bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endurance-Type Exercise Increases Bulk and Individual Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis Rates in Rats
Authors: Holwerda Andrew M. , Bouwman Freek G. , Nabben Miranda , Wang Ping , van Kranenburg Janneau , Gijsen Annemie P. , Burniston Jatin G. , Mariman Edwin C.M. , van Loon Luc J.C.
Published: February 2020

Physical activity increases muscle protein synthesis rates. However, the impact of exercise on the coordinated up- and/or downregulation of individual protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle tissue remains unclear. The authors assessed the impact of exercise on mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates as well as individual protein synthesis rates in vivo in rats. Adult Lewis rats either remained sedentary (n = 3) or had access to a running wheel (n = 3) for the last 2 weeks of a 3-week experimental period. Deuterated water was injected and subsequently administered in drinking water over the experimental period. Blood and soleus muscle were collected and used to assess bulk mixed muscle, myofibrillar, and mitochondrial protein synthesis rates using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and individual muscle protein synthesis rates using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (i.e., dynamic proteomic profiling). Wheel running resulted in greater myofibrillar (3.94 ± 0.26 vs. 3.03 ± 0.15%/day; p < .01) and mitochondrial (4.64 ± 0.24 vs. 3.97 ± 0.26%/day; p < .05), but not mixed muscle (2.64 ± 0.96 vs. 2.38 ± 0.62%/day; p = .71) protein synthesis rates, when compared with the sedentary condition. Exercise impacted the synthesis rates of 80 proteins, with the difference from the sedentary condition ranging between −64% and +420%. Significantly greater synthesis rates were detected for F1-ATP synthase, ATP synthase subunit alpha, hemoglobin, myosin light chain-6, and synaptopodin-2 (p < .05). The skeletal muscle protein adaptive response to endurance-type exercise involves upregulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis rates, but it is highly coordinated as reflected by the up- and downregulation of various individual proteins across different bulk subcellular protein fractions.
Health Is Power: Active Transportation, Physical Activity, and Cardiometabolic Health Among Ethnic Minority Women
Authors: Lorenzo Elizabeth , Szeszulski Jacob , Todd Michael , Mama Scherezade K. , Lee Rebecca E.
Published: February 2020

Background: Active transportation (AT) increases physical activity, reducing cardiometabolic risk among non-Hispanic white adults; however, research on these linkages in racial/ethnic minority women is sparse. This study explored these associations in 327 African American and Hispanic/Latina women. Methods: This analysis used sociodemographics, self-reported AT via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, accelerometer-measured moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, resting heart rate, and body fat percentage (BF). Unadjusted bivariate associations and associations adjusted for sociodemographic factors were examined. Results: AT users had higher levels of objective MVPA, but this was not statistically significant. AT was not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adjusted models (Ps > .05); however, systolic blood pressure was lower for AT users. MVPA was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure and BF overall, body mass index and BF in African American women, and BF in Hispanic/Latina women (Ps <.05). Conclusions: MVPA was associated with improvements in body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, and BF among minority women, and these relationships may vary by race/ethnicity. Practitioners should recommend increased participation in MVPA. Future research, using longitudinal designs should investigate AT’s potential for increasing MVPA and improving cardiometabolic health along with the role of race/ethnicity in these associations.
Dissociate lattice oxygen redox reactions from capacity and voltage drops of battery electrodes
Authors: Wu Jinpeng , Zhuo Zengqing , Rong Xiaohui , Dai Kehua , Lebens-Higgins Zachary , Sallis Shawn , Pan Feng , Piper Louis F. J. , Liu Gao , Chuang Yi-de , Hussain Zahid , Li Qinghao , Zeng Rong , Shen Zhi-xun , Yang Wanli
Published: February 2020

Lattice oxygen redox is not responsible for the capacity and voltage decay of battery electrodes.
Diffuse interface models of solidification with convection: The choice of a finite interface thickness
Authors: Subhedar Amol , Galenko Peter K. , Varnik Fathollah
Published: February 2020

The thin interface limit aims at minimizing the effects arising from a numerical interface thickness, inherent in diffuse interface models of solidification and microstructure evolution such as the phase field model. While the original formulation of this problem is restricted to transport by diffusion, we consider here the case of melt convection. Using an analysis of the coupled phase field-fluid dynamic equations, we show here that such a thin interface limit does also exist if transport contains both diffusion and convection. This prediction is tested by comparing simulation studies, which make use of the thin-interface condition, with an analytic sharp-interface theory for dendritic tip growth under convection.
Investigation of Delayed Response during Real-Time Cursor Control Using Electroencephalography
Authors: Kim Hyeonseok , Yoshimura Natsue , Koike Yasuharu
Published: February 2020

Error-related brain activation has been investigated for advanced brain-machine interfaces (BMI). However, how a delayed response of cursor control in BMI systems should be handled is not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how participants responded to delayed cursor control. Six subjects participated in the experiment and performed a wrist-bending task. For three distinct delay intervals (an interval where participants could not perceive the delay, an interval where participants could not be sure whether there was a delay or not, and an interval where participants could perceive the delay), we assessed two types of binary classifications (“Yes + No” vs. “I don’t know” and “Yes” vs. “No”) based on participants’ responses and applied delay times (thus, four types of classification, overall). For most participants, the “Yes vs. No” classification had higher accuracy than “Yes + No” vs. “I don’t know” classification. For the “Yes + No” vs. “I don’t know” classification, most participants displayed higher accuracy based on response classification than delay classification. Our results demonstrate that a class only for “I don’t know” largely contributed to these differences. Many independent components (ICs) that exhibited high accuracy in “Yes + No” vs. “I don’t know” response classification were associated with activation of areas from the frontal to parietal lobes, while many ICs that showed high accuracy in the “Yes vs. No” classification were associated with activation of an area ranging from the parietal to the occipital lobes and were more broadly localized in cortical regions than was seen for the “Yes + No” vs. “I don’t know” classification. Our results suggest that small and large delays in real-time cursor control differ not only in the magnitude of the delay but should be handled as distinct information in different ways and might involve differential processing in the brain.
Modeling and Analysis of a Hydraulic Energy-Harvesting Shock Absorber
Authors: Wu Zhifei , Xu Guangzhao
Published: February 2020

This paper proposes a hydraulic energy-harvesting shock absorber prototype, which realizes energy harvesting of the vibration energy dissipated by the automobile suspension system. The structural design of the proposed shock absorber ensures that the unidirectional flow of oil drives the hydraulic motor to generate electricity while obtaining an asymmetrical extension/compression damping force. A mathematical model of the energy-harvesting shock absorber is established, and the simulation results indicate that the damping force can be controlled by varying the load resistance of the feed module, thus adjusting the required damping force ratio of the compression and recovery strokes. By adjusting the external load, the target indicator performance of the shock absorber is achieved while obtaining the required energy recovery power. A series of experiments are conducted on the prototype to verify the validity of the damping characteristics and the energy recovery efficiency as well as to analyze the effect of external load and excitation speed on these characteristics.
Prognostic Factors of Grade 2‐3 Endo‐Periodontal Lesions Treated Nonsurgically in Patients with Periodontitis: A Retrospective Case‐Control Study
Authors: Fan Xiaomiao , Xu Xiaoyu , Yu Shiwen , Liu Peicheng , Chen Chen , Pan Yaping , Lin Li , Li Chen
Published: February 2020

Background. Endo‐periodontal lesions are bacterial infectious diseases involving both the periodontal and pulp tissues with poor outcomes. It is hard for clinicians to predict their prognosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the prognosis of endo‐periodontal lesions. Methods. A total of 140 teeth diagnosed with grade 2‐3 endo‐periodontal lesions in patients with periodontitis were recruited in this study. They were divided into high and low responder groups, according to the clinical symptoms and parameters of the teeth involved after nonsurgical treatment of both the endodontic and periodontal components. Clinical parameters and symptoms were compared before and after treatment, and gender, age, smoking, and all clinical parameters were compared between high and low responder groups using univariate analyses. Logistic regression was applied to evaluate the independent effects on endo‐periodontal lesion prognosis. Results. Compared with the clinical parameters at baseline, the values of tooth mobility (TM), periapical index (PAI), and discomfort when chewing were decreased after endodontic therapy, and the values of periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), TM, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI‐S), full‐mouth periodontitis severity, PAI, and discomfort when chewing were decreased after periodontal therapy. Univariate analysis revealed that smoking, PD, CAL, TM, PAI, clinical crown‐root ratio (CR), full‐mouth periodontitis severities, and the number of root canals were significantly different between the high and low responder groups (P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that smoking, PD, CAL, full‐mouth periodontitis severities, and the number of root canals remained significantly associated with grade 2‐3 endo‐periodontal lesions in patients with periodontitis (P < 0.05). Conclusionsand Practical Implications. High PD and CAL, multirooted teeth, smoking, and serious full‐mouth periodontitis indicated a poor prognosis for teeth with grade 2‐3 endo‐periodontal lesions.
Prediction Model for Connected Voids Ratio of the Porous Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Li Xiang , He Zhaoyi
Published: February 2020

The practice showed that the difficulty to precisely predict the water permeability of the asphalt mixture by porosity creates the problem of the discrepancy between the material design and its function. And in the porous asphalt mixture, it is the connected voids ratio that truly bears the function of water permeability. However, there are many factors influencing the connected voids, and their influence laws remain to be known. Having analyzed the effects of different technical parameter on connected voids, 135°C rotation viscosity parameter was chosen in this paper to study the influences of properties of the asphalt mixture on connected voids. The equivalent width among framework gaps was quantified. The relation between the equivalent width, passing ratio of key sieve, and connected voids was discussed, and hence the prediction model for connected voids was established. The research showed that asphalt mixture with high 135°C rotation viscosity of asphalt had smaller connected voids, but the viscosity had less influence on connected voids ratio of asphalt mixture with larger equivalent width among framework gaps. The larger the equivalent width among framework gaps, the bigger the connected voids ratio. The passing rate of 2.36 mm sieve increased; both voids ratio and connected voids ratio became smaller and the difference value between them increased. Since the limitations of the composite specimens limited the prediction range, when the passing rate of 2.36 mm gradation was too small, there was a huge difference between the prediction value and the actual value. This model can predict the connected voids ratio under the stage of gradation design, thus saving the experiment time, shortening the design period, and providing some guidance to the adjustment of the raw material choosing and gradation.
Influence of the Mesoscopic Viscoelastic Contact Model on Characterizing the Rheological Behavior of Asphalt Concrete in the DEM Simulation
Authors: Ren Jiaolong , Liu Zhe , Xue Jinshun , Xu Yinshan
Published: February 2020

The numerical simulation based on the discrete element method (DEM) is popular to analyze the material behavior of asphalt concrete in recent years because of the advantage of the DEM in characterizing the heterogeneous microstructures. As a type of viscoelastic material, the rheological behavior of asphalt concrete is represented depending on the mesoscopic viscoelastic contact model between two particles in a contact in DEM simulations. However, what is missing in the existing literature studies is analysis of the influence of the mesoscopic viscoelastic contact models. Hence, the existing mesoscopic viscoelastic contact models are employed to build different types of DEM numerical samples of asphalt concrete in this study. Laboratory tests and the corresponding numerical tests at different temperatures and frequencies are implemented to investigate the difference in simulation precision in the case of using different mesoscopic viscoelastic contact models via the rheological index of dynamic modulus and phase angle. The results show the following: (1) the mesoscopic generalized Maxwell contact model provides the best simulation precision at low temperatures; (2) the mesoscopic generalized Kelvin contact model shows an improved precision at high temperatures; and (3) although the mesoscopic Burgers contact model has the simplest mathematical structure, the simulation precisions are obviously lower than those of the other two contact models, particularly when simulating the phase angle at low temperatures and frequencies. The results will be beneficial to select the appropriate mesoscopic contact model for the DEM modeling of asphalt concrete according to the loading conditions.
Coordination of Supply Chain under Blockchain System-Based Product Lifecycle Information Sharing Effort
Authors: Hayrutdinov Saidjahon , Saeed Mahmoud S. R. , Rajapov Azamat
Published: February 2020

The study proposes a supply chain contractual coordination model based on the product lifecycle information sharing effort and consumers' price sensitivity to a product with the Blockchain system. This paper examined the following five scenarios: (1) centralized supply chain with Blockchain system-based product lifecycle information sharing investment; (2) Stackelberg leader retailer processed and invested Blockchain system scenario; (3) retailer processed the Blockchain system cost-sharing scenario; (4) retailer processed Blockchain system investment through bargaining the revenue-sharing model; (5) Blockchain system investment under the cost and revenue-sharing contract. The study used the game theory reverse induction method to compare the Nash equilibrium solutions under different decision-making scenarios and discussed the chain member’s constraint condition of Blockchain system investment. We simulated and analysed the products’ lifecycle information sharing effort cost factor, the influence of price sensitivity coefficient, and expected profits of the supplier and retailer. The study results show that the product lifecycle information sharing effort under the Blockchain system increases the profit of the whole chain and decreases with the increase of customer’s price sensitivity coefficient.
Effects of Lysozyme, Proteinase K, and Cephalosporins on Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Eladawy Mohamed , El-Mowafy Mohammed , El-Sokkary Mohamed Mohamed Adel , Barwa Rasha
Published: February 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can form biofilms, which confer resistance to immune clearance and antibacterial treatment. Therefore, effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation are warranted. Here, 103 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates were quantitatively screened for biofilm formation ability via the tissue culture plate method. The effects of lysozyme (hydrolytic enzyme) and proteinase K (protease) on biofilm formation were evaluated at different concentrations. Lysozyme (30 μg/mL), but not proteinase K, significantly inhibited biofilm formation (19% inhibition). Treatment of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates with 50 times the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime and cefepime significantly decreased the biofilm mass by 32.8% and 44%, respectively. Moreover, the exposure of 24-hour-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa isolates to lysozyme (30 μg/mL) and 50 times MICs of ceftazidime or cefepime resulted in a significant reduction in biofilm mass as compared with the exposure to lysozyme or either antibacterial agent alone. The best antibiofilm effect (49.3%) was observed with the combination of lysozyme (30 μg/mL) and 50 times MIC of cefepime. The promising antibiofilm activity observed after treatment with 50 times MIC of ceftazidime or cefepime alone or in combination with lysozyme (30 μg/mL) is indicative of a novel strategy to eradicate pseudomonal biofilms in intravascular devices and contact lenses.
Bridge Seismic Damage Assessment Model Applying Artificial Neural Networks and the Random Forest Algorithm
Authors: Jia Hanxi , Lin Junqi , Liu Jinlong
Published: February 2020

Earthquakes cause significant damage to bridges, which have a very strategic location in transportation services. The destruction of a bridge will seriously hinder emergency rescue. Rapid assessment of bridge seismic damage can help relevant departments to make judgments quickly after earthquakes and save rescue time. This paper proposed a rapid assessment method for bridge seismic damage based on the random forest algorithm (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN). This method evaluated the relative importance of each uncertain influencing factor of the seismic damage to the girder bridges and arch bridges, respectively. The input variables of the ANN model were the factors with higher importance value, and the output variables were damage states. The data of the Wenchuan earthquake were used as a testing set and a training set, and the data of the Tangshan earthquake were used as a validation set. The bridges under serious and complete damage states are not accessible after earthquakes and should be overhauled and reinforced before earthquakes. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach has good performance for assessing the damage states of the two bridges. It is robust enough to extend and improve emergency decisions, to save time for rescue work, and to help with bridge construction.
Effects of Huaier Polysaccharide SP1 on Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, Migration, and Invasion by Regulating TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Miaoliang , Lu Ying , Zhang Ruili , Bi Tienan , Zhou Shenkang
Published: February 2020

Objective. To study the effects of Huaier polysaccharide SP1 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 and the underlying mechanism. Methods. MGC-803 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with SP1. The effects of SP1 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of MGC-803 cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Transwell assay, respectively. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of related genes. Results. Our study showed that Huaier polysaccharide SP1 could inhibit proliferation, migration, invasion, and promote the apoptosis of MGC-803 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Huaier polysaccharide SP1 could inhibit the activation of TGF-β/SMAD signal pathway by upregulating SMAD7 expression, thereby downregulating the expression of SOX4, ZEB2, MMP9, Snail, and Slug. Conclusion. Huaier polysaccharide SP1 can regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells by promoting the expression of SMAD7 and inhibiting the activation of TGF-β/SMAD signal pathway as well as the expression of the downstream oncogenes.
Sobre escolas, bebês e crianças: alguns impasses do educar hoje
Authors: Bernardino Leda Mariza Fischer
Published: February 2020

A partir de algumas situações atuais, a rotina escolar e a clínica psicanalítica, o artigo discute os novos sintomas apresentados pelas crianças e suas consequências para as famílias e escolas em relação à educação e seus impasses. Retoma-se o texto freudiano sobre os impasses do processo civilizatório para apontar o que de estrutural existe nesta questão. Discute-se a atual mutação cultural e seus principais traços: a dificuldade de transmitir a falta no processo educativo, a anulação da diferença e a exacerbação do narcisismo. Conclui-se com a hipótese de uma nova organização social em implantação: o matriarcado, com o império da natureza sobre os aspectos simbólicos.
Uma clínica para acolher a “Juventude Abandonada” de hoje
Authors: Pereira Marcelo Ricardo
Published: February 2020

Partindo de Juventude Abandonada, de Aichhorn, Privação e Delinquência, de Winnicott, e de escritos de Freud, Lacan, Tizio, Minnicelli, Ponnou e Lacadée, propomos intervenções possíveis a fim de resgatar a subjetividade do adolescente embaraçado com seu ato delitivo. Por meio da palavra, sem ceder às pressões do consumo e da sociedade, mostramos como é possível fazer frente às lógicas segregativas do discurso dominante com sua tendência à judicialização e ao apagamento da dimensão subjetiva do jovem. Evocamos às medidas socioeducativas de exceção e de acolhimento de sujeitos antissociais os princípios da “clínica da urgência subjetiva”, mas não sem perguntar: A “situação analítica” requer o desenvolvimento de determinadas estruturas, como a presença de um sintoma e o manejo da transferência, porém como realizar uma intervenção psicanaliticamente orientada sem que muitos jovens as apresentem? Como realizar a “clínica da urgência subjetiva” sem que um sintoma seja formalizado e direcionado a um suposto saber como ocorre na clínica standard? E mais: em tempos de palidez do Ideal do Eu e de declínio da imago paterna, como resgatar o lugar de referente sem que este funcione como tirano, quando massivamente presente, ou propicie o pânico, quando extensivamente ausente?
A função materna e seu lugar na constituição subjetiva da criança
Authors: Calzavara Maria Gláucia Pires , Ferreira Monique Aparecida Vale
Published: February 2020

Partimos do dito mãe geladeira, que se apresenta na mídia especulativa como um representante da práxis psicanalítica, sobretudo na clínica das patologias infantis, e buscamos elucidar essa expressão como um equívoco necessitando de elaboração. Para tal, seguiremos pelos autores pós-freudianos, que se amparavam na maternagem para dizer do sujeito, posição que pode ter contribuído para esse equívoco, e nos dirigimos a Lacan, que elucida e diferencia o lugar da mãe mulher como uma função. Enfim, concluímos que esse dito, na atualidade, se revela como mais uma forma de ataque à psicanálise no que se refere ao tratamento das crianças autistas.
O brincar como experiência intersubjetiva de comunicação no psicodiagnóstico interventivo infantil
Authors: Gonçalves Cidiane Vaz
Published: February 2020

O psicodiagnóstico infantil é uma prática avaliativa que busca promover a compreensão das experiências intrapsíquicas, intersubjetivas e socioculturais da criança. Neste cenário o brincar se institui como modo de comunicação da criança com o examinador e como recurso para a observação de elementos constitutivos de seu mundo relacional. O brincar, apesar de comum aos diferentes modelos de avaliação infantil, se mostra atrelado a concepções teóricas e técnicas bastante diferenciadas. Neste artigo, são apresentadas e discutidas as diferenças entre os paradigmas do psicodiagnóstico tradicional e o interventivo em suas relações com o brincar e com a comunicação durante o processo avaliativo.
Por uma inclusão escolar artesanal
Authors: Nascimento Verônica Gomes
Published: February 2020

A inclusão escolar envolve um posicionamento ético e político, e tem sido marcada pelo slogan “Educação para Todos”, o qual atravessa a prática educativa como uma palavra de ordem. Essa realidade revela sua importância diante de uma história marcada pela segregação escolar. De modo geral, os estudantes são reunidos simplesmente em grupos de acordo com os diagnósticos médicos que recebem a partir dos quais são estabelecidas “estratégias inclusivas”  no sentido de “garantir” a inclusão escolar. Diante disso, este estudo considera que a reunião das crianças em grupos direciona uma inclusão escolar que obedece um modelo estrutrado em “pacotes” e, em contraposição, apresenta uma proposta voltada para uma “inclusão artesanal”. Nesse sentido, a proposta da “inclusão artesanal” é pensada como um processo que considera que o ato de incluir deve acontecer partindo do caso a caso. Além disso, a “inclusão artesanal” contempla a dimensão da constituição psíquica. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar e analisar os elementos artesanais no processo inclusivo de estudantes autistas, matriculados na rede pública e privada de ensino brasileiro, a partir da experiência do Acompanhamento Terapêutico Escolar (ATE). A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e utiliza o estudo de caso de dois estudantes diagnosticados como autistas, os quais foram assistidos por acompanhantes terapêuticos escolares em seus processos de inclusão. Consideramos que os casos ilustram os efeitos de uma proposta de inclusão artesanal, pois através da experiência inclusiva e prática do ATE alguns atores escolares mostraram investimento e aposta em seus estudantes enquanto sujeitos e estes revelaram avanços importantes em seus processos de escolarização, sobretudo nos aspectos constitutivos e na possibilidade de construção do laço social.

Palavras-chave: Inclusão escolar; Autismo; Acompanhamento Terapêutico Escolar; Ética; Psicanálise.
Coyotes living near cities are bolder: implications for dog evolution and human-wildlife conflict
Authors: Brooks James , Kays Roland , Hare Brian
Published: February 2020

How animal populations adapt to human modified landscapes is central to understanding modern behavioural evolution and improving wildlife management. Coyotes (Canis latrans) have adapted to human activities and thrive in both rural and urban areas. Bolder coyotes showing reduced fear of humans and their artefacts may have an advantage in urban environments. We analysed the reactions of 636 coyotes to novel human artefacts (camera traps) at 575 sites across the state of North Carolina. Likelihood of a coyote approaching the camera increased with human housing density suggesting that urban coyotes are experiencing selection for boldness and becoming more attracted to human artefacts. This has implications for both human-wildlife conflict and theories of dog domestication. We also note physical traits in coyotes that could be the result of domestication-related selection pressures, or dog hybridization.
A rapid bioassay for measuring nematode suppressive potential of anaerobic digestate
Authors: Eberlein Caroline , Edalati Abdolhossein , Zhang Ruihong , Westphal Andreas
Published: February 2020

Anaerobic digestate is a byproduct of anaerobic digestion of organic materials for biogas production. Land application of digestates may provide plant nutrition and suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes. The characteristics of digestates may vary by organic substrates and digestion conditions. To measure nematode-suppressive potential, the rigour and simplicity of a radish bioassay with Heterodera schachtii was expanded. In a three-factor factorial design, three incubation environments, two growth containers and two nematode life stages as inoculum were tested. Containers with 50 g of dry sandy loam soil were inoculated with 500 second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. schachtii or with cysts with equivalent hatchable J2. One seed of radish Raphanus sativus ‘Cherry Belle’ was planted into each container, and 1 ml of drench treatment was applied. After 64 degree days (4-5 days), roots were washed and stained with acid fuchsin for nematode counting. In three experiments, food waste digestate permeate suppressed nematode root penetration in the growth chamber, glasshouse and laboratory, in cups and tubes, and following inoculation with cysts and J2. However, root penetration by J2 was more greatly reduced after cyst inoculation than after J2 inoculation. Investigations in preserving nematode cysts showed that J2 within cysts remained viable after incubation in sandy loam soil at 23°C in sealed tubes in the laboratory for 35 days. Results of the radish assay predicted nematode-suppressive potential against Pratylenchus vulnus on peach rootstock ‘Nemaguard’ in a glasshouse experiment. In summary, a straightforward rapid bioassay for measuring nematode suppressiveness of organic liquids was developed for routine use.
Exploring the Role of Complexity, Content and Individual Differences in Aesthetic Reactions to Semi-Abstract Art Photographs
Authors: Vissers Nathalie , Moors Pieter , Genin Dominique , Wagemans Johan
Published: February 2020

Artistic photography is an interesting, but often overlooked, medium within the field of empirical aesthetics. Grounded in an art–science collaboration with art photographer Dominique Genin, this project focused on the relationship between the complexity of a photograph and its aesthetic appeal (beauty, pleasantness, interest). An artistic series of 24 semi-abstract photographs that play with multiple layers, recognisability vs unrecognizability and complexity was specifically created and selected for the project. A large-scale online study with a broad range of individuals (n = 453, varying in age, gender and art expertise) was set up. Exploratory data-driven analyses revealed two clusters of individuals, who responded differently to the photographs. Despite the semi-abstract nature of the photographs, differences seemed to be driven more consistently by the ‘content’ of the photograph than by its complexity levels. No consistent differences were found between clusters in age, gender or art expertise. Together, these results highlight the importance of exploratory, data-driven work in empirical aesthetics to complement and nuance findings from hypotheses-driven studies, as they allow to go further than a priori assumptions, to explore underlying clusters of participants with different response patterns, and to point towards new venues for future research. Data and code for the analyses reported in this article can be found at https://osf.io/2fws6/.
Refuge and Security Panics
Authors: Besteman Catherine
Published: February 2020

The discourse of humanitarianism presumes that the resettlement of refugees into a space of permanent refuge by humanitarian organizations and host country governments represents the end of their experience of loss, displacement, and forced mobility. But many Black Muslim refugees in the u.s. inhabit a prism in which they are targets of misinformation, scrutiny, surveillance, and suspicion that refract gender, race, and faith through security panics. The refuge of resettlement, for the Black Muslim refugees discussed in this paper, is not something given; it is something made, by them, in difficult and even dangerous circumstances. Through a series of vignettes that illustrate the felt and lived effects of racism and surveillance at the gender/race/faith-security nexus on Somali refugees in Maine, the paper explores one context in which refuge is made.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Illicit Substance Use: A Temporal-Ordered Test of General Strain Theory
Authors: Ash-Houchen William , Lo Celia C.
Published: February 2020

This longitudinal study applied general strain theory to elaborate specific stressful events’ lagged effects on risk of illicit substance use among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic adolescents, and relatedly evaluated the moderating role of race/ethnicity in explaining illicit use. Data were drawn from five waves representing 9 years (2002–2010) of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), totaling 16,868 person-waves, and we engaged temporal ordering and generalized estimating equations (GEE) for panel data in STATA for data analysis. Results showed specific events affected risk of illicit substance use differentially across racial/ethnic groups. Strains commonly encountered in disorganized spaces affected non-Hispanic White’s risk. Measured strains did not affect non-Hispanic Black respondents and findings for Hispanic respondents point to the family as a possible strain. Results indicated legal drug use and depression increased risk of illicit use greatly. Race/ethnicity’s role in illicit use’s associations with several variables illustrates differential implications for racial/ethnic groups in policy and preventive interventions.
The real digital housewives of China’s Kuaishou video-sharing and live-streaming app
Authors: Tan Chris KK , Wang Jie , Wangzhu Shengyuan , Xu Jinjing , Zhu Chunxuan
Published: February 2020

Recently, the smart phone app Kuaishou emerged in China with more than 400 million registered users. An app where users upload pre-recorded videos and a small number of vetted ones live-stream as zhubos, Kuaishou distinguishes itself from the rest of the pack with the unabashed earthiness of its contents. We have two goals in this article. First, we examine how the app’s performers attract, cultivate and retain their fans to make money off their activities. Second, we treat zhubos as ‘digital housewives’, who produce two use values of alienable user data and inalienable affects like offline houseworkers do. Zhubos can earn money from their work, but they ultimately provide highly exploited labour to Kuaishou under a façade of innocuous play. Indeed, by selling their supposedly inalienable affects, zhubos embody ‘digital housewife-ness’ even more so than Jarrett’s original formulation.
When Does the Incremental Risk Format Aid Informed Medical Decisions? The Role of Learning, Feedback, and Number of Treatment Options
Authors: Tiede Kevin E. , Ripke Felicia , Degen Nicole , Gaissmaier Wolfgang
Published: February 2020

Background. Informed medical decisions require understanding the benefits and risks of treatments. This entails comparing treatment outcomes to a control group. The incremental risk format has been recommended as it directly visualizes the differences between treatment and control group in 1 graph, whereas they have to be calculated from 2 separate graphs in the total risk format. We investigated when the incremental risk format aids understanding. Methods. In 2 experiments, participants received information about medical treatments, either as incremental or total risk format. We assessed verbatim knowledge (precise quantitative knowledge), gist knowledge (knowledge of essential meaning), and evaluations of the formats. Study 1 ( N = 99) consisted of only 1 trial with medical information and also assessed recall. Study 2 ( N = 222) assessed learning across multiple trials and also varied the presence of feedback and the number of treatment options. Results. In study 1, the incremental risk format (v. total risk format) led to worse knowledge, recall, and evaluations. In study 2, participants learned to understand the incremental risk format over time, resulting in comparable verbatim knowledge and evaluations as in the total risk format, as well as in even better gist knowledge. Feedback and number of treatment options did not moderate the effect of risk format. Limitations. The studies were conducted with nonpatient samples, and study 2 employed hypothetical treatments. Conclusions. The incremental risk format was initially less understandable than the total risk format. After a short learning period, however, the incremental risk format resulted in better gist knowledge and was comparable otherwise, which suggests that participants had to get used to that format. This has important implications for the study of new formats.
Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Roadway Sustainability
Authors: Tahami Seyed Amid , Gholikhani Mohammadreza , Dessouky Samer
Published: February 2020

Asphalt pavement is continuously exposed to solar radiation, which can heat the asphalt up to 60 to 70°C because of the high absorptivity of its black materials. This potential source of energy has gone unused but has recently attracted attention for its potential to be collected as a renewable and clean energy source. In this paper, a novel thermoelectric roadway energy harvester is introduced that can be inserted into pavement to scavenge electrical energy from thermal energy. The energy harvester system consists of different components, including a thermoelectric generator (TEG), an L-shaped heat conductor plate, a heat sink filled with phase change material, and an insulation box. Finite element analysis and experimental testing in the laboratory were conducted to evaluate the performance of this harvesting system. Different parameters that could affect the power output were investigated, such as asphalt slab temperature (e.g., 45°C, 55°C, 65°C), type of TEG module, number of TEG modules, and TEG configurations. The results indicate that the system is capable of producing sufficient energy to run low-powered electrical equipment used in transportation infrastructure.
Parental Involvement as a Holistic Concept Using Rasch/Guttman Scenario Scales
Authors: Antipkina Inna , Ludlow Larry H.
Published: February 2020

Parental involvement (PI) in the education of their children is an important factor which should be taken into account when assessing and predicting children’s school outcomes. However, PI encompasses numerous operationalizations from checking homework, to communication with school, to organizing cultural outings. This study describes a Rasch/Guttman scenario-based scale designed to provide a holistic approach to measuring the PI construct. The Parental Involvement SCenarios scale (PISC-9) was administered to 1,930 parents of primary school children from a sample representative of a Russian region. The scale has very good technical and construct validity characteristics. More specifically, raw scores on the PISC-9 may be represented as locations along a hierarchical continuum from relatively less to increasingly more time consuming and demanding parental behaviors.
Computational study on phase lag of arterial-wall motion for assessment of plaque vulnerability
Authors: Chhai Pengsrorn , Rhee Kyehan
Published: February 2020

The wall motion of atherosclerotic plaque was analyzed using a computational method, and the effects of tissue viscoelasticity, fibrosis thickness, and lipid-core stiffness on wall displacement waveforms were examined. The viscoelasticity of plaque tissues was modeled using a time Prony series with four Maxwell elements. Computational simulation of tissue indentation tests showed the validity of the proposed viscoelastic constitutive models. Decreasing the relative moduli of the viscoelastic model reduced their viscous characteristics while enhancing the stiffness of the wall, which corresponded with the effects of decreased smooth muscle cells content. A finite-element analysis was conducted for atherosclerotic wall models and wall displacement waveforms were computed. The phase difference between the first harmonics of pressure and displacement waves was selected to represent the time delay of the wall motion. As the relative modulus decreased, the wall displacement and phase lag decreased. A thinner wall and softer lipid core corresponded to a greater wall displacement and smaller phase lag. Because the phase lag of the arterial-wall motion was smaller for the plaque with a thinner cap, lower smooth muscle cells content, and softer lipid core (all features of plaques with high rupture risk), first harmonics of pressure and displacement waves can be used as an index to assess plaque vulnerability.
On the return of the (media) author: Michel Houellebecq, écrivain médiatique
Authors: Harris Ashley
Published: February 2020

This article argues that Michel Houellebecq is an écrivain médiatique, and it examines how and why he engages in an authorial strategy that relies on more than the text and presents the author as a visible, multimedia, and culturally relevant figure. From an epistemological need to reassess authorship in the digital age, this article defines media authorship before analysing Houellebecq through a critical framework including Meizoz’s concept of posturing (2007), Saint-Gelais’s transmediality (2011) and Angenot’s social discourse (1989). It addresses how Houellebecq attempts to situate and justify his media-focused and author-centric strategy, showing how this reflects the challenges of the cultural domination of mass media and new technologies of the digital age, and indicates that the autonomy of the literary field is diminishing. This article shows how a superficially transgressive engagement with the media and multimedia in fact reflects consent to the dynamics of the contemporary socio-cultural context.
The Role of Culture in Shaping Health Perceptions and Behaviors of Resettled Karen Refugees
Authors: Lenderts Jessica L. , Hoffman Sarah J. , Stitch Jaci
Published: February 2020

Introduction: While the many health vulnerabilities and challenges experienced by refugees have been previously documented, few studies have addressed the strengths-focused response strategies that women refugees, in particular, engage to navigate health systems and experiences associated with displacement. Our study attempts to document this among members of one group, the Karen, who represent a significant proportion of refugees resettled in the United States over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to explore how a sample of resettled Karen refugee women construct meaning around health, particularly in the context of cultural values, community, and migration. Methodology: This research took place in a series of ethnographic case studies documenting experiences of resilience, identity construction, and mothering among Karen refugee women from Burma. Data were collected through participant interviews with 12 Karen refugee women living in the United States. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed to identify themes relating to culturally influenced and newly emerging perceptions of health, identity, motherhood, and migration. Results: Participants identified correlates of doing, such as the ability to work and physical energy, as positively related to health, while the inability to do things was negatively related to health. Personal health also encompassed the health of family and community. Discussion: Women in this sample drew on broad, culturally informed ways of being to explain their health experiences. Implications of these findings are presented regarding how organizations and health providers can approach their work with refugees in culturally informed and relevant ways.
Measuring teacher cognition: Comparing Chinese EFL teachers’ implicit and explicit attitudes toward English language teaching methods
Authors: Sun Chen , Wei Linlin , Young Richard F.
Published: February 2020

Within the context of an ongoing reform of the curriculum for English as a foreign language (EFL) in China, we present the implicit association test (IAT) as a new way to measure Chinese EFL teachers’ implicit attitudes to a communicative language teaching (CLT) curriculum and to compare their attitudes to traditional language teaching (TLT) approaches. Our study is framed within the theory of teacher cognition – what teachers know, think, and believe as active decision makers (Borg, 2003) – and we propose the IAT as a new instrument for education researchers and policy makers. The IAT was used to discover the implicit attitudes of 24 Chinese EFL teachers, all graduates of the same teacher training institution in China, currently teaching at middle, high school, or college level in the same Chinese city. Results showed different degrees of implicit preference for CLT over TLT of the 24 teacher participants. We also found differences between implicit attitudes and explicit attitudes expressed by three teachers in interviews and we attributed those differences to the personal, institutional, and social contexts in which they were teaching. Results revealed that what teachers say is not necessarily what they think. By using the IAT, we have been able to measure implicit attitudes in a way that has never been done in teacher education study. We argue that such measures of teacher cognition are important for successfully implementing curriculum reform.
Random forest–based feature selection and detection method for drunk driving recognition
Authors: Li ZhenLong , Wang HaoXin , Zhang YaoWei , Zhao XiaoHua
Published: February 2020

A method for drunk driving detection using Feature Selection based on the Random Forest was proposed. First, driving behavior data were collected using a driving simulator at Beijing University of Technology. Second, the features were selected according to the Feature Importance in the random forest. Third, a dummy variable was introduced to encode the geometric characteristics of different roads so that drunk driving under different road conditions can be detected with the same classifier based on the random forest. Finally, the linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine, and AdaBoost classifiers were used and compared with the random forest. The accuracy, F1 score, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve value were used to evaluate the performance of the classifiers. The results show that Accelerator Depth, Speed, Distance to the Center of the Lane, Acceleration, Engine Revolution, Brake Depth, and Steering Angle have important influences on identifying the drivers’ states and can be used to detect drunk driving. Specifically, the classifiers with Accelerator Depth outperformed the other classifiers without Accelerator Depth. This means that Accelerator Depth is an important feature. Both the AdaBoost and random forest classifiers have an accuracy of 81.48%, which verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
John Stuart Mill and the practice of colonial rule in India
Authors: Williams David
Published: February 2020

John Stuart Mill’s justification for British rule in India is well known. Less well known and discussed are Mill’s extensive writings on the practice of British rule in India. A close engagement with Mill’s writings on this issue shows Mill was a much more uncertain and anxious imperialist than he is often presented to be. Mill was acutely aware of the difficulties presented by the imperial context in India, he identified a number of very demanding conditions that would have to be met if Britain’s imperial mission was to be successful, and he was very troubled by the dangers posed to this mission from politics in Britain. Toward the end of his life, Mill become much more pessimistic about the progressive possibilities of British colonialism, in part because of what he thought had happened after the transfer of British rule from the East India Company to the British state. A focus on Mill’s arguments about the practice of British rule in India goes some way to providing a more nuanced account of what Mill thought about colonialism.