bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of temperature cycles by real experiment and numerical simulation of welded joints from austenitic steel and aluminium
Authors: Kraváriková H , Ďuriš R
Published: February 2024

Various research methods are used in the field of scientific research. The most frequently used methods are real experiment and computer modeling. A real experiment requires equipping the laboratory with very expensive equipment. The implementation of experiments in laboratories requires knowledgeable professional personnel to operate the devices. Therefore, when investigating phenomena, the real experiment is gradually being replaced by a numerical experiment using computer technology. Computer modeling with appropriate software provides convenient investigation of technical phenomena in various areas of technological processes. Realization of experiments by computer modeling is more flexible when solving technical processes. The content of the article is a description of the investigation of temperature cycles. The experiment described in this paper focused on measuring the temperature cycles of the butt and fillet welds made of austenitic steel and aluminum. The temperature cycles were investigated via a real experiment and modelling: 1/under laboratory conditions, measured using thermocouples located in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), 2/by numerical experiment performed in the ANSYS program using FEM. Numerical simulation was used to investigate the welding process. When modeling the temperature cycles, we compared the calculated temperatures in the nodes of the model, which corresponded to the places where the thermocouples were placed in the real experiment. Results from both experiments are shown graphically.
The influence of heat treatment on the nitriding layer on austenitic steel
Authors: Uhríčik M , Palček P , Hudecová S , Šurdová Z , Slezák M , Chvalníková V
Published: February 2024

The article will be focused on the analysis of the influence of heat treatment on the nitriding layer, which will be applied on austenitic steel. AISI 304 austenitic steel delivered without heat treatment will be used as experimental material. The nitriding layer will be applied to the austenitic steel samples by plasma nitriding. Then, after plasma nitriding, samples will be subjected to heat treatment. Solution annealing and sensitization will be chosen as heat treatment. Experiments deal with microstructural material analysis, fractographic analysis, mechanical and fatigue tests.
Influence of generator parameters on cutting width during WEDM process
Authors: Šimna V
Published: February 2024

The primary objective of this paper is to rigorously analyse the influence of selected parameters on the cut width in the context of Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM). The parameters under investigation, each varied at different levels, include pulse width, servo reference mean voltage, time interval between two pulses, discharge frequency, and wire feed speed. As the workpiece material, sintered carbide K10 was used. Data for the response variable, cut width, was meticulously collected using two high-precision instruments: the Zoller Genius 3s and the Alicona InfiniteFocusSL. Among the parameters studied, the mean reference voltage emerged as the most influential variable. It holds a commanding lead with a percentage contribution of as much as 82.4 %, making it nearly 15 times more impactful than the second most influential parameter, which is pulse width. At its lowest setting, or first level, the mean reference voltage results in a record low cut width. Conversely, at its highest setting, or third level, it leads to a record high cut width. This comprehensive analysis not only quantifies the relative importance of each parameter but also provides valuable insights into the optimal settings for achieving desired cut widths. The findings have significant implications for improving the efficiency and precision of WEDM processes.
Possibilities of analyzing the mechanical properties of welded and soldered joints
Authors: Martinkovič M , Kovačócy P
Published: February 2024

During a tensile test of a welded and soldered joint, the sample is broken at the point of least strength or at the point of the defect. If there is a violation in the base material, the joint is evaluated as satisfactory, but we do not get an overview of the strength of the individual parts of the welded joint and also of the soldered joint, and thus it is not possible to measure the strength in a predetermined part of the welded joint and also the strength of the soldered joint. An option to measure this property is to measure the shear strength in any predetermined part of the weld joint. It is thus possible to measure the shear strength of butt weld joints in the base material, in various zones of the heat-affected zone, in the weld metal, and also in lap weld and soldered joints. The possibilities of analyzing the mechanical properties in the mentioned way were verified on butt and lap copper - stainless steel joints created by electron beam welding and laser beam welding. The joints before and after the test were metallographically analyzed.
Experience with modeling values of the virtual catapult range
Authors: Kotianová J , Turza M , Červeňanská Z , Ďuriš R
Published: February 2024

The development of a virtual catapult involves the synthesis of knowledge from several fields, namely physics, probability, statistics, regression analysis, and computer science. Our contribution is not focused on the description of the creation of the application from the software point of view, but it presents a method by which it is possible to generate the numerical values of the range of the virtual catapult along with their corresponding variability. When modeling these range values, it is possible to choose the classical theoretical approach, i. e., the physical approach using equations of motion, or to statistically process the measured values obtained by experimenting with a real catapult model. In our case, a statistical approach, specifically the Design of Experiments method, was chosen to estimate the values of the catapult range. The obtained appropriate regression model was used as the output of the statistical analysis of the measured data for point estimates of the range at specific settings of selected parameters of a real catapult. In order for the results of the simulated range values to correspond to the actual range values of the catapult, it was necessary to achieve a realistic fluctuation (randomness) of the results in the simulation of the catapult ranges around the predicted range value obtained from the regression model. This article suggests a way to ensure stochasticity when modeling such types of systems.
ADH-Enhancer: an attention-based deep hybrid framework for enhancer identification and strength prediction
Authors: Mehmood Faiza , Arshad Shazia , Shoaib Muhammad
Published: February 2024

Enhancers play an important role in the process of gene expression regulation. In DNA sequence abundance or absence of enhancers and irregularities in the strength of enhancers affects gene expression process that leads to the initiation and propagation of diverse types of genetic diseases such as hemophilia, bladder cancer, diabetes and congenital disorders. Enhancer identification and strength prediction through experimental approaches is expensive, time-consuming and error-prone. To accelerate and expedite the research related to enhancers identification and strength prediction, around 19 computational frameworks have been proposed. These frameworks used machine and deep learning methods that take raw DNA sequences and predict enhancer’s presence and strength. However, these frameworks still lack in performance and are not useful in real time analysis. This paper presents a novel deep learning framework that uses language modeling strategies for transforming DNA sequences into statistical feature space. It applies transfer learning by training a language model in an unsupervised fashion by predicting a group of nucleotides also known as k-mers based on the context of existing k-mers in a sequence. At the classification stage, it presents a novel classifier that reaps the benefits of two different architectures: convolutional neural network and attention mechanism. The proposed framework is evaluated over the enhancer identification benchmark dataset where it outperforms the existing best-performing framework by 5%, and 9% in terms of accuracy and MCC. Similarly, when evaluated over the enhancer strength prediction benchmark dataset, it outperforms the existing best-performing framework by 4%, and 7% in terms of accuracy and MCC.
Kled: an ultra-fast and sensitive structural variant detection tool for long-read sequencing data
Authors: Zhang Zhendong , Jiang Tao , Li Gaoyang , Cao Shuqi , Liu Yadong , Liu Bo , Wang Yadong
Published: February 2024

Structural Variants (SVs) are a crucial type of genetic variant that can significantly impact phenotypes. Therefore, the identification of SVs is an essential part of modern genomic analysis. In this article, we present kled, an ultra-fast and sensitive SV caller for long-read sequencing data given the specially designed approach with a novel signature-merging algorithm, custom refinement strategies and a high-performance program structure. The evaluation results demonstrate that kled can achieve optimal SV calling compared to several state-of-the-art methods on simulated and real long-read data for different platforms and sequencing depths. Furthermore, kled excels at rapid SV calling and can efficiently utilize multiple Central Processing Unit (CPU) cores while maintaining low memory usage. The source code for kled can be obtained from https://github.com/CoREse/kled.
Race, Religious Freedom, and the Institutional Limitations of the Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs
Authors: Gardner Andrew
Published: February 2024

In 1936, Baptists from across geographic and racial lines cooperatively began working together to address questions of common social concern—specifically, religious freedom. Ten years later, this cooperative work spurred the formation of the Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, later known as the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty (BJC). Recent scholarship has critiqued conceptions of religious freedom in the United States from a multitude of perspectives. Tisa Wenger has shown the ways in which religious freedom in the first half of the twentieth century functioned as a cover for white Christians to avoid addressing questions of race and segregation. This article further explores this idea through the history of the Baptist Joint Committee. It shows how BJC and its board members were unable to foster significant interracial collaboration in its early years not only because of its singular focus on religious freedom but also because of the denominational and bureaucratic social networks that helped establish this organization. White BJC staff and board members lacked the necessary relationships with and knowledge of Black Baptist denominational leaders and organizations. This article shows that the challenges facing BJC in cultivating an interracial conception of religious freedom were far more than solely intellectual. These challenges were social and bureaucratic.
Transatlantic leadership in an era of human rights-based export controls
Authors: Hart Nina M , Casey Christopher A
Published: February 2024

In 2021, the USA and the European Union (EU) expressed an interest in deepening their cooperation with each other and other international actors on export controls to address evolving security risks, including the misuse of dual-use technologies to violate human rights. This interest presents an opportunity to probe the potential for US–EU leadership, as a stated intention of these actors, in developing standards that incorporate human rights considerations into export control policy. To undertake this analysis, this article assesses the legal and political context in which the USA and the EU regulate exports and how this context affects potential opportunities for leadership. The article contends that the USA and EU may struggle to exercise joint leadership due to their divergent systems but may be capable of doing so if they invest in creative diplomatic efforts. In particular, the USA possesses greater legal flexibility than the EU to propose new standards and to engage in diplomatic efforts to multilateralize them. In short, the EU’s structural limitations create a dynamic in which the EU will rely heavily on US diplomacy, as well as that of its Member States, to achieve its objective of creating US–EU leadership in this area.
First report of the complete mitochondrial genome of 3 beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) harming Gastrodia elata (Asparagales: Orchidaceae)
Authors: Long Tingting , Zhu Wenli , Yang Lin , Long Jiankun , Chang Zhimin , Chen Xiangsheng
Published: February 2024

Gastrodia elata Blume, a valuable traditional Chinese medicine with significant clinical and nutritional importance, is a fungal heterotrophic orchid. We present the first report of the mitochondrial genome structure and characteristics of 3 Scarabaeidae pests affecting G. elata: Sophrops peronosporus Gu & Zhang, Anomala rufiventris Kollar & Redtenbacher, and Callistethus plagiicollis Fairmaire. Each mitogenome contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and a control region, with no gene rearrangements observed. All 21 tRNAs, except trnS1 that lacks a dihydrouridine, had a stable cloverleaf secondary structure. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on the 13 PCGs produced 2 topologically similar phylogenetic trees, both of with high nodal support. Larvae of these Scarabaeidae pests cause substantial damage by gnawing on the tubers and roots of G. elata, leading to reduced yield and compromised quality. These findings contribute to phylogenetic studies of Scarabaeidae, expand knowledge of G. elata pests, and offer valuable reference materials for their identification and control.
Composition and transstadial retention of the salivary glands in Ornithodoros hermsi (Acari: Argasidae)
Authors: Schwan Tom G , Fischer Elizabeth R , Long Daniel
Published: February 2024

Following several days of blood feeding by larval and nymphal ixodid (hard) ticks, the salivary glands degenerate and are completely replaced in the next life stage. Yet, what happens during the molt of immature argasid (soft) ticks after their rapid and small bloodmeal has remained a mystery. Multiple studies of nymphal Ornithodoros hermsi Wheeler (Acari: Argasidae) ticks infected with the relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia hermsii suggested the salivary glands in these ticks may not disintegrate after feeding. Therefore, cohorts of second-stage O. hermsi nymphs were fed and examined daily after the bloodmeal by fresh dissections and weekly by histological cross-sections of the entire tick. The composition of the salivary glands was typical for argasid ticks in having agranular (Type I) and granular (Type II) acini, the latter being surrounded by a myo-epithelial sheath. In all 197 ticks examined from 1 to 63 days after feeding, morphologically intact salivary glands were present. During apolysis, 5 ticks had extralimital clusters of granular acini adhering to otherwise intact glands. Our observations demonstrate that the salivary glands of nymphal O. hermsi do not disintegrate after feeding and new acini are produced during the molt for incorporation into the existing glands. Cumulatively, these findings suggest a fundamental difference in the transstadial development of argasid and ixodid ticks.
Idiopathic pseudoaneurysmal omental bleeding, a rare cause of life-threatening acute abdomen
Authors: Yu Zirong , Alhamadani Mohammed Ali , Chehade Marthe , Wright Danette B
Published: February 2024

Mesenteric aneurysms and their complications can be a life-threatening presentation of acute abdomen to the emergency department. The majority of mesenteric artery aneurysms are incidentally detected on imaging investigations and are asymptomatic. Symptomatic mesenteric aneurysms manifest as hemoperitoneum or abdominal pain. In addition, treatment of symptomatic aneurysms is delayed due to the infrequent consideration of the diagnosis in patients presenting with abdominal pain. Timely and accurate diagnosis is of paramount importance as any delay in definitive surgical management can lead to increased patient’s mortality and morbidity with up to 25% of mesenteric aneurysms may be complicated by rupture.
Fundamentals for habitable scenarios for Earth-like planets in the TRAPPIST-1 system
Authors: Payne R C , Kaltenegger L
Published: February 2024

The characterization of rocky exoplanets in the Habitable Zone (HZ) of their stars has entered a new era with the launch of the JWST. The TRAPPIST-1 star system is a particularly interesting target for observations, with its seven Earth-sized planets. An insightful body of work for a wide range of atmospheres has shown them to be intriguing candidates for analysis to learn more about terrestrial planets and their evolution. However, unknowns remain in analyses of changing conditions for planets with Earth-analogue atmospheres (N2-CO2-H2O) for the whole system, as well as what spectral features JWST could search for in such environments. Here, we explore the specific question of how rocky Earth-analogue planets could evolve at the position of the TRAPPIST-1 planets and assess the conditions that could lead to surface temperatures above freezing for the planets in the HZ. We found that three of the seven planets could provide warm surface conditions for Earth-analogue atmospheres. Our models show marked differences in the resulting transmission spectra. The first JWST observation of the atmosphere for TRAPPIST-1 planets have recently been published to exclude widely extended atmospheres without clouds, but more observations are needed to put constrains on models for terrestrial atmospheres.
Selective DRD2 antagonist and ClpP agonist ONC201 in a recurrent non-midline H3 K27M-mutant glioma cohort
Authors: Odia Yazmin , Hall Matthew D , Cloughesy Timothy Francis , Wen Patrick Y , Arrillaga-Romany Isabel , Daghistani Doured , Mehta Minesh P , Tarapore Rohinton S , Ramage Samuel C , Allen Joshua E
Published: February 2024

Background

Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered (H3 K27M-altered DMG) are invariably lethal, disproportionately affecting the young and without effective treatment besides radiotherapy. The 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors Classification defined H3 K27M mutations as pathognomonic but restricted diagnosis to diffuse gliomas involving midline structures by 2018. Dordaviprone (ONC201) is an oral investigational small molecule, DRD2 antagonist, and ClpP agonist associated with durable responses in recurrent H3 K27M-mutant DMG. Activity of ONC201 in non-midline H3 K27M-mutant diffuse gliomas has not been reported.

Methods

Patients with recurrent non-midline H3 K27M-mutant diffuse gliomas treated with ONC201 were enrolled in 5 trials. Eligibility included measurable disease by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) high-grade glioma, Karnofsky/Lansky performance score ≥60, and ≥90 days from radiation. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR).

Results

Five patients with cerebral gliomas (3 frontal, 1 temporal, and 1 parietal) met inclusion. One complete and one partial response were reported by investigators. Blinded independent central review confirmed ORR by RANO criteria for 2, however, 1 deemed nonmeasurable and another stable. A responding patient also noted improved mobility and alertness.

Conclusions

H3 K27M-mutant diffuse gliomas occasionally occur in non-midline cerebrum. ONC201 exhibits activity in H3 K27M-mutant gliomas irrespective of CNS location.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

The introduction presents the book’s central arguments and situates these findings in a substantial literature on Nazi art looting and postwar restitution. Whereas most studies approach the subject on a national level, this book compares restitution, and lack thereof, in France, the Netherlands and Belgium, with new insight into postwar art custodianships established in all three countries. Despite differences in the circumstances of occupation and the scope of art plunder, the approach to ownerless art by the late 1940s is remarkably similar. The art custodianships, in the end, extended the long-term dispossession, especially of Jewish owners, wrought by the Nazis and their collaborators.
Conclusion
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

In late 2013, a sensational story leaked to the press that German authorities had discovered some 1,400 artworks in the small Munich apartment of Cornelius Gurlitt. The owner had inherited the pieces from his father Hildebrand, a key dealer of modern art for the Nazis, raising suspicions that at least some of the items had been plundered from Jews. International criticism surrounding the lack of German transparency coincided with publicity for George Clooney’s film, The Monuments Men (2014), a Hollywood blockbuster featuring a star-studded cast. The ensuing media firestorm illustrates the extent to which norms related to Nazi-era art had shifted since the 1990s. Public and private collecting institutions worldwide, crucially in Europe and the United States, have repeatedly acknowledged their responsibility to conduct thorough provenance research on pieces produced before 1946 that may have changed hands in Europe under the Nazis, and to publish findings transparently. Wider adherence to ethical museum practices would further advance early twenty-first-century progress toward belated cultural justice.
Ducal Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

This chapter opens with one of the central events in Venice’s history: the arrival in 828–9 of Saint Mark’s relics, which were stolen from Alexandria, and the doge’s decision to house them in a new church (Saint Mark’s) rather than consign them to the bishop. In this way, Mark became associated with the doge and the government. The chapter traces the violence and disorder that characterized the next two centuries of Venetian history as various families vied to control the dogeship, with its nearly unchecked monarchical powers. Although the Venetian community was divided in this way, it was united in its efforts to assert control over the Adriatic Sea. The Venetians subdued rival cities and pirates, and they attempted to prevent the Saracens from unifying both the eastern and western shores of the southern Adriatic. As coin finds/hoards indicate, Venice was beginning to emerge as a nexus of East/West trade.
The Consolidation of the Patrician Regime
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

This chapter demonstrates how, following the Serrata or Closing of the Greater Council, the nobles (also known as patricians) asserted their control over trade, society, and culture. But the century began badly with an ill-advised war against Ferrara and with a conspiracy to overthrow the government that arose from rivalry within the nobility. The patricians created a system of state-owned galleys that traveled along carefully regulated trade routes that were determined by the Senate. This system constituted public subvention of merchant enterprises and helped promote cohesion and loyalty to the state, as did the system of the funded debt. The patricians carefully regulated who had access to the advantages of Venetian trade and managed additional infrastructure projects to promote trade. Doge Andrea Dandolo used art, history writing, the law, and architecture to present a vision of Venice as stable and serene.
Calamity and Survival
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

In the second half of the century, Venice faced existential challenges on several fronts. Following the Black Death, it again saw its control of the Adriatic challenged by Hungary and continued to vie with its longtime enemy Genoa for Mediterranean trade. The regime faced a conspiracy fomented by Doge Marino Falier, who was summarily executed, and soon thereafter had to deal with revolt on its most important colony Crete. In the Fourth Genoese-Venetian War (also known as the War of Chioggia), Venice barely managed to survive an invasion into the lagoon itself. The war brought vast social and economic changes, including the admission of thirty new families into the Greater Council, and marks the end of the Venetian Middle Ages.
The Early Renaissance and the Turn Toward Italy
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

In the early fifteenth century, Venice made a major foreign policy shift that ushered in the Venetian Renaissance. Through the course of five wars, it created a mainland state that eventually came to within forty miles of Milan. Crucially, it did not extend representation to these new subject territories and relied for defense of this new terraferma state on mercenary captains (condottieri) whose loyalty was often suspect. Also, the Venetians now had to reimagine themselves as rulers of an empire, although they had few workable models. At the same time, their overseas territories faced a new threat from the Ottoman Turks who conquered Constantinople in 1453. The nobility continued to refine its status, with increasing emphasis on the status of noblewomen. The place of the doge in the Venetian Republic again came to the forefront when the Council of Ten deposed Doge Francesco Foscari.
Taming the Lion
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

From c. 1450 to c. 1530 Venice faced challenges both to its overseas empire and to its mainland regional state. It fought and lost two wars with the Ottomans as the Turks replaced Venice as the predominant naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. But it secured Cyprus, ruled by Venetian noblewoman Caterina Corner. On the Italian mainland, it faced a daunting coalition of nearly all the powers of Europe which were intent on dividing up Venice’s mainland possessions since Venice was seen as aspiring to dominance of the peninsula. Venice’s mainland dominion evaporated in no time, but was recovered by war’s end. Nevertheless, Venice now was poised between two behemoths, the Hapsburgs and the Ottomans. The economy was dealt a serious blow by the Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa which disrupted traditional spice routes and opened up the Atlantic economy, the death knell to Venice’s commercial dominance. These challenges strained Venetian republicanism.
Reform, Revolution, and the End of the Republic
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

Eighteenth-century Venice’s efforts at reform failed as opponents worked to protect their privileges. Reform especially foundered in the political sphere as the government failed to resolve the city/mainland divide and share power with mainland elites. The Republic’s long-standing policy of neutrality made it suspect to all until it was swept away by Napoleon. The end of the Republic ushered in dramatic change as three different regimes controlled Venice in just eighteen years: the revolutionary Democratic Municipal Government (May 1797–January 1798), the first Austrian domination (January 1798–January 1806), and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (January 1806–April 1814). After Napoleon, many vestiges of the old regime were abolished, and the city underwent radical physical transformations.
Fascist and Cold War Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the role Venice played in Italian fascism; Venice’s experience of the Second World War, especially the fate of the city’s Jewish community; and the Cold War period, which saw the dramatic development of the Porto Marghera industrial complex. The fascists appropriated the old Venetian Republic’s history as a way of staking Italian claims to the Adriatic Sea and Balkans. The impact of World War II was relatively minor in terms of physical damage, but the psychological damage was great as was the persecution of Venice’s vibrant Jewish community. The post-war period saw further expansion of the Venice/Porto Marghera or tourism/industry divide. After the war, Venice faced a precipitous population decline as Mestre grew. The terrible 1966 flood, combined with other environmental concerns, marked a new stage in Venice’s attitude to water, as the sea, once the source of Venetian riches, came to be viewed as an existential threat.
Global Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the impact of globalization, especially mass tourism, on the city and its economy, and the Venetian reaction to it, which has been a retreat into localism. In the past few decades, the growth of tourism has been tremendous, leaving the city with what is essentially a tourism monoculture. This has led to a further emptying out of the city as apartments are turned into tourist rental units. UNESCO’s designation of Venice as a World Heritage Site has sparked debate about who owns Venice. This global onslaught has provoked a localist reaction, marked by xenophobia and racism, especially aimed at immigrants. At the same time, ongoing environmental and other concerns have further opened the city/mainland divide. The short-term fate of Venice remains uncertain as sea level rises.
Raw Deal
Authors: Chauhan Surajpal
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The sixth of these is Surajpal Chauhan’s ‘Raw Deal’ (Ghate ka Sauda), translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. ‘Raw Deal’ appeared in Chauhan’s first collection of short stories, Harry Kab Aega?, in 1999. The story follows the fortunes of D. Lal, an ambitious bureaucrat, and his wife Anandi, a devoted follower of Ambedkar, as they begin to contemplate a marriage proposal for their daughter Rajni.
No Bar
Authors: Kardam Jai Prakash
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The eighth of these is Jai Prakash Kardam’s ‘No Bar’, translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. ‘No Bar’ was first published in 2003 in the magazine Yuddhrat Aam Aadmi. It has also been made into a short film of the same name (2018, director Anil Kumar Anand). The title refers to the weekly section dedicated to matrimonial advertisements in major newspapers in India. Most advertisements specify the caste of the bride or groom sought—indeed, caste is the organizing principle of most matrimonial sections—but a small number use the shorthand ‘caste no bar’, or simply ‘no bar’, to indicate that caste is not a criterion.
Doubly Cursed
Authors: Baisantry Kausalya
Published: February 2024

Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Kausalya Baisantry’s Dohra Abhishap (Doubly Cursed), published in Hindi in 1999 and translated by Christi Merrill. In the excerpts from Dohra Abhishap, Baisantry relates her experiences of navigating the minefield of caste in school. She enters the fourth standard (fourth grade) as the only Dalit girl in her class, though the other students do not know her background. When the only other non-brahmin girls in the class, sensing in her a potential ally and friend, ask what her caste is, the young Baisantry makes a difficult choice. The second selection describes the following year when Baisantry’s sister has also joined the school, and the two together improvise ways of dodging the relentless hostility directed at Dalit children.
Fundamental Rights and Treaty Freedoms: The ‘Derogation Situation’ and Infringement Proceedings
Authors: Prechal Sacha
Published: February 2024

In three recent actions brought by the Commission against Hungary, the Court of Justice was asked to consider whether an infringement action can be brought on the grounds of an alleged violation of a provision of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, in addition to an alleged breach of a Treaty freedom. Ever since the ERT case (the Greek television monopoly case), it has been standard case law that EU fundamental rights can be relied upon in situations where Member States seek to derogate from provisions of EU law (‘derogation situations’). Any justification of restrictive measures relied upon by a Member State must respect fundamental rights. In these three recent judgments, the Court built upon this case law and found that the European Commission may start an infringement action based on the Charter in a ‘derogation situation’ and ask for an independent finding of a breach of the Charter. While the Court is yet to address the question of whether a self-standing claim of alleged non-compliance with a Charter provision can also hold where there is only an infringement of a Treaty freedom without a justification being invoked, the case law as it stands is significant for the protection of fundamental rights. As a separate finding of a breach of fundamental rights in infringement proceedings can entail different consequences, it brings added value for citizens.
The Darker Side of the Internal Market Ideal: EU Migrant Workers Living in a Coastal Town
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Costello Fiona
Published: February 2024

The free movement of people is one of the cornerstones of the internal market, allowing any EU citizen to live and work in another Member State (MS). Much research has been done on intra-Member State migration to metropolitan cities, research which highlights the benefits of free movement. What is less understood is the impact of free movement on small, regional locations which previously experienced little to no inward migration. Our research aims to start filling that gap. It examines the experiences of EU migrant workers who moved to the UK (pre-Brexit) exercising their EU freedom of movement rights. In particular, it looks at EU migrant workers working in low-wage, low-skilled employment in the coastal town of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, in the East of England. We look specifically at the problems EU migrant workers experience in and around housing, an issue which had already been identified by the Member States in the 1950s as a potential flashpoint. Housing has always been a sensitive issue for receiving states, as well as for locals and for migrants. We wish to argue that the requirement of equal treatment, the key right under EU law, means little in practice for the day-to-dayexperience of migrant workers yet it creates tensions within the local community.
Tiberius in Space
Authors: Ash Rhiannon
Published: February 2024

Recently, an especially rich growth area in Classics has been critical engagement with concepts of physical space (both real and imagined). This chapter contributes to these wider debates through the distinctive field of ‘proxemics’(originally rooted in the disciplines of social anthropology and psychology, but especially fruitful when applied to ancient depictions of Roman emperors). By using Tiberius as a case study, the chapter maps out how creatively ancient sources depict the emperor in spatial terms. The proxemically challenged Tiberius is so often seen embracing either excessive proximity or excessive distance. Amidst ever widening concentric circles, ranging from his immediate family in the imperial domus to far-distant peoples on the margins of empire, Tiberius is repeatedly shown mishandling his own position in space. The chapter plots Tiberius’ proxemic errors by close readings of suggestive scenes in Tacitus and Suetonius. Above all, Tacitus caustically exploits concepts of physical space and proxemics in portraying Tiberius, wittily cast as a deviant asteroid or comet, gravitationally bound to Rome, but with his own eccentric and unpredictable orbit (Annals 6.15). Ultimately, Tacitus displays ‘Tiberius in space’ during the twilight years of his principate, when the quirky emperor becomes a satellite menacingly circling the city as if heralding his own imminent demise.
Looking for Representations of Emperors in Late Antique Popular Culture
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: February 2024

Rather than looking at the emperor from the viewpoint of the elites of the Roman empire, this chapter focuses on the image of the emperor in popular culture, focusing on late antiquity in particular. It looks first at visual images of emperors across a range of media (ranging from painted panels to dessert moulds) and examines their varied roles in visual and material culture. Next discussion turns to the diverse stories told about emperors in texts from across and beyond the Roman empire, including the lively Syriac traditions about (and against) Julian. The final section considers carnival as the richest context of all for the reception of the imperial image in popular culture, taking in abusive poetry, subversive mine, and the assault of imperial portraits. Well-known stories, texts, and images are in this way combined with less familiar material to provide new insights into a much wider range of responses to imperial power and its representation.
Retrospective Parentage
Authors: Goodman Penelope J.
Published: February 2024

No one would have called Augustus a ‘father of Europe’ in his own lifetime. For his contemporaries, Europe was a geographical concept rather than a political unit or cultural identity, and in any case his empire also included territory in the geographical regions of Asia and Africa. Nonetheless, two thousand years later, he is regularly claimed by Europeans as a cultural ancestor. This chapter shows how this claim evolved, from early references to Charlemagne as pater Europae to the empires of the Habsburgs and Victorian Britain to a post-war Europe seeking a shared identity. Importantly, although it rests on claims of continuity between antiquity and the present, it could only have been articulated after a coherent sense of European cultural identity emerged in the context of early modern imperialism. Two periods of intensive engagement with Augustus occurred at the bimillennia of his birth in 1938 and death in 2014. Their commemorative geography reveals a stark gulf between the European and the African and Asian parts of Augustus’ former empire. Though in some places Augustus was used as a means of bridging cultural divides, the strength of his historical identification with Europe is probably too strong for this to be genuinely effective.
Rhetorical Strategy and Legal Force in Pufendorf’s State of Nature
Authors: Evrigenis Ioannis , Somos Mark
Published: February 2024

This chapter shows that Pufendorf cast the state of nature in an innovative form of legal fiction by extending and adapting, rather than refuting, Hobbes’s rhetorical agenda for formulating and deploying the state of nature theme. Pufendorf based his approach to Hobbes’s state of nature on his own conceptualization of legal fictions, the forms they can assume, and the roles that they can play, yielding a more technically legal and narrower conception of the state of nature. Having missed this aspect of Pufendorf’s approach, influential commentators have misrepresented both Pufendorf’s relationship to Hobbes and the significance of Pufendorf’s legal and international thought.
Sex and Gender in Pufendorf’s International Political Thought
Authors: Odzuck Eva
Published: February 2024

This chapter shows how the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ lead to the centre of Pufendorf’s international political thought by illuminating the state’s biological and mental dimensions. In his De jurae naturae et gentium, Pufendorf argues that the sovereign must use the subject’s bodies for reproduction, defence, and winning allies. But to successfully direct bodies, it is not sufficient for the sovereign to give laws. He must also shape the subject’s wills by education and custom. Since human beings are proud, and male and female bodies can fulfil different functions for the body politic, a gendered politics of self-esteem is needed to direct the subject’s bodies. Overall, Pufendorf’s advice for the sovereign is to combine a politics of the body with a politics of self-esteem. For example, marriage licences for foreigners can serve the dual purpose of (re-)gaining strength in numbers and pacifying other nations’ self-esteem with exclusive rights.
The Reception of Pufendorf’s ‘International Thought’ in Eighteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Nokkala Ere
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the reception of Pufendorf’s international thought in eighteenth-century German debates. First, it studies the reception and critique of Pufendorf’s ideas by the leading advocate of perfectionist metaphysics (Christian Wolff), who emphasized perfectibility as the destiny of humanity in contrast to willed sociability. Second, the chapter explores the sharpest rejection of Pufendorf’s ‘intellectualist’ idea of sociability, which came from a seminal advocate of the emerging Staatswissenschaften (Johann Jacob Schmauss). Finally, the chapter examines the responses to Pufendorf’s international thought by the leading cameralist (Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi). The eighteenth-century appropriation of Pufendorf’s work was, to a great extent, conditioned by the changing politics, law, and history of the Holy Roman Empire. Once the structure and stability of the sovereign territorial state had become relatively settled, it then became possible to constitute a political and administrative domain whose main concern was commerce and the welfare of the population.
Healthy work in a national and international perspective
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian
Published: February 2024

In the first part of this chapter, the intervention perspective of healthy work is extended beyond the meso-level context of enterprises and other organizations to include national labour and social policies as well as programmes of international organizations. New research results from cross-country investigations across Europe illustrate the important role of integrative and protective labour market policies in securing good quality psychosocial work environments along with improved well-being of working people. Policy efforts of supranational organizations, specifically the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, promote national-level developments, most effectively in high- income countries. In contrast, low- and middle- income countries still suffer from substantial shortcomings in occupational health and safety measures, implementation of international standards of decent work, and of essential labour and social policies. The second part of the chapter addresses challenges of improving these conditions. Transformation of work in the context of economic globalization and technological innovation, accelerated by threats of the COVID-19 pandemic, offers a window of opportunity. Promoting occupational health research, including its psychosocial dimensions, in these regions is one component of a set of pro-active strategies needed to strengthen healthy work in the Global South.
Courts’ Review of Regulatory and Supervisory Decisions
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter analyses the role of courts and court review in shaping the structure of financial regulation and supervision, and its key regulatory concepts. First, it analyses the main case law on vertical power allocation of power between state and federal levels in the US, in cases on ‘the business of banking’, branching restrictions or FinTech charters, and national and supranational levels in the EU, in cases about the respective powers of the ECB and national supervisors, composite procedures, or the application of domestic law by EU institutions. Secondly, it analyses ‘horizontal’ cases, where courts reflected on the role of delegation to agencies. In third place, the chapter analyses the cases where courts scrutinized the ‘regulatory perimeter’ of ‘shadow banking’ activities and banking groups. In fourth place, the chapter makes a comparative assessment of the standard of review of acts by financial authorities. This comprises the substantive review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard in the US, using cost-benefit analysis, and the ‘finalistic review’ by EU courts, which insist on having the last word on the meaning of specific legal/regulatory concepts. It also compares the more ‘procedural’ dimension of ‘arbitrary and capricious’ in the US to the process-based review and procedural safeguards in EU case law. Finally, the chapter analyses the standard of review applicable to cases of ‘punitive’ measures, such as sanctions, penalties, and also other enforcement measures.
A Snapshot of the Current Court System’s Nodes and Challenges
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides a view of the current landscape of courts and quasi-courts (i.e. specialized bodies) in the field of financial dispute resolution in the European Union, and analyses how it works as a ‘system’. First, it analyses the system of ‘nodes’, or dispute resolution bodies in public law disputes, including the coordination between national and European courts, between national courts, and between courts and quasi-courts, i.e. specialized appeal bodies. Secondly, it analyses the system of nodes for private law disputes, including courts with a vocation for international financial and/or commercial disputes, such as the Financial List, or courts in France, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, China, or the US, mechanisms for mass, small-ticket disputes, ADR mechanisms, as well as the role of private law disputes as a follow-up of public law disputes, or an enforcement mechanism of public regulatory law. Finally, the chapter analyses the interplay between specialist financial courts and commercial and investment arbitration.
A way forward: Specialized courts in the law of finance in the EU
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos
Published: February 2024

This chapter draws lessons from the analysis in Chapters 12 and 13, and offers some conclusions about the role of specialized justice in financial disputes in the European Union, for both public law and private law disputes, using the existing legal basis in the Treaties. It discusses the existing precedent of the Unified Patent Court, as a mechanism outside the EU framework, but which applies EU law. The chapter also discusses the relationship of this specialist system with national systems of courts and dispute resolution, on the basis of the principles of procedural autonomy, equivalence, and effectiveness, as well as national constitutional counter-limits. It finishes with a cautious proposal to reform the existing court system in the law of finance.
“Not a Difference of Species”
Authors: Bryant Joan L.
Published: February 2024

The chapter locates the origins of race challenges in opposition to the American Colonization Society’s initiative to remove free people of color from the United States and settle them in Africa. It tracks how disavowals of Africa in anti-colonization meetings developed into claims to American nationality in the national conventions of the 1830s. It explains how this process affected the idea of an African race as free colored men struggled to forge a collective identity as American reformers. Their arguments against the idea that they naturally belonged in Africa highlighted and refuted the racial premise of colonization endeavors and American citizenship.
Prime Hands
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the Prime Hands on the cluster of plantations on the lower part of the Combahee River that were born between 1824 and 1844. It details the Prime Hands’ years of experience working at their crafts and completing whole tasks, such as identifying rice as the Carolina Colony’s staple crop. It also explores the marriage of Raid-era Prime Hands in the 1840’s and 1850’s in “slave custom”, noting that the overwhelming majority of Prime Hands married other Prime Hands. The chapter mentions Titus Burns, an enslaved class leader, that performed the marriage ceremony for Prime Hands William Young and Sina Bolze in January 1858 in the church on Cypress Plantation. It considers Prime Hands as the engines that generated millions of bushels of rice every year and made the Combahee planters very wealthy.