bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular engineering of benzothiadiazole-based polymers: balancing charge transport and stretchability in organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Ocheje Michael U. , Comí Marc , Yang Rui , Chen Zhihui , Liu Yao , Yousefi Nastaran , Al-Hashimi Mohammed , Rondeau-Gagné Simon
Published: February 2022

The relationship between backbone fluorination and the solid-state properties of semiconducting polymers was evaluated to unveil the impact on thermomechanical properties.
Triphenylamine-based small-molecule fluorescent probes
Authors: Karak Anirban , Manna Saikat Kumar , Mahapatra Ajit Kumar
Published: February 2022

Ammonia with the three hydrogens substituted by phenyls is known as triphenylamine (TPA), and is one of the most useful compounds because of its vast practical applications.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticle-supported nanocarriers with enhanced drug loading, encapsulation stability, and targeting efficiency
Authors: Oh Jun Yong , Yang Gyeongseok , Choi Eunshil , Ryu Ja-Hyoung
Published: February 2022

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a noncovalent polymer gatekeeper or a protein corona shield are capable of efficient drug loading and targeted delivery.
Silver-catalyzed cyclopropanation of alkenes with alkynyl N-nosylhydrazones leading to alkynyl cyclopropanes
Authors: Ning Yongquan , Huo Mengtian , Wu Lizuo , Bi Xihe
Published: February 2022

Here, a novel method for the stereoselective synthesis of alkynyl cyclopropanes, by the silver-catalyzed alkynylcyclopropanation of alkenes using alkynyl N-nosylhydrazones as alkynyl carbene precursors, is reported.
Modulating fluorescence sensing properties of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT)-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) by metal polarization
Authors: Yan Xin , Lei Jiao , Li Yong-Peng , Zhang Peng , Wang Ying , Li Shu-Ni , Zhai Quan-Guo
Published: February 2022

MIL-53-Al/Ga/In fluorescent probes are constructed by adjusting the influence of metal centers on the ESIPT process in MOFs and experimental results indicate that the weaker the metal polarization, the stronger the sensor sensitivity.
Highly active heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts prepared from cobalt complexes and rice husk waste
Authors: Unglaube Felix , Schlapp Janina , Quade Antje , Schäfer Jan , Mejía Esteban
Published: February 2022

Highly active heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitro compounds were made by pyrolysis of rice husk waste impregnated with cobalt complexes followed by base-treatment. The catalysts show high selectivity and broad substrate scope.
Inspiring a nanocircular economy
Authors: Gilbertson Leanne M. , Vikesland Peter J.
Published: February 2022

Editorial on the nanocircular economy by Editorial Board member Leanne Gilbertson and Editor-in-Chief Peter Vikesland.
Chameleonic metal-bound isocyanides: a π-donating CuI-center imparts nucleophilicity to the isocyanide carbon toward halogen bonding
Authors: Kinzhalov Mikhail A. , Ivanov Daniil M. , Melekhova Anna A. , Bokach Nadezhda A. , Gomila Rosa M. , Frontera Antonio , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: February 2022

Two adjacent CuI-bound isocyanide groups exhibit nucleophilic properties induced by a π-donating d10[CuI] center and function as an integrated two-center halogen bond acceptor forming bifurcated μ2-X⋯(C,C) halogen bonds.
Tumor redox microenvironment modulating composite hydrogels for enhanced sonodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer
Authors: Chen Weikai , Zhang Chenxi , Chen Dagui , Li Yinghua , Wu Shunli , Xu Can , Su Li , Zhang Qin
Published: February 2022

Tumor redox microenvironment modulating composite hydrogels with amplified ROS generation were developed for enhanced SDT of colorectal cancer.
A method of single‐shot target detection with multi‐scale feature fusion and feature enhancement
Authors: Qu Zhong , Shang Xue , Xia Shu‐Fang , Yi Tu‐Ming , Zhou Dong‐Yang
Published: February 2022

The Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) is one of the fastest detection algorithms. Although it has achieved good results in detection, it also has the problem of poor detection effect for small targets and occlusion between objects. Here, the authors propose a new target detection method called single‐shot target detection with multi‐scale feature fusion and feature enhancement. Here, the authors introduce multi‐scale feature fusion module, feature enhancement module and efficient channel attention module, and integrate them into the detection module of the original SSD target detection algorithm to improve the ability of network feature extraction. Experimental results on pascal VOC 2007 datasets show that the proposed algorithm works well when the input size is 300 × 300, the detection speed reaches 41.7 frames per second (FPS) and the detection accuracy reaches 79.6%, which is 2.4% higher than the original SSD target detection algorithm. When the input size is 512 × 512, the detection accuracy is 81.9%, and the detection speed reaches 36.5 FPS, which is 3.2% higher than the original SSD target detection algorithm. According to the experimental results, our algorithm has a better performance when there are many objects in the image and there is occlusion.
GEANT4 simulation study of the response of a miniature radiation detector in Galactic Cosmic Rays and inside a spacecraft
Authors: Karafasoulis Konstantinos , Papadimitropoulos Christos , Potiriadis Constantinos , Lambropoulos Charalambos Pan
Published: February 2022

The Miniaturized Detector for Application in Space (MIDAS) is a compact device with dimensions 5 × 5 × 1 cm3that combines position-sensitive Si detectors and a fast neutrons spectrometer. MIDAS is developed with the purpose of acting as a linear energy transfer (LET) spectrometer for the charged particles and measuring dose and dose equivalent from both charged particles and neutrons. It is based on fully depleted monolithic active Si pixel sensors for the charged track and energy deposition measurements, while a plastic scintillator read out by a silicon photomultiplier is used to determine energy depositions from fast neutrons. A simulation study of the detector response in galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation fields with the aid of GEANT4 has been performed. Energy depositions and hit pixel addresses have been used to reconstruct tracks and calculate LET spectra. A method to calculate LET∞in water from the measured LET has been elaborated. The dose rate in water and dose equivalent rate has been calculated. The energy and particle composition of the radiation field produced by the interaction of GCR with the Al walls of a spacecraft model has been determined, and the response of MIDAS in this radiation field has been investigated.
Der Effekt von extrakorporaler Stoßwellentherapie bei Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Muhl Marina , Kern Barbara
Published: February 2022

Frozen Shoulder ist ein verbreitetes Krankheitsbild der Schulter, das im deutschsprachigen Raum auch als steife Schulter bezeichnet wird. Die genaue Pathophysiologie ist unbekannt. Es gibt keinen Konsens über die effektivste Therapie in der Physiotherapie. Eine Übersichtsarbeit, die die Wirkung von extrakorporaler Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) auf Beweglichkeit und Schmerz bei Patient*innen mit Frozen Shoulder untersucht, existiert bis dato nicht. Daher ist das Ziel der Arbeit, dies zu untersuchen.

Mittels einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) gefunden, die den Effekt radialer (rESWT) und fokussierter ESWT (fESWT) auf Schmerz und Beweglichkeit bei Frozen Shoulder (primär und sekundär) untersuchten. Recherchiert wurde auf den medizinischen Fachdatenbanken PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro und Cochrane Library. Die methodologische Qualität der Studien wurde anhand der PEDro-Skala bewertet. Eingeschlossen wurden 9 Studien. Sechs Studien erzielten eine gute und 1 Studie eine exzellente PEDro-Bewertung. Die folgenden Zielparameter wiesen mind. signifikante Ergebnisse auf: 6/7 Studien in Außenrotation, 6/8 Studien in Flexion, 7/8 Studien in Abduktion, 7/8 Studien hinsichtlich der Schmerzmessdaten.

Unklar ist, ob die f- und rESWT unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Zielparameter Schmerz und Beweglichkeit haben. Die Unterscheidungen hinsichtlich der Dosierung, Lokalisation und Anwendungshäufigkeit der ESWT-Applikation, die potenziellen Messungenauigkeiten der Gelenkmessungen und die heterogenen Stichprobenzusammensetzungen sind weitere Parameter, die die Interpretation der Ergebnisse erschweren.
Schmerzmechanismen und Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Luomajoki Hannu , Schesser Ralf
Published: February 2022

Schmerz ist ein komplexes Konstrukt aus biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren. Mit diesem CPTE-Artikel aktualisieren Sie Ihr Wissen um periphere und zentrale Schmerzmechanismen im Kontext des strukturierten Clinical-Reasoning-Prozesses. Das Mature Organism Model (MOM) verdeutlicht Ihnen die Individualität der Schmerzverarbeitung und -wahrnehmung. So verstehen Sie die individuelle Schmerzbewältigung einzelner Patient(inn)en und erkennen den Einfluss psychosozialer Faktoren. Das Fördern der Selbstwirksamkeit und ein reflektiertes Verhalten von Therapeut(inn)en sind zentrale Elemente der Therapie.
Direct Synthesis of N-Monosubstituted Benzimidazol-2-ones via Ph3P–I2-Mediated Reaction of Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Phakhodee Wong , Wiriya Nittaya , Yamano Dolnapa , Hongsibsong Surat , Pattarawarapan Mookda
Published: February 2022

A facile approach for the synthesis of benzimidazolones via a Ph3P–I2 promoted reaction of hydroxamic acids is reported. Upon Lossen-type rearrangement of the O-activated hydroxamic acids, the in situ generated isocyanates undergo an intramolecular attack by ortho N-nucleophiles producing the cyclized products in good yields under mild conditions. The method allows the direct preparation of a single regioisomer of N-monosubstituted derivatives using readily accessible starting materials and low-cost reagents with broad substrate scope.
Determining the Effect of Birth Weight on Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Grzybowski Marysia , Singh Megan , Shah Prakesh S. , Lee Shoo , Toye Jennifer , Kanungo Jaideep , Khurshid Faiza ,   on behalf of CNN Investigators
Published: February 2022

Objective We examine the effect of birth weight (BW) for gestational age (GA) on the temperatures reached during the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with therapeutic hypothermia (TH).

Study Design Retrospective data of 1,736 neonates with HIE who received TH were extracted from the Canadian Neonatal Network database for neonates admitted from 2010 to 2017. Neonates were stratified into three BW groups: small for GA < 10th centile, large for GA > 90th centile, and according to GA 10th to 89th centile at a given gestation using Canadian population data norms.

Results There was no significant difference in the lowest temperature reached, the likelihood of overshooting temperatures < 32.5°C during TH, or the change of encephalopathy stages among the three groups.

Conclusion BW for GA did not appear to influence the temperatures neonates reached during hypothermia or encephalopathy stage following TH.

Key Point
Study counters previous observations of a spinterface effect in spintronic technology
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: February 2022

Organic exchange bias observed in hybrid spintronic systems a function of sample contamination
Exchange bias at the organic/ferromagnet interface may not be a spinterface effect
Authors: Avedissian Garen , Arabski Jacek , Wytko Jennifer A. , Weiss Jean , Papaefthimiou Vasiliki , Schmerber Guy , Rogez Guillaume , Beaurepaire Eric , Meny Christian
Published: February 2022

Exchange bias is a physical effect that is used in many spintronic devices like magnetic read heads, magnetic random access memories, and most kinds of magnetic sensors. For the next generation of fully organic devices, molecular exchange bias, if existing, could have a huge impact for developing mechanically soft and environment friendly devices. The observation of molecular exchange bias has been reported recently in hybrid systems where a metallic ferromagnet is exchanged biased by an organic film, and it is considered to be a spinterface effect. To understand this effect, we investigate if the molecular exchange bias exists in Co/metal tetra-phenyl porphyrin hybrid bilayer systems. The molecular exchange bias is never observed when the samples are properly encapsulated, and when the exchange bias is eventually observed, it is not a spinterface effect, but it results from air-driven partial oxidation of the cobalt film transforming part of the metallic cobalt into a cobalt oxide that is well known to induce exchange bias effects. Surprisingly, oxidation is very difficult to prevent even by using very thick metallic encapsulating layers. A similar effect is observed in the Co/metal-phthalocyanine bilayer system, showing that the molecular exchange bias is not a spinterface effect also in the hybrid system in which this effect was originally discovered.
Design of a high-performance centrifugal compressor impeller and an investigation on the linear effects of the hub
Authors: Yang Xinle , Tang Meiling , Li Song , Li Weikang
Published: February 2022

The performance of the turbocharger can be improved by optimizing the structural parameters of the compressor impeller. In this work, the existing centrifugal compressor impeller was taken as the case study, and the line shape of the hub was modified in order to study the influence of the line curvature of the hub on the compressor performance. Furthermore, the Navier–Strokes flow equation and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method were used with Numeca software in order to solve the steady-state RANS equation, and the RANS equation is the averaging of unsteady N-S equations on time to solve the engineeringly required averaging. The numerical simulations and the performance predictions were made for each case, and then, the experiments were carried out to verify the accuracy of the aerodynamic performance that was obtained from the numerical simulations. The research results showed that within the design value range, the curvature of the impeller hub profile increased when the flow range and surge margin of the compressor impeller increased. Moreover, the pressure ratio, efficiency, and post-compression temperature increased when the relative Mach number at the inlet of the impeller decreased, the shock wave intensity that was generated by the gas in the flow channel decreased, and the velocity loss decreased. The obtained influence of the compressor impeller hub linearity on the compressor performance provides an opportunity to further improve the performance of the centrifugal compressor.
Visible-wavelength polarization-entangled photon source for quantum communication and imaging
Authors: Sansa Perna Adrià , Ortega Evelyn , Gräfe Markus , Steinlechner Fabian
Published: February 2022

We present a polarization-entangled photon pair source operating in the visible light range around 532 nm. Employing a collinear crossed-crystal scheme with type-I degenerate phase matching in barium borate (BBO), our source achieves a brightness of 9.5 k pairs/s/mW and a quantum state fidelity of 98.3%, making it a candidate for integration in microscopes and make use of the advantages of mid-visible optimized single-photon detection technologies. In order to study potential applications, we present a trade-off between source brightness and polarization entanglement visibility and propose use cases for different filtering configurations of the source, capable of a brightness up to 1.23 M pairs/s/mW.
Numerical simulation and an experimental test for the pneumatic spray dust reduction of the belt transshipment system
Authors: Ma Mingxing , He Fei , Wei Dening , Jing Deji , Liu Hongwei , Jiang Zhuo
Published: February 2022

In order to address the problem of dust pollution at the transfer point of the coal transportation system, this paper carries out a numerical simulation on the dust diffusion law of the coal transportation system. The simulation results show that the dust concentration at the three openings in the transshipment point is the highest, and the farther away from the transshipment point, the lower the dust concentration. Depending on the simulation results, a pneumatic spray dust reduction scheme can be proposed by performing a field experiment. Based on the controlling variable experiments and existing studies, the parameters of pneumatic spray can be stated in the following way: the flowing rate should be laid out at 0.7 l/min, with its air velocity being 25 m/s and the working pressure being 0.6 MPa. The entire spray scheme can be verified through the computer simulation process. Thus, it can be calculated and determined that the spray scheme should be installed with four nozzles at the anterior end of the lower belt guide trough, with one nozzle at the back end and two nozzles at the upper belt feeding point. Eventually, the scheme has to be validated by the field experiments. Thus, the consequences of the on-spot experiment and test show that the scheme we have suggested is in a position to reduce the dust concentration effectively in the entire area of the transshipment point, bringing about the dust reduction rate over 90%.
A simple method for fabricating flexible thermoelectric nanocomposites based on bacterial cellulose nanofiber and Ag2Se
Authors: Palaporn Dulyawich , Mongkolthanaruk Wiyada , Tanusilp Sora-at , Kurosaki Ken , Pinitsoontorn Supree
Published: February 2022

Flexible thermoelectric (FTE) devices have become attractive in recent years since they can be utilized as a power generator for wearable and portable electronics. This work fabricated FTE nanocomposites from bacterial cellulose (BC) and Ag2Se via an easy and inexpensive method. The blended BC was thoroughly mixed with Ag2Se powders before casting onto a filter paper via vacuum filtration, followed by oven-drying and hot-pressing. Phase formation of Ag2Se in the BC nanofiber network was confirmed by x-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy. SEM images revealed the distribution of Ag2Se particles in the BC matrix. The Ag2Se particles were densely packed for large Ag2Se concentrations in the BC/Ag2Se nanocomposite. Thermoelectric measurements found that the electrical conductivity (σ) and Seebeck coefficient (S) varied with the Ag2Se proportion due to the changes in the carrier concentration and carrier mobility. The maximum σ of 5.7 × 104 S/m and S of −80 μV/K were observed at room temperature (RT), yielding the power factor (PF) of ∼300 μW/mK2. This PF value is comparable to other FTE materials, but the process used in this research is much simpler. The thermal conductivity was 0.56 W/mK at RT. Moreover, the BC/Ag2Se nanocomposites were highly flexible and could be attached to curved surfaces. In addition, the FTE module was constructed from BC/Ag2Se uni-leg elements, which could generate an output power of 0.28 μW. In addition, the simple fabrication process makes the BC/Ag2Se nanocomposite readily expandable to an industrial scale for modern FTE devices.
Time-resolved piezoelectric response in relaxor ferroelectric (Pb0.88La0.12)(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin films
Authors: Rössle Matthias , Thomas Olivier , Mocuta Cristian , Rousset Raphael , Texier Michael , Escoubas Stéphanie , Dubourdieu Catherine , Araújo Eudes B. , Cornelius Thomas W.
Published: February 2022

The domain switching dynamics in a relaxor ferroelectric lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate thin film with 12 mol. % La was investigated by time-resolved x-ray diffraction. While most frequently epitaxial thin films are investigated, the present work reports results on a polycrystalline thin film. Asymmetric butterfly loops of the strain as a function of the applied electric field evidenced a built-in electric field oriented toward the thin film–substrate interface. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 (in the film reference frame) diminishes with the increasing frequency of an applied AC electric field. From the strain transient during the application of positive-up negative-down voltage pulse sequences with frequencies of up to 100 kHz, characteristic times of the order of 100–200 ns were determined for these relaxor ferroelectric thin films. While switching times ranging from the picosecond to the millisecond range are reported in the literature for different materials, these characteristic switching times are comparable to epitaxial lead zirconate titanate thin films of various compositions despite the polycrystallinity of the present thin film. However, the evidenced built-in electric field significantly influences the switching behavior for different polarities.
Analytical approach to the solution of short-crested wave interaction with V-shaped and arc-shaped breakwaters
Authors: Zhai Zhenfeng , Li Xiaochen , Yang Lele
Published: February 2022

The hydrodynamic performance of short-crested wave diffraction by bottom-mounted V-shaped and arc-shaped breakwaters was examined based on the linear wave theory and the eigenfunction expansion method, respectively. Both types of breakwaters are assumed to be thin, impermeable, vertical, and rigidly embedded in the seabed. With the help of a virtual interface, the fluid domains were subdivided into subdomains and the velocity potential in each subdomain was described by eigenfunctions. The linear algebraic equations that determine the unknown coefficients can be obtained using the boundary and matching conditions. The analytical models fully agree with previous predictions. The major factors including wave propagation direction, opening angle, and water depth that affect wave forces and run-ups were explored. The results showed that the wave patterns of short-crested waves near breakwaters were quite different from those of long-crested waves, and using the long-crested wave model can overestimate the wave-defending effects of the breakwaters in a short-crested sea. An analogous wave attenuation effect was observed for breakwaters with comparable structures, which means that engineering practice has a certain degree of substitutability between them.
Non-equilibrium spin noise spectroscopy of a single quantum dot operating at fiber telecommunication wavelengths
Authors: Sun Tian-Jiao , Sterin P. , Lengert L. , Nawrath C. , Jetter M. , Michler P. , Ji Yang , Hübner J. , Oestreich M.
Published: February 2022

We report on the spin and occupation noise of a single, positively charged (InGa)As quantum dot emitting photons in the telecommunication C-band. The spin noise spectroscopy measurements are carried out at a temperature of 4.2 K in dependence on intensity and detuning in the regime beyond thermal equilibrium. The spin noise spectra yield in combination with an elaborate theoretical model the hole-spin relaxation time of the positively charged quantum dot and the Auger recombination and the electron-spin relaxation time of the trion state. The extracted Auger recombination time of this quantum dot emitting at 1.55μm is comparable to the typical Auger recombination times on the order of a few μs measured in traditionally grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots emitting at around 900 nm.
Optically initialized and current-controlled logical element based on antiferromagnetic-heavy metal heterostructures for neuromorphic computing
Authors: Mitrofanova A. , Safin A. , Kravchenko O. , Nikitov S. , Kirilyuk A.
Published: February 2022

A concept of optically triggered and electrically controlled ultra-fast neuromorphic computing processor based on an antiferromagnetic/heavy metal (AFM/HM) heterostructure is proposed. The AFM/HM-based artificial neurons are excited with short THz-range pulses, triggering precession in AFM. Bias electric current in the HM layer can be used to modify the resonance frequency of precession. The conversion of the precession into the electric current in the HM-layer occurs via the inverse spin Hall effect. A model of a neuromorphic processor is, thus, proposed, consisting of excitatory AFM-based artificial neurons—oscillators, and processing neurons—detectors. We show that the use of optical excitation can significantly increase the processing speed of neuromorphic computing at low power consumption. Examples of the implementation of the simplest logical operations (OR, AND) are demonstrated.
Optimal design and trajectory tracking experiment of a novel 3-DOF parallel antenna mechanism
Authors: Zhang Guoxing , Xia Xinlu , Hou Yulei , Guo Jinwei , He Jianliang , Li Chong
Published: February 2022

The tracking range and pointing performance of the antenna are important indices to measure the antenna system. First, the 3 degree of freedom parallel mechanism is proposed for the supporting mechanism of the antenna. The trajectory tracking principle of the antenna mechanism is analyzed based on the inverse position solution model. Meanwhile, the kinematic model of the antenna mechanism with a specific motion trajectory is derived. In addition, the structural optimization design is demonstrated based on the actuation torques and motion range index. In addition, the trajectory planning research is carried out according to the trajectory tracking requirements. The trajectory planning simulation is carried out in the joint space. Afterward, the antenna motion range is obtained through simulation. The specific trajectory tracking simulation of the antenna is completed. Furthermore, the pitch and azimuth motion performance experiments are carried out based on the developed antenna mechanism prototype. Finally, the pentagram trajectory tracking performance is verified via experiments. This research serves as a reference for designing and engineering application of the antenna.
Turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impinging jet over a heated wall-mounted cube placed in a cross-flow
Authors: Khan Basheer A. , Saha Arun K.
Published: February 2022

The present study aims at a large-eddy simulation of a turbulent flow and heat transfer of an impinging jet over a heated cube placed in a cross-flow. A baseline simulation of turbulent heat transfer over the heated cube without the jet-impingement has also been conducted. Based on previous research as well as the present study of the baseline case, it has been observed that heat transfer at the top and side surfaces of the cube is relatively poor; thus, these surfaces may become the principal targets for the jet-impingement cooling strategy. The Navier–Stokes and energy equations are solved using a finite-volume technique that incorporates a shear enhanced Smagorinsky model to account for the effect of unresolved scales. The cross-flow Reynolds number and Prandtl number are chosen to be 3500 (based on the cube size and the average streamwise velocity) and 0.71, respectively, for both the baseline and jet-impinged configurations. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the variations in turbulent structures caused by jet-impingement and their relationship to heat transfer characteristics on cube surfaces. By conducting an invariant analysis of the Reynolds stress tensor, we discuss the aspect of Reynolds stress anisotropy. Furthermore, the dominant components of Reynolds stresses are determined using the Lumley triangle at the top surface and in the wake region of the cube, which is expected to be mainly influenced by jet-impingement. The preliminary investigation shows that the heat transfer at the top surface of the cube is substantially improved due to the impingement of the jet. In addition, a significant improvement in heat transfer is also found at the side surfaces despite having a marginal loss at the rear surface of the cube.
Dynamic behaviors of capsules on rough surfaces induced by shear flow under gravity
Authors: Zhang Yuling , Li Hongfei , Duan Xiaozheng , Shi Tongfei , Ding Mingming
Published: February 2022

We use a finite element method to investigate dynamic behaviors of capsules on rough surfaces induced by shear flow under gravity, which has a more practical significance for related applications such as medical implants. Our model is set as a neutral rough surface, which does not have the adhesive bonds normally assumed by micro-molecular simulations. Our results demonstrate that the capsule exhibits three motion modes: adhesion, slip, and detachment mainly depending on the shear rate, which are similar to the phenomena in which adhesive bonds (linear spring) are assumed between capsules and a smooth surface. At low shear rates, the capsule was slightly deformed, and its bottom in contact with the rough surface, hence, promotes adhesion. However, it is surprising to find that, at relatively high shear rates, the effect of capsule deformability on its adhesion dynamics is far more complex than just promoting adhesion. High deformability of the capsule gives it a concave shape at its bottom, thereby no adhesion formation in the middle. The appearance of this specific capsule shape inhibits the adhesion of the capsule but makes the capsule slip. In addition, it is interesting to note that when the shear rate exceeds a critical value, the slip state no longer appears but changes to detachment.
Anomalous statistics and large deviations of turbulent water waves past a step
Authors: Qi Di , Vanden-Eijnden Eric
Published: February 2022

A computational strategy based on large deviation theory (LDT) is used to study the anomalous statistical features of turbulent surface waves propagating past an abrupt depth change created via a step in the bottom topography. The dynamics of the outgoing waves past the step are modeled using the truncated Korteweg–de Vries equation with random initial conditions at the step drawn from the system’s Gibbs invariant measure of the incoming waves. Within the LDT framework, the probability distributions of the wave height can be obtained via the solution of a deterministic optimization problem. Detailed numerical tests show that this approach accurately captures the non-Gaussian features of the wave height distributions, in particular their asymmetric tails leading to high skewness. These calculations also give the spatiotemporal pattern of the anomalous waves most responsible for these non-Gaussian features. The strategy shows potential for a general class of nonlinear Hamiltonian systems with highly non-Gaussian statistics.
Trichomoniasis among men presenting to a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Abraham Esha , Fairley Christopher K. , Aung Ei T. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Chen Marcus Y. , Phillips Tiffany R. , Chow Eric P. F.
Published: February 2022

Background This study aimed to examine the positivity of urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in men attending an urban sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of men who were tested for T. vaginalis using nucleic acid amplification test at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between August 2018 and May 2021, and calculated the positivity. Results Of the 893 men who were tested for T. vaginalis, 12 (1.3%; 95% CI 0.7–2.3) tested positive for T. vaginalis. The positivity of T. vaginalis among men who reported sexual contact with a female partner with T. vaginalis was significantly higher than men who were not contacts (18.6% [8/43] vs 0.5% [4/850], P < 0.001). Conclusions The positivity of T. vaginalis was low at our clinic. The high positivity among contacts highlights the importance of partner notification, testing and management.
Environmental outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard
Authors: Lark Tyler J. , Hendricks Nathan P. , Smith Aaron , Pates Nicholas , Spawn-Lee Seth A. , Bougie Matthew , Booth Eric G. , Kucharik Christopher J. , Gibbs Holly K.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Biofuels are included in many proposed strategies to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and limit the magnitude of global warming. The US Renewable Fuel Standard is the world’s largest existing biofuel program, yet despite its prominence, there has been limited empirical assessment of the program’s environmental outcomes. Even without considering likely international land use effects, we find that the production of corn-based ethanol in the United States has failed to meet the policy’s own greenhouse gas emissions targets and negatively affected water quality, the area of land used for conservation, and other ecosystem processes. Our findings suggest that profound advances in technology and policy are still needed to achieve the intended environmental benefits of biofuel production and use.
Coupled CH
4
production and oxidation support CO
2
supersaturation in a tropical flood pulse lake (Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia)
Authors: Miller Benjamin Lloyd , Holtgrieve Gordon William , Arias Mauricio Eduardo , Uy Sophorn , Chheng Phen
Published: February 2022

Significance

Freshwaters inextricably link flows of carbon between the land, oceans, and atmosphere. Resulting carbon dioxide supersaturation relative to the atmosphere in most of the world’s lakes and rivers has long been assumed to come from aerobic respiration. Although carbon dioxide also comes from the oxidation of anaerobically produced methane, this has been largely ignored within freshwaters. Here, we use stable carbon isotopes of carbon dioxide and methane to show that a nontrivial proportion of the total dissolved carbon dioxide in a tropical flood pulse lake comes from methane oxidation. Seasonal pulses of flooding are common in the tropics, suggesting that coupled methane production and oxidation likely contribute more broadly to flows of carbon between the land, understudied tropical freshwaters, and atmosphere.
MadR mediates acyl CoA-dependent regulation of mycolic acid desaturation in mycobacteria
Authors: Cooper Charlotte , Peterson Eliza J. R. , Bailo Rebeca , Pan Min , Singh Albel , Moynihan Patrick , Nakaya Makoto , Fujiwara Nagatoshi , Baliga Nitin , Bhatt Apoorva
Published: February 2022

Significance

Our studies show that the mycolic acid desaturase regulator (MadR) acts as a molecular switch, controlling the desaturation and biosynthesis of mycolic acids, key lipids of the cell envelopes of mycobacteria. MadR works by a distinct mechanism wherein it binds various acyl-coenzyme As (aceyl-CoAs), but only saturated acyl-CoAs relieve DNA binding and repression. This suggests a unique mechanism that involves sensing of acyl-CoA pools as a checkpoint for coordinating mycolic acid remodeling and biosynthesis in response to cell surface perturbation. Our findings further our understanding of how mycobacteria control cell wall composition in response to stress across various environments ranging from soil to an intracellular niche in infected macrophages, with implications for understanding strategies for pathogenesis in the tubercle bacillus.
Ultrahigh-pressure disordered eight-coordinated phase of Mg
2
GeO
4
: Analogue for super-Earth mantles
Authors: Dutta Rajkrishna , Tracy Sally June , Cohen R. E. , Miozzi Francesca , Luo Kai , Yang Jing , Burnley Pamela C. , Smith Dean , Meng Yue , Chariton Stella , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Duffy Thomas S.
Published: February 2022

Significance

This work presents experimental evidence for the formation of a phase with eightfold coordination of germanium by oxygen in Mg
2
GeO
4
, a well-known analogue of Mg
2
SiO
4
at extreme pressure and temperatures. Using both experiments and theoretical computations, we have determined the structure, equation of state, and phase stability of this phase at pressures above 200 GPa. The existence of this phase in the silicate counterpart may play an important role in the structure and dynamics of the deep interiors of large, rocky exoplanets.
Stabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation
Authors: Sodeland Marte , Jentoft Sissel , Jorde Per Erik , Mattingsdal Morten , Albretsen Jon , Kleiven Alf Ring , Synnes Ann-Elin Wårøy , Espeland Sigurd Heiberg , Olsen Esben Moland , Andrè Carl , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Knutsen Halvor
Published: February 2022

Significance

Ecological disruption due to human impacts is evident worldwide, and a key to mitigation lies in characterizing the underlying mechanisms of species and ecosystem stability. Here we show that three extensive “supergenes” are maintained in Atlantic cod by stabilizing selection, tying these genes to the persistence of a keystone species distributed across the northern Atlantic Ocean. Removal of this species has caused severe ecosystem reshuffling in several areas of its range. Genomic inference of historic stock sizes further shows that cod has been under pressure in the North Sea system since the Viking period, in line with zooarchaeological records. Expansion of fisheries in Northern Europe through the past millennium is well documented and supports the inferred long-term declines.
Superantigens promote
Staphylococcus aureus
bloodstream infection by eliciting pathogenic interferon-gamma production
Authors: Tuffs Stephen W. , Goncheva Mariya I. , Xu Stacey X. , Craig Heather C. , Kasper Katherine J. , Choi Joshua , Flannagan Ronald S. , Kerfoot Steven M. , Heinrichs David E. , McCormick John K.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Since their discovery over 30 y ago, it has become clear that the superantigens (SAgs) are important virulence factors produced during severe
Staphylococcus aureus
–mediated disease including bacteremia. However, until the current study, it was unclear how these toxins manipulated the immune system to promote infection. Here, we have demonstrated that the SAgs can target a critical immune signaling molecule (interferon gamma), inducing overproduction that promotes bacterial survival by subverting the ability of macrophages to be able to kill the pathogen. This highlights SAg activity as a critical target for antistaphylococcal therapy to mitigate the impact of severe
S. aureus
disease.
Why marginal CO2emissions are not decreasing for US electricity: Estimates and implications for climate policy
Authors: Holland Stephen P. , Kotchen Matthew J. , Mansur Erin T. , Yates Andrew J.
Published: February 2022

Significance

Marginal emissions of CO2from the electricity sector are critical for evaluating many climate policies. We provide estimates of marginal CO2emissions for electricity use in the United States that vary by region, hour of day, and year to year. Despite a decrease in average emissions over the last decade, marginal emissions have increased. We apply our estimates to an analysis of the Biden administration’s target of having electric vehicles make up 50% of new vehicle purchases by 2030. We find that, without significant and concurrent changes to the electricity sector far more substantial than those over the last decade, the increase in electricity emissions is likely to offset more than half the emission reductions from having fewer gasoline-powered vehicles.
AI-synthesized faces are indistinguishable from real faces and more trustworthy
Authors: Nightingale Sophie J. , Farid Hany
Published: February 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI)–synthesized text, audio, image, and video are being weaponized for the purposes of nonconsensual intimate imagery, financial fraud, and disinformation campaigns. Our evaluation of the photorealism of AI-synthesized faces indicates that synthesis engines have passed through the uncanny valley and are capable of creating faces that are indistinguishable—and more trustworthy—than real faces.
Quantitative detection of hydrogen peroxide in rain, air, exhaled breath, and biological fluids by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Kakeshpour Tayeb , Metaferia Belhu , Zare Richard N. , Bax Adriaan
Published: February 2022

Hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) plays a key role in environmental chemistry, biology, and medicine. H
2
O
2
concentrations typically are 6 to 10 orders of magnitude lower than that of water, making its quantitative detection challenging. We demonstrate that optimized NMR spectroscopy allows direct, interference-free, quantitative measurements of H
2
O
2
down to submicromolar levels in a wide range of fluids, ranging from exhaled breath and air condensate to rain, blood, urine, and saliva. NMR measurements confirm the previously reported spontaneous generation of H
2
O
2
in microdroplets that form when condensing water vapor on a hydrophobic surface, which can interfere with atmospheric H
2
O
2
measurements. Its antimicrobial activity and strong seasonal variation speculatively could be linked to the seasonality of respiratory viral diseases.
Light and flow regimes regulate the metabolism of rivers
Authors: Bernhardt Emily S. , Savoy Phil , Vlah Michael J. , Appling Alison P. , Koenig Lauren E. , Hall Robert O. , Arroita Maite , Blaszczak Joanna R. , Carter Alice M. , Cohen Matt , Harvey Judson W. , Heffernan James B. , Helton Ashley M. , Hosen Jacob D. , Kirk Lily , McDowell William H. , Stanley Emily H. , Yackulic Charles B. , Grimm Nancy B.
Published: February 2022

Significance

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the annual patterns of ecosystem productivity and respiration for more than 200 rivers, comparing the magnitude and phenology of river metabolic regimes with annual estimates from more than 150 terrestrial ecosystems. Although mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation explain much of the variation in terrestrial productivity and are used to define biomes, for rivers the most important controls are annual light availability and flow stability. Attention to these gradients will substantially improve our ability to scale and model river ecosystem dynamics and may fundamentally change the way rivers are studied.
Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell–cell contact expansion in zebrafish germ-layer progenitor cells
Authors: Slováková Jana , Sikora Mateusz , Arslan Feyza Nur , Caballero-Mancebo Silvia , Krens S. F. Gabriel , Kaufmann Walter A. , Merrin Jack , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp
Published: February 2022

Significance

Cell–cell contact formation is a key step in the evolution of multicellularity. While the molecular and cellular processes underlying cell–cell adhesion and contact formation have been extensively studied, comparably little is known about the physical principles guiding these processes. Actomyosin cortex tension differentially applied at the cell–cell and cell–medium interfaces was shown to promote expansion of the cell–cell contacts. Here, we uncover a nonlinear relationship between cortex tension and cell–cell contact size; in a low-tension regime, cell–cell contact size positively scales with cortex tension, while the high-tension regime promotes small contacts. This change in behavior is due to tension decreasing the turnover of adhesion molecules at the cell–cell contact, limiting contact expansion.
Universals in machine translation?
Authors: Luo Jinru , Li Dechao
Published: February 2022

By examining and comparing the linguistic patterns in a self-built corpus of Chinese-English translations produced by WeChat Translate, the latest online machine translation app from the most popular social media platform (WeChat) in China, this study explores such questions as whether or not and to what extent simplification and normalization (hypothesized Translation Universals) exhibit themselves in these translations. The results show that, whereas simplification cannot be substantiated, the tendency of normalization to occur in the WeChat translations can be confirmed. The research finds that these results are caused by the operating mechanism of machine translation (MT) systems. Certain salient words tend to prime WeChat’s MT system to repetitively resort to typical language patterns, which leads to a significant overuse of lexical chunks. It is hoped that the present study can shed new light on the development of MT systems and encourage more corpus-based product-oriented research on MT.
Tumor spheroid invasion in epidermal growth factor gradients revealed by a 3D microfluidic device
Authors: Suh Young Joon , Pandey Mrinal , Segall Jeffrey E , Wu Mingming
Published: February 2022

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a potent cytokine, is known to promote tumor invasion both in vivo and in vitro. Previously, we observed that single breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 cell line) embedded within a 3D collagen matrix displayed enhanced motility but no discernible chemotaxis in the presence of linear EGF gradients using a microfluidic platform. Inspired by a recent theoretical development that clustered mammalian cells respond differently to chemical gradients than single cells, we studied tumor spheroid invasion within a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) in the presence of EGF gradients. We found that EGF gradients promoted tumor cell detachment from the spheroid core, and the position of the tumor spheroid core showed a mild chemotactic response towards the EGF gradients. For those tumor cells detached from the spheroids, they showed an enhanced motility response in contrast to previous experimental results using single cells embedded within an ECM. No discernible chemotactic response towards the EGF gradients was found for the cells outside the spheroid core. This work demonstrates that a cluster of tumor cells responds differently than single tumor cells towards EGF gradients and highlights the importance of a tumor spheroid platform for tumor invasion studies.
Automatic annotation correction for wearable EEG based epileptic seizure detection
Authors: Zhang Jingwei , Chatzichristos Christos , Vandecasteele Kaat , Swinnen Lauren , Broux Victoria , Cleeren Evy , Van Paesschen Wim , De Vos Maarten
Published: February 2022

Objective. Video-electroencephalography (vEEG), which defines the ground truth for the detection of epileptic seizures, is inadequate for long-term home monitoring. Thanks to advantages in comfort and unobtrusiveness, wearable EEG devices have been suggested as a solution for home monitoring. However, one of the challenges in data-driven automated seizure detection with wearable EEG data is to have reliable seizure annotations. Seizure annotations on the gold-standard 25-channel vEEG recordings may not be optimal to delineate seizure activity on the concomitantly recorded wearable EEG, due to artifacts or absence of ictal activity on the limited set of electrodes of the wearable EEG. This paper aims to develop an automatic approach to correct for imperfect annotations of seizure activity on wearable EEG, which can be used to train seizure detection algorithms. Approach. This paper first investigates the effectiveness of correcting the seizure annotations for the training set with a visual annotation correction. Then a novel approach has been proposed to automatically remove non-seizure data from wearable EEG in epochs annotated as seizures in gold-standard video-EEG recordings. The performance of the automatic annotation correction approach was evaluated by comparing the seizure detection models trained with (a) original vEEG seizure annotations, (b) visually corrected seizure annotations, and (c) automatically corrected seizure annotations. Main results. The automated seizure detection approach trained with automatically corrected seizure annotations was more sensitive and had fewer false-positive detections compared to the approach trained with visually corrected seizure annotations, and the approach trained with the original seizure annotations from gold-standard vEEG. Significance. The wearable EEG seizure detection approach performs better when trained with automatic seizure annotation correction.
Overview of IV International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Aerospace, Mechanical and Automation Engineering – MIST Aerospace-IV-2021
Authors: Kovalev I V , Testoyedov N A , Voroshilova A A
Published: February 2022

The overview describes the main directions and results of the IV International Conference on Advanced Technologies in Aerospace, Mechanical and Automation Engineering (MIST Aerospace-IV-2021) held in Krasnoyarsk on 10-11 December 2021. It gives the details about the participants and the proceedings. The purpose of the Conference is to share the experience of leading experts in the application of advanced science-intensive and information technologies in the aerospace industry, mechanical engineering and automation of technological processes and production.