bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Antecedents of Altruism in Children: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Midlarsky Elizabeth , Suda William
Published: September 2011

This paper outlines the manner in which three theories—evolutionary theory, psychoanalysis and social learning theory—account for the development of altruistic behavior. Explanations by such theorists as Wilson, Campbell, Freud, Aronfreed, and Mowrer are presented, and exploration is made of the degree to which these positions are supported by empirical findings.
Free Exploration Trends of Developing Albino Rats
Authors: Kierniesky Nicholas C.
Published: September 2011

Previous research found significantly more free exploration in immature and adult albino rats compared to adolescent rats. The present study indicated this to be true only in adult rats (N = 12). Housing procedures prior to testing may explain the lack of replication.
Adults' Warmth, Type of Verbal Reinforcer, and Children's Learning
Authors: Gilboa Dalia , Greenbaum Charles W.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the contribution of an adult's expressive behavior and type of verbal reinforcement to children's learning. An adult female interacted in a warm or cold manner with 120 third-grade, middle-class children, while at the same time giving one of two reinforcers—“correct” or “nice”—for one of two responses in a simple two-choice learning situation. The warm adult was more effective in inducing learning than the cold, and “correct” was a more potent reinforcer than “nice.”
Validity of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test for Referred and Nonreferred Samples
Authors: Appelbaum Alan S.
Published: September 2011

The Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test was compared with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development to investigate the validity of the Denver scale for children under 30 mo. of age. Two groups of infants were studied, referred and nonreferred samples. Correlations of .25 to .52 were obtained between the two measures on the basis of developmental quotients which are significantly lower than those previously reported as mental age estimates. Generally the Denver scale appears to be a conservative test in terms of its classifications, and there is a marked underselection by the Denver test of children who receive abnormal scores on the Bayley scales. There is, however, congruence between the Denver Developmental Quotient and the Bayley Mental Scale score for children of lower ability. While two Denver mental age estimates (personal-social and gross motor) appear congruent with the Bayley? Mental Scale age equivalent, for the most part the Denver test yields significant underestimates of mental age. Over-all the data offer only limited validational support for the use of the Denver test with infants under 2 1/2 yr. of age.
Relationship between Motives for Participation in and Dropout from Adult Education
Authors: Boshier Roger
Published: September 2011

The relationship between motives for participation in and dropout from adult education courses was examined by relating factorially derived motivation scores to an index of dropout-persistence. Of the eight motivation factors identified only one was significantly associated with dropout. It was argued that dropout from adult education stems from a complex interaction of psychological and environmental variables and that single-variable correlations yield little of value to the educator.
Relationships between Locus of Control and Instrumentality Theory Predictor of Academic Performance
Authors: Batlis Nick C.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between locus of control and components of an equation of instrumentality theory for predicting academic performance were examined. It was demonstrated that: (a) locus of control significantly correlated only with the Expectancy component, such that internals tended to perceive a stronger relationship between individual effort and academic performance; (b) locus of control moderated the relationship of instrumentality predictor and performance, with significant prediction being achieved for internals but not externals; and, (c) internals evidenced somewhat less fluctuation in perceptions of Expectancy over time.
Clinical Psychology in the Chemical Environment
Authors: Myslobodsky Michael S. , Weiner Murray
Published: September 2011

Recent observations suggest that psychotherapy can influence biochemical and physiologic parameters which determine drug disposition and response to drugs. Consequently, clinical psychologists can participate in and share responsibility for the outcome of pharmacotherapy. Current interpretations of psychiatric concepts in biochemical and neurologic terms, and in particular, data on the asymmetry of hemispheric function in normal individuals and the mentally ill, now offer fresh opportunities to identify structural and neurochemical brain targets for psychotherapy which can be coupled with the sciences of drug distribution and neurochemical mechanisms of drug action. Several examples are presented to illustrate opportunities to achieve more desirable drug disposition and action by psychotherapeutic techniques. The objective of this report is to alert clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and drug therapists to the potential of this coordinated approach to treatment.
Development and Preliminary Cross-Validation of a Two-Step Procedure for Firefighter Selection
Authors: Frank Harry , Wilcox Carole
Published: September 2011

The first study describes the empirical derivation of a fireman interest key for the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory and reports that in a sample of 38 firemen, the correlation of Raven's Progressive Matrices with a paired-comparisons performance rating is significantly higher for subjects scoring above than for subjects scoring below the median on the interest scale. The moderator effect of interest on the validity of the Progressive Matrices was replicated in cross-validation on a sample of 22 fireman trainees using a 6-hr. job sampling of firefighter skills as criterion. For subjects above and below the median of interest scores generated by 131 trainee applicants, the correlations of the Progressive Matrices with the criterion were significantly different. No significant racial bias was found for the moderator or predictor.
Subjective Physical Attractiveness and Self-other Orientations
Authors: Mahoney E. R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between three facets of self-other orientations and self-perceived physical attractiveness is examined for college students, 98 males and 129 females. The results indicate only partial support for the effects of socialization on physical attractiveness and the implications of these findings for filtering processes in socialization regarding physical attractiveness are discussed.
Immediate Test-Retest Changes in WAIS Scores among College Males
Authors: Catron David W.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS was administered twice, in immediate succession, in standardized fashion, to 35 undergraduate male introductory psychology students. The effects of having just immediately completed the test were reflected in the amount of change in scores from test to retest. On the average, the Verbal IQs increased by 3.1 IQ points and the Performance IQs increased by 14.2 IQ points. Full Scale IQ increased by an average of 8.3 IQ points on retest. Subtests most susceptible to gain on immediate retest were Object Assembly, Picture Arrangement, Digit Symbol, Arithmetic, and Block Design, all of which are timed. Verbal subtests were less affected by prior testing than were Performance subtests. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ were .86, .86, and .88, respectively. Subtest reliabilities ranged from a low of .61 for Object Assembly to a high of .91 for Vocabulary. Retest effects were discussed in terms of previous findings, relevant variables, and the need for further systematic research.
Malleability of Preference for Therapists' Response Style
Authors: Duckro Paul , Beal Don , George Clay
Published: September 2011

Studies of clients' preferences, primarily descriptive in nature, are being reported at an increasing rate. The resources given to this sort of collecting and summarizing of clients' and nonclients' preferences are justified only if preference is an important variable to be reckoned with in group and individual psychotherapy. While a number, of authors have indeed postulated that clients' preferences constitute a critical variable in psychotherapy, not much experimental work has been done. To estimate the importance of clients' preferences for therapists' directiveness, the strength with which such preference is held was investigated. Sixty-six undergraduates were randomly assigned to six groups in a Solomon design. The four experimental groups were subsequently shown one of two taped demonstrations of high and low directive therapists' response styles, respectively. Posttests determined preference regarding therapists' directiveness. Results suggested preference was not impervious to shaping procedures and can be modified prior to therapy. It was hypothesized that if preference proved to be a such weakly held attitude, then it might well prove similarly weak in actual therapy.
Comparison of Measures of Moral Judgment
Authors: Bode James , Page Roger
Published: September 2011

Three measures of moral reasoning (Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Interview, Rest's Defining Issues Test, and Maitland and Goldman's Moral Judgment Scale) were administered to classes of college students to examine the relationship between the instruments as well as their internal consistency. The Kohlberg and Rest instruments showed the strongest relationship while the Maitland and Goldman measure correlated poorly with both. The Kohlberg measure produced the highest coefficient of internal consistency (which is perhaps to be expected given the nature of the scoring procedures), while the Maitland and Goldman measure produced the lowest coefficient of internal consistency.
Composition of State Psychology Licensing Boards
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Smith Anita L.
Published: September 2011

The composition of state psychology regulatory boards was examined for type of degree, primary type of work, sex, diplomate status, and divisional membership. The number of clinical psychologists on such boards has increased from 35% in 1962 to 57% in 1977. Women are represented on these boards in approximately the same percentage as they are members of the APA.
Critical Values for Nonparametric Multiple Comparisons
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Critical values for testing the significance of many-one contrasts, all-pairs contrasts, and two types of complex contrasts are presented in a single table. The table can be used in connection with four nonparametric analogs of analysis of variance, representing the one-way and two-way cases for dichotomous and ranked data: the 2 × K chi-square test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Cochran Q test, and the Friedman test.
Interrelations of Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychological Profile and Ethnic Background
Authors: Schneider Barry A. , Schneider Ellen L. , Hardesty Anne S. , Burdock Eugene I.
Published: September 2011

200 psychiatric patients, who had been classified as black, white, or Hispanic at the admitting office, were divided into broad diagnostic groups according to the psychiatrist's diagnosis at termination. Chi-square analyses comparing ethnicity and diagnosis yielded no significant differences. A psychologist administered the Structured Clinical Interview in the admitting office prior to determination of precipitating events and assignment of diagnosis. When scores were compared by analysis of variance, no significant group differences were found on over-all severity of illness, but three of the 10 subareas showed significant differences. The results may reflect cultural and social influences.
Personality and Academic Achievement in Three Educational Levels
Authors: Goh David S. , Moore Charles
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between “personality fitness” and academic achievement. 175 subjects from three educational levels, university, vocational technical institute, and high school, were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, and an Information Questionnaire. The personality dimension of introversion had the highest correlation with academic performance for the university sample, especially for the students in the “hard sciences.” Raven's intelligence score was the best predictor for the? vocational technical institute sample. Personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism, as well as average number of study hours, added differently to the multiple regression equations for the various samples.
Intellectual Characteristics of Juvenile Murderers versus Status Offenders
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Solway Kenneth S. , Schreiner Donna
Published: September 2011

WISC data were obtained from 25 juvenile murderers and 39 juvenile status offenders. The intellectual pattern of the juveniles was similar to that of their adult counterparts. The over-all scores of the murderers were significantly lower than for status offenders. For both murderers and status offenders the verbal scores were lower than performance scores.
Effects of Defensiveness on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Redfering David L. , Jones John G.
Published: September 2011

105 Naval Aviation Officer Cadets and 105 male university seniors were administered on one occasion the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Barron Ego Strength Scale, and the MMPI K Scale as measures of psychological defensiveness. It was expected that the cadets who were in a highly stressful environment would score higher on state anxiety and psychological defensiveness. In contrast to the impressive accumulation of research showing that the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory can discriminate between state and trait anxiety in a contrived situation, in this study the inventory did not differentiate between the two dimensions when tested in vivo. Moreover, increased defensiveness related negatively with reported anxiety levels. It was suggested that the authors of the inventory include a “correction” factor (measure of defensiveness) to attenuate the inventory's vulnerability to distortion by defensive subjects.
Social Class and Ethnicity Effects on Clinical Judgments
Authors: Norman Ralph D. , Martinez Ricardo
Published: September 2011

To resolve conflict between earlier studies finding contradictory recommendations on need for professional help of middle- vs lower-class persons given normal, neurotic, and psychotic behavior descriptions, and to explore ethnicity effects, 92 students (70 Anglo, 22 Chicano) rated fictitious biographical vignettes. A pro-middle-class bias was found consistent with Routh and King's study but inconsistent with that by Schofield and Oakes. Also contrary to the latter, treatment recommendations agreed with ratings. Ethnicity bias appeared, since Anglos recommended Chicanos more often for involuntary hospitalization. Inconsistency between the two earlier studies results from a methodological variation, discussed in this study.
Preliminary Report on the Validity of the Scholastic Aptitude Test in Iran
Authors: Hosseini A. A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between the Scholastic Aptitude Test scores of the National Organization for Education Evaluation of the Iranian Ministry of Sciences and Higher Education and the grade point average (GPA) of the twelfth grade National Examinations of the Iranian Ministry of Education. The test scores of 1170 freshmen correlated significantly with the GPA of the twelfth grade National Examinations. Some evidence for the construct validity of the test is cited.
Questionnaire Measuring Attitudes to Females' Social Roles
Authors: Slade Pauline , Jenner F. A.
Published: September 2011

A simple questionnaire to assess women's attitudes to females' social roles is presented. It explores such attitudes as status at work and home and to child care and domestic duties. Studies of reliability and validity on a British population are reported.
Relationship of Socioeconomic Status and Aggression in Preschool Children
Authors: Pearce John W.
Published: September 2011

Aggression was operationally defined as physical attack, destructiveness, humiliation, threat, and disapproval. The frequency of each behavior displayed by 20 lower-class children and 20 middle-class children in one preschool was recorded by two observers. Analyses of variance indicated no significant effects of social class on any measure. Boys were more disapproving than girls. Results are discussed with reference to Mischel's concept of the situational specificity of behavior.
A Curvilinear Relationship between Extraversion and Performance for Adult Retardates
Authors: Wakefield James A. , Wood Kim A. , Wallace R. Frank , Friedman Alan F.
Published: September 2011

A curvilinear relationship between extraversion and performance on an operant task for retarded adults was hypothesized. Following previous research with subjects with disturbed cognitive processes, the curve was hypothesized to be opposite from the usual Yerkes-Dodson relationship. The Eysenck-Withers Personality Inventory Extraversion scale was orally administered to 20 adult retardates. These subjects were then required to push a button on either the left or right side for M&M candies. The side that was reinforced changed five times. The number of errors made after the changes indicated the quality of performance. A significant curvilinear relationship between extraversion and errors was found, with moderately introverted subjects making more errors than either extremely introverted or extraverted subjects.
Reliability of the Factor Structure of the Wagner and Morse Competence Index
Authors: Snyder Robert A. , Morris James H.
Published: September 2011

The replicability of the a priori four-factor structure of the Wagner and Morse (1975) sense of competence index was examined across two samples of public employees ( N1 = 362, N2 = 484). Results indicate that the factor structure of the measure is highly reproducible across different samples and settings, but for only three rather than four factors. Implications are discussed.
Birth Order, Perceived Appraisals by Significant Others, and Self-Esteem
Authors: Schwab Mary R. , Lundgren David C.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined relationships between birth order, perceived evaluations of self by others, and self-esteem of college students ( Ns = 164 and 308). Taken together, the studies suggest that firstborns tend to be higher in self-esteem than laterborns, that these trends are more characteristic of females than of males, and that perceived appraisals of significant others are important in accounting for such birth-order differences. In addition, it appears that the perceived appraisals of close authority figures and particularly of fathers are most influential for firstborn females, while perceived appraisals of close peers are especially important for firstborn males.
Personal Orientation Inventory Scores of Female Alcoholism Counselors before and after Training
Authors: Wehler Randall , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Personal Orientation Inventory scores of 14 female alcoholism counselors ( Mage = 42 yr., Moduc. = 12 yr., MIQ = 116) accepted into a 9-mo. full-time counselor training program were compared before and after training. After training, the counselors scored significantly higher on the scales Inner-directed, Time Competent, Spontaneity, Capacity for Intimate Contact, Self-regard, Existentiality, Feeling Reactivity, and Synergy. It is concluded that the female alcoholism counselors gave self-descriptions on the inventory congruent with the responses of self-actualizing people both at pre-training and post-training, but that there was an improvement in reported self-actualizing characteristics even following training program completion.
Psychosocial Factors for Classroom, Group, and Ward
Authors: Manderscheid Ronald W. , Koenig Gail R. , Silbergeld Sam
Published: September 2011

Moos (1974) postulates the existence and intermilieu equivalence of three, relatively uncorrelated, underlying domains of the psychosocial environment: relationship, system maintenance, and personal development. A partial, indirect test of these assertions can be obtained by evaluating and comparing the factor structures of the Class Atmosphere Scale for classrooms, the Group Atmosphere Scale for therapy groups, and the Ward Atmosphere Scale for psychiatric wards. Separate principal components analyses generate four factors for the first scale, and three each for the other two. Although the domains postulated by Moos can be discerned in all milieus, intersystemic differences occur. For the Class Atmosphere Scale, an additional “halo” factor emerges. Tucker congruence analysis shows that the two therapeutic settings possess equivalent relationship and personal development dimensions. Only the relationship factor is congruent among all three environments. Subscale meaning apparently varies somewhat between classroom and therapeutic settings. Conceptual elaboration of the Moos typology and component subscales is recommended.
Anomalies in the Construction and Suggested Uses of Inventories of Students' Appraisals of College Instruction
Authors: Scott Owen
Published: September 2011

Based on 25 yr. of observation of, and participation in, the uses of students' appraisals of college instruction, the author has identified five anomalies in the construction and suggested uses of inventories of appraisals of instruction. The article identifies and discusses each and offers suggestions which should alleviate or remove them.
Predicting Motorists' Altruism
Authors: Forsyth Stewart J.
Published: September 2011

Three variables distinguished those altruistic motorists who stopped for a male hitch-hiker from those non-altruistic motorists who did not. All motorists who stopped for the hitch-hiker were male, motorists who passed by the hitch-hiker tended to have no experience of hitch-hiking, and motorists who reported that they lacked experience of hitch-hikers or hitch-hiking tended to express negative affect toward hitch-hikers. The result that previous experience of hitch-hiking was positively correlated with the response of picking up hitch-hikers was considered in terms of the indirect or generalized reciprocation demonstrated by motorists making this response and also in terms of the learning demonstrated by these motorists after their exposure to a model of appropriate behavior.
Determinants of Amphetamine-Produced Stereotyped Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Russell Richard L. , Pihl R. O.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were designed to determine the dose-response relationships between amphetamine injections and the incidence and form of stereotyped behavior. Also, male and female subjects from three different strains of rats (19 Hooded, 4 Tryon Maze Bright, 4 Tryon Maze Dull) were tested. The two experiments demonstrated that the incidence of stereotyped behavior was a monotonic increasing function of dose. Variations in the form of the response to dose are described. Both experiments provided evidence for the existence of constitutional effects. Locomotor activity, which was also measured, displayed dose-response curves which differed consistently from those for most types of stereotyped behavior.
Temporal Control of Activity in White Carneaux and Feral Pigeons
Authors: Furumoto Laurel
Published: September 2011

The time course of activity during the interval between food deliveries on fixed-time feeding schedules of 10, 20, 50, and 100 sec. was compared in White Carneaux and feral pigeons. The data were analyzed using a mathematical model of the temporal control of behavior recently proposed by Killeen (1975). This model represents the time course of general activity on fixed-time feeding schedules as the algebraic sum of two exponential functions. The over-all form and height of the activity functions for the White Carneaux and feral pigeons were similar and, with the exception of the results for the 100-sec. schedule, the model accounted for most of the variance in the data. Values of parameters for the model and average response rates varied systematically as a function of the duration of the interfood interval.
Sharing: Decisions and Moral Judgments about Letting others Use One's Possessions
Authors: Furby Lita
Published: September 2011

This study examined the psychological relationship between possession and control over the use of one's possessions. It deals both with decisions regarding use and moral judgments about the sharing of personal possessions. It charts the various bases of such decisions and judgments at different age levels, providing a framework for further empirical work in this area. Interview questions were asked of 30 American subjects at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second grade, fifth grade, eleventh grade, and 40-to 50-yr.-old adults). To explore the range of cross-cultural variability within the Western-industrialized world, 60 Israeli kibbutz and 60 Israeli city subjects were also interviewed (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of second grade age). A content analysis of the responses was performed, and the relative frequencies of different bases for (a) decisions about use and (b) moral judgments about sharing are presented for the different ages and in the different cultures studied. Particular attention is given to the relation of these results to previous experimental studies of sharing behavior.
Personality Correlates of the Group Personality Projective Test vs Personality Factors
Authors: Carroll James L. , Fuller Gerald B.
Published: September 2011

The 16 PF and Group Personality Projective Test were administered to 128 college freshmen and sophomores enrolled in an introductory psychology course. There were no significant correlations between the 16 PF and Group Personality Projective Test scales. Nor were there any significant correlations between individual subtests and sex. One correlation with age was significant. For the 16 PF, 19 significant intercorrelations were found and two significant correlations within scales of the Group Personality Projective Test. Questions concerning concurrent validity are raised by the results as are questions relating to the purity of the 16 PF factors.
Are Locus of Control and Depression Related?
Authors: Peterson Rolf , Sushinsky Leonard , Demask Rosann Schmucker
Published: September 2011

39 inpatients at a private psychiatric hospital were administered the Rotter Locus of Control Scales and the MMPI. External locus of control was compared for groups using multiple definitions of depression. Generally, comparisons did not support the hypothesis that depressed individuals are more external and the direction of the scores suggests the results of any given study may depend on the type of depressed individuals in the samples. The above results, the correlations between locus of control and the MMPI scales, and a review of the literature suggest types or degree of depression may have different dynamics and some types may be related to locus of control while other types of depression are not related to locus of control.
Problem-Solving Attitude and Ability and Decision Making with Multiple Objectives
Authors: Brightman Harvey
Published: September 2011

In decision making with multiple objectives the optimal action depends upon the choice rule used to rank-order alternatives. This study with 36 college students determined that problem-solving ability is related to the selection of a choice rule.
Student-Based Ratings of Teaching Effectiveness in Legal Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

This study identified items for evaluating teachers' effectiveness in legal education.
Middle Managers' Reference Group: Effect of Perception
Authors: Porat A. Ben
Published: September 2011

This study tested two propositions about whom a sample of 40 Israeli middle managers perceived as their reference group in the organization. We wish to ascertain (a) if each sees management as his reference group and (b) whether he sees a difference between job levels in the managerial hierarchy. As part of the analysis of variance, we performed two contrasts: one between management and workers; another between levels of management. The former explains 95% of the effect and thus supports our first proposition. While the 40 middle managers from 8 industrial organizations see some difference between job levels in the management hierarchy, this difference explains only 5% of the effect.
Use of Behavioral Measures in Anxiety Research
Authors: Lamb Douglas
Published: September 2011

While behavioral-observer ratings have been routinely used in anxiety research and, in particular, to note changes as a function of treatment, mixed findings have been reported. This study attempted to delineate specific behaviors which differentiated individuals who were highly prone to experience anxiety in a speaking situation from low prone individuals. No over-all differences on the behavioral measures were found between the two groups, and there were no consistent relationships found between the behavioral measure and other measures of state anxiety obtained during a test speech.
Creative Personality and Identity
Authors: Dellas Marie
Published: September 2011

Assuming that particular personality configurations would encounter particular situations and problems which affect their approach to and resolution of the identity task, this article considers the relationship of the concept of identity proposed by Erikson to those characteristics that distinguish highly creative individuals. Several hypotheses are advanced regarding the conditions encountered by these individuals in the process of identity formation as a function of their characteristics. On the basis of these conditions, it is suggested that their sense of identity is tentative and tenuous, involving a series of configurations, each more complex and comprehensive and reflecting a deeper penetration of their constituent elements. It is also suggested that this is a functional state compatible with their creative orientation.
Anhedonia and Death
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Kucala Teresa
Published: September 2011

The Anhedonia Scale scores of 39 persons who later committed suicide, people who later died of natural causes, and survivors were compared. The results were equivocal, but suggested that suicides are characterized by low anhedonia and individuals who die premature natural deaths show high anhedonia levels.
Discrimination in Evaluative Judgments against Foreign-Accented Job Candidates
Authors: Kalin Rudolf , Rayko Donald S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the ethnicity of speakers, as suggested in accents, on judgments of suitability for a job, and to establish the relationship between listeners' attitudes and the evaluation of accented speech. 203 subjects acted as personnel consultants and evaluated 10 job applicants for four jobs varying in social status. Five candidates spoke with an English-Canadian and five with a foreign accent. Data showed discrimination in favour of English-Canadian and against foreign-accented speakers, foreign-accented applicants were rated lower for the higher status jobs, but higher for lower status jobs. Measures of listeners' attitudes (authoritarianism and ethnocentrism) showed low but significant correlations with discrimination.
Recreation Lifestyle versus Activity-Involvement Pattern: Beliefs as Correlates of Behavior
Authors: Willis M. Paul , Shontz William D. , Dorfman Peter W. , Williams Anne S.
Published: September 2011

Canonical analysis was used to examine the relation of recreation lifestyle (wilderness-oriented vs urban, or convenience-oriented, belief system) and pattern of activity-involvement—across a set of 13 outdoor recreation activities. The respondents were 522 outdoor recreationists obtained in three separate samples: two samples of Montana State University students and one sample of dude-ranch guests. Strong, and intuitively meaningful, linear relations were found in both student samples, using a 36-item semantic differential measure of recreation lifestyle. Moderate, though still meaningful, relations were found in the field sample of dude-ranch guests, using only a 13-item subset of the semantic differential predictors. The results are regarded as supporting the notion that a multivariate approach to the attitude-behavior (or personality-behavior) relationship may reveal stronger relationships than typically found through univariate approaches.
Death Attitudes of Residential and Non-Residential Rural Aged Persons
Authors: Myska Margaret J. , Pasewark Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Questionnaires concerning death and death anxiety were administered to ambulatory residents of a Wyoming State facility for the aged and to members of a community senior center. On each measure, the two groups could not be differentiated. Subjects generally reported a realistic view of death with no pronounced fear of or preoccupation with the subject.
Problems in Use of Rodents for Studies of Maternal Exposure to Alcohol
Authors: Buckalew L. W.
Published: September 2011

Supporting the re-emergence of interest in consequences to offspring involved with maternal alcohol consumption, a warning of potential confounding in studies was sounded. Reduced litter size and maternal destruction of offspring in rodents were noted to typify such studies. Use of surviving alcohol-exposed offspring may produce artifactual effects.
Sex-Role Stereotypes and Their Relationship to Respondents' Age and Sex
Authors: Erdwins Carol , Small Arnold , Gessner Ted , Gross Ruth
Published: September 2011

The relationship of an individual's age and sex to his sex-role stereotypes was investigated using the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. The 140 males and 276 females differed significantly in their view of the masculine but not the feminine role; males held a more traditional view of the masculine sex role than females. In contrast age differences occurred only on the feminine sex role with subjects over 25 yr. of age consistently expressing a less stereotyped view of the feminine role.
Response to Sexual Films as a Function of Anxiety Level
Authors: Pawlowski Walter
Published: September 2011

72 subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 yr. were shown 2 sexually explicit films. 12 males and 12 females were classified as high, medium, and low in anxiety according to their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. Multiple analysis of variance showed no significant differences in the sexual stimulation, thought change, or ratings of change in physical state for subjects' level of anxiety or sex. This was true for films showing one and two couples. These findings do not support an inverse relationship between anxiety and favorable response to sexually explicit films. 95% of the subjects reported some degree of sexual arousal to each film. A significant number of subjects (a) reported an increase in the pleasantness of physical state and thoughts for both films and (b) preferred the film they found to be more sexually stimulating. The positive reaction to the films provides a basis for their possible clinical use.
Shyness as a Determinant of Interpersonal Distance
Authors: Carducci Bernardo J. , Webber Arthur W.
Published: September 2011

A measure of interpersonal distance from either a same-sex or opposite-sex individual was recorded for 31 male and 42 female subjects who were classified as either very or not shy individuals. As predicted, very shy individuals maintained greater interpersonal distance from others, particularly those of the opposite sex, than not shy individuals. A discussion of methodological refinements and suggestions for future research are presented.
Multiple-Drug Use among High School Students
Authors: Eisterhold Martha J. , Murphy Patrick , Beneke William , Scott Gary
Published: September 2011

A survey of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use was completed by 309 high school students in a rural midwestern county. Frequencies of use of these drugs were similar to data obtained in urban coastal populations. Significant multi-drug-use patterns were identified. Most drug use began at ages 14 or 15 and occurred in social situations implicating social factors as primary determinants of adolescents' drug use.
Male Aggression toward Females as a Function of Traditional vs Nontraditional Cues and Visibility of the Target
Authors: Follingstad Diane R. , Sullivan Judy C.
Published: September 2011

An aggression paradigm, disguised as a competitive reaction time task, was designed to investigate aggression by males toward a female who deviated from traditionally expected properties of a female target. 33 male subjects, exposed to a female varying in traditional vs non-traditional appearance and attitudes, did not set differential shock levels for their target. The surprisingly high shock levels which subjects set for the female, however, resulted in an additional experimental condition to compare the visibility of the opponent in the design with the non-visibility of female opponents in previous studies demonstrating low aggression against females. Seven subjects with a non-visible target shocked their opponent significantly less than in all other conditions where males had contact with the female opponent. This finding suggests that studies using non-visible female targets cannot legitimately be generalized to real-life situations and that males may not be inhibited from aggressing against females as previously thought.
Rankings of Intimacy of Social Behaviors by Italians and Americans
Authors: Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

Differences in intimacy were indicated by ranks assigned a series of “behaviors” (e.g., kiss, to go to movies with, to protect, to work with) by 63 Italian students and 39 Americans. There were no sex differences. Four behaviors seen as more intimate by Triandis' Greek students than by Americans were not ranked differently by the present groups of Italians and Americans.
Observational Learning of a Discriminative Shuttlebox Avoidance by Rats
Authors: Sanavio Ezio , Savardi Ugo
Published: September 2011

The study of observational learning of discriminative avoidance response in shuttlebox has methodological advantages over the usual appetitive responses. Three groups of 10 Wistar rats each received avoidance training after observation of a trained model, after observation of a naive model, after adaptation to procedure and no model. The first group performed better than the naive-model group both for frequency and latency of responses. The hypothesis that this learning occurs through observation of the model's behavior explains these results. However, observing the behavior to be learned does not facilitate acquisition of the avoidance response compared with rats learning after adaptation and no model.
Factor Validation and Refinement of the Sex-Role Questionnaire and its Relationship to the Attitudes toward Women Scale
Authors: Smith Richard L. , Bradley David W.
Published: September 2011

Separate factor analytic studies of the 82-item Sex-role Questionnaire and of its original 38 stereotypic items were performed to evaluate and extend previous structural analyses. The 82-item questionnaire and the 55-item Attitudes Toward Women Scale were administered to 208 female and 243 male tennis players. Results yielded three orthogonal Sex-role Questionnaire factors accounting for 33% of the total variance. This structure also held for the 38 stereotypic items. Loadings on an unrotated first principal axis yielded a description of Social Desirability. After rotation, variance spread to an Assertiveness Factor (10%), a Sensitivity Factor (12%), and a Rationality Factor (11%). From these factors were derived three highly reliable 15-item scales. The three scales combined to produce a refined 45-item Sex-role Questionnaire with an over-all reliability alpha of .83. The correlation between the 82-item instrument total score and the 55-item attitude scale total score was a low .25. The common variance was primarily attributable to the relationship between the Attitudes Toward Women Scale and the Sensitivity Factor. This relationship was enhanced little by refinement of the Sex-role Questionnaire.
Fatalism in Coal Miners
Authors: Chiappone David I. , Kroes William H.
Published: September 2011

A study of the viability of the attitude labeled as “fatalism” in miners, who work in a life stressful situation, was undertaken. Subjects were 33 Caucasian male miners and 33 Caucasian male industrial workers from northern West Virginia. Each subject was administered the Valecha Internal-External Scale, the Berger Self-acceptance Scale, the Campbell Personal Competence Scale, and a questionnaire designed to tap fatalistic attitudes. The questionnaire data indicate no difference between the two groups. Results suggest that miners are not fatalistic as that term is commonly used, but interpretation of the miner's work safety attitudes should be made in terms of reinforcement principles.
Priorities of Special Education Teachers regarding Consultative Strategies
Authors: Fedner Mark L. , Biacchi Anthony J. , Duffey James B.
Published: September 2011

Special education teachers were asked to rank 5 consultative strategies employed by psychologists. The degree of agreement among the 58 teachers was statistically significant; thus, the rankings were used as an index of the teachers' priorities. The 5 strategies were those which emphasize assisting the child and the teacher. The teachers clearly ranked the strategies relating to the child higher. The implications in support of attribution and self-perception theory were explored.
Parallel Forms of the Dominoes Test
Authors: Carruthers Robert L. , Stack William B. , Chissom Brad S.
Published: September 2011

The D-48 and D-70 (Dominoes) Tests, which are parallel forms of a non-verbal cross-cultural test, were administered to 31 high school freshmen. A correlation of .88 was obtained between the two forms of the test; this value is higher than prior ones. Other results indicated equal means and standard deviations of the two tests. Internal consistency reliability of the two tests was considered adequate. There was no apparent relationship between age and race and the D-48 or D-70. The summary of results supported the parallelism of the two forms of the test.
Public Opinion Polls on the Death Penalty
Authors: Jayewardene C. H. S. , Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

The present study reports questionnaire data obtained from a public opinion survey ( N, 1256) conducted in Ottawa, Canada, with regard to opinions concerning the death penalty. The sample was divided into five groups on the basis of their support for or against the death penalty. In terms of Festinger's theory of dissonance, Abolitionists and Near-retentionists were the two most consistent groups. The opinion of these two groups seemed to be based on rational and informed opinion, while other groups seemed to have responded to the questionnaire in a rather haphazard fashion. These findings draw attention to utilization of public opinion polls in formulating public policy.
Attitudes and Choice of Contraceptive
Authors: Reading A. E. , Harris C. , Newton J. R.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes towards contraceptive methods were sampled among 117 women, in their mid-20's, selecting a new method (Pill, IUD, Injectable) and a comparison group of women undergoing termination of pregnancy for the first time. High concordance was found, suggesting women were applying essentially the same standards in making their selection.
Method for Establishing Performance Criteria through Use of Expert Panels—An Innovation
Authors: Becker W. Michael
Published: September 2011

An innovative method for establishing performance criteria through use of expert panels is detailed.
Adaptability in Bipolar Depressed Groups
Authors: Donnelly Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Evidence that bipolar depressed groups appear to be normal and report less psychopathology than their unipolar counterparts is discussed in the context of denial of and adaptability to the stress of depression.
Attribution of Mental Disorders: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Hatcher April S. , Schultz E. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Typically, individuals assign blame to victims of unfortunate circumstances. When external constraints are increased, less blame is usually assigned. In the present study, causal attribution for mental disorders was examined by varying external constraints. Subjects were 96 undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Results yielded no consistent external or internal attributions which may indicate an important exception to the tendency to blame victims.
Sex, Instructional Set, and Group Make-up: Organismic and Situational Factors Influencing Risk-Taking
Authors: Coet Larry J. , McDermott Patrick J.
Published: September 2011

The present piece of research was designed to investigate the effects of sex, type of instruction, and group composition on risk-taking behavior. Risk-oriented instructions produced significantly greater risk than neutral instructions for both individuals and groups. There were no significant shifts in risk when analyzing the difference between an individual's prescore and his score during group interaction. Males consistently demonstrated greater risk-taking behavior than females. Furthermore, all-male groups displayed more risk than either all-female, mixed-sex, or control groups. Plausible explanations were offered: sex-role stereotyping and consistency or congruity theory. Implications for research were discussed.
Managing Organizational Conflict: A Model for Diagnosis and Intervention
Authors: Rahim Afzalur , Bonoma Thomas V.
Published: September 2011

Conflicts occurring in or as a result of membership in organizations can be classified into three major categories: intrapersonal, intragroup, and intergroup. Conflicts in each category result from various personal-cultural and organizational structure factors. These factors may be identified through appropriate diagnosis and their effects on and implications for each of the three levels of conflicts established. Such a diagnosis is a prerequisite for the appropriate development and implementation of intervention strategies. The management of organizational conflicts involves diagnosis and intervention to maintain a moderate amount of conflict and help the organizational members learn various styles for effective handling of different conflict situations.
Hand Preference and the MMPI Profiles of Nuclear Submariners
Authors: Weybrew Benjamin B. , Noddin Ernest M.
Published: September 2011

Comparison of the MMPI profiles of the right-handed (874 or 87%), left-handed (107 or 11%), and the ambidextrous (27 or 2%) subgroups within a sample of 1008 nuclear submariners showed no differences whatsoever (10% level). Moreover, the distributions for educational achievement level and verbal aptitude test scores were identical for the 3 groups.
Undergraduates' Expectations and Images of College
Authors: Weidman John C. , Krus David J.
Published: September 2011

309 undergraduate education majors' images of college measured by Semiprojective Scales of Institutional Evaluation were discussed within the framework of the expected educational outcomes, interactions with faculty and students' participation in academic affairs. Findings were interpreted with respect to their implications for students' socialization.
Use of Q-Factor Analysis for Initial Instrument Validation
Authors: Paradise Louis V. , Kottler Jeffrey
Published: September 2011

This study presents the unique advantages of Q-factor analysis, an infrequently used multivariate approach, for initial instrument validation. The study demonstrates that with relatively few subjects initial data on predictive validity can be obtained for instruments when large populations are either not available or infeasible. For 18 subjects, 9 male and 9 female, the results of a Q-factor analysis indicated that a newly developed diagnostic instrument to assess fully-functioning behavior had significant correspondence to clinical prediction measures. The implications for Q-methodology are discussed.