bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic monitoring and analyses of air gun, pile driving, vessel, and ambient sounds during the 2015 seismic surveys on the Sakhalin shelf
Authors: Rutenko Alexander N. , Zykov Mikhail M. , Gritsenko Vladimir A. , Yu. Fershalov Mikhail , Jenkerson Michael R. , Manulchev Denis S. , Racca Roberto , Nechayuk Vladimir E.
Published: October 2022

During the summer of 2015, four 4D seismic surveys were conducted on the northeastern Sakhalin shelf near the feeding grounds of the Korean-Okhotsk (western) gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) population. In addition to the seismic surveys, onshore pile driving activities and vessel operations occurred. Forty autonomous underwater acoustic recorders provided data in the 2 Hz to15 kHz frequency band. Recordings were analyzed to evaluate the characteristics of impulses propagating from the seismic sources. Acoustic metrics analyzed comprised peak sound pressure level (PK), mean square sound pressure level (SPL), sound exposure level (SEL), T100%, T90% (the time intervals that contain the full and 90% of the energy of the impulse), and kurtosis. The impulses analyzed differed significantly due to the variability and complexity of propagation in the shallow water of the northeast Sakhalin shelf. At larger ranges, a seismic precursor propagated in the seabed ahead of the acoustic impulse, and the impulses often interfered with each other, complicating analyses. Additional processing of recordings allowed evaluation and documentation of relevant metrics for pile driving, vessel sounds, and ambient background levels. The computed metrics were used to calibrate acoustic models, generating time resolved estimates of the acoustic levels from seismic surveys, pile driving, and vessel operations on a gray whale distribution grid and along observed gray whale tracks. This paper describes the development of the metrics and the calibrated acoustic models, both of which will be used in work quantifying gray whale behavioral and distribution responses to underwater sounds and to determine whether these observed responses have the potential to impact important parameters at the population level (e.g., reproductive success).
Hutchinson’s theorem in semimetric spaces
Authors: Kocsis Mátyás , Páles Zsolt
Published: October 2022

One of the important consequences of the Banach fixed point theorem is Hutchinson’s theorem which states the existence and uniqueness of fractals in complete metric spaces. The aim of this paper is to extend this theorem for semimetric spaces using the results of Bessenyei and Páles published in 2017. In doing so, some properties of semimetric spaces as well as of the fractal space are investigated. We extend Hausdorff’s theorem to characterize compactness and Blaschke’s theorems to characterize the completeness of the fractal space. Based on these preliminaries, an analogue of Hutchinson’s theorem in the setting of semimetric spaces is proved, and finally, error estimates and stability of fractals are established as well.
Patologie mestruali e contraccezione: principi di personalizzazione della scelta terapeutica
Authors: Graziottin Alessandra , Cuccarollo Angela , Franchi Massimo P. , Uccella Stefano
Published: October 2022

Sommario

Le patologie mestruali sono un problema di salute che affligge dal 5 all’80% delle donne, a seconda della specifica patologia considerata e dei diversi studi. Sono rappresentate da alterazioni del ciclo mestruale (alterazioni del ritmo, della quantità e della durata e dismenorrea) e disturbi extra-uterini correlati alla mestruazione, fra i quali rientrano anche le patologie infiammatorie e autoimmunitarie con esacerbazione catameniale. La contraccezione ormonale offre alle donne non solo un importante strumento per evitare gravidanze indesiderate, ma anche un’efficace opzione terapeutica nel trattamento delle patologie mestruali. I contraccettivi ormonali si dividono in metodi a breve durata d’azione (SARCs), quali contraccettivo orale estroprogestinico (COC), contraccettivo orale progestinico (POP), anello vaginale estroprogestinico e cerotto transdermico estroprogestinico, e metodi a lunga durata d’azione (LARCs), quali dispositivi intrauterini medicati al progesterone e impianto sottocutaneo. La combinazione dell’estrogeno e del progestinico in essi contenuto, nonché i differenti dosaggi e le vie di somministrazione, devono essere tenuti in considerazione nella personalizzazione del trattamento, sia al fine di fornire a ogni donna la terapia più adeguata alle sue necessità e ai suoi disturbi, sia in funzione delle specifiche controindicazioni. In questa rassegna analizziamo brevemente le diverse patologie mestruali, proponiamo una panoramica dei diversi contraccettivi ormonali a oggi disponibili sul mercato e riassumiamo le controindicazioni al loro utilizzo.
Modelling effects of type of trees on urban air pollution with a computational fluid dynamics model
Authors: San Jose R. , Perez-Camanyo J. L.
Published: October 2022

Urban trees can change (increase and/or decrease) pollutant concentrations and this study assesses the effect of urban trees on main pollutant concentrations in a 1 km by 1 km area, in a high traffic density zone, in Madrid City (Spain) using numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A real-life experiment was designed for 1 week of June 2017 with a spatial resolution of 5 m. A zone of vegetation in which the dominant species are broadleaf trees was included in the business as usual (BAU) simulation. The second scenario focused on changing the type of tree from broadleaf in the BAU scenario to needleleaf in the so-called ND scenario. The differences between ND simulation and BAU simulation provide information about the effects of the type of tree on the air quality (NO2 and O3) of the area. The results of the simulations show a high sensitivity to changes in the type of tree in urban parks with strong impacts (hot spots) in several areas located several hundreds of meters away of the green park area. The results of these simulations will provide more knowledge on the effects of trees that will have to be taken into account when developing mitigation strategies for atmospheric pollution.
An Introduction to Christian Theology
Authors: Plantinga Richard J. , Thompson Thomas R. , Lundberg Matthew D.
Published: October 2022

Far from being solely an academic enterprise, the practice of theology can pique the interest of anyone who wonders about the meaning of life. This introduction to Christian theology – exploring its basic concepts, confessional content, and history – emphasizes the relevance of the key convictions of Christian faith to the challenges of today's world. Part I introduces the project of Christian theology and sketches the critical context that confronts Christian thought and practice today. Part II offers a survey of the key doctrinal themes of Christian theology, including revelation, the triune God, and the world as creation, identifying their biblical basis and the highlights of their historical development before giving a systematic evaluation of each theme. Part III provides an overview of Christian theology from the early church to the present. Thoroughly revised and updated, the second edition of An Introduction to Christian Theology includes a range of new visual and pedagogical features, including images, diagrams, tables, and more than eighty text boxes, which call attention to special emphases, observations, and applications to help deepen student engagement.
Three-dimensional buoyant hydraulic fractures: constant release from a point source
Authors: Möri Andreas , Lecampion Brice
Published: October 2022

Hydraulic fractures propagating at depth are subjected to buoyant forces caused by the density contrast between fluid and solid. This paper is concerned with the analysis of the transition from an initially radial fracture towards an elongated buoyant growth – a critical topic for understanding the extent of vertical hydraulic fractures in the upper Earth crust. Using fully coupled numerical simulations and scaling arguments, we show that a single dimensionless number governs buoyant hydraulic fracture growth, namely the dimensionless viscosity of a radial hydraulic fracture at the time when buoyancy becomes of order 1. It quantifies whether the transition to buoyancy occurs when the growth of the radial hydraulic fracture is either still in the regime dominated by viscous flow dissipation or already in the regime where fracture energy dissipation dominates. A family of fracture shapes emerge at late time from finger-like (toughness regime) to inverted elongated cudgel-like (viscous regime). Three-dimensional toughness-dominated buoyant fractures exhibit a finger-like shape with a constant-volume toughness-dominated head and a viscous tail having a constant uniform horizontal breadth: there is no further horizontal growth past the onset of buoyancy. However, if the transition to buoyancy occurs while in the viscosity-dominated regime, both vertical and horizontal growths continue to match scaling arguments. As soon as the fracture toughness is not strictly zero, horizontal growth stops when the dimensionless horizontal toughness becomes of order 1. The horizontal breadth follows the predicted scaling.
Migrations and Revolutions in Brazil over Two Centuries
Authors: Eakin Marshall C.
Published: October 2022

This essay reviews the following works:

Before the Flood: The Itaipu Dam and the Visibility of Rural Brazil. By Jacob Blanc. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019. Pp. 320. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781478004899.

For Land and Liberty: Black Struggles in Rural Brazil. By Merle L. Bowen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. xxii + 248. $99.99 hardcover. ISBN: 9781108832359.

Agriculture and Industry in Brazil: Innovation and Competitiveness. By Albert Fishlow and José Eustáquio Ribeiro Vieira Filho. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv + 244. $70.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780231549523.

Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo. By Paulo Fontes. Foreword by Barbara Weinstein. Translated from the Portuguese by Ned Sublette. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Pp. xvi + 280. $27.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822361343.

An Economic and Demographic History of São Paulo 1850–1950. By Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018. Pp. xxviii + 448. $75.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9781503602007.

Brazil’s Long Revolution: Radical Achievements of the Landless Workers Movement. By Anthony Pahnke. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2018. Pp. xx + 274. $65.00 hardcover. ISBN: 9780816536030.
Intersection of parabolic subgroups in even Artin groups of FC-type
Authors: Antolín Yago , Foniqi Islam
Published: October 2022

We show that the intersection of parabolic subgroups of an even finitely generated FC-type Artin group is again a parabolic subgroup.
Elliptic equation with van der Waals type potential
Authors: Su Yu , Liu Senli
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we study the Lieb's translation lemma in Coulomb–Sobolev space and then apply it to investigate the existence of Pohožaev type ground state solution for elliptic equation with van der Waals type potential.
Do FinTech Mortgage Lenders Fill the Credit Gap? Evidence from Natural Disasters
Authors: Allen Linda , Shan Yu , Shen Yao
Published: October 2022

After exogenous demand shocks caused by natural disasters, FinTech lenders are more responsive to increased demand for reconstruction mortgages than traditional banks and non-FinTech shadow banks. Both FinTech and traditional banks increase credit supply, but FinTech supply is more elastic without increases in risk-adjusted interest rates or delinquency rates. Comparing lending supply channels, banks respond to regulatory incentives to lend to damaged areas, whereas FinTech lenders supply more credit when traditional banks rely more on balance sheet financing and physical branch networks. Compared to traditional banks, FinTech lenders increase supply elasticity more aggressively in response to local competitive pressure.
Disordered gambling in a longitudinal birth cohort: from childhood precursors to adult life outcomes
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Richmond-Rakerd Leah S. , Piasecki Thomas M. , Ramrakha Sandhya , Poulton Richie , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom
Published: October 2022

Background

Despite its introduction into the diagnostic nomenclature over four decades ago, there remain large knowledge gaps about disordered gambling. The primary aims of the present study were to document the long-term course, childhood precursors, and adult life outcomes associated with disordered gambling.

Methods

Participants enrolled in the population-representative Dunedin Study were prospectively followed from birth through age 45. Disordered gambling was assessed six times from age 18; composite measures of childhood social class, general intelligence, and low self-control were based on assessments obtained from birth through age 15; adult socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes were obtained through age 45. Lifetime disordered gambling was predicted from the three childhood precursors and the adult outcomes were predicted from lifetime disordered gambling.

Results

Past-year disordered gambling usually occurred at only a single time point and recurrence was relatively uncommon. Lower childhood social class, general intelligence, and self-control significantly predicted lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood. In turn, lifetime disordered gambling in adulthood significantly predicted occupational, educational, and financial problems in adulthood (ds = 0.23–0.41). These associations were markedly reduced and sometimes rendered nonsignificant after adjusting for childhood precursors (ds = 0.04–0.32).

Conclusions

Socioeconomic, financial, and legal outcomes in adulthood are not merely consequences of disordered gambling, but also are predicted from childhood precursors. Deflecting the trajectories of young people at risk for developing disordered gambling may help to ameliorate not just the development of later disordered gambling, but also other associated adverse outcomes.
The modal argument and Bailey's contingent physicalism: a rejoinder
Authors: Moreland J. P.
Published: October 2022

Philosophy is experiencing a resurgence of property (PD) and generic substance dualism (SD). One important argument for SD that has played a role in this resurgence is some version of a modal argument. Until recently, premise (3) of the argument (Possibly, I exist, and no wholly physical objects exist.) has garnered most of the attention by critics. However, more recently, the focus has also been on (2) (Wholly physical objects are essentially, wholly, and intrinsically physical and wholly spiritual substances are essentially, wholly, and intrinsically immaterial.). Andrew Bailey has provided one of the best criticisms of (2) on offer. In what follows, I present and clarify one form of the argument and defend premise (2) by responding to important defeaters proffered by Andrew Bailey and his contingent physicalism.
Unspoken Indigenous History on the Stage: The Postcolonial Plays of Jack Davis
Authors: Brown Jacqueline M.
Published: October 2022

Literary scholars and linguists have argued extensively that language is not simply a purely representational vehicle of thought but its determining medium, whose ordering powers not only shape cognizance of reality but are also actively involved in processes of imperialism and cultural erasure. It is the determinative yet slippery quality of language, prompting the loss of meaning in attempts at translation, that colonial powers manipulated to violent effect and which, as enacted in the plays of Nyoongah Indigenous Australian playwright Jack Davis, continue to haunt history and the present. This article considers how a history and culture made unspeakable by colonialism through the erasure of Indigenous Australian oral traditions, languages, and historical perspectives is translated on to the Anglophone stage in the plays of Davis, one of the first Indigenous playwrights to be published and performed internationally, and how this was received by the witnessing audience. Davis achieves this theatrical translation not only through the negotiation and manipulation of colonial language and verbatim history alongside Indigenous languages, enacting a kind of linguistic double consciousness, but also through physical theatre and dance. The latter are the central means of communicating meaning and knowledge in Nyoongah culture. Jacqueline M. Brown is a graduate student at Worcester College, University of Oxford, studying for a Master of Studies in English (1900–present). This article received first prize in the 2022 TORCH Reimagining Performance Network Graduate Essay Prize competition run in collaboration between the University of Oxford and New Theatre Quarterly. For more information on the Reimagining Performance Network, see .
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: update and new insights from the second report of an Iranian referral hospital
Authors: Mamishi Setareh , Olfat Mehrnaz , Pourakbari Babak , Eshaghi Hamid , Abdolsalehi Mohammad Reza , Shahbabaie Mohammad Ali , Jalali Fatemeh , Safari Fatemeh , Mahmoudi Shima
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Here, we are sharing our second report about children affected by Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). The aim of the present study was to update our knowledge about children with MIS-C. Furthermore, we tried to compare clinical manifestations, laboratory features and final outcome of patients based on disease severity, in order to better understanding of the nature of this novel syndrome.

Methods

This retrospective study was conducted at Children's Medical Center Hospital, the hub of excellence in paediatrics in Iran, located in Tehran, Iran. We reviewed medical records of children admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of MIS-C from July 2020 to October 2021.

Results

One hundred and twenty-two patients enrolled the study. Ninety-seven (79.5%) patients had mild to moderate MIS-C (MIS-C without overlap with KD (n = 80); MIS-C overlapping with KD (n = 17)) and 25 (20.5%) patients showed severe MIS-C. The mean age of all patients was 6.4 ± 4.0 years. Nausea and vomiting (53.3%), skin rash (49.6%), abdominal pain (46.7%) and conjunctivitis (41.8%) were also frequently seen Headache, chest pain, tachypnea and respiratory distress were significantly more common in patients with severe MIS-C (P < 0.0001, P = 0.021, P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Positive anti-N severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgM and IgG were detected in 14 (33.3%) and 23 (46.9%) tested patients, respectively. Albumin, and vitamin D levels in children with severe MISC were significantly lower than children with mild to moderate MIS-C (P < 0.0001, P = 0.05). Unfortunately, 2 (1.6%) of 122 patients died and both had severe MIS-C.

Conclusion

Patients with MIS-C in our region suffer from wide range of signs and symptoms. Among laboratory parameters, hypoalbuminemia and low vitamin D levels may predict a more severe course of the disease. Coronary artery dilation is frequently seen among all patients, regardless of disease severity.
On mappings on the hypercube with small average stretch
Authors: Boczkowski Lucas , Shinkar Igor
Published: October 2022

Let
$A \subseteq \{0,1\}^n$
be a set of size
$2^{n-1}$
, and let
$\phi \,:\, \{0,1\}^{n-1} \to A$
be a bijection. We define the average stretch of
$\phi$
as
\begin{equation*} {\sf avgStretch}(\phi ) = {\mathbb E}[{{\sf dist}}(\phi (x),\phi (x'))], \end{equation*}
where the expectation is taken over uniformly random
$x,x' \in \{0,1\}^{n-1}$
that differ in exactly one coordinate.

In this paper, we continue the line of research studying mappings on the discrete hypercube with small average stretch. We prove the following results.

For any set
$A \subseteq \{0,1\}^n$
of density
$1/2$
there exists a bijection
$\phi _A \,:\, \{0,1\}^{n-1} \to A$
such that
${\sf avgStretch}(\phi _A) = O\left(\sqrt{n}\right)$
.

For
$n = 3^k$
let
${A_{\textsf{rec-maj}}} = \{x \in \{0,1\}^n \,:\,{\textsf{rec-maj}}(x) = 1\}$
, where
${\textsf{rec-maj}} \,:\, \{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}$
is the function recursive majority of 3’s. There exists a bijection
$\phi _{{\textsf{rec-maj}}} \,:\, \{0,1\}^{n-1} \to{A_{\textsf{rec-maj}}}$
such that
${\sf avgStretch}(\phi _{{\textsf{rec-maj}}}) = O(1)$
.

Let
${A_{{\sf tribes}}} = \{x \in \{0,1\}^n \,:\,{\sf tribes}(x) = 1\}$
. There exists a bijection
$\phi _{{\sf tribes}} \,:\, \{0,1\}^{n-1} \to{A_{{\sf tribes}}}$
such that
${\sf avgStretch}(\phi _{{\sf tribes}}) = O(\!\log (n))$
.

These results answer the questions raised by Benjamini, Cohen, and Shinkar (Isr. J. Math 2016).
Aortopulmonary window, aortic arch interruption, and anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery in a neonate with Goldenhar syndrome
Authors: Foreman Kaitlyn , Miller Lindsey , Kumar S. Ram , Uzunyan Merujan
Published: October 2022

The combination of aortopulmonary window, interruption of the aortic arch, and anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta is a rare and complex congenital cardiac malformation. Despite good prenatal care in our case, this cardiac anomaly was not detected prior to birth. Untreated infants who do not undergo surgical correction have a mortality rate of 70% in their first year, and 30% will die within the first 3 months of life.
Precise Limb Tourniquet Arterial Occlusion Pressure Determination using Real-Time Ultrasonography and a Capacitive-Based Force Sensor
Authors: Wood Jeffrey N. , Krippendorf Benjamin S. , Blakeney Craig A. , Kummer Tobias , Hooke Alexander W. , Mullan Aidan F. , Sztajnkrycer Matthew D.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Hemorrhage control prior to shock onset is increasingly recognized as a time-critical intervention. Although tourniquets (TQs) have been demonstrated to save lives, less is known about the physiologic parameters underlying successful TQ application beyond palpation of distal pulses. The current study directly visualized distal arterial occlusion via ultrasonography and measured associated pressure and contact force.

Methods:

Fifteen tactical officers participated as live models for the study. Arterial occlusion was performed using a standard adult blood pressure (BP) cuff and a Combat Application Tourniquet Generation 7 (CAT7) TQ, applied sequentially to the left mid-bicep. Arterial flow cessation was determined by radial artery palpation and brachial artery pulsed wave doppler ultrasound (US) evaluation. Steady state maximal generated force was measured using a thin-film force sensor.

Results:

The mean (95% CI) systolic blood pressure (SBP) required to occlude palpable distal pulse was 112.9mmHg (109-117); contact force was 23.8N [Newton] (22.0-25.6). Arterial flow was visible via US in 100% of subjects despite lack of palpable pulse. The mean (95% CI) SBP and contact force to eliminate US flow were 132mmHg (127-137) and 27.7N (25.1-30.3). The mean (95% CI) number of windlass turns to eliminate a palpable pulse was 1.3 (1.0-1.6) while 1.6 (1.2-1.9) turns were required to eliminate US flow.

Conclusions:

Loss of distal radial pulse does not indicate lack of arterial flow distal to upper extremity TQ. On average, an additional one-quarter windlass turn was required to eliminate distal flow. Blood pressure and force measurements derived in this study may provide data to guide future TQ designs and inexpensive, physiologically accurate TQ training models.
Relativism, Fallibilism, and the Need for Interpretive Charity
Authors: Elzein Nadine
Published: October 2022

‘Relativists' and ‘absolutists' about truth often see their own camp as promoting virtues, such as open-mindedness and intellectual humility, and see the opposing camp as fostering vices, like closed-mindedness and arrogance. Relativism is accused of fostering these vices because it entails that each person’s beliefs are automatically right for the person who holds them. How can we be humble or open-minded if we cannot concede that we might be wrong? Absolutism is accused of fostering these vices because the view is seen as entailing certainty. This also seems to preclude us from conceding that we could be wrong. However, no relativist defends the Protagorean version of relativism that entails infallibilism. And no absolutist posits infallible certainty. Fallibilism really is a precondition of various virtues, but both camps take themselves to be defending fallibilist positions against opponents who they take to be committed to infallibilism. Philosophers may inadvertently end up promoting precisely the sort of infallibilism they oppose by creating a false dichotomy and caricaturing the opposing camp. This underscores the importance of interpretive charity in both academic and public debate.
How the American Public Perceived Electoral Competition in the States during the Pre-poll Era: A Prediction Market Data Analysis of the 1896 Presidential Election
Authors: Perez Vanessa M.
Published: October 2022

This study uses prediction market data from the nation’s historical election betting markets to measure electoral competition in the American states during the era before the advent of scientific polling. Betting odds data capture ex ante expectations of electoral closeness in the aggregate, and as such improve upon existing measures of competition based on election returns data. Situated in an analysis of the 1896 presidential election and its associated realignment, I argue that the market odds data show that people were able to anticipate the realignment and that expectations on the outcome in the states influenced voter turnout. Findings show that a month ahead of the election betting markets accurately forecast a McKinley victory in most states. This study further demonstrates that the market predictions identify those states where electoral competition would increase or decline that year and the consequences of these expected partisanship shifts on turnout. In places where the anticipation was for a close race voter expectations account for a turnout increase of as much as 6%. Participation dropped by 1%–6% in states perceived as becoming electorally uncompetitive. The results support the conversion and dealignment theories from the realignment literature.
Summary of Living on the Edge: An American Generation’s Journey Through the Twentieth Century
Authors: Settersten Richard A. , Elder Glen H. , Pearce Lisa D.
Published: October 2022

Living on the Edge: An American Generation’s Journey through the Twentieth Century (University of Chicago Press, 2021) tells the story of the rarely studied 1900 generation, from their social origins to their old age, as they coped with and adapted to the revolutionary changes of the last century. Using longitudinal data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, the authors followed 420 parents (210 couples) born between 1885 and 1908, all of whom had children born in Berkeley between 1928–29. The analyses, which often challenge conventional wisdom, reveal their status as a “hinge generation,” or bridge, between past and present in their educational, work, and family experiences. Following highlights from the authors, four scholars offer critical commentary on the book. Matt Nelson addresses challenges related to analyzing kinship networks and patterns of economic assistance across the Great Depression era, pointing to measurement limitations that obscure important forms of aid. Kelly Condit-Shrestha raises concerns related to race and ethnicity, especially the absence of Black, American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Hispanic persons in the original study, as well as to westward migration, American Empire, and white-settler colonialism. Silvia Pedraza addresses crucial social class differences (middle class versus working class) in the expectations and experiences of women, calling for greater clarity in the relationship between women’s roles and notions of “respectability.” Finally, Evan Roberts takes up some of the complex methodological issues involved in leveraging historical data to understand the life course and identifying the uniquely disruptive nature of social change across generations and countries.
Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Meridional Oscillations Over East Asia and Their Influences on Precipitation
Authors: Xu Yiming , Sun Xuguang , Yang Xiu‐Qun
Published: October 2022

The intraseasonal meridional wave trains are the major features of East Asia summer monsoon (EASM), but the complete physical pictures of dynamic pathways from tropical and mid‐high latitudes and their climate impacts have not been fully illustrated. With NCEP‐DOE Reanalysis‐II daily data set, two boreal summer intraseasonal meridional oscillations (ISMOs) are isolated and identified by extended EOF of zonal wind anomalies along the coast of East Asia on 10‐ to 30‐day timescale, that is, ISMO1 and ISMO2. They both demonstrate obvious quasi‐biweekly oscillations with an equivalent barotropic structure in troposphere, and ISMO1 represents the southward propagating wave train with large variances in upper level, which is initiated from the West Europe and primarily forced by the soil moisture anomalies over mid‐high latitudes of Eurasian continent, whereas ISMO2 propagates northward in mid‐lower troposphere from the tropical western North Pacific to East Asia that is closely related to BSISO2. The two ISMOs are capable of explaining a large fraction of the total intraseasonal variances of EASM, wherein, ISMO1 is responsible for a meridional dipole pattern of precipitation anomalies over eastern China, while ISMO2 has major influence in southern China. Generally, ISMO‐caused changes of extreme precipitation probability are in good accordance with the spatial pattern of its related 10‐ to 30‐day intraseasonal precipitation anomalies. Since ISMO1 and ISMO2 can clearly separate the tropical and extratropical‐origin meridional oscillations and further have robust influences on precipitation over East Asia, they can be used as the new monitoring and predicting factors to the intraseasonal variations of EASM and their associated extreme precipitation.
Diverse Responses of Multiple Satellite‐Derived Vegetation Greenup Onsets to Dry Periods in the Amazon
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Shen Yu , Gao Shuai , Wang Weile , Schaaf Crystal
Published: October 2022

Satellite‐derived vegetation greenness and seasonal dynamics in the Amazon have generated considerable academic debate over the past two decades. Despite this, the phenological timing of Amazon forests and, in particular their responses to dry periods, remain poorly understood. Here we explicitly identify the diverse timing of vegetation canopy greenup onsets from 10‐min geostationary satellite observations, and compute the timing of both the start and end of dry periods from daily precipitation data. We, for the first time, reveal that the Amazon vegetation canopy regularly experiences two cycles of greenup onsets during a year. The occurrence of greenup onset varies diversely from the start to end of the dry periods, but demonstrates regular shifts in local areas, although irregular shifts across the region. The multiple greenup onsets show complex spatial shifts, which closely follow the spatial movement of dry periods. The results provide a new insight into our understanding of the complexity of Amazonian vegetation canopy dynamics during dry periods, which could significantly improve the simulation of carbon and water cycles.
In Situ Particle Measurements Deemphasize the Role of Size in Governing the Sinking Velocity of Marine Particles
Authors: Williams J. R. , Giering S. L. C.
Published: October 2022

Sinking particles are important in delivering carbon to the deep ocean where it may be stored out of contact with the atmosphere. Whilst particle sinking velocities are known to be influenced by a multitude of factors, size‐based parameterizations remain common in biogeochemical models and in the methods used to determine particulate fluxes from autonomous platforms. Here we carried out an extensive literature review (62 data sets) into the size‐sinking velocity relationship, and find the relationship is much weaker for studies examining particles in situ (median R2 = 0.09) compared with ex situ studies (median R2 = 0.35). This discrepancy may be because particles examined in the laboratory have more uniform properties than those studied in situ. Our review highlights the shortcomings of using a simple relationship between size and sinking velocity to calculate sinking particulate fluxes in the ocean; considering additional particle characteristics will enable more accurate calculations of particulate fluxes.
Multidecadal Variations in East Asian Winter Temperature Since 1880: Internal Variability Versus External Forcing
Authors: Miao Jiapeng , Jiang Dabang
Published: October 2022

This study investigates the relative contributions of internal variability and external forcing to multidecadal variations in the winter (December–February) East Asian averaged surface air temperature (EASAT) since 1880 by analyzing three observational datasets and large ensemble simulations from 12 coupled models. The results indicate that the internal variability plays a dominant role in the EASAT multidecadal variations. Specifically, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) affects the EASAT via an atmospheric teleconnection across the Eurasian continent, and the correlation coefficient between internally generated EASAT variation and the AMO index is −0.49. In comparison, the external forcings only modulate the observed EASAT variations due to offsetting effects of the external forcing agents. That is, the multidecadal variations in the greenhouse gas concentrations and anthropogenic/volcanic aerosols make positive and negative contributions, respectively. Our new finding is conducive to EASAT predictions in the following decades due to the predictability of AMO and anthropogenic forcings.
Rapid and Gradual Permafrost Thaw: A Tale of Two Sites
Authors: Minsley B. J. , Pastick N. J. , James S. R. , Brown D. R. N. , Wylie B. K. , Kass M. A. , Romanovsky V. E.
Published: October 2022

Warming temperatures and increasing disturbance by wildfire and extreme weather events is driving permafrost change across northern latitudes. The state of permafrost varies widely in space and time, depending on landscape, climate, hydrologic, and ecological factors. Despite its importance, few approaches commonly measure and monitor the changes in deep (>1 m) permafrost conditions with high spatial resolution. Here, we use electrical resistivity tomography surveys along two transects in interior Alaska previously disturbed by wildfire and more recently by warming temperatures and extreme precipitation. Long‐term point observations of permafrost depth, temperature, and water content inform geophysical measurements which, in turn, are used to extrapolate interpretations over larger areas and with high spatial fidelity. We contrast gradual loss of recently formed permafrost driven by warmer temperatures and increased snowfall, with rapid permafrost loss driven by changes in air temperature, snow depth, and extreme summer precipitation in 2014.
Calculating the Electron Diffusion Region Aspect Ratio With Magnetic Field Gradients
Authors: Heuer S. V. , Genestreti K. J. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Nakamura R.
Published: October 2022

We calculate the aspect ratio of the electron diffusion region (EDR) during symmetric magnetic reconnection using magnetic field gradients measured by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission. The technique introduced in this paper is validated using a particle‐in‐cell simulation and used to calculate the EDR aspect ratios for three MMS‐observed magnetotail EDRs which are compared with the EDR aspect ratio predicted by scaling dependencies on asymptotic upstream electron β. We then use the aspect ratio to calculate the normalized reconnection rate and show that it is within uncertainty of the normalized reconnection rate found by previous studies for three MMS‐observed EDRs. Because the magnetic field gradients are velocity‐frame independent and typically very well measured by MMS, the technique can be used to obtain the normalized reconnection rate with higher fidelity than established methods.
Exacerbation of Indian Summer Monsoon Breaks by the Indirect Effect of Regional Dust Aerosols
Authors: Surendran Sajani , Ajay Anand K. V. , Ravindran Suraj , Rajendran Kavirajan
Published: October 2022

Evaluation of century‐long simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) reveals model fidelity in capturing characteristics of aerosols, clouds, convection, rainfall and circulation over India associated with the active/break phase with wetter/drier than average rainfall within the summer monsoon season. During the breaks, aerosols build up over central India due to desert dust transported from the west by anomalous circulation, the trapping of dust emissions from the Thar‐desert and the increased aerosol lifetime in dry conditions. Break spells exhibit reduced cloud effective radius and enhanced lower atmospheric warming over central India as potential evidence for the indirect effect induced by dust aerosols. Consistently, break spells intensify in CESM simulation with increased loading of dust aerosols. The indirect effect of dust aerosols in warming the atmosphere and exacerbating the severity of breaks is conspicuous in simulations forced with the indirect effect of aerosols alone, both for present‐day and pre‐industrial periods.
Elasticity of Phase H Under the Mantle Temperatures and Pressures: Implications for Discontinuities and Water Transport in the Mid‐Mantle
Authors: Song Zijun , Wu Zhongqing , Wang Wenzhong , Hao Shangqin , Sun Daoyuan
Published: October 2022

Phase H (MgSiO4H2), one of the lower mantle's dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs), may form and exist in cold slabs and is crucial in carrying water into the deep mantle. Its sound velocities and density are crucial for inferring the mid‐mantle water cycling via seismic approaches. Here we obtain the elastic and thermodynamic properties of phase H under lower‐mantle conditions using first‐principles calculations and discuss the effect of the Mg‐Si disorder on elasticity. The density of phase H is ∼15% and ∼6% lower than that of bridgmanite and periclase, respectively. The dehydration reaction from phase H to bridgmanite, which may occur at the depth of ∼1,300–1,700 km in cold slabs, will cause an increase of 1.0%, 2.7%, and 15% at 1,500 km on VP, VS, and density, respectively. The dehydration of phase H in subduction zones could produce a seismic VS impedance contrast of ∼17% in the mid‐mantle, which can provide an explanation for some seismic discontinuities detected by previous studies. Meanwhile, phase H has remarkable anisotropies and this may help explain the observed seismic anisotropy within subduction zones. Collectively, our results suggest that some seismic observations in mid‐mantle slabs may be related to the presence of phase H formed via the deep water cycle, further constraining the potential water content in local regions of the subducted slabs.
Floodplain Surface‐Water Circulation Dynamics: Congaree River, South Carolina, USA
Authors: van der Steeg Shailesh , Torres Raymond , Viparelli Enrica , Xu Haiqing , Elias Edwin , Sullivan Jessica C.
Published: October 2022

A robustly calibrated and validated hydrodynamic model depicts flow patterns over a topographically complex floodplain with a heterogeneous main channel levee. Simulations highlight floodplain inundation dynamics for two conditions, the passage of sub‐bankfull and overbank flood waves. Sub‐bankfull inundation commences with the passage of the flood wave crest beyond the lower elevation levee breaches, and floodplain wetting is guided by the channel network. Hence, the upstream sub‐bankfull inundation area expands while much of the downstream floodplain remains dry. The onset of overbank flow is spatially variable but becomes continuous, and the through‐bank channels persist as preferential pathways that produce higher velocity flows several kilometers inland. Meanwhile, near‐stagnant zones develop between through‐bank channel mouths, where water is temporarily stored and routed to the channel network. Also, 48% of the inundation water is from the river while 52% enters the study area from the upstream floodplain. Overall, floodplain wetting and draining processes significantly influence flow direction, and characteristics of the flood wave over the floodplain surface such that a single stage in the main channel does not uniquely define floodplain flow hydraulics. Given these findings we propose that assessments of floodplain hydraulic connectivity account for the effects of heterogeneous levee structure and intra‐floodplain exchanges, as well as the typical flow thresholds associated with submergence and emergence of topography.
Incretin and insulin signaling as novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nowell Joseph , Blunt Eleanor , Edison Paul
Published: October 2022

Despite an ever-growing prevalence and increasing economic burden of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), recent advances in drug development have only resulted in minimally effective treatment. In AD, along with amyloid and tau phosphorylation, there is an associated increase in inflammation/glial activation, a decrease in synaptic function, an increase in astrocyte activation, and a state of insulin resistance. In PD, along with α-synuclein accumulation, there is associated inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, dopaminergic neuronal loss, and some data to suggest insulin resistance. Therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders have commonly targeted individual pathological processes. An effective treatment might require either utilization of multiple drugs which target the individual pathological processes which underlie the neurodegenerative disease or the use of a single agent which could influence multiple pathological processes. Insulin and incretins are compounds with multiple effects on neurodegenerative processes. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce neuroinflammation, reduce tau phosphorylation, reduce amyloid deposition, increase synaptic function, and improve memory formation. Incretin mimetics may act through the restoration of insulin signaling pathways, inducing further neuroprotective effects. Currently, phase 2 and phase 3 trials are underway in AD and PD populations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the therapeutic potential of incretin mimetics and insulin in AD and PD.
Contrafreeloading in kea (Nestor notabilis) in comparison to Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)
Authors: Smith Gabriella E. , Bastos Amalia P. M. , Chodorow Martin , Taylor Alex H. , Pepperberg Irene M.
Published: October 2022

Contrafreeloading—working to access food that could be freely obtained—is rarely exhibited and poorly understood. Based on data from Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus), researchers proposed a correlation between contrafreeloading and play: that contrafreeloading is more likely when subjects view the task as play. We tested that hypothesis by subjecting a relatively more playful parrot species, the kea (Nestor notabilis), to the same experimental tasks. Experiment 1 presented eight kea with container pairs holding more- or less-preferred free or enclosed food items, and examined three types of contrafreeloading: calculated (working to access preferred food over less-preferred, freely available food); classic (working to access food identical to freely available food); and super (working to access less-preferred food over preferred, freely available food). At the group level, the kea behaved similarly to the Greys: They significantly preferred calculated contrafreeloading, performed classic contrafreeloading at chance, and significantly failed to super contrafreeload. However, overall kea engaged in more contrafreeloading than Greys. Experiment 2 examined a potentially more ecologically relevant task, a choice between shelled and unshelled walnuts. No kea contrafreeloaded for nuts, whereas two of five Greys significantly preferred nut contrafreeloading and one chose at chance. We examine proximate and adaptive explanations for the performances of these differentially playful parrot species to further elucidate the role of play in contrafreeloading.
Inverse design of anisotropic spinodoid materials with prescribed diffusivity
Authors: Röding Magnus , Wåhlstrand Skärström Victor , Lorén Niklas
Published: October 2022

The three-dimensional microstructure of functional materials determines its effective properties, like the mass transport properties of a porous material. Hence, it is desirable to be able to tune the properties by tuning the microstructure accordingly. In this work, we study a class of spinodoid i.e. spinodal decomposition-like structures with tunable anisotropy, based on Gaussian random fields. These are realistic yet computationally efficient models for bicontinuous porous materials. We use a convolutional neural network for predicting effective diffusivity in all three directions. We demonstrate that by incorporating the predictions of the neural network in an approximate Bayesian computation framework for inverse problems, we can in a computationally efficient manner design microstructures with prescribed diffusivity in all three directions.
Network biology analysis of P23H rhodopsin interactome identifies protein and mRNA quality control mechanisms
Authors: Kim Kyle , Safarta Lance A. , Chiang Wei-Chieh J. , Coppinger Judith A. , Lee Eun-Jin , Lin Jonathan H.
Published: October 2022

Rhodopsin is essential for phototransduction, and many rhodopsin mutations cause heritable retinal degenerations. The P23H rhodopsin variant generates a misfolded rhodopsin protein that photoreceptors quickly target for degradation by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. To gain insight into how P23H rhodopsin is removed from rods, we used mass spectrometry to identify protein interaction partners of P23H rhodopsin immunopurified from RhoP23H/P23H mice and compared them with protein interaction partners of wild-type rhodopsin from Rho+/+ mice. We identified 286 proteins associated with P23H rhodopsin and 276 proteins associated with wild-type rhodopsin. 113 proteins were shared between wild-type and mutant rhodopsin protein interactomes. In the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome, we saw loss of phototransduction, retinal cycle, and rhodopsin protein trafficking proteins but gain of ubiquitin-related proteins when compared with the wild-type rhodopsin protein interactome. In the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome, we saw enrichment of gene ontology terms related to ER-associated protein degradation, ER stress, and translation. Protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that translational and ribosomal quality control proteins were significant regulators in the P23H rhodopsin protein interactome. The protein partners identified in our study may provide new insights into how photoreceptors recognize and clear mutant rhodopsin, offering possible novel targets involved in retinal degeneration pathogenesis.