bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wrongful Interference of Police in Civil Transactions and the Remedies for Aggrieved Persons
Authors: Saredau Daniel P. , Okpa Ujong Bassey
Published: August 2023

Though established under section 214 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the provisions on the functions, powers, administration, and structure of the Nigeria Police Force are as contained in the Nigeria Police Act, 2020. But, despitesection 32(2) of the Police Act and section 8(2) of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act (2015) providing that a person shall not be arrested merely on a civil wrong or breach of contract, and the plethora of judicial authorities deprecating this practice, there continues to be a swash of cases in which the police meddle with civil claims. In the result, the police often, wrongly, turn itself into a debt recovery agency, an enforcer of contracts, or a forum for settling civil claims.Using doctrinal methodology and a discursive research design, this study examines the law on the issue. The study finds that there are legal remedies available for a person who feels aggrieved with police interference in civil claims. The remedies discussed are action for malicious prosecution, action for false imprisonment, fundamental rights enforcement action, and action under the Anti-torture Act.Overall, the studydissuades citizens from resort to the police for civil claims, and encourages the police to desist from wrongful interference in civil claims.
Fremtiden for lokale- og regionale jernbaner i Jylland
Authors: Wellendorf Niels , O. Jensen Tommy
Published: August 2023

Er der en fremtid for lokale- og regionale jernbaner i Jylland?Den kollektive trafik har de seneste fem år udfordret på vigende passagertal og øget omkostninger, en proces der tillige er blev forstærket under COVID-19 pandemien i 2020-2021, og øget energipriser efter Ukraine-krigen i 2022-2023. Dette gælder både for jernbaner som busruter.I de mere tyndt befolkede egne håndtere de regionale trafikselskaber i første omgang udfordringerne ved at reducere antallet af afgang, omlægning af almindelige busruter til egentlige skolebusruter og nedlæggelse af ruter. Samtidig sættes billettaksterne op, for at finansiere stigende driftsomkostninger, som er resulteret af en øget inflation.Denne udvikling er endnu ikke set på lokale- og regionale jernbaner, hvor udbuddet i 2023 er i samme omfang som før COVID-19 pandemien. Det har fået flere trafikforskere til at anbefale en anden prioritering af midlerne, hvor de mindst benyttede jernbanelinjer nedlægges, og persontrafik erstattes med busser, hvor produktionsomkostninger pr. km er under det halve.Men jernbanerne udfordres også af, at driften er blevet dyr og kompliceret. Desuden skal jernbaner opfylde en lang række specifikke tekniske krav og godkendelsesprocesser, før passagerne kan sætte sig ombord i toget. F.eks. kan det tage op til 10 år at lave ny station eller sætte hastigheden op fra 75 km/t til 100 km/t. Vilkår som ikke kendes på tilsvarende vis fra f.eks. privatbilisme eller buskørsel, og som gør at jernbanen bredt opfattes som ikke-agilt, tungt og konservativt transportsystem.Det er derfor relevant at revurdere lokale- og regionale jernbaner rolle i et fremtidigt kollektivt transportsystem, og hvilken konsekvenser der vil være ved at nedlægge dem, subsidiært potentielle gevinster ved at styrke dem.
LOCAL FOOD MSME DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGY (CASE STUDY IN BANDA ACEH CITY)
Authors: Putri Diary  , T. Saiful Bahri  , Fajri
Published: August 2023

Marketing activities or promotional activities for a product (brand or brand) that are carried out digitally with the aim of reaching as many customers as possible in a relevant, effective and efficient way are called digital marketing. This study aims to: (1) determinants in determining the digital marketing strategy for MSME local food products in the city of Banda Aceh. (2) the right strategy and become a priority alternative to increase digital marketing for MSMEs of local food products in the city of Banda Aceh. The aims of this research are: (1) IFE and EFE Matrix (2) Strength-Weakness-Opportunity-Threat (SWOT) Matrix (3) Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). The results of the evaluation of internal factors (IFE) obtained a value of 2.98 and external factors (EFE) obtained a value of 2.73. Based on the internal-external (IE) matrix, The position of internal and external factors that determine the digital marketing strategy for local food MSMEs in Banda Aceh City are in quadrant V (Stability), namely conditions that are relatively good or stable at present and have prospects for the future. Meanwhile, based on the SWOT matrix, the results show that the position of local food MSME business development factors in the city of Banda Aceh related to digital marketing strategy is in quadrant I, namely expansion. So, in this position the right strategy to be implemented by local food MSMEs in Banda Aceh City is the SO (strength-opportunity) strategy, namely utilizing strengths to maximize opportunities, by developing businesses through online marketing media, as well as maximizing the convenience of digital transactions and taking advantage of promotional opportunities as well as increasing cooperation in digital product promotion with third parties. Based on the QSPM matrix ranking, the results of the strategy "maximizing the convenience of digital transactions and taking advantage of promotional opportunities" are the most superior online marketing strategies by local food MSME marketers in Banda Aceh City in order to develop their business.
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Steroid and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection in Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Ertilav Devran , Ertilav Esra
Published: August 2023

Objective: Imaging-guided injection treatments can yield effective results in patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) resistant to conservative methods.
Methods: Patients who presented with typical median nerve entrapment findings for at least 3 months, were diagnosed with mild-moderate CTS electrophysiologically, and underwent ultrasound-guided steroid and PRP injection were included in the study. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (Functional status scale (FSS) and Symptom severity scale (SSS) parameters) scores were recorded in the pre-procedure, 1st month and 6th month controls of the patients. Sonographically, median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements were recorded at pre-procedure and post-procedure 1st and 6th month controls.
Results: In 27 patients (21 women, 6 men), 40 median nerve injections (9 patients right, 5 patients left, 13 patients bilateral) were evaluated. In all patients, CSA, VAS, FSS, and SSS scores were significantly lower at 1 month and 6 months after the procedure than before the procedure. (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000, P=0.000, respectively). While the VAS scores were found to be significantly lower in the steroid group than in the PRP group at 1 month (p=0.04), there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of CSA, FSS, and SSS scores (p=0.1, p=0.5, p=0.8, respectively).
At 6 months, CSA, VAS, FSS, and SSS scores were significantly lower in the PRP group compared to the steroid group (p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000, p=0.000 respectively).
Conclusion: In mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, steroid injections applied under ultrasonography guidance of the median nerve are effective for a short time, and PRP injections are a superior and safe option to steroids for long-term efficacy.
KONİK IŞINLI BİLGİSAYARLI TOMOGRAFİ GÖRÜNTÜLERİNDE RASTLANTISAL BULGULAR: BİR KESİTSEL ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: ÖZEMRE Mehmet Özgür , KOCAK TOPBAS Nazan , KARSLIOĞLU Hazal , KÖSEOĞLU SEÇGİN Cansu , ORHAN Kaan
Published: August 2023

Amaç: Maksillofasiyal konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntülerinde karşılaşılan rastlantısal bulguların yerini, tipini ve sıklığını geriye dönük olarak incelemektir.

Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmada, 2018-2021 yılları arasında sadece implant planlaması amacıyla alınmış konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri geriye dönük olarak rastlantısal bulgu varlığı açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Görüntüler, iki deneyimli dentomaksillofasiyal radyolog tarafından geriye dönük olarak incelenmiştir. Rastlantısal bulgular bulundukları bölgeye göre; hava yolu bulguları, gömülü diş-kök varlığı, temporomandibular eklem bulguları, endodontik lezyonlar, osteoskleroz ve yumuşak doku kalsifikasyonları olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmada 109’u erkek 91’i kadın olan toplam 200 hastanın (yaş ortalaması 50,54 (36-68)) konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntüleri incelendi. Rastlantısal bulguların dağılımı açısından cinsiyetler arasında anlamlı fark bulunamadı (p=0,857). Yaş ile rastlantısal bulguların gözlenmesi arasında korelasyon yoktu (p=0,525). Rastlantısal bulguların en çok görüldüğü bölge hava yolu olup ardından sırasıyla, gömülü diş ve artık kökler, TME bulguları, endodontik lezyon, osteoskleroz ve yumuşak doku kalsifikasyonları gelmektedir.

Sonuç: Çalışmada değerlendirilen görüntülerin %88’inde rastlantısal bulgu gözlenmiş olup çalışmadaki hasta başına düşen rastlantısal bulgu sayısı 1,16 dır. Konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntülerini değerlendiren dentomaksillofasiyal radyolog veya hekimlerin, tomografi istek endikasyonuna bağlı kalmaksızın görüntü alanına giren tüm yapıları detaylı olarak değerlendirmesi, takip/tedavi gerektirebilecek durumların teşhisi ve hastanın yönlendirilmesi açısından son derece önemlidir.
Educational Technology Innovation: AI-Integrated Learning System Design in AILS-Based Education
Authors: Soelistiono Soegianto , Wahidin
Published: August 2023

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has seamlessly integrated itself into modern society, revolutionizing education through its innovations. One prominent innovation is the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based learning system, promising an elevated quality of education. The AI-based learning system harnesses machine learning to tailor approaches for each student, monitoring their progress and providing pertinent feedback. A noteworthy example is the Intelligent Adaptive Learning System (AILS), which amalgamates Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology and 3D animation with the Google Search Engine. AILS aids comprehension via tablet devices, with teachers concurrently assuming a supportive role. AILS empowers students to autonomously acquire knowledge, accessing information through NLP and the Google Search Engine. The visualization of teachers through 3D animations enhances interactivity. Through AILS, students can learn from home or in-class, guided and mentored by teachers. AILS efficiently processes data, monitors progress, offers feedback, and identifies student needs. Teachers continue to facilitate profound learning and critical thinking skills. AILS fosters self-directed learning and lifelong skills. Furthermore, AILS augments the quality of the educational framework, integrating AI technology to realize student self-directedness in the Society 5.0 era.
Microbiological evaluation of pork offal products collected from processing facilities in a major United States pork-producing region
Authors: Erickson Alan , Fuhrman Monte , Mikel William , Ertl Jon , Ruesch Laura , Murray Debra , Lau Zachary
Published: August 2023

Analysis of 370 offal samples from 15 US pork-processing facilities detected Yersinia enterocolitica-positive (2.4%) and Salmonella-positive (21.8%) samples and mesophilic aerobic plate counts > 107 colony-forming units/g (3.2%). A risk assessment showed intestine (20%), brain (21%), liver and heart (73%), and kidney (87%) sampling batches were acceptable for human consumption.
Efficacy of a commercial porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccine at reducing duration of viral shedding in gilts
Authors: Brown Justin , Rademacher Chris , Baker Samuel , Poonsuk Korakrit , Cheng Ting-Yu , Skoland Kristin , Canning Paisley , Forseth Anna , Karriker Locke
Published: August 2023

Objective: To evaluate if the use of a commercially available killed porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine shortens the duration of PEDV shedding in replacement gilts. Materials and methods: Four treatment groups composed of 20 females were utilized for this study. Gilts in the CONTROL group had no previous exposure to PEDV, the nonvaccinated (NV) group had been previously exposed, and the PRE and POST groups received two doses of a commercial, killed PEDV vaccine either prior to or following a challenge with PEDV, respectively. Individual fecal samples were collected weekly and tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for virus detection. Results: Previous exposure to PEDV was found to shorten the time that virus can be detected in the feces compared to fecal samples of naïve animals (P < .001). Vaccination, either prior to or following the challenge, was not found to shorten the duration of PEDV shedding in feces. Implications: These results showed that vaccination of gilts, either prior to the challenge or afterwards, with a killed commerical PEDV vaccine did not shorten the period that virus was detectable in the feces by rRT-PCR suggesting that viral shedding in feces was not influenced by administration of a killed commercial vaccine. While previous infection with virulent PEDV did not prevent re-infection, it did have a significant effect on the amount of time virus was detected following a subsequent exposure.
Decoding the Autoencoder
Authors: Andreasen Jesper
Published: August 2023

Cross-sectional training of auto-encoder neural networks suggests that yield-curve dynamics are well described by two to three factors and are dynamically arbitrage-free. In this article, we discuss the evidence and identify stochastic model parameters that support the auto-encoders.
Pilot study of genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression for treatment response to escitalopram in panic disorder
Authors: Zou Zhi-Li , Zhang Yuan , Huang Yu-Lan , Wang Jin-Yu , Zhou Bo , Chen Hua-Fu
Published: August 2023

Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD) is a phase of bipolar disorder defined by the presence of ≥ 4 mood episodes in a year. It is a common phenomenon characterized by greater severity, a predominance of depression, higher levels of disability, and poorer overall outcomes. It is resistant to treatment by conventional pharmacotherapy. The existing literature underlines the scarcity of evidence and the gaps in knowledge about the optimal treatment strategies for RCBD. However, most reviews have considered only pharmacological treatment options for RCBD. Given the treatment-refractory nature of RCBD, nonpharmacological interventions could augment medications but have not been adequately examined. This review carried out an updated and comprehensive search for evidence regarding the role of nonpharmacological therapies as adjuncts to medications in RCBD. We identified 83 reviews and meta-analyses concerning the treatment of RCBD. Additionally, we found 42 reports on adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments in RCBD. Most of the evidence favoured concomitant electroconvulsive therapy as an acute and maintenance treatment. There was preliminary evidence to suggest that chronotherapeutic treatments can provide better outcomes when combined with medications. The research on adjunctive psychotherapy was particularly scarce but suggested that psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, family interventions, and supportive psychotherapy may be helpful. The overall quality of evidence was poor and suffered from several methodological shortcomings. There is a need for more methodologically sound research in this area, although clinicians can use the existing evidence to select and individualize nonpharmacological treatment options for better management of RCBD. Patient summaries are included to highlight some of the issues concerning the implementation of adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments.
Investigation of contemporary college students’ mental health status and construction of a risk prediction model
Authors: Mao Xiao-Li , Chen Hong-Mei
Published: August 2023

Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD) is a phase of bipolar disorder defined by the presence of ≥ 4 mood episodes in a year. It is a common phenomenon characterized by greater severity, a predominance of depression, higher levels of disability, and poorer overall outcomes. It is resistant to treatment by conventional pharmacotherapy. The existing literature underlines the scarcity of evidence and the gaps in knowledge about the optimal treatment strategies for RCBD. However, most reviews have considered only pharmacological treatment options for RCBD. Given the treatment-refractory nature of RCBD, nonpharmacological interventions could augment medications but have not been adequately examined. This review carried out an updated and comprehensive search for evidence regarding the role of nonpharmacological therapies as adjuncts to medications in RCBD. We identified 83 reviews and meta-analyses concerning the treatment of RCBD. Additionally, we found 42 reports on adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments in RCBD. Most of the evidence favoured concomitant electroconvulsive therapy as an acute and maintenance treatment. There was preliminary evidence to suggest that chronotherapeutic treatments can provide better outcomes when combined with medications. The research on adjunctive psychotherapy was particularly scarce but suggested that psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, family interventions, and supportive psychotherapy may be helpful. The overall quality of evidence was poor and suffered from several methodological shortcomings. There is a need for more methodologically sound research in this area, although clinicians can use the existing evidence to select and individualize nonpharmacological treatment options for better management of RCBD. Patient summaries are included to highlight some of the issues concerning the implementation of adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments.
MÉTODO ONTOLÓGICO MARXISTA E SUAS CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES
Authors: Cristina Santana Rossi Aline
Published: August 2023

O presente artigo é instrumento por meio do qual apresentamos as linhas gerais do método marxista a partir das contribuições elaboradas por G. Lukács. Além disso, demonstramos a potencialidade analítica e investigativa deste método para a pesquisa em educação, com foco na formação de professores. Concluímos que a perspectiva ontológica, cuja centralidade está no objeto, é importantíssima para não incorrermos em posturas idealistas ou imobilistas e que a formação de professores deve prezar pela defesa do conhecimento científico teórico que seja capaz de se aproximar do movimento essencial do objeto em suas múltiplas determinações.
Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Different Lateral Load
Authors: Lamsal Sagar
Published: August 2023

Shear wall, steel bracing and combined system are the most commonly used lateral-load resisting technique for high-rise buildings. Shear walls have very high in-plane strength and stiffness, which can be used simultaneously for resisting large horizontal and gravity loads. The aim of this study is to examine how well reinforced concrete buildings withstand seismic activity using various systems for resisting lateral loads. In this study, a reinforced concrete building with 12 floors (G+12) and 5 X 5 bays is selected, and various lateral load resisting frame systems are applied in different positions. These are shear wall, bracings, shear wall-bracings combinations (Combined) at five different locations/patterns i.e., at outer corners (Type- I), center of outer sides (Type- II), middle corners (Type- III), center of middle sides (Type- IV), and inner core and middle sides (Type- V) respectively. A total of sixteen models are created for this study, with one being a bare frame and the other fifteen consisting of three types of lateral load resisting systems arranged in five different configurations each. With the assistance of ETABS all models are analyzed by Equivalent Static Analysis and Response Spectrum Analysis. The performance of building is evaluated on the basis of following parameters- maximum storey displacement, maximum storey drift and storey shear. At last the results are compared for different models. Among the three systems, the shear wall system exhibits the least displacement and the highest stiffness. Response of combined system is better than that of bracing system. Overall, the Type II shear wall model is more earthquake-resistant and structurally efficient than the other fifteen models. Key Words: Equivalent Static Analysis, Response Spectrum Analysis, Maximum storey displacement, Maximum storey drift, Storey shear
Artificial Intelligence Methods Used in Sand Casting in Foundry: A Review
Authors: Upadhye Rasik
Published: August 2023

With the objective to ensure casting quality and reduce casting rejection, this study reviews the literature on several AI techniques utilized in the metal casting industry. Artificial intelligence techniques such as decision trees, rough set theory, fuzzy logic, case-based reasoning, and various artificial neural networks The foundries have made use of networks. These tools provide machines the power to learn and make decisions. 32 research publications in all have been cited in this work and are categorized into two categories. First designing a sand mold, then reducing defects. A survey of the literature from 1989 to 2017 is conducted, and the contributions of various computational intelligence techniques are then examined. Keywords: Sand casting, Artificial intelligence, casting defect
Stress Detection in IT Employees Using CNN
Authors: JOURNAL IJSREM
Published: August 2023

In contemporary society, Stress has emerged as a pervasive issue affecting a majority of individuals. Despite their material prosperity, people often find themselves dissatisfied due to pressures of stress. Stress is a difficult phenomenon that can manifest in emotional, physical, and mental forms. The objective of this project is to be identifying indicators of stress in IT professionals over the application of sophisticated image processing and machine learning methods. This technology represents an improvement over previous approaches for stress detection that didn't account for the subjective experiences of employees or real-time detection. The current model incorporates both periodic and live detection of employee emotions. Automated stress detection serves to mitigate health risks and enhance the well- being of both the IT Company and its employees. By understanding the emotional states of IT professionals, businesses can provide appropriate guidance and achieve better outcomes. Key Words: Stress, Machine learning and IT professionals.
PR-015-12606-R01 Thermal Irradiance Effects on Ultrasonic Meter Performance at Low Flow Rates
Authors: Witte  , Grimley  , Thorson
Published: August 2023

This study was focused on determining the effects of thermal radiant energy on ultrasonic meter accuracy at flow rates less than 10% of meter capacity. A straight run ultrasonic meter installation consistent with the recommendations of AGA Report Number 9 was assembled, and arrays of heat lamps were mounted above the meter run. The heat lamp arrays were energized in banks in order to simulate different modes of shading of the meter run assembly to determine the influence of solar radiation on flow measurement at low flow rates.

Observed flow measurement errors were evaluated by analysis of ultrasonic meter diagnostic log data and through various temperature measurements on the pipe surface and measurements taken at the pipe centerline.

The effectiveness of using a stepped thermowell compared to a bare RTD was also evaluated in these tests.
L52359 Pump Test Facility Characterization Study
Authors: Wilcox  , Musgrove
Published: August 2023

Due to the uncertainty in the viscosity correction factors pumps can be over or under-sized. The error in the correction factors is not known, since tests have not been completed to verify the performance of pumps at the higher flows and heads. Currently, there is no test facility in existence which can complete the tests required to determine the true performance of a pump at high flows with viscous fluids. This initiative assesses what would be required for the development of a facility which could complete performance tests of pumps of varying sizes with high flow rates, high heads, and high viscosities. This effort included developing a basic design of a pump test facility and estimating how much it would cost to build such a facility. Two facility designs are proposed: an open loop and a closed looped design. Each design has distinct advantages and disadvantages which are outlined in this report.
PR-343-14601-R01 Smart USM Diagnostics - Phase 3
Authors: Zanker
Published: August 2023

Ultrasonic flow meters, especially those that exploit multiple paths to achieve higher accuracies, are capable of extensive self-diagnosis. Each ultrasonic meter manufacturer has tended to devel-op diagnostic tools specific to his particular device. This has led to a confusing mix of offerings that are not transportable between meters and whose names and interpretations are not always consistent.
The focus of this effort has been to examine four areas that yield information indicative of both the health of the meter and the quality of the measurements it is providing: (1) the meter design and how this impacts the individual diagnostics, (2) the timing aspects of the measurement, (3) the indicators of transducer performance and (4) the observed velocity profile characteristics. This work extends the previous analysis of Daniel and Instromet (Elster) ultrasonic meters to in-clude Sick and Krohne meters. It also updates the Daniel and Instromet information and looks at graphical displays that help with condition based monitoring.
L51401 Hyperbaric Shielded Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Pinfold
Published: August 2023

It is common knowledge that the welding arc is affected by the surrounding atmosphere (gas and pressure) and it was believed, prior to starting the present work, that metallurgical problems could also occur under hyperbaric conditions. These were mainly associated with the belief that some atmospheres could increase the heat extraction and consequently the cooling rates of the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). Other potential problems were alteration of the bead shape and slag cover, due to a change in the balance of surface tensions, variation in the chemistry of the weld metal and variation in the weld metal hydrogen content.

A research program was undertaken by the Materials Department, (Underwater Welding Group) of the Cranfield Institute of Technology to assess the performance of different makes of shielded metal arc welding electrodes under hyperbaric conditions and to identify potential metallurgical problems associated with welding in different gases at high pressure. All welds were carried out in unmanned hyperbaric chambers which were adapted and developed from pre-existing equipment in order to satisfy the needs of the present project. The most important feature was the use of remotely controlled welding torches which had the capability of simulating closely the movements of direct manipulation by a welder and, in these circumstances, the results can be directly extrapolated to a real situation. The workplace was bolted to a table which could be moved longitudinally by a motor, allowing an accurately controlled welding speed. Other features of the hyperbaric chambers included a powered wire brush for deslagging and atmosphere filtration equipment required to maintain good visibility inside the chamber, systems for providing and monitoring pre and post welding heat treatment and for controlling and monitoring humidity. This report is intended to present the results of the tests carried out during the final stages of the project and to give an overall view of the work.
L51465 Examination of Pipeline Welding Procedural Variables
Authors: Lazor
Published: August 2023

The predominant means of oil and gas distribution is by large diameter pipelines; which are field welded using either manual or semi-automatic procedures. The hydrogen-induced cracking problems encountered with construction projects, have been attributed to chemistry, hydrogen content of the weld, and the applied stresses. The stresses across the joint, and in particular the root run, are not always known exactly, and can have a significant influence on crack susceptibility. These can be caused by the action of the line-up clamp, mismatch of adjoining pipes, and lifting of the pipe for overall alignment while the girth welds are only partially completed.

This project quantified the effects of lift height and misalignment on the susceptibility of girth welds to hydrogen-induced cracking and compared GMAW and FCAW procedures to standard cellulosic welds. The high restraint cracking test developed at the Welding Institute of Canada was used to compare the crack susceptibilities for the root passes. Parallel sets of tests were conducted on a 0.13%C and a 0.08%C steel, using Phoenix Cel 80, Linde 65, and Lincoln NR205 consumables. The results of the tests were compared in terms of the critical cooling time to 100° C of the root pass, which was necessary to prevent cracking. The increased susceptibility with higher restraint was identical for both steels and it was shown that increasing the restraint by 500 kg/mm2 would require an additional 150 s to cool to 100°C to prevent cracking. The cooling time was also longer when a misalignment of 1.6 mm was introduced into the joint, but the effect of misalignment was minimal as the restraint decreased.

The effects of lift height and misalignment on the susceptibility of the root run of a girth weld to hydrogen-induced cracking were examined using the high restraint cracking test. This test was also used to compare directly the relative cracking tendencies of root runs deposited using SMAW, GMAW, and FCAW. The results of the tests were compared in terms of the critical cooling time to 100�C to prevent cracking.
L51385 Evaluation of the Inherent Safety Factors in the Tentative API Girth Weld Defect Tolerance Approach
Authors: Wilkowski  , Eiber
Published: August 2023

During the last few years, considerable attention has been given to the defect tolerance of girth welds in line pipes.The most notable application of a defect tolerance analysis involved the Alyeska Pipeline Company girth welds. The Alyeska work provided an expansion of the API 1104 workmanship acceptance limits through the use of fracture mechanics analyses, but the safety factors were believed to be overly conservative. The NBS-DOT efforts showed that the Alyeska analysis was conservative, but noted that the degree of conservatism was unknown since a proven analysis or applicable experimental data did not exist.

The objective of this study is to investigate the inherent safety factor in the proposed API optional approach for allowable girth weld discontinuities. This was to be accomplished by conducting full-scale experiments on pipes containing intentionally flawed girth welds to evaluate the safety factor on flaw size at a toughness level corresponding to those cited in the proposed API criteria.

Three experiments were performed on intentionally flawed girth welds in 30-inchdiameter by 0.625-inch thick X60 pipe were conducted by bending the unpressurized pipe. The defects were surface flaws extending from the inside of the pipe and were located in the center of the weld metal. The test welds were made using a manual metal arc technique with Phoenix Cel 90 electrodes. This weld metal was used to insure the weld yield strength overmatched the yield strength of the base metal.
L51562 A Study of the Yield-Tensile Ratio and Its Effect on Line Pipe Behavior
Authors: Maxey  , Eiber
Published: August 2023

Considerable research has been conducted to define the significance of the yield-to-tensile (Y/T) ratio for line-pipe steels. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a study was completed in which a series of burst tests was conducted on 41 pipes ranging from 8 to 42 inches in diameter and representing API Specification 5L Grades A through X65. In this study, only 2 of the 41 materials studied had a yield-to-tensile ratio greater than 0.9, and these were artificially created. With the advent of the X70 and X80 steels, higher yield-to-tensile ratios have developed as the yield strength increased. A re-examination of this question in terms of the higher strength materials is presented herein. The objective of this research is to determine if the high yield-to-tensile ratio of X70 and X80 line-pipe steels in any way restricts such operating practices as hydrostatic testing, operating stress level, and flaw behavior.
L51491 Effect of Temperature on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Pre-Cracked Line-Pipe Steel
Authors: Koch  , Beavers  , Berry
Published: August 2023

Research conducted in the Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Phase of the NG-18 program has demonstrated that a number of factors influence the rate of stress-corrosion cracking. These factors are the susceptibility of the steel, the stress level, and loading amplitude, the chemical environment in contact with the steel surface, the electrochemical potential established on the steel surface, and the temperature of the steel/environment system. The temperature, as was pointed out by Fessler et al., has an effect on crack growth rate, the width of the potential range where stress-corrosion cracking occurs, and the range of strain rates within which stress-corrosion cracking is possible. It was shown that each of these effects can act to decrease the susceptibility of line pipe steel to stress-corrosion cracking.

Although the beneficial effects of lowering the temperature on the stress-corrosion cracking behavior of line pipe steels in carbonate/bicarbonate solutions was shown, no data are available concerning the effect on initiation of stress-corrosion cracks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the KISCC and the stress-corrosion crack velocity of line pipe steels. This study was initiated to determine whether lowering the temperature of the environment could prevent a stress-corrosion crack from initiating or could stop existing and propagating cracks.
L51402 Composition Characterization of Hydrogen Cracking in Line Pipe Materials
Authors: Glover
Published: August 2023

A model has been established (based on the present results and on previous published data) to predict the effect of preheat, hydrogen and chemical composition on cracking in welds. This has been based on cracking occurring if the average hydrogen concentration remaining in the weld exceeds a critical value depending on the composition. Hence, the model is based on the diffusion of hydrogen. The response of the heat-affected zones of micro-alloy and low-alloy line pipe steels to changes in cooling rate can be represented by a hardening curve. The slope of the hardening curve is of fundamental importance in considering possible welding procedures to avoid cracking. The maximum hardness obtained in the HAZ from very fast cooling rates can best be indexed in terms of the steels carbon content. The critical cooling rate to produce a given hardness has been shown to relate to a carbon equivalent formula.

This study has investigated the effect of composition of a series of line-pipe steels on their cracking tendency using small-scale, self-restrained tests and their correlation with the C.E. formulae. The pipeline steels studied included conventional C-Mn, quenched-and-tempered, pearlite-reduced and MnMoNb types. The work was carried out in three phases. Phase I was an assessment of the hardening characteristics of the HAZ and its relationship to C.E. Phase 2 was a study of Y-groove restrained tests using high and low hydrogen processes, changing preheat and varying input levels. Phase 3 was a limited study of the effect of full-section weldments on HAZ properties.
L51578 Drop-Weight-Tear-Test Equipment Energy Calibration Program
Authors: Taylor
Published: August 2023

The Drop-Weight-Tear-Test (DWTT) energy absorption has not previously been considered as a measure of fracture toughness from this test. The DWTT was originally planned to define the fracture appearance transition temperature of line pipe. The test has been very successfully used for this purpose for the past 20 years. During this period of DWTT usage, the need for a toughness measurement to control ductile fracture propagation has seen the application of a Charpy shelf-energy in addition to a DWTT or Charpy shear area requirement in the specification of line-pipe properties. The purpose of exploring energy measurements in the DWTT is to determine if both fracture appearance and toughness can be obtained from a single test. To this end, a number of individual steel companies and gas-transmission companies have been examining the use of a DWTT energy measurement.

The objective of this program is to obtain reference steels that are uniform and of varying energy levels so that reference specimens can be supplied to a laboratory to assess the accuracy and precision of their DWTT energy measuring equipment. The major result is that three plates have now been calibrated and are available for energy verification measurements on DWTT testing equipment. The procedure that has been established for the calibration of machines is based on accuracy and precision tolerances of 5 percent.
L51600 Engineering Critical Assessment of Girth Welds in Small Diameter Pipe
Authors: Bala
Published: August 2023

Transmission pipeline girth welds are fabricated and inspected to rigorous material standards such as API 1104, CSA Z 184 and BSI 4515. These standards contain weld defect acceptance levels based on good workmanship criteria and have been arrived at on the basis of traditional welding and inspection practices. In certain instances, defects that do not meet the workmanship standards have been accepted on the basis of an engineering critical assessment (ECA) using the British Standard PD 6493 assessment technique. The use of ECA is now being incorporated into the pipeline codes.

Four girth welds containing hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) defects at the root were prepared in small diameter (305 mm) thin wall (6.35 mm) X52 pipes using E6010 (E41010) electrodes for the root and hot passes and E7010 (E48010) electrodes for the fill and capping passes. The CTOD tests were performed for the girth welds using each of HIC as well as fatigue pre-crack for the crack. The minimum, the average and an intermediate (between minimum and average) CTOD value at -40C obtained for the specimens containing HIC were used to determine the surface crack sizes for the girth weld roots from BS PD6493. The girth weld containing the 1/4 thickness HIC was full scale tested at -40C. The test was terminated when the remote strain gauges showed plastic deformation/ buckling in the pipe. The second and third full- scale girth weld tests were carried out with the half wall and an intermediate (between 1/4 and 1/2 wall) wall defect. In both cases the girth failed when the remote strain gauge readings in the pipe were still elastic.
L51645 Screening of Connectors for J-Lay Operations
Authors: Wink Robert E.
Published: August 2023

This study identifies mechanical connectors which could be utilized in the J-Lay method of offshore pipeline construction. The J-Lay method offers advantages over the more conventional S-Lay method in deep water because the method imposes much lower stresses in the pipe during installation. It has the disadvantage that only one station is available for pipe joining, whereas in the S-Lay method 5-7 stations are available. The incentive for this project lies in finding a rapid joining method which overcomes the disadvantage of only one joining station. Screening tests were developed to identify mechanical connectors suitable for use in the J-Lay method of offshore pipeline construction. A scope of work for the developing the screening tests was prepared by Sweet and Aiken, Inc., and is included in this report as Appendix 4 (PR-203-910). The J-Lay method offers advantages over the S-Lay method in deep water because it imposes much lower stresses on the pipe during installation. Two connectors each from four different manufacturers were tested with 8 5/8 inch O.D. , 0.438 inch wall thickness, API 5LX-52 pipe. All connections passed combined load tests (internal pressure, tension, bending, and torsion) without any problems or leaks.
L51675 Effects of Weldment Property Variations on the Behavior of Line Pipe
Authors: Gill
Published: August 2023

A steel weldment is a composite of zones or layers of different microstructures that possess different material properties. The zones include the base metal (or the sections of pipe), the weld metal, and a complex heat-affected zone (HAZ) of base metal that has been exposed to a variety of thermal cycles resulting in varying microstructures. The material properties of primary concern with respect to the mechanical behavior of the pipe are the stress-strain response (the constitutive properties) and the resistance to initiation and propagation of cracks or tears in the presence of a crack, notch, or other stress concentrator (the fracture toughness properties).

Most of the experimental data on the behavior of welds with significant discontinuities were obtained from test specimens with surface or through-thickness notches or cracks. These data typically show an increase in load or nominal ductility for overmatched welds and a decrease in load or nominal ductility for undermatched welds. However, there are cases where the presence of a soft zone may enhance the nominal ductility and cases where overmatched welds will decrease the nominal ductility. The latter is especially likely in a girth weld with a circumferential crack in the HAZ.
L20005 The Simulation of Gas Flow Dynamics in Pipeline Networks
Authors: Halbert  , Lotito
Published: August 2023

By the latter part of 1964 the desirability of obtaining mathematical models for simulating transient flow in natural gas pipeline networks had been well established. It remained to be shown that practical models could be constructed for simulating large networks.

This report concerns the first phase of effort in a continuing research project on transient gas flow analysis. This phase is concerned with the development of mathematical models for all elements of a pipeline network - line segments, compressor stations, pressure regulators, and storage fields - and to demonstrate that these models could be combined to form a realistic, dynamic model of any pipeline network.
L51832 Line Pipe Resistance to Outside Force
Authors: Leis  , Francini
Published: August 2023

These reports present the results of a project whose objective was the development of a "patch"� to the PRCI ductile flaw growth model (DFGM), so that this successful technology could be extended to include mechanical damage. The ultimate goal is a criterion to assess damage severity based solely on field-measurable inputs and nominal information about the pipeline. It is anticipated that such a criterion will lead to cost-effective, timely action to ensure safety and serviceability of high-pressure transmission pipelines, as continuing use of in-line inspection tools makes it increasingly possible to detect mechanical damage.
L52011 Development of Fieldable Magnet and Digital MIVC Stress Measurement Techniques
Authors: Light
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to start the process of making the MIVC technique simple and cost effective for use in the field by reducing both the size of the required sensors and instrumentation and the calibration requirements. Three steps were taken to meet this objective: (1) design and build a small, lightweight magnetic circuit that can be handled by a single technician, (2) reduce the number and size of the instruments used to perform the MIVC measurements, and (3) investigate the variability of the MIVC calibration curves among different pipe grades and the feasibility of establishing a universal calibration curve or family of curves.
L51676 Evaluation of Modern X70 and X80 Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Groeneveld
Published: August 2023

Nine sections of advanced high strength line pipes, Grades X70 and X80 have been evaluated during this study. Six of those pipes were Grade X70 and three were Grade X80. Four of the X70 pipes were fabricated from microalloyed steels that were controlled rolled; the other two X70 pipes were controlled rolled plus accelerated cooled. Two of the controlled-rolled X70 pipes were produced from plates from the same slab of continuously cast steel; one was fabricated by the pyramid-rolling process and the other was fabricated by the U-O-E process. Two of the Grade X80 steels were produced from plate that was controlled rolled; one of those was accelerated cooled after controlled rolling. The third X80 pipe was produced from a microalloyed steel plate that was fabricated into pipe, ERW welded, and then heat treated by austenitizing, spray quenching, and tempering. The information obtained from the evaluations of these pipes is summarized in the following sections.
L51812 Evaluation of Laser-Welded Line Pipe
Authors: Bruno
Published: August 2023

Laser-welded line pipe seam welds will not contain some of the types of weld imperfections associated with the ERW process. This report shows that laser-welded line pipe meets API 5L requirements and significantly exceeds the weld cleanliness and toughness necessary for most pipeline applications. Inclusion of laser-welded line pipe in the current API 5L line pipe specification was proposed by the above manufacturers in 1996. Recent balloting by API Committee 5 approved adoption of laser-welded line pipe as a separate process of manufacture, to be included in the next (forty-second) edition of API 5L in Product Specification Level (PSL) 1.
L41027 Drag Reduction and Degradation of Shell PEP-4 and Conoco CDR Polymer-Hexane
Authors: Stephens  , Olson  , Rosenfeld
Published: August 2023

The frictional dragreducing characteristics of Shell PEP-4 and Conoco CDR polymer-hexane solutions in turbulent smooth tube flow were investigated. The effects of flow time, polymer concentration, Reynolds number and tube diameter on drag reduction and degradation were evaluated. The Conoco polymer was found to be the superior drag reducer. Independent of polymer, higher shear stresses (smaller tube diameters or higher Reynolds numbers) resulted in higher maximum drag reductions up to a critical shear stress, after which the polymer effectiveness decreased. Increased concentrations gave increased drag reductions approaching Virk�s maximum drag reduction asymptote. Three flow regimes were established: an asymptotic region of maximum drag reduction without significant degradation at early times, an intermediate region with varying degradation, and a final asymptotic region approaching Newtonian solvent behavior at long times. Higher degradation rates were observed for lower concentrations and higher shear stresses.