bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Бензолды гидрлеудiң родий катализаторына жаңа көмiр тасымалдағыштарын жасау
Authors: Конуспаев С , Шаймардан М , Нұрлан Ә
Published: June 2021

Бұл мақалада, күрiш қауызынан (РШАУ) және өрiк сүйегiнен белсендiрiлгенкөмiрге (АКАУ) отырғызылған родий катализаторы қатысында, этанолда, 40 – 80оСтемпература және сутектiң қысымы 20 – 100 атм аралығында, бензол мен толуолды гидрлеудiңнәтижелерi ұсынылды. Бастапқы материалдарына байланысты, АКАУ берiктiлiгi жоғары, алРШАУ жеңiл әрi ұшқыш, оны реакциялық массадан бөлiп алу қиындық туғызатындықтан,өрiк сүйегiнен белсендiрiлген көмiр АКАУ тиiмдi тасымалдағыш бола алатындығы көрсетiлдi.Rh / АКАУ катализаторының белсендiлiгi Сiбiрдiң көмiр тасымалдағышы сибунитке жәнеқайың ағашынан белсендiрiлген көмiр БАУ-ға отырғызылған родий катализаторларыменшамалас, Rh / РШАУ белсендiлiгi Rh / АКАУ қарағанда бес есе төмен екендiгi анықталды.Катализаторлар Брунауэр-Эммет-Теллер (БЭТ) және сканерлi электрондық микроскопия(СЭМ) әдiстерiмен зерттелiп, олардың құрамы, процестiң кинетикалық параметрлерi, сутекпенбензол бойынша реакцияның дәрежелiгi және активтену энергиялары анықталды.
PERAN JUMANTIK PADA KEJADIAN DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE: STUDI POTONG LINTANG DI UPTD PUSKESMAS KUTA SELATAN
Authors: Sukayuni Ni putu eka , Prihandhani IGAA Sherlyna , Artana I Wayan
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTJumantik plays a role in the early vigilance system to monitor the presence and inhibit the development of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dengue) mosquito vector. Jumantik cadres are expected to be active in monitoring their environment to reduce the number of dengue cases. However, in 2020 there will be an increase in dengue cases in South Kuta. This study purposed to determine the correlation between the role of jumantik and the incidence of dengue fever at the UPTD Puskesmas Kuta Selatan. This study used observational quantitative research with a cross-sectional design. The sample amounted to 67 jumantik selected by total sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire and documentary sheet of DHF case reports. Data analysis used Rank Spearman's test. It was found that the majority of jumantik's role was good (77.6%) and the incidence of dengue fever decreased (74.6%). The analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between the role of jumantik and the incidence of dengue fever in the UPTD Puskesmas Kuta Selatan with a moderate and positive correlation, which means the better the role of jumantik in carrying out their duties. The better the jumantik work, the incidence of dengue fever decreases (p value 0.002 <α 0.05 and coefficient correlation of 0, 427). It is recommended to the health office to carry out training and health education for jumantik on an ongoing basis which is carried out every one semester.
Os desafios das Administrações municipais na terceirização de serviços
Authors: Ferreira Giroto Maira Coutinho
Published: June 2021

O presente artigo trata do risco de as diferentes modalidades de terceirização no âmbito da Administração municipal se enquadrarem no conceito de despesa com pessoal da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, do risco de interrupção dos serviços de saúde públicos em razão da dificuldade de contratação de profissionais e do risco de a Administração vir a responder por encargos trabalhistas e previdenciários não adimplidos pelas empresas contratadas. Propõe como prevenção de tais riscos o melhor planejamento das terceirizações, com foco nos resultados e buscando a eficiência, eficácia e efetividade dos serviços públicos e nos mecanismos de controle dos contratos e parcerias firmados.
A Critical Examination of Breeders’ Monopoly Rights to the Detriment of Farmers’ Rights Under the Ethiopian Plant Breeders’ Rights Law
Authors: Abebe Degu Temesgen
Published: June 2021

Ethiopia adopted plant breeders’ rights proclamation in 2006 to provide recognition and economic reward for breeders for their effort and investment so as to encourage their involvement in the sector. At the same time, the proclamation aims to ensure that the farming and pastoral communities of Ethiopia, who have been conserving and continue to do so in the future the agro-biodiversity resource used to develop new plant varieties, continue to their centuries old customary practice of use and exchange of seed. This article aims at investigating the extent to which the proclamation accommodates its stated objective by giving adequate recognition to farmers’ rights. The investigation adopts a qualitative method by analyzing both primary materials and secondary sources. The article concludes that the Ethiopian plant breeders’ rights proclamation fails to adequately incorporate farmers’ rights beyond its preamble.
Effects of Aqueous Root Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr on Redox and Haematological Parameters of Diethylnitrosamine-Administered Rats
Authors:   Department of Chemical Sciences, Fountain University, Osogbo, Nigeria., Salau Amadu Kayode , Yakubu Musa Toyin ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Nigeria., Oladiji Adenike Temidayo ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill & Perr (Combretaceae) root barks, as well as their 1:1 (w/w) mixture on liver redox and haematological parameters of diethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Methods: Rats were orally administered distilled water, diethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg body weight once a week on weeks 3 and 4), curcumin (200 mg/kg body weight), extracts and 1:1 mixture (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde, markers of oxidative stress and hematological indices were evaluated. Results: The extracts and their mixture significantly (P<0.05) reversed the diethylnitrosamine-induced alterations in the levels of liver malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, vitamin C and platelet counts. The other haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count and neutrophil count) were not affected by diethylnitrosamine and extracts. Conclusion: The extracts possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective and haemoprotective activities that compared well with curcumin. These activities were better exhibited by the mixture than the individual extracts.
Safety Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Garcinia Kola Seeds in Male Wistar Rats
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Yakubu Musa Toyin , Quadri Ayodeji Luqman ,   Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: Garcinia kola seed is consumed indiscriminately in Nigeria without recourse to its potential toxicity. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the toxicity of the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds on selected tissues of male rats. Methods: Thirty male rats (215.00 ± 18.58 g) were assigned into four groups: A, B, C and D which received 0.5 ml of distilled water, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively, once daily for 7 days. Biochemical indices of organ damage and toxicity were determined using standard methods. Results: The extract significantly (P<0.05) increased the testes-body weight ratio, activities of testicular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), heart, testes and serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity, serum concentrations of uric acid, K+, creatinine and PO43-. The liver-body weight ratio, activities of kidney and serum ALP, liver, heart and serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST), serum and testicular acid phosphatase (ACP), concentrations of serum albumin, globulin, urea, Na+ , HCO3-, conjugated and total bilirubin were reduced. The heart- and kidney-body weight ratios and liver ALP were not significantly (P>0.05) altered. Conclusion: The treatment related alterations in the present study indicates that the aqueous extract of G. kola seeds at the doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight caused functional toxicity to the organs of the animals and thus not safe as an oral remedy.
Protective Influence of Gamma Rays and Electron-Beam Irradiation with a Commercial Toxin Binder on Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1 in Japanese Quails
Authors:   Department of Poultry Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran., Hasanpour Saeed , Rahimi Shaban ,   Department of Poultry Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran., Fani Makki Omid ,   MSc of Animal Science, Research and Development office, Zarin Gostar Sarina Company, Kashmar, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran, Shahhosseini Gholamreza ,   Department of Agricultural Research, Medicine and Industrial Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Institute, Karaj, Iran., Khosravi Alireza ,   Department of Mycology Reference Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: This cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of &gamma-rays and electron-beam irradiation with a commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX on the performance, feed components, and meat quality of Japanese quails challenged with aflatoxin B1. Methods: Overall, 168 One-d-old chicks (Japanese quails) were allocated to eight treatments with three replicates based on a completely randomized design in a 2×4 factorial arrangement. Two levels of aflatoxin (Zero and 2 ppm) were considered as the essential factor. The secondary factor was involved in four levels (Control, 27 k Gy doses of &gamma-rays, electron-beam irradiation, and 0.3% commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX). Results: In vitro condition showed that experiment diets do not have any effect on meat quality and feed components such as malondialdehyde, protein, fat, ash, and the dry matter. However, the highest and the lowest levels of feed intake and body weight gain were observed in the 7th treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 + electron-beam irradiation) and the 2nd treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 alone), respectively in 1-15 and 29-42 days (P&le0.05). In addition, the highest liver weight (1.73), spleen (0.57) and bursa (0.18) were seen in the second treatment (2 ppm aflatoxin B1) alone (P&le0.05) at the age of 42 days. Conclusion: &gamma-rays and electron-beam irradiation plus commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX can be used for aflatoxin B1 absorption in poultry diets.
Vitamin C and Chitosan Alleviate Toxic Effects of Paraquat on Some Biochemical Parameters in Hepatocytes of Common Carp
Authors:   Department of Aquaculture, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran., Sharifinasab Zeinab , Banaee Mahdi ,   Department of Aquaculture, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran., Mohiseni Mohammad ,   Department of Aquaculture, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran., Noori Ahmad ,   Department of Aquaculture, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Paraquat is nonselective bipyridyl herbicide that induces hepatotoxicity through oxidative stress. Vitamin C and chitosan have antioxidant as well as radical scavenger properties and show protective effects against reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present study, hepatoprotective effects of chitosan and vitamin C were evaluated in common carp exposed to paraquat. Methods: While exposed to 0.02 mg. L-1paraquat for 21 days, common carp were fed chitosan (1000 mg. kg‑1 feed), vitamin C (1000 mg. kg-1 feed), and vitamin C combined with chitosan. At the end of the experiment, activities of hepatic enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated. Results: Paraquat induces changes in the activity of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in liver tissue of fish. However, these enzymes were restored to normal levels in fish fed with vitamin C and vitamin C combined with chitosan following exposure to paraquat. Increased levels of malondialdehyde were observed in liver after exposure to paraquat, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities and the total antioxidant levels decreased. Administration of vitamin C combined with chitosan significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased the total antioxidant capacity, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities. Conclusion: Administration of vitamin C is effective in reducing liver toxicity of paraquat. However, administrating both vitamin C and chitosan is more effective. In other words, chitosan and vitamin C have a synergic effect. They could be used as hepatoprotective agents against paraquat-induced hepatotoxicity in fish.
Evaluation of Baffle Fixes Film up Flow Sludge Blanket Filtration (BFUSBF) System in Treatment of Wastewaters from Phenol and 2,4-Dinitrophenol Using Daphnia Magna Bioassay
Authors:   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Ghannadzadeh Mohammad Javad , Jonidi Jafari Ahmad ,   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rezaee Abbas ,   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Eftekharian Fatemeh ,   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Koolivand Ali ,   Department of Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Phenol and nitrophenol are common compounds found in different types of industrial wastewater known as serious threats to human health and natural environment. In this study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effectiveness of "baffle fixes film up flow sludge blanket filtration" (BFUSBF) system in elimination of phenolic compounds from water. Methods: D. magna cultures were used as toxicity index of phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures after treatment by a pilot BFUSBF system which consisted of baffle in anoxic section and biofilm in aerobic sections. Initial concentrations were 312 mg/L phenol and 288 mg/L 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Results: Bioassay tests showed that D. magna was influenced by the toxicity of phenol and 2,4 DNP mixtures. The comparison between the toxicity of initial phenol and 2,4-DNP mixtures and the output toxic unit (TU) derived from BFUSBF treatment system showed that the TU of the effluent from BFUSBF reactor was much lower than that of the solution that entered the reactor. Conclusion: Based on the acute toxicity test, BFUSBF process could reduce phenol and 2,4-DNP in aqueous solutions. Therefore, it is possible to use BFUSBF process as an appropriate treatment option for wastewaters containing phenolic compounds.
Evaluation of Kinetic and Equilibrium Parameters of NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles on Adsorption of Reactive Orange Dye from Water
Authors:   MSc of Environmental Sciences, Young Researchers & Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran., Zandi Pak Raziyeh , Sobhan Ardakani2 Soheil ,   Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Among different pollutants released into the environment, dyes are considered as one of the most dangerous contaminants. In recent years, magnetic nanomaterials have attracted much attention for their dye removal capacity. The aim of this study was to explore the adsorption kinetics of an anionic dye (Reactive Orange 13 (RO)) by NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) under various conditions. Methods: NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), pHpzc and BET methods. The adsorption characteristics of the NiFe2O4 NPs adsorbent were examined using Reactive Orange 13 as an adsorbate. The influences of parameters including pH, dose of adsorbent and contact time were investigated to find the optimum adsorption conditions. Results: Decreasing solution pH and increasing contact time were favorable for improving adsorption efficiency. The kinetic and isotherm data of RO adsorption on NiFe2O4 NPs were well fitted by pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. Conclusion: The maximal adsorption capacity of RO was 243.9 mg g-1 at 25◦C and pH 3.0 and the adsorption of RO on the NiFe2O4 NPs follows a monolayer coverage model. NiFe2O4 NPs might be an effective and potential adsorbent for removing anionic dyes from aqueous solutions.
Apoptotic Effect of Organophosphorus Insecticide Diazinon on Rat Ovary and Protective Effect of Vitamin E
Authors:   Department of Basic Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran., Sargazi Zinat , Nikravesh Mohammad Reza ,   Department of Anatomy and cell biology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Jalali Mehdi ,   Department of Anatomy and cell biology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Sadeghnia Hamid Reza ,   Department of Pharmacology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Rahimi Anbarkeh Fatemeh ,   Department of Anatomy and cell biology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide widely utilized in agriculture all over the world and causes many negative effects on plants and animal species, especially on human. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of DZN on apoptosis of ovarian follicles in adult rats and to assess the protective role of vit E. Methods: Thirty adult female Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group (without any intervention), sham group (received only pure olive oil, as solvent), experimental group 1 (DZN+olive oil, 60 mg/kg), experimental group 2 (vit E, 200 mg/kg), and experimental group 3 (DZN+vit E, the same dosage). All drugs were injected intraperitoneally, except vit E administrated by gavage. The animals were scarified after two weeks and left ovary was used to measure apoptosis of ovarian follicles. Results: The number apoptotic cells experimental group 1 increased significantly in contrast control group in secondary and graffian follicles (P< 0.001). Administration vit E plus DZN, significantly reduced apoptotic cells compared to DZN group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: DZN-induced apoptosis in secondary and graffian follicles and vit E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. Vit E might have a protective effect on DZN-induced ovarian toxicity.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from Agh Gel Wetland, Iran
Authors:   Department of the Environment, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran., Sobhanardakani Soheil , Ghoochian Mehrnaz ,   PhD Student in Environmental Sciences, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Soil and sediment serve as major reservoir for contaminants as they possess ability to bind various chemicals together. In this study the concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Cu were analyzed in surface sediments of Agh Gel Wetland in west of Iran. Methods: The sediment samples were taken from 10 stations. The samples were subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning and Cd, Cr and Cu concentrations of the sediments were determined by ICP-OES. Geo-accumulation index (I-geo), Contamination factor (CF) and Pollution load index (PLI) were used to evaluate the magnitude of contaminants in the sediment profile. Results: The mean sediment concentrations (mg kg-1 dry weight) ranged within 0.20-0.29 (Cd), 58-71 (Cr) and 23-36 (Cu). According to the I-geo values, the sediments' qualities are classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted category. According to the CF values, the sediments' qualities are classified as low to moderate contamination. Furthermore, the PLI values indicated that there were no metal pollution exists for all sampling stations. Conclusion: The Agh Gel Wetland is potential to be threatened by chemical pollutants such as agricultural effluent. So to preserve the environment of the Agh Gel Wetland from deterioration, periodically monitoring of the water and sediment qualities is recommended.
Biosorption of Pentachlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions by Aspergillus Niger Biomass
Authors:   Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran., Shokoohi Reza , Azizi Salah ,   M.Sc of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran., Ghiasian Seyed Amir ,   Department of Mycology and Parasitology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran., Poormohammadi Ali ,   Ph.D. by Research Student of Environmental Health Engineering, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: This study aimed to investigate the biosorption of pentachlorophenol on Aspergillus niger biomass as a method for removal of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solutions. Methods: Modified A. niger biomass with NaOH was used to absorb the pentachlorophenol. The impacts of various experimental parameters like primary pentachlorophenol concentration, pH of the solution, contact time, and biomass dosage on the biosorption of pentachlorophenol were investigated. Results: The correlation of contact time, pH and initial concentration with the biosorption of pentachlorophenol by A. niger biomass was statistically significant (P<0.001). Pentachlorophenol removal increased with decreasing pH of the solution and the maximum efficiency was obtained at pH=3. The equilibrium adsorption capacity was increased from 4.23 to 11.65 mg/g by increasing initial pentachlorophenol concentration from 10 to 40 mg/L, while pentachlorophenol removal efficiency decreased from 87 to 55%. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms efficiently described adsorption equilibrium of pentachlorophenol on A. niger biomass. Correlation coefficients for the second order kinetic model were almost equal to one. Conclusion: A. niger biomass can be used to reduce the toxicity of aqueous solutions containing pentachlorophenol in acidic pH conditions.
Biochemical Alteration Induced by Cadmium and Lead in Common Carp via an Experimental Food Chain
Authors:   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Mohiseni Mohammad , Asayesh SeiedehSara ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Shafiee Bazarnoie Saeedeh ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Mohseni Fatemeh ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Moradi Nahid ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Matouri Mahbubeh ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran., Mirzaee Nurieh ,   Department of Fisheries, Behbahan KhatamAlanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Evaluation on the toxicity of two mainly contaminant heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through the food chain was the aim of this study. Methods: A total number of 270 healthy common carp (4±1.14 g) in April, 2015 transported to the Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran. Fishes were divided into three groups and transferred to the 20 L aquaria each containing 30 juveniles. The first group (control) fed by metal-free Artemia fransiscan anauplii throughout the experiment. The second and third groups were feeding by Cd and Pb (1.5 mg/L free ion) contaminated nauplia, respectively. The experimental study was carried out for three weeks and sampling was done in 4th, 7th, 14th and 21st days. Finally, the alterations in plasma biochemical responses were determined. Results: Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities increased in response to feeding Pb-contaminated nauplia. Creatine phosphokinase activity showed significant increase in fourth day about both Cd and Pb and at the end of experiment only in Cd treatment (P<0.05). Cholesterol and triglyceride were increased significantly only for Pb (P<0.05). Plasma glucose and creatinine levels increased by both heavy metals compared to the control but glucose just remained high only for Pb at the end of the experiment. Total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly declined in both metal contaminated groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems Pb had a greater toxicity than Cd through the food chain and it may be due to its more trophic transfer than Cd.
Isolation and Characterization of Diazinon Degrading Bacteria from Contaminated Agriculture Soils
Authors:   Department of Biology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran., Hassanshahian Mehdi
Published: June 2021

Background: Organic agricultural pesticides are so stable in ecosystems and biosphere. These compounds affect soil conditions and agricultural products. The aim of this study was isolation of diazinon-degrading bacteria from Kerman pistachio orchards, Southeastern Iran. Methods: Diazinon-degrading bacteria were enriched in Bushnell-Hass medium. Identification and sequencing of prevalent degrading strains was performed using PCR based on amplifying of 16s rDNA. Results: The soil of pistachio orchard has some degrading bacteria that are suitable for elimination of diazinon from soil and environment. Three diazinon-degrading bacteria strains belong to: Pseudomonas putida strain D3, P. fluorescens strain D1 and Achromobacter piechaudii strain D8. The best degrading strain (D1), up to 100 ppm, illustrated a good growth, whereas more than this concentration, the growth was reduced. The results of Gas-Chromatography (GC) confirmed the decomposition of organic pesticide by degrading-bacteria. Conclusion: The results of Gas-Chromatography (GC) confirmed the decomposition of organic pesticide by degrading-bacteria.
Evaluation of some Enzymatic Changes in the Liver and Kidney of Rats Following Exposure to Sublethal Concentration of Potassium Cyanide
Authors:   Department of Basic Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran., Baghshani Hasan , Ghodsi Vahide ,   Department of Basic Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Besides acute lethal cyanide poisoning, its chronic intoxication may also produce some pathologic effects on different tissues that precedes alterations in biochemical parameters. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of sublethal cyanide exposure on some tissue enzyme activities in liver and kidney of rats. Methods: Twelve male rats were divided into two groups as follows: Group 1 rats served as control. Rats in group 2 received water containing 200 ppm inorganic cyanide. At the end of the experiment (42 days), hepatic and renal activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and rhodanese were measured. Results: Potassium cyanide administration caused elevation of all measured liver enzymes in group 2, although the increase was only significant for AST and ALT activities as compared to control values (P<0.05). Moreover, renal AST activity in rats from group 2 was significantly higher than those from controls. Conclusion: The altered tissue activities of some enzymes in the present study might reflect the metabolic disturbances due to cyanide intoxication in studied organs. However, further research should be focused on this issue for better understanding of the fine mechanism of cyanide effects upon metabolic enzyme activities.
Antimalarial and Reno-protective Potentials of Combined Stem Bark Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola and Enantia chlorantha in Plasmodium Infected Mice
Authors:   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Nurain Ismaila Olanrewaju , Bewaji Clement Olatunbosun ,   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria., Abubakar Abdulazeez Aderemi ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Mustapha Abdulrazaq ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Ajani Emmanuel Oladipo ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Sabiu Saeed ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Usman Lutfat Abimbola ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Abdulhameed Hassan Taye ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria., Ahmed Sikiru Bolaji ,   Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: Malaria is a worldwide threat, which affects millions of people. Although several antimalarial has been reported, they are either not effective or toxic. This study evaluated the antimalarial efficacy and safety of stem bark aqueous extracts of Khaya grandifoliola (KG) and Enantia chlorantha (EC) in Plasmodium berghie (NK65S) infected Swiss mice. Methods: Forty-two animals were grouped into six groups. Group A (control) comprised uninfected animals given sterile placebo. Group B was infected but untreated. Groups C, D, E, and F were infected and treated with 50 mg/kg artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), 400 mg/kg body weight of KG, EC, and the combined extracts (200 mg/ml body weight each) respectively. Results: Alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids, tannin and saponins were all present in the two extracts. The percentage parasitemia in the treated groups C, D, E, and F was significantly (P˂0.05) reduced from 44%, 24%, 35%, and 31% to 17%, 8%, 9% and 8% respectively. The level of creatinine C (1.33±0.08 g/d), D (2.07±0.15 g/d), E (2.17±0.24 g/d) and F (1.20±0.0.12 g/d) increased significantly (P˂0.05) compared to group A (0.73±0.08 g/d). There was no significant difference in the urea level, potassium and sodium concentrations among all the groups. Conclusion: The efficacy and renal safety of oral administration of aqueous stem bark extract of KG and EC were confirmed. Therefore, the extracts could be used as alternatives to standard drugs in the management of malaria.
Toxicological Evaluation of a New Lepidopteran Insecticide, Flubendiamide, in Non-Target Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors:   Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India., Sarkar Saurabh , Rajak Prem ,   Department of Zoology, ABN Seal College, Cooch Behar, India., Roy Sumedha ,   Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India.
Published: June 2021

Background: Flubendiamide, comparatively a new pesticide designed to eradicate lepidopteran insect pests is known to have low risk to birds, mammals, fish, algae, honey bees, non-target arthropods, earthworms, soil macro- and micro-organisms, non-target plants as well as sewage treatment organisms; however, the risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates from metabolite could not be finalized with available data. Methods: Different concentrations of flubendiamide (TATA TAKUMI®, Rallis, India) were introduced to larvae, pupae, and adult flies. A wide range of comparatively higher concentrations was selected for acute LC50 than chronic LC50 due to their exposure duration. Furthermore, relatively lower concentrations were introduced to larvae for assessment of emergence. Results: At chronic exposure, the effect-concentration relationship exhibited a linear response when adult emergence was considered in Drosophila melanogaster. When acute LC50 of flubendiamide in 3rd instar larvae was compared with the chronic LC50 then it was seen to be approximately 21 fold higher whereas chronic LC50 for adult flies was nearly 19 times less than the adult acute LC50. Similarly, adult emergence was seen to lower by 91.95% at 1500 µg/mL concentration. The chronic LC50 of the flubendiamide in Drosophila was approximately 170303 times more than the reported No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Conclusion: Hence, the chemical, flubendiamide can induce its effects at very low concentration, far below the lethal ones. Thus, the study is of relevance for the non-target insects as well as the insect dependent organisms.
Phytotoxicological Effects of Bulk-NiO and NiO Nanoparticles on Lesser and Giant Duckweeds as Model Macrophytes: Changes in the Plants Physiological Responses
Authors:   PhD of Plant Physiology, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran., Torbati Samaneh
Published: June 2021

Background: Although the production and usage of nanoparticles and their entrance to the ecosystem have increased in last decades, information about their negative impacts on organisms is scarce. We concentrated on the comparison of the toxicological effects of different concentrations of bulk-nickel oxide and nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) on lesser (Lemna minor L.) and giant (Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.) duckweeds as two model macrophytes. Methods: The morphology of nickel oxide nanoparticles was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transition electron microscopy (TEM). The plant's growth, photosynthetic pigments content, the contents of total phenols, flavonoids and MDA, and the activities of some antioxidant enzymes were investigated as indices to assess the toxicological effects of the NPs on two plant species. Results: The content of photosynthetic pigments in both of the plant species was significantly reduced by high concentration of NiO-NP. Increasing the concentration of the contaminants in the plant species was led to the remarkable enhancement of total phenol and flavonoid and MDA contents. Moreover, increasing the activity of the plant's antioxidant enzymes could reflect high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after the plant's treatments with the contaminants. Conclusion: The negative effects of the NiO-NPs, especially in high concentrations, on L. minor and S. polyrhiza were more than those of Bulk-NiO.
Quality Assessment of Edible Fish Species at Flood Basin of Omambala River, South East Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Onoja Uwakwe Simon , Ekere Nwachukwu Romanus ,   Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Ezugwu Joy Uzoamaka ,   Department of Home Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria., Onoja Remigius Ibe ,   Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Published: June 2021

Background: Food poisoning resulting from microbial and heavy metals pollution is commonplace. These contaminants do not only reduce the nutritional value of the food but are in many cases toxic. In this study, the proximate composition, bacterial quality and some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg) concentration in three common fish species (Claria gariepinus, Heterobrachus bidorsalis and Channa obscura) found in flood basin of Omambala River in Anambra, Nigeria were evaluated from 2016 to 2017. Methods: Wet digestion was used for the samples preparation and AOAC methods were adopted for the proximate analysis. Standard aerobic pour-platetechniques were used for bacterial enumeration while heavy metal concentrations were determinedusing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results: All the fish species had high protein, moisture, lipid, ash and minerals contents. Mean bacteria count of 3.36x106cfu/g was observed in C. gariepinus while C. obscura had mean bacterial count of 3.23x106cfu/g and H. bidorsalis had mean bacterial count of 3.40x106cfu/g. C. gariepinus had a cadmium and lead concentration of 0.012±0.012mg/kg,and 0.0043±0.0012mg/kg respectively while C.obscura had 0.010 ± 0.005mg/kg and 0.037 ±0.013mg/kg of cadmium and lead. H.bidorsalis had 0.011 ± 0.002mg/kg, and 0.048 ± 0.005mg/kg of cadmium and lead respectively. Conclusion: All the fish species are good sources of nutrient. The microbial and heavy metals concentrations were within the acceptable international limits for heavy metals in foods. However, the presence of these toxicants in the samples is a source of concern in relation to the health of the consumers.
Cypermethrin-Induced Liver Histopathology in Rat: Protective Role of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts
Authors:   Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India., Srivastava Babita Deep , Srivastava Manish ,   Department of Chemistry, Digvijai Nath P.G. College, Gorakhpur, India., Srivastav Sunil Kumar ,   Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India., Suzuki Nobuo ,   PhD of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, Japan., Srivastav Ajai Kumar ,   Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
Published: June 2021

Background: We evaluated ameliorative effects of Jamun seed and orange peel extracts on liver toxicity in cypermethrin exposed rat. Methods: Rats were given following treatments daily for 30 d: Group A: Control Group B: Rats received cypermethrin Group C: These rats received cypermethrin and Jamun seed extract simultaneously Group D: These rats received cypermethrin and orange peel extract simultaneously Group E: Rats received orange peel extract Group F: Rats received Jamun seed extract In respective groups dose of cypermethrin, Jamun seed and orange peel extract were 25 mg/ kg body wt, 200 mg/kg body wt and 200 mg/kg body wt, respectively. Liver was fixed for light and electron microscopic studies. Results: After 15 d cypermethrin or cypermethrin+JSE or cypermethrin+OPE treatment hepatocytes exhibited increased cell size, nuclei became more hyperchromatic and hypertrophied. Degeneration of nuclei and dilatation of sinusoids have been noticed. After 30 d cypermethrin treatment hepatocytes exhibit more pronounced hypertrophy with hyperchromatic nuclei. Few hepatocytes exhibit nuclei with irregular boundaries. Hepatocytes show foamy cytoplasm and few vacuoles. Focal necrosis visible at certain places. Binucleated cells are also encountered. In cypermethrin+JSE and cypermethrin+OPE treated rats, hepatocytes exhibit hypertrophy, hyperchromatic nuclei and dilatation of sinusoids. Degeneration of hepatocytes are seen at some places, however, focal necrosis is not seen in these groups. No noticeable histological alterations are seen in orange peel extract (group E) and jamun seed extract (group F) treated rats. Conclusion: Cypermethrin induced hepatic toxicity can be protected by treatment with Jamun seed and orange peel extract.
Antiproliferative Effect of Aspirin on Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
Authors:   MSc of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Bagheri Malihe , Hesari Amir Reza ,   PhD of Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Zia Sarabi Parisa ,   MSc of Medical Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Rahimi Hamid Reza ,   PhD of Molecular Medicine, Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Baazm Maryam ,   Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Ghasemi Faezeh ,   PhD of Biotechnology, Molecular and Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Aspirin may have anticancer properties, and can be effective as a novel strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effects of Aspirin drug in CRC cell lines compared with Oxaliplatin drug in vitro. Methods: Cell viability was assessed after treatment of SW742 and SW480 cells with Aspirin and Oxaliplatin by MTT assay, and the amount of IC50 was determined. Statistical analysis was performed through one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple range analysis (SPSS 19.0 software (P <0.05). Results: Aspirin and Oxaliplatin considerably inhibited the growth of SW742 and SW480 cell lines. SW742 cell line was more sensitive to Aspirin than SW480 cell line. The cytotoxic effect of Oxaliplatin was higher than Aspirin in both cell lines. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that both Aspirin and Oxaliplatin have cytotoxic effects on SW742 and SW480 cell lines in vitro. Thus, Aspirin may be considered as a therapeutic agent in CRC, however, further in vivo investigations are required to fully establish this effect.
Cholinesterase Level in Erythrocyte or Serum: Which is More Predictive of the Clinical Outcome in Patients with Acute Organophosphate Poisoning?
Authors:   Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran., Majidi Mohammad , Delirrad Mohammad ,   Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran., Banagozar Mohammadi Ali ,   Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran., Najaf Najafi Mona ,   Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran., Nekoueifard Solmaz ,   MD, Urmia Health Center, Urmia, Iran., Alizadeh Anahita ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran., Dadpour Bita ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Acute organophosphate poisoning (AOPP) is related to several clinical complications that may be fatal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of demographic, clinical and laboratory findings on AOPP outcome. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, medical records of all patients with AOPP admitted to Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, were reviewed from January 2016 to December 2017. Demographic data, clinical presentations, erythrocyte cholinesterase (RBC-ChE) and serum cholinesterase (S-ChE) activities were studied and evaluated in relation to clinical outcome of the patients. Results: A total of 64 patients (37 male, 27 female) were evaluated from whom 6 patients (9.4%) died. Statistically significant relationships were found between the outcome of the patients and RBC-ChE activity (p =0.008), intratracheal intubation (p=0.003), and abnormal blood pressure (p =0.009). Despite the lower mean S-ChE levels in the deceased patients and loss of consciousness in 42.2% (n=27) of patients, there was no statistically significant correlations between these factors and patients’ outcome (p =0.147, p =0.075, respectively). Conclusion: RBC-ChE activity, need for intratracheal intubation, and abnormal blood pressure on admission were important predictive factors in the clinical outcome of AOPP. Although S-ChE activity, level of consciousness, white blood cell count and blood glucose level on admission provide useful information, these data had no prognostic value in patients with AOPP.
Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Sperm Parameters and Testicular Tissue
Authors:   Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. Tehran, Iran., Mirzaei Varzeghani Sepideh , Parivar Kazem ,   Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. Tehran, Iran., Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin ,   Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran., Karamian Amin ,   Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran, Iran.
Published: June 2021

Background: Iron oxide nanoparticles are commonly used for various purposes, such as biomedical, medical, and cosmetic services and research. However, there is a little information about the effects of the nanoparticles on human health. The current investigation was conducted to evaluate the adverse effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeNP) on the reproductive organs of mice, such as the testicular tissue and sperm cells. Methods: Twenty-eight male NMRI mice were randomly divided in four groups (N=7). The control group received only a regular diet. The experimental groups were administered FeNP in doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/Kg intraperitoneally (IP), over four days. Epididymal sperm parameters, such as sperm number and motility were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Stereological analysis was also conducted on the histological sections. Results: The results demonstrated that FeNP (300 mg/Kg/day) caused a significant decrease in the sperm parameters, such as motility, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatid, Sertoli, Leydig cells, total length of seminiferous tubules, and testicular interstitial tissue volumes. Conclusion: In summary, FeNP affected several reproductive tissue and cellular parameters at the administered dosage. Further research is required to examine the mechanism of action of FeNP the mice reproductive system.
Acute Pesticide Poisoning in Children: A Review of 50 Cases
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics B, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia., Khalsi Fatma , Trablesi Ines ,   Department of Pediatrics B, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia., Belhadj Imen ,   Department of Pediatrics B, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia., Brahmi Nozha ,   Professor of Toxicology, Emergency Medical Assistance Center of Tunis, Faculty of Medicine, University Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia., Hamouda Samia ,   Department of Pediatrics B, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia., Boussetta Khedija ,   Department of Pediatrics B, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis El Manar. Tunis, Tunisia.
Published: June 2021

Background: Pesticide poisoning is very common in Tunisia. Various factors are involved in the analysis of the clinical presentations and the severity of this condition. Major factors are the chemical nature of the pesticides and the quantity entered the body. Methods: This is a retrospective study, reporting the pediatric cases that presented to us with signs and symptoms of pesticide poisoning. Fifty cases pesticide poisoning were admitted to the hospital between January 2013 and October 2016. Results: A total of 50 pediatric cases were included in this study with the mean age of 3 years and 4months. The poisoning was accidental in 49 cases and self-inflicted in one, with the mode being oral (N=45), respiratory (N=2) and cutaneous (N=3). The average duration of hospital care for these patients was 2 hours and 30 minutes (range: 30 min-24 hr). The clinical manifestations of poisoning noted were due to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors inhibition. Upon clinical examination, 29 patients had no pesticide in the gastric lavage fluid and urine and demonstrated no abnormal cholinesterase activity. The therapeutic management was mainly symptomatic with antidote medications prescribed (atropine and oxime). All patients had favorable outcomes and no death occurred. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the frequency of pesticide poisoning in a pediatric setting and the importance of early management. Optimal therapeutic approaches were evaluated, demonstrating that prevention still remains the best solution in such cases.