bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibility of Humid Municipal Wastes Hygienisation Using Gliding Arc Plasma Reactor
Authors: Pawłat Joanna , Terebun Piotr , Kwiatkowski Michał , Wolny-Koładka Katarzyna
Published: January 2021

Sterilization of municipal waste for a raw material for the production of refuse-derived fuel and to protect surface and ground waters against biological contamination during transfer and storage creates a lot of problems. This paper evaluates the antimicrobial potential of non-equilibrium plasma in relation to the selected groups of microorganisms found in humid waste. The proposed research is to determine whether mixed municipal waste used for the production of alternative fuels can be sterilized effectively using low-temperature plasma generated in a gliding arc discharge reactor in order to prevent water contamination and health risk for working staff. This work assesses whether plasma treatment of raw materials in several process variants effectively eliminates or reduces the number of selected groups of microorganisms living in mixed municipal waste. The presence of vegetative bacteria and endospores, mold fungi, actinobacteria Escherichia coli, and facultative pathogens, i.e., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Enterococcus faecalis and Clostridium perfringens in the tested material was microbiologically analyzed. It was found that the plasma treatment differently contributes to the elimination of various kinds of microorganisms in the analyzed raw materials. The effectiveness of sterilization depended mainly on the time of raw materials contact with low-temperature plasma. The results are very promising and require further research to optimize the proposed hygienization process.
A Review of Water Stress and Water Footprint Accounting
Authors: Wang Dan , Hubacek Klaus , Shan Yuli , Gerbens-Leenes Winnie , Liu Junguo
Published: January 2021

Production and consumption activities deplete freshwater, generate water pollution and may further lead to water stress. The accurate measurement of water stress is a precondition for sustainable water management. This paper reviews the literature on physical water stress induced by blue and green water use and by water pollution. Specifically, we clarify several key concepts (i.e., water stress, scarcity, availability, withdrawal, consumption and the water footprint) for water stress evaluation, and review physical water stress indicators in terms of quantity and quality. Furthermore, we identify research gaps in physical water stress assessment, related to environmental flow requirements, return flows, outsourcing of water pollution and standardization of terminology and approaches. These research gaps can serve as venues for further research dealing with the evaluation and reduction of water stress.
Adsorption Performance of Modified Fly Ash for Copper Ion Removal from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Buema Gabriela , Harja Maria , Lupu Nicoleta , Chiriac Horia , Forminte Loredana , Ciobanu Gabriela , Bucur Daniel , Bucur Roxana
Published: January 2021

The initial characteristics of Romanian fly ash from the CET II Holboca power plant show the feasibility of its application for the production of a new material with applicability in environmental decontamination. The material obtained was characterized using standard techniques: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The adsorption capacity of the obtained material was evaluated in batch systems with different values of the initial Cu(II) ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time in order to optimize the adsorption process. According to the experimental data presented in this study, the adsorbent synthesized has a high adsorption capacity for copper ions (qmax = 27.32–58.48 mg/g). The alkali treatment of fly ash with NaOH improved the adsorption capacity of the obtained material compared to that of the untreated fly ash. Based on the kinetics results, the adsorption of copper ions onto synthesized material indicated the chemisorption mechanism. Notably, fly ash can be considered an important beginning in obtaining new materials with applicability to wastewater treatment.
Effects of Biochar Addition on Rice Growth and Yield under Water-Saving Irrigation
Authors: Chen Xi , Yang Shihong , Ding Jie , Jiang Zewei , Sun Xiao
Published: January 2021

To reveal the effect of biochar addition on rice growth and yield under water-saving irrigation, a 2-year field experiment was carried out to clarify the variations of rice tiller number, plant height, yield components, and irrigation water use efficiency with different biochar application amounts (0, 20, 40 t/ha) and irrigation management (flooding irrigation and water-saving irrigation). The results showed that the rice yield with biochar addition (20 and 40 t/ha) was 15.53% and 24.43% higher than that of non-biochar addition paddy fields under water-saving irrigation. The addition of biochar promoted the growth of tillers and plant height, improved the filled grain number, productive panicle number, and seed setting rate, thus affecting rice yield. Rice yield was raised with the increase in the biochar application amount. Under the condition of water-saving irrigation, water deficit had a certain negative effect on the rice growth indexes, resulting in a slight decrease in yield. However, irrigation water input was significantly decreased with water-saving irrigation compare to flooding irrigation. Under the comprehensive effect of water-saving irrigation and biochar application, the irrigation water use efficiency of a rice paddy field with high biochar application (40 t/ha) under water-saving irrigation was the highest, with an average increase of 91.05% compared to a paddy field with flooding irrigation. Therefore, the application of biochar in paddy fields with water-saving irrigation can substantially save irrigation water input, stably increase rice yield, and ultimately improve irrigation water productive efficiency.
Characteristics of Hydrochemistry and Stable Isotopes in a Karst Region in Samcheok, Republic of Korea
Authors: Jang Jiwook , Lee Jin-Yong , Kim Heejung
Published: January 2021

Karst regions cover approximately 10% of the Korean Peninsula and are highly vulnerable to contamination. In this study, five field surveys were conducted between 2017 and 2019 to examine the monthly and seasonal changes in the hydro-environment of a characteristic karst region in Samchoek, South Korea. During the surveys, a total of 24 surface water samples were collected and analyzed for field water quality parameters, major and minor ions, and stable isotopes. The results indicate that the water quality in the study area is significantly affected by precipitation. Overall, the water was classified as a Ca-Mg-HCO3 type, and correlation analysis of the major ions detected in the water samples indicates that the inflow of nitrate to the surface water originated from agricultural activities in the region. Furthermore, variations caused by climate were verified using the relationships between the various ions. In addition, high precipitation rates during the rainy season cause the active exchange of surface material, which was verified using stable isotope outliers. The results provide a scientific basis for studying the connectivity of water systems in complex karst hydrogeological regions and can aid future sustainable management of water resources in these regions.
Impact of Suspended Solids and Organic Matter on Chlorine and UV Disinfection Efficiency of Greywater
Authors: Friedler Eran , F. Chavez Diana , Alfiya Yuval , Gilboa Yael , Gross Amit
Published: January 2021

Reusing greywater (GW) can lower domestic water consumption. However, the GW must be treated and disinfected for securing user health. This research studied at the laboratory scale, and in flow-through setups, which are generally used in full-scale GW treatment the disinfection efficiency of the two commonly used technologies (a) chlorination and (b) low-pressure UV irradiation. The disinfection methods were studied under a commonly found range of total suspended solids (TSS; 3.9–233 mg/L) and 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations (0–107 mg/L) as a representative/proxy of bioavailable organic matter. The negative effect of TSS began even at low concentrations (<20 mg/L) and increased consistently with increasing TSS concentrations across all the concentrations tested. On the other hand, the negative effect of BOD5 on FC inactivation was observed only when its concentration was higher than 50 mg/L. Multiple linear regression models were developed following the laboratory results, establishing a correlation between FC inactivation by either chlorination or UV irradiation and initial FC, TSS, and BOD5 concentrations. The models were validated against the results from the flow-through reactors and explained the majority of the variability in the measured FC inactivation. Conversion factors between the laboratory scales and the flow-through reactor experiments were established. These enable the prediction of the required residual chlorine concentration or the UV dose needed for an on-site flow-through reactor. This approach is valuable from both operational and research perspectives.
Susceptibility to Gully Erosion: Applying Random Forest (RF) and Frequency Ratio (FR) Approaches to a Small Catchment in Ethiopia
Authors: Amare Selamawit , Langendoen Eddy , Keesstra Saskia , Ploeg Martine , Gelagay Habtamu , Lemma Hanibal , Zee Sjoerd
Published: January 2021

Soil erosion by gullies in Ethiopia is causing environmental and socioeconomic problems. A sound soil and water management plan requires accurately predicted gully erosion hotspot areas. Hence, this study develops a gully erosion susceptibility map (GESM) using frequency ratio (FR) and random forest (RF) algorithms. A total of 56 gullies were surveyed, and their extents were derived by digitizing Google Earth imagery. Literature review and a multicollinearity test resulted in 14 environmental variables for the final analysis. Model prediction potential was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) method. Results showed that the best prediction accuracy using the FR and RF models was obtained by using the top four most important gully predictor factors: drainage density, elevation, land use, and groundwater table. The notion that the groundwater table is one of the most important gully predictor factors in Ethiopia is a novel and significant quantifiable finding and is critical to the design of effective watershed management plans. Results from separate variable importance analyses showed land cover for Nitisols and drainage density for Vertisols as leading factors determining gully locations. Factors such as texture, stream power index, convergence index, slope length, and plan and profile curvatures were found to have little significance for gully formation in the studied catchment.
The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation in Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Brazilian States
Authors: Victral Davi Madureira , Heller Léo
Published: January 2021

The outbreak of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to an unprecedented number of policy responses from public institutions involved in the health and economic sectors. Nonetheless, the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector remained in the background of this decision-making arena. The objective of the study presented herein was to observe and discuss political responses to the new coronavirus pandemic in the context of WASH during the first 40 days of the outbreak, using as cases the five Brazilian states most affected by the pandemic. We addressed this issue with a quali-quantitative exploratory study using content analysis to discuss the direction (for whom and how?) of those policy responses, through the framework of the human rights to water and sanitation. The paper also introduces a timeline to map the reactivity and proactivity of the studied institutions. We identified two major priorities in policy responses to the coronavirus pandemic: population protection and financial and economic sustainability of service providers. In regard to population protection, the findings show that it often did not contemplate all of the population, and that equality and non-discriminations were partially ignored in the laws and regulations. In addition, institutions more attached to service providers were more committed to the provider’s economic and financial sustainability than to measures to directly protect the population.
An Assessment of Lake Ecology on the Basis of the Macrobenthos Multi-Metric Index (MMI) in 11 Lakes in the Western Region of Jilin, China
Authors: Ding Yi-fan , Sun Shi-jun , Feng Jiang , Cui Peng , Zhang Dan , Long Zhen-yu
Published: January 2021

The western region of Jilin Province is located at the northeastern part of China. A large number of lakes are distributed in this region, where is one of five large lake regions within China, supporting both drinking water and agricultural water. The frequent human activities and scarce rainfall in this region have resulted in weaker lake connectivity and enrichment of the pollutants within the lakes. The lake ecosystems in the region have been degraded to varying degrees, and thus it is necessary to assess its ecological health. Macrobenthos multi-metric index (MMI) is a mature ecological health assessment method that has been widely used in the lake ecosystem assessment all over the world. However, it has not been well developed for assessing the lake water ecosystem in China. In this study, 11 lakes affected by human activities to different degrees were selected as the research objects. They were categorized into three types on the basis of trophic level. Through the comparison and screening of different biological indicators among different lake types, we selected appropriate indicators to construct the MMI. Four core indicators were selected from 58 candidate indicators to construct the MMI: the total number of taxa, Simpson index, percentage of Diptera + Mesogastropod, and percentage of pollution-intolerant species. MMI could distinguish lakes that are seriously and slightly disturbed by humans. The results of regression analysis also showed that the degree of lake eutrophication caused by human activities had a significant correlation with MMI, effectively explaining its changes. MMI can characterize the disturbance and influence of eutrophication on macrobenthos. The results of MMI can also be affected by the land use type and the coverage of aquatic vegetation around the lake, which are important factors affecting the ecological health of the lake. Research on the application of MMI method to assessment of the ecological health of lakes is very rare in Northeast China. This research can provide supplementary information beyond the traditional water environment assessment for the formulation of management strategies.
Mechanisms of Flood-Induced Levee Breaching in Marumori Town during the 2019 Hagibis Typhoon
Authors: Tinh Nguyen Xuan , Tanaka Hitoshi , Abe Gen , Okamoto Yuka , Pakoksung Kwanchai
Published: January 2021

Typhoon Hagibis, which occurred at the beginning of October 2019, was one of the largest and most powerful tropical cyclones and was considered to be the most devastating typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history. Extreme heavy rainfall caused massive impacts to Japan in general and to Marumori Town, Miyagi Prefecture in particular. In the present study, the detailed flood characteristics at Marumori Town were investigated by using field observation and numerical simulations. The obtained data immediately after the flood has clearly shown that most levee breaches were caused by the water overflow on the river embankment at the constriction areas such as the tributaries’ junction and the intersection of the river embankment. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mechanism of levee breaching in Marumori Town. According to the simulation results, the flooding water from the upstream levee breach locations flowed into the paddy field area and caused the levee to breach at the river embankment interaction in the downstream area. A new levee breach criterion in terms of overflow depth and its duration on the river embankment was proposed. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was also performed to understand the effect of the backwater and phase lag of water level rise between the mainstream and tributaries. Although there have been many studies on flood disasters, the typhoon’s flood-induced disasters on the river and coastal infrastructures have still remained a big challenge. The present study outcomes provide useful information not only to understand how the river embankment of tributaries is vulnerable to water level rise, but also to support the river authorities to prepare better mitigation plans for future flood disasters.
Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland
Authors: Tomalski Przemysław , Tomaszewski Edmund , Wrzesiński Dariusz , Sobkowiak Leszek
Published: January 2021

The study applied the method of hydrological season identification in a time series of river total and base flows and in groundwater levels. The analysis covered a series of daily measurements from the period 2008–2017 in nine catchments located in different geographical regions of Poland. The basis of the classification of hydrological seasons, previously applied for river discharges only, was the transformation of the original variables into a series reflecting three statistical features estimated for single-name days of a year from a multiyear: average value, variation coefficient, and autocorrelation coefficient. New variables were standardized and after hierarchical clustering, every day of a year had a defined type, valorizing three features which refer to quantity, variability, and the stochastic nature of total and base river flow as well as groundwater stage. Finally, sequences of days were grouped into basic (homogenous) seasons of different types and transitional seasons including mixed types of days. Analysis indicated determinants of types, length, and frequency of identified hydrological seasons especially related to river regime, hydrogeological and hydrometeorological conditions as well as physiographical background were directly influenced by geographical location. Analysis of the co-occurrence of the same types of hydrological seasons allowed, in some catchments, periods of synchronic alimentation (groundwater and base flow, mainly in the cold half-year) and water shortages (all three components, mainly in the warm half-year) to be identified.
Parametric Modeling of Depth-Limited Wave Spectra under Hurricane Conditions with Applications to Kinetic Umbrellas against Storm Surge Inundation
Authors: Wang Shengzhe , Garlock Maria , Glisic Branko
Published: January 2021

This paper presents a simplified parametric model for the estimation of depth-limited hurricane wave spectra, accounting for swell and wind-sea components, for coastal engineering applications. The model was evaluated against observations obtained from three shallow water sites in Florida during Hurricane David in September 1979. It was revealed that the parametric approach increases in accuracy with decreasing distance to the storm center and generally provides a conservative representation of the significant wave height, albeit overestimating the peak wave frequency. The model was subsequently adopted to evaluate the performance of tilted hyperbolic paraboloidal (hypar) shells (referred to as “kinetic umbrellas”) as an adaptable alternative to conventional floodwalls via smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). The introduction of hypar geometry proved superior to conventional sloped barriers in reducing overtopping waves but decreases in effectiveness at levels of inundation greater than two-thirds the deployed height. Furthermore, umbrellas exhibiting larger geometrical warping were more capable at suppressing overtopping but must sustain larger base shear forces when subjected to irregular waves consistent with landfalling hurricanes.
Multi-Scale Target-Specified Sub-Model Approach for Fast Large-Scale High-Resolution 2D Urban Flood Modelling
Authors: Zhao Guohan , Balstrøm Thomas , Mark Ole , Jensen Marina B.
Published: January 2021

The accuracy of two-dimensional hydrodynamic models (2D models) is improved when high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are used. However, the entailed high spatial discretisation results in excessive computational expenses, thus prohibiting their implementation in real-time forecasting especially at a large scale. This paper presents a sub-model approach that adapts 1D static models to tailor high-resolution 2D model grids relevant to specified targets, such that the tailor-made 2D hydrodynamic sub-models yield fast processing without significant loss of accuracy via a GIS-based multi-scale simulation framework. To validate the proposed approach, model experiments were first designed to separately test the impact of two outcomes (i.e., the reduced computational domains and the optimised boundary conditions) towards final 2D prediction results. Then, the robustness of the sub-model approach was evaluated by selecting four focus areas with distinct catchment terrain morphologies as well as distinct rainfall return periods of 1–100 years. The sub-model approach resulted in a 45–553 times faster processing with a 99% reduction in the number of computational cells for all four cases; the goodness of fit regarding predicted flood extents was above 0.88 of F2, flood depths yield Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) below 1.5 cm and the discrepancies of u- and v-directional velocities at selected points were less than 0.015 ms−1. As such, this approach reduces the 2D models’ computing expenses significantly, thus paving the way for large-scale high-resolution 2D real-time forecasting.
GPs’ and patients’ views on the value of diagnosing anxiety disorders in primary care: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Archer Charlotte , Kessler David , Wiles Nicola , Turner Katrina
Published: January 2021

Background

In the UK between 1998 and 2008, GPs’ recording of anxiety symptoms increased, but their recording of anxiety disorders decreased. The reason for this decline is not clear, nor are the treatment implications for primary care patients.

Aim

To understand GPs’ and patients’ views on the value of diagnosing anxiety disorders in primary care.

Design and setting

In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 GPs and 20 patients, purposively sampled from GP practices in Bristol and the surrounding areas.

Method

Interviews were held either in person or by telephone. A topic guide was used to ensure consistency across the interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically.

Results

GPs reported preferring to use symptom rather than diagnostic codes in order to avoid assigning potentially stigmatising labels, and because they felt diagnostic codes could encourage some patients to adopt a ‘sick role’. In addition, their decision to use a diagnostic code depended on symptom severity and chronicity, and these were hard to establish in a time-limited clinical consultation. In contrast, patients commented that receiving a diagnosis helped them to understand their symptoms, and encouraged them to engage with treatment.

Conclusion

GPs may be reluctant to diagnose an anxiety disorder, but patients can find a diagnosis helpful in terms of understanding their symptoms and the need for treatment. As limited consultation time can discourage discussions between GPs and patients, followup appointments and continuity of care may be particularly important for the management of anxiety in primary care.
PARTICIPATION OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR FAMILY IN CHILDREN'S CARE AND GROWTH IN WEST JAVA
Authors: Suhenda Dadang , Nurfauziah Roro , Kusyanti Tatik
Published: January 2021

Since the launch of the BKB Program (1984), its implementation has not had a significant impact on changing childcare patterns and supporting family resilience programs. The study aims to determine families' participation in the care and development of children aged 0-6 years in members who have been exposed to the BKB program. The data used are secondary quantitative data and obtained from the results of the 2018 Accountability Program Performance Survey (SKAP). The survey was conducted in 27 Regencies / Cities in West Java Province. Data were analyzed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. Respondents used were families with children aged 0-6 years, with a total of 10,731 respondents. Based on the results of the study showed that the number of families who had heard about BKB was less than families who had never been exposed to BKB information. The family participation rate in the care and development of children aged 0-6 years. Research variables are from all aspects (aspects of physical growth, issues of mental development, and points of social development) in families exposed to BKB information better than families who have never been exposed to BKB information. Variable Physical growth is the most dominant among other aspects (mental and social) towards family participation in care and development of children aged 0-6 years. A balanced promotion effort is needed between the three elements of parenting and child development so that the output can create and support family resilience programs.

 Keywords: Child Family Development (BKB), Care, Child Growth and Development, Children aged 0-6 years
Long-run rural livelihood diversification in Kagera, Tanzania
Authors: Dimova Ralitza , Halvorsen Sandra Kristine , Nyyssölä Milla , Sen Kunal
Published: January 2021

What drives livelihood diversification among predominantly rural households in developing countries and how can welfare-enhancing patterns be established and sustained in the long run? A large literature has focused on whether income diversification is a means of survival or a means of accumulation, but it remains inconclusive. We first examine the pattern of income diversification for a panel of households in Tanzania from the 1990s—the Kagera Health and Development Survey—with a focus on whether it is primarily driven by survivalist or accumulation motives. We then verify whether this pattern is sustained in the long run using the 2004 wave of the survey while also studying the role that infrastructural improvements and entry into new income generation activities play in the process. Our results support the accumulation hypothesis: richer households engage in more income diversification than poorer households. We also find that the greater diversification of better-off households that was observed in the 1990s persists in 2004. At the same time, households that were originally poorer are found to experience higher incomes by diversifying into off-farm self-employment activities. Factors that explain these improvements include access to a daily market and public transport.
Gender wage gaps in Ghana: A comparison across different selection models
Authors: Adu Boahen Emmanuel , Opoku Kwadwo
Published: January 2021

The wage of an individual is observed only when he/she is employed. However, getting employment requires two decisions. First, an individual has to decide to participate in the labour market, and second, an employer must decide to hire that individual. Since female labour market participation often differs from that of men, and employers’ decisions to hire may also be influenced by gender, it is appropriate to account for this double selection process. This study uses the latest household survey in Ghana to estimate gender wage gaps by correcting for this double selection process. We find that the average total gender wage gap is positive and significant irrespective of the sample selection correction method used. Our results indicate that women on average receive lower wages than men. Irrespective of the type of selection method used, our findings suggest that almost all the wage gap is a result of differences in returns, with only a small part coming from differences in observables. We find that the gender wage gap is smaller among formal wage employees and the gap decreases as education level increases. Although our findings indicate a similar trend in the wage gap across all specifications, the magnitude of the gap is sensitive to the choice of the model. This points to the need to be cautious about the choice of sample selection correction used to analyse gender wage gaps.
ANALISA KEBERLANJUTAN BMT DALAM PADEMI COVID 19 BERBASIS BISNIS MODEL DAN PEMILIHAN PELAYANAN ANGGOTA PEMBIAYAAN (SELECTIVE LENDING)
Authors: Hakim Lukmanul , Putri Aureli Annisa Brilyanda , Adam Zulkifli , Sagita Irina Ayu , Anisah Feni Nenden , Nusantara Citra Tri Agustine , Amin Atu Aisyah
Published: January 2021

ABSTRAKDampak dari pandemi covid-19 menghantam semua sektor kehidupan, termasuk kepada lembaga keuangan mikro syariah Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) sebagai lembaga keuangan yang memberikan pelayanan keuangan kepada pengusaha mikro, kecil dan menengah (UMKM). Kebijakan pelaksanaan pembatasan aktivitas sosial untuk mencegah penyebaran virus corona mengakibatkan penurunan pendapatan usaha para  pengusaha mikro, kecil dan menengah bahkan sebagian terpaksa menutup usahanya yang berdampak kemampuan pembayaran para pengusaha mikro,kecil dan menengah kepada lembaga keuangan BMT terhambat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisa dampak pademi covid 19 untuk keberlanjutan BMT dengan basis Bisnis Model dan pemilihan anggota pembiayaan (selective lending).  Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling anggota mitra Gakopsyah BMT Jawa Barat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi liner berganda. Hasil penelitan menunjukan bahwa bisnis model dan pemilihan anggota pembiayaan (selective lending) tidak berpengaruh positif kepada keberlanjutan BMT. ABSTRACTThe impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has endangered all sectors of life, including the Islamic microfinance institution Baitul Maal wat Tamwil (BMT) as a financial institution that provides financial services to micro, small and medium entrepreneurs (UMKM). The policy of limiting social activities to prevent the spread of the coronavirus has resulted in a decrease in the business income of micro, small and medium entrepreneurs and even some are forced to close their businesses which has an impact on the ability to pay micro, small and medium entrepreneurs to BMT financial institutions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of pandemic covid-19 for the sustainability of BMT on the basis of a Business Model and selective lending. This research method uses purposive sampling method of partner members of Gakopsyah BMT West Java. The tool used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis. The research results show that the business model and the selection of financing members (selective lending) do not have a positive effect on the sustainability of BMT.
CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE CHÍA (Salvia hispanica)
Authors: Hernández-Gómez José Alfonso , Miranda-Colín Salvador
Published: January 2021

La diversidad genética en torno a la chía (Salvia hispanica L.) se ha reducido; por tanto, se requiere valorar la diversidad actual de esta especie nativa de Mesoamérica para planificar mejor su conservación y aprovechamiento. En este estudio, se evaluó la variación morfológica de 22 muestras de tipo silvestre y cultivado de S. hispanica. En 1999 se estableció un ensayo en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con dos plantas por bolsa y cuatro repeticiones, en condiciones de invernadero, en Chapingo, México. Se registraron 23 características morfológicas de hoja, tallo, inflorescencia, flor y semilla. Los análisis de componentes principales y de agrupamiento permitieron establecer seis grupos principales de las poblaciones de chía que se asociaron por similitudes en el ancho y largo de la corola, el ancho del cáliz, la dehiscencia de semilla, el diámetro del tallo, los días a inicio de la floración y el número de ramas. Los grupos de chía cultivada procedentes de Jalisco, Puebla y América Central, en comparación con el grupo de chía silvestre, desarrollaron la corola más ancha, más grande y expuesta; la inflorescencia más larga, más ancha y compacta; la semilla de mayor peso e indehiscente. En cambio, el grupo de chía cultivada colectada en Guerrero mostró el tamaño de la corola, el peso de la semilla y la dehiscencia de semilla similares al grupo de chía silvestre.
CONTROL DE LA MADURACIÓN EN FRUTOS DE PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) CON 1-METILCICLOPROPENO Y ÁCIDO 2-CLOROETIL FOSFÓNICO
Authors: Sañudo-Barajas J. Adriana , Siller-Cepeda Jorge , Osuna-Enciso Tomás , Muy-Rangel Dolores , López-Álvarez Guadalupe , Labavitch John
Published: January 2021

Con el objetivo de encontrar una estrategia efectiva para controlar la maduración de papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Maradol’), se evaluó la respuesta de los frutos a la aplicación de 300 nL L-1 del inhibidor 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) y de 2.5 g L-1 del inductor ácido 2-cloroetil fosfónico (etefón). A frutos cosechados en estado de madurez 1/4 se les aplicaron los tratamientos: testigo, 1-MCP, etefón, 1- MCP+etefón y etefón+1-MCP; en los tratamientos combinados, la aplicación del segundo compuesto fue después de 24 h del primer tratamiento. Los frutos se mantuvieron almacenados en condiciones de simulación de mercadeo y se evaluó la calidad postcosecha durante 9 d. El tratamiento con 1-MCP inhibió la producción de etileno y el ablandamiento de los frutos, y disminuyó significativamente la tasa respiratoria, el color en cáscara y pulpa, y el contenido de ácidos orgánicos. El etefón aceleró los cambios en color y produjo una pérdida de 80 % en la firmeza inicial de los frutos a los 3 d de la aplicación. Los frutos del tratamiento 1-MCP+etefón no perdieron la firmeza, lo que sugiere que la acción del 1-MCP en suprimir el ablandamiento fue irreversible. Una alternativa para controlar la maduración de papaya ‘Maradol’ fue el tratamiento etefón+1-MCP, ya que la aplicación posterior de 1-MCP redujo los cambios en maduración inducidos por etefón.
RENDIMIENTO Y CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOLÓGICAS RELACIONADAS CON TIPO DE PLANTA ERECTA EN FRIJOL PARA RIEGO
Authors: Salinas-Pérez Rafael A. , Acosta-Gallegos Jorge A. , López-Salinas Ernesto , Torres-Estrada Ciria A. , Ibarra-Pérez Francisco J. , Félix-Gastelum Rubén
Published: January 2021

Para realizar la cosecha directa de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) se requieren plantas con crecimiento erecto. Durante el otoñoinvierno 2004 - 2005 se evaluaron 64 genotipos de cinco tipos de frijol: ‘Azufrado’, ‘Pinto’, ‘Flor de Mayo’, ‘Flor de Junio’ y ‘Negro’. Los genotipos fueron de hábito determinado (tipo I) e indeterminado (tipos II y III) y se establecieron bajo riego en tres localidades: Los Mochis, Sinaloa; Celaya, Guanajuato y Cotaxtla, Veracruz, México. Se utilizó un diseño látice triple 8 x 8; la parcela fue un surco de 0.8 m de ancho y 6.0 m de longitud. Se determinaron siete características, dos relacionadas con la fenología, cuatro con la estructura de planta, y rendimiento. Para rendimiento hubo diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) entre sitios, genotipos e interacción. En Los Mochis el rendimiento varió de 1076 a 2534 kg ha-1, en Cotaxtla de 700 a 2276 kg ha-1 y en Celaya de 800 a 4610 kg ha-1. Esa variación fue consecuencia de la amplia diversidad en el origen y hábito de crecimiento de los genotipos, los que difirieron en grado de adaptación. En las tres localidades el rendimiento de los genotipos de hábito indeterminado tipos II y III superó al de las variedades determinadas tipo I. Las características altura de la primera vaina, madurez, acame de planta y grosor del hipocótilo se relacionaron entre sí: a mayor altura de la primera vaina, mayor grosor del hipocótilo y más días a madurez; mientras que a menor altura hubo, mayor porcentaje de acame. Un mayor acame se relacionó con menor grosor del hipocótilo. Ninguna de esas características mostró relación con el rendimiento. Bajo el sistema de siembra utilizado, los genotipos de planta erecta mostraron bajo rendimiento; entre éstos los sobresalientes fueron: A 525, ‘Negro Nayarit’, ‘Negro Tacaná’ y ‘Negro Citlali’, de hábito indeterminado Tipo II.
EVALUACIÓN DE MODELOS DE DIVERSIDAD-ABUNDANCIA DEL ESTRATO ARBÓREO EN UN BOSQUE DE NIEBLA
Authors: Aguirre-Calderón Oscar A. , Corral-Rivas Javier , Vargas-Larreta Benedicto , Jiménez-Pérez Javier
Published: January 2021

Los modelos de diversidad-abundancia pueden emplearse para detectar impactos o perturbaciones en ecosistemas forestales que han sido aprovechados. Se compararon cuatro modelos en cuanto a la distribución-abundancia de especies arbóreas en dos parcelas de observación con diferente historial de manejo en el bosque mesófilo de montaña “El Cielo”, Tamaulipas, México. Se probaron dos esquemas de muestreo para evaluar su eficiencia en colectar la información requerida para el ajuste de estos modelos. Los resultados sugieren que las parcelas de observación se encuentran en un estadio sucesional entre las etapas pioneras y tardías, donde dominan las especies con abundancia intermedia. El esquema de muestreo en transectos resultó ser más adecuado para colectar el tipo de información requerida para el ajuste de los modelos. La parcela que fue previamente sometida a cortas selectivas se encuentra en una etapa de sucesión más temprana que aquella sin intervención, ya que en esta última la abundancia relativa de especies se ajustó al modelo normal logarítmico, mientras que los datos de la primera no se ajustaron. Contrario a estudios en los que no se recomienda el uso de modelos de abundancia de especies para detectar impactos o perturbaciones en ecosistemas forestales después de haber sido intervenidos, esta investigación indica que dichas ecuaciones son herramientas útiles para evaluar y cuantificar tales cambios.
EFICIENCIA DE SUELO Y TEZONTLE EN SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE TOMATE EN INVERNADERO
Authors: Ojodeagua-Arredondo José L. , Castellanos-Ramos Javier Z. , Muñoz-Ramos J. Jesús , Alcántar-González Gabriel , Tijerina-Chávez Leonardo , Vargas-Tapia Patricia , Enríquez-Reyes Sergio
Published: January 2021

En México 80 % de la producción hortícola en invernadero se lleva a cabo en suelo y en la restante se utiliza algún tipo de sustrato inerte. En este estudio se determinó el rendimiento comercial, la eficiencia en el uso del agua (EUA) y de nutrimentos del cultivo de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. ‘Gironda’) en dos sustratos, suelo y tezontle. El rendimiento comercial en suelo fue de 34.1 kg m-2 con un suministro nutrimental total aplicado de 920, 342, 1520, 1050 y 290 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5, K2O, Ca y Mg respectivamente, y una eficiencia en el uso de nutrimentos de 2.7, 1.0, 4.5, 3.1 y 0.9 kg t-1 de fruta comercial de los mismos nutrimentos, en un suelo que no había sido usado previamente para la horticultura. El suministro hídrico total a este tratamiento fue de 801 L m-2, con una EUA de 43 kg de fruta m-3 de agua. Los rendimientos comerciales en los tratamientos de tezontle fueron estadísticamente iguales, con un promedio de 31.4 kg m-2, un suministro nutrimental promedio total de 1748, 452, 3636, 2170 y 731 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5, K2O, Ca y Mg, y una eficiencia promedio en el uso de nutrimentos de 5.6, 1.4, 11.6, 6.9 y 2.3 kg t-1 de fruta, respectivamente. Las pérdidas de nutrimentos en el drenaje de los tratamientos de tezontle fueron, en promedio, de 56, 6, 42, 48 y 60 % respectivamente, con un suministro hídrico total de 1114 L m-2, un drenaje de 36 % y una EUA de 28.2 kg m-3. Estos resultados indican el potencial del suelo en el ahorro de agua y fertilizante, ya que la productividad en ambos sistemas fue igual.
EPISTASIS EN VARIEDADES SINTÉTICAS DE MAÍZ
Authors: Márquez-S´ánchez Fidel
Published: January 2021

En un artículo anterior se presentaron los cálculos de la epistasis para varias poblaciones de plantas de maíz (Zea mays L.) frecuentes en el mejoramiento genético, y se mostró cómo actúa este fenómeno genético de acuerdo con la estructura de las poblaciones. Dado que los maíces sintéticos poseen amplio potencial para ser aprovechados por los campesinos marginados, y dada la relativa facilidad que tienen en su obtención, en este artículo se calcula la epistasis promedio de variedades sintéticas constituidas por líneas homocigóticas bajo el modelo epistático.
IDENTIFICACIÓN Y LOCALIZACIÓN DE UNA NUEVA ESPECIE DE Tripsacum spp. EN NAYARIT, MÉXICO
Authors: Vidal-Martínez Víctor A. , Herrera-Cedano Filiberto , Coutiño-Estrada Bulmaro , Sánchez-González J. Jesús , Ron-Parra José , Ortega-Corona Alejandro , Guerrero-Herrera M. de Jesús
Published: January 2021

Existe interés nacional por conservar la biodiversidad del maíz (Zea mays L.) y a sus parientes silvestres, en virtud del peligro inminente de la pérdida de dicha diversidad por factores externos bióticos, abióticos, socioeconómicos, políticos y comerciales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue verificar la presencia de nuevas especies de Tripsacum spp., y afinar el conocimiento de su diversidad genética y distribución geográfica actual en Nayarit, México. La recolección de germoplasma se realizó mediante recorridos de campo dirigidos a nuevas aéreas con base en antecedentes de colectas previas. Se colectaron muestras de semilla y material vegetativo para su regeneración, identificación y caracterización posterior. Asimismo se concentraron los datos de pasaportes correspondientes. Durante 2007 se colectaron en Nayarit 117 materiales de Tripsacum en los municipios de Ahuacatlán, Jala, Santa María del Oro, Santiago Ixcuintla, Tepic y Jalisco. Los materiales colectados fueron clasificados como T. dactyloides, T. laxum, T. maizar y T. floridanum. El presente estudio constituye el primer reporte sobre la presencia de Tripsacum floridanum en el Estado de Nayarit, México.
ATRIBUTOS DE CALIDAD Y VIDA DE ANAQUEL DE FRUTOS DE CULTIVARES DE CHILE SERRANO EN MÉXICO
Authors: Vázquez-García Enrique , Ramírez-Meraz Moisés , Mata-Vázquez Horacio , Ariza-Flores Rafael , Alia-Tejacal Irán
Published: January 2021

El chile Serrano (Capsicum annuum L.) se consume en México básicamente en fresco, por lo que la calidad y la vida de anaquel de sus frutos son factores importantes en su comercialización; sin embargo, la literatura científica sobre esta temática es escasa. En este estudio se cuantificaron los atributos de calidad y vida de anaquel de 19 cultivares de chile Serrano desarrollados por el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) y por varias compañías particulares de semillas. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones, y cada fruto se consideró como una repetición. Se encontraron diferencias entre cultivares en peso de fruto, diámetro, longitud, firmeza, color (croma y tono o hue) y pérdida fisiológica de peso. Los cultivares ‘Bandido’ y ‘HMX-5651’ superaron (P ≤ 0.01) a los demás en peso e intensidad de color. Los materiales ‘HMX-6671’, ‘HMX-6661’, ‘Blakie’ y ‘HS-44’ destacaron por su intensidad de color. ‘Centauro’ fue el material con mayor valor de firmeza (P ≤ 0.01). Los materiales ‘HS-49’, ‘HS-51’, ‘21-20-1’ y ‘74-5-5’ registraron altos valores de firmeza y bajos porcentajes de pérdida de peso. Los cultivares ‘74-27-5’, ‘Tampiqueño 74’ y ‘33-12-2’ presentaron valores bajos de pérdida de peso. Los materiales desarrollados por las compañías particulares sobresalieron por su mayor peso e intensidad de color, mientras que los cultivares desarrollados por el INIFAP destacaron por su mayor firmeza y menor pérdida de peso.
Programa nacional de asistencia solidaria Pensión 65 y el bienestar social de los beneficiarios en los distritos de Puno y Chucuito
Authors: Tintaya-Duran Humberto , Sullca-Cáceres Richard
Published: January 2021

The research analyzes the relationship between the lines of intervention of the National Solidarity Assistance Program Pensión 65 and the social welfare of the beneficiaries in the districts of Puno and Chucuito. A quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive and correlational study was carried out. The research interest is focused on analyzing the relationship between economic subsidy, access to public services and the intervention of productive knowledge with the social well-being of the elderly. These dimensions were analyzed through the use of the surveys and for the analysis of results the statistical software SPSS was used; To assess the significance, the Chi-square test was used. Thanks to this, it was determined that the economic subsidy granted by the program does not have a significant relationship with the social welfare of the beneficiaries, as it is limited and mostly intended to cover food expenses. Access to public services is independent and does not have a significant relationship with social welfare, because most beneficiaries need medical attention because they have some type of illness and with a high weighting in the district of Chucuito they do not have access Timely to health services. Finally, it is concluded that there is a relationship between the intervention of productive knowledge and social welfare of the beneficiaries of the Pension 65 Program.
Participación docente en la planeación de la gestión escolar de las Instituciones Educativas Secundarias del ámbito de la UGEL Crucero
Authors: Ramos-Huacantara Filomeno
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the article is to specify variables that allow determining how the participation of teachers influences the planning of school management. Since school management planning seeks to respond to the real needs of educational institutions and to be a motivating entity and internal dynamism of educational activities. It is a basic, quantitative, descriptive - explanatory research. The research population includes teachers from the 16 secondary educational institutions of the UGEL Crucero. For whose data collection the survey was applied for the two variables. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics through frequency and percentage. The results allow us to affirm the existence of a significant influence on the participation of teachers in the planning of school management, this being the backbone of the success of an Educational Institution. Therefore, it is recommended that all the institutions involved consider the guidelines for action proposed in the study, to strengthen teacher participation and get involved in planning the school management of educational institutions.