bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The forelimb musculature of marten (Martes americana Turton) and fisher (Martes pennanti Erxleben)
Authors: Leach Doug
Published: August 2008

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the forelimbs of 25 adult fisher and 25 adult marten were described and compared and the importance of these muscles in arboreal locomotion was discussed. The forelimb myology of these two mustelids is structurally similar. The muscles of the forelimb synsarcosis and the muscles that flex the shoulder and elbow joints are particularly well developed. The existence of a strongly developed forelimb musculature needed for cursorial locomotion in marten and fisher apparently potentiates a secondary function in arboreal locomotion.
Demography of a subarctic population of Clethrionomys gapperi: numbers and survival
Authors: Fuller W. A.
Published: August 2008

Intensive (capture–mark–release) studies on a 2.25-ha grid, and extensive (catch per unit effort) studies on a 30-km segment of the Mackenzie Highway at latitude 61° N, revealed a dubious peak in 1970, and an unequivocal peak in 1974, in both May and August numbers of Clethrionomys gapperi. The minor peak was associated with good survival in the prepeak winter overwintered adults, but not young of the year, displayed good summer survival. Almost 70% of animals known to be alive at the end of August survived the winter before the major peak, and all ages survived well during the peak summer. Less than 5% of marked animals survived the postpeak winter. The prepeak winter was characterized by low and fluctuating temperatures beneath the snow, whereas the postpeak winter had high and uniform subnivean temperatures. Thus, the hypothesis that winter mortality, and hence abundance, is governed by the severity of conditions in the subnivean microenvironment was falsified, but the result is consistent with the hypothesis that animals in the increase phase were qualitatively different from those in the decline phase.
The hydroid of Polyorchis penicillatus (Eschscholtz) (Polyorchidae, Hydrozoa, Cnidaria)
Authors: Brinckmann-Voss Anita
Published: August 2008

The hydroid of Polyorchis penicillatus was found growing on the rock scallop, Himnites giganteus. The newly liberated medusa, which was recognizable as Polyorchis by the typical exumbrellar cnidocyst patches, was compared with the earliest stages of Polyorchis penicillatus from the plankton.
Changes in the protein concentration and volume of the haemolymph in relation to yolk deposition, ovariectomy, allatectomy, and cautery of the median neurosecretory cells in Melanoplus sanguinipes
Authors: Elliott R. H. , Gillott C.
Published: August 2008

The protein concentration and volume of the haemolymph may change with no apparent relation to one another in normal, ovariectomized, allatectomized, and median-neurosecretorycell-cauterized (mNSC-cauterized) females. Therefore, protein levels in the haemolymph are more meaningfully expressed in terms of the total protein content. In normal females, fluctuations in the haemolymph volume tend to parallel changes in the protein concentration during the first and subsequent gonotrophic periods. However, significantly less protein accumulates during the latter periods. The suggestion that these fluctuations partly reflect changes in the vitellogenic requirements of the oocytes is supported by the finding that both the volume and protein concentration increase significantly after ovariectomy.Allatectomy or mNSC cautery prevents the normal accumulation of protein in the haemolymph. In allatectomized females, the slight increase in protein concentration is accompanied by a decline in haemolymph volume. Cautery of the mNSC, provided it is performed within 3 h of emergence, results in a low protein concentration but has no effect on the haemolymph volume. The observations are discussed in terms of the corpora allata and mNSC control of haemolymph protein synthesis.
The effect of temperature on the development and survival of two populations of Aedes campestris Dyar and Knab (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Tauthong P. , Brust T. A.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of A. campestris from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Churchill, Manitoba, were reared at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 23, 25, and 27 °C. Larvae of both populations failed to complete their development to adults at 15 °C, although development to third- and fourth-instar larvae did occur and survival at this temperature was greatest in the population from Saskatoon. The optimum developmental temperature for both populations was found to be 23 °C. The development rate and the survival rate was higher in the Churchill population at temperatures above 20 °C. At 15 °C, contrary to what would be expected, survival of larvae was much greater in the more southern (Saskatoon) population.
The life history of Branchinecta mackini Dexter (Crustacea: Anostraca) in an argillotrophic lake of Alberta
Authors: Daborn Graham R.
Published: August 2008

The life history of B. mackini was studied in a large argillotrophic lake during 1970–1972. Hatching began immediately after spring thaw and was terminated by rising salinity 10 days to 2 weeks later. Growth rates reached maxima of 1 mm/day at 4 weeks of age and then declined as mean size approached 22–23 mm at 7–8 weeks. Clutch sizes varied as a function of female length. Maximum biomass of 580 mg dry weight/m2 (2700 cal/m2) was reached in late May, of which 3.9% per day was consumed by B. gigas. Source of the energy is presumed to be a bacteria – organic matter complex associated with suspended particles. Life cycle details are compared with other fairy shrimp species and the role of B. mackini in the community is discussed.
Mus musculus and Peromyscus maniculatus: homing ability in relation to habitat utilization
Authors: Anderson Paul K. , Heinsohn George E. , Whitney Paul H. , Huang Jean-Pierre
Published: August 2008

House mice displaced from established home ranges in grassland on Great Gull Island, New York, exhibited homing behaviour. This behaviour was associated with large home range, wandering before home range establishment, and forays outside the range. When both house mice and deer mice inhabiting granaries in grassland in Alberta were displaced, homing behaviour was poorly expressed in house mice, but well developed in deer mice. The poorly developed homing tendency of Alberta house mice was associated with a pattern of habitat utilization that appeared to limit familiarity with areas outside the home range. While this result does not explicitly eliminate a role for a direction-finding ability in house mouse homing, it does emphasize the importance of familiarity with terrain external to the home range.
Effets de la température sur le taux de gonadotropine plasmatique et la spermatogenèse du poisson rouge Carassius auratus
Authors: Gillet Christian , Billard Roland , Breton Bernard
Published: August 2008

Concentrations of immunoreactive plasma gonadotropin (c-GtH) were measured for goldfish kept at conditions of temperature held constant or increasing between 10 and 30 °C, between February and July. At temperatures of 17 °C or above the levels of plasma c-GtH were significantly (P <0.005) higher during April and May than at 10 °C. In April the pituitary concentration of c-GtH was maximum for fish held at 17 °C or above and the minimum for fish held below 17 °C, but in June the situation was reversed. A study of the gonads showed that spermatogenesis is faster at 17–24 °C than at 10 °C, but at 30 °C spermatogenic activity was inhibited.
Sarcotaces sp. (Copepoda) on the head of Physiculus rastrelliger from E1 Salvador
Authors: Moser Mike
Published: August 2008

This is the first report of Sarcotaces sp. (Copepoda) from the head of a host. It was found in Physiculus rastrelliger from off E1 Salvador.
Development of Philometroides huronensis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in the intermediate and definitive hosts
Authors: Uhazy Leslie S.
Published: August 2008

Development of the larval stages of Philometroides huronensis Uhazy, 1976 took place in the haemocoel of the copepods Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi and Cyclops vernalis. In C. bicuspidatus thomasi held at 10 °C, the first moult occurred 14 to 18 days and the second 30 days after exposure to first-stage larvae. In C. vernalis kept at 20 to 23 °C, moults from the first to second and second to third stage occurred at 6 to 9 and 14 to 20 days, respectively, after infection. Larval stages are described.Infective larvae were transmitted to laboratory-reared white suckers (Catostomus commersoni (Lacépède)). Fish were kept under controlled temperatures and photoperiods. Thirteen of 41 fish were infected with various stages of the parasite (i.e. third-stage larvae, males, uninseminated and inseminated females). All stages were recovered from the peritoneum around the swim bladder. Few male and inseminated female worms were recovered and development of subgravid and gravid stages was not investigated.
On the distribution and biology of an arctic fairy shrimp Artemiopsis stefanssoni Johansen, 1921 (Crustacea: Anostraca)
Authors: Daborn Graham R.
Published: August 2008

The distribution of Artemiopsis stefanssoni is described. Samples from eight localities in Baffin Island and Somerset Island were analysed and showed wide variations between populations in body size and egg production. These variations probably correspond to variations in food availability. Maximum lengths recorded were 9.00 mm for males and 11.95 mm for females. The egg sac of this species has no genital opening. Successive clutches are retained within the egg sac instead of being released after fertilisation and deposition of the tertiary shell. Egg sacs contained up to 120 eggs, whereas maximum ovary output was 40 eggs per clutch. It is suggested that retention of eggs within the egg sac affords protection against egg predation by benthic feeders such as Branchinecta paludosa and Lepidurus arcticus.
The ecology of Honey Creek, Oklahoma: population dynamics and drifting behavior of three species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Reisen William K.
Published: August 2008

The population dynamics and drifting behavior of Simulium virgatum, S. trivittatum, and Simulium species A were investigated at nine stations in a south-central Oklahoma limestone stream from June 1972 through August 1973. Simulium species A abundance paralleled vernal periphyton increases and exhibited characteristic midsummer and midwinter decreases, while S. virgatum and S. trivittatum were most prevalent during late summer and early fall. Simulium species A and S. virgatum oviposited during the evening crepuscular period. In Simulium species A synchronous egg maturation and eclosion apparently imparted a degree of drift rhythmicity in the early instars which progressively degenerated during larval development. Simulium virgatum drift rates were highest during midafternoon and were correlated with diel changes in water temperature. Simulium trivittatum drift rates were highest during the evening and morning and lowest during the afternoon.
Redescription of Eurylepta leoparda Freeman, 1933 (Turbellaria: Polycladida), a predator of the ascidian Corella willmeriana Herdman, 1898
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

The morphology of this cotylean flatworm is similar to Freeman's and Hyman's descriptions of their two specimens, but the body shape, patterns of pigmentation, and bands of the marginal tentacles are described and portrayed photographically. The reproductive systems include clustered spermiducal vesicles, which are lateral to the main gut, and uterine vesicles, which are located in tandem fashion at the junctions of the main gut branches. Serial sections confirm the arrangement of these vesicles, the copulatory apparatus, and a prostatic vesicle of the free type. Eurylepta leoparda lays eggs readily in the laboratory, which hatch at 11 °C in 2 weeks to become Müller's larvae.
Anemia in Leucocytozoon simondi infections. I. Quantification of anemia, gametocytemia, and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in naturally infected Pekin ducklings
Authors: Maley Garnet J. M. , Desser Sherwin S.
Published: August 2008

Anemia, as determined by hematocrit, and gametocytemia are related to the life cycle of Leucocytozoon simondi in naturally infected Pekin ducklings. Anemia begins subsequent to day 4 postexposure to natural infection (PE), contemporary with the maturation of the hepatic schizonts. The peak round gametocytemia (day 9 PE) preceded the maximum anemia (days 10–12 PE), at which time the highest mortality occurred. The maximum elongate gametocytemia was recorded on day 15 PE. The osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, as determined by incubation in saline suspensions of varying concentrations, increased after the maturation of the hepatic schizonts on days 4–6 PE. Erythrocytes were most susceptible to hypoosmotic lysis on days 10–12 PE, contemporary with the maximum anemia, and became less fragile as the primary infection and the anemia abated.
Vagal control of pulmonary vascular resistance in the turtle Chrysemys scripta
Authors: Milsom William K. , Langille B. Lowell , Jones David R.
Published: August 2008

We have directly examined the control of pulmonary vascular resistance in the turtle Chrysemys scripta to determine the way in which pulmonary vasoregulation is achieved. The pulmonary circulation of the turtle Chrysemys scripta receives a strong excitatory cholinergic innervation from the vagus nerve. The major site of vasoconstrictor activity is in the extrinsic pulmonary artery proximal to the lung with only weak constrictor activity evident in the intrinsic arteries and arterioles within the lung parenchyma. No cholinergic innervation is evident in the segment of the extrinsic pulmonary artery proximal to the origin of the arterial ligament (ligamentum Botalli) and all vagally induced changes in flow resistance reside in the much narrower segment distal to this site. Vagal stimulation in an intact preparation produces sufficient constriction in the distal segment of extrinsic pulmonary artery to totally occlude pulmonary flow. The pulmonary arteries appear to be devoid of sympathetic innervation.
Meristic variation, asymmetry, and aspects of the habitat of Culaea inconstans (Kirtland), the brook stickleback, in Manitoba
Authors: Moodie G. E. E.
Published: August 2008

Phenetic traits were compared in 45 Culaea inconstans populations in southern Manitoba. Small body size characterized individuals of populations exposed to potentially predatory fishes. Skewing of the gill-raker distributions was greatest among populations sympatric with Umbra limi, a potential food competitor and predator. These patterns of variation are in some aspects similar to and in others contrast with those found in another stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Less fluctuating asymmetry occurred in the pectoral fin rays of stream-dwelling populations than in those of lakes. Care will be required in using fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of environmental stress.
Aspects of host selection behaviour of Pissodes strobi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) as revealed in laboratory feeding bioassays
Authors: VanderSar T. J. D. , Borden J. H.
Published: August 2008

Both sexes of prewintering P. strobi adults preferred to feed on Sitka spruce lateral branch sections of larger diameter when presented a choice of two sections from the same current-year host lateral. In choice bioassays, both sexes preferred to feed on Sitka spruce rather than western hemlock or western red cedar. Females preferred to feed on Sitka spruce rather than Douglas-fir, whereas males did not discriminate. When presented either Sitka spruce or one of the three nonhost species alone, both sexes fed equally on Sitka spruce, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock. Neither sex fed on western red cedar, and weevils were seldom observed in contact with this species. Both sexes preferred to feed on Sitka spruce sections soaked in water rather than on those soaked in cedar exudate, suggesting that cedar contains repellents and (or) feeding deterrents. Sustained feeding by both sexes on pith discs containing a 50% ethanol extract of Sitka spruce leader bark suggests that Sitka spruce bark contains feeding stimulants. As only female P. strobi exhibit a feeding response that is dependent on the concentration of applied extract, females may have a more prominent role than males in host-tree selection during spring dispersal.
Weight loss of Microtus pennsylvanicus as a result of trap confinement
Authors: Bietz Brian F. , Whitney Paul H. , Anderson Paul K.
Published: August 2008

Subadult and adult Microtus pennsylvanicus were confined in the field in Longworth live traps which were covered with a cedar shingle for insulation and supplied with rolled oats for food and cotton for nesting. Both groups consistently lost about 10% of their initial body weight during confinement. Adults lost significantly more weight in early May than in mid-June, and adults captured in early May did not regain lost weight as rapidly as adults captured in June or July.
Hematological values for adult free-ranging pronghorns
Authors: Barrett Morley W. , Chalmers Gordon A.
Published: August 2008

Hematological parameters for 112 free-ranging, adult pronghorns (Antilocapra amcricana) trapped in southeastern Alberta were obtained in 1973 and 1974. Mean erythrocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate values were 11.46 × 106/mm3. 51.66%, 18.32 g/dl. and 12.28 mm/24 h. respectively. Mean leukocyte number in pronghorns was 5.02 × 103/mm3. of which 65.8% were neutrophils; lymphocytes comprised 31.5% of while cells. Mean monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil numbers, collectively, represented less than 3% of total leukocytes. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values were significantly greater in females than in males. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in hematological values were associated with year of sampling, duration of capture time before blood sampling, and rectal temperature.
Radio-tracking of Peromyscus leucopus
Authors: Mineau Pierre , Madison Dale
Published: August 2008

Miniature radio transmitters and 'local' triangulation methods were used to monitor the movements of free-ranging Peromyscus leucopus. A sexually mature male and female were studied in detail during two sessions within a 6-week period. Positions were recorded on 107 occasions, giving home ranges of 1.26 ha for the male and 0.91 ha for the female. Extensive home range overlap, correspondence in patterns of movement, the bearing of a litter by the female, and the lack of other adults in the study area indicate pair activity. The equipment and methods described will enable more thorough studies of the ecology and behavior of small, highly mobile rodent species in the future.
The timing of changes in several internal organs during metamorphosis of anadromous larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus L.
Authors: Youson J. H. , Wright G. M. , Ooi E. C.
Published: August 2008

A current scheme for identification of stages in metamorphosis of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus makes use of external features (Manion and Stauffer 1970). Of 13 larvae (ammocoetes) of anadromous sea lamprey sacrificed before they exhibited the earliest (stage 1) features of metamorphosis, 11 showed differentiation of the adult kidneys, and the beginnings of regression of the larval alimentary canal and endostyle. These changes are initiated not more than 1 month nor less than 1 week before known external signs are evident. There is a need for a reexamination and a further description of the early phases pf lamprey metamorphosis. Metamorphosis in anadromous sea lamprey provides excellent potential as an experimental system in comparative developmental biology.
Annual variations in the circulating levels of thyroid hormones in the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, as measured by radioimmunoassay
Authors: White Bruce A. , Henderson Nancy E.
Published: August 2008

Circulating levels of L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in plasma of adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of T4 varied from 0.8 to 3.7 ng/ml and T3 from 2.4 to 8.6 ng/ml over a 12-month period. Maximal levels of both hormones occurred in midspring and minimal levels in early November at the time of spawning. T3 titres were consistently higher than those of T4. All plasma samples were collected between 1030 and 1200 hours. A pilot study suggests that T3 and T4 concentrations also vary on a diurnal basis.
Ultrastructure and function of digitiform sensilla on the labial palp of a larval elaterid (Coleoptera)
Authors: Zacharuk R. Y. , Albert P. J. , Bellamy F. W.
Published: August 2008

There are typically six elongate pegs positioned in longitudinal grooves in the outer walls of the distal segment of the labial palps of larvae of Ctenicera destructor (Brown). They are termed digitiform sensilla on the basis of their form and function. Each has a subapical pore typical of a contact chemoreceptor in surface scan, and a terminally branched dendrite but not the cuticular pores typical of a chemoreceptive porous hair. The dendritic terminations are encased by the dendritic sheath, the subapical pore is plugged in the wall of the peg, and there is only one innervating neuron, all of which are typical of a tactile mechanoreceptor. These pegs respond electrophysiologically to contact and vibratory stimuli, but not to the amino acids, sugars, salts, and water tested, nor to a changed pressure in the cephalic hemocoel.
An experimental study of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation in the alimentary canal of the American cockroach
Authors: Bignell D. E.
Published: August 2008

Artificial diets containing [14C]cellulose and [14C]hemicellulose were prepared and fed to adult females. During the first 300 h after ingestion, 14CO2 was recovered equivalent to about 73% (cellulose) and 48% (hemicellulose) of the label ingested. For both polysaccharides the rate of 14CO2 evolution peaked 20–40 h after feeding and label was acquired by hemolymph trehalose. The evolution of 14CO2 from labelled cellulose was sharply reduced when antibiotics were supplied in the diet either with the labelled polysaccharide or before its ingestion. When each polysaccharide was introduced into the lumen of the cannulated colon in vitro, degradation occurred and acid- and heat-stable labelled material appeared in the incubation medium. It is proposed that cellulose and hemicellulose are potentially of nutritional significance in this insect and that the hindgut may be an important site of degradation.
Thawing of frozen prey by boreal and saw-whet owls
Authors: Bondrup-Nielsen Soren
Published: August 2008

'Prey thawing,' a hitherto unknown behavior of boreal owls (Aegolius funereus), saw-whet owls (A. acadicus), and possibly other species of birds of prey, is described. Experiments with saw-whet owls showed that frozen prey is thawed, before feeding begins, by the owls assuming a posture on top of the prey similar to that during incubation of eggs. Close agreement was found between the temperatures to which a mouse is heated before consumption (average of 1.5 °C) and the temperature at which the owls can eat a mouse without first thawing it (about −1 °C). This is supporting evidence to show that frozen food is thawed to facilitate consumption. The duration of 'prey thawing' and the total heat transfer to the frozen prey was determined for mice at −1.1, −6.4, and −16.2 °C. 'Prey thawing' could be a substantial energy drain on the owl, but it is probably an adaptively essential behavior.
Macrobiotus willardi, a new species of Tardigrada from Canada
Authors: Pilato Giovanni
Published: August 2008

A new species of Tardigrada, Macrobiotus willardi, is described from soil samples taken from the Matador Field Station, Matador, Saskatchewan (48 km north of Swift Current).
Snowshoe hare adrenal weights in relation to population density
Authors: Höhn E. O. , Stelfox J. G.
Published: August 2008

Adrenal and body weights of snowshoe hares from three areas in which hare population densities differed markedly were determined in a search for evidence of adrenal enlargement in the course of the population cycle. In the first area hares were in a sudden decline after a peak. Dead hares were found there in some numbers. Hare populations in the other two areas were still rising (population peaks occurred 18 months after sampling), but hare density was considerably greater in the second as compared with the third area. There were no significant differences in absolute adrenal weight between any of the groups. Relative adrenal weights were also similar, except for significantly higher relative adrenal weights in hares found dead as compared with those shot, but this was apparently due merely to the lower body weights of animals found dead compared with those killed. There was no evidence of significant differences in relative adrenal weight according to sex or age. No gastric ulcers were found in 26 hares taken from a population at the peak of the cycle.
Differences in energy partition between crowded and uncrowded individual barnacles (Balanus glandula Darwin)
Authors: Wu R. S. S. , Levings C. D. , Randall D. J.
Published: August 2008

The egg: body tissue ratio and shell: tissue ratio, when expressed in terms of energy, may serve as a good indication of the energy partition of individual barnacles. When comparing these two ratios between crowded and uncrowded individual barnacles, a decrease in degree of crowding was associated with: (1) an increase in the egg: body tissue ratio and (2) a decrease in shell: tissue ratio of the individuals. This appears to suggest a difference in energy partition in the barnacles with different degrees of crowding. Uncrowded individuals, which acquire an adequate amount of energy, could channel more energy into egg output and hence produce more progeny. On the other hand, crowded individuals acquire a limited amount of energy and apparently use a larger proportion of their assimilated energy in (1) building body tissue rather than egg and (2) building a taller shell so as to increase the general feeding area of the population. The reduction in reproductive output when population density is high (and vice versa) could be an important mechanism in population regulation of the species.
The influence of nutrition and seasonal conditions on mineral status in the reindeer
Authors: Hyvärinen H. , Helle T. , Nieminen M. , Väyrynen P. , Väyrynen Raija
Published: August 2008

Body weight, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity were measured in freely grazing reindeer in Kuusamo, Finland (66°30′N), at four different seasons in the year. The same parameters were also measured in late winter in a group of artificially fed reindeer in Kuusamo and a group in Enontekiö, Finland (68°30′N), which were grazing freely in very poor conditions. Some weeks after sampling about 40% of the reindeer in this latter area died of malnutrition. Bone densities were measured in some of these animals.The reindeer in Enontekiö had suffered from severe mineral deficiency. Serum calcium, magnesium, and copper concentrations were very low. It is assumed that the final death of the animals may have been caused by a disturbance in mineral metabolism. Serum calcium concentration was also low in the freely grazing group with near normal winter food conditions in Kuusamo. It is suggested that the reindeer compensate for the poor mineral content of the winter food by using the skeleton as a mineral bank even in normal winter. A seasonal cycle was found in serum copper concentration in the hinds, values being high in late pregnancy and after parturition. Serum potassium and zinc concentrations were lowest in autumn and winter.
Effect of climatic conditions on the annual activity and hibernation cycle of Richardson's ground squirrels and Columbian ground squirrels
Authors: Michener Gail R.
Published: August 2008

In 1975 and 1976 the times of spring emergence, breeding, and entry into hibernation were compared for Spermophilus richardsonii and S. columbianus in an area of sympatry in the foothills of the southern Alberta Rocky Mountains. Both species emerged earlier in 1976, which had a warmer than normal spring, than in 1975, which had a cooler than normal spring. In both years S. richardsonii emerged earlier than S. columbianus and remained active longer. Juvenile S. richardsonii entered hibernation when 17–20 weeks old whereas juvenile S. columbianus were 10–11 weeks old. Yearling S. richardsonii bred, whereas yearling S. columbianus did not. Breeding success affected the time of entry into hibernation but not the time of emergence from hibernation in the next spring. A possible relationship between the periodic arousals during hibernation and the emergence pattern of squirrels in spring is discussed. The significance of flexibility of spring emergence, length of the active season, and age at breeding to survival and species ecology is considered.
Use of opercular bones to identify and estimate lengths of prey consumed by piscivores
Authors: (Buck) Newsome G. E.
Published: August 2008

This study demonstrates that opercular bones may be used to identify, at least to family level, and to estimate the lengths of prey consumed by some piscivores. Other bones may be used, in conjunction with the operculum, to identify species. Among creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill)) digestion does not affect the accuracy of the technique but for other species this effect should be accounted for before usage.
The morphological relationship of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in national parks of central Canada
Authors: Skeel Margaret A. , Carbyn Ludwig N.
Published: August 2008

Multivariate analysis of 15 morphometric cranial characters elucidates the relationship of eight groups of wolves (Canis lupus) from central North America. The relationship of Prince Albert National Park wolves to the now (probably) extinct Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) is of particular interest. Although the eight groups are not distinct, with considerable overlap occurring, there are meaningful geographic trends. Five basic groups emerge, with wolves in the boreal–subalpine forest regions being the largest in size.
An intrauterine leech infection: Branchellion lobata Moore, 1952 (Piscicolidae) in the Pacific angel shark (Squatina californica) from California
Authors: Moser Mike , Anderson Shane
Published: August 2008

The leech Branchellion lobata Moore, 1952 (Piscicolidae) was discovered on the ventral surface of two embryo Pacific angel sharks (Squatina californica) from off Santa Barbara, California, in October 1976. These leeches were also found around the cloaca and in the spiracle valves of the pregnant female. This is the first known report of an intrauterine leech infection.
Normal organization and induced degeneration of the muscle attachment in the crayfish opener muscle
Authors: Jahromi S. S. , Atwood H. L.
Published: August 2008

The attachments of muscle fibers to the central tendon were studied in the opener muscle of the crayfish. Muscle fibers are attached to microtubule-containing tendinous cells at desmosomelike junctions and also by means of connective tissue microfibrils. Tendinous cells are anchored to tonofibrillae in the tendon. After tenotomy, microtubules in the tendinous cells lose their usual orientation (parallel to the longitudinal axis of the muscle fiber) and appear to be reduced in number. After transection of the motor nerve the tendinous cells retain their normal appearance for long periods (100 days), but eventually their microtubules show misalignment and reduction. These results suggest that the normal morphology of the muscle attachment region, and in particular the microtubule content of tendinous cells, is determined by passive tension exerted by the opener muscle fibers.
Electron transport system activity in Daphnia and crayfish
Authors: Borgmann Uwe
Published: August 2008

The activity of the electron transport system (ETS) in Daphnia magna and the crayfish Orconectes propinquus was estimated by measuring NADH-, succinate-, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The activity of the total ETS was also measured by following NADH oxidation, and by measuring the rate of cytochrome c reduction upon addition of cyanide after a steady state between cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.99.3) and cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) had been reached. ETS activity is highest in crayfish gill when NADH or succinate is used as substrate, and highest in crayfish hepatopancreas when NADPH is used. Michaelis–Menten constants for NADH, NADPH, and cytochrome c are comparable with some of the lower values reported for mammalian systems. The usefulness of the ETS assay in the study of toxic substances is discussed.
Descriptions of copepodite stages of Diaptomus (Leptodiaptomus) nudus Marsh 1904 (Crustacea: Copepoda)
Authors: Shih Chang-Tai , Maclellan Delphine C.
Published: August 2008

Based on specimens collected from a small pool on igneous rock at the north of the Matamek River on the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the months of June to September in 1974 and 1975, all copepodite stages of Diaptomus nudus are described and illustrated. All appendages except antennules, antennae, and fifth legs are completely developed by copepodite V. Schmeil's organ is barely visible on the posterior surface of endopod 2 of the second swimming legs in copepodite V and becomes developed to a large round process in the adults.
Formation of merozoites in intraerythrocytic Babesia microti: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Rudzinska Maria A. , Trager William
Published: August 2008

Babesia microti used in this study derives from a human infection and has been maintained in hamsters by intraperitoneal injections of infected blood. The parasite is covered by a single membrane and lies free in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes. It forms numerous pseudopods extending in all directions and to follow the events of merozoite formation it was necessary to resort to serial sections. Through this method it was found that the number of merozoites produced simultaneously by a single parasite is not more than four, and that a large chunk of the nucleus and the cytoplasm remains still available for further reproduction. Each merozoite after pinching off from the parent becomes an independent organism able to leave the host cell. The nucleus divides by budding and the buds retain their connection with the main body of the nucleus until the very end when the merozoite pinches off from the parent cell. This is budding sensu stricto. Since nuclear division does not precede cytoplasmic fission, Babesia is lacking the schizogony stage. The structure of merozoites appears to be much simpler than in other Sporozoa and a number of organelles at the anterior end are missing.
A revision of the genera Dulichia Krøyer and Paradulichia Boeck (Amphipoda, Podoceridae)
Authors: Laubitz Diana R.
Published: August 2008

Eighteen species of Dulichia and three species of Paradulichia have been described to date, all from the northern half of the northern hemisphere.The species in genus Dulichia are herein assigned to three genera: Dulichia Krøyer with five species, of which D. wolffi is newly described; Dyopedos Bate with nine species; and a new genus Dulichiopsis with six species, of which D. barnardi is described as new. In genus Paradulichia, P. spinifera has been synonymized with P. typica, while P. secunda remains of doubtful status. Dyopedos appears to be the most primitive of the four genera, giving rise to Paradulichia on the one hand, and Dulichia and Dulichiopsis on the other. Within the Podoceridae, these four genera along with Xenodice and Neoxenodice are essentially similar, and show the development of characters that eventually gave rise to the Caprellidea.The little that is known of the ecology of these genera indicates that they occupy a niche similar to the caprellids but in deeper water. They are distributed throughout the northern boreal and arctic regions, but are predominantly Atlantic and Arctic, showing highest diversity in the European and eastern North American arctic.
The effect of extrinsic factors on two distinctive rhodopsin–porphyropsin systems
Authors: McFarland William N. , Allen Donald M.
Published: August 2008

The effects of light, temperature, and thyroxine on the proportions of two visual pigments (rhodopsin and porphyropsin) are compared for three species of fishes in which the pigment proportions change oppositely in response to light (rainbow and brook trout vs. common shiners). In rainbow trout and common shiners higher temperatures reduced the proportions of porphyropsin in the retina, independent of photic conditions. The greatest differences between the warm and cold treatment groups, however, were obtained with a photoperiod as contrasted with continuous light or darkness. Capping of one eye in brook trout reduced porphyropsin independently of the uncapped eye. Thyroxine, which favors porphyropsin in both species groups, acted effectively only in the presence of light. It is suggested that a photoperiod, which produces both bleaching and photomechanical movements within the retina, enhances the exchange of vitamin A1 and A2 aldehydes between the photoreceptor cells and the pigment epithelium. Apparently light influences these processes oppositely in the different groups of fishes. A model to explain how photic conditions affect visual pigment composition in tadpoles (Bridges 1975) is extended to account for the opposite responses to light and darkness observed in different fishes.
Constancy of arterial blood pH during CO-induced hypoxia in the rainbow trout
Authors: Holeton George F.
Published: August 2008

Rainbow trout were exposed to water equilibrated with 5% CO and 21% O2 for 30 min. During the exposure dorsal aortic blood pH remained stable at about 8.1 while breathing rate and pressure and heart rate and blood pressure increased. The bradycardia generally associated with environmental hypoxia was absent. It is suggested that the observed circulatory and respiratory responses were not due to acid–base related factors but rather to the stimulation of oxygen receptors. The findings suggest the presence of at least two loci of oxygen-sensitive respiratory control mechanisms in trout.
A possible function of the caudal spot in characid fishes
Authors: McPhail J. D.
Published: August 2008

The suggestion that caudal pigment spots in fishes can act as deflection marks is tested experimentally. Fish with artificial caudal spots escape predators more often than the same species without spots, but the difference was not significant (0.1 < p < 0.2). However in fish captured, the place on the body where the fish was seized was shifted posteriorly by the presence of a spot (p < 0.01). Although the results are equivocal, they do suggest a possible selective basis for convergence in colour pattern in small characid fishes.
Benthic community development in a new stream
Authors: Williams D. Dudley , Hynes H. B. N.
Published: August 2008

The development of the invertebrate fauna in a man-made, permanent stream which replaced a natural, temporary stream was observed over a year. Species colonized the new stream through drift, upstream migration, migration from a nearby underground field drainage system, and from neighbouring water bodies. Community development was examined in terms of the colonization and extinction rates proposed by MacArthur and Wilson (1963. Evolution, 17: 373–387) as part of their equilibrium model for island faunas. Although stability was possibly being approached after 109 days of flow, this equilibrium was disrupted by the introduction of a pollutant. Later, the colonization rate leveled out at about five times the value of the extinction rate. This is thought to reflect either continued instability or that the MacArthur–Wilson model does not apply as well to habitats that are seasonably invaded by recurring temporary inhabitants.
Habitats, diets, and sympatry in snakes: a study from Australia
Authors: Shine Richard
Published: August 2008

Six species of elapid snakes were studied in a highlands region of eastern Australia. Major results were as follows. (1) These snakes are opportunistic feeders, relatively unselective with respect to prey type or prey size. (2) Despite this unselective feeding, over 60% of the diet (by weight) in all species consists of lizards and frogs. Published data show a preponderance of these prey types in Australian snakes as a whole, and I suggest that this is due to the scarcity of other potential prey items (especially small mammals and freshwater fish) in Australia. (3) Sympatry is less common in the elapids studied than among North American snakes in comparable climatic regions. I attribute the scarcity of sympatry among the Australian snakes to the restricted number of prey types available. This argument is supported by previous empirical work which suggests that prey species diversity determines snake species diversity. Observed prey-size differences between sympatric elapid species are consistent with the interpretation of interspecific competitive exclusion.
Conispora renalis gen.nov. et sp.nov. (Myxosporida: Wardiidae) from the kidney tubules of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres 1855), in coastal waters of British Columbia
Authors: Sankurathri Chandra S.
Published: August 2008

Conispora renalis gen.nov. et sp.nov. is described from the kidney tubules of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (Ayres 1855), collected from Stuart Channel, Georgia Strait, British Columbia. Myxoproteus abyssus Yoshino and Moser 1974 is transferred to Conispora as C. abyssa (Yoshino and Moser 1974) n.comb. The genus Myxoproteus Doflein is redefined.
Histological response to injury in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Bursey Charles R.
Published: August 2008

Observations are presented on the wound repair process of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. A cut, 1 × 40 × 3 mm, was made through the dorsal abdominal carapace and observations of the tissue at the wound site were made at 6, 24, 48, 96 h and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days. The wound was immediately plugged by a hemolymph coagulum and there was heavy infiltration of hemocytes into the area. Infiltrating hemocytes undergo a series of changes. The outermost cells hyalinize and form a thick layer between the cut ends of the exoskeleton. Pigmented epithelial cells migrate into the scar and produce a layer of cuticle under the cut exoskeleton. During the remaining period of observation, the cuticular scab enlarged and the cellular mass that filled the wound channel was lost through a series of changes that eventually restored the original tissue structure.
Reproductive behavior of the grey squirrel
Authors: Thompson D. C.
Published: August 2008

A study was made of the reproductive behavior of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). The winter mating period was from 25 January to 13 February; the summer mating period was from 21 May to 24 June. Sexual behaviors are described and may be divided into four phases: (1) prechase behaviors, (2) the mating chase, (3) copulation, and (4) postcoital behaviors. Prechase behaviors appear to be the animal's response to the females' approaching estrus. High levels of intraspecific aggression during the mating chase result in the establishment of a mating hierarchy. Males are attracted from their center of activity to the mating chase from an average of 198 m. Males which dominate in the mating hierarchies, and therefore are successful in copulating, generally are attracted to the mating chase from significantly (p < 0.05) farther [Formula: see text] than the average male. Females are not mobile during the mating period. The selective advantages of this mating system are considered.
In vitro regeneration of innervated forelimb deplants of Ambystoma larvae
Authors: Liversage Richard A. , Globus Morton
Published: August 2008

Results from the 53 cases in this study show that when the small cell aggregate of a young innervated larval forelimb blastema is explanted it is capable of undergoing growth and differentiation in vitro. However, the 39 noninnervated forelimb blastema controls showed little or no development in culture. This study further substantiates the nerve requirement in vitro.
Sexual anomalies in a female intersex of a species of Aphelenchoides (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Anderson R. V. , Kimpinski J.
Published: August 2008

A sterile intersex of a mycophagus species of terrestrial nematodes, identified as Aphelenchoides composticola, is described and the phenotypic characteristics illustrated. The body, tail, and reproductive system are female in character. The only male sexual structures evident are well-developed, paired spicula. The intersex differs from all other female intersexes in having an underdeveloped gonad, gonoduct, and postuterine sac and may represent a further transition in intersexuality. Characteristics of the germ cells of the intersex, compared with those in females, indicate that maturation had been arrested. Analogies are proposed for other female intersexes of the Tylenchida and Dorylaimida.
Clinicochemical values for adult free-ranging pronghorns
Authors: Barrett Morley W. , Chalmers Gordon A.
Published: August 2008

Clinicochemical parameters for 106 free-ranging, adult pronghorns (Antilocapra americana) trapped in southeastern Alberta were obtained in 1973 and 1974. Mean calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium values were 11.62 g/dl, 2.46 g/dl, 6.42 g/dl, 167.01 mequiv./ℓ and 6.99 mequiv./ℓ, respectively. Values for serum enzymes displayed great variation and in many cases were extremely elevated; mean values for glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2), creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2), and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) were 251.45 Reitman–Frankel units (R.F.u.)/ml, 1820 R.F.u./ml, 432.09 IU/dl, and 4.63 King–Armstrong units (K.A.u.)/ml, respectively. Similarly, extensive variation in serum chemistry was observed for cholesterol, glucose, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen with mean values of 42.97, 249.95, 11.60, and 42.82 mg/dl, respectively. Mean serum protein was 7.32 g/dl and the albumin: globulin ratio averaged 1.97; data on electrophoretic fractionation of serum proteins are presented. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in clinicochemical values were associated with year of sampling, age, and sex of animals, and duration of processing delay. Handling stress was believed to have a strong influence on observed clinicochemical values.
Avian Haemoproteidae. 7. A review of the haemoproteids of the family Ciconiidae (storks) and descriptions of Haemoproteus brodkorbi sp.nov. and H. peircei sp.nov.
Authors: Forrester Donald J. , Greiner Ellis C. , Bennett Gordon F. , Kigaye Manueri K.
Published: August 2008

The haemoproteids of the stork family (Ciconiidae) are reviewed and hosts and geographic distributions are summarized. Haemoproteus brodkorbi sp.nov. is described from the marabou stork, Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson), from Mukona, Uganda, and compared with the same haemoproteid from the wood stork, Mycteria americana Linné, from Florida, U.S.A. Haemoproteus crumenium (Hirst, 1905) is declared a nomen dubium. Haemoproteus peircei sp.nov. is described from the saddle-billed stork, Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis (Shaw), from Sudan.
Etude du parasitisme des simulies (Diptera, Simuliidae) par des Mermithidae (Nematoda) en Afrique de l'ouest. II: Description de deux nouvelles espèces de Gastromermis
Authors: Mondet B. , Poinar Jr. G. O. , Bernadou J.
Published: August 2008

From material collected by R. Le Berre in 1972 and by J. J. Petersen and B. Mondet in 1975, two new species of Mermithidae are described from blackfly larvae, including Simulium damnosum s.l., for the first time in West Africa. These species, Gastromermis philipponi n.sp. and Gastromermis leberrei n.sp. possess a rudimentary excretory gland and the preparasitic larvae of the former contain a characteristic caudal appendage which is lost during penetration into the simuliid larvae. Therefore, these two species are the only ones of Gastromermis known to have six longitudinal cords.