bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Biofuel Production from Fish Waste Oil
Authors: S. Senthil Kumar  , S. D. Uma Mageswari  , T. G. Sakthivel  , P. Umaeswari
Published: July 2024

Biodiesel is a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based diesel. Waste Fish Oil (WFO) is a promising raw material for biofuel production due to its high lipid content. This study attempts to review the IC engine performance characteristics using WFO-based biofuel. The results showed improved engine performance, reduced emissions, and improved fuel efficiency. The benefits are attributed to the unique properties of WFO-biodiesel, including its high cetane number, low viscosity, and lower sulfur and aromatic content. Waste fish oil is a low-cost and readily available source of lipid, making it a promising alternative to petroleum diesel. Long term performance characteristics of fish oil-based biofuel should be evaluated more extensively for future use.
A Systematic Review on Removal Efficiency of Heavy Metals from Yamuna Water
Authors: Parul Sharma  , Chhaya Agarwal  , Rashmi Mishra  , Avijit Mazumder  , Saurabh Singh  , Ashwani Sharma  , A. K. Azad
Published: July 2024

Yamuna River fulfils the water needs of various regions of North India. With the increasing level of pollution, the Yamuna River is declared as one of the polluted rivers in India. Numerous researches have reported the heavy metal presence in Yamuna River. Hence, we have focused our review towards analysing the heavy metals present in Yamuna River Basin and their concentration      level during pre-pandemic and post-pandemic period. Delhi being the main polluter city causes the cloud formation (froth) and as a consequence a health risk among children and adults. Mathura and Agra are equally  responsible in polluting the Yamuna River. Further, we have also included the role of microalgae as a promising solution for heavy metal removal. Altogether, this review will help the future researchers towards identifying potential approaches for water remediation.
A Concise Overview of Effect of Nanomaterials in Soil and Associated Microbiota
Authors: Subhrajyoti Rath  , Movva Harshavardhan  , Priyanka Srivastava
Published: July 2024

Engineered nanomaterials are a cause of concern for environment in entirety due to their unregulated release, which in turn is due to their unregulated synthesis/ production, disposal and continuously rising applications in multiple fields. Although a complete account of impact of these particles in environment is absent, it has already drawn much attention of scientists and crucial work is being done in this field. Current report intends to deliberate on issues related to the harmful impacts of waste containing nanoparticles, particularly on soil and organisms therein. Particularly, we focus on the toxicity of nanoparticles and how they affect soil habitats. In addition, this paper discusses major prevention and risk management approaches. The increased use of nanoparticles (NPs) resulted in their accumulation in the environment, such as soil, generating concern about their hazards. Industrial nanoparticles contain heavy metals, which may cause problems due to toxicity and bioaccumulation. Nanowaste treatment requires understanding of chemical, physical, and biological properties of NPs. Waste management also requires thorough risk assessment of new materials.
Investigating the Influence of Lemon Grass Root on Soil Stability and Slope Erosion: A Case Study in the Nilgiris District
Authors: S. Karthik  , S. Anandaraj  , K. Govarthanambikai  , S. Shaniya  , A. Alex Livingston Raja  , S. Anandakumar
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the significant impact of lemongrass root on stabilizing the soil in the hilly slopes of Nilgiris. Lemongrass provides hydrological and mechanical support to the soil mass and also helps enhance the shear strength. The crop is grown as a support against sliding since its roots contribute to slope stability. However, the plant’s usage in the soil stabilization process is still in early stage. This work was conducted to ascertain the utilization of Indian lemongrass plant, which is capable of enhancing the mechanical strength, which was studied using a pull-out resistance equipment. As a means of reducing the cost of field experiments and labour involved, a simulation study was undertaken with the help of Geostudio to analyse the root topology. Even though it is a preliminary study with numerous boundary conditions, the results are promising. The total shear strength and safety factor of the test soil increased    when lemongrass was used.
Exploring the Influence of Stirring Temperature on the Fatigue and Mechanical Characteristics of AA5128/SiC Nanocomposites
Authors: D. Sudarsan  , A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin  , S. Raj Kumar
Published: July 2024

Aluminum is anticipated to continue being the primary material for various essential uses like aviation and automobiles. This is because of the great resistance to various climatic conditions, required and controllable mechanical qualities, and high fatigue resistance. Aluminum nanocomposites like AA5128/SiC can be produced by several liquid metallurgical techniques. The main challenges for this method in producing nanocomposites involve ensuring a consistent distribution of strengthening components and controlling any chemical interactions between the strengthening compositions and the matrix. Intended for structural use, specifically in the aircraft industry, developing cost-effective nanocomposites with operational and geometric flexibility poses a significant ongoing challenge. Various methods of producing AA5128/SiC nanocomposites yield distinct mechanical characteristics. Nine nanocomposites were synthesized in the current research by varying the stirring temperatures (810, 860, and 910℃) with different levels of SiC added at 0, 6, 8, and 10 wt %. The composite consisting of 10 wt % SiC and agitated at 860℃ showed improved characteristics in tensile, hardness, and fatigue tests. The composite containing 10 wt % SiC with a stirring temperature (ST) of 860℃ led to a 22.3% rise in tensile strength, a 16.2% rise in Vickers hardness number, and a 40.2% reduction in ductility compared to the sample without nanoparticles. At 810℃ (ST), the fatigue life at a stress level of 100 MPa raised by 18.5% compared to the 10 wt% nanocomposite.
An Analysis of Structural Rehabilitation and Repair Projects Involving Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Authors: R. Saravanakumar  , M. Nitin  , K. Malai Prabhu  , S. P. Hariharan
Published: July 2024

Since plain concrete is brittle by nature, the flexural and split tensile strengths developed must be taken into consideration. Plain concrete is robust in solidity; nevertheless, with feeble cutting-edge tautness. Numerous fibres are commonly utilized in the construction sector to enhance concrete's flexural strength, ductile strength and durability properties. The great tensile strength of steel fiber makes it the fiber of choice for usage in the building industry. However, steel fibre has some disadvantages, including a propensity for corrosion. Carbon fibre is a promising substitute for fiber-reinforced concrete when compared to other fibers due to its corrosion resistance, low density, and superior tensile strength. According to the evaluation work conducted by numerous reviewers, carbon has only very few applications. This study gives an overview of carbon fiber, its structural uses in restoration and repair projects and the various characteristics of fiber-reinforced concrete with carbon. The strength, toughness, and flexural properties of carbon fiber as well as the feasibility research on repair and rehabilitation work using various carbon fibers have been reviewed.
Investigation of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Hybrid Nanocomposites Reinforced with Alumina and Titanium Carbide Nanoparticles
Authors: D. Sudarsan  , A. Bovas Herbert Bejaxhin  , S. Raj Kumar
Published: July 2024

Particle-reinforced aluminum metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) garnered huge attention in recent years, owing to their increased wear properties and mechanical characteristics. Metal matrix composites and alloys often make use of nanoparticles of alumina and titanium carbide for reinforcing purposes. Fewer details are known about hybridized MMNCs that have been fortified with different types of nanoparticles. The characteristics of hybrid nanocomposites are evaluated in comparison to those of nanocomposites reinforced with individual reinforcements. A 100 gmf stress was applied for 10 seconds to test the specimens' Vickers micro-hardness. The hardness increased by 114% and the compressive strength by 60% with the addition of nanoparticles to the metal matrix. Tests were conducted on the specimens' dry wear characteristics at speeds of 550, 600 and 650 rpm with loads of 40, 45 and 50 N. A higher carbon reinforcing level in the metal matrix results in a higher wear resistance.
Study of Emission Characteristics on a CI Engine Using a Cost-effective Cu-Zn-coated Catalytic Converter
Authors: N. Udhayakumar  , S. Ramesh Babu  , S. Deepak  , K. Sivaganesh  , L. Senthil  , D. Sudharsan  , P. Anilkumar
Published: July 2024

Emissions from automobile exhaust gases contribute to a major part of air pollution. Daily, the usage of the automobile increases to fulfill human comfort. In general, automobile engine exhaust emission is a major contributor to air pollution in India. Carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HCs) are major exhaust emission components that are frequently examined in emission studies. High concentration of these emissions in the atmosphere affects human health. To overcome this problem, many researchers are working on alternative methods like fuel blends, piston-cylinder coating and exhaust treatment processes. The three-way catalytic converter is used in automobile engines to reduce HCs, CO and NOx emissions using rare and expensive materials like palladium, platinum and rhodium. In this research work, a 3.7kW single-cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine running at 1500rpm was chosen to study emission characteristics, using a Cu-Zn-coated catalytic converter, for various engine load conditions. At full load conditions, the catalytic converter effectively reduced the emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen by 72%, 60% and 65%, respectively, compared with conventional CI engines without catalytic converters.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Physical and Mechanical Responses of Sisal-Epoxy Hybrid Composites to Varied Groundnut Shell Particulate Levels
Authors: T. Sathish
Published: July 2024

Sustainable material development has a huge potential for meeting future material demands globally. This research supports such requirements by involving sustainable material sources such as Groundnut shells and sisal to develop the new material by reinforcing them in the epoxy matrix. The waste of groundnut shells was employed in this investigation as filler in the powder form. In the composite, the filler content was increased in the order of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt. % and the epoxy content was decreased in the order of 55, 50, 45 and 40 wt. %, but the composition percentage remained constant at 40 wt. % for sisal in all composite samples. At 20% concentration of filler, the tensile and flexural strengths are 18% and 14%, respectively. The impact strength for a lower concentration of the filler (up to 10 wt. %) was found to be better than that for the higher concentrations of filler. Through Scanning electron microscopy, the mechanical fluctuations revealed the changes in the composite microstructure. The mechanical and physical properties of sisal and epoxy hybrid composite were found to be complexly influenced by groundnut shell content in the composite.
Investigation on Reinforced Concrete Beams with High-Strength FRP Composite
Authors: K. S. Navaneethan  , S. Manoj  , S. Anandakumar  , K. Raja  , N. Jothi Lakshmi  , V. Sampathkumar  , B. Nithya  , V. Tamil Selvan
Published: July 2024

This study examines an advanced material called High Strength Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite (HSFRPC). The flexural characteristics of RC beams with dimensions of 2000 × 100 × 150 mm, strengthened with a HSFRPC overlay were investigated. The control RC beam was tested under four-point bending until failure. Two test RC beams were subjected to a preload of 70% of their ultimate load, while the third one was subjected to a preload of 65% of the ultimate load of the control beam. The preloaded RC beams were reinforced by applying a HSFRPC overlay to the lower surface. The overlay was applied across the whole width of one of 70% preloaded RC beams. The overlay was applied only in the area for the other 70% preloaded and the 65% preloaded RC beam, where the bending moment is constant. Strengthened beams underwent testing using a four point bending load. During the testing process, many factors like load, deflection, cracks and failure patterns were closely monitored. The experimental investigation revealed that beams with HSFRPC overlay showed enhanced load carrying capacity and ductility compared to conventional RC beams.
Characterization Studies on Vetiveria Zizanioides Natural Fiber and Graphene Filler Reinforced Nano Polymer Composite Material
Authors: N. Senthilkumar  , B. Deepanraj  , C. K. Dhinakarraj  , M. Yuvaperiyasamy
Published: July 2024

In this work, Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix was developed with three fiber weight fractions (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) and with 3 wt.% of graphene (Gr) as filler material. This composite could replace asbestos-based braking material in automotive brake linings, as asbestos materials are carcinogenic and cause environmental issues. Hand lay-up and compression molding process was used to fabricate the natural fiber composite. The composite material was  characterized by tensile strength, impact strength and flexural strength. It is found that, with increase in fiber content, mechanical properties tend to improve when compared with unreinforced epoxy polymer. The natural hydrophilic vetiver fibers increased absorption of water and thickness swelling was observed for all the composites. When compared with 3% Gr-reinforced composite, 15% vetiver fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix along with 3% Gr shows increase in tensile, flexural, and impact strength by 82.66, 34.25, and 157.14%, respectively, with 29.03% reduction in % elongation. A remarkable increase in water absorption was recorded with the highest fiber content.
Nano-structured Molybdenum Trioxide Nano-hybrid based Conductive Platform for Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: N. Bharatha Devi  , B. Satyasri  , R. Ramya  , R. Kanmani  , G. Vinuja
Published: July 2024

A recently published study describes the use of an electrochemical biosensor that employs a nanohybrid of MoO3. This hybrid material is synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal process. NH2-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are renowned for their exceptional electrical characteristics, modest surface area, and fast electron transport capacities. The combination of MoO3 and NH2-MWCNTs produces an advanced immune sensing platform that improves the electrochemical performance and sensitivity in detecting HER-2. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the synthesized nanocomposite demonstrates the presence of nanorods enveloped by slender MWCNT fibers, resulting in the creation of a compact network. The addition of NH2-MWCNTs greatly enhances electron transfer, resulting in a tenfold increase compared to pristine MoO3, which has an average surface area of 63 m² g⁻¹. The biosensor has exceptional sensitivity, approximately 26 A ng⁻¹ cm⁻² per decade, over a dynamic linear range of 10⁻⁶ to 10³ ng mL⁻¹. Additionally, it retains its effectiveness for around five weeks when maintained at a temperature of 4 °C. This immunological sensing platform utilizes anti-HER-2 antibodies to identify the presence of HER-2. Therefore, the MoO3 composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance, similar to APTES/MoO3 and APTES/MoO3@RGO (Reduced Graphene Oxide) electrodes. It has the potential to be used as a matrix for immunological sensing to identify various cancer biomarkers.
Plasmonic Biosensor Field-Effect Devices for Virus Detection by Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: A. Niyas Ahamed  , M. Madheswaran  , Nazrin Salma
Published: July 2024

The predominance of viruses is a real threat to human safety as they cause severe infections. The high prevalence of viral diseases can be attributed to inadequate detection techniques. Various types of biosensors have been developed and commercialized with the intention of detecting dangerous viruses. However, they have many drawbacks. These problems are resolved by nanotechnology, which makes it possible to instantly recognize molecular targets directly. The special physical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties of nanomaterials offer advantages to biosensors. Sensors made of carbon nanotubes were initially utilized in field-effect devices for virus detection. Carbon nanoparticles show enhanced sensing capabilities. Optical biosensors with localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) can improve the performance of viral detection. The proposed method performs better than the existing SPR devices. The most often used nanomaterials are those made of metal and carbon, as well as their hybrid composites, which are used for various amplification techniques.
Comprehensive Insights of Chemically Treated Jute/Kenaf/Glass Fiber with TiO2 Nanoparticle using RSM Optimization
Authors: S. Jothi Arunachalam  , R. Saravanan
Published: July 2024

In this research, we examined the impacts of silane treatment on jute/kenaf fiber mats. Our main objective was to enhance the bending strength using response surface methodology. Different concentrations of silane (5%, 10%, and 15%) and varying soaking durations (10, 20, 30 min) were examined. Based on the findings, it was discovered that the optimal bending strength was attained by using a 5% silane concentration and soaking for 20 min with 5% TiO2 nanoparticle. Utilizing Design-Expert software, the study optimized these parameters and examined their impact on flexural characteristics. The model demonstrated impressive correlation coefficients (R2 and Adjusted R2) for flexural strength and hardness, suggesting its reliability in predicting properties. Additional experiments were conducted to confirm the accuracy of the model’s predictions, and the results showed a minimal discrepancy between the predicted and actual values. This provides strong evidence for the model’s reliability in making accurate predictions.
Nanoparticle-Modified Cassia Fistula Sawdust-Based G-Filters for Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water
Authors: Sunil Duhan  , Sachin Jalwal  , Himanchal  , Anand Plappally
Published: July 2024

G-filter is a common household ceramic water filter manufactured from kaolinite sawdust. Kaolinite and sawdust wet mixtures are press-formed to produce the frustum shape; air-dried and sintered to manufacture the G-filter. The sawdust used is a mixture of dissimilar wood waste readily available at carpentry workshops. In this article, Cassia fistula pods sawdust is used instead of the sawdust mixture. This new filter is named Cassia Fistula Modified (CFM) G-filter. Thermogravimetric and SEM analysis were performed to characterize and compare the CFM and regular G-filter variants. The CFM G-filter has a double modal mass reduction compared to the G-filter manufactured with sawdust as raw material. Comparative flow analysis revealed a ten-fold increase in filtration rate in CFM-based G-filters compared to regular G-filters. Therefore, CFM-modified G-filters can become a potential solution for fluoride removal from drinking water sources. The CFM greenware mixture is modified with ferric chloride and alumina nanoparticles to produce a Novel Clay Ceramic (NVC) water filter. The control experiments for NVC water filters were conducted on a G-filter modified in similar manner with FeCl3 and Al2O3 nanoparticles. Ion-selective elective test for NVC filter achieved ~33% and ~53.33% fluoride removal in the first and the second run, respectively. Similarly, ion chromatography revealed 37.66% and 46.97% fluoride removal in the first run and the second run, respectively. The regular G-filter did not showcase any specific removal whatsoever compared to the NVC. The implication of this work is the use of local plant materials as point-of-use solutions for drinking water problems.
Sensing 6-Mercaptopurine with a Thiophene-carbazole Copolymer Matrix: A First Principles Approach
Authors: Pooja Sharma  , Reena Srivastava  , Anurag Srivastava  , Rachana Kathal
Published: July 2024

This study discusses the impact of cytostatic drugs, particularly 6-mercaptopurine(6-MP), as emerging pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Computational analyses using Density Functional Theory analyzed the electronic properties and adsorption behavior of the 3-methoxy thiophene (3-MeOTH) monomer matrix and the 3-methoxy thiophene(3-MeOTH)–n-vinyl carbazole (NVK) copolymer matrix in the presence of 6-MP. Results indicate that 6-MP is adsorbed on the matrices of 3-MeOTH polymer and 3-MeOTH-NVK copolymer with weak Van der Waal forces as indicated by negative adsorption energy and a significant charge transfer. Additionally, 6-MP shows notable sensitivities with both matrices, with 3-MeOTH-NVK demonstrating a 37.8% higher sensitivity compared to 3-MeOTH polymer. Enhanced conductance and peak amplitude enhancements in the presence of 6-MP suggest the potential of these materials for drug sensing applications.
A Comprehensive Microstructural Analysis for Enhancing Concrete’s Longevity and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: S. Naveen Kumar  , M. Natarajan  , A. Naveen Arasu
Published: July 2024

The environmental factors lessen the durability of concrete by changing the way the elements are linked together. To maximize the building's longevity, the concrete needs to be impermeable. Samples of Portland slag cement concrete of grade M20 that had been produced with and without admixtures as well as with and without reinforcement were taken into account for the current investigation. Samples were initially cured in potable water for 28 days, following which they were subjected to additional exposure in environments containing hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid for challenging conditions for a subsequent 28-, 56- and 90-day period. All specimens exposed to various environmental circumstances showed a similar pattern of enriching in physical characteristics and diminishing in water absorption, therefore enriching the durability qualities, when the data gathered at intervals of 28, 56, and 90 days of curing were examined. SEM examination revealed a notable refinement in pore structure with aging, confirming age-related pore refinement. XRD analysis performed for phase identification revealed the presence of silica and calcium carbonate in the concrete specimens. This research intends to offer important insights about the appropriateness of Portland Slag Cement in strengthening the resilience and durability of concrete.
Evaluation of Sustainable and Renewable Agro-Waste Adsorbent for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Wastewater
Authors: L. Vidhya  , S. J. Pradeeba  , B. Jeyagowri  , K. Sivakumar  , V. Nirmala Devi
Published: July 2024

The present research work investigates the adsorption capacity of chromium ions from wastewater by KOH-activated agro-waste Citrus limetta (sweet lime) peel biochar (CLPBC). This paper reports the effects of different parameters like dosage, initial concentration, and pH of the agro-waste adsorbent using KOH-activated Citrus limetta peel biochar. The results revealed that the sweet-lime peel biochar removed more than 99.8 % Cr (VI) at a concentration of 100 ppm, pH 7, and the time interval between 0 and 150 min. The kinetics of the Cr (VI) adsorption on Citrus limetta peel biochar followed the second order. The data on adsorption befittingly matched the Langmuir isotherm. Additionally, physical structural investigations such as FT-IR, SEM, EDAX, and TGA abundantly demonstrated the same, revealing distinct phases with greater numbers of pores or adsorption sites. Higher sorption capacity indicates that KOH-activated Citrus limetta peel biochar can be effectively and economically used for the treatment of Cr (VI) ion adsorption from industrial effluents.
Theoretical Analysis of NiO Interaction with Conjugated Carbazole-thiophene: Structural and Electronic Insights
Authors: Sharma Pooja , A. Srivastava  , R. Kathal  , R. Srivastava
Published: July 2024

This study presents a detailed analysis of the interactions between nickel oxide and a pristine conjugated thiophene-carbazole copolymer matrix, utilizing Density Functional Theory (DFT) software based on quantum ATK. Upon interaction with NiO, a significant enhancement in the stability and conductivity of the carbazole-thiophene copolymer was observed. This enhancement was evidenced by a notable reduction in total energy and a decrease in the band gap from 2.88 to 0.56 eV, as observed in the molecular energy spectra (MES). The integration of nickel 3d sub-orbitals into the electronic configuration of the pristine matrix was attributed to this enhancement. Additionally, Density of States (DOS) profiles and reactivity parameters confirmed a narrowed HOMO-LUMO gap (ƸH-ƸL) with improved electronic properties and stability.
Assessment of Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Marine Microalgae Dunaliella salina in Saline Food Industry Wastewater
Authors: E. Balaji  , D. Swaminathan  , V. Sudarshana Deepa
Published: July 2024

Industrial wastewater release into the environment is a critical global challenge leading to severe water pollution, adversely impacting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems requiring effective solutions. The treatment, disposal, and recirculation of saline wastewater from food containing nitrate and phosphate poses significant health and environmental risks. This research aims to address the challenge by investigating the potential of using the marine microalgae Dunaliella salina  for treating saline food industry wastewater, both in laboratory and pilot-scale settings using raceway tanks. In the laboratory study, a mixture of wastewater and F/2 medium was inoculated with Dunaliella salina  to assess its potential for growth in saline wastewater, rich in nitrate and phosphate. The study observed a cell density of 5.5 x 105 cells/ml. Subsequently, a pilot-scale study was conducted, where the maximum cell density of 6.2 x 105 cells/ml was achieved. The efficacy of Dunaliella salina in removing nitrate and phosphorus from the culture was evaluated by measuring the levels of these compounds. A significant reduction in nitrate concentration from 146 to 22.16 mg/l was observed, with a removal efficiency of 84.82%; similarly, the phosphate concentration decreased from 55.3 to 10.79 mg/l, with a removal efficiency of 80.49 %. The reductions in nitrate and phosphate concentrations, along with the demonstrated growth of Dunaliella salina in saline industrial wastewater, confirmed the feasibility of employing these microalgae for bioremediation treatment in a sustainable way.
Fly Ash Cenosphere - Formation, Separation, and Applications in Diverse Fields
Authors: Shraddha Wadatkar  , Diwakar Z. Shende  , Kailas L. Wasewar
Published: July 2024

Despite a global shift towards renewable energy sources, coal will remain a significant energy source in the near future. The by-products of burning coal, have already given rise to environmental issues and its associated pollution. The coal fly ash, bottom ash, and its disposal require large areas of land causing certain alarming issues related to thermal power plants. Separation techniques are available to isolate the valuable constituents from fly ash viz., magnetites, aluminosilicates, cenospheres, unburned carbon, etc. for its specialized applications. The fly ash cenosphere, a high-demand material, can be explored for many industrial applications due to its outstanding characteristics, including low bulk density, good heat resistance, chemical inertness, great workability, high strength, and spherical shape. An attempt has been made in this work to present a comprehensive description of fly ash cenosphere, its formation and separation, basic properties, and environmental issues; in addition, its applications in soil amelioration, ceramics, catalysis, oil well drilling, electronic components, and zeolite synthesis have been elaborated.
Synthesis and Application of Eco-Friendly Adsorbent for Treatment of Congo Red and KMnO4 Dye Aqueous Solution
Authors: Prakhar Jain  , Bhavya Dravid  , Manya Chopra  , Sandeep Patel  , Kanchapogu Suresh
Published: July 2024

The use of natural resources as environmentally acceptable adsorbents for wastewater treatment was investigated in two research. The first concentrated on using bamboo leaves as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove the dye KMnO4. Bamboo leaves were carefully synthesised, spectrophotometrically analysed, and showed different adsorption capabilities according to unit adsorbent concentration. The second study used a systematic synthesis procedure and spectrophotometric characterization to remove Congo red dye from mango leaves. The Mangifera indica adsorbent demonstrated a noteworthy 88.27% adsorption peak at a dye concentration of 50 mg/L. Both programmes emphasised the potential of renewable resources and focused on low-cost, environmentally friendly methods to address the problem of water contamination. The research emphasised the adaptability and effectiveness of natural adsorbents, underscoring the significance of sustainable approaches in the treatment of wastewater. These findings contribute significantly to developing green solutions, showcasing the feasibility of utilizing bamboo and mango leaves in addressing diverse dye contaminants. Further optimization and mechanistic understanding are crucial for enhancing the efficiency of these eco-friendly adsorbents, paving the way for environmentally conscious water treatment practices.
Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Sustainable Water Disinfection: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: Suman Thakur  , Sharda Bharti
Published: July 2024

Waterborne biological pollution poses a significant threat to both the environment and human health, leading to the transmission of various waterborne diseases. Ensuring the safety of drinking water is essential for safeguarding public health and reducing the prevalence of waterborne illnesses caused by microbial pollutants. Recently, there has been a notable increase in the utilization of nanoparticles for water treatment purposes. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as promising candidates for enhancing water treatment processes due to their structural and functional adjustability and makes them stand out for environmental remediation. Notable properties include porous structures with customizable sizes, large surface areas, and internal characteristics that are variable. In this study, zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) and Ag@zeolitic-imidazolate frameworks (Ag@ZIF-8) were synthesized using 2-methylimidazole (2-MIM) as an organic linker via a facile green synthesis method and used for water disinfection.  These MOFs were characterized using a range of techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS. The antibacterial activity of ZIF-8 and Ag@ZIF-8 were evaluated using the disc diffusion method against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. These MOFs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, where the Ag-ZIF-8 MOF exhibited improved antibacterial activities over ZIF-8 alone.  Finally, the suggested material shows promise for reusable water filtration and disinfection against a variety of pollutants, providing a practical option to reduce environmental and public health threats.
Synthesis, Kinetics and Mathematical Modelling of Environment Friendly Acrylate-Based Binder
Authors: Sweta Shukla  , Prachi Jain  , Soniya Juneja
Published: July 2024

The copolymers consisting of acrylic and methacrylic esters have achieved prime importance due to their versatile applications. Copolymerization of Methyl meth acrylate (MMA) with butyl acrylate has been carried out for modifying the properties of the polymer. Dynamic swelling kinetics were conducted at room temperatures to investigate the synthesized binder's swelling properties for paint industries. The experimental swelling curves were analyzed using three different models: Peleg's model, the first-order absorption kinetic model, and the exponential association equation model. All of these models demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental data, as indicated by high R-Square values and low values for Chi Square, Sum of Squared Errors (SSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Comparing the determination coefficients for these models, it was concluded that the Peleg model provides a better representation of the swelling characteristics across various concentrations of the crosslinker in the polymer. Specifically, the Peleg model exhibited high R-Square values of 0.98121, 0.9869, and 0.97605 for 0%, 5%, and 10% PPGDA concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, it yielded reduced chi-square values of 1.44546, 0.74895, and 0.86587 and root mean square error values of 1.202, 0.8654, and 0.9305 for the same respective concentrations. These results establish the Peleg model as the most favorable choice for characterizing the swelling behavior with different cross linker concentrations in the polymer. The prepared latexes are used as binder for environment friendly coatings.
Sustainable Circular Economy: Transforming Fly Ash into Valuable Compost
Authors: Vandana Jangde  , Shweta Choubey  , Danuj Kumar Markam
Published: July 2024

The increasing global concern over environmental sustainability has prompted a shift towards circular economy principles, aiming to minimize waste, promote resource efficiency, and foster a regenerative approach to production and consumption. This research explores the conversion of fly ash is obtained as a secondary product of coal combustion process, into valuable compost as a novel and eco-friendly solution within the circular economy framework. Fly ash, traditionally considered an industrial waste with potential environmental implications, can be repurposed into a valuable resource through innovative composting techniques. This study investigates the biological and chemical processes involved in the conversion of fly ash into nutrient-rich compost, highlighting the potential benefits in terms of waste reduction, resource recovery, and soil enrichment. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating principles of environmental science, microbiology, and engineering to optimize the composting process. Key factors such as microbial activity, nutrient cycling, and the influence of organic additives are examined to enhance the quality and effectiveness of the final compost product. Additionally, the study evaluates the potential of fly ash as compost is to improve soil fertility, sequester carbon, as well as mitigate environmental risks associated with traditional fly ash disposal. Through a life cycle assessment, the environmental impact of converting fly ash into compost is compared with conventional waste management practices, providing insights into the overall sustainability of the proposed circular economy solution. Economic feasibility and market potential are also explored, considering the commercial viability of large-scale fly ash composting operations. The findings of this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge on circular economy practices by presenting a sustainable and economically viable alternative for managing fly ash waste. The outcomes may inform policymakers, industries, and environmental practitioners in developing strategies to transition towards more circular and environmentally responsible waste management practices. Ultimately, this research aims to promote the integration of fly ash composting into circular economy models, fostering a greener and more sustainable future.
Evaluation of Activated Biochar from Sustainable Sterculia foetida Shells for the Removal of AB 158 Dye
Authors: Yennam Rajesh  , Neha Gautam  , Jai Shah  , Anil Kumar Thandlam  , Sakshi Gole  , Pragati Nirgude  , Ganesh Dabhade
Published: July 2024

The escalating concern over environmental pollution, particularly stemming from industrial effluents like textile dyes, has necessitated the development of sustainable wastewater treatment methods. This study focuses on utilizing agricultural waste, specifically sterculia foetida shells, to synthesize activated carbon for the removal of Acid Blue 158 (AB 158) dye from aqueous solutions. Through a comprehensive investigation, activated carbon samples were produced using various chemical activating agents and characterized using techniques such as BET surface area analysis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate that the SFS-AC-K-13 adsorbent exhibited superior adsorption performance, with a maximum dye uptake of 388 mg/g and a removal efficiency of 97.89%, respectively. Equilibrium sorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, with the Freundlich model demonstrating the best fit (R2=0.9896) to the experimental data. Comparison with literature values confirms the effectiveness of the synthesized adsorbent in AB 158 dye removal. Overall, this research contributes to sustainable wastewater treatment strategies and highlights the potential of agricultural waste-derived activated carbon for textile dye removal applications.
Integrated Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process and Constructed Wetland for the Treatment of Stabilized Landfill Leachate
Authors: X. Daniel Joseph  , U. Bhuvaneshwari  , K. Soundaranayaki
Published: July 2024

Treatment of stabilized landfill leachate is a great challenge due to its poor biodegradability. Present study made an attempt to treat this wastewater by combining electro-Fenton (E- Fenton) and constructed wetland (CW). E-Fenton treatment was applied prior to Constructed wetland process to enhance the biodegradability of leachate, which will be beneficial for the subsequent biological process. This study also investigates the efficiency of Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst in E-Fenton process. The objectives of this study are to synthesize chitosan to obtain magnetite nanoparticles via iron ions assembly and to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles using SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis to assess its nature. The effects of initial pH, catalyst dosage, applied voltage and electrode spacing on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency were analysed to determine the optimum conditions. Heterogeneous E-Fenton process gave 84.29% COD removal at catalyst dosage of 50 mg/L, pH 2, electrode spacing 3 cm, voltage 5 V and electrode area 25 cm2. The proficiency of utilizing eggshells as a media in constructed wetlands was evaluated for the treatment of wastewater previously subjected to electro-Fenton treatment. And it was found that combined E-Fenton and biological treatment (CW) resulted in overall COD removal of 95.79%, bringing down the final COD to 292 mg/L. Thus, the combination of the E-Fenton process followed by a biological process is efficient for complete mineralization with lower operational cost.
Sustainable Approach: Utilizing Plastic Waste-Derived rGO for Multifunctional Thermoplastic Nanocomposites
Authors: Rajshree Vijayvargiya  , Alok K Sahu  , Ambika Joshi
Published: July 2024

Presently, the escalating global demand for plastic has led to an alarming rise in waste plastics, posing a significant threat to the environment. Materials like PP, PE, and polystyrene (PS) are identified as key precursors for producing carbon nanomaterials such as CNTs, carbon nanofibers, and graphene Nano sheets (GNs) derived from plastic waste. This study investigates the impact of reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO), derived from plastics waste, on the various properties of polyolefin nanocomposites. This research involved preparing high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with rGO nanocomposites, loading a very low% of rGO varying as 0.025wt%, 0.050 wt%, and 0.075 wt% by using Co-rotating twin-screw extruder and the mechanical, thermal, electrical and morphological properties were assessed using UTM, TGA, Dielectric breakdown tester, and SEM respectively and also compared with the virgin HDPE material.The findings demonstrated that the significant enhancements in tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus were observed at a 0.075% rGO loading, surpassing other compositions. This improvement likely resulted from enhanced stress transfer from the polymer matrix to the nanofiller. TGA analysis revealed that all compositions of HDPE/rGO nanocomposites exhibited higher thermal stability compared to their virgin counterparts. It is due to the rigidity in polymer chains movement because of dispersion of rGO, shows restriction in thermal vibrations of the C–C bond of the HDPE matrix. However, a slight decrease in dielectric strength as the % of rGO increased, due to the induced polarization effect and intrinsic high dielectric constant of rGO. Despite this, these nanocomposites, with their exceptional flexural and tensile properties even at low levels of rGO incorporation, offer cost-effective prospects in plastic industries.
Development and Characterization of Acrylonitrile (NBR)/ Styrene-Butadiene (SBR) Blends Reinforced with Halloysite Nanotubes
Authors: Ambika Joshi  , A. B. Soni  , Alok Sahu
Published: July 2024

Elastomeric blends based on Nitrile (NBR) and Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) are compatibilized by 6% Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and further reinforced with Halloysite nanotubes in various % loading (1%, 2%, 3% & 4%) in a two roll mill mixer for preparation of nanocomposites with enhanced properties. Further to enhance the effect of nanofillers and to increase the interaction of nanofiller with rubber matrix, HNT’s were functionalized by 30% H2SO4 by adopting the modification process. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulas of elasticity, tear strength, hardness & thermal stability was studied. The result revealed that the blends reinforced with 3% modified HNT’s showed better results as compared to blends with unmodified HNT’s.
Enhancing Shelf Lifestorage Stability of Anaerobically Fermented Garbage Enzyme by Concentrating through Membrane Separation
Authors: P. Mala  , A. Ashokkumar  , C. Arun  , K. Geetha
Published: July 2024

Enzyme solutions derived from garbage have many applications in the surfactant industry, industrial and municipal sludge stabilization, Bio-fertilizer, bio-herbicide & bio-pesticide production, etc. Once the produced solution is taken into an aerobic environment, it induces microbial growth which may in turn produce desirable and undesirable biochemicals. To control the activation of biochemicals present in garbage-fermented solution by removing water content using a membrane separation process was investigated. Fabricated Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membrane separation set up with 0.45 µm pores produces a bifurcated yield of concentrate and water, whichis a similar process as a water purification unit in the home. As the water part is reduced by membrane separation from the enzyme solution the reaction with oxygen is controlled in a concentrated part which in turn reduces the hydrolysis reaction. The inactive condition was investigated by altering the pH of the system, which also reduced BOD and COD the main impact of increasing the stability of the enzyme.The experiment investigation is executed, discussed, and reported for the transport process parameters on the membrane process and control investigation by the parameter pH. BOD and COD. This is a trial attempt to check the perception of how far the membrane separation process works on concentrating the garbage-produced enzyme solution as well as reducing the rate of degradation while in contact with air. Also, the activity of protease, lipase, and amylase was increased in the concentrated garbage enzyme.
Nanotechnology approaches for Enhancement in Biohydrogen Production
Authors: Ashwini S Thakre  , Diwakar Z Shende  , Kailas L Wasewar
Published: July 2024

The rapid surge of renewable energy sources has been influenced by the high rate of energy consumption and the low sustainability of traditional energy sources. Being an excellent energy source, hydrogen does not leave any negative carbon footprint as it only produces water during the combustion process. It is carbon neutral which can be produced from a variety of waste feed stocks or biomass, making it the most efficient and environmentally friendly form of energy amid all biofuels. To meet the future hydrogen demand, biological processes like bacterial fermentation, are considered to be environmentally favourable option. Since biomass is abundant, cheap, and biodegradable it is considered profitable for biohydrogen production. Though photo-biological and dark fermentation methods are regarded as successful in generating biohydrogen, their lower yields pose significant challenges for its commercial production. Studies are being conducted to improve efficiency, and here is where nanomaterials come into play by influencing biological processes at the cellular level. They can act as catalysts speeding up the reactions that create hydrogen and making the process more sustainable. Owing to their distinct properties such as stability, crystalline nature, high ratio of surface to volume, adsorption ability, and increased electroconductivity significantly enhance hydrogen generation. In this paper, the applications of nanomaterials such as metals, metal alloys, metal oxides, nanocomposites, and inorganic nanoparticles to improve biohydrogen production have been studied.
Deep Learning-based Environmental Air Quality Development using Remote Sensing based Stations
Authors: M. Mathan Kumar  , S. Gayathri Priya  , S. Sabarunisha Begum  , Chandrasekar Perumal  , P. Ramadevi  , R. Sudha
Published: July 2024

Air pollution, comprised of harmful substances suspended in the air, tragically leads to millions of premature deaths on an annual basis. Although ground-based stations offer precise monitoring of air pollution, their effectiveness is confined to specific geographic areas. Conversely, satellite remote sensing technology holds the promise of broadening coverage, yet its primary focus remains on the upper layers of the atmosphere. In pursuit of a comprehensive solution, this study endeavors to revolutionize the representation of surface air quality on a global scale by harnessing the power of satellite data. Through the utilization of advanced techniques such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), it amalgamates data streams from air pollution stations across the globe. Furthermore, socioeconomic and environmental data are seamlessly integrated with satellite images to construct sophisticated multiple models. The results of this innovative approach unveil the superiority of multiple models over their singular counterparts, boasting enhanced accuracy in air quality prediction. The efficient architecture of CNNs combined with the generative capabilities of GANs enables real-time or near-real-time monitoring of air pollution levels. This timely feedback is essential for implementing prompt interventions and mitigating the impact of air pollution on public health and the environment.