bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science and Technology of Building Seals, Sealants, Glazing, and Waterproofing: Second Volume
Authors: Klosowski JM
Published: March 2009

Description

25 peer-reviewed papers cover:

•Artificial weatherometry compared to actual outdoor exposure of sealants

• Stresses in highway joint sealants and stresses that cause sealant failure

• Durability of structurally glazed curtain walls

• Early joint failure

• Silicone sealant adhesion technology

• Sealant test methods that test adhesion as compared to the constrained blister adhesion test

• Primer concept

• Special points designs and problems associated with them

• Factors effecting the life expectancy of an insulated glass unit

• Acrylic coatings.
Life Prediction Methodologies and Data for Ceramic Materials
Authors: Brinkman CR , Duffy SF
Published: March 2009

Description

24 peer-reviewed papers on:

• Data and Model Development

• Life Prediction Methodologies

• The Prediction of the Behavior of Structural Components
Small Specimen Test Techniques Applied to Nuclear Reactor Vessel Thermal Annealing and Plant Life Extension
Authors: Corwin WR , Haggag FM , Server WL
Published: March 2009

Description

31 papers cover three wide-ranging topics:

• unique small and miniature specimens, as well as nondestructive, nonintrusive, and in-situ test techniques for measuring mechanicals and fracture properties

• application of those techniques to assess irradiation-induced embrittlement

• and actual examples of the use of these techniques to verify results of thermal annealing of vessels and to evaluate potential reactor-vessel life extension.
Automation of Mechanical Testing
Authors: Heberling DT
Published: March 2009

Description

Experts from test machine manufacturers and R&D facilities identify the benefits, problems, and approaches associated with the automation of mechanical testing. The first 4 of 9 peer-reviewed papers form a primer for those preparing to implement automated testing. The fifth and remaining papers focus on specific technical issues and topics.
Advances in Fatigue Lifetime Predictive Techniques: Second Volume
Authors: Mitchell MR , Landgraf RW
Published: March 2009

Description

15 papers cover:

• fundamental issues in damage development and crack growth

• behavior in both low- and high-cycle regimes, under constant amplitude and spectrum loading conditions

• performance of advanced materials in hostile environments, including creep-fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue

• predictive techniques for the real-world environment.
Safety in Ice Hockey: Second Volume
Authors: Castaldi CR , Bishop PJ , Hoerner EF
Published: March 2009

Description

Brings together a collection of 20 papers from the foremost experts in the field of ice hockey safety. Updated information related to epidemiological factors, injury treatment modalities, playing facilities, and protective equipment. Covers areas not previously addressed including shoulder injuries, several papers on the behavior aspects of hockey that may lead to injury, some updates on catastrophic injuries on the cervical spine.

Readers will gain an understanding of the causes and mechanisms associated with injury in ice hockey as well as information on injury risk reduction, conditioning and preparation for hockey.
Dynamic Geotechnical Testing II
Authors: Ebelhar RJ , Drnevich VP , Kutter BL
Published: March 2009

Description

Cyclic and dynamic testing of soils for geotechnical engineering purposes and centrifuge testing has emerged as a new tool for understanding soil behavior and dynamic soil-structure interaction. STP 1213 is an excellent reference document on these latest testing practices, and emerging technologies and provides additional information on measuring soil properties used cyclic and dynamic loading conditions.

25 peer-reviewed papers give you an understanding of field, laboratory, and centrifuge methods used in cyclic and dynamic testing of soils for geotechnical engineering purposes.

The papers discuss:

• Descriptions of facilities, apparatus, and instrumentation used

• Theoretical analysis of apparatus and/or instrumentation

• Results and analysis of experimental research

• Discussion of testing procedures, improvements, and guidelines
History and Development of the Orthopedic Screw
Authors: Sehlinger TE , Seligson D
Published: March 2009

The orthopedic screw is the building block of internal fixation. Since screws were first used one hundred and fifty years ago for bone fixation, the concepts for their design have changed markedly. This paper reviews the milestones in the development of the orthopedic screw.
Theoretical Strength Comparison of Bioabsorbable (PLLA) Plates and Conventional Stainless Steel and Titanium Plates Used in Internal Fracture Fixation
Authors: Nazre A , Lin S
Published: March 2009

Use of stainless steel or titanium plates with multiple screws to fix fractures internally is the most widely used technique in orthopaedics. Metal plates act as a bridge across the fracture gap and stress shield the fracture site as the bone heals. However, use of metal plates in certain applications can be slightly disadvantageous. Due to the high stiffnesses of metal plates they tend to stress shield the fracture site, which can lead to over all reduction of strength of the healing bone. Also, a secondary surgery has to be performed to retrieve the implant, which can increase the risk to the patient. Use of bioabsorbable plates can overcome these disadvantages. This study compares theoretical bending (four point) strengths of three bioabsorbable poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) plates with a stainless steel plate with four holes and four screws. Three types of bioabsorbable plates have been considered, namely, 1. pure PLLA plate, 2. PLLA with glass fibers, and 3. PLLA with carbon fibers. A strength degradation curve for PLLA has been established.
Techniques in the Application of ISO 9585 Test Method for the Determination of Bone Plate Bending Properties
Authors: Cesarone DM , Disegi JA
Published: March 2009

Specialized metallic bone plates are used to stabilize various types of bone fractures which occur in the upper and lower extremities. A knowledge of the relative bending strength and stiffness of bone plates is desirable to evaluate the effect of different materials and designs on clinical performance. Bending stiffness in the elastic region is primarily a function of the modulus of elasticity of the material and plate dimensions. Adequate bending strength is important to resist permanent deformation associated with single-cycle overload stress. Proper contouring of bone plates in the operating room is related to plate design.

ISO 9585, “Implants for Surgery — Method for Testing Bending Strength and Stiffness of Bone Plates,” describes a static four-point bend test for bone plates. Testing factors such as bone plate length, cylindrical roller dimensions, and flatness deviations are specified in the ISO test method. Plate placement on the bending rollers and plate orientation must also be controlled for consistent bend test results.

Correct interpretation of the load-deflection curve is required to accurately determine proof load, mean deflection, equivalent bending stiffness, and bending strength. Calculations based on established formulas are presented for typical test configurations.

Bend test results are compiled for implant-quality 316L stainless steel and unalloyed titanium, cloverleaf and T-plates. A modified test arrangement is described for the evaluation of 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm titanium mini-fragment plates.
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Testing
Authors: Kearns JR , Little BJ
Published: March 2009

Description

A review of the state-of-the-art of microbiology influenced corrosion (MIC) testing in the early 1990s. Many industrial needs in the area of MIC testing are identified in these papers along with the latest laboratory and field testing techniques. Strategies to monitor and control corrosion and biofouling in water distribution systems, underground pipelines, buildings, and marine vessels are discussed. From this a consensus emerges on how to evaluate and reliably simulate microbiological factors in real systems and laboratory tests.

21 peer-reviewed papers in 6 chapters:

• Electrochemical Methods

• On-Line Monitoring Methods

• Surface Analysis

• SRB Characterization

• Non-Metallics

• and Service Water Systems.
Fire and Flammability of Furnishings and Contents of Buildings
Authors: Fowell AJ
Published: March 2009

Description

An up-to-date review of furniture flammability and test methods for measuring the flammability of contents and furnishings of buildings. 14 peer-reviewed papers cover the development of fire tests and regulation on:

• Upholstered Furniture

• Bedding

• Wall and Floor Coverings

• Apparel

• Cabinetry

The papers reflect the involvement of ASTM, the National Fire Protection Association, the California Bureau of Home Furnishings, limited States organizations, European and international standards organizations, and various manufacturing trade associations.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Tenth International Symposium
Authors: Garde AM , Bradley ER
Published: March 2009

Description

4 sections are devoted to various aspects of zirconium alloy corrosion: Hydrogen Effects; • Lithium Effects and Second-Phase Particles; • Oxide Characterization; • and In-Reactor Corrosion.

The remaining sections include Pressure Tubes; Fabrication; and Mechanical Properties.
Assignment of the Glass Transition
Authors: Seyler RJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Reexamines an age-old phenomenon in amorphous and semi-crystalline materials, the glass transition. Perspectives from the physics, materials science, engineering, and manufacturing communities for both organic and inorganic materials. 24 peer-reviewed papers and discussions in four sections:

• Theory and Overview

• Instrumental Techniques

• Materials

• and Applications
Matrix-Dominated Mechanical Properties of a Fiber Composite Lamina
Authors: Lyon RE , Schumann DL , DeTeresa SJ
Published: March 2009

Matrix-dominated mechanical properties of unidirectional fiber composite laminae were determined from hoop-wound tube specimens and cylindrical rods fabricated from both wet filament winding and prepreg material systems. Longitudinal shear modulus and strength as well as transverse Young's modulus, transverse tensile strength, and transverse compressive strength were obtained from a thin-walled tube specimen using a new fixturing design. Lamina properties are presented for several carbon fiber/epoxy composite materials. Longitudinal shear moduli were measured for both tubes and rods in torsion. Results obtained in the linear-elastic regimes above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the matrix phase were compared with micromechanics predictions. Although agreement between predicted and measured shear moduli was reasonable below Tg, for some composites large discrepancies were observed at temperatures above Tg of the neat matrix material.
Composite Material Shear Property Measurement Using the Iosipescu Specimen
Authors: Ho H , Budiman HT , Tsai MY , Morton J , Farley GL
Published: March 2009

A detailed evaluation of the suitability of the Iosipescu specimen, tested in the modified Wyoming fixture, for determining the in-plane shear response of a variety of composite materials is presented. Finite element analysis and moiré interferometry are used to assess the uniformity of the shear stress field in the test section of fibrous, sheet molding compound (SMC) and particulate composites, and aluminum alloy. The nonuniformity of the strain field and the sensitivity of some composite materials to the specimen/fixture contact mechanics are discussed. The shear responses for various composite material systems are discussed and procedures for reliable shear property measurements recommended.
High Strain Rate Effects for Composite Materials
Authors: Groves SE , Sanchez RJ , Lyon RE , Brown AE
Published: March 2009

We have been developing the capability to characterize the high strain rate response of continuous fiber polymer composites. The data presented cover strain rates from 0/s to 3000/s. A combination of test machines and specimen geometries was investigated. Strain rates from 0 to 100/s were generated using conventional and high-speed hydraulic test machines. Strain rates from 10 to 1000/s were generated using a high-energy drop tower, and rates from 1000 to 3000/s were generated using a split Hopkinson bar. Strain rates above 100/s have only been generated for uniaxial compression. Our efforts have primarily focused on developing the high-energy drop tower for these purposes. Specimen geometries for compression include tapered cubes, one-inch tubes, and solid rods. For tension, a smaller 1.27-cm-diameter version of our 5.08-cm-diameter multiaxial test specimen was developed and has been successfully used at strain rates up to 100 per second. Fixtures were also developed for performing high strain rate shear testing and through thickness penetration studies of composite plates. The objective of these experiments is to develop dynamic material models for use in finite element design tools. This presentation will focus on the methods and results obtained from this study.
Micromechanical Analysis of Fiber-Matrix Interface Stresses Under Thermomechanical Loadings
Authors: Naik RA , Crews JH
Published: March 2009

Analytical techniques for calculating fiber-matrix (F-M) interface stresses, using repeating square and diamond regular arrays, were presented for a unidirectional composite under thermomechanical loadings. An Airy's stress function micromechanics approach from the literature, developed for calculating overall composite moduli, was extended in the present study to compute F-M interface stresses for a unidirectional graphite/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) composite under thermal, longitudinal, transverse, transverse shear, and longitudinal shear loadings. Comparisons with finite element results indicated excellent agreement of the F-M interface stresses for the square array. Under thermal and longitudinal loading, the square array had the same F-M peak stresses as the diamond array. The square array predicted higher stress concentrations under transverse normal and longitudinal shear loadings than the diamond array. Under transverse shear loading, the square array had a higher shear stress concentration while the diamond array had a higher radial stress concentration. Stress concentration factors under transverse shear and longitudinal shear loadings were very sensitive to fiber volume fraction. The present analysis provides a simple way to calculate accurate F-M interface stresses for both the square and diamond array configurations.
Analysis of Thick-Sectioned Composite Cylindrical Shells Under Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Yuan FG
Published: March 2009

This article describes the mechanical behavior of thick-sectioned composite laminated shells subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The analysis is based on the theory of cylindrical anisotropic elasticity using a stress function approach. Quasi-isotropic laminated shells are used to demonstrate the influence of shell thickness, stacking sequence, and number of repeating sublaminates on thestrain and stress response. The effect of residual stress on the behavior of the shells is also examined.
A Bilinear Failure Criterion for Mixed-Mode Delamination
Authors: Reeder JR
Published: March 2009

Many different failure criteria have been suggested for mixed-mode delamination toughness, but few sets of mixed-mode data exist that are consistent over the full range of Mode I opening load to Mode II shear load range. The mixed-mode bending (MMB) test was used to measure the delamination toughness of a brittle epoxy composite, a state-of-the-art toughened epoxy composite, and a tough thermoplastic composite over the full mixed-mode range. To gain insight into the different failure responses of the different materials, the delamination fracture surfaces were also examined. An evaluation of several failure criteria that have been reported in the literature was performed, and the range of responses modeled by each criterion was analyzed. A bilinear failurecriterion was introduced based on a change in the failure mechanism observed from the delamination surfaces. The different criteria were compared to the failure response of the three materials tested. The responses of the two epoxies were best modeled with the new bilinear failure criterion. The failure response of the tough thermoplastic composite could be modeled well with the bilinear criterion but could also be modeled with the more simple linear failure criterion. Since the materials differed in their mixed-mode failure response, mixed-mode delamination testing will be needed to characterize a composite material. This paper presents consistent sets of mixed-mode data, provides a critical evaluation of the mixed-mode failure criteria, and should provide general guidance for selecting anappropriate criterion for other materials.
An Interlaminar Tensile Strength Specimen
Authors: Jackson WC , Martin RH
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a technique to determine interlaminar tensile strength, σ3c of a fiber reinforced composite material using a curved beam. The specimen was a unidirectional curved beam, bent 90°, with straight arms. Attached to each arm was a hinged loading mechanism that was held by the grips of a tension testing machine. Geometry effects of the specimen, including the effects of loading arm length, inner radius, thickness, and width, were studied. The data sets fell into two categories: low strength corresponding to a macroscopic flaw related failure and high strength corresponding to a microscopic flaw related failure. From the data available, the specimen width and loading arm length had little effect on σ3c. The inner radius was not expected to have a significant effect on σ3c, but this conclusion could not be confirmed because of differences in laminate quality for each curve geometry. The thicker specimens had the lowest value of σ3c because of poor laminate quality.
Progress Toward a Standard Procedure for Point-Counting the Phases in Cement Clinker with Reflected Light Microscopy
Authors: Weigand WA
Published: March 2009

Light microscopy can be used to gain insight into the cement manufacturing process and to guide the manufacturer in the production process. By quantitative phase determination, the microscopist can determine how much of each phase is present as well as its morphology.

The ASTM task group C01.23.02 on Microscopical Methods, under the C01.23 subcommittee on Compositional Analysis, has been developing a Standard practice for point counting of cement microstructure using reflected light microscopy. The task group is continuing with round robin testing. The inter-laboratory study results for one SRM indicate that counting 3 000 points is a good compromise between effort and accuracy. Intra-laboratory precision showed a need for a uniform level of training; therefore, a video tape has been made for training microscopists.
The Influence of Cement Type and Degree of Hydration on the Measurement of W/C Ratio on Concrete Fluorescent Thin Sections
Authors: Wirgot S , Van Cauwelaert F
Published: March 2009

The capillary porosity of hardened concrete can be revealed by impregnation of the sample by a fluorescent epoxy resin.

The paper presents a method of measurement of the cement paste fluorescence (i.e. the W/C ratio) by image analysis coupled with an automatical statistical interpretation of the data.

Measurements were performed on thin sections of concrete of known W/C ratio with ASTM type I and ASTM type I-S cement.

The tests allow to conclude for a significant influence of the cement type on the relation between fluorescence and W/C ratio.

Further it is shown that the estimation of the W/C ratio depends on the degree of hydration of the concrete.

It is concluded that the measurement of the fluorescence gives an estimate of the capillary porosity rather than an estimate of the real W/C ratio.
The Use of Supercritical Fluid Extraction as a Sample Preparation Technique for Soils
Authors: Levy JM , Dolata LA , Rosselli AC , Ravey RM
Published: March 2009

Using off-line supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted at different levels from various soil and sediment matrices. Based upon GC/MS measurements a number of SFE operational parameters including pressure, temperature and flow rate, were optimized to yield the highest efficiencies with the best precision.
Integrated Intelligent Instruments Using Supercritical Fluid Technology for Soil Analysis
Authors: Liebman SA , Phillips C , Fitzgerald W , Levy EJ
Published: March 2009

Contaminated soils pose a significant challenge for characterization and remediation programs that require rapid, accurate and comprehensive data in the field or laboratory. Environmental analyzers based on supercritical fluid (SF) technology have been designed and developed for meeting these global needs. The analyzers are designated the CHAMP Systems (Chemical Hazards Automated Multimedia Processors). The prototype instrumentation features SF extraction (SFE) and on-line capillary gas Chromatographic (GC) analysis with Chromatographic and/or spectral identification detectors, such as ultra-violet, Fourier transform infrared and mass spectrometers. Illustrations are given for a highly automated SFE-capillary GC/flame ionization (FID) configuration to provide validated screening analysis for total extractable hydrocarbons within ca. 5–10 min, as well as a full qualitative/quantitative analysis in 25–30 min. Data analysis using optional expert system and neural networks software is demonstrated for test gasoline and diesel oil mixtures in this integrated intelligent instrument approach to trace organic analysis of soils and sediments.
A Tiered Analytical Protocol for the Characterization of Heavy Oil Residues at Petroleum-Contaminated Hazardous Waste Sites
Authors: Pollard SJT , Kenefick SL , Hrudey SE , Fuhr BJ , Holloway LR , Rawluk M
Published: March 2009

The analysis of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from abandoned refinery sites in Alberta, Canada is used to illustrate a tiered analytical approach to the characterization of complex hydrocarbon wastes. Soil extracts isolated from heavy oil- and creosote-contaminated sites were characterized by thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), ultraviolet fluorescence, simulated distillation (GC-SIMDIS) and chemical ionization GC-MS analysis. The combined screening and detailed analytical methods provided information essential to remedial technology selection including the extent of contamination, the class composition of soil extracts, the distillation profile of component classes and the distribution of individual class components within various waste fractions. Residual contamination was characteristic of heavy, degraded oils, consistent with documented site operations and length of hydrocarbon exposure at the soil surface.
Latvia Field Test of 915-mm Fiberglass Pipe
Authors: Howard A , Spridzans JB , Schrock BJ
Published: March 2009

The USA and USSR jointly constructed a special test section of 915-mm diameter Reinforced Plastic Mortar (RPM) fiberglass pipe in June 1979 near Riga, Latvia. This experiment was part of the working agreement of the US-USSR team “Investigations of Effectiveness of Plastic Pipe in Drainage and Irrigation.” Measurements were made of pipe deflections, soil properties, and in-place densities. Six different embedment conditions were used. The pipe deflections were measured during each state of construction and over a 4-year period.

Data of particular interest is the increase in the vertical diameters caused during soil compaction at the sides of the pipe and the frequent deflection measurements in the few weeks following the final placement of the 3 m of backfill over the pipe. The ratio of the vertical deflection after 4 years to the vertical deflection on the day the backfilling was completed ranges from 1.6 to 1.7 for the dumped side support, 4.5 for a side support with a moderate degree of compaction, and 2.2 to 2.9 for the side support placed to a high degree of compaction.
Installation of Plastic Pipe Using Soil-Cement Slurry
Authors: Howard AK
Published: March 2009

Soil-cement slurry used in buried pipe installations has become an increasing popular choice for contractors. Flexible pipe, including PVC and RPM, as well as rigid pipe are being installed using this technique. The ingredients of the soil-cement can vary, but typically is a combination of soil, portland cement, and water. In most cases, the pipe trench is trimmed to a semicircular shape that is only slightly larger than the pipe diameter. The soil-cement is used to fill the gap between the pipe and the in situ soil. Accordingly, the native trench material must be able to provide adequate supporting strength to the pipe. The consistency of the soil-cement can vary from a fluid (slurry) to a mixture with a 25 cm slump depending on the placement requirements.

The consistency, ingredients, and placement dimensions can all vary as long as two basic requirements are met: 1. The material must be placed so that there is complete contact between the pipe and the in situ soil. 2. The unconfined compressive strength of the hardened material is at least 700 kN/m2 (100 1b/in2) at 7 days.

The most suitable soil to use is a silty sand with the fines content not exceeding about 30 percent. This allows native soils from the trench excavation or from nearby the construction site to be used. Cementitious fly ash has been used in place of cement and bentonite has been added to improve pumping characteristics.
Design Methodology for High Density Polyethylene Manholes
Authors: Petroff LJ
Published: March 2009

Polyethylene manholes are used in piping systems for sewage, storm water run-off, landfill leachate, and industrial effluent. Many manholes are used in applications no more than a few feet deep, where loading is minimal and almost any vertical structure will work. However, for manholes of any significant depth and for manholes located below the groundwater level, substantial earth and groundwater loads may exist. Although often ignored, these loads can approach critical values for the manhole. Evaluation of the manhole, embedment and loading is a crucial task of the design engineer. This paper presents a design methodology that may be used for such applications.

The design methodology considers both the ring-directed and the axial-directed effects of the applied earth pressure. Ring loads subject the manhole wall to compressive strains which, if not limited, can cause buckling. These loadings are usually intensified by groundwater. Axial strains occur in the manhole wall due to the downdrag of the surrounding soil. Proper design limits axial strains and provides an adequate safety factor against buckling.
Oriented PVC Pipe (PVCO): Experience and Research
Authors: Bauer DE
Published: March 2009

As Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) sanitary and storm drain pipes have evolved with the advent of profile walls, so too will PVC pressure pipe with the advent of orientation. This paper discusses the basic concepts of reorienting PVC pipe, the basic production technologies involved, and the research and experience which span the past two decades around the world.

The principal benefit of reorientation is increased tensile strength resulting in an increase in the Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB). However, the improvements in fatigue resistance, impact resistance and crack growth resistance are offshoots of the orientation process which perhaps offer the most significant advantages for end-use applications. The practical affects of these material property improvements are longer life under dynamic pressure conditions and better handling ability than conventionally extruded PVC pipe.
Effects of Acid Environment and Constant Deflection on PVC Sewer Pipe
Authors: Sharff PA , DelloRusso SJ
Published: March 2009

A test study was undertaken to determine the effects of a sustained exposure to sulphuric acid solution on pipe stiffness of PVC sewer pipes held at fixed 5% deflection. This study was part of a multi-participant round-robin program to evaluate and develop a test method for long-term effects of deflection in various environments on plastic sewer pipe. Sections of 6 in. (152.4 mm) diameter SDR 35 PVC sewer pipe ASTM D 3034 — Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings 6 in. (152.4 mm) long were tested for pipe stiffness by the parallel plate method ASTM D 2412 — Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading, as received from three suppliers. Pipe specimens were then immersed in a 1.0N sulphuric acid solution for 1 week and retested for pipe stiffness. The pipe sections were then held at 5% deflection in special test fixtures and continuously immersed in a 1.0N solution of sulphuric acid at room temperature. The pipe stiffness of each specimen was measured at various time intervals over a period of two years, without removing them from the acid bath. Results were analyzed to evaluate the effects of the acid immersion, coupled with the fixed deflection. One control pipe specimen was fixed at 5% deflection in an air-only environment and tested for pipe stiffness at the same time intervals as the acid-immersed specimens.

Test data indicates a minimal effect of fixed deflection and acid immersion over time on short-term pipe stiffness. Analysis of load data illustrates the significant relaxation response of PVC pipe under constant deflection, i.e. the decrease in wall stress over time. Two year data exhibit good correlations to the design-oriented viscoelastic predictions derived from Findley's power law. The influence of filler content on stiffness behavior is examined but no conclusive relationship is apparent. The influence of the test fixture on interpretation of results is discussed and recommendations for improvements are presented.
Stiffness of HDPE Pipe in Ring Bending
Authors: McGrath TJ , Selig ET , DiFrancesco LC
Published: March 2009

A ring bending test was devised to evaluate the behavior of plastic pipes that have been held under constant deformation and then subjected to intermittent loads. The apparatus consists of a frame capable of locking the test pipe at a fixed level of deflection in ring bending. A load cell monitors the change in force with passing time required to hold the deflection level. At preselected time intervals an additional deflection increment is briefly applied to the pipe and then released. The load required to produce this deflection increment is recorded. The pipe is then returned to the original level of deformation. Test results show that the long term decrease in load, or stress relaxation, is unaffected by the short term load increments. The short term modulus is much greater than the long term relaxation modulus and does not decrease with time. Test results also show that short term load increments may be treated as a new load on the pipe, with a stiffness response governed by the short term modulus.
The Effect of Loading Rate on Rapid Crack Propagation in Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: Brown N , Lu X
Published: March 2009

The effect of loading rate on the production of rapid crack propagation (RCP) was investigated in tensile loaded notched specimens 127 mm long taken from a gas pipe. It was found that the stress intensity to initiate fracture was independent of loading rate, but was slightly greater at 10°C than at 28°C. The initiation of rapid fracture occurred at a critical loading rate and rapid long range fracture (RCP) occurred at a 50% higher loading rate. It was not possible to produce RCP at 28°C with the available equipment. The input energy to initiate rapid fracture was about 10 times the input energy to produce RCP, long range rapid fracture.
Simple Constraint Corrections for Subsize Fracture Toughness Specimens
Authors: Anderson TL , Dodds RH
Published: March 2009

Loss of constraint triaxiality with plastic deformation severely limits the applicability of small specimens to fracture toughness measurement in the ductile-brittle transition region. In earlier work, the authors developed a framework for correcting cleavage fracture toughness data for constraint loss. The present article presents a simple constraint correction equation that increases the measuring capacity of fracture toughness specimens, that is, it is now possible to measure higher valid toughness values with small specimens than was previously possible. At present, the constraint correction can be applied only to the low-to-mid transition region, but ongoing work is aimed at extending the approach to the upper transition region, where cleavage is preceded by stable tearing. Current work is also addressing three-dimensional effects.
Assessment of Fracture Toughness by a Punch Test with Miniature Specimens
Authors: Sinclair AN , Lepik O , Gabbani M , Mukherjee B , Albertini E
Published: March 2009

A series of punch test measurements was performed on a broad set of engineering alloys to establish the correlation between JIC and the equivalent plastic strain, εf at the point of fracture. The punch test has a strong advantage over conventional methods for measuring material toughness because it requires only small coupons of material that can be removed from in-service structures. Tests were performed at both room and elevated temperatures in both weakly and strongly anisotropic materials. Results of the program indicated that the simple linear correlation between JIC and εf predicted by the theory is too simple to describe such a complex phenomenon as ductile fracture. Furthermore, difficulties were discovered in the testing of strongly anisotropic materials that allow for toughness measurements only on those planes with relatively weak crack growth resistance. A modified punch test apparatus is proposed to address this problem.
Development of a Miniaturized Bulge Test (Small Punch Test) for Post-Irradiation Mechanical Property Evaluation
Authors: Eto M , Takahashi H , Misawa T , Suzuki M , Nishiyama Y , Fukaya K , Jitsukawa S
Published: March 2009

To examine the effectiveness of the small punch test for evaluating strength and toughness of irradiated ferritic steels, detailed procedures are described aiming at standardization of the test. The statistical approach to analysis of the SP energy as a function of temperature for evaluation of DBTT was also reviewed. The method was then applied to neutron-irradiated ferritic steels, which included F-82, F-82H, HT-9, and 2¼Cr-1Mo steel. Fluence and irradiation temperatures ranged from 2 to 12 x 1023 n/m2 (E ⩾ 1 MeV) and from 573 to 673 K, respectively. Comparison of parameters obtained from the small punch test with the properties measured by the conventional method indicated that: (a) the 0.2% offset stress and the ultimate tensile strength at room temperature can be correlated well with the parameters, Py/(t0)2 and Pmax/(t0)2, respectively. Here, Py and Pmax are the loads corresponding to the yield and the maximum, and t0 is the initial thickness of a specimen; (b) fracture toughness, JIC, can be evaluated using equivalent fracture strain, ϵ¯qf, and the previously established relationship between these values; and (c) DBTT measured by a Charpy test can be predicted from the results of temperature dependence of SP energy determined from the area under the load-deflection curve using a statistical analysis based on a Weibull distribution.
Evaluation of Tensile Properties Using a TEM Disk-Size Specimen
Authors: Nunomura S , Nishijima T , Higo Y , Hishinuma A
Published: March 2009

Attempting to miniaturize mechanical specimens is certainly not new. In fusion reactor material development, limited space in the test reactor and the dose to personnel in the post-irradiation state dictates that the specimen size be reduced without reducing the accuracy of the test. A four-point bend test on TEM disk specimens (0.3 mm in thickness and 3 mm in diameter) was carried out to evaluate tension test parameters. The bending load-deflection records obtained from the miniature specimen were interpreted with a large-scale deflection bending analysis. The tensile yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of both a 316L-type stainless steel and a 7075 T6 aluminum (Al) alloy obtained from the miniature four-point bend test agreed well with standard tension test results. A gripping system for tension testing of the TEM-size specimens was also developed. The ultimate tensile strength results of two stainless steels agreed well with those obtained from standard-size specimens; however, the tensile yield strength could not be determined.
Tension Test System for Irradiated Small Specimens Operated by Remote Control
Authors: Okada A
Published: March 2009

A robot-based tension test system has been developed to aid in the mechanical testing of highly radioactive specimens. This system reduces radiation hazards from specimens and allows for the uniform precision of testing results independent of experimenters' skills. The robot system is designed to accommodate a miniaturized tension specimen with a gage section 5.5 by 1.2 mm, with a total length and width of 12.5 and 2.3 mm, respectively, and thickness of about 0.2 mm. The system is composed of a manipulating robot, a vibrational-type specimen feeder, a rotating-type specimen tray, a specimen observation system, a simulated tension test fixture, and a microcomputer for controlling the system. This system accomplishes specimen arrangement in the specimen tray, specimen transportation and loading to the test fixture and testing, and removal of the broken specimen from the fixture. These procedures are performed quickly, safely, and with uniform testing precision by computer control remotely by an unskilled experimenter.
An Automated Tensile Machine for Small Specimens Heavily Neutron Irradiated in FFTF/MOTA
Authors: Kohyama A , Sato S , Hamada K
Published: March 2009

The objective of this work is to develop a fully automated tensile machine for post-irradiation examination (PIE) of Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF)/Materials Open Test Assembly (MOTA) irradiated miniature tension specimens. The anticipated merit of the automated tensile machine is to reduce damage to specimens during specimen handling for PIE and to reduce exposure to radioactive specimens. This machine is designed for testing at elevated temperatures, up to 873 K, in a vacuum or in an inert gas environment. Twelve specimen assemblies are placed in the vacuum chamber that can be tested successively in a fully automated manner.

A unique automated tensile machine for the PIE of FFTF/MOTA irradiated specimens, the Monbusho Automated Tensile Machine (MATRON) consists of a test frame with controlling units and an automated specimen-loading apparatus. The qualification of the test frame has been completed, and the results have satisfied the machine specifications. The preliminary tests utilizing unirradiated specimens reproduced duplicated data with those from an Instrontype testing machine. An automated specimen-loading apparatus has also been developed, and the qualification of the functions of this apparatus has been completed. The further improvements, which add flexibility to accept deformed specimens that do not fit the original dimensions, will also be reported.

The capabilities of producing creep and relaxation data have been demonstrated for Cu, Al, 316SS, and ferritic steels. The specimen holders for the three-point bending test and the small bulge test (small punch test; SP test) were also designed and produced. These fixtures are currently being tested to verify the validity of the material test results.
Application of Subsize Specimens in Nuclear Plant Life Extension
Authors: Rosinski ST , Kumar AS , Cannon NS , Hamilton ML
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a research effort through Sandia National Laboratories and the University of Missouri-Rolla to test a correlation for the upper shelf energy (USE) values obtained from the impact testing of subsize Charpy V-notch specimens to those obtained from the testing of full-size samples. The program involves the impact testing of unirradiated and irradiated full-, half-, and third-size Charpy V-notch specimens. A correlation between subsize and full-size testing results has been developed in an earlier effort and tested on HT-9 material utilized in fusion reactor applications. To verify the applicability of the correlation on LWR materials, unirradiated and irradiated full-, half-, and third-size Charpy V-notch specimens of a commercial pressure vessel steel (ASTM A533 Grade B) will be tested. The correlation methodology is based on the partitioning of the USE into crack initiation and crack propagation energies. To accomplish this partition, both precracked and notched-only specimens will be used. Whereas the USE of notched-only specimens is the sum of both crack initiation and crack propagation energies, the USE of precracked specimens reflects only the crack propagation component. The difference in the USE of the two types of specimens represents a measure of the crack initiation energy. Normalizing the values of the crack initiation energy to the fracture volume of the sample produces similar values for the full-, half-, and third-size specimens. In addition, the ratios of the USE and the crack propagation energy are also in agreement for full-, half-, and third-size specimens. These two observations will be used to predict the USE of full-size specimens based on subsize USE data. This paper will provide details of the program and present results obtained from the application of the developed correlation methodology to the impact testing of the unirradiated full-, half-, and third-size A533 Grade B Charpy V-notch specimens.
The Use of Precracked and Notched Slow Strain Rate Specimens
Authors: Toribio J
Published: March 2009

The use of precracked and notched specimens in slow strain rate testing (SSRT) has important advantages, the main one being the localization of the environmental effect in the vicinity of the crack or notch tip. There is, however, an important difficulty in interpretation of results: the local strain rate at the crack or notch tip—and not the externally applied displacement rate—is the variable that controls the environmental cracking. In this paper, results from SSRT of a wide range of notched geometries are compared, showing the interest of presenting the results as a function of local strain rate at the notch tip.
Environmental Slow Strain Rate J-Integral Testing of Ni-Cu Alloy K-500
Authors: Vassilaros MG , Juers RL , Natishan ME , Vasudevan AK
Published: March 2009

An investigation of the combined effects of slow strain rate testing and cathodic protection of Ni-Cu Alloy K-500 forgings was performed. The J-integral fracture toughness tests were performed in a modified screw-driven Instron testing machine with measured cross head travel speeds of 0.1, 0.013, and 0.001 mm/min (0.004, 0.0005, and 0.000 04 in./min). The IT compact specimens used were modified for use with direct current potential drop (DCPD) measurement of the crack lengths. Specimens tested at 0.1, 0.013, and 0.001 mm/min were in an air environment. Additional specimens were tested at 0.001 mm/min in a 3.5% NaCl solution with an applied cathodic potential of -1.0 V (SCE). The tests were monitored with a desk top computer data acquisition system that recorded load, load-line opening displacement (COD), DCPD, applied cathodic potential, and impressed current. These data were used to construct J-integral resistance (J-R) curves for all the samples. The J-R curves for all the specimens tested in air had appeared similar. The specimens tested in salt water with cathodic protection had significant reduction in J-integral toughness (JIc) to less than half the air value. Examination of the specimens' fracture surfaces revealed that the cathodic protection caused the fracture mode to change from dimpled rupture to intergranular fracture.
Problems Associated with Slow Strain Rate Quality Assurance Testing of Nickel-Base Corrosion Resistant Alloy Tubulars in Hydrogen Sulfide Environments
Authors: Ahluwalia HS
Published: March 2009

Slow strain rate testing (SSRT) has been evaluated by the oil and gas industry for investigating anodic chloride/sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SCC). It is used not only as a method of screening nickel-base corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) for downhole use, but also as a quality control test. In this respect a number of end-users are including SSRT as part of the material specification requirements for downhole tubulars. Controversy exists over the suitability and reproducibility of SSRT results in testing nickel-base CRAs. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the problems associated with the recent SSRT quality assurance testing of nickel-base CRAs. The effects of surface finish, strain rate, and electrode potential are some of the parameters that should be considered in interpretation of SSRT data. In addition, evaluation criteria and comparison to other test methods will be discussed.
The Role of Slow Strain Rate Testing on Evaluation of Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Hostile Hot Sour Gas Production
Authors: Ikeda A , Ueda M , Okamoto H
Published: March 2009

The slow strain test is an effective technique for evaluating the application of high-nickel corrosion resistant alloy tubulars for hostile deep sour wells. To increase that effectiveness, it is important that maximum exchangeability among various data from different laboratories be established. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to minimize data scattering and maximize the consistency of phenomena by controlling test methods, i.e., specimen dimensions, test machine characteristics including strain rate control, test procedures, and degradation indices. Effect of strain rate on the SCC susceptibility of CRA in such hostile environments tends to be the highest at 1 × 10-6 to 10 × -6s-1, similar to the active pass SCC of carbon steels reported so far. The use of SSRT to assess the contribution of environmental factors on SCC and corrosion is objective and mostly consistent with the results from the other SCC test methods. The effect of electrical insulation between specimen and test equipment and application of anodic polarization on the SSRT is analyzed in this paper. From the engineering viewpoint for material selection, it is recommended that such a galvanic effect should be avoided. It is also recommended that SCC data at the off-gage section should be eliminated and vacuum evacuation in the deaeration process should be used. A test machine that minimizes fluctuation of strain rate control has been developed and used at one of our mills for corrosion resistance quality assurance of mass-produced CRA tubulars.Results are discussed in this paper.