bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart Contracts
Authors: Xu Tian
Published: June 2022

This chapter looks beyond the novelty of self-executing ‘smart contracts’ in blockchain networks and explores developments against the background fact that commercial parties have, for centuries, used documentary credit to simulate autonomous performance. Blockchain-based smart contracts and documentary credit share three core functionalities which are essential to any effective autonomous performance, analogue or digital—they both (i) act through internalized media of exchange; (ii) operate as closed systems; and (iii) provide means of securing sufficient resources to guarantee contractual performance. Using these three functionalities as a framework, this chapter conducts a comparative analysis of mechanisms for effecting autonomous contractual performance in a commercial setting. From this comparison, a few hypotheses are drawn regarding the potential areas where smart contract technology is more likely to find fruitful application. In particular, the chapter considers potential limitations to applying smart contracts to scenarios beyond digital asset transfers, how dispute resolution mechanisms should be designed to complement (rather impair) the autonomous nature of contractual performance under smart contracts, and potential capital cost implications which might arise in some cases when parties seek to replace human intermediaries with smart contracts.
Practice Makes … Pragmatic
Authors: Farrell Scott , Glass Hannah , Wells Henry
Published: June 2022

Much of the research and analysis relating to smart legal contracts has had a focus on what a ‘smart legal contract’ could be, the manner in which code and natural language could be combined, and how important contractual legal principles could be determined for a legally-binding contract represented in a combination of digital and analogue forms. This chapter seeks to complement the theoretical approach taken in some of this work by identifying and summarizing key issues which have arisen in designing the legal architecture for smart contracts as a matter of practice. The issues discussed are interoperability, certainty, flexibility, accountability, and safety. This article also offers some possible pragmatic ways in which these issues can be managed.
Prayer and the Meaning of Life
Authors: McMartin Jason
Published: June 2022

The thesis of this chapter is that prayer is one mode of free and self-conscious appropriation of the divinely revealed nature and purpose of human life. It is subjective adoption of an objectively given meaning. First, the chapter identifies a few parameters of the analytic philosophical discussion of meaningfulness, including potential threats to meaning, the nature of the question of meaning, and the unity or disunity among candidates for meaning-conferring properties. The assumption that Christian theism provides a satisfactory objective meaning framework will not be defended, but in the second section, the chapter sketches some of the facets of that framework using a Thomas Aquinas-inspired approach, and then explores the manner in which prayer may provide personally significant appropriation of the objective meaning framework, using Karl Barth’s theology of prayer as an interlocutor. The fourth section considers how prayer addresses threats to human meaning, focusing on death and suffering as examples. The final section draws out implications of this discussion for theological education and discipleship.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Anupama
Published: June 2022

The law of citizenship in India may be seen as located within a realm of contestation over the ideas of who belongs and how. The history of these contestations shows that their resolution followed distinct logics that determined the terms of belonging characterizing successive citizenship regimes. The enactment of the Citizenship Act of 1955 constituted a regime held together by the logic of ‘transformative’ that characterized the transition to constitutional democracy and republican citizenship; the amendment in the Citizenship Act in 1985 inserted the logic of ‘exception’ in the citizenship law for the state of Assam, to install a regime of ‘differentiated-universal’, and a system of graded citizenship; the amendment in 2003 put in place a provision empowering the Central government to prepare a National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC) to establish a regime of ‘documentary citizenship’. The protests against the NRC and the CAA 2019 have opened up complex questions about the pedigree of law and its relationship with coercion and obligation. The violence of law or conversely, its founding in notions of justice, configure, and produce fields of contest around citizenship.
The New Testament and the Theology of Trust
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

This study argues for the recovery of trust as a central theme in Christian theology, and offers the first theology of trust in the New Testament. ‘Trust’ is the root meaning of Christian ‘faith’ (pistis, fides), and trusting in God is fundamental to Christians. But unlike faith, and other aspects of faith such as belief or hope, trust is little studied. Building on her ground-breaking study Roman Faith and Christian Faith, Teresa Morgan explores the significance of trust, trustworthiness, faithfulness, and entrustedness in New Testament writings. Trust between God, Christ, and humanity emerges as a risky, dynamic, forward-looking, life-changing partnership. God entrusts Christ with winning the trust of humanity and bringing humanity to trust in God. God and Christ trust humanity to respond to God’s initiative through trust in Christ, and entrust the faithful with diverse forms of work for humanity and for creation. Human understandings of God and Christ are limited, and trust and faithfulness often fail, but, before the end time, imperfect trust is never a deal-breaker. Morgan develops a new model of atonement, showing how trust enables humanity’s release from the power of sin and the suffering caused by sin. She examines the neglected concept of propositional trust, and argues that it plays a key part in faith. This book offers a vision of Christian trust as soteriological, ethical, and community-forming. Trust is both the means of salvation and an end in itself, because where we trust is where we most fully live.
‘So we preach and so you believed’
Authors: Morgan Teresa
Published: June 2022

The call to trust in the exalted Christ may be the earliest form of the call to trust in Jesus Christ. It is, though, striking (and, in its time, unusual) how strongly New Testament writings insist on the continuity of Christ’s identity and work in his earthly life, death, resurrection, exalted life, and sometimes pre-existence. One key basis for trust in the exalted Christ is belief in the resurrection, but resurrection belief is complex, involving resurrection experiences, preaching, the interpretation of scripture, and the coherence of all these with people’s existing commitment to the God of Israel or willingness to trust in God. Though Christ-confessors undoubtedly believed that the resurrection had occurred, therefore, their affirmation also has aspects of propositional trust. Among exalted persons of the early principate, Christ is unusually active on behalf of the faithful, doing battle with hostile powers, mediating between the faithful and God, laying the foundations of communities, and directing the activities of apostles. The faithful are often said to be ‘in Christ’s hands’, emphasizing both Christ’s authority over them and his care for them. The faithful, for their part, seek to remain faithful, to become more faithful, and to imitate the exalted Christ in living for God until the end time. The ongoing relationship between the faithful and the exalted Christ in the present turbulent and uncertain time is another aspect of divine‒human trust that mitigates its risk.
Algorithmic Reason
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

Are algorithms ruling the world today? Is artificial intelligence making life-and-death decisions? Are social media companies able to manipulate elections? As we are confronted with public and academic anxieties about unprecedented changes, this book offers a different analytical prism to investigate these transformations as more mundane and fraught. Aradau and Blanke develop conceptual and methodological tools to understand how algorithmic operations shape the government of self and other. While disperse and messy, these operations are held together by an ascendant algorithmic reason. Through a global perspective on algorithmic operations, the book helps us understand how algorithmic reason redraws boundaries and reconfigures differences. The book explores the emergence of algorithmic reason through rationalities, materializations, and interventions. It traces how algorithmic rationalities of decomposition, recomposition, and partitioning are materialized in the construction of dangerous others, the power of platforms, and the production of economic value. The book shows how political interventions to make algorithms governable encounter friction, refusal, and resistance. The theoretical perspective on algorithmic reason is developed through qualitative and digital methods to investigate scenes and controversies that range from mass surveillance and the Cambridge Analytica scandal in the UK to predictive policing in the US, and from the use of facial recognition in China and drone targeting in Pakistan to the regulation of hate speech in Germany. Algorithmic Reason offers an alternative to dystopia and despair through a transdisciplinary approach made possible by the authors’ backgrounds, which span the humanities, social sciences, and computer sciences.
Value
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

Analyses of digital capitalism, data capitalism, platform capitalism, and surveillance capitalism are underpinned by controversies over the economic value of data. In this chapter, we investigate different approaches to value and valorization. We take a scene of controversy around Spotify as an inquiry into the conjunction of digital production and surveillance as well as emerging new forms of valorization. Expanding this scene through an analysis of patents, we show how value materializes not just through the global exploitation of human labour and the extraction of data at the multiple frontiers of capitalism, but also by augmenting limited digital products with the expanding datafication of small and very small lived experiences. A different politics of value emerges through this analysis. Rather than regulation for surveillance capitalism or state ownership for platform capitalism, we propose to attend to the politics of subjectivity as a zone of resistance to valorization and ungovernability.
International
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias
Published: June 2022

Questions about the international have emerged around the power of big tech companies: Google attempting to access the Chinese market, Facebook providing digital infrastructures in Africa. Starting from the problem of drawing borders and boundaries as constitutive of the international, we analyse how states attempt to render algorithms governable by redrawing sovereign boundaries and creating legal regulations for the content that social media companies have and circulate. In response to this reactivation of sovereign borders, social media companies have prioritized a different mode of governing the international that works through thresholds rather than geopolitical borders. This chapter traces how states and companies reshape the contours of the international over the production and circulation of hate speech and other harmful social media content. We argue that these arts of governing reproduce categories of citizens and users, while making work and workers invisible. Drawing on a class action by former Facebook content moderators, the chapter shows how workers resist both commercial discourses of moderation and state claims of rebordering by opening a scene of possible internationalism.
The Dharma of Justice in the Sanskrit Epics
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This book examines how characters in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana debate questions of justice. The epics depict discrimination based on social categories such as gender, varṇa, species, age, and disability, and important characters often support discrimination. But the epics also criticize oppression in two ways—first, philosophically, through debates, and second, practically, through characters whose actions demonstrate that discrimination is wrong. Many characters in the epics (including men and women from all varṇas and those later considered outside the varṇa system) repeatedly proclaim the principle of sameness (samatva). All bodies are made of the same matter and are vulnerable, all consciousnesses are essentially the same, and all categories constantly change, and are ultimately unreal. This book considers debates about friendship and the family, about the meaning or non-meaning of varna and gender, about male–female interactions and the questions of consent, sex-change, gender-crossing, disability, and masculinities. The dharmas of singleness, marriage, friendship, parenting, and rulership, especially in relation to violence and non-violence, are explored, and Yudhishthira’s idea of complete non-violence is critiqued as impossible and undesirable. The book argues that kindness to animals is at the heart of the epics’ idea of universal dharma. Non-cruelty to animals is a dharma available to all humans, regardless of status. Approaching the epics as bhakti texts, the book concludes with an extended study of how bhakta poets of all persuasions, from Kabir and Raidas to Jnaneshwara, Rahim, and Tulsidas, draw their philosophical frameworks and ideas from the epics.
Introduction
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

The Introduction outlines the argument and plan of the book, with summaries of each chapter. The argument is that the epics equip characters as well as readers with intellectual tools to dismantle conventional ideas of difference. The epics revolve around the figure of the sarvabhūtahiterataḥ (a person immersed in the welfare of all beings). Shūdras and mixed-varṇa characters, such as Vidura and Vyasa, emerge as the pivot of dharma, while demons are almost always depicted as rich and greedy tyrants who mistreat the powerless, such as old people and the poor. The epics are multivocal philosophical poems based on dialogue and debate; the Introduction contests some commentators’ view of the epics as inherently Brahmanical and patriarchal.
Conclusion
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

The Conclusion discusses the philosophical concepts of sameness and non-difference as the basis for a type of ethics and justice that inherently includes animals, in contrast to Western philosophical ideas (Christian, Cartesian, and Kantian) of justice and equity that are based on the assumption of human superiority. This chapter also summarizes the epics’ approaches to debate and to ways of thinking.
Pan-Islamism and Ottoman Imperialism
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

Controlling and instrumentalizing migratory flows was one means of exercising imperium that proved beneficial to European powers. This did not imply, however, that the Ottoman Empire was completely held hostage to external influences. Like its European counterparts, the Ottoman government found means of turning migration and trans-imperial networks to its advantage. Appeals to Pan-Islamic solidarity were part of an informal policy designed to influence Muslims outside the empire and use religious loyalties as a tool to exert diplomatic pressures on European governments. It also abetted processes of Ottoman empire-building at home and abroad as the Porte employed religious networks in Africa and the Near East to advance its power. Ottoman Pan-Islamism did not emerge ex nihilo, as this chapter indicates. It evolved out of existing movements taking shape across Muslim societies. As European imperialism threatened to obliterate dar al-Islam and swallow up independent Muslim states, activists from North Africa to India responded with calls for a united Islamic front, insisting unity would empower Muslims and provide the motor for Islamic renewal. The Ottoman government exploited these sentiments as it attempted to use trans-imperial networks and Muslim loyalties to meet pressing security concerns and expand its global influence. It channeled popular feelings for Muslim unity into an Ottoman-centric policy and used anti-imperial movements to pursue its own imperialist goals.
Paris, a Trans-Imperial Metropole
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

Moving from North Africa to Paris, Chapter 4 examines how Egyptian and Ottoman exilic communities transformed the French metropolitan capital into a center of trans-imperial political activism. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Paris boasted a lively exilic press. Activists brought foreign politics into the salons hosted by Parisian elites; they organized protest movements and built support networks among influential French writers and officials. While histories of Egyptian and Ottoman political displacements in the period have customarily been narrated through nationalist paradigms detailing how groups like the Young Turks and Egyptian nationalists built up and sustained causes abroad, examining these movements in a trans-imperial perspective reveals a different picture. Exiles communicated with multiple audiences as they pursued their respective reform movements. They responded to events back home while also packaging their ideas for European liberals. In courting European public opinion, exiles were compelled to respond to European colonialism and the geopolitical realities of the day. They forged synergistic relationships with colonial reforms in France and worked alongside French colonial subjects residing in the city. This complex social and intellectual milieu had an important impact on exilic movements operating within Paris at the time and would influence views on foreign politics, imperialism, and prevailing currents of Islamic modernism emanating from the fin-de-siècle eastern Mediterranean.
Conclusion
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin
Published: June 2022

The conclusion opens with the centenary celebrations that took place in Algeria in 1930. This milestone marked the culmination in the development of the “French North Africa” imperial imaginary. In retracing the main themes and arguments of the book, the conclusion also looks ahead, noting how trans-imperial connections and anti-colonial nationalism have impacted North Africa and the Middle East today. It draws attention to the battles over faith, space, and identity that have roiled Muslim societies in the post-colonial period. The current European-Mediterranean Partnership is also discussed, revealing that Europe continues to have an enduring relationship with the southern Mediterranean that has brought into existence ambiguous transnational administrative structures that constantly problematize national borders and concepts of national sovereignty. These phenomena and arrangements are the afterlife of European imperialism and have created an interconnected Mediterranean region in the twenty-first century.
The Aesthetic of the Anaesthetic
Authors: Simpson Hannah
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of the ‘aesthetic of the anaesthetic’—a refusal to explicitly voice or stage physical suffering that anaesthetises the witness’s awareness of that pain—theorised through Samuel Beckett’s Endgame (1957) and Pablo Picasso’s Le Désir attrapé par la queue (Desire Caught by the Tail, 1944) and Les Quatre petites filles (The Four Little Girls, 1949). This chapter examines how, by refusing any clear expression of physical pain to spectators, these three plays negotiate the postwar epistemological and ethical anxieties regarding art’s capacity to engage with an unthinkable degree of suffering. Following his brother Frank Beckett’s death, Beckett erases most explicit verbal or visual articulations of pain from Endgame, yet leaves an unsettling undercurrent of veiled suffering. Picasso’s plays achieve a comparable effect by counterpointed dramatic means; superficially closer in scope to the bloody théâtre de la cruauté-inspired plays of the 1940s and 1950s, and seemingly at odds with Theodor Adorno’s ideal of postwar art which avoids the appropriative gesture of purported comprehension, Le Désir attrapé and Les Quatre petites filles in fact foster a similar sense of pain’s incomprehensibility, destabilising the linguistic grounds for pain’s expression. In refusing any clear articulation of physical pain, these plays establish an epistemological rift between sufferer and witness to suffering. We are left with a discomfiting intimation of pain throughout the scenes we witness, but denied the possibility of drawing any deeper redemptive ‘meaning’.
Why Did Wales Stay in the Union in the Early Twentieth Century?
Authors: Jackson Alvin
Published: June 2022

Wales embraced devolution in 1997 with the least passion of any of the polities of the United Kingdom and has subsequently enjoyed the most restrained of the three devolution settlements. Of all the questions relating to the evolving constitution and reform of the United Kingdom, the continuing survival of the Welsh union is surely one of the most intriguing and important. And yet Wales, its union and unionism, are generally taken for granted in a modern historiography which has focused (not unlike its Scottish counterpart) on labour and nationalism. Focusing on the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter addresses the longevity of union, the relative success of unionism, and the constraints on Welsh nationalism. Emphasizing the comparisons with the Scottish and Irish unions (and indeed with wider union settlements), the chapter seeks to build upon, and advance beyond, Jackson’s earlier study, The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland and the Survival of the United Kingdom (OUP, 2012).
A Non-Eurocentric Genealogy of Indian Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Milinda
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers a non-Eurocentric history of democracy by studying the communities who traditionally pursued shifting cultivation in the hilly landscape of Tripura and are classified today as Scheduled Tribes. In precolonial Tripura, power was never monopolized by the monarch or a narrow nobility. Large military and administrative circles, and the wider populace, regularly intervened in high politics, constructing a ‘polycracy’. Tripura’s state chronicle Rajmala portrayed ‘the people’ in regular deliberation and revolutionary action, including in selecting and deposing rulers. The kingship and the polycracy interacted to give birth to modern constitutionalism in interwar Tripura, followed in the late 1940s by a Tripuri left-democratic revolution. Tripuri polycracy conversed with modern Western socialism to nourish an indigenous democratic tradition of popular politics that shapes the region until today. Tripura thus exemplifies how Indian democracy has been shaped as much by precolonial-origin collective politics and political thinking, as by modern Western constitutionalism and parliamentarianism.
Ethnocracy in Deeply Divided Societies
Authors: Haokip Thongkholal
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines the dynamics of ethnopolitics in Manipur, particularly how the state falls into the ‘ethnocracy trap’ and thus perpetuate ethnocratic regimes. Rather than looking into the demand for internal autonomy within the sub-national state by minority groups, the ethnocratic state has been trying to achieve instrumental ends. The denial of ‘delimitation’ of assembly constituencies and the Sixth Schedule demand in the state has sharpened divisions and widen the hill-valley divide. The future of the state depends on how ethnic aspirations are negotiated and accommodated and the management of diversity.
Like the Fish Follows the Python
Authors: Moon-Little Edward
Published: June 2022

How does one unpack the Meitei idiom: lairen matung nga inba (like the fish follows the python)? Through ethnography, this chapter explores exchanges in python talk and python parts amongst activists and believers, which I term revivalists, who seek to transform the political and religious culture of Manipur. ‘Like the fish follows the python’ was both a testament to the charisma of pythons and an idiom of popular politics amongst my revivalist interlocutors. It also examines the historical relations between pythons and sovereignty in Manipur, a connection still referenced in contemporary politics, as I go on to demonstrate. Lastly, I ask what this Meitei idiom can do to help de-centre European theories of charisma and sovereignty, with a discussion on Max Weber, Jacques Derrida, and James Frazer.
Prophecy as Politics
Authors: Khamrang Leishipem , Wouters Jelle J.P.
Published: June 2022

The Naga struggle for sovereignty, which began in the 1950s, and the Indian state’s response to it, has now been analysed and theorized from multiple angles, frames, and narratives, and so with varying degrees of success and failure. In this chapter, we draw attention to the make-up and workings of the cosmos in relation to the Naga uprising. In so doing, we engage a locally omnipresent but under-theorized understanding of the Naga struggle, which is that of a salvific movement spurred by a millenarian prophecy of an imminent, radical spiritual, and societal transformation after which the world will be reconstituted as Christian and Nagaland/Nagalim emerge as an independent, sovereign country. Drawing on our variously mediated experience, we point towards (1) the centrality of proclamations and experiences of ‘chosenness’ and ‘covenant’ in the conviction of commitment of the Naga rebel vanguard and many of their followers, and (2) the failure of most political analyses of recognizing the Indo-Naga conflict as also an ontological conflict, including taking seriously, as most Nagas do, the notion of God as its primary political agent. This leads us to argue that the lived experiences and persuasions of chosenness, covenant, and prophecy, and their political potency, are indicative of a blind spot in the political theory and analysis of the Naga Movement (and political conflict more widely). That is how can we engage the nonhuman and prophetic revelations as sites of political agency, and what are the implications of doing so for our theorizing and understanding of Naga revolutionary philosophy and praxis?
The Body of the Land
Authors: Wahlang Maranatha G.T. , Karlsson Bengt G.
Published: June 2022

What is the position of women in Khasi society? Does the institution of matrilineal kinship offer women any advantages? We pose these questions in relation to the controversial Lineage Amendment Bill (LAB), 2018, passed by the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, holding that women that marry non-Khasis will lose their rights and full membership in the community. The bill has been heavily criticized, especially by younger women who assert their right to freely choose whom to marry. Those in favour of the bill present it as a defence of indigenous lands, yet, as we suggest, it has more to do with resource extraction. In this chapter, we point to how matrilineal descent, land ownership, environmental stewardship, and indigenous sovereignty are intertwined. As we suggest, through the refusal to partake in mining, indigenous sovereignty becomes something quite different from the dominant ethno-nationalist assertion where self-determination has been reduced to the right to freely exploit the natural resources of the claimed homeland. Matriliny is a critical feature of this alternative imaginary, building on ongoing relations to and care for the ancestral lands passed on by generations of women.
In Search of the ‘Enemy’
Authors: Nag Sajal
Published: June 2022

This chapter demonstrates that in the postcolonial politics in tribal Northeast India there have been two targets of mean politics: ethnic outsiders and internal women. Outsiders have been regularly portrayed as invaders, trespassers, foreign nationals, exploiters, immigrants, absorbers, polluters, disturbers, conspirators, and so on and have been at the receiving end of recurrent bouts of ethnic violence. Violence has also been witnessed on the issue of the participation of women in politics. In Northeastern societies, women were sought to dispossess and deprived of their rights to property and assets by citing traditions and customs and even their attempt to enter politics has been thwarted by men, resulting in upheavals. It is a strange transitional society where the migrants were seen as the outside enemy, the women were seen as the enemy within.
Leadership—a driving force or empty talk?
Authors: Alvesson Mats
Published: June 2022

Chapter 9 looks at leadership. Perhaps good leadership can lead to a better working life and results that will satisfy shareholders and taxpayers? Leadership can be seen as a way of boosting the status and position of managers. Going from mere managers to becoming leaders parallels the efforts many occupations undergo to become more professional. ‘Leadershipization’ and professionalization can therefore be seen as parallel phenomena, triggering and reinforcing each other. When faced with major crises or even mediocre performances, cries for superior leadership are heard, from firms to schools and universities to churches, all supposed to benefit greatly from more and better leadership. Much of this interest in leadership revolves around change and development, and the ability of leaders to get people involved in and committed to opportunities beyond their everyday realities. Followers are thought to be inspired and influenced by leaders, thus overcoming uncertainty, narrow mindedness, and low motivation.
Learning abroad, working at ‘home’
Authors: Raina Dhruv , Jodhka Surinder S.
Published: June 2022

The Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Programme (CSFP) has been a prestigious institution rewarding academic merit and promoting higher education and research among students and teachers from the British Commonwealth. This chapter explores the career trajectories of Commonwealth awardees on their return to their institutions in India by framing the investigation against the backdrop of the differentiated and stratified structure of higher education in modern India. The cases of the CSFP awardees discussed are from the natural sciences and medicine alone and the many worlds within which the sciences are pursued. These worlds are separated by a differential distribution of resources, opportunities, and recognition. Most importantly, a consequence of this differentiation is that several of the awardees proceeding from or returning to state-level institutions experience processes of reverse acculturation. The chapter explores the impact of travelling abroad and reverse acculturation on individual career trajectories and the institutions to which awardees return.
The challenge of mastering one’s own future—Students’ negotiations of mobility in Meghalaya, Northeast India
Authors: Renschler Katrin , Gerharz Eva
Published: June 2022

Using the narratives of students enrolled at the North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU) in Meghalaya, this article reveals different forms of mobility at work. It shows how spatial and social movements intersect and how they shape the constitution of individual future plans. We demonstrate how students navigate the social spaces of the university and analyse how they renegotiate social relations. Particularly, we explore the ways in which students relate to people located in different places and how they construct translocal social spaces. These spaces are constituted by (im)mobile practices and also through confrontations with ethnic and religious differences. At university, students experience new sources of inspiration and the need to reposition themselves in relation to the different social and spatial constellations with which they engage. Furthermore, we show how the students develop aspirations of their own futures, in accordance with their present world, and the one they anticipate to come.
Deserted university campuses, social mobilization, and identity politics in Nepal
Authors: Faye Reidun , Kölbel Andrea
Published: June 2022

While the proliferation of university education in South Asia has raised expectations for a prosperous and socially just future, universities have failed on several counts. Low quality of educational provisions in combination with persisting political instabilities and a shortage of salaried jobs have placed educated young people in a situation described by some scholars as a ‘crisis of youth’. The analysis presented in this chapter draws on research conducted with university students from socially marginalized backgrounds in Kathmandu between 2010 and 2014. Faced with a malfunctioning university system, many young Nepalis committed much time and effort to youth organizations where they could learn new skills and develop their professional networks. The lack of students’ attendance in class, however, raises important questions about the extent to which increased levels of participation in higher education can help to promote social cohesion. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the linkages between university education, social mobilization, and identity politics in Nepal.
Energy and Climate
Authors: Rouse William B.
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the impacts of global warming, stakeholders in energy and climate, and the structure of the global ecosystem, including the geopolitics and economic dependencies on fossil fuels. Past innovations reviewed include the formation of the United States Weather Bureau in 1890, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1970, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970. Also discussed are Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards enacted in 1975 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, formed in 1988. Contemporary innovations discussed include innovations in the automobile industry, driverless cars for disabled and older adults, approaches to managing failures, and designing policy portfolios. Incentives to facilitate transformation of this ecosystems are considered. The economics of transformation include needs to appropriately attribute revenues, costs, and savings across stakeholder organizations and the ultimate question of who benefits and who pays.
Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Integration” covers the basics of definite and indefinite integrals. Beginning with the first section, an option given for most antiderivative exercises is to state that the available rules and formulas are insufficient to find an antiderivative. This option helps prevent bad habits that stem from the assumption that every problem can be worked. The idea of estimating areas using finite sums is extended to omega sums, which use infinitely many rectangles and right-hand endpoints. The sum of powers approximation formula allows these sums to be calculated in a much easier fashion than the traditional limit of Riemann sums, and the formula’s similarity to the antiderivative power rule anticipates the fundamental theorem of calculus. An option given in some exercises is to state that the fundamental theorem of calculus does not apply, again with the goal of preventing bad habits. Substitution, numerical integration, and initial value problems complete the chapter.
Techniques of Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan
Published: June 2022

“Techniques of Integration” is perhaps the most traditional chapter in the text, with infinitesimals making appearances only for improper integrals. Functional notation is used for integration by parts (instead of differential notation), with the purpose of simplifying exercises involving both parts and substitution. The material on partial fractions is split into two sections, with the first section containing nonrepeated linear factors only. An optional section on “other techniques of integration” calls readers’ attention to the existence of techniques beyond those contained in calculus textbooks. A table of integrals is included, as is a discussion of the use of technology.
Humanism and the Mishnah
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: June 2022

In 1541 Paulus Fagius published an edition of Pirkei Avot. It was part of a larger project to make the writings of the rabbis more accessible to Christians. The edition began as a teaching aid. Fagius also hoped to see the young write Hebrew fluently. The rabbinical sayings in Pirkei Avot, he pointed out, could play the same role as pointed quotations from the ancients in a Latin letter or oration. Fagius also praised the moral and religious content of many of the sayings he explicated, since the sayings in Avot came from early rabbis, near in time to Jesus. Fagius held that the views of these Jewish authorities often resembled those of the first Christians. This school edition thus formed a modest part of the sixteenth-century project to show that Christianity really had begun, not only in the Jewish world, but as a Jewish sect.
Between Law and Antiquarianism
Authors: Cattaneo Marcello
Published: June 2022

This chapter considers the uses of Maimonides’ halakhic code, the Mishneh Torah, in Christian scholarship during the ‘Mishnaic moment’ of the late seventeenth century, especially in England and Germany. It argues that the popularity of the medieval code for the study of Jewish antiquity and law was based on the assumption that law and antiquarianism could be mutually supportive forms of knowledge. An enquiry into the fortunes of the Mishneh Torah in the scholarship of this period can thus shed light on the disciplinary flexibility that sustained this scholarly phase, before a more stringently historical attitude to sources and clearer disciplinary boundaries emerged in the eighteenth century. Through an examination of several manuscript Latin translations of sections of the code, this chapter also shows how the Mishneh Torah became an important pedagogical tool for Christian students seeking to acquire the rudiments of rabbinic Hebrew and the fundamentals of Jewish law.
Imagining Visually
Authors: Cohen Richard I.
Published: June 2022

In 1674 Johann Christoph Wagenseil published his Latin translation and commentary of a tractate of the Hebrew Mishnah. He added several illustrations to the volume, presumably thinking that visual representation would encourage interest. Jewish and non-Jewish publishers of the Hebrew Mishnah had refrained from using visual material. Wagenseil’s initiative was taken up by Surenhusius, who, in cooperation with his Dutch publisher (the Borstius firm), produced six folio volumes of the Mishnah, to which were added an elaborate frontispiece, highlighting themes of the particular Order, as well as various images in some of the volumes. Distinguished engravers (e.g. Jan Luyken) were employed. Jewish figures cooperated with the massive undertaking, both as illustrators and interpreters, shedding light on interactions between Jews and Christians in this period.
Japanese Cases of Conscience
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 introduces a number of Japanese ‘cases of conscience’ that specifically deal with how Japanese Christians are to behave when asked or required by their superiors to perform acts that might have the semblance of idolatry. Gómez lists a number of concrete scenarios that Japanese might face, including the making of graven images, the building of temples or shrines, and performance of various traditional Buddhist and Shinto rituals, as well as participation in their festivals. The Jesuits introduced general principles to guide Christians on what they could and could not do. They reiterated the importance of a maintaining a proper disposition or ‘intention’ (kokoro-ate) and avoiding the scandal of apostasy or any appearance thereof. They also discuss how to act in times of persecution and under duress. It may sometimes be permissible ‘to equivocate’, that is, not to reveal one’s Christian identity, a theme included in their treatises on martyrdom.
Discovering and Exploring Kink
Authors: Wignall Liam
Published: June 2022

In this chapter, the early narratives of kinky individuals are explored, describing their first realizations of kink interests. Participants described three routes into kink stemming from early psychological arousal, an introduction to kink through others, and stumbling across kinky pornography. The chapter develops participants’ narratives through describing how participants subsequently explored their kink interests. Participants explored through a combination of actively searching for interests using pornography, exploring with a sexual partner, or exploring using sociosexual networking sites. This chapter updates understandings of how individuals become immersed in kinky sexual interests, particularly recognizing the pivotal role of the internet and considering differential developmental trajectories rather than linear models of kink identity development.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

If you’re the sort of person who reads introductions (which you are, obviously), I thought you might like to know what this book is about and how it came to be written. I teach biology at McGill University in Montreal, including a rather old-fashioned course on zoology in which I describe all the main groups of animals. Most of these live in the sea. There are plenty of animals on land, of course, but almost all of them are insects or vertebrates, plus a few snails and spiders. Because there are many more different kinds of animal in the sea than on land, I found myself preparing lectures by reading a lot about marine biology, despite not being a proper marine biologist. It was not long before I began to come across references to the voyage of HMS ...
Eighth Leg
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
This chapter captures when Challenger turned northwest to thread her way past the big islands of the western Pacific on the way to Hong Kong, and looped back along nearly the same track to reach the north coast of New Guinea. While at Hong Kong a new Captain, Frank Thomson, is appointed.
Homeward Bound
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
Challenger heads for home across the Atlantic via Ascension Island. After calling at Cape Verde the ship crosses the Bay of Biscay and proceeds up Channel to dock at Spithead.
What Happened to the Animals
Authors: Bell Graham
Published: June 2022

This book gives an account of the remarkable discoveries that were made during the voyage and describes the strange and bizarre creatures that live in perpetual darkness a kilometre or more below the surface of the sea. The voyage had momentous consequences: not only uncovering a whole vast new range of animals whose existence had never before been suspected, but also initiating the systematic exploration of the oceans.
The vast collections accumulated during the voyage were distributed to specialists throughout Europe and North America. These specialists then described the animals in a long series of Reports which are the foundation of the systematic investigation of life in the deep sea.
Power势力
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 5 focuses on China’s pursuit of hard power and how it exercises that power through economic leverage and military coercion. This chapter details numerous specific examples to show how China employs its growing economic and military strength to shape the choices of others in directions that are more aligned with the People’s Republic of China’s interests and ambitions. These examples include embargoes and other punitive economic measures, economic inducements and assistance, muscle-flexing and shows of force by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), and an expanding PLA presence around China’s periphery and farther afield. The chapter also argues that, under Xi Jinping, Chinese leaders have increasingly embraced economic and military coercion as valuable instruments in pursuit of foreign policy interests and will likely use these tools even more actively in the years ahead.
Ideas思想
Authors: Gill Bates
Published: June 2022

Chapter 7 focuses on how, under Xi Jinping, the use of ideas, influence, and images to persuade others to favor the People’s Republic of China’s interests has become an essential and increasingly well-resourced element of China’s foreign relations. The chapter details how Beijing seeks to build up its “international narrative [or discourse] power,” with a particular focus on three Party organizations—the Central United Front Work Department, the Central Propaganda Department, and the Central International Liaison Department—which have the dissemination of officially approved ideas and information to overseas audiences as a crucial part of their mission. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the “big ideas” that Xi Jinping seeks to promote on the world stage and argues that, because of China’s greater power and presence, its ideas have greater potential to transform the norms and practices of the international system in ways that are more conducive to PRC interests.
Perspectival modelling as modelling possibilities
Authors: Massimi Michela
Published: June 2022

This chapter offers a positive view of perspectival modelling and its role in delivering important modal knowledge about the target system. It makes a ground-clearing distinction between non-perspectival and perspectival varieties of model pluralism, to avoid ambiguities and confusion about where exactly to locate perspectivism in the debate about model pluralism. It argues that perspectivism captures a subset of model pluralism where models are best characterized as exploratory. But in what sense are perspectival models exploratory? The main line is that perspectival models are fruitful when we want to explore what is possible (instead of representing-as-mapping what is actual). To illustrate this simple point with plenty of details, this chapter paves the way to three subsequent chapters that delve into three case studies in nuclear physics (chapter 4.a), climate science (chapter 4.b), and developmental psychology (chapter 4.c). These three case studies illustrate a number of aspects about perspectival modelling, to which I return in Chapter 5: their acting as inferential blueprints; their inviting us to physically conceive some scenario so as to make modal claims; and the semantic nature of the inferences at play behind those modal claims. The upshot of this chapter 4 is to argue that perspectival modelling is an important exploratory variety of model pluralism that proves effective to model possibilities.