bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of IL-36 and 37 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cao Juan , Liu Jun-Hong , Wise Steven G. , Fan Jingchun , Bao Shisan , Zheng Gui-Sen
Published: January 2024

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has garnered considerable attention due to its morbidity and mortality. Although the precise mechanisms underlying HCC tumorigenesis remain to be elucidated, evidence suggests that host immunity plays a pivotal role in its development. IL-36 and IL-37 are important immunoregulatory cytokines classified as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory respectively. In the context of HCC, the downregulation of intrahepatic IL-36 is inversely correlated with cirrhosis, but positively correlated with 5-year survival rates, suggesting that IL-36 offers protection during HCC development. However, IL-36 may lose its hepatoprotective effects as the disease progresses to HCC in the context of dysregulated immunity in cirrhotic patients. Substantially increased circulating IL-36 in HCC patients is likely a systemic response to HCC stimulation, but is insufficient to suppress progression towards HCC. Intrahepatic IL-37 is suppressed in HCC patients, consistent with the inverse correlation between intrahepatic IL-37 and the level of AFP in HCC patients, suggesting IL-37 exerts hepatoprotection. There is no significant difference in IL-37 among differentiations of HCC or with respect to clinical BCLC stages or cirrhosis status in HCC patients. However, IL-37 protection is demonstrated in an IL-37 transfected HCC animal model, showing significantly reduced tumour size. IL-36/37 may inhibit HCC by enhancing M1 tumour-associated macrophages while not affecting M2 macrophages. The interplay between IL-36 (pro-inflammatory) and IL-37 (anti-inflammatory) is emerging as a crucial factor in host protection against the development of HCC. Further research is needed to investigate the complex mechanisms involved and the therapeutic potential of targeting these cytokines in HCC management.
Development and verification of a combined immune- and cancer-associated fibroblast related prognostic signature for colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wei Jingsun , Ge Xiaoxu , Qian Yucheng , Jiang Kai , Chen Xin , Lu Wei , Yang Hang , Fu Dongliang , Fang Yimin , Zhou Xinyi , Xiao Qian , Tang Yang , Ding Kefeng
Published: January 2024

Introduction

To better understand the role of immune escape and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), an integrative analysis of the tumor microenvironment was performed using a set of 12 immune- and CAF-related genes (ICRGs).

Methods

Univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses were used to establish a prognostic signature based on the expression of these 12 genes (S1PR5, AEN, IL20RB, FGF9, OSBPL1A, HSF4, PCAT6, FABP4, KIF15, ZNF792, CD1B and GLP2R). This signature was validated in both internal and external cohorts and was found to have a higher C-index than previous COAD signatures, confirming its robustness and reliability. To make use of this signature in clinical settings, a nomogram incorporating ICRG signatures and key clinical parameters, such as age and T stage, was developed. Finally, the role of S1PR5 in the immune response of COAD was validated through in vitro cytotoxicity experiments.

Results

The developed nomogram exhibited slightly improved predictive accuracy compared to the ICRG signature alone, as indicated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC, nomogram:0.838; ICRGs:0.807). The study also evaluated the relationships between risk scores (RS) based on the expression of the ICRGs and other key immunotherapy variables, including immune checkpoint expression, immunophenoscore (IPS), and microsatellite instability (MSI). Integration of these variables led to more precise prediction of treatment efficacy, enabling personalized immunotherapy for COAD patients. Knocking down S1PR5 can enhance the efficacy of PD-1 monoclonal antibody, promoting the cytotoxicity of T cells against HCT116 cells ((p<0.05).

Discussion

These findings indicate that the ICRG signature may be a valuable tool for predicting prognostic risk, evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy, and tailoring personalized treatment options for patients with COAD.
Enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice following a Zika DNA vaccine designed by modulation of membrane-anchoring regions and its association to adjuvants
Authors: Teixeira Franciane Mouradian Emidio , Oliveira Luana de Mendonça , Branco Anna Cláudia Calvielli Castelo , Alberca Ricardo Wesley , Sousa Emanuella Sarmento Alho de , Leite Bruno Henrique de Sousa , Adan Wenny Camilla dos Santos , Duarte Alberto José da Silva , Lins Roberto Dias , Sato Maria Notomi , Viana Isabelle Freire Tabosa
Published: January 2024

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging pathogen with high morbidity associated to congenital infection. Despite the scientific advances since the last outbreak in the Americas, there are no approved specific treatment or vaccines. As the development of an effective prophylactic approach remains unaddressed, DNA vaccines surge as a powerful and attractive candidate due to the efficacy of sequence optimization in achieving strong immune response. In this study, we developed four DNA vaccine constructs encoding the ZIKV prM/M (pre-membrane/membrane) and E (envelope) proteins in conjunction with molecular adjuvants. The DNA vaccine candidate (called ZK_ΔSTP), where the entire membrane-anchoring regions were completely removed, was far more immunogenic compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, inclusion of the tPA-SP leader sequence led to high expression and secretion of the target vaccine antigens, therefore contributing to adequate B cell stimulation. The ZK_ΔSTP vaccine induced high cellular and humoral response in C57BL/6 adult mice, which included high neutralizing antibody titers and the generation of germinal center B cells. Administration of ZK-ΔSTP incorporating aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant led to sustained neutralizing response. In consistency with the high and long-term protective response, ZK_ΔSTP+Alum protected adult mice upon viral challenge. Collectively, the ZK_ΔSTP+Alum vaccine formulation advances the understanding of the requirements for a successful and protective vaccine against flaviviruses and is worthy of further translational studies.
Numerical investigation on effect of different projectile nose shapes on ballistic impact of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy
Authors: Naik Mahesh , Pranay V. , Thakur D. G. , Chandel Sunil , Salunkhe Sachin , Pagac Marek , Abouel Nasr Emad S.
Published: January 2024

In the last few years, due to the superior mechanical qualities of Additive Manufacturing (AM) AlSi10Mg alloy to those of traditional casting process AlSi10Mg alloys, the application of AM technology has significantly increased. The ballistic impact research has a wide range of uses, notably in the mining, construction, spacecraft and defence sectors. This work focuses on analyzing the behavior of different projectile nose shapes on the AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by AM. There are several projectile nose forms to consider, including blunt, hemispherical, conical, and ogive shapes. The impact of various projectile shapes on the ballistic limit of the additively created AlSi10Mg alloy is carefully examined in this study. All numerical simulations were carried out using LS-DYNA software, and the Johnson-Cook material and damage model were considered to assess the ballistic resistance behavior. The ballistic limit for various projectile shapes is computed using the Jonas-Lambert model, which describes the connection between residual velocity and starting projectile velocity. The results showed that, the ogive-shaped Projectile offers the highest ballistic limit, and the blunt projectile shows the lowest ballistic limit for a 5 mm thin target plate. The ballistic impact phenomenon showed plugging failure for the blunt nose projectile, the formation of plug and small fragments were observed in the case of hemispherical nose projectile, fragmenting failure is observed with radial necking in the case of conical nose projectile and petals are formed at the impacted zone in ogive nose shape projectile. Moreover, the ballistic limit of AM AlSi10Mg alloy was slightly higher compared to the ballistic limit of the die-cast AlSi10Mg alloy for the 7.62 mm AP bullet (core). Therefore, AM AlSi10Mg alloy may have equal or good ballistic properties compared to die-cast AlSi10Mg alloy.
Extensive study of flow characters for two vertical rectangular polygons in a two-dimensional cross flow
Authors: Gul Farheen , Nazeer Ghazala , Sana Madiha , Shigri Sehrish Hassan , Islam Shams Ul
Published: January 2024

Fluid dynamics problems have a significant impact on the growth of science and technologies all over the world. This study investigates viscous fluid’s behavior when interacting with two rectangular polygons positioned vertically and aligned in a staggered configuration. Two physical parameters, Reynolds Number and Gap spacings, are discussed using the Lattice Boltzmann Method for two-dimensional flow. Results are discussed in vortex snapshots, time trace histories of drag and lift coefficient, and power spectra analysis of lift coefficient. Nine distinct flow vortex streets are identified based on increasing gap spacings between the pair of two rectangular polygons. The vortex shedding mechanism is disturbed at small gap spacings and becomes optimal at large gap spacings. Different physical parameters of practical importance, like mean drag coefficient, root mean square values of drag coefficient, root mean square values of lift coefficient, and Strouhal number, approach the single rectangular polygon value at large gap spacings.
Epidemiological changes and molecular characteristics of Brucella strains in Ningxia, China
Authors: Liu Guangtian , Ma Xueping , Zhang Ruiqing , Lü Jufen , Zhou Pan , Liu Bofei , Liu Tao , Ren Hui , Liu Zhiguo , Li Zhenjun , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: January 2024

Objective

Human brucellosis causes serious public health concerns in Ningxia, China.

Methods

This study employed epidemiological, bacteriological, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) methods to conduct an epidemiological investigation, which is necessary for devising tailored control strategies.

Results

Between 1958 and 2022, 29,892 cases were reported, with an average annual number of cases and incidence of 467 and 7.1/100,000, respectively. The epidemic situation gradually worsened, with cases escalating from 26 cases in 2005 to 6,292 in 2022, with the incidence rate rising from 0.441 in 2005 to 86.83 in 2022. Geographically, the disease spread from a single affected county in 2004 to encompass all 22 counties in 2022. Yanchi County had the highest incidence, followed by the Hongsibao and Tongxin counties. These data suggest that Brucella infection has become a rampant regional concern in human brucellosis. Between 1958 and 2019, a total of 230 Brucella strains were identified across four studied hosts. These strains comprised four species with 12 biovars, including B. melitensis bv. 1, bv. 2, bv. 3, B. abortus bv. 1, bv. 3, bv. 4, bv. 5, bv. 6, bv. 7, B. suis bv. 1 and bv. 3, and B. canis. These data highlight the high species/biovars and host diversity of the Brucella population, posing a substantial challenge to brucellosis surveillance. There was an apparent transition from multiple species/biovars historically to the current dominance of a single species, B. melitensis, emphasizing the requirement for strengthening surveillance of B. melitensis. Genotypes 42 and 116, constituting 96.2% of the total number of genotypes, predominated in panel 1 and MLVA-11, indicating that all strains belong to the East Mediterranean lineage. MLVA cluster analysis revealed persistent transmission of dominant circulating genotypes, presenting an epidemic pattern characterized primarily by epidemiologically related cases with a few sporadic cases. Strains in this study exhibited high genetic homogeneity with strains from the Northwest, and those from Kazakhstan and Mongolia.

Conclusion

The epidemic situation of human brucellosis has gradually worsened; the rampant epidemic of the disease has become a regional concern. The present study highlights that implementing the of targeted surveillance and intervention strategies is urge.
Multi-omics approaches to studying gastrointestinal microbiome in the context of precision medicine and machine learning
Authors: Wu Jingyue , Singleton Stephanie S. , Bhuiyan Urnisha , Krammer Lori , Mazumder Raja
Published: January 2024

The human gastrointestinal (gut) microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining host health and has been increasingly recognized as an important factor in precision medicine. High-throughput sequencing technologies have revolutionized -omics data generation, facilitating the characterization of the human gut microbiome with exceptional resolution. The analysis of various -omics data, including metatranscriptomics, metagenomics, glycomics, and metabolomics, holds potential for personalized therapies by revealing information about functional genes, microbial composition, glycans, and metabolites. This multi-omics approach has not only provided insights into the role of the gut microbiome in various diseases but has also facilitated the identification of microbial biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Machine learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for extracting meaningful insights from complex datasets, and more recently have been applied to metagenomics data via efficiently identifying microbial signatures, predicting disease states, and determining potential therapeutic targets. Despite these rapid advancements, several challenges remain, such as key knowledge gaps, algorithm selection, and bioinformatics software parametrization. In this mini-review, our primary focus is metagenomics, while recognizing that other -omics can enhance our understanding of the functional diversity of organisms and how they interact with the host. We aim to explore the current intersection of multi-omics, precision medicine, and machine learning in advancing our understanding of the gut microbiome. A multidisciplinary approach holds promise for improving patient outcomes in the era of precision medicine, as we unravel the intricate interactions between the microbiome and human health.
Analyzing the ER stress response in ALS patient derived motor neurons identifies druggable neuroprotective targets
Authors: Watts Michelle E. , Giadone Richard M. , Ordureau Alban , Holton Kristina M. , Harper J. Wade , Rubin Lee L.
Published: January 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative motor neuron (MN) disease with severely limited treatment options. Identification of effective treatments has been limited in part by the lack of predictive animal models for complex human disorders. Here, we utilized pharmacologic ER stressors to exacerbate underlying sensitivities conferred by ALS patient genetics in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived motor neurons (MNs). In doing so, we found that thapsigargin and tunicamycin exposure recapitulated ALS-associated degeneration, and that we could rescue this degeneration via MAP4K4 inhibition (MAP4K4i). We subsequently identified mechanisms underlying MAP4K4i-mediated protection by performing phosphoproteomics on iPSC-derived MNs treated with ER stressors ±MAP4K4i. Through these analyses, we found JNK, PKC, and BRAF to be differentially modulated in MAP4K4i-protected MNs, and that inhibitors to these proteins could also rescue MN toxicity. Collectively, this study highlights the value of utilizing ER stressors in ALS patient MNs to identify novel druggable targets.
Risk factors in developing amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) and clinical implications
Authors: Doran Sarah J. , Sawyer Russell P.
Published: January 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects over 6 million people over the age of 65. The advent of new anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies as treatment for early Alzheimer’s disease these immunotherapeutics may slow disease progression but also pose significant risks. Amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) identified on MRI following administration of these new monoclonal antibodies can cause both brain edema (ARIA-E) and hemorrhage (ARIA-H). While most ARIA is asymptomatic, some patients can develop headache, confusion, nausea, dizziness, seizures and in rare cases death. By analyzing lecanemab, aducanumab, gantenerumab, donanemab, and bapineuzumab clinical trials; risk factors for developing ARIA can be identified to mitigate some of the ARIA risk. Risk factors for developing ARIA-E are a positive Apoε4 carrier status and prior multiple cerebral microhemorrhages. Risk factors for ARIA-H are age, antithrombotic use, and history of prior strokes. With lecanemab, ARIA-E and ARIA-H were seen at lower rates 12 and 17%, respectively, compared to aducanumab (ARIA-E 35% and ARIA-H 19%) in treated patients. ARIA risk factors have impacted inclusion and exclusion criteria, determining who can receive lecanemab. In some clinics, almost 90% of Alzheimer’s patients are excluded from receiving these new anti-amyloid therapeutics. This review aims to discuss risk factors of ARIA and highlight important areas for further research. With more anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies approved by the Food and Drug Administration, considering patient risk factors for developing ARIA is important to identify to minimize patient’s risk while receiving these new therapies.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the people of Mosop, Nandi County in Kenya
Authors: Maiyo Z. C. , Njeru S. N. , Toroitich F. J. , Indieka S. A. , Obonyo M. A.
Published: January 2024

Background:Throughout the history, nature has provided mankind with most of their basic needs, which include food, shelter, medicine, clothes, flavours, scents as well as raw materials. Given that they are an integral part of cultural heritage, medicinal plants have played a significant role in human healthcare systems around the world. Investigating various biological resources for use as medicines requires ethnomedicinal studies.

Methods:Data on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants from local healers in Kenya’s Mosop Sub-County in Nandi County was documented through open-ended, semi-structured questionnaires. A number of quantitative indices, such as the Use Citation (UC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use Value (UV), Frequency of Citation (FoC) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were used to convey the potential medical benefits, vitality and variety of the ethnomedicine.

Results:102 informants provided information on 253 ethnomedicinal plant species, classified into 74 families. There were 249 native plant species identified, along with few exotic species:Senegalia senegal(L.) Britton,Persea americanaMill,Carica papayaL. andSolanum betaceumCav. Of all recorded species, 32% and 27% were herbs and trees, respectively. Among plant parts, leaves were most frequently utilized (27%) and roots (26%), while decoctions (21%) were the most widely used formulations. The dominant family was Asteraceae, with 28 species, followed by Lamiaceae, with 19 species. The highest ICF value was 0.778 for a number of parasitic and infectious illnesses, including ringworms, athlete’s foot rot, tetanus, typhoid, intestinal parasites, abscesses, malaria, and amoebiasis. The study’s data validates the region’s widespread use of traditional medicinal plant remedies.

Conclusion:The current study will lay a foundation of knowledge for future research investigations. The abundance of knowledge regarding ethnomedicinal species and their medicinal applications will stimulate further phytochemical and pharmacological research, which could lead to the discovery of potentially significant pharmaceuticals.
Potential of CDC25 phosphatases in cancer research and treatment: key to precision medicine
Authors: Dakilah Ibraheem , Harb Amani , Abu-Gharbieh Eman , El-Huneidi Waseem , Taneera Jalal , Hamoudi Rifat , Semreen Mohammed H. , Bustanji Yasser
Published: January 2024

The global burden of cancer continues to rise, underscoring the urgency of developing more effective and precisely targeted therapies. This comprehensive review explores the confluence of precision medicine and CDC25 phosphatases in the context of cancer research. Precision medicine, alternatively referred to as customized medicine, aims to customize medical interventions by taking into account the genetic, genomic, and epigenetic characteristics of individual patients. The identification of particular genetic and molecular drivers driving cancer helps both diagnostic accuracy and treatment selection. Precision medicine utilizes sophisticated technology such as genome sequencing and bioinformatics to elucidate genetic differences that underlie the proliferation of cancer cells, hence facilitating the development of customized therapeutic interventions. CDC25 phosphatases, which play a crucial role in governing the progression of the cell cycle, have garnered significant attention as potential targets for cancer treatment. The dysregulation of CDC25 is a characteristic feature observed in various types of malignancies, hence classifying them as proto-oncogenes. The proteins in question, which operate as phosphatases, play a role in the activation of Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), so promoting the advancement of the cell cycle. CDC25 inhibitors demonstrate potential as therapeutic drugs for cancer treatment by specifically blocking the activity of CDKs and modulating the cell cycle in malignant cells. In brief, precision medicine presents a potentially fruitful option for augmenting cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment, with an emphasis on individualized care predicated upon patients’ genetic and molecular profiles. The review highlights the significance of CDC25 phosphatases in the advancement of cancer and identifies them as promising candidates for therapeutic intervention. This statement underscores the significance of doing thorough molecular profiling in order to uncover the complex molecular characteristics of cancer cells.
Bacillus strain BX77: a potential biocontrol agent for use against foodborne pathogens in alfalfa sprouts
Authors: Gollop Rachel , Kroupitski Yulia , Matz Ilana , Chahar Madhvi , Shemesh Moshe , Sela Saldinger Shlomo
Published: January 2024

Despite regulatory and technological measures, edible sprouts are still often involved in foodborne illness and are considered a high-risk food. The present study explored the potential of spore-forming Bacillus isolates to mitigate Salmonella and Escherichia coli contamination of alfalfa sprouts. Food-derived Bacillus strains were screened for antagonistic activity against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 (STm) and enteropathogenic E. coli O55:H7. Over 4 days of sprouting, levels of STm and E. coli on contaminated seeds increased from 2.0 log CFU/g to 8.0 and 3.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Treatment of the contaminated seeds with the most active Bacillus isolate, strain BX77, at 7 log CFU/g seeds resulted in substantial reductions in the levels of STm (5.8 CFU/g) and E. coli (3.9 log CFU/g) in the sprouted seeds, compared to the control. Similarly, co-culturing STm and BX77 in sterilized sprout extract at the same ratio resulted in growth inhibition and killed the Salmonella. Confocal-microscopy experiments using seeds supplemented with mCherry-tagged Salmonella revealed massive colonization of the seed coat and the root tip of 4-day-old sprouted seeds. In contrast, very few Salmonella cells were observed in sprouted seeds grown with BX77. Ca-hypochlorite disinfection of seeds contaminated with a relatively high concentration of Salmonella (5.0 log CFU/g) or treated with BX77 revealed a mild inhibitory effect. However, disinfection followed by the addition of BX77 had a synergistic effect, with a substantial reduction in Salmonella counts (7.8 log CFU/g) as compared to untreated seeds. These results suggest that a combination of chemical and biological treatments warrants further study, toward its potential application as a multi-hurdle strategy to mitigate Salmonella contamination of sprouted alfalfa seeds.
Family resilience of families with parental cancer and minor children: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Heuser Christian , Schneider Juliane Nora , Heier Lina , Ernstmann Nicole , Nakata Hannah , Petermann-Meyer Andrea , Bremen Rebecca , Karger André , Icks Andrea , Brümmendorf Tim H. , Geiser Franziska
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Estimated 50,000 minor children in Germany experience a newly diagnosed cancer in one of their parents every year. Family resilience has proven to be an important concept against life crises. However, little research exists regarding family resilience in the context of parental cancer with minor children. Based on the “Family Resilience Framework,” the aim of the study is to investigate the processes of family resilience of affected families. In addition, we explore which combinations of promoting family resilience processes can be characterized.

Methods

As part of the mixed-method quasi-experimental interventional study “F-SCOUT,” a qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the documentation of the “Family-Scouts” (a fixed contact person who advises, accompanies, and supports the families). Documentation was performed by families’ study inclusion (T0), after 3 months (T1) and 9 months (T2) concerning current family situation, organization of everyday life, emotional coping, open communication within the family, and planned tasks.

Results

The N = 73 families had between one and six children. In 58 (79%) families, the mother had cancer. In the course of the analysis, a category system with 10 main categories and 36 subcategories emerged. Family resilience processes were described to different extents. Combinations of categories promoting family resilience were characterized by the use of social resources, flexibility, economic resources, and open communication.

Discussion

The findings are consistent with existing assumptions about family resilience in terms of the importance of social resources, family cohesion, mutual support, flexibility, open communication, and psychological well-being. In contrast to the findings of previous research, spirituality, and collaborative problem-solving indicate less centrality here. In turn, the findings on economic resources and information-seeking provide a valuable addition to the family resilience literature in the context of parental cancer with minor children.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04186923.
Theta/beta ratio in EEG correlated with attentional capacity assessed by Conners Continuous Performance Test in children with ADHD
Authors: Wang Tzong-Shi , Wang Syu-Siang , Wang Chang-Li , Wong Shi-Bing
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children worldwide; however, diagnosing ADHD remains a complex task. Theta/beta ratio (TBR) derived from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings has been proposed as a potential biomarker for ADHD, but its effectiveness in children with ADHD remains controversial. Behavioral assessments, such as the Conners Continuous Performance Test–3rd edition (CPT-3), have been utilized to assess attentional capacity in individuals with ADHD. This study aims to investigate the correlation between TBR and CPT-3 scores in children and adolescents with ADHD.

Methods

In a retrospective analysis, we examined patients regularly monitored for ADHD at Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, who underwent both EEG and CPT-3 assessments. Severity of ADHD was evaluated using parent- and teacher-completed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP)-IV rating scales.

Results

The study encompassed 55 ADHD patients (41 with abnormal CPT-3 scores, 14 with normal CPT-3 scores) and 45 control subjects. TBR demonstrated elevation in ADHD patients with abnormal CPT-3 scores, indicating its potential to represent attentional capacity akin to behavioral assessments like CPT-3. However, significant correlations between TBR values and CPT-3 variables or SNAP-IV rating scales were not observed. Moreover, TBR values exhibited considerable overlap across the groups, leading to diminished sensitivity and negative predictive value as a potential neurophysiological ADHD biomarker.

Discussion

While our study underscores the utility of both TBR and CPT-3 in assessing attentional capacity, their sensitivity in diagnosing ADHD is limited. A comprehensive evaluation, integrating clinical expertise, parental input, and detailed neuropsychometric tests, remains pivotal for a thorough and precise diagnosis of ADHD.
Presence and correlates of autistic traits among patients with social anxiety disorder
Authors: Carpita Barbara , Nardi Benedetta , Bonelli Chiara , Massimetti Enrico , Amatori Giulia , Cremone Ivan Mirko , Pini Stefano , Dell’Osso Liliana
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Due to their similar behavioral presentation, it can sometimes be challenging to distinguish between a social anxiety disorder (SAD) and the social avoidance that is frequently described in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Moreover, a growing body of evidences is reporting that a significant proportion of subjects with ASD also meet the requirements for SAD and, vice versa, subjects with SAD tend to exhibit a higher prevalence of autistic traits.

Aim

In this framework, the current study aims to evaluate prevalence and correlates of autistic traits in a sample of adult subjects diagnosed with SAD and healthy controls (HC), also evaluating which autism spectrum dimensions may statistically predict higher SAD symptoms.

Methods

56 subjects with a clinical diagnosis of SAD and 56 gender and age matched HC were recruited from the Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Pisa. Subjects were assessed with the SCID-5, the Social Anxiety Spectrum – Short Version (SHY- SV) and the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum).

Results

SAD group scored significantly higher in all AdAS Spectrum and SHY-SV domains and total score compared to the HC group with no significant gender difference. SHY-SV total and domain scores, were strongly and positively and strongly correlated with all AdAS Spectrum domains and total score. AdAS Spectrum total score and Childhood/Adolescence, Non-Verbal Communication, Empathy and Restricted interests and Rumination domain scores score were significant predictors of higher SHY-SV score.

Conclusion

Our results confirm the link between SAD and autistic traits also in adult population, describing not only high levels of autistic traits in SAD adults, but also significant correlations between many core features of the two disorders and a predictive role of autistic traits on higher SAD symptoms.
Kinematic performance declines as group size increases during escape responses in a schooling coral reef fish
Authors: Bacchus Monica D. , Domenici Paolo , Killen Shaun S. , McCormick Mark I. , Nadler Lauren E.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Escaping predation is essential for species survival, but prey must effectively match their response to the perceived threat imposed by a predator. For social animals, one mechanism to reduce risk of predation is living in larger group sizes, which dilutes each individual's risk of capture. When a predator attacks, individuals from a range of taxa (e.g., fishes, sharks, and amphibians) perform an escape response, to evade the attack.

Methods

Using the schooling coral reef damselfish Chromis viridis, we assess if there is an optimal group size that maximizes both individual escape response performance as well as group cohesion and coordination following a simulated predator attack, comparing schools composed of four, eight, and sixteen fish. The escape response was assessed through simulated predator attacks, measuring escape latency, kinematics (average turning rate, and distance covered), and group dynamics (school cohesion and coordination). The experiments were conducted with varying group sizes to analyze the impact on escape performance and group behavior.

Results

We found that fish in various group sizes exhibited no difference in their reaction timing to a simulated predator attack (i.e., escape latency), but larger groups exhibited slower kinematics (i.e., lower average turning rate and shorter distance covered during the escape response), potentially because larger groups perceived the predator attack as less risky due to safety in numbers. Both school cohesion and coordination (as measured through alignment and nearest neighbor distance, respectively) declined in the 100 ms after the predator's attack. While there was no impact of group size on alignment, larger group sizes exhibited closer nearest neighbor distances at all times.

Discussion

The findings suggest that larger group sizes in schooling coral reef fish may lead to energy conservation by displaying less costly behavioral responses to predator threats. This potential energy saving could be attributed to a higher threshold of perceived threat required to trigger a rapid escape response in larger groups. The study emphasizes the intricate interplay between individual and collective behaviors in response to predation and sheds light on the nuanced dynamics of group living in the face of predation.
Open continuum robotics–one actuation module to create them all
Authors: Grassmann Reinhard M. , Shentu Chengnan , Hamoda Taqi , Dewi Puspita Triana , Burgner-Kahrs Jessica
Published: January 2024

Experiments on physical continuum robot are the gold standard for evaluations. Currently, as no commercial continuum robot platform is available, a large variety of early-stage prototypes exists. These prototypes are developed by individual research groups and are often used for a single publication. Thus, a significant amount of time is devoted to creating proprietary hardware and software hindering the development of a common platform, and shifting away scarce time and efforts from the main research challenges. We address this problem by proposing an open-source actuation module, which can be used to build different types of continuum robots. It consists of a high-torque brushless electric motor, a high resolution optical encoder, and a low-gear-ratio transmission. For this article, we create three different types of continuum robots. In addition, we illustrate, for the first time, that continuum robots built with our actuation module can proprioceptively detect external forces. Consequently, our approach opens untapped and under-investigated research directions related to the dynamics and advanced control of continuum robots, where sensing the generalized flow and effort is mandatory. Besides that, we democratize continuum robots research by providing open-source software and hardware with our initiative called the Open Continuum Robotics Project, to increase the accessibility and reproducibility of advanced methods.
Effects of yeast culture and oxalic acid supplementation on in vitro nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, and bacterial community composition
Authors: Aschalew Natnael D. , Zhang Longyu , Wang Ziyuan , Xia Yuanhong , Yin Guopei , Dong Jianan , Zhen Yuguo , Zhang Xuefeng , Wang Tao , Sun Zhe , Qin Guixin
Published: January 2024

Hemicellulose is an important polysaccharide in ruminant nutrition, but it has not been studied as thoroughly as cellulose. Further research is needed to explore supplements that can improve its digestibility and ruminal buffering effects. Our previous research demonstrated the efficacy of oxalic acid (OA) as an essential nutrient in yeast culture (YC) for improving rumen fermentation performance. Consequently, we conducted in vitro rumen digestion experiments to examine the effects of YC and OA on rumen fermentation and bacterial composition. Two diets containing different levels of hemicellulose were formulated: diet 1 with 10.3% and diet 2 with 17% hemicellulose. Three levels of YC (0.00, 0.625, and 1.25 g/kg) and three doses of OA (0.0, 0.4, and 0.8 g/kg, DM) were added into each diet with a 3 × 3 factorial design. A comprehensive assessment was conducted on a total of 18 experimental treatments at fermentation periods of 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. In the first experiment (diet 1), the supplementation of YC, OA, and their interaction significantly increased in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD) and NDF disappearance (IVNDFD; p < 0.001). In the second experiment (diet 2), the supplementation of OA and the interaction between YC and OA (p < 0.001) increased IVDMD and IVCPD, but had no significant effects on IVNDFD. The interactions of YC and OA significantly increased ammonia nitrogen (p < 0.001). The production of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), and pH levels were significantly higher in treatments supplemented with YC and OA (p < 0.001). YC and OA in both diets significantly altered the rumen bacterial community leading to increased Shannon and Simpson diversity indices (p < 0.001). In both diets, OA supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and Prevotella genus. The result also showed a positive correlation between the Prevotella and Selenomonas genera with IVDMD, IVNDFD, propionic acid, and TVFA production, suggesting that these dominant bacteria enhanced nutrient disappearance in the rumen. In conclusion, adding YC and OA resulted in modifications to the bacterial community’s composition and diversity, and improved nutrient disappearance. These changes indicate improved rumen fermentation efficiency, which is promising for future in vivo studies.
Investigation of Pressure Chambers for Integrated Fluidic Actuators in Adaptive Slabs
Authors: Bosch Matthias J. , Nitzlader Markus , Bachmann Matthias , Binz Hansgeorg , Blandini Lucio , Kreimeyer Matthias
Published: January 2024

A high proportion of the CO2 emissions worldwide are caused by the construction sector or are associated with buildings. Every part of the industry needs to reduce its share of emissions, so the building sector must also do its part. One possible solution for achieving this reduction in the field of load-bearing structures is the use of adaptive structures. This research focuses on adaptive slab structures, which require specific actuators to be integrated into the system. Conventional actuators are not suitable due to the prevailing requirements, namely installation space and performance. For this investigation, the actuator is divided into different functional components. A rough description of the requirements for one component, namely the energy converter, is given. Different concepts are developed, tested, and compared with numerical results. Due to the requirements, the concepts are limited to hydraulics. The authors then present a comparison of different simulation strategies for the energy converter. Overall, this paper provides a new contribution to the design of energy converter concepts for integrated hydraulic actuators in slabs, along with experimental verification of the working principle of the energy converters to meet the requirements. A simplified numerical model is proposed to estimate the behavior of the energy converter during the early design phase.
Flow Structure behind Spanwise Pin Array in Supersonic Flow
Authors: Lax Philip A. , Elliott Skye , Gordeyev Stanislav , Kemnetz Matthew R. , Leonov Sergey B.
Published: January 2024

This work focused on the experimental characterization of a complex flow structure behind a cross-flow array of cylindrical pins installed on the wall of a supersonic duct. This geometry simulates several common gas dynamic configurations, such as a supersonic mixer, a turbulence-generating grid, or, to some extent, a grid fin. In this work, the instrumentation employed is essentially non-intrusive, including spanwise integrating techniques such as (1) fast schlieren visualization and (2) Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors; and planar techniques, namely (3) acetone Mie scattering and (4) acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence. An analysis of the data acquired by these complementary methods allowed the reconstruction of a three-dimensional portrait of supersonic flow interactions with a discrete pin array, including the shock wave structure, forefront separation zone, shock-induced separation zone, shear layer, and the mixing zone behind the pins. The main objective of this activity was to use various visualization techniques to acquire essential details of a complex compressible flow in a wide range of temporal–spatial scales. Particularly, a fine structure in the supersonic shear layer generated by the pin tips was captured by a Mie scattering technique. Based on the available publications, such structures have not been previously identified or discussed. Another potential outcome of this work is that the details revealed could be utilized for adequate code validation in numerical simulations.
Development of a Novel Small-Scale Gust Generator Research Facility
Authors: Wu Zhenlong , Zhang Tianyu , Gao Yuan , Tan Huijun
Published: January 2024

In this paper, a novel small-scale gust generator research facility was designed and examined for generating Sears-type gusts. The design scheme, integration with the wind tunnel, experiment and validation of its capability are presented in detail. To help design the gust generator and validate the experimental results of the flow field characteristics generated by the developed gust generator, two numerical simulation methods, the field velocity method (FVM) and oscillating vane method (OVM), were utilized to detect the impacts of the geometrical parameters of the oscillating vanes and the downstream test model. The filtered experimental measurement results agree well with the numerical data, validating the capability of the developed gust generator to produce sinusoidal gusts. However, it should be noted that necessary measures are needed to prevent mechanical noise from interfering with the gusty flow field, which will be a focus of future research.
A Deep Learning Approach for Trajectory Control of Tilt-Rotor UAV
Authors: Sembiring Javensius , Sasongko Rianto Adhy , Bastian Eduardo I. , Raditya Bayu Aji , Limansubroto Rayhan Ekananto
Published: January 2024

This paper investigates the development of a deep learning-based flight control model for a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, focusing on altitude, speed, and roll hold systems. Training data is gathered from the X-Plane flight simulator, employing a proportional–integral–derivative controller to enhance flight dynamics and data quality. The model architecture, implemented within the TensorFlow framework, undergoes iterative tuning for optimal performance. Testing involved two scenarios: wind-free conditions and wind disturbances. In wind-free conditions, the model demonstrated excellent tracking performance, closely tracking the desired altitude. The model’s robustness is further evaluated by introducing wind disturbances. Interestingly, these disturbances do not significantly impact the model performance. This research has demonstrated data-driven flight control in a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle, offering improved adaptability and robustness compared to traditional methods. Future work may explore further flight modes, environmental complexities, and the utilization of real test flight data to enhance the model generalizability.
Chemical Weed Control and Crop Injuries Due to Spray Drift: The Case of Dicamba
Authors: Travlou Eleftheria , Antonopoulos Nikolaos , Gazoulis Ioannis , Kanatas Panagiotis
Published: January 2024

Herbicide volatility and drift are serious problems for chemical weed control. The extended use of dicamba, especially due to the commercial release of dicamba-resistant crops, revealed many off-target dicamba injury issues for sensitive crops. The objective of the present study is to give information on the chemical properties and volatility of dicamba and highlight some key issues, while a systematic review of the recently reported cases is attempted. Unfortunately, the problem is increasing, with a huge majority of the injuries reported in the USA, but it is also present in many other countries. Several arable, horticultural, and perennial crops suffer from such damage. Specific measures and approaches are suggested in order to quantify, reduce, and prevent such problems, while the training of farmers and stakeholders and further research are certainly required for the optimization of the several alternative options.
Jugiones A–D: Antibacterial Xanthone–Anthraquinone Heterodimers from Australian Soil-Derived Penicillium shearii CMB-STF067
Authors: Sritharan Thulasi , Salim Angela A. , Khalil Zeinab G. , Capon Robert J.
Published: January 2024

The Australian roadside soil-derived fungus Penicillium shearii CMB-STF067 was prioritized for chemical investigation based on an SDA cultivation extract exhibiting both antibacterial properties and natural products with unprecedented molecular formulae (GNPS). Subsequent miniaturized 24-well plate cultivation profiling (MATRIX) identified red rice as optimal for the production of the target chemistry, with scaled-up cultivation, extraction and fractionation yielding four new xanthone–anthraquinone heterodimers, jugiones A–D (1–4), whose structures were assigned by detailed spectroscopic analysis and biosynthetic considerations. Of note, where 1–2 and 4 were active against the Gram-positive bacteria vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (IC50 2.6–3.9 μM) and multiple-drug-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 1.8–6.4 μM), and inactive against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (IC50 > 30 μM), the closely related analog 3 exhibited no antibacterial properties (IC50 > 30 μM). Furthermore, where 1 was cytotoxic to human carcinoma (IC50 9.0–9.8 μM) and fungal (IC50 4.1 μM) cells, 2 and 4 displayed no such cytotoxicity (IC50 > 30 μM), revealing an informative structure activity relationship (SAR). We also extended the SAR study to other known compounds of this heterodimer class, which showed that the modification of ring G can reduce or eliminate the cytotoxicity while retaining the antibacterial activity.
A Mathematical Structure Underlying Sentences and Its Connection with Short–Term Memory
Authors: Matricciani Emilio
Published: January 2024

The purpose of the present paper is to further investigate the mathematical structure of sentences—proposed in a recent paper—and its connections with human short–term memory. This structure is defined by two independent variables which apparently engage two short–term memory buffers in a series. The first buffer is modelled according to the number of words between two consecutive interpunctions—variable referred to as the word interval, IP—which follows Miller’s 7±2 law; the second buffer is modelled by the number of word intervals contained in a sentence, MF, ranging approximately for one to seven. These values result from studying a large number of literary texts belonging to ancient and modern alphabetical languages. After studying the numerical patterns (combinations of IP and MF) that determine the number of sentences that theoretically can be recorded in the two memory buffers—which increases with the use of IP and MF—we compare the theoretical results with those that are actually found in novels from Italian and English literature. We have found that most writers, in both languages, write for readers with small memory buffers and, consequently, are forced to reuse sentence patterns to convey multiple meanings.