bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aryl Crown Ethers Based on d‐Glucose Scaffold – Highly Selective Receptors of Amino Acid Ester Hydrochlorides
Authors: Chak Man Him , Schnurr Martin , Lewandowski Bartosz
Published: May 2023

Amino acids are important biomolecules with a broad scope of applications in chemical and biological sciences. Their functions and properties depend on their absolute configuration. Therefore, methods for chiral recognition and separation of amino acids are highly sought after. For the purposes of diagnostic and medicinal applications chiral recognition of amino acids in water is particularly relevant. However synthetic receptors for enantioselective binding of amino acids in aqueous media are rare. Recently we reported a d‐glucose‐based crown ether for chiral recognition of amino acid esters in water. We achieved enantioselectivities towards amino acids with hydrophobic sidechains which were among the highest ever reported for a small molecule receptor. The binding affinities were however moderate. Herein we disclose analogs of that receptor, containing aryl functionalities in the crown ether fragment. The new receptors show considerably improved binding affinities for amino acid ester hydrochlorides in water, while retaining high enantio‐ or chemoselectivities.
Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Synthesis of Multi‐Functionalized Isoxazoline‐N‐Oxides through Asymmetric [4+1] Annulations
Authors: Wang Mengzhou , Wang Jing , Shen Wen , Xie Xuan‐sheng , Qi Liang , Xie Jian‐wu
Published: May 2023

A diastereoselective and enantioselective formal [4+1] ylide annulation of chiral sulfonium salts with various substituted Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) adducts leading to optically active isoxazolineN‐oxides with three chiral carbon centers has been explored. The salient features of this methodology include a high diastereo‐ and enantioselective transformation, easily accessible starting materials, and mild reaction conditions. In addition, the isoxazolineN‐oxides products can be conveniently transformed into functionalized compounds.
Pain‐free default mode network connectivity contributes to tonic experimental pain intensity beyond the role of negative mood and other pain‐related factors
Authors: Alhajri Najah , Boudreau Shellie Ann , Mouraux André , Graven‐Nielsen Thomas
Published: May 2023

Background

Alterations in the default mode network (DMN) connectivity across pain stages suggest a possible DMN involvement in the transition to persistent pain.

Aim

This study examined whether pain‐free DMN connectivity at lower alpha oscillations (8‐10 Hz) accounts for a unique variation in experimental peak pain intensity beyond the contribution of factors known to influence pain intensity.

Methods

Pain‐free DMN connectivity was measured with electroencephalography prior to 1 h of capsaicin‐evoked pain using a topical capsaicin patch on the right forearm. Pain intensity was assessed on a (0–10) numerical rating scale and the association between peak pain intensity and baseline measurements was examined using hierarchical multiple regression in 52 healthy volunteers (26 women). The baseline measurements consisted of catastrophizing (helplessness, rumination, magnification), vigilance, depression, negative and positive affect, sex, age, sleep, fatigue, thermal and mechanical pain thresholds and DMN connectivity (medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]‐posterior cingulate cortex [PCC], mPFC‐right angular gyrus [rAG], mPFC‐left Angular gyrus [lAG], rAG‐mPFC and rAG‐PCC).

Results

Pain‐free DMN connectivity increased the explained variance in peak pain intensity beyond the contribution of other factors (ΔR2 = 0.10, p = 0.003), with the final model explaining 66% of the variation (R2 = 0.66, ANOVA: p < 0.001). In this model, negative affect (β = 0.51, p < 0.001), helplessness (β = 0.49, p = 0.007), pain‐free mPFC‐lAG connectivity (β = 0.36, p = 0.003) and depression (β = −0.39, p = 0.009) correlated significantly with peak pain intensity. Interestingly, negative affect and depression, albeit both being negative mood indices, showed opposing relationships with peak pain intensity.

Conclusions

This work suggests that pain‐free mPFC‐lAG connectivity (at lower alpha) may contribute to individual variations in pain‐related vulnerability.

Significance

These findings could potentially lead the way for investigations in which DMN connectivity is used in identifying individuals more likely to develop chronic pain.
A staged approach to oromandibular reconstruction using the iliac crest free flap in the setting of bilateral failed fibula free flaps
Authors: Dowling Eric , Okay Devin J. , Saturno Michael P. , Greenberg Lily A. , Buchbinder Daniel , Urken Mark L.
Published: May 2023

Background

While a single‐stage free‐flap reconstruction is the preferred approach for oromandibular defects, a multistaged approach may be necessary in rare cases. These patients can still be effectively restored with functional and aesthetic improvements.

Methods

We report two cases with a history of bilateral failed fibula free flaps. We detail the multistaged reconstruction to repair these complex defects and discuss the considerations when planning such procedures.

Results

Both patients successfully underwent a staged reconstruction with an iliac crest osteocutaneous flap following either a rectus abdominis or pectoralis major myocutaneous flap.

Conclusion

Oromandibular reconstruction is an expected outcome in the contemporary management of oral cavity cancer and osteoradionecrosis. However, complications do occur and can be devastating. In cases of bilateral failed fibula free flaps, a staged approach is a favorable option. Moreover, the iliac crest provides an important reconstructive option with the documented potential for implant born dental rehabilitation.
Long‐term depression induction and maintenance across regions of the apical branch of CA1 dendrites
Authors: Parvez Suhel , Ramachandran Binu , Kaushik Medha , Tabassum Heena , Frey Julietta U.
Published: May 2023

Well known as the center for learning and memory, hippocampus is the crucial brain region to study synaptic plasticity in the context of cellular fundamental mechanisms such as long‐term depression (LTD) and long‐term potentiation (LTP). However, despite years of extensive research, the key to our LTD queries and their induction mechanisms has not been fully understood. Previously, we reported the induction of late‐LTD (L‐LTD) in the distally located synapses of apical branch of hippocampal CA1 dendrites using strong low‐frequency stimulation (SLFS). In contrast synapses at the proximal site could not express L‐LTD. Thus, in the present study, we wanted to investigate whether or not synapses of apical dendritic branch at the proximal location could induce and maintain LTD and its related properties in in vitro rat hippocampal slices. Results indicated that the SLFS in the distal and proximal region triggered the plasticity related proteins (PRP) synthesis in both regions, as evident by the induction and maintenance of L‐LTD in the distal region by virtue of synaptic and cross‐tagging. In addition, the application of emetine at the time of proximal input stimulation prevented the transition of early‐LTD (E‐LTD) into L‐LTD at the distal region, proving PRP synthesis at the proximal site. Further, it was observed that weak low‐frequency stimulation (WLFS) could induce E‐LTD in the proximal region along with LTD‐specific tag‐setting at the synapses. In conclusion, the current study suggests unique findings that the synaptic and cross‐tagging mediate L‐LTD expression is maintained in the proximal location of hippocampus apical CA1 dendrites.
Fertigation under different irrigation and nitrogen levels modulates the growth, physiology, nitrogen and fruit productivity of greenhouse tomato
Authors: Rasool Ghulam , Guo Xiangping , Wang Weiguang , Zhang Shuxuan
Published: May 2023

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of different nitrogen and irrigation levels in 2017 and 2018 (April–July) on greenhouse‐grown tomato considering irrigation water, growth, physiology and productivity parameters. A randomized block design with three replications and two factors, water (W1, 100% of the requirement; W2, 90%; W3, 70%) and nitrogen fertilizer (F1 225 kg/ha, F2 180 kg/ha), was established. The highest values of crop consumptive use (ET) were observed under the W1F1 treatment during both seasons (266 and 226 mm during 2017 and 2018, respectively). The highest values of stem and root biomass were also observed under W1F1 during both experimental seasons, followed by W1F2 and W2F1, without significant differences. Compared with W1F1, W1F2 and W2F1 had no significant difference, but other treatments decreased the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance significantly during both seasons. The highest irrigation level, W1, increased fruit yield under both nitrogen levels (W1F1 yielded 91 and 102 t ha−1, followed by W1F2, with 90 and 99 t ha−1 during 2017 and 2018, respectively). W2 increased fruit yield under higher nitrogen levels (F1) but decreased fruit yield under lower nitrogen levels (F2). W3 decreased yield drastically under both nitrogen levels. W3 significantly decreased water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency. The highest partial factor productivity values of 23% and 22% were obtained under W1F2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively, when compared with the control treatment. It was concluded that W1F2 could be the best strategy for improving greenhouse‐grown tomato productivity.
Antiviral effect of Favipiravir against Chandipura virus in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Pavitrakar Daya V. , Bondre Vijay P.
Published: May 2023

Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging encephalitic virus with outbreak potential in a pediatric population. It causes acute encephalitis, with clinical symptoms leading to death within 48–72 h and an alarmingly high case fatality rate up to 55%–78%. Despite the high mortality rate in children, no vaccines or antivirals are currently available; thus, repurposing licensed drugs seems to be one of the attractive therapeutic approaches. Among the various options available, Favipiravir emerged as a promising candidate, and its unique characteristics and clinical efficacy have garnered significant attention and demonstrated considerable potential in the fight against viral diseases. In the current study, we have evaluated the antiviral effect of Favipiravir against CHPV by Plaque reduction assay and viral growth kinetics assay in Vero cells and in vivo effect of drug treatment against lethal viral challenge was analysed in 10‐day‐old CD1 mice. A dose‐dependent reduction in CHPV plaque size and number was observed in Vero cells treated with Favipiravir, with an EC50 of 92.26 μM. Complete inhibition of CHPV replication was observed at 320 μM drug concentration and 50% cytotoxicity (CC50) at 4774 μM, indicating a high selectivity index 51.24. In vivo, studies in mice showed 100% survival with 300 mg/kg/day of Favipiravir given orally till seventh‐day postinfection. The study provides evidence of the antiviral activity of Favipiravir against CHPV infection, and further clinical evaluation may alleviate the associated mortality.
Foraminifera assemblages from Fantangisña serpentinite mud seamount in the NW Pacific Ocean during the Pleistocene (IODP Expedition 366)
Authors: Del Gaudio Arianna V. , Piller Werner E. , Auer Gerald , Kurz Walter
Published: May 2023

The Mariana forearc system, in the northwestern Pacific, is known as the only convergent margin setting with currently active serpentine mud volcanism. The Fantangisña serpentinite mud volcano lies 62 km west of the Mariana trench, within the influence of the North Equatorial Current (NEC). Cores recovered by International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 366 contain pelagic sediments overlying layered serpentinite mud deposits. At the bottom of the sequence, nannofossil‐rich forearc deposits were recovered from under the seamount edifice. In this study, we investigated 47 samples from Site U1498A on the southern flank of the seamount for benthic and planktonic foraminifera assemblages. Statistical analyses on planktonic assemblages differentiated two sample groups related to the ratio between thermocline/mixed layer taxa, which indicate fluctuations in the depth of the thermocline (DOT) during the Pleistocene. Variations in the DOT reflect changes in the intensity of the NEC associated with El Niño/La Niña conditions. Mudflows do not influence the ecology of planktonic foraminifera but possibly enhance their preservation against dissolution, which was instead detected in the pelagic deposit as suggested by commonGlobigerinoides conglobatus. Benthic foraminifers were rare in serpentinite mud deposits as they are severely affected by mudflows. Conversely, they showed high diversity pre‐/post‐mud‐volcanism, and indicate oligotrophic bottom‐water conditions.
High‐resolution stable isotope profiles from shells of the land snailPlacostylusreveal contrasting patterns between snails originating from New Zealand and New Caledonia
Authors: Quenu Mathieu , Judd Emily J. , Morgan‐richards Mary , Trewick Steven A. , Holt Katherine , Tyler Jonathan , Lorrey Andrew M.
Published: May 2023

The stable oxygen (δ18Oshell) and carbon (δ13Cshell) isotope ratios retrieved from the carbonate shell of terrestrial gastropods can be used as an environmental proxy and are thought to reflect dietary composition and ambient climatic conditions (e.g. precipitation amount, humidity, temperature). Here, we generate high‐resolution isotopic profiles of nine modern land snails of the genusPlacostylus, collected from two locations in New Caledonia and one location in New Zealand. We found that snails from New Zealand had, on average, higher δ18Oshellvalues than their counterparts in New Caledonia, which surprisingly runs counter to the expected relationship based on the isotopic composition of rainwater between these two regions. Specimens from New Caledonia exhibit ephemeral decreases in their δ18Oshellvalues, which could be linked to extreme precipitation events in this region, while snails from New Zealand have less variation in their δ18Oshellvalues. Snails from New Zealand had, on average, slightly higher δ13Cshellthan their counterparts in New Caledonia, but a large difference in carbon isotopes was sometimes observed between snails collected at the same location. Most snails exhibit a temporal trend in their δ13Cshellvalues, indicating potential shifts in diet through to maturity.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Gestational Weight Gain on the Early Postpartum Pelvic Floor Using Transperineal Ultrasound
Authors: Sun Shitian , Li Hua , Liu Meiyan , Shang Qingmei , Tan Qi , Yin Weihong
Published: May 2023

Objectives

We herein evaluated the effects of gestational weight gain (GWG) on postpartum pelvic floor function using transperineal ultrasound (TPUS).

Methods

We analyzed retrospectively the data from 228 primiparous women with singleton pregnancies who were evaluated for postpartum pelvic floor function between February 2022 and October 2022. According to the 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines regarding GWG, subjects were separated into three groups: inadequate GWG, recommended GWG, and excessive GWG. All underwent TPUS 6–10 weeks postpartum to assess bladder neck descent between rest and Valsalva (BND), retrovesical angle at Valsalva (RVA), urethral rotation angle between rest and Valsalva (URA), the area of levator hiatus at Valsalva (LHA), and abnormal pelvic floor function. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied to explore the association measures between GWG and the pelvic floor. A P‐value <.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the 228 primiparous women, 113 (49.6%) showed excessive GWG. Univariate analysis revealed that there were no statistical differences in ultrasonic parameters of the pelvic floor among the three groups (P > .05). After adjusting for potential confounders and using the recommended GWG group as a reference group, inadequate GWG was significantly associated with BND ≥25 mm (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.14–0.93), and excessive GWG was significantly associated with uterine prolapse (OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.13–6.92).

Conclusions

GWG was associated with the ultrasonic parameters of the female pelvic floor in the early postpartum period.
Two‐ Versus 8‐Zone Lung Ultrasound in Heart Failure: Analysis of a Large Data Set Using a Deep Learning Algorithm
Authors: Baloescu Cristiana , Chen Alvin , Varasteh Alexander , Toporek Grzegorz , McNamara Robert L. , Raju Balasundar , Moore Chris
Published: May 2023

Objective

Scanning protocols for lung ultrasound often include 8 or more lung zones, which may limit real‐world clinical use. We sought to compare a 2‐zone, anterior‐superior thoracic ultrasound protocol for B‐line artifact detection with an 8‐zone approach in patients with known or suspected heart failure using a deep learning (DL) algorithm.

Methods

Adult patients with suspected heart failure and B‐lines on initial lung ultrasound were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Subjects received daily ultrasounds with a hand‐held ultrasound system using an 8‐zone protocol (right and left anterior/lateral and superior/inferior). A previously published deep learning algorithm that rates severity of B‐lines on a 0–4 scale was adapted for use on hand‐held ultrasound full video loops. Average severities for 8 and 2 zones were calculated utilizing DL ratings. Bland–Altman plot analyses were used to assess agreement and identify bias between 2‐ and 8‐zone scores for both primary (all patients, 5728 videos, 205 subjects) and subgroup (confirmed diagnosis of heart failure or pulmonary edema, 4464 videos, 147 subjects) analyses.

Results

Bland–Altman plot analyses revealed excellent agreement for both primary and subgroup analyses. The absolute difference on the 4‐point scale between 8‐ and 2‐zone average scores was not significant for the primary dataset (0.03; 95% CI −0.01 to 0.07) or the subgroup (0.01; 95% CI −0.04 to 0.06).

Conclusion

Utilization of a 2‐zone, anterior‐superior thoracic ultrasound protocol provided similar severity information to an 8‐zone approach for a dataset of subjects with known or suspected heart failure.
The Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Using a Neural Network Based on Nasopharyngoscopic Images
Authors: Wang Shi‐Xu , Li Ying , Zhu Ji‐Qing , Wang Mei‐Ling , Zhang Wei , Tie Cheng‐Wei , Wang Gui‐Qi , Ni Xiao‐Guang
Published: May 2023

Objective

To construct and validate a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN)‐based artificial intelligence (AI) system for the detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using archived nasopharyngoscopic images.

Methods

We retrospectively collected 14107 nasopharyngoscopic images (7108 NPCs and 6999 noncancers) to construct a DCNN model and prepared a validation dataset containing 3501 images (1744 NPCs and 1757 noncancers) from a single center between January 2009 and December 2020. The DCNN model was established using the You Only Look Once (YOLOv5) architecture. Four otolaryngologists were asked to review the images of the validation set to benchmark the DCNN model performance.

Results

The DCNN model analyzed the 3501 images in 69.35 s. For the validation dataset, the precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score of the DCNN model in the detection of NPCs on white light imaging (WLI) and narrow band imaging (NBI) were 0.845 ± 0.038, 0.942 ± 0.021, 0.920 ± 0.024, and 0.890 ± 0.045, and 0.895 ± 0.045, 0.941 ± 0.018, and 0.975 ± 0.013, 0.918 ± 0.036, respectively. The diagnostic outcome of the DCNN model on WLI and NBI images was significantly higher than that of two junior otolaryngologists (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The DCNN model showed better diagnostic outcomes for NPCs than those of junior otolaryngologists. Therefore, it could assist them in improving their diagnostic level and reducing missed diagnoses.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:127–135, 2024
Feasibility of an Exoskeleton Armrest to Improve Ergonomics during Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Lobo David , Sancibrian Ramon , Mesones Angela , Llata José Ramón , Williams Monica , Viera‐Artiles Jaime
Published: May 2023

Objective

The main objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel exoskeleton system designed to provide ergonomic assistance to surgeons while preserving or improving the quality of endoscopic sinus and skull base surgical procedures.

Methods

To evaluate the functionality and ergonomic characteristics of the device, five experiments were conducted in different and increasingly realistic scenarios: silicone model of the nasal cavity, freshly frozen cadavers and finally in a real surgery. Each volunteer's task was recorded and timed. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) rating scale was used to estimate the surgeons' workload while performing the tasks.

Results

Twenty‐five volunteers took part in the experiments. Volunteers perceived more comfort and less fatigue and pain when using the armrest than when not using the device (3.3, SD 1.75 vs. 5.9 SD 1.49; p = 0.02). Participants found the device intuitive, comfortable, and improving accuracy and stability with endoscope use.

Conclusion

A new system that provides ergonomic assistance to surgeons was tested in simulation surgery with acceptable usability. Initial results in terms of pain and fatigue reduction and efficiency were excellent, justifying further research into this technology.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 134:79–86, 2024
Dimerization of Polyglutamine within the PRIME20 Model using Stochastic Approximation Monte Carlo
Authors: Lauer Christian , Paul Wolfgang
Published: May 2023

This study presents a numerical investigation of the dimerization of polyglutamine homo‐peptides of varying length. It employs the PRIME20 intermediate resolution protein model and studies it with a flat‐histogram type Monte Carlo simulation that gives access to the thermodynamic equilibrium of this model over the complete control parameter range (for the simulations this is temperature). For densities comparable to typical in vitro experimental conditions, this study finds that the aggregation and folding of the polyglutamine chains occur concurrently. However, as a function of chain length the sequence of establishment of intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding contacts changes. Chains longer than about N = 24 polyglutamine repeat units fold first and then aggregate. This agrees well with the experimental finding that, beyond N = 24 the single polyglutamine chain is the critical nucleus for the aggregation of amyloid fibrils. A finite size scaling of the ordering temperatures reveals that for this chain length (and longer chains) folding occurs at physiological (respectively larger) temperatures, whereas shorter chains are disordered at physiological conditions.
Bilanz Wacker 2022: Silikon und polykristallines Silizium
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2023

Der Konzern Wacker Chemie hat das Jahr 2022 mit Unternehmensbestwerten bei Umsatz und Ergebnis abgeschlossen. Alle Geschäftsbereiche haben zugelegt.
Bilanz Clariant 2022: Adsorbieren und katalysieren
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2023

Das Schweizer Spezialchemieunternehmen Clariant hat sich in drei Geschäftseinheiten organisiert. Der Umsatz ist gestiegen.
A systematic review of social processes and mechanisms in the community that influence risky sexual behaviour among adolescents and young adults
Authors: Yang Youngran , Jeong Jieun , Bae Sung‐Heui
Published: May 2023

Aims

To examine the associations between social processes and mechanisms within the community and risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents and young adults.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines and conducted a literature search in August 2020. From 11,216 identified articles, 605 were for full‐text screen. We used 24 articles, 22 after applying inclusion criteria and 2 manually searched relevant articles.

Results

Social processes and mechanisms within the community included collective efficiency and social support, community safety and community norm. Collective efficacy and social support and community safety were examined using 10 and 16 studies, respectively. We found that collective efficiency and social support, and community norms partially supported the occurrences of RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community safety displayed inconclusive relationships with RSB.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the importance of social processes and mechanisms within the community in preventing RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community‐based programs to improve community efficacy and social support would be effective strategies to reduce such RSB and to promote better reproductive health among adolescents and young adults.
Differential and sex‐ and age‐specific risks of cardiometabolic diseases with unrelated metabolic syndrome dimensions
Authors: Ao Linjun , Willems van Dijk Ko , van Heemst Diana , Noordam Raymond
Published: May 2023

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether independent dimensions of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components are associated differentially with incident cardiometabolic diseases.

Methods

Principal components analysis was performed using the five MetS components from 153,073 unrelated European‐ancestry participants (55% women) from the UK Biobank. The associations of the principal components (PCs) with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), coronary artery disease (CAD), and (ischemic) stroke were analyzed using multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards models in groups stratified by sex and baseline age.

Results

PC1 (40.5% explained variance; increased waist circumference with dyslipidemia) and PC2 (22.7% explained variance; hyperglycemia) were both associated with incident cardiometabolic disease. Hazard ratios for CAD and T2D were higher for PC1 than for PC2 (1.27 [95% CI: 1.25–1.29] vs. 1.06 [95% CI: 1.03–1.08] and 2.09 [95% CI: 2.03–2.16] vs. 1.39 [95% CI: 1.34–1.44], respectively). Furthermore, the association of PC1 with T2D was slightly higher for women than for men, and especially the HRs of PC1 with CAD and T2D attenuated with increasing age (p values for heterogeneity test among subgroups < 0.05).

Conclusions

MetS can be dissected into two distinct presentations characterized by differential sex‐ and age‐associated cardiometabolic disease risk, confirming the loss of information using the dichotomous MetS.
Finite element based modeling and simulation of an elastomer gear rim
Authors: Menning Johannes D.M. , Ewert Arthur , Prokopchuk Artem , Schlecht Berthold , Henke Markus , Wallmersperger Thomas
Published: May 2023

Jaw couplings have become an indispensable part for industrial applications. Besides the compensation of radial, axial and angular misalignments, they are crucial for the reduction of torque shocks in drive systems. However, due to the complex material behavior of the elastic gear rim, which is typically made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), there are few numerical models to describe the behavior of jaw couplings. In the present work, the material behavior of the gear rim is obtained by uniaxial loading‐unloading tests performed at different deformation rates and temperatures. By using experimental data, a hyperviscoelastic material model was fitted and a numerical model of a jaw coupling was realized in the finite element tool ABAQUS. Based on this model, (i) the relationship between torsion and torque as well as (ii) the deformation behavior of the gear rim was determined.
Efficient mapping of RNA‐binding residues in RNA‐binding proteins using local sequence features of binding site residues in protein‐RNA complexes
Authors: Agarwal Ankita , Kant Shri , Bahadur Ranjit Prasad
Published: May 2023

Protein‐RNA interactions play vital roles in plethora of biological processes such as regulation of gene expression, protein synthesis, mRNA processing and biogenesis. Identification of RNA‐binding residues (RBRs) in proteins is essential to understand RNA‐mediated protein functioning, to perform site‐directed mutagenesis and to develop novel targeted drug therapies. Moreover, the extensive gap between sequence and structural data restricts the identification of binding sites in unsolved structures. However, efficient use of computational methods demanding only sequence to identify binding residues can bridge this huge sequence‐structure gap. In this study, we have extensively studied protein‐RNA interface in known RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs). We find that the interface is highly enriched in basic and polar residues with Gly being the most common interface neighbor. We investigated several amino acid features and developed a method to predict putative RBRs from amino acid sequence. We have implemented balanced random forest (BRF) classifier with local residue features of protein sequences for prediction. With 5‐fold cross‐validations, the sequence pattern derived dipeptide composition based BRF model (DCP‐BRF) resulted in an accuracy of 87.9%, specificity of 88.8%, sensitivity of 82.2%, Mathew's correlation coefficient of 0.60 and AUC of 0.93, performing better than few existing methods. We further validated our prediction model on known human RBPs through RBR prediction and could map ~54% of them. Further, knowledge of binding site preferences obtained from computational predictions combined with experimental validations of potential RNA binding sites can enhance our understanding of protein‐RNA interactions. This may serve to accelerate investigations on functional roles of many novel RBPs.
Comparison of drip‐irrigated or injected allyl isothiocyanate against key soil‐borne pathogens and weeds
Authors: Zhang Yi , Fang Wensheng , Yan Dongdong , Ji Yutong , Chen Xinhua , Guo Anmin , Song Zhaoxin , Li Yuan , Cao Aocheng , Wang Qiuxia
Published: May 2023

BACKGROUND

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a soil biofumigant used for controlling soil‐borne pests that reduce the growth, quality, and yield of food crops. Its effectiveness against pathogens depends largely on its distribution in the soil, which is influenced mainly by the soil water content and application method. The distributions of AITC when injected with different moisture content or drip‐irrigated into soils were compared.

RESULTS

AITC injected at 50 g m−2 only diffused 10 cm deep in soil column with 5, 10 or 15% soil moisture content. The gas AITC peak concentration was 0.64 μg cm−3 at 5% moisture content. Diffusion was reduced when moisture content increased to more than 15%. The results of adsorption kinetics and release indicated that AITC's limited distribution was due to its low vapor pressure. AITC applied by drip irrigation at 7.5 g m−2 diffused 15 cm laterally and 30 cm deep where it reached concentrations of 0.022 μg cm−3 and 0.035 μg g−1, respectively. Some soil‐borne pathogens, nematodes and weed seeds closed to the point of AITC release were effectively controlled under drip irrigation, but efficacy decreased with increased distance. AITC applied by drip irrigation at 7.5 g m−2 and covered with PE film for 5 days provided a satisfactory efficacy against soil‐borne pathogens and weeds without any phytotoxicity.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicated that AITC applied by drip irrigation was more effective than injection, which will guide applicators on methods to optimize the application of AITC for efficient control of key pests and weeds. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Dynamic response and safety analysis of polyethylene pipeline under rockfall conditions
Authors: Yang Yuan‐Jian , Liu Gui‐Hua , Yu Peng , Huang Chao , Li Li
Published: May 2023

The safety of buried gas pipelines in mountainous cities is at risk due to potential hazards such as landslides and rock falls. To ensure the safety of pipelines, this paper develops a three‐dimensional dynamic response model to reveal the impact of rockfall radius, rockfall impact velocity, and pipe burial depth on the dynamic response of buried polyethylene pipelines (PE pipelines) under rockfall conditions. Subsequently, an orthogonal experimental design and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are performed to identify critical factors. Ultimately, a multi‐factor limit state equation is constructed to assess the safety of PE pipelines accordingly failure prevention actions for buried gas pipelines under the impact of rockfall is specified. Overall, this proposed method contributes to safety analysis of buried PE pipelines in rockfall‐prone areas.
Arenes and Heteroarenes C−H Functionalization Under Enabling Conditions: Electrochemistry, Photoelectrochemistry & Flow Technology
Authors: Murtaza Ayesha , Ulhaq Zia , Shirinfar Bahareh , Rani Sadia , Aslam Samina , Martins Guilherme M. , Ahmed Nisar
Published: May 2023

C−H bond functionalization generates molecular complexity in single‐step transformation. However, the activation of C−H bonds requires expensive metals or stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species. In many cases, they often require pre‐functionalization of starting molecules. Such pre‐activating measures cause waste generation and their separation from the final product is also troublesome. In such a scenario, reactions activating elements generating from renewable energy resources such as electricity and light would be more efficient, green, and cost‐effective. Further, incorporation of growing flow technology in chemical transformation processes will accelerate the safer accesses of valuable products. Arenes & heteroarenes are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals, natural products, medicinal compounds, and other biologically important molecules. Herein, we discussed enabling tools and technologies used for the recent C−H bonds functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes.
Konzeptioneller Rahmen der theoretischen Analyse
Authors: Katter Valentin
Published: May 2023

Die Zielsetzung des theoretischen Teils dieser Arbeit ergibt sich aus den ersten beiden Forschungsdesiderata des vorigen Abschnittes und liegt darin, eine didaktisch orientierte Sachanalyse durchzuführen und damit funktionsklassenspezifische Grundvorstellungen zum Sinus zu begründen und zu formulieren. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wird in diesem Abschnitt eine Begriffsklärung vorgenommen und dargelegt, worum es sich bei Grundvorstellungen und mathematischen Darstellungen, die als Träger von Grundvorstellungen aufgefasst werden können, aus didaktischer Sicht handelt. Anschließend wird die Entwicklung der didaktisch orientierten Sachanalyse in der Mathematikdidaktik geklärt und damit klargestellt, was unter einer didaktisch orientierten mathematischen Sachanalyse verstanden werden kann.
Didaktisch orientierte Sachanalyse der Trigonometrie
Authors: Katter Valentin
Published: May 2023

Die Herleitung von Grundvorstellungen durch eine didaktisch orientierte Sachanalyse ist ein in vieler Hinsicht offenes Forschungsfeld. Eine der wenigen Arbeiten die sich mit dieser Aufgabe auseinandersetzt, wurde von Salle und Clüver (2021) veröffentlicht und beschäftigt sich mit der Herleitung der Verhältnis- und Projektionsvorstellung des Sinus. Um die Ursprünge möglicher weiterer Grundvorstellungen zur Sinusfunktion auf normativer Ebene zu klären, wird in diesem Kapitel eine didaktisch orientierte Sachanalyse durchgeführt, wie sie in Abschnitt 3.4 beschrieben wurde.
Zusammenfassung und Perspektiven
Authors: Katter Valentin
Published: May 2023

Das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Durchführung einer didaktisch orientierten Sachanalyse zum Sinus in Hinblick auf die historische, logische und individuelle Genese der Trigonometrie. Dazu wurde zunächst auf die frühere und heutige Rolle der Trigonometrie im mathematischen Schulunterricht eingegangen, die einen Einblick in die intendierte individuelle Genese von Lernenden erlaubt. Anschließend wurde die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Trigonometrie nachgezeichnet und didaktisch reflektiert.
Über Partnerschaft und Macht
Authors: Ruppel Samantha
Published: May 2023

Dieses Buch setzt sich mit dem Element der Partnerschaft in der Zusammenarbeit von Akteur*innen der Friedensarbeit auseinander. Deswegen wird in diesem Kapitel zunächst dargestellt, was über partnerschaftliche Zusammenarbeit zwischen lokalen und internationalen beziehungsweise externen Akteur*innen in der Friedensarbeit bekannt ist. Mithilfe einer Geschichte aus der Forschung zum ZFD (unter einem partnerschaftlichen und machtkritischen Blickwinkel) wird zunächst ethnografisch und praxisnah auch dieses Thema beleuchtet und anschließend in den Diskurs um Macht eingeführt.
Fallauswahl
Authors: Ruppel Samantha
Published: May 2023

In diesem Kapitel wird zunächst die Fallauswahl der drei Länder in denen Forschung außerhalb Deutschland sattgefunden beleuchtet. Dies sind: Kenia, Liberia und Sierra Leone. Anschließend folgt ein kurzer allgemeiner Überblick über diese Länder, der kurz auf vergangene Konfliktlinien eingeht und auf solche Konflikte, die während der Forschung relevant waren. Abschließend wird die Situation der Zivilgesellschaft und insbesondere der Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) geschildert.
Background
Authors: Wu Lizhou , Zhou Jianting
Published: May 2023

Heavy rainfall in extreme climates often causes natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and debris flows. Rainfall-induced slope instabilities are major geological natural disasters (Glade in Environ Geol 35:160–174, 1998; Dai et al. in Eng Geol 51:279–290, 1999; Iverson in Water Resour Res 36:1897–1910, 2000; Lee and Pradhan in Landslides 4:33–41, 2007; Li et al. in Landslides 13:1109–1123, 2016a; Li et al. in Ecol Eng 91:477–486, 2016b; Wu et al. in Hydro-mechanical analysis of rainfall-induced landslides. Springer, 2020) that can result in considerable loss of life and damage to infrastructure. Extreme events such as storms, which are becoming more severe because of climate change, can trigger fatal landslides.
Slope Stability Analysis Based on Analytical and Numerical Solutions
Authors: Wu Lizhou , Zhou Jianting
Published: May 2023

Infiltration into soil slopes is a fundamental concern in civil engineering. Rainfall infiltration leads to changes in pore-water pressure and reduces matric suction in soils, making it one of the main triggers of slope failure (Ali et al. in Comput Geotech 61:341–354, 2014; Wu et al. in Hydro-mechanical analysis of rainfall-induced landslides. Springer, 2020). Slope instabilities caused by water infiltration are called rainfall-induced landslides (Xu and Zhang in Landslides 7:149–156, 2010; Wu et al. in Hydro-mechanical analysis of rainfall-induced landslides. Springer, 2020).
Mingling of the infrared and ultraviolet and the “cosmological constant” for interacting QFT in 2d
Authors: LeClair André
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We propose a proper definition of the vacuum expectation value of the stress energy tensor 〈0| Tμν| 0〉 for integrable quantum field theories in two spacetime dimensions, which is the analog of the cosmological constant in 4d. For a wide variety of models, massive or massless, we show$$ {\rho}_{\textrm{vac}}=-{m}^2/2\mathfrak{g} $$ρvac=−m2/2gexactly, where$$ \mathfrak{g} $$gis a generalized coupling which we compute andmis a basic mass scale. The kinds of models we consider are the massive sinh-Gordon and sine-Gordon theories and perturbations of the Yang-Lee and 3-state Potts models, pure$$ T\overline{T} $$TT¯perturbations of infra-red QFT’s, and UV completions of the latter which are massless flows between UV and IR fixed points. In the massive casemis the physical mass of thelightestparticle and$$ \mathfrak{g} $$gis related to parameters in the 2-body S-matrix. In some examplesρvac= 0 due to a fractional supersymmetry. For massless cases,mcan be a scale of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The “cosmological constant problem” generically arises in the free field limit$$ \mathfrak{g} $$g→ 0, thus interactions can potentially resolve the problem at least for most cases considered in this paper. We speculate on extensions of these results to 4 spacetime dimensions and propose$$ {\rho}_{\textrm{vac}}={m}^4/2\mathfrak{g} $$ρvac=m4/2g, however without integrability we cannot yet propose a precise manner in which to calculate$$ \mathfrak{g} $$g. Nevertheless, based on cosmological data onρvac, if$$ \mathfrak{g} $$g~ 1 then it is worth pointing out that the lightest mass particle is on the order of experimental values of proposed neutrino masses.
Splitting of doubly quantized vortices in holographic superfluid of finite temperature
Authors: Lan Shanquan , Li Xin , Mo Jiexiong , Tian Yu , Yan Yu-Kun , Yang Peng , Zhang Hongbao
Published: May 2023

Abstract

The temperature effect on the linear instability and the splitting process of a doubly quantized vortex is studied. Using the linear perturbation theory to calculate out the quasi-normal modes of the doubly quantized vortex, we find that the imaginary part of the unstable mode increases with the temperature till some turning temperature, after which the imaginary part of the unstable mode decreases with the temperature. On the other hand, by the fully non-linear numerical simulations, we also examine the real time splitting process of the doubly quantized vortex, where not only do the split singly quantized vortex pair depart from each other, but also revolve around each other. In particular, the characteristic time scale for the splitting process is identified and its temperature dependence is found to be in good agreement with the linear instability analysis in the sense that the larger the imaginary part of the unstable mode is, the longer the splitting time is. Such a temperature effect is expected to be verified in the cold atom experiments in the near future.
The shadow formalism of Galilean CFT2
Authors: Chen Bin , Liu Reiko
Published: May 2023

Abstract

In this work, we develop the shadow formalism for two-dimensional Galilean conformal field theory (GCFT2). We define the principal series representation of Galilean conformal symmetry group and find its relation with the Wigner classification, then we determine the shadow transform of local operators. Using this formalism we derive the OPE blocks, Clebsch-Gordan kernels, conformal blocks and conformal partial waves. A new feature is that the conformal block admits additional branch points, which would destroy the convergence of OPE for certain parameters. We establish another inversion formula different from the previous one, but get the same result when decomposing the four-point functions in the mean field theory (MFT). We also construct a continuous series of bilocal actions of MFT, and an exceptional series of local actions, one of which is the BMS free scalar model. We notice that there is an outer automorphism of the Galilean conformal symmetry, and the GCFT2 can be regarded as null defect in higher dimensional CFTs.
The S-matrix of 2D type 0B string theory. Part II. D-instanton effects
Authors: Balthazar Bruno , Rodriguez Victor A. , Yin Xi
Published: May 2023

Abstract

We study the effect of D-instantons on closed string scattering amplitudes in the two-dimensional type 0B string theory from the worldsheet perspective. We find that the contribution from a pair of D-instanton and anti-D-instanton to the closed string reflection amplitude, with a suitable contour prescription for the integration over the D-instanton moduli space, agrees with the corresponding leading non-perturbative corrections in the proposed dual matrix quantum mechanics. This analysis is further extended to thermal observables defined at finite temperature. The infrared divergence in charged processes is understood through the measure factor for charged D-instantons, and can be treated with spacetime dimensional regularization.
Maximal temperature of strongly-coupled dark sectors
Authors: Kolesova H. , Laine M. , Procacci S.
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Taking axion inflation as an example, we estimate the maximal temperature (Tmax) that can be reached in the post-inflationary universe, as a function of the confinement scale of a non-Abelian dark sector (ΛIR). Below a certain threshold ΛIR< Λ0 ∼ 2 × 10−8mpl, the system heats up to Tmax ∼ Λ0 > Tc, and a first-order thermal phase transition takes place. On the other hand, if ΛIR > Λ0, then Tmax ∼ ΛIR< Tc: very high temperatures can be reached, but there is no phase transition. If the inflaton thermalizes during heating-up (which we find to be unlikely), or if the plasma includes light degrees of freedom, then heat capacity and entropy density are larger, and Tmax is lowered towards Λ0. The heating-up dynamics generates a gravitational wave background. Its contribution to Neff at GHz frequencies, the presence of a monotonic ∼ $$ {f}_0^3 $$

f
0
3

shape at (10−4 – 102) Hz frequencies, and the frequency domain of peaked features that may originate via first-order phase transitions, are discussed.
On Iso-dense and Scattered Spaces without $$\textbf{AC}$$
Authors: Keremedis Kyriakos , Tachtsis Eleftherios , Wajch Eliza
Published: May 2023

A topological space is iso-dense if it has a dense set of isolated points, and it is scattered if each of its non-empty subspaces has an isolated point. In $$\textbf{ZF}$$
ZF
(i.e. Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice ($$\textbf{AC}$$
AC
)), basic properties of iso-dense spaces are investigated. A new permutation model is constructed, in which there exists a discrete weakly Dedekind-finite space having the Cantor set as a remainder; the result is transferable to $$\textbf{ZF}$$
ZF
. This settles an open problem posed by Keremedis, Tachtsis and Wajch in 2021. A metrization theorem for a class of quasi-metric spaces is deduced. The statement “Every compact scattered metrizable space is separable” and several other statements about metric iso-dense spaces are shown to be equivalent to the axiom of countable choice for families of finite sets. Results related to the open problem of the set-theoretic strength of the statement “Every non-discrete compact metrizable space contains an infinite compact scattered subspace” are also included.
Bounds for invariants of numerical semigroups and Wilf’s conjecture
Authors: D’Anna Marco , Moscariello Alessio
Published: May 2023

Given coprime positive integers $$g_1< \ldots < g_e$$

g
1

<
…
<

g
e

, the Frobenius number $$F=F(g_1,\ldots ,g_e)$$

F
=
F
(

g
1

,
…
,

g
e

)

is the largest integer not representable as a linear combination of $$g_1,\ldots ,g_e$$

g
1

,
…
,

g
e

with non-negative integer coefficients. Let n denote the number of all representable non-negative integers less than F; Wilf conjectured that $$F+1 \le e n$$

F
+
1
≤
e
n

. We provide bounds for $$g_1$$

g
1

and for the type of the numerical semigroup $$S=\langle g_1,\ldots ,g_e \rangle $$

S
=
⟨

g
1

,
…
,

g
e

⟩

in function of e and n, and use these bounds to prove that $$F+1 \le q e n$$

F
+
1
≤
q
e
n

, where $$q= \Bigg \lceil \frac{F+1}{g_1} \Bigg \rceil $$

q
=

⌈

F
+
1

g
1

⌉

, and $$F+1 \le e n^2$$

F
+
1
≤
e

n
2

. Finally, we give an alternative, simpler proof for the Wilf conjecture if the numerical semigroup $$S=\langle g_1,\ldots ,g_e \rangle $$

S
=
⟨

g
1

,
…
,

g
e

⟩

is almost-symmetric.
“Bone-SASP” in Skeletal Aging
Authors: Fang Ching-Lien , Liu Bin , Wan Mei
Published: May 2023

Senescence is a complex cell state characterized by stable cell cycle arrest and a unique secretory pattern known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP factors, which are heterogeneous and tissue specific, normally include chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, adhesion molecules, and lipid components that can lead to multiple age-associated disorders by eliciting local and systemic consequences. The skeleton is a highly dynamic organ that changes constantly in shape and composition. Senescent cells in bone and bone marrow produce diverse SASP factors that induce alterations of the skeleton through paracrine effects. Herein, we refer to bone cell-associated SASP as “bone-SASP.” In this review, we describe current knowledge of cellular senescence and SASP, focusing on the role of senescent cells in mediating bone pathologies during natural aging and premature aging syndromes. We also summarize the role of cellular senescence and the bone-SASP in glucocorticoids-induced bone damage. In addition, we discuss the role of bone-SASP in the development of osteoarthritis, highlighting the mechanisms by which bone-SASP drives subchondral bone changes in metabolic syndrome-associated osteoarthritis.