bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sailors,Zielverkopers, and the Dutch East India Company: The maritime labour market in eighteenth-century Surat
Authors: NADRI GHULAM A.
Published: September 2014

In the second half of the eighteenth century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) employed hundreds of Indian sailors in Surat in western India to man its ships plying the Asian waters. TheMoorse zeevarenden(Muslim sailors) performed a variety of tasks on board ships and in the port of Batavia, and made it possible for the Company to carry out its commercial ventures across the Indian Ocean. The relationship between the two, however, was rather complex and even contentious. Based on Dutch sources, this article investigates the political-economic contexts of this relationship, examines the structure and organization of the maritime labour market in Surat, and illuminates the role and significance ofzielverkopers(labour contractors) and of the local administration. The analysis of the social, economic, and familial aspects of the market and labour relations in Surat sheds light on pre-capitalist forms of labour recruitment and the institutional dynamics of the Indian labour market.
Research in foreign language education in Hungary (2006–2012)
Authors: Medgyes Péter , Nikolov Marianne
Published: September 2014

In the past quarter century, Hungary has offered fertile ground for innovative developments in foreign language (FL) education. The appropriate, albeit disparaging, label applied to Hungary in the mid-1970s – ‘a land of foreign language illiterates’ (Köllő 1978: 6) – no longer applies. In the wake of the dramatic changes of 1989, the number of FL speakers rose quite rapidly. As a beneficial side-effect, applied linguistic and language education research, areas which used to be relegated to the lowest rung of the academic ladder, began to be recognised as legitimate fields of scientific inquiry, offering young researchers the opportunity to embark on an academic career. As a result, Hungarian authors are now regular contributors to distinguished journals, and researchers from Hungary are welcome speakers at international conferences.

However, Hungarian authors often choose to publish their research studies in local journals and volumes which are not easily accessible to the international research community, especially if written in Hungarian. The aim of this review, therefore, is to give an overview of such studies to demonstrate the breadth and depth of recent research conducted in Hungary.
Metal and petroleum hydrocarbon contamination at Wilkes Station, East Antarctica
Authors: Fryirs Kirstie A. , Hafsteinsdóttir Erla G. , Stark Scott C. , Gore Damian B.
Published: September 2014

The management of sediment and water contamination from legacy waste is a significant problem in Antarctica. Although several reports have noted that there are contaminated sites at the abandoned Wilkes Station, a systematic attempt to assess the spatial scale of the problem has not been made, making development of clean-up or preservation programmes difficult. A contaminated site assessment for the old Wilkes Station and surrounds is presented in this paper. The Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) sediment and water quality guidelines and background concentration levels (BCL) were used to assess the extent of contamination across Clark Peninsula. Of 67 sediment sites sampled, 72% were contaminated with at least one metal or metalloid, with values exceeding the ANZECC ISQG-High or 2 x BCL. Moreover, 19% were contaminated with four or more metals/metalloids. Of the 93 water samples collected, all but one was contaminated with at least one metal/metalloid concentration exceeding the guidelines, and 96% were contaminated with two or more metals/metalloids. For hydrocarbons in sediment and water, most samples were below quantitation limits. There is a complex pattern of contamination across Clark Peninsula that needs to be considered in future waste treatment, containment or removal operations, and for protection of heritage items.
Westgate Shootings: An Emergency Department Approach to a Mass-casualty Incident
Authors: Wachira Benjamin W. , Abdalla Ramadhani O. , Wallis Lee A.
Published: September 2014

At approximately 12:30 pm on Saturday September 21, 2013, armed assailants attacked the upscale Westgate shopping mall in the Westlands area of Nairobi, Kenya. Using the seven key Major Incident Medical Management and Support (MIMMS) principles, command, safety, communication, assessment, triage, treatment, and transport, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH,N) emergency department (ED) successfully coordinated the reception and care of all the casualties brought to the hospital.

This report describes the AKUH,N ED response to the first civilian mass-casualty shooting incident in Kenya, with the hope of informing the development and implementation of mass-casualty emergency preparedness plans by other EDs and hospitals in Kenya, appropriate for the local health care system.

WachiraBW, AbdallaRO, WallisLA. Westgate shootings: an emergency department approach to a mass-casualty incident. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-4.
Change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults, 1999–2010
Authors: An Ruopeng , Burd Nicholas A
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess the change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.

Design

Linear mixture model was performed to estimate the relationship between daily energy intake and macronutrient composition, adjusted for age and alcohol consumption, and accounting for survey design.

Setting

Study sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 waves.

Subjects

A total of 27 589 US adults aged 20 years and older were included in the study. Dietary macronutrient intake was calculated from 24 h dietary recall and BMI from objectively measured weight/height.

Results

Across all population subgroups, substituting protein or carbohydrate for fat and substituting protein for carbohydrate were associated with decreased daily energy intake, with the largest effect resulting from substituting protein for fat. A 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat was associated with a decrease in daily energy intake of 268·2 (95 % CI 169·0, 367·4) kJ, 289·5 (95 % CI 215·9, 363·2) kJ and 293·7 (95 % CI 210·0, 377·4) kJ among normal-weight (18·5≤BMI, kg/m2<25·0), overweight (25·0≤BMI, kg/m2<30·0) and obese (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2) men, and 177·4 (95 % CI 130·5, 224·3) kJ, 188·7 (95 % CI 139·3, 238·1) kJ and 204·2 (95 % CI 158·2, 250·2) kJ among normal-weight, overweight and obese women, respectively. The relationship between macronutrient composition and daily energy intake varied substantially across sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.

Conclusions

Policies promoting higher daily protein intake at the expense of lower fat intake could be effective in reducing total energy intake among US adults.
Decolonizing the International Court of Justice: The Experience of Judge Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan in theSouth West AfricaCases
Authors: KATTAN Victor
Published: September 2014

This paper revisits the controversy of Judge Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan's recusal from theSouth West Africacases using new information from the National Archives in Australia, India, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, including an unpublished manuscript written by the Australian judge and the Court's President Sir Percy Spender. Sir Percy's manuscript, which addresses the “recusal” controversy and the 1966 Decision, raises uncomfortable questions about the politics of international law within the Court in the 1960s. In many ways, Judge Zafrulla's struggle with Sir Percy at the ICJ can be analogized to the struggle of non-European peoples to self-determination. The internal “legal” struggle within the Court paralleled the larger “political” struggle outside the Court. Zafrulla would win the struggle, however, when as President of the Court during the 1971 Advisory Opinion onNamibiahe would contribute to decolonization, a possibility he foresaw when he was forced to recuse himself.
Determination of Sunset yellow in foods based on a facile electrochemical sensor
Authors: Wang Mei-ling , Sun Qian , Gao Yun-qiao , Yang Xiong-bo , Zhao Jian-wei
Published: September 2014

The novel ppy can prevent the aggregation of SCNT and enhance its electrochemical properties for the measurement of Sunset yellow.
Area negative thermal expansion in a beryllium borate LiBeBO3with edge sharing tetrahedra
Authors: Yao Wenjiao , Jiang Xingxing , Huang Rongjin , Li Wei , Huang Chuanjun , Lin Zheshuai , Li Laifeng , Chen Chuangtian
Published: September 2014

A very rare area negative thermal expansion phenomenon is observed in LiBeBO3, attributed to its abnormal structural features.
Monovalent maleimide functionalization of gold nanoparticlesviacopper-free click chemistry
Authors: Nieves D. J. , Azmi N. S. , Xu R. , Lévy R. , Yates E. A. , Fernig D. G.
Published: September 2014

A single maleimide was installed onto the self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticles by copper-free click chemistry. Simple covalent biofunctionalisation is demonstrated by coupling fibroblast growth factor 2 and an oligosaccharide in a 1 : 1 stoichiometry by thiol-Michael addition.
Supported core–shell nanobiosensors for quantitative fluorescence imaging of extracellular pH
Authors: Asselin Jérémie , Roy Carl , Boudreau Denis , Messaddeq Younès , Bouchareb Rihab , Mathieu Patrick
Published: September 2014

“Click” chemistry was used to functionalize silica substrates with pH-sensitive nanoparticles, thus producing uniform and highly luminescent ion-sensitive surfaces for quantitative and spatially-resolved extracellular measurements on live cells.
Rapid room temperature syntheses of zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF) nanocrystals
Authors: Tu Min , Wiktor Christian , Rösler Christoph , Fischer Roland A.
Published: September 2014

Here we report a simple solvent mixture controlled rapid room temperature syntheses for facile access to uniform zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF) nanocrystals.
Hybrid high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) organogels with oil separation properties
Authors: Zhang Tao , Wu Yuanpeng , Xu Zhiguang , Guo Qipeng
Published: September 2014

Hybrid HIPE organogels were prepared from pre-formed hybrid organogels which were formed from a triblock ionomer and Fe3O4 nanoparticles via charge-driven assembly. Magnetic materials can be obtained from these hybrid HIPE organogels simply by removal of solvents, and these novel materials have been confirmed to be excellent candidates for absorption of oil from water.
eMethylsorb: electrochemical quantification of DNA methylation at CpG resolution using DNA–gold affinity interactions
Authors: Sina Abu Ali Ibn , Howell Sidney , Carrascosa Laura G. , Rauf Sakandar , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. , Trau Matt
Published: September 2014

Base dependent affinity interaction of DNA with gold has been utilised to electrochemically quantify the methylation status of bisulphite treated DNA samples.
Ferromagnetic intermolecular exchange interaction in ethynyl-verdazyl radical crystals
Authors: Merhi Areej , Roisnel Thierry , Rigaut Stéphane , Train Cyrille , Norel Lucie
Published: September 2014

The newly synthesized p-ethynylphenyl-oxoverdazyl radical shows unusual slipped 1D chains held together by π–π interactions leading to ferromagnetic exchange interactions.
Manipulation on ZnO heterostructures: from binary ZnO–Ag to ternary ZnO–Ag–polypyrrole
Authors: Li Juan , Yan Jian , Liu Chengzhan , Dong Lihong , Lv Hui , Sun Wendong , Xing Shuangxi
Published: September 2014

A ternary composite ZnO–Ag–polypyrrole was synthesized through a fast reaction between zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine followed by an in situ surface polymerization process. The sample exhibited a superior catalytic performance in the degradation of methylene blue under both UV irradiation and visible light.
Towards the epitaxial growth of silver on germanium by galvanic displacement
Authors: Sayed Sayed Youssef
Published: September 2014

Interfacial Investigation for the epitaxial growth of Ag on Ge by galvanic displacement.
Isoreticular isomerism in 4,4-connected paddle-wheel metal–organic frameworks: structural prediction by the reverse topological approach
Authors: Bureekaew Sareeya , Balwani Vishal , Amirjalayer Saeed , Schmid Rochus
Published: September 2014

By screening the possible range of isoreticular isomers, the structure of copper paddle-wheel-based metal–organic frameworks with nbo-b topology can be predicted and the formation of different phases can be rationalized.
Diffusive and non-diffusive photo-induced proton coupled electron transfer from hydrogen bonded phenols to meso-tetrakis-5,10,15,20-pentafluorophenyl porphyrin
Authors: Kumar P. Hemant , Venkatesh Y. , Prashanthi S. , Siva D. , Ramakrishna B. , Bangal Prakriti Ranjan
Published: September 2014

Ultrafast photo-induced proton coupled electron transfer is observed for the first time from H-bonded phenols to pentafluorophenyl porphyrin indicating the proton movement time to be 40–60 ps depending on the base used.
Anatase TiO2 with nanopores for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Yang Shuang , Zheng Yi Chu , Hou Yu , Yang Xiao Hua , Yang Hua Gui
Published: September 2014

By using different carboxylic acids as solvents, the morphology of the integral TiO2 crystals as well as inner pores can be tuned. Further application as the photoanode of DSCs resulted in an overall energy conversion efficiency of 7.55% due to their low electrical resistivity and improved light harvesting abilities.
Chemical design of a smart chitosan–polypyrrole–magnetite nanocomposite toward efficient water treatment
Authors: Ayad Mohamad , Salahuddin Nehal , Fayed Aya , Bastakoti Bishnu Prasad , Suzuki Norihiro , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: September 2014

A chitosan–polypyrrole–magnetite nanocomposite is preparedvia in situchemical polymerization of pyrrole using anhydrous FeCl3in the presence of chitosan.
A study on adatom transport through (√3 × √3)–R30°–CH3S self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) using first principles calculations
Authors: Paulius D. , Torres D. , Illas F. , Archibald W. E.
Published: September 2014

Self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) have outstanding chemical, electrical, and optical properties, and Au adatoms seem to play a key role in these properties.
Insights into hydrophobic molecule release from polyelectrolyte multilayer films using in situ and ex situ techniques
Authors: Shin Yongjin , Cheung Weng Hou , Ho Tracey T. M. , Bremmell Kristen E. , Beattie David A.
Published: September 2014

Incorporation of hydrophobic curcumin (yellow discs) into a polyelectrolyte multilayer made from PDADMAC and PSS requires the use of water : ethanol solution. Release from the multilayer only occurs if the multilayer is dried prior to immersion in the electrolyte release solution.
Remarkable enhancement of the photoreactivity of a polyfluoroalkyl azobenzene derivative in an organic–inorganic nano-layered microenvironment
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vivek , Yamamoto Daisuke , Sasamoto Shin , Shimada Tetsuya , Nabetani Yu , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo
Published: September 2014

The quantum yield of photo-isomerization exceeds unity (Φ = 1.9) in an organic–inorganic nano-layered microenvironment.
Alkali-metal ion coordination in uranyl(vi) poly-peroxide complexes in solution. Part 1: the Li+, Na+ and K+ – peroxide–hydroxide systems
Authors: Zanonato Pier Luigi , Di Bernardo Plinio , Vallet Valerie , Szabó Zoltán , Grenthe Ingmar
Published: September 2014

The complex Na[(UO2)(O2)(OH)]43− (aq.) can be modeled by a solid state structure element (a) and by quantum chemistry using a solvent model (b).
A comparative study on the performance of subphthalocyanines and corannulene derivatives as receptors for fullerenes
Authors: Denis Pablo A.
Published: September 2014

One for the other! Subphthalocyanines functionalized at the peripheral region show a remarkable affinity towards C60 and C70.
In vivo cytotoxicity of MgO-doped nanobioactive glass particles and their anticorrosive coating on Ti–6Al–4V and SS304 implants for high load-bearing applications
Authors: Prabhu M. , Suriyaprabha R. , Rajendran V. , Kulandaivelu P. , Valiyaveettil S.
Published: September 2014

Magnesium-doped NBG composites (SiO2–CaO–P2O5–MgO) coated implant is found to be a potential nanocomposite for high load-bearing applications with better anticorrosive property and long-term stability.
Chemistry, nanostructure and magnetic properties of Co–Ru–B–O nanoalloys
Authors: Arzac G. M. , Rojas T. C. , Gontard L. C. , Chinchilla L. E. , Otal E. , Crespo P. , Fernández A.
Published: September 2014

Very small (1.5 nm) metallic nanoparticles in Co–Ru–B–O nanoalloys embedded in an amorphous and porous matrix present a ferromagnetic behavior.
A novel organic–inorganic hybrid conducting copolymer for mediated biosensor applications
Authors: Soganci Tugba , Demirkol Dilek Odaci , Ak Metin , Timur Suna
Published: September 2014

A novel ferrocenyldithiophosphonate (TPFc) functionalized monomer and its conductive copolymer were synthesized, characterized and its potential use for biosensor applications was investigated.
Stereoselective synthesis of (E)-3,3-diaryl and (E)-3-aryl-3-aryloxy allylamines and allylalcohols from trans-cinnamyl chloride and alcohol
Authors: Limberger Jones , Claudino Thiago S. , Monteiro Adriano L.
Published: September 2014

Syntheses of (E)-3,3-diaryl and (E)-3-aryl-3-aryloxy allylamines and allylalcohols based on bromination/dehydrobromination sequences followed by Suzuki cross-coupling or Ullmann vinylation were achieved.
Dispersible composites of exfoliated graphite and polyaniline with improved electrochemical behaviour for solid-state chemical sensor applications
Authors: Boeva Zhanna A. , Milakin Konstantin A. , Pesonen Markus , Ozerin Aleksander N. , Sergeyev Vladimir G. , Lindfors Tom
Published: September 2014

The PANI–graphene/graphite composites show improved pH stability and electrochemical behaviour in aqueous electrolyte solutions at pH ≤ 8.
Preparation and evaluation of heavy metal rejection properties of polyetherimide/porous activated bentonite clay nanocomposite membrane
Authors: Hebbar Raghavendra S. , Isloor Arun M. , Ismail A. F.
Published: September 2014

The acid activated bentonite clay with 1.0 to 4.0 wt% was incorporated into PEI membranes and was extensively studied for its morphology, hydrophilicity and other properties. The modified membrane exhibited an increment in porosity, hydrophilicity and a reduction in hydraulic resistance. The membranes showed rejection of 69.3%, 76.2% and 82.5% for 250 ppm of Cd(ii), Ni(ii) and Cu(ii) ion solutions, respectively.
Zone analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis with accelerator mass spectrometry of in vivo protein bindings of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants troglitazone and flutamide bioactivated in chimeric mice with humanized liver
Authors: Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kuribayashi Shunji , Inoue Tae , Honda Tomohiro , Tateno Chise , Oofusa Ken , Ninomiya Shinichi , Ikeda Toshihiko , Izumi Takashi , Horie Toru
Published: September 2014

A zone analysis for imbalance of covalent bindings of substrates and proteins may help predict hepatoxicity.
Analysis of the spatial layer discrete cosine transform coefficient distribution and its application to rate model for H.264/SVC encoder
Authors: Lee Szu‐Wei
Published: September 2014

Knowledge of the discrete cosine transform coefficient distribution (DCT‐DIST) is important for the encoder design. For example, rate control relies on this knowledge to estimate a possible bit rate and then decide proper coding parameters before the actual encoding task is performed. Therefore the rate control performance is fairly dependent on how accurately the DCT‐DIST is modelled. The spatial enhancement layer (SL) DCT‐DIST for H.264 scalable video coding (SVC) is studied in this Letter. SL DCT‐DIST knowledge is furthermore used to derive a novel rate model. Our results can help design a proper rate control module for the H.264/SVC encoder.
Digital model of TiO2 memristor for field‐programmable gate array
Authors: Wang Guangyi , Bai Dandan , Wang Xiaoyuan
Published: September 2014

A digital model which imitates the behaviour of a TiO2 memristor as a new block in Alter DSP Builder is proposed in this Letter. The proposed model can be used as an independent memristor unit working with other units for designing memristor circuits based on field‐programmable gate array. The accuracy of the digital model is confirmed not only by simulations, but also by hardwire experiments.
New single‐carrier transceiver scheme based on the discrete sine transform
Authors: Al‐kamali Faisal
Published: September 2014

A discrete sine transform (DST)‐based single‐carrier transceiver scheme for broadband wireless communications is proposed and investigated. The proposed scheme uses a DST rather than the conventional discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as a basis function to implement the single‐carrier system. The performance of the proposed scheme is studied and compared with the DFT‐based single‐carrier transceiver scheme and the discrete cosine transform based single‐carrier transceiver scheme. Simulation results for single‐carrier frequency division multiple access system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for broadband wireless communications.
Device and circuit performance analysis of double gate junctionless transistors at Lg = 18 nm
Authors: Sahu Chitrakant , Singh Jawar
Published: September 2014

The design and characteristics of double‐gate (DG) junctionless (JL) devices are compared with the DG inversion‐mode (IM) field effect transistors (FETs) at 45 nm technology node with effective channel length of 18 nm. The comparison are performed at iso‐V th for both n‐ and p‐type of devices. The JL device shows lower drain‐induced barrier lowering, steep subthreshold slope and lower OFF state current. For the first time, the authors demonstrate a pass gate (PG) logic, inverter circuit and static random access memory (SRAM) stability analysis using JL devices, rather than a complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) configuration. They observed that transient response of JL PG configuration is similar to that of conventional CMOS PGs. JL inverter also shows similar transient characteristics with 25% reduction in delay and 12% improvement in 6 T SRAM cell stability compared with IMFETs, which shows large potential in digital circuit applications. The simulations were performed using coupled device‐circuit methodology in ATLAS technology aided computer design (TCAD) mixed‐mode simulator.
Dynamic crosstalk analysis of mixed multi‐walled carbon nanotube bundle interconnects
Authors: Das Pankaj Kumar , Majumder Manoj Kumar , Kaushik Brajesh Kumar
Published: September 2014

Multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles have potentially provided attractive solutions in current nanoscale VLSI interconnects. From fabrication point of view, it is difficult to control the growth of a densely packed bundle having MWCNTs with similar diameters. A realistic bundle is combination of MWCNTs with different number of shells. Thus, this research work focuses on the analytical model of a bundle having the MWCNTs with different number of shells or in turn different diameters [mixed MWCNT bundle (MMB)]. Based on the multi‐conductor transmission line theory, an equivalent single conductor (ESC) model is employed for the proposed MMB arrangements. The ESC model of MMB is used to compare the dynamic crosstalk delay with conventionally arranged bundle containing MWCNTs with similar diameters [MWCNT bundle (MB)] under different input transition time and spacing conditions. It is observed that a realistic MMB correctly estimates the crosstalk delay for the different transition time that overestimates the delay of a conventionally arranged MB by 1.35 times. Moreover, the MMB arrangement reduces the overall crosstalk delay by 47.26% compared with the conventional MB arrangements for an inter‐bundle spacing ranging from 5 to 30 nm.
Implementing voice over Internet protocol in mobile ad hoc network – analysing its features regarding efficiency, reliability and security
Authors: Sheikh Naveed Ahmed , Malik Ashfaq Ahmad , Mahboob Athar , Nisa Khairun
Published: September 2014

Providing secure and efficient real‐time voice communication in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) environment is a challenging problem. Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) has originally been developed over the past two decades for infrastructure‐based networks. There are strict timing constraints for acceptable quality VoIP services, in addition to registration and discovery issues in VoIP end‐points. In MANETs, ad hoc nature of networks and multi‐hop wireless environment with significant packet loss and delays present formidable challenges to the implementation. Providing a secure real‐time VoIP service on MANET is the main design objective of this paper. The authors have successfully developed a prototype system that establishes reliable and efficient VoIP communication and provides an extremely flexible method for voice communication in MANETs. The authors’ cooperative mesh‐based MANET implementation can be used for rapidly deployable VoIP communication with survivable and efficient dynamic networking using open source software.
Improving fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm based on a density‐induced distance measure
Authors: Lu Chunhong , Xiao Shaoqing , Gu Xiaofeng
Published: September 2014

The authors report an improved fuzzy C‐means algorithm in comparison with the conventional one by employing a density‐induced distance metric based on a novel calculation method of relative density degree. By using various synthetic and real data sets, the clustering performance of the proposed method is systematically studied and compared with that of the conventional one. The obtained results support the conclusion that this novel method does not only inherit good characteristics of the traditional one, but also possesses improved partitions.
Development of an aerosol chamber for calibration of 220Rn progeny detectors
Authors: Sorimachi Atsuyuki , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Tokonami Shinji
Published: September 2014

This paper describes an aerosol chamber system that can be used for calibrations and performance experiments of passive 220Rn progeny detectors. For the purpose of this study, an aerosol generation system using carnauba wax as the aerosol material was mounted into the 220Rn chamber. We used the chamber to measure characteristics of the equilibrium factor (F) of 220Rn and unattached fraction (fp) of 220Rn progeny, which are important parameters for dose estimation. The first experiment showed that continuous and stable generation of the unattached and aerosol-attached 220Rn progeny concentrations was obtained. We observed that the spatial distributions in the chamber of the vertical profiles of the unattached and aerosol-attached 220Rn progeny concentrations were homogeneous, as were the particle number concentration and count median diameter. The values of F and fp and their characteristics observed in this study were in the same range as the values reported from indoor measurements. We found that the characteristics of F and fp were dependent on the aerosol conditions (particle diameter and particle number concentration).
First-principles calculations of the electronic, vibrational, and elastic properties of the magnetic laminate Mn2GaC
Authors: Thore A. , Dahlqvist M. , Alling B. , Rosén J.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we report the by first-principles predicted properties of the recently discovered magnetic MAX phase Mn2GaC. The electronic band structure and vibrational dispersion relation, as well as the electronic and vibrational density of states, have been calculated. The band structure close to the Fermi level indicates anisotropy with respect to electrical conductivity, while the distribution of the electronic and vibrational states for both Mn and Ga depend on the chosen relative orientation of the Mn spins across the Ga sheets in the Mn–Ga–Mn trilayers. In addition, the elastic properties have been calculated, and from the five elastic constants, the Voigt bulk modulus is determined to be 157 GPa, the Voigt shear modulus 93 GPa, and the Young's modulus 233 GPa. Furthermore, Mn2GaC is found relatively elastically isotropic, with a compression anisotropy factor of 0.97, and shear anisotropy factors of 0.9 and 1, respectively. The Poisson's ratio is 0.25. Evaluated elastic properties are compared to theoretical and experimental results for M2AC phases where M = Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Ta, and A = Al, S, Ge, In, Sn.
A new accurate ground-state potential energy surface of ethylene and predictions for rotational and vibrational energy levels
Authors: Delahaye Thibault , Nikitin Andrei , Rey Michaël , Szalay Péter G. , Tyuterev Vladimir G.
Published: September 2014

In this paper we report a new ground state potential energy surface for ethylene (ethene) C2H4 obtained from extended ab initio calculations. The coupled-cluster approach with the perturbative inclusion of the connected triple excitations CCSD(T) and correlation consistent polarized valence basis set cc-pVQZ was employed for computations of electronic ground state energies. The fit of the surface included 82 542 nuclear configurations using sixth order expansion in curvilinear symmetry-adapted coordinates involving 2236 parameters. A good convergence for variationally computed vibrational levels of the C2H4 molecule was obtained with a RMS(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$Obs.\text{\emph {--}}Calc.$\end{document}Obs.–Calc.) deviation of 2.7 cm−1 for fundamental bands centers and 5.9 cm−1 for vibrational bands up to 7800 cm−1. Large scale vibrational and rotational calculations for 12C2H4, 13C2H4, and 12C2D4 isotopologues were performed using this new surface. Energy levels for J = 20 up to 6000 cm−1 are in a good agreement with observations. This represents a considerable improvement with respect to available global predictions of vibrational levels of 13C2H4 and 12C2D4 and rovibrational levels of 12C2H4.
Slow solvation in ionic liquids: Connections to non-Gaussian moves and multi-point correlations
Authors: Pal Tamisra , Biswas Ranjit
Published: September 2014

This paper explores an interconnection between timescales of dynamic heterogeneity (DH) in a neat ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]), and slow solvation of a dipolar solute, coumarin 153 (C153) in it at 298 K and 450 K. Molecular dynamics simulations employing realistic interaction potentials for both the IL and the solute have been performed. DH timescales have been obtained from non-Gaussian and new non-Gaussian (NNG) parameters, and four-point dynamic susceptibilities (χ4(k, t)) and overlap functions (Q(t)). Simulated ion displacement distributions exhibit pronounced deviations from Gaussian behaviour and develop bimodality in the timescale of structural relaxation, τα, indicating ion hopping at long-time. DH timescales from χ4(k, t) and Q(t) have been found to be longer than τNNG although τα ≈ τNNG. Maximum cation jump length detected here corresponds to ∼50% of the ion diameter and agrees well with experimental estimates. DH length-scale (ξ) extracted from χ4(k, t) spans about an ion diameter and shows correct temperature dependence. Our simulated solvation response functions for C153 in [Bmim][PF6] are tri-exponentials with fast time constants in good agreement with the available experimental and/or simulation data. The slow solvation rate at 298 K, however, is ∼4 times slower than that found in experiments, although the same at 450 K corroborates well with simulation data at similar temperature from different sources. Importantly, our simulated slow solvation rates at these temperatures strongly correlate to longer DH timescales, suggesting DH as a source for the slow solvation at long-time in IL. Moreover, ion jumps at long-time suggests viscosity decoupling of long-time solvation rate in ILs.
Design, construction, and performance testing of an isothermal naphthalene heat pipe furnace
Authors: Choi Jeehoon , Yuan Yuan , Borca-Tasciuc Diana-Andrea , Kang Hwankook
Published: September 2014

In this work, an isothermal naphthalene heat pipe furnace was developed to achieve uniformly radiant heating at temperature up to 300 °C. The startup, stability, and thermography tests were carried out to evaluate the uniform temperature zone of the furnace. The temperature variance of the uniform temperature zone was observed to be within ±1 °C along the axis of the furnace. To illustrate its capabilities, the furnace was used to successfully sinter thin layers of copper nanoparticle on microporous copper wicks and form biporous wicks, materials of high interest to advanced heat pipe technologies.
Impact of excess iron on the calculated electronic and magnetic properties of Co3−xFexSi Heusler-compound
Authors: Debbichi M. , Hamad B.
Published: September 2014

Ab initio density functional calculations are performed on the Co3−xFexSi alloys with variable iron composition (1 ≤ x ≤ 3). The evolution of the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties is investigated within different levels of approximations. These alloys crystallize in cubic Heusler structures, which evolve from the regular L21 structure for Co2FeSi to the inverse X structure for x ≥ 2. Using on-site Coulomb interactions of Ueff(Co) = 3.07 eV and Ueff(Fe) = 3.4 eV is found to describe consistently the experimental properties for x ≤ 2. A good agreement between calculated and experimental magnetic moments is found for the cubic inverse Heusler phases without the addition of Hubbard-model. The spin polarization is found to range from 1 for Fe concentrations of x ≤ 2, indicating the half-metallic character, to −0.29 at x = 3.
Understanding local degradation of cycled Ni-rich cathode materials at high operating temperature for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Hwang Sooyeon , Kim Dong Hyun , Chung Kyung Yoon , Chang Wonyoung
Published: September 2014

We utilize transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with electron energy loss spectroscopy to investigate local degradation that occurs in LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials (NCA) after 30 cycles with cutoff voltages of 4.3 V and 4.8 V at 55 °C. NCA has a homogeneous crystallographic structure before electrochemical reactions; however, we observed that 30 cycles of charge/discharge reactions induced inhomogeneity in the crystallographic and electronic structures and also introduced porosity particularly at surface area. These changes were more noticeable in samples cycled with higher cutoff voltage of 4.8 V. Effect of operating temperature was further examined by comparing electronic structures of oxygen of the NCA particles cycled at both room temperature and 55 °C. The working temperature has a greater impact on the NCA cathode materials at a cutoff voltage of 4.3 V that is the practical the upper limit voltage in most applications, while a cutoff voltage of 4.8 V is high enough to cause surface degradation even at room temperature.
Elasticity and Thermodynamic Properties of EuS Related to Phase Transition
Authors: Liu Qiang , Peng Feng
Published: September 2014

First-principles calculations of the crystal structures, phase transition, and elastic properties of EuS have been carried out with the plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method. The calculated values are in very good agreement with experimental data as well as some of the existing model calculations. The dependence of the elastic constants, the aggregate elastic modulus, and the elastic anisotropy on pressure have been investigated. Moreover, the variation of the Poisson’s ratio, Debye temperature, and the compressional and shear elastic wave velocities with pressure have been investigated for the first time. Through the quasi-harmonic Debye model, the thermal expansions, heat capacities, Grneisen parameters and Debye temperatures dependence on the temperature and pressure are obtained in the pressure range from 0 GPa to 60 GPa and temperature range from 0 K to 800 K.
Negative Differential Resistance of Au-MgB2-Au Nanoscale Junctions
Authors: Liu Fu-ti , Cheng Yan , Chen Xiang-rong
Published: September 2014

The electron transport of linear atomic chain of MgB2 sandwiched between Au(100) electrodes was investigated by using the density functional theory with the non-equilibrium Green’s function method. We have calculated the corresponding cohesion energy and conductance of junctions in different distance. It is found that, at the equilibrium position, the Au−B bond-length is 1.90 A, the B−Mg bond-length is 2.22 A, and the equilibrium conductance is 0.51G0 (G0=2e2 /h). The transport channel is almost formed by the π antibonding orbitals, which was made up of the px and py orbital electrons of B and Mg atoms. In the voltage range of −1.5 to 1.5 V, the junctions show the metallic behaviors. When the voltage is larger than 1.5 V, the current decreases gradually and then negative differential resistance appears almost symmetrically on both positive and negative bias.
Harvest index combined with impaired N availability constrains the responsiveness of durum wheat to elevated CO2 concentration and terminal water stress
Authors: Erice Gorka , Sanz-Sáez Alvaro , Urdiain Amadeo , Araus Jose L. , Irigoyen Juan José , Aranjuelo Iker
Published: September 2014

Despite its relevance, few studies to date have analysed the role of harvest index (HI) in the responsiveness of wheat (Triticum spp.) to elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) under limited water availability. The goal of the present work was to characterise the role of HI in the physiological responsiveness of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) exposed to elevated [CO2] and terminal (i.e. during grain filling) water stress. For this purpose, the performance of wheat plants with high versus low HI (cvv. Sula and Blanqueta, respectively) was assessed under elevated [CO2] (700 μmol mol–1 vs 400 μmol mol–1 CO2) and terminal water stress (imposed after ear emergence) in CO2 greenhouses. Leaf carbohydrate build-up combined with limitations in CO2 diffusion (in droughted plants) limited the responsiveness to elevated [CO2] in both cultivars. Elevated [CO2] only increased wheat yield in fully watered Sula plants, where its larger HI prevented an elevated accumulation of total nonstructural carbohydrates. It is likely that the putative shortened grain filling period in plants exposed to water stress also limited the responsiveness of plants to elevated [CO2]. In summary, our study showed that even under optimal water availability conditions, only plants with a high HI responded to elevated [CO2] with increased plant growth, and that terminal drought constrained the responsiveness of wheat plants to elevated [CO2].
Trends in uptake of the 75+ health assessment in Australia: a decade of evaluation
Authors: Hamirudin Aliza Haslinda , Ghosh Abhijeet , Charlton Karen , Bonney Andrew , Walton Karen
Published: September 2014

In Australia, older adults aged 75+ years are encouraged to avail themselves of the comprehensive 75+ health assessment (75+ HA) to identify medical conditions and highlight potential risk factors for poor health. However, uptake of this item has been reported to be low. This study aimed to identify the uptake of the 75+ HA within regional areas of New South Wales and compare this against state and national trends over an 11-year period. Data on uptake of the 75+ HA for item numbers 700 and 702, from 1999 until 2010, were obtained from the Medicare Australia portal and Department of Health and Ageing databases. Trends over time were collated and compared at the regional, state and national level. The study found that an increasing number of the 75+ HAs were performed from 1999 to 2009. Overall, the uptake of the 75+ HA is generally low across Australia, at ~20% of the eligible population, but varied across states and even regions within states. The study also revealed that despite low uptake encouraging trends were evident over a decade of 75+ HA implementation. It is argued that strategies in improving the uptake should be targeted for early identification of health risk and overall improved quality of health in older adults.
Miller experiments in atomistic computer simulations
Authors: Saitta Antonino Marco , Saija Franz
Published: September 2014

Significance

In 1953, Stanley Miller reported on the spontaneous formation of glycine when applying an electric discharge on a mixture of simple molecules, giving birth to modern research on the origins of life. The effect of electric fields on mixtures of simple molecules is presently studied in computer simulations at the quantum level, and Miller results are reproduced for the first time, to our knowledge, in atomistic simulations, as glycine forms spontaneously only in the presence of electric fields. However, this occurs through reaction pathways more complex than believed, identifying formamide as a key compound in prebiotic chemistry. Moreover, electric fields are naturally present at mineral surfaces, suggesting a potentially crucial role in the biogeochemistry of both the primordial and the modern Earth.
Male tolerance and male–male bonds in a multilevel primate society
Authors: Patzelt Annika , Kopp Gisela H. , Ndao Ibrahima , Kalbitzer Urs , Zinner Dietmar , Fischer Julia
Published: September 2014

Significance

Recent theoretical approaches to understanding the evolution of cooperation point to a close link between spatial structure and cooperative tendencies and question the importance of kin relations. We here show that Guinea baboon males living in a multilevel society maintain strong male bonds, irrespective of relatedness, and exhibit low levels of overt aggression. Although our results are compatible with the idea that kin relations may have favored male tolerance and bond formation in the course of evolution, they also support the notion that these relations are not necessary to maintain cooperative relationships in a multilevel society. Guinea baboons thus may constitute a valuable model for understanding the conditions that played a role in the emergence of human social evolution.
Increased Aurora B activity causes continuous disruption of kinetochore–microtubule attachments and spindle instability
Authors: Muñoz-Barrera Marta , Monje-Casas Fernando
Published: September 2014

Significance

During mitosis, Aurora B kinase plays a key role in ensuring that sister chromatids (each of the copies of a replicated chromosome) attach to different poles of the spindle to create a bipolar array of microtubules that allows correct distribution of the chromosomes. Aurora B deficiency leads to massive defects in chromosome segregation. Surprisingly, an increase in Aurora B activity also is deleterious for the cells and has been associated with various cancers. Here we demonstrate that in yeast an increase in Aurora B activity causes defects in chromosome segregation and spindle-assembly checkpoint activation by erroneously destabilizing even correct attachments of the chromosomes to the spindle, and also promotes premature collapse of the spindle midzone.
Collapse of an ecological network in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Yeakel Justin D. , Pires Mathias M. , Rudolf Lars , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Koch Paul L. , Guimarães Paulo R. , Gross Thilo
Published: September 2014

Significance

The composition of animal communities directly impacts the stability of ecosystems. Here, we use historical information of species extinctions in Egypt over 6,000 years to reconstruct predator–prey interactions and determine to what extent observed changes in species composition influence predictions of community stability. Our study reveals that the roles of species and the stability of the community have fundamentally changed throughout the Holocene, and provides compelling evidence that local dynamic stability is informative of species persistence over time.
Aberrant calcium signaling by transglutaminase-mediated posttranslational modification of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors
Authors: Hamada Kozo , Terauchi Akiko , Nakamura Kyoko , Higo Takayasu , Nukina Nobuyuki , Matsumoto Nagisa , Hisatsune Chihiro , Nakamura Takeshi , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko
Published: September 2014

Significance

Reversible and repetitive structural changes are essential for ligand-gated ion channels to mediate biological signaling. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP
3
R) assembles ligand-gated ion channels that mediate calcium signaling. IP
3
activates channels at a distance by reversible allosteric changes in the IP
3
R tetramer. Here we show a new mode of posttranslational modification that irreversibly blocks allosteric changes in the IP
3
R. We identified an IP
3
R-modifying enzyme as tissue transglutaminase that inhibits IP
3
R function by locking subunit configurations. This modification chronically impaired calcium signaling and autophagy regulation in living cells, and up-regulated modification was observed in Huntington disease models. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of transglutaminase-catalyzed posttranslational modification in ligand-gated channel allostery and provides a new framework for enzymatic regulation of allostery.
Altered mechanobiology of Schlemm’s canal endothelial cells in glaucoma
Authors: Overby Darryl R. , Zhou Enhua H. , Vargas-Pinto Rocio , Pedrigi Ryan M. , Fuchshofer Rudolf , Braakman Sietse T. , Gupta Ritika , Perkumas Kristin M. , Sherwood Joseph M. , Vahabikashi Amir , Dang Quynh , Kim Jae Hun , Ethier C. Ross , Stamer W. Daniel , Fredberg Jeffrey J. , Johnson Mark
Published: September 2014

Significance

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. The elevated intraocular pressure characteristic of many cases of glaucoma is attributable to increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. However, the cause of this increased flow resistance has eluded investigators for over 140 y. Here we demonstrate that cells from the canal of Schlemm of glaucomatous eyes have altered gene expression and increased cytoskeletal stiffness that leads to reduced pore formation in these cells, likely accounting for increased outflow resistance associated with glaucoma. These findings thus establish that dysfunctional cytoskeletal mechanics may lie at the heart of this disease process and thereby motivate development of glaucoma therapeutics that target cell stiffness.
Whipping of electrified liquid jets
Authors: Guerrero Josefa , Rivero Javier , Gundabala Venkata R. , Perez-Saborid Miguel , Fernandez-Nieves Alberto
Published: September 2014

Significance

Whipping is a lateral instability experienced by charged jets and exploited in electrospinning to make polymer fibers. In contrast to its axisymmetric, Rayleigh–Plateau counterpart, which induces jet breakup and drop formation, whipping is nonaxisymmetric and manifests itself in a chaotic fashion, with the jet moving in uncontrolled and hardly quantifiable ways. As a result and despite its physical significance, we still do not know its detailed structure and properties. Here we perform microfluidics experiments to generate and study steady-state whipping. Remarkably, when the longest characteristic time scale in the problem is that of the surrounding liquid, the whipping structure is steady and helicoidal. Otherwise, it is as chaotic as it was in all previous studies.