bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farklı Ekim Sıklıklarında Çavdar Genotiplerinin Tane Verimi ve Bazı Yem Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: ERBAŞ KÖSE Özge Doğanay , MUT Zeki
Published: November 2021

Çalışmasın amacı, çavdar genotiplerinde farklı ekim sıklığı uygulamalarının (350, 425, 500, 575, 650, 725 tohum m-2) tane verimi ve kalite üzerine etkisini belirlenmektedir. Çalışma, birer tescilli tritikale (Karma-2000) ve çavdar (Aslım-95) çeşidi ile iki yerel çavdar hattı (Bayburt ve Yozgat) olmak üzere dört genotip kullanılarak 2014-2015 ve 2015-2016 yetiştirme sezonlarında yürütülmüştür. Deneme bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde; ana parsellere genotipler, alt parsellere ekim sıklıkları yerleştirilerek üç tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Yıllar üzerinden birleştirilerek yapılan varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre, tane verimi, bitki boyu, bin tane ağırlığı, nişasta oranı, ham protein oranı, ham yağ oranı, asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (ADF) ve nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF) değerleri üzerine genotip ve ekim sıklıklarının (yağ oranı hariç) etkisi istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Tane verimi en yüksek 3.94 ton ha-1 ile m2’de 575 tohum sıklığı uygulamasından elde edilirken, regresyon denklemine göre en uygun ekim sıklığı 563 tohum m-2 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Çavdar genotiplerini kendi içinde değerlendirdiğimizde yerel genotiplerin kalite özellikleri bakımından Aslım-95 çeşidinden daha iyi değerlere sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Buğday Bitkisinde Üç Pratylenchus thornei Popülasyonunun Fusarium culmorum ile Interaksiyonu
Authors: GÖZE ÖZDEMİR Fatma Gül , ARICI Şerife Evrim , ELEKCİOĞLU İbrahim Halil
Published: November 2021

İkizce buğday çeşidinde üç Pratylenchus thornei popülasyonu (SK11, SK24 ve YLVC24) ile Fusarium culmorum B4 izolatı'nın interaksiyonu eş zamanlı ve ardışık inokulasyonlarla kontrollü koşullarda araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada nematod popülasyonları için 1000 larva+ergin birey inokulum yoğunluğu kullanılırken, fungus inokulumunda %50 oranında seyreltilmiş kültür filtratı kullanılmış ve her saksıya 5 mL uygulanmıştır. Bitkiler yaklaşık yedi hafta sonra sökülerek değerlendirme işlemi hastalık şiddeti, toprak ve kökteki toplam nematod yoğunluğu ve üreme oranı açısından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada nematod ve fungus etkileşimlerinde nematod popülasyonlarının patojenitesinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Popülasyonlar arasında üreme oranı en düşük olan YLVC24 (6.6±0.1) ile fungus arasında buğdayda bir interaksiyon saptanamamıştır. En yüksek üreme oranına sahip SK24 popülasyonunda (10.4±0.4) sadece nematod uygulaması (10436.0±446.8) ile karşılaştırıldığında eş zamanlı nematod ve fungus uygulaması (12240.0±446.8) ile nematod inokulasyonundan iki hafta sonra fungus uygulamasında (11672.0±389.3) toplam nematod yoğunluğunun arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Buğdayda nematod uygulamasından iki hafta önce fungus enfeksiyonu gerçekleştiğinde ise SK11 ve SK24 popülasyonlarının yoğunluklarında azalma görülmüştür. Buğdayda fungusun oluşturduğu hastalık şiddetinde eş zamanlı ve ardışık inokulasyonlarda nematod popülasyonları arasında farklılık bulunamamıştır. Fungus uygulama zamanının SK11 ve SK24 popülasyonlarının toplam nematod yoğunluğu ve üreme oranı üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada buğdayda sadece P. thornei SK24 popülasyonu ile F. culmorum arasında sinerjistik etkileşim bulunmuştur.
Relaciones entre las dinámicas socioeconómicas del trabajo informal en el municipio de Granada, Meta, Colombia
Authors: Obando Jorge Alejandro , Espitia Luis Fernando , Salazar Jeniffer Damaris
Published: November 2021

El presente artículo corresponde a uno de los productos de investigación desarrollados en el marco de la caracterización de vendedores informales en el municipio de Granada, departamento del Meta, Colombia. El objetivo general se centró en comprender las dinámicas del trabajo informal en este territorio. Para abordar el problema de investigación se usó la metodología BIT PASE (Balance e Interacción de Tensiones Poblacionales, Ambientales, Sociales y Económicas). Se llevó a cabo una investigación que involucró a 665 vendedores informales a los cuales se les considera actores locales que intervienen de manera activa o pasiva en este fenómeno local. Como resultado se observan porcentajes elevados de variables relacionadas con la pobreza, la inequidad, el desplazamiento forzado, la débil presencia institucional en el territorio, y otras variables que afectan considerablemente el aumento del fenómeno y su impacto en el modelo de desarrollo del municipio. Como conclusión queda en el aire una percepción negativa del rol que cumplen las entidades gubernamentales y municipales frente al compromiso de representación y gestión ante la comunidad; los vendedores se expresan sobre la brecha de comunicación que existe entre comunidad, sector formal, sector informal y sector gobierno.
Principles of creating a phased active antenna array for mobile satellite terminals based on a multilayer printed circuit board
Authors: Denisenko V.V. , Kozlov V.N. , Kolesnikov R.A. , Korchemkin Yu.B. , Krivosheev Yu.V. , Levitan B.A. , Shitikov A.M. , Shislov A.V. , Janukian Z.A. , Uhm M.S. , Yun S.H.
Published: November 2021

The paper describes concept of the phased array antenna made on a multilayered printed circuit board for the subscriber terminal of a modern Ka-band mobile communication system. Two options of the array are considered: Rx- and Tx- arrays. The architecture of the PAA is described, and main problems arising when creating such antennas are discussed. The ways of their solution are offered. The multilayer printed radiator is described in details. The proposed concept will be useful for design of the phased array antenna experimental model.
Combined adaptive antenna array and adaptive channel equalizer, based on multichannel fast recursive least squares algorithms
Authors: Djigan V. I.
Published: November 2021

An adaptive antenna array (AAA) is a sort of directional antennas, which is able to suppress the signals of the interference sources. The AAA works well if there is no multipath propagation of the information signal. A device, which removes the multipath effects, is an adaptive equalizer. However, the independent AAA and equalizer do not work well if the interferences and multipath exist simultaneously. The purpose of this paper is to present a new efficient solution of the task by using of the AAA, whose weights are shared with the weights of the fractionally-spaced feed-forward (FF) part of the equalizer. The array output signal is combined with that of the feed-backward (FB) part of the equalizer. The array and such distributed equalizer operate as an indivisible adaptive filter, providing good performance and ability to receive the multipath information signals in the presence of the signals of the external interference sources. Because the FF part of the equalizer operates at the up-sampled rate, which is a few times higher than the information symbols rate, but the FB filter operates at the symbol rate, the computationally efficient fast recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms cannot be used directly in the considered adaptive unit. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use polyphase representation of the FF part of the equalizer. In this case, the architecture of the adaptive unit is viewed as a multichannel adaptive filter with unequal number of weights in channels. The paper presents the architecture of the adaptive unit and the details of its equalizer part. The mathematical description of a multichannel fast adaptive filtering algorithm, called stabilized fast a posteriori sequential technique (FAEST), fitted for the weights calculation of the considered unit is also presented. The verification of the proposed adaptive unit has been carried out via simulation, using a linear array with sixteen omnidirectional antennas, which operates in the conditions of –30 dB signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), 10…30 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), receives the phase shift keying (8-PSK) desired signal, passed through a two-rays communication channel with about –65 dB gaps in the channel amplitude-frequency response. In the steady-state, the proposed adaptive unit demonstrates about –100 dB radiation pattern gaps towards the interference sources and the transient response with less than 500 symbols duration. The simulation demonstrates the ability of the proposed unit simultaneously to steer the main lobe of antenna array radiation pattern towards the desired signal source without a priori search of its angular location and to remove the signals of the external interferences and intersymbol interference in the array output signal. Due to these properties, the proposed AAA/equalizer can be used in equipment of modern mobile communication systems.
Investigation of the solution relative convergence when calculating step irregularities in the transmission line by the partial domain method using the energy orthogonality condition
Authors: Budaragin R. V. , Zykov Yu. A. , Radionov A. A.
Published: November 2021

The absolute convergence of diffraction problems on stepwise irregularities in transmission lines using the energy orthogonality condition is beyond doubt. In this article, we consider the question of relative convergence and investigate the dependence of the accuracy of the obtained solution on the order of the reduced system, i.e., on the number of waves taken into account in the connected transmission lines. We believe that the most accurate results for a finite number of waves taken into account in the connected waveguides are obtained when the complex powers of the waves propagating in both waveguides are equal. In this case, for the phase constants the relation is valid: β εμjm j j Sk ωεμ β2 k k  kn2   , β εμkn k k Sj ωεμ β2 j j  jm2  where βjm – the phase constant of a wave with maximum number m considered in a waveguide j; βkn – the phase constant of a wave with maximum number n considered in a waveguide k; Sj, Sk – the cross-sectional areas of waveguides j and k, respectively. Using the result of Weyl's spectral theorem, we obtain: N N S Sjk   j k34 , where Nj, Nk – number of considered waves in waveguides j and k, respectively. When calculating step irregularities, when the areas of the connected waveguides differ significantly from each other, the number of waves taken into account in the field expansions must be taken sufficiently large to ensure equality of the tangential components of the field at the interface. The use of the relations obtained in the article allows you to choose this number as optimal, and to achieve the specified accuracy of the solution with a smaller number of waves taken into account, which leads to a reduction in time and computational resources.
Method of determination of maximum possible operating frequency band of Y-circulators based on lumped elements
Authors: Kozlov V. A. , Sorokin A. V.
Published: November 2021

In the last 10–15 years, a significant development has been achieved in the design of Y-circulators on lumped elements based on the Y-junction of intertwined conductors placed between two magnetized ferrite disks, which are small even in the meter and decimeter wavelength ranges. Therefore, they are very attractive decoupling components for developers of electronic equipment, especially onboard. Increasing the operating frequency band of circulators of this type is an urgent task, the solution of which can expand the range of their application in promising radio-electronic equipment. Methods for solving this problem are based on the inclusion in the circulator circuit of the corresponding band-expanding matching circuits on the reactive elements. Matching circuits can be included both in each arm of the circulator, and between the common point of the intertwined conductors and the “body”. But it is important for developers of Y-circulators to know what maximum results can be achieved with the use of band-expanding circuits even before the start of development. The authors’ research, the results of which are presented in this article, is devoted to solving this problem. The studies have been carried out by a semi-empirical method based on the consideration of the eigenvalues of the impedance matrices of narrow-band and broadband Y-circulators constructed on their basis, including band-expanding circuits. Comparing the behavior of the eigenvalues of the impedance matrices in the frequency representation and in the φ-representation (φ – phase of the signal transmission coefficient from input to output) when using standard circulation conditions allowed us to obtain analytical relations for calculating the maximum possible operating frequency band and the maximum possible decoupling between the arms of the circulator, as well as to formulate a method for calculating the reactivities of matching circuits that should be included in the circulator circuit.
Switched ring antenna array with electronic scanning
Authors: Gavrilov V. M. , Glukhov R. N. , Dementiev V. K. , Korneeva N. N.
Published: November 2021

For operation in the frequency range of 5,1–5,9 GHz, a directional antenna device has been developed for use as part of a base station in a stationary point-to-multipoint system with a controlled beam position. The antenna device is a switched, broadband, ring antenna array with electronic scanning in the azimuthal plane. Its distinctive feature is high gain of the radiating elements, which are used as linear printed antenna arrays with parallel power supply. The required directional characteristics and matching of the emitters have been achieved in the process of parametric synthesis carried out using the CST MS program. In a given frequency range, the emitters are characterized by the following parameters: width of the main lobe of the directional pattern in the E-plane is 6,6…7,5 deg; level of the first side lobe in the E-plane is 0…–11,4 dB; width of the main lobe of the directional pattern in the H-plane is 53,2…73,4 deg; level of the first side lobe in the H-plane is –23,4…–26,4 dB; gain is 17,0…17,5 dB; the reflection coefficient at the input of the emitters does not exceed 0,2. In the horizontal plane the main lobe of the directional pattern at different frequencies is shifted by an angle of 5–10 deg relative to the normal to the radiating opening of the emitters. The reason is a microstrip distributor combined with printed antenna array emitters on a common printed circuit board. The specified offset of the main lobe of the directional pattern does not decrease the functional characteristics of the antenna device, because the difference in level in the direction of the main maximum and in the direction normal to the radiating aperture of antenna arrays does not exceed 0,5 dB. In addition, the specified offset at the given frequency is regular and has the same value for all emitters of the ring antenna array. Therefore, the angular discret and the level of overlap of the directional patterns of the neighboring emitters when scanning in the azimuthal plane remain unchanged. The results of an experimental study of a prototype antenna device have been presented. They are in good agreement with the results of computer modeling.
Global registration by optical radiation of lightning discharges on aboard a low-orbit spacecraft
Authors: Chudnovsky V.S. , Chudnovsky L.S. , Vagin Yu.P. , Pleshanov A.N. , Tyupikov K.E.
Published: November 2021

Registration of the coordinates of lightning by their optical radiation has already been implemented on geostationary spacecraft in the wavelength range of 777.4 nm. However, the algorithms for processing the registered signals, as well as the volumes of information flows, have not yet been sufficiently studied. The choice of the sensor for the global registration of optical radiation of lightning on board a low-orbit spacecraft is substantiated. The prospects of using photodiodes in the difference-ranging method for determining coordinates are shown.The characteristics of lightning detection using matrices and LEDs have been studied. The prospects of using photodiodes in the differential-range-finding method for determining coordinates are shown. It is shown that the registration of optical lightning radiation on board the spacecraft by photodiodes provides the characteristics of detection and false alarms of a higher quality compared with the use of CCD matrices.
Microscaner based on synchronous motor for third generation thermal imagers
Authors: Gladkov R.A. , Kremis I.I.
Published: November 2021

Formulation of the problem. The use of FPU matrices, with the maximum achievable resolution, does not leave the desire to increase the detail of the final image, which is dictated by the main tasks set for thermal imaging technology: increasing the object detection range and increasing the object recognition range. It is obvious that in the race for the competitive advantage of the final product, in the conditions of reaching the technological limit of the basic elements (FPU matrices, etc.), additional methods are needed [1, 3] and devices. The analysis of existing systems allowing to increase the resolution of thermal imagers is carried out. The physical principles of construction and the predominant differences of microscanning devices (MSD) are considered. A prototype MSD based on an external rotor engine was made. The results of testing the device and its operational characteristics are presented. The simplicity of the design of the MSD and its low cost make it possible to expand the capabilities of thermal imaging equipment: the detection range and / or the recognition range of scene objects are increased.
Modelling and optimization of the linear tapered slot antenna
Authors: Blinova Yu.S. , Drach V.E. , Litvinenko A.A. , Rodionov A.V.
Published: November 2021

A key component of any phased array or radar sensor is its antenna. For ultra wide band systems usually four types of antenna are being used: microstrip, tapered slot, sinuous and Yagi-Uda. The microstrip antenna generates two main lobes, which makes it a bidirectional antenna, like the tapered slot, sinuous, or Yagi-Uda antennae. Several efforts had been made to shift the bidirectional character of the microstrip antenna into unidirectional by placing a ground plate to absorb the undesirable main lobe. These efforts successfully eliminated the undesirable main lobe; however, side effects were introduced along the way, such as the remaining main lobe’s direction became frequency dependent. On the other hand, the sinuous antenna design is very complex when compared with the tapered slot antenna, involving multiple curvatures and angles. The Yagi–Uda antenna design, although less complex than the sinuous, still requires multiple segments and is more complicated than the tapered slot antenna. This study examined and analyzed primary parameters regarding their individual impact on linear tapered slot antenna design. The result is a set of recommendations for linear tapered slot antenna design to operate within the UWB frequency range. Unlike previous studies, which only focused on a certain set of these parameters, this paper provides a comprehensive recommendation for the parameters, which should result in a functional tapered slot antenna design. This set of recommendation can also serve as a base for further optimization, if desired. When used for optimization, the results from this study can guide the direction of changes when multiple parameters need to be adjusted simultaneously. Furthermore, this set of recommendations can be applied to other tapered slot antenna designs, as they all share, although are not defined completely, by these investigated parameters.
Registration of weak MRI signals when exposed to radio frequency interference
Authors: Anisimov N.V. , Tarasova A.A. , Usanov I.A. , Pirogov Yu.A.
Published: November 2021

The problems of registration of weak magnetic resonance (MR) signals in conditions of technogenic interference are considered. Their intensity and temporal activity are analyzed by MRI tomography. To reduce their influence on the result of long-term signal accumulation, it is proposed to save its individual realizations during registration. Then, at the end of registration, it is possible analyze them, identify noisy implementations, edit them, and submit edited copies for summing up instead of noisy ones. An approach that is similar in concept is considered for practical application in MRI – instead of increasing the number of accumulations, it is proposed to increase the number of phase encoding steps. Examples of analysis of interference activity during 23Na MRI scanning of various human organs using various coils are given. The possibility of increasing the information content of MRI data by using apodization for kspace data is shown, and this technique is most effective if the effect of noise occurs when only the peripheral part of this space is filled.
Recognition of true and false states of the brain by means of the electroencephalogram wavelet analysis
Authors: Pertsov S.S. , Yumatov E.A. , Karatygin N.A. , Dudnik E.N. , Khramov A.E. , Grubov V.V.
Published: November 2021

It is a well-known fact that mental activity of the brain can be presented by two different states, i.e., the true state and the false state. A promising method of the electroencephalogram (EEG) wavelet transform has been developed over recent years. Using this method, we evaluated the principle possibility for direct objective registration of mental activity in the human brain. Previously we developed and described (published) a new experimental model and software for recognizing the true and false mental responses of a person with the EEG wavelet transform. The developed experimental model and software-and-data support allowed us to compare (by EEG parameters) two mental states of brain activity, one of which is the false state, while another is the true state. The goal of this study is to develop an absolutely new information technology for recognizing the true and false states in mental activity of the brain by means of the EEG wavelet transform. Our study showed that the true and false states of the brain can be distinguished using the method of continuous wavelet transform and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy. It was revealed that the main differences between truthful and false mental responses are observed in the delta and alpha ranges of the EEG. In the EEG delta rhythm, the wavelet energy is much higher under conditions of the false response as compared to that in the true response. In the EEG alpha rhythm, the wavelet energy is significantly higher with the true answer than in the false one. These data open a new principal possibility of revealing the true and false mental state of the brain by means of continuous wavelet transform and calculation of the EEG wavelet energy.
Mode of use by mobile phone and change of time of simple audio-motor reaction for users of mobile communication. Age related features of ipsilateral and contralateral effects
Authors: Khorseva N.I. , Al’-Kudri O.R. , Grigoryev P.E. , Islyamov R.I. , Shulzhenko N.Yu.
Published: November 2021

By analysing the time of a simple auditory-motor reaction with mono-presentation of an audio signal, the effect of the electromagnetic radiation of a mobile phone on the human auditory system is evaluated. Regularities in the frequency of occurrence of ipsi and contralateral effects in mobile users of different age groups are obtained. This study has no analogues in either Russian or foreign publications and is currently exclusive. The purpose was to study age-related features of the severity of ipsi and contralateral effects, depending on the mode of use of the mobile phone. To record the ipsi- and contralateral effects, we used the differences in the average values of a simple auditory-motor reaction between the left and right ears with mono-presentation of the sound signal of 573 respondents of different age groups. The obtained values were compared with the control group data for each age group (491 respondents). If the difference was greater than in the control group, the ipsilateral or contralateral effect was recorded. The severity of the effect was evaluated taking into account the lateral preferences of each participant in the experiments (to which ear the mobile phone is most often held) and the mode of use of the mobile phone. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the method of descriptive statistics: prevalence indicator (Pr) (relative frequency of manifestation of a particular attribute in the sample). The comparison of the severity of ipsi and contralateral effects for different age groups allowed us to establish the following patterns. It was found that, in general, the manifestation of the contralateral effect decreases with age, and the ipsilateral effect increases. However, this change is not linear. It is shown that the features of the manifestation of the contralateral and ipsilateral effect for each age group depend both on the time of daily use of a mobile phone and on the total duration of use of a mobile phone. We believe that when studying multidimensional input data, an individual approach is necessary. The presented results confirm the negative effect of the radiation of mobile phones on the auditory system, primarily of our younger generation. Given the special vulnerability of children to physical environmental factors and the depth of penetration of EMR MT into the brain of a child, we believe that from a radiobiological point of view, there is already a need to develop a special SanPiN (sanitary rules and norms) for all available modern low-intensity sources of electromagnetic radiation, including Wi-Fi.
Biological effect of microwave electromagnetic radiation: methods of registration and protection
Authors: Dmitriev A.S. , Artamonov A.A. , Guryev D.V. , Smetanina N.M. , Rodneva S.M. , Tsishnatti A.A. , Molodtsova D.V. , Fedotov Yu.A.
Published: November 2021

The development of modern electronics, communications, high-tech production and other technologies lead to a significant increase in the intensity of microwave electromagnetic radiation. This article discusses the problem of registration (including biological detection) and protection from microwave electromagnetic radiation. To consider the method of integral biological and instrumental recording of the intensity of microwave electromagnetic radiation and to evaluate the method of protection using a passive multifrequency re-emitter generator with a radio holographic antenna (trade mark EQVILUM). A series of experiments were carried out to determine the number of double-strand breaks in DNA (DS DNA) by the foci of γH2AX repair proteins, to assess proliferative activity and clonogenic ability after 3 hours of exposure to microwave electromagnetic radiation with a frequency radiation of 1200 MHz both with shielding and without it on a culture of human lung fibroblasts (MRC5 line). It is shown that no changes in the level of DS DNA were revealed in experimental cells, however, a decrease in the clonogenic ability of irradiated cells without shielding was observed against the background of their high proliferative activity. The mechanisms of the observed cellular effects formation are unclear and we suppose that they can be associated with both a change in the metabolism of irradiated cells and with the triggering of certain intracellular mechanisms initiated by electromagnetic radiation (EMR). This study made it possible to identify effective ways of integral assessment of the biological effects of microwave electromagnetic radiation as well as ways of protection against it. A film microcircuit – an autonomous module of a passive multi-frequency re-emitter generator with a radio holographic antenna (EQVILUM trademark) has shown its high efficiency in protection against man-made microwave electromagnetic radiation and can be recommended as an additional means of effective protection.
Investigation of the impact of a balanced diet according to the method of alfitherapy on the human body
Authors: Pronin I.V.
Published: November 2021

In the late 1980s – early 1990s, General A.V. Shcherbakov and Professor I.V. Pronin, who participated in the creation of the Russian Rescue Corps, developed a new method for saving all living things during disasters, dangerous climatic conditions, deadly situations, using the latest developments of Professor I.V. Pronin, which have no analogues in the world and named it "Medicine of support in extreme situations". For civilians, this system, based on the intersection of microbiology, algology and herbal medicine, became known as Alphitherapy. Initially, the method was intended for special forces operating in rescue operations during man-made disasters, as well as disasters caused by natural disasters. Alphitherapy is a method of balanced nutrition of plant origin with biologically active substances of medicinal plants, algae, microorganisms due to a combination of essential oils and active substances in high concentrations. The composition of a balanced diet according to the method of alfitherapy includes a living bactericidal environment, which many times exceeds the therapeutic capabilities of drugs of chemical origin. Purpose of work – investigation of the effect of accelerating regenerative processes and a healing effect as a result of the use of a balanced diet according to the method of alfitherapy. It has been established that a course of balanced nutrition according to the method of alfitherapy has antibacterial, antiviral and antimetastatic effects, making it possible in some cases to dispense with operations or surgical intervention. In the process of completing a course of balanced nutrition in a period from several days to three months, many types of damaged tissues and organs are regenerated, blood vessels are restored and the blood supply to the brain is enhanced, the liver and other organs are cleared of toxins, isotopes (radiation) and heavy metals at the intracellular and intercellular levels. It is possible to restore the cognitive, speech and motor functions lost as a result of strokes due to the complete regeneration of the damaged vessels of the brain.
Development of an electrode system for continuous measurement of the volume of an AHV
Authors: Shcherbachev A.V. , Kudashov I.A. , Shchukin S. I. , Itkin G.P. , Galiamov A.Z. , Bychkov E.A.
Published: November 2021

Mechanical circulatory assistance devices are vital for the patients with end-stage heart failure, who require heart transplantation but are in a waiting list due to the shortage of donor organs. This makes the development of the advanced MCS devices and artificial heart ventricles a crucial task. The systems for the dynamic and adaptive control of circulation parameters are required. AHV liquid volume measurement units must be developed to create such systems. Objective – Determination of the optimal electrode system for the AHV liquid volume measurement unit based on the electrical impedance measurements. The most significant geometrical parameters of the electrode systems for the impedance based AHV liquid volume measurement are determined. The optimal values of the geometrical parameters were found for the system of dynamic AHV liquid volume measurement. Results were confirmed by the numerical and experimental studies. The obtained values of the optimal geometrical parameters of electrode systems will be used in development of biotechnical system of adaptive AHV control.
Comprehensive assessment and ensurement of chemical and biological safety in the healthcare system using machine learning technologies
Authors: Voronin E.A. , Kozlov S.V. , Thuong N.K.
Published: November 2021

Based on the general concept of security as a state of protection of vital interests of an individual, society and the state from threats, a comprehensive approach to its assessment is proposed based on the decomposition of the end-to-end process of ensuring security in a specific area of their activity. At the same time, in relation to chemical and biological safety management systems in the industry, it is considered as interconnected sets of organizational (business processes), organizational-technical and technical-technological processes in their life cycle. The classification of the processes that make up their complete group in the life cycle of the control system is given. In relation to each of these processes in the life cycle of the safety management system, the formulation of a typical formal task for evaluating the main indicators of chemical and biological safety is considered, a mathematical method and a criterion for its evaluation are given with the possibility of implementing the method in machine learning technologies. In contrast to the traditional approach, when the assessment of safety indicators is carried out in fragments according to specific highly specialized indicators, the proposed approach, by evaluating its indicators on the basis of a complete group of processes, covers the sphere of organizational (business processes), organizational-technical and technical-technological processes, which allows to take into account the state of chemical and biological safety in the industry both in organizational, technological and technical aspects to the maximum extent. In relation to each of these processes in the life cycle of the safety management system, we consider the formulation of a typical formal task of evaluating the main indicators To select and justify a universal, normalized indicator of medical and biological safety of the state of living conditions of the population. To develop mathematical methods and methods of security assessment based on a systematic approach for various schemes of protection organization and event schemes in a complex environment. To develop a fundamental structure and methodology for the design, organization of work and use of an information system for monitoring and ensuring biological and medical safety. The principal structure is presented and the principle of organization and use of the system of information and analytical support of medical and biological safety is substantiated. A universal, normalized safety criterion has been selected and justified, which allows implementing state and industry standards for assessing the level of safety and quality of measures and systems to ensure it. Mathematical methods and methods of security assessment based on a systematic approach have been developed for various protection organization schemes and event schemes in a complex environment.
Parallel-sequential adder-subtractor with the highest digits forward on neurons
Authors: Shevelev S.S.
Published: November 2021

The article deals with the development of a parallel-sequential adder-subtractor that performs arithmetic operations of addition and subtraction of binary numbers in the format with a fixed comma with the highest digits forward. The result of performing arithmetic operations is the sum and difference of binary numbers in the direct code of eight digits. The sum and difference of numbers is calculated on neuropositive elements, the transfer to the highest digits when summing and the loan from the highest digits when subtracting is determined by the majority elements. The algorithm for adding numbers in direct codes allows you to get the result in direct code. The signed digits of numbers determine which operation should be performed on numbers using the sum modulo two operation. If the characters are the same, the result will be zero. Otherwise, the result will be one. After that, the addition or subtraction operation is selected. Summation is performed if the numbers have the same signs, the result is assigned the sign of the first number. Subtraction is performed if the numbers have different signs, the result is assigned the sign of a larger modulo number. The adder-subtracter senior digits forward on neurons contains: block input, block comparatii, the block parallel-serial addersubtracter, the unit registers a larger number, the unit of determining the transfer and loan, a unit registers a smaller number of unit registers a result, the control unit, majority, threshold and neural elements. The device can be used as an arithmetic co-processor in a computer system. It significantly speeds up calculations of both simple arithmetic operations and results of various mathematical functions.
Neuroclusterization method of stabilometric data
Authors: Stepanyan I.V. , Grokhovsky S.S. , Kubryak O.V.
Published: November 2021

Stabilometry is a modern method for assessing the functional state of a person by the ability to maintain a stable balance of an upright posture. Technically, the implementation of the stabilometry method consists in measuring, with the help of specialized devices, the values that make up the support reaction, with the subsequent determination, according to these measurements, of the coordinates of the center of body pressure on the support. The nature of the migrations of the center of pressure during the stabilometric study is a source of information about the features of the processes of postural regulation. At the same time, up to the present time, there is a problem of the correct interpretation of the results of stabilometry. The adequacy of the conclusions is largely determined by the human factor, i.e. qualification of a specialist analyzing stabilometry data. Thus, in our opinion, the task of objectifying the assessment of stabilometry results is urgent. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of applying the neurocluster method using self-organizing neural networks to objectify the analysis of stabilometry data. The authors proposed a technique for analyzing the structure of individual and group stabilometric data by clustering them using selforganizing Kohonen neural maps with Euclidean metrics. Neuroclusterization of stabilometric data allows in automatic mode (without human intervention) to identify the type of group of subjects corresponding to the norm or pathology, various types of pathologies, as well as individual biometric characteristics of the subjects. The subsequent analysis of the individual characteristics of the data of the subjects, grouped in this way, makes it possible to detect deviations indicating the presence of abnormalities or the formation of various pathological conditions, which can be useful for the early diagnosis of diseases.
System design of neurocomputers on microcontrollers in conditions of limited resources
Authors: Selivanov K.V. , Klimachev V.S.
Published: November 2021

The development of software tools for electronic equipment has led to the development and widespread use of neural network technology. They are used for processing and making decisions based on the received information, which is not discrete, but has a polymorphic essence. Processing entity data and computing decisions requires significant amounts of computing power and device operating memory. This problem does not allow the widespread use of neural network technologies in portable devices and devices based on microcontrollers. The aim of the article – adapt neural network technology for use on portable environments and microcontroller-based electronic devices. The chosen method of implementing a neural network based on the resource-saving Hamming algorithm, and the optimized program code in the C language made it possible to significantly reduce the requirements for the hardware of the device on which this technology can be implemented. The analysis of modern microcontrollers allowed us to choose and apply the optimal power-to-energysaving microcontroller-STM32, which allowed us to implement a simplified neural network on its basis. The developed algorithm was implemented on a debug board with an STM32 microcontroller in a device that allows you to recognize handwritten numbers entered from the touch screen. The created portable device for recognizing handwritten numbers is applicable as a module in other electronic equipment products. The prospects of using the latest variants of implementing neurocomputers on microcontrollers are shown.
Neural network processing of radar scanning data array
Authors: Dmitriyev V.E. , Popov D.V. , Shakhnov V.A.
Published: November 2021

This article deals with the digital processing of a matrix radar image. The information received from the radar scanner needs to be transformed to enable visual perception. The article describes the main methods of digital processing of matrix data, presents the images transformed by them. The aim of the article was the development of a radar data processing algorithm that identifies the contours and edges of examined objects. The authors propose an algorithm for isolating the geometric structure of the scanned area. The difference between the processing method and the known analogues is based on the nature of the change in the values of the array being processed and consists in the double operation of extracting the gradient of the distribution of values. The software implementation of the algorithm is made in C++ using methods from an open library of computer vision. The efficiency of the algorithm was estimated based on comparison with the algorithms for determining edges based on linear filtering and neural networks. The results of the work can be used to create software for mobile short-range radar devices. Imaging from object boundaries and their edges provides spatial perception of the image by the operator, and free areas are available for rendering additional information. This solution allows you to combine scanning devices and thereby increase the information value of the result.
Interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a plane-layered medium
Authors: Vasil'eva Dina V. , Mikhaylov Viktor F.
Published: November 2021

For protection from high-temperature aerodynamic heating, the on-board antennas of reentry spacecraft are covered with heatresistant radio-transparent thermal protection. Aerodynamic heating, in addition to the actual heating of the antenna thermal protection up to melting, causes the formation of a plasma formation covering the antenna. Thus, the antenna emits media through a multilayer medium: solid heat shield, melt heat shield, plasma. The effect of the multi-layer environment covering the antenna often leads to the loss of radio communications on the descent trajectory. The assessment of the presence of radio communication is possible only on the basis of the results of the study of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a multilayer dielectric medium. The work investigates the radiation of a plane wave through a multilayer dielectric medium. Expressions are obtained for the complex transmission and reflection coefficients of a three-layer medium, one of the layers of which is a plasma formation. The developed analytical relationships characterizing the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a multilayer dielectric medium make it possible to determine the characteristics of the board-to-ground communication channel and the presence or absence of radio communication on the descent trajectory.
Method and algorithms of complex information processing onboard the aircraft for the benefit of definition of accessory of the purposes
Authors: Avramov А.V.
Published: November 2021

Formulation of the problem. On board an aircraft, the solution of situational awareness tasks can be achieved as a result of the creation of an integrated multi-sensor information environment for a complex of onboard equipment, including sources of information that are heterogeneous in terms of construction principles and nature. One of the difficulties in creating such a multi-sensor information environment is the lack of specialized functional software for the on-board equipment complex, which allows processing and combining signals and information from heterogeneous sources, providing an assessment of the coordinate characteristics of targets in the form of phase coordinates of their spatial position and movement, as well as recognition and identification observed targets by characteristic features. To solve this problem, a method and interconnected algorithms for complex information processing have been developed that would allow combining heterogeneous information about targets, taking into account the conditions and methods of obtaining it when solving problems of tracking, recognition and identification of targets. Goal. Describe the method and interrelated algorithms for integrated information processing in the aircraft onboard equipment complex, which provide tracking, recognition and identification of targets based on information received from heterogeneous OBE sources. Results. The method of complex information processing on board the aircraft is described. A set of interrelated algorithms has been developed, including: an algorithm for the complex adaptive assessment of the phase coordinates of the observed target, conditional relative to its trajectory and signal signs obtained from the results of observations of heterogeneous sources; an algorithm for determining the nationality of the observed target, taking into account the assessment of its class / type based on the results of assessing the values of its trajectory and signal characteristics, as well as the conditions for assessing the phase coordinates. Practical significance. The optimization of the processes of a complex adaptive assessment of the phase coordinates of the observed target, conditional with respect to its trajectory and signal signs, and optimization of the decision-making process about the nationality of the observed target, taking into account the assessment of its class / type based on the values of the trajectory and signal signs of this target, obtained from the results of observations of heterogeneous sources. A variant of the practical implementation of the developed method and algorithms in the OBE of the aircraft is proposed.
Methods of counteraction to means of electronic reconnaissance of the enemy during the operation of pulse-Doppler onboard radars of fighters for radiation
Authors: Bogdanov A.V. , Zakomoldin D.V. , Kochetov I.V. , Akimov S.I.
Published: November 2021

The article proposes methods of counteraction to the enemy's electronic reconnaissance means, both for a duel situation and for group actions of fighters, analyzes their advantages and disadvantages, identifies limitations on their use. The physical meaning of these methods is to ensure the secrecy of the operation of on-board radar systems for radiation, due to the variation in the energy potential of the station, in particular, the time of coherent energy accumulation in narrow-band Doppler filters when receiving signals reflected from air targets and the radiation power of the transmitter of the on-board radar system when forming sounding radar signal packs. In the article, along with the methods of ensuring the secrecy of the operation of onboard radar systems of fighters, which make it possible to carry out technical measures only after radar contact with an air target equipped with electronic reconnaissance means, which leads to a decrease in their effectiveness, methods for controlling the secrecy of the operation of onboard radar systems of fighters are additionally given, allowing to provide stealth with a given probability in the dynamics of the approach of a fighter with its emitting airborne radar system with an air target, equipped with electronic reconnaissance means. In addition, it should be noted the method of managing the energy secrecy of airborne radar systems during group actions of fighters, within the framework of the development of which the possibility of summing up the powers emitted by the transmitters of the onboard radar systems of fighters when they work together for radiation in the position of conducting electronic reconnaissance is taken into account. Implementation of the developed methods will allow: to increase the survivability of fighters, and to an increase in this indicator, both the ensured secrecy of the operation of onboard radar systems of fighters for radiation and the implementation of the multi-position principle of building radar systems, given in the method of stealth control of the onboard radar system of fighters during group actions of fighters. to expand the combat capabilities of fighters, due to the fact that the covert operation of the onboard radar systems of fighters for radiation excludes the possibility of reconnaissance of the parameters of the sounding signal and, as a result, the possibility of setting active interference is excluded.