bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, structural characterization and cytotoxic activity of triorganotin 5‐(salicylideneamino)salicylates
Authors: Liu Jin , Lin Yichao , Liu Min , Wang Shiqing , Li Yuxiao , Liu Xicheng , Tian Laijin
Published: January 2019

Six new triorganotin complexes (1a–1c and 2a–2c) of 5‐(salicylideneamino)salicylic acid, [5‐(3‐X‐2‐HOC6H3CH═N)‐2‐HOC6H3COO]SnR3 (X = H, 1; CH3O, 2; R = Ph, a; Cy, b; CH2C(CH3)2Ph, c), have been synthesized by one‐pot reaction of 5‐aminosalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde and triorganotin hydroxide and characterized using elemental analysis and infrared and NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectra. The crystal structures of 1a, 1b, 2a·CH3OH, 2b·CH3OH and 2c·CHCl3 have been determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In non‐coordinated solvent CDCl3, the tin atoms in the complexes are all four‐coordinated. In the crystalline state, these compounds adopt a four‐ or five‐coordination mode. Complex 1a exhibits a 44‐membered macrocyclic tetrameric structure with trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the tin atoms in which the axial positions are occupied by the oxygen atom of carboxylate group of the ligand and the phenolic oxygen atom from the adjacent ligand. The coordination geometry of tin atom in 1b and 2c·CHCl3 is a distorted tetrahedron shaped by three carbon atoms of alkyl groups and a carboxylate oxygen atom of the ligand. In 2a·CH3OH and 2b·CH3OH, the tin atom has a distorted trans‐C3SnO2 trigonal bipyramidal geometry formed by three alkyl groups, a monodentate carboxylate group and a coordinated methanol molecule. The molecules of 2a·CH3OH and 2b·CH3OH are linked via O─H···O hydrogen bonds into a one‐dimensional supramolecular chain and a centrosymmetric R44(22) macrocycle, respectively. Bioassay results against two human tumor cell types (A549 and HeLa) show the complexes are efficient cytostatic agents and may be explored as potential antitumor drugs.
Extraction of neodymium from other fission products by co‐reduction of Sn and Nd
Authors: Xu Hengbin , Zhang Milin , Yan Yongde , Sun Xin , Zheng Yanghai , Qiu Min , Liu Li
Published: January 2019

High temperature processing is an important method for recovering long‐lived elements from spent nuclear fuel. Electrolysis is the key technology for high temperature processing. The electrochemical behaviors of Sn2+, Nd3+ and the mechanisms of Sn‐Nd alloy formation were investigated on a Mo electrode at 873 K by conducting a series of electrochemical techniques. The results showed the deposition of Nd on inert electrode is a two‐step process in LiCl‐KCl‐SnCl2 (2.0 wt.%) melt system. Subsequently, the electrochemical extraction of Nd from molten chlorides were carried out on the Mo electrode at temperature of 873 K by the potentiostatic electrolysis at −1.2 V for 40 hr. Besides, the extraction efficiency is 97.6%. A series of potentiostatic electrolysis were carried out at potential range between −1.0 and − 1.4 V. The NdSn3 alloy was obtained by electrolysis at −1.2 V. This deposition potential is consistent with the predicted results of the mathematical model. The micro‐chemical analysis and morphology analysis of the deposits was characterized by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped. The composition of the deposits was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP‐AES).
Synergistic and diminutive effects between triel bond and regium bond: Attractive interactions between π‐hole and σ‐hole
Authors: Zhang Jingru , Wang Zhixin , Liu Shufeng , Cheng Jianbo , Li Wenzuo , Li Qingzhong
Published: January 2019

High quantum chemical calculations have been performed for binary complexes of MCN···ZX3 (M = Cu, Ag, Au; Z = B, Al; X = H, F) and C2H4···AlX3. The strength of triel bonding depends on the nature of triel and coin metal atoms as well as the F substituents and electron donors. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis confirms a σ‐hole at the M‐C bond end of MCN, engaging in a regium bond with C2H4 in an increasing sequence of AgCN < CuCN < AuCN. The complex C2(CN)4···AuCN is unstable in view of MEPs, but a big attractive interaction energy (−38 kcal/mol) is produced when both molecules approach, which is mainly caused by polarization including orbital interactions. Both types of interactions are strengthened in ternary complex of C2H4···MCN···ZX3 but are weakened in NCAu···C2H4···AlX3 and C2(CN)4···AuCN···ZH3. It is found that the variation from synergistic to diminutive effects can be modulated by four CN groups in C2(CN)4. Interestingly, the binding distances of both interactions have an unexpected change. The cooperativity of both interactions has been explained with MEP and charge transfer. When C2H4 binds with AlX3 or AuCN, its π electron density is greatly decreased and even its MEP becomes positive, but it is still able to participate in a regium bond or a triel bond.
An experimental investigation and kinetic‐modeling study of the phase transformation behavior of glycine in various carboxylic acids
Authors: Polat Sevgi , Sayan Perviz
Published: January 2019

In this study, the phase transformation behavior from β‐glycine (Gly) to α‐Gly was examined in the presence of three different carboxylic acid additives (acetic, tartaric, and citric acid) at three different concentrations. Initially, the structure, morphology, shape parameters, surface functional groups, and elemental properties of the crystals prepared from the additive‐containing and nonadditive media were investigated. The characterization results showed that when compared with the pure medium, both the duration of the phase transformation and physicochemical properties of the α‐Gly crystals were altered in the presence of the three carboxylic acid additives studied. Subsequently, the experimental data obtained from the thermogravimetric analysis of the α‐Gly samples obtained from the additive containing and nonadditive media were modeled using a simplified DAEM kinetic model. On the basis of the data obtained from the distributed activation energy model, the average activation energy for the Gly crystals obtained from the pure medium was calculated to be 90.8 kJ/mol. The value for the crystals obtained from the acetic acid–containing medium was 104.0 higher than that found for the crystals from the pure medium and other two other additives studied. Besides kinetic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis confirmed that the carboxylic acid was adsorbed on the crystal's surface. The amount of acetic, tartaric, and citric acid adsorbed was 2.97, 2.38, and 1.72 mg/g, respectively.
Poly(aspartic acid) surface modification of macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres
Authors: Wu Xiaoyuan , Jiang Wenwei , Luo Yu , Li Jingjing
Published: January 2019

Novel macroporous, hydrophilic microspheres with a surface layer of crosslinked poly(aspartic acid) were synthesized. In this study, macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) [poly(GMA‐co‐EGDMA)] microspheres with pore size around 370 nm were first obtained through the surfactant reverse micelle swelling method, and the poly(GMA‐co‐EGDMA) was aminated by ethylene diamine to form poly(GMA‐NH2). The polysuccinimide was grafted onto the surface of poly(GMA‐NH2) microspheres and crosslinked by hexamethylendiamine and γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, respectively, and then hydrolyzed to obtain the poly(aspartic acid)‐functionalized macroporous microspheres. The functionalized hydrophilic microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis, mercury porosimetry, and elemental analysis. The metal ion adsorption capacity was also studied. The FTIR, XPS, and elemental analysis confirmed the poly(aspartic acid) functionalization of the poly(GMA‐co‐EGDMA) microspheres. SEM and mercury porosimetry showed there was little effect of this surface chemical modification on microsphere porosity, and the obtained macroporous microspheres exhibited excellent thermal stability and adsorption for Ag(I), presenting great potential for applications in adsorption, fixation, and separation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47441.
Self‐assembled poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether‐grafted gelatin nanogels for efficient delivery of curcumin in cancer treatment
Authors: Tran Diem‐Huong Nguyen , Nguyen Thi Hiep , Vo Thanh Nguyet Nguyen , Pham Linh Phuong Tran , Vo Do Minh Hoang , Nguyen Cuu Khoa , Bach Long Giang , Nguyen Dai Hai
Published: January 2019

Curcumin (CUR) is a natural active ingredient that attracted much attention for its chemotherapeutic activity against tumors without causing toxicity in healthy cells. However, it has certain limitations for being used in chemotherapy such as low aqueous solubility and hydrolytic instability in the physiological environment. In this study, self‐assembled poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether‐grafted gelatin (Gel‐mPEG) nanogels were fabricated as delivery systems to improve the applicability of CUR in cancer treatment. CUR‐loaded Gel‐mPEG nanogels exhibited desired size range, relatively colloidal stability, and provided enhanced CUR stability in aqueous solutions. Especially, they showed significant high CUR loading capacity and better anticancer activity than free CUR as compared to previously reported CUR‐loaded nanogels according to the best of our knowledge. Moreover, the in vitro release of CUR from the nanogels was controlled and prolonged up to 96 h. These results demonstrated that Gel‐mPEG nanogels are the promising modality for the efficient delivery of CUR in cancer treatment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47544.
The Use of Anatomical Dissection Videos in Medical Education
Authors: Greene Sarah J.
Published: January 2019

Dissection videos are commonly utilized in gross anatomy courses; however, the actual usage of such videos, as well as the academic impact of student use of these videos, is largely unknown. Understanding how dissection videos impact learning is important in making curricular decisions. In this study, 22 dissection videos were created to review structures identified in laboratory sessions throughout the Organ Systems 1 (OS1), 2 (OS2), and 3 (OS3) courses. Dissection videos were provided to 201 first‐year medical students, and viewing data were recorded. Demographic data for age and gender identity were also collected from students. Overall, there was a significant decrease in total views (P = 0.001), the number of students who pressed play (P < 0.001), and the number of students who viewed ≥ 90% of the total length of videos (P < 0.001) from OS1 to OS3. The total adjusted time spent viewing videos was not significantly different between individual OS courses. There were some instances where significant differences existed in examination performance between those who did and did not view videos, and by time spent viewing videos. There were no significant differences in time spent viewing videos by gender. Together these data suggest that students may utilize dissection videos more at the beginning of a dissection course, although they remain an important resource throughout the year for a subset of students.
Nursing Students’ Perceptions of a Silent Mentor Program in an Anatomy Course
Authors: Lai Hui‐Ling , Perng Shoa‐Jen , Huang Chiung‐Yu
Published: January 2019

Anatomy is a core course in undergraduate nursing curriculum. In today’s nursing profession, the integration of biosciences and humanities is increasingly emphasized. Anatomy is considered one of the most essential bioscience subjects for nursing practice. Thus, integrating a silent mentor program into the anatomy course can enrich the knowledge of undergraduate nursing students regarding biosciences and humanities and enhance their future patient‐centered care competencies. This article aimed to understand the students’ perceptions of integrating a silent mentor program into the anatomy course. Qualitative approach included four focus group interviews. Themes were developed using the analytic induction technique. Twenty‐five second‐year undergraduate nursing students from a university were recruited. Semi‐structured interviews were used to guide four focus group interviews. Focus group interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. According to the preliminary findings, nursing students regarded silent mentors not only as teaching tools but also as tools to learn more than anatomy. Students greatly respected the silent mentors and were highly engaged in the anatomy course. They expected to become better students or future nurses. Four themes were identified from the interviews: emotional transformation, caring spirit, course engagement, and self‐expectation. The findings suggest that the silent mentor program offered students a beneficial learning experience and stimulated their developing competency in nursing humanities. How the silent mentor program can help students achieve optimum academic performance and how their positive experience of the program and humanistic spirit translates into clinical practice in future should be studied further.
A 20‐year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population
Authors: Kirby Anne V. , Bakian Amanda V. , Zhang Yue , Bilder Deborah A. , Keeshin Brooks R. , Coon Hilary
Published: January 2019

Scientific Summary

Growing concern about suicide risk among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) necessitates population‐based research to determine rates in representative samples and to inform appropriate prevention efforts. This study used existing surveillance data in Utah to determine incidence of suicide among individuals with ASD over a 20‐year period, and to characterize those who died. Between 1998 and 2017, 49 individuals with ASD died by suicide. Suicide cumulative incidence rates did not significantly differ between 1998 and 2012 across the ASD and non‐ASD populations. Between 2013 and 2017, the cumulative incidence of suicide in the ASD population was 0.17%, which was significantly higher than in the non‐ASD population (0.11%; P < 0.05). During this period, this difference was driven by suicide among females with ASD; suicide risk in females with ASD was over three times higher than in females without ASD (relative risk (RR): 3.42; P < 0.01). Among the individuals with ASD who died by suicide, average age at death and manner of death did not differ significantly between males and females. Ages at death by suicide ranged from 14 to 70 years (M[SD] = 32.41[15.98]). Individuals with ASD were significantly less likely to use firearms as a method of suicide (adjusted odds ratio: 0.33; P < 0.001). Study results expand understanding of suicide risk in ASD and point to the need for additional population‐based research into suicide attempts and ideation, as well as exploration of additional risk factors. Findings also suggest a need for further study of female suicide risk in ASD. Autism Research 2019, 12: 658–666. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study examined suicide risk among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Utah over a 20‐year period. Risk of suicide death in individuals with ASD was found to have increased over time and to be greater than in individuals without ASD between 2013 and 2017. Females with ASD were over three times as likely to die from suicide as females without ASD. Young people with ASD were at over twice the risk of suicide than young people without ASD. Individuals with ASD were less likely than others to die from firearm‐related suicides.
Simultaneous determination of spinosad, temephos, and piperonyl butoxide in animal‐derived foods using LC–MS/MS
Authors: Zheng Weijia , Choi Jeong‐Min , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Yoo Kyung‐Hee , Park Da‐Hee , Kim Seong‐Kwan , Kang Young‐Sun , Hacımüftüoğlu Ahmet , Wang Jing , Shim Jae‐Han , Shin Ho‐Chul
Published: January 2019

Pesticides, which are used as plant protection products, can enter the food chain, and exposure to these xenobiotics can cause a wide array of health problems in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of residual spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and D), temephos and piperonyl butoxide in porcine muscle, egg, milk, eel, flatfish and shrimp (sampling period: February to June 2018) using liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The target analytes were extracted with a combination of acidified acetonitrile and ethyl acetate and subsequently purified with original QuEChERS kits (composed of magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride) as well as n‐hexane. All analytes were separated on a reversed‐phase analytical column using a mobile phase of (A) 0.1% formic acid containing 10 mm ammonium formate in distilled water and (B) methanol. Good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.980) was achieved over the tested concentration range (3.5–35 μg/kg for spinosyn A; 1.5–15 μg/kg for spinosyn D; 5–50 μg/kg for temephos and piperonyl butoxide) in matrix‐matched standard calibrations. Fortified samples at three spiking levels yielded recoveries in the range of 71–105% with relative standard deviations ≤9.2%. The applicability of the method was evaluated via evaluating samples collected from a large wholesale market located in Seoul, and none of the samples contained any of the target analytes. In conclusion, the current approach is simple, efficient and reliable and can successfully determine the residual levels of spinosad, temephos and piperonyl butoxide in complex animal‐derived food products.
Luxury products for the circular economy? A case study of Bang & Olufsen
Authors: Bundgaard Anja Marie , Huulgaard Rikke Dorothea
Published: January 2019

This paper examines whether luxury products can support a circular economy. This is done through a literature review of luxury products and the links to circular economy, as well as a case study of Bang & Olufsen (B&O).

The literature review revealed links between some of the core characteristics of luxury products and the circular economy. This included aspects such as the high quality, durability, service schemes, extended warranties, and large aftermarkets.

The case study supports the links between the inner circles in the circular economy (maintenance, repair, and reuse) and some of the core characteristics of luxury products. B&O produces products with a long lifespan, has extended warranties, repair and service schemes, spare part availability for 8 years, an aftermarket, and leasing schemes. B&O also does reconditioning of components for its repair loop, conducts dismantling tests, marks plastic parts, and has a negative list that excludes certain hazardous components.
The Behaviours and Perceptions of Paediatricians in Malta Relating to Child Protection Work: National and International Implications of a Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Borg Kevin , Barlow Jane
Published: January 2019

Health professionals fulfil an essential role within the multiagency response to safeguarding concerns. This study explored the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of paediatricians relating to child protection (CP) work. A mixed‐methods approach was adopted, using the explanatory sequential design. The quantitative strand involved a population survey of paediatricians (N = 56). Data were analysed and used to inform a subsequent qualitative strand. Both strands indicated that CP work was perceived as complex, emotive and stressful. Paediatricians perceived themselves to be working within an unstructured system. Despite most reporting to have assessed CP cases, 77.4 per cent (n = 41) had never received training. The majority reported that response pathways and reporting procedures were unclear and that they were not involved in tasks beyond identification. These factors contributed to a lack of confidence and ambivalence towards CP, particularly child sexual abuse. Participants felt reassured by having a designated consultant, however, this role also enabled them to offload responsibility. Overall, CP work was not being fully owned. This study suggests that the lack of mandatory and statutory guidance results in significantly suboptimal practice. Investment in structured training and support systems is recommended to engage professionals. Designated professionals should complement, rather than minimise, the role and responsibility of other professionals.

‘This study explored the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of paediatricians relating to child protection work’

Key Practitioner Messages

Child protection is the responsibility of every professional working with children.

Developing child protection systems requires a strong national commitment reflected in legislation and statutory guidance in order to ensure that they are standardised, robust and sustainable.

Engaging professionals in child protection work is essential and calls for structured training programmes, support systems and provisions in law that protect against legal liability.

Designated professionals in child protection are essential, however, their role should complement, rather than minimise, the role and responsibility of other professionals.

Child sexual abuse requires specialist input.
Synthetic and Crystallographic Insight into Exploiting sp2 Hybridization in the Development of α‐l‐Fucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Coyle Travis , Wu Liang , Debowski Aleksandra W. , Davies Gideon J. , Stubbs Keith A.
Published: January 2019

The sugar fucose plays a myriad of roles in biological recognition. Enzymes hydrolyzing fucose from glycoconjugates, α‐l‐fucosidases, are important targets for inhibitor and probe development. Here we describe the synthesis and evaluation of novel α‐l‐fucosidase inhibitors, with X‐ray crystallographic analysis using an α‐l‐fucosidase from Bacteroides thetaiotamicron helping to lay a foundation for future development of inhibitors for this important enzyme class.
Structure‐Based Specific Detection and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidases and Their Applications in Central Nervous System Diseases
Authors: Shi Riri , Wu Qiong , Xin Chenqi , Yu Houzhi , Lim Kah‐Leong , Li Xin , Shi Zhenxiong , Zhang Cheng‐Wu , Qian Linghui , Li Lin , Huang Wei
Published: January 2019

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are the enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which serve as key neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). MAOs play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamines, and the aberrant expression or activation of MAOs underlies the pathogenesis of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders, including neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Clearly, detecting and inhibiting the activities of MAOs is of great value for the diagnosis and therapeutics of these diseases. Accordingly, many specific detection probes and inhibitors have been developed and substantially contributed to basic and clinical studies of these diseases. In this review, progress in the detecting and inhibiting of MAOs and their applications in mechanism exploration and treatment of neurotransmitter‐related disorders is summarized. Notably, how the detection probes and inhibitors of MAOs were developed has been specifically addressed. It is hoped that this review will benefit the design of more effective and sensitive probes and inhibitors for MAOs, and eventually the treatment of monoamine neurotransmitter disorders.
Facile Construction of Defect‐rich Rhenium Disulfide/Graphite Carbon Nitride Heterojunction via Electrostatic Assembly for Fast Charge Separation and Photoactivity Enhancement
Authors: Li Haiping , Liang Zhiwei , Deng Quanhua , Hu Ms. Tingxia , Du Na , Hou Wanguo
Published: January 2019

Graphite carbon nitride (CN) is one of the most researched visible light photocatalysts, but it still cannot be used practically because of its low photoactivity resulting mainly from rapid photogenerated charge recombination. To accelerate charge separation, CN was herein electrostatically assembled with ReS2, a two‐dimensional semiconductor to construct heterojunction for the first time. The electrostatic and coordination interactions between CN and defect‐rich ReS2 make them close contact to form heterojunctions. The ReS2/CN heterojunction exhibits higher photocatalytic performance in pollutant degradation owing to faster generation of reactive oxygen species than CN, as well as increased visible and near‐infrared light absorption because of strong photoabsorption of defect‐rich ReS2. The accelerated reactive oxygen species generation for the heterojunction arises from accelerated charge separation, especially fast transfer of holes from CN to ReS2 in assistance of interfacial electric field and great valance‐band edge difference. This work provides a novel CN‐based heterojunction for photoactivity improvement and illustrates significance of electrostatic attraction in fabricating heterojunctions.
An Unusual Valence State: Trivalent Europium in Intermetallic Eu2Ir3Al9
Authors: Stegemann Frank , Block Theresa , Klenner Steffen , Janka Oliver
Published: January 2019

Eu2Ir3Al9, synthesized from the elements in tantalum tubes, is one of the rare examples for trivalent europium in the field of intermetallic compounds. The compound crystallizes in the Y2Co3Ga9‐type structure (space group Cmcm), with lattice parameters fitting in between the isostructural samarium and gadolinium compounds. In the crystal structure, the Eu atoms form Al3‐triangle‐centered honeycomb layers and exhibit a coordination number of 17 in the shape of a fivefold‐capped hexagonal prism (Eu@Ir6Al6+Al5). Magnetic measurements indicate an overall low susceptibility, in line with van Vleck paramagnetism caused by the Eu3+ cations. Fits of the susceptibility yield a coupling constant of λ=290(10) K and an effective magnetic moment of μeff=4.56(1) μB, in line with a slight hybridization of the 7F0 and 7F1 state. 151Eu Mössbauer spectroscopic investigations unambiguously prove the presence of solely Eu3+ in the bulk material.
Sensitized Photochemical CO2 Reduction by Hetero‐Pacman Compounds Linking a ReI Tricarbonyl with a Porphyrin Unit
Authors: Lang Philipp , Pfrunder Michael , Quach Gina , Braun‐Cula Beatrice , Moore Evan G. , Schwalbe Matthias
Published: January 2019

The hetero‐Pacman architecture places two different metal coordination sites in close proximity, which can support efficient energy and/or electron transfer and allow for cooperative activation of small molecules. Here, the synthesis of dyads consisting of a porphyrin unit as photosensitizer and a rhenium unit as catalytically active site, which are held together by the rigid xanthene backbone, is presented. Mononuclear [(NN)Re(CO)3(Cl)] complexes for CO2 reduction in which NN represents a bidentate diimine ligand (e.g., bipyridine or phenanthroline) lack light absorption in the visible region, resulting in poor photocatalysis upon illumination with visible light. To improve their visible‐light absorption, we have focused on the incorporation of a strongly absorbing free base or zinc porphyrin unit. Resulting photocatalytic experiments showed a strong dependence of the catalytic performance on both the type of photosensitizer and the excitation wavelengths. Most notably, the intramolecular hetero‐Pacman system containing a zinc porphyrin unit showed much better catalytic activity in the visible region (excitation wavelengths >450 nm) than the free base porphyrin version or the corresponding mononuclear rhenium compound or an intermolecular system comprised of a 1:1 mixture of the mononuclear analogues.
Freestanding Carbon Nanotube Film for Flexible Straplike Lithium/Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ding Xiaoyu , Pan Zhenghui , Liu Na , Li Linge , Wang Xianshu , Xu Guoguang , Yang Jie , Yang Jin , Yu Nengsheng , Liu Meinan , Li Wanfei , Zhang Yuegang
Published: January 2019

Flexible lithium/sulfur (Li/S) batteries are promising to meet the emerging power demand for flexible electronic devices. The key challenge for a flexible Li/S battery is to design a cathode with excellent electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility. In this work, a flexible strap‐like Li/S battery based on a S@carbon nanotube/Pt@carbon nanotube hybrid film cathode was designed. It delivers a specific capacity of 1145 mAh g−1 at the first cycle and retains a specific capacity of 822 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, the flexible Li/S battery retains stabile specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency even under severe bending conditions. As a demonstration of practical applications, an LED array is shown stably powered by the flexible Li/S battery under flattened and bent states. We also use the strap‐like flexible Li/S battery as a real strap for a watch, which at the same time provides a reliable power supply to the watch.
A Convenient Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of (E)‐3‐Benzylidenechroman‐4‐ones
Authors: Wang Wei‐Feng , Peng Jin‐Bao , Qi Xinxin , Ying Jun , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: January 2019

A convenient palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation reaction for the efficient synthesis of (E)‐3‐benzylidenechroman‐4‐ones has been developed. Using TFBen as a solid CO source, a range of substituted (E)‐3‐benzylidenechroman‐4‐ones were prepared in moderate to good yields with 2‐iodophenols and allyl chlorides as the substrates. Additionally, substituted quinolin‐4(1H)‐ones can also be obtained with 2‐iodoaniline as the starting material.
Room Temperature Ferromagnetism Enhanced in Al‐Doped ZnO by Pulsed Magnetic Field Processing
Authors: Yu Zhongrui , Tariq Muhammad , Li Wenxian , Hu Yemin , Zhu Mingyuan , Jin Hongming , Li Ying , Liao Hanlin
Published: January 2019

Al‐doped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor with hexagonal wurtzite structure is synthesized by hydrothermal method under 4 T (Tesla) pulsed magnetic field. High‐pulsed magnetic field processing promotes the substitution proportion of Al for Zn sites in ZnO lattice, which the processed sample performs better room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). The improvement of RTFM in Al‐doped ZnO is mainly on account of induced F centers in ZnO lattice by increased oxygen vacancies.
Band Gap Engineering of Mg Doped ZnO Nanorods Prepared by a Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Senol Sevim D. , Boyraz Cihat , Ozugurlu Ersin , Gungor Ali , Arda Lutfi
Published: January 2019

The effect of band gap on the structure, magnetic, and optical properties of Zn1−xMgxO nanorods synthesized by hydrothermal method using varying x‐values from 0.00 to 0.05 with 0.01 step increment is studied. The structural phases of Zn1−xMgxO samples are determined by X‐ray diffraction tool. The Rietveld analysis is performed for the selected Zn0.95Mg0.05O sample and all samples’ phases are found as single phase. The concentration‐dependent of lattice parameters, cell volumes, microstrain, and dislocation density, locality of the atoms and their displacement, and bond length in Zn1‐xMgxO structures are detailed. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements are performed and analyzed through concentration dependence of the g‐factor and the line‐widths of pike to pike (ΔHPP) of ESR spectra. A ferromagnetic behavior of the Zn0.95Mg0.05O nanorods is observed. The optical band gaps (Eg) of Zn1‐xMgxO nanorods are obtained by the data taken from Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–VIS) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. It is found that the Eg‐values increased with increasing amount of Mg elements in the structure.
Solid‐Waste‐Derived Carbon Dioxide‐Capturing Materials
Authors: Wang Junya , Yang Ying , Jia Qingming , Shi Yuzhen , Guan Qingqing , Yang Na , Ning Ping , Wang Qiang
Published: January 2019

Solid sorbents are considered to be promising materials for carbon dioxide capture. In recent years, many studies have focused on the use of solid waste as carbon dioxide sorbents. The use of waste resources as carbon dioxide sorbents not only leads to the development of relatively low‐cost materials, but also eliminates waste simultaneously. Different types of waste materials from biomass, industrial waste, household waste, and so forth were used as carbon dioxide sorbents with sufficient carbon dioxide capture capacities. Herein, progress on the development of carbon dioxide sorbents produced from waste materials is reviewed and covers key factors, such as the type of waste, preparation method, further modification method, carbon dioxide sorption performance, and kinetics studies. In addition, a new research direction for further study is proposed. It is hoped that this critical review will not merely sum up the major research directions in this field, but also provide significant suggestions for future work.
Efficient privacy‐preserving authentication scheme for roaming consumer in global mobility networks
Authors: Ostad‐Sharif Arezou , Babamohammadi Abolfazl , Abbasinezhad‐Mood Dariush , Nikooghadam Morteza
Published: January 2019

The advancements in wireless technologies have paved the way for offering seamless services to mobile consumers in global mobility networks (GLOMONETs). Nonetheless, since in these networks, the communication channels are open and public, devising proper measures to protect the security and privacy of exchanging messages is critical. Moreover, because of the energy and computational power limitations of the mobile devices, a security mechanism should put the least possible burden on these devices. To do so, plenty authentication schemes have been proposed in recent years to be employed in the context of GLOMONETs. Quite recently, four interesting authentication and key agreement schemes have been put forward, which have improved the efficiency and security of their previous related schemes. Besides the nice contributions of these four, in this paper, it is first indicated that all of them are vulnerable to the known session‐specific information attack. Then, a new chaotic map‐based authentication scheme is presented that not only is secure against the aforementioned attack but also has less computational complexity and communication overhead. The comprehensive descriptive discussion on security alongside the formal verification of security using the widely accepted ProVerif tool show that our scheme is secure against the known attacks, and the comparative performance analysis demonstrates its betterment for the constrained‐resource mobile devices.
Contextual risk factors impacting the colonization and development of the intestinal microbiota: Implications for children in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Andrews Krysta , Gonzalez Andrea
Published: January 2019

Early adversities, such as poverty, maternal stress, and malnutrition, can affect the structure and functioning of the developing brain with implications for biological systems such as the intestinal microbiota. To date, most studies examining the impact of these risk factors on the development and functioning of the intestinal microbiota have primarily been conducted in high‐income countries. However, arguably, children in low‐ and middle‐income countries may be at increased risk given cumulative biological and psychosocial adversities during their development. Accumulating evidence in low‐ and middle‐income countries has linked dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota to child health outcomes such as stunting, malnutrition, and diarrheal diseases characterized by reduced microbial diversity and elevated pathogenic bacteria, which has implications for psychosocial outcomes. This review summarizes empirical findings that highlight the association between risk factors prevalent in low‐ and middle‐income countries and the intestinal microbiota of children. Additionally, we briefly survey the current evidence regarding the effect of nutritional interventions on the microbial composition of children in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We conclude that these empirical studies have the capacity to inform future research investigating the influence of preventive interventions on biological systems by targeting the predominant risk factors faced by children in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Efficient GFP‐labeling and analysis of spermatogenic cells using the IRG transgene and flow cytometry
Authors: Zagore Leah L. , Akesson Cydni C. , Licatalosi Donny D.
Published: January 2019

Spermatogenesis is a highly ordered developmental program that produces haploid male germ cells. The study of male germ cell development in the mouse has provided unique perspectives into the molecular mechanisms that control cell development and differentiation in mammals, including tissue‐specific gene regulatory programs. An intrinsic challenge in spermatogenesis research is the heterogeneity of germ and somatic cell types present in the testis. Techniques to separate and isolate distinct mouse spermatogenic cell types have great potential to shed light on molecular mechanisms controlling mammalian cell development, while also providing new insights into cellular events important for human reproductive health. Here, we detail a versatile strategy that combines Cre‐lox technology to fluorescently label germ cells, with flow cytometry to discriminate and isolate germ cells in different stages of development for cellular and molecular analyses.
Fear of negative evaluation among eating disorders: Examining the association with weight/shape concerns in adolescence
Authors: Trompeter Nora , Bussey Kay , Hay Phillipa , Griffiths Scott , Murray Stuart B. , Mond Jonathan , Lonergan Alexandra , Pike Kathleen M. , Mitchison Deborah
Published: January 2019

Objective

Fear of negative evaluation has been proposed as a transdiagnostic factor associated with the development of eating disorders and has been shown to relate to disorders of body image, especially those with weight/shape concerns such as eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia. The current study aimed to investigate whether fear of negative evaluation was a transdiagnostic factor of disorders diagnostically characterized by weight/shape concerns. The study examined whether fear of negative evaluation was associated with higher odds for meeting criteria for an eating disorder and/or muscle dysmorphia, especially those disorders diagnostically characterized by weight/shape concerns.

Method

Data were used from a subgroup of the first wave of the EveryBODY study, a longitudinal investigation of eating disorders and body image concerns among Australian adolescents (N = 4,030). Participants completed measures on demographics, weight/shape concerns, disordered eating, psychological distress, muscularity concerns, and fear of negative evaluation.

Results

Findings revealed that fear of negative evaluation was associated with higher odds of meeting criteria for any eating disorder but significantly more so for those characterized by weight/shape concerns diagnostically, as well as binge‐eating disorder. Similar results were found for muscle dysmorphia.

Discussion

The findings suggest that fear of negative evaluation constitutes a transdiagnostic feature for developing and/or maintaining an eating disorder.
Environmental filtering predicts plant‐community trait distribution and diversity: Kettle holes as models of meta‐community systems
Authors: Lozada‐Gobilard Sissi , Stang Susanne , Pirhofer‐Walzl Karin , Kalettka Thomas , Heinken Thilo , Schröder Boris , Eccard Jana , Joshi Jasmin
Published: January 2019

Meta‐communities of habitat islands may be essential to maintain biodiversity in anthropogenic landscapes allowing rescue effects in local habitat patches. To understand the species‐assembly mechanisms and dynamics of such ecosystems, it is important to test how local plant‐community diversity and composition is affected by spatial isolation and hence by dispersal limitation and local environmental conditions acting as filters for local species sorting.We used a system of 46 small wetlands (kettle holes)—natural small‐scale freshwater habitats rarely considered in nature conservation policies—embedded in an intensively managed agricultural matrix in northern Germany. We compared two types of kettle holes with distinct topographies (flat‐sloped, ephemeral, frequently plowed kettle holes vs. steep‐sloped, more permanent ones) and determined 254 vascular plant species within these ecosystems, as well as plant functional traits and nearest neighbor distances to other kettle holes.Differences in alpha and beta diversity between steep permanent compared with ephemeral flat kettle holes were mainly explained by species sorting and niche processes and mass effect processes in ephemeral flat kettle holes. The plant‐community composition as well as the community trait distribution in terms of life span, breeding system, dispersal ability, and longevity of seed banks significantly differed between the two habitat types. Flat ephemeral kettle holes held a higher percentage of non‐perennial plants with a more persistent seed bank, less obligate outbreeders and more species with seed dispersal abilities via animal vectors compared with steep‐sloped, more permanent kettle holes that had a higher percentage of wind‐dispersed species. In the flat kettle holes, plant‐species richness was negatively correlated with the degree of isolation, whereas no such pattern was found for the permanent kettle holes.Synthesis: Environment acts as filter shaping plant diversity (alpha and beta) and plant‐community trait distribution between steep permanent compared with ephemeral flat kettle holes supporting species sorting and niche mechanisms as expected, but we identified a mass effect in ephemeral kettle holes only. Flat ephemeral kettle holes can be regarded as meta‐ecosystems that strongly depend on seed dispersal and recruitment from a seed bank, whereas neighboring permanent kettle holes have a more stable local species diversity.
DNA barcoding of Corydalis, the most taxonomically complicated genus of Papaveraceae
Authors: Ren Feng‐Ming , Wang Ying‐Wei , Xu Zhi‐Chao , Li Ying , Xin Tian‐Yi , Zhou Jian‐Guo , Qi Yao‐Dong , Wei Xue‐Ping , Yao Hui , Song Jing‐Yuan
Published: January 2019

The genus Corydalis is recognized as one of the most taxonomically challenging plant taxa. It is mainly distributed in the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot. To date, no effective solution for species discrimination and taxonomic assignment in Corydalis has been developed. In this study, five nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions, ITS, ITS2, matK, rbcL, and psbA‐trnH, were preliminarily assessed based on their ability to discriminate Corydalis to eliminate inefficient regions, and the three regions showing good performance (ITS, ITS2 and matK) were then evaluated in 131 samples representing 28 species of 11 sections of four subgenera in Corydalis using three analytical methods (NJ, ML, MP tree; K2P‐distance and BLAST). The results showed that the various approaches exhibit different species identification power and that BLAST shows the best performance among the tested approaches. A comparison of different barcodes indicated that among the single barcodes, ITS (65.2%) exhibited the highest identification success rate and that the combination of ITS + matK (69.6%) provided the highest species resolution among all single barcodes and their combinations. Three Pharmacopoeia‐recorded medicinal plants and their materia medica were identified successfully based on the ITS and ITS2 regions. In the phylogenetic analysis, the sections Thalictrifoliae, Sophorocapnos, Racemosae, Aulacostigma, and Corydalis formed well‐supported separate lineages. We thus hypothesize that the five sections should be classified as an independent subgenus and that the genus should be divided into three subgenera. In this study, DNA barcoding provided relatively high species discrimination power, indicating that it can be used for species discrimination in this taxonomically complicated genus and as a potential tool for the authentication of materia medica belonging to Corydalis.
Phylogenetic analyses and characteristics of the microbiomes from five mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: lin Dan , Zhang Li , Shao Weidong , Li Xuelian , Liu Xunyue , Wu Huiming , Rao Qiong
Published: January 2019

Associations between Sternorrhyncha insects and intracellular bacteria are common in nature. Mealybugs are destructive pests that seriously threaten the production of agriculture and forestry. Mealybugs have evolved intimate endosymbiotic relationships with bacteria, which provide them with essential amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. In this study, the divergence of five mealybugs was analyzed based up the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI). Meanwhile, the distinct regions of the 16S rRNA gene of primary symbionts in the mealybugs were sequenced. Finally, high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques were used to study the microbial abundance and diversity in mealybugs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that these five mealybugs were subdivided into two different clusters. One cluster of mealybugs (Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Pseudococcus comstocki, and Planococcus minor) harbored the primary endosymbiont “Candidatus Tremblaya princeps,” and another cluster (Phenacoccus solenopsis and Phenacoccus solani) harbored “Ca. Tremblaya phenacola.” The mtCOI sequence divergence between the two clusters was similar to the 16S rRNA sequence divergence between T. princeps and T. phenacola. Thus, we concluded that the symbiont phylogeny was largely concordant with the host phylogeny. The HTS showed that the microbial abundance and diversity within P. solani and P. solenopsis were highly similar, and there was lower overall species richness compared to the other mealybugs. Among the five mealybugs, we also found significant differences in Shannon diversity and observed species. These results provide a theoretical basis for further research on the coevolution of mealybugs and their symbiotic microorganisms. These findings are also useful for research on the effect of symbiont diversity on the pest status of mealybugs in agricultural systems.
Landscape‐scale biodiversity governance: Scenarios for reshaping spaces of governance
Authors: Leventon Julia , Schaal Tamara , Velten Sarah , Loos Jacqueline , Fischer Joern , Newig Jens
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we present an alternative governance system for managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Focusing primarily on the European Union (EU), we start with the premise that there is a need to rethink biodiversity governance to bring together land managers for collaboration and to close mismatches between levels of governance and ecological scales. We therefore create four archetypal governance scenarios that represent hypothetical extremes in two variables. The first variable is the scale of governance and differentiates between a primary focus on administrative units (e.g., country, state, and county) versus ecological scales (bioregion and landscape). The second variable is the degree of decentralization and devolution and differentiates between a top‐down, central‐state system, versus a bottom‐up, broad actor‐network system. On the basis of their considered strengths and weaknesses, we present a hybrid scenario as our proposed alternative governance system. This system brings together decision makers, land managers, and a broader range of stakeholders at a landscape scale to plan biodiversity goals and actions. This, in turn, will more closely match the biophysical conditions for effective biodiversity conservation than existing EU approaches, without overly increasing the administrative burden.