bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contexte génétique et première réception de la monadologie. leibniz, wolff et la doctrine de l'harmonie préétablie
Authors: Lamarra Antonio
Published: October 2007

Les multiples équivoques, qui à plusieurs égards ont caractérisé jusqu'au siècle dernier la réception des Principes de la Nature et de la Grâce et de la Monadologie de Leibniz, trouvent leur origine dans les circonstances de la genèse de leurs manuscrits: ils donnèrent lieu à une information fautive publiée en 1721 dans un compte rendu anonyme des Acta eruditorum de Leipzig. Des recherches dans les archives démontrent que l'auteur de ce compte rendu ainsi que de la traduction latine de la Monadologie, parue la même année dans les Supplementa des Acta eruditorum, était Christian Wolff qui possédait une copie du manuscrit leibnizien au moins depuis 1717. Cette traduction s'inscrit dans une stratégie culturelle précise qui vise à désamorcer toute interprétation idéaliste de la pensée monadologique de Leibniz. Un élément essentiel de cette stratégie consiste à lire la théorie de l'harmonie préétablie comme une doctrine fondée sur une métaphysique strictement dualiste des substances.
Le débat wolffien sur l'idéalisme de leibniz lors de la première diffusion de la monadologie latine
Authors: Park Jeongwoo
Published: October 2007

Cet article propose une reconstruction du débat wolffien sur l'idéalisme de Leibniz autour de la première réception de la Monadologie de Leibniz. Cette reconstruction impose une relecture de quelques problèmes centraux à ce débat: traduction infidèle d'un terme dans la Monadologie latine ( « le composé » est traduit par « substantia composita »); statut du corps en tant que substance composée; statut des éléments en tant que substances simples dont résultent les corps (et cela contre la conception cartésienne de la substance); statut des notions leibniziennes de perception, force et harmonie préétablie; statut de l'expérience comme procédé ho liste et systématique (contre sa conception et la tabula rasa chez Locke) dans la réception et le système wolffiens. Un examen approfondi des textes fondateurs de cette réception (Bilfinger et Wolff) nous permet de reconsidérer sous un nouvel angle le rapport entre Leibniz et Wolff
Réflexions sur l'écriture comme lieu de savoir dans les livres de philosophie en france au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Ribard Dinah
Published: October 2007

Cet article propose une discussion sur les sources d'une histoire des savoirs à la recherche d'institutions, de communautés et plus largement des lieux où ces savoirs s'élaborent. Il montre que la nature scripturaire des sources d'un savoir possible sur les lieux de savoir du passé doit faire partie des objets de l'analyse, sous peine de reproduire des fictions sociales créées en leur temps pour servir des politiques diverses. Le cas étudié semble proposer ensemble à l'observation certains des objets favoris de l'histoire intellectuelle du XVIIe siècle (académies, salons, École), et permet ainsi de questionner l'inégale solidité sociale de ces objets, en réinsérant l'activité d'écriture et de publication d'un auteur philosophe dans le tissu des multiples écritures sur la philosophie et ses lieux qui ont, à cette époque, fait d'elle autre chose qu'une discipline.
A plasma nucleosome releasing factor (NRF) with serine protease activity is instrumental in removal of nucleosomes from secondary necrotic cells
Authors: Zeerleder Sacha , Zwart Bas , te Velthuis Henk , Manoe Rishi , Bulder Ingrid , Rensink Irma , Aarden Lucien A.
Published: October 2007

We observed that interaction of secondary necrotic (sn) cells with human serum or plasma leads to loss of DNA staining. The decrease turned out to be a result of nucleosome release and was specific for apoptotic cells as necrotic cells did not show this phenomenon. We named this activity in plasma nucleosome releasing factor (NRF). NRF activity was completely inhibited by trypsin inhibitors suggesting that a serine protease is involved. Upon testing a number of plasma candidate serine proteases we found that plasmin did have NRF activity. However, plasminogen‐deficient plasma still had NRF activity indicating that NRF is not plasmin. We conclude that a yet unidentified plasma serine protease is involved in removal of nucleosomes from sn cells.
TLR‐ and NOD2‐dependent regulation of human phagocyte‐specific chitotriosidase
Authors: van Eijk Marco , Scheij Saskia S. , van Roomen Cindy P.A.A. , Speijer Dave , Boot Rolf G. , Aerts Johannes M.F.G.
Published: October 2007

Human chitotriosidase is specifically expressed by phagocytes, has anti‐fungal activity towards chitin‐containing fungi in vitro and in vivo, and is part of innate immunity. We studied the effect of toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐ and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)‐2 triggering on chitotriosidase expression and release by phagocytes. We find that TLR, but not NOD2 activation, regulates chitotriosidase release by neutrophils. Furthermore, both TLR and NOD2 activation resulted in diminished induction by monocytes. Lastly, NOD2 activation, but not TLR stimulation, induces chitinase expression in macrophages. We conclude that phagocyte‐specific regulation is important for efficient eradication of chitin‐containing pathogens.
The E3 ligase Topors induces the accumulation of polysumoylated forms of DNA topoisomerase I in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Hammer Eva , Heilbronn Regine , Weger Stefan
Published: October 2007

Human Topors has originally been identified as binding partner of p53 and DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1). It can function as both an ubiquitin and SUMO‐1 E3 ligase for p53. Here we demonstrate that Topors enhances the formation of high‐molecular weight SUMO‐1 conjugates of TOP1 in a reconstituted in vitro system and also in human osteosarcoma cells, similar to treatment with CPT. In contrast to the situation observed with p53, overall sumoylation levels were rather unaffected. Experiments with TOP1 point mutants strongly suggest that the high‐molecular weight conjugates represent SUMO‐1 chains formed on a limited number of SUMO‐1 acceptor sites.
Endoplasmic reticulum association and N‐linked glycosylation of the human Nrf3 transcription factor
Authors: Nouhi Zaynab , Chevillard Grégory , Derjuga Anna , Blank Volker
Published: October 2007

We have analysed the molecular and cellular regulation of the basic‐leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor Nrf3 (NFE2‐Related Factor 3). Cycloheximide studies revealed a rapid turnover of Nrf3. We showed that the proteasome inhibitor MG‐132 increases Nrf3 protein levels. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Nrf3 is an N‐glycosylated protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, our studies provide the first evidence of a post‐translational modification of Nrf3.
Oxidation induces ClC‐3‐dependent anion channels in human leukaemia cells
Authors: Kasinathan Ravi S. , Föller Michael , Lang Camelia , Koka Saisudha , Lang Florian , Huber Stephan M.
Published: October 2007

To test for redox regulation of anion channels in erythroid cells, we exposed K562 cells to oxidants and measured changes in transmembrane Cl− currents using patch‐clamp, and in intracellular Cl− content using the Cl− selective dye MQAE. Oxidation with tert‐butylhydroperoxide or H2O2 produced a plasma membrane anion permeability with a permselectivity of
urn:x-wiley:00145793:media:feb2s0014579307011076:feb2s0014579307011076-math-si2
The permeability increase was paralleled by insertion of ClC‐3 protein into the plasma membrane as evident from immunofluorescence microscopy and surface biotinylation. Down‐regulation of ClC‐3 protein by RNA interference as assessed by immunoblotting decreased the oxidation‐stimulated permeability. In conclusion, oxidation induces surface expression of ClC‐3 and activation of a ClC‐3‐dependent anion permeability in K562 cells.
Inulin results in increased levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1 as the adenomas increase in size from small to large in the Min/+ mouse
Authors: Misikangas Marjo , Tanayama Heidi , Rajakangas Johanna , Lindén Jere , Pajari Anne-Maria , Mutanen Marja
Published: October 2007

The mechanism that drives the growth of some colonic adenomas towards malignancy, while permitting others to remain for decades in quiescence, remains unknown. Diets can alter the growth rate of intestinal tumours but it is still unknown whether diets are able to alter the molecular biology of these adenomas in a way that predicts further outcome. To address this issue we fed Min/+ mice with two diets known to lead to different adenoma outcomes: a high-fat control diet (n 15) or a high-fat inulin-enriched (10 % w/w) diet (n 13). To study the effect of diet on cell signalling during adenoma growth, the adenomas of each Min/+ mouse were divided into three size-categories, and the levels of β-catenin, E-cadherin, cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, which are known to be involved in colon tumorigenesis, were determined. The growth-promoting inulin diet resulted in more large adenomas than the control feeding (P = 0·003) and doubled the total area of the adenomas (P = 0·008). The inulin diet increased the expression of nuclear β-catenin (P = 0·004) and its target cyclin D1 (P = 0·017) as the adenomas increased in size from small to large, indicating the presence of an accelerated cancerous process. Neither phenomenon was seen in the control group during adenoma growth. Our results suggest that in addition to the number, size, and growth rate of adenomatous polyps, the signalling pattern of the adenomas should also be considered when evaluating preventive dietary strategies.
Seasonal variations in the chemical composition of camel milk in Jordan
Authors: Haddadin Malik SY , Gammoh Sana I , Robinson Richard K
Published: October 2007

The principal chemical components of milk from the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) were monitored in Jordan over one year. The analyses included total solids, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals and organic acids. Large seasonal variations in total solids and fat were apparent, with maxima in mid-winter of 139 and 39·0 g/l, respectively, and minima in August of 102 and 25·0 g/l. These differences may be sufficient to alter the sensory properties of the milk, and the fat: casein ratio may need standardisation for cheesemaking. The mean values of trace elements like zinc (5·8 mg/l), iron (4·4 mg/l) and manganese (0·05 mg/l) in Jordanian camel milk could provide valuable additions to the diet of urban populations, as could the mean concentration of vitamin C (33 mg/l). The levels of organic acids were generally higher than in bovine milk and, as with all the constituents of the milk, there were discernible patterns linking concentration and season of the year.
Political Parties and Financial Development: Evidence from Malaysia and Thailand
Authors: ZHANG XIAOKE
Published: October 2007

Drawing upon theoretical studies on the policy impact of political parties, this article address cross-national differences in financial policy choice and capital market development in Malaysia and Thailand. An explanatory approach that considers inter-party organisational dimensions in tandem with intra-party structural attributes shows that financial and regulatory policies have varied significantly between Malaysia and Thailand in response to the national configurations of political parties. The different patterns of policy choices, in turn, have led to varied capital market structures and development trajectories. Thus the theoretical literature on the political economy of financial capitalism in developed countries, which stresses the importance of domestic political institutions, has implications for the political underpinnings of financial market reforms in emerging market countries.
Rhetorical Objectives and Program Efficiency in Swedish Policy about Immigrants
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM CARL
Published: October 2007

This paper explains differences in the policy objectives and policy programs of Swedish immigrant policy as a consequence of the fact that policy objectives tend to be evaluated in public political debates whereas policy programs are evaluated through administrative reviews within government. Given contrasting contexts, different questions are important for policy legitimacy. The public debate focuses on questions of moral values, while the audit within government deals with issues of efficiency. Policy objectives and policy programs therefore respond differently to criticisms that separate rhetoric and practice. As a result, Swedish immigrant policy rhetoric and practice were from the outset only loosely joined and have failed to converge over time.
Institution-driven Competition: The Regulation of Cross-border Broadcasting in the EU
Authors: HARCOURT ALISON J.
Published: October 2007

This article examines the deregulation of cross-broader broadcasting to test its impact on strategies pursued by EU member states. It modifies our understanding of regulatory competition through an institutional explanation of the process. The European Union’s Television Without Frontiers (1989) Directive provided a framework for regulatory competition in television broadcast markets. Despite a high level of investment flight, member states did not automatically respond with deregulation but were compelled to do so by the European Court of Justice. Therefore national deregulation in this field was not a natural response to the preference of economic actors or an objective of state policy; it was driven by the European institutions.
Macular zeaxanthins and lutein – a review of dietary sources and bioavailability and some relationships with macular pigment optical density and age-related macular disease
Authors: Thurnham David I.
Published: October 2007

The retina is unique in the human body in containing three xanthophyll carotenoids; 3R,3′R-zeaxanthin, meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) and lutein. Humans consume 1 to 3 mg lutein per d and the lutein:zeaxanthin ratio in the diet is about 5:1.Xanthophyll pigments occur widely in vegetables and fruits but MZ is found in only a few foods such as the shrimp carapace and fish skin. In spite of the amounts of the different xanthophylls in the diet, zeaxanthin and MZ occur in approximately equal amounts in the eye, and their combined concentration can exceed that of lutein. In the present review the bioavailablity of zeaxanthin and lutein is assessed using the plasma xanthophyll response to dietary intervention. A number of studies have used single and mixed sources of the pure xanthophylls to achieve steady-state plasma responses. Mostly these have been with lutein and zeaxanthin but two using MZ are also described. Responses following the intervention with the pure xanthophylls are compared with those following food intervention. Vegetables are the richest source of dietary lutein and several vegetable-feeding studies are discussed. Intervention studies with eggs, which are a good source of zeaxanthin, suggest that the xanthophyll carotenoids in egg yolk may be more bioavailable than those in other foods and are described separately. MZ has been a component of a xanthophyll supplement added to chicken feed in Mexico in the last 10 years. Egg consumption in Mexico is approximately one egg/person per d and the potential contribution of this food source of MZ to Mexican dietary intakes is described. Very limited information from human feeding studies of MZ-containing supplements suggests that MZ is less well absorbed than zeaxanthin. However, MZ is unusual in the diet and not reported in the plasma. Thus plasma responses may not reflect true absorption if it takes MZ longer to equilibrate with body tissues than the other xanthophylls and competition with zeaxanthin may lower the relative concentrations of MZ in plasma. Lastly, the effects of long-term feeding with both pure and food sources of the xanthophyll pigments on macular pigment optical density is compared and the importance of previous dietary intake on the effects of intervention is discussed.
Predictors and Consequences of Suppressing Obsessional Thoughts
Authors: Markowitz Lee J. , Purdon Christine
Published: October 2007

Cognitive-behavioral models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) assert that negative appraisals of obsessional thoughts lead to distress over the thoughts and drive ameliorative actions such as thought suppression and compulsions. These responses in turn play a role in the persistence of the disorder. However, past research has not examined (a) what factors lead individuals to suppress obsessional thoughts; (b) whether certain predictors and consequences relate to suppression uniquely or can be explained by general factors such as negative mood and neuroticism; or (c) individuals' natural active suppression of obsessions. The current study addresses these limitations by examining the roles of natural suppression and distress over thought intrusions in the thought-appraisal/OC symptoms relationship while controlling for general factors. Ninety-one nonclinical participants completed a variety of measures assessing theoretically relevant constructs. After their obsessional thought was primed, they recorded their thoughts for 6 minutes and then rated their suppression effort. Four hours later, longer-term outcomes were assessed. Path analyses supported most components of cognitive-behavioral models.
The meaning of ‘necessary’ in GATT Article XX and GATS Article XIV: the myth of cost–benefit balancing
Authors: REGAN DONALD H.
Published: October 2007

Conventional wisdom tells us that in Korea–Beef, the Appellate Body interpreted the word ‘necessary’ in GATT Article XX to require a cost–benefit balancing test. The Appellate Body is supposed to have applied this test also in EC–Asbestos, US–Gambling (involving GATS Article XIV), and Dominican Republic–Cigarettes. In this article I demonstrate, by detailed analysis of the opinions, that the Appellate Body has never engaged in such balancing. They have stated the balancing test, but in every case they have also stated the principle that Members get to choose their own level of protection, which is logically inconsistent with judicial review by cost–benefit balancing. And they have decided every case by reference to the ‘own level of protection’ principle. The Appellate Body is right not to balance. Balancing is not authorized by the treaty texts, and it is not needed to prevent inefficient harm to foreign interests.
A ‘probabilistic’ approach to the use of econometric models in sunset reviews
Authors: KECK ALEXANDER , MALASHEVICH BRUCE , GRAY IAN
Published: October 2007

Economists have increasingly become involved in trade remedy and litigation matters that call for economic interpretation or quantification. The literature on the use of econometric methods in response to legal requirements of trade policy is rather limited. This article contributes to filling this gap by demonstrating the efficacy of using a simple ‘probabilistic’ model in analyzing the ‘likelihood’ of injury to the local industry concerned, following a finding of continuation or recurrence of dumping (or countervailable subsidies). The legal concept of ‘likelihood’ is not only particularly well-suited to illustrate the systemic need for trade lawyers and economists to cooperate. It is also of imminent practical relevance with a groundswell of ‘sunset’ reviews looming on the horizon. We discuss the significance of economic analysis for trade remedy investigations by reviewing the literature, the applicable WTO rules, and, in particular, the pertinent case law. The potential value of probabilistic simulations for ‘likelihood’ determinations is exemplified using a real-world application. Using data from past United States International Trade Commission investigations, we find that a probabilistic model that takes account of the uncertainty surrounding economic parameters reduces the risk of misjudging the effect on the domestic industry of a termination of trade remedies.
Reforming agricultural trade among developing countries
Authors: MOHAN SUSHIL
Published: October 2007

It is commonly perceived that much of the initiative for removal of distortions in trade in agriculture has to come from the developed world. This generalization is not valid across all agricultural products, in particular for tropical products that are predominantly produced in developing countries and constitute a large share of their exports. It emerges that export of most of these products suffers not because of barriers in advanced countries, but from those in the developing world. This implies reciprocal benefits from growth in counter-trade if developing countries agree on more stringent trade liberalization measures for them. Cotton, sugar and bananas are important exceptions; they face trade barriers in some developed economies, so they deserve specific attention of trade negotiators.
The birth-pangs of Portuguese Asia: revisiting the fateful ‘long decade’ 1498–1509
Authors: Subrahmanyam Sanjay
Published: October 2007

The essay sets out to re-examine the events and processes of inter-state and commercial competition that accompanied the arrival of the first Portuguese fleets in the Indian Ocean after the voyage of Vasco da Gama (1497–99). Focusing on the ‘long decade’ from 1498 to 1509, a series of differing perspectives on the challenges caused by the Portuguese to other rival powers is laid out and examined in detail. These include the Venetian conception of the Portuguese enterprise, which tended to be divided between an ‘optimistic’ view (suggesting that the Cape route would collapse quickly), and a more ‘pessimistic’ one, which saw the Serenissima itself as gravely threatened. The geo-political vision of Venetian observers, and the place given by them to the Vijayanagara empire in South India is duly noted with regard to the pepper trade in particular. This view is then contrasted with the abundant but uneven Portuguese documentation available from the time of the viceroyalty of Dom Francisco de Almeida (1505–09). The essay finally sets out to explain and contextualize the Mamluk maritime intervention in the affairs of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, culminating in the defeat of the fleet of Amir Husain al-Kurdi off Diu in 1509.

We remind you that you should always take great care to send some men to discover (a descobryr), both to Melaka and to any other parts that are so far not that well-known, and you should send them with some goods in some local ships which are going there, so long as they can carry them safely. And those whom you send for this purpose should be men who know how to act upon it properly (devem ser homens que ho bem saybam fazer).

Royal instructions to Dom Francisco de Almeida, 3 March 1505.1
The varieties of Sioux Christianity, 1860–1980, in international perspective
Authors: Lindenfeld David
Published: October 2007

The paper analyses the multiple ways in which the Sioux have dealt with missionary Christianity between roughly 1860 and 1980, placing this in an international perspective. It addresses the question of how and why Christianity became pervasive among the Sioux despite the avowed purpose of missionaries to extirpate Native culture. It contends that the churches willy-nilly preserved many elements of that culture and provided leadership opportunities for Natives that were not available through other institutions. It examines this process in the light of several interpretations of missionary encounters drawn from other cases, both in North America and Africa. While the Sioux exhibited a variety of ways of adapting to Christianity and combining it with their native religion, the most prominent strategy was dual participation, the simultaneous separate practice of the two.

‘Most Sioux people maintain membership in, and belief in the efficacy of, some Christian denomination.’

Raymond J. De Mallie and Douglas R. Parks, 19871

‘A very small percentage of Native Americans are practicing Christians.’

William Baldridge, 19932
Buddhism in the re-ordering of an early modern world: Chinese missions to Cochinchina in the seventeenth century
Authors: Wheeler Charles
Published: October 2007

In the seventeenth century, Chan Buddhist masters from monasteries in South China boarded merchant ships to Chinese merchant colonies in East and Southeast Asian port cities to establish or maintain monasteries. Typically, Chinese seafarers and merchants sponsored their travel, and sovereigns and elites abroad offered their patronage. What were these monks and their patrons seeking? This study will investigate the question through the case of one Chan master, Shilian Dashan, who journeyed to the Vietnamese kingdom of Cochinchina (Dang Trong) in 1695 and 1696. In Dashan, we see a form of Buddhism thought to have vanished with the Silk Road: that is, Buddhism as a ‘missionary religion’ able to propagate branch temples through long-distance networks of merchant colonies, and to form monastic communities within the host societies that welcomed them. This evident agency of seafaring Chan monks in early modern times suggests that Buddhism’s role in commerce, diaspora, and state formation in early modern maritime Asia may compare to religions like Islam and Christianity, and deserves further study.
Indian Nationalism and the ‘world forces’: transnational and diasporic dimensions of the Indian freedom movement on the eve of the First World War
Authors: Fischer-Tiné Harald
Published: October 2007

The present article takes a global perspective on the diasporic networks of Indian revolutionaries that were emerging on the eve of the First World War. It looks particularly at three important headquarters of their activities, namely London, New York and Tokyo. The narrative is centred on the ‘India Houses’ that were opened in these three cities and served as the institutional umbrella units for the revolutionary schemes. Finally, the political alliances forged and the ideological resources tapped in these three settings are sketched out and briefly analysed. The case study makes two points: to begin with, it is important to extend historical scrutiny beyond the geographical bounds of India to fully grasp the development of Indian nationalism in this first peak time of globalization; second, the existence of the sophisticated transnational anti-imperial propaganda networks that are the focus of this study raises doubts about the alleged watershed character of the First World War as the ‘global moment’ that decisively shook the imperial world order. The year 1905, it is argued, was at least as important in this regard.
The dematerialization of telecommunication: communication centres and peripheries in Europe and the world, 1850–1920
Authors: Wenzlhuemer Roland
Published: October 2007

Interregional communication has been a key constituent of the process of globalization since its very origins. For most of its history, information has moved between world regions and along the routes according to the rationales established by interregional trade and migration. The dematerialization of telecommunication in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century eventually detached long-distance information transmission from transport and transformed the global communication structure. New communication centres (and new peripheries) emerged. Some regions moved closer to the global data stream than others. It is still unclear how such different degrees of global connectivity impacted on local development. This essay contributes to the identification and valuation of global communication centres and peripheries in order to provide suitable candidates for future case studies. To this end, statistical data on the development of domestic telegraph networks in selected countries has been analysed and interpreted. In a second step, Social Network Analysis methods have been employed to measure the centrality of almost three hundred cities and towns in the European telecommunication network of the early twentieth century.

‘You cannot not communicate.’

Paul Watzlawick
The two prime movers of globalization: history and impact of diesel engines and gas turbines
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: October 2007

Modern economic globalization would be impossible without our ability to move billions of tonnes of raw materials and finished goods among the continents and to fly at speeds approaching the speed of sound. These realities were made possible by the interaction of economic and technical factors. Much has been written about their organizational and political underpinnings (ranging from the role of multinational corporations to the history of free trade agreements), but much less on the history of the two prime movers that made these realities possible. Neither steam engines, nor gasoline-fuelled engines could have accomplished comparable feats. Diesel engines made ocean shipping the cheapest mode of long-distance transport and without gas turbines there would be no fast, inexpensive, mass-scale intercontinental travel. This paper examines the history, advances, benefits and costs of the two prime movers.
Investigating the Feasibility of Stem Cell Enrichment Mediated by Immobilized Selectins
Authors: Charles Nichola , Liesveld Jane L. , King Michael R.
Published: October 2007

Hematopoietic stem cell therapy is used to treat both malignant and non‐malignant diseases, and enrichment of the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) has the potential to reduce the likelihood of graft vs host disease or relapse, potentially fatal complications associated with the therapy. Current commercial HSPC isolation technologies rely solely on the CD34 surface marker, and while they have proven to be invaluable, they can be time‐consuming with variable recoveries reported. We propose that selectin‐mediated enrichment could prove to be a quick and effective method for recovering HSPCs from adult bone marrow (ABM) on the basis of differences in rolling velocities and independently of CD34 expression. Purified CD34+ ABM cells and the unselected CD34– ABM cells were perfused over immobilized P‐, E‐, and L‐selectin‐IgG at physiologic wall shear stresses, and rolling velocities and cell retention data were collected. CD34+ ABM cells generally exhibited lower rolling velocities and higher retention than the unselected CD34– ABM cells on all three selectins. For initial CD34+ ABM cell concentrations ranging from 1% to 5%, we predict an increase in purity ranging from 5.2% to 36.1%, depending on the selectin used. Additionally, selectin‐mediated cell enrichment is not limited to subsets of cells with inherent differences in rolling velocities. CD34+ KG1a cells and CD34– HL60 cells exhibited nearly identical rolling velocities on immobilized P‐selectin‐IgG over the entire range of shear stresses studied. However, when anti‐CD34 antibody was co‐immobilized with the P‐selectin‐IgG, the rolling velocity of the CD34+ KG1a cells was significantly reduced, making selectin‐mediated cell enrichment a feasible option. Optimal cell enrichment in immobilized selectin surfaces can be achieved within 10 min, much faster than most current commercially available systems.
Messung der Köperzusammensetzung im Praxisalltag
Authors: Gerber  , Goerres  , Uebelhart  , Suter
Published: October 2007

Zur Erfassung der Körperzusammensetzung stehen nebst anthropometrischen Messmethoden seit einigen Jahren verschiedene Bioimpedanzmessgeräte (sog. BIA-Geräte) zur Verfügung, die von den Herstellerfirmen entsprechend angepriesen werden und von Ärzten und Laien zunehmend eingesetzt werden. Im ersten Teil unserer Studie untersuchten wir anhand von 40 normal- bis übergewichtigen Probanden die Messgenauigkeit von 6 BIA-Geräten und 3 Geräten zur Bestimmung der Hautfaltendicke im Vergleich zur Dual Energy x-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) als Referenzmethode. In einem zweiten Teil prüften wir bei 155 normal- bis übergewichtigen Personen die klinische Anwendbarkeit der Messgeräte. Unsere Studie zeigt, dass die verwendeten Geräte allesamt gut mit der Referenzmethode korrelierten. Bei übergewichtigen Personen (BMI > 25 kg/m²) sowie Frauen mit höherem Körperfettanteil wurden mit sämtlichen BIA-Geräten, nicht aber den 3 Hautfaltenkalipern, leicht bessere Korrelationskoeffizienten gemessen als bei Männern oder bei Personen mit BMI < 25 kg/m². Bezüglich der klinischen Anwendbarkeit zeigen sich die Hautfaltenkaliper aufgrund des komplizierteren Anwendungsverfahren und verschiedener potentieller Fehlerquellen als generell weniger benutzerfreundlich als die Bioimpedanzmessgeräte. Die verwendeten Geräte sind insgesamt hilfreich bei der Messung der Körperzusammensetzung, einzelne Messwerte müssen aber kritisch hinterfragt werden. BIA-Messgeräte sind insbesondere zur Erfassung einer normalgewichtigen sarkopenen Personen mit hohem Körperfettanteil wichtig, da sich diese Subpopulation mit einer Messung des Körpergewichtes und der Körpergrösse sowie Berechnung des Körpermassenindexes (BMI) alleine nicht erfassen lässt.
Das Gorlin-Goltz-Syndrom: Aspekte im Senium
Authors: Kos  , Feil  , Radü
Published: October 2007

Das Gorlin-Goltz-Syndrom ist eine seltene Genodermatose mit autosomal dominantem Erbgang. Der präsentierte Fall einer 69-jährigen Frau mit bekanntem Gorlin-Goltz Syndrom beschreibt die richtungsweisenden Befunde am Beispiel thorakaler und intrakranieller Manifestationen und gibt einen Überblick über die Erkrankung.
Arctic freshwater export in the 20th and 21st centuries
Authors: Koenigk Torben , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Haak Helmuth , Jungclaus Johann
Published: October 2007

Climate simulations suggest that the emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will lead to strong climate changes in the 21st century. Here the resulting effects of the freshwater balance of the Arctic Ocean in the 21st century are analyzed using coupled Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change simulations with the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology climate model. For the Arctic region, particularly strong warming and an almost complete removal of sea ice during summer time are predicted. Arctic river runoff and net atmospheric freshwater input (P‐E) are strongly enhanced. Most of this additional freshwater input is stored in the Arctic Ocean. While the total freshwater export out of the Arctic remains almost constant, significant changes occur in its distribution. The dominance of sea ice for the Fram Strait export disappears, while the liquid freshwater export is enhanced. The mean export shows therefore almost no changes, but its interannual variability is slightly reduced. In contrast, both the export through the Canadian Archipelago and its variability are increased in the 21st century. Therefore the importance of the Canadian Archipelago for the total Arctic export grows. Enhanced freshwater input into the Labrador Sea leads to a strong decrease in deep convection. Greenland Sea convection is reduced as well but mainly because of strong warming of the upper ocean layers. The meridional overturning circulation responds with a decline of about 6 sverdrups.
A semiparametric multivariate and multisite weather generator
Authors: Apipattanavis Somkiat , Podestá Guillermo , Rajagopalan Balaji , Katz Richard W.
Published: October 2007

We propose a semiparametric multivariate weather generator with greater ability to reproduce the historical statistics, especially the wet and dry spells. The proposed approach has two steps: (1) a Markov Chain for generating the precipitation state (i.e., no rain, rain, or heavy rain), and (2) a k‐nearest neighbor (k‐NN) bootstrap resampler for generating the multivariate weather variables. The Markov Chain captures the spell statistics while the k‐NN bootstrap captures the distributional and lag‐dependence statistics of the weather variables. Traditional k‐NN generators tend to under‐simulate the wet and dry spells that are keys to watershed and agricultural modeling for water planning and management; hence the motivation for this research. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach and its improvement over the traditional k‐NN approach through an application to daily weather data from Pergamino in the Pampas region of Argentina. We show the applicability of the proposed framework in simulating weather scenarios conditional on the seasonal climate forecast and also at multiple sites in the Pampas region.
Dissolution kinetics of synthetic and natural meta‐autunite minerals, X3−n(n)+ [(UO2)(PO4)]2 · xH2O, under acidic conditions
Authors: Wellman D. M. , Gunderson K. M. , Icenhower J. P. , Forrester S. W.
Published: October 2007

Mass transport within the uranium geochemical cycle is impacted by the availability of phosphorous. In oxidizing environments, in which the uranyl (UO22+) ionic species is typically mobile, formation of sparingly soluble uranyl phosphate minerals exerts a strong influence on uranium transport. Autunite group minerals, X3 − n(n)+ [(UO2)(PO4)]2 · xH2O, have been identified as the long‐term uranium‐controlling phases in many systems of geochemical interest. Anthropogenic operations related to uranium mining operations have created acidic environments exposing uranyl phosphate minerals to low‐pH groundwaters. Investigations regarding the dissolution behavior of autunite group minerals under acidic conditions have not been reported; consequently, knowledge of the longevity of uranium‐controlling solids is incomplete. The purpose of this investigation was threefold: (1) to quantify the dissolution kinetics of natural calcium meta‐autunite, Ca[(UO2)2(PO4)2] · 3H2O, and synthetic sodium meta‐autunite, Na2[(UO2)2(PO4)2] · 3H2O, under acidic conditions; (2) to measure the effect of temperature and pH on meta‐autunite mineral dissolution; and (3) to investigate the formation of secondary uranyl phosphate phases as long‐term controls on uranium migration. Single‐pass flow‐through (SPFT) dissolution tests were conducted over the pH range of 2 to 5 and from 5° to 70°C. Results presented here illustrate meta‐autunite dissolution kinetics are strongly dependent on pH but are relatively insensitive to temperature variations. In addition, the formation of secondary uranyl‐phosphate phases such as uranyl phosphate, (UO2)3(PO4)2 · x H2O, may serve as a secondary phase limiting the migration of uranium in the environment.
Midlatitude westward propagating disturbances preceding intraseasonal oscillations of convection over the subtropical western North Pacific during summer
Authors: Lu Riyu , Ding Hui , Ryu Chan‐Su , Lin Zhongda , Dong Huilin
Published: October 2007

We start with an analysis of the abruptly enhanced convection over the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) around late July, the so called “convection jump,” and indicate that intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) play a dominant role in this feature. Then, we analyze the extratropical circulation anomalies in association with the convection ISOs over the subtropical WNP, which are more common than the convection jump and thus provide a greater sample size. It is found that prior to convection ISO peaks, a well‐defined wave train of alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic perturbations appears and propagates westward in the upper troposphere over the midlatitude North Pacific, and bends southward to the subtropical WNP. The present results imply that midlatitude circulation anomalies in the North Pacific may affect intraseasonal variability of climate in the subtropical WNP and East Asia during summer.
The Generalized heat function
Authors: Greatbatch Richard J. , Zhai Xiaoming
Published: October 2007

A generalized heat function is defined for diagnosing the pathways by which heat is carried by the ocean. In contrast to previous work, our generalized heat function varies along an isentrope only in the presence of mixing. The generalized heat function is diagnosed using the Levitus global ocean data set, net northward heat transport based on the data set of Grist and Josey, and different specifications for mixing in the ocean. The separation between the heat flux carried by the shallow wind driven cells and the deep overturning circulation is clearly revealed, with up to 0.4 PW being associated with the spreading of North Atlantic Deep Water. The importance of eddy‐induced mixing near the surface of the Southern Ocean is evident.
Elastic uplift in southeast Greenland due to rapid ice mass loss
Authors: Khan Shfaqat A. , Wahr John , Stearns Leigh A. , Hamilton Gordon S. , van Dam Tonie , Larson Kristine M. , Francis Olivier
Published: October 2007

The rapid unloading of ice from the southeastern sector of the Greenland ice sheet between 2001 and 2006 caused an elastic uplift of ∼35 mm at a GPS site in Kulusuk. Most of the uplift results from ice dynamic‐induced volume losses on two nearby outlet glaciers. Volume loss from Helheim Glacier, calculated from sequential digital elevation models, contributes about ∼16 mm of the observed uplift, with an additional ∼5 mm from volume loss of Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier. The remaining uplift signal is attributed to significant melt‐induced ice volume loss from the ice sheet margin along the southeast coast between 62°N and 66°N.
Source locations of secondary microseisms in western Europe: Evidence for both coastal and pelagic sources
Authors: Chevrot S. , Sylvander M. , Benahmed S. , Ponsolles C. , Lefèvre J. M. , Paradis D.
Published: October 2007

We locate the sources of double‐frequency (or secondary) microseisms in western Europe by frequency slowness analysis of array data as well as polarization and amplitude analysis at individual stations. Array analysis uses data recorded by a temporary array of broadband stations that we deployed in the Quercy region (southwest of France) and those from the Gräfenberg array, from 2 December 2005 to 30 January 2006. We determine attenuation laws for microseisms generated in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean, which allow us to use noise amplitudes to estimate distances from the source. We then combine azimuth and amplitude measurements to obtain precise locations of microseisms and estimate their source dimensions. Most of the time, microseismic noise originates in coastal regions where the swell reaches steep rocky coasts with normal incidence, in good agreement with the Longuet‐Higgins model for the generation of secondary microseisms. In addition, we find evidence of occasional pelagic sources, which are closely related to moving storms, suggesting that nonlinear interaction between wave components can also generate secondary microseisms.
An RM‐NN algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature and emissivity from EOS/MODIS data
Authors: Mao Kebiao , Shi Jiancheng , Li Zhao‐Liang , Tang Huajun
Published: October 2007

Three radiative transfer equations are built for MODIS bands 29, 31, and 32, which involve six unknown parameters (average atmospheric temperature, land surface temperature (LST), three band emissivities, and water vapor content). The relationships between geophysical parameters have been analyzed in detail, which indicates that neural network is one of the best methods to resolve these ill‐posed problems (LST and emissivity). Retrieval analysis indicates that the combined radiative transfer model (RM) with neural network (NN) algorithm can be used to simultaneously retrieve land surface temperature and emissivity from Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. Simulation data analysis indicates that the average error of LST is under 0.4 K and the average error of emissivity is under 0.008, 0.006, and 0.006 for bands 29, 31, and 32, respectively. The comparison analysis between retrieval result by RM‐NN and MODIS product algorithm indicates that the generalized split window LST overestimates the emissivity and underestimates land surface temperature. The retrieval results by RM‐NN lie between the two products provided by NASA and closer to day/night LST algorithm after statistics analysis. The average error is 0.36 K relative to MODIS LST product (MOD11_L2) retrieved by generalized split window algorithm if we make a regression revision. The comparison of retrieval results with ground measurement data in Xiaotangshan also indicates that the RM‐NN can be used to retrieve accurately land surface temperature and emissivity.
An observation‐based formulation of snow cover fraction and its evaluation over large North American river basins
Authors: Niu Guo‐Yue , Yang Zong‐Liang
Published: October 2007

Snow cover strongly interacts with climate through snow albedo feedbacks. However, global climate models still are not adequate in representing snow cover fraction (SCF), i.e., the fraction of a model grid cell covered by snow. Through an analysis of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) derived SCF and the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) gridded snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE), we found that the SCF–snow depth relationship varies with seasons, which may be approximated by variations in snow density. We then added snow density to an existing SCF formulation to reflect the variations in the SCF–snow depth relationship with seasons. The reconstructed SCF with the gridded snow depth and SWE by employing this snow density–dependent SCF formulation agrees better with the AVHRR‐derived SCF than other formulations. The default SCF formulation in the National Center for Atmospheric Research community land model (CLM), driven by observed near‐surface meteorological forcings, simulates a smaller SCF and a shallower snow depth than observations. Implementation of the new SCF formulation into the NCAR CLM greatly improves the simulations of SCF, snow depth, and SWE in most North American (NA) river basins. The new SCF formulation increases SCF by 20–40%, decreases net solar radiation by up to 20 W m−2, and decreases surface temperature by up to 4 K in most midlatitude regions in winter and at high latitudes in spring. The new scheme reproduces the observed SCF, snow depth, and SWE in terms of interannual variability and interbasin variability in most NA river basins except for the mountainous Columbia and Colorado River basins. It produces SCF trends similar to that of AVHRR. However, it produces greater decreasing trends in ablation seasons and smaller increasing trends in accumulation seasons than those of the CMC snow depth and SWE.
Time reversal effects in random scattering media on superresolution, shower curtain effects, and backscattering enhancement
Authors: Ishimaru Akira , Jaruwatanadilok Sermsak , Kuga Yasuo
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we present analytical theories of the first and second moments of the time‐reversed pulse which are obtained by the second‐ and the fourth‐order moments of stochastic Green's functions in random media. The theories are based on the use of parabolic approximations, two‐frequency mutual coherence function, and the circular complex Gaussian assumptions. Several effects are discussed including the superresolution, the coherence length, backscattering enhancement, the dependence on the optical depth, the shower curtain effect, and the bandwidth.