bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of the Interaction between the Complement Component Clq and Immune Complexes
Authors: Allan Renata , Rodrick Mary , Knobel H.R. , Isliker H.
Published: July 2009

Several groups of compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit in vitro the binding of Clq to insoluble immune complexes. As expected from previous studies, polyinosinic acid, liquoid, sodium pentosan polysulfate, aliphatic diamines and heparin are good inhibitors. This study shows that compounds with much lower toxicity, such as certain amino acids and substances with vitamin B6 activity (pyridoxal-5-phosphate:P5P) were also capable of decreasing the binding of Clq. Using methods of equilibrium dialysis and difference spectra, it was shown that this compound binds to both, Clq und IgG antibody by forming Schiff bases. Clq binds approximately 10 times more P5P when compared to IgG. Immune complexes prepared with IgG antibody modified by P5P and stabilized with sodium borohydride had the same complement-fixing and Clq-binding capacity as normal immune complexes. This suggests that the inhibition of Clq-binding to immune complexes by P5P is due to a modification of lysyl resides in Clq. Collagen and IgG fragments derived from Fc were also found to inhibit Clq binding to immune complexes, but at higher concentrations than the above small-molecular compounds and with a different mode of action.
The Mechanism of Action of Soluble Lymphocyte Mediators
Authors: Pick Edgar , Honig Shoshana , Griffel Benjamin
Published: July 2009

The effect of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on macrophage microtubules was examined by functional, biochemical and morphological methods. It was found that: (1) the microtubule-stabilizing agent deuterium oxide (D2O) inhibits spontaneous macrophage migration from capillaries and enhances the migration blocking effect of MIF; (2) MIF does not modify the amount of total tubulin in macrophages, as determined by an 3H-colchicine binding assay, but increases significantly the proportion of tubulin present in polymeric form; (3) macrophages exposed to MIF and examined by immunofluorescence with specific antitubulin antibody demonstrate a striking increase in the percentage of cells with a well-organized microtubular network, characterized by a high density of thick fibrils and prominent paranuclear micro tubule organizing centers. It is concluded that MIF inhibits cellular motility by inducing the formation of numerous microtubules, probably by enhancing tubulin polymerization.
Comparison of the Atopic Background between Allergic and Non-Allergic Beekeepers
Authors: Miyachi S. , Lessof M.H. , Kemeny D.M. , Green L.A.
Published: July 2009

A study was carried out on beekeepers and their families. 34 subjects with a history of bee sting allergy and also a positive radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to honey bee venom were compared with 47 subjects with neither. 16 subjects in the bee allergy group (47%) had a history of atopic diseases as compared to 6 (13%) in the control group (p < 0.01). 15 in the bee allergy group (44%) had at least one positive RAST to three common inhalant allergens as compared to 5 (11%) in the control group (p < 0.01). These results suggest that, although bee sting allergy frequently affects non-atopic subjects, sensitization among beekeepers and their families occurs more readily in atopies. It is notable that a large proportion of patients injected with foreign proteins (the control group) either never develop venom-specific IgE antibodies or have suppressed their production.
Lymphocyte Stimulation with Phorbol Myristate Acetate in Atopic and Non-Atopic Individuals
Authors: Strannegård Inga-Lisa
Published: July 2009

Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was found to be a potent stimulator of DNA synthesis in human whole blood cell cultures. Stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was strongly enhanced by addition of PMA-activated cells. PMA responsiveness varied with age, being low or absent in newborns and very pronounced in adults. In atopic children, PMA responsiveness was normal or increased. The ratio of phytohemagglutinin to PMA responsiveness was significantly reduced in cultures from such children. This finding would be compatible with the hypothesis of a relative suppressor cell deficiency in atopic disease. The results of tests designed to detect suppressor and helper cell activity, added further support to this hypothesis.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Formation in Mice: Requirement for T-T Lymphocyte Interaction
Authors: Ngan Johnson , Kind Leon S.
Published: July 2009

Normal SWR mice injected with syngeneic spleen cells from ovalbumin (Ov)-primed mice were unable to make IgE anti-Ov antibodies when challenged with alumpertussis-Ov. Immune T lymphocytes were shown to be responsible for the inhibitory effects of adoptively transferred spleen cells. Treatment of recipient mice with mild x-irradiation or with cyclophosphamide 2 or 3 days before cell transfer resulted in abrogation of the suppressor effect of immune cells. The injection of T lymphocytes into x-irradiated mice restored the suppressive effect of immune cells. It thus appears that immune T cells provide the stimulus for activation of suppressor T cells of the host. Although the generation of suppression is antigen-specific, the expression of suppression appears to be nonspecific.
Characterization and Quantitation of Murine-Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses Elicited with Particle-Associated Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Clark Connie , Jauregui Hugo , Azar Miguel , Wheelock Margaret
Published: July 2009

Parameters delineating the utilization of particle-associated human γ-globulin to quantitate murine-delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) responses include: (1) the conditions used to prepare HGG-coated polystyrene latex particles; (2) the marked increase in sensitivity of detection of delayed immune responsiveness using particle-bound HGG; (3) a histologic analysis of the lesions induced by HGG-latex in DHS mice, and (4) the increased retention of particle-associated as opposed to soluble HGG at the site of challenge. The potential utilization of particle-bound antigens as a sensitive method of assessing the role of delayed-type responsiveness in tumor and transplantation immunity is discussed.
Immunological Studies in Patients with Alopecia Areata
Authors: Herzer P. , Czarnetzki B.M. , Holzmann H. , Lemmel E.M.
Published: July 2009

Cellular and humoral immune parameters were studied in 10 patients with alopecia areata totalis and universalis. Trends to low normal immunoglobulin levels and in vitro lymphocyte transformation to concanavalin A were observed. Serum CH-50 levels and skin test responses to mumps, Candida, trichophytin and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) were normal, as were the numbers of T and B cells. Immunosuppressive serum factors were not found in vitro. 1 patient with alopecia universalis of 33 years duration developed hair at the site of DNCB skin testing. The findings point to rather subtle immune defects in patients with this disease.
Alterations in Granulation Tissue Growth Induced in vivo by Lymphocytes from Adjuvant-Diseased Rats
Authors: Parnham M.J. , Schoester Gerry-Ann P. , van der Kwast T.H. , Benner R.
Published: July 2009

Lymph node cells from Lewis and Wistar rats, treated 9 or 11 days previously with Freund’s complete (FCA) or incomplete adjuvant (FIA), were transferred into polyether sponges implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic, recipient rats. FCA-treated lymphocytes enhanced or reduced granuloma formation (measured after 8 days), when compared with FIA-treated controls, depending on the strain of mycobacterium present in the FCA. The stimulatory effects of lymphocytes from FCA-treated, Lewis rats were abolished by pre-incubation with mitomycin C (25 μg/ml). Whole serum and isolated serum immunoglobulin from adjuvant-diseased rats had no effect on the sponge granulomas. These data confirm that cell-mediated immunity is involved in the articular granuloma formation of adjuvant arthritis.
Non-Specific Potentiation of IgE by Parasitic Infections in Man
Authors: Turner Keven J. , Feddema Leonie , Quinn Elizabeth H.
Published: July 2009

Infection with the helminthic parasites Ascaris lumbricoides and/or Necator americanus (hookworm) induces the production in man of high levels of serum IgE. The specificity of this IgE antibody when measured by RAST to a wide range of allergens was restricted in general to the helminthic antigens. Absorption of the sera with immunosorbents produced by coupling extracts of A. lumbricoides to CNBr activated Sepharose 4B established that Ascaris antigen specific IgE antibodies contributed a minor fraction of the total serum IgE. These observations suggest that parasitic infections in man as in laboratory animals potentiate the production of high levels of IgE with specificity unrelated to that of the parasite antigens. While the specificity of this potentiated IgE was not established, it is not directed towards inhalant allergens.
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity to Allogeneic Cells in Mice
Authors: Smith Frances , Miller J.F.A.P.
Published: July 2009

Sensitivity to allogeneic cell surface antigens was transferred to naive mice by lymphoid cells from sensitized mice. Sensitivity was detected 24–48 h after antigen challenge and was associated with a mononuclear cell infiltration. The cells responsible for transfer were T lymphocytes as demonstrated by successful transfer with cell suspensions enriched for T lymphocytes, and by abrogation of transfer following treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Both Ly1+ and Ly2+3+ bearing T cells were involved. Removal of Ia+ cells had no effect on the ability of sensitized lymphoid cells to transfer the reaction to naive mice.
IgE and IgG4 Antibodies in Specific Human Allergies
Authors: Bruynzeel P.L.B. , Berrens L.
Published: July 2009

In 90 sera from patients with specific allergies (i. e. to guinea pig dander, cat dander, horse dander, dog dander, human dander or ipecac) and with positive skin tests to the allergenic preparations, the presence of IgE and IgG4 antibodies was determined by radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A correlation between IgE RAST scores and IgG4 RAST scores to the individual allergens was established. In patients allergic to guinea pig dander, a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores but positive IgG4 RAST scores was found. This was less often the case in the group with cat dander allergy. IgG RAST scores determined in 51 sera proved to have some predictive value with respect to IgG4 or other IgG subclasses involved in the allergic reactions. Because a high incidence of negative IgE RAST scores was found, IgE RAST inhibition does not seem to be the method of choice for the standardization of allergenic preparations in general.
Half-Body X-Ray Suppresses the Acquisition of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in the Mouse
Authors: Maguire, jr. Henry C.
Published: July 2009

800 R half-body x-ray suppressed the acquisition of allergic contact dermatitis in mice (1) if the x-ray field included the lymph nodes regional to the sensitization site, and (2) when x-ray was given during, but not immediately before, induction of the sensitivity.
Immune Responsiveness and Oral Immunization
Authors: Sewell H.F. , Gell P.G.H. , Basu M.K.
Published: July 2009

The effects on the immune response of daily feeding of 30 mg of human serum albumin to rats have been studied. Feeding for periods of 17–20 days consistently resulted in a specific systemic hyporesponsiveness evident on subsequent parenteral immunogen challenge. Local secretory sites such as the major salivary glands were not made hyporesponsive as evidenced by the salivary antibody titres and the enumeration of glandular plaque-forming cells. The levels and classes of antibodies present in the secretions and sera were identified by passive haemagglutination, and a sensitive red-cell-linked antigen-anti-globulin reaction. By the use of radioimmunoassay and haemagglutination inhibition assays it was possible to quantitate the amount of antigen appearing in the circulation at varying times after feeding. It was shown in the use of oesophagectomised rats that absorption of small amounts of intact protein occurs from undefined sites in the oral cavity. Attempts were made to transfer the specific systemic hyporesponsiveness to syngeneic animals using spleen cell and serum transfers.
Release of Slow-Reacting Substance from Anaphylactic Lung Tissue and Its Modification by β-sympathomimetics
Authors: Forsberg Kjell , Sörenby Lars
Published: July 2009

Anaphylactic release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) from chopped guinea pig lung was studied. The antibodies mediating the anaphylactic reaction were classified as IgG antibodies by PCA technique. Isoprenaline was found to inhibit the release of SRS-A in the concentration range 10––8–10––6M, while the β2-selective agonist terbutaline showed inhibition in the concentration range 10––8–10––5M. The β1 selective β-agonist tazolol was ineffective when tested in the concentration range 10––7–10––5M. The rank order of inhibitory potency of the compounds on SRS-A release agree with that for histamine release.
Inhibition of Mixed-Lymphocyte Reaction by Quinine and Lack of Effect on Plaque-Forming Cells and Lymphoid-Derived Tumor Cells
Authors: Gold Eugene F. , Ophir Rachel , Ben-Efraim Shlomo
Published: July 2009

Using Balb/c cells as responder cells and mitomycin-treated C57B1 cells as stimulator cells, it was found that quinine was inhibitory in a one-way mixed-lymphocyte reaction. Incorporation of [3H]-TdR was brought down to base levels in the presence of quinine. Quinine was not toxic for antibody-forming cells, and had no effect on plaque-forming cells formed by antibody-committed cells. The degree of [3H]-TdR incorporation of MOPC-315 tumor cells and Burkitt’s lymphoma cells was not affected by the presence of quinine in the medium. The cytotoxicity of quinine for mitogen-stimulated cells was demonstrated in soft-agar cultures.
Immunogenetics of the McB1 Macroglobulin Allotype in Cattle
Authors: Iannelli Domenico , Capparelli Rosanna
Published: July 2009

The paper describes a cattle serum antigen (McB1) which is controlled by a dominant gene (McB1), independent from those controlling the two macroglobulin markers McA1 and McA2 as well as from that controlling the low-density lipoprotein marker Ld1A1. McB1 is located on a high-molecular-weight serum protein which, very likely, is an α2-macroglobulin.
IgE Levels in Nude Mice
Authors: Ito Koji , Ogita Tadaatsu , Suko Matsunobu , Mori Masaki , Kudo Koichiro , Hayakawa Tetsuo , Okudaira Hirokazu , Horiuchi Yoshihiko
Published: July 2009

IgE levels in nude mice were estimated by the one-step single radial radio-diffusion method using antisera prepared by immunization of guinea pigs with an IgE-rich fraction obtained from sera of normal mice infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and immunized with DNP-ovalbumin in alum gel. 3 out of 8 nude mice had IgE levels significantly higher than those of normal mice.
Anti-Allergic Activities of a New Benzopyranopyridine Derivative Y-12,141 in Rats
Authors: Goto Kazuhiro , Terasawa Michio , Maruyama Yutaka
Published: July 2009

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mediated in rats by IgE-like antibodies against egg albumin or the benzylpenicilloyl determinant was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by intravenous treatment with Y-12,141; the ED50 was 0.09–0.2 mg/kg. The inhibitory effect of Y-12,141 on PCA was about 5 times as potent as that of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Oral treatment with Y-12,141 resulted in the inhibition of PCA, showing an ED50 of 2.5 mg/kg. This action of Y-12,141 on PCA was considered to be due to the inhibition of the release of allergic mediators from mast cells in a manner similar to DSCG. The present results suggest that Y-12,141 may have an anti-allergic activity.
Ascaris-Induced Respiratory Responses in the Conscious Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Weissberg Robert M. , Garay Gabriel L.
Published: July 2009

Reproducible immediate-type respiratory responses were evoked in conscious monkeys, sensitive to inhaled Ascaris suum, for periods up to 18 months. These responses were characterized by decreases in tidal volume and increases in breathing rate that persisted for about 40 min. Maximum changes were seen 3–5 min after exposure to the aerosolized antigen and were often accompanied by coughing and increased movement of the animals within the plethysmograph used for monitoring their ventilatory changes. Significant inhibition of the Ascaris-induced respiratory changes were seen in animals treated with either isoproterenol or cromolyn sodium. However, the latter agent was not effective in reversing histamine-induced ventilatory changes. The conscious monkey appears to be a suitable animal for evaluating potential antiallergic drugs.
Effects of Disodium Chromoglycate on Systemic Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs, Rats and Mice
Authors: Csaba B. , Jusupova Saodat
Published: July 2009

Disodium chromoglycate (DSCG) exerted a protective action in passively-sensitized guinea pigs undergoing anaphylaxis but no such effect was found in actively-sensitized animals. The degree of protection depended on the route and the time of administration. DSCG also protected actively-sensitized rats undergoing anaphylaxis but no effect was found in mice.
B Cell Activity in Rat Bone Marrow and Spleen during Primary and Secondary Response: Dependence on Strength of Antigen
Authors: Knothe R. , Herrlinger J.D. , Müller-Ruchholtz W.
Published: July 2009

B cell activity was studied in the spleen and the bone marrow of inbred rats after applying xenogeneic erythrocytes of different antigenic strength (mouse or sheep). The hemolytic plaque technique of Cunningham was used. In contrast to the studies of other authors with other species, these experiments showed that in the rat the kinetics of IgM and IgG responses in bone marrow and spleen are principally similar during a primary as well as during a secondary reaction, varying only with the strength of the antigen.
Fc Receptors on Human Lymphocytes Detected with Double-Coating Indirect Rosette Formation
Authors: An T. , White W.
Published: July 2009

The Fc receptor (FcR) on human lymphocytes is studied by using soluble immune complexes in antigen excess, prepared between ferritin and rabbit anti-ferritin, and a modification of Coombs’ antiglobulin reaction (double-coating indirect rosette formation). 12% of human blood lymphocytes are shown to have Fc receptors. The FcR on lymphocytes is sensitive to pronase treatment, partially sensitive to trypsin digestion, and is inactivated after short glutaraldehyde fixation of lymphocytes. By cell fractionation experiments, FcR-positive lymphocytes were enriched in cell populations enriched with B cells.
A Simpler Method for Combined Detection of Human Peripheral Lymphocyte Subpopulations
Authors: Lee Y. , Yoshizawa Y. , Carr R.G. , Yokoyama M.M.
Published: July 2009

A method for the simultaneous enumeration of human lymphocyte subpopulations was developed by mixing lymphocytes, sheep red blood cells and immunobeads. Thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells) are detected by rosette formation with AET-treated sheep blood cells, and thymus-independent lymphocytes (B cells) are identified by rosette formation with polyacrylamide gel coated with antibody specific to both light chains (Χ and Λ) of immunoglobulin. The major advantage of this technique is that it is simple, convenient and reproducible. This method also detects lymphocytes possessing both T and B cell markers (double-marker lymphocytes). Three different types of rosettes are distinguishable under light-microscopic observation, and this method may be valuable in clinical use.
Enhancement of IgE Antibody Formation in the Rabbit by Adrenergic Antagonists
Authors: Homer John T. , Cain William A.
Published: July 2009

The effects of adrenergic antagonists on the humoral immune response of rabbits to egg albumin was studied. Propranolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, when administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg of body weight, enhanced both passive hemagglutinating and IgE (passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) antibody formation. Phenoxybenzamine, an α-antagonist, at 0.4–40 mg/kg had a similar adjuvant effect. A marked delay in the immune response was noted with high dosages of phenoxybenzamine. Possible mechanisms of the adjuvant effects of these drugs are discussed.
Effect of Environmental Exposure on Bronchial Sensitivity to Antigen
Authors: Kelly Joseph F. , Fish James E. , Peterman Virginia I.
Published: July 2009

Bronchial sensitivity to grass and ragweed extracts was determined in four adult asthmatic subjects at the beginning and end of the grass and ragweed pollen seasons. 4 subjects with ragweed sensitivity had increased bronchial sensitivity to ragweed antigen at the end of the ragweed season. 2 of 3 grass sensitive subjects demonstrated increased bronchial sensitivity to grass antigen after the grass pollen season. This study suggests that natural environmental exposure to pollen antigens may induce priming in the lung.
A Serological Study of Somatic Antigens from Haemophilus influenzae and Two Related Species
Authors: Branefors P.
Published: July 2009

Somatic antigenic preparations from Haemophilus influenzae strains, types a–f, and from non-capsulated H. influenzae strains obtained from the oral cavity of healthy individuals were analysed with the double-diffusion technique by means of antisera against the capsulated strains. The somatic precipitinogenic pattern of each of these strains, consisting of 12–20 lines, was very similar. In addition, the somatic antigenic pattern of one H. parainfluenzae strain and one strain tentatively designated H. haemoglobinophilus were studied. Precipitinogens common to H. influenzae as well as strain-specific precipitinogens were demonstrated in these strains. It is concluded that immunodiffusion analyses might be of value for taxonomic studies of the genus Haemophilus.
Studies on Competitive Inflammatory Sites
Authors: Farris Linsy , Manski Wladyslaw
Published: July 2009

A dependence of second-set corneal graft reactions on the size of the sensitizing skin allografts was established in different rat donor-recipient pairs, each of which involved a response to the B2 major histocompatibility antigen. Sensitizing skin sizes larger or smaller than the optimal size were found to result in less intense reaction in subsequently placed second-set corneal allografts. The data obtained support the view that a persisting skin allograft not only sensitizes, but constitutes a competitive inflammatory site. The latter role of a first-set skin allograft may be facilitated by being both more accessible to inflammatory cells and larger than corneal grafts. The relative strength of the sensitizing and competitive effects of a first-set skin allograft apparently influences the fate of a second-set corneal allograft.
Effect of Levamisole on the Auto-Antibody Formation in Nude Mice
Authors: Ogita Tadaatsu , Hayakawa Tetsuo , Horiuchi Yoshihiko , Mizushima Yutaka
Published: July 2009

The effects of levamisole on the formation of antibody to double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA), an auto-antibody, and to some thymus-dependent antigens were studied in nude (nu/nu) mice. The antibody titre to ds-DNA in nu/nu mice treated with levamisole was lower than that in control animals. The number of Thy-1-antigen-positive (Thy-1+) cells in the spleen from nu/nu mice treated with levamisole was higher than that from non-treated animals. It is suggested that the Thy-1+ cells were induced by levamisole in nu/nu mice and these cells suppressed the formation of antibody to ds-DNA, whereas the formation of antibody to a DNP-conjugate (OVA) and SRBC, thymus-dependent antigens, was not evoked in nu/nu mice after the treatment with levamisole.
Agglutination of Murine Tumor Cells by Sera from Patients with Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Umeda Takashi , Niijima Tadao , Tanino Takae , Saito Michiko , Egawa Kohji
Published: July 2009

A method of in vitro agglutination of murine ascitic tumor cells which had been used to detect and to semiquantitate components with saccharide-binding properties in sera from cancer patients was applied on sera from patients with various autoimmune diseases. Sera from 36 of 56 patients with such diseases, after removal of their cytocidal activity on the murine tumor cells by absorption with liver tissue from normal adult mice, agglutinated the tumor cells which had been harvested while they were rapidly proliferating in vivo. The agglutination activity was absorbed completely by embryonic tissue of mouse. The agglutination was inhibited by perchloric acid extract of the tumor cells and also by monosaccharides such as galactose or N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. The inhibition activity of the perchloric acid extract was affected by treatment with glycosidases but not trypsinization. These results showed that carbohydrate moieties of murine tumor cell surface components were involved in the agglutination and therefore that there was an increase of components with saccharide-binding properties in the sera of patients with autoimmune diseases compared to the sera of normal controls. This increase in turn suggested by analogy to tumor-bearing animals that a sort of humoral reaction took place in the patients against changes related to autoimmune diseases of carbohydrate moieties of the cell surface substances.
Fc Receptors for Human, Rabbit and Pig Antibodies on Human Eosinophils from Normal Persons and Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Di Prisco-de-Fuenmayor M.C.
Published: July 2009

The presence of Fc receptors on eosinophils from normal persons and atopic patients was investigated using a rosetting technique. Normal eosinophils were found to react with pig antibody (32.5% rosettes), rabbit antibody (46,6% rosettes) and human antibody (29.3% rosettes). Eosinophils from atopic dermatitis patients also formed rosettes with these antibodies, but the percentage of rosettes with pig antibody was significantly higher (63,5%; p < 0.001) than that given by normal eosinophils. A similar result was found with eosinophils from patients with other atopic diseases (asthma and hay fever) suggesting a similar pattern of eosinophil alteration in all atopic patients. On the other hand, eosinophils from patients with non-atopic eczemas did not differ from those of normals.
Effect of Complement Inactivated Rabbit Antichick Brain Serum on Thymic and Splenic Lymphocytes
Authors: Barnett John M. , Glick Bruce
Published: July 2009

The effects on in vitro exposure of chicken thymic-dependent lymphocytes to complement inactivated rabbit antichick brain serum (RACB) previously absorbed with normal serum (ns) and kidney (k) [RACBns, k] was investigated. Spleen lymphocytes which normally initiate a ‘graft vs. host’ reaction give rise to much more intense reactions when treated with (RACB)ns, k. This may be due to increased antigenicity of the donor cell and/or stimulation of the donor T cell. Migration studies showed that chicken thymocytes are capable of in vitro migration which can be inhibited by exposure to (RACB)ns, k. Thymocytes pretreated with (RACB)ns, k were found to express factor(s) capable of inhibiting thymocyte migration. The correlation between lymphokines and increased splenomegaly was discussed.
Intestinal Goblet Cell Differentiation in Nippostrongylus-Infected Rats after Transfer of Fractionated Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes
Authors: Miller H.R.P. , Nawa Y. , Parish C.R.
Published: July 2009

Adoptive immunization of Nippostrongylus-infected rats augmented goblet cell differentiation in the intestinal epithelium. After fractionation of immune thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), cells lacking surface immunoglobulin (sIg––) were the most potent stimulators of goblet cell differentiation. Moreover, TDL drained from rats harbouring a primary infection were more effective than TDL from hyperimmune rats.
The Effect of Hapten-Specific Suppression of IgE on Antigen-Induced Histamine Release from Mouse Peritoneal Mast Cells
Authors: Malcolm A.J. , Holford-Strevens V. , Sehon A.H.
Published: July 2009

Subcutaneous injections of a mixture of dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP3-OA) and dextran sulfate into Swiss-Webster mice elicited short-lived primary and long-lasting secondary IgE antibody responses to both DNP and OA. Histamine was released on in vitro challenge with antigen (OA or DNP22-BSA) of washed peritoneal mast cells (PMC) obtained from mice during a primary or a secondary IgE response. Administration of an intravenous injection of a tolerogenic conjugate of DNP8-mouse γ-globulin, either prior to immunization or during an ongoing IgE response, resulted in almost complete disappearance of circulating anti-DNP IgE antibody and in a very marked decrease in histamine release from PMC on challenge with DNP22-BSA. However, the IgE response to OA of these mice and the histamine release from their PMC on challenge with OA were not affected. Moreover, the PMC of mice, which had been tolerized to DNP, could be passively sensitized with serum containing DNP-specific IgE antibody for the release of histamine on DNP22-BSA challenge. The most significant finding of this study is the observation that the time course for the loss of reactivity of PMC to DNP22-BSA, after administration of the tolerogen during an ongoing secondary response, paralleled the decrease in circulating anti-DNP IgE antibody.
Peritoneal Cell Population of Mice Infected with Mesocestoides corti as a Source of Eosinophils
Authors: Johnson Gregory R. , Nicholas Warwick L. , Metcalf Donald , McKenzie Ian F.C. , Mitchell Graham F.
Published: July 2009

A prominent feature of the inflammatory cellular response in the peritoneal cavity of Mesocestoides corti-infected mice is a marked and sustained increase in the number of eosinophils. In intact mice, the total number of nucleated cells in the peritoneal cavity rises from less than 5 × 106 to more than 50 × 106 and, at certain time points, in excess of 50% of these cells are eosinophils. Peritoneal eosinophils are absent in infected hypothymic nude (nu/nu) mice of three genotypes, and eosinophils counts can be elevated in infected nude mice by injection of peripheral lymphoid cells or thymocytes. The peritoneal cells of M. corti-infected mice are a convenient starting cell population for eosinophil purification.
C142 Complement Activity and Conglutinogen in Bovine Milk
Authors: De Cueninck Bernard J.
Published: July 2009

Bovine milk, derived from uninflamed glands in mid-lactation, is shown to contain the complement components of the classical pathway up to C3. Using functional tests, C142 activity and conglutinogenic activity can be demonstrated in undiluted whey. Conglutinin is rarely found in normal milk.
Immunodiffusion Studies of Various Structural Preparations from Mycobacterial Cells
Authors: Baker R. , Ridell M. , Lind A. , Ouchterlony Ö.
Published: July 2009

Various structures and other preparations from mycobacterial cells were analyzed by immunodiffusion. The preparations were obtained from four strains referred to the species Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium smegmatis. They represented cell walls (CW), culture filtrates (CF), artificially disintegrated cell material (XP), protoplasms (PP), crude ribosomes (CR), ribosomal 50S subunits (50S), ribosomal 30S subunits (30S), ribosomal 16S core particles (16S) and ribosomal-free fractions (UCS). The preparations were analyzed by reference precipitation systems based on CF, CR and SOS preparations. Serological comparisons were made with material from the same species and cross-testing between material from different species was not performed. It was shown that from the precipitinogenic point of view the CF and XP materials were very similar and that they both contained protoplasmic material to a large extent. Furthermore, it was found that ribosomal precipitinogens constitute an important part of the precipitinogens in PP as well as in the CF and the XP preparations. The ribosomal precipitinogens were found to represent the two subunits as well as the 16S core particle. One ribosomal precipitinogen, designated β, was shown in all preparations except the CW and the UCS.
A Comparison of Two in vitro Methods for Studying a Defect in Leucocyte Movement in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Walker J.R. , Smith M.J.H. , James D.W.
Published: July 2009

Filter and agarose plate techniques have been used to study an abnormality of polymorphonuclear leucocyte movement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The chemotactic response of normal cells towards activated rheumatoid plasma was significantly less than that towards activated control plasma when examined in Boyden chambers. This defect was not observed using the agarose plate method where the response of both control and rheumatoid cells towards activated rheumatoid plasma was identical. The existence of the plasma defect, which has been shown to be cell-directed, would not have been apparent had the agarose plate method been used alone. The choice of suitable in vitro methodologies for studying leucocyte movement in pathological conditions is therefore of some importance.
Effects of Levamisole and D-Penicillamine in Rat Paw Oedema Induced by Carrageenan and by Kaolin
Authors: Tranter B.C. , West G.B.
Published: July 2009

Levamisole potentiated paw oedema induced by carrageenan in the rat whereas penicillamine was without effect. On the other hand, levamisole inhibited paw oedema induced by kaolin, penicillamine again having no effect. The copper complex of penicillamine was inhibitory in the carrageenan test but failed to show inhibition in the kaolin model of inflammation. These results show that levamisole and penicillamine are capable of exerting anti-inflammatory activity in the rat but only under certain conditions.
Interaction among IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reaction, PCA Reaction and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction (at Local Skin Sites of Monkeys)
Authors: Yoshida Takami , Mikawa Harukí , Shinomiya Keisuke , Hirao Takao , Okuda Rokuro
Published: July 2009

The effect of the IgE-mediated reaction on the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction was studied at local skin sites of monkeys, and we found that the IgE-mediated reaction appeared to enhance the PCA reaction. Interactions among IgE-mediated reaction, PCA reaction and delayed hypersensitivity reaction were also determined. Contact dermatitis induced with DNCB was utilized as the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The IgE-mediated reaction or PCA reaction, as well as simple serum irritation, enhanced the delayed hypersensitivity reaction. It is thus assumed that the IgE-mediated reaction enhances the PCA reaction and that this in turn accelerates the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
Immune-Mediated Inflammation in the Lumen of the Bovine Mammary Gland
Authors: De Cueninck Bernard J.
Published: July 2009

Two groups of cows were sensitized to ovalbumin (OA) during lactation by a subcutaneous injection of OA either in Freund’s complete or incomplete adjuvant; two groups of animals injected with the respective adjuvants only served as controls. Intraluminal infusion of microgram quantities of OA in uninflamed mammary glands elicited inflammation, i. e., release of leukocytes into the milk, only in the animals previously sensitized to OA. This indicates that an antigen-specific inflammatory pathway can be established in the mammary gland by parenteral sensitization. Immune-mediated release of leukocytes into the milk could not be reproduced by infusing complement fixing OA-anti-OA complexes into the lumen of uninflamed glands of unsensitized cows.
Further Studies on the Adjuvant Effect of Silica on IgE Antibody Production in Mice
Authors: Mancino D. , Bevilacqua N.
Published: July 2009

The effects of amorphous silica (Aerosil) and of aluminium hydroxide on anti-DNP IgE antibody production were studied in Swiss mice preimmunized with Ascaris protein and then challenged 7 days later with DNP-ASC. Aerosil exerted an adjuvant effect especially when it was injected together with the DNP-ASC conjugate. Al(OH)3 had a weaker adjuvant effect than that produced by Aerosil and only when it was injected with the DNP-ASC conjugate. Al(OH)3 given with Ascaris extract 7 days before complete antigen had an inhibitory effect on the anti-DNP IgE antibody production.
How Arachidonic Acid Depresses Thymus Weight
Authors: Meade Christopher J.
Published: July 2009

Subcutaneous injection of arachidonic acid depresses thymus weight. This is unlikely to be a stress effect, since arachidonic acid is equally active in adrenalectomised animals. Amongst other fatty acids tested, those capable of being metabolised to arachidonic acid have greater thymolytic activity than those which are not arachidonic acid precursors. Thymolysis is significantly inhibited by indomethacin, a drug which blocks the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins.
Acute Inflammation Following Intraperitoneal Injection of Antigen into Actively Sensitised Rats
Authors: Sharpe T.J. , Harling Elizabeth J. , Smith H.
Published: July 2009

Rats actively sensitised to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Freund’s complete adjuvant were challenged by intraperitoneal injection of BSA. By washing out the peritoneal cavities at different times it was possible to divide the changes that occurred into two phases. The first was characterised by the release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) with an associated extravasation of plasma proteins. The second phase was characterised by an increase in neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the peritoneal cavity. Extracellular enzyme activities were also investigated. The kinetics of these events were studied and are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms involved.
Studies on the Interference between the Allergic Reactions Caused by Different Antigen-Antibody Systems
Authors: Sindo Tiuzi , Haga Kunio , Yamamoto Yoshinobu , Hayashi Yuzuru , Ozawa Kyosuke
Published: July 2009

Interference between two different in vivo antigen-antibody reactions which occurred simultaneously was studied in guinea pigs. Animals were presensitized with an aqueous fraction (CP) extracted from cells of Corynebacterium equi, strain KO-85. Skin reactions of the Arthus type elicited by the CP fraction inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced by bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit anti-BSA serum. PCA reactions of the CP-sensitized animals were also inhibited upon simultaneous challenge of BSA and the CP as evidenced by reduction of PCA titer of the anti-BSA serum.
Systemic Persistence of Homologous Guinea Pig Skin-Sensitizing Antibodies
Authors: Megel Herbert , Denney Donald L.
Published: July 2009

Homologous guinea pig skin-sensitizing antibodies of the IgG1 class (as characterized by heat stability and persistence in skin for 7 days) were shown to persist systemically for 28–35 days. Persistence was shown by the anaphylaxis induced in guinea pigs following the intracardiac administration of the antibody and subsequent antigenic challenge by aerosol. Skin-sensitizing antibody of the IgE class, characterized by heat lability and persistence in skin for 14 days, still caused systemic anaphylaxis 42 days after the intracardiac administration of antibody. The IgG serum fraction from nonimmunized rabbits blocked systemic anaphylaxis in the guinea pig induced by aerosol following the passive transfer of heterologous (rabbit) and homologous IgG antibodies to ovalbumin, but not following the passive transfer of homologous IgE antibodies to ovalbumin.
Antibody Formation in Experimental Amyloidosis
Authors: Schultz Russell T.
Published: July 2009

In endotoxin-induced amyloidosis of mice it was found that all mouse strains formed antibodies specific for the type of endotoxin injected. In casein-induced amyloidosis, the animals form antibodies to certain components of the casein and most likely to whatever contaminating endotoxin is present. The antibodies formed seemed to be primarily of the IgG 1 subclass. Their appearance in high titer shows a good correlation with the onset of amyloid formation especially in mice given casein. Failure to form amyloid in these experimental models does not seem to be related to failure of antibody formation but may be explained by more effective clearance of immune complexes or other such factors.
Effect of Cyclophosphamide on the Cellular Infiltrate in Experimental Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Skoog Marja-Leena , Groth Ove
Published: July 2009

The influence of cyclophosphamide on contact allergy was studied by a method based on the count of cells infiltrating epicutaneous test sites in sensitized guinea pigs. Cyclophosphamide was injected 72 h before sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). On testing 2 weeks later, marked mononuclear cell infiltration and dramatic increase in the count of basophil polymorphonuclear cells in the upper corium were found, compared to the control group. Cell infiltration in tests performed 1 and 3 weeks after sensitization differed from the reaction after 2 weeks. When cyclophosphamide was given 72 h before testing done 2 weeks after sensitization, both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear counts were found to be greatly reduced. This in vivo method of assessing the degree and composition of cellular infiltration in a contact allergic reaction after different periods of time throws new light on the influence of drugs on a cell-mediated immune response and also the variation in response with time.
Antigen and Mitogen Induced Production of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in the Mouse
Authors: Altboum Irit , Pick Edgar
Published: July 2009

Spleen cells of C57B1/6J mice immunized with complete Freund’s adjuvant produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) when incubated in vitro with tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD). For optimal MIF production spleen cells were cultured for 48 h in a serum-free medium, at a concentration of 2 × 107 cells/ml. MIF was assayed in a xenogenic system, using oil-induced guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells as targets. MIF synthesis could also be induced by pulsing spleen cells for 2 h with concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide, followed by culture in plain medium. No MIF secretion was induced by incubation of spleen cells with anti-Θ or rabbit anti-mouse IgG sera. Cells producing MIF in response to PPD were characterized as B cells by virtue of being insensitive to anti-Θ serum and complement, by being retained on nylon wool, glass bead and anti-Ig colums and by the presence of Fc receptors. PPD-stimulated T cells did not produce MIF. PPD-induced mouse spleen cell MIF demonstrated a moderate loss of activity by heating at 56 and 80°C and was completely inactivated after digestion with chymotrypsin. By fractionation on Sephadex G-200, migration inhibitory activity was recovered in a molecular range of 100,000–12,400 daltons.
Effect of Hydrocortisone, Cyclophosphamide, Azathioprine and Methotrexate on Cutaneous Delayed and Arthus Hypersensitivity in the Rat
Authors: Mansour A. , Nelson D.S.
Published: July 2009

The effect of 4 immunosuppressive agents – hydrocortisone (HC), cyclophosphamide (CY), azathioprine (AZ) and methotrexate (MTX) – on cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and Arthus reactions to the intradermal injection of ovalbumin (OA) in rats sensitized to OA in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) was studied. Multiple doses (daily for 4 days) were given either early, beginning on the day of sensitization, or late, beginning 9 days after sensitization. Single doses were given on the day of challenge with OA. All late multiple doses of drugs except HC depressed the DTH at 24 h in the following order of decreasing magnitude: MTX, CY, AZ. The DTH at 24 h was depressed by early multiple doses of MTX at all doses, by CY at all but the lowest dose, and by AZ at the intermediate dose; HC had no effect. When the drugs were given as single late doses, only CY at the lowest dose and MTX at the higher doses effectively (depressed the DTH at 24 h. Increased Arthus reactions occurred after early and late multiple doses of HC and after a late single dose of CY at the highest dose. After late multiple doses the Arthus reaction was unaffected by either CY or MTX but was depressed by all doses of AZ. HC administered as 3 injections around the time of challenge markedly depressed the delayed and Arthus reactions. These results show that each of the 4 immunosuppressive drugs could depress DTH and Arthus reaction to OA, but the degree of depression varied with the time of drug administration relative to sensitization and challenge, and the dose of drug used. Histologic examination of skin test sites showed that an apparently negative reaction did not necessarily imply total absence of a cellular inflammatory response.
Effect of Norepinephrine on in vitro Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Alm Per E. , Bloom Gunnar D.
Published: July 2009

The effect of norepinephrine on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, was studied in an in vitro system. It was found that norepinephrine, within the concentration range 10––5––10––3M, exerts a significant, dose-related, repressive effect. This effect is greatly potentiated by the β-antagonist practolol (10––3 M), throughout the concentration range of 10––5–10––3M norepinephrine. Methoxyamine, a selective α-adrenergic agonist, also represses histamine release in a dose-dependent manner; however, it is not as potent as norepinephrine. The present results would seem to suggest that the repressive effect on histamine release, observed within a low concentration range of norepinephrine, may be due to α-adrenoceptor mechanisms.
Serum Factors Affecting the Incorporation of [3H]thymidine by Lymphocytes Stimulated by Antigen
Authors: Forsdyke Donald R.
Published: July 2009

Serum preheated to 56°C and 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) both enhance the stimulation (%) by antigen of [3H]thymidine incorporation by lymph node cells from immunized rabbits. The enhancements show several similar features suggesting a common mechanism. Both enhancements show (i) non-specific components, affecting [3H]thymidine incorporation in control and antigen-treated cultures proportionately, and (ii) antigen-specific components, having a greater proportionate effect on antigen-treated cultures than on control cultures. The non-specific components, in combination, are approximately additive. The specific components, in combination, are non-additive (mutually exclusive). With both preheated serum and ME the specific component of the enhancement is most evident late in the culture period and is greater at high antigen concentrations. The ME concentration needed for optimum enhancement is reduced if the serum concentration is reduced or if serum is preheated.
Differential Effects of Interferon on the MHC Expression of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Attallah Abdelfattah M. , Strong Douglas M.
Published: July 2009

HLA antigens are the principal serologically detectable products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and they function as targets for antibody-mediated and cell-mediated cytolysis. Anti-HLA sera were used in a quantitative absorption procedure to study the effect of interferon (IF) treatment on HLA expression. This study was undertaken since IF has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cell division and function. We found that IF enhanced the expression of HLA antigens on human peripheral blood lymphocytes by 8-fold. This increase in HLA expression was specific for both the HLA-A and HLA-B regions of the MHC. There was no increase in the expression of the la region after IF treatment as opposed to the HLA region. Since IF is an antiviral agent and it also enhances the expression of the HLA-A and HLA-B regions, it may be involved in the elimination of virus-infected cells by A and B identical effector cells.