bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Aktif Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC)
Authors: Winarti Wiwi , Simanjuntak Partomuan , Syahidin Muhammad Fahmi
Published: January 2019

Buah andaliman, (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC),banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sebagai bumbu makanan dan obat tradisional seperti obat sakit perut, tonikum, dan anti mikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan dari ekstrak buah andaliman. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara maserasi kinetik menggunakan pelarut n-heksan, dan etil asetat. Ekstrak kental yang diperoleh kemudian diuji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas menggunakan DPPH. Sebagai kontrol positif digunakan vitamin C. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemurnian dengan kromatografi kolom sampai diperoleh isolat EA.X.6.1 yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil) menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat buah andaliman mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 66,91 bpj, dan isolat EA.X.6.1 yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 135,58 bpj. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis, spektrofotometri Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT- IR) dan Kromatografi Gas-Spektrometri Massa (KG-SM) diduga senyawa aktif antioksidan yang terdapat dalam ekstrak etil asetat buah andaliman adalah 2-metoksi-4-vinilfenol.

 

Andaliman fruit, (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC), is widely consumed by people as a food spice and traditional medicine to treat stomach pain, tonic, and as anti-microbial drugs. This study aimed to identify compounds that wereefficacious as antioxidants of andaliman fruit extract. The extraction was performed by kinetic maceration method using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Then, the crude was tested for its antioxidant activity by free radical DPPH scavenging method. Vitamin C was used as  a positive control. Furthermore, the extract was purified by column chromatography to obtain isolate  EA.X.6.1 which has the highest antioxidant activity. The results of evaluation on antioxidant activity by free radical DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil)scavenging method showed that ethyl acetate andaliman fruit extract revelaed antioxidant activity with IC50value of 66,91 bpj and isolate EA.X.6.1 which showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50value of 135,58 bpj. Based on analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT- IR) and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS), it was considered that antioxidant chemical active compound in ethyl acetate andaliman fruit extract was 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol
Aktivitas Analgetik Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pugun Tanoh (Picria Fel-Terrae Lour) Pada Mencit (Mus Musculus)
Authors: Yuandani Yuandani , Yohana Martha , Marianne Marianne
Published: January 2019

Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour) telah digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional untuk mengatasi sakit perut dan inflamasi. Kajian ilmiah perlu dilakukan untuk membuktikan khasiat pugun tanoh tersebut khususnya sebagai analgetik. Pengujian aktivitas analgetik ekstrak etanol daun P. fel-terrae dilakukan menggunakan metode plantar tes infrared. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan waktu yang dibutuhkan hewan uji untuk menahan induksi panas dari infrared (IR) pada panjang gelombang 96 nm, setelah pemberian ekstrak dengan dosis 25, 50 dan 100 mg/kg bb. Morfin 10 mg/kg bb dan antalgin 300 mg/kg bb digunakan sebagai kontrol positif. Kelompok kontrol negatif hanya menerima CMC-Na 0,5%. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 90 menit. Ekstrak etanol daun P. fel-terrae menunjukkan efek analgetik jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif (P>0.05). Nilai AUC (Area Under Curve) waktu respon terhadap nyeri semakin tinggi dengan meningkatnya dosis. Ekstrak pada dosis 100 mg/kg bb menunjukkan aktivitas paling tinggi dengan efek analgetik yang lebih baik dari antalgin 300 mg/kg bb (p < 0,05) tetapi memiliki efek analgetik yang sama dengan morfin 10 mg/kg bb (p > 0,05). Ekstrak etanol daun P. fel-terrae mempunyai efek analgetik dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi fitofarmaka.

 

Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour) has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of stomach ache and inflammation. The scientific study needs to be done to prove the activity of pugun tanoh especially as analgesic. The evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanol extract of pugun tanoh leaves was conducted using plantar-test infra red method. Analysis was perfomed by comparing the the duration of test animals to resist heat induction from infrared (IR) at a wavelength of 96 nm after being treated with extract at doses of 25, 50 dan 100 mg/kg bw. Morphine 10 mg/kg bwand antalgin 300 mg/kg bwwere used as positive control. Control negative group only received 0.5% Na CMC. The observation was performed for 90 minutes. The ethanol extract of pugun tanoh leaves showed analgesic effect as compared to negative control group (P<0.05). AUC (Area Under Curve) value of duration to resist pain increased as the dose increased. The extract at dose of 100 mg/kg bw displayed higher analgesic activitythan antalgin 300 mg/kg bw (p < 0,05) but was comparable with morphine10 mg/kg bw (p > 0,05). The ethanol extract of P. fel-terraeleaf possesses analgesic activity and thus can be developed into phytopharmaca
Pengaruh Formula Jamu Hiperglikemia Pada Quality Of Life Pasien di Klinik Saintifikasi Jamu Tawangmangu
Authors: Triyono Agus , Astana Widhi , Novianto Fajar
Published: January 2019

Diabetes mellitus (DM) merupakan penyakit degenerative dengan murbiditas dan mortalitas yang terus meningkat. Herbal medicine telah banyak digunakan untuk mengontrol kadar glukosa darah (KGD) pasien DM. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek penggunaan ramuan jamu hiperglikemia terhadap kualitas hidup atau quality of life (QoL) pasien DM. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort dengan menggunakan kuesioner Short Form-36 (SF-36) sebagai alat pengukuran kualitas hidup 40 subjek penelitian dengan KGD sewaktu 200 – 300 mg/dl. Pasien diberi ramuan jamu temulawak ,kunyit, dan meniran tiga kali sehari selama 56 hari. Kualitas hidup subjek diukur pada hari ke 0, 28, dan 56. Pengaruh penggunaan jamu terhadap QoL dianalisis menggunakan uji t berpasangan.Sebanyak 58% dari subjek penelitian adalah perempuan. Hasil penelitian membuktikan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara QoL sebelum dan setelah pemberian jamu selama 56 hari, (p=<0,05). Ramuan jamu batang brotowali, herba sambiloto, rimpang temulawak, rimpang kunyit, dan herba meniran dapat meningkatkan QoL pasien DM.

 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a degenerative disease with increased morbidity and mortality. Herbal medicine has been widely used to control blood glucose levels in DM patients. This study aimed to analyze the effect of consumehyperglycemic jamu formula on quality of life (QoL) in DM patients. This study was a cohort study using a Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire as a quality of life measurement tool of 40 subjects with blood gluces levels at 200 - 300 mg / dl. The patient received a jamu fomula of ginger, turmeric, and meniran three times a day for 56 days. The quality of life of the subjects was measured on days 0, 28 and 56. The effect of the admintration of jamu on QoL was analyzed using paired t test. A total of 58% of the research subjects were women. 

The results showed that there were significant differences of QoL before and after administration of jamu for 56 days (p = <0.05). Jamu formlua of brotowali stems, bitter herbs, curcuma rhizomes, turmeric rhizomes, and meniran herbs can increase the QoL of DM patients
PERCEPTION OF PEOPLE TOWARDS RUU355: A STUDY ON IIUM STUDENTS
Authors: Zabri Jefri Khairil , Omar Muhamad Fuzi
Published: January 2019

The objective of the study is to know the perceptions of people towards recent introduction of Act 355 Shariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965, (RUU355). This study also seeks to construct factors influencing people’s perceptions towards RUU355. Besides, the present study aims also to discover whether there are relationship between political affiliations, religious background, and legal understanding with their perceptions towards RUU355. The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaire among 309 IIUM students. The data analyzed by descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and cross-tabulation analysis using SPSS software. The results suggested that there are three factors that influence people’s perceptions, namely, state religion factor, political environment, and knowledge. It is also worth to note that religious background becomes an important characteristic that shapes the perception towards RUU355. Besides, people who have inclination towards PAS have more tendency to agree with RUU355 implementation. It is also suggested that people with more knowledge about RUU355 will have more tendecy to support RUU355
PEMBENTUKAN NOVEL NIEHAI HUA DALAM KONTEKS MASYRAKAT PADA AKHIR DINASTI QING (THE FORMATION OF NOVEL NIEHAI HUA IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIETY AT THE LATE QING DYNASTY)
Authors: Soon Dee Wong
Published: January 2019

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembentukan novel Niehai Hua dalam konteks masyarakat pada akhir Dinasti Qing. Teori lapangan Bourdieu telah diaplikasikan dalam kajian ini dan novel Niehai Hua diletakkan dalam suatu lapangan yang berunsurkan masyarakat akhir Dinasti Qing untuk membincang secara menyeluruh tentang pengaruhnya terhadap penulisan novel Niehai Hua. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengalaman kehidupan dan latar masyarakat yang dialami oleh Zeng Pu telah mempengaruhi pemikirannya dalam penulisan dan pembentukan tema novel ini. Kandungan yang dihuraikan dalam novel Niehai Hua berkait rapat dengan realiti masyarakat, maka tema-tema novel ini telah merangkumi kritikan mengenai kemerosotan politik akhir Dinasti Qing, pendedahan tentang pencerobohan kuasa-kuasa imperialisme serta pujian terhadap ideologi pembaharuan dan revolusi. Kesimpulan daripada kajian menunjukkan pengaruh latar masyarakat akhir Dinasti Qing dan latar belakang kehidupan Zeng Pu terhadap penulisan Niehai Hua adalah penting untuk memahami pembentukan novel ini secara terperinci. Implikasi kajian ini dapat membantu kita untuk membuat penilaian semula tentang kedudukan novel akhir Dinasti Qing dalam kesusasteraan China.
(This study was aimed to review the formation of the novel Niehai Hua in the context of the society during the late Qing Dynasty. Bourdieu’s field theory has been applied in this study and the novel Niehai Hua was placed in a field that characterises the society of the late Qing Dynasty in order to discuss thoroughly its influence over the novel writing. The findings showed that the life and background of the society experienced by Zeng Pu has influenced his thinking in the writing and the creation of the themes of the novel. The content described in the novel Niehai Hua was closely related to the reality of society. Hence, the themes of this novel include criticism of political decline of the late Qing Dynasty, exposure of the aggression of imperialism power and the compliment towards the ideology of reformation and revolution. As a conclusion, the background of the society during the late Qing Dynasty and biobibliography of Zeng Pu have influenced the writing of Niehai Hua which are important for us to understand the formation of this novel. The implications of this study helps us to make a reassessment of the position of the late Qing Dynasty novel in Chinese literature.)
ஆண் பெண் பாலினர்களின் பேச்சு வழக்கில் பழமொழியின் பயன்பாடும் புரிதலும்
[AAN PHEN PAALINARKALIN PEECCHI VALAKKIL PALAMOLIYIN PAYANPAADUM PURITALUM] (THE USAGE AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF TAMIL PROVERBS IN THE COMMON SPEECH ACCORDING TO GENDER)
Authors: Pandi Pathamavathy
Published: January 2019

தமிழர்களின் வாழ்வியலோடு இரண்டரக் கலந்துவிட்ட வாய்மொழி இலக்கியமே பழமொழிகள். அவை பல நூற்றாண்டுகளாக வாய் வழியே கடத்தப்பட்டு வந்துள்ளன. அவ்வகையில், பேச்சு வழக்கில் பழமொழிகளைப் பரப்புவதில் ஆண் பெண் இருபாலினரும் பெரும் பங்கு வகிக்கின்றனர். இருபாலினரும் வித்தியாசமான பேச்சு வழக்கினைக் கொண்டுள்ளனர் என உளவியலாளர்கள் பலர் பரிசோதித்து அறிந்துள்ளனர். பெண்கள் பண்பான வார்த்தைகளை உபயோக்கிப்பதில் வல்லவர்கள் என்கின்றனர். குடும்பம், உறவு பாணியிலும், சமூக தலைப்புகள் பற்றி விவாதிப்பதிலும், உள் எண்ணங்களை வெளிப்படுத்துவதிலும் பெண்கள் முதன்மை வகிக்கின்றனர். பெண்கள் சுருங்கக்கூறும் திறனையும், மறைமுகமாக உரைக்கும் திறனையும் ஒருங்கே பெற்றவர்கள். அதே நேரத்தில் ஆண்கள் அதிகம் அறிக்கை விடுப்பவர்களாகவும், காரண காரியம் விவரிப்பவர்களாகவும் உள்ளனர். ஆண்கள் வெளியுலக நடப்பில் அதிக கவனம் செலுத்தி பேசுவதாகத் தெரிகிறது. ஆண்கள் கட்டுப்படுத்தப்படாத சூழலில் அமைதி காத்தும், கட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்ட சூழலில் தனது திறனை வெளிக்காட்டிடவும் அதிகம் பேசிட முற்படுகின்றனர். இவ்விரு பாலினர்களின் வெவ்வாறான பேச்சியல் போக்குகள் பழமொழி பயன்பாட்டிலும், புரிதலிலும் பெரிதாகத் தாக்கங்களை ஏற்படுத்தவில்லை என்று இவ்வாய்வின் முடிவுகள் காட்டுகின்றன. இவர்களின் பழமொழி பயன்பாட்டின் குறிக்கோள்களும், சூழ்நிலை காரணங்களுமே வேறுபடுகின்றன தவிர பழமொழி பயன்பாடும், புரிதலும் ஆண் பெண் இருபாலினரிடமும் ஒத்தே காணப்படுகிறது.
(The Tamil proverbs are the verbal literature that has dwelled in the lives of the Tamils. It has been practised through common speech for centuries. Thus, both male and female adolescent play a major role in spreading proverbs in the common speech. Many psychologists have tested that both genders have a different speech path. Women are said to be capable of using calm and manner words. Women are more skilful in speeches on family and relationship, discussing social topics and expressing inner thoughts. Women have breviloquence and indirect speech skills together, while men are highly reporting and being explanatory. Men seem to be more focused on external activities. Men tend to keep silence in uncontrolled environments and talk more to demonstrate their ability in controlled environments. This survey shows the different trends of speech between the gender does not make much impact on the usage and the understanding of Tamil proverbs. The motives and circumstances of their use of the Tamil proverbs are different. However, the usage and understanding of the Tamil proverbs are similar to both genders.)
PERSPEKTIF LUKISAN KOOLAM DARI SEGI ILUSTRASI DI BANDAR SUNGAI PETANI, KEDAH
(THE ART OF KOOLAM IN SUNGAI PETANI, KEDAH - ILLUSTRATION PERSPECTIVE)
Authors: Nagu Ananthan , Gurusamy Senpagam
Published: January 2019

Koolam merupakan lukisan lantai yang amat popular dalam kalangan masyarakat India. Lukisan Koolam bukan melibatkan hiasan semata-mata malah ia merupakan media komunikasi. Dalam kajian ini, lukisan Koolam dikaji dari perspektif ilustrasi. Kajian dijalankan di bandar Sungai Petani, Kedah. Koolam yang menjadi sampel kajian ialah Koolam asas yang diperbuat daripada serbuk beras dengan menggunakan pergerakan tangan yang spontan. Metod yang digunakan dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada kaedah aspek Grounded Theory (teori asas), Phenomenology (fenomenologi), Content Analysis (analisis kandungan), Textual Analysis (analisis teks) dan Semiotics (semiotik). Dapatan kajian membuktikan bahawa Koolam-Koolam asas di bandar Sungai Petani dimulakan dengan titik. Titik ini disamakan dengan ‘pottu’, iaitu tanda yang terdapat pada dahi kaum wanita India. Titik-titik pada kolam kemudian disatukan agar berbentuk pelbagai jenis garisan yang kemudiannya membentuk Koolam dua dimensi dan tiga dimensi. Koolam-Koolam di Sungai Petani terdiri daripada unsur seni, iaitu ruang, warna asas dan tekstur yang sempurna. Prinsip asas yang terdiri daripada corak, pergerakan, keseimbangan, proposi, harmoni dan penekanan dalam lukisan kolam jelas kelihatan pada Koolam-Koolam di bandar Sungai Petani, Kedah. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pendedahan dan pengalaman baharu kepada generasi baharu yang hanya melihat Koolam sebagai lukisan perhiasan.
(Koolam is a form of drawing that is done on the floor and is very popular in the Indian community. It is not merely meant to be decoration, but a form of communication. In this study, Koolam is researched from the illustration perspective. The study is carried out in Sungai Petani,Kedah. The Koolams that are the samples in this research are the basic forms and are drawn with spontaneous hand movements using rice in the form of powder. The method that are used in this study are Grounded Theory (the basic theory), Phenomenology, Content Analysis, Textual Analysis and Semiotic. The findings of the study on the basic 'Koolams' in the Sungai Petani town shows that they are drawn with a dot. The dot is equated to the dots that are found on the Indian women's forehead, which is known as the Pottu. These dots are then joined with various lines, that will form two or three dimentional Koolams. They also contain the art elements, which are the space, basic colours, and the perfect structure. Furthermore, the basic principles such as pattern, movement, balance, proportion, harmony, and emphasis are obviousin the Koolams that are found in the Sungai Petani, town in Kedah. This research was carried out with the aim of giving exposure and experience to the new generation, so that it is not just seen as a piece of decorative art.)
POTENSI UNSUR-UNSUR TEATER FORUM DALAM PEMBENTUKAN INSAN MENYELURUH: DAPATAN KAJIAN KUALITATIF KELAS PENDIDIKAN MORAL
(POTENTIAL OF FORUM THEATRE IN FORMING A HOLISTIC HUMAN BEING: QUALITATIVE FINDINGS FROM MORAL EDUCATION CLASS)
Authors: Thambu Nadarajan
Published: January 2019

Dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran media dramatik seperti Teater Forum boleh dikelaskan sebagai bahan media konkrit dan sifatnya menyerupai keadaan sebenar. Media dramatik ini boleh menukar pengalaman abstrak dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran kepada pengalaman konkrit untuk melahirkan manusia yang holistik dari aspek pemikiran, perasaan dan tindakan. Artikel ini membincangkan potensi Teater Forum dalam membentuk manusia holistik seperti yang digariskan oleh Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan. Sebanyak 12 peserta terlibat dalam kajian kualitatif ini. Data dikumpul melalui pemerhatian, temu bual kumpulan berfokus dan entri catatan jurnal. Data yang dikumpul daripada pelbagai kaedah dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis tema. Hasil kajian membuktikan bahawa elemen-elemen Teater Forum seperti dialog, latihan, aksi lakonan, tindakan membuat keputusan dan prinsip-prinsip dalaman dan luaran boleh menjadi teknik pengajaran yang berkesan untuk merangsang aspek pemikiran moral, emosi moral, tindakan moral, empati, pemikiran kritis dan kreatif serta kemahiran penyelesaian masalah.
(In the process of teaching and learning the dramatic media such as Forum Theatre can be classified as concrete media material and its nature resembles the real situation. This dramatic media can exchange abstract experience in teaching and learning to concrete experience to create a whole human being from aspects of thinking, feeling and action. This article discusses the potential of Forum Theatre in forming a holistic human being as intended by the National Education Philosophy. A total of 12 participants were involved in this qualitative study. Data was collected through observation, focus group interviews and journal entries. Data collected using multiple methods were analysed using thematic analysis technique. The results prove that elements of Forum Theatre such as dialogue, training, acting, decision-making and internal and external principles can be a effective teaching technique to stimulate moral tinking and reasoning, moral emotion, moral action, empathy, critical and creative thinking and problem solving skills.)
AINTHAM PADIVA MAANAVARKALIN SIRUKATAIKALIL SINTANAI VALAM
(THINKING SKILLS OF FORM 5 STUDENTS ON WRITING SHORT STORIES)
Authors: Perisamy Shamini
Published: January 2019

This research is to investigate the thinking skills in short stories of Form Five students. In the meantime, thinking skill is considered the main element and it is an important element in short stories. Short stories are one of the components of Tamil literature which is regarded as the best tool to enhance the thinking of the students. The purpose of this research is to determine the students' ability on writing and to find out their ability of thinking skills in short stories. This study was conducted in one of the secondary school in Kapar, Selangor. The research was conducted on 10 students and 2 Tamil teachers. The evidence of this research was collected based on interview questions and short stories written by the Form Five students on themes of friendship and disability. At the end of this research, their ability on writing and the thinking skills were revealed in their short stories. The research also proved that the thinking skills of the students are also developed by the writing of shorts stories. Furthermore, students have good thinking skills in writing short stories. Schools are considered as the only place that boosts and develop students' thinking skills. Hence, the teachers must give an importance to the thinking development in their curriculum activities.
திருக்குறள் கற்றலின் வழி படிவம் 2 மாணவர்களின் உயர்நிலைச் சிந்தனைத் திறனை மேம்படுத்துதல்
[THIRUKKURAL KADRALIN VALI PADIVAM 2 MAANAVARKALIN UYARNILAIC SINTANAIT THIRANAI MEEMPADUTTUYAL]
(IMPROVING THE LEVEL OF HOTS (HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS) OF FORM 2 STUDENTS BY LEARNING THIRUKKURAL)
Authors: Winsen Renita Prera
Published: January 2019

பேராக் மாநிலத்தில் தைப்பிங் மாவட்டத்தில் அமைந்துள்ள ஓர் இடைநிலைப்பள்ளியில் திருக்குறள் கற்றலின் வழி படிவம் 2 மாணவர்களின் உயர்நிலைச் சிந்தனைத் திறனை மேம்படுத்தும் முயற்சியில் ஆய்வு மேற்கொள்ளப்பட்டது. தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட 10 மாணவர்கள் இந்த ஆய்வில் உட்படுத்தப்பட்டனர். திருக்குறளில் மாணவர்களின் ஆளுமையைக் கண்டறிய அந்த இடைநிலைப்பள்ளியின் தமிழாசிரியரிடம் நேர்காணல் நடத்தப்பட்டது. மாணவர்களின் உயர்நிலைச் சிந்தனைத் திறனை மேம்படுத்த படிவம் 1 மற்றும் படிவம் 2-இல் வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட ஆறு திருக்குறள்கள் தேர்தெடுக்கப்பட்டன. தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட திருக்குறள்கள் யாவும் சீரமைக்கப்பட்ட புளூமின் அறிவுசார் முறைப்பாட்டியலின் துணைக்கொண்டு பலதரப்பட கேள்விகள் தயாரிக்கப்பட்டது. ஆறு வாரத் திருக்குறள் வகுப்பிற்குப் பின் இக்கேள்விகள் யாவும் மாணவர்களுக்கு வழங்கப்பட்டன. கேள்விக்கான பதில்களிலிருந்து மாணவர்களின் உயர்நிலைச் சிந்தனைத் திறனில் ஏற்பட்ட மாற்றங்கள் கண்டறியப்பட்டது. ஆய்வின் முடிவாக, முறையான திருக்குறள் கற்றலின் வழி மாணவர்களின் உயர்நிலைச் சிந்தனைத் திறனை மேம்படுத்த முடியும் என்பது உறுதிச் செய்யப்பட்டது.
(This study has been conducted with the purpose of improving the level of HOTS (Higher order thinking skills) of Form 2 students through learning Thirukkural. For this study, the Thirukkural, a well-known literary work of Tamil Language was taken. Thus, this research was carried out in a secondary school which is located at Taiping, Perak. The research was carried out under the design of action research. The sample of this study consisted of ten Form 2 students. Besides that, a teacher also interviewed in order to know the students' personality in learning Thirukkural. In this research, the learning process of Thirukkural approach was implemented for 6 weeks. There are 6 couplets of Thirukkural selected according to the syllabus of Form 1 and Form 2. This six couplets of Thirukkural used to test the level of HOTS. The questions were created based on Thirukkural, according to Revised Bloom's Taxonomy. The data of the study was collected through pre-test, the questions asked in Thirukkural classes and post-test via qualitative and quantitative data collection tools. The findings obtained through qualitative and quantitative data collections showed that the level of HOTS through learning Thirukkural among Form 2 students has improved.)
Assessment of Density of Neovascularization in Lower Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Relation To Neoplasm Differentiation Grade in Patients with and without Neck Lymph Nodes Metastasis
Authors: Kakasheva-Mazhenkovska Lena , Kostovski Marko , Gjokik Gjorgje , Janevska Vesna
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip is a relatively rare carcinoma, with the incidence of 1 to 2%, but it is the most common carcinoma in the oral cavity accounting for 25-30% of all malignant oral tumours.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the role of neovascularisation in the process of tumour progression.
METHODS: We analysed the surgical specimens obtained from 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip. The examined group consisted of 45 specimens of patients without metastasis and 15 specimens of patients with metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. Histopathological slides were immunohistochemically stained with an antibody against CD34 and by hematoxylin & eosin staining for routine histopathological examination.
RESULTS: The results obtained showed a statistically significant difference in the density of neovascularisation between groups of the SCC with different grade of differentiation (Kruskal-Wallis test: H (2, N = 60) = 30.0943, p = 0.00001). Statistical analysis also showed a significant difference in the density of vascularisation of lower lip SCC between patients without metastasis and patients with neck metastasis (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.000198). Applying Pearsonâ€™s chi-square test, we found a highly significant statistical difference in grade of SCC differentiation in patients with and without neck metastasis (p = 0.0000).
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the density of neoangiogenesis is increased in tumours with poorer differentiation and in patients with neck metastasis. So, the density of neovascularisation of the primary lip SCC may predict the tumour progression.
Vancomycin MIC Distribution among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Is Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility Related To MIC Creep?
Authors: Othman Hala B. , Abdel Halim Rania M. , Gomaa Fatma Alzahraa M. , Amer Malaka Z.
Published: January 2019

AIM: To determine the distribution of vancomycin MIC and the frequency of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates.
METHODS: MRSA isolates (n = 100) were tested for reduced susceptibility to vancomycin using  MIC broth microdilution method (BMD), vancomycin screening agar with different vancomycin concentrations with and without casein, and Vitek 2 system.
RESULTS: BMD detected (22%) vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and (78%) vancomycin-susceptible S. aureus (VSSA) but couldnâ€™t detect nine (Heterogeneous VISA) (hVISA)   isolates (9%) with MIC â‰¤ 2 Âµg/ml that grew on screening agar 4 Âµg/ml or 6 Âµg/ml. Adding casein to vancomycin screening agar increased detection rate of VISA by 4.5%.  Screening agar with 6 Âµg/ml vancomycin overall detection rate for VISA was 95.45%. Probable â€˜pre-hVISAâ€™isolates (17%) showed growth on vancomycin screening agar 2 Âµg/ml with casein. Vitek 2 system failed to detect any VISA isolates.
CONCLUSION: Vancomycin screening agar; 2 Âµg/ml and (4 and 6 Âµg/ml) were able to detect; probable â€œpre hVISA and (hVISA and VISA) isolates respectively based on their BMD MIC values. Decreased vancomycin susceptibility in MRSA isolates might be related to MIC creep. Analysis of vancomycin MIC values over longer periods is recommended to further study this phenomenon and its impact on vancomycin treatment failure.
 
ABSTRACT
Aims: Determine the distribution of vancomycin MIC and the frequency of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin susceptibility among MRSA isolates.
 Methods:  MRSA isolates (n =100) were tested for reduced susceptibility to vancomycin using  MIC broth microdilution method(BMD), vancomycin screening agar with different vancomycin concentrations with and without casein, and Vitek 2 system.
 Results: BMD detected (22%) vancomycin intermediate S. aureus(VISA) and (78%) vancomycin susceptible S. aureus(VSSA) but failed to detect nine (Heterogeneous VISA) (hVISA)  isolates (9%) with MIC â‰¤2ug/ml that grew on screening agar 4ug/ml or 6 ug/ml. Adding casein to vancomycin screening agar increased detection rate of VISA by 4.5%.  Screening agar with 6 ug/ml vancomycin over all detection rate for VISA was 95.45%. Probable â€˜pre-hVISAâ€™isolates (17%) showed growth on vancomycin screening agar 2Âµg/ml with casein. Vitek 2 system failed to detect any VISA isolates.
Conclusion: vancomycin screening agar; 2 Âµg/ml and (4 and 6 Âµg/ml) were able to detect; probable â€œpre hVISA and (hVISA and VISA) isolates respectively based on their BMD MIC values. Decreased vancomycin susceptibility in MRSA isolates might be related to MIC creep. Analysis of vancomycin MIC values over longer periods of time is recommended to further study this phenomenon and its impact on vancomycin treatment failure.
The Diagnostic and Clinical Approach to Pediatric Myocarditis: A Review of the Current Literature
Authors: Bejiqi Ramush , Retkoceri Ragip , Maloku Arlinda , Mustafa Aferdita , Bejiqi Hana , Bejiqi Rinor
Published: January 2019

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from mild symptoms to severe heart failure. The course of patients with myocarditis is heterogeneous, varying from partial or full clinical recovery in a few days to advanced low cardiac output syndrome requiring mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation. Myocarditis is a very heterogeneous disease, especially in the pediatric age group as worldwide disease myocarditis has been defined by the World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology as an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle diagnosed by established histological, immunologic, and immunohistological criteria. Pediatric myocarditis remains challenging from the perspectives of diagnosis and management. Multiple etiologies exist, and the majority of cases appear to be related to viral illnesses. Enteroviruses are believed to be the most common cause, although cases related to adenovirus may be more frequent than suspected. The clinical presentation is extremely varied, ranging from asymptomatic to sudden unexpected death. A high index of suspicion is crucial. There is emerging evidence to support investigations such as serum N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide levels, as well as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as adjuncts to the clinical diagnosis. In the future, these may reduce the necessity for invasive methods, such as endomyocardial biopsy, which remain the gold standard. Management generally includes supportive care, consisting of cardiac failure medical management, with the potential for mechanical support and cardiac transplantation. Treatments aimed at immunosuppression remain controversial. The paediatrics literature is extremely limited with no conclusive evidence to support or refute these strategies. All these summarised in this article and the listed current literature showed that there is no consensus regarding aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of myocarditis in pediatric patients.
Vaspin in Developing Obesity (Vande-Ob); the Correlation of Waist Circumference and Visceral Fat Percentage with Vaspin Levels in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dwipayana I Made Pande , Semadi I Made Siswadi , Gotera Wira , Saraswati Made Ratna , Suastika Ketut
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Vaspin concentration was thought to be associated with obesity, impaired insulin sensitivity, and fitness level. The correlation of vaspin and leptin supports the theory of vaspin associated with body fat mass.
AIM: To determine the correlation between visceral fat distributions and serum vaspin level in type II DM patients.
METHODS: We conduct an observational, analytical cross-sectional study. Sixty subjects with type II diabetes mellitus who came to Diabetes Center of Sanglah General Hospital were included consecutively. Each subject has to sign an informed consent before physical and laboratory examination took place. Spearman correlation test was used to analyse the correlation between waist circumference and visceral fat percentage with serum vaspin level since the data were not distributed normally.
RESULTS: Mean laboratory results in all subjects of vaspin levels was 2.389 Â± 3.586 ng/ml, mean waist circumference was 94.95 Â± 11.78 cm and mean visceral fat percentage was 18.05 Â± 23.63%. We found we found no significant correlation between between vaspin with waist circumference (r = -0.044; p = 0.738) and visceral fat percentage (r = -0.103; p = 0.435).
CONCLUSIONS: The vaspin level did not significantly correlate with waist circumference and visceral fat percentage in type II diabetes patients.
Study On Social Support for Exercise And Its Impact on the Level of Physical Activity of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali , Abdolkarimi Mahdi , Asadpour Mohammad , Sheikh Fathollahi Mahmood , Balaee Parisa
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is one of the most important self-care approaches to controlling complications of type 2 diabetes. According to Banduraâ€™s social theory, factors such as social support are effective factors in the incidence of the behaviour.
AIM: This study aims to determine the level of physical activity, social support and their determinants.
METHODS: This descriptive study was performed on 250 patients with type 2 diabetes by Cluster-Random Sampling method in Rafsanjan City. Data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Social Support Questionnaire for Sport, that their validity and reliability were confirmed. The results were analysed by t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression.
RESULTS: This study showed that 46.8% of the patients were in the inactive group. Social support score for exercise was low in this group. The results indicated that social support and gender are predictors of physical activity, and with an increase in the social support score, the odds of having minimal physical activity increased 1.17 fold (OR = 1.167) and men were 4.18 times more likely to have minimal physical activity (OR = 4.183).
CONCLUSION: Considering the low level of physical activity and social support in diabetic patients, and the effect of social support on the prediction of physical activity, interventions are recommended to increase social support in this group.
The Immunomodulatory Activities of Picria Fel-Terrae Lour Herbs towards RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: AuliaFendri Novycha , Rosidah - , Yuandani - , Suryani Sri , Satria Denny
Published: January 2019

AIM: To investigate immunomodulatory activities of Picria fel-terrae Lour herbs extract against inflammatory biomarkers by conducting cell culture experiments.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The herbs of Picria fel-terrae Lour were dried and extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, 96% ethanol, followed by evaporation and freeze-drying. Phytochemicals screening were analysed with thin layer chromatography method. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assay. The genes of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Î±, Interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1Î² and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages were analysed by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method.
RESULTS: Phytochemicals screening showed the presence of steroids in n-hexane extract (ENPFH) and flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins in ethyl acetate (EEAPFH) and ethanol (EEPFH) extracts. The Viability of RAW 264.7 cell toward ENPFH, EEAPFH, and EEPFH (1-200 Î¼gmL-1) showed no toxicity effects. At the gene level, ENPFH; EEAPFH; EEPFH decreased the gene expression of TNF-Î±, IL-6, IL-1Î², iNOS, and COX-2 which induced with LPS (1 Î¼gmL-1).
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that extracts of Picria fel-terrae Lour Herbs possesses immunomodulatory activities by inhibiting selected inflammatory biomarkers at the gene levels in LPS-induced macrophages.
Serum Interleukin-27 Level in Different Clinical Stages of Lung Cancer
Authors: Soleimani Babadi Akbar , Kiani Arda , Mortaz Esmaeil , Taghavi Kimia , Khosravi Adnan , Marjani Majid , Seifi Sharareh , Emami Habib , Abedini Atefeh
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Advanced lung cancer is indicated with rapid disease development. Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is regarded as a cytokine with anti-tumour activities.
AIM: Since, the impact of type of lung cancer on the level of IL-27 in patientâ€™s serum has not yet been investigated; current study evaluated the clinical stages according to American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) criteria, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage and the lung cancer spread (localized or widespread) and it's correlation with serum IL-27.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients with confirmed histopathological lung cancer and 30 cancer-free healthy individuals as the control group were included in the current study. Patients group were assigned to either small cell lung cancer group (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) according to the clinical features and the results of lung biopsy specimens. Level of IL-27 was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test in serum samples.
RESULTS: A significant increase in serum IL-27 level was noticed in individuals with lung cancer in comparison with the control group. The level of serum IL-27 in the NSCL squamous carcinoma (NSCLC-Sc) type was significantly greater than in the NSCLC adenocarcinoma (NSCLC-Ad) type, and in both groups, this variable was more than the control group. The serum IL-27 content level was greater in stage III versus stage IV.
CONCLUSION: The current research confirmed the existence of the anti-tumour components in patients with NSCLC. IL-27 can be utilised in diagnosis and screening in early stages of lung cancer along with the management of patients. Different levels of IL-27 in different types of lung cancers in the current study can lead to design more comprehensive studies in the future.
Three-Dimensional Prospective Evaluation of Piezocision-Assisted and Conventional Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Abdul-Aziz Ahmed I. , Refai Wael M.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Piezocision-assisted orthodontics (PAO) is considered one of the modern techniques aiming at reducing the treatment time and overcoming some limitations of orthodontic treatment. The use of piezocision as an adjunct in the treatment of posterior crossbite is limited, so additional research in this area is required.
AIM: To three-dimensionally compare the skeletal and dental effects produced by piezocision-assisted rapid maxillary expansion (PARME) and conventional rapid maxillary expansion (RME) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective controlled study comprised 14 consecutive non-syndromic patients with posterior crossbite. In 7 patients (mean age = 16.1 Â± 0.3 years), PARME was used to correct the crossbite; whereas in the remaining 7 (mean age = 15.9 Â± 0.5 years), RME was done. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were performed before expansion (T1) and 3 months later after expansion (T2) to compare the skeletal and dental effects produced by the two expansion techniques. Transverse skeletal, dentolinear, and dentoangular variables at the level of maxillary first and second premolars and maxillary first molars were measured and compared within and between groups using the appropriate statistical test.
RESULTS: For the transverse skeletal variables, PARME showed a non-significant increase; whereas, RME showed a significant increase. Regarding the dentolinear measurements, a significant increase in coronal widths and an insignificant increase in apical widths was seen in PARME, whereas, the RME showed a non-significant increase for both coronal and apical widths. Non-significant decreases (protrusion of teeth) in the dentoangular measurements were seen in both groups. Between-group comparisons showed a non-significant difference except for the dentolinear coronal widths.
CONCLUSION: PARME is effective in treating posterior crossbite. Because of the more dental expansion produced by PARME as compared to the conventional RME, PARME should be limited only to mild or moderate not severe forms of palatal constriction. The available evidence regarding the effectiveness of corticotomy- and/or piezocision-assisted maxillary expansion for correction of posterior crossbite is limited and inadequate.
The Role of Polymorphism Gen Methylene Tetra Hydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T in Ischaemic Stroke Patients with and Without Hypertension
Authors: Arina Cut Aria , Amir Darwin , Siregar Yahwardiah , Sembiring Rosita J.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a leading cause of disability and remains the second leading cause of death in the world. Some of the pathogenesis of stroke are interactions between genetic and acquired risk factors, the interaction is related with the atherosclerotic which is the main pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke. Previous studies demonstrated an association between methylene tetra hydro folate reductase (MTHFR) genotype and ischaemic stroke; the MTHFR C677T genotype is one of the independent risk factor.
AIM: This study aims to know about the role of polymorphism gen MTHFR C677T in ischaemic stroke patients with and without hypertension.
METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study, the sample was taken consecutively, after approval by the Medical Faculty Scienceâ€™s Ethics Committee at University Sumatera Utara. All sample matched with inclusion and exclusion criteria, demography data and blood sample were taken. Demography data were analysed using descriptive statistic.
RESULTS: Of the 106 ischaemic stroke patients were divided into two groups, the first group is patients with hypertension (53 patients), and the second group is without hypertension (53 patients). We have done the PCR- RFLP to all the patients, we got 78 patients with 677CC of MTHFR genotype, 23 patients with 677CT genotype and 5 patients with 677TT genotype. We found polymorphism C677T is more frequent in ischaemic stroke patients with hypertension (16 patients; 69.5%), and all the patient with 677TT genotype are an ischaemic stroke with hypertension (5 patients; 100%).
CONCLUSION: We concluded that polymorphism MTHFR C677T have an important role in hypertension and ischaemic stroke.
The Value of Case Reports
Authors: Jackevicius Cynthia
Published: January 2019

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L’importance des observations cliniques
Authors: Jackevicius Cynthia
Published: January 2019

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Safety Rounds: A Patient Safety Initiative
Authors: Kertland Heather , Satchu Salma , Chant Clarence , Garland Jill , Tom Elaine
Published: January 2019

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Propofol-Induced Green Breast Milk: A Case Report
Authors: Rainone Anthony , Delucilla Laura , Elofer Stéphanie , Bensimon Leah , Abittan Gaëlle
Published: January 2019

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L’erreur est humaine…
Authors: Doucette Douglas
Published: January 2019

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To Err Is Human, …
Authors: Doucette Douglas
Published: January 2019

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A Retrial Queueing model with FDL at OBS core node
Authors: Dang Thanh Chuong , Pham Duc Trung , Doan Van Thang
Published: January 2019

Optical Burst Switching networks are considered as an important candidate for the future transport networks. Many analysis models of OBS node with FDLs have been proposed recently.  In this paper, we propose a novel retrial queueing model at OBS core node architecture SPL - feed-forward. Blocking probability will be calculated based on Markov multi-dimensional models. Numerical solution values from the proposed analysis method are compared with simulation, as well as between these models.
A Survey of EE Optimization Methods for Primary and Secondary Users in Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Yang Tian , Esseghir Moez , Khoukhi Lyes
Published: January 2019

A large scale of spectrum sensing techniques are proposed to improve the use of spectrum resources. However, the EE (energy efficiency) should be guaranteed for both primary and secondary users, especially under various detection performance constraints. In this regard, the linking between activities of PU (primary user) and dynamic access behaviors of SUs (secondary users) should be considered in an integrated way. This survey has compared different existing scenarios and frameworks on EE optimizations. The principal objective is to enhance the system throughput and to coordinate on the physical layer of both PU and SUs, in order to enable a high-quality spectrum detection and a more efficient spectrum access. In the technical part, several optimization methods are introduced under PU’s constraints, and different methods based on game theory are applied to suitable cooperative sensing scenarios for SUs’ optimal access. Finally, the complexity of algorithms is compared, to further reduce the execution time and deploy real-time adaptation for users with lower delay.
Network Performance in HTML5 Video Connections
Authors: Sendra Sandra , Túnez-Murcia Ana Isabel , Lloret Jaime , Jiménez Jose Miguel
Published: January 2019

Currently, most of remote education systems use video streaming as the main basis to support teaching. These emissions can be seen in devices with different hardware features such as personal computers, tablets or smartphones through networks with different capacities. The use of different web browsers and coding options can also influence the network performance. Therefore, the quality of the video displayed may be different. This work presents a practical study to establish the best combination of web browsers and containers to encode multimedia files for videos streaming in personal computers running Windows 7 and Windows 10 operating systems. For this, a video encoded with different codecs and compressed with different containers have been transmitted through a 1000BaseT network. Finally, the results are analyzed and compared to determine which would be the most efficient combination of parameters according to the resolution of the transmitted video.
Scatternet Formation Protocol for Environmental Monitoring in a Smart Garden
Authors: Parra Lorena , Marín José , Mauri Pedro V. , Lloret Jaime , Torices Virginia , Massager Alberto
Published: January 2019

The monitoring of different parameters in the smart garden environment requires thousands of nodes and actuators. They form a multi-hop communication network. The scatternets formed with Bluetooth protocol is a communication solution. However, there is no current algorithm that considers the different capabilities of the devices (sensors or actuators) and assigns a role according to these capabilities. In this paper, we present a network topology formation algorithm for role assignment and connection establishment which considers the capabilities of the devices and use slave-slave Bridge to communicate the piconets. We design the algorithms needed for this protocol and test it. We have simulated the algorithms in order to evaluate the time needed for role assignment and to establish the first connections of the piconet. The results include different scenarios composed by one or two masters and one to seven slaves. In addition, we evaluate the established connections in piconets and bridges in a real case of the smart garden sensor network. Finally, we present the changes in the piconet connections after the deployment of two nodes in an existing network.
Market Timing and Selectivity: An Empirical Investigation of European Mutual Fund Performance
Authors: Oliveira Luís , Salen Tomás , Curto José Dias , Ferreira Nuno
Published: January 2019

Using the models proposed by (Treynor & Mazuy, 1966; Henriksson & Merton, 1981), the present study examines the selection and timing abilities of mutual fund managers to denote the practice of these strategies as a means to achieve superior performance. For the 163 European equity mutual funds that followed active management strategies between January 2000 and December 2016, there was no evidence that fund managers used market timing abilities to anticipate the market movements. However, the selectivity component of returns presents slightly positive results, despite the poor overall performance.