bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonintrusive measurement of interfacial area and volumetric fraction in dispersed two‐phase flows using a neural network to process acoustic signals—A numerical investigation
Authors: Filletti Érica R. , Seleghim Jr Paulo
Published: July 2008

A new methodology for measuring the volumetric fraction and interfacial area in two‐phase flows is proposed in this study, based on neural networks processing the responses obtained from an acoustic interrogation signal. The geometrical distribution of the phases within the flow is mapped by the local acoustic propagation velocity, which is considered in the governing differential equation. This equation is solved numerically by the finite difference method with boundary conditions reproducing the excitation/measurement strategy. A significant number of propagation velocity distributions were considered in the solution of the differential equation to construct a database from which the neural model parameters could be adjusted. Specifically, the neural model is constructed to map the features extracted from the signals delivered by four acoustic sensors placed on the external boundary of the sensing domain, into the corresponding void fraction and interfacial area. These features correspond to the amplitudes and the times of arrival of the first three peaks of the acoustic wave. Numerical results showed that the neural model can be trained in a reasonable computational time and is capable of estimating the values of the volumetric fraction and the interfacial area of the examples of the test set. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conflict resolution among early childhood educators
Authors: Jenkins Sandy , Ritblatt Shulamit , MCDonald Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2008

Little attention has been given to conflict resolution in preschools. Early childhood educators working with children aged three to five completed a ten‐to fifteen‐minute survey to examine their attitudes and practices toward conflict. This study explored the types of conflict resolution strategies they used and thought were effective in their classrooms. The strategies were also examined in relation to the demographic characteristics of the participants. Results indicated that educators used cooperative strategies in their classrooms. Significant relationships were demonstrated involving the types of strategies used and demographic factors.
Is it just talk? Understanding and evaluating intergroup dialogue
Authors: Wayne Ellen Kabcenell
Published: July 2008

Intergroup dialogues are lauded as a way to increase understanding and reduce prejudice, but a limited amount of published research explores the effectiveness of these processes. This article examines the evaluation of a yearlong dialogue program for African American and Jewish high school students, considering both consistently found attitudinal changes and others that appear dependent on the nature and extent of relationships formed among dialogue participants.
Connected sensor cover for area information coverage in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wang Bang , Chua Kee Chaing , Srinivasan Vikram
Published: July 2008

Coverage is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and is often used to measure how well a sensor field is monitored by the deployed sensors. If the area covered by a sensor can also be covered by some other sensors, this sensor can go into an energy‐saving sleep state without sacrificing the coverage requirement. In this paper, we study the problem of how to select active sensors with the constraints that the selected active sensors can provide complete field coverage and are completely connected. We propose to use the notion of information coverage, which is based on estimation theory to exploit the collaborative nature of WSNs, instead of using the conventional definition of coverage. Owing to the use of information coverage, a point that is not within the sensing disk of any sensor can still be considered to be covered without loss of estimation reliability. We propose a heuristic to approximately solve our problem. The basic idea is to grow a connected sensor tree to maximize the profit from the covered points of the selected sensors in each step. Simulations are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and the results illustrate that the number of active sensors to provide area coverage can be greatly reduced by using the notion of information coverage compared with that by using the conventional definition of coverage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of the MIMO channel capacity due to additional noises of amplifiers
Authors: Uthansakul P. , Uthansakul M.
Published: July 2008

It is theoretically well known that a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system can offer higher channel capacity than a conventional wireless system. The MIMO capacity is increased as a function of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and a number of antenna elements at both the transmitter and receiver. To realize MIMO capability in practical use, the implementation of all electronic devices is necessary to be considered. Amplifiers become the most common devices assembled at the transmitter and receiver with the purpose of overcoming the power loss in the wireless channel. High power amplifier (HPA) and low noise amplifier (LNA) are the special types of amplifiers that are compulsory for the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Both devices have the same function to provide the reliable power gains while adding as little noise as possible. For a MIMO system, the channel capacity sensitively grows as a function of SNR. Therefore, the changes in SNR due to HPA and LNA definitely degrade the system capacity. In this paper, the degradation due to both devices is investigated by taking the gain and noise figure of these amplifiers into account. The new formula of MIMO channel capacity including amplifier characteristics is originally proposed. The results indicate the remarkable consideration on using amplifiers as they may degrade the capacity up to 26%. This can be the guideline for MIMO researchers to spare the capacity margin caused by the additional noises of amplifiers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution learning for radio network planning tool simulation
Authors: Nouir Z. , Sayrac B. , Fourestié B. , Tabbara W. , Brouaye F.
Published: July 2008

We propose a novel method that combines the simulation results of a model‐based prediction tool with the knowledge contained in measurement data. This mixture of thea priori informationandthe posteriori knowledgeaims at enhancing the prediction results by increasing their precision and quality. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is trained to learn the mapping between the distributions of the measurement data and the simulation data. To make the complexity of the MLP tractable, we propose the utilization of independent component analysis (ICA). The ICA transformation makes the variables at the input of the MLP statistically independent so that it can perform its learning and generalization on individual one‐dimensional distributions. Other contributions consist of the application of thek‐means clustering algorithm on the incoming data and the use of the training dataworld modelto enhance the generalization capability of the MLP. The world model consists of the aggregation of all the available data in the learning space. The proposed method is applied to a third generation mobile network to enhance the predictions of uplink and downlink base station loads. After a training performed on a given network configuration, mechanical antenna tilts are modified and we show that the results obtained by the supervised predictions are much closer to measurements than simulation results for cases that have not been encountered before. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of swallowing and feeding: Prenatal through first year of life
Authors: Delaney Amy L. , Arvedson Joan C.
Published: July 2008

The development of feeding and swallowing involves a highly complex set of interactions that begin in embryologic and fetal periods and continue through infancy and early childhood. This article will focus on swallowing and feeding development in infants who are developing normally with a review of some aspects of prenatal development that provide a basis for in utero sucking and swallowing. Non‐nutritive sucking in healthy preterm infants, nipple feeding in preterm and term infants, and selected processes of continued development of oral skills for feeding throughout the first year of life will be discussed. Advances in research have provided new information in our understanding of the neurophysiology related to swallowing, premature infants' sucking and swallowing patterns, and changes in patterns from preterm to near term to term infants. Oral skill development as texture changes are made throughout the second half of the first year of life is an under studied phenomenon. Knowledge of normal developmental progression is essential for professionals to appreciate differences from normal in infants and children with feeding and swallowing disorders. Additional research of infants and children who demonstrate overall typical development in oral skills for feeding is encouraged and will provide helpful reference points in increasing understanding of children who exhibit differences from typical development. It is hoped that new technology will provide noninvasive means of delineating all phases of sucking and swallowing from prenatal through infancy. Further related topics in other articles of this issue provide a comprehensive review of factors influencing oral intake, growth, nutrition, and neurodevelopmental status of children. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2008;14:105–117.
Extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate elicits the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor exon IV mRNA in rat astrocytes
Authors: Takasaki Ichiro , Takarada Satoko , Tatsumi Saori , Azegami Aiko , Yasuda Makoto , Fukuchi Mamoru , Tabuchi Akiko , Kondo Takashi , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Tsuda Masaaki
Published: July 2008

A growing body of recent evidence indicates that ATP plays an important role in neuronal–glial communications. In this study, the authors demonstrated that extracellular ATP elicits the gene expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), especiallyBDNFexon IV mRNA, in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes but not in neurons. To investigate the mechanism by which ATP inducesBDNFexon IV mRNA expression, the authors used immortalized astrocyte cell line RCG‐12. ATP dose‐dependently increased the expression ofBDNFexon IV mRNA and activatedBDNFpromoter IV. P2Y receptor agonists (ADP and 2MeS‐ADP) but not a P2X receptor agonist (αβMeATP) induced the expression ofBDNFexon IV mRNA. Moreover, ATP‐inducedBDNFexon IV mRNA upregulation was inhibited by a P2Y antagonist (MRS2179) but not by P2X antagonists (TNP‐ATP and PPADS). These findings suggest the involvement of P2Y receptors in the ATP‐induced transcription of theBDNFgene. Among the signal transduction inhibiters examined in this study, intracellular Ca2+chelator (BAPTA‐AM) and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase (CaM kinase) inhibitors (KN‐93 and W‐7) attenuated ATP‐inducedBDNFexon IV mRNA upregulation. ATP transiently induced the phosphorylation of cAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREB). ATP‐induced CREB phosphorylation was repressed by P2Y antagonists, BAPTA‐AM, and CaM kinase inhibitors. Overexpression of dominant negative CREB mutants reduced the activation ofBDNFpromoter IV and attenuated the upregulation ofBDNFexon IV mRNA expression. These results suggest that ATP induces BDNF expression through P2Y receptor followed by the activation of CaM kinase and CREB in astrocytes. These mechanisms are likely to contribute to the enhancement of neuronal–glial networks. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating cerebral oxygen metabolism from fMRI with a dynamic multicompartment Windkessel model
Authors: Huppert Theodore J. , Allen Monica S. , Diamond Solomon G. , Boas David A.
Published: July 2008

Stimulus evoked changes in cerebral blood flow, volume, and oxygenation arise from responses to underlying neuronally mediated changes in vascular tone and cerebral oxygen metabolism. There is increasing evidence that the magnitude and temporal characteristics of these evoked hemodynamic changes are additionally influenced by the local properties of the vasculature including the levels of baseline cerebral blood flow, volume, and blood oxygenation. In this work, we utilize a physiologically motivated vascular model to describe the temporal characteristics of evoked hemodynamic responses and their expected relationships to the structural and biomechanical properties of the underlying vasculature. We use this model in a temporal curve‐fitting analysis of the high‐temporal resolution functional MRI data to estimate the underlying cerebral vascular and metabolic responses in the brain. We present evidence for the feasibility of our model‐based analysis to estimate transient changes in the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in the human motor cortex from combined pulsed arterial spin labeling (ASL) and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI. We examine both the numerical characteristics of this model and present experimental evidence to support this model by examining concurrently measured ASL, BOLD, and near‐infrared spectroscopy to validate the calculated changes in underlying CMRO2. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SV40 large T antigen‐transformed human primary normal and cancerous mammary epithelial cells are phenotypically similar but can be distinguished in 3D culture with selection medium
Authors: Li Liangping , Willimsky Gerald , Seitz Susanne , Xu Yaxin , Li Yongping , Schwarz Lope Estevez , Schlag Peter M. , Blankenstein Thomas
Published: July 2008

Human normal mammary epithelial cells (NMECs) have 2 major in vitro growth restrictions, senescence and crisis. Cellular immortalization is considered a hallmark of malignancy. However, cancerous mammary epithelial cells (CMECs) that are thought to have passed growth barriers in vivo usually cannot be established long‐term in vitro. Here we show that CMECs deprived of their natural environment and grown in conventional complete medium behave similar to NMECs, e.g., they stop producing telomerase and become senescent. Like NMECs, CMECs are rescued by SV40 large T (LT) from senescence but not from crisis. The telomere length of both LT‐transformed NMEC (N‐LT) and CMEC (C‐LT) cells first shortens but later partially recovers after telomerase activation. Both cell types upregulate ErbB2 expression, acquire genetic changes, remain long‐term dependent on LT and ErbB2 and are nontumorigenic. Despite these similarities, N‐LT and C‐LT cells cultured in selection medium show different growth characteristics in 3D culture and in vivo tumorigenesis. Thus, CMECs are under a comparable in vitro selective pressure in conventional monolayer culture as NMECs despite their in vivo malignancy. This data demonstrate that most primary breast cancer cells are still unable to overcome the in vitro growth restrictions and suggest that the relationship of in vitro immortalization and in vivo carcinogenesis should be re‐evaluated. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic copy number alterations as predictive markers of systemic recurrence in breast cancer
Authors: Hwang Ki‐Tae , Han Wonshik , Cho Jihyoung , Lee Jong Won , Ko Eunyoung , Kim Eun Kyu , Jung So‐Youn , Jeong Eun‐Mi , Bae Ji‐Yeon , Kang Jason J. , Yang Song‐Ju , Kim Sung‐Won , Noh Dong‐Young
Published: July 2008

We tried to establish models that predict systemic recurrence in breast cancer by selecting marker clones with DNA copy number alterations (CNAs) using an array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Array CGH containing 4,044 human bacterial artificial chromosome clones was used to assess CNAs in 62 primary breast cancer tissues from 31 patients with systemic recurrence within 5 years after surgery and clinicopathologically well matched 31 patients who had no evidence of disease for at least 5years. Fourteen significant clones (11 clones showing gain and 3 showing loss) were identified by systemic recurrence‐free survival (SRFS) analysis and 23 significant clones (17 clones showing gain and 6 showing loss) identified by χ2 test and FDR test were selected as predictive markers of systemic breast cancer recurrence. The significant CNAs were found in the chromosomal regions of 5p15.33, 11q13.3, 15q26.3, 17q25.3, 18q23 and 21q22.3 with gain and 9p12, 11q24.1 and 14q32.33 with loss. We devised 2 prediction models for the systemic recurrence of breast cancer based on the 14 clones and the 23 clones, respectively. The survivals of the patients were significantly separated according to the scores from each model at the optimal cut off values in SRFS and overall survival analysis. We found candidate clones and genes of which CNAs were significantly associated with systemic recurrence of breast cancer. The devised prediction models with these clones were effective at differentiating the recurrence and nonrecurrence. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Huntington CAG repeat size does not modify onset age in familial Parkinson's disease: The GenePD study
Authors: McNicoll Christopher F. , Latourelle Jeanne C. , MacDonald Marcy E. , Lew Mark F. , Suchowersky Oksana , Klein Christine , Golbe Lawrence I. , Mark Margery H. , Growdon John H. , Wooten G. Frederick , Watts Ray L. , Guttman Mark , Racette Brad A. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Ahmed Anwar , Shill Holly A. , Singer Carlos , Saint‐Hilaire Marie H. , Massood Tiffany , Huskey Karen W. , DeStefano Anita L. , Gillis Tammy , Mysore Jayalakshmi , Goldwurm Stefano , Pezzoli Gianni , Baker Kenneth B. , Itin Ilia , Litvan Irene , Nicholson Garth , Corbett Alastair , Nance Martha , Drasby Edward , Isaacson Stuart , Burn David J. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Pramstaller Peter P. , Al‐Hinti Jomana , Moller Anette T. , Ostergaard Karen , Sherman Scott J. , Roxburgh Richard , Snow Barry , Slevin John T. , Cambi Franca , Gusella James F. , Myers Richard H.
Published: July 2008

The ATP/ADP ratio reflects mitochondrial function and has been reported to be influenced by the size of the Huntington disease gene (HD) repeat. Impaired mitochondrial function has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and therefore, we evaluated the relationship of the HD CAG repeat size to PD onset age in a large sample of familial PD cases. PD affected siblings (n = 495), with known onset ages from 248 families, were genotyped for the HD CAG repeat. Genotyping failed in 11 cases leaving 484 for analysis, including 35 LRRK2 carriers. All cases had HD CAG repeats (range, 15–34) below the clinical range for HD, although 5.2% of the sample (n = 25) had repeats in the intermediate range (the intermediate range lower limit = 27; upper limit = 35 repeats), suggesting that the prevalence of intermediate allele carriers in the general population is significant. No relation between the HD CAG repeat size and the age at onset for PD was found in this sample of familial PD. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Longitudinal psychometric attributes, responsiveness, and importance of change: An approach using the SCOPA‐Psychosocial questionnaire
Authors: Martínez‐Martin Pablo , Carod‐Artal Francisco Javier , da Silveira Ribeiro Luciola , Ziomkowski Sofia , Vargas Antonio Pedro , Kummer Wladimir , Mesquita Hudson Mourão
Published: July 2008

The objective of this study was to illustrate the analysis of longitudinal validity, responsiveness, and importance of change, using the SCOPA‐Psychosocial Questionnaire (SCOPA‐PS) as a source of empirical data. Sixty‐seven patients with PD in Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage 2 were followed up for 1 year and assessed by means of the Schwab and England Scale, Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), PDQ‐39, and SCOPA‐PS. A range of methods was applied to enable each of the target attributes to be analyzed from different conceptual stances. The SCOPA‐PS displayed satisfactory acceptability (no floor or ceiling effect), internal consistency (α = 0.80–0.84), convergent validity (rS = 0.70–0.82 with PDQ‐39), and precision (SEM = 8.80), both at baseline and at the end of follow‐up. The threshold value for significant change ranged from 17.25 (1.96 SEM) to 24.39 (Smallest real difference and Reliable change index). Threshold values for a clinically meaningful change were 0.73–1.26 (effect size, standardized response mean, responsiveness statistic). Change in SCOPA‐PS scores correlated strongly with change in total UPDRS, HADS, and PDQ‐39 scores, and reliably detected 70% of cases that worsened according to the PDQ‐39. The minimally important change (MIC) for “minimally impaired” patients as per the PDQ39 was 8.30–9.10 points. Indices such as 1.96 SEM, effect size, and correlation with the change in other measures provide useful information about different concepts of responsiveness. The MIC should be determined for each specific setting, using distribution‐ and anchor‐based methods. The SCOPA‐PS showed satisfactory longitudinal attributes and responsiveness in stage‐2 Brazilian patients with PD across 1 year of follow‐up. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Theoretical investigation of the effects of consolidation on contaminant transport through clay barriers
Authors: Lewis T. W. , Pivonka P. , Smith D. W.
Published: July 2008

Consolidation of clayey contaminant barriers such as landfill liners has been postulated as a cause of early breakthrough of contaminants. In this paper we theoretically investigate this proposition. For this purpose a sophisticated one‐dimensional, large‐deformation model of coupled mechanical consolidation and solute transport is employed. This new model is a generalization of existing coupled consolidation and solute transport models described in the literature. It takes into account both non‐linearities in geometry as well as constitutive relations. The latter relate the compressibility, hydraulic conductivity and coefficient of effective diffusivity to the deformation of the soil. The model is applied to a case study of a clay liner and geomembrane system. Results obtained from numerical solution of the model equations are compared with those from various simplified models, including a ‘diffusion only’ (i.e. a rigid soil) model traditionally used in contaminant barrier design. For barriers incorporating low compressibility soils (as for many well compacted clays), there is little difference between contaminant transit (i.e. breakthrough) times predicted by the two models. However, for contaminant barriers incorporating more compressible soils, consolidation is shown to significantly accelerate transport. These results indicate the potential importance of accounting for the effects of soil consolidation and highlight the limitations of existing models when modelling solute transport through composite barriers utilizing soft soils. Based on these limited results, we suggest a possible way of taking into account soil consolidation using simplified models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized procedure to identify three‐dimensional rock blocks around complex excavations
Authors: Yu Q. , Ohnishi Y. , Xue G. , Chen D.
Published: July 2008

This paper presents a generalized procedure for the identification of rock blocks formed by finite‐sized fractures around complex excavations. It was assumed that the study domain could be partitioned into a finite number of subdomains, where each either was, or could be, approximated by a convex polyhedron, and the fractures were finite in size and disc shaped and were defined using the location of the disc center, orientation, radius, cohesion coefficient, and friction angle. These may be either deterministic fractures obtained from a field survey or random fractures generated by stochastic modeling. In addition, the rock mass could be heterogeneous; i.e. the rock matrix and individual fractures could have different parameters in different parts. The procedure included: (1) partitioning of the model domain into convex subdomains; (2) removing noncontributive fractures. A fracture was deemed contributive when it played a part in block formation; i.e. it formed at least one surface with some of the blocks; (3) decomposing the subdomains into element blocks with fractures; (4) restoring the infinite fractures to finite discs; and (5) assembling the modeling domain. Our procedure facilitates robust computational programming, and is flexible in dealing with the problem of a complex study domain and with rock heterogeneity. A computer code was developed based on the algorithm developed in this study. The algorithm and computer program were verified using an analytical method, and were used to solve the problem of block prediction around the underground powerhouse of the Three Gorges Project. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal reservoir modeling in petroleum geomechanics
Authors: Yin Shunde , Dusseault Maurice B. , Rothenburg Leo
Published: July 2008

Thermal oil recovery processes involve high pressures and temperatures, leading to large volume changes and induced stresses. These cannot be handled by traditional reservoir simulation because it does not consider coupled geomechanics effects. In this paper we present a fully coupled, thermal half‐space model using a hybrid DDFEM method. A finite element method (FEM) solution is adopted for the reservoir and the surrounding thermally affected zone, and a displacement discontinuity method is used for the surrounding elastic, non‐thermal zone. This approach analyzes stress, pressure, temperature and volume change in the reservoir; it also provides stresses and displacements around the reservoir (including transient ground surface movements) in a natural manner without introducing extra spatial discretization outside the FEM zone. To overcome spurious spatial temperature oscillations in the convection‐dominated thermal advection–diffusion problem, we place the transient problem into an advection–diffusion–reaction problem framework, which is then efficiently addressed by a stabilized finite element approach, the subgrid‐scale/gradient subgrid‐scale method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least‐square support vector machine applied to settlement of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils
Authors: Samui Pijush , Sitharam T. G.
Published: July 2008

This paper examines the potential of least‐square support vector machine (LSVVM) in the prediction of settlement of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. In LSSVM, Vapnik's ε‐insensitive loss function has been replaced by a cost function that corresponds to a form of ridge regression. The LSSVM involves equality instead of inequality constraints and works with a least‐squares cost function. The five input variables used for the LSSVM for the prediction of settlement are footing width (B), footing length (L), footing net applied pressure (P), average standard penetration test value (N) and footing embedment depth (d). Comparison between LSSVM and some of the traditional interpretation methods are also presented. LSSVM has been used to compute error bar. The results presented in this paper clearly highlight that the LSSVM is a robust tool for prediction of settlement of shallow foundation on cohesionless soil. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particle shape effect on macro‐ and micro‐behaviors of monodisperse ellipsoids
Authors: Ng Tang‐Tat
Published: July 2008

The microscopic and macroscopic behaviors of assemblages of monodisperse ellipsoids with different particle shapes were studied using the discrete element method. Four samples were created with 1170 identical prolate ellipsoids. The samples were compressed isotropically to 100 kPa. Then triaxial compression tests were carried out to very large strains until the ultimate state was reached. This paper presents typical macroscopic result including stress–strain relationship and volumetric behavior. In addition, the fabric of the samples was examined at the initial state, at the peak shear strength state, and at the ultimate state. We studied the evolution of three vector‐typed micromechanical arguments with strain including the particle orientation, branch vector, and normal contact force. The normal contact force (micromechanical argument) was found to have a direct relationship with the principal stress ratio (macroscopic parameter). The angles between these vectors were also investigated. The maximum angle between vectors is related to particle shape. The results indicate that the distributions and the maximum values of these angles do not change with loading. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OpenRSM: a lightweight integrated open source remote management solution
Authors: Karalis Y. , Kalochristianakis M. N. , Kokkinos P. , Varvarigos E. A.
Published: July 2008

The management of the corporate information technology (IT) environment is rapidly increasing in complexity as server logic architecture becomes more distributed and the number of entities deployed increases, forcing enterprises to resort to thick, complex and expensive high‐end integrated systems and network management solutions. Investing in such systems can be inefficient for small and medium corporations, since the vast majority of management tasks performed are routine tasks, while personnel specialization requirements and costs are high. At the same time, the open source community has not yet produced a reliable and complete system and network management solution. Even though there are open source initiatives specializing in specific fields of remote management, such as network management, there has been no integrated open source solution yet. This paper introduces the Open Source Remote Systems Management (OpenRSM) platform. OpenRSM is an integrated remote management system created by integrating individual specialized open source management initiatives and significantly augmenting them to support additional functionality, so that a complete lightweight system and network management solution is produced. The system implemented facilitates daily management by providing an efficient, simple and adaptable environment for the majority of management operations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalized LSQR algorithm
Authors: Reichel Lothar , Ye Qiang
Published: July 2008

LSQR is a popular iterative method for the solution of large linear system of equations and least‐squares problems. This paper presents a generalization of LSQR that allows the choice of an arbitrary initial vector for the solution subspace. Computed examples illustrate the benefit of being able to choose this vector. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluid–structure interaction by the discontinuous‐Galerkin method for large deformations
Authors: Wang Hongwu , Belytschko Ted
Published: July 2008

A discontinuous‐Galerkin method for large deformation fluid–structure interaction problems is developed. The fluid–structure interface can be arbitrarily aligned relative to the fluid grid. An Eulerian description is used for the fluid with a Lagrangian description of the solid. Results are presented for several examples that show excellent agreement with immersed/fictitious element methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐order global–regional model interaction: Extension of Carpenter's scheme
Authors: Mar‐Or Assaf , Givoli Dan
Published: July 2008

A two‐dimensional global–regional model interaction problem for linear time‐dependent waves is considered. The setup, which is sometimes called ‘one‐way nesting,’ arises in numerical weather prediction as well as in other fields concerning waves in very large domains. It involves the interaction of a coarse global model and a fine limited‐area (regional) model through an ‘open boundary.’ The multiscale nature of this general problem is described. The Carpenter scheme, originally proposed in a note by K. M. Carpenter in 1982 for this type of problem, is then revisited, in the context of the linear scalar wave equation. The original Carpenter scheme is based on the Sommerfeld radiation operator and thus is associated with low‐order accuracy. By replacing the Sommerfeld operator with the high‐order Hagstrom–Warburton absorbing operator, a modified Carpenter open‐boundary condition emerges, which possesses high‐order accuracy. This boundary condition is incorporated in a computational scheme, which uses finite element discretization in space and Newmark time‐stepping. Error analysis and numerical tests for wave guides demonstrate the performance of the modified scheme for combinations of incoming and outgoing waves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spondylolysis in a pre‐contact San Francisco Bay population: behavioural and anatomical sex differences
Authors: Weiss E.
Published: July 2008

Spondylolysis refers to a separation of the spinal body from the arch. Researchers have documented that these fractures occur due to stresses related to activities involving the lower limb and back. Spondylolysis in sacral and lumbar vertebrae of 146 (66 males, 66 females, 14 indeterminates) California Amerinds were examined to determine whether sex differences were present. Sacral anatomy (i.e. sacralisation and lumbarisation, sacral base angles, and superior facet morphology) was analysed in relation to spondylolysis and sex, to explore whether sex differences could be better explained through activity patterns or anatomical variation. Spondylolysis afflicted 24 individuals (16.4%). Males had more than twice the rate of spondylolysis than did females (26% and 11%, respectively). Activity patterns, such as thrusting and throwing shafted obsidian points, could explain the sex differences. Males were most frequently buried with obsidian point artefacts, whereas females were buried with mortar and pestles. For sacral anatomy, only males had lumbarisation, and all other anatomical variation had no significant sex differences. Lumbarisation related to spondylolysis in males. In this study, sacral anatomical variation could not fully account for sex differences in spondylolysis; activity patterns provided a better explanation. Nonetheless, anatomical variation may predispose males to spondylolysis, or spondylolysis may affect sacral anatomy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric oncology sedation trial (POST): A double‐blind randomized study
Authors: Nagel Kim , Willan Andrew R. , Lappan Janie , Korz Linda , Buckley Norman , Barr Ronald D.
Published: July 2008

Background

There is limited evidence to support the use of an anti‐emetic with the administration of intra‐thecal chemotherapy. Nor is there adequate clarity on analgesic strategies for children with cancer undergoing painful procedures.

Procedures

A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, factorial trial was performed in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing combined bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures during maintenance therapy. The study was designed to measure the effect of adding ondansetron and fentanyl to a standard combination of midazolam and propofol.

Results

During the first 12 hr following the procedures, patients experienced significantly less vomiting/retching and less disruption of activity while receiving ondansetron, and recorded significantly lower pain scores while receiving fentanyl.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that the addition of an analgesic (fentanyl) and an anti‐emetic (ondansetron) to the combination of a sedative (midazolam) and an anesthetic (propofol) is of measurable benefit in children who undergo procedures that are painful and risk the consequence of nausea and vomiting. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:634–638. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung metastases in neuroblastoma at initial diagnosis: A report from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) project
Authors: DuBois Steven G. , London Wendy B. , Zhang Yang , Matthay Katherine K. , Monclair Tom , Ambros Peter F. , Cohn Susan L. , Pearson Andrew , Diller Lisa
Published: July 2008

Background

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric solid cancer. Lung metastasis is rarely detected in children with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma. We aimed to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis using a large international database.

Procedure

The subset of patients from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group database with INSS stage 4 neuroblastoma and known data regarding lung metastasis at diagnosis was selected for analysis. Clinical and biological characteristics were compared between patients with and without lung metastasis. Survival for patients with and without lung metastasis was estimated by Kaplan–Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards methods were used to determine the independent prognostic value of lung metastasis at diagnosis.

Results

Of the 2,808 patients with INSS stage 4 neuroblastoma diagnosed between 1990 and 2002, 100 patients (3.6%) were reported to have lung metastasis at diagnosis. Lung metastasis was more common among patients with MYCN amplified tumors, adrenal primary tumors, or elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (P < 0.02 in each case). Five‐year overall survival ± standard error for patients with lung metastasis was 34.5% ± 6.8% compared to 44.7% ± 1.3% for patients without lung metastasis (P = 0.0002). However, in multivariable analysis, the presence of lung metastasis was not independently predictive of outcome.

Conclusions

Lung metastasis at initial diagnosis of neuroblastoma is associated with MYCN amplification and elevated LDH levels. Although lung metastasis at diagnosis was not independently predictive of outcome in this analysis, it remains a useful prognostic marker of unfavorable outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:589–592. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of microarray‐based detection rates for cytogenetic abnormalities in prenatal and neonatal specimens
Authors: Shaffer Lisa G. , Coppinger Justine , Alliman Sarah , Torchia Beth A. , Theisen Aaron , Ballif Blake C. , Bejjani Bassem A.
Published: July 2008

Objective

To compare the detection rate by microarray analysis for chromosome abnormalities in a prenatal population to that of a neonatal population referred for diagnostic testing.

Methods

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis was performed for 151 prenatal cases and compared with the results from 1375 postnatal cases less than 3 months of age.

Results

Two of 151 prenatal cases (1.3%) showed a clinically significant cytogenetic abnormality. In contrast, of the 1375 postnatal cases studied, 11.4% showed a cytogenetic abnormality by aCGH. Many of these (40%) were referred for aCGH because of dysmorphic features, a clinical indication unlikely to be identified in the prenatal population.

Conclusions

The chance of detecting a chromosome abnormality in a prenatal population that has already been screened by routine cytogenetics is ∼1.3%. However, given that many of the abnormal array results in the neonatal population were among those with dysmorphic features as the primary indication for testing, which are not easily identifiable by ultrasound, offering prenatal testing by aCGH to a wider population would likely result in a higher detection rate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The conceptualisation, measurement and scope of reinforcement sensitivity in the context of a neuroscience of personality
Authors: Smillie Luke D.
Published: July 2008

Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) is complex, and there are subtle differences between RST and other approach‐avoidance process theories of personality. However, most such theories posit a common biobehavioural mechanism underlying personality which we must therefore strive to understand: differential sensitivity to reinforcing stimuli. Reinforcement sensitivity is widely assessed using questionnaires, but should we treat such measures as (a) a proxy for reinforcement sensitivity itself (i.e. the underlying causes of personality) or (b) trait constructs potentially manifesting out of reinforcement sensitivity (i.e. the ‘surface’ of personality)? Might neuroscience paradigms, such as those I have reviewed in my target paper, provide an advantage over questionnaires in allowing us to move closer to (a), thereby improving both the measurement and our understanding of reinforcement sensitivity? Assuming we can achieve this, how useful is reinforcement sensitivity—and biological perspectives more generally—for explaining personality? These are the major questions raised in the discussion of my target paper, and among the most pertinent issues in this field today. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three methodological core issues of comparative personality research
Authors: Uher Jana
Published: July 2008

Comparative personality research in human and nonhuman species advances many areas of empirical and theoretical research. The methodological foundations underlying these attempts to explain personality, however, remain an unpopular and often ignored topic. The target paper and this rejoinder explore three methodological core issues in the philosophy of science for comparative personality research: Conceptualising personality variation, identifying domains of variation and measuring variation. Clear distinctions among these issues may help to avoid misunderstandings among different disciplines concerned with personality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal properties of single walled carbon nanotube‐silicone nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Ju , Razeeb Kafil M. , Roy Saibal
Published: July 2008

The effect of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fillers on the low temperature thermal properties and curing behavior of SWCNT‐silicone nanocomposite are reported for the first time. The SWCNT‐silicone composites were prepared by different mixing procedures and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Solution mix, with the aid of sonication and soaking achieved better dispersion of SWCNTs in the silicone. The adding of SWCNTs in polymer seriously hindered the curing of silicone elastomer. The hindrance increased with increasing concentration of SWCNT and the quality of dispersion. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the nanocomposites were found to be independent of the SWCNT addition, although, the steps in the heat capacity (Δcp) of the glass transition were smaller with increasing SWCNTs concentration. The melt crystallization behavior was strongly dependent on the concentration and dispersion of SWCNT in the polymer. The cooling scan showed that the higher concentration and the better dispersion of SWCNTs in the silicone resulted in higher percentage of melt crystallization of this nanocomposite. The correlation of the change of thermal properties to the dispersion of CNT in polymer may be used to determine the quality of SWCNT dispersion in silicone polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1845–1852, 2008
The phases of disclosing BRCA1/2 genetic information to offspring
Authors: Clarke Susan , Butler Kate , Esplen Mary Jane
Published: July 2008

Objective: Women who carry a genetic mutation for hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (BRCA1 or BRCA2) are at high risk to develop cancer. A positive genetic test result also has implications for a BRCA1/2 carrier's offspring who each have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutation. The dissemination of BRCA1/2‐related information by carriers to offspring is not well understood. Our study examines the experiences of BRCA1/2 carriers in communicating genetic information to their offspring using a grounded theory approach.

Methods: Qualitative data were obtained from a multi‐site group therapy trial for BRCA1/2 carriers with primary themes identified and coded using the constant comparison technique and verified by team members.

Results: Female participants had a mean age of 45.4 years, 83% were married, 71% had children (ranging from ages 2 to 30 years) and 45.9% had a prior diagnosis of cancer. Dissemination of genetic information by BRCA1/2 carriers to their offspring was described as a process involving several distinct phases with specific challenges within each phase. Several themes were identified including dilemmas on ‘if’ and ‘when’ to disclose to offspring, concerns should offspring receive a positive test result for BRCA1/2, dilemmas around feeling a need to protect versus the need to inform, and women as being the primary communicators.

Conclusion: These findings have implications for genetic counselling as well as follow‐up. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a group cognitive behavioural intervention for women suffering from menopausal symptoms following breast cancer treatment
Authors: Hunter Myra S. , Coventry Shirley , Hamed Hisham , Fentiman Ian , Grunfeld Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2008

Objective: To evaluate a group cognitive behavioural intervention to alleviate menopausal symptoms in women who have had treatment for breast cancer.

Methods: A single group design was used with pre‐ and post‐treatment assessment and a 3‐months follow‐up. Seventeen women who had completed active breast cancer treatment were treated. Following a 2‐week daily diary assessment they were offered 6 (90 min) weekly sessions of Group cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). The CBT included information and discussion, relaxation and paced breathing and CBT to reduce stress and manage hot flushes (HF), night sweats (NS) and sleep. The primary outcome measure was Hot Flush Frequency and Hot Flush Problem Rating; secondary outcomes included the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) and health‐related quality of life (SF 36). Beliefs about HF were monitored in order to examine the effects of cognitive therapy.

Results: HF and NS reduced significantly following treatment (38% reduction in frequency and 49% in problem rating) and improvements were maintained at 3 months follow‐up (49% reduction in frequency and 59% in problem rating). Depressed mood, anxiety and sleep (WHQ) significantly improved, as did aspects of quality of life (SF 36) (emotional role limitation, energy/vitality and mental health). There was a significant reduction in negative beliefs about HF, NS and sleep following CBT.

Conclusions: These results suggest that CBT delivered in groups might offer a viable option for women with troublesome menopausal symptoms following breast cancer treatment, but further controlled trials are needed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear parameter varying control of wind turbines covering both partial load and full load conditions
Authors: Østergaard Kasper Zinck , Stoustrup Jakob , Brath Per
Published: July 2008

This paper considers the design of linear parameter varying (LPV) controllers for wind turbines in order to obtain a multivariable control law that covers the entire nominal operating trajectory.

The paper first presents a controller structure for selecting a proper operating trajectory as a function of estimated wind speed. The dynamic control law is based on LPV controller synthesis with general parameter dependency by gridding the parameter space.

The controller construction can, for medium‐ to large‐scale systems, be difficult from a numerical point of view, because the involved matrix operations tend to be ill‐conditioned. The paper proposes a controller construction algorithm together with various remedies for improving the numerical conditioning the algorithm.

The proposed algorithm is applied to the design of a LPV controller for wind turbines, and a comparison is made with a controller designed using classical techniques to conclude that an improvement in performance is obtained for the entire operating envelope. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.