bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Milk Quotas – Benefit or Constraint? Why a Common Agricultural Policy?
Authors: Corbett David
Published: May 2006

The Common Agricultural Policy has tried to address a host of
issues including security of food supply, stable prices for farmers and
consumers, preservation of the environment and maintenance of links with
the rest of the European economy. In 1984, the EC was forced to take
steps to curtail surplus milk production which its policies had
initially encouraged. Milk quotas were introduced. However, as with many
CAP instruments, the outcome of policy implementation has been the
opposite to that which was expected. The overall effect has been to
discourage production efficiency and the development of any kind of
competitive edge. The limitations of quotas are leading to industry
polarization, with large producers getting larger at one end, and
increasing numbers of smaller producers, unable to achieve the scale to
survive, at the other. Suggests that whatever new or revised national or
EC policy measures are introduced, price will ultimately control the
fortunes of the dairy sector – whether or not quotas remain a tool
to control supply. Concludes by asking whether the sale of milk has
changed from an agricultural issue to a social one, as increasing
numbers of small farmers require income support as a direct result of
the quota scheme. Should quotas continue or should a completely new
strategy be devised to promote an industry able to compete favourably
with producers on a global scale in the future?
The Carrageenan Connection II: Political Interventions Failed to Undermine EC Food Safety Decisions
Authors: Anderson D.M.W.
Published: May 2006

Information now available indicates that the intensive diplomatic
lobbying in Europe in 1991 by Philippine interests failed to convince
the European regulatory authorities to approve, for food use, a
seaweed‐derived product that had not been evaluated toxicologically.
International Competitiveness: British Food Industry Post‐1992
Authors: Thompson Keith E.
Published: May 2006

British food manufacturers are generally larger and more profitable
than their EC competitors, while British supermarkets are so successful
that they are widely considered to be in a completely different league
to their international counterparts. In fact, across the business
spectrum, the top firms in Europe are British. Uses the food industry to
examine the paradox arising from the contrast between the superior
profitability of many British firms and the consistent, long‐term loss
of international markets by Britain to European and other international
competitors. Concludes that the answer lies in the definition of
success. For senior managers of British public companies success
consists of keeping at bay the threat posed by the financial market.
This leads them to neglect the lesser threat of loss of customer markets
to international competitors – a far less immediate problem.
Patterns of Innovation and Development in the Food Chain
Authors: Cannon Tom
Published: May 2006

Explores the impact of new market conditions, technological change
and innovation on the nature and evolution of food markets. Analyses the
current environment and highlights some of the changes likely to emerge
over the 1990s.
Health/Healthy Food: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Darrall Jan
Published: May 2006

Comparisons are made of the definitions of health/healthy foods in
the literature, and those of 683 farmers, companies and multiple
retailers researched by questionnaire survey. Recommends classification
on a clearly defined continuum of terms to allow flexibility on
perceptions and the development of new foods.
The Great British Potato: A Study of Consumer Demand, Attitudes and Perceptions
Authors: Fearne Andrew
Published: May 2006

Outlines the factors affecting food choice. Analysis of National
Food Survey data illustrates the importance of non‐economic factors
affecting the demand for potatoes and potato products. Discusses the
results of a consumer survey conducted in the Spring of 1991. Diet and
health are identified as the key attitudinal factors affecting potato
demand, while work status, age, household composition and socio‐economic
group are the main consumer characteristics which appear to influence
both purchasing behaviour and usage.
Is the 1987 Consumer Protection Act Doing its Job to Counter Corporate Interests and Protect the Public?
Authors: Willhoft Ted
Published: May 2006

A recent case of a criminal prosecution using the 1987 Consumer
Protection Act Part 2 was applied to the serious eye injury of a
teenager resulting from the explosive separation of a cap from a bottle
of Coca‐Cola. The scientific evidence used by the Defence, who were
found not guilty, is considered herein to be flawed and its value
challenged. The energy and velocity of missiling caps are calculated for
a range of pressure and headspace volumes. The energy of a missiling cap
was shown to increase approximately linearly with pressure and/or
headspace volume. Missiling velocities of up to 12 m/s are achievable on
a 70 per cent vacuity and it is shown that, for a typical product
pressure of 34 psig (2.31 bar), a headspace of 0.82 litres is capable of
projecting a cap at sonic velocity. This raises disturbing questions,
inter alia, about the wisdom of continuing to market large
three‐litre packs of carbonated drinks. Headspace of carbonated drinks
should be kept as low as the filling plant will allow; this reduces the
ballistic energy when premature separation of the cap occurs. Applying a
permanent hinge, linking the cap to the security ring, would prevent
injuries from explosive separation of a cap from the neck of a bottle.
Introducing a system of assessors into the legal procedures in a complex
hearing is proposed, in view of the higher burden of proof required in
criminal actions such as the one described.
Amendment of EC Food Labelling Law: QUID and Other Proposals
Authors: Roberts David
Published: May 2006

Discusses arguments between food labelling and compositional
standards, and the inconsistencies and deficiencies of new EC proposals
concerning: quantities of ingredients; name under which a product is
sold; foodstuffs consisting of a single ingredient; labelling of
alcoholic beverages.
Exotic Produce: The Changing Market in the UK
Authors: Henderson D.
Published: May 2006

Reviews the UK market for exotic fruit and vegetable products with
detailed consideration of the mango, papaya, avocado and pineapple
markets. Concludes that there are opportunities for growth in this
market despite infrequent. not regular. purchasing and the consumer′s
perception of the products as expensive and a risk. Risk can be reduced
by attention to quality at point of sale – ripe and ready to eat.
Recommends common marketing strategies for an extending range of
products with supermarkets the best distribution channels.
New Age Food! New Age Consumers! With or without Technology Fix Please
Authors: Beharrell Brian , Crockett Alasdair
Published: May 2006

Examines the role of organic and conventional farming in the supply
food chain. In particular addresses whether organic and conventional
farmers have different beliefs and values; do organic farmers′ beliefs
and values constitute a barrier to the conversion of conventional
farmers; are these organic beliefs and values antithetic to modern
distribution systems and; do organic and conventional farmers have
different views about the economics of organic farming? Addresses these
questions through the discriminant analysis of the results of an
attitude survey of 117 English farmers which gathered beliefs, values
and norms using the theory of Reasoned Action. Concludes that organic
and conventional farmers share a common negative economic outlook on
organic farming, but they have separate value systems which parallel the
“alternative” and “conventional” paradigms
identified by the American Research.
Anthropology (Sociology?) and Food: Diversity in Scope, Approach and Evidence
Authors: Murcott Anne
Published: May 2006

The social anthropology of food and eating displays considerable
diversity in theoretical approach, research strategy and substantive
focus. Raises the question of whether this form of diversity is located
within the discipline or whether it results from drawing on work from
other disciplines. Compares selected works in social anthropology with
works in sociology, a relative newcomer to the field. Reviews three
“matched” pairs of studies; two each investigating attitudes
between dietary complexity and socio‐economic aspects, two on gender and
drink, both alcoholic and non‐alcoholic, and two on cuisines in
comparative cultural and historical perspective. Proposes that the study
of food and eating is an especially appropriate arena in which to
develop systematically a more considerable cross‐disciplinary
fertilization.
Foodways in Flux: From Gastro‐anomy to Menu Pluralism?
Authors: Beardsworth Alan , Keil Teresa
Published: May 2006

Examines the dimensions of stability and change in the foodways of
contemporary Britain. The structural and cultural origins of change are
outlined and various sociological explanations of these phenomena are
discussed. Subsequently, both the positive and negative implications of
the contemporary state of flux are investigated, particularly with
reference to the argument that a state of gastro‐anomy pertains. This
view is subjected to critical examination and the argument is put
forward that a state of anomy may be a transitional one on the road to a
more open and pluralistic nutritional order.
Scares and the British Food System: Problems and Policies in Relation to Food‐related Health Issues
Authors: Lacey Richard
Published: May 2006

Of the many warnings of dangerous food given by the Government
between 1988 and 1992, it is only with listeriosis that there is any
evidence of improvement. The whole basis of Government action on BSE has
now been shown to be flawed in that the extraordinarily optimistic hope
that cattle would prove to be a dead‐end for the infection has been
discredited. The chance of a large number of people succumbing from a
BSE‐like illness next century is about 70 per cent. The salmonella in
eggs problem is not solved because contaminated infected laying flocks
have been replaced by further infected flocks. Intensive farming is
beset by problems additional to that of microbial safety. These include
evidence of reduced nutritional quality of the food, particularly of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moist food processing and retailing still
provide major risks to consumers because new legislation is too lax.
Thus most cooked food can be kept indefinitely at temperatures of
50°C or 8°C. One bacterium which can grow at low temperatures is
E. coli 0157, the incidence of which has increased during the
last few years. This is transferred through food from cattle and causes
acute gastro‐enteritis, followed by kidney failure, particularly in
children.
Machines for the Suppression of Time: Meaning and Explanations of Food Change
Authors: Gofton Leslie
Published: May 2006

Concerned with the kinds of explanation which might be offered for
changing food habits, proposes that large‐scale, multifactorial
explanations are often inappropriate, and may be misleading when applied
to the social explanation of food use. Argues that, for example, in the
explanation of changes in children′s food habits, a social explanation
should focus on changes in the relationships within the family, and
changes in the significance of age and gender within these
relationships. Food uses symbolize the investment and division of time
and the importance which society places on members′ control and use of
it. Values, in this case related to the ways in which foods are used,
have changed as a consequence of increases in the power and importance
of women′s and children′s timetables, and a falling‐off in the
significance of the masculine “wage‐earner” role.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Ness Mitchell R.
Published: May 2006

Corporate social responsibility is a strategic decision whereby an
organization undertakes an obligation to society, for example in the
form of sponsorship, commitment to local communities, attention to
environmental issues and responsible advertising. The impact of
organizational decisions on society in the wider sense has been in
evidence in the agricultural and food industries in association with
merger and takeover activity, environmental pollution, intensive
livestock production, hygiene, health and international marketing
practices. Social responsibility has been given credibility through the
attention given to social issues by the Confederation of British
Industry, the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management and
is of immediate relevance to the UK food sector because of the recent
initiative of the Institute of Grocery Distribution. First considers
social responsibility within a corporate strategy framework and
subsequently deals with some theoretical and practical issues in the
context of the UK food and agricultural sector.
Dining Out in the Urban Context
Authors: Wood Roy C.
Published: May 2006

Offers a brief sociological sketch of some current issues in the
cultural analysis of food and eating as they apply to dining out. Seeks
to demonstrate the importance to everyday life of the hospitality
industry in terms of consumption, employment and environmental issues.
Children′s Food Preferences: Television Advertising vs Nutritional Advice
Authors: Donkin Angela J.M. , Tilston C.H. , Neale R.J. , Gregson K.
Published: May 2006

Reports a survey of 507 parents of 7 to 11‐year‐old children in the
Central Television district of the UK to ascertain what food products
children requested and the effects of television advertising on
children′s food preferences. The questionnaire found that 45 per cent of
products requested had an extrinsic sugar content and 39 per cent of
requests were for advertised foods. In addition a wide range of products
were requested reflecting sophisticated tastes and, sometimes, healthy
eating concern. Discusses the contradictory nature of messages about
food that children receive and suggests that healthy eating campaigns
should use specific food items as examples and advertisements should
convey non‐misleading nutritional information.
The Effect of BSE: Consumer Perceptions and Beef Purchasing Behaviour
Authors: Tilston C.H. , Sear R. , Neale R.J. , Gregson K.
Published: May 2006

Examines the perceptions of consumers towards beef and beef
products following the 1990 outbreak of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
(BSE) and changes in purchasing behaviour by a survey, in 1991, of a
total of 252 consumers in two locations. Results indicate that risk
perceptions towards seven beef products varied and although this was not
related to the age of consumers it did differ according to changes in
purchasing behaviour at the time of the outbreak: 31.3 per cent of
respondents changed their beef consumption at the time of the scare but
the proportion of consumers persisting with consumption change fell over
time.
Migration from Packaging into Food
Authors: Tice P.A.
Published: May 2006

Takes a look at the new and existing directives concerning the
regulations for safety standards with regard particularly for plastics
monomers. Looks also at the control of these to prevent health hazards
for the consumer. The main responsibility for this will lie with the
packaging converter.
Fish Products: A Summary of Trends in the UK
Authors: LeGrand Lesley
Published: May 2006

Reviews the three sectors of the UK fish market – fresh,
canned and frozen, and details key factors affecting its size. Sees the
competitive structure of the market as being dominated by a handful of
major brands, mainly in the canned and frozen sectors. Aggregate
advertising expenditure is the lowest in the food market. Retail
distribution of fish and fish products is focused on the grocery
multiples and the consumer profile is that of the 45‐64 age group,
especially for fresh fish. Forecasts that the market will reach
£1.73 billion by 1996, compared with £1.51 billion in 1991.
Implementing Directive 90/496/EEC
Authors: Allen Paul
Published: May 2006

Details the timetabling and changing requirements of the
introduction of regulations for nutrition labelling of foods by EC
Directive 90/496/EEC. Discusses enforcement with particular reference to
the UK “home authority” practice and the role of enforcement
officers at local level.
Promoting Lifelong Learning Through Education Partnership: Part Three
Authors: Berkeley John
Published: May 2006

The third in a series examining the essential building blocks in
creating a learning culture. Explores the fitness for purpose of the
National Record of Achievement (NRA) as a vehicle for adult learning and
development, considers how it might be adapted to fulfil its purpose and
identifies a range of opportunities for introducing the use of the
National Record in education partnership activities.
Engineering Training for Young People: The Decline of Initial Training for Engineering and the Prospects for Revival
Authors: Millington John
Published: May 2006

Within the context of the decline in the numbers of young people
entering engineering training in recent years, with the many and complex
causes ranging from demographic realities to social attitudes, reviews
some of the policy (and other) changes which have influenced engineering
(and other) training during the period of decline. The hope that better
times are now possible, although by default rather than by design,
emerges. Statistics are avoided but the context is indicated by the
numbers of those at the earliest certificated stage of training in
engineering over recent years.
Empowerment and the Evolution of Learning: Part One
Authors: Dodge Bruce
Published: May 2006

Presents an approach to work‐based learning within organizations
which is necessary to maintain congruence between modern approaches to
management and learning. As traditional approaches to management give
way to a recognition of the value of employee participation and
empowerment, so also the approach to employee learning must shift.
Organizations must focus on a learning partnership between the learner
and the organization which enables the learner to take responsibility
for their own learning. The organization must seek to facilitate
learning, rather than cause it, in the context of continuous learning.
Presents an approach to operationalizing empowered learning in an
organization. Part Two will examine a case study on implementing
empowered learning.
Helping the Workforce Meet the Future Needs of Industry: A Comparison Between the UK and South Africa
Authors: Downs Sylvia , von Hirschfeld Sue
Published: May 2006

A survey to assess the future training needs of industry (1984)
showed a swing away from the need to memorize facts and develop physical
skills, to an increased need for the application of understanding.
Describes the research into developing learning skills, which aimed at
improving the processes of learning at the same time as learning
products. Earlier work had identified the paucity of relevant learning
skills. A mnemonic (MUD) helped to distinguish material needing
different learning skills, while keys to understanding were developed to
help learners structure their thinking and develop understanding of a
topic. The work was replicated in South Africa in 1989 and the results
showed improved learning skills, a reduction in training time and an
improved perception by the trainers of the learners.
Educating Managers for European Organizations
Authors: Anderson Gordon C.
Published: May 2006

Analyses an innovative programme organized by three institutions
from Spain, France and the UK, and aimed at meeting the development
needs of European managers of the future. The programme combines
business education with language training, and involves periods of study
and work placements in three countries. Identifies the issues emerging
from this ambitious programme after two years of operation.
Appraising Employee Performance: A Vital Organizational Activity?
Authors: Redman Tom , Snape Ed , McElwee Gerard
Published: May 2006

Performance appraisal is a longstanding, widespread and
well‐developed practice in industry. Suggests that it possesses
considerable potential to facilitate effective human resource
management. Also argues, however, that it is often not given the
attention it deserves and is flawed in practice. Traces the origins and
development of performance appraisal, reviews why and how organizations
use it, and concludes by examining who conducts staff appraisal.
Performance‐related Pay in Higher Education: Nine Lessons...But no Songs Of Praise
Authors: Lewis Philip
Published: May 2006

Examines the impending introduction of performance‐related pay to
academic staff in higher education. Draws on research in both public and
private sectors both in the UK and USA to suggest that there are nine
lessons that those with the responsibility for introducing and operating
performance‐related pay in higher education may heed. The lessons are
that performance‐related pay: may not motivate academic staff; may
demotivate academic staff; may alienate academic staff; objective PRP
assessment of academic staff is problematic; may lead to other benefits
of appraisal being dissipated; is likely to be driven by budget
considerations; gives differential achievement opportunities to staff;
threatens collegiality and finally affronts professionalism. Concludes
that performance‐related pay is unlikely to be successful in causing
academic staff to work more effectively; its impact may at best be
neutral and at worst harmful.
Academic Staff Appraisal: Do‐It‐Yourself
Authors: Gold Jeffrey
Published: May 2006

Discusses probable ineffectiveness of traditional
“performance control” approaches to appraisal of higher
education staff. Recommends that more attention be paid to self‐and
peer‐appraisal and the responsibility of management to provide an
appropriate environment for this.
Issues for Appraisal
Authors: Dove Peter , Brown Sally
Published: May 2006

Explores some key issues in appraisal for staff in institutions of
higher education. Considers the need to address specifically the issues
of equal opportunities in appraisal, and makes a case for team
appraisal. Examines the problems of unwilling appraisers chosen by post
rather than person and proposes that there should be an Ombudsperson for
dissatisfied appraisees. Discusses the ethics of appraisal, together
with the varying appraisal agendas of different constituencies of staff.
Consideration is given to the real purposes of appraisal and the policy
of delegation to the lowest level. Deplores the proposals to link
appraisal to performance‐related pay and argues for the retention of
appraisal′s developmental focus.
Employee Development Through Education Liaison
Authors: Romanowska Jane
Published: May 2006

Examines Wellcome′s education liaison policy and practice. Argues
that the potential of such activity for employee development is
illustrative of an attribute of a genuine education business
partnership. Outlines projects which have contributed to employee
development, feedback received and the self‐evaluation process which is
now part of education liaison activity.
Vocational Education and Training in Australia: Breaking Open the Packages or Tightening the String?
Authors: Winning Anne
Published: May 2006

Examines the current rhetoric surrounding the Australian government policy of “creating a clever country” and developing a “multiskilled workforce”. An outcome of the policy is the drive to increase student numbers in what are traditionally known as technical and further education colleges. Deconstructs the taken‐for‐granted use of the term vocational education and training and the language being used to speak of the implementation of competence‐based education, in order to explore the expectations and limitations of its use. Considers the possible role for education within the present trend towards the provision of education which is driven by industry demands.
Graduate Employment: Job Slump Marketing
Authors: Kitchen Philip J.
Published: May 2006

Recent years have seen a substantial decline in the number of
vacancies for graduates, and a corresponding increase in the number of
graduates searching for employment not necessarily in their chosen
field. Suggests that one approach to facilitate students in obtaining
their desired employment may be application of the marketing concept.
However, such an approach is predicated on also satisfying employer
needs; not easy if their needs have not been taken into consideration.
Managing and Assessing Student Enterprise Projects
Authors: Macfarlane Bruce , Tomlinson Kevin
Published: May 2006

Discusses the problems associated with the successful organization
of business start‐up projects at undergraduate level, including
teamwork, the involvement of mentors and assessment methods. Student
business projects also involve the development of a highly demanding set
of skills. The weaknesses of student projects are identified principally
with respect to financial projections and marketing strategy. Concludes
that these projects are a valuable means of reinforcing theoretical
business studies principles and foster more realistic and mature
expectations of enterprise.
The Progress Of Open Learning
Authors: Lewis Roger
Published: May 2006

Defines “open learning” and related terms, especially
“flexible learning”. These terms focus on the provision of
choice to individuals, over various aspects of the learning process.
Describes critical stages in the evolution of open learning, including
the Open University, National Extension College, collaborative
developments with further and adult education colleges, the Open Tech
Programme and the Training Agency′s flexible learning project in
schools. Reviews progress in applying open learning: much has been
achieved in extending learner autonomy, through the development of
packages, associated support systems, and information technology. The
national vocational qualifications framework requires the deployment of
open approaches to learning delivery. Finally, surveys current
challenges to the education and training systems and outlines responses
to these, based on the achievements of open learning.
Employing Science and Engineering Graduates: The First Few Years
Authors: Spurling Andrea
Published: May 2006

Presents the results of qualitative research conducted in six
British companies during 1991‐92; all of which are major employers of
science and engineering graduates. Draws on experiences of managers of
graduate recruits and presents material taken from interviews by way of
illustration of the points made. Discusses the aspirations of graduate
recruits to industry and the problems they encounter, working in a
different environment; the requirements of training and development
programmes; the need to match company and individual needs; and the
necessity of nurturing graduates for the first four or five years to
avoid “poaching” by other companies. Offers a number of
recommendations for the effective management, training and development
of graduate entrants, so as to ensure their successful transition from
an academic to a work environment, and to retain graduate entrants, as a
long‐term investment.
Quality in Education: Developing Working Partnerships
Authors: Smith Gill , Faust Penny
Published: May 2006

Explores ways in which employers can be actively involved as equal
partners in the processes of ensuring quality in education. In this case
the focus is the Accreditation of Records of Achievement as developed by
the Oxford Consortium for Educational Achievement. Using as case studies
examples of practice within the consortium, examines the issues and
philosophy behind such an approach. Recognizes that employers view
education from a different, but no less valid, perspective. While this
may be challenging, in the context of the OCEA accreditation process, it
is not perceived as threatening by those involved in education.
Concludes that the OCEA Accreditation Process for Records of Achievement
provides a model for active collaboration between education and
employment in such a way that the gap between them is bridged
constructively and effectively.
Enterprise Education in Primary Schools: A Survey In Primary Schools: A Survey in Two Northern LEAs
Authors: Iredale Norma
Published: May 2006

This article has arisen from a survey conducted in two Northern
LEAs. First seeks to put enterprise education into context and gives
Durham University Business School′s (DUBS) view of it. Then addresses
the survey; this was carried out in 50 schools in Durham and Gateshead
and aimed to discover what impact the DUBS “Primary
Enterprise” resource material had made in primary schools and the
training programme run in conjunction with this. It also sought to
determine the influence made by this approach to teaching and learning
and to identify ways in which an enterprising approach could be
incorporated into the school curriculum. Discusses the results of the
survey together with their implications. Recognizes that, while this
research was generated at a regional level, the findings have more
far‐reaching implications and are of benefit to a wider audience.
Creating Cities That Work: Managing Partnership
Authors: Wesson Will
Published: May 2006

The governing principle of quality management is commitment to the
customer and adaptation to meet customer needs. This can only be done if
it is clear who the customers are and to understand and work with their
needs. Suggests ways of ensuring that development in urban areas
utilizes the resources available, including the people of those areas.
Examines the tensions involved. Highlights the key management issues in
pursuing “partnership” as a means of regenerating cities.
Looks at the role of the private sector. Concludes that all sectors need
each other.
Empowerment and the Evolution of Learning: Part Two
Authors: Dodge Bruce
Published: May 2006

Canada′s Public Service has recently undergone a shift in
philosophy to a progressive empowerment model. Describes developments in
Parks Canada parks as an example of a response to the demand for change.
An internal task force set up by Parks Canada has addressed the issues
of Training and Development; Career Management; Awards; and Staff
Orientation. Examines Training and Development in detail. The two
appendices detail the Parks Learning Strategy.
NVQs and Key Workers
Authors: Evans Karen , Germon Sue
Published: May 2006

Examines the role of “key workers” in industry, who
combine both technical and training mastery in the workplace. Such
workers are significant because, as well as providing training to meet
existing needs, they also prepare workers to cope with the demands of
longer‐term change. The role of British key workers is compared with
those of their counterparts in Germany and Japan. Factors which affect
the development of key workers in the UK are discussed, focusing
particularly on the introduction of National Vocational Qualifications
and their functions as “enablers” or
“containers”. Suggests that the key worker should not be
viewed as one person. The term can be applied to many people at
different levels within a company according to the nature of the
training and development required.
Meeting the Needs of the Society It Serves: An Industrialist′s Percpetion of Education
Authors: Davies George
Published: May 2006

Begins with the identification of eight principal objectives of a
National Education System. Seeks to discuss further each of the
objectives and to draw, where appropriate, on practice within Ford to
illustrate and highlight how industry might assist and help facilitate
the realization of some of these objectives in practice. Emphasizes the
scientific and technological needs of the twenty‐first century and
raises pertinent questions about the effectiveness of current
educational reform in meeting these needs. Concern is particularly
expressed about the need to change the attitudes of the British middle
class towards science, industry and technology and to release the
considerable potential of the talented but often underdeveloped
non‐academic classes. Ends with a description of some of the initiatives
developed by Ford Education Liaison Department to assist schools in
meeting some of the concerns raised.
Reservations about TECs: The Need for Partnership with Local Authorities and Colleges
Authors: McBride Peter Daniel
Published: May 2006

Addresses the issue of reservations felt by many in local
government about the increasing role of TECs, predominantly at the
expense of local authorities with respect to both education and
undetermined links, now extending into the wider field of economic
regeneration. Explores the issue of why the Government should have
embarked on such a course and what has been lost in terms of
accountability and local knowledge. In order to compensate for this
deficiency, proposes that the TECs will need a partnership with both
local colleges and local authorities in training and regeneration in
order to fulfil their remit. Such collaboration is a prerequisite for
TECs to succeed, but if the longer term aim is to act as a caddy for a
“skills revolution” then this partnership must embrace
industry. Thus the destiny of colleges, TECs and the long‐term future of
industry are inextricably entwined.
Working With Industry In Initial Teacher Education
Authors: Abbott Ian , Huddleston Prue , Foley Moss
Published: May 2006

Describes the process and the issues arising from a joint
initiative developed between the Post Office and staff and students on a
PGCE course. Examines a number of general areas of concern related to
the development of education/business links, in particular the role
played by industry in the production and delivery of classroom
materials. Identifies the importance of an effective support mechanism,
and the need for ongoing work in this area to consolidate and develop
the considerable progress that has been made already.
Apprenticeships and RPL: Re‐cognizing the Learning of a Trade
Authors: Winning Anne
Published: May 2006

Questions some assumptions about the benefits of recognizing prior learning (RPL) in the context of learning a trade. Competence‐based training and recognition of prior learning tend to conceive the learning of a trade as merely the acquisition of skills. Further, the process of RPL assumes that skills learned in one context are easily transferred to another. Explores aspects of tradespersonship which may be lost through the emphasis on a hurried path through a modularized course. Suggests that to become a tradesperson requires vocational development within a “culture of practice”. It is a journey requiring time for maturation. Suggests that recognizing prior learning may also be an exercise inre‐cognizingthe notion of apprenticeship, in that it may change the conception of what it means to become a tradesperson.
Sandwich Placements? Improving the Learning Experience – Part 1
Authors: Bourner Tom , Ellerker Mary
Published: May 2006

Supervised work experience within courses of post‐school education
has grown rapidly over the last 40 years. A strong commitment to the
principle of “sandwich” education has been matched in recent
years by an increasing concern about how to manage the placement period
to help the students involved to gain most value from the experience.
Looks at the problem from the perspective of the academic institution.
Specifically, it suggests an answer to the question: how can the
academic institution manage the sandwich placement experience of
students more effectively? Considers the application of a management
development approach called action learning to support sandwich
placement students and enhance their learning from the sandwich
experience.
Human Resource Aspects: Decentralization and Devolution
Authors: Hoogendoorn Jacob , Brewster Chris
Published: May 2006

Responsibility for human resource management is being spread around
organizations in two ways: by decentralization, the allocation of
personnel tasks formerly undertaken centrally to more local parts of the
organization; and by devolution, the allocation of rules formerly
undertaken by personnel specialists to line managers. Evidence from The
Netherlands indicates that both processes are working there but with a
considerable degree of doubt as to whether line managers can handle
devolved personnel tasks. Comparative data from across Europe show that
The Netherlands is in the top half of countries devolving these
functions. Such decentralization and devolvement may mean a new role for
personnel specialists.
Values and Valuations: The Conflicts between Culture Change and Job Cuts
Authors: Höpfl Heather , Smith Sheila , Spencer Sharon
Published: May 2006

Based on empirical work from two major UK organizations. British
Airways and BT (formerly British Telecom), both of whom have, after
privatization, engaged in large‐scale culture change programmes. Both
organizations have made substantial job cuts and (at the time of writing
in May 1991) both organizations have announced the need for further
redundancies. Considers the objectives of culture change programmes and
evaluates the extent to which they have been achieved in the
organizations concerned, i.e. what values are cultivated and to what
extent are they shared by organizational members? Considers the
conflicting messages offered by the redundancy programmes and attempts
to assess the implications for individuals and for self‐perception of
job losses in the context of culture change.
Age/Job Satisfaction: Assessment of the Shape of the Relationship from a Systems Perspective
Authors: Snyder Robert A. , Dietrich Frank H.
Published: May 2006

Prominent review articles conclude that the relationship between
age and job satisfaction is probably linear because the clear majority
of studies has produced linear findings. Recent research has suggested,
however, that if the age/satisfaction relationship was investigated
using appropriate multivariate techniques while controlling for levels
of employee tenure, the “true” shape of the relationship
could be determined. Unfortunately, studies which have done so have come
to opposite conclusions about the linearity/curvilinearity of the
relationship. The present investigation, using 457 employees of a US
social service organization, suggests that the shape of the
age/satisfaction relationship is neither universal nor invariate but, in
fact, depends on individual and situational differences.
Individual Issues in Industrial Relations: An Examination of Discipline, and an Agenda for Research
Authors: Rollinson Derek
Published: May 2006

Argues that because of a number of significant changes in the last ten years, individual issues such as grievance and discipline should now become more prominent concerns of industrial relations research. Some important differences which distinguish discipline and grievance are identified, and a conceptual model of the potentially complex internal dynamics of discipline is given. This is used to highlight a number of important implications for the formulation of disciplinary policies, and for the training of those responsible for handling procedures. Finally, the model is used to develop a research agenda which identifies some of the more pressing topics on which information is required to help to unravel the complex nature of discipline.
Organizational Structure, Human Resource Practices and Industrial Relations
Authors: Dastmalchian Ali , Blyton Paul
Published: May 2006

Reports the results of a study examining the relationships between organizational structure (formalization, specialization, participation, and centralization) and human resource practices, (training and internal labour market (ILM) with the state of the firm’s industrial relations. The data were collected by means of extensive interviews with managers and union/employee association representatives from 51 Canadian organizations. The results show that decision‐making centralization has a negative impact on a firm’s industrial relations situations (both from the union’s and the management’s point of view), while training has a positive effect on the quality of a company’s industrial relations. The ILM, on the other hand, did not appear to have a major impact on the firm’s industrial relations. Given the current arguments about the changing nature of industrial relations, and that they are influenced by other aspects of a firm’s operations, our preliminary study has reinforced the need to study in more detail the impact of training and organizational structure on industrial relations.
Optimizing the Job‐person Match with Computerized Human Resource Information Systems
Authors: Paul Huo Y. , Kearns Jack
Published: May 2006

On the basis of a review of the literature in human resource
information systems (HRIS) and a diagnosis of some computerized
placement systems used by large US corporations, identifies major
problems in using computerized HRIS for internal staffing. Proposes a
self‐balancing staffing system, built around a rational screening
procedure. This system, although it may be altered to fit various
circumstances, can serve at least three purposes: (1) to fill an opening
resulting from termination of the incumbent; (2) to update the candidate
search criteria on the basis of changes in job definitions; and (3) to
pursue system‐wide optimization by periodically checking the fit between
jobs and persons. Finally, explores some practical issues about how to
integrate such an automated staffing system with manual ones and
discusses the implications for future research.
Human Resource Management and the International Challenge of Change
Authors: Torrington Derek , Holden Nigel
Published: May 2006

The greatest challenge for management of human resources in the
1990s is to place their local actions in a framework of global thought
and strategy. Focusing on Britain, France, the US, Japan and Germany,
outlines the cultural differences in management practices around the
world. Suggests a framework for organizing thinking about personnel
practice with an international dimension; i.e. the seven
“Cs” of international HRM work – change,
cosmopolitans, culture, communication, consultants, competence and
co‐ordination.
Management Development by Research
Authors: Bourner Tom , Frost Paul , Beaty Liz
Published: May 2006

Identifies the incidence of research degrees in business studies
and management compared with other subjects. Explores the role of the
research degree within management and, highlighting changes over the
past two decades, advocates the research degree as a powerful vehicle
for management development.
Beyond Unmet Expectations: A Detailed Analysis of Graduate Experiences at Work during the First Three Years of Their Careers
Authors: Arnold John , Mackenzie Davey Kate
Published: May 2006

Existing research on the early careers of graduates has provided
some useful information but has also suffered from several limitations.
It has not examined the full range of graduate experiences, nor has it
investigated differences between organizations or stages in early
career. Reports a study designed to overcome these and other
limitations. Presents data concerning the reported experiences of 797
graduates in the first three years of their careers with eight
substantial UK‐based recruiters of graduates. The most pervasive finding
is that graduates’ experiences varied a great deal between
organizations. Thus it is important for managers and researchers to
evaluate individual organizations rather than using aggregated data.
Nevertheless, some general statements can be made. Graduates felt their
social relationships at work were harmonious, but this co‐existed with
less than adequate performance feedback from bosses, and some negative
opinions about colleagues. They tended to feel that career prospects in
the organization were fairly attractive, but were unsure about exactly
what paths were available, or how to get onto them. Graduates generally
did not feel their work taxed their skills, but it nevertheless
developed them, and offered considerable autonomy. Training courses were
rated quite positively, but some doubt was expressed about the overall
planning of training and development. Organizational systems were seen
as neither helpful nor obstructive. Perceptions of the adequacy of pay
and benefits varied greatly between companies. With increasing tenure,
graduates’ work involved more decision making and supervision of others,
but not more autonomy or visibility within the company. Training was
perceived more positively in the first year than subsequently. Graduates
did not become clearer about career paths with increasing
tenure. Overall these results paint a complex and differentiated view of
graduate experiences at work. Some trends identified in other work are
confirmed, but others are not. Specific areas of concern are identified.
The data provide a benchmark against which other organizations can be
compared.
Managing Fragmented Pay Bargaining: Some UK Evidence
Authors: Walsh Janet
Published: May 2006

Conventional wisdom is that decentralized bargaining, performance
pay and individualized remuneration schemes enable managers to utilize
human resources more effectively. Examines employers’ recent experiences
of such arrangements by drawing on data on company pay policies. Argues
that moves to fragment bargaining and individualize reward systems have
created new difficulties and problems in the management of pay, and that
such initiatives can have costly consequences for employers.
Economic Deregulation and General Managers: New Zealand’s Experience
Authors: Hamilton R.T. , Dakin S.R. , Loney R.P.
Published: May 2006

Draws on two surveys of New Zealand general managers – the
first conducted in early 1984, the second at the end of 1991 – to
assess the impact on managers of the substantial deregulation of the
domestic economy. Average age, work hours, educational level and career
path changed little over the period. However, the expectation that
external pressures would lead to the adoption of more directive
management styles is not borne out. Perceived future challenges accord
with those revealed in a recent study of European managers, suggesting
that the internalization of the New Zealand economy has led to the
“internationalization” of managers.
Upward and Onward: Can Staff Appraise Their Managers?
Authors: Redman Tom , Snape Ed
Published: May 2006

Upward appraisal involves staff having a formal input into their manager’s or supervisor’s performance appraisal. Reviews the rationale for the adoption of upward appraisal systems for manager’s, and identifies a number of key factors likely to contribute towards the more widespread use of upward appraisal. Describes upward appraisal systems in practice, reviewing what they are used for, who is appraised, what is appraised, and how the appraisals are conducted. Then discusses the effectiveness of upward appraisal, paying particular attention to its acceptability to managers, subordinates and trade unions. Finally, considers whether the transplant of what is largely an American practice can be more widely achieved in the UK and proposes some areas for future research.
Employee Benefits for the Employer’s Benefit: How Companies Respond to Employee Stress
Authors: Wheeler Sue , Lyon Dawn
Published: May 2006

Reports on the findings of a research study into organizational
responses to employee stress, funded by the Universities Funding
Council: 30 interviews, including three pilot interviews, were conducted
with personnel representatives of companies in the West Midlands region
in Spring 1991. Stress was understood to be an individual problem by the
managers in the sample, rooted in “personality”. In a series
of stress‐related case profiles presented to interviewees, problems with
physical rather than psychological symptoms were considered to be more
deserving of sympathy, assistance, etc. Efforts to deal with
stress‐related problems took up considerable employee and management
time. Despite goodwill they were not usually informed by knowledge or
skill; training was rare. Overall, none of the companies was found to
have comprehensive policies or practices to deal with stress. Considers
differences in approach through the identification of
“styles”.