bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface pore initiated fatigue failure in laser clad components
Authors: Alam M. M. , Powell J. , Kaplan A. F. H. , Tuominen J. , Vuoristo P. , Miettinen J. , Poutala J. , Näkki J. , Junkala J. , Peltola T.
Published: May 2013

A laser clad and machined cylindrical structural steel rod was fatigue tested under four-point bending load. The resulting fracture could be tracked back to a spherical surface pore in the Co-based coating. Due to an oxide inclusion, the pore was not identified by dye penetrant inspection. Two circular buckling strain patterns that were detected beside the pore at the surfaces after fracture confirm local plastic deformation prior to crack initiation. In order to calculate the stress field around the surface pore, linear elastic finite element analysis was carried out. For four-point bending load, a surface pore generally exceeds the maximum stress of a smooth rod as long as the pore is located within an azimuthal angle of ±55°, which was the case for the presented as well as for another pore initiated sample.
Application of the Gmc-1000 and Gmc-2000 Mine Cooling Units for Central Air-Conditioning in Underground Mines / Zastosowanie górniczego urządzenia chłodniczego gmc-1000 i gmc-2000 w centralnej klimatyzacji kopalń podziemnych
Authors: Wojciechowski Jerzy
Published: May 2013

The paper describes the design and results of operating measurements of the GMC-1000 and GMC- 2000 Mine Cooling Units. The first part describes the design of the cooling unit and its key components: the chiller, evaporator, condenser, oil cooler, evaporative water cooler and gallery air cooler. The possibilities of use in central air conditioning systems of underground mines are described. The second part discusses the results of the workstation and operating measurements and determines the coefficients for evaluating the performance of the mine cooling unit.
Some aspects of application of artificial neural network for numerical modeling in civil engineering
Authors: Lefik M.
Published: May 2013

In order to obtain reliable results of computations in civil engineering, the numerical procedures that are used at the stage of design should be calibrated by comparison of the theoretical results with an observed behavior of previously modeled and then executed structures. The hybrid Finite Element code with an Artificial Neural Network inserted as a representation of a constitutive law, offers a possibility to adjust not only parameters of the constitutive relationships but also its qualitative form. Because of this, the representation of constitutive law by the ANN is presented in this paper. The constitutive data should be calibrated to fit well the observable values, measured in experiments. If the constitutive law is expressed by ANN, the inverse problem can be reduce to a training of the ANN inserted into the Finite Element code. An example of a solution of the inverse problem in calibration of constitutive law is presented. An identification of parameters of flow of pollutant in soils is described as another example of application of ANN in engineering
Modelling of hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical phenomena in building materials
Authors: Gawin D. , Koniorczyk M. , Pesavento F.
Published: May 2013

A general approach to modelling chemical degradation processes in building materials, due to combined action of variable hydrothermal, chemical and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose, and kinetics of degradation processes is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy - and momentum balances, as well as the evolution equations, constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. Then, the model governing equations are numerically solved with the finite element method. Three examples of the model application for analyzing degradation processes of building materials are presented and discussed. The first one deals with capillary suction of the salt solution by two different building materials, the second one with the salt crystallization during drying of a brick wall, and the third one concerns calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to the chemical attack of pure water under pressure gradient at two different temperatures
Computational modelling of concrete behaviour under static and dynamic conditions
Authors: Marzec I. , Tejchman J.
Published: May 2013

The paper presents results of FE simulations of the concrete behaviour under quasi-static and dynamic loading. For quasi-static cyclic analyses, an enhanced coupled elasto-plastic-damage constitutive model has been used. To take the effect of the loading velocity into account, viscous and inertial terms have been also included. To ensure the mesh-independence and to properly reproduce strain localization in the entire range of strain rates, a constitutive formulation has been enhanced by a characteristic length of micro-structure by means of a non-local theory. Numerical results have been compared with some corresponding laboratory tests
Application of grid convergence index in FE computation
Authors: Kwaśniewski L.
Published: May 2013

This paper presents an application of the grid convergence index (GCI) concept based on the Richardson extrapolation to a selected simple problem of a cantilever beam loaded with vertical forces at the tip end. The GCI method, popular in computational fluid dynamics, has been recently recommended for finite element (FE) applications in solid and structural mechanics. Based on the results obtained usually for three meshes, the GCI method enables one to determine, in an objective manner, the order of convergence to estimate the asymptotic solution and the bounds for discretization error. The example shows that the characteristics of the convergence depend on the selection of the quantity of interest, which can be local or a global functional such as the deflection considered here. The results differ for different FE formulations, and the difference is bigger when the nonlinearities (e.g., due to plastic response) are taken into account
An estimation of conditions inside construction works during a fire with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Sztarbała G.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this paper is to present the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to the assessment of conditions inside construction works during a fire. The CFD method is now commonly used to support the design process of fire safety in construction works. This method is very useful at the preliminary stage of design because it is possible to check the internal environment during a fire and evaluate whether requirements of fire safety are met
Monte-Carlo aided design of neutron shielding concretes
Authors: Tefelski D.B. , Piotrowski T. , Polański A. , Skubalski J. , Blideanu V.
Published: May 2013

The process of design of building composites, like concrete is a complex one and involves many aspects like physical and mechanical properties, durability, shielding efficiency, costs of production and dismantlement etc. There are plenty of parameters to optimize and computer tools can help to choose the best solution. A computer aided design plays an important role nowadays. It becomes more accurate, faster and cheaper, so laboratories often apply computer simulation methods prior to field testing. In case of nuclear engineering, the radiation shielding problems are of much importance, because safety of such facilities is a key point. In this article the most effective methods for neutron shielding studies based on Monte-Carlo simulations of neutron transport and nuclide activation studies in concrete are presented. Two codes: MCNPX and CINDER’90 are extensively used to compare the shielding efficiency of commonly used concretes and to study the influence of concentration of B, Ba and Fe elements on shielding efficiency
Ultra-high performance concrete – properties and technology
Authors: Zdeb T.
Published: May 2013

The paper deals with information concerning properties and technology of a new generation cementitious composite i.e. Ultra-High Performance Concrete. High performance here means both high strength and high durability under the influence of environmental factors. This group of composites is mainly represented by Reactive Powder Concretes (RPC), which show both outstanding durability and mechanical properties. Characteristic features of RPC are mainly due to the very low water-cement ratio, which involves application of superplasticizer, significant reduction of aggregate grains size as well as hydrothermal treatment. In the first part of the paper selected properties of RPC are compared to ordinary concrete and to other groups of new generation concrete. Moreover, fundamental technological factors influencing properties of RPC are described as well. The second part deals with the RPC developed at Cracow University of Technology. The presented test results are mainly focused on the influence of steel fibres content on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete and hydrothermal treatment on composites microstructure. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation of this relationship expand the knowledge of the UHPC technology. Finally, the third part presents the most significant and newest structures which have been erected with the use of RPC
Theoretical modelling of MWIR thermoelectrically cooled nBn HgCdTe detector
Authors: Martyniuk P. , Rogalski A.
Published: May 2013

The paper reports on the medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) unipolar barrier infrared detector (UBIRD) nBn/B-n type (n-type barrier) HgCdTe detector’s photoelectrical performance. The UBIRD nBn/B-n type HgCdTe detector was modelled using commercially available software APSYS. Detailed analysis of the detector’s performance (such as dark current, photocurrent, responsivity, and detectivity) versus bias voltage, operating temperatures, and structural parameters (cap, barrier, and absorber’s doping as well as cap and barrier compositions) were performed pointing out optimal working conditions. Both conduction and valence band alignments of the HgCdTe nBn/B-n type detector structure was simulated stressing their importance on detectors performance. It was shown that higher operation temperature (HOT) conditions achieved by commonly used thermoelectric (TE) coolers allow to obtain detectivities of D* = (3-10)×109 cmHz1/2/W at T = 200 K for detectors with cut-off wavelength of 5.2 μm The differential resistance area product of RA = 0.15-0.4 cm2 at T = 230 K for bias voltage V = 50 mV was estimated.

Finally, the state of the art of UBIRD HgCdTe nBn/B-n type detector performance was compared to InAs/GaSb/B-Al0.2Ga0.8Sb T2SLs nBn detector, InAs/GaSb T2SLs PIN and the HOT HgCdTe bulk photodiodes’ operated at near-room temperature (T = 230 K). It was shown that the RA product of the MWIR UBIRD nBn/B-n type HgCdTe detector can reach a comparable level to the state of the art of the HgCdTe HOT bulk photodiodes and two types of type-II superlattice detectors: PIN photodiodes and nBn detectors
European Union Foreign Direct Investment Outflows to ASEAN Countries
Authors: Drzymała Agnieszka
Published: May 2013

The paper analyses foreign direct investment outflows from the European Union to the ASEAN countries. The region of Southeast Asia is very important for the EU in terms of economic cooperation. Previous relations between the European Union and ASEAN countries laid the foundations and became the basis for subsequent business initiatives, first encompassing trade and later investment initiatives. Today the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows is taking place, which has a positive impact on the increase in exports of ASEAN countries and in turn affects the economic development of these countries. The European Union deepens its economic ties with the region through FDI, which results in increased economic interdependence.
Concentration-Dependent Antioxidant/Pro-Oxidant Activity of Ascorbic Acid in Chickens
Authors: Berzina Nadežda , Markovs Jurijs , Apsīte Mirdza , Vasiļjeva Svetlana , Smirnova Galina , Basova Nataļja
Published: May 2013

The effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative stress, cadmium accumulation in organs, immune system activity and kidney function in chickens were investigated. The treatment groups of chickens were fed either plain diet or diet supplemented with ascorbic acid at 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg for four weeks. Liver and kidney tissues were assayed for cadmium concentration, and the hepatic levels of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA; the oxidised form), malondialdehyde, glutathione, activity of glutathione peroxidase, blood serum uric acid, creatinine, lysozyme and circulating immune complexes were measured. Supplementation with a high dose of ascorbic acid (1000 and 2000 mg/kg in the diet) caused an imbalance between pro-oxidative and antioxidative activities, and induced a suppressive effect on innate immunity. The results suggest that oxidative stress compromises renal function. We observed that ascorbic acid increased cadmium accumulation in a dose-dependent manner.
Comparison of Lipid Profile in Type-2 Obese Diabetics and Obese Non-diabetic Individuals. A hospital Based Study from Western Nepal
Authors: Yadav Naval Kishor , Thanpari C , Shrewastwa MK , Mittal RK
Published: May 2013

Background Type-2 diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and risk of coronary disease is three to four fold increased in patients with diabetes compared with non-diabetic population and 60-80% 0f type-2 diabetics are obese. Methods This study was conducted in Nepalgunj Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur, Banke, Nepal, between 1st March, 2011 and 28th February, 2012. A total of 150 samples were taken to assess the lipid profile in type-2 diabetic patients associated with obesity and 25 obese controls for their lipid profile. Venous blood samples were taken from all the subjects in the morning after fasting overnight. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, chronic infectious disease, heart failure; renal failure and drug allergy were confirmed from the subject’s personal physician report and a detailed history. The data was analyzed using Excel 2003, R 2.8.0 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) and the EPI Info 3.5.1 Windows Version. Results The mean ± SD age of diabetic patients with obesity was 53.76 ± 6.23 while the mean ± SD age of control was 49.61 ± 4.8. Out of 150 patients 105 (70%) were males and 45 (30%) were females. Among control subjects 16 (64%) were males and 9 (36%) were females. Obese type-2 diabetic patients when compared to obese control subjects showed statistically significant increase in the levels of serum total cholesterol (p ? 0.001), serum triglycerides (p ? 0.001), serum LDL-cholesterol (p ? 0.001) while serum HDL-cholesterol levels did not show statistically significant difference in the two group (p ? 0.05). Conclusion This study showed obese diabetic individuals have dyslipidemia and more prone to develop cardiovascular diseases. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 44-47 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8017
Alveolar Bone Biology in Extrusion Splint Technique
Authors: Sharma P , Shankar TP
Published: May 2013

The moment after the tooth avulsion, blood supply to the pulp is interrupted and the periodontal ligament cells are exposed to injury from the external environment. Complete healing is possible if the tooth can be immediately replanted and favorable environment is created .A case of report of intruded and mobile upper left central incisor due to Road Traffic Accident of a twenty-two-year-old patient is presented here. In which, intentional extrusion traumatized tooth and then flexible acrylic wire splinting was done to stabilize it. Previously there was no periapical bone support but with nine months maintenance follow up bone has shown a significant improvement towards healing. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 66-69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8023
Large Gastric Lipoma
Authors: Sharma Barun Kumar , Dhakal OP
Published: May 2013

Gastric lipoma is a rare benign tumor and seen in five percent of gastro-intestinal lipomas and accounts for less than one percent of all gastric tumors. Gastric lipomas are located submucosally and usually in antral region of Stomach. Computed tomography is considered as valuable tool in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal lipomas. Due to their relative rarity, gastric lipomas are often left out of the differential diagnosis for upper gastro-intestinal submucosal masses. We report a case of 70 year female that presented with upper abdominal pain since last two years. Abdominal Computed tomography revealed a large gastric lipoma in antral region. Patient refused for any surgical intervention due to old age. Patient was provided symptomatic treatment and was under regular follow-up. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 70-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8024
Eosinophilic Fascitis: A Rare Fibrosing Disorder
Authors: Paudyal Buddhi , Gyawalee M , Sigdel K
Published: May 2013

Eosinophilic fasciitis is a rare systemic disease characterized by inflammatory thickening of the skin and underlying fascia, peripheral eosinophilia, elevated inflammatory markers and typical biopsy findings. Internal organ involvement is rare unlike in other fibrosing disorders. Though this is usually a benign disease, it is often difficult to diagnose and the course may also be variable. Glucocorticoids are the mainstay of therapy, but in many cases steroid sparing immunosuppressive drugs are required particularly if the diseases has protracted course. The author reports a typical case of this rare disorder which could well be a first report from Nepal. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 73-75 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8025
Single Domain Antibody Fragments as Drug Surrogates Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions inside Cells
Authors: Zeng Jia , Zhang Jing , Tanaka Tomoyuki , Rabbitts Terence
Published: May 2013

Many human diseases are caused by mutant or abnormal protein functions that are largely confined to the inside of cells, rather than being displayed on the abnormal cell surface. Furthermore, many of the functional consequences of aberrant proteins, such as in cancer cells, are due to protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Developing reagents that can specifically interfere with PPI is an important goal for both therapeutic use and as reagents to interrogate the functional importance of PPI. Antibody fragments can be used for inhibiting PPI. Our recent technology development has provided a set of simple protocols that allow development of single antibody variable (V) region domains that can function inside the reducing environment of the cell. The heavy chain variable region (VH) segments mainly used in this technology are based on a designer framework that folds inside cells without the need for the intra-chain disulphide bond and can be used as drug surrogates to determine on-target effects (target validation) and as templates for small molecule drug development. In this review, we discuss our work on single domains as intracellular antibodies and where this work might in the future.
Weight Status, Body Image and Bullying among Adolescents in the Seychelles
Authors: Wilson Michael , Viswanathan Bharathi , Rousson Valentin , Bovet Pascal
Published: May 2013

We investigated the relationship between being bullied and measured body weight and perceived body weight among adolescents of a middle-income sub Saharan African country. Our data originated from the Global School-based Health Survey, which targets adolescents aged 13–15 years. Student weights and heights were measured before administrating the questionnaire which included questions about personal data, health behaviors and being bullied. Standard criteria were used to assess thinness, overweight and obesity. Among 1,006 participants who had complete data, 16.5% (95%CI 13.3–20.2) reported being bullied ≥3 days during the past 30 days; 13.4% were thin, 16.8% were overweight and 7.6% were obese. Categories of actual weight and of perceived weight correlated only moderately (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.37 for boys and 0.57 for girls; p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, both actual obesity (OR 1.76; p = 0.051) and perception of high weight (OR 1.63 for “slightly overweight”; OR 2.74 for “very overweight”, both p < 0.05) were associated with being bullied. In multivariate analysis, ORs for categories of perceived overweight were virtually unchanged while ORs for actual overweight and obesity were substantially attenuated, suggesting a substantial role of perceived weight in the association with being bullied. Actual underweight and perceived thinness also tended to be associated with being bullied, although not significantly. Our findings suggest that more research attention be given to disentangling the significant association between body image, overweight and bullying among adolescents. Further studies in diverse populations are warranted.
Machine Learning Techniques for Arterial Pressure Waveform Analysis
Authors: Almeida Vânia , Vieira João , Santos Pedro , Pereira Tânia , Pereira H. , Correia Carlos , Pego Mariano , Cardoso João
Published: May 2013

The Arterial Pressure Waveform (APW) can provide essential information about arterial wall integrity and arterial stiffness. Most of APW analysis frameworks individually process each hemodynamic parameter and do not evaluate inter-dependencies in the overall pulse morphology. The key contribution of this work is the use of machine learning algorithms to deal with vectorized features extracted from APW. With this purpose, we follow a five-step evaluation methodology: (1) a custom-designed, non-invasive, electromechanical device was used in the data collection from 50 subjects; (2) the acquired position and amplitude of onset, Systolic Peak (SP), Point of Inflection (Pi) and Dicrotic Wave (DW) were used for the computation of some morphological attributes; (3) pre-processing work on the datasets was performed in order to reduce the number of input features and increase the model accuracy by selecting the most relevant ones; (4) classification of the dataset was carried out using four different machine learning algorithms: Random Forest, BayesNet (probabilistic), J48 (decision tree) and RIPPER (rule-based induction); and (5) we evaluate the trained models, using the majority-voting system, comparatively to the respective calculated Augmentation Index (AIx). Classification algorithms have been proved to be efficient, in particular Random Forest has shown good accuracy (96.95%) and high area under the curve (AUC) of a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (0.961). Finally, during validation tests, a correlation between high risk labels, retrieved from the multi-parametric approach, and positive AIx values was verified. This approach gives allowance for designing new hemodynamic morphology vectors and techniques for multiple APW analysis, thus improving the arterial pulse understanding, especially when compared to traditional single-parameter analysis, where the failure in one parameter measurement component, such as Pi, can jeopardize the whole evaluation.
Potential Energy Surfaces and Quantum Yields for Photochromic Diarylethene Reactions
Authors: Nakamura Shinichiro , Uchida Kingo , Hatakeyama Makoto
Published: May 2013

Photochromic diarylethenes (DAEs) are among the most promising molecular switching systems for future molecular electronics. Numerous derivatives have been synthesized recently, and experimental quantum yields (QYs) have been reported for two categories of them. Although the QY is one of the most important properties in various applications, it is also the most difficult property to predict before a molecule is actually synthesized. We have previously reported preliminary theoretical studies on what determines the QYs in both categories of DAE derivatives. Here, reflecting theoretical analyses of potential energy surfaces and recent experimental results, a rational explanation of the general guiding principle for QY design is presented for future molecular design.
On the Non-Compliance in the North Sea Cod Stock
Authors: Villasante Sebastian , Rodríguez-González David , Antelo Manel
Published: May 2013

This paper estimates the economic value of the North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) stock under recent catch and several recovery scenarios. The research presents results on: a) what the value of catches and biomass would have been if the EU fishing fleet had followed the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea scientific recommendations (SRs) and Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in the 1986–2010 period; and b) what the value of catches and biomass will be for the 2010–2022 period if the fleet follows the current Common Fisheries Policy Reform (CFPR). Results show that the actual economic value of the stock for the 1986–2010 period has been US$7 billion, which is substantially lower than what would have been predicted had the industry followed the SRs (US$20.7 billion) or approved TACs (US$19.5 billion). Similarly, if catches do not follow the SRs or the approved TACs for the 2010–2022 period the estimated economic value of the stock is predicted to be lower than if they had done so. Further, the losses of non-compliance increase even when a scenario of 50% reduction of discards under the new CFPR is considered. We also show that the status of the stock is strongly dependent on the trade-offs generated by both the non-compliance of scientific recommendations and by the short-term economic incentives of the fishing industry. With most fishery resources fully exploited or overexploited in Europe, opportunities for development lie primarily in restoring depleted stocks and catching fish more efficiently, as is the case of the North Sea cod stock.
Factors Affecting Phosphorous in Groundwater in an Alluvial Valley Aquifer: Implications for Best Management Practices
Authors: Flores-López Francisco , Easton Zachary , Geohring Larry , Vermeulen Peter , Haden Van , Steenhuis Tammo
Published: May 2013

Many streams in the US are impaired because of high Soluble Reactive Phosphorous (SRP) contributions from agriculture. However, the drivers of ecological processes that lead to SRP loss in baseflow from groundwater are not sufficiently understood to design effective Best Management Practices (BMPs). In this paper, we examine how soil temperature and water table depth influence the SRP concentrations in groundwater for a dairy farm in a valley bottom in the Catskills (NY, USA). Measured SRP concentrations in groundwater and baseflow were greater during the fall, when soil temperatures are warmer, than during winter and spring. The observed concentrations were within the bounds predicted by groundwater temperatures using the Arrhenius equation, except during fall, when concentrations rose above these predictions. These elevated concentrations were likely caused by mineralization and consequent accumulation of phosphorous (P) in summer. In addition, SRP concentrations were greater in near-stream areas, where water tables where higher. In short, SRP concentrations are dependent on temperature, demonstrating the importance of understanding the underlying mechanism of ecological processes. In addition, results suggest BMPs that apply manure on land having a deep groundwater, instead of on land with a shallow water table will lower overall SRP contributions.
Les trois sources de la théorie de l’endophasie: phonologie, psychologie et clinique
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: May 2013

L’endophasie apparaît comme une conséquence de la séparation créée par la phonétique entre la philologie (études sur l’écrit) et la linguistique. L’autonomie reconnue à la forme sonore des langues a entériné la possibilité d’existence d’une parole sans réalisation acoustique. La philosophie (Egger, Janet), la psychiatrie (Charcot, Freud) et la psychologie (Piaget, Vygotski) ont étudié cette parole intérieure sans cependant intégrer les connaissances linguistiques, donc sans analyser la dimension phonologique. Inversement, les linguistes ont conçu les sons des langues comme structure (Saussure, Troubetzkoy, Sapir) mais ils n’ont pas étudié la parole intérieure. Un historique de la discussion de 1800 à 1950 est présenté.
Theories of the sentence in the psychologistic epoch (and shortly after)
Authors: Graffi G.
Published: May 2013

Le débat sur la notion de phrase qui se déroula dans la deuxième moitié du 19e s. est strictement lié aux critiques envers ce qui peut être appelé le «modèle du jugement » de la Grammaire Générale. Pourtant, les solutions proposées ont été assez diverses l’une de l’autre . La première critique détaillée du modèle du jugement est formulée par F. Miklosich, qui affirme que la phrase n’est pas nécessairement formée d’un sujet et d’un prédicat, et qui pense trouver un soutien pour son analyse dans la conception du jugement chez Brentano. Steinthal, même s’il soutient que la linguistique ne doit pas être fondée sur la logique, mais au contraire sur la psychologie, n’accepte pas l’analyse de Miklosich et considère chaque phrase comme composée d’un sujet et d’un prédicat. Paul et Wundt, quoique dans un cadre psychologique bien différent, partagent au fond l’opinion de Steinthal. D’autres linguistes (comme Wegener, mais aussi bien des néogrammairiens comme Delbrück et Meyer-Lübke) se concentrent sur le rôle de la phrase comme «unité de communication » . D’autres savants (par exemple, Bühler) remarquent le caractère unilatéral de tous ces conceptions de la phrase. Le livre de Ries (1931) est peut-être la dernière tentative pour concilier les différents points de vue, car il cherche à rendre compte à la fois des aspects psychologiques, communicatifs et grammaticaux de la phrase. Toutefois, il n’eut pas de succès (il fut sévèrement critiqué par Bloomfield et Meillet, entre d’autres) ; au contraire, la conception de Jespersen, élaborée dans les mêmes années que celle de Ries, et qui distingue nettement la notion de phrase de celle de prédication, conserve encore une influence aujourd’hui.
Phénomènes psychiques et analyse du langage : la réponse de Bühler et de Stumpf à l'objection de psychologisme
Authors: Friedrich Janette
Published: May 2013

The paper considers two different reactions to the objection of psychologism which were developed by Carl Stumpf and Karl Bühler in the frame of early 20th century psychology. The study will show how Stumpf, by developing a psychology of functions, «delegates » the analysis of the functions’ contents either to phenomenology – whose objects are the data of the senses – or to eidology – whose objects are the formations. Bühler’s originality consists in his discussion of the dynamic concordance between living beings and the world as the «place » of the psychic ; a concordance which comes about by means of semantic institutions which are the condition for, as well as the result of, psychic phenomena. Through the concept of intention, Bühler demonstrates that psychology cannot possibly grasp the specificity of its object without an analysis of linguistic phenomena.
Harold E. Palmer’s alternative ‘applied linguistics’
Authors: Smith Richard C.
Published: May 2013

Dans cet article nous étudions le développement de la conception pionnière d’Harold E. Palmer d’une ‘ science de l’enseignement des langues’ à partir de sources primaires et de travaux négligés jusque là. On se demandera si Palmer est un précurseur de ‘ linguistics applied’ (application de la linguistique), et nous établirons que ses écrits et ses activités révèlent des différences importantes par rapport aux conceptions antérieures de la linguistique appliquée et celles qui ont suivi. A partir de cette base ‘ historiographique’, l’article met en lumière la validité d’une approche de l’histoire de la linguistique appliquée qui évite un attachement trop littéral au terme ‘ linguistique appliquée’ précisément.
De la linguistique descriptive à la linguistique appliquée dans la tradition britannique : Sweet, Firth et Halliday
Authors: Léon Jacqueline
Published: May 2013

This paper starts with the assumption that there is a specific tradition of applied linguistics coming from British empiricism, which, since the 19th century, has been resting on an original conception of the articulation between general and descriptive linguistics, and between theory, practice and applications. This articulation is addressed by surveying the work of three linguists, Henry Sweet, John Rupert Firth and MAK Halliday, who successively thought out this articulation at transitional periods marked by crucial technogical innovations.
La linguistique appliquée : discipline ou groupement de disciplines indépendantes ?
Authors: Stegu Martin
Published: May 2013

La linguistique appliquée n’est pas – ou du moins pas exclusivement – la pure application de théories linguistiques. Il s’agit plutôt de plusieurs domaines de recherches relativement hétérogènes qui ont souvent développé des théories propres et «orientées vers l’application » , censées contribuer à la résolution de problèmes de langue(s) et de communication. La question de savoir s’il s’agit d’une seule (méta-) discipline ou d’un groupement de (sous-) disciplines indépendantes ne trouvera jamais de réponse définitive ou objective. Le linguiste appliqué lui-même sera plutôt intéressé par l’analyse des discours traitant de sa propre «discipline » qu’à la «vérité » de son statut disciplinaire, puisque celle-ci ne sera toujours qu’une vérité construite et partielle.
Rhétorique et Médecine dans la collection Hippocratique. Contribution à l'histoire de la rhétorique au Ve siècle
Authors: Jouanna Jacques
Published: May 2013

L'auteur montre que la connaissance de certaines œuvres de la Collection hippocratique est indispensable pour l'histoire de la rhétorique lors de son premier épanouissement au Ve siècle avant J.-C. Dans cette ample collection d'œuvres médicales, il y a, à côté de traités écrits, des œuvres orales, c'est-à-dire composées pour être prononcées devant un public. Parmi ces œuvres orales, les unes sont des cours, les autres des discours. Deux discours datés généralement du Ve siècle, Art et Vents, possèdent tous les caractères de l'éloquence épidictique, comme le montre une comparaison avec l'Éloge d'Hélène de Gorgias, et doivent être ajoutés au corpus de la rhétorique épidictique du Ve siècle. Ces deux traités ne sont pas pour autant l'œuvre de sophistes, car la condition du médecin au Ve siècle avant J.-C. nécessitait la connaissance et la pratique de la rhétorique pour réussir dans la carrière médicale.
Les Lumières, la slavistique et l'éveil national.
Authors: Bernard Antonia
Published: May 2013

Enlightenment, Slavistics, and National Awakening

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the emergence of the 'new' nations and states of Eastern Europe, research into nationalism became fashionable. Forgetting the farreaching, lasting impact of the Enlightenment, many authors began to interpret the work of the early Slavists and thinkers of national revival as an expression of so-called 'cultural nationalism'. This article attempts to return to the true origins of the concept of the national idea, rooted in the 18th century.
Journal, lettres, chronique culturelle : le cas d'Aleksandr Turgenev
Authors: Milchina Vera
Published: May 2013

Дневник и письма как культурная хроника : случай Александра Тургенева (1784-1845)

В статье анализируются неизданный фрагмент из парижского дневника Александра Тургенева (1784-1845) и его неизданное письмо к П. Я. Чаадаеву от того же числа – 17 сентября 1835 г. В дневниковой записи Тургенев перечисляет темы, которые более подробно раскрыты в письме. Этот пример, далеко не единственный в наследии Тургенева, показывает, каким образом его дневник и письма дополняли друг друга и помогали автору запечатлевать важнейшие события культурной жизни наравне с событиями жизни личной. Именно в этом превращении европейской культуры в факт собственной интимной биографии заключается своеобразие тургеневского мышления и письма.
À propos de la place des enclitiques en BCMS (bosniaque-croate-monténégrin-serbe)
Authors: Thomas Paul-Louis
Published: May 2013

About the Place of Enclitics in BCMS Language

The author draws up a list of ail the enclitics of the Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian language and gives the rules of their linearisation (from the left to the right: interrogative particle li, auxiliary verb, dative pronoun, accusative pronoun, reflexive pronoun). He deals with enclitics which have homographic stressed counterparts, and with the meaning of «second place» for the enclitics: actually, enclitics may come after the first stressed word (even if they are inside a syntagm, according to a strict phonetic principle) or after the first stressed syntagm (according to a syntactic principle). The paper considers different factors which determine the position of enclitics.

- Syntactic factors: enclitics may lean on subordinating conjunctions, relative pronouns or adverbs, so that the order of enclitics is different in independent clauses and in subordinate clauses. In coordinate clauses linearisation may be the same as in independent clauses or as in subordinate clauses, after coordinating conjunctions pa, te, ali, ili; the status of the conjuction jer should be reconsidered: it behaves with enclitics as a coordinating, and not as a subordinating conjunction as it is usually called.

- Functional style: there is an internal coherence of the enclitics position for each functional style, colloquial, journalistic (in all the media) and literary ('belles-lettres').

- Standard: BCMS language is polystandardized, i.e offers several standards, inside each of which there is some coherence of the enclitics position; however, differences (for instance between Serbian and Croatian) are more important in literary texts (and normative reference books!) than in everyday speech.

The author shows that in some cases the term 'enclitic' is inappropriate: in spite of a long tradition (especially from the 19th century on) of repeating the same denominations over and over again, sometimes the so-called 'enclitics' are actually proclitics.
Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Titres in Chinese Chronic Hepatitis B Patients over 4 Years of Entecavir Treatment
Authors: Chen En-Qiang , Wang Ting-Ting , Bai Lang , Tao Chuan-Min , Liang Tao , Liu Cong , Liao Juan , Tang Hong
Published: May 2013

Background

The clinical value of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (qHBsAg) titre in patients taking nucleotide/nucleoside analogues (NAs) is still controversial. This study aims to investigate the dynamic changes of qHB-sAg titres and their significance for predicting virological response (VR) and serological response (SR) to long-term entecavir (ETV) treatment.

Methods

A total of 48 ETV-naive patients were enrolled and followed prospectively for 4 years, 32 of whom were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive at baseline. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), qualitative HBV serological markers and HBV DNA were detected; qHBsAg titres were measured using Elecsys® HBsAg II Quant Assay (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany).

Results

The mean baseline HBV DNA and qHBsAg were 7.51 log10 copies/ml and 3.78 log10 IU/ml, respectively. After 48 months of ETV treatment, the rates of VR (<291 copies/ml), ALT normalization and SR (HBeAg/antibody to HBeAg [anti-HBe]) were 89.6% (43/48), 89.6% (43/48) and 34.4% (11/32), respectively. There was a decrease in qHBsAg titres from baseline to month 48, ranging from 3.78 to 3.10 log10 IU/ml. The greatest decrease of qHBsAg was observed in the first 3 months of treatment (0.47 log10 IU/ml), which was significantly correlated with corresponding HBV DNA decreases (3.89 log10 copies/ml; P=0.032). By using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, qHBsAg titres at baseline (area under the curve [AUROC]=0.647) and 3 months after treatment (AUROC=0.586) had poor power in predicting 48-month VR; qHBsAg titres at baseline (AUROC=0.779) and 3 months after ETV treatment (AUROC=0.658) had poor power in predicting 48-month SR in patients who were HBeAg-positive at baseline. Additionally, the decrease of qHBsAg in the first 3 months of treatment also had poor power in predicting either 48 month VR or SR.

Conclusions

ETV is efficacious in NA-naive patients, and qHBsAg titres decreased significantly in the first 3 months of ETV treatment. However, qHBsAg titre was not a good predictor of 4-year VR and HBeAg/anti-HBe SR in this cohort.
Decreased Pain Threshold in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Leegaard Anne , Lomholt Johanne Jeppesen , Thastum Mikael , Herlin Troels
Published: May 2013

Objective.

To examine the pain threshold in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared with healthy children by using a digital pressure algometer.

Methods.

Fifty-eight children with JIA born between 1995 and 2000 and 91 age-related healthy children participated in the study. We used a digital pressure algometer to measure the pain threshold on 17 symmetric, anatomically predefined joint-related or bone-related areas. All children were asked to rate their current pain on a Faces Pain Scale, and parents of children with JIA were asked to complete a parental revised version of the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ-R). Clinical data were registered on children with JIA.

Results.

The pain threshold was significantly lower among children with JIA (total mean PT = 1.33 ± 0.69 kg/cm2) when compared with the healthy control group (total mean PT = 1.77 ± 0.67 kg/cm2). The same pattern was found in all areas measured, including negative control areas that are normally unaffected in JIA (p = 0.0001 to 0.005). Overall, the pain threshold was 34% lower in females than in males in both groups (p < 0.0001). We found no correlation between pain threshold and age, current pain experience, disease duration, or disease activity.

Conclusion.

Children with JIA had a substantially lower pain threshold even in areas usually unaffected by arthritis. Our findings suggest that JIA alters the pain perception and causes decreased pain threshold.
Use of Lipid-lowering Agents in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Akkara Veetil Bharath Manu , Myasoedova Elena , Matteson Eric L. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Crowson Cynthia S.
Published: May 2013

Objective.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Lipid-lowering therapy is reportedly underused in patients with RA. Longitudinal cohort studies comparing use of lipid-lowering medications in patients with RA versus the general population are lacking.

Methods.

Cardiovascular risk factors, lipid measures, and use of lipid-lowering agents were assessed in a population-based inception cohort of patients with RA and a cohort of non-RA subjects followed from January 1, 1988, to December 31, 2008. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) guidelines were assessed at the time of each lipid measure throughout followup. Time from meeting guidelines to initiation of lipid-lowering agents was assessed using Kaplan-Meier methods.

Results.

The study population included 412 RA and 438 non-RA patients with ≥ 1 lipid measure during followup and no prior use of lipid-lowering agents. Rates of lipid testing were lower among patients with RA compared to non-RA subjects. Among patients who met NCEP ATPIII criteria for lipid-lowering therapy (n = 106 RA; n = 120 non-RA), only 27% of RA and 26% of non-RA subjects initiated lipid-lowering agents within 2 years of meeting the guidelines for initiation.

Conclusion.

There was substantial undertreatment in both the RA and the non-RA cohorts who met NCEP ATPIII criteria for initiation of lipid-lowering agents. Patients with RA did not have as frequent lipid testing as individuals in the general population.
Anorexie du nourrisson : un diagnostic différentiel compliqué
Authors: Cascales Thomas
Published: May 2013

Dans cet article, l’auteur propose d’étudier les similitudes et les antagonismes entre l’anorexie du nourrisson et le trouble alimentaire avec un manque de réciprocité mère-enfant. Ces deux sous-types de troubles alimentaires développés par l’école de Washington sont en termes de diagnostic différentiel difficiles à reconnaître pour le clinicien. Plus qu’ailleurs, dans la clinique du nourrisson une erreur de diagnostic a de lourdes conséquences dans le choix de la prise en charge. Ainsi, la rigueur du diagnostic et les choix thérapeutiques qui en découlent ont des répercussions immédiates sur la santé du nourrisson et du jeune enfant. Afin de mieux comprendre les enjeux d’une telle approche, l’auteur illustrera son analyse comparative à travers deux études de cas tirées de sa clinique hospitalière.
Désubjectivation et resubjectivation
Authors: Lauru Didier
Published: May 2013

La clinique avec les adolescents montre de nouvelles subjectivités particulières, qui se caractérisent par une quasi absence de sujet. Cette spécificité structurelle montre aussi une fragilité d’inscription dans le symbolique. Ainsi apparaissent en surface des subjectivités d’emprunt qui cependant sont factices et servent de réseau de suppléance au symbolique défaillant.
Les souffrances modernes
Authors: Lacadée Philippe
Published: May 2013

Il y a dans le corps de l’adolescent, une vérité qui se souffre et ne se dit pas, un dérèglement de tous les sens , liée à cet Éveil du printemps qui l’exile, le met en marge de l’Autre. Au nom de ce qui se jouit de nouveau dans son corps, de ce qui se fantasme d’inédit dans sa pensée, le voilà confronté, de façon contingente, à un trou de savoir dans l’Autre, non sans éprouver ces souffrances modernes , comme disait Rimbaud. Modernes pour deux raisons, l’une liée à ce qui se jouit de nouveau et d’inédit dans son corps, et toujours moderne de s’actualiser dans sa pensée, l’autre liée à la modification du discours de l’entourage symbolique. Ces pulsions du temps présent, liées à cet objet a, plus de jouir, ont à s’articuler à la grammaire vivante du discours toujours de l’Autre, et comme cet Autre – cet entourage – se modifie, que les idéaux ne sont plus à la même place et qu’on ne parle pas de la même façon en 1906 qu’aujourd’hui, ceci ne va pas sans procurer aussi sa part de souffrance. Cette tension entre l’idéal et l’objet est au cœur de la tension qui s’actualise dans la délicate transition de l’adolescence.
Les singularités du transfert adolescent
Authors: Tourrès Dominique
Published: May 2013

Nous nous proposons d’aborder, de façon non exhaustive, les singularités du transfert adolescent. Sont interrogés les points suivants : la place des parents dans la demande initiale, la confiscation du processus adolescent par la cure, la recrudescence œdipienne et la désillusion parentale. La répétition comme caractère inaugural de l’après-coup pubertaire, mis en place tout au long du processus adolescent, peut-elle être modifiée par le travail de la cure ? La question reste ouverte. La possibilité d’un espace pour l’intime implique particulièrement le désir de l’analyste puisqu’il doit éviter l’inflation du transfert imaginaire et soutenir la narrativité adolescente. À la lumière d’une clinique venant étayer ce questionnement, nous nous garderons de tout caractère prédictif venant clore le processus adolescent et l’espace ouvert par la parole.
Un regard pénétrant (Histoire de l'Homme aux loups)
Authors: Pélabon Caroline
Published: May 2013

Les écrits sur (et de) l’Homme aux loups jalonnent toute sa vie, depuis sa névrose infantile analysée par Freud et sa psychose adulte par Ruth Mack Brunswick, jusqu’à ses propres Mémoires et le récit par Muriel Gardiner de la seconde partie de sa vie. Son fantasme fondamental, tel qu’il apparaît dans le rêve des loups, détermine le déroulement de ce parcours en même temps qu’il s’y révèle. À travers ce fantasme se dévoile l’homosexualité féminine primaire, s’originant dans le lien maternel préœdipien, qui est à la source de la structure paranoïaque de Sergueï Pankejeff.