bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Worksite Wellness Programs on the USA-Mexico Border
Authors: Thompson Sharon E.
Published: July 2019

Worksite wellness programs (WWPs) have the potential to reduce absenteeism, increase productivity, and improve employee attitudes and job performance with distinct economic benefits. The purpose of this study was to collect data about WWPs in the manufacturing industry in El Paso, Texas and formulate recommendations to increase the use of WWPs to protect, promote and improve the health of this workforce. RESULTS: The results of this study indicate a lack of worksite wellness programs in small to medium-sized manufacturers. Worksite size was a strong indicator of the number of worksite wellness program activities that were offered. Large worksites were more likely to offer more activities than small or medium sized worksites. This difference is perhaps due to a greater availability of resources (such as money, facilities, staff, etc.). Administrators perception of worksite wellness programs is of particular interest. The main benefit reported by respondents with existing WWPs was improved health and decreased health problems (83%) and decreased health care costs (70%). Conversely, the main barrier perceived by administrators at sites lacking WWPs was that implementation was too costly (38%). Cost may be perceived as the major barrier because companies without wellness programs may only consider the start-up costs. Information on the long-term economic benefits of WWPs could alter this perception. Future efforts to initiate worksite wellness programs must be tailored to meet the needs of small and medium sized companies in this border community.
Development and First Year Results of a Psychosocial Surveillance System for Chronic Disease Related Health Behaviors
Authors: Maddock Jay E. , Marshall Carrie S. , Nigg Claudio R. , Barnett Jodi D.
Published: July 2019

Chronic diseases account for 7 out of 10 deaths in the United States and 60% of the Nation’s health care expenses. Tobacco use, lack of physical activity and poor nutrition account for one third of US mortality. Behavioral surveillance systems such as the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) provide information on rates of behavior in the population and among different demographic categories. While these systems are essential for health promotion they do not assist the health educator in understanding psychosocial factors which may be related to the rates. A psychosocial surveillance system can aid in understanding the behavior change process and in the readiness of the population for behavior change. Results can assist states and localities in targeting health promotion messages and programs and can help in the allocation of often scarce health promotion funds. In 2000, the Hawaii Department of Health launched the Healthy Hawaii Initiative, a statewide program to reduce tobacco use, increase physical activity, and improve nutrition. As part of the evaluation, researchers at the University of Hawaii implemented a psychosocial surveillance system for the three target behaviors to assess changes in hypothesized mediators including stage of change, self efficacy, attitude and social norms. A random digit dial survey was conducted in the Spring and Fall of 2002 with 4,706 and 4,555 participants, respectively. Results show stability in the demographic characteristics and health behaviors of the sample but changes in the psychosocial variables. Several possible areas for interventions and messaging are demonstrated. A psychosocial surveillance system can be an important tool for health promotion and can lead to better understanding of health behaviors and attitudes.
Race & Ethnicity Data
Authors: Sorensen Catherine A. , Wood Betty , Prince Edward W.
Published: July 2019

To create a better understanding of Hawai`i’s birthing population so that culturally appropriate strategies to prevent infant mortality could be developed, we undertook an analysis of population-based perinatal data collected in Hawai`i for the years 2000 and 2001. The data were collected by the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). In this system, a stratified random sample of women who delivered a live born infant are mailed a self-administered questionnaire two to six months after they deliver, with telephone follow-up for those who do not respond. A bivariate analyses of maternal characteristics of singleton infants and the prevalence of low birth weight (
Educating the Health Community
Authors: Shapiro Beppie , Derrington Taletha , Smith Brenda
Published: July 2019

One of the toughest groups to reach with health promotion/education campaigns is primary care physicians (PCPs). Besieged by demands of HMOs and skyrocketing malpractice insurance, new regulations under HIPAA, and multiple demands for their attention, PCPs are also the recipients of luxuriously financed, well-researched appeals from pharmaceutical representatives offering blandishments beyond the dreams of public health professionals. But a small group of professionals in Hawai‘i took on this challenge and succeeded. Why would we even try? How did we succeed? We report the evolution and evaluation of an educational outreach campaign targeting PCPs and aiming to increase their identification of infants and toddlers with special needs, and their referral of those babies to Early Intervention programs.
Hawai'i Public Health Association's Global Public Health Conferences 2002 and 2003
Authors: Budhiraja Pratisha
Published: July 2019

The 2003 Global Public Health Conference: Collaborating for Quality of Life and Health in the Pacific was sponsored by The Hawai‘i Public Health Association in partnership with the University of Hawai‘i’s Globalization Research Center and a number of other local and national organizations. This second consecutive Pacific-based conference posed new funding and staffing challenges. The novelty of the 2002 conference drew substantial sponsorship and a large volunteer base. In 2003, however, many sponsors were less willing to fund a second year, and experience with the 2002 volunteer process precipitated restructuring the 2003 planning committee to include only those who could offer time and skills. A part time administrative assistant was also hired. The 2003 abstracts included few submissions in traditional medicine and alternative healing, areas lacking from the previous conference as well. The inappropriate “call for abstracts” process for traditional practitioners was remedied by inviting speakers in these areas. The resulting 2003 conference successfully increased HPHA membership, and provided a nurturing venue for the 100+ presenters to share their public health work. In addition to Hawai‘i and the mainland USA, the 350+ conference attendees represented many nations from Fiji to Aotearoa, and even South Africa. Regardless, staffing and funding issues prompted the decision to schedule large conferences every other year, and new ideas for the 2004 annual meeting are being explored. Additionally, other Pacific nations have expressed interest in hosting the event. Lessons learned from two years of international conference planning will better prepare HPHA and other not-for-profit, volunteer organizations for future quality events in public health.
Attending Professional Health Education Meetings
Authors: Dixon-Terry Eleanor
Published: July 2019

The profession of health education and health promotion involves a journey of discovery, where along the way, the student and new professional is uncovers many layers and nuances. One of the mysteries surrounding the profession is the participation in a professional meeting. Student and new professionals often perceive this to be challenging, overwhelming and fraught with roadblocks and barriers. While understanding perceptions of mystery from those entering the field about professional meetings, the best way to fully engage in the profession and to get the full effect and benefit of a professional health education meeting is through direct immersion and personal experience.
So You Think You Want To Teach In College
Authors: Grosshans Onie , Ransdell Lynda
Published: July 2019

While examining data from a previous qualitative study focusing on 11 senior health educators employed by research-intensive universities, we uncovered a variety of factors that made important contributions to their overall job satisfaction. Although salary (and benefits) are typically highly ranked when making a career decision, this article condensed a variety of responses from our senior faculty into six considerations which help to identify an ‘optimal fit’ work setting. Some, or all of these considerations are in addition to the universal ‘love of teaching’ expressed by all of our subjects. The result has been health education careers greatly influenced or pleasantly enhanced by the overall quality of personal as well as professional lives.
Important Factors When Choosing a Career in Public Health
Authors: Tamayose Teri S. , Madjidi Farzin , Schmieder-Ramirez June , T. Rice Gail
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the factors perceived to be important and not important when students are choosing a career. Factors derived from the literature review and suggestions made through the processes of content validity and reliability testing were included when developing the four-point Likert scale survey instrument. The instrument was reviewed by a panel of experts for content validity. In the survey, respondents were asked to indicate the level of importance of statements identified as being influential in making career decisions. Methods: The survey instrument was distributed to 258 Loma Linda University School of Public Health students following a short introduction of the study at the New Student Orientation which took place in Loma Linda, California. A total of 103 surveys were returned. Results: Descriptive statistics were used to report results. Frequencies and means were calculated for each variable and variables were ranked to determine level of importance. Correlation Analysis examined the relationship between variables in the study and Exploratory Factor Analysis determined the factors that emerged from the data. Discussion: The service-related statements showed the highest level of importance for choosing a career in public health. Demographic variables were found to have some impact on responses. Findings from this study should aid in the development of a strategic marketing plan for Loma Linda University School of Public Health.
Elder Health Literacy
Authors: Wallace Lorraine
Published: July 2019

The public health impact of limited literacy has begun to be explored. The elderly and those with limited formal education are often the most vulnerable populations at risk of having low health literacy. Health promotion specialists must be cognizant of the literacy demands of health education materials (e.g., pamphlets, questionnaires) distributed to the elderly. Care must be taken to ensure that health education materials are both linguistically and culturally appropriate for whom they are intended.
Oregon School-Based Health Centers
Authors: Nystrom Robert J. , Lovrien Kathy , Gallant Loretta , Johnston-Silverberg Anne K. , Shelton Stacie
Published: July 2019

Oregon’s School Based Health Centers (SBHCs) have grown from five in 1986 to the 41 state certified centers currently in operation. The centers provide developmentally appropriate primary care and behavioral health care services to elementary, middle, and high school sites. SBHC program goals include increasing student access to care, and improving both health and educational outcomes. In the 2000-2001 service year, the Oregon SBHC program began the administration of a new patient satisfaction survey designed to measure satisfaction with services, access, receipt of prevention messages, and number of missed classes. A proportional random survey sample was achieved with a 98% response rate. Results indicate that SBHC patients had high levels of satisfaction and compliance, an increased likelihood of accessing care, high levels of compliance and satisfaction with services, decreased time from school for health care reasons, and were likely to have received one or more prevention messages. This experience demonstrates how public health surveillance can be incorporated into a SBHC clinical setting with minimal disruption to services and can inform SBHC program evaluation and improvement.
Creating the Best Possible Health Education Cover Letter and Resume
Authors: Oswalt Sara B.
Published: July 2019

This article provides an overview of job application strategies for the field of health education. Employment in a non-academic setting is emphasized. Tips for cover letter and resume writing are highlighted.
Formative Evaluation of a Hepatitis C Virus Computer Assisted Instruction Tool or Communities of African Descent
Authors: Weston R. Eric , Thomas Rogelio I. , Lang Michelle A. , Weston Peter J. , Cardwell John , Gordon Adam P.
Published: July 2019

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) has become increasingly prevalent within traditionally undeserved communities. The paper describes the formative evaluation of a HCV Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) tool. Specific aims are to describe the feasibility of a CAI tool with a high-risk population, and the use of Nigrescence Theory to develop targeted messages. Three participants, recruited at an all-male substance abuse halfway house, reviewed the CAI in a mini-focus group. A Health History/HCV Knowledge Questionnaire, The Cross Racial Identity Scale and a focus group question route were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The analysis plan utilized descriptive statistics, content analysis and profile analysis. Results suggested that the CAI was acceptable to this segment of the population, and Nigrescence Theory provided a context for targeting messages to differing segments of the target group. Recommendations are offered to health promotion programs targeting people of African descent.
Health Care for Women Inmates
Authors: Fearn Noelle E. , Parker Kelly
Published: July 2019

Rapidly increasing numbers of women incarcerated in the United States have created an overwhelming need for appropriate health services for these inmates despite limited resources. This article outlines the key health care issues associated with women inmates. We begin by examining the challenges posed by this population of inmates. Additionally, we investigate the provision of health care to these women and then evaluate the perceptions of that care from the perspective of the women and their care providers. We conclude with a discussion of policy-relevant considerations and suggest that realism should be the underlying premise of any health-related policy for women inmates. Specifically, we suggest that education and the treatment of communicable diseases become the most targeted health-related goals for women inmates, as it is inevitable that most of these women will eventually be released.
Tobacco Control
Authors: Bratton Sally , Trieu Sang Leng
Published: July 2019

The 18-24 age group is experiencing a greater increase in smoking prevalence than any other age group in recent years. This article presents a case study of how a California community college successfully implemented a comprehensive tobacco control program to counter pro-tobacco influences, to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, and to increase the availability of cessation services. The college strengthened the reasonable distance policy by establishing designated smoking areas to the recent adoption of a smoke-free campus. The Student Health Center led the efforts in creating a student coalition, planned advocacy and educational campaigns, developed partnerships with multiple campus departments, implemented an enforcement program, and revised clinical interventions to reflect the US Public Health Service Guidelines. The project was in collaboration with the local health department and two other college campuses. Successful policy change resulted in affecting social norms and a decreased smoking prevalence of 13% in 2000 to 8% in 2004. We encourage other campuses, particularly community colleges, to address tobacco control issues and use some of the strategies presented.
Drug Prevention Strategy
Authors: Holbrook James , Shive Steven E.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this teaching strategy is to demonstrate the experience of drug dependency for adolescents through the use of broken story telling. The strategy ends with a debriefing session.
Modifying the Recess Before Lunch Program
Authors: Tanaka Cathy , Richards Katherine L. , Takeuchi Leilani S. L. , Otani Mitchell , Maddock Jay
Published: July 2019

Moving recess before lunch (RBL), though a simple schedule change, may provide many benefits for both students and elementary schools. Having recess before lunch has been shown to decrease plate waste (Bergman, et al., 2003; Gettlinger, 1996; Montana OPI, 2003; Ruppenthal & Hogue, 1977), and may improve discipline problems. The RBL schedule change has not previously been implemented in Hawai‘i schools. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of implementing a modified version of RBL into elementary schools in Hawai‘i . The modified version of RBL allows for implementation into a three-bell lunch system, a system used by many elementary schools in Hawai‘i. A one-grade-per-lunch period RBL switch was assessed among 6th grade students for 1) shorter lunch line wait, 2) increased access to recess equipment 3) decrease in conduct-related referrals, and 4) moderate decrease in food and milk waste for the affected grade(s). Results indicate a significant decrease in lunch line wait, a decrease in discipline referrals, and a slight non-significant decrease in lunch waste. Additional comments from administrators and teaching staff indicate positive changes in student behavior on the playground, in the cafeteria, and in the classroom. One major finding was the reduction in discipline problems after the implementation of RBL, as seen in both the quantitative referral counts and qualitative teacher and administrator questionnaires. The positive results of this study support further implementation of RBL into schools in Hawai‘i. Kaneohe Elementary School has continued to apply recess before lunch to the sixth grade lunch periods and is considering further implementation into other grades. The Hawai‘i Action for Healthy Kids team plans to approach more schools in Hawai‘i about using the modified recess before lunch program.
Health Careers Recruitment Activities in the Islands
Authors: Withy Kelley , Bishaw Kehau , Link Marilyn
Published: July 2019

To determine the feasibility of a resident physician-based, culturally appropriate method of The Hawaii/Pacific Basin Area Health Education Center (HI/PB AHEC) has a goal of increasing the proportion of the health professions workforce that comes from underrepresented groups, particularly native Hawaiians. This paper discuss some of the HI/PB AHEC partnership and recruitment efforts.
Health Information and Cancer Screening Differences for Asian Americans
Authors: Shive Steven E. , Ma Grace X. , Tan Yin , Toubbeh Jamil I. , Parameswaran Lalitha , Halowich Joseph
Published: July 2019

This study examined differences between Asian and non-Asian Americans in sources of health information and cancer screening. A nationally representative sample of 6,722 adults in the US, including those who speak, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese and Korean was selected. Questionnaire items included demographic variables, health status, cancer screening, health care experiences, health information sources, and use of an interpreter in the patient-provider interaction. Asians used the internet more for health information, preferred a physician from their own race, had friends or relatives and staff persons serve as interpreters, and less likely to call a health care provider and pharmacist, to need an interpreter, have had a complete physical exam, pap test, mammogram, and colorectal exam, within the last two years, than non-Asian Americans. Difficulty speaking with a physician led to 2.2 times greater risk of never getting a physical exam and 4.3 times greater risk of never getting a prostate exam. Development of sources of health information relevant to Asian Americans may enhance their decision making prior to and in conjunction with receiving medical care services.
Youth Health Services, Development Programs, and Teenage Birth Rates in 55 California Cities
Authors: Males Mike
Published: July 2019

Many advocacy groups depict sexuality education, abstinence education, health services, and development services to teenagers as pivotal factors in their birth rates. Data from California’s 55 largest cities for 1990-2002 allow regression analyses of the associations between levels of health and development services to youth, socioeconomic factors such as poverty, and environmental factors such adult birth rates on rates of and changes in births to teenage mothers. The analysis found teenage birth rates vary 30-fold from California’s richest to poorest city. Socioeconomic and environmental factors, chiefly adult birth rates and youth poverty rates, are associated with nearly 90% of the variance in teen birth rates. Contrary to assertions by many advocates, lower-income teens have greater access to health, sexuality education, and development services, and the availability of these services is not associated with lower rates of or greater reductions over time in teenage birth rates.
How Do Californians Define Safe Sex?
Authors: Moskowitz Joel M. , Ritieni Assunta , Tholandi Maya , Xia Qiang
Published: July 2019

Objectives: We examined definitions of “safe sex” among adults in California, and assessed whether definitions varied by sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior. Methods: We analyzed crosssectional data from the “AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors (KABB) Survey,” a statewide telephone survey of California adults conducted in 2000. Results: The four most common definitions of safe sex were condom use (68.0%), abstinence (31.1%), monogamy (28.4%), and safe partner (18.7%). Definitions were associated with sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and number of sexual partners in the past 12 months. Conclusions: Most adults defined safe sex in terms of condom use either alone or in conjunction with other methods. Individuals’ definitions were complex and varied across sociodemographic groups which suggest the need for policies and programs which reflect this diversity.
Designing Effective Health Education Interventions for Preventing Obesity in South Asian Americans
Authors: Sharma Manoj
Published: July 2019

South Asian Americans constitute the fastest growing immigrant group in the United States. Overweight (adults: 38% - 57%, children: 18% - 43%) and obesity (24%) rates in Asian Americans are increasing and not even a single health education intervention has been designed for this group in this regard. The purpose of this study was to identify culturally-relevant determinants that influence obesity and overweight among South Asian Americans and develop a set of recommendations for designing culturally-appropriate interventions for this group. The modifiable determinants for overweight and obesity in South Asian Americans were found to be physical inactivity, dietary behaviors (consuming large portion sizes, less consumption of fruits and vegetables, large consumption of sweetened beverages), watching TV for long hours on a sustained basis, acculturation to the US, poor family communication, less social support, less social integration, stress, and longer years of living in the United States. There is need for interventions both for children in school settings utilizing parental involvement and for adults in community settings utilizing local religious organizations. Culturally robust behavioral theories need to be utilized with this subpopulation.
Dietary Sodium and Blood Pressure in Older Adults
Authors: Johnson Courtney B.
Published: July 2019

Given the proportion of older adults who are hypertensive and the population of older adults who are at risk for hypertension, the U.S. must mobilize public health efforts aimed at prevention. Scientific evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of sodium reduction to lower blood pressure. Translating this evidence into practice involves knowledge about the food sources of sodium so effective interventions can be designed and implemented. The purpose of this essay was to examine major food group sources of sodium in a cohort of older adults, with and without high blood pressure, in an urban community in Southwestern Pennsylvania. The University of Pittsburgh's "Center for Healthy Aging" promotes healthy aging in the community with the "10 Keys to Healthy Aging" campaign. One of the keys aims to lower systolic blood pressure to ≤140 mmHg. A low sodium intervention was implemented by the CHA project in hypertensive individuals. The sodium intake of the 521 community volunteers, mean age 74.5 years, 60% male, 94.1% white, who completed a FFQ, was compared to a sub-sample of hypertensives (n=214) who, in addition, collected one 24-hour urinary sodium. Mean baseline dietary sodium for the entire cohort was 1,796 mg per day compared to 1,821 mg per day in hypertensives. Urinary sodium was 1.8 times higher (141 mmol/24 hrs [3,240 mg]) than self-reported intake and decreased to 130 mmol/24 hrs (2,990 mg) at 6-months. The correlation between dietary and urinary sodium at baseline was weak (r=0.16) and remained weak (0.23) at 6-months. Major food sources of sodium were soups, breads, tomato sauce, salad dressings, and prepared cereals. Data indicate that the sodium intake of the group exceeds the 2005 Dietary Guidelines of ≤1500 mg per day by approximately 200% for individuals at increased risk using urinary sodium values. Even the most successful dietary interventions to reduce sodium intake to the recommended levels would be ineffective without the food industry’s help in reducing sodium added to foods during processing. This prevention strategy, in combination with stronger public health messages, would help to reduce the sodium intake in the population and help to achieve reductions in blood pressures.
Surveyof Prevalence and Attitudes of Health-Related Self-Help Approaches Among Older Adults
Authors: Drent Angela , Sharma Manoj
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and determinants of health-related self-help approaches among older adults. A cross-sectional survey of community members over 55 years of age enrolled in a health-related program in the Midwestern United States was conducted. Data pertaining to usage, knowledge, costs, self-efficacy, and expectations of four commonly used self-help approaches comprising of self-prayer, relaxation, yoga, and tai chi was collected for older adults. A total of 2,726 (26.4%) respondents completed and returned the questionnaire. Self-prayer was reported as the most common self-help approach with 60% usage. Mean knowledge score was found to be 4.46 units and selfefficacy 4.39 units both in a possible range of 0-12 units. Using logistic regression modeling, knowledge, self-efficacy and expectations were found to be significant predictors for respondents who were in preparation, action or maintenance stages as opposed to pre-contemplation or contemplation. Educational programs that build
Driving Under the Influence Laws, Party Culture and College Students
Authors: Davis Nia K.
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the factors related to the perception of stress in EMT’s and paramedics. 144 EMTs and paramedics from urban “third service” EMS providers in Texas completed a questionnaire that included several demographic questions, Speilberger’s (1995) state-trait personality inventory (STPI), Sarason’s (1983) social support questionnaire, and Schwarzer’s (2000) general perceived self-efficacy scale. Six of the eight SPTI measures served as a measure of perceived stress. They were state and trait anxiety, state and trait anger, and state and trait depression. Education was negatively correlated with state anxiety (r=-0.274, p=0.001), state anger (r=-0.217, p=0.009), state depression (r=-0.231, p=0.006), and trait anxiety (r=-0.2058, p=0.014). Since years of education was related to stress and somewhat related to self-efficacy (r=0.17, p=0.042) a partial correlation procedure (controlled for years of education) was performed for self-efficacy (GPSES) and the stress variables. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with state anxiety (r=-0.312, p=0.0001), state anger (r=-0.194, p=0.021), state depression (r=-0.339, p=0.0001), trait anxiety (r=-0.436, p=0.0001), and trait depression (r=-0.3762, p=0.0001). An analysis of variance was conducted to compare the means of the perceived stress variables for three job function groups (attendant basic or intermediate, attendant paramedic, and in-charge paramedic). Higher perceived stress was reported by both the attendant basic-intermediates and the in-charge paramedics (p
Body Image Dissatisfaction Among Third, Fourth, and Fifth Grade Children
Authors: Skemp-Arlt Karen M. , Rees Keely S. , Mikat Richard P. , Seebach Elizabeth E.
Published: July 2019

Body image dissatisfaction has become increasingly more prevalent among the preadolescent population over recent years. This study examines the level of body image dissatisfaction among 261 third, fourth, and fifth grade girls and boys. A pictorial scale was used to assess how the participants viewed their current body shape, their ideal body shape, and what they believed to be the ideal body shape of the opposite gender. Overall results indicated that 50.6% of the children surveyed were dissatisfied with their current body shape, 41.8% wanted to be thinner, while 8.8% wanted to be larger. Fifty percent of the girls were dissatisfied with their current body shape, with 45.1% wishing to be thinner. Boys showed similar trends, with 48.9% dissatisfied and 38.9% wishing to be thinner. A greater percentage of boys wanted to be larger than their current body shape (12.3%) compared to girls (4.9%). A significant difference was found between genders regarding the difference between scores of their current self and ideal self, where girls selected a smaller ideal body shape than the boys. An encouraging finding was that the level of body dissatisfaction decreased from third grade to fifth grade among both genders. Girls, however, still wished to be thinner over time. Boys, on the other hand, indicated a preference for a somewhat larger body shape over time. These results indicate that body image dissatisfaction exists prior to adolescence among this sample of children. Prevention strategies and education are encouraged among this age group.
Designing a Mental Health Education Program for South Asian International Students in United States
Authors: Atri Ashutosh , Sharma Manoj
Published: July 2019

Migration predisposes international students to problems related to mental health. Students from Asia experience a totally different culture when they move to the United States. Within Asia there are several heterogeneous subgroups and one such group is that of South Asians or the students from the Indian Subcontinent that share somewhat similar culture. Often due to achievement of academic success this group is considered a “model minority” group but that is not the case when we see mental health issues. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify predictors of mental health and psychological well being in the migrant student populations from South Asia and design recommendations for a health education intervention for this population. An extensive search of CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, and Google scholar was done. It was found that predictors have been classified into three main research domains: personal growth, subjective well being, and those related to stress resistant personality. A more pragmatic classification was done that classified the factors into easily modifiable and non modifiable groups with a further break down into individual and environmental factors. For designing health education interventions modifiable individual level modifiable constructs such as acculturation, competence, coping, English proficiency, life satisfaction, religiosity, self esteem, social efficacy, and social support, must be targeted one at a time. Efforts must be made to build skills as opposed to mere cognitive development and the health education interventions must be culturally competent.
Needs Assessment of Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening in Vietnamese American Health Care Providers
Authors: Kwon Harry T. , Solomon Felicia M. , Nguyen Si
Published: July 2019

Vietnamese women living in the United States have a cervical cancer incidence rate that is five times that of White women. The low rate of cervical cancer screening among this high-risk population contributes to this disparity. In 2004, the National Cancer Institute collaborated with the Vietnamese American Medical Association to conduct a short needs assessment questionnaire (Pap Test Barriers Questionnaire for Health Care Providers) among its members to assess provider views about cervical cancer, barriers to Pap testing among Vietnamese women living in the United States, and types of patient education materials needed to help motivate Vietnamese women to receive a Pap test. Information from the questionnaire was used to inform development of a brochure and identify additional strategies to enhance outreach to Vietnamese women and providers. Almost all of the respondents (95%) thought that Pap tests were “very important” in the early detection of cervical cancer in Vietnamese women. In addition, knowledge about the importance of Pap tests was identified as the most influential factor for Vietnamese women not seeking a Pap test. Print materials that included both English and Vietnamese translations in the same publication were cited as a preferred communication tool. Further, health education through Vietnamese media was recommended as a primary strategy for reaching women with educational messages. Findings from this needs assessment contributes to a larger formative research effort to build NCI’s cervical cancer education program within its Office of Education and Special Initiatives.
Effectiveness of the Promotora (Community Health Worker) Model of Intervention for Improving Pesticide Safety in US/Mexico Border Homes
Authors: Forster-Cox Susan C. , Mangadu Thenral , Jacquez Benjamín , Corona Adriana
Published: July 2019

A variety of environmental health issues occur within homes along the US/Mexico border region. Individuals living in this region are often not aware that specific issues, including pesticide safety, occur in their homes and may not understand the potential adverse effects of pesticide use on their families’ health. The Environmental Health/Home Safety Education Project created by the Southern Area Health Education Center at New Mexico State University, utilizes promotoras (community health workers) to educate clients on pesticide safety issues. Data from 367 pre/post tests and home assessments were collected from 2002-2005. The data were analyzed to detect changes in clients’ knowledge or behavior as they related to protecting themselves and their families against unsafe pesticide use and storage. Statistically significant changes occurred with both knowledge and behavior in regards to safe pesticide use. Through this culturally appropriate intervention, the promotoras provide practical information allowing clients to make their homes safer.
Applying the National Health Educator Competencies Update Project Model to Health Education
Authors: Gilmore Gary D. , Olsen Larry K. , Taub Alyson
Published: July 2019

A brief overview of the six-year National Health Educator Competencies Update Project (CUP) research is provided as an introduction to a discussion of applications of the resulting CUP Hierarchical Model. Considerations for application of the model to the professional preparation, credentialing and professional development of health educators are explored. In addition, examples of the applicability of the CUP Hierarchical Model to three different work settings are presented at the Entry, Advanced 1, and Advanced 2 levels of professional practice. The benefits of being guided by a validated practice model are discussed with implications for future research endeavors.
School Principals’ Perceptions of Students Walking and Bicycling to School
Authors: Rojas-Guyler Liliana , Sparks Julie , King Keith A.
Published: July 2019

Background. The purpose was to identify presence of restrictive policies, frequency of active commuting to school, beliefs of childhood health and perceived enabling and restrictive factors with regard to students walking/bicycling to school as observed by elementary and middle school principals. Methods. The study used a non-experimental quantitative survey research method. The census consisted of all public and private, elementary and middle schools in three counties in a Midwestern region (n=96). Results. A total of 71 principals completed the survey (74% response rate). Analyses indicated that the actual number of students walking/bicycling to school did not significantly differ between schools with a restrictive policy and schools with no restrictive policy. Overall, the actual number of students walking/bicycling to school was largely underestimated by principals. In addition, principals at schools with higher walking/bicycling rates were significantly more likely to report that students should consider walking/bicycling if residing within one mile, had significantly more enabling environments, and had significantly less restrictive environments.
Innovative Teaching Strategies In Research Methods For Health Professions
Authors: Leone J. E. , Maurer-Starks S.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this article is to assist the health educator in teaching and creating innovative methods for facilitating research. A brief background and discussion of the research process is presented followed by how and why research is directly applicable in health professions. A variety of methods and strategies are presented in an overall format of the research process. Lastly, practical application of the strategies presented in this article is discussed.
Sexually Transmitted Infections Among California Youth
Authors: Jerman Petra , Constantine Norman A. , Nevarez Carmen R.
Published: July 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and the direct medical cost of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among young persons in California and each of its 58 counties, and to better inform discussions about statewide policies and local resources needed for STI prevention and control efforts. Methods: On the basis of the methods developed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention we estimated the statewide number of new cases of eight major STIs among young persons aged 15 to 24 years in California in 2005: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, trichomoniasis, and HIV. We also calculated the direct medical cost of these STIs using national cost-per-case estimates. To inform local policy discussions about STI control efforts, the statewide estimates were allocated by county. Results: An estimated 1.1 million new cases of STIs occurred among young persons in California in 2005, with a direct medical cost of $1.1 billion. The estimated number of new cases within counties ranged from a low of 82 in Alpine and Sierra counties, at a cost of $38,000, to a high of about 360,000 in Los Angeles County, at a cost of $390 million. Conclusions: These estimates illustrate the widespread and frequently underreported incidence and costs of youth STIs in California and its counties, and provide the foundation for a comprehensive assessment of youth STI prevention needs.
Consulting in Health Education/Promotion
Authors: Keating Megan , Boham Mikaela , Ransdell Lynda
Published: July 2019

In an effort to learn more about consulting in the field of health education/promotion, a descriptive study was completed by surveying health consultants. An IRB approved email survey was sent to health education/promotion consultants on two occasions, two weeks apart, via the HEDIR listserv (Health Education Directors Internet Resource). Self-identified health education/promotion consultants were asked to complete the survey and/or pass it along to other consultants who might also complete it. For completing the survey, participants were entered into a drawing for prizes. Twenty-five individuals completed the survey. Quantitative data from the survey were entered into an EXCEL spreadsheet and means, standard deviations, and frequency distributions were calculated. Qualitative data were coded into major categories and triangulated by the three co-authors. Where discrepancies arose, the three co-authors discussed them and came to consensus with a final decision. The majority of health education consultants participating in this survey had graduate degrees, diverse backgrounds, and more than 15 years of experience. CHES certification was held by 28% of the sample. Most participants held full-time jobs and participated in consulting part-time as a way to secure additional income. Consulting opportunities were most likely to arise due to expertise/reputation in the field, services requested, and/or networking. When hired as a consultant, individuals were most likely to: (a) design, implement, or evaluate programs, (b) conduct seminars or presentations, (c) write and review grants, or (d) combine multiple responsibilities, as specified in a contract designed by the entity for whom consulting is conducted. Clearly, consulting in health promotion is a viable career option for those seeking additional employment opportunities.
Working Toward Social Justice
Authors: King Denae W. , Vigil Isabel Torres , Herrera Angelica P. , Hajek Richard A. , Jones Lovell A.
Published: July 2019

Health disparities research encompasses a complex web of areas of cross-disciplinary expertise from fields such as health policy, public health, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, communications, genetics, biology, environmental science, ethics, and law. Dissemination of health disparities research is paramount to educating and training professionals, academics, community leaders, students and others about the subject area, and providing them with the necessary tools to affect change and eliminate health disparities. This paper chronicles the development of a unique health disparities and social justice research educational program held annually by The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Center for Research on Minority Health. The program is composed of a college semester course and summer workshop, which in the past five years, has become a preeminent program in the United States. The program's impetus, premise, evaluation, and future directions are discussed.
Understanding the Challenges of Reducing Cancer in Appalachia
Authors: Behringer Bruce , Friedell Gilbert H. , Dorgan Kelly A. , Hutson Sadie P. , Naney Charley , Phillips Amber , Krishnan Koyamangalath , Cantrell Eleanor S.
Published: July 2019

The Appalachian region of the United States has long been recognized for its poor economic and social indicators. Only during the past decade have multi-state data become more accessible to describe the regions’ poor health status and resulting outcomes. A recent community-based participatory study engaged rural Appalachians to describe “what makes Appalachia different?” from other geographic areas and cultural groups in the United States and identify those characteristics that influence the region’s health. This article summarizes the community interpretation of these findings.
Sexual and Reproductive Health Disparities Experienced by People with Disabilities
Authors: Nosek Margaret A. , Simmons Darrell K.
Published: July 2019

Disability has yet to achieve its proper place in the discussion of health disparities. Several major Federal initiatives to remove health disparities have only addressed disability as a consequence of poverty, low education levels, lack of access to health care, and other disparity factors, but fail to acknowledge people with disabilities as a health disparity population. Whereas policymakers and health disparities researchers regard disability as an indicator of reduced quality of life, rehabilitation researchers focus on maximizing health and quality of life in the context of disability. This article discusses the characteristics and possible causes of health disparities experienced by people with disabilities, illustrated with examples from sexuality and reproductive health. The authors offer six pathways for eliminating the health disparities faced by people with disabilities: 1) Include information about wellness in the context of disability in the education of physicians and other health care providers, 2) Offer empowerment opportunities to people with disabilities, 3) Promote compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, 4) Remove barriers to participation by people with disabilities in health research and education, 5) Acknowledge people with disabilities as a health disparities population and include their issues in national health care policy, and 6) Encourage media coverage of health issues for people with disabilities and the portrayal of successful, healthy people with disabilities in publicity related to all health topics.
Genes, Environment, and Health Disparities
Authors: Wilson Samuel H.
Published: July 2019

Genes, Environment, and Health Disparities: Risks and Benefits of Gene-Environment Interactions Research
Core human values and their interactions with pro-Tobacco factors on cigarette smoking
Authors: Chen Xinguang , Tang Xiaolan , Li Xiaoming , Stanton Bonita , Li Hanwu
Published: July 2019

More effective tobacco control requires new data on factors that are not explicitly related to smoking but are influential, such as “Terminal Values” regarding desirable end-states of existence and “Instrumental Values” regarding desirable modes of conduct. Association analysis was conducted among 36 Core Values (18 Terminal and 18 Instrumental) derived from Rokeach’s Value Survey, three risk factors (protobacco media, smoking peers and sensation-seeking), and cigarette smoking using data collected from a sample of 334 medical students in China. The participants were 18 to 24 years old (47% female) and 18.4% of them smoked in the past 30 days. Multivariate analysis indicated that cigarette smoking was negatively associated with nine Terminal Values (e.g., a Sense of Accomplishment and Self-Respect) and ten Instrumental Values (e.g., Clean and Self-Controlled). As expected, when the endorsed number of values/total value scores increased from low to high, the 30-day smoking rate declined from 32.6% - 75.0% to 13.5% - 15.9% (p < .01). The odds ratios (OR) for the endorsed Terminal Values and the total value scores were 0.50 (p < .01) and 0.64 (p < .01) respectively, and the ORs for the endorsed Instrumental Values and the total value scores were 0.42 (p < .01) and 0.44 (p
Focusing your walking intervention’s message
Authors: Friesner Daniel L. , McPherson Matthew Q. , Patil Vivek H.
Published: July 2019

Public policy makers seek to launch initiatives and preventive measures that reduce spiraling healthcare costs. One way they can do this is by encouraging their constituencies to engage in physical activity, such as walking. Although the health benefits of walking have been well documented, the factors that contribute to such behavior are not well understood. We analyzed the effect of factors that the literature has identified on walking behavior for “mature” adults, aged 40 to 65, and find that the “physical” infrastructure of a community, such as the presence of sidewalks, crosswalks, and signals for pedestrians, affects walking significantly. Our study suggests that policy makers would be well-advised to channel their efforts in building and improving the physical infrastructure that enable walking in their communities and to communicate the presence of these to their constituencies without explicitly recommending walking to them.