bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic Monoaminergic Activity in 11‐Week‐Old Cold‐Exposed Female Lean (Fa/Fa) and Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats
Authors: Routh Vanessa H. , Horwitz Barbara A. , Gietzen Dorothy W , Stern Judith S.
Published: September 2012

We previously reported that serotonergic activity was reduced in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN) of obese vs. lean male Zucker rats. To verify that this reduction was associated with genotype rather than gender, we measured monoamines and their major metabolites in hypothalamic nuclei of ll‐week‐old female lean (Fa/Fb) and obese (fa/fb) Zucker rats. In addition, since the thermic response to cold is reported to differ between lean and obese rats, some rats were also exposed to 9° or 22° C for 2h to determine if cold exposure altered hypothalamic monoaminergic activity. As in males, levels of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5‐HIAA; major metabolite of serotonin (5‐HT)] and the ratio of 5‐HIANS‐HT were lower in the VMN of obese vs. lean females (P = 0.008, 0.001, respectively). S‐HIANS‐HT was also reduced in the paraventricular (PVN) and suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the obese compared to the lean females. Cold exposure significantly stimulated brown fat mitochondria1 GDP binding in lean but not obese rats. Similarly, levels of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA), 5‐HIAA, and 5‐HT in the PVN, and 5‐HIAA in the SCN increased in cold‐exposed lean but not obese rats. In contrast, VMN and preoptic 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; major metabolite of DA) increased in the cold‐exposed obese but not lean animals. We conclude that: (1) the blunted peripheral response to cold in obese vs. lean Zucker rats is accompanied by altered hypothalamic monoaminergic activity, the physiological role of which needs further evaluation; and 2) depressed VMN serotonergic activity is associated with the obese genotype (fa/fa) rather than gender and as such may contribute to the reduced sympathetic and enhanced parasympathetic outflow from the VMN.
Racial Differences in Selection of Ideal Body Size by Adolescent Females
Authors: Wilson Diane B. , Sargent Roger , Dias Jim
Published: September 2012

Cultural differences may partially account for the fact that more black women than white women are overweight in the United States. This study measured perceptions of ideal body size among 93 black and 80 white females, 14–17 years old, who were randomly selected from three public high schools in a southeastern state. The subjects' height and weight were measured along with their estimates of their mother's body size, weight control attitudes, and demographic variables.

Blacks preferred a significantly larger body sue than whites when asked to select ideal body size (p=0.045). Subjects who estimated their mother's size to be larger, also selected a larger ideal body size (p=.047). Those who perceived themselves as too fat were more likely to skip meals to help control their weight, compared with those who perceived themselves as normal or too thin (p=.003). Approximately 30% of the sample was overweight or obese. There were not significant racial differences in weight or BMI.

These results suggest that overweight is more acceptable among black females than among white females and may help explain why more black females are obese.
Dietary and Physical Activity Correlates of Long‐Term Weight Loss
Authors: Harris Janel K. , French Simone A. , Jeffery Robert W. , McGovern Paul G. , Wing Rena R.
Published: September 2012

Covariations in body mass index (BMI), physical activity, macronutrient intake, and the frequency of consumption of specific foods were examined among 82 men and 75 women participating in a behavioral weight loss program over a period of 18 months. Results of repeated measures analyses of covariance showed that BMI change was inversely related to change in physical activity and change in frequency of vegetable consumption. BMI change was positively related to change in calorie intake from fat and change in frequency of consumption of beef, hot dogs, and sweets. Change in fat calories predicted BMI change better than change in total calories. In addition, change in the frequency of consumption of specific foods accounted for a larger percentage of the variance in BMI change than did change in macronutrients (10.4% vs. 5.2%). No differences were found between predictors of weight loss vs. weight maintenance.
Energy Intake and Physical Activity in Pima Indians: Comparison with Energy Expenditure Measured by Doubly‐Labeled Water
Authors: Schulz Leslie O. , Harper Ingeborg T. , Smith Cynthia J. , Kriska Andrea M. , Ravussin Eric
Published: September 2012

To test the validity of survey techniques for measuring diet and activity patterns of Pima Indians, sequential 24‐hour recalls, a food frequency ques tionnaire (FFQ), and an activity questionnaire were compared to free‐living energy expenditure. Total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water was 13.27 ± 2.95 MJ/d for the 12 males (mean±SD: 35 ± 14 yr; 97 ± 35 kg; 32 + 9% body fat) and 11.67 ± 1.85 MJ/d for the 9 females (31 ± 13 yr; 106 ± 32 kg; 49 ± 6% body fat). Energy intake assessed by 24‐hour recall was 13.59 ± 7.81 MJ/d for men and 9.29 ± 2.77 MJ/d for women, compared to 12.84 ± 2.85 and 9.40 ± 2.61 MJ/d for men and women, respectively, by FFQ. Both dietary methods indicated significant underreporting by women when compared to TEE. Energy intake assessed by FFQ was significantly correlated with TEE (r=0.48, p=0.03). This was true with 24‐hour recall energy intake only when data from two extremely large alcohol consumers were eliminated (r=0.64, p=0.03, N=19). Although a low level of activity was apparent, the activity questionnaire produced significant correlations with measurements of energy expenditure and therefore represents an important tool for examining the relationship between physical activity and diseases.
Dietary Fat Is Shunted Away from Oxidation, Toward Storage in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Bessesen Daniel H. , Rupp Connie L. , Eckel Robert H.
Published: September 2012

BESSESEN, DANIEL H, CONNIE L RUPP AND ROBERT H ECKEL. Dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation, toward storage in obese zucker rats. Obes Res. 1995;3:179–189.

Previous measurements of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue (ATLPL) of lean and obese Zucker rats have consistently documented increased activity in obese rats relative to lean. Since LPL is considered to be rate limiting for the delivery of triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) to muscle and adipose tissue, these data have been used to suggest that the metabolic partitioning of TGFA favors storage over oxidation in obese rats. To document the partitioning of TGFA directly, the fate of 14C labeled oleic acid (42nmols) was fed to lean, obese, and obese Zucker rats fed a hypocaloric diet designed to chronically reduce weight 25% below that of obese controls (reduced‐obese). The amount of 14C recovered in CO2 over 6 hours following ingestion was significantly less in obese rats compared to lean (0.45 ± 0.06 vs. 0.88 ± 0.09nmols, p=.0004) and less still in the reduced obese group (0.34 ± 0.06nmols p=.00003). Six hours after ingestion, the quantity of label found in adipose tissue was significantly greater in the obese rats compared to lean (14.51 ± 1.92 vs. 1.38 ± 0.29nmols p<.00001), but was intermediate in the reduced‐obese group (9.23 ± 0.98nmols p=.0003). At 2.2 hours there was significantly more label in skeletal muscle of lean rats compared to either obese or reduced‐obese (2.33 ± 0.24; 1.35 ± 0.04nmols p=.01; 1.41 ± 0.27nm p=.02). However, at 6 hours these differences between groups were no longer present. These findings Indicate that dietary fat is shunted away from oxidation toward storage in obese Zucker rats. Additionally it appears that there may be a relative block in the oxidation of TGFA that is taken up by skeletal muscle in obese rats. Finally the relative normalization of this partitioning defect in reduced‐obese rats is at variance with what was suggested by previous measurements of tissue specific levels of LPL, and suggests an enhanced recirculation of fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle in reduced‐obese rats. This could occur through increased delivery of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) to muscle as a result of an increase in net lipolysis.
Physical Activity as a Predictor of Weight Maintenance in Previously Obese Subjects
Authors: Ewbank Philip P. , Darga Linda L. , Lucas Charles P.
Published: September 2012

We examined the association between exercise and weight loss maintenance in a group of 45 previously obese subjects 2 years post very‐low‐calorie diet (VLCD) to suggest exercise goals for this population. At baseline, subjects weighed a mean 100 kg and had a mean total cholesterol (TC) of 5.8 mmol/L. With VLCD they lost an average 28 kg and decreased their TC by 1.6 mmol/L. Two years post‐VLCD their weight and lipids were measured and they completed a physical activity survey (Paffenbarger). Subjects were grouped into tertiles by reported exercise levels: low active (< 850 kcals per week), moderate active (850–1575 kcals per week) and high active (> 1575 kcals per week). Walking accounted for the greatest calorie expenditure (65%). Analysis of variance showed that baseline characteristics and weight and blood lipid changes during the VLCD did not differ (P>0.05) among groups. At follow‐up, high active patients maintained significantly greater weight loss, had a lower percent regain and a significantly greater decrease in total cholesterol (P < 0.05) than less active patients. Multiple regression analysis indicated that total exercise calories independently predicted overall weight loss and percent regain (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively). Exercise calories also predicted total cholesterol change (r=‐0.37).

The high active group walked more miles (16.2 per week) than the low and moderate active groups (4.8 and 9.1 per week, respectively) and exercised more days per week (5.3 vs. 1.9 and 3.7). The low and moderate active groups regained virtually equal amounts of weight, even though the moderate group expended twice as many kcals per week as the low active group. These data demonstrate that increased exercise levels enhance weight loss maintenance.
Physical Training Improves Body Composition of Black Obese 7‐ to 11‐Year‐Old Girls
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Cucuzzo Nicholas , Islam Syed , Smith Clayton , Moffatt Robert , Pargman David
Published: September 2012

We determined the effect of supervised physical training, without dietary intervention, on body composition of obese girls. The subjects were 25 obese 7‐to 11‐year‐old black girls, divided into physical training and lifestyle education groups which were comparable on baseline body composition; 22 girls finished all aspects of the study. Twelve girls engaged in aerobic training (10 weeks, 5 days/week) while 10 engaged in weekly lifestyle discussions without formal physical training. Total body and regional body composition were measured with dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry, skin folds and circumferences. Aerobic fitness was measured by heart rate response to sub maximal treadmill exercise. The physical training group attended 94% of scheduled sessions and kept their heart rates at an average of 163 bpm for 28 minutes/session. The lifestyle group attended 95% of their sessions; they remained stable in aerobic fitness and most body composition measurements. The physical training group showed a significant improvement in aerobic fitness and a significant decline of 1.4% body fat. Skin fold and circumference indices of fatness also declined significantly in physical training, without dietary intervention, improved the fitness and body composition of obese black girls.
Serotoninergic Manipulation, Meal‐Induced Satiety and Eating Pattern: Effect of Fluoxetine in Obese Female Subjects
Authors: Lawto Clare L. , Wales John K. , Hill Andrew J. , Blundell John E.
Published: September 2012

Twelve nondepressed healthy female obese subjects (BMI > 30kg/m2) took part in a study which conformed to a double‐blind randomized crossover design. Each subject acted as her own control across 2 weeks of treatment with either 60 mg of the 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or matching placebo. On days 7 and 14 of both treatment phases subjects were provided with fixed energy lunch meals high in either CHO or fat. The effect of these meals on satiety during the fluoxetine and placebo phases was assessed by a battery of procedures. Subjects felt less hungry after consuming the high CHO meal than after consuming the high‐fat meal. They also felt less hungry when taking fluoxetine than when taking the placebo. Analysis of energy intake from the test meal revealed a main effect of prior lunch meal type (high CHO or high fat) and a main effect of drug treatment. Subjects consumed an average of 574 kcal following the high CHO meal compared to 689 kcal following the high‐fat meal. Subjects also consumed an average of 532 kcal when taking fluoxetine compared to 730 kcal when taking the placebo. Fluoxetine did not exert any significant effects on macronutrient selection. Mean daily energy intake, calculated from food diary records, was 1881 kcal when subjects were taking the placebo compared to 1460 kcal when taking fluoxetine (a reduction of 22.4%). Fluoxetine treatment produced a significant weight loss of 1.97 kg over the two weeks of treatment compared to a weight loss of only 0.04 kg on placebo.
Determination of β3‐Adrenoceptor Mediated Lipolysis in Human Fat Cells
Authors: Hoffstedt Johan , Shimizu Manabu , Sjöstedt Svante , Lönnqvist Fredrik
Published: September 2012

The existence and relative importance of β3‐adrenoceptors in man is still controversial. The aim of the present study was 1) to find further evidence for the existence of functional β3‐adrenoceptors in human fat, and 2) to investigate factors that may influence this β3‐adrenoceptor function. Fifty individuals were examined. Lipolysis mediated by the selective β3‐adrenoceptor agonist CGP 12177 in omental fat cells correlated with the response in subcutaneous fat cells. However, lipolysis was more pronounced in omental as compared to subcutaneous adipocytes, the intrinsic activity for CGP 12177 was 41% and 33%, respectively, while dobutamine, terbutaline and norepinephrine were full agonists. Both the lipolytic response and the sensitivity to CGP 12177 correlated with the effects of norepinephrine in the omental fat cells (r2= 0. 68 and 0. 50, respectively, p=0. 0001). The β2‐adrenoceptor mediated lipolytic response did also correlate with the responses induced by β1‐ and β2‐agonists and by postreceptor acting agents. The antagonistic properties (pA2) of the β‐adrenoceptor subtypes were also investigated. The pA2 for the selective β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor antagonists versus CGP 12177‐induced lipolysis were 2 to 3 log units lower than those for the β1‐antagonist versus dobutamine or for the β2‐antagonist versus terbutaline. Furthermore, bupranolol had a significantly better antagonistic effect (pA2 7. 17, p<0. 001) on the CGP 12177‐induced lipolysis than had the β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor antagonists (pA2 6. 26 and 6. 05, respectively). These data clearly support the existence of a third human β‐adrenoceptor. Several factors may contribute to the contradictory β3‐adrenoceptor results in man. The sensitivity of the different lipolytic systems vary considerably. Omental fat cells are preferable to subcutaneous cells for β3‐adrenoceptor studies in man. The β3‐responses are more attenuated in isolated fat cell preparations than in tissue fragments. Furthermore, as the β3‐adrenoceptor activity correlates to the norepinephrine activity, more pronounced effects will be expected in catecholamine sensitive subjects. At present, the number of tools available for β3‐adrenoceptor studies are limited, and the receptor is hard to study, why it is essential to perform β3‐adrenoceptor studies under optimal conditions in order to obtain conclusive effects.
Tissue Oxidative Capacity, Fuel Stores and Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Composition In Obesity‐Prone and Obesity‐Resistant Rats
Authors: Pagliassotti Michael J. , Pan David A. , Prach Piper A. , Koppenhafer Thad A. , Storlien LeonardH. , Hill James O.
Published: September 2012

The purpose of the present study was to compare tissue oxidative capacity, skeletal muscle fatty acid composition, and tissue fuel stores in low‐fat fed (LFD, 12% of energy from corn oil) male Wistar rats, and in high‐fat fed (45% of energy from corn oil) obesity‐prone (OP) and obesity‐resistant (OR) male Wistar rats. Designation of OP and OR rats was based on body weight gain (upper tertile for OP; lower tertile for OR) after 5 weeks on the high‐fat diet. Body weight gain over the 5‐week dietary period was 91 ± 9 g in LFD, 98 ± 4 g in OR, and 158 ± 5 g in OP (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR). Energy intake over the 5‐week dietary period was 3099 ± 101 kcal in LFD, 3185 ± 51 kcal in OR, and 3728 ± 45 kcal in OP (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR). Maximal citrate synthase activity (μ. mol−1min−1) in the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups: 12. 1 ± 2. 4 in LFD, 11. 4 ± 1. 9 in OR and 133 ± 2. 5 in OP rats. Similarly, citrate synthase activity in the heart, 59. 3 ± 7. 2, and liver, 6. 6 ± 0. 4, was also not significantly different among groups. Fatty acid composition of the gastrocnemius muscle was not significantly different among groups. Fasting glycogen levels in the liver, gastrocnemius muscle, and heart were 6. 4 ± 3. 7, 13. 2 ± 2. 3 and 6. 8 ± 1. 9 μmol/g in LFD, 21. 2 ± 5. 1 (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OP), 10. 4 ± 1. 8 and 5. 9 ± 1. 1 mUmol/g in OR, and 36. 3 ± 4. 8 (p<0. 05 vs. LFD and OR), 10. 2 ± 23 and 53 ± 2. 1 μmol/g in OP rats, respectively. Triglyceride levels were similar among groups in plasma, heart and gastrocnemius muscle, but were significantly (p<0. 05) higher in the liver of OP (15. 5 ± 1. 9 (μmol/g) compared to OR (9. 1 ± 1. 1 μmol/g) and LFD (8. 1 ± 1. 4 μmol/g) rats. These data suggest that susceptibility to dietary obesity, in this rodent model, cannot be explained by differences in tissue oxidative capacity or muscle fatty acid composition.
Fiber Intake of Normal Weight, Moderately Obese and Severely Obese Subjects
Authors: Alfieri Margaret Anne Hay , Pomerleau Joceline , Grace D. Michael , Anderson Lorraine
Published: September 2012

ALFEERI, MARGARET AH, JOCELINE POMERLEAU, D MICHAEL GRACE AND LORRAINE ANDERSON. Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects. Obes Res.

The lack of dietary fiber may be a contributing factor in obesity. This study examined the fiber intake of three weight groups: normal (20.0≤BMI≤27.0), moderately obese (27.1≤BMI≤39.9) and severely obese (BMI≥40.0). Each group contained 50 subjects. Detailed 3‐day food records were used to gather the nutritional data. Fiber intake in the normal weight group was 18.8 ± 9.3 grams, the moderately obese consumed 13.3 ± 5.8 grams of fiber and the severely obese 13.7 ± 5.7 grams. Total fiber intake in grams was found to be significantly higher in the lean group (p<0.05) and was positively associated with sex and education level with men and more highly educated individuals consuming more fiber. Using regression analysis total fiber in grams and fiber in g/1000 kcalories was inversely associated with BMI after adjusting for sex, age, education level and income (p<0.01). A high fiber diet may help to promote a negative energy balance by causing early satiety secondary to gastric distention. Dietitians and physicians need to emphasize the importance of a high fiber diet to their obese patients.
Weight Regain Following Sustained Weight Reduction is Predicted by Relative Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Yost Trudy J. , Jensen Dalan R. , Eckel Robert H.
Published: September 2012

YOST, TRUDY J, DALAN R JENSEN AND ROBERT H ECKEL. Weight regain following sustained weight reduction is predicted by relative insulin sensitivity. Obes Res.

Ten moderately obese women (body mass index 34.9 ± 1.1 kg/m2 mean ± SEM), had previously been through a 3‐month weight loss program followed by 3 months of weight maintenance at the reduced weight. A euglycemic clamp for determination of insulin sensitivity was performed on each subject prior to weight loss, and another at the end of the weight maintenance phase. The mean weight loss for the group was 11.4 ± 2.2 kg. The women were then seen for follow‐up weights 12 months and 18 months after the conclusion of the weight maintenance period. All of the women except one had regained their weight by the time of the 12‐month visit. It was found that the amount of weight regained both at 12 months and 18 months was correlated with the change in insulin sensitivity which occurred from the baseline study to after weight loss/maintenance. The data indicate that increased insulin sensitivity following sustained weight loss in obese women predicts weight regain.
Dopamine Receptor Subtype Agonists and Feeding Behavior
Authors: Terry Philip , Gilbert David B. , Cooper Steven J.
Published: September 2012

Stimulation or blockade of various dopamine receptor subtypes is associated with reduced feeding. For example, D2 receptor agonists suppress feeding in food‐deprived and free‐feeding rats, and in rats given access to a highly palatable diet Similarly, reduced food intake is associated with the actions of diverse D1 receptor agonists, and these compounds can interact synergistically with D2 receptor agonists to potentiate reductions in feeding. Using micro‐structural analysis to compare D1 and D2 agonist effects, specific differences emerge in their modes of action. D1 agonists reduce the duration of feeding, primarily by decreasing the frequency of feeding bouts, whereas D2 agonists reduce the local rate of eating. However, since D1 agonists uniquely reduce feeding in the absence of other behavioral impairments and are less disruptive of the pattern of feeding behavior, it has been suggested that D1 agonists are more likely than D2 agonists to act on central mechanisms regulating food intake. Moreover, only D1 agonists are effective in suppressing sucrose sham‐feeding, suggesting that D1 receptor stimulation may promote satiety. Nevertheless, many questions remain. For example, antagonist studies have implicated 5‐HT receptor stimulation in the anorectic effects of D1 agonists, suggesting that further pharmacological and behavioral analyses of receptor‐subtype agonist effects are required. Above all, recent developments in the classification of dopamine receptor subtypes reveal the need for new studies examining the involvement of D3, D4 and D5 receptors in feeding.
Pharmacological and Clinical Studies of Ephedrine and Other Thermogenic Agonists
Authors: Astrup Arne , Breum Leif , Toubro Søren
Published: September 2012

When given as a supplement to an energy restricted diet the sympathomimetic agent ephedrine, in combination with methylxanthines such as caffeine, improves fat loss by dual actions: a central suppression of appetite and peripheral stimulation of energy expenditure covered by fat oxidation. Mean weight loss was found to be 16.6 kg after 6 months when E+C was given as an adjuvant to an efficient hypoenergetic diet, which was 3.4 kg higher than in the placebo group. An additional 24 weeks treatment with E+C prevented relapse. In the first weeks of treatment E+C offset the hypotensive effect of energy restriction and weight loss, but the effect was transient, and after 8 weeks blood pressures were indistinguishable from those of the placebo group. E+C has no adverse effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, but has been shown to prevent the decline in HDL‐cholesterol caused by weight loss. In a comparative trial the weight loss produced by E+C was similar to that of dexfenfluramine. More research on sympathomimetics and methylxanthines should be carried out to identify combinations with improved efficiency and safety. Moreover, more long‐term trials and studies in males are required.
First Clinical Studies with Orlistat: A Short Review
Authors: Drent Madeleine L. , van der Veen Eduard A.
Published: September 2012

Lipase inhibition, leading to decreased intestinal fat adbsorption can be used in the treatment of obesity. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, in a dose of 50 mg three times a day leads to a significant increase in weight loss compared to placebo in moderately obese people. These results are confirmed in a multiple‐dose study using 10 mg, 60 mg and 120 mg Orlistat three times a day vs. placebo. The use of lipase inhibition has no significant influence on fasting levels of several hormonal systems, including thyroid hormones, catecholamines and IGF‐I. The same is true for the responses of several gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones after a liquid high‐fat mixed meal. In general, Orlistat is tolerated very well, although a higher occurence of gastrointestinal side effects is seen.
Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Its Molecular Control
Authors: Noguchi Tamio , Tanaka Takehiko
Published: September 2012

The Wistar fatty rat is a model of obese non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Males, but not females, develop hyperglycemia, glucouria and polyuria within 8 weeks of age. The regulation of gene expression by insulin has been shown to be differentially impaired in the liver of the fatty rats. The genes resistant to insulin include glucokinase gene and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene. In contrast, L‐type pyruvate kinase gene responds to insulin normally, raising the possibility that the signaling pathway from the insulin receptor to the insulin‐resistant genes, but not to the insulin‐sensitive genes, is defective at a point beyond the receptor kinase in the fatty rats. On the other hand, female fatty rats develop hyperglycemia only when they are given sucrose for several weeks. This treatment causes a decrease in gucokinase while enzymes involved in gluconeo genesis are increased. Chronic feeding of sucrose also leads to hypertriglycemia and visceral fat accumulation, which is more frequently associated with abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolisms. Fructose is believed to be the responsible component of sucrose for these effects. Hypertriglyceridemic effect of fructose is mainly due to an increase in hepatic production of VLDL. Most enzymes related to lipogenesis in the liver are induced by dietary fructose even in diabetes. L‐type pyruvate kinase is one of such enzymes. Cis‐acting element named PKL‐III in the 5′‐flanking region of this gene is shown to be responsive to dietary fructose as well as to dietary glucose. Thus, identification and characterization of a protein bound to this element could help in the further understanding of the molecular mechanism of the fructose actions.
Effect of Degree of Weight Loss on Health Benefits
Authors: Blackburn George
Published: September 2012

Although most dieters strive to achieve “ideal” body weight, clinical and laboratory evidence clearly supports the value of a modest weight loss goalto attain health and emotional benefit. Weight loss as low as 5% has been shown to reduce or eliminate disorders associated with obesity, though several questions remain partially or completely unanswered regarding the roles of degree of weight loss, method of weight loss, distribution of fat reduction, and other variables. This paper reviews the effect of degree of weight loss on specific disease states and risk factors and discusses the impact of ethnic background at distribution, age, and mode of weight loss on outcome.
The Effect of Infused Nutrients and Absorbed Foods On Daily Food Intake In Rats
Authors: Koopmans Henry S.
Published: September 2012

Studies with crossed intestines rats show that daily food intake is controlled by internal signals that arise at the level of the small intestines or from the absorption of food into the bloodstream and its subsequent metabolism. The gut can produce endogenous signals such as neural messages responding to the presence of nutrients in the wall of the small intestine or in the portal vein leading to the liver. GI hormones can be released from various regions of the small intestine and may partially inhibit food intake. When nutrients bypass the gut and are infused indirectly into the bloodstream, they produce a partial 50% to 80% compensation for the number of calories infused. Clearly, nutrients play a major role in the control of daily intake. Infusion of these nutrients into specific vascular sites suggest that they do not act directly on the brain or the liver to reduce daily intake. Cross‐circulation studies suggest that the combination of hormones and nutrients do not affect intake during a single meal. It is possible that nutrients act directly on the gut to inhibit stomach emptying or on the storage tissues, such as muscle or fat, to control daily food intake.
Cardiovascular‐Related Peptides Influence Hypothalamic Neurons Involved in Control of Body Water Homeostasis
Authors: Yamamoto Shigeki , Inenaga Kiyotoshi , Eto Sumiya , Yamashita Hiroshi
Published: September 2012

The cardiovascular‐related peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and endothelin (ET) were originally isolated from the atrium, brain and endothelial cells, respectively. ANP and BNP have hypotensive, natriuretic, diuretic and vasodilator effects. ET has strong vasoconstrictor effects. Centrally applied ANP and BNP attenuate pressure and drinking responses and vasopressin secretion induced by angiotensin II. Similar application of ET increases blood pressure in vivo and vasopressin secretion in vitro. To clarify direct effects of these peptides on neurons in the regions involved in body water homeostasis, extracellular recordings were made from neurons in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and regions of anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) of rat hypothalamic slice preparations. ANP and BNP inhibited AV3V neurons, suggesting direct actions of the peptides on drinking. In the SON, these peptides inhibited selectively putative vasopressin neurons but not putative oxytocin neurons, suggesting direct actions of the peptides on vasopressin secretion. We demonstrated that the inhibitory response by ANP and BNP is mediated through a second messenger cGMP system but not cAMP. Contrary to natriuretic peptides, ET excited AV3V neurons but inhibited SON neurons. Roles of ANP, BNP and ET on the central regulatory systems of body water homeostasis, acting as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, will be discussed.
Differential Metabolic Effects of Energy Restriction in Dogs Using Diets Varying in Fat and Fiber Content
Authors: Borne Agatha T. , Wolfsheimer Karen J. , Truett Alycia A. , Kiene James , Wojciechowski Theresa , Davenport Deborah J. , Ford Richard B. , West David B.
Published: September 2012

The role of dietary fat and fiber in energy restriction for the management of obesity was examined. Twelve male castrated dogs were energy restricted for 7 weeks by feeding 60% of their calculated maintenance energy requirements (MER = 1500 kcal/m2/d) for ideal body weight. Six dogs were restricted on a high‐fat (35.4 kcal% from fat), low‐fiber (2.9% dry matter basis [DMB]) diet while the other six dogs were restricted on a low‐fat (24.5 kcal% from fat), high‐fiber (27% DMB) diet. Compared with the high‐fat, low‐fiber diet, energy restriction on the low‐fat, high‐fiber diet resulted in significantly greater decreases in body fat (1472 ± 166 vs. 853 ± 176 g; p < 0.05) and total serum cholesterol concentrations (108.7 ± 11.3 vs. 51.5 ± 13.9 mg/dL; p< 0.005). Reductions in body weight (2.86 ± 0.3 vs. 2.14 ± 0.3 kg; p< 0.09), and mean arterial blood pressure (17.4 ± 6.1 vs. 6.7 ± 2.9 mmHg; p < 0.12) were also greater on the low‐fat diet; however, these diet effects did not reach statistical significance. These data suggest that the fat and fiber content of the diet during energy restriction are important factors in the management of obesity.
Plasma Insulin in Response to Enterostatin and Effect of Adrenalectomy in Rats
Authors: Mei Jie , Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte
Published: September 2012

Enterostatin has previously been reported to alter serum insulin and corticosterone levels after central administration of the peptide. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of peripheral administration of enterostatin on insulin and corticosterone levels as well as the response of plasma insulin to enterostatin administration in adrena‐lectomized rats. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were given a bolus injection intravenously with enterostatin alone or together with glucose. Enterostatin increased basal plasma levels of insulin, but significantly inhibited the increase in plasma insulin stimulated by glucose. Plasma corticosterone levels were not altered after a single intravenous injection of enterostatin. In rats infused chronically with enterostatin, plasma insulin levels were significantly reduced and plasma corticosterone levels were increased. The daily food intake was lower in these rats, but there was no effect on body weight. After adrenalectomy, the responsiveness of plasma insulin to enterostatin infusion was completely abolished. Furthermore, adrenalectomy itself reduced basal plasma levels of insulin and increased plasma levels of endogenous enterostatin. These results suggest that peripheral enterostatin administration produces a similar effect as central infusion of the peptide, and that the glucocorticoid hormones are involved in the regulation of plasma insulin by enterostatin.
Comparison of Osborne‐Mendel and S5B/PL Strains of Rat: Central Effects of Galanin, NPY, β‐Casomorphin and CRH on Intake of High‐Fat and Low‐Fat Diets
Authors: Lin Ling , York David A. , Bray George A.
Published: September 2012

The effects of central administration of galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), β‐casomorphin(1–7) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on intake of either a high‐fat or low‐fat diet have been compared in two strains of rat, the dietary fat‐sensitive Osborne‐Mendel (OM) rat and the dietary fat‐resistant S5B/Pl rat. Injection of galanin (0.1, 0.3 nmoles) into the 3rd cerebral ventricle stimulated the intake of both a high‐fat and a low‐fat diet in OM rats in a dose dependent manner but the response was significantly smaller in rats fed the low‐fat diet. In S5B/Pl rats, galanin had a small stimulatory effect on food intake but only at a high dose (2 nmole). β‐casomor‐phin(1–7) (5 nmoles), an opioid‐like peptide, increased the intake of the high‐fat but not the low‐fat diet in OM rats, whereas S5B/Pl rats fed either a high‐fat or a low‐fat diet did not respond to β‐caso‐morphin/j.yy Both strains showed a similar stimulatory response to NPY (0.1, 0.5 nmoles) on the intake of the high‐fat or the low‐fat diet, but the magnitude of the response was attenuated in S5B/Pl rats. In contrast, the anorectic effects of CRH (0.26 nmoles) on food deprived animals was similar in both strains for both diets. We speculate that the regulatory system controlling the intake of fat activated by galanin and β‐casomorphin(1–7) may be defective in S5B/Pl rats.
Disordered Eating: Can Women Accurately Recall Their Ringing and Purging Behaviors 10 Years Later?
Authors: Field Alison E. , Colditz Graham A. , Herzog David B. , Heatherton Todd F.
Published: September 2012

Objective: To test women's ability to recall their past binging and purging behaviors. Design: Ten‐year follow‐up study of women who had participated in a cross‐sectional survey during college. Subjects: In 1982, a sample of freshman and senior women at a large university in the Boston area were questioned about their weight, dieting history, bulimic symptoms, and eating patterns, attitudes, and concerns. In 1992, all subjects who responded to the 1982 survey were followed up to assess changes in bulimic symptoms and ability to recall past behaviors. Results: Among the 476 women who responded to both surveys, the percentage in 1992 who reported having ever binged and/or purged was less than the percentage in 1982, indicating that the recall of past behaviors was less than perfect. Denial in 1992 of ever having engaged in the behaviors ranged from 22% among the women who were self‐inducing vomiting in 1982 to 64% among the women who had reported current fasting or strict dieting in 1982. Recall of past behaviors in 1992 was better among the women who had been current bingers or purgers in 1982.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that ability to recall past binging and purging is only modest. Therefore to better understand the mental and physical health consequences of these behaviors this information should be collected prospectively.
Role of Intraduodenally Administered Enterostatin in Rats: Inhibition of Food
Authors: Mei Jie , Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte
Published: September 2012

Central and peripheral administration of enterostatin have been reported to reduce fat or high‐fat food intake in rats. Enterostatin is formed in the intestinal lumen by tryptic cleavage of pancreatic procolipase during intraluminal fat digestion. The present experiments were designed to test if enterostatin following intraintestinal infusion would affect food intake in a similar way as intracerebraventricularly or intravenously administered enterostatin.

Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were fitted with a duodenal catheter and adapted to a feeding schedule for 6 hours each day. After 10 days enterostatin (5.65 and 11.3 nmol/kg/min) or saline were infused into the duodenum and food intake measured. Enterostatin significantly reduced high‐fat food intake during the 6 hours of feeding, but had no inhibitory effect on low‐fat food intake. Addition of tetracaine to the enterostatin infusates blocked the satiating potency of intestinal enterostatin. These results support the hypothesis of a preabsorptive site of action for enterostatin.
A Double‐Blind Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Sibutramine
Authors: Bray George A. , Ryan Donna H. , Gordon Douglas , Heidingsfelder Sylvia , Cerise Frederick , Wilson Krause
Published: September 2012

Sibutramine is a β‐phenethylamine which blocks reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. In this clinical study, a group of 173 patients were randomized to treatment with sibutramine at doses of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 30 mg/d and were compared with placebo in a 24‐week double‐blind trial. There was a dose‐dependent reduction in body weight, with doses of 10, 15, 20 and 30 mg being significantly greater than placebo. Weight loss was still continuing in the highest three doses at the end of the study. When drugs were discontinued patients regained weight, as expected. Side effects were generally mild and were most evident in the group treated with the highest dose. These studies suggest that sibutramine may be a valuable new drug for treatment of obesity.
Factors Related to Body Weight Changes During and After Pregnancy: The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study
Authors: Ölin Agneta , Rössner Stephan
Published: September 2012

The Stockholm Pregnancy and Weight Development Study is a prospective study of body weight changes in women, whose maternity unit charts were reviewed and who were then invited for a 1‐year follow‐up, including weigh‐in sessions and questionnaires on dietary habits, physical activity and socio‐demographic factors. Total weight gain during pregnancy was related to weight gain already during the first trimester. Women reporting previous weight cycling had slightly higher weight gain during pregnancy. Successful return towards pre‐pregnancy weight was found more often in women with regular breakfast and lunch habits. Lactation had only a small effect on weight loss after delivery, independent of eating habits. Lack of physical activity was more common in women who had low lactation scores. Twenty‐eight percent reported an increased interest in sweets during pregnancy; these women increased 1 to 2 kg more than others in weight during pregnancy. Postpartum weight retention was more affected by lifestyle changes during and after pregnancy than by factors before pregnancy.
Resting Energy Expenditure in Obese African American and Caucasian Women
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Wadden Thomas A. , Vogt Renee A.
Published: September 2012

The prevalence of obesity among African American women approaches 50% and greatly exceeds rates for Caucasian women. In addition, black women lose less weight than white during obesity treatment and gain more weight when untreated. This study assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition in obese white (n=122) and black (n=44) women to explore the relationship between biological variables and these observed differences. REE and body composition were assessed by indirect calorimetry and densitometry, respectively, before weight loss. REE was significantly lower in black subjects (1637.6 ± 236.9 kcal/d) than in white (1731.4 ± 262.0) (p=0.04). REE remained significantly lower in blacks than whites after adjusting for body weight (p=0.02). REE, adjusted for fat‐free mass, was also significantly lower in blacks than whites (p<0.0001), although the overestimation of fat‐free mass by densitometry in blacks may have contributed to this finding. There were no differences between the groups in respiratory quotient. These results suggest that a decreased REE may exist in obese black women, and it may be related to the observed differences between black and white women in the prevalence of obesity and in the response to weight loss treatment. These crosssectional findings await confirmation in longitudinal studies.
Dietary Intake in Relation to Restrained Eating, Disinhibition, and Hunger in Obese and Nonobese Swedish Women
Authors: Lindroos Anna‐Karin , Lissner Lauren , Mathiassen Marianne E. , Karlsson Jan , Sullivan Marianne , Bengtsson Calle , Sjöström Lars
Published: September 2012

The aims of this study were to: describe dietary intakes of obese and nonobese middle‐aged women using a validated food frequency questionnaire; to assess dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger by the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese and nonobese samples and determine which of the factors are independently associated with obesity; and to examine correlations between selected nutritional variables and the TFEQ factors. Subjects studied included 179 obese Swedish women (BMI>32) and 147 nonobese population‐based controls (BMI<28). Age‐adjusted mean energy intake was significantly higher in obese women (2730 ± 78 vs. 2025 ± 85 kcal, p<0.0001). In absolute and relative terms, fat intake was higher and alcohol intake was lower in the obese subjects. Disinhibition was the strongest TFEQ factor independently differentiating the obese and nonobese states, i.e., after adjustment for restraint and hunger. Within the obese sample, strong associations were seen between energy intake and disinhibition (p=0.0005) and hunger (p=0.0004). The association between energy intake and restrained eating was negative and weaker (p=0.04). No such associations were seen in nonobese women. Thus, using a dietary instrument that is valid and unbiased with respect to obesity, strong psychological correlates, possibly causal, of variability in energy intake were detected in middle‐aged women with obesity. Disinhibition is associated with both obesity and high‐energy intakes and is therefore an important factor to consider in the treatment of women with obesity.
Running Exercise Improves Metabolic Abnormalities and Fat Accumulation in Sucrose‐Induced Insulin‐Resistant Rats
Authors: Nam Makoto , Takahashi Masaki , Kanda Tsugiyasu , Shimomura Younosuke , Kobayashi Isao
Published: September 2012

NARA, MAKOTO, MASAKI TAKAHASHI, TSUGIYASU KANDA, YOUNOSUKE SHIMOMURA, ISAO KOBAYASHI. Running exercise improves metabolic abnormalities and fat accumulation in sucrose‐induced insulin‐resistant rats.

Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are observed in rats fed a high sucrose diet. Insulin resistance is thought to be related to abnormal fat distribution. We previously reported the metabolic characteristics and the fat distribution in rats with sucrose‐induced insulin resistance. This study was designed to examine the effects of exercise in these rats. The rats were divided into three groups: those receiving a starch‐based diet (control), those receiving a high‐sucrose diet (sucrose fed), and those receiving a high‐sucrose diet and wheel‐running exercise (exercised). Animals were killed after 4 weeks or 12 weeks. After 4 weeks, the three groups did not differ with respect to gain in adipose tissues. The portal vein (PV) insulin concentration was significantly increased in the sucrose‐fed and the exercised rats compared with the control rats. The inferior vena cava (IVC) glucose concentration and the PV free fatty acid (FFA) were significantly lower in the exercised rats than in the sucrose‐fed rats. After 12 weeks, the exercised rats had significantly lower mesenteric fat (MS) and subcutaneous fat (SC) and a lower MS:SC ratio than the sucrose‐fed rats. The glucose levels in IVC, PV, and FFA in PV were significantly reduced in the exercised rats as compared with the sucrose‐fed rats. These findings suggest that long‐term exercise improves insulin resistance by reducing the accumulation of MS as well as SC. It is also suggested that short‐term exercise improves glucose metabolism without change of fat accumulation.
Enterostatin‐A Peptide Regulating Fat Intake
Authors: Erlanson‐Albertsson Charlotte , Yorkf David
Published: September 2012

ERLANSON‐ALBERTSSON, CHARLOTTE, DAVID YORK. Enterostatin‐a peptide regulating fat intake.

A high fat intake, together with an inability to match lipid oxidation to fat intake, has been found to be correlated with obesity in humans. This review describes our current understanding of enterostatin, a peptide that selectively reduces fat intake. Enterostatin is formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase, the remaining colipase serving as an obligatory cofactor for pancreatic lipase during fat digestion. Enterostatin is also produced in the gastric mucosa and the mucosal epithelia of the small intestine. Procolipase gene transcription and enterostatin release into the gastrointestinal lumen are increased by high‐fat diets. After feeding, enterostatin appears in the lymph and circulation. Enterostatin will selectively inhibit fat intake during normal feeding and in experimental paradigms that involve dietary choice. Its anorectic effect has been demonstrated in a number of species. Both peripheral and central sites of action have been proposed. The peripheral mechanism involves an afferent vagal signaling pathway to hypothalamic centers. The central responses are mediated through a pathway that includes both serotonergic and opioidergic components. Chronically, enterostatin reduces fat intake, bodyweight, and body fat. This response may involve multiple metabolic effects of enterostatin, which include a reduction of insulin secretion, an increase in sympathetic drive to brown adipose tissue, and the stimulation of adrenal corticosteroid secretion. A possible pathophysiological role is suggested by studies that have linked low enterostatin production and/or responsiveness to strains of rat that become obese and prefer dietary fat. Humans with obesity also exhibit a lower secretion of pancreatic procolipase after a test meal, compared with persons of normal weight.