bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Kurds and Middle Eastern “State of Violence”: the 1980s and 2010s
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit
Published: December 2018

Though a macro-level analysis this article examines the evolution of the Kurdish issue since the occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the Syrian crisis in 2011, underlining the necessity of a comparison between the current period and past situations, namely that of the 1980s. Kurdish actors participated from a rather weak position in the Middle-East wide conflicts during the 1980s; alliances with regional states that gave access to political and military resources ensured their durability, but a high price was paid for their transformation into subordinated players of a broader “state of violence”. Since 2011, the trans-border Kurdish space finds itself once again in the heart of a “system of transaction” based on violence, but Kurdish organisations face the new region-wide conflicts in a position of empowerment in Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Kurd û Rewşa Tund ya Rojhilata Navîn: 1980yan û 2010anEv gotar, bi rêka helsengeka asta-makro, vedikole li  peresîna pirsgirêka Kurdî ji dema dagirbûna Iraqê di 2003yê da û qeyrana Sûriyeyê di 2011ê da û bi taybetî beldikişîne ser pêwistiya berhevdaneka di navbera serdema niha û rewşa borî, anku rewşa salên 80yan. Di salên 80yan da hêzên Kurd pitir ji pozisyoneka qels û lawaz beşdarî dijberî û aloziyên Rojhilata Navîn bûn; hevalbendiyên li gel dewletên li herêmê rê da bikaranîna çavkaniyên siyasî û leşkerî bo misogerkirina berdewamiya hêzên Kurd; lê van dewletan, bi hewldanên giranbuha, hişt ku kurd bimînin wekî aktorên bindest di nav rewşa tund ya herêmê da. Ji 2011ê ve, tevgera kurd ya dersînor careka din xwe di navenda pergaleka tund da dibine; lê vê carê rêkxistinên kurd yên li Iraq, Sûriye û Tirkiyeyê ji pozisyoneka bihêz rûberî vê dijberiya berfireh ya heremî ne.  کورد و ''باری توندوتیژی''ی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاست: ١٩٨٠کان و ٢٠١٠یەکانحئەگەرچی ئەم گوتارە  شیکردنەوەیە لە پلەیەکی باڵادا، لە گەشەکردنی پرسی کورد ورد دەبێتەوە لە داگیرکردنی عیراقەوە ساڵی ٢٠٠٣ و لە قەیرانی سووریاوە ساڵی ٢٠١١، ئەوەیش جەخت دەکات کە  پێویستە بەراورد بکرێت لەنێوان قۆناغی ئێستا و و هەلومەرجی ڕابوردوودا، واتە هەلومەرجی ١٩٨٠کان. نەخشگێڕانی کورد لە هەڵوێستێکی تا ڕادەیەک لاوازەوە بەشدارییان لە ناکۆکییە فراوانەکانی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاستی ١٩٨٠کاندا کرد؛ هاوپەیمانیکردن لەگەڵ دەوڵەتانی ناوچەییدا کە دەبووە هۆی دەستکەوتنی سەرچاوەی سیاسی و عەسکەری، مانەوەیانی دابین دەکرد، بەڵام دەبوو نرخێکی زۆریش بدەن بۆ ئەوەی ببنە یاریکەری لاوەکی لە ''باری توندوتیژی''یەکی بەربڵاودا. لە ساڵی ٢٠١١ بە دواوە، ڕووپێوی کوردیی ئەمدیو و ئەودیوی سنوورەکان جارێکی دیکە خۆی لە ناوجەرگەی ''سیستەمێکی بدە و بستێنە''دا دەبینێتەوە کە لەسەر توندوتیژی هەڵچنراوە، بەڵام ڕێکخراوە کوردییەکان کە ڕووبەڕووی ناکۆکییە بەربڵاوەکانی ناوچەکە دەبنەوە، لە پلەیەکی توانستدان لە عیراق، سووریا و تورکیا.
In search of moral imagination that tells us “who the Kurds are”: Toward a new theoretical approach to modern Kurdish literature
Authors: Bocheńska Joanna
Published: December 2018

The main objective of this article is to propose a new theoretical perspective on modern Kurdish literature in order to enrich the existing field, which has mainly focused on identity and social issues. This article refers to Kwame Appiah’s reflections on the ethics of identity and the concept of moral imagination by Martha Nussbaum, Patricia Werhane and Lawrence M. Hinman, and argues that the proposed moral imagination can have an important contribution to analysing Kurdish literature, deepening existing approaches and better evaluating Kurdish prose. It can also provide a greater insight into the difficult colonial and postcolonial interrelations.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJILi pey xeyaleke exlaqî ku dibêje me “kurd kî ne”: Ber bi nêrîneke teorîk a nû li ser edebiyata kurdî ya modêrn Armanca serekî ya vê gotarê pêşkêşkirina nêrîneke nû ya mêtodolojîk e ji bo vekolîna edebiyata kurdî ya modêrn da ku xebatên heyî, ku bêtir bala xwe didin ser nasname û meseleyên civakî, dewlemendtir bike. Ev gotar xwe dispêre hizrên Kwame A. Appiah yên li ser etîka nasnameyê û têgeha texeyula exlaqî ya nivîskarên wek Martha Nussbaum, Patricia Werhane û Lawrence M. Hinman. Îdiaya gotarê ew e ku ev têgeha “texeyula exlaqî” dikare beşdariyeke girîng bike di tehlîlkirina edebiyata kurdî de, lewre ew dikare nêrînên heyî kûrtir bike û rêyê li tehlîlên çêtir ên li ser pexşana kurdî veke. Herwiha ev têgeh dibe têgihiştinên berfirehtir dabîn bike li ser têkiliyên aloz ên kolonyal û paş-kolonyal.ABSTRACT IN SORANI
The literary legacy of the Ardalans
Authors: Ghaderi Farangis
Published: December 2018

Classical Gorani literature is believed to be the oldest Kurdish literary tradition which under the patronage of the Ardalans developed into a “literary koinè” in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. However, despite its antiquity and significance in the history of Kurdish literature, it has remained largely under-studied. It is against this backdrop that I offer an overview of Gorani literature, its history of development, and main literary characteristics in this article. Through extensive text analysis I examine the classical Gorani poetry for its major genres and forms and predominant themes and images. I study Gorani oral and written literature and their interactions, and the role it played in Kurdish poetic modernisation in the twentieth century.Abstract in KurmanjiMîrasa edebî ya ErdelaniyanEdebiyata goranî ya sunnetî wek kevntirîn kelepora edebî ya kurdî tê hesibandin, ku bi patronaja xanedana Erdelaniyan di sedsalên hevdeh û hejdehan de şiklê “koinèyeke edebî” wergirt. Lê belê, li gel qedîmî û girîngiya xwe bo dîroka edebiyata kurdî, heta niha kêm xebat li ser wê hatine kirin. Li ser vê paşxaneyê di vê gotarê de ez dixwazim giştiyekê li ser edebiyata goranî, li ser dîroka geşedana wê, û xasiyetên wê yên edebî yên serekî pêşkêş bikim. Bi rêya tehlîlên berfireh ên metnan ez dê cure û qalibên serekî û mezmûnên serdest ên edebiyata klasîk a goranî binirxînim. Herwiha behs dê bikeve ser edebiyata goranî ya devkî û ya nivîskî û têkiliya wan, li gel rola ku vê edebiyatê di nûjenkirina helbesta kurdî ya sedsala bîstan de gêraye.Abstract in SoraniKeleporî Edebîy ErdellanekanEdebiyatî klasîkî goranî be kontirîn edebî kurdî dadenrêt ke le sedekanî hevde w hejde be pallpiştî Erdellanekan wekû zimanî edebî hawbeş geşey kird. Bellam be pêçewaney kewnî w girîngîy le mêjûy edebî kurdî da, lêkollînewey zor kemî le ser kirawe. Lem wutare be leberçawgirtinî em paşxane, edebî goranî, mêjûy geşesendinî w layene edebîye berçawekanî bas dekem. Le rêgey şîkarî deqî şî‘rî klasîkî goranî, janr û form û herweha têma w wêna serekîyekan şirove dekem. Em wutare herweha edebî zarekî w nûsrawey koranî w pêwendîyan û rollî le nûkirdinewey şî‘rî kurdî le sedey bîstem tawtwê dekat.
In Memoriam: Amir Hassanpour (1943-2017)
Authors: Sharifi Amir
Published: December 2018

This tribute memorialises Professor Amir Hassanpour (1943-2017) a pioneer of Kurdish sociolinguistics, an influential advocate of Kurdish studies, a public intellectual, and a visionary humanist. As a scholar, his contributions are wide and varied and have had a significant impact, broadening our knowledge of the Kurdish history, nationalism, language, media, gender, social structures and movements. He will be remembered for raising and transforming the consciousness of the academic community regarding the rightful place of the Kurdish language and studies. As a revolutionary, Hassanpour played a key role in studying, organising, and leading social movements. He was truly an inspiration to many young researchers and political activists, a heroic man with a lifelong commitment to justice and a new vision of communism.
Book reviews
Authors: Studies Kurdish
Published: December 2018

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2).
The shaky foundations of the 1926 annexation of Southern Kurdistan to Iraq
Authors: Rafaat Aram
Published: December 2018

Between 1921 and 1925, the Kurds of Southern Kurdistan participated in three main political ‎processes in Iraq. These processes were the election of Faisal Ibn Hussein as the King of Iraq ‎in 1921, the election of the Iraqi Constituent Assembly in 1924, and the Mosul Province ‎referendum organised by the League of Nations in 1925. The British used the Kurds’ ‎participation as a foundation for the annexation of Southern Kurdistan to Iraq. However, this ‎article argues that these three processes cannot be considered as legitimate foundations as the ‎majority of Kurds voted against these processes or were excluded from participation. ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIBingehên lawaz ên îlhaqa Kurdistana başûr bi ser Iraqê ve li sala 1926anDi navbera salên 1921 û 1925an de li Iraqê, kurdên başûrê Kurdistanê tevlî sê prosesên siyasî yên sereke bûn. Yek ji van prosesan hilbijartina Faysal ibn Huseyin wek qralê Iraqê bû li sala 1921an, yek hilbijartina Meclisa Avakar a Iraqê bû li sala 1924an, û referandûma wilayeta Mûsilê bû ku sala 1925an ji hêla Cemiyeta Neteweyan ve hatibû encamdan. Brîtanyayê tevlîbûna kurdan wek bingehek bi kar anî ji bo îlhaqa başûrê Kurdistanê bi ser Iraqê ve. Lê belê, îddiaya vê gotarê ew e ku ev her sê proses nabin wek bingehên rewa bêne qebûlkirin ji ber ku piraniya kurdan reya xwe li dijî van prosesan dan an jî rê li ber beşdariya wan hate girtin. ABSTRACT IN SORANIBinema lerzokekanî likandinî başûrî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe le 1926 daLe nêwan 1921 ta 1925 da, kurdekanî başûrî Kurdistan le sê proseyî siyasîy serekî le 'Êraq da beşdarîyan kird. Ew sê proseyeş brîtîbûn le hellbijardinî Feyselî kurî Husên wek padşayî 'Êraq le 1921, hellbijardin bo Encumenî Damezrênerî 'Êraqî le 1925, we rîfrandomî wîlayetî Mûsill ke le layen Komelleyî Gelan le 1925 da rêk xira. Berîtanya em beşdarîkirdiney kurdî wek binema bo likandinî başurî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe be kar hêna. Bellam, em babete argumêntî ewe dekat ke em sê proseye nakrêt wek binemay şer'î bo likandinî başurî Kurdistan be 'Êraqewe hejmar bikrên çunke zorîney kurd dengiyan le dijî ew sê proseye da yan bêbeş kiran le beşdarîkirdin.
Book Reviews
Authors: Studies Kurdish
Published: December 2018

Thomas Schmidinger, Rojava: Revolution, War and the Future of Syria’s Kurds, London: Pluto Press, 2018, 298 pp., (ISBN: 9780745337722).Nazand Begikhani, Aisha K. Gill and Gill Hague, Honour-Based Violence: Experiences and Counter-Strategies in Iraqi Kurdistan and the UK Kurdish Diaspora, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2015, 189 pp., (ISBN: 9781409421900).Mehmet Orhan, Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey: Fragmentations, Mobilizations, Participations and Repertoires, Oxon: Routledge, 2016, 294 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-317-42044-6) & H. Akin Ünver, Turkey’s Kurdish Question: Discourse and Politics since 1990, Oxon: Routledge, 2015, 196 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-138-85856-5).Veli Yadirgi, The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey – From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017, pp. 334, (ISBN: 9781316848579).Burak Bilgehan Özpek, The Peace Process between Turkey and the Kurds: Anatomy of a Failure, London: Routledge, 2017, 80 pp., (ISBN: 9781138564107).
Changing patterns of migration to Australia's Northern Territory: Evidence of new forms of escalator migration to frontier regions?
Authors: Martel Catherine , Taylor Andrew , Carson Dean
Published: December 2018

Building on Fielding’s idea of escalator regions as places where young people migrate (often temporarily) to get rapid career advancement, this paper proposes a new perspective on 'escalator migration' as it applies to frontier or remote regions in particular. Life events, their timing and iterations have changed in the thirty years since Fielding first coined the term ‘escalator region’, with delayed adulthood, multiple career working lives, population ageing and different dynamics between men and women in the work and family sphere. The object of this paper is to examine recent migration trends to Australia's Northern Territory for evidence of new or emerging 'escalator migrants'.
Does FDI affect migration flows? The role of human capital
Authors: D’AGOSTO ELENA , SOLFERINO NAZARIA , TRIA GIOVANNI
Published: December 2018

Global trade and capital movements across countries are increasing along with significant international workers mobility. The aim of this paper is to analyse the link between FDI inflows and emigration waves across developing countries. We test the twofold direction that this link may follow, either through complementarity or substitution effects. By using a cross section analysis for the year 2000 with a sample including 91 developing countries, it is shown that both of them are at work While a strong positive relationship (complementarity) between migration flows and FDI arises, FDI may also be seen as a substitute for migration through direct and indirect labour demand effects. In particular, we find evidence that human capital is a channel for the substitutability effect.
Blind spots of traditional poverty measurement: the case of migrants
Authors: Koutsampelas Christos
Published: December 2018

The aim of this paper is to examine two blind-spots of poverty measurement with application to the study of migrant poverty. The first regards the definition of income (in particular the consideration of non-cash income components in the definition of income) and the second regards the methodological treatment of a migrant group with very particular characteristics (those working as domestic workers). Both issues have eluded the attention of many applied researchers and practitioners. The microdata of the 2009 Cyprus Family Expenditure Survey are used to illustrate the importance of the points made above as well as to put forth potential solutions.
A Socio-economic Perspective on the Urbanisation of Zaatari Camp in Jordan
Authors: Dalal Ayham
Published: December 2018

Camps are temporal spaces where refugees are provided with humanitarian aid until durable solutions are made possible. During this period of ‘endless waiting’, these camps are planned to be economically self-contained. However, through time, refugee camps tend to urbanise: their initial empty spaces transform into vibrant markets, habitats and social spaces. In response to this ‘unexpected’ - and sometimes ‘unwanted’ - process, the economically self-contained system of camps breaks. This paper looks into the emerging socio-economic dynamics in Zaatari camp in Jordan, on the light of its urbanisation process and the Jordanian economy. It first explains the how humanitarian aid is provided, and then shows how and why, refugees use it to diversify the economy of the camp. The findings of this paper are then articulated on the existing policies to reduce the financial aid such as ‘self-reliance’ and ‘development’.
A Missing Element in Migration Theories
Authors: Massey Douglas S.
Published: December 2018

From the mid-1950s through the mid-1980s, migration between Mexico and the United States constituted a stable system whose contours were shaped by social and economic conditions well-theorized by prevailing models of migration. It evolved as a mostly circular movement of male workers going to a handful of U.S. states in response to changing conditions of labour supply and demand north and south of the border, relative wages prevailing in each nation, market failures and structural economic changes in Mexico, and the expansion of migrant networks following processes specified by neoclassical economics, segmented labour market theory, the new economics of labour migration, social capital theory, world systems theory, and theoretical models of state behaviour. After 1986, however, the migration system was radically transformed, with the net rate of migration increasing sharply as movement shifted from a circular flow of male workers going a limited set of destinations to a nationwide population of settled families. This transformation stemmed from a dynamic process that occurred in the public arena to bring about an unprecedented militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border, and not because of shifts in social, economic, or political factors specified in prevailing theories. In this paper I draw on earlier work to describe that dynamic process and demonstrate its consequences, underscoring the need for greater theoretical attention to the self-interested actions of politicians, pundits, and bureaucrats who benefit from the social construction and political manufacture of immigration crises when none really exist.
Europe’s Migration Crisis: An American Perspective
Authors: Martin Philip L.
Published: December 2018

The European Union’s 28 member nations received over 1.2 million asylum seekers in 2015, including 1.1 million in Germany[1] and over 150,000 in Sweden. The US, by comparison, has been receiving 75,000 asylum applications a year. One reason for the upsurge in asylum applicants is that German Chancellor Angela Merkel in August 2015 announced that Syrians could apply for asylum in Germany even if they passed through safe countries en route. The challenges of integrating asylum seekers are becoming clearer, prompting talk of reducing the influx, reforming EU institutions, and integrating migrants.[1] Some 1.1 million foreigners were registered in Germany’s EASY system in 2015, but only 476,500 were able to complete asylum applications because of backlogs in asylum offices.
Germany’s Challenges: Immigration Barriers in Minds, Economic Concerns and Subjective Well Being
Authors: Erkut Burak
Published: December 2018

The analysis aims to provide the hypothesis that the emerging anti-immigration movements in Germany made use of people’s concerns on the issues of immigration, trust in the political system of Germany and economic insecurity to find support. It shows on which ground anti-immigration movements in Germany reached popularity. The democratic deficit problem is a perceived problem in Germany. The European-level problem can be seen as rooted in Germany’s role in the EU. Three channels are identified which shape the attitude on migration: Dislike of immigrants, economic concerns and trusting other people. The analysis provides empirical evidence within a theoretical framework to a current topic in economics which was mainly restricted to people’s attitudes towards migration. Furthermore, the analysis provides empirical evidence for the corporatism hypothesis and channels shaping the attitude towards migration.
‘Whenever mom hands over the phone, then we talk’: Transnational ties to the country of descent among Canadian Somali youth
Authors: Tiilikainen Marja
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on the transnational experiences of second-generation Canadian Somalis, in particular their social ties to Somalia. It sheds light on the transnational family relations and practices of the second generation as well as the meanings, emotions and identifications that they attach to such relations and practices. The concepts of transnational ways of being and belonging are employed as analytical tools. In their everyday life, the youth engaged in family practices (communication, remittances, visits) related to Somalia, which was mostly nurtured by their parents’ transnationalism. The youth did not often identify with transnational kin beyond such practices. However, they did combine transnational ways of being and belonging in a dynamic and complex manner. The article is based on 19 interviews with second-generation youth, which were conducted as part of a larger study on transnational Somali families.
Election of Donald Trump and Migration
Authors: Martin Philip L.
Published: December 2018

Donald Trump campaigned on seven major issues, two of which involved migration, viz, have the US build and Mexico pay for a wall on the 2,000 mile Mexico-US border and deport the 11 million unauthorized foreigners in the US. Trump also promised to reverse President Obama’s executive orders that provide temporary legal status to some unauthorized foreigners, and to “put American workers first” in migration policy making. After winning the November 2016 election, Trump modified some of his positions, announcing that deportation efforts would be focused on two million unauthorized foreigners that Trump says were convicted of US crimes.
Migration and security: in search of reconciliation
Authors: Ahmed Islam
Published: December 2018

In this paper a case is made for the necessity of an inter-disciplinary treatment of the migration phenomenon. The paper addresses the relation between migration and security from a reconciliatory perspective after a brief analysis of the migration-security nexus and how migration got securitised. Based on the Foucauldian notion of biopolitics, one can argue that what contributes heavily to the securitisation of migration is the emergence of biopower and biopolitics which are primarily concerned with the control over lives of the population within a given territory. This makes states and societies consider migration as a matter that should be under control, since it is related to the hygiene of the population and nationals of a given state. I, therefore, discuss the EU and other European countries’ policies regarding migration and how biopolitics have influenced securitising the EU’s migration policies. The main argument is that migration can, and should, be treated as an advantage rather than a threat, though it does not deny the security concerns that alway accompany such social phenomenon. The impact of culture and history on migration policies, and how identity politics shape a given country’s policies are discussed. Perceiving migration as either a threat or an opportunity, the way in which a country perceives migrants shapes its migration policies, whether restrictive or multiculturally-tolerant.
Moving to paradise for the children’s sake
Authors: Korpela Mari
Published: December 2018

Increasing numbers of “Western” families spend several months a year in Goa, India, and the rest of the time in the parents’ passport countries or elsewhere. These “lifestyle migrants” are motivated by a search for “a better quality of life”, and the parents often claim that an important reason for their lifestyle choice is that it is better for the children to be in Goa, where they have enriching experiences and enjoy playing freely outdoors, in a natural environment. This article discusses parents’ and children’s views of this lifestyle. It argues that although the lifestyle sometimes causes moral panic among outsider adults who see regular transnational mobility as a sign of instability, a closer look reveals that there are various aspects of stability in the children’s lives. Paying careful attention to the parents’ and children’s own accounts, and the empirical realities of their lives, enables us to reach beyond normative judgements.
Changes in Highly Skilled Migration Policies: Turkish-German Medical Migration since the 1960s
Authors: Peppler Lisa
Published: December 2018

Turkish physicians have been migrating to Germany since the 1960s to obtain professional experience. Therefore, this article takes a long-term perspective: How and why did the careers of physicians with medical degrees from Turkish universities change through time? This study is based on 29 semi-structured and three expert interviews. The results show that the migrant physicians can be classified as three generations, whose qualifications have been viewed variably through time: The first generation (migrated 1961-1974) was welcomed because of a lack of doctors. They got special permits to practice medicine, which was usually bound to German citizenship. The second generation (migrated 1979-1990) only got permission to treat Turkish immigrants – because of both an excessive amount on doctors and ethnicization. The third generation (migrated 1999-2012) was affected by Europeanization and the competition with immigrating physicians from Eastern Europe. The findings show how medical migration changes due to migration and healthcare policies, thus highlighting the context-dependent nature of skill valuation processes.
Highly skilled asylum seekers: Case studies of refugee students at a Swiss university
Authors: Sontag Katrin
Published: December 2018

The article argues that the applicability and value of “skills” depend to a considerable degree on the way in which a person enters a country. Based on a study on potential university students with refugee backgrounds, it shows how difficult it can be to transfer skills through the migration channel of asylum in Switzerland and how social and cultural capital may be reduced. The space in which asylum seekers live and operate is restricted in such intersecting fields as mobility, time, finances, languages, or access to information. In addition, the educational system has regulations regarding recognition. The article raises questions as to how education systems in the destination countries recognize, integrate and develop skills. It makes the case for re-assessing the very term “highly skilled”, along with the notions and associations that surround it, as an empirical object of research, rather than accepting it as a category in its own right.
Can we use NEG models to predict migration flows? An example of CEE accession countries
Authors: Kancs D'Artis
Published: December 2018

In this paper I develop an analytically solvable and structurally estimable economic geography model and apply it to predict migration flows for the period following the CEE's integration with the EU. The main innovation of my approach is that it endogenises both, explanatory variables and the migration rate. Model's parameters are estimated econometrically using a structural equation, which is derived entirely from the theoretical NEG model. My empirical findings advocate that there is enough evidence to predict a selective migration among the three Baltic States. However, labour mobility in the Baltic countries is sufficiently low to make the swift emergence of a core-periphery pattern very unlikely at this geographical level.
Migration and Resource Access: View from a Quechua Barrio
Authors: Eversole Robyn
Published: December 2018

A study of migration patterns among residents of an urban Bolivian neighbourhood sheds light on how households access resources, and the impact of ethnic identity markers on their ability to do so. The study shows how, in an ethnically divided society, households of rural, indigenous Andean background use migration as part of a complex range of strategies to access resources through space and across social and ethnic divides. The study demonstrates the limitations that these migrant households face, and their implications for social and economic development in Bolivia.
Ethnic Residential Segregation and Assimilation in British Towns and Cities: a Comparison of those claiming Single and Du-al Ethnic Identities
Authors: Johnston Ron , Poulsen Michael , Forrest James
Published: December 2018

There is considerable public debate over the degree of residential segregation of members of ethnic minority groups in British urban areas. Some claim that this is increasing, others that with economic and social assimilation members of those minority groups are increasingly moving away from the areas of initial concentration. The implication is that the more assimilated are also the least segregated. To test whether this is the case, data from the 2001 British census are used to explore whether those who claim a mixed or dual ethnic identity – and who are assumed to be more assimilated than those who identify with one of the minority groups only – are less segregated residentially. The evidence overwhelmingly sustains that argument that they are.
Breaking with tradition through cultural continuity. Gender and generation in a migratory setting
Authors: Ganga Deianira
Published: December 2018

The process of intergenerational transmission is the site of contrasts and negotiations. Within families of Italian origin in the United Kingdom, the gender-specific roles and social control of patriarchal families are enduring, particularly for second and third generation women. Through the years, however, this cultural phenomenon has undergone important transformations. On the surface, tradition is maintained by the appearance of a compliant acceptance of long-dated views. In reality, second generation mothers support their daughters’ wishes of independence. Consequently, long-established roles - fundamental to the cultural survival of the community - continue being displayed so, safeguarding the symbolic continuation of tradition.
The Impact of a Migration Shock on Tenant Satisfaction: The Case of Hurricane Katrina and Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Authors: James III Russell N. , Zahirovic-Herbert Velma
Published: December 2018

The damage inflicted by Hurricane Katrina resulted in a massive displacement of residents, in particular from New Orleans, Louisiana.  Initially, many of these evacuees moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the closest major town that escaped significant hurricane damage. Using comments posted on the United States’ largest consumer comment website for apartment residents, this study tracks the self-reported residential satisfaction of tenants in Baton Rouge before and after the massive migration of refugees from nearby coastal areas.  Although this migration resulted in a dramatic drop in residential satisfaction, within nine months satisfaction levels had rebounded substantially.
Migration patterns in a remittances dependent economy: Evidence from Tajikistan during the global financial crisis
Authors: Danzer Alexander M. , Ivaschenko Oleksiy
Published: December 2018

Before the global financial crisis, Tajikistan was a major labour exporting and the world’s most remittances-dependent country. Remittances had contributed to a remarkable reduction in poverty. This paper exploits a new panel data set spanning the years 2007 to 2009 in order to investigate the effect of the financial crisis on migration and remittances patterns. Expectedly, the economic recession in the main destination country Russia affected Tajikistan through declining remittances. Owing to low diversification in pre-crisis migration patterns, the dependency on sending migrants to Russia and the migration stock there grew. In combination with increased migration risk this suggests that migrants bear part of the cost of the crisis.
Current evidence of ‘female flight’ from remote Northern Territory Aboriginal communities – demographic and policy implications
Authors: Taylor Andrew
Published: December 2018

A small body of research has demonstrated the dramatic social, settlement and demographic effects of Indigenous ‘female flight’ from remote communities in Alaska, Canada, and the Northern Sparsely Populated Areas of Europe. In the Northern Territory of Australia, remote Indigenous settlement patterns are highly similar to these areas but neither research nor policy have had anything to say about whether female flight has or might also impact there. This paper applies quantitative tests to thirty years of Census data to look for evidence of precursors in the Northern Territory and discusses the demographic and policy implications in light of the findings.
Turkish culture of migration: Flows between Turkey and Germany, socio-economic development and conflict
Authors: Sirkeci Ibrahim , Cohen Jeffrey H , Yazgan Pinar
Published: December 2018

In this paper we explore the rise of Turkey as a destination for new migrants including the children of Turks and Kurds who emigrated to Europe and Germany over the last five decades. An environment of social, economic and human insecurity dominated migration from Turkey to Europe and in particular Germany over the last five decades; and today, shifts in Turkish society, economy and security are attracting migrants to the country. Ethnic conflicts were one key factor driving migration in the past and as we note, they continue to moderate the relationship between socio-economic development and emigration rates for Kurdish movers in the present. Nevertheless, we argue that the growth of the Turkish economy and increasing social freedoms support an increase in immigration to Turkey. Immigration to Turkey includes returnees as well as second and third generation Turks from Germany among other places.
Hometown associations, urban-to-rural collective remittances and rural development in Turkey
Authors: Kayaoğlu Ayşegül
Published: December 2018

Aiming to understand the role of rural-to-urban collective remittances on rural development in Turkey, this study presents the findings of a fieldwork in a hometown association (HTA) in Istanbul. Deep-interviews and semi-structural interviews are conducted with the members of the HTA and then analyzed mainly to clarify the remitting behaviour of immigrants and figure out the ways their remittances are used in the rural area they feel somehow attached to, the village of Boyali in the province of Sivas. As a result, it is found that collective remittances are spent not to improve agricultural productivity and rural employment but mainly to build non-productive infrastructure in the village and also contribute to the socio-economic integration of immigrants in Istanbul. Age, marital status, economic well-being, degree of attachment to the village, future plans of eventual return to the village are found to be significantly associated with the remitting behaviour. In this specific case, it appears that remittances are not used to provide long-run economic development in rural areas but rather to fill in governments’ shoes in a neoliberal economic setting.
Utilization of International Remittances in Bangladesh
Authors: Kumar Bezon , Hossain Md. Elias , Osmani Md. Ataul Gani
Published: December 2018

The study explores the significant factors and utilization of international remittance in Bangladesh by using primary data from 84 migrant households. The study applies multiple linear regression model estimated by OLS method. The estimated results find that household size, training, skill, years at abroad and earnings significantly affect international remittance in Bangladesh. This indicates migrants remit home motivated by mixed views like, altruistic, loan repayment and exchange view. The study also finds 50.01 percent of remittance is utilized only in consumption of food purpose. The study suggests arranging training and skill enhancing programs to migrants and creating investment opportunities.
The Influence of Country of Origin on Chinese Food Consumers
Authors: Walley Keith , Custance Paul , Feng Tan , Yang Xu , Cheng Li , Turner Sandra
Published: December 2018

The Chinese food market is very large and represents a significant opportunity for overseas companies. If this opportunity is to be exploited, however, there is still a need to understand the Chinese consumer’s response to production by different countries of origin. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to provide insight into the country of origin effect on the purchase of food products in China. The paper reports the findings of an empirical study conducted in Beijing that was based on a large-scale street survey of consumers. Despite limitations related to representativeness and self-reporting, the study generated a number of useful insights. Specifically, the findings suggest that food originating from overseas is perceived to be of higher quality than food originating from China and that Chinese consumers do not see food originating overseas as all the same but relate quality to the country from which it originates. Food originating from overseas had a perceived advantage in the minds of Chinese consumers, although there is still an inclination to buy Chinese food which may serve as a barrier to entry in this market for overseas companies who do not produce in China itself.
An investigative analysis of the factors influencing degree of involvement in a foreign market
Authors: Omar Maktoba , Osei Collins
Published: December 2018

This paper focuses on factors that influence the degree of involvement in foreign markets. Using survey method, the research data was obtained from 112 usable responses from a sample of 500 UK companies which operate in at least two other countries. This represents a usable response rate of 22.4%, and consistent with similar research. The variables are grouped in terms of firm context (competition, organisation structure, competitive advantages, degree of standardisation) and host country context (economic development, culture differences, regulation, political risk). Regression models are used to test the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of involvement. Findings strongly indicate a positive relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and the level of competition and the degree of foreign market involvement and competitive advantage. Findings weakly support the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and economic development. There is weaker evidence to show a negative relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and the cultural dimensions of individualism and power distance as proposed by Hofstede.
Balancing Act: Identity and Otherness among Latin American Immigrants and their Food Practices
Authors: Schuster Paulette Kershenovich
Published: December 2018

This article deals with the identity construction of Latin American immigrants in Israel through their food practices. Food is a basic symbolic element connecting cultural perceptions and experiences. For immigrants, food is also an important element in the maintenance of personal ties with their home countries and a cohesive factor in the construction of a new identity in Israel, their adopted homeland. Food practices encode tacit information and non-verbal cues that are integral parts of an individual’s relationship with different social groups. In this case, I recruited participants from an online group formed within social media platforms of Latin American women living in Israel. The basic assumption of this study posits that certain communication systems are set in motion around food events in various social contexts pertaining to different national or local cuisines and culinary customs. Their meaning, significance and modifications and how they are framed. This article focuses on the adaptation and acculturation processes because it is at that point that immigrants are faced with an interesting duality of reconstructing their unique cultural perceptions to either fit the existing national collective ethos or create a new reality. In this study, the main objective is to compare two different immigrant groups: Jewish and non-Jewish women from Latin America who came to Israel during the last ten years. The comparative nature of the research revealed marked differences between ethnic, religious and cultural elements that reflect coping strategies manifested in the cultural production of food and its representation in two distinct domains: private and public. In the former, it is illustrated within the family and home and how they connect or clash with the latter in the form of consumption in public. Combining cultural studies and discourse analysis, this article offers fresh insight into new models of food practices and reproductions. The article’s contribution to new food research lies in its ability to shed light on how inter-generational and inter-religious discourses are melded while food practices and traditions are embedded in a new Israeli identity.
Food and wine tourism and urban local development
Authors: Di Francesco Gabriele
Published: December 2018

Food and wine tourism in Italy is characterized by the reference to natural foods and to the history of the cities. For most of the foods the bond with the territories and especially with the cities was and is crucial. Always food, typically produced in a family business, have the same name of the cities, as if the city was the real corporate brand of taste. This city brand is often copied in many countries of the world to product industrial supplies that have a wide commercial distribution. These products are impossible to reproduce. They are the result of the combination of local products, craft skills, bonds with legendary or real historical events. The reflection on the food and wine tourism and urban development, comes from these assumptions. With a socio-anthropological approach, some methods and qualitative techniques were used, as the historical comparative method, document analysis and participant observation. These methods were applied to investigate three different Italian towns that gave the name to three foods: Marino, with the wine festival, Fabriano with its production of salami and Ascoli Piceno with the production of the Ascoli olive. The Marino Grape Festival is based on legendary events, on the presence of ancient vineyards, on the representation in the style of 1500s square machines. In Fabriano is produced a famous salami dates back to medieval times, reproduced in paintings and frescoes and handed down to us with a disciplinary unchanged. Ascoli Piceno has given its name to a prized food preparation called Oliva Ascolana. Marino has thousands of visitors every year to drink and buy wine and to participate in the grape and wine festivals. Fabriano has a tourism that seeks the history, architecture, art and the taste of his salami. The Ascoli olive stuffed with meat and spices is great tourist vehicle to Ascoli Piceno.
Development of Customer-Orientation, Brand-Orientation and Business Performance within the First Ten Years of the Firm
Authors: Buttenberg Katharina
Published: December 2018

The business performance of young firms is significantly influenced by customer- and brand-oriented capabilities. These capabilities can be sustained competitive advantages for firms from an early age on and managers need to consciously develop them over time. In the first years, the development of these firms is still highly dependent on their environment. The products and services are still under development, and there are only little resources and market information available. Therefore, the development of customer-orientation, brand-orientation and their impact on business performance at this age is crucial to be understood for founders to appropriately manage these capabilities. The purpose of this article is to provide insights on how customer-orientation and brand-orientation vary across the three age groups of up to two years, two to five years and five to ten years. The paper is based on a quantitative analysis of 413 completed and usable surveys of founders of young firms at an age of up to ten years. Latent variables of customer- and brand-oriented capabilities as well as business performance were structured and analyzed for their components. In an analysis of variance, the differences in these variables between the age groups of up to two years, two to five years and older than five years are analyzed. Between the age groups, the three variables of customer-orientation, brand-orientation and business performance develop differently. While customer-orientation does not vary significantly, components of brand-orientation do. Business-performance even displays a crossover-effect of items.
Editorial
Authors: Sirkeci Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

Transnational Marketing Journal is dedicated to disseminate scholarship on cross-border phenomena in marketing by acknowledging the importance of local and global or in other words, underlining the transnational practices marked by national and local characteristics in a fluid fashion spreading over more than one national territory. The first article by Paulette Schuster looks into “falafel” and “shwarma” in Mexico and discusses the perception of Israeli food in Mexico. The second article is a case study illustrating a critical account of cultural dimensions formulated by Schwarz using the value surveys data. The third article in the issue is a qualitative study of the negative attitudes of millennials torwards mobile marketing.
Understanding determinants of illegal e-book downloading behaviour in the UK and Germany
Authors: Jonas Oliver , Sirkeci Ibrahim
Published: December 2018

With the success of e-books in the last decade, e-book piracy has become increasingly prevalent. This is a significant threat to the publishing industry, publishers and authors alike. Despite efforts to inhibit illegal downloading of e-book files, unauthorized download platforms have not lost much popularity. One of the underlying problems is a limited understanding of the determinants that drive consumers in their choice between legal and illegal download options. This article identifies and critically evaluates the key product attributes in the decision-making process of consumers downloading e-books from legal and illegal sources. By providing consumer insights, the publishing industry and e-book sellers can be guided to meet consumer demand better and design marketing plans to attract consumers towards legal download sources and discourage e-book piracy. The consumer choice between legal and illegal e-book download platforms is analysed using the multi-attribute theory for consumer decision making. 23 attributes were tested using an online questionnaire and analysed by logistic regression. Three attributes were found to be significant in determining the choice of download platforms: A low perception of the importance of copyright compliance, dissatisfaction with the security of download platforms and dissatisfaction with e-book prices in online stores.
Consuming Downton Abbey: The Commodification of Heritage and Nostalgia
Authors: Copelman Dina M.
Published: December 2018

Drawing on theories of heritage, nostalgia and austerity politics addressed in Antoinette Burton's ‘When Was Britain?’ (2002) and Owen Hatherley's The Ministry of Nostalgia (2016), this article examines the commodification and merchandising of Downton Abbey. Downton spawned a plethora of tie-in merchandise available for purchase as well as exhibits and trips that extended viewers' connection with the show. This article argues that these commodities provided fans an escape from a present dominated by austerity politics. Among the things US fans desired was historians' expertise to provide context and detail. Academics were themselves turned into a commodity, and that fitted into the increasing emphasis universities are placing on creating distinctive brands and having faculty be engaged in marketing and fund-raising. The author's experiences of this phenomenon are covered at the end of the article.