bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing contexts: A quasi‐experiment examining adolescent delinquency and the transition to high school
Authors: Freelin Brittany N. , McMillan Cassie , Felmlee Diane , Osgood D. Wayne
Published: October 2022

In a quasi‐experiment, we examine whether changing schools during the transition from 8th to 9th grade influences adolescent delinquency, using a sample of more than 14,000 students in 26 public school districts (PROSPER study). The dataset follows students for eight waves from 6th through 12th grade and facilitates a unique, direct comparison of students who change schools with those who remain in the same school during this period. Results show that students who transition between schools report significantly less delinquency after the shift than those who do not, and that this difference persists through 10th grade. This decline is most pronounced when adolescents from multiple middle schools move to a single high school (i.e., multifeeder transitions). Students who transition between schools have fewer delinquent friends and participate in less unstructured socializing following the change in school environment, which partially mediates their reduced delinquency. Results provide some support for theories of differential association and routine activities. Our findings highlight the role of a crucial, yet understudied, life transition in shaping adolescent delinquency. The results from this quasi‐experiment underscore the potential of alterations in social context to significantly dampen juvenile delinquency throughout high school.
Lenvatinib rechallenge in a patient with advanced thymic carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Terashima Yuto , Hakozaki Taiki , Takeuchi Susumu , Hosomi Yukio
Published: October 2022

Advanced thymic carcinomas have limited treatment options. Recently, lenvatinib was approved for advanced thymic carcinoma treatment. However, the clinical benefit of lenvatinib re‐administration in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma who developed prior lenvatinib treatment resistance (lenvatinib rechallenge) remains unclear. Here, we present a case treated with lenvatinib rechallenge for advanced thymic carcinoma who was previously treated with lenvatinib as the second‐line treatment followed by multiple cytotoxic agents. Disease control rapidly deteriorated after the eighth line of treatment because of uncontrollable right pleural and pericardial effusion, which required repeated thoracic and pericardial drainage. Shortly after lenvatinib re‐administration, rapid pleural and pericardial effusion reduction was observed. Thereafter, the patient achieved sustained clinical response with good pleural and pericardial effusion control for approximately 7 months. Our case might suggest lenvatinib rechallenge as a treatment option for patients with advanced thymic carcinoma, especially those with poor pleural and pericardial effusion control.
Domain‐specific neural networks improve automated bird sound recognition already with small amount of local data
Authors: Lauha Patrik , Somervuo Panu , Lehikoinen Petteri , Geres Lisa , Richter Tobias , Seibold Sebastian , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: October 2022

An automatic bird sound recognition system is a useful tool for collecting data of different bird species for ecological analysis. Together with autonomous recording units (ARUs), such a system provides a possibility to collect bird observations on a scale that no human observer could ever match. During the last decades, progress has been made in the field of automatic bird sound recognition, but recognizing bird species from untargeted soundscape recordings remains a challenge.

In this article, we demonstrate the workflow for building a global identification model and adjusting it to perform well on the data of autonomous recorders from a specific region. We show how data augmentation and a combination of global and local data can be used to train a convolutional neural network to classify vocalizations of 101 bird species. We construct a model and train it with a global data set to obtain a base model. The base model is then fine‐tuned with local data from Southern Finland in order to adapt it to the sound environment of a specific location and tested with two data sets: one originating from the same Southern Finnish region and another originating from a different region in German Alps.

Our results suggest that fine‐tuning with local data significantly improves the network performance. Classification accuracy was improved for test recordings from the same area as the local training data (Southern Finland) but not for recordings from a different region (German Alps). Data augmentation enables training with a limited number of training data and even with few local data samples significant improvement over the base model can be achieved. Our model outperforms the current state‐of‐the‐art tool for automatic bird sound classification.

Using local data to adjust the recognition model for the target domain leads to improvement over general non‐tailored solutions. The process introduced in this article can be applied to build a fine‐tuned bird sound classification model for a specific environment.
Safeguarding Confidential Arbitration Awards in Uncontested Confirmation Actions
Authors: Zamoff Mitch
Published: October 2022

Two bedrock principles of American jurisprudence collide when courts are called upon to decide whether to seal confidential awards that prevailing arbitration parties petition to confirm in court. On the one hand, the strong public policy in favor of arbitration dictates that courts should honor arbitration parties' confidentiality agreements by sealing confidential awards that are the subject of confirmation petitions. On the other hand, the public interest in court proceedings suggests that motions to seal should be infrequently granted. Courts continue to struggle with how to harmonize these two important values when they conflict with each other in actions to confirm confidential arbitration awards. To clarify and improve the law in this area, this article proposes the following rule to guide the adjudication of motions to seal confidential arbitration awards in confirmation actions: deny the motions when the losing arbitration party challenges the underlying award and grant the motions when the award is uncontested. Such a rule would provide arbitration parties with clarity, consistency, and the confidence to submit their confidential disputes to arbitration without risking public disclosure in the event they lose and their adversary initiates a confirmation action. It also would prevent prevailing arbitration parties from misusing the confirmation process to engage in undesirable strategic behavior, and empower arbitration parties to request that their arbitrators issue reasoned awards without fear that those awards will end up in the public domain whenever the prevailing party petitions to confirm them.
Cerrado native vegetation is a refuge for birds under the current climate change trajectory
Authors: Hidasi‐Neto José , Gomes Nicole Mércia Alves , Pinto Nelson Silva
Published: October 2022

Climate change is already seen as one of the biggest threats to biodiversity in the 21st century. Not many studies direct attention to its effects on whole communities of threatened hotspots. In this work, we combine climate niche modelling (ENM) with a future climate scenario of greenhouse gases emissions to study the future changes in alpha and beta diversity of birds of the Brazilian Cerrado biome, a hot spot of biodiversity with high velocity of climate change and agricultural expansion. We expected Southern Cerrado (highly modified) to present most negative changes. In general, we found heterogeneous results for changes in species richness, spatial and temporal taxonomic and functional beta diversity, and mean ecological distinctiveness. We analysed 1301 birds, 1115 Least Concern, 83 Near Threatened, 63 Vulnerable, 33 Endangered, five Critically Endangered and two Extinct in the Wild. Contrary to a previous study on Cerrado mammals, species richness is expected to increase in Northern Cerrado, where homogenization of communities (decreasing spatial turnover) is also expected to occur especially through local invasions. We show that biotic homogenization increasing (similarity among communities) will occur in two biological groups but through different subprocesses: local extinctions for mammals and local invasions for birds. Distinct conservation management actions should be directed depending on the outcomes of analyses of alpha and spatial and temporal beta diversity, for example controlling species invasions in Northern Cerrado. We also show species‐level priorities for Cerrado birds. Conservation studies should continue evaluating Cerrado in Brazil even under covid pandemic, as environmental situation in the country is not good and incentives for scientific studies are almost nonexistent. We also consider that Northern Cerrado could be seen as a potential refuge for other organismal groups (bats, butterflies, frogs, etc). Therefore, ambitious conservation actions by decision‐makers are now crucial.
Short‐term impacts of the 2019–20 fire season on biodiversity in eastern Australia
Authors: Price Owen F. , Mikac Katarina , Wilson Nicholas , Roberts Bridget , Critescu Romane H. , Gallagher Rachael , Mallee Justin , Donatiou Paul , Webb Jonathon , Keith David A. , Letnic Michael , Mackenzie Berin D.E.
Published: October 2022

To address uncertainties surrounding the impacts of unprecedented 2019–20 bushfires in south‐eastern Australia, we convened a symposium on field‐measured impacts on biodiversity for the 2020 Ecological Society of Australia conference. Nine presentations covered a range of studies on plant species and communities, and reptiles and mammals. Here, we summarize the presentations and review other field studies from NSW, some of which are currently unpublished. The impacts were extensive, but results also estimated survival rate perhaps higher than first reported in the media. More than half of individual mammal, reptile and threatened rainforest trees may have survived the fire, though small populations remain very vulnerable to second fire in the near future. Comprehensive understanding of the impacts of these fires requires much more field study, and for the results to be interpreted in the context of the broader fire regime. The symposium was an important early step in that understanding.
Reference intervals for free testosterone in adult men measured using a standardized equilibrium dialysis procedure
Authors: Jasuja Ravi , Pencina Karol M. , Spencer Daniel J. , Peng Liming , Privat Fabiola , Dhillo Waljit , Jayasena Channa , Hayes Frances , Yeap Bu B. , Matsumoto Alvin M. , Bhasin Shalender
Published: October 2022

Background

Free testosterone (FT) determination may be helpful in evaluating men suspected of testosterone deficiency especially in conditions with altered binding‐protein concentrations. However, methods for measuring FT by equilibrium dialysis and reference intervals vary among laboratories.

Objective

To determine reference intervals for FT in healthy, nonobese men by age groups as well as in healthy young men, 19–39 years, using a standardized equilibrium dialysis procedure

Methods

We measured FT in 145 healthy, nonobese men, 19 years or older, using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method performed for 16‐h at 37°C using undiluted serum and dialysis buffer that mimicked the ionic composition of human plasma. FT in dialysate was measured using a CDC‐certified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay.

Results

In healthy nonobese men, the 2.5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 97.5th percentile values for FT were 66, 91, 141, 240, and 309 pg/ml, respectively; corresponding values for men, 19–39 years, were 120, 128, 190, 274, and 368 pg/ml, respectively. FT levels by age groups exhibit the expected age‐related decline. FT levels were negatively associated with body mass index, age, and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) levels. Percent FT was lower in middle‐aged and older men than young men adjusting for SHBG level.

Discussion

Further studies are needed to determine how these reference intervals apply to the diagnosis of androgen deficiency in clinical populations and in men of different races and ethnicities in different geographic regions.

Conclusion

Reference intervals for free FT levels (normative range 66–309 pg/ml [229–1072 pmol/L] in all men and 120–368 pg/ml [415–1274 pmol/L] in men, 19–39 years), measured using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method in healthy nonobese men, provide a rational basis for categorizing FT levels. These intervals require further validation in other populations, in relation to outcomes, and in randomized trials.
The political system through a partisan lens: Within‐person changes in support for political parties precede political system attitudes
Authors: Satherley Nicole , Osborne Danny , Sibley Chris G.
Published: October 2022

Although political party support and attitudes towards the political system are closely related, the temporal ordering of these associations is unclear. Indeed, prior research identifies both partisan‐led change in system attitudes and system attitude‐led change in party support. Using a ten‐year (2010–2020) national probability sample of New Zealand adults (N = 66,359), we test these associations by modelling the within‐person cross‐lagged effects between conservative and liberal party support, and political system justification. During conservative‐led governments, increases in conservative party support predicted increases in political system justification more strongly than vice versa. The 2017 shift to a liberal‐led government was met with an immediate reversal of the effects of party support on system justification, but the effect of system justification on party support took a full year to reverse. These results demonstrate people's perceptions of the fairness of the political system depend on their support for the party in power.
Exploring the views of UK regional primary care practitioners on the use and role of screening tools for learning disabilities in their services
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Wigham Sarah , Bourne Jane , Rowlands Gill , Hackett Simon
Published: October 2022

Accessible summary

Many people with learning disabilities have poor health and die younger compared to the general population so having regular health checks is very important.

Sometimes doctors (general practitioners or GPs) and nurses do not know a person has a learning disability so cannot offer them a suitable health check.

We asked GPs and a nurse for their views on ways they can find out who has learning disabilities and whether those ways of finding people work

We found that the doctors and the nurses did not use ways to find out who has learning disabilities very often, but thought they were a good idea.

Finding people with learning disabilities meant they could be offered support to attend appointments more easily.
Coping in the time of COVID‐19: Insights from university students with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Freeze Trevi B. , Lutfiyya Zana Marie , Freeze Rick , Magana Janjo , Cauthers Nick , Mukai Michael , Antonio Jacintha , Batta Anusha
Published: October 2022

Background

For almost two decades, students with intellectual, developmental and multiple disabilities have attended undergraduate classes at the University of Manitoba, in Winnipeg, Canada as part‐time auditing students. They are supported by the Campus Life program. Campus Life employs graduate and undergraduate university students as academic tutors and social role models because they too are immersed in university life.

Methods

We chose collaborative autoethnography as a research method because we believe in researching and writing with individuals with disabilities, rather than about them. Three student tutor dyads elected to participate in this study. In the context of the pandemic and the switch from on‐campus in‐person learning to off‐campus online learning, we were interested in learning about the changes, challenges or unanticipated benefits they experienced. Each dyad engaged in tutor‐led conversations, guided by open‐ended questions, and wrote their story.

Findings

The stories from the three dyads were received and analysed. We found three emergent themes. The first was centred on worries about the health risks of COVID‐19, the difficulties they experienced in adapting to online learning and their development of better skills in listening and communicating. The second theme was about the dramatic reduction in their opportunities for social engagement. With respect to the third emergent theme, they recounted some advantages of online learning, noting that it was more accessible, more convenient and safer during a pandemic.

Conclusion

For the study participants the shift to online classes and tutoring sessions was surprisingly successful. They became more independent and improved their online communication, time‐management and organisational skills. Social engagement was sorely missed, especially studying and socializing with classmates at university and participating in extracurricular activities. The students also noted some advantages to online learning such as accessibility, convenience, feeling comfortable at home, avoiding transportation to the university and learning to use new tech tools. The tutors began sharing and learning from each other. This was facilitated by online tutoring roundtables. Our first insight from this study is the realisation that we now have a new medium for tutoring Campus Life students. A second is the need to better understand student social engagement in the online world.
Editorial Perspective: Using the levers to improve the mental health transitions of 15–25 year olds – learning from the evidence across the whole of health, social care and beyond
Authors: Bailey Sue
Published: October 2022

Reflecting on the findings from the Scoping Review paper by Adu et al. (2022) and the insightful commentary from Emma and Toni Wakefield (2022) gave me the opportunity to ask all of us whether user, carer, practitioner, educator, researcher or policymaker, how can we together convert the growing evidence about best models of transitions into a reality? One that delivers across pathways of care and across geographies, with positive, sustainable and measurable whole systems change; both for Transitional Age Youth (TAY) with extant mental health problems and also a model that is able to sustain the population mental health and well‐being of all 15–25 year olds. In this commentary, I discuss the essential framework needed to develop the system change discussed in these papers.
The reporting and methodological quality of split‐mouth trials in oral implantology: A methodological study
Authors: Qin Danchen , Hua Fang , Yue Haoze , Yan Qi , He Hong , Tu Yu‐kang
Published: October 2022

Objectives

The objective of this study is to assess the reporting and methodological quality of split‐mouth trials (SMTs) in oral implantology published during the past 10 years, and to investigate whether there was any improvement over time.

Materials and Methods

We searched PubMed for SMTs in oral implantology published during 2011–20. We used CONSORT 2010, its extension for within‐person trial (WPT), and an SMT‐specific methodological checklist to assess trial reporting quality (TRQ), WPT‐specific reporting quality (WRQ), and SMT‐specific methodological quality (SMQ), respectively. Binary scores were given to each item, and total scores of TRQ (range 0–32), WRQ (0–15), and SMQ (0–3) were calculated for each study. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to compare the quality of SMTs published before (2011–17) and after (2018–20) the release of CONSORT for WPT.

Results

Seventy‐nine SMTs were included. The mean TRQ, WRQ, and SMQ were 16.4, 6.7, and 1.3, respectively. Less than one‐third (n = 25, 31.6%) reported the rationale for using split‐mouth designs. Only 4 (5.1%) trials adequately conducted sample size calculation, and 40 (50.6%) used appropriate statistical methods that considered dependency and clustering of data. In multivariable analyses, compared with 2011–17, studies published in 2018–20 had significantly higher TRQ (p = .044), while WRQ and SMQ did not show improvement.

Conclusions

The reporting and methodological quality of SMTs in oral implantology need to be improved. Joint efforts are needed to improve the reporting and methodology of SMTs in this field.
Implants placed in an alveolar ridge with a sloped configuration. A 3‐year prospective multicenter study
Authors: Donati Mauro , Noelken Robert , Fiorellini Joseph , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Parker William , Berglundh Tord
Published: October 2022

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate soft and hard tissue alterations around implants with a modified marginal portion placed in a healed, sloped ridge over 3 years of follow‐up.

Material and Methods

65 patients with a single recipient implant site in an alveolar ridge with a lingual‐buccal sloped configuration were recruited. Implants with a modified geometry in the marginal portion were installed in such a way that the sloped part of the device was located at the buccal and most apical position of the osteotomy preparation. Crowns were placed 21 weeks after implant placement. Radiologic examinations were performed at implant installation and at 1 and 3 years of follow‐up. Bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL; from the crown margin) were recorded at the insertion of the prosthesis and after 1 and 3 years.

Results

57 patients with 57 implant‐supported restorations attended the 3 years follow‐up examination. The radiographic analysis revealed a mean marginal bone loss of 0.57 mm during the 3 years period. While the average bone loss between 1 and 3 years amounted to 0.30 mm, approximately 50% of the implants showed no bone loss during this period. The results from the clinical examinations showed a CAL gain of 0.11 ± 0.85 mm between baseline and 3 years of follow‐up. About 65% of the implants showed no loss of attachment between 1 and 3 years. BoP and PPD ≥5 mm were identified at <10% of implants at the 3 years examination.

Conclusion

Hard and soft tissues formed around dental implants that were designed to match the morphology of an alveolar ridge with a lingual‐buccal sloped configuration remained stable over 3 years.
Surgical interventions for implant placement in the anterior maxilla: A systematic scoping review with evidence mapping
Authors: Wu Xin‐Yu , Acharya Aneesha , Shi Jun‐Yu , Qian Shu‐Jiao , Lai Hong‐Chang , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Simplification and standardization of interventions are critical challenges to improving performance in implant dentistry. This study aimed to systematically identify and schematically present the evidence base of the implant dentistry surgical interventions for the anterior maxilla as a basis for further development and standardization.

Methods

Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane CENTRAL. Primary clinical studies reporting surgical interventions in the anterior maxilla, with a sample size of at least ten patients, were included. Bibliometric information and study details were extracted. Descriptive analysis and a mind map approach were used to describe the documentation of different surgical interventions.

Results

Two hundred and seventy‐two studies reporting on 9001 patients were included. Within the past two decades, the number of literatures on implant placement in the anterior maxilla has increased dramatically (7 studies before 2005, 151 studies after 2016). Overall, the evidence map identified six primary operations and 33 variations. For hopeless tooth extraction, immediate implant placement was the most frequently reported (141 studies, 4670 patients); flapless implant placement with hard tissue augmentation and immediate provisionalization was the most commonly reported variation (33 studies, 987 patients). Type 3/4 implant placement (62 studies, 1902 patients) and implant site augmentation (33 studies, 788 patients) were frequently reported for missing teeth. Geographical differences were observed, with type 2 placement studies almost exclusively from Europe.

Conclusions

Research on immediate implant placement was the most reported surgical intervention in the anterior maxilla. Hard tissue augmentation was frequently reported simultaneously with or before implant placement. Immediate provisionalization was mainly used for type 1 implant placement. The finding that six primary operations with 33 variations have been reported indicates the need for additional research to simplify and consolidate the surgical approach.
The role of interleukin 36γ in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process of chronic rhinosinusitis: A pilot study
Authors: Shen Li‐Fang , Chen Hai‐Hong , Guo Yu
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important characteristic in the remodelling of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). IL‐36γ and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) may exacerbate remodelling in CRS. Here, we aimed to determine whether IL‐36γ and FAP expression are associated with EMT and may be a predictor for CRSwNP prognosis.

Methods

Fifty‐two non‐Eos CRSwNP patients and 12 control patients were obtained and were followed up for more than 1 year after surgery. IL‐36γ, FAP and EMT markers expression were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Masson trichrome staining was adopted to assess tissue fibrotic changes. Furthermore, the soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP in nasal secretions was detected by ELISA.

Results

While basal expression of E‐cadherin decreased, the expression of IL‐36γ, vimentin and FAP increased in nasal polyps. In well‐prognosis patients, the expression of IL‐36γ, vimentin and FAP were significantly decreased than in poor‐prognosis patients, while the protein expression of E‐cadherin was increased. The protein expression of IL‐36γ was notably increased in recurrent nasal polyps than in preoperation specimens. A positive relationship between IL‐36γ and FAP expression, a negative relationship between IL‐36γ and E‐cad expression was noted. The soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP increased during the development of non‐Eos CRSwNP, with the highest level in poor‐prognosis patients after surgery.

Conclusion

Non‐Eos CRSwNP have partially undergone EMT under baseline conditions. IL‐36γ and FAP expression were related with EMT, the soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP in nasal secretions may predict the prognosis of patients.
The Effects of Iconicity and Conventionalization on Word Order Preferences
Authors: Motamedi Yasamin , Wolters Lucie , Schouwstra Marieke , Kirby Simon
Published: October 2022

Of the six possible orderings of the three main constituents of language (subject, verb, and object), two—SOV and SVO—are predominant cross‐linguistically. Previous research using the silent gesture paradigm in which hearing participants produce or respond to gestures without speech has shown that different factors such as reversibility, salience, and animacy can affect the preferences for different orders. Here, we test whether participants’ preferences for orders that are conditioned on the semantics of the event change depending on (i) the iconicity of individual gestural elements and (ii) the prior knowledge of a conventional lexicon. Our findings demonstrate the same preference for semantically conditioned word order found in previous studies, specifically that SOV and SVO are preferred differentially for different types of events. We do not find that iconicity of individual gestures affects participants’ ordering preferences; however, we do find that learning a lexicon leads to a stronger preference for SVO‐like orders overall. Finally, we compare our findings from English speakers, using an SVO‐dominant language, with data from speakers of an SOV‐dominant language, Turkish. We find that, while learning a lexicon leads to an increase in SVO preference for both sets of participants, this effect is mediated by language background and event type, suggesting that an interplay of factors together determines preferences for different ordering patterns. Taken together, our results support a view of word order as a gradient phenomenon responding to multiple biases.
The utility of WhatsApp‐based off‐site evaluation for rapid cytology of EBUS‐TBNA samples
Authors: Damaraju Vikram , Gupta Nalini , Saini Mandeep , Dhooria Sahajal , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Gupta Parikshaa , Muthu Valliappan , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Agarwal Ritesh , Sehgal Inderpaul Singh
Published: October 2022

Background

Whether off‐site evaluation of slides by a cytologist viewing the images shared by WhatsApp improves the on‐site evaluation by a pulmonologist (P‐ROSE) remains unknown. This study's objective was to compare the sensitivity of P‐ROSE and WHOSE for adequacy and diagnosis of cytology specimens obtained by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA).

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed our bronchoscopy database to identify subjects who underwent EBUS‐TBNA for lymph node sampling and had reports of P‐ROSE and WHOSE. We collected data on the adequacy of samples as reported by the pulmonologist (P‐ROSE), remotely by the cytologist (WHOSE), and finally after detailed cytologic evaluation. The study's primary outcome was to assess the increment in sensitivity for adequacy and diagnostic category (using the final cytology report as reference) by incorporating WHOSE.

Results

We included 264 (P‐ROSE, n = 184; WHOSE, n = 80) subjects. The sensitivity (95% CI) for sample adequacy by P‐ROSE and WHOSE was 65.3% (57.9%‐72%) and 92% (83.6%‐96.2%), respectively. There was a 26.6% (95% CI, 16%‐35.2%) increment in the sensitivity for adequacy. The sensitivity (95% CI) for diagnosis by P‐ROSE and WHOSE was 53.9% (46%‐61.1%) and 89.8% (79.5%‐95.3%), respectively. There was a 35.9% (95% CI, 23.4%‐45%) increment in the sensitivity for diagnosis with WHOSE. The agreement between P‐ROSE and final cytology in adequacy was poor (κ = −0.023, p = 0.616). The agreement between WHOSE and final cytology was moderate for adequacy (κ = 0.491, p = <0.001).

Conclusion

We found WHOSE significantly improves the performance of P‐ROSE for rapid assessment of cytology specimens obtained by EBUS‐TBNA.
Remembrance of things past: The consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia in diabetes
Authors: McCrimmon Rory J.
Published: October 2022

Aims

People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes still frequently experience hypoglycaemia, which can be severe, leading to loss of consciousness. This review will examine the cellular consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia.

Methods

This review, based on the Dorothy Hodgkin Lecture given at the Diabetes UK 2022 annual symposium by the author, will discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which hypoglycaemia is detected and the consequences of recurrent exposure to hypoglycaemia.

Results

Glucose‐responsive cells found in the periphery as well as multiple areas of the brain are organised in a classical sensori‐motor integrative network encompassing peripheral, hindbrain and hypothalamic components. The mechanism used by glucose‐responsive neurons to detect hypoglycaemia parallel those of the classical glucose sensor the pancreatic ß‐cell, namely in their use of glucokinase, KATP channels and AMP‐activated protein kinase. Recurrent exposure to hypoglycaemia results in a series of cellular adaptations that may be designed to increase the resilience of cells to future hypoglycaemia. This review also highlights how hypoglycaemia, as an oxidative stressor, may also exacerbate chronic hyperglycaemia‐induced increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage to vulnerable brain regions.

Conclusions

Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia follows the adaptation of central glucose‐responsive neurons to repeated hypoglycaemia and may represent a form of memory called habituation. In diabetes, recurrent hypoglycaemia may have tissue consequences as a result of a profound disruption in the cellular response to a hypoglycaemic challenge that increases vulnerability to oxidative damage.
Alterations in mouse visceral adipose tissue mRNA expression of islet G‐protein‐coupled receptor ligands in obesity
Authors: Ashik Tanyel , Lee Vivian , Atanes Patricio , Persaud Shanta J.
Published: October 2022

Background

Adipose tissue mass expansion in obesity leads to alterations in expression and secretion of adipokines, some of which may alter islet function by binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by islets. We have therefore quantified expression of mRNAs encoding islet GPCR ligands in visceral adipose tissue retrieved from lean and diet‐induced obese mice to determine alterations in islet GPCR ligand mRNAs in obesity.

Methods

Epididymal adipose tissue was retrieved from C57BL/6 mice that had been maintained on a control‐fat diet (10% fat) or high‐fat diet (60% fat) for 16 weeks and RT‐qPCR was used to quantify mRNAs encoding ligands for islet GPCRs.

Results

Of the 155 genes that encode ligands for islet GPCRs, 45 and 40 were expressed in visceral adipose tissue retrieved from lean and obese mice respectively. The remaining mRNAs were either expressed at trace level (0.0001% to 0.001% relative to Actb expression) or absent (<0.0001%). Obesity was associated with significant alterations in GPCR ligand mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, some of which encode for peptides with established effects on islet function (e.g. neuropeptide Y), or for GPCR ligands that have not previously been investigated for their effects on islets (e.g. (C‐C motif) ligand 4; Ccl4).

Conclusion

Mouse visceral adipose tissue showed significant alterations in expression of mRNAs encoding islet GPCR ligands in obesity. Our data point to ligands of interest for future research on adipose‐islet crosstalk via secreted ligands acting at islet GPCRs. Such research may identify islet GPCRs with therapeutic potential for T2D.
The measurement of autoantibodies to insulin informs diagnosis of diabetes in a childhood population negative for other autoantibodies
Authors: Williams Claire L. , Aitken Rachel J. , Wilson Isabel V. , Mortimer Georgina L. M. , Long Anna E. , Williams Alistair J. K. ,   The BOX Study Group, Gillespie Kathleen M.
Published: October 2022

Aims

Some childhood type 1 diabetes cases are islet autoantibody negative at diagnosis. Potential explanations include misdiagnosis of genetic forms of diabetes or insufficient islet autoantibody testing. Many NHS laboratories offer combinations of three autoantibody markers. We sought to determine the benefit of testing for additional islet autoantibodies, including insulin (IAA) and tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7A).

Methods

Radiobinding assays (RBAs) were used to test for four islet autoantibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (n = 486; 54.1% male; median age 10.4 years [range 0.7–18.0]; median duration 1 day [range −183 to 14]). Islet autoantibody negative children were tested for TSPAN7A using a luminescence‐based test. Where available, islet cell antibody (ICA) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) data were considered.

Results

Using three autoantibody markers, 21/486 (4.3%) children were autoantibody negative. Testing for IAA classified a further 9/21 (42.9%) children as autoantibody positive. Of the remaining 12 (2.5%) autoantibody negative children, all were TPAN7A negative, seven were ICA negative and one was positive for the protective variant DQB1*0602. One was subsequently diagnosed with Maturity Onset of Diabetes in the Young, but follow‐up was not available in all cases.

Conclusions

Using highly sensitive assays, testing for three autoantibodies fails to detect islet autoimmunity in approximately 1/20 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Testing for IAA in children <5 years and GADA in those >10 years was the most effective strategy for detecting islet autoimmunity. The ability to test for all islet autoantibodies should inform clinical decisions and make screening for monogenic diabetes more cost‐effective.
Once‐weekly semaglutide versus insulin aspart for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK: A long‐term cost‐effectiveness analysis based on SUSTAIN 11
Authors: Evans Marc , Chubb Barrie , Malkin Samuel J. P. , Berry Sasha , Lawson Jack , Hunt Barnaby
Published: October 2022

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg versus insulin aspart in the UK.

Materials and Methods

Long‐term outcomes were projected over patients' lifetimes using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model (vers 9.0). SUSTAIN 11 was used to inform baseline cohort characteristics and treatment effects. Patients were modelled to receive once‐weekly semaglutide plus basal insulin for 3 years before intensifying to basal‐bolus insulin, compared with basal‐bolus insulin for lifetimes in the aspart arm. Costs were accounted from a healthcare payer perspective in the UK, expressed in 2021 pounds sterling (GBP).

Results

Once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was associated with improvements in quality‐adjusted life expectancy of 0.18 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) versus insulin aspart, due to a reduced incidence and delayed time to onset of diabetes‐related complications. Direct costs were estimated to be GBP 800 higher with semaglutide, with higher treatment costs partially offset by cost savings from avoidance of diabetes‐related complications. Once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was therefore associated with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of GBP 4457 per QALY gained versus insulin aspart.

Conclusions

Based on a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of GBP 20 000 per QALY gained, once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was projected to be highly cost‐effective versus insulin aspart for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK.
Changes in racial and ethnic disparities in glucose‐lowering drug utilization and glycated haemoglobin A1c in US adults with diabetes: 2005‐2018
Authors: Li Piaopiao , Zhang Ping , Guan Dawei , Guo Jingchuan , Zhang Yongkang , Pavkov Meda E. , Bullard Kai McKeever , Shao Hui
Published: October 2022

Aim

To examine changes in racial and ethnic disparities in glucose‐lowering drugs (GLD) use and glycated haemoglobin A1c in US adults with diabetes from 2005 to 2018.

Methods

We conducted pooled cross‐sectional analysis using data from the 2005‐2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, and the 2005‐2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individuals ≥18 years with diabetes were included. Racial and ethnic disparities were measured in (a) newer non‐insulin GLD use; (b) insulin analogue use; (c) non‐insulin GLDs adherence; (d) insulin adherence; and (e) glucose management, along with (f) the proportion of the disparities explained by potential contributing factors.

Results

From 2005 to 2018, racial and ethnic disparities persisted in newer GLD use, non‐insulin GLDs adherence, insulin analogue use and glucose management. In 2018, compared with non‐Hispanic white adults, non‐Hispanic black, Hispanic and other race/ethnicity groups had lower rates of using newer GLDs (adjusted risk ratio: 0.44, 0.52, 0.64, respectively; p < .05 for all) and insulin analogues (adjusted risk ratio: 0.93, 0.89, 0.95, respectively; p < .05 for all except other groups), lower non‐insulin GLD adherence (proportion of days covered: −4.5%, −5.6%, −4.3%, respectively; p < .05 for all), higher glycated haemoglobin A1c (0.29%, 0.32%, 0.02%, respectively; p < .05 for all except other group), and similar insulin adherences. Socioeconomic and health status were the main contributors to these disparities.

Conclusions

Our findings provide evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in newer GLD use and quality of care in glucose management. Our study results can inform decision‐makers of the status of racial and ethnic disparities and identify ways to reduce these disparities.
Insight on the influence of technology‐enhanced learning in orthodontics' education: A systematic review
Authors: Arqub Sarah Abu , Waleed Mahdi , Al‐Abedalla Khadijeh , Iverson Marissa G. , Uribe Flavio
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Technology‐enhanced learning (TEL) provides a pliable and current way to present orthodontic curriculum material to students. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of TEL compared with traditional learning methods in the field of orthodontics.

Materials and Methods

The search comprised randomised controlled trials (RCTs) related to orthodontics' interactive learning from the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, Psyclnfo, ERIC, Web of Science, Dissertations and Theses Global. Two authors performed the screening, data extraction and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool (Rob 2) blindly and in duplicate. Kirkpatrick's 4‐level evaluation model was used to evaluate educational outcomes.

Results

A total of 3131 records were identified of which 11 RCT were included. On level 1 (Reaction), students had a positive attitude towards TEL. On level 2 (Learning), included studies did not report any significant knowledge improvement when TEL was compared with traditional learning strategies. One study assessed level 3 (Behaviour), where students felt that flipped classroom learning created feelings of greater confidence. On level 4 (Results), most studies suggested that TEL tools are as equally effective in imparting information as traditional tools and recommended that both methods should be considered in teaching students.

Conclusion

Technology‐enhanced learning techniques might have the potential to enhance educational outcomes in orthodontic education and students seem to enjoy the implementation of technology in the learning process. These educational tools should be used as an adjunct to the traditional didactic classroom, and not as a replacement, due to the challenges encountered with their application.
Strategies to implement competencies as it relates to a competency framework in a dental undergraduate curriculum: A systematic review
Authors: Maart Ronel D. , Adam Razia Z. , Frantz José M.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Worldwide, dental schools are underpinned by approved competency frameworks or competency statements developed for specific contexts or countries. Literature are replete with competencies required and assessed within this frameworks however limited literature that guides the incorporation of competencies and implementation of the competencies related to the competency framework in dental curricula.

Materials and Methods

A systematic review design was used. The research question addressed for this systematic review was: What are the strategies used to develop core competencies undergraduate dental curricula? Databases included in the searches were: MEDLINE(ebscoHost), Science Direct, MEDLINE(Pubmed), Wiley Online Library, ERIC. A meta‐synthesis analysis consisting of a descriptive meta‐synthesis to critically analyse and discuss emerging themes from the findings of the six included studies were completed.

Results and Discussion

Strategies used to develop core competencies were divided into four components namely organizational structure, faculty development, teaching strategies and assessment strategies. To consider a holistic approach to develop core competencies, changes in the organizational structure needs to be in place first. With the appropriate organizational structure in place, faculty development to implement competency strategies would be more supported and feasible. From the findings of the included articles, faculty development regarding teaching strategies and assessment methods were considered necessary to implement core competencies in a dental curriculum.

Conclusion

A strong relationship between the suggested implementation strategies from this systematic review findings and the multifaceted approach for the CanMEDS exist. Teaching and assessments, faculty development strategies are common strategies. Surprisingly, organisational structure changes were not included as implementation strategy of CanMEDS.
Inter‐industry FDI spillovers from foreign banks: Evidence in transition economies
Authors: Qi Shusen , Hui Kent Ngan‐Cheung , Ongena Steven
Published: October 2022

Using a sample of nonfinancial domestic firms in transition economies from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, we examine whether and how inter‐industry spillover from foreign direct investment in the banking sector occurs. Our findings show that the innovation pursued by domestic firms benefits from foreign bank penetration. However, these positive inter‐industry spillovers surprisingly do not seem to work through enhanced credit access. We further find these positive spillovers to occur mainly for foreign banks that use relationship lending, domestic firms that do not export, and host countries that are less open to the global market.
Species life‐history strategies affect population responses to temperature and land‐cover changes
Authors: Albaladejo‐Robles Gonzalo , Böhm Monika , Newbold Tim
Published: October 2022

Human‐induced environmental changes have a direct impact on species populations, with some species experiencing declines while others display population growth. Understanding why and how species populations respond differently to environmental changes is fundamental to mitigate and predict future biodiversity changes. Theoretically, species life‐history strategies are key determinants shaping the response of populations to environmental impacts. Despite this, the association between species life histories and the response of populations to environmental changes has not been tested. In this study, we analysed the effects of recent land‐cover and temperature changes on rates of population change of 1,072 populations recorded in the Living Planet Database. We selected populations with at least 5 yearly consecutive records (after imputation of missing population estimates) between 1992 and 2016, and for which we achieved high population imputation accuracy (in the cases where missing values had to be imputed). These populations were distributed across 553 different locations and included 461 terrestrial amniote vertebrate species (273 birds, 137 mammals, and 51 reptiles) with different life‐history strategies. We showed that populations of fast‐lived species inhabiting areas that have experienced recent expansion of cropland or bare soil present positive populations trends on average, whereas slow‐lived species display negative population trends. Although these findings support previous hypotheses that fast‐lived species are better adapted to recover their populations after an environmental perturbation, the sensitivity analysis revealed that model outcomes are strongly influenced by the addition or exclusion of populations with extreme rates of change. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. With climate and land‐use changes likely to increase in the future, establishing clear links between species characteristics and responses to these threats is fundamental for designing and conducting conservation actions. The results of this study can aid in evaluating population sensitivity, assessing the likely conservation status of species with poor data coverage, and predicting future scenarios of biodiversity change.