bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The extracellular compartments of frog skeletal muscle.
Authors: Neville M C , Mathias R T
Published: August 2023

1. Detailed studies of solute efflux from frog sartorius muscle and single muscle fibres were carried out in order to characterize a 'special region' (Harris, 1963) in the extracellular space of muscle and determine whether this 'special region' is the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 2. The efflux of radioactive Na, Cl, glusose, 3‐O‐methylglucose, xylose, glycine, leucine, cycloleucine, Rb, K, inulin (mol. wt. 5000) and dextran (mol. wt. 17,000) from previously loaded muscles was studied. In all cases except dextran the curve had three components, a rapid (A) component which could be equated with efflux from the extracellular space proper, a slow (C) component representing cellular solute and an intermediate (B) component. The distribution space for the B component was 8% of muscle volume in summer frogs and 12% in winter frogs and appeared to be equal for all compounds studied. We tested the hypothesis that the B component originated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. The C component was missing from the dextran curves. Both dextran and inulin entered the compartment of origin of the B component (compartment B) to the same extent as small molecules. 4. For all compounds studies, the efflux rate constant for the A component could be predicted from the diffusion coefficient. For the B component the efflux rate constant was 6‐‐10 times slower than that for the A component but was still proportional to the diffusion coefficient for the solute in question. 5. When Na and sucrose efflux from single fibres was followed, a B component was usually observed. The average distribution space for this component was small, averaging 1.5% of fibre volume. There was no difference between the average efflux rate constants for Na and sucrose. 6. In an appendix, the constraints placed on the properties of a hypothetical channel between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T‐system by the linear electrical parameters of frog skeletal muscle are derived. It is shown that the conductance of such a channel must be less than 0.06 x 10(‐3) mohs/cm2 of fibre membrane. 7. The conductance between compartment B and the extracellular space can be calculated from the efflux rate constants for Na, K and Cl. The value obtained was 5 x 10(‐3) mhos/cm2 of fibre membrane or 100 times the limiting value for the conductance of the T‐SR junction. 8. The finding that there is a B component in the efflux curves for large molecular weight substances like inulin and dextran and the small size of the B component in efflux curves from single muscle fibres indicate that the 'speical region' of the extra‐cellular space of frog muscle is not the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This conclusion is confirmed by a calculation of the conductance between the B compartment and the extracellular space. The value obtained is incompatible with predicted electrical properteis of the SR‐T‐tubule junction...
Cardiovascular and antidiuretic effects of central prostaglandin E2.
Authors: Hoffman W E , Schmid P G
Published: August 2023

1. Unanaesthetized normal and water‐loaded rats were tested for cardiovascular and antidiuretic responses to intracerebroventricular (I.V.T.) injections of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). 2. I.V.T. injections of PGE2 produced tachycardia and a slow rise in blood pressure that reached a peak in 15 min and lasted up to 2 hr. 3. Intravenous pre‐treatment with phenoxybenzamine, an alpha‐adrenergic blocker, inhibited pressor but not heart rate responses to I.V.T. PGE2. Pre‐treatment with propranalol, a beta‐adrenergic blocker, inhibited tachycarcia but not pressor responses to I.V.T. PGE2. Atropine attenuated heart rate and blood pressure responses when higher doses of PGE2 were tested. 4. In water‐loaded rats, I.V.T. PGE2 produced antidiuretic effects suggesting release of antidiuretic hormone in subpressor amounts. Antidiuretic but not cardiovascular responses to I.V.T. PGE2 were abolished by median eminence lesions. 5. Intravenous PGE2 infusions produced a decrease in blood pressure and no antidiuretic effects, indicating that both responses were centrally mediated. 6. The results indicate that I.V.T. PGE2 produces pressor and tachycardia responses in the unanaesthetized rat which are mediated primarily by centrally mediated sympathetic outflow.
A numerical approach to model sound generation by ocean dynamical processes: The case of surface gravity waves
Authors: Dumont Pierre-Antoine , Auclair Francis , Stéphan Yann , Dumas Franck
Published: August 2023

The new generation of regional ocean models can provide the evolution of both the slow and fast components of pressure, consequently opening original opportunities to evaluate the acoustic signal generated by ocean slower dynamical processes. This capacity is evaluated in the case of surface waves, with a focus on the hydro-acoustic precursors and on the acoustic modes induced by supersonic surface wave groups. The consistency with theory confirms that such models are adapted to answer recent interrogations by Wunsch [(2022). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 152(4), 2160–2168] about evaluating the noise of ocean processes.
The genetic legacy of African Americans from Catoctin Furnace
Authors: Harney Éadaoin , Micheletti Steven , Bruwelheide Karin S. , Freyman William A. , Bryc Katarzyna , Akbari Ali , Jewett Ethan , Comer Elizabeth , Gates Henry Louis , Heywood Linda , Thornton John , Curry Roslyn , Esselmann Samantha Ancona , Barca Kathryn G. , Sedig Jakob , Sirak Kendra , Olalde Iñigo , Adamski Nicole , Bernardos Rebecca , Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen , Ferry Matthew , Qiu Lijun , Stewardson Kristin , Workman J. Noah , Zalzala Fatma , Mallick Shop , Micco Adam , Mah Matthew , Zhang Zhao ,   23andMe Research Team†, Rohland Nadin , Mountain Joanna L. , Owsley Douglas W. , Reich David , Aslibekyan Stella , Auton Adam , Babalola Elizabeth , Bell Robert K. , Bielenberg Jessica , Bullis Emily , Coker Daniella , Cuellar Partida Gabriel , Dhamija Devika , Das Sayantan , Elson Sarah L. , Filshtein Teresa , Fletez-Brant Kipper , Fontanillas Pierre , Heilbron Karl , Hicks Barry , Hinds David A. , Jiang Yunxuan , Kukar Katelyn , Lin Keng-Han , Lowe Maya , McCreight Jey , McIntyre Matthew H. , Moreno Meghan E. , Nandakumar Priyanka , Noblin Elizabeth S. , O’Connell Jared , Petrakovitz Aaron A. , Poznik G. David , Schumacher Morgan , Shastri Anjali J. , Shelton Janie F. , Shi Jingchunzi , Shringarpure Suyash , Tran Vinh , Tung Joyce Y. , Wang Xin , Wang Wei , Weldon Catherine H. , Wilton Peter , Hernandez Alejandro , Wong Corinna D. , Tchakouté Christophe Toukam , Fitch Alison , Reynoso Alexandra , Granka Julie M. , Su Qiaojuan Jane , Kwong Alan , Eriksson Nicholas , Nguyen Dominique T. , Llamas Bianca A. , Tat Susana A.
Published: August 2023

Few African Americans have been able to trace family lineages back to ancestors who died before the 1870 United States Census, the first in which all Black people were listed by name. We analyzed 27 individuals from Maryland’s Catoctin Furnace African American Cemetery (1774–1850), identifying 41,799 genetic relatives among consenting research participants in 23andMe, Inc.’s genetic database. One of the highest concentrations of close relatives is in Maryland, suggesting that descendants of the Catoctin individuals remain in the area. We find that many of the Catoctin individuals derived African ancestry from the Wolof or Kongo groups and European ancestry from Great Britain and Ireland. This study demonstrates the power of joint analysis of historical DNA and large datasets generated through direct-to-consumer ancestry testing.
TGF-β uncouples glycolysis and inflammation in macrophages and controls survival during sepsis
Authors: Gauthier Thierry , Yao Chen , Dowdy Tyrone , Jin Wenwen , Lim Yun-Ji , Patiño Liliana C. , Liu Na , Ohlemacher Shannon I. , Bynum Andrew , Kazmi Rida , Bewley Carole A. , Mitrovic Mladen , Martin Daniel , Morell Robert J. , Eckhaus Michael , Larion Mioara , Tussiwand Roxane , O’Shea John J. , Chen WanJun
Published: August 2023

Changes in metabolism of macrophages are required to sustain macrophage activation in response to different stimuli. We showed that the cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor–β) regulates glycolysis in macrophages independently of inflammatory cytokine production and affects survival in mouse models of sepsis. During macrophage activation, TGF-β increased the expression and activity of the glycolytic enzyme PFKL (phosphofructokinase-1 liver type) and promoted glycolysis but suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The increase in glycolysis was mediated by an mTOR–c-MYC–dependent pathway, whereas the inhibition of cytokine production was due to activation of the transcriptional coactivator SMAD3 and suppression of the activity of the proinflammatory transcription factors AP-1, NF-κB, and STAT1. In mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia and experimentally induced sepsis, the TGF-β–induced enhancement in macrophage glycolysis led to decreased survival, which was associated with increased blood coagulation. Analysis of septic patient cohorts revealed that the expression of
PFKL
,
TGFBRI
(which encodes a TGF-β receptor), and
F13A1
(which encodes a coagulation factor) in myeloid cells positively correlated with COVID-19 disease. Thus, these results suggest that TGF-β is a critical regulator of macrophage metabolism and could be a therapeutic target in patients with sepsis.
Genome sequence of
Emydomyces testavorans
type strain 16-2883 (ATCC TSD-145), an onygenalean fungus associated with freshwater aquatic turtle shell lesions
Authors: Hoyer Lois L. , Hogan Elizabeth K. , Adamovicz Laura , Allender Matthew C. , Terio Karen A. , Hernandez Alvaro G.
Published: August 2023

Emydomyces testavorans
is an onygenalean keratinophilic fungus associated with shell and skin lesions in freshwater aquatic turtles. The genome sequence presented here includes five contigs (ranging in size from 2.8 to 9.8 Mb; 31.8 Mb total; 40% GC) and a 92.2-kb mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome predicted 7,550 genes.
Salivary antibodies induced by BA.4/BA.5-convalescence or bivalent booster Immunoglobulin vaccination protect against novel SARS-COV-2 variants of concern
Authors: Diem Gabriel , Dichtl Stefanie , Zaderer Viktoria , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Reindl Markus , Lupoli Gaia , Dächert Christopher , Muenchhoff Maximilian , Graf Alexander , Blum Helmut , Keppler Oliver T. , Wilflingseder Doris , Posch Wilfried
Published: August 2023

Currently, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 subvariants BF.7 and BQ.1.1 are rapidly emerging worldwide. To evaluate the SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing capacity of sera and saliva from triple vaccinated individuals, either boosted with an adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine or recovered from BA.4/BA.5 infection, we analyzed the sensitivity of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.4/5, BQ.1.1 and BF.7 to neutralization. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs and IgAs showed increased serum IgG titers in the vaccinated group, while the serum and salivary IgA levels were comparable. Similar and efficient serum neutralization against the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 was detected in both cohorts, but critically reduced for BQ.1.1 and BF.7. In contrast, salivary neutralization against BA.4/BA.5 was increased in the convalescent compared to the vaccinated group, while salivary neutralizing capacity against BQ.1.1 and BF.7 was comparable in these groups. Further, personalized protective effects studied in a human 3D respiratory model revealed the importance of salivary protection against different Omicron subvariants.

IMPORTANCE

In BA.4/BA.5-convalescent versus vaccinated groups, salivary neutralization capacity increased against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5. In contrast, it neutralized novel Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and BF.7 similarly. Salivary protection against various Omicron subvariants was even more evident when tested in a personalized approach using highly differentiated respiratory human 3D models.
Spontaneous radial nerve palsy with hourglass-like constriction
Authors: Bretas Fernanda , Araújo Gabriel Costa Serrão de , Ugarte Odile Nogueira , Acioly Marcus André
Published: August 2023

Hourglass-like constriction (HLC) is an uncommon spontaneous mononeuropathy that is typically characterised by a sudden onset of pain followed by palsy, affecting branches of the radial (posterior interosseous nerve) and median nerves (anterior interosseous nerve). HLC of the radial nerve (RN) is rare, with only a few reported cases. Here, we report a case of a man who presented with acute wrist and finger drop due to the HLC of the RN. Surgery was recommended 5 months after clinical observation, when the lesion was resected and primarily repaired, resulting in satisfactory recovery. There is still much that remains unknown about HLC, especially for RN. The current understanding points out an inflammatory disease that should be treated conservatively for 3–7 months. The surgical technique depends mostly on the severity and extent of constriction; however, considering only RN constrictions, primary repair by neurorrhaphy or nerve grafts resulted in better functional outcomes.
Reversible cerebral vasospasm and cerebral infarction secondary to meningitis following penetrating head trauma with bamboo
Authors: Takao Kunpei , Matsuta Hiroyuki , Murata Kumi , Fujiki Minoru
Published: August 2023

A man in the 70s fell on a bamboo and punctured his left upper eyelid. CT of the head showed fractures of the medial and superior walls of the left orbit, intracranial traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage, intraventricular haematoma and left frontal cerebral contusion. He was treated conservatively. Despite prophylactic antibiotic therapy, he had prolonged loss of consciousness. A cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed bacterial meningitis. Imaging studies on day 15 showed extensive subacute cerebral infarction in the bilateral parieto-occipital lobes and main trunk artery stenosis. On day 31, MRA showed improvement of the main arteries, and cerebral vasospasm-induced cerebral infarction was diagnosed. He was transferred to rehabilitation with full assistance. The prognosis of bamboo perforation trauma is critical. Thus, preventing and treating central nervous system infection are considered the key to the prognosis. However, given the lack of established treatment for meningitis-associated cerebral vasospasm, case-specific treatment must be considered.
Results of the Meso-ORIGINS feasibility study regarding collection of matched benign-mesothelioma tissue pairs by longitudinal surveillance
Authors: Ferguson Katie , Neilson Matthew , Mercer Rachel , King Jenny , Marshall Kelly , Welch Hugh , Tsim Selina , Maskell Nick A , Rahman Najib M , Evison Matthew , Blyth Kevin G
Published: August 2023

Objectives

To assess key elements of the design for Meso-ORIGINS (Mesothelioma Observational study of RIsk prediction and Generation of paired benign-meso tissue samples, Including a Nested MRI Substudy), an ambitious, UK-wide, prospective study that will collect ≥63 matched benign-mesothelioma tissue pairs through longitudinal surveillance and repeat biopsy of patients with asbestos-associated pleural inflammation (AAPI).

Design

A multicentre, mixed-methods feasibility study, comprising a prospective observational element, evaluating recruitment feasibility, technical feasibility of repeat local anaesthetic thoracoscopy (LAT) and patient acceptability, and a retrospective cohort study focused on AAPI-mesothelioma evolution rate, informing sample size.

Setting

4 UK pleural disease centres (February 2019–January 2020).

Participants

Patients with AAPI (history or typical imaging plus appropriate pleural histology) were eligible for both elements. In August 2019, eligibility for the prospective element was broadened, including addition of radiological AAPI for technical feasibility and patient acceptability endpoints only. Retrospective cases required ≥2 years follow-up.

Outcome measures

A prospective recruitment target was set a priori at 27 histological AAPI cases (or 14 in any 6 months). Technical feasibility and patient acceptability were determined at 6-month follow-up by thoracic ultrasound surrogates and questionnaires, respectively. Retrospective malignant pleural mesothelioma evolution rate was defined by proportion (95% CI). Baseline predictors of evolution were identified using logistic regression.

Results

296 patients with AAPI (39 prospective, 257 retrospective) were recruited/selected. 21/39 prospective recruits were histologically diagnosed (target n=27). Repeat LAT was technically feasible and acceptable in 13/28 (46%) and 24/36 (67%) cases with complete follow-up data. Mesothelioma evolution was confirmed histologically in 36/257 retrospective cases (14% (95% CI 10.3% to 18.8%)) and associated with malignant CT features (OR 4.78 (95% CI 2.36 to 9.86)) and age (OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.12)).

Conclusions

Our initial eligibility criteria were too narrow. Meso-ORIGINS will recruit a broader cohort, including prevalent cases, any biopsy type and patients with malignant CT features. A range of rebiopsy techniques will be allowed, accounting for technical and patient factors. The sample size has been reduced to 500.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN12840870.
Does monoclonal antibody treatment for COVID-19 impact short and long-term outcomes in a large generalisable population? A retrospective cohort study in the USA
Authors: Griffin Daniel , McNeil Chace , Okusa James , Berrent Diana , Guo Yinglong , Daugherty Sarah E
Published: August 2023

Objectives

To explore whether monoclonal antibodies (MAb) administered to high-risk patients with COVID-19 during the first week of illness prevent postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

USA.

Participants

A sample of 3809 individuals who received MAbs and a matched one-to-one comparison group from a set of 327 079 eligible patients who did not receive MAb treatment were selected from a deidentified administrative data set from commercial and Medicare Advantage health plan enrollees in the USA, including claims and outpatient laboratory data.

Results

Individuals who received MAb were 28% less likely to be hospitalised (HR=0.72, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.89) and 41% less likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (HR=0.59, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.89) 30 days from SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis compared with individuals who did not receive MAb. A higher proportion of individuals given MAb therapy received care for clinical sequelae in the postacute phase (p=0.018).

Conclusions

While MAb therapy was associated with benefits in the acute period, the benefit of therapy did not extend into the postacute period and did not reduce risk for clinical sequelae.
Artificial intelligence in detecting dentomaxillofacial fractures in diagnostic imaging: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Diba Silviana Farrah , Sari Dwi Cahyani Ratna , Supriatna Yana , Ardiyanto Igi , Bintoro Bagas Suryo
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The dentomaxillofacial (DMF) area, which includes the teeth, maxilla, mandible, zygomaticum, orbits and midface, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the physiological functions despite its susceptibility to fractures, which are mostly caused by mechanical trauma. As a diagnostic tool, radiographic imaging helps clinicians establish a diagnosis and determine a treatment plan; however, the presence of human factors in image interpretation can result in missed detection of fractures. Therefore, an artificial intelligence (AI) computing system with the potential to help detect abnormalities on radiographic images is currently being developed. This scoping review summarises the literature and assesses the current status of AI in DMF fracture detection in diagnostic imaging.

Methods and analysis

This proposed scoping review will be conducted using the framework of Arksey and O’Malley, with each step incorporating the recommendations of Levacet al. By using relevant keywords based on the research questions. PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Springerlink, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and ProQuest will be the databases used in this study. The included studies are published in English between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2023. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening and data extraction, which will comprise three components: research study characteristics, comparator and AI characteristics.

Ethics and dissemination

This study does not require ethical approval because it analyses primary research articles. The research findings will be distributed through international conferences and peer-reviewed publications.
Digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms; a longitudinal repeated measures study: Long Covid Multi-disciplinary Consortium to Optimise Treatments and Services across the NHS (a LOCOMOTION study)
Authors: Mansoubi Maedeh , Dawes Joanna , Bhatia Aishwarya , Vashisht Himanshu , Collett Johnny , Greenwood Darren C , Ezekiel Leisle , O’Connor Daryl , Leveridge Phaedra , Rayner Clare , Read Flo , Sivan Manoj , Tuckerbell Ian , Ward Tomas , Delaney Brendan , Muhlhausen Willie ,   Locomotion consortium, Dawes Helen
Published: August 2023

Introduction

A substantial proportion of COVID-19 survivors continue to have symptoms more than 3 months after infection, especially of those who required medical intervention. Lasting symptoms are wide-ranging, and presentation varies between individuals and fluctuates within an individual. Improved understanding of undulation in symptoms and triggers may improve efficacy of healthcare providers and enable individuals to better self-manage their Long Covid. We present a protocol where we aim to develop and examine the feasibility and usability of digital home monitoring for capturing daily fluctuation of symptoms in individuals with Long Covid and provide data to facilitate a personalised approach to the classification and management of Long Covid symptoms.

Methods and analysis

This study is a longitudinal prospective cohort study of adults with Long Covid accessing 10 National Health Service (NHS) rehabilitation services in the UK. We aim to recruit 400 people from participating NHS sites. At referral to study, 6 weeks and 12 weeks, participants will complete demographic data (referral to study) and clinical outcome measures, including ecological momentary assessment (EMA) using personal mobile devices. EMA items are adapted from the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale items and include self-reported activities, symptoms and psychological factors. Passive activity data will be collected through wrist-worn sensors. We will use latent class growth models to identify trajectories of experience, potential phenotypes defined by co-occurrence of symptoms and inter-relationships between stressors, symptoms and participation in daily activities. We anticipate that n=300 participants provide 80% power to detect a 20% improvement in fatigue over 12 weeks in one class of patients relative to another.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the Yorkshire & The Humber—Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (ref: 21/YH/0276). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed publications and presented at conferences.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN15022307.
Effects of non-planar slicing techniques and carbon fibre material additives on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed drone propellers
Authors: Palmer Matthew , Laliberte Jeremy
Published: August 2023

Propeller parameters and geometry can dramatically influence the performance of a drone and its ability to complete a mission. Though many off-the-shelf propeller choices exist, operators in the field may not be able to stock suitable options for any possible scenario and are often forced to fly with a suboptimal propeller. Modern desktop 3D printers are relatively portable, highly capable, and simple to operate, offering the chance to rapidly manufacture propellers tailored to specific missions. This research evaluates how two recent advances in fused filament fabrication 3D printing could affect the mechanical viability of printed propellers. Non-planar slicing is a model slicing technique that attempts to address roughness issues when printing the shallow three-dimensional curvature found on many propeller blades. For further improvement, polymer filaments with short-chopped carbon fibre additives were compared against their fibre-free counterparts. Test coupons were subjected to tests simulating the thrust and impact loads a propeller might experience during flight. Under thrust loading, the material with carbon fibre additives showed a significant performance advantage. During impact tests, both nonplanar slicing (65% average improvement) and carbon fibre material additives (20% average improvement) demonstrated performance gains over their more traditional counterparts.
The Diverse Mechanisms that Animals Use to Resist Toxins
Authors: Tarvin Rebecca D. , Pearson Kannon C. , Douglas Tyler E. , Ramírez-Castañeda Valeria , Navarrete María José
Published: August 2023

Biological toxins are entrenched within ecosystems. Thus, animals are often exposed to such toxins, and how they adapt can be a key determinant of their evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we provide an overview of the diversity of toxin resistance mechanisms, with a focus on animals that sequester toxins from their diet and their natural predators and parasites. We propose a structured framework in which to study toxin resistance by recategorizing and reorganizing known mechanisms into avoidance, metabolism, and target categories. Then, using this framework, we review evidence regarding how animals resist four widely studied compounds: tetrodotoxin, batrachotoxin, cardiotonic steroids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Based on the available data, we conclude that toxin resistance and sequestration are interrelated from both ecological and evolutionary perspectives. To conclude, we highlight open questions regarding toxin resistance and review its importance as a field.

En los ecosistemas las toxinas de origen biológico son componentes intrínsecos. Por esta razón, los animales se ven expuestos frecuenciamente a dichas toxinas y la forma en que se adaptan puede ser un factor que determina su trayectoria evolutiva. Esta revisión ofrece una visión general de la diversidad de mecanismos de resistencia a toxinas, centrándose en animales que secuestran toxinas de su dieta y en sus depredadores y parásitos naturales. En este texto se propone un marco estructural para estudiar la resistencia a toxinas mediante la recategorización y reorganización de mecanismos conocidos en categorías de: evación, metabolismo y moléculas diana. A continuación, utilizando este marco, revisamos la literatura científica en busca de evidencia sobre cómo los animales resisten a cuatro compuestos ampliamente estudiados: tetrodotoxina, batracotoxina, esteroides cardiotónicos y alcaloides de pirrolizidina. A partir de los datos disponibles, llegamos a la conclusión de que la resistencia y la retención de toxinas están interrelacionadas tanto desde el punto de vista ecológico como evolutivo. Por último, destacamos algunas preguntas abiertas en torno a la resistencia a las toxinas y resaltamos su importancia como campo de estudio en el futuro.
The Evolution, Assembly, and Dynamics of Marine Holobionts
Authors: González-Pech Raúl A. , Li Vivian Y. , Garcia Vanessa , Boville Elizabeth , Mammone Marta , Kitano Hiroaki , Ritchie Kim B. , Medina Mónica
Published: August 2023

The holobiont concept (i.e., multiple living beings in close symbiosis with one another and functioning as a unit) is revolutionizing our understanding of biology, especially in marine systems. The earliest marine holobiont was likely a syntrophic partnership of at least two prokaryotic members. Since then, symbiosis has enabled marine organisms to conquer all ocean habitats through the formation of holobionts with a wide spectrum of complexities. However, most scientific inquiries have focused on isolated organisms and their adaptations to specific environments. In this review, we attempt to illustrate why a holobiont perspective—specifically, the study of how numerous organisms form a discrete ecological unit through symbiosis—will be a more impactful strategy to advance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of marine life. We argue that this approach is instrumental in addressing the threats to marine biodiversity posed by the current global environmental crisis.
Targeting the Actions of Muscarinic Receptors on Dopamine Systems: New Strategies for Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Nunes Eric J. , Addy Nii A. , Conn P. Jeffrey , Foster Daniel J.
Published: August 2023

Cholinergic regulation of dopamine (DA) signaling has significant implications for numerous disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and mood-related disorders. The activity of midbrain DA neurons and DA release patterns in terminal regions are tightly regulated by cholinergic neurons found in both the striatum and the hindbrain. These cholinergic neurons can modulate DA circuitry by activating numerous receptors, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. This review specifically focuses on the complex role of M2, M4, and M5 mAChR subtypes in regulating DA neuron activity and DA release and the potential clinical implications of targeting these mAChR subtypes.
A Network Fault Prediction-Based Service Migration Approach for Unstable Mobile Edge Environment
Authors: Wang Haiyan , Tang Weihao , Luo Jian
Published: August 2023

How to perform efficient service migration in a mobile edge environment has become one of the research hotspots in the field of service computing. Most service migration approaches assume that the mobile edge network on which the migration depends is stable. However, in practice, these networks often fluctuate greatly due to the fault of edge devices, resulting in unexpected service interruptions during the migration process. Besides, most of the existing solutions do not consider the migration cost and path selection in the event of edge network fault. Aiming at the above problems, we propose a service migration approach based on network fault prediction (SMNFP) for mobile edge environment. The SMNFP method first introduces the software-defined network as a global controller, which is used to monitor and collect the changing of the edge network and schedule the migration tasks. Second, a network fault prediction model based on Wide&Deep model is proposed to predict the upcoming faults in the network according to the alarm information of network equipment. Finally, the service migration problem is constructed as a Markov decision process, and a fault penalty function is introduced to avoid faulty nodes, together with the deep Q-learning method to solve the migration strategy. Simulation experiments are conducted on the public metro network fault dataset, and results show the proposed method can effectively predict network faults and complete service migration.
“Beyond the Bladder: Exploring the Intricacies of Emphysematous Cystitis and Its Surprising Associations”
Authors: Allena Nishant , Javed Nismat , Bojja SriKaran , Dileep Arundhati , Soliman Maryam
Published: August 2023

Emphysematous cystitis is defined by the presence of air within the bladder wall or lumen in imaging studies with increased incidence in elderly women and diabetics. It is a result of gas-forming organisms like Klebsiella and E. coli but can be caused by fungi such as Candida and Aspergillus as well with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. In this article, we present a case of a 77-year-old female with diabetes mellitus who presented to the hospital with a chief complaint of left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Abdominal imaging revealed emphysematous cystitis, paraspinal abscess, and air in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Laboratory results showed leukocytosis, lactic acidosis, and urinalysis significant for urinary tract infection but no positive urine or blood cultures. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit for septic shock and was treated with mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, and prompt antimicrobial therapy following which the requirement of vasopressors ceased on the third day of admission. The decision was then made by the family to pursue hospice care, following which mechanical ventilation was discontinued and the patient transferred to inpatient hospice. With this case report, we aim to add to the existing literature regarding the spread of intra-abdominal infections and go over a brief review of the currently available literature. From our review, we would like to conclude that the presence of pneumoracchis, especially in the setting of an intra-abdominal infection, is a poor prognostic marker, and timely diagnosis and treatment of potential causes are required to reduce mortality.
High-Fidelity Numerical Investigation on Elucidating Sodium Heat Transfer Characteristics for 37-Pin Wire-Wrapped Fuel Bundle in the PLANDTL Facility
Authors: Choi Giuk , Yoon Sujong , Song Minseop , Jeong Jae-Ho
Published: August 2023

This study involved a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes- (RANS-) based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the 37-pin wire-wrapped fuel bundle of the PNC Plant dynamics test loop (PLANDTL) facility. Previously, mainly the hydrodynamic phenomena of the wire-wrapped fuel bundle were analyzed, but the present study additionally included heat transfer analysis through conjugate heat transfer. The main purpose of the study was to benchmark the experimental data of the PLANDTL 37-pin wire-wrapped fuel bundle to investigate the heat transfer phenomena. In addition, the aim was to verify the accuracy of the RANS-based CFD analysis method using the STAR-CCM+ simulation software in comparison with the experimental data. The grid used for verification was an innovative grid system consisting of hexahedra using Fortran-based code. The development of the RANS-based CFD methodology included grid sensitivity analysis, turbulence model sensitivity analysis, and turbulent Prandtl number sensitivity analysis. Information on the temperature, mass flow rate, and area of the CFD results for each subchannel was provided for the top of the heated section and is expected to serve as a reference for future studies aiming to perform the validation and verification of a PLANDTL facility. In addition, the dependence of the peak temperature on the azimuth angle of each pin was analyzed.
Transobturator Tension-Free Vaginal Flap Operation versus Synthetic Transobturator Tape for Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Mahfouz Wally , Eid Ahmed Abulfotooh , Elbadry Mohamed , Elkhiat Abdelrahman , Moussa Ahmed , Assem Akram
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Synthetic mid-urethral slings (MUSs) are the gold standard treatment for female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Recently, there have been reports of serious adverse events with synthetic tapes such as urethral erosion, vaginal erosion, and mesh infection. Tension-free vaginal flap (TVF) operation has been proven to be successful as a natural alternative to synthetic slings. We propose our novel technique, the transobturator tension-free vaginal flap (TO-TVF), utilizing native vaginal tissue and being suspended via transobturator route. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 72 female patients with SUI, presenting at Alexandria University Hospital. Patients were randomized into 2 groups, group 1: 37 patients subjected to TO-TVF and group 2: 35 patients to conventional transobturator tape (TOT). In TO-TVF, a rectangular vaginal wall flap is created. A polypropylene monofilament mesh is sutured to each edge of the vaginal flap. This is inserted like conventional outside-in TOT. Patients were subjected to PGI and UDI-6 questionnaires and urodynamic study before and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Both groups showed comparable and significant improvements in questionnaires. Mean operative time for TO-TVF and conventional TOT was 26.31 ± 5.2 min and 21.8 ± 3.1 min, respectively. Cure rate was 89% in group 1 and 91.4% in group 2, which was not statistically significant. No significant intraoperative complications were encountered. We had no cases of vaginal or urethral erosion in both groups. Conclusions: TO-TVF is a cost-effective, feasible, safe, and effective surgical alternative to synthetic MUS. Synthetic mesh tissue anchoring properties are maintained for better adjustment of tension. However, long-term follow-up on a large cohort of patients is still needed.
The Impact of Atorvastatin on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Sisters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Kowalcze Karolina , Okopień Bogusław
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent endocrinopathy in young women with significantly increased cardiometabolic risk. Siblings of women with this disorder are at increased risk of insulin resistance and androgen excess. The current study was aimed at investigating cardiometabolic effects of atorvastatin in sisters of women with PCOS. Methods: This prospective observational study compared two age-, body mass index-, blood pressure-, and plasma lipid-matched groups of women with hypercholesterolemia: sisters of PCOS probands (group A) and unrelated control subjects (group B), receiving atorvastatin (40 mg daily). Plasma lipids, glucose homeostasis markers, concentrations of sex hormones, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, fibrinogen and uric acid, and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured before entering the study and 6 months later. Results: Both groups differed in the degree of insulin resistance, testosterone, free androgen index (FAI), circulating levels of hsCRP and homocysteine, and UACR. There were no between-group differences in the impact of atorvastatin on plasma lipids. Despite reducing hsCRP and homocysteine in both groups of women, the effect on these biomarkers was stronger in group B than in group A. Only in group B, atorvastatin did reduce fibrinogen, uric acid, and UACR. Only in group A, atorvastatin did worsen insulin sensitivity and tended to reduce testosterone and FAI. The impact of atorvastatin on hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen, uric acid, and UACR inversely correlated with testosterone and FAI. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that sisters of women with PCOS may benefit to a lesser degree from atorvastatin treatment than other women.
A Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Complications in Patients with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Cekic Sukru , Canitez Yakup , Yuksel Hale , Ucan Gunduz Gamze , Karali Zuhal , Yalcinbayir Ozgur , Vural Pınar , Sapan Nihat
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome are rare severe hypersensitivity reactions that lead to epithelial sloughing. Studies investigating the chronic multisystem effects of these syndromes and assessing patients in terms of quality of life (QOL), depression, and anxiety in the pediatric population are limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of these diseases from a multisystem perspective. Method: Sixteen pediatric patients diagnosed with SJS, TEN, and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome were evaluated between September 2020 and March 2021. Physical and eye examinations were performed. To evaluate QOL and psychological status, Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) were conducted. The patients’ general characteristics, symptoms, and examination findings at their first admission were retrospectively obtained from the hospital’s electronic records. Results: Nineteen percent of the patients were female (n = 3). There were 7 patients (44%) with the diagnosis of SJS, 5 patients (31%) with TEN, and 4 patients (25%) with SJS/TEN overlap. The median follow-up time of the subjects was 6.5 years. The most common sequelae in the chronic period were skin changes (n = 13, 81%). Hyperpigmentation was the most common skin change (n = 9, 56%). In the last evaluation, 9 cases had eye involvement. In two cases, eye examination was normal in the acute phase, while ocular involvement was present in the chronic period. In 4 (50%) patients, there was height and/or weight percentile loss. Three patients’ SCARED scores and 2 patients’ CDI scores were high. According to the CDLQI survey, SJS, TEN, or SJS/TEN overlap syndrome had a small to moderate effect on the QOL in the 43% (n = 6) of the patients. The ANA values of 3 patients (60%) were positive at the follow-up and negative at the first admission. Conclusion: SJS, TEN, and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome may cause sequelae even after a long time of the onset of the disease. Patients’ QOL and psychological status can be affected negatively. Ocular symptoms may develop in the follow-up, even without involvement in the acute period. Patients with SJS, TEN, and SJS/TEN overlap syndrome should be followed up in the chronic period and approached multidisciplinary.
Developing an Edema Clinician-Reported Outcome Measure for Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Gipson Debbie S. , Pal Maisha , Desmond Hailey , Anderson Charles , Walsh Liron , Trachtman Howard , Massengill Susan F. , Gipson Patrick , Rao Panduranga S. , Thurman Joshua , Kopp Jeffrey , Kamil Elaine , Lamothe Jennifer , Mariani Laura H. , LaFleur Paula , Vento Suzanne , O’Shaughnessy Michelle , Farag Youssef M.K. , Simon Christine , Carlozzi Noelle E.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Edema is a common manifestation of proteinuric kidney diseases, but there is no consensus approach for reliably evaluating edema. The objective of this study was to develop an edema clinician-reported outcome measure for use in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Methods: A literature review was conducted to assess existing clinician-rated measures of edema. Clinical experts were recruited from internal medicine, nephrology, and pediatric nephrology practices to participate in concept elicitation using semi-structured interviews and cognitive debriefing. Qualitative analysis methods were used to collate expert input and inform measurement development. In addition, training and assessment modules were developed using an iterative process that also utilized expert input and cognitive debriefing to ensure interrater reliability. Results: While several clinician-rated measures of edema have been proposed, our literature review did not identify any studies to support the reliability or validity of these measures. Fourteen clinician experts participated in the concept elicitation interviews, and twelve participated in cognitive debriefing. A clinician-reported outcome measure for edema was developed. The measure assesses edema severity in multiple individual body parts. An online training module and assessment tool were generated and refined using additional clinician input and investigative team expertise. Conclusion: The Edema ClinRO (V1) measure is developed specifically to measure edema in nephrotic syndrome. The tool assesses edema across multiple body parts, and it includes a training module to ensure standardized administration across raters. Future examination of this measure is ongoing to establish its reliability and validity.
Iron Deficiency Is Common after Restorative Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Dharia Ishaan , Ahmed Taqwa , Plietz Michael , Khaitov Sergey , Sylla Patricia , Greenstein Alexander , Dubinsky Marla C. , Kayal Maia
Published: August 2023

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies may occur after restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), largely due to malabsorption and/or pouch inflammation. Objectives: The objective of this study was to report the frequency of iron deficiency in patients with UC who underwent RPC with IPAA and identify associated risk factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with UC or IBD-unclassified who underwent RPC with IPAA at Mount Sinai Hospital between 2008 and 2017. Patients younger than 18 years of age at the time of colectomy were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze baseline characteristics. Medians with interquartile range (IQR) were reported for continuous variables, and proportions were reported for categorical variables. Iron deficiency was defined by ferritin <30 ng/mL. Logistic regression was used to analyze unadjusted relationships between hypothesized risk factors and the outcome of iron deficiency. Results: A total of 143 patients had iron studies a median of 3.0 (IQR 1.7–5.6) years after final surgical stage, of whom 73 (51.0%) were men. The median age was 33.5 (IQR 22.7–44.3) years. Iron deficiency was diagnosed in 80 (55.9%) patients with a median hemoglobin of 12.4 g/dL (IQR 10.9–13.3), ferritin of 14 ng/mL (IQR 9.0–23.3), and iron value of 44 μg/dL (IQR 26.0–68.8). Of these, 29 (36.3%) had a pouchoscopy performed within 3 months of iron deficiency diagnosis. Pouchitis and cuffitis were separately noted in 4 (13.8%) and 13 (44.8%) patients, respectively, and concomitant pouchitis-cuffitis was noted in 9 (31.0%) patients. Age, sex, anastomosis type, pouch duration, and history of pouchitis and/or cuffitis were not associated with iron deficiency. Conclusion: Iron deficiency is common after RPC with IPAA in patients with UC. Cuffitis is seen in the majority of patients with iron deficiency; however, iron deficiency may occur even in the absence of inflammation.
Alcohol Use Disorder Incidence, Mortality, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Estonia, 1990 to 2019: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis Using Global Burden of Disease Study
Authors: Zareei Farzaneh , Azizmohammad Looha Mehdi
Published: August 2023

Background: Alcohol consumption is widely recognized as a leading cause of premature mortality and a significant global health concern. This study aimed to investigate the trends in alcohol use disorders, including incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), in Estonia from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) dataset. Methods: The GBD study is a comprehensive epidemiological research effort that analyzes various causes of death, diseases, injuries, and risk factors across multiple countries and territories. In this study, we utilized the GBD dataset to estimate annual incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost, years living with disabilities, and DALY rates by gender and age from 1990 to 2019. To assess the trends in these indices, including DALY, incidence, mortality, and 1-mortality-to-incidence ratio (1-MIR), joinpoint regression analysis was employed. This allowed for the identification of significant changes in trends at specific time points and the calculation of annual percent change between these points. Results: Our findings revealed an overall decreasing trend in the incidence rate of alcohol use disorder over the study period. However, the average DALY, mortality, and 1-MIR trends did not exhibit significant variation during this time. Moreover, we observed a more substantial decline in alcohol use disorders among men compared to women from 1990 to 2019. Specifically, the incidence of alcohol use disorders demonstrated a significant increase from 1990 to 2000, followed by a decline from 2010 to 2018, and continued to decrease from 2017 to 2019. Conclusion: This study provides important insights into the changing trends of alcohol use disorders, including incidence and mortality, in Estonia from 1990 to 2019. Our findings indicate a decreasing pattern over time, suggesting a positive shift in alcohol consumption behavior. Additionally, we observed that men had higher rates of MIR, DALY, mortality, and incidence of alcohol use disorders compared to women. These results emphasize the need for targeted health prevention programs to sustain and further promote the downward trend in alcohol-related disorders.