bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No evidence that horn trimming affects white rhinoceros horn use during comfort behaviour and resource access
Authors: Penny Samuel G. , White Rachel L. , Scott Dawn M. , MacTavish Lynne , Pernetta Angelo P.
Published: March 2021

Rhino species use their horns in social interactions but also when accessing resources, rubbing and in interspecific defence. The current poaching crisis has seen southern white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum simum) increasingly dehorned as a conservation management practise, but few studies have evaluated whether the procedure has any behavioural effects. This study sought to document and describe horn-contingent behaviours during resource access, wallowing and rubbing in freeranging white rhinos and establish whether dehorning, also known as horn trimming, impacts on their frequency or function. Data were collected through camera trapping and field observations at two sites in South Africa. The results provide no evidence that dehorning disrupts digging behaviours during mineral consumption or wallowing and suggests that dehorning is unlikely to have a strong biological impact on resource access. Furthermore, the frequency of horn-rubbing behaviours did not appear to be influenced by levels of horn growth. This suggests the procedure has a limited impact on these aspects of the species’ ecology and provides support that dehorning can be employed as a management tool to reduce poaching in freeranging populations of white rhino.
‘Now Nothing are so Numerous’
Authors: Pollio Gerald
Published: March 2021

Piled carpets, whether of Eastern or European production, appeared in colonial homes soon after the colonisation of North America in the early 17th century. Initially displayed on tables and cupboards, they were subsequently used as floor coverings in the homes of political and social elites. Over the 18th century Eastern carpets appear to have lost their original semiotic function: ‘English’ having become synonymous with elegance, led colonial consumers increasingly to substitute carpets made in Great Britain for those imported from Persia or Turkey; this shift was motivated in large part by both the wider range of English styles and their lower cost. Probate inventories provide much of the information on the position of carpets in colonial homes. Such data are subject to various shortcomings, which are noted and discussed, especially in relation to their use as valuation measures.
Protective effect of Ellipticine in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of allergic rhinitis via dual inhibition of COX-2 and NF-κB
Authors: Wang Jian , Liu Xiao , Liu Zhi , Ge Yanxia , He Shuangwen
Published: March 2021

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a serious health concern across the globe. Despite its non-fatal character, it accounts for affecting millions of people across the world and is deemed responsible to affect their quality of life and put a significant economic burden. In the current study, we aimed to assess the anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of ellipticine (ETC) against AR using ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of allergic rhinitis. The ETC was administered to mice via intra-peritoneal route after suspending in 5% CMC after sensitization by OVA. Results of the study suggested that ETC causes a significant reduction the nose rubs as compared to disease control. A significant reduction in the serum level of histamine, IgG1, TNF-α, IL-1β, MIP-2, and IL-6 was found in ETC treated group in a dose-dependent manner as compared to OVA challenged mice. It also reduces eosinophils in BALF of AR mice. In western blot analysis, the expression of aberrantly activated COX-2 and NF-ĸB found significantly reduced in ETC treated group due to inhibition of TLR-4 and caspase-1 as compared to disease-control mice. ETC showed significant interaction with residues of the active site of COX-2 and NF-ĸB. Collectively, our results indicated that ETC can be used to improve present therapeutic strategies against AR.
Pentagalloylglucose, a phytochemical from Terminalia chebula can efficiently prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry: In Silico study
Authors: Sharma Rajani , Prajapati Gopal Kumar , Akhoury Gargi
Published: March 2021

COVID-19 is the current health challenge across the world. It originated in Wuhan, China, and has now spread to more than 180 countries. It is a zoonotic disease which spreads through droplets. The severity of disease is likely to end with the discovery of vaccines only. Researchers are repurposing drugs to fill the gap between COVID-19 and vaccine designing. Broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are preferred but they exhibit side effects. We have screened pentagalloylglucose present in Terminalia chebula which can prevent SARS-CoV-2 entry to the host cell. In this study, we have taken 8 active phytochemicals of Terminalia chebula which include gallic acid, chebulic acid, chebulanin, neochebulinic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and pentagalloyglucose against spike proteins (S1 and S2), Replicase Polyprotein, 3C-like protease (3CL pro), Papain-like protease (PLpro), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2. HADDOCK online server, Discovery Studio Visualizer and PyRx Vina tools were used to screen the potential component from T. chebula. It was analysed that pentagalloylglucose can be a better phytochemical against spike protein S1 similar to hemagglutinin of influenza virus. This phytochemical can be further used as a drug against SARS-CoV-2.
‫”الإنسان“ و”المرء“ في القرآن، أو بين الماهية الميتافيزيقية والشخص الأخلاقي‬
Authors: Graiguer (شفيق اكَر يكَر) Chafik
Published: March 2021

الخلاصة

يتحدث القرآن عن الكائن البشري (وإليه) مستخدما مفردات عدة من قبيل: الإنسان، الناس، بنو آدم، النفس.. والتي يمكن أن نجد لها، بسهولة، مقابلات في اللغات الأجنبية. بيد أنه يستخدم أيضاً لفظاً آخر يكاد يكون غير قابل للترجمة، ولم ينل بعدُ حقه من الدراسة، هو ”المرء“. وتأتي الدراسة الحالية لتبحث في الاستعمال القرآني لهذا اللفظ الأخير بغية التدليل على أنه اللفظ الأقرب إلى تأدية المعنى الحديث لـ ”الشخص“ بما هو ذات أخلاقية‫.‬

سنحدد أولاً المعنى الحديث للشخص بما هو ذات أخلاقية تُحمل عليها هوية ومسؤولة وكرامة. ثم نبيّن كيف أن لفظ ”إنسان،“ في القرآن، أبعد من أن يعبر عن هذا المعنى؛ لأنه محمل بإيحاءات ‫(connotations)‬ ميتافيزيقية أكثر منها أخلاقية. بعد هذا الشق السلبي، يبدأ الشق الإيجابي من الدراسة للبرهنة على أن سياقات ورود لفظ مرء، في القرآن، تفيد فعلاً معنى الشخص بما هو ذات أخلاقية مسؤولة، وأن هذا المعنى يستثمر أولاً نواة دلالية للفظ في الشعر الجاهلي سيكون علينا بيانها مقدَّماً، تدور على فكرة الذات بوصفها فردية ‫(individuality)‬ تعي حتمية موتها؛ ويغتني ثانياً بما في لفظ المروءة من معاني الكرامة الشخصية. ونختم بمقارنة سريعة بين لفظيْ مرء ونفس في القرآن لبيان ما يمتاز به الأول عن الثاني من معاني الوحدة والهوية المميزة لمفهوم الشخص‫.‬
True branching and phenotypic plasticity in the planktonic cyanobacterium Dolichospermum brachiatum sp. nov. (Nostocales, Aphanizomenonaceae), from south-eastern Australia

Authors: MCGREGOR GLENN B. , SENDALL BARBARA C.
Published: March 2021

Phenotypic plasticity in the cyanobacteria provides adaptive strategies to cope with changes in prevailing environmental conditions. Plasticity may manifest in morphological, physiological, or behavioural responses. Determining if variable phenotypes are truly novel expressions evolved via adaptive genetic change, rather than intrinsic characteristics within the spectrum of intraspecific diversity has rarely been studied. Poorly characterised or unrecognised intraspecific variability is as problematic as cryptic diversity in terms of imposing limitations on the use of morphology-based identifications to recognise algal diversity. We isolated strains from a population of filamentous cyanobacteria from the plankton of a temperate lake in Western Victoria, Australia putatively identified as the cylindrospermopsin producer Chrysosporum ovalisporum which displayed aberrant vegetative and apical cells and akinete morphology, and T-type true branching. In culture, strains grown in phosphorus-free media showed morphology and true branching consistent with the wild types suggesting that these features are a phenotypic response to P-limitation. Results of the phylogenetic analyses of these strains using the 16S-23S rRNA, and the secondary structure of the ITS region of the 16S-23S rRNA operon confirmed that the isolated strains were a novel species, here designated Dolichospermum brachiatum. This is the first record of true branching in the genus Dolichospermum and only the second observation from the Aphanizomenonaceae. These findings support our current understanding that true branching in cyanobacteria is a polyphyletic trait, having arisen several times in the evolution of this Phylum.
Morphological and phylogenetical analyses of pathogenic Hypomyces perniciosus isolates from Agaricus bisporus causing wet bubble disease in China
Authors: ZHANG CHUN-LAN , JIN ZHENG-WEN , SUN CAN , MOODLEY ODESHNEE , XU JI-ZE , LI YU
Published: March 2021

Hypomyces perniciosus is a destructive pathogen of Agaricus bisporus. The disease has been known to occur wherever A. bisporus is cultivated. Morphological characteristics have shown differences between reported isolates of H. perniciosus. However, clarification is needed to determine whether those isolates are the same species and an investigation of the phylogenetic relationships among them is warranted. Here, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies were carried out on 29 wet bubble disease pathogen isolates from China. Our analyses of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic results support that they are the same H. perniciosus. Moreover, they are separated into two groups, groups ⅰ and groups ii. Pathogenicity test results inferred that group ii had weaker pathogenicity than group ⅰ. Consequently, we can deduce that wet bubble disease is still caused by H. perniciosus and isolates from two distinct groups.
Lectotype designation of Desfontaines’s name Cistus heterophyllus and its hybrid C. ×clausonii (Cistaceae)

Authors: FERRER-GALLEGO P. PABLO , LAGUNA EMILIO , ALONSO Mª ÁNGELES , CRESPO MANUEL B.
Published: March 2021

The Desfontaines’s name Cistus heterophyllus is discussed and lectotypified on a specimen preserved at P (Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris). In addition, the lectotype of its hybrid C. ×clausonii (C. heterophyllus × C. albidus) is designated from the original material preserved at MPU (Institut de Botanique, Université de Montpellier II).
Disentangling the Sudanonautes granulatus (Balss, 1929) species complex (Potamoidea: Potamonautidae), with the description of two new freshwater crabs from Nigeria and Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: CUMBERLIDGE NEIL , NDONGO PIERRE A. MVOGO , CLARK PAUL F.
Published: March 2021

The taxonomic status of the widely distributed West and Central African freshwater crab Sudanonautes granulatus (Balss, 1929) sensu lato is revised in the light of improved morphological evidence which indicates that this taxon is a complex comprising at least 4 species: Sudanonautes granulatus (Balss, 1929) sensu stricto from Togo, S. koudougou n. sp. from Côte d’Ivoire, S. umaji n. sp. from Nigeria, and S. tiko from Cameroon, Nigeria, and Bioko. Diagnoses, illustrations and distribution maps are provided for these species and they are compared with congeners from West and Central Africa.
The Colorado State University Convective CLoud Outflows and UpDrafts Experiment (C3LOUD-Ex)
Authors: van den Heever Susan C. , Grant Leah D. , Freeman Sean W. , Marinescu Peter J. , Barnum Julie , Bukowski Jennie , Casas Eleanor , Drager Aryeh J. , Fuchs Brody , Herman Gregory R. , Hitchcock Stacey M. , Kennedy Patrick C. , Nielsen Erik R. , Park J. Minnie , Rasmussen Kristen , Razin Muhammad Naufal , Riesenberg Ryan , Dellaripa Emily Riley , Slocum Christopher J. , Toms Benjamin A. , van den Heever Adrian
Published: March 2021

The intensity of deep convective storms is driven in part by the strength of their updrafts and cold pools. In spite of the importance of these storm features, they can be poorly represented within numerical models. This has been attributed to model parameterizations, grid resolution, and the lack of appropriate observations with which to evaluate such simulations. The overarching goal of the Colorado State University Convective CLoud Outflows and UpDrafts Experiment (C3LOUD-Ex) was to enhance our understanding of deep convective storm processes and their representation within numerical models. To address this goal, a field campaign was conducted during July 2016 and May–June 2017 over northeastern Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, and southwestern Nebraska. Pivotal to the experiment was a novel “Flying Curtain” strategy designed around simultaneously employing a fleet of uncrewed aerial systems (UAS; or drones), high-frequency radiosonde launches, and surface observations to obtain detailed measurements of the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of cold pools. Updraft velocities were observed using targeted radiosondes and radars. Extensive datasets were successfully collected for 16 cold pool–focused and seven updraft-focused case studies. The updraft characteristics for all seven supercell updraft cases are compared and provide a useful database for model evaluation. An overview of the 16 cold pools’ characteristics is presented, and an in-depth analysis of one of the cold pool cases suggests that spatial variations in cold pool properties occur on spatial scales from O(100) m through to O(1) km. Processes responsible for the cold pool observations are explored and support recent high-resolution modeling results.
Operational Precipitation Forecast Over China Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at a Gray-Zone Resolution: Impact of Convection Parameterization
Authors: ZHANG XU , YANG YUHUA , CHEN BAODE , HUANG WEI
Published: March 2021

The quantitative precipitation forecast in the 9 km operational modeling system (without the use of a convection parameterization scheme) at the Shanghai Meteorological Service (SMS) usually suffers from excessive precipitation at the grid scale and less-structured precipitation patterns. Two scale-aware convection parameterizations were tested in the operational system to mitigate these deficiencies. Their impacts on the warm-season precipitation forecast over China were analyzed in case studies and two-month retrospective forecasts. The results from case studies show that the importance of convection parameterization depends on geographical regions and weather regimes. Considering a proper magnitude of parameterized convection can produce more realistic precipitation distribution and reduce excessive grid-scale precipitation in southern China. In the northeast and southwest China, however, the convection parameterization plays an insignificant role in precipitation forecast because of strong synoptic-scale forcing. A statistical evaluation of the two-month retrospective forecasts indicates that the forecast skill for precipitation in the 9-km operational system is improved by choosing proper convection parameterization. This study suggests that improvement in contemporary convection parameterizations is needed for their usage for various meteorological conditions and reasonable partitioning between parameterized and resolved convection.
Branching Ratio Method for Assessing Optically Thin Conditions in Laser-Induced Plasmas
Authors: Urbina Medina Ivan A. , Carneiro Deborah D. , Rocha Suellen , Farias Eliel E. , Bredice Fausto O. , Palleschi Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

The branching ratio method is usually used to evaluate the optical thinness conditions in laser-generated plasmas, which are important for the application of analytical methods such calibration free laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS). In this communication, we warn on the possibility that in some circumstances, the branching-ratio method might give results close to the one characterizing optically thin plasma conditions, even in the presence of a substantial self-absorption for the transitions considered.
Subjective Well-Being, Depression, and Delays in Care Among Older Adults: Dual-Eligible Versus Medicare-Only Beneficiaries
Authors: Xu Dongjuan , Simpson Vicki L.
Published: March 2021

We aimed to (a) determine the role of subjective well-being and depression in care delays among Medicare beneficiaries and (b) examine whether subjective well-being and depression play a differential role among Medicare-only and dual-eligible beneficiaries. A nationally representative sample of 1,696 older adults participated in the study. Roughly, 22% of participants reported often or sometimes experiencing care delays, with more delays among dual eligibles. We found that higher levels of subjective well-being were significantly related to less frequent care delays. In contrast, higher levels of depression were significantly related to more frequent care delays. Moreover, as depression increased, the predicted probability of delays increased to a greater extent among dual eligibles than Medicare-only beneficiaries. These findings signify the importance of identifying and implementing strategies to enhance subjective well-being and reduce depression in older adults, particularly dual eligibles, to improve access to timely care.
Reflections on the Less Visible and Less Measured: Gender and COVID-19 in India
Authors: Agarwal Bina
Published: March 2021

The gender effects of COVID-19 are complex, and extend much beyond the issues of care work and domestic violence that have captured global attention. Some effects have been immediate, such as job losses, food shortages, and enhanced domestic work burdens; others will emerge in time, such as the depletion of savings and assets and pandemic-related widowhood, which would make recovery difficult. I use examples from India to outline the complexity of such outcomes, the limitations of the many telephone surveys conducted during the pandemic, and the importance of anticipating both the immediate and the sequential effects.

We can anticipate these effects by drawing on our knowledge of preexisting gender inequalities and people’s coping strategies under crises, as well as real-time media alerts. Prior conceptualization can help us design better surveys for capturing both the visible and less visible impact of the pandemic, as well as formulate more effective policies for mitigating the adverse effects. I also highlight the advantages of group-based approaches for protecting women’s livelihoods during such crises, and emphasize the need to create a synergy between feminist theory, evidence gathering, and policy formulation.
Unpaid Work and Care During COVID-19: Subjective Experiences of Same-Sex Couples and Single Mothers in Australia
Authors: Craig Lyn , Churchill Brendan
Published: March 2021

This paper draws on data from Work and Care During COVID-19, an online survey of Australians during pandemic lockdown in May 2020 (n = 2,722). It focuses on how subsamples of lesbian, gay, and bisexual mothers and fathers in couples (n = 280) and single mothers (n = 480) subjectively experienced unpaid work and care during lockdown compared with heterosexual mothers and fathers in couples, and with partnered mothers, respectively. During the pandemic, nonheterosexual fathers’ subjective reports were less negative than those of their heterosexual counterparts, but differences between heterosexual and lesbian/bisexual mothers were more mixed. Unlike their partnered counterparts, more single mothers reported feeling satisfied than before with their balance of paid and unpaid work and how they spent their time overall during the pandemic, perhaps because they avoided partnership conflicts and particularly benefited from relaxed commuting and child care deadlines.
Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs
Authors: Campillo Marta , Smith Sionagh H. , Gally David L. , Opriessnig Tanja
Published: March 2021

Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge. We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L. intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease, given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
Eating Disorders: Identification and Management in General Medical and Psychiatric Settings
Authors: Owens Rebecca A. , Attia Evelyn , Fitzpatrick Joyce J. , Phillips Kathryn , Nolan Stephanie
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

Eating disorders (EDs) are serious, complex illnesses with both behavioral and physical health features. EDs have high rates of medical and psychiatric morbidity, and a 6% mortality rate, the highest of any mental illness. Early detection of EDs offers the best opportunity for recovery; yet, estimates are that as few as one in 10 individuals with an ED receive treatment. The purpose of this article is to provide an ED identification and management overview for inpatient nurse clinicians in general psychiatric and medical settings, helping to facilitate timely recognition and care.

METHOD

An overview of ED diagnostic criteria and two evidence-based ED tools are introduced for consideration.

RESULTS

Opportunities to identify and help manage an ED are numerous. Most individuals with an ED make several health care visits in either medical or psychiatric settings without ever being screened for an ED. General ED screening and assessment tool familiarization can facilitate a treatment trajectory for these patients, improve overall quality of life, and may potentially result in a life-saving intervention for this often-deadly cluster of medical and psychiatric disorders.

CONCLUSION

Screening and assessment in general clinical settings, identifying patients with undiagnosed EDs, beginning basic treatment plans, and referrals for appropriate follow-up care, have the potential to reduce ED recidivism and related health care costs. Simultaneously, and most important, long-term outcomes for patients with EDs may improve.
Understanding variability in defense against direct screens in basketball
Authors: Sánchez-García Raúl , Muntanyola-Saura Dafne
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a cognitive ethnography on the variability of interpersonal coordination in defense against direct screens during basketball games. We collected data through observation of ten games of Estudiantes U18 Team during the 2014/2015 season in Madrid. We filmed the game and showed clips of specific direct screens to players while conducting semi-structured interviews. We analyzed the video and the discourse qualitatively following grounded theory principles. We identified three categories expressing variability: failure, partial repair, and functional variation. Even though communication was quoted by the interviewed players as a key element in their decision-making, other contextual elements – related to framing and joint attention- affected the degree of variation and success. Based on these findings, the paper offers some recommendations for coaching the tactical behaviour of defense against direct screens.
Inconsistencies in English Learner Identification: An Inventory of How Home Language Surveys Across U.S. States Screen Multilingual Students
Authors: Salerno April S. , Andrei Elena
Published: March 2021

Home Language Surveys (HLS) are widely used by states as an initial screening tool to determine whether students should receive English as a Second Language (ESL) services. Parents/guardians are asked to complete the surveys when enrolling a student into a school. We collected surveys from the 50 states and the District of Columbia. We completed them as if we were the parent/guardian of six use-case students. Research questions were (1) How do HLS vary from state to state, if at all? What kinds of questions do they ask? (2) How do HLS across the 50 states and the District of Columbia identify, or not, six fictitious students for further ESL screening? We found that states and U.S. Department of Education–approved HLS questions identified students differently due to unclear questions, such as asking bilingual families to name one dominant language. We recommend additional validation measures be taken with survey questions.
Implications of Walking Aid Selection for Nonweightbearing Ambulation on Stance Limb Plantar Force, Walking Speed, Perceived Exertion, and Device Preference in Healthy Adults 50 Years of Age and Older
Authors: Kingston David C. , Ferwerda Sarah , Fontaine Curtis , Keeping Marhanda , Stewart Jeffrey , Ward Rachel , Zapski Jenelle , Collins Kassondra , Essien Samuel K. , Zucker-Levin Audrey R.
Published: March 2021

Background:

Young adults often tolerate the increased energy expenditure, coordination, and stance limb discomfort associated with walking aids for nonweightbearing ambulation. Adults aged ≥50 years may not have the same tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how walking aid selection affects stance limb plantar force, walking speed, perceived exertion, and device preference in adults aged ≥50 years.

Methods:

A prospective randomized crossover study was performed using healthy adults, aged ≥50 years, with no use of walking aids within 5 years. Participants walked 200 m in 4 randomized conditions: single nonweightbearing ambulation using crutches, a walker, a wheeled knee walker, and unaided walking. An in-shoe sensor measured stance limb plantar force, a stopwatch timed each walk, perceived exertion was reported using the BORG CR-10 scale, and device preference was identified.

Results:

Twenty-one participants (7 male; age: 56 ± 5 years; BMI: 26.6 ±1.9) showed stance limb plantar force was lowest when using a wheeled knee walker ( P < .001). Walking speed was similar in unaided and wheeled knee walker conditions (1.41 and 1.31 m/s), but slower with crutches or a walker (42%-68%, P < .001). Perceived exertion was similar in unaided and wheeled knee walker conditions (1.6 and 2.8), but higher with crutches or a walker (5.7 and 6.1, P < .001). Most (20/21) participants preferred the wheeled knee walker.

Conclusions:

Using a wheeled knee walker for nonweightbearing ambulation reduced stance limb plantar force, maintained unaided walking speed and perceived exertion, and was preferred to crutches or a walker.

Level of Evidence:

Level II, comparative study.
Advances in multimodal imaging in ophthalmology
Authors: Ringel Morgan J. , Tang Eric M. , Tao Yuankai K.
Published: March 2021

Multimodality ophthalmic imaging systems aim to enhance the contrast, resolution, and functionality of existing technologies to improve disease diagnostics and therapeutic guidance. These systems include advanced acquisition and post-processing methods using optical coherence tomography (OCT), combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and OCT systems, adaptive optics, surgical guidance, and photoacoustic technologies. Here, we provide an overview of these ophthalmic imaging systems and their clinical and basic science applications.
Access to kidney transplantation in Mexico, 2007–2019: a call to end disparities in transplant care
Authors: Garcia-Garcia Guillermo , Tonelli Marcello , Ibarra-Hernandez Margarita , Chavez-Iñiguez Jonathan S. , Oseguera-Vizcaino Ma. Concepcion
Published: March 2021

Background

Access to kidney transplantation is limited to more than half of the Mexican population.

A fragmented health system, gender, and sociocultural factors are barriers to transplant care. We analyzed kidney transplantation in Mexico and describe how public policies and sociocultural factors result in these inequities.

Methods

Kidney transplant data between 2007 to 2019 were obtained from the National Transplant Center database. Transplant rates and time spent on the waiting list, by age, gender, health system, and insurance status, were estimated.

Results

During the study period 34,931 transplants were performed. Recipients median age was 29 (IQR 22–42) years, 62.4% were males, and 73.9% were insured. 72.7% transplants were from living-donors. Annual transplant rates increased from 18.9 per million population (pmp) to 23.3 pmp. However, the transplant rate among the uninsured population remained low, at 9.3 transplants pmp. In 2019, 15,890 patients were in the waiting list; 60.6% were males and 88% were insured. Waiting time to transplant was 1.55 (IQR 0.56–3.14) years and it was shorter for patients listed in the Ministry of Health and private facilities, where wait lists are smaller, and for males. Deceased-organ donation rates increased modestly from 2.5 pmp to 3.9 pmp.

Conclusions

In conclusion, access to kidney transplantation in Mexico is unequal and restricted to patients with medical insurance. An inefficient organ procurement program results in low rates of deceased-donor kidneys. The implementation of a comprehensive kidney care program, recognizing kidney transplantation as the therapy of choice for renal failure, offers an opportunity to correct these inequalities.
Association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis
Authors: Chao Chung-Hao , Wu Chia-Lun , Huang Wen-Yi
Published: March 2021

Background

Chronic kidney disease has been identified as a risk factor affecting stroke prognosis. High-grade carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is associated with distal hemodynamic compromise. The association between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ischemic stroke (IS) outcome in patients with high-grade CAS remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between eGFR and outcomes of acute IS patients with high-grade CAS.

Methods

From January 1, 2007 to April 30, 2012, we enrolled 372 acute IS patients with high-grade CAS and prospectively observed them for 5 years. The eGFR on admission was assessed using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation. Demographic features, vascular risk factors, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared between different eGFR levels.

Results

Among 372 individuals, 76 (20.4%) had an eGFR < 45, 65 (17.5%) had an eGFR between 45 and 59, and 231 (62.1%) had an eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Compared to other groups, in the eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 group, the prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, and gout were significantly higher (P = 0.013, P = 0.030, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.043, and P < 0.001, respectively). Patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 demonstrated lower hemoglobin and total cholesterol levels compared with other groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.048). The blood potassium and uric acid levels were significantly higher in patients with eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards model indicated that eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 was a significant risk factor for 5-year all-cause mortality in IS patients with high-grade CAS after adjusting for these variables (hazard ratio = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.31–3.21; P = 0.002).

Conclusions

eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 was associated with an increased risk of 5-year all-cause mortality in acute IS patients with high-grade CAS. Whether aggressive treatment of chronic kidney disease in IS patients with high-grade CAS can improve stroke outcomes should be confirmed in future studies.
Alcohol use, intimate partner violence, and HIV sexual risk behavior among young people in fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: Wandera Stephen Ojiambo , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , Walakira Eddy J. , Kisaakye Peter , Wagman Jennifer
Published: March 2021

Background

Few studies have investigated the association between alcohol use, intimate partner violence, and HIV sexual risk behavior among young people in fishing communities from eastern and central Uganda. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between alcohol use, intimate partner violence, and HIV sexual risk behavior among young people in the fishing communities on the shores of Lake Victoria, in Uganda.

Methods

We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses of HIV risk behavior using cross-sectional data from 501 young people from Mukono (Katosi landing site) and Namayingo districts (Lugala landing site).

Results

Almost all (97%) respondents reported at least one HIV risk behavior; more than half (54%) reported engagement in three or more HIV risk behaviors. Results from the adjusted model indicate that alcohol use, working for cash or kind, being married, and having multiple sexual partners increased the odds of HIV risk behavior. IPV was not associated with HIV risk behavior.

Conclusion

Interventions to promote consistent condom use and fewer sexual partnerships are critical for young people in the fishing communities in Uganda.
MicroRNA-4429 suppresses proliferation of prostate cancer cells by targeting distal-less homeobox 1 and inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Wang Jinguo , Xie Sheng , Liu Jun , Li Tao , Wang Wanrong , Xie Ziping
Published: March 2021

Background

Emerging evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play multiple roles in human cancers through regulating mRNAs and distinct pathways. This paper focused on the functions of miR-4429 in prostate cancer (PCa) progression and the molecules involved.

Methods

Expression of miR-4429 in PCa tissues and cells was determined. Upregulation of miR-4429 was introduced in PCa cells to examine its role in the malignant behaviors of cells. The putative target mRNA of miR-4429 involved in PCa progression was predicted from a bioinformatic system and validated through luciferase assays. Overexpression of distal-less homeobox 1 (DLX1) was further induced in cells to validate its implication in miR-4429-mediated events. The activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway was determined.

Results

miR-4429 was poorly expressed in PCa tissues and cells. Artificial upregulation of miR-4429 significantly reduced proliferation, growth, invasion, migration and resistance to death of cancer cells and inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. DLX1 mRNA was found as a target of miR-4429. Upregulation of DLX1 restored the malignant behaviors of PCa cells which were initially suppressed by miR-4429, and it activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Conclusion

Our study highlights that miR-4429 inhibits the growth of PCa cells by down-regulating DLX1 and inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This finding may offer novel insights into PCa treatment.
Evaluation and implementation of a mannequin-based surgical simulator for margin-involving eyelid laceration repair – a pilot study
Authors: Zhao Jiawei , Ahmad Meleha , Gower Emily W. , Fu Roxana , Woreta Fasika A. , Merbs Shannath L.
Published: March 2021

Background

Repair of margin-involving eyelid lacerations is a challenge for beginning ophthalmology residents, yet no commercially-available simulation models exist for learning this skill. The objective of the study was to modify a mannequin-based surgical simulator originally developed for trachomatous trichiasis surgery training to teach margin-involving eyelid laceration repair and to evaluate its success within a residency wet-lab environment.

Methods

We modified a previously developed mannequin-based training system for trachomatous trichiasis surgery into a simulator for margin-involving eyelid laceration repair. Six ophthalmology residents from a tertiary care academic institution performed at least one simulated margin-involving eyelid laceration repair using the surgical simulator between September 2019 and March 2020. Each session was video recorded. Two oculoplastic surgeons reviewed the videos in a blinded fashion to assess surgical proficiency using a standardized grading system. Participants were surveyed on their comfort level with eyelid laceration repair pre- and post-completion of simulation. They were also queried on their perceived usefulness of the surgical simulator compared to past methods and experiences.

Results

Six residents completed 11 simulation surgeries. For three residents who completed more than one session, a slight increase in their skills assessment score and a decrease in operative time over two to three simulation sessions were found. Self-reported comfort level with margin-involving eyelid laceration repairs was significantly higher post-simulation compared to pre-simulation (p = 0.02). Residents ranked the usefulness of our surgical simulator higher than past methods such as fruit peels, surgical skill boards, gloves, and pig feet (p = 0.03) but lower than operating room experience (p = 0.02). Residents perceived the surgical simulator to be as useful as cadaver head and emergency department/consult experience.

Conclusions

We developed a surgical simulator for teaching eyelid laceration repair and showed its utility in developing trainees’ surgical skills. Our surgical simulator was rated to be as useful as a cadaver head but is more readily available and cost effective.
A distinct APC pathogenic germline variant identified in a southern Thai family with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Wanitsuwan Worrawit , Vijasika Sukanya , Jirarattanasopa Pichai , Horpaopan Sukanya
Published: March 2021

Background

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is caused by pathogenic germline variants in the APC gene. To date, multiple pathogenic variants in coding regions, splice sites, and deep intronic regions have been revealed. However, there are still pathogenic variants that remain unidentified.

Methods

Twenty-nine primer pairs flanking exons 2–16 (i.e., coding exons 1–15) of APC and their exon–intron junctions were used for germline pathogenic variant screening in Southern Thai patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Transcription analysis was performed to confirm the pathogenicity of a splice site deletion of intron 10. Family members were interviewed for clinical histories. Blood samples were collected from 18 family members for a segregation study. Subsequently, clinical data of affected members were collected from the hospital databases.

Results

We found a distinct heterozygous 16-bp deletion at the splice donor site of intron 10 leading to a skipping of exon 10 which was confirmed by transcript analysis (APC: c 1312 + 4_1312 + 19del, r.934_1312del). Predictive testing for the pathogenic APC variant in 18 of the proband’s family members (ten healthy and eight affected) from three generations showed the same heterozygous germline pathogenic variant in eight affected adult members (15–62 years old) and two children (7 and 10 years old). Seven of the ten carriers of the disease-causing variant had undergone colonoscopy, and colonic polyps were found in all cases, which confirmed the segregation of the inherited pathogenic variant. The phenotypic spectrum was found to vary within the family; and some affected family members exhibited extracolonic manifestations.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, the pathogenic APC variant, c.1312 + 4_1312 + 19del, r.934_1312del, has not previously been reported. This study is one of the few reports describing the phenotypic consequences of a pathogenic APC variant in a high number of affected family members.
Assessing the quality of information provided on websites selling Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) to consumers in Canada
Authors: Ng Jeremy Y. , Ans Muhammad , Marwaha Amn
Published: March 2021

Background

Amid a Canadian opioid crisis, many have turned to natural health products, such as kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), to manage their opioid withdrawal. Kratom has also been reported to relieve anxiety, improve stamina, and heighten physical performance. Given that kratom is not authorized for sale by Health Canada, many have turned to online retailers to purchase kratom due to its easy accessibility online. This study investigated the quality of consumer health information provided on the websites of online vendors selling kratom to consumers in Canada.

Methods

Following searches on Google.ca using search terms designed to simulate the information-seeking behaviour of a typical patient-user online, eligible websites were assessed using the 16-question DISCERN instrument, a tool designed to assess the quality of consumer health information. Searches were conducted on March 27, 2020 and only websites presenting information in English were included.

Results

A total of 200 webpages were identified; after screening based on eligibility criteria and combining different webpages that belonged to the same website, 51 websites were found to be eligible. The mean summed DISCERN score across all 51 websites was 36.95 (SD = 2.44) out of 75, which reflects poor quality consumer health information across the subset of websites. The overall quality of websites was poor, as 78% (n = 40) of vendors received a score of 2 or less out of 5.

Conclusions

Individuals who seek information about kratom online are frequently exposed to poor quality consumer health information. Those looking to purchase kratom online are not provided with the critical information necessary to make an informed decision regarding its use, such as the complete details about the risks and side effects or a description of how kratom affects the body. Given the growing interest in kratom, knowledge of the quality of information available can lead to improved dialogue between healthcare providers and patients.
The effect of the platelet-rich plasma and ozone therapy on tendon-to-bone healing in the rabbit rotator cuff repair model
Authors: Gurger Murat , Once Gokhan , Yilmaz Erhan , Demir Sukru , Calik Ilknur , Say Yakup , Kavakli Ahmet , Key Sefa , Gurbuz Mustafa Umit , Bingollu Onur
Published: March 2021

Background

The aim of this study is to histologically and biomechanically investigate the effects of local PRP and ozone therapy (O2O3) on tendon-to-bone healing in a rabbit model of the supraspinatus tendon tear.

Methods

Four groups were formed to have seven rabbits in each group: repair, R; repair + PRP, RP; repair + ozone, RO; and repair + PRP + ozone, RPO. The supraspinatus tendon was detached by sharp dissection from the footprint and an acute tear pattern was created. Thereafter, tendon repair was performed with the transosseous technique. In the RP group, PRP, and in the RPO group, PRP + O2O3 mixture was injected to the tendon repair site. In the RO group, O2O3gas mixture was injected into subacromial space three times a week for a total of 4 weeks. The study was ended at postoperative 6th week.

Results

When compared with the R group, a statistically significant increase was observed in the biomechanical strength of the RP and RPO groups. The highest increase in biomechanical strength was detected in the RPO group. The histology of the RO and RPO groups showed better collagen fiber continuity and orientation than the R and RP groups.

Conclusions

The results obtained from this study show that the ozonized PRP can be used as biological support to increase tendon-to-bone healing. However, these results need to be supported by clinical studies.
Hip pathologies in mucopolysaccharidosis type III
Authors: Breyer Sandra Rafaela , Vettorazzi Eik , Schmitz Leonie , Gulati Amit , von Cossel Katharina Maria , Spiro Alexander , Rupprecht Martin , Stuecker Ralf , Muschol Nicole Maria
Published: March 2021

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) comprises a group of rare lysosomal storage diseases. Although musculoskeletal symptoms are less pronounced than in other MPS subtypes, pathologies of hip and spine have been reported in MPS III patients. The purpose of this study was to describe hip pathologies and influencing parameters in MPS III patients.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed for 101 MPS III patients. Thirty-two patients met the inclusion criteria of enzymatically or genetically confirmed diagnosis and anteroposterior radiograph of the hips. Modified Ficat classification, Wiberg’s center-edge angle, and Reimer’s migration percentage were measured.

Results

The mean age at data assessment was 11.0 years (SD 5.7). Osteonecrosis of the femoral head was observed in 17/32 patients. No statistically significant association was found between these changes and age, sex, or MPS III subtype. Patients with a severe phenotype showed significantly higher rates of osteonecrosis (14/17) than patients with an intermediate phenotype. Hip dysplasia was present in 9/32 patients and was significantly associated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates a high rate of hip pathologies in MPS III patients. Hip dysplasia and severe phenotype were significantly correlated with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Therefore, radiographs of the hips are highly recommended in baseline and follow-up assessments of MPS III patients.

Trial registration

Retrospectively registered.
Aqueous extracts of Aconite promote thermogenesis in rats with hypothermia via regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism
Authors: Liu Juan , Tan Yuzhu , Ao Hui , Feng Wuwen , Peng Cheng
Published: March 2021

Background

Intermittent or prolonged exposure to severe cold stress disturbs energy homeostasis and can lead to hypothermia, heart failure, Alzheimer’s disease, and so on. As the typical “hot” traditional Chinese medicine, Aconite has been widely used to treat cold-associated diseases for thousands of years, but its critical mechanisms for the promotion of thermogenesis are not fully resolved. Gut microbiota and its metabolites play a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Here, we investigated whether the aqueous extracts of Aconite (AA) can enhance thermogenesis through modulation of the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota in hypothermic rats.

Methods

The therapeutic effects of AA on body temperature, energy intake, and the histopathology of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue of hypothermic rats were assessed. Microbiota analysis based on 16 S rRNA and targeted metabolomics for bile acids (BAs) were used to evaluate the composition of gut microbiota and BAs pool. The antibiotic cocktail treatment was adopted to further confirm the relationship between the gut microbiota and the thermogenesis-promoting effects of AA.

Results

Our results showed a sharp drop in rectal temperature and body surface temperature in hypothermic rats. Administration of AA can significantly increase core body temperature, surface body temperature, energy intake, browning of white adipose tissue, and thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue. Importantly, these ameliorative effects of AA were accompanied by the shift of the disturbed composition of gut microbiota toward a healthier profile and the increased levels of BAs. In addition, the depletion of gut microbiota and the reduction of BAs caused by antibiotic cocktails reduced the thermogenesis-promoting effect of AA.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that AA promoted thermogenesis in rats with hypothermia via regulating gut microbiota and BAs metabolism. Our findings can also provide a novel solution for the treatment of thermogenesis-associated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.