bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-linear solution to the S8 tension?
Authors: Amon Alexandra , Efstathiou George
Published: September 2022

Weak galaxy lensing surveys have consistently reported a lower amplitude for the matter fluctuation spectrum, as measured by the S8 parameter, than expected in the ΛCDM cosmology favoured by Planck. However, the expansion history follows the predictions of the Planck ΛCDM cosmology to high accuracy, as do measurements of lensing of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies. Redshift space distortion measurements also appear to be consistent with Planck ΛCDM. In this paper, we argue that these observations can be reconciled with the Planck ΛCDM cosmology if the matter power spectrum is suppressed more strongly on non-linear scales than assumed in analyses of weak galaxy lensing. We demonstrate this point by fitting a one-parameter model, characterizing a suppression of the non-linear power spectrum, to the KiDS-1000 weak lensing measurements. Such a suppression could be attributed to new properties of the dark matter that affect non-linear scales, or to a response of the matter fluctuations to baryonic feedback processes that are stronger than expected from recent cosmological simulations. Our proposed explanation can be tested using measurements of the amplitude of the matter fluctuation spectrum on linear scales, in particular via high precision redshift space distortion measurements from forthcoming galaxy and quasar redshift surveys.
Propagation of Alfvén waves in the charge starvation regime
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Gill Ramandeep , Lu Wenbin
Published: September 2022

We present numerical simulation results for the propagation of Alfvén waves in the charge starvation regime. This is the regime where the plasma density is below the critical value required to supply the current for the wave. We analyse a conservative scenario where Alfvén waves pick up charges from the region where the charge density exceeds the critical value and advect them along at a high Lorentz factor. The system consisting of the Alfvén wave and charges being carried with it, which we call charge-carrying Alfvén wave (CC-AW), moves through a medium with small, but non-zero, plasma density. We find that the interaction between CC-AW and the stationary medium has a two-stream like instability which leads to the emergence of a strong electric field along the direction of the unperturbed magnetic field. The growth rate of this instability is of the order of the plasma frequency of the medium encountered by the CC-AW. Our numerical code follows the system for hundreds of wave periods. The numerical calculations suggest that the final strength of the electric field is of the order of a few per cent of the AW amplitude. Little radiation is produced by the sinusoidally oscillating currents associated with the instability during the linear growth phase. However, in the non-linear phase, the fluctuating current density produces strong EM radiation near the plasma frequency and limits the growth of the instability.
Period–colour and amplitude–colour relations for OGLE-δ Scuti stars in the Galactic bulge and LMC
Authors: Deka Mami , Kanbur Shashi M , Deb Sukanta , Das Susmita , Kurbah Kerdaris , Bellinger Earl P , Bhardwaj Anupam
Published: September 2022

We present an analysis on the behaviour of the Galactic bulge and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) δ Scuti stars in terms of period–colour and amplitude–colour (PCAC) relations at maximum, mean, and minimum light. The publicly available Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment-IV (OGLE-IV) light curves for Galactic bulge and OGLE-III light curves for LMC δ Scuti stars are exploited for the analysis. It has been found that the Galactic bulge δ Scuti stars obey flat PC relations at maximum/mean/minimum light, while the LMC δ Scutis have sloped, sloped, and flat PC relations at maximum, mean, and minimum light, respectively. Both the Galactic bulge and the LMC δ Scutis have sloped, flat, and sloped AC relations at maximum, mean, and minimum light, respectively. These relations also show that Galactic δ Scutis are hotter as compared to their LMC counterparts. The period–amplitude (PA) relations for δ Scutis exhibit different behaviour in the Galactic bulge and the LMC. The LMC variables are found to have higher amplitudes at a given period. The amplitude of the Galactic bulge δ Scuti shows a bimodal distribution which can be modelled using a two-component Gaussian Mixture Model: one component with a lower amplitude and another with a higher amplitude. The observed behaviour of the δ Scuti PCAC relations can be explained using the theory of the interaction of hydrogen ionization front (HIF) and stellar photosphere as well as the PA diagram. We use mesa-rsp to calculate theoretical non-linear hydrodynamical pulsation models for δ Scuti stars with input metallicities of Z = 0.02 and Z = 0.008 appropriate for the Galactic bulge and LMC, respectively. The observed PCAC relations and theoretical calculations support the HIF–photosphere interaction theory.
TheXMMCluster Survey: an independent demonstration of the fidelity of the eFEDS galaxy cluster data products and implications for future studies
Authors: Turner D J , Giles P A , Romer A K , Wilkinson R , Upsdell E W , Klein M , Viana P T P , Hilton M , Bhargava S , Collins C A , Mann R G , Sahlén M , Stott J P
Published: September 2022

We present the first comparison between properties of clusters of galaxies detected by the eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS) and the XMM Cluster Survey (XCS). We have compared, in an ensemble fashion, properties from the eFEDS X-ray cluster catalogue with those from the Ultimate XMM eXtragaLactic (XXL) survey project (XXL-100-GC). We find the redshift and temperature (TX) distributions to be similar, with a larger proportion of clusters above 4 keV in the XXL-100-GC sample; fractional temperature uncertainties are significantly larger in eFEDS compared to XXL. We find 62 eFEDS cluster candidates with XMM data (eFEDS-XMM sample); 10 do not have good enough XMM data to confirm or deny, 11 are classed as sample contaminants, and 4 have their X-ray flux contaminated by another source. The majority of eFEDS-XMM sources have longer XMM exposures than eFEDS, and most eFEDS positions are within 100 kpc of XCS positions. Our eFEDS-XCS sample of 37 clusters is used to calculate minimum sample contamination fractions of ∼18 and ∼9 per cent in the eFEDS X-ray and optically confirmed samples, respectively, in general agreement with eFEDS findings. We directly compare 29 X-ray luminosities (LX) measured by eFEDS and XCS, finding excellent agreement. Eight clusters have a TX measured by XCS and eFEDS, and we find that XMM temperatures are 25 ± 9 per cent larger than their eROSITA counterparts. Finally, we construct LX–TX scaling relations based on eFEDS and XCS measurements, which are in tension; the tension is decreased when we measure a third scaling relation with calibrated XCS temperatures.
Extending the energy range of AstroSat-CZTI up to 380 keV with compton spectroscopy
Authors: Kumar Abhay , Chattopadhyay Tanmoy , Vadawale Santosh V , Rao A R , Mithun N P S , Bhalerao Varun , Bhattacharya Dipankar
Published: September 2022

The CZTI (Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager) onboard AstroSat is a high energy coded mask imager and spectrometer in the energy range of 20–100 keV. Above 100 keV, the dominance of Compton scattering cross-section in CZTI results in a significant number of 2-pixel Compton events and these have been successfully utilized for polarization analysis of Crab pulsar and nebula (and transients like Gamma-ray bursts) in 100–380 keV. These 2-pixel Compton events can also be used to extend the spectroscopic energy range of CZTI up to 380 keV for bright sources. However, unlike the spectroscopy in primary energy range, where simultaneous background measurement is available from masked pixels, Compton spectroscopy requires blank sky observation for background measurement. Background subtraction, in this case, is non-trivial because of the presence of both short-term and long-term temporal variations in the data, which depend on multiple factors like earth rotation and the effect of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) regions etc. We have developed a methodology of background selection and subtraction that takes into account for these effects. Here, we describe these background selection and subtraction techniques and validate them using spectroscopy of Crab in the extended energy range of 30–380 keV region, and compare the obtained spectral parameters with the INTEGRAL results. This new capability allows for the extension of the energy range of AstroSat spectroscopy and will also enable the simultaneous spectropolarimetric study of other bright sources like Cygnus X-1.
Towards a multitracer timeline of star formation in the LMC – II. The formation and destruction of molecular clouds
Authors: Ward Jacob L , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Chevance Mélanie , Kim Jaeyeon , Longmore Steven N
Published: September 2022

The time-scales associated with various stages of the star formation process represent major unknowns in our understanding of galactic evolution, as well as of star and planet formation. This is the second paper in a series aiming to establish a multitracer timeline of star formation in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), focusing on the life cycle of molecular clouds. We use a statistical method to determine a molecular cloud lifetime in the LMC of $t_{\text{CO}}=11.8^{+2.7}_{-2.2}$ Myr. This short time-scale is similar to the cloud dynamical time, and suggests that molecular clouds in the LMC are largely decoupled from the effects of galactic dynamics and have lifetimes set by internal processes. This provides a clear contrast to atomic clouds in the LMC, of which the lifetimes are correlated with galactic dynamical time-scales. We additionally derive the time-scale for which molecular clouds and H ii regions co-exist as $t_{\text{fb}}=1.2^{+0.3}_{-0.2}$ Myr, implying an average feedback front expansion velocity of 12 km s−1, consistent with expansion velocities of H ii regions in the LMC observed directly using optical spectroscopy. Taken together, these results imply that the molecular cloud life cycle in the LMC proceeds rapidly and is regulated by internal dynamics and stellar feedback. We conclude by discussing our measurements in the context of previous work in the literature, which reported considerably longer lifetimes for molecular clouds in the LMC, and find that these previous findings resulted from a subjective choice in timeline calibration that is avoided by our statistical methodology.
Chemical properties of the central part of the Galactic nuclear stellar disc. Abundances in four classical Cepheids revisited
Authors: Kovtyukh V V , Korotin S A , Andrievsky S M , Matsunaga N , Fukue K
Published: September 2022

This paper is a revised abundance analysis of four yellow supergiant stars Cepheids which are located in the Galactic nucleus. The results are based on the spectra secured with the help of Subaru telescope, which are of the better quality comparing to previously analysed spectra taken with the Infrared Telescope Facility. A significantly improved method of the effective temperature determination of program stars, which is based on the calibrating relations between the temperature and line depth ratios, was applied. The present results confirmed our previous finding about the solar metallicity level at the Galaxy centre. It is very likely that the four stars of our program were born from an interstellar medium having homogeneous chemical properties, since all the stars are located close to each other, have close pulsation periods, and hence the age. However, one of the stars has a somewhat increased abundance of all studied elements compared to the abundance in the other three stars. A possible reason of this fact is discussed.
Statistical investigation of the kinematic and thermal properties of supra-arcade downflows observed during a solar flare
Authors: Tan Guangyu , Hou Yijun , Tian Hui
Published: September 2022

Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are dark structures descending towards post-reconnection flare loops observed in extreme ultraviolet or X-ray observations and are closely related to magnetic reconnection during solar flares. Due to the lack of statistical study on SADs in a single flare, evolutions of kinematic and thermal properties of SADs during the flare process still remain obscure. In this work, we identified 81 SADs in a flare that occurred on 2013 May 22 using observations of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The kinematic properties of each SAD, including the appearance time, height, projective velocity, and acceleration were recorded. We found that the appearance heights of SADs become larger during the flare, which is likely due to the lift of the bottom of the plasma sheet. In the flare decay phase, the region where SADs mainly appear moves from the north part to the south side possibly related to a secondary eruption in the south side. The trajectories of most SADs can be fitted by one or two deceleration processes, while some special ones have positive accelerations during the descent. For the thermal properties, we selected 54 SADs, whose front and body could be clearly distinguished from the surrounding during the entire descent, to perform Differential Emission Measure analysis. It is revealed that the temperatures of the SAD front and body tend to increase during their downward courses, and the relationship between the density and temperature indicates that the heating is mainly caused by adiabatic compression.
Cluster environment quenches the star formation of low-mass satellite galaxies from the inside-out
Authors: Wang Bitao
Published: September 2022

Environment plays a critical role in the star formation history of galaxies. Tidal and hydrodynamical stripping, prominent in cluster environment, can remove the peripheral gas of galaxies and star formation may thus be environmentally suppressed from the outside-in. We revisit the environmental dependence of the radial gradient of specific star formation rate (sSFR) profile. We probe the radial gradient by using the archival spectral indices D4000n and HδA measured from SDSS fibre spectra, to indicate central sSFR and the total sSFR from fitting the spectral energy distribution. Despite the low spatial resolution, the wealth of SDSS data allows to disentangle the dependences on stellar mass, sSFR, and environment. We find that low-mass satellite galaxies in the mass range $9\lt \mathrm{log}\, \mathcal {M}_{\star }/\mathcal {M}_{\odot }\lt 9.8$ on average quench in more inside-out pattern compared to isolated galaxies matched in mass, sSFR, and fibre coverage. This environmental effect is particularly strong for galaxies below the star formation main sequence, and peaks for those in the core of massive clusters where the phase-space diagram reveals clear links between the inside-out quenching and orbital properties. Our results suggest that both tidal and hydrodynamical interactions in cluster environment suppress the star formation of satellites mainly from the inside-out. As accreted gas of low angular momentum from hot gas haloes is an important source for replenishing central gas reservoir, we discuss how gas stripping in clusters may lead to starvation and cause inside-out quenching when the outer star-forming discs are not significantly affected.
Searching for outliers in the Chandra Source Catalog
Authors: Swarm Dustin K , DeRoo C T , Liu Y , Watkins S
Published: September 2022

Astronomers are increasingly faced with a deluge of information, and finding worthwhile targets of study in the sea of data can be difficult. Outlier identification studies are a method that can be used to focus investigations by presenting a smaller set of sources that could prove interesting because they do not follow the trends of the underlying population. We apply a principal component analysis (PCA) and an unsupervised random forest algorithm (uRF) to sources from the Chandra Source Catalog v.2 (CSC2). We present 119 high-significance sources that appear in all repeated applications of our outlier identification algorithm (OIA). We analyse the characteristics of our outlier sources and cross-match them with the SIMBAD data base. Our outliers contain several sources that were previously identified as having unusual or interesting features by studies. This OIA leads to the identification of interesting targets that could motivate more detailed study.
H i 21-cm absorption in radio-loud AGN with double-peaked [O iii] emission
Authors: Dutta Rajeshwari , Srianand Raghunathan
Published: September 2022

Different physical processes in galaxy evolution, such as galaxy mergers that lead to coalescence of dual Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and outflows emanating from the narrow line region, can leave their imprint on the optical spectra of AGN in the form of double-peaked narrow emission lines. To investigate the neutral gas in the centres of such AGN, we have conducted a pilot survey of H i 21-cm absorption, using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT), in radio-loud AGN whose optical spectra show double-peaked [O iii] emission lines at z ≤ 0.4 (median z ≈ 0.14). Among the eight sources for which we could obtain clean spectra, we detect H i 21-cm absorption in three sources (detection rate of $38^{+36}_{-20}$ per cent) and find tentative indication of absorption in two other sources. The detection rate of H i 21-cm absorption is tentatively higher for the systems that show signatures of interaction or tidal disturbance (≳ 50 per cent) in the ground-based optical images than that for the systems that appear single and undisturbed (≈25 per cent). This is consistent with the high incidence of H i 21-cm absorption observed in z ≤ 0.2 galaxy mergers. Higher spatial resolution spectroscopy is required to confirm the origin of the H i absorbing gas, i.e. either gas infalling on to the radio-loud AGN, outflowing gas ejected by the AGN, or gas in rotation on the galactic-scale or circumnuclear discs.
Hepatotoxicity and the role of the gut–liver axis in dogs after oral administration of zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Yi Jiangnan , Li Yuanliang , Mai Qianying , Li Yaxuan , Lin Yingying , Weng Xiaoshan , Ai Zhu , Li Mingze , Shang Peng , Iqbal Mujahid , Mehmood Khalid , Chang Yung-Fu , Tang Zhaoxin , Zhang Hui , Li Ying
Published: September 2022

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been used in many fields, and people are concerned about its effects on health. The present study reported the changes in liver metabolites and intestinal microbiota induced by overused ZnO NPs in dogs and explored the related mechanisms of liver injury induced by ZnO NPs. The results showed that overused ZnO NPs promote zinc accumulation in the liver and increase liver coefficient and serum liver-related indexes. In addition, the overuse of ZnO NPs increase the reactive oxygen species levels, affecting the hepatocyte antioxidant capacity and mitochondrial function. Results showed that ZnO NPs significantly inhibited the hepatocyte apoptosis via the Cytc pathway and promoted the autophagy via activating the mTOR/ATG5 pathway. Metabolic analysis of liver tissue showed that 81 metabolites changed overall and mainly affected the glycerophospholipid metabolism. ZnO NPs can significantly change the richness and diversity of the intestinal bacteria in dogs, increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria while reducing the bacterial abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, the results suggest that overexposure to ZnO NPs can lead to the disruption of intestinal microbiome and liver metabolites in dogs, which ultimately leads to liver damage.
Robotic mobile and mirror milling of large-scale complex structures
Authors: Xie Zenghui , Xie Fugui , Zhu Limin , Liu Xin-Jun
Published: September 2022

Robotization, miniaturization and portability have become the new development trend of milling equipment for large-scale complex structures, and the robotic mobile and mirror milling technology has reached remarkable progress in practical production.
Seasonal variation of vegetative stages and cysts of planktonic ciliates in a temperate coastal bay
Authors: Yu Ying , Zhang Wuchang , Feng Meiping , Xu Xiaofu
Published: September 2022

Marine planktonic ciliates serve as a key component of the plankton food web. Their vegetative stages have frequently been studied, whereas their cyst stages have largely been ignored. Seasonal encystment and excystment of ciliates has great implications for population persistence, maintenance of biodiversity and stability of ecosystem processes. Here, we investigated seasonal variation of planktonic ciliate cysts in surface sediments of Bohai Bay, and explore the relationships between cysts and environmental factors. Eight types of aloricate ciliate cysts were identified and only two species of tintinnid cysts were recognized, namely, Favella sp. and Helicostomella longa. Abundance of ciliate cysts was lowest in winter, and highest in summer. There was a significant positive correlation between abundance of ciliate cysts and vegetative cells, which supported the viewpoint that encystment could be induced by high population density. The species composition of ciliate cysts exhibited obvious seasonal variation, and water temperature was the key driving factor. The natural encystment event of ciliates may be triggered, enhanced and terminated by a rapid variation of temperature. Our study exhibited that ciliate cysts—served as a “seed bank” for vegetative populations—were common in temperate coastal waters, and seasonal changes of ciliate cysts are crucial to vegetative population dynamics.
Return to performance following severe ankle, knee, and hip injuries in National Basketball Association players
Authors: Bullock Garrett S , Ferguson Tyler , Arundale Amelia H , Martin Chelsea Leonard , Collins Gary S , Kluzek Stefan
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare basketball performance markers 1 y prior to initial severe lower extremity injury, including ankle, knee, and hip injuries, to 1 and 2 y following injury during the regular National Basketball Association (NBA) season. Publicly available data were extracted through a reproducible extraction computed programmed process. Eligible participants were NBA players with at least three seasons played between 2008 and 2019, with a time-loss injury reported during the study period. Basketball performance was evaluated for season minutes, points, and rebounds. Prevalence of return to performance and linear regressions were calculated. A total of 285 athletes sustained a severe lower extremity injury. A total of 196 (69%) played for 1 y and 130 (45%) played for 2 y following the injury. A total of 58 (30%) players participated in a similar number of games and 57 (29%) scored similar points 1 y following injury. A total of 48 (37%) participated in a similar number of games and 55 (42%) scored a similar number of points 2 y following injury. Fewer than half of basketball players who suffered a severe lower extremity injury were participating at the NBA level 2 y following injury, with similar findings for groin/hip/thigh, knee, and ankle injuries. Fewer than half of players were performing at previous preinjury levels 2 y following injury. Suffering a severe lower extremity injury may be a prognostic factor that can assist sports medicine professionals to educate and set performance expectations for NBA players.
Structural basis for p53 binding to its nucleosomal target DNA sequence
Authors: Nishimura Masahiro , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Nozawa Kayo , Kurumizaka Hitoshi
Published: September 2022

The tumor suppressor p53 functions as a pioneer transcription factor that binds a nucleosomal target DNA sequence. However, the mechanism by which p53 binds to its target DNA in the nucleosome remains elusive. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the p53 DNA-binding domain and the full-length p53 protein complexed with a nucleosome containing the 20 base-pair target DNA sequence of p53 (p53BS). In the p53-nucleosome structures, the p53 DNA-binding domain forms a tetramer and specifically binds to the p53BS DNA, located near the entry/exit region of the nucleosome. The nucleosomal position of the p53BS DNA is within the genomic p21 promoter region. The p53 binding peels the DNA from the histone surface, and drastically changes the DNA path around the p53BS on the nucleosome. The C-terminal domain of p53 also binds to the DNA around the center and linker DNA regions of the nucleosome, as revealed by hydroxyl radical footprinting. These results provide important structural information for understanding the mechanism by which p53 binds the nucleosome and changes the chromatin structure for gene activation.
Cryo-electron tomography with mixed-scale dense neural networks reveals key steps in deployment of Toxoplasma invasion machinery
Authors: Segev-Zarko Li-av , Dahlberg Peter D , Sun Stella Y , Pelt Daniël M , Kim Chi Yong , Egan Elizabeth S , Sethian James A , Chiu Wah , Boothroyd John C
Published: September 2022

Host cell invasion by intracellular, eukaryotic parasites within the phylum Apicomplexa is a remarkable and active process involving the coordinated action of apical organelles and other structures. To date, capturing how these structures interact during invasion has been difficult to observe in detail. Here, we used cryogenic electron tomography to image the apical complex of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites under conditions that mimic resting parasites and those primed to invade through stimulation with calcium ionophore. Through the application of mixed-scale dense networks for image processing, we developed a highly efficient pipeline for annotation of tomograms, enabling us to identify and extract densities of relevant subcellular organelles and accurately analyze features in 3-D. The results reveal a dramatic change in the shape of the anteriorly located apical vesicle upon its apparent fusion with a rhoptry that occurs only in the stimulated parasites. We also present information indicating that this vesicle originates from the vesicles that parallel the intraconoidal microtubules and that the latter two structures are linked by a novel tether. We show that a rosette structure previously proposed to be involved in rhoptry secretion is associated with apical vesicles beyond just the most anterior one. This result, suggesting multiple vesicles are primed to enable rhoptry secretion, may shed light on the mechanisms Toxoplasma employs to enable repeated invasion attempts. Using the same approach, we examine Plasmodium falciparum merozoites and show that they too possess an apical vesicle just beneath a rosette, demonstrating evolutionary conservation of this overall subcellular organization.
Are There Non-Propositional Implicatures?
Authors: Sullivan Arthur
Published: September 2022

Could there be an implicature whose content is not propositional? Grice's canon is somewhat ambivalent on this question, but such figures as Sperber & Wilson, Davis, and Lepore & Stone presume that there cannot be, and argue that this causes glaring failures within the Gricean programme. Building on work by McDowell and Buchanan, I argue that, on the contrary, the notion of non-propositional implicature is very much worth investigating. I show how the notion has promise to illuminate the content of many sorts of complex utterance—from the cases of verbal irony, metaphorical usage, slurring, insinuation, and (some kinds of) humour, to various others which involve expressive or evaluative content.
Inferences from Utterance to Belief
Authors: Abreu Zavaleta Martín
Published: September 2022

If Amelia utters ‘Brad ate a salad in 2005’ assertorically, and she is speaking literally and sincerely, then I can infer that Amelia believes that Brad ate a salad in 2005. This paper discusses what makes this kind of inference truth-preserving. According to the baseline picture, my inference is truth-preserving because, if Amelia is a competent speaker, she believes that the sentence she uttered means that Brad ate a salad in 2005; thus, if Amelia believes that that sentence is true, then she must believe that Brad ate a salad in 2005. I argue that this view is not correct; on pain of irrationality, normal speakers can’t have specific beliefs about the meaning of the sentences they utter. I propose a new account, relying on the view that epistemically responsible speakers utter sentences assertorically only if they believe all the propositions which they think those sentences might mean.
Measurement of differential cross sections for Σ+p elastic scattering in the momentum range 0.44–0.80 GeV/c
Authors: Nanamura T , Miwa K , Ahn J K , Akazawa Y , Aramaki T , Ashikaga S , Callier S , Chiga N , Choi S W , Ekawa H , Evtoukhovitch P , Fujioka N , Fujita M , Gogami T , Harada T K , Hasegawa S , Hayakawa S H , Honda R , Hoshino S , Hosomi K , Ichikawa M , Ichikawa Y , Ieiri M , Ikeda M , Imai K , Ishikawa Y , Ishimoto S , Jung W S , Kajikawa S , Kanauchi H , Kanda H , Kitaoka T , Kang B M , Kawai H , Kim S H , Kobayashi K , Koike T , Matsuda K , Matsumoto Y , Nagao S , Nagatomi R , Nakada Y , Nakagawa M , Nakamura I , Naruki M , Ozawa S , Raux L , Rogers T G , Sakaguchi A , Sakao T , Sako H , Sato S , Shiozaki T , Shirotori K , Suzuki K N , Suzuki S , Tabata M , Taille C d L , Takahashi H , Takahashi T , Takahashi T N , Tamura H , Tanaka M , Tanida K , Tsamalaidze Z , Ukai M , Umetsu H , Wada S , Yamamoto T O , Yoshida J , Yoshimura K
Published: September 2022

We performed a novel Σ+p scattering experiment at the J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility. Approximately 2400 Σ+p elastic scattering events were identified from 4.9 × 107 tagged Σ+ particles in the Σ+ momentum range 0.44–0.80 GeV/c. The differential cross sections of the Σ+p elastic scattering were derived with much better precision than in previous experiments. The obtained differential cross sections were approximately 2 mb/sr or less, which were not as large as those predicted by the fss2 and FSS models based on the quark cluster model in the short-range region. By performing phase-shift analyses for the obtained differential cross sections, we experimentally derived the phase shifts of the 3S1 and 1P1 channels for the first time. The phase shift of the 3S1 channel, where a large repulsive core was predicted owing to the Pauli effect between quarks, was evaluated as $20^\circ \lt |\delta _{^3S_1}|\lt 35^\circ$. If the sign of $\delta _{^3S_1}$ is assumed to be negative, the interaction in this channel is moderately repulsive, as the Nijmegen extended-sort-core models predicted.
Safety of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Interstitial Cystitis: A Phase I Study
Authors: Shin Jung Hyun , Ryu Chae-Min , Yu Hwan Yeul , Park Juhyun , Kang Ah Reum , Shin Jeong Min , Hong Ki-Sung , Kim Eun Young , Chung Hyung-Min , Shin Dong-Myung , Choo Myung-Soo
Published: September 2022

There are still no definite treatment modalities for interstitial cystitis (IC). Meanwhile, stem cell therapy is rising as potential alternative for various chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the safety of the clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), code name MR-MC-01 (SNU42-MMSCs), in IC patients. Three female IC patients with (1) symptom duration >6 months, (2) visual pain analog scale (VAS) ≥4, and (3) one or two Hunner lesions <2 cm in-office cystoscopy within 1 month were included. Under general anesthesia, participants received cystoscopic submucosal injection of SNU42-MMSCs (2.0 × 107/5 mL) at the center or margin of Hunner lesions and other parts of the bladder wall except trigone with each injection volume of 1 mL. Follow-up was 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. Patients underwent scheduled follow-ups, and symptoms were evaluated with validated questionnaires at each visit. No SNU42-MMSCs-related adverse events including immune reaction and abnormalities on laboratory tests and image examinations were reported up to 12-month follow-up. VAS pain was temporarily improved in all subjects. No de novo Hunner lesions were observed and one lesion of the first subject was not identifiable on 12-month cystoscopy. This study reports the first clinical application of transurethral hESC-derived MSC injection in three patients with IC. hESC-based therapeutics was safe and proved to have potential therapeutic efficacy in IC patients. Stem cell therapy could be a potential therapeutic option for treating IC.
A Pictorial Review of Cranial Nerves Imaging Anatomy and Pathology: Part 2—Pathology
Authors: Kulkarni Ashwini , Tiwana Muhammad Hamza , Sobieh Ahmed , Qayati Mohamed , Abbassy Ahmed , Dubey Prachi , Abayazeed Aly
Published: September 2022

Cranial nerve pathology can range from the neoplasm, inflammation, infection, vascular, autoimmune, injury, and developmental abnormalities to anatomic variations. Involvement of cranial nerve can have a significant functional impact on the patient ranging from denervation, sensory, and motor deficits to autonomic abnormalities. Identification of common cranial nerve pathology is essential in adequately understanding basis of clinical presentation and guiding further management and follow-up. In this article, we present a summary of common pathologies affecting cranial nerves.
An Overview of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors (PitNET) and Algorithmic Approach to Diagnosis
Authors: Gubbiotti Maria A. , Baloch Zubair
Published: September 2022

The diagnostic algorithm and nomenclature of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors have evolved over the past decade, beginning with simpler categorical schemes focused on histomorphologic features and moving to a more sophisticated lineage-specific categorization. This contemporary overview highlights a multimodal approach to pituitary neuroendocrine tumors with a focus on changes in nomenclature, classification, and subclassification; including, brief comments on treatment, and new guidelines for genetic screening, particularly for young patients with such neoplasms.
Diagnostic Performance of 0.55 T MRI for Intracranial Aneurysm Detection
Authors: Osmanodja Filiz , Rösch Julie , Knott Michael , Doerfler Arnd , Grodzki David , Uder Michael , Heiss Rafael
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the main cause of subarachnoid hemorrhages. Time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) at 1.5 T or 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established method for the diagnosis of IA. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the performance of a modern 0.55 T MRI in the diagnosis of IAs in comparison to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as a standard of reference.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen patients with suspicion of single or multiple IAs underwent TOF MRA at 0.55 T MRI 1 day before DSA. Two neuroradiologists independently measured the aneurysm neck, width, and height on 0.55 T, 1.5 T, and 3 T 3D-TOF MRA source images and 2D/3D rotational angiography. The main analysis assessed the intermodality agreement between 0.55 T TOF MRA and DSA using Bland-Altman plots, a Wilcoxon test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In a secondary analysis, aneurysm dimensions were compared between 0.55 T TOF MRA and 1.5/3 T TOF MRA. Interreader agreement was evaluated by ICC. A third neuroradiologist blinded to patient history screened 0.55 T TOF MRA data sets of the aforementioned 17 patients and 15 additional healthy patients for the presence and location of aneurysms.

Results

A total of 19 aneurysms in 16 patients were identified in both 0.55 T MRA and DSA. Measurements of the 2 nonblinded readers showed no significant differences between 0.55 T TOF MRA and DSA in the overall aneurysm size (calculated as the mean from height/width/neck) (P = 0.178), as well as in the mean width (P = 0.778) and neck values (P = 0.190). The mean height was significantly larger in 0.55 T TOF MRA in comparison to DSA (P = 0.020). Intermodality (1.5/3 T TOF MRA) and interrater agreement were excellent (ICC > 0.94). Of the 32 data sets of patients with and without IA, the blinded reader detected all aneurysms correctly by using 0.55 T images.

Conclusions

TOF-MRA acquired with a modern 0.55 T MRI is a reliable tool for the detection and initial assessment of IAs.
Hip Imaging in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Nosrati Reyhaneh , Zhang Da , Callahan Michael J. , Shore Benjamin J. , Tsai Andy
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Hip displacement is the second most common orthopedic problem affecting children with cerebral palsy (CP). Routine radiographic hip surveillance typically involves an anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiograph. Unfortunately, this imaging protocol is limited by its projectional technique and the positioning challenges in children with CP. Alternatively, hip low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been advocated as a more accurate strategy for imaging surveillance as it provides biofidelic details of the hip that is independent of patient positioning. However, the tradeoff is the (presumed) higher radiation dose to the patient. The goal of this study is to estimate patient-specific radiation doses of hip LDCTs and AP pelvis radiographs in CP patients, and perform an intrapatient dose comparison.

Materials and Methods

A search of our imaging database was performed to identify children with CP who underwent hip LDCT and AP pelvis radiograph within 6 months of each other. The LDCTs were performed using weight-adjusted kVp and tube current modulation, whereas the radiographs were obtained with age-/size-adjusted kVp/mAs. The patient-specific organ and effective doses for LDCT were estimated by matching the patients to a nonreference pediatric phantom library from the National Cancer Institute Dosimetry System for Computed Tomography database with Monte Carlo–based dosimetry. The patient-specific organ and effective doses for radiograph were estimated using the National Cancer Institute Dosimetry System for Radiography and Fluoroscopy with Monte Carlo–based dose calculation. Dose conversion k-factors of dose area product for radiography and dose length product for LDCT were adapted, and the estimation results were compared with patient-specific dosimetry.

Results

Our study cohort consisted of 70 paired imaging studies from 67 children (age, 9.1 ± 3.3 years). The patient-specific and dose length product–based effective doses for LDCT were 0.42 ± 0.21 mSv and 0.59 ± 0.28 mSv, respectively. The patient-specific and dose area product–based effective doses for radiography were 0.14 ± 0.09 mSv and 0.08 ± 0.06 mSv, respectively.

Conclusions

The radiation dose for a hip LDCT is ~4 times higher than pelvis radiograph, but it is still very low and poses minimal risk to the patient.
Thermoluminescence Dosimetry in Abdominal CT for Urinary Stone Detection
Authors: Grunz Jan-Peter , Halt Daniel , Schüle Simone , Beer Meinrad , Hackenbroch Carsten
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Spectral shaping via tin prefiltration has gained recognition for dose saving in high-contrast imaging tasks. The aim of this phantom dosimetry study was to investigate whether the use of tin filters can also reduce the effective radiation dose in 100 kVp abdominal computed tomography (CT) compared with standard low-dose scans for suspected urolithiasis.

Methods

Using a third-generation dual-source CT scanner, 4 scan protocols each were used on a standard (P1–P4) and a modified obese Alderson-Rando phantom (P5–P8), in which 11 urinary stones of different compositions were placed. Hereby 1 scan protocol represented standard low-dose settings (P1/P5: 110 kVp/120 kVp), whereas 3 experimental protocols used low-kilovoltage spectral shaping (P2/P3/P4 and P6/P7/P8: 100 kVp with tin prefiltration). Radiation dose was recorded by thermoluminescent dosimeters at 24 measurement sites. For objective assessment of image quality, dose-weighted contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated and compared between scan protocols. Additional subjective image quality analysis was performed by 2 radiologists using equidistant 5-point scales for estimation image noise, artifacts, kidney stone detectability, and delineation of bone and soft tissue.

Results

Both conventional low-dose protocols without tin prefiltration were associated with the highest individual equivalent doses and the highest effective radiation dose in the experimental setup (P1: 0.29–6.43 mGy, 1.45–1.83 mSv; P5: 0.50–9.35 mGy, 2.33–2.79 mSv). With no false-positive diagnoses, both readers correctly detected each of the 11 urinary calculi irrespective of scan protocol and phantom configuration. Protocols using spectral shaping via tin prefiltration allowed for effective radiation dose reduction of up to 38% on the standard phantom and 18% on the modified obese phantom, while maintaining overall diagnostic image quality. Effective dose was approximately 10% lower in a male versus female anatomy and could be reduced by another 10% if gonadal protection was used (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Spectral shaping via tin prefiltration at 100 kVp is a suitable means to reduce the effective radiation dose in abdominal CT imaging of patients with suspected urolithiasis. The dose reduction potential is slightly less pronounced in a modified phantom emulating an obese body composition compared with a standard phantom.
Community composition of coral-associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne‘ohe Bay
Authors: de Souza Mariana Rocha , Caruso Carlo , Ruiz-Jones Lupita , Drury Crawford , Gates Ruth , Toonen Robert J.
Published: September 2022

The survival of most reef-building corals is dependent upon a symbiosis between the coral and the community of Symbiodiniaceae.Montipora capitata, one of the main reef-building coral species in Hawai'i, is known to host a diversity of symbionts, but it remains unclear how they change spatially and whether environmental factors drive those changes. Here, we surveyed the Symbiodiniaceae community in 600M. capitatacolonies from 30 sites across Kāne'ohe Bay and tested for host specificity and environmental gradients driving spatial patterns of algal symbiont distribution. We found that the Symbiodiniaceae community differed markedly across sites, withM. capitatain the most open-ocean (northern) site hosting few or none of the genusDurusdinium,whereas individuals at other sites had a mix ofDurusdiniumandCladocopium. Our study shows that the algal symbiont community composition responds to fine-scale differences in environmental gradients; depth and temperature variability were the most significant predictor of Symbiodiniaceae community, although environmental factors measured in the study explained only about 20% of observed variation. Identifying and mapping Symbiodiniaceae community distribution at multiple scales is an important step in advancing our understanding of algal symbiont diversity, distribution and evolution and the potential responses of corals to future environmental change.
High diversity of arthropod colour vision: from genes to ecology
Authors: Yilmaz Ayse , Hempel de Ibarra Natalie , Kelber Almut
Published: September 2022

Colour vision allows animals to use the information contained in the spectrum of light to control important behavioural decisions such as selection of habitats, food or mates. Among arthropods, the largest animal phylum, we find completely colour-blind species as well as species with up to 40 different opsin genes or more than 10 spectral types of photoreceptors, we find a large diversity of optical methods shaping spectral sensitivity, we find eyes with different colour vision systems looking into the dorsal and ventral hemisphere, and species in which males and females see the world in different colours. The behavioural use of colour vision shows an equally astonishing diversity. Only the neural mechanisms underlying this sensory ability seems surprisingly conserved—not only within the phylum, but even between arthropods and the other well-studied phylum, chordates. The papers in this special issue allow a glimpse into the colourful world of arthropod colour vision, and besides giving an overview this introduction highlights how much more research is needed to fill in the many missing pieces of this large puzzle.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods’.
Expression of a homologue of a vertebrate non-visual opsin Opn3 in the insect photoreceptors
Authors: Koyanagi Mitsumasa , Honda Hayato , Yokono Hirohisa , Sato Ryu , Nagata Takashi , Terakita Akihisa
Published: September 2022

Insect vision starts with light absorption by visual pigments based on opsins that drive Gq-type G protein-mediated phototransduction. Since
Drosophila
, the most studied insect in vision research, has only Gq-coupled opsins, the Gq-mediated phototransduction has been solely focused on insect vision for decades. However, genome projects on mosquitos uncovered non-canonical insect opsin genes, members of the Opn3 or c-opsin group composed of vertebrate and invertebrate non-visual opsins. Here, we report that a homologue of Opn3, MosOpn3 (Asop12) is expressed in eyes of a mosquito
Anopheles stephensi
.
In situ
hybridization analysis revealed that MosOpn3 is expressed in dorsal and ventral ommatidia, in which only R7 photoreceptor cells express MosOpn3. We also found that Asop9, a Gq-coupled visual opsin, exhibited co-localization with MosOpn3. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that Asop9 forms a blue-sensitive opsin-based pigment. Thus, the Gi/Go-coupled opsin MosOpn3, which forms a green-sensitive pigment, is co-localized with Asop9, a Gq-coupled opsin that forms a blue-sensitive visual pigment. Since these two opsin-based pigments trigger different phototransduction cascades, the R7 photoreceptors could generate complex photoresponses to blue to green light.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods’.
Opponent processing in the retinal mosaic of nymphalid butterflies
Authors: Pirih Primož , Ilić Marko , Meglič Andrej , Belušič Gregor
Published: September 2022

The eyes of nymphalid butterflies, investigated with incident illumination, show colourful facet reflection patterns—the eye shine—which is uniform or heterogeneous, dependent on the species. Facet colours suggest that the ommatidia contain different sets of photoreceptors and screening pigments, but how the colours and the cell characteristics are associated has not been clearly established. Here, we analyse the retinae of two nymphalids,
Apatura ilia
, which has a uniform eyeshine, and
Charaxes jasius,
a species with a heterogeneous eye shine, using single-cell recordings, spectroscopy and optical pupillometry.
Apatura
has UV-, blue- and green-sensitive photoreceptors, allocated into three ommatidial types. The UV- and blue-sensitive cells are long visual fibres (LVFs), receiving opponent input from the green-sensitive short visual fibres (SVFs).
Charaxes
has an expanded set of photoreceptors, allocated into three additional, red-reflecting ommatidial types. All red ommatidia contain green-sensitive LVFs, receiving opponent input from red receptors. In both species, the SVFs do not receive any opponent input. The simple retina of
Apatura
with three ommatidial types and two colour-opponent channels can support trichromatic vision.
Charaxes
has six ommatidial types and three colour-opponent channels. Its expanded receptor set can support tetrachromatic vision.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding colour vision: molecular, physiological, neuronal and behavioural studies in arthropods’.