bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relating Soil Phosphorus to Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff: A Single Extraction Coefficient for Water Quality Modeling
Authors: Vadas P. A. , Kleinman P. J. A. , Sharpley A. N. , Turner B. L.
Published: June 2010

Phosphorus transport from agricultural soils contributes to eutrophication of fresh waters. Computer modeling can help identify agricultural areas with high potential P transport. Most models use a constant extraction coefficient (i.e., the slope of the linear regression between filterable reactive phosphorus [FRP] in runoff and soil P) to predict dissolved P release from soil to runoff, yet it is unclear how variations in soil properties, management practices, or hydrology affect extraction coefficients. We investigated published data from 17 studies that determined extraction coefficients using Mehlich‐3 or Bray‐1 soil P (mg kg−1), water‐extractable soil P (mg kg−1), or soil P sorption saturation (%) as determined by ammonium oxalate extraction. Studies represented 31 soils with a variety of management conditions. Extraction coefficients from Mehlich‐3 or Bray‐1 soil P were not significantly different for 26 of 31 soils, with values ranging from 1.2 to 3.0. Extraction coefficients from water‐extractable soil P were not significantly different for 17 of 20 soils, with values ranging from 6.0 to 18.3. The relationship between soil P sorption saturation and runoff FRP (μg L−1) was the same for all 10 soils investigated, exhibiting a split‐line relationship where runoff FRP rapidly increased at P sorption saturation values greater than 12.5%. Overall, a single extraction coefficient (2.0 for Mehlich‐3 P data, 11.2 for water‐extractable P data, and a split‐line relationship for P sorption saturation data) could be used in water quality models to approximate dissolved P release from soil to runoff for the majority of soil, hydrologic, or management conditions. A test for soil P sorption saturation may provide the most universal approximation, but only for noncalcareous soils.
Phosphorus Speciation in Broiler Litter and Turkey Manure Produced from Modified Diets
Authors: Toor Gurpal S. , Peak J. Derek , Sims J. Thomas
Published: June 2010

Modifying poultry diets by reducing mineral P supplementation and/or adding phytase may change the chemical composition of P in manures and affect the mobility of P in manure‐amended soils. We studied the speciation of P in manures produced by broiler chickens and turkeys from either normal diets, or diets with reduced amounts of non‐phytate phosphorus (NPP) and/or phytase, using a combination of chemical fractionation and synchrotron X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. All broiler litters were rich in dicalcium phosphate (65–76%), followed by aqueous phosphate (13–18%), and phytic acid (7–20%); however, no hydroxylapatite was observed. Similarly, normal turkey manure had 77% of P as dicalcium phosphate and had no hydroxylapatite, while turkey manure from diets that had reduced NPP and phytase contained equal proportions of dicalcium phosphate (33–45%) and hydroxylapatite (35–39%). This is attributed to the higher total Ca to P ratio (>2) in modified turkey manures that resulted in transformation of more soluble (dicalcium phosphate) to less soluble P compounds (hydroxylapatite). Chemical fractionation showed that H2O‐extractable P was the predominant form in broiler litter (56–77%), whereas aqueous phosphate determined with XANES was <18% indicating that H2O probably dissolved mineral forms of P (e.g., dicalcium phosphate). Results show that HCl extraction primarily removed phytic acid from broiler litters and normal turkey manure, while it removed a mixture of hydroxylapatite and phytic acid from modified turkey manures. The combination of chemical fractionation and XANES provided information about the nature of P in these manures, which may help to devise best management practices for manure use.
Gaseous Nitrogen and Carbon Losses from Pig Manure Derived from Different Diets
Authors: Velthof Gerard L. , Nelemans Jaap A. , Oenema Oene , Kuikman Peter J.
Published: June 2010

Manipulation of the diets of pigs may alter the composition of the manure and thereby the environmental and agricultural qualities of the manure. Laboratory studies were performed to quantify the effect of manipulation of pig diets on the chemical composition of the derived manure (slurry), the potential emission of methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) during anaerobic storage of the manure, and the potential nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission after application of the manure to soil. The diets differed in contents of crude protein and salt (CaSO4), and the type and contents of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP). Emissions of NH3 and CH4 during storage were smaller at a low than at a high dietary protein content. The emission of NH3 was significantly related to the contents of ammonium (NH4), total N, and pH. The emission of CH4 was significantly related to contents of dry matter, total C, and volatile fatty acids in the manure. The effect of manure composition on N2O emission markedly differed between the two tested soils, which points at interactions with soil properties such as the organic matter content. These types of interactions require soil‐specific recommendations for mitigation of N2O emission from soil‐applied pig manure by manipulation of the diet. From the tested diets, decreasing the protein content has the largest potential to simultaneously decrease NH3 and CH4 emissions during manure storage and N2O emission from soil. An integral assessment of the environmental and agricultural impact of handling and application of pig manure as a result of diet manipulation provides opportunities for farmers to maximize the value of manures as fertilizer and soil conditioner and to minimize N and C emissions to the environment.
A Methodology to Estimate the Denitrifying Capacity of a Riparian Wetland
Authors: Maître Véronique , Cosandey Anne‐Claude , Parriaux Aurèle , Guenat Claire
Published: June 2010

Numerous studies have shown that riparian wetlands can play an important role in reducing nitrate concentrations before the ground water discharges into streams. Denitrification has been identified as an important process for this removal. Several approaches have been proposed to predict the denitrifying removal capacity of a riparian wetland, but no widely used tool exists to precisely quantify this capacity at the landscape scale. We propose such a methodology based on modeling the spatial variation of soil–water interactions in the entire riparian wetland. Mean values of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) within three soil‐denitrifying classes were 604, 212, and 24 ng N g−1 h−1 for Classes 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The study area, having a ground surface of about 15000 m2, was underlain by an aquifer with a calculated volume of 60000 m3, less than 10000 m3 of which corresponded to active denitrifying horizons (Classes 2 and 3). By volume, approximately 30% of Class 3 and 70% of Class 2 were interacting with ground water. The denitrifying removal capacity of our wetland was calculated to be about 1.8 kg N m−2 yr−1 The calculated denitrifying capacity of our site was less than expected. This is due to the fact that not all ground water interacts with the horizons having the highest denitrifying capacity. Thus, we show that whatever the system is, specific local pedological and hydrogeological conditions and their interactions are paramount in controlling the denitrification process.
Phosphorus Flux from Bottom Sediments in Lake Eucha, Oklahoma
Authors: Haggard B. E. , Moore P. A. , DeLaune P. B.
Published: June 2010

Phosphorus inputs into reservoirs include external sources from the watershed and internal sources from the reservoir bottom sediments. This study quantified sediment P flux in Lake Eucha, northeastern Oklahoma, USA, and evaluated the effectiveness of chemical treatment to reduce sediment P flux. Six intact sediment–water columns were collected from three sites in Lake Eucha near the reservoir channel at depths of 10 to 15 m. Three intact sediment and water columns from each site were incubated for 21 d at approximately 22°C under aerobic conditions, and three were incubated under anaerobic conditions (N2 with 300 ppm CO2); sediment P flux was estimated over the 21 d for each core. The overlying water in the cores was bubbled with air for approximately 1 wk and then treated with aluminum sulfate (alum). The cores were incubated at approximately 22°C for an additional 14 d under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and sediment P flux after alum treatment was estimated for each core. Sediment P flux was approximately four times greater under anaerobic conditions compared with aerobic conditions. Alum treatment of the intact sediment–water columns reduced (8×) sediment P flux under anaerobic conditions. Internal P flux (1.03 and 4.40 mg m−2 d−1 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively) was greater than external P flux (0.13 mg m−2 d−1). The internal P load (12 Mg yr−1) from reservoir bottom sediments was almost 25% of the external P load (approximately 48 Mg yr−1) estimated using a calibrated watershed model.
Tactical decisions of concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight of bulls of five beef breeds under Norwegian conditions
Authors: BONESMO H. , NORDANG L. , DAVIES L.
Published: June 2010

Beef production based on suckler cow breeds is a relatively new production system in Norway as in most Nordic countries. To ensure the continuation of this production, profitable management practices designed for Norwegian conditions have to be established. Thus a simulation model was developed that integrates the daily feed intake, the daily live weight (LW) gain, silage net energy concentration for beef production (feed units beef (FUb) kg?1 dry matter) and price, concentrate level and price, and carcass price for bulls of the country's five most common beef breeds. In this work the model was combined with production statistics to find general recommendations in the finishing of beef bulls under Norwegian conditions. Among all the five breeds the Limousin bulls had the highest estimated mean daily return and the Hereford bulls the lowest estimated mean daily return from 20 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 940 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter, and from 40 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 800 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter. Our estimated optimal slaughter ages and carcass weights shows that it pays to more intensively feed during the finishing period for all five breeds. Current farming practice in Norway for the five major breeds studied is that slaughter age is at least two months later with lighter carcass weights than the results expected from following our model estimated recommendations.
Long-term changes in the eco-chemical status of the Danube River in the region of Serbia
Authors: Zivadinovic Ivan , Ilijevic Konstantin , Grzetic Ivan , Popovic Aleksandar
Published: June 2010

The Danube River is an international river, one part of which flows through Serbia. The eco-chemical status of the Danube River is a constant topic of interest both at the local level, in each country through which the Danube flows, and at the international level. General interest to ensure the sustainable and equitable use of waters and freshwater resources in the Danube River Basin led to the development of a system for monitoring the river, which has produced data sets of its eco-chemical status. These have been collected over many years in Serbia; however, the present interest was focused only on the period from 1992 until 2006, i.e., a 15-year period. The process of defining trends of selected eco-chemical parameters, using linear regression analysis with a defined level of significance, and their separation from natural variability is of the highest importance for defining the changes in the water parameters. Through them, the fate and behavior of the eco-chemical parameters of the Danube in Serbia can be recognized and the prediction of their trends in the near future can be attempted. The obtained results revealed a constant improvement and acceptable trends of the eco-chemical status of the Danube River, as well as, substantial differences in the quality of the inflowing and out flowing water.
Global Citizenship Education: Politics, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Peters Michael A.
Published: June 2010

In his book Global Citizenship Education (2008) the author noted that the modern concept of citizenship – a recent concept historically – implies the existence of a civil or political community, a set of rights and obligations ascribed to citizens by virtue of their membership in that community, and an ethic of participation and solidarity needed to sustain it. Most traditional accounts of citizenship begin with the assertion of basic civil, political and social rights of individuals and note the way in which the modern concept, as inherently egalitarian, took on a universal appeal with the development of the liberal tradition which is often understood as synonymous with modernity. Yet the concept has appealed to both conservatives and radical democrats: the former emphasize individual freedom at the expense of equality and see state intervention as an intolerable and unwarranted violation of the freedom of the individual while the latter stress the democratic potential of citizenship. Increasingly, on the Left the concept has been seen as a means to control the injustices of capitalism. For the Left, the most pressing question has been the status of citizenship in the modern state and what kind of political community best promotes it.
Enquiry Skills in History: The Blitz and Evacuation
Authors: O'Hagan Francis
Published: June 2010

The aim of this article is to suggest the inclusion of the topic ‘The Blitz during World War Two’ as part of the curriculum in British primary and secondary schools with a view to developing enquiry skills in History. In writing the article, extensive use has been made of not only textbooks and secondary sources but also propaganda films, documentaries featuring primary sources in the form of first-hand accounts from people living at the time and web-based materials. From 1939 until 1945 the British population as a society was inescapably and deeply involved and immersed in one of the most significant events in British history, the Second World War. The concepts of change and continuity, cause and effect, time and historical sequence are all applicable to this topic but the purpose of this article is to determine through analysis of a variety of historical evidence whether or not the experience of wartime evacuation really created a sense of uniformity and solidarity in Britain. By doing this, it will become evident that studying aspects of the domestic consequences of the Blitz during World War Two is an effective method of developing enquiry skills in History.
A Concentrated, Nonlinear Information-Theoretic Estimator for the Sample Selection Model
Authors: Golan Amos , Gzyl Henryk
Published: June 2010

This paper develops a semi-parametric, Information-Theoretic method for estimating parameters for nonlinear data generated under a sample selection process. Considering the sample selection as a set of inequalities makes this model inherently nonlinear. This estimator (i) allows for a whole class of different priors, and (ii) is constructed as an unconstrained, concentrated model. This estimator is easy to apply and works well with small or complex data. We provide a number of explicit analytical examples for different priors’ structures and an empirical example.
Public Perceptions of Climate Change as a Human Health Risk: Surveys of the United States, Canada and Malta
Authors: Akerlof Karen , DeBono Roberto , Berry Peter , Leiserowitz Anthony , Roser-Renouf Connie , Clarke Kaila-Lea , Rogaeva Anastasia , Nisbet Matthew C. , Weathers Melinda R. , Maibach Edward W.
Published: June 2010

We used data from nationally representative surveys conducted in the United States, Canada and Malta between 2008 and 2009 to answer three questions: Does the public believe that climate change poses human health risks, and if so, are they seen as current or future risks? Whose health does the public think will be harmed? In what specific ways does the public believe climate change will harm human health? When asked directly about the potential impacts of climate change on health and well-being, a majority of people in all three nations said that it poses significant risks; moreover, about one third of Americans, one half of Canadians, and two-thirds of Maltese said that people are already being harmed. About a third or more of people in the United States and Canada saw themselves (United States, 32%; Canada, 67%), their family (United States, 35%; Canada, 46%), and people in their community (United States, 39%; Canada, 76%) as being vulnerable to at least moderate harm from climate change. About one third of Maltese (31%) said they were most concerned about the risk to themselves and their families. Many Canadians said that the elderly (45%) and children (33%) are at heightened risk of harm, while Americans were more likely to see people in developing countries as being at risk than people in their own nation. When prompted, large numbers of Canadians and Maltese said that climate change can cause respiratory problems (78–91%), heat-related problems (75–84%), cancer (61–90%), and infectious diseases (49–62%). Canadians also named sunburn (79%) and injuries from extreme weather events (73%), and Maltese cited allergies (84%). However, climate change appears to lack salience as a health issue in all three countries: relatively few people answered open-ended questions in a manner that indicated clear top-of-mind associations between climate change and human health risks. We recommend mounting public health communication initiatives that increase the salience of the human health consequences associated with climate change.
The Effect of High Ambient Temperature on the Elderly Population in Three Regions of Sweden
Authors: Rocklöv Joacim , Forsberg Bertil
Published: June 2010

The short-term effects of high temperatures are a serious concern in the context of climate change. In areas that today have mild climates the research activity has been rather limited, despite the fact that differences in temperature susceptibility will play a fundamental role in understanding the exposure, acclimatization, adaptation and health risks of a changing climate. In addition, many studies employ biometeorological indexes without careful investigation of the regional heterogeneity in the impact of relative humidity. We aimed to investigate the effects of summer temperature and relative humidity and regional differences in three regions of Sweden allowing for heterogeneity of the effect over the scale of summer temperature. To do so, we collected mortality data for ages 65+ from Stockholm, Göteborg and Skåne from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute for the years 1998 through 2005. In Stockholm and Skåne on average 22 deaths per day occurred, while in Göteborg the mean frequency of daily deaths was 10. We fitted time-series regression models to estimate relative risks of high ambient temperatures on daily mortality using smooth functions to control for confounders, and estimated non-linear effects of exposure while allowing for auto-regressive correlation of observations within summers. The effect of temperature on mortality was found distributed over the same or following day, with statistically significant cumulative combined relative risk of about 5.1% (CI = 0.3, 10.1) per °C above the 90th percentile of summer temperature. The effect of high relative humidity was statistically significant in only one of the regions, as was the effect of relative humidity (above 80th percentile) and temperature (above 90th percentile). In the southernmost region studied there appeared to be a significant increase in mortality with decreasing low summer temperatures that was not apparent in the two more northerly situated regions. The effects of warm temperatures on the elderly population in Sweden are rather strong and consistent across different regions after adjustment for mortality displacement. The impact of relative humidity appears to be different in regions, and may be a more important predictor of mortality in some areas.
Unlocking the Door to Neuronal Woes in Alzheimer’s Disease: Aβ and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
Authors: Du Heng , ShiDu Yan Shirley
Published: June 2010

Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Amyloid-β peptide has deleterious effects on mitochondrial function and contributes to energy failure, respiratory chain impairment, neuronal apoptosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species in Alzheimer’s disease. The mechanisms underlying amyloid-β induced mitochondrial stress remain unclear. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial permeability transition pore is important for maintenance of mitochondrial and neuronal function in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Cyclophilin D (Cyp D) plays a central role in opening mitochondrial permeability transition pores, ultimately leading to cell death. Interaction of amyloid-β with cyclophilin D triggers or enhances the formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, consequently exacerbating mitochondrial and neuronal dysfunction, as shown by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, impaired mitochondrial respiration function, and increased oxidative stress and cytochrome c release. Blockade of cyclophilin D by genetic abrogation or pharmacologic inhibition protects mitochondria and neurons from amyloid-β induced toxicity, suggesting that cyclophilin D dependent mitochondrial transition pores are a therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.
A Fiber Optic Doppler Sensor and Its Application in Debonding Detection for Composite Structures
Authors: Li Fucai , Murayama Hideaki , Kageyama Kazuro , Meng Guang , Ohsawa Isamu , Shirai Takehiro
Published: June 2010

Debonding is one of the most important damage forms in fiber-reinforced composite structures. This work was devoted to the debonding damage detection of lap splice joints in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures, which is based on guided ultrasonic wave signals captured by using fiber optic Doppler (FOD) sensor with spiral shape. Interferometers based on two types of laser sources, namely the He-Ne laser and the infrared semiconductor laser, are proposed and compared in this study for the purpose of measuring Doppler frequency shift of the FOD sensor. Locations of the FOD sensors are optimized based on mechanical characteristics of lap splice joint. The FOD sensors are subsequently used to detect the guided ultrasonic waves propagating in the CFRP structures. By taking advantage of signal processing approaches, features of the guided wave signals can be revealed. The results demonstrate that debonding in the lap splice joint results in arrival time delay of the first package in the guided wave signals, which can be the characteristic for debonding damage inspection and damage extent estimation.
Écriture de l'aleph
Authors: Didier-Weill Alain
Published: June 2010

Dans un premier temps, Lacan se réfère au mot d’esprit pour introduire la prévalence d’un tiers qui n’est pas imaginaire, mais symbolique, il y a un ascendant du symbolique sur l’imaginaire et le réel. À la fin de son enseignement, il ne met pas l’accent sur ce qui résonne, par le mot d’esprit, mais sur ce qui sonne. Ce qui résonne concerne ce qui était déjà là, ce qui sonne est de l’absolument nouveau. Il s’agit des possibilités de création d’un signifiant qui n’est pas dans la mémoire inconsciente.
L'enfance du rêve
Authors: Menès Martine
Published: June 2010

Freud s’étonne que chez les enfants apparaissent à la fois les rêves de désir non voilés, confirmant sa théorie, et des cauchemars fréquents, qui, apparemment, la contredisent. « Cas limite », écrit-il, qui ne va pourtant pas jusqu’à contredire la formule générale car derrière le contenu manifeste des cauchemars freudiens célèbres, les loups de Sergueï, le chien de Sandy, se cache un contenu de désir réprimé. Lacan va plus loin. Chez le jeune enfant, même dans le simple rêve de réalisation de désir, il y a, dit-il, l’affirmation d’un désir inter-dit. Un pas de plus est franchi dans le cauchemar où l’angoisse rompt, dit-il, « le sommeil du sujet quand le rêve débouche sur le réel du désiré ». Des vignettes cliniques illustrent cette fonction du cauchemar de l’enfance.
Fonctions du chiffrage
Authors: Chaboudez Gisèle
Published: June 2010

L’écrit de l’inconscient entretient avec le sujet un rapport qui tient à la trace effacée par laquelle il se forme. Elle est celle de l’être, qui dans chaque lettre dès lors fait retour. L’être culmine dans la jouissance incestueuse, qui est le refoulé primordial. Or le rapport incestueux supplée au rapport sexuel qu’il n’y a pas pour ceux qui parlent. La fonction du chiffrage, la formation de la lettre de l’inconscient, vise autant la trace de l’être que la suppléance du rapport.
Un homme-symptôme
Authors: Lalvée Brigitte
Published: June 2010

Comment une fixation passionnelle, avec ses connotations de transgression de l’interdit, peut venir faire symptôme en recouvrant l’absence du rapport sexuel auquel elle se substitue ; comment l’irruption d’une maladie, pour lequel l’hypothèse psychosomatique d’une « écriture dans la chair » sera retenue, a pu se faire l’amorce d’un deuil et d’une nouvelle écriture, autre que celle du symptôme, ouvrant la voie à une forme de sublimation ; comment, enfin, un acting out court-circuita l’isolement de l’objet regard et le repérage du plus-de-jouir ainsi que du désir restés cryptés dans le symptôme : c’est ce déroulement d’une cure interrompue au bout de trois ans qui sera retracé et interrogé ici.
Le cas de Freud dit « La jeune homosexuelle »
Authors: Pickmann Claude-Noële
Published: June 2010

Que nous enseigne le cas de Freud dit la « jeune homosexuelle » quant à la sexualité féminine et quant aux mécanismes psychiques particuliers qui conduisent une fille à faire un choix d’objet homosexuel ?
La littérature, de la généricité aux poèmes
Authors: Mourey Laurent
Published: June 2010

La généricité qui gagne les études littéraires et l’enseignement de la littérature a pour effet, en dépit des intentions, d’occulter, voire d’empêcher de penser ce qui fait la spécificité des œuvres. À faire réfléchir en termes de genres et de registres, cette perspective substitue une esthétique à ce qui ressort plutôt de la pratique et de l’éthique. Je propose donc, en théorie et en pratique, et sur le terrain mouvant de la lecture et des œuvres, d’aborder la littérature sous l’angle du poème, lequel n’est pas le substrat d’une rhétorique des genres mais ce que toute écriture construit de spécifique et de vivant.
D'où vient le présent des poèmes ? Digressions-transgressions 1909/2009
Authors: Roger Jérôme
Published: June 2010

On part d’un constat : le temps dévolu à la lecture des poèmes en classe est le plus souvent un moment fétiche, amputé de la dimension historique de toute poésie. L’école feint alors d’aborder le poème comme un objet de culte, quels que soient d’ailleurs les présupposés de départ, sans plus se préoccuper de ce que Péguy appelait « son insertion éternellement temporelle ». Le cas du XX e siècle – un siècle plusieurs fois brisé – permet de reprendre à nouveaux frais cette question et de suggérer quelques réponses : le contemporain du poème n’est pas là où on l’attend et son présent est presque toujours intempestif.
Les décisions éthiques à la lumière du cadre conceptuel de Forsyth
Authors: Prat dit Hauret Christian
Published: June 2010

Résumé L’objet de la recherche est de présenter le cadre conceptuel de Forsyth qui dresse une typologie des idéologiques éthiques. La taxinomie des idéologies éthiques a été construite en croisant deux dimensions : le relativisme et l’idéalisme. Le croisement de ces deux dimensions permet de faire émerger quatre idéologies différentes : le situationnisme, l’absolutisme, le subjectivisme et l’exceptionnisme.
Co-évolution des territoires et de la technologie : une perspective institutionnaliste
Authors: Colletis Gabriel
Published: June 2010

Comme les technologies, les territoires sont révélés ou produits lors de processus interactifs générant la création de ressources nouvelles. Ces processus sont des processus d’innovation caractérisés par des expérimentations, des essais, des erreurs et tâtonnements. Les territoires comme les technologies apparaissent dans cette optique comme les résultats de ces processus (et non comme des ressources disponibles). Cette contribution suggère les éléments d’une lecture institutionnaliste des processus de co-évolution du territoire et de la technologie et pose la question clé de la viabilité des processus de création de ressources nouvelles.
Jacques Solomon et l'interprétation de la théorie quantique
Authors: Colin Cécile
Published: June 2010

Résumé Jacques Solomon (1908-1942) fut un physicien théoricien dont la carrière fut brève mais dense. Gendre de Paul Langevin, il participa à ses côtés au sursaut rationaliste des années 1930 et fut un militant marxiste qui s?intéressa de près à l'application du matérialisme dialectique dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique. Il prit part au débat engendré par l'interprétation de la théorie quantique, dont l'assimilation en France fut lente et difficile. Formé à l'école de Copenhague mais matérialiste convaincu, il tenta de concilier plusieurs courants de pensée afin d?apporter une réponse au difficile problème de l'indéterminisme.
Socialisme européen : vers le déclin ?
Authors: Grunberg Gérard
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les élections européennes de 2009 ont marqué un net recul des partis socialistes. Si ceux au gouvernement ont subi les pertes les plus lourdes, les reculs, parfois très élevés enregistrés par ceux étant dans l’opposition soulèvent la question d’un déclin général du socialisme européen. Le rapport des forces au Parlement européen s’est nettement déséquilibré au bénéfice de la droite et, dans la plupart des pays, les partis appartenant au PPE l’emportent sur ceux du PSE. Cependant, les partis socialistes résistent mieux qu’ailleurs, voir progressent dans les pays de l’Est et du Sud de l’Europe, ce qui ne permet pas de confirmer pour l’instant la thèse d’un déclin général.
Les élections européennes de juin 2009 en Bulgarie : la confirmation de l'éclatement du système partisan
Authors: Todorov Antony
Published: June 2010

Résumé Le contexte des deuxièmes élections européennes de 2009 en Bulgarie est marqué par les développements politiques intervenus depuis 2001, date des élections législatives qui changèrent le paysage politique bulgare et mirent fin à la transition postcommuniste dans le pays. Ces élections entraînèrent un réalignement partisan significatif au sens de Stein Rokkan : l’engagement dans un processus de changement des alignements partisans des électeurs qui a conduit à l’éclatement du système antérieur de bipartisme 1 .
Les élections européennes de juin 2009 dans les pays de l'Europe centrale et orientale : des résultats moins spécifiques qu'il n'y parait
Authors: de Waele Jean-Michel , Todorov Antony
Published: June 2010

Résumé Cette étude compare les grandes tendances des élections européennes dans les pays de l’Europe centrale et orientale depuis leur adhésion à l’Union européenne. Au delà des différentes nationales, il est montré comment la thèse de la spécificité des comportements électoraux dans la région doit être nuancée à la suite du dernier scrutin européen dont le déroulement et les résultats portent, comme à l’ouest mais sans doute encore plus vigoureusement, la marque d’un désenchantement démocratique accentué par la crise financière.
Molecular Manufacturing
Authors: Phoenix Chris
Published: June 2010

A wide variety of nanotechnology programs, both pedagogical and research-oriented, can incorporate some aspect of molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology is developing from large tools that give us access to the nanoscale, to tools constructed at or near the nanoscale. To date, these nanoscale tools are not capable of accomplishing much of commercial interest; however, this will be changing with increasing rapidity over the next decade or two. Eventually, nanoscale tools will be capable of broad classes of nanoscale construction; this will enable the fabrication of increasingly complex and useful structures. Fabrication of structures with molecular precision is especially relevant. When nanoscale tools are developed to the point of being capable of building duplicate tools, a manufacturing revolution may occur; even before that point, there are both scientific and likely commercial benefits to developing capabilities in this area.
Trends in Nanotechnology Knowledge Creation and Dissemination
Authors: Islam Nazrul
Published: June 2010

This chapter explores trends in nanotechnology knowledge creation across scientific disciplines and technology domains, and helps to understand the dissemination of nanotechnology knowledge. In relation to intense global competition in nanotechnology, this study exhibits a forward-looking approach in characterizing nanotechnology research and development trajectories. This research adopts hybrid research methodology, including both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings imply that nanotechnology knowledge creation and dissemination trends have appeared to bridge divergent disciplines, emphasizing the importance of collaborative research networks among scientists to co-create, share and disseminate nano-knowledge across groups, institutions and borders.
Technology Transfer and Diffusion in Developing Economies
Authors: Igbokwe Edwin M. , Ozor Nicholas
Published: June 2010

The early years of the green revolution heralded a new era of technology adoption and increasing productivity in agriculture. This momentum has not been sustained, giving rise to food shortages and widespread poverty in developing countries. This chapter reviews processes and models of technology transfer in agriculture in developing economies and concludes that previous efforts were not demand driven and therefore lacked the ingredients for diffusion. The drivers of technology transfer are discussed. A number of factors responsible for the low rate of technology transfer especially the absence of public policies on technology transfer are identified and linked to the transfer of emerging technologies, mainly biotechnology and nanotechnology. The chapter recommends the development of public policies, development of the private sector, establishment of partnerships between the two sectors and development of infrastructures especially in rural areas.
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Latin America
Authors: Nemirovsky Adolfo , Audebert Fernando , Oliveira Jr. Osvaldo N. , Constantino Carlos J. L. , Barrientos Lorena , González Guillermo , Rosa Elder de la
Published: June 2010

Latin America (LA) can count some strong research centers with a tradition of research excellence in certain disciplines such as medicine and biology, nuclear technology, metallurgy and materials, among others. Latin American countries have generated networks of researchers across disciplines, centers, etc. within a country, and linking two or more countries in the region (e.g., Argentina-Brazil Bi-National Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, CABN). Additionally, collaborations have extended beyond LA, mainly to the EU and the USA. In general, these programs have been quite successful in the generation of interdisciplinary nanoscience and nanotechnology (N & N) research. The relation between academia and industry has been improving in the last few years, but it is still weak. In particular, funding incentives for N&N efforts have encouraged joint efforts and contributed to new dimensions in collaborations. This chapter reviews the state of nanoscience and nanotechnology in Chile, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico.
Emerging Technology Transfer, Economic Development and Policy in Africa
Authors: Kisubi Alfred , Anyansi-Archibong Chi , Kamalu Ngozi C. , Kamalu Johnson A. , Adikwu Michael U.
Published: June 2010

No nation can succeed economically without a strong and solid scientific educational base particularly in this era of knowledge economy. In many developing nations, the resources to develop both the human capital and infrastructure for education are inadequate. Specifically, in Africa, the intellectual capabilities on nanotechnology and microelectronics research and education are still evolving and some foundation technologies like electricity and ICT needed to drive and support them are not available. Lack of management efficiency and good governance continue to stall progress in the continent. In these matrixed four sub-chapters, these issues are discussed including a new model, Generic and Incremental Value (GIV), proposed for African development.
Trade Policies and Development of Technology in Africa
Authors: Osuji Louis O.
Published: June 2010

Trade between nations is very crucial in the process of economic and technological growth. Directly or indirectly, trade facilitates the process of technology innovation, transfer and diffusion. It offers the trajectory to evaluate and understand how technology penetrates economies and remains a good indicator to measure national progress on technology creation and assimilation. The growth link between international trade and economic development could be traced to the classical trade theory of Adam Smith, and David Ricardo and the modern neoclassical trade model of Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O). While there is no single model that captures the route to economic development, this chapter explores how African countries working closely can harness and utilize technological advancements to improve their share of global trade so as to accelerate their overall economic growth and development.
Amyloid-Beta Peptide, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Dyall S. C.
Published: June 2010

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a decline in cognitive function and also profound alterations in mood and behaviour. The pathology of the disease is characterised by the presence of extracellular amyloid peptide deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although many hypotheses have been put forward for the aetiology of the disease, increased inflammation and oxidative stress appear key to be features contributing to the pathology. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have well-characterised effects on inflammation and may have neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease. The aims of this paper are to review the neuroprotective effects of EPA and DHA in Alzheimer's disease, with special emphasis on their role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation and also examine their potential as therapeutic agents.
A Pilot Study of the Impact of NHS Patient Transportation on Older People with Dementia
Authors: Roberts Nicola , Curran Stephen , Minogue Virginia , Shewan Jane , Spencer Rebecca , Wattis John
Published: June 2010

Background. A pilot study using a mixed methodology was used to evaluate the effects of travelling on NHS Patient Transport Service ambulances on the experience of patients with dementia. The study assessed the feasibility of using Dementia Care Mapping in this setting and looked at the effects of the presence of designated staff teams on journeys, compared to journeys without such designated staff.Method. Dementia Care Mapping was used to observe and record participants' behaviour, mood, and engagement during their outward and return journeys to NHS hospital sites. Observations were analysed for themes relating to the effects of travelling on PTS across the two groups.Results and Conclusions. Participant's observed mood scores did not differ significantly across the two groups but the range of behaviours recorded on the escorted group journeys did and were reflective of formal care environments. The findings from this study highlight the importance of trained escorts on NHS PTS ambulances for people with dementia and provide important information regarding further research in this area.
Diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls in rapid on-site evaluation of endobronchial ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration
Authors: Monaco* Sara E. , Schuchert Matthew J. , Khalbuss Walid E.
Published: June 2010

Background:

One of the novel techniques utilizing fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the diagnosis of mediastinal and lung lesions is the endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided FNA. In this study, we describe five cases which had a discrepancy between on-site evaluation and final diagnosis, or a diagnostic dilemma when rendering the preliminary diagnosis, in order to illustrate some of the diagnostic difficulties and pitfalls that can occur in EBUS FNA.

Methods:

A total of five EBUS FNA cases from five patients were identified in our records with a discrepancy between the rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) and final diagnosis, or that addressed a diagnostic dilemma. All of the cases had histological confirmation or follow-up. The cytomorphology in the direct smears, cell block, and immunohistochemical stains were reviewed, along with the clinical history and other available information.

Results:

Two cases were identified with a nondefinitive diagnosis at ROSE that were later diagnosed as malignant (metastatic signet-ring cell adenocarcinoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC)) on the final cytological diagnosis. Three additional cases were identified with a ROSE and final diagnosis of malignant (large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and two squamous cell carcinomas), but raised important diagnostic dilemmas. These cases highlight the importance of recognizing discohesive malignant cells and bland neoplasms on EBUS FNA, which may lead to a negative or a nondefinitive preliminary diagnosis. Neuroendocrine tumors can also be difficult due to the wide range of entities in the differential diagnosis, including benign lymphocytes, lymphomas, small and nonsmall cell carcinomas, and the lack of immunohistochemical stains at the time of ROSE. Finally, the background material in EBUS FNAs may be misleading and unrelated to the cells of interest.

Conclusions:

This study illustrates the cytomorphology of five EBUS FNA cases that address some of the diagnostic challenges witnessed while examining these specimens during ROSE. Many of the difficulties faced can be attributed to the baseline cellularity of the aspirates, the bronchial contamination, the difficulty identifying neoplasms with bland cytology, the wide spectrum of diseases that can occur in the mediastinum with overlapping cytomorphologic features, the mismatch between the background material and the cell populations present, and the overall unfamiliarity with these types of specimens.
Simulation of snow accumulation and melt in needleleaf forest environments
Authors: Ellis C. R. , Pomeroy J. W. , Brown T. , MacDonald J.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Drawing upon numerous field studies and modelling exercises of snow processes, the Cold Regions Hydrological Model (CRHM) was developed to simulate the four season hydrological cycle in cold regions. CRHM includes modules describing radiative, turbulent and conductive energy exchanges to snow in open and forest environments, as well as account for losses from canopy snow sublimation and rain evaporation. Due to the physical-basis and rigorous testing of each module, there is a minimal need for model calibration. To evaluate CRHM, simulations of snow accumulation and melt were compared to observations collected at paired forest and clearing sites of varying latitude, elevation, forest cover density, and climate. Overall, results show that CRHM is capable of characterising the variation in snow accumulation between forest and clearing sites, achieving a model efficiency of 0.51 for simulations at individual sites. Simulations of canopy sublimation losses slightly overestimated observed losses from a weighed cut tree, having a model efficiency of 0.41 for daily losses. Good model performance was demonstrated in simulating energy fluxes to snow at the clearings, but results were degraded from this under forest cover due to errors in simulating sub-canopy net longwave radiation. However, expressed as cumulative energy to snow over the winter, simulated values were 96% and 98% of that observed at the forest and clearing sites, respectively. Overall, the good representation of the substantial variations in mass and energy between forest and clearing sites suggests that CRHM may be useful as an analytical or predictive tool for snow processes in needleleaf forest environments.
Cell Adhesion and Cellular Patterning on a Self‐Assembled Monolayer of Zeolite L Crystals
Authors: Kehr Nermin Seda , Riehemann Kristina , El‐Gindi Jehad , Schäfer Andreas , Fuchs Harald , Galla Hans‐Joachim , De Cola Luisa
Published: June 2010

Chemically functionalized self‐assembled monolayers made by disk‐shaped zeolite L nanocrystals are used as models for biocompatible surfaces to study cell‐adhesion behavior. Different chemical groups lead to different cellular behavior and fluorescent‐molecule‐loaded zeolites allow the position of the cells to be determined. Furthermore, a patterned monolayer of asymmetrically functionalized zeolite L obtained by microcontact chemistry is used to grow cells. A spatial recognition of the cells, which proliferate only on the bioactive‐molecule‐functionalized stripes, is possible.
High‐Performance Air‐Stable n‐Type Organic Transistors Based on Core‐Chlorinated Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Diimides
Authors: Oh Joon Hak , Suraru Sabin–Lucian , Lee Wen‐Ya , Könemann Martin , Höffken Hans Wolfgang , Röger Cornelia , Schmidt Rüdiger , Chung Yoonyoung , Chen Wen‐Chang , Würthner Frank , Bao Zhenan
Published: June 2010

Core‐chlorinated naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) with fluoroalkyl chains are synthesized and employed for n‐channel organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). Structural analyses of the single crystals and thin films are performed and their charge‐transport behavior is investigated in terms of structure–property relationships. NDIs with two chlorine substituents are shown to exhibit a herringbone structure with a very close π‐plane distance (3.3–3.4 Å), a large π‐stack overlap (slipping angle ca. 62°), and high crystal densities (2.046–2.091 g cm−3). These features result in excellent field‐effect mobilities of up to 1.43 cm2 V−1 s−1 with minimal hysteresis and high on–off ratios (ca. 107) in air. This is similar to the highest n‐channel mobilities in air reported so far. Despite the repulsive interactions of bulky Cl substituents, tetrachlorinated NDIs adopt a slip‐stacked face‐to‐face packing with an interplanar distance of around 3.4 Å, resulting in a high mobility (up to 0.44 cm2 V−1 s−1). The air‐stability of dichlorinated NDIs is superior to that of tetrachlorinated NDIs, despite of their higher LUMO levels. This is closely related to the denser packing of the fluorocarbon chains of dichlorinated NDIs, which serves as a kinetic barrier to the diffusion of ambient oxidants. Interestingly, these NDIs show an optimal performance either on bare SiO2 or on octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS)‐treated SiO2, depending on the carbon number of the fluoroalkyl chains. Their synthetic simplicity and processing versatility combined with their high performance make these semiconductors highly promising for practical applications in flexible electronics.