motivation. Importantly, however, these dwell time bias scores were not predictive of actual SB.

Implications

This study tested key predictions made by theoretical accounts of addiction that emphasize AB to drug-related cues as fundamental components of the development and maintenance of drug use. Namely, this is the first experimental study in smokers to test whether AB to smoking-related cues is associated with craving when smoking motivation is high and whether AB predicts SB assessed immediately after the AB task. As predicted, the association between AB and craving was stronger in smokers randomly assigned to a high rather than a low smoking motivation condition. Contrary to predictions, AB did not predict SB.
Stepping In and Out of Media Characters
Authors: Cohen Jonathan , Klimmt Christoph
Published: February 2021

Identification with media characters is a highly prevalent phenomenon in media entertainment. Audience members may take the perspective of—or become experientially “one with” the personae of various kinds of entertainment media, including movie and novel protagonists, video game avatars, or talk show hosts. After briefly reviewing past theoretical work on identification, we introduce a new framework that contextualizes identification within a set of six different modes of audience positioning toward media characters. We suggest interindividual and intermessage differences as well as intraindividual dynamics in audience positionings, with identification being a mode that is bound to particular conditions, including an experience of transportation. The framework may harmonize discrepant past propositions on audience responses to media characters, pave the way for improved measurement of these responses in future experiments across different media and message genres, and advance conceptualizations of the links between identification, hedonic as well as eudaimonic entertainment outcomes.
Retrospective Imaginative Involvement and Entertainment Narratives
Authors: Ewoldsen David R. , Busselle Rick , Sethi Neha , Slater Michael D.
Published: February 2021

Anecdotal evidence suggests that audience members frequently engage in imaginative thinking of entertainment messages they have consumed. Manifestations of such retrospective imaginative involvement (RII) may range from short episodes of daydreaming or mind wandering in which entertainment content (e.g., characters, locations, events) play a central role to more elaborate and even organized activities such as writing fan fiction or engaging in cosplay. The chapter explicates the concept of RII as a novel approach to describe and explain this under researched element of media entertainment. It builds on the temporarily expanded boundaries of the self (TEBOTS) model to derive motivational explanations for the appeal of and intentions behind RII activities, and employs the model of narrative comprehension and engagement to elaborate the foundational cognitive mechanisms that enable and facilitate RII. Finally, it connects RII to contemporary notions of hedonic and eudaimonic entertainment and offer perspectives for future thematic research.
The Minor Prophets in Islam
Authors: Wheeler Brannon
Published: February 2021

This essay explains the ways in which the Minor Prophets do (and do not) appear in Islam. Islam does not share the concept of the “minor” or “twelve prophets” known from Jewish and Christian Bible, but Jonah (Yūnus) appears in the Quran, and Muslim exegetes mention the names of Habakkuk and Obadiah. Jonah is mentioned four times in the Quran, the name is usually used as the title for the tenth surah, and Muslim exegesis elaborates the full biblical story of Jonah with particular emphasis on his being swallowed by the big fish. Zechariah as a prophet other than the father of John the Baptist is linked to several Quran passages. Muslim Bible exegesis refers by name to all of the twelve prophets and interprets select passages from the biblical books attributed to these prophets as foretelling the coming of Muhammad and Islam.
Micah
Authors: Kessler Rainer
Published: February 2021

The essay discusses key issues in current interpretation of the book of Micah. The structure of the book is dominated by the change between doom and hope, which leads to different proposals for the division into sections and to various descriptions of the book’s coherence. There is a consensus that the book has a long history of formation with the Persian (or even Hellenistic) period as its last stage. However, it is contested whether it was formed in these days or only finalized after a longer history of tradition. Among the key themes of the book, the essay distinguishes between foreground themes (judgment and hope, social critique and ethics, Israel and the nations) and modern questions posed of this ancient text (Micah and gender and Micah as trauma literature).
The Persistence of Memory
Authors: Rodman Ron
Published: February 2021

Though out of vogue in the twenty-first century, the jingle was a mainstay of radio and television advertising in the late twentieth century. What made it so popular was its affinity with popular music with which it was contemporaneous. This chapter draws upon linear diagram analysis to highlight the structural similarities of commercial jingles with American popular songs. Citing works on form in American popular song by Allen Forte and John Covach, and the “beginning-middle-ending” paradigms of William Caplin and Kofi Agawu, the chapter demonstrates how the musical structure of jingles such as “See the U.S.A. in Your Chevrolet,” “Like a Good Neighbor, State Farm Is There,” and others resemble American popular songs of their time. The success of these jingles lies not only in their structural similarity with these popular songs but also in the audience’s ability to reimagine the complete structure of the tunes and to draw upon a collective cultural memory of intertextuality—what Papson calls “alreadyness”—to these advertising texts.
Exploiting the Frontier
Authors: Whitmer Mariana
Published: February 2021

In writing about music and advertising, Nicholas Cook (1994) has observed that music, when applied to a commercial, “transfers its own attributes to the story line and to the product … making connections that are not there in the words or pictures; it even engenders meanings of its own.” Thus, while the music gives meaning to the commercial, the visuals can also give meaning to the music. Western music, whether from popular song, films, or television shows, carries with it additional significance in the realm of advertising. In these instances, the combination of visuals with Western music adds to the overall subtext of both, hypertextualizing both the music and the ad. This chapter provides an overview of how the Western’s music has been applied to advertising, examining how the dynamics have changed as the filmic genre developed from simple “shoot-em-ups” to psychological dramas, and how audiences have responded.
Music as Advertisement
Authors: Gauvin Hubert Léveillé
Published: February 2021

It is well known that music plays an important role in advertising. The notion of music as advertisement, however, is less recognized. The new economic reality of the information age—sometimes referred to as the “attention economy”—has amplified the self-advertising character of popular music by encouraging music makers to pursue compositional practices that enhance the attention-grabbing quality of the music. Using the analytical framework proposed by Huron (1989), this chapter examines the dual function of popular music as both product and self-advertisement through an extended review of the empirical literature on popular music.
Commercial Sound
Authors: Allan David
Published: February 2021

Music is popular in advertising. It is the sometimes celebrated, sometimes mourned marriage of art and commerce. While many have theorized with respect to this relationship, few have observed and analyzed its results. This chapter reviews empirical studies on the reception of popular music in advertising in television and radio on attention, memory, attitudes, and purchase intention. Relevant experiments are summarized and analyzed, leading to the formation of comprehensive tables of independent music variables such as appeal, fit, melody, mood, and tempo and their effects on consumer attention, recall, attitude toward the ad and the brand, and purchase intention. A summary of empirical results will provide a foundation for future research into the commercial use of sound.
Selling “David Bowie”
Authors: Reed Katherine
Published: February 2021

In his 1987 “Creation” advertisement for Pepsi, David Bowie alters the lyrics to the hit “Modern Love,” inserting “Now I know the choice is mine” into the chorus. Though the change echoes Pepsi’s own “Choice of a Generation” tagline, it also illustrates the oddity of Bowie’s choice to move into commercials. At this point, Bowie was a wildly popular and financially successful musician, on the heels of hits Let’s Dance and Tonight: This move to ads was a strategic choice rather than a necessity. Beyond monetary considerations, why bother to embrace high-profile advertising now? This chapter argues that commercials, like music videos, costumes, and interviews, served Bowie as a vehicle for reinforcing his star image on a very public stage. In ads from 1968 to 2013, Bowie embodied his current persona, entering people’s homes through their television as well as their radios. This chapter will analyze his 1987 Pepsi spot (“Modern Love”), 2011 Vittel ad (“Never Get Old”), and 2013 Louis Vuitton short (“I’d Rather Be High”) to illustrate the consistent shaping of public image Bowie executed through advertising.
Mill on the Liberty of Thought and Discussion
Authors: Macleod Christopher
Published: February 2021

This chapter discuses Chapter Two of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, ‘On the Liberty of Thought and Discussion’, which is the best-known defence of free speech in the philosophical canon. It suggests that Mill’s argument in chapter two of On Liberty is a distinctively epistemic argument, and one which relies on a specific conception of man’s cognitive nature and the character of human knowledge. There is a strong connection between Mill’s Freedom of Discussion Principle and the way in which human beings come to know the world. The chapter then identifies what Mill means to rule out by his argument—what, in short, freedom of discussion is freedom from—and what he means to rule in. It also considers the relation between the Freedom of Discussion Principle and its better known sibling, the Harm Principle, and the conditions under which these principles are applicable.
North Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Hellmuth Sam , Pearce Mary
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the prosodic systems of languages spoken in North Africa and the Middle East, taking in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, plus the Arabian Peninsula, and the Middle East (but excluding Kurdish). The survey sketches the nature and scope of typological variation—in respect to prosody—across the whole of the Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan language families, addressing, within the limits of the existing literature: word prosody, prosodic phrasing, melodic structure, and prosodic expression of meaning (sentence modality, focus, and information structure). The survey is organized around language sub-families, reporting what is known about the different aspects of prosody for each sub-family, together with a brief discussion of priorities for future research.
Articulatory Measures of Prosody
Authors: Cho Taehong , Mücke Doris
Published: February 2021

Prosodic research in speech production usually focuses on the way the prosodic structure influences the phonetic implementation of segmental and suprasegmental features. The realization of a tone, for instance, involves not only dynamic changes so as to regulate the vocal fold vibration to produce f0 contours, but also the movement of articulators to simultaneously produce consonants and vowels. Articulatory measuring techniques help us to directly observe how these two systems are coordinated in the spatio-temporal dimension. A number of such techniques are discussed, along with examples indicating how each technique may be or has been used to study various aspects of prosody. They include laryngoscopy and electroglottography to examine laryngeal events associated with vocal fold vibration; systems such as electromagnetic articulography, an optoelectronic device, electropalatography, and ultrasound systems to explore supralaryngeal articulatory events; and aerodynamic measurement systems to record oral/subglottal pressure and oral/nasal flow.
Fundamental Aspects in the Perception of f0
Authors: Niebuhr Oliver , Reetz Henning , Barnes Jonathan , Yu Alan C. L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter outlines basic characteristics and principles in the perception of f0 and its interplay with other prosodic and segmental elements of speech. It focuses on those theoretical and empirical contributions that are essential for readers to know in order to conduct, interpret, and assess research on prosody and intonation. Thus, it starts with the psychophysical and psychoacoustic aspects of f0 and pitch, and continues with how perceived pitch patterns are constructed from f0 patterns in speech, also taking into account just noticeable differences. Stressing the various influences of sound segments in this construction process, critical concepts touched upon are intrinsic pitch, the missing fundamental, ‘segmental intonation’, and the theory of optimal tonal perception. Finally, an overview addresses the interplay between f0 and other aspects of prosody. This includes how f0 influences perceived duration and how f0, or rather perceived pitch, is in turn influenced by the acoustic energy level. Whenever useful, the chapter provides practical advice on how to measure and analyse f0 and pitch contours in speech.
Prosody and Spoken-Word Recognition
Authors: McQueen James M. , Dilley Laura
Published: February 2021

This chapter outlines a Bayesian model of spoken-word recognition and reviews how prosody is part of that model. The review focuses on the information that assists the listener in recognizing the prosodic structure of an utterance and on how spoken-word recognition is also constrained by prior knowledge about prosodic structure. Recognition is argued to be a process of perceptual inference that ensures that listening is robust to variability in the speech signal. In essence, the listener makes inferences about the segmental content of each utterance, about its prosodic structure (simultaneously at different levels in the prosodic hierarchy), and about the words it contains, and uses these inferences to form an utterance interpretation. Four characteristics of the proposed prosody-enriched recognition model are discussed: parallel uptake of different information types, high contextual dependency, adaptive processing, and phonological abstraction. The next steps that should be taken to develop the model are also discussed.
The Acquisition of Word Prosody
Authors: Fikkert Paula , Liu Liquan , Ota Mitsuhiko
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview regarding the acquisition of three aspects of word prosody: lexical tone, pitch accent, and word stress. It also addresses word-learning studies where these prosodic features have been manipulated. Across these features, infants show evidence for perceptual tuning in the course of their first year: they prefer their native language patterns over non-native and infrequently encountered ones. Yet, it may take infants longer to use such receptive knowledge of word prosody for word learning, word recognition, and word production, and the timing of accurate utilization depends on the specific tones, pitch accents, and word-stress patterns. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the gaps in our knowledge, which involve longitudinal development and insight into the developmental triggers, the relationship between perception and production studies, and the interaction of word prosody with other domains of linguistics.
The Autosegmental-Metrical Theory of Intonational Phonology
Authors: Arvaniti Amalia , Fletcher Janet
Published: February 2021

The chapter outlines the basic principles of the autosegmental-metrical (AM) theory of intonational phonology. AM posits that at the phonological level intonation consists of a string of L(ow) and H(igh) tones (i.e. a string of tonal autosegments) that associate with metrical heads and phrasal boundaries. Phonetically, tones are realized as tonal targets, specific f0 points defined by their scaling and alignment; scaling refers to the pitch height of the tonal target, and alignment to the synchronization of the target with the segmental material that reflects its phonological association (typically stressed syllables and boundary-adjacent syllables). The chapter explains these essential tenets of AM in some detail and discusses how they differ from those of other models of intonation and what consequences these differences have for modelling and predicting the realization of pitch contours. The chapter presents the basics of phonological representation and phonetic modelling in AM, and briefly touches on intonational meaning and AM applications.
Sentence Prosody in a Second Language
Authors: Trouvain Jürgen , Braun Bettina
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an overview of (i) the intonational properties of second language (L2) speech above the word level, (ii) timing aspects, and (iii) the perception and processing of the target languages’ prosody by L2 learners. Intonationally, the chapter summarizes prosodic differences between different learner groups regarding prosodic marking of information structure (highlighting of new or contrastive information), illocution (questions or assertions), and prosodic phrasing. Apart from phonological differences, the chapter also reports phonetic differences between native language (L1) and L2 intonation, observed in particular in the alignment and scaling of the tonal targets in pitch accents. Finally, the chapter summarizes findings on the prosodic marking of expressive prosody in L2 speech. Timing-wise, it focuses on the phenomena of rhythm, tempo, and fluency in L2 speech. The chapter next moves on to an overview of work on the perception and interpretation of intonation of the target language by L2 learners (information structure, illocution, accent location, phrasing, attitudes), and also provides examples of the present knowledge of the online processing of prosody by L2 learners. The chapter then flips the perspective and presents data on how native speakers of the target language perceive foreign-accented L2 speech, regarding foreign-accentedness, intelligibility, and comprehension.
The Books of Samuel
Authors: Aejmelaeus Anneli
Published: February 2021

The textual history of the books of Samuel, both in Greek and in Hebrew, is laden with problems that the researcher needs to be acquainted with, whatever the focus of textual research. The Septuagint translation shows a close word-for-word correspondence to its Hebrew Vorlage, however, not without occasional freedom of translation, especially in lexical choices and grammatical forms, as well as erroneous translation due to defective knowledge of Hebrew. The Hebrew Vorlage used by the translator differed at times substantially from the later Masoretic Text, used for comparison during the early textual history of the Septuagint text as well as in research today. Not only is the Masoretic Text corrupted but it underwent editorial changes until the turn of the era. Textual differences caused by both the translator and the editors of the Hebrew text must have occasioned the repeated revisions of the Greek text by Jewish and Christian scribes.
Symmachus
Authors: van der Meer Michaël N.
Published: February 2021

The discussion of the third of the Jewish revisers, Symmachus, focuses on the questions of authorship, religious affiliation, and political purposes of his Greek translation/revision of the Hebrew Bible. Special attention is given to the idea that this Symmachus was identical to a pupil of Rabbi Meir. Furthermore the motives behind the new revision are explored: it may well be that this new Greek version of the Hebrew Bible not only sought to bring the Old Greek translations into closer agreement with the standardized Hebrew text (MT) and accommodate the unintelligible Greek version of Aquila to a more lucid and understandable Greek text. The translation may also have tried to convey a policy of quietism and cohabitation with the Roman Empire as opposed to the more militant and messianic overtones in the works of its predecessors.
Coptic, Arabic, and Ethiopic Versions
Authors: Piquer Otero Andrés
Published: February 2021

The three parts of this chapter focus on biblical translations derived from the Septuagint in Eastern Christian cultures: Coptic (in its different dialects); the classical language of Ethiopia (Ge‘ez); and those of the Arabic-speaking world from Syria–Palestine to Egypt, both in the Christian and Judeo-Arabic traditions. The surveys include summaries on date and background of the translation(s); contents, date, provenance, and preservation and accessibility of the manuscript corpus; history of the translation and possible revisions; and a reflection on the textual typology of the version within the history of the Septuagint and its potential value for the study of the Greek text.
Translation Technique
Authors: Ausloos Hans
Published: February 2021

The Septuagint translators did not make use of handbooks nor could they rely on editorial guidelines when translating the books of the Hebrew Bible. Yet every translator undoubtedly had his own typical methods and practices that diverged from those of others. These methods and practices constitute the translator’s ‘translation techniques’. The present chapter presents the difficulties and challenges in exploring and describing the translation techniques of the Septuagint translators. After a brief survey of the history of research, the question of the characterization of translation technique is dealt with, distinguishing particularly between quantitative and qualitative criteria.
Ornithine decarboxylase genes contribute to S-RNase-independent pollen rejection
Authors: Qin Xiaoqiong , Chetelat Roger T
Published: February 2021

Unilateral incompatibility (UI) manifests as pollen rejection in the pistil, typically when self-incompatible (SI) species are pollinated by self-compatible (SC) relatives. In the Solanaceae, UI occurs when pollen lack resistance to stylar S-RNases, but other, S-RNase-independent mechanisms exist. Pistils of the wild tomato Solanum pennellii LA0716 (SC) lack S-RNase yet reject cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, SC) pollen. In this cross, UI results from low pollen expression of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (FPS2) in S. lycopersicum. Using pollen from fps2−/− loss-of-function mutants in S. pennellii, we identified a pistil factor locus, ui3.1, required for FPS2-based pollen rejection. We mapped ui3.1 to an interval containing 108 genes situated on the IL 3-3 introgression. This region includes a cluster of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC2) genes, with four copies in S. pennellii, versus one in S. lycopersicum. Expression of ODC2 transcript was 1,034-fold higher in S. pennellii than in S. lycopersicum styles. Pistils of odc2−/− knockout mutants in IL 3-3 or S. pennellii fail to reject fps2 pollen and abolish transmission ratio distortion (TRD) associated with FPS2. Pollen of S. lycopersicum express low levels of FPS2 and are compatible on IL 3-3 pistils, but incompatible on IL 12-3 × IL 3-3 hybrids, which express both ODC2 and ui12.1, a locus thought to encode the SI proteins HT-A and HT-B. TRD observed in F2 IL 12-3 × IL 3-3 points to additional ODC2-interacting pollen factors on both chromosomes. Thus, ODC2 genes contribute to S-RNase independent UI and interact genetically with ui12.1 to strengthen pollen rejection.
Plasma and vacuolar membrane sphingolipidomes: composition and insights on the role of main molecular species
Authors: Carmona-Salazar Laura , Cahoon Rebecca E , Gasca-Pineda Jaime , González-Solís Ariadna , Vera-Estrella Rosario , Treviño Victor , Cahoon Edgar B , Gavilanes-Ruiz Marina
Published: February 2021

Lipid structures affect membrane biophysical properties such as thickness, stability, permeability, curvature, fluidity, asymmetry, and interdigitation, contributing to membrane function. Sphingolipids are abundant in plant endomembranes and plasma membranes (PMs) and comprise four classes: ceramides, hydroxyceramides, glucosylceramides, and glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs). They constitute an array of chemical structures whose distribution in plant membranes is unknown. With the aim of describing the hydrophobic portion of sphingolipids, 18 preparations from microsomal (MIC), vacuolar (VM), PM, and detergent-resistant membranes (DRM) were isolated from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Sphingolipid species, encompassing pairing of long-chain bases and fatty acids, were identified and quantified in these membranes. Sphingolipid concentrations were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis to assess sphingolipid diversity, abundance, and predominance across membranes. The four sphingolipid classes were present at different levels in each membrane: VM was enriched in glucosylceramides, hydroxyceramides, and GIPCs; PM in GIPCs, in agreement with their key role in signal recognition and sensing; and DRM in GIPCs, as reported by their function in nanodomain formation. While a total of 84 sphingolipid species was identified in MIC, VM, PM, and DRM, only 34 were selectively distributed in the four membrane types. Conversely, every membrane contained a different number of predominant species (11 in VM, 6 in PM, and 17 in DRM). This study reveals that MIC, VM, PM, and DRM contain the same set of sphingolipid species but every membrane source contains its own specific assortment based on the proportion of sphingolipid classes and on the predominance of individual species.
Regressive Mortgage Credit Redistribution in the Post-Crisis Era
Authors: D’Acunto Francesco , Rossi Alberto G
Published: February 2021

We document four secular trends about U.S. mortgage origination by traditional and FinTech lenders after the 2008-2009 financial crisis. First, since 2011, the overall number, size, and approval rate of small and medium-sized loans have been decreasing over time, relative to large loans. Second, the largest lenders redistribute their lending the most. Third, this loan-size redistribution of credit increases in the size of the lender. Fourth, the effects are stronger for mortgages further away from the conforming loan limit(s) in both directions. We argue that the supply of credit drives these secular trends, and we assess several potential economic mechanisms.
Prevalence and real-world management of vedolizumab-associated enthesitis in successfully treated IBD patients
Authors: Ruscio Mirko Di , Tinazzi Ilaria , Variola Angela , Geccherle Andrea , Marchetta Antonio , McGonagle Dennis
Published: February 2021

Background

Some studies have reported the development of moderate and severe de novo SpA-associated disease under vedolizumab (VDZ) treatment for IBD. Herein, we report a case series who developed severe enthesitis under VDZ therapy from a cohort of 90 treated cases.

Methods

In a single Italian IBD Unit in which 90 cases were on VDZ therapy, we identified 11 cases who developed severe enthesitis. The onset of disease in relationship to VDZ initiation, clinical and sonographic imaging features, and outcomes (including therapy switches) was described.

Results

A total of 11 cases, including 8 prior anti-TNF failures, with new-onset entheseal pathology were identified: multifocal (n = 4), unifocal (n = 6), and enthesitis/synovitis/dactylitis (n = 1). The mean duration of symptoms was 46 weeks (range 6–119), the mean CRP was 5.1 mg/dl, and the majority were HLA-B27 negative and showed good clinical response for gut disease. Clinical features and US showed severe enthesitis, including power Doppler change in 7 patients. All patients were initially treated with NSAIDs, and 5 patients underwent local steroid injections. At 12 months, 5/7 cases continued VDZ and 2 were switched to ustekinumab. At 12 months follow-up of 7 cases, 5 patients were in clinical remission and 2 patients had mild enthesitis with minimal increase of power Doppler signal. In addition, 4/7 severe patients developed marked post-inflammatory entheseal calcifications

Conclusions

A predominant isolated severe enthesitis pattern of SpA may develop under VDZ therapy with severe disease in 8% of cases. Most cases continued VDZ therapy.
Home confinement during the COVID-19: day-to-day associations of sleep quality with rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic symptoms
Authors: Simor Péter , Polner Bertalan , Báthori Noémi , Sifuentes-Ortega Rebeca , Van Roy Anke , Albajara Sáenz Ariadna , Luque González Alba , Benkirane Oumaima , Nagy Tamás , Peigneux Philippe
Published: February 2021

Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, populations from many countries have been confined at home for extended periods of time in stressful environmental and media conditions. Cross-sectional studies already evidence deleterious psychological consequences, with poor sleep as a risk factor for impaired mental health. However, limitations of cross-sectional assessments are response bias tendencies and the inability to track daily fluctuations in specific subjective experiences in extended confinement conditions. In a prospective study conducted across three European countries, we queried participants (N = 166) twice a day through an online interface about their sleep quality and their negative psychological experiences for two consecutive weeks. The focus was set on between- and within-person associations of subjective sleep quality with daytime experiences, such as rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints about the typical symptoms of the coronavirus. The results show that daily reports of country-specific COVID-19 deaths predicted increased negative mood, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints during the same day and decreased subjective sleep quality the following night. Disrupted sleep was globally associated with negative psychological outcomes during the study period, and a relatively poorer night of sleep predicted increased rumination, psychotic-like experiences, and somatic complaints the following day. This temporal association was not paralleled by daytime mental complaints predicting relatively poorer sleep quality on the following night. Our findings show that night-to-night changes in sleep quality predict how individuals cope the next day with daily challenges induced by home confinement.
Self-Report and Biological Indexes of Work-Related Stress in Neonatal Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Fumagalli Monica , Provenzi Livio , Sorrentino Gabriele , Ciceri Francesca , Fontana Camilla , Passera Sofia , Moncecchi Michela , Plevani Laura , Laquintana Dario , Borgatti Renato , Mosca Fabio , Montirosso Rosario
Published: February 2021

Background:

Healthcare providers working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are considered at high risk for psychological work-related stress.

Purpose:

To evaluate both perceived and biological measures of work-related stress in neonatal healthcare professionals and to compare professionals working in the NICU with their colleagues working in less critical environments (ie, neonatal wards [NWs]).

Methods:

The salivary cortisol level at the beginning (CORT-B) and at the end (CORT-E) of a daily work shift was collected once a week for 6 weeks and a psychological questionnaire was submitted to NW and NICU workers of a tertiary university center.

Results:

No differences emerged in the overall cortisol secretion between professionals (NW 45 vs NICU 28), but the decrease in the mean cortisol values between CORT-B and CORT-E was less pronounced in NICU professionals (P < .001) who had greater psychological stress (P < .001). Lack of correlation between perceived and biological indexes was observed.

Implications for Practice:

NICU professionals reported greater levels of self-perceived psychological stress, especially in terms of professional self-doubt and the complexity of interactions with infants and their parents.

The disconnection between psychological and biological indexes raises the issue that work-related stress might be covert to the professionals themselves. Dedicated resources should be developed to address quality of life and the work environment of NICU professionals.

Implications for Research:

The absence of a correlation between perceived and biological indexes highlights the need to incorporate multidimensional physiological and biological measurements in evaluating burnout levels in neonatal healthcare providers.