bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teenagers Are Right—Parents Do Not Know Much: An Analysis of Adolescent–Parent Agreement on Reports of Adolescent Substance Use, Abuse, and Dependence
Authors: Fisher Sherri L. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Reich Wendy , Fox Louis , Kuperman Samuel , Kramer John , Hesselbrock Victor , Dick Danielle M. , Nurnberger John I. , Edenberg Howard J. , Bierut Laura J.
Published: September 2006

Background: Previous studies have shown that when assessing child psychopathology, parents tend to report more symptoms than children for externalizing disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whereas children tend to report more symptoms for internalizing disorders such as major depression. Whether for clinical or research purposes, parents are also frequently asked to report on their children's experiences with alcohol and drugs. The purpose of this study was to analyze correspondence between adolescent and parent reports of adolescent substance use and abuse or dependence.

Methods: In the current study, 591 subjects 12 to 17 years old were interviewed using the child version of the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (C‐SSAGA) as part of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). One parent was also interviewed about each adolescent using the parent version of the C‐SSAGA. Sensitivities, specificities, and κ coefficients were calculated to assess parental agreement with adolescent reports of lifetime substance use and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Third Revision substance abuse or dependence.

Results: The results indicate that parents are somewhat knowledgeable about their children's use of substances, particularly those that are used most commonly. For example, 55% of adolescents who had smoked cigarettes, 50% who had used alcohol, and 47% who had used marijuana had a parent who knew that they used. However, parents were less aware of substance‐related problems experienced by their offspring, agreeing with adolescent reports only 27% of the time for diagnoses of alcohol abuse or dependence and 26% of the time for diagnoses of marijuana abuse or dependence. Parent reports added few cases of substance use for 12‐ to 13 year‐olds and essentially no cases for 16‐ to 17‐year‐olds. Parent reports added a nominal number of diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence for older adolescents.

Conclusions: Whether for clinical or research purposes, the results emphasize the importance of directly assessing adolescents regarding alcohol and other substance use disorders. Furthermore, investigators should consider the specific disorder(s) being investigated and the ages of the children being studied when determining whether to include parent reports as part of study design.
The Price of Alcohol: A Consideration of Contextual Factors
Authors: Treno Andrew J. , Gruenewald Paul J. , Wood Darryl S. , Ponicki William R.
Published: September 2006

Background: The current study considers the determinants of prices charged for alcoholic beverages by on‐premise and off‐premise outlets in Alaska. Alcohol outlet densities, a surrogate measure for local retail competition, are expected to be negatively associated with prices while costs associated with distribution are expected to be positively related to prices. Community demographic and economic characteristics may affect observed local prices via the level of demand, retail costs borne by retailers, or the quality of brands offered for sale.

Methods: The core data for these analyses came from a telephone survey of Alaskan retail establishments licensed to serve alcohol. This survey utilized computer‐assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) techniques to collect alcohol‐pricing information from on‐premise (i.e., establishments where alcohol is consumed at the point of purchase such as bars and restaurants) and off‐premise (i.e., establishments such as grocery stores and convenience markets where consumption occurs in other locations) alcohol retailers throughout the state of Alaska. Price estimates were developed for each beverage‐type based on alcohol content. Separate regression analyses were used to model each of the 8 price indices (on‐premise and off‐premise measures for beer, spirits, wine, and the average price across beverage types). All regressions also controlled for a set of zip‐code level indicators of community economic and demographic characteristics based on census data.

Results: Outlet density per roadway mile was unrelated to price for both on‐ and off‐premise establishments, either across or between beverage types. In contrast, overall distribution costs did appear to be related to alcohol price. The demographic and economic variables, as a group, were significantly related to observed prices.

Conclusions: More attention needs to be directed to the manner in which sellers and buyers behave relative to alcoholic beverages. Alcohol demand remains responsive to prices; yet, consumers have considerable latitude in determining the price that they pay for alcohol.
Antioxidative Treatment Diminishes Ethanol‐Induced Congenital Malformations in the Rat
Authors: Wentzel Parri , Rydberg Ulf , Eriksson Ulf J.
Published: September 2006

Background: Intrauterine exposure to ethanol causes embryonic and fetal growth retardation and maldevelopment. Oxidative stress in mother and offspring has been suggested to be part of the teratogenic mechanism, and supplementation of antioxidative agents to the pregnant women may therefore be of value in future prophylactic treatment regimen. There is a need for in vivo experimental work in this field, and in the present study, our aim was to investigate whether chronic ethanol consumption induced congenital malformations in rats and, if so, whether dietary supplementation of vitamin E (α‐tocopherol) diminished such maldevelopment.

Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were given drinking water containing 20% ethanol and half of these received food containing 5% vitamin E. Non–ethanol‐exposed female rats, with or without vitamin E treatment, served as controls. The pregnancy was interrupted on gestational day 20 when the offspring was evaluated morphologically and fetal hepatic 8‐iso‐PGF2α levels were measured to assess the degree of fetal oxidative stress.

Results: Exposure to 20% ethanol increased maternal blood ethanol to 1.5 promille and increased resorption and malformation rates in the offspring. Maternal vitamin E treatment did not affect blood ethanol levels, but normalized fetal development. The fetal hepatic levels of 8‐iso‐PGF2α were increased in the ethanol‐exposed group and normalized by vitamin E treatment of the mother.

Conclusions: Ethanol exposure disturbs embryogenesis partly by enhanced oxidative stress, and the adverse effects can be ameliorated by antioxidative treatment.
Transition from Purkinje Fiber‐Related Rapid Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia to Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in a Patient with a Structurally Normal Heart: A Case Report
Authors: TSUCHIYA TAKESHI , NAKAGAWA SUSUMU , YANAGITA YOKO , FUKUNAGA TAKASHI
Published: September 2006

We describe a 17‐year‐old woman with a structurally normal heart in which short‐sustained rapid polymorphic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) were repetitively provoked by an antiarrhythmic agent, pilsicainide, and spontaneously changed into a sustained monomorphic VT. The latter was terminated by verapamil and was shown to be due to reentry by entrainment. Those two VTs originated from the Purkinje fibers in the left ventricular septum. Radiofrequency catheter ablation guided by the diastolic double potentials eliminated both VTs. Neither tachycardia recurred over a 5‐month follow‐up period or during antiarrhythmic drug challenge tests at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after the ablation.
Codification, patents and the geography of knowledge transfer in the electronic musical instrument industry
Authors: REIFFENSTEIN TIM
Published: September 2006

Recent research in economic geography has emphasized tacit knowledge as the basis of industrial learning. In contrast, codification and the practices of industrial writing have received little attention for the roles they play in mobilizing knowledge across space. This paper offers insight into the geographies of codification through an examination of technology transfer in the electronic musical instrument industry between 1965 and 1995. The research draws on a variety of primary and secondary data that include interviews with inventors, biographical accounts and patent analysis. These sources offer perspective on the career trajectories of three U.S. inventors who transferred knowledge from various contexts in California's high‐tech industry to the Japanese firm, Yamaha. Conceptually, the paper draws on the actor–network theory and Latour's idea of translation to highlight the detours inventors must take to register novelty. The analysis reveals the problematic nature of codified knowledge and its transfer; in this case codified knowledge was mobile internationally but not locally, at least until it reached Japan. The paper argues for the need to understand how texts such as patents are produced—the context of their authorship, the geographies of their circulation and their efficacy for shaping further innovative practice.
Culture, religion and curriculum: lessons from the ‘three books’ controversy in Surrey, BC
Authors: COLLINS DAMIAN
Published: September 2006

This article considers the spatial, cultural, and legal dimensions of the controversy surrounding the Surrey School Board's religiously motivated refusal to approve three books portraying families with same‐sex parents. It examines the issue in terms of debates over the public/private distinction, and the notion of a ‘culture war’ between progressive and orthodox stakeholders. The polarized opinions advanced in such debates not only invoke and rely upon particular understandings of space, they also have ramifications for the organization of the public sphere, and services such as public education in particular. This article focuses on the three decisions handed down in the Surrey case, culminating in the Supreme Court of Canada's ruling that religious concerns have a place in public decision making, but not to the exclusion of other considerations. This decision signals that the religious opinions of some parents may shape the public school curriculum, and thus the instruction of all pupils. In this respect, it poses a serious challenge to liberal visions of secular public education, and to a secular public sphere more generally.
Radioactive Metal Isotopes Stabilized in a Geopolymer Matrix: Determination of a Leaching Extract by a Radiotracer Method
Authors: Hanzlicek T. , Steinerova M. , Straka P.
Published: September 2006

The stabilization of radioactive metal ions in inorganic polymer matrices of aluminum silicates, also called geopolymers, is demonstrated. The strength of the metal–ion bonds was then tested by leaching in water and sulfuric‐acid solutions. The experiments were carried out by the radioactive‐tracer method with 152Eu, 134Cs, 60Co, and 59Fe isotopes.
Risk factors for endothelial cell loss post‐keratoplasty
Authors: Bertelmann Eckart , Pleyer Uwe , Rieck Peter
Published: September 2006

Purpose:  Transplant survival following penetrating keratoplasty is determined to a large extent by the course of endothelial cell density loss. Different influencing factors such as organ culture conditions, surgical trauma, exchange between donor and recipient cells, cell ageing and immune reactions can contribute to endothelial cell loss. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of endothelial cell loss in our patients and to detect dependencies on donor‐and recipient‐related factors.

Methods:  Using non‐contact specular microscopy, endothelial cell counts were obtained every 6 months from 293 consecutive patients who underwent keratoplasty in our institution between 1996 and 2000. Follow‐up time was 36 months.

Results:  In comparison with the density of donor endothelial cells, the mean endothelial cell loss of patients was 28.8% after 6 months, 39.8% after 12 months and 49% after 24 months. Donor age and initial cell density did not have a significant influence on the course of endothelial cell loss. The lowest rate of endothelial cell loss was associated with patients diagnosed with keratoconus. Conversely, those with preoperative glaucoma had a significantly increased rate of endothelial cell loss (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:  This study shows that preoperative glaucoma is a major risk factor for increased endothelial cell loss following keratoplasty.
Ocular findings in four children with mucopolysaccharidosis I‐Hurler (MPS I‐H) treated early with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Fahnehjelm Kristina Teär , Törnquist Alba‐Lucia , Malm Gunilla , Winiarski Jacek
Published: September 2006

Purpose:  To present visual functions and ocular findings in four children with mucopolysaccharidosis I‐Hurler (MPS I‐H) treated early with stem cell transplantation (SCT).

Methods:  Clinical ophthalmological evaluations including visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were carried out.

Results:  Stem cell transplantation was performed before 20 months of age. Ocular follow‐up lasted 1.3−5.6 years (median 4.1 years). Reductions in corneal opacities were observed in all four children post‐SCT, but a slight cloudiness persisted. Decreased visual acuity and high hyperopia (median + 6.25 dioptres, range + 4.0 D to + 7.5 D spherical equivalents) were noted in all children. Hyperopia was initially undetected due to dull retinal reflexes and photophobia. Two children developed esotropia, one with amblyopia. Keratometry, performed in two children, demonstrated subnormal values with a mean of 39.33 D (range 37.62–41.00 D). Visual evoked potentials and intraocular pressures were normal. Neither cataract nor dry eye were detected during follow‐up.

Conclusions:  Early SCT appears to be beneficial in reducing, but not eliminating, corneal opacities in children with MPS I‐H. Subjects are at risk of developing high hyperopia and esotropia. Hyperopia might be caused by the storage of glucosaminoglucans that increase corneal rigidity, thereby straightening the curvature of the cornea and reducing refractive power. As early diagnosis and treatment are very important, paediatric ophthalmologists should remember to rule out MPS I‐H in children with corneal opacities.
Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and calciphylaxis with pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like changes
Authors: Lewis Kevan G. , Lester Brian W. , Pan Teddy D. , Robinson‐Bostom Leslie
Published: September 2006

Abstract: Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) and calciphylaxis are rare conditions that are associated with chronic kidney disease. Histopathologic changes, including dystrophic dermal calcification, often in association with elastic fibers have been observed in NFD and calciphylaxis. A pattern of dermal elastic fiber calcification that mimics pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) has been previously reported as an incidental finding in the setting of calciphylaxis. Despite a shared association with renal disease and abnormal calcium deposits, however, NFD and calciphylaxis are discrete pathologic processes with distinct clinical and histopathologic features. Criteria for each are reviewed through case presentation of a patient meeting the clinical and histopathologic criteria for both NFD and calciphylaxis with histologic features mimicking PXE.
Metastatic hidradenocarcinoma with demonstration of Her‐2/neu gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization: potential treatment implications
Authors: Nash Jason W. , Barrett Terry L. , Kies Merrill , Ross Merrick I , Sneige Nour , Diwan A. Hafeez , Lazar Alexander J. F.
Published: September 2006

Abstract:  A 44‐year‐old man was referred for a right chest nodule of 3 months duration. A ‘benign’ nodule had been excised from this location 8 years prior. On examination, palpable nodes were noted in the right axilla. Radiographic studies were significant only for right axillary lymphadenopathy. Histologically, a nodular dermal proliferation composed of poorly differentiated epithelioid cells in nests and focally forming ducts with pseudopapillary architecture comprised the primary tumor. Features of a clear cell hidradenoma were noted focally. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed reactivity for HMW cytokeratins, CK5 and CK7, p53, p63, CEA (focal), androgen receptor, EGFR, estrogen receptor (ER), MUC5AC, and strong/diffuse membranous staining for Her‐2/neu. Negative stains included villin, TTF‐1, CDX2, S‐100 protein, vimentin, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP‐15), mammoglobulin, and MUC2. A wide local excision and axillary node dissection was performed. Metastatic tumor involved nine of 28 nodes. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) demonstrated chromosomal amplification of the Her‐2/neu locus within the tumor and a nodal metastasis. The patient has completed adjuvant and radiotherapy, including trastuzumab, and is asymptomatic. We believe this to be the first demonstration of Her‐2/neu amplification in a malignant skin adnexal tumor. In analogy to breast carcinoma, these findings suggest the applicability of trastuzumab for patients with metastatic adnexal carcinomas demonstrating Her‐2/neu amplification.
Cutaneous changes in fibrous hamartoma of infancy
Authors: Grynspan D. , Meir K. , Senger C , Ball N. J.
Published: September 2006

Background:  Fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) is a fast growing soft tissue tumor that usually arises in the first 2 years of life. The histology of the lesion has been well described. Few studies, however, have looked at changes in the overlying skin and its appendages.

Methods:  A database search performed at British Columbia Children’s Hospital yielded 15 cases of unequivocal FHI occurring in 12 patients (three were recurrences). Of these, we were able to retrieve 13. Five of 13 cases had sections including epidermis. These slides were reviewed with specific emphasis on skin adnexae.

Results:  Of the cases with excised epidermis in continuity with the lesion, 5/5 had eccrine changes, including hyperplasia, duct dilatation, intraluminal papillary formations, and squamous syringometaplasia. One case showed epidermal basaloid follicular hyperplasia.

Conclusions:  This study shows that eccrine changes are frequently seen in cases of FHI when overlying skin is sampled. This may be a useful clue to consider this diagnosis, especially when the biopsy is superficial.
Cancer/testis antigen MAGE‐A4 expression pattern differs in epithelial skin tumors of organ‐transplant recipients and immunocompetent patients
Authors: Muehleisen Beda , Schaerer Leo , Dummer Reinhard , Burg Günter , Hofbauer Günther F. L.
Published: September 2006

Background:  Lifetime risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is 1:30. Risk in organ‐transplant recipients (OTR) is increased over 60‐fold through long‐term drug‐induced immunosuppression. MAGE family‐derived peptides are cancer/testis antigens recognized by specific CD8+ T cells and employed for immunotherapy. We were interested in the frequency and distribution of MAGE‐A4 in epithelial skin tumors of OTR and immunocompetent patients.

Methods:  mAb 57B predominantly recognizing MAGE‐A4 was used to stain 119 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded epithelial skin tumors (actinic keratosis, bowenoid actinic keratosis, Bowen’s disease, and SCC; n = 17, 25, 61, 16, respectively) in immunocompetent patients (n = 84) and OTR (n = 35).

Results:  All four epithelial skin tumors showed comparable immunoreactivity ranging from (25–71%, p = 0.361). Scattered immunoexpression pattern was more frequent in OTR (p = 0.025). SCC showed polarized immunoreactivity basally (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:  MAGE‐A4 was expressed in a large part of epithelial skin tumors with predominantly scattered immunoexpression pattern in OTR. The difference in immunoexpression pattern for immune status was limited, suggesting important non‐immunosuppressor‐mediated mechanisms for increased skin carcinogenesis in OTR. mAb 57B may be a helpful tool for immunohistochemistry and micrographic surgery using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue.
Expression of class II β‐tubulin in non‐melanoma cutaneous tumors
Authors: Roh Joo‐Young , Kee Sun‐Ho , Choi Jung‐Woo , Lee Ji‐Hye , Lee Ju‐Han , Lee Eung Seok , Kim Young‐Sik
Published: September 2006

Background:  Different combinations of β‐tubulin isotypes contribute to the diverse functions of microtubules (MTs). Class II β‐tubulin (class II tubulin) is up‐regulated in differentiated keratinocytes. In contrast, the expression of class II tubulin in follicular differentiation and cutaneous tumors has not been studied.

Methods:  The immunohistochemical expression of class II tubulin was investigated in 117 cutaneous tumors: 30 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), seven keratoacanthomas (KAs), 57 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), 23 trichoepitheliomas (TEs), and in the adjacent non‐neoplastic skin.

Results:  Class II tubulin was expressed in the keratinocytes of the granular layer, melanocytes, hair cortical and cuticular cells, inner root sheath (IRS), companion layer (CL) of the outer root sheath (ORS), and mesenchymal cells with Schwannian or myogenic differentiation. Moreover, class II tubulin expression was increased in the areas of squamous or follicular differentiation in cutaneous tumors. On grading the follicular differentiation or myofibroblastic response with anti‐class II tubulin, TE showed follicular differentiation more frequently (p < 0.001) with less of a myofibroblastic response (p = 0.001) than BCC.

Conclusions:  Class II tubulin expression is closely related to squamous or follicular differentiation and may be helpful in distinguishing most SCCs from KAs and BCC from TE. However, it does not reliably distinguish well‐differentiated, crateriform SCC from KA.
Focal dermal hypoplasia: ultrastructural abnormalities of the connective tissue
Authors: Del Carmen Boente María , Asial Raúl A. , Winik Beatriz C.
Published: September 2006

Abstract:  We followed over 10 years three girls with focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. The histopathological changes demonstrated at the optical level an hypoplastic dermis with thin and scarce collagen bundles and a marked diminution of elastic fibers. Mature adipose tissue was found scattered within the papillary and reticular dermis. No alterations in the basal membrane were observed by immunocytochemical or ultrastructural techniques. Ultrastructurally, in the skin‐affected areas, loosely arranged collagen bundles composed of few fibrils were seen scattered in the extracellular matrix. Scarce elastic fibers of normal morphology were also observed. Fibroblasts were smaller, oval‐shaped, and diminished in number with a poorly developed cytoplasm. In these fibroblasts, the most conspicuous feature was a remarkable and irregular thickening of the nuclear fibrous lamina. Taking into account that a common link between all laminopaties may be a failure of stem cells to regenerate mesenchymal tissue, this failure would induce the dermal hypoplasia observed in our patients presenting Goltz syndrome.
Srcasm overexpression in psoriasis‐insights into pathogenesis
Authors: Pulitzer Melissa , Li Weijie , Hanson Matthew , Singh Fiza , Elenitsas Rosalie , Gelfand Joel M. , VanVoorhees Abby , Seykora John T.
Published: September 2006

Background:  Psoriasis is a prevalent, chronic cutaneous disorder associated with a T‐cell lymphocytic infiltrate and altered keratinocyte growth. Some of the molecular features of enhanced keratinocyte growth include increased growth factor receptor activation leading to enhanced cellular tyrosine kinase activity. Receptor tyrosine kinases, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, are important regulators of keratinocyte growth, and increased activity of this receptor has been detected in psoriasis. A recently discovered, novel regulator of Src tyrosine kinases, termed Src‐activating and signaling molecule (Srcasm), has been shown to modulate EGF signaling and promote differentiation in human keratinocytes. Given the properties of Srcasm, it would be of interest to characterize its expression in psoriasis. In this study, the levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein are characterized, and the relationship of these experimental observations to the psoriasis pathogenesis is discussed.

Methods:  The levels of Srcasm mRNA were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) on RNA isolated from unremarkable and lesional patient tissue. These data were supplemented by performing radioactive in situ hybridization on formalin‐fixed biopsy specimens of psoriatic lesions and unremarkable epidermis. Expression of Srcasm protein was evaluated by protein immunohistochemistry and Western blotting of protein lysates derived from patient samples.

Results:  All experimental modalities show that levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein were elevated in psoriatic lesions compared to unremarkable epidermis.

Conclusions:  Increased levels of Srcasm mRNA and protein are seen in psoriasis. Given what is known regarding Srcasm function, increased levels of this molecule in keratinocytes may represent a cell compensatory mechanism that is primed to re‐establish a physiologic differentiation program.
Application of population size structure indices to Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) in Alpine lakes in Austria
Authors: Zick D. , Gassner H. , Rinnerthaler M. , Jäger P. , Patzner R.A.
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Stock density indices are numerical population descriptors derived from length‐frequency data and has been mostly applied to North American sport fish populations to define the structure of the population. Traditional relative‐stock‐density and proportional‐stock‐density‐indices were applied to Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.) populations of five alpine and three prealpine Austrian lakes. Biological parameters of asymptotic size and size at maturity were used to define the length categories for the index calculation specifically for the lakes under study. We tested both, a ‘traditional approach’ and a ‘lake specific approach’. The results showed that the ‘lake specific approach’ provided a better insight to population structures of landlocked Arctic charr populations. In contrast, the ‘traditional approach’ gave an uninformative description of the population structures. Advantages and disadvantages of the techniques, applications and the results of the study lakes are discussed.
Variations in fatty acids composition of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) liver with respect to gonad maturation
Authors: Uysal K. , Yerlikaya A. , Aksoylar M. Y. , Yöntem M. , Ulupinar M.
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  We examined seasonal variations in liver condition factor, total lipid and fatty acid composition of maturing pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) from Lake Eğirdir, Turkey. The spawning of pikeperch in Eğirdir Lake started in March, continued very fast during May and gradually ended in July as determined by measuring the gonadosomatic index. The total lipid content of male and female liver reached its highest level in September and November (the end of dense feeding period during which temperature decreased sharply), but declined to the lowest level in May (just after spawning). The highest level of liver condition factor was observed in January and March during which gonads mature rapidly. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid (SFA) in female and male liver. The ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was higher than that of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in both sexes. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3), eicosopentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) were the predominant PUFA. Seasonal variations in PUFA were more evident than that in other fatty acids. PUFA, especially the n‐3 fatty acids ratio, increased to the maximum level during the sharp decreases in temperature (in November). However, the amount of PUFA decreased to the lowest level in reproductive period. The results suggest that the ratio of pikeperch liver fatty acids is influenced by gonad maturation and temperature variations and that pikeperch requires a large amount of PUFA and the n‐3 fatty acids for the development of gonads.
Habitat characteristics at bluegill spawning colonies in a South Dakota glacial lake
Authors: Gosch N. J. C. , Phelps Q. E. , Willis D. W.
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) primarily reproduce in spawning colonies. We assessed habitat characteristics at 15 bluegill spawning colonies in a South Dakota glacial lake. Nesting sites were visually identified and angling was used to verify the species of nesting fish. Habitat characteristics were measured at each nesting site and compared with those measured at 75 randomly selected sites. In Lake Cochrane, mean water depth of spawning colonies was 1.0 m. Of the 13 habitat characteristics measured, four (substrate type, substrate firmness, vegetation density and dissolved oxygen levels) were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) between nesting and random sites. Every bluegill nest site contained gravel substrate, despite the availability of muck, sand and rock. Substrate firmness was indexed at 0‐cm penetration and vegetation density was low at all nesting sites. Additionally, bluegills selected nesting locations with relatively moderate dissolved oxygen levels. Lake Cochrane bluegill nest sites consisted of shallow, gravel areas with short, low‐density, live submergent Chara vegetation.
The suitability of anadromous Arctic charr as host and vector of the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris
Authors: Knudsen R. , Adolfsen P. , Sandring S. , Kristoffersen R. , Siikavuopio S. , Rikardsen A.
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  In 2000, the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) stock in the river Signaldalselva, North Norway was found to be infected with the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris (Malmberg). This river system has a multispecies fish community of nine species in total. Low densities of Atlantic salmon parr were found during electrofishing in October (2003) with a prevalence of 94% and a mean abundance of 848 G. salaris. This watercourse also holds a riverine stock of anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), which is not common in Norway. Among the parr of Arctic charr, 64% were infested with an abundance of 23 parasites per fish. The most heavily infected 0+ and 1+ juvenile Arctic charr had 469 and 534 parasites, respectively, indicating that the parasites are able to reproduce on Arctic charr in the wild. There was little variation in the rates of infestation of Arctic charr along the studied stretch of the river, even in areas with very low densities of Atlantic salmon parr. The parr of anadromous Arctic charr seem to be suitable as long‐term hosts for G. salaris. Moreover, a few (22%) infested adult sea‐running Arctic charr were captured after ascending the river in the autumn, which shows that large fish may also act as carriers of G. salaris. However, no parasites were recorded on potential anadromous Arctic charr before descending during early spring (April 2003 and April 2004). Thus, it is still not clear whether anadromous Arctic charr are able to disperse the parasite between watercourses. So far, it is uncertain whether G. salaris may increase the mortality rates of Arctic charr and thereby be a threat to these unusual occurring riverine anadromous Arctic charr stocks.
Homing experiments with parr, smolt and residents of anadromous Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus and brown trout Salmo trutta: transplantation between neighbouring river systems
Authors: Nordeng H. , Bratland P.
Published: September 2006

Abstract –  Olfaction is decisive for the homeward migration of anadromous salmonids. Two different olfactory hypotheses for explaining how this mechanism works have been proposed (the imprinting and the pheromone hypothesis), and they differ with regard to the origin of the odours that define home. The pheromone hypothesis assumes that fish respond to strain‐specific pheromones and that no imprinting is necessary. The imprinting hypothesis assumes that juvenile fish become imprinted to odours of abiotic or biotic origin in natural rivers; the imprinting may be a single event or may occur sequentially during downstream migration as smolts. The two hypotheses were challenged by reciprocal transplantation of parr, residents and smolt of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) between the Salangen and the Løksebotten rivers. Both rivers empty into the Salangen Fjord, Norway, about 10 km apart. Salangen Arctic char released in the Løksebotten River, and Løksebotten brown trout released in the Salangen River (parr, resident and smolt) initiated spontaneous homeward migration without preceding contact with home stream water. This indicates that site imprinting (single or sequential) could not have been involved. In the sea, the released fish apparently integrated into the migratory system of relatives from their river of origin. Recapture rates did not differ for fish allowed to receive single or sequential imprinting.
Epulis granulomatosa as an oral manifestation of Klippel‐Trénaunay syndrome
Authors: Kühl Sebastian R. J. M. , Schulze Ralf K. W. , Kreft Andreas , D'Hoedt Bernd
Published: September 2006

The Klippel‐Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) was first described by Klippel and Trénaunay in 1900. It is characterized by the triad of hemihypertrophy of soft and hard tissue, naevus flammeus and venous varicosity in the affected area. Though all oral tissues may be affected, only 5% of KTS show manifestations in the head and neck region. Only three cases are described with an oral manifestation, showing gingival overgrowth clinically and histologically corresponding to a pyogenic granuloma. It is still uncertain whether the combination of gingival fibromatosis and KTS is significant or coincidental. We report about a 25‐year‐old patient with KTS and recidivous gingival fibromatosis, clinically and histologically corresponding to an epulis fibromatosa in a case report. It is suggested that this occurrence is significant.
Effect of oral iron supplementation on unstimulated salivary flow rate: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Flink Håkan , Tegelberg Åke , Thörn Mari , Lagerlöf Folke
Published: September 2006

Background:  No treatment is known to permanently increase salivary flow in patients with hyposalivation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on salivary flow rate.

Methods:  A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial was carried out on 50 individuals with a low unstimulated whole salivary flow rate and low serum ferritin. Half the individuals received 60 mg iron orally twice a day for 3 months, while the other half received placebo.

Results:  No statistically significant difference was found between the groups after treatment for the unstimulated flow rate and in the subjective assessments of oral dryness. The serum ferritin values increased significantly in the iron group but not in the placebo group.

Conclusion:  Oral supplementation with iron for 3 months has no effect on salivary flow rate among individuals with hyposalivation and low serum ferritin values.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the temporal region initially diagnosed as temporomandibular disorders: a case report
Authors: Honda Kousuke , Natsumi Yoshiko , Sakurai Kazunari , Ishikura Reiichi , Urade Masahiro
Published: September 2006

Adenocarcinoma occurring in the temporal region has not previously been reported. We present a case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the temporal region. A 62‐year‐old female patient was diagnosed as having temporomandibular disorders because of severe trismus and joint pain. Although trismus progressively worsened, there were no abnormal findings on diagnostic imaging studies including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and bone scintigraphy. As swelling of the temporal region was observed, biopsy was performed. Histologic examination showed chronic inflammation of the striated muscle. Approximately 6 months later, follow‐up MRI demonstrated an ill‐defined mass lesion in the infratemporal region extending to the intracranium. Histologic diagnosis of the biopsy showed that this mass lesion was moderately differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Expression of p53, Ki‐67, and EGFR in odontogenic keratocysts before and after decompression
Authors: Clark Pia , Marker Peter , Bastian Henning Lehmann , Krogdahl Annelise
Published: September 2006

Background:  Sixteen odontogenic keratocysts were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically for changes in proliferative activity before and after decompression using p53, Ki‐67, and expression of growth factor (EGFR).

Methods:  p53 and Ki‐67 positivity was scored by counting 500 cells and then counting the number of brown staining nuclei out of these. EGFR was scored using guidelines for scoring Herceptest [Dako (Her‐2)]. A Wilcoxon test was performed on the results.

Results:  The values of Ki‐67 and p53 before and after decompression were without significant change. There was no significant change in EGFR expression either. No correlation was found between inflammation or decompression time and expression of EGFR, p53, and Ki‐67. The degree of change of the epithelium was varying, yet the reduction of the cysts size was considerable (18–100%– average 47.6%).

Conclusion:  The morphologic changes in the cysts could not be correlated with expression of Ki‐67, p53 or EGFR, to the clinical reduction of the cysts or the time of decompression.
Parameters of oxidative stress in saliva from diabetic and parenteral drug addict patients
Authors: Arana Carlos , Cutando Antonio , Ferrera María José , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Worf Cecilia Vander , Bolaños Manuel Jorge , Escames Germaine , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío
Published: September 2006

Background:  Oxidative stress constitutes the basis for many diseases and it may account for the severity of systemic and oral disease complications. The aim of this study was to assess whether saliva may be used to detect the body's oxidative stress level.

Methods:  Oxidative stress was determined in saliva from 14 diabetic patients and 10 heroin addicts; two different pathologic conditions related to free radical damage, and 21 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GRd) activities, and glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were analyzed in the saliva of all individuals. Other variables including salivary volume and the oral status were also analyzed.

Results:  Diabetic patients had GPx and GRd activities of 39.98 ± 1.61 and 6.19 ± 0.61 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively. These values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those obtained in control saliva (27.51 ± 0.86 and 3.44 ± 0.25 nmol/min/mg prot, respectively). Drug addicts showed significantly (P < 0.001) lower salivary GPx and GRd activities than controls. Both group of patients had significantly lower levels of GSH and higher of GSSG than controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Changes in the antioxidant enzymes and glutathione levels in saliva from two different pathologic situations as those here studied suggest that this biologic fluid may be suitable for determining the prognosis and evolution of these diseases and its oral manifestations.
Classification of odontogenic tumours. A historical review
Authors: Philipsen Hans Peter , Reichart Peter A.
Published: September 2006

Using the term odontome for any tumour arising from the dental formative tissues, Broca suggested a classification of odontogenic tumours (OTs) in 1869. From 1888 to 1914, Bland‐Sutton and Gabell, James and Payne modified tumour terminology, while maintaining Broca's odontome concept. Thoma and Goldman's classification (1946) divided the OTs into tumours of ectodermal, mesodermal and mixed origin and abolished the general term odontome. The Pindborg and Clausen classification (1958) based on the idea that the reciprocal epithelial‐mesenchymal tissue interactions were also operating in the pathogenesis of OTs. In 1966, WHO established a Collaborating Centre for the Histological Classification of Odontogenic Tumours and Allied Lesions (including jaw cysts) headed by Dr Jens Pindborg. In 1971, the first authoritative WHO guide to the classification of OTs and cysts appeared followed in 1992 by a second edition. In 2002, Philipsen and Reichart produced a revision of the 1992‐edition and in 2003, the editors of the WHO Blue Book series: ‘WHO Classification of Tumours’ decided to produce a volume on the Head and Neck Tumours including a chapter on Odontogenic Tumours and Bone Related Lesions. In July of 2005 this volume was published by IARC, Lyon.
THURSTONIAN MODELS AND VARIANCE I: EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION OF COGNITIVE STRATEGIES FOR DIFFERENCE TESTS AND EFFECTS OF PERCEPTUAL VARIANCE
Authors: KIM HEE‐JIN , JEON SEON YOUNG , KIM KWANG‐OK , O'MAHONY MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

For the triangle, duo‐trio, same‐different and 2‐AFC methods, using a model system, mean d′ values for the same subjects, discriminating between the same taste stimuli, were not significantly different. This confirmed the postulated cognitive strategies used for these methods in their respective Thurstonian/signal detection models. Introduction of perceptual variance as a result of the effects of sequences of tasting within a test, forgetting stimulus perceptions and τ‐criterion variation resulted in the 2‐AFC eliciting a significantly higher d′ than the other three methods. Yet, after a warm‐up procedure, which not only significantly increased values of d′ for all methods but also aligned subjects' τ‐criteria, the same‐different test had a d′ comparable to that of the 2‐AFC, while both d′ values were significantly higher than those of the triangle and duo‐trio. This suggested that effects of memory were more important those of sequence of tasting.
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF DRINKABLE YOGURT MADE FROM MILK OF DIFFERENT GOAT BREEDS
Authors: UYSAL‐PALA C. , KARAGUL‐YUCEER Y. , PALA A. , SAVAS T.
Published: September 2006

Drinkable yogurts made from different goat breed milk and made with normal and probiotic cultures were evaluated for their sensory characteristics. Milk of Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Turkish Hair goats obtained during the beginning, middle and end of lactations were used to produce drinkable yogurt. Using descriptive sensory analysis technique, common terms were developed as “goaty,”“creamy,”“fermented,”“cooked,”“throat burn,”“sweet,”“salty,”“sour” and “astringent.” Breeds, lactation periods and using regular and probiotic types of starter cultures affected the sensory characteristics of drinkable yogurts. Drinkable yogurts made by cow milk had weaker intensities of flavor attributes including goaty, creamy, throat burn and salty than that made by goat milks of the three breeds. Drinkable yogurts made from Turkish Saanen breed had more goaty flavor than those made from Turkish Hair and Maltese goat breeds. The products made by milk provided at the end of lactation period had the highest intensities of goaty flavor. In addition, the intensities of goaty, creamy and cooked flavors in the products made by regular yogurt cultures were higher than those of drinkable yogurts with probiotic cultures.
Enhancement of methoxamine‐induced contractile responses of rat ventricular muscle in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes is associated withα1Aadrenoceptor upregulation
Authors: Kamata K. , Satoh T. , Matsumoto T. , Noguchi E. , Taguchi K. , Kobayashi T. , Tanaka H. , Shigenobu K.
Published: September 2006

Aim: To clarify the time‐related changes in cardiac function and the mechanism underlying the cardiac dysfunction present in diabetes mellitus, we studied mechanical responses induced byα1‐ andβ‐adrenoceptors, the Ca2+‐entry promoter Bay K 8644‐ and ryanodine (an agent known to inhibit Ca2+release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) in papillary muscles from streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic and age‐matched control rats.

Methods: Male Wistar rats received a single injection of STZ (60 mg kg−1) via the tail vein to induce diabetes. For the mechanical studies, papillary muscle preparations were suspended in an organ bath and isometric contractions were measured in 1‐, 4‐, and 10‐week STZ‐induced diabetic and age‐matched control rats.

Results: In 1‐week diabetic rats, the contractions induced by isoproterenol, methoxamine and Bay K 8644 were unchanged (vs. age‐matched controls). In 4‐week diabetic rats, (a) the isoproterenol‐ and Bay K 8644‐induced contractions were impaired, (b) sensitivity to ryanodine was reduced, whereas (c) the methoxamine‐induced contraction was unchanged. In 10‐week diabetic rats, the isoproterenol‐ and Bay K 8644‐induced contractile responses were impaired and the sensitivity to ryanodine was reduced, but in sharp contrast the methoxamine‐induced contraction was enhanced. Both the mRNA level for theα1Aadrenoceptor (but not theα1Borα1DmRNAs) andα1Aadrenoceptor protein were increased in 10‐week diabetic rats (vs. age‐matched controls).

Conclusion: These results suggest that impairments ofβ‐adrenergic and Ca2+‐handling mechanisms occur early in the development of cardiomyopathy in STZ‐induced diabetic rats, and that this is followed by augmentation ofα1Aadrenoceptor‐mediated inotropy due toα1Aadrenoceptor upregulation.
Microstructure of the silk spigots of the green crab spider Oxytate striatipes (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: MOON Myung‐Jin , AN Jeong‐Su
Published: September 2006

The genus Oxytate L. Koch, 1878 comprises a homogeneous group of nocturnal crab spiders that have silk apparatuses even though they do not spin webs to trap prey. We examined the microstructure of the silk spinning apparatus of the green crab spider Oxytate striatipes, using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The silk glands of the spider were classified into three types: ampullate, pyriform and aciniform. The spigots of these three types of silk gland occur in both sexes. Two pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another two pairs of minor ampullate glands supply the median spinnerets. In addition, the pyriform glands send ductules to the anterior spinnerets (45 pairs in females and 40 pairs in males), and the aciniform glands feed silk into the median (9–12 pairs in females and 7–10 pairs in males) and the posterior (30 pairs in both sexes) spinnerets. The spigot system of O. striatipes is simpler and more primitive than other wandering spiders: even the female spiders possess neither tubuliform glands for cocoon production nor triad spigots for web‐building.
Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea in 2003
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , CHONG Sung Tae , O’BRIEN Lisa L. , O’GUINN Monica L. , TURELL Michael J. , LEE Hee‐Choon , KLEIN Terry A.
Published: September 2006

Surveillance of adult mosquitoes was conducted at 29 US military installations and training sites in six provinces in the Republic of Korea during 2003. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps and dry ice‐baited New Jersey light traps from 1 May to 15 October. Mosquito surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 42 024 adult mosquitoes (32 594 females [77.6%] and 9430 males [22. 4%]) comprising 14 species and Anopheles sinensis s.l. (a complex of five species), representing seven genera, were collected. The most common species were members of the Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann complex (54.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (19.0%), Culex pipiens Coquillett (14.3%) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (10.6%). Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities.