bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Care for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: Comprehensive Services and Infant Feeding
Authors: Nackashi John A , Dedlow E Rosellen , Dixon-Wood Virginia
Published: November 2023

Children with cleft lip with or without palate (CUP) have a wide array of needs. The most obvious consequence of CUP is the facial difference. The impact of the cleft condition on the child and family can vary considerably. The child’s long-term outcome is influenced by many factors, which include the underlying condition, strengths of the child and family, access to services, and completion of a comprehensive treatment plan. Children with CLIP have all of the needs and strengths of typical children, but many have special needs related to the cleft condition. Children with clefts can be referred to as children with special health care needs, i.e., “those who have or are at elevated risk for chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions and who also require health and related services of a type or amount not usually required by children” (Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 1995). This definition helps to identify children who may need increased services. Through this identification process and to provide care, government agencies and health policymakers are given the foundation to build systems of care, health benefit packages, and services. For the clinician, recognizing that a child has special needs directs and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and coordinated services.
“We Shall Meet Again”
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

The First Battle of Manassas claimed the lives of approximately 878 soldiers and wounded another 2,489. With a battlefield stretching nearly five miles, 15,000 Union and 14,000 Confederate soldiers clashed for four fateful days, many of them young and terrified and receiving their first taste of a long and bitter war. Their courage, military skill, and brute strength were tested, leading some brigades and many individuals to receive reputations that followed them into history. Now, for the first time, this extraordinary work brings the Battle of Bull Run to life by featuring over two hundred photographs of the individual soldiers and forty-five highly detailed maps. Written by a noted military historian, it provides all the necessary background information to understand the minutiae of the military action, yet it also personalizes the horrors of those few destructive days. Through poignant, often disturbing, excerpts from diaries and letters, this book offers readers a rare glimpse at the tragedy of war. Moreover, it portrays with realism and compassion the significance of the first battle of the bloodiest war in American history.
Stone Bridge
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M
Published: November 2023

At 2:30 a.m., July 21, two Union brigades in Tyler’s division moved out of Centreville and down the Warrenton Pike toward the Stone Bridge. In order to coordinate the attack, Tyler would have to move quickly past Cub Run, allowing the main flanking force (Hunter’s and Heintzelman’s divisions, 13,000 men) to turn off the Warrenton Pike and head in a northwesterly direction toward Sudley Ford (about 8 miles away). McDowell estimated his flanking divisions would be in position by 7:00 a.m.
“Neither Slavery Nor Involuntary Servitude”
Authors: Silbey Joel H
Published: November 2023

Sam Houston And Thomas Jefferson RusK, the state of Texas’s first United States senators, along with Timothy Pilsbury and David Kaufman, their two colleagues newly elected to the House of Representatives, arrived in Washington and took their seats in Congress early in 1846.By then, the fruits of annexation included not only the appearance of these Texans in the nation’s capital but an ongoing political controversy as well. The Texans discovered very quickly how angry were some Democrats against the Polk administration, and how determined to do something to challenge the way that the political situation had developed over the past year.
Sensemaking, Understanding, and Committing: Emergent interpersonal Transaction Processes in the Evolution of 3m’s Microgravity Research Program
Authors: Ring Peter Smith , Rands Gordon P
Published: November 2023

On February 8, 1984, Lewis W. Lehr, chairman and chief executive officer of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M), in St. Paul, Minnesota, announced at a joint press conference that his company would enter into a joint endeavor agreement (JEA) with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) We gratefully acknowledge useful comments and observations from andrew Van de Ven, Roger Hudson, Michael Rappa, and other colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. This research was supported by Grant No. 0350-3312-22 from the Graduate Division of the University of Minnesota.
The Management of Research and Development of A Biological innovation
Authors: Knudson Mary K , Ruttan Vernon W
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a longitudinal empirical description of the development and commercialization of hybrid wheat, a biological innovation. Although in several respects it complements the perspectives taken in other chapters to study the process of innovation, study of hybrid wheat’s development entails special technological considerations and also yields some unique insights on the management of innovation. As we will show, study of this biological innovation emphasizes how advances in institutional policies and technological knowledge over time change the incentives and roles of public- and private-sector organizations engaged in the development of an innovation.
A Place to Stand: Argument as a Class Act
Authors: Lindquist Julie
Published: November 2023

Let’s get somebody in that can run this country like a business!” exhorts Jack, in preparation for an oration on the virtues of presidential candidate Ross Perot. Jack’s imperative is publicly directed but carries the expectation that I, as public dissenter, will take up the challenge it implies. Jack knows what I will say (always that something is more complicated than that) just as I know his routine (to bait me with a provocative declaration and then to appear to invite dialogue while assuming an increasingly stentorian posture). Both of us know that the object of this game is to deliver oratory, not to fashion the perfect syllogism. At Jack’s exhortation, a newcomer to the scene looks alarmed, apparently having mistaken this ritual fabrication of a cultural text for a rupture in the social fabric. I know that before my shift ends, the virtues of the candidates will have been vigorously debated, and each of us will have been changed only in our renewed commitments to our original convictions.
Nature Cures
Authors: Whorton James C
Published: November 2023

The recent explosion of interest in alternative and complementary approaches to healing is the surprising culmination of a full two centuries of competition and conflict between mainstream medicine and numerous unorthodox systems of treatment. Nature Cures establishes the historical context for contemporary debate over the role of unconventional medicine in health care by examining the evolution of the major alternative systems in America from 1800 to the present. These include botanical medicine, homeopathy, hypnotism and mental healing, osteopathy, chiropractic, naturopathy, and acupuncture, as well as a discussion of the European roots of systems not native to the United States. Attention is given to both the theories and therapies developed by each system and the interactions of each with the medical profession and with society at large. Particular emphasis is placed on the philosophy of “natural healing” that has been espoused by alternative practitioners throughout history and the distinctive interpretations of “nature cures” developed by the different systems.
Modern Orthodoxy and the Challenge of Feminism
Authors: Ross Tamar
Published: November 2023

In 1982, the Israeli thinker Yeshayahu Leibowitz published a short and little-known article in which he declared that the topic known as “[the status of] woman in Judaism” was more crucial to the future of Judaism than any of the unforeseen halakhic problems that had arisen as a result of the newly established sovereign Jewish state. As he saw it, “avoidance of serious response to this issue endangers the very continuation of Torah and mitzvah Judaism in our world.” I think that today, 18 years later, many people would concur, and now more than ever would regard the status of women in Jewish tradition as the greatest current challenge to Orthodoxy. The question I would like to explore in this article is: Why is this so?
Imagining “Masculinity” in the Jewish Fin de Siecle
Authors: Kieval Hillel J
Published: November 2023

The relationship between historical experience and systems of knowledge is the axis on which serious cultural history turns. What cultural historians seek to uncover are the processes whereby discourse informs practice, value is ascribed to contingency, and identity is distilled from context. As the cultural history of the Jewish experience of “modernity” is written, it, too, will need to locate a plausible point of departure. One approach that has emerged in recent works on Jewish modernism in Europe seeks the connection between various constructions of modern Jewish identity and perceptions of gender and sexuality. Daniel Boyarin has written recently about “the rise of heterosexuality and the invention of the Jewish man.” Sander Gilman has related stereotypes of sexual deviance, pathology, and madness to constructions of Jewish (and black) “otherness” in European science and popular culture. And the late George Mosse argued that the dual projects of nationalism and bourgeois respectability generated ideals of health and social-sexual normality that effectively wrote both Jews and homosexuals out of the majority community.
As Families Remember: Holocaust Memoirs and Their Transmission
Authors: Baumgarten Elisheva
Published: November 2023

Since the end of the Second World War, Holocaust survivors have written of their experiences. Some of their stories have appeared in yizker bikher as part of a joint attempt to capture life in their communities before the war and to bear witness to the destruction of the community by the Nazis. Other survivors have imparted their personal experiences in literary works, some biographical, others fictional. The past two decades have witnessed the rise of oral testimonies in which survivors have revealed details of both their personal past and that of their communities. In addition, memoirs written by survivors have proliferated. While some of these memoirs have been published, others remain in the family and are not intended for outsiders.
Founding and Foundering, 1851-1875
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1868, residents of a small town in upstate New York witnessed a momentous event in the life of their community. In early June, canal boats that had started their journey days before on the thriving wharves of Brooklyn, floated gently to a dock on the south bank of the Chemung River, in Corning. In a narrow valley, workers unloaded equipment never before seen in this area: glassmaking molds, clay pots, parts of furnaces, and blowing rods. Along with a vast number of locally made bricks, these components would prove the basis of the Corning Flint Glass Works, which would begin operation a few months later on this riverside site.
Surviving and Thriving in the Depression Decade, 1928-1939
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

On Thursday, September 13, 1928, about 400 people gathered for a festive dinner at the Masonic Cathedral in Corning-the only building in the city big enough to accommodate the crowd. The occasion marked the sixtieth anniversary of the arrival of the Glass Works in the city, but it also honored 378 employees of the Corning Glass Works with at least 15 years of service. Attendees dined on “an excellent roast turkey,” plus pickles, celery, olives, fruit cocktail, dressing, mashed potatoes, glazed sweets, peas, combination salad, rolls, ice cream, cakes and coffee, with cigars and cigarettes available too. The master of ceremonies, 29-year-old Amory Houghton, drew a laugh by apologizing for his presence at the gathering. With less than ten years of service, he failed to qualify for an invitation. On the other hand, he pointed out, if ten-year employees had been invited, the gathering would have swelled to nearly twice its size and nearly 40 percent of the company’s total workforce.
Corning Goes to War, 1939-1945
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

The 1939 World’s Fair, which opened in New York City on April 30, 1939, seemed to herald the promise of a new era rich with technology and opportunity. Booths and exhibits set up by sixty countries, the League of Nations, and dozens of companies projected an almost uniformly optimistic worldview that bordered on the utopian. RCA gave the mesmerizing new medium called television its first large-scale public demonstration, and the Carrier Corporation presented the unimaginable luxury of air conditioning. Other products debuting at the fair included the diesel engine, color film, and Lucite. Corning Glass Works’ imprint seemed to be everywhere on the sprawling fair grounds, in Flushing Meadows, Queens. Television, of course, had a glass heart-the cathode ray tube. An exhibit in the glass industries building showed how an electrical insulator made of Fiberglas™ a material pioneered by Corning affiliate Owens-Corning-permitted small motors to deliver the same horsepower as motors twice their size. To memorialize the technology shown at the fair, Westinghouse buried a Pyrex-lined time capsule. Among its contents were a Mazda electric lamp and a Westinghouse Sterilamp, both fitted with Corning bulbs.
A Decade of Unbounded Opportunities, 1945-1954
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

The end of fighting in Europe and Japan brought a relatively quick return to normalcy to Corning and the other towns that housed Corning Glass Works operations. Soldiers returned from abroad to resume educations, careers, and personal lives that had been suspended during the war as industry shifted gears to meet new demands. For the Corning Glass Works, and for many American companies, the conversion from wartime to peacetime was painful at first. But powered by technological advances and by a robust American economic engine that dwarfed the war-shattered economies of Europe and Asia, American businesses enjoyed rapid growth and low inflation for much of the postwar era. To be sure, the period between 1945 and 1954 brought war: a hot war on the Korean Peninsula and a Cold War throughout Europe and the developing world. And at home, a frequently reckless search for Communists and the budding civil rights movement in the southern states punctured the calm of postwar life.
Encountering Limits and Diversifying, 1960-1966
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel
Published: November 2023

For large American manufacturing companies like the Corning Glass Works, the early 1960s were, in many ways, the best of times. They entered the decade possessed of a strong, pervasive optimism-in technology, in their strong market position, and in the stability and economic and political might of the United States. And during the 1960s, Corning would expand from its strong domestic base into new foreign markets, becoming a true multinational. At home, it would use the profits generated by television bulbs and consumer products to rush headlong into new businesses such as semiconductors and electronics. And the company made efforts to bring a greater range of executive disciplines to bear on the problems posed by its rapid growth. The first half of the 1960s was marked by transition and expansion, fueled in large part by the success of Corning Ware.
Retain and Motivate Key Players
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

There are a number of distinct and complex challenges associated with mergers and acquisitions, some of which we have already examined, including taking stock of human capital and deciding on the leadership and the overall vision and specific strategy of the new enterprise. One of the most difficult challenges is holding on to talent during the limbo period: the time between the announcement of a merger and the date when the two companies operate as one. This can be a protracted period, particularly in a regulated industry, and smart companies will do everything in their power to lock in valuable talent and ward off competitors and recruiters who can lure talent away during this vulnerable time. Managers may see the chance to move from an unsettled environment to a stable one as very appealing.
Beef Up the Board
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Politically correct terminology and newspaper headlines aside, mergers are virtually never “mergers of equals.” Whether companies and boards are joining forces in a merger or an acquisition, in actuality one organization is always over-taking the other. With governance increasingly in the spotlight, more companies, whether involved in a merger or not, will be paying greater attention to getting their boards in line with key recommendations from the stock exchanges, as well as share-holder and government groups.
Overture: The Garden of Mendel
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

Mendel carried out his experiments with peas in the garden of the Augustinian Monastery in Brno in the Czech Republic. At the time of his experiments the city was called Brunn and was part of the Habsburg Empire. Brno is the capital of the province of Moravia and is the second-largest city in the Czech Republic. It is 2 hours from Vienna by train.
Biochemical Genetics in Escherichia coli
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

In 1948, Lederberg and Zinder discovered an efficient method for enriching mutants that are blocked in biosynthetic pathways and therefore require essential metabolites for growth as is the case in Neurospora. This method takes advantage of the property of penicillin to kill bacteria only when they are growing. Thus, when a mixture of normal and mutant bacteria are inoculated into a medium where only the normal bacteria can grow, addition of penicillin will kill the normal bacteria and the mutant bacteria survive. This ingenious and powerful method was discovered at the same time independently by Bernard Davis, a newcomer who became interested in biochemical genetics after previously carrying out research on tuberculosis. As we see in this chapter, it was mainly in Davis’ laboratory that the fruits of the penicillin method were used to continue with E. coli the tradition of biochemical genetics, started in Neurospora (Fig. 6–1). This led to the elucidation of the role of genes in enzyme formation.
Holding Health Care Accountable
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Health care in the US and elsewhere has been rocked by economic upheaval. Cost-cuts, care-cuts, and confusion abound. Traditional tort and contract law have not kept pace. Physicians are still expected to deliver the same standard of care -- including costly resources - to everyone, regardless whether it is paid for. Health plans can now face litigation for virtually any unfortunate outcome, even those stemming from society's mandate to keep costs down while improving population health. This book cuts through the chaos and offers a clear, persuasive resolution. Part I explains why new economic realities have rendered prevailing malpractice and contract law largely anachronistic. Part II argues that pointing the legal finger of blame blindly or hastily can hinder good medical care. Instead of "whom do we want to hold liable," we should focus first on "who should be doing what, for the best delivery of health care." When things go wrong, each should be liable only for those aspects of care they could and should have controlled. Once a good division of labor is identified, what kind of liability should be imposed depends on what kind of mistake was made. Failures to exercise adequate expertise (knowledge, skill, care effort) should be addressed as torts, while failures to provide promised resources should be resolved under contract. Part III shows that this approach, though novel, fits remarkably well with basic common law doctrines, and can even enlighten ERISA issues. With extensive documentation from current case law, commentary, and empirical literature, the book will also serve as a comprehensive reference for attorneys, law professors, physicians, administrators, bioethicists, and students.
Judicial Acceptability
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Part III begins by recapping a few important points. The economics of medicine have fundamentally, irrevocably changed. Gone are the days in which physicians and patients could enjoy an essentially dyadic relationship, free to choose whatever treatments they wanted. Before World War II that dyadic relationship was possible because physicians had so little to offer that medical care was affordable; later it was sustainable because of generous, relatively unquestioning third-party payment. That “artesian well” lasted only a few decades, until exploding health care costs in the 1970s and 1980s finally gave way to serious cost constraints in the 1990s.’
Pediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles and Practice
Authors: Martin AndréS , Scahill Lawrence , Charney Dennis S , Leckman James F
Published: November 2023

Paediatric Psychopharmacology: Principles in Practice is an authoritative and comprehensive text on the use of medication in the treatment of children and adolescents with serious neuropsychiatric disorders. This benchmark volume consists of 56 chapters written by internationally recognized leaders, and is divided into four interrelated sections. The first, Biological Bases of Pediatric Psychopharmacology, reviews key principles of neurobiology and the major psychiatric illnesses of childhood from a perspective rooted in developmental psychopathology. The second, Somatic Interventions, presents the major classes of psychiatric drugs, as well as complementary and alternative somatic interventions, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and naturopathic approaches. The third and longest section, Assessment and Treatment, starts with clinical assessment, diagnostic evaluation, and comprehensive treatment planning, and goes on to cover the evidence-based analysis of drug treatments for the major disorders. Special populations (such as children with comorbid mental retardation, substance abuse or medical illness) are specifically discussed, and the coordination of their treatment with non-somatic therapies is explicitly addressed. The final section, Epidemiologic, Research and Methodological Considerations, deals with broad population-relevant topics such as regulation and policy, pharmacoepidemiology, and the critical importance of sound ethical principles for clinical investigation. The book concludes with an appendix on generic and commercial drug name equivalences, preparations and available dosages. This timely text is intended for child and adolescent psychiatrists, general and developmental paediatricians, family practitioners, general psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals who work with children and adolescents.
Neurobiology of childhood schizophrenia and related disorders
Authors: Nicolson Rob , Rapoport Judith L
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia has been described as one of the worst diseases affecting humankind. It is found in about 1 in 100 people worldwide, generally becoming manifest in late adolescence or early adulthood. Because it begins so early and usually interferes with education, employment, and interpersonal functioning, schizophrenia burdens not only those who suffer from it but also their families and society. Most affected individuals have substantial lifelong impairment, and more than one half require continuous support, whether living in the community or in institutions. The chronic suffering of people with schizophrenia is highlighted by the fact that 10%–15% ultimately commit suicide and that many are homeless.
Neurobiology of aggression
Authors: et.al. Marcus J P Kruesi
Published: November 2023

Fundamentally, all behaviors rely on a neurobiologic substrate for expression. In this chapter, we will focus on information about the neurobiology of aggression. Here, aggression is defined as physical violence that is an associated feature or symptom of a psychiatric disorder. This definition is intended to include aggression often described as impulsive or affective, in contrast to that described as predatory. A clinical belief exists that medication is more likely to impact affective aggression (Vitiello et al., 1990). In this chapter, we will review the neurobiology of both impulsive and predatory types of aggression. We will also touch on pharmacologic treatment used attempting to alter pathophysiologic relationships. Human psychopharmacology treatment studies are covered in greater detail in Chapter 50 in this volume.
International perspectives
Authors: Thomsen Per Hove , Kurita Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses aspects of pediatric psychopharmacology outside of the United States, through the representative examples of the European Union and Japan. In part, the chapter discusses how various classification systems employed for diagnosis are alike and dissimilar. In that connection, areas in which psychopharmacological treatment are indicated are discussed. In addition, the chapter surveys the development of a worldwide order on the use of psychopharmacological treatment for children and adolescents.
Radical Federalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court, of course, is not the only source of our constitutional understandings. That it is likely to provide us with only a domesticated version of federalism would matter less if other components of our political culture were steeped in a more robust tradition. And, because of our rich history and strong political institutions at the local level, there are elements of such a tradition still available. But many of the most potent intellectual influences in our culture are increasingly committed to strong nationalism rather than a robust federalism.

One of those influences is the legal academy, which not only trains the lawyers and judges who argue and decide constitutional disputes but also has significant impact on education more generally. Law professors help to shape the writings of journalists, the debates that go on in legislatures and executive offices, and the ideas taught to students at all educational levels. As I have already indicated at the beginning of this book, many important legal scholars view the Supreme Court’s recent record on federalism with excitement, whether fearful or hopeful.
Judicial Supremacy and Stable Meaning
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

If it is true that the strong nationalism presently prevailing in our political culture is partly a function of a yearning for the security of comprehensive legal prescription, then the modern rejection of robust federalism is being driven by some of the same underlying impulses as our contemporary fixation on constitutional law and judicial review. The promise of comprehensive, uniform, authoritative prescription is attractive partly (as I said in the last chapter) because it is consistent with the optimistic American insistence that outcomes will be positive. Now I will suggest that it is attractive also because it is consistent with a desire for stability in legal norms. According to the founding myth behind robust federalism, the moral authority of nationhood arose from the people organized in state governments that preexisted the Union and still exist. Accordingly, there are operating institutions entitled to speak on—and, to this extent, unsettle—constitutional meaning.
Communities on Defense
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

If it is true, as the decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey indicates, that the demand for unquestionable centralized authority is fueled by an underlying anxiety about irresolvable moral divisions and the possibility of violent breakdown, it is predictable that the institutions of centralized authority would resist comprehending their own capacity for destabilization and disruption. And, in fact, the Supreme Court does imagine that it provides stable interpretations of our foundational law and that it settles, rather than ignites, great moral struggles. Among the many consequences of this defective selfperception is an inability to understand or tolerate the various segments that make up American society. Not only does the jurisprudence of fear distort some justices’ perception of dissent, but at times they are unable even to hear the moral component of argumentation that is taking place around them. Conflicts, therefore, seem inexplicable, gratuitous, and dangerous.
Justice and the Social Reality of Health: The Case of Australia
Authors: Sheehan Mark , Sheehan Peter
Published: November 2023

Nothing is more fundamental than the span of life and the health that permits life to be lived to the full. In many of the world’s poorer countries, life is short and lived in wretched conditions, plagued by avoidable disease. This is undoubtedly the greatest injustice of our time. Yet even in the most developed nations, health out­comes and the life chances to which they give rise are unequally distributed by social class and income level. The great injustice of the unequal distribution of health outcomes is not just a phenomenon of the poorer countries; it reaches right into the heart of the developed world. By contrast to this harsh reality, one central foundation of a just society is widely held to be an equal distribution of health outcomes across social classes and income groups. If both the span of life and the health quality of life are unequally distributed, then many other inequities must inevitably follow. This requirement can be expressed in terms of Amartya Sen’s “capabilities approach”: Justice requires equal access to basic capabilities to be and to do, and this in turn requires equal access to health outcomes. But a similar requirement in respect of health is shared by, and can be expressed in terms of, other theories of justice.
Disability, Justice, and Health-Systems Performance Assessment
Authors: Bickenbach Jerome E
Published: November 2023

In a bold move, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set out a framework for assessing the overall performance of health systems around the globe (WHO, 2000). The media’s interest in the World Health Report, 2000 (herein Report), was sparked, not so much by the complex assessment framework it uses, as by the fact that the Report ranks 191 countries by their performance, revealing surprises such as the first place position of France and the relatively low ranking of the United States (37th). Ministries of Health around the world either proudly displayed their unexpectedly high ranking, used their relative position as an argument for reform, dismissed the exercise as an invidious “health Olympics,” or else expressed concern about the quality of the data or the methodology. On its release, WHO Director General Gro Harlan Bruntland made it clear that WHO is committed to its assessment framework and plans yearly recalculations based on more valid and reliable country-level data. At the same, when WHO’s Executive Board met in February 2001, it failed to give unalloyed support to the project, and several member countries expressed concern about the methodology employed.
Does Distributive Justice Require Universal Access to Assisted Reproduction?
Authors: Warren Mary Anne
Published: November 2023

The growth of reproductive medicine has created new issues about who should have access to medical techniques that can enable infertile individuals or couples to have children. These techniques include artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and its many variants, and contract pregnancy, or surrogate motherhood. Some bioethicists hold that the right to reproductive freedom requires only that the use of these reproductive methods be legal (Robertson, 1994, p. 116). Others argue that distributive justice requires universal access to these medical services, within the limits of the available medical resources and other social needs (Andrews, 1989, pp. 387-88; Burley, 1998). I will argue that the second view is correct, with some important qualifications. I begin with a brief examination of the reasons for regarding reproductive freedom as a basic human right. I argue that the importance which most people place upon having and rearing children supports the claim that a just distribution of medical resources would provide funding for medically assisted reproduction. Next, I consider some frequent objections to this claim: the objection from overpopulation; the objection from adoption; and the feminist concern that the new reproductive technologies are harmful to women. None of these objections are sound. Nevertheless, distributive justice does not require universal access to all reproductive technologies, without regard for the expense. The high cost of IVF and contract pregnancy makes it difficult, especially for poorer nations, to provide access to everyone who might benfit. Moreover, enough uncertainty exists about the long-term consequences of contract pregnancy to recommend a cautious approach to public subsidies, even if cost were not an issue.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Markets are fascinating. They change constantly as prices adjust to new information, as winning traders replace losing traders, and as new technologies evolve. Highly skilled professional traders employ clever strategies in their search for trading profits. They ultimately profit from investors, gamblers, and foolish traders.
Trading Stories
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents stories about how traders arrange routine trades in stocks, bonds, futures contracts, and currencies. If you are new to trading, you should read this chapter to help you appreciate the trading problems that people solve. If you are already quite familiar with trading, you also may want to read this chapter. Although these stories describe routine trades, they highlight difficult issues that traders confront when trading.
The Trading Industry
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief survey of the trading industry. If you are already familiar with the industry, you can safely skip this chapter. If you are new to trading, the discussions here will provide you with the “big picture” that will allow you to better understand the rest of this book. In particular, you will be better able to discriminate between issues of primary and secondary importance if you know the context in which traders solve their trading problems.
Orders and Order Properties
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Orders are the fundamental building blocks of trading strategies. To trade effectively, you must specify exactly what you want. Your order submission strategy is the most important determinant of your success as a trader. The proper order used at the right time can make the difference between a good trade, a costly trade, and no trade at all.
Order-driven Markets
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Order-driven markets are quite common. Almost all of the most important exchanges in the world are order-driven markets. Most newly organized trading systems choose an electronic order-driven market structure. Despite the great variation in how order-driven markets operate, their trading rules are quite similar. All order-driven markets use order precedence rules to match buyers to sellers and trade pricing rules to price the resulting trades.
Value Traders
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Value traders are speculators who form opinions about instrument values by using all information available to them. They buy instruments that they believe are undervalued and sell instruments that they believe are over-valued. We describe their speculative trading strategies in chapter 10.
Buy-Side Traders
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Traders must pay close attention to their order submission strategies in order to trade effectively. Traders who optimize their trading strategies will have lower transaction costs and higher portfolio returns than those who do not carefully consider their trading problems.
Internalization, Preferencing, and Crossing
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Dealers internalize orders when they fill their clients’ orders. Brokers preference orders when they route their clients’ marketable orders to dealers in exchange for various monetary or nonpecuniary payments for order flow. Brokers also preference when they route their clients’ limit orders to electronic communications networks (ECNs) that pay them liquidity fees when standing limit orders execute. Brokers cross orders internally when they arrange trades among their clients.
The Dred Scott Case
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

Winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1979, this masterful examination of the most famous example of judicial failure--the case referred to as “the most frequently overturned decision in history.” On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the Supreme Court’s decision against Dred Scott, a slave who maintained he had been emancipated as a result of having lived with his master in the free state of Illinois and in federal territory where slavery was forbidden by the Missouri Compromise. The decision did much more than resolve the fate of an elderly black man and his family; Dred Scott v. Sanford was the first instance in which the Supreme Court invalidated a major piece of federal legislation. The decision declared that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the federal territories, thereby striking a severe blow at the the legitimacy of the emerging Republican party and intensifying the sectional conflict over slavery. This book represents a skillful review of the issues before America on the eve of the Civil War. The first third of the book deals directly with the with the case itself and the Court’s decision, while the remainder puts the legal and judicial question of slavery into the broadest possible American context. Fehrenbacher discusses the legal bases of slavery, the debate over the Constitution, and the dispute over slavery and continental expansion. He also considers the immediate and long-range consequences of the decision.
Race, Slavery, and the Origins of the Republic
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

The first African Negroes in the British North American colonies were brought ashore at Jamestown from a Dutch ship in 1619. The irony in the date has often been pointed out. During that same year, Virginians organized the first representative assembly on the continent, and thus, in a sense, slavery and self­ government arrived simultaneously. But the agency of Dutch mariners in this initial transaction likewise has symbolic meaning, for it illustrates the international origins of the slave system in the United States.
The Pursuit of Freedom
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

A de from the fugitive’s hazardous road to an uncertain future, there were various legal ways for a slave to escape into freedom. The pale southern counterpart of northern emancipation in the aftermath of the Revolution was a substantial increase of individual manumissions. Indeed, it appears that during those early decades of the Republic, more slaves may have been freed in the South than in the North, where universal emancipation was under way. One piece of evidence supporting such an estimate is the fact that the free black population of the South grew at a faster rate than the free black population of the North.
Dred Scott and His Travels
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

Gateway to the trans-Mississippi West, St. Louis in 1830 was a flourishing river port that attracted many Americans on the move. Among the newcomers that year were Peter Blow and his wife Elizabeth, together with their three daughters, four sons, and six slaves. One of the sons would eventually become a member of Congress, but one of the slaves is far better remembered.
Before the Supreme Court
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

For more than a year after it was docketed, the Dred Scott case awaited the attention of the Supreme Court. During that time the revolutionary effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act became increasingly evident. Kansas itself appeared to be on the verge of civil war. Open hostilities between proslavery and free-state forces in the territory were narrowly averted in December 1855, just as the Court was beginning its new term. Meanwhile, the anti-Nebraska movement, already triumphant in many northern states, was approaching the final phase of transformation into a permanent political party. At a meeting scheduled for February 22 in Pittsburgh, Republican leaders planned to lay the foundation of a national organization. Kansas would obviously be the principal issue in the coming presidential election. Franklin Pierce fortified this expectation and con­ firmed his reputation as a doughface by endorsing the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature. The new thirty-fourth Congress, bogged down for two months in a partisan and sectional struggle over the speakership of the House, would likewise soon find itself preoccupied with the Kansas problem. The newspapers of the nation were already rehearsing every argument on the subject. And the Kansas controversy inevitably produced another round of angry debate on the constitutional power of Congress over slavery in the territories.
Voices in Confusion
Authors: Fehrenbacher Don E
Published: November 2023

By Christmas 1856, Dred Scott’s name was probably familiar to most Americans who followed the course of national affairs. Major newspapers throughout the country carried summaries of the four-day reargument, though only a few added editorial comment. The “great case,” as Alexander H. Stephens now labeled it, received some attention on the floor of Congress and a good deal more in the private discussions of Washington politicians.
Introduction
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

The people of the South should be the last Americans to expect indefinite continuity of their institutions and social arrangements. Other Americans. have less reason to be prepared for sudden change and lost causes. Apart from Southerners, Americans have enjoyed a historical continuity that is unique among modern peoples. The stream of national history, flowing down from seventeenth-century sources, reaches a fairly level plain in the eighteenth century. There it gathered mightily in volume and span from its tributaries, but it continued to flow like the Mississippi over an even bed between relatively level banks.
Capitulation to Racism
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

Up to the year 1898 South Carolina had resisted the Jim Crow car movement which had swept the western states of the South completely by that time. In that year, however, after several attempts, the proponents of the Jim Crow law were on the eve of victory. The Charleston News and Courier, the oldest newspaper in the South and a consistent spokesman of conservatism, fired a final broadside against extremists in behalf of the conserva¬tive creed of race policy.
T Cell Development
Authors: Yeung Rae S M , Ohashi Pamela S , Saunders, Mary E , Mak Tak W
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to give a broad overview of some of the complexities involved in T cell development. T cells are key regulators of specific immunity, and their function is determined by events that occur during an intricate developmental process in the thymus. An understanding of T cell development is thus fundamental to our understanding of immune responses. While a variety of different receptor–ligand interactions are important during T cell development, none are as crucial as those mediated via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). Although the exact nature of the TCR was not elucidated until the early 1980s (Hedrick et al., 1984; Yanagi et al., 1984), experiments done in the 1970s led to the finding that T cell specificity is linked to proteins encoded by genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (Shearer, 1974; Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1974). The MHC is known as the H-2 complex in mice and as the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) complex in humans. Unlike B cells, T cells generally do not respond to whole protein or native antigens. Instead, T cells recognize peptide fragments of foreign or self-antigens complexed with MHC molecules. Furthermore, a given T cell recognizes only a particular peptide–MHC complex in a process referred to as MHC restriction (Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1979).
Molecular Mechanisms Guiding B Cell Development
Authors: Rolink Antonius G , Andersson Jan , Grawunder, Ulf , Melchers Fritz
Published: November 2023

B lymphocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells. In the mouse, B cell development takes place at different sites in the body during ontogeny, starting at day 8–8.5 of gestation in yolk sac and fetal aorta (Cumano et al., 1993; Godin et al., 1993, 1995; Cumano and Godin, 2001; Ling and Dzierzak, 2002). When circulation of blood begins at day 9 of gestation, B cell precursors can still be found in the yolk sac and fetal aorta, and later—around days 10–11—in the liver, spleen, and omentum (Ogawa et al., 1988; Rolink and Melchers, 1991; Solvason et al., 1992; Melchers and Rolink, 1999; Cumano and Godin, 2001). From days 15 to 16 of gestation, B cell precursors are also found in the bone marrow. After birth, the bone marrow becomes the major site for B lymphopoiesis (Hardy et al., 1991; Rolink and Melchers, 1991; Rolink et al., 1993, 1994; Osmond et al., 1998; Melchers and Rolink, 1999; Hardy and Hayakawa, 2001). B cell development in mouse and human bone marrow from progenitor (pro) and precursor (pre) B cells to immature and mature sIg-positive B cells is characterized by changes in (1) rearrangement of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes; (2) the expression of surface-bound and intracellular markers; (3) cell cycle status; (4) in vitro growth properties; and (5) life expectancy in vivo.
Signal Transduction by T and B Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors
Authors: Gupta Neetu , Defranco, Anthony L , Weiss Arthur
Published: November 2023

Considerable progress has been made during the past several years toward our understanding of the processes by which T and B lymphocytes become activated. Antigen-specific activation of these quiescent cells involves the triggering of antigen receptors to induce signal transduction events that can lead to both the cell cycle progression and differentiation of T and B cells. A remarkable synergy has resulted from a convergence of studies of the most fundamental processes involved in T and B cell activation and those involving clinical and experimental immunodeficiency syndromes. Clinical and experimental immunodeficiency states often result when the functions of T and B cell antigen receptors (TCRs and BCRs) or critical components in the pathways regulated by these receptors are interrupted.