bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxidized Lipids Decrease Phagocytic Activity of ARPE‐19 Cells In Vitro
Authors: Pawlak Anna M. , Olchawa Magdalena , Koscielniak Anna , Zadlo Andrzej , Broniec Agnieszka , Oles Tomasz , Sarna Tadeusz J.
Published: May 2019

Phospholipids, representing 80% of retinal lipids, contain a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are susceptible to oxidation. It has recently been shown that Folch’ extract of bovine neural retinas reveals moderate photoreactivity by generating reactive oxygen species upon irradiation with blue light. Importantly, the photoreactivity markedly increases upon oxidation of the exctracted lipids. In this work, the phototoxic potential of the Folch’ extract of bovine neural retinas (BRex), subjected to controlled oxidation, is studied in vitro employing a retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE‐19). Multilamellar liposomes prepared from BRex, equilibrated with air, are oxidized in the dark at 37 °C for up to 400 h. The liposomes are then introduced into ARPE‐19 cells by phagocytosis. The impact of BRex at different stages of oxidation on viability and specific phagocytic activity of ARPE‐19 cells exposed to visible light is analyzed. While the oxidized BRex, at the light doses employed, does not induce any measurable killing of the cells, the treatment noticeably decreases their specific phagocytic activity.

Practical Applications: Lipid oxidation products are commonly considered as an efficient protein modification factor occurring in the retina. Although possible consequences of oxidation of retinal lipids for the onset and development of age‐related macular degeneration are widely discussed, their potential photoreactivity and possible phototoxicity have not been considered. This is an important issue; taking into account that reactive products of lipid oxidation present in the outer retina, it may be exposed to short‐wavelength visible radiation. If photoreactive, peroxidized retinal lipids may act as acquired endogenous sensitizers increasing the risk of retina photodamage. In this work, the phototoxic potential of the Folch’ extract of bovine neural retinas (BRex), subjected to controlled oxidation, is studied in vitro employing a retinal pigment epithelium cell line (ARPE‐19).

Lipids present in the retina are characterized by high level of unsaturation that makes them susceptible to oxidation. When oxidized, retinal lipids become photoreactive under visible light. Treatment of retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE‐19) with liposomes prepared from oxidized Folch’ extract of bovine neural retinas followed by irradiation with visible light, reduces phagocytic activity of ARPE‐19 cells.
Factors Affecting Antioxidant Activity of Amino Acids in Soybean Oil at Frying Temperatures
Authors: Hwang Hong‐Sik , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Doll Kenneth M. , Gadgil Mayuresh , Liu Sean X.
Published: May 2019

Recently it is reported that some amino acids have strong antioxidant activity in frying oil showing potential as new natural antioxidants. This study attempts to examine some proposed mechanisms and to understand a few factors affecting antioxidant activities of amino acids. First, to understand the effect of the two major functional groups in an amino acid, carboxylic acid, and amino groups; β‐alanine and their derivatives are examined. Methyl 3‐aminopropanoate having an ester group (‐COOCH3) in place of the carboxylic acid group (‐COOH) of β‐alanine has stronger activity than β‐alanine, presumably, due to increased lipophilicity. 3‐(Dimethylamino)propionic acid containing a dimethylamino group (‐N(CH3)2) in place of the amino group (‐NH2) of β‐alanine also has slightly increased activity than β‐alanine. In general, antioxidant activity increases with increasing alkyl chain length of an amino acid. However, DL‐2‐aminobutyric acid (C4) and DL‐norleucine (C6) has higher activity than other analogs with a longer alkyl chain. Chelation of metals by an amino acid does not play an important role under the conditions used in this study. Dipeptides do not show stronger activity than the two constituent amino acids alone in soybean oil (SBO).

Practical Application: Amino acids can practically be used as natural antioxidants for frying. Since this finding is very recent, very little is known about the antioxidant activity of amino acids, which must be investigated for the practical application. In this study, the understanding of several factors affecting their activity, which can be used in the practical application is attempted. It is found that, in general, antioxidant activity increases with increasing lipophilicity of an amino acid. Dipeptides do not show stronger activity than the two constituent amino acids alone. Therefore, a single effective amino acid instead of peptides or protein hydrolysates are recommended.

Antioxidant activity of DL‐alanine derivatives with a longer alkyl chain. In general, higher lipophilicity provides higher antioxidant activity. However, DL‐2‐aminobutyric acid (C4) and DL‐norleucine (C6) has higher activity than other analogs with a longer alkyl chain, presumably, due to the combination of their lipophilicity and mobility.
Gas production from a silty hydrate reservoir in the South China Sea using hydraulic fracturing: A numerical simulation
Authors: Sun Jiaxin , Ning Fulong , Liu Tianle , Liu Changling , Chen Qiang , Li Yanlong , Cao Xinxin , Mao Peixiao , Zhang Ling , Jiang Guosheng
Published: May 2019

The low permeability of silty hydrate reservoirs in the South China Sea is a critical issue that threatens safe, efficient, and long‐term gas production from these reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing is a potentially promising stimulation technology for such low‐permeability reservoirs. Here, we assess the gas production potential of a depressurization horizontal well that is assisted by the hydraulic fracturing using numerical simulation according to field data at site SH2 in this area. In addition, the number of horizontal wells drilled is discussed if commercial production is to be performed at this site. The results show that the production potential can be significantly stimulated at the early production stage by adopting hydraulic fracturing in this reservoir due to a better depressurization effect. However, the increase in gas recovery gradually decreases with the continuous dissociation of gas hydrates, and the evolution trend is similar to that in a reservoir without stimulation during later periods of gas production because the dissociation front gradually moves away from the fractures. From the perspective of production potential, using a horizontal well scheme assisted by the hydraulic fracturing technology for gas recovery from a hydrate deposit can sharply reduce the number of operation wells, shorten the drilling operation time, and boost the economic efficiency. The horizontal well scheme may be an effective way to increase the gas yield if the application of quickly deployed horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing techniques in such hydrate reservoirs greatly increases in the near future.
The transmission characteristic for the improved wind turbine gearbox
Authors: Fan Zhixin , Zhu Caichao , Li Xiuhe , Liang Chengcheng
Published: May 2019

The structure of an improved wind turbine gearbox is presented for meeting the operation of the optimized wind turbine power‐wind speed curve (P‐v curve). When the wind speed is lower than the cut‐in wind speed, the operation mode of the wind turbine is changed by the extra power, which is supplied by the motor excited source to keep the wind turbine running. Moreover, the transmission principle of the improved wind turbine gearbox is discussed. Various motor power impacts on the transmission characteristic for the improved transmission structure are investigated and results are compared with the professional software. Results indicate that as the motor power increases, the transverse vibration of sun gears and meshing forces of the low‐speed and medium‐speed planetary stages decreases. The transverse vibration for the pinion gear of the high‐speed stage enhances with the increase of the motor power. Load‐sharing coefficients of the planetary gear stages are augmented with the enlargement of the motor power. It is found that meshing forces of the torque‐implement parallel stage are increased with augmentation of the motor power.
Late Quaternary biotic and abiotic controls on long‐term sediment flux in a northern Australian tropical river system
Authors: Larsen Annegret , May Jan‐Hendrik , Carah Xavier
Published: May 2019

The modern distribution of monsoonal rainforest in the Australian tropics is patchy and is mainly associated with river corridors and groundwater springs, which indicates a strong dependence on hydrologic and geomorphic conditions. While their present distribution is well known, very little data exists on past spatial and temporal dynamics of these ecosystems, or their medium‐ to longer‐term controls. Factors such as (i) fire frequency and type, and/or (ii) hydroclimatic conditions (e.g. droughts) have been proposed to control riverine corridor rainforest extent. Recent observations, however, also suggest an additional (iii) geomorphic control induced by alluvial knickpoint migration. Sediment sequences provide valuable archives for the reconstruction of longer‐term (a) floodplain sedimentary dynamics, (b) local vegetation history, and (c) catchment‐wide fire histories. This study investigates such a sediment sequence at Wangi Creek, and shows that a phase of aggradation, lasting ~4000 years, was recently disrupted by channel incision and floodplain erosion. The aggradational phase is characterized by sand deposition with average vertical floodplain accretion rates of 0.8 cm/yr and includes phases of soil development. The recent incisional phase has changed hydro‐geomorphic conditions and caused widespread degradation of vegetation, erosion and lowering of the macro‐channel surface. While there is no evidence in our data for an erosional event of similar magnitude since the onset of late Holocene floodplain aggradation, Wangi Creek experienced significant erosion and incision immediately before ~4000 years, providing the first evidence for a tropical cut‐and‐fill river system. We hence argue that phases of aggradation mainly controlled by biotic processes alternate and depend on feedbacks with incision phases controlled mainly by abiotic processes. The results show that eco‐hydro‐geomorphic feedbacks may play a crucial role in the medium‐ to longer‐term history of tropical fluvial systems and need to be considered when interpreting fluvial archives with regards to climate, fire or human induced change. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and design of an efficient handoff management strategy via velocity estimation in HetNets
Authors: Tiwari Ravi , Deshmukh Siddharth
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we present an efficient handoff decision strategy and a mobility state detection (MSD) scheme for heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Due to base station (BS) densification, HetNets occasionally face unnecessary handovers and service failures. Since velocity plays a crucial role in handover process, its knowledge is imperative for effective mobility management. Furthermore, due to limited power in mobile devices, emphasis is in investigation of velocity estimators that are at service provider end. Thus, we propose two maximum likelihood–based velocity estimators exploiting handover count and sojourn time measurements, respectively. Our analysis illustrates that both the estimators are asymptotically unbiased and efficient. In addition, we also notice that variance of sojourn time–based estimator is smaller than that of handover count–based estimator. Considering superiority of sojourn time–based estimator, we propose a handover decision strategy to minimize unnecessary handovers. Here, we first predict the sojourn time of upcoming BSs on the basis of velocity estimated via sojourn time samples. Next, BSs whose predicted sojourn time are greater than a prespecified threshold are then considered to identify the next serving BS. Finally, we select next serving BS on the basis of minimum cost for satisfying quality‐of‐service parameters such as bandwidth, security, monetary cost, and available power at user device. This work also exploits estimated velocity to investigate MSD specified in LTE standards. The numerical and simulation results validate our approach by illustrating accuracy in velocity estimation, reduction in frequent handovers and service failures, and improvement in MSD.
Adapting reinforcement learning for multimedia transmission on SDN
Authors: Rego Albert , Sendra Sandra , Garcia Laura , Lloret Jaime
Published: May 2019

Multimedia transmissions require a high quantity of resources to ensure their quality. In the last years, some technologies that provide a better resource management have appeared. Software‐defined networks (SDNs) are presented as a solution to improve this management. Furthermore, by combining an SDN with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, networks are able to provide a higher performance using the same resources. In this paper, a redefinition of reinforcement learning is proposed. This model is focused on multimedia transmission in an SDN environment. Moreover, the architecture needed and the algorithm of the reinforcement learning are described. Using the Openflow protocol, several sample actions are defined in the system. Results show that using the system users perceive an increase in the image quality three times better. Moreover, the loss rate is reduced more than half the value of losses recorded when the algorithm is not applied. Regarding bandwidth, the maximum throughput increases from 987.16 kbps to 24.73 Mbps while the average bandwidth improves from 412.42 kbps to 7.83 Mbps.
Ex‐ante evaluation of promising soybean innovations for sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Gbegbelegbe Sika , Alene Arega , Kamara Alpha , Wiebe Keith , Manyong Victor , Abdoulaye Tahirou , Mkandawire Petros
Published: May 2019

This study undertakes an ex‐ante evaluation of the effects of alternative technology and policy options on soybean supply and demand in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) to 2050. Current soybean consumption in SSA is dominated by cooking oil followed by soybean cake used as animal feed. Due to weak processing sectors and low soybean yields, the region is currently importing about 70% of its consumption requirements. Based on the results from a geospatial bio‐economic modeling framework, soybean consumption in SSA is projected to more than double by 2050 compared to 2010 due in part to a rising population and rising incomes. On the other hand, supply from domestic production is projected to increase by 80% over the same period. Hence, by 2050, net imports into SSA would be nearly 4 times higher than supply from domestic production. Under a future drier climate, some of the production gains achieved through soybean research and extension would be lost and this would further worsen the soybean demand gap in SSA relative to the baseline. This study shows that relying on conventional breeding alone to increase soybean yields in SSA would not be enough to substantially reduce the future demand gap. A combination of promising innovations affecting the soybean value chain across SSA would be needed to close the soybean demand gap in SSA by 2050 under a drier future climate.
Optimization of microwave‐assisted alkali pretreatment of cassava rhizome for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yield
Authors: Sombatpraiwan Sakaya , Junyusen Tiraporn , Treeamnuk Tawarat , Junyusen Payungsak
Published: May 2019

This research establishes the optimal microwave‐assisted alkali pretreatment (MAP) condition of cassava rhizome (CR) using response surface methodology with Box–Behnken design for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis glucose yield. The pretreatment parameters included microwave power (300–900 W), irradiation time (5–15 min), and NaOH concentration (3%–7% w/v); and the enzymatic hydrolysis was 24 and 48 hr. Quadratic models were generated and statistical analysis performed to validate the adequacy of the models. The results indicated that the optimal MAP condition was 840 W microwave power, 9 min irradiation time, and 3% w/v NaOH concentration. Under the optimal condition, the predicted and experimental glucose yields were 15.39 and 15.82 g/100 g native cassava rhizome (NCR) for 24 hr hydrolysis, and 16.40 and 16.95 g/100 g NCR for 48 hr hydrolysis, indicating good agreement. In addition, this study examined the effect of MAP on the physical characteristics and morphology of NCR and pretreated CR. The results showed significant structural changes in pretreated CR, indicating that MAP enhanced enzymatic accessibility and glucose yield.
Discriminating geographical origins of green tea based on amino acid, polyphenol, and caffeine content through high‐performance liquid chromatography: Taking Lu’an guapian tea as an example
Authors: Su Huan , Wu Weiquan , Wan Xiaochun , Ning Jingming
Published: May 2019

Seventy‐three Lu'an guapian tea (LAGP) samples were collected from 11 growing locations in the city of Lu'an, Anhui Province, China. Through high‐performance liquid chromatography, 18 amino acids, along with gallic acid, caffeine, and five catechins, were quantitatively detected. Hierarchical cluster, correlation and principal component analysis, and a support vector machine were used for geographical discrimination. The findings suggested that the differences in tea quality between the inner and outer mountain regions are related to isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine contents, with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.85. Principal component analysis combining with support vector machine was a feasible method. The identification rates for the inner and outer mountains were 97.96% in the training set and 95.83% in the prediction set. Furthermore, the identification rates for the three counties were 91.84% and 95.83% in the training and prediction sets, respectively.
A three‐wave longitudinal study of subcortical–cortical resting‐state connectivity in adolescence: Testing age‐ and puberty‐related changes
Authors: van Duijvenvoorde Anna C. K. , Westhoff Bianca , de Vos Frank , Wierenga Lara M. , Crone Eveline A.
Published: May 2019

Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, characterized by substantial changes in reward‐driven behavior. Although reward‐driven behavior is supported by subcortical‐medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) connectivity, the development of these circuits is not well understood. Particularly, while puberty has been hypothesized to accelerate organization and activation of functional neural circuits, the relationship between age, sex, pubertal change, and functional connectivity has hardly been studied. Here, we present an analysis of resting‐state functional connectivity between subcortical structures and the medial PFC, in 661 scans of 273 participants between 8 and 29 years, using a three‐wave longitudinal design. Generalized additive mixed model procedures were used to assess the effects of age, sex, and self‐reported pubertal status on connectivity between subcortical structures (nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and amygdala) and cortical medial structures (dorsal anterior cingulate, ventral anterior cingulate, subcallosal cortex, frontal medial cortex). We observed an age‐related strengthening of subcortico‐subcortical and cortico‐cortical connectivity. Subcortical–cortical connectivity, such as, between the nucleus accumbens—frontal medial cortex, and the caudate—dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, however, weakened across age. Model‐based comparisons revealed that for specific connections pubertal development described developmental change better than chronological age. This was particularly the case for changes in subcortical–cortical connectivity and distinctively for boys and girls. Together, these findings indicate changes in functional network strengthening with pubertal development. These changes in functional connectivity may maximize the neural efficiency of interregional communication and set the stage for further inquiry of biological factors driving adolescent functional connectivity changes.
Tropifexor‐Mediated Abrogation of Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis Is Associated With the Antioxidative Gene Expression Profile in Rodents
Authors: Hernandez Eloy D. , Zheng Lianxing , Kim Young , Fang Bin , Liu Bo , Valdez Reginald A. , Dietrich William F. , Rucker Paul V. , Chianelli Donatella , Schmeits James , Bao Dingjiu , Zoll Jocelyn , Dubois Claire , Federe Glenn C. , Chen Lihao , Joseph Sean B. , Klickstein Lloyd B. , Walker John , Molteni Valentina , McNamara Peter , Meeusen Shelly , Tully David C. , Badman Michael K. , Xu Jie , Laffitte Bryan
Published: May 2019

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonism is emerging as an important potential therapeutic mechanism of action for multiple chronic liver diseases. The bile acid‐derived FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) has shown promise in a phase 2 study in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we report efficacy of the novel nonbile acid FXR agonist tropifexor (LJN452) in two distinct preclinical models of NASH. The efficacy of tropifexor at <1 mg/kg doses was superior to that of OCA at 25 mg/kg in the liver in both NASH models. In a chemical and dietary model of NASH (Stelic animal model [STAM]), tropifexor reversed established fibrosis and reduced the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score and hepatic triglycerides. In an insulin‐resistant obese NASH model (amylin liver NASH model [AMLN]), tropifexor markedly reduced steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and profibrogenic gene expression. Transcriptome analysis of livers from AMLN mice revealed 461 differentially expressed genes following tropifexor treatment that included a combination of signatures associated with reduction of oxidative stress, fibrogenesis, and inflammation. Conclusion: Based on preclinical validation in animal models, tropifexor is a promising investigational therapy that is currently under phase 2 development for NASH.
The changing role of Australian primary schools in providing breakfast to students: A qualitative study
Authors: Jose Kim , Vandenberg Miriam , Williams Julie , Abbott‐Chapman Joan , Venn Alison , Smith Kylie J.
Published: May 2019

Issue Addressed

In recent years, state governments throughout Australia have provided significant funding to support the expansion of school breakfast programs (SBPs), in response to concerns about children arriving at school hungry. This study investigated how schools have responded to the growing expectation that they provide breakfast for students.

Methods

This qualitative study draws on case studies of five Australian primary schools that operate SBPs. Interviews or focus groups were conducted with 78 children, parents, staff, volunteers and funders and data underwent thematic analysis.

Results

Three key themes were identified: Adjusting to the changing role of schools, SBPs reflecting the school's culture, Schools as an alternative or additional site for breakfast. Some staff and parents expressed unease about SBPs shifting responsibility for breakfast provision from parents to schools but were committed to supporting vulnerable students as part of the broader school culture. SBPs were found to provide an alternative or additional site for breakfast consumption for many children not experiencing food insecurity.

Conclusion

The expectation that schools provide breakfast has created some challenges and tensions that have not been fully resolved. The adoption of an inclusive approach, undertaken to ensure students were not stigmatised for attendance, had resulted in concerns about the resources used by the programs as well as over‐consumption of breakfast by some students.

So what?

Increasingly, Australian schools are providing breakfast for students. Concerns about shifting responsibility and over‐consumption could be addressed if schools were given more advice on program management by government and non‐government funding bodies.
Beneficial effects of n‐hexane bark extract of Onosma echioides L. on diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Shoaib Ambreen , Badruddeen  , Dixit Rakesh Kumar , Ganash Magdah , Barreto George , Ashraf Ghulam Md , Siddiqui Hefazat Hussain
Published: May 2019

Onosma echioides Linn (Boraginaceae) is the most frequently used curative herb widely used for kidney obstruction, sciatic pain, and gout. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of n‐hexane bark extract of O. echioides (OE) L. root in vivo against Streptozotocin‐induced diabetic neuropathy in SD rats. For in vivo activity, the experiment was categorized into five different groups (n = 5). Group‐I was considered as nondiabetic/normal control (NC) treated with 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Group II as diabetic control, Group‐III, IV, and V served as diabetic treated with OE 50, OE 100, and pregabalin at a dose of 50, 100, and 10 mg/kg body weight, orally, respectively. Body weight, blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, behavioral studies (motor coordination test, thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, locomotor activity, oxidative biomarkers (thio barbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione [GSH], and catalase), and histopathology of the sciatic nerve were performed. Treatment with OE showed a dose‐dependent increase in neuroprotective activity by improving the myelination and decreasing the axonal swelling of nerve fibers. The verdicts of behavioral activities showed a remarkable effect on animals after the treatment of extract and standard drug pregabalin. In conclusion, our findings supported the traditional application of OE and explored its importance in the management of diabetic neuropathy. Additional clinical experiments may provide novel therapeutic drugs for diabetes and its complications.
Targeted Notch1 inhibition with a Notch1 antibody, OMP‐A2G1, decreases tumor growth in two murine models of prostate cancer in association with differing patterns of DNA damage response gene expression
Authors: Ahmed Aqila A. , Robinson Tyler , Palande Monica , Escara‐Wilke June , Dai Jinlu , Keller Evan T.
Published: May 2019

Notch plays a protumorigenic role in many cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Global notch inhibition of multiple Notch family members using γ‐secretase inhibitors has shown efficacy in suppressing PCa growth in murine models. However, global Notch inhibition is associated with marked toxicity due to the widespread function of many different Notch family members in normal cell physiology. Accordingly, in the current study, we explored if specific inhibition of Notch1 would effectively inhibit PCa growth in a murine model. The androgen‐dependent VCaP and androgen‐independent DU145 cell lines were injected subcutaneously into mice. The mice were treated with either control antibody 1B7.11, anti‐Notch1 antibody (OMP‐A2G1), docetaxel or the combination of OMP‐A2G1 and docetaxel. Tumor growth was measured using calipers. At the end of the study, tumors were assessed for proliferative response, apoptotic response, Notch target gene expression, and DNA damage response (DDR) expression. OMP‐A2G1 alone inhibited tumor growth of both PCa cell lines to a greater extent than docetaxel alone. There was no additive or synergistic effect of OMP‐A2G1 and docetaxel. The primary toxicity was weight loss that was controlled with dietary supplementation. Proliferation and apoptosis were affected differentially in the two cell lines. OMP‐A2G1 increased expression of the DDR gene GADD45α in VCaP cells but downregulated GADD45α in Du145 cells. Taken together, these data show that Notch1 inhibition decreases PCa xenograft growth but does so through different mechanisms in the androgen‐dependent VCaP cell line vs the androgen‐independent DU145 cell line. These results provide a rationale for further exploration of targeted Notch inhibition for therapy of PCa.
Bioaugmentation effect of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putida on kinetics of activated sludge process in treating pharmaceutical industrial wastewater
Authors: Vuković Domanovac Marija , Šabić Runjavec Monika , Meštrović Ernest
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Pharmaceutical industrial wastewater represents a challenge for biological treatment due to its complex composition. This research investigates the bioaugmentation effect of indigenous bacterial strains on the kinetics of the activated sludge process in the treatment of real high‐strength pharmaceutical industrial wastewater.

RESULTS

Two bacterial strains were isolated from pharmaceutical effluent and identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putida. The highest removal efficiency of dissolved organic matter from pharmaceutical wastewater was 71.43% within 24 h, obtained by bioaugmented activated sludge with P. putida, at the initial concentration of activated sludge 4.39 ± 0.37 g L−1. The biokinetic parameters of the biodegradation process were calculated using the Endo‐Haldane model, where bioaugmented activated sludge showed higher affinity to pharmaceutical wastewater.

CONCLUSION

The biodegradation process of high‐strength pharmaceutical wastewater showed enhancement through bioaugmentation of activated sludge with indigenous bacterial isolates. Considering the increasingly demand for pharmaceuticals on a global scale, the bioaugmentation potential of A. hydrophila and P. putida could contribute to enhancement of biodegradation through reduction in process time and environmental impact. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Determining the effectiveness of vitamin C in skin care by atomic force microscope
Authors: Dulińska‐Molak Ida , Pasikowska‐Piwko Monika , Dębowska Renata , Święszkowski Wojciech , Rogiewicz Katarzyna , Eris Irena
Published: May 2019

This article presents the results of experiments, which examine cell mechanisms with the goal of confirming the effective action of the active ingredients used in anti‐aging cosmetics. Skin stiffness measurements with the use of an atomic force microscope on two forms of vitamin C (ascorbyl tetraisopalmitate and l‐ascorbic acid) have been presented. The estimated Young's modulus for three types of cells (a control as well as cells treated with two forms of vitamin C) has shown significant differences in the stiffness of the tested cells which was confirmed in the histological staining experiment. The presented results indicate the dependence between collagen synthesis and the stiffness of cells treated with two forms of vitamin C.
Inter‐decadal variations in El Niño–Southern Oscillation impacts on the autumn precipitation in the eastern China
Authors: Yuan Chaoxia , Wang Deng
Published: May 2019

By using the observation, reanalysis data and numerical simulation, the inter‐decadal variations in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts on the eastern China (EC) precipitation during its developing autumn in the past 65 years have been investigated. Results show that ENSO is related to the significant dipole precipitation anomalies in EC in the early decades (1951–1981); El Niño/La Niña introduces more/less precipitation in the southern EC, but less/more in the northern EC. However, the significant dipole pattern disappears in the recent decades (1985–2015), mainly owing to loss of the significant positive influences of La Niña on the northern EC precipitation. Comparison of the atmospheric circulation anomalies in East Asia related to La Niña in the two periods shows that there are anticyclonic circulation anomalies in the northeastern Asia near Japan in the first period, while they shift to Mongolia in the second period. Hence, in the first period, the northern EC is under the influences of anomalous southwesterlies along the southwestern flank of the anticyclonic circulation anomalies that advect more moisture from the south to the northern EC and lead to more precipitation there. In contrast, in the second period, the northern EC is under the influences of anomalous northeasterlies along the southeastern edge of the anticyclonic circulation anomalies near Mongolia that impede the northwards transport of moisture and are not conducive to surplus precipitation. The westwards shift of the anticyclonic circulation anomalies may be closely related to the higher SST and thus convective anomalies related to La Niña in the tropical western North Pacific (WNP) east of the Philippines in the second than the first periods. The sensitivity experiment forced by the positive SST anomalies in the tropical WNP comparable to the observed in an atmospheric general circulation model can successfully simulate the anticyclonic circulation anomalies around Mongolia.
Temporal and spatial variations of convection and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau based on recent satellite observations. Part I: Cloud climatology derived from CloudSat and CALIPSO
Authors: Kukulies Julia , Chen Deliang , Wang Minghuai
Published: May 2019

This sequence of papers, consisting of two parts, examines temporal and spatial variations of convection and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) based on recent satellite observations. Here in Part 1, seasonal and diurnal variations of cloud vertical structure and cloud properties have been derived from four combined CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation satellite data sets and compared between three subregions in the TP which are marked by different dominating large‐scale atmospheric circulations and moisture sources. The results show that the plateau is generally dominated by low‐level single‐layer clouds and stratiform cloud types. Cloud occurrence frequencies peak during the summer monsoon season between May and September and are generally higher during daytime compared with nighttime in all the three subregions. The fraction of detected ice cloud layers in the TP domain exceeds 50% during all months and 80% between January and April. While ice cloud layers occur as altostratus clouds in the westerly dominated north and transition zone, high‐level cirrus cloud occurs frequently accompanied by lower level cumulus clouds in the monsoon‐dominated south, especially during nighttime. This study complements previous satellite observations of clouds over the TP and reveals firstly the high contribution of stratiform ice cloud layers in the westerly dominated north, secondly the importance of the monsoon season which outweighs day‐night differences and affects the examined cloud parameters in all regions and finally the significant regional differences of cloud characteristics within the plateau. It is therefore suggested to focus on the relative importance of stratification, mesoscale convective systems and advection in future studies on hydro‐climatic changes in the TP region.
Projected future changes in mean precipitation over Thailand based on multi‐model regional climate simulations of CORDEX Southeast Asia
Authors: Tangang Fredolin , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn , Juneng Liew , Salimun Ester , Chung Jingxiang , Supari Supari , Cruz Faye , Ngai Sheau Tieh , Ngo‐Duc Thanh , Singhruck Patama , Narisma Gemma , Santisirisomboon Jaruthat , Wongsaree Waranyu , Promjirapawat Kamphol , Sukamongkol Yod , Srisawadwong Ratchanan , Setsirichok Damrongrit , Phan‐Van Tan , Aldrian Edvin , Gunawan Dodo , Nikulin Grigory , Yang Hongwei
Published: May 2019

This paper highlights detailed projected changes in rainfall over Thailand for the early (2011–2040), middle (2041–2070) and late (2071–2099) periods of the 21st century under the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using the high‐resolution multi‐model simulations of the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) Southeast Asia. The ensemble mean is calculated based on seven members consisting of six general circulation models (GCMs) and three regional climate models (RCMs). Generally, the ensemble mean precipitation agrees reasonably well with observations, best represented by the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) data, over Thailand during the historical period (1976–2005). However, inter‐model variations can be large among ensemble members especially during dry months (December to March) for northern‐central‐eastern parts, and throughout the year for the southern parts of Thailand. Similarly for future projection periods, inter‐model variations in the sign and magnitude of changes exist. The ensemble means of projected changes in rainfall for both RCPs during dry months show distinct contrast between the northern‐central‐eastern parts and the southern parts of Thailand with generally wetter and drier conditions, respectively. The magnitude of change can be as high as 15% of the historical period, which varies depending on the sub‐region, season, projection period, and RCP scenario. In contrast, generally drier conditions are projected during the wet season (June to September) throughout the country for both RCPs where the rainfall reduction can be as high as 10% in some areas. However, the magnitude of projected rainfall changes of some individual models can be much larger than the ensemble means, exceeding 40% in some cases. These projected changes are related to the changes in regional circulations associated with the winter and summer monsoons, which are projected to weaken. The drier (wetter) condition is associated with the enhanced subsidence (rising motion).
Socioeconomic and demographic determinants of postoperative outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Shen Sarek A. , Jafari Aria , Qualliotine Jesse R. , DeConde Adam S.
Published: May 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Socioeconomic and demographic factors have a significant impact on healthcare utilization and surgical outcomes. The effect of these variables on baseline symptom severity and quality of life (QOL) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not well established. Our goal was to investigate the association of sociodemographic factors on QOL before and after ESS, as reflected by the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) score.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

From October 2016 to August 2018, 244 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent ESS were included. Socioeconomic and demographic data, surgical characteristics, and baseline and postoperative SNOT‐22 scores were recorded. Univariate and multivariate regression were performed to identify determinants of baseline symptom severity and improvement following ESS.

Results

Nonwhite patients reported worse baseline symptoms severity (SNOT‐22, 52.06 vs. 43.76, P = .021) compared to white patients, yet lower CRS symptoms at follow‐up (SNOT‐22, 23.38 vs. 28.63, P = .035). Relative improvement was higher in nonwhite patients as well (41.2% vs. 36.5%, Mann‐Whitney U = 1,747, P = .015). In an adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, below‐median income ($71,805 [California]) was associated with worse baseline symptom severity (β = 7.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10, 14.26). Nonmarried patients (β = 6.78; 95% CI: 2.22, 13.48) and white patients (β = 8.45; 95% CI: 0.40, 13.97) had worse QOL at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Nonwhite patients and those with below‐median income present with more severe CRS symptoms at baseline. However, a greater degree of absolute and relative QOL improvement was found in nonwhite and married patients following ESS. Improved understanding of the significance of socioeconomic and demographic factors and attention to cultural differences/marital status could have a substantial impact on ESS outcomes.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:297–302, 2020
Soil charcoal elucidates the role of humans in the development of landscape of extreme biodiversity
Authors: Novák Jan , Roleček Jan , Dresler Petr , Hájek Michal
Published: May 2019

The south‐western White Carpathians (Czech Republic, Slovakia) are one of the few places in low‐elevation Central Europe where a diverse landscape, including extremely species rich meadows, scattered oak trees, and mixed oak woodlands, has escaped modern transformation. We studied C14‐dated and taxonomically identified macroscopic soil charcoal record to elucidate the genesis of this landscape. Thirteen soil profiles were sampled in grasslands along a gradient of elevation and history of human settlement. We identified clear pattern in the taxonomic composition of woody soil charcoal and anthracomass along this gradient, which we ascribe to different pathways of landscape development. Charcoal assemblages of chernozem‐like soils in the promontories of the mountain range have a low anthracomass and are dominated by heliophilous and semishade species (Quercus, Pinus), with the oldest charcoals dated to pre‐Neolithic times. Soils of the middle elevations have a high anthracomass and often show pronounced differences in charcoal composition at different soil depths; the oldest charcoal samples date back between the Neolithic and Early Middle Ages, and heliophilous species increase towards the topsoil. The soil of the summit area shows a medium anthracomass and charcoal assemblage dominated by shade‐tolerant trees; the charcoal dates from the Middle Ages. Our results suggest continuity of an open to semiopen landscape in lower elevations of the White Carpathians, whereas middle and higher elevations experienced a forested period. Humans and fire played an important role in landscape development, as indicated by both soil charcoal and available palaeoecological and archaeological evidence. Local meadows with extremely high biodiversity thus appear to be a continuation of an ancient forest‐steppe‐like ecosystem.
Purpurogallin is a novel mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor that suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Xie Xiaomeng , Zu Xueyin , Liu Feifei , Wang Ting , Wang Xiangyu , Chen Hanyong , Liu Kangdong , Wang Penglei , Liu Fangfang , Zheng Yan , Bode Ann M. , Dong Zigang , Kim Dong Joon
Published: May 2019

Purpurogallin is a natural compound that is extracted from nutgalls and oak bark and it possesses antioxidant, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the anticancer capacity of purpurogallin and its molecular target have not been investigated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Herein, we report that purpurogallin suppresses ESCC cell growth by directly targeting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) signaling pathway. We found that purpurogallin inhibits anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent ESCC growth. The results of in vitro kinase assays and cell‐based assays indicated that purpurogallin also strongly attenuates the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway and also directly binds to and inhibits MEK1 and MEK2 activity. Furthermore, purpurogallin contributed to S and G2 phase cell cycle arrest by reducing cyclin A2 and cyclin B1 expression and also induced apoptosis by activating poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). Notably, purpurogallin suppressed patient‐derived ESCC tumor growth in an in vivo mouse model. These findings indicated that purpurogallin is a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor that could be useful for treating ESCC.
What are the experiences of therapists using the online Back Skills Training and implementing it within clinical practice?
Authors: Christou Baerbel , Sellars Julie , Barker Karen
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The purpose of the present study was to explore the experiences of physiotherapists using the online Back Skills Training (i‐BeST). The aim of the this programme was to enable clinicians to facilitate group‐based treatment based on a cognitive behavioural (CB) approach to the treatment of lower back pain (LBP).

Methods

A qualitative, exploratory approach was chosen. Seven physiotherapists were interviewed. Participants were asked broad, open‐ended questions in order to explore: (a) their experiences with the training; (b) the online method; and (c) the implementation of BeST into clinical practice. The interviews were transcribed and analysed manually using interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Results

Four main themes were identified following the analysis: (a) Flexibility but lack of interactivity; (b) CB approach is a new way of working; (c) Facilitating group work after i‐BeST training; and (d) The need for managerial support. The flexibility of the online tool was perceived as a major advantage. However, lack of interactivity was identified by most participants as the biggest challenge. Participants found the online tool to be acceptable for attaining knowledge but not adequate for developing skills. After completing BeST, participants reported the application of key principles of the CB approach within routine physiotherapeutic practice, but were reluctant to refer into the group‐based treatment programme. Coordination of implementation of the group‐based treatment programme throughout a large trust was perceived as necessary, including sufficient staff training for all clinicians.

Conclusions

I‐Best can be implemented within everyday clinical settings but should be enhanced with additional face‐to‐face support mechanisms to improve effectiveness.
Applicability of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in female patients
Authors: Zambon Joao P. , Williams Koudy J. , Bennington Julie , Badlani Gopal H.
Published: May 2019

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is an age health‐related issue that generates interest due to its considerable public health burden and the controversies surrounding treatment. It is highly prevalent affecting 30–40% of all women during their lifetime. Midurethral slings are the standard of gold standard treatment for female patients with SUI. They have excellent short‐term cure rates; however, their efficacy tends to decrease over time and patients often report urinary incontinence recurrence. This paper addresses the applicability of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for the treatment of SUI in female patients.

Cell‐based treatment with periurethral injection of autologous adipose or muscle‐derived stem cells have been used for SUI; however, the cure rates and SUI recurrence at 1 year were 40% and 70%, respectively. Novel minimally invasive approaches, such as low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapies have shown promising results in SUI animal models. In addition, local injection of growth factors, chemokines, and specific antibodies have shown histological evidence of neoangiogenesis, nerve, and sphincter regeneration in rodents and nonhuman primates with SUI. The use of bioactive factors and proteins secreted by cells, which is called secretomes, have been recognized as key regulators of various mechanisms, such as immunomodulation, angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis, and tissue repair.

Emerging therapies aiming to replace or restore tissues and organ functionality may improve the long‐term efficacy and in the near future may represent the standard of care for the treatment of SUI.