bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contingent Valuation in Food Policy Analysis: A Case Study of a Pesticide-Residue Risk Reduction
Authors: Buzby Jean C. , Ready Richard C. , Skees Jerry R.
Published: July 2016

This study demonstrates how contingent valuation techniques can be used in a cost-benefit analysis of a food safety policy issue. The analysis focuses on banning a specific postharvest pesticide used in fresh grapefruit packinghouses. Benefits of the ban are measured using consumers' aggregated willingness to pay (WTP) for safer grapefruit. A national contingent valuation survey used the payment card method to obtain WTP data. Costs of the ban stem predominantly from increased postharvest losses and were estimated using a model of the market for Florida grapefruit. Results indicate that benefits of the ban outweigh costs.
Effectiveness of Use-value Assessment in Preserving Farmland: A Search-theoretic Approach
Authors: Tavernier Edmund M. , Li Farong
Published: July 2016

Search theory is used to present a theoretically defensible model to examine the effectiveness of use value assessment (UVA) in preserving farmland. The model is empirically tractable and supports the findings of past research. The analysis considers the impact of farm income, uncertainty, and the distribution of the offer price on the effectiveness of UVA in preserving farmland and shows, through the effect on the reservation price, that for a given distribution of the offer price, property-tax rate, and the difference between market-value and use-value of land, the preservation of agricultural land only takes place within a relevant range.
The Economic Value of Hiking: Further Considerations of Opportunity Cost of Time in Recreational Demand Models
Authors: Casey James F. , Vukina Tomislav , Danielson Leon E.
Published: July 2016

The paper tests two alternative specifications for the opportunity cost of time in travel cost models. The standard travel cost survey design is enriched to include a contingent valuation type question about peoples' willingness to accept compensation to forgo a precisely defined recreational experience. It is hypothesized that individually revealed value of time more appropriately reflects the opportunity costs of time associated with a particular aspect of recreation than the wage rate which measures the trade-off between work and leisure generally. The results seem to indicate a better overall fit for the models with the elicited value of individual consumer's time than for the models with the more traditional hourly earnings (wage rates). The importance of the correct measurement of the opportunity cost time is illustrated by showing that estimated consumer surpluses based on two different value of time measurements differ significantly.
Economic Impact and Trade Implications of the Introduction of Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) into Puerto Rico
Authors: Alamo Carmen , Evans Edward , Brugueras Alba , Nalampang Sikavas
Published: July 2016

This article addresses the issues of the potential impacts of the introduction of black sigatoka into Puerto Rico under situations in which the government assists growers in managing the spread of the disease, with and without prohibitions on imports of plantains and bananas. An equilibrium displacement model is used to quantify the impact of black sigatoka. The results indicate that under both scenarios the net economic benefits to society were negative. Over the long term, the government would be well-advised to invest in research to develop plantain and banana varieties that are resistant to black sigatoka.
Border Enforcement and Firm Response in the Management of Invasive Species
Authors: Ameden Holly A. , Cash Sean B. , Zilberman David
Published: July 2016

This analysis presents a theoretical model of firm response to border enforcement and evaluates both the intended and unintended effects under two enforcement regimes: destruction versus treatment of contaminated shipments. The results indicate that importers may respond to increased inspection by reducing shipments and decreasing due care. In response to increased pest populations, firms may reduce shipments and increase due care, indicating that an enforcement response may not be necessary. The analysis reveals the importance of the nature of the due-care technology, as well as the relationships underlying the probability of detection, in determining the effects of enforcement.
Invasive Species Control over Space and Time:Miconia calvescenson Oahu, Hawaii
Authors: Burnett Kimberly M. , Kaiser Brooks A. , Roumasset James A.
Published: July 2016

The optimal size and location of an invasive species population depend upon spatially differentiated biological growth, economic costs, and damages. Although largely absent from most economic models, spatial considerations matter because the likelihood and magnitude of the invasion vary spatially and the threatened assets may be unevenly distributed across space. We map the current and future populations of an invasive species,Miconia calvescens,on Oahu, Hawaii, and the potential damages to water quantity, quality, and endangered-species habitat, and weigh these against treatment costs. We find that optimal densities vary from approximately 1% to 18% cover throughout the island.
Land Conversion, Interspecific Competition, and Bioinvasion in a Tropical Ecosystem
Authors: Barbier Edward B.
Published: July 2016

This paper investigates the relationships among land-use change, biological invasion, and interspecific competition in a tropical ecosystem by linking a behavioral model of land conversion by agriculture and an ecological model of interspecific competition between a native species and an exotic invader. The model is used to examine how relative farm prices and access to forest areas influence land clearing and thus the ability of the invasive species to eliminate the native species. Simulations show that only a 20% rise in relative prices and a 2.75% increase in forest access are necessary for this outcome to occur.
Marketing Strategies of Biotechnology Firms: Implications for U.S. Agriculture
Authors: Renkoski Matthew A.
Published: July 2016

DuPont Quality Grains is focused on improving grain quality for end users, rather than on farm production traits. A major DuPont program is high oil corn. Feed corn has a huge market, and, because it requires no intermediate processing, any enhanced value is measurable by end users. Standard commodity markets do not function for capturing the value of enhanced grains, and so DuPont works with end users, elevators, farmers, and seed companies to create market channels. As biotechnology commercializes more value-enhancing traits targeted to specific agricultural customers, vertical value chains will become shorter and more coordinated while standard commodity markets will diminish.
Multivariate Analysis in Genetic Studies
Authors: Susanne Ch.
Published: July 2016

The results are presented of a method of generalized distances calculated by a noncentral χ2 test and applied to compare 63 twin pairs and 196 sib pairs. The advantage of this method in biometrical analysis lies in the fact that several measurements can be utilised simultaneously. Besides, it takes into account the distance of each relative to the centre of the population and also has the advantage of permitting the comparison of distances between pairs of relatives whatever their age or sex.

Generalized distances were calculated for four measurements of the head, five of the body and eleven of the face. For all three sets of measurements the influence of genetical factors was demonstrated. The body seems less influenced by environmental factors and more conditioned by genetic ones.
Tongue Pigmentation in Man - Ethnic Studies and Further Pedigrees
Authors: Rao D.C. , Satyanarayana M. , Veerraju P. , Rao B.B.
Published: July 2016

A genetic study has been carried out on tongue pigmentation in man, based on 10 pedigrees and 39 Indian populations. It is concluded in favour of a genetic basis of the trait, which would be inherited as an autosomal recessive.
Twin Studies in Genetics
Authors: Gedda Luigi
Published: July 2016

Almost one century after Galton's first scientific formulation of the Twin Method, based on the comparison of MZ and DZ twin series, not only twin studies play a fundamental role and the Interzygotic Test is widely applied in human and especially medical genetic research, but new methods have also been worked out, such as the Azygotic Test and the Twin Clinical Method.

Moreover, the study of twins has more recently led to new insights into the study of biological times, with the development of the modern branch of Chronogenetics.
Cancer Frequency Variations Among and Within Families
Authors: Lynch Henry T. , Krush Anne J. , Kaplan Arnold R.
Published: July 2016

Comprehension of etiologic factors in cancer requires precise recording of tumor histology, genealogy, medical history, and potential environmental carcinogens. With this approach and in a prospective and retrospective survey, two cancer-prone and two cancer-resistant families are described. Genetic factors, in cancer predisposition and in cancer resistance are hypothesized.
Studio Cromosomico in Pazienti Affetti da Otosclerosi
Authors: Colletti V.
Published: July 2016

A chromosomal study has been carried out on 11 patients with otosclerosis. All caryotypes were invariably normal. Those group-D chromosomal anomalies of structure and number reported in the literature could therefore not be confirmed.
Evidentiation of the Male Chromatin Body in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes — A Quick Method for the Identification of Genetic Sex
Authors: Moscetti G. , Alù C. , Rocchi G. , Barbarossa C.G.
Published: July 2016

A survey has been carried out (using Quinacrine stain) on the frequency and position of an intensely fluorescent body (F-body) in the nuclei of leukocytes from peripheral blood smears in normal individuals and in the main syndromes from numerical alteration of sexual chromosomes.
Time Factor in Cytogenetics and Neoplasia
Authors: Bartalos Mihály
Published: July 2016

In the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors, time represents a coordinate. Thus, it is only logical to consider biological phenomena and features in the three dimensions of space and in the dimension of time. Gedda and coworkers devoted much attention to the genetic aspects of various chronobiological events in man, and performed an extensive series of experiments to probe the many ramifications of gene-related timing phenomena.

Time factors in cytogenetics and neoplasia are discussed by considering chronobiological events as manifestations of interconnecting oscillatory phenomena in living systems. These phenomena, in turn, are regarded as the products of negative feedback control processes.

Subjects under discussion include satellite association, nondisjunction, C-mitotic duplication, endomitosis, endoreduplication, and delayed fertilization. The different theories of carcinogenesis are briefly reviewed and the time factor, as it applies to postulated mutational changes in neoplasia, is discussed.
Group-Specific Component and Haptoglobin Polymorphism in Poland A Resurvey
Authors: Schlesinger D. , Shrivastava P. K.
Published: July 2016

A survey of Gc and Hp polymorphism in Poland, designed to check results of earlier studies, gives the frequencies of Gcl and Hpl genes as 0.73 and 0.37 respectively.
Simple Segregations in Two Families of Mixed Origin
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: July 2016

Variations in skin color and palm patterns were investigated in two families in which the fathers are of mixed Negro-White origin and the mothers are Dutch. Segregation among the children indicates that two genes with cumulative effects are responsible for dark shades of skin in family A, whereas only one gene is responsible for dark skin in family B.

In family A the mother is heterozygous for accessory triradii and vestigial patterns in distal palmar areas, whereas in family B the father is heterozygous. Skin color and patterns in distal palmar areas do not occur independently among the children in family B, suggesting the possibility of linkage.
Twin Pair Analysis of Some Palm Indexes
Authors: Pinto Walter , Beiguelman Bernardo
Published: July 2016

The heritability of two main line indexes (DLI and TLI), a palm crease index (API), and an ulnarity index (UI) were investigated by using twin pair methodology for quantitative traits.

The analyses of the data allow to conclude that both DLI and API, which have been used to evaluate the obliquity of the main lines and the distal crease of the palm, should not be considered as depending upon an important genetic component. Otherwise, data on TLI and UI, while showing inconsistencies with the theoretical expectations, may be considered as genetic traits.
Birth Weight and Congenital Absence of Teeth in Twins
Authors: Keene Harris J.
Published: July 2016

The relationship between hypodontia and birth weight was investigated in 262 twins from the naval recruit population at Great Lakes. The overall frequency of hypodontia including third molars was 34.8%. Excluding third molars, hypodontia frequency was 11.6%. Anatomic distribution of congenitally missing teeth and frequency of third molar hypodontia were similar to other studies, but hypodontia of teeth other than third molars occurred two-three times as frequently in twins as in the general population.

The frequency of low birth weight (2500 g or less) in the twin sample was 47.7%. Hypodontia occurred more frequently in twins with low birth weight (42.6%) than in twins with birth weights over 2500 g (28.6%). Mean birth weight of twins with hypodontia was 2479 g, and without hypodontia, 2675 g. Twins with missing teeth other than third molars had a mean birth weight of 2357 g.

Mean birth weight was lower and hypodontia frequency was higher in MZ than in DZ twins. Discordances in anatomic location and number of missing teeth occurred in several MZ and DZ twin pairs. Discordances within MZ sets tended to be related to anatomic location rather than number of missing teeth. Six twin pairs (5 MZ and 1 DZ) out of 20 (13 MZ and 7 DZ) having one or more missing teeth had perfect concordance in both number and location of missing teeth. In 28 pairs neither member had hypodontia.

Mean intrapair variance in number of congenitally missing teeth was almost ten times greater in DZ than in MZ pairs, indicating the presence of a strong genetic component in connection with tooth number variability in twins.
Palm Patterns and Pigmentation in a Cherokee Indian Population
Authors: Rife David C.
Published: July 2016

Hand prints, estimates of degrees of skin pigmentation and percentages of Cherokee ancestry of 700 Indian pupils attending the Cherokee, North Carolina school were analyzed. The pupils are of mixed Cherokee-White origin. The average proportion of Cherokee ancestry is approximately 60%, the percentages being significantly higher in upper than in lower grades.

The frequencies of palmar patterns are similar to those recorded for other North American tribes. Frequencies of patterns in each of three palmar areas show significant associations with degrees of pigmentation, the highest association occurring between light pigmentation and accessory triradii in distal interdigital areas.
Particular Aberration of G-Group Chromosomes
Authors: Grünwald P. , Schweikhardt F.
Published: July 2016

Three clinically atypical cases of Down S. and cerebral idiocy are described, showing peculiar chromosomal deviations and of difficult diagnosis. One more case is described, partly showing Marfan S. symptomatology with a duplication of the satellite-region of a G-Chromosome. This chromosomal deviation appears to occur in the family, although with no clinical significance.
Genetics and Sterility
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

The genetic study of sterility, although rather complex, may be carried out, as far as the parents are concerned, on the basis of existing detection methods. A number of forms of individual sterility may be detected on the basis of the caryotype (ovarian and testicular dysgenesis, hermaphroditism), while a chromosomal pathologic phenotype is missing for others, and the corresponding genotypes must be detected through clinico-genealogical methods (pseudohermaphroditism, adrenogenital syndrome, Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome, hereditary malformations). It is noted that the problem of immunitary incompatibility is not sufficiently clear. Examples are presented of others forms of sterility depending on a lethal load of theconceptus, for which consanguineous marriages may be held largely responsible. Cases of sterility may also be found in relation to mental diseases. The importance of eugenic counseling is stressed.
G-6-PD Deficiency and Abnormal Hemoglobins in a Brazilian Population
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Lewgoy F. , Tondo C. V. , da Rocha F. J.
Published: July 2016

Data are reported about the occurrence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PDD) and abnormal hemoglobins in a sample (316 males and 679 females) of the Negroid population of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The prevalence of double carriers (AS/G-6-PDD) was that expected from the isolated incidence of both anomalies. A review of the literature shows similar results for 3491 males and 289 females from African and American Negroid groups both from areas with and without malaria. Therefore there seem to exist no grounds for postulating an adaptive interaction between these two polymorphisms.
A New probably X-Linked Inherited Syndrome:Congenital Muscular Torticollis, Multiple Keloids Cryptorchidism and Renal Dysplasia
Authors: Goeminne Luc
Published: July 2016

A kindred is described with a probably new “cervico-dermo-reno-genital syndrome”, comprising a congenital muscular torticollis, multiple spontaneous keloids, cryptorchidism, pyelonephritis and other anomalies.

We believe that in this observation a single gene is responsible for the multiple mesodermal and ectodermal defects. Pleiotrophic effects of a single X-linked gene is the most likely possibility for this inborn error of connective tissue.

From an extensive review of the literature we may conclude that the nosological association of congenital muscular torticollis, multiple spontaneous keloids and cryptorchidism has thus far never been published.

Sex linked or sex limited inheritance for congenital muscular torticollis or multiple keloidosis has not yet been published with certainty.

Our observation and the frequent keloidosis in gonadal dysgenesis, may suggest the presence of gene material on the X-chromosome responsible for connective tissue hyperplasia.
Human Ring Chromosome Syndromes:An “E” Ring Associated with an Abnormal Phenotype
Authors: Sinha Anil K.
Published: July 2016

In peripheral blood cultures of a phenotypically abnormal Caucasian girl, a ring-shaped chromosome was observed in place of an E group member. The rest of the chromosomes of the complement did not show any obvious structural anomaly. The ring chromosome was noted in 100% of the recorded cells, and its size in individual metaphases remained fairly constant. It is suggested that this ring chromosome has become a permanent part of the complement of the patient.
The Syndrome of Testicular Feminization. Clinical and Cytogenetical Study in two Brothers
Authors: Castoldi G. L. , Puddu E. , Lecca U. , Gandini E. , D'Aloya G.
Published: July 2016

The Morris syndrome of testicular feminization is described in two brothers. Cytogenetic findings show in both subjects a 46,XY karyotype in most examined metaphases and a 45,XY karyotype (due to a consistent loss of a small acrocentric) in a smaller percentage (respectively 18.7% and 28.5%). The meaning of these findings is discussed.
The Danish Twin Register
Authors: Hauge M. , Harvald B. , Fischer M. , Gotlieb-Jensen K. , Juel-Nielsen N. , Raebild I. , Shapiro R. , Videbech T.
Published: July 2016

A description is given of the Danish Twin Register which is based on the total twin population born in Denmark in the years 1870-1910 with a more recent addition of all same-sexed pairs from the period 1911-1920. Twins belonging to pairs where one or both partners are found to have died before attaining the age of six years are disregarded in the more intensive studies whereas the remaining part of the twin population is being followed by periodical inquiries.

The methods used in the collection of the material, in the establishment of the zygosity diagnosis and in specific investigations of selected diseases and abnormalities are described and discussed.

A survey is given of the more important results of the research based on the Register. In the group of somatic diseases, greatest attention has so far been paid to malignant growths, diabetes mellitus and peptic ulcer. A number of psychiatric disorders and deviations are at present being studied with schizophrenia and criminality as the first subjects for intensive research. Some of the main results obtained are given as illustrations of the potentialities and scope of this approach to the application of twin studies in a broad variety of research areas.
Médecine et Eugénisme
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

The great process of revision of medicine in the light of genetics has sofar traced three main patterns in present medical thinking: normal human genetics, medical genetics, and eugenics.

The birth of genetics represents in nuce the birth of eugenics, or preventive genetics, which, on account of the study of the traits of a man and a woman, may judge of the probabilities of their children with respect to the same traits.

Eugenics makes objective and valid deductions, but one has always to rely on the responsibility of the propositi, and on auto-decision, engaging the conscience of intelligent and free beings.
Quadro Elettroencefalografico in una Famiglia con due Fratelli affetti da Retinopatia Pigmentosa, Ipoacusia, Polidattilia
Authors: Gedda L. , Restivo-Manfridi M. L. , Romei L.
Published: July 2016

The Authors report EEG alterations found in two brothers affected by pigmentary retinopathy, syndactilia and hypoacusia, and in their relatives. The EEG resulted to be altered aspecifically in the propositi, in their mother and their two clinically healthy sisters. The father was normal. Reports on EEG alterations in patients with pigmentary retinopathy are rather frequent, while such report is rare in healthy relatives.
I Dermatoglifi nella Sindrome di Down Tipica ed Atipica
Authors: Dallapiccola B. , Ricci N.
Published: July 2016

A study of the finger and palm prints and of the chromosomal patterns of 122 Down's syndrome patients, among which 9 had a D/G or a G/G translocation and 4 a mosaic, could not detect significant differences between dermatoglyphics of regular trisomic mongoloids and of the translocated ones. Mosaic cases had few Down's syndrome dermatoglyphic peculiarities, in relation with the number of the trisomic cells in the chromosomal set.
Concordant tumour of the test in a MZ twin pair
Authors: Villani U.
Published: July 2016

The Author reports the case of two MZ twins concordantly affected by a neoplasm of the testicle. The various etiopathogenetic theories of this form, the data reported in the literature and the genetic interpretation are discussed.
Gm system in Latium
Authors: Durante F. , Ronchi G. Umani
Published: July 2016

In order to contribute to the studies on the group substance properties of the Gm system, the Authors have carried out a research on 180 subjects living in Latium. The results [Gm(a) 48.8%; Gm(b) 95%; Gm(x) 9.4%], are very similar to those obtained for white subjects in other countries of Europe and North America.

The Authors underline the importance of this new system in the investigations for ascertaining the parental relationship.
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in Down's syndrome
Authors: Cardinali Giuseppe , Cardinali Giuliana , Renzulli Francesco , Capotorti Luigi , Ferrante Enzo
Published: July 2016

The Authors studied the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) activity in 40 subjects with Down's syndrome. The age of the patients ranged from one week to 15 years. Chromosome analysis was carried out in 13 cases. 42 normal children of the same age as the patients were used as controls. The mean value of LAP in the patients with Down's syndrome was 175.5 and in the control group 108.8. In the latter group the LAP activity was clearly influenced by the age; the highest values were obtained in children under 11 years of age. The regression coefficient of the LAP on the age in the control group was –3.73. In the patients with Down's syndrome the differences observed between the various age groups were not statistically significant.

Chromosome studies showed a 21 trisomy in 12 cases; in one case a 15/21 translocation was found. The latter case presented an elevated LAP activity.

The Authors support the hypothesis that the gene or genes controlling LAP activity are located in the 21 chromosome and that the LAP activity may vary under the influence of several factors within the limits of the genetic control.
On the gene-carriers of Fuchs' atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae
Authors: François J. , Barbier F. , De Rouck A.
Published: July 2016

Alder's anomaly of the leucocytes, which had been considered as a manifestation of the gene-carrier of Fuchs' atrophia gyrata chorioideae et retinae, has not been found in other cases of the latter disease.
« Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis » with a 44 A + xx karyotype in two daughters from consanguineous parents
Authors: Giusti G. , Borghi A. , Salti M. , Bigozzi U.
Published: July 2016

A case of two daughters of consanguineous parents, one with « pure gonadal dysgenesis », and the other with severe ovarian hypogenesis are reported. Both patients have positive nuclear pattern, and normal feminine karyotype, i e. 44 A + xx.

After reviewing the literature on familiar cases of « rudimentary gonads syndrome », the AA. suggest that the genetic mechanisms involved are different, according to the clinical picture and the chromosomal constitution.

In the few cases of classical Turner's syndrome with xo karyotype, a repetition of a chromosomal nondisjunction, during maternal or paternal gametogenesis, can be accepted. The cases of chromosomal mosaicism are probably related to an anomalous mitotic division of normal zygotes which takes place in the same woman, in the course of more than one pregnancy.

Various interpretations can be given to the cases of familiar pure gonadal dysgenesis. Since the patients show more often a normal feminine or masculine karyotype, the possibility that the anomaly is bound to an autosomal recessive gene has been suggested (see Hauser's case, 1960, in which, as well as in the one here reported, the parents were consanguineous).

Other possibilities are not to be underestimated: an early lesion of the gonads by environmental maternal factors, also in subjects with different genetic sex, should be taken into account.
A new family showing dysplasia spondyloepiphisaria tarda
Authors: Sieweke H.
Published: July 2016

A family with dysplasia spondylo-epiphysaria tarda is reported. This dysostosis clearly differs both clinically and genetically from Morquio's disease. The onset is at the age of ten or later. The skeleton deformation concerns mainly the vertebral column and lesser the thorax and pelvis. In the course of life the degeneration increases slowly. Eleven male members of this family were affected and out of these eight have been examined. An X-linked-recessive inheritance is suggested. The remarkable clinical and genetical analogy with the families described in the literature justifies the assumption that the dysplasia spondylo-epiphysaria tarda be an independent disease clearly differing from Morquio's one (Lamy and Maroteaux).
Alterazioni Cromosomiche dei Leucociti Indotte nel Bambino da Irradiazioni Diagnostiche — (Nota preliminare)
Authors: Massimo L. , Vianello M. G. , Dagna-Bricarelli F.
Published: July 2016

The Authors have observed a high rate of chromosomal morphologic alterations in leukocyte cultures in 10 children who had previously undergone Roentgen irradiation for diagnostic purposes. Temporary alterations have been observed, such as interruptions of chromatine on the proteic thread, defined as achromatic lesions of one or more chromatids; fragmentations of chromatids; fragments without centromere; deletions; ring-chromosomes; dicentric and tricentric chromosomes and, in certain cases, increase of polyploid mitoses, both on account of endo-reduplications or of a lacking cytoplasm division.
Heredity and Dermal Patterns in the Interdigital Areas of the Palm
Authors: Glanville Edward V.
Published: July 2016

Hereditary factors involved in the determination of the size, relative position and type of pattern formed by the dermal ridges in the interdigital areas of the palm have been investigated by means of twin and family studies. The sample consisted of 566 individuals of European descent. The ridge-counts of patterns in the interdigital areas were determined. Correction factors were introduced to compensate for different average counts in each interdigital area. The correlation coefficients between family relatives were calculated using the ridge-counts. The coefficient for monozygotic twins was .88±.04 and for parent and child from .346 to .425 and for sib pairs from .328 to .412. There was no evidence of sex-linkage or of the effects of dominance. Variation appeared to be determined by additive genes but an appreciable amount of variation of non-genetic origin was observed. Bilateral asymmetry in the ridge-count, type of pattern and relative position of the patterns was evident. Concordance rates in twins and other family members and pedigree data provided further evidence of hereditary influence in the determination of the position and type of pattern in the interdigital areas.
The Absence of One Umbilical Artery in Malformed MZ Twins
Authors: Slípka Jaroslav , Kočová Jitka
Published: July 2016

The authors studied the structure of the umbilical cord in a cephalothoracopagus and a holoacardius amorphus. In both cases they met with the absence of one umbilical artery. They discuss on the possible teratogenic influence of this umbilical anomaly, which appears in the acardius as a regular phenomenon, and, along with the velamentous insertion and with the vascular anastomoses bringing about the reverse blood circulation, constitutes the main cause of malformation.
Sulla Genetica del DiabeteAnalisi di nove casi famigliari
Authors: Gedda L. , Casa D. , Brenci G.
Published: July 2016

Nine family cases of diabetes are genetically interpreted on account of a polygenic model of inheritance, with each allele being characterized by a different probability of chronological stability of the normal information. This model provides a satisfactory interpretation of the clinical and subclinical variability of diabetes — which the diallelic model is unable to do — and has on the polygenic model the advantage of a higher fitness to a case of discontinuous variability, such as diabetes. Both pedigrees characterized by apparent recessive inheritance and those characterized by apparent dominant one may equally be interpreted on account of the polyallelic model.

The origin of polyallelism is attributed to the hereditary variability of the gene's temporal unit (chronon). As a result, the phenomenon of “anticipation” may also be interpreted, and the one-origin clinical and sub-clinical variability of diabetes be demonstrated.
Su di un Caso con Cariotipo XYY Emopatia Mediterranea ed Ipogammaglobulinemia
Authors: Tannoia N. , Guanti G. , Trizio D. , Barsanti P. , Bonomo L.
Published: July 2016

The case of a 13-year-old boy with Mediterranean disease, hypogammaglobulinemia and XYY sex-chromosome constitution is presented. The somatic cells contained 47 chromosomes. No chromosomal abnormalities were found in the parents and in the brother. The findings are discussed in relation to the previously reported cases of XYY males.
Inheritance of an Unusual Ear Type in Man
Authors: Ahuja Y. R. , Gupta Manju
Published: July 2016

An unusual ear type in man involving a folding of the helix is described in a pedigree with three generations. The trait seems to be due to an autosomal dominant gene with variable expressivity.
Twinning in Nigeria
Authors: Nylander P.P.S.
Published: July 2016

Twinning rates in Nigeria are much higher than in Europe and USA, and appear to be highest in its western and eastern parts. The twinning incidence in a representative population in a town in Western Nigeria, Igbo-Ora, is approximately four times that in Europe and USA.

Zygosity determination has shown that only 8.6% of newborn twin pairs in Ibadan are MZ, compared to approximately 30% in Caucasian populations. Studies in Igbo-Ora have also given similar results, confirming the view that high twinning incidence in Nigeria is due to a very high DZ twinning rate, the MZ rate being the same as in Europe and USA.

The proportion of twins with monochorionic placentae in Ibadan is about 5%, against approximately 20% in UK and USA. The twinning rates in the two populations are 45‰ and 11‰ respectively. This inverse relation (between the twinning rate and the proportion of monochorionic placentae) may be used in calculating the twinning incidence in a population in which the proportion of twins with monochorionic placentation is known.
Syndrome de Waardenburg - Klein
Authors: François J. , Kluyskens P. , Matton-Van Leuven M. TH. , Manavian D. , Rysenaer L.
Published: July 2016

In a family with 528 members, in 7 generations, 162 (47% of the 347 examined patients) showed a Waardenburg syndrome. The frequencies of the different signs are as follows: lateral displacement of the canthi interni and lacrimal puncta: 76%; hyperplasia of the nose root: 54%; hyperplasia of the eyebrows: 52%; deafness: 9%; heterochromia of the iris: 9%; partial albinism: 6%.
Qualitative Value in Finger Prints – Mother/child Correlation
Authors: Brismar Bo
Published: July 2016

1. The author has worked-out a new system of finger-prints analysis through bringing together the types of pattern of the various fingers to a total qualitative value of the following 5 types: A-pattern 2.3%, AL-pattern 3.5%, L-pattern 61.8%, LW-pattern 21.4%, W-pattern 11.0%.

2. Calculations of frequency have shown that sex difference does not exist with respect to the various types of total qualitative value.

3. Mother/child calculations of correlation in tetrachoric tables have given the following results:

a) L/W: χ2 = 34.38; r = 0.46 ± 0.06;

b) A, AL, L/LW, W: χ2 = 27.38; r = 0.31 ± 0.05;

c) L/LW: χ2 = 3.75; r = 0.13 ± 0.07.
Der Verwandtschaftsgrad der Bevölkerung kleiner ländlicher Gemeinden
Authors: Bunak V. V.
Published: July 2016

To determine the small population as a specific group, several quantitative indexes have to be taken into consideration. The author, making use of these indexes, differentiates three types of small populations: the isolate, the « dem » and the « large dem ». The central type — the dem — is a group including 1,500 to 4,000 individuals with an increase of more than 20-25 per cent in 25 years (one generation); a high proportion, about 80 per cent, of the marriages is concluded inside the group and an insignificant part of the members have descended from allogenous ancestors. The inhabitants of a rural locality constitute in most cases a « dem ». Theoretical calculations as well as genealogical studies have shown that the preponderant part of adult members of a « dem » appear to be related to each other in the eighth degree (according to Tab. 2 - cousins thrice removed).
Application de la Génétique à la Pratique Médicale— (La Constitution au point de vue de la Génétique - Le « Chronon »: concept et application au service de la Médecine)
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

The old concept of constitution, which has been dominating Medicine until this century, has to be revised in the light of the development of Medical Genetics and of Clinical Genetics, this new branch which is applied at the beside of the single diseased.

The study of the family of the patient from a genetic point of view is both possible and precious. The basic principles of the hereditary analysis are recalled, and the Author especially stresses how useful it can be to consider the temporary virtuality of the hereditary unity, which he suggests to call chronon. The study of the chronon of the genes contained in the genetic background of the family enables to visualize many a possibility in the future of the patient, such as the mean age of onset for a hereditary disease, or the steps of extinction in the course of ageing.

The therapy of a hereditary disease may be conceived in terms of a substitutive therapy.
La Sindrome di Franceschetti. Osservazioni citogenetiche
Authors: Serra A. , Milanesi I. , Gualandri V.
Published: July 2016

The karyotype has been analysed of two subjects with mandibulofacial dysostosis (Franceschetti's syndrome), considering that the main anomalies of this condition are also present in other malformations for which the association with particular genomic or chromosomal aberrations has been demonstrated.

In both subjects, the karyotype was normal.

The comparison of the clinical and cytogenetic data of this malformation with those of others (trisomy-D1 syndrome, trisomy-18 syndrome, deletion-18 syndrome) provides further evidence of the complexity of the genie systems controlling the processes of individuation during embryonic development, and of their interferences. However, this also shows how difficult it is to obtain human chromosome maps through the study of the macroscopic phenotypic characteristics of certain chromosomal anomalies.
Is Human Leukemia a Somatic Mutation of Blood-Forming Cells due to a Virus?
Authors: Torrioli M. , Torrioli-Riggio G.
Published: July 2016

The authors briefly describe their old and recent research work on the etiology of leukemia, and discuss the genetic-viral hypothesis of human leukemia. The injection of human leukemic blood in fertilized chicken eggs, before incubation, causes a severe disease in the embryos. This disease is characterized by the fact that the hemoblasts are extremely atypical, and loose the ability to produce intravascular blood cells, while they form perivascular infiltrates. The disease is indefinitely transmitted from egg to egg, also using acellular filtered material. The transmissibility is inactivated by heat. In conclusion, we can say that the observations described strongly support the viral etiology of human leukemia and suggest the hypothesis that the virus might be responsible for a somatic mutation of the blasts.
Hereditary Components in vocational Preferences
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G. , Kelly Lillian
Published: July 2016

The Strong Vocational Blank inventory was administered to 43 pairs of identical and 34 pairs of fraternal twins in high schools in the Metropolitan Detroit area, and scores obtained on 44 vocational preference scales and 3 personality scales. F tests of the ratio between fraternal and identical within twin pair variances were significant beyond the .01 level of significance for the scales for Physicist, Mathematician and Osteopath while 9 more scales had F-ratios significant beyond the .05 level; these were for the scales of Dentist, Personnel Director, Veterinarian, Sales Manager, Aviator, Chemist, Public Administrator, Engineer and for the scale of Interest Maturity. Thus a total of 12 scales had F-ratios indicative of some hereditary contribution to the within pair variance of the twins in this study.

A comparison with the results published by Carter in 1932 was possible for 21 scales, by computing intraclass correlations for the present data. From these, as well as from the intraclass correlations reported by Carter, h2 values were computed and compared. There was stronger evidence for hereditary components in the earlier study, and the rank order correlation for the h2 values in the two studies was only .16, although in both studies it was found that the “Science” group of interest scales had the highest “average” h2 value (computed from average intraclass correlations, after Z-transformation).

These results are interpreted as indicative of a small but persistent contribution of hereditary components to the vocational choices reflected in scores on the Strong Vocational Preference Blank, particularly for scientific careers.

The use of the male form for the female twins in this study seems partly justified by the presence of equally often high mean values on scales and higher heritability estimates on some scales compared with the boys.
Demographic studies on Indians from Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Salzano Francisco M.
Published: July 2016

The Indian populations of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, are found in two places, Duque de Caxias and Xapecó. In the former live Aweikoma (possibly a Caingang subgroup), Caingang and Guarani; in the latter, Caingang and Guarani. The Aweikoma intercross freely with the Caingang, and the Aweikoma/Caingang group thus formed can be compared with the Caingang of Xapecó. The Guarani, on the other hand, are reproductively isolated from both populations. The Aweikoma/Caingang of Duque de Caxias and the Caingang of Xapecó differ from each other in characteristics related to racial composition (degree and amount of non-Indian genes), gene flow, average age of mothers and frequency of stillbirths. On the other hand, they show similarities in a series of demographic variables related to fertility, mortality and inbreeding levels. The index of total selection intensity is practically the same in the two localities.
The Symmetry of the Plantar Main Line Formula in an Indian Population
Authors: Datta P. K.
Published: July 2016

The plantar dermatoglyphic prints of 125 male and 125 female Panjabi Indians have been studied in order to determine the relative incidence of symmetry and asymmetry.

Females tend to possess a higher degree of symmetry than males. On the contrary, asymmetry shows a preponderence in males.

The differences between males and females are statistically significant when total symmetry is compared to total asymmetry, or when a comparison is made between the three groups of S and A. However, when the total symmetry and the rest of the combinations taken together are studied statistically, the differences appear to be of doubtful significance.
Betrachtungen zur Genetik der familiären Gliome
Authors: Metzel Eberhard
Published: July 2016

A study has been carried-out on familial glioma, according to various data, both personal and drawn from the literature. The statistic evaluation indicates, at least in part, a probable hereditary conditioning. Out of 393 cases of glioma, three have been found to be familial, which is much more than it would be expected on the basis of statistical evidence. This should be taken into account in the evaluation of the origin of tumours.
Association of ABO Blood Groups with Incidence of renal Lithiasis
Authors: Anand Swadesh
Published: July 2016

187 patients suffering from renal lithiasis have been examined to find out an association with ABO blood groups. It has been found that the incidence of Renal Lithiasis is comparatively higher in the patients of blood group A than in those of blood group O. The difference in percentage ratios A/(A+0)% in patients and controls is 17.96; the χ2 17.4331 for one degree of freedom shows that it differs from unity significantly. The frequencies of renal lithiasis in persons of blood group A against those of B, O and AB are 1.91, 1.59 and 1.31 respectively.
Study of Mouse Hemoglobin by Starch-Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Mehrotra T. N. , Cardinali Giuseppe
Published: July 2016

The hemoglobin pattern of 18 inbred strains of mice was studied by starch-gel electrophoresis. In 7 strains (C57BL/10, C57BL/6, C57BR/cd, C57L, C58, SWR, and SEC/1Re) the electrophoretic pattern was found to be of single-band type: in the remaining 11 strains (AKR, DBA/1, DBA/2, CBA, C3H/He, C3HeB/Fe, Fl/1Re, RF, 129, A, and A/He), 6 components were constantly observed when the electrophoretic run was carried out for 20 hours. Hemoglobin from late C57BL/6 fetuses showed an electrophoretic pattern identical to that of the adult animal. Hemoglobin from AKR and DBA/2 late fetuses and newborns showed an electrophoretic pattern similar to that of the adult animal, but the slowest band was more intensely stained as compared with the corresponding band of the adult animal.
Taste Sensitivity to Phenylthiourea and Leprosy
Authors: Beiguelman B.
Published: July 2016

Taste thresholds for phenylthiourea were measured among 900 Caucasoid leprous patients and among 1000 healthy Caucasoid control males, of the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

The frequency of non-tasters among the leprous sample (19.7%) is significantly lower than that found among the healthy sample (24.7%). These results suggest a correlation between taste ability to phenylthourea and leprosy.
Taste Sensitivity to Phenylthiourea and Drugs with anti-leprotic Effect
Authors: Beiguelman B. , Marques M. B.
Published: July 2016

The taste thresholds of 315 lepromatous patients confined more than four years in a Leprosarium was determined. These patients were ascribed to three clinical groups according to their clinical and bacilloscopical regression during the treatment.

The data obtained show no correlation between tasting and clinical conditions.
Ricerche statistiche e genetiche sulle Malformazioni congenite. II: Considerazioni sulla frequenza delle malformazioni congenite osservate presso l'Istituto Ospitaliero Provinciale per la Maternità di Milano tra 85976 nati dal 1942 al 1962
Authors: Beolchini Pier Emilio
Published: July 2016

Among the 85,976 children born at the «Istituto Ospitaliero Provinciale per la Maternità di Milano» from January 1st 1942 through December 31st 1962, 1185 newborn infants have

been observed with one or more congenital malformations, i. e. with a frequency of 13,8°/°°. Distribution of this material in a first period of six years and in three subsequent quinquennia, and comparison of the frequencies of the subjects with malformations observed in the various periods allow us to draw the following conclusions:

1) in the period 1942-1962, especially in the latest years, the total frequency of congenital malformations has not exhibited significant variations;

2) the frequency of harelip and/or cleft-palate, omphalocele, hypospadia, polydactily, hypodactily and syndactily appears rather uniform. The same applies, as a whole, to CNS malformations, though a certain heterogeneity has been found in the frequencies of rachischisis observed in the various periods;

3 ) as for mongoloid, dysmyelitic and club-foot subjects a significant heterogeneity of the frequencies observed in the various quinquennia has been demonstrated.
Incidenza dei fattori Kell, Cellano e Duffy in un campione di popolazione romana
Authors: De Bartolo Mario
Published: July 2016

The Author has studied the Kell, Cellano and Duffy factors in a selected sample of the roman population.

A comparison of the already known data for the rest of Italy shows that the Kell factor has a higher frequency, as compared to that found by other Authors in other regions, while the Duffy factor appears to be less frequent.
Rappresentazioni Geometriche delle Frequenze dei Gruppi Sanguigni nello Studio delle Popolazioni
Authors: Pace D.P. , Parisi P.
Published: July 2016

After a short introduction on the relationships between ABO blood groups and the main racial groups, the Authors consider the diagrammatic representation of the p, q, r values, according to the method by Streng, and apply it to the frequencies in Italy. Another method of diagrammatic representation, according to C. C. Li, is also considered, and a comparison is made between the two methods, both applied to the frequencies of ethnically similar populations, such as Caucasoids, Corsicans, Sardinians and Basques.

The need is emphasized for more detailed studies, i. e. at the level of regions, countries, so as to provide as many data as possible.