bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem Faced by Students of SKNAU, Jobner Regarding Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)
Authors: Yadav Reshma , Sharma R. N. , Yadav J. P. , Badhala B. S. , Choudhary Divya , Choudhary Kamlesh
Published: October 2023

The students READY (Rural Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana) programme aims to provide rural entrepreneurship awareness, practical experience in real-life situation in rural agriculture and creating awareness to undergraduate students about practical agriculture and allied sciences. The SKNAU, Jobner started this programme from the year 2020-21. It is not only an essential requirement for the completion of B.Sc. Agri. Degree but also is a golden opportunity for the students to develop skills and confidence to discharge their responsibilities as extension workers. The study was conducted in 4 constituent and 4 affiliated colleges of SKNAU, Jobner and a sample of 60 students from both types of colleges were selected using simple random sampling through proportional allocation method. It was found that there is a significant difference in the problem faced by the students of constituent and affiliated colleges regarding most statements of RAWE. The ranking level of the problem faced by the students of constituent and affiliated colleges was found significantly negatively correlated. The results could be improved using the increase in sample size and the sample taken from other universities too.
The Role of Nutrition Interventions and Mothers Knowledge on Infant and Young Child Feeding: Mapping Study in Njombe and Geita Regions, Tanzania
Authors: Berenge Hassan Tearish , Muhimbula Happiness Samuel
Published: October 2023

Children under the age of five are at risk of undernutrition particularly in developing countries. It was discovered that mothers' nutrition knowledge was one of the most influential factors in determining whether or not children under the age of five had an optimal nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of nutrition interventions and maternal knowledge regarding IYCF practices and child nutrition status in regions with high rates of stunting. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Tanzanian regions of Njombe and Geita from a community-based perspective and examining current and recently ended (within previous 3 months) nutrition interventions. A sample of 150 mothers with their children were selected purposefully to participate in the study.  Women and their children younger than five years old were chosen purposively to participate in the study. The Chi-square test (p 0.05) was used to compare IYCF practices, maternal knowledge with nutrition status, and differences between areas with few and many nutrition-related interventions.  According to the results of this study, mothers' IYCF practices (p = 0.014) and their children's nutritional status (p = 0.048) improved significantly when nutrition interventions were easily accessible and readily usable. P = 0.005 revealed that 90.5% of teenage mothers (15–20 years old) had inadequate nutrition knowledge. Approximately, 68 % [49.7-86.3] of stunted infants in Njombe district were male, and there were few interventions in place, whereas the Bukombe district had a stunted infant rate of 38.9 % Multicomponent nutrition interventions are essential to strengthen programmes that address poor maternal knowledge, improve IYCF practices and nutrition status in regions with high chronic malnutrition.
Estimation of Phytochemicals in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Accessions under Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka, India
Authors: Thilak J. C.  , Ajjappalavara P. S.  , Ganiger V. M.  , Sandhyarani N.  , Ramangouda S. H.  , Kareem A.  , Vinutha D. B.  , Kalammanavar Chetana Veerendra
Published: October 2023

The present investigation was carried out for the estimation of phytochemicals in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) accessions at Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, Devihosur, Haveri under northern transition zone of Karnataka. Fifty chilli genotypes collected from different sources were screened for quality components like ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, and phenols. The analysis of variance revealed that the quality components varied significantly among the genotypes. The ascorbic acid content in green chilli and chlorophyll content in leaves varied from 40.73 to 191.15 mg/100 g and 0.26 to 1.80mg/100 g, respectively. Whereas, the phenols in leaves varied between 3.86 to 12.15 mg/100g. The maximum amount of ascorbic acid, chlorophyll, and phenol content were observed in the accessions IC-572470, EC-399572 and Ujwala. respectively, which can be further utilized as potential parenting materials for quality improvement programme in chilli.
Enhancing Clarity and Quality: The Role of Clarifying Agents in Horticulture Foods and Formulations
Authors: Ahamad Sajeel , Choupdar Ganesh Kumar , Kumar Ramdeen , Kumar Amit , Bihari Chhail , Singh Satvaan , Srivastava Vishal , Kumar Manish , Wamiq Mohd
Published: October 2023

This abstract explores the multifaceted role of clarifying agents in the realm of horticultural foods and their vital functions within formulations. Clarifying agents serve as essential tools in the food industry, aiding in the removal of impurities, cloudiness, and undesirable particles from fruit juices, wines, and various horticultural products. These agents are instrumental in enhancing the visual appeal and quality of these products, improving their marketability. The uses of clarifying agents extend beyond aesthetics; they play a crucial role in stabilizing formulations, preventing sedimentation, and preserving the natural flavors and nutritional value of horticultural foods. Additionally, clarifying agents contribute to product consistency and shelf-life extension, ensuring a consistent and appealing product for consumers. This abstract delves into the diverse types of clarifying agents employed in horticulture and their specific functions within various formulations. It highlights their significance in maintaining product integrity and meeting consumer preferences for clear, visually appealing, and high-quality horticultural foods.
Screening of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes against Web Blight Caused by (Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) for Disease Resistance
Authors: Bhaskar Rinku , Chandra Subhash , Chand Ramesh , Kumar Sarvesh , Singh Jashanpreet , Chaudhary V. P.
Published: October 2023

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is the important source of proteins, minerals, and vitamins of the predominantly vegetarian Indian diet. Web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) is one of the most important fungal diseases which appear every year in varying intensity and causes heavy reduction in yield. The present investigations were carried out at the Student’s Instructional Farm (S.I.F.) A.N.D.U.A. &T., Kumarganj, Ayodhya to test the resistance of 100 genotypes against Rhizoctonia solani Kühn under natural conditions (In vivo).Genotypes were placed in different grades according to the rating scale  which is based on disease severity. Out of total test entries nine genotypes viz., DGGV-2, OUM11-5, RMG1030, IPM9901-8, DGG1, SML10-82, MH2-15, LGG450 and CGG945 were found free from infection, twelve genotypes viz., RMG-975, CGG-973, AKM -8802, IPM -02-3, MH-4, Pusa -0672, AKM-4, CO-5 Check, Bbara S. check, Asha, BPMR 145 and IPM 02-14 were recorded highly resistant, twenty four genotypes were noticed susceptible and only nine genotypes were found highly susceptible.
Standardization of Cultivation Practices of Kod (Kutaki, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.): An Endangered Medicinal Plant Species of Kashmir Himalaya, India
Authors: Bano H.  , Siddique M. A. A.  , Gupta R. C.  , Khalil Aroosa , Mir Mudasir A.  , Ashraf Bhat M.
Published: October 2023

Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth (Scrophulariaceae) is a small creeping herbaceous alpine species commonly known as Kod or Kutaki, used by local and tribal people for curing fever, asthma, jaundice, stomach ache, indigestion, common fever and bronchial asthma. This has resulted in the loss of biodiversity of the species. Roots of P. kurroa have been used in traditional medicine for years for treating various kinds of diseases. The species has been ruthlessly harvested from the wild source and has become endangered. In the present investigation, an attempt was made to standardize the cultivation practices using organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in P. kurroa. The experiment comprised of 28 treatments {M1P0N0, M1P0N1, M1P0N2, M1P1N0, M1P1N1, M1P1N2, M1P2N0, M1P2N1, M1P2N2, M2P0N0, M2P0N1, M2P0N2, M2P1N0, M2P1N1, M2P1N2, M2P2N0, M2P2N1, M2P2N2, M3P0N0, M3P0N1, M3P0N2, M3P1N0, M3P1N1, M3P1N2, M3P2N0, M3P2N1, M3P2N2 and M0P0N0} with three replications each, including one control treatment. The dry root weight recorded by the application of poultry (20 tonnes ha-1), sheep (25 tonnes ha-1) and farm yard manure (25 tonnes ha-1), was 533.60, 509.60 and 476.70 kg ha-1, respectively. Dry root yield increased significantly with increasing levels of phosphorus (453.6 to 550.4 kg ha-1), and nitrogen (444.8 to 565.6 kg ha-1)   as well. Application of organic manure and higher levels of inorganic fertilizers resulted in increase in the root weight with maximum dry root biomass of 640.00 kg ha-1 was observed in treatment M1 P2 N2 (20 tonnes of PM, 100 kg P and 150 Kg N ha-1) compared to the lowest dry yield of 328.0 kg ha-1 as observed in control treatment M0P0N0  (zero tonnes of FYM, 0 kg P and 0 kg N ha-1), although the effect of their interaction was non-significant. It is concluded that highest dry weight of root (692.80 kg ha-1) in P. kurroa was obtained by the application of phosphorus @ 100 kg ha-1 as compared to various organic manures or/different levels of nitrogen used and among the organic manures used viz. poultry, sheep and farmyard manure, the highest root biomass of   533.60 kg ha-1 was recorded by the application of poultry manure. Since the species in Kashmir Himalayan region is endangered but has high commercial demand, hence immediate conservation measures are needed to protect the species from extinction.
To Determine the Pathogenesis and Preventive Strategies of Hypertension-Induced Kidney Failure among Hypertensive Patients in the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana
Authors: Dawuda Ali Sabior , Abdul-Aziz Amidu
Published: October 2023

Background: Blood pressure is the force used by circulating blood, against the walls of the major blood vessels in the human body. High blood pressure or hypertension is when the pressure in the blood is elevated [1]. Each year an estimated 41 million people die from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounting for about 70% of all deaths globally [2]. A predicted number of 1.13 billion individuals worldwide have hypertension with about two-thirds being those living in the low- and middle-income countries [1].

Objective: The aim of this study was to unravel the pathogenesis and preventive strategies of hypertension-induced kidney failure among hypertensive patients in the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana.

Methods: The study employed the Analytical cross-sectional study with quantitative method approach of data collection. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the 200 study participants who were diagnosed of hypertension for more than 6 months. The data was collected within 3 weeks, using a structured questionnaire. Data were examined using the SPSS program IBM version 24. Descriptive statistics, including proportions, frequencies, and cross-tabulations, were used to summarize the study variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with hypertension-induced kidney failure. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: A total of 200 respondents were included in the analysis and there were more men 126(63.0%) than women 74(37.0%). A total number of 38(19.0%), participants have been diagnosed hypertension-induced kidney failure. 49(24.5%) indicated that they have family history of Kidney disease. The common risk factors in developing hypertension-induced kidney failure identified by the participants were; Aging 150 (75.0%), poor eating habits 141 (70.5%), smoking 120 (60.0%), and excessive alcohol consumption 95 (45.5%). Significant association between hypertension-induced kidney failure and age group was observed (p < 0.002).

Conclusion: Increasing age, obesity, level of education and physical activity were found to be significantly associated with hypertension-induced kidney failure, indicating opportunities for health education and other prevention measures. Sincere efforts are needed to increase the awareness of hypertension through continuous group education courses in the primary health care centers and hospitals.
Application of Grounded Theory Method in Exploring the Discourse of Involuntary Resettlement and Challenges Encountered
Authors: Jayalath Chandana
Published: October 2023

Grounded theory demystifies complex real-world contexts such as community related issues where human interactions between the affected people and government officials are inexorably complex. Forming an integral part of a case study on involuntary resettlement using Grounded theory, the aim of this paper is to provide an in depth description on the methodology adopted. Illustrating how the Grounded theory was used to explore the phenomenon of involuntary resettlement due to a highway construction project in Sri Lanka, the paper explains the challenges the researcher encountered in maintaining theoretical sensitivity, yielding codes and categories, undertaking theoretical sampling, achieving theoretical saturation, validating research outcome and defying their own biases. In conclusion, this paper shows that the research approach have lent itself to a unique Grounded theory research study which dealt with involuntary human resettlement. The study makes an original contribution to the body of knowledge on how Grounded theory research methodologies can be applied to research contexts such as involuntary resettlement.
Hydrazine-Fueled Solution Combustion Method: Fuel/Oxidizer Ratio Effects on Photocatalytic Performance of Bismuth Oxide
Authors: Astuti Yayuk , Mulyana Trie Nanda , Tasiman Brainy Happy Ana , Darmawan Adi , Widyandari Hendri
Published: October 2023

Bismuth oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through the solution combustion method with a variation of fuel: oxidizer (hydrazine: bismuth nitrate) ratios (ϕ) of ϕ<1, ϕ=1 (stoichiometrically balanced) and ϕ> 1. Bismuth oxide nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). The FTIR spectra obtained implies that the bismuth oxide nanoparticles of the three ratios contain Bi-O-Bi and Bi-O groups indicating its successful formation. XRD diffractogram suggests that the synthesized bismuth oxide nanoparticles form the α-Bi2O3 crystalline phase for ϕ<1 and ϕ>1; meanwhile a mixture of α-/β- Bi2O3 phases for ϕ=1. The SEM image illustrates that bismuth oxide nanoparticles form pebble shapes with the ratios in the order of increasing particle sizes of ϕ>1, ϕ=1, and ϕ<1. The UV-DRS results show that the bismuth oxide with ϕ<1, ϕ=1, and ϕ>1 have respective band gap energies of 2.76 eV, 2.72 eV, and 2.78 eV. The evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of the three bismuth oxide samples shows bismuth oxide with ϕ=1 has the highest photocatalytic activity in remazol black B and methyl orange dyes with rate constants 6.744 x 10-5 s-1 and 7.369 x 10-5 s-1, respectively. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Gender Differences in Medicare Practice and Payments to Neurosurgeons
Authors: Oshinowo Temitope O. , Rallo Michael S. , Schirmer Clemens M. , Chambless Lola B.
Published: October 2023

Importance

Despite efforts to promote diversity within the neurosurgical workforce, individuals from underrepresented groups face significant challenges.

Objective

To compare practice metrics and earning potential between female and male neurosurgeons and investigate factors associated with gender disparity in Medicare reimbursement.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cross-sectional study used publicly accessible Medicare data on reimbursements to female and male neurosurgeons for procedural and evaluation and management services delivered in both inpatient and outpatient settings between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed from December 9, 2021, to December 5, 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the mean annual payments received and charges submitted by female and male neurosurgeons for services rendered between 2013 and 2020. Secondary outcomes included the total number and types of services rendered each year and the number of beneficiaries treated. Univariate and multivariable analyses quantified differences in payment, practice volume, and composition.

Results

A total of 6052 neurosurgeons (5540 men [91.54%]; 512 women [8.46%]) served the Medicare fee-for-service patient population. Female neurosurgeons billed for lesser Medicare charges (mean [SE], $395 851.62 [$19 449.39] vs $766 006.80 [$11 751.66]; P < .001) and were reimbursed substantially less (mean [SE], $69 520.89 [$2701.30] vs $124 324.64 [$1467.93]; P < .001). Multivariable regression controlling for practice volume metrics revealed a persistent reimbursement gap (−$24 885.29 [95% CI, −$27 964.72 to −$21 805.85]; P < .001). Females were reimbursed $24.61 less per service than males even after matching services by code (P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

This study found significant gender-based variation in practice patterns and reimbursement among neurosurgeons serving the Medicare fee-for-service population. Female surgeons were reimbursed less than male surgeons when both performed the same primary procedure. Lower mean reimbursement per service may represent divergence in billing and coding practices among females and males that could be the focus of future research or educational initiatives.
Smart Design of Fermi Level Pinning in HfO2‐Based Ferroelectric Memories
Authors: Baumgarten Lutz , Szyjka Thomas , Mittmann Terence , Gloskovskii Andrei , Schlueter Christoph , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe , Müller Martina
Published: October 2023

How and why the reliability of ferroelectric HfO2‐ and HZO (Hf0.5Zr0.5O2)‐based memory devices strongly depends on the choice of electrode materials is currently under intense discussion. Interface conditions such as band alignment, defect formation, and doping are recognized as decisive and interrelated parameters, but a unified picture of the physical mechanisms is still missing. Here, two opposite scenarios of band alignment are found in TiN/HZO/TiN and IrO2/HZO/IrO2using hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, revealing on the one hand the conditions for a stable device performance, and the origin of their degradation on the other. As a key difference, TiN electrodes scavenge oxygen from the HZO, while IrO2electrodes supply it. Considering the electronic doping limit of HfO2, a key condition for the stability of ferroelectric devices can be identified: The alignment of the charge neutrality levelwith respect to the metallic Fermi level, which is pinned by the doping limit. Stable device performance can only be achieved for oxygen‐deficient HfO2‐based interfaces, where the Fermi level of the metal electrode is close to the conduction band of the ferroelectric insulator. This empirical model explains the fatigue behavior of HfO2‐based capacitors using either oxygen‐scavenging TiN or oxygen‐supplying IrO2electrodes.
Local Delivery of Glabridin by Biomolecular Microneedle to Accelerate Infected Wound Healing
Authors: Chen Zesheng , Hu Tao , Wang Rui , Huang Bohan , Tu Lingfeng , Wang Guanyi , Li Cao , Dong Binghai , Wang Zijian , Hu Weikang
Published: October 2023

Applying antibacterial polymers and pro‐regenerative small molecules are two individual strategies for accelerating wound healing. However, integrating those two unique approaches into one therapeutic platform that meets clinical requirements is still a challenge. Herein, a series of antibacterial gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/ε‐polylysine (ε‐PL) composite hydrogels (termed as GP‐n HGs, n = 0, 10, 20, and 30, respectively) are innovatively fabricated by ultraviolet light (UV) crosslinking. The GP‐n HGs are proved to be broad‐spectrum antibacterial and biocompatible. Among those GP‐n HGs, the GP‐20 HG is selectively processed into microneedle following a mold‐casting method. Then, the glabridin is loaded into those needles to produce composite microneedle termed GP‐20@Gla MN. An S. aureus‐infected full‐thickness defect model in rats is created to evaluate the wound‐healing effect of GP‐20@Gla MN. Furthermore, an RNA sequencing assay is performed to explore the possible molecular mechanisms of glabridin in promoting tissue regeneration, and many positive routes are summarized. This work is of significant novelty in fulfilling complex clinical needs by simultaneously optimizing the advanced microneedles' chemical compositions and physical structures. This work will provide a promising therapeutic platform for treating infected and chronic wounds.
A One‐Pot, Whole‐Cell Biocatalysis Approach for Vanillin Production using Lignin Oil
Authors: Marić Ivana , Guo Yiming , Fürst Maximilian J. L. J. , Van Aelst Korneel , Van den Bosch Sander , De Simone Mario , Martins Lígia O. , Sels Bert F. , Fraaije Marco W.
Published: October 2023

Vanillin is a popular and versatile flavor compound, almost entirely produced from petroleum‐derived phenol by a multi‐step chemical synthesis. The process is hazardous to the environment and unsustainable for its fossil oil usage. Therefore, developing environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable routes to biobased vanillin is essential. Here, we report on vanillin production from 4‐n‐propylguaiacol (4PG), one of the main components in lignin oil obtained through reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of soft wood, by employing recombinant Escherichia coli cells. Conversion is based on the expression of two engineered oxidative enzymes: a 4‐n‐propylguaiacol oxidase and an isoeugenol dioxygenase. A high yield of vanillin, 66% from 4PG in RCF lignin oil was achieved through rounds of optimisation of the whole‐cell conversion process. This high‐performance strategy was readily scaled up to produce vanillin at an unprecedented 18% and 3% yield based on lignin oil and spruce wood respectively. The whole‐cell bioconversion process shows good tolerance even at high loadings of starting material, showcasing the robustness and applicability of the employed biocatalysts. This work paves the way for further development towards the efficient production of high‐titer biobased vanillin using depolymerised lignin as the feedstock.
Model Predictive Control for Nonlinear Systems Under Sample‐and‐Hold Control Structure: An Integral‐Type Double Self‐Triggering Method
Authors: Li Yanxin , Xu Zhongxian , He Lile , Yue Jingwei , He Ning
Published: October 2023

This study examined the control problem of continuous‐time nonlinear systems under a sample‐and‐hold control structure. A new integral‐type double self‐triggered (ST) model predictive control (MPC) approach is developed by combining a novel ST strategy with MPC, which significantly decreases the sampling frequency of the system, saving computation/communication resources. In contrast to the traditional ST strategy, two integral‐type self‐triggering mechanisms are designed based on the mode of the state and the integral of the difference between the optimal and actual states. In addition, the integral‐type double ST‐MPC algorithm is developed, and the feasibility and stability of the closed‐loop system are rigorously demonstrated. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are verified by comparing the simulation results with those of existing ST‐MPC methods.
Oszillographische Überspannungsmessungen. I
Authors: Lorenz Wolfgang
Published: October 2023

Durch oszillographische Registrierung des Spannungs‐Zeit‐Verlaufs bei kurzzeitigen Stromimpulsen ist eine Messung des Polarisationswiderstandes und der Stromspannungskurve der schnellen Elektrodenvorgänge ohne Beeinflussung durch die langsamer anklingende Diffusionspolarisation möglich. Ferner kann in gleicher Weise das Anklingen der Diffusionspolarisation untersucht werden. Meßanordnung und theoretische Grundlagen des Meßverfahrens werden beschrieben.

Als Untersuchungsbeispiel wird die Kinetik der Metallelektrolyse an festen Cadmiumelektroden behandelt. Als polarisationsbestimmend erweist sich hier die Ionenentladung. Die Austauschstromdichte wird nach zwei Methoden, der Durchtrittsfaktor nach drei unabhängigen Methoden bestimmt. Die Übereinstimmung ist befriedigend. Das Anklingen der Diffusionspolarisation liefert Aufschlüsse über die Oberflächenrauhigkeit der Elektrode.

Die Tatsache, daß bei Cadmium die Ionenentladung polarisationsbestimmend ist, wird zum Schluß an Hand der Kristallisationstheorie diskutiert.
Spektroskopische Bestimmung des Dipolmomentes aromatischer Verbindungen im ersten angeregten Singulettzustand
Authors: Lippert E.
Published: October 2023

Aus dem Einfluß der Orientierungspolarisation des Lösungsmittels auf die Wellenzahl des Fluoreszenzmaximums und desjenigen Absorptionsmaximums, das zum Übergang vom Grundzustand in den fluoreszenzfähigen Anregungszustand gehört, sowie aus dem Dipolmoment des Grundzustandes läßt sich unter bestimmten Bedingungen das Dipolmoment des Anregungszustandes berechnen. Die Methode und die bisher erhaltenen Ergebnisse (Tab. 4) werden dargestellt und diskutiert, und zwar besonders in bezug auf die Bestimmung des Anteils der zwitterionischen Resonanzstrukturen an der Elektronenstruktur des Anregungszustandes der „meropolaren”︁ Verbindungen D–R–A (D = Elektrondonator, A = Akzeptor, R = aromatischkonjugiertes System).
Der Einfluß der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration auf das elektrochemische Verhalten des aktiven Eisens in sauren Lösungen Der Mechanismus der Reaktion Fe ⇌ Fe++ + 2e
Authors: Heusler K. E.
Published: October 2023

In Lösungen verschiedener Säuren sind an sehr reinem Eisen stationäre Stromspannungskurven in Abhängigkeit von der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration gemessen worden. Es wurden die Potentialänderungen nach sprunghafter Änderung der Stromdichte und die Änderungen der Stromdichte nach sprunghafter Änderung des Potentials verfolgt. Die Erhöhung der Auflösungsgeschwindigkeit des Eisens bei konstantem Potential nach Erhöhung des pH spricht für eine Katalyse durch Hydroxylionen. Auf dieser Grundlage läßt sich ein Mechanismus der Reaktion Fe ⇌ Fe++ + 2e angeben, mit dem man auch in jüngster Zeit bekannt gewordene Messungen der Teilstromspannungskurve der Eisenabscheidung erklären kann.
Korrosion und Sauerstoffüberspannung des passiven Nickels in Schwefelsäure
Authors: Vetter K. J. , Arnold K.
Published: October 2023

Die Aufnahme von potentiostatischen Stromdichte‐Potential‐Kurven und die chemisch‐analytische Bestimmung der Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit vom Potential des passiven Nickels in Schwefelsaure bei 25°C im pH‐Bereich von 0,3 bis 4 zeigen, daß die anodische Stromdichteivom Potential stark abhängig ist und bei dem Potential ϵh max = 1,665‐0,084‐pH (V) ein Maximum besitzt, das ein Maximum der Korrosionsäquivalentstromdichteikist. In einem weiten Potentialbereich folgt logikeiner Tafel‐Gera‐den, die nahezu unabhängig vompH‐Wett ist (b= 140 mV). Bei Potentialen etwa ϵh< ϵh, max isti= bei ϵh,> ϵhmax isti>ik. Die Differenzi‐ik=iO2, wird als TeilstromdichteiO2, der Sauerstoffabscheidung angesehen, die einer Tafel‐Gleichung (b= 83 mV) gehorcht. Die Sauerstoffüberspannung ist nahezu unabhängig vom pH‐Wert.

Nach dem Maximum folgt ein Stromdichteminimum, das durch die Überlagerung der kleiner werdenden Korrosionsstromdichte und der ansteigenden Teilstromdichte der Sauerstoffabscheidung erklärt wird. Die Stromdichte‐Potential‐Kurven sind unabhängig von der Rührung und der Ni2+‐Ionenkonzentration des Elektrolyten.

Als Ursache des Maximums der Korrosion wird die Oxydation einer NiO2‐Passivschicht zu NiOadiskutiert und eine Deutung der pn‐Abhängigkeit von ϵh, max vorgeschlagen. Die Passivschicht des Nickels besitzt eine gute Elektronenleitfähigkeit. Ihr Ohmscher Widerstand für Elektronen istRe< 1 Ω cm2.
Zur Kinetik der Elektrodenreaktion [Hg(CN4)]− + 2e−→ + 4CN−
Authors: Pérez‐Férnandez Mercedes , Gerischer Heinz
Published: October 2023

Die Kinetik der obigen Reaktion wurde mit Hilfe von Impulsmethoden untersucht. Es ergab sich, daß die Reaktion über folgende Teilreaktionen verläuft:equation imageBei großer, kathodischer Überspannung wird die Reaktion durch elektrostatische Abstoßung der negativen Ionen in der elektrischen Doppelschicht gehemmt, wie aus polarographischen Untersuchungen schon länger bekannt war. Diese Hemmung zeigt sich sehr deutlich auch in dem Ablauf des Stromes bei potentiostatischen Einschaltvorgängen.
Magnetic helicity, weak solutions and relaxation of ideal MHD
Authors: Faraco Daniel , Lindberg Sauli , Székelyhidi László
Published: October 2023

We revisit the issue of conservation of magnetic helicity and the Woltjer‐Taylor relaxation theory in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) in the context of weak solutions. We introduce a relaxed system for the ideal MHD system, which decouples the effects of hydrodynamic turbulence such as the appearance of a Reynolds stress term from the magnetic helicity conservation in a manner consistent with observations in plasma turbulence. As by‐products we answer two open questions in the field: We show the sharpness of the L3 integrability condition for magnetic helicity conservation and provide turbulent bounded solutions for ideal MHD dissipating energy and cross helicity but with (arbitrary) constant magnetic helicity.
Insight into a two‐part plant breeding scheme through Bayesian optimization of budget allocations
Authors: Jannink Jean‐Luc , Astudillo Raul , Frazier Peter
Published: October 2023

The total budget of a breeding program must be divided across its different parts to maximize gain. How to optimize budget allocations for a two‐part strategy breeding scheme is an unsolved problem. We used Bayesian optimization coupled with stochastic simulations of breeding schemes to determine budget allocations that maximized gain. The breeding schemes focused on a clonal crop and included a population improvement cycle (PIC) allowing one or two breeding cycles per year leading to phenotypic evaluations in a variety development pipeline (VDP) with three stages. The gain was maximized at target years 6 or 12 after initiation of genomic selection. The breeding scheme was simulated using the AlphaSimR package. Bayesian optimization was implemented using the BoTorch module of Python to optimize budget allocations to the PIC and each stage of the VDP. Allocations to the last stage of the VDP were small because information from that stage was relatively ineffective at improving genomic prediction accuracy. An unexpected interaction between the number of PIC cycles and the target year for gain affected the budget of the PIC and could be explained by conflicting needs to increase gain in the VDP or increase genomic prediction accuracy. Divergent budget allocations could generate selection gains close to the maximum, indicating some leeway in the design of breeding schemes. Simple rules of thumb for heuristic optimization did not emerge, suggesting that breeders will need to rely on simulation coupled to optimization.
Bioaccumulation of Linear Siloxanes in Fish
Authors: Cantu Mark A. , Gobas Frank A. P. C.
Published: October 2023

The bioaccumulation behavior, including the uptake, internal distribution, depuration, and biotransformation rates, of three widely used linear methyl-siloxanes was investigated in rainbow trout. Dietary uptake efficiencies of octamethyltrisiloxane (L3), decamethyltetrasiloxane (L4), and dodecamethylpentasiloxane (L5) were 15% (3.3% standard error [SE]), 8.6% (1.4% SE), and 15% (1.8% SE), respectively, and for L3 and L4 were well below those of nonmetabolizable reference chemicals with similar octanol–water partition coefficients, suggesting significant intestinal biotransformation of L3 and L4. Somatic biotransformation rate constants were 0.024 (0.003 SE) day–1 for L3 and 0.0045 (0.0053 SE) day–1 for L4 and could not be determined for L5. Lipid-normalized biomagnification factors for L3, L4, and L5 were 0.24 (0.02 SE), 0.24 (0.01 SE), and 0.62 (0.05 SE) kg-lipid kg-lipid–1, respectively. Bioconcentration factors standardized to a 5% lipid content fish for water in Canadian oligotrophic lakes with a dissolved organic carbon content of 7.1 mg L–1 were 2787 (354 SE) for L3, 2689 (312 SE) for L4, and 1705 (418 SE) L kg-wet weight–1, respectively, and 3085 (392 SE) for L3, 4227 (490 SE) for L4, and 3831 (938 SE) L kg-wet weight–1 in water with a dissolved organic carbon content of 2.0 mg L–1. A comparison of 238 bioaccumulation profiles for 166 different chemicals shows that the bioaccumulation profiles for L3, L4, and L5 are vastly different from those of other very hydrophobic compounds found in the environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:42–51. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
A Toxicokinetic–Toxicodynamic Modeling Workflow Assessing the Quality of Input Mortality Data
Authors: Bauer Barbara , Singer Alexander , Gao Zhenglei , Jakoby Oliver , Witt Johannes , Preuss Thomas , Gergs André
Published: October 2023

Toxicokinetic–toxicodynamic (TKTD) models simulate organismal uptake and elimination of a substance (TK) and its effects on the organism (TD). The Reduced General Unified Threshold model of Survival (GUTS-RED) is a TKTD modeling framework that is well established for aquatic risk assessment to simulate effects on survival. The TKTD models are applied in three steps: parameterization based on experimental data (calibration), comparing predictions with independent data (validation), and prediction of endpoints under environmental scenarios. Despite a clear understanding of the sensitivity of GUTS-RED predictions to the model parameters, the influence of the input data on the quality of GUTS-RED calibration and validation has not been systematically explored. We analyzed the performance of GUTS-RED calibration and validation based on a unique, comprehensive data set, covering different types of substances, exposure patterns, and aquatic animal species taxa that are regularly used for risk assessment of plant protection products. We developed a software code to automatically calibrate and validate GUTS-RED against survival measurements from 59 toxicity tests and to calculate selected model evaluation metrics. To assess whether specific survival data sets were better suited for calibration or validation, we applied a design in which all possible combinations of studies for the same species–substance combination are used for calibration and validation. We found that uncertainty of calibrated parameters was lower when the full range of effects (i.e., from high survival to high mortality) was covered by input data. Increasing the number of toxicity studies used for calibration further decreased parameter uncertainty. Including data from both acute and chronic studies as well as studies under pulsed and constant exposure in model calibrations improved model predictions on different types of validation data. Using our results, we derived a workflow, including recommendations for the sequence of modeling steps from the selection of input data to a final judgment on the suitability of GUTS-RED for the data set. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:197–210. © 2023 Bayer AG and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Interactive Effects of Copper–Silver Mixtures at the Intestinal Epithelium of Rainbow Trout: An In Vitro Approach
Authors: Ibrahim Md , Belden Jason B. , Minghetti Matteo
Published: October 2023

While metals are present in mixture in the environment, metal toxicity studies are usually conducted on an individual metal basis. There is a paucity of data in the existing literature regarding specific metal−metal interactions and their effect on metal toxicity and bioavailability. We studied interactions of a silver (Ag)–copper (Cu) mixture at the intestinal epithelium using an intestinal cell line derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the RTgutGC. Exposures were conducted in media containing different chloride concentrations (low chloride, 1 mM; high chloride, 146 mM), thus resulting in different metal speciation. Cytotoxicity was evaluated based on two endpoints, cell metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity. The Ag–Cu mixture toxicity was assessed using two designs: independent action and concentration addition. Metal mixture bioavailability was studied by exposing cells to 500 nM of Ag or Cu as a single metal or a mixture (i.e., 500 nM of Cu plus 500 nM of Ag). We found an antagonistic effect in the low-chloride medium and an additive/synergistic effect in the high-chloride medium. We found that Cu dominates over Ag toxicity and bioavailability, indicating a competitive inhibition when both metals are present as free metal ions in the exposure media, which supports our hypothesis. Our study also suggests different mechanisms of uptake of free metal ions and metal complexes. The study adds valuable information to our understanding of the role of metal speciation on metal mixture toxicity and bioavailability. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:105–114. © 2023 SETAC.
FIGO good practice recommendations for induced or spontaneous labor at term: Prep‐for‐Labor triage to minimize risks and maximize favorable outcomes
Authors: Borovac‐Pinheiro Anderson , Inversetti Annalisa , Di Simone Nicoletta , Barnea Eytan R. ,   the FIGO Childbirth and Postpartum Hemorrhage Committee
Published: October 2023

The goal of induced or spontaneous labor is childbirth by vaginal delivery. Delivery after 37 weeks is desirable and associated with favorable maternal and newborn outcomes. Delivery facilities should have suitable staff and resources on site for antenatal services and delivery care. FIGO's Prep‐for‐Labor triage method provides rapid diagnostic tools that help define patients as high or low risk to determine whether transfer to a higher‐level center is needed. There is often a disconnect between a facility's designation and its ability to achieve safe deliveries. For preplanned labor induction, the designated clinical facility must have the right set‐up and prenatal records available to achieve a successful outcome. However, this is often not the case if a patient arrives in labor or needs an induction and the facility has limited patient information and resources, thus requiring rapid management decisions. The practical guidance checklist in this article defines maternal and/or fetal risk factors and delineates approaches and safe practices for labor induction and management, including when antenatal information is limited to maximize safe delivery practices. Guidelines on using the Bishop score (>6 or <6) to manage labor are presented. Evidence supporting successful safe labor induction at 41–42 weeks of gestation in low‐risk cases is described. This practice will increase the rate of spontaneous labor and delivery, minimizing intervention and thereby diverting limited clinical resources to those patients in need. In the right setting, this could lead to around 80% of women delivering spontaneously, which remains a desired goal.
FIGOgood practice recommendations: Bundle of care to reduce neonatal mortality and improve outcomes after preterm and term delivery
Authors: Costa Simonetta , Menzella Nicoletta , Vento Giovanni , Barnea Eytan R. ,   the FIGO Childbirth and Postpartum Hemorrhage Committee
Published: October 2023

An integrated approach is lacking for the management of childbirth and newborn care, even though their codependence is critical for improving maternal and newborn outcomes. FIGO's Prep‐for‐Labor rapid triage methods for women arriving at a clinical facility are addressed in earlier papers in this Supplement, but do not include newborn care. Immediate postpartum rapid triage using established Apgar score helps determine whether standard of care can be followed on site with available staff/tools. If not, newborn transfer alone or with the mother to a higher‐level center as soon as feasible may be required. Updated newborn management tools with special emphasis on pragmatic steps that are applicable for any clinical setting including low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are presented in this article. Given that more than 80% of newborn care can be managed at the birthing facility, transfer to a higher‐level center for care is required only in selected cases. Management steps for healthy newborns are described and the actions needed for those requiring resuscitation are summarized. The simple noninvasive kangaroo mother care approach—universally applicable for both term and preterm newborns—is associated with a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality. Kangaroo mother care involves continuous maternal skin‐to skin contact from birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and home support after discharge. Hence, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and acquired infections are frequently prevented. It is anticipated that implementing simple noninvasive management steps will have a substantial positive impact on improving maternal and newborn outcomes.
Evaluating the use of preparation guides in interteaching versus a quiz alternative
Authors: Schena David , Rosales Rocío , Soldner James L.
Published: October 2023

Interteaching is a behavioral teaching method that has demonstrated efficacy in higher education. Of particular interest is the use of a preparation guide (a guided reading assignment), which is designed to promote engagement in the other areas of the interteaching process. The present study compared the use of a preparation guide completed before the start of class with that of a quiz administered at the start of the class. The quiz was hypothesized to serve as a functional alternative to the preparation guide. A total of 38 undergraduate students enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course participated in this study. The primary dependent measure was student performance on tests following each condition. The analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the conditions, F(1, 302) = 0.103, p = .748, though qualitative feedback revealed student preference for preparation guides. Future research is necessary to examine the effects of quizzing while addressing the limitations of this study.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition by antiviral drugs in vitro and in silico
Authors: Türkeş Cüneyt
Published: October 2023

Enzyme inhibition is a commonly utilized method for controlling enzymatic activity in various physiologically relevant biological systems. Herein, the selected five active antiviral drugs, abacavir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, ribavirin, and ritonavir, were assayed as inhibitors of two human isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1) involved in various physiological/pathological conditions. For this aim, in vitro and in silico studies were performed to gain insights into the plausible binding interactions and affinities for the antiviral drugs within hCA I and II isoforms' active sites. The hCA I, an isoform involved in some pathological conditions such as retinal or cerebral edema, was moderately inhibited by these five drugs at micromolar concentrations with KIs spanning from 0.49 ± 0.05 to 3.51 ± 0.37 μM compared with the reference drug acetazolamide (AAZ, KI of 0.19 ± 0.01 μM). Moreover, hCA II, a promising target for edema, glaucoma, epilepsy, and altitude sickness, was a reasonably inhibited isoform by these agents, with KIs in the range of 0.64 ± 0.08–5.80 ± 0.64 μM compared with AAZ (KI of 0.17 ± 0.01 μM). Both in vitro and in silico results demonstrated significant interactions between these five drugs and hCAs and that they can support therapeutic targets against the above‐mentioned pathological conditions. Additionally, the results obtained will help optimize the clinical dosage regimens of these drugs and avoid drug–drug interactions unexpectedly when used in combination with other agents.
An Ultraviolet‐Transparent Ultrasound Transducer Enables High‐Resolution Label‐Free Photoacoustic Histopathology
Authors: Kim Donggyu , Park Eunwoo , Park Jeongwoo , Perleberg Bjarne , Jeon Sora , Ahn Joongho , Ha Mingyu , Kim Hyung Ham , Kim Jin Young , Jung Chan Kwon , Kim Chulhong
Published: October 2023

Ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV‐PAM), based on the high intrinsic optical absorption of DNA/RNA, holds great promise for intraoperative label‐free histopathological imaging modalities. Although clinical histopathology requires high‐resolution images to observe individual cell structures, conventional UV‐PAM suffers from relatively low resolution compared to the clinical histological modalities. Notably, opto‐ultrasound beam combiners or ring‐shaped ultrasound transducers, which have been used as geometrically coaxial methods of conventional reflection‐mode UV‐PAMs, restrict the numerical apertures (NA) due to their long working distances and/or hollow structures. Here, an ultraviolet‐transparent ultrasound transducer (UV‐TUT) is demonstrated that enables high‐resolution reflection‐mode UV‐PAM by improving the NA (0.38) and consequent spatial resolution (0.47 ± 0.03 µm). The study has successfully demonstrated its superior performance with mouse brain tissue and performed photoacoustic histopathology with cancerous animal tissues. This work proposes the ultimate form of a label‐free reflection‐mode UV‐PAM system with the potential to boost the practical use of intraoperative photoacoustic histopathology.
Remarks on Chemin's space of homogeneous distributions
Authors: Cobb Dimitri
Published: October 2023

This paper focuses on Chemin's space of homogeneous distributions, which was introduced to serve as a basis for the realizations of subcritical homogeneous Besov spaces. We will discuss how this construction fails in multiple ways for supercritical spaces. In particular, we study its intersection with various Banach spaces , namely supercritical homogeneous Besov spaces and the Lebesgue space . For each , we investigate whether the intersection is dense in . If it is not, then we study its closure and prove that the quotient is not separable and that is not complemented in .