bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microcrystalline cellulose production by acid hydrolysis of hydrotropic rice straw pulp
Authors: Raudhatussyarifah R , Sediawan W B , Azis M M , Hartati I
Published: January 2022

Rice straw is a by-product of the production of rice. Most of this material is considered as agricultural waste, used only for fodder, left or burned on the fields after harvest. Rice straw contains 35-50% cellulose, making it promising as raw material for microcrystalline cellulose production. The production of microcrystalline cellulose consists of three stages, namely delignification, bleaching, and hydrolysis. Those processes can be conducted at relatively high temperatures by both oven or microwave irradiation. The objective of this study was to compare the performances of those processes (oven and microwave irradiation) by evaluating the cellulose content and the crystallinity index of the microcrystal cellulose. The rice straw pulp was successively pre-treated with hydrotropic delignification and was bleached. Those pretreatments are intended to significantly remove unwanted substances such as lignin, coloring materials, and hemicellulose before the hydrolysis. The hydrotropic delignification was performed using a 20% urea solution with a liquid solids ratio of 1:10 at 80°C for 60 minutes. The bleaching process was carried out at 70°C for 60 minutes using hydrogen peroxide, an environmentally friendly bleaching agent. The hydrolysis was performed using hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid in an oven for 10 to 50 minutes. The product was analyzed using Chesson-Datta method and FTIR. The FTIR analysis result shows that the highest crystalline cellulose fraction was 63,23%, which was obtained from hydrolysis using 1,5 M sulfuric acid for 50 minutes, the yield content is 55,91%. The same condition using hydrochloric acid resulted in a crystalline cellulose fraction of 60,70% with 59,16% yield content.
Utilization of sodium silica from coal fly ash and trimethylchlorosilane as self-cleaning coating on glass
Authors: Maharsih I K , Ernawati L , Welltina  , Dani W P
Published: January 2022

Sodium silica is extracted from coal fly ash generated from the power plant. Furthermore, sodium silica is utilized as silica sol, and then it is added to the coating solution with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) as an additive. The coating solution is applied to the glass surface by the deep coating method in order to get a self-cleaning glass. This material is usually used as microfluidic devices for biotechnology or bioprocessing. This study aims to analyze the effect of various volume ratios of silica sol and silane sol from TMCS on the physicochemical characterization of the glass surface. The ratios used between silica sol and silane sol are 1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8. Wettability, hysteresis, morphology, and functional group analysis are conducted on the coated glass. The best concentration ratio is 1:8 that produces a contact angle of 107.53°, contact angle hysteresis of 3.13°, and transparency of 99.04%. Moreover, the glass-coated by silica sol-silane sol has surfactant resistance. When Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), at a concentration of 2 times of CMC, is dropped on the glass surface inclined at 10°, the droplet slides without leaving a trace. It can be concluded that the glass coated by sodium silica and TMCS has a self-cleaning characteristic.
Promising agricultural technologies for growing winter wheat for sustainable agricultural development
Authors: Zelenev A V , Chamurliev O G , Krivtsov I V , Kholod A A , Sidorov A N , Vorontsova E S
Published: January 2022

In the arid zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region, in order to increase the influx of organic matter and basic nutrients into the soil, winter rye and yellow two-year-old clover should be cultivated in occupied fallows as sideral crops. To increase the replenishment of potassium in the soil, it is also recommended to grow phacelia on siderate as a fallow crop. Plowing oats in the form of green fertilizer led to a decrease in the input of organic matter and mineral nutrition elements into the soil compared to the control. The highest content of nitrate nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the arable layer of the soil during the sowing of winter wheat, when its plants leave for winter and spring regrowth, as well as during harvesting, was provided by the predecessors of the occupied fallows by winter rye, two-year-old clover and phacelia for siderate. The highest yield of winter wheat was obtained by the predecessors the pure fallow and occupied fallows by winter rye, sweet clover and phacelia for siderate. According to the predecessors, the occupied fallows by spring ginger and oats for siderate showed a significant decrease in the yield of winter wheat.
Expert system for determining the technical condition of longterm operational structures of water management facilities of the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Arkov D P , Yastrebov A A , Matveev A S , Sukhov A A
Published: January 2022

This paper presents a promising solution to the issue of determining the category of technical condition of hydraulic structures in operation, namely, the collaboration of IT solutions and a set of current building codes and rules in the developed expert system. Most of the reclamation and hydraulic structures operating in the Volgograd region have exceeded their operational life of 25 years laid down in the design. Therefore, it is necessary to control and maintain such structures with the establishment of the technical condition. The developed expert system would contribute to the solution of the listed problems by the operational services of the organizations on the balance of which the structures are located, and the result should comply with all relevant norms and rules.
Effect of the structure of artificial rain on the soil
Authors: Bocharnikov V S , Kozinskaya O V , Denisova M A , Bocharnikova O V , Repenko T V , Pustovalov E V
Published: January 2022

The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of the distribution of the rain layer over the irrigated area. If the water permeability exceeds the intensity of precipitation, then surface runoff does not occur. With an increase in soil moisture, water permeability decreases, and surface runoff increases, contributing to the washout of the fertile layer. The sprinkling machine “Kuban-LS” is installed 18…20 km west of Volgograd, located on the western slope of the Volga Upland. The soil cover has a complex character and is represented by carbonate light chestnut varieties of varying degrees of washout. The data on the effect of artificial rain created by a sprinkler machine on the soil structure and absorption rate are presented. Due to the partial destruction of agronomically valuable soil aggregates, the density of the arable layer from sowing to harvesting the grass mixture after each irrigation increased from 1.10…1.28 to 1.26…1.35 t/m3. The quality of irrigation by sprinklers is determined not only by the uniformity of rain distribution, but also by the conditions for the absorption of irrigation water into the soil. Based on these studies, we offer certain recommendations to reduce the negative impact on the soil.
Calculation of the strength of water management facilities for the sustainable development of rural areas
Authors: Gureeva N A , Kiseleva R Z , Klochkov Yu V , Nikolaev A P
Published: January 2022

The physical relations are presented at the loading step of a bulk body in two variants. In the first version, the theory of plastic flow is used. In the second variant, to determine the increments of plastic deformations, a hypothesis is proposed about the proportionality of the increments of plastic deformations to the components of the deviator of stress increments, which made it more correct and easier to obtain the defining equations at the loading step. Variants of physically nonlinear defining equations in the calculation of three-dimensional elements of water management objects are implemented in the developed tetrahedral finite element with nodal unknowns in the form of displacement increments and stress increments.
Dynamics of various forms of manganese in the pond waters
Authors: Ch Kazanchev S , Getokov O O , Khashegulgov Sh B , Dolov M M , Yusupova L U
Published: January 2022

The forms of migration of manganese in pond waters are suspended matter and truly dissolved forms, including free manganese cations, as well as complex compounds formed by manganese with organic substances. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of the content of various forms of manganese in the water of fish ponds. The content of individual forms of manganese was established according to the method developed by Linnik and Nabivanets. According to the methodology of Alekin, Semenov and Skopintsev determined hydrochemical parameters. It has been established that the dynamics of the content of manganese forms in different seasons depends mainly on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH value, inflow from sludge waters and the content of dissolved organic complexing substances in the water. In winter, free uncomplexed ions are the dominant form of migration. In other seasons, the content of complex forms exceeds the concentration of uncomplexed manganese. The dominant form of manganese migration in spring, summer, and autumn is Mn suspended, while in some periods of the same seasons, Mn dissolved predominates, which is explained by the influence of the intensity of water exchange, where suspended particles settle under conditions of slow runoff.
Promising technology of wastewater treatment with natural ameliorants
Authors: Bocharnikov V S , Denisova M A , Ovchinnikov A S , Bocharnikova O V , Kozinskaya O V , Meshcheryakov M P
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of testing filter media with various natural sorbents. When studying the absorbing properties of zeolite, charcoal and gravel sand, their properties of removing heavy metals such as Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, as well as ammonium nitrogen were studied. During experimental studies, all studied ion exchangers showed absorption properties to varying degrees. After calculating the static capacities of each of the studied sorbents, he showed that the best absorption properties are aluminosilicate (zeolite). After completing experimental studies within 48 hours, the best moisture-absorbing effect was observed with zeolite, after 12 hours of contact with poultry wastewater, it removed 64.7 percent of the total iron, and activated carbon and gravel sand only 15.4 percent. The result of research in the study of the absorption properties of heavy metals, ammonium nitrogen ions, showed that zeolite has the highest quality wastewater treatment. The removal of ions of chemical elements was more than 60 percent within 12 hours of being in the liquid phase, in contrast to charcoal and gravel sand.
Modernization of structural elements of a hydrocyclone to improve the efficiency of irrigation water treatment
Authors: Ovchinnikov A S , Denisova M A , Pustovalov E V , Bocharnikov V S , Bocharnikova O V , Kozinskaya O V
Published: January 2022

There are many methods of water treatment and wastewater treatment, this includes sorption filters with different loads, the use of reagents, but mechanical cleaning filters carry a heavy load. The correct selection of equipment assumes effective water purification and high-quality irrigation of crops. The article presents the results of modernization of structural elements of a hydrocyclone to improve the efficiency of irrigation water treatment. The modernization consists in the fact that an impeller with a bearing was additionally installed on the outlet of the clarified product, which increases the centrifugal force of the swirling liquid flow, thereby increasing the efficiency of cleaning irrigation water. After the cleaning process, a chemical analysis of the irrigation water was carried out, which showed that the proposed design of a hydrocyclone with an impeller effectively reduces the concentration of impurities in the irrigation water. The amount of impurities in the purified water decreased due to, increasing the centrifugal force of the swirling fluid flow, suspended solids decreased by 3 times, turbidity by 2.5 times, color by more than 29%.
Effectiveness of using the Feed-Food Magic Antistress Mix additive in broiler chicken diets for sustainable agricultural development
Authors: Budtuev O V , Pereryadkina S P , Mishurova M N , Budtueva O D , Bukaeva Yu G , Baksarova A A
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of using the anti-stress additive when introducing it into the mixed fodder for broiler chickens. Studies were carried out at the research base of Volgograd State Agrarian University. The birds of the control group were given a basic diet. The birds of the experimental group I received an anti-stress additive “Feed Food Magic Antistress Mix” 0.05% per ton of mixed fodder in addition to the basic diet, and experimental group II - 0.02% of anti-stress additive per ton of mixed fodder. Good results were obtained in terms of poultry survival, and good dynamics of growth and development of chickens were observed in all groups and sections. At all ages, the body weight of broiler chickens was within the standard values of the broiler breed. When comparing the indicators of live weight of a bird at the age of 35 days, it was found that the experimental group I prevailed over the control group by 2.96%, and over the experimental group II by 0.76%.
Improving the environmental safety of milk and the productivity of dairy cows
Authors: Khoroshevskaya L V , Khoroshevsky A P , Mosolov A A , Starodubova Yu V , Frolova M V , Karabalina N A , Slozhenkina M I
Published: January 2022

In recent years, close attention of scientists around the world has been focused on research on avoiding the widespread use of antibiotics of various types in the agricultural industry and on the transition to the use of environmentally friendly, natural additives and enzymes in the diets of animals and poultry, aimed at increasing the immune defense of the body capable of resisting aggressive the influence of the pathogenic microbial and viral background of the environment, capable of producing environmentally friendly products for human consumption. One of the simple and effective solutions for maintaining the health of agricultural animals and birds in the current conditions is the systemic use of prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotics, phytobiotics and natural enzymes as an additive to the diet, which are active agents for stimulating and enhancing immunity due to microbial pool of the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to an improvement in the safety of livestock and an increase in the production indicators of the industry. The experiments have shown the positive effect of the new probiotic feed additive on the milk productivity and quality of milk of cows by improving the breakdown of fiber and proteins, activating the cellulolytic microflora of the digestive tract of animals.
Influence of sodium dimethylglycinate on environmental safety and meat productivity when growing broiler chickens
Authors: Komarova Z B , Tarasov E N , Slozhenkina M I , Rudkovskaya A V , Frolova M V , Mosolov A A , Struk A N
Published: January 2022

The aim of the studies was to evaluate the effect of adding sodium dimethyl glycinate in broiler diets, as part of a feed additive to increase the digestibility of feed nutrients, improve health and increase the meat productivity of broilers. During the experiment, the prevalence of live weight was established by 77 g (3.81%) in the experimental group, with a reduction in feed costs per 1 kg of gain by 0.05 kg. Safety in the experimental group was 100%, and in the control - 97.5. The European efficiency index increased by 35.18 points and amounted to 389.35. An increase in the digestibility of nutrients obtained from feed by the body of broilers: dry matter - by 1.44, protein - by 1.25, fat - by 2.74, nitrogen-free extractive substances - by 1.67%. The mass of the pectoral muscles increased by 78 g, which confirms the high digestibility of nutrients in the feed. Sodium dimethylglycinate has also been shown to improve the immune system and reduce oxidative stress in broiler chickens. Activation of enzymes of the antioxidant status was observed under the influence of the studied additive: superoxide dismutase by 8.32%, ceruloplasmin by 9.47%, and the level of malondialdehyde decreased by 5.63%.
Nutritional value and environmental safety of bulls meat of the dairy direction
Authors: Karpenko E V , Kaidulina A A , Gorlov I F , Yu Bondarkova E , Grebennikova J S , Mosolova D A
Published: January 2022

The authors present the results of research, according to the comparative assessment, food and biological value of beef from the purebred bulls of the Holstein breed belonging to different lines. The genetic potential of animals had a certain impact on high-quality indicators of the resulting meat raw materials. It has been established that the maximum amount of protein in the long muscle of the back was in the bulls of the reflective line, respectively, 0.53 and 0.8% compared with the same indicator of other animal lines. Culinary and technological indicators of meat studied groups are defined. The calculation of the amino acid ski was above 100% in all experimental groups, which indicates the usefulness of the obtained meat raw materials. Intergroup differences are noted on the most optimal content of essential amino acids, which slightly affected the biological value of meat.
Environment and sheep wool quality indicators
Authors: Ostapchuk P S , Pashtetsky V S , Usmanova E N , Kuevda T A , Yu Zyablitskaya E , Makalish T P , Saenko J S
Published: January 2022

The features of the skin histology and the determination of the quality indicators of wool of young female Tsigai breed sheep are presented in the article. A positive correlation was found between the fineness of the wool and the live weight (p ≤ 0.05); between the shearing of natural wool and the fineness of the wool (p ≤ 0.05); between the shearing of natural wool and the live weight (p ≤ 0.05); between the washed wool and the fineness of the wool (p ≤ 0.05) and the shearing of natural wool (p ≤ 0.05). There is no reliable relationship between the fineness and the percentage of the washed wool shearing. However, the percentage of the shearing of washed wool is negatively related to the live weight (p ≤ 0.05), the shearing of natural wool. The greatest thickness of the skin was on the back and leg are 968.07 and 968.24 microns respectively. It is assumed that the skin regeneration occurs due to the cells of the basal layer. This is due to the fact that the thickness of the basal layer decreases in the following order: side-back-leg-neck, which correlates with the degree of exposure to damaging factors on these areas.
Consumer properties and environmental safety of a functional curd product
Authors: Kryuchkova V V , Gorlov I F , Slozhenkina M I , Mosolova N I , Lomonova N V , Belik S N , Skripin P V
Published: January 2022

The authors studied the composition and properties of sesame seeds and whey proteins. It was found that they have medicinal properties, high nutritional and biological value, contain a complex of essential minerals and vitamins necessary for the normal functioning of the body. The dose, method and technological stage of introducing sesame seeds and whey proteins in the production of curd products were studied, on the basis of which the technology of a functional curd product was developed and its consumer properties were determined. It was found that the introduction of sesame seeds and whey proteins increases the organoleptic characteristics, nutritional and physiological value of the curd product.
A dynamic algorithm for stabilization of the working body of a mobile robot weeding for the future of agriculture
Authors: Ivanov A G , Zhoga V V , Vorob’yeva N S , Dyashkin-Titov V V
Published: January 2022

The article considers the development of a control algorithm for the actuating links of a manipulator with a parallel-serial structure. The authors suggest a two-stage procedure for resolving the problem of controlling the robot operating body motion into a set neighborhood of the final state for a set time. The first stage covers the process of solving the problem of defining the manipulator generalized coordinates at the set coordinates of the operating body. Then the problem of determining the laws of the formation of reference influences for the actuators is solved, which ensures the movement of the working body in the vicinity of a given point. The technique for the synthesis of dynamic algorithms for stabilizing the effector relative to a given position and implementing the program paths is based on generating the control signals of actuators by solving the inverse dynamic problem using a control signal generation algorithm provided that deviations from the current program path values are the solutions of a second-order differential equation. The laws of change in control voltages are obtained. The results of numerical modeling are presented, confirming the efficiency of the proposed algorithm on the example of a specific manipulator.
Algorithm for calculating flat-loaded shells of environmental structures
Authors: Nikolaev A P , Kiselev A P , Yushkin V N , Marchenko S S
Published: January 2022

Structures made of thin-walled shells are widely distributed elements in the environmental protection systems. In this connection, it is necessary to develop their effective and refined calculation. The point of the shell of the environmental protection structures is considered with a plane load in the initial position, deformed after j loading steps (displacement vector) and adjacent after (j + 1) loading step. The displacement increments and their derivatives are taken as nodal unknowns. The displacement vectors of the inner point of a finite element are represented in the initial basis, and their components are approximated through nodal unknowns using Hermite polynomials of the 3rd degree. To determine the deformed state of the shell, the algorithm of the method of discrete continuation with respect to the parameter in the vicinity of a singular point is used, in which the increment of loading at the step is the desired parameter. Based on the obtained dependencies, a step-by-step calculation procedure is organized, which allows you to get correct results if there is a special point.
Melons and gourds sowing quality improving in conditions of risky farming
Authors: Shaprov M N , Martynov I S , Mikhalyenok A A , Sadovnikov M A , Yu Guzenko E , Ivanova T S
Published: January 2022

The article describes the conditions in the agricultural crops cultivation, which greatly affect their productivity. One of the main problems is sparse seedlings. In this regard, it is necessary to use innovative technologies for the cultivation of melons and gourds, which reduce risks and increase their productivity. To solve this problem, the authors developed a technology for multi-depth row crops seedbed planting, which field tests were carried out in the fields of the Volgograd state agrarian university. In the course of the study, the distribution of seeds in the seedbed and the distance between the bunches were studied when sowing them into the soil under various operating modes of the seeding machine. At the same time, the dependence of the distance between seeds in the bunch and between the bunches on the speed of the seeding machine was established. The use of the bunch planting technology at different depths makes it possible to ensure a favorable temperature and humidity regime for seeds in compliance with all agrotechnical requirements.
Fighting forest and landscape fires in forestry
Authors: Belomutenko D V , Istochkina M V , Belomutenko S V , Peskov A E , Golatov D A , Medvedev M V , Klenina E A
Published: January 2022

Wildfire is a serious disastrous phenomenon for nature and the population of our country and the whole world. Wildfires, which result in enormous economic losses, take a toll in human life and affect ecosystems, are a fundamental problem. The article assesses the fire hazards of Leshchevskoe forestry in the Volgograd region. The total area of the forest fund of the forestry is 17004 ha. The area covered by forests is 9313 ha. According to the forest zoning the territory of Leshchevskoe forestry attributed to the steppe region of the European part of Russia of the steppe forest zone. The article contains natural and climatic characteristics of the forestry territories, the indicators of the characteristics of forest and non-forest zones of the forestry fund, the fire hazard classes, the tree species composition and the major forest types. The main causes of forest fires and factors that increase the fire risks of forestry have been identified. The list and terms of measures for the organization of monitoring and control of fire hazards in forests and forest fires, as well as measures for the organization of fire detection, inventory and monitoring systems on the territory of Leshchevsky forestry are set out.
Resource saving in the design of multiple robots control systems
Authors: Bogdanov S I , Ryabtsev V G , Evseev K V
Published: January 2022

The research objective is design of the information technology for automated control system model synthesis for reducing the labour intensity of the digital machine model design by improving the control system information conversion tools. The structural-functional digital machine models are proposed for project development of robotic manipulator control devices. Application of the structural-functional digital machine models allows reducing labour intensity and project timing of robotic center control system design due to the cycle scheme conversion to intermediate representation, which is convenient for digital machine synthesis using the modern development tools. When applying the proposed structural-functional model a process engineer can rely on keeping all important technological process details and a programmer can avoid a large amount of errors when developing the device algorithms. The developed algorithm can be represented as state diagrams, which can be adapted for integrated scheme crystal as a digital machine using the specific tools of computer-aid design.
Perspective architecture of dairy farming enterprises, using modern digital technologies for sustainable development
Authors: Kochetkova O V , Shiryaeva E V
Published: January 2022

The subject of dairy farming digitalization is relevant due to global factors such as population growth, climate change and food traceability needs. Negative impact of these factors on dairy farming efficiency and safety can be neutralized or significantly reduced by means of modern digital technologies introduction which are aimed at improving of enterprise environmental and economic sustainability, the effectiveness of planning, monitoring and control of animal habitat and health. Main reason for the low rate of dairy farming digitalization is that enterprise top executives are lacking clear understanding of how their organization should be transformed using modern information technologies. Problem could be solved by creation of the perspective enterprise architecture model “To Be” which relies heavily on modern digital technologies usage. System analysis and system engineering techniques, TOGAF architecture management methodology and ArchiMate architectural language are used to develop dairy enterprise architecture. Presented models allow to see digital enterprise of dairy production entirely, to demonstrate interaction of its individual architectural elements from strategy to infrastructure of the enterprise. New business opportunities, namely digital management of dairy farm and various electronic services provide real time monitoring of dairy livestock conditions, traceability, sustainability and efficiency of production processes.
Adaptive biohybrid pumping machine with flow loop feedback
Authors: Li Zhengwei , Balance William C , Joy Md Saddam Hossain , Patel Shrey , Hwang Joanne , Kong Hyunjoon , Saif M Taher A
Published: January 2022

Tissue-engineered living machines is an emerging discipline that employs complex interactions between living cells and engineered scaffolds to self-assemble biohybrid systems for diverse scientific research and technological applications. Here, we report an adaptive, autonomous biohybrid pumping machine with flow loop feedback powered by engineered living muscles. The tissue is made from skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) and collagen I/Matrigel matrix, which self-assembles into a ring that compresses a soft hydrogel tube connected at both ends to a rigid fluidic platform. The muscle ring contracts in a repetitive fashion autonomously squeezing the tube, resulting in an impedance pump. The resulting flow is circulated back to the muscle ring forming a feedback loop, which allows the pump to respond to the cues received from the flow it generates and adaptively manage its pumping performances based on the feedback. The developed biohybrid pumping system may have broad utility and impact in health, medicine and bioengineering.
Experimental and numerical investigation of severe plastic deformation of copper sheets processed by modified-constrained studded pressing
Authors: Kaykha M M , Dashtbayazi M R
Published: January 2022

In this study, mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution of copper sheets, produced by modified-constrained studded pressing (modified-CSP) as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) method, were investigated by experimental and numerical methods. A finite element model (FEM) was established to analyze distribution of equivalent total strain, distribution of equivalent plastic strain and residual stress for the complete first pass of the process. Local stress concentration was predicted by FEM. Also, copper sheets were deformed by the modified-CSP from the first to the tenth passes. The distribution of residual stress on the surface of the copper sheets was measured at each step of the process. Crack initiation and propagation were investigated by the non-destructive penetration test (PT). The residual stresses were predicted by X-ray diffraction (XRD) via sin2
Ψ method. The residual stresses were determined for the annealed and the first pass samples, +128.2 and +80.4 MPa, respectively. The maximum compression residual stress was −62.5 MPa for the tenth pass sample. The microstructural evolution including grain size and dislocation density of samples during the process were investigated by XRD pattern analysis. The average grain size had a significant decrease from ∼35

μ
m

to ∼76 nm for annealed sample and tenth pass of modified-CSP, respectively.
Products of ideals and Golod rings
Authors: VandeBogert Keller
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we study conditions guaranteeing that a product of ideals defines a Golod ring. We show that for a

3
3

-dimensional regular local ring (or

3
3

-variable polynomial ring)

(
R
,

m

)

(R, \mathfrak {m})

, the ideal

I

m

I \mathfrak {m}

always defines a Golod ring for any proper ideal

I
⊂
R

I \subset R

. We also show that non-Golod products of ideals are ubiquitous; more precisely, we prove that for any proper ideal with grade

⩾
4

\geqslant 4

, there exists an ideal

J
⊆
I

J \subseteq I

such that

I
J

IJ

is not Golod. We conclude by showing that if

I
I

is any proper ideal in a

3
3

-dimensional regular local ring and

a

⊆
I

\mathfrak {a} \subseteq I

a complete intersection, then

a

I

\mathfrak {a} I

is Golod.
Endoplasmic reticulum–to–Golgi trafficking of procollagen III via conventional vesicular and tubular carriers
Authors: Hirata Yukihiro , Matsui Yuto , Wada Ikuo , Hosokawa Nobuko
Published: January 2022

Collagen is the major protein component of the extracellular matrix, consisting of three α chains that form a triple helix 300-400 nm in length. Live-cell imaging revealed that fibril-forming procollagen III was transported to the Golgi apparatus by conventional vesicular and tubular cargo carriers, requiring SAR1, TANGO1, and CUL3 for ER exit.
A case report of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries as the initial presentation of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Chatta Payush , Park Eunwoo , Ghatnekar Nikhil , Kirk Shannon , Hilliard Anthony , Parwani Purvi
Published: January 2022

Background

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a multisystem disorder commonly affecting the lung and skin, with cardiovascular involvement found in up to 60% of patients. We present a case of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) as the initial presentation of EGPA.

Case summary

A 52-year-old female with past medical history of asthma, recurrent sinusitis, and peripheral neuropathy presented to our hospital with chest pain, rash, acute vision loss, elevated troponin, and peripheral eosinophilia. Electrocardiogram showed no ischaemic changes and coronary angiography displayed normal coronary anatomy. On a subsequent visit, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) showed predominant focal anteroseptal and inferoseptal akinesis with focal sub-endocardial delayed enhancement, indicative of a myocardial infarction involving the septal branches of the left anterior descending artery. Due to the focal findings on CMR, peripheral eosinophilia, and rash, the patient was evaluated for EGPA. Rheumatologic workup and skin biopsy were suggestive of small vessel vasculitis. The patient was diagnosed with multi-organ EGPA, involving the coronaries, which was ultimately thought to be the aetiology of her MINOCA. Following steroid and monoclonal antibody therapy, the patient experienced notable improvement in her cardiac function at follow-up appointments.

Discussion

This is a unique case MINOCA as the initial presentation of EGPA. Considering the heterogeneous disease presentation of those diagnosed with MINOCA, utilization of CMR is essential to guide diagnosis and management of such patients.
Universal gene co-expression network reveals receptor-like protein genes involved in broad-spectrum resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.)
Authors: Kang Won-Hee , Lee Junesung , Koo Namjin , Kwon Ji-Su , Park Boseul , Kim Yong-Min , Yeom Seon-In
Published: January 2022

Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) on plant cells have been implicated in immune responses and developmental processes. Although hundreds of RLP genes have been identified in plants, only a few RLPs have been functionally characterized in a limited number of plant species. Here, we identified RLPs in the pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome and performed comparative transcriptomics coupled with the analysis of conserved gene co-expression networks (GCNs) to reveal the role of core RLP regulators in pepper–pathogen interactions. A total of 102 RNA-seq datasets of pepper plants infected with four pathogens were used to construct CaRLP-targeted GCNs (CaRLP-GCNs). Resistance-responsive CaRLP-GCNs were merged to construct a universal GCN. Fourteen hub CaRLPs, tightly connected with defense-related gene clusters, were identified in eight modules. Based on the CaRLP-GCNs, we evaluated whether hub CaRLPs in the universal GCN are involved in the biotic stress response. Of the nine hub CaRLPs tested by virus-induced gene silencing, three genes (CaRLP264, CaRLP277, and CaRLP351) showed defense suppression with less hypersensitive response-like cell death in race-specific and non-host resistance response to viruses and bacteria, respectively, and consistently enhanced susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum and/or Phytophthora capsici. These data suggest that key CaRLPs are involved in the defense response to multiple biotic stresses and can be used to engineer a plant with broad-spectrum resistance. Together, our data show that generating a universal GCN using comprehensive transcriptome datasets can provide important clues to uncover genes involved in various biological processes.
Modification of tomato breeding traits and plant hormone signaling by Target-AID, the genome-editing system inducing efficient nucleotide substitution
Authors: Kashojiya Sachiko , Lu Yu , Takayama Mariko , Komatsu Hiroki , Minh Luyen Hieu Thi , Nishida Keiji , Shirasawa Kenta , Miura Kenji , Nonaka Satoko , Masuda Jun-ichiro , Kondo Akihiko , Ezura Hiroshi , Ariizumi Tohru
Published: January 2022

Target activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Target-AID), a novel CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing tool, confers the base-editing capability on the Cas9 genome-editing system. It involves the fusion of cytidine deaminase (CDA), which catalyzes cytidine (C) to uridine (U) substitutions, to the mutated nickase-type nCas9 or deactivated-type dCas9. To confirm and extend the applicability of the Target-AID genome-editing system in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), we transformed the model tomato cultivar “Micro-Tom” and commercial tomato cultivars using this system by targeting SlDELLA, which encodes a negative regulator of the plant phytohormone gibberellic acid (GA) signaling pathway. We confirmed that the nucleotide substitutions were induced by the Target-AID system, and we isolated mutants showing high GA sensitivity in both “Micro-Tom” and the commercial cultivars. Moreover, by successfully applying this system to ETHYLENE RECEPTOR 1 (SlETR1) with single sgRNA targeting, double sgRNA targeting, as well as dual-targeting of both SlETR1 and SlETR2 with a single sgRNA, we demonstrated that the Target-AID genome-editing system is a promising tool for molecular breeding in tomato crops. This study highlights an important aspect of the scientific and agricultural potential of the combinatorial use of the Target-AID and other base-editing systems.
Horticultural innovation by viral-induced gene regulation of carotenogenesis
Authors: Paudel Lucky , Kerr Stephanie , Prentis Peter , Tanurdžić Miloš , Papanicolaou Alexie , Plett Jonathan M , Cazzonelli Christopher I
Published: January 2022

Multipartite viral vectors provide a simple, inexpensive and effective biotechnological tool to transiently manipulate (i.e. reduce or increase) gene expression in planta and characterise the function of genetic traits. The development of virus-induced gene regulation (VIGR) systems usually involve the targeted silencing or overexpression of genes involved in pigment biosynthesis or degradation in plastids, thereby providing rapid visual assessment of success in establishing RNA- or DNA-based VIGR systems in planta. Carotenoids pigments provide plant tissues with an array of yellow, orange, and pinkish-red colours. VIGR-induced transient manipulation of carotenoid-related gene expression has advanced our understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis, regulation, accumulation and degradation, as well as plastid signalling processes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of VIGR, the importance of carotenoids as visual markers of technology development, and knowledge gained through manipulating carotenogenesis in model plants as well as horticultural crops not always amenable to transgenic approaches. We outline how VIGR can be utilised in plants to fast-track the characterisation of gene function(s), accelerate fruit tree breeding programs, edit genomes, and biofortify plant products enriched in carotenoid micronutrients for horticultural innovation.
PbrROP1/2-elicited imbalance of cellulose deposition is mediated by a CrRLK1L-ROPGEF module in the pollen tube of Pyrus
Authors: Kou Xiaobing , Cao Peng , He Qianke , Wang Peng , Zhang Shaoling , Wu Juyou
Published: January 2022

Pollen tube growth is critical for the sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinases (CrRLK1L) play an important role in plant sexual reproduction, pollen tube growth, and male and female gametophyte recognition. Here, we identified a CrRLK1L protein in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri), PbrCrRLK1L13, which is necessary for normal tip growth of the pollen tube. When PbrCrRLK1L13 was knocked down, the pollen tube grew faster. Interaction analysis showed that the kinase domain of PbrCrRLK1L13 interacted with the C-terminal region of PbrGEF8, and PbrCrRLK1L13 activated the phosphorylation of PbrGEF8 in vitro. Furthermore, PbrROP1 and PbrROP2 were the downstream targets of PbrCrRLK1L13-PbrGEF8. When we knocked down the expression of PbrCrRLK1L13, PbrGEF8, or PbrROP1/2, the balance of cellulose deposition in the pollen tube wall was disrupted. Considering these factors, we proposed a model for a signaling event regulating pear pollen tube growth. During pear pollen tube elongation, PbrCrRLK1L13 acted as a surface regulator of the PbrROP1 and PbrROP2 signaling pathway via PbrGEF8 to affect the balance of cellulose deposition and regulate pear pollen tube growth.
A novel inhibitor of the jasmonic acid signaling pathway represses herbivore resistance in tea plants
Authors: Lin Songbo , Ye Meng , Li Xiwang , Xing Yuxian , Liu Miaomiao , Zhang Jin , Sun Xiaoling
Published: January 2022

The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays a vital role in mediating plant resistance to herbivores. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important woody cash crops in the world. Due to the lack of genetic transformation systems for tea plants, how the JA signaling pathway works in tea plants has not yet been determined. Now, with the development of cross-disciplines, chemical biology provides new means for analyzing the JA signaling pathway. In the present study, the structure of the small-molecule isoquinoline compound ZINC71820901 (lyn3) was obtained from the ZINC molecular library through virtual screening based on the structure of the crystal COI1-JAZ1 co-receptor and was found to act as an inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway in both Arabidopsis and tea plants. Our results revealed that lyn3 repressed tea plant resistance to Ectropis grisescens mainly by decreasing the accumulation of (−)-epicatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin via repression of the JA signaling pathway, which functioned in a modulation manner different from that of the already known inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). As a novel inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway, lyn3 provides a specific option for further research on the JA pathway.
Cucurbitaceae genome evolution, gene function, and molecular breeding
Authors: Ma Lili , Wang Qing , Zheng Yanyan , Guo Jing , Yuan Shuzhi , Fu Anzhen , Bai Chunmei , Zhao Xiaoyan , Zheng Shufang , Wen Changlong , Guo Shaogui , Gao Lipu , Grierson Donald , Zuo Jinhua , Xu Yong
Published: January 2022

Cucurbitaceae is one of the most genetically diverse plant families in the world. Many of them are important vegetables or medicinal plants and are widely distributed worldwide. The rapid development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatic algorithms has enabled the generation of genome sequences of numerous important Cucurbitaceae species. This has greatly facilitated research on gene identification, genome evolution, genetic variation, and molecular breeding of cucurbit crops. So far, genome sequences of 18 different cucurbit species belonging to tribes Benincaseae, Cucurbiteae, Sicyoeae, Momordiceae, and Siraitieae have been deciphered. This review summarizes the genome sequence information, evolutionary relationships, and functional genes associated with important agronomic traits (e.g. fruit quality). The progress of molecular breeding in cucurbit crops and prospects for future applications of Cucurbitaceae genome information are also discussed.
Snakin-2 interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 to inhibit sprout growth in potato tubers
Authors: Li Liqin , Lyu Chengcheng , Chen Jing , Lu Yifei , Yang Shiming , Ni Su , Zheng Shunlin , Yu Liping , Wang Xiyao , Wang Qiang , Lu Liming
Published: January 2022

The potato tuber is the main nutrient supply and reproductive organ; however, tuber sprouting can reduce its commercial value. Snakin-2 (StSN2) was first reported as an antimicrobial peptide that positively regulates potato disease resistance. Our recent study suggested StSN2 overexpression inhibited sprout growth, while the sprouting process was accelerated in StSN2 RNAi lines. Cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (StGAPC1) was identified as a candidate protein that interacts with StSN2 in co-immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry experiments. Here, we report that the expression levels of StSN2 and StGAPC1 decreased during sprouting compared with dormancy. Coexpression of StSN2 and StGAPC1 in bud eyes and apical buds was verified by immunofluorescence analysis of paraffin sections. In addition, interaction of StSN2 and StGAPC1 was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and split luciferase complementation assays. Overexpression of StGAPC1 depressed sprout growth, which is similar to the function of StSN2, and StSN2- and StGAPC1-overexpressing lines showed decreased glucose, fructose, and galactose contents. The interaction of StSN2 and StGAPC1 enhanced StGAPC1 activity and decreased its oxidative modification to inhibit sprout growth. Our results suggest that StSN2 plays a regulatory role in tuber sprout growth through interaction with StGAPC1.
An ARF1-binding factor triggering programmed cell death and periderm development in pear russet fruit skin
Authors: Wang Yuezhi , Dai Meisong , Wu Xinyi , Zhang Shujun , Shi Zebin , Cai Danying , Miao Lixiang
Published: January 2022

Plants have a cuticular membrane (CM) and periderm membrane (PM), which act as barriers to terrestrial stresses. The CM covers primary organs with a continuous hydrophobic layer of waxes embedded in cutin, while the PM includes suberized cells stacked externally to the secondary tissues. The formation of native periderm is regulated by a postembryonic meristem phellogen that produces suberized phellem (cork) outwardly. However, the mechanism controlling phellogen differentiation to phellem remains to be clarified. Here, map-based cloning in a pear F1 population with segregation for periderm development in fruit skin facilitated the identification of an aspartic acid repeat deletion in Pyrus Periderm Programmed Cell Death 1.1 (PyPPCD1.1) that triggers phellogen activity for cork formation in russet fruit skin of pear. PyPPCD1.1 showed preferential expression in pear fruit skin, and the encoded protein shares a structural similarity to that of the viral capsid proteins. Aspartic acid deletion in PyPPCD1.1 weakened its nuclear localization but increased its accumulation in the chloroplast. The products of both PyPPCD1.1 and its recessive allele directly interact with ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1). PyPPCD1.1 triggered programmed cell death in an ARF1-dependent manner. Thus, this study identified the switch gene for programmed cell death and periderm development and provided a new molecular regulatory mechanism underlying the development of this trait.