bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structural Study of anti-9,18-Dimethyl-2-thia[3.3](1,3)Cyclophan-10-one
Authors: Lai YH , Ngoi SH , Chang AYF
Published: September 2010

The preparation of anti-9,18-dimethyl-2-thia[3.3](3,3) cyclophan-10-one (4) by intramolecular cyclization of 1,3-bis(3-bromomethyl-2-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (7) is described. The stucture of (4) was determined on the basis of a 1H n.m.r. study.
The Preparation and Crystal Structure of Polymeric Anhydrous Sodium Hydrogen o-Phenylenedioxydiacetate
Authors: Bott RC , Sagatys DS , Lynch DE , Smith G , Kennard CHL
Published: September 2010

The crystal structure of anhydrous sodium hydrogen o-phenylenedioxydiacetate , [Na2( Hbdda )2]n, has been determined by X-ray methods and refined to a residual R 0.031 for 1234 observed reflections. Crystals are monoclinic, space group C2/c with Z 4 in a cell of dimensions a 18.415(6), b 7.4667(7), c 16.354(7) � ,β112.61(2)�. The dimeric repeating unit has two centrosymmetrically related pentagonal pyramidal Na-O6 complex centres [Na-0, 2.272-2.439(2) � ] bridged by carboxylate oxygens. The pentagonal plane comprises four oxygens from the Hbdda ligand as well as one providing the bridging link. The axial bond gives the step-polymer link while the carboxylic acid proton is hydrogen bonded to a carboxylate oxygen of the inversion-related Hbdda ligand [O…O, 2.469(2) � ].
The Adducts of Isobenzofuran and cis-3,4-Dichlorocyclobutene, and Their Conversion Into Formal Dewar Furan Adducts
Authors: Warrener RN , Pitt IG , Russell RA
Published: September 2010

cis-3,4-Dichlorocyclobutene (19) reacts with isobenzofuran (4) to produce three of four possible [ π;45+π 28] cycloaddition products. The isomer (27) is the dominant cycloadduct , which indicates that significant stabilization by the chlorine atoms with isobenzofuran occurs in the transition state leading to this product. Both adducts (26) and (27) are dechlorinated to form the exo cyclobutene (31), and the other adduct, the isomer (28), yields the endo cyclobutene (33); these products correspond to the formal adducts of cyclobutadiene with isobenzofuran . Separate reactions of cyclobutenes (31) and (33) with 3-chloroperbenzoic acid produce a single anti epoxide in each case, (32) and (34), respectively; these products are identical with the pair of isobenzofuran adducts derived from Dewar furan itself, as reported elsewhere.
Synthesis and N.M.R. Study of 1-, 2- and 6-Trifluoromethylazulene
Authors: Le VP , Wells PR
Published: September 2010

The preparation of 1-, 2- and 6-trifluoromethylazulenes by a modified Burton reaction employing sodium trifluoroacetate is described. By the same method 1- and 2-trifluoromethylnaphthalenes have been made. The 1H and 13C n.m.r. spectra have been assigned on the basis of 19F/1H and 19F/13C coupling, by 1H/13C correlation, and by prediction based on estimated substituent effects.
Studies in the Cycloproparene Series: Approaches to Bicyclo[5.1.0]octa-1,3,6-triene, a Cyclopropa-Fused Cycloheptatriene
Authors: Halton B , Russell SGG
Published: September 2010

The dichloromethylene -bridged annulene (5) is available in four steps (47%) from 1,4,5,8-tetrahydronaphthalene (11) via the dibromide (15); the minor (5%) product of dehydrobromination of (15) is 2-bromo-9,9-dichloro-1,4-dihydro-4a,8a-methanonaphthalene (16). Dichlorocarbene adds to the norcaradiene form of (5) to give adduct (6) with 80% efficiency. Diene (6) resists both [π4+π2] cycloadditions and reductive dechlorination. Neither (5) nor parent 1,6-methano[10] annulene (18) adds methylene from Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation procedures.
Pyrolysis of Aryl Azides. XI. Enhanced Neighboring Group Effects of Carbonyl in a Locked Conformation
Authors: Dyall LK , Ferguson JA
Published: September 2010

Rates of pyrolysis in nitrobenzene solution have been measured for 1-azido-9H-fluoren-9- one, 1-azido-9H-xanthen-9-one, 1-azidoacridin-9(10H)-one and 1-azidoanthracene-9,1O-dione; relative to azidobenzene at 120� these were respectively 5.68, 1750, 5090 and 18400. The lack of neighbouring group participation for the first azide is related to the large distance between carbonyl oxygen and the inner azido nitrogen atom, and the data argue against a published proposal that the transition state is stabilized by electrostatic attraction. In the remaining azides, the 'locked conformation' leads to much larger neighbouring group assistance than is observed for freely rotating ortho groups such as benzoyl (krel79). Only the last azide yields an isoxazole on pyrolysis , the second and third ones providing the first reported examples of neighbouring -group-assisted pyrolysis in which no cyclic product is obtained. These results are interpreted in terms of an electrocyclic mechanism in which the transition state is early and N---0 bond formation is less advanced than other changes in bonds. Much of the rate enhancement is attributed to an electron distribution which favours nitrogen loss. 1-Aminoanthracen-9(10H)-one, 1-amino-9H-fluoren-9-one and 1-amino-9H-xanthen-9-one do not yield the corresponding isoxazoles when oxidative cyclization is attempted.
On the Formation of AlPO4-Based Molecular-Sieves in the Presence of Cyclohexylamine
Authors: Batista J , Kaucic V , Hocevar S
Published: September 2010

The hydrothermal synthesis of the AlPO4-17, SAPO-44, MnAPSO-44 and intermediate solid phases [samples (APO)N, (APSO)N and Mn (APSO)N] in the presence of cyclohexylamine (cha) is described. (APO)N, (APSO)N and Mn (APSO)N represent unknown, layer-type, crystalline phases with different chemical compositions. These phases are predominantly formed at a high cha concentration and low crystallization temperature. All synthesized materials contain protonated cha in their structure, but only in AlPO4-17, (APO)N,(APSO)N and Mn (APSO)N is the -OH group also found. The calcination of the unknown phases leads to the loss of crystallinity and causes a complete breakdown of the crystal structure above 270°C.
Tropical Marine Algae. X. Isolaurefucin Methyl Ether, a New Lauroxocane Derivative From the Red Alga Dasyphila plumariodes
Authors: Denys R , Coll JC , Carroll AR , Bowden BF
Published: September 2010

An investigation of the red alga Dasyphila plumariodes resulted in the isolation of the new metabolite isolaurefucin methyl ether [(1S,3R,4S,6S,7S,9S)-4-bromo-3-ethyl-6-methyloxy-9-[(2E)-pent-2-en-4-ynyl]-2,8-dioxabicyclo[5.2.1] decane ] (1), and the previously reported metabolite chlorofucin (2). Complete and unambiguous n.m.r. assignments are provided for (1) and (2). The absolute configuration assigned to (1) is tentative, and is based on its spectral similarity and co-occurrence with (2).
Synthesis and Activity of New Epipolythiopiperazine-2,5-dione Compounds. I.
Authors: Jiang H , Newcombe N , Sutton P , Lin QH , Mullbacher A , Waring P
Published: September 2010

The new lipophilic epipolythiopiperazine-2,5-diones 1,4-dibutylepidithiopiperazine-2,5-dione. 1,4-dibenzylepidithiopiperazine-2,5-dione, 1-benzyl-4-methylepidithiopiperazine-2,5-dione and 3,3′-dithiobis(1,4-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione) were synthesized. Unlike the parent compound, the fungal toxin and immunomodulating agent gliotoxin, these compounds did not affect macrophage adherence and cell proliferation in vitro. Like the reduced form of gliotoxin and other simple analogues, these new compounds induce oxidative damage to naked DNA. We conclude that an increase in lipophilicity plays no part in the biological activity of these compounds and in fact abrogates almost all activity. We also synthesized an intermolecular disulfide analogue which also lacked activity.
Synthesis of Methyl (Z)- and (E)-2-Methyl-(3-D)propenoates and Their Incorporation Into Polymethacrylates
Authors: Keah HH , Rae ID
Published: September 2010

Methyl (E)- and (Z)-2-methyl(3-D) propenoates were prepared from (E)-3-bromo-2-methylpro- penoic acid. Polymerization by free radical methods led to random incorporation, but anionic polymerization preserved labelling specificity, and the 1H n.m.r. spectra of the labelled polymers confirm earlier assignments. Dimethyl 2,3-dimethylbutanoate was prepared by two new methods from dimethylmaleic anhydride and converted by anionic polymerization into a methacrylate polymer with a head-to-head linkage approximately in the centre of the chain. Thermal degradation of this polymer could only be achieved at temperatures so high that labelled monomers were themselves isomerized. Methacrylate polymers produced by anionic polymerization in the presence of diisopropylamine do not exhibit the isotacticity found with this form of polymerization.
Vibrational Spectra and Crystal Structures of Tris- and Tetrakis(ethylenethiourea)copper(I) Systems
Authors: Bowmaker GA , Pakawatchai C , Skelton BW , Thavornyutikarn P , Wattanakanjana Y , White AH
Published: September 2010

A room-temperature redetermination of the crystal structure of [Cu(SC(NHCH2)2)3]2 (SO4) has been carried out. The original determination, recorded in communication format in space group Ic , Z = 4, seemingly with the full formula as the asymmetric unit, is at variance with our findings which describe the structure in space group R3c, a 12.741(7), c 35.59(1) Ǻ (hexagonal setting), Z = 6, with one-third of each of two independent cations , each lying on a threefold axis, comprising the asymmetric unit. The sulfate ion also lies on a threefold axis in proximity to only one of the two cations , the S-O axial bond approaching the copper atom normal to the planar CuS3 array [Cu-S, O 2.269(2), 2.834(8)Ǻ]; in the other cation, unperturbed by any sulfate approach, Cu-S is appreciably shorter [2.246(2)Ǻ]. R was 0.029 for 905 'observed' reflections. A redetermination of the structure of tetrakis ( ethylenethiourea )copper(I) nitrate is also recorded; crystals are triclinic, Pī , a 13.211(2), b 11.2167(4), c 7.566(3) Ǻ, α 81.93(2), β 78.35(3), γ 87.22(1)°, Z = 2, R being 0.031 for 3861 independent 'observed' reflections. The copper environment is quasi-tetrahedral, Cu-S ranging between 2.3322(9) and 2.3658(12) Ǻ, and S-Cu-S 98.76(3)-117.83(3)°. The vibrational (far-infrared and Raman) spectra are recorded for these CuSn systems, and discussed and assigned in the light of the structural results.
The Diepoxides of Terpinolene
Authors: Carman RM , Rayner AC
Published: September 2010

The structures of the racemic 1,2:4,8-diepoxy-p-menthanes, the diepoxides of terpinolene, are revised. The major isomer has the trans relationship between the two epoxides.
(Z)-2,2',4,4'-Tetramethoxystilbene-5,5'-diol and Its Oxidation
Authors: Hewgill FR
Published: September 2010

In an attempt to isolate a phenanthrene-4,5-quinone the title stilbenediol (24) was prepared by a Wittig reaction. Deisopropylation of a (Z)- diisopropyloxystilbene with boron trichloride resulted in isomerization to the (E) diol (15), but the required (Z) diol (24) was prepared successfully from acetoxy -substituted intermediates, which were hydrolysed during the course of the reaction. Chemical or photochemical oxidation failed to give the desired phenanthrene - 4,5-quinone. A phenanthrenediquinone was obtained by oxidation of the (Z)-stilbenediol (24) with I,I-diacetoxyiodobenzene.
Copper(I)-Mediated Oxygenation of Diterpenoids; Three Routes to Catechol Derivatives
Authors: Bendall JG , Cambie RC , Rutledge PS , Stevenson RJ , Woodgate PD
Published: September 2010

Derivatives of totarol (1) and podocarpic acid (8) have been oxygenated in ring C via their corresponding carbamates, or aryl bromides, to form catechol derivatives. These oxygenations have been accomplished by the use of copper(I), both in stoichiometric and in catalytic quantities.
Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines. XV. Synthesis and Anxiolytic Activity of Some 3-(Benzamidomethyl and fluorobenzamidomethyl)-6-(fluoro, chloro and methylthio)-2-(4-tolyl and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines
Authors: Barlin GB , Davies LP , Glenn B , Harrison PW , Ireland SJ
Published: September 2010

Syntheses are reported for some 3-( benzamido-and fluorobenzamido -methyl)-6-( fluoro , chloro and methylthio )-2(4-methyl-, 4-t-butyl-, 4-cyclohexyl- and 3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl) imidazo-[1,2-b] pyridazines from the relevant 3-unsubstituted imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines and the N-( hydroxymethyl ) benzamides. In tests of the ability of these compounds to displace [3H]diazepam from rat brain membrane, 3-(3- or 4-fluorobenzamidomethyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-6-methylthioimidazo[1,2-b]- pyridazine bound most strongly, with IC50 2nM; but in behavioural tests in rats the most active compounds were 6-chloro(and methylthio )-3-(2-fluorobenzamidomethyl)-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) imidazo [1,2-b] pyridazines which showed a significant anxiolytic activity at 2.5 mg/kg.
Two for One: Structure Revision of the Marine Sesterterpene Tetronic Acid Strobilinin to (8Z,13E,20Z)-Strobilinin and (8E,13Z,20Z)-Strobilinin
Authors: Davis R , Capon RJ
Published: September 2010

A reinvestigation of the known marine natural product strobilinin has revealed it not to be a single compound (2), but to consist of two naturally occurring geometric isomers, neither of which corresponds to the structure originally assigned. These isomers, (8E,13Z,20Z)- strobilinin (10) and (8Z,13E,20Z)-strobilinin (11), were resolved, characterized and identified as their respective acetate derivatives (6) and (7), and their structures assigned by spectroscopic analysis. It would appear that the absolute stereochemistry of the strobilinins is very likely opposite to that of co-occurring variabilin (1).
The Chemistry of 5-Oxodihydroisoxazoles. IX. Annelated Pyrimidines by Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis
Authors: Prager RH , Singh Y
Published: September 2010

3-( Heterocyclylamino ) acrylates and analogues undergo smooth cyclization in close to quantitative yield under conditions of flash vacuum pyrolysis at 530°. Heterocycles which give annelated pyrimidines by this procedure include quinoline (seven examples), isoquinoline, pyridine and pyrimidine.
Experiments Directed Towards the Synthesis of Anthracyclinones. XXI. Claisen Rearrangements of Some Mixed Allyl Ethers
Authors: Beauregard DA , Cambie RC , Higgs KC , Rutledge PS , Woodgate PD
Published: September 2010

Reductive Claisen rearrangement of mixed 1,4- and 1,5-bisallyl anthraquinone ethers has been investigated. The resulting C- allylated compounds have been converted into intermediates for use in anthracyclinone synthesis.
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold(III) Halide Complexes of Quinaldic Acid (Hqd), Methyl Quinaldate and Ethyl Quinaldate, and X-Ray Structure of [(HQd)2H] [AuBr4].H2O
Authors: Goher MAS , Hafez AK , Wang RJ , Chen XM , Mak TCW
Published: September 2010

Complexes of the types HAuX4.2HQd, where X = Cl or Br and HQd = quinaldic acid, and AuX3L2, where L is methyl or ethyl quinaldate , have been prepared and characterized. Quinaldic acid as well as methyl and ethyl quinaldates function as monodentate ligands in these complexes, whose stereochemistries are discussed in relation to the number of gold-halogen stretching frequencies observed in their far-infrared spectra. The measured conductivities of these complexes are also discussed. Single-crystal X-ray analysis of monohydrated HAuBr4.2HQd revealed that it should be formulated as [( HQd )2H][AuBr4].H2O, in which a pair of zwitterionic HQd moieties are connected by a strong O...H...O hydrogen bond, and the gold(III) atom is in an elongated octahedral coordination environment with two long Au-O bonds of 3.388(8) and 3.440(8)Ǻ.
The Chemistry of 5-Oxodihydroisoxazoles. X. Butyllithium and Lithium Diisopropylamide Promoted Rearrangements of 3-Unsubstituted Isoxazol-5(2H)-ones
Authors: Prager RH , Razzino P
Published: September 2010

The reaction pathway of 3-unsubstituted isoxazol-5(2H)-ones with bases, proposed by Woodman1-3 to proceed via four intermediates to azetidine-2,4-diones, has been confirmed by the isolation of products unequivocally derived from each of the intermediates. Isoxazol-5(2H)-ones substituted on nitrogen by methyl, phenyl, quinolin-2-yl and vinyl groups have been studied. The azetidine-2,4-diones have only been isolated when the intermediate enolate has been alkylated , but only reactive alkyl halides lead to useful syntheses.
Studies Directed Towards the Total Synthesis of Anticapsin and Related Compounds. III. A Ring-Fragmentation Route to the Anticapsin Skeleton
Authors: Crossley MJ , Stamford AW
Published: September 2010

The α-amino-5-oxo-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane-2-propanoic acid framework of anticapsin and related compounds is generated by base-catalysed fragmentation of 2-amino-5,6-epoxy-1-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid derivatives in a retro-aldol-like reaction.
Acyclic Stereocontrol of Free Radical Reactions Involving Alkyl 2-(1-Hydroxyalkyl)propenoates
Authors: Eastwood FW , Mifsud RD , Perlmutter P
Published: September 2010

The addition of cyclohexyl and t-butyl free radicals to silylated derivatives of alkyl 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl) propenoates was found to be stereoselective . In the case of the cyclohexyl radical the stereoselectivity was dependent upon the conditions used to generate the free radical and to quench the intermediate. Stereoselectivity in additions of the t-butyl radical was found to be temperature-dependent. In all cases stereoselectivity increased as the steric bulk of the group attached to the carbinol oxygen increased. A simple model which accounts for the stereoselectivity is proposed.
Reactivities of Conjugated Dienes Towards the 1-Methyl-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl Radical
Authors: Lyons RA , Senogles E
Published: September 2010

The relative reactivities of butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, 2,3-diphenylbutadiene and methyl methacrylate with the 1-methyl-1-( methoxycarbonyl )ethyl radical have been evaluated by using the 'polymer end-group method', and the data obtained compared with those for the same monomers in their reactions with the poly(methyl methacrylate ), 1-cyano-1-methylethyl and 1-phenylethyl radicals. The observed reactivity trends can be explained by variations in the Q and e values for the monomers, and show that the 1-methyl-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl radical is a good model for the poly(methyl methacrylate ) radical. Further results indicate that a penultimate styrene unit does not affect the reactivity of a poly(methyl methacrylate ) radical, whereas a penultimate methacrylonitrile unit does.
Caloundrin B and Funiculatin A: New Polypropionates From Siphonariid Limpets
Authors: Blanchfield JT , Brecknell DJ , Brereton IM , Garson MJ , Jones DD
Published: September 2010

Two new polypropionates, caloundrin B (11), systematic name (1″R,2R,3″R,4R,5S,5″R,6S,-7″R,8″S,9″S,10″R)-2-(6′-ethyl-3′,5′-dimethyl-4′-oxopyran-2′-yl)-6-(5″-ethyl-7″-hydroxy-8″,9″,10″-trimethyl-2″,4″,6″-trioxatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]dec-3″-yl)-5-hydroxy-4-methylheptan-3-one, and funiculatin A (12), systematic name (2ξ,1′S,4R,5′S,6′S)-2-(1′-ethyl-4′,6′,8′-trimethyl-2𔈀,9′-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3′,7′-dien-3′-yl)-4,6-dimethylnon-6-en-3-one, have been isolated from Siphonaria zelandica and S. funiculata respectively. The structures of the new compounds were deduced by two-dimensional n.m.r. spectroscopy, particularly long-range 13C- 1H correlation spectroscopy (HMBC), by biosynthetic reasoning and by comparison with the known polypropionates denticulatin A (5), siphonarin B (8), muamvatin (9) and baconipyrone C (14). Information about the relative stereochemistry of the tricyclic ring system of (11) and the bicyclic ring system of (12) was deduced from coupling constant values, and by n.O.e. difference and NOESY experiments, and was confirmed by molecular modelling studies. The relative stereochemistry of the side chains and the absolute stereochemistry were inferred from biosynthetic comparison with the above known polypropionates, and by correlation of funiculatin A with denticulatin A (5) of known absolute stereochemistry. The stereochemistry at C10 of funiculatin A (position 2 of the non-6-en-3-one chain) could not be unambiguously determined. A third new polypropionate funiculatin B, epimeric with funiculatin A at C10, was isolated and partially characterized.
Expressions of causation in Danish Sign Language
Authors: Engberg-Pedersen Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

The paper presents lexical and syntactic means of expressing causation in Danish Sign Language (DTS). Labile verbs are verbs that can be used both intransitively with an inchoative meaning and transitively with a causative meaning without a change in form and irrespective of the type of classifier predicate that they may relate to. Labile verbs in DTS denote common, well-known types of events, often of direct causation. DTS also has a syntactic causative construction with a general causative verb arbejde ‘make, do’ followed by a stative verb denoting the resulting state. forandre ‘change’ can also be used to express causation, but with a more specific meaning than arbejde and also followed by dynamic verbs. In narrative style signers describe sequences of events without explicitly coding any causal relation between the events. The causal relation is left to pragmatic inference in accordance with the narrative style’s emphasis on vivid representation rather than explanation.
Perfectionism, anger, and anger rumination
Authors: Besharat Mohammad Ali , Shahidi Shahriar
Published: September 2010

Anger and anger rumination are considered to be detrimental to both physical and psychological well being. Furthermore, perfectionism, as a personality construct, seems to be related to various types of maladjustment. Whereas perfectionism has been characterized as being positive when an individual derives pleasure from striving for excellence yet recognizes and accepts individual limitations, it is deemed negative when the individual has unrealistic expectations and is never satisfied with his or her performance. The present study examined whether positive and negative perfectionism was associated with anger and anger rumination. The Farsi version of the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and the Farsi version of the Anger Rumination Scale, as well as Spielberger's State‐Trait Anger Scale were completed by 384 Iranian students. Results showed that anger and anger rumination were, as expected, associated negatively with positive perfectionism and associated positively with negative perfectionism. Positive perfectionism enables individuals to strive for success in a flexible manner and, thus, to experience satisfaction and pleasure rather than dissatisfaction, frustration, and anger. Conversely, negative perfectionism makes individuals vulnerable to emotional distress such as predisposition to experience anger and anger rumination through setting high standards for performance, overgeneralization of perceived failures, negative self‐evaluation, self‐blame, and measuring self‐worth in terms of unachievable goals of accomplishment and productivity. Hence, perfectionism may be regarded as having both adaptive and maladaptive aspects with regard to health.
Phosphorylation of p27Kip1at Thr187 by Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 Modulates Neural Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Zheng Ya-Li , Li Bing-Sheng , Rudrabhatla Parvathi , Shukla Varsha , Amin Niranjana D. , Maric Dragan , Kesavapany Sashi , Kanungo Jyotshnabala , Pareek Tej K. , Takahashi Satoru , Grant Philip , Kulkarni Ashok B. , Pant Harish C.
Published: September 2010

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) plays a key role in the development of the mammalian nervous system; it phosphorylates a number of targeted proteins involved in neuronal migration during development to synaptic activity in the mature nervous system. Its role in the initial stages of neuronal commitment and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), however, is poorly understood. In this study, we show that Cdk5 phosphorylation of p27Kip1at Thr187 is crucial to neural differentiation because 1) neurogenesis is specifically suppressed by transfection of p27Kip1siRNA into Cdk5+/+NSCs; 2) reduced neuronal differentiation in Cdk5−/−compared with Cdk5+/+NSCs; 3) Cdk5+/+NSCs, whose differentiation is inhibited by a nonphosphorylatable mutant, p27/Thr187A, are rescued by cotransfection of a phosphorylation-mimicking mutant, p27/Thr187D; and 4) transfection of mutant p27Kip1(p27/187A) into Cdk5+/+NSCs inhibits differentiation. These data suggest that Cdk5 regulates the neural differentiation of NSCs by phosphorylation of p27Kip1at theThr187 site. Additional experiments exploring the role of Ser10 phosphorylation by Cdk5 suggest that together with Thr187 phosphorylation, Ser10 phosphorylation by Cdk5 promotes neurite outgrowth as neurons differentiate. Cdk5 phosphorylation of p27Kip1, a modular molecule, may regulate the progress of neuronal differentiation from cell cycle arrest through differentiation, neurite outgrowth, and migration.
The evolution of large non-breaking waves in intermediate and shallow water. I. Numerical calculations of uni-directional seas
Authors: Katsardi V. , Swan C.
Published: September 2010

In deep water it is well known that the evolution of the largest waves in realistic, broad-banded frequency spectra is governed by dispersive focusing. However, as the water depth reduces this process weakens and the relative significance of wave modulation is shown to be increasingly important. This leads to very different extreme wave groups, the properties of which are critically dependent upon the local nonlinearity. To explore these effects, and to provide a physical explanation for their occurrence, two complementary wave models are employed. The combined numerical results show that the nature of large uni-directional waves varies depending on the relative water depth. As the water depth reduces, both the
bound
and
resonant
interactions become more significant. However, the third-order
resonant
terms have the most profound influence. By modifying both the amplitude and phase of the underlying linear wave components, the largest waves arise as a local instability within a truncated quasi-regular wave train; the latter appearing because of an initial narrowing of the underlying frequency spectrum. Furthermore, the numerical calculations show that, with large changes in both the spectral shape and the phasing of the wave components, both the maximum crest elevations and wave heights are less than those predicted by linear theory.
Recognition without awareness: An elusive phenomenon
Authors: Jeneson Annette , Kirwan C. Brock , Squire Larry R.
Published: September 2010

Two recent studies described conditions under which recognition memory performance appeared to be driven by nondeclarative memory. Specifically, participants successfully discriminated old images from highly similar new images even when no conscious memory for the images could be retrieved. Paradoxically, recognition performance was better when images were studied with divided attention than when images were studied with full attention. Furthermore, recognition performance was better when decisions were rated as guesses than when decisions were associated with low or high confidence. In three experiments, we adopted the paradigm used in the earlier studies in an attempt to repeat this intriguing work. Our attempts were unsuccessful. In all experiments, recognition was better when images were studied with full attention than when images were studied with divided attention. Recognition was also better when participants indicated high or low confidence in their decision than when they indicated that their decision was a guess. Thus, our results conformed to what typically has been reported in studies of recognition memory, and we were unable to demonstrate recognition without awareness. We encourage others to explore this paradigm, and to try to identify conditions under which the phenomenon might be demonstrated.
Arabidopsis Histone Methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 Mediates Induction of the Jasmonate/Ethylene Pathway Genes in Plant Defense Response to Necrotrophic Fungi
Authors: Berr Alexandre , McCallum Emily J. , Alioua Abdelmalek , Heintz Dimitri , Heitz Thierry , Shen Wen-Hui
Published: September 2010

As sessile organisms, plants have to endure a wide variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, and accordingly they have evolved intricate and rapidly inducible defense strategies associated with the activation of a battery of genes. Among other mechanisms, changes in chromatin structure are thought to provide a flexible, global, and stable means for the regulation of gene transcription. In support of this idea, we demonstrate here that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP8 (SDG8) plays a crucial role in plant defense against fungal pathogens by regulating a subset of genes within the jasmonic acid (JA) and/or ethylene signaling pathway. We show that the loss-of-function mutant sdg8-1 displays reduced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicicola and Botrytis cinerea. While levels of JA, a primary phytohormone involved in plant defense, and camalexin, a major phytoalexin against fungal pathogens, remain unchanged or even above normal in sdg8-1, induction of several defense genes within the JA/ethylene signaling pathway is severely compromised in response to fungal infection or JA treatment in mutant plants. Both downstream genes and, remarkably, also upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase genes MKK3 and MKK5 are misregulated in sdg8-1. Accordingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis shows that sdg8-1 impairs dynamic changes of histone H3 lysine 36 methylation at defense marker genes as well as at MKK3 and MKK5, which normally occurs upon infection with fungal pathogens or methyl JA treatment in wild-type plants. Our data indicate that SDG8-mediated histone H3 lysine 36 methylation may serve as a memory of permissive transcription for a subset of defense genes, allowing rapid establishment of transcriptional induction.
Retrovirally engineered T‐cell‐based immunotherapy targeting type III variant epidermal growth factor receptor, a glioma‐associated antigen
Authors: Ohno Masasuke , Natsume Atsushi , Ichiro Iwami Ken , Iwamizu Hidetaka , Noritake Kana , Ito Daiki , Toi Yuki , Ito Motokazu , Motomura Kazuya , Yoshida Jun , Yoshikawa Kazuhiro , Wakabayashi Toshihiko
Published: September 2010

The isotype of epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is often identified in glioblastomas. Previously, we created a mouse monoclonal antibody, 3C10 (IgG2b), that specifically recognized EGFRvIII, and a recombinant single‐chain variable fragment of 3C10. The aim of the current study was to develop genetically engineered T cells, termed T‐bodies, that express a chimeric receptor consisting of the 3C10 single‐chain variable fragment coupled to signaling modules such as the CD3zeta (ζ) chain, for the treatment of tumors expressing mutant EGFR. After successful construction of the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T‐cell receptor, its expression on the T‐body was observed using western blotting and flow cytometry. The specificity of the T‐body for EGFRvIII was evaluated using an interferon‐gamma Elispot assay and a standard 51Cr‐release cytotoxicity assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the systemically delivered T‐body infiltrated the intrabrain tumor and significantly delayed tumor growth. These results indicate that the T‐body expressing the chimeric 3C10/CD3ζ T‐cell receptor specifically recognized glioma cells expressing EGFRvIII. In conclusion, T‐body‐based immunotherapy appears to be a promising approach for the treatment of glioma. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 2518–2524)
Eine objektive Methode der Fleischfarbbestimmung
Authors: von Heim E.
Published: September 2010

1. Fleischfarbmessungen wurden durchgeführt mit dem Spektralphotometer M 4 Q mit Remissionsansatz I (mit Ulbricht‐Kugel) von Zeiss‐Opton.

2. Die für die Fleischfarbe typischen Werte liegen etwa im Wellenbereich von 500 bis 700 mμ.

3. Bei der Messung ist ein Abstand von 25 mμ zwischen den einzelnen Wellenlängen zweckmäßig und ausreichend.

4. Es ist möglich, mit diesem Spektralphotometer die Fleischfarbe einwandfrei, objektiv und genauestens zu bestimmen.

An objective method of determining meat‐colour

1. Colour measurements were carried out on meat with the Zeiss‐Opton spectrophotometer M 4 Q with special equipment for measuring the remission with Ulbricht sphere.

2. The typical values for meat‐colouration lie approximately in the wavelengths 500 to 700 mμ.

3. In measuring, a space of 25 μ between the wavelengths is suitable and adequate.

4. With this spectro‐photometer it is possible to determine the colour of meat readily, objectively and to a most accurate degree.

Une méthode objective pour déterminer la couleur de la viande

1 Des mesures colorométriques furent effectuées sur de la viande au moyen du spectrophotomètre M 4 Q de Zeiss Opton (Dispositif I pour mesurer la rémission, avec bille d'Ulbricht.)

2. Les valeurs correspondant à la couleur de la viande varient généralement entre 500 et 700 μ.

3. Il est utile, et il suffit d'effectuer des mesures pour des points du spectre lumineux dont la longueur d'onde diffère de 25 μ.

4. Ce spectrophotomètre permet de déterminer la couleur de la viande d'une façon objective, incontestable et des plus précises.

Un método objetivo para la determinación del color de la carne

1. Las mediciones del color de la carne se llevaron a cabo con el fotómetro espectral M 4 Q con el aditamento de remisión l (con esfera de Ulbricht) de Zeiss‐Opton.

2. Los valores típicos de la coloración cárnica oscilan aproximadamente entre las 500 y 700 μ.

3. En la medición es conveniente y suficiente la distancia de 25 μ entre las diferentes longitudes de onda.

4. Con este fotómetro espectral es posible determinar la coloración de la carne de una forma irreprochable, objetiva y exactísima.
Beitrag zur vergl. topogr. Anatomie des Mediastinum und der Serosabekleidung des Oesophagus bei Mensch und Hund
Authors: Koch T. , Sajonski H.
Published: September 2010

Die vergleichende Anatomie des Mediastinum von Mensch und Hund wird beschrieben und dabei werden die Belange des Chirurgen berücksichtigt. Besonders wird die Beziehung des Oesophagus zur Serosa ins Auge gefaβt und unter dem Blickwinkel der Serosadeckung einer Oesophaguswunde vergleichend anatomisch geschildert. Dabei wird das Auftreten eines Cavum mediastini serosum beim Tier betont und auf dessen chirurgische Verwertbarkeit hingewiesen.

A contribution on the comparative‐topographical anatomy of the mediastinum and the serous membrane covering the oesophagus in man and dog

The comparative anatomy of the mediastinum in man and dog is described, with special attention paid to the requirements of the surgeon. In particular the connection between the oesophagus and the serous membrane is considered and described with comparative anatomy from the aspect of a serous membrane covering of a wound in the oesophagus. The presence of a cavum mediastini serosum in the animal is emphasised and attention drawn to its usefulness in surgery.

Contribution à l'anatomie comparée topographique du médiastin et de l'enveloppe séreuse de l'oesophage chez l'homme et chez le chien

Les auteurs décrivent l'anatomie comparée topographique du médiastin de l'homme et du chien en tenant compte des besoins du chirurgien. Ils attachent une importance particulière aux rapports de l'oesophage et de la séreuse et en font une description anatomique comparée en ayant en vue le recouvrement par la séreuse d'une plaie de l'oesophage. On insiste sur la présence d'un ← cavum mediastini serosum → chez l'animal et sur son utilisation possible en chirurgie.

Aporte a la anatomía topografica comparada del mediastino y de la cubierta serosa del esófago del hombre y del perro

Se describe la anatomía comparada del mediastino humano y el del perro, y para ello se tienen en cuenta las necesidades del cirujano. Con mayor detalle e estudian las relaciones del esófago con la serosa y se especifican bajo el ángulo visual de la cubierta serosa de una herida esofágica. Se insiste en la presencia de una cavidad mediastínica serosa en el animal e indícase su utilidad en cirugía.
Weitere Ergebnisse mit der modifizierten BCG‐Schutzimpfung bei Kälbern*
Authors: Fritzsche K.
Published: September 2010

Schlußfolgerung und Zusammenfassung

1. Höhere BCG‐Dosen in Aluminiumhydroxyd verstärken den Impfschutz.

2. Die Revakzination mit BCG‐Adsorbat‐Impfstoff scheint zwei Jahre nach der ersten Vakzination den Impfschutz um ein Jahr zu verlängern.

3. Die doppelte Tuberkulinprobe mit Rinder‐ und gleichwertig eingestelltem BCG‐Tuberkulin hat sich weiterhin bei Anwendung der BCG‐Adsorbatvakzine als ein wertvolles diagnostisches Hilfsmittel zur Unterscheidung von schutzgeimpften gegenüber nachträglich infizierten Tieren erwiesen, wenn sie wiederholt angewandt und das gesamte Infektionsgeschehen in den betreffenden Beständen berücksichtigt wird.

Further Results with Modified BCG Vaccination in Calves

Increased doses of BCG vaccine adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide increased the effectiveness of the vaccine. Revaccination with this vaccine 2 years after the first dose seemed to give protection for an additional year. The double tuberculin test using bovine tuberculin and a BCG tuberculin at the same time proved useful in distinguishing vaccinated animals from animals which had acquired infection after vaccination, provided the test was repeated several times, and the whole herd history was taken into consideration.

Nouveaux résultats obtenus par le vaccin BCG modifié chez le veau

Des doses plus fortes de BCG absorbé sur hydroxyde d'aluminium augmentent l'efficacité du vaccin.

Une injection de rappel avec le vaccin absorbé BCG deux ans après la première vaccination semble prolonger d'un an l'immunité vaccinale.

Une double tuberculination avec de la tuberculine bovine et une tuberculine BCG adaptée s'est encore révélée comme un moyen de diagnostic précieux pour distinguer un animal vacciné d'un animal qui aurait été contaminé postérieurement à la vaccination, à condition d'être employée plusieurs fois et en tenant compte de l'état infectieux de l'emsemble des animaux des exploitations examinées.

Nuevos resultados obtenidos en terneras con la vacunación BCG modificada

Dosis mayores de BCG adsorbidas en hidróxido de aluminio refuerzan la inmunidad vacunal. — Parece ser que la revacunación con vacuna BCG adsorbida prolonga la inmunidad en un año a los dos años de la primera vacunación. — La prueba tuberculínica doble con tuberculina homóloga y tuberculina BCG graduada a un valor análogo ha seguido mostrándose, aplicando la vacuna BCG adsorbida, como un medio diagnóstico auxiliar muy util para diferenciar los animales vacunados de los infectados posteriormente, si se emplea repetidamente y en los lotes correspondientes se tiene en cuenta el proceso total de infección.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von “Berenil” (Farbwerke Hoechst A. G.) auf Trypanosoma evansi (Stamm Bogor 1948)
Authors: Holz Joachim , Adiwinata R. Tandjung
Published: September 2010

“Berenil” (Farbwerke Hoechst A.G.), ein Di‐(4‐Amidinophenyl)‐Triazen‐(N‐1,3)‐Diaceturat, wurde erstmalig auf seine Verwendbarkeit in der Behandlung der Surra experimentell geprüft.

Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Mittel auf Trypanosoma evansi in Pferden, weißen Mäusen, Meerschweinchen und Hunden nur einen Soforteffekt hat. Dauerheilungen waren nicht zu erzielen.

Aufgabe ist es, die Wirkung des Therapeutikums zu erweitern, ohne dabei die vorhandenen Vorzüge der Möglichkeit einer subkutanen Applizierung zu zerstören.

Experiments on the effect of “Berenil” (Hoechst Dyestuffs Ltd.) on Trypanosoma evansi (Bogor strain, 1948)

This drug, A di‐(4‐amidinophenyl)‐triazine‐(N‐1,3)‐diaceturate, was tried for the first time in the experimental treatment of surra. In horses, white mice, guinea pigs and dogs infected with Tryp. evansi the drug had only a temporary effect and did not result in permanent cure. Its therapeutic effect needs to be widened without at the same time losing the advantage of being able to use the drug by subcutaneous injection.

Recherches expérimentales sur l'action du «Berenil» (Fabriques de colorants Hoechst A.G.) auf Trypanosoma evansi (souche Bogor 1948)

On étudia pour la première fois expérimentalement les possibilités d'utilisation pour le traitement du surra du «Berenil» (Hoechst A.G.), un diacéturate de di‐(amidinophenyl)‐triazine‐(N‐1,3). On constata que ce produit n'a qu'un effet passager sur Trypanosoma evansi chez le cheval, la souris blanche, le cobaye et le chien. Des guérisons définitives ne purent pas être obtenues. Il faudra donc s'efforcer d'augmenter l'action de ce médicament sans supprimer l'avantage que représente la possibilité d'une application sous‐cutanée.

Investigaciones experimentales de la acción del «berenil» (Farbwerke Hoechst A.G.) sobre el Trypanosoma evansi (cepa Bogor 1948)

El «berenil» (Farbwerke Hoechst A.G.), un diaceturato del di‐(4‐amidinofenil)‐triazen‐(N‐1,3), se analizó por vez primera experimentalmente en cuanto a su empleo en el tratamiento de la surra. Se comprobó que este fármaco sólo ejerce un efecto inmediato sobre el Trypanosoma evansi en los caballos, ratones blancos, cobayas y perros. No se pudieron lograr curaciones duraderas. Es tarea a realizar, ampliar la acción de este producto terapéutico, sin destruir con ello las ventajas existentes de la posibilidad de su aplicación subcutánea.
Beitrag zur Anatomie und Topographie der Lymphknoten des Syr. Goldhamsters (Mesocricetus auratus W.)
Authors: Michel G.
Published: September 2010

Bei 20 Syr. Goldhamstern wurden die Anatomie und Topographie der Lymphknoten untersucht und dabei folgende Lymphknoten gefunden:

Kopf‐ und Halsbereich: Lc. submentale, Ln. parotidicus, Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales, Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales (inkonstant).

Brustwandbereich: Ln. axillaris proprius, Ln. axillaris accessorius.

Bauch‐ und Beckenwandbereich: Lnn. subilici, Ln. popliteus, Ln. ilicus (medialis), Ln. sacralis hypogastricus.

Atmungsapparat im Bereich der Brusthöhle: Ln. bronchalis, Ln. costocervicalis.

Verdauungsapparat im Bereich der Bauchhöhle: Lnn. mesenterici craniales, Lnn. mesocolici, Ln. ileocaecalis, Lnn. portales s. hepatici.

Harnapparat: Ln. renalis.

Contribution to the anatomy and topography of the lymph glands of the golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus W.)

The following lymph nodes were found in a study of 20 golden hamsters: Head and neck: submental, parotid, deep cranial cervical, deep caudal cervical (not constant).

Thoracic region: axillary, accessory axillary.

Abdominal and pelvic regions: subiliac, popliteal, iliac (medial), hypogastric sacral.

Thoracic respiratory organs: bronchial, costocervical.

Digestive organs in the abdomen: cranial mesenteric, mesocolic, ileocaecal, portal or hepatic.

Urinary organs: renal.

Contribution à l'anatomie et à la topographie des ganglions lymphatiques du hamster doré syrien (Mesocricetus auratus W.)

L'auteur étudia chez 20 hamsters dorés syriens l'anatomie et la topographie des ganglions lymphatiques et trouva les ganglions suivants:

Région de la tête et du cou: Ln. submentale, Ln. parotidicus, Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales, Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales (inconstants).

Région de la paroi thoracique: Ln. axillaris proprius, Ln. axillaris accessorius.

Région des parois abdominales et pelviennes: Ln. subilici, Ln. popliteus, Ln. ilicus (medialis), Ln. sacralis hypogastricus.

Appareil respiratoire dans la cage thoracique: Ln. bronchalis, Ln. costocervicalis.

Appareil digestif dans la cavité abdominale: Lnn. mesenterici craniales, Lnn. mesocolici, Ln. ileocaecalis, Lnn. portales s. hepatici.

Appareil urinaire: Ln. renalis.

Contribución a la anatomía y topografía de los ganglios linfáticos del hamster dorado sirio (Mesocricetus auratus W.)

En 20 cobayas dorados sirios se analizó la anatomía y la topografía de los ganglios linfáticos, hallándose los ganglios linfáticos siguientes:

espacio cefálico y cervical: g. submaxilar, g. parotídeo, gs. cervicales profundos craneales, gs. cervicales profundos caudales (inconstantes).

espacio torácico parietal: g. axilar propio, g. axilar accesorio.

espacio pélvico‐abdominal parietal: gs. subilíacos, g. poplíteo, g. ilíaco (medial), g. sacro‐hipogástrico

aparato respiratorio en el espacio de la cavidad torácica: g. bronquial, g. costocervical.

aparato digestivo en el espacio de la cavidad abdominal: gs. mesentéricos craneales, gs. mesocólicos, g. ileocecal, gs. portales ó hepáticos.

aparato urinario: g. renal.
An experimental study of the biliary tract of the dog
Authors: Dyce K. M.
Published: September 2010

The radiographic visualisation of the biliary tree following the intravenous injection of Biligrafin has been studied in eighteen healthy dogs.

The development of the image and the radiological anatomy are described. The gall bladder and major ducts were well shown in every case but the demonstration of the intrahepatic ducts was more variable.

The possible clinical and experimental applications of the method are briefly discussed.

Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das Gallengangsystem des Hundes

Die Möglichkeit der röntgenologischen Darstellung der Gallengänge nach intravenöser Injektion von Biligrafin wurde bei 18 gesunden Hunden geprüft. Die Gallenblase und die Hauptgallengänge waren in jedem Falle gut zu erkennen, unterschiedlich war dagegen die Darstellung der intrahepatischen Gänge. Die klinischen und experimentellen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser Methode werden kurz dargelegt.

Recherches expérimentales sur le système biliaire du chien.

Les possibilités de représentation des canaux biliaires par examen radiologique après injection intraveineuse de “Biligrafine” furent étudiées chez 18 chiens en bonne santé. La vésicule biliaire et les canaux biliaires principaux purent être reconnus facilement dans tous les cas, tandis que les canaux intrahépatiques ne purent être représentés que d'une façon inconstante. Les applications cliniques et expêrimentales de cette méthode sont indiquées brièvement.

Estudios experimentales sobre el sistema biliar del perro

En 18 perros sanos se analizó la posibilidad de representación roentgenológica de las vías biliares tras la inyección intravenosa de biligrafina. En todos los casos, la vesícula biliar y las vías biliares principales se reconocían con facilidad, resultando diferente la representación de los conductos intrahepáticos. Sucintamente se exponen las posibilidades de aplicación tanto clínicas como experimentales de esta técnica.
Die Innervation des Schulter‐, Ellbogen‐ und Vorderfußwurzelgelenkes beim Rind
Authors: GRAEGER Kurt
Published: September 2010

Es wird die Nervenversorgung des Schulter‐, Ellbogen‐ und Vorderfuß‐wurzelgelenkes beim Rind beschrieben, wie sie durch die Untersuchung von zehn Schultergliedmaßen ermittelt wurde. Während das Schultergelenk von mehreren Anteilen des N. axillaris innerviert wird, erfolgt die Versorgung des Ellbogengelenkes hauptsächlich durch den N. musculocutaneus und daneben auch durch den N. medianus und den N. ulnaris. Das Vorderfußwurzelgelenk erhält seine Innervation allein vom N. ulnaris.

The innervation of the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints in the ox

The nerve supply to these joints was studied on 10 forelimbs. Whereas the shoulder joint is innervated by several branches of the axillary nerve, the elbow joint is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve, and to some extent by the median and ulnar nerves. The carpus receives its innervation from the ulnar nerve only.

L'innervation des articulations de l'épaule, du coude et du carpe chez le boeuf

L'innervation des articulations de l'épaule, du coude et du carpe chez le boeuf fait l'objet d'une description fondée sur l'étude de 10 mebres antérieurs. Tandis que l'articulation de l'épaule est innervé par plusieurs branches du nerf axillaire, l'articulation du coude est désservie surtout par le nerf musculocutané ainsi que par le nerf médian et le nerf cubital. L'articulation du carpc reçoit son innervation seulement du nerf cubital.

La inervación de las articulaciones del encuentro, codo y rodilla de la vaca

Se describe la inervación de las articulaciones del encuentro, codo y rodilla de los bóvidos, determinándose mediante el estudio de 10 extremidades anteriores. Mientras que la articulación del encuentro está inervada por varias partes del nervio axilar, la inervación de la articulación del codo proviene principalmente del nervio músculo‐cutáneo y además también del nervio mediano y del nervio ulnar. La articulación carpiana sólo recibe su inervación del n. ulnar.