bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bracara Augusta
Authors: Fontes Luís , Martins Manuela
Published: June 2016

Bracara Augusta (Braga) in northwest Iberia was founded by Augustus. In the third century it became the capital of the Roman province of Gallaecia and subsequently of the Swabian kingdom. Extensive excavations have yielded much information about the city. The most important contributions of archaeology include the identification of the original urban plan, the discovery of public and private buildings, and the study of the necropolis. From these discoveries, it is possible to sketch the topographic evolution of the city from its foundation until Late Antiquity.
Agios Vasilios in Lakonia
Authors: Karadimas Nektarios
Published: June 2016

The archaeological site of Agios Vasilios is located south of Sparta (Lakonia, Greece). Excavations are uncovering a new Mycenaean palace, with the only Linear B archive ever found in Lakonia. The site has been excavated systematically since 2010 by Adamantia Vasilogamvrou, Ephor Emerita of Antiquities, under the auspices of the Archaeological Society at Athens.
Aithiopia: Appendix (
FGrH
673)
Authors: Champion Craige B.
Published: June 2016

Aithiopia: Appendix (
FGrH
673) is a collection of ancient references to Aithiopia (Ethiopia) in ancient Greek and Latin texts, compiled by Felix Jacoby in
Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker
.
Archontiko in Macedonia
Authors: Saripanidi Vivi
Published: June 2016

The ancient settlement at Archontiko, near Giannitsa, was inhabited from the Middle Neolithic to the Late Byzantine period. Apart from the remains of domestic quarters from various chronological phases, excavations at this site have brought to light a series of cemeteries, which date from the Early Iron Age to the beginning of the Hellenistic period. The finds from the West Cemetery in particular suggest that, in the sixth and early fifth centuries BCE, local mortuary practices acquired a manifestly ostentatious dimension.
Epimenides of Crete
Authors: Oikonomaki Androniki
Published: June 2016

Epimenides was a semi‐mythical Cretan seer, purifier, poet, and historian from Knossos, who is said to have been active in the late seventh to the sixth century
bce
. He was renowned as the “favorite of heaven,” the “New Kouros,” and the seventh Wise Man of antiquity. He was said to have purified Athens from the plague caused by the murder of Kylon's followers and to have written epic poems, including
Theogony
and
Argonautica
, and a prose work on the history of Crete.
Evans, Arthur
Authors: Shapland Andrew
Published: June 2016

Biography of Sir Arthur Evans, excavator of Knossos and a key figure in the development of Minoan archaeology.
Mycenaeanization
Authors: Cutler Joanne
Published: June 2016

Mycenaeanization is a term used to describe the adoption of elements of Greek mainland Mycenaean material culture, and the behaviors these represent, at sites throughout the southern Aegean during the later Late Bronze Age.
Pellana in Lakonia
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M.
Published: June 2016

Pellana is situated near the Eurotas River, some 27 km north of Sparta. Inhabited since at least the Early Bronze Age, it became a major center in the Mycenaean period. In Classical and Hellenistic times, it was a Spartan frontier town.
Portes in Achaia
Authors: Giannopoulos Theodoros G.
Published: June 2016

Portes is a prehistoric site in the southwestern part of Achaia, in the northwestern Peloponnese in southern Greece. It is particularly important for its Late Bronze Age or Mycenaean cemetery, which was in use throughout this period (1700–1050
bce
). Comprising tumuli, several types of rectangular built and cist graves as well as tholos and chamber tombs, the prehistoric cemetery of Portes is the epitome of most of the burial customs practiced in Late Bronze Age Greece. Of great importance among the finds is a rich warrior burial of the Late Helladic IIIC period (twelfth–eleventh century
bce
).
Akanthos
Authors: Perron Martin
Published: June 2016

Akanthos is a Greek colony of the Cycladic island of Andros founded on the eastern prong (Akte) of Chalcidice. According to literary sources, the colony was established in 655/654
bce
on a former Thracian settlement located near the modern village of Ierissos. Archaeological excavations conducted at the site have delivered locally made Iron Age pottery and imports from the south and the east Aegean. Iron Age structures are also attested. During the Archaic and later periods, Akanthos was considered a prosperous city, as confirmed by its silver coinage, its numbers of pottery kilns, and its vast necropolis of over 14,000 tombs. The city was occupied until the Late Byzantine period.
Cycladic figurines
Authors: Papadimitriou Nikos
Published: June 2016

Cycladic figurines were marble statuettes produced in the islands of the Cyclades in the third millennium
bce
. They depict mostly nude females and are widely thought to represent fertility deities, although other interpretations are also proposed. Carved in highly abstract styles, they became very popular among twentieth‐century modernist artists and also among looters. They have been found in tombs, settlements, and in an extraordinary deposit on the island of Keros, which contained hundreds of broken figurines and may have been the site of a prehistoric sanctuary.
Francavilla Marittima
Authors: Donnellan Lieve
Published: June 2016

Francavilla Marittima is a Middle Bronze Age and Early Iron Age site located in Calabria, southern Italy. It is particularly important for the study of encounters between native Oinotrians and Greek and Phoenician colonists in the Early Iron Age, and stands out for its distinct hybrid pottery production and temple architecture. Its late eighth‐century
bce
wooden temple is unique for the history of ancient architecture.
Liman Tepe
Authors: Kelder Jorrit M.
Published: June 2016

Liman Tepe is a settlement hill on the Anatolian west coast, close to modern‐day Izmir. The site was of special importance during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, when it was a major hub for maritime trade, but remained inhabited until the Classical period, when it was known as Clazomenae.
Sharrumma
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: June 2016

Sharrumma is a god of unclear character who enjoyed some prominence in the Hurrian‐ influenced cult of the Hittite Empire period, particularly in Kizzuwatna/Cilicia and northern Syria. As demonstrated by his presence in theophoric names, his worship in southern Anatolia continued into the Hellenistic age.
Garbage
Authors: Boozer Anna Lucille
Published: June 2016

Garbage is material deemed to be of no present or future value to an individual or to society so it is taken out of circulation. It can be found in primary, secondary, or informal disposals. This material is useful to both archaeologists and papyrologists for reconstructing seriation, daily life, and social conventions.
Medicine, Hittite
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: June 2016

Owing to a paucity of relevant sources, we know rather little about Hittite medical practice, but it is clear that native therapies relied as much on magic as upon what moderns would recognize as medicine. Practitioners from Babylonia and Egypt, whose expertise was acknowledged to be superior to that of local physicians, were welcome at the Hittite court.
Althiburos
Authors: Cordovana Orietta Dora
Published: June 2016

Althiburos was a flourishing settlement in north‐central Tunisia. Apart from its economic importance in agricultural production and trade, it provides evidence of relations at different levels among Punic, Numidian, and Roman elements. Thus it is a valuable case study for understanding the dynamics of cultural exchange in North Africa under the Roman Empire. The town was granted of the legal status of
municipium
by the emperor Hadrian probably in 128
ce
. The urban area developed especially during the second century
ce
, when it was monumentalized by fine public buildings and wealthy private houses.
Rostovtzeff, Michael I. (1870–1952)
Authors: Meyer Caspar
Published: June 2016

Rostovtzeff is mostly known for his seminal books on the social and economic history of the Roman Empire and the Hellenistic world, written in the United States after escaping the Bolshevik Revolution in his native Russia. Owing to his stress on “middle‐class” merchants, industrialists, and bankers as the backbone of ancient civilization, his work became embroiled in the controversy on the nature of the ancient economy. This debate, now considered increasingly fruitless, has overshadowed the colossal contributions Rostovtzeff made to the study of ancient wall‐painting, Scythian animal art, and central Asian archaeology, and the potential these subjects hold out for understanding processes of cultural interaction and fusion.
Sybrita
Authors: Antoniadis Vyron
Published: June 2016

At the end of the Bronze Age, a defensive and most probably a refuge settlement was established on the summit of the Kephala hill in the Amari valley. It remained occupied throughout the Early Iron Age until a new settlement developed on the southeastern slopes of Kephala in the seventh century
bce
. This new site, Sybrita, became the most important polis in the Amari valley during the Archaic and Classical periods and flourished especially in the Hellenistic and Roman times.
Arzawa
Authors: Bryce Trevor R.
Published: June 2016

“Arzawa” was the term applied in Hittite texts to a number of lands in western and southwestern Anatolia during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. These lands were frequently at war with the Hittites, and although they were eventually reduced to Hittite vassal status, they remained volatile and unreliable subjects until the end of the Hittite empire (early twelfth century
bce
). Their populations contained a substantial Indo‐European population, consisting of Luwian and perhaps also Proto‐Carian elements, intermixed with earlier, non‐Indo‐European population groups.
Exegetai
Authors: Guía Miriam Valdés
Published: June 2016

The
exegetai
were, in Athens, the interpreters of the “sacred laws and ancestral customs” (
patria kai hiera
), offering their advice on various matters such as purification rituals after homicides, as well as in funerary rites. These specialists are first described in detail by Plato, though the exegetic tradition of the “unwritten laws” probably originates during the Archaic period. There are three types of (known)
exegetai
: the
pythochrestoi
, the Eumolpid
exegetai
, and the Eupatrid
exegetai
.
Ahiram of Byblos
Authors: Vacek Alexander
Published: June 2016

Ahiram was the father of Ittobaal, king of Byblos. Both are mentioned in an inscription carved on a sarcophagus discovered in tomb V in the royal necropolis of Byblos in 1923, but only Ittobaal is designated as king. The date of the monument is disputed and the current evidence suggests that Ahiram lived between 1300 and 1000
bce
. His inscribed sarcophagus is the most important artistic monument of Early Iron Age Phoenicia.
Calama (Guelma, Algeria)
Authors: Ikherbane Mohand‐Akli
Published: June 2016

Calama (modern Guelma) is a Numidian and Roman city in northeastern Algeria. It lay in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. Libyo‐Phoenician stelae and titulature attest Punic origins of the city. Christian politics in Calama are discussed by Augustine, whose friend Possidius was bishop there in the early fifth century. Surviving archaeological remains include a theater, baths, and a Late Antique wall.
Factio
(Roman Republic)
Authors: Tatum W. J.
Published: June 2016

Factio
, in Roman usage, is ordinarily a pejorative word referring to political cooperation aimed at unsavory purposes. It is never used by the Romans in referring neutrally to any recognized political alliance which engaged in an appropriate contest for leadership in the state. Modern historians of Rome not infrequently employ the word otherwise, as if
factio
were a Latin equivalent of
faction
.
Megasthenes of Chalkis
Authors: Donnellan Lieve
Published: June 2016

Megasthenes was an aristocrat from Chalkis in Euboea, who founded Cumae (Kyme), a Greek apoikia (colony) in Southern Italy. Megasthenes was oikistes (founder) together with Hippokles of Kyme in Aeolia. Together, they are the earliest known oikistai from the Greek world.
Is There an Association Between a History of Running and Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis? A Cross‐Sectional Study From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Lo Grace H. , Driban Jeffrey B. , Kriska Andrea M. , McAlindon Timothy E. , Souza Richard B. , Petersen Nancy J. , Storti Kristi L. , Eaton Charles B. , Hochberg Marc C. , Jackson Rebecca D. , Kent Kwoh C. , Nevitt Michael C. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Regular physical activity, including running, is recommended based on known cardiovascular and mortality benefits. However, controversy exists regarding whether running can be harmful to knees. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship of running with knee pain, radiographic osteoarthritis (OA), and symptomatic OA.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study of Osteoarthritis Initiative participants (2004–2014) with knee radiograph readings, symptom assessments, and completed lifetime physical activity surveys. Using logistic regression, we evaluated the association of history of leisure running with the outcomes of frequent knee pain, radiographic OA, and symptomatic OA. Symptomatic OA required at least 1 knee with both radiographic OA and pain.

Results

Of 2,637 participants, 55.8% were female, the mean ± SD age was 64.3 ± 8.9 years, and the mean ± SD body mass index was 28.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2; 29.5% of these participants ran at some time in their lives. Unadjusted odds ratios of pain, radiographic OA, and symptomatic OA for those prior runners and current runners compared to those who never ran were 0.83 and 0.71 (P for trend = 0.002), 0.83 and 0.78 (P for trend = 0.01), and 0.81 and 0.64 (P for trend = 0.0006), respectively. Adjusted models were similar, except radiographic OA results were attenuated.

Conclusion

There is no increased risk of symptomatic knee OA among self‐selected runners compared with nonrunners in a cohort recruited from the community. In those without OA, running does not appear to be detrimental to the knees.
Obesity Trends Among US Adults With Doctor‐Diagnosed Arthritis 2009–2014
Authors: Barbour Kamil E. , Helmick Charles G. , Boring Michael , Qin Jin , Pan Liping , Hootman Jennifer M.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Arthritis and obesity are common co‐occurring conditions that can increase disability and the risk of adverse outcomes (e.g., total knee replacement).

Methods

We estimated recent obesity trends among adults with arthritis from 2009 to 2014, overall and by various sociodemographic and health characteristics using data from National Health Interview Survey, an ongoing, nationally representative, in‐person household self‐reported survey of the noninstitutionalized civilian US. A secondary aim was to examine the distribution of body mass index categories among adults with and without arthritis.

Results

Obesity prevalence did not change significantly over time among middle‐aged and younger adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis either overall (P = 0.925 for both groups) or by demographic and health characteristics. Among older adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis, the unadjusted obesity prevalence was 29.4% in 2009 and 34.3% in 2014; after adjusting for all demographic and health characteristics, there was a significant relative increase in obesity prevalence (15% [95% confidence interval 6–25]) and over time (P = 0.001). The age‐standardized prevalence of obesity and the obesity subclasses I, II, and III among adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis (compared with adults without doctor‐diagnosed arthritis) was 40.3% versus 26.3%, 20.1% versus 16.4%, 10.4% versus 6.2%, and 9.8% versus 3.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for all 4 comparisons).

Conclusion

Obesity increased significantly over time among older adults with arthritis and remains high when compared with adults without arthritis. A greater dissemination of interventions focused on physical activity and diet are needed in order to reduce adverse outcomes associated with obesity and arthritis.
Three Decades of Auxetics Research − Materials with Negative Poisson's Ratio: A Review
Authors: Saxena Krishna Kumar , Das Raj , Calius Emilio P.
Published: June 2016

Material properties can be tailored through modification of their geometry or architecture. With this concept, a lot of smart materials, metamaterials, and smart structures have been developed. Auxetic materials and structures are a novel class of materials which exhibit an interesting property of negative Poisson's ratio. By virtue of the auxetic behavior, mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, indentation resistance, etc., can be improved. In order to exploit the interesting properties of auxetic materials, several potential applications of auxetic materials have been explored in medical, sports, automobile, defense, etc. Design and modeling of novel auxetic materials and structures is still on the way. Here, the article focuses upon the different aspects of auxetic materials and structures. A comprehensive updated review of auxetic materials, their types and properties, and applications has been presented. This paper also discusses the design and modeling approaches of auxetic structures.
A Directly Fused Subporphyrin Dimer with a Wavelike Structure
Authors: Okuda Yasuhiro , Tsurumaki Eiji , Oh Juwon , Sung Jooyoung , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2016

[Ni(cod)2]‐mediated intramolecular reductive coupling of β–β′ linked meso,meso′‐dibromosubporphyrin dimer gave the anti‐isomer of meso–meso′, β–β′ doubly linked subporphyrin dimer as the first example of a fused subporphyrin dimer. The fused dimer 3anti displays an wavelike coplanar structure, a perturbed and red‐shifted absorption spectrum, reversible redox behaviors with a decreased electrochemical HOMO–LUMO band gap, and a short S1‐state lifetime owing to the delocalized π‐electronic network.
Evaluation of viscosity and printing quality of chitosan‐based flexographic inks: The effect of chitosan molecular weight
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Guo Ting , Li Houbin
Published: June 2016

Inks composed of renewable resources are important for the environment protection. We report preparation of a new type of edible chitosan‐based flexographic ink. The performance of three inks, containing three different molecular weight (MW) chitosan, was analyzed by the different experimental techniques. The Ink viscosity was investigated from the parameters shear rate, time, temperature, and flexographic printing simulation. The printing quality on coated paper was studied by the scratch resistance, contact angle, print fastness, chromatic aberration, and dot gain. Viscosity recovery rate reached 69% after 6 s, and the print fastness was up to 91%. The experimental ΔE is 0.97, the dot gain is 23%, and contact angle is 69° for the best ink. Experimental results indicate that the developed ink is suitable for the flexographic printing with good application prospects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43997.
Epigenetic Signatures of Salivary Gland Inflammation in Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Cole Michael B. , Quach Hong , Quach Diana , Baker Alice , Taylor Kimberly E. , Barcellos Lisa F. , Criswell Lindsey A.
Published: June 2016

Objective

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a complex multisystem autoimmune disease that results in progressive destruction of the exocrine glands. The purpose of this study was to characterize epigenetic changes in affected gland tissue and describe the relationship of these changes to known inflammatory processes.

Methods

A genome‐wide DNA methylation study was performed on human labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy samples obtained from 28 female members of the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Registry. Gland tissue was methylotyped using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip platform, followed by rigorous probe‐filtering and data‐normalization procedures.

Results

A genome‐wide case–control study of 26 of the 28 subjects revealed 7,820 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) associated with disease status, including 5,699 hypomethylated and 2,121 hypermethylated DMPs. Further analysis identified 57 genes that were enriched for DMPs in their respective promoters; many are involved in immune response, including 2 previously established SS genetic risk loci. Bioinformatics analysis highlighted an extended region of hypomethylation surrounding PSMB8 and TAP1, consistent with an increased frequency of antigen‐presenting cells in LSG tissue from the SS cases. Transcription factor motif enrichment analysis revealed the specific nature of the genome‐wide methylation differences, demonstrating colocalization of SS‐associated DMPs with stress‐ and immune response–related motifs.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the utility of CpG methylotyping as an independent probe of active disease processes in SS, offering unique insights into the composition of disease‐relevant tissue. Methylation profiling implicated several genes and pathways previously thought to be involved in disease‐related processes, as well as a number of new candidates.
Inositol, neural tube closure and the prevention of neural tube defects
Authors: Greene Nicholas D.E. , Leung Kit‐Yi , Copp Andrew J.
Published: June 2016

Susceptibility to neural tube defects (NTDs), such as anencephaly and spina bifida is influenced by genetic and environmental factors including maternal nutrition. Maternal periconceptional supplementation with folic acid significantly reduces the risk of an NTD‐affected pregnancy, but does not prevent all NTDs, and “folic acid non‐responsive” NTDs continue to occur. Similarly, among mouse models of NTDs, some are responsive to folic acid but others are not.

Among nutritional factors, inositol deficiency causes cranial NTDs in mice while supplemental inositol prevents spinal and cranial NTDs in the curly tail (Grhl3 hypomorph) mouse, rodent models of hyperglycemia or induced diabetes, and in a folate‐deficiency induced NTD model. NTDs also occur in mice lacking expression of certain inositol kinases. Inositol‐containing phospholipids (phosphoinositides) and soluble inositol phosphates mediate a range of functions, including intracellular signaling, interaction with cytoskeletal proteins, and regulation of membrane identity in trafficking and cell division.

Myo‐inositol has been trialed in humans for a range of conditions and appears safe for use in human pregnancy. In pilot studies in Italy and the United Kingdom, women took inositol together with folic acid preconceptionally, after one or more previous NTD‐affected pregnancies. In nonrandomized cohorts and a randomized double‐blind study in the United Kingdom, no recurrent NTDs were observed among 52 pregnancies reported to date.

Larger‐scale fully powered trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with inositol and folic acid would more effectively prevent NTDs than folic acid alone. Birth Defects Research 109:68–80, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National trends and regional variation in immediate breast reconstruction rates
Authors: Jeevan R , Mennie J C , Mohanna P N , O'Donoghue J M , Rainsbury R M , Cromwell D A
Published: June 2016

Background

Previous studies have identified variation in immediate reconstruction (IR) rates following mastectomy for breast cancer across English regions during a period of service reorganization, a national audit and changing guidelines. This study analysed current variations in regional rates of IR in England.

Methods

Patient-level data from Hospital Episode Statistics were used to define a cohort of women who underwent primary mastectomy for invasive or in situ breast carcinoma in English National Health Service (NHS) hospitals between April 2000 and March 2014. A time series of IR rates was calculated nationally and within regions in 28 cancer networks. Regional IR rates before and after the national audit were compared, using logistic regression to adjust for patient demographics, tumour type, co-morbidity and year of mastectomy.

Results

Between 2000 and 2014, a total of 167 343 women had a mastectomy. The national IR rate was stable at around 10 per cent until 2005; it then increased to 23·3 per cent by 2013–2014. Preaudit (before January 2008), adjusted cancer network-level IR rates ranged from 4·3 to 22·6 per cent. Postaudit (after April 2009) adjusted IR rates ranged from 13·1 to 36·7 per cent, with 20 networks having IR rates between 15 and 24 per cent. The degree of change was not greatest amongst those that started with the lowest IR rates, with four networks with the largest absolute increase also starting with relatively high IR rates.

Conclusion

The national IR rate increased throughout the study period. Substantial regional variation remains, although considerable time has elapsed since a period of service reorganization, guideline revision and a national audit.
Locality preserving based data regression and its application for soft sensor modelling
Authors: Miao Aimin , Li Peng , Ye Lingjian
Published: June 2016

A new local‐based data regression technique named locality preserving regression (LPR) is developed and applied for soft sensor modelling in the present study. By taking the local variation obtained by locality preserving projections into consideration, the regression algorithm LPR is employed to construct a soft sensor model and applied to industrial case. Furthermore, to deal with the time‐varying behaviour of the process variables, just‐in‐time learning is also integrated to regularly update the soft sensor. Two case studies on a fermentation process for penicillin concentration prediction and the Tennessee Eastman process for output component prediction are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed local‐based technique for soft sensor modelling are assessed and compared with the global‐based soft sensors based on the mean square error and the coefficient of determination. Experimental results showed that the novel soft sensor model could estimate the output with higher accuracy and generalization ability than the general soft sensor based on the global information.
Online monitoring method for multiple operating batch processes based on local collection standardization and multi‐model dynamic PCA
Authors: Wang Yajun , Sun Fuming , Jia Mingxing
Published: June 2016

To handle multiple operations and non‐Gaussian problems which widely exist in complex industry processes, a new online monitoring method for multi‐operation batch processes is proposed by combing local collection standardization and multi‐model dynamic principal component analysis (LCS‐MMDPCA). Since a series of operations are often manually manipulated by operators, in general, the statistics of each batch data do not follow Gaussian distribution, which results in a failure for the construction of a multivariate statistical model. To target multiple operations and non‐Gaussian problems, we first split the complex batch processes into a sequence of stages. Subsequently, the data in each stage are clustered according to the operations. Then, we exploit the Local Collection Standardization (LCS) method to make the data belonging to the same cluster obey Gaussian distribution. At last, we adopt MMDPCA to model the complex industry processes with multiple operations and non‐Gaussian features. Experimental results on fault detection in ladle furnace steelmaking process showed the advantages of the proposed method in comparison to multiway kernel principal component analysis (MKPCA) and multiway dynamic principal component analysis (MDPCA).
Finite element analysis of the effect of medullary contact on fracture healing and remodeling in the intramedullary interlocking nail‐fixed tibia fracture
Authors: Wang Haosen , Hao Zhixiu , Wen Shizhu
Published: June 2016

Intramedullary interlocking nail is an effective treatment for tibial diaphyseal fracture. The contact between medullary rod and diaphyseal cortex is able to enhance fracture stability. However, how and to what degree the contact affects fracture healing and subsequent bone remodeling is still unclear. To investigate this, fracture healing and remodeling algorithms were combined, improved, and used to simulate the healing and remodeling processes in a transverse tibial diaphyseal fracture fixed with an intramedullary interlocking nail device. Two different diaphyseal fracture statuses, three different initial loading levels, and two nail materials were considered. The results showed that the medullary contact could significantly enhance the fixation stability; the strain reduction was up to 80% in the initial granulation callus. However, low initial loading level was found to be a more potential risk factor for the insufficient loading‐induced nonunion other than medullary contact and stiffer nail material. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of medullary contact diminished when stiff bone tissue formed in the callus; thus, the remodeling in the long‐term was not affected by medullary contact. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique Vibrational Features as a Direct Probe of Specific Antigen–Antibody Recognition at the Surface of a Solid‐Supported Hybrid Lipid Bilayer
Authors: Lis Dan , Cecchet Francesca
Published: June 2016

Here, we demonstrate how sum frequency generation (SFG), a vibrational spectroscopy based on a nonlinear three‐photon mixing process, may provide a direct and unique fingerprint of bio‐recognition; This latter can be detected with an intrinsically discriminating unspecific adsorption, thanks to the high sensitivity of the second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) response to preferential molecular orientation and symmetry properties. As a proof of concept, we have detected the biological event at the solid/liquid interface of a model bio‐active antigen platform, based on a solid‐supported hybrid lipid bilayer (ss‐HLB) of a 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) lipid, towards a monoclonal mouse anti‐DNP complementary antibody.
Conformational Restrictions in meso‐(2‐Thiazolyl)–BODIPYs: Large Stokes Shift and pH‐Dependent Optical Properties
Authors: Neena Kalluvettukuzhy K. , Thilagar Pakkirisamy
Published: June 2016

The design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of thiazole‐appended boron–dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives 1–4 is reported. The fluorescence emission colors of 1–4 were fine‐tuned by modulating the dihedral angle between BODIPY and thiazole by judiciously varying the number of methyl substituents on both the BODIPY and thiazole moieties. Compounds 1 and 2 with fewer methyl substituents on the BODIPY core showed a large Stokes shift (≈110 nm) relative to derivatives 3 and 4 with more methyl substituents. In addition, the optical properties of 1 and 2 are sensitive to the pH of the medium. The experimentally observed results were corroborated with theoretical calculations.
Real‐time monitoring of fungal growth and morphogenesis at single‐cell resolution
Authors: Grünberger Alexander , Schöler Katja , Probst Christopher , Kornfeld Georg , Hardiman Timo , Wiechert Wolfgang , Kohlheyer Dietrich , Noack Stephan
Published: June 2016

Development times for efficient large‐scale production, utilizing fungal species, are still very long. This is mainly due to the poor knowledge of many important variables related to fungal growth and morphogenesis. We specifically addressed this knowledge gap by combining a microfluidic cultivation device with time‐lapse live cell imaging. This combination facilitates (i) studying population heterogeneity at single‐cell resolution, (ii) monitoring of fungal morphogenesis in a high spatiotemporal manner under defined environmental conditions, and (iii) parallelization of experiments for statistical data analysis. Our analysis of Penicillium chrysogenum, the workhorse for antibiotic production worldwide, revealed significant heterogeneity in size, vitality and differentiation times between spore, mycelium and pellets when cultivated under industrially relevant conditions. For example, the swelling rate of single spores in complex medium () and the formation rate of higher branched mycelia in defined glucose medium () were estimated from broad time‐dependent cell size distributions, which in turn were derived from computational image analysis of 257 and 49 time‐lapse series, respectively. In order to speed up the development of new fungal production processes, a deeper understanding of these heterogeneities is required and the presented microfluidic single‐cell approach provides a solid technical foundation for such quantitative studies.
Exposure to a PBDE/OH-BDE mixture alters juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio) development
Authors: Macaulay Laura J. , Chernick Melissa , Chen Albert , Hinton David E. , Bailey Jordan M. , Kullman Seth W. , Levin Edward D. , Stapleton Heather M.
Published: June 2016

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their metabolites (e.g., hydroxylated BDEs [OH-BDEs]) are contaminants frequently detected together in human tissues and are structurally similar to thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones partially mediate metamorphic transitions between life stages in zebrafish, making this a critical developmental window that may be vulnerable to chemicals disrupting thyroid signaling. In the present study, zebrafish were exposed to 6-OH-BDE-47 (30 nM; 15 μg/L) alone, or to a low-dose (30 μg/L) or high-dose (600 μg/L) mixture of PentaBDEs, 6-OH-BDE-47 (0.5–6 μg/L), and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (5–100 μg/L) during juvenile development (9–23 d postfertilization) and evaluated for developmental endpoints mediated by thyroid hormone signaling. Fish were sampled at 3 time points and examined for developmental and skeletal morphology, apical thyroid and skeletal gene markers, and modifications in swimming behavior (as adults). Exposure to the high-dose mixture resulted in >85% mortality within 1 wk of exposure, despite being below reported acute toxicity thresholds for individual congeners. The low-dose mixture and 6-OH-BDE-47 groups exhibited reductions in body length and delayed maturation, specifically relating to swim bladder, fin, and pigmentation development. Reduced skeletal ossification was also observed in 6-OH-BDE-47–treated fish. Assessment of thyroid and osteochondral gene regulatory networks demonstrated significantly increased expression of genes that regulate skeletal development and thyroid hormones. Overall, these results indicate that exposures to PBDE/OH-BDE mixtures adversely impact zebrafish maturation during metamorphosis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:36–48. © 2016 SETAC
Electrocatalytic Performance of Palladium Dendrites Deposited on Titania Nanotubes for Formic Acid Oxidation
Authors: Abraham B. G. , Maniam K. K. , Kuniyil A. , Chetty R.
Published: June 2016

Pd catalyst with dendritic morphology was synthesized on ordered and uniformly distributed titania nanotubes (TNT/Ti), and bare Ti by a simple electrochemical deposition process. The influence of support morphology was studied in relation to Pd deposition and its electro catalytic oxidation of formic acid. The structural property of Pd dendrites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The electrochemical study showed the activity and durability of Pd/TNT/Ti catalyst for formic acid oxidation was enhanced compared to Pd/Ti electro catalyst. The synergetic contribution from TNT/Ti as support for Pd and its enhanced catalytic activity is discussed.
OSL Age Determination of Archaeological Stone Structures Using Trapped Aeolian Sediments: A Case Study from the Negev Highlands, Israel
Authors: Junge Andrea , Lomax Johanna , Shahack‐Gross Ruth , Dunseth Zachary C. , Finkelstein Israel , Fuchs Markus
Published: June 2016

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely applied to sediments in paleoenvironmental sciences. However, there are only limited examples determining the age of archaeological stone structures by OSL using dust deposits. The age of dust deposits associated with ancient buildings may be used to date the onset of settlement (sediment below structures), settlement activity (occupation layer), or the time after a settlement had been abandoned or destroyed (sediment between collapsed roofs and walls). In this study, OSL dating is applied to establish numerical dates for settlement structures situated in the Negev Highlands, Israel. Two archaeological sites are investigated to identify their occupation history, by dating nine samples of aeolian dust trapped within the remains of ancient buildings. The OSL dating technique is applied using coarse grain quartz and a standard single‐aliquot regenerative‐dose (SAR) protocol. It was possible to date the onset of sedimentation in a later phase of the human occupation or shortly after the sites were abandoned, to 3.7 ± 0.3 ka (Intermediate Bronze Age) at the central site and to 2.7 ± 0.2 ka (Iron Age) at the ephemeral site. These results are supported by archaeological evidence gained from pottery finds and the architecture of the ancient buildings.
Stachartins A – E, Phenylspirodrimanes from the Tin Mine Tailings‐Associated Fungus Stachybotrys chartarum
Authors: Chunyu Wei‐Xun , Ding Zhang‐Gui , Li Ming‐Gang , Zhao Jiang‐Yuan , Gu Shao‐Jie , Gao Yuan , Wang Fei , Ding Jian‐Hai , Wen Meng‐Liang
Published: June 2016

Eight phenylspirodrimane‐type analogues, including five new compounds, named stachartins A – E (1, 3, 6 – 8), were isolated from cultures of the tin mine tailings‐associated fungus Stachybotrys chartarum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 2D‐NMR techniques.
Clinical characterization of influenza A and human respiratory syncytial virus among patients with influenza like illness
Authors: Saxena Swati , Singh Dharamveer , Zia Amreen , Umrao Jyoti , Srivastava Naveen , Pandey Ankita , Singh Sushma , Bhattacharya Piyali , Kumari Reema , Kushwaha Ramawadh , Dhole T.N.
Published: June 2016

Influenza A and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been recognized as a major cause of acute respiratory tract infection. H1N1 is one of the subtypes of influenza A, pandemic worldwide in July 2009, causing 18,449 deaths globally. To investigate the prevalence and clinical manifestation of the influenza A, H1N1pdm09, and RSV. Throat/nasal swab collected from the patients of all age group either outpatients/inpatients having respiratory illness from 2 to 5 days. The clinical data were recorded in a predesigned questionnaire. RNA was extracted and analyzed by real time PCR at a tertiary care center, 2009–2014. Total 4,352 samples tested for influenza A and H1N1. Out of 4,352, 32.2% (median positivity 21%; range 16–41% during 6 years) were positive for influenza A and 19% were H1N1 (median positivity 16.7%; range 8.7–23% during 6 years). Total 1653 samples were analyzed for RSV from 2011 to 2014, 12% were RSV positive (median positivity 11.35%; range 10–16.3% during 4 years). Pharyngitis, dyspnea were frequent symptoms in influenza A and H1N1 (P < 0.005) whereas bronchiolitis and pneumonia were commonly present in RSV (P < 0.005). The positivity of influenza A and H1N1 was higher in age‐group 21–30, whereas RSV in infant and children. H1N1 and RSV were co‐circulated and have common clinical symptoms particularly in lower age group. Therefore, laboratory confirmation is necessary for further disease prognosis. Age was an important risk factor that affects the positivity of influenza A, H1N1, and RSV. Different clinical manifestation of H1N1 and RSV will be helpful for early and accurate diagnosis. J. Med. Virol. 89:49–54, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intergenotype recombinant analysis of full‐length hepatitis B virus genomes from 516 Chinese patients with different illness categories
Authors: Liao Hao , Li Xiaodong , Liu Yan , Xu Zhihui , Huang Pengyu , Nian Xueyuan , Liu Xinguang , Xu Dongping
Published: June 2016

This study aimed to reveal characteristics and clinical relevance of HBV intergenotypic recombinants. Serum samples of 516 patients from Northern China were collected, including 131 with acute hepatitis B (AHB), 239 with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 146 with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). Full‐length HBV genomes were sequenced and HBV genotypes were analyzed. Genotypes C, B, D, and intergenotypic recombinants were detected in 71.12% (367/516), 19.96% (103/516), 0.78% (4/516), and 8.14% (42/516) of the patients. The latter comprised 21 with AHB, 10 with CHB, and 11 with ACLF; and the occupations of intergenotypic recombinants in AHB, CHB, and ACLF groups were 16.03%, 4.18%, and 7.53% (P < 0.01), respectively. HBV B/C and C/D hybrids accounted for 85.71% (36/42) and 14.29% (6/42) of the intergenotypic recombinants. In AHB and CHB groups, serum HBV DNA levels were significantly lower in patients with intergenotypic recombinants than those without intergenotypic recombinants. Difference in basal core promoter A1762T/G1764A mutations and precore G1896A mutation incidences was not significant between B/C recombinant and genotypes B or C virus, although the significance was there between genotypes B and C viruses. Clonal sequence analysis showed that intergenotypic recombinant viral strains existed in single or in concomitance with other genotype virus. Phenotypic analysis showed that viral replication capacity was similar between recombinant and non‐recombinant strains in tested samples. Taken together, the occurrence of intergenotypic recombinant HBV is relatively low in HBV‐infected patients in Northern China, and intergenotypic recombinant HBV infection is likely favorable to induce an acute course of disease. J. Med. Virol. 89:139–145, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of two unique naturally occurring Vpr sequence polymorphisms associated with clinical parameters in HIV‐1 chronic infection
Authors: Kamori Doreen , Hasan Zafrul , Ohashi Jun , Kawana‐Tachikawa Ai , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Oka Shinichi , Ueno Takamasa
Published: June 2016

HIV‐1 viral protein R (Vpr) plays important roles in HIV‐1 replication. Despite the identification of a number of HLA class I‐associated immune escape mutations; it is yet known whether immune‐driven Vpr polymorphisms are associated with disease outcome. Hereby, we comprehensively analyzed Vpr sequence polymorphisms and their association with disease outcome and host HLA genotypes, by using plasma viral RNA isolated from 444 HLA‐typed, treatment‐naïve, chronically HIV‐1 infected individuals. Vpr amino acid residues at positions 13, 37, 45, 55, 63, 77, 84, 85, 86, and 93 were significantly associated with patients’ plasma viral load and/or CD4 count. Further analysis revealed Ala at position 55 was significantly associated with lower plasma viral load; and Thr at position 63 was significantly associated with lower plasma viral load and higher CD4 count. Also, the number of amino acid residues at the two positions, located in a functionally important α‐helical domain, correlated inversely with plasma viral load and positively with CD4 count. Moreover, a phylogenetically corrected method revealed residues at positions 55 and 63 are associated with patients’ HLA genotypes. Taken together, our results suggest that Vpr polymorphisms at functionally important and immune‐reactive sites may contribute, at least in part, to viral replication and disease outcome in vivo. J. Med. Virol. 89:123–129, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Carrier Transport and Trapping in Photorefractive Polymer Composites Using Photoemission Yield Spectroscopy in Air
Authors: Tsujimura Sho , Fujihara Takashi , Sassa Takafumi , Kinashi Kenji , Sakai Wataru , Ishibashi Koji , Tsutsumi Naoto
Published: June 2016

Carrier trapping in organic photorefractive (PR) composites is affected by the bulk state (which can be varied by modifying the molecule structure and processing method used) and the presence of dipolar molecules. Such situations complicate the understanding of carrier trapping in PR composites. The density of states (DOS) provides direct information about carrier trapping in materials. Here, the first attempt to directly measure the DOS in PR composites is performed to investigate the effect of the change of the bulk state on carrier trapping. The distribution of the DOS is measured using photoemission yield spectroscopy in air. The bulk state of the PR composites is tuned based on the crystallization of dipolar nonlinear optical dyes included as a component. Thus, the bulk with a different net dipole (spatially averaged dipole) moment is prepared with the same composition as the PR materials. The edge part of the DOS profile clearly changes upon tuning the bulk state. The diminished net dipole moment achieved by the bulk state tuning causes the suppression of carrier trapping, which is well supported by the dipole trapping model. This result coincides with those obtained using photocurrent and PR grating measurements.

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Vascular disease and vascular risk factors in relation to motor features and cognition in early Parkinson's disease
Authors: Malek Naveed , Lawton Michael A. , Swallow Diane M. A. , Grosset Katherine A. , Marrinan Sarah L. , Bajaj Nin , Barker Roger A. , Burn David J. , Hardy John , Morris Huw R. , Williams Nigel M. , Wood Nicholas , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav , Grosset Donald G. ,   on behalf of the PRoBaND Clinical Consortium
Published: June 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vascular disease (and vascular risk factors), cognition and motor phenotype in Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Recently diagnosed PD cases were enrolled in a multicenter prospective observational longitudinal cohort study. Montreal cognitive assessment (normal >23, mild cognitive impairment 22 to 23 or lower but without functional impairment, and dementia 21 or less with functional impairment) and Movement Disorder Society Unified PD Rating Scale part 3 (UPDRS 3) scores were analyzed in relation to a history of vascular events and risk factors.

Results

In 1759 PD cases, mean age 67.5 (standard deviation 9.3) years, mean disease duration 1.3 (standard deviation 0.9) years, 65.2% were men, 4.7% had a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack, and 12.5% had cardiac disease (angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure). In cases without a history of vascular disease, hypertension was recorded in 30.4%, high cholesterol 27.3%, obesity 20.7%, diabetes 7.2%, and cigarette smoking in 4.6%. Patients with prior stroke or transient ischemic attack were more likely to have cognitive impairment (42% vs 25%) and postural instability gait difficulty (53.5% vs 39.5%), but these findings were not significant after adjustment for age, sex, and disease duration (P = .075). The presence of more than 2 vascular risks was associated with worse UPDRS 3 motor scores (beta coefficient 4.05, 95% confidence interval 1.48, 6.61, p = .002) and with cognitive impairment (ordinal odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.34, 3.74, p = .002). In 842 patients (47.8%) with structural brain imaging, white matter leukoaraiosis, but not lacunar or territorial infarction, was associated with impaired cognition (p = .006) and postural instability gait difficulty (p = .010).

Conclusion

Vascular comorbidity is significantly associated with cognitive and gait impairment in patients with early PD, which may have prognostic and treatment implications. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.