bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic Cocrystals: Beyond Electrical Conductivities and Field‐Effect Transistors (FETs)
Authors: Huang Yinjuan , Wang Zongrui , Chen Zhong , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2019

Organic cocrystals based on noncovalent intermolecular interactions (weak interactions) have aroused interest owing to their unpredicted and versatile chemicophysical properties and their applications. In this Minireview, we highlight recent research on organic cocrystals on reducing the aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, tuning light emission, ferroelectricity and multiferroics, optical waveguides, and stimuli‐responsiveness. We also summarize the progress made in this field including revealing the structure–property relationships and developing unusual properties. Moreover, we provide a discussion on current achievements, limitations and perspectives as well as some directions and inspiration for further investigation on organic cocrystals.
Alginate–chitosan composite hydrogel film with macrovoids in the inner layer for biomedical applications
Authors: Banerjee Arindam , Ganguly Somenath
Published: February 2019

Making of a layered composite using two biopolymer gels with regularly aligned voids in the inner layer is described in this article. Calcium alginate constituted the inner layer, within which voids of 500 μm diameter were embedded in monolayer or in multiple layers using a fluidic device for bubbling. The chitosan without any additional crosslinker was used to form the outer layer. The layered structure enabled compartmentalization of drug hold‐up, and differential release rates. These aspects were reviewed using bovine serum albumin and vitamin B12as model solutes. The presence of voids at the inner layer of alginate increased the uptake, raising the level of absorptivity to more than 4000%. The composite film could hold two solutes at a time. The one, held inside the alginate layer started releasing only after 1 h of dipping in the release media. The adhesive strength between layers and the response of the composite film to compressive deformation are studied here. The effect of single or multiple layers of voids in the inner layer is reviewed. The slowing of degradation rate due to chitosan‐encapsulation is experimentally determined. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47599.
Utilization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste for preparing disodium terephthalate and its application in a solid polymer electrolyte
Authors: Haq Nazrul , Shakeel Faiyaz , Alanazi Fars K. , Shaikh Hamid , Bedja Idriss , Gupta Ravindra Kumar
Published: February 2019

A widespread application and nonbiodegradability of the poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) have created a huge amount of waste, which is imposing a serious life‐threatening environmental problem. In this study, we have utilized the PET waste to synthesize disodium terephthalate (DST), an organic salt having two Na+ ions per molecule. The purity of the DST phase was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A new poly(ethylene oxide)–DST polymer electrolyte was synthesized for utilizing Na+ ions of the DST. The electrical conductivity of the electrolyte was optimized by varying the [O]/[Na+] mole ratio with temperature and the results were explained using the XRD and differential scanning calorimetry studies. The TGA study showed that the electrolyte is thermally stable up to 200 °C. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47612.
A Semiconducting Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite‐type Non‐ferroelectric Piezoelectric with Excellent Piezoelectricity
Authors: Zhang Yao‐Zu , Sun Dong‐Sheng , Gao Ji‐Xing , Hua Xiu‐Ni , Chen Xiao‐Gang , Mei Guang‐Quan , Liao Wei‐Qiang
Published: February 2019

Piezoelectric materials are a class of important functional materials applied in high‐voltage sources, sensors, vibration reducers, actuators, motors, and so on. Herein, [(CH3)3S]3[Bi2Br9](1) is a brilliant semiconducting organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite‐type non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric with excellent piezoelectricity. Strikingly, the value of the piezoelectric coefficient d33 is estimated as ≈18 pC N−1. Such a large piezoelectric coefficient in non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric has been scarcely reported and is comparable with those of typically one‐composition non‐ferroelectric piezoelectrics such as ZnO (3pC N−1) and much greater than those of most known typical materials. In addition, 1 exhibits semiconducting behavior with an optical band gap of ≈2.58 eV that is lower than the reported value of 3.37 eV for ZnO. This discovery opens a new avenue to exploit molecular non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric and should stimulate further exploration of non‐ferroelectric piezoelectric due to their high stability and low loss characteristics.
Production of inulin‐ and neolevan‐type fructooligosaccharides by Penicillium janczewskii Zaleski CCIBt 3352
Authors: Zaninette Fernanda , Lopes de Melo Rocha Giulliana Aparecida , Bom Pessoni Rosemeire Aparecida , Braga Marcia Regina , Simões Kelly , de Cassia Leone Figueiredo‐Ribeiro Rita , Batista Fialho Mauricio
Published: February 2019

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are fructose‐based oligosaccharides employed as additives to improve the nutritional and technological properties of foods. The rhizosphere of inulin‐accumulating plants from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) harbor fungi capable of synthesizing FOS from sucrose through the transfructosylating activity of β‐fructosyltransferases and/or β‐fructofuranosidases. Here, we investigated the ability of Penicillium janczewskii Zaleski CCIBt 3352, a fungus isolated from the rhizosphere of Chrysolaena obovata (Asteraceae), to produce FOS in a medium supplemented with sucrose concentrations of 30, 100, or 150 g L−1. Hydrolytic activity on sucrose was observed in culture filtrates; however, at 150 g L−1 sucrose, the accumulation of 8 g L−1 1‐kestose (inulin‐type FOS) and 7.3 g L−1 neokestose (neolevan‐type FOS) was observed, the latter being a type of FOS not commonly produced by filamentous fungi. In addition, minor amounts of four unidentified oligosaccharides, with a high degree of polymerization, were detected. The production of FOS was also observed in enzymatic assays, indicating the presence of extracellular enzymes with transfructosylating activity in the culture filtrates. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of isolating promising microorganisms, for the production of FOS‐synthesizing enzymes, from the rhizosphere of fructan‐producing plants of the Brazilian Cerrado.
Quantifizierung der Tageslichtnutzung in einem transluzenten Membrandachbau
Authors: Gürlich Daniel , Reber Amando , Eicker Ursula , Biesinger Andreas
Published: February 2019

Der folgende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Tageslichtwirkung eines transluzenten, thermisch gedämmten Membrandaches über einer Sporthalle aus energetischer Sicht. Anhand von Messungen der optischen Eigenschaften der ausgeführten Dachkonstruktion wird eine dynamische Tageslichtsimulation der realisierten Situation über ein Jahr durchgeführt. Weitere Szenarien mit veränderten Materialeigenschaften und Konstruktionen liefern Vergleichswerte zur Quantifizierung der durch das Membrandach erreichten Reduktion des Kunstlichtbedarfs. Auf den Aspekt der Verschmutzung der Oberflächen und damit einhergehende Reduktion des Lichttransmissionsgrads wird explizit eingegangen. Bei einem Transmissionsgrad von 0,72 % wird im Vergleich zu einer alleinigen Glasfassade der Kunstlichtbedarf um 30 % von 19,7 kWhel/m2/a auf 13,8 kWh el/m2/a gesenkt. Die Seltenheit der Membranbauten verursacht eine Spärlichkeit an Betriebserfahrung und Informationen zu Kennwerten. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen daher als Vergleichs‐ und Kennwerte wertvolle, neue Erkenntnisse für viele Architekten, Planer und Bauherren dar.
Infraleichtbeton
Authors: Lösch Claudia , Hückler Alex , Schlaich Mike
Published: February 2019

Infraleichtbeton ist ein konstruktiver Hochleistungsleichtbeton, der Lastabtrag und Wärmedämmung in einem Material vereint. Durch seine geringe Wärmeleitfähigkeit und gute Druckfestigkeit können mehrgeschossige Gebäude mit monolithischem Wandaufbau realisiert werden, die ohne zusätzliche Dämmschicht die aktuellen strengen energetischen Anforderungen einhalten. Die einschalige Sichtbetonbauweise ermöglicht robuste, wenig komplexe und langlebige Konstruktionen, die gleichzeitig ein hohes gestalterische Potenzial aufweisen und somit einen Beitrag zur Baukultur leisten können. In diesem Artikel werden zunächst die Grundlagen zur Zusammensetzung und Herstellung des Infraleichtbetons sowie der Stand der Forschung kurz zusammengefasst. Die wesentlichen mechanischen Kennwerte werden aufgeführt und exemplarisch ausgewählte bauphysikalische Eigenschaften erläutert. Abschließend werden einige Referenzprojekte aus Infraleichtbeton vorgestellt.
Neue Erkenntnisse zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Spannbeton unter sehr hohen Lastwechselzahlen
Authors: Heeke Guido , Heinrich Jens , Maurer Reinhard
Published: February 2019

Für den Nachweis gegen Ermüdung von älteren bestehenden Spannbetonbrücken oder Neubauten werden Bemessungswöhlerlinien für Spannstahl im einbetonierten Zustand benötigt. Die bisherigen Versuche mit gekrümmten Spanngliedern im nachträglichen Verbund decken die Wöhlerlinie hauptsächlich im Zeitfestigkeitsbereich ab. Nur sehr wenige Versuche weisen Lastspielzahlen über 10 Mio. auf, wobei eine echte Dauerfestigkeit nicht erkennbar ist. Daher ist der Verlauf der Wöhlerlinie im Dauerfestigkeitsbereich im Wesentlichen hypothetisch festgelegt worden. Im Rahmen eines Teilprojekts im SFB 823 „Statistik nichtlinearer dynamischer Prozesse“ wird an der TU Dortmund die Ermüdungsfestigkeit einbetonierter Spannstähle erstmals im Bereich bis etwa 108 Lastzyklen experimentell untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden auf Grundlage einer sehr umfangreichen Datenbasis verschiedener gemessener physikalischer Größen mit mathematisch statistischen Methoden Prognoseverfahren zur Abschätzung der Lebensdauer von Versuchsträgern entwickelt. Diese ermöglichen bei vorgegebener Aussagewahrscheinlichkeit die Abschätzung eines Prognoseintervalls mit Mittelwert‐ und Quantilkurven für die Lebensdauer auf Grundlage des Schädigungsverlaufs.
Transient gene expression using valproic acid in combination with co‐transfection of SV40 large T antigen and human p21CIP/p27KIP
Authors: Kiszel Petra , Fiesel Sonja , Voit Susanne , Waechtler Beate , Meier Thomas , Oelschlaegel Tobias , Schraeml Michael , Engel Alfred M.
Published: February 2019

Transient gene expression (TGE) in HEK293 cells was optimized by Vink et al. by co‐expression of human cell cycle inhibitors p21CIP/p27KIP and Simian virus 40 large T antigen (SVLT). In this study, we investigated the effect of this enhancer protein complex on the TGE experiments in a cell‐cycle arrested condition of HEK293F cells induced by valproic acid. Growth profiles, consumptions of nutrients, formations of waste products, and product titers of recombinant human antibodies (huAb) were monitored during the 7‐day cultivation time. Our results showed that the use of enhancer proteins increased the product yields in a growth arrest condition as well. During the growth phase, no differences were detected regarding viable cell densities (VCDs), viabilities, growth rates, and cell diameters between the TGE experiments with and without enhancer proteins. However, during the declining phase VCD and viability showed slightly higher values at day 6 and 7 in the presence of enhancers. Furthermore, we could not detect any differences in glucose and glutamine metabolism during batch cultivations with co‐expression of enhancer proteins. Taken together, the special complex of enhancer proteins did not contribute to further enhancement of growth arrest and shift in the main cell metabolisms, but resulted in higher cell viability during the decline phase. Our observations suggest that the human cell cycle inhibitors p21CIP/p27KIP together with very low amount of SVLT antigen may induce alternative functional activities than growth arrest to further improve the yield of recombinant proteins.
A proposal for a new classification for the tendon of insertion of tibialis posterior
Authors: Olewnik Łukasz
Published: February 2019

Although the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle (TPM) is high morphological variability, its insertion is not well defined in anatomy discussions. The aim of the work is to systematize the classification of tibialis posterior tendon insertion by anatomical dissection. Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 80 lower limbs (40 female, 40 male) fixed in 10% formalin solution. The morphology of the insertion of the tendon was evaluated, and the muscle was subjected to appropriate morphometric measurements. Four types of insertion were observed, the most common being Type III (35 cases – 43.75%): a triple distal attachment where the main tendon inserts to the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone, and two accessory bands insert to the medial, lateral, or intermediate cuneiform bone or to the metatarsal bones (II, III, IV, V) depending on subtypes (A–C). The second most common type was Type II (18 cases: 22.5%): a double distal attachment. Type IV (14 cases: 17.5%) was characterized by quadruple distal attachment and was also divided into three subtypes (A–B). The rarest type was Type I (13 cases: 16.25%), which was characterized by a single band: the main tendon inserts to the navicular bone and the medial cuneiform bone. The tendon of the TPM presents high morphological variability. Knowledge of the four particular types of insertions is essential for both clinicians and anatomists. Clin. Anat. 32:557–565, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Direct Synthesis of H2O2 Using TS‐1 Supported Catalysts
Authors: Lewis Richard J. , Ueura Kenji , Fukuta Yukimasa , Freakley Simon J. , Kang Liqun , Wang Ryan , He Qian , Edwards Jennifer. K. , Morgan David J. , Yamamoto Yasushi , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: February 2019

In this study we show that using AuPd nanoparticles supported on a commercial titanium silicate (TS‐1) prepared using a wet co‐impregnation method it is possible to produce hydrogen peroxide from molecular H2 and O2 via the direct synthesis reaction. The effect of Au: Pd ratio and calcination temperature is evaluated as well as the role of Pt addition to the AuPd supported catalysts. The effect of Pt addition to AuPt nanoparticles is observed to result in a significant improvement in catalytic activity and selectivity to hydrogen peroxide with detailed characterisation indicating this is a result of selectively tuning the ratio of Pd oxidation states.
Determination of Breakage Parameters in Turbulent Fluid‐Fluid Breakage
Authors: Herø Eirik H. , Forgia Nicolas La , Solsvik Jannike , Jakobsen Hugo A.
Published: February 2019

Numerous sets of single‐particle breakage experiments are required in order to provide a sufficient database for improving the modeling of fluid particle breakage mechanisms. This work focuses on the interpretation of the physical breakage events captured on video. In order to extract the necessary information required for modeling the mechanisms of the fluid particle breakage events in turbulent flows, a well‐defined image analysis procedure is necessary. Two breakage event definitions are considered, namely, initial breakup and cascade breakup. The reported breakage time, the number of daughter particles created, and the daughter size distribution are significantly affected by the definition used. For each breakage event definition, an image analysis procedure is presented.
Pulmonary vein anatomy addressed by computed tomography and relation to success of second‐generation cryoballoon ablation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Mulder Bart A. , Al‐Jazairi Meelad I. H. , Arends Bauke K. O. , Bax Niels , Dijkshoorn Leonard A. , Sheikh Uzaifa , Tan Eng S. , Wiesfeld Ans C. P. , Tieleman Robert G. , Vliegenthart Rozemarijn , Rienstra Michiel , van Gelder Isabelle C. , Blaauw Yuri
Published: February 2019

Background

Cryoballoon isolation is considered a safe and effective treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, recurrence of AF after first cryoballoon ablation occurs in ~30% of patients. Pre‐procedurally identifying patients at risk of AF recurrence could be beneficial.

Hypothesis

Our aim was to determine how pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy influences the recurrence of AF using the second‐generation cryoballoon in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Methods

We included 88 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing PVI procedure with a second‐generation 28‐mm cryoballoon. All patients were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months using a 12‐lead ECG and 24‐hour Holter monitoring. PV anatomy was assessed by creating three‐dimensional models using computed tomography (CT) segmentations of the left atrium.

Results

Fifty‐one patients (61%) had left PVs with a shared carina, 35 patients (42%) had a shared right carina. Nine patients (11%) were classified having a right middle PV. In total 17 (20.2%) of patients had a left common PV. At 12 months, 14 patients (17%) had experienced AF recurrence. Neither PV ovality, variant anatomy, the presence of shared carina nor a common left PV was a predictor for AF recurrence.

Conclusions

No specific characteristics of PV dimensions nor morphology were associated with AF recurrence after cryoballoon ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF.
Surface characterization of wood treated with boron compounds combined with water repellents
Authors: Can Ahmet , Sivrikaya Hüseyin
Published: February 2019

Longer weathering exposure periods are more reliable for end‐use performance evaluations of wood surfaces. This study aimed to investigate the effect of boron impregnation on the surface composition and color of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood exposed to 18 months of natural weathering in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey. All measurements were performed at 6 month intervals. Samples were first impregnated with boron compounds and then for a second time using five different water‐repellent materials. Polyethylene glycol and aluminum sulfate were introduced with the boric acid as single impregnations. With increased weathering time, the samples darkened, while sodium silicate kept the color change to a minimum. Nano boron‐impregnated samples exhibited more effective results than those impregnated with boric acid. The FTIR analysis results demonstrated that the impregnation process had caused significant changes in the chemical structure of the samples. The changes in the chemical structure of the wood resulting from the impregnation process were partially maintained during the weathering.
Lesinurad: Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions With Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Shen Zancong , Lee Caroline A. , Wallach Kathleen , Valdez Shakti , Wilson David M. , Kerr Bradley , Gillen Michael
Published: February 2019

Lesinurad is a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor approved for use in combination with xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout. In vitro, lesinurad was shown to be a weak inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9 and a weak inducer of CYP3A4. Warfarin is a widely prescribed oral coumarin‐based anticoagulant commonly prescribed in gout patients. In an open‐label clinical study in healthy adult male subjects, the effects of multiple daily doses of 400 mg lesinurad on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single dose of 25 mg warfarin (racemic mixture of R‐ and S‐ enantiomers) were evaluated. Lesinurad had no effect on the absorption or the exposure (area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC] and peak concentration) of the more active S‐warfarin enantiomer. A slight reduction (19%) in overall plasma exposure (AUC) was observed for the R‐warfarin enantiomer. Lesinurad had no meaningful clinical impact on anticoagulation activity as measured by prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio of prothrombin time and Factor VII clotting activity. Overall, the administration of warfarin in the presence of multiple‐dose lesinurad was devoid of clinically significant drug‐drug interaction.
Effect of occlusal splint and therapeutic exercises on postural balance of patients with signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder
Authors: Oliveira Simone S. I. , Pannuti Claudio M. , Paranhos Klenise S. , Tanganeli João P. C. , Laganá Dalva C. , Sesma Newton , Duarte Marcos , Frigerio Maria Luíza M. A. , Cho Sang‐Chon
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of an occlusal splint on postural balance considering the occlusal splint as a device for treating temporomandibular joint disorder. A randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial was conducted. The research group consisted of 49 patients (36 as test group and 13 as control group) between 18 and 75 years old, both genders, diagnosed as temporomandibular disorder by Research Diagnostic Criteria/Temporomandibular Disorders questionnaire and magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joints. Test group was treated with orientations for physiotherapeutic exercises and occlusal splint, whereas control group received orientation for physiotherapeutic exercises only. Postural equilibrium was evaluated by means of a force plate. After 12 weeks, the groups were re‐evaluated. Patients from both groups presented a significant increase in antero‐posterior speed with eyes closed, test group (P < 0.001) and control group (P = 0.046). Only patients of the test group presented a significant increase in antero‐posterior speed with eyes opened (P = 0.023). We concluded that the use of occlusal splint affected the postural balance.
Fluorination of MXene by Elemental F2 as Electrode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Thapaliya Bishnu P. , Jafta Charl J. , Lyu Hailong , Xia Jiexiang , Meyer Harry M. , Paranthaman M. Parans , Sun Xiao‐Guang , Bridges Craig A. , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2019

The transformation of MXene sheets into TiOF2 2D sheets with superior electrochemical performance was developed. MXene synthesized from Ti3AlC2 was fluorinated for 3, 6, and 24 h, respectively, by means of a direct fluorination process. Exposure of MXene powder to elemental fluorine for 3 h induced the formation of CF2 groups and TiF3 on the surface, which have beneficial effects on the electrochemical performance. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that after fluorinating the MXene sample for 6 h Ti2+ and Ti3+ were not present on the surface but only Ti4+, indicating the formation of TiOF2. XRD indicated that TiOF2 was present after fluorinating for 3 h, and after 24 h the MXene had transformed to TiOF2 with minor impurities remaining, maintaining its 2D layer morphology. The 24 h fluorinated sample with its TiOF2 phase showed superior capacity that increased with cycle number. It also had a better rate capability than non‐2D‐layered TiOF2, indicating the advantage of the 2D‐layered morphology derived from the parent MXene phase.
Emerging reservoir delta‐backwaters: biophysical dynamics and riparian biodiversity
Authors: Volke Malia A. , Johnson W. Carter , Dixon Mark D. , Scott Michael L.
Published: February 2019

Deltas and backwater‐affected bottomlands are forming along tributary and mainstem confluences in reservoirs worldwide. Emergence of prograding deltas, along with related upstream hydrogeomorphic changes to river bottomlands in the backwater fluctuation zones of reservoirs, signals the development of new and dynamic riparian and wetland habitats. This study was conducted along the regulated Missouri River, USA, to examine delta‐backwater formation and describe vegetation response to its development and dynamics. Our research focused specifically on the delta‐backwater forming at the confluence of the White River tributary and Lake Francis Case reservoir. Objectives of the research were to: (1) describe and analyze the process of delta‐backwater formation over space and time; (2) determine by field sampling and GIS mapping how vegetation has responded to development of the delta‐backwater; and (3) compare the woody plant communities of the delta‐backwater to those along free‐flowing and regulated remnant river reaches. In response to base level changes caused by reservoir filling, the thalweg of the lower 31 km of the original White River channel and adjacent floodplain aggraded by up to 12 m between 1954 and 2011. The overall channel slope flattened from 0.70 to 0.29 m/km. Riparian Populus–Salix forests increased in area by nearly 50% during the post‐dam period by colonizing new deltaic and floodplain deposits. Many of the native woody species found along natural and regulated river reaches were also found on the delta‐backwater. Woody species sorted along a fluvial to delta gradient; wetland affiliated species (Salix spp., Typha spp.) dominated the delta‐backwater near the reservoir while riparian species (Populus, Fraxinus) dominated in upstream portions of the delta‐backwater. This habitat complex supports young stands of native riparian vegetation now in decline in remnant reaches protected from flooding.
Iron Carbonate Beneficiation Through Reductive Calcination – Parameter Optimization to Maximize Methane Formation
Authors: Lux Susanne , Baldauf‐Sommerbauer Georg , Ottitsch Bernhard , Loder Astrid , Siebenhofer Matthäus
Published: February 2019

Direct iron carbonate reduction through reductive calcination in a hydrogen atmosphere is a high‐potential candidate for environmentally benign pig iron production. In addition to the direct formation of elemental iron in one reaction step, carbon dioxide is only partially released from the carbonate. Instead, carbon monoxide, methane, and higher hydrocarbons form as gaseous reaction products. The experimental study described here is based on Mg‐Mn substituted iron carbonate ore. First, the chemical thermodynamics of the reductive calcination of iron, magnesium, and manganese carbonate are discussed. The influence of temperature and pressure on equilibrium conversion is reviewed together with the accessible products. Results for the reductive calcination of mineral iron carbonate in a tubular reactor setup are presented. The methane yield was optimized via statistically planned design of experiments. The gauge pressure and temperature showed a statistically significant effect on the total iron carbonate conversion, as well as on carbon monoxide, and methane yield.
Tuning the Fluorescence Emission and HOMO‐LUMO Band Gap in Homoleptic Zinc(II) Complexes with N,O‐Bidentate (Imidazo[1,5‐a]pyrid‐3‐yl)phenols
Authors: Ardizzoia G. Attilio , Colombo Gioele , Therrien Bruno , Brenna Stefano
Published: February 2019

A series of homoleptic zinc(II) complexes of the general formula [Zn(LR)2] (HLR: (imidazo[1,5‐a]pyrid‐3‐yl)phenol; R: para‐substituent to the phenol) have been synthesized. The single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis of complex [Zn(LH)2] (1) confirmed the expected N,O‐bidentate coordination of LR, via the pyridine‐like nitrogen of the imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine skeleton and the phenolate oxygen. The photophysical properties of the complexes have been investigated in dichloromethane solution, showing fluorescence emission when excited with UV light (λexc = 340–360 nm). The intensity and λmax of the emission are both significantly influenced by the R‐substituent, the emission maxima moving from blue (R = CF3, Zn(LCF3)2] (6)) to orange (R = NO2, Zn(LNO2)2] (7). Most of [Zn(LR)2] compounds are characterized by moderate‐to‐good absolute photoluminescence quantum yields, with a maximum of 0.33 for [Zn(LH)2] (1). Density functional calculations allowed to identify the Natural Transition Orbitals involved in the electronic transitions and define the main transition as being HOMO‐LUMO (>95 %) in character. A good linear correlation was found between the HOMO energy and the Hammett σp constants associated to the R‐substituent, whereas the fluorescence behavior has been described in terms of HOMO‐LUMO band gap.
Chiral Non‐Planar Oligophenylenes Bridged by Urea Linkage: Synthesis through Intramolecular Direct Arylation, Chiroptical Behavior, and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Takagi Koji , Hirano Yuto , Mikami Koichiro , Kikkawa Shoko , Azumaya Isao
Published: February 2019

The intramolecular direct arylation of N,N′‐dihexyl‐N‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐N′‐phenylurea using palladium catalyst gave BPU in 75 % yield. Longer terphenyl compound (TPbU) was likewise prepared. Other four conjugated oligomers (BPtU, BPU‐1Np, BPU‐2Np, and BPU‐Ant) were synthesized from BPU in short reaction steps. From the X‐ray crystallography, BPtU with the thiourea skeleton was suggested to have a quasi C=N double bond character. Each enantiomer was optically resolved on chiral HPLC to show mirroring Cotton effects and monosignate CD patterns. The enantiomeric excess (ee.) values were evaluated by HPLC, from which BPU and TPbU exhibited comparable racemization energy barriers (ΔG‡rac = 23.3 kcal mol–1 and 23.4 kcal mol–1). The racemization energy barrier of BPtU was considerably high (ΔG‡rac = 30.1 kcal mol–1) likely due to the quasi C=N double bond character. On the other hand, BPU‐2Np and BPU‐Ant having the π‐conjugated system exhibited ΔG‡rac of 23.8 kcal mol–1 and 24.0 kcal mol–1, respectively. These experimental results were well explained by theoretical analyses.
The Use of Mechanistic Population Models in Metal Risk Assessment: Combined Effects of Copper and Food Source on Lymnaea stagnalis Populations
Authors: Vlaeminck Karel , Viaene Karel P. J. , Van Sprang Patrick , Baken Stijn , De Schamphelaere Karel A. C.
Published: February 2019

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of chemicals aims to protect populations, communities, and ecosystems. Population models are considered more frequent in ERA because they can bridge the gap between the individual and the population level. Lymnaea stagnalis (the great pond snail) is an organism that is particularly sensitive to various metals, including copper (Cu). In addition, the sensitivity of this species to Cu differs between food sources. The first goal of the present study was to investigate whether we could explain the variability in sensitivity between food sources (lettuce and fish flakes) at the individual level with a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model. By adapting an existing DEB model and calibrating it with Cu toxicity data, thereby combining information from 3 studies and 2 endpoints (growth and reproduction), we put forward inhibition of energy assimilation as the most plausible physiological mode of action (PMoA) of Cu. Furthermore, the variation in Cu sensitivity between both food sources was considerably lower at the PMoA level than at the individual level. Higher Cu sensitivity at individual level under conditions of lower food quality or availability appears to emerge from first DEB principles when inhibition of assimilation is the PMoA. This supports the idea that DEB explained Cu sensitivity variation between food sources. Our second goal was to investigate whether this food source effect propagated to the population level. By incorporating DEB in an individual-based model (IBM), population-level effects were predicted. Based on our simulations, the food source effect was still present at the population level, albeit less prominently. Finally, we compared predicted population-level effect concentration, x% (ECx) values with individual-level ECx values for different studies. Using the DEB-IBM, the range of effect concentrations decreased significantly: at the individual level, the difference in chronic EC10 values between studies was a factor of 70 (1.13–78 µg dissolved Cu/L), whereas at the population level the difference was a factor of 15 (2.9–44.6 µg dissolved Cu/L). To improve interstudy comparability, a bioavailability correction for differences in water chemistry was performed with a biotic ligand model. This further decreased the variation, down to a factor of 7.4. Applying the population model in combination with a bioavailability correction thus significantly decreased the variability of chronic effect concentrations of Cu for L. stagnalis. Overall, the results of the present study illustrate the potential usefulness of transitioning to a more modeling-based environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1–16. © 2019 SETAC
Exploring the Potential of a Video‐Mediated Interactive Speaking Assessment
Authors: Ockey Gary J. , Timpe‐Laughlin Veronika , Davis Larry , Gu Lin
Published: February 2019

The construct of oral ability is multifaceted, but due to technological and practical constraints, the majority of computer‐delivered speaking assessments are designed to measure only certain aspects of this ability. Most notably, interactional competence, which we define as the ability to actively structure dialogic speech in real time, is often not assessed. Innovations in technology, namely, computer‐mediated video, make it possible for test takers in different locations to see and speak with others in real time and may make it achievable for computer‐based tests to assess more aspects of oral communication, including interactional competence. This report gives the findings from a study that explored to what extent computer‐mediated video, namely, Skype, could function in conjunction with a platform designed to present four innovative speaking tasks that could conceivably assess a broad construct of oral ability. The overarching goals of this project were twofold. First, we aimed to determine (a) the degree to which current computer video‐mediated technology can be used effectively to deliver assessments remotely and (b) the extent to which participants felt that four specific tasks could assess speaking ability by means of this technology. The speaking tasks included giving short responses to an interlocutor's questions, summarizing a proposal, defending a position in a group discussion, and giving a prepared presentation and responding to questions from other participants. Two data collections were conducted: one with all 72 participants located in the United States and one with all 74 participants located in China. The findings provide preliminary evidence that the stability of computer video‐mediated technology varies considerably, with technical disruptions being relatively few in the U.S. trial but very frequent in the China context. Moreover, the findings suggest that participants viewed the tasks as generally representing interactive speaking activities that they encounter in the oral language use domain, affording them the opportunity to demonstrate their oral abilities, and that these tasks can be effectively completed in a computer video‐mediated environment when technology cooperates.
Robust high‐order semi‐implicit backward difference formulas for Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Loy Kak Choon , Bourgault Yves
Published: February 2019

Taylor‐Hood finite elements provide a robust numerical discretization of Navier‐Stokes equations (NSEs) with arbitrary high order of accuracy in space. To match the accuracy of the lowest degree Taylor‐Hood element, we propose a very efficient time‐stepping methods for unsteady flows, which are based on high‐order semi‐implicit backward difference formulas (SBDF) and the inclusion of grad‐div term in the NSE. To mitigate the impact on the numerical accuracy (in time) of the extrapolation of the nonlinear term in SBDF, several variants of nonlinear extrapolation formulas are investigated. The first approach is based on an extrapolation of the nonlinear advection term itself. The second formula uses the extrapolation of the velocity prior to the evaluation of the nonlinear advection term as a whole. The third variant is constructed such that it produces similar error on both velocity and pressure to that with fully implicit backward difference formulas methods at a given order of accuracy. This can be achieved by fixing one‐order higher than usually done in the extrapolation formula for the nonlinear advection term, while keeping the same extrapolation formula for the time derivative. The resulting truncation errors (in time) between these formulas are identified using Taylor expansions. These truncation error formulas are shown to properly represent the error seen in numerical tests using a 2D manufactured solution. Lastly, we show the robustness of the proposed semi‐implicit methods by solving test cases with high Reynolds numbers using one of the nonlinear extrapolation formulas, namely, the 2D flow past circular cylinder at Re=300 and Re = 1000 and the 2D lid‐driven cavity at Re = 50 000 and Re = 100 000. Our numerical solutions are found to be in a good agreement with those obtained in the literature, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Performance Degradation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Caused by an Accelerated Stress Test
Authors: Zhang X. , Yang Y. , Zhang X. , Guo L. , Liu H.
Published: February 2019

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) experiences inevitably performance decay due to various mechanisms. Among those, carbon corrosion is extremely detrimental. In this study, an accelerated stress test (AST) is conducted to a single cell to mimic the conditions when carbon corrosion occurs. The cell performance is characterized intermittently, and the experiment results show although electrochemical active area (ECA) decreases continuously from beginning‐of‐life (BOL) due to carbon corrosion at catalyst layer (CL), kinetic degradation is not apparent until AST 3 h. After that, kinetic loss increases progressively, while ohmic loss increases continuously. However, due to decrease of water generation under voltage‐controlled condition, or enhancement of water removal by phase change induced flow (PCI) under current‐controlled condition, the mass transport is slightly improved at later period of AST. To confirm such variation of mass transport loss, cell performance and EIS are measured at reduced air relative humidity (RHc) and reduced air flow rate. Both cell performance and EIS results show that in a degraded fuel cell, reduced air RHc and higher air flow rate are beneficial to cell performance. Hence, more sophisticated water management strategies for PEMFCs is recommended for different periods in their lifetime for a fuel cell stack.
Randomized control trial comparing the titanium osteosynthesis and the biodegradable osteosynthesis in mandibulotomy access
Authors: Liu Jian Nan , Ong Hui Shan , Wang Ming Yi , Wan Kenneth , Qu Xing Zhou , Zhang Chen Ping
Published: February 2019

Background

The clinical degradation rate and strength of biodegradable implant exposed to postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) are unknown.

Methods

A prospective randomized control trial of 40 consecutive mandibulotomy patients randomly divided into titanium and biodegradable cohorts. All patients received PORT. The following parameters were compared: maximal mouth opening, occlusal force, center of force trajectory, occlusal status, radiographic evidence of bony union, mandibular function impairment questionnaire (MFIQ), overall satisfaction score, and complication rates.

Results

Both the mandibular function and occlusal status parameter of the biodegradable and the titanium groups were not significantly difference. Biodegradable cohort showed better MFIQ scores (P = .08) and overall satisfaction scores (P = .64) but was not statistically significant. Of note, 40% of patients in the titanium cohort complained of plate palpability/cold intolerance and required plate removal (P = .02); 10% of patients in the titanium cohort developed osteoradionecrosis.

Conclusion

Biodegradable osteosynthesis is as reliable as titanium osteosynthesis for mandibulotomy fixation. PORT did not increase the complication rate in the biodegradable group.
Robotic transoral thyroidectomy: Total thyroidectomy and ipsilateral central neck dissection with da Vinci Xi Surgical System
Authors: Kim Hong Kyu , Park Dawon , Kim Hoon Yub
Published: February 2019

Background

Transoral approach for thyroidectomy draws attention recently among the thyroid surgeons, with the merits of cosmetic outcomes and minimal flap dissection. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the details and the steps of transoral robotic thyroidectomy.

Methods

We made three incisions in the gingival‐buccal sulcus for three 8‐mm intraoral ports: one inverted U‐shaped 1‐cm midline incision approximately 2 cm above the frenulum, and two 0.5‐cm lateral incisions near the commissure of lips. An additional 8‐mm axilla port was inserted for countertraction and later drain insertion.

Results

Right thyroid lobectomy, ipsilateral central neck dissection, and left thyroid lobectomy were performed with preserving recurrent laryngeal nerves and parathyroid glands. There was no development of transient or permanent hypoparathyroidism, vocal cord palsy, postoperative bleeding, or surgical site infection.

Conclusion

Transoral robotic total thyroidectomy and ipsilateral central neck dissection using the da Vinci Xi Surgical System are feasible and safe.
Localized prostate cancer with pelvic arteriovenous malformation treated with low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy after transcatheter embolization: Two case reports
Authors: Owari Takuya , Tanaka Nobumichi , Nakai Yasushi , Asakawa Isao , Tomizawa Mitsuru , Miyake Makito , Morizawa Yosuke , Hori Shunta , Anai Satoshi , Hasegawa Masatoshi , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: February 2019

Background

We describe two patients who underwent low‐dose‐rate prostate brachytherapy after embolization for pelvic arteriovenous malformation.

Case presentation

Case 1: A 76‐year‐old man was referred for definitive treatment of intermediate‐risk prostate cancer (prostate‐specific antigen 8.667 ng/mL, cT2aN0M0, Gleason score 3 + 4 = 7). We planned low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy. However, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography demonstrated a large pelvic arteriovenous malformation. We performed embolization of the arteriovenous malformation before initiating treatment to lower the risk of rupture of the arteriovenous malformation during low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy. Case 2: A 69‐year‐old man was referred for the definitive treatment of high‐risk prostate cancer (prostate‐specific antigen 5.81 ng/mL, cT2aN0M0, Gleason score 4 + 4 = 8) with a pelvic arteriovenous malformation. Similar to Case 1, we performed embolization of the arteriovenous malformation before initiating treatment. In both cases, low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy could be performed without complications.

Conclusions

Low‐dose‐rate brachytherapy after transcatheter embolization of pelvic arteriovenous malformations can safely and effectively treat localized prostate cancer with pelvic arteriovenous malformations.
HIV‐associated thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura: A retrospective cohort study during the anti‐retroviral therapy era
Authors: Masoet Azizah , Bassa Fatima , Chothia Mogamat‐Yazied
Published: February 2019

Background

HIV‐associated thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) is thought to represent the majority of current TTP diagnoses in South Africa (SA).

Aim

The primary aim was to describe the clinical features and compare the time to remission of TTP in those patients with and without HIV.

Design

A retrospective cohort study conducted at Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, SA for the period January 1, 2010 to January 31, 2015.

Methods

All adult patients requiring ≥5 units of plasma products for ≥1 day during hospitalization were screened for a diagnosis of TTP. Those with a reported clinical diagnosis and/or laboratory evidence of TTP were included in the final analysis.

Results

A total of 52 cases were identified of which 78.8% were HIV‐infected. Time to remission was 10 days in the HIV group vs 19 days in the HIV negative group, P = 0.07. Most of the patients were Black females. Fever was more common in those with HIV. Neurological features were common in both groups. The majority in the HIV group was managed exclusively with plasma infusion alone (90.2% vs 45.5%, P < 0.01). There were no differences in the time to remission regardless of treatments received. Anti‐retroviral therapy initiation during hospitalization was a predictor for remission. Overall mortality rate was 44.2%.

Conclusion

There was no difference in the time to remission in patients with HIV‐associated TTP as compared with HIV negative TTP. The high mortality was probably the result of less intensive plasma infusion and therapeutic plasma exchange regimens.
Physiological functions of Wilms’ tumor 1‐associating protein and its role in tumourigenesis
Authors: Xie Wenli , Wei Ling , Guo Jing , Guo Hui , Song Xianrang , Sheng Xiugui
Published: February 2019

The Wilms’ tumor‐associated gene WT1 encodes a tumor suppressor gene, which is implicated in renal differentiation and development of adult urogenital system. Wilms’ tumor 1‐associating protein (WTAP) is initially identified as a nuclear protein that specifically interacts with WT1 in both in vitro and in vivo assays. WTAP is ubiquitously expressed in different tissues and various growth periods, and its expression is involved in cell cycle, RNA splicing and stabilization, N6‐methyladenosine RNA modification, cell proliferation, and apoptosis as well as embryonic development. In the present review, we aimed to summarize the functions of WTAP in various physiological and pathological processes, in particular with regard to the current knowledge about the role of WTAP in tumorigenesis of different cancers.
Intra‐ and inter‐laboratory agreement of the FAM19A4/mir124‐2 methylation test: Results from an international study
Authors: Floore Arno , Hesselink Albertus , Oštrbenk Anja , Alcaniz Elia , Rothe Beate , Pedersen Helle , Torres Hortal Montserrat , Doorn Saskia , Quint Wim , Petry Karl Ulrich , Poljak Mario , Cuschieri Kate , Bonde Jesper , de Sanjosé Silvia , Bleeker Maaike , Heideman Daniëlle
Published: February 2019

Background

HPV‐based cervical screening detects women at an increased risk of cervical cancer and precancer. To differentiate among HPV‐positive women those with (pre)cancer, triage testing is necessary. The detection of cancer‐associated host‐cell DNA methylation (FAM19A4 and hsa‐mir124‐2) in cervical samples has shown valuable as triage test. This multicenter study from 6 collaborating European laboratories and one reference laboratory was set out to determine the intra‐ and inter‐laboratory agreement of FAM19A4/mir124‐2 DNA methylation analysis utilizing the QIAsure Methylation Test.

Methods

Agreement analysis for the QIAsure Methylation Test was assessed on high‐risk HPV‐positive cervical specimens (n = 1680) both at the level of the assay and at the full workflow, including bisulfite conversion.

Results

Intra‐ and inter‐laboratory assay agreement were 91.4% (534/584; 95% CI 88.9‐93.5; κ = 0.82) and 92.5% (369/399; 95% CI 90.0‐94.7; κ = 0.83), respectively. The inter‐laboratory workflow (bisulfite conversion and assay combined) agreement was 90.0% (627/697; 95% CI 87.5%‐92.0%; κ = 0.76).

Conclusion

These data show that the QIAsure Methylation Test performs robust and reproducible in different laboratory contexts. These results support the use of the QIAsure Methylation Test for full molecular screening for cervical cancer, including primary HPV testing and triage testing by methylation analysis.