bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sümerlerde Kullanılan Ağırlık Ölçüm Aletleri ve Ağırlık Ölçüm Sistemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: Koçyiğit Şerife
Published: March 2022

Makalenin amacı Sumerlerin icat etmiş olduğu ağırlık ölçüm aletleri ve ağırlık ölçüm sistemi noktasında bilgi vermek ve gerek kendi dönemleri gerekse Akad, Babil, Asur ve günümüze yansıyan sosyal ekonomik bilimsel alanlardaki yeri ve önemini tespit etmektir. Bu makale içerisinde yöntem olarak sosyal ve ekonomik hayat çerçevesinde Sumerler tarafından icat edilip kullanılan ağırlık ölçüm aletleri ve ağırlık ölçüm sistemi üzerine çalışılmış olup gelecek medeniyetlere ve günümüz ağırlık ölçüm sistemine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. M.Ö. 10 Bin’li yıllarda insanlar avcı toplayıcı hayattan sıyrılarak yerleşik hayata geçmiş ve tarımsal faaliyetler artırılmış, hayvanlar evcilleştirilmiş, sosyal anlamda komşuluk ve bölgeler arası ticari ilişkiler geliştirilmiştir. Tarım ve ticaret faaliyetlerinin artması, bölgeler arasında yayılması elde edilen ve alım-satımı yapılan ürünlerin kayıt altına alma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. İlk başlarda değiş tokuş yani takas usulü ile alım-satım gerçekleştirilirken zamanla nüfusun artması, ürünlerin çoğalması takas usulünü yetersiz kılmış ve bazı sorunlar meydana gelmiştir. Özellikle ticari münasebetlerde alım-satım noktasında ürünlerin ölçüm bilgilerinin hesaplanamaması bazı karışıklıkların meydana gelmesine neden olmuştur. Bu sorunları aşmak için ise belirli bir standartlaştırmaya gidilmiştir. Dönemin bilimsel şartlarının yeterince gelişmemesinden ötürü ilk ağırlık ölçümlerinde yerleşik hayatın getirmiş olduğu tarımcılık noktasında elde edilen tahıl tanesi üzerinden bir hesaplama yapılmıştır. Mezopotamya coğrafyasında ağırlık ölçüm noktasında ilk ölçüm aletleri ve ölçü sistemi Sumerler tarafından icat edilmiştir. Ölçü birimlerinin kökeni Sumer Erken Hanedanları Dönemine dayanmakta olup her şehir, krallık ve ticaret loncaları kendi ihtiyaçlarına yönelik ölçü birimlerini kullanmışlardır. Ancak Akad Hanedanlığı döneminde bu durum değişmiştir. Akad Kralı Naram-Sin tarafından ortak bir ölçü birimi geliştirilmiştir. Akad Hanedanlığı döneminden sonra Naram-Sin’in standart ölçü birimleri kullanılmaktan vazgeçilse de III. Ur Döneminde Naram-Sin standart ölçü birimleri yeniden kullanılmaya başlanıp Babil, Asur medeniyetleri döneminde de ortak ölçü birimi olarak kullanılmaya devam edilmiştir. Babil, Asur ve Anadolu medeniyetleri de bu ağırlık ölçü sisteminden etkilenerek günümüze kadar ulaşmasını sağlamışlardır. Sumerlerin kullanmış olduğu ağırlık ölçüm aletleri arasında hayvan biçimli (zoomorfolojik) ağırlık, silindirik formlu ağırlık, oval (sfendonoid) formlu ağırlık, dikdörtgen ve küre(kubbe) biçimli geometrik ağırlık modelleri yer almıştır. Yine Sumerler tarafından ağırlık ölçüm sisteminin temelleri atılmış ve hesaplama noktasında ilk çalışmaları meydana getirmişlerdir.
Au-delà de l’apparence : les coulisses du travail sportif des pratiquantes de twirling bâton à travers le prisme de l’âge
Authors: Pouillaude Amélie
Published: March 2022

L’apprentissage du travail de l’apparence constitue une composante importante de la pratique du twirling bâton. Partant de ce constat, cet article donne à voir le corps idéal promu par l’institution sportive et met en récit les désajustements corporels éprouvés par les athlètes féminines face à l’avancée en âge. Prenant pour objet des jeunes femmes pratiquant à haut niveau et les discours de leur entraîneur·e·s, l’enquête ethnographique invite à penser la manière dont l’âge modifie les perceptions corporelles, dans la mesure où dans les sports artistiques l’apparence physique est implicitement appréciée par les juges.
Lutter contre la domination masculine dans la navigation à voile en milieu scolaire
Authors: Schmitt Anne , Sempé Gaëlle
Published: March 2022

Cet article propose une étude des rapports sociaux de sexe et de classe dans la voile légère scolaire. Reposant sur une enquête qualitative menée en France et en Californie, il met en lumière une répartition sexuée des tâches sur le bateau, fondée sur une hiérarchie entre les postes de barreur et d’équipier. Les garçons sont ainsi plus souvent barreurs et les filles équipières. Toutefois, en étudiant les trajectoires et les modes de socialisation de certain·e·s acteur·trice·s, leurs portraits sociologiques font émerger, dans les (re)plis de leurs expériences et dans le jeu de leurs dispositions, des individus pluriels parfois susceptibles de contester cette domination en faisant basculer la hiérarchie entre barreur et équipier.
Don, récit et vérité
Authors: Durand Pascal
Published: March 2022

« La Vérité est pour être donnée », énonçait Sartre dans Vérité et Existence (1948). Il en va de même du récit, relation d’événements imaginaires ou réels faite elle-même pour être rapportée à autrui. En ce sens, le récit est fondamentalement lié à des rituels microsociaux, au nombre desquels figurent les règles de l’hospitalité. Cette dimension anthropologique du récit, agencé en fiction ou donné pour vrai, est au cœur de L’Odyssée. Et elle se reformule, à travers le temps et les genres, jusque sur les pages du Coup de dés mallarméen. « On évite le récit », voulait le poète hanté par la « Fiction » et les formalités du jeu littéraire. Mais l’épopée du vers en crise, telle qu’elle se lit à même le « Poème », ne l’a pas évité.
Assouplissement de la législation de protection de l’emploi : plus d’attractivité ? plus de bien-être ?
Authors: Lecostey Sophie
Published: March 2022

Assouplir sa législation de protection de l’emploi (LPE) permet-il toujours à un pays d’augmenter son attractivité et/ou son bien-être ? Une LPE contraignante réduit la flexibilité productive des firmes domestiques mais leur confère en retour un avantage stratégique lorsque ce sont des firmes oligopolistiques se livrant une concurrence en quantités. Cependant, cet avantage stratégique est réduit par la flexibilité d’allocation (possibilité de répartir la production entre les différents marchés). La réforme peut alors avoir des effets inattendus tels qu’une délocalisation hors du pays qui assouplit sa LPE, une diminution de l’incitation de firmes étrangères à s’y relocaliser ou une perte de surplus collectif même en l’absence de relocalisation. Classification JEL  : F12, F16, L13
Une banque mutualiste peut-elle rester à la fois sociale et compétitive ? Le cas du Crédit populaire du Maroc
Authors: M’Rabet Rachid , Machrouh Fouad , Seffar Meriem , Figuigui Badr
Published: March 2022

Historiquement au service des artisans, des petites et moyennes entreprises, le Crédit populaire du Maroc, banque mutualiste, est confrontée, depuis quelques années, à une rude concurrence et à l’évolution des besoins de sa clientèle historique. À l’image des banques mutualistes européennes, le Crédit populaire du Maroc a été contraint de rechercher de nouvelles voies devant lui permettre d’améliorer sa performance et sa rentabilité. Ainsi, la Banque intègre de nouveaux métiers, développe ses activités de financement et d’investissement en direction des grandes entreprises et devient un acteur de référence en Afrique subsaharienne. En dépit de sa structure capitalistique unique au Maroc, le groupe bancaire affiche d’excellents indicateurs d’activité et de rentabilité. Une question se pose toutefois : le Crédit populaire du Maroc est-il resté fidèle à ses missions originelles d’inclusion financière, de bancarisation de la population à bas revenus, de financement des petits commerçants et de banque socialement responsable ?
A new anisotropic fourth-order diffusion equation model based on image features for image denoising
Authors: Wen Ying , Sun Jiebao , Guo Zhichang
Published: March 2022

Image denoising has always been a challenging task. For performing this task, one of the most effective methods is based on variational PDE. Inspired by the LLT model, we first propose a new adaptive LLT model by adding a weighted function, and then we propose a class of fourth-order diffusion equations based on the new functional. Owing to the adaptive function, the new functional is better than the LLT model and other fourth-order models in terms of edge preservation. While generalizing the Euler-Lagrange equation of the new functional, we discuss a new fourth-order diffusion framework for image denoising. Different from those of other fourth-order diffusion models, the new diffusion coefficients depend on the first-order and second-order derivatives, which can preserve edges and smooth images, respectively. Regarding numerical implementations, we first design an explicit scheme for the proposed model. However, fourth-order diffusion equations require strict stability conditions, and the number of iterations needed is considerable. Consequently, we apply the fast explicit diffusion algorithm (FED) to the explicit scheme to reduce the time consumption of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme is applied for the numerical implementation, and it is the most efficient among all of our algorithms. Finally, compared with other models, the new model exhibits superior effectiveness and efficiency.
Inverse boundary value problems for polyharmonic operators with non-smooth coefficients
Authors: Brown R.M. , Gauthier L.D.
Published: March 2022

We consider inverse boundary value problems for polyharmonic operators and in particular, the problem of recovering the coefficients of terms up to order one. The main interest of our result is that it further relaxes the regularity required to establish uniqueness. The proof relies on an averaging technique introduced by Haberman and Tataru for the study of an inverse boundary value problem for a second order operator.
Microstructural stability of a two-phase (O + B2) alloy of the Ti-25Al-25Nb system (at.%) during thermal cycling in a hydrogen atmosphere
Authors: Mukhamedova Nuriya ,   Branch "Institute of Atomic Energy" RSE NNC RK, Kurchatov, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kozhakhmetov Yernat , Skakov Mazhyn , Kurbanbekov Sherzod , Mukhamedov Nurzhan ,   East Kazakhstan Technical University named after D. Serikbayev, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Republic of Kazakhstan,   National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan,   H.A. Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan
Published: March 2022

In this work, the stability of the microstructure of the experimentally obtained two-phase (O + B2) alloy of the Ti–25Al–25Nb (at.%) system were studied during thermal cycling in a hydrogen atmosphere. It was found that the two-phase structure (O + B2) of the alloy of the Ti–Al–Nb system shows high thermodynamic stability. In this case, phase transformations of secondary phases (α2, AlNb2) are observed in the microstructure of the alloy, the volumetric content of which at all stages of testing does not exceed 2%. Thus, after the first cycle of high-temperature exposure, single inclusions of the α2 phase precipitate, while in the areas enriched in Ti and Al, due to the redistribution of Nb, a new colony of the α2 phase is observed. After five test cycles, it was found that large accumulations of the α2 colony, due to the α2 → B2 phase transformations, form new micron-sized grains of the B2 phase. A volumetric accumulation of nanosized precipitates of the AlNb2 phase was found near the triple joints of the grain boundaries of the B2 phase after 10 cycles of thermal exposure, which is caused by the supersaturation of B2 grains with niobium.
Analysis of the generalized fractional differential system
Authors: Tang Jianhua ,   Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China, Yin Chuntao ,   Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we study the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution of the fractional differential system with the generalized fractional derivative. First, the solution of the generalized fractional differential system is obtained by the transformation method. Based on the fixed point theorems, we establish the existing and unique theories of the solution. Furthermore, the sufficient criteria of local stabilities of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and $ n $ -dimensional linear generalized fractional differential systems are dealt with. In addition, the linearization and stability theorems of the nonlinear generalized fractional differential systems are discussed. Finally, we take the generalized fractional Chen system as an example to illustrate the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Dynamical behavior of tumor-immune system with fractal-fractional operator
Authors: Farman Muhammad ,   Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Lahore, Lahore-54590, Pakistan, Ahmad Aqeel , Akgül Ali , Saleem Muhammad Umer , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Vijayakumar Velusamy ,   Department of Mathematics, Ghazi University, D. G. Khan, Pakistan,   Art and Science Faculty, Department of Mathematics, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, Turkey,   Department of Mathematics, University of Education, Lahore-54590, Pakistan,   Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Wadi Aldawaser, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia,   Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamilnadu, India
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the dynamical behavior of the fractional-order cancer model has been analyzed with the fractal-fractional operator, which discretized the conformable cancer model. The fractional-order model consists of the system of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Also, we discuss the fractional-order model to check the relationship between the immune system and cancer cells by mixing IL-12 cytokine and anti-PD-L1 inhibitor. The tumor-immune model has been studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively via Atangana-Baleanu fractal-fractional operator. The nonlinear analysis is used to check the Ulam-Hyres stability of the proposed model. Moreover, the dynamical behavior for the fractional-order model has been checked by using a fractal-fractional operator with a generalized Mittag-Leffler Kernel and verifying the effect of fractional parameters. Finally, the obtained solutions are interpreted biologically, and simulations are carried out to illustrate cancer disease and support theoretical results, which will be helpful for further analysis and to control the effect of cancer in the community.
A combination therapy of oncolytic viruses and chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a mathematical model proof-of-concept
Authors: Mahasa Khaphetsi Joseph ,   Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho, Ouifki Rachid , Eladdadi Amina , Pillis Lisette de ,   Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, North-West University, Mafikeng campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa,   The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY, USA,   Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA, USA
Published: March 2022

Combining chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has recently emerged as a promising treatment approach in preclinical studies that aim to alleviate some of the barriers faced by CAR-T cell therapy. In this study, we address by means of mathematical modeling the main question of whether a single dose or multiple sequential doses of CAR-T cells during the OVs therapy can have a synergetic effect on tumor reduction. To that end, we propose an ordinary differential equations-based model with virus-induced synergism to investigate potential effects of different regimes that could result in efficacious combination therapy against tumor cell populations. Model simulations show that, while the treatment with a single dose of CAR-T cells is inadequate to eliminate all tumor cells, combining the same dose with a single dose of OVs can successfully eliminate the tumor in the absence of virus-induced synergism. However, in the presence of virus-induced synergism, the same combination therapy fails to eliminate the tumor. Furthermore, it is shown that if the intensity of virus-induced synergy and/or virus oncolytic potency is high, then the induced CAR-T cell response can inhibit virus oncolysis. Additionally, the simulations show a more robust synergistic effect on tumor cell reduction when OVs and CAR-T cells are administered simultaneously compared to the combination treatment where CAR-T cells are administered first or after OV injection. Our findings suggest that the combination therapy of CAR-T cells and OVs seems unlikely to be effective if the virus-induced synergistic effects are included when genetically engineering oncolytic viral vectors.
Dynamics and approximation of positive solution of the stochastic SIS model affected by air pollutants
Authors: Zhou Qi ,   School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China, Yuan Huaimin , Zhang Qimin ,   School of Information Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we develop a stochastic susceptible-infective-susceptible (SIS) model, in which the transmission coefficient is a function of air quality index (AQI). By using Markov semigroup theory, the existence of kernel operator is obtained. Then, the sufficient conditions that guarantee the stationary distribution and extinction are given by Foguel alternative, Khasminsk$\check{\rm l}$ function and Itô formula. Next, a positivity-preserving numerical method is used to approximate the stochastic SIS model, meanwhile for all $ p > 0 $, we show that the algorithm has the $ p $th-moment convergence rate. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the corresponding theoretical results.
Performance of hemp-FRCM-strengthened beam subjected to cyclic loads
Authors: Mercedes L. , Mendizábal V. , Bernat-Maso E. , Gil L.
Published: March 2022

Fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are materials that are usually applied to strengthen existing structures. In this study, a hemp mesh coated with epoxy was manufactured and combined with a cementitious matrix to strengthen a concrete beam. This beam was subjected to bending cyclic loading tests and a nondestructive modal analysis test. The modal analysis was performed to determine the dynamic elastic properties of the beam under pre-cracking, post-cracking, and strengthened conditions. The beam stiffness increased following strengthening with hemp-FRCM. The results of the experimental cyclic loading test showed that the hemp-FRCM system improved the load-bearing capacity of the beam at the service limit state by 42%. Analytical and numerical models were adjusted and validated using the experimental results, and both proved to be effective calculation tools. The models accurately reproduced the behaviour of the FRCM-strengthened concrete beam if the strengthening connection could prevent sliding and mortar debonding failures.
La Romanisation de l’Illyrie méridionale et de la Chaônie
Authors: Shpuza Saimir
Published: March 2022

La romanisation est pour les archéologues une question complexe qui touche tant à la notion d’identité qu’aux problèmes inhérents à l’interprétation des témoins de la culture matérielle. Durant les vingt dernières années, l’étude de la romanisation s’est enrichie de bon nombre de publications importantes traitant de presque toutes les provinces de l’Empire romain, marquant une avancée significative dans l’élucidation des modalités diverses de ce processus. Le territoire retenu comme objet d’étude par le présent travail se situe à la charnière des provinces balkano-danubiennes et grecques. Le matériel archéologique disponible, à la fois volumineux et diversifié (monnaies, céramiques, inscriptions), confronté aux structures urbaines mises au jour par les fouilles et à la dynamique de l’habitat rural permet de renouveler nos connaissances de plusieurs aspects de la vie quotidienne durant la période romaine. L’examen de l’ensemble de ces éléments permet d’offrir non seulement de nouvelles analyses de caractère archéologique, mais également une synthèse historique dont l’objectif essentiel est la mise en évidence du processus d’intégration des Illyriens et des Épirotes à l’Empire romain et qui marque alors leur civilisation.
L’Architecture morte ou vive
Authors: Dubourg-Glatigny Pascal
Published: March 2022

Quelques mois après l’élection de Benoît XIV, les architectes de la Fabrique de Saint-Pierre de Rome engagèrent une série d’enquêtes de stabilité sur la coupole de la basilique. Elle présentait, depuis longtemps déjà, de nombreuses fissures. L’inquiétude s’étendit à la curie et, à l’automne 1742, elle était à son paroxysme. Le pape commanda alors une expertise à des savants réputés mais étrangers au microcosme romain de l’architecture. Les résultats de leurs travaux, présentés lors d’un spectacle de démonstration scientifique mettant en scène la maquette de Michel Ange restaurée pour l’occasion, ne firent que déclencher une onde de protestations qui s’étendit sur plusieurs années. La querelle initiale, confinée dans les cercles du palais apostolique, se constitua rapidement en une controverse scientifiquement argumentée qui traversa avec une grande violence les catégories professionnelles et les clans intellectuels.
Cependant, la richesse du dossier montre qu’il ne peut être réduit à un simple débat policé sur des questions techniques. Il fait apparaître la très grande diversité de conceptions sur l’architecture en vigueur dans la Rome du milieu du XVIIIe siècle, motivées par des positions identitaires, intellectuelles, religieuses et politiques discordantes.
Distribution géographique des entrepôts, localisations, réseaux : étude de cas
Authors: Carre Marie-Brigitte , Laudani Simona
Published: March 2022

Ce chapitre se propose d’examiner, sur la longue durée, la localisation géographique des entrepôts : au cœur des villes ou des ports, sur les nœuds routiers et aux ruptures de charge, leur position, leur hiérarchie et leur emprise spatiale reflètent les choix politiques de gestion des revenus agraires et les équilibres économiques et institutionnels des États dans lesquels ils s’inscrivent. Ces choix se retrouvent sur la très longue durée, mais dans une continuité non linéaire. Les particularités, sensibles selon les contextes et les époques historiques, ont ainsi conduit à des présentations séparées pour l’Antiquité et l’époque moderne, avant de tenter de mettre en évidence les parallèles dans la conclusion. Dans la mesure où les plus grandes villes (Rome, Byzance, Madrid, Naples) ont déjà fait l’objet d’enquêtes, cette synthèse envisage des zones périphériques et récemment étudiées de l’empire romain, en Cisalpine, Lycie et Afrique ; pour la période moderne sont évoqués les exemples de la Sicile, de Venise et de Madrid.
Stockage et techniques de conservation des grains
Authors: Geraci Giovanni , Marin Brigitte
Published: March 2022

La régulation par les stocks, et par conséquent les réserves publiques, qui caractérisent les annones dans les espaces de l’Europe méridionale et de la Méditerranée, nécessitait des opérations complexes et le plus souvent coûteuses, pour que les grains conservés restent consommables. Les modes de conservation des céréales sont étudiés en soulignant la continuité des problèmes qu’ils soulèvent de l’Antiquité à nos jours. De nombreux facteurs (biologiques, chimiques, physiques) entrent en jeu, depuis les conditions de la récolte et la nature de la denrée, jusqu’aux modalités de l’entreposage, à l’état des équipements et à la gestion des stocks. L’observation des conditions de conservation, des types de construction utilisés pour le stockage, des contraintes et des avantages des différents systèmes en usage est conduite depuis l’Antiquité, sur la base des données fournies par les auteurs anciens, jusqu’au XVIIIe siècle. À cette époque, de nouvelles expérimentations, destinées à améliorer les procédés traditionnels de conservation des grains (ventilation, étuvage, silos de surface), retiennent l’attention des économistes et des agronomes, comme en témoignent quelques études de cas en Italie du Sud.
Fonctionnement administratif et économique
Authors: Corritore Renzo P. , Marin Brigitte , Virlouvet Catherine
Published: March 2022

L’étude des structures de propriétés et de l’administration des entrepôts sur la longue durée permet de nuancer une vision qui ferait des autorités politiques les protagonistes presque uniques de la gestion de grandes quantités de céréales conservées, et de mieux comprendre comment s’articulaient entre elles, en fonction de la conjoncture, selon les lieux et les époques, différentes formes d’emmagasinage, au service des approvisionnements publics. L’attention portée aux personnels qui en assuraient l’organisation éclaire les mécanismes délicats de gestion des stocks. Les entrepôts, sièges d’activités commerciales et financières, ont joué un rôle central dans le fonctionnement d’un marché économique d’une grande complexité. Les modalités de gestion des bâtiments et des réserves céréalières, les interventions sur le marché qui reposaient sur la possession de ces entrepôts et les acteurs impliqués dans ces systèmes varient en fonction des zones géographiques et des périodes.
Des délits et des peines
Authors: Beccaria Cesare
Published: March 2022

Il n’est point de liberté dès lors que les lois permettent que dans certaines occasions l’homme cesse d’être une personne et devienne une chose : vous verrez alors l’industrie du puissant tout employée à faire sortir de la foule des combinaisons civiles celles que la loi tourne en sa faveur.
Cesare Beccaria, Des délits et des peines, 1764-1766

Qu’est-ce qu’une peine juste, qui a le droit de punir et comment punir avec justice ? Beccaria répond que les principes et les lois du droit pénal doivent pouvoir se déduire d’un contrat social lui-même fondé sur le plus grand bonheur du plus grand nombre. Cette réponse le conduit au cœur des dilemmes de la modernité juridique : droit naturel ou utilitarisme, principes de justice ou calcul des conséquences.
Le présent volume se compose de trois ensembles : une introduction retrace d’abord la genèse et le destin d’un livre resté célèbre pour avoir, le tout premier dans l’histoire, combattu la peine de mort ; une nouvelle traduction française, accompagnée d’un texte original lui-même nouvellement établi par Gianni Francioni, invite à le lire ou le relire au plus près de sa forme d’origine ; un appareil de notes, enfin, propose des instruments pour interpréter le texte et s’aventurer dans les sentiers qui bifurquent de ses significations.
Itinéraires de l’histoire du droit à la diplomatie culturelle et à l’histoire coloniale
Authors: Lafon Jacques
Published: March 2022

Le 19 novembre 1999, le professeur Jacques Lafon décédait brutalement au Caire où il dirigeait l’Institut du droit des affaires internationales.

Au cours d’une brillante carrière universitaire en qualité de professeur agrégé aux universités de Dijon, de Versailles-Saint- Quentin et Paris-I, Jacques Lafon avait bâti une œuvre reconnue dans les domaines de l’histoire du droit privé et de l’histoire de l’administration. Mais à plusieurs reprises, l’exercice de fonctions diplomatiques, comme conseiller culturel auprès de l’ambassade de France en Turquie, aux Pays-Bas et en Syrie l’avait engagé aussi sur des voies originales : l’histoire des relations juridiques entre la France et l’Empire ottoman, la diplomatie culturelle et l’histoire du droit colonial. De ses itinéraires croisés, Jacques Lafon a tiré, au cours des quinze dernières années de sa vie, la matière de nombreuses contributions à des revues et à des colloques, dont certaines forment les linéaments d’ouvrages en projet.

Un groupe de collègues et d’amis a pensé que la meilleure manière de rendre hommage à la mémoire du professeur Jacques Lafon était de réunir ces études en y ajoutant des inédits.

Les lecteurs pourront ainsi apprécier l’exceptionnelle qualité et l’originalité de la réflexion d’un intellectuel passionné par le Proche- Orient et riche d’une triple expérience d’historien, de juriste et de diplomate.
Rôle des environnements dans les origines et l’évolution de la bipédie chez les hominidés : exemple des zones boisées sèches de l’Afrique
Authors: Senut Brigitte
Published: March 2022

Dans la littérature, il a souvent été fait référence aux environnements dans lesquels nos ancêtres ont vécu en insistant sur les requis alimentaires et/ou l’importance des comportements dans ces milieux, plus ou moins boisés. Peu de travaux ont toutefois été réalisés sur leurs structures et leur impact sur l’origine de la bipédie. Si la savane ouverte n’est plus aujourd’hui reconnue comme un bon milieu originel, les forêts sèches concentrent plus l’attention et en leur sein, la structure des miombos offre une possibilité intéressante pour comprendre l’acquisition de la marche érigée. Cette forme de végétation agencée en grands arbres à tronc verticaux éloignés les uns des autres, peut avoir favorisé une forme de locomotion associant une forme de bipédie et de grimper chez les ancêtres des australopithèques et des hommes. Ces précurseurs, différents des chimpanzés et des hommes dans leur anatomie et leurs proportions, grimpaient aux arbres de manière différente, probablement sans un hallux aussi divergent que celui des chimpanzés. Accéder aux ressources alimentaires nécessite de passer à terre d’un arbre à l’autre, mais il faut aussi diversifier son alimentation en fonction de la saisonnalité et peut-être aussi y ajouter d’autres éléments plus coriaces. On soupçonne que les miombos dont la limite septentrionale est le nord de la Tanzanie, ont été plus développés dans le Miocène et étaient donc répandus dans les zones où furent découverts les premiers représentants de notre lignée.
0.35 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging findings in a cohort of 399 seizure patients. Experience from a single centre in Nigeria
Authors: Ezeala-Adikaibe Birinus A. , Oti Bibiana , Ohaegbulam Samuel C. , Okwuonodulu Okwudili , Ndubuisi Chika
Published: March 2022

Epilepsy/seizures are major indications for brain imaging in clinical neurology. Structural lesions that may cause seizures are numerous and are defined using various neuroimaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging. The resolution of MRI allows for better fine ultra-structural lesions delineation. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern and frequency of structural brain lesions in MRI of patients with seizures and no clinically evident focal neurological signs. This was a retrospective, descriptive study carried out in a private hospital in Enugu, South East Nigeria to review all MRI results of patients who presented with seizures without clinical evidence of focal neurologic deficits. The MRI reports of two-third of the patients (47.9%) revealed focal lesions and about a third of the patients (32.2%) had normal findings. The structural lesions reported were mostly brain tumors (16%), stroke (9.5%), central nervous system infections (6.5%), brain malformation (6%) and encephalomalacia/gliosis (5%). Frequency of focal lesions clearly increased with age. Young patients were mostly associated with normal findings. Brain tumors and stroke were noted to occur more in the middle and aged patients respectively. Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging remains a useful tool in the workup of patients with seizures without neurologic deficits. Treatable lesions can easily be revealed using this imaging modality.
Digital Tools for Assessing Disease Severity in Dermatology
Authors: Modasia Khushboo H. , Kaliyadan Feroze
Published: March 2022

Innumerable scoring systems have been introduced to measure the disease severity of various dermatological conditions. The development of such scores has proved to be beneficial to assess disease progression and treatment effectiveness in the context of dermatological research. However, these scoring systems tend to be time consuming, monotonous, and hence often difficult to use during overburdened routine clinical consultations, especially when it is in the form of a paper-based system. Many of the scoring systems are now available in the digital form, such as smart phone apps. This aids to calculate effortlessly and reduces human errors associated with paper-based formats. Various calculators like Psoriasis Area Severity Index calculators, Severity Scoring Of Atopic Dermatitis, and Melasma Area Severity Index have been introduced in the digital format for a quicker, efficient quality of work and uncomplicated data storage. This review highlights and discusses some of the digital tools available at present for severity scoring in dermatology.
Clinico-investigative Study of Facial Acanthosis Nigricans
Authors: Shah Vrutika H. , Rambhia Kinjal D. , Mukhi Jayesh I. , Singh Rajesh P. , Kaswan Pradeep
Published: March 2022

Background:

Facial acanthosis nigricans (FAN) is an underrecognized and underdiagnosed entity. The typical presentation of acanthosis nigricans (AN) seen elsewhere on the body like axillae and groins is not seen on the face, making it mimic other pigmentary disorders. Moreover, FAN is seldom not accompanied with AN on the classical sites making the diagnosis challenging. The aims of this study were to determine clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological features of FAN and to estimate the prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance (IR) in FAN.

Methods:

Forty cases of FAN and forty healthy nonobese individuals with comparable ages and gender were included in the study. Body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, and serum fasting lipid levels were used to evaluate obesity, whereas serum fasting insulin and Homeostatic Model of Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were used to evaluate IR. Dermoscopy was performed in all cases. Histopathological features of the skin biopsies were reviewed.

Results:

Out of the 40 cases, 24 were male and 16 were female. The patterns of facial pigmentation in addition to the classic pattern were a hyperpigmented band over forehead (55%), periorbital darkening (25%), perioral (10%), and generalized darkening (10%). Dermoscopy in all cases revealed linear crista cutis, sulcus cutis, and hyperpigmented dots in crista cutis. Biopsy of 20 cases showed mild hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, papillomatosis, and increase in basal melanin. Clinico-dermoscopic-histological correlation showed that milder (light brown) variants of FAN had follicular plugging and subtle sulci pattern with irregular brown globules and perifollicular pigmentation on dermoscopy and mild hyperkeratosis and hypermelanization of the basal layer with minimal acanthosis and papillomatosis on histopathology. On the other hand, chronic variants (dark brown and black) showed prominent sulci, larger brown globules, and perifollicular hyperpigmentation on dermoscopy and moderate hyperkeratosis and hypermelanization of the basal layer with moderate to severe acanthosis and papillomatosis on histopathology. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, fasting serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol were statistically significantly high in cases in comparison with controls (P-value <0.05).

Conclusions:

Varied clinical presentations of FAN were observed. Dermoscopy and histopathology provide a good aid. FAN may be considered as a cutaneous marker of obesity and IR. Thus, FAN should be suspected in patients presenting with facial melanosis who are obese and have AN over other sites, although FAN can also present de novo.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and Some Prescribed Medicines
Authors: Ugwueze Chidiebere V. , Ezeude Chidiebele M. , Abonyi Chinweuba M. , Nwatu Chidimma B. , Ukwaja Kingsley N. , Young Ekenechukwu E.
Published: March 2022

Recently, there have been notices of drug recalls by different pharmaceutical companies. This is based on the finding of high level of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in such medications. These medications are useful in the management of some diseases which affect a significant percentage of the population. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the chemical substance (NDMA), the sources, mechanisms, and the effects it can pose on the users of implicated medications. It is also important to consider the possible ways to avert the entry of NDMA into the medications. The substance, NDMA, has been found to be present as an impurity in high concentration in certain drugs, especially metformin slow release, valsartan and ranitidine. The approved healthy daily intake of NDMA by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is about 96 ng. However, the concentrations of NDMA found in these drugs were exceptionally high which led to their recall. The high level of NDMA may arise from contamination, direct synthetic process, or from the degradation process of the medicine. Chromatography is the best detection modality of NDMA. The carcinogenic risk is the most feared effect of accumulated NDMA beyond the acceptable limit. On the basis of the frequent recalls of these medications, it is therefore imperative that pharmacists, pharmacologists, and physicians are acquainted with the sources of NDMA. This is in view of the serious risk it can pose to patients’ safety and quality of life. These concerns have given rise to this review article.
Positive mental health on Indian track
Authors: Ambhore Satish A. , Kumar Satishchandra
Published: March 2022

Background:

The present research aimed to propose a positive mental health model in relation to occupational stress and coping styles among train drivers of Indian railways.

Methods:

Sample (N = 300) in the age group of 21–59 years, with 40 years of mean age, and the job experience ranged from 3 to 40 years with a mean of 15 years was undertaken through purposive sampling technique. The sample also had a proper representation of the sociodemographic background. The survey-based research design with an empirical approach was used in the present study.

Results:

The structural equation model revealed the positive mental health of train drivers negatively associated with the experience of occupational stress. Their flourishing state has supported the positive effect of problem-focused coping and the negative effect of social support. However, this relationship with work stress was absent. Through moderation effect, problem-focused coping style strengthens the inverse association between occupational stress and positive mental health. This effect was equivalent across all living areas and income groups at the model as well as the path levels.

Conclusions:

This study revealed that train drivers who engaged in problem-focused coping could better handle organizational role stress and benefit from improved mental well-being. Therefore, many failures in the railway caused by human error emphasize the importance of this preventive strategy.
Scholastic performance and ambitions in retropositive and vulnerable pediatric patients
Authors: Saraswat Neerja , Yadav Prateek , Singal Ankit
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

It is widely recognized that HIV epidemic has a negative impact on retropositive pediatric patients. However, at present, the school performance and ambitions in retropositive and vulnerable pediatric patients from India are lacking.

Aims:

The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association between scholastic performance and ambitions in retropositive and vulnerable status in pediatric patients.

Materials and Methods:

Case–control study was conducted over a period of 2 years. Forty-two retropositive, vulnerable, and equal age- and gender-matched controls between the age of 6 and 16 years were included. All children or parents were enquired about performance, attendance, grades in last academic year, and their ambitions in life. The data were collected in a prevalidated questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.

Results:

A total 42 children between the age of 6 and 16 years were included. Twenty-seven (64.3%) were males and 15 (35.7%) females. Eleven (26.2%) were retropositive, 27 (64.3%) had one infected parent, and 4 (9.5%) patients had both the parents retropositive. Twelve (28.5%) cases failed their previous academic years compared to 1 (2.3%) control. Only 2 (4.7%) had attendance more than 90% in cases as compared to 18 (42.8%) among controls. Twenty-one (50%) attributed feeling of isolation as a cause of poor academic performance, while none of the controls did the same. There was a significant association between poor grades and poor attendance at school and retropositive (P < 0.001). The odds ratio of feeling of isolation was 1.62.

Conclusion:

Retropositive and vulnerable status significantly affect the academic performance and ambitions in these children.
Barriers to treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders in industrial workers
Authors: Sachdeva Ankur , Ali Enub , Singh Jai Mehar
Published: March 2022

Background:

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are common among industrial workers and often lead to higher absenteeism and lower productivity. Multiple factors may be responsible for hindering the treatment of SUDs among industrial workers.

Objective:

The study was planned to assess the barriers to treatment of SUDs among workers employed in organized industries and factories.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional study done at a tertiary care hospital associated with medical college in Delhi NCR. A total of 200 participants presenting to medicine outpatient department for the treatment of illnesses other than SUDs were selected by systematic random sampling. Participants consenting for inclusion and fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, 5th edition criteria for substance dependence were assessed using barriers to treatment inventory and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7.0.2.

Results:

The most commonly reported barriers to seeking treatment were time conflict (99.5%), followed by the absence of problem (80.5%), fear of treatment (68%), and negative social factors (49%). The absence of problem as a major barrier was reported significantly more in younger male participants, whereas fear of treatment was reported more in younger and unmarried females. Privacy concerns showed significant association with older females whereas negative social support was associated with married urban males. Alcohol dependence was observed to be significantly more in barriers such as admission difficulty, poor treatment availability, privacy concern absence of problem, and poor treatment availability and admission difficulty as a barrier was observed to be more in mild severity of illness.

Conclusion:

Educating employees through company wellness programs, Employee Assistance Program, and Work/Life programs to educate them about the harmful effect of substance use and various treatment availability options. Efforts should be made to reduce stigma in the workplaces, making necessary amendments so as to allow workers to have sufficient time for proper rehabilitative services and to ensure the patient about the privacy and confidentiality of the illness and treatment.
Daily waiting time management for modern radiation oncology department in Indian perspective
Authors: Gagan Saini , Padhi Sanjukta , Patro Kanhu Charan , Shukla Rashmi , Shukla Sujit Kumar , Arora Deepak , Singh Thomas Ranjit , Kundu Chitaranjan , Bhattacharya P. S. , Krishna Ventakata , Madhur Palla
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Radiation therapy is one of the most technically sophisticated branch of medical sciences which caters to very ill patients, some of whom may be terminally ill. Since patients are treated on an outpatient basis which requires daily visit to hospital for a number of days, it can make them sensitive toward any increase in waiting time for their radiation treatment. This could be a source of stress for them. However, given the technical sophistication involved and varied clinical profile of patients, some amount of delay is inevitable.

Aim & Objective:

To compile and suggest strategies to manage patient waiting time in Radiation oncology department to achieve optimum patient' satisfaction.

Method:

The radiation oncologists in different institutes of the country were interviewed telephonically and were asked about the practices followed in their institutes/ departments in managing the patient waiting time during radiation treatment. The best practices being followed and the suggestions were compiled.

Conclusion:

Now it is being recognized that meticulous management of waiting time could go a long way in driving patient's satisfaction. Twoway communications are the best strategy. Apart from this many provisions could be made in waiting area as per institutional preferences and protocol to engage patient in waiting area of radiation treatment facility
In Vivo Pharmacological Testing of Herbal Drugs for Anti-Allergic and Anti-Asthmatic Properties
Authors: Shahzad Naiyer , Alzahrani Abdullah R. , Ibrahim Ibrahim Abdel Aziz , Soni Kriti , Shahid Imran , Alsanosi Safaa Mohammed , Falemban Alaa , Alanazi Ibrahim Mufadhi M. , Bamagous Ghazi A. , Al-Ghamdi Saeed Saeed , Mahfoz Amal M.
Published: March 2022

Background:

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Asthma prevalence has increased significantly globally over the last decade, and it remains incurable to this date.

Aims and Objectives:

The present study evaluated some of the antiasthmatic medicinal plants to assess their mode of action.

Materials and Method:

Animal models for milk-induced leukocytosis, milk-induced eosinophilia, mast cell degranulation, clonidine-induced catalepsy, and active paw anaphylaxis were used to assess the pharmacological effects of Ammi visnaga, Medicago sativa, and Urtica dioica.

Results:

Mice pretreated with diazepam, methanolic extract of M. sativa, and U. dioica exhibited significant (P < 0.05) inhibition in milk-induced leukocytosis. However, only M. sativa showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) results. All plants showed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) tendency to decrease milk-induced eosinophilia. Methanolic extracts of all plants significantly (P < 0.05) protected mast cells against degranulation by clonidine. A. visnaga and U. dioica significantly (P < 0.05) protected mice against clonidine-induced catalepsy. An acute treatment by M. sativa potentiated the catalepsy, while it significantly inhibited the catalepsy (P < 0.05) upon chronic treatment. In the allergic inflammation model, methanolic extracts of all plants under study decreased paw thickness in a statistically significant manner (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

All the three plants in this study demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic effects, as well as decreased paw thickness, validate anti-allergic properties. A. visnaga showed a mast cell-stabilizing effect. A. visnaga and U. dioica inhibited the histamine-mediated clonidine-induced catalepsy from mast cells which proves the antihistaminic activity of these plants.
Can Newer Anti-Diabetic Therapies Delay the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy?
Authors: Aziz Sohail , Ghadzi Siti Maisharah Sheikh , Sulaiman Syed Azhar Syed , Hanafiah Nur Hafzan Md , Harun Sabariah Noor
Published: March 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is progressive in nature and leads to hyperglycemia-associated microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most prominent microvascular complication induced by T2DM and is characterized by albuminuria and progressive loss of kidney function. Aggressive management of hyperglycemia and hypertension has been found effective in delaying the development and progression of DN. Although the conventional antidiabetic treatment is effective in the earlier management of hyperglycemia, the progressive loss of beta cells ultimately needs the addition of insulin to the therapy. The emergence of newer antidiabetic agents may address the limitations associated with conventional antidiabetic therapies, which not only improve the glycemic status but also effective in improving cardio-renal outcomes. Nevertheless, the exact role of these agents and their role in minimizing diabetes progression to DN still needs elaboration. The present review aimed to highlights the impact of these newer antidiabetic agents in the management of hyperglycemia and their role in delaying the progression of diabetes to DN/management of DN in patients with T2DM.