bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desulfobacterium
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.bac.te' ri.um
. L. pref.
de
from L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfobacterium
a rod‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfobacterium

Oval to rod‐shaped, or spherical cells, 0.9–2 × 1.5–3 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs; sometimes also in loose chains. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. Some species are motile, but motility may be lost during cultivation. Strict anaerobes with a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs or chemoautotrophs
, using formate, butyrate, higher fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and H
2
+ CO
2
as electron donors and as carbon sources
; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
. One species can use nicotinate as sole electron donor and carbon source. Growth on acetate and propionate is usually very slow.

Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. Sulfur and nitrate are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Some species may grow slowly in the absence of an external electron acceptor by fermentation of lactate, pyruvate, malate, and fumarate

. Optimal growth temperature, 26–29°C. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) and vitamins are required for growth.
Desulfobacterium
species require brackish or marine concentrations of NaCl and MgCl
2
. Cells contain cytochromes of the
b
‐ and
c
‐type. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity is commonly observed, indicating the operation of the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Wood pathway) for complete oxidation of acetyl‐CoA, or for CO
2
fixation during autotrophic growth.
Desulfobacterium
species are widespread in brackish or marine sediments, but occur less frequently in freshwater habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45–48.

Type species
:
Desulfobacterium autotrophicum
*
Brysch, Schneider, Fuchs and Widdel 1988, 328 (Effective publication: Brysch, Schneider, Fuchs and Widdel 1987, 272.)
Desulfocella
Authors: Brandt Kristian K. , Ingvorsen Kjeld , Patel Bharat K.C.
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.cel' la
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. n.
cella
small room, cell; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfocella
sulfate‐reducing cell.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfocella

Vibrio‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 2–4 μm
. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Gram negative. Do not form spores.

Anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism with sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor and producing H
2
S. Chemoorganotrophic. A range of fatty acids (C
4
–C
16
) serve as electron donors and are incompletely oxidized. No fermentative growth

. Mesophilic. Neutrophilic.
NaCl is required for growth
. Vitamins are not required, but growth is stimulated by yeast extract. The genus belongs to the family
Desulfobacteraceae
within the
Deltaproteobacteria
. Isolated from hypersaline, thalassohaline sediments of the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 35.

Type species
:
Desulfocella halophila
Brandt, Patel and Ingvorsen 1999, 199.
Desulfofaba
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.fa' ba
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
faba
a bean; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfofaba
a sulfate‐reducing bean.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfofaba

Cells are large rods, 3.1 × 5.4–6.2 μm, which form aggregates
. Motile cells may occur in old cultures. Cells stain Gram negative and do not form spores. Strict anaerobe with a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganotroph, using formate, propionate, butyrate, lactate, pyruvate, other organic acids, alcohols, and alanine as electron donors and also as carbon sources; organic compounds are incompletely oxidized to acetate and CO
2
. Sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide. Fermentative growth on pyruvate or other carbon substrates is possible. Obligately psychrophilic. The temperature optimal for growth is 7°C; growth still occurs at −1.8°C. The optimal pH for growth is between 7.1 and 7.6. Mesophilic and thermophilic species are not known. Sodium chloride and magnesium chloride are required, and optimal growth occurs at marine concentrations of these salts. Anoxic media containing a reductant (usually sulfide) are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Desulfoviridin is absent. Occur in permanently cold marine sediments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52.5.

Type species
:
Desulfofaba gelida
Knoblauch, Sahm and Jørgensen 1999, 1641.
Desulfosarcina
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.sar' ci.na
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur;
sarcina, Desulfosarcina
sarcina‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfosarcina

Irregularly shaped cells occurring singly and in large, sarcina‐like packets. Cells are 0.8–1.5 × 1.5–7.0 μm, occurring singly or in pairs
. Spore formation is not observed. Granules of poly‐β‐hydroxyalkanoic acid frequently occur within the cells. Gram negative. Usually nonmotile, but cells motile by means of a single polar flagellum may occur. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs or chemoautotrophs
, using formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, higher fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and
benzoate or similar aromatic compounds as electron donors and also as carbon sources
; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Chemoautotrophic growth occurs with

H
2
as the electron donor and CO
2
as the carbon source. Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, slow growth of the type species occurs by fermentation of lactate or pyruvate to acetate and propionate. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity is commonly observed, indicating the operation of the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Wood pathway) for complete oxidation of acetyl‐CoA, or for CO
2
fixation during autotrophic growth. Media containing a reductant and not less than 10 g/l NaCl and 2 g/l MgCl
2
·6H
2
O are necessary for growth. Optimal growth temperature, 28–33°C. Thermophilic species have not been described. The optimal pH range for growth is 7.2–7.6. Cells contain desulforubidin as sulfite reductase, and cytochromes of the
b
and
c
type. Colonies in anaerobic agar media are grayish to yellowish, compact, and irregular in shape. Occur in anoxic part of brackish water and marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51–59.

Type species
:
Desulfosarcina variabilis
Widdel 1981, 382 (Effective publication: Widdel 1980, 383.)
Desulfotignum
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.tig' num
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. n.
tignum
stick; M.L. neut. n.
Desulfotignum
sulfate‐reducing stick.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfobacteraceae / Desulfotignum

Rod‐shaped, sometimes slightly curved, cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.5–3 μm
. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotroph or chemoautotroph
, using formate, acetate, butyrate, higher fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, and
benzoate or similar aromatic compounds as carbon sources and also as electron donors for anaerobic respiration
; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Chemolithoautotrophic growth occurs with

H
2
as the electron donor and CO
2
as the carbon source. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, slow growth occurs by fermentation of pyruvate. Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity is commonly observed, indicating the operation of the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Wood pathway) for CO
2
fixation and complete oxidation of acetyl‐CoA. Media containing vitamins, a reductant, and not less than 10 g NaCl/l are necessary for growth. The optimal growth temperature is 28–32°C, the temperature range 10–42°C. Thermophilic species have not been described. The optimal pH for growth is 7.3, the pH range 6.5–8.2. Cells contain no desulfoviridin, cytochromes of the
c
type are present. Occur in anoxic part of marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.

Type species
:
Desulfotignum balticum
Kuever, Könneke, Galushko and Drzyzga 2001, 176.
Desulfotalea
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.ta' le.a
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. fem. n.
talea
a rod; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfotalea
a sulfate‐reducing rod.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobulbia / Desulfobulbales / Desulfobulbaceae / Desulfotalea

Cells are large rods of variable length, 0.6–0.7 × 1.6–7.4 µm
. Cells may be motile, but motility may not be observed in cultures at the beginning of growth. Cells stain Gram negative. Spores are not formed. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism.
Chemoorganotrophs
, using formate, carboxylic acids, amino acids, and alcohols
as electron donors and also as carbon sources. Oxidation is incomplete and leads to acetate. Sulfate and ferric citrate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfide and ferrous citrate, respectively
. The type species can also use thiosulfate and sulfite as electron acceptors. Elemental sulfur, Fe(III)‐oxohydroxide, nitrate, and nitrite are not used as electron acceptors.
Fermentative growth on pyruvate and fumarate is possible. Obligately or facultatively psychrophilic
. The temperature optimal for growth is 10–18°C, and growth still occurs in saltwater at −1.8°C. Thermophilic species are not known. The optimal pH for growth is between 7.2 and 7.9. The species require sodium chloride and magnesium chloride, and optimal growth occurs at brackish or marine salt concentrations, depending on the strain. Media containing a reductant are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. Desulfoviridin is absent. Occur in permanently cold marine sediments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42–47.

Type species
:
Desulfotalea psychrophila
Knoblauch, Sahm and Jørgensen 1999, 1641.
Desulfovibrio
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.vi' bri.o
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; L. v.
vibrio
to vibrate; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
that which vibrates, a generic name; M.L. n.
Desulfovibrio
a vibrio that reduces sulfur compounds.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfovibrionaceae / Desulfovibrio

Curved or occasionally
straight
rods
, sometimes
sigmoid or spirilloid, 0.5–1.5 × 2.5–10.0 μm
. The morphology is influenced by age and environment; descriptions refer to freshly grown cultures in anoxic sulfate media.
Spore formation is absent
. Gram negative.
Motile
by means of a single or lophotrichous polar flagella. Obligately anaerobic growth in pure cultures.

Possess mainly a respiratory type of metabolism with sulfate or other sulfur compounds as the terminal electron acceptors, being reduced to H
2
S

; however, the metabolism is sometimes fermentative. Media containing a reducing agent are required for growth. In a few cases, a vitamin requirement has been reported. Some species and subspecies are moderately halophilic. Optimal growth temperature, usually 25–35°C; upper limit normally 44°C. No thermophilic species have been reported. Thermophilic
Desulfovibrio
species formerly described have been reclassified and currently belong to the genera
Thermodesulfovibrio
and
Thermodesulfobacterium
. Chemoorganotrophic.
Most species oxidize organic compounds such as lactate incompletely to acetate, which cannot be oxidized further
. Carbohydrates are utilized by few species. One species,
D. inopinatus
, can use hydroquinone as electron donor and carbon source for growth. Cells contain
c
‐type cytochromes (such as
c
3
) and usually
b
‐type cytochromes. All members of the genus
Desulfovibrio
contain desulfoviridin. Hydrogenase is usually present. Strains of some species may show chemolithoheterotrophic growth, using H
2
as electron donor and assimilating acetate and CO
2
, or yeast extract, as carbon sources. Gelatin is not liquefied. Nitrate is sometimes reduced to ammonia. Some species can reduce oxygen or metal ions, but growth has never been observed with these electron acceptors in pure cultures. Molecular nitrogen is sometimes fixed. Species generally show some degree of antigenic cross reaction. Habitats: anoxic mud of fresh and brackish water and marine environments; intestines of animals; manure and feces.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46.1–61.2.

Type species
:
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
(Beijerinck 1895) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 397 (
Spirillum desulfuricans
Beijerinck 1895, 113.)
Hippea
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Hip' pea
. L. fem. n.
Hippea
named after Hans Hippe, a German microbiologist, in recognition of his significant contribution to the characterization of new, obligately anaerobic procaryotes and the understanding of their physiology.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfurellales / Desulfurellaceae / Hippea

Obligately anaerobic
and
moderately thermophilic
Gram‐negative rods.
Grow lithotrophically using sulfur and hydrogen gas
. Able to oxidize fatty acids and alcohols. Habitat is marine hot vents.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 40.

Type species
:
Hippea maritima
Miroshnichenko, Rainey, Rhode and Bonch‐Osmolovskaya 1999, 1037.
Desulfuromusa
Authors: Liesack Werner , Finster Kai
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fu.ro.mu' sa
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
sulfur
sulfur; M.L. n.
musa
banana; M.L. fem. n.
Desulfuromusa
a banana‐shaped bacterium that reduces sulfur.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Desulfuromonaceae / Desulfuromusa

Slightly curved or rod‐shaped cells 0.4–0.8 × 1–6 μm
. Motile by means of a single, subpolarly inserted flagellum. Gram negative. Spore formation not observed.
Strictly anaerobic
, having mainly a respiratory type of metabolism; however, fermentative growth may occur with fumarate or malate as the sole substrate.
Chemoorganotrophic
; all species utilize acetate, propionate, succinate, lactate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, malate, maleate, glutamate, alanine, and aspartate as electron donors and as carbon sources; these

substrates are completely oxidized to CO
2

. Alcohols and sugars are not utilized.

S
0
is used as terminal electron acceptor and is reduced to H
2
S

(dissimilatory sulfur reduction). Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, trimethylammonium oxide, cystine, oxidized glutathione, or N
2
O are not utilized as electron acceptors. Strains can be cultivated in a defined medium without addition of complex nutrients such as yeast extract or peptone. Occur regularly in
anoxic marine or estuarine mud
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47.

Type species
:
Desulfuromusa kysingii
Liesack and Finster 1994, 757.
Geobacter
Authors: Coates John D. , Lovley Derek R.
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.bac' ter
. Gr. n.
ge
the earth; masc.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Geobacter
a rod from the earth.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfuromonales / Geobacteraceae / Geobacter

Cells are rod‐shaped
with rounded ends that grow as single cells, in pairs, or in chains. Cells are 1–4 µm × 0.6 µm, nonmotile, with no spore formation. They are Gram‐negative
strict anaerobes
and belong to the
Deltaproteobacteria
. They are catalase and carotenoid negative. Cells contain menaquinone and
c
‐type cytochromes, but lack ubiquinone.
Growth occurs chemoorganotrophically with Fe(III) serving as the sole electron acceptor. The organic electron donor is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide
. Vitamins are not required for growth, but growth is enhanced by their presence. Growth is also enhanced in media containing FeCl
2
as a reducing agent.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50.2–60.6 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Geobacter metallireducens
Lovley, Giovannoni, White, Champine, Phillips, Gorby and Goodwin 1995a, 619 (Effective publication: Lovley, Giovannoni, White, Champine, Phillips, Gorby and Goodwin 1993a, 342.)
Kofleria gen. nov
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Ko.fle' ria
. M.L. fem. n.
Kofleria
in honor of Ludwig Kofler, the Austrian scientist who, in 1913, described the first species of the genus.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Kofleriaceae / Kofleria

Vegetative cells are long, slender, cylindrical rods with rounded ends. Swarm colonies with radial veins in a tough slime sheet
, with numerous small to very large globular masses, or knobs, all over the swarm. Congo red is not adsorbed; the agar is not etched. Mature fruiting bodies have not been observed but appear to consist of sporangioles. Cells within the knobs consist of long, cylindrical rods, optically refractile. Of the proteolytic–bacteriolytic nutritional type. Chitin degraders. Found in soil and similar substrates.

Type species
:
Kofleria flava
(ex Kofler 1913)
sp. nov. nom. rev
.
Corallococcus gen. nov
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Co.ral.lo.coc' cus
. Gr. neut. n.
korallion
coral; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Corallococcus
coral‐shaped coccus (i.e., with coral‐shaped fruiting bodies).

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Myxococcaceae / Corallococcus

Vegetative cells are slender rods with tapering ends
, cigar‐shaped, 0.6–0.8 × 3–8 µm.
Myxospores spherical or ellipsoidal
, often somewhat irregular, 1.3–2.4 µm in diameter.
Fruiting bodies very variable in shape and size
even within one culture: pustules, ridges, slabs, and irregular disks, often with finger‐like projections, or raised and bizarre coralloid,
of cartilaginous consistency
. Swarm colonies as are typical for the family. The organisms do not utilize mono‐ and disaccharides, but may degrade polysaccharides, like starch, into tri‐ and oligosaccharides, which can be taken up and metabolized.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66–68.

Type species
:
Corallococcus coralloides
comb. nov
. (
Myxococcus coralloides
Thaxter 1892, 404.)
Myxococcus
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Myx.o.coc' cus
. Gr. fem. n.
myxa
mucus, slime; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Myxococcus
slime coccus.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Myxococcaceae / Myxococcus

Vegetative cells are slender rods with tapering ends, either cigar‐shaped or slender and boat‐shaped, measuring about 0.8 × 3–6 µm. When typical, the fruiting bodies are soft, slimy globular masses, knobs, or heads, constricted at the base or on a slime stalk (but see comments on the family). Of the proteolytic–bacteriolytic nutritional type. Common organisms in soil, in freshwater, and on dung of herbivores. Readily obtained when rabbit, hare, or sheep droppings are incubated in a moist chamber at 30°C.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68–71 (Mandel and Leadbetter, 1965), 67–68 (McCurdy and Wolf, 1967), 68–70 (Behrens et al., 1976), 65–67 (Yamanaka et al., 1987).

Type species
:
Myxococcus fulvus
(Cohn 1875) Jahn 1911, 198.
Nannocystis
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Nan.no.cys' tis
. Gr. masc. n.
nannos
dwarf; Gr. fem. n.
kystis
bladder; M.L. fem. n.
Nannocystis
tiny bag.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Nannocystaceae / Nannocystis

Characteristics as given for the family.
Nannocystis
is perhaps the most common of all myxobacteria. It may be obtained from soil, decaying plant material, and similar substrates. It was overlooked for a long time because of its tiny sporangioles; it is best isolated on streaks of living
E. coli
on water agar. The swarm colonies of
Nannocystis
do not adsorb Congo red. The phenotypic characteristics of
Nannocystis
strains are extremely variable, which makes distinguishing species difficult. Only two species are named in this edition. But a number of variants listed under
N. exedens
may qualify as species of their own. Representative strains have been deposited for further study.

Type species
:
Nannocystis exedens
Reichenbach 1970, 137.
Byssophaga gen. nov
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Bys.so.pha' ga
. Gr. fem. n.
byssos
cotton fabric, fine linen (for cellulose); Gr. v.
phagein
to eat, devour; M.L. fem. n.
Byssophaga
devourer of cellulose.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Polyangiaceae / Byssophaga

Vegetative cells cylindrical rods with rounded ends. Swarm colonies consist of independently migrating, pseudoplasmodia‐like cell assemblies
. Intensely cinnabar‐ to blood‐red.
Fruiting bodies are sori of roundish to polyhedral sporangioles. Myxospores resemble vegetative cells in shape but are optically refractile
. Swarm sheet does not adsorb Congo red. Cellulose degrader.

Type species
:
Byssophaga cruenta
sp. nov
.,
nom. rev
. (
Myxococcus cruentus
Thaxter 1897, 409; non
Chondrococcus cruentus
Krzemieniewska et Krzemieniewski 1930, 250/268.)
Jahnia gen. nov
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Jah' nia
. named in honor of Eduard Adolf Wilhelm Jahn (1871–1942), who, in 1911, wrote the first synopsis, and, in 1924, the first monograph on myxobacteria (Claussen, 1942).

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Polyangiaceae / Jahnia

Vegetative cells are cylindrical rods with rounded ends. Fruiting bodies consist of coils of sporangioles sitting on a slime cushion or soft slime stalk. Myxospores are like vegetative cells in shape but are optically refractile
.

Type species
:
Jahnia thaxteri
(ex Jahn 1924)
sp. nov
.,
nom. rev
. (
Archangium thaxteri
Jahn 1924, 71.)
Polyangium
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

Po.ly.an' gi.um
. Gr. adj.
polys, poly
many, much; Gr. neut. n.
angion
vessel, container; M.L. neut. n.
Polyangium
many vessels.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Polyangiaceae / Polyangium

Vegetative cells
(Figure 1)
slender, cylindrical rods with blunt, rounded ends. Fruiting bodies consist of spherical or polyhedral sporangioles
, usually in sedentary sori, on agar plates often deep within the substrate, sometimes surrounded by a prominent slime layer, or matrix.
Myxospores morphologically similar to vegetative cells
but optically refractile.
The swarm colonies
(Figure 2)
often etch the agar
producing deep tracks and tunnels, holes, and pits; often penetrate the agar deeply with a curtain‐like swarm edge; swarms often not coherent but broken up into many small, scattered groups of cells that migrate independently, like pseudoplasmodia.

Type species
:
Polyangium vitellinum
Link 1809, 42.
Sorangium
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

So.ran' gi.um
. Gr. masc. n.
soros
heap, pile; Gr. neut. n.
angion
vessel; M.L. neut. n.
Sorangium
piled up vessels.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales / Polyangiaceae / Sorangium

Vegetative cells cylindrical with rounded or somewhat squarish ends. Sporangioles spherical to polyhedral, in sori of variable size
, yellow, orange, brown, or black, but never bright red.
Myxospores like vegetative cells in shape
, optically refractile.
Cellulose decomposers
.

Type species
:
Sorangium cellulosum
(Brockman 1989b)
comb. nov
. (
Polyangium cellulosum
(ex Imshenetski and Solntseva 1936) Brockman 1989b, 495.)
Smithella
Authors: Sobieraj Martin , Boone David R.
Published: August 2015

Smi.thel' la
. N.L. fem. n.
Smithella
named for Paul H. Smith in honor of his many contributions to the understanding of methanogenic propionate degradation.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophaceae / Smithella

Elongated, slightly sinuous rods, 0.5 μm in diameter
, with round ends.
Weakly motile. Gram negative
. Endospores have not been observed.
Strictly anaerobic
. Mesophilic.
Grows on crotonate as energy source
;

also capable of using butyrate, propionate, malate, and fumarate in syntrophic association with H
2
‐ or formate‐utilizing microorganisms

. Catabolism of propionate involves its reductive carboxylation to butyrate (or butyryl‐CoA).

Type species
:
Smithella propionica
Liu, Balkwill, Aldrich, Drake and Boone 1999, 554.
Desulforhabdus
Authors: Kuever Jan , Rainey Fred A. , Widdel Friedrich
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.rhab
'
dus
. L. pref.
de
from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; Gr. fem. n.
rhabdus
rod; M.L. fem. n.
Desulforhabdus
a rod‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Syntrophobacterales / Syntrophobacteraceae / Desulforhabdus

Cells are rod‐like to ellipsoid, 1.4–1.9
×
2.5–3.4 µm
. Occur singly, in pairs, or in long chains. Spore formation is not observed. Gram negative and nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic, having a respiratory type of metabolism.
Chemoautotrophic or chemoorganotrophic
, using H
2
(+ CO
2
), formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, ethanol, 1‐propanol, and 1‐butanol
as electron donors and carbon sources
. Organic substrates are completely oxidized to CO
2
via the anaerobic C
1
‐pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway, Wood‐pathway) as indicated by carbon monoxide dehydrogenase activity, but transient excretion of acetate, isobutyrate, and propionate can occur. For chemoautotrophic growth,

H
2
serves as the electron donor and CO
2
as the carbon source. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S

. Sulfur is not reduced.
No growth by fermentation in the absence of an external electron acceptor
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52.5.

Type species
:
Desulforhabdus amnigena
Oude Elferink, Maas, Harmsen and Stams 1997, 1274 (Effective publication:
Desulforhabdus amnigenus
(sic) Oude Elferink, Maas, Harmsen and Stams 1995, 123.)
Arcobacter
Authors: Vandamme Peter , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Paster Bruce J. , On Stephen L.W.
Published: August 2015

Ar' co.bac.ter
. L. n.
arcus
bow; Gr. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Arcobacter
a curved rod.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Campylobacteraceae / Arcobacter

Cells are slender, curved rods
, 0.2–0.9 × 0.5–3 µm long; S‐shaped or helical cells are often present. Nonsporeforming. Cells in old cultures may form spherical or coccoid bodies and loose spiral filaments up to 20 µm long. Gram negative. Motile with a
characteristic corkscrew‐like motion
by means of a single
polar unsheathed flagellum
at one or both ends of the cell.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 27–31.

Type species
:
Arcobacter nitrofigilis
(McClung, Patriquin and Davis 1983) Vandamme, Falsen, Rossau, Hoste, Segers, Tytgat and De Ley 1991a, 100 (
Campylobacter nitrofigilis
McClung, Patriquin and Davis 1983, 610.)
Campylobacter
Authors: Vandamme Peter , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Paster Bruce J. , On Stephen L.W.
Published: August 2015

Cam.py' lo.bac.ter
. Gr. adj.
campylo
curved; Gr. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Campylobacter
a curved rod.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Campylobacteraceae / Campylobacter

Cells of most species are
slender, spirally curved rods
, 0.2–0.8 × 0.5–5 µm; cells of some species are predominantly curved or straight rods. The rods may have one or more spirals and can be as long as 8 µm. They also appear S‐shaped and gull‐winged when two cells form short chains. Nonsporeforming. Cells in old cultures may form spherical or coccoid bodies. Cells have a multilaminar polar membrane at both ends of the cell that is located under the cytoplasmic membrane. Gram negative. Cells of most species are motile with a characteristic
corkscrewlike motion
by means of a single polar
unsheathed flagellum
at one or both ends of the cell. The flagella may be 2–3 times the length of the cells. Cells of other species are nonmotile (
Campylobacter gracilis
) or have multiple flagella (
Campylobacter showae
). Occasionally differences in the number of flagella shown by cells in a single culture are seen (
Campylobacter hyointestinalis
).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 29–47.

Type species
:
Campylobacter fetus
(Smith and Taylor 1919) Sebald and Véron 1963, 907 (
Vibrio fetus
Smith and Taylor 1919, 301.)
Helicobacter
Authors: On Stephen L.W. , Lee Adrian , O'Rourke Jani L. , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Paster Bruce J. , Fox James G. , Vandamme Peter
Published: August 2015

He
.
li
.
co
.
bac
' ter. Gr. n.
helix
a spiral; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
a staff; M.L. masc. n.
Helicobacter
a spiral rod.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Helicobacteraceae / Helicobacter

Cells may be
curved, spiral, or fusiform rods
, 0.2–1.2 × 1.5–10.0 µm.
Spiral cells may be tightly or loosely wound
depending on the species, and on the age and condition of the culture examined. Cells in old cultures or those exposed to air become coccoid. Ultrastructural studies show that
periplasmic fibers may be observed on the cell surface
of a few taxa and an electrondense glycocalyx‐ or capsule‐like layer has been observed on the cell surface of some species. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.
Motile with a rapid corkscrew‐ or slower wave‐like motion
due to flagellar activity.
Multiple sheathed flagella are seen in most species
, frequently with a bipolar distribution. Typical cell morphologies of various
Helicobacter
species are shown in Figs. BXII.ε.5 and BXII.ε.6.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 24–48.

Type species
:
Helicobacter pylori
(Marshall, Royce, Annear, Goodwin, Pearman, Warren, Armstrong 1984) Goodwin, Armstrong, Chilvers, Peters, Collins, Sly, McConnell, Harper 1989a, 403 (
Campylobacter pylori
Marshall, Royce, Annear, Goodwin, Pearman, Warren, Armstrong 1984, 87.)
Wolinella
Authors: Kröger Achim , Klimmek Oliver , Vandamme Peter , Dewhirst Floyd E. , Paster Bruce J.
Published: August 2015

Wo.li.nel' la
. M.L. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Wolinella
named after M.J. Wolin, American bacteriologist who first isolated the type species.

Proteobacteria / Epsilonproteobacteria / Campylobacterales / Helicobacteraceae / Wolinella

Helical, curved, or straight, unbranched cells, 0.5–1.0 × 2–6 µm, with rounded or tapered ends. Endospores are not produced. Gram negative.
Rapid, darting motility
is by means of a single polar flagellum. Colonies are pale yellow opaque to gray translucent with convex, pitting, and spreading variants.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47.

Type species
:
Wolinella succinogenes
(Wolin, Wolin and Jacobs 1961) Tanner, Badger, Lai, Listgarten, Visconti and Socransky 1981, 439 (
Vibrio succinogenes
Wolin, Wolin and Jacobs 1961, 917.)
Aeromonas
Authors: Martin‐Carnahan Amy , Joseph Samuel W.
Published: August 2015

Ae.ro.mo' nas. Gr. n.aerair, gas; Gr. n.monasunit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Aeromonasgas(‐producing) monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Aeromonadaceae / Aeromonas

Cells straight, coccobacillary to bacillary with rounded ends, 0.3–1.0 × 1.0–3.5 µm. Occur singly, in pairs, or rarely in short chains. Gram negative.Most species are motile by a single, polar flagellumof 1.7 µm wavelength; peritrichous flagella may be formed on solid media in young cultures and lateral flagella occur in some species. Facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic, displaying oxidative and fermentative metabolism ofD‐glucose. Acid and often acid with gas produced from many carbohydrates, especiallyD‐glucose. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. A variety of exoenzymes such as arylamidases, amylase, DNase, esterases, peptidases, and other hydrolytic enzymes are produced. Main cellular fatty acids are hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1), and octadecenoic acid (C18:1).Usually oxidase positive and catalase positive. Optimum growth temperature varies between 22°C and 37°C; growth temperature can range from 0 to 45°C, and some species do not grow at 35°C.Generally resistant to 150 μg of the vibriostatic agent 2,4 diamino‐6, 7‐diisopropylpteridine (0/129). Occur in fresh, brackish, tap, well, and chlorinated water, as well as biosolids and sewage. Some of the species have been associated with disease in a wide variety of warm‐blooded and cold‐blooded animals, including humans, domestic animals, frogs, fresh and salt water fish, and invertebrates. The phylogenetic position ofAeromonas, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, is in theGammaproteobacteria, with its closest relatives in the familiesVibrionaceaeandEnterobacteriaceae. 16S rDNA sequences (signature sequences) have been determined for nearly all validly named species and are deposited in GenBank, EMBL, or RDP databases (Table BXII.γ180).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 57–63.

Type species:Aeromonas hydrophila(Chester 1901) Stanier 1943, 213 (Bacillus hydrophilusChester 1901 , 235.)
Oceanimonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

O.ce.a.ni.mo’ nas
. Gr. n.
okeanus
ocean; Gr. fem. n.
monas
monad unit; M.L. fem. n.
Oceanimonas
ocean monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales / Aeromonadaceae / Oceanimonas

Gram‐negative motile rods
(0.7–1.2 × 2.0–2.5 mm). Up to four polar flagella.
Respiratory metabolism
using O
2
. Phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine, phosphatidylglyerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol are the main phospholipids.

Require Na
+
for growth

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Oceanimonas doudoroffii
(Baumann, Bowditch, Baumann and Beamann 1983b) Brown, Sutcliffe and Cummings 2001, 71 (
Pseudomonas doudoroffii
Baumann, Bowditch, Baumann and Beamann 1983b, 863.)
Alishewanella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

A.li.she.wa.nel' la
. L. pron.
alius
the other; M.L. fem. n.
Alishewanella
the other
Shewanella
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Alishewanella

Gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile rods
. Electron acceptors are O
2
, nitrate, thiosulphate, and TMAO.
Nonfermative
. One polar flagellum. Catalase and oxidase positive.
Requires NaCl
. Hydrolyzes esculin and gelatin. Does not produce arginine dihydrolase, β‐galactosidase, urease, indole, or H
2
S.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 51.

Type species
:
Alishewanella fetalis
Fonnesbech Vogel, Venkateswaran, Christensen, Falsen, Christiansen and Gram 2000, 1141.
Alteromonas
Authors: Bowman John P. , McMeekin Thomas A.
Published: August 2015

Al.te.ro.mo' nas
. L. adj.
alter
another; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Alteromonas
another monad.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Alteromonas

Straight rods
, approximately 1 × 2‐3

μ

m, occurring singly or in pairs. Do not form spores or cysts. Do not accumulate poly‐

β

‐hydroxybutyrate.
Gram negative. Motile
, propelled by a single polar unsheathed flagellum. Colonies are nonpigmented.
Chemoheterotrophic. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism
with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Catalase and oxidase positive.
Nitrate is not reduced, nor can it be used as an alternative electron acceptor
. Do not grow by hydrogen autotrophy. A constitutive arginine dihydrolase system is absent. A range of carbon substrates can be used, including carbohydrates, alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids. Ammonia serves as a nitrogen source. Growth factors are not required.
Require Na
+
ions for growth
. Growth occurs between 10 and 40°C;
no growth at 4°C
or 45°C. Major quinone is ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8). Major fatty acids are C
16:0
, C

16:1

ω

7c

, C

17:1

ω

8c

, and C

18:1

ω

7c

. Isolated from seawater. Member of the order
Alteromonadales
, family
Alteromonadaceae
, class
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 44–48 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Alteromonas macleodii
Baumann, Baumann, Mandel and Allen 1972, 418.
Colwellia
Authors: Deming Jody W. , Junge Karen
Published: August 2015

Col.wel' li.a
. M.L. ending ‐
ia;
M.L. fem. n.
Colwellia
of Colwell, named in honor of the American microbiologist Professor Rita R. Colwell.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Colwellia

Curved or straight rods 0.4–1.0 × 1.5–5.0 μm. Generally motile by polar flagella
. Gram negative. Asporogenous. Colonies are off‐white, convex, and mucoid, except for the type strain,
Colwellia psychrerythraea
, which produces red pigment.
Facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic
. Able to grow by fermentation of a suitable carbohydrate as indicated by acid (but no gas) production. Generally able to utilize amino acids and organic acids, but not many of the sugars or alcohols. Capable of
nitrate reduction
but not iron or trimethylamine
N
‐oxide reduction or indole or H
2
S production. Generally
chitinolytic
, able to degrade starch, and positive for oxidase, catalase, and alkaline phosphatase. Stimulated by, but not dependent on, growth factors in yeast extract and vitamin solutions. Require
sea salts
, with no growth occurring below 25% sea‐salt concentration.
Psychrophilic
. Able to grow on solid media in the temperature range of 0° to <20°C (optimum usually <15°C), with slightly higher maximal and lower minimal temperatures in liquid media.
Sometimes barophilic
, requiring high hydrostatic pressure for growth. Produce docosahexaenoic acid (C
22:6 ω3
or DHA) and other
polyunsaturated fatty acids
to help maintain homeoviscosity of cellular membranes under low temperature and high pressure. Cultured strains derived from
permanently cold
, and often deep, marine habitats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 35–46.

Type species
:
Colwellia psychrerythraea
(ex D' Aoust and Kushner 1972) Deming, Somers, Straube, Swartz and MacDonell 1988b, 328 (Effective publication: Deming, Somers, Straube, Swartz and MacDonell 1988a, 159 (“
Vibrio psychroerythrus
” D'Aoust and Kushner 1972, 342.)
Ferrimonas
Authors: Rosselló‐Mora Ramon A.
Published: August 2015

Fer' ri.mo.nas
. L. neut. n.
ferrum
iron; Gr. n.
monas
unit; M.L. fem. n.
Ferrimonas
iron (
III
)‐reducing cell.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Ferrimonas

Straight rods 0.3–0.5 × 1.2–1.5 μm with rounded ends
. Occur singly, occasionally with some pairs or short chains. No resting stages are known. Definite capsules are not evident. Gram negative.
Motile by means of a single polar flagellum
. No intracellular inclusions have been observed.
Chemoorganotroph, having a strictly respiratory metabolism with oxygen, nitrate, Fe
(
III
)‐
oxyhydroxide, Fe
(
III
)‐

citrate, and MnO
2
used as electron acceptors

. Lactate is oxidized to CO
2
but not to acetate. Sodium dependent; a minimum of 0.5% NaCl is required in the medium. Catalase, oxidase, phenylalanine deaminase, DNAse, and lipase (Tween 80 and Tween 20) positive. Gelatinase, urease, amylase, Simmons citrate, arginine dihydrolase, and lysine decarboxylase negative. Growth at 42°C. Member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Ferrimonas balearica
Rosselló‐Mora, Ludwig, Kämpfer, Amann and Schleifer 1996, 362 (Effective publication: Rosselló‐Mora, Ludwig, Kämpfer, Amann and Schleifer 1995a, 200.)
Marinobacter
Authors: Bowman John P. , McMeekin Thomas A.
Published: August 2015

Mar.i' no.bac.ter
. L. adj.
marinus
of the sea; Gr. n.
bacterion
rod or staff; M.L. masc. n.
Marinobacter
rod of the sea.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Marinobacter

Rod‐shaped
cells 0.6–0.8 × 1.6–2.0 µm. Form surface blebs when grown on
n
‐eicosane and other hydrocarbons.
Motile by a single polar flagellum. Gram negative
. Nonpigmented colonies. Aerobic with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Can grow anaerobically by denitrification
coupled to the oxidation of a suitable donor carbon substrate. Chemoheterotrophic. Constitutive arginine dihydrolase system is absent.

Na
+
is required for growth. Halotolerant

, growing in 0.08–3.5 M NaCl.
Mesophilic
growing at temperatures 10–45°C. Organic acids, alcohols, amino acids, and hydrocarbons are used as carbon and energy sources.
Carbohydrates are not utilized
. Polysaccharides are not degraded. Type species produces a nondialyzable bioemulsifier when grown on hydrocarbons and is resistant to vibriostatic agent O/129. The major polyamine is spermidine. Isolated from oil brine.
Member of the
Gammaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus
Gauthier, Lafay, Christen, Fernandez, Acquaviva, Bonin and Bertrand 1992, 574.
Marinobacterium
Authors: González José M.
Published: August 2015

Ma.ri.no.bac.te' ri.um
. L. adj.
marinus
of the sea; Gr. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. neut. n.
Marinobacterium
small marine rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Alteromonadales / Alteromonadaceae / Marinobacterium

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.6–2.3 μm. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Gram negative
. Nonsporeforming and noncystforming.

Have a strictly aerobic type of metabolism with O
2
as the terminal electron acceptor

. Denitrification does not occur. Nonpigmented.
Oxidase and catalase positive. Sea salt‐based medium is required for growth
. Chemoorganotrophic, growing on various sugars, fatty acids, aromatic compounds, and amino acids. C
1
compounds are utilized, such as methanol or formate. Vitamins, in the form of 0.005% yeast extract or a complex vitamin solution, are required for optimal growth.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 54.9.

Type species
:
Marinobacterium georgiense
González, Mayer, Moran, Hodson and Whitman 1997, 375.
Dichelobacter
Authors: Rood Julian I. , Stewart David J. , Vaughan Jill A. , Dewhirst Floyd E.
Published: August 2015

Di.che' lo.bac.ter
. Gr. adj.
Dichelos
cloven hoofed; N.L. n.
bactera
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Dichelobacter
cloven‐hoofed rod, because this organism is the rod‐shaped bacterium that causes footrot in sheep, goats, and cattle.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Cardiobacteriales / Cardiobacteriaceae / Dichelobacter

Large straight or slightly curved rods, 3–6 × 1.0–1.7 μm, with rounded ends. Freshly isolated cells often have terminal swellings
, this feature is less pronounced after subculture.
Gram negative
but with a tendency to resist decolorization. Organisms stained with Loeffler methylene blue have prominent polychromatic granules toward the poles and at intermediate sites within the cells.
Grows slowly only under strictly anaerobic conditions but is not rapidly killed by exposure to oxygen
. The cells have large numbers of thin polar fimbriae or pili that vary in number according to changes in colony morphology. The pili belong to the type IV or
N
‐methylphenylalanine family; consequently,
the cells exhibit the twitching motility and spreading of colonies that is characteristic of cells with type IV pili. The organism also produces extracellular serine proteases that are relatively heat stable
. Ammonia is produced from arginine, asparagine, serine, and threonine. Positive for ornithine decarboxylase, phosphatase (weak), H
2
S production, selenite reduction, and proteolytic activity on gelatin, casein, and albumin.
Negative for acid or gas production from carbohydrates
; ammonia production from phenylalanine, cysteine, citrulline, and ornithine; starch hydrolysis; esculin hydrolysis; indole production; nitrate reduction; growth in 0.1% bile; hemolysis; arginine decarboxylase; catalase; oxidase; urease; DNase; coagulase; lipase; lecithinase; and hyaluronidase. The genus contains a single species,
Dichelobacter nodosus
. Further details on the properties of the genus are available elsewhere (Beveridge, 1941, Cato et al., 1979, Holdeman et al., 1984a, Skerman, 1989; Dewhirst et al., 1990).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 45.

Type species
:
Dichelobacter nodosus
(Beveridge 1941) Dewhirst, Paster, La Fontaine and Rood 1990, 426 (
Bacteroides nodosus
(Beveridge 1941) Mráz 1963, 85;
Fusiformis nodosus
Beveridge 1941, 23.)
Suttonella
Authors: Dewhirst Floyd E. , Paster Bruce J.
Published: August 2015

Sut.ton.el' la
. L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
N.L. fem. n.
Suttonella
named after R.G.A. Sutton.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Cardiobacteriales / Cardiobacteriaceae / Suttonella

Large straight rods, 1.0 × 2–3 µm, with rounded ends. Cells occasionally occur in pair, chains, or rosettes. Gram negative but with a tendency to resist Gram decolorization. Nonmotile as determined by normal tests, but may be fimbriated (i.e., have pili) and exhibit twitching motility. Aerobic. Aerobic growth is enhanced by high humidity and CO
2
, which makes the organism appear to be facultatively anaerobic.
Oxidase positive
(when tested with tetramethyl‐
p
‐phenylene diamine).
Catalase negative. Indole positive
(activity may be weak). Urease negative. DNase negative. Ornithine and lysine decarboxylase negative.
Alkaline phosphatase positive
. Trypsin (
N
‐benzoyl‐dl‐arginine‐2‐naphthylamide) negative. Phosphohydrolase (naphthyl‐AS‐B1‐phosphate) negative. Chemoorganotrophic, having a fermentative type of metabolism. Acid but not gas is produced from fructose, glucose, maltose,
D
‐mannose, and sucrose. The maltose reaction is weak and delayed (positive at 28 d), but is negative as determined by rapid (4–24 h) protocols.
Nitrates are not reduced
. Nitrites are reduced by some strains. Resazurin is reduced. H
2
S is produced (as determined by the lead acetate method, but not by the triple sugar iron method). No growth occurs on MacConkey agar.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.

Type species
:
Suttonella indologenes
(Snell and Lapage 1976) Dewhirst, Paster, La Fontaine, and Rood 1990, 430 (
Kingella indologenes
Snell and Lapage 1976, 456.)
Isochromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

I' so.chro.ma' ti.um
. Gr. adj.
isos
equal, similar;
Chromatium
a genus name; M.L. neut. n.
Isochromatium
the similar
Chromatium
, the bacterium similar to
Chromatium
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Isochromatium

Cells straight to slightly curved rods
, multiply by binary fission,
motile by a polar tuft of flagella
. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.2–62.8.

Type species
:
Isochromatium buderi
(Trüper and Jannasch 1968) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998b, 1141 (
Chromatium buderi
Trüper and Jannasch 1968, 364.)
Lamprobacter
Authors: Gorlenko Vladimir M. , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Lam' pro.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
lampros
bright, brilliant; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Lamprobacter
brilliant rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Lamprobacter

Cells are rod shaped or ovoid
, 2.0–2.5 × 4–5 µm, multiply by binary fission, do not form aggregates.
Gas vesicles formed
in cell periphery or in the entire cytoplasm.
Motile by flagella
during certain stages of development. Motile cells normally devoid of gas vesicles. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60–64.

Type species
:
Lamprobacter modestohalophilus
Gorlenko, Krasil' nikova, Kikina and Tatarinova 1988, 220 (Effective publication: Gorlenko, Krasil' nikova, Kikina and Tatarinova 1974, 765.)
Marichromatium
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ma' ri.chro.ma' ti.um
. L. gen. n.
maris
of the sea;
Chromatium
a genus name; M.L. neut. n.
Marichromatium
the
Chromatium
of the sea, the truly marine
Chromatium
.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Chromatiaceae / Marichromatium

Cells straight to slightly curved rods, motile by polar flagella
and multiply by binary fission. Cells single or in pairs, and may stick together and form clumps. Gram negative, belong to the
Gammaproteobacteria
, and contain internal
photosynthetic membranes of vesicular type
with bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68.9–70.4.

Type species
:
Marichromatium gracile
(Strzeszewski 1913) Imhoff, Süling and Petri 1998, 1140 (
Chromatium gracile
Strzeszewski 1913, 321.)