bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols over the central Himalayas along two south-north transects
Authors: Chen Peng Fei , Li Chao Liu , Kang Shi Chang , Rupakheti Maheswar , Panday Arnico K. , Yan Fang Ping , Li Quan Lian , Zhang Qiang Gong , Guo Jun Ming , Rupakheti Dipesh , Luo Wei
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Our understanding of the transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Indo–Gangetic Plains (IGP) to the Himalayas remains limited. Concentrations of PAHs were therefore measured in total suspended particles (TSP) from six sites along two south–north transects across the central Himalayas. Spatially, the annual average TSP and PAH (especially 5- and 6-ring) concentrations were found to decrease noticeably along both transects. The concentration levels of TSP and PAHs at Lumbini were found to be the highest (TSP: 209 ± 113 μg/m3; PAHs: 91.6 ± 54.6 ng/m3) which are comparable to those in some South Asian cities, but three and thirteen times higher than those at Nyalam (TSP: 59.1 ± 62.0 μg/m3; PAHs: 5.57 ± 3.36 ng/m3), respectively.The dry deposition fluxes also had a decreasing trend pattern from the southern to northern side of the Himalayas. Moreover, annual TSP and PAH concentrations exhibited a logarithmic decreasing pattern with increasing elevation especially in the non-monsoon seasons (TSP: y = −57.3lnx+552, R2 = 0.952; PAHs: y = −26.8lnx+229, R2 = 0.948). The TSP and PAH concentrations showed a clear seasonal variation, with the minimum concentrations (TSP: 47.9 μg/m3; PAHs: 16.8 ng/m3) around the mid-monsoon season and the maximum concentrations (TSP: 442 μg/m3; PAHs: 192 ng/m3) in the winter season at Lumbini. While at the remote sites (e.g. Nyalam and Zhongba), these pollutants were relatively constant throughout the year with relatively higher abundance during the pre-monsoon season. For example, approximately 80 % of samples have PAH concentrations lower than 10 ng/m3 at Nyalam and Zhongba. And just a few samples with higher PAH concentrations, however, not more than 21 ng/m3, were observed during the pre-monsoon season. Both IndP/(IndP+BghiP) and Fla/(Fla+Pyr) ratios suggested that atmospheric PAHs from the Nepal sites were mainly associated with emission of biomass, coal burning and petroleum combustion. A similar composition pattern with relatively uniform contributions of 4 groups to total PAHs was found between the two sides of the Himalayas (e.g. Jomsom, Zhongba, and Nyalam), suggesting that the northern side of the Himalayas may be affected by anthropogenic emissions from the IGP due to long-range transportation as well as the unique mountain/valley breeze system which bring pollution from the IGP into Tibet across the high Himalayas.
Automatic data processing and analysis system for monitoring region around a planned nuclear power plant
Authors: Kortström Jari , Tiira Timo , Kaisko Outi
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Institute of Seismology of University of Helsinki is building a new local seismic network, called OBF network, around planned nuclear power plant in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. The network will consist of nine new stations and one existing station. The network should be dense enough to provide azimuthal coverage better than 180° and automatic detection capability down to ML −0.1 within a radius of 25 km from the site.The network construction work began in 2012 and the first four stations started operation at the end of May 2013. We applied an automatic seismic signal detection and event location system to a network of 13 stations consisting of the four new stations and the nearest stations of Finnish and Swedish national seismic networks. Between the end of May and December 2013 the network detected 214 events inside the predefined area of 50 km radius surrounding the planned nuclear power plant site. Of those detections, 120 were identified as spurious events. A total of 74 events were associated with known quarries and mining areas. The average location error, calculated as a difference between the announced location from environment authorities and companies and the automatic location, was 2.9 km. During the same time period eight earthquakes between magnitude range 0.1–1.0 occurred within the area. Of these seven could be automatically detected. The results from the phase 1 stations of the OBF network indicates that the planned network can achieve its goals.
Data Assimilation of Argos profiles in North-west Pacific Model
Authors: Wang Zhaoyi , Storto Andrea , Pinardi Nadia , Liu Guimei , Wang Hui
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Based on a novel specification of the background error covariance applying to Argos profiles assimilation, an oceanographic three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation scheme is set up in the Regional Oceanic Model system (ROMs). Temperature and salinity data extracted from Argos profiles in 2006 have been assimilated into the North-West Pacific Model (NWPM). The quality control is done by comparing background estimation with observations in 2006.Firstly, the assimilated results are compared with merged in-situ data, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) derived from satellite data and reanalysis salinity data. It is found that assimilation of Argos profiles can improve the model results of SST and salinity. Secondly, the Root Mean Square (RMS) difference between model and Argos profiles is analyzed. For the tropic Pacific, the range of RMS temperature (salinity) error are less than 0.83 ℃ (0.11 PSU), decreasing ~ 23.2 % (~ 18.8 %) by comparing with the experiments without data assimilation. For the sub-tropic Pacific Ocean, the RMS of temperature (salinity) is less than 1.43 ℃ (0.135 PSU) and it also shows a decreasing trend after assimilation. It's indicated that the 3DVAR method works well in ROMs and can be used for the operational forecasting systems.
Seasonal renewal time variability in the Curonian Lagoon caused by atmospheric and hydrographical forcing
Authors: Umgiesser Georg , Zemlys Petras , Erturk Ali , Razinkova-Baziukas Arturas , Mėžinė Jovita , Ferrarin Christian
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the variability of the water exchanges in the Curonian Lagoon based on the hydraulic regime and the atmospheric forcings. A finite element hydrodynamic model has been applied to the Curonian Lagoon to simulate the circulation patterns for 10 years. With the help of a transport–diffusion model, the salinity distribution and the renewal times of the Curonian Lagoon have been investigated when forced by river runoff, wind, and Baltic Sea level fluctuations. The hydrodynamic model has been validated using in situ salinity measurements. Model results show that the variability depends mainly on seasonal changes in hydrographic forcing and on the dominant wind regimes that prevail over the Curonian Lagoon. Exchanges between the southern and the northern part of the lagoon mostly depend on the wind forcing and are much less influenced by the river discharge. However, when looking at the water renewal time, the most important factor is the river discharge into the lagoon. Other physical forcings only marginally determine the renewal time, and not even ice cover is able to influence it. Even if ice cover strongly inhibits the exchanges between the southern and northern lagoon, it is basically not able to change the absolute value of the renewal times.
Atenção a crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência intrafamiliar por enfermeiros em serviços de pronto-atendimento
Authors: Thomazine Angélica Malman , Oliveira Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves de , Viera Cláudia Silveira
Published: March 2016

A violência intrafamiliar trata-se da forma mais complexa e velada de violência contra a criança e o adolescente, pois a convivência com o agressor é diária. O profissional da saúde tem o dever ético e legal de denunciá-la, para isso precisa conhecê-la. Objetivamos identificar de que forma acontece o atendimento de enfermagem as crianças e aos adolescentes vítimas de violência intrafamiliar nos serviços de pronto-atendimento de instituições de saúde conveniadas ao SUS no município de Cascavel-Paraná, no que diz respeito à identificação dos casos e as medidas de notificação. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, com enfermeiros, cujos dados foram obtidos por meio da entrevista semi-estruturada e analisados seguindo-se as regras para análise temática. Encontramos que os enfermeiros conseguiam identificar/suspeitar de violência intrafamiliar no atendimento de crianças/adolescentes vitimizados, porém, poucos realizaram a notificação, mesmo sendo um dever legal e ético. Faz-se necessário a implementação de um protocolo de atendimento, o qual defina claramente o papel de cada membro, instituição, órgão governamental, setores da sociedade civil e profissionais no atendimento e prevenção da violência, construindo-se uma rede hierarquizada, articulada e contínua de ações, além de capacitações continuadas da equipe e possíveis mudanças na rotina, estrutura e no ambiente de atendimento.
A concepção de educação em saúde do enfermeiro no cuidado à criança hospitalizada
Authors: Góes Fernanda Garcia Bezerra , La Cava Angela Maria
Published: March 2016

Trata de investigação sobre a educação em saúde no cuidado infantil. O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a concepção de educação em saúde que norteia a prática educativa do enfermeiro junto à família da criança hospitalizada. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, cujos sujeitos foram nove enfermeiros que trabalham na unidade de pacientes internos de um hospital universitário pediátrico localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. O instrumento para produção dos dados foi a entrevista semi-estruturada, aplicada aos sujeitos entre os meses de setembro a novembro de 2006. A partir da Análise Temática dos dados, emergiu a seguinte categoria: A concepção de educação em saúde na ótica dos enfermeiros. Constatou-se que a concepção de educação em saúde está pautada na transmissão de conhecimentos e no modelo biologicista do processo saúde-doença, onde o saber das famílias, a sua realidade social e a existência de práticas populares foram pouco valorizados. Recomenda-se a formação de grupos de discussão com os enfermeiros nas unidades hospitalares acerca da educação em saúde e a criação de grupos educativos com as famílias das crianças hospitalizadas.
Subjetividade e pós-modernidade na enfermagem
Authors: Machado Ana Lúcia , Colvero Luciana de Almeida , Rolim Marli Alves , Helene Lúcia Maria Frazão
Published: March 2016

Pretende-se refletir neste artigo a respeito da transição ou ruptura paradigmática e da premência de investigações que privilegiem a essência da subjetividade. Projeta-se uma ideia de transformação, de mutação de áreas do conhecimento diante das novidades da cultura pós-moderna. Uma das definições que se atribui à pós-modernidade é a sinergia entre o arcaísmo e o desenvolvimento tecnológico. Os estudos da subjetividade pressupõem a incursão num referencial epistemológico diverso do modelo clássico positivista. Uma prática social como a Enfermagem voltada para o cuidado de pessoas que sofrem alterações do processo saúde-doença, deve necessariamente compreender e problematizar os modos de subjetivação, as novas concepções de sujeito e de conhecimento do que é humano. A questão epistemológica diz respeito à incursão das ações de cuidado para um território de contestação onde seja possível intercambiar a racionalidade com o sensível diante de significados culturais.
As políticas públicas e a atenção ao câncer do colo do útero no Estado de Mato Grosso - uma abordagem crítica
Authors: Villa Maria Conceição da Encarnação , Pereira Wilza Rocha
Published: March 2016

Este estudo faz um levantamento de dados secundários, e aborda as condições atuais da atenção à saúde da mulher com câncer do colo do útero no Estado de Mato Grosso, com o objetivo precípuo de iniciar um diálogo entre estes números com o direito fundamental do ser humano: a saúde. O direito à saúde está explicitado nas políticas públicas de atenção à saúde da população através dos princípios de resolutividade, integralidade e equidade tais como são descritos na Lei Orgânica da Saúde que instituiu o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. A baixa motivação das mulheres no cuidado com sua saúde, está relacionada tanto às questões de ordem psicológicas e culturais, como também a precária noção de direitos sanitários e de cidadania, revelados por uma quase ausência de atos que responsabilizem legal e eticamente os serviços e profissionais de saúde em relação aos casos não resolvidos pelo sistema. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de se incrementar a participação social dos usuários, como um dos caminhos para melhorar a qualidade da atenção à saúde, reforçando os princípios constitucionais e estimulando a cidadania ativa da população.
Acceptability of the Urban Family Medicine Project among Physicians: A Cross-Sectional Study of Medical Offices, Iran
Authors: Kor Elham Movahed , Rashidian Arash , Hosseini Mostafa , Azar Farbod Ebadi Fard , Arab Mohammad
Published: March 2016

INTRODUCTION: It is essential to organize private physicians in urban areas by developing urban family medicine in Iran. Acceptance of this project is currently low among physicians. The present research determined the factors affecting acceptability of the Urban Family Medicine Project among physicians working in the private sector of Mazandaran and Fars provinces in Iran.

METHODS: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in Mazandaran and Fars provinces. The target population was all physicians working in private offices in these regions. The sample size was calculated to be 860. The instrument contained 70 items that were modified in accordance with feedback from eight healthcare managers and a pilot sample of 50 physicians. Data was analyzed using the LISREL 8.80.

RESULTS: The response rate was 82.21% and acceptability was almost 50% for all domains. The fit indices of the structural model were the chi-square to degree-of-freedom (2.79), normalized fit index (0.98), non-normalized fit index (0.99), comparative fit index (0.99), and root mean square error of approximation (0.05). Training facilities had no significant direct effect on acceptability; however, workload had a direct negative effect on acceptability. Other factors had direct positive effects on acceptability.

CONCLUSION: Specification of the factors relating to acceptance of the project among private physicians is required to develop the project in urban areas. It is essential to upgrade the payment system, remedy cultural barriers, decrease the workload, improve the scope of practice and working conditions, and improve collaboration between healthcare professionals.
Solving Third-Order Singularly Perturbed Problems: Exponentially and Polynomially Fitted Trial Functions
Authors: Liu Chein-Shan
Published: March 2016

For the third-order linearly singularly perturbed problems under four different types boundary conditions, we develop a weak-form integral equation method (WFIEM) to find the singular solution. In the WFIEM the exponentially and polynomially fitted trial functions are designed to satisfy the boundary conditions automatically, while the test functions satisfy the adjoint boundary conditions exactly. The WFIEM provides accurate and stable solutions to the highly singular third-order problems.
Optimal Geometric Disks Covering using Tessellable Regular Polygons
Authors: Donkoh Elvis K. , Opoku Alex A.
Published: March 2016

Geometric Disks Covering (GDC) is one of the most typical and well studied problems in computational geometry. Geometric disks are well known 2-D objects which have surface area with circular boundaries but differ from polygons whose surfaces area are bounded by straight line segments. Unlike polygons covering with disks is a rigorous task because of the circular boundaries that do not tessellate. In this paper, we investigate an area approximate polygon to disks that facilitate tiling as a guide to disks covering with least overlap difference. Our study uses geometry of tessellable regular polygons to show that hexagonal tiling is the most efficient way to tessellate the plane in terms of the total perimeter per area coverage.
Standard Ideals in BCL+ Algebras
Authors: Liu Yonghong
Published: March 2016

We show some useful properties of these ideals that give various methods how to get ideals from them, and so our main aim is to study their properties. Here, we introduce these ideals i.e., the natural ideal, normal ideal, former ideal (and its doublet, latter ideal), proper ideal, normal extension ideal, normal uptake ideal. In particular, we introduce Boolean ideal and normal Boolean ideal to grasp the diversity of ideal for BCL+ algebras. As a means, we can define quotient BCL+ algebras only in terms of ideal, and we discuss its structure.
D’une série à l’autre...
Authors: Meister Albert , Levi Anna-Maria , Lesemann Frédéric
Published: March 2016

La Revue Internationale d’Action communautaire prend dès le printemps 1979 la relève de l’International Review of Community Development créée il y a une vingtaine d’années par le sociologue Albert Meister.

La RIAC devient désormais une revue principalement francophone, caractérisée par une attention privilégiée aux pratiques novatrices, qu’elles soient professionnelles ou « militantes », institutionnelles ou « de base », dans les domaines de l’action communautaire ou collective reliés aux champs des services sociaux, de la santé publique et de l’éducation des adultes. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux expériences de prise en charge et de réappropriation par les populations de leur santé, de leur « bien-être » (welfare) et de leur éducation et est ouverte aux nouveaux problèmes qui se posent aux « sociétés de services ». Dans cette perspective, elle accueille également des analyses des politiques gouvernementales sociales, sanitaires et/ou éducatives qui structurent le développement des collectivités.

Cette revue est produite par quatre centres associés du Québec, de France, de Belgique et de Suisse, avec des correspondants dans d’autres pays dont l’Italie, l’Espagne et l’Amérique latine. Elle conserve son ouverture traditionnelle sur les problèmes actuels de l’organisation socio-sanitaire et éducative des pays « en voie de développement ».

Elle est destinée aux professionnels, aux administrateurs et aux militants qui oeuvrent dans les domaines précités. Elle entend être une revue rigoureuse dans sa démarche descriptive et analytique sans pour autant adopter les formes d’une revue académique. Elle vise à devenir un forum entre acteurs impliqués à divers paliers des systèmes de production de services.

Dans cette perspective, les numéros seront thématiques, consacrés successivement à la prise en charge communautaire de la santé (mai 1979), aux processus d’éducation populaire (novembre 1979), à la prise en charge communautaire de la vie urbaine : logement, transport, aménagement de l’espace (mai 1980), aux instruments de recherche-action (novembre 1980), etc.

La revue paraît deux fois par année, au printemps et en automne. Elle contient des résumés en anglais et en espagnol. Elle est coordonnée et publiée à Montréal.

Nous sollicitons les commentaires, les suggestions, les contributions, les collaborations occasionnelles ou permanentes de tous ceux que ces perspectives intéressent.
Electrical characteristics of Au/Ni Schottky diodes on cleaved m-plane surfaces of free-standing n-GaN substrates
Authors: Naganawa Moe , Aoki Toshichika , Mishima Tomoyoshi , Shiojima Kenji
Published: March 2016

We report electrical characteristics of 12 Ni Schottky contacts formed on an m-plane surface, which is a cleaved side surface of a c-plane free-standing n-GaN wafer. We observed a variety of distributions of surface steps with heights up to 5 nm in the contact area. The Schottky barrier heights obtained from current–voltage, capacitance–voltage, and photoresponce results distribute in a small range of 0.67–0.79 eV. The n-value is as good as 1.01 to 1.04. Independent of the step height, the barrier height and n-value variations are nearly absent. One possible reason for this is that the step facets consist of an m-plane. We found that the cleaving method can be utilized to form Schottky contacts on m-plane n-GaN surfaces in order to reveal the basic characteristics.
Highly reduced current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors by combined application of oxygen plasma treatment and field plate structures
Authors: Asubar Joel T. , Yoshida Satoshi , Tokuda Hirokuni , Kuzuhara Masaaki
Published: March 2016

We report on the highly reduced current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) by combined application of pre-passivation oxygen (O2) plasma treatment and gate field plate (FP) structures schemes. Four different devices were fabricated in this work: (1) conventional HEMT as reference device, (2) field-plated HEMT, (3) O2 plasma-treated HEMT, (4) both field-plated and O2 plasma-treated HEMT. Analysis of dependence of normalized dynamic R
on (NDR) on gate pulse on-time (t
on) revealed that gate-FP reduces the emission time constant (τ
i
) of trapped electrons while O2-plasma treatment decreases the density of traps. For all measurement conditions, the device with both FP and O2 plasma treatment exhibited the least NDR compared to devices with either FP or O2 plasma treatment only, demonstrating for the first time the compatibility of both O2 plasma treatment and FP schemes in mitigating current collapse.
Photon correlation study of background suppressed single InGaN nanocolumns
Authors: Yamamoto Takatoshi , Maekawa Michiru , Imanishi Yusuke , Ishizawa Shunsuke , Nakaoka Toshihiro , Kishino Katsumi
Published: March 2016

We report on a linearly polarized non-classical light emission from a single InGaN/GaN nanocolumn, which is a site-controlled nanostructure allowing for pixel-like large-scale integration. We have developed a shadow mask technique to reduce background emissions arising from nitride deposits around single nanocolumns and defect states of GaN. The signal to background ratio is improved from

to

, which allows for detailed polarization-dependent measurement and photon-correlation measurements. Polarization-dependent measurements show that linearly polarized emissions arise from excitonic recombination involving a heavy-hole-like electronic state, corresponding to the bulk exciton of an in-plane polarized A exciton. The second-order coherence function at time zero g
(2)(0) is 0.52 at 20 K without background correction. This value is explained in terms of a statistical mixture of a single-photon emission with residual weak background emissions, as well as efficient carrier injection from other localized states.
Effects of glucose, ethanol and acetic acid on regulation of ADH2 gene fromLachancea fermentati
Authors: Yaacob Norhayati , Mohamad Ali Mohd Shukuri , Salleh Abu Bakar , Abdul Rahman Nor Aini
Published: March 2016

Background.Not all yeast alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2) are repressed by glucose, as reported inSaccharomyces cerevisiae.Pichia stipitisADH2 is regulated by oxygen instead of glucose, whereasKluyveromyces marxianusADH2 is regulated by neither glucose nor ethanol. For this reason, ADH2 regulation of yeasts may be species dependent, leading to a different type of expression and fermentation efficiency.Lachancea fermentatiis a highly efficient ethanol producer, fast-growing cells and adapted to fermentation-related stresses such as ethanol and organic acid, but the metabolic information regarding the regulation of glucose and ethanol production is still lacking.

Methods.Our investigation started with the stimulation of ADH2 activity fromS. cerevisiaeandL. fermentatiby glucose and ethanol induction in a glucose-repressed medium. The study also embarked on the retrospective analysis of ADH2 genomic and protein level through direct sequencing and sites identification. Based on the sequence generated, we demonstrated ADH2 gene expression highlighting the conserved NAD(P)-binding domain in the context of glucose fermentation and ethanol production.

Results.An increase of ADH2 activity was observed in starvedL. fermentati(LfeADH2) andS. cerevisiae(SceADH2) in response to 2% (w/v) glucose induction. These suggest that in the presence of glucose, ADH2 activity was activated instead of being repressed. An induction of 0.5% (v/v) ethanol also increased LfeADH2 activity, promoting ethanol resistance, whereas accumulating acetic acid at a later stage of fermentation stimulated ADH2 activity and enhanced glucose consumption rates. The lack in upper stream activating sequence (UAS) and TATA elements hindered the possibility of Adr1 binding to LfeADH2. Transcription factors such as SP1 and RAP1 observed in LfeADH2 sequence have been implicated in the regulation of many genes including ADH2. In glucose fermentation,L. fermentatiexhibited a bell-shaped ADH2 expression, showing the highest expression when glucose was depleted and ethanol-acetic acid was increased. Meanwhile, S. cerevisiaeshowed a constitutive ADH2 expression throughout the fermentation process.

Discussion.ADH2 expression inL. fermentatimay be subjected to changes in the presence of non-fermentative carbon source. The nucleotide sequence showed that ADH2 transcription could be influenced by other transcription genes of glycolysis oriented due to the lack of specific activation sites for Adr1. Our study suggests that if Adr1 is not capable of promoting LfeADH2 activation, the transcription can be controlled by Rap1 and Sp1 due to their inherent roles. Therefore in future, it is interesting to observe ADH2 gene being highly regulated by these potential transcription factors and functioned as a promoter for yeast under high volume of ethanol and organic acids.
Proteome-wide prediction of targets for aspirin: new insight into the molecular mechanism of aspirin
Authors: Dai Shao-Xing , Li Wen-Xing , Li Gong-Hua , Huang Jing-Fei
Published: March 2016

Besides its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties, aspirin is used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and various types of cancer. The multiple activities of aspirin likely involve several molecular targets and pathways rather than a single target. Therefore, systematic identification of these targets of aspirin can help us understand the underlying mechanisms of the activities. In this study, we identified 23 putative targets of aspirin in the human proteome by using binding pocket similarity detecting tool combination with molecular docking, free energy calculation and pathway analysis. These targets have diverse folds and are derived from different protein family. However, they have similar aspirin-binding pockets. The binding free energy with aspirin for newly identified targets is comparable to that for the primary targets. Pathway analysis revealed that the targets were enriched in several pathways such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, Fc epsilon RI signaling and arachidonic acid metabolism, which are strongly involved in inflammation, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Therefore, the predicted target profile of aspirin suggests a new explanation for the disease prevention ability of aspirin. Our findings provide a new insight of aspirin and its efficacy of disease prevention in a systematic and global view.
Experiência em website de marca-país e a formação da imagem de destino turístico: um estudo na Islândia
Authors: De Carvalho Dirceu Tornavoi , Ferreira Luciana Brandão , Kanazawa Flávio Notomi , Machado Priscilla Mendes , Giraldi Janaina de Moura Engracia
Published: March 2016

A pesquisa visa verificar se a experiência em websites de marcas-país influencia a imagem e a atratividade de um destino turístico na mente dos consumidores, bem como sua intenção de visitá-lo.  Foi conduzido um estudo pré-experimental do tipo pré-teste/pós-teste de um único grupo com uma amostra de 30 estudantes de graduação de uma universidade paulista. O tratamento consistiu em expor os sujeitos da pesquisa ao site turístico oficial da Islândia. As variáveis dependentes foram a percepção de atratividade turística e a intenção de visitar a Islândia. A avaliação da experiência de navegação foi medida utilizando escalas da literatura de comportamento de consumidor online. As duas hipóteses são: (1) a experiência online positiva influencia positivamente a formação da imagem do destino e (2) influencia positivamente a intenção de visita-lo, e ambas foram sustentadas pelos testes estatísticos de comparação de médias antes e após o tratamento. A análise de conteúdo de questão aberta, realizada após o tratamento, mostrou o efeito que o conhecimento adquirido por navegação prazerosa tem na formação da imagem e no aumento da intenção de visita um destino turístico.
Role of Lens Extraction In Glaucoma – A Review
Authors: Singh Kirti , Dangda Sonal
Published: March 2016

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a multifactorial disease with ethnicity, gender, ocular anatomy, iris configuration, lens volume and angle pathology all contributing to its genesis. The frequency of this disease is maximal in Asia where 85% of patients with PACG reside. The magnitude of this disease, primarily asymptomatic coupled with late presentation, where merely laser iridotomy does not suffice to arrest its progression makes surgical treatment by trabeculectomy a necessity to control glaucoma related blindness. However since trabeculectomy in the best of scenarios and best of hands is a surgery with limited functional longevity, more viable and robust surgical treatments for blinding glaucoma have long been explored. Of these new strategies, lens removal is one such modality which has been in the forefront of many recent debates.

Lens removal surgery has always been known to be been associated with reduction of intraocular pressure in patients with normotensive states as well as ocular hypertensive states and performing lens extraction as primary treatment modality to control PACG has been advocated in the past. The soaring popularity of more elegant, less tissue destructive phacoemulsification procedure over manual extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) over the last two decades has led to a phenomenal increase in reports confirming increasing utility of lens extraction as a viable method for treatment of PACG. Post phacoemulsification, there is a notable increase in the angle opening distance (AOD500), as seen on various angle imaging modalities, which corresponds positively with improvement in other anterior chamber biometric parameters. But can this anatomical widening of crowded angle and reduction in IOP be extrapolated to the entire spectrum of glaucoma cases? Can primary phacoemulsification be promoted as the first treatment for PACG in the current scenario? Does documented widening of angle by imaging translate into persistent IOP control leading to reduced requirement of other means of glaucoma treatment? This article attempts to answer these questions by literature review of articles and studies pertaining to role of lens extraction in open angle as well as angle closure glaucoma eyes, in those with acute angle closure attack and the new buzzword ‘clear lens extraction’.
Rebamipide 2% Ophthalmic Suspension for the Treatment of Allergic Keratoconjunctivitis: A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Dhawan Munish , Hans Tania , Singh Baltej
Published: March 2016

Background:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension in the treatment of Allergic Keratoconjunctivitis. Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension has shown to be advantageous for the treatment of dry eye and an improvement of ocular allergic conditions, after its application is also remarkable for the patients, especially in severe conditions. Study was done to report the improvement in signs and symptoms after using Rebamipide 2% as an additional therapy in allergic patients and reduced dependency on topical steroids.

Materials and Methods:

Rebamipide 2% ophthalmic suspension was used in the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis. We used subjective signs and symptoms of allergic keratoconjunctivitis as well as objective tests of tear film production like TBUT and Schirmer I and compared the post-treatment values at 1 week, 3 weeks, 5 weeks and 7 weeks, with baseline values.

Results:

The study revealed that Rebamipide 2% significantly improved the clinical grading of the disease, Schirmer I and Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT) scores. No significant side effects to the therapy were observed. In steroid responsive patients, no aggravation of symptoms was observed after tapering the dose of steroids while steroid non-responder patients showed a significant improvement in the clinical signs and symptoms of allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Maximum effect was observed at 5 weeks of initiation of therapy.

Conclusion:

Rebamipide 2% is effective in improving the signs and symptoms of allergic ocular diseases and is well-tolerated. It helps in reducing the dependence on steroids for the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis.
Diffuse Infiltrating Retinoblastoma - Atypical Presentation of Retinoblastoma in late childhood
Authors: Saini Manu , Chawla Bhavna , Sharma Sanjay , Kashyap Seema
Published: March 2016

Diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma is a rare variant of retinoblastoma that presents with atypical features and is usually seen in the older age group. A high degree of clinical suspicion supported by the use of appropriate imaging modalities is necessary for diagnosis..
Mass density at geostationary orbit and apparent mass refilling
Authors: Denton R. E. , Takahashi Kazue , Amoh Justice , Singer H. J.
Published: March 2016

We used the inferred equatorial mass density ρm,eq based on measurements of Alfvén wave frequencies measured by the GOES satellites during 1980–1991 in order to construct a number of different models of varying complexity for the equatorial mass density at geostationary orbit. The most complicated models are able to account for 66% of the variance with a typical variation from actual values of a factor of 1.56. The factors that influenced ρm,eq in the models were, in order of decreasing importance, the F10.7 EUV index, magnetic local time, the solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn, the phase of the year, and the solar wind BZ (GSM Z direction). During some intervals, some of which were especially geomagnetically quiet, ρm,eq rose to values that were significantly higher than those predicted by our models. For 10 especially quiet intervals, we examined long‐term (>1 day) apparent refilling, the increase in ρm,eq at a fixed location. We found that the behavior of ρm,eq varies for different events. In some cases, there is significant apparent refilling, whereas in other cases ρm,eq stays the same or even decreases slightly. Nevertheless, we showed that on average, ρm,eq increases exponentially during quiet intervals. There is variation of apparent refilling with respect to the phase of the solar cycle. On the third day of apparent refilling, ρm,eq has on average a similar value at solar maximum or solar minimum, but at solar maximum, ρm,eq begins with a larger value and rises relatively less than at solar minimum.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Borotropic Shifts in the Design of Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective γ‐Additions of Allylboron Moieties to Aldimines
Authors: van der Mei Farid W. , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Silverio Daniel L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: March 2016

Catalytic allylboron additions to aldimines are presented for which small amounts of Zn(OMe)2 serve as the co‐catalyst to accelerate allyl exchange and 1,3‐borotropic shift processes. Low‐yielding and moderately α‐ and diastereoselective reactions are thus turned into highly efficient γ‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective transformations that exhibit considerable scope.
Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes Featuring Chelated Acetoxime Pyrazoles: Synthetic, Structural, and Photophysical Study
Authors: Bolotin Dmitrii S. , Novikov Alexander S. , Kolesnikov Ilya E. , Suslonov Vitaliy V. , Novozhilov Yuri , Ronzhina Oksana , Dorogov Mikhail , Krasavin Mikhail , Yu. Kukushkin Vadim
Published: March 2016

Treatment of cis‐[PtCl2(Me2SO)2] with the pyrazole acetoximes p‐RC6H4{CN(H)NCCH}CH2C(Me)=NOH (R=OMe, H, F, Cl, CN, NO2), prepared by a cascade reaction from the vinyl isoxazoles p‐RC6H4C(H)=C(H){CONCC(NO2)}Me, leads to the complexes [PtCl2(Ar{CN(H)NCCH}CH2C(Me)=NOH)] (71–88 %). The complexes exhibit solid state room temperature phosphorescence with emission maxima in the region of 644–691 nm and biexponential relaxation with τ1 ≈ 2 ms and τ2 ≈ 0.32 ms. In the platinum compounds, substituents R affect phosphorescence quantum yields, which increase by one order of magnitude on going from electron acceptor (R=NO2; 0.2 %) to electron‐donor groups (R=OMe; 2.0 %). Based upon theoretical TD‐DFT calculations using the CAM−B3LYP functional, the absorption spectra were attributed to metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (1MLCT) and ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer (1LLCT) processes. The pyrazole acetoximes and their complexes were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), HRESI‐MS, FTIR, 1H NMR (for metal‐free species), and CP‐MAS TOSS 13C{1H} NMR (for the platinum complexes). In addition, two complexes were studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Molecular basis for globotriaosylceramide regulation and enzyme uptake in immortalized aortic endothelial cells from Fabry mice
Authors: Meng Xing‐Li , Day Taniqua S. , McNeill Nathan , Ashcraft Paula , Frischmuth Thomas , Cheng Seng H. , Liu Zhi‐Ping , Shen Jin‐Song , Schiffmann Raphael
Published: March 2016

Fabry disease is caused by deficient activity of α‐galactosidase A and subsequent intracellular accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Vascular endothelial cells may play important roles in disease pathogenesis, and are one of the main target cell types in therapeutic interventions. In this study, we generated immortalized aortic endothelial cell lines from a mouse model of Fabry disease. These cells retained endothelial cell‐specific markers and functions. Gb3 expression level in one of these clones (referred to as FMEC2) was highly susceptible to culture media, and appeared to be regulated by glucosylceramide synthase. Results also showed that Gb3 could be upregulated by hydrocortisone. FMEC2 express the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor and sortilin but not the mannose receptor. Uptake studies suggested that sortilin plays a role in the binding and internalization of mammalian cell‐produced α‐galactosidase A. Moss‐aGal (a plant‐made enzyme) was endocytosed by FMEC2 via a receptor other than the aforementioned receptors. In conclusion, this study suggests that glucosylceramide synthase and hydrocortisone may play important roles in modulating Gb3 levels in Fabry mouse aortic endothelial cells, and that endocytosis of recombinant α‐galactosidase A involves a combination of multiple receptors depending on the properties of the enzyme.
„Hamburg in Bewegung“. Räumliche Mobilität und die Arbeitsmarktintegration unter sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Hamburg
Authors: Kotte Volker
Published: March 2016

The number of persons commuting to and from work is steadily increasing. In this paper, commuting patterns in the city of Hamburg, Germany, are examined over a period of 13 years. Drawing on unique career data of 730,000 persons who were employed or lived in Hamburg in the year 2000, (1), in-, out-, and non-commuters are compared with regard to labor market outcomes such as employment and unemployment. (2), the rationales for decisions of commuters to relocate their place of residence nearby the workplace are analyzed. It becomes apparent that those who commute to Hamburg are more often employed than those who do not commute. Non-commuters, however, are more successful on the labor market than those who commute from Hamburg to workplaces outside the city so that the benefits of commuting do not outweigh its costs for all types of mobility between residence and workplace. Finally, moving to the workplace region is depending on several personal characteristics. The findings mainly verify the results of existing mobility studies.
320-Row Multidetector CT Angiography in the Detection of Critical Cerebrovascular Anomalies
Authors: Hébert Julien , Roncarolo Federico , Tampieri Donatella , Cortes Maria delPilar
Published: March 2016

Background: The acquisition of a new 320-row multidetector computed tomography angiography (CTA) scanner at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital has provided higher quality imaging with less radiation exposure and shorter time of acquisition. However, its reliability has not been fully proven in critical vascular lesions when it comes to replacing a more invasive examination such as cerebral angiography. We wished to validate the accuracy of this equipment to investigate four common indications for patients to undergo conventional digital subtraction angiography: subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm, unusual intracerebral hemorrhage, and unruptured aneurysm. Methods: Radiological reports and relevant imaging from 82 consecutive subjects who underwent a 320-row multidetector CTA followed by cerebral angiography from February 2010 to February 2014 were retrospectively analysed. A total of 102 cerebrovascular anomalies were found. Reports from both imaging modalities were compared to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CTA. Results: The overall sensitivity and specificity of 320-row multidetector CTA for detecting cerebrovascular abnormalities were, respectively, 97.60% and 63.20%. Similar results were obtained for all four categories of clinical indications. Conclusion: Results obtained from CTA were consistent with those obtained on digital subtraction angiography regardless of the vascular pathology. To our knowledge, this study is the first validating the accuracy of 320-row CTA in diagnosing critical cerebrovascular lesions.
A LITIGANT IN ATHENS: DEMOSTHENES 56
Authors: Rigsby Kent J.
Published: March 2016

The speaker of Demosthenes 56 had lent money to a ship-owner Dionysodorus for a commercial voyage, and now is prosecuting him for breach of contract. The prosecutor is usually thought to be a metic. In the course of the speech he does not identify himself; but Libanius in his Argumenta of Demosthenes supplies a name, Darius: Arg. 54.1 Δαρεῖος καὶ Πάμφιλος Διονυσοδώρῳ δανείζουσι and 2 ὡς δὲ Δαρεῖος λέγει. The manuscripts of the Argumenta, which begin in the tenth century, are numerous; Foerster (VIII 677) and Dindorf/Blass (III xlviii) cite no variant for the name. Libanius’ source for this information is unrecoverable.
State of the Art: Persian Gulp Studies
Authors: Nakhleh Emile A.
Published: March 2016

The international community is witnessing the resurgence of an old, yet new entity in its midst—the Persian Gulf. Since this decade began, the October War, the Oil embargo, the energy crisis, the massive American arms sales in the region, the concomitant presence of substantial numbers of American personnel and the expanding roles of Iran and Saudi Arabia have all forced this area to the center of international politics and economics. The new perceptions which have been created by these developments have focused on the modern Persian Gulf as a major source of oil, a subsystem of competing local nationalisms, an area of superpower rivalry, an insatiable market for consumer products, a pivotal factor in regional and international conflicts and of course a fascinating case study for social science researchers. The recent outpouring of studies, reports and background summaries testifies to the many facets of the region which are of interest to policy makers, businessmen and academicians.
Middle East Quantitative History Group
Authors: Pritchard Phil
Published: March 2016

The past few years have seen the rise in the use of computers and quantitative techniques for the study of the Middle East. My recent article “Quantitative Research on the Middle East in Islamic Times,” American Research Center in Egypt Newsletter, 93 (Spring, 1975), 4–15 established this fact statistically, and a follow-up article in the Bulletin, “New Trends in the Use of the Computer for the Study of the Middle East,” Volume IX, Number 3 (October 1, 1975), pp. 16–26, reported several ongoing projects relating to the use of computers, both with and without the simultaneous use of quantitative techniques. This article is an update of the latter article.
Islamic Numismatics
Authors: Bates Michael L.
Published: March 2016

This last part of a survey of the state of research on Islamic coins and money is intended as a guide for the non-specialist historian to catalogues and studies of the issues of individual dynasties, regions and periods. Within broad chronological periods (ca. A.D. 632–750, 750–946, 946–1250, 1250–1517, 1517–1900) the treatment is regional. The body of numismatic literature is vast and scattered; this survey attempts to cite only general references and the most recent work for each subject. It must be said, however, that few topics have as yet been adequately treated in the secondary literature. Especially when important conclusions are to be drawn, it is essential to look also at the original sources—the coins themselves.
The Arab-Israeli Conflict Simulation Game
Authors: Taylor Edgar
Published: March 2016

The popular undergraduate political science course on “The Arab-Israeli Conflict” at the University of Michigan has had as its focus since 1975 an enormously successful large-scale simulation game, or simprovisation in Frederick Goodman’s phrase. While the four-credit upper division level course of some 100 students is of the quite standard lecture-discussion section format, the simulation game has been closely integrated into it. The game is the goal towards which the students move and is the educational structure around which the course has been organized.

The concept of simulation gaming was introduced almost as an aside when Clement Henry and I were designing the course, to be taught by Professor Henry, in 1974. The games organized that year were small, short and disjointed, but they were sufficient to demonstrate the educational utility of the idea, if nothing else. The following year, with the central collaboration of Leonard Suranski, the game was moved to the fore and from that point on it has been the focus of the course.
Research in the Yemen Arab Republic
Authors: Mandaville Jon
Published: March 2016

On April 17, 1979, the American Institute for Yemeni Studies (AIYS) signed an agreement of cooperation with the Yemeni Center for Research and Studies (YCRS). It is not a detailed agreement, but it does clearly make the relationship with the YCRS a special one, implying both responsibilities and advantages for both parties.
The Individualization of Arabic Language Acquisition
Authors: Allen Roger
Published: March 2016

During recent decades and, more specifically, since the time of the NDEA Act, significant progress has been made in the sphere of language instruction in Arabic. The old anecdote concerning Cambridge University, where beginning students were instructed to purchase Wright’s Grammar and study it for a week before commencing a reading of the Kamil of al-Mubarrad, may be apochryphal or at least have suffered some of the embellishments characteristic of folk tales, but the situation described came reasonably close to the reality for British undergraduates not too long ago. More attention is now being paid to the preparation of teaching grammars, readers and a whole variety of textbooks which will enable students with a wide variety of ages and language aptitudes to acquire proficiency in Arabic. Another area in which a great deal of research is now in progress is that of testing and test validity; in the case of Arabic, instructors in the U.S.A. now have access to a revised and improved version of a standardized test which will assess the proficiency of students at three different levels. In all this the American Association of Teachers of Arabic (AATA)— an international organization in spite of its title— has played an important role, in that it affords a forum for discussion and publication in which problems can be identified and potential solutions suggested. In what follows I will discuss some recent developments in Arabic language instruction implemented by members of AATA on their campuses, all of which can be subsumed under the general heading of “individualization.”