bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions from the medical and nursing professions to Nightingale’s “reform(s)” of nurse training in the late 19th century
Authors: Cook G C , Webb A J
Published: July 2002

In 1860, the Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St Thomas’s Hospital, London. Florence Nightingale’s overriding raison d’etre in the setting up of this foundation was a replacement of the old fashioned nurse (caricatured by Mrs Gamp—an “ignorant and immoral drunkard”) by the highly trained, and eminently respectable “lady-nurse”. While this change met with a great deal of approval from the lay public and the majority of the nursing profession, a minority of the latter together with the bulk of medical practitioners (including several leading physicians and surgeons of the day) wholeheartedly opposed this revolutionary move. It was felt, by them, that the medical profession was in danger of losing control over nursing with the resultant sacrifice of satisfactory patient care. Today, both medical student and nurse training is moving noticeably away from the bedside, an orientation which has added such an important dimension to British medical/nurse training over so many generations. Is this 19th century experience yet another example of history repeating itself in the medical sphere?
Political economy of tobacco control in Thailand
Authors: Chantornvong Sombat , McCargo Duncan
Published: July 2002

Thailand has some of the world's strongest anti-tobacco legislation. This paper examines the political economy of tobacco control in Thailand, emphasising the identification of forces which have supported and opposed the passage of strong anti-tobacco measures. It argues that while a powerful tobacco control coalition was created in the late 1980s, the gains won by this coalition are now under threat from systematic attempts by transnational tobacco companies to strengthen their share of the Thai cigarette market. The possible privatisation of the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly could threaten the tobacco control cause, but the pro-control alliance is fighting back with a proposed Health Promotion Act which would challenge the tobacco industry with a hypothecated excise tax dedicated to health awareness campaigns.
Relationships between heterozygosity, allelic distance (d2), and reproductive traits in chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Authors: Heath Daniel D , Bryden Colleen A , Shrimpton J Mark , Iwama George K , Kelly Joanne , Heath John W
Published: July 2002

Correlations of various measures of individual genetic variation with fitness have been reported in a number of taxa; however, the genetic nature of such correlations remains uncertain. To explore this, we mated 100 male and 100 female chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in a one-to-one breeding design and quantified reproductive fitness and allocation (male gonadosomatic index, GSI; female fecundity; egg size; egg survival). Each fish was scored for allele size at seven microsatellite loci. We applied univariate and multivariate regression models incorporating two genetic variation statistics (microsatellite heterozygosity and squared allelic distance, d2) with reproductive parameters. The majority of the relationships were found to be nonsignificant; however, we found significant, positive, univariate relationships for fecundity and GSI (25% of tests) and significant, multivariate relationships at individual loci for all four traits (13% of tests). One microsatellite locus, Omy207, appeared to be closely associated with reproductive fitness in female chinook salmon (but not male), based on the multivariate analysis. Although direct tests for overdominance versus inbreeding effects proved inconclusive, our data are consistent with the presence of both inbreeding (general) and overdominance (local) effects on reproductive traits in chinook salmon.
Effects of feeding on waterborne silver uptake and depuration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Bertram Barbara OB , Playle Richard C
Published: July 2002

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, ~50 g) were exposed to 0.1 µM AgNO3in ion-poor water (Ca ~300 µM, pH ~7, 13°C) with or without being fed 2% of their body weight daily. Gills, plasma, livers, and bile were sampled after 4 h, 24 h, and 1 week. Feeding did not alter Ag uptake by trout, and did not prevent decreases in plasma Na and Cl caused by Ag. To study Ag depuration, trout were exposed to 0.1 µM AgNO3for one week and then were placed in Ag-free, ion-poor water with or without being fed 1% of their body weight daily. Plasma Ag decreased over the 15-day depuration period (elimination rate, ke= 0.085 day1), but there were no effects of feeding on Ag depuration. There were no physiological differences between fed and unfed fish except for slightly higher plasma glucose concentrations and higher condition factors in fed fish by the end of the Ag depuration period. Thus, once Ag has entered a fish, subsequent elimination (e.g., from the plasma) is not affected by food-related processes such as biliary excretion or increased metabolic rate, or by external factors like food debris in the water.
Combined flood routing and flood level forecasting
Authors: Blackburn J , Hicks F E
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a proposed modeling approach which uses unsteady flow hydraulic modeling for both flood routing and flood level determination. The onerous data requirements of hydraulic models in the flood routing application are overcome through the use of a "limited geometry" approach to describe channel geometry. In populated areas, where flood levels are needed, the model employs full cross section geometry. This hybrid model offers the advantage of operationally combining the flood routing and the determination of the flood level. In addition, the use of a hydraulic model opens up the potential for modeling more dynamic flood events such as ice jam release surges, which cannot be handled by traditional hydrological modeling approaches.Key words: flood routing, flood delineation, finite element modeling, Peace River.
Mechanistic studies of photohydration of m-hydroxy-1,1-diaryl alkenes
Authors: Cole John G , Wan Peter
Published: July 2002

The photohydration of a variety of m-hydroxy-1,1-diaryl alkenes (810) and related systems (11 and 12) has been studied in aqueous CH3CN solution. All of these alkenes photohydrate efficiently in 1:1 H2OCH3CN, to give the corresponding 1,1-diarylethanol (Markovnikov addition) products with high chemical and quantum yields. The aim of this study was to further probe the mechanism of photohydration reported for the parent m-hydroxy-α-phenylstyrene (5), which has been proposed as consisting of a water trimer-mediated excited state (formal) intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) from the phenolic proton to the β-carbon of the alkene moiety to give an observable (by laser flash photolysis (LFP)) m-quinone methide intermediate 6. For this purpose, derivatives of 5 with substituents (methyl or methoxy) on the α-phenyl ring as well as related model compounds were explored. Product studies, quantum yields, fluorescence, and nanosecond laser flash data are reported that are consistent with two distinct mechanisms for photohydration of these compounds: one involving water-mediated ESIPT (8, 9), as observed for the parent compound 5, and one involving direct protonation of the β-carbon by solvent water (11 and 12), with compound 10 possibly operating via both mechanisms.Key words: photohydration, solvent-assisted excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), m-quinone methide, diarylmethyl carbocation.
Parasitism of damselflies (Enallagma boreale) by gregarines: sex biases and relations to adult survivorship
Authors: Hecker K R , Forbes M R , Léonard N J
Published: July 2002

We studied host damselflies Enallagma boreale (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) and their gregarine parasites (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinidae) to elucidate the causes and consequences of any sex biases in parasitism of adult hosts. Larvae of both sexes were highly infected, but there was no difference between male and female larvae in either prevalence or intensity of gregarine infections. Newly emerged adults had few or no parasites, thereby setting the stage for investigating accumulation of parasites by adults. Adult females had a higher prevalence and intensity of infection by gregarines than did males, but only on 1 (of 2) days when the potential confounding factor of host age was controlled for. Both adult males and females showed a positive correlation between longevity under conditions of food stress and the number of gregarines they initially carried. This finding may be explained if the food ingested with the infective cysts is more beneficial than the parasites are harmful, and it also has implications for investigating sex biases in numbers of trophically transmitted parasites of such insects.
DIRICHLET FORMS IN TERMS OF WHITE NOISE ANALYSIS II: CLOSABILITY AND DIFFUSION PROCESSES
Authors: ALBEVERIO S. , HIDA T. , POTTHOFF J. , RÖCKNER M. , STREIT L.
Published: July 2002

It is shown that infinite dimensional Dirichlet forms as previously constructed in terms of (generalized) white noise functionals fit into the general framework of classical Dirichlet forms on topological vector spaces. This entails that all results obtained there are applicable. Admissible functionals give rise to infinite dimensional diffusion processes.
CONCAVITY PROPERTIES OF KREIN’S SPECTRAL SHIFT FUNCTION
Authors: GEISLER R. , KOSTRYKIN V. , SCHRADER R.
Published: July 2002

We prove that the integrated Krein’s spectral shift function for one particle Schrödinger operators in R3 is concave with respect to the perturbation potential. The proof is given by showing that the spectral shift function is the limit in the distributional sense of the difference of the counting functions for the given Hamiltonian and the free Hamiltonian in a finite domain Λ with Dirichlet boundary conditions when Λ→∞.
BOUND STATES FOR SCHRÖDINGER HAMILTONIANS: PHASE SPACE METHODS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: BLANCHARD PH. , STUBBE J.
Published: July 2002

Properties of bound states for Schrödinger operators are reviewed. These include: bounds on the number of bound states and on the moments of the energy levels, existence and nonexistence of bound states, phase space bounds and semi-classical results, the special case of central potentials, and applications of these bounds in quantum mechanics of many particle systems and dynamical systems. For the phase space bounds relevant to these applications we improve the explicit constants.
EXTERIOR EQUIVALENCE FOR POINTWISE UNITARY COACTIONS
Authors: DEICKE KLAUS
Published: July 2002

Let G be a second countable locally compact group and A a separable continuous trace C*-algebra. To each pointwise unitary coaction δ of G on A one can associate a proper G-bundle [Formula: see text], π × μ → π. We show that two pointwise unitary coactions δ and ∊ of G on A are exterior equivalent if and only if the proper G-bundles [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are isomorphic. Thus, if A is stable, there exists a bijection between the isomorphism classes of proper G-bundles over [Formula: see text] and the exterior equivalence classes of pointwise unitary coactions of G on A. Moreover, when G is abelian we recover a theorem of Olesen and Raeburn.
RANKIN–COHEN TYPE DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS FOR SIEGEL MODULAR FORMS
Authors: EHOLZER WOLFGANG , IBUKIYAMA TOMOYOSHI
Published: July 2002

Let ℍn be the Siegel upper half space and let F and G be automorphic forms on ℍn of weights k and l, respectively. We give explicit examples of differential operators D acting on functions on ℍn × ℍn such that the restriction of [Formula: see text] to Z = Z1 = Z2 is again an automorphic form of weight k + l + v on ℍn. Since the elliptic case, i.e. n = 1, has already been studied some time ago by R. Rankin and H. Cohen we call such differential operators Rankin–Cohen type operators.

We also discuss a generalisation of Rankin–Cohen type operators to vector valued differential operators.
GLOBAL CONFORMATION OPTIMIZATION OF MIXED CLUSTERS USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: IWAMATSU MASAO
Published: July 2002

The genetic algorithm (M. Iwamatsu, J. Chem. Phys.112, 10976 (2000)), which combines the space-fixed genetic algorithm of Niesse and Mayne (J. Chem. Phys.105, 4700 (1996)) with simplex local minimization method is generalized to handle the conformation optimization of binary mixed clusters. This genetic algorithm based on real coding can successfully find the lowest energy structure of mixed argon–xenon alloys Ar x Xe 13-x and confirms the results found by other methods.
THE RESONANT BEHAVIOR OF A MULTI-PHASE COMPOSITE MATERIAL
Authors: MOOSAVI ALI , SARKOMAA PERTTI
Published: July 2002

We study the resonant behavior of a system consisting of a square array of multi-coated cylinders by calculating the effective dielectric constant of the system. The results were examined numerically using the finite element method.
REGULARIZED GREEN'S FUNCTION FOR THE INVERSE SQUARE POTENTIAL
Authors: CAMBLONG HORACIO E. , ORDÓÑEZ CARLOS R.
Published: July 2002

A Green's function approach is presented for the D-dimensional inverse square potential in quantum mechanics. This approach is implemented by the introduction of hyperspherical coordinates and the use of a real-space regulator in the regularized version of the model. The application of Sturm–Liouville theory yields a closed expression for the radial energy Green's function. Finally, the equivalence with a recent path-integral treatment of the same problem is explicitly shown.
RENORMALIZATION GROUP FLOW EQUATIONS FOR THE SCALAR O(N) THEORY
Authors: SCHAEFER B.-J. , BOHR O. , WAMBACH J.
Published: July 2002

Self-consistent new renormalization group flow equations for an O(N)-symmetric scalar theory are approximated in next-to-leading order of the derivative expansion. The Wilson-Fisher fixed point in three dimensions is analyzed in detail and various critical exponents are calculated.
TRANSFER MATRIX METHOD FOR ELECTRON-IO-PHONON INTERACTION IN ASYMMETRIC DOUBLE-BARRIER STRUCTURES
Authors: YAN ZU WEI , LIANG X. X.
Published: July 2002

Within the framework of the dielectric continuum model, the interface-optical (IO) phonon modes and their interaction with electrons in an asymmetric double-barrier structure is studied by using a transfer matrix method. The dispersion equation of IO phonon modes and the electron-IO-phonon (e-IO-p) interaction Hamiltonian are derived. It is found that there are eight branches of IO-phonon modes coupling with electrons besides the confined LO-phonon modes. The numerical results are obtained for several GaAs/Al x Ga 1-x As systems. It is seen that the contributions of long-wavelength phonons to the e-IO-p coupling are important. The e-IO-p coupling related to the IO modes with the GaAs LO-frequency (phonon energy 36.25 meV) at the long-wavelength limit is strongest in the eight branches of IO-phonon modes.
IMPACT OF WIDE BANDGAP P-TYPE NC-SI ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A-SI SOLAR CELLS
Authors: DENG X. , WANG W. , HAN S. , POVOLNY H. , DU W. , LIAO X. , XIANG X.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports the impact of a wide bandgap p-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) on the performances of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based solar cells. The p-layer consists of nanometer-sized Si Crystallites and has a wide effective bandgap determined mainly by the quantum size-confinement effect (QSE). By incorporation of this p-layer into the devices we have obtained high performances of a-Si:H top solar cells with V oc = 1.045 V and FF = 70.3%, and much improved mid and bottom a-SiGe:H cells, deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate. The effects of the band-edge mismatch at the p/i-interface on the I-V characteristics of the solar cells are discussed on the bases on the bases of the density-functional approach and the AMPS model.
GROWTH OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON THE GLASS SUBSTRATE FOR FLAT PANEL DISPLAY APPLICATIONS
Authors: KIM JAEMYUNG , NO KWANGSOO
Published: July 2002

We have grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the soda-lime glass substrates using chemical vapor deposition of C 2 H 2 gas at 550°C. We used electro-plated Ni thin film as a catalyst and screen-printed Ag thick film as a cathode. The turn-on field was about 2.55 V /μ m with an emission current density of 10 μ A / cm 2, and electric field was about 4.0 V /μ m with an emission current density of 3 mA/cm2. Fowler-Nordheim plot shows good linear fit, indicating that the emission current of CNTs follows the Fowler-Nordheim behavior. This process is suitable for mass production of CNT field emission display(CNT-FED), because of its merits; low temperature (≤ 550° C ) process, easiness of CNT patterning, non-vacuum process, large area uniformity.
ON A LOCAL CARNOT ENGINE
Authors: TRIMPER STEFFEN , ARTZ SIMONE
Published: July 2002

Starting from a master equation in a quantum Hamiltonian form we study analytically a nonequilibrium system which is coupled locally to two heat bathes at different temperatures. Based on a lattice gas description an evolution equation for the averaged density in the presence of a temperature gradient is derived. Firstly, the case is analysed where a particle is removed from a heat bath at a fixed temperature and is traced back to the bath at another temperature. The stationary solution and the relaxation time is discussed. Secondly, a collective hopping process between different heat bathes is studied leading to an evolution equation which offers a bilinear coupling between density and temperature gradient contrary to the conventional approach. Whereas in case of a linear decreasing static temperature field the relaxtion time offers a continuous spectrum it results a discrete spectrum for a quadratically decreasing temperature profile.
SCATTERING OF DRESSED NUCLEONS IN THE NUCLEAR MEDIUM
Authors: DICKHOFF W. H.
Published: July 2002

The scattering process of nucleons in nuclear matter is studied. After a review of the conventional asymptotic analysis of the two-body propagator in coordinate space, the modifications of this analysis due to the dressing of the scattering nucleons is developed. While the scattering energy singles out a unique (on-shell) momentum in the relative wave function of free or mean-field nucleons, this uniqueness is lost for dressed nucleons. The resulting distribution of momenta in the corresponding relative wave function leads to a localization in coordinate space of the influence of the scattering process on the relative motion of nucleons. An analytic approximation to the noninteracting propagator of the dressed nucleons is utilized to illustrate these points. As a consequence of the localization the scattered wave is damped and the particles no longer remember their scattering event beyond some finite distance.
TEMPORAL QUANTUM CHAOS
Authors: AURICH R. , STEINER F.
Published: July 2002

We study the long-time behavior of bound quantum systems whose classical dynamics is chaotic and put forward two conjectures. Conjecture A states that the autocorrelation function C(t)=<Ψ(0)|Ψ(t)> of a delocalized initial state |Ψ(0)> shows characteristic fluctuations, which we identify with a universal signature of temporal quantum chaos. For example, for the (appropriately normalized) value distribution of S~|C(t)| we predict the distribution P(S)=(π/2)Se-πS2/4. Conjecture B gives the best possible upper bound for a generalized Weyl sum and is related to the extremely large recurrence times in temporal quantum chaos. Numerical tests carried out for numerous chaotic systems confirm nicely the two conjectures and thus provide strong evidence for temporal quantum chaos.
c-AXIS TWIST Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS: A NEW PHASE-SENSITIVE TEST OF ORDER PARAMETER SYMMETRY
Authors: KLEMM RICHARD A. , ARNOLD GERALD , BILLE ANDREAS , RIECK CARSTEN T. , SCHARNBERG KURT
Published: July 2002

Li et al. found that the critical current density [Formula: see text] across atomically clean c-axis twist junctions of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ is the same as that of the constituent single crystal, [Formula: see text], independent of the twist angle ϕ0, even at and below Tc. We investigated theoretically if a dx2-y2-wave order parameter might twist by mixing in dxy-wave components, but found that such mixing cannot possibly explain the data near to Tc. Combined with group theoretical arguments, we then conclude that the order parameter contains at least a substantial s-wave component, but does not contain any purported dx2-y2-wave compoenent, except possibly below a second, unobserved phase transition. By studying tunneling models, we further conclude that the intrinsic c-axis Josephson tunneling in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ is likely to be most incoherent. We also propose a c-axis junction version of a tricrystal experiment, which does not rely upon expensive substrates.
CUBIC STRUCTURE AND CATION DISORDERING IN YBCO THIN FILM DEPOSITED BY HIGH SPEED PULSED LASER DEPOSITION
Authors: SUH JEONG-DAE , SUNG GUN YONG , KANG KWANG YONG
Published: July 2002

We have investigated the crystalline structure of high rate deposited YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin films prepared by high speed pulsed laser deposition. A cation disordered cubic structure with lattice parameter of 0.39 nm was found in YBCO thin film deposited at 12.2 nm/s deposition rate and 650°C substrate temperature conditions. The short range ordered cubic YBa 2 Cu 3 O x thin film growth at high deposition rate was explained by the short migration length of Y and Ba cation atoms owing to the high incident flux rate.
THE IN-PLANE ANISOTROPY OF PERMALLOY ARRAYS OF SUBMICRON RECTANGULAR ELEMENTS
Authors: ZHANG XUEYUN , SHI LIN , ZHAI YA , SHI JING
Published: July 2002

We report a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) study on the in-plane anisotropy of the patterned permalloy film with arrays of submicron rectangular elements prepared by electron beam lithography and the theoretical fitting of the FMR results, by which the in-plane anisotropy, effective magnetization, gyromagnetic ratio and g value of the samples are determined. The theoretical curves of the dependence of the resonance field on the field orientation ΦH fit well with the experimental data.
TRANSITION FROM THE SEDOV–TAYLOR BLAST WAVE SOLUTION UP TO THE SOUND WAVE
Authors: DE IZARRA C. , CAILLARD J. , VALLÉE O.
Published: July 2002

In the case of a spherical blast wave described by the Sedov–Taylor model in an ideal gas, we apply the Vashy–Buckingham theorem (Pi theorem) to take into account the pressure of the medium at rest, and consequently the internal energy of the gas at rest. We obtain a single formula which contains the full time behavior of the explosion from the very beginning (Sedov–Taylor solution) up to the sound wave, therefore describing analytically the transition phase from t = 0 until t → ∞.
NONLINEAR SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR IN REFLECTED LIGHT MEASUREMENTS OF VASOMOTION
Authors: COCA D. , ZHENG Y. , MAYHEW J. E. W. , BILLINGS S. A.
Published: July 2002

Nonlinear system identification and analysis methods are employed to study the low-frequency oscillations present in time-series data obtained from reflectance imagery of microvasculature. Using the method of surrogate data testing the analysis reveals the deterministic nature of these oscillations believed by many to be chaotic. Further investigations by means of nonlinear system identification techniques indicate however that the underlying dynamics can described by a periodically driven nonlinear dynamical model exhibiting quasiperiodic behavior.
EFFECT OF DISSIPATION ON THE HAMILTONIAN CHAOS IN COUPLED OSCILLATOR SYSTEMS
Authors: SHEEJA V. , SABIR M.
Published: July 2002

We study the effect of linear dissipative forces on the chaotic behavior of coupled quartic oscillators with two degrees of freedom. The effect of quadratic Rayleigh dissipation functions, one with diagonal coefficients only and the other with nondiagonal coefficients as well are studied. It is found that the effect of Rayleigh Dissipation function with diagonal coefficients is to suppress chaos in the system and to lead the system to its equilibrium state. However, with a dissipation function with nondiagonal elements, other types of behaviors — including fixed point attractor, periodic attractors and even chaotic attractors — are possible even when there is no external driving. In such a system the route to chaos is through period-doubling bifurcations. This result contradicts the view that linear dissipation always causes decay of oscillations in oscillator models.
OPTIMAL NATURAL DUALITIES: THE STRUCTURE OF FAILSETS
Authors: SARAMAGO M. J. , PRIESTLEY H. A.
Published: July 2002

B. A. Davey and H. A. Priestley have investigated the optimality of dualities on a quasivariety [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a finite algebra. Relative to a given set Ω of relations yielding a duality, they characterized the optimal dualities as the dualities determined by the transversals of a certain family of subsets of Ω. However the structure of these subsets — known as globally minimal failsets — remained to be understood. This paper gives a complete description of the globally minimal failsets which do not contain partial endomorphisms, and an algorithmic method to determine them. These results are applied, by way of illustration, to the variety of de Morgan algebras and to two further varieties, one of them an Ockham algebra variety and the other a variety of Heyting algebras. All the globally minimal failsets are determined in each case.
A CONSTRAINED MIXTURE MODEL FOR GROWTH AND REMODELING OF SOFT TISSUES
Authors: HUMPHREY J. D. , RAJAGOPAL K. R.
Published: July 2002

Not long ago it was thought that the most important characteristics of the mechanics of soft tissues were their complex mechanical properties: they often exhibit nonlinear, anisotropic, nearly incompressible, viscoelastic behavior over finite strains. Indeed, these properties endow soft tissues with unique structural capabilities that continue to be extremely challenging to quantify via constitutive relations. More recently, however, we have come to appreciate an even more important characteristic of soft tissues, their homeostatic tendency to adapt in response to changes in their mechanical environment. Thus, to understand well the biomechanical properties of a soft tissue, we must not only quantify their structure and function at a given time, we must also quantify how their structure and function change in response to altered stimuli. In this paper, we introduce a new constrained mixture theory model for studying growth and remodeling of soft tissues. The model melds ideas from classical mixture and homogenization theories so as to exploit advantages of each while avoiding particular difficulties. Salient features include the kinetics of the production and removal of individual constituents and recognition that the neighborhood of a material point of each constituent can have a different, evolving natural (i.e. stress-free) configuration.
COMPONENT BASED AGENT CONSTRUCTION
Authors: SKARMEAS NIKOLAOS P. , CLARK KEITH L.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, an agent architecture is proposed that can be used to integrate pre-existing components that provide the domain dependent agent functionality. The key integrating feature of the agent is an active message board that is used for inter-component, hence intra-agent communication. The board is active because it automatically forwards messages to components, they do not have to poll the message board. It does this on the basis of message pattern functions that components place on the board using advertisement messages. These functions can contain component provided semantic tests on the content of the message, they can also communicate with any other component whilst they are being applied. In addition an agent management toolkit, called ALFA, is described which offers a set of agent management services. This toolkit consists of a number of servers for storing the code of the components and symbolic descriptions of what agents regarding their component makeup. A third server uses all this information to facilitate launching new agents. Two prototype systems are also presented where the presented infrastructure has been applied. The one involves an agent based system used to control the environmental conditions in a building and the second is an agent based network management application.
N-STRING TANGLES
Authors: EMERT J. , ERNST C.
Published: July 2002

An n-string tangle (B, T) is a 3-ball B containing n properly embedded arcs T={ti}. An n-string tangle (B, T) is called rational if it is a homeo-morphism of pairs from (B, T) to (D, P)×I where D is the unit disk, P is any set of n points in the interior of D and I is the unit interval on the real line. In this article we begin to generalize the well known classification of 2-string rational tangles to rational tangles with three or more strings. A symbol describing an n-string rational tangle and an algebraic topological invariant is developed.
EFFECTS OF VARIABLE INFECTIVITY ON THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS
Authors: LEWIS FRASER , GREENHALGH DAVID
Published: July 2002

In this paper we develop and analyse a model for the spread of HIV/AIDS amongst a population of injecting drug users. We examine the impact on the spread of disease caused by allowing addicts to progress through three distinct stages of variable infectivity prior to the onset of full blown AIDS. We first state a three stage infectivity model of the transmission of HIV and perform an equilibrium and stability analysis on this model. We find that there is a critical threshold parameter R0 which determines its behaviour. If R0≤1 then there is a unique disease-free equilibrium which is globally stable. If R0>1 then there is a unique endemic equilibrium which is locally stable. Simulations indicate that if R0>1, then provided disease is initially present it will tend to the endemic equilibrium. We also extend this model to include recruitment and mortality from AIDS, and find that its long-term behaviour is similar to that of the simple model. We then look briefly at a stochastic version of the model and simulations indicate that again the disease dies out if R0<1 and if R0>1 the long-term conditional mean prevalence of disease is approximately the same as in the simple model. We examine the implications of our results for the prevention of the spread of HIV and AIDS amongst drug users. A short discussion concludes the paper.
CASE STUDIES IN SURFACE GEOMETRY: ADSORBATE AND COADSORBATE STRUCTURES ON Ru(001), AND SOME IMPLICATIONS
Authors: MENZEL DIETRICH
Published: July 2002

Using a CCD LEED system for the collection of IV data with minimal beam damage, and full dynamical as well as Tensor LEED calculations, the geometries of about 20 adsorbate and coadsorbate structures on Ru(001) have been determined over the past decade. With work by other groups, more than 30 accurate adsorbate structures are now available for this surface. The advantage of this concentrated effort directed at a single surface with equivalent methods is that comparisons of trends can be made on this basis, and that the correlation of different structures lends additional credibility to the separately determined structural parameters. This then justifies comparisons with results of first principles theoretical calculations and other conclusions.

Here a short overview is given of the methods used and of the structures derived, and some methodological questions (reliability of "LEED only," and the importance of supporting evidence; reproducibility vs. accuracy; temperature effects and the influence of soft vibrations) are discussed. This data set is then used to briefly discuss some examples, including:

• Influences of site selection and environment on the adsorbate structure;

• Lateral interactions in coadsorbate structures;

• Possible chemical contributions in rare gas adsorption;

• Global and local relaxations of the Ru surface atoms and their interpretation.

Comparison to theoretical results is made where possible.
Tuberculous Tenosynovitis of the Hand
Authors: Nemoto Koichi , Itoh Yoshiyasu , Hamano Yasuyuki , Kimura Noriyuki
Published: July 2002

Nine cases of tuberculous tenosynovitis of the hand were reviewed. The infected sites were the palmar aspect in eight cases and the dorsal aspect in one. In all cases, surgical debridement and thorough synovectomy were performed and postoperative chemotherapy was given. Closed continuous irrigation was performed in four cases. Though recurrence occurred in 5 cases, all patients healed eventually. Final hand function was related to the degree of preoperative tissue destruction. Pathologic changes of tuberculosis were confirmed in all cases; however, the tuberculous bacillus was detected in only four cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential in the management of the disease.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EPITHELIOID SARCOMA IN THE FOREARM: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Ozaki T. , Hashizume H. , Kunisada T. , Inoue H.
Published: July 2002

We report findings on plain, gadolinium (Gd) diethylenetriaminepentaaetic acid (DTPA) enhanced, and dynamic MR images of an epithelioid sarcoma in the forearm.
EXPERIMENTAL NERVE GRAFTING — TOWARDS FUTURE SOLUTIONS OF A CLINICAL PROBLEM
Authors: Dahlin Lars B , Lundborg Göran
Published: July 2002

Restoration of function following complete nerve injuries with subsequent nerve repair is still not satisfactory and in many cases poor, especially when a gap has to be bridged by a graft. In such situations, there may be insufficient access to autologous graft material. Alternatives have to be developed and a close collaboration between basic scientists and clinicians is required. In the present article, current studies on experimental nerve grafts are discussed and some new alternatives to autologous nerve grafts are reviewed.
Entry into the WTO and Taiwan's Financial Internationalization
Authors: Lii Sheng-Yann
Published: July 2002

Over the years, Taiwan has made great progress in financial internationalization. At the same time, foreign exchange controls have been relaxed significantly and restrictions on capital movements have been lifted in a gradual and orderly manner. Taiwan has also been actively developing itself into an Asia-Pacific financial center since 1995. When both sides of the Taiwan Strait enter the WTO in the future, they will have to address the new conditions of opening up domestic markets and competition from international businesses. Actually, there are some issues concerning financial internationalization after Taiwan's accession in the WTO. They are appropriate capital account management, increasing cross-Strait financial activities and maintaining financial discipline and emphasize risk management. In order to maintain financial discipline, the monetary authorities should strengthen financial supervision, by conducting on-site and follow-up examination of financial institutions. On the other hand, financial institutions should abide by the rules of the game and should especially emphasize risk management. Taiwan and mainland China are expected to enter the WTO at the same time in the near future. In order to promote international stability, it is an opportunity for the two sides of the Taiwan Strait to work together toward establishing an East Asian financial cooperation mechanism.
Financial Services and International Competitiveness of the Taiwan Industry
Authors: Wea Chi-Lin
Published: July 2002

In order to cope with the changing financial landscape, the government in Taiwan has put forth financial reform measures and supplementary packages. In this paper, we shall discuss four main themes including the establishment of Asset Management Company/Resolution Trust Corporation to help financial institutions quickly clear up bad loans, the disclosure of open public financial information to increase market transparency, the set up of a Financial Supervisions Commission to unify the work of financial supervisions and financial examinations, and the promotion of merger, shareholdings, and alliances among financial institutions to raise the competitive power of Taiwan banks in international financial markets. Each topic begins with a description of the current status, government policies and strategies, and then brings up some issues worth discussing.
EQUILIBRIUM IN A DISCRETE EXCHANGE ECONOMY WITH REGIONAL SUB-ECONOMIES
Authors: CESCO JUAN C. , MARCHI EZIO
Published: July 2002

In the first part of this note, we present a generalisation of a lemma due to Gale (1984) to a product of simplices. Then, we use it to derive a permutation-based extension of Browder Fixed Point Theorem proved by Bapat (1989). In the last part, we propose a model of an economy with regional sub-economies in the line of Gale's work (1984) and prove existence equilibrium results under different set of hypothesis.
CONVERGENCE TO SCATTERING STATES IN THE NONLINEAR SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: BÉGOUT PASCAL
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we consider global solutions of the following nonlinear Schrödinger equation iut+Δ u+λ|u|αu=0, in ℝN, with λ∈ℝ, [Formula: see text] (α∈ (0,∞) if N=1) and u(0)∈X≡ H1(ℝN)∩ L2(|x|2;dx). We show that, under suitable conditions, if the solution u satisfies e-itΔu(t)-u±→0 in X as t→±∞ then u(t)-eitΔu±→0 in X as t→±∞. We also study the converse. Finally, we estimate |‖u(t)‖X- ‖eitΔu±‖X| under some less restrictive assumptions.
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS MODELING & PATIENT-SIMULATION FOR DIAGNOSIS
Authors: DITTAKAVI SARMA S. , GHISTA DHANJOO N.
Published: July 2002

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia and long-term specific complications: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Automatic neuropathy leads to visceral denervation producing a variety of clinical abnormalities: cardiac and respiratory dysrythaemias, gastrointestinal motility disorders, urinary bladder dysfunction and impotence. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of blindness; renal failure and limb amputation all over the world. The need to detect diabetic risk factors and treat organ disorders and complications associated with diabetes provides the impetus for us to develop the technology for assessment of diabetes, its etiology and severity, as well as for assessing the efficacy of pharmacological therapy.

This paper concerns:

(i) modelling of blood-glucose regulation and tolerance-testing,

(ii) demonstrating patient-simulation of the blood-glucose regulatory models, by means of which the model parameters can be evaluated and related to physiological parameters, and

(iii) elucidating how the glucose-regulatory system model's pole-zero representation and the blood glucose-insulin transfer-function can explain the blood glucose response data in intravenous and oral glucose tolerance tests.

An easy-to-implement simple clinical-application method is developed to simulate the response of the blood-glucose regulatory model in diabetic patients during intravenous glucose tolerance test and to estimate the model parameters, which can then enable differential diagnosis of diabetes and its severity as well as in early detection of risk-to-diabetes.

In the oral glucose-tolerance test, the role of the gut is to facilitate transport of glucose across the intestinal wall. The Michaelis-Menten equation, describing this enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate, can be employed to conclude that the intestinal glucose absorption rate into the blood-compartment from the gut during the oral glucose-tolerance test is constant, almost resembling a rectangular pulse Nevertheless, we have formulated a new rate-control model to simulate the oral glucose-tolerance test data, by means of the response-function of a second-order system of a single-compartment (consisting of the gut and the blood-glucose pool), with the oral glucose-bolus as the impulse-input.

We have also demonstrated application of this rate-control model to patients undergoing oral glucose-tolerance test, to evaluate the model parameters. By categorizing the ranges of these parameters for normals and diabetics (varying from mild to severe), we can reliably apply this model and procedure clinically.
Is the fossil record indicative of a critical system?
Authors: Jan Naeem , Moseley Leo , Ray Tane , Stauffer Dietrich
Published: July 2002

We examine the distribution of the relative fractional fluctuation of the magnetisation of a 3D Ising ferromagnet at the critical temperature Tc by considering a histogram of frequency of the fractional magnetisation. The distribution is highly non-Gaussian and is reminiscent of the histogram of extinction intensity for fossil genera shown by Raup1 (1991) (see also Newman (1996)). The graph of relative fractional change ofmagnetisation vs MC time is compatible in appearance with the graph showing the variation of the number of extinction of families of marine animals with time (over hundreds of millions of years) given by Raup (1991), Sepkoski (1993) or Newman (1996). Our results show a power law dependence usually taken as evidence for the existence of a critical system.
A NOVEL HYBRID FRAMEWORK OF COEVOLUTIONARY GA AND MACHINE LEARNING
Authors: HANDA HISASHI , BABA MITSURU , HORIUCHI TADASHI , KATAI OSAMU
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we will propose a novel framework of hybridization of Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm and Machine Learning. The Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm (CGA) which has already been proposed by Handa et al. consists of two GA populations: the first GA (H-GA) population searches for the solutions in given problems, and the second GA (P-GA) population searches for effective schemata of the H-GA. The CGA adopts the notion of commensalism, a kind of co-evolution. The new hybrid framework incorporates a schema extraction mechanism by Machine Learning techniques into the CGA. Considerable improvement in its search ability is obtained by extracting more efficient and useful schemata from the H-GA population and then by incorporating those extracted schemata into the P-GA. We will examine and compare two kinds of machine learning techniques in extracting schema information: C4.5 and CN2. Several computational simulations on multidimensional knapsack problems, constraint satisfaction problems and function optimization problems will reveal the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
QR
-like algorithms for the nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem
Authors: Haag J. B. , Watkins D. S.
Published: July 2002

Hybrid codes that combine elements of the QR and LR algorithms are described. The codes can calculate the eigenvalues and, optionally, eigenvectors of real, nonsymmetric matrices. Extensive tests are presented as evidence that, for certain choices of parameters, the hybrid codes possess the same high reliability as the QR algorithm and are significantly faster. The greatest success has been achieved with the codes that calculate eigenvalues only. These can do the task in 15% to 50% less time than the QR algorithm.
A portable random number generator well suited for the rejection method
Authors: Hörmann W. , Derflinger G.
Published: July 2002

Up to now, all known efficient portable implementations of linear congruential random number generators with modulus 2
31
– 1 have worked only with multipliers that are small compared with the modulus. We show that for nonuniform distributions, the rejection method may generate random numbers of bad qualify if combined with a linear congruential generator with small multiplier. A method is described that works for any multiplier smaller than 2
30
. It uses the decomposition of multiplier and seed in high-order and low-order bits to compute the upper and lower half of the product. The sum of the two halfs gives the product of multiplier and seed modulo 2
21
– 1. Coded in ANSI-C and FORTRAN77 the method results in a portable implementation of the linear congruential generator that is as fast or faster than other portable methods.
Coordination in software development
Authors: Kraut Robert E. , Streeter Lynn A.
Published: July 2002

Since its inception, the software industry has been in crisis. As Blazer noted 20 years ago, “[Software] is unreliable, delivered late, unresponsive to change, inefficient, and expensive … and has been for the past 20 years” [4]. In a survey of software contractors and government contract officers, over half of the respondents believed that calendar overruns, cost overruns, code that required in-house modifications before being usable, and code that was difficult to modify were common problems in the software projects they supervised [22]. Even today, problems with software systems are common and highly-publicized occurrences.
Inverse pairs of test matrices
Authors: Ericksen Wilhelm S.
Published: July 2002

Algorithms that are readily programmable are provided for constructing inverse pairs of matrices with elements in a field, a division ring, or a ring.
Systems analysis
Authors: Shemer Itzhak
Published: July 2002

Adopting an appropriate model for systems analysis, by avoiding a narrow focus on the requirements specification and increasing the use of the systems analyst's knowledge base, may lead to better software development and improved system life-cycle management.
Safety as a system property
Authors: Leveson Nancy G.
Published: July 2002

When computers are used to control potentially dangerous devices, new issues and concerns are raised for software engineering. Simply focusing on building software that matches its specifications is not enough. Accidents occur even when the individual system components are highly reliable and have not “failed.” That is, accidents in complex systems often arise in the interactions among the system components, each one operating according to its specified behavior but together creating a hazardous system state.
On-line routing of virtual circuits with applications to load balancing and machine scheduling
Authors: Aspnes James , Azar Yossi , Fiat Amos , Plotkin Serge , Waarts Orli
Published: July 2002

In this paper we study the problem of on-line allocation of routes to virtual circuits (both
point-to-point
and
multicast
) where the goal is to route all requests while minimizing the required bandwidth. We concentrate on the case of
Permanent
virtual circuits (i.e., once a circuit is established it exists forever), and describe an algorithm that achieves on
O
(log
n
) competitive ratio with respect to maximum congestin, where
n
is the number of nodes in the network. Informally, our results show that instead of knowing all of the future requests, it is sufficient to increase the bandwidth of the communication links by an
O
(log
n
) factor. We also show that this result is tight, that is, for any on-line algorithm there exists a scenario in which Ω(log
n
) increase in bandwidth is necessary in directed networks.

We view virtual circuit routing as a generalization of an on-line load balancing problem, defined as follows: jobs arrive on line and each job must be assigned to one of the machines immediately upon arrival. Assigning a job to a machine increases the machine's load by an amount that depends both on the job and on the machine. The goal is to minimize the maximum load.

For the
related machines
case, we describe the first algorithm that achieves constant competitive ratio. for the
unrelated
case (with
n
machines), we describe a new method that yields
O
(log
n
)-competitive algorithm. This stands in contrast to the natural greed approach, whose competitive ratio is exactly
n
.