bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positional distribution of sentence members in the french, english and russian languages
Authors: Газилов Магомед , Gazilov Magomed , Гозалова Марина , Gozalova Marina
Published: January 2015

The article presents a comparative analysis of the sentence structure of the French language in comparison to English and Russian, described are differences and similarities for the three languages. English and French, are important languages of international communication, trade, cooperation and business. As for the Russian language, it is the fifth language in the world in the total number of speakers and the second most popular language of the Internet.

Traditionally, the French and English languages are considered as analytic with strict fixed word order in a sentence, at the same Russian is a synthetic language with free word order. Recently, however, linguists are increasingly beginning to assert that there are no languages purely synthetic or analytical. The analysis gives grounds to state that despite the fact that the French and British sentences have a fixed word order in their development there is a trend of occurrence of certain "liberties", in particular, modern French interrogative sentence violates the strict word order; It is constructed both with inversion, and without it, and the circumstances occupy not only postposition or preposition, but also interposition in relation to the predicative basis of the sentence.

The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in the classroom whiles teaching second language, and that would ensure a much easier and faster learning.
Current regulation of provision of discounts to customers by medical institutions and insurers in Russia
Authors: Кулакова Елена , Kulakova Elena , Цыганов Александр , Tsyganov Aleksandr
Published: January 2015

The article based on the consideration of the Russian legal acts regulating the provision of discounts. In the article recommendations are made in respect of paid medical services and voluntary health insurance, with provision of the example of a short marketing plan required for formal reasons of discounts.

Currently, the process of providing discounts and medical insurance companies are regulated, and most of the information should be public and posted on websites of medical institutions, insurance companies and their partners, which implement insurance or paid medical services.

The increasing complexity of legislation on consumer protection, health and insurance law leads to the formation of new instruments for operations that previously did not require such a formalization. Of course, this leads to an increase in operating costs, not only the cost of creating, storing and placing this information. At the same time most organizations formalize many business processes, previously considered insignificant. Scope of medical care, like no other, attracted the attention of society composed of different groups and strata, some of whom are citizens who want to take advantage of a discount clinic or insurer.
Three Facets of Organizational Adaptation: Selection, Variety, and Plasticity
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. , Marino Alessandro
Published: January 2015

When considering the adaptive dynamics of organizations, it is important to account for the full set of adaptive mechanisms, including not only the possibility of learning and adaptation of a given behavior but also the internal selection over some population of routines and behaviors. In developing such a conceptual framework, it is necessary to distinguish between the underlying stable roots of behavior and the possibly adaptive expression of those underlying templates. Selection occurs over expressed behavior. As a result, plasticity, the capacity to adapt behavior, poses a trade-off as it offers the possibility of adaptive learning but at the same time mitigates the effectiveness of selection processes to identify more or less superior underlying roots of behavior. In addition, plasticity may mitigate the reliability with which practices are enacted. These issues are explored in the context of a computational model, which examines the interrelationship among processes of variation, selection, and plasticity.
Agencies will lead to lower standards
Authors: Heath Bea
Published: January 2015

MA Education Ltd, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, London, SE24 0PB. neil.henty@markallengroup.com
Thinking historically
Authors: Rich Diane
Published: January 2015

Following on from last month's article, that looked at children thinking scientifically, we turn our attention to how we can interact with, investigate and understand history in early years settings.
Resilience and coping
Authors: Brown Paula
Published: January 2015

Following on from last month's bereavement article we look at coping strategies and factors that lead to a child's resilience, both in the face of adversity and everyday challenges. What is it? Can we teach it?
Heuristic and holistic
Authors: Matthes Claire
Published: January 2015

The wellbeing of the children in our care is of paramount importance, more so when the home environment may not be conducive to this; heuristic play can help to build a child's self-esteem.
ScratchJr early coding
Authors: Bosley Rachel , Bosley Mark
Published: January 2015

Based on our experience of introducing coding to four and five-year-olds, this article explores ScratchJr, outlining projects and benefits presented under the foundation stage areas of learning.
What we can learn from…: Spring!
Authors: Chapman Ailsa
Published: January 2015

This month, we take a closer look at probably the most vibrant season of them all. Springtime is wonderful, after months of cold, wintry days, when the earth and nature burst forth again.
Roll up to the Big Top
Authors: Chalmers Debbie
Published: January 2015

Travelling circuses no longer feature exotic animals, but they are still fascinating for children and offer real insights into an alternative lifestyle; they also provide plenty of scope for imaginative role-play.
Time for learning maths
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: January 2015

This is the fifth in a series of articles that uses practical activities based on the expressive arts, such as music, song and dance, to develop young children's skills in the mathematics area of early learning.
Managing dermal filler complications part 3: early and delayed infection
Authors: Brackenbury Julie
Published: January 2015

Dermal filling has rapidly become one of the most common procedures performed by aesthetic practitioners worldwide. Although the vast majority of treatments are successful and patient satisfaction levels are high, both mild and severe complications have been reported following the injection of many different types of dermal fillers. With the widespread surge of the use of dermal fillers for facial rejuvenation, a new disease entity in the form of adverse outcomes and complications of these cosmetic procedures are being increasingly reported in the literature. In this article, the author reviews the literature surrounding infection post dermal filler injections and infection prevention. The article also discusses how such complications impact the NHS.
American aesthetics: a less united state
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: January 2015

With both surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures on the rise worldwide, aesthetic nursing is becoming an increasingly popular profession. In this new series, Aysha Mendes examines aesthetic nursing practices and cultural perceptions of beauty across the globe by focusing on a different country every month. This issue highlights debates and discrepancies in American medical aesthetics
‘Teaching, mentoring and supervising nurses is a task that gives me much pleasure’
Authors: Barton Cheryl , Ibrahim Sue
Published: January 2015

In the field of medical aesthetics, it is common for nurses to work in isolation and meet only at annual conferences and association meetings. To get to know your peers, the Journal of Aesthetic Nursing's consultant editor Cheryl Barton has undertaken a series of ten interviews with both new and experienced aesthetic nurses, exploring their lives in and out of the clinic. This interview is with Sue Ibrahim
What are the key issues surrounding qualifications for cosmetic procedures?
Authors: Devan Natasha , Mason Lisa , Jolly Sujata , Sandler Deborah
Published: January 2015

Sir Bruce Keogh's review of the regulation of cosmetic interventions prompted Health Education England to make standardised training in non-surgical procedures a priority. In December, stakeholders from professional groups and membership organisations attended a summit to give feedback on a potential qualifications framework. Natasha Devan reports on key issues in the consultation document
Lymphocyte chromosome breakage in low benzene exposure among Indonesian workers
Authors: Soemarko Dewi S. , Mansyur Muchtaruddin
Published: January 2015

Background: Benzene has been used in industry since long time and its level in environment should be controled. Although environmental benzene level has been controlled to less than 1 ppm, negative effect of benzene exposure is still observed, such as chromosome breakage. This study aimed to know the prevalence of lymphocyte chromosome breakage and the influencing factors among workers in low level benzene exposure.Methods: This was a cross sectional study in oil & gas industry T, conducted between September 2007 and April 2010. The study subjects consisted of 115 workers from production section and head office. Data on type of work, duration of benzene exposure, and antioxidant consumption were collected by interview as well as observation of working process. Lymphocyte chromosome breakage was examined by banding method. Analysis of relationship between chromosome breakage and risk factors was performed by chi-square and odd ratio, whereas the role of determinant risk factors was analyzed by multivariate forward stepwise.Results: Overall lymphocyte chromosome breakage was experieced by 72 out of 115 subjects (62.61%). The prevalence among workers at production section was 68.9%, while among administration workers was 40% (p > 0.05). Low antioxidant intake increases the risk of chromosome breakage (p = 0.035; ORadjusted = 2.90; 95%CI 1.08-7.78). Other influencing factors are: type of work (p = 0,10; ORcrude = 3.32; 95% CI 1.33-8.3) and chronic benzene exposure at workplace (p = 0.014; ORcrude = 2.61; 95% CI 1.2-5.67), while the work practice-behavior decreases the lymphocyte chromosome breakage (p = 0.007; ORadjusted = 0.30; 95% CI 0.15-0.76).Conclusion: The prevalence of lymphocyte chromosome breakage in the environment with low benzene exposure is quite high especially in production workers. Chronic benzene exposure in the workplace, type of work, and low antioxidant consumption is related to lymphocyte chromosome breakage. Thus, benzene in the workplace should be controlled to less than 1 ppm, and the habit of high antioxidant consumption is recommended.
Women's Experiences Seeking Publicly Funded Family Planning Services in Texas
Authors: Hopkins Kristine , White Kari , Linkin Fran , Hubert Celia , Grossman Daniel , Potter Joseph E.
Published: January 2015

CONTEXT

Little is known about low‐income women's and teenagers’ experiences accessing publicly funded family planning services, particularly after policy changes are made that affect the cost of and access to such services.

METHODS

Eleven focus groups were conducted with 92 adult women and 15 teenagers in nine Texas metropolitan areas in July–October 2012, a year after legislation that reduced access to subsidized family planning was enacted. Participants were recruited through organizations that serve low‐income populations. At least two researchers independently coded the transcripts of the discussions and identified main themes.

RESULTS

Although most women were not aware of the legislative changes, they reported that in the past year, they had had to pay more for previously free or low‐cost services, use less effective contraceptive methods or forgo care. They also indicated that accessing affordable family planning services had long been difficult, that applying and qualifying for programs was a challenge and that obtaining family planning care was harder than obtaining pregnancy‐related care. As a result of an inadequate reproductive health safety net, women experienced unplanned pregnancies and were unable to access screening services and follow‐up care. Teenagers experienced an additional barrier, the need to obtain parental consent. Some women preferred to receive family planning services from specialized providers, while others preferred more comprehensive care.

CONCLUSION

Women in Texas have long faced challenges in obtaining subsidized family planning services. Legislation that reduced access to family planning services for low‐income women and teenagers appears to have added to those challenges.
Geometric documentation of underwater archaeological sites
Authors: Diamanti Eleni , Georgopoulos Andreas , Vlachaki Fotini
Published: January 2015

Photogrammetry has often been the most preferable method for the geometric documentation of monuments, especially in cases of highly complex objects, of high accuracy and quality requirements and, of course, budget, time or accessibility limitations. Such limitations, requirements and complexities are undoubtedly features of the highly challenging task of surveying an underwater archaeological site. This paper is focused on the case of a Hellenistic shipwreck found in Greece at the Southern Euboean gulf, 40-47 meters below the sea surface. Underwater photogrammetry was chosen as the ideal solution for the detailed and accurate mapping of a shipwreck located in an environment with limited accessibility. There are time limitations when diving at these depths so it is essential that the data collection time is kept as short as possible. This makes custom surveying techniques rather impossible to apply. However, with the growing use of consumer cameras and photogrammetric software, this application is becoming easier, thus benefiting a wide variety of underwater sites. Utilizing cameras for underwater photogrammetry though, poses some crucial modeling problems, due to the refraction effect and further additional parameters which have to be co-estimated [1]. The applied method involved an underwater calibration of the camera as well as conventional field survey measurements in order to establish a reference frame. The application of a three-dimensional trilateration using common tape measures was chosen for this reason. Among the software that was used for surveying and photogrammetry processing, were Site Recorder SE, Eos Systems Photomodeler, ZI’s SSK and Rhinoceros. The underwater archaeological research at the Southern Euboean gulf is a continuing project carried out by the Hellenic Institute for Marine Archaeology (H.I.M.A.) in collaboration with the Greek Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities, under the direction of the archaeologist G.Koutsouflakis. The geometric documentation of the shipwreck was the result of the collaboration between H.I.M.A. and the National Technical University of Athens.
Web client for PostGIS—the concept and implementation
Authors: Kepka Michal , Ježek Jan
Published: January 2015

PostgreSQL with PostGIS extension plays one of the major roles in many complex GIS frameworks. There exist many possibilities how to access such data storage, but most of them might be seen as not simple for new users. In this paper we would like to introduce the concept of the implementation of a web based PostGIS client application. The main emphasis of described solution is placed on simplicity and straightforward approach for visualisation of general SQL queries.
Development and testing of INSPIRE themes Addresses (AD) and Administrative Units (AU) managed by COSMC
Authors: Med Michal , Souček Petr
Published: January 2015

Main content of this article is to describe implementing INSPIRE themes Addresses and Administrative Units in Czech Republic. Themes were implemented by Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre. Implementation contains developing GML files with data and designing its structure, developing and testing of INSPIRE services and preparing metadata for data and services. Besides harmonised INSPIRE themes COSMC manages also non-harmonised themes Cadastral map (KM) and Units eXtended (UX).
Testing of the Possibilities of Using IMUs with Different Types of Movements
Authors: Kajánek Pavol
Published: January 2015

Inertial navigation system (INS) is a self-contained navigation technique. Its main purpose is to determinate the position and the trajectory of the object´s movement in space. This technique is well represented not only as a supplementary method (GPS/INS integrated system) but as an autonomous system for navigation of vehicles and pedestrians, also. The aim of this paper is to design a test for low-cost inertial measurement units. The test results give us information about accuracy, which determine the possible use in indoor navigation or other applications. There are described some methods for processing the data obtained by inertial measurement units, which remove noise and improve accuracy of position and orientation.
Deformation Measurements of Gabion Walls Using Image Based Modeling
Authors: Fraštia Marek , Marčiš Marián , Trhan Ondrej
Published: January 2015

The image based modeling finds use in applications where it is necessary to reconstruct the 3D surface of the observed object with a high level of detail. Previous experiments show relatively high variability of the results depending on the camera type used, the processing software, or the process evaluation. The authors tested the method of SFM (Structure from Motion) to determine the stability of gabion walls. The results of photogrammetric measurements were compared to precise geodetic point measurements.
XV Conferência Ibero-Americana de Faculdades de Farmácia, V Congresso Ibero-Americano de Ciências Farmacêuticas, VIII Conferência Nacional de Educação Farmacêutica.
Authors: DOMINGOS Radif
Published: January 2015

Há pouco menos de 12 meses, Brasília foi palco da XV Conferência Ibero-Americana de Faculdades de Farmácia (COIFFA), do V Congresso Ibero-Americano de Ciências Farmacêuticas e da VIII Conferência Nacional de Educação Farmacêutica. O evento, organizado pelo Conselho Federal de Farmácia (CFF) e COIFFA, teve como tema Ciências Farmacêuticas: formação, inovação e serviço.
A New Era for Educational Assessment
Authors: Conley David
Published: January 2015

In this article, David Conley focuses on how to assess meaningful learning in ways that promote student achievement while simultaneously meeting system accountability needs. The article draws upon research that supports the notion that a major shift in educational assessment is needed in order to encourage and evaluate the kind of learning that enables success in college and careers. Over the next several years, almost every state will either implement the Common Core State Standards or develop an alternative version of their own. The question worth posing is whether educational stakeholders should be satisfied with on- demand tests that measure only a subset of the standards, or will they demand something more like a system of assessments in which multiple measures result in deeper insight into student mastery of complex and cognitive challenging standards? This article presents a vision for a new system of assessments, one designed to support the kinds of ambitious teaching and learning that most parents say they want for their children. The article begins with a brief historical overview, describes where educational assessment appears to be headed in the near term, and then discusses some longer-term possibilities, concluding with a series of recommendations for how policymakers and practitioners can move toward a better model of assessment for teaching and learning.
Superintendents’ Recommendations for a New Federal Framework for Educational Accountability
Authors: Dance S. Dallas
Published: January 2015

The members of the Large Countywide and Suburban District Consortium—a group of large, highly diverse, and successful districts across the country—have made great strides in achieving college and career readiness for all students. While they are succeeding, the consortium proposes that more could be done to accomplish their objectives through collaboration with Congress to establish federal policy and laws aligned with practices that foster college and career ready outcomes at scale. This article, introduced by Baltimore County Public Schools Superintendent S. Dallas Dance, proposes the critical principles that should undergird a new federal approach to state and district accountability.
Spatial and temporal variability of seagrass at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Saunders Megan I. , Bayraktarov Elisa , Roelfsema Chris M. , Leon Javier X. , Samper-Villarreal Jimena , Phinn Stuart R. , Lovelock Catherine E. , Mumby Peter J.
Published: January 2015

Increasing threats to natural ecosystems from local and global stressors are reinforcing the need for baseline data on the distribution and abundance of organisms. We quantified spatial and/or temporal patterns of seagrass distribution, shoot density, leaf area index, biomass, productivity, and sediment carbon content in shallow water (0–5 m) at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in field surveys conducted in December 2011 and October 2012. Seagrass meadows were mapped using satellite imagery and field validation. A total of 18.3 ha of seagrass, composed primarily of Thalassia
hemprichii and Halodule uninervis, was mapped in shallow water. This was 46% less than the area of seagrass in the same region reported in 1995, although variations in mapping methods may have influenced the magnitude of change detected. There was inter-annual variability in shoot density and length, with values for both higher in 2011 than in 2012. Seagrass properties and sediment carbon content were representative of shallow-water seagrass meadows on a mid-shelf Great Barrier Reef island. The data can be used to evaluate change, to parameterize models of the impact of anthropogenic or environmental variability on seagrass distribution and abundance, and to assess the success of management actions.
Life history bias in endophyte infection of the Antarctic rhodophyte, Iridaea cordata
Authors: Schoenrock Kathryn M. , Amsler Charles D. , McClintock James B. , Baker Bill J.
Published: January 2015

Endophytic organisms are known to have varied effects on their host organism in terrestrial and marine environments. In previous studies on marine algae, these symbioses range from innocuous to pathogenic depending on the host and endophyte species. The present study further assessed a pathogenic relationship between filamentous algal endophytes and a red algal host from the western Antarctic Peninsula. We analyzed endophyte presence (appearance of filamentous thalli) in the three life history stages of Iridaea cordata and potential impacts on fertility in the fertilized female gametophytes (carposporophytes) and tetrasporophytes. We found that endophytes proliferate throughout significantly more thallus area in tetrasporophyte and unfertilized gametophyte hosts than in carposporophyte hosts, but there was no correlation between endophyte cover and fertility in these individuals. This study also provides a demographic analysis of I. cordata populations surrounding Palmer Station, Antarctica, showing that these populations are haploid dominated (∼78% of individuals). The differential presence of filamentous algal endophytes indicates that endophyte pathogenicity indirectly has greater effect on tetrasporophytes and unfertilized gametophytes than on the carposporophytes, which house the products of sexual recombination.
Quantitation of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by LC-MS/MS using solid-phase extraction and fixed-charge derivitization in comparison to immunoextraction
Authors: Chan Nancy , Kaleta Erin J.
Published: January 2015

The objective of this study was to present analysis of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (DHVD) by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using fixed-charge derivitization extraction to enhance ionization for liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in comparison to traditional immunoextraction (IE) techniques.

Full analytical validation of both a SPE and IE LC-MS/MS assay was performed, and included accuracy, intra- and inter-assay precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Performance of these two assays was compared with reference laboratory IE LC-MS/MS testing.

This SPE LC-MS/MS assay demonstrated similar performance to the IE LC-MS/MS assay validated simultaneously. Intra-assay precision for low (12 pg/mL), medium (25 pg/mL) and high (60 pg/mL) control samples was 7.2%, 13.7% and 11.3% for DHVD2, respectively, and 9.1%, 5.9% and 8.9% for DHVD3. The inter-assay precision was 11.6%, 10.3% and 3.9% for DHVD2 and 10.6%, 7.0% and 5.6% for DHVD3. The limit of detection was 1.9 and 2.7 pg/mL for DHVD2 and DHVD3, and limit of quantitation was 4 pg/mL for both DHVD2 and DHVD3. Comparison to a reference LC-MS/MS assay showed excellent correlation (slope 0.936, R

The study demonstrated comparability of the SPE-LC-MS/MS assay for analysis of DHVD and offers an attractive option for assessment of vitamin D status as an alternative to traditional IE techniques.
Increased level of circulating U2 small nuclear RNA fragments indicates metastasis in melanoma patients
Authors: Kuhlmann Jan Dominik , Wimberger Pauline , Wilsch Katja , Fluck Michael , Suter Ludwig , Brunner Georg
Published: January 2015

Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer and, despite recent advances in therapy, about 20% of the patients die of their disease. Early relapse detection and monitoring of therapy response are crucial for efficient treatment of advanced melanoma. Thus, there is a need for blood-based biomarkers in melanoma management. Serum-derived U2 small nuclear RNA fragments (RNU2-1f) were previously shown to be blood-based biomarkers for gastrointestinal and gynecologic malignancies. Here we examined whether RNU2-1f may also serve as diagnostic biomarker in advanced melanoma.

Circulating RNU2-1f levels were quantified by comparative reverse transcription PCR in a training cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma (n=33, thereof regionally metastasized to skin and lymph nodes, n=23, and distantly metastasized, n=10) vs. patients with benign naevi (n=16) vs. healthy controls (n=39). Results were validated in an independent patient cohort with distant metastasis (n=16) vs. controls (n=18).

Circulating RNU2-1f levels in the training cohort were significantly increased in serum of regionally and distantly metastatic patients, compared with patients with benign naevi or healthy controls (p<0.0001) and allowed accurate detection of regional (AUC 0.80) as well as distant (AUC 0.84) metastasis. In the validation cohort, increased RNU2-1f levels were confirmed and enabled highly specific detection of distant metastasis (sensitivity 81%, specificity 100%, AUC 0.94).

This is the first report to suggest a blood-based snRNA serving as a diagnostic biomarker for melanoma metastasis. Our data provide a rationale for further defining clinical utility of circulating RNU2-1f in metastasis detection in the management of melanoma patients at risk of relapse and/or with advanced disease.
Effects of inorganic salts on the degradation of 2,5-dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone as a key chromophore in pulps by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions
Authors: Hosoya Takashi , Henniges Ute , Potthast Antje , Rosenau Thomas
Published: January 2015

2,5-Dihydroxy-[1,4]-benzoquinone (DHBQ) is one of the key chromophores in cellulosics. Due to its special resonance stabilization, it is a prime survivor of bleaching treatments and its degradation is essential in pulp bleaching. The clarification of the degradation mechanism of this compound is indispensable for targeting improvements of pulp bleaching processes. Previous studies revealed that DHBQ degradation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is influenced by salts. This study addresses the effects of alkaline metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts, and Al2(SO4)3 on the degradation of DHBQ under simulated conditions of pulp bleaching in a peroxide stage. The degradation by excess H2O2 followed first-order kinetics in the presence of alkaline metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts, which enhanced and retarded the reaction, respectively. Kinetic studies and theoretical computations provided detailed mechanistic insights: Li+, Na+, and K+ stabilize several reaction intermediates by complex formation, causing the enhancement of the degradation, whereas Mg2+ and Ca2+ coordinate and stabilize the reactant, resulting in the observed retardation. Al2(SO4)3 exhibited a strong enhancing effect, but the degradation followed second-order kinetics with regard to DHBQ, suggesting a fundamentally different degradation mechanism.
Investigation of UF and MF Membrane Residual Fouling in Full-Scale Dairy Production Using FT-IR to Quantify Protein and Fat
Authors: Jensen Jannie K. , Ottosen Niels , Engelsen Søren B. , van den Berg Frans
Published: January 2015

This study investigates the distribution of residual fouling in used spiral wound ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF) membrane cartridges. Residual fouling on four full-scale production UF membrane cartridges and two full-scale MF membrane cartridges were investigated with infrared spectroscopy inspecting fat and protein deposits. A non-homogenous distribution of residual fouling was observed with concentrations highest at the center tube decreasing away from the feed side. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate significant factors affecting the model. The observed tendencies can be explained by flow and pressure differences caused by design aspects of spirally wound membrane cartridge and the steel housing. Variations between individual sheets from the same cartridges were observed, suggesting a role from manufacturing variability in residual fouling after cleaning-in-place. This paper describes a new method for mapping fouling proposing a semi-quantifiable description. This description might guide membrane developers and users to optimize cleaning methods in the future.
Chinese IT terminology management in Hong Kong
Authors: Chiu Aman , Jernudd Björn H.
Published: January 2015

This article discusses IT terms and terminology management in Hong Kong from the perspective of Language Management Theory (Jernudd and Neustupný 1987, 1991; Jernudd and Nekvapil 2012; Nekvapil 2012). The noting, evaluating, adjusting and implementing of IT terms are examined in the context of lexical innovation (through translation) in the contact situation that Hong Kong represents. It describes the management of Chinese IT terms by agencies in Hong Kong and also discusses the efficacy of standardization of terminology as an agency goal in view of the potential of noting inadequacies of terminology in actual discourse.
Immundefizienz und immunmonitoring1)
Authors: Renz Harald
Published: January 2015

In der immunologischen Diagnostik sind eine Reihe wichtiger Weiterentwicklungen aktuell zu verzeichnen, die insbesondere die Gebiete der Immundefektdiagnostik und des Monitorings von (chronischen) Entzündungserkrankungen betreffen. Im Bereich des Immunmonitorings sind jüngst neue Panels für die Durchflusszytometrie publiziert worden, nebst altersabhängigem Referenzbereich. In den USA ist die Suche nach schweren angeborenen Störungen der T-Zell-Entwicklung (SCID) Teil des Neugeborenenscreenings. Aus einigen Bundesstaaten liegen jetzt erste Daten hierzu vor, basierend auf der Messung der T-Zell Rezeptor-Exzisionszirkel (TRECs). Altersabhängige Referenzwerte für die Messung der IgG-Subklassen und der subklassenspezifischen Impfantikörper sind ebenfalls publiziert. In Bezug auf das Monitoring chronischer Entzündungserkrankungen fokussiert dieser Artikel auf die Prototyperkrankung Asthma. Die Klassifikation der zellulären Inflammation im induzierten Sputum (Neutrophilen- vs. Eosinophilenzahl) setzt sich zunehmend durch. Neue Biomarker, wie das Periostin, werden gegenwärtig evaluiert. Solche Phänotypisierungen sind Basis einer individualisierten Therapie von Patienten mit (schwerem) Asthma, die besonderes auf bestimmte Biologika dann ansprechen.
Herausforderungen in der Diagnostik und Prävention von Viruserkrankungen
Authors: Verheyen Jens
Published: January 2015

Nachweisverfahren zur Diagnose und Monitoring von Viruserkrankungen haben in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen und sind in vielen Bereichen Teil der routinemäßigen Patientenversorgung. Eine besondere Herausforderung an die molekularbiologischen Methoden stellen neue bzw. neu entdeckte Krankheitserreger dar, die im Rahmen einer Pandemie oder begrenzten regionalen Ausbrüchen auftreten. Dieses betraf in den letzten Jahren insbesondere Influenzaviren, aber auch Coronaviren, Dengueviren, Chikungunyaviren und andere reise-assoziierte Viren können zur diagnostischen Herausforderung werden. Daneben können auch Therapie- bzw. Präventionskonzepte den Umfang und die Art der Diagnostik von Viruserkrankungen wie HIV und HPV nachhaltig beeinflussen. Es kann auch vorkommen, dass Viruserkrankungen, die schon seit vielen Jahren bekannt sind, neue klinische Relevanz bekommen, wie im Fall von Hepatitis E (HEV).
Mediators in pleural effusions of different origin: a two-step diagnostic study
Authors: Fricke Stephan , Hoheisel Gerhard , Gessner Christian , Bauer Katrin , Seyfarth Hans-Jürgen , Hammerschmidt Stefan , Kahlenberg Franka , Chan Kin , Boldt Andreas , Wirtz Hubert , Keller Thomas , Sack Ulrich
Published: January 2015

Background: Many mediators in pleural effusions give diagnostic information. This study therefore aimed to find out whether the repeated determination of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-15, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 would confirm previous results and, furthermore, whether a combination of these parameters could achieve a higher diagnostic yield.

Methods: Two consecutive groups of patients with pleural effusions were included. The underlying disease entities in series I vs. series II were: 12 vs. 0 tuberculosis (TB), 19 vs. 30 primary lung cancer, 7 vs. 14 secondaries to the lung, 5 vs. 13 congestive heart failure, and 2 vs. 7 parapneumonic effusion.

Results: VEGF could not differentiate values of series I to the same degree as in series II. For IL-15, totally deviating levels were obtained in series II. IL-6, however, showed comparable results in both series. Values of TIMP-2 were generally higher in series II. The diagnostic accuracies of VEGF and IL-6 were comparable. With logistic regression, the data of VEGF and IL-6 could be used as a classifying tool when TB cases were excluded. The classifying tool based on the data of series I showed a high degree of diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, AUC=0.94) in contrast to the calculation based on the data of series II (AUC=0.56). Combining both series, VEGF was superior.

Conclusions: VEGF was confirmed as a valid marker for malignant diseases. VEGF in combination with IL-6 could serve as a classifying tool. TB cases, however, should be excluded. The previously proposed relevance of TIMP-2 as a diagnostic parameter could, similarly to IL-15, not be confirmed.
Analytica Conference 2014, München 02. April 2014
Authors: Schimke Ingolf
Published: January 2015

Berichtet wird über das von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin (DGKL) im Rahmen der „Analytica Conference, München 2014 “organisiertes Symposium „Autoantikörper gegen G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren und Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten“, in dem Informationen zur Epidemiologie, Biochemie und Pathobiochemie von Erkrankungen, die mit dem Auftreten von Autoantikörpern gegen G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCR-AAK) assoziiert sind, vermittelt wurden. In sechs Vorträgen, fokussiert auf Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten insbesondere auf Kardiomyopathien, wurde über a) diagnostische Möglichkeiten zum Nachweis von GPCR-AAK, b) zelluläre Untersuchungen zu den pathogenetischen Mechanismen von GPCR-AAK, c) die Etablierung eines Tiermodells zum Nachweis der Kausalität von GPCR-AAK-Bildung und Krankheitspathogenese sowie d) bereits existierende GPCR-AAK bezogene Therapien (Immunapherese) bzw. „under study“ befindliche neue Konzepte für die in vivo Neutralisation von GPCR-AAK berichtet.
Rechtliche Aspekte der Genomanalyse
Authors: Schillhorn Kerrin
Published: January 2015

Genomanalysen werfen eine Reihe von Rechtsfragen auf. Bei der Anwendung zu medizinischen Zwecken werden diese zum Teil durch das Gendiagnostikgesetz geregelt. Im Rahmen der Forschungstätigkeit ist das Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung des Patienten zu beachten. Notwendig ist eine gesetzliche Regelung, um Rechtssicherheit für Wissenschaftler, Ärzte und Patienten zu erreichen.
Plasma nitric oxide and oxidized LDL levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Authors: Najafi Mohammad , Parto Freshteh , Mohammadi Parisa , Shabani Mohammad
Published: January 2015

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with different clinical manifestations. The inflammatory and oxidative modification reactions are the most important events associated with cardiovascular complications of SLE patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the nitric oxide (NO) and the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels in order to explain the role of oxidized particles in development of clinical manifestations.

Methods: A total of 80 subjects, SLE patients (n=40) and healthy controls (n=40), were recruited and matched regarding to age, gender, and body mass index (BMI). The biochemical parameters were measured using routine laboratory methods. The plasma Ox-LDL and NO levels were assayed with ELISA and colorimetric techniques, respectively.

Results: The plasma NO level was significantly high in SLE patients (33.03±18.09 μmol/mL) in comparison to healthy controls (15.25±11.54 μmol/mL). In contrast, the total and normalized (Ox-LDL/LDL) plasma Ox-LDL values were low in SLE patients (p=0.2 and p<0.05, respectively). A linear negative correlation was also observed between the plasma Ox-LDL and NO levels (r=0.25, p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the critical role of NO on Ox-LDL level. Moreover, the disease activity and medications did not relate to the plasma Ox-LDL level (p>0.5).

Conclusions: The results showed that the excess NO prevents the oxidation of LDL particles so that the inflammatory events in comparison to oxidative modifications may be most involved in clinical complications of SLE patients.
Der CytoBead-Assay – Eine neue Möglichkeit der multiparametrischen Autoantikörperanalytik bei systemischen Autoimmunerkrankungen
Authors: Sowa Mandy , Großmann Kai , Scholz Juliane , Röber Nadja , Rödiger Stefan , Schierack Peter , Conrad Karsten , Roggenbuck Dirk , Hiemann Rico
Published: January 2015

Bei Verdacht auf Vorliegen einer systemischen Autoimmunerkrankung wird für die serologische Routinediagnostik ein Zwei-Stufen-Verfahren empfohlen. Zuerst werden Autoantikörpern (AAK) mittels sensitiver zellbasierter indirekter Immunfluoreszenz (IIF)-Teste bestimmt. Ein positives Ergebnis muss aufgrund der Möglichkeit von falsch-positiven Ergebnissen mit einem weiteren, spezifischen Test bestätigt werden. Dieses sukzessive Vorgehen ist notwendig, da zurzeit keine Assaytechnik die notwendigen Anforderungen an ein einstufiges Verfahren hinsichtlich Sensitivität und Spezifität erfüllt. Im Sinne einer effektiven AAK-Diagnostik kann heute schon eine simultane Bestimmung von mehreren AAK mittels multiparametrischer Bestätigungstests die Diagnosefindung im Vergleich zu konventionellen, monoparametrischen Tests wesentlich verkürzen. Jedoch erlauben die verfügbaren multiparametrischen AAK-Nachweismethoden nicht die Kombination von Screening- und Bestätigungstesten. Deshalb wurde basierend auf der digitalen Fluoreszenz mit der hier vorgestellten CytoBead Technologie ein neuer Ansatz entwickelt. Ziel war die Kombination der empfohlenen Stufendiagnostik bestehend aus sensitivem Screening und spezifischer Bestätigungsdiagnostik in einer Reaktionsumgebung und darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit der Adaption auf die serologische Diagnostik mehrerer Autoimmunerkrankungen. Durch a) die Nutzung von Standardglasobjektträgern, b) die Kombination von nativen zellulären oder Gewebesubstraten mit antigenbeladenen fluoreszierenden Mikropartikeln (Beads) in einer Reaktionsumgebung, c) die Möglichkeit der manuellen und automatischen Auswertung mittels IIF und d) die Erhebung von quantitativen Fluoreszenzmessergebnissen konnten die Nachteile der bisher bestehenden Testsysteme überwunden werden. Das neue Prinzip ist auf verschiedene multiparametrische AAK-Nachweise wie zum Beispiel die Bestimmung von antinukleären Antikörpern und AAK gegen entsprechende nukleäre und zytoplasmatische autoantigene Zielstrukturen anwendbar. Damit wurde weiterhin die Basis für die simultane AAK-Multiparameterbestimmung für die Serologie der Zöliakie und von ANCA-assoziierten systemischen Vaskulitiden geschaffen.
Biomarker im Blut zur Individualisierung der immunsuppressiven Therapie nach der Transplantation solider Organe
Authors: Wieland Eberhard , Shipkova Maria
Published: January 2015

Die Erfolge der Transplantationsmedizin hängen eng mit der Entwicklung potenter Immunsuppressiva zusammen. Die Steuerung der Therapie mit den Calineurininhibitoren Ciclosporin und Tacrolimus sowie den mTOR (Nammalian target of rapamycin)-Inhibitoren Sirolimus und Everolimus wird durch ein therapeutisches Drug Monitoring (TDM) unterstützt. Für andere Medikamente wie z.B. die Mycophenolsäure ist ein TDM bisher nicht etabliert. Es hat sich aber gezeigt, dass eine bessere Individualisierung der Therapie dabei helfen könnte eine Über- oder Unterimmunsuppression bei einzelnen Patienten zu vermeiden und das immer noch entäuschende Langzeitüberleben der Organe und Patienten zu verbessern. Daher werden weltweit Biomarker gesucht, die als Ergänzung zum TDM eine bessere Individualisierung der Therapie ermöglichen. Dabei kann es sich um pharmakodynamische Biomarker handeln, die unspezifisch den globalen Effekt der Therapie auf das Immunsystem erfassen oder, um Marker die sehr spezifisch direkt den phramakologischen Effekt messen. Unspezifische Biomarker verfolgen entweder den Grad der Immunaktivierung durch Messung der T- und B-Zellaktivierung, die Toleranzentwicklung z.B. durch Erfassung regulatorischer T-Zellen oder den Transplantschaden z.B. durch die Messung von DNS, die aus dem Spenderorgan in das Blut des Empfänger freigesetzt wird. Spezifische pharmakodynamische Biomarker wurden u.a. für die Bestimmung der pharmakologischen Wirkung der Mycophenolsäure, von Calineurininhibitoren und von mTOR-Inhibitoren publiziert. Das Feld der Biomarker als Ergänzung zum TDM für die Individualisierung der immunsuppressiven Therapie ist noch in den Anfängen und es werden prospektive Studien benötigt, die das Potenzial von Biomarkern oder Biomarkerkombinationen in verschiedenen Patientenkollektiven mit unterschiedlichen Transplantaten beweisen oder verwerfen.
Culture as accent: The cultural logic of hijabistas
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Varis Piia
Published: January 2015

This paper shows how we manufacture authenticity by blending a variety of semiotic resources, some of which are sufficient (“enough”) to produce a particular targeted authentic identity, and consequently enable others to identify us as “authentic” members of social groups within different “micro-hegemonies.” In contexts of rapid sociocultural change (for instance in the case of migration in the present-day superdiverse conjuncture), we can expect enoughness to gain increasing importance as a critical tool for identity work. We propose the framework outlined here will enable us to engage with the complexities of contemporary identity practices and the complex field of authenticity.
Introduction: Linguistic and literary aspects of perspectivity
Authors: Vecsey Zoltán
Published: January 2015

The relationship between meaning and perspectivity has been recognized for a long time both in linguistics and in literary theory. It is well-known that the perspectival character of our sensory experiences constitutes an important factor in the determination of meaning. But the nature of the relationship between meaning and perspective is heavily contested. Perspectival phenomena are sometimes treated as isolated or local issues. In some cases, however, they are conceived of as playing a fundamental role in scientific theorizing. This introductory paper gives a short overview of the current trends and results from this ongoing research.
Why do we accept a narrative discourse ascribed to a “third-person narrator” as true? The classical, and a cognitive approach
Authors: Szabó Erzsébet
Published: January 2015

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the question of why readers accept a literary narrative discourse attributed traditionally to an “omniscient third-person narrator” unconditionally as true. I will advocate two theses. First, that this characteristic of narrative comprehension is a consequence of a grammatical feature of the narrative discourse, namely, the absence of the “narrating-I.” This format mimics what Cosmides and Tooby label as scope-free representation, i.e., a representation that is not bound by scope-operators and thus treated by a cognitive architecture as architecturally true. Second, narrative discourse ascribed traditionally to a third person narrator should be understood as the linguistic representation of the true states of affairs of a narrative world.
Prosody and gesture in the interpretation of yes-answers to negative yes/no-questions
Authors: Tubau Susagna , González-Fuente Santiago , Prieto Pilar , Espinal Maria Teresa
Published: January 2015

In this paper we investigate the role of prosody and gesture in the interpretation of
Ambiguities in sign languages
Authors: Quer Josep , Steinbach Markus
Published: January 2015

Natural languages come in two different modalities – the aural-auditory modality of spoken languages and the visual-gestural modality of sign languages. The impact of modality on the grammatical system has been discussed at great length in the last 20 years. By contrast, the impact of modality on semantics in general and on ambiguities in particular has not yet been addressed in detail. In this paper, we deal with different types of ambiguities in sign languages. We discuss typical lexical and structural ambiguities as well as modality-specific aspects such as ambiguities in the use of the signing space and non-manual markers. In addition, we address the questions how sign languages avoid ambiguities and to what extent certain kinds of ambiguities and non-ambiguities depend on the visual-manual modality of sign languages. Since gestures use the same articulatory channel that is also active in the production of signs, we also discuss ambiguities between gestures on the one hand and grammaticalized gestures and signs on the other.
Ambiguity and the origins of syntax
Authors: Steels Luc , Casademont Emília Garcia
Published: January 2015

The paper argues that syntax is motivated by the need to avoid combinatorial search in parsing and semantic ambiguity in interpretation. It reports on a case study for the emergence and sharing of first-order phrase structures in a population of agents playing language games. First-order phrase structures combine words into phrases but do not yet generalise to hierarchical or recursive phrases. To study why human languages exhibit phrase structure, a series of strategies for creating and sharing linguistic conventions are examined, starting from a lexical strategy without syntax and then studying the use of groups, n-grams and patterns. Each time we show in which way a strategy improves on the computational complexity of the previous on.