bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIABILIDADE DE PROJETOS FLORESTAIS EM TRÊS REGIMES DE MANEJO NA MESORREGIÃO CENTRO-ORIENTAL DO PARANÁ
Authors: Folmann William Tomaz , Miranda Gabriel de Magalhães , Dias Andrea Nogueira , Moro Fernando de Camargo , Quevedo Fernandez Maria Laura
Published: August 2014

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a viabilidade econômica de projetos florestais de Pinus taeda L. com base em dados de uma empresa florestal localizada no estado do Paraná. A análise de rentabilidade foi feita contemplando oito projetos, subdivididos em três diferentes regimes de manejo, localizados na mesorregião centro-oriental do Paraná. A viabilidade econômica foi avaliada por meio de Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), Valor Periódico Equivalente (VPE) e Valor Esperado da Terra (VET), calculados com base no fluxo de caixa de cada projeto, utilizando-se a taxa de juros real de 6,75% ao ano. Os volumes utilizados foram obtidos de acordo com os sortimentos adotados para a espécie no Paraná, e os custos foram obtidos junto ao setor de planejamento da empresa. Os preços de venda da madeira em pé utilizados na análise foram oriundos do preço médio de mercado no estado, de acordo com o sortimento. O regime de manejo que apresentou melhores resultados foi o multiple use, com VPL de R$ 2.606,32; TIR de 10,2%; VPE de R$ 241,26 e VET de R$ 4.193,39.Palavras-chave: Rentabilidade; economia florestal; indicadores de viabilidade econômica. AbstractViability of forest projects in three management regime in the center-oriental region of Parana State. The objective of this research was to analyze the economic viability of the forest projects of Pinus taeda based on data from a forest enterprise located on the Parana State. The profit analyze was developed contemplating eight projects, subdivided in three different management regime, located in the Center-Oriental region of the Parana State. The economic viability was evaluated based on the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Return Rate (IRR), Periodic Equivalent Value (PEV) and the Soil Expected Value (SEV), determined by cash flow, with a real interest rate of 6.75% per year. The volumes used were described based on assortment used for the species in Paraná, and the costs were from the planning department of the enterprise. The selling price of the stand-up wood used in the analyze was obtained by the average market price in the state, according to the assortment. The management regime that presented the best results was the multiple use, with NPV of R$2,606.32; IRR of 10.2%; PEV of R$241.26 and SEV of R$4,193.39.Keywords: Profit; forest economy; economic viability indicators.
ATIVIDADES DEGRADATIVAS DE CELULOSE E DE FENÓIS POR FUNGOS ISOLADOS DE ACÍCULAS DE Pinus taeda
Authors: Auer Celso Garcia , Amaro Tania , Pimentel Ida Chapaval , Dalzoto Patrícia Do Rocio
Published: August 2014

Oito fungos isolados de acículas de Pinus taeda em decomposição, da região de Três Barras, SC, Brasil, foram analisados quanto ao potencial de degradarem celulose e lignina. Utilizou-se a técnica de coloração com vermelho congo em meio carboximetilcelulose-ágar (CMCA) para a presença de celulase, e o teste de Bavendamm em meio extrato de malte-ácido tânico-ágar (EMATA) para a presença de fenoloxidase. Aspergillus sp. e Cladosporium sp. produziram maior atividade em meio CMCA, enquanto que Trichoderma sp., Pestalotia sp., Exophiala sp. e Phomopsis sp. produziram maior atividade em meio EMATA. Os fungos Stachybotrys sp. e Rhizopus sp. se desenvolveram em CMCA e EMATA, mas não apresentaram atividade, indicando que não possuem capacidade para degradar celulose ou fenóis em acículas de pínus.Palavras-chave: Decomposição; fisiologia de fungos; serapilheira. AbstractDegradative activities of cellulose and phenols by fungi isolated from Pinus taeda needles. Eight fungi isolated from Pinus taeda needles under decomposition, from Três Barras region, SC, Brazil, were analyzed in relation to their ability to degrade cellulose and lignin. The staining technique employed congo red on carboxymethylcellulose-agar (CMCA) for cellulose and the Bavendamm test employed malt extract-tanic acid-agar (EMATA) for phenol oxidase. Aspergillus sp. and Cladosporium sp. produced higher activity in CMCA environment, while Trichoderma sp., Pestalotia sp., Exophiala sp. and Phomopsis sp. produced higher activity in EMATA environment. The fungi Stachybotrys sp. and Rhizopus sp. developed in CMCA and EMATA environment, but without noticeable activities, which indicates inability in order to degrade cellulose or phenols in pine needles.Keywords: Decomposition; fungal physiology; litter.
BIOMASS AND CARBON IN NON-WOODY VEGETATION, DEAD WOOD AND LITTER IN IGUAÇU NATIONAL PARK
Authors: Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Pinto Caciane , Melo Luiz Antônio Nunes
Published: August 2014

This study was carried out in 2004 in Iguacu National Park (INP), Paraná-Brazil. The vegetation is composed of Araucaria Forest (AF) (13.1%) and Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest (FES) (86.9%). Two types of materials were analyzed: litter (L) and woody material (W) (alive (A) and dead (D)), and classified by diameter: W1(0–0.70 cm), W2(0.71–2.5 cm), W3(2.51–7.50 cm), and W4(³7.5 cm). The results for the FES was 21.7 t/ha, with 42.4% in diameter class WD4 (8.98 t/ha) and 38.6% was litter (8.17 t/ha). The FOM was 12.87 t/ha, with 78.9% litter. The carbon stocks of the materials varied between 36.2% and 42.1% (for litter and WD4), both in the FES. There were no significant differences between the carbon stocks of the forest types. Rather differences existed between the pools (5% ANOVA and Tukey test). In the FES the carbon stock was 8.29 t/ha, which is equivalent to 30.41 tCO2e/ha, and in the FOM the stock was 4.94t/ha or 18.12 tCO2e/ha. For the vegetation types the carbon stock in INP was 8.35 tC/ha and 30.62 tCO2e/ha for the FES and FOM, respectively. The carbon pools analyzed in this study contribute significantly to the total carbon stock of a forest ecosystem and should always be taken into consideration when developing estimates for a forest.Keywords:  Araucaria; Seasonal Semideciduous Forest; Araucaria Forest; climate change; carbon fraction. ResumoBiomassa e carbono na vegetação não arbórea, madeira morta e serapilheira no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu. O trabalho ocorreu em 2004 no Parque Nacional do Iguaçu (PNI), Paraná. O PNI tem Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM) (13,1%) e Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) (86,9%). Foram analisados L – serapilheira e W – materiais lenhosos (vivos – A e mortos – D), classificados pelos diâmetros: W1 (0 a 0,70 cm), W2 (0,71 a 2,5 cm), W3 (2,51 a 7,50 cm) e W4 (³7,51 cm). Os resultados da FES mostram 21,7 t.ha-1, sendo 42,4% do WD4 (8,98 t.ha-1) e 38,6% da serapilheira (8,17 t.ha-1). Na FOM, foram 12,87 t.ha-1 (78,9%) da serapilheira. Os teores de carbono dos materiais variaram de 36,2 a 42,1% (para serapilheira e WD4), ambos na FES. Não houve diferenças significativas nos teores de carbono, havendo diferença nos compartimentos (5% ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Na FES, o estoque de carbono foi 8,29 t.ha-1, correspondendo a 30,41 tCO2e.ha-1, e na FOM de 4,94 tC.ha-1 e 18,12 tCO2e.ha-1. Para as fitofisionomias, o estoque de C no INP foi de 8,35 tC.ha-1 e 30,62 tCO2e.ha-1. Os reservatórios de C analisados no estudo apresentam participação importante no estoque total de C do ecossistema florestal, devendo sempre serem considerados quando do desenvolvimento de estimativas para a floresta.Palavras-chave:  Araucária; Floresta Estacional Semidecidual; Floresta Ombrófila Mista; mudanças climáticas; teor de carbono.
INFLUÊNCIA DA GEOMETRIA DOS DENTES DAS LÂMINAS DE SERRA DE FITA NA QUALIDADE E PRODUTIVIDADE DA MADEIRA SERRADA
Authors: Carmo Jair Figueiredo , Latorraca João Vicente de Figueiredo , Rocha Marcio Pereira da , Brito Edvá Oliveira
Published: August 2014

ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de dois modelos de dentes de lâmina de serra fita, durante o processamento mecânico de toras de Erisma uncinatum (cedrinho) e Dipteryx odorata (cumaru). A pesquisa levou em consideração aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos avaliados durante o desdobro de toras das duas espécies utilizando-se dois modelos de dentes de serra, modelo tradicional e modelo Senai. As variáveis que definiram a qualidade e a produtividade da madeira serrada, para ambos os modelos de dentes, foram, respectivamente, o desvio de corte e a velocidade de avanço do carro porta-tora. Os resultados mostraram que, para o modelo de dente denominado SENAI (MS), ganhos consideráveis em produtividade foram obtidos apenas para a espécie Erisma uncinatum. Essa vantagem não foi observada quando as toras processadas foram da espécie Dipteryx odorata, devido à consequente redução da velocidade de avanço. Em termos qualitativos, os ganhos obtidos com o modelo proposto foram observados para as duas espécies de madeira processada, com maior ênfase para madeira de cedrinho. Considerando esses resultados, o modelo Senai (MS) foi o mais recomendado para as condições de desdobro empregado, uma vez ter demonstrado ser o mais efetivo em termos de rendimento e, especialmente, qualidade de corte.Palavra-chave: Processamento mecânico de toras; ângulos de corte; velocidade de avanço. AbstractInfluence of geometry of the band-saw blades teeth in lumber quality and productivity. This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of two tooth models of band-saw blades, during log mechanical processing of Erisma uncinatum (cedrinho) and Dipteryx odorata (cumuru) using two types of sawtooth models: traditional model and Senai model. The research focused qualitative and quantitative aspects, evaluated during the sawing of the two species. The variables that define sawn wood quality and productivity, for both tooth models, were, respectively, the cut deviation, and the advancement velocity of log porter car. The results revealed that the “SENAI (MS)” tooth model has considerable productivity gains, only for de Erisma uncinatum specie. These advantages were not observed for the Dipteryx odorata species processed logs, due to consequent advancement velocity reduction. In qualitative terms, gains with the considered model could be observed for the two processed species, with emphasis for the medium density species. Considering the results, the Senai model (MS) was the most recommended for the applied sawing conditions, once the results demonstrated more qualitative effectiveness.Keywords: Mechanical processing of logs; cutting angles; feed rate.
CRESCIMENTO EM DIÂMETRO E ALTURA DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL DE Eremanthus incanus
Authors: Araújo Emanuel José Gomes de , David Hassan Camil , Morais Vinícius Augusto , Scolforo José Roberto Soares , Péllico Netto Sylvio , Zanette Vitor Hugo , Koehler Henrique Soares
Published: August 2014

ResumoA espécie Eremanthus incanus (Less.) Less é utilizada comercialmente para produção de estacas e moirões de cerca. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito de diferentes densidades iniciais no crescimento em diâmetro e altura em povoamento de E. incanus, proveniente de regeneração natural. Foi instalado um experimento em quatro blocos ao acaso e seis tratamentos, que correspondiam a diferentes densidades de plantas, após a realização de desbaste na regeneração. Foram testados modelos de crescimento para as variáveis diâmetro a 1,30 m do solo e altura total, além de funções densidade de probabilidade para retratar a estrutura de diâmetro e altura. Aplicou-se a análise de variância e, quando pertinente, o teste Tukey a 95% de probabilidade. O modelo de Schumacher foi o de melhor desempenho para retratar o crescimento em diâmetro e altura e o modelo SB de Johnson o melhor para retratar a distribuição dessas variáveis. As densidades iniciais de plantas que propiciaram as maiores médias de diâmetro em todas as idades foram de 2.222, 2.667 e 3.333 plantas por hectare e para a variável altura não houve diferenças significativas entre médias dos tratamentos.Palavras-chave: Manejo florestal; candeia; desbaste; moirões. AbstractGrowth in diameter and height of natural regeneration of Eremanthus incanus. The species Erematnhus incanus (Less.) Less has commercial use for production of poles and fence posts. This research aimed to analyze the effect of different initial densities on diameter and height growth in natural regeneration stands of Eremanthus incanus. An experiment was conducted with four randomized blocks and six treatments per block, which corresponded to different plant densities, after applying thinning to the regeneration. Growth models were tested for the variables diameter at 1.30 m above ground and total height. In addition, probability density functions were tested to characterize the structure of diameter and height. It was applied analysis of variance and, when appropriate, the Tukey test at 5% probability. The Schumacher model was the one with best performance to characterize the growth in diameter and height, and Johnson SB model the best in order to characterize these variables. The initial densities of plants that caused the highest mean diameter throughout the ages were 2,222, 2,667 and 3,333 plants per hectare, and for the variable height there were no significant differences between the treatments averages.Keywords: Forest management; candeia; thinning; stakes.
The Effect of Different Starting Periods of Passive Exercise on the Clinical Outcome of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Back Young Woong , Tae Suk Kee , Kim Min Kyu , Kwon Oh Jin
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: To compare the effect of different starting periods of rehabilitative exercise (early or delayed passive exercise) on the rate of retear and other clinical outcomes after the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff.METHODS: In total, 103 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff were included in the study. Determined at 2 weeks post-operation, patients who were incapable of passive forward elevation greater than 90degrees were allotted to the early exercise group (group I: 79 patients; 42 males, 37 females), whilst those capable were allotted to the delayed exercise group (group II: 24 patients; 14 males, 10 females). The group I started passive exercise, i.e. stretching, within 2 weeks of operation, whilst group II started within 6 weeks. The results were compared on average 15.8 months (11-49 months) post-operation using the passive range of motion, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and Constant scores. Stiffness was defined as passive forward elevation or external rotation of less than 30degrees compared to the contralateral side. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was carried out on average 1 year post-operation and the rate of retear was compared with Sugaya's criteria.RESULTS: There were no differences between the two groups in gender, age, smoking, presence of diabetes, arm dominance, period of tear unattended, pre-operative range of motion, shape and size of tear, degree of tendon retraction, and tendon quality. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes. Whilst stiffness was more frequent in group II (p-value 0.03), retear was more frequent in group I (p-value 0.028) according to the MRI follow-up.CONCLUSIONS: During rehabilitation after the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff, the delay of passive exercise seems to decrease the rate of retear but increase the risk of stiffness.
Changes in Matrix Metalloproteinase and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase in Patients with Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Kwon Oh Soo , Kim Young Yul , Ha Ji Yoon , Kang Han Bit
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether in patients with rotator cuff tears a correlation exists between molecular changes and clinical parameters such as age, duration of symptom, range of motion, and tear size. Molecular changes of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) were assessed by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the two proteins.METHODS: The rotator cuff tissue from was obtained from the edge of a torn tendon revealed after debridement by a motorized shaver. Using the sample of rotator cuff tissue, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA expression. To determine whether mRNA levels and the clinical variables, such as age, defect size, range of motion (ROM) of shoulder, and duration of symptoms, show any correlation, Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to test for significant differences.RESULTS: There was an inverse correlation between the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 from the torn rotator cuff tendons regardless of the clinical variables. However, comparison of mRNA levels versus clinical parameters such as age, defect size, range of motion and duration of symptoms revealed a number of findings. We found a significant correlation between age and mRNA levels of MMP-2 from torn cuffs (r = 0.513, p = 0.021). Further, we found a significant correlation between defect size in the full thickness tears and mRNA levels of MMP-2 (r = 0.454, p = 0.045). Conversely, no significant association between mRNA levels of MMP-2 and ROM or duration of symptom was found.CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that both MMP-2 and TIMP-2 may be involved in the disease process of rotator cuff tears. Although the level of mRNA expression of MMP-2 and TMP-2 remain constant in torn rotator cuffs irrespective of the clinical variables, their levels may be influenced by age and defect size, which could account to change in tendon degradation and the healing process.
Unusual Migration of Kirschner's Wire into Intervertebral Foramen after Lateral Clavicle Fracture Fixation: A Case Report
Authors: Lee Jin Ho , Chung Jae Yoon , Kim Myung Sun
Published: August 2014

The migration of metallic devices such as Kirschner's wire (K-wire) from the shoulder is a well-recognized and significant complication of operation, the wire ending up in the lungs, the heart, the esophagus, the aorta or the subclavian artery. However, spinal migration is very rare. We report the case of a 72-year-old female patient with K-wire migration into the C7-T1 intervertebral foramen, 2 months after surgery for a lateral end fracture of left clavicle.
Partial Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Shin Sang Jin , Seo Myeong Jae
Published: August 2014

Partial-thickness rotator cuff tear (PTRCT) is not single disease entity but one phase of disease spectrum. Symptoms of PTRCT vary from being asymptomatic to severe pain leading to deterioration in quality of life. Pathogenesis of degenerative PTRCT is multifactorial. Whereas articular sided PTRCT is usually caused by internal causes, both internal and external causes have important role in bursal sided PTRCT. A detailed history, clinical examination and magnetic resonance angiography are used in the diagnosis of PTRCT. Treatment of PTRCT is chosen based on age, demands of patients, causes and depth of tear. In most patients, non-operative treatment should be initiated. Whereas debridement can be done for less than 6 mm of articular sided PTRCT and in less than 3 mm of bursal sided PTRCT, repair techniques should be considered for higher grade PTRCT than that. Although the effect of acromioplasty is not clear, acromioplasty may be performed when the extrinsic causes appear to be the cause of tear. Either transtendon repair technique or repair after tear completion provided satisfactory clinical outcomes in treatment of articular sided PTRCT.
Security of small states in the eve of 21st century
Authors: Tumurchuluun G
Published: August 2014

No abstract availableThe Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 9-13
The United States and Northeast Asia-looking ahead
Authors: Scaloppini Robert A
Published: August 2014

No abstract availableThe Mongolian Journal of International Affairs; Number 6, 1999, Pages 14-25
Personality, Negativity, and Political Participation
Authors: Weinschenk Aaron C. , Panagopoulos Costas
Published: August 2014

Scholars have recently started to integrate personality traits into models of political participation. In this paper, we present the results of a survey experiment (N = 724) designed to test whether negative political messages differentially impact people with different personality traits. We found evidence that individuals with high scores on agreeableness were less likely, and individuals with high scores on extraversion were more likely, to report intending to participate in politics than their counterparts after being exposed to negative political messages. Agreeableness and extraversion also interacted with negative messages to influence specific intentions to make a political donation, attend a meeting, rally, or event, and volunteer for a political campaign. We also found suggestive evidence that agreeableness interacted with negativity to influence turnout intentions. The results of this study have important implications for the study of political engagement, the ways in which people interact with political information, and the practice of democratic politics.
The Double-Edged Sword of Extremely High Prices for Gene Therapies in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Cliff Edward R. Scheffer , Tessema Frazer A.
Published: August 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the high cost of new gene therapies for sickle cell disease, the challenges these costs pose for health care access, and new policy approaches to ensure fair reimbursement for payers and manufacturers without further increasing health care costs or barriers to access for underserved populations.
Obesity in Adolescents
Authors: Kelly Aaron S. , Armstrong Sarah C. , Michalsky Marc P. , Fox Claudia K.
Published: August 2024

Importance

Obesity affects approximately 21% of US adolescents and is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep disorders, depression, and musculoskeletal problems. Obesity during adolescence has also been associated with an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

Observations

Obesity in adolescents aged 12 to younger than 18 years is commonly defined as a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th or greater age- and sex-adjusted percentile. Comprehensive treatment in adolescents includes lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. Lifestyle modification therapy, which includes dietary, physical activity, and behavioral counseling, is first-line treatment; as monotherapy, lifestyle modification requires more than 26 contact hours over 1 year to elicit approximately 3% mean BMI reduction. Newer antiobesity medications, such as liraglutide, semaglutide, and phentermine/topiramate, in combination with lifestyle modification therapy, can reduce mean BMI by approximately 5% to 17% at 1 year of treatment. Adverse effects vary, but severe adverse events from these newer antiobesity medications are rare. Surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and vertical sleeve gastrectomy) for severe adolescent obesity (BMI ≥120% of the 95th percentile) reduces mean BMI by approximately 30% at 1 year. Minor and major perioperative complications, such as reoperation and hospital readmission for dehydration, are experienced by approximately 15% and 8% of patients, respectively. Determining the long-term durability of all obesity treatments warrants future research.

Conclusions and Relevance

The prevalence of adolescent obesity is approximately 21% in the US. Treatment options for adolescents with obesity include lifestyle modification therapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery. Intensive lifestyle modification therapy reduces BMI by approximately 3% while pharmacotherapy added to lifestyle modification therapy can attain BMI reductions ranging from 5% to 17%. Surgery is the most effective intervention for adolescents with severe obesity and has been shown to achieve BMI reduction of approximately 30%.
Obesity in Adults
Authors: Campbell Laura A. , Kombathula Rachana , Jackson Christopher D.
Published: August 2024

This JAMA Patient Page defines obesity in adults and describes the health effects of obesity, the treatment options available, and the health benefits of weight loss.
Why Do We (and Still Do!) Need the National Institute on Aging—50 Years of Innovation
Authors: Covinsky Kenneth E. , Mody Lona , Inouye Sharon K.
Published: August 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the role and benefits of the National Institute on Aging.
Clinical and Behavioral Research at the National Institute on Aging—50 Years of Innovation
Authors: Cohen Andrew B. , Bonds Johnson Kalisha , Tinetti Mary E.
Published: August 2024

This Viewpoint discusses multicomplexity and dementia, 2 areas of clinical and behavioral research where the National Institute on Aging has made integral and distinctive contributions.
Role of the National Institute on Aging in Transforming Aging Research Through Geroscience and Gerotherapeutics—50 Years of Innovation
Authors: Newman John C. , Al-Naggar Iman M. , Kuchel George A.
Published: August 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the role of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in the fields of geroscience and gerotherapeutics.
Tirzepatide-Induced Rapid Weight Loss–Related Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Karakus Kagan E. , Shah Viral N. , Akturk Halis K.
Published: August 2024

This Teachable Moment describes a 62-year-old man with thyrotoxicosis due to excess levothyroxine exposure during tirzepatide treatment that induced rapid weight loss.
Health, Access to Care, and Financial Barriers to Care Among People Incarcerated in US Prisons
Authors: Lupez Emily Lupton , Woolhandler Steffie , Himmelstein David U. , Hawks Laura , Dickman Samuel , Gaffney Adam , Bor David , Schrier Elizabeth , Cai Chris , Azaroff Lenore S. , McCormick Danny
Published: August 2024

Importance

Decades-old data indicate that people imprisoned in the US have poor access to health care despite their constitutional right to care. Most prisons impose co-payments for at least some medical visits. No recent national studies have assessed access to care or whether co-pays are associated with worse access.

Objective

To determine the proportion of people who are incarcerated with health problems or pregnancy who used health services, changes in the prevalence of those conditions since 2004, and the association between their state’s standard prison co-payment and care receipt in 2016.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional analysis was conducted in October 2023 and used data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates, a nationally representative sample of adults in state or federal prisons, with some comparisons to the 2004 version of that survey.

Exposures

The state’s standard, per-visit co-payment amount in 2016 compared with weekly earnings at the prison’s minimum wage.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Self-reported prevalence of 13 chronic physical conditions, 6 mental health conditions, and current severe psychological distress assessed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale; proportion of respondents with such problems who did not receive any clinician visit or treatment; and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) comparing the likelihood of no clinician visit according to co-payment level.

Results

Of 1 421 700 (unweighted: n = 24 848; mean [SD] age, 35.3 [0.3] years; 93.2% male individuals) prison residents in 2016, 61.7% (up from 55.9% in 2004) reported 1 or more chronic physical conditions; among them, 13.8% had received no medical visit since incarceration. A total of 40.1% of respondents reported ever having a mental health condition (up from 24.5% in 2004), of whom 33.0% had received no mental health treatment. A total of 13.3% of respondents met criteria for severe psychological distress, of whom 41.7% had not received mental health treatment in prison. Of state prison residents, 90.4% were in facilities requiring co-payments, including 63.3% in facilities with co-payments exceeding 1 week’s prison wage. Co-payments, particularly when high, were associated with not receiving a needed health care visit (co-pay ≤1 week’s wage: aOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.10-1.86; co-pay >1 week’s wage: aOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.61-2.93).

Conclusions and Relevance

This cross-sectional study found that many people who are incarcerated with health problems received no care, particularly in facilities charging co-payments for medical visits.
Ferritin Cutoffs and Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in Primary Care
Authors: Jäger Levy , Rachamin Yael , Senn Oliver , Burgstaller Jakob M. , Rosemann Thomas , Markun Stefan
Published: August 2024

Importance

Ferritin is often measured by general practitioners, but the association of different cutoffs with the rates of iron deficiency diagnoses, particularly nonanemic iron deficiency, is unknown.

Objective

To investigate the association of the ferritin cutoff choice with the incidence of nonanemic and anemic iron deficiency diagnoses in primary care.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this retrospective cohort study, patients 18 years or older with at least 1 consultation with a general practitioner participating in the Family Medicine Research Using Electronic Medical Records (FIRE) project, an electronic medical records database of Swiss primary care, from January 1, 2021, to November 30, 2023, were evaluated.

Exposures

Sex, age, clinical patient characteristics, and professional general practitioner characteristics.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incidence of iron deficiency diagnoses (nonanemic and anemic) at ferritin cutoffs of 15, 30, and 45 ng/mL and ferritin testing itself. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine associations of patient and general practitioner characteristics with ferritin testing as adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs).

Results

The study included 255 351 patients (median [IQR] age, 52 [36-66] years; 52.1% female). Per 1000 patient-years and at ferritin cutoffs of 15, 30, and 45 ng/mL, iron deficiency diagnoses had incidences of 10.9 (95% CI, 10.6-11.2), 29.9 (95% CI, 29.4-30.4), and 48.3 (95% CI, 47.7-48.9) cases, respectively; nonanemic iron deficiency diagnoses had incidences of 4.1 (95% CI, 3.9-4.2), 14.6 (95% CI, 14.3-15.0), and 25.8 (95% CI, 25.3-26.2) cases, respectively; and anemic iron deficiency diagnoses had incidences of 3.5 (95% CI, 3.3-3.7), 6.0 (95% CI, 5.8-6.2), and 7.5 (95% CI, 7.3-7.7) cases, respectively. Ferritin testing showed notable associations with fatigue (AHR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.95-2.12), anemia (AHR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.70-1.79), and iron therapy (AHR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.46-1.54). Ferritin testing was associated with female sex in all age groups, including postmenopausal. Of the patients who received ferritin testing, 72.1% received concomitant hemoglobin testing, and 49.6% received concomitant C-reactive protein testing.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective cohort study of primary care patients, ferritin cutoffs of 30 and 45 ng/mL were associated with a substantially higher incidence of iron deficiency compared with 15 ng/mL. These results provide a basis for health system-level evaluation and benchmarking of ferritin testing in high-resource settings and call for a harmonization of diagnostic criteria for iron deficiency in primary care.
Pain Phenotypes and Pain Multimorbidity Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Peterson Mark D. , Ashbaugh Kathryn , O’Leary Michael , Schmidt Mary , Haapala Heidi , Kamdar Neil , Hurvitz Edward A.
Published: August 2024

This cohort study assesses the association of pain phenotypes and pain multimorbidity with cerebral palsy subtypes among Medicare beneficiaries.
Improving the safety of radiotherapy treatment processes via incident‐driven FMEA feedback loops
Authors: Kornek Dominik , Lotter Michael , Szkitsak Juliane , Dürrbeck Christopher , Karius Andre , Ott Oliver J. , Brandl Carolin , Bert Christoph
Published: August 2024

Background

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a valuable tool for radiotherapy risk assessment, yet its outputs might be unreliable due to failures not being identified or due to a lack of accurate error rates.

Purpose

A novel incident reporting system (IRS) linked to an FMEA database was tested and evaluated. The study investigated whether the system was suitable for validating a previously performed analysis and whether it could provide accurate error rates to support the expert occurrence ratings of previously identified failure modes.

Methods

Twenty‐three pre‐identified failure modes of our external beam radiotherapy process, covering the process steps from patient admission to treatment delivery, were proffered on dedicated FMEA feedback and incident reporting terminals generated by the IRS. The clinical setting involved a computed tomography scanner, dosimetry, and five linacs. Incoming reports were used as basis to identify additional failure modes or confirm initial ones. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was applied to compare the risk priorities of the retrospective and prospective failure modes. Wald's sequential probability ratio test was used to investigate the correctness of the experts’ occurrence ratings by means of the number of incoming reports.

Results

Over a 15‐month period, 304 reports were submitted. There were 0.005 (confidence interval [CI], 0.0014–0.0082) reported incidents per imaging study and 0.0006 (CI, 0.0003–0.0009) reported incidents per treatment fraction. Sixteen additional failure modes could be identified, and their risk priorities did not differ from those of the initial failure modes (p = 0.954). One failure mode occurrence rating could be increased, whereas the other 22 occurrence ratings could not be disproved.

Conclusions

Our approach is suitable for validating FMEAs and deducing additional failure modes on a continual basis. Accurate error rates can only be provided if a sufficient number of reports is available.
Application of the international criteria for optic neuritis in the Acute Optic Neuritis Network
Authors: Klyscz Philipp , Asseyer Susanna , Alonso Ricardo , Bereuter Charlotte , Bialer Omer , Bick Atira , Carta Sara , Chen John J. , Cohen Leila , Cohen‐Tayar Yamit , Carnero Contentti Edgar , Dale Russell C. , Flanagan Eoin P. , Gernert Jonathan A. , Haas Julian , Havla Joachim , Heesen Christoph , Hellmann Mark , Levin Netta , Lopez Pablo , Lotan Itay , Luis Maria Belen , Mariotto Sara , Mayer Christina , Vergara Alvaro Jose Mejia , Ocampo Cassandra , Ochoa Susana , Oertel Frederike C. , Olszewska Maja , Uribe José Luis Peralta , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Scocco Dario , Ramanathan Sudarshini , Rattanathamsakul Natthapon , Shi Fu‐Dong , Shifa Jemal , Simantov Ilya , Siritho Sasitorn , Tiosano Alon , Tisavipat Nanthaya , Torres Isabel , Dembinsky Adi Vaknin , Vidal‐Jordana Angela , Wilf‐Yarkoni Adi , Wu Ti , Zamir Sol , Zarco Luis Alfonso , Zimmermann Hanna G. , Petzold Axel , Paul Friedemann , Stiebel‐Kalish Hadas
Published: August 2024

Objective

The first international consensus criteria for optic neuritis (ICON) were published in 2022. We applied these criteria to a prospective, global observational study of acute optic neuritis (ON).

Methods

We included 160 patients with a first‐ever acute ON suggestive of a demyelinating CNS disease from the Acute Optic Neuritis Network (ACON). We applied the 2022 ICON to all participants and subsequently adjusted the ICON by replacing a missing relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) or dyschromatopsia if magnetic resonance imaging pathology of the optical nerve plus optical coherence tomography abnormalities or certain biomarkers are present.

Results

According to the 2022 ICON, 80 (50%) patients were classified as definite ON, 12 (7%) patients were classified as possible ON, and 68 (43%) as not ON (NON). The main reasons for classification as NON were absent RAPD (52 patients, 76%) or dyschromatopsia (49 patients, 72%). Distribution of underlying ON etiologies was as follows: 78 (49%) patients had a single isolated ON, 41 (26%) patients were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, 25 (16%) patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease, and 15 (9%) with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. The application of the adjusted ON criteria yielded a higher proportion of patients classified as ON (126 patients, 79%).

Interpretation

According to the 2022 ICON, almost half of the included patients in ACON did not fulfill the requirements for classification of definite or possible ON, particularly due to missing RAPD and dyschromatopsia. Thorough RAPD examination and formal color vision testing are critical to the application of the 2022 ICON.
Combining Ultrafast Laser Texturing and Laser Hardening to Enhance Surface Durability by Improving Hardness and Wear Performance
Authors: Cholkar Abhijit , Chatterjee Suman , Kumar Sujith , Sedaček Marko , Podgornik Bojan , Kinahan David , Brabazon Dermot
Published: August 2024

Aluminum alloy 7075 is utilized widely across marine, aerospace, and automotive sectors. However, its surface wear resistance has hindered its application in certain tribological environments. Addressing this challenge, the current study examines a hybrid laser method to increase surface wear resistance by combining two techniques: ultrafast laser texturing and laser‐based surface hardening. Ultrafast laser processing is conducted using 3 W laser power, 100 kHz pulse repetition rate, 4 mm s−1 scanning speed, and three different scan patterns. After the texturing operation, laser‐based surface hardening is then performed on these textures using a continuous wave laser. The laser heat treatment is conducted using laser powers of 400 and 500 W with three different scan speeds of 1, 2, and 3 mm s−1. Microhardness evaluations show a notable increase in hardness, with the hardest sample exhibiting a 17.8% increase compared to the pristine sample. The laser‐textured and laser heat‐treated samples exhibit a significant reduction in the average coefficient of friction and wear volumes compared to samples that were laser‐textured but not laser heat‐treated. The investigated laser processing strategy offers a promising approach for surface modification, enhancing both mechanical properties and wear resistance of aluminum alloy 7075 surfaces.
Synergizing Electron and Ion Transports of Ti3C2TX MXene Fiber via Dot‐Sheet Heterostructure and Covalent Ti─C─Ti Cross‐Linking for Efficient Charge Storage and Thermal Management
Authors: Wang Huifang , Zhao Weidong , Zhang Ziting , Hou Wenteng , Yin Leang , Dai Henghan , Zhu Xinnan , Zhou Jingbo , Tang Shaochun , Huang Wei , Sun Gengzhi
Published: August 2024

Ti3C2TX MXene with the merits of metallic conductivity, superhigh volumetric capacitance, and efficient absorption of the electromagnetic wave is considered a promising building block for fiber fabrication; nevertheless, the simultaneous improvement in electrochemical charge storage and electrical conductivity/thermal management is seldom achieved for MXene‐based fibers due to the contradictory in material design. Typically, aligned and densified packing of MXene fibers is highly desired for an enhanced intra‐/inter‐flake electron transport; however, the narrowed inter‐layer spacing restricts the kinetics of ion diffusion (the intercalation/de‐intercalation of electrolyte ions) and diminishes the accessible active sites for charge storage. Herein, the electron and ion transports of Ti3C2TX MXene fiber are synergized via a unique dot‐sheet heterostructure covalently bonded by Ti─C─Ti which provides the optimal inter‐layer spacing for rapid ion diffusion and enhances the intra‐/inter‐flake cross‐linking for fast electron transport. As a result, the obtained fiber offers an improved conductivity of 2405 S cm−1, a desirable capacitance of 1597 F cm−3, an impressive energy density of 19.8 mWh cm−3 for the assembled supercapacitor, superior Joule heating performance, and a photo‐thermal temperature. These remarkable attributes enable their practical applications in energy‐supply scenarios, such as powering LEDs and wearable thermal management.
Multimodal In‐Sensor Computing Implemented by Easily‐Fabricated Oxide‐Heterojunction Optoelectronic Synapses
Authors: Fang Hong , Ma Shuanger , Wang Jie , Zhao Le , Nie Fang , Ma Xiaoqiao , Lü Weiming , Yan Shishen , Zheng Limei
Published: August 2024

The advent of big data and the Internet of Things has created urgent demands for in‐sensor computing hardware with multimodal perception that can effectively resolve the inefficiency, high latency, and excessive energy consumption challenges faced by conventional sensory systems. Here, a simple‐structured optoelectronic synaptic device of In2O3·SnO2/Nb:SrTiO3 (ITO/NSTO) heterostructure is proposed, which vividly demonstrates in‐sensor computing and multimodal perception capabilities. First, with the ingenious synaptic responses of the device under both optical and electrical stimuli, a multimodal in‐sensor neuromorphic computing system capable of concurrently perceiving and processing visual and auditory information is constructed. Using this multimodal system to perform a human emotion recognition task, the misjudgment arising from single‐modal cognition can thereby be effectively avoided. Second, utilizing the integrated sensing and processing functions, along with the dynamic memories of the device array, a neuromorphic vision system is implemented for real‐time monitoring of moving vehicles, which displays high recognition efficiency and accuracy. This research not only provides an optoelectronic synaptic device that is low‐cost and easy to mass‐produce, but also paves the way for next‐generation in‐sensor computing that can efficiently process multimodal signals.
Nano‐Single‐Atom Heterointerface Engineering for pH‐Universal Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
Authors: Song Jian , Qian Sheng‐jie , Yang Wenqiang , Mu Jiali , Li Jingwei , Liu Yaping , Sun Fanfei , Yu Shuwen , Xu Feifei , Song Xiangen , Deng Dehui , Wang Yang‐gang , Yan Li , Ding Yunjie
Published: August 2024

Nano‐single‐atom‐catalysts have the potential to combine the respective advantages of both nano‐catalysts and single‐atom‐catalysts and thus exhibit enhanced performance. Generally, the separation of active sites in space limits the interaction between single atoms and nanoparticles. Heterointerface engineering has the potential to break this limitation. Regretfully, studies on the interface effect between single atoms and nanoparticles are rarely reported. Herein, an unprecedented nano‐single‐atom heterointerface composed of Fe single‐atoms and carbon‐shell‐coated FeP nanoparticles (Fe SAC/FeP@C) is demonstrated as an efficient electrocatalyst for the nitrate reduction process from alkaline to acidic. Compared with typical nano‐single‐atom‐catalysts (Fe SAC/FePO4) and single‐atom‐catalysts (Fe SAC), the constructed Fe SAC/FeP@C heterostructure exhibits dramatically enhanced nitrate‐to‐ammonia performance. Especially in acidic media, the maxmium Faradaic efficiency of ammonia (NH3) can reach 95.6 ± 0.5%, with a maximum NH3 yield of 36.2 ± 3.1 mg h−1 mgcat−1 (pH = 1.2), which is considerably higher than previously reported. Density functional theory calculations and in situ spectroscopic investigations indicate that the unique charge redistribution at the interface, together with the optimized electronic structure of Fe single‐atoms, strengthens intermediate adsorption and catalytic activity. This work provides a feasible strategy for designing nano‐single‐atom‐catalysts with unique heterointerfaces, as well as valuable insights into nitrate conversion under environmentally relevant wastewater conditions.
Surface Atomic Rearrangement with High Cation Ordering for Ultra‐Stable Single‐Crystal Ni‐Rich Co‐Less Cathode Materials
Authors: Wang Wei , Xiao Zhiming , Liu Junxiang , He Xinyou , Wen Jianguo , Zhou Yanan , Cheng Lei , Zhang Bao , Liu Tongchao , Amine Khalil , Ou Xing
Published: August 2024

It is crucial to minimize cobalt content in Ni‐rich layered single‐crystal cathodes due to their high price and limited availability, yet it will inevitably lead to cation disordering, capacity degradation, and thermal issues. Herein, to overcome the intrinsic trade‐off between performance and composition of Ni‐rich Co‐less single‐crystal cathodes, a precursor engineering strategy with an epitaxially grown cobalt enrichment on the surface is innovatively proposed. In contrast to traditional coating modifications with random orientation and rigid surface‐bulk boundary, the epitaxially enriched surface cobalt layer on the precursor undergoes rapid interdiffusion with the internal Ni3+ during the optimized sintering process. This interdiffusion eliminates the surface‐bulk boundary, promoting the uniform distribution of cobalt and synergistically addressing the Li/Ni intermixing. Moreover, an enhanced surface Li+ diffusion is obtained, thereby suppressing the Li+ concentration gradient and intragranular cracks generation. Consequently, the modified LiNi0.7Co0.07Mn0.23O2 exhibits impressive cycling stability with increased capacity retention in both coin‐type half‐cells and pouch‐type full‐cells (91% after 1000 cycles), even under the harsh condition of high‐temperature, surpassing the majority of previously reported Ni‐rich cathodes. This work opens new avenues toward the low cost, high energy density, thermal stability, and long cyclic life for Ni‐rich Co‐less cathodes and sheds light on large‐scale commercial production.
A Self‐Calibrating Sensing Platform Based on Amine‐Responsive Excitation Wavelength‐Dependent Fluorescent Polymers for Real‐Time and Visual Detection of Food Freshness
Authors: Zhang Qi , Yu Lan , Han Weiqiang , Yang Li , Li Hongjuan , Sun Shiguo , Xu Yongqian
Published: August 2024

Accurate assessment of food freshness is critical to maintaining human health. However, the complex environment of food usually leads to false‐positive measurements result. Therefore, the development of sensing platforms with self‐calibration for accurate detection of food freshness in complex environments is essential. Here, using the green fluorescence‐emitting FITC‐ene and the red fluorescence‐emitting DBA‐ene‐Eu3+ as fluorescent units, fluorescent polymeric materials P1‐P4 with excitation wavelength‐dependent (254 and 365 nm, matched with standard UV lamp) emission are prepared. P1‐P4 responded rapidly to biogenic amines (BAs). Among them, P3 exhibits the widest linear range, and the most noticeable fluorescence color change (from orange‐red to yellow‐green) under 254 nm excitation and enhanced green fluorescence under 365 nm excitation. The changes of P3‐prepared labels at different excitation wavelengths can be utilized to rapidly evaluate the food's freshness. Furthermore, by using a smartphone to read the Red/Green/Blue values of the labels, the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) values can be output to quantitatively evaluate the food freshness, and the output TVBN values at different excitation wavelengths are utilized for mutual calibration to improve the accuracy of the estimation results. This self‐calibrating sensing platform is fast and nondestructive, which provides an effective method for the accurate evaluation of food freshness.