bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a Matlab Implemented Algorithm for UV-vis spectral Resolution for pka Determination and Multicomponent Analysis
Authors: Gonen Yotam , Rytwo Giora
Published: September 2010

A Matlab implemented computer code for spectral resolution is presented. The code enables the user to resolve the UV-visible absorption spectrum of a mixture of up to 3 previously known components, to the individual components, thus, evaluating their quantities. The resolving procedure is based on searching the combination of the components which yields the spectrum which is the most similar (minimal RMSE) to the measured spectrum of the mixture. Examples of using the software for pKa value estimation and multicomponent analysis are presented and other implementations are suggested.
A Validated Stability-indicating Reverse Phase HPLC Assay Method for the Determination of Memantine Hydrochloride Drug Substance with UV-Detection Using Precolumn Derivatization Technique
Authors: Narola Bhavil , Singh A.S. , Santhakumar P. Rita , Chandrashekhar T.G.
Published: September 2010

This present paper deals with the development and validation of a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of Memantine hydrochloride. Memantine hydrochloride was derivatized with 0.015 M 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and 0.5 M borate buffer solution by keeping it at room temperature for about 20 minutes and the chromatographic separation achieved by injecting 10 μL of the derivatized mixture into a Waters HPLC system with photodiode array detector using a kromasil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm), 5 μ, The mobile phase consisting of 80% acetonitrile and 20% phosphate buffer solution and a flow rate of 2 milliliter/minute. The Memantine was eluted at approximately 7.5 minutes. The volume of FMOC used in derivatization, concentration of FMOC and derivatization time was optimized and used. Forced degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of Memantine hydrochloride using acid (5.0 Normal (N) hydrochloric acid), base (1.0 N sodium hydroxide), oxidation (30% hydrogen peroxide), thermal (105°C), photolytic and humidity conditions. The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, precision (% RSD about 0.70%), linearity (linearity of range about 70-130 μg/mL), ruggedness (Overall % RSD about 0.35%), stability in analytical solution (Cumulative % RSD about 0.11% after 1450 min.) and robustness.
A Modified Method for Determination of Lumefantrine in Human Plasma by HPLC-UV and Combination of Protein Precipitation and Solid-Phase Extraction: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Huang Liusheng , Lizak Patricia S. , Jayewardene Anura L. , Marzan Florence , Lee Ming-Na Tina , Aweeka Francesca T
Published: September 2010

An HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of lumefantrine in human plasma. Lumefantrine and its internal standard halofantrine were extracted from plasma samples using protein precipitation with acetonitrile (0.2% perchloric acid) followed by solid-phase extraction with Hypersep C8 cartridges. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Zorbax SB-CN HPLC column (3.0 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm) with water/methanol (0.1% TFA) as the mobile phases in a gradient elution mode. Detection was performed using UV/vis detector at λ = 335 nm. The method showed to be linear over a range of 50-10,000 ng/mL with acceptable intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy. The mean recoveries were 88.2% for lumefatrine and 84.5% for the I.S. The internal standard halofantrine is readily available from commercial sources. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic interaction study between a first-line antimalarial combination (artemether—lumefantrine) and antiretroviral therapy.
Cell-Free Expression of Protein Kinase a for Rapid Activity Assays
Authors: Leippe Donna M. , Zhao Kate Qin , Hsiao Kevin , Slater Michael R.
Published: September 2010

Functional protein analysis often calls for lengthy, laborious in vivo protein expression and purification, and can be complicated by the lack of stability of the purified protein. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a simplified procedure for functional protein analysis on magnetic particles using cell-free protein synthesis of the catalytic subunit of human cAMP-dependent protein kinase as a HaloTag® fusion protein. The cell-free protein synthesis systems provide quick access to the protein of interest, while the HaloTag technology provides efficient, covalent protein immobilization of the fusion protein, eliminating the need for further protein purification and minimizing storage-related stability issues. The immobilized cPKA fusion protein is assayed directly on magnetic beads and can be used in inhibitor analyses. The combination of rapid protein synthesis and capture technologies can greatly facilitate the process of protein expression and activity screening, and therefore, can become a valuable tool for functional proteomics studies.
The Movement Assessment Battery for Children: A Comparison of 4-Year-Old to 6-Year-Old Children From Hong Kong and the United States
Authors: Chow Susanna M. K. , Henderson Sheila E. , Barnett Anna L.
Published: September 2010

Objective. There is little information available on the appropriateness of tests developed in the West for children of different ethnicities. The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) for use with Hong Kong Chinese preschool children.

Method. The performance of 255 Hong Kong Chinese children between the ages of 4 years and 6 years was compared with that of the 493 children of the same age from the United States who took part in the most recent standardization of the Movement ABC.

Results. The test content was found to be suitable for use with Hong Kong Chinese children. However, cross-cultural differences were found on a number of the test items. Chinese children performed significantly better on items contained in the manual dexterity and dynamic balance sections, whereas American children were better at the projection and reception of moving objects.

Conclusion. These findings highlight the need to ensure that norms for all tests are appropriate for the specific cultural groups being assessed.
The Adult Sensory Profile: Measuring Patterns of Sensory Processing
Authors: Brown Catana , Tollefson Nona , Dunn Winnie , Cromwell Rue , Filion Diane
Published: September 2010

Objective. This article describes a series of studies designed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Adult Sensory Profile.

Method. Expert judges evaluated the construct validity of the items. Coefficient alpha, factor analysis, and correlations of items with subscales determined item reliability, using data from 615 adult sensory profiles. A subsample of 20 adults furnished skin conductance data. A heterogeneous group of 93 adults completed the revised Adult Sensory Profile, and item reliability was reexamined.

Results. Expert judgment indicated that items could be categorized according to Dunn’s Model of Sensory Processing. Results suggested reasonable item reliability for all subscales except for the Sensation Avoiding subscale. Skin conductance measures detected distinct patterns of physiological responses consistent with the four-quadrant model. Revision of the Adult Sensory Profile resulted in improved reliability of the Sensation Avoiding subscale.

Conclusion. The series of studies provides evidence to support the four subscales of the Adult Sensory Profile as distinct constructs of sensory processing preferences.
Team Collaborative Practices Between Teachers and Occupational Therapists
Authors: Barnes Karin J. , Turner Keith D.
Published: September 2010

Objective. A descriptive, correlational study using a survey instrument and record review was designed to describe collaboration practices between teachers and occupational therapists in public schools and to explore relationships of these practices to individual education plan (IEP) objectives and teachers’ perceptions of occupational therapy contributions to student skill development.

Method. Forty teachers of students who receive occupational therapy comprised the sample. Descriptive statistics and Spearman rank order correlations were used to describe the practices and to determine associations among the variables.

Results and Conclusions. The findings indicated that teachers and occupational therapists were using collaborative team practices, such as jointly developing goals and objectives, collaboration within the classrooms, jointly monitoring interventions, and jointly reviewing student progress. However, scheduling team meetings was difficult. The majority of respondents stated that occupational therapy contributed to student skill development, and as collaboration practices increased, the teachers’ perceptions of occupational therapy contribution to student skill development increased. A significant negative correlation was found between the percentage of IEP objectives met variable and three collaborative variables—team meetings, reviewing progress, and develop goals and objectives. This finding indicated that as the frequency of these team processes increased, fewer objectives were met.
Untangling Occupation and Activity
Authors: Pierce Doris
Published: September 2010

Activity and occupation are two core concepts of occupational therapy that are in need of differentiation. Occupation is defined here as a person's personally constructed, one-time experience within a unique context. Activity is defined as a more general, culturally shared idea about a category of action. The ways in which subjectivity and context are handled within the concepts of occupation and activity are keys to disentangling them. The proposed untangling of the two concepts into distinct definitions is congruent with their historical origins as well as with current definitional trends. Once occupation and activity are recognized as two separate and equally valuable concepts, they offer a rich set of theoretical relations for exploration. The clarity that will result from differentiating occupation and activity will enhance disciplinary discourse and research as well as enhance the intervention efficacy, moral surety, and political strength of the profession.
“Tears in My Eyes ’Cause Somebody Finally Understood”: Client Perceptions of Practitioners Following Brain Injury
Authors: Darragh Amy R. , Sample Pat L. , Krieger Stephanie R.
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify practitioner qualities and traits that clients with brain injury see as important.

Method. An opportunistic sample of 51 participants with brain injury was interviewed about perceptions of service access and effectiveness. An interview guide was used to gather data for this phenomenological qualitative study. Four interviewers individually conducted audiotaped interviews, which were then transcribed. Coding and theme development were completed using HyperRESEARCH™ software.

Results. Three themes regarding practitioner qualities emerged from the data: (a) roles of the provider, (b) perceived helpfulness of services, and (c) personal characteristics of the providers. Beneficial provider roles included advocate, friend, mentor, and team member. Perceptions of helpfulness of the services included relevance, meaningfulness, practical application, skill development potential, and whether periodic feedback on progress was provided. Personal characteristics of the provider valued by the participants were clear and honest communicator, supportive, respectful, good listener, and understanding.

Conclusions. Practitioners need to pay increased attention to the perceptions of care and services of clients with brain injury. The current study closely supports previous research related to quality of care in the medical and community arenas and offers some additional suggestions to professionals who work with persons with brain injury, including learning how to time giving information to clients and how to understand client concerns without being prescriptive. Future research in this area needs to focus on and describe providers who demonstrate an ability—through their willingness to don a variety of roles, their helpful services, and their personal characteristics—to meet the unique needs of clients with brain injury.
Psychometric Properties of the Second Version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II)
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Mallinson Trudy , Forsyth Kirsty , Lai Jin-Shei
Published: September 2010

Objective. This study examined the validity of the Occupational Identity, Occupational Competency, and Occupational Behavior Settings scales of the second version of the Occupational Performance History Interview (OPHI-II). The study also asked whether the scales’ items were targeted to and could effectively discriminate between persons at different levels of adaptation.

Method. Data were collected from 151 raters on 249 subjects from eight countries and in six languages. Many-faceted Rasch analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results. The items of each scale worked effectively to measure the underlying construct for which they were designed. All three scales validly measured more than 90% of the subjects, who varied by nationality, culture, age, and diagnostic status. Each scale’s items were appropriately targeted to the subjects, and all three scales distinguished subjects into approximately three different levels. More than 90% of the raters used the three scales validly and had approximately the same degree of severity or leniency. The scales were valid across subjects with physical dysfunction and psychiatric conditions as well as subjects with no active diagnosed condition.

Conclusion. The three scales of the OPHI-II are valid across age, diagnosis, culture, and language and effectively measure a wide range of persons. Raters can readily use the OPHI-II validly without formal training.
Feeding the Infant With Congenital Heart Disease: An Occupational Performance Challenge
Authors: Imms Christine
Published: September 2010

This review article uses the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) as a theoretical framework to organize a discussion of the complexities of infant feeding when the infant has congenital heart disease (CHD). Literature from many fields indicates that feeding supports the physical, cognitive, and affective development of infants within their various environmental contexts. Many infants with CHD, who are now surviving in increasing numbers, experience feeding difficulties that affect their growth and development and that challenge their caregivers. The feeding experiences of infants with CHD illustrate the clinical applicability of the CMOP and the need for further research. Research using the framework of the CMOP will enable the development and implementation of evidence-based interventions that support the occupation of feeding from both the infant and the caregiver perspective.
Parent Perspectives of Occupational Therapy Using a Sensory Integration Approach
Authors: Cohn Ellen S.
Published: September 2010

This qualitative study explored parents’ points of view regarding their children’s participation in occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach. Data were collected through parent interviews and were analyzed using grounded theory methods. The parents’ perceptions of the benefits of therapy for their children were categorized into three interrelated constructs: abilities, activities, and reconstruction of self-worth. For themselves, parents valued understanding their children’s behavior in new ways, which facilitated a shift in expectations for themselves and their children, having their parenting experience validated, and being able to support and advocate for their children. Implications for family-centered intervention and future research are proposed.
Occupations and Signs of Reduced Hope: An Explorative Study of Older Adults With Functional Impairments
Authors: Borell Lena , Lilja Margareta , Svidén Gerd Andersson , Sadlo Gaynor
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this explorative study was to uncover and interpret the experiences, values, and meaning of being in daily occupations of older adults with functional impairments.

Method. Interviews were conducted with 21 older adults with disabilities who were between 70 and 92 years of age. The interviews occurred in their home environments; 18 of the 21 participants lived alone. The interviews were analyzed using a constant comparative approach.

Findings. Occupational themes related to participation against the odds, retreat from occupation, the need for an invitation from others, and personal meanings related to capacities for occupation were uncovered.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that the loss of positive belief in enjoyable occupations can be a sign of reduced hope in late life. For occupational therapists, whether an older adult has made a conscious choice to withdraw from occupational life or has too few occupational choices is important to distinguish.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: Issues in Community Function
Authors: Cronin Anne Frances
Published: September 2010

The pathology and sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) differ from those of the adult TBI population. In childhood TBI, cognitive impairment and secondary delays are often overlooked in the referral and intervention process. Although TBI is the leading cause of acquired disability in childhood, most children with TBI are discharged from acute care to home with little or no rehabilitation. This literature review provides current information germane to the occupational therapist on sequelae and functional limitations that may exist or develop after TBI in children. Further, methods by which these deficits can be addressed within the context of Individuals With Disabilities Education Act guidelines are described. Children with a history of TBI should be screened regularly because some cognitive problems emerge years after the injury as developmental demands on the child increase. In this article, school-based therapists are urged to look beyond a child’s motor limitations to address the cognitive and neuropsychological problems typical of this population.
Using the BTE Primus® to Measure Grip and Wrist Flexion Strength in Physically Active Wheelchair Users: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Shechtman Orit , MacKinnon Leanne , Locklear Catherine
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish test–retest reliability values for the newly designed grip and wrist attachments of the BTE Primus® and to determine criterion-related validity of the new grip attachment against the Jamar dynamometer. An additional purpose was to explore the differences in grip and wrist flexion strength between wheelchair users and control participants without disabilities and to examine the effect of body position on strength in persons without disabilities.

Method. Wheelchair users and matched controls (13 per group) were tested for grip and wrist flexion strength on the BTE Primus and for grip on the Jamar dynamometer.

Results. The BTE Primus grip attachment was found to be valid and reliable. No significant differences were found in static and dynamic grip or wrist flexion strength between the two groups or in the sitting versus standing position for the control group.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that the BTE Primus may be used to assess grip and wrist flexion strength validly and reliably for both wheelchair users and persons without disabilities.
Unilateral Spatial Neglect: New Treatment Approaches With Potential Application to Occupational Therapy
Authors: Freeman Esmelda
Published: September 2010

Unilateral spatial neglect is one of the most common symptoms of stroke. It has important implications for occupational therapy because of its clinical manifestations, which include problems with activities of daily living, mobility, and reading. This article reviews neurophysiological theories pertaining to unilateral spatial neglect and focuses on two new treatment approaches with potential application to occupational therapy practice. Both approaches—constraint-induced therapy and partial visual occlusion— involve a form of restraint of the less affected side. These approaches are discussed in the context of current neurophysiological theories and the application to occupational therapy treatment for neglect.
The Validity of Adding New Tasks to the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills
Authors: Bray Kristin , Fisher Anne G. , Duran Leslie
Published: September 2010

Objective. Twenty-one new activities of daily living (ADL) tasks were evaluated for the validity of their inclusion into the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS).

Method. Data from 1,484 participants who performed at least one new AMPS task were analyzed to determine whether the new tasks (a) fit the AMPS many-faceted Rasch (MFR) model and (b) increase the range of the AMPS motor and process skill scales.

Results. Twenty of the 21 new tasks fit the MFR model. The AMPS motor scale was increased by .25 logit at the easier end of the scale and by .30 logit at the more difficult end of the scale. The AMPS process scale was increased by .14 logit at the easier end of the scale. The more difficult end of the AMPS process scale did not increase.

Conclusion. These findings support the validity of adding 20 new tasks into the AMPS. The new tasks provide the following benefits for testing clients whose ADL ability levels are at the lower or higher ends of the AMPS motor or process skill scales: (a) potential for less error when estimating the ADL ability measures, (b) more task choices, and (c) more face-valid tasks for testing men.
Authenticity in Occupational Therapy Leadership: A Case Study of a Servant Leader
Authors: Dillon Thomas H.
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the leadership of occupational therapy educator Sr. Genevieve Cummings at the College of St. Catherine in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1960 to 1994.

Method. In-depth interviews were conducted with faculty, staff, administrators, and friends who knew her work intimately. Themes regarding her leadership were synthesized from the interview data and compared with trends in the leadership literature.

Results. The predominant themes representing the major elements of her success as a leader were enabling others, focusing on the greater good, collaborative visioning, and leadership through caring and service. The findings indicate that Sr. Genevieve led in a uniquely authentic manner by serving the needs of students, faculty members, and the profession.

Conclusion. Sr. Genevieve was an effective, authentic, and accomplished leader throughout her career. Her contributions had a significant impact on the field of occupational therapy and occupational therapy education. The legacy of her leadership serves as a model for others in occupational therapy who must balance multiple challenges, pressures, or roles and be able to work effectively with others.
Northern Initiative for Social Action: An Occupation-Based Mental Health Program
Authors: Rebeiro Karen L. , Day Derek G. , Semeniuk Bob , O’Brien Mary Claire , Wilson Barb
Published: September 2010

Northern Initiative for Social Action (NISA) is a consumer-run, occupation-based, nonprofit organization located in northeastern Ontario, Canada. The NISA organization has grown in response to research revealing few opportunities for participation in personally meaningful and socially valued occupation for persons with mental illness living in the community of study. This article describes a mixed-design research study conducted by the ParNorth Research Unit of NISA and an occupational therapist. The study purposes were to (a) better understand the emerging characteristics of the NISA program and identify which the participants found helpful; (b) evaluate whether participation in NISA improved members’ quality of life; and (c) ascertain whether participation reduced members’ need for more traditional and costly methods of care (e.g., hospitalization, crisis services).

Focus groups, daily participant observation, a quality of life interview, a consumer member survey, and objective review of hospitalization data were used for data collection.

Qualitative results indicated that NISA helped to meet participants’ being, belonging, and becoming needs. Quantitative data indicated that overall, NISA members perceive an improvement in their subjective quality of life and sense of well-being. Their perceptions are supported by minimal use of crisis services and hospitalization, improved socioeconomic status, and several members’ success in obtaining paid employment either within or outside NISA.

Future challenges include the need to clearly describe the evolving NISA model and to ensure that the growth of this new organization does not exceed secured human or fiscal resources.
The Use of Service Dogs as an Adaptive Strategy: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Camp Mary Michelle
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to describe, qualitatively, the use of service dogs by persons with physical disabilities and the meaning of this experience.

Method. Five service dog owners were observed and interviewed on multiple occasions through an ethnographic approach.

Results. Identified themes were increased community participation, “closer than family,” increased social contact, personal skill development, having fun, responsibility, adjustment, challenges, independence, “someone to watch over me,” and “ feel like an able-bodied person.”

Conclusion. Service dogs are used to enhance independence in occupational performance areas and contribute to improvements in psychosocial functioning. Given these benefits, service dogs could be viewed as a form of assistive technology that occupational therapists may want to consider as an alternative to traditional devices for some clients.
The Relationship Between the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting and Teachers’ Perceptions of Handwriting Legibility
Authors: Sudsawad Pimjai , Trombly Catherine A. , Henderson Anne , Tickle-Degnen Linda
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting (ETCH) and teacher’s perception of hand-writing legibility.

Methods. The ETCH was administered to 45 first-grade students with illegible handwriting as reported by their teachers. The teachers completed a teacher’s questionnaire at the same time to indicate the children’s level of handwriting difficulties both in general and in specific tasks that resemble the test tasks of the ETCH.

Results. There was no significant relationship between the ETCH scores and the teacher questionnaire scores in either general legibility or task-specific legibility.

Conclusion. The ecological validity of the ETCH, in reference to the teachers’ perception of handwriting legibility, was not established. Further changes for scoring criteria may be warranted before the ETCH can be used with confidence that the scores obtained are meaningfully related to actual performance in the classroom as determined by teachers.
Use of the UFOV to Evaluate and Retrain Visual Attention Skills in Clients With Stroke: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mazer Barbara L. , Sofer Susan , Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Gelinas Isabelle
Published: September 2010

Objective. The objective of this pilot study was to examine the use of a visual attention analyzer in the evaluation and retraining of useful field of view in clients with stroke.

Method. Fifty-two clients with stroke referred to a driving evaluation service were evaluated with a visual attention analyzer referred to as the UFOV. The UFOV assesses three aspects of visual attention: processing speed, divided attention, and selective attention. Seven participants were retested to determine the test–retest reliability of the UFOV. Six participated in the development of a training protocol and in a 20-session visual attention retraining program.

Results. UFOV scores indicated substantial reduction in visual attention in clients after stroke, with older participants performing the most poorly. Test–retest reliability was moderate (ICC = .70). Mean UFOV scores improved significantly after retraining.

Conclusion. Although UFOV scores indicated poor visual attention skills in clients with stroke, preliminary information suggests that UFOV scores significantly improve with training.
Rethinking the Use of the Hogan Empathy Scale: A Critical Psychometric Analysis
Authors: Froman Robin D. , Peloquin Suzanne M.
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this research was to study the stability, internal consistency, factor structure, and convergent and discriminate validity of the Hogan Empathy Scale (EM) when used longitudinally with occupational therapy students.

Method. More than 300 occupational therapy students completed the EM once; 192 completed it twice over a 12-month interval; and 56 completed a third administration at intervals ranging from 3 years to 6 years. The Fieldwork Performance Evaluation (FWPE) was rated twice for students after fieldwork rotations in the occupational therapy program. Data on grade-point average, gender, and age were collected.

Results. Stability was estimated at .41 over a 12-month interval and from .30 to .38 over longer intervals. Internal consistency was estimated at .57, and factor structures hypothesized previously were not replicable. Students’ biographical variables explained only trivial amounts of variance in EM scores in regression equations (R = .08 and .21). Correlations between EM and FWPE scores did not support convergent validity (r = −.01–.18).

Conclusion. The reliability estimates for the EM as a measure of a trait-like construct are not encouraging and do not replicate previous estimates. Validity evidence was equally disappointing, raising questions about what the EM is measuring and cautioning against its continued, uncritical use as a measure of empathy.
The Clinical Reasoning of an Occupational Therapy Assistant
Authors: Lyons Kathleen Doyle , Crepeau Elizabeth Blesedell
Published: September 2010

This qualitative case study focused on the clinical reasoning of a certified occupational therapy assistant who had 16 years of practice experience. Observation and interview methods were used to collect data. Transcripts and field notes were coded using a priori codes of the forms of clinical reasoning of occupational therapists identified in published research. The study participant demonstrated the use of pragmatic, procedural, interactive, conditional, and narrative reasoning. We encourage further research to support these findings and to increase the understanding of the forms of clinical reasoning used by occupational therapy assistants.
Effects of a Weighted Vest on Attention to Task and Self-Stimulatory Behaviors in Preschoolers With Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Fertel-Daly Doreen , Bedell Gary , Hinojosa Jim
Published: September 2010

Objective. This study examined the effectiveness of using a weighted vest for increasing attention to a fine motor task and decreasing self-stimulatory behaviors in preschool children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).

Method. Using an ABA single-subject design, the duration of attention to task and self- stimulatory behaviors and the number of distractions were measured in five preschool children with PDD over a period of 6 weeks.

Results. During the intervention phase, all participants displayed a decrease in the number of distractions and an increase in the duration of focused attention while wearing the weighted vest. All but 1 participant demonstrated a decrease in the duration of self-stimulatory behaviors while wearing a weighted vest; however, the type of self-stimulatory behaviors changed and became less selfabusive for this child while she wore the vest. During the intervention withdrawal phase, 3 participants experienced an increase in the duration of self-stimulatory behaviors, and all participants experienced an increase in the number of distractions and a decrease in the duration of focused attention. The increase or decrease, however, never returned to baseline levels for these behaviors.

Conclusion. The findings suggest that for these 5 children with PDD, the use of a weighted vest resulted in an increase in attention to task and decrease in self-stimulatory behaviors. The most consistent improvement observed was the decreased number of distractions. Additional research is necessary to build consensus about the effectiveness of wearing a weighted vest to increase attention to task and decrease self-stimulatory behaviors for children with PDD.
Categorization and Deductive Reasoning: Predictors of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Performance in Adults With Brain Injury
Authors: Goverover Yael , Hinojosa Jim
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive relationship of categorization and deductive reasoning abilities to performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among adults with brain injury.

METHOD. A correlational research design was used to examine the performance of 19 patients from a neurosurgery acute care unit on Toglia’s Category Assessment (TCA), the Deductive Reasoning test (DR), and the Observed Tasks of Daily Living–Revised.

RESULTS. Multiple regression analysis indicated that categorization and deductive reasoning accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in IADL performance scores, with deductive reasoning making the greater contribution. Demographic characteristics such as age and education reduced the power of the previous variables, especially of the categorization.

CONCLUSION. The results of this study indicate that assessments of categorization and deductive reasoning abilities of persons with brain injury may be good predictors of IADL functional performance. Results support the use of the TCA and DR as quick measures of a person’s cognitive and functional abilities. Furthermore, this study provides preliminary results to support that categorization and deductive reasoning abilities are fundamental for the performance of IADL skills.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Hand Injuries: A Neuro-Occupational View
Authors: Lohman Helene , Royeen Charlotte
Published: September 2010

Using the clinical phenomenon of posttraumatic stress disorder related to traumatic hand injuries, this article conceptually explores the theoretical construct of neuro-occupation on the basis of these conditions. Neuro-occupation is an evolving concept that combines knowledge and understanding of occupation with knowledge and understanding of how the human brain functions in environmental context; thus, the concept is important to the core of occupational therapy practice. The first section of the article introduces the concept of neuro-occupation; the second provides an overview of posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic hand injury. To help therapists better understand behavior seen in clinical settings, the third section presents key neuro-occupational processes pertaining to posttraumatic stress disorder, using clinical application examples. Finally, a query about the value of neuro-occupation as a developing theoretical construct is put forth.
Sensory Processing Correlates of Occupational Performance in Children With Fragile X Syndrome: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Baranek Grace T. , Chin Yuki H. , Hess Laura M. Greiss , Yankee Jann G. , Hatton Deborah D. , Hooper Stephen R.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVES. This preliminary study examined sensory processing and its relationship to occupational performance in children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) to guide research and evidence-based practice.

METHOD. Fifteen school-aged boys with full-mutation FXS were assessed with three occupational performance measures (School Function Assessment, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, play duration) and three sensory processing measures (Sensory Profile, Tactile Defensiveness and Discrimination Test–Revised, Sensory Approach–Avoidance Rating). Data were analyzed using partial correlation procedures.

RESULTS. Several significant correlations were found, independent of effects of age and IQ. Avoidance of sensory experiences (internally controlled) was associated with lower levels of school participation, self-care, and play. Aversion to touch from externally controlled sources was associated with a trend toward greater independence in self-care—opposite of expectations.

CONCLUSION. This study links sensory processing vulnerabilities with individual differences in occupational performance and supports a dynamic view of self-organizing systems. Children’s uses of avoidant versus independent behaviors may reflect different self-regulatory or coping strategies that potentially mediate the relationship between sensory processing deficits and occupational behaviors and warrant further investigation.
Generating a Valid Questionnaire Translation for Cross-Cultural Use
Authors: Su Chia-Ting , Parham L. Diane
Published: September 2010

Occupational therapists who are interested in exporting occupational science concepts or occupational therapy practice principles to different cultural groups often encounter problems surrounding the translation of information from one language to another. The case example presented in this article illustrates how one might go about generating a valid translation of a questionnaire with the use of current cross-cultural research guidelines for the translation process. Issues surrounding cultural relevance and linguistic meaning are of central concern in the translation process.
Spanish Translation of the Role Checklist
Authors: Colón Hector , Haertlein Carol
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to create a Spanish version of the Role Checklist that is content valid and reliable and to demonstrate usefulness of a translation method.

METHOD. A modified version of the translation method of Hachey, Jumoorty, and Mercier was used to translate the English Role Checklist into Spanish. The English and Spanish versions were then evaluated for test–retest reliability at a 2-week interval, using 14 bilingual college students.

RESULTS. The intralanguage correlation was .907 for Part I and .798 for Part II.

CONCLUSION. A content valid and reliable Spanish version of the Role Checklist was created, using replicable translation methods.
Rearing a toothless tiger? From area child protection committee to local safeguarding children board
Authors: Horwath Jan
Published: September 2010

This article uses a model describing different levels of collaboration to chart the development of area child protection committees (ACPCs) and their successors, local safeguarding children boards (LSCBs). It argues that concerns about these partnerships lacking ‘teeth’ have resulted in a broadening of remit and increased regulation and statutory guidance. Using criteria from the literature for effective multidisciplinary strategic partnerships, consideration is given to specific issues that members of LSCBs encounter that limit their powers and influence. The final section of the article questions whether national regulation and guidance is sufficient to give LSCBs ‘teeth’ and ensure effective local collaborative activity. The author concludes that the strength and influence of the LSCB is as dependent on the quality of leadership provided by the members of the LSCB as it is on regulation and guidance.
A map of radon flux at the Australian land surface
Authors: Griffiths A. D. , Zahorowski W. , Element A. , Werczynski S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A time-dependent map of radon-222 flux density at the Australian land surface has been constructed with a spatial resolution of 0.05° and temporal resolution of one month. Radon flux density was calculated from a simple model utilising data from national gamma-ray aerial surveys; modelled soil moisture, available from 1900 in near real-time; and maps of soil properties. The model was calibrated against a data set of accumulation chamber measurements, thereby constraining it with experimental data. A notable application of the map is in atmospheric mixing and transport studies which use radon as a tracer, where it is a clear improvement on the common assumption of uniform radon flux density.
A sea-state based source function for size- and composition-resolved marine aerosol production
Authors: Long M. S. , Keene W. C. , Kieber D. J. , Erickson D. J. , Maring H.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. A parameterization for the size- and composition-resolved production fluxes of nascent marine aerosol was developed from prior experimental observations and extrapolated to ambient conditions based on estimates of air entrainment by the breaking of wind-driven ocean waves. Production of particulate organic carbon (OCaer) was parameterized based on Langmuir equilibrium-type association of organic matter to bubble plumes in seawater and resulting aerosol as constrained by measurements of aerosol produced from productive and oligotrophic seawater. This novel approach is the first to parameterize size- and composition-resolved aerosol production based on explicit evaluation of wind-driven air entrainment/detrainment fluxes and chlorophyll-a as a proxy for surfactants in surface seawater. Production fluxes were simulated globally with an eight aerosol-size-bin version of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM v3.5.07). Simulated production fluxes fell within the range of published estimates based on observationally constrained parameterizations. Because the parameterization does not consider contributions from spume drops, the simulated global mass flux (1.5×103 Tg y−1) is near the lower end of published estimates. The simulated production of aerosol number (1.4×106 cm−2 s−1) and OCaer (29 Tg C y−1) fall near the upper end of published estimates and suggest that primary marine aerosols may have greater influences on the physicochemical evolution of the troposphere, radiative transfer and climate, and associated feedbacks on the surface ocean than suggested by previous model studies.
Hydroxyl in the stratosphere and mesosphere – Part 1: Diurnal variability
Authors: Minschwaner K. , Manney G. L. , Wang S. H. , Harwood R. S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Diurnal variations in hydroxyl (OH) in the stratosphere and mesosphere are analyzed using measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). The primary driver for OH diurnal variations is the ultraviolet actinic flux that initiates photochemical reactions which produce OH. The magnitude of this flux is governed largely by changes in solar zenith angle (SZA) throughout the day, and OH diurnal variations are well approximated by an exponential function of the secant of SZA. Measured OH concentrations are fit to a function of the form exp[−βsec(SZA)], where the parameter β is a function of altitude. We examine the magnitude of β and show that it is related to the optical depths of ultraviolet absorption by ozone and oxygen. Comparison of β values obtained from SLIMCAT model simulations with those derived from MLS observations shows very good agreement. The vertical profile of β from MLS can be represented by a simple analytic formulation involving the ozone and water vapor photodissociation rates. This formulation is used to infer the altitude dependence of the primary production mechanisms for OH: the reaction of excited-state atomic oxygen with water vapor versus the direct photodissociation of water vapor.
Magnetic Decreases (MDs) and mirror modes: two different plasma β changing mechanisms
Authors: Tsurutani B. T. , Lakhina G. S. , Verkhoglyadova O. P. , Echer E. , Guarnieri F. L.
Published: September 2010

Abstract. We discuss two different physical processes that create localized high β plasma regions. One is nonlinear wave-steepening, generating magnetic decreases (MDs) by a ponderomotive force. The other is the mirror instability generating alternating high and low β plasma regions. It is demonstrated that MDs and mirror modes are observationally quite different structures. MDs spatially occur in interplanetary space and mirror modes primarily in planetary magnetosheaths. MDs are characterized by: 1) variable (exponentially decreasing number with increasing) angular changes, 2) variable (exponentially decreasing) thicknesses, and 3) no characteristic inter-event spacings. In sharp contrast, mirror modes are characterized by: 1) little or no angular changes across the structures, 2) a characteristic scale size, and 3) are quasiperiodic in nature. Arguments are presented for the recently observed magnetic dips in the heliosheath being mirror mode structures. The sources of free energy for instability are discussed. Both structures are important for energetic particle transport in astrophysical and heliospheric plasmas.
Photoluminescence Properties of a Nearly Intrinsic Single InN Nanowire
Authors: Chang Yi‐Lu , Mi Zetian , Li Feng
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the achievement of nearly intrinsic InN nanowire is reported. With the use of an in situ deposited In seeding layer, nearly defect‐free, non‐tapered InN nanowires are grown directly on Si(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence emission of a single InN nanowire is analyzed, which exhibits, for the first time, a very narrow (∼13 meV) spectral linewidth, a clear band filling effect with the increase of excitation power, and a significant red shift of the peak energy with increasing temperature. Detailed analysis confirms the InN nanowire has a very low residual doping of ∼1 × 1016 cm−3, or less. It is further suggested that there is a small, or negligible level of electron accumulation at the lateral nonpolar surfaces of nearly intrinsic InN nanowires, which is in direct contrast to the commonly observed surface electron accumulation of n‐type degenerate InN.
Enhanced Dye Fluorescence in Novel Dye–ZnO Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Jianhui , Thurber Aaron , Tenne Dmitri A. , Rasmussen John W. , Wingett Denise , Hanna Charles , Punnoose Alex
Published: September 2010

New fluorescein isothiocyanate/fluorescein/rhodamine B‐doped ZnO composite nanostructures including tripods, tubes, and rods with tuned sizes have been designed and synthesized to greatly enhance the dye fluorescence up to ∼90 fold. The great fluorescence enhancement mainly arises from the interaction between Zn2+ ions in the ZnO matrix and the dye carbonyl group. The refraction index difference between ZnO and the dyes used here and the segregation of the dye molecules by the ZnO matrix only slightly contribute to the fluorescence enhancement. The control pure ZnO sample has no emission in the dye fluorescence range (500–650 nm) and excludes the possible contribution of the ZnO emission and the relevant energy transfer between the dye and ZnO to the fluorescence enhancement. These composites with the new fluorescence enhancement mechanism not only facilitate dye applications such as medical diagnostics and biotechnology, but also supply a novel and general approach to improve the fluorescence of organic dyes with carbonyl group by doping them into metal oxides.