bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and control of a STATCOM based on hybrid cascaded H‐bridge and full‐bridge neutral point clamped multilevel inverter
Authors: Miremad Armin , Khalaj Monfared Kourosh , Iman‐Eini Hossein , Neyshabouri Yousef
Published: February 2021

This study presents a STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) based on hybrid cascaded H‐bridge and full‐bridge neutral point clamped (HC‐FNPC) inverter. The advantages of HC‐FNPC over symmetric and asymmetric cascaded H‐bridge (HB) in STATCOM application are verified in terms of number of power components and voltage balancing capability. A control strategy is proposed to achieve control aims, i.e. reactive current compensation and balancing the voltages of capacitors. HC‐FNPC‐based STATCOM consists of two types of cells, i.e. full‐bridge neutral point clamped (FNPC) and HB cells with one and two capacitors in their DC side, respectively. A hierarchical balancing scheme is proposed to regulate the voltage of capacitors in mixed cells. In the first control layer, the voltage vector of cells is adjusted so that the active power is uniformly distributed among the cells. In the second control layer, the switching redundancies of FNPC are used to provide voltage balancing. The introduced balancing scheme not only provides voltage balance among capacitors, but also distributes the reactive power equally among the cells and increases the reliability in this way. The performance of the proposed control is validated through simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and experimental results based on a single‐phase nine‐level HC‐FNPC‐based STATCOM laboratory prototype.
Robust day‐ahead dispatch of CAES for mitigating fluctuation of net load in the distribution network
Authors: Wu Chenxi , Wu Qiuwei , Wu Qiuxuan
Published: February 2021

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) can balance the fluctuation of renewable generation. In this study, the CAES is used as an energy storage system in the distribution network with wind power generation (WPG). Considering the forecasting error of WPG and load, a robust day‐ahead optimal dispatch scheme for the CAES is developed in this study. The characteristics of the CAES are modelled in detail for the expansion/compression operation during the robust optimal dispatch (ROD). The aim is to minimise the fluctuation of the net load in the distribution network. Robust dynamic programming is employed to solve the optimisation problem in this study. The developed scheme is tested with the IEEE‐RBTS load profile and real WPG data. The deterministic and ROD‐ahead dispatch scheme are simulated and compared. The fluctuation of the net load is compared with different weights of the variation and uncertainty set.
Evaluation of ancillary services in distribution grid using large‐scale battery energy storage systems
Authors: Mahesh M. , Vijaya Bhaskar D. , Narsa Reddy T. , Sanjeevikumar P. , Holm‐Nielsen Jens Bo
Published: February 2021

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are being presented as a prominent solution to the various imminent issues associated with the integration of variable renewable energy sources in the distribution system. Performance of grid‐connected BESS depends on the type of application (power and energy), grid operating parameters and level of interconnection point, which shows the necessity of benefit assessment of BESS technology and its applications in terms of economic and grid operations before investment at a larger scale. In this study, real‐time analysis and evaluation of two different battery technologies connected in a medium voltage (MV) distribution system are carried out. The main objective of this paper is focused on the impact analysis of large‐scale BESS on MV distribution feeder. A real case of installation of lithium‐ion and advanced lead‐acid battery systems into the Indian distribution system has been considered for this study. Different operational strategies of BESS such as frequency regulation and energy time‐shift have been performed with real‐time data. The effectiveness in usage of BESS with these functionalities has been verified in terms of peak shaving, improvement in voltage profile and reduction in power losses in the feeder.
Large area fabrication of high aspect ratio nano‐cylinders on micro‐pillars based on a colloidal crystal mask
Authors: Yan Zexiang , Wang Ying , Zeng Xingchang , Lu Jiangbo , Lv Xianglian , Yuan Weizheng , He Yang
Published: February 2021

The combination of microstructures and nanostructures has broad application prospects. However, most existing methods are oriented to fabricating microstructures and nanostructures separately, and the fabrication of nanostructures on a microstructured surface at the wafer level is rarely studied. In this work, a new method of fabricating large‐area high aspect ratio nano‐cylinders on micro‐pillars based on a colloidal crystal mask is proposed. An experimental device for stripping and draining was designed to create a polystyrene colloidal crystal mask. Together with reactive‐ion etching and metal‐assisted chemical etching, high aspect ratio nano‐cylinders on micro‐pillars with controllable size were obtained on a 4‐inch silicon wafer. Wetting tests were performed on four groups of fabricated structures of different sizes, and the results showed that all samples were superhydrophobic. Thus, a method for fabricating uniform, size‐controllable, large‐area high aspect ratio nano‐cylinders on micro‐pillars with great potential as a superhydrophobic engineering material is proposed.
Preparation of functionalised UiO‐66 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles using deep eutectic solvents as a benign medium
Authors: Albayati Noor , Kadhom Mohammed
Published: February 2021

UiO‐66 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the solvothermal method using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and compared to those prepared using the traditional solvent, dimethylformamide. A mixture of choline chloride:glycerol with a molar ratio of 1:2 was used as a green solvent to prepare the NPs. SEM, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, zeta potential, N2 adsorption/desorption, and surface area characterisations were used to characterise the NPs. Results showed that the NPs formed in the DES had a smaller size but the lower surface area and functionalised with new chemical groups due to the DES effect. Also, the modified metal–organic frameworks surface area increased by increasing the incubation time but decreased by increasing the temperature.
Knorpelverlust spielt nicht die Hauptrolle bei Knieschmerz in Verbindung mit Arthrose
Authors: Vielitz Arne
Published: February 2021

Bacon K, LaValley MP, Jafarzadeh SR et al. Does Cartilage Loss Cause Pain in Osteoarthritis and If So, How Much? Ann Rheum Dis 2020; 79: 1105–1110. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217363
A Green, Scalable, and Catalyst-Free One-Minute Synthesis of Quinoxalines
Authors: Hansen Jørn H. , Elumalai Vijayaragavan
Published: February 2021

A highly efficient and catalyst-free protocol is reported for the synthesis of quinoxalines via the classical cyclocondensation reaction between aryldiamines and dicarbonyl compounds. Remarkably simple and green reaction conditions employing methanol as solvent afforded medium to excellent yield of quinoxalines after only one-minute reaction time at ambient temperature. The conditions allow at least 10 gram scale synthesis of quinoxalines and should be a preferred starting point for optimization and method of choice for applications in the synthetic community.
The Association between Serum Sodium Levels and Febrile Seizures Recurrence: Is the Degree of Hyponatremia a Risk Factor?
Authors: Alp Esma Keleş , Elmacı Ahmet Midhat
Published: February 2021

Febrile seizures are common disorders in childhood. We evaluated the serum electrolyte levels and the associated factors in children with single and recurrent febrile seizures in 24 hours period of hospitalization. The medical records of children who were clinically diagnosed with febrile seizures and hospitalized were retrospectively revealed and analyzed. Data were collected for children aged 1 to 6 years including demographic parameters and serum electrolyte levels. A total of 244 children were enrolled in the study in which 209 were diagnosed with single febrile seizures and 35 of them with recurrent febrile seizures. Serum sodium levels were significantly lower in children with recurrent febrile seizure (138.5 ± 2.38 and 134.2 ± 3.55, p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed that mild hyponatremia is associated with recurrence of febrile seizure within 24 hours. However, receiver-operating characteristics analysis for hyponatremia showed lower sensitivity (50.3%) and specificity (43.1%) values for optimal cutoff value of 133.5 mmol/L of serum sodium level. Our study suggested that serum sodium levels were significantly lower in children with recurrent febrile seizures. However, because of its lower sensitivity and specificity values, mild hyponatremia cannot be used as an indicator for febrile seizure recurrence.
Comparison between Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Assessments of the Fetal Corpus Callosum: Reproducibility of Measurements and Acquisition Time
Authors: Baert Jonathan , Pomar Léo , Mchirgui Ali , Lambert Véronique , Carles Gabriel , Hcini Najeh , Baud David , Vial Yvan
Published: February 2021

The objective of this article was to study the reproducibility and reliability of the fetal corpus callosum measurements between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) acquisitions. This prospective study enrolled 475 fetuses, monitored between 18 and 38 weeks of gestation by two operators. Starting from a transcerebellar axial plane, 3D and 2D mid-sagittal views of the corpus callosum were obtained. Measurements of length and thickness were performed and underwent quality control by independent reviewers. The acquisition time of the two methods was measured. Means, differences, and linear correlations were analyzed using t-test, regression and Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Bland–Altman's plots. This analysis was performed for each operator to test the interobserver reproducibility. Among the 432 cases measured using both methods, 380 (88%) were validated by quality control. The mean corpus callosum length and thickness were essentially the same using 2D and 3D measurements (2D: 33.8 ± 8.7 vs. 3D: 33.7 ± 8.7 mm, 2D: 2.2 ± 0.4 vs. 3D: 2.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively; mean ± standard deviation [SD]). Linear regression coefficients and Pearson's coefficients were similar for length (2D: 0.8283 and 0.9191 vs. 3D: 0.8271 and 0.9095), but slightly different regarding thickness (2D: 0.6775 and 0.8231 vs. 3D: 0.5831 and 0.7636). Differences between 2D and 3D measurements, considering Bland–Altman's plots and correlated with gestational age, were acceptable (2D: 0.097 ± 0.559 mm, 3D: 0.004 ± 0.111 mm). The acquisition time required was significantly lower for 3D acquisitions (3D: 25.2 ± 14.5 seconds vs. 2D: 35.1 ± 19.4 seconds, p < 0.01). Linear regression and Pearson's coefficients for the measurements of corpus callosum length and thickness using 2D or 3D acquisitions did not differ between the operators. This study confirmed good reproducibility of corpus callosum assessment by transabdominal 3D acquisitions. The good feasibility in routine scans may lead to better screening for callosal dysgenesis.
Determination of High-Resolution HLA-DQB1 Suballeles and IL-17 Polymorphisms in Turkish Pediatric Patients
Authors: Eldem Aslı , Ayna Tülay Kılıçaslan , Baran Maşallah , Soyöz Mustafa , Pirim İbrahim
Published: February 2021

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy in the small intestine caused by gluten intolerance of the patients. The most important genetic disease-related factor is human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ polymorphism. Association between interleukin (IL)-17A expression of CD4+ T cells and various autoimmune diseases has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2275913) IL-17A and HLA-DQ polymorphisms in Turkish pediatric celiac patients. Study group included 125 pediatric celiac patients with CD and 100 healthy pediatric controls. Deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated from peripheral blood samples. IL-17A polymorphism (rs2275913) was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment polymorphism method. IL-17A polymorphism and low-/high-resolution HLA-DQ results of patients were evaluated. GG and GA genotype frequencies of IL-17A (rs2275913) polymorphism were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the CD patients than the control group. HLA-DQB1*02 and HLA-DQA1*05 alleles were detected in patients, while HLA-DQB1*03 and HLA-DQA1*01 alleles in the control group. Also, when we compared the patient and control groups in terms of HLA-DQ-DR haplotypes, HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05-DRB1*03 was found with the relative risk of 42.5 (p < 0.05). As a result of high-resolution HLA-DQB1 typing, DQB1*02:01 and DQB1*03:02 were at high frequency (p < 0.05; in 25 patient group). IL-17A (rs2275913) polymorphism genotype frequency was found to be significant in the patient group compared with the control group. The most common HLA-DQB1 suballele was observed as DQB1*02:01.
Computed Tomography Pulmonary Perfusion for Prediction of Short-Term Clinical Outcome in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: van Dam Lisette F. , Kroft Lucia J. M. , Huisman Menno V. , Ninaber Maarten K. , Klok Frederikus A.
Published: February 2021

Background Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the imaging modality of choice for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). With computed tomography pulmonary perfusion (CTPP) additional information on lung perfusion can be assessed, but its value in PE risk stratification is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between CTPP-assessed perfusion defect score (PDS) and clinical presentation and its predictive value for adverse short-term outcome of acute PE.

Patients and Methods This was an exploratory, observational study in 100 hemodynamically stable patients with CTPA-confirmed acute PE in whom CTPP was performed as part of routine clinical practice. We calculated the difference between the mean PDS in patients with versus without chest pain, dyspnea, and hemoptysis and 7-day adverse outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and likelihood-ratio test were used to assess the added predictive value of PDS to CTPA parameters of right ventricle dysfunction and total thrombus load, for intensive care unit admission, reperfusion therapy and PE-related death.

Results We found no correlation between PDS and clinical symptoms. PDS was correlated to reperfusion therapy (n = 4 with 16% higher PDS, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5–28%) and PE-related mortality (n = 2 with 22% higher PDS, 95% CI: 4.9–38). Moreover, PDS had an added predictive value to CTPA assessment for PE-related mortality (from Chi-square 14 to 19, p = 0.02).

Conclusion CTPP-assessed PDS was not correlated to clinical presentation of acute PE. However, PDS was correlated to reperfusion therapy and PE-related mortality and had an added predictive value to CTPA-reading for PE-related mortality; this added value needs to be demonstrated in larger studies.
Indocyanine Green Use in the Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: Ferri Francisco A. , Szomstein Samuel
Published: February 2021

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a fluorescent dye that has been used in some medical specialties already for almost 60 years and has gained popularity in recent years due to the clinical applications recently proposed in the surgical field. This review article details the current use of the ICG in the minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery. There is abundant evidence validating the usefulness of ICG fluorescence angiography in the gastrointestinal surgery, leading to a decrease of complications. Other uses, such as its lymphographic use for sentinel lymph node mapping or detection of metastatic lymph nodes, need further investigation to prove its benefit. The heterogeneity and subjective nature of the data remain the greatest challenge when analyzing the possible effects ICG can bring to the gastrointestinal surgery.
Testing flexoelectric device capability as an alternative to piezoelectric technology
Authors: Ackerman Frank Jodi
Published: February 2021

Hydrophone prototype with three-bending point design outperformed the single-bending point design in finite element analysis models.
Experimental plasma maser as a broadband noise amplifier. I. Long pulse
Authors: Buleyko Alla B. , Ponomarev Anatoly V. , Loza Oleg T. , Ulyanov Denis K. , Andreev Sergey E.
Published: February 2021

Operated in the noise amplification regime, a plasma maser underwent a series of experiments. The pulse duration was 50 ns, the suppression of feedback was provided by microwave absorbers, transition from the noise amplification to a self-oscillation regime was demonstrated, and the maximum power of 10 MW with the efficiency of 3% was measured. For different plasma concentrations, the linear amplification rate was ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 cm−1. The frequency band of an emission pulse was 3–15 GHz, and the noise spectrum was stable during the pulse. The experiment provided the guidelines for further development, which are in the pulse duration reduction for abandoning the microwave absorber. The short-pulse plasma maser should be ∼35 cm long with the pulse duration < 4 ns. It will have more power and efficiency, a pulse spectrum width of 3 GHz, and tunable frequency band overlapping 3–14 GHz with the rise of plasma concentration.
Stabilization of swelling porous elastic soils with fluid saturation and delay time terms
Authors: Ramos A. J. A. , Almeida Júnior D. S. , Freitas M. M. , Noé A. S. , Santos M. J. Dos
Published: February 2021

In this article, we consider the swelling problem in porous elastic soils with fluid saturation. We study the well-posedness of the problem based on the semigroup theory, show that the energy associated with the system is dissipative, and establish the stability of the system in the exponential way. To guarantee the stability of the systems, we consider both viscous damping and the time delay term acting on the first equation of the system.
Aberration corrected STEM techniques to investigate polarization in ferroelectric domain walls and vortices
Authors: Moore Kalani , Bangert Ursel , Conroy Michele
Published: February 2021

Ferroelectric domain wall (DW) based nano-electronics is an emerging new field of research. It is only recently with advancements in electron and atomic force microscopy instrumentation that the complex nature of these 2D entities can be probed. In this Research Update, the advances in aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy applied to ferroelectric topological defects are summarized. We discuss sub-atomic imaging and diffraction techniques used to observe changes in polarization, chemical composition, charge density, and strain at DWs and vortices. We further highlight the current achievements in mapping the 3D nature of ferroelectric polar skyrmions and in situ biasing. This Review will focus on both the fundamental physics of DW and polar vortex formation and their dynamics. Finally, we discuss how electron spectroscopy can be used to relate the quantified structural distortions of polar topological entities to changes in their oxidation state and band structure.
Control of tipping points in stochastic mutualistic complex networks
Authors: Meng Yu , Grebogi Celso
Published: February 2021

Nonlinear stochastic complex networks in ecological systems can exhibit tipping points. They can signify extinction from a survival state and, conversely, a recovery transition from extinction to survival. We investigate a control method that delays the extinction and advances the recovery by controlling the decay rate of pollinators of diverse rankings in a pollinators–plants stochastic mutualistic complex network. Our investigation is grounded on empirical networks occurring in natural habitats. We also address how the control method is affected by both environmental and demographic noises. By comparing the empirical network with the random and scale-free networks, we also study the influence of the topological structure on the control effect. Finally, we carry out a theoretical analysis using a reduced dimensional model. A remarkable result of this work is that the introduction of pollinator species in the habitat, which is immune to environmental deterioration and that is in mutualistic relationship with the collapsed ones, definitely helps in promoting the recovery. This has implications for managing ecological systems.
Detection of long-lived ions in a plasma diode
Authors: Bakaleinikov L. A. , Kuznetsov V. I. , Flegontova E. Yu.
Published: February 2021

In the Knudsen mode of a plasma diode, a dynamic potential barrier for ions can be formed during nonlinear oscillations occurring within the inter-electrode gap. We found that the barrier oscillations lead to the appearance of long-lived ions in the plasma. A simple model of the oscillating electric field is proposed, which allowed us to find out the reason for the appearance of such ions. The properties of long-lived ions, as well as a structure of the regions on the phase plane where these ions exist, are studied. The analytical results obtained using the model are in good agreement with the numerical simulation data.
Charge transfer from Eu2+ to trivalent lanthanide co-dopants: Systematic behavior across the series
Authors: Joos Jonas J. , Neefjes Ivo , Seijo Luis , Barandiarán Zoila
Published: February 2021

Electron transfer processes between lanthanide activators are crucial for the functional behavior and performance of luminescent materials. Here, a multiconfigurational ab initio study reveals how direct metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) between the Eu2+ luminescence activator and a Ln3+ co-dopant (Ln3+ = Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+, Pm3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+, Er3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+) systematically dictates the luminescence and optical properties of CaF2. The combination of the structures and energies of the electronic manifolds, the vibrational force constants, and the structural properties of the donor and acceptor in the host determines the predictions of five different behaviors of CaF2:Eu2+, Ln3+ co-doped materials after MMCT absorption: formation of stable traps, MMCT emission, emission quenching, Ln3+ emission, and Eu2+ emission.
Switchable damping for a one-particle oscillator
Authors: Fan X. , Fayer S. E. , Myers T. G. , Sukra B. A. D. , Nahal G. , Gabrielse G.
Published: February 2021

The possibility to switch the damping rate for a one-electron oscillator is demonstrated for an electron that oscillates along the magnetic field axis in a Penning trap. Strong axial damping can be switched on to allow this oscillation to be used for quantum nondemolition detection of the cyclotron and spin quantum state of the electron. Weak axial damping can be switched on to circumvent the backaction of the detection motion that has limited past measurements. The newly developed switch will reduce the linewidth of the cyclotron transition of one-electron by two orders of magnitude.
Electron dissipation after radio-frequency discharge burst at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Han Qianhan , Guo Ying , Zhang Yarong , Zhang Jing , Shi J. J.
Published: February 2021

The discharge characteristics and mechanism of pulse modulated radio frequency (RF) atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) are studied using a two-dimensional self-consistent numerical fluid model. The ignition of an RF discharge burst is demonstrated by the increase in RF current amplitude and evolution of the discharge spatial profile from a bell shape to a double-hump shape. With a time interval of 80 µs between two consecutive RF discharge bursts, the electron dissipation after an RF discharge burst is shown, whose reduction slope changes from 1.7 × 1022 m−3s−1 to 9.1 × 1019 m−3s−1 with a time delay. The corresponding electron dissipation mechanism is proposed to be the electron loss due to reactions in the discharge bulk and the drift of electrons across the discharge gap, which explains the continuum and discrete operation modes in pulse modulated RF APGD.
Controlled rotation of micro-objects using acoustically driven microbubbles
Authors: Li Yuyang , Liu Xiaoming , Huang Qiang , Arai Tatsuo
Published: February 2021

Micromanipulation has significantly advanced both biomedical and industrial fields. However, there is still an urgent demand for controlled rotational manipulation at the microscale. Here, we report a noncontact rotational micromanipulation method using the acoustically driven microbubble contained in a micropipette. Acoustic vibration of the microbubble close to its resonant frequency was used to generate radiation force and microstreaming in the aqueous medium, allowing for trapping and rotating the micro-object. Simulation and particle visualization of the flow field clearly showed the microstreaming pattern induced by the oscillating microbubble. Experiments with different microbeads demonstrated the highly stable immobilization and rotation that related to the size and density of the microbead. By adjusting the frequency and voltage of the sinusoidal wave applied to the piezoelectric transducer, we demonstrated that the rotation frequency could be controlled over a broad range.
Space–charge electret properties of polypropylene films with transcrystalline or spherulitic structures—A comparison of functionalities at interfaces
Authors: Wang Jingwen , Rychkov Dmitry , Gerhard Reimund
Published: February 2021

Spherulite-related space–charge electret properties of polypropylene (PP) have been widely discussed in the past decades. In the present paper, a less-common crystalline structure in PP—transcrystalline PP—is studied regarding its electret behavior in comparison with the typical spherulitic morphology. Polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to characterize the crystallite types and crystallinities of transcrystalline and spherulitic PP. Their electret functionality is investigated by means of thermally stimulated discharge experiments, where the cross-over phenomenon is observed on transcrystalline PP films, whereas surface-potential saturation and undercharging on the surface occur on the spherulitic samples. Besides, an asymmetrical behavior of positive and negative surface-charge stabilities is found on PP with spherulites, the negatively charged spherulitic surfaces show a better charge stability. It is shown that PP electrets are very sensitive to changes in the microscopic crystalline structures and their interfaces as well as in the molecular conformations controlled through adjustments of the respective processing steps. In addition, surface and bulk nanocomposites of PP or low-density polyethylene with inorganic particles are included in the comparison. In view of recent developments in the areas of PP-based electret-fiber filters and cellular-foam ferroelectrets, the observed changes in the charge-storage properties may have particular relevance, as the required film, fiber, or foam processing might significantly modify crystalline morphologies and nano-scale interfaces in PP electrets. Limitations in the charge-storage capabilities of interface structures may also be of interest in the context of high-voltage electrical-insulation materials where reduced space–charge accumulation and slightly increased charge transport can be advantageous.
Crossed–uncrossed projections from primate retina are adapted to disparities of natural scenes
Authors: Gibaldi Agostino , Benson Noah C. , Banks Martin S.
Published: February 2021

Significance

Many mammals with frontal eyes have robust binocular vision and stereoscopic depth perception. Here, we show that the organization of projections from the retinas to the central nervous system in these animals is quite effective in ensuring that the most common binocular disparities send signals directly to the same cortical hemisphere, thereby enabling fast and accurate depth estimation.
1 history and foundations of applied ecology and conservation.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter contains questions about the history of applied ecology and conservation along with others concerned with some basic principles.
4 restoration biology and habitat management.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter contains questions about habitat management, the restoration of lost and damaged habitats, captive breeding and the reintroduction of species to their natural habitats. The questions are arranged by topic and divided into three levels: foundation, intermediate and advanced.
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries management.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: February 2021

This chapter consists of questions about ecological aspects of agriculture, forestry and fisheries management, including game ranching and whaling. The questions are arranged by topic and divided into three levels: foundation, intermediate and advanced.
Answers.
Authors: Rees Paul A.
Published: February 2021

This part of the book contains the key to each question from every chapter, along with a brief explanation of why this is correct and, in some cases, what the distracters mean.
An enhanced sparse filtering method for transfer fault diagnosis using maximum classifier discrepancy
Authors: Bao Huaiqian , Yan Zhenhao , Ji Shanshan , Wang Jinrui , Jia Sixiang , Zhang Guowei , Han Baokun
Published: February 2021

The speed of rotating parts is often affected by different working conditions in mechanical equipment, which results in more complications in the feature mapping relationship. However, existing methods that address the large fluctuation problem in rotational speed have been formulated merely to improve test accuracy and do not consider the effects of irregular fluctuation frequency on the fault samples located at the class boundary. Thus, to distinguish the health conditions under frequent or irregular fluctuation speeds, this paper explores an enhanced sparse filtering (SF) algorithm based on maximum classifier discrepancy to diagnose the fault conditions caused by speed fluctuation. It considers the superiority of the task-specific decision boundary and adversarial training for the fault diagnosis network. Unlike traditional SF methods, the proposed framework introduces the Wasserstein distance to reduce the domain discrepancy between the source domain and the target domain and then uses the probability output discrepancy of the classifier to locate the fuzzy fault samples on the class boundary. This paper conducts theoretical analysis and experimental comparison and verifies the performance advantages of the framework through bearing and gear experiments under large speed fluctuation conditions. The proposed model also shows an excellent performance even when the speed fluctuates frequently.
Rectification, transport properties of doped defective graphene nanoribbon junctions
Authors: Zaminpayma Esmaeil , Nayebi Payman , Emami-Razavi Mohsen
Published: February 2021

The transport properties and rectification behavior of junctions which contain armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) with double vacancy defects or nitrogen-doped in three different sizes of 9, 10 and 12 atoms are studied. The non-equilibrium Green function method and density functional based tight-binding approach are used for different computations. The double vacancy (DV) defects are along the direction of current pathways of graphene devices. We calculated transmission probability, density of states, the current–voltage curves, rectification ratio, and electrodes band structures. We found that I–V graph has nonlinear characteristic and displays rectification behavior. Devices which posses the size of 9 atoms show significant sign of rectification in contrast to other cases (10, 12 atoms). But the current value is more important for the device of 12 atoms size. Moreover, it is shown that extra energy bands are created by the DV defects and nitrogen (N) doped atoms. These bands of DV defects and N-doped cause the Fermi level to shift upwards and can change the behavior (n-type semiconductor, or metal-like) of devices of 9, 10 and 12 AGNRs. Also, various orbital distributions of MPSH (molecularly projected self-consistent Hamiltonian) states in the DV-9AGNR device are investigated.
CMOS charge qubits and qudits: entanglement entropy and mutual information as an optimization method to construct CNOT and SWAP Gates
Authors: Giounanlis Panagiotis , Wu Xutong , Sokolov Andrii , Petropoulos Nikolaos , Koskin Eugene , Bashir Imran , Leipold Dirk , Staszewski Robert Bogdan , Blokhina Elena
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we propose an optimization method for the construction of two-qubit and two-qudit quantum gates based on semiconductor position-based charge qubits. To describe the evolution of various quantum states, we use a Hubbard based model and Lindblad formalism. The suggested optimization algorithm uses the time evolution of entanglement entropy and mutual information for the determination of the system parameters to achieve high fidelity gates.
Discussion on Underground Engineering Construction Technologies of Urban Rail Transit
Authors: Ren Lixuan
Published: February 2021

Urban rail transit underground engineering construction can effectively improve people’s travel efficiency. The urban terrain and terrain of our country are more complex, so the construction technology should be selected according to the actual situation of the city to ensure the smooth development of urban rail transit underground engineering. This paper first describes the main characteristics of urban rail transit underground engineering construction, and then carries out research on common urban rail transit underground engineering construction technology. Finally, we put forward some management measures to ensure the quality and safety of rail transit construction.
Study on the determination method of the ship construction window period
Authors: Sun Yunjia , Sun Li , Lv Yingxue
Published: February 2021

With the development of major engineering such as offshore deep-water ports, marine energy exploitation and open sea reefs, ocean engineering has gradually distracted its attention from coastal areas to offshore areas of open seas. Offshore construction faces unfavourable challenges including severe weather conditions, great difficulty in construction and high cost in project scheduling. It is important to organize the process in an efficient way during the operation window for ships. In this study, physical model tests are conducted to investigate the motion characteristics of large-scale construction ships. Based on the field data of certain sea area, statistical analysis are performed to find the suitable operational conditions for the ships. The results show that auxiliary measures of seakeeping improvement can be taken to short the non-operational time of the ship and extend the operation window of ships.
Intelligent logistics vehicle transportation informatization scheme design
Authors: Tan Xudong , Yu Liangqin , Yang Jian , Wang Wenxin
Published: February 2021

With the rapid development of modern intelligent logistics, traditional logistics enterprises are facing the development trend of informatization and intelligentization, and it is urgent to carry out informatization construction in the management of vehicle transportation. This article starts from the perspective of vehicle transportation informatization and divides the intelligent logistics vehicle transportation informatization plan into command A total of four modules, including the personnel module, the transport vehicle module, the driver module, and the basic service module, are designed as a whole to complete the real-time collection, processing and transmission of various parameters of the vehicle during the driving process, so as to control the vehicle in real time for the commander and the driver Status provides visual information; under all-weather conditions, real-time collection of vehicle status information and road condition video information, providing service guarantees and warning information for drivers to grasp vehicle and road condition information in real time, and real-time grasp of the stability of the cargo; complete the vehicle driving process The collection, processing and transmission of driver status information; including Beidou positioning and timing services, geographic information mapping services, security resource services, and various information interaction services.
Intruder detection trial in subway tunnel based on distributed vibration response
Authors: Wang Jie , Qiu Yang , Li Sheng
Published: February 2021

Identifying illegal intruders is a crucial issue in subway safety management. This paper performs an intrusion detection trial through distributed vibration measurements on a real underground engineering and the ultra-weak fiber optic Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology was adopted to glean the strucutral vibration signal of the intruder loading. The results showed that the signal model in the distributed structural vibration can be utilized to illustrate the location and speed of the intruders. Besides, the information in both time and frequency domains in the selected experimental area demonstrated that the ultra-weak FBG-based approach is able to distinguish designed intrusion cases in terms of pattern and strength.
Dynamic Control and Management of Construction Engineering Cost
Authors: Junlv Zhang
Published: February 2021

In the daily process of construction projects, project cost is a very critical part of the work. In order to effectively save costs and control the quality, it is necessary to conduct dynamic cost management according to the various construction links, and then formulate corresponding dynamic control measures for the project cost according to the actual situation. This article first analyzes the concept of dynamic management of project cost and control, and then briefly describes the dynamic control process and measures. Finally, according to the current status of the engineering industry, some pertinent suggestions are put forward, and it is expected to be helpful to the dynamic control and management of construction engineering costs in China.
Influence of Environmental Conditions and Paving Methods on the Cooling Process of Newly Paved Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Chen J.Z. , He L.
Published: February 2021

A newly laid repaired asphalt pavement must be cooled sufficiently before opening to traffic. By using the finite element simulation model, this paper simulates and analyses the temperature distribution during the cooling process of the repaired asphalt layer under different weather conditions, wind speeds and paving methods, and puts forward some suggestions for the determination of the traffic opening time. The results show that when the surface temperature of the repaired pavement drops to the temperature required by the specification, the internal temperature is still higher than the surface temperature. Simply determining the time of opening traffic according to the road surface temperature will cause premature destruction of the asphalt layer. This situation can be avoided when the internal temperature of the repaired asphalt layer is used as the guide for traffic opening. It is easier to meet the requirements of opening to traffic when paving at night. Compared with single-layer paving strategy, the internal temperature of the pavement drops faster under double-layer paving strategy, but the difference is not so obvious.
An investigation of shaping in design of Christian Dior and Cristobal Balenciaga
Authors: Radieva Krasimira
Published: February 2021

Many contemporary fashion designers show Christian Dior and Cristobal Balenciaga as their inspirators and teachers. Many designers present contemporary interpretation of forms of parts and silhouettes of designs of Dior and Balenciaga. But forms of pieces have to be studied not only as separate elements of design. It is important that they have to be investigated on the base of connections between them. An investigation of shaping in designs of both designers on the base connections between forms of parts, and between forms of parts and silhouettes is presented in the paper. The results of the study of shaping in design of Christian Dior and Cristobal Balenciaga, obtained by correspondence analysis, can be used in fashion design education and by fashion designers in their creative work. This is especially important for young designers in the process of development of their style and creative ideas.
Fit evaluation for virtual men’s shirt
Authors: Yan J Q , Kuzmichev V E
Published: February 2021

A fit evaluation can be conducted to determine a clothing is good or not in terms of concrete criteria such as the appearance, the comfort, etc.. However, the existing criteria are still inadequate in predicting the clothing fit in virtual reality and providing numeric recommendations. This research is aimed to develop the criteria of fit evaluation for men’s shirt with regard to body measurements, 2D pattern block, 3D virtual fitting and shirt photos. The databases of consumer’s opinions about misfit of men’s shirt and real try-on photos were first established based on the online resources. Derived from the well-fitted customized pattern block, the variant pattern blocks with estimated reasons of misfit were generated by gradually change the responsible indexes. The specific criteria for different shirt segments were determined by integrating the fit level, real photos, virtual images, body measurements and pattern block. The developed criteria can be not only used for exactly evaluating the fit of sewed shirt, but also for predicting the fit and providing numeric recommendations.
Models and Methodologies for Automated Creating of Webpage Mobile Versions
Authors: Rachovski Todor , Hadzhikolev Emil , Hadzhikoleva Stanka
Published: February 2021

There are still many outdated web pages on the Internet that are difficult to browse with small screen mobile devices. Software tools are needed to aid mobile users by generating mobile versions of web pages, depending on the parameters of the specific mobile device, which is used. The main aim of this paper is to present a technique, a conceptual and computer model of an application for automated generation of mobile pages. In the following are considered methodologies for redesign and dynamic design of web pages. A five-layer architecture of the Mobiles Online application is presented. It includes database layer, database management layer, business logic layer, web services layer and presentation layer.
Storing Dynamical Data Using Natural Language Addressing
Authors: Ivanova Krassimira Borislavova
Published: February 2021

The present paper refers to the possibilities for storing dynamical data from tracking moving objects. The urgency of this problem is determined primarily by the need for electronic registration, storage and processing of large volumes of semi-structured dynamical data in various fields of practice. The new problem raised, is the way in which the relationships between the data are described. The capabilities of modern relational database management systems do not allow rapid readjustment in accordance with the changes in practice. The emergence of new types of data connections requires readjustment, which takes time and requires a certain level of skill. In this article we consider an approach based on “Natural language addressing”, which allows solving these problems and we will offer a conceptual design (prototype) of an extension to existing systems, which facilitates the work, especially with dynamical semi-structured data and implicit relationships between them.
Energy savings strategies in Campus Buildings of Athens - Greece
Authors: Tsala S , Koronaki I P
Published: February 2021

Bioclimatic construction has been an important tool for improving the construction of buildings in recent decades. Energy-saving options in buildings include the use of appropriate materials, exposures and the use of alternative power generation systems. In the present work the basic features of the bioclimatic design and study of the energy saving in the buildings of the polytechnic area located in Zografou is presented. In particular, the RETscreen software is used to test energy savings in the buildings of library, mechanical engineering and management building using photovoltaics. It turns out that an important parameter that affects energy saving is the use of the building and the type of photovoltaic used. This is evidenced by the results of RETscreen that in the case of the Library and the Mechanical Engineering building stable photovoltaic have greater energy savings while in the case of the Management building, biaxial photovoltaics produce greater savings.
Comprehensive analysis of the energy supply potential using local types of renewable energy sources
Authors: Tulegenova A A , Kiseleva S V
Published: February 2021

Over the past decade, a steady tendency towards the increasing use of renewable energy sources in the fuel and energy complex of separate countries and regions is observed. Countries that have large hydrocarbon reserves such as the Republic of Kazakhstan are no exception. The main challenges of using renewable energy sources in these countries are related not only to their spatial and temporal variety, but also to the high cost of produced energycomparing to the traditional energy B sources based on hydrocarbon fuel. The solution to the mentioned problems can be achieved by optimizing the use of renewable energy resources, which requires a comprehensive analysis of the territory in terms of physical-geographic conditions and economic factors. The article offers methodological approaches and the results from a spatial analysis of the energy supply potential to consumers in the Republic of Kazakhstan using the cartography tools. It takes into account not only the distribution of resource potential, but also the environmental factors (specially protected natural areas, water conservation zone, etc.) limiting the installation of power plants based on RES, and the energy consumption schedule. Economic factors include the performance of typical power plants based on RES, as well as the present value of potentially generated energy.
Load capacity evaluation for single lap joints applied in the railway vehicles
Authors: Zadorozny T , Szczepanik M
Published: February 2021

The article will present a comparison performed for two different approaches based on the application of Finite Element Method used to overlap joints “HUCK BOM” modeling. For the given geometric form of the joint two different numerical models will be presented and their load capacity will be determined for each of the modeling methodologies. The first methodology where a simplified joint model using beam elements and rigid elements of the RBE2 type will be compared with the second where the initial tension and the influence of friction on the joint load capacity are taking into account. Finally, a comparison of the results obtained with reference to the time of connection modeling and computation will be given.
Global technology trends through patent data analysis
Authors: Sobolieva T O , Holionko N G , Batenko L P , Reshetniak T I
Published: February 2021

The future success of companies directly depends on their innovative activity, research and development of newly technologies. The article examines global technological trends by comparing the number of patent applications in different fields and the degree of development of prominent business areas. These areas are also identified by the highest-ranking positions of the companies in the annual research of innovation in the world. The study highlights the most patentable technological fields, as well as those with the highest average growth of this indicator. The emphasis is made on the regional context of technology patenting and the most active companies in patenting.