bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of the genes PDC1 and ADH1 activates glycerol conversion to ethanol in the thermotolerant yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha
Authors: Kata Iwona , Semkiv Marta V. , Ruchala Justyna , Dmytruk Kostyantyn V. , Sibirny Andriy A.
Published: June 2016

Conversion of byproduct from biodiesel production glycerol to high‐value compounds is of great importance. Ethanol is considered a promising product of glycerol bioconversion. The methylotrophic thermotolerant yeast Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha is of great interest for this purpose as the glycerol byproduct contains methanol and heavy metals as contaminants, and this yeast utilizes methanol and is relatively resistant to heavy metals. Besides, O. polymorpha shows robust growth on glycerol and produces ethanol from various carbon sources. The thermotolerance of this yeast is an additional advantage, allowing increased fermentation temperature to 45–48 °C, leading to increased rate of the fermentation process and a fall in the cost of distillation. The wild‐type strain of O. polymorpha produces insignificant amounts of ethanol from glycerol (0.8 g/l). Overexpression of PDC1 coding for pyruvate decarboxylase enhanced ethanol production up to 3.1 g/l, whereas simultaneous overexpression of PDC1 and ADH1 (coding for alcohol dehydrogenase) led to further increase in ethanol production from glycerol. Moreover, the increased temperature of fermentation up to 45 °C stimulated the production of ethanol from glycerol used as the only carbon source up to 5.0 g/l, which exceeds the data obtained by methylotrophic yeast strains reported so far. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phoma herbarum, a soil fungus able to grow on natural lignin and synthetic lignin (DHP) as sole carbon source and cause lignin degradation
Authors: Bi Ran , Lawoko Martin , Henriksson Gunnar
Published: June 2016

The fungus Phoma herbarum isolated from soil showed growth on highly pure lignin extracted from spruce wood and on synthetic lignin (DHP). The lignin remaining after cultivation was shown to have a lower molecular weight. The reduction in the numbers of ether linkages of the extracted lignins was also observed by derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) in combination with 31P NMR studies. The fungal strain showed an ability to degrade synthetic lignin by extracellular catalysts. GC–MS was applied to study the evolution of low molar mass adducts, e.g., monolignols and it was shown that a reduced coniferyl alcohol product was produced from DHP in a cell-free environment. The work has demonstrated the ability of soil microbes to grow on lignin as sole carbon source. The potential impact is in the production of low molar mass renewable phenols for material application.
Engineered biosynthesis of biodegradable polymers
Authors: Jambunathan Pooja , Zhang Kechun
Published: June 2016

Advances in science and technology have resulted in the rapid development of biobased plastics and the major drivers for this expansion are rising environmental concerns of plastic pollution and the depletion of fossil-fuels. This paper presents a broad view on the recent developments of three promising biobased plastics, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and polybutylene succinate (PBS), well known for their biodegradability. The article discusses the natural and recombinant host organisms used for fermentative production of monomers, alternative carbon feedstocks that have been used to lower production cost, different metabolic engineering strategies used to improve product titers, various fermentation technologies employed to increase productivities and finally, the different downstream processes used for recovery and purification of the monomers and polymers.
Association between Achilles tightness and lower extremity injury in children
Authors: Liu Raymond W. , Xie Katherine K.
Published: June 2016

Background

It is unclear whether isolated gastroc/soleus tightness can increase the risk of lower extremity injury in an otherwise healthy child.

Questions/Purposes

(1) Is there a difference in gastroc/soleus tightness, as represented by ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended, in children presenting with upper versus lower extremity complaints? (2) Is there a difference in gastroc/soleus tightness in children presenting with atraumatic versus traumatic lower extremity complaints?

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study of 206 consecutive walking age children presenting to a county orthopedic clinic with new upper or lower extremity complaints. Passive ankle dorsiflexion was measured based on the lateral border of the foot versus the anterior lower leg with the knee fully extended and the foot in inversion.

Results

Average age was 10.0 ± 4.5 years. In the 117 patients presenting with upper extremity complaints, ankle dorsiflexion was 15.0° ± 11.6°. Of the lower extremity patients, 40 presented without trauma, with dorsiflexion of 11.8° ± 14.5°, while 49 presented with trauma, with dorsiflexion of 6.5° ± 12.0°. Multiple regression analysis found significantly decreased ankle dorsiflexion with increasing age and in the lower extremity trauma group. Twelve percent of upper extremity patients had 0° or less of dorsiflexion, as compared to 25% of lower extremity nontrauma patients and 41% of lower extremity trauma patients.

Conclusions

Patients presenting with lower extremity trauma had significantly more gastroc/soleus tightness in their well leg than patients presenting with upper extremity complaints. Gastroc/soleus tightness may present a simple target for reducing lower extremity injury rates in children.
Nonossifying fibromas of the distal tibia: Possible etiologic relationship to the interosseous membrane
Authors: Muzykewicz David A. , Goldin Amanda , Lopreiato Nicholas , Fields Katie , Munch John , Dwek Jerry , Mubarak Scott J.
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Nonossifying fibromas (NOFs) present in a characteristic pattern in the distal tibia. Their predilection to this region and etiology remain imprecisely defined.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of patients between January 2003 and March 2014 for distal tibial NOFs. We then reviewed radiographs (XRs), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for specific lesion characteristics.

Results

We identified 48 distal tibia NOFs in 47 patients (31 male, 16 female; mean age 12.3 years, range 6.9–17.8). This was the second most common location in our population (30 % of NOFs), behind the distal femur (42 %). Thirty-four lesions had CT and nine had MRI. Thirty-one percent were diagnosed by pathologic fracture. Ninety-six percent of lesions were located characteristically in the distal lateral tibia by plain radiograph, in direct communication with the distal extent of the interosseous membrane on 33 of the 34 (97 %) lesions with CT available for review and all nine (100 %) with MRI. The remaining two lesions occurred directly posterior.

Conclusions

The vast majority of distal tibial NOFs occur in a distinct anatomic location at the distal extent of the interosseous membrane, which may have etiologic implications.

Level of evidence

IV (case series).
Correlating blood levels of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine to hOGG1 genotypes and the incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Jin Yu , Qiu Chun‐Guang , Zheng Qiang‐Sun , Ding Shi‐Fang , Jiang Qi‐Jun
Published: June 2016

We measured the serum levels of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and investigated whether these levels correlate with incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), and whether these levels correlate with underlying oxidative stress in patients with ICM. Polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of the Ser/Cys polymorphism in the human 8‐oxoguanine glycosylase (hOGG1) gene. We analyzed the samples from 246 ICM cases (the ICM group) and another 246 age‐ and sex‐matched volunteers with normal coronary artery function (the control group). Levels of 8‐OHdG in participants' blood samples were 6.7 ± 1.7 and 3.0 ± 0.8 in the ICM and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Although there were no differences in allele frequency (p = 0.140), significant differences were present in the genotype distributions (p = 0.002). The Cys/Cys genotype correlated strongly with the risk of developing ICM (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–3.3). Treating the Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys genotypes as members of the same group increased the predicted ICM risk for patients carrying the Cys/Cys genotype (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–2.9). The serum level of 8‐OHdG in the ICM group was higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05) and significantly increased in those carrying the Cys/Cys genotype (8.7 ± 1.7 for the Cys/Cys group, and 4.5 ± 0.8 for the Ser/Ser+Ser/Cys group; p < 0.05). Patients carrying the Cys/Cys genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing ICM. Serum levels of 8‐OHdG were significantly increased in patients with ICM.
Autenticidad y calidad en la investigación educativa cualitativa: multivocalidad
Authors: Varela Ruiz Margarita , Vives Varela Tania
Published: June 2016

Resumen La investigación con enfoque cuantitativo es el paradigma dominante en el campo de la educación médica, y sus criterios de validez son ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad científica, en tanto que la investigación de tipo cualitativo enfrenta el reto de defender la credibilidad y el rigor de sus métodos. El propósito de este artículo es reflexionar en torno a los criterios de autenticidad o calidad en el proceso de elaboración de un estudio cualitativo. Para ello se revisan las diferencias paradigmáticas entre los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo. Se describen tres momentos en el camino que ha seguido la investigación cualitativa para establecer sus criterios de rigor científico: 1)  convencionales, 2) paralelos y 3) paradigmáticos propios. Desde los inicios de la investigación cualitativa a la época actual se han presentado múltiples perspectivas teóricas y epistemológicas. Se han descrito más de 20 tipos de  investigación cualitativa.Se presentan múltiples voces, diferencias y propuestas para entender el rigor de la investigación cualitativa. Se realiza una guía reflexiva de criterios de autenticidad en torno a la fundamentación epistemológica, al método, a las voces que se escuchan, a la implicación en la acción, a los aspectos éticos y al investigador. El momento presente del enfoque cualitativo es de debate, diálogo y controversias marcadas por la multivocalidad. Hay una tendencia a los valores ecológicos y de justicia; de respeto al ambiente y a las comunidades; de considerar en los textos todas las voces, incluyendo las marginadas, para que sus historias se representen con imparcialidad y equidad.
Aerodynamic optimisation of the rear wheel fairing of the land speed record vehicle BLOODHOUND SSC
Authors: Townsend J. , Evans B. , Tudor T.
Published: June 2016

This paper describes the design optimisation study used to aerodynamically optimise the fairings that cover the rear wheels of the Land Speed Record vehicle, BLOODHOUND SuperSonic Car (SSC). Initially, using a Design of Experiments approach, a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were performed on a set of parametric geometries, with the goal of identifying a fairing geometry that was aerodynamically optimised for the target speed of 1,000 mph. Several aerodynamic properties were considered when deciding what design objectives the fairings would be optimised to achieve; chief amongst these was the minimisation of aerodynamic drag. A parallel, finite-volume Navier–Stokes solver was used on unstructured meshes in order to simulate the complex aerodynamic behaviour of the flow around the vehicle’s rear wheel structure, which involved a rotating wheel, and shockwaves generated close to a supersonic rolling ground plane. It was found that the simple response surface fitting approach did not sufficiently capture the complexities of the optimisation objective function across the high-dimensional design space. As a result, a Nelder–Mead optimisation approach was implemented, coupled with Radial Basis Function design space interpolation to find the final optimised fairing design. This paper presents the results of the optimisation study as well as indicating the likely impact this optimisation will have on the ultimate top speed of this unique vehicle.
SUNZIVERSUSXUNZI: TWO VIEWS OFDECEPTION AND INDIRECTION
Authors: Raphals Lisa
Published: June 2016

This article examines two views of the ethics and efficacy of deception. TheSunziis famous for its praise of deception and indirect strategy in warfare. This explicit praise of deception distinguishes it from other Militarist texts, which either reject deception or advocate it only as a practical and important strategic tool. TheXunzirejects deception and indirection in both civil and military contexts. TheSunziandXunzi's attitudes toward deception and indirection thus represent opposite poles within Chinese philosophical thought.
MODULI SPACES OF RATIONAL WEIGHTED STABLE CURVES AND TROPICAL GEOMETRY
Authors: CAVALIERI RENZO , HAMPE SIMON , MARKWIG HANNAH , RANGANATHAN DHRUV
Published: June 2016

We study moduli spaces of rational weighted stable tropical curves, and their connections with Hassett spaces. Given a vector $w$ of weights, the moduli space of tropical $w$-stable curves can be given the structure of a balanced fan if and only if $w$ has only heavy and light entries. In this case, the tropical moduli space can be expressed as the Bergman fan of an explicit graphic matroid. The tropical moduli space can be realized as a geometric tropicalization, and as a Berkovich skeleton, its algebraic counterpart. This builds on previous work of Tevelev, Gibney and Maclagan, and Abramovich, Caporaso and Payne. Finally, we construct the moduli spaces of heavy/light weighted tropical curves as fibre products of unweighted spaces, and explore parallels with the algebraic world.
Long wave propagation and run-up in converging bays
Authors: Shimozono Takenori
Published: June 2016

Analytical solutions are derived to describe two-dimensional wave evolution in converging bays. Three bay types of different cross-sections are studied: U-shaped, V-shaped and cusped bays. For these bays, the two-dimensional linear shallow water equations can be reduced to one-dimensional linear dispersive wave equations if the transverse flow acceleration inside them is assumed to be small. The derived solutions are characterized as the leading-order plane-wave solutions with higher-order corrections for two-dimensionality due to wave refraction. Wave amplitude longitudinally increases with different rates for the three bay types, whereas it exhibits weak parabolic variations in the transverse direction. Wave refraction significantly affects relatively short waves, contributing to wave energy transfer to the inner bay in a different manner depending on the bay type. The perturbation analysis of very high-order wave celerity suggests that the solutions are valid only when the ratio of the bay width to the wavelength is smaller than a certain limit that differs with bay type. Beyond the limit, the higher-order effect is no longer a minor correction, implying that wave behaviours become highly two-dimensional and possibly cause total reflection. The higher-order effect on the run-up height at the bay head is found to be small within the applicable range of the solution, and thus, the run-up formula neglecting the transverse flows has a wide validity. We also discuss the limitation of run-up height by wave breaking on the basis of a breaking criterion from previous studies.
Influences of Ignition Timing, Spark Plug and Intake Port Locations on the Combustion Performance of a Simulated Rotary Engine
Authors: Hwang P.-W. , Chen X.-C. , Cheng H.-C.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this paper is to study the flow field of the combustion chamber in a simulated rotary engine by using a computational approach. A dynamic mesh technique is employed to overcome the moving and shape varying computational domain inside the combustion chambers as the rotor is spinning. The key parameters include spark plug timing, leading side spark plug location and intake port location, which are used to investigate their influences on flow field and combustion performance of a rotary engine. It was discovered, with a dual spark plug configuration, that better flame propagation could be obtained through the change of ignition timing. In addition, to change the leading side spark plug location, it was also found that combustion efficiency is improved by shortening the distance from the top dead center (TDC) center line, which is consistent with available experimental results. This research also discovered that the intake port should be properly located in order to prevent pressure loss in the combustion chamber during the compression stroke.
Stability Analysis on the Algorithm of Constitutive Relation in Viscoplastic Materials
Authors: Liu M.-T. , Li Y.-C. , Hu X.-Z. , Zhang J. , Tang T.-G.
Published: June 2016

The numerical stability of the explicit precise algorithm, which was developed for the viscoplastic materials, was analyzed. It was found that this algorithm is not absolutely stable. A necessary but not sufficient condition for the numerical stability was deduced. It showed that the time step in numerical calculation should be less than a certain value to guarantee the stability of explicit precise algorithm. Through a series of numerical examples, the stability analysis on the explicit precise algorithm was proved to be reliable. At last, an iterative algorithm was presented for viscoplastic materials. Both of the theoretical and numerical results showed that the iterative algorithm is unconditionally stable and its convergence rate is rapid. In practice, the explicit precise algorithm and iterative algorithm can be combined to obtain reliable results with the minimum computing costs.
Sliding velocity fluctuations and subglacial hydrology over the last two decades on Argentière glacier, Mont Blanc area
Authors: VINCENT CHRISTIAN , MOREAU LUC
Published: June 2016

The subglacial observatory beneath the Argentière glacier provides a rare opportunity to study the interactions between glacier sliding velocity and subglacial runoff. The sliding velocity has been monitored in this cavity almost continuously since 1997 and the resulting data indicate a decrease in annual sliding velocities over the last two decades. We found close relationships between annual surface velocity, sliding velocity and ice thickness. These relationships indicate that the ice-flow velocity changes do not depend on subglacial water runoff changes at the annual timescale. The seasonal magnitudes of sliding also show a decrease over the last two decades. At the seasonal timescale, sliding velocity increases before or simultaneously with the large runoff increase in May, indicating a distributed drainage system. Conversely, at the end of the melt season, sliding velocity continues to decrease after the runoff returns to low winter values. The simultaneous increases of runoff and sliding velocity occur mainly before the spring transition. Later, sliding velocity generally appears not to be related to water inputs coming from the surface, except for some large accelerations after midAugust that are always associated with periods of rapidly increasing water inputs to the subglacial drainage system.
The association of serum long-chainn-3 PUFA and hair mercury with exercise cardiac power in men
Authors: Tajik Behnam , Kurl Sudhir , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Virtanen Jyrki K.
Published: June 2016

Long-chainn-3 PUFA from fish and exercise capacity are associated with CVD risk. Fish, especially large and old predatory fish, may contain Hg, which may attenuate the inverse association of long-chainn-3 PUFA with CVD. However, the associations of long-chainn-3 PUFA or Hg exposure with exercise capacity are not well known. We aimed to evaluate the associations of serum long-chainn-3 PUFA EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA and hair Hg with exercise cardiac power (ECP, a ratio of VO2max:maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP) during an exercise test), a measure for exercise capacity. For this, data from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were analysed cross-sectionally in order to determine the associations between serum long-chainn-3 PUFA, hair Hg and ECP in 1672 men without CVD, aged 42–60 years. After multivariate adjustments, serum total long-chainn-3 PUFA concentration was associated with higher ECP and VO2max(Ptrendacross quartiles=0·04 andPtrend=0·02, respectively), but not with maximal SBP (Ptrend=0·69). Associations were generally similar when EPA, DPA and DHA were evaluated individually. Hair Hg was not associated with ECP, VO2maxor maximal SBP. However, the associations of total long-chainn-3 PUFA (Pinteraction=0·03) and EPA (Pinteraction=0·02) with higher VO2maxwere stronger among men with lower hair Hg. Higher serum long-chainn-3 PUFA concentration, mainly a marker for fish consumption in this study population, was associated with higher ECP and VO2maxin middle-aged men from eastern Finland.
Coincidence Results for Summing Multilinear Mappings
Authors: Blasco Oscar , Botelho Geraldo , Pellegrino Daniel , Rueda Pilar
Published: June 2016

In this paper we prove coincidence results concerning spaces of absolutely summing multilinear mappings between Banach spaces. The nature of these results arises from two distinct approaches: the coincidence of two a priori different classes of summing multilinear mappings, and the summability of all multilinear mappings defined on products of Banach spaces. Optimal generalizations of known results are obtained. We also introduce and explore new techniques in the field: for example, a technique to extend coincidence results for linear, bilinear and even trilinear mappings to general multilinear ones.
Coral faunal turnover through the Ordovician–Silurian transition in South China and its global implications for carbonate stratigraphy and macroevolution
Authors: WANG GUANGXU , ZHAN RENBIN , HUANG BING , PERCIVAL IAN G.
Published: June 2016

A complete coral succession through the Ordovician–Silurian transition in South China reveals an adaptive phase during the Hirnantian glaciation, followed by an early survival phase and finally a late survival phase that persisted into the early Silurian. We demonstrate that a coral assemblage of latest Hirnantian to earliest Silurian age, remarkably similar to those from the Edgewood fauna known from Laurentia, occurs stratigraphically above the typical Hirnantian fauna. This, in combination with other evidence (e.g. brachiopods, lithology and chemostratigraphy), suggests the Edgewood fauna probably post-dated the early–middle Hirnantian glaciation, rather than being coeval with the older glacial-relatedHirnantiafauna. Evidence from South China shows that the Edgewood fauna appeared in the very latest Hirnantian and extended into the middle Rhuddanian, considerably younger than previously believed. Such a new correlation necessitates a reassessment of the influence of the end-Ordovician glaciation on biotas. We argue that this major glaciation probably would have substantially affected the ecosystem even in tropical regions, as shown by the development there of theHirnantiafauna or, alternatively, the presence of a conspicuous stratigraphic hiatus. This suggests a surprisingly rapid biotic recovery during the subsequent postglacial transgression, represented by the flourishing of comparatively diverse shelly faunas (e.g. the Edgewood fauna and theCathaysiorthisbrachiopod fauna) in nearshore shallow water environments from Laurentia to eastern peri-Gondwana terranes or blocks (e.g. South China).
The influence of the Great Falls Tectonic Zone on the thrust sheet geometry of the southern Sawtooth Range, Montana, USA
Authors: BURBERRY C. M. , PALU J. M.
Published: June 2016

The reactivation potential of pre-existing deep-seated structures influences deformation structures produced in subsequent compression. This contribution investigates thrust geometries produced in surface thrust sheets of the Sawtooth Range, Montana, USA, deforming over a previously faulted sedimentary section. Surface thrust fault patterns were picked using existing maps and remote sensing. Thrust location and regional transport direction was also verified in the field. These observations were used to design a series of analogue models, involving deformation of a brittle cover sequence over a lower section with varying numbers of vertical faults. A final model tested the effect of decoupling the upper cover and lower section with a ductile detachment, in a scenario closer to that of the Sawtooth Range. Results demonstrate that complexity in surface thrust sheets can be related to heterogeneity within the lower sedimentary section, even when there is a detachment between this section and the rest of the cover. This complexity is best observed in the map view, as the models do not show the deep-seated faults propagating into the cover. These results were then used to predict specific locations of discrete basement fault strands in the study area, associated with what is generally mapped as the Scapegoat-Bannatyne Trend. The deep-seated faults are more likely to be reactivated as strike-slip features in nature, given the small obliquity between the ENE-directed compression direction and the NE-oriented basement faults. More generally, these results can be used to govern evaluation of thrust belts deforming over faulted basement, and to predict the locations of specific fault strands in a region where this information is unknown.
THE SHOGUN'S TEA JAR: RITUAL, MATERIAL CULTURE, AND POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN EARLY MODERN JAPAN
Authors: OSHIKIRI TAKA
Published: June 2016

This article explores the relationships between ritual, material culture, and political authority in early modern Japan by focusing on the Japanese tea ceremony, a highly formalized socio-cultural activity elaborated from the customs related to the consumption of powdered green tea. The article analyses one of the Tokugawa Shogunate's annual processions, the so-called, ‘Travelling of the Shogun's Tea Jar’ – a ritual developed around the Shogunate's acquisition of its annual stocks of tea – which was formalized as one of the official annual events in the early seventeenth century. It argues that the tea ceremony became a part of routine business in the Tokugawa Shogunate and continued to perform its customary functions in supporting military elite's political life. In turn, the tea ceremony was authorized by shoguns and domain lords through public rituals and regular consumption. Consequently, the tea ceremonial practice was institutionalized in the shogunal administrations, creating a class of tea professionals and generating networks of tea providers. Moreover, the practice of tea was embedded in the everyday life of the warrior elite, both at the national and regional levels, until the final fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN INTELLIGENCE, HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE AND HEIGHT: EVIDENCE FROM TWO SAMPLES IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Bakhiet Salaheldin Farah Attallah , Essa Yossry Ahmed Sayed , Dwieb Amira Mahmood Mohsen , Elsayed Abdelkader Mohamed Abdelkader , Sulman Afra Sulman Mohammed , Cheng Helen , Lynn Richard
Published: June 2016

This study was based on two independent studies which in total consisted of 1812 school pupils aged 6–12 years in Saudi Arabia. Study I consisted of 1591 school pupils (609 boys and 982 girls) attending state schools, and Study II consisted of 211 boys with learning disabilities. Intelligence (measured using the Standard Progressive Matrices Plus for Study I and the Standard Progressive Matrices for Study II), head size and height were measured for the two samples. The results showed that intelligence was statistically significantly correlated with head circumference (r=0.350,p<0.001 for Study I andr=0.168,p<0.05 for Study II) and height (r=0.271,p<0.001 for Study I andr=0.178,p<0.05 for Study II).
The ideomotor recycling theory for language
Authors: Badets Arnaud
Published: June 2016

For language acquisition and processing, the ideomotor theory predicts that the comprehension and the production of language are functionally based on their expected perceptual effects (i.e., linguistic events). This anticipative mechanism is central for action–perception behaviors in human and nonhuman animals, but a recent ideomotor recycling theory has emphasized a language account throughout an evolutionary perspective.
Pro and con: Internal speech and the evolution of complex language
Authors: Behme Christina
Published: June 2016

The target article by Christiansen & Chater (C&C) offers an integrated framework for the study of language acquisition and, possibly, a novel role for internal speech in language acquisition. However, the “Now-or-Never bottleneck” raises a paradox for language evolution. It seems to imply that language complexity has been either reduced over time or has remained the same. How, then, could languages as complex as ours have evolved in prelinguistic ancestors? Linguistic Platonism could offer a solution to this paradox.
Consequences of the Now-or-Never bottleneck for signed versus spoken languages
Authors: Emmorey Karen
Published: June 2016

Signed and spoken languages emerge, change, are acquired, and are processed under distinct perceptual, motor, and memory constraints. Therefore, the Now-or-Never bottleneck has different ramifications for these languages, which are highlighted in this commentary. The extent to which typological differences in linguistic structure can be traced to processing differences provides unique evidence for the claim that structure is processing.
Realizing the Now-or-Never bottleneck and Chunk-and-Pass processing with Item-Order-Rank working memories and masking field chunking networks
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: June 2016

Christiansen & Chater's (C&C's) key goals for a language system have been realized by neural models for short-term storage of linguistic items in an Item-Order-Rank working memory, which inputs to Masking Fields that rapidly learn to categorize, or chunk, variable-length linguistic sequences, and choose the contextually most predictive list chunks while linguistic inputs are stored in the working memory.
Better late than Now-or-Never: The case of interactive repair phenomena
Authors: Healey Patrick G. T. , Howes Christine , Hough Julian , Purver Matthew
Published: June 2016

Empirical evidence from dialogue, both corpus and experimental, highlights the importance of interaction in language use – and this raises some questions for Christiansen & Chater's (C&C's) proposals. We endorse C&C's call for an integrated framework but argue that their emphasis on local, individual production and comprehension makes it difficult to accommodate the ubiquitous, interactive, and defeasible processes of clarification and repair in conversation.
Edge effects in the avifaunal community of riparian rain-forest tracts in Tropical North Queensland
Authors: Neate-Clegg Montague H. C. , Morshuis Emily C. , Banks-Leite Cristina
Published: June 2016

Most evidence suggests anthropogenic edges negatively affect rain-forest bird communities but little has been done to test this in Australasia. In this study, avifaunal detection frequency, species richness and community composition were compared between the edge and interior and between flat and more complex-shaped edges of riparian rain-forest tracts in Tropical North Queensland. The detection frequency and richness of guilds based on diet, foraging strata and habitat specialism were also compared. This study detected 15.1% more birds at the rain-forest edge compared with the interior but no difference in species richness. Edge shape had no effect on detection frequency or richness. Many guilds (subcanopy, closed forest, frugivorous and insectivorous species) experienced increased detection frequency at the edge relative to the interior, but for some guilds this response was reduced (habitat generalists) or reversed (understorey and mixed-flock species) along complex edges. Overall community composition was affected by edge distance but not by edge shape. Edge habitat was shorter and had more open canopy than the interior, supporting habitat-based explanations for the observed avifaunal edge effects. These results suggest generally positive edge effects in Australian rain-forest bird communities, possibly reflecting local resource distributions or a disturbance-tolerant species pool.
Nectar volume is positively correlated with flower size in hummingbird-visited flowers in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Tavares Davi Castro , Freitas Leandro , Gaglianone Maria Cristina
Published: June 2016

We studied the relationship between flower size and nectar properties of hummingbird-visited flowers in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analysed the nectar volume and concentration as a function of corolla length and the average bill size of visitors for 150 plant species, using the phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) to control for phylogenetic signals in the data. We found that nectar volume is positively correlated with corolla length due to phylogenetic allometry. We also demonstrated that larger flowers provide better rewards for long-billed hummingbirds. Regardless of the causal mechanisms, our results support the hypothesis that morphological floral traits that drive partitioning among hummingbirds correspond to the quantity of resources produced by the flowers in the Atlantic Forest. We demonstrate that the relationship between nectar properties and flower size is affected by phylogenetic constraints and thus future studies assessing the interaction between floral traits need to control for phylogenetic signals in the data.
CIHR Candrive Cohort Comparison with Canadian Household Population Holding Valid Driver’s Licenses
Authors: Gagnon Sylvain , Marshall Shawn , Kadulina Yara , Stinchcombe Arne , Bédard Michel , Gélinas Isabelle , Man-Son-Hing Malcolm , Mazer Barbara , Naglie Gary , Porter Michelle M. , Rapoport Mark , Tuokko Holly , Vrkljan Brenda ,   for the Candrive Research Team
Published: June 2016

Nous avons examiné si l’échantillonnage de commodité est une méthode appropriée pour recruter un échantillon de conducteurs âgés représentatif de la population des conducteurs canadiens âgés. En utilisant des tests d’équivalence, nous avons comparé un grand échantillon de commodité de conducteurs âgés (de la cohorte Candrive II) à une population de conducteurs canadiens d’âges similaires. L’échantillon Candrive est constitué de 928 conducteurs âgés habitant dans l’une de sept régions métropolitaines du Canada. Les données démographiques relatives à la population canadienne ont été obtenues à partir de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes – Vieillissement en santé (ESCC-VS), basé sur un échantillon représentatif de Canadiens âgés. Les données pour les conducteurs âgés de 70 ans et plus ont été extraites de la base de données de l’ESCC-VS, pour un total de 3,899 conducteurs canadiens âgés. Les deux échantillons que nous avons comparés se sont avérés équivalents en ce qui a trait aux variables socio-démographiques, relatives à la santé et à la conduite à l’exception de la fréquence d’utilisation de la voiture. Nous concluons qu’en dépit de quelques différences, l’échantillonnage de commodité utilisé dans l’étude Candrive a créé un échantillon suffisamment représentatif des conducteurs âgés au Canada.
Attitudes: Mediators of the Relation between Health and Driving in Older Adults
Authors: Tuokko Holly , Sukhawathanakul Paweena , Walzak Laura , Jouk Alexandra , Myers Anita , Marshall Shawn , Naglie Gary , Rapoport Mark , Vrkljan Brenda , Porter Michelle , Man-Son-Hing Malcolm , Mazer Barbara , Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Gélinas Isabelle , Bédard Michel ,   on behalf of the Candrive II Research Team
Published: June 2016

Nous avons examiné les relations entre la santé perçue (p. ex., l’état de santé auto-évaluation) et des pratiques d’autorégulation de la conduite (p. ex., la fréquence de la conduite, l’evitement des situations de conduite difficiles) comme médiée par les attitudes et les perceptions de conduite (à savoir, le confort de conduite, les attitudes positif et négatif envers la conduite) dans les données recueillies pour 928 conducteurs âgés de 70 ans et plus inscrits à l’étude Candrive II. Nous avons observé que les attitudes spécifiques à la conduite (p. ex., le confort de conduite, les attitudes négatives envers la conduite) assurent la médiation des relations entre les symptômes de santé et les comportements de conduite auto-reglementés au début et au fil du temps. Seuls les attitudes négatives à l’égard de conduite ont mediés entièrement les relations entre les changements dans les symptômes perçus de la santé et les changements dans le comportement de conduite. Les symptômes perçus pour la santé influencent apparemment la probabilité d’éviter des situations difficiles de conduite par le biais de deux attitudes négatives initiales pour la conduite, ainsi que des changements dans les attitudes négatives au fil du temps. Comprendre les influences sur le comportement de conduite d’auto-réglementation seront bénéfiques lors de la conception des interventions visant à améliorer la sécurité des conducteurs âgés.
MATERIAL EXPRESSIONS OF WEALTH AND SOCIAL CLASS AT AZTEC-PERIOD SITES IN MORELOS, MEXICO
Authors: Olson Jan Marie , Smith Michael E.
Published: June 2016

We analyze residential architecture and domestic artifacts as expressions of wealth, prestige, and social class at three Aztec-period settlements in Morelos, Mexico: Capilco, Cuexcomate, and Yautepec. House size, as expressed in both floor area and construction volume, shows a strongly bimodal distribution that we interpret as marking elite and commoner residences. We test this interpretation with two artifactual indices of household wealth. One is designed to maximize the elite-commoner distinction in each setting, but is not directly comparable among contexts. The other is a simpler generic wealth index that can be compared among sites and across time. We also consider variability within the commoner class in house size and artifact inventories. While some degree of variation is present, the extent of variation is minor in comparison to the level of elite-commoner differences.
FEATHERWORKING IN THE PROVINCES: A DISPERSED LUXURY CRAFT UNDER AZTEC HEGEMONY
Authors: Berdan Frances F.
Published: June 2016

Elizabeth Brumfiel has made many contributions in the area of Aztec-period economic specialization. This article builds on her work by examining social and political contingencies on the production of fancy featherwork objects. It goes beyond the urban core and explores the impact of Aztec imperial conquest and tribute demands on the production and distribution of feathered objects in conquered regions.
A MULTISCALAR APPROACH TO MIGRATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE AT MIDDLE POSTCLASSIC XALTOCAN
Authors: Overholtzer Lisa , De Lucia Kristin
Published: June 2016

Ethnohistoric documents characterize the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in central Mexico as an era of endemic warfare and mass migration, processes that archaeologists have causally related to the development of the Aztec Empire. In this paper, we explore a striking transition in this dynamic, but poorly understood period at the Otomi capital of Xaltocan. The archaeological record reveals that with the adoption of Aztec II Black-on-Orange pottery bya.d.1240, Xaltocan witnessed the expansion of the island to accommodate more residents, construction of thechinampaagricultural system, and the emergence of two subpopulations with distinct household organization, consumption, and funerary practices. We link a microscale examination of domestic activities with contextual understanding of macrolevel population dynamics, ethnic politics, and political-economic processes, and argue that this shift is due to an influx of migrants. These findings have significant implications for shifting conceptions of identity associated with the emergence of large polities.
Process evaluation of a randomised controlled trial of a diabetes prevention intervention in Dutch primary health care: the SLIMMER study
Authors: van Dongen Ellen JI , Duijzer Geerke , Jansen Sophia C , ter Beek Josien , Huijg Johanna M , Leerlooijer Joanne N , Hiddink Gerrit J , Feskens Edith JM , Haveman-Nies Annemien
Published: June 2016

Objective

To investigate (i) how the SLIMMER intervention was delivered and received in Dutch primary health care and (ii) how this could explain intervention effectiveness.

Design

A randomised controlled trial was conducted and subjects were randomly allocated to the intervention (10-month combined dietary and physical activity intervention) or the control group. A process evaluation including quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted. Data on process indicators (recruitment, reach, dose received, acceptability, implementation integrity and applicability) were collected via semi-structured interviews with health-care professionals (n 45) and intervention participant questionnaires (n 155).

Setting

SLIMMER was implemented in Dutch primary health care in twenty-five general practices, eleven dietitians, nine physiotherapist practices and fifteen sports clubs.

Subjects

Subjects at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes were included.

Results

It was possible to recruit the intended high-risk population (response rate 54 %) and the SLIMMER intervention was very well received by both participants and health-care professionals (mean acceptability rating of 82 and 80, respectively). The intervention programme was to a large extent implemented as planned and was applicable in Dutch primary health care. Higher dose received and participant acceptability were related to improved health outcomes and dietary behaviour, but not to physical activity behaviour.

Conclusions

The present study showed that it is feasible to implement a diabetes prevention intervention in Dutch primary health care. Higher dose received and participant acceptability were associated with improved health outcomes and dietary behaviour. Using an extensive process evaluation plan to gain insight into how an intervention is delivered and received is a valuable way of identifying intervention components that contribute to implementation integrity and effective prevention of type 2 diabetes in primary health care.
Reduced-portion entrées in a worksite and restaurant setting: impact on food consumption and waste
Authors: Berkowitz Sarah , Marquart Len , Mykerezi Elton , Degeneffe Dennis , Reicks Marla
Published: June 2016

Objective

Large portion sizes in restaurants have been identified as a public health risk. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether customers in two different food-service operator segments (non-commercial worksite cafeteria and commercial upscale restaurant) would select reduced-portion menu items and the impact of selecting reduced-portion menu items on energy and nutrient intakes and plate waste.

Design

Consumption and plate waste data were collected for 5 weeks before and 7 weeks after introduction of five reduced-size entrées in a worksite lunch cafeteria and for 3 weeks before and 4 weeks after introduction of five reduced-size dinner entrées in a restaurant setting. Full-size entrées were available throughout the entire study periods.

Setting

A worksite cafeteria and a commercial upscale restaurant in a large US Midwestern metropolitan area.

Subjects

Adult worksite employees and restaurant patrons.

Results

Reduced-size entrées accounted for 5·3–12·8 % and 18·8–31·3 % of total entrées selected in the worksite and restaurant settings, respectively. Food waste, energy intake and intakes of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, Na, fibre, Ca, K and Fe were significantly lower when both full- and reduced-size entrées were served in the worksite setting and in the restaurant setting compared with when only full-size entrées were served.

Conclusions

A relatively small proportion of reduced-size entrées were selected but still resulted in reductions in overall energy and nutrient intakes. These outcomes could serve as the foundation for future studies to determine strategies to enhance acceptance of reduced-portion menu items in restaurant settings.
Diet quality and cognitive function in an urban sample: findings from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study
Authors: Wright Regina S , Waldstein Shari R , Kuczmarski Marie Fanelli , Pohlig Ryan T , Gerassimakis Constance S , Gaynor Beatrice , Evans Michele K , Zonderman Alan B
Published: June 2016

Objective

Poor diet quality contributes to morbidity, including poor brain health outcomes such as cognitive decline and dementia. African Americans and individuals living in poverty may be at greater risk for cognitive decrements from poor diet quality.

Design

Cross-sectional.

Setting

Baltimore, MD, USA.

Subjects

Participants were 2090 African Americans and Whites (57 % female, mean age=47·9 years) who completed two 24 h dietary recalls. We examined cognitive performance and potential interactions of diet quality with race and poverty status using baseline data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores were calculated and interpreted using federal guidelines. A neurocognitive test battery was administered to evaluate cognitive function over several domains.

Results

Linear regression analyses showed that lower HEI-2010 scores were associated with poorer verbal learning and memory (P<0·05) after adjustment for covariates. Diet quality within the sample was poor. Significant interactions of HEI-2010 and poverty status (allP<0·05) indicated that higher diet quality was associated with higher performance on tests of attention and cognitive flexibility, visuospatial ability and perceptual speed among those below the poverty line. No significant race interactions emerged. Higher diet quality was associated with better performance on two measures of verbal learning and memory, irrespective of race and poverty status.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that diet quality and cognitive function are likely related at the population level. Future research is needed to determine whether the association is clinically significant.
The ship, the media, and the world: conceptualizing connections in global history
Authors: Wenzlhuemer Roland
Published: June 2016

The study of transregional connections is central to the field of global history. This article reflects on the idea of connections from a conceptual viewpoint and treats them as mediators. This will be exemplified by studying the spatial and temporal dimensions of transoceanic steamship passages. The lives of crew and passengers did not go on ‘stand-by’ during such a passage. The case of the flight and eventual capture of Hawley Harvey Crippen will serve as a case in point. Suspected of murder in London, Crippen tried to escape to North America by transatlantic steamer. The captain, however, recognized the fugitive and informed both authorities and media. The ship, whose movements across the Atlantic contributed to the establishment of global connections, thus became tightly entangled in a global media landscape, with newspapers and readers from all over the globe focusing their attention on the small shipboard community. Simultaneously, the steamer became a profoundly secluded place for its passengers, who were cut off from the media flurry surrounding them. The article shifts the principal perspective of the murder case from a terracentric notion of history to a more sea-based narrative. It offers a new historical interpretation of the events and at the same time reconsiders the analytical concept of connections in a broader historical context.