bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A process-based perspective on strategic planning: the role of alternative generation and information integration
Authors: Meissner Philip
Published: May 2014

To help bridge the gap between the emergent and rational school of strategy formation, I analyze the role of alternative generation and information integration as two process-based characteristics of the strategy process in the relationship between strategic planning and decision quality. Based on a survey of 155 top executives from German small and medium-sized companies, I show that the degree to which multiple alternatives are developed and information is integrated in the planning process mediates a large proportion of the relationship between strategic planning and decision quality. This suggests that a closer analysis of process characteristics in the analysis of strategic planning may help mitigate the divergent results in strategic planning research.
Milnor K-theory and the graded representation ring
Authors: Guillot Pierre , Mináč Ján
Published: May 2014

Let F be a field, let G = Gal(/F) be its absolute Galois group, and let R(G,k) be the representation ring of G over a suitable field k. In this preprint we construct a ring homomorphism from the mod 2 Milnor K-theory k*(F) to the graded ring grR(G,k) associated to Grothendieck's γ-filtration. We study this map in particular cases, as well as a related map involving the W-group of F, rather than G. The latter is an isomorphism in all cases considered.

Naturally this echoes the Milnor conjecture (now a theorem), which states that k*(F) is isomorphic to the mod 2 cohomology of the absolute Galois group G, and to the graded Witt ring grW(F).

The machinery developed to obtain the above results seems to have independent interest in algebraic topology. We are led to construct an analog of the classical Chern character, which does not involve complex vector bundles and Chern classes but rather real vector bundles and Stiefel-Whitney classes. Thus we show the existence of a ring homomorphism whose source is the graded ring associated to the corresponding K-theory ring KO(X) of the topological space X, again with respect to the γ-filtration, and whose target is a certain subquotient of H*(X, F2).

In order to define this subquotient, we introduce a collection of distinguished Steenrod operations. They are related to Stiefel-Whitney classes by combinatorial identities.
DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY OF GAMES PLAYED ON COMPLETE METRIC SPACES
Authors: FISHMAN LIOR , LY TUE , SIMMONS DAVID
Published: May 2014

Schmidt’s game is a powerful tool for studying properties of certain sets which arise in Diophantine approximation theory, number theory and dynamics. Recently, many new results have been proven using this game. In this paper we address determinacy and indeterminacy questions regarding Schmidt’s game and its variations, as well as more general games played on complete metric spaces (for example, fractals). We show that, except for certain exceptional cases, these games are undetermined on certain sets. Judging by the vast numbers of papers utilising these games, we believe that the results in this paper will be of interest to a large audience of number theorists as well as set theorists and logicians.
A NOTE ON -SPACES
Authors: WANG HANFENG , HE WEI
Published: May 2014

In this paper, it is shown that every compact Hausdorff $K$-space has countable tightness. This result gives a positive answer to a problem posed by Malykhin and Tironi [‘Weakly Fréchet–Urysohn and Pytkeev spaces’, Topology Appl.104 (2000), 181–190]. We show that a semitopological group $G$ that is a $K$-space is first countable if and only if $G$ is of point-countable type. It is proved that if a topological group $G$ is a $K$-space and has a locally paracompact remainder in some Hausdorff compactification, then $G$ is metrisable.
CHARACTERISATIONS OF HARDY GROWTH SPACES WITH DOUBLING WEIGHTS
Authors: DOUBTSOV EVGUENI
Published: May 2014

Let $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}H(\mathbb{D})$ denote the space of holomorphic functions on the unit disc $\mathbb{D}$. Given $p>0$ and a weight $\omega $, the Hardy growth space $H(p, \omega )$ consists of those $f\in H(\mathbb{D})$ for which the integral means $M_p(f,r)$ are estimated by $C\omega (r)$, $0<r<1$. Assuming that $p>1$ and $\omega $ satisfies a doubling condition, we characterise $H(p, \omega )$ in terms of associated Fourier blocks. As an application, extending a result by Bennett et al. [‘Coefficients of Bloch and Lipschitz functions’, Illinois J. Math. 25 (1981), 520–531], we compute the solid hull of $H(p, \omega )$ for $p\ge 2$.
The Stock-Bond Return Relation, the Term Structure’s Slope, and Asset-Class Risk Dynamics
Authors: Bansal Naresh , Connolly Robert A. , Stivers Chris
Published: May 2014

We study whether asset-class risk dynamics can help explain the predominantly negative stock-bond return relation and movements in the term structure’s slope over 1997–2011. Using option-derived implied volatilities to measure risk, we find i) the negative stock-bond return relation largely disappears when controlling for risk movements, at both monthly and weekly horizons; ii) the partial relation between equity-risk changes and 10-year T-bond excess returns (term-slope movements) is reliably positive (negative); and iii) a stronger link between equity risk and stock returns implies a more negative stock-bond return correlation. Our results suggest a flight-to-quality influence between equity-risk dynamics and longer-term Treasury pricing.
New lichen species from termite nests in rainforest in Brazilian Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas
Authors: APTROOT André , CÁCERES Marcela Eugenia da Silva
Published: May 2014

The new speciesBacidia termitophila,Coenogonium coppinsii,Fellhanera termitophila, andMicarea termitophilaare described from termite nests in rainforest in Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas. Lichens were found on termite mounds on the ground but most of the species were also found on termite nests on trees. This substratum may serve as the most important locality for terricolous lichens in rainforests, and the natural habitat for species known mostly from road banks.
John Lightfoot (1735–1788) and the lichens ofFlora Scotica(1777)
Authors: GALLOWAY David J.
Published: May 2014

John Lightfoot's account of lichens inFlora Scoticawas the first Scottish lichen Flora and as such it was novel in several respects: 1) it was published in English; 2) it drew on the knowledge and expertise of several key local collectors and treated lichens from alpine areas for the first time; 3) it made lichens accessible in providing Linnaean binomials, colloquial English, and frequently also Gaelic names, together with lively descriptions, details of ecology, and medicinal or traditional uses when these were known. Of the 117 taxa listed, 109 were classified in the genusLichen, five inByssus, two inMucorand one inFucus. Nineteen taxa were newly described, of which five are still in current use. John Lightfoot's life, work and botanical friendships are also briefly discussed.
New lichen-associated bulbil-forming species of Cantharellales (Basidiomycetes)
Authors: DIEDERICH Paul , LAWREY James D. , CAPDET Mariana , PEREIRA Susana , ROMERO Andrea I. , ETAYO Javier , FLAKUS Adam , SIKAROODI Masoumeh , ERTZ Damien
Published: May 2014

Two new genera and four new species of bulbil-forming basidiomycetes are described. Phylogenetic analyses of nuLSU and ITS sequences place them in Cantharellales. A facultative lichenicolous species with yellow to orange-yellow bulbils from South America groups with the type of Burgella and is consequently described as B. lutea. The new species and genus Burgellopsis nivea is introduced for material from Scotland with white bulbils overgrowing saxicolous lichens. An obligate lichenicolous species with particularly large, applanate bulbils developing over Peltigerales in South America could not be placed accurately using ITS sequences and is described as the new species and genus Bulbilla applanata. A European species with brown, facultatively lichenicolous bulbils grouped with Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus species and is described as the new Ceratobasidium bulbillifaciens.
New species of the genusRimulariaNyl. from Tasmania
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras
Published: May 2014

Five new species ofRimularia, all endemic to Tasmania, are described, discussed and illustrated: Four species are saxicolous:R. albotessellataKantvilas (containing pannarin):R. aspicilioidesKantvilas (containing 2′-O–methylperlatolic acid and with apothecia with a thalline margin);R. circumgriseaKantvilas (containing norstictic acid, and with ascospores 8·5–14·0×5·0–6·5 µm); andR. coppinsianaKantvilas (containing bourgeanic acid and with ascospores 10–19×7–12 µm). The corticolousR. asteriphilaKantvilas lacks lichen substances, contains Sedifolia-grey pigment and has ascospores 10–15×7–10 µm. The widespreadR. psephota(Tuck.) Hertel & Rambold, with which several of the new taxa are compared, is also described, based on Tasmanian collections. Several chemical compounds, including bourgeanic acid, pannarin and 2′–O–methylperlatolic acid, are recorded for the genus for the first time. A key to the 12 species currently recorded for Tasmania is presented.
Reassessing evolutionary relationships in the filamentous cyanolichen genus Spilonema (Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes)
Authors: SPRIBILLE Toby , TØNSBERG Tor , STABENTHEINER Edith , MUGGIA Lucia
Published: May 2014

Spilonema was originally described to accommodate an unusual group of cyanolichens with thread-like, cushion-forming thalli, and has long been placed in Coccocarpiaceae based on ascomatal development. However, Spilonema is the only genus of Peltigerales to include species lichenized with the cyanobacterial genus Stigonema, and the evolutionary relationships of Spilonema to other genera in the family have yet to be tested using molecular data. We present evidence from combined nuclear 28S, 18S and mitochondrial 12S rDNA to confirm the placement of the core species of Spilonema (S. paradoxum and S. revertens) in Coccocarpiaceae. Our data further show that despite possessing a different genus of photobiont (Scytonema), the north Pacific endemic genus Spilonemella must be included within Spilonema, suggesting that closely related species of the genus have changed photobionts in the course of evolution. However, we recovered Spilonema dendroides, one of the only lichens known to associate with the cyanobacterial genus Hyphomorpha, as only distantly related to the Coccocarpiaceae. The evolutionary relationships of this species are as yet unclear but it may occupy a basal position in the Peltigerales. We create for this species the new genus Erinacellus T. Sprib., Muggia & Tønsberg.
A molecular phylogeny of the lichen genus Biatora including some morphologically similar species
Authors: PRINTZEN Christian
Published: May 2014

The lichen genus Biatora comprises inconspicuous crustose lichens that are typically found on organic substrata such as tree bark, bryophytes and detritus. During the last 20 years many new species have been added to the genus making its delimitation more and more difficult. The infrageneric relationships of the 42 species have never been investigated thoroughly. Using DNA sequences from three gene loci (ITS, RPB2, mrSSU) and 59 OTUs, an attempt was made to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Biatora and its infrageneric groups. Cliostomum appears to be the closest relative of Biatora. The position of Mycobilimbia in the Lecania-clade is confirmed. Phylogenetic relationships within Biatora are poorly supported, but six different species groups that are also phenotypically distinguished are more or less well supported: the vernalis-, meiocarpa-, hertelii-, ocelliformis-, beckhausii- and rufidula- groups. The analysis also confirms the presence of several undescribed taxa. Biatora subduplex as currently circumscribed appears to be heterogeneous, as does B. helvola. Based on the phylogeny, the distributional range of B. alaskana is extended to Japan. The new combinations Biatora ementiens (Nyl.) Printzen and Biatora hemipolia (Nyl.) S. Ekman & Printzen are made and both names are typified.
Miriquidica invadens, an obligate youth parasite onSporastatia, with remarks and a key to species of theM.griseoatragroup
Authors: HAFELLNER Josef , OBERMAYER Walter , TRETIACH Mauro
Published: May 2014

The new speciesMiriquidica invadensHafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is described and reported from Austria, Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland, France and Spain. From a morphological point of view the species belongs to theM.griseoatragroup, in which it is, so far, the only constantly lichenicolous taxon. Chemically it is characterized by the regular presence of miriquidic acid, stictic acid, and constictic acid (in variable amounts). It starts its ontogenetic life cycle as an obligate youth parasite onSporastatia, usuallyS.polyspora.

Morpho-anatomical treatments of other species of theMiriquidica griseoatragroup occurring in Europe, based on the examination of type material, are also presented. According to the characters exhibited by the lectotype ofLecidea contiguavar.griseoatraFlot.,M.griseoatra(Flot.) Hertel & Rambold is the correct name for a montane species with subdivided areoles and immersed, laterally adnate apothecia with a pigmented hypothecium. Specimens exhibiting this set of characters were usually namedM.obnubilaauct. According to the characters observed on the lectotype ofLecidea(Biatora)obnubilaTh. Fr. & Hellb.,M.obnubila(Th. Fr. & Hellb.) Hertel & Rambold is a species with sessile apothecia with a hyaline hypothecium.Lecidea subplumbeaAnzi does not constitute a heterotypic synonym ofLecidea griseoatra(Flot.) Schaer. but is the legitimate name at the species level forMiriquidica griseoatrasensu auct., and thereforeM.subplumbea(Anzi) Cl. Roux is the correct name for that taxon.Lecidea inserenaNyl. is confirmed as a heterotypic synonym ofLecidea subplumbeaAnzi.Lecidea plumbeaGarov. ex A. Massal. is an earlier heterotypic synonym ofMiriquidica limitataHertel & Rambold and, therefore, the new combinationM.plumbea(Garov. ex A. Massal.) Hafellner, Obermayer & Tretiach is introduced.

Lectotypes are designated forLecidea contiguavar.griseoatraFlot.,Lecidea inserenaNyl.,Lecidea obnubilaTh. Fr. & Hellb.,Lecidea plumbeaGarov. ex A. Massal., andLecidea subplumbeaAnzi. A key to the taxa of theM.griseoatra-group and otherMiriquidicataxa with a grey thallus is provided.
Spatial distribution of snares in Ruma National Park, Kenya, with implications for management of the roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi and other wildlife
Authors: Kimanzi Johnstone K. , Sanderson Roy A. , Rushton Stephen P. , Mugo Mware J.
Published: May 2014

Poaching with snares has been identified as the main cause of decline of the endemic roan antelope Hippotragus equinuslangheldi in Ruma National Park, Kenya, from > 200 in 1979 to 37 in 2009. However, the spatial snaring patterns in the Park are not clearly understood. The focus of our study was to map the spatial distribution of snares in the Park and to identify the factors influencing this distribution, to develop effective methods of wildlife protection. Using data collected from 56 sample plots during 2006–2008, coupled with geographical information system techniques, we investigated the association between the occurrence of snares and the distribution of geographical features (slope, elevation), infrastructure (roads, fences), essential resources for wildlife (water, salt licks, forage), roan locations and wildlife density. Ripley's L function for assessing complete spatial randomness indicated that snares occurred in clumps (hotspots) up to 4 km apart. Negative binomial regression indicated that these hotspots occurred (1) near water resources, salt licks and the Park boundary, (2) far from roan locations and Park roads, (3) in areas with low gradients and low wildlife density, and (4) in areas with burned vegetation. We recommend concentrating routine security patrol efforts and resources on snare hotspots to reduce snaring and to protect the roan antelope and other threatened wildlife.
A review of corporate goals of No Net Loss and Net Positive Impact on biodiversity
Authors: Rainey Hugo J. , Pollard Edward H. B. , Dutson Guy , Ekstrom Jonathan M. M. , Livingstone Suzanne R. , Temple Helen J. , Pilgrim John D.
Published: May 2014

Increased recognition of the business case for managing corporate impacts on the environment has helped drive increasingly detailed and quantified corporate environmental goals. Foremost among these are goals of no net loss (NNL) and net positive impact (NPI). We assess the scale and growth of such corporate goals. Since the first public, company-wide NNL/NPI goal in 2001, 32 companies have set similar goals, of which 18 specifically include biodiversity. Mining companies have set the most NNL/NPI goals, and the majority of those that include biodiversity, despite the generally lower total global impact of the mining industry on biodiversity compared to the agriculture or forestry industries. This could be linked to the mining industry's greater participation in best practice bodies, high-profile impacts, and higher profit margins per area of impact. The detail and quality of present goals vary widely. We examined specific NNL/NPI goals and assessed the extent to which their key components were likely to increase the effectiveness of these goals in benefiting biodiversity and managing business risk. Nonetheless, outcomes are more important than goals, and we urge conservationists to work with companies to both support and monitor their efforts to achieve increasingly ambitious environmental goals.
Subjectively perceived personality and mood changes associated with subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lewis C. J. , Maier F. , Horstkötter N. , Zywczok A. , Witt K. , Eggers C. , Meyer T. D. , Dembek T. A. , Maarouf M. , Moro E. , Zurowski M. , Woopen C. , Kuhn J. , Timmermann L.
Published: May 2014

Background

Clinical and ethical implications of personality and mood changes in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) are under debate. Although subjectively perceived personality changes are often mentioned by patients and caregivers, few empirical studies concerning these changes exist. Therefore, we analysed subjectively perceived personality and mood changes in STN-DBS PD patients.

Method

In this prospective study of the ELSA-DBS group, 27 PD patients were assessed preoperatively and 1 year after STN-DBS surgery. Two categories, personality and mood changes, were analysed with semi-structured interviews. Patients were grouped into personality change yes/no, as well as positive/negative mood change groups. Caregivers were additionally interviewed about patients’ personality changes. Characteristics of each group were assessed with standard neurological and psychiatric measurements. Predictors for changes were analysed.

Results

Personality changes were perceived by six of 27 (22%) patients and by 10 of 23 caregivers (44%). The preoperative hypomania trait was a significant predictor for personality change perceived by patients. Of 21 patients, 12 (57%) perceived mood as positively changed. Higher apathy and anxiety ratings were found in the negative change group.

Conclusions

Our results show that a high proportion of PD patients and caregivers perceived personality changes under STN-DBS, emphasizing the relevance of this topic. Mood changed in positive and negative directions. Standard measurement scales failed to adequately reflect personality or mood changes subjectively perceived by patients. A more individualized preoperative screening and preparation for patients and caregivers, as well as postoperative support, could therefore be useful.
Absence of a Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age and twentieth century warming in Skarvsnes, Lützow Holm Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Tavernier Ines , Verleyen Elie , Hodgson Dominic A. , Heirman Katrien , Roberts Stephen J. , Imura Satoshi , Kudoh Sakae , Sabbe Koen , De Batist Marc , Vyverman Wim
Published: May 2014

Palaeoclimate changes, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, are well-defined in the Northern Hemisphere during the past 2000 years. In contrast, these anomalies appear to be either absent, or less well-defined, in high-latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we inferred environmental changes during the past two millennia from proxies in a sediment core from Mago Ike, an East Antarctic lake in Skarvsnes (Lützow Holm Bay). Variations in lake primary production were inferred from fossil pigments, sedimentological and geochemical proxies and combined with absolute diatom counts to infer past diatom productivity and community changes. Three distinct stratigraphic zones were recognized, resulting from a shift from marine to lacustrine conditions with a clear transition zone in between. The presence of open-water marine diatoms indicates a coastal zone seasonally free of sea ice between c. 2120–1500 cal yr bp. Subsequently, the lake became isolated from the ocean due to isostatic uplift. Freshwater conditions were established from c. 1120 cal yr bp onwards after which the proxies are considered highly sensitive to temperature changes. There is no evidence for a Medieval Climate Anomaly, Little Ice Age or twentieth century warming in our lake sediment record suggesting that studies that have imposed Northern Hemisphere climate anomalies onto Southern Hemisphere palaeoclimate records should be treated with caution.
Mathematical analysis of variational isogeometric methods
Authors: da Veiga L. Beirão , Buffa A. , Sangalli G. , Vázquez R.
Published: May 2014

This review paper collects several results that form part of the theoretical foundation of isogeometric methods. We analyse variational techniques for the numerical resolution of PDEs based on splines or NURBS and we provide optimal approximation and error estimates in several cases of interest. The theory presented also includes estimates for T-splines, which are an extension of splines allowing for local refinement. In particular, we focus our attention on elliptic and saddle point problems, and we define spline edge and face elements. Our theoretical results are demonstrated by a rich set of numerical examples. Finally, we discuss implementation and efficiency together with preconditioning issues for the final linear system.
Numerical tensor calculus
Authors: Hackbusch Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

The usual large-scale discretizations are applied to two or three spatial dimensions. The standard methods fail for higher dimensions because the data size increases exponentially with the dimension. In the case of a regular grid withngrid points per direction, a spatial dimensiondyieldsndgrid points. A grid function defined on such a grid is an example of a tensor of orderd. Here, suitable tensor formats help, since they try to approximate these huge objects by a much smaller number of parameters, which increases only linearly ind. In this way, data of sizend= 10001000can also be treated.

This paper introduces the algebraic and analytical aspects of tensor spaces. The main part concerns the numerical representation of tensors and the numerical performance of tensor operations.
Numerical methods with controlled dissipation for small-scale dependent shocks
Authors: LeFloch Philippe G. , Mishra Siddhartha
Published: May 2014

We provide a ‘user guide’ to the literature of the past twenty years concerning the modelling and approximation of discontinuous solutions to nonlinear hyperbolic systems that admitsmall-scale dependentshock waves. We cover several classes of problems and solutions: nonclassical undercompressive shocks, hyperbolic systems in nonconservative form, and boundary layer problems. We review the relevant models arising in continuum physics and describe the numerical methods that have been proposed to capture small-scale dependent solutions. In agreement with general well-posedness theory, small-scale dependent solutions are characterized by akinetic relation, a family of paths, or anadmissible boundary set. We provide a review of numerical methods (front-tracking schemes, finite difference schemes, finite volume schemes), which, at the discrete level, reproduce the effect of the physically meaningful dissipation mechanisms of interest in the applications. An essential role is played by theequivalent equationassociated with discrete schemes, which is found to be relevant even for solutions containing shock waves.
Prehospital Characteristics in the North East Department of Haiti: A Cross-sectional Study from a Low-income Setting Without Prehospital Systems
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Gore Robert , Decome Isnelle , De Wulf Annelies , Bloem Christina
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Although prehospital care is recognized as key in health systems development, it has been largely neglected in Haiti. The North East Department is one of the poorest areas of Haiti, and is a region where no data on out-of-hospital health care exists. This research assessed prehospital characteristics in the North East Department with the aim of providing baseline data to inform prehospital systems development.

Methods

In this observational study, data were collected from patients presenting at the Fort Liberté Hospital, the public regional referral health center in the North East Department. Data were accrued from April 2, 2012 through June 5, 2012. All patients accessing acute care at the hospital were eligible for enrollment. After obtaining consent, data on demographics, health needs, and prehospital information were gathered via a standardized questionnaire administered by hospital staff trained in study protocols.

Results

Data were collected from 441 patient visits. The median age was 24 years, with 62% of the population being female. Medical complaints comprised 75% of visits, with fever and gastrointestinal complaints being the most common reasons for presentation. Traumatic injuries accounted for 25% of encounters, with an equal distribution of blunt and penetrating events. Extremity injuries were the most common traumatic subclassification. The majority of patients (67.2%) were transported by motorcycle taxi and paid transport fees. Trauma patients were more likely to be transported without charge (OR = 9.10; 95% CI, 2.19-37.76;P< .001). Medical patients were most commonly brought from home (78.5%) and trauma patients from a road/street setting (42.9%). Median time to presentation was 240 minutes (IQR = 120-500) and 65 minutes (IQR = 30-150) for medical and trauma complaints, respectively (P< .001). Eleven percent of patients reported receiving care prior to arrival. As compared with medical patients, trauma victims were less likely to have received prehospital care.

Conclusions

Assessing prehospital care in this low-income setting that lacks surveillance systems was feasible and required minimal resources. Motorcycle taxi drivers function as the primary emergency transport mechanism and may represent an access point for prehospital interventions in the North East Department of Haiti. Out-of-hospital care is nearly nonexistent in the region and its development has the potential to yield public health benefits.

AluisioAR,GoreR,DecomeI,De WulfA,BloemC.Prehospital characteristics in the North East Department of Haiti: a cross-sectional study from a low-income setting without prehospital systems.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(3):1-7.
Local food environments are associated with girls’ energy, sugar-sweetened beverage and snack-food intakes
Authors: Deierlein Andrea L , Galvez Maida P , Yen Irene H , Pinney Susan M , Biro Frank M , Kushi Lawrence H , Teitelbaum Susan , Wolff Mary S
Published: May 2014

Objective

To describe availability and frequency of use of local snack-food outlets and determine whether reported use of these outlets was associated with dietary intakes.

Design

Data were cross-sectional. Availability and frequency of use of three types of local snack-food outlets were reported. Daily dietary intakes were based on the average of up to four 24 h dietary recalls. Multivariable linear regression models estimated average daily intakes of energy, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and snack foods/sweets associated with use of outlets.

Setting

Multi-site, observational cohort study in the USA, 2004–2006.

Subjects

Girls aged 6–8 years (n1010).

Results

Weekly frequency of use of local snack-food outlets increased with number of available types of outlets. Girls with access to only one type of outlet reported consuming food/beverage items less frequently than girls with access to two or three types of outlets (P<0·001). Girls’ daily energy, SSB and snack foods/sweets intakes increased with greater use of outlets. Girls who reported using outlets>1 to 3 times/week consumed 0·27 (95 % CI 0·13, 0·40) servings of SSB more daily than girls who reported no use. Girls who reported using outlets>3 times/week consumed 449·61 (95 % CI 134·93, 764·29) kJ, 0·43 (95 % CI 0·29, 0·58) servings of SSB and 0·38 (95 % CI 0·12, 0·65) servings of snack foods/sweets more daily than those who reported no use.

Conclusions

Girls’ frequency of use of local snack-food outlets increases with the number of available types of outlets and is associated with greater daily intakes of energy and servings of SSB and snack foods/sweets.
Microstructural Characterization of an Al-Li-Mg-Cu Alloy by Correlative Electron Tomography and Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Xiong Xiangyuan , Weyland Matthew
Published: May 2014

Correlative electron tomography and atom probe tomography have been carried out successfully on the same region of a commercial 8090 aluminum alloy (Al-Li-Mg-Cu). The combination of the two techniques allows accurate geometric reconstruction of the atom probe tomography data verified by crystallographic information retrieved from the reconstruction. Quantitative analysis of the precipitate phase compositions and volume fractions of each phase have been obtained from the atom probe tomography and electron tomography at various scales, showing strong agreement between both techniques.
Oxide Impurities in Silicon Oxide Intermetal Dielectrics and Their Potential to Elevate Via-Resistances
Authors: Qin Wentao , Alldredge Donavan , Heleotes Douglas , Elkind Alexander , Theodore N. David , Fejes Peter , Vadipour Mostafa , Godek Bill , Lerner Norman
Published: May 2014

Silicon oxide used as an intermetal dielectric (IMD) incorporates oxide impurities during both its formation and subsequent processing to create vias in the IMD. Without a sufficient degassing of the IMD, oxide impurities released from the IMD during the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of the glue layer of the vias had led to an oxidation of the glue layer and eventual increase of the via resistances, which correlated with the O-to-Si atomic ratio of the IMD being ~10% excessive as verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. A vacuum bake of the IMD was subsequently implemented to enhance outgassing of the oxide impurities in the IMD before the glue layer deposition. The implementation successfully reduced the via resistances to an acceptable level.
A conceptual model to facilitate transitions from primary care to specialty substance use disorder care: a review of the literature
Authors: Cucciare Michael A. , Coleman Eric A. , Timko Christine
Published: May 2014

Aim

This article presents a conceptual model to help facilitate the transition from primary care to specialty substance use disorder (SUD) care for appropriate patients.

Background

Substance misuse is a common health condition among patients presenting to primary care settings and may complicate the treatment of chronic health conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. It is therefore critical that primary care providers be prepared to identify and determine appropriate treatment options for patients presenting with substance misuse.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review that occurred in three stages: literature review of health care transition models, identification of conceptual domains common across care transition models, and identification of SUD-specific model elements.

Findings

The conceptual model presented describes patient, provider, and system-level facilitators and barriers to the transition process, and includes intervention strategies that can be utilized by primary care clinics to potentially improve the process of transitioning patients from primary care to SUD care. Recognizing that primary care clinics vary in available resources, we present three examples of care practices along an intensity continuum from low (counseling and referral) to moderate (telephone monitoring) to high (intensive case management) resource demands for adoption. We also provide a list of common outcomes clinics might consider when evaluating the impact of care transition practices in this patient population; these include process outcomes such as patients’ increased knowledge of available treatment resources, and health outcomes such as patients’ reduced substance use and better quality of life.
Canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders
Authors: Sattasathuchana Panpicha , Steiner Jörg M.
Published: May 2014

Eosinophils play a crucial role in the inflammatory response in conjunction with both innate and adaptive immunity. Eosinophils have long been recognized as inflammatory leukocytes that are particularly important in patients with parasitic infestations. However, recent studies in veterinary medicine demonstrate a number of canine eosinophilic gastrointestinal (GI) disorders unrelated to a parasitic infestation. Although the underlying pathophysiology behind eosinophilic infiltration of the canine GI tract remains uncertain, medical intervention aiming to decrease the activation of eosinophils seems effective in reducing symptoms and preventing organ damage. This review focuses on the biology of eosinophils and their products. It describes, the composition of eosinophil granules, mechanisms of eosinophil activation, and eosinophil-related disease processes leading to organ damage. Even though the main clinical signs of canine eosinophilic gastroenteritis, vomiting and diarrhea, are similar to those of other types of gastroenteritis, the clinical response and prognosis are worse for this condition. The clinical signs and diagnostic approach for eosinophilic GI disorders are described and compared between canine and human patients for each region of GI tract, from the esophagus to the colon. Moreover, the current treatments for this syndrome in canine and human patients are summarized and paralleled. The comparative study of canine and human patients with eosinophilic gastroenteritis will advance the understanding of this syndrome in both species and may lead to the development of novel treatment strategies.
Adsorption of HCN onto sodium montmorillonite dependent on the pH as a component to chemical evolution
Authors: Colin-Garcia M. , Heredia A. , Negron-Mendoza A. , Ortega F. , Pi T. , Ramos-Bernal S.
Published: May 2014

The aim of this work is to study the behaviour of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) adsorbed onto mineral surfaces (sodium montmorillonite, a clay mineral) in different pH environments as a possible prebiotic process for complexation of organics. Our experimental results show that specific sites on the surface of the clay increased the concentration of HCN molecules dependent on the pH values. Moreover, this adsorption can occur through physical and chemical interactions enhanced by the channel structure of the sodium montmorillonite. The three-dimensional channelling structure of the clay accumulates the organics, hindering the releasing (desorption) of the organic molecules. A molecular model developed here also confirms the role of the pH as a regulating factor in the adsorption of HCN onto the inorganic surfaces and the possibility for further reactions forming more complex molecules, as an abiotic mechanism important in prebiotic chemical evolution processes.
APULEIANA: TEXTUAL NOTES ON BOOK I OF THE METAMORPHOSES
Authors: Kenney E. J.
Published: May 2014

Zimmerman's edition of this extraordinary novel (Oxford 2012) offers a well-constituted text based on consistently reliable editorial judgement, together with a substantial and informative preface and a full bibliography. But the last critical word has never been said, and a study of Book I has thrown up the following selection of passages which it is suggested may deserve further editorial attention.
QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC ON THE RATIONAL LINE
Authors: KREMER PHILIP
Published: May 2014

In the topological semantics for propositional modal logic, S4 is known to be complete for the class of all topological spaces, for the rational line, for Cantor space, and for the real line. In the topological semantics for quantified modal logic, QS4 is known to be complete for the class of all topological spaces, and for the family of subspaces of the irrational line. The main result of the current paper is that QS4 is complete, indeed strongly complete, for the rational line.
WHAT IS THE CORRECT LOGIC OF NECESSITY, ACTUALITY AND APRIORITY?
Authors: FRITZ PETER
Published: May 2014

This paper is concerned with a propositional modal logic with operators for necessity, actuality and apriority. The logic is characterized by a class of relational structures defined according to ideas of epistemic two-dimensional semantics, and can therefore be seen as formalizing the relations between necessity, actuality and apriority according to epistemic two-dimensional semantics. We can ask whether this logic is correct, in the sense that its theorems are all and only the informally valid formulas. This paper gives outlines of two arguments that jointly show that this is the case. The first is intended to show that the logic is informally sound, in the sense that all of its theorems are informally valid. The second is intended to show that it is informally complete, in the sense that all informal validities are among its theorems. In order to give these arguments, a number of independently interesting results concerning the logic are proven. In particular, the soundness and completeness of two proof systems with respect to the semantics is proven (Theorems 2.11 and 2.15), as well as a normal form theorem (Theorem 3.2), an elimination theorem for the actuality operator (Corollary 3.6), and the decidability of the logic (Corollary 3.7). It turns out that the logic invalidates a plausible principle concerning the interaction of apriority and necessity; consequently, a variant semantics is briefly explored on which this principle is valid. The paper concludes by assessing the implications of these results for epistemic two-dimensional semantics.
Millimeter-wave hetero-integrated sources in InP-on-BiCMOS technology
Authors: Jensen Thomas , Al-Sawaf Thualfiqar , Lisker Marco , Glisic Srdjan , Elkhouly Mohamed , Kraemer Tomas , Ostermay Ina , Meliani Chafik , Tillack Bernd , Krozer Viktor , Krueger Olaf , Heinrich Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

The paper presents millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal sources using a hetero-integrated InP-on-BiCMOS semiconductor technology. Mm-wave signal sources feature fundamental frequency voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) in BiCMOS, which drive frequency multiplier–amplifier chains in transferred-substrate (TS) InP-DHBT technology, heterogeneously integrated on top of the BiCMOS wafer in a wafer-level bonding process. Both circuits are biased through a single set of bias pads and compact low-loss transitions from BiCMOS to InP circuits and vice versa have been developed, which allows seamless signal routing through both technologies exhibiting 0.5 dB insertion loss up to 200 GHz. One VCO operates at 82 GHz with a tuning range of 600 MHz and an output power of approximately 8 dBm. A frequency doubler combined with this VCO circuit delivers 0 dBm at 164 GHz and a frequency tripler with a similar VCO delivers −10 dBm at 246 GHz. Another hetero-integrated W-band doubler–amplifier circuit demonstrates 12.9 dBm saturated output power with 5.9 dB conversion gain at 96 GHz. A direct comparison of the TS InP-DHBT MMIC with either silicon or traditional AlN carrier substrates shows the favorable properties of the hetero-integrated process discussed here. The results demonstrate the feasibility of hetero-integrated circuits operating well above 100 GHz.
Synthesis of hexagonal planar array using swarm-based optimization algorithms
Authors: Chatterjee Anirban , Mandal Debasis
Published: May 2014

Nature inspired optimization algorithms, namely artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization and firefly algorithm (FA), have been applied to synthesize beam patterns of a hexagonal planar array of isotropic elements. Two different cases, comprising two different beam patterns of a pencil beam and a square footprint pattern over a bounded region with lower peak sidelobe levels are presented. The pencil beam is generated by thinning the uniformly excited array and the square footprint pattern is generated by imposing optimum amplitudes, phases, and their corresponding states (“on”/“off”) to the array elements. The optimum values of the parameters for both the cases are computed using ABC and FA individually, and the superiority of FA over ABC for the proposed problem in terms of computing solutions for both the cases is established.
Basal ganglia and restricted and repetitive behaviours in Autism Spectrum Disorders: current status and future perspectives
Authors: Calderoni S. , Bellani M. , Hardan A. Y. , Muratori F. , Brambilla P.
Published: May 2014

This editorial offers a concise overview of the recent structural magnetic resonance imaging studies that evaluate the basal ganglia (BG) volumes in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The putative relationship between the repetitive or stereotyped behaviours of ASD and BG volumes is also explored, with a focus on possible translational approaches.
siRNA delivery targeting to the lung via agglutination-induced accumulation and clearance of cationic tetraamino fullerene
Authors: MINAMI Kosuke , OKAMOTO Koji , DOI Kent , HARANO Koji , NOIRI Eisei , NAKAMURA Eiichi
Published: May 2014

The efficient treatment of lung diseases requires lung-selective delivery of agents to the lung. However, lung-selective delivery is difficult because the accumulation of micrometer-sized carriers in the lung often induces inflammation and embolization-related toxicity. Here we demonstrate a lung-selective delivery system of small interfering RNA (siRNA) by controlling the size of carrier vehicle in blood vessels. The carrier is made of tetra(piperazino)fullerene epoxide (TPFE), a water-soluble cationic tetraamino fullerene. TPFE and siRNA form sub-micrometer-sized complexes in buffered solution and these complexes agglutinate further with plasma proteins in the bloodstream to form micrometer-sized particles. The agglutinate rapidly clogs the lung capillaries, releases the siRNA into lung cells to silence expression of target genes and is then cleared rapidly from the lung after siRNA delivery. We applied our delivery system to an animal model of sepsis, indicating the potential of TPFE-based siRNA delivery for clinical applications.
Dissecting the cell to nucleus, perinucleus and cytosol
Authors: Shaiken Tattym E. , Opekun Antone R.
Published: May 2014

Cells have been described under the microscope as organelles containing cytoplasm and the nucleus. However, an unnoted structure exists between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells. In addition to the nuclear envelope, there exists a perinuclear region (PNR or perinucleus) with unknown composition and function. Until now, an investigation of the role of the perinucleus has been restricted by the absence of a PNR isolation method. This manuscript describes a perinucleus isolation technique on the basis of its unique compact organization. The perinucleus was found to contain approximately 15 to 18% of the total proteins of the mammalian cell, almost half of the proteins of nuclei. Using four different normal and cancer cell lines, it was shown that the composition of PNR is highly dynamic. Application of the method showed that translocation of the p53 tumor-suppressor protein to the perinucleus in immortalized MEF cells is correlated with the translocation of p53-stabilizing protein, nucleophosmin (B23), to the PNR. Herein, the concept of the perinuclear region is advanced as a formal, identifiable structure. The roles of the perinucleus in maintaining genome integrity, regulation of gene expression and understanding of malignant transformation are discussed.
The independent association between diet quality and body composition
Authors: Drenowatz Clemens , Shook Robin P. , Hand Gregory A. , Hébert James R. , Blair Steven N.
Published: May 2014

Excess body weight is associated with an imbalance between energy expenditure and dietary intake but evidence on the association between diet quality and body composition remains equivocal. Rather than relying on differences in diet quality between overweight/obese and normal weight adults, this study examined the association between the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and body fatness on a continuous scale, independent of physical activity (PA). Further the association between components of the HEI-2010 and risk for overweight/obesity was explored. 407 adults (27.6 ± 3.7 years) provided at least two 24-hour diet recalls over a period of 14 days, which were used to calculate the HEI-2010. Percent body fat (BF) was assessed via dual X-ray absorptiometry and PA was determined via a multi-sensor device, worn over a period of 10 days. PA was a stronger contributor to the variability in BF than the HEI-2010 and the association between HEI-2010 and BF was significant only in men. Particularly a high consumption of protein, sodium and empty calories increased the risk for overweight/obesity. Adherence to dietary guidelines positively affects body fatness in men, independent of PA. In contrast to current dietary recommendations, the risk for overweight/obesity was increased with a higher protein intake.
A single-molecule force-spectroscopic study on stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA by a telomerase inhibitor
Authors: Funayama Ryoto , Nakahara Yoshio , Kado Shinpei , Tanaka Mutsuo , Kimura Keiichi
Published: May 2014

The stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA by a telomerase inhibitor was semi-quantitatively evaluated by AFM-based SMFS.
Quantitation of ten flavor compounds in unburned tobacco products
Authors: Lisko Joseph G. , Stanfill Stephen B. , Watson Clifford H.
Published: May 2014

We outline a versatile method which can be used to quantitate flavor compounds in multiple types of tobacco products.
Chemically diverse polymer microarrays and high throughput surface characterisation: a method for discovery of materials for stem cell culture
Authors: Celiz A. D. , Smith J. G. W. , Patel A. K. , Langer R. , Anderson D. G. , Barrett D. A. , Young L. E. , Davies M. C. , Denning C. , Alexander M. R.
Published: May 2014

Chemically diverse polymer microarrays as a powerful screening tool for the discovery of new materials for a variety of applications.
Ultrafast on-site selective visual detection of TNT at sub-ppt level using fluorescent gold cluster incorporated single nanofiber
Authors: Senthamizhan Anitha , Celebioglu Asli , Uyar Tamer
Published: May 2014

Single nanofiber embedded fluorescent gold cluster based sensor for selective detection of TNT at sub-ppt level.
Spiro-fused six-membered N-heterocyclic carbene: a new scaffold toward unique properties and activities
Authors: Yang Bin-Miao , Xiang Kai , Tu Yong-Qiang , Zhang Shi-Heng , Yang Deng-Tao , Wang Shao-Hua , Zhang Fu-Ming
Published: May 2014

A new six-membered N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) fused with a spiro-scaffold has been designed and synthesized.
Studying the dynamic behaviour of porphyrins as prototype functional molecules by scanning tunnelling microscopy close to room temperature
Authors: Marbach H. , Steinrück H.-P.
Published: May 2014

Scanning tunnelling microscopy of the dynamics of functional molecules (porphyrins) close to room temperature enables a detailed determination of the thermodynamic potentials including entropic contributions of the underlying processes.