bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Order Management: Design and Implementation of a System using Scheduling Algorithms and Expert Validation
Authors: Surbakti Eunike Endariahna , Rizky Nazim , Pane Ivransa Zudhi , Khouwira Filbert
Published: November 2024

This research focuses on the crucial role of system interfaces in enhancing user experience, particularly in the context of an online canteen ordering system. A well-designed interface not only improves user satisfaction but also streamlines the ordering process, addressing issues like queuing in canteens. The study employs Expert Validation to gather valuable insights from experts, ensuring a robust foundation for system development and evaluation. The online canteen ordering system facilitates food orders through an application, eliminating the need for users to physically visit the canteen. This approach not only benefits users but also aids canteen management in efficient order handling.The scheduling algorithms, FCFS (First Come First Served) and SJF (Shortest Job First), are utilized to manage incoming orders. FCFS, chosen for its intuitive handling of queuing problems, complements the SJF algorithm, which excels in efficiently managing numerous orders. The system dynamically switches between these algorithms based on the order load, resulting in an effective queuing structure. Usability testing is conducted to evaluate the system’s user-friendliness, with an impressive average score of 86.6%. This indicates that the system is wellreceived and navigable by users. The website implementation receives an ”good” categorization through UEQ (User Experience Questionnaire) testing, with attractive design and high scores in aspects like Perspicuity, Efficiency, Dependability, Stimulation, and Novelty. These findings collectively affirm the success of the designed interface in delivering a positive user experience for the online canteen ordering system.
Cloud-Based ERP System Backend Design, study case: PT Cranium Royal Aditama
Authors: Manoppo Arnoldus Yitzhak Petra , Istiono Wirawan
Published: November 2024

An ERP system is a comprehensive software solution that facilitates the integration of all resources inside a firm. PT Cranium Royal Aditama is a company specializing in the development of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions for other businesses. The ERP system of Cranium was constructed on the .Net architecture. Nevertheless, the situation remains unchanged. The Net framework is constrained by its compatibility exclusively with the Windows operating system. Cranium developed a cloud-based ERP system using Java programming language to ensure flexibility and compatibility with all operating systems. The backend of the ERP system is constructed utilizing a monolithic modular architecture, employing Java Springboot as a framework and PostgreSQL as the database. The purchasing, inventory control, and production planning modules are responsible for the design and development process. The design and development of the ERP system backend is now underway, however it is still in the development stage and is currently confined to a basic CRUD technique
Recommendation System Coffee Shop using AHP and TOPSIS Methods
Authors: Siagian Christian Andreas , Surbakti Eunike Endariahna , Khaeruzzaman Yaman
Published: November 2024

Indonesian people generally like to spend time with friends, family and business colleagues while drinking coffee. This habit of consuming coffee can not only be done at home, but can also be done in other places such as traditional and modern coffee shops. This has also significantly influenced the growth of coffee shops, especially in Tangerang. So people are faced with so many choices and alternative coffee shops to visit. This research was conducted to create a system that can recommend coffee shops in Tangerang based on priority criteria input by the user. Therefore, this recommendation system uses the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method, where the process of making decisions is based on several criteria. This research uses the method Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). This research was tested using the Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use (USE) Questionnaire and received a very good rating with an overall score of 87.6\%, so the conclusion was that the average respondent felt helped by this recommendation system.
Improving Students’ Pronunciation Skill Using Cake Application
Authors: I Kadek Berli Arya Sujana  , Made Hery Santosa  , Ni Wayan Surya Mahayanti
Published: November 2024

English language competency is crucial for success in the classroom and in the workplace in today's worldwide society. This study examines how sixth-grade students at SD N 1 Baktiseraga can improve their English pronunciation skills by using the CAKE application, a mobile-assisted language learning tool. Utilizing Classroom Action Research (CAR) over two cycles, this research involved 25 students and aimed to improve pronunciation through interactive and interesting technological methods. Initial observations indicated low levels of engagement and pronunciation challenges among students. This intervention involves a learning plan that incorporates the CAKE application, with a focus on everyday conversations and practical speaking exercises. Data collection includes pre-test and post-test to measure progress as well as observation data to assess student participation and engagement. The results showed significant improvements in students' pronunciation skills and increased class participation. Uniformity of pronunciation abilities among students also increased, indicating reduced variation in skills. This research shows the effectiveness of integrating mobile technology into language education, highlighting the role of the CAKE app in improving student pronunciation and engagement. These findings suggest that such technological tools can significantly improve language learning outcomes and should be considered for wider educational use.
Foreign market entry strategy as a key to the competitiveness of enterprises
Authors: Tyukhtenko Nataliya , Iryna Churkina Iryna ч , Pavlovych Oleksandra , Mokhnenko Andrii , Burak Valentyna
Published: November 2024

The study aimed to highlight the peculiarities of the formation and use of strategies for entering the foreign market by modern business entities, using enterprises in the agrarian sector of the economy as an example. The methods of economic and statistical analysis, including the Wilcoxon statistical method for comparing trends, as well as the scoring method, were used to process the data. The current study identified the peculiarities of the development of the agricultural sector in the European Union countries and Ukraine in particular, focusing on the main challenges and opportunities faced by agricultural enterprises in the context of globalisation. It was found that the development of the agricultural sector depends on access to resources, technological progress and appropriate state support. The importance of introducing innovations and attracting investments to increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises was emphasised. The main motives and strategies for their entry into foreign markets were outlined, including: product differentiation strategy, pricing strategy (cost leadership strategy), innovation strategy, expansion into new markets, branding strategy, sustainable development strategy, and localization strategy. The article analysed the agricultural sector of Ukraine and provides an overview of strategies for entering foreign markets of 15 Ukrainian agricultural enterprises, drawing attention to existing problems in infrastructure and logistics. The author substantiated the areas of improvement, including investments in modernization, development of logistics networks and improvement of product quality in accordance with international standards, which will help to increase their competitiveness in the global market. The obtained results emphasise the importance of an integrated approach, including product differentiation, price competition and innovation strategies to ensure the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in the global market, as well as the need to adapt strategies to the specifics of local markets and sustainable development trends
Preparation and Application of Crumb Rubber/SBS Composite Modified Asphalt
Authors: Li Ping , Ding Hongli , Zhang Xingyu , Xu Huaxin , Xie Junjie , Jia Xiaofan
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the preparation technology, rheological properties, and modification mechanism of rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt were systematically studied. The preparation process and parameters of rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt were determined as follows: the SBS was developed for 3 hours followed by the addition of rubber powder, with a development temperature of 180±5°C. The content of stabilizer was 2‰, the content of compatible agent (furfural extraction oil) was 3.0%, the content of rubber powder was 18–20%, and the content of SBS was 2.5–3.5%. Three indexes-elastic recovery test, segregation evaluation methods, and viscosity evaluation methods – were used to analyze the effect of modifier content on the macro properties of asphalt. Based on rheological principles, multiple stress repeated creep recovery tests (MSCR) and low temperature bending beam rheological beam tests (BBR) were carried out on rubber powder/SBS composite modified asphalt. On this basis, after fitting and analyzing the low-temperature creep compliance curve using the Burgers viscoelastic model, the asphalt was assigned a low-temperature viscoelastic assessment index. The modification mechanism of the modified asphalt was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the amount of modifier had an obvious influence on the microstructure of the modified asphalt.
Ship Hull Rinsing Water Squirt Pipe Inlet and Outlet Velocity Analysis
Authors: Zhao Boyuan , Zheng Dong
Published: November 2024

Nowadays, the sea transportation is becoming more and more popular with its cheap and large capacity transport characteristics. At the same time, the ship hull rinsing is also gradually becoming higher demand in the ship transportation sector, during the transportation in the sea, there will be plenty of sea stars, reefs and other type of sea creatures will attach on the ship hull so that it will cause the ship structure damage. To resolve this issue, the ship hull rinsing can deal this particular problem. This article will investigate and analyze the water squirt pipe flow velocity to reveal what range of velocity is the best way to rinse the hull effectively without damage its structure.
Lightweight Design of Special Vehicles Brake Camshaft Considering Torque and Fatigue Life
Authors: Yang Quan , Liu Hao
Published: November 2024

The lightweight design has been recognized as a typical effective method for energy saving and emission reduction during parts manufacturing. Therefore, modeling analysis and lightweight design based on the ANSYS workbench for the brake camshaft are proposed. Firstly, the brake camshaft model is imported into the workbench to simulate the static analysis. The stress, deformation, and fatigue life of the brake camshaft are obtained by mesh dividing, boundary conditions defining and loading, and the modal of the brake camshaft is simulated to obtain the modal natural frequency. Then, on the basis of the lightweight design and safety performance of the brake camshaft, the structure of the brake camshaft is optimized, the model has compared again, and the lightweight design scheme can be obtained. The results show that the weight of a brake camshaft decreases by 1.4797 kg, and the cost decreases by 20.8% after lightweight. This method can optimize the structure, save materials, reduce production costs, and shorten the production cycle. This lightweight design method has important reference and practical significance for the production design of the brake camshaft and similar products.
Study on the Simulation of Plunger Adaptive Motion and Leakage Velocity Calculation Model in Plunger Gas Lift Wells
Authors: Jiang Lu , Jiang Liping , Liu Jianyi , Xue Heng , Zhang Jingyi , Xiao Yong , Guo Songyi
Published: November 2024

Due to the depleted exploitation of shale gas reservoirs, liquid loading in horizontal wells during the later stages of exploitation is a common problem. Among these, the plunger lift has advantages such as a simple manufacturing process, low operating cost, and good performance, making it widely used in various gas fields. In view of the characteristics of plunger motion in the wellbore, researchers typically employ simulation and laboratory experiments to study both the plunger motion and gas-liquid flow mechanism. Existing simulations and experiments are generally conducted by setting either the plunger movement speed to be constant or the differential pressure between the wellhead and bottomhole to be constant. However, the wellhead pressure changes during the life cycle of gas production in a gas well, transitioning from the initial pressure state to a gradually decreasing pressure after the well is opened. Therefore, it is difficult for existing results to accurately reflect the dynamic coupling relationship between the plunger motion state and the differential pressure between the wellhead and bottomhole during the plunger lifting process. This paper establishes an adaptive simulation model of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) for plunger motion in gas well production, which accounts for decreasing wellhead pressure. And a model is established based on simulation results to calculate the liquid leakage upper of the plunger.
AHP-Based Comparative Study of Cultural and Creative Products of Shanghai Museum and British Museum
Authors: Tan Ruiguang , Shen Qian , Zhang Jie
Published: November 2024

As the guardians and inheritors of cultural heritage, museums play an important role in today’s society. With the rise of cultural and creative industries, museum creative design has become an important part of museum development. Shanghai Museum, as one of the famous museums in China, has attracted a lot of attention for its creative design in recent years. And the British Museum, as a world-class museum, its creative design is even more influential globally. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the similarities and differences between the Shanghai Museum and the British Museum through a comparative study of the creative design of the two museums, so as to provide reference and inspiration for the creative design of Chinese museums. From the reflective layer, the innovative thinking in cultural and creative design is divided into three main innovative methods, and the cultural and creative products of the Shanghai Museum and the British Museum are compared horizontally and vertically in different ways using the comparative analysis method, the use of the case study method and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) are interspersed with them to compare them, focusing more on comparisons in terms of the innovative methods, and at the same time utilizing the data to corroborate the results, to Explore the similarities and differences between the two museums in the innovation of cultural and creative products.
A GS-LightGBM-Based Method for Identifying Lost Circulation Risks in Petroleum Drilling Operations
Authors: Xue Rongjing , Li Jian , Zhang Guangdou , Zha Wenyong , Tang Yin
Published: November 2024

Accurate early warning of lost circulation risks is crucial for maintaining safety and efficiency in drilling operations. Traditional methods often rely heavily on expert judgment, resulting in delays and inaccuracies. This study introduces a novel method for lost circulation risk identification by extracting intrinsic information from drilling data. The approach integrates the LOWESS algorithm for data noise reduction and applies a sliding time window to capture fluctuations in drilling parameters. Additionally, Spearman rank correlation is utilized to uncover relationships between parameters. A GS-LightGBM model is then developed to facilitate intelligent early warnings. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a prediction accuracy of 93.46%, effectively forecasting lost circulation risks and showing significant potential for practical engineering applications.
Calibration and Testing of Channel-Type Positive Pressure Leaks in Leak Testing
Authors: Li Cheng , Liu Zhonghua , Su Haimin
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces several calibration methods of Channel-type positive pressure leaks in leak testing. According to one of the methods of calibration, a calibration device of positive pressure leak is made and the calibration method of pressure leaks is researched and validated. By analyzing the calibration results and exploring more reasonable and effective technical parameters, it can provide a reference for laboratory or field inspection to obtain more accurate leak rate of pressure leaks.
Cocoon Defect Detection Method Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Huang Wujin , Wang Bo , Sun Jixin , Deng Yingfu , Zhang Junde , Che Mengji , Lu Peng , Zhou Zupeng
Published: November 2024

As the core raw material of the silk industry, the quality of cocoon directly determines the quality of the final silk products. The type of defects on the surface of cocoon is a key index to judge the quality of cocoon. In this paper, four types of cocoon defect data sets are constructed by adding corresponding labels to cocoon images through Labelimg. Then, the YOLOv5m model and YOLOv5s model are trained by using the constructed cocoon defect data set, and the training results are compared in detail. After comparative analysis, the results show that the YOLOv5 m model has good results in various evaluation models such as accuracy, mAP and F1 score. Finally, the trained two models are deployed on the experimental platform, and under the same experimental detection conditions, the two models are used to detect the same number of cocoons. The test results show that the detection accuracy of YOLOv5m model is 83.1 %, while that of YOLOv5s model is 70.9 %. The experiment also provides a practical basis for deep learning technology in cocoon defect detection.
Numerical Solution Method for Second Kind Fredholm Integral Equations Based on SSA
Authors: Liu Min
Published: November 2024

To improve the computational accuracy of numerical solutions for second kind Fredholm integral equations, this paper proposes a numerical solution method based on SSA (Singular Spectrum Analysis). Firstly, power series are chosen as the approximate analytical expression of the unknown function. Then, the composite Simpson quadrature formula is used for the definite integral part. Subsequently, the equation group is transformed into a function optimization problem. Finally, the best coefficients of the power series are solved using the SSA algorithm. Through 6 numerical experiments, the results show that compared with existing methods in literature, the proposed method has improved the calculation accuracy by 1–10 orders of magnitude, which verifies its feasibility and superiority. Moreover, this method provides a new approach for numerical solutions of second kind Fredholm integral equations.
Research on the Impact of Information Technology on High Quality Resource Sharing: Analysis Based on Multiple Linear Regression Model
Authors: Liu Minna , Palaoag Thelma
Published: November 2024

This article provides an in-depth discussion of the current situation and challenges of quality resource sharing, and uses multiple regression analysis to explore the impact of information technology on quality resource sharing. The findings show that the level of IT application, the proportion of government-supported capital investment, and the activity of users on education IT platforms have a significant positive impact on the degree of resource sharing. This research result provides a scientific basis for the government and related organisations, and helps to formulate a more reasonable and effective resource sharing policy in order to promote the extensive sharing and application of quality resources.
Evaluation of MIMO Multipath Fading Channels Based on the IEEE 802.11n Channel Models for Indoor Wireless Local Area Networks
Authors: Patra Trilochan , Mitra Swarup Kumar
Published: November 2024

The topic in this paper deals with the performance of a multi-input multi-output multi-path dissipating medium in indoor cellular computer network environments on the basis of the IEEE 802.11n channel model. The MIMO multipath fading channel system utilized for this study comprises four transferring and accepting aerials and incorporates the Bell Doppler spectrum object. The channel model encompasses six distinct outlines marked A through F, that cover various schemes such as flat and large areas, fields, small and large offices, indoors and outdoors. Every medium incorporates a fading model containing shadowing and MIMO multi-path decaying, taking into account the distribution of multiple delays, spatial power, K-factor dispersal, and Doppler range.
Embedded Hamming Scheme Implementation Using Single Bit Error Detection and Correction
Authors: Vasudeva G  , Gururaj Bharathi
Published: November 2024

Multiple bit upsets due to radiation-induced soft errors are a major concern in Nano scale technology nodes. Once such errors occur in the configuration frames of an FPGA device, they permanently affect the functionality of the mapped design. Existing solutions exploit coding techniques with considerably high overhead to protect configuration frames against multiple bit upsets. Our proposed scheme does not require any changes to the FPGA architecture. Experimental results on a Xilinx SPARTAN 3 FPGA device show that the proposed scheme achieves error recovery coverage of 99.30% with only 3% resource occupation while the mean time to repair is comparable with previous scheme. Hamming and embedded hamming schemes are proposed from the literature survey and memory overhead is reduced in order toachieve the successful implementation of error detection and correction codes.
Proof of a Conjecture on the Minimum ABS Index of Bicyclic Graphs
Authors: Qiu Xiuliang , Hong Chengxi , Lin Wenshui
Published: November 2024

The atom-bond sum-connectivity (ABS) index of a connected graph G = (V,E) is defined as ABS(G) = ∑uv∈E√((d(u)+d(v)-2)/(d(u)+d(v))), where d(w) is the degree of vertex w ∈ V. It was shown that this recently proposed topological index has comparable predictive applicability in chemistry with some famous indices, such as the Randić index, sum-connectivity index, and atom-bond connectivity index. Recently, the chemical bicyclic graphs with minimum ABS index were characterized. It was conjectured that this result also holds for general bicyclic graphs. We confirm this conjecture in the present paper.
The Role of the Mathematical Modelling in the Analysis of Market Price Conditions
Authors: Mutovkina Nataliya
Published: November 2024

The article describes the results of a study of the influence of various factors on pricing in modern market conditions. Effective pricing policy plays a crucial role in ensuring the competitiveness and profitability of business entities. Maximizing income is one of the main goals of business entities. However, earning income depends on the effectiveness of the company’s pricing policy. If the price of a product is too high, consumers will purchase it from competing companies. Underestimating the price of a product in comparison with competing products can cause potential buyers to distrust the product of this company. The psychological factor “it doesn’t happen cheap and good at the same time” is triggered here. Therefore, the management of business entities must constantly remember to balance price and quality, the price of their goods, and the prices of competitors’ goods. The main factors influencing the price level are supply and demand. The higher the price, the lower the demand, and the higher the supply. Therefore, one of the main tasks that the management of commercial enterprises solves is determining a fair price for a product. The article defines a fair price and considers the methods of its establishment. The most effective method is mathematical modelling. The article shows characteristic mathematical models describing the behaviour of market participants. Special attention is to the cobweb model, which gives a complete picture of the tendency of the price of a product to a state of market equilibrium. Of course, the system of factors influencing the pricing strategy is much broader, so the author recommends including other methods in the pricing methodology, for example, demand-oriented pricing, cross-elasticity, and an econometric approach to price forecasting. These and other techniques, taking into account the specifics of the market of goods (or services) under consideration, can be used to build mathematical models describing changes in the result (price) when influencing factors change. Mathematical modelling allows the management of business entities to make informed decisions regarding the prices of goods.
Research of Vertical Spring Rigidity Coefficient Equation Fitting for Rectangular Steel Tube Column and Concrete
Authors: Xu Na , Chen Tao
Published: November 2024

Setting transmission member in concrete-filled rectangular steel tube (CFRST) column has solved the problem that steel tube and concrete is difficult to work together for existing CFRST column. The elastic foundation beam theory was applied to CFRST column with transmission member, when solving the coefficient of concrete work by analytical method, vertical spring stiffness of steel tube was critical. Its solution was obtained by the finite element method, which was more complicated and non-intuitive for practical engineering applications, moreover, was also a certain difficulty. Defining vertical spring stiffness coefficient of steel tube, it was analyzed the various factors of the vertical spring stiffness coefficient and obtained the relationships between all influencing factors and the vertical spring stiffness coefficient. Considering the coupling effect between various factors, it was modified the fitting equation and total fitting equation. The error analysis was done. The results showed that the total fitting equation of vertical spring stiffness coefficient solved solution of the vertical spring stiffness effectively, and provided a reliable basis for the further solution of the concrete work-bearing factor.
Study on the Influence Factors of Heat Transfer Coefficient of Ship Insulation
Authors: Guo Lei , Liu Jia , Zhu Hua , Meng Xiangwei , Wang Feiyue
Published: November 2024

The heat transfer coefficient of a ship’s thermal insulation structure critically influences the calculation of the ship’s air-conditioning cooling and heating load, and it is necessary to investigate its accurate value and influencing factors. In this study, the heat transfer coefficient of the ship’s thermal insulation structure was numerically computed. Firstly, the numerical method was validated by comparing it with the experimental data, and then several commonly used ship thermal insulation structures were modeled and computed, and the influence factors were analyzed. The results indicate that the temperature difference and the thickness of the air layer have a minor influence on the coefficient. In contrast, the air layer surface emissivity, the material’s thermal conductivity, and the frame spacing significantly influence the coefficient. Noticeably, there is a significant difference between the computed values and the values in the standard. It is recommended that numerical computations be carried out on the ship’s thermal insulation structures before the actual ship design to get accurate heat transfer coefficients, which can then be used for cooling and heating load calculation.
Analysis of Soft Soil Foundation Treatment Using High Vacuum Densification Method via Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Jiang Guanghui , Chang Yajing , Cheng Junli , Shan Hao , Yang Shuo , Hong Baoning
Published: November 2024

The high vacuum densification method has shown promise in treating soft soil foundations in coastal areas. This study evaluated its effectiveness using finite element analysis software PLAXIS. The results revealed that soil displacement decreased with depth after treatment, affecting only the soft soil layer. Maximum vertical displacement at the subgrade surface was 0.73 m, while the soft soil displaced 0.097 m. Excess pore water pressure varied more on the top surface but reached equilibrium similarly. After dynamic compaction, bottom layer pressure did not fully dissipate, while the top layer dissipated entirely. This study provides insights into the method’s application in coastal regions, informing engineering practice and future research.
Direct-conversion x-ray detectors using amorphous selenium
Authors: Lee Denny L.Y. , Golden Kelly P. , Yorker Jeffrey G. , Davis Jim , Rodricks Brian G. , Cheung Lawrence K. , Jeromin Lothar S.
Published: November 2024

Direct conversion of x-ray energy into electrical charge has been extensively developed into imaging products in the past few years. Applications include general radiography, mammography, x-ray crystallography, portal imaging, and non-destructive testing. Direct methods avoid intermediate conversion of x-rays into light prior to generating a measurable electrical charge. This eliminates light scattering effects on image sharpness, allowing detectors to be designed to the limit of the theoretical modulation transfer function for a discrete-pixel sensor. Working exposure range can be customized by adjusting bias and thickness of sensor layers in coordination with readout-electronics specifications. Mature amorphous selenium technology and recent progress on high-quality Thin-Film Transistor (TFT) arrays for computer displays have allowed development of practical large-area high-resolution flat-panel x-ray imaging systems. A variety of design optimizations enable direct-conversion technology to satisfy a wide range of applications including dynamic imaging.
Adaptive control of teleoperation systems
Authors: Shi Minyan , Tao Gang , Liu Hong
Published: November 2024

In this paper, an adaptive control technology is presented, which has certain application potential to teleoperation of $X$ -ray machines. The focus of this technology is on transparency which is an important concept for teleoperation systems. In a transparent teleoperation, the human operator feels as if to manipulate the slave environment directly. When a teleoperation system is known, a fixed controller can be designed to ensure a teleoperation control system stable and transparent. In this case, system transparency is achieved in terms of impedance matching. However, when the parameters of a teleoperation system are unknown, exact impedance matching is impossible and new concepts of transparency are needed. Several suitable adaptive control schemes are developed for control of a teleoperation system with unknown parameters of different types: those with constant values, those with jumping values, and those with smooth but large time-varying values. Associated with different situations of adaptive control systems, different new transparency concepts are introduced and verified by analysis and simulation results.
Enhance light penetration in tissue for high resolution optical	imaging techniques by the use of biocompatible chemical agents
Authors: Wang Ruikang K. , Tuchin Valery V.
Published: November 2024

The highly scattering nature of human tissue limits light penetration depth in the near infrared range, which prevents the deeper microstructures from imaging. In order to enhance the imaging depth for the current high resolution optical imaging techniques, the light scattering in tissue must be reduced. This paper demonstrates that the light scattering of tissue can be effectively reduced by the topical applications of the biocompatible chemical agents. In this study the propylene glycol and glucose solutions were chosen for the demonstrations through topical applications and intra-dermis injection, respectively. The experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo by the use of the optical coherence tomography system. The results clearly show that the OCT imaging depth and contrast are dramatically improved after the topical applications of propylene glycol solution. Such improvement was discussed on the basis of refractive index matching environment created by the chemical agents, which effectively reduces the light scattering of tissue. Rayleigh-Gans approximation of light scattering was also used to show theoretically how the increase of refractive index of background medium would have effect on the reduced scattering coefficient of tissue. The theoretical and experimental results were qualitatively consistent.
A general theoretical formalism for X-ray phase contrast	imaging
Authors: Wu Xizeng , Liu Hong
Published: November 2024

The in-line phase-contrast imaging has great potential for clinical imaging applications. This work presents a general theoretical formalism for the in-line phase-contrast imaging. The theoretical formalism developed in this work is derived by taking a new strategy to calculate the Fourier transform of image intensity directly. Different from the transport of intensity equation (TIE) formalism for phase-contrast imaging in literature [6], this general formalism covers both the near field regime and the holography regime of phase-contrast imaging. The image intensity formulas have been derived in both the image space and frequency space. Especially our results show that the Fresnel diffraction image intensity is a sum of convolutions of the cosine- and sine-Fresnel filters with the object attenuation $A_0^2(x)$ and attenuated phase $A_0^2(x)φ(x)$ , respectively. The Pogany-Gao-Wilkins (PGW) formalism is recovered as a special case of our general formalism. In addition, in the low-resolution approximation, the general formula is reduced a spherical wave-generalization of the TIE-based formula for phase-contrast imaging. This spherical wave-generalization will be useful for phase-contrast imaging with a micro-focus x-ray tube. The transition of the formalism from 1-D to 2-D cases has been provided as well.
Cardiovascular ultrasound imaging – A survey of technical	development
Authors: Lu Zheng F.
Published: November 2024

This article reviews the physics fundamentals in cardiovascular imaging using ultrasound and discusses the current technology and advances in clinical practices. Challenges in future development are included at the end of the article.
Current status of coronary multislice CT angiography
Authors: Hong Cheng , Zhu Fang , Bae Kyongtae T.
Published: November 2024

Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) is an emerging technique which has an enormous potential to improve the current practice of coronary artery imaging. This article reviews the current status of coronary MSCT angiography (MSCTA) with emphasis on the imaging techniques and clinical utilities of 16-slice CTA. Results and experiences gained from coronary MSCTA in the past few years have taught us that accurate diagnosis of coronary artery disease relies on good technical studies and can be achieved by optimizing image parameters including image timing and image reconstruction ECG-trigger delay. Current clinical applications of coronary MSCTA include: quantitative assessment of coronary artery stenosis, characterization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and follow-up of coronary artery stent and bypass graft. Furthermore, MSCT has brought an increasing awareness to the amount of radiation used in CT. This has prompted CT researchers and manufacturers to improve various techniques and develop new strategies to reduce radiation dose. It is anticipated that MSCT will become a sensitive and accurate tool for detecting coronary artery disease and monitoring outcomes after treatment for coronary artery disease.
The optimization of CT scan protocol for patient radiation	protection: Chest CT scan with a low tube current setting
Authors: Zhu Xiaohua , Yu Jianqun , Huang Zheng
Published: November 2024

The aim of this study was to optimize CT scan protocol to minimize patient exposure to ionizing radiation while maintaining CT image quality for detecting pulmonary diseases. The absorbed dose and CT scan quality were determined using dose phantoms at various tube current settings (7.5–115 mAs). The relationship between the absorbed radiation dose and CT scan quality were examined. For both 8-mm and 3-mm scanned slice thickness, the homogeneity of CT scans was within the required range (< 4 HU) at tested tube settings (> 7.5 mAs). However, the noise level of CT scans remained within the acceptance range (< 0.35%) only when the tube current was ≥ 25 mAs. The reduction of tube current from 115 mAs to 40, 25 or 7.5 mAs could decrease the CT Dose Index (CTDI) to 60, 70 or 85%, respectively. The evaluation of CT image quality suggested that there was an inflection point at 25 mAs. When the spiral chest CT scan was employed at a low tube current setting (i.e. 40 or 25 mAs), it maintained satisfactory image quality and reduced the absorbed dose of the patient, therefore protecting patients from ionizing radiation exposure.
Three-dimensional interactive virtual endoscopy
Authors: Li Guangming , Tian Jie , Zhao Mingchang , He Huiguang
Published: November 2024

Virtual endoscopy is a new development of diagnostic imaging, covering a wide range of potential clinical applications. This paper introduced a system framework for virtual endoscopy. Our research efforts concentrated on mesh smoothing, automated centerline extraction and view-dependent level-of-detail rendering techniques. First, the fairing surface was obtained by smoothing the normal vectors of the reconstructed model. Then, the modified reliable path method was used to generate the accurate skeleton. After that, the view-dependent level-of-detail rendering techniques, including mesh simplification, mesh parameterization and mesh subdivision, were used to achieve the purpose of real time rendering. Experimental results for the images of cerebral blood vessels, knees, and trachea using our solution were given.
Study on GDMRF model used in high energy transmission ICT
Authors: Kang Kejun , Zhao Ziran , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhang Li
Published: November 2024

In high-energy transmission industry computed tomography (ICT), convolution back-projection (CBP) is widely used for image reconstruction. But high mass thickness and the requirement of short scanning time lead to high statistical noise. Statistical methods are developed from emission tomography and its potential in transmission tomography has been appreciated recently. Consequently, statistical methods, which model the Possion noise of X-ray photons, are expected to produce better images than transform methods. In order to use those methods, such as maximum a posteriori (MAP), we need speed up the iterate algorithm and make use of the work-piece's prior information thoroughly. This paper presents a novel prior image model, which we refer to as genetic discrete Markov random filed (GDMRF) model. This model has two useful characters· discrete gray set and the genetic character of gray set. With the discrete gray set, the iterate algorithm is highly active. With the genetic character of GDMRF model, the reconstructed image quality benefits from using prior information thoroughly. Experiment has demonstrated that the GDMRF model is useful for image reconstruction from sinogram with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Demystifying optical diagnostics
Authors: Vogel Abby , Gandjbakhche Amir , Gannot Israel
Published: November 2024

This paper describes a few optical imaging methods in their translational stage to the clinical phase. The methods are compared to well-established X-ray imaging methods such as computed tomography and mammography. The drawback of the diffuse paths of laser photons compared to the ballistic paths of the X-ray is compensated by coherence methods for tissue characterization adjacent to the surface, and acoustic wave enhanced imaging and fluorescent markers that follow functional changes when deeper tissue is analyzed. This paper presents some of the latest developments in this field as presented in a Bench to Bedside workshop on optical imaging held at the National Institutes of Health.
An exact reconstruction algorithm in variable pitch helical	cone-beam CT when PI-line exists
Authors: Li Liang , Chen Zhiqiang , Zhang Li , Kang Kejun
Published: November 2024

In this paper, variable pitch helical cone-beam CT is studied. We prove a sufficient condition for the existence of PI-lines inside this variable pitch helix. Under this condition, we propose a new scanning configuration, called a spring scan, which can be used to scan a cylindrical object support. Based on Zou and Pan's BPF algorithm, we develop an exact BPF-type reconstruction algorithm for helical cone-beam CT in which the pitch of the helix varies with rotation angles. The algorithm includes four steps and can be used in region-of-interest (ROI) reconstruction by the PI-line determination step without a rebinning procedure as other BPF algorithms. Moreover, the algorithm can exactly reconstruct the object image only using the projection data within the Tam-Danielsson window, while Katsevich's algorithm requires more data than it. Furthermore, we test the proposed algorithm using the 3D Shepp-Logan phantom by a spring scan. The numerical results are described to support the correctness of the algorithm.
A high quantum efficiency prototype video based portal imaging	system
Authors: Samant Sanjiv S. , Gopal Arun , Sobczak David
Published: November 2024

Current video-based electronic portal imaging devices (VEPIDs) that utilize thin phosphor screens have poor image quality due to low light collection. Expensive flat-panel imagers with the same screen yield higher quality imaging at 2–4 monitor-units (MU) exposures, but are susceptible to radiation damage to the peripheral electronics. A prototype thick scintillation crystal (TSC) VEPID for subMU exposures is presented here. Utilizing a 12 mm thick CsI(Tl) crystal scintillator for greater light production, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is significantly increased for the prototype TSC (17 × 17 cm $^{2}$ field-of-view at isocenter) while spatial resolution is not affected by the increased optical path. A high-resolution plumbicon camera with 12-bit ADC and computer-controlled target integration provides variable exposure imaging. Modulation transfer function (MTF) and DQE measurements along with phantom imaging are presented for the TSC, commercial VEPIDs, flat-panels and film. The DQE for TSC is significantly higher than current VEPIDs, and comparable to flat-panel at low frequency. TSC provides portal imaging superior to other VEPIDs at subMU exposures. The TSC provides high quality portal imaging and with further optimization is expected to be better or comparable to flat-panels. TSC subMU imaging has potential for intra-treatment patient position monitoring, and increased portal verification frequency for patient localization.
X-ray projection simulation based on physical imaging model
Authors: Tang Shaojie , Yu Hengyong , Yan Hao , Bharkhada Deepak , Mou Xuanqin
Published: November 2024

In the X-ray CT research area, the linear integral projections of mathematical phantoms were extensively used to evaluate the proposed algorithms with a hypothesis of monochromatic model. However, X-ray tube emits a spectrum of energies and hence it becomes difficult to study some important aspects, such as the reconstructed density accuracy of special reconstruction algorithm and beam hardening effects of polychromatic imaging. If the energy spectrum of X-ray tube, geometry of phantom, and material compositions of all sub-regions are known, the actual projections can be simulated with more accuracy. Motivated by this fact, we propose an improved three-step discrete scheme to simulate the X-ray projections based on physical model. First, CT-numbers of all sub-regions of a phantom are determined in advance. Next, CT-numbers are decomposed into different material compositions under the constraint that sub-regions correspond to different human tissues. Finally, the projections are measured according to the energy spectrum distribution of X-ray tube, using the knowledge of X-ray imaging physics and our strategy to simulate the projecting process. Our scheme requires significantly less storage and computation to achieve a higher accuracy and precision. To demonstrate the feasibility of our scheme, we use the well-known FORBILD head phantom to generate projections and the Feldkamp algorithm for image reconstruction. The anticipated beam hardening effects are clearly seen in images reconstructed from projections simulated using our scheme. This scheme can be utilized in many medical X-ray imaging research aspects, such as algorithm design, performance analysis, distortion calibrations, artifact reduction, etc.
An exact reconstruction algorithm for triple-source helical	cone-beam CT
Authors: Zhao Jun , Jiang Ming , Zhuang Tiange , Wang Ge
Published: November 2024

For dynamic CT reconstruction, we have conceptualized a triple-source helical cone-beam scanning mode, and formulated a backprojected-filtration (BPF) algorithm for exact image reconstruction. The algorithm uses data from the three inter-helix PI-arcs related to the inter-helix PI-lines and the minimum detection windows defined for the triple-source configuration. The proof of the formula is based on Tuy's inversion formula and the geometric relations of inter-helix PI-lines. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the reconstruction algorithm. The BPF algorithm is also extended for the (2N+1)-source helical cone-beam CT.
Imaging characteristics of a high resolution computed radiography	system
Authors: Zhang Da , Rong John , Chu Robert , Wu Xizeng , Liu Hong
Published: November 2024

The objective of this study is to characterize the imaging performance of a high resolution computed radiography (CR) system. The finest pixel pitch of the system is 43.75 μm. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the CR system was measured on both scan and subscan directions. The Noise Power Spectrum (NPS) and Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) were also determined under different conditions. The MTF results on subscan direction showed 90%, 45% and 10% modulation at 1, 3, and 7 lp/mm resolutions, respectively; on scan direction the MTF values are slightly lower. The DQE value of this CR system at low frequency under 26 kVP is as high as 45%. As a comparison, these measurements were repeated with a CCD based system (48 μm pixel pitch) using the same x-ray source. The unique features of this CR system, such as its high limiting spatial resolution and detective quantum efficiency, make it attractive in applications such as mammography.
Generating contours of brain tumor images by using their optical	density information and image correlation techniques
Authors: Koyuncu Baki , Pahsa Alper
Published: November 2024

In this study, image correlation techniques were applied on opticaldensity information to generate contour lines of a tumor area within abrain slice image. The tumor area was scanned as a digital image and itsintensity amplitudes were converted into optical density amplitudes. Theoriginal image and the reference image which were constructed by theoptical density amplitudes were correlated and the results weregraphically displayed against the spatial coordinate of the brain sliceimage. The peaks of the graphs showed the healthy and tumor tissuetransitions. Contour profiling of the tumor tissue was generated byjoining these peaks.