bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Guide to Just and Fair Remediation of Counseling Students with Professional Performance Deficiencies
Authors: McAdams Charles R. , Foster Victoria A.
Published: December 2011

Ethical standards for counselor training require remediation of students with professional performance deficiencies. However, standards fail to specify the type or extent of remediation necessary to safeguard students' legal rights or justify dismissal if remediation is unsuccessful. Critical assessment of remedial practices in counselor preparation has occurred primarily in the courts when the constitutionality of specific practices was challenged. Prompted by a recent court challenge and its implications for curricular and policy change (C. R. McAdams, V. A. Foster, & T. J. Ward, 2007), this article examines court‐tested methods of student remediation and presents them as a guide for developing just and fair student remediation policies.
Learning to be a Counselor: A Prepracticum Point of View
Authors: Woodside Marianne , Oberman Aaron H. , Cole Kylie G. , Carruth Ellen K.
Published: December 2011

Research team conducted 8 phenomenological interviews with pre‐practicum counseling students at a southeastern research university regarding the students' experiences of learning to be a counselor. Seven themes emerged from analyzing transcripts of the audiotaped individual interviews: the journey, decision making, self‐doubt, counseling is, learning, boundaries, and differences. Results indicate that students view their experiences as a journey permeated with self‐doubt.
Do Counselor Education Programs Promote Wellness in Their Students?
Authors: Roach Leila F. , Young Mark E.
Published: December 2011

It is widely accepted that counselor impairment presents a problem in the counseling profession (M. E. Young & G. W. Lambie, 2007). Wellness as a unifying philosophy in counselor education may be a way to prevent impairment and burnout in students and professionals. Although counselor educators strive to promote a wellness philosophy in students, their efforts may be largely unsuccessful. This study examines the influence of counselor education programs on counselor wellness by investigating broad trends in levels of wellness among students at 3 points in their training and offers insights into the influence of wellness in the training of today's counselors.
The Relationship Among Wellness, Psychological Distress, and Social Desirability of Entering Master's‐Level Counselor Trainees
Authors: Smith Heather L. , Robinson E. H. Mike , Young Mark E.
Published: December 2011

Two‐hundred and four entering master's‐level counseling students from 9 programs in 5 states participated in a study testing the only counseling‐based wellness assessment measure, the Five Factor Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (J. E. Myers, R. M. Luecht, & T. J. Sweeney, 2004), for its relationship to 2 other constructs: psychological distress and social desirability. There was a statistically significant negative relationship between level of wellness and psychological distress; the relationship between level of wellness and social desirability was found to have no statistical significance; and there was a statistically significant negative relationship between level of social desirability and psychological distress. Implications for counselor education and clinical significance are included.
Consensual Faculty—Student Sexual Relationships in Counselor Education: Recommendations for Counselor Educators' Decision Making
Authors: Kress Victoria E. , Dixon Andrea
Published: December 2011

The authors explore the issue of consensual sexual relationships between counselor educators and students. The American Counseling Association's (2005) ACA Code of Ethics is consulted, and the complex issues associated with these relationships are discussed. A case example is provided that generates suggestions to guide counselor educators' decision making related to consensual sexual relationships with students.
Training International Social Change Agents: Transcending a U.S. Counseling Paradigm
Authors: Gerstein Lawrence H. , Ægisdóttir Stefanía
Published: December 2011

Recommendations are offered for training counseling students to address international issues. The authors discuss, for instance, the importance of learning about cultures outside the United States, the role of bias in international work, the dangers of implementing mental health delivery systems based on models derived in the United States, how to broaden one's research methodology, and the role of social change. Through this article, the authors hope to inspire counseling social change agents to consider the practice of counseling beyond the borders of the United States.
Developing Multicultural Competence Using the Structured Peer Group Supervision Model
Authors: Lassiter Pamela S. , Napolitano Louise , Culbreth John R. , Ng Kok‐Mun
Published: December 2011

Interest in the role of supervision in counselor training has increased concurrent with the interest in effective strategies for developing multicultural counseling competency. L. D. Borders (1991) proposed a model of group supervision appropriate for use with supervisees of differing skill levels; however, the model does not overtly provide for supervisees' development of multicultural awareness and skills. This article presents a format of peer group multicultural supervision in which supervisees work to increase their multicultural competencies while engaging in helper roles important for working with culturally diverse clients.
Cognitive Techniques as a Means for Facilitating Supervisee Development
Authors: Kindsvatter Aaron , Granello Darcy Haag , Duba Jill
Published: December 2011

During periods of uncertainty or psychological distress, a supervisee may encounter or develop rigid or unhelpful thinking patterns that could delay development by promoting discouraging realities and experiences. Such cognitive experiences often are so subtle that they occur outside of the supervisee's immediate awareness. This article explores how the cognitive model of counseling could be used in supervision as a guide to help the supervisor and supervisee discover and modify negative thought processes.
Counselor Training: Empirical Findings and Current Approaches
Authors: Buser Trevor J.
Published: December 2011

The literature on counselor training has included attention to cognitive and interpersonal skill development and has reported on empirical findings regarding the relationship of training with client outcomes. This article reviews the literature on each of these topics and discusses empirical and theoretical underpinnings of recently developed approaches to counselor training: the Skilled Group Counselor Training Model (M. H. Smaby, C. D. Maddux, E. Torres‐Rivera, & R. Zimmick, 1999) and the Skilled Counselor Training Model (S. Urbani et al., 2002). Critique of this literature includes suggestions for further research on the effectiveness of counselor training.
Professional Development Plans to Remedy Problematic Counseling Student Behaviors
Authors: Kress Victoria E. , Protivnak Jake J.
Published: December 2011

Professional development plans (PDPs) are contracts used to address problematic student behaviors in counselor education. The PDP can be used to systematically document and address (a) faculty expectations of the student, (b) specific behaviors required of the student, (c) tasks in which the student and faculty will engage to facilitate student success, and (d) consequences if the student does not successfully address the expected tasks and engage in the required behaviors. A sample PDP is provided, and practice suggestions are discussed.
Preparing Entry‐Level Counselors for Collaboration
Authors: Baker Stanley B. , Grimmett Marc A. , Cannon Sharon McMillen , Ting Siu‐Man Raymond , Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia C. , Gerler Edwin R. , Maxwell Millie , Edwards‐Joseph Arline R. A. C.
Published: December 2011

Over a period of 5 years, faculty members from the North Carolina State University's Counselor Education Program have integrated a curriculum enhancement to promote collaboration behaviors among program graduates across the master's degree options for training school, college, and community counselors. The School–College–Community Collaboration (SC3) idea was integrated into a 48‐credit master's degree curriculum accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. The authors present the rationale for the training program, historical background, program enhancement content, evaluation findings and faculty responses, and future plans for the SC3 enhancement program.
Faith Development Theory as a Context for Supervision of Spiritual and Religious Issues
Authors: Parker Stephen
Published: December 2011

Although there is a growing interest in spirituality and religious issues in counseling, little has been written for the supervisor. This article addresses this need by demonstrating how J. Fowler's (1981) model of faith development stages can inform supervisory work with spiritual and religious issues. Faith Development Theory is a growth‐oriented approach to spiritual and religious development that focuses on adaptive rather than pathological qualities and fits well with developmental models of supervision. Fictitious scenarios illustrate the utility of J. Fowler's (1981) theory for working with spiritual and religious issues that surface in supervisory contexts.
Privileged Identity Exploration: Examining Counselor Trainees' Reactions to Difficult Dialogues
Authors: Watt Sherry K. , Curtis Gregg C. , Drummond Jerri , Kellogg Angela H. , Lozano Adele , Nicoli Gina Tagliapietra , Rosas Marisela
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study, the authors examined master's‐level counselor trainees' reactions to difficult dialogues in the classroom regarding racism, heterosexism/homophobia, and ableism over a 3‐year period. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research method as introduced by C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, and E. N. Williams (1997), the data analysis team analyzed narrative and reaction papers submitted during a didactic course on multiculturalism. Behavioral reactions were identified that form the basis for this study: denial, deflection, rationalization, intellectualization, principium, false envy, minimization, and benevolence.
Improving a Counselor Education Web Site Through Usability Testing: The Bibliotherapy Education Project
Authors: McMillen Paula S. , Pehrsson Dale‐Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

Technology proficiency expectations have proliferated in counselor education; however, limited information in the counseling literature details how to effectively evaluate or refine online resources from a design/utility standpoint. This description of a small‐scale usability study demonstrates a cost‐effective strategy for improving counselor education Web sites. Counselor education students completed specific tasks related to the target Web site's purpose and functionality. Error and completion rates were tracked and process comments were recorded. Combined qualitative and quantitative results clearly indicated what worked and what did not, allowing the Web site designers to prioritize needed changes in content organization, format/graphics, and workflow.
Single‐Case Design in Child Counseling Research: Implications for Counselor Education
Authors: Ray Dee C. , Minton Casey A. Barrio , Schottelkorb April A. , Brown April Garofano
Published: December 2011

Counselor education programs are ethically bound to teach methods of research and evaluation so counselors may identify counseling methods that have a reasonable probability of success. Single‐case design represents rigorous research practice, is amenable to practice, and allows the practitioner the opportunity to explore interventions from quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Key elements of single‐case methodology are reviewed, including benefits, specific details, and pitfalls related to conducting single‐case research with children. A case study and suggestions for implementation in counselor education are provided.
Using National Education Longitudinal Data Sets in School Counseling Research
Authors: Bryan Julia A. , Day‐Vines Norma L. , Holcomb‐McCoy Cheryl , Moore‐Thomas Cheryl
Published: December 2011

National longitudinal databases hold much promise for school counseling researchers. Several of the more frequently used data sets, possible professional implications, and strategies for acquiring training in the use of large‐scale national data sets are described. A 6‐step process for conducting research with the data sets is explicated: determining research questions, accessing the data set, understanding the study's sample design, determining an analytic sample, considering pertinent data analysis issues, and understanding the limitations of using the data sets. Suggestions for preparing school counseling researchers and potential themes for future research are outlined.
Psychological Climate, Stress, and Research Integrity Among Research Counselor Educators: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wester Kelly L. , Willse John T. , Davis Mark S.
Published: December 2011

In this quantitative study, 187 counselor educators at research institutions reported engaging in responsible conduct of research (RCR), with a few individuals reporting deviations from ethical behavior. Tenure‐seeking faculty members indicated a greater likelihood of deviating from acceptable research practices than did tenured faculty members. The psychological meaningfulness of one's department and research ethics training positively related to engagement in RCR, explaining 18% of the variance. Implications for training of research ethics are discussed, along with suggestions for environmental needs within counseling departments to potentially increase psychological meaningfulness for faculty members.
Chi Sigma Iota Chapter Leadership and Professional Identity Development in Early Career Counselors
Authors: Luke Melissa , Goodrich Kristopher M.
Published: December 2011

As the academic and professional honor society of counseling, Chi Sigma Iota (CSI) has been recognized in developing advocacy, leadership, and professional identity in student and professional members. A qualitative, grounded theory study was conducted to investigate experiences of 15 early career counselors who were CSI chapter leaders as graduate students. An emergent theory of CSI chapter leadership and professional identity development in early career counselors is presented. Implications are discussed for counselor educators, CSI leaders, and counseling students and professionals, with suggestions made for future research.
A Grounded Theory of Counselor Educators Integrating Social Justice Into Their Pedagogy
Authors: Odegard Melissa A. , Vereen Linwood G.
Published: December 2011

The topic of social justice has received considerable attention in the counseling literature; however, little empirical research exists. This grounded theory study examined 4 counselor educators' process of integrating social justice constructs into their pedagogy. Data analysis revealed 4 primary experiences that emerged in the participants' descriptions of their integration of social justice into their pedagogy. Implications for counselor educators and future research are presented.
African American Students in Counselor Education Programs: Perceptions of Their Experiences
Authors: Henfield Malik S. , Owens Delila , Witherspoon Sheila
Published: December 2011

The authors explored 11 African American doctoral students' perceptions of their experiences in counselor education programs, and their findings are presented. Using a phenomenological methodological framework, the authors investigated the various systems of support that students use as they navigate their respective programs. Human agency was the theoretical framework for this study, and 4 themes emerged from the data: assertiveness, more experienced African American students, race‐based organizations, and personal and professional care from advisors. Implications for students and counselor education programs are discussed.
Cybersupervision: Further Examination of Synchronous and Asynchronous Modalities in Counseling Practicum Supervision
Authors: Chapman Russell A. , Baker Stanley B. , Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia C. , Gerler Edwin R.
Published: December 2011

The authors used an intensive single‐subject quantitative design to examine cybersupervision of counseling practicum students in a university setting. Five female supervisees volunteered to receive their required weekly supervision online during a 14‐week, semester‐long counseling practicum. Following a face‐to‐face orientation meeting, all remaining interactions among the supervisees and with the supervisor occurred electronically. Data were collected about the utility of the synchronous and asynchronous modalities, changes in supervisee competence and confidence during the practicum, and supervisee attitudes about the cybersupervision approach. The findings offered evidence that the web‐based modality could be used in similar settings.
A Preliminary Examination of Burnout Among Counselor Trainees Treating Clients With Recent Suicidal Ideation and Borderline Traits
Authors: Miller Grant D. , Iverson Katherine M. , Kemmelmeier Markus , MacLane Chelsea , Pistorello Jacqueline , Fruzzetti Alan E. , Watkins Melanie M. , Pruitt Larry D. , Oser Megan , Katrichak Barrie M. , Erikson Karen M. , Crenshaw Katrina Y.
Published: December 2011

Treating suicidal clients with borderline traits can be conducive to burnout. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) may assuage this burnout in counselors. As part of a DBT treatment outcome study, 6 counselors in training collected their own salivary cortisol samples and completed self‐report measures of burnout and well‐being for 1 year. Findings indicate a significant interaction for cortisol levels by treatment condition, such that DBT counselors experienced less physiological stress over time relative to a control group of counselors. There were no group differences in self‐reported burnout or well‐being. DBT may have a salutary effect on trainees' physiological stress levels over time.
Freedom: Toward an Integration of the Counseling Profession
Authors: Hanna Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Freedom is presented as an overarching paradigm that may align and bring together the counseling profession's diverse counseling theories and open a doorway to a new generation of counseling techniques. Freedom is defined and discussed in terms of its 4 modalities: freedom from, freedom to, freedom with, and freedom for. The long‐standing problem of theoretical integration of counseling and psychotherapy is explored in combination with the phenomenon of therapeutic change in the context of freedom. The new paradigm generates new and possibly more effective counseling techniques by aligning and incorporating freedom with such ideas as agency, self‐determination, metacognition, mindfulness, and often unexamined Asian therapeutic techniques from yoga and Buddhism.
Supervisee Incompatibility and Its Influence on Triadic Supervision: An Examination of Doctoral Student Supervisors' Perspectives
Authors: Hein Serge F. , Lawson Gerard , Rodriguez Christopher P.
Published: December 2011

A qualitative study was conducted to explore supervisors' experiences of supervisee incompatibility in triadic supervision. In‐depth interviews were completed with 9 doctoral student supervisors in a counselor education program, and a whole‐text analysis generated 3 categories. Supervisee incompatibility took a wide variety of forms and negatively affected the content of supervision, including its progress and productivity. It also negatively influenced the process of supervision, including the feedback and support offered by either the supervisor or the supervisees and the general atmosphere of supervision meetings. Implications of the findings for counseling supervision and for further research are also addressed.
The Management Game: An Educational Intervention for Counseling Women With Nontraditional Career Goals
Authors: HAMMER‐HIGGINS PAULA , ATWOOD VIRGINIA A.
Published: December 2011

Based on empirical and descriptive research, The Management Game is a psychoeducational interventive model developed to sensitize counselors and clients to the many barriers faced by women who choose nontraditional careers.
Career Navigator: Its Use With College Students Beginning the Job Search Process
Authors: GARIS JEFFREY W. , HESS H. RICHARD
Published: December 2011

This study explored the effects of the Career Navigator program on college student self‐rated knowledge and skill in the job search process as compared to a professional development business administration course and a no‐treatment control group.
Central Utah's JTPA Career Guidance and Job Placement Program
Authors: ARMSTRONG RICHARD N.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a successful career guidance and job placement model employed by a Utah Job Training Partnership Act program that is distinguished by the unusually synergistic nature of its organizational system.
Making Things Clearer by Making Them Fuzzy: Counseling Illustrations of a Fuzzy Graphic Rating Scale
Authors: PRYOR ROBERT G. L. , HESKETH BERYL , GLEITZMAN MELANIE
Published: December 2011

The development and evaluation of a fuzzy graphic rating scale to measure work attitudes are outlined. Some examples of participants' fuzzy responses are included to illustrate the potential usefulness of this approach.
Using Career Information With Dropouts and At‐Risk Youth
Authors: BLOCH DEBORAH PERLMUTTER
Published: December 2011

A survey of sites using the Career Information System identified successful career development programs for dropouts and potential dropouts. Model programs and program development guidelines are described.
C. H. Patterson on Client‐Centered Career Counseling: An Interview
Authors: Freeman Suzanne C.
Published: December 2011

C. H. Patterson discusses career counseling as it can be accomplished within the client‐centered approach. He notes the importance of the core conditions, the relationship of career counseling to therapy, the difficulty of counselor or therapist role change, the use of interpretation of tests, and the role of the client in the process. Included at the end of this article is a list of relevant publications authored by C. H. Patterson.
Preretirement Counseling: Integrating the Leisure Planning Component
Authors: Liptak John J.
Published: December 2011

Recent research has suggested that individuals who plan for retirement are more successful in coping with the transition than those who fail to plan. Continuation in meaningful life activities can lead to greater self‐fulfillment in a retiree's newfound leisure time. Resources available to assist people in life/career planning have often neglected the aspect of planning for leisure, while resources that do address the aspect of leisure usually fail to describe the leisure planning process. This article illustrates the leisure planning process by describing various aspects of goal setting and action planning.
Career Aspirations in Cataclysmic Times
Authors: Hart Susan L.
Published: December 2011

Influences on the development of children's career aspirations are discussed from converging theoretical viewpoints: the literature that directly addresses children's career notions and the unique perspective of the literature on the psychological impact on the young of the nuclear threat. The basic terminologies of two prominent stage theories of career development are presented as a conceptual link between these normally disparate areas of inquiry. It is suggested that the nuclear threat literature reveals pertinent variables for the study of children's career aspirations and offers challenging implications for career guidance practice.
Vocational Personality Types and Sex‐Role Perceptions of Teachers, Counselors, and Educational Administrators
Authors: Schuttenberg Ernest M. , O'Dell Frank L. , Kaczala Caroline M.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationships of sex, length of service, vocational personality types, and sex‐role self‐perceptions with job satisfaction levels of 200 school teachers, 200 school counselors, and 200 building‐level administrators. It was found that, while length of service was not significantly related to the assumption of a particular vocational personality type, there was indication of a positive relationship between androgynous sex‐role self‐perceptions and high job satisfaction for both female and male respondents. Implications of these findings for the career development of educators are discussed, and suggestions for further research are noted.
The Meaning of Work and Love: Career Issues and Interventions
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Examining concepts about work and love can help people increase their career success and life satisfaction. Career counselors may initiate this examination by eliciting clients' concepts about work and love. After hearing a client's ideas about work and love, counselors can compare this personal meaning to the social meaning of work and love. When this comparison reveals dysfunctional beliefs about work and love, counselors can link these beliefs to their client's career concerns. Such a linkage typically provokes a cognitive dissonance that motivates clients to modify their beliefs. Counselors can facilitate meaning modification by using client‐centered and social influence techniques.
Career Counseling of Chinese American Women: Are They in Limbo?
Authors: Yang Julia
Published: December 2011

The voices for political and financial equality as well as freedom in work and family appear persuasive in the United States. The traditional cultural thoughts, however, persist to alienate Chinese American women from their American counterparts and from the world of work. Counselors play a vital role in exploring the cultural values and specific career needs of Chinese American women and in promoting a healthier environment in which Chinese American women can be empowered to fulfill their optimum occupational potential. In this article, the cultural values and vocational barriers of Chinese American women are explored, and suggestions for career counseling approaches are provided.
Missing Measures of the Who and Why of School Dropouts: Implications for Policy and Research
Authors: Bloch Deborah Perlmutter
Published: December 2011

Because of the relevance of high school education to later career development, counselors and other career development professionals are urged to take an activist role in school improvement. Following a review of the literature and other observations, five goals of a policy and research agenda are discussed: (1) to develop a commonly accepted definition of a dropout; (2) to improve methods of pupil accounting; (3) to separate the causes and identifiers of at‐risk behavior; (4) to analyze the relevance of the questions asked about at‐risk youth; and (5) to engage in institutional self‐examination. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are presented.
How Long Does Unemployment Last?
Authors: Wegmann Robert
Published: December 2011

A typical period of unemployment lasts 2 or 3 months. The length of a period of unemployment varies considerably, however, depending on age, sex, race, and level of education. Older, college‐educated workers often face a job search period of 4–6 months. It is also important to note that one unemployed person in three stops looking for work and withdraws from the labor force (at least temporarily) before a job is obtained.
Learning Style Characteristics of Adult Dependent Decision Makers: Counseling and Instructional Implications
Authors: Reynolds Jim , Gerstein Martin
Published: December 2011

Dependent decision makers form a significant population of students and adults who seek help from career counselors. This study investigated the learning style characteristics of dependent decision makers in an urban community college setting. The results suggest that the dependent decision makers as a group may have reduced motivation for learning, show limited persistence, and take less responsibility for their learning. Because of these learning style characteristics, we recommend that these characteristics be considered when making counseling interventions and instructional modifications when working with dependent decision makers.
Ninth‐Grade Students' Attitudes Toward Nontraditional Occupations
Authors: McKenna Alice E. , Ferrero Grace W.
Published: December 2011

This study explored how students choose careers, their attitudes toward vocational education, and whether or not they would consider enrolling in a nontraditional vocational education program.
Taking Your Place: A Summer Program to Encourage Nontraditional Career Choices for Adolescent Girls
Authors: Rea‐Poteat Mary B. , Martin Pat F.
Published: December 2011

A 2‐week summer program for adolescent girls featuring awareness of nontraditional career choices was provided via a cooperative plan from a public school system, a community college, and a university. The program included 80 hours of activities: business and industry visitations, technical and trade shop “hands‐on” activities as well as self‐concept building experiences. Upon completion, a majority of the participants reported confidence in learning about and choosing an occupation, and clearer ideas about possible occupations for themselves. Implications of these results for career development practices and research are described.
The Validity of Career Maturity Attitude Measures Among Black and White High School Students
Authors: Westbrook Bert W. , Sanford Eleanor E.
Published: December 2011

To investigate the validity of five career maturity attitude measures among Black and White high school students, the Counseling Form of the Career Maturity Inventory Attitude Scale and a measure of appropriateness of career choices were administered to 83 Black and 239 White high school students. White students scored significantly higher than Black students on Involvement, Independence, and Compromise in Career Decision Making, and on Appropriateness of Career Choices. Reliability coefficients are mostly in the .50s and .60s. None of the five Attitude Scale subscales are related to appropriateness of career choices of Black students, and only one subscale, Compromise, is significantly correlated with appropriateness of career choices of White students. The data do not support the theoretical expectation that career maturity attitudes are related to appropriateness of career choices, and raise questions regarding the validity of inferences made about the career maturity of both Black and White students. Some practical and theoretical implications of the study are identified.
Career Aspirations and Expectations of Black, Mexican American, and White Students
Authors: Arbona Consuelo , Novy Diane M.
Published: December 2011

The career aspirations and expectations of Black, Mexican American, and White college freshmen were examined. In addition, students' career expectations were compared to the jobs available in the labor market. Results suggested that (a) there seem to be more gender than ethnic differences in students' career aspirations and expectations, (b) differences in the career aspirations and expectations among Mexican American and White students followed traditional gender patterns, and (c) with some exceptions, the career expectations of students resembled the distribution of jobs in the labor market.
Career Development and American Indians Living on Reservations: Cross‐Cultural Factors to Consider
Authors: Martin William E.
Published: December 2011

Cross‐cultural factors that can affect optimal career decision making among American Indians living on reservations are discussed in this article. The factors are presented in relation to: (a) knowledge of the world of work, (b) external pressures and (c) assessment. Career counseling strategies are identified that may enhance the career development process.
Career Patterns and Family Status of Women and Men Artists
Authors: Stohs Joanne Hoven
Published: December 2011

These observations are often made about women's career outcomes: (a) women, as compared to men, do not experience career outcomes that are consistent with their training and abilities, and (b) interruptions in women's careers are linked to marriage and children. The current study examined whether these patterns applied to women in art who may have more flexible paid work schedules. Women (N = 109), who trained in art, were compared to their male classmates (N = 99) 18 years after art school. Career patterns, midlife occupations, marital status, and number of children were examined. No gender differences were noted in midlife occupations, however, women experienced significantly more career discontinuity than men, and women with discontinuous careers had significantly more children than women in continuous patterns.
Career Counseling Is Personal Counseling
Authors: Manuele‐Adkins Caroline
Published: December 2011

Despite many changes that have occurred in the field of career counseling, counselors continue to rely on models of counseling that emphasize the rational, informational aspects of career decision making. The author argues that career counselors need to pay more attention to the affective, psychological issues confronting clients with career problems. The impact of significant psychological variables that influence career decision making are discussed: developmental stages and tasks, identity formation and status, self‐concept, psychological needs, and internal barriers.
Student and Counselor Perceptions of Career Counselor Work Activities in a Community College
Authors: Olson Tarin F. , Matkin Ralph E.
Published: December 2011

This study examined whether differences exist between student and counselor perceptions of work activities performed by the latter group in a large Southern California community college. Participants responded to a 40‐item questionnaire indicating whether tasks were actually performed, and whether they ought be performed by counselors when providing career guidance. Chi‐square with Yates's correction for continuity and Fisher's Exact Test were used to analyze the data. Statistically significant results indicated that students did not believe that counselors were actually performing the majority of tasks commonly and ideally associated with career counseling services. Although students and counselors agreed on ideal career counselor work activities, counselor responses revealed no difference between their actual and ideal duties.
Social Status Ranking of Occupations in the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, and the United States
Authors: Fredrickson Ronald H. , Lin Jun‐chih Gisela , Xing Shaomin
Published: December 2011

College students (1,039) in three different countries ranked 24 occupations according to social status, as they perceived it existing in their respective societies. The selected occupations were first used by Counts in 1925. There was more agreement than disagreement in the rankings, although exceptions were noted and explained by local conditions. If social status is a determining factor in occupational choice, this cross‐cultural study may be useful in examining differences and similarities among college students in different parts of the world.
Self‐Esteem, Vocational Identity, and Career Salience in High School Students
Authors: Munson Wayne W.
Published: December 2011

This study used Super's (1980) life span career development theory to investigate the relations between self‐esteem level, vocational identity, and career salience in high school students. Two hundred fifty‐one students were randomly selected from junior classes in urban, suburban, rural, and vocational schools. Results indicated that high self‐esteem students scored significantly higher than low self‐esteem students on vocational identity and career salience (participation, commitment, and values expectations) in school and home or family roles, but they did not differ on work, community, or leisure roles. Implications for life span career counseling are discussed.
Generating Hypotheses From Rachel's Strong Profile
Authors: Swanson Jane L.
Published: December 2011

To formulate my reaction to the case materials for Rachel, I imagined how I might use the available information to prepare myself to see Rachel for career counseling. Rachel's case presents an excellent illustration of how the Strong profile can be used to generate hypotheses about the career conflict she is experiencing, how career counseling might progress, and potential issues to explore with her in counseling. Furthermore, Rachel's case provides an example of how information from her profile might be integrated with other available case information. I have divided my reaction into two sections: pre‐session preparation, and issues to explore with Rachel in counseling.
Jeopardy: A Career Information Game for School Counselors
Authors: Miller Mark J. , Knippers Julie Anna
Published: December 2011

This article outlines one innovative approach by which school counselors can reinforce students' learning of important career information.
Cross‐Cultural Vocational Assessment
Authors: Fouad Nadya A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the influence of culture on four stages of vocational assessment. The article reviews the role culture plays in problem clarification, information gathering, understanding the problem, and coping with the problem. Issues in the use of standardized tests across cultures are addressed, and research on cross‐cultural interest assessment is highlighted.
Reading Between the Lines: A Case Discussion
Authors: Lent Ellen B.
Published: December 2011

I approached this interesting case from my usual person‐centered theoretical perspective. After considering some discrepancies between the assessment results, the client's stated presenting problem, and the case material description, I imagined conducting my own intake interview with the client. I quickly found myself puzzled. This case discussion will present (a) the partly intuitive process I used to figure it out, (b) my impressions and hypotheses, and (c) a case conceptualization and recommendation.
The Case of Rosie: An Adlerian Response
Authors: Powers Robert L. , Griffith Jane
Published: December 2011

This response is based in the perspective of Individual Psychology, especially in addressing Rosie's stated sense of failure in each of the three life tasks identified by Alfred Adler (1964) as confronting all human beings and defining the requirements for successful adaptation. These are (a) the social task of friendship and making one's place in the community; (b) the task of love and sexuality; and (c) the task of work. Each of these is dictated by the social character of human being, and is seen as ineluctable, given the way humankind's successful evolution was secured by the capacity for language, the revering of social‐sexual bonds, and the exchange of goods and services through the division of labor.
Career Salience of Institutionalized Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Munson Wayne W. , Strauss Christine F.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated self‐esteem and career salience of institutionalized adolescent offenders in the context of Super's (1980) lifespan career development theory. Participants were 185 male adolescents. Results indicated that participation, commitment, and values expectations in home‐family roles contribute significantly to self‐esteem in adolescent offenders. Additionally, adolescent offenders differ from adolescent non‐offenders on home‐family and work roles, with adolescent offenders scoring higher. Implications for career counseling of institutionalized adolescent offenders for transition into the community are discussed.
Career Certainty and Short‐term Changes in Work Values During Adolescence
Authors: Schulenberg John , Vondracek Fred W. , Kim Jeong‐Ran
Published: December 2011

This study examined how career certainty, grade level, and gender relate to short‐term changes in work values (Human‐Personal, Non‐Work, Power‐Control, Money‐Security) among junior high and high school students (N = 496). With scores based on multivariate ANOVAs, the high and moderate career certainty groups scored significantly higher than the low certainty group on all work values except Non‐Work at time 1 (similar results were found at time 2, 6 months later). Between time 1 and 2, each work value declined slightly but significantly; for both Human‐Personal and Power‐Control, however, the decline over time was greater for the high certainty group than for the low certainty group. The findings suggest that during adolescence, higher career certainty reflects greater engagement in a vocational identity search and a more active consideration of work values.
Comprehensive Interests Measurement in Counseling for Congruence
Authors: Meir Elchanan I.
Published: December 2011

This article suggests that counselors measure vocational interests by using three interest inventories: the Ramak Interest Inventory, the Courses Interest Inventory, and the Self‐Directed Search (Holland, 1985). Some implications from studies on (a) vocational congruence, (b) environmental congruence, (c) the structure of occupational fields and (d) within‐occupation congruence are discussed. Five defense mechanisms for clients who happen to be in an incongruent occupation or environment are presented.
Initial Career and Work Meanings in Seven European Countries
Authors: Claes Rita , Quintanilla S. Antonio Ruiz
Published: December 2011

This study explores the initial careers of two target groups of young adults in seven European countries. Career patterns have been constructed through cluster analysis on data gathered from the young adults through a retrospective self‐report procedure covering a period of 2.5 years. Six career patterns have been identified across countries by the activities taking place (employment, various educational preparations, unemployment, military or civil service) and have been further described by personal and work‐related variables as well as by meaning of work indices (work centrality, intrinsic versus extrinsic work orientations, and societal norms about working) and psychological well‐being in the second year on the labor market. Suggestions for further research as well as the implications for career counseling, career education, organizational career guidance and development have been given.
Donald Edwin Super: The Career of a Planful Explorer
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Donald Edwin Super was a member of the National Career Development Association from 1934 to 1994, a full 60 years. Starting at midcentury, his writings and lectures provided the main impetus to expand vocational guidance to encompass career counseling. This article, structured around the five stages in Super's life stage model and narrated in the language of vocational development tasks that he identified and researched, tells the story of Super's own career development and extrapolates the major themes in his unparalleled career as a vocational psychologist and career counselor.
Measuring Career Development: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Savickas Mark L.
Published: December 2011

Donald E. Super's work to linguistically explicate and operationally define career development and its central processes has strongly influenced how counselors throughout the world comprehend and guide their clients' vocational behavior. Starting at midcentury, Super conceptualized career development in terms of life stages and developmental tasks. He proposed that counselors measure career maturity, globally, by comparing chronological age with developmental task being encountered, and that they measure career maturity, specifically, by identifying the coping methods used in facing a task. Super advanced counselors' abilities to understand and counsel adolescents who are trying to specify educational and vocational choices by explaining the importance of career choice readiness and by devising measures of career maturity. To complement the construct of maturation as the central process in adolescent career development, Super proffered the construct of adaptability as the central process in adult career development and also devised a measure of this process.
Contributions of the Working Alliance in the Practice of Career Counseling
Authors: Meara Naomi M. , Patton Michael J.
Published: December 2011

We see the working alliance, a construct well articulated in the psychoanalytic counseling literature, as a key element in enhancing the counseling of those with career concerns. This article describes the working alliance as that sector of the overall experience of counseling participants characterized by their collaboration, mutuality and cooperation with regard to the work of counseling. The dimensions of the working alliance, the counselor and client contributions to it, and the perspectives of others about it are discussed. This study reviews obstacles to building and sustaining the alliance, such as resistance in the form of fear of counseling, and confusion related to counseling goals, tasks, and bonds. Finally, mention is made of the possible research and policy implications of emphasizing the working alliance in career counseling practice.
Preparing an Effective Occupational Information Brochure for Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Rodriguez Maria A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the rationale for and process of creating and developing an occupational information brochure targeted for ethnic minority students. Minorities need to expand their awareness and knowledge of career options, and few specifically targeted resources now exist. Field testing during the development process showed that a printed brochure answering questions on how to pursue a specific occupation that contains brief biographies of ethnic minority role models, can both inform and inspire. Such a resource can help equalize minority access to career opportunities.
Helping Adolescents With Career Development: The Active Role of Parents
Authors: Young Richard A.
Published: December 2011

This article contains suggestions for counselors and parents regarding the active role parents can play in the career development of their children. These suggestions are based on the author's research on the intentional, goal‐directed action of parents in influencing the career development of their children. In the context of an increasingly important role for parents and families in the development of adolescent children, three dimensions of the active role of parents are discussed: the intentionality and meaning attributed to career influence by parents and adolescents, the use of narrative, and sources of conflict.
Two Methods of Exploring Interests: A Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Croteau James M. , Slaney Robert B.
Published: December 2011

The present intervention outcome study proposed a specific difference in how intervening with the Vocational Card Sort versus the Strong/Strong‐Campbell would be experienced by clients. The study included a participant attribute variable (locus of control for career development) and an outcome variable (career decision‐making self‐efficacy) related to this proposed difference. There were no statistically significant intervention or intervention by participant attribute effects at follow‐up time. Nevertheless, there were statistically significant differences in satisfaction at various points in the administration of the interest interventions. Implications for career counseling and future research are discussed.
How Can We Tell the Dancer from the Dance: Poetry of Work and Workers
Authors: Bloch Deborah P.
Published: December 2011

This article presents a review of What Work Is by Philip Levine (1991) and Saturday's Children: Poems of Work edited by Helen Plotz (1982). The review is followed by a discussion of the use of poetry as a personal and professional resource.