bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in flash speed of Japanese firefly,Luciola cruciata(Coleoptera: Lampyridae), identifies distinct southern “quick‐flash” population on Goto Islands, Japan
Authors: Ohba Shin‐ya , Numata Kaoru , Kawano Keisuke
Published: February 2020

Luciola cruciata, a bioluminescent firefly endemic to Japan, communicates with species‐specific flashing patterns. Previous studies reported that flying males possess three distinct flashing frequencies: slow (4 s), intermediate (3 s) and fast (2 s). Our study focused on geographical variations in flashing patterns in the northwestern part of the Kyushu region of southern Japan (including its isolated islands) and their relationship to the mitochondrialCOIIregion of firefly DNA. We found that “quick‐flash (1 s)” fireflies occur in the Goto Islands, at the western tip of Kyushu, and that, although they possess a unique haplotype, they do not differ much genetically from “fast‐flash” fireflies inhabiting mainland Kyushu. In contrast, although fireflies inhabiting the Tsushima and Iki Islands also possess a unique haplotype, their flashing patterns were the same (fast‐flash) as fireflies inhabiting mainland Kyushu. We determined that flash patterns ofL. cruciatain Japan should be classified according to four flashing patterns: slow, intermediate, fast and quick.
A synthesis of methane emissions from shallow vegetated coastal ecosystems
Authors: Al‐Haj Alia N. , Fulweiler Robinson W.
Published: February 2020

Vegetated coastal ecosystems (VCEs; i.e., mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses) play a critical role in global carbon (C) cycling, storing 10× more C than temperate forests. Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, can form in the sediments of these ecosystems. Currently, CH4 emissions are a missing component of VCE C budgets. This review summarizes 97 studies describing CH4 fluxes from mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass ecosystems and discusses factors controlling CH4 flux in these systems. CH4 fluxes from these ecosystems were highly variable yet they all act as net methane sources (median, range; mangrove: 279.17, −67.33 to 72,867.83; salt marsh: 224.44, −92.60 to 94,129.68; seagrass: 64.80, 1.25–401.50 µmol CH4 m−2 day−1). Together CH4 emissions from mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass ecosystems are about 0.33–0.39 Tmol CH4‐C/year—an addition that increases the current global marine CH4 budget by more than 60%. The majority (~45%) of this increase is driven by mangrove CH4 fluxes. While organic matter content and quality were commonly reported in individual studies as the most important environmental factors driving CH4 flux, they were not significant predictors of CH4 flux when data were combined across studies. Salinity was negatively correlated with CH4 emissions from salt marshes, but not seagrasses and mangroves. Thus the available data suggest that other environmental drivers are important for predicting CH4 emissions in vegetated coastal systems. Finally, we examine stressor effects on CH4 emissions from VCEs and we hypothesize that future changes in temperature and other anthropogenic activites (e.g., nitrogen loading) will likely increase CH4 emissions from these ecosystems. Overall, this review highlights the current and growing importance of VCEs in the global marine CH4 budget.
Geochemical constraints on the depositional environment of the 1.84 Ga Embury Lake Formation, Flin Flon Belt, Canada
Authors: Motomura Kento , Kiyokawa Shoichi , Ikehara Minoru , Tanaka Kentaro , Sano Yuji
Published: February 2020

The Flin Flon Belt of Canada contains Paleoproterozoic volcanic–sedimentary sequences that are related to the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny. The sequences include island arc volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Amisk Group) that are unconformably overlain by subaerial sedimentary rocks (Missi Group), and younger deep facies sediments. In the Flin Flon area, several north–south trending faults divide the sequences into blocks and obscure the depositional environment of the deep facies sediments. Locally, within the Flin Flon area, the Embury Lake Formation is in fault contact with island arc volcanic–sedimentary sequences of the Amisk and Missi Groups. To identify the depositional environment of the Embury Lake Formation, we used lithologic and geochemical approaches. Here, we report carbon isotopic values in organic matter (δ13Corg) and sulfur isotopes (δ34S), as well as total organic carbon and total sulfur measurements for the black shale in the formation. Samples were taken from a drill core that contains alternating bands of sandstone and black shale. Pyrite in the black shale is divided into four textural types: euhedral, vein‐type, elliptical, and microcrystalline. Microcrystalline pyrite is typically generated by microbially mediated sulfate reduction. An extremely low S/C ratio (avg. = 0.04) is consistent with lacustrine deposition. The ranges of δ13Corg (−36 ‰ to −27 ‰) and δ34S (+3.0 ‰ to +7.7 ‰) values can be explained by bacterial photosynthesis that involved Calvin cycle and acetyl CoA pathways, and sulfate reduction in a low‐sulfate environment. Considering the depositional age reported in a previous study of < 1.84 Ga, the Embury Lake Formation was likely emplaced in a lacustrine setting during the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny.
Resistance of packaging against infestation by Sitophilus zeamais
Authors: Vrabič Brodnjak Urška , Jordan Jon , Trematerra Pasquale
Published: February 2020

The results of infestation by maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), in different packaging filled with pasta are presented in this research. Three different types of packaging were used, that is, two paper tubes (one novel, laminated with bio‐based polyethylene and one without lamination) and commercial polypropylene, pillow pouch packaging. Material properties such as grammage, thickness, surface analysis, moisture and water resistance, tensile and compressive strength were analysed. Improved compressive strength, moisture and water resistance were detected at the bio‐polyethylene laminated tube packaging (approx. 30%), compared to the non‐laminated sample. The obtained results demonstrated that adult maize weevils revealed significant preferences to enter the pasta packages through the already existing holes which were in the polypropylene packaging, while no infestation was observed inside the packages at the paper tube packaging. The study revealed that the shape and construction, for example, tube packaging with an innovative bio‐polyethylene film, are very effective regarding insect infestation and mechanical overloads.
Reconstruction for axillary hidradenitis suppurativa using one‐stage local tissue rearrangement: A retrospective analysis of 53 cases
Authors: Wu Yinglun , Ngaage Ledibabari M , Ge Shealinna , Rada Erin M. , Silverman Ronald P. , Rasko Yvonne M.
Published: February 2020

Wide local excision offers a potential cure for severe axillary hidradenitis suppurativa. However, the gold standard for reconstruction has yet to be defined. Here, we describe our rotation advancement flap technique, which allows for one‐stage closure of large axillary defects, with minimal functional morbidity to the axilla. We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent one‐stage surgical management for axillary hidradenitis suppurativa at a single‐centre tertiary care hospital from 2009 to 2018. We identified 34 patients, with a total of 53 operative sites. The majority were female (85%) with a mean age of 31 years and body mass index 35 kg/m2. The median defect size was 84 cm2 and the majority were treated using the rotation advancement flap technique (86%). A quarter of operative sites experienced minor complications with only one requiring re‐operation. At a median follow‐up of 32 months, two (4%) sites showed decreased range of motion. However, all patients had achieved remission without any further recurrence of disease. We describe a one‐stage rotation advancement flap technique for management of moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa that achieves a high local cure rate, minimal functional morbidity, and acceptable wound complication rates.
Ferroelectric domains and luminescent properties of Pr3+‐doped Ca2Nb2O7 ceramics
Authors: Lu Zihan , Luo Laihui , Du Peng , Li Weiping
Published: February 2020

Inorganic luminescent materials based on photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL) display considerable potential applications for optical anti‐counterfeiting devices. Ca2−xNb2O7:xPr3+ (x = 0.00075, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004) ferroelectric ceramics have been fabricated. The basic crystal structure, local ferroelectricity and PL/TL properties of the ceramics have been investigated in this study. The PFM measurement proves that the grains in the prepared ceramics are monodomain state. Furthermore, the synthesized phosphors are embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix to fabricate a novel optothermal responsive device with high elasticity, transmittance and heat resistance. The PL and TL photographs of the designed device further demonstrate that the device is promising in practical applications such as optical anti‐counterfeiting and information storage.
Procyanidin B3 alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration via interaction with the TLR4/MD‐2 complex
Authors: Shang Ping , Tang Qian , Hu Zhichao , Huang Shiyuan , Hu Yuezheng , Zhu Jianhong , Liu Haixiao
Published: February 2020

As a chronic musculoskeletal degeneration disease, intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) has been identified as a crucial cause for low back pain. This condition has a prevalence of 80% among adults without effective preventative therapy. Procyanidin B3 (Pro‐B3) is a procyanidin dimer, which is widely present in the human diet and has multiple functions, such as preventing inflammation. But the inhibiting effect of Pro‐B3 in IVDD development is still no known. Thus, our study aimed to demonstrate the therapeutical effect of Pro‐B3 in IVDD and explain the underlying mechanism. In vitro studies, human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were isolated and exposed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate IVDD development. Pro‐B3 pre‐treatment inhibited LPS‐induced production of inflammation correlated factors such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Nitric oxide (NO). On the other hand, LPS‐medicated extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown was blocked in Pro‐B3 treated NP cells. Additionally, Pro‐B3 treatment blocked the activation of NF‐κB/toll‐like receptor 4 pathway in LPS‐exposed NP cells. Mechanistically, Pro‐B3 could occupy MD‐2's hydrophobic pocket exhibiting high affinity for LPS to intervene LPS/TLR4/MD‐2 complex formation. In vivo, Pro‐B3 treatment prevented the loss of gelatin NP cells and structural damage of annulus fibrosus in rat IVDD model. In brief, Pro‐B3 is considered to be a treatment agent for IVDD.
A Latent Class Signal Detection Model for Rater Scoring with Ordered Perceptual Distributions
Authors: DeCarlo Lawrence T. , Zhou Xiaoliang
Published: February 2020

In signal detection rater models for constructed response (CR) scoring, it is assumed that raters discriminate equally well between different latent classes defined by the scoring rubric. An extended model that relaxes this assumption is introduced; the model recognizes that a rater may not discriminate equally well between some of the scoring classes. The extension recognizes a different type of rater effect and is shown to offer useful tests and diagnostic plots of the equal discrimination assumption, along with ways to assess rater accuracy and various rater effects. The approach is illustrated with an application to a large‐scale language test.
End‐of‐life care among older cancer patients with intellectual disability in comparison with the general population: a national register study
Authors: Segerlantz M. , Axmon A. , Ahlström G.
Published: February 2020

Background

Increasing life expectancy for people with an intellectual disability (ID) is resulting in more persons with cancer and a greater need for end‐of‐life (EoL) care. There is a need for knowledge of health care utilisation over the last year of life to plan for resources that support a high quality of care for cancer patients with ID. Therefore, the aims of the study were to compare (1) health care utilisation during the last year of life among cancer patients with ID and cancer patients without ID and (2) the place of death in these two groups.

Methods

The populations were defined using national data from the period 2002–2015, one with ID (n = 15 319) and one matched 5:1 from the general population (n = 72 511). Cancer was identified in the Cause of Death Register, resulting in two study cohorts with 775 cancer patients with ID (ID cohort) and 2968 cancer patients from the general population (gPop cohort).

Results

Cancer patients with ID were less likely than those without ID to have at least one visit in specialist inpatient (relative risk 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.87–0.93) and outpatient (0.88, 0.85–0.91) health care, during their last year of life. Those with ID were more likely to have no or fewer return visits than the patients in the gPop cohort (5 vs. 11, P < 0.001), also when stratifying on sex and median age at death. Most cancer patients with ID died in group homes or in their own homes and fewer in hospital (31%) as compared with cancer patients in the gPop cohort (55%, 0.57, 0.51–0.64).

Conclusions

Older cancer patients with ID were less likely to be assessed or treated by a specialist. This may suggest that people with ID have unaddressed or untreated distressing symptoms, which strongly contributes to a decreased quality of EoL care and a poor quality of life. There is a need to acquire further knowledge of the EoL care and to focus on adapting and evaluating quality indicators for older cancer patients with ID.
Functional anatomy of the middle and inner ears of the red fox, in comparison to domestic dogs and cats
Authors: Malkemper Erich Pascal , Mason Matthew J. , Burda Hynek
Published: February 2020

Anatomical middle and inner ear parameters are often used to predict hearing sensitivities of mammalian species. Given that ear morphology is substantially affected both by phylogeny and body size, it is interesting to consider whether the relatively small anatomical differences expected in related species of similar size have a noticeable impact on hearing. We present a detailed anatomical description of the middle and inner ears of the red foxVulpes vulpes, a widespread, wild carnivore for which a behavioural audiogram is available. We compare fox ears to those of the well‐studied and similarly sized domestic dog and cat, taking data for dogs and cats from the literature as well as providing new measurements of basilar membrane (BM) length and hair cell numbers and densities in these animals. Our results show that the middle ear of the red fox is very similar to that of dogs. The most obvious difference from that of the cat is the lack of a fully formed bony septum in the bulla tympanica of the fox. The cochlear structures of the fox, however, are very like those of the cat, whereas dogs have a broader BM in the basal cochlea. We further report that the mass of the middle ear ossicles and the bulla volume increase with age in foxes. Overall, the ear structures of foxes, dogs and cats are anatomically very similar, and their behavioural audiograms overlap. However, the results of several published models and correlations that use middle and inner ear measurements to predict aspects of hearing were not always found to match well with audiogram data, especially when it came to the sharper tuning in the fox audiogram. This highlights that, although there is evidently a broad correspondence between structure and function, it is not always possible to draw direct links when considering more subtle differences between related species.
Does technology licensing matter for privatization?
Authors: Wang Leonard F. S. , Mukherjee Arijit , Zeng Chenhang
Published: February 2020

In mixed oligopolies, technology licensing from a cost‐efficient firm to a cost‐inefficient firm has been widely observed. This paper examines the relationship between privatization and licensing (by public or private firms) with the consideration of either a domestic or a foreign private firm. We find that (a) in the case of a domestic private firm, public licensing facilitates privatization, but private licensing hinders privatization; (b) in the case of a foreign private firm, both public and private licensing facilitate privatization. Our results yield important policy implications on privatization.
A Critical Analysis of Disability Policy and Practice in Flanders: Toward Differentiated Manifestations of Interdependency
Authors: Roets Griet , Dermaut Vanessa , Benoot Toon , Claes Claudia , Schiettecat Tineke , Roose Rudi , Van Lancker Wim , Vandevelde Stijn
Published: February 2020

Notions of citizenship and disability rights denote abstract, ambiguous, and contested principles, and realizing these ideas entails complexity in practice. This is particularly the case since the welfare state is no longer conceived as the principal provider of welfare services and resources in many European welfare states. In that vein, we critically analyze the underlying principles, rationales, values, and potential implications of the White Paper “Perspective 2020: a new support policy for disabled people” in Flanders (the Dutch speaking part of Belgium). We tease out which understanding of the disabled human subject is promoted by this so‐called innovative social policy and excavate how policy makers and a diversity of actors involved in the policy implementation process consider the provision of care and support. Our main argument entails that the welfare state should acknowledge and vindicate differentiated manifestations of interdependency rather than reinforcing a dichotomy that is based on notions of in/dependent human subjects.
Pharmacokinetics of maropitant citrate after oral administration of multiple doses in adult horses
Authors: Berryhill Emily H. , Knych Heather , Chigerwe Munashe , Edman Judy , Magdesian K. Gary
Published: February 2020

The neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptor antagonist, maropitant citrate, mitigates nausea and vomiting in dogs and cats. Nausea is poorly understood in horses, and clinical use of NK‐1 receptor antagonists has not been reported. This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics and safety of maropitant after administration of multiple doses. We hypothesized that maropitant concentrations would be similar at steady state to those reported in dogs, with minimal adverse effects. Maropitant was administered at 4 mg/kg orally, once daily for 5 days in seven adult horses. Serial plasma maropitant concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The maximum, minimum, and average concentrations of maropitant achieved at steady state were 375.5 ± 200, 16.8 ± 7.7, and 73.5 ± 45.1 ng/ml, respectively. The terminal elimination half‐life was 11.6 ± 1.4 hr, and the accumulation index was 1.3 ± 0.07. Heart rate decreased between Day 1 and Day 5 (p = .005), with three horses having heart rates of 20 beats per minute and atrioventricular block on Day 5. Pharmacokinetics of repeated maropitant administration suggests the drug could be considered for use in healthy horses. Further investigation on the clinical relevancy of its cardiac effects is warranted.
Evidence for widespread selection in shaping the genomic landscape during speciation of Populus
Authors: Wang Jing , Street Nathaniel R. , Park Eung‐Jun , Liu Jianquan , Ingvarsson Pär K.
Published: February 2020

Increasing our understanding of how evolutionary processes drive the genomic landscape of variation is fundamental to a better understanding of the genomic consequences of speciation. However, genome‐wide patterns of within‐ and between‐ species variation have not been fully investigated in most forest tree species despite their global ecological and economic importance. Here, we use whole‐genome resequencing data from four Populus species spanning the speciation continuum to reconstruct their demographic histories and investigate patterns of diversity and divergence within and between species. Using Populus trichocarpa as an outgroup species, we further infer the genealogical relationships and estimate the extent of ancient introgression among the three aspen species (Populus tremula, Populus davidiana and Populus tremuloides) throughout the genome. Our results show substantial variation in these patterns along the genomes with this variation being strongly predicted by local recombination rates and the density of functional elements. This implies that the interaction between recurrent selection and intrinsic genomic features has dramatically sculpted the genomic landscape over long periods of time. In addition, our findings provide evidence that, apart from background selection, recent positive selection and long‐term balancing selection have also been crucial components in shaping patterns of genome‐wide variation during the speciation process.
A NanoLuc luciferase‐based assay enabling the real‐time analysis of protein secretion and injection by bacterial type III secretion systems
Authors: Westerhausen Sibel , Nowak Melanie , Torres‐Vargas Claudia E. , Bilitewski Ursula , Bohn Erwin , Grin Iwan , Wagner Samuel
Published: February 2020

The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of secretion through bacterial protein secretion systems is impeded by a shortage of assays to quantitatively assess secretion kinetics. Also the analysis of the biological role of these secretion systems as well as the identification of inhibitors targeting these systems would greatly benefit from the availability of a simple, quick and quantitative assay to monitor principle secretion and injection into host cells. Here, we present a versatile solution to this need, utilizing the small and very bright NanoLuc luciferase to assess the function of the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1. Type III secretion substrate–NanoLuc fusions are readily secreted into the culture supernatant, where they can be quantified by luminometry after removal of bacteria. The NanoLuc‐based secretion assay features a very high signal‐to‐noise ratio and sensitivity down to the nanolitre scale. The assay enables monitoring of secretion kinetics and is adaptable to a high throughput screening format in 384‐well microplates. We further developed a split NanoLuc‐based assay that enables the real‐time monitoring of type III secretion‐dependent injection of effector–HiBiT fusions into host cells stably expressing the complementing NanoLuc–LgBiT.
Genome‐scale metabolic reconstruction and in silico analysis of the rice leaf blight pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae
Authors: Koduru Lokanand , Kim Hyang Yeon , Lakshmanan Meiyappan , Mohanty Bijayalaxmi , Lee Yi Qing , Lee Choong Hwan , Lee Dong‐Yup
Published: February 2020

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is a vascular pathogen that causes leaf blight in rice, leading to severe yield losses. Since the usage of chemical control methods has not been very promising for the future disease management, it is of high importance to systematically gain new insights about Xoo virulence and pathogenesis, and devise effective strategies to combat the rice disease. To do this, we reconstructed a genome‐scale metabolic model of Xoo (iXOO673) and validated the model predictions using culture experiments. Comparison of the metabolic architecture of Xoo and other plant pathogens indicated that the Entner–Doudoroff pathway is a more common feature in these bacteria than previously thought, while suggesting some of the unique virulence mechanisms related to Xoo metabolism. Subsequent constraint‐based flux analysis allowed us to show that Xoo modulates fluxes through gluconeogenesis, glycogen biosynthesis, and degradation pathways, thereby exacerbating the leaf blight in rice exposed to nitrogenous fertilizers, which is remarkably consistent with published experimental literature. Moreover, model‐based interrogation of transcriptomic data revealed the metabolic components under the diffusible signal factor regulon that are crucial for virulence and survival in Xoo. Finally, we identified promising antibacterial targets for the control of leaf blight in rice by using gene essentiality analysis.
Novel insights into adiponectin action in breast cancer: Evidence of its mechanistic effects mediated by ERα expression
Authors: Andò Sebastiano , Naimo Giuseppina Daniela , Gelsomino Luca , Catalano Stefania , Mauro Loredana
Published: February 2020

This review describes the multifaceted effects of adiponectin on breast cancer cell signalling, tumour metabolism, and microenvironment. It is largely documented that low adiponectin levels are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. However, it needs to be still clarified what are the extents of the decrease of local/intra‐tumoural adiponectin concentrations, which promote breast tumour malignancy. Most of the anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects induced by adiponectin have been obtained in breast cancer cells not expressing estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Here, we will highlight recent findings demonstrating the mechanistic effects through which adiponectin is able to fuel genomic and non‐genomic estrogen signalling, inhibiting LKB1/AMPK/mTOR/S6K pathway and switching energy balance. Therefore, it emerges that the reduced adiponectin levels in patients with obesity work to sustain tumour growth and progression in ERα‐positive breast cancer cells. All this may contribute to remove the misleading paradigm that adiponectin univocally inhibits breast cancer cell growth and progression independently on ERα status. The latter concept, here clearly provided by pre‐clinical studies, may have translational relevance adopting adiponectin as a potential therapeutic tool. Indeed, the interfering role of ERα on adiponectin action addresses how a separate assessment of adiponectin treatment needs to be considered in novel therapeutic strategies for ERα‐positive and ERα‐negative breast cancer.
Beyond general resistance training. Hypertrophy versus muscular endurance training as therapeutic interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Acosta‐Manzano Pedro , Rodriguez‐Ayllon María , Acosta Francisco M. , Niederseer David , Niebauer Josef
Published: February 2020

Resistance training (RT) is a powerful first‐line intervention for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonetheless, the effects of the most frequent RT (hypertrophy training [HT] and muscular endurance training [MERT]) employed for the management of T2DM, and which type of RT might exert superior effects, remain elusive. Thus, this review aims to assess the effects of HT and MERT on glycaemic control, physical fitness, body composition, lipid profile, blood pressure, C‐reactive protein, and quality of life in patients with T2DM; to analyse which particular RT is more effective; to assess the effects of general RT; and to identify RT components, characteristics of patients, and medications that could mediate the effects of RT. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and non‐RCT (RT≥ 4 weeks) in adults with T2DM were selected. Both HT and MERT improved HbA1c, insulin levels and sensitivity, muscle strength, body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass. Additionally, HT improved glucose, cardiorespiratory fitness, fat percentage, lean body mass, lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, and C‐reactive protein, and MERT improved weight. Overall, HT and MERT exert beneficial effects well comparable with aerobic training. Both types of RT can be used as potent therapeutic interventions for the management of T2DM depending on patients' limitations/preferences.
Understanding and effectively addressing disparities in obesity: A systematic review of the psychological determinants of emotional eating behaviours among Black women
Authors: Pickett Stephanie , Burchenal Clare A. , Haber Leora , Batten Kendra , Phillips Erica
Published: February 2020

Emotional eating may be a particularly important contributor to differences in body weight and weight loss response to behavioural interventions among non‐Hispanic Black women. We performed a systematic review on the impact of psychological factors (stress, anxiety, depression, and discrimination) upon emotional eating and weight among non‐Hispanic Black women, applying the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis for relevant studies. The initial search yielded 4593 articles with 15 accepted for review. Based on this review, there is a suggestion that negative emotions, in particular, perceived stress, may be predictive of emotional eating among non‐Hispanic Black women. Results from the only two longitudinal studies identified by the review indicate that stress influences emotional eating, and emotional eating predicts weight gain over time. Findings from this review highlight the need for more studies that examine various negative emotions that may lead to emotional eating and weight gain among non‐Hispanic Black women. Findings from this review also highlight the need for more rigorous studies to differentiate the effects of emotional eating from that of the physiologic (ie, activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary axis) responses to stress and its impact on high‐risk groups.
Increasing growth and yield by altering carbon metabolism in a transgenic leaf oil crop
Authors: Mitchell Madeline C. , Pritchard Jenifer , Okada Shoko , Zhang Jing , Venables Ingrid , Vanhercke Thomas , Ral Jean‐Philippe
Published: February 2020

Engineering high biomass plants that produce oil (triacylglycerol or TAG) in vegetative rather than seed‐related tissues could help meet our growing demand for plant oil. Several studies have already demonstrated the potential of this approach by creating transgenic crop and model plants that accumulate TAG in their leaves and stems. However, TAG synthesis may compete with other important carbon and energy reserves, including carbohydrate production, and thereby limit plant growth. The aims of this study were thus: first, to investigate the effect of TAG accumulation on growth and development of previously generated high leaf oil tobacco plants; and second, to increase plant growth and/or oil yields by further altering carbon fixation and partitioning. This study showed that TAG accumulation varied with leaf and plant developmental stage, affected leaf carbon and nitrogen partitioning and reduced the relative growth rate and final biomass of high leaf oil plants. To overcome these growth limitations, four genes related to carbon fixation (encoding CBB cycle enzymes SBPase and chloroplast‐targeted FBPase) or carbon partitioning (encoding sucrose biosynthetic enzyme cytosolic FBPase and lipid‐related transcription factor DOF4) were overexpressed in high leaf oil plants. In glasshouse conditions, all four constructs increased early growth without affecting TAG accumulation while chloroplast‐targeted FBPase and DOF4 also increased final biomass and oil yields. These results highlight the reliance of plant growth on carbon partitioning, in addition to carbon supply, and will guide future attempts to improve biomass and TAG accumulation in transgenic leaf oil crops.
Epstein‐Barr viral load monitoring for diagnosing post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Seo Euri , Kim Joonil , Oh Seak Hee , Kim Kyung Mo , Kim Dae Yeon , Lee Jina
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to investigate the incidence of PTLD in pediatric liver transplant recipients and the risk factors for the development of PTLD. We also determined clinically useful quantitative EBV PCR parameters for aiding in the diagnosis of EBV‐associated PTLD in the pediatric liver transplant recipients at our institute. We reviewed children < 18 years old who had undergone liver transplantations and quantitative analysis of whole blood EBV load at our institute from January 2006 to March 2015. A total of 142 liver transplant recipients were included, and their median age was 1.5 years. Clinically significant high‐level EBV DNAemia ≥ 10 000 copies/mL at least twice was observed in 53.5% and PTLD occurred in 9.9%. Among PTLD group, graft failure and mortality rate were as high as 21.4% and 14.3%, respectively. Deceased donor, presence of high‐level EBV DNAemia, and primary CMV infection following transplant were associated with an increased risk for PTLD in the multivariate analysis. The peak titer at 10 875 copies/mL could be used as a cutoff value with a sensitivity of 92.9% and a specificity of 37.9%; the rate of increase in EBV load suggested a sensitivity of 64.3% and a specificity of 70.9% at the cutoff value of 44 000 copies/mL/week. In conclusion, the incidence of PTLD following liver transplant in children was as high as 10%. PTLD is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Close monitoring of EBV DNAemia is crucial for the early diagnosis and proper treatment of PTLD in pediatric liver transplant recipients.
Interview with Professor Carolyn Cooper
Authors: Cooper Carolyn , Noxolo Patricia
Published: February 2020

In this interview piece, Professor Emerita Carolyn Cooper speaks with Pat Noxolo about gender in Jamaican popular culture, about the classed and gendered geographies of Kingston, and about her own long career at the University of the West Indies.
Roots: An exploration of British Caribbean Diasporic identity through the embodied spatialities of dance
Authors: Uzor Tia‐Monique
Published: February 2020

This piece introduces the author's doctoral research, “Roots: establishing British Caribbean Diasporic identity through dance.” The research identifies how choreographic and movement practices function to establish and affirm British Caribbean Diasporic identities, focusing on how this occurs within two generations of British Caribbean Diasporic artists who have been creating and performing work since the 1970s to 2019. In this introduction, the author details her entrance into the research, the methods and approaches used, and one of the key theoretical concepts of the research: practices of rooting.
Investigation of focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergency room for differentiation of respiratory and cardiac causes of respiratory distress in dogs
Authors: Hezzell Melanie J. , Ostroski Cassandra , Oyama Mark A. , Harries Benjamin , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Reineke Erica L.
Published: February 2020

Objective

To determine whether focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) performed by emergency and critical care (ECC) specialists or residents in training improves differentiation of cardiac (C) versus non‐cardiac (NC) causes of respiratory distress in dogs compared to medical history and physical examination alone.

Design

Prospective cohort study (May 2014 to February 2016).

Setting

University hospital.

Animals

Thirty‐eight dogs presenting with respiratory distress.

Interventions

FOCUS.

Measurements and Main Results

Medical history, physical examination, and FOCUS were obtained at presentation. Emergency and critical care clinicians, blinded to any radiographic or echocardiographic data, categorized each patient (C vs NC) before and after FOCUS. Thoracic radiography (within 3 h) and echocardiography (within 24 h) were performed. Percent agreement was calculated against a reference diagnosis that relied on agreement of a board‐certified cardiologist and ECC specialist with access to all diagnostic test results. Reference diagnosis included 22 dogs with cardiac and 13 dogs with noncardiac causes of respiratory distress. In 3 dogs a reference diagnosis was not established. Prior to FOCUS, positive and negative percent agreement to detect cardiac causes was 90.9% (95% CI, 70.8–98.9) and 53.9% (25.1–80.8), respectively. Overall agreement occurred in 27 of 35 dogs (77.1%). Two C and 6 NC cases were incorrectly categorized. Following FOCUS, positive and negative percent agreement to detect cardiac causes was 95.5% (77.2–99.9) and 69.2% (38.6–90.9), respectively. Overall agreement occurred in 30 of 35 dogs (85.7%). Three dogs with discrepant pre‐FOCUS diagnoses were correctly re‐categorized post‐FOCUS. One C and 4 NC cases remained incorrectly categorized. No correctly categorized dogs were incorrectly re‐categorized following FOCUS. The proportions of dogs correctly classified pre‐ versus post‐FOCUS were not significantly different (P = 0.25).

Conclusions

FOCUS did not significantly improve differentiation of C vs NC causes of respiratory distress compared to medical history and physical examination alone.
The Idea of a European Union in the Interwar Period
Authors: Dumitru Adrian-Stelian
Published: February 2020

The study of the political history of European construction is particularly important to explain the context in which the first institutional nuclei of European integration appeared. This paper identifies the main contributions from the interwar period to the project of a united Europe and their role in defining the process of creating the future European Union. The paper analyzes two main federalist projects namely "Pan-Europe" and "Briand initiative", looking at the similarities between them and at the elements prefigured by the two Europeanists of the federalist movement which are found in the current political-institutional configuration of the European Union. I conclude that Coudenhove-Kalergi and Aristide Briand’s proposals still represents, after 90 years since their drafting, core principles and values we recognise today in the European Union of 2020.
The Subordinate Theme in the First Movement of Schubert's "Unfinished" Symphony
Authors: Moortele Steven Vande
Published: February 2020

This analytical vignette explores the internal formal organization of the subordinate theme in the first movement of Schubert's "Unfinished" Symphony, D. 759 (1822). Drawing both on Hepokoski and Darcy's sonata theory and on Caplin's theory of formal functions, it shows how the entire
theme can be understood as a single large-scale sentence. It is further argued that the theme's specific formal organization, as well as the extent to which it does or does not open up to theories originally designed for the analysis of music from the classical era, is characteristic of works
from this period in music history.
Inline LIPSS Monitoring Method Employing Light Diffraction
Authors: Michalek Aleksandra , Jwad Tahseen , Penchev Pavel , See Tian Long , Dimov Stefan
Published: February 2020

Laser-induced ripples that are also known as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have gained a considerable attention by researchers and industry due to their surface functionalization applications. However, texturing large areas or batch manufacture of parts that incorporate LIPSS surfaces require the development of tools for monitoring the LIPSS generation and potentially for controlling their main geometrical characteristics, i.e., spatial periodicity, orientation, and amplitude. In this context, the focus of the research reported in this paper is on developing process monitoring and inspection methods for identifying shifts and changes in these characteristics. One of the well-known and widely used by industry method for characterizing and inspecting surfaces is light scattering, and this research investigates the capabilities of this method for inline monitoring of LIPSS optical response. A simple setup was designed and implemented for measuring the diffraction angle and intensity of the reflected light from LIPSS surfaces. The capabilities of this concept for determining relative shifts in the optical response on surfaces processed with known disturbances, such as incident angle deviations and focus offset, were investigated. Sensitivity of the method proved to be sufficient to detect shifts/deviations from LIPSS reference and thus potentially to monitor their generation in line with a simple sensor, e.g., the LIPSS treatment of larger tool surfaces or serial manufacture of holograms.
Experimental Investigation for Flow Regime Identification Using Probability Density Function of Void Fraction Signals
Authors: Lin Min-Song , Chen Shao-Wen , Kuo Feng-Jiun , Cheng Yen-Shih , Ruan Pei-Syuan , Hsu Yon-Min , Lee Jin-Der , Pei Bau-Shei
Published: February 2020

In this study, upward air–water two-phase flow tests were carried out in a 3 cm diameter pipe under atmospheric pressure, and over 3000 data points were collected from a wide range of superficial gas and liquid velocities (⟨jg⟩ ≈ 0.02–30 m/s and ⟨jf⟩ ≈ 0.02–2 m/s) for the investigation of flow regime identification. The probability density function (PDF) of transient void fraction signals and its full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were obtained and used for analysis and data classification. Considering the features of PDF profiles, the flow conditions can be classified into four regions, which show a fair agreement with the existing flow regime maps in general trends. Furthermore, by examining the FWHM distributions, two more regions with high-FWHM (HF) values were identified as the transitions of higher-flow bubbly-to-slug and slug-to-churn flows as well as most portion of churn flow, and a valley region next to the HF regions can express the transition of churn-to-annular flows. Overall, six groups of flow conditions can be classified based on the present methodology, and each group can be corresponding to specific flow regimes or transition regions. This study can provide a simple and efficient way for flow regime identification.
Drag on Sticky and Janus (Slip-Stick) Spheres Confined in a Channel
Authors: Dhiman Manish , Ashutosh Suru Aditya , Gupta Raghvendra , Reddy K. Anki
Published: February 2020

Flow over a sphere is a frequently occurring phenomenon in a range of industries. The sphere is confined in a channel in most of these applications. Therefore, it is important to understand the effect of confinement on the hydrodynamics of the flow around a sphere placed in a channel. These spheres can be bubbles, solid particles or droplets resulting in different boundary conditions (stick or slip) on the surface of the sphere. In recent years, Janus spheres having slip and stick boundary conditions on parts of the sphere have gained importance because of their potential applications. In this article, drag coefficient for a spherical particle fixed at the centerline of a channel of square cross-section is obtained computationally for stick, slip, and stick-slip surfaces of the sphere for a range of particle Reynolds numbers (1–80) and particle to channel size ratios (0.05–0.80). Further, the position of stick particle in the channel is varied to understand the effect of particle location on the drag coefficient. Correlations are proposed to calculate the drag coefficient for no-slip and Janus particles when the particle is at the channel center.
A Study on the Damage Layer Removal of Single-Crystal Silicon Wafer After Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Etching
Authors: Guo Weijia , Anantharajan Senthil Kumar , Zhang Xinquan , Deng Hui
Published: February 2020

In this study, atmospheric-pressure (AP) plasma generated using He/O2/CF4 mixture as feed gas was used to etch the single-crystal silicon (100) wafer and the characteristics of the etched surface were investigated. The wafer morphology and surface elemental composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The XPS results reveal that the fluorine element will be deposited on the wafer surface during the etching process when oxygen was not introduced as the feed gas. By detecting the energy and intensity of emitted particles, optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is used to identify the radicals in plasma. The fluorocarbon radicals generated during CF4 plasma ionization can form carbon fluoride polymer, which is considered as one factor to suppress the etching process. The roughness was measured to be changed with the increase in the etching time. The surface appears to be rougher at first when the plasma etching occurred on the subsurface damaged (SSD) layer, and the subsurface cracks would show on the surface after a short-time etching. After the damaged layer was fully removed, etching resulted in the formation of square-opening etching pits. During extended etching, the individual etching pits grew up and coalesced with one another; this coalescence provided an improved surface roughness. This study explains the AP plasma etching mechanism, and the formation of anisotropic surface etching pits at a microscale level for promoting the micromachining process.
Modeling Absorbers in WFGD System and Prediction of SO2 Removal Rate Based on Size Parameters
Authors: Gonul Halil Ibrahim , Bilen Mehmet
Published: February 2020

In this study, research was carried out on absorber (in and exit) in the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system of a local thermal power plant. WFGD plays a vital role in terms of environment since it includes water, chloride ion, gypsum, and coal ash. In the progress of WFGD in power plants, absorber has the key role of SO2 removal. This study focuses on modeling of the absorber in the WFGD system. In the context of this study, sample from absorber in limestone slurry was analyzed based on particle size distribution (PSD) and elemental composition, and a model was proposed to predict SO2 removal rate. The model proposed employs basically the parameters previously proposed by some researchers, and in addition, the PSD, i.e., size parameters like D32 and D43. The model proposed is in good agreement with the results obtained.
Combustion Characteristics of a Peripheral Vortex Reverse Flow Combustor With Coaxial Fuel Injection
Authors: Sood Raghav , Sharma Preetam , Arghode Vaibhav Kumar
Published: February 2020

This paper deals with an experimental investigation of a novel and simple reverse flow combustor, operated stably with a liquid fuel (ethanol) for heat release intensities ranging from 16 to 25 MW/(m3·atm) with very low NOx and CO emissions. The liquid fuel is injected coaxially with the air jet along the centerline of the combustor. The high velocity air annulus helps in primary breakup of the liquid fuel jet. Air injection along the combustor centerline results in a strong peripheral vortex inside the combustor leading to enhanced product gas recirculation, internal preheating of the reactants, and stabilization of reaction zones. Single-digit NOx emissions were obtained for both coaxial fuel injection (non-premixed) and a premixed–prevaporized (PP) cases for all operating conditions. CO emissions for both the modes were less than 100 ppm (ϕ < 0.75). CH* chemiluminescence images revealed two distinct flame structures for coaxial fuel injection case. A single flame structure for PP case was observed extending from the injector exit to the bottom of the combustor. The instantaneous (spatially averaged) CH* intensity fluctuations were significantly lower for the PP case as compared to the coaxial fuel injection case.
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome and recentStreptococcusinfection in a 9-year-old girl
Authors: Moreton Robert BR , Fleck Brian W , Davidson Joyce , Hughes David
Published: February 2020

A 9-year-old girl presented to hospital with a 6-week history of non-specific constitutional symptoms and weight loss. She initially underwent extensive medical investigation without diagnosis being achieved. Although raised inflammatory markers and impaired renal function were noted during her initial admission to hospital, it was her subsequent presentation 2 weeks later with sudden-onset bilateral anterior uveitis that prompted a renal biopsy that indicated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. A diagnosis of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome was made and systemic glucocorticoid treatment initiated to prevent visual loss and preserve renal function. She has subsequently been reviewed in multidisciplinary outpatient clinics and treated with a tapering regimen of immunosuppressive therapy. Her treatment has been complicated by the side effects of glucocorticoids and by persistent relapses in ocular disease and abnormalities on urinalysis. Recent clinical investigations indicate that her uveitis is controlled and that renal function remains well preserved.