bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Successive influenza virus infection and Streptococcus pneumoniae stimulation alter human dendritic cell function
Authors: Wu Yuet , Mao Huawei , Ling Man-To , Chow Kin-Hung , Ho Pak-Leung , Tu Wenwei , Lau Yu-Lung
Published: July 2011

Background

Influenza virus is a major cause of respiratory disease worldwide andStreptococcus pneumoniaeinfection associated with influenza often leads to severe complications. Dendritic cells are key antigen presenting cells but its role in such co-infection is unclear.

Methods

In this study, human monocyte derived-dentritic cells were either concurrently or successively challenged with the combination of live influenza virus and heat killed pneumococcus to mimic the viral pneumococcal infection. Dendritic cell viability, phenotypic maturation and cytokine production were then examined.

Results

The challenge of influenza virus and pneumococcus altered dendritic cell functions dependent on the time interval between the successive challenge of influenza virus and pneumococcus, as well as the doses of pneumococcus. When dendritic cells were exposed to pneumococcus at 6 hr, but not 0 hr nor 24 hr after influenza virus infection, both virus and pneumococcus treated dendritic cells had greater cell apoptosis and expressed higher CD83 and CD86 than dendritic cells infected with influenza virus alone. Dendritic cells produced pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ synergistically to the successive viral and pneumococcal challenge. Whereas prior influenza virus infection suppressed the IL-10 response independent of the timing of the subsequent pneumococcal stimulation.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that successive challenge of dendritic cells with influenza virus and pneumococcus resulted in synergistic up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with simultaneous down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine, which may explain the immuno-pathogenesis of this important co-infection.
Solid tumors of the pancreas can put on a mask through cystic change
Authors: Paik Kwang Yeol , Choi Seong Ho , Heo Jin Seok , Choi Dong Wook
Published: July 2011

Background

Solid pancreatic tumors such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT), and pancreatic endocrine tumor (PET) may occasionally manifest as cystic lesions. In this study, we have put together our accumulated experience with cystic manifestations of various solid tumors of the pancreas.

Methods

From 2000 to 2006, 376 patients with pancreatic solid tumor resections were reviewed. Ten (2.66%) of these tumors appeared on radiological imaging studies as cystic lesions. We performed a retrospective review of medical records and pathologic findings of these 10 cases.

Results

Of the ten cases in which solid tumors of the pancreas manifested as cystic lesions, six were PDAC with cystic degeneration, two were SPT undergone complete cystic change, one was cystic PET, and one was a cystic schwannoma. The mean tumor size of the cystic portion in PDAC was 7.3 cm, and three patients were diagnosed as 'pseudocyst' with or without cancer. Two SPT were found incidentally in young women and were diagnosed as other cystic neoplasms. One cystic endocrine tumor was preoperatively suspected as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm or mucinous cystic neoplasm.

Conclusions

Cystic changes of pancreas solid tumors are extremely rare. However, the possibility of cystic manifestation of pancreas solid tumors should be kept in mind.
Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic behavior of WO3-fullerene/TiO2 catalysts under visible light
Authors: Meng Ze-Da , Zhu Lei , Choi Jong-Geun , Park Chong-Yeon , Oh Won-Chun
Published: July 2011

WO3-treated fullerene/TiO2 composites (WO3-fullerene/TiO2) were prepared using a sol-gel method. The composite obtained was characterized by BET surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-vis analysis. A methyl orange (MO) solution under visible light irradiation was used to determine the photocatalytic activity. Excellent photocatalytic degradation of a MO solution was observed using the WO3-fullerene, fullerene-TiO2, and WO3-fullerene/TiO2 composites under visible light. An increase in photocatalytic activity was observed, and WO3-fullerene/TiO2 has the best photocatalytic activity; it may attribute to the increase of the photo-absorption effect by the fullerene and the cooperative effect of the WO3.
Infectious alphavirus production from a simple plasmid transfection
Authors: Steel Jordan J , Henderson Brittney R , Lama Siddhi BC , Olson Ken E , Geiss Brian J
Published: July 2011

We have developed a new method for producing infectious double subgenomic alphaviruses from plasmids transfected into mammalian cells. A double subgenomic Sindbis virus (TE3'2J) was transcribed from a cytomegalovirus PolII promoter, which results in the production of infectious virus. Transfection of as little as 125 ng of plasmid is able to produce 1 × 108 plaque forming units/ml (PFU/ml) of infectious virus 48 hours post-transfection. This system represents a more efficient method for producing recombinant Sindbis viruses.
Predictors of long-term cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wattmo Carina , Wallin Åsa K , Londos Elisabet , Minthon Lennart
Published: July 2011

Introduction

The objective of this study was to describe the longitudinal cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and analyze factors that affect the outcome, including the impact of different cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI).

Methods

In an open, three-year, nonrandomized, prospective, multicenter study, 843 patients were treated with donepezil, rivastigmine, or galantamine in a routine clinical setting. At baseline and every six months, patients were assessed using several rating scales, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and the dose of ChEI was recorded. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated. The relationships of these predictors with longitudinal cognitive ability were analyzed using mixed-effects models.

Results

Slower long-term cognitive decline was associated with a higher cognitive ability at baseline or a lower level of education. The improvement in cognitive response after six months of ChEI therapy and a more positive longitudinal outcome were related to a higher mean dose of ChEI, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/acetylsalicylic acid usage, male gender, older age, and absence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele. More severe cognitive impairment at baseline also predicted an improved response to ChEI treatment after six months. The type of ChEI agent did not influence the short-term response or the long-term outcome.

Conclusions

In this three-year AD study performed in a routine clinical practice, the response to ChEI treatment and longitudinal cognitive outcome were better in males, older individuals, non-carriers of the APOE ε4 allele, patients treated with NSAIDs/acetylsalicylic acid, and those receiving a higher dose of ChEI, regardless of the drug agent.
Oliguria as predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients
Authors: Prowle John R , Liu Yan-Lun , Licari Elisa , Bagshaw Sean M , Egi Moritoki , Haase Michael , Haase-Fielitz Anja , Kellum John A , Cruz Dinna , Ronco Claudio , Tsutsui Kenji , Uchino Shigehiko , Bellomo Rinaldo
Published: July 2011

Introduction

During critical illness, oliguria is often used as a biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, its relationship with the subsequent development of AKI has not been prospectively evaluated.

Methods

We documented urine output and daily serum creatinine concentration in patients admitted for more than 24 hours in seven intensive care units (ICUs) from six countries over a period of two to four weeks. Oliguria was defined by a urine output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr. Data were collected until the occurrence of creatinine-defined AKI (AKI-Cr), designated by RIFLE-Injury class or greater using creatinine criteria (RIFLE-I[Cr]), or until ICU discharge. Episodes of oliguria were classified by longest duration of consecutive oliguria during each day were correlated with new AKI-Cr the next day, examining cut-offs for oliguria of greater than 1,2,3,4,5,6, or 12 hr duration,

Results

We studied 239 patients during 723 days. Overall, 32 patients had AKI on ICU admission, while in 23, AKI-Cr developed in ICU. Oliguria of greater than one hour was significantly associated with AKI-Cr the next day. On receiver-operator characteristic area under the curve (ROCAUC) analysis, oliguria showed fair predictive ability for AKI-Cr (ROCAUC = 0.75; CI:0.64-0.85). The presence of 4 hrs or more oliguria provided the best discrimination (sensitivity 52% (0.31-0.73%), specificity 86% (0.84-0.89%), positive likelihood ratio 3.8 (2.2-5.6), P < 0.0001) with negative predictive value of 98% (0.97-0.99). Oliguria preceding AKI-Cr was more likely to be associated with lower blood pressure, higher heart rate and use of vasopressors or inotropes and was more likely to prompt clinical intervention. However, only 30 of 487 individual episodes of oliguria preceded the new occurrence of AKI-Cr the next day.

Conclusions

Oliguria was significantly associated with the occurrence of new AKI-Cr, however oliguria occurred frequently compared to the small number of patients (~10%) developing AKI-Cr in the ICU, so that most episodes of oliguria were not followed by renal injury. Consequently, the occurrence of short periods (1-6 hr) of oliguria lacked utility in discriminating patients with incipient AKI-Cr (positive likelihood ratios of 2-4, with > 10 considered indicative of a useful screening test). However, oliguria accompanied by hemodynamic compromise or increasing vasopressor dose may represent a clinically useful trigger for other early biomarkers of renal injury.
Dendritic cells in bacteria handling in the gut
Authors: Rescigno Maria
Published: July 2011

DCs in the gut have specialized functions and are involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via tolerizing the microbiota and inducing immunity to pathogenic bacteria. Here, we summarize the characteristics of two major subtypes of phagocytes in the gut (CX3CR1+ and CD103+) and pDCs and analyze their possible involvement in bacterial handling.
A Sane Gospel: Radical Evangelicals, Psychology, and Pentecostal Revival in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Curtis Heather D.
Published: July 2011

This article examines how radical evangelicals employed psychological concepts such as sanity, temperament, and especially the subconscious as they struggled to understand and respond to the rapidly expanding pentecostal movement within their midst. By tracing the growing tensions over ecstatic spiritual experiences that emerged among Holiness and Higher Life believers during the 1880s and 1890s, this article demonstrates that differing assumptions about the importance of consciousness for the religious life presaged reactions to the pentecostal revivals of the early twentieth century. Although their proclivity for rational judgment predisposed Higher Life evangelicals to question the sanity of involuntary phenomena such as speaking in tongues, some prominent leaders within this community appealed to “mental science” in an effort to revise conventional understandings of the spiritual self and its capacities. For participants in the Christian and Missionary Alliance— an organization in which disputes over the propriety of pentecostalism were particularly contentious—notions of temperament and the subconscious articulated in the works of “new psychologists” like William James offered resources for reassessing Higher Life views of authentic spirituality in light of pentecostal revivalism. By analyzing how a particular faction within the radical evangelical movement made use of psychological theories to contend with the challenge of the revivals at Azusa and elsewhere, this article exposes some of the social divisions that exacerbated debates over the validity of pentecostal religious experiences. Exploring the complicated interactions and creative tensions that arose as Higher Life evangelicals appropriated constructs such as the subconscious in the wake of Azusa Street also shows that this influential contingent of conservative Protestants engaged with aspects of the field of psychology in dynamic and inventive ways that involved both selective borrowing and critical resistance. While there is truth in the common observation that radical evangelicals were deeply suspicious of the “new science of Psychology,” this article uncovers a more complex history that expands our understanding of the interplay among scientific discourse, the varieties of evangelical spiritual experience, and the emergence of pentecostalism in the early twentieth century.
Comparison of Digital Direct Readout Radiography with Conventional Film‐screen Radiography for the Recognition of Pneumoconiosis in Dust‐exposed Chinese Workers
Authors: Mao Ling , Laney A. Scott , Wang Mei Lin , Sun Xiwen , Zhou Shaowei , Shi Jin , Shi Haiyan
Published: July 2011

Comparison of Digital Direct Readout Radiography with Conventional Film‐screen Radiography for the Recognition of Pneumoconiosis in Dust‐exposed Chinese Workers: Ling Mao, et al. Department of Pneumoconiosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China—

Objectives

Pneumoconiosis in China remains a disease with substantial public health significance. Diagnostic standards for the pneumoconioses are based on traditional ilm‐screen radiography (FSR). However, FSR is increasingly being replaced with digital radiographic imaging, which has become the predominant technology available in Chinese clinical practice. To evaluate the applicability of digital direct readout radiography (DR) images in the recognition of pneumoconioses, we compared the profusion of small opacities and large opacities between FSR and DR radiographs.

Methods

We enrolled 161 pneumoconioses patients and 31 dust‐exposed workers during the course of the study, with FSR and DR images obtained from all participants. Each chest ilm was interpreted by ive readers using the Chinese Diagnostic Criteria classification of radiographs of pneumoconiosis, as were DR images displayed on medical‐grade computer monitors.

Results

No statistically significant differences were observed when the data were analyzed by small opacity profusion subcategory except for 1/1. The overall intermodality agreement of small opacities was good, with a weighted kappa (k) of 0.77.

Conclusions

DR images with soft copy display are equivalent with respect to image quality and the recognition and classification of small parenchymal lung opacities. Additionally, we observed likeness between modalities with respect to the classification of large opacities. Overall, our study indings demonstrate that in a population of Chinese workers with pneumoconiosis, direct readout digital systems are equivalent to traditional film‐screen radiography in the recognition and classification of small pneumoconiotic opacities.
Defective Glycogenesis Contributes Toward the Inability to Suppress Hepatic Glucose Production in Response to Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats
Authors: Torres Tracy P. , Fujimoto Yuka , Donahue E.P. , Printz Richard L. , Houseknecht Karen L. , Treadway Judith L. , Shiota Masakazu
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

Examine whether normalizing net hepatic glycogenesis restores endogenous glucose production and hepatic glucose phosphorylation in response to diabetic levels of plasma glucose and insulin in Zucker diabetic fatty rats (ZDF).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Hepatic glucose and intermediate fluxes (µmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) were measured with and without a glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor (GPI) using [2-3H]glucose, [3-3H]glucose, and [U-14C]alanine in 20 h-fasted conscious ZDF and their lean littermates (ZCL) under clamp conditions designed to maintain diabetic levels of plasma glucose and insulin.

RESULTS

With infusion of GPI into ZDF (ZDF-GPI+G), compared with vehicle infused ZDF (ZDF-V), high glycogen phosphorylase a activity was decreased and low synthase I activity was increased to that of ZCL. Low net glycogenesis from plasma glucose rose to 75% of ZCL levels (4 ± 1 in ZDF-V, 18 ± 1 in ZDF-GPI+G, and 24 ± 2 in ZCL) and phosphoenolpyruvate 260% (4 ± 2 in ZDF-V, 16 ± 1 in ZDF+GPI-G, and 6 ± 2 in ZCL). High endogenous glucose production was suppressed with GPI infusion but not to that of ZCL (46 ± 4 in ZDF-V, 18 ± 4 in ZDF-GPI+G, and −8 ± 3 in ZCL). This was accompanied by reduction of the higher glucose-6-phosphatase flux (75 ± 4 in ZDF-V, 41 ± 4 in ZDF-GPI+G, and 86 ± 12 in ZCL) and no change in low glucose phosphorylation or total gluconeogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

In the presence of hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemia in ZDF, reduced glycogenic flux partially contributes to a lack of suppression of hepatic glucose production by failing to redirect glucose-6-phosphate flux from production of glucose to glycogen but is not responsible for a lower rate of glucose phosphorylation.
Total Soluble and Endogenous Secretory Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products as Predictive Biomarkers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Colhoun Helen M. , Betteridge D. John , Durrington Paul , Hitman Graham , Neil Andrew , Livingstone Shona , Charlton-Menys Valentine , Bao Weihang , DeMicco David A. , Preston Gregory M. , Deshmukh Harshal , Tan Kathryn , Fuller John H.
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE

Circulating levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) likely comprise both a secreted isoform (esRAGE) and wild-type RAGE cleaved from the cell membrane. Both sRAGE and esRAGE have been proposed as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but prospective data are limited. We examined the relationship of sRAGE and esRAGE to incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in type 2 diabetic patients followed for 3.9 years in a trial of atorvastatin: the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We used a nested case-control design sampling all incident cases of CVD with available plasma and randomly selecting three control subjects, who were free of CVD throughout follow-up, per case. Analysis was by Cox regression with adjustment for treatment allocation and relevant covariates.

RESULTS

sRAGE and esRAGE were strongly correlated (ρ = 0.88) and were both higher in those with lower BMI (P < 0.001), higher adiponectin (P < 0.001), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.009), and white ethnicity (P < 0.001). Both sRAGE and esRAGE were associated with incident CHD events, independently of treatment allocation and the above factors; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.74 (95% CI 1.25–2.41; P = 0.002) for a doubling of the sRAGE level; HR = 1.45 (1.11–1.89; P = 0.006) for a doubling of the esRAGE level. There was no significant association with stroke; HR for sRAGE = 0.66 (0.38–1.14). Atorvastatin, 10 mg daily, did not alter sRAGE.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher levels of sRAGE and esRAGE are associated with incident CHD but not stroke in type 2 diabetes.
Means to Enhance the Production of Water from Solar Thermal Pasteurization System
Authors: Bajracharya Tri Ratna , Kunwar Anil
Published: July 2011

A density driven solar thermal pasteurization system has been installed for the purpose of purification of water. The main components of this system are evacuated tube collectors with heat pipe, convection tube, holding tube, insulation system, heat exchanger and supply tank. The daily volume of water produced from the system as the pasteurized output reached its maximum value of 4 litres as measured in the days of first two weeks of February, 2011. The main parameters affecting the production rate of water considered are amount of solar insolation falling on the collector area during the peak 3 sunshine hours, mean temperature of water in the heat exchanger and the diameter of the pipe used in the convection tube. It has been known that the daily production volume of water increases with the higher values of solar insolation and the mean temperature of the heat exchanger whereas diameter of the tube used in the convection loop should be smaller to produce more water at the output.Keywords : Solar; Pasteurization system; purificationDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5095Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 39-47Uploaded Date: 19 July, 2011
Design of A 11 KWp Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant on 100 m2 available Area in the Birbhum District of West Bengal
Authors: Ganguli Souvik , Sinha Sunanda
Published: July 2011

The depletion of fossil fuel resources on a worldwide basis has necessitated an urgent search for alternative energy sources to meet present day demands. Solar energy is a clean, inexhaustible and environment-friendly potential renewable energy option. A stand-alone solar photovoltaic cannot provide a continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic variations. Therefore, in order to satisfy load demand, grid connected energy systems are now being implemented that combine solar and conventional conversion units. The objective of this work is to estimate the potential of grid quality solar photovoltaic power in the Birbhum district of West Bengal and develop a system based on the potential energy estimated for an available land area of 100 m2. Specific equipment specifications are utilized based on the availability of components in India.Key Words: Diurnal variations; Daily Energy Output; Monthly Energy Output; Grid Connected Photovoltaic (PV) System; PWM Inverters; Solar Radiation; Yearly Energy OutputDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5100Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 105-112Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Water Consumption Status in Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitian City Area in Nepal
Authors: Poudel Govinda Prasad
Published: July 2011

This research is undertaken with main objectives of surveying and analyzing the present condition of public’s water consumption pattern from different water sources in Lalitpur sub-metropolitan city area. This is entirely based on field research and various steps of field research tools were used. Field observation and Key Informant Survey were carried out to collect for general data of the water sources and then to categorize them on the basis of their performance. Structured questionnaire survey was the undertaken with the users to assess the water use. Comparing different scenarios and results from users survey it is find that maximum 33% of demand fulfil by NWSC-supply, 7% fulfil by private well, 3% fulfil by neighbours well, 10% fulfil by public well 10 % fulfil by tanker supply, 3 % fulfil by rain water and 7 % fulfil by NWSC-Collection tank and 27% water demand fulfil by traditional stone spouts. Per capita water consumption of the users vary from a max 49 Lpcd to a minimum is 29 lpcd. This is mainly fulfilled by NWSC- supply, well, tanker supply and NWSC collection tank provided in different place in LSMC area and stone spouts.Key words: Public's water consumption; NWSC collection; Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitian CityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5109Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 174-177Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Article Retracted 22/07/2011 - GuST: Guaranteed Services Token Protocol for Real-Time Communications
Authors: Ozuomba Simeon , Chukwudebe Gloria A.
Published: July 2011

This Article was RETRACTED on 22/07/2011 at the request of the authors because the paper has already been published in another journal in Nigeria. - Editor, JIEIn this paper, Guaranteed Services Token (GuST) protocol for integrated services networks which can efficiently support diverse traffic consisting of hard and soft real-time traffic along with non-real-time traffic is proposed. This is to meet the increasing demand for better performance of real time communications required by distributed multimedia applications, process control, factory automation, etc.For some time now, timed-token protocols have become the preferred Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for supporting modern real-time systems. However, the existing timed-token protocols have been studied, and inefficiencies discovered with the way asynchronous traffic is handled. GuST employs the timed-token mechanisms in the Timely-Token protocol along with that of Budget Sharing Token (BuST) protocol. We discussed some bounds on the behavior of GuST protocol. In particular, we show that the token is never late, and the transmission of asynchronous traffic is guaranteed. We also compared GuST protocol against the Timely-Token protocol and the BuST protocol. Our comparison focuses on the ability of those protocols to support synchronous and asynchronous traffic. We demonstrated that the performance achieved by GuST is better than Timely-Toke n and BuST protocols especially for a system with light load of real-time traffic but with heavy load of non-real-time traffic. GuST protocol can be incorporated into the Ethernet network to provide real-time performance guarantees to multimedia applications. It can also be used to improve on the throughput of the Profibus which is a Fieldbus network standard.Keywords: Timed-Token Protocol; Ethernet; Timely-Token Protocol; Budget Sharing Token Protocol; Integrated Services Networks; Real-Time Traffic; Non-Real-Time Traffic; Media Access Control (MAC); GuST: Guaranteed; Services Token protocolDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5112Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 197-210Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Leverrier-Takeno Coefficients for the Characteristic Polynomial of a Matrix
Authors: Guerrero-Moreno I. , López-Bonilla J. , Rivera-Rebolledo J.
Published: July 2011

It is shown for any Anxn an elementary method, in terms of the spur of ~Ak, k = 1,...,n , to determine the coefficients of its characteristic polynomial.Keywords: PolynomialDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5118Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 255-258Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Inverse of an Arbitrary Vandermonde Matrix
Authors: López-Bonilla J. , Vidal-Beltrán S. , Rivera-Rebolledo J.M. Rivera
Published: July 2011

It is shown a general formula to invert any type Vandermonde matrix.Key words: Arbitrary VandermondeDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5120Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 263-265Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Urban Unemployment in Nepal with Reference to Engineering Graduates of Kathmandu
Authors: Shakya Punneshori
Published: July 2011

The greater percentage of the graduates living in and outside Nepal is employed but they are not satisfied with the employment due to less salary scale. The respondents were from 23-50 age groups who graduated in between 1989 to 2000. Eighty one percentages of the respondents are currently living in Kathmandu valley, fourteen percentages are outside the valley in Nepal and five percentages are currently outside Nepal. The origin of the graduates is almost equally from both Kathmandu valley and outside the valley. The graduates are from various engineering backgrounds such as mainly from civil engineering followed by electrical and electronics engineering, architecture engineering, computer engineering and mechanical engineering. The survey shows that seventy seven percentages are not satisfied with their salary as the income range is not sufficient. This underemployment has led to economic, social and psychological problems. The survey reveals that political instability in the country is the main cause for current unemployment or underemployment followed by lack of opportunities and corruption. The respondents expressed that with political stability in the country organizational development can be enhanced which plays significant role in the employment process. Better education with proper educational policies also leads to skilled graduates that can meet the demand of the global market. According to the survey government is mainly responsible for the unemployment problem in the country and government should play an important role in formulating better economic policies, political stability with secured opportunities for investors and organizational development through international links for better employment opportunities establishing new job areas.Key words: Urban Unemployment; Engineering GraduatesDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5126Journal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011Page: 301-310Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Nepali Samacharka bhasamshama "Jatil Bakyamsha" ak Adhyaan
Authors: Dhungana Yadav Prasad
Published: July 2011

Not available.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v8i1-2.5128Key  words: Nepali samachar; Bhashagat trutiJournal of the Institute of Engineering Vol. 8, No. 1&2, 2010/2011 Page: 311-314 Uploaded Date: 20 July, 2011
Les citernes monumentales de Bararus (Henchir Rougga) en Byzacène
Authors: Hallier Gilbert
Published: July 2011

The remains of the site of Bararus, in the steppe of Proconsularis, have been preserved thanks to the survival, between El Jem and the sebkha to the southeast of the former, of an underground complex with two monumental circular water tanks, connected by adjoining galleries and supplied by a deepest well.

A network of groined vaulting, sustained by twenty-one pillars, covers the head receptacle and measures forty punie cubits in diameter on the inside ; the greater reservoir, eighty cubits in diameter, is partitioned into nine barrel-vaulted naves. The entire complex was capable of containing 7 600 cubic metres ; the water was drawn from six pits situated around the periphery of the facility.

This hydraulic structure predates the original basilica forum built towards the end of Vespasian's reign. Indeed it may belong to the first half of P1 century A.D., in view of the fact that the porticoes of the main cistern appear to be modelled on those of the tabernae in the Forum of Julius Caesar at Rome.
La gestion optimale des finances publiques en présence de coûts d'ajustement
Authors: Loué Jean-François , Jondeau Éric
Published: July 2011

Optimal Public Finance Management in Relation to Adjustment Costs,

by Jean-François Loué, Eric Jondeau.

Amending tax laws and changing the terms and conditions for action and public spending generate uncertainty and therefore risk in the private sector. The credibility of the government's economic policy can in fact be affected by it. The way for a government to keep to its budgetary constraints over the long term and cut down on the risks resulting from changes in its policy at the same time is formalized.
Les enjeux économiques du contrôle des concentrations : un modèle simple
Authors: Maillard Didier
Published: July 2011

Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Kontrolle der Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse: ein einfaches Modell,

von Didier Maillard.

Im Rahmen eines Cournotschen oligopolistischen Wettbewerbs wird eine Bewertung der Unternehmenskonzentrationen versucht. Die Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse haben einen Verlust des kollektiven Wohlstandes zur Folge, wenn sie nicht mit einer Rationalisierung und mit genügend Kosteneinsparungen einhergehen. Die Anwesenheit ausländischer Konsumenten trägt dazu bei, daß die um das nationale Wohlergehen besorgten Behörden die Zusammenschlüsse eher akzeptieren.
Contribution à l'étude du déséquilibre sur le marché algérien des biens de consommation
Authors: Hamouche Salima
Published: July 2011

Contribución al estudio del desequilibrio en el mercado argelino de los bienes de consumo,

por Salima Hamouche.

La estimación de un modelo de desequilibrio en el mercado argelino de los bienes de consumo permite verificar la existencia de una demanda excedente a partir de datos macroeconómicos. Por otra parte, la introducción de micromercados permite descartar la hipótesis de perfección del mercado agregado y, por ende, considerar la coexistencia posible de demanda y oferta excedentes. Los resultados obtenidos no permiten de manera alguna caracterizar el mercado considerado por la existencia de una demanda excedente permanente.
Erreurs de prévision ex ante et ex post
Authors: Malgrange Pierre , Mira d'Ercole Silvia
Published: July 2011

Fehler bei Ex-ante- und Ex-post-Progaosen,

von Pierre Malgrange und Silvia Mira d'Ercole.

Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, eine Bestandsaufnahme der Ex-post-Frognosen vorzunehmen, die das Metric-Modell liefert. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob im Falle Frankreichs das gewöhnlich erhaltene Ergebnis zutrifft, dem zufolge die Ex-ante-Prognosen bei unvollkommener Kenntnis des Wertes der exogenen Variablen eine höhere Genauigkeit als dieEx-post-Progaosen aufweisen.
Le chômage en Russie après deux années d'application de la loi sur l'emploi de 1991
Authors: Sollogoub Michel
Published: July 2011

Unemployment in Russia Two Years After Implementing the 1991 Employment Law,

by Michel Sollogoub.

This article reviews the unemployment situation in Russia after two years of applying the employment law of April 1991. It starts with a definition of the notion of an unemployed individual and goes on to desaibe the level, growth and structure of Russian unemployment from July 1991 to August 1993. The level is relatively low and the structure, which is specific to the Russian economy's transition period, shows the mismatch between supply and demand on the labour market.
Simulations de réformes de la fiscalité directe et indirecte des ménages en France
Authors: Laisney François , Mühleisen Martin , Staat Matthias , Vögele Stefan
Published: July 2011

Simulations de réformes de la fiscalité directe et indirecte des ménages en France,

par François Laisney, Martin Mühleisen, Matthias Staat, Stefan Vögele.

Nous étudions les effets sur le bien-être des ménages français de la mise en œuvre simultanée d'une réforme de la fiscalité indirecte (différentes variantes de la première proposition d'harmonisation de la TVA faite parla Commission européenne) et d'une réforme de la fiscalité directe (différentes variantes d'une atténuation du système du "quotient familial"), effectuée à recettes fiscales constantes. Nous comparons deux approches du calibrage de la situation de référence, auxquelles sont associées deux approches de la simulation des réactions des ménages aux modifications du système fiscal. L'une de ces approches prend en compte l'existence de coûts fixes liés au travail. Pour les deux approches nous trouvons que la mise en œuvre de la proposition de la Commission maintenant inchangé le taux réduit, peut être favorable a une courte majorité des ménages étudiés (le statu quo apparaissant toutefois préférable sur la base de multiples autres critères) mais que le taux normal qui assure la constance des recettes fiscales, sort des limites imposées par la Commission. Par contre, bien que l'introduction simultanée d'une atténuation du système du quotient familial permette de ramener le taux normal dans l'intervalle désiré, et réduise ainsi le niveau des prix, la réforme jointe apparaît nettement moins désirable que celle qui ne concerne que la TVA. Ce résultat va à rencontre de l'opinion selon laquelle l'allégement fiscal lié au quotient familial n'est significatif que pour les ménages les plus aisés.
La formation des anticipations boursières
Authors: Prat Georges
Published: July 2011

Formation of Stock Market Expectations,

by Georges Prat.

This article analyzes how "experts" (businessmen, economists and bankers) form their expected changes in the industrial share price index. Expectations are measured by the "consensus" revealed by opinion polls made by J. Livingston in June and December of each year from 1956 to 1989.

After showing that these expectations are not in line with the general rationality criteria, an analysis is made of the classic adaptive, extrapolative and regressive expectation processes (based on limited past information for the variable studied). Although each of the three basic processes is invalidated when considered separately, it is shown that approximately 40% of the expected share-price changes can be "explained" by "combining" these three processes in a LIERAM (Limited Information, Extrapolative, Regressive and Adaptive Model), whereas the figure rises to 95% for expected inflation when using the same LIERAM.

These comparative results urge an examination of the hypothesis according to which experts' expectations are determined in the context of the share evaluation model (EM), which implicitly uses an expected value for share prices. The LIERAM and EM appear to be complementary, but together are only able to "explain" half of the stock market expectations.
Le chômage d'inadéquation en France : une évaluation
Authors: Lescure Roland , L'Horty Yannick
Published: July 2011

Eine Bewertung der Arbeitslosigkeit in Frankreich aufgrund unangemessener Qualifikation,

von Roland Lescure, Yannick L'Horty.

In diesem Artikel wird mit Hilfe des abgeleiteten Indikators des Jackman-, Layard- und Savouri-Modells (1991) das Ausmaß der Arbeitslosigkeit bewertet, die auf dem französischen Arbeitsmarkt seit 1970 durch unangemessene QuaMfikationen bedingt ist. Aus den erhaltenen Ergebnissen geht zunächst hervor, daß die alters- und geschlechtsbedingten Unterschiede eine nur geringe und abnehmende Auswirkung auf die Entstehung der strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit haben. Des weiteren verdeutlichen sie, daß die geographische Inkongruenz ein sowohl stabiles als auch geringfügiges Niveau aufweist; denn die Problème der interregionalen Mobilität würden nur einen marginalen Teil der strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit erklären. Aufgezeigt wird schließlich, daß die Unangemessenheit der Qualifikationen eine wesentliche Auswirkung hat, da sie in Frankreich nahezu ein Zehntel der strukturellen Arbeitslosigkeit verursachen würde.
Le temps de travail : un concept de plus en plus complexe
Authors: Guégano Yves
Published: July 2011

Die Arbeitszeit: ein immer komplexeres Konzept,

von Yves Guégano.

Die französische Norm der 39-Stundenwoche wird durch die Verbreitung der Teilzeitarbeit in Frage gestellt und spiegelt nur unzureichend die vielfältigen Aspekte der Arbeitsdauer wider, die je nach Betrachtungszeitraum, das heißt Woche, Jahr oder Lebenszyklus, unterschiedlich bewertet wird. Wie in den anderen europäischen Ländern variiert auch in Frankreich die wöchentliche Arbeitszeit entsprechend dem Geschlecht, der abhängigen bzw. unabhängigen Beschäftigung sowie dem Tätigkeitsbereich. Die globale Untersuchung der Arbeitsdauer verliert heute urn so mehr an Relevanz, als die Arbeitszeiten eine immer geringere Regelmäßigkeit und eine immer größere Diversifizierung aufweisen und die Arbeitsplatzteilung an Vielfalt zunimmt.
La relation entre la qualité du facteur travail et son efficacité productive
Authors: Huiban Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

La relation entre la qualité du facteur travail et son efficacité productive,

par Jean- Pierre Huiban.

Cet article étudie la liaison entre la qualité du facteur travail et son efficacité productive, en partant d'un modèle au sein duquel une même fonction de production avec facteur travail hétérogène est estimée pour l'ensemble des secteurs industriels français. On propose ensuite de désagréger le système productif en sous-ensembles homogènes, selon le niveau d'intensité capitalistique, puis la taille moyenne des unités, et d'estimer une liaison spécifique à chacun d'entre-eux. La notion de distribution fonctionnelle des emplois est alors introduite afin d'enrichir la définition de la qualité du facteur travail. Des estimations sur données individuelles d'entreprise sont réalisées, d'abord dans un cadre inter-sectoriel puis à l'intérieur du secteur laitier. L'ensemble conclut à l'existence de formes différenciées de la liaison étudiée, au sein desquelles peut varier la contribution relative des différentes catégories d'emploi à l'efficacité productive d'ensemble.
Éducation, expérience et salaire
Authors: Goux Dominique , Maurin Eric
Published: July 2011

Educación, experiencia y salarios. Tendencias recientes y evolución a largo plazo,

by Dominique Goux y Éric Maurin.

A partir de un panel de encuestas Empleo (1990-1994), el estudio se propone medir las disparidades de salarios vinculadas a la experiencia profesional y a los diplomas, neutralizando los sezgos que provienen del carácter endógeno de las características no observadas de los individuos, así como también aquellos que provienen del carácter endógeno de las prácticas salariales específicas de los empleadores. Con la base de un pseudo-panel de encuestas sobre la capacitación y la calificación profesional (FQP), se évalua por otro lado la evolución del rendimiento salarial de los diplomas entre 1970 y 1993, neutralizando los efectos de la selectividad creciente de la desocupación.
Politique européenne d'exportation de céréales et comportements des opérateurs : une analyse économétrique des adjudications de restitutions
Authors: Bourgeon Jean-Marc , Le Roux Yves
Published: July 2011

Die europäische Politik des Getreideexports und die Verhaltensweisen der M arktteilnehmer: eine ökonometrische Analyse der Ausschreibungen von Ausfuhrerstattungen,

von Jean-Marc Bourgeon, Yves Le Roux.

Ein Großteil der europäischen Getreideausfuhrerstattungen wird durch Ausschreibungen zugeteilt. Wir benutzen die Theorie der Übergebote, um das Verhalten der Marktteilnehmer zu modellieren, die bei den wöchentlichen Ausschreibungen von Interventionsbeständen an Weichweizen tätig werden. Die optimalen Angebotsstrategien der Beteiligten werden unter zwei einander gegenübergestellten Hypothesen hinsichtlich der Bewertung des Getreides durch die Marktteilnehmer ermittelt und geschätzt. Jede dieser Hypothesen entspricht einer besonderen Funktionsweise des Getreideweltmarktes und der verwandten Märkte. Der benutzte strukturelle Ansatz ermöglicht die Schlußfolgerung, daß die Verhaltensweisen der Beteiligten durch eine einheitliche Referenz auf dem Weltmarkt bestimmt werden und daß das Verfahren zur Zuteilung der Exportsubventionen effizient ist.
Les accords volontaires dans la politique environnementale : une mise en perspective de leur nature et de leur efficacité
Authors: Glachant Matthieu
Published: July 2011

Los acuerdos voluntarios en la política medioambiental : una puesta en perspectiva de su naturaleza y su eficacia,

por Matthieu Glachant.

Este artículo propone un análisis de lo que fundamenta la especificidad de los acuerdos voluntarios, las negociaciones entre la administración y las firmas. Distinguiendo analíticamente el objetivo social de descontaminación, es decir la cantidad global de contaminación que el acuerdo prétende suprimir, y los medios para alcanzar este objetivo, una disimetría aparece. La discusión de los objetivos no puede dar lugar a un acuerdo por falta de la posibilidad de formulación de una amenaza creíble por la administración. En cambio, la discusión de los medios ve aparecer negociaciones descentralizadas entre las firmas ventajosas desde el punto de vista de la eficacia desde una óptica de asignación de recursos. Estos resultados se discuten ilustrândolos con ejemplos de acuerdos existentes.
Une tombe du début du Bronze Final II découverte en 1874 à Gaze-Menet (Chusclan, Gard)
Authors: Dedet Bernard , Girard Alain
Published: July 2011

Une tombe du début du Bronze Final II, dont les restes du défunt, non incinérés, étaient accompagnés de huit bracelets en bronze, fut découverte en 1874 au lieudit Gaze-Menet (Chusclan, Gard), dans la plaine alluviale de la basse Cèze. Cette découverte, qui avait donné lieu à une brève relation la même année, était tombée dans l'oubli, mais en 1990 les bracelets entrèrent au Musée Départemental de Pont-Saint-Esprit (Gard). Cet ensemble clos funéraire associe plusieurs types de bracelets ouverts : un à tige massive et extrémités effilées, non décoré ; un à tige torsadée et extrémités enroulées en spirales faciales ; deux à tige massive et extrémités évasées mais non renforcées, décorés d'incisions ; quatre autres enfin de type «La Poype». La présence de ces derniers, de même que celle de l'exemplaire torsadé, confirment les liens culturels et économiques de cette partie rhodanienne du Languedoc oriental avec l'aire Alpes du Nord -Jura- bassin de la Saône au début du Bronze Final II. Par ailleurs, les rites funéraires languedociens à cette époque sont encore très mal connus, et les éléments apportés par Gaze-Menet revêtent de ce fait une grande importance.
Sur une inscription des Alyscamps révisée : une chrétienne de Trèves enterrée à Arles?
Authors: Guyon Jean , Heijmans Marc
Published: July 2011

La réorganisation des collections épigraphiques du nouveau musée de l'Arles antique a permis de rapprocher deux fragments d'une inscription chrétienne de la fin du IVe siècle ou du début du Ve siècle qui ont été trouvés en 1936 à Saint-Honorat des Alyscamps et publiés séparément par F. Benoit.

En dépit d'importantes lacunes (le tiers droit est perdu), il est sûr que le marbre a été gravé par un certain Phœbadius pour sa femme décédée après quatre ans de mariage. Le formulaire est plus proche cependant de celui des inscriptions de Trêves que du corpus arlésien; comme d'autres défunts de la même nécropole, cette femme pourrait donc être du nombre des réfugiés qui sont venus à Arles lors du transfert de la préfecture des Gaules en 395 (ou 417?).
Inscriptions lapidaires et marques sur amphores
Authors: Pena Maria José
Published: July 2011

A study of the nomina that appear on three inscriptions from Narbonne, one from Glanum and one from Alexandria which is now preserved in the Musée Calvet of Avignon. The names, Loreius, -a (of Campanian origin), Statius and Meuius (ofOscan origin) all belonging to freedmen, are found also in stamps on amphorae of Laietana 1 type, made in the region called Maresme, along the Catalan coast. This fact shows the importance of the Narbonne seaports in the shipment, both by sea and by river, of the wine made in Laietania during the second half of the 1st century B.C.E. and the beginning of the 1st century C.E.
Le statut de Glanum à l'époque romaine
Authors: Christol Michel , Janon Michel
Published: July 2011

The inscription CIL, XII, 4379 = HGL, XV, 100, from Narbonne shows that Glanum was a colony: that is a Latin colony, like its neighbours Auennio and Cabellio. The city therefore enjoyed complete political autonomy during the augustan period, an autonomy which it preserved until the third century.
Villa-vicus : une question d'espace ?
Authors: Garmy Pierre
Published: July 2011

L'étude du binôme villa-vicus, dans sa dimension spatiale, pose des questions d'ordre sémantique et méthodologique. À l'approche typologique traditionnelle on propose de substituer celles, empruntées à d'autres disciplines des sciences humaines, qui privilégient les notions de « systèmes » et de « modèles » spatiaux et qui ont montré récemment leur caractère opérant en archéologie, à la faveur de quelques recherches exemplaires.
Une inscription de Martigues et le statut de Maritima Avaticorum
Authors: Gascou Jacques
Published: July 2011

A partir de l'examen d'une inscription récemment découverte à Martigues mentionnant une pérégrine et rapprochée d'autres inscriptions de cette localité mentionnant des pérégrins, et aussi un sévir augustal citoyen romain, on tente de montrer que Martigues fut sous le Haut Empire une localité faisant partie intégrante du territoire arlésien, dénuée de magistratures propres, et peuplée à l'époque julio-claudienne, au moins en partie, d'incolae de statut pérégrin qui n'appartenaient pas au corps civique de la colonie romaine d'Arles.