bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Gunshot Wounds in the Skull
Authors: Quatrehomme G , İşcan MY
Published: August 2015

The analysis of trauma to the skeleton is an important aspect of forensic case work, but most pathology references devote limited attention to this topic. This paper describes various aspects of gunshot wounds, including entrance and exit patterns, angle and path, range of fire and velocity, and caliber of the bullet, based on observations of a series of known cases. Skeletal remains of 21 victims of gunshot wounds were studied. In most cases, there was documentation of the investigation, autopsy, and victim's identity. Each case was analyzed in terms of wound location, shape, size and exit/entry surface area ratio, beveling, and direction of shooting. Skull entry wounds were most often round or oval. Unusual shapes were observed in bones like the mandible and mastoid process, but were also found to be triangular, nearly rectangular or irregular. Tunneling was observed in the mastoid process. The expected internal beveling was obvious in all but one skull. External beveling of an entry wound was only observed in one case (parietal bone). Exit wounds were roughly round, oval, square, and rectangular and were always more irregular than entry wounds. External beveling of exit wounds was observed in most vault bones, but there was none in the orbit, maxilla, greater wing of the sphenoid, temporal, or left occipital bone. Tangential gunshot wounds were seen in a mastoid process, zygomatic process, mandibular ramus and condyle, and occipital condyle. Most of the exit to entry surface area ratios (cm2) varied from 1.4 to 2.0. In four cases the ratio indicated that entrances were larger than exists. In conclusion, understanding of gunshot wound characteristics is an important matter to interpret distance, velocity, direction and sometimes caliber size. Assessment of this nature of gunshot wounds helps reconstruct events surrounding the death.
Calculation of Percent Shrinkage in Human Fetal Diaphyseal Lengths from Fresh Bone to Carbonized and Calcined Bone Using Petersohn and Köhler's Data
Authors: Huxley AK , Kósa F
Published: August 2015

Calculation of age from fetal and newborn remains may be problematic, and when these remains are altered by maceration, decomposition or burning, age may be more difficult to discern. When soft tissue indicators are transformed, then two techniques exist for accurate age determination; dental development, which may prove difficult given the degree of tissue alteration; and appearance, size and fusion of ossification centers, including diaphyseal length, which may yield inaccurate ages if shrinkage is not accounted for. This study is undertaken to facilitate age calculation by systematically re-evaluating diaphyseal shrinkage and determine shrinkage rates from wet to carbonized states and wet to calcined states using Petersohn and Köhler's data, originally published in German and then published in Fazekas and Kósa (1978:362–369). Average shrinkage, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values are calculated for each diaphysis and then for all diaphyses between 4–10 lunar months (LM) and for newborns. Associated values for carbonized diaphyses are: 4 LM-32.50% ± 12.12%; 5 LM-14.04% ± 4.44%; 6 LM-6.78% ± 1.06%; 7 LM-4.18% ± 0.31%; 8 LM-3.47% ± 0.42%; 9 LM-3.05% ± 0.18%; 10 LM-2.46% ± 0.67%; and in newborns 2.16% ± 0.29%. Similar values for calcined diaphyses are: 4 LM-40.11% ± 17.51%; 5 LM-18.29% ± 4.42%; 6 LM-9.84% ± 1.27%; 7 LM-9.82% ± 0.51%; 8 LM-9.42% ± 0.72%; 9 LM-9.45% ± 0.33%; 10 LM-8.94% ± 0.37%; and in newborns 8.96% ± 0.49%. These findings suggest that percent shrinkage due to carbonization and calcination is greatest in the earliest age groups, decreasing substantially with advancing age. The rates of shrinkage, however, vary by the burning process utilized and age group studied. These general findings are similar to those of Petersohn and Köhler, yet specific values for percent shrinkage vary greatly from values cited in this analysis. These data provide a means to assess the degree of shrinkage that occurs for each diaphysis for each given age group.
Allocation of Crania to Groups Via the “New Morphometry”
Authors: Ross AH , McKeown AH , Konigsberg LW
Published: August 2015

An investigation regarding the variation in cranial morphology between American blacks and whites was conducted using triangulation schemes of inter-landmark distances and converting these to three dimensional coordinate data. A least squares superimposition method and Euclidean distance analysis were utilized to obtain parameters for classifying individuals in our sample, consisting of 19 black and nineteen white crania from the William M. Bass, III Donated and Forensic collections curated at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Thirty-six caliper measurements were collected on each skull based on 14 homologous cranial landmarks (nasion, bregma, lambda, prosthion, subspinale, basion, frontomalare (left and right), zygoorbitale (left and right), zygotemporale (left and right), and left and right asterion). The results are compared to traditional discriminant analysis.

The classification results using the new morphometry are comparable to traditional discriminant analysis. However, the new morphometry can provide information as to the specific location of morphological variation that cannot be obtained with discriminant analysis.
Japanese Population Study of a Y-Linked Dinucleotide Repeat DNA Polymorphism
Authors: Matsumoto H , Tsuruya S , Tsuda R , Orihara Y , Kubo S
Published: August 2015

A polymorphic CA repeats (YCA II) was previously reported on the human Y chromosome. We have used a simple technique based on polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to study the inheritance, the genetic stability, and the allele frequency distribution of this polymorphism in the Japanese. We found seven haplotypes which were tentatively designated as: A[(CA)19/(CA)21], B[(CA)19/(CA)22], C[(CA)19/(CA)23], D[(CA)19/(CA)19], E[(CA)21/(CA)21], F[(CA)22/(CA)22], and G[(CA)23/(CA)23]. The frequencies of these haplotypes were: A, 0.21; B, 0.29; C, 0.37; D, 0.02; E, 0.02; F, 0.07; G, 0.01. There was complete concordance with each father-son pairs. The results indicate the dinucleotide system YCA II is very useful for investigation of forensic samples, especially mixed stains in sexual offence cases.
PCR-Based Identification of Postmortem Microbial Contaminants—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kupfer DM , Chaturvedi AK , Canfield DV , Roe BA
Published: August 2015

Investigation of postmortem blood can reveal the presence of significant ethanol levels. However, in some instances it cannot easily be determined if the source of ethanol is from ingestion or from postmortem endogenous fermentation by contaminating microbes. Described here is a robust polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for detecting the presence of common ethanol producing microbial contaminants in human blood. A set of DNA primers were designed for use in PCR to amplify and detect the genomic DNA from humans and three test microorganisms Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans. A rapid and reproducible protocol was developed for isolating genomic DNA from mixed human blood-microorganism samples that yields a suitable template for PCR. The organism-specific primer pairs can detect the presence of the target microorganisms in human blood at concentrations as low as 10 colony forming units/mL. The PCR products readily can be detected after agarose gel electrophoresis. This method provides an additional means of rapidly identifying microbial contaminants in postmortem blood samples.
Validation Studies of an Immunochromatographic 1-Step Test for the Forensic Identification of Human Blood
Authors: Hochmeister MN , Budowle B , Sparkes R , Rudin O , Gehrig C , Thali M , Schmidt L , Cordier A , Dirnhofer R
Published: August 2015

An immunochromatographic 1-step test for the detection of fecal occult blood was evaluated for applicability for the forensic identification of human blood in stained material. The following experiments were conducted: 1) determination of the sensitivity and specificity of the assay; 2) evaluation of different extraction media for bloodstains (sterile water, Tris buffer pH 7.5 provided in the test kit, 5% ammonia); 3) analysis of biological samples subjected to a variety of environmental insults; and 4) evaluation of casework samples.

This immunochromatographic 1-step occult blood test is specific for human (primate) hemoglobin and is at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than previous methods for detecting human hemoglobin in bloodstains. The antigen is insensitive to a variety of environmental insults, except for exposure to certain detergents and household bleaches and prolonged exposure to certain preparations of luminol.

The entire assay can be conducted in field testing conditions within minutes. When in the laboratory the supernatant from a DNA extraction is used for the assay, there is essentially no consumption of DNA for determining the presence of human hemoglobin in a forensic sample. The data demonstrate that this test is robust and suitable for forensic analyses.
Triacetone Triperoxide: Its Chemical Destruction
Authors: Bellamy AJ
Published: August 2015

Due to the known use of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) as an improvized explosive by terrorist organizations, it is essential that those involved in dealing with suspect materials should be aware of the characteristic properties of TATP, and have a means for disposing of it. This paper evaluates possible methods for disposing of TATP and describes in detail a convenient chemical reduction method. The risks involved in handling this sensitive explosive are shown to be considerably reduced by dissolving it in toluene.
The Detection of Cocaine in Hair Specimens Using Micro-Plate Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Moore C , Deitermann D , Lewis D , Feeley B , Niedbala RS
Published: August 2015

The analysis of hair for drugs of abuse is becoming increasingly popular and is under consideration by the Division of Health and Human Services as a possible alternative or adjunct to urinalysis in workplace programs. The detection of cocaine in human hair using a commercially available micro-plate enzyme immunoassay is described for the first time. Sample size and incubation time were the major variables in the optimization of the method. In order to validate the procedure, the method was applied to 105 consecutive hair samples routinely received into our laboratory. The samples were simultaneously analyzed by the Micro-Plate immunoassay (EIA), as well as our current fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) procedure and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The sensitivity of the EIA and FPIA assays were 75% and 67.8% respectively; specificity 97.4% and 80.5% respectively; and efficiency 91.4 and 77.1% respectively. The Micro-Plate EIA was shown to be a valid alternative to other immunoassay screening methods for the detection of cocaine in hair by demonstrating increased sensitivity, specificity and efficiency over our current technique.
Photographic Identification of Denim Trousers from Bank Surveillance Film
Authors: Bruegge RWV
Published: August 2015

The ability to identify denim trousers (e.g., “blue jeans”) from bank surveillance film through side-by-side comparison is documented herein. Individual identifying characteristics that are generated in the manufacturing process and during normal wear-and-tear may be recognized on denim trousers and in photographs depicting those trousers. These characteristics may include folds, creases, and puckering which manifest themselves as high and low areas (“ridges and valleys”) along and adjacent to the seams and hems. As the jeans are worn and washed over time, the visibility of these ridges and valleys is amplified through abrasion of the ridges, resulting in a loss of dark dye and marked tonal brightening. Given sufficient abrasion, even small ridges may exhibit sufficient contrast against the dye-rich background to be recorded on bank surveillance films, permitting a comparison with trousers recovered from suspects. The application of this technique in a case involving a series of bombings and bank robberies in Spokane. Washington, is discussed.
Removal of a PCR Inhibitor and Resolution of DNA STR Types in Mixed Human-Canine Stains from a Five Year Old Case
Authors: Shutler GG , Gagnon P , Verret G , Kalyn H , Korkosh S , Johnston E , Halverson J
Published: August 2015

The analysis of biological trace evidence from a reopened investigation into a 1991 murder from Vernon, B.C. revealed mixed human and dog bloodstains on blue jean pants that contained a PCR inhibitory substance. The presence of the inhibitory substance was detected by the inhibition caused from adding a small aliquot of the test DNA extract into a PCR reaction designed to produce a known standard product. The removal of the PCR inhibitory substance was accomplished by treating the extracted DNA with Thiopropyl Sepharose 6B beads. DNA profiles from two human contributors and a canine were obtained using species specific polymorphic STR markers. The two human DNA profiles obtained from blue jean pants were resolved, one matched the suspect and the other matched the victim. The DNA profile from the canine component matched that obtained from the known sample of the victim's dog who was also slain during the assault. This evidence along with other DNA typing evidence was critical in obtaining a resolution of the case.
Paternity Analysis when the Putative Father is Missing: First Case in Chile
Authors: Jorquera H , Cifuentes L , Moreno F , Aguirre E
Published: August 2015

Genetic marker analysis is a powerful tool for solving paternity-related problems when the putative father is missing. This report describes the first time this approach was employed in Chile to solve such a problem. In the case presented, the alleged father was missing as a result of the political detentions that took place in Chile during 1973. It was not possible to obtain any biological sample from him because he was missing. Thus, the case was resolved by means of genetic marker analysis of the alleged father's close relatives.
Identification of a Skeleton Using DNA from Teeth and a PAP Smear
Authors: Sweet D , Hildebrand D , Phillips D
Published: August 2015

Identification of unknown living or deceased persons using dental treatment records is an established forensic technique. However, some cases remain unidentified, especially when antemortem dental records are not available for comparison to postmortem dental records. Cytological smears have been previously reported to be potential sources of DNA reference samples which can be compared to DNA recovered from found human remains. The case described here involves an adult skeleton which exhibited extensive, complex dental restorative treatment. A putative identification of the found skeleton as a missing woman was established using circumstantial evidence found at the scene. However, it became important to establish a positive identification using reliable scientific methods. When it was discovered that antemortem dental records were not available because the treatment was completed in another country and the treating dentist could not be found, cytological smears stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain obtained from the putative decedent's medical records were used as a reference DNA sample. DNA was recovered from the teeth of the skeleton using cryogenic grinding. Comparison of the genotypes resulted in the conclusion that the DNA originated from the same source. The use of PAP smears in this way is seen as a valuable resource in cases where positive identification using traditional dental and medical records is not possible.
Postmortem Diagnosis of Unsuspected Diabetes Mellitus Established by Determination of Decedent's Hemoglobin A1c Level
Authors: Khuu HM , Robinson CA , Brissie RM , Konrad RJ
Published: August 2015

Although approximately 15.7 million Americans have diabetes mellitus, with the vast majority having type 2 diabetes, it is estimated that as many as 5.4 million are undiagnosed. The present case illustrates that undiagnosed diabetes can be a factor in otherwise unexplained deaths. A 39-year-old white male with no significant past medical history other than alcohol abuse was found deceased at his residence. The manner of death appeared to be natural, but no anatomic cause was found. Toxicological analysis revealed a blood ethanol level of 0.02 g/dL and was negative for drugs of abuse. Analysis of the vitreous fluid revealed a glucose level of 502 mg/dL. The blood glucose level was 499 mg/dL, and the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level was 10.6%. Only trace urine ketones were detected, suggesting that the death was the result of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketosis (HHNK) from unsuspected diabetes. The postmortem HbA1c value serves as a definitive indicator of prolonged hyperglycemia. In order to aid the interpretation of the clinical data, this case is discussed in conjunction with a similar case of a known diabetic patient.
Three Fatalities Involving Phosphine Gas, Produced as a Result of Methamphetamine Manufacturing
Authors: Willers-Russo LJ
Published: August 2015

In August of 1996, Sheriff's deputies investigated the deaths of three individuals suspected to have been overcome by phosphine gas. Phosphine is an extremely toxic gas, and is generally seen in the farming industry where it is used as a grain fumigant. It can also be generated as a by-product during the manufacturing of methamphetamine. Chemicals and equipment consistent with the manufacturing of methamphetamine were noted at the location, as well as an apparent reaction mixture heated to near dryness. Dräger tubes detected an atmospheric phosphine concentration in excess of 0.3 parts per million (ppm), the Threshold Limit Value. Deputies had initially assessed the scene with no protective equipment, raising concerns about phosphine toxicity and the effects of exposure.

The objectives of this paper are to describe how phosphine is formed during the manufacture of methamphetamine, to review the toxicity, health effects and symptoms of exposure, to address the safety concerns regarding potential exposure to law enforcement personnel, and to describe the protective equipment available for personnel who respond to clandestine laboratories.
Commentary on. Post De, The hyponisis of Adolf Hitler. J Forensic Sci 1998 Nov;43(6):1127–1132.
Authors: Rachut E
Published: August 2015

Commentary on. Post De, The hyponisis of Adolf Hitler. J Forensic Sci 1998 Nov;43(6):1127–1132.
Maples Symposium Introduction
Authors: Falsetti AB , Austin-Smith D
Published: August 2015

The passing of a friend, mentor, and colleague forces us to evaluate not only our own mortality, but to try and understand the effect the deceased had upon the living. When that individual is an educator, the effect is perhaps felt even greater. For nearly thirty years William R. Maples was one of the most respected forensic anthropologists in the country. He taught and mentored students at the University of Florida, assisted local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, and served the Physical Anthropology section and the Academy by performing various administrative duties and working as a member of special committees. This loss, though felt greatest by his family, is one that has affected us all in ways both large and small.
The Life and Career of William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Buikstra JE , Maples MK
Published: August 2015

The objective of this paper is to develop an overview of William R. Maples' distinguished career in forensic anthropology. Influences central to his career choice and the historical development of his professional life are described. A discussion of his key contributions to the fields of primatology and forensic anthropology are then summarized. Included in this discussion is a chronological survey of citations of Maples' works derived from the Social Sciences Citation Index. Integral to this summary of Maples' life are his varied and intriguing case studies.
A Thousand Tales of Dead Men: The Forensic Anthropology Cases of William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Falsetti AB
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the nearly 1000 forensic anthropology case reports authored by the late William R. Maples during his 28 year career at the University of Florida, Gainesville. The types of case files reviewed include C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory reports; 999, US ARMY-CILHI reviews; 226, and historical or prominent persons. Although Dr. Maples performed private casework, these files were not available for examination. A demographic profile for the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory sample is presented.
William R. Maples and the Development of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Willey P
Published: August 2015

If a person's death is marked by the good he has done, then William R. Maples's passing will be remembered long and well. One of Bill's professional bestowal's was serving on many forensic sciences committees and boards. This paper examines his contribution to forensic anthropology through his activities in the American Board of Forensic Anthropology as a diplomate, director, treasurer, and president.
Dr. William R. Maples and the Role of the Consultants at the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii
Authors: Hoshower LM
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses the history and role of the consultants at the U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory. Hawaii (CILHI) and the many contributions made by Dr. William R. Maples as a CILHI consultant. For over eleven years Dr. Maples was a prominent and integral force at the CILHI. His involvement with the CILHI as a senior forensic anthropologist began in 1985. In 1986 Dr. Maples signed a contract with the U.S. Army to conduct on-going reviews of the CILHI. He was one of the original consultants and maintained this responsibility until his death. For a significant portion of his professional career Dr. Maples was dedicated to first improving and then maintaining the scientific integrity of the CILHI. The uncompromising ethical and scientific standards by which the Central Identification Laboratory operates today is a direct reflection of the years of input by Dr. William R. Maples.
William R. Maples, Forensic Historian: Four Men, Four Centuries, Four Countries
Authors: Goza WM
Published: August 2015

Prior to 1984, William R. Maples, Ph.D. worked primarily with Medical Examiners in the State of Florida in investigation of and testimony in criminal cases. In 1984 the Republic of Peru requested him to identify skeletal remains thought to be those of Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of Peru and the Incas in the early 16th Century. Dr. Maples made a positive identification of those remains as Pizarro, resulting in their substitution in a glass-sided coffin in the Cathedral of Lima, where other remains had been displayed as those of Pizarro for a hundred years. In addition, it was proved that the remains removed could not have been those of Pizarro.

In 1988, Dr. Maples examined the skeletal remains of Joseph Merrick (“The Elephant Man”) at Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, and made photographic studies of them for comparison with death casts of limbs and skull to ascertain depth of tissue by video-superimposition. In 1991, Dr. Maples, headed a team which removed President Zachary Taylor (1779–1842) from his tomb in Louisville, Kentucky. The purpose was to determine if he had been poisoned, as had been proposed by some at the time. Test results showed that he had not been. In 1992, Dr. Maples and a team of forensic specialists went by invitation to Ekaterinburg, Russia to study skeletal remains which the Russians had tentatively identified as the Russian Royal Family, and entourage, murdered in 1918. The American team identified them as Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, three of his children, his physician, and three of his servants.

William Ross Maples died in Gainesville, Florida, 27 February 1997.
Video Superimposition at the C.A. Pound Laboratory 1987 to 1992
Authors: Austin D
Published: August 2015

William R. Maples practiced many aspects of human identification using simple and relatively inexpensive video superimposition equipment. Identification of skulls by comparison to known photographs was a primary concern. Clear, smiling photographs revealing the spatial relationships of the teeth to one another led to uncomplicated positive identifications. However, without benefit of dentition, how accurate was an identification based on the alignment of soft tissues with the underlying skull? Most importantly, how often would a false positive result when anterior dentition were not available?

A study conducted by this author and Dr. Maples used three human heads and 98 profile and full-face photographs. A 0.6% incidence of false match resulted when both views of the face were used. Lateral view and frontal view superimpositions were identified incorrectly in 9.6% and 8.5% of the sample respectively. As a result, multiple photographs from varying angles were requested for superimposition identity cases.

Additional applications in laboratory case work were developed for the equipment. Light boxes under the television cameras allowed radiographic comparisons. Video taped comparisons of antemortem and postmortem radiographs were shown to medical examiners and families as proof of identification.

Dr. Maples and this author were also involved in several cases in which photographs taken by a surveillance or ATM camera were compared to court ordered photographs of an alleged perpetrator. One case, which went to trial, led to the conviction of a habitual criminal under Florida statute. This individual had a condition known as Stahl's ear, a deformation of the cartilaginous structure. The ear was seen clearly in many of the ATM camera photographs and was aligned easily with the known photographic sample.
Anterior Femoral Curvature Revisited: Race Assessment from the Femur
Authors: Trudell MB
Published: August 2015

The increasing need for accurate race assessment from postcranial skeletal remains has emphasized the lack of simple, replicable methods by which to accomplish the task. Several techniques have been proposed, but without adequate results. Anterior femoral curvature was first suggested and researched by T. Dale Stewart in 1962 (6). The technique used in that study was subjective at best. He provided no substantial discrimination between whites or blacks. Two later studies only reused Stewart's technique and/or data. This study was assumed to address these issues and provide an improved technique.

Skeletal collections at the Smithsonian, as well as the forensic collections at the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee, provided the specimens for this study. The historical collection of the First African Baptist Church of Philadelphia, PA, and the modern forensic collection at Louisiana State University provided the test samples. Only black and white individuals were used, and those were selected based on previous soft tissue or positive identification. Thirteen measurements were taken, including six newly developed measures. Age, race, and sex were also documented.

Discriminant analysis was used to develop functions for race assessment. After analyzing the data through SPSSx using Discriminant, the variables selected provided an accuracy of 88.15% using the right femur and 86.10% with the left femur. Age was divided into two groups: under 30 and over 30. Most skeletons can be easily aged into these categories.
Radiographic Determination of Developmental Age in Fetuses and Stillborns
Authors: Warren MW
Published: August 2015

The gestational age and/or viability of a fetus can become an important forensic issue. Several investigators have produced linear regression formulas based on crown-heel length (CHL), crown-rump length, or body diameters to determine gestational age. This study re-examines the relationship between fetal long bone length and CHL and tests a method of estimating CHL, and therefore gestational age, from radiographic measurements of the major long bone diaphyses. The results are compared with data based on dry bone measurements.

Data from 252 cases confirm a strong correlation between all long bone lengths and CHL (≥r = .9063; p < 0.01). Long bone length means for each CHL group are presented, as well as regression formulas for estimating CHL from radiographic measurements of the long bone diaphyses. The findings correspond closely with results based on a European sample, thereby validating that reference population as a normative sample for fetal analysis in the United States. The radiographic method can be used in instances where skeletal preparation is impossible or undesirable.
Briefly Unidentified: A Study of a Peculiar Source of Identification
Authors: O'Connor WG
Published: August 2015

In May of 1992, unidentified human remains were received at the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville. Florida for identification. The decedent was identified as a white female in her early sixties between 62 and 63 in. in stature. Significant trauma was observed at various skeletal sites. The identity of the decedent was meant to be obscured due to the decapitation of the head and removal of the lower arms including the hands. Examination of the clothing revealed that the first initial and last name of the decedent had been written in ink inside the label of the underpants. Subsequently, this information was matched with missing persons reports. Identification of the decedent was confirmed by comparison of antemortem and postmortem radiographs.
Homicide or Accident Off the Coast of Florida: Trauma Analysis of Multilated Human Remains
Authors: Stubblefield PR
Published: August 2015

In the many years Dr. William R. Maples served as a forensic anthropologist, he saw diverse sources of trauma presented in the victims of violent crime, accident and suicide in the state of Florida. In 1996 the District 18 Medical Examiner's Office of Florida requested the assistance of Dr. Maples in the analysis of human remains recovered by the U.S. Coast Guard. The deceased was in an advanced state of decomposition characterized by skin slippage and discoloration. The torso bore multiple lacerations, including nearly parallel lacerations in the skin of the back. Specimens were carefully macerated and the fractures reconstructed. The skeletal trauma was caused by a device capable of delivering robust cuts and blunt trauma in linear paths, as is consistent with propeller trauma. Unusual in this case were blows to the ventral and dorsal surfaces of the body. Based on the anthropological analysis and interviews with the family of the deceased, the F.B.I. proceeded with the case as a homicide investigation.
Sharp-Force Trauma Analysis and the Forensic Anthropologist: Techniques Advocated by William R. Maples, Ph.D.
Authors: Walsh-Haney HA
Published: August 2015

forensic anthropological tenets supported by William R. Maples, Ph.D. provide the bases for a case study from the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory. Using a multidisciplinary team that included police investigators, pathologists, odontologists. entomologists, and anthrpologists, a biological profile and trauma analysis was constructed. Our analysis determined that the decedent was a middle-aged Hispanic male, approximately 5′6″–5′7″ in stature, who had died a minimum of three months before the discovery of his remains. Gross and microscopic analysis revealed 11 areas of sharp trauma to the skull and cervical vertebrae. To aid with analysis of the trauma, nonhuman trauma exemplars were created using a Tiger® rear flail mower of the make known to have been used at the scene where the remains were recovered. This use of nonhuman trauma exemplars proved to be essential in the effort to exclude the rear flail mower as the possible trauma agent.
Aleš Hrdlička's Role in the History of Forensic Anthropology
Authors: Ubelaker DH
Published: August 2015

Although Aleš Hrdlička (1869–1943) is widely recognized as a central figure in the development of American physical anthropology, his contributions to forensic anthropology are not well known. The record shows he: 1) had training in legal medicine; 2) researched and published on issues of broad medico-legal interest; 3) reported on autopsies; 4) analyzed skeletal cases; 5) researched and testified on ancestry issues; and 6) maintained contact with FBI officials on medico-legal matters. His efforts in research and building collections helped to build the foundation for modern forensic anthropology.
The Pedagogy of Dr. William R. Maples
Authors: Albert AM
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this paper is to convey an appreciation of the teaching and training style of Dr. William R. Maples, and recognize his contributions in educating his graduate students in forensic anthropology. In a time when university learning is often characterized by large introductory, undergraduate lecture courses, with the occasional senior seminar course, the opportunity to study one-on-one with Dr. Maples as a graduate student was stimulating. It was also a rare event, since Dr. Maples was not one to accumulate numerous students. This paper discusses Dr. Maples' unique teaching style. His methods were akin to the days of the apprentice's acquisition of the technical skills and theoretical knowledge of a master.

Examples of Dr. Maples' rigorous yet highly effective teaching approach will be shared through a presentation of some of his daily oral teachings, and anecdotes of past human identification cases. While Dr. Maples made many significant contributions to the field of forensic anthropology through his research and phenomenal service, it is his teachings that will be most remembered, as the knowledge he passed on is his true legacy.
Psychiatric Aspects of Arsonists
Authors: Ritchie EC , Huff TG
Published: August 2015

Arson is a major source of property damage, injury and death in the United States. Many people who commit arson have extensive psychiatric histories and symptoms at the time of their fire-setting. However, traditionally the law enforcement community and the mental health community have not shared information about the characteristics of people who set fires.

This study examined mental health records and/or prison files from 283 arsonists. 90% of arsonists had recorded mental health histories, and of those 36% had the major mental illness of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. 64% were abusing alcohol or drugs at the time of their firesetting. Pyromania was only diagnosed in three of the 283 cases.

Different motives for setting fires are discussed: many patients were both angry and delusional. A survey instrument, which captures both psychiatric and legal data, is included. Suggestions are made for gathering future “profiling” information. A matrix approach to coding diagnosis and behavior is presented.
Neonaticide in the City of Rio de Janeiro: Forensic and Psycholegal Perspectives
Authors: Mendlowicz MV , Jean-Louis G , Gekker M , Rapaport MH
Published: August 2015

This is a retrospective study of mothers charged with killing their children within 24 h of birth in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Characteristics of the mothers and the victims, the circumstances surrounding the offense, the mothers' motivation and state of mind at the time of the offense, the legal process, and follow-up data were investigated. We analyzed our cohort as two subgroups: 26 offenses that occurred between 1900 and 1939 and were dealt with under the Brazilian Penal Code of 1890, and 27 offenses that were committed between 1940 and 1995 and were dealt with under the Penal Code of 1940. The mothers were young (mean 22.5 ± 5.3 years), unmarried (88.2%), non-Caucasian (73.8%), and had limited formal education. They usually kept the pregnancy a secret (94.1%) and gave birth in a classified way (100%). Most victims were killed through wounding violence (77.4%). Offenders identified between the years of 1940–1995 had increased rates of literacy (χ2 = 6.80, d.f. = 1, p = .009), a higher incidence of reported psychiatric symptoms (χ2 = 11.82, d.f. = 1, p < .001), increased referral for psychiatric assessment (χ2 = 3.85, d.f. = 1, p = .05), and greater frequency of cases where statute of limitations was expired (χ2 = 3.88, d.f. = 1, p = .049).
Adolescent Sexual Matricide Following Repetitive Mother-Son Incest
Authors: Schlesinger LB
Published: August 2015

A case of a 16-year-old male who committed a sexual matricide following years of mother-son incest is reported. After murdering his mother by strangulation, which itself was sexually arousing, the youngster engaged in both vaginal and anal necrophilia. The homicide occurred while the perpetrator was in a dissociative state and experiencing what has been referred to as a catathymic crisis: the sudden release of emotionally charged psychic conflict and tension, resulting in extreme violence within an interpersonal bond. Discussion of maternal image and maternal sexual conduct in relationship to the psychosexual development of adolescent males offers insight into the motivation in this extremely rare case.
Sampling—How Big a Sample?
Authors: Aitken CGG
Published: August 2015

It is thought that, in a consignment of discrete units, a certain propotion of the units contain illegal material. A sample of the consignment is to be inspected. Various methods for the determination of the sample size are compared. The consignment will be considered as a random sample from some super-population of units, a certain proportion of which contain drugs.

For large consignments, a probability distribution, known as the beta distribution, for the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material is obtained. This distribution is based on prior beliefs about the proportion. Under certain specific conditions the beta distribution gives the same numerical results as an approach based on the binomial distribution. The binomial distribution provides a probability for the number of units in a sample which contain illegal material, conditional on knowing the proportion of the consignment which contains illegal material. This is in contrast to the beta distribution which provides probabilities for the proportion of a consignment which contains illegal material, conditional on knowing the number of units in the sample which contain illegal material. The interpretation when the beta distribution is used is much more intuitively satisfactory. It is also much more flexible in its ability to cater for prior beliefs which may vary given the different circumstances of different crimes.

For small consignments, a distribution, known as the beta-binomial distribution, for the number of units in the consignment which are found to contain illegal material, is obtained, based on prior beliefs about the number of units in the consignment which are thought to contain illegal material. As with the beta and binomial distributions for large samples, it is shown that, in certain specific conditions, the beta-binomial and hypergeometric distributions give the same numerical results. However, the beta-binomial distribution, as with the beta distribution, has a more intuitively satisfactory interpretation and greater flexibility. The beta and the beta-binomial distributions provide methods for the determination of the minimum sample size to be taken from a consignment in order to satisfy a certain criterion. The criterion requires the specification of a proportion and a probability.
Analysis of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-Methylamphetamine (MDMA) in “Ecstasy” Tablets by 13C Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee GSH , Craig DC , Kannangara GSK , Dawson M , Conn C , Robertson J , Wilson MA
Published: August 2015

The solution and solid state NMR spectra of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine hydrochloride (MDMA·HCl) and a number of illicitly manufactured tablets containing this material and marketed as “Ecstasy” have been obtained. We show solid state NMR to be a useful technique for the analysis of the impurities and excipients in “Ecstasy” tablets and with further development may be used quantitatively for determining the percentage carbon which is MDMA. Excipients detected include lactose, cellulose, stearate salts, sucrose, starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium croscarmellose. Two samples were found to contain 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), rather than MDMA. Some interesting conformational information is also observed. Differences in the chemical shifts of C-8 and C-10 carbons for 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine hydrochloride in solution and solid state and in different “Ecstasy” samples are attributed to conformational freezing and hydrogen bonding. In the solid state, carbons 8 and 10 are restricted from free rotation and the methyl groups at carbon 10 and carbon 11 are held only in trans conformation unlike in solution. These results were confirmed by a crystal structure analysis. When excipients capable of hydrogen bonding are physically mixed with MDMA·HCl, the chemical shifts of carbons 8 and 10 in the resulting mixture changes such that they more closely resemble the shifts observed in solution.
Simultaneous Detection of Multiple STR Loci on Sex Chromosomes for Forensic Testing of Sex and Identity
Authors: Tun Z , Honda K , Nakatome M , Nakamura M , Shimada S , Ogura Y , Kuroki H , Yamazaki M , Terada M , Matoba R
Published: August 2015

The forensic usefulness of X and Y chromosomal STR loci has recently been demonstrated. One quadruplex-PCR, using 2 X- and 2 Y-STRs (STRX1/HPRTB and DYS390/DYS393), and 2 duplex-PCRs, each using an X- and a Y-STR (ARA/DYS390 and ARA/DYS393), and detection of PCR products by using an automated DNA sequencer are reported herein. This approach allows us to determine not only the sex of the donor of a sample, but also the X- and/or Y-STR genotypes of the sample. A male biological specimen yields 4 amplified products in quadruplex-PCR and 2 amplified fragments in duplex-PCRs, whereas a female biological specimen yields only 2 amplified fragments of X-STR in quadruplex-PCR and one fragment, also of X-STR, in duplex-PCRs. Our study thus provides useful information for many activities in forensic practice, such as identity testing, paternity testing, especially of deficiency cases, compilation of population data, and sex determination of a biological sample from a single PCR.
Aqueous Recovery from Cotton Swabs of Organic Explosives Residue Followed by Solid Phase Extraction
Authors: Thompson RQ , Fetterolf DD , Miller ML , Mothershead RF
Published: August 2015

A common procedure for processing cotton swabs containing organic explosives residue involves soaking the cotton in acetone or other organic solvent to extract the explosives, followed by direct analysis of the resulting sample solution using chromatography—mass spectrometry (LC- or GC-MS). A water-based procedure was developed to solve problems arising from co-extraction of sample matrix. Common nitro-organic explosives were extracted from cotton into water; the explosives were isolated by solid phase extraction, using a poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone-divinylbenzene sorbent; samples were screened by LC-UV; and the presence of explosives was confirmed by LC- or GC-MS and fast GC-TEA (EGIS).

Explosives residue samples were generated by mixing standards in motor oil on aluminum foil, by detonating four different bombs (C-4, a dynamite, a binary explosive, and TNT) hidden inside suitcases filled with clothing, and by handling a plastic explosive (Semtex H). Ninety-six paired samples were processed by the two procedures (acetone-based and water-based). The water extraction/SPE process was just as effective in recovering organic explosives from cotton swabs, and it better rejected the sample matrix, giving much greater selectivity with all samples except clothing. Water-based samples were screened with high accuracy by LC-UV, and the LC-UV and LC-MS semi-quantitative results were highly correlated.
Effects of Extreme Heat on Teeth with Implications for Histologic Processing
Authors: Myers SL , Williams JM , Hodges JS
Published: August 2015

This pilot study examined teeth subjected to extreme heat under laboratory conditions, and the subsequent effect of decalcification and histologic processing. Physical and microscopic findings were evaluated in relation to temperature and duration of thermal insult. Microscopic examination following decalcification and histologic processing revealed changes including severe tissue fragmentation, vapor bubbles within dentinal tubules, altered histologic staining, charring and tissue shrinkage. Dentin appeared to be the most reliable microscopic identifier of incinerated dental tissues. Temperatures above 600°C strongly predicted tooth disintegration following decalcification. This finding has implications in incineration cases where histologic evidence must be maintained and examined intact.
Practical Implications of Charge Transport Model for Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA)
Authors: Seward GH
Published: August 2015

The practical implications are described for a previously reported charge transport model of the electrostatic detection apparatus [Seward GH. J Appl Phys 1998;83(3):1450–6]. Several steps within the ESDA process are theoretically evaluated by the model: humidification of specimen, duration of charging, and duration of discharge prior to application of toner. Recommendations for improved sensitivity are derived from the theoretical models as well as experimental observations.
The Effect of Luminol on Presumptive Tests and DNA Analysis Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Gross AM , Harris KA , Kaldun GL
Published: August 2015

This study was designed to test the following factors involved with processing luminol treated bloodstained evidence: 1) The reactivity of other presumptive chemical color tests, phenolphthalin (PT) and tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), following the application of the light emitting luminol presumptive test. 2) The effect of different cleanings of various bloody substrates on the luminol test. 3) The effect of different cleanings of various bloody substrates on the ability to obtain DNA suitable for PCR testing. 4) The ability to extract DNA from luminol treated bloodstained substrates using three extraction techniques. 5) The effect of spraying washed and unwashed bloodstains on various substrates with luminol on the ability to correctly type the DNA using PCR. Our findings indicated that luminol did not adversely effect the PCR testing and did not interfere with the PT and TMB presumptive tests for blood. It was determined that the substrate and the method of cleaning were the major factors affecting DNA yield and the ability to type the bloodstains using PCR based technologies.
Description of Three New Alleles at the D1S80 (MCT118) Locus
Authors: Eisenbarth I , Assum G , Krone W
Published: August 2015

The minisatellite locus D1S80 is a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) locus which is commonly typed for forensic and paternity testing in a large number of laboratories all over the world. Here we describe three new alleles at the D1S80 locus; one small allele composed of 13 units of the repeated 16 mer, a further large allele with approximately 45 repeat units which we found two times in our population sample and another large allele with approximately 50 repeats.
Population Genetics of Two Tetranucleotide Repeats (UGB and D3S1349): A Preliminary Study in Galicia, Spain
Authors: Leyenda P , Caeiro B
Published: August 2015

The polymorphism of two tetranucleotide repeats, UGB and D3S1349 in the population of Galicia, Spain was carried out. Up to 7 and 8 alleles respectively were found, which determine values of H = 0.820 and H = 0.808 for these two STRs. A non-isotopic technique using thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining, for the screening of both systems, is presented and discussed. Formal genetic studies from 51 meioses are concordant with an autosomal co-dominant way of inheritance of these systems.