bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trophic niche overlap between native freshwater mussels (Order: Unionida) and the invasive Corbicula fluminea
Authors: Modesto Vanessa , Dias Ester , Ilarri Martina , Lopes‐Lima Manuel , Teixeira Amílcar , Varandas Simone , Castro Paulo , Antunes Carlos , Sousa Ronaldo
Published: June 2021

Freshwater mussels (Order Unionida) are highly threatened. Interspecific competition for food sources with invasive alien species is considered to be one of the factors responsible for their decline because successful invaders are expected to have wider trophic niches and more flexible feeding strategies than their native counterparts.

In this study, carbon (δ13C: 13C/12C) and nitrogen (δ15N: 15N/14N) stable isotopes were used to investigate the trophic niche overlap between the native freshwater mussel species, Anodonta anatina, Potomida littoralis, and Unio delphinus, and the invasive bivalve Corbicula fluminea living in sympatry in the Tua basin (south‐west Europe).

The species presenting the widest trophic niches were C. fluminea and A. anatina, which indicate that they have broader diets than U. delphinus and P. littoralis. Nonetheless, all the species assimilated microphytobenthos, sediment organic matter, and detritus derived from vascular plants, although with interspecific variability in the assimilated proportions of each source. The trophic niche of the invasive species overlapped with the trophic niche of all the native species, with the extent varying between sites and according to the species.

From the three native species analysed, Potomida littoralis may be at a higher risk for competition for food with C. fluminea in the Tua basin, if food sources become limited, because this native mussel presented the narrowest trophic niche across sites and the highest probability of overlapping with the trophic niche of C. fluminea.

Given the global widespread distribution of C. fluminea, the implementation of management measures devoted to the control or even eradication of this invasive alien species should be a conservation priority given its potential for competition with highly threatened native freshwater mussels.
Identifying marsupials from Australian archaeological sites: current methodological challenges and opportunities in zooarchaeological practice
Authors: MEIN ERIN , MANNE TIINA
Published: June 2021

We review current zooarchaeological practice in Australia, identifying major research themes and key methodological gaps where opportunities exist for the development of Australian zooarchaeology as a discipline. We demonstrate that marsupial remains form a significant component of Australian zooarchaeological assemblages, yet high resolution taxonomic identification of these remains continues to prove challenging, owing to a combination of high species diversity and few resources which provide diagnostic criteria for discriminating morphologically similar, but ecologically variable taxa. The lack of robust protocols for discriminating marsupial taxa significantly impacts our ability to effectively integrate zooarchaeological data into broader narratives of Aboriginal colonisation, resilience and adaptation across Australia. Publication of identification protocols would help refine and standardise diagnostic criteria used between analysts, improve the methodological transparency of zooarchaeological analysis and provide resources for the training of a new generation of specialists. A range of opportunities currently exist, utilising qualitative and quantitative techniques, to significantly contribute towards the methodological robustness of zooarchaeological practice in Australia.
Suppression of the TRIF‐dependent signaling pathway of TLRs by epoxomicin
Authors: Kim Su Y. , Shin Seokwon , Kwon Minji , Youn Daniel , Sung Nam J. , Kim Na H. , Park Sin‐Aye , Youn Hyung‐Sun
Published: June 2021

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) can recognize specific signatures of invading microbial pathogens and activate a cascade of downstream signals to induce the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and type I interferons. The activation of TLRs triggers two downstream signaling pathways: the MyD88‐ and the TRIF‐dependent pathways. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of epoxomicin, a member of the linear peptide αʹ,βʹ‐epoxyketone first isolated from an actinomycetes strain, we examined its effects on signal transduction via TLR signaling pathways. Epoxomicin inhibited the activation of NF‐kB and IRF3 induced by TLR agonists, decreased the expression of interferon‐inducible protein‐10, and inhibited the activation of NF‐kB and IRF3 induced by overexpression of downstream signaling components of TLR signaling pathways. These results suggest that epoxomicin can regulate both the MyD88‐ and TRIF‐dependent signaling pathways of TLRs. Thus, it might have potential as a new therapeutic drug for a variety of inflammatory diseases.
Tenascin‐C regulates migration of SOX10 tendon stem cells via integrin‐α9 for promoting patellar tendon remodeling
Authors: Xu Kang , Shao Yibo , Xia Yi , Qian Yuna , Jiang Nan , Liu Xianqiong , Yang Li , Wang Chunli
Published: June 2021

Insufficient attention has been focused on the directional migration of SOX10+ tendon stem cells (STSCs) during tendon remodeling. Here, we investigate whether tenascin‐C (TNC) promotes STSC motility and migration. Based on the hypothesis that TNCs induce STSC migration, RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) was conducted, identifying 2107 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 1272 were up‐regulated and 835 down‐regulated following treatment with TNC versus the control. The DEGs were principally involved in cell adhesion and cell membrane signal transduction. Highly enriched‐related signaling included the PI3K‐Akt, focal adhesion, and ECM–receptor interaction pathways. Protein interaction analysis established that TNC was positively correlated with ITGA9 (integrin‐α9). Furthermore, TNC activated the phosphorylation levels of FAK and Akt, and knockdown of ITGA9 with siRNA revealed that TNC contributes to STSC migration via the targeting of ITGA9. In addition, in vivo administration of TNC promoted tissue regeneration of injured tendons. In conclusion, TNC regulated the migration of STSCs via ITGA9, thereby promoting the regeneration of tendon injuries.
Adoption of single agent anticancer therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and impact of facility type, insurance status, and income on survival: Analysis of the national cancer database 2004–2014
Authors: Opneja Aman , Cioffi Gino , Alahmadi Asrar , Jones Nelroy , Tang Tin‐Yun , Patil Nirav , Bajor David L. , Saltzman Joel N. , Mohamed Amr , Selfridge Eva , Mangla Ankit , Barnholtz‐Sloan Jill , Lee Richard T.
Published: June 2021

Background

This study analyzes the pattern of use of single agent anticancer therapy (SAACT) in the treatment and survival of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) before and after sorafenib was FDA approved in 2007.

Methods

Adult patients diagnosed with HCC and treated with only ACT from 2004 – 2014 were identified in NCDB database. Patients were analyzed during three time frames: 2004–2006 (pre‐sorafenib (PS)), 2007–2010 (early sorafenib (ES)) and 2011–2014 (late sorafenib (LS)). Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan‐Meier method were used for analyses.

Results

The NCDB contained 31,107 patients with HCC diagnosed from 2004–2014 and treated with ACT alone. Patients were generally men (78.0%), >50 years of age (92.5%). A significant increase in the rate of adaption of SAACT was observed over time: 6.2% PS, 15.2% ES, and 22.2% LS (p < 0.0001). During this later period, the highest proportion of SAACT is among academic and integrated network facilities (23.3%) as compared to community facilities (17.0%, p < 0.0001). The median overall survival of patients with aHCC treated only with SAACT improved significantly over time from 8.0 months (m) (95% CI: 7.4–8.8) to 10.7 m (10.4–11.2) to 15.6 m (15.2–16.0, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicates worse outcomes for patients treated at community cancer programs (HR 1.28, (5% CI: 1.23–1.32), patients without insurance (HR 1.11, 1.06–1.16) and estimated household income of <$63,000 (HR 1.09, 1.05–1.13).

Conclusion

aHCC patients treated only with ACT have experienced an overall improvement in survival, but significant differences exist between facility type, insurance status, and income.
Proper background checks reduce risks for everyone involved in hiring process
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2021

When you need to fill an opening in your busy athletics department, you're likely focused on getting that seemingly ideal new candidate on board as quickly as possible to lighten the load for your overworked staff.
Creativity, collaboration play key roles in managing pandemic‐related challenges
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2021

As Erin Quinn, Director of Athletics at Middlebury College in Vermont, led his athletics department through the pandemic, challenges seemed to change and grow by the day.
Protein Macrocyclization for Tertiary Structure Stabilization
Authors: Haim Anissa , Neubacher Saskia , Grossmann Tom N.
Published: June 2021

Proteins possess unique molecular recognition capabilities and enzymatic activities, features that are usually tied to a particular tertiary structure. To make use of proteins for biotechnological and biomedical purposes, it is often required to enforce their tertiary structure in order to ensure sufficient stability under the conditions inherent to the application of interest. The introduction of intramolecular crosslinks has proven efficient in stabilizing native protein folds. Herein, we give an overview of methods that allow the macrocyclization of expressed proteins, discussing involved reaction mechanisms and structural implications.
In Situ Synchrotron X‐ray Diffraction Studies of the Mechanochemical Synthesis of ZnS from its Elements
Authors: Petersen Hilke , Reichle Steffen , Leiting Sebastian , Losch Pit , Kersten Wolfgang , Rathmann Tobias , Tseng Jochi , Etter Martin , Schmidt Wolfgang , Weidenthaler Claudia
Published: June 2021

Mechanochemistry, as a synthesis tool for inorganic materials, became an ever‐growing field in material chemistry. The direct energy transfer by collision of the educts with the milling media gives the possibility to design environmental‐friendly reactions. Nevertheless, the underlying process of energy transfer and hence the kinetics of mechanosynthesis remain unclear. Herein, we present in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction studies coupled with pressure measurements performed during the formation of ZnS and the subsequent phase transition (PT) from the hexagonal to the cubic modification. Milling Zn and S8 results in the sublimation of S8, observed by a sudden pressure increase. Simultaneously, the hexagonal metastable ZnS‐modification (wurtzite) forms. Via detection of the pressure maximum, the exact start of the wurtzite formation can be determined. Immediately after the formation of wurtzite, the structural PT to the thermodynamic stable cubic modification sphalerite takes place. This PT can be described by the Prout‐Tompkins equation for autocatalytic reactions, similar to thermally induced PT in sulfur vapor at high temperatures (T>1133 K). The increase in the reactivity of the wurtzite formation is explained by the reaction in sulfur vapor and the induction of defect structures by the collisions with the milling media.
Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanol Derivatives and the Lewis Amphoteric Tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanolate Anion, [Si(C2F5)3O]−
Authors: Tiessen Natalia , Schwarze Nico , Keßler Mira , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: June 2021

While alkyl‐substituted siloxanes are widely known, virtually nothing is known about perfluoroalkyl siloxanes and their congener species, the silanols and silanolates. We recently reported on the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide ion, [Si(C2F5)3]−, which features Lewis amphoteric character deriving from the pentafluoroethyl substituents and their strong electron‐withdrawing properties. Transferring this knowledge, we investigated the Lewis amphoteric behavior of the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanolate, [Si(C2F5)3O]−. In order to examine such Lewis amphoteric behavior, we first developed a strategy for the synthesis of the corresponding silanol Si(C2F5)3OH, which readily condenses at room temperature to the hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)disiloxane, (C2F5)3SiOSi(C2F5)3. Deprotonation of Si(C2F5)3OH employing a sterically demanding phosphazene base allows the characterization of the first example of a dimeric triorganosilanolate: the dianionic hexakis(pentafluoroethyl)disilanolate, [{Si(C2F5)3O}2]2−, implies Lewis amphoteric character of the monomeric [Si(C2F5)3O]− anion.
Sauber in Richtung Zukunft
Authors: Bolz Lukas
Published: June 2021

Wasserstoff ist ein zentrales Element für die klimaneutrale Zukunft. Die Firma Proton Motor Fuel Cell setzt JUMO VIBROtemp Temperatursensoren zur Temperaturüberwachung in Brennstoffzellen‐Systemen ein.
Automatikmodul für Rotationsverdampfer
Authors: Heyder Jürgen
Published: June 2021

Die autarke Lösung aus Rotationsverdampfer und Hei‐Volume Distimatic Pro Modul kann unbeaufsichtigt Tag und Nacht betrieben werden. Dank der automatischen Rückstandsentleerung entfällt eine manuelle Entnahme während des Prozesszyklus. Dadurch besteht die
Experimental Considerations for Operando Metal‐Ion Battery Monitoring using X‐ray Techniques
Authors: Saurel D. , Pendashteh A. , Jáuregui M. , Reynaud M. , Fehse M. , Galceran M. , Casas‐Cabanas M.
Published: June 2021

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Damien Saurel and Montserrat Canas‐Cabanas at CIC EnergiGUNE and Ikerbasque (Spain). the data corresponding to NaTiOPO4 Na‐ion anode material obtained in a powder X‐ray diffraction operando experiment when cycled between 2.4 and 1V vs Na+/Na (2θ λ Cu = 32° ‐ 34 °, reversible intercalation of 0.58 Na+). Operando experiments have provided key insights regarding the internal processes occurring in a battery during operation and this knowledge has been critical for the design of optimized electrode materials and long‐lasting cells. In our work we discuss several experimental considerations that we believe are relevant for operando data acquisition and analysis through different examples collected using our home‐made in situ cell using both lab‐scale and synchrotron data. Read the full text of their Full Paper at 10.1002/cmtd.202100009.
Securing continuation of treatment for children with cancer in times of social unrest and pandemic
Authors: Zuleta Verónica , Berliner Josefina , Rossell Nuria , Zubieta Marcela
Published: June 2021

Background

Childhood cancer in Chile reports 500 new cases each year of which 85% are treated in the public health system. Governmental programs ensure access to diagnosis, treatment, follow up and palliative care, whereas Fundación Nuestros Hijos (FNH) provides supportive care for non‐covered medical and psychosocial needs. Common financial difficulties in families of children and adolescents with cancer increased considerably when a wave of social unrest arose in October 2019 and the Covid‐19 pandemic in March 2020 hit the country, leaving families of children with cancer facing greater challenges.

Aims

We report here the support activities and interventions carried out by FNH to help the families during the crisis of these months.

Methods

A socioeconomic survey was conducted among FNH's beneficiary families to know their needs. During these months of acute crisis for many families, support activities and interventions were developed and varied types of aid were allocated to help the families.

Results

The main results of the survey in which 525 (70%) of FNH's beneficiary families participated showed that 75% of them had only one breadwinner, and 52% had one unemployed family member. Almost 90% of job loss happened during the months of social unrest and pandemic. Four main interventions: (a) safe transportation, (b) food, (c) heating, (d) internet connectivity, were organized to support important needs of the families and prevent children to miss treatment appointments. Additionally, some families who did not access governmental emergency aid were guided in the process.

Conclusions

The aid provided helped the families to relieve some of their needs, facilitated the continuation of treatment during the pandemic, and made the caregivers feel supported and listened.
Influence of Irrigation Modalities (Irrigation Management and Dryland), Fruit Ripening, and Cultivation Modality (Organic and Conventional) on Quality and Chemosensory Profile of Hojiblanca and Picual Extra Virgin Olive Oils
Authors: Ríos‐Reina Rocio , Camacho Francisco , Morales M. Lourdes , Jiménez‐Herrera Brígida , Callejón Raquel M.
Published: June 2021

A study with controlled field and authentic samples of olives, obtained in similar conditions of soil, climate, region, harvest, and with the same cultivation techniques and considering simultaneously different agronomic factors (olive variety, fruit ripening degree, irrigation, and organic or conventional production system) is performed to evaluate their influence on quality and added value of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Agronomical and physicochemical parameters, polyphenols, tocopherols, and fatty acid composition and volatile and sensory profiles are determined in Hojiblanca and Picual VOOs obtained from different fruit ripening degrees and different cultivation modalities (conventional with and without irrigation, and organic with irrigation). Among volatile compounds, 1‐hydroxy‐2‐propanone, (E)‐linalool oxide, and 2‐acetylfuran are described for the first time in EVOO. The variable that most influences the chemosensory composition of EVOOs is the variety, followed by the stage of ripeness, and, within each variety, the cultivation modality. Organic irrigation differ from conventional modalities, showing significant differences in acidity, stability, tocopherol and polyphenol contents, fatty acid composition, and sensory attributes.

Practical Applications: Results are of great importance, due to their applicability to the EVOO sector, allowing one to know the qualitative, chemical and organoleptic differences between organic and conventional EVOO, and factors that improve the quality and performance of EVOO.
Chemical and Biophysical Approaches to Allosteric Modulation
Authors: Civera Monica , Moroni Elisabetta , Sorrentino Luca , Vasile Francesca , Sattin Sara
Published: June 2021

Allosteric regulation, i. e. the control exerted on an orthosteric site by an effector interacting at a distinct and distant site, represents a prime example of a precise tuning system of several key biological processes like gene transcription, cell adhesion and, most importantly, signal transduction. Since its discovery sixty years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have been extensively investigated. The aim of this minireview is to introduce the reader to the topic of protein allostery. In particular, we briefly overview the allosteric models postulated over the years and we describe the most relevant chemical and biophysical approaches reported so far for the identification of putative allosteric sites and/or for the investigation of allosteric signal propagation throughout the protein. An outlook of the main computational and experimental methods is followed by four case studies representative of different proteins classes: enzymes, hub proteins, cell receptors, and intrinsically disordered proteins.
Partial Oxidation of Isooctane over Ru‐Promoted Nickel–Molybdenum/Cerium–Zirconium Oxide Catalyst at an Intermediate Temperature for Internal Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Bkour Qusay , Zhao Kai , Kim Yoonkap , Leonel Gerson , Ly Anh , Saunders Steven R. , Norton M. Grant , Ha Su
Published: June 2021

In previous work, nickel–molybdenum (NiMo) nanoparticles supported on cerium–zirconium oxide (CZ) catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity and stability for liquid fuel reforming with an improved coking resistance compared with Ni/CZ. Lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) below 700 °C is vital, because they can reduce the material costs and thermal stresses of SOFCs. However, the performance of NiMo/CZ is insufficient when operated at temperatures below 750 °C. This work aims to improve the activity and coking resistance of NiMo/CZ at a temperature of 700 °C by adding a minimal amount (0.1 wt%) of Ru. The Ru‐promoted sample shows a high reforming activity for partial oxidation of isooctane at 700 °C. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and STEM indicate a smaller Ni crystallite size for NiMoRu/CZ catalyst, which would decrease its tendency to facilitate coke formation. The tubular SOFC with the NiMoRu/CZ as its internal reforming catalyst displays good power density output and performance stability at 200 mA cm−2.
Combined Modifications for Effectively Improving the Photoelectrochemical Performance of Hematite Photoanode
Authors: Nie Tianshuo , Cao Shiyao , Wang Yuanbin , Ji Zhen , Bai Zhiming , Yan Jingze , Yan Xiaoqin
Published: June 2021

As the photoanode material of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, hematite (Fe2O3) is a very promising candidate. Herein, the nanocoral‐like hematite film is designed using a simple hydrothermal method. The conductivity of the material improves by Ti ion doping, and a thin ZnFe2O4 film is deposited on the surface to form the type‐II heterostructure, which regulates the transport path of the carriers. At the same time, the FeOOH catalyst accelerates the oxygen evolution kinetics on the electrode surface. Finally, the photocurrent density of the TiFe2O3/ZnFe2O4/FeOOH photoanode reaches 1.93 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE, and the open voltage is negatively shifted by 200 mV, compared with the Fe2O3 photoanode, down to 0.62 V. This work proves that element doping and surface modification improve the PEC performance by optimizing the transport path of carriers and increasing the reaction rate of oxygen evolution reaction.
Finite difference modified WENO schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws with non‐convex flux
Authors: Dond Asha K. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: June 2021

The Weighted Essentially Non‐Oscillatory (WENO) reconstruction provides higher‐order accurate solutions to hyperbolic conservation laws for convex flux. But it fails to capture composite structure in the case of non‐convex flux and converges to the wrong solution (Qiu & Shu SIAM J Sci Comput. 2008;31:584‐607). In this article, we have developed a Modified WENO (MWENO) scheme in the finite difference framework, which can resolve the composite structure and ensures the entropic convergence. The MWENO reconstruction procedure involves the identification of the troubled‐cells, followed by the use of first‐order monotone modification in the troubled‐cells and employ the fifth‐order WENO reconstruction in the non‐troubled cells. A new troubled‐cell indicator is developed using the information of the smoothness indicator of the WENO reconstruction. Numerical experiments are performed for 1D and 2D test cases, which ensure the entropic convergence of the proposed schemes.
Textures and trace element geochemistry of magnetite in the Beiya gold deposit, SW China
Authors: Hong Jingxin , Zhang Hongyu , Yuan Ye , Wang Jichun , Wang Fangyue , Liu Jiajun , Zhao Qingqing
Published: June 2021

The Beiya gold deposit (323t of gold @ 2.47 g/t) is located in the centre of the Jinshajiang‐Ailaoshan potassium alkaline porphyry Cu‐Au metallogenic belt in SW China, which is the largest skarn gold deposit in China. As the dominant ore mineral at Beiya, magnetite has been selected as a petrogenetic indicator to understand the ore‐forming process. In this study, magnetites have been divided into the euhedral–subhedral (ME), anhedral (MA), lamellar (ML), and replaced (MR) types based on their textures, which have been further determined by in situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses. In detail, plots in discriminant diagrams constrain the Beiya magnetite a hydrothermal origin. Trace elements in magnetite vary with respect to different textures. Titanium concentrations are similar in all magnetite types, suggesting that all magnetites were precipitated in a relatively narrow temperature range. The decreasing V content combined with haematite after magnetite (martitization) suggests that the oxygen fugacity increased from ME and MA and then decreased to ML and MR. All magnetite types show similar content variations and similar (Mg + Mn)/Al ratios, indicating a decreasing degree of fluid–rock interactions. The rim–core texture indicates that the MR type magnetite has experienced the dissolution–reprecipitation process. Mushketovite marks the later ore‐forming environment and the iron‐rich hydrothermal fluids transformed from high temperature and oxidized to low temperature and reduced features. Magnetite textures, combined with its trace element variations, could be used as a potential tool for inferring the ore‐forming fluid evolution.
Identifying mismatches of ecosystem services supply and demand under semi-arid conditions: The case of the Oasis City Urumqi, China
Authors: Shi Lei , Halik Ümüt , Mamat Zulpiya , Aishan Tayierjiang , Welp Martin
Published: June 2021

Understanding the balance between supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs) is helpful for sustainable urban management. However, the interactions among multiple ESs supplies and demands remain under-researched, and ESs supply and demand spatial heterogeneity and correlation characteristics at the city level are rarely studied, especially in arid areas. To fill this gap, we established a comprehensive assessment framework of ESs supply and demand through integrating multi-source remote sensing data, social economy, and policy objectives, for the oasis city of Urumqi, China. The ESs supply–demand mismatches were revealed at the city level, and the spatial relationship between the ESs supply and demand was analyzed using spatial statistics. The results demonstrated that: (1) The total quantity of supply and demand of food provision, carbon sequestration, PM10 removal, and recreation services in Urumqi revealed that the demand was greater than the supply, the deficits being 16.10 × 107 kcal/ha, 6.88 × 104 t/ha, 155.86 kg/ha, and 697.26, respectively. (2) The supply and demand assessment of ESs revealed spatial differences from the city center to the suburbs, which further indicated that there are neighborhood similarities between the supply and demand of ESs. (3) The matching types of ESs supply and demand present obvious spatial heterogeneity, which can be divided into four types: High–high, high–low, low–high, and low–low. Owing to rapid urban development in the inner city, the city center is dominated by low–high, whereas the urban–rural ecotone is characterized by high–low, owing to the higher elevation and water resource advantages in the suburbs. Based on the analysis of the supply, demand, and matching of ESs, economic development and sustainable management policies are proposed for different ecological spaces. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1293–1304. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

The ecosystem services (ESs) supply–demand mismatches were revealed at the city level in Urumqi, China. The spatial relationship between the ESs supply and demand was analyzed using spatial statistics. The supply and demand assessment of ESs revealed spatial differences and aggregation from the city center to the suburbs. The matching types of ESs supply and demand present obvious spatial heterogeneity.
Moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity modifies the relationship between sedentary time and sarcopenia: the Tromsø Study 2015–2016
Authors: Johansson Jonas , Morseth Bente , Scott David , Strand Bjørn Heine , Hopstock Laila A. , Grimsgaard Sameline
Published: June 2021

Background

Sarcopenia is an age‐related muscle disease primarily characterized by reductions in muscle strength that increases the risk of falls, fractures, cognitive impairment, and mortality. Exercise is currently preferred in prevention and treatment, but it is unknown how different habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour patterns associate with sarcopenia status. The purpose of the present study was to compare associations of these patterns with probable sarcopenia in older adults.

Methods

In 3653 community‐dwelling participants (51% women) aged 60–84 years from the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study, we assessed objective physical activity and sedentary behaviour collected over 8 days (ActiGraph wGT3X‐BT Accelerometer), grip strength (Jamar+ Digital Dynamometer), five‐repetition chair stands, and self‐reported disease. We combined tertiles of sedentary (SED) time and moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) to create nine different activity profiles (SEDHIGH, SEDMOD, and SEDLOW combined with MVPAHIGH, MVPAMOD, or MVPALOW). Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine how these profiles associated with probable sarcopenia, defined by low handgrip strength and/or slow chair stands time according to the revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criteria.

Results

Probable sarcopenia was present in 227 (6.2%) participants. Men with probable sarcopenia had on average 35.3 min more SED time and 20 min less MVPA compared with participants without sarcopenia (P < 0.01 for all), while women with probable sarcopenia only had 18 min less MVPA (P < 0.001). Compared with the SEDHIGH–MVPALOW reference activity profile (714.2 min SED/day and 10.4 min MVPA/day), the SEDHIGH–MVPAMOD profile (697.1 min SED/day and 31.5 min MVPA/day) had significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for probable sarcopenia (OR 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08–0.35), while the SEDLOW–MVPALOW profile (482.9 min SED/day and 11.0 min MVPA/day) did not (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.47–1.11). These findings were not influenced by age, sex, smoking, or self‐reported diseases, and higher levels of MVPA did not further decrease ORs for probable sarcopenia.

Conclusions

Older adults who achieve moderate amounts of MVPA have reduced odds for probable sarcopenia, even when they have high sedentary time. Those with low sedentary time did not have reduced odds for probable sarcopenia when they also had low amounts of MVPA. These findings need confirmation in longitudinal studies but suggest that interventions for preventing sarcopenia should prioritize increasing MVPA over reducing sedentary behaviour.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism, weight loss, and longer term mortality in haemodialysis patients: results from the DOPPS
Authors: Komaba Hirotaka , Zhao Junhui , Yamamoto Suguru , Nomura Takanobu , Fuller Douglas S. , McCullough Keith P. , Evenepoel Pieter , Christensson Anders , Zhao Xinju , Alrukhaimi Mona , Al‐Ali Fadwa , Young Eric W. , Robinson Bruce M. , Fukagawa Masafumi
Published: June 2021

Background

Wasting is a common complication of kidney failure that leads to weight loss and poor outcomes. Recent experimental data identified parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a driver of adipose tissue browning and wasting, but little is known about the relations among secondary hyperparathyroidism, weight loss, and risk of mortality in dialysis patients.

Methods

We included 42,319 chronic in‐centre haemodialysis patients from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study phases 2–6 (2002–2018). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the association between baseline PTH and percent weight change over 12 months, adjusting for country, demographics, comorbidities, and labs. Accelerated failure time models were used to assess 12 month weight loss as a mediator between baseline high PTH and mortality after 12 months.

Results

Baseline PTH was inversely associated with 12 month weight change: 12 month weight loss >5% was observed in 21%, 18%, 18%, 17%, 15%, and 14% of patients for PTH ≥600 pg/mL, 450–600, 300–450, 150–300, 50–150, and <50 pg/mL, respectively. In adjusted analyses, 12 month weight change compared with PTH 150–299 pg/mL was −0.60%, −0.12%, −0.10%, +0.15%, and +0.35% for PTH ≥600, 450–600, 300–450, 50–150, and <50 pg/mL, respectively. This relationship was robust regardless of recent hospitalization and was more pronounced in persons with preserved appetite. During follow‐up after the 12 month weight measure [median, 1.0 (interquartile range, 0.6–1.7) years; 6125 deaths], patients with baseline PTH ≥600 pg/mL had 11% [95% confidence interval (CI), 9–13%] shorter lifespan, and 18% (95% CI, 14–23%) of this effect was mediated through weight loss ≥2.5%.

Conclusions

Secondary hyperparathyroidism may be a novel mechanism of wasting, corroborating experimental data, and, among chronic dialysis patients, this pathway may be a mediator between elevated PTH levels and mortality. Future research should determine whether PTH‐lowering therapy can limit weight loss and improve longer term dialysis outcomes.
Collaborating and teaching a synchronous, multi‐university, virtual course: Health policy and access to dental care
Authors: Kennedy Erinne N. , Alex White Benjamin , Weintraub Jane A. , Moss Mark E. , Jordan Samantha L. , Quick Karin K. , Ticku Shenam , Huang Boyen , Douglass Chester
Published: June 2021

Purpose

In response to COVID‐19, dental educators have been tasked with maintaining the quality of education while reducing cost, increasing efficiency, and leveraging technology.

Methods

This collaborative, multisite virtual health policy course used the Staged Self‐Directed Learning Model (SSDL) to lead a diverse group of students studying health policy. Twelve Core sessions were offered with three additional sessions in August or December for a total of 15 total synchronous Zoom sessions that covered policy issues on supply, demand, and need for dental care.

Results

Twenty‐eight students, seven lead instructors, and two course directors from six schools reported positive feedback on the course format, use of technology and the SSDL model, and breadth of topics presented. Participation by universities in four states with differing health policies stimulated virtual classroom discussions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, collaborative interinstitutional virtual teaching and learning is cost effective, efficient, and engaging for students. This model has the potential to continue even when institutions are no longer affected by COVID‐19.
Synovial and cartilage responsiveness to peri‐operative hyaluronic acid ± dexamethasone administration following a limited injury to the rabbit stifle joint
Authors: Heard B. J. , Barton K. I. , Abubacker S. , Chung M. , Martin C. R. , Schmidt T. A. , Shrive N. G. , Hart D. A.
Published: June 2021

Posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) can develop after an injury to the knee. Previous studies have indicated that an intra‐articular (IA) injection of the potent glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) may significantly prevent induction of PTOA. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single IA injection of hyaluronic acid (HA), alone and in combination with DEX following a localized intra‐articular injury as a PTOA‐preventing treatment option. An established rabbit model of surgical injury consisting of dual intra‐articular (IA) drill holes in a non‐cartilaginous area of the femoral notch near the origin of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) to allow for bleeding into the joint space was used. Immediately following surgery, subjects were treated with HA, HA + DEX, or received no treatment. An uninjured control group was used for comparison (N = 5/group). Rabbits were sacrificed and investigated at 9 weeks post‐injury. At 9 weeks post‐injury, there was a significant protective capacity of the single IA treatment of DEX + HA on the histological grade of the synovial tissue, and some variable location‐specific effects of HA alone and HA + DEX interactions on cartilage damage. Thus, it is possible that co‐treatment with HA may interfere with the effectiveness of the DEX. In vitro friction testing indicated that DEX did not interfere with the lubricating ability of HA or synovial fluid on cartilage. These results suggest that a single IA administration of HA in combination with DEX following an IA injury is not recommended for inhibition of PTOA progression in this model.
Oral Intake of Lumisterol Affects the Metabolism of Vitamin D
Authors: Kotwan Julia , Kühn Julia , Baur Anja C. , Stangl Gabriele I.
Published: June 2021

Scope

The treatment of food with ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) light to increase the vitamin D content is accompanied by the formation of photoisomers, such as lumisterol2. The physiological impact of photoisomers is largely unknown.

Methods and Results

Three groups of C57Bl/6 mice are fed diets containing 50 µg kg‐1 deuterated vitamin D3 with 0, 50 (moderate‐dose) or 2000 µg kg‐1 (high‐dose) lumisterol2 for four weeks. Considerable quantities of lumisterol2 and vitamin D2 are found in the plasma and tissues of mice fed with 2000 µg kg‐1 lumisterol2 but not in those fed 0 or 50 µg kg‐1 lumisterol2. Mice fed with 2000 µg kg‐1 lumisterol2 showed strongly reduced deuterated 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (–50%) and calcitriol (–80%) levels in plasma, accompanied by downregulated mRNA abundance of cytochrom P450 (Cyp)27b1 and upregulated Cyp24a1 in the kidneys. Increased tissue levels of vitamin D2 were also seen in mice in a second study that are kept on a diet with 0.2% UV‐B exposed yeast versus those fed 0.2% untreated yeast containing iso‐amounts of vitamin D2.

Conclusion

High doses of lumisterol2 can enter the body, induce the formation of vitamin D2, reduce the levels of 25(OH)D3 and calcitriol and strongly impact the expression of genes involved in the degradation and synthesis of bioactive vitamin D.
Technical Note: Compact thermoacoustic imaging system based on a low‐cost and miniaturized microwave generator for in vivo biomedical imaging
Authors: Huang Lin , Zheng Zhu , Chi Zihui , Jiang Huabei
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Most of existing thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) studies generally utilized a linear modulator‐based high peak power magnetron generator (MG) for efficient TA signal excitation. However, a linear modulator‐based MG is bulky and expensive. Here we present a low‐cost and compact thermoacoustic imaging (TAI) system based on a miniaturized MG.

Methods

The MG is based on solid‐state modulator and operates at 3.05 ± 0.025 GHz, with a peak power of up to 60 kW and adjustable pulse duration from 70 to 600 ns. The dimensions and weight of this MG are 350 × 210 × 70 mm3 (Width × Length × Height) and 7.5 kg, respectively.

Results

The spatial resolution of the miniaturized MG‐based TAI system is determined to be from 0.3 to 1.4 mm using controlled phantom experiments. The system is further evaluated using in vivo experiments where the finger joints and vasculature in the forearm and opisthenar of human participants are successfully imaged.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the miniaturized MG based TAI systems can be used for in vivo joint and vascular imaging with multiscale resolutions (0.3–1.4 mm).
Aktivierungsbarrieren ertasten, Prozesse und Strukturen begreifen
Authors: Lindenstruth Philipp , Schween Michael
Published: June 2021

Für Blinde und Sehbeeinträchtigte ist der Zugang zur organischen Chemie schwieriger als für Sehende. Um ihn zu erleichtern und das Verstehen zu fördern, werden an der Universität Marburg dreidimensionale Modelle für inklusive Lernumgebungen entwickelt. Davon profitieren auch Lernende ohne Sehbehinderung.
Electrical neuromodulation in bladder dysfunction: Mapping the state‐of‐the‐art with bibliometric analysis of field and top 100 cited articles
Authors: Jackson Stuart , Hanna Bishoy , Narroway Harry , Chung Amanda
Published: June 2021

Aims

Electrical neuromodulation of bladder function has been extensively investigated in the literature. To date, there has been no characterization of the field, and there is a lack of bibliometric literature to guide future studies. We directed this scientometric analysis to characterize the distribution, characteristics and relationships of the field, with subanalysis of top 100 articles.

Methods

The Web of Science Core Collection of the Thompson Reuters Web of Science was searched and analyzed to determine distributions and characteristics of clinical research investigating electrical neuromodulation in bladder dysfunction. Field citation and coauthorship networks were mapped, and recent citation bursts of the past decade are described. The top 100 cited articles were categorized, with level of evidence rating system applied.

Results

A total of 872 articles published from 1949 until October 2020 were included in field analysis. Europe demonstrated the highest continental productivity within field (n = 539, 61.81%), and the United States the top nation (35.55% of field, 39.24% of top 100 articles). The Journal of Urology has historically published the most articles in the field (n = 150, 17.20%), and top 100 articles (n = 41, 40.20%). Top 100 articles reported studies of neuromodulation effects via sacral neuromodulation (n = 59); of non‐neurological bladder dysfunction (n = 72); urinary incontinence (n = 92), frequency (n = 73) and urgency (n = 68) symptomology.

Conclusions

Analysis of electrical neuromodulation of bladder dysfunction literature reveals historical development, core research clusters and relationships, and an increase in publication activity over past decades.
Managing return policies with consumer resale
Authors: Lei Yong , Liu Qian , Shum Stephen
Published: June 2021

We consider a retailer selling products to consumers with uncertain valuations under a return policy. After purchases, consumers who find the products undesirable can either return them to the retailer, or resell them on their own. Both the retailer and consumers incur transaction costs in resale. Consumers decide whether to purchase the new products or wait for the resold ones. We investigate how the existence of consumer resale affects the retailer's return policy and profit. When consumers incur a lower resale transaction cost than the retailer does, the retailer does not offer any return, but it can benefit from consumer resale for a high product resale value. When consumers incur a higher resale transaction cost, the retailer opts to offer a return policy for a wider range of the product resale value compared with no consumer resale. However, the retailer may suffer from consumer resale especially when the product resale value is moderate. Moreover, contrary to the result that the retailer always benefits from a higher product resale value without consumer resale, we find that the retailer's profit may decrease in the product resale value with consumer resale.
Waterborne polyurethane nanocomposite incorporated with phytic acid intercalated layered double hydroxides: A highly stable aqueous dispersion with desired corrosion protection capability
Authors: Mohammadi Abbas , Hosseini Dina , Isfahani Ali Pournaghshband , Dehghani Zohreh , Shams Esmaeil
Published: June 2021

In this research, waterborne polyurethane (WPU) nanocomposites incorporated with MgAl‐NO3LDH layered double hydroxide (LDH) and phytic acid intercalated LDH (PA‐LDH) nanostructures were prepared as novel environmental‐friendly corrosion protective coatings. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the prosperous preparation of LDHs nanosheets. Moreover, structural, thermal, thermo‐mechanical, and morphological investigations of prepared WPU/LDHs films were also evaluated. The SEM images exhibited that the intercalation of LDH nanosheets with PA could drastically overcome the agglomeration problem of unmodified LDH within the polyurethane matrix. Based on XRD results, WPU/LDHs films showed a lower micro‐phase separation degree and crystallinity compared to pure WPU film. According to wettability analysis, WPU/PA‐LDH film demonstrated the highest hydrophobicity among samples due to its lowest phase‐separation degree, which causes the castor oil and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol segments to migrate toward the surface of film from the bulk. Furthermore, the potentiodynamic polarization scanning and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis revealed that the WPU/PA‐LDH sample containing 1.0 wt% of PA‐LDH has a superlative anti‐corrosion performance for SS 304 steel with an inhibition efficiency of 99.9%. This superior anti‐corrosive property benefited from the barrier property and chloride absorption capability of well‐dispersed PA‐LDH nanosheets, deposition of PA on the steel substrate, and improved hydrophobicity of the WPU/PA‐LDH coating.
Impact of cross‐linker on the structure and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of polyhydromethylsiloxane‐derived microspheres
Authors: Mizerska Urszula , Fortuniak Witold , Rubinsztajn Slawomir , Chojnowski Julian
Published: June 2021

The chemical and morphological structure of polyhydromethylsiloxane microspheres obtained at various content of the cross‐linker, which were divinylbenzene and 1,3‐divinyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane, was compared. Increasing the content of cross‐linking agent causes large changes in the structure of the side groups of the polymer and cross‐links between the macromolecules, which strongly influences the surface properties of the resulting microspheres. The hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of the surface of these microspheres were investigated by evaluating their interaction with the model protein and the hydrophobic dye. The presented procedure provides a simple method of controlling the hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of siloxane microspheres.
Self‐healing interface of carbon fiber reinforced composites using a thermally reversible sizing agent
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Liu Sihui , He Zhuojian , Lei Caihong
Published: June 2021

A thermally reversible sizing agent was prepared by directly mixing the furfurylamine‐modified epoxy resin (FAE) and the maleimide‐functionalized Jeffamine T403 (MAT), and it was used to impart self‐healing ability at interface based on the reversible Diels–Alder reaction for potential application in carbon fiber composites. The surface characteristics of FAE/MAT‐modified carbon fibers were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and dynamic contact angle meter and tensiometer. The initial interfacial shear strength of modified carbon fiber composites and the multiple healings of the interface were investigated via a microbond test. The results demonstrated that the healing efficiency of the continuous and uniform FAE–MAT sizing layer functionalized carbon fiber composites was up to 93.8% for the first healing cycle. Furthermore, it is expected that the interface self‐healing of carbon fiber reinforced composites can be achieved from research laboratory to industrial applications by this strategy.
Direct Phase‐Transition Catalysed Monohalogenation of 8‐Amidoquinolines at C5 Position in Water
Authors: He Xin , Jiang Yujia , Zhou Haiping , Zhu Qihua
Published: June 2021

A novel protocol for the direct halogenation of 8‐amidoquinoline derivatives with phase‐transition was reported. The reactions were promoted by benzyltriethylammonium chloride and dihalogenated hydantoin, using exclusively water as the solvent and achieving the C5‐halogenation products of amidoquinolines in moderated to excellent yields at room temperature.