bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracture Behavior of Epoxy Resins in Fabric‐Supported Form
Authors: Sancaktar Erol
Published: June 2017

Elastic‐plastic fracture behavior of a structural adhesive in the bulk and bonded forms is discussed. The model adhesive chosen with and without scrim carrier cloth (neat resin) solid film adhesives exhibit a relatively brittle material behavior to justify the use of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) methods. The solid film adhesives are first cast in the form of tensile coupons to determine the bulk fracture properties with the use of single‐edge‐cracked specimen geometry. KICevaluation is done using the procedure suggested by the ASTM standard. A K‐calibration method based on application of boundary collocation procedure to the William's stress function is utilized to relate the measured critical loads to the KICvalues. The yield stresses (σY) and elastic moduli (E) values in the bulk tensile mode are also evaluated. The availability of KIC, σY, E and ν (Poisson's ratio) values makes the calculation of crack tip plastic zone radii (rYC) and fracture energy (GIC) values possible on the basis of Irwin's theory. The bulk casting procedure is done under different cure (temperature, time and cool‐down) conditions to determine optimum properties. We found that the most suitable model that would fit the stress‐strain response of the model adhesives with prediction of the stress whitening stress level, σ*, under material damage surrounding flaws and crack tips was a modified version of Ramberg‐Osgood equation. A bilinear behavior is obtained when log(ϵp) is plotted against log(σ – Θ). The plastic strain ϵpis assumed to be a function of the over‐stress above the elastic limit stress, Θ, and the stress levels defining the intersection point for the bilinear behavior are found to occur slightly below the stress whitening stress values.
Atomic‐Force Microscopy Investigations on Fracture Surfaces of Inorganic, Fullerene‐Like WS2(IF‐WS2)–epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Haba Dietmar , Brunner Andreas J. , Teichert Christian
Published: June 2017

Fracture surfaces of stoichiometric and sub‐stoichiometric epoxy, both neat and filled with 0.5 % of inorganic, fullerene‐like WS2nanoparticles (NPs) by mass are investigated with atomic‐force microscopy (AFM). Sub‐stoichiometric epoxy is very brittle, but other than stoichiometric epoxy, it increases significantly in its fracture toughness with NP addition. For sub‐stoichiometric epoxy, AFM investigation revealed a very regular fracture pattern with periodic features normal to the crack propagation direction. Stoichiometric epoxy exhibited ripples several micrometers in size, but nevertheless had a lower fracture surface area. After NP addition, the fracture surfaces were significantly rougher, but the mentioned ripples disappeared. The fracture surface roughness correlated neither to the measured fracture toughness nor to its increase with the nanocomposite's composition.
Influence of Carbon Nanotubes on the Morphology and Properties of Styrene‐Butadiene Based Block Copolymers
Authors: Staudinger Ulrike , Satapathy Bhabani K.
Published: June 2017

Structure property correlations in a styrene‐butadiene star block copolymer melt mixed with varying amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were evaluated. The MWCNTs are well dispersed within the matrix and do not significantly impact the star block copolymer morphology or the glass transition temperature. The electrical percolation threshold was found to be at ∼1 wt% of MWCNT concentration. A distinct increase in Young's modulus could be observed at a nanofiller content of 0.1 wt% while maintaining the elastomeric matrix property profile, an observation in tune with the rule‐of‐mixture prediction. Additionally the existence of double yielding was detected in these nanocomposites with a pronounced first yield point indicating a significant enhancement of stiffness in composites with low MWCNT content. Analysis of elastic moduli using Halpin‐Tsai and two‐phase Takayanagi model revealed a matrix‐controlled elastic response without any interfacial contribution due to MWCNT incorporation.
Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with restless legs syndrome and nonanemic iron deficiency: A randomized trial
Authors: Trenkwalder Claudia , Winkelmann Juliane , Oertel Wolfgang , Virgin Garth , Roubert Bernard , Mezzacasa Anna ,   on behalf of the FCM‐RLS Study Investigators
Published: June 2017

Background: Compromised iron status is important in restless legs syndrome pathophysiology. We compared the efficacy and tolerability of ferric carboxymaltose (single intravenous dose) versus placebo for restless legs syndrome treatment in iron‐deficient nonanemic patients.

Methods: Patients with moderate to severe restless legs syndrome and serum ferritin < 75 μg/L (or serum ferritin 75‐300 μg/L and transferrin saturation < 20%) were randomized to ferric carboxymaltose (1000 mg iron) or placebo. Mean change difference between ferric carboxymaltose and placebo in International Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale score from baseline to week 4 was the primary end point; week 12 was a secondary end point.

Results: Ferric carboxymaltose treatment (n = 59) led to nonsignificant improvement over placebo (n = 51) in International Restless Legs Syndrome Severity Scale score at week 4 (difference [95% confidence interval], ‐2.5 [‐5.93 to 1.02],P= 0.163), reaching significance by week 12 (‐4.66 [‐8.59 to ‐0.73],P= 0.021).

Conclusions: In patients who responded to treatment, ferric carboxymaltose may require more time to stabilize restless legs syndrome than previously assumed. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Characterization and biological function of milk‐derived miRNAs
Authors: Golan‐Gerstl Regina , Elbaum Shiff Yaffa , Moshayoff Vardit , Schecter Daniel , Leshkowitz Dena , Reif Shimon
Published: June 2017

Scope

Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of infection, immune‐mediated disorders, obesity, and even cancer. Recently it was found that breast milk contains a variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the skim and fat layer that can be transferred to infants, and appear to play important roles in those biological functions.

Methods and results

This study applied next generation sequencing and quantitative real‐time PCR analysis to determine the miRNA expression profile of the skim and fat fraction of human, goat, and bovine milk as well as infant formulas. Human and mammalian milk were found to contain known advantageous miRNAs in exosomes and also in the fat layer. These miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and goat milk. However, they were not detected in several infant formulas. Further, miRNAs present in milk were able to enter normal and tumor cells and affect their biological functions. Following incubation of milk derived human miRNA with normal and cancer cells, the expression of miRNA‐148a was upregulated and the expression of the DNA methyltransferase1 target gene of miRNA‐148a was down regulated.

Conclusion

These results reinforce previous findings on the importance of miRNA in breast milk. Future studies should concentrate on the addition of miRNA to infant formulas.
A Longitudinal Item Response Theory Model to Characterize Cognition Over Time in Elderly Subjects
Authors: Vandemeulebroecke Marc , Bornkamp Björn , Krahnke Tillmann , Mielke Johanna , Monsch Andreas , Quarg Peter
Published: June 2017

For drug development in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, it is important to understand which cognitive domains carry the most information on the earliest signs of cognitive decline, and which subject characteristics are associated with a faster decline. A longitudinal Item Response Theory (IRT) model was developed for the Basel Study on the Elderly, in which the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease – Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (with additions) and the California Verbal Learning Test were measured on 1,750 elderly subjects for up to 13.9 years. The model jointly captured the multifaceted nature of cognition and its longitudinal trajectory. The word list learning and delayed recall tasks carried the most information. Greater age at baseline, fewer years of education, and positive APOEɛ4 carrier status were associated with a faster cognitive decline. Longitudinal IRT modeling is a powerful approach for progressive diseases with multifaceted endpoints.
Environmentally Benign Copper Triflate‐Mediated Multicomponent One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel Benzo[g]chromenes Possess Potent Anticancer Activity
Authors: Perumal Muthuraja , Sengodu Prakash , Venkatesan Sethuraman , Srinivasan Radhakrishnan , Paramsivam Manisankar
Published: June 2017

An efficient multi‐component one‐pot synthesis of highly functionalized 5,10‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[g]chromenes‐3‐caronitrile derivatives from 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone, aromatic aldehyde and malonitrile in the presence of Cu(OTf)2 catalyst and eco friendly polyethylene glycol solvent was carried out under ultrasonication. The reaction was completed within 10 minutes and resulted in good yield. The synthesized compounds were tested for their in‐vitro anticancer activity against cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). Nine out of ten compounds showed potent antitumor activity better than that of doxorubicin. 2‐Amino‐4‐(3‐methoxy‐2‐hydroxy)‐5,10‐dioxo‐5,10‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[g]chromene‐3‐carbonitrile displayed highest activity among the test compounds and doxorubicin with IC50 equal to 1.27 μM.
Selective Binding of Thioflavin T in Sequence‐Exchanged Single Strand DNA Oligomers and Further Interaction with Phospholipid Membranes
Authors: Das Shrabanti , Purkayastha Pradipta
Published: June 2017

Selectivity of ThT towards sequence exchanged single strand DNA (ssDNA) oligomers in absence and presence of surface charged lipid vesicles has been studied in detail. The dye shows special affinity for TCTTA sequence with its –N(CH3)3 structural counterpart and π‐interaction with adenine in 5′‐CCCTCTTAACCC‐3′ (TC4). However, fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking suggest that the dye is perfectly aligned with the TAA sequence in 5′‐CCCTTAATCCCC‐3′ (TT4). Interactions with cationic and anionic lipid vesicles were studied to understand the biological relevance in specificity of ThT binding to ssDNA oligomers. Fluorescence intensity of ThT increases significantly due to interaction with charged liposomes along with a considerable hypsochromic shift. Interestingly, evolution of a shoulder at 465 nm was observed solely in cationic lipid membranes due to ThT‐dimer formation. It is concluded that the ssDNA bound ThT penetrates the hydrophobic bilayer of the anionic vesicles. However, they attach superficially to the cationic vesicles facilitating dimer formation. Exchange of the nucleotide sequence in ssDNA led to change in the excited state lifetime of bound ThT in anionic liposomes.
Extremophilic proteases as novel and efficient tools in short peptide synthesis
Authors: Białkowska Aneta M , Morawski Krzysztof , Florczak Tomasz
Published: June 2017

The objective of this review is to outline the crucial role that peptides play in various sectors, including medicine. Different ways of producing these compounds are discussed with an emphasis on the benefits offered by industrial enzyme biotechnology. This paper describes mechanisms of peptide bond formation using a range of proteases with different active site structures. Importantly, these enzymes may be further improved chemically and/or genetically to make them better suited for their various applications and process conditions. The focus is on extremophilic proteases, whose potential does not seem to have been fully appreciated to date. The structure of these proteins is somewhat different from that of the common commercially available enzymes, making them effective at high salinity and high or low temperatures, which are often favorable to peptide synthesis. Examples of such enzymes include halophilic, thermophilic, and psychrophilic proteases; this paper also mentions some promising catalytic proteins which require further study in this respect.
A NEW MANUSCRIPT OF LUGAL-E, TABLET IV
Authors: Mirelman Sam
Published: June 2017

This study edits BM 48053, a newly identified Late Babylonian manuscript of the epic poem Lugal-e in the British Museum collection. This tablet, which is likely to come from Borsippa, contributes towards the reconstruction of Tablet IV of the epic in its late bilingual form. It is also of interest for its colophon, which specifies the swift return of the tablet following a same day loan, using the phrase ina mišil ūmīšu “in half a day” or perhaps “at midday”.
Obama’s AUMF Legacy
Authors: Bradley Curtis A. , Goldsmith Jack L.
Published: June 2017

In the fifteen years since the Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF) was enacted on September 18, 2001, the Taliban has been removed from power but not eliminated; Osama Bin Laden has been killed and the senior leaders of Al Qaeda as of 9/11 have been captured, killed, or driven underground, although Al Qaeda remains a threat; numerous Al Qaeda affiliates have sprung up around the globe, most notably in Iraq, Yemen, Syria, and Somalia; and most ominously, the Islamic State has arisen from the ashes of Al Qaeda in Iraq to become what the Director of National Intelligence has described as “the preeminent terrorist threat” against the United States “because of its self-described caliphate in Syria and Iraq, its branches and emerging branches in other countries, and its increasing ability to direct and inspire attacks against a wide range of targets around the world.”

Despite massive changes in the geographical scope of the conflict that began on 9/11, the strategy and tactics employed, and the identity of the enemy, the AUMF remains the principal legal foundation under U.S. domestic law for the president to use force against and detain members of terrorist organizations. The AUMF is already the longest operative congressional authorization of military force in U.S. history, and, as of fall 2016, there was no immediate prospect that Congress would move to repeal or update it. With the continued vibrancy of Al Qaeda, its associates, and the Taliban, and with the 2014 presidential extension of the AUMF to cover military operations against the Islamic State, the AUMF is likely to be the primary legal basis for American uses of force for the foreseeable future.
The Obama Administration, International Law, and Executive Minimalism
Authors: Deeks Ashley S.
Published: June 2017

When President Barack Obama came into office in 2009 in the midst of serious, ongoing terrorist threats to the United States, he confronted important choices about how to approach the bodies of international law that regulate the resort to force and the conduct of armed conflict. By many accounts, the Bush administration had taken a maximalist approach to those bodies of international law, staking out broad substantive claims about what international law permitted in resorting to force and in detaining and treating members of Al Qaeda, and asserting those claims publicly and frequently.

The Obama administration has repeatedly taken a notably different tack, employing an approach that we might characterize as “executive minimalism.” That is, the Obama administration has signaled to other states its interest in self-constraint by making fewer bold substantive and rhetorical claims related to the jus ad bellum and jus in bello. It has pursued this objective partly by establishing various policies that authorize a narrower scope of action than what some believe international law permits. In particular contexts, it has also been more hesitant as a rhetorical matter to assert precise legal claims about what international law allows or where international law's limits lie. Accordingly, the Obama administration has sometimes taken action in the face of two (or more) possible legal theories without articulating its specific rationale.
The Obama Administration and Targeting “War-Sustaining” Objects in Noninternational Armed Conflict
Authors: Goodman Ryan
Published: June 2017

Since September 11, 2001, legal experts have focused significant attention on the lethal targeting of individuals by both the George W. Bush and Obama administrations. An equally significant legacy of the post-9/11 administrations, however, may be the decisions to target specific kinds of objects. Those decisions greatly affect the success of U.S. efforts to win ongoing conflicts, such as the conflict with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). These decisions may also become precedents for military attacks that states consider lawful, whether carried out by cyber or kinetic means, in future armed conflicts.

To achieve the goal of destroying ISIL, President Obama embraced what many in the international law community long regarded as off-limits: targeting war-sustaining capabilities, such as the economic infrastructure used to generate revenue for an enemy's armed forces. Although the weight of scholarly opinion has for years maintained that such objects are not legitimate military targets, the existing literature on this topic is highly deficient. Academic discussion has yet to grapple with some of the strongest and clearest evidence in support of the U.S. view on the legality of such targeting decisions. Indeed, intellectual resources may be better spent not on the question of whether such objects are legitimate military targets under the law of armed conflict, but on second-order questions, such as how to apply proportionality analysis and how to identify limiting principles to guard against unintentional slippery slopes. In this article, I discuss the legal pedigree for war-sustaining targeting. I then turn to identify some of the most significant second-order questions and how we might begin to address them.
Dietary leucine supplementation alters energy metabolism and induces slow-to-fast transitions inlongissimus dorsimuscle of weanling piglets
Authors: Fan Qiwen , Long Baisheng , Yan Guokai , Wang Zhichang , Shi Min , Bao Xiaoyu , Hu Jun , Li Xiuzhi , Chen Changqing , Zheng Zilong , Yan Xianghua
Published: June 2017

Leucine plays an important role in promoting muscle protein synthesis and muscle remodelling. However, what percentage of leucine is appropriate in creep feed and what proteome profile alterations are caused by dietary leucine in the skeletal muscle of piglets remain elusive. In this case, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to analyse the proteome profile of thelongissimus dorsimuscles of weanling piglets fed a normal leucine diet (NL; 1·66 % leucine) and a high-leucine diet (HL; 2·1 % leucine). We identified 157 differentially expressed proteins between these two groups. Bioinformatics analysis of these proteins exhibited the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acidβ-oxidation, as well as the activation of glycolysis, in the HL group. For further confirmation, we identified that SDHB, ATP5F1, ACADM and HADHB were significantly down-regulated (P<0·01, except ATP5F1,P<0·05), whereas the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase was significantly up-regulated (P<0·05) in the HL group. We also show that enhanced muscle protein synthesis and the transition from slow-to-fast fibres are altered by leucine. Together, these results indicate that leucine may alter energy metabolism and promote slow-to-fast transitions in the skeletal muscle of weanling piglets.
Adult dogs are capable of regulating calcium balance, with no adverse effects on health, when fed a high-calcium diet
Authors: Stockman Jonathan , Watson Phillip , Gilham Matthew , Allaway David , Atwal Jujhar , Haydock Richard , Colyer Alison , Renfrew Helen , Morris Penelope J.
Published: June 2017

Although the implications of long-term high Ca intakes have been well documented in growing dogs, the health consequences of Ca excess in adult dogs remain to be established. To evaluate the impact of feeding a diet containing 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) Ca for 40 weeks on Ca balance and health parameters in adult dogs, eighteen neutered adult Labrador Retrievers, (nine males and nine females) aged 2·5–7·4 years were randomised to one of two customised diets for 40 weeks. The diets were manufactured according to similar nutritional specifications, with the exception of Ca and P levels. The diets provided 1·7 and 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (200(SD26) and 881(SD145) mg/kg body weight0·75per d, respectively) Ca, respectively, with a Ca:P ratio of 1·6. Clinical examinations, ultrasound scans, radiographs, health parameters, metabolic effects and mineral balance were recorded at baseline and at 8-week intervals throughout the study. Dogs in both groups were healthy throughout the trial without evidence of urinary, renal or orthopaedic disease. In addition, there were no clinically relevant changes in any of the measures made in either group (allP>0·05). The high-Ca diet resulted in a 3·3-fold increase in faecal Ca excretion (P<0·001), whereas apparent Ca digestibility (%) and net Ca balance (g/d) did not significantly change from baseline or differ between the groups at any time point (bothP>0·05). Ca intakes of up to 7·1 g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal) are well tolerated over a period of 40 weeks, with no adverse effects that could be attributed to the diet or to a high mineral intake.
State-dependent parasitism by a facultative parasite of fruit flies
Authors: LUONG LIEN T. , BROPHY TAYLOR , STOLZ EMILY , CHAN SOLOMON J.
Published: June 2017

Parasites can evolve phenotypically plastic strategies for transmission such that a single genotype can give rise to a range of phenotypes depending on the environmental condition. State-dependent plasticity in particular can arise from individual differences in the parasite's internal state or the condition of the host. Facultative parasites serve as ideal model systems for investigating state-dependent plasticity because individuals can exhibit two life history strategies (free-living or parasitic) depending on the environment. Here, we experimentally show that the ectoparasitic miteMacrocheles subbadiusis more likely to parasitize a fruit fly host if the female mite is mated; furthermore, the propensity to infect increased with the level of starvation experienced by the mite. Host condition also played an important role; hosts infected with moderate mite loads were more likely to gain additional infections in pairwise choice tests than uninfected flies. We also found that mites preferentially infected flies subjected to mechanical injury over uninjured flies. These results suggest that a facultative parasite's propensity to infect a host (i.e. switch from a free-living strategy) depends on both the parasite's internal state and host condition. Parasites often live in highly variable and changing environments, an infection strategy that is plastic is likely to be adaptive.
Pulse-compression and self-focusing of Gaussian laser pulses in plasma having relativistic–ponderomotive nonlinearity
Authors: Kumar S. , Gupta P.K. , Singh R.K. , Sharma S. , Uma R. , Sharma R.P.
Published: June 2017

The mathematical model for the propagation of intense laser pulse in a plasma having Gaussian profile is investigated. The model has been formulated considering that the relativistic–ponderomotive nonlinearity dominates over other nonlinearities in the plasma. Model equation for self-compression and self-focusing properties of the laser pulse has been set up and solved by both semi-analytical and numerical methods. The result indicates that due to the effect of group velocity dispersion, diffraction of the laser pulse and the nonlinearity of medium, the pulse width parameter as well as beam width parameter of pulse gets focused at a different normalized distance, and hence the normalized intensity is also deferred at those points. Numerical simulation shows an oscillatory behavior of intensity during propagation in the plasma either having minimum beam radius (r0) or having minimum pulse duration (t0) depending on the normalized distance.
Culture and the Courts in France: thePlaidoirie Sentimentalein the Nineteenth and EarlyTwentieth Centuries
Authors: Donovan James M.
Published: June 2017

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Vital Mareille—a champion of theplaidoirie sentimentale—tried to explain the reasons for its rise in France and its continued popularity into his own era. He defined it in the following terms: “Theplaidoirie[defense summation]sentimentaleis, precisely, that which seeks to move; one can say: that which comes from the heart of the attorney, to address that of the judges.” Theplaidoirie sentimentalehad existed in France before 1800, but it entered its golden age in the nineteenth century, and became a specialized form of judicial oratory. It developed chiefly in response to the introduction of trial by jury in 1791. Attorneys had to craft a rhetorical approach that would appeal to these “simple citizens,” and for this, sentimental eloquence was ideal; however, no recent scholar has attempted a systematic study of this important form of courtroom rhetoric from its origins in the early nineteenth century to its gradual replacement after 1890 or thereabouts by a more fact-based, “positivist” approach. This is unfortunate, because the history of theplaidoirie sentimentalereveals much. It includes juridical issues such as how the rhetorical practices of magistrates themselves contributed to the affective nature of French jury trial and the impact of the abolition in 1881 therésumé(summing up),which had been the judge's one means of countering the effect on a jury of an eloquent defense summation. It also reveals important changes in the attitudes of judges and jurors toward male mistreatment of women and the sexual “double standard” from the middle of the nineteenth century on and of how attorneys of the era drew on both the “new” emotion of sympathy and the “old” one of honor to persuade jurors to acquit. This adds to the evidence that emotions have a “history.”
Hunters, Crown, Nobles, and Conservation Elites: Class Antagonism over the Ownership of Common Fauna
Authors: von Essen Erica , Allen Michael , Hansen Hans Peter
Published: June 2017

Because of their status ofres nullius—owned by no one—property theory is underdeveloped in regard to wildlife. In this article, wildlife is seen to be sometimes subject to a shadow ownership by class interests in society. Hunters accuse protected wolves of being the “pets” or “property” of an urban-based conservationist middle class. This phenomenon fragments the common fauna and undermines responsibility taking and policy compliance for wildlife that is seen as being owned by an oppositional social class. Using an empirical case study of Swedish hunters, we show how responsibility for wildlife has become entangled with property rights. A historical materialist analysis reveals that hunters once experienced ownership of wildlife by the nobility as co-opting state coercive power. Today, however, aristocracy is replaced by a new elite class of conservationists. Noting the hunters’ tendency to evoke quasi-aristocratic virtues of ownership, we advance recommendations for an alternative approach. We appeal to deliberative democracy to promote the “communing” of wildlife across classes in fora that withstand co-optation by class interests.
Will the God Win?: The Case of the Buddhist Mummy
Authors: Liu Zuozhen
Published: June 2017

This article concerns the case of a stolen 1,000-year-old Buddhist mummy, known as the statue of Zhanggong-zushi, which caught the attention of the international community. The statue of Zhanggong-zushi is the embodiment of God in the eyes of the locals, and the treatment of human remains is controversial and sensitive. This case opens a discussion as to how Western courts should consider religious interests in the disputes of stolen cultural property. It is very important for the art world to understand how locals feel about the loss of their culture or religion.
Modality-Dependent or Modality-Independent Processing in Mental Arithmetic: Evidence From Unimpaired Auditory Multiplication for a Patient With Left Frontotemporal Stroke
Authors: Cheng Dazhi , Wu Haiyan , Yuan Li , Xu Rui , Chen Qian , Zhou Xinlin
Published: June 2017

Objectives: Mental arithmetic is essential to daily life. Researchers have explored the mechanisms that underlie mental arithmetic. Whether mental arithmetic fact retrieval is dependent on surface modality or knowledge format is still highly debated. Chinese individuals typically use a procedure strategy for addition; and they typically use a rote verbal strategy for multiplication. This provides a way to examine the effect of surface modality on different arithmetic operations. Methods: We used a series of neuropsychological tests (i.e., general cognitive, language processing, numerical processing, addition, and multiplication in visual and auditory conditions) for a patient who had experienced a left frontotemporal stroke. Results: The patient had language production impairment; but preserved verbal processing concerning basic numerical abilities. Moreover, the patient had preserved multiplication in the auditory presentation rather than in the visual presentation. The patient suffered from impairments in an addition task, regardless of visual or auditory presentation. Conclusions: The findings suggest that mental multiplication could be characterized as a form of modality-dependent processing, which was accessed through auditory input. The learning strategy of multiplication table recitation could shape the verbal memory of multiplication leading to persistence of the auditory module. (JINS, 2017, 23, 692–699)
Progress towards elimination of trans-fatty acids in foods commonly consumed in four Latin American cities
Authors: Monge-Rojas Rafael , Colón-Ramos Uriyoán , Jacoby Enrique , Alfaro Thelma , Tavares do Carmo Maria das Graças , Villalpando Salvador , Bernal Claudio
Published: June 2017

Objective

To assess progress towards the elimination of trans-fatty acids (TFA) in foods after the 2008 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommendation of virtual elimination of TFA in Latin America.

Design

A descriptive, comparative analysis of foods that were likely to contain TFA and were commonly consumed in four cities in Latin America.

Setting

San José (Costa Rica), Mexico City (Mexico), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Buenos Aires (Argentina).

Subjects

Foods from each city were sampled in 2011; TFA content was analysed using GC. TFA of selected foods was also monitored in 2016.

Results

In 2011–2016, there was a significant decrease in the content of TFA in the sampled foods across all sites, particularly in Buenos Aires (from 12·6–34·8 % range in 2011–2012 to nearly 0 % in 2015–2016). All sample products met the recommended levels of TFA content set by the PAHO. TFA were replaced with a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats.

Conclusions

Our results indicate a virtual elimination of TFA from major food sources in the cities studied. This could be due to a combination of factors, including recommendations by national and global public health authorities, voluntary and/or mandatory food reformulation made by the food industry.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, STANDARD OIL, AND THE RISE OF CORPORATE PUBLIC RELATIONS IN PROGRESSIVE AMERICA, 1902–1908
Authors: Leccese Stephen R.
Published: June 2017

When the Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of Standard Oil in 1911, it marked the end of an unsuccessful campaign by the company to improve its public standing. Standard Oil's failure to mollify public opinion in the aftermath of Ida Tarbell's muckraking masterpiece, “The History of the Standard Oil Company,” has resulted in a historiographical record that negatively assesses the company's response. This article reassesses the company response by placing it within the wider context of business history in the early twentieth century. It offers a detailed exploration of the public relations initiatives of Standard Oil from 1902 to 1908. Additionally, the article views the affair through the lens of standard corporate practices of the early Progressive Era, when large businesses had only begun to promote favorable public images. It argues that progressive reform inadvertently aided the rise of big business by teaching corporations the importance of promoting favorable public images. This wider context reveals that Standard Oil's public relations response, if unsuccessful, was not as aloof as others have argued. In fact, the company made a concerted effort to change public opinion about its business practices.
LSST survey: millions and millions of quasars
Authors: Ivezić Željko
Published: June 2017

The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), the next-generation optical imaging survey sited at Cerro Pachon in Chile, will provide hundreds of detections for a sample of more than ten million quasars with redshifts up to about seven. The LSST design, with an 8.4m (6.7m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 sq. deg. field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera, will allow about 10,000 sq. deg. of sky to be covered twice per night, every three to four nights on average, with typical 5-sigma depth for point sources of r=24.5 (AB). With about 1000 observations in ugrizy bands over a 10-year period, these data will enable a deep stack reaching r=27.5 (about 5 magnitudes deeper than SDSS) and faint time-domain astronomy. The measured properties of newly discovered and known astrometric and photometric transients will be publicly reported within 60 sec after closing the shutter. In addition to a brief introduction to LSST, I review optical quasar selection techniques, with emphasis on methods based on colors, variability properties, and astrometric behavior.
Swift J1644+5734: the EVN view
Authors: Paragi Z. , Yang J. , Komossa S. , van der Horst A. , Gurvits L. I. , Campbell R. M. , Giannios D. , An T.
Published: June 2017

A small fraction of Tidal Disruption Events (TDE) produce relativistic jets, evidenced by their non-thermal X-ray spectra and transient radio emission. Here we present milliarcsecond-resolution imaging results on TDE J1644+5734 with the European VLBI Network (EVN). These provide a strong astrometric constraint on the average apparent jet velocity βapp< 0.27, that constrains the intrinsic jet velocity for a given viewing angle.
Generation and decay of the magnetic field in collisionless shocks
Authors: Garasev Mikhail , Derishev Evgeny
Published: June 2017

We present the results of numerical particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of the magnetic field generation and decay in the upstream of collisionless shocks. We use the model, where the magnetic field in the incoming flow is generated by continuous injection of anisotropic electron-positron pairs. We found that the continuous injection of anisotropic plasma in the upstream of the shock-wave generates the large-scale, slowly decaying magnetic field that is later amplified during the passage of the shock front. In our simulations the magnetic field energy reached ~0.01 of the equipartition value, after that it slowly decays on the time scale proportional to the duration of the injection in the upstream. Thus, the magnetic field survives for a sufficiently long time, and supports efficient synchrotron radiation from relativistic shocks, e.g., in GRBs.
The remarkable AGN jets
Authors: Komissarov Serguei
Published: June 2017

The jets from active galactic nuclei exhibit stability which seems to be far superior compared to that of terrestrial and laboratory jets. They manage to propagate over distances up to a billion of initial jet radii. Yet this may not be an indication of some exotic physics but mainly a reflection of the specific environment these jets propagate through. The key property of this environment is a rapid decline of density and pressure along the jet, which promotes its rapid expansion. Such an expansion can suppress global instabilities, which require communication across the jet, and hence ensure its survival over huge distances. At kpc scales, some AGN jets do show signs of strong instabilities and even turn into plumes. This could be a result of the flattening of the external pressure distribution in their host galaxies or inside the radio lobes. In this regard, we discuss the possible connection between the stability issue and the Fanaroff-Riley classification of extragalactic radio sources. The observations of AGN jets on sub-kpc scale do not seem to support their supposed lack of causal connectivity. When interpreted using simple kinematic models, they reveal a rather perplexing picture with more questions than answers on the jets dynamics.
Accretion and wind dynamics in tidal disruption events
Authors: Mageshwaran T. , Mangalam A.
Published: June 2017

We have constructed self similar models of time dependent and non relativistic accretion disks in both sub and super-Eddington phase of TDEs with wind outflows for a general viscosity prescription which is a function of surface density of the disk Σd and radius r. The physical parameters are black hole (BH) mass M•, specific orbital energy E and angular momentum J, star mass M⋆ and radius R⋆. We have considered an accretion disk where matter is lost due to accretion by black hole and out flowing wind (in case of super-Eddington) and added through fallback of the disrupted debris. We have simulated the light curve profiles in various spectral bands and fit them to the observations to determine the above mentioned physical parameters.
Observations of possible jet formation in the binary blazar OJ287
Authors: Jermak Helen , Steele Iain A. , Lamb Gavin P. , Valtonen Mauri , Zola Staszek
Published: June 2017

The blazar, OJ287, underwent a predicted period of flaring in late 2015, triggering multiple observing campaigns to conduct intensive monitoring. We present the polarisation data taken during this event with the Ringo3 polarimeter on the Liverpool Telescope and discuss two possible causes of the flares.
Periodic optical variability of AGN
Authors: Bon E. , Marziani P. , Bon N.
Published: June 2017

Here we present the evidence for periodicity of an optical emission detected in several AGN. Significant periodicity is found in light curves and radial velocity curves. We discuss possible mechanisms that could produce such periodic variability and their implications. The results are consistent with possible detection of the orbital motion in proximity of the AGN central supermassive black holes.
X-ray fluctuation timescale and Black Hole mass relation in AGN
Authors: Wandel Amri , Malkan Mathew
Published: June 2017

We analyze the fluctuations in the X-ray flux of 20 AGN (mainly Seyfert 1 galaxies) monitored by RXTE and XMM-Newton with a sampling frequency ranging from hours to years, using structure function (SF) analysis. We derive SFs over four orders of magnitude in the time domain (0.03-300 days). Most objects show a characteristic time scale, where the SF flattens or changes slope. For 10 objects with published power-spectral density (PSD) the break time scales in the SF and PSD are similar and show a good correlation. We also find a significant correlation between the SF timescale and the mass of the central black hole, determined for most objects by reverberation mapping.
A linearity improved quad-band amplifier based on E-CRLH transmission line
Authors: Keshavarz Rasool , Mohammadi Abbas , Abdipour Abdolali
Published: June 2017

This paper outlines a new class of quad-band amplifier (QBA) realized using extended composite right- and left-handed coupled lines. The design procedure to reach the QB CLs with predefined frequency operations and characteristic impedance of their ports is clearly presented. Designed and fabricated QBA operation frequencies are$f_{b_{1}} = 2.9\,GHz$and${\rm \;} f_{b_2} = 4.3\,GHz$(output port B)${\bi \;} \; f_{f_1} = 3.8\,GHz\; $and$\; \; f_{f_2} = 5\,GHz\; $(output port C) and the proposed structure exhibits a matching (−10 dB) bandwidth of over 300 MHz in each operation frequency bands. In addition, the insertion loss is smaller than 1 dB. The length and the width of the proposed QBA are approximately 7.7 and 2.4 cm, respectively. To further demonstrate the idea, a QBA is successfully designed and fabricated. The simulated and measured results of the proposed QBA are presented to verify the proposed idea.
Ten Earth-Sized Planets Found by Exoplanet-Hunting Telescope
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: June 2017

A new analysis of exoplanet candidates also reveals a previously unrecognized tendency for smaller exoplanets to grow into two distinct sizes.
Clinical study to monitor dentinal hypersensitivity with episodic use of a desensitising dentifrice
Authors: Mason Stephen , Kingston Rose , Shneyer Lucy , Harding Máiréad
Published: June 2017

Objectives/Aims:

To evaluate continuous and episodic twice-daily usage regimens of a desensitising dentifrice containing 5% calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS).

Materials and Methods:

In this exploratory, single-centre, randomised, examiner-blind study, subjects with dentinal hypersensitivity were randomised to continuous (24 weeks) use of a 5% CSPS-containing dentifrice or episodic use of the dentifrice comprising two 8-week treatment periods separated by 8 weeks′ use of a standard fluoride dentifrice. Sensitivity was assessed by tactile threshold (Yeaple probe) and evaporative (air) sensitivity (Schiff sensitivity score). Other measures included labelled magnitude scales to assess subjects′ responses to the evaporative stimulus, the Dentine Hypersensitivity Experience Questionnaire and a tooth sensitivity question.

Results:

Seventy-six subjects were randomised to continuous (n=38) or episodic (n=38) use. Small but statistically significant improvements from baseline in Schiff sensitivity scores were observed at weeks 8, 16 and 24 with both regimens (all P<0.05). Increases from baseline in tactile threshold were not statistically significant. No significant between-regimen difference was observed for any endpoint. No treatment-related adverse events were reported.

Discussion:

Dentifrice containing 5% CSPS improved dentinal hypersensitivity with both episodic and continuous twice-daily usage regimens over 24 weeks and was well tolerated.

Conclusion:

No performance differences were observed between the two usage regimens.
Towards an Understanding of Enhanced Biomass Digestibility by In Planta Expression of a Family 5 Glycoside Hydrolase
Authors: Donohoe Bryon S. , Wei Hui , Mittal Ashutosh , Shollenberger Todd , Lunin Vladimir V. , Himmel Michael E. , Brunecky Roman
Published: June 2017

In planta expression of a thermophilic endoglucanase (AcCel5A) reduces recalcitrance by creating voids and other irregularities in cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana that increase enzyme accessibility without negative impacts on plant growth or cell wall composition. Our results suggest that cellulose β-1–4 linkages can be cut sparingly in the assembling wall and that these minimal changes, made at the proper time, have an impact on plant cell wall recalcitrance without negative effects on overall plant development.
Radiocarbon as a Novel Tracer of Extra-Antarctic Feeding in Southern Hemisphere Humpback Whales
Authors: Eisenmann Pascale , Fry Brian , Mazumder Debashish , Jacobsen Geraldine , Holyoake Carlysle Sian , Coughran Douglas , Bengtson Nash Susan
Published: June 2017

Bulk stable isotope analysis provides information regarding food web interactions, and has been applied to several cetacean species for the study of migration ecology. One limitation in bulk stable isotope analysis arises when a species, such as Southern hemisphere humpback whales, utilises geographically distinct food webs with differing isotopic baselines. Migrations to areas with different baselines can result in isotopic changes that mimic changes in feeding relations, leading to ambiguous food web interpretations. Here, we demonstrate the novel application of radiocarbon measurement for the resolution of such ambiguities. Radiocarbon was measured in baleen plates from humpback whales stranded in Australia between 2007 and 2013, and in skin samples collected in Australia and Antarctica from stranded and free-ranging animals. Radiocarbon measurements showed lower values for Southern Ocean feeding than for extra-Antarctic feeding in Australian waters. While the whales mostly relied on Antarctic-derived energy stores during their annual migration, there was some evidence of feeding within temperate zone waters in some individuals. This work, to our knowledge, provides the first definitive biochemical evidence for supplementary feeding by southern hemisphere humpback whales within temperate waters during migration. Further, the work contributes a powerful new tool (radiocarbon) for tracing source regions and geographical feeding.
Detachment and successive re-attachment of multiple, reversibly-binding tethers result in irreversible bacterial adhesion to surfaces
Authors: Sjollema Jelmer , van der Mei Henny C. , Hall Connie L. , Peterson Brandon W. , de Vries Joop , Song Lei , Jong Ed D. de , Busscher Henk J. , Swartjes Jan J. T. M.
Published: June 2017

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces occurs ubiquitously and is initially reversible, though becoming more irreversible within minutes after first contact with a surface. We here demonstrate for eight bacterial strains comprising four species, that bacteria adhere irreversibly to surfaces through multiple, reversibly-binding tethers that detach and successively re-attach, but not collectively detach to cause detachment of an entire bacterium. Arguments build on combining analyses of confined Brownian-motion of bacteria adhering to glass and their AFM force-distance curves and include the following observations: (1) force-distance curves showed detachment events indicative of multiple binding tethers, (2) vibration amplitudes of adhering bacteria parallel to a surface decreased with increasing adhesion-forces acting perpendicular to the surface, (3) nanoscopic displacements of bacteria with relatively long autocorrelation times up to several seconds, in absence of microscopic displacement, (4) increases in Mean-Squared-Displacement over prolonged time periods according to tα with 0 < α ≪ 1, indicative of confined displacement. Analysis of simulated position-maps of adhering particles using a new, in silico model confirmed that adhesion to surfaces is irreversible through detachment and successive re-attachment of reversibly-binding tethers. This makes bacterial adhesion mechanistically comparable with the irreversible adsorption of high-molecular-weight proteins to surfaces, mediated by multiple, reversibly-binding molecular segments.
The common cuckoo is an effective indicator of high bird species richness in Asia and Europe
Authors: Morelli Federico , Møller Anders Pape , Nelson Emma , Benedetti Yanina , Liang Wei , Šímová Petra , Moretti Marco , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: June 2017

Common cuckooCuculus canorusis a charismatic bird species with a dominant presence in human culture: from folklore legends to nowadays there is evidence of cuckoos being a prime candidate as a surrogate of bird diversity. Recent studies demonstrated that the cuckoo can predict hotspots of taxonomic diversity and functional diversity of bird communities in European countries. In this study, we demonstrated that the cuckoo is an excellent bioindicator at multi-spatial scale, extending cuckoo surrogacy from Europe to Asia. Even using three different survey methods (transect, square, point counts), comparing the new findings with results of our research in Europe, sites where the cuckoo is present were characterized by greater species richness, while the cuckoo was absent from sites with low species richness. The goodness of fit of models based on point counts ranged between 71 and 92%. Furthermore, the cuckoo population trend mirrors the average population trend and climate suitability of overall bird communities in Europe. The common cuckoo is therefore a suitable intercontinental bioindicator of hotspots of bird richness, even under climate change scenarios or in areas where the species co-occurs with other cuckoo species, opening a new avenue for standardized citizen science on bird biodiversity surveys worldwide.