bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health related quality of life and perceptions of child vulnerability among parents of children with a history of Kawasaki disease
Authors: van Oers Hedy A. , Tacke Carline E. , Haverman Lotte , Kuipers Irene M. , Maurice‐Stam Heleen , Kuijpers Taco W. , Grootenhuis Martha A.
Published: March 2014

Aim

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute paediatric vasculitis. The psychosocial consequences of this sudden illness for parents are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate health related quality of life (HRQOL) and parental perceptions of child vulnerability (PPCV) in parents of children with KD, and to identify variables associated with PPCV.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 288 parents (83% mothers) of KD patients (mean age 8.7 years). HRQOL was assessed using the TNO‐AZL Questionnaire for Adult's HRQOL (TAAQOL) and PPCV using the Child Vulnerability Scale (CVS). Scores of KD parents were compared with reference groups of Dutch parents. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associated variables.

Results

The HRQOL of KD parents was comparable to the HRQOL of parents of healthy children. However, KD parents showed significantly higher PPCV, regarding both the median CVS total score and the percentage in the clinical range. No differences were found in CVS outcomes between KD parents and parents of a chronically ill child. None of the studied parental, child and disease characteristics were significantly associated with PPCV.

Conclusion

Parents perceived their KD child more vulnerable to illness than healthy children, while in reality the majority had fully recovered from KD.
Andrographolide inhibits HMGB1‐induced inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in murine polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: Lee W. , Ku S. , Yoo H. , Song K. , Bae J.
Published: March 2014

Aim

Nuclear DNA‐binding protein high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein acts as a late mediator of severe vascular inflammatory conditions, such as septic shock, upregulating pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Andrographolide (AG) is isolated from the plant of Andrographis paniculata and used as a folk medicine for treatment of viral infection, diarrhoea, dysentery and fever. However, the effect of AG on HMGB1‐induced inflammatory response has not been studied.

Methods

Firstly, we accessed this question by monitoring the effects of post‐treatment AG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and caecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐mediated release of HMGB1 and HMGB1‐mediated regulation of pro‐inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and septic mice.

Results

Post‐treatment AG was found to suppress LPS‐mediated release of HMGB1 and HMGB1‐mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements. AG also inhibited HMGB1‐mediated hyperpermeability and leucocyte migration in septic mice. In addition, AG inhibited production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and activation of AKT, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and extracellular‐regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 by HMGB1 in HUVECs. AG also induced downregulation of CLP‐induced release of HMGB1, production of interleukin (IL) 1β/6/8 and mortality.

Conclusion

Collectively, these results suggest that AG may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signalling pathway.
Social Work Practice for Social Development in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Hossain Md. Ismail , Mathbor Golam M.
Published: March 2014

Social work addresses social issues that constrain the betterment of a community. However, social work practice is struggling to deal effectively with the development challenges of Bangladesh. Based on a literature review and the experiences of the authors, this paper explores the emerging issues where social work practice is anticipated as a promising alternative for bringing sustainable social development in Bangladesh. Simultaneously, the paper discovers the limitation of social work practice in Bangladesh addressing these challenges.
Must Milton Friedman Embrace Stakeholder Theory?
Authors: Ferrero Ignacio , Michael Hoffman W. , McNulty Robert E.
Published: March 2014

Milton Friedman famously stated that the only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits, a position now known as the shareholder model of business. Subsequently, the stakeholder model, associated with Edward Freeman, has been widely seen as a heuristically stronger theory of the responsibilities of the firm to the society in which it is situated. Friedman's position, nevertheless, has retained currency among many business thinkers. In this article, we argue that Friedman's economic writings assume an economy in which businesses operate under the protections of limited liability, which allows corporations to privatize their gains while externalizing their losses. By accepting limited liability, Friedman must also accept a view of business as embedded in social interdependency, which serves as the logical and moral foundation for corporate social responsibility (CSR). To achieve consistency with his economic principles, Friedman must either abandon limited liability or modify his doctrine on CSR and his related shareholder model of business.
A Real Options Reasoning Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Integrating Real Option Sensemaking and CSR Orientation
Authors: Peters Richard , Waples Ethan , Golden Peggy
Published: March 2014

In this article we explore the conceptual relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) orientation and real option reasoning. We argue that the firm's attitude, communication, and behavior toward CSR will act as significant determinants to the firm's sensemaking approach to real options; that is, if and how it (the firm) acknowledges, receives, and manages strategic real options. Integrating the previous work of Basu and Palazzo with Barnett, we propose a new model that extends the influence of CSR orientation/character to general strategic decision making while simultaneously developing the attention‐based view to real options.
Development of navigational working memory: Evidence from 6‐ to 10‐year‐old children
Authors: Piccardi Laura , Leonzi Marina , D'Amico Simonetta , Marano Assunta , Guariglia Cecilia
Published: March 2014

The ability to learn complex environments may require the contribution of different types of working memory. Therefore, we investigated the development of different types of working memory (navigational, reaching, and verbal) in 129 typically developing children. We aimed to determine whether navigational working memory develops at the same rate as other types of working memory and whether the gender differences reported in adults are already present during development. We found that navigational working memory is less developed than both verbal and reaching working memory and that gender predicts performance only for navigational working memory. Our results are in line with reports that children made significantly more errors in far space than adults, showing that near space representation develops before far space representation.
High‐throughput sequencing for the identification of NOTCH1 mutations in early stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: biological and clinical implications
Authors: Lionetti Marta , Fabris Sonia , Cutrona Giovanna , Agnelli Luca , Ciardullo Carmela , Matis Serena , Ciceri Gabriella , Colombo Monica , Maura Francesco , Mosca Laura , Gentile Massimo , Recchia Anna G. , Ilariucci Fiorella , Musolino Caterina , Molica Stefano , Di Raimondo Francesco , Cortelezzi Agostino , Rossi Davide , Gaidano Gianluca , Morabito Fortunato , Ferrarini Manlio , Neri Antonino
Published: March 2014

NOTCH1 mutations have recently emerged as new genetic lesions significantly correlated with survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We performed deep next generation sequencing of the NOTCH1 mutation hotspot in 384 cases at diagnosis, including 100 monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis (MBL) and 284 Binet stage A CLL cases, enrolled in the Gruppo Italiano Studio Linfomi O‐CLL1 multicentre trial. The NOTCH1 c.7541_7542delCT dinucleotide deletion was detected and confirmed by an extremely sensitive polymerase chain reaction‐based approach in 11% of MBL and 13·4% of CLL patients. Remarkably, the NOTCH1 mutation was often observed at low clonal level, mainly in MBL patients. Sequential analyses in a fraction of cases showed that the NOTCH1 mutation generally does not occur during the disease course and that the mutational load in positive cases tends to be stable over time. NOTCH1‐mutated cases, even at low clonal level, displayed a significant reduction in median progression‐free survival, although NOTCH1 mutation lost its prognostic impact in a multivariate analysis including 11q and/or 17p deletion, IGHV mutational status, and MBL or CLL status. Our data highlight the importance of using highly sensitive methods to measure NOTCH1 mutations, in order to improve prognostic stratification and obtain useful information for potential therapeutic approaches.
Amerindian Agriculture in an Urbanising Amazonia (Rio Negro, Brazil)
Authors: EMPERAIRE LAURE , ELOY LUDIVINE
Published: March 2014

This article explores the transformations undergone by indigenous agricultural systems in periurban areas of the Rio Negro (Amazonas, Brazil). Rather than losing their characteristics, these systems have basically been transposed from a forest context to periurban areas, maintaining multi‐plot cultivation, dynamic management of agrobiodiversity and traditional knowledge. But this agriculture is confronted by the values of modernity embedded in urban agriculture. The recognition of the ecological and cultural relevance of indigenous practices depends on new kinds of market integration and partnerships.
The spatial and temporal distributions of arthropods in forest canopies: uniting disparate patterns with hypotheses for specialisation
Authors: Wardhaugh Carl W.
Published: March 2014

Arguably the majority of species onEarth utilise tropical rainforest canopies, and much progress has been made in describing arboreal assemblages, especially for arthropods. The most commonly described patterns for tropical rainforest insect communities are host specificity, spatial specialisation (predominantly vertical stratification), and temporal changes in abundance (seasonality and circadian rhythms). HereIreview the recurrent results with respect to each of these patterns and discuss the evolutionary selective forces that have generated them in an attempt to unite these patterns in a holistic evolutionary framework. I propose that species can be quantified along a generalist–specialist scale not only with respect to host specificity, but also other spatial and temporal distribution patterns, where specialisation is a function of the extent of activity across space and time for particular species. When all of these distribution patterns are viewed through the paradigm of specialisation, hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the evolution of host specificity can also be applied to explain the generation and maintenance of other spatial and temporal distribution patterns. The main driver for most spatial and temporal distribution patterns is resource availability. Generally, the distribution of insects follows that of the resources they exploit, which are spatially stratified and vary temporally in availability. Physiological adaptations are primarily important for host specificity, where nutritional and chemical variation among host plants in particular, but also certain prey species and fungi, influence host range. Physiological tolerances of abiotic conditions are also important for explaining the spatial and temporal distributions of some insect species, especially in drier forest environments where desiccation is an ever‐present threat. However, it is likely that for most species in moist tropical rainforests, abiotic conditions are valuable indicators of resource availability, rather than physiologically limiting factors. Overall, each distribution pattern is influenced by the same evolutionary forces, but at differing intensities. Consequently, each pattern is linked and not mutually exclusive of the other distribution patterns. Most studies have examined each of these patterns in isolation. Future work should focus on examining the evolutionary drivers of these patterns in concert. Only then can the relative strength of resource availability and distribution, host defensive phenotypes, and biotic and abiotic interactions on insect distribution patterns be determined.
Research Trails Affect the Abundance of an Epiphytic Tropical Bromeliad
Authors: Heymann Eckhard W. , Wörner Laura L. , Ziegenhagen Birgit , Bialozyt Ronald
Published: March 2014

Concerns have been expressed that research methods and research infrastructure may affect the systems under study, which could lead to biased results. Effects of research activities on seedlings, saplings, and understory plants that are subjected to trampling and injury have been demonstrated. However, as of yet, no effects on epiphytic plants have been reported. In this paper, we demonstrate the impact of research trails on the abundance of an epiphytic tropical bromeliad, Guzmania vittata, at a research site in Peruvian Amazonia. Compared to the interior of the forest, the abundance of this bromeliad is significantly higher along the research trails. While we do not know the exact cause for the increased bromeliad abundance along the trails, we discuss enhanced dispersal of anemochorous seeds as a potential mechanism that generates this impact.
Precipitation Constrains Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Infection Rates in a Terrestrial Frog Assemblage in Jamaica, West Indies
Authors: Holmes Iris , McLaren Kurt , Wilson Byron
Published: March 2014

We model Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection rates in Jamaican frogs—one of the most threatened amphibian fauna in the world. The majority of species we surveyed were terrestrial direct‐developing frogs or frogs that breed in tank bromeliads, rather than those that use permanent water bodies to breed. Thus, we were able to investigate the climatic correlates of Bd infection in a frog assemblage that does not rely on permanent water bodies. We sampled frogs for Bd across all of the major habitat types on the island, used machine learning algorithms to identify climatic variables that are correlated with infection rates, and extrapolated infection rates across the island. We compared the effectiveness of the machine learning algorithms for species distribution modeling in the context of our study, and found that infection rate rose quickly with precipitation in the driest month. Infection rates also increased with mean temperature in the warmest quarter until 22 °C, and remained relatively level thereafter. Both of these results are in accordance with previous studies of the physiology of Bd. Based on our environmental results, we suggest that frogs occupying high‐precipitation habitats with cool rainy‐season temperatures, though zcurrently experiencing low frequencies of infection, may experience an increase in infection rates as global warming increases temperatures in their habitat.
Foraging Relationships Between Elephants and Lantana camara Invasion in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India
Authors: Wilson Gaius , Gruber Monica A. M. , Lester Philip J.
Published: March 2014

Lantana camara is a widespread exotic invasive species in India, capable of dominating and displacing native forage species. We investigated whether L. camara was associated with variation in elephant foraging behavior in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India. The behavioral responses of elephants to L. camara were assessed from feeding and stepping rates. Elephants were never observed to feed on L. camara, but rather fed on grass and browse present within and around L. camara patches. A multiple regression analysis showed that feeding rates were negatively associated with L. camara invasion (F1, 55 = 4.26, R2 = 0.07), but not stepping rates. Instead, grass cover and browse density were associated with stepping rates (F2, 55 = 11.16, R2 = 0.30). Path analysis indicated that the total effect of L. camara on feeding rates was 11 percent (β = −0.24) less than the direct negative association (β = −0.27) owing to a positive indirect association of L. camara with feeding rates through grass cover and browse density (β = 0.03), while stepping rates were negatively associated with grass cover (β = −0.39) and positively associated with browse density (β = 0.38). Our results indicate that L. camara appears capable of modifying feeding rates of elephants, likely through a loss of grass areas due to L. camara invasion. Experimental work is needed to test for causal relationships among the variables we measured, to enhance our understanding of how invasive weeds modify elephant behavior.
Foraging Ecology of the Tropical Giant Hunting Ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)—Evaluating Mechanisms for High Abundance
Authors: Tillberg Chadwick V. , Edmonds Benjamin , Freauff Alex , Hanisch Priscila E. , Paris Carolina , Smith Chris R. , Tsutsui Neil D. , Wills Bill D. , Wittman Sarah E. , Suarez Andrew V.
Published: March 2014

A central goal of ecology is to understand the mechanisms behind variation in the abundance of species. Food web theory predicts higher biomass for animals at lower trophic levels. However, some high trophic level species may reach great abundance via highly efficient foraging behaviors. We evaluated ecological and behavioral traits of the giant tropical ant Dinoponera australis related to these mechanisms. We determined its distribution and abundance, documented its foraging behavior, and measured its trophic position in a population at P.N. Iguazú, Argentina. We report that D. australis colonies are overdispersed, and the species reaches a wet biomass of more than 2.5 kg/ha at this site. Dinoponera australis foraging behavior is characterized by route fidelity of individual workers, with different individuals specializing on different areas around the nest. Finally, stable isotopic evidence and direct observation suggest these ants are among the top predators in this terrestrial invertebrate community. We interpret our findings in the context of how the behavior of an abundant top predator creates an exception to the usual trade‐off between biomass and trophic level. Together these data provide insight into the biology of one of the world's largest ants and why they may be able to attain such high densities where they occur.
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Cardioprotective Effect Evaluation of Danshensu Derivatives
Authors: Cui Qingbin , Chen Yonghong , Zhang Mingjuan , Shan Luchen , Sun Yewei , Yu Pei , Zhang Gaoxiao , Wang Dingyuan , Zhao Zengchao , Xu Qian , Xu Benhong , Wang Yuqiang
Published: March 2014

A series of (R)‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenyllactic acid Danshensu (DSS) derivatives were synthesized, and their cardioprotective effects were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Among the new derivatives, compound 14 showed significant protective effects in cultured myocardial cells and in the rat model of myocardial ischemia. The therapeutic efficacy of compound 14 was significantly higher than that of its parent compound DSS, and amlodipine, a first‐line treatment for angina pain. Compound 14 potently scavenged free radicals, significantly decreased the levels of LDH and MDA, and inhibited the leakage of CK in animal model of ischemia. We had previously found that compound 14 activated PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β and Nrf2//Keap1/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) signaling pathways in H9c2 cells. These results suggest that compound 14 has a unique mechanism of action, that is, multifunctional. Compound 14 may be a new potential therapy for ischemic heart diseases.
Myhre syndrome
Authors: Le Goff C. , Michot C. , Cormier‐Daire V.
Published: March 2014

Myhre syndrome (MS) is a developmental disorder characterized by typical facial dysmorphism, thickened skin, joint limitation and muscular pseudohypertrophy. Other features include brachydactyly, short stature, intellectual deficiency with behavioral problems and deafness. We identified SMAD4 as the gene responsible for MS. The identification of SMAD4 mutations in Laryngotracheal stenosis, Arthropathy, Prognathism and Short stature (LAPS) cases supports that LAPS and MS are a unique entity. The long‐term follow up of patients shows that these conditions are progressive with life threatening complications. All mutations are de novo and changing in the majority of cases Ile500, located in the MH2 domain involved in transcriptional activation. We further showed an impairment of the transcriptional regulation via TGFβ target genes in patient fibroblasts. Finally, the absence of SMAD4 mutations in three MS cases may support genetic heterogeneity.
Strabismus genetics across a spectrum of eye misalignment disorders
Authors: Ye X.C. , Pegado V. , Patel M.S. , Wasserman W.W.
Published: March 2014

Eye misalignment, called strabismus, is amongst the most common phenotypes observed, occurring in up to 5% of individuals in a studied population. While misalignment is frequently observed in rare complex syndromes, the majority of strabismus cases are non‐syndromic. Over the past decade, genes and pathways associated with syndromic forms of strabismus have emerged, but the genes contributing to non‐syndromic strabismus remain elusive. Genetic testing for strabismus risk may allow for earlier diagnosis and treatment, as well as decreased frequency of surgery. We review human and model organism literature describing non‐syndromic strabismus, including family, twin, linkage, and gene expression studies. Recent advances in the genetics of Duane retraction syndrome are considered, as relatives of those impacted show elevated familial rates of non‐syndromic strabismus. As whole genome sequencing efforts are advancing for the discovery of the elusive strabismus genes, this overview is intended to support the interpretation of the new findings.
The beginning of personalized medicine in sepsis: small steps to a bright future
Authors: Christaki E. , Giamarellos‐Bourboulis E.J.
Published: March 2014

There is a growing recognition that there is a need for a more personalized approach towards sepsis care. In most clinical trials investigating novel therapeutic interventions against sepsis, patients have been considered a rather homogeneous population. However, there is probably more individual variability between septic patients than previously considered. The pathophysiology of sepsis is a complex and dynamic process that originates from the host immune response to infection and varies according to the genetic predisposition, immune status and co‐morbid conditions of the host, the type of pathogen and the site and extent of infection. Until now, efforts to stratify septic patients according to their immune profile were hampered by the lack of specific biomarkers. Recent advances in molecular medicine have made it possible to develop tools that will facilitate a faster and more precise diagnosis of infection. Individual variability between each patient's responses to infection can assist in tailoring therapeutic interventions to the individual's disease profile and monitoring treatment response. In this review, we describe those recent advances in genomics and theragnostics, which are slowly entering clinical practice and which will make possible a more personalized approach to each septic patient in the next decade.
Adsorption of a spent reactive dyebath by a chitosan bed: study of water reuse, bed regeneration, and UV/Fenton oxidation
Authors: Li Chunhui , He Jinxin
Published: March 2014

In the present paper, a facile process combining chitosan bed adsorption and the UV/Fenton advanced oxidation process for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste has been developed. The chitosan bed was very effective in decolouring spent reactive dyebath waste by adsorption enrichment of CI Reactive Red 195, and the water and sodium sulphate therein could easily permeate through the chitosan bed and then be recycled. Although the resulting recycled dyebaths were used 10 times as reconstituted dyebaths for dyeing with CI Reactive Red 195, the colour difference and the relative unlevelness index changes of the dyed samples still remained within acceptable levels. That was also true for CI Reactive Blue 19 in the 11th recycling cycle. As a result, an average saving of 60.4% and 93.4% for water and sodium sulphate, respectively, was achieved with the reuse process for the 11 dyebaths. The exhausted chitosan bed can be regenerated three times by dilute alkali without any significant sacrifice of adsorbability or mass. Emissions of the elution concentrates generated from three regeneration runs of the chitosan bed and then treated by UV/Fenton oxidation were found to meet the most stringent emission standards for both chemical oxygen demand and colour in China. Results reveal that the process combining chitosan bed adsorption and UV/Fenton advanced oxidation is promising for treatment and reuse of spent reactive dyebath waste, which can potentially benefit the environment and reduce operating costs.
Human herpesvirus‐6 encephalopathy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and class I human leukocyte antigen
Authors: Yamamoto Wataru , Ogusa Eriko , Matsumoto Kenji , Maruta Atsuo , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki , Kanamori Heiwa
Published: March 2014

Human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) encephalopathy is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Although reactivation of HHV‐6 is often observed after allo‐HSCT, encephalopathy only affects a few patients with HHV‐6 reactivation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I is expressed by most somatic cells, and a relationship between some class I alleles and neurological diseases has been reported. The HHV‐6 load at two, three, and four weeks after allo‐HSCT was examined. HHV‐6 encephalopathy was diagnosed from symptoms, results of cerebrospinal fluid examination, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. The relation between HHV‐6 reactivation or encephalopathy and the HLA class I status of the recipients was investigated. In 130 patients, 147 allo‐HSCT transplantation procedures were carried out. HHV‐6 reactivation and encephalopathy occurred in 56 and nine procedures, respectively. HLA mismatch (p = 0.008) and unrelated donor (p = 0.001) were associated with HHV‐6 reactivation, but not with HHV‐6 encephalopathy. HHV‐6 encephalopathy was more frequent in patients with HLA‐B*40:06 (p = 0.027). In addition, HLA‐A*26:01 and HLA‐B*40:06 were found to be associated with each other (p = 0.089), while HLA‐B*40:06 and HLA‐C*08:01 showed a significant association (p < 0.001). The HLA class I alleles of recipients may be associated with the occurrence of HHV‐6 encephalopathy after allo‐HSCT.
Early hospital readmissions post‐kidney transplantation are associated with inferior clinical outcomes
Authors: Luan F. L. , Barrantes F. , Roth R. S. , Samaniego M.
Published: March 2014

Unplanned hospital readmissions are common early post‐kidney transplantation. We investigated the relationship between early hospital readmissions and clinical outcomes in a single‐center retrospective study that included all adult kidney transplant patients between 2004 and 2008 with follow‐up to December 2012. The early hospital readmissions within the first 30 d were numbered and the diagnosis ascertained. Patients were grouped as none, once, and twice or more readmissions. Predictors of early readmissions were assessed, and clinical outcomes and patient and death‐censored kidney survival were compared. Among 1064 patients, 203 (19.1%) patients had once and 83 (7.8%) patients had twice or more readmissions within 30 d. Surgical complications, infections, and acute kidney injuries/acute rejection were three most common diagnoses. The length of initial hospital stay and African American race were among the variables associated significantly with readmissions. Patients with early readmissions had lower baseline renal function (p < 0.01) and more early acute rejection (p < 0.01). During follow‐up, only frequent readmissions, twice or more, within 30 d were associated with increased risk of death (AHR 1.75, p = 0.01) and death‐censored kidney failure (AHR 2.20, p < 0.01). Frequent early hospital readmissions post‐transplantation identify patients at risk for poor long‐term outcomes, and more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms.
Invasive plants as drivers of regime shifts: identifying high‐priority invaders that alter feedback relationships
Authors: Gaertner Mirijam , Biggs Reinette , Te Beest Mariska , Hui Cang , Molofsky Jane , Richardson David M.
Published: March 2014

Aim

A major challenge for invasion ecology is to identify high‐impact invaders to guide prioritization of management interventions. We argue that species with the potential to cause regime shifts (altered states of ecosystem structure and function that are difficult or impossible to reverse) should be prioritized. These are species that modify ecosystems in ways that enhance their own persistence and suppress that of native species through reinforcing feedback processes.

Methods

Using both systems analysis and meta‐analysis approaches, we synthesized changes to ecosystems caused by 173 invasive plant species. For the systems analysis, we examined published studies of impacts of invasive plants to determine which presented evidence consistent with a reinforcement of feedback processes. For the meta‐analysis, we calculated the effect size ratio between standardized changes in recipient ecosystem and in the status of introduced species as an indication of a reinforcing feedback in particular species‐environment combinations. The systems analysis approach allowed us to conceptualize regime shifts in invader‐dominated landscapes and to estimate the likelihood of such changes occurring. The meta‐analysis allowed us to quantitatively verify the conceptual model and the key invader‐context feedbacks and to detect the strength and direction of feedbacks.

Results

Most reinforcing feedbacks involve impacts on soil‐nutrient cycling by shrub and tree invaders in forests and herbaceous invaders in wetlands. Feedbacks resulting in regime shifts were most likely related to processes associated with seed banks, fire and nutrient cycling. Results were used to derive a key for identifying high‐impact invaders.

Main conclusions

Identifying combinations of plant life‐forms and ecosystems most likely to result in regime shifts is a robust approach for predicting high‐impact invasions and therefore for prioritizing management interventions. The meta‐analysis revealed the need for more quantitative studies, including manipulative experiments, on ecosystem feedbacks.
Feeding, body condition and reproductive investment of Astyanax intermedius (Characiformes, Characidae) in relation to rainfall and temperature in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest stream
Authors: Souza Ursulla P. , Ferreira Fabio C. , Braga Francisco M. de S. , Winemiller Kirk O.
Published: March 2014

Life history theory seeks to explain how environmental variation selects for patterns of investment in growth and survival relative to production and survival of offspring. Seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature provide environmental cues for spawning by many tropical freshwater fishes. To investigate environment–life history associations, we conducted a one‐year study of Astyanax intermedius in an Atlantic Forest stream of southeastern Brazil. Our analysis focused on temporal variation in feeding, body condition and reproduction in relation to rainfall and water temperature. For mature females, food intake was not significantly correlated with rainfall or temperature; however, body condition was negatively correlated with rainfall and water temperature. Female reproductive effort was positively correlated with water temperature, but did not vary with rainfall. For males and juveniles, there was no significant relationship between food intake or body condition and either environmental variable. Testis weight was negatively correlated with rainfall, but was not significantly correlated with water temperature. We detected a negative correlation between gonad mass with body condition and food intake for females but not for males. Our results differed from other studies in tropical and subtropical areas where rainfall has been shown to be positively correlated with fish reproductive effort. Our results indicate that reproductive effort of males is relatively constant throughout the year, whereas for females, it increases with increasing water temperature. This increase in reproductive investment in concert with an increasing temperature and metabolic rate may incur a trade‐off with somatic growth and survival for this small stream fish.
Tryptophan immunoadsorption for the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Köhler W. , Ehrlich S. , Dohmen C. , Haubitz M. , Hoffmann F. , Schmidt S. , Klingel R. , Kraft A. , Neumann‐Haefelin T. , Topka H. , Stich O. , Baumgartner A. , Fassbender C.
Published: March 2014

Background and purpose

Detection of autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens and their correlation with the pattern and severity of symptoms led to the definition of new autoimmune‐mediated forms of encephalitis and was essential for the initiation of immunotherapies including plasma exchange. The elimination of autoantibodies using selective immunoadsorption (IA) is a pathophysiologically guided therapeutic approach but has not yet been evaluated in a separate analysis.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with autoimmune encephalitis who were treated with tryptophan IA in six neurological clinics between 2009 and 2013. The modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate neurological status before and after IA.

Results

Data on 13 patients were documented. Twelve patients were positive for specific autoantibodies (NMDA‐R, GABA, GAD, Lgl1). Patients received a series of a median of six IA treatments. Median mRS of all patients was 3.0 before IA and 2.0 after IA (P < 0.001). Eleven patients improved by at least one point in mRS after IA.

Conclusion

For autoimmune‐mediated forms of encephalitis rapid elimination of autoantibodies with selective IA seems to be an effective therapeutic option as part of multimodal immune therapy.
Exome sequencing identifies a de novo SCN2A mutation in a patient with intractable seizures, severe intellectual disability, optic atrophy, muscular hypotonia, and brain abnormalities
Authors: Baasch Anna‐Lena , Hüning Irina , Gilissen Christian , Klepper Joerg , Veltman Joris A. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Hoischen Alexander , Lohmann Katja
Published: March 2014

Epilepsy is a phenotypically and genetically highly heterogeneous disorder with >200 genes linked to inherited forms of the disease. To identify the underlying genetic cause in a patient with intractable seizures, optic atrophy, severe intellectual disability (ID), brain abnormalities, and muscular hypotonia, we performed exome sequencing in a 5‐year‐old girl and her unaffected parents. In the patient, we detected a novel, de novo missense mutation in the SCN2A (c.5645G>T; p.R1882L) gene encoding the αII‐subunit of the voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.2. A literature review revealed 33 different SCN2A mutations in 14 families with benign forms of epilepsy and in 21 cases with severe phenotypes. Although almost all benign mutations were inherited, the majority of severe mutations occurred de novo. Of interest, de novo SCN2A mutations have also been reported in five patients without seizures but with ID (n = 3) and/or autism (n = 3). In the present study, we successfully used exome sequencing to detect a de novo mutation in a genetically heterogeneous disorder with epilepsy and ID. Using this approach, we expand the phenotypic spectrum of SCN2A mutations. Our own and literature data indicate that SCN2A‐linked severe phenotypes are more likely to be caused by de novo mutations.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
Autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features: A new locus on chromosome 19q13.11–q13.31
Authors: Bisulli Francesca , Naldi Ilaria , Baldassari Sara , Magini Pamela , Licchetta Laura , Castegnaro Giovanni , Fabbri Margherita , Stipa Carlotta , Ferrari Simona , Seri Marco , Gonçalves Silva Gilson Edmar , Tinuper Paolo , Pippucci Tommaso
Published: March 2014

Objective

To clinically and genetically characterize a largeBrazilian family with autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features (ADPEAF) not related to leucine‐rich, glioma‐inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene.

Methods

Seventy family members (four married‐ins) participating in the study were assessed by a detailed clinical interview and a complete neurologic examination. Genetic mapping was conducted through autosome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)genotyping and subsequent linkage analysis on 16 and haplotype analysis on 25 subjects, respectively.

Results

The pedigree comprised 15 affected members, of whom 11 were included in the study (male/female: 6/5; mean age 39.5 years). All but two (III:22 andIV:92) had focal seizures with auditory aura followed by secondary generalization in 44.4%. The mean age at onset of epilepsy seizures was 13.7 years. Initial autosome‐wideSNPlinkage analysis conducted on 12 subjects (8 affected) pointed to a single genomic region on chromosome 19 with a maximum multipoint logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 2.60. Further refinement of this region throughSNPand microsatellite genotyping on 16 subjects (11 affected) increased theLODscore to 3.41, thereby establishing 19q13.11–q13.31 as a novelADPEAFlocus. Haplotype analysis indicated that the underlying mutation is most likely located in a 9.74 Mb interval between markersD19S416 andD19S420. Sequence analysis of the most prominent candidate genes within this critical interval (SCN1B,LGI4,KCNK6,andLRFN1) did not reveal any mutation.

Significance

This study disclosed a novelADPEAFlocus on chromosome 19q13.11–q13.31, contributing to future identification of a second dominant gene for this epileptic syndrome.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information sectionhere.
A novel technique of detectingMRI‐negative lesion in focal symptomatic epilepsy: IntraoperativeShearWaveElastography
Authors: Chan Huan Wee , Pressler Ronit , Uff Christopher , Gunny Roxanna , St Piers Kelly , Cross Helen , Bamber Jeffrey , Dorward Neil , Harkness William , Chakraborty Aabir
Published: March 2014

Focal symptomatic epilepsy is the most common form of epilepsy that can often be cured with surgery. A small proportion of patients with focal symptomatic epilepsy do not have identifiable lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most common pathology in this group is typeIIfocal cortical dysplasia (FCD), which is a subtype of malformative brain lesion associated with medication‐resistant epilepsy. We present a patient withMRI‐negative focal symptomatic epilepsy who underwent invasive electrode recordings. At the time of surgery, a novel ultrasound‐based technique calledShearWave Elastography (SWE) was performed. A 0.5 cc lesion was demonstrated onSWEbut was absent onB‐mode ultrasound and 3‐TMRI. Electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) scans demonstrated an abnormality in the right frontal region. On the basis of this finding, a depth electrode was implanted into the lesion. Surgical resection and histology confirmed the lesion to be typeIIbFCD.

A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information sectionhere.
Precopulatory Sexual Cannibalism Causes Increase Egg Case Production, Hatching Success, and Female Attractiveness to Males
Authors: Pruitt Jonathan N. , Berning Aric W. , Cusack Brian , Shearer Taylor A. , McGuirk Mathew , Coleman Anna , Eng Robin Y. Y. , Armagost Fawn , Sweeney Kayla , Singh Nishant
Published: March 2014

Precopulatory sexual cannibalism is an extreme form of sexual conflict that can entail significant costs to the cannibalized individual and a variety of costs and benefits to the cannibal itself. Characterizing these costs and benefits is fundamental to our understanding of how this behavior evolves. Using the spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica, we tested the reproductive consequences of precopulatory sexual cannibalism by staging cannibalization events and comparing the performance of experimental cannibals against natural cannibals (i.e., those that cannibalized on their own) and non‐cannibals. We found two performance benefits associated with precopulatory sexual cannibalism: first, experimental cannibals were more likely to produce egg cases than non‐cannibals, and second, egg cases from experimental cannibals and natural cannibals were significantly more likely to hatch than those produced by non‐cannibals. We then tested whether males were more likely to approach the webs of experimental cannibals vs. non‐cannibalistic control females. Our data demonstrate that sexual cannibalism increases female attractiveness to males. Although this result seems counterintuitive, in fact, rates of precopulatory sexual cannibalism were much lower in females that had already cannibalized their first male: 38% of sexually naïve females engaged in precopulatory sexual cannibalism, whereas only 5% of females engaged in cannibalism a second time. Thus, males that approach cannibals receive two benefits: they are less likely to be cannibalized precopula, and they have the possibility of mating with females that have a higher probability of producing viable egg cases. Taken together, our data suggest that precopulatory sexual cannibalism affords females numerous benefits and may have a hand in shaping male mate choice decisions.
Stickleback Males Increase Red Coloration and Courtship Behaviours in the Presence of a Competitive Rival
Authors: Kim Sin‐Yeon , Velando Alberto
Published: March 2014

In species where females preferentially select the most colourful males, males may strategically invest in courtship and nuptial colour according to the presence of rivals. In this experimental study, we tested this in the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in which mature males exhibit carotenoid‐based red coloration to attract mates and defend their territories against male competitors. We challenged experimental males with either a red‐ornamented dummy male or a non‐ornamented dummy for five min per day in six‐d experimental trial, which was repeated twice during the breeding season. We found that the males presented with a coloured rival exhibited more frequent courtship behaviours (i.e. fanning and gluing) to females than those presented with a non‐coloured intruder during the second experimental trial. At the end of each trial, the experimental males also showed a significantly larger area of red coloration in the presence of a coloured intruder. Our findings suggest that male sticklebacks regulate mating effort according to the presence of competitive rivals by increasing their investment in costly signals when successful mating and territory defence is at risk.
Liquidity and Asset prices: An Empirical Investigation of the Nordic Stock Markets
Authors: Butt Hilal Anwar , Virk Nader Shahzad
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a simplified single period asset‐pricing model adjusted for liquidity and tests it for the Nordic markets. The detailed empirical evidence is presented from Finnish test case. Empirical testing of small yet developed markets is motivated by the increased relevance of the illiquidity effect for illiquid assets/markets. The main evidence reports liquidity risk makes sufficiently larger part of predicted factor risk premium than the market risk, contrary to comparable US evidence. This highlights the ability of liquidity related model betas in capturing the time variation in expected returns across illiquid (Nordic) markets than market beta.
Equine grass sickness
Authors: Pirie R. S. , Jago R. C. , Hudson N. P. H.
Published: March 2014

Equine grass sickness (EGS; equine dysautonomia) is a polyneuronopathy affecting both the central and the peripheral nervous systems of horses. As the name implies, EGS almost exclusively affects grazing horses, resulting in the development of a characteristic array of clinical signs, most of which can be attributed to neuronal degeneration in the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. Varying disease severities occur, largely determined by the extent of neuronal degeneration in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the enteric nervous system. Extensive neuronal degeneration, as seen in acute and subacute forms of EGS, results in intestinal dysmotility, the severity of which is incompatible with survival. In comparison, a proportion of chronic forms of EGS, characterised by less severe neuronal degeneration, will survive. Despite extensive research efforts since EGS was first reported over 100 years ago, the precise aetiology remains elusive. This article reviews much of the scientific literature on EGS, covering epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and aetiological hypotheses.
The P450 system and mTORC1 signalling in acne
Authors: Melnik Bodo C.
Published: March 2014

In this issue, Hellmann‐Regen et al. suggested that anti‐acne effects of erythromycin and tetracyclines may be related to their inhibitory effect of cytochrome P450‐mediated degradation of all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA). We have recently proposed that all anti‐acne agents function by attenuation of increased mTORC1 signalling. This commentary links the P450 system to mTORC1 regulation in acne. Drug‐mediated induction of P450 activity or P450 mutants with increased catabolic activity may reduce cellular ATRA levels and FoxO1 expression, thus reducing FoxO‐mediated mTORC1 inhibition. In contrast, agents blocking ATRA degradation such as erythromycin and tetracyclines may improve acne by increasing FoxO1 expression with consecutive inhibition of mTORC1 signalling.
How, and from which cell sources, do nevi really develop?
Authors: Grichnik James M. , Ross Andrew L. , Schneider Samantha L. , Sanchez Margaret I. , Eller Mark S. , Hatzistergos Konstantinos E.
Published: March 2014

Melanocytic neoplasms are a diverse group of benign and malignant tumors with variable clinical features. While some models still promote the epidermal melanocyte as the origin of melanocytic neoplasms, clinical findings are inconsistent with this theory for the majority of tumors. Despite advances in naevus and melanoma biology, the location and differentiation status of the cell of origin remains undefined. Germ line genetics, biological state and cellular location of the mutated cell, as well as local environmental factors all likely play a role in the development of melanocytic neoplasms. Herein, we will review potential models for melanocytic neoplasia and discuss research challenges and opportunities.