bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes following pharyngolaryngectomy with fasciocutaneous free flap reconstruction and salivary bypass tube
Authors: López Fernando , Obeso Sergio , Camporro Daniel , Fueyo Ángel , Suárez Carlos , Llorente José L.
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Reconstruction of the pharyngoesophageal defects is one of the most challenging for head and neck surgeons. We evaluated our experience in the hypopharyngeal reconstruction using a fasciocutaneous free flap in conjunction with a Montgomery salivary bypass tube (MSBT).

Study design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

The charts of 55 patients who had undergone hypopharynx reconstruction using either a radial forearm free flap (RFFF) (24) or an anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap (31) with MSBT were reviewed. There were 40 circumferential and 15 near‐circumferential defects. Outcomes analyzed included fistula and stricture rates and swallowing function.

Results:

Pharyngocutaneous fistula occurred in 9% of patients (16% using RFFF and 3% using ALT), and strictures occurred in 5% (8% using RFFF and 3% using ALT). Of patients reconstructed with this technique, 95% were able to resume oral alimentation.

Conclusions:

The use of fasciocutaneous free flaps in conjunction with the MSBT is a useful tool for pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 2013
Outcome of per oral wide excision of T1‐2 N0 localized squamous cell cancer of the buccal mucosa—analysis of 156 cases
Authors: Hakeem Arsheed H. , Pradhan Sultan A. , Tubachi Jagadish , Kannan Rajan
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The purpose of the study was to study the outcomes of per oral wide excision of early T1‐2 N0 squamous cell cancer of buccal mucosa.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study of early and localized squamous cell cancer of the buccal mucosa treated with peroral wide excision at a tertiary‐care hospital.

Results:

A total of 156 patients were analyzed. One hundred ten patients (70.5%) had no recurrence, whereas 15 (9.6%) had a local recurrence, 24 (15.4%) had regional metastasis, three (1.9%) had locoregional recurrence, and four (2.6%) developed second primary tumors over a median follow‐up of 48 months. Most patients with local recurrences (14 patients, 93.3%) and regional metastases (24 patients, 100%) could be salvaged with treatment. In contrast, all three cases with locoregional could not be salvaged. Most of the cases with recurrences, 36 (78%) in this study group, occurred within 2 years of primary treatment. Out of 143 cases with a habit of tobacco/beetel quid chewing, premalignancy was seen in 62 (43.4%) cases, showing a statistically significant association with P‐value of 0.012. Fifteen (21.4%) cases with stage T2 developed regional neck nodes, while only 9 (10.5%) cases with stage T1 developed regional neck nodes with P‐value of 0.032. Three‐year overall survival rate and disease‐free survival rates were 91.7% and 70.5%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Peroral wide excision seems to be an adequate procedure for T1‐2N0 localized squamous cancer of buccal mucosa. Prophylactic selective neck dissection should be considered in only T2 N0 cases as only T stage of the disease could be significantly correlated with the development of the metastatic neck nodes. Laryngoscope, 2013
Side‐Chain Modification and “Grafting Onto” via Olefin Cross‐Metathesis
Authors: de Espinosa Lucas Montero , Kempe Kristian , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoogenboom Richard , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: September 2012

Olefin cross‐metathesis is introduced as a versatile polymer side‐chain modification technique. The reaction of a poly(2‐oxazoline) featuring terminal double bonds in the side chains with a variety of functional acrylates has been successfully performed in the presence of Hoveyda–Grubbs second‐generation catalyst. Self‐metathesis, which would lead to polymer–polymer coupling, can be avoided by using an excess of the cross‐metathesis partner and a catalyst loading of 5 mol%. The results suggest that bulky acrylates reduce chain–chain coupling due to self‐metathesis. Moreover, different functional groups such as alkyl chains, hydroxyl, and allyl acetate groups, as well as an oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) and a perfluorinated alkyl chain have been grafted with quantitative conversions.
Fluor als Abgangsgruppe in der organischen Synthese?
Authors: Wegner Hermann A.
Published: September 2012

Organofluorverbindungen gehören unter anderem wegen ihrer hohen C‐F‐Bindungsenergie zu den chemisch inerten Moleküle. Wird jedoch eine energetisch günstigere Alternative angeboten, kann auch Fluor als Abgangsgruppe agieren.
Wenn das Szenario nicht passt
Authors: Vogelpohl Andreas
Published: September 2012

Wie die Verordnungen zur Chemikaliensicherheit mit den neuen Sicherheitsdatenblättern und Expositionsszenarien die Produktion beeinflussen.
Eigenes Unternehmen
Authors: Haug Peter
Published: September 2012

Die Lücke zwischen Forschung und Anwendung bietet Chancen für technologieorientierte Unternehmensgründungen aus Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen. Founding Angels unterstützen Gründer beim Aufbau eines Start‐ups mit Industrieerfahrung und Kontakten.
Prediction of the rate of decline in fetal hemoglobin levels between first and second transfusions in red cell alloimmune disease
Authors: Nishie Estela Naomi , Liao Adolfo Wenjaw , de Loudes Brizot Maria , Assunção Renata A. , Zugaib Marcelo
Published: September 2012

Objective

To determine variables that predict the rate of decline in fetal hemoglobin levels in alloimmune disease.

Method

Retrospective review of singleton pregnancies that underwent first and second intrauterine transfusions for treatment of fetal anemia because of maternal Rh alloimmunization in a tertiary referral center.

Results

Forty‐one first intrauterine transfusions were performed at 26.1 weeks (standard deviation, SD, 4.6), mean volume of blood transfused was 44.4 mL (SD 23.5) and estimated feto‐placental volume expansion was 51.3% (SD 14.5%). Between first and second transfusion, hemoglobin levels reduced on average 0.40 g/dl/day (SD 0.25). Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that this rate significantly correlated with hemoglobin levels after the first transfusion, the interval between both procedures, and middle cerebral artery systolic velocity before the second transfusion.

Conclusion

The rate of decline in fetal hemoglobin levels between first and second transfusions in alloimmune disease can be predicted by a combination of hemoglobin levels after the first transfusion, interval between both procedures, and middle cerebral artery systolic velocity before the second transfusion. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Crocin on the Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile of Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Shirali Saeed , Zahra Bathaie S. , Nakhjavani Manouchehr
Published: September 2012

Crocin is the only water soluble carotenoid in nature, and it has a known powerful antioxidant activity. The aim of this work was to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of crocin in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetic rats. Neonatal male Wistar rats (2–5 days old) were randomly divided into five groups. Three groups were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (90 mg/kg body weight). Among them, two groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of crocin (50 or 100 mg/kg), and the third group was treated with vehicle only. Two control groups were also considered, and one of them was treated with crocin. After 5 months, their blood and urine samples were collected, and the animals were sacrified. The results indicate a significant lower body weight (P < 0.001) and abnormal parameters in the diabetic rats compared with the normal group. An administration of both doses of crocin significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein and increased the high‐density lipoprotein in the diabetic rats. The treatments were also effective in decreasing HbA1c and microalbuminuria, as well as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance as a measure of insulin resistance in the diabetic rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FISH RECRUITMENT IS INFLUENCED BY RIVER FLOWS AND FLOODPLAIN INUNDATION AT APALACHICOLA RIVER, FLORIDA
Authors: Dutterer A. C. , Mesing C. , Cailteux R. , Allen M. S. , Pine W. E. , Strickland P. A.
Published: September 2012

High human demand for limited water resources often results in water allocation trade‐offs between human needs and natural flow regimes. Therefore, knowledge of ecosystem function in response to varying streamflow conditions is necessary for informing water allocation decisions. Our objective was to evaluate relationships between river flow and fish recruitment and growth patterns at the Apalachicola River, Florida, a regulated river, during 2003–2010. To test relationships of fish recruitment and growth as responses to river discharge, we used linear regression of (i) empirical catch in fall, (ii) back‐calculated catch, via cohort‐specific catch curves, and (iii) mean total length in fall of age 0 largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus and spotted sucker Minytrema melanops against spring–summer discharge measures in Apalachicola River. Empirical catch rates in fall for all three species showed positive and significant relationships to river discharge that sustained floodplain inundation during spring–summer. Back‐calculated catch at age 0 for the same species showed positive relationships to discharge measures, but possibly because of low sample sizes (n = 4–6), these linear regressions were not statistically significant. Mean total length for age 0 largemouth bass in fall showed a positive and significant relationship to spring–summer discharge; however, size in fall for age 0 redear sunfish and spotted sucker showed no relation to spring–summer discharge. Our results showed clear linkages among river discharge, floodplain inundation and fish recruitment, and they have implications for water management and allocation in the Apalachicola River basin. Managed flow regimes that reduce the frequency and duration of floodplain inundation during spring–summer will likely reduce stream fish recruitment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalization of Youden index for multiple‐class classification problems applied to the assessment of externally validated cognition in Parkinson disease screening
Authors: Nakas Christos T. , Dalrymple‐Alford John C. , Anderson Tim J. , Alonzo Todd A.
Published: September 2012

Routine cognitive screening in Parkinson disease (PD) has become essential for management, to track progression and to assess clinical status in therapeutic trials. Patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI) are more likely to progress to dementia and therefore need to be distinguished from patients with normal cognition and those with dementia. A three‐class Youden index has been recently proposed to select cut‐off points in three‐class classification problems. In this article, we examine properties of a modification of the three‐class Youden index and propose a generalization tok‐class classification problems. Geometric and theoretical properties of the modified indexJkare examined. It is shown thatJkis equivalent to the sum of thek − 1 two‐class Youden indices for the adjacent classes of the ordered alternative problem given that the ordering holds. Methods are applied in the assessment of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test when screening cognition in PD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Betontechnik für Grouted Joints
Authors: Lohaus Ludger , Lindschulte Nick , Scholle Niklas , Werner Michael
Published: September 2012

Grouted Joints haben sich für kraftschlüssige Verbindungen zwischen Gründungspfählen und der Tragstruktur von Offshore‐Windenergie‐Anlagen (OWEA) etabliert. Für die Herstellung werden hochfeste Vergussmörtel oder ‐betone eingesetzt, die unter den spezifischen Bedingungen offshore zu verarbeiten sind. In diesem Beitrag werden baustoffliche und bauausführungstechnische Fragen diskutiert. Neben den Anforderungen an das Material im frischen und im erhärteten Zustand wird auf die Verwendung von Stahlfasern vor dem Hintergrund ihrer Wirksamkeit und ihrer Verarbeitungsrisiken eingegangen. Darüber hinaus wird die Bauteiltragwirkung unter Berücksichtigung einer Stützwirkung der umgebenden Stahlelemente und einer Stahlfaserwirkung anhand von durchgeführten Versuchen dargestellt.

Concrete technology for grouted joints – requirements for building materials and execution techniques. Grouted Joints present force‐fitted connections between foundation pile and support structure of offshore wind turbines. High strength mortar or concrete (grout) are used and have to be executed under special offshore conditions. This article considers special items for building materials and the offshore execution of grouted joints. Requirements of the fresh and hardened properties of grout materials will be elucidated and the use of steel fibres due to opportunities and risks will be discussed. Furthermore the load bearing behaviour of the component structure will be presented by performed tests. The confinement effect of the tube‐in‐tube‐construction as well as the implication of steel fibers has been taken into account.
Patterns of fecal hormones in a fenced population of white‐tailed deer
Authors: Mccoy J. Clint , Ditchkoff Stephen S.
Published: September 2012

Analysis of voided feces has become a popular method of monitoring physiological parameters of many wildlife species. During the breeding seasons of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, we collected fecal samples to determine concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid (FG) and fecal testosterone (FT) metabolites in a fenced population of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The purpose of the study was to determine how concentrations of FG and FT metabolites fluctuated throughout the breeding season, whether there was a difference between males and females, and whether there was a relationship between the two hormones. FG and FT metabolites of males peaked during the rut, while female glucocorticoid levels remained relatively stable throughout the breeding season. We also observed a significant positive correlation between FG and FT metabolites. During the pre‐rut and rut, males that exhibit high testosterone also had elevated glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations, but in the post‐rut there was no relationship between FT and FG concentrations. We hypothesize that the effect of testosterone on glucocorticoid secretion is partially a result of testosterone‐induced behavior, and not strictly a physiological link between the two hormones. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
High-precision scale setting in lattice QCD
Authors:   Budapest-Marseille-Wuppertal collaboration, Borsányi Szabolcs , Dürr Stephan , Fodor Zoltán , Hoelbling Christian , Katz Sándor D. , Krieg Stefan , Kurth Thorsten , Lellouch Laurent , Lippert Thomas , McNeile Craig , Szabó Kálmán K.
Published: September 2012

Abstract

Scale setting is of central importance in lattice QCD. It is required to predict dimensional quantities in physical units. Moreover, it determines the relative lattice spacings of computations performed at different values of the bare coupling, and this is needed for extrapolating results into the continuum. Thus, we calculate a new quantity, w
0, for setting the scale in lattice QCD, which is based on the Wilson flow like the scale t
0 (M. Luscher, JHEP 08 (2010) 071). It is cheap and straightforward to implement and compute. In particular, it does not involve the delicate fitting of correlation functions at asymptotic times. It typically can be determined on the few per-mil level. We compute its continuum extrapolated value in 2 + 1-flavor QCD for physical and non-physical pion and kaon masses, to allow for mass-independent scale setting even away from the physical mass point. We demonstrate its robustness by computing it with two very different actions (one of them with staggered, the other with Wilson fermions) and by showing that the results agree for physical quark masses in the continuum limit.
Higher-derivative scalar-vector-tensor theories: black holes, Galileons, singularity cloaking and holography
Authors: Charmousis C. , Goutéraux B. , Kiritsis E.
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We consider a general Kaluza-Klein reduction of a truncated Lovelock theory. We find necessary geometric conditions for the reduction to be consistent. The resulting lower-dimensional theory is a higher derivative scalar-tensor theory, depends on a single real parameter and yields second-order field equations. Due to the presence of higher-derivative terms, the theory has multiple applications in modifications of Einstein gravity (Galileon/Horndesky theory) and holography (Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theories). We find and analyze charged black hole solutions with planar or curved horizons, both in the ‘Einstein’ and ‘Galileon’ frame, with or without cosmological constant. Naked singularities are dressed by a geometric event horizon originating from the higher-derivative terms. The near-horizon region of the near-extremal black hole is unaffected by the presence of the higher derivatives, whether scale invariant or hyperscaling violating. In the latter case, the area law for the entanglement entropy is violated logarithmically, as expected in the presence of a Fermi surface. For negative cosmological constant and planar horizons, thermodynamics and first-order hydrodynamics are derived: the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio does not depend on temperature, as expected from the higher-dimensional scale invariance.
Microhabitat selection when detection is imperfect: the case of an endemic Atlantic forest mammal
Authors: Kajin Maja , Grelle Carlos Eduardo Viveiros
Published: September 2012

Studies on habitat selection based on the presence and absence of individuals still rarely include the uncertainty of absence. With it, one can model the probability of detection, which is a parameter of interest especially when dealing with species where non‐detection is common. Here, we performed an analysis of microhabitat selection of a New World marsupial (Marmosa paraguayana, Tate 1931)—an arboreal species endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic forest—accounting for false absence. We found empirical evidence supporting one of our hypotheses: the angle of the terrain's inclination at a site positively affects detection probability. This is probably due to the fact that, at an inclined site, the area available to the animals tends to be larger and the probability of detection of M. paraguayana would be higher, due either to greater local abundance or increased frequency of moving. The probability of resource use was heterogeneous, or rather, not constant in space, but constant in time. We found weak evidence for the correlation between the canopy volume and the probability of resource use. However, we observed a tendency in the estimates of site‐specific probability of resource use: the highest values of the probability of resource use appeared in the upper part of the study grid, where the canopies were denser as well as more closed. Thus, this specie's probability of resource use possibly diminishes in habitats such as early secondary forest with tiny canopies.
Absence of robust rigidity for circle maps with breaks
Authors: Khanin Konstantin , Kocić Saša
Published: September 2012

We give examples of analytic circle maps with singularities of break type with the same rotation number and the same size of the break for which no conjugacy is Lipschitz continuous. In the second part of the paper, we discuss a class of rotation numbers for which a conjugacy is

C^{1}

-smooth, although the numbers can be strongly non-Diophantine (Liouville). For the rotation numbers in this class, we construct examples of analytic circle maps with breaks, for which the conjugacy is not

C^{1 + \alpha }

smooth, for any

\alpha > 0

.

Nous donnons des exemples dʼapplications du cercle analytiques avec des singularités de type rupture avec le même nombre de rotation et la même taille de rupture pour lesquelles aucune conjugaison nʼest lipschitzienne. Dans la deuxième partie de lʼarticle, nous étudions une classe de nombres de rotation pour lesquels il y a une conjugaison de classe

C^{1}

, alors même que les nombres de rotation peuvent être fortement non-diophantiens (Liouville). Pour les nombres de rotation de cette classe, nous construisons des exemples dʼapplications du cercle analytiques avec des singularités de type rupture, pour lesquelles la conjugaison nʼest de classe

C^{1 + \alpha }

pour aucun

\alpha > 0

.
Equidistribution of joinings under off-diagonal polynomial flows of nilpotent Lie groups
Authors: AUSTIN TIM
Published: September 2012

Let$G$be a connected nilpotent Lie group. Given probability-preserving$G$-actions$(X_i,\Sigma _i,\mu _i,u_i)$,$i=0,1,\ldots ,k$, and also polynomial maps$\phi _i:\mathbb {R}\to G$,$i=1,\ldots ,k$, we consider the trajectory of a joining$\lambda $of the systems$(X_i,\Sigma _i,\mu _i,u_i)$under the ‘off-diagonal’ flow\[ (t,(x_0,x_1,x_2,\ldots ,x_k))\mapsto (x_0,u_1^{\phi _1(t)}x_1,u_2^{\phi _2(t)}x_2,\ldots ,u_k^{\phi _k(t)}x_k). \]It is proved that any joining$\lambda $is equidistributed under this flow with respect to some limit joining$\lambda '$. This is deduced from the stronger fact of norm convergence for a system of multiple ergodic averages, related to those arising in Furstenberg’s approach to the study of multiple recurrence. It is also shown that the limit joining$\lambda '$is invariant under the subgroup of$G^{k+1}$generated by the image of the off-diagonal flow, in addition to the diagonal subgroup.
Estimated intake of dietary phyto-oestrogens in Australian women and evaluation of correlates of phyto-oestrogen intake
Authors: Lahmann Petra H. , Hughes Maria Celia , Ibiebele Torukiri I. , Mulligan Angela A. , Kuhnle Gunter G. C. , Webb Penelope M.
Published: September 2012

The role of dietary phyto-oestrogens in health has been of continued interest and debate, but data available on the distribution of intake in the Australian diet are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to estimate phyto-oestrogen consumption in Australian women, describe the pattern of intake and identify correlates of high phyto-oestrogen intake. Study participants were 2078 control women (18–79 years) from two population-based case–control studies on gynaecological cancers (2002–2007). Dietary information was obtained using a 135-item FFQ, and the intakes of isoflavones, lignans, enterolignans and coumestans, including their individual components, were estimated using a database of phyto-oestrogen content in food developed in the UK. Median total intake (energy-adjusted) of phyto-oestrogens was 1·29 mg/d, including 611 µg/d isoflavones, 639 µg/d lignans, 21 µg/d enterolignans and 8 µg/d coumestrol. Both isoflavone and lignan intakes were strongly skewed towards higher values and positively correlated with age. Women consumed on average two servings of soyabean foods/week. Compared to lower phyto-oestrogen consumers (≤1·29 mg/d, median split), higher phyto-oestrogen consumers (>1·29 mg/d) were slightly older, less likely to be smokers, had a higher educational and physical activity level, lower BMI, lower intake of dietary fat, and higher intake of fibre, selected micronutrients and soyabean foods (all P < 0·03). The daily intake of phyto-oestrogens in Australian women with predominantly Caucasian ethnicity is approximately 1 mg; this is similar to other Western populations, but considerably lower than that among Asian women. However, those with a relatively high phyto-oestrogen diet seem to have a healthier lifestyle and a more favourable dietary profile compared to others.
Dietary chia seed induced changes in hepatic transcription factors and their target lipogenic and oxidative enzyme activities in dyslipidaemic insulin-resistant rats
Authors: Rossi Andrea S. , Oliva Maria E. , Ferreira Maria R. , Chicco Adriana , Lombardo Yolanda B.
Published: September 2012

The present study analyses the effect of dietary chia seed rich in n-3 α-linolenic acid on the mechanisms underlying dyslipidaemia and liver steatosis developed in rats fed a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) for either 3 weeks or 5 months. The key hepatic enzyme activities such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and fatty acid oxidase (FAO) involved in lipid metabolism and the protein mass levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and PPARα were studied. (1) For 3 weeks, Wistar rats were fed either a SRD with 11 % of maize oil (MO) as dietary fat or a SRD in which chia seed replaced MO (SRD+Chia). (2) A second group of rats were fed a SRD for 3 months. Afterwards, half the rats continued with the SRD while for the other half, MO was replaced by chia for 2 months (SRD+Chia). In a control group, maize starch replaced sucrose. Liver TAG and the aforementioned parameters were analysed in all groups. The replacement of MO by chia in the SRD prevented (3 weeks) or improved/normalised (5 months) increases in dyslipidaemia, liver TAG, FAS, ACC and G-6-PDH activities, and increased FAO and CPT-1 activities. Protein levels of PPARα increased, and the increased mature form of SREBP-1 protein levels in the SRD was normalised by chia in both protocols (1 and 2). The present study provides new data regarding some key mechanisms related to the fate of hepatic fatty acid metabolism that seem to be involved in the effect of dietary chia seed in preventing and normalising/improving dyslipidaemia and liver steatosis in an insulin-resistant rat model.
Inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide does not prevent the vitamin A and retinoic acid-induced increase in retinyl ester formation in neonatal rat lungs
Authors: Wu Lili , Ross A. Catharine
Published: September 2012

Vitamin A (VA) plays an important role in post-natal lung development and maturation. Previously, we have reported that a supplemental dose of VA combined with 10 % of all-trans-retinoic acid (VARA) synergistically increases retinol uptake and retinyl ester (RE) storage in neonatal rat lung, while up-regulating several retinoid homeostatic genes including lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and the retinol-binding protein receptor, stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6). However, whether inflammation has an impact on the expression of these genes and thus compromises the ability of VARA to increase lung RE content is not clear. Neonatal rats, 7- to 8-d-old, were treated with VARA either concurrently with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Expt 1) or 12 h after LPS administration (Expt 2); in both studies, lung tissue was collected 6 h after VARA treatment, when RE formation is maximal. Inflammation was confirmed by increasedIL-6and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) gene expression in lung at 6 h and C-reactive protein in plasma at 18 h. In both studies, LPS-induced inflammation only slightly reduced, but did not prevent the VARA-induced increase in lung RE. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that co-administration of LPS with VARA slightly attenuated the VARA-induced increase of LRAT mRNA, but not of STRA6 or cytochrome P450 26B1, the predominant RA hydroxylase in lung. By 18 h post-LPS, expression had subsided and none of these genes differed from the level in the control group. Overall, the present results suggest that retinoid homeostatic gene expression is reduced modestly, if at all, by acute LPS-induced inflammation and that VARA is still effective in increasing lung RE under conditions of moderate inflammation.
Towards multi-threaded local tabling using a common table space
Authors: AREIAS MIGUEL , ROCHA RICARDO
Published: September 2012

Multi-threading is currently supported by several well-known Prolog systems providing a highly portable solution for applications that can benefit from concurrency. When multi-threading is combined with tabling, we can exploit the power of higher procedural control and declarative semantics. However, despite the availability of both threads and tabling in some Prolog systems, the implementation of these two features implies complex ties to each other and to the underlying engine. Until now, XSB was the only Prolog system combining multi-threading with tabling. In XSB, tables may be either private or shared between threads. While thread-private tables are easier to implement, shared tables have all the associated issues of locking, synchronization and potential deadlocks. In this paper, we propose an alternative view to XSB's approach. In our proposal, each thread views its tables as private but, at the engine level, we use a common table space where tables are shared among all threads. We present three designs for our common table space approach: No-Sharing (NS) (similar to XSB's private tables), Subgoal-Sharing (SS) and Full-Sharing (FS). The primary goal of this work was to reduce the memory usage for the table space but, our experimental results, using the YapTab tabling system with a local evaluation strategy, show that we can also achieve significant reductions on running time.
Annotation of logic programs for independent AND-parallelism by partial evaluation
Authors: VIDAL GERMAN
Published: September 2012

Traditional approaches to automatic AND-parallelization of logic programs rely on some static analysis to identify independent goals that can be safely and efficiently run in parallel in any possible execution. In this paper, we present a novel technique for generating annotations for independent AND-parallelism that is based on partial evaluation. Basically, we augment a simple partial evaluation procedure with (run-time) groundness and variable sharing information so that parallel conjunctions are added to the residual clauses when the conditions for independence are met. In contrast to previous approaches, our partial evaluator is able to transform the source program in order to expose more opportunities for parallelism. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first approach to a parallelizing partial evaluator.
Relative expressiveness of defeasible logics
Authors: MAHER MICHAEL J.
Published: September 2012

We address the relative expressiveness of defeasible logics in the frameworkDL. Relative expressiveness is formulated as the ability to simulate the reasoning of one logic within another logic. We show that such simulations must be modular, in the sense that they also work if applied only to part of a theory, in order to achieve a useful notion of relative expressiveness. We present simulations showing that logics inDLwith and without the capability of team defeat are equally expressive. We also show that logics that handle ambiguity differently – ambiguity blocking versus ambiguity propagating – have distinct expressiveness, with neither able to simulate the other under a different formulation of expressiveness.
Amicus Curiae Pro Bono Publico: Open Access Online Publication at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
Authors: Whittle Steven
Published: September 2012

In this paper Steven Whittle describes recent work at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies to provide open online access to the IALS/SALS official journal Amicus Curiae and selected papers from the Institute's annual W. G. Hart Legal Workshop. It discusses some of the issues involved in a transition from print to web publication and looks at the benefits anticipated from additional web delivery.
Multi-Beam Ion Microscopy
Authors: Joy David C.
Published: September 2012

Over the past fifty years the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has established itself as the most versatile and productive tool for imaging and microanalysis in many areas of science and technology, and some seventy-thousand instruments generate millions of micrographs every day. Scanning electron microscopes do, however, have one fundamental limitation in that the only experimental variable available to the operator is the choice of the accelerating voltage. Although the ability to vary beam energy is both necessary and important, it is an unfortunate fact that changing the beam energy also alters many aspects of performance: imaging resolution, relative strength of different signal components, depth of beam penetration, capabilities of the various analytical systems, and the severity of charging and beam-induced damage. This makes it difficult or impossible to optimize the interaction of interest.
Charged Particle Microscopy: Why Mass Matters
Authors: Notte John A.
Published: September 2012

From the nearly mass-less electron to massive ions, charged particle microscopes have diversified over the last few decades. At present, a broad range of available charged particles with varying masses fulfill many applications: from imaging to analysis to nanofabrication.
Multiwavelength observations of GRB afterglows
Authors: Castro-Tirado Alberto J.
Published: September 2012

Multiwavelength observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows are presented, in particular those in the optical and millimetre wavelengths. I will focus on the observations mostly carried out at Spanish ground-based observatories (mainly the 10.4m GTC) and at the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in the French Alps. The importance of global networks of robotic telescopes (like BOOTES, established worldwide) for early time observations in order to put constraints on the physical mechanisms of the GRB early time emission phase is also discussed. The overall observational efforts provide additional clues for a better understanding of the reverse and forward shock. Finally I will report on the Lomonosov/UFFO-p capabilities taking into account its launch in 2012.
Supernovae and Gamma-ray Bursts
Authors: Mazzali Paolo A.
Published: September 2012

The properties of the Supernovae discovered in coincidence with long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts and X-Ray Flashes are reviewed, and compared to those of SNe for which GRBs are not observed. The SNe associated with GRBs are of Type Ic, they are brighter than the norm, and show very broad absorption lines in their spectra, indicative of high expansion velocities and hence of large explosion kinetic energies. This points to a massive star origin, and to the birth of a black hole at the time of core collapse. There is strong evidence for gross asymmetries in the SN ejecta. The observational evidence seems to suggest that GRB/SNe are more massive and energetic than XRF/SNe, and come from more massive stars. While for GRB/SNe the collapsar model is favoured, XRF/SNe may host magnetars.
A shallow water analogue of asymmetric core-collapse, and neutron star kick/spin
Authors: Foglizzo Thierry , Masset Frédéric , Guilet Jérôme , Durand Gilles
Published: September 2012

Massive stars end their life with the gravitational collapse of their core and the formation of a neutron star. Their explosion as a supernova depends on the revival of a spherical accretion shock, located in the inner 200km and stalled during a few hundred milliseconds. Numerical simulations suggest that the large scale asymmetry of the neutrino-driven explosion is induced by a hydrodynamical instability named SASI. Its non radial character is able to influence the kick and the spin of the resulting neutron star. The SWASI experiment is a simple shallow water analog of SASI, where the role of acoustic waves and shocks is played by surface waves and hydraulic jumps. Distances in the experiment are scaled down by a factor one million, and time is slower by a factor one hundred. This experiment is designed to illustrate the asymmetric nature of core-collapse supernova.
SN 2010jp (PTF10aaxi): A Jet-driven Type II Supernova
Authors: Smith Nathan , Cenko S. Bradley , Butler Nat , Bloom Joshua S. , Kasliwal Mansi M. , Horesh Assaf , Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Law Nicholas M. , Nugent Peter E. , Ofek Eran O. , Poznanski Dovi , Quimby Robert M. , Sesar Branimir , Ben-Ami Sagi , Arcavi Iair , Gal-Yam Avishay , Polishook David , Xu Dong , Yaron Ofer , Frail Dale A. , Sullivan Mark
Published: September 2012

We present photometry and spectroscopy of the peculiar Type II supernova SN 2010jp, also named PTF10aaxi. The light curve exhibits a linear decline with a relatively low peak absolute magnitude of only −15.9 (unfiltered), and a low radioactive decay luminosity at late times that suggests a low synthesized nickel mass of about 0.003 M⊙ or less. Spectra of SN 2010jp display an unprecedented triple-peaked Hα line profile, showing: (1) a narrow central component that suggests shock interaction with a dense circumstellar medium (CSM); (2) high-velocity blue and red emission features centered at −12,600 and +15,400 km s−1; and (3) very broad wings extending from −22,000 to +25,000 km s−1. We propose that this line profile indicates a bipolar jet-driven explosion, with the central component produced by normal SN ejecta and CSM interaction at mid and low latitudes, while the high-velocity bumps and broad line wings arise in a nonrelativistic bipolar jet. Jet-driven SNe II are predicted for collapsars resulting from a wide range of initial masses above 25 M⊙, especially at the sub-solar metallicity consistent with the SN host environment. It also seems consistent with the apparently low 56Ni mass that may accompany black hole formation. We speculate that the jet survives to produce observable signatures because the star's H envelope was very low mass, having been mostly stripped away by the previous eruptive mass loss.
Luminosities, Masses and Star Formation Rates of Galaxies at High Redshift
Authors: Bunker Andrew J.
Published: September 2012

There has been great progress in recent years in discovering star forming galaxies at high redshifts (z > 5), close to the epoch of reionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). The WFC3 and ACS cameras on the Hubble Space Telescope have enabled Lyman break galaxies to be robustly identified, but the UV luminosity function and star formation rate density of this population at z = 6 − 8 seems to be much lower than at z = 2 − 4. High escape fractions and a large contribution from faint galaxies below our current detection limits would be required for star-forming galaxies to reionize the Universe. We have also found that these galaxies have blue rest-frame UV colours, which might indicate lower dust extinction at z > 5. There has been some spectroscopic confirmation of these Lyman break galaxies through Lyman-α emission, but the fraction of galaxies where we see this line drops at z > 7, perhaps due to the onset of the Gunn-Peterson effect (where the IGM is opaque to Lyman-α).
Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven, aspherical Population III supernovae
Authors: Fujimoto Shin-ichiro , Hashimoto Masa-aki , Ono Masaomi , Kotake Kei
Published: September 2012

We investigate explosive nucleosynthesis during neutrino-driven, aspherical supernova (SN) explosion aided by standing accretion shock instability (SASI), based on two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the explosion of 11, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 40M⊙ stars with zero metallicity. The magnitude and asymmetry of the explosion energy are estimated with simulations, for a given set of neutrino luminosities and temperatures, not as in the previous study in which the explosion is manually and spherically initiated by means of a thermal bomb or a piston and also some artificial mixing procedures are applied for the estimate of abundances of the SN ejecta.

By post-processing calculations with a large nuclear reaction network, we have evaluated abundances and masses of ejecta from the aspherical SNe. We find that matter mixing induced via SASI is important for the abundant production of nuclei with atomic number ≥ 21, in particular Sc, which is underproduced in the spherical models without artificial mixing. We also find that the IMF-averaged abundances are similar to those observed in extremely metal poor stars. However, observed [K/Fe] cannot be reproduced with our aspherical SN models.
Gamma-Ray Bursts as Cosmological Probes
Authors: Totani Tomonori
Published: September 2012

The status and prospects for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as cosmological probes are reviewed. Long duration GRBs can potentially be used as an indicator of star formation rate (SFR), though GRB rate might be systematically different from SFR, by the effect of e.g. metallicity. There are several papers claiming that the cosmic GRB rate history is different from that of SFR in the sense that GRB rate is relatively higher than SFR at higher redshifts, which may be explained by the metallicity effect. However, considering the large uncertainties about the efficiency of GRB afterglow detection and redshift determination, it would be conservative to state that the observed GRB rate is roughly consistent with the star formation history. GRBs can also be used as a unique and powerful tool to reveal the reionization history. However, there is practically no progress in this direction since the first GRB-based useful constraint on reionization in 2005 (GRB 050904). The bottleneck now is the insufficient sensitivity of near-infrared spectroscopy, even with 8m class telescopes. The planned 30m class telescopes will bring the next breakthruough. Finally, GRBs can potentially be used as a standard candle to study cosmology by a geometrical test. However, there are still many steps for GRBs to overcome before it produces a result that has strong impact on the cosmology community in the precision cosmology era.
Spectropolarimetry of Type IIn SN2010jl: Peering Into the Heart of a Monster
Authors: Bauer Franz E. , Zelaya Paula , Clocchiatti Alejandro , Maund Justyn
Published: September 2012

We report results for two epochs of spectropolarimetry on the luminous type IIn SN2010jl, taken at ≈36 and 85 days post-explosion with VLT FORS2-PMOS. The high signal-to-noise data demonstrate distinct evolution in the continuum and the broad lines point to a complex origin for the various emission components and to a potentially common polarization signal for the type IIn class even over 1-2 orders of magnitude in luminosity output.
Supernova Nucleosynthesis with Neutrino Processes: Dependence of Fluorine abundance on Stellar Mass, Explosion Energy and Metallicity
Authors: Izutani Natsuko , Umeda Hideyuki , Yoshida Takashi
Published: September 2012

We investigate the effects of neutrino-nucleus interactions on the production of Fluorine during normal supernovae and hypernovae, and discuss stellar mass, metallicity and explosion energy dependence of [F/Fe,Ne,O]. We find the clear trend of [F/Fe,O,Ne] with stellar mass and explosion energy, while no clear trend with metallicity. This trend of [F/O] can be used to constrain the contributed stellar mass by comparing with the observational abundance.
Observing GRBs and Supernovae at Gemini Observatory as Target of Opportunity (ToO)
Authors: Lemoine-Busserolle M. , Roth K. C. , Carrasco E. R. , Miller B. W. , Stephens A. W. , Jorgensen I. , Rodgers B.
Published: September 2012

The Gemini Observatories primarily operate a multi-instrument queue, with observers selecting observations that are best suited to weather and seeing conditions. The Target of Opportunity (ToO) observing mode is intended to allow observation of targets that cannot be specified in advance but which have a well defined external trigger such as distant supernovae or Gamma Ray bursts. In addition, the instrument and configuration best suited to observe the ToO may depend on properties of the event, such as brightness and redshift which again are impossible to know in advance. Queue observing naturally lends itself to Target of Opportunity (ToO) support since the time required to switch between programs and instruments is very short, and the staff observer is trained to operate all the available instruments and modes. Gemini Observatory has supported pre-approved ToO programs since beginning queue operations, and has implemented a rapid (less than 15 minutes response time) ToO mode since 2005. ToOs comprise a significant fraction of the queue (20–25% of the highest ranking band) nowadays. We discuss the ToO procedures, the statistics of rapid ToOs observing at Gemini North Observatory, the science related to GRBs and supernovae that this important mode has enabled.
The Accretion-Powered Jet Propagations and Breakout Criteria for GRB Progenitors
Authors: Nagakura Hiroki , Suwa Yudai , Ioka Kunihito
Published: September 2012

We investigate the propagation of accretion-powered jets in various types of progenitor candidates of GRBs. We perform two dimensional axisymmetric simulations of relativistic hydrodynamics taking into account both the envelope collapse and the jet propagation. In our simulations, the accretion rate is estimated by the mass flux going through the inner boundary, and the jet is injected with a constant accretion-to-jet conversion efficiency η. By varying the efficiency η and opening angle θop for more than 30 models, we find that the jet can make a relativistic breakout from all types of progenitors for GRBs if a simple condition η ≳ 10−3 (θop/20°)2 is satisfied, that is consistent with analytical estimates, otherwise no explosion or some failed spherical explosions occur.
Radiation from accelerated particles in shocks
Authors: Nishikawa K.-I. , Zhang B. , Choi E. J. , Min K. W. , Niemiec J. , Medvedev M. , Hardee P. , Mizuno Y. , Nordlund A. , Frederiksen J. , Sol H. , Pohl M. , Hartmann D. H. , Fishman G.J.
Published: September 2012

Recent PIC simulations of relativistic electron-positron (electron-ion) jets injected into a stationary medium show that particle acceleration occurs in the shocked regions. Simulations show that the Weibel instability is responsible for generating and amplifying highly nonuniform, small-scale magnetic fields and for particle acceleration. These magnetic fields contribute to the electron's transverse deflection behind the shock. The “jitter” radiation from deflected electrons in turbulent magnetic fields has properties different from synchrotron radiation calculated in a uniform magnetic field. This jitter radiation may be important for understanding the complex time evolution and/or spectral structure of gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jets in general, and supernova remnants. In order to calculate radiation from first principles and go beyond the standard synchrotron model, we have used PIC simulations. We present synthetic spectra to compare with the spectra obtained from Fermi observations.
Cosmological effects on the observed flux and fluence distributions of gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Řípa Jakub , Mészáros Attila , Ryde Felix
Published: September 2012

Several claims have been put forward that an essential fraction of long-duration BATSE gamma-ray bursts should lie at redshifts larger than 5. This point-of-view follows from the natural assumption that fainter objects should, on average, lie at larger redshifts. However, redshifts larger than 5 are rare for bursts observed by Swift. The purpose of this article is to show that the most distant bursts in general need not be the faintest ones. We derive the cosmological relationships between the observed and emitted quantities, and arrive at a prediction that is tested on the ensembles of BATSE, Swift and Fermi bursts. This analysis is independent on the assumed cosmology, on the observational biases, as well as on any gamma-ray burst model. We arrive to the conclusion that apparently fainter bursts need not, in general, lie at large redshifts. Such a behaviour is possible, when the luminosities (or emitted energies) in a sample of bursts increase more than the dimming of the observed values with redshift. In such a case dP(z)/dz > 0 can hold, where P(z) is either the peak-flux or the fluence. This also means that the hundreds of faint, long-duration BATSE bursts need not lie at high redshifts, and that the observed redshift distribution of long Swift bursts might actually represent the actual distribution.