bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TV advertising of OTC medicines and its effects on child viewers
Authors: Butter Eliot J. , Weikel Kim Bartlett , Otto Victoria , Wright Kim P. , Deinzer Greg
Published: July 2007

The influence of over‐the‐counter (OTC) medicine commercials on children's choices concerning use of OTC medicines was investigated in two experiments. In the first, 115 third and fourth graders were exposed to commercials for six different OTC medicines or commercials for other products. They were then asked to recommend either a medicine or nonmedicine remedy for a child and an adult with various illnesses and/or problems. The OTC medicine commercials appeared to influence children's recommendations only with respect to use of sleeping pills. In the second experiment 234 third and fourth graders were exposed to either fever and cold medicine commercials, all of which were directed toward the child viewer, or nondrug commercials. Only the fever medicine commercials appeared to influence the children. It was concluded that OTC medicine commercials do not, in general, influence children's choices concerning use of those medicines. Possible exceptions to this general case are noted.
A conceptual model of the impact of advertising on service employees
Authors: Wolfinbarger Mary Finley , Gilly Mary C.
Published: July 2007

Although the importance of the service employee in providing satisfying service encounters has frequently been noted, the effects of organizational marketing actions on employees has been virtually ignored. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of advertising on service employees. Ads can have positive impacts on employee organizational commitment by depicting roles which will encourage congruent expectations among the organization, the employee, and the customer; by clarifying workers' roles in the organization; by communicating the degree to which the organization values employees; and by being accurate in their messages about services, organizational policies, and treatment of employees. This employee organizational commitment is critical to the provision of quality service to consumers.
Computer‐based adaptive testing in 1991
Authors: Green Bert F.
Published: July 2007

Tests, questionnaires, and inventories can advantageously be administered by computer. The use of item response theory (IRT) is described, and its application to making the instruments adaptive. Practical aspects of adaptive tests are discussed, including timing and safeguarding. Adjustments can be made for mastery tests. More elaborate partial‐credit models are needed for items with more than two response alternatives.
Market dynamics analysis and multiple segmentation
Authors: Lee Robert S.
Published: July 2007

The primary purpose of the research method described here is analytic—to develop an understanding of the forces at work that account for brand choice in the marketplace. The objective is to find out which kinds of consumers choose which brands and why. Although multiple discriminant analysis is utilized, the focus of the method is on the use of traceline analysis to interpret the meaning of the functions and then, if desired, to provide a basis for delineating relatively homogeneous segments. A case example is given using data from a strategic marketing study of the metropolitan New York MBA market conducted by a major university in the area.
Timestyles: Role factor influences on the convergence and divergence of couples' complementary and substitute activity patterns
Authors: Anderson Wilton Thomas , Golden Linda L. , Umesh U. N. , Weeks William A.
Published: July 2007

Using a role theory framework, this research focuses on convergence and divergence in complementary and substitute activities for husbands and wives. Hypotheses on the effects of children and wife's employment were assessed for a national sample of married men reporting on their and their wives' activities for a typical weekday and Saturday. Role factors are shown to have a significant impact on timestyles and the specific activities emerging as substitutes and complements.
Consumer brand confusion: A conceptual framework
Authors: Foxman Ellen R. , Berger Phil W. , Cote Joseph A.
Published: July 2007

A definition and theoretical framework for consumer brand confusion are developed. Brand confusion is distinguished from related terms, such as uncertainty, miscomprehension, infringement, and deception. The factors affecting the likelihood of brand confusion are extended beyond stimulus similarity to include individual and situational factors, and propositions regarding the effects of individual and situational factors are developed. The value of a better understanding of consumer brand confusion to managers and policy makers is discussed.
The effect of enduring, situational, and response involvement on preference stability in the context of voting behavior
Authors: Burton Scot , Netemeyer Richard G.
Published: July 2007

A conceptual model of the relationships between enduring, situational, and response involvement is proposed and tested in the context of decision‐making associated with a political election. Specifically, the model concerns relationships between involvement, knowledge, confidence, and the stability of preference for a specific candidate over time. Empirical support for the proposed model is found, and implications for involvement researchers and political marketers are offered.
Consumer decision making: A model of the effects of involvement, source credibility, and location on the size of the price difference required to induce consumers to change suppliers
Authors: Gotlieb Jerry B. , Schlacter John L. , Louis Robert D. St.
Published: July 2007

A model is presented for analyzing the effects of involvement, source credibility, and location on consumers' reactions to price changes. The model is based on a schema proposed by Jacoby and Olson (1977) to explain consumers' reactions to price. Evidence is presented that strongly indicates that involvement, source credibility, and location importantly affect the size of the price change required to motivate consumers to switch suppliers.
Prior involvement and incentives to pay attention to information
Authors: Heslin Richard , Johnson Blair T.
Published: July 2007

This study examined whether or not a persons's level of prior involvement affects his or her response to an incentive to pay attention to product information. The assumption that an incentive adds to the effect of a person's level of prior involvement (summative model) was compared to the assumption that high initial involvement would inhibit the effect of an incentive (threshold model). Seventy‐eight undergraduate subjects participated. Half were given an extra‐credit incentive to pick the best one of four described electronic typewriters; the other half were not. The incentive caused subjects to pay attention more and remember more about the products. Consistent with the threshold model, the incentive caused subjects with low prior involvement to spend more time studying the product descriptions, and it did not have an effect on the high‐involvement people.
Implementing the concept of transformational advertising
Authors: Aaker David A. , Stayman Douglas M.
Published: July 2007

The concept of the transformational effects of advertising is described and refined to provide a definition possibly more useful in empirically studying the construct. Methodological difficulties in testing and using the concept are discussed before proposing projective techniques as an approach which might overcome some of the problems. Finally, a study is reported that illustrates how projective techniques may be used to study transformational advertising.
The effects of time pressure and information load on decision quality
Authors: Hahn Minhi , Lawson Robert , Lee Young Gyu
Published: July 2007

This study attempts to identify conditions under which consumer information overload occurs. A theory which states that information overload will occur when the time‐related task demands exceed the capacity of the system is suggested and tested. An experiment is reported in which an inverted U‐shaped function relating decision quality to information load occurred when time pressure was present, but did not when it was absent.
Appraisal processes in the enactment of intentions to use coupons
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P. , Baumgartner Hans , Yi Youjae
Published: July 2007

Although much research has been performed on the role of intentions in consumer behavior, relatively little attention has been given to the processes intervening between intentions and behavior. Because coupon usage behavior requires planning and implementation effort with respect to intermediary acts or means, the behavior is considered problematic. This article proposes a model for explaining how consumers enact intentions once they decide to use coupons. Enactment of intentions is hypothesized to be a function of three appraisal processes: self‐efficacies, instrumental beliefs, and affect toward intermediate acts or means. These three appraisal processes are hypothesized to combine multiplicatively to influence the target behavior, coupon usage. Also, one's prior history of coupon usage is expected to be an important determinant of coupon usage. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
The influence of tempo, loudness, and gender of listener on responses to music
Authors: Kellaris James J. , Rice Ronald C.
Published: July 2007

This study explores the impact of gender and two psychophysical stimulus properties of instrumental music (tempo and loudness) on hedonic responses, including judgments of music's affective character and behavioral intentions toward the music. Digital recording technology was used to create multiple versions of an original musical score that varied tempo but held pitch constant. A 2 (slow/fast) by 2 (soft/loud) by 2 (male/female) between‐Ss factorial experiment was conducted. Results indicate that gender moderates the influence of loudness, such that females respond more positively to music at lower volumes. Implications for the differential targeting of men and women through music in ads and in retail environments are discussed. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer decision making and the nature of the product: A comparison of husband and wife adoption process location
Authors: Krampf Robert F. , Burns David J. , Rayman Dale M.
Published: July 2007

Many studies investigating consumer decision making have implicitly assumed that one individual in a family (most often the wife) makes all of the consumption choices for the family. This study investigated and compared the independent responses of husbands and wives concerning their adoption process location for a series of products. Significant response discrepancies were observed, primarily for products for which the adoption decision likely involves lower levels of involvement. Relatively little agreement was observed between husbands and wives on whether a product was adopted. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Program content and advertising effectiveness: A test of the congruity hypothesis for cognitive and affective sources of involvement
Authors: Celuch Kevin G. , Slama Mark
Published: July 2007

It has been suggested by McClung, Park, and Sauer (1985) that television ads will be more effective if the source of involvement in the ad (cognitive or affective) matches the source of involvement in the program in which the ad is embedded. This research employed a two‐factor experimental design in which cognitively involving ads and affectively involving ads were viewed in cognitively and affectively involving programs. Congruency between the sources of program and ad involvement did not produce greater ad effectiveness than did incongruence. The programs did, however, influence ad effectiveness. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer involvement, message attention, and the persistence of persuasive impact in a message‐dense environment
Authors: Pratkanis Anthony R. , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: July 2007

As part of a simulated shopping task, subjects viewed messages about fictitious brands of products. The messages rated each competing brand as either strongly negative, negative, positive, or strongly positive, and were presented via computer. Involvement was manipulated by whether or not the product was on the subject's shopping list. Subjects paid more attention to information for products on their shopping list, especially when the message provided information that might be useful for solving the shopping task. However, only the impact of involving messages describing strongly positive brands persisted. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Value choice, demographics, and life satisfaction
Authors: Keng Kau Ah , Yang Charles
Published: July 2007

This study is an empirical investigation in an Asian environment to determine if value choice varied among a group of respondents along different demographic dimensions. The results suggest that in most cases, both birthright and ascribed demographic characteristics influence or are influenced by values. Similarly, life satisfaction and wishes are also found to be affected by value choice. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expectations and product performance as determinants of satisfaction for a high‐involvement purchase
Authors: Patterson Paul G.
Published: July 2007

Customer satisfaction is a central issue for organizations wishing to create a sustainable competitive advantage in the 1990s. Empirical work to date, concentrating on low‐involvement, nondurable products, has concluded that both prior expectations and postpurchase experience interact to influence the level of customer satisfaction. Only a few studies have examined the purchase of high‐involvement, nondurable products. The current study employs a multiattribute approach using pre‐ and postpurchase questionnaires to assess determinants of customer satisfaction for a high‐involvement product. Causal path analysis shows perceived product performance to be the most powerful determinant. Prior expectations did interact with performance to affect disconfirmation, which translated into only a minor impact on satisfaction. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advertising and social comparison: Consequences for female preadolescents and adolescents
Authors: Martin Mary C. , Kennedy Patricia F.
Published: July 2007

The authors investigate the impact of advertising beauty images on female preadolescents and adolescents. An experiment using 4th, 8th, and 12th graders demonstrated that exposure to advertising with highly attractive models raises comparison standards for physical attractiveness, but does not affect self‐perceptions of physical attractiveness. The findings also suggest that the tendency of female pre‐adolescents and adolescents to compare themselves to models in ads increases with age, and this tendency is greater for those with lower self‐perceptions of physical attractiveness and/or self‐esteem. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contextual priming of visual information in advertisements
Authors: Schmitt Bernd H.
Published: July 2007

Can the program context significantly influence the perception of an ad? Past advertising research has demonstrated contextual priming effects on the verbal part of an ad. Using public service and clothing advertisements, the present two experiments provide evidence for priming effects on visual components. Moreover, in extensive debriefing sessions, participants reported that they were not consciously aware of the influence of the contextual prime‐suggesting the presence of implicit memory effects. Future research should focus on advertisements containing both verbal and visual information to better understand context influences on advertisements. 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social interaction effects in the framing of buying decisions
Authors: Woodside Arch G. , Singer Alan E.
Published: July 2007

The reported study is a response to the Kahneman and Tversky (1984; 1988) proposal that systematic examination of alternative framings of decisions offers a useful reflective device that can help decision makers assess the values that should be attached to the primary and secondary consequences of their choices. We investigate the effect of social interaction as a mediator of responses to the theater ticket problems of Tversky and Kahneman (1981). The hypothesis is supported that attending the theater with a friend (social interaction) versus alone reduced the effect of the lost ticket versus the loss of a $10 bill on willingness to spend a second $10 to see the play. A further hypothesis, that social interaction results in a positive main effect on attending the theater after the ticket ($10 bill) loss receives limited support. The results support the views of Payne (1982), Schoemaker (1982), and Bettman, Johnson, and Payne (1991) that context effects influence a decision maker's judgment and, hence, the outcome of the decision process. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of foreign product names and country‐of‐origin attributions on advertisement evaluations
Authors: Harris Richard Jackson , Garner‐Earl Bettina , Sprick Sara J. , Carroll Collette
Published: July 2007

In an effort to correct methodological problems with previous research on effects of country‐of‐origin attributions, two experiments examined college students' reactions to brief oral or written ads for products with English, French, German, or Spanish names. Subjects rated how much they liked the ad and liked the product name and rated their likelihood of purchasing the product. Results showed that, overall, English names were generally favored over the foreign names. This finding, however, varied tremendously with the product; for several products one or more of the foreign names was preferred. Country of origin also frequently interacted with either sex or modality of the ad. In general, written ads were preferred over oral ones. Results were interpreted as arguing for great care and caution in interpreting country‐of‐origin effects. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The matchup effect of spokesperson and product congruency: A schema theory interpretation
Authors: Lynch James , Schuler Drue
Published: July 2007

This aricle examines the matchup hypothesis or the notion that the congruence in advertisements between spokesperson characteristics and product attributes is related to observed variations in source credibility, product evaluations, perceived product gender, and other measures of advertising and communication effectiveness. Schema theory is used to interpret the results of previous inquiries into the matchup hypothesis, and the results of two experiments that provide additional insight into how schema might be changed by a spokesperson/product match are reported. Areas of future research into the matchup hypothesis on schema theory implications are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Increasing repurchase rates: A reappraisal of coupon effects
Authors: Graham Judy F.
Published: July 2007

One criticism of the use of sales promotions, particularly couponing efforts, is that they may contribute to the deterioration of a brand's consumer franchise. A consumer may be less inclined to repurchase a couponed brand than a brand bought without a coupon. Cognitive evaluation theory is used as a means of further understanding this phenomenon, and a study is conducted to testspecific hypotheses derived from the application of this theory. As hypothesized, this study presents evidence that allowing coupon users to choose between two defferent deals on the same brand may increased the repurchase rates of the couponed brand. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Attitude and risk: Exploring the relationship
Authors: Stone Robert N. , Barry Mason J.
Published: July 2007

The attitude and risk constructs each enjoy prominence in marketing research. Attitude is conceptualized and widely accepted as a construct predicated on beliefs. Risk shares the same conceptual underpinning, for risk is predicated on expectations, itself a beliefbased concept. The idea of two constructs predicated on beliefs presents a possible conceptual overlap between the two constructs depending upon the nature of these beliefs. No research, however, has investigated the two constructs in such a beliefs similarity context. Thus, this research explored the proposition that in situation‐specific instances risk may share a number of beliefs in common with attitude and, as such, is not to be viewed as a construct separate from attitude, but as an integral, inherent component of attitude formation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Goal interdependence and quality in services marketing
Authors: Wong Choy L. , Tjosvold Dean
Published: July 2007

Service quality is considered an important competitive edge because it generates repeat sales, positive word of mouth, customer loyalty, and competitive product differentiation. This study examines the impact of a company's cooperative or competitive orientation and the service provider's warm or cold communication style on customer evaluation of service quality. Results from 83 participants in a simulated bank interview experiment indicate that when the bank communicated a cooperative orientation they perceived it as offering a higher‐quality service than when it had competitive or individualistic goals. The warmth of the service personnel contributed to high‐quality service, liking the bank representative, future confidence in dealing with the bank, satisfaction with the interview, and willingness to be interviewed by the bank representative in the future. These results were interpreted as suggesting that companies who can demonstrate a strong cooperative orientation toward customers and whose service providers demonstrate warmth will be considered to offer high‐quality services. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assimilation and contrast priming effects in the initial consumer sales call
Authors: Stafford Thomas F. , Leigh Thomas W. , Martin Leonard L.
Published: July 2007

The rapport and impression formation stages of buyer‐seller interactions are critical in determining sales call outcomes. Yet few studies have examined approaches for building favorable salesperson impressions. Moreover, it is likely that sales personnel face negative salesperson stereotypes in a variety of consumer markets. Hence, prophylactic methods for counteracting negative stereotypes may be needed. We examine the assimilatio/contrast literature to identify the likely effect of activating salesperson stereotypes in initial call contexts. In an exploratory study, we examine the assimilation effects of implicit salesperson stereotype activitation on judgments of an unknown salesperson and the contrast effects of explicit mention of category‐consistent trait information on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions. We report evidence of assimilation and contrast effects and conclude with research direction and practical implications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Empathy and the salesperson: A multidimensional perspective
Authors: McBane Donald A.
Published: July 2007

Prior studies of empathy have yielded conflicting findings regarding the effectiveness of empathy in improving salesperson performance. This article integrates a multidimensional conceptualization of empathy from the psychology literature with existing theory from marketing literature to suggest that perspective taking, empathic concern, emotional contagion, and controlling behaviors will differentially effect salesperson performance. Responses from a survey of business‐to‐business salespeople indicate that empathy has both positive and negative effects. Implications of the findings are explored. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gender differences in gift exchanges: New directions from projections
Authors: McGrath Mary Ann
Published: July 2007

Quantitative and qualitative techniques are used to investigate both the content and structure of consumer‐constructed stories about gift exchanges. The findings elaborate gender differences that predominate the process. Females perceive their chosen gift exchange relationships as significantly more intimate than do males. Females frame the exchanges significantly more often in the context of formal celebratory ritualized gift exchange occasions than males. Males inject more fantasy into stories of gift exchanges than females. Coded measures of the elaboration of the projective stories reveal a significant interaction between gender and assigned role as giver or receiver of a gift, with female receivers having the most to say about their gifts. Several interpretive propositions related to gift exchanges are proposed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Belief when evidence does not support theory
Authors: Soper Barlow , Milford Gary E. , Rosenthal Gary T.
Published: July 2007

Marketing has looked to other scientific disciplines to supplement its understanding of motivation. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory is frequently uncritically cited in texts, even though most evidence has failed to support its validity. Science requires that theory be supported by empirical facts. Maslow's theory is briefly summarized, along with a review of the related literature. Reasons are given and empirically supported for the continued popularity of Maslow's theory in marketing despite lack of scientific support. A cautionary note for the continued development of marketing theory concludes the presentation. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quantifying perceived differences in type styles: An exploratory study
Authors: Tantillo John , Lorenzo‐Aiss Janet Di , Mathisen Richard E.
Published: July 2007

This article reports on the results of an experiment to determine whether type style is a significant influence on readers' affective response to print. A repeated‐measures, full‐factorial design employing 250 subjects revealed that readers respond differently to both serif and sans serif general print types and to specific types within these major classifications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive competence of older consumers
Authors: Sorce Patricia
Published: July 2007

Older adult memory performance declines with age. However, memory for newly learned material is only one measure of cognitive competence. This article reviews research that measured older adult cognitive performance using tasks that tap crystallized abilities, everyday problem solving, and those that used older expert subjects. The results indicate that many cognitive functions remain stable from middle age onward. This suggests that cognitive decline is not an inevitable result of aging per se. This implies that antecedents of cognitive decline, such as health, should be used as a segmentation variable for the older adult market. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brand confusion: Empirical study of a legal concept
Authors: Kapferer Jean‐noël
Published: July 2007

Each year, hundreds of own‐label products appear on the shelves of major multiple retailers that “look” like successful brands. The close imitation of a national brand trade dress aims at creating a “halo of resemblance,” on the basis of which consumers may make inferences and attributions of similarity of use, of content, if not of origin. In most countries, imitation is condemned if there is a risk of confusion. But the final decision as to whether or not such a risk exists is left up to the judge. The purpose of this paper is to test for the presence of confusion by means of a tachistoscopic experiment. It aims at bringing empirical data into the courtroom. Hence, it relies on the operational definition used by courts to evaluate the likelihood of confusion. This research demonstrates that the risk of confusion is real. It also shows how this confusion operates. Finally, it raises some important ethical issues in the face of the fact that many copied brands hesitate to engage lawsuits. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Marketing implications of the expected role of physicians in family decisions concerning the institutionalization of the elderly
Authors: Gentry James W. , Kennedy Patricia F. , Macintosh Gerrard
Published: July 2007

This study investigates the decision to place a loved one in a nursing home, looking at the interaction between adult children and the elderly, and at the role expected to be played by physicians. Younger respondents and those without previous experience with decisions concerning the admittance of a loved one in a nursing home do not see the physician as playing an important role, whereas the elderly and those with experience do. Differences in perceptions by these two groups are explored and the marketing implications for healthcare providers are discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The marketing of bank risk‐management services
Authors: Simonson Donald G.
Published: July 2007

This article analyzes the need to reform the structure of bank risk‐management services (RMS), including the sale of derivatives. It reviews the contribution derivatives make to corporate financial management and discusses threatened restrictions on bank RMS following large losses reported by corporate clients. The two major weaknesses in RMS are characterized by incentive incompatibility and asymmetric information. Steps are proposed for aligning bank RMS incentives with client objectives. This requires reskilling bank management of RMS consistent with the holistic demands of globalization on corporate operations and strategies. Additional steps are proposed for equalizing buyer‐seller information on the risks of opaque derivatives. These steps involve assistance to clients in setting policies leading to position limits and loss tolerances and instituting monitoring and disclosure. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coercion in the selling of credit life insurance
Authors: Barron John M. , Staten Michael E.
Published: July 2007

Credit life insurance, which repays some or all of a borrower's outstanding debt in the event of death, has been a controversial subject for many years. Critics assert that, despite regulations that limit tied sales, pressure on loan officers to generate fee income through cross selling creates an incentive for coercion of borrowers. Allegedly, some sales techniques leave the consumer with the false impression that the purchase of credit insurance was necessary to obtain the loan. This article measures the frequency with which creditor efforts to sell credit insurance transform the sales message from persuasive to coercive. A methodology is developed for measuring the impact of coercive selling pressure applied to borrowers at the point of sale. Data used to measure the effect of coercive pressure are taken from an extensive survey of borrowers conducted during 1993. Not only are public policy concerns about coercion in the selling of credit insurance addressed, but more generally the article offers a methodology to quantify the influence of the customer's point‐of‐sale experience on the decision to purchase any financial service. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accurate numerical modeling of microstrip junctions and discontinuities
Authors: Wu Doris I. , Chang David C. , Brim Brad L.
Published: July 2007

A general numerical solver for analyzing microstrip geometries of rectangular shape is presented in this paper. The analytical foundation of this solver is based on an integral equation approach which we formulate in the spatial domain. The unknown surface current on the microstrip is solved by the method of moments using 2D rectangular pulses as the expansion functions. Transmission‐line modeling is then used to parameterize a given microstrip junction or discontinuity. Aided by a graphics interface, this solver can analyze complex structures without incurring additional analytical complexity. We illustrate the accuracy and versatility of our solver by applying it to several different microstrip discontinuities ranging from a single‐stub to an interdigitated capacitor.
CAD for statistical analysis and design of microwave circuits
Authors: Purviance John , Meehan Michael
Published: July 2007

Statistical circuit design is essentially a method of design for reliability and high yield. For all but the smallest circuits, this is a CAD problem. Within this problem there are three subproblems: design centering, tolerance assignment, and variability reduction. This paper concentrates on design centering. Yield optimization is inherently a difficult problem because yield cannot, in general, be calculated exactly; only estimates of the yield are available. Furthermore, yield gradients are not available when some yield estimation techniques are used. This paper presents a review of useful definitions using parameter space concepts. Yield estimation techniques and some of their properties are also presented. The two distinct yield optimization strategies commercially available today, statistical and deterministic, are each discussed in detail. Examples of each are given.
Computer‐aided analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits using frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis techniques: The state of the art
Authors: Steer Michael B. , Chang Chao‐Ren , Rhyne George W.
Published: July 2007

Frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis techniques for the simulation of active microwave circuits solve the linear and nonlinear network equations entirely in the frequency‐domain. by so doing, they avoid the aliasing problems inherent in piecewise harmonic balance approaches. Consequently, frequency‐domain techniques have extremely wide dynamic range and easily accommodate high order multitone excitation. However, this is at the expense of requiring more restrictive nonlinear device models. There are a large number of frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis techniques but all are based on functional expansions which enable the frequency components of the output spectrum to be calculated directly from the input spectrum. These techniques have been used to analyze many nonlinear circuits and are the only candidates for the hierarchical simulation of nonlinear microwave circuits. This paper first uses frequency‐domain concepts to discuss nonlinear distortion phenomena, then, a review of the frequency‐domain nonlinear analysis literature is made with the aim of presenting the major advances in these techniques.
The relationship between bivariate volterra analysis and power series analysis with application to the behavioral modeling of microwave circuits
Authors: Lunsford Philip J. , Steer Michael B.
Published: July 2007

Volterra nonlinear transfer functions can be used in the behavioral modeling of many nonlinear microwave circuits. They can be developed experimentally, numerically, and, to a limited extent, analytically. This article presents an enhanced analytic method for developing bivariate Volterra nonlinear transfer functions based on their relationship to power series. The technique is applied to the Volterra‐series‐based behavioral modeling of a MESFET amplifier using experimental characterization of the MESFET.
A new method for computing the reaction between two rooftop basis functions in a planar structure
Authors: Dvorak Steven L. , Kuester Edward F.
Published: July 2007

Accurate and efficient techniques are developed for computing spectral domain reaction integrals involving rooftop basis functions. Representing the angular integral in terms of special functions not only reduces the two‐dimensional integration by one dimension, but it also leads to the development of a novel asymptotic extraction technique.
Adapting available finite element structural programs to solve three‐dimensional high frequency electromagnetic problems
Authors: Navarro E. A. , Femenia J. M. , Such V.
Published: July 2007

The adaptation of available structural mechanics software to solve microwave problems is possible by the analogy between the differential equations. A brief review of the analogy between transverse or shear waves in elasticity and electromagnetic waves is presented, followed by a more detailed discussion of the adaptation of a program to obtain the resonant frequencies of a rectangular resonant cavity, doing a three‐dimensional analysis. The geometry of the electric field is also obtained for the resonant modes.
Effects of packages on parasitic coupling among microstrip discontinuities in MMICs
Authors: Sabban Albert , Gupta K. C.
Published: July 2007

MMICs are usually enclosed in a metallic enclosure to protect the circuit from the environment and to provide electrical isolation between different parts of the subsystem. These metallic packaging enclosures support several modes which modify the coupling between various parts of the circuit and, consequently, alter the circuit performance. In this article, a method is developed for evaluating the effect of enclosure on parasitic coupling among microstrip discontinuities. This analysis is based on the modal expansion of electromagnetic fields in rectangular cavities and the multiport network model for evaluation of parasitic coupling between microstrip discontinuities. The procedure developed is suitable for CAD implementation. The proposed method has been applied to evaluate spurious coupling between two microstrip open ends in an enclosure. The results are in fair agreement with full‐wave analysis results.
CAD models for microstrip on iso/anisotropic substrates and their application to transient analysis
Authors: Pramanick Protap , Bhartia Prakash
Published: July 2007

This article presents the derivation of an analytical equation for the equivalent dielectric constant of a microstrip on an anisotropic substrate. Unlike previous methods, this approach does not require the evaluation of Green's function or finite element analysis. The equivalent dielectric constant, together with an empirically derived dispersion equation, predicts the phase velocity to within 1% of the rigorous full‐wave solution. The use of the model is demonstrated by the analysis of a rectangular pulse propagation along a 50‐Ω microstrip on a Sapphire substrate.
Nonlinear transient analysis of coupled RLGC lines by the method of characteristics
Authors: Orhanovic N. , Tripathi V. K.
Published: July 2007

A computationally efficient numerical technique for the evaluation of the time domain response of coupled lossy uniform and nonuniform transmission lines terminated in general nonlinear elements is presented. The technique is based on the method of characteristics where the original system of coupled transmission line equations is transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations which hold along a family of characteristic curves. An algorithm to solve these equations is presented. The procedure is applicable to both uniform and nonuniform coupled systems and examples of two and three line structures terminated in linear and nonlinear elements are included to demonstrate the versatility and the usefulness of the algorithm.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of passive components realized in suspended stripline technology
Authors: Achkar Joseph , Picon Odile , Hanna Victor Fouad , Citerne Jacques
Published: July 2007

Simple and complex suspended stripline discontinuities are precisely characterized using the modal analysis combined with the spectral domain approach. Frequency‐dependent equivalent circuits for the studied discontinuities are derived. They can be used as data base for microwave CAD programs. Using the results of this study, a directional coupler, different resonators and a low‐pass filter are realized in this suspended stripline technology. Experimental performance of these components validates our theoretical results. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Helena: A friendly software for calculating the DC, AC, and noise performance of HEMTs
Authors: Happy Henri , Dambrine Gilles , Alamkan Jocelyn , Danneville François , Kaptche‐Tagne François , Cappy Alain
Published: July 2007

A friendly software called HELENA is presented here. Using this software, the DC, AC, and noise performance of any kind of HEMT can be calculated. Based on a physical quasi‐two‐dimensional approach, HELENA gives results in good agreement with experiments and is very well suited for the design of microwave ICs. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A formula for the resonance frequencies of circular microstrip patch antennas satisfying CAD requirements
Authors: Roy Jibendu Sekhar , Jecko Bernard
Published: July 2007

A formula for the resonance frequencies of circular microstrip patch antennas for 30 TMnmmodes is developed by the curve‐fitting technique from computed data of existing theory. The formula is found to be within about ± 1.3% error of the theoretical results. For this formula, it is not necessary to compute the zeros of the derivative of the Bessel function. The formula is expressed in a simple algebraic form to be appropriate for the computer‐aided design (CAD) of microstrip antennas. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diode characterization in a coaxial mount
Authors: Steer Michael B.
Published: July 2007

A previously presented technique for experimentally characterizing packaged microwave diodes mounted in a coaxial test fixture is investigated. It is demonstrated that the fields surrounding the diode and the calibration packages are adequately developed to provide an accurate diode equivalent circuit model for use in computer‐aided design. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of a log periodic strip grating microstrip antenna
Authors: Delyser Ronald R. , Chang David C. , Kuester Edward F.
Published: July 2007

The design of a log periodic strip grating antenna is described. The 12‐element antenna is compact and has a measured power bandwidth of 22%. The antenna elements are mounted on the top of the top layer of a two‐layer structure with its feed line located between the two dielectric layers providing electromagnetic coupling. The structure was analyzed using PMESHD, a moment method code for two‐layer passive structures. The analysis and measurements are in good agreement. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Unified treatment of scalar and vector potential fields with lorentz gauge condition by spatial network expression (invited article)
Authors: Yoshida Norinobu
Published: July 2007

In the analysis of electromagnetic fields, the vector potential has important roles especially when sources exist and quantum effects occur. We have recently proposed a new numerical method for vector analysis of three‐dimensional electromagnetic fields in the time domain. This is known as the Spatial Network Method (SNM). I have already shown that SNM can be expanded to the vector potential fields with Coulomb's gauge condition by using not only the magnetic vector potential but also the electric vector potential. In this article, the unified formulation in the spatial network expression for both the vector potential and the scalar potential fields is proposed by using the Lorentz gauge condition including loss term. In the formulation, new “F” and “F*” variables are defined to utilize the correspondence between the electromagnetic scalar potential and the velocity potential in the acoustic field. As an example, the difference of internal magnetic fields in the substance with perfect conductivity or perfect diamagnetism in the scalar magnetic field is simulated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The transmission line models: Past, present, and future (invited review article)
Authors: Vandenbosch G. A. E. , Demuynck F. J. , Van de Capelle A. R.
Published: July 2007

In this article, an overview will be given on the continuous improvement of the transmission line models, one of the different types of models used to analyze microstrip antenna structures. Starting from 1974, the year in which the simplest possible variant was introduced, the different improvements will be discussed briefly from a pragmatic point of view. More time will be devoted to a state‐of‐the‐art transmission line model. The last part of this review article will take a look into the future and try to guess which improvements and generalizations can (and maybe have to) be implemented to obtain a model able to compete with sophisticated integral equation models running on ever faster and faster computers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A simple and accurate model for the resonant frequency and the input impedance of printed antennas
Authors: Damiano J. P. , Papiernik A.
Published: July 2007

We propose an analytical model for the determination of the electrical characteristics (resonant frequency, input impedance) of probe‐fed printed antennas with radiating element of various form. This model is original and is easily included in CAD system. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experiments and with rigorous theoretical models. We make use of computer algebra to compute the uncertainty of the calculated values, i.e., the sensitivity to the physical and geometrical parameters. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Computer‐aided analysis of microstrip antennas employing parasitic elements
Authors: Hayirlioǧlu Lale , Birand M. Tuncay
Published: July 2007

The moment method in the spectral domain is used to perform a computer‐aided analysis of printed antenna structures employing tuning stubs and electromagnetically coupled patches. Variation of the input VSWR versus frequency is obtained and the radiation patterns are plotted for various antenna configurations. Surface wave coupling effects are investigated. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mixed‐potential integral equation (MPIE) formulation for nonplanar microstrip structures of arbitrary shape in multilayered uniaxial media (invited article)
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof A.
Published: July 2007

A straightforward derivation is presented of three distinct mixed‐potential integral equations (MPIEs) that are well‐suited for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped, planar or nonplanar microstrip structures in multilayered, planar, uniaxially anisotropic media of infinite lateral extent. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agronomic, chemical and genetic profiles of hot peppers (Capsicum annuum ssp.)
Authors: De Masi Luigi , Siviero Pietro , Castaldo Domenico , Cautela Domenico , Esposito Castrese , Laratta Bruna
Published: July 2007

A study on morphology, productive yield, main quality parameters and genetic variability of eight landraces of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp.) from Southern Italy has been performed. Morphological characters of berries and productivity values were evaluated by agronomic analyses. Chemical and genetic investigations were performed by HPLC and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)‐PCR, respectively. In particular, carotenoid and capsaicinoid (pungency) contents were considered as main quality parameters of hot pepper. For the eight selected samples, genetic similarity values were calculated from the generated RAPD fragments and a dendrogram of genetic similarity was constructed. All the eight landraces exhibited characteristic RAPD patterns that allowed their characterization. Agro‐morphological and chemical determinations were found to be adequate for selection, but they resulted useful only for plants grown in the same environmental conditions. RAPD application may provide a more reliable way based on DNA identification. The results of our study led to the identification of three noteworthy populations, suitable for processing, which fitted into different clusters of the dendrogram.