bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic and Thermal Analysis of HTS AC Cable using T-A Formulation
Authors: Lyu Gaotai , Terao Yutaka , Ohsaki Hiroyuki
Published: August 2023

High temperature superconducting (HTS) cables have been developed into various products and attracted wide attention in industrial applications due to their high critical temperature, current density, zero resistance and overcurrent strength. Recently the triaxial YBCO cables are used in AC applications with the consideration of the flexibility and economy of materials. In this paper, the transient electromagnetic thermal characteristics of a triaxial HTS cable are analysed by the T-A formulation and the Thermal-Fluid Coupling Module of the COMSOL software under the condition of alternating current flow. Firstly, the electromagnetic T-A formulation and the basic theory of heat transfer are introduced. Transient magnetic fields, critical current distribution, and magnetization losses are discussed under T-A modelling. To evaluate the thermal behaviour of the cable under normal current conditions, liquid nitrogen laminar flow is coupled with the heat transfer module, while the heat source data are obtained from the previous T-A results.
High-Speed Spin Testing of Bi-2212 Superconducting Wires for High-Field NMR Magnet Qualification: Final Progress Report
Authors: Voccio J
Published: August 2023

This paper summarizes an NIH-funded research project designed to study the strength of high temperature superconductors under high circumferential hoop stress, in order to qualify these materials for high-field (> 1 GHz-class) NMR magnets. The unique approach presented here is to spin test coils at high rotational speeds, approaching 50,000 rpm, in order to induce mechanical hoop stresses which are equivalent to the magnetic Lorentz stresses experienced by a high-field solenoid insert coil. Bi-2212 wires and coils were tested in sub-cooled nitrogen to determine if any mechanical damage was imparted by each spin test. These preliminary experimental results demonstrate that, with further development, this test could prove to be a simple method for qualifying superconducting wires for high-field insert magnets.
Superconducting neutron transmission imaging for investigating a sequential change in phase separations of low-melting Wood’s metal
Authors: Dang Vu The , Shishido Hiroaki , Aizawa Kazuya , Oku Takayuki , Oikawa Kenichi , Harada Masahide , Kojima Kenji M. , Miyajima Shigeyuki , Soyama Kazuhiko , Koyama Tomio , Hidaka Mutsuo , Suzuki Soh Y. , Tanaka Manobu M. , Machida Masahiko , Kawamata Shuichi , Ishida Takekazu
Published: August 2023

We built a new cryostat system for a current-biased kinetic inductance detector (CB-KID) to be able to place a sample at room temperature for conducting the neutron transmission imaging experiments with pulsed neutrons. A Wood’s metal alloy sample (Bi 50wt.%, Pb 25wt.%, Sn 12.5wt.%, Cd 12.5wt.%) of melting temperature 75.2°C was used to check a practical test by observing fine microstructures under beam power of 812 kW at beamline BL10 of J-PARC (MLF). The Wood’s metal is composed of four phases, of which one is a Cd-rich needle-like phase of an average width of 25 µm and length of 5 mm. Since Cd is a strong neutron absorber, it is suitable for observing the fine mosaic structure contrastingly in neutron transmission imaging. After neutron-transmission imaging with the Wood’s metal in the initial state, we subsequently melted the Wood’s metal sample and solidified it again by slow cooling during the same beam time. We were successful in observing an impressive change in morphology of the phases by neutron-transmission imaging. Room-temperature sample imaging is very convenient for possible users, and is expected to be very useful for applying our CB-KID system to versatile different materials of interests.
Test operation of 500 m /100 MW Ishikari high-temperature superconducting DC transmission line to demonstrate the required cost reduction and robustness
Authors: Inoue Noriyuki , Chikumoto Noriko , Watanabe Hirofumi , Ivanov Yuri , Hino Tomoaki , Sato Akio , Sawamura Toru , Yamamoto Hisashi , Sumi Katsunori , Okuno Kiyoshi , Motojima Osamu
Published: August 2023

This paper presents the results of the Ishikari Line 1 restart test conducted in 2021 to collect basic data for cost reduction, improved efficiency, and confirm the integrity of the equipment. The Ishikari Superconducting DC transmission (SCDC) demonstration test facility was constructed in 2013 in Ishikari, Hokkaido. It comprises the world’s longest class of 500 m (Line 1) and 1000 m (Line 2) SCDC systems. In 2015, Line 1 successfully demonstrated the world’s first power transmission from a solar power plant to an Internet data center. The restart test was conducted approximately six years after shutdown, and a strong earthquake occurred during the shutdown period. The restart test operation confirmed the integrity and robustness of the facility, which had experienced a major earthquake. Cooling tests and electrical tests were conducted, and useful data were obtained, including efficient cooling operation and the integrity and shunt current of the superconducting cables. Based on these results, we aim to promote the social implementation of SCDC by compiling a database for the quantitative evaluation of reliability, safety, and cost.
Influence of low electric field parts of electric field–current density curves of superconductors on their ac loss characteristics
Authors: Sogabe Y , Amemiya N
Published: August 2023

We performed numerical electromagnetic field analyses to investigate the influence of the low electric field parts of the electric field (E)–current density (J) curves of superconductors on their ac loss characteristics. A simple one-dimensional model across the width of a coated conductor was used for the analyses. Whereas we fixed the n value of the high E part of E–J curves of superconductors, we varied the n values of low E parts. J distributions as well as E distributions were calculated in coated conductors carrying ac currents and/or exposed to ac magnetic fields. We examined the influence of the n values at low E part of E–J curves on ac loss characteristics and discussed the electric field regions that are relevant to ac loss generation. We also discussed the applicability of the results to copper-plated multifilament coated conductors.
All-optical non-contact level sensor for liquid hydrogen
Authors: Futamura M , Oikawa T , Miura S , Okamoto H
Published: August 2023

We propose a new type of liquid hydrogen level sensor and evaluate a prototype system with liquid nitrogen. The level sensor acquires images of the liquid surface, which is illuminated by point sources of light, and estimates the liquid level by image processing. This scheme allows us to avoid immersion of the sensor body into the liquid and also eliminate the necessity for any electrical wire connected to the sensor body. The accuracy of the prototype sensor is estimated to be ≈ 4.8 mm in our experiment using a 10 liter liquid nitrogen vessel.
Looking for an axion in a haystack of muons
Authors: Gurgone A.
Published: August 2023

The search for axion-like particles X in muon decays is an excellent opportunity for the
MEG II and Mu3e experiments to extend their horizons beyond μ
+ → e
+
γ and μ
+
→ e
+
e
-
e
+. A suitable process for both experiments is the two-body decay μ
+ →
 e
+
X, whose only signature is a monochromatic peak close to the kinematic endpoint of the
positron energy spectrum of the μ
+ → e
+
νeν̅μ
background. The hunt for such
an elusive signal in a vast amount of irreducible background requires extremely accurate
theoretical predictions to be implemented in a Monte Carlo event generator. This work presents a
new state-of-the-art computation of μ
+ → e
+
νeν̅μ
for polarised muons,
accomplished with the McMule framework. The calculation includes next-to-next-leading
order QED corrections and logarithmically enhanced terms at even higher orders. The results are
also used to estimate the sensitivity of both experiments on the branching ratio of μ
+ →
e
+
X, in order to evaluate the impact of the theoretical error.
Pulse-area theorem for precision control of the rotational motions of a single molecule in a cavity
Authors: Fan Li-Bao , Shu Chuan-Cun
Published: August 2023

We perform a combined analytical and numerical investigation to explore how an analytically designed pulse can precisely control the rotational motions of a single-molecular polariton formed by the strong coupling of two low-lying rotational states with a single-mode cavity. To this end, we derive a pulse-area theorem that gives amplitude and phase conditions of the pulses in the frequency domain for driving the polariton from a given initial state to an arbitrary coherent state. The pulse-area theorem is examined for generating the maximum degree of orientation using a pair of pulses. We show that the phase condition can be satisfied by setting the initial phases of the two identically overlapped pulses or by controlling the time delay between pulses for practical applications.
What is the Seiberg–Witten map exactly?
Authors: Kupriyanov Vladislav , Sharapov Alexey
Published: August 2023

We give a conceptual treatment of the Seiberg–Witten map as a quasi-isomorphism of differential graded algebras. The corresponding algebras have a very simple form, leading to explicit recurrence formulas for the quasi-isomorphism. Unlike most previous papers, our recurrence relations are nonperturbative in the parameter of non-commutativity. Using the language of quasi-isomorphisms, we give a homotopy classification of ambiguities in Seiberg–Witten maps. Possible generalizations to the Wess–Zumino complexes and some other algebras are briefly discussed.
Manufacturing of graphene based synaptic devices for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Zhou Kui , Jia Ziqi , Ma Xin-Qi , Niu Wenbiao , Zhou Yao , Huang Ning , Ding Guanglong , Yan Yan , Han Su-Ting , Roy Vellaisamy A L , Zhou Ye
Published: August 2023

Neuromorphic computing systems can perform memory and computing tasks in parallel on artificial synaptic devices through simulating synaptic functions, which is promising for breaking the conventional von Neumann bottlenecks at hardware level. Artificial optoelectronic synapses enable the synergistic coupling between optical and electrical signals in synaptic modulation, which opens up an innovative path for effective neuromorphic systems. With the advantages of high mobility, optical transparency, ultrawideband tunability, and environmental stability, graphene has attracted tremendous interest for electronic and optoelectronic applications. Recent progress highlights the significance of implementing graphene into artificial synaptic devices. Herein, to better understand the potential of graphene-based synaptic devices, the fabrication technologies of graphene are first presented. Then, the roles of graphene in various synaptic devices are demonstrated. Furthermore, their typical optoelectronic applications in neuromorphic systems are reviewed. Finally, outlooks for development of synaptic devices based on graphene are proposed. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of graphene fabrication technologies and graphene-based synaptic device for optoelectronic applications, also present an outlook for development of graphene-based synaptic device in future neuromorphic systems.
Analysis of corrosion rate, inhibition efficiency, and economic cost of XD3 reinforced concrete related to inhibitor and plasticiser types
Authors: Abdulsada Shaymaa Abbas , Al-Mosawi Ali I
Published: August 2023

The main problem in concrete structure is rebar corrosion, which is caused by the penetration and diffusion of chloride ions into reinforced concrete structures; therefore, it is essential to give the most attention to preventing or limiting the impact of this condition. So, in order to find a practical solution to the problem of corrosion of rebar, the current article focuses on demonstrating the beneficial effects of green and calcium nitrate inhibitors on chloride-induced corrosion. Thus, this paper presented an analytical procedure based on corrosion rates and the economic cost to evaluate the efficacy of such an inhibitor. Ten samples with various concrete mixtures were divided into two groups according to the type of plasticiser and inhibitor have been immersed in an aqueous solution of 3.5 wt% sodium chloride at room temperature for 18 months. The optimal results in which the corrosion rate was significantly reduced were for the two groups of concrete mixtures, first group was (C2), which contains 3 wt% orange peels extract inhibitor mixed with 2.4 wt% Oxydtron as water-resisting admixture, and the second group was (E2) included 3 wt% calcium nitrate inhibitor with 2.4 wt% Oxydtron as water-resisting admixture. These two groups samples have been showed more excellent corrosion resistance against the saline solution after the completed immersion period. The inhibition efficiency analysis showed that there is a direct relationship between the inhibitor concentration and the efficiency of corrosion inhibition. However, the inhibition efficiency in the case of samples containing calcium nitrate inhibitor was higher than their counterparts containing green inhibitor extract. Finally, the economic cost analysis showed that the cost of the green inhibitor extract-containing samples was lower than that of the calcium nitrate inhibitor-containing samples.
Data-driven modeling of noise time series with convolutional generative adversarial networks
∗
Authors: Wunderlich Adam , Sklar Jack
Published: August 2023

Random noise arising from physical processes is an inherent characteristic of measurements and a limiting factor for most signal processing and data analysis tasks. Given the recent interest in generative adversarial networks (GANs) for data-driven modeling, it is important to determine to what extent GANs can faithfully reproduce noise in target data sets. In this paper, we present an empirical investigation that aims to shed light on this issue for time series. Namely, we assess two general-purpose GANs for time series that are based on the popular deep convolutional GAN architecture, a direct time-series model and an image-based model that uses a short-time Fourier transform data representation. The GAN models are trained and quantitatively evaluated using distributions of simulated noise time series with known ground-truth parameters. Target time series distributions include a broad range of noise types commonly encountered in physical measurements, electronics, and communication systems: band-limited thermal noise, power law noise, shot noise, and impulsive noise. We find that GANs are capable of learning many noise types, although they predictably struggle when the GAN architecture is not well suited to some aspects of the noise, e.g. impulsive time-series with extreme outliers. Our findings provide insights into the capabilities and potential limitations of current approaches to time-series GANs and highlight areas for further research. In addition, our battery of tests provides a useful benchmark to aid the development of deep generative models for time series.
An Algorithm for Correction of Mild Tuberous Breast Deformity in Augmentation Mammaplasty: Camouflage or Correct?
Authors: Lonie Sarah , Tavakoli Kourosh
Published: August 2023

Background

Tuberous breast deformity (TBD) is a common abnormality, particularly in patients presenting for breast augmentation. Failure to correct each regional abnormality, including the inframammary fold, lower pole deficiency, nipple-areola complex widening or herniation, or any degree of ptosis, will result in exaggeration of the deformity and a poor aesthetic outcome.

Objectives

To describe an algorithm, including novel techniques, to address each region of mild TBD in patients undergoing breast augmentation.

Methods

This is a retrospective review and description of the senior author's (K.T.) techniques for correction of early-stage TBD from 2016 to 2021.

Results

One hundred forty-two patients underwent a stepwise approach to correct milder TBD features when undergoing breast augmentation.

Conclusions

The authors propose a regional algorithm for management of TBD, to allow mostly single-stage correction, except in cases with marked ptosis, severe asymmetry, or marked macroareola.

Level of Evidence: 4
Hypoxia activation attenuates progesterone synthesis in goat trophoblast cells via NR1D1 inhibition of StAR expression
Authors: Li Chao , Yang Dan , Yang Wanghao , Wang Yiqun , Li Dan , Li Yating , Xiao Bonan , Zhang Haisen , Zhao Hongcong , Dong Hao , Zhang Jing , Chu Guiyan , Wang Aihua , Jin Yaping , Liu Yingqiu , Chen Huatao
Published: August 2023

Trophoblast plays a crucial role in gestation maintenance and embryo implantation, partly due to the synthesis of progesterone. It has been demonstrated that hypoxia regulates invasion, proliferation, and differentiation of trophoblast cells. Additionally, human trophoblasts display rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes. However, it remains unclear if the circadian clock system is present in goat trophoblast cells (GTCs), and its involvement in hypoxia regulation of steroid hormone synthesis remains elusive. In this study, immunofluorescence staining revealed that both BMAL1 and NR1D1 (two circadian clock components) were highly expressed in GTCs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that several circadian clock genes were rhythmically expressed in forskolin-synchronized GTCs. To mimic hypoxia, GTCs were treated with hypoxia-inducing reagents (CoCl2 or DMOG). Quantitative real-time PCR results demonstrated that hypoxia perturbed the mRNA expression of circadian clock genes and StAR. Notably, the increased expression of NR1D1 and the reduction of StAR expression in hypoxic GTCs were also detected by western blotting. In addition, progesterone secretion exhibited a notable decline in hypoxic GTCs. SR9009, an NR1D1 agonist, significantly decreased StAR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels and markedly inhibited progesterone secretion in GTCs. Moreover, SR8278, an NR1D1 antagonist, partially reversed the inhibitory effect of CoCl2 on mRNA and protein expression levels of StAR and progesterone synthesis in GTCs. Our results demonstrate that hypoxia reduces StAR expression via the activation of NR1D1 signaling in GTCs, thus inhibiting progesterone synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the NR1D1 regulation of progesterone synthesis in GTCs under hypoxic conditions.
Addressing knowledge gaps in Surgical Safety Checklist use: statistical process control analysis of a surgical quality improvement programme in Ethiopia
Authors: Nofal Maia R , Starr Nichole , Negussie Mammo Tihitena , Trickey Amber W , Gebeyehu Natnael , Koritsanszky Luca , Alemu Mechale , Tara Mansi , Alemu Senait Bitew , Evans Faye , Kahsay Selam , Weiser Thomas G
Published: August 2023

Background

The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist reduces morbidity and mortality after surgery, but uptake remains challenging. In particular, low-income countries have been found to have lower rates of checklist use compared with high-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of educational workshops on Surgical Safety Checklist use implemented as part of a quality improvement initiative in five hospitals in Ethiopia that had variable experience with the Surgical Safety Checklist.

Methods

From April 2019 to September 2020, each hospital implemented a 6-month surgical quality improvement programme, which included a Surgical Safety Checklist workshop. Statistical process control methodology was used to understand the variation in Surgical Safety Checklist compliance before and after workshops and a time-series analysis was performed using population-averaged generalized estimating equation Poisson regression. Checklist compliance was defined as correctly completing a sign in, timeout, and sign out. Incidence rate ratios of correct checklist use pre- and post-intervention were calculated and the change in mean weekly compliance was predicted.

Results

Checklist compliance data were obtained from 2767 operations (1940 (70 per cent) pre-intervention and 827 (30 per cent) post-intervention). Mean weekly checklist compliance improved from 27.3 to 41.2 per cent (mean difference 13.9 per cent, P = 0.001; incidence rate ratio 1.51, P = 0.001). Hospitals with higher checklist compliance at baseline had the greatest overall improvements in compliance, more than 50 per cent over pre-intervention, while low-performing hospitals showed no improvement.

Conclusion

Surgical Safety Checklist workshops improved checklist compliance in hospitals with some experience with its use. Workshops had little effect in hospitals unfamiliar with the Surgical Safety Checklist, emphasizing the importance of multifactorial interventions and culture-change approaches. In receptive facilities, short workshops can accelerate behaviour change.
A novel inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency for power systems with solar PV and battery energy storage
Authors: Nivedha R Raja , Singh Jai Govind , Ongsakul Weerakorn
Published: August 2023

Energy access, climate change and public health issues are some major drivers for the need for renewable sources. However, most renewable sources, excluding large hydro, have zero or negligible rotational inertia, which is critical to stabilizing the power system after contingency. Therefore, this paper proposes a droop-based inertia emulator to reduce the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviations. The robustness of the controller is analysed by applying various uncertainties and disturbances of power system components that were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulations. The obtained results are compared with existing literature and the desired performance shows an improvement in the rate of change of frequency of 34.78% for an IEEE 6-bus system, 24.32% for a 12-bus system and 18% for a 39-bus system.
Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in a patient with high-grade atrioventricular block: a case report
Authors: Radhakrishnan Ashwin , Ensam Bode , Moody William E , Ludman Peter F
Published: August 2023

Background

Isoprenaline is widely used in the treatment of symptomatic bradycardia. Myocardial infarction precipitated by the therapeutic use of isoprenaline has not been reported in the literature.

Case summary

We describe the case of a 67-year-old male patient who presented to our institution with symptomatic Mobitz type II 2:1 atrioventricular block. He had a several-month history of unexplained syncope. He had several cardiovascular risk factors but did not have a diagnosis of coronary artery disease. On admission, he was symptomatic with dizziness but had no chest pain. High-sensitivity troponin I was normal. After initiation of an isoprenaline infusion, he developed cardiac-sounding chest pain and an ischaemic electrocardiogram. Emergency coronary angiography was performed that demonstrated a severe mid-vessel stenosis in his right coronary artery that was treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and the deployment of one drug-eluting stent. He remained in Mobitz type II 2:1 atrioventricular block 48 hours after the procedure, and a dual-chamber permanent pacemaker was implanted. He was discharged in a stable condition with no further chest pain or bradyarrhythmia.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of myocardial infarction precipitated by the therapeutic use of isoprenaline. Our hypothesis is that isoprenaline increased myocardial oxygen demand and induced a type 2 myocardial infarction in this patient with occult coronary artery disease. Isoprenaline should be used with caution in patients with confirmed or suspected coronary artery disease.
Torrential mitral regurgitation following right ventricular apical pacing in rheumatic mitral valve disease: a case report
Authors: Okafor Joseph , Vazir Ali , Haldar Shouvik , Khattar Rajdeep
Published: August 2023

Background

Mitral regurgitation may develop or worsen following right ventricular apical pacing due to dyssynchronous left ventricular contraction. Pre-existing secondary mitral annular dilation is a well-recognized and important contributing factor. This description of pacing-induced torrential mitral regurgitation in the setting of rheumatic mitral valve disease is a rare case in which a primary mitral valve lesion was the antecedent mechanism.

Case summary

A 60-year-old man was admitted with dizziness and pre-syncope. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram showed complete heart block. A dual-chamber pacemaker was implanted and programmed in DDD mode. Transthoracic echocardiography performed a day later demonstrated a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 63% and moderate mitral regurgitation. The patient presented 4 months later with breathlessness and orthopnoea. Pacemaker interrogation demonstrated a 98% right ventricular pacing burden. Echocardiography revealed torrential mitral regurgitation secondary to left ventricular dyssynchrony and complete loss of leaflet coaptation with preserved systolic function. Post-capillary pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed following right heart catheterization. The patient underwent metallic mitral valve replacement, tricuspid annuloplasty, and left internal mammary artery grafting to the left anterior descending artery for a severe proximal stenosis. On inspection, the native mitral valve was notably rheumatic in appearance, and this was confirmed histologically.

Discussion

It is important to closely monitor the progression of mitral regurgitation in those with primary mitral valve disease undergoing right ventricular pacing. Early follow-up may prevent the adverse haemodynamic consequences of worsening mitral regurgitation, with a greater chance of recovery of left ventricular function following surgery.
The Dynamics of Domestic Violence: Learning about the Match
Authors: Anderberg Dan , Mantovan Noemi , Sauer Robert M
Published: August 2023

We present a dynamic lifecycle model of women’s choices with respect to partnership status, labour supply and fertility when they cannot directly observe whether a given male partner is of a violent type or not. The model is estimated by the method of simulated moments using longitudinal data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. The results indicate that uncertainty about a partner’s abusive type creates incentives for women to delay fertility, reduce fertility overall, divorce more often and increase labour supply. We also study the impact of higher female wages, income support to single mothers and subsidised childcare when the mother is working. While higher wages reduce women’s overall exposure to abuse, both income support and subsidised childcare largely fail to do so by encouraging early fertility. The latter two policies instead increase the incidence of abuse towards mothers and hence the abuse exposure for children.
The Usual Suspects: Offender Origin, Media Reporting and Natives’ Attitudes Towards Immigration
Authors: Keita Sekou , Renault Thomas , Valette Jérôme
Published: August 2023

This paper analyses whether the systematic disclosure of criminals’ origins in the press affects natives’ attitudes towards immigration. It takes advantage of the unilateral change in reporting policy announced by the German newspaper Sächsische Zeitung in July 2016. Combining individual-level panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2014 to 2018 with 402,819 crime-related articles in German newspapers and those newspapers’ market shares, we find that systematically mentioning the origins of criminals increases the relative salience of natives’ criminality and reduces natives’ concerns about immigration, breaking the implicit link between immigration and crime.
Association between nasal airway minimal cross-sectional areas and obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Makkonen Jessi , Tertti Olli , Rautiainen Markus , Markkanen Saara , Valtonen Olli , Ormiskangas Jaakko , Kivekäs Ilkka , Peltomäki Timo
Published: August 2023

Background/Objectives

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) frequently present with some form of upper airway anatomical impairment. Considerable research has been conducted on the role of the structures of the jaw and pharynx in the pathogenesis of OSA; however, the significance of the nose is somewhat unclear. Computed tomography is a widely used imaging modality for assessing the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, but only a small amount of the acquired data is used. Our aim was to ascertain whether the size of the cross-sectional areas of the nasal airway, measured from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, is associated with OSA severity.

Materials/Methods

A total of 58 patients with OSA, without any major paranasal sinus inflammatory pathology, were included in this register-based study. Patients had previously undergone ambulatory polysomnography and CBCT. The cross-sectional areas of the nasal cavity were measured in CBCT coronal sections. Statistical analyses were performed to determine any correlation between the cross-sectional area measurements and apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) or any significant difference in cross-sectional areas between AHI severity groups.

Results

No correlation was found between AHI and the smallest, total, or sum of the anterior cross-sectional areas of the nasal airway. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the cross-sectional areas between patients with the highest and lowest AHI.

Conclusions/Implications

The small cross-sectional area of the anterior nasal cavity in patients without any major nasal pathology does not appear to be associated with OSA severity.
Exploring imitative learning in a blended EFL writing class
Authors: Chen Jun
Published: August 2023

Since 2020, I have been teaching writing to college English major students. I have adopted an imitative learning approach, engaging my students in a transformative imitation of model texts both offline in the classroom and online using various internet tools. Imitative learning means students learn to write by modelling texts written by expert writers or more capable peers and by consciously understanding the communicative goal and strategies employed in the model text. This imitative learning approach, which enables scaffolding, is effective in providing students with model texts to learn from, and can be followed by guided and independent construction of their own texts.
Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of Ukrainian refugees in an Italian Local Health Authority
Authors: Parente Paolo , Melnyk Andriy , Lombardo Paolo , Villani Leonardo , Grossi Adriano , Goletti Mauro , Barbara Andrea , Santone Giancarlo
Published: August 2023

Background

The Russian invasion of Ukraine caused millions of Ukrainian refugees to flee to other nations. To provide the most appropriate assistance, host nations necessitate up-to-date information regarding Ukrainian refugee’s demographic and epidemiological conditions. We aim to investigate the demographic composition, the COVID-19 vaccinations performed, specialist care provided and the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in refugees assisted by an Italian Local Health Authority (LHA).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis from March to June 2022, analyzing the demographic and epidemiological status of Ukrainians. Statistical analyses were carried out to assess possible associations between NCDs distribution, age and gender.

Results

LHA Roma 1 assisted 9349 Ukrainian refugees. Of these, 2784 (29.8%) were males and 6565 (70.2%) were females, with a median age of 25 years. Two thousand four hundred and eighty-five Ukrainian refugees were vaccinated against COVID-19. Among them, 401 (16.1%) had at least one NCD. The most frequent groups of diseases were related to the circulatory system (50.6%), the endocrine system (24.9%), and mental and behavioral disorders (6.5%).

Conclusion

Refugees need healthcare services targeted mainly towards minors and females. It is essential to analyze and monitor the demographic and epidemiological conditions to provide evidence about patient management and the best care integrated into the health service of host countries.
Digest: Multivariate genetic variation constrains adaptation to environmental changes during range expansion
Authors: Cai Haoran , Des Marais David
Published: August 2023

How do selection and standing genetic variation shape population divergence across landscapes? Henry and Stinchcombe estimated selection gradients on traits in the ivy-leaved morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea) in the field and compared them with the G-matrix and population divergence for four populations in North America. The authors show that population divergence and genetic covariances are largely unaligned with the selection gradient at the species’ range edge. These findings raise the question of whether limited evolvability or multivariate genetic variation of populations at range edges prevent species from range expansion, which is important for understanding the role of genetic constraint in population divergence and predicting local adaptation in the face of climate change.
Rapid sperm length divergence in a polygynandrous passerine: a mechanism of cryptic speciation?
Authors: Lifjeld Jan T , de Gabriel Hernando Miguel , Fuertes Marcos Benito , Grønstøl Gaute , Anmarkrud Jarl A , Matschiner Michael , Leder Erica H
Published: August 2023

When populations become geographically isolated, they begin to diverge in various traits and at variable rates. The dynamics of such trait divergences are relevant for understanding evolutionary processes such as local adaptation and speciation. Here we examine divergences in sperm and body structures in a polygynandrous songbird, the alpine accentor (Prunella collaris) between two allopatric high-altitude populations, in Morocco and Spain. The populations diverged around 82,000 years ago, as estimated with a coalescence-based phylogenetic analysis of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We found that birds in the two areas had nonoverlapping sperm lengths, which suggests adaptation to divergent female reproductive tract environments. Sperm length also showed an exceptionally low coefficient of among-male variation, a signal of strong stabilizing selection imposed by sperm competition. The evolutionary rate of sperm length was almost twice the rates for the most divergent morphological traits and more than three times higher than expected from literature data over a similar generational timescale. This rapid evolution of a key reproductive trait has implications for reproductive isolation and ultimately for speciation. Strong selection for different sperm length optima in allopatry predicts conspecific sperm precedence and disruptive selection in sympatry, hence a possible postcopulatory prezygotic barrier to gene flow.
Effectiveness of school-based nutrition interventions promoted in the League of Arab States: a systematic review
Authors: Abu Shihab Katia Hazim N , Dodge Elizabeth , Benajiba Nada , Chavarria Enmanuel A , Aboul-Enein Basil H , Faris Moez Al-Islam E
Published: August 2023

Arab countries are doubly burdened with undernutrition as well as overweight and obesity. To provide guidance to those looking to address concerns of obesity and overweight among children in this region, the current review bridges an existing knowledge gap and systematically characterizes and evaluates the available scientific evidence pertaining to school-based nutrition interventions completed to date across the Arab world. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and relevant keywords, terms and phrases, a search of the literature across 14 databases for school-based nutrition interventions implemented in this region was conducted. Out of 1568 articles from 14 databases, 38 full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were retrieved. Further assessment for eligibility excluded 23 articles and included one article from hand-searching references, leaving 16 articles in the final analysis. Most articles (n = 7) with the implementation of 5 months or longer found strong positive and significant impacts on limiting sweets consumption, increased dietary knowledge, self-efficacy, breakfast and fruit and vegetable consumption, among others. We also found evidence (n = 5) that teachers trained by experts such as dietitians and pediatricians can effectively implement nutrition interventions that achieve the intended outcomes. Training teachers to implement theory-based nutrition and health promotion curricula serves as a potential solution to improving nutrition knowledge, health behaviors and dietary practices among children living in Arab countries. Appropriately designed and implemented nutrition interventions can positively impact nutrition knowledge, health and diet-related behaviors in children and adolescents in this region.
A Perspective on Developing Modeling and Image Analysis Tools to Investigate Mechanosensing Proteins
Authors: Ouderkirk Stephanie , Sedley Alex , Ong Mason , Shifflet Mary Ruth , Harkrider Quinn C , Wright Nathan T , Miller Callie J
Published: August 2023

Synopsis

The shift of funding organizations to prioritize interdisciplinary work points to the need for workflow models that better accommodate interdisciplinary studies. Most scientists are trained in a specific field and are often unaware of the kind of insights that other disciplines could contribute to solving various problems. In this paper, we present a perspective on how we developed an experimental pipeline between a microscopy and image analysis/bioengineering lab. Specifically, we connected microscopy observations about a putative mechanosensing protein, obscurin, to image analysis techniques that quantify cell changes. While the individual methods used are well established (fluorescence microscopy; ImageJ WEKA and mTrack2 programs; MATLAB), there are no existing best practices for how to integrate these techniques into a cohesive, interdisciplinary narrative. Here, we describe a broadly applicable workflow of how microscopists can more easily quantify cell properties (e.g., perimeter, velocity) from microscopy videos of eukaryotic (MDCK) adherent cells. Additionally, we give examples of how these foundational measurements can create more complex, customizable cell mechanics tools and models.
Implementation of the national antimicrobial stewardship competencies for UK undergraduate healthcare professional education within undergraduate pharmacy programmes: a survey of UK schools of pharmacy
Authors: Hamilton Ryan A , Courtenay Molly , Frost Kevin J , Harrison Roger , Root Helen , Allison David G , Tonna Antonella P , Ashiru-Oredope Diane , Aldeyab Mamoon A , Shemilt Katherine , Martin Sandra J
Published: August 2023

Background

Pharmacists play a key role in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Consensus-based national AMS competencies for undergraduate healthcare professionals in the UK reflect the increasing emphasis on competency-based healthcare professional education. However, the extent to which these are included within undergraduate pharmacy education programmes in the UK is unknown.

Objectives

To explore which of the AMS competencies are delivered, including when and at which level, within UK undergraduate MPharm programmes.

Methods

A cross-sectional online questionnaire captured the level of study of the MPharm programme in which each competency was taught, the method of delivery and assessment of AMS education, and examples of student feedback.

Results

Ten institutions completed the survey (33% response rate). No institution reported covering all 54 AMS competencies and 5 of these were taught at half or fewer of the institutions. Key gaps were identified around taking samples, communication, outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy and surgical prophylaxis. The minimum time dedicated to AMS teaching differed between institutions (range 9–119 h), teaching was generally through didactic methods, and assessment was generally through knowledge recall and objective structured clinical examinations. Feedback from students suggests they find AMS and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to be complex yet important topics.

Conclusions

UK schools of pharmacy should utilize the competency framework to identify gaps in their AMS, AMR and infection teaching. To prepare newly qualified pharmacists to be effective at delivering AMS and prescribing antimicrobials, schools of pharmacy should utilize more simulated environments and clinical placements for education and assessment of AMS.
A crucial stem cell plasticity regulation pathway: identification of key elements using the NCCIT human embryonic carcinoma cell line
Authors: Nozaki Sae , Hirai Yohei
Published: August 2023

Upon removal of stemness factors, a small subpopulation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) spontaneously extrudes the t-SNARE protein syntaxin-4, which upregulates the cell adhesion molecule P-cadherin and induces the onset of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like behaviors with loss of stemness in each cell. In this study, we identified a series of molecular elements responsible for this phenomenon using several small-molecule inhibitors and the human embryonic carcinoma cell line, NCCIT. We found that the syntaxin-4–triggered morphological changes and a decrease in stemness signatures were independently induced by the activation of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and the abrogation of PI3K/Akt signaling. We also found that the extracellular expression of syntaxin-4 inactivated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in association with the augmented expression of P-cadherin, and comparable controls of either of these downstream elements of syntaxin-4 accelerated both ROCK-induced F-actin stress fiber formation and P13K/Akt–suppressed loss of stemness signatures. Cells expressing P-cadherin inactivated FAK but FAK inhibition did not affect P-cadherin expression, demonstrating a causal relationship between P-cadherin and FAK in the event of syntaxin-4 induction. These results reveal a novel signaling axis in stem cells and shed new light on the crucial elements for stem cell plasticity and the maintenance of stemness.
An established population of Asian longhorned ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Ohio, USA
Authors: Eleftheriou Andreas , Beckett Julia , Bai Ningzhu , Pesapane Risa
Published: August 2023

We describe the first known established Asian longhorned tick (ALT) (Acari: Ixodidae: Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann) population in Ohio, USA. In mid-summer 2021, we collected ALTs from an infested pasture in response to an alert that grazing cattle had been infested with ticks, and 3 of them had died. No ALTs were reported following pesticide treatment of the pasture in fall 2021. In the laboratory, we identified 9,287 ticks to species, representing all 3 life stages, as ALTs and tested 100 of the adult females for infectious agents relevant to human and animal health, including Theileria orientalis, a cattle disease agent. Eight field-collected ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum (n = 100, 8%); no other infectious agents were detected. Active environmental surveillance showed the return of ALTs in June 2022 despite the tick control efforts in 2021. As ALTs continue to expand their range in the United States, active and passive surveillance studies will be needed to characterize their evolving role in human and animal health.
Refugee Mobilization in the Nepal–India Borderlands: Porosity as Opportunity
Authors: Banki Susan
Published: August 2023

For more than a decade, the India–Nepal border played a central role as a site of resistance for Bhutan’s refugees. It served as a conduit through which materials and information were exchanged and demonstrations were planned and carried out. Key to the undertaking of these activities was the border’s porosity, which, I argue, is an overlooked opportunity structure in homeland activism. In this article, I draw on borderland theories and empirical evidence from homeland activism carried out by Bhutan’s refugees to elucidate the ways that porosity and opportunity intersect. I identify three mechanisms through which porosity aids not only refugee movement but also refugee mobilization. First, porosity’s path dependence lays the groundwork for critical connections with activist affiliates. Second, porosity enables bi-directional flows of information that aid the work of documentation. Third, porosity improves the likelihood of relative resources into which activist refugees can tap. These mechanisms rely on the physical, social, and symbolic aspects of borderlands.
‘Be a gen’l’m’n and a Conserwative Sammy’: Political Remediations of the Pickwick Papers in the Provincial Press (1836–1837)
Authors: Holdway Katie
Published: August 2023

Throughout its serial run, Charles Dickens’s Pickwick Papers (1836–7), was repurposed hundreds of times by the provincial press. From acting as innocuous filler material to making strategic political statements, provincial newspaper editors evoked, excerpted and adapted Pickwick as quickly as Dickens was penning the instalments, showing a keen responsiveness to political topicalities relevant to their reading communities. This article contends that these types of journalistic re-use benefit from being read collectively as a form of remediation, defined by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin as ‘the formal logic by which new media refashion prior media forms’. It argues that these remediations are vital to understanding the politics of the provincial press because they became one method through which provincial newspapers articulated a localised response to the national political debates that raged following the 1832 Reform Act. As well as reflecting the political priorities of specific communities, these remediations nuance our understanding of Pickwick’s popularity by drawing attention to aspects of its construction that lent themselves to re-use. While explicit engagement with party politics is conspicuously absent from Pickwick, provincial editors capitalised upon this generality and imbued their re-workings of the serial with a partisanship that Dickens himself avoided, while using his name to substantiate and authorise their own pieces. In this respect, these remediations invite us to place Pickwick at the heart of political debate in the papers, by foregrounding the close relationship between newspaper politics, serial literature, and provincial identity in the 1830s.