bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Channel response to sediment release: insights from a paired analysis of dam removal
Authors: Collins Mathias J. , Snyder Noah P. , Boardman Graham , Banks William S.L. , Andrews Mary , Baker Matthew E. , Conlon Maricate , Gellis Allen , McClain Serena , Miller Andrew , Wilcock Peter
Published: January 2017

Dam removals with unmanaged sediment releases are good opportunities to learn about channel response to abruptly increased bed material supply. Understanding these events is important because they affect aquatic habitats and human uses of floodplains. A longstanding paradigm in geomorphology holds that response rates to landscape disturbance exponentially decay through time. However, a previous study of the Merrimack Village Dam (MVD) removal on the Souhegan River in New Hampshire, USA, showed that an exponential function poorly described the early geomorphic response. Erosion of impounded sediments there was two‐phased. We had an opportunity to quantitatively test the two‐phase response model proposed for MVD by extending the record there and comparing it with data from the Simkins Dam removal on the Patapsco River in Maryland, USA. The watershed sizes are the same order of magnitude (102 km2), and at both sites low‐head dams were removed (~3–4 m) and ~65 000 m3 of sand‐sized sediments were discharged to low‐gradient reaches. Analyzing four years of repeat morphometry and sediment surveys at the Simkins site, as well as continuous discharge and turbidity data, we observed the two‐phase erosion response described for MVD. In the early phase, approximately 50% of the impounded sediment at Simkins was eroded rapidly during modest flows. After incision to base level and widening, a second phase began when further erosion depended on floods large enough to go over bank and access impounded sediments more distant from the newly‐formed channel. Fitting functional forms to the data for both sites, we found that two‐phase exponential models with changing decay constants fit the erosion data better than single‐phase models. Valley width influences the two‐phase erosion responses upstream, but downstream responses appear more closely related to local gradient, sediment re‐supply from the upstream impoundments, and base flows. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Pleistocene outburst floods from Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan?
Authors: Rosenwinkel Swenja , Landgraf Angela , Schwanghart Wolfgang , Volkmer Friedrich , Dzhumabaeva Atyrgul , Merchel Silke , Rugel Georg , Preusser Frank , Korup Oliver
Published: January 2017

Elevated shorelines and lake sediments surrounding Issyk Kul, the world's second largest mountain lake, record fluctuating lake levels during Quaternary times. Together with bathymetric and geochemical data, these markers document alternating phases of lake closure and external drainage. The uppermost level of lake sediments requires a former damming of the lake's western outlet through the Boam gorge. We test previous hypothesised ice or landslide dam failures by exploring possible links between late Quaternary lake levels and outbursts. We review and recompile the chronology of reported changes in lake site, and offer new ages of abandoned shorelines using 14C in bivalve and gastropod shells, and plant detritus, as well as sand lenses in delta and river sediments using Infrared Stimulated Luminescence. Our dates are consistent with elevated lake levels between ~45 ka and 22 ka. Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of fan terraces containing erratic boulders (>3 m) downstream of the gorge constrain the timing of floods to 20.5–18.5 ka, postdating a highstand of Issyk Kul. A flow‐competence analysis gives a peak discharge of >104 m3 s–1 for entraining and transporting these boulders. Palaeoflood modelling, however, shows that naturally dammed lakes unconnected to Issyk Kul could have produced such high discharges upon sudden emptying. Hence, although our data are consistent with hypotheses of catastrophic outburst floods, average lake‐level changes of up to 90 mm yr–1 in the past 150 years were highly variable without any outbursts, so that linking lake‐level drops to catastrophic dam breaks remains ambiguous using sedimentary archives alone. This constraint may readily apply to other Quaternary lakes of that size elsewhere. Nonetheless, our reconstructed Pleistocene floods are among the largest reported worldwide, and motivate further research into the palaeoflood hydrology of Central Asia. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity, dissolved organic carbon, and interpopulation variability hardly influence the accumulation and effect of copper in Mytilus edulis
Authors: Deruytter David , Vandegehuchte Michiel B. , Garrevoet Jan , Blust Ronny , Vincze Laszlo , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C. , Janssen Colin R.
Published: January 2017

To improve the ecological relevance of environmental risk assessment, an improved understanding is needed of 1) the influence of environmental conditions on the toxicity of pollutants, and 2) the effect of these factors in combination with possible interpopulation variability. The influences of salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the accumulation and effect of copper (Cu) to settled mussels were investigated with mussels from a North Sea and a Baltic Sea population. We found that both populations were equally Cu-sensitive, even though the Baltic Sea population lives in suboptimal conditions. Baltic Sea mussels, however, accumulated more Cu. This suggests that these populations may have different ways of coping with excess Cu. The influence of salinity on Cu toxicity to settled mussels was limited for both populations. An increase in DOC did not decrease the Cu accumulation or effect in either population. This suggests that DOC–Cu complexes are bioavailable for settled mussels. These findings are in contrast with previous research which indicated that DOC decreased the toxicity and accumulation of Cu in the D-larvae life stage. As a consequence, the mussel larval stage is not the most Cu-sensitive life stage at high DOC concentrations. Furthermore, a DOC correction factor for Cu toxicity cannot be used for settled mussels. This should be accounted for in future marine Cu environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2074–2082. © 2017 SETAC
Sensory evaluation of selected formulated milk barberry drinks using the fuzzy approach
Authors: Tahsiri Zahra , Niakousari Mehrdad , Khoshnoudi‐Nia Sara , Hosseini Seyed Mohamad H.
Published: January 2017

Amid rigid competition in marketing to accomplish customers' needs, the cost of disappointment is too high. In an effort to escape market disappointment, one of the options to be considered is probing for customer satisfaction through sensory evaluation. This study aims to rank the six selected milk‐barberry drink formulae out of 24 (code numbers S3, S4, S15, S16, S17 and S18) each having different milk:barberry:pectin amount (7: 3: 0.2; 6: 4: 0.2; 7: 3: 0.4, 6: 4: 0.4, 5: 5: 0.4 and 6: 4: 0.4), respectively, and to determine the best of quality attribute through sensory evaluation, using the fuzzy decision‐making model. The selection was based on pH, total solid content, and degree of serum separation and rheological properties of the drinks. The results showed that the S4 had the highest acceptability, rated under the “very good” category, whereas the lowest acceptability was reported for the S3 which was classified under the “satisfactory” category. In summary, the ranking of the milk‐barberry drinks was S4 >  S17 >  S16 >  S15 >  S18 >  S3. Furthermore, quality attributes were ranked as taste > mouth feel > aroma > color. Results suggest that the fuzzy approach could be appropriately used to evaluate this type of sensory data.
After the DNR:Surrogates Who Persist in Requesting Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Robinson Ellen M. , Cadge Wendy , Zollfrank Angelika A. , Cremens M. Cornelia , Courtwright Andrew M.
Published: January 2017

Some health care organizations allow physicians to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation from a patient, despite patient or surrogate requests that it be provided, when they believe it will be more harmful than beneficial. Such cases usually involve patients with terminal diagnoses whose medical teams argue that aggressive treatments are medically inappropriate or likely to be harmful. Although there is state‐to‐state variability and a considerable judicial gray area about the conditions and mechanisms for refusals to perform CPR, medical teams typically follow a set of clearly defined procedures for these decisions. The procedures are based on the principle of nonmaleficence and typically include consultation with hospital ethics committees, reflecting the guidelines of relevant professional associations.

Ethical debates about when CPR can and should be limited tend to rely more on discussions of theory, principles, and case studies than systematic empirical study of the situations in which such limitations are applied. Sociologists of bioethics call for empirical study, arguing that what ethicists and health professionals believe they are doing when they draft policies or invoke principles does not always mirror what is happening on the ground. In this article, we begin the task of modeling the empirical analyses sociologists call for, focusing on a cohort at Massachusetts General Hospital. We inductively analyzed ethics committee notes and medical records of nineteen patients whose surrogates did not accept the decision to withhold CPR.
The Limits of Surrogates’ Moral Authority and Physician Professionalism: Can the Paradigm of Palliative Sedation Be Instructive?
Authors: Berger Jeffrey T.
Published: January 2017

With narrow exception, physicians’ treatment of incapacitated patients requires the consent of health surrogates. Although the decision‐making authority of surrogates is appropriately broad, their moral authority is not without limits. Discerning these bounds is particularly germane to ethically complex treatments and has important implications for the welfare of patients, for the professional integrity of clinicians, and, in fact, for the welfare of surrogates. Palliative sedation is one such complex treatment; as such, it provides a valuable model for analyzing the scope of surrogates’ moral authority. Guidelines for palliative sedation that present it as a “last‐resort” treatment for severe and intractable suffering yet require surrogate consent in order to offer it are ethically untenable, precisely because the moral limits of surrogate authority have not been considered.
The ACA from behind the “Veil of Ignorance”
Authors: Dentzer Susan
Published: January 2017

John Rawls posited that we could determine the nature of justice if we imagined ourselves observing conditions in society from behind a hypothetical “veil of ignorance.” Not knowing how or where we would end up—rich, poor, empowered, disabled—we would choose governing principles that did not leave one disadvantaged because of his or her circumstances. Rawls's concepts are implicitly embedded in the Affordable Care Act, which guarantees that vastly more Americans can obtain health insurance. The law effectively closed down the de facto lottery that awarded coverage to most but left out millions of others.
The Theory and Practice of Surrogate Decision‐Making
Authors: Wendler David
Published: January 2017

When a patient lacks decision‐making capacity and has not left a clear advance directive, there is now widespread agreement that patient‐designated and next‐of‐kin surrogates should implement substituted judgment within a process of shared decision‐making. Specifically, after discussing the “best scientific evidence available, as well as the patient's values, goals, and preferences” with the patient's clinicians, the patient‐designated or next‐of‐kin surrogate should attempt to determine what decision the patient would have made in the circumstances. To the extent that this approach works, it seems to provide about as much respect for the autonomy of incapacitated patients as we could ask for. But, as articles in this issue of the Report by Jeffrey Berger and by Ellen Robinson and colleagues emphasize, reality presents challenges.
Show Code
Authors: Shalev Daniel
Published: January 2017

“Let's get one thing straight: there is no such thing as a show code,” my attending asserted, pausing for effect. “You either try to resuscitate, or you don't. None of this halfway junk.” He spoke so loudly that the two off‐service consultants huddled at computers at the end of the unit looked up…

We did four rounds of compressions and pushed epinephrine twice. It was not a long code. We did good, strong compressions and coded this man in earnest until the end. Toward the final round, though, as I stepped up to do compressions, my attending looked at me in a deep way. It was a look in between willing me as some object under his command and revealing to me everything that lay within his brash, confident surface but could not be spoken.
Employer Wellness Programs Challenged in Court
Authors: Rothstein Mark A.
Published: January 2017

Many employers faced with rising health care costs have adopted “voluntary” wellness programs that urge employees to engage in various health‐promotion activities, such as smoking cessation and weight reduction. In the proper setting, measures to promote a more healthful lifestyle are difficult to question, but there is little compelling evidence that workplace wellness programs have significant, sustained health benefits or substantially reduce health care costs other than through cost‐shifting to unhealthy employees. Congressional support for workplace wellness programs has persisted on a bipartisan basis for the last twenty years, and the incentives that current statutes allow employers to offer employees have become strong enough that the voluntariness of the programs has been called into question. In recent months, the battleground has shifted to the courts, where federal regulations and employer practices have been challenged. Three recent or pending cases raise questions about whether the incentives are coercing employees into the programs.
Permanent Patients: Hospital Discharge Planning Meets Housing Insecurity
Authors: Herbst Jennifer L.
Published: January 2017

Not all hospital inpatients need the level of care (including staffing, testing, monitoring, and treatment) uniquely available in the acute‐care setting. In the United States, these longer‐term, nonacute inpatients tend to be some combination of chronically ill, poor, homeless, undocumented, uninsured, and disabled—all groups who have struggled for health equity, political recognition, and voice. Even so, these “permanent patients” continue to receive care in one of the most expensive settings. This phenomenon is the result of federal legislation that creates an affirmative duty to care for all able to access our emergency departments without also making safe housing available to all. A handful of federal laws and policies as well as a potpourri of state laws and policies are involved.
Identification of a conserved gene signature associated with an exacerbated inflammatory environment in the hippocampus of aging rats
Authors: Pardo Joaquín , Abba Martin C. , Lacunza Ezequiel , Francelle Laetitia , Morel Gustavo R. , Outeiro Tiago F. , Goya Rodolfo G.
Published: January 2017

There have been a few descriptive studies in aged rodents about transcriptome changes in the hippocampus, most of them in males. Here, we assessed the age changes in spatial memory performance and hippocampal morphology in female rats and compared those changes with changes in the hippocampal transcriptome. Old rats displayed significant deficits in spatial memory. In both age groups, hole exploration frequency showed a clear peak at hole 0 (escape hole), but the amplitude of the peak was significantly higher in the young than in the old animals. In the hippocampus, there was a dramatic reduction in neurogenesis, whereas reactive microglial infiltrates revealed an inflammatory hippocampal state in the senile rats. Hippocampal RNA‐sequencing showed that 210 genes are differentially expressed in the senile rats, most of them being downregulated. Our RNA‐Seq data showed that various genes involved in the immune response, including TYROBP, CD11b, C3, CD18, CD4, and CD74, are overexpressed in the hippocampus of aged female rats. Enrichment analysis showed that the pathways overrepresented in the senile rats matched those of an exacerbated inflammatory environment, reinforcing our morphologic findings. After correlating our results with public data of human and mouse hippocampal gene expression, we found an 11‐gene signature of overexpressed genes related to inflammatory processes that was conserved across species. We conclude that age‐related hippocampal deficits in female rats share commonalities between human and rodents. Interestingly, the 11‐gene signature that we identified may represent a cluster of immune and regulatory genes that are deregulated in the hippocampus and possibly other brain regions during aging as well as in some neurodegenerative diseases and low‐grade brain tumors. Our study further supports neuroinflammation as a promising target to treat cognitive dysfunction in old individuals and some brain tumors. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruption of amygdala–entorhinal–hippocampal network in late‐life depression
Authors: Leal Stephanie L. , Noche Jessica A. , Murray Elizabeth A. , Yassa Michael A.
Published: January 2017

Episodic memory deficits are evident in late‐life depression (LLD) and are associated with subtle synaptic and neurochemical changes in the medial temporal lobes (MTL). However, the particular mechanisms by which memory impairment occurs in LLD are currently unknown. We tested older adults with (DS+) and without (DS−) depressive symptoms using high‐resolution fMRI that is capable of discerning signals in hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei. Scanning was conducted during performance of an emotional discrimination task used previously to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and amygdala‐mediated emotional modulation of hippocampal pattern separation in young adults. We found that hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG)/CA3 activity was reduced during correct discrimination of negative stimuli and increased during correct discrimination of neutral items in DS+ compared to DS− adults. The extent of the latter increase was correlated with symptom severity. Furthermore, DG/CA3 and basolateral amygdala (BLA) activity predicted discrimination performance on negative trials, a relationship that depended on symptom severity. The impact of the BLA on depressive symptom severity was mediated by the DG/CA3 during discrimination of neutral items, and by the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) during false recognition of positive items. These results shed light on a novel mechanistic account for amygdala–hippocampal network changes and concurrent alterations in emotional episodic memory in LLD. The BLA‐LEC‐DG/CA3 network, which comprises a key pathway by which emotion modulates memory, is specifically implicated in LLD. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Performance of Ag/Oil Nanofluids in Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Sinusoidal Tube: Constant Heat Flux Boundary Condition
Authors: Jafarimoghaddam Amin , Aberoumand Sadegh
Published: January 2017

The present work provides an empirical investigation on the thermal characteristics of Ag/oil nanofluids flow inside a sinusoidal tube under a constant heat flux boundary condition. Ag/oil nanofluids have been prepared in low‐volume concentrations of 0.011%, 0.044%, and 0.171%. The average size of the nanoparticles was 20 nm. A heated coil was attached to the upper and lower surface of the tube that satisfied the constant thermal boundary condition of 204 W. The experiment has been pursued at low Reynolds numbers less than 160. A loop was designed to keep the flow hydrodynamically fully developed during the experiment. The test case was a sinusoidal tube. Upper and lower surfaces of the tube have been designed sinusoidally. Moreover, the width of the plates was long enough, so the problem was not considerably affected by the three‐dimensional releasing effect. Convective heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were calculated. It has been observed that based on the acquired data of the present work, convective heat transfer coefficient increased up to 23% for the best case (nanofluid with a volume concentration of 0.171%) compared to the base fluid. This happened while the rise of the friction factor was very low. In addition, a comparison between the new results and the previous work by authors showed the positive performance of sinusoidal tubes in increasing the convective heat transfer coefficient (the average increase was calculated to be about 82%) compared to the annular tube.
Cross‐sectional study of fetal long‐bone length in an Iranian population at 17–25 weeks of gestation
Authors: Kasraeian Maryam , Shahraki Hadi Raeisi , Asadi Nasrin , Vafaei Homeira , Sameni Safoura
Published: January 2017

Objective

To construct improved reference charts for fetal long bones in an Iranian setting and to compare them with previous studies.

Methods

The present prospective cross‐sectional study included singleton fetuses assessed by ultrasonography at 17–25 weeks of gestation at the Comprehensive Medical Genetics Center, Shahid Soltani, Shiraz, Iran between May 1, 2012, and February 28, 2014. Exclusion criteria included conditions that could affect fetal growth. Fetal long bones (femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, and radius) were measured with ultrasonography and biometric charts were produced. Regression models were fitted to estimate bone lengths. The models produced were compared with those from previous studies in other populations.

Results

There were 660 singleton fetuses included and 660 femur, 633 humerus, 512 tibia, 498 fibula, 505 ulna, and 498 radius biometric measurements were recorded. The models generated to predict the length of the tibia, fibula, ulna, and radius from the length of the femur and humerus demonstrated a high goodness of fit when the predicted lengths were plotted against the actual lengths. Comparisons of mean lengths with previous studies suggested that long‐bone length was affected by maternal ethnicity.

Conclusion

The equations generated could be used to predict long‐bone length in an Iranian population and ethnicity should be considered when using fetal long‐bone length as a prenatal diagnostic tool.
Effect of the degree of magnetic resonance‐guided high‐intensity focused ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroid tissue on 6‐month volume reduction
Authors: Liu Jing , Keserci Bilgin , Rong Rong , Wei Juan , Zhang Jianhua , Wang Xiaoying
Published: January 2017

Ensuring a non‐perfused volume of at least 70% during high‐intensity focused ultrasound ablation of hyper‐vascular fibroids resulted in improved volume reduction ratios at 6 months.
It's only a dream if you wake up: Young adults' achievement expectations, opportunities, and meritocratic beliefs
Authors: Shane Jacob , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: January 2017

The present paper examines university graduates' beliefs about how meritocratic socioeconomic status (SES) attainment in U.S. society is for themselves (merit agency beliefs) and for most other people (merit societal beliefs), and how these distinct beliefs are differentially associated with labour market experiences and achievement‐goal attitudes and expectations in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Data from a 10‐month longitudinal study of 217 graduates from the 2013 class of a large public U.S. university were analysed using multilevel modelling. The results indicate that most participants optimistically expected to attain upward social mobility. Furthermore, participants' merit agency beliefs were reflective of their labour market prospects and experiences, and calibrated their achievement‐goal attitudes and expectations. However, participants' merit societal beliefs were not associated with these labour market experiences and achievement‐goal attitudes and expectations. The distinction between merit agency beliefs and merit societal beliefs may be motivationally beneficial by allowing individuals to continue striving toward the uncertain long‐term goal pursuit of upward social mobility despite the short‐term struggles and setbacks many young adults are likely to experience in the aftermath of the Great Recession.
USING MBSE TO EVALUATE AND PROTECT THE ELECTRICAL GRID AS A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
Authors: Hause Matthew
Published: January 2017

A system of systems (SoS) is a large complex system, with varying degrees of operational independence, managerial independence, evolutionary development, geographical distribution, and lifecycle independence. Critical infrastructure such as the electrical grid contains all the aspects of a SoS. Models are routinely used throughout the complete lifecycle of the grid during analysis, definition, construction, operation, maintenance, and more. Due to the ever‐increasing complexity of the grid, a single model encompassing all aspects of the grid would be impossible. Typical projects I have worked on encompassed millions of telemetered points just to operate a small portion of the overall grid. When the detailed mechanics of the individual equipment as well as cyber security, connection to the Internet, the Internet of things (IoT), power trading components, co‐generation, and other aspects are added, the problems quickly become too complex to analyze. Hence, we need to abstract the problem into a SoS set of aspects and examine the systems both at the SoS level, as well as the detailed level. This will require the use of standardized systems modeling tools such as the systems modeling language (SysML), and the unified architecture framework (UAF) to define the overall goals, strategies, capabilities, interactions, standards, operational and systems architecture, systems patterns, and so forth. Analysis using these standard methods can help identify potential problems that can be analyzed by specialty tools and the results fed back into the SoS model. This paper will examine the electrical grid as a SoS, define common characteristics, identify issues and vulnerabilities, and model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) strategies for addressing them.
SPACE WEATHER POLICY AND EFFECTS
Authors: Jonas Seth , McCarron Eoin , Murtagh William
Published: January 2017

Space weather events have the potential to negatively affect technology and energy infrastructures that are essential contributors to national security, economic vitality, and daily functioning. The term “space weather” refers to the naturally occurring, dynamic conditions of the space environment that arise from emissions from the sun, which include solar flares, solar energetic particles, and coronal mass ejections. These emissions can interact with Earth, potentially degrading, disrupting, or damaging electric power systems; satellite, aircraft, and spacecraft operations; telecommunications; position, navigation, and timing services; and other technologies and infrastructures. As these technologies become increasingly ubiquitous and interdependent, the world faces greater risks from the threats posed by space weather events. Critical infrastructures make up diverse, complex, interdependent systems of systems in which the failure of one could cascade to another. Understanding this threat and the effects of space weather on critical systems is crucial to enhancing preparedness and building resilience. This article (1) provides readers with an overview of the space weather phenomena most likely to degrade, disrupt, or damage critical infrastructures; (2) describes the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's process for communicating space weather conditions and their possible effects on critical systems; and (3) details current Federal and international efforts to enhance space weather preparedness.
HOW INFRASTRUCTURE CAN BECOME REBORN BY BECOMING BORN ROBUST FOR THE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION AND RECOVERY WORKING GROUP
Authors: Sparber Josh
Published: January 2017

Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is a tool for guiding engineers in designing power grid circuits sufficiently robust to withstand known electromagnetic pulses (EMPs). Careful examination of existing data shows that EMPs, and sometimes geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) that accompany EMPs are truly a powerful threat to power grid survival. Systems engineers, employing SysML can isolate power grid failure susceptibilities and areas for necessary power grid design improvements with selected SysML packages defined as enclaves associated with risk. These enclaves can be decomposable into stereotyped components available for risk categorization, building simulation libraries, or follow–on tests. As an example, a stereotype Source, instantiated as a Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter, increasingly important in microgrid renewable energy, is linked to a high frequency alternating current (HFAC) microgrid risk enclave package. Simulation allows evaluation of SysML use cases with EMP Actors. Real world test, construction, and strategic grid readjustment can then segue quickly.
A MODEL‐BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPROACH TO RESILIENCY ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION FACILITY
Authors: Hecht Myron J.
Published: January 2017

This article describes a model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) approach to cyberattack resilience modeling for an electrical power substation and demonstrates that (1) resiliency can be quantitatively characterized to enable design tradeoffs and (2) the analysis can be incorporated into a Systems Modeling Language (SysML) model to enable it to be incorporated into an MBSE development effort. The resiliency analytical model described here using the Markov model, derives from previous work on survivability analysis. For the system under analysis, it showed that the most important performance parameter for cyber resilience is propagation resistance followed by an attack rate mitigation. However, this applicability of this result is limited to this particular system with the parameter values described below. What is of more general importance is the value of such modeling, that when combined with SysML parametric analysis capability and the differential equation solvers in tools such as Matlab, has promise in improving resiliency with respect to cyber threats in the national energy.
Factors enhancing the migration and the homing of mesenchymal stem cells in experimentally induced cardiotoxicity in rats
Authors: A. Soliman Nabil , Abd‐Allah Somia H. , Hussein Samia , Alaa Eldeen Muhammad
Published: January 2017

Doxorubicin is an effective anti‐neoplastic drug but its use is limited by its cardiotoxicity. Administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the management of cardiotoxicity was with poor myocardial homing capacity. With the aim of developing novel techniques to improve the migration of MSCs, we tested whether valproate and electric fields (EFs) direct the migration of MSCs towards the damaged myocardium. The study included five groups of female albino rats. The first group included 10 healthy rats as normal control group. The remaining 40 female rats received doxorubicin for induction of acute cardiotoxicity. Four rats were sacrificed for histopathological confirmation of cardiotoxicity. The remaining rats were equally divided into subsequent four groups. The second group included nine rats that did not receive further treatment (positive control group). The third group included nine rats which received intravenous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) after cardiotoxicity induction. The fourth group included nine rats which received BM‐MSCs plus sodium valporate after cardiotoxicity induction. The fifth group included nine rats which received BM‐MSCs plus sodium valporate after cardiotoxicity induction and were exposed to an electrical stimulation (ES). Blood samples were taken from all groups at the end of the study to estimate creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Heart tissues from all rats were used for RNA extraction for assessment of sry gene expression. Homing was tested by PKH26 fluorescence in myocardial tissue sections and by sry gene expression. The best biochemical and histopathological improvement in cardiotoxicity was demonstrated in group 5 (rats that received ES and valporate with MSCs). We concluded that EFs and sodium valproate enhance homing ability of MSCs towards the damaged myocardium in doxorubicin induced carditoxicity model. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(3):162–169, 2017
Localized measurements of physical parameters within human sperm cells obtained with wide‐field interferometry
Authors: Balberg Michal , Levi Mattan , Kalinowski Ksawery , Barnea Itay , Mirsky Simcha K. , Shaked Natan T.
Published: January 2017

We developed a new method to identify the separate cellular compartments in the optical path delay (OPD) maps of un‐labeled spermatozoa. This was conducted by comparing OPD maps of fixed, un‐labeled spermatozoa to bright field images of the same cells following labeling. The labeling enabled us to identify the acrosomal and nuclear compartments in the corresponding OPD maps of the cells. We then extracted the refractive index maps of fixed cells by dividing the OPD maps of spermatozoa by the corresponding thickness maps of the same cells, obtained with AFM. Finally, the dry mass of the head, nucleus and acrosome of un‐labeled immobile spermatozoa, was measured. This method provides the ability to quantitatively measure the dry mass of cellular compartments within human spermatozoa. We expect that these measurements will assist label‐free selection of sperm cells for fertilization.

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Predictors of Unintentionally Severe Harm During Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Authors: Buser Trevor J. , Buser Juleen K. , Rutt Corrine C.
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to identify predictors of unintentionally severe injury during nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI). The authors examined 3 potential predictors in a sample of 102 college students: addictive qualities of NSSI, impulsivity, and dissociation. Both impulsivity and addictive qualities of NSSI were associated with unintentionally severe injury during NSSI. In a logistic regression, only addictive qualities of NSSI emerged as a significant predictor of unintentionally severe injury during NSSI. Implications for counseling and research are discussed.
A Prospective Examination of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness As Risk Factors for Suicide Ideation In Adult Outpatients Receiving Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Teismann Tobias , Glaesmer Heide , von Brachel Ruth , Siegmann Paula , Forkmann Thomas
Published: January 2017

Objective

The interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicidal behavior posits that 2 proximal, causal, and interactive risk factors must be present for someone to desire suicide: perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the predictive power of these 2 risk factors in a prospective study.

Method

A total of 231 adult outpatients (age: mean = 38.1, standard deviation = 12.3) undergoing cognitive‐behavioral therapy took part in a pretreatment and a midtreatment assessment after the 10th therapy session.

Results

Perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and the interaction between these 2 risk factors did not add incremental variance to the prediction of midtreatment suicide ideation after controlling for age, gender, depression, hopelessness, impulsivity, lifetime suicide attempts, and pretreatment suicide ideation. The best predictor of midtreatment suicide ideation was pretreatment suicide ideation.

Conclusion

Results offer only limited support to the assumptions of the interpersonal theory of suicide.
Parentification and Resilience Among Students With Clinical and Nonclinical Aspirations: A Cross‐Sectional Quantitative Study
Authors: Yew Wan Ping , Siau Ching Sin , Kwong Su Fong
Published: January 2017

This study examined the relationship between level of parentification and resilience among students with clinical and nonclinical aspirations in Malaysia. A total of 419 college students were surveyed using the Parentification Questionnaire (Jurkovic & Thirkield, ) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, ). Results showed that clinical students were significantly higher in parentification compared with nonclinical students, and parentification positively predicted resilience. Implications for multicultural counseling and research were discussed.

Este estudio examinó la relación entre el nivel de parentificación y la resiliencia entre estudiantes con aspiraciones clínicas y no clínicas en Malasia. Se entrevistó a un total de 419 estudiantes universitarios usando el Cuestionario de Parentificación (Jurkovic & Thirkield, ) y la Escala de Resiliencia Connor‐Davidson (Connor & Davidson, ). Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes clínicos tenían niveles significativamente mayores de parentificación comparados con los estudiantes no clínicos, y la parentificación fue un indicador positivo de resiliencia. Se discuten las implicaciones para la consejería e investigación multiculturales.
Liver imaging reporting and data system category 4 observations in MRI: Risk factors predicting upgrade to category 5
Authors: Sofue Keitaro , Burke Lauren M.B. , Nilmini Viragi , Alagiyawanna Madavi , Muir Andrew J. , Choudhury Kingshuk R. , Jaffe Tracy A. , Semelka Richard C. , Bashir Mustafa R.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To identify demographic and imaging features in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that are associated with upgrade of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) category 4 (LR‐4) observations to category 5 (LR‐5), and to assess their effects on risk of upgrade and time to upgrade.

Materials and Methods

Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for this retrospective, dual‐institution Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant study. Radiologists reviewed 1.5T and 3T MRI examinations for 181 LR‐4 observations in 139 patients, as well as follow‐up computed tomography (CT) and MRI examinations and treatment. A stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis was performed to identify predictive risk factors for upgrade to LR‐5, including patient demographics and LI‐RADS imaging features. Overall cumulative risk of upgrade was calculated by using the Kaplan–Meier method. The cumulative risks were compared in the presence/absence of significant predictive risk factors using the log‐rank test.

Results

The independent significant predictive risk factors in the 56 LR‐4 observations that upgraded to LR‐5 were mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity (P < 0.001; hazard ratio = 1.84), growth (P < 0.001; hazard ratio = 3.71), and hepatitis C infection (P = 0.02; hazard ratio = 1.69). The overall 6‐month cumulative risk of upgrade was 32.7%. The 6‐month cumulative risk rate was significantly higher in the presence of T2 hyperintensity (P = 0.03; 48.1% vs. 25.4%).

Conclusion

For LR‐4 observations, mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity, threshold growth, and hepatitis C infection are associated with significantly higher risk of upgrade to LR‐5. Although mild–moderate T2 hyperintensity was the most useful risk factor for predicting upgrade, actual risk level was only mildly elevated, and the risk of upgrade associated with LR‐4 observations is similar across subtypes.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 5

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;46:783–792
Quantitative interpretation of time‐resolved coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy with all Gaussian pulses
Authors: Ariunbold Gombojav O. , Altangerel Narangerel
Published: January 2017

Coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering is a powerful nonlinear optical spectroscopic technique primarily used in chemistry and biology for detection and diagnostics by excitation and probing of coherent molecular vibrations. Despite many advantages, there are certain limitations to the application of this technique due to the existence of the non‐resonant four‐wave mixing contamination. This issue is addressed here by offering the time‐resolved exact solutions with all Gaussian input pulses. The paper explains signal enhancement with a suppression of the background at the threshold delay time of the probe and presents a one‐to‐one comparison between the solutions and experimental observations that provides a reconstruction of the pure coherent Raman resonant contribution. These findings add to the deep understanding of coherent Raman spectroscopic experimental data as a hands‐on interpreting tool. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of inclusions in carbon steels using micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Li Shengxi , Hihara Lloyd H.
Published: January 2017

As complementary to conventional techniques for inclusion characterization, Raman spectroscopy was applied to the identification of various types of non‐metallic inclusions in carbon steels. The Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that alumina, calcium aluminates, manganese sulfide, and iron sulfide were identified as the major components of non‐metallic inclusions in three low‐carbon steels investigated. Besides the Raman bands, luminescence bands of inclusions were also obtained and verified using different infrared excitation wavelengths. The facile identification of inclusions in carbon steels using Raman spectroscopy has many potential applications in studying corrosion and microstructural properties of steels related to inclusions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser alteration on iron sulfides under various environmental conditions
Authors: Weber I. , Böttger U. , Pavlov S. G. , Hübers H.‐W. , Hiesinger H. , Jessberger E. K.
Published: January 2017

Upcoming lander missions to planetary bodies require new innovative techniques for the in situ investigation of their surfaces and near‐surface materials. In recent years, Raman spectroscopy has been developed to become an excellent laboratory tool for fast petrological and mineralogical investigation of terrestrial and extraterrestrial rocks. Consequently, Raman spectroscopy has successfully been proposed for operation on planetary surfaces. For example, the Raman Laser Spectrometer of the joint European Space Agency and Roscosmos mission ExoMars will, for the first time in space, identify minerals and organic compounds in Martian surface rocks and soils by using Raman spectroscopy.

In preparation for space missions, we investigate iron sulfides to measure the influence of various environmental conditions and the effect of laser irradiation itself on the obtained Raman spectra. Iron sulfides are chosen because they are widely disseminated on the Martian surface as known from Martian meteorites, lander missions and remote sensing. They are also present in almost all meteorites as well as on Moon's surface, and they might be present in the rocks of Jupiter's satellites Ganymede and Callisto. We selected the iron di‐sulfides pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite, and the iron mono‐sulfides troilite, and pyrrhotite. Because on Earth in ambient air these iron sulfides are very sensitive to laser irradiation, it is necessary to know how these minerals react during the measurements under conditions that are similar to space environments.

Therefore, spectra were taken with various laser power and in various environmental conditions relevant for measurements on Mars, the Moon, and asteroids. These conditions are ambient air, vacuum down to 10−6 mbar, 8 mbar CO2 atmosphere, and temperatures ranging between room temperature (~293 K) and ~10 K. We found that Raman spectra of different iron di‐sulfides are stable under different environmental conditions and with increasing laser power. In contrast, iron sulfides are very sensitive to increasing laser power in ambient air and convert into hematite and magnetite. However, most important for space missions, no effects were found with increasing laser power in vacuum. In addition, a CO2 atmosphere does not affect the Raman spectra for the investigated minerals, a finding particularly important for missions to Mars. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full discovery: What is the publisher's role?
Authors: Dove John G.
Published: January 2017

Key points

Our collective authorship and publishing practices do not always end up ensuring that scholarly content is discoverable by readers.

Readers of all kinds rely on a variety of ‘discovery pathways’, such as search engines, library systems, and various electronic links, some of which are blind to the content they desire.

Efforts over the years to improve content discoverability have made great progress, but an increasing amount of freely available content brings up new issues.

The National Information Standards Organization (NISO)’s Discovery to Delivery (D2D) Topic Committee has developed a grid comparing various ways in which content is shared with various ways in which users discover such content.

This article brings to light a few of the current obstacles and opportunities for innovation by publishers, aggregators, search engines, and library systems, and invites Learned Publishing readers to step up and identify others.
Wiener Tauberian theorem for rank one semisimple Lie groups and for hypergeometric transforms
Authors: Pusti Sanjoy , Samanta Amit
Published: January 2017

We prove a genuine analogue of the Wiener Tauberian theorem for , where G is a real rank one noncompact, connected, semisimple Lie group with finite centre. This generalizes the corresponding result on the automorphism group of the unit disk by Y. Ben Natan, Y. Benyamini, H. Hedenmalm, and Y. Weit. We extend this result for hypergeometric transforms and as an application we prove an analogue of Furstenberg theorem on harmonic functions for hypergeometric transforms.
“Why Would I Read a Mobile Review?” Device Compatibility Perceptions and Effects on Perceived Helpfulness
Authors: März Armin , Schubach Sebastian , Schumann Jan H.
Published: January 2017

The proliferation of mobile devices means that mobile‐generated customer reviews are on the rise, though research into their peculiarities and appraisals is rare. With field data and a scenario experiment, the current research demonstrates how recipients perceive mobile‐generated customer reviews fundamentally differently from nonmobile‐generated reviews. First, behavioral field data provide evidence that consumers discount the helpfulness of mobile reviews due to their text‐specific content and style particularities. Second, the scenario experiment shows that identifying a review as written on a mobile device lowers recipients’ perceptions of its value, but only if they use a nonmobile device to read the review. Recipients rely on device information as a source cue to assess compatibility. If they perceive themselves as compatible with the device, recipients perceive the review as more helpful because they attribute the review's content to the quality of the reviewed object; if they regard it as incompatible, recipients assume the review reflects the personal dispositions of the reviewer and discount its helpfulness. Managers of online opinion platforms thus must acknowledge the peculiarities of mobile‐generated reviews and the impact of tagging content as mobile or not.