bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The chaotic nature of TRAPPIST-1 planetary spin states
Authors: Vinson Alec M , Tamayo Daniel , Hansen Brad M S
Published: July 2019

The TRAPPIST-1 system has seven known terrestrial planets arranged compactly in a mean motion resonant chain around an ultracool central star, some within the estimated habitable zone. Given their short orbital periods of just a few days, it is often presumed that the planets are tidally locked such that the spin rate is equal to that of the orbital mean motion. However, the compact, and resonant, nature of the system implies that there can be significant variations in the mean motion of these planets due to their mutual interactions. We show that such fluctuations can then have significant effects on the spin states of these planets. In this paper, we analyse, using detailed numerical simulations, the mean motion histories of the three planets that are thought to lie within or close to the habitable zone of the system: planets d, e, and f. We demonstrate that, depending on the strength of the mutual interactions within the system, these planets can be pushed into spin states which are effectively non-synchronous. We find that it can produce significant libration of the spin state, if not complete circulation in the frame co-rotating with the orbit. We also show that these spin states are likely to be unable to sustain long-term stability, with many of our simulations suggesting that the spin evolves, under the influence of tidal synchronization forces, into quasi-stable attractor states, which last on time-scales of thousands of years.
Cosmological test using the Hubble diagram of high-z quasars
Authors: Melia Fulvio
Published: July 2019

It has been known for over three decades that the monochromatic X-ray and UV luminosities in quasars are correlated, though non-linearly. This offers the possibility of using high-z quasars as standard candles for cosmological testing. In this paper, we use a recently assembled, high-quality catalogue of 1598 quasars extending all the way to redshift ∼6, to compare the predictions of the Rh = ct and Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmologies. In so doing, we affirm that the parameters characterizing the correlation depend only weakly on the chosen cosmology, and that both models account very well for the data. Unlike ΛCDM, however, the Rh = ct model has no free parameters for this work, so the Bayesian Information Criterion favours it over ΛCDM with a relative likelihood of $\sim 88{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ versus $\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. This result is consistent with the outcome of other comparative tests, many of which have shown that Rh = ct is favoured over the standard model based on a diverse range of observations.
DNA-PKcs promotes chromatin decondensation to facilitate initiation of the DNA damage response
Authors: Lu Huiming , Saha Janapriya , Beckmann Pauline J , Hendrickson Eric A , Davis Anthony J
Published: July 2019

The DNA damage response (DDR) encompasses the cellular response to DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs), and includes recognition of the DSB, recruitment of numerous factors to the DNA damage site, initiation of signaling cascades, chromatin remodeling, cell-cycle checkpoint activation, and repair of the DSB. Key drivers of the DDR are multiple members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). ATM and ATR modulate multiple portions of the DDR, but DNA-PKcs is believed to primarily function in the DSB repair pathway, non-homologous end joining. Utilizing a human cell line in which the kinase domain of DNA-PKcs is inactivated, we show here that DNA-PKcs kinase activity is required for the cellular response to DSBs immediately after their induction. Specifically, DNA-PKcs kinase activity initiates phosphorylation of the chromatin factors H2AX and KAP1 following ionizing radiation exposure and drives local chromatin decondensation near the DSB site. Furthermore, loss of DNA-PKcs kinase activity results in a marked decrease in the recruitment of numerous members of the DDR machinery to DSBs. Collectively, these results provide clear evidence that DNA-PKcs activity is pivotal for the initiation of the DDR.
Dynamic architecture of the Escherichia coli structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complex, MukBEF
Authors: Rajasekar Karthik V , Baker Rachel , Fisher Gemma L M , Bolla Jani R , Mäkelä Jarno , Tang Minzhe , Zawadzka Katarzyna , Koczy Oliwia , Wagner Florence , Robinson Carol V , Arciszewska Lidia K , Sherratt David J
Published: July 2019

Ubiquitous Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes use a proteinaceous ring-shaped architecture to organize and individualize chromosomes, thereby facilitating chromosome segregation. They utilize cycles of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding and hydrolysis to transport themselves rapidly with respect to DNA, a process requiring protein conformational changes and multiple DNA contact sites. By analysing changes in the architecture and stoichiometry of the Escherichia coli SMC complex, MukBEF, as a function of nucleotide binding to MukB and subsequent ATP hydrolysis, we demonstrate directly the formation of dimer of MukBEF dimer complexes, dependent on dimeric MukF kleisin. Using truncated and full length MukB, in combination with MukEF, we show that engagement of the MukB ATPase heads on nucleotide binding directs the formation of dimers of heads-engaged dimer complexes. Complex formation requires functional interactions between the C- and N-terminal domains of MukF with the MukB head and neck, respectively, and MukE, which organizes the complexes by stabilizing binding of MukB heads to MukF. In the absence of head engagement, a MukF dimer bound by MukE forms complexes containing only a dimer of MukB. Finally, we demonstrate that cells expressing MukBEF complexes in which MukF is monomeric are Muk−, with the complexes failing to associate with chromosomes.
The MLL1 trimeric catalytic complex is a dynamic conformational ensemble stabilized by multiple weak interactions
Authors: Kaustov Lilia , Lemak Alexander , Wu Hong , Faini Marco , Fan Lixin , Fang Xianyang , Zeng Hong , Duan Shili , Allali-Hassani Abdellah , Li Fengling , Wei Yong , Vedadi Masoud , Aebersold Ruedi , Wang Yunxing , Houliston Scott , Arrowsmith Cheryl H
Published: July 2019

Histone H3K4 methylation is an epigenetic mark associated with actively transcribed genes. This modification is catalyzed by the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) family of histone methyltransferases including MLL1, MLL2, MLL3, MLL4, SET1A and SET1B. The catalytic activity of this family is dependent on interactions with additional conserved proteins, but the structural basis for subunit assembly and the mechanism of regulation is not well understood. We used a hybrid methods approach to study the assembly and biochemical function of the minimally active MLL1 complex (MLL1, WDR5 and RbBP5). A combination of small angle X-ray scattering, cross-linking mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling were used to generate a dynamic ensemble model in which subunits are assembled via multiple weak interaction sites. We identified a new interaction site between the MLL1 SET domain and the WD40 β-propeller domain of RbBP5, and demonstrate the susceptibility of the catalytic function of the complex to disruption of individual interaction sites.
Methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines for nutrition and weight gain during pregnancy: a systematic review
Authors: Grammatikopoulou Maria G , Theodoridis Xenophon , Gkiouras Konstantinos , Lampropoulou Maria , Petalidou Arianna , Patelida Maria , Tsirou Efrosini , Papoutsakis Constantina , Goulis Dimitrios G
Published: July 2019

Context

Ensuring a healthy pregnancy and achieving optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) are important for maternal and child health. Nevertheless, the nutritional advice provided during pregnancy is often conflicting, suggesting limited adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).

Objective

The aim of this review was to identify all CPGs on maternal nutrition and GWG and to critically appraise their methodological quality.

Data Sources

The MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, Guidelines International Network, and BMJ Best Practice databases, along with gray literature, were searched from inception until February 2019 for CPGs and consensus, position, and practice papers.

Study Selection

Clinical practice guidelines published in English and containing advice on maternal nutrition or GWG were eligible.

Data Extraction

Two authors independently extracted data on items pertaining to maternal nutrition or GWG, and CPGs were appraised using the AGREE II instrument.

Results

Twenty-two CPGs were included. All scored adequately in the “scope” domain, but most were considered inadequate with regard to stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, applicability, and editorial independence. Many CPGs lacked patient or dietician involvement, and more than half did not disclose funding sources or conflicts of interest. Guidance on GWG was based mostly on Institute of Medicine thresholds, while nutrition recommendations appeared scattered and heterogeneous.

Conclusion

Despite the importance of maternal nutrition and the plethora of advising bodies publishing relevant guidance, there is room for substantial improvement in terms of development standards and content of nutritional recommendations.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO registration number CRD42019120898.
Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Patton Paul , Yin Jing
Published: July 2019

Gilles Deleuze was one of the most important French philosophers of the second half of the 20th century. Born in 1925, he studied philosophy in Paris at the Lycée Carnot and the Sorbonne during the Second World War, passing the agrégation in 1949. He was trained in the history of philosophy by Ferdinand Alquié, Georges Canguilhem, and Jean Hippolyte, among others, and his early works were mostly monographs on individual philosophers, including Hume (Empiricism and Subjectivity, 1991 [1953]), Nietzsche (Nietzsche and Philosophy, 1983 [1962]), Kant (Kant’s Critical Philosophy, 1983 [1963]), and Bergson (Bergsonism, 1988 [1966]). He also published a book on Proust during this early period, which signaled a lifelong preoccupation with literature (Proust and Signs: The Complete Text, 2000 [1964]). He published essays on Sacher-Masoch (“Coldness and Cruelty,” in Masochism: Coldness and Cruelty by Gilles Deleuze and Venus in Furs by Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, 1991 [1967]), Beckett, T. E. Lawrence, Melville, and Whitman (collected in Essays Critical and Clinical, 1997 [1993]). The end of this early period saw the publication of Deleuze’s doctoral studies, Difference and Repetition (1994 [1968]) and Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza (1990 [1968]), followed by The Logic of Sense (1990 [1969]). Deleuze’s metaphysics of difference intersected at some points with Derrida’s philosophy, but also departed from it in that Deleuze saw his practice of philosophy as straightforwardly metaphysical and constructive rather than deconstructive. In the 1960s, Deleuze taught at the University of Clermont-Ferrand. In 1969, at Foucault’s invitation, he took up a post at the experimental University of Paris 8 at Vincennes (later St. Denis), where he taught until his retirement in 1987. His encounter with Félix Guattari in the aftermath of May 1968 led to their two coauthored volumes under the general title Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1983 [1972]), followed by A Thousand Plateaus (1987 [1980]). This work produced a number of concepts that have been taken up in diverse fields across the humanities and social sciences. They also coauthored Kafka: For a Minor Literature (1986 [1975]), and a decade later they produced a reflective account of their practice of philosophy: What Is Philosophy? (1994 [1991]). A final phase of Deleuze’s work began after the publication of A Thousand Plateaus, and continued until his death in 1995. During this period he published an essay on the painting of Francis Bacon (Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation, 2003 [1981]) and two short monographs: Foucault (1988 [1986]) and The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (1993 [1988]). He also published a very influential two-volume study of the nature and history of cinema: Cinema 1: The Movement-Image (1986 [1983]) and Cinema 2: The Time-Image (1989 [1985]). As noted above, a collection of his literary philosophical essays, Essays Critical and Clinical, appeared in 1993 before being translated into English in 1997. After a long period of respiratory illness, Deleuze committed suicide in November 1995.
Central Europe
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Lovec Marko , Kočí Kateřina
Published: July 2019

This article focuses on works that take “central Europe” as a subject of research. There are two conclusions one can draw from the overview that follows. The first one is that there is no common definition of “central Europe” The second one is that in spite of the lack of consensus, the literature on central Europe is abundant. The reason for that seems obvious. Central Europe has never existed merely as a geographic term; it has always been about an idea, about politics, about identity, or the combination of those. The recent memory—the period after the end of the Cold War—proves this point. Furthermore, the “returning” of central Europe to “Europe” after 1989 met an unprecedented response in the academic community; the region has become an attractive study field for scholars. The following overview, which remains and will remain work in progress, is an attempt to capture some of that academic contribution.
Dual Citizenship
Authors: Escobar Cristina
Published: July 2019

Dual or multiple nationality/citizenship is a status that grants an individual membership in two or more states. This status was repudiated and fought against legally and culturally, but it has been normalized since the end of the 20th century as a result of various changes that occurred in the aftermath of World War II: (1) decrease in international conflict and a reduction of compulsory military service; (2) development of human rights and gender equality, allowing women to transfer their nationality to their offspring; (3) increase in international support for the prevention of statelessness; and (4) increase in international migration and intermarriage. An individual can become a dual/multiple national/citizen by birth or by naturalization. In international law, nationality and citizenship are used interchangeably, however, some countries draw legal distinctions between them; moreover, various social scientists insist on distinguishing between these two closely related concepts. While countries may legally accept or reject dual nationality/citizenship, the reality is more complex because there is formal and informal tolerance of this status. This tolerance can also be differential (e.g., restriction of dual nationality/citizenship via naturalization and tolerance of this status when individuals are born in the territory and inherit a second—or more—nationality/citizenship from their parents). Dual or multiple nationality/citizenship can also diverge in its origins and consequences depending on whether it involves immigration or emigration states and in the degree to which dual nationality/citizenship is granted (e.g., acceptance of the retention of nationality when emigrants nationalize abroad while restricting their access to citizenship rights, such as political rights). The increase in dual nationality/citizenship since the late 20th century has promoted a normative debate (more intense, initially) about its consequences in terms of military service, state loyalty, diplomatic protection, equality of rights among citizens, and so on. However, thanks to the proliferation of comparative and single studies of dual nationality/citizenship around the globe, we may now analyze not only the reasons that brought about the acceptance, rejection, or tolerance of this status but also its practical consequences. Scholars have studied the effects of dual nationality/citizenship in many areas, such as international relations, nationalism and the state, migrants’ integration in countries of reception, membership and rights extension to migrants in countries of emigration, political participation, instrumental use of this status, and so on. While the causes and consequences of dual nationality/citizenship vary widely, some regional patterns around the globe have been identified.
Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong
Authors: Ma Ngok
Published: July 2019

The Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong (HKSAR) was established in 1997 when China recovered sovereignty over Hong Kong following the terms set out in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The Chinese government promised to adopt “One Country, Two Systems,” keeping the capitalist system and lifestyle of Hong Kong “fifty years unchanged.” Hong Kong was promised a high level of autonomy, with civil liberties, rule of law, and judicial independence guaranteed in the Basic Law, the mini-constitution. With universal suffrage elections promised in the Basic Law but never delivered, the struggle over democratization has been the top item on the political agenda for decades. The issue of democratization defines the major political cleavage, with the democrats seeing a democratic government as key to defending Hong Kong’s autonomy, rule of law, and civil rights. The study of politics in the HKSAR mostly centers around several themes: the struggle over democratization, China–Hong Kong relations, the perennial governing crisis of the HKSAR government, and state-business and state-society relations. Knowledge of colonial politics and governance and the social and political changes since the transition period (1984–1997) is vital for understanding present-day Hong Kong politics. The gist of the promise of “One Country, Two Systems” was a continuation of the status quo beyond 1997. The political formula and governing philosophy under the colonial regime were seen as major reasons for the “stability and prosperity” of Hong Kong. The conventional wisdom was that Hong Kong’s success was due to a minimalist state. In-depth studies of colonial politics revealed a more complicated state-business and state-society relationship. The roles of state and political configurations have also undergone a lot of changes since the 1980s. Yet business dominance/hegemony and state-business alliance remain common conceptual tools to understand the post-1997 politics of Hong Kong. Recent studies on Hong Kong politics tend to cast Hong Kong in the light of “hybrid regimes.” With more control and intervention from China, the focus is on to what extent the autonomy and freedom of Hong Kong can be maintained, and how Hong Kong people resist a democratic recession or fight for reform. The rise of new social movements, massive mobilizations, the birth of a new political identity, and value changes in recent years all contributed to the historic 2014 Umbrella Movement. The 2014 Movement brought about a new stage of self-determination currents and more intervention from China.
Civic and Social Engagement of Higher Education
Authors: Godonoga Ana , Sarrico Cláudia S.
Published: July 2019

The mission of higher education goes beyond the functions of education and research. Civic and social engagement—often described as the “third mission” (i.e., an additional mission to the two core missions of education and research)—has always been there to different extents, especially for institutions explicitly invested with that mission, such as technical universities, university colleges, polytechnics, and universities of applied sciences. In addition, universities have historically played a role in training staff for state bureaucracies and professionals for the world of industry and services, and as such they have been agents of state building, promoters of national culture, and engines of economic development. Nonetheless, the importance of this third mission has become more pressing in today’s increasingly divided societies. Higher education through civic and social engagement moves away from the perceived notion of the ivory tower to engage with the wider world, thus helping bring together the haves and the have nots, the insiders and the outsiders. The concept of civic and social engagement is multifaceted—comprising everything that higher education does but that is not strictly in the domain of learning and teaching and research and scholarship (hence “third mission”), and it has evolved over time to integrate different dimensions. Moreover, civic and social engagement is not at all separate from education and research, but rather interacts with those missions to extend the work of higher education beyond its walls. It reaches beyond academia and the traditional straight-from-secondary-school student body to engage more people through continuing education and lifelong learning. It goes beyond knowledge creation and concerns with scientific impact, to the transfer, exchange, and co-creation of knowledge and technology to and with society to effect societal impact. Civic and social engagement of higher education contributes to the economic, social, cultural, and environmental development of societies, through different channels of interaction between higher education and industry, government and the social sector, at different territorial levels—from the city or municipality to the region, state, or province, to the national and supranational level.
Children’s Reading Development and Instruction
Authors: Topping Keith
Published: July 2019

Reading is a complex cognitive skill that involves the extraction of meaning from printed or written text. “Barking at print” without understanding is not reading. Developmentally, the typical pattern is that in the early years children learn receptive and expressive language skills, which are key for reading development. Then they learn letter sounds (and sometimes letter names also) and develop the auditory skills necessary for this. Then by putting sounds together they are able to decode words—in principle, the 50 percent of English words that are regular. As they encounter and remember more words, they develop a “sight vocabulary” of words that are recognized at a glance, without any need for decoding. Then they develop even more visual skills and learn whole words (especially irregular ones) as an entity. As they progress there is increasing emphasis on comprehension. Eventually they get to the stage of not “learning to read” but “reading to learn,” where the focus is on completely on the meaning extracted, rather than the process of extracting it. Practice with reading is essential to develop fluency. Good readers read many times the amount of poor readers. As children fail in reading, their motivation and confidence becomes damaged, and they tend to try even less. Better readers will get to the stage of being aware of how they read and be able to control how they read for different purposes. Eventually, there is less emphasis on the process of reading and more on the value of what is being read. Parents have a major role in helping their children develop, not only preschool but also during the school years. Peer learning may be added to the school curriculum to individualize and differentiate reading. Generally, girls do better than boys at both language and reading, and this is true in many countries. Socioeconomic status is strongly associated with reading. Different countries have different languages with different characteristics that may affect reading development. Increasingly, children read books and other materials electronically, on computers, tablets, and phones. Research has investigated whether they actually prefer this. A range of interventions for weaker readers are reviewed. Most have good short-term effects, but few show continued effects in the long term, whether the intervention is continued or not. Traditional ways of assessing reading development are described and then computer-based methods that show promise are showcased. Generally, only studies from 2010 onward have been included.
Wetland Ecology
Authors: Richardson Curtis J. , Winton R. Scott
Published: July 2019

Wetland ecosystems comprise only 3–5 percent of the world’s land surface, but their unique habitats and specialized and rare species have garnered the attention of biologists for centuries. The use of wetlands in Europe and Asia has a deep history, as draining peat bogs, marshes, mires, and swamps for fuel, timber, and agricultural crops was common practice. The first academic use of the word wetlands appears in Catesby’s 1754 book The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahamas Islands, and early studies of wetlands focused on the distinct flora and fauna found in these ecosystems, with a particular emphasis on waterfowl, fish, or other game. Illustrating this point is the first major assessment and classification of wetlands across the United States in 1956, which is solely based on waterfowl habitat value. Research on wetlands quickly evolved in the 1960s and 1970s to become a distinct subdiscipline of the burgeoning field of ecology. Fueled by the concept of wetlands as “Mother Nature’s kidneys,” and by their potential for cheap wastewater treatment, there was an initial focus on their biogeochemical and hydrologic functions on the landscape, as well as the nutrient removal or transformation services they provided. Research in both Europe and the United States also focused on how plants and animals survived the alternating wet/dry soil regimes wetlands possessed and demonstrated that wide-ranging soil redox conditions were microbial driven and produced either reduced or oxidized chemical ions, often with toxic or altered properties, depending on the presence or absence of oxygen and alternate electron acceptors like nitrate or iron. These findings led to a number of elegant studies focusing on the ecophysiology of how wetland plants and animals survived anaerobic conditions, the presence of toxic chemicals, and saline conditions found in coastal marshes. Since the 1990s, research has focused more on biogeochemical cycling in wetlands, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and, more recently, carbon flux and storage as it relates to global climate change, as it became understood that wetland soils are globally important stores of carbon and sources of atmospheric methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Thus, global warming effects on boreal and tropical wetlands and continued drainage of these ecosystems worldwide have become a major area of concern, along with the effects of sea level rise on coastal wetland survival. To offset these losses, the fields of wetland restoration and ecologic economics have become increasing relevant.
American Hebrew Literature
Authors: Katz Stephen
Published: July 2019

Over two million Jewish refugees immigrated to the United States between 1880 and 1924, escaping poverty and persecution of the tsar and similar anti-Semitic regimes, until the 1924 Johnson-Reed (Immigration) Act constricted the passage through the country’s open gates. That migration included established and future Hebrew (Yiddish and English) literati whose contributions presaged the establishment, supplementing earlier immigrations by Sephardi, German, and other Jews, of a new world center of modern Hebrew literature and culture, much in keeping with its predecessors, large and small, back in Berlin, Italy, Galicia, and Russia. This one took root in the United States, waxed, and briefly competed with its growing “sibling” in Eretz Yisrael, only to wilt and wane, leaving behind virtually no progeny by the 1960s. When active, this geographically scattered center produced a considerable literary oeuvre, much of which remains the purview of the few able or interested to read it, while little has been translated and thematically marginalized in the shadow of Eretz Israeli concerns, modernisms, linguistic deviations, and nationalist programs. Hebraists in America identified with and saw themselves as direct heirs to their European Hebrew literary roots, drawing inspiration from the likes of S. Tchernichovsky and H. N. Bialik, poetry being the leading genre in the first decades. Yet, after a period of nostalgic looking-back, they also drew on models from English literature and the new landscape that opened before them. While depicting the world left behind, Hebraists also sought to Americanize their works and settings. Looking about them, they focused on the experience of the Big City, the great outdoors, and exotic locales from east to west. Perplexing though it might not have been, their palette also ran to the encounters with Gentiles, and, most intriguingly, they represented in Hebrew the lives and folk culture of Native and African Americans in lengthy compositions that rivaled those written in English. So while the nostalgic glances initially gave rise to a pessimism about America being the land that devours and assimilates its inhabitants, these soon gave way to an Americanization of Hebrew letters that became the expression of a settled community looking at the here-and-now in its representation of the Jewish (or Hebraic) experience and a mature sensibility that gave rise to the Bellows, Malamuds, Roths, Ozicks, Hellmans, and Ginsbergs from the second half of the 20th century onward. Though all Hebraists of those generations have passed away, a few new writers of Hebrew—Maya Arad, Reuven Namdar, and Robert Whitehill-Bashan among them—call America their home today (with other expatriates spending a long or short time outside Israel, among them Shelly Oria in the United States; Ayelet Tsabari in Canada; Yonatan Sagiv in the UK; Yossi Avni-Levy in Poland; and Adam Coman, Mati Shemoelof, and Itamar Orlev in Germany). Studies of American Hebrew literature are few in English, though some have recently appeared, prompting, hopefully, closer scrutiny of this center that was.
Team Design Characteristics
Authors: Stewart Greg L. , Carter Kameron M. , Ptashnik Thomas H.
Published: July 2019

Teams are a basic building block of organizations. Over the past twenty-five years, a great deal of research has focused on what can be done to improve team effectiveness. Team design characteristics represent inputs that can be manipulated by organizational leaders and can be grouped into three broad classifications: Team Composition, Team Task Design Characteristics, and Team Leadership. The first team design characteristic—composition—focuses on the attributes of individuals who are team members and is generally captured either as the average standing on a particular trait such as mental ability or as a pattern of a characteristic such as the variability in team member conscientiousness. Teams composed of members with desirable traits generally outperform teams composed of members who do not possess desirable individual characteristics. Members with negative individual characteristics harm cooperation and are often rejected by teammates. The impact of some team members—frequently labeled the strategic core—is, however, greater than the impact of others. Team Member Diversity of individual characteristics also corresponds with team processes and outcomes, although the effect is positive in some instances and negative in others. A particularly difficult methodological issue associated with team composition research concerns missing data that occurs when some team members fail to complete survey measures. The second team design feature—team task characteristics—arises from the work itself and how the team accomplishes its prescribed tasks. Some teams have a high level of collective autonomy whereas others work under strict hierarchical control. Teams vary in interdependence with some operating such that members work together very closely and others allowing members to work primarily as individuals. Differences in reward structure also vary from teams that are rewarded collectively to teams with individual-based rewards that result in some members being rewarded more than others. Moreover, an increasingly important task feature of teams is the degree of virtuality, with some teams interacting primarily face-to-face and others interacting mostly through electronic means. The third team design feature is leadership. Teams are facilitated by Empowering Leadership that encourages the team to collectively lead itself, by Shared Leadership that exists when leadership functions are dispersed throughout the team, and by Transformational Leadership that provides teams with a vision that transcends individual interests.
Chicana/o Ethnography
Authors: Gonzalez Pablo , Chávez Xóchitl
Published: July 2019

Chicana/o ethnography is a subfield of Chicana/o anthropology and sociocultural anthropology. There are two ways of looking at the term Chicana/o ethnography: one, as the work conducted and written by self-identified Chicana/o anthropologists and social scientists; two, as the anthropological work produced on Chicanas/os and US-based ethnic Mexicans. Chicana/o ethnography emerges in the late 1960s with the Chicano Power movement in the United States. With the entry of Chicana/o PhDs in the social sciences and in particular anthropology during the 1960s, the field of cultural anthropology became the site of contested counter-narratives by racialized groups in the United States. Those self-identifying as Chicana/o and receiving degrees in the social sciences ushered in a critique of anthropology’s colonial and imperial legacy. In particular, conducting ethnographic fieldwork and writing ethnographies on US ethnic Mexicans by non-Mexicans came under scrutiny by Mexican Americans. Although there have been Mexican and Mexican American social scientists that have studied US Mexican communities since the late 19th century, the emergence of Chicana/o ethnography is situated out of political struggle both in Chicana/o communities and in universities throughout the United States. Since then, Chicana/o ethnography has evolved to include ethnographic studies on expressive culture and folklore, identity formation, transnational migration and communities, community studies, US-Mexico borderlands studies, social movements, and (il)legality and subject formation. Accordingly, this bibliography begins with initial texts and works that contested the ways in which anthropologists and social scientists initially viewed the US Mexican population and the politics of conducting research in Chicana/o communities. This bibliography emphasizes the field of Chicana/o anthropology as it pertains to the production of ethnographic work by Chicana/o anthropologists and the ethnographic work on Chicana/o communities, cultures, and experience. It does not encapsulate all of the ethnographic work conducted by Chicana/o social scientists in fields other than anthropology nor does it include all the ethnographic work conducted on Chicana/o lives by social scientists. Instead, it also incorporates several key works by social scientists that further the field of Chicana/o anthropology and sociocultural anthropology.
Marxist Thought in China
Authors: Gregor A. James , Xue Susan
Published: July 2019

Throughout the history of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), disagreement has existed concerning the extent to which Chinese Communism might be considered authentically Marxist. In general, most of the available literature tends to simply accept the Chinese Communist self-identification as Marxist. No binding consensus among independent Sinologists, however, is found and resistance has taken on a variety of forms throughout the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)—some partisan and some genuinely analytic. The academic literature produced during the entire period of CCP rule in China has been characterized by wide differences in the acceptance of its Marxist authenticity. It has always been tacitly or explicitly accepted that the Marxism of the CCP at its founding in 1920–1921 was in a form acceptable to the Bolshevik rulers of revolutionary Russia. Having been founded directly through the influence of the Third (or Leninist) International, the CCP had to conform to the Bolshevik interpretation of Marxism. Since Lenin had taken “creative” liberties with the original doctrine, some have maintained that the Marxism of the CCP had never been truly Marxist. To add further difficulty to any analysis of the Marxism of the CCP, it is generally understood that Mao Zedong, who gradually assumed the leadership of the CCP, was not particularly well versed in any variant of Marxism. Over the years and under the pressure of circumstances, Mao delivered varied formulations of his revolutionary ideology. How much those formulations accorded with any variant of Marxism became a matter of interpretation. Some scholars hold that by the time of the “Great Leap Forward,” Mao had devised his own ideology. All of this speculation generated controversy within the CCP leadership. By the time of Mao’s demise in 1976, the doctrine of a “second revolution” animated Deng Xiaoping and his followers. It is still a matter of considerable controversy whether that post-Maoist doctrine, in any sense, is Marxist in content or aspiration.
Home-Based Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction to Improve Quadriceps Muscle and Physical Function After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Kilgas Matthew A , DenHerder Alicia E , Lytle Lydia L M , Williams Cameron T , Elmer Steven J
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose

After total knee arthroplasty (TKA), persistent quadriceps muscle atrophy and weakness impairs physical function. Blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise is emerging as a potential method to improve muscle size and strength in clinical populations with orthopedic limitations. There are no randomized controlled studies documenting BFR exercise after TKA. This case report describes the use of home-based BFR exercise to increase quadriceps size, strength, and physical function after TKA.

Case Description

A 59-year-old man (6 months post-TKA) performed body weight and walking exercises with BFR 5×/wk for 8 weeks. Blood flow in the TKA leg was restricted using a thigh cuff inflated to 50% of limb occlusion pressure. Lean leg mass, vastus lateralis thickness, knee extensor strength, and physical function were measured at baseline (6 months post-TKA), posttraining (8 months post-TKA), and long-term follow-up (14 months post-TKA).

Outcomes

After training, lean leg mass, vastus lateralis thickness, and knee extensor strength in the TKA leg increased by 4%, 14%, and 55%, respectively. Compared with baseline, posttraining knee extensor strength symmetry (TKA/uninvolved leg) increased from 64% to 98%. The patient’s performance improved for the 30-second chair stand, 40-m fast walk, and 6-minute walk tests. Increased quadriceps and physical function were maintained at the long-term follow-up.

Discussion

With enhanced quadriceps and physical function, the patient resumed independent physical activity. Muscle and strength gains surpassed those typically reported after TKA. Outcomes suggest that home-based BFR exercise was feasible, safe, and effective. BFR exercise after TKA is promising and warrants further research.
Revisiting the Relationship Between Federal Design and Economic Growth
Authors: Uttermark Matthew J
Published: July 2019

Federal design matters—but how? Federalism research has addressed the longstanding question whether federalism is linked with economic growth, but with differing results. In this study, I address the possible linkage using measures from the empirically rich Regional Authority Index. Examining federalism over time across approximately seventy nations, I evaluate the conceptually distinct expectations of self-rule and shared-rule federalism on several measures of economic development. The results fail to find an association between either self-rule or shared-rule and economic development, supporting the argument that the linkage is weak or even nonexistent.
Regulating Household Leverage
Authors: Defusco Anthony A , Johnson Stephanie , Mondragon John
Published: July 2019

This article studies how credit markets respond to policy constraints on household leverage. Exploiting a sharp policy-induced discontinuity in the cost of originating certain high-leverage mortgages, we study how the Dodd–Frank “Ability-to-Repay” rule affected the price and availability of credit in the U.S. mortgage market. Our estimates show that the policy had only moderate effects on prices, increasing interest rates on affected loans by 10–15 basis points. The effect on quantities, however, was significantly larger; we estimate that the policy eliminated 15% of the affected market completely and reduced leverage for another 20% of remaining borrowers. This reduction in quantities is much greater than would be implied by plausible demand elasticities and indicates that lenders responded to the policy not only by raising prices but also by exiting the regulated portion of the market. Heterogeneity in the quantity response across lenders suggests that agency costs may have been one particularly important market friction contributing to the large overall effect as the fall in lending was substantially larger among lenders relying on third-parties to originate loans. Finally, while the policy succeeded in reducing leverage, our estimates suggest this effect would have only slightly reduced aggregate default rates during the housing crisis.
Factors Influencing Growth of Children Aged 12–24 Months in the Tanga Region, Tanzania
Authors: Elverud Ingvild Skålnes , Størdal Ketil , Chiduo Mercy , Klingenberg Claus
Published: July 2019

Background

The first 1000 days of life, from conception to the second birthday, offer a unique window of opportunity for optimal growth, critical for future health. The primary aim of this study was to analyze growth of children between 12 and 24 months age in Tanzanian children, and to explore possible predictors for growth.

Methods

Observational, cross-sectional study performed between March and April 2017. Eligible children, and their mothers, attended routine follow-up at two health clinics in Tanga, Tanzania. At the study day, the child’s weight and height were recorded. The mothers answered a structured interview regarding breastfeeding, immunization and socioeconomic conditions.

Results

We recruited 300 mother–child pairs. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] age at study visit was 16 (14–20) months. Mothers reported that 170 (57%) of their children were exclusively breastfed for a minimum of 6 months; median (IQR) 6 (4–6) months. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) standard growth curves, mean weight-for-age Z-score was −0.30 and mean length-for-age Z-score was −0.47. Children whose mothers had higher education had higher Z-scores for weight and length compared to children of mothers with lower education. Education remained the most important predictor for growth also after adjusting for other variables. Overall, 48/300 (16%) were moderate-severe stunted and 25/300 (8.4%) had moderate-severe underweight.

Conclusion

Children aged 12–24 months in this region of Tanzania had weight and height below the WHO standard. Higher educated mothers had children with better growth parameters. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was long, but did not predict growth parameters.
Comparing Stagonosporopsis spp. Fungicide Resistance Profiles in Florida and East China Cucurbit Production Systems
Authors: Newark Mason J. , Li Pingfang , Yang Xing-Ping , Paret Mathews L. , Dufault Nicholas S.
Published: July 2019

Gummy stem blight, caused by Stagonosporopsis spp., is a major disease of cucurbits in the United States and China that is managed primarily through the use of fungicides. The objective of this study was to monitor and compare the recent fungicide resistance profiles of Stagonosporopsis spp. in Florida open-field and East China protected-structure production systems. Isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. were evaluated for sensitivity to the commonly used fungicides azoxystrobin, boscalid, tebuconazole, and thiophanate-methyl at discriminatory rates of 0.096, 0.034, 0.128, and 100 mg/liter, respectively. Isolates were collected from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces in China (n = 69), 12 counties in Florida (n = 89), and one county in Georgia (n = 6). More than 50% of isolates from Florida and East China were resistant to thiophanate-methyl. Boscalid resistance was detected in both isolate collections but was two times more frequent in China. Resistance to azoxystrobin was detected in 66% of isolates in Florida but only 7% in China. Tebuconazole was effective in controlling the mycelia growth of Stagonosporopsis spp. in both collections. The results indicate that both production systems currently face similar challenges related to the development of fungicide resistance in Stagonosporopsis spp. However, the resistance profiles are unique for both production systems.
Masking Release for Speech-in-Speech Recognition Due to a Target/Masker Sex Mismatch in Children With Hearing Loss
Authors: Leibold Lori J. , Browning Jenna M. , Buss Emily
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

The goal of the present study was to compare the extent to which children with hearing loss and children with normal hearing benefit from mismatches in target/masker sex in the context of speech-in-speech recognition. It was hypothesized that children with hearing loss experience a smaller target/masker sex mismatch benefit relative to children with normal hearing due to impairments in peripheral encoding, variable access to high-quality auditory input, or both.

Design:

Eighteen school-age children with sensorineural hearing loss (7 to 15 years) and 18 age-matched children with normal hearing participated in this study. Children with hearing loss were bilateral hearing aid users. Severity of hearing loss ranged from mild to severe across participants, but most had mild to moderate hearing loss. Speech recognition thresholds for disyllabic words presented in a two-talker speech masker were estimated in the sound field using an adaptive, forced-choice procedure with a picture-pointing response. Participants were tested in each of four conditions: (1) male target speech/two-male-talker masker; (2) male target speech/two-female-talker masker; (3) female target speech/two-female-talker masker; and (4) female target speech/two-male-talker masker. Children with hearing loss were tested wearing their personal hearing aids at user settings.

Results:

Both groups of children showed a sex-mismatch benefit, requiring a more advantageous signal to noise ratio when the target and masker were matched in sex than when they were mismatched. However, the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit was significantly reduced for children with hearing loss relative to age-matched children with normal hearing. There was no effect of child age on the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit. The sex-mismatch benefit was larger for male target speech than for female target speech. For children with hearing loss, the magnitude of sex-mismatch benefit was not associated with degree of hearing loss or aided audibility.

Conclusions:

The findings from the present study indicate that children with sensorineural hearing loss are able to capitalize on acoustic differences between speech produced by male and female talkers when asked to recognize target words in a competing speech masker. However, children with hearing loss experienced a smaller benefit relative to their peers with normal hearing. No association between the sex-mismatch benefit and measures of unaided thresholds or aided audibility were observed for children with hearing loss, suggesting that reduced peripheral encoding is not the only factor responsible for the smaller sex-mismatch benefit relative to children with normal hearing.