bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otel Müşterilerinde Algılanan Yeşil Yıldız İmajı: Nevşehir Örneği (Green Star Image Perceived by Hotel Customers: The Example of Nevsehir)
Authors: APLAK Taybe
Published: July 2023

Küresel bir tehdit haline gelen çevre sorunları, birçok alanda olduğu gibi turizm sektörünün de geleceğini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Turizm sektöründe çevresel sorunları en aza indirgeyebilmek adına birtakım çevreye duyarlı faaliyetler uygulanmaktadır. Çevreye duyarlı konaklama işletmelerine verilen yeşil yıldız belgesi, bu uygulamalar arasındaki en önemlilerinden biridir. Bu çalışma, yeşil yıldızlı otel uygulamalarının, müşteriler tarafından nasıl algılandığının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Nevşehir’de yer alan yeşil yıldızlı bir otelin müşterileriyle görüşülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında 26 katılımcıya ulaşılmış ve önceden hazırlanmış yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu dahilinde görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda elde edilen veriler, betimsel analiz yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular kapsamında yeşil yıldızın, otel müşterilerinin algılarında olumlu bir imaj yarattığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırma sonuçları, otel müşterilerinin yeşil yıldızlı bir otelde konakladıktan sonra seyahatlerine bakış açılarında farklılık olduğunu göstermektedir. Çoğunlukla, müşterilerin bir sonraki seyahatlerinde yeşil yıldızlı otelleri tercih edeceğine dair görüşlere ulaşılmıştır. Bununla birlikte araştırma sonuçları, yeşil yıldızlı otellerin en büyük eksiğinin reklam ve tanıtım faaliyetleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Müşterilerin yeşil yıldızlı oteller hakkında bilgi sahibi olması halinde tercihini çevreye duyarlı otellerden yana kullanacağı tespit edilmiştir.
Çiriş Otunun Mutfak Kültüründeki Yeri: Bingöl İli Örneği (The Place of Çiriş Grass in Culinary Culture: The Case of Bingöl Province)
Authors: KAYMAZ Elif , USTA Sevim
Published: July 2023

Yenilebilir yabani otlar hem lezzetleri hem de sağlığa faydaları açısından çeşitli yöresel yemekler içerisinde kullanılmaktadır. Zamanla insanların beslenme alışkanlıklarında yaşanan değişimler ve sağlığa faydalı besinlerin tüketilmesine yönelik gelişen eğilimler, ot yemeklerine olan talebi de artırmıştır. Bingöl yöresinde, yılın belirli dönemlerinde tüketilen Çiriş otu da sağlığa faydaları ve yemeklere kattığı lezzet açısından önemli görülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı, çiriş otunun Bingöl mutfak kültüründeki yerinin tespit edilmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İstanbul’da yaşayan, aile kökeni Bingöl olan 11 kadın katılımcıyla görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formuyla katılımcılardan elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda katılımcıların çiriş otuyla yapılan yemeklere dair bilgilerinin sınırlı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu kapsamda pilav, kavurma, çorba ve börek olmak üzere çiriş otuyla yalnızca dört yemeğin yapıldığını bildikleri saptanmıştır. Literatürde çiriş otuyla çay yapıldığı ifade edilmiş olsa da katılımcıların tümü çiriş otuyla çay yapmadıklarını belirtmişlerdir. Bir diğer önemli sonuç, katılımcıların otla yapılan yemekleri ailelerinden öğrenmeleridir. Bu durum çiriş otu kültürünün sürdürülebilmesini sağlamıştır. Ancak kültürün sözlü olarak aktarılması yerine tarif kitaplarında yer verilmesinin, otun tanıtımının arttırılmasının, devletin resmi sitelerinde (Kültür Portalı, Bingöl İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü) yer verilmesinin, restoran menülerinde bulunmasının daha etkili olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Mutfakta Rönesans: Yeni Çağ Avrupa Mutfak Kültürü (Renaissance in the Kitchen: The Early Modern European Culinary Culture)
Authors: ÜNER Emir Hilmi
Published: July 2023

Avrupa’da bütünsel bir dönüşümü ifade eden Rönesans önce İtalyan sonrasında ise İspanyol ve Fransız mutfak kültürlerinde etkisini göstermiş, 1730’lu yıllarda ortaya çıkan Nouvelle Cuisine anlayışının temelini oluşturmuştur. Bu dönem aynı zamanda gastronomi literatürü için de özel bir öneme sahiptir. Bu döneme ait yazılı eserler incelendiğinde Orta Çağ’dan farklı olarak dini ve manevi konular yerine dünyevi ve insani konuların önem kazandığı görülmektedir. Bu eğilimin sonucu olarak gastronomi alanında çok sayıda eser ortaya konmuş ve matbaa sayesinde bu eserler geniş kitlelere ulaşabilmiştir. Ulusal devletlerin ortaya çıkışı ile birlikte mutfak kültürleri de ulusal bir nitelik kazanmaya başlamıştır. Orta Çağ’dan itibaren Kilisenin mutlak otoritesi ile sürdürülen katı kast sistemine dayalı ekonomik ve sosyal yapının değişmesi ise aristokrat sınıfa ait rafine mutfağı diğer sınıflar için de ulaşılabilir hale getirmiştir. Bu araştırmada Yeni Çağ’da gerçekleşen ve Avrupa mutfak kültürünü etkileyen önemli gelişmeler ve Rönesans’ın Avrupa mutfaklarına etkileri literatür taraması yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca bu dönemde yazılan ve modern gastronomi literatürünün temelini oluşturan önemli eserler de incelenmiştir.
Erzurum Turizm İşletme Belgeli Otellerde Görev Yapan Mutfak Profesyonellerinin Gıda Güvenliği Bilgi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Investigation of Food Safety Knowledge Levels of Culinary Professionals Working in Tourism Business Certified Hotels İn Erzurum)
Authors: DENK Erkan , ZİRZAKIRAN Furkan , DİKSU Ali Ekber
Published: July 2023

Bu çalışma, Erzurum’da bulunan otel işletmelerinde görev yapan mutfak departman çalışanlarının gıda güvenliği bilgi düzeylerini ve farkındalıklarını belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmadaki veriler nicel araştırmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan anket yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Anket, Erzurum ilinde faaliyetlerini sürdüren otel işletmelerinde görev yapan 137 personel ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. SPSS 25 programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen analizlerden mutfak profesyonellerinin gıda güvenlik bilgi puanı %80’in üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,001). Kişisel hijyen, çevresel hijyen ve gıda hijyeni olmak üzere ortaya çıkan faktör yükleri toplam gıda güvenliği puanları ile açıklayıcı faktör analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Gıda güvenliği bilgisi ile mutfak profesyonellerinin cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi, iş pozisyonu, deneyim ve hijyen eğitimi alma durumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p>0,05). Gıda güvenliği bilgisi ve hijyen eğitimi bilgisi arasında pozitif bir korelasyon mevcuttur (r(135) = 0,56, p < 0,001). Yapılan regresyonlar sonucu çoklu regresyon analizi, gıda güvenliği bilgisi skorlarının (B = 2,8, SE = 0,9, t (135) = 3,06, p = 0,002) cinsiyetin belirgin öngörücüsü olduğunu tespit etmiştir. Hiyerarşik regresyon ise eğitim seviyesinin, β = .26, p = .001, gıda güvenliği bilgisinin önemli bir göstergesi olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır.
Restoran İşletmelerinde Marka Kişiliğinin Tüketici Satın Alma Motivasyonları (Güdüleri) Üzerine Etkisi: Franchise İşletmesinde Bir Uygulama (The Effect of Brand Personality on Purchasing Motivations (Motives) In Restaurant Businesses: An Application in Franchise Operation)
Authors: ANIŞ Esra , ÇOLAKOĞLU Ülker , AYYILDIZ Tuğrul
Published: July 2023

Bu çalışma, restoran işletmelerinde marka kişiliğinin tüketici satın alma motivasyonları (güdüleri) üzerine etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler, İzmir’de bir AVM’de şubesi bulunan uluslararası bir franchise işletmesindeki tüketicilerden toplanmıştır (N=313). İlişkiler regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Bulgular, marka kişiliğinin tüketici satın alma motivasyonunu düşük seviyede etkilediğini göstermektedir. Uluslararası bir franchise işletmesinde yapılan bu uygulama, marka kişiliği ve tüketici satın alma motivasyonlarının bilgisi ile restoran işletmelerinin ulaşmak istedikleri potansiyel tüketicilerin daha iyi bir yansımasını sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, araştırma konusu, sonuçları ve önerilerinin literatüre, uygulamaya ve gelecek araştırmacılara katkı sağlayacağı ve yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. Gelecek araştırmacılar bundan sonraki araştırmalarda birden fazla restoran markasıyla geniş örnekleme üzerinde çalışmalar gerçekleştirebilirler. Gelecekte marka kişiliğini inceleyecek olan araştırmacılar Arketip yaklaşımını, yaşam tarzlarına yönelik değişik sınıflandırmaları inceleyecek olan araştırmacılar ise VALS tipolojilerini kullanabilirler. Markayı satın alan ve satın almayan tüketicilerin kişilik özellikleri ile marka kişiliği arasındaki ilişkinin tespiti üzerinde çalışabilirler. Ayrıca gelecek araştırmacılar, marka faktörlerinin de satın alma motivasyonları üzerinde etkilerinin olup olmadığını araştırabilirler.
Turist Rehberlerinin Kaynak Yönetimi Rollerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması (A Study of Developing an Attitude Scale Towards Resource Management Roles of Tourist Guides)
Authors: ULUSOY MUTLU Hasret , KÖROĞLU Özlem
Published: July 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı, turist rehberlerinin kaynak yönetimi rollerine yönelik özgün bir tutum ölçeği geliştirmektir. Çalışmada karma yöntem tercih edilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme aşamalarının sırasıyla uygulandığı çalışmanın örneklemini turist rehberleri oluşturmaktadır. Turist rehberleriyle yapılan görüşmeler sonrasında elde edilen nitel verilerle madde havuzu oluşturulmuş ve uzman görüşüne sunulmuştur. Ölçeğin ilk formuyla ön deneme uygulamasına geçilmiştir. Bu aşamada turist rehberleriyle görüşülmüş ve ölçeğin nihai formuyla yapının geçerliğine ilişkin uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi sonucunda yapı sadeleştirilmiş, farklı bir örneklem grubuyla yapının doğrulanmasına ilişkin uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonucunda turist rehberlerinin kaynak yönetimi rollerine yönelik tutumlarını ölçen “bilgilendirme”, “sorumlu davranışa teşvik etme” ve “çevresel farkındalığı artırma” olmak üzere üç boyutlu, geçerli ve güvenilir bir tutum ölçeği elde edilmiştir.
Ayvalık Zeytin Müzesi Sergileme Şekillerinin İncelenmesi (Investigation of Ayvalık Olive Museum Exhibits)
Authors: ATALAY TOHUMCU Sevil , SAATCI SAVSA Gencay
Published: July 2023

Bu çalışmada Ayvalık Zeytin Müzesi’nin sergileme şekillerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında; müze görevlisinden müzenin kuruluş amacı, ekipman temin şekli, müzenin tanıtımı konusunda neler yapıldığı ve önemine dair bilgiler alınmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden birincil veri toplama tekniği olarak yapılandırılmış görüşme sorularından ve gözlem tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda müzede durağan sergileme şekillerinin tercih edildiği, dinamik sergileme şekillerinin tercih edilmediği görülmüştür. Durağan sergileme şekillerinden stant üzeri sergileme ve bilgi panoları kullanılmaktadır. Stant üzeri sergilemede zeytin üretimi ve zeytinyağı elde edilmesi sürecinde kullanılmış olan araç gereçlere yer verilirken, bilgi panoları aracılığı ile zeytincilik kültürüne yönelik bilgi verildiği tespit edilmiştir. Müze imkanlarına bakıldığında ise ziyaretçilere yönelik ikramlıklar, satış alanı ve kafeterya bulunurken etkinlik alanının ve otoparkının olmadığı görülmektedir.
Afyonkarahisar da Yenilebilir Yabani Otlar ve Tüketim Biçimleri (Edible Wild Plants and Consumption Methods in Afyonkarahisar)
Authors: MUTLU Hülya
Published: July 2023

Sağlıklı beslenme bilincinin artması ile insanlar günümüzde doğal, vejetaryen, paleo, vegan ve raw vegan (çiğ beslenme) gibi farklı beslenme çeşitlerini tercih etmektedir. Sebze ağırlıklı bu beslenme çeşitlerinde doğada kendiliğinden yetişen otların tüketimi de önem arz etmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Afyonkarahisar’da yenilebilir yabani otları tespit etmek ve bu otların tüketim biçimlerini belirlemektir. Bu amaç̧ doğrultusunda nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden görüşme ve gözlem tekniği tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini Afyonkarahisar ilinde yenilebilir yabani otları tüketenler ve pazarda ot satışı yapanlar oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemini ise Emirdağ, Çay, Bolvadin ve Sultandağı ilçelerinde yenilebilir otları tüketenler ve pazarda ot satışı yapan kişiler oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda 23 gönüllü ile 14.04.2023- 30.04.2023 tarihleri arasında görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve dört ilçenin pazarı gezilerek gözlem yapılmıştır. Yapılan görüşme ve gözlemler sonucunda Afyonkarahisar’da yetişen ve tüketilen 32 yenilebilir ot tespit edilmiş ve bu otlardan 28 tanesinin pazarlarda satıldığı ve 11 farklı şekilde tüketildiği belirlenmiştir.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DOS MÉIS E POLENS DAS ABELHAS SEM FERRÃO DAS ESPÉCIES Melipona flavolineata E Melipona fasciculata
Authors: Oliveira Emily , Vasconcelos Giovana , da Silva Josyane , da Silva Elen
Published: July 2023

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HONEYS AND POLLENS OF STINGLESS BEES OF THE SPECIES Melipona flavolineata AND Melipona fasciculata. This study aimed to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of honey and pollen of two different species of stingless bees Melipona flavolineata and Melipona fasciculata from different regions in the State of Pará, the two totally different localities, Mosqueiro Island and Castanhal municipality, different climate and vegetation directly influence the quality and characteristics of these raw materials. The honey and pollen samples were collected and stored in hermetically sealed pots, the honey was kept at room temperature and the pollen at a freezing temperature of −12 °C to −15 °C, the analyzes were carried out in the laboratory of the Universidade do Estado do Pará - Campus Castanhal. For physicochemical characterization of honey, moisture, acidity, pH, ash, insoluble solids, HMF reducing sugar, total and apparent sucrose, HMF and color were performed. For the physicochemical characterization of the pollen, moisture, ash, protein, acidity, reducing and total sugars were analyzed. Regarding the honey collected in the meliponario of the municipality of Castanhal, they obtained different results from the honey collected in Mosqueiro, even being of the same species. In the pollen collected from the stingless bees of the meliponario located on the island of Mosqueiro, there were high levels of lipids, the results of proteins obtained from the pollen of Castanhal were high, unlike the pollen of the island of Mosqueiro.
ELABORAÇÃO DE UM MÉTODO LÚDICO PARA O ENSINO DE QUÍMICA: UM JOGO BASEADO EM CÉLULAS SOLARES SENSIBILIZADAS POR CORANTE
Authors: Magalhães Letícia , Alves Rafael , Cunha Letícia , Rocha Leonardo , Schiavon Marco
Published: July 2023

ELABORATION OF A PLAYFUL METHOD FOR CHEMISTRY TEACHING: A GAME BASED ON DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS. Considering the current environmental problems associated with the growing world demand for energy arising from development and population growth, the need to diversify energy matrices, such as the implementation of solar energy, is highlighted. Thus, it is important to discuss this topic in the school environment, because when they are introduced from childhood to high school, the probability of this orientation being effective is much greater. In this context, educational games have attracted attention as a teaching tool, combining a fun atmosphere with the improvement of learning. This work aimed the production and application of a game in board format representing a dye-sensitized solar cell (CSSC) as a didactic resource in approaching the content of energy conversion. The game allowed an easy visualization of how the energy conversion process is performed by a CSSC. It was presented during the scientific dissemination event “Café com Ciência”, promoted by the Federal University of São João del-Rei, with good results both in gameplay aspects and in helping to understand the theme. The feedback obtained indicates that the game can be a useful tool for students and educators, reaching all its didactic potential and facilitating learning in the face of complex concepts.
What Can We Learn about Improvements in Air Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Case Study in Four Cities Located in the Same State but with Different Emission Profiles
Authors: Carvalho Jonatas , Ferraz Gabriel , Betim Hugo , do Nascimento Rita de Kássia , Scaramboni Caroline , Urban Roberta
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to assess how a partial lockdown due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected air quality in four cities with dissimilar characteristics. In three cities, Araraquara (ARQ), Presidente Prudente (PPE), and Santos (STS), reductions in NO2 concentrations were observed due to social distancing. Conversely, in Santa Gertrudes (SGD), NO2 concentrations increased, indicating that a brief pause in ceramics industry activity was not sufficient to reduce NO2 emissions. A variable behavior was observed in O3 concentrations; in some cases, it followed the trends observed in previous years, but in others, an increase or decrease in concentrations was observed due to variations in concentrations of NO2 and volatile organic compounds and/or climatic conditions. Particulate matter (PM) concentrations decreased in SGD and STS due to social distancing, meteorological conditions, such as wind speed, and reductions in industrial and port activities. Nevertheless, in the cities of ARQ and PPE, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10) concentrations were elevated during the pandemic period, due to numerous biomass burning events in 2020. Thus, although vehicular and industrial emission control/reduction policies are effective in improving air quality, they may not be sufficient to achieve air quality standards if they are not combined with more restrictive measures to manage biomass burning.
The Appropriation of Islamic Literacy by Middle-class Muslims in Jogokariyan and Sudirman Mosques, Yogyakarta
Authors: Faiz Abd. Aziz
Published: July 2023

Since 1980, the Islamic literacy of the Sudirman Mosque, Yogyakarta has centered around jihadi ideology, while the Jogokariyan Mosque, Yogyakarta has been normative and oriented toward Islamization. Of late, the Sudirman and the Jogokariyan Mosques are taking new and different approaches to Islamic literacy. This study aims to describe the newly adopted approaches and their appropriation within the middle-class society and the urban Islamic landscape. This research is qualitative-descriptive, using post-Islamism as a theoretical concept. This study highlights two important findings. First, the Sudirman Mosque takes a progressive approach by discussing philosophy and postcolonialism and publishing reflective Islamic literature, while the Jogokariyan Mosque popularizes Islam through spiritual recreation, hijrah festivals, and publishing normative Islamic pop literature. Second, these new approaches to Islamic literacy appropriate urban characteristics and the congregations’ social classes. These findings contribute to mapping new Islamic literacy patterns in Yogyakarta.
Indonesian Tourism on Australian Websites: Mapping Major Issues with Online Field Theory
Authors: Madya Sidiq Hari
Published: July 2023

Australia is very important to Indonesia’s tourism recovery strategies after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines tourism issues in Indonesia as represented by Australian websites. By mapping actors and issue networks in Australian sites, this study identified the status and behavior of actors in online networks. This study applies a Bourdieusian framework adapted to an online setting called online field theory. Applying web data to study the behavior of actors or organizations, this study combined the hyperlink network and content analysis. It has been found that tourism policies and tourism impact on the economy in Indonesia is a major concern for Australian actors. The web narratives indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic contextualizes the emergence of major issues and prominent actors dealing with the issues. A map of the hyperlink network confirmed the structure of the fields in which privileged actors in Australia, such as the government and the media, are more central in framing and diffusing the issues. It is argued that issue formation and adoption on the web reflect multiple Australian interests to Indonesia’s tourism.
The Russian Income Tax Against the Background of the Sociopolitical Events of 1917–1920s
Authors:   Don State Technical University, Morozova O. M. , Troshina T. I. ,   Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University,   Northern State Medical University
Published: July 2023

The introduction of income tax in Russia has a long history, but not all stages of this process have been covered in scholarly publications. Due to the low efficiency of the tax institutions of the post-revolutionary governments, their law-making activities and attempts to collect income tax in 1917–1921 remain under-researched. What little the Soviet and White governments had in common was their willingness to base their fiscal practices on the imperial legislation. The practice of application revealed differences. The Bolsheviks consistently developed the existing framework, trying to find forms of tax collection appropriate to the country’s situation despite a long phase of failure in their attempts. Not only the central authorities, but also the county councils and congresses were given greater freedom in rulemaking. In contrast to this experience, the opponents of the Soviet power, didn’t work out the contours of the emergency financial system. The decrees and orders of the White governments were only created to respond to inflationary processes. The construction of the peacetime tax system continued under the extraordinary conditions of economic crisis and famine. The Soviet government and the People’s Commissariat of Finance did not abandon the idea of the income tax, considering its presence a sign of maturity of the tax system and the guarantee of stability of revenue receipts in the budget. At the stage of the class struggle in the economic sphere in the 1920s, it was used as a tool to restrain the growth of bourgeois elements in trade and production. The introduction of this type of tax in the agricultural collective sector lasted for decades. Sporadic attempts to use it in the 1920s were unsuccessful. It was not until 1992 that it took the form of a personal income tax.
‘“Russian-Polish Dispute Resolved by History”: The Polish Question in the Liberal Projects of the Basic Law of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Dmitrieva N. V. ,   European University at St. Petersburg
Published: July 2023

The paper considers the process of the evolution of the “Polish question” in the Russian legal liberal thought of the early 20th century. The specificity of this period lies in the attempts to transfer purely theoretical projects to the practical sphere during the formation of proto-party organizations and the development of drafts of the Fundamental State Law of Russia. The national component of these documents has largely remained beyond the scope of scholars’ interests, which explains the focus of the paper. The research relies on archival records and, on the one hand, aims to evaluate the contradictions with regard to this issue within the liberal camp , and on the other hand, to trace the complex process of reaching a compromise between representatives of Russian liberalism and the politically active Polish public in the context of growing opposition.to Russian autocracy. In an effort to keep the Russian Empire united and indivisible, representatives of the new liberalism were gradually beginning to perceive the “Polish question” as one of the directions for finding allies in the struggle to establish a constitutional law and order in the country. The main outcome of the examination by Russian liberals of the “Polish question” within the framework of the drafts of the Fundamental Law of Russia was their acknowledgment of the need to make the problem of Polish autonomy a separate item in the political program as well as to develop its borders in details.
Unseen Roots of an Unexpected Revolution: Party Elites, Economic Reforms, and Expectations versus Outcomes in Late 1980s Leningrad
Authors:   University of Richmond, Hass J. K. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Lomagin N. A. ,   European University at St. Petersburg,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: July 2023

The article examines the perestroika processes from the Leningrad point of view. Surprisingly, but events in Moscow and, eventually, in the media were initially more conservative and sluggish than the discussions behind closed doors in Leningrad — but before long, roles were reversed, and public discourse became increasingly more creative and even radical than those private discussions requested by Smolny. The other point is that local enterprise directors (and other organizational actors and elites, e. g. in the Komsomol) started to act on their own interests and opportunities. The growing acceptance of some form of Western market economies (even if adapted to some “Soviet” form) meant that directors could steal a step on Smolny and even Moscow. Gorbachev reforms offered the possibility of taking reforms beyond local Party and state headquarters — Smolny and the Councils — to economic actors themselves. This threatened to make the Councils redundant, if such reforms were serious. Authors suggest, this is what happened. Authors’ data suggest that the Councils in the initial phase of reform (and perhaps Gorbachev) underestimated how important and central the shadow economy had become by then. Gorbachev opened the economy, hoping that devolution and some liberalization would harness, not fight, the initiative in the shadows. However, shadow practices were so wrapped up in formal institutions, and so ingrained among economic (and other) actors, that unleashing the shadow economy risked unraveling institutions as actors used the brief open window to gain as much as they could. It ended up a wager both on the entrepreneur and the thief — leaving Smolny and the Councils, the first stage of reform, in history. What did survive, however, were those networks of younger reform-minded cadres, who in the new world would find their place driving the next stage of radical reforms.
From Football to Parachuting: Physical Education and Sports at the “Krasny Putilovets” Plant in the 1920s — Early 1930s
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Ulyanova S. B. , Sidorchuk I. V. ,   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Published: July 2023

This study is devoted to the under researched issue of development of physical education and sports at the grassroots level. The task was to identify the mechanism of recruiting participants to sports teams and societies; to consider the process of introduction to sports at the micro-level of the enterprise; to study the role of physical culture in labor processes. The cornerstone of the Soviet mass society were collectives formed at factories, and therefore one of the largest factories in Petrograd/Leningrad — “Krasnyi Putilovets”, which had not only rich labor and revolutionary history, but also sports history, was chosen as an example. The research source base included archival materials; reviews and results of the survey of the physical education club at the plant; reviews of the activity of the sports club; discussions of the development of physical culture and sports, etc. As far as research methods are concerned, the authors turned to everyday history and its components — the history of sports and the history of leisure, as well as to microhistory. The results of the study demonstrate that it was the factory sport circles that led to professional sports and that during the period under review, effective mechanisms were developed to attract workers of different genders and ages to active physical education and sports. At the same time, the actors involved in the organization and implementation of this work pursued different goals — the unity of the labor collective, the distraction of young people from deviant leisure practices, the proletarization of sports, its use for educational and propaganda work, etc.
The Impact of Environmental and Climate Constraints on Global Food Supply
Authors: Eickhout Bas , van Meijl Hans , Tabeau Andrzej , Stehfest Elke
Published: July 2023

*Chapter 9 of the forthcoming book "Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy," edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Steven Rose, and Richard S.J. Tol The goal of this Chapter is to study the complex interaction between agriculture, economic growth and the environment, given future uncertainties. We combine economic concepts and biophysical constraints in one consistent modeling framework to be able to quantify and analyze the long-term socio-economic and environmental consequences of different scenarios. Here, we present the innovative methodology of coupling an economic and a biophysical model to combine state of the art knowledge from economic and biophysical sources. First, a comprehensive representation of the agricultural and land markets is required in the economic model. Therefore we included a land demand structure to reflect the degree of substitutability of types of land-use types and we included a land supply curve to include the process of land conversion and land abandonment. Secondly, the adapted economic model (LEITAP) is linked to the biophysical-based integrated assessment model IMAGE allowing to feed back spatially and temporarily varying land productivity to the economic framework. Thirdly, the land supply curves in the economic model are parameterized by using the heterogeneous information of land productivity from IMAGE. This link between an economic and biophysical model benefits from the strengths of both models. The economic model captures features of the global food market, including relations between world regions, whereas the bio-physical model adds geographical explicit information on crop growth within each world region. An illustrative baseline analyses shows the environmental consequences of the default baseline and a sensitivity analyses is performed with regard to the land supply curve. Results indicate that economic and environmental consequences are very dependent on whether a country is land scarce or land abundant.
Land Use Modeling in Recursively-Dynamic GTAP Framework
Authors: Golub Alla , Hertel Thomas , Sohngen Brent
Published: July 2023

*Chapter 10 of the forthcoming book "Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy," edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Steven Rose, and Richard S.J. Tol The goal of this work is to investigate land-use change at the global scale over the long run – particularly in the context of analyzing the fundamental drivers behind land-use related GHG emissions. For this purpose, we identify the most important drivers of supply and demand for land. On the demand side, we begin with a dynamic general equilibrium (GE) model that predicts economic growth in each region of the world, based on exogenous projections of population, skilled and unskilled labor and technical change. Economy-wide growth is, in turn, translated into consumer demand for specific products using an econometrically estimated, international cross-section, demand system that permits us to predict the pattern of future consumer demands across the development spectrum. This is particularly important in the fast-growing, developing countries, where the composition of consumer demand is changing rapidly. These countries also account for an increasing share of global economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. Consumer demand is translated into derived demands for land through a set of sectoral production functions that differentiate the demand for land by Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ).
KLUM@GTAP: Spatially-Explicit, Biophysical Land Use in a Computable General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Ronneberger Kerstin , Berrittella Maria , Bosello Francesco , Tol Richard
Published: July 2023

*Chapter 12 of the forthcoming book "Economic Analysis of Land Use in Global Climate Change Policy," edited by Thomas W. Hertel, Steven Rose, and Richard S.J. Tol In this paper the global agricultural land use model KLUM is coupled to an extended version of the computable general equilibrium model (CGE) GTAP in order to consistently assess the integrated impacts of climate change on global cropland allocation and its implications for economic development. The methodology is innovative as it introduces dynamic economic land-use decisions based also on the biophysical aspects of land into a state-of the-art CGE; it further allows the projection of resulting changes in cropland patterns at a spatially explicit level. A convergence test and illustrative future simulations underpin the robustness analysis and serve to highlight the potential of the coupled system. Reference simulations with the uncoupled models emphasize the impact and relevance of the coupling; the results of coupled and uncoupled simulations can differ by several hundred percent.
Global Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts of U.S. Maize Ethanol: The Role of Market-Mediated Responses
Authors: Hertel Thomas , Golub Alla , Jones Andrew , O'Hare Michael , Plevin Richard , Kammen Daniel
Published: July 2023

With the recent adoption by the California Air Resources Board of California’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and USEPA’s Energy Independence and Security Act, greenhouse gas releases from indirect land use change triggered by crop-based biofuels have taken center stage in the debate over the role of biofuels in climate policy and energy security. This paper presents an analysis of these releases for US maize ethanol. Our analysis highlights the key role of market-mediated responses to biofuels mandates. Factoring these into our analysis reduces cropland conversion by 72%. As a consequence the associated GHG release estimated in our framework is just 800 g CO2 MJ -1y (27 g MJ-1 for 30 years of ethanol production). This figure is a quarter of the one previously published value. However, it is still large enough to eliminate the global warming mitigation benefits of most corn ethanol. Paper is under review with BioScience; available from the authors upon request
Predicting Within Country Household Food Expenditure Variation Using International Cross-Section Estimates
Authors: Verma Monika , Hertel Thomas , Preckel Paul
Published: July 2023

There is a long and distinguished literature involving demand analysis using international cross-section data. Such models are widely used for predicting national per capita consumption. However, there is nothing in this literature testing the performance of estimated models in predicting demands across the income spectrum within a single country. This paper fills the gap. We estimate an AIDADS model using cross-section international per capita data, and find that it does well in predicting food demand across the income distribution within Bangladesh. This suggests that there may be considerable value in using international cross-section analysis to study poverty and distributional impacts of policies.
The Poverty Implications of Climate-Induced Crop Yield Changes by 2030
Authors: Hertel Thomas , Burke Marshall , Lobell David
Published: July 2023

Accumulating evidence suggests that agricultural production could be greatly affected by climate change, but there remains little quantitative understanding of how these agricultural impacts would affect economic livelihoods in poor countries. Here we consider three scenarios of agricultural impacts of climate change by 2030 (impacts resulting in low, medium, or high productivity) and evaluate the resulting changes in global commodity prices, national economic welfare, and the incidence of poverty in a set of 15 developing countries. Although the small price changes under the medium scenario are consistent with previous findings, we find the potential for much larger food price changes than reported in recent studies which have largely focused on the most likely outcomes. In our low productivity scenario, prices for major staples rise 10-60% by 2030. The poverty impacts of these price changes depend as much on where impoverished households earn their income as on the agricultural impacts themselves, with poverty rates in some non-agricultural household groups rising by 20-50% in parts of Africa and Asia under these price changes, and falling by equal amounts for agriculture-specialized households elsewhere in Asia and Latin America. The potential for such large distributional effects within and across countries emphasizes the importance of looking beyond central case climate shocks and beyond a simple focus on yields – or highly aggregated poverty impacts.
Global Applied General Equilibrium Analysis using the GTAP Framework
Authors: Hertel Thomas
Published: July 2023

Contributed Chapter for Peter B. Dixon and Dale W. Jorgenson (eds.) This chapter provides an overview of the first two decades of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) – an effort to support a standardized data base and CGE modeling platform for international economic analysis. It characterizes GTAP in four different dimensions: institutional innovation, a network, a database and a standardized modeling platform. Guiding principles for the GTAP modeling framework include flexibility, ease of use, transparency, and symmetric treatment of production and utility fundamentals across regions. The chapter reviews core modeling assumptions relating to the regional household, private consumption behavior, welfare decomposition, the “global bank”, treatment of the international trade and transport sector, and imports. Model validation and sensitivity analysis, as well as software issues receive attention as well. The chapter also offers brief overviews of the two major areas of application: international economic integration and global environmental issues. It closes with a discussion of future directions for the Project.
Implications of Agricultural Productivity for Global Cropland Use and GHG Emissions: Borlaug vs. Jevons
Authors: Hertel Thomas
Published: July 2023

This paper introduces a general framework for analyzing the impacts of regional and global technological change on long run agricultural output, prices, land rents, land use, and associated GHG emissions. In so doing, it facilitates a reconciliation of the apparently conflicting views of the impacts of agricultural productivity growth on global GHG emissions and environmental quality. As has been previously recognized, in the case of a global change in farm productivity, the critical condition for an innovation to lead to diminished land use is that the farm level demand for agricultural products is inelastic. However, in the more common case where the innovation is regional in nature, the necessary condition for a reduction in global land use and associated GHG emissions is more complex and depends on the relative yields, emissions efficiencies and supply conditions in the affected and unaffected regions. While innovations in agricultural are most common land-sparing at global scale, innovations in regions commanding a small share of global production, with relatively low yields, high land supply elasticities and low emissions efficiencies can lead to an increase in global land use change emissions. A numerical example illustrates these points and suggests that these conditions may hold for productivity shocks in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. These insights are also relevant for the emerging literature on the effect of adverse climate change on global agriculture and associated emissions from land use change. Keywords: technological progress, agricultural land use change, Jevons’ paradox, land-sparing innovation, climate change impacts, greenhouse gas emissions JEL codes: Q11, Q16, Q55, Q54
Tom Hertel’s influence and its lessons about academic inquiry
Authors: Hillberry Russell , Hummels David
Published: July 2023

Fields of academic inquiry differ in their preferred forms of output, in the ways in which knowledge is accumulated and stored, and so in the ways that academic influence is measured. We compare Tom Hertel’s research record to other international economists of his generation in order to illustrate the unique breadth and influence of his work, and of the GTAP project broadly. We then provide an analytical framework that helps explain the evolution of the field of international economics from a tool-use standpoint. This framework helps us to assess the academic productivity gains from creating the GTAP model and consortium. It also provides a possible answer to a significant puzzle: why is GTAP increasingly influential in the physical and biological sciences, but less so within the international economics community?
The Standard GTAP Model in GAMS, Version 7.1
Authors: van der Mensbrugghe Dominique
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this document is to describe a version of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) that is a literal implementation of the standard General Economic Modeling Package (GEMPACK) version. It updates and supersedes the model description provided in van der Mensbrugghe (2018), which remains the main reference. The key revision of the new version is that the model is calibrated to initially normalized variables, similar to Rutherford’s GTAPinGams model (Lanz and Rutherford (2016)). One objective is to improve model scaling and hopefully numerical convergence. One advantage is that it is relatively easy to view the results in percentage change form, similar to the GEMPACK version of the model. The new version includes three additional extensions: national-level Armington preferences for domestic vs. imports, agent-level sourcing by region of origin (a variant of the multi-region input-output model (MRIO)), and rent-generating ad valorem equivalent (AVE) of non-tariff measures (NTMs).
Using Python for Parallelization
Authors: van der Mensbrugghe Dominique
Published: July 2023

This short note describes one way of taking advantage of the multiple cores on most desktop computers. It describes running one of the processes in the GTAP build procedure called ’FIT’. The input to ’FIT’ is a balanced input-output table (IOT), which is adjusted to a number of exogenous elements including aggregate domestic absorption and import and export vectors. It is run for each of the countries/regions in the build, but there is no interaction across countries/regions and thus can be run in parallel. The procedure uses a Python script to run the ’FIT’ procedure, either sequentially or in parallel. Most of the code is generic and thus it can be easily adapted to other programs that can take advantage of parallelism, for example Monte Carlo simulations. For the tested ’FIT’ procedure, it reduces the runtime from 75 minutes to 14 minutes on a relatively new desktop with a 12th Generation Intel Core I-9 CPU with 16 physical cores.
The META 21 Integrated Assessment Model in GAMS and LHS Sampling
Authors: van der Mensbrugghe Dominique
Published: July 2023

The META 21 Integrated Assessment Model (Dietz et al., 2021) represents a fairly comprehensive climate change simulation model incorporating a number of features: (a) a recent simple climate model; (b) down-scaling of temperature change to the country level; (c) integration of a number of bio-physical tipping points linked to rising temperatures; and (d) economic damages linked to rising sea levels and temperature using recent country-level estimates from the literature. The original implementation of META 21 was in Excel and linked to the @Risk Excel add-in for performing Monte Carlo-type analysis. This paper reflects a translation of META 21 into GAMS. One of the key purposes is to allow for ready incorporation of many of the features of META 21 into other models—notably CGE-based IAMs. To replace the features provided by the @Risk Excel add-in, this paper also introduces a software package that produces random deviates—and, similar to @Risk, uses the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) approach, which is a stratified sampling technique intended to cover the entire sampling space efficiently and, in addition, orders the sample to reflect a desired correlation matrix for the sampled random variables.
Bioactivity of Raphanus Species against Agricultural Phytopathogens and
its Role in Soil Remediation: A Review
Authors: Seimandi Gisela Marisol , Imhoff Silvia del Carmen , Derita Marcos Gabriel
Published: July 2023

Phytopathogens and weeds represent around 20-40% of global agricultural productivity
losses. Synthetic pesticide products are the most used to combat these pests, but it reiterates that
their use has caused tremendous pressure on ecosystems' self-cleansing capacity and resistance development
by pathogens to synthetic fungicides. In the last decades, researchers have demonstrated
the vast biological properties of plants against pathogens and diseases. Raphanus species (Brassicaceae)
possesses antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic,
insecticidal, nematicidal, allelopathic, and phytoremediators properties. These are due to
the presence of structurally diverse bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and glucosinolates. In
this review, we have provided an update on the biological properties of two Raphanus species (R.
sativus and R. raphanistrum), detailing the type of natural product (extract or isolated compound),
the bioassays displayed, and the results obtained for the main bioactivities of this genus cited in the
literature during the last 30 years. Moreover, preliminary studies on phytopathogenic activities performed
in our laboratory have also been depicted. We conclude that Raphanus species could be a
source of natural bioactive molecules to treat phytopathogens and weeds that affect crops and
remediate contaminated soils.
Graded Effects of Dry-Feed Added Sodium Benzoate/Ascorbic Acid
Combination on Neurobehaviour, Oxidative Stress, and Markers of
Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Olofinnade Anthony Tope , Onaolapo Adejoke Yetunde , Onaolapo Olakunle James
Published: July 2023

Background:

Several concerns regarding the safety of sodium benzoate/ascorbic acid combination have been highlighted in various scientific investigations. However, there is a dearth of scientific literature on its effect on the brain. This study investigated the effects of dry-feed added sodium benzoate/ascorbic acid combination on neurobehaviour, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines in mice

Methods:

Adult male mice were assigned into ten groups of 10 mice each. One group was fed a standard diet, three groups were fed a diet containing sodium benzoate (NaB) at 125 mg/kg with ascorbic acid (AA) at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of feed, another three groups were fed NaB at 250 mg/kg with AA at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of feed, respectively, and the last three groups were fed NaB at 500 mg/kg with AA at 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg, respectively. Behavioural tests were assessed, following which animals were sacrificed, and their brains were homogenised for the assessment of biochemical parameters.

Results:

The result showed a decrease in body weight, self-grooming, total antioxidant capacity, inflammatory cytokines, mixed response with food intake, locomotor activity, Y maze spatial working memory, and anxiety-related behaviours and an increase in rearing and radial arm maze spatial working memory.

Conclusion:

Dry-feed added NaB/AA altered behavioural, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in mice. It was found that both beneficial and deleterious effects might be possible, depending on the concentrations ingested in food. However, further investigations are required to ascertain its effects on humans.