bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redblush Grapefruit Quality as Affected by Controlled Artificial Climates1
Authors: Young Roger , Meredith Filmore , Purcell Albert
Published: August 2022

‘Redblush’ grapefruit borne on young fruiting trees and grafted on sour orange seedlings were exposed to natural and artificial climates. Fruit exposed to artificially controlled and naturally occurring minimum night temperatures above 70°F, combined with high day temperatures, had high Brix contents, low acid, and thin but green peels. Fruit exposed to minimum night temperatures below 60°, combined with moderate to cool day temperatures had both high Brix and acid and thicker but better colored peels. Cool temperatures in the late fall after hot summer and early fall conditions aided in thickening and coloring of peels of fruit which had already attained high Brix and early maturity.
A Linear Heat Unit System for Tomatoes in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J. , Isaacs R. L.
Published: August 2022

A 43°F base was investigated in connection with a linear heat unit system for tomatoes in California. This base served to predict plant development in early stages of growth and provided a means for scheduling plantings. Intervals established between plantings in the spring were maintained at harvest in 2 out of 3 years. Exceptionally warm temperatures in July and August of the third year apparently delayed maturity of early plantings and resulted in a harvest season shorter than expected.
The Selection of the Nitrogen Index in Papaya Tissue Analysis1
Authors: Awada Minoru
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 5 rates to fruiting, hermaphroditic papaya trees, var. ‘Solo’, at Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii. Leaves at 3 stages of maturity—recently matured, matured, and old—were sampled at 15-week intervals for 1 year. Total N and nitrate-N were determined on the petioles while total N only was determined on the blades. Curvilinear regressions of yield on concentrations of total N or nitrate-N were determined for leaf tissues of the 3 stages at each sampling date, and multiple correlation coefficients were calculated.

Although the multiple correlation coefficients were highest for total N and nitrate-N of the matured petiole, the recently matured petiole was preferred as the N index tissue because it could be sampled more precisely, and it was previously selected as the P index tissue. As a N index, total N was selected over nitrate-N because the former appeared more useful over a wide range of growing conditions. Tentative N critical levels, relating % N to yield of papaya were determined for certain times of the year.
Tolerance of Cranberry Plants to Manganese, Iron and Aluminum1
Authors: Medappa K. C. , Dana M. N.
Published: August 2022

Cranberry cuttings grown in external solutions with several concentrations of Mn (0 to 1000 ppm), Fe (0 to 100 ppm) supplied as FeEDTA, and Al (0 to 150 ppm), showed tolerance to accumulations of high concentrations (8000 ppm from 1000 ppm in external solution) of Mn in the tissue and the ability to selectively exclude high level accumulation of Fe and Al from shoots. Root initiation by softwood cuttings was inhibited at high levels of Mn (275 ppm and above), Al (2.5 ppm and above) and Fe (2.5 ppm FeEDTA and above) in external solution.
Air and Soil Temperature Effects on Growth Response of Peas to Phosphorus Fertilization1
Authors: Adedipe N. O. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: August 2022

The effects of 4 air and soil temperature regimes on plant growth and pea yield responses to applied P were investigated in controlled environments. The plants were grown in a low-P (4 ppm) Monroe silt loam, and harvested at 4 predefined stages of plant development. At the 6th node stage applied P increased vine (leaf and stem) weight only at the 21°/13°/18°C day/night/soil temperature regime. At the 10th node and full bloom stages P increased vine weight at all temperature regimes. Increases due to P were greater at the high soil temperature of 18° than at 10°. The increase due to P at the high soil temperature was greater at the cool air temperature of 21°/13° than at 30°/21°. At estimated marketable maturity of peas, P increased the dry weights of the root, vine, pod and pea seed at all temperature regimes, but the magnitude of such increases depended on the tissue and the temperature regime. Efficiency of P in promoting pea yield was greater at the high soil temperature, particularly at cool air temperature. The nearest optimum temperatures were a day/night air temperature of 21°/13° and a soil temperature of 18°. The nearest optimum P rate was 50 kg/ha.
Tomato Anthracnose: A Hypodermic Inoculation Technique for Determining Genetic Reaction1,2
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon , Angell F. F.
Published: August 2022

A technique developed for inoculating tomato fruits with anthracnose pathogen consists of placing a spore suspension droplet onto a fruit with a hypodermic syringe and then pricking the epidermis under the droplet with the hypodermic needle. Disease symptoms occurred at room temperature and humidity, thus eliminating the need for controlled temperature and humidity. Detectable lesions developed at 95% and 96% of inoculated sites on ‘Heinz 1350’ and ‘Roma’ fruits, respectively.
A Comparison of Nitrogen Sources and Rates on Old, High-Yielding Valencia Orange Trees in Florida1
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: August 2022

Sodium, calcium, and ammonium nitrates were compared as N sources on old ‘Valencia’ orange trees in Florida. Annual rates of 100, 200, 250, 300, and 400 lb. N per acre were supplied in a complete random block experiment. Sodium nitrate was not satisfactory because of thinness of foliage and reduced yields. With the other 2 sources, yields increased throughout the range of rates, although the largest increment of increase was between the 100 and 200-lb. rates. Moderate deficiency existed at the 100-lb. rate with all sources, but the trees were never yellow. The most prominent symptom of inadequate N was thinness of foliage from premature leaf abscission. Three-month-old leaves were a better index of N status and tree response than 5-, 8-, or 11-month-old leaves.
Leaf Wax and Transpiration in Brassica oleracea L.1
Authors: Denna D. W.
Published: August 2022

Water loss in relation to the wax associated with the surface of leaves of Brassica oleracea was investigated. Varieties of Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower and collards were found to possess highly significant differences in regard to stomatal transpiration, cuticular transpiration and quantity of wax per unit area of leaf surface. Rubbing away the waxy bloom increased the cuticular transpiration rate. There was little correlation between the quantity of wax and the water loss per unit area of leaf surface either during the daytime or nighttime experiments. It appears inadvisable to attempt to breed for drought resistance in Brassica oleracea by selecting for the presence of a heavy waxy bloom or high levels of wax per unit area of leaf surface.
Host Preference and Resistance of Pyrus Species to the Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster1
Authors: Westigard P. H. , Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B.
Published: August 2022

Field and laboratory studies of host preference and resistance of Pyrus species and cultivars to the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola, were conducted in Southern Oregon from 1964–1968. Asian species were generally less attractive to oviposition than those from Asia Minor, North Africa or Europe. Attractiveness of P. pyrifolia and P. communis cultivars was higher than for P. ussuriensis.

Susceptibility of Pyrus was based on differences between total egg deposition and resulting nymphal populations. Using this nymph/egg ratio the results indicated that Asian material was more resistant than material from Asia Minor or Europe. The Asian species P. fauriei and P. calleryana exhibited both a high degree of unattractiveness to oviposition and resistance to nymphal development.
Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Growth and Xanthomonas Disease of Philodendron oxycardium1
Authors: Harkness Roy W. , Marlatt R. B.
Published: August 2022

Philodendron oxycardium was grown in a medium of peat mosssand 3:1 with applied nutrient solutions varying from 5 to 450 ppm of N, 0 to 50 ppm of P and 0 to 444 ppm of K. In the soil, these concentrations were somewhat increased by evaporation. Most of the leaf analyses were in the ranges 1.5 to 3.5% N, 0.08 to 0.40% P and 1.5 to 5.5% K. Within these ranges, growth decreased with an increase in N content and increased with an increase in P and K.

When inoculated with Xanthomonas sp., disease decreased with increasing N and was not much affected by K. Phosphorus had little effect on disease except in one of the 6 experiments, where a reduction was found when the leaf P exceeded 0.40%.

Old green leaves were more susceptible to inoculation than young. The disease did not reappear in plants after all leaves were removed and stems had produced new foliage. The pathogen did not carry over in stems, roots or potting medium.
Nitrogen Rate Effects on Lemon Production, Quality and Leaf Nitrogen1
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Boswell S. B. , Goodall G. E. , Barnhart E. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Prior Lisbon’ lemon trees were treated with increasing rates of N fertilizer up to 6 lb. N per tree per year. Likewise, ‘Monroe Lisbon’ lemon trees were treated with up to 4 lb. N per tree per year. Also, for the Trior Lisbon/one treatment was 6 urea foliage sprays per year which supplied about 2 lb. N per tree per year. For the Trior Lisbon’ there was a tendency for yields to increase with increasing N rates with the high rate yielding significantly more than the low rate. Yield was highly correlated with leaf N with maximum yield occurring at about 2.2% leaf N. Urea foliage sprays maintained leaf N and maximum yield. Fruit quality was not adversely affected by increasing N. As with Prior ‘Lisbon’, ‘Monroe Lisbon’ yields increased with increasing N but the maximum yield occurred at about 2.5% leaf N. Yields from single N applications were not different from split N applications.
Influences of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Kinetin on Rooting and Indole Metabolism of Feijoa sellowiana1
Authors: Meredith W. C. , Joiner J. N. , Biggs R. H.
Published: August 2022

A series of 6 experiments was initiated October 9, 1964, to find root promoting or inhibiting factors in Feijoa sellowiana stem cuttings, to find a method of promoting rooting in difïicult-to-root plants, and to obtain information on indole metabolism in cuttings during the rooting process.

The ability to root in response to IAA or kinetin varied greatly between clones. Both kinetin and IAA promoted rooting of one clone but had no effect on 2 others.

Gas chromatographic analysis did not reveal any endogenous indole compounds in leafless stems. Indoles may have been present, but were masked by other compounds present in samples. IAA applied to cuttings was detected in samples taken immediately after treatment but not in samples taken 24 hr later. An unknown compound believed to be an inhibitor was found in both moderately easy and difficult-to-root clones but the content was 5 times higher in the latter. Effective levels of kinetin and IAA were found to be 0.10 and 70.00 mg/liter respectively when applied as an 8 hr basal soak.
Influence of Seeding Rate, Source and Level of Nitrogen, on Yield, Color, Leaf Blade Weight, and Nitrogen Content of Turnip Greens1
Authors: del Valle C. G. , Harmon S. A.
Published: August 2022

Yield, color, leaf blade weight, and N content of turnip greens are reported for plants grown under field conditions. Nitrogen supplied by NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 significantly increased yield, leaf blade weight, N content, and improved color as the N rate was increased from 40 to 160 lb. N/A. Significant positive correlations were obtained between N content of tops and yields. The high seeding rate (10 lb./A) decreased color and leaf blade weight. The nitrate source of N, alone or combined wTith the ammonium source, was equally effective in increasing yields and N percentage in tops. The best yield was obtained with a split application of 160 lb. N/A and the best color and leaf blade weight with 2.5 or 5.0 lb./A seeding rates.
Use of Growth Retardants for Increasing Tomato Yields and Adaptation for Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Fieldhouse D. J.
Published: August 2022

Yields of tomato cultivars ‘Heinz 1350’ and ‘Delaware 65S3-2’ (a mid-season processing variety) were increased by foliar sprays of succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) and 2-chloroethyl trimethylammonium chloride (Cycocel). The most effective treatments were those in which 2500 ppm Alar was applied at the first or fourth true leaf stage of growth or at both of these times. Concentration of harvest was improved and early yield was increased by subsequent application of 5000 ppm Alar as a flower “cut-off” spray after desired fruit set had been achieved. The latter treatment has desirable implications for mechanical harvesting, since it virtually eliminated green fruit “pick-out” and slowed vegetative growth, thus causing a more concentrated harvest because of more rapid fruit maturation.

The yield increases are attributed to a combination of effects including resistance to water and heat stresses, more flowers per cluster and thus more fruits per plant. Additional hormone-like effects of Alar and certain Alar analogs were observed.
Effect of Water Table on Mineral Content, Root and Shoot Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality in ‘Washington Navel’ Orange and ‘Balady’ Mandarin1
Authors: Minessy F. A. , Barakat M. A. , El-Azab E. M.
Published: August 2022

The vigor of ‘Washington’ navel orange and ‘Balady’ mandarin trees was inversely associated with the depth of the water table. The tree height varied from 302 to 93 cm for ‘Washington’ navel orange and from 222 to 103 cm for ‘Balady’ mandarin at water table depths of 171 to 53 cm in the former and 158 to 89 cm in the latter case. The total amount of feeder roots ranged from 521 to 54 g dry weight per tree in the ‘Washington’ naval orange and from 558 to 89 g per tree in the ‘Balady’ mandarin.

The total new leaf area produced per tree per year decreased sharply in both varieties with increased shallowness of the water table.

For both varieties, not much differences in per cent Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, P and N in spring leaves or roots were found with respect to the varying depth of water table.

Yield decreased sharply as the water table became closer to the soil surface in both varieties.
Maturation and Quality of Tomatoes with Preharvest Treatments of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Iwahori Shuichi , Lyons James M.
Published: August 2022

When applied to individual greenhouse tomato fruit at ages from 15 to 35 days after anthesis, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 500 ppm reduced the number of days between anthesis and breaker stage by 7 days. As a result, the early yield from treated fruit was increased considerably with the total yield reaching the same level as the control fruit. No difference in pH and only slight differences in titratable acid or soluble solids between treated and control fruit were observed when compared at the same stage of ripeness. This was also true with respect to respiration and ethylene production of fruit harvested at the breaker stage and stored at 23°C.
Inheritance and Flavor Contribution of 2-Isobutylthiazole, Methyl Salicylate and Eugenol in Tomatoes1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen
Published: August 2022

The volatile compounds of tomato cultivars ‘Campbell 146’ and ‘Campbell 1327’ were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. Heritable concentration differences were found for 3 compounds identified by retention time and infrared spectroscopy as 2-isobutylthiazole, methyl salicylate and eugenol. Investigation of concentrations and flavor thresholds indicated that they probably contribute to tomato flavor.

A study of the inheritance of the 3 compounds indicated that 2-isobutylthiazole concentration was determined by a single gene with additive effects. Concentrations of methyl salicylate and eugenol were determined by single genes closely linked in the coupling phase, with dominance for low concentration.
A Gas Chromatographic Procedure for Determining Soluble Carbohydrates Extracted from Leaf Tissue of Ilex opaca Ait. Cv. ‘Miss Helen’1
Authors: Fretz T. A. , Dunham C. W. , Woodmansee C. W.
Published: August 2022

Leaf tissue carbohydrates of Ilex opaca cv. ‘Miss Helen’ extracted with alcohol and methylated with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and hexamethyl-disilizane (HMDS) were assayed by gas chromatography. This empirical procedure involved a one-hour refluxing of 1 g of air dried plant tissue in 80% ethanol, followed by taking 2 ml of the alcoholic extract to dryness at 70°C. Upon dryness the material was taken up with 0.25 ml anhydrous pyridine, and methylated with 0.1 ml of TMCS and 0.1 ml of HMDS. After 30 min of reaction time a 2 µl portion of the mixture was assayed by gas chromatography. Five carbohydrates, D-fructose, D-galactose, alpha-D-glucose, beta-D-glucose and sucrose were identified. These carbohydrates extracted from the plant tissue were of a soluble nature. No apparent starch or cellulose hydrolysis was observed as a result of the extraction procedure. Reagent grade carbohydrates were observed to anomerize during the extraction procedure, however no indication of this phenomenon was noted with the plant tissue. Recovery was in the order of 90% with good associated reproducibility.
Effects of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Ripening of Cantaloupes1, 2
Authors: Kasmire R. F. , Rappaport Lawrence , May D.
Published: August 2022

Applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid to field grown cantaloupes resulted in yellowing of leaves, early abscission, apparent ripening of immature melons and increased total and marketable yields of full-slip melons. The percentage of soluble solids was slightly lower in treated melons.
The Inheritance of Number of Pods Per Node in Peas, Pisum sativum L.1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Bienz D. R.
Published: August 2022

Field studies of crosses involving lines of peas which produce predominantly 1, 2 and 3 pods at each peduncle showed that inheritance of number of pods is quantitative. As many as 8–9 genes appear to differentiate pod number of the cultivars used in this study.

Estimates of heritability showed that about 50% of the total field variance of pods per peduncle was due to genetic causes. Of this about 17% was due to additive genetic effects.
A New York Study of ‘Mcintosh’ Apple Optimum Harvest Dates1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Ben-David Shaul
Published: August 2022

In a 9-year study of ‘Mcintosh’, 85 observations were made of the optimum harvest date for apples destined for storage. Statistical analyses showed that 75% of the variation in the length of the period from bloom to harvest was associated with seasonal differences in dates of bloom and average mean daily temperatures during the period from bloom + 30 days.
Inheritance of Resistance to Southern Bean Mosaic Virus in Southern Pea, Vigna sinensis1
Authors: Brantley B. B. , Kuhn C. W.
Published: August 2022

Southern pea (cowpea) plants reacted with 4 types of response to southern bean mosaic virus-cowpea strain: 1) susceptible, 2) hypersensitive, 3) hypersensitive plus systemic necrosis, and 4) symptomless reaction. The hypersensitive reaction (resistant) on inoculated leaves was dominant and inheritance was controlled by a single gene pair. In segregating populations of some crosses, systemic necrosis followed the initial hypersensitivity. Although the inheritance of the systemic necrosis was not determined, it appeared to be influenced by temperature. Plants without systemic necrosis were selected from F3 populations.
Noninfectious Bud-failure in Almond, a Nontransmissible Inherited Disorder. III. Variability in BF Potential Within Plants1
Authors: Kester Dale E.
Published: August 2022

Source of buds within individual trees was studied in relation to development of noninfectious bud-failure (BF) in almond. Buds were collected from upper and lower portions of phenotypically normal seedling trees of populations where BF potentiality existed. Comparison of propagated trees over a period of 7 years showed that differences existed in BF potential between upper and lower parts of the tree but not among buds from the same budstick. The differences between location suggested random changes in BF potential occurred within the bud source trees.
Biochemical Comparison of Fruit Buds in Five Peach Cultivars of Varying Degrees of Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Lasheen Aly M. , Chaplin Carl E. , Harmon Ronald N.
Published: August 2022

Fruit buds of 5 peach cultivars—‘New’, ‘Daroga’, ‘Redskin’, ‘Mayflower’, and ‘Loring’—grown in Kentucky and exhibiting varying degrees of cold hardiness, were compared biochemically. Fruit bud analysis for total and reducing sugars, starch, total protein, and total and individual free amino acids indicate some correlation between the degree of hardiness and the biochemical make-up of these cultivars. Generally, a high sugar and protein content, and a low total free amino acids were associated with increase in hardiness. Specifically, significant correlation was found between hardiness and a high sugar and protein content when buds were frozen at −2½° F. Significant correlation was also found between 2 amino acids (arginine and γ-NH2 butyric) and hardiness at both −2½° and −5°.
Breeding Tomatoes for Radial Fruit Crack Resistance and Other Characters1
Authors: Hernandez Teme P. , Nassar Sayed Hassan
Published: August 2022

Breeding tomatoes for resistance to fruit cracking was started in Louisiana in 1960. Varieties and lines used in these tests were ‘Pinkdeal’, ‘Floralou’, ‘Glamour’, L70 and L125, as resistant to moderately resistant parents, and L92 as a very susceptible line. Crosses were made to get the possible combinations of F1 F2 and backcrosses of ‘Pinkdeal’, ‘Floralou’ with L92.

In crosses of ‘Pinkdeal’ and ‘Floralou’, with L92 partial dominance of genes controlling fruit crack resistance was found. The F2 data showed a skewness of plant distribution toward the resistant parent. From the backcross progenies of ‘Pinkdeal’ × L92 × ‘Pinkdeal’, L70 was selected after 8 filial generations as a recombination having a high level of fruit crack resistance in conjunction with good horticultural characters. Tomato lines L161 and L210 resulted from a cross of L70 × L125 and these lines were pressure selected for 6 or more generations for fruit crack resistance, good horticultural characters and root knot nematode resistance. L147 resulted from a cross of ‘Glamour’ × L92; it has good horticultural characters. These lines demonstrated highly significant levels of fruit crack resistance and good productivity on field tests for several years.
Heat and Fungicide Treatments to Control Decay of Cantaloupes
Authors: Stewart Joseph K. , Wells John M.
Published: August 2022

Cantaloupes treated with 135° F water for 15, 30, or 60 seconds had significantly less stem-scar mold and surface mold than melons treated with 71° water (wet check). A 30-sec immersion controlled stem-scar mold slightly better than a 15-sec immersion. The addition of 600 ppm captan to the water at 135° significantly reduced stem-scar mold and surface mold compared to the hot-water treatment alone. Alternaria, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. were the fungi most frequently associated with these infections. Quality was evaluated after holding the melons for 7 days at 46° plus an additional 3 days at 72°.

In 3 of the 6 tests, the hot-water treatments significantly increased suture browning of the melons compared to the wet check. The fungicide did not influence suture browning.

General appearance of the melons treated at 130°, 135° or 145° was significantly better than that of the wet check (71°) melons, because of mold control by the hot water.
A Numerical Taxonomic Study of the Mango Mangifera indica L.1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Campbell Carl , Malo Simon E. , Carmer S. G.
Published: August 2022

Variability among 40 cultivars of Mangifera indica L. and one specimen each from M. odorato Griff, and M. zeylanica Hook f. were measured and classified using the unweighted pair group method of cluster analysis of distance coefficients based on 73 characters. Neither M. odorata nor M. zeylanica showed a close overall similarity to any of the cultivars of M. indica. Most cultivars clustered into 1 of 4 major groups. One group contained the polyembryonic cultivars with oblong fruit common to Southeast Asia. Another group consisted of monoembryonic cultivars with roundish fruit common to India. A third group, intermediate in fruit shape, included cultivars from India and one from the West Indies. The final group involved several hybrids developed in Florida and Hawaii. This group, as a rule, has large fruit and is designated as the Sandersha-Haden complex. A tentative pedigree based on both reported parentage and distance coefficients is given for this group. A few cultivars from Indo-china, the West Indies, and Réunion did not show close enough affinity to be placed into any of the above groups.
Leaf Nutrient Levels, Chlorosis, and Growth of Young Grapefruit Trees on 16 Rootstocks Grown on Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Olson E. O. , Shull A. V. , Peynado Ascension
Published: August 2022

Four-year-old nucellar ‘CES No. 3 Redblush’ grapefruit trees on 16 rootstocks, including 8 hybrids, growing on a calcareous soil of pH 8.4 differed in tree size and leaf color. Trees on sour orange, ‘Kunenbo’ mandarin and ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin rootstock were considerably larger and their foliage was greener than those of trees on other rootstocks. Trees on ‘Changsha’ mandarin, C61-250 (‘Shekwasha’ mandarin × ‘Koethen’ sweet orange) also were chlorosis-resistant but they were smaller than the trees on the other tolerant rootstocks. Rootstock effects on 10 mineral element levels in the leaves are discussed.
Successful Response of Cold-Stored Strawberry Plants Dug in the Fall1
Authors: Worthington John T. , Scott D. H.
Published: August 2022

The effects of temperatures, before digging and during storage, on the physical condition of cold-stored strawberry plants and their field response are given. Results for 3 of 4 varieties tested under Maryland conditions indicate that most strawberry plants dug in the fall can be stored successfully for 5 months at 30° F. Early digging of non-dormant plants is a feasible method of avoiding winter injury without causing loss of salable plants. Removing leaves from certain varieties before storage had no detrimental effect and probably should be done to avoid the development of decay in storage.
The Use of Tissue Culture in the Study of Single Gene Resistance of Tomato to Phytophthora infestans1
Authors: Warren R. S. , Routley D. G.
Published: August 2022

Tissue culture lines were established from tomato varieties susceptible and resistant to tomato race 0 of Phytophthora infestans. Inoculation of tissue culture pieces showed that at least partial resistance to the pathogen was maintained in the undiferentiated callus. An extraction procedure was developed for fractionation of fluorescent phenolic compounds. Chromatographic comparisons of phenolics from resistant and susceptible tissue culture lines, before and up to 6 days after inoculation, showed no significant differences in phenolic content. Ten days after inoculation there was an almost total loss of fluorescent phenolics from susceptible pieces. Comparisons of callus and leaf phenolics showed large qualitative differences between these two tissue types.
The Influence of Succinamic Acid 2,2 - Dimethylhydrazide on the Growth and Flowering of Pinched vs. Unpinched Plants of the Kalanchoe Hybrid ‘Mace’1
Authors: Nightingale Arthur E.
Published: August 2022

The influence of the plant growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar)2 on the growth and flowering of pinched and unpinched plants of the Kalanchoe hybrid ‘Mace’ was investigated using 2 pinch treatments and 4 concentrations 0, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 ppm Alar applied as a foliar spray.

Plant height and span of the inflorescences were reduced in direct relationship to concentration on both the pinched and unpinched plants The number of flowers was reduced by all concentrations but was not significantly affected by pinching. The reduction in height and span was more pronounced than the reduction in number of flowers. The result was a better proportioned, more desirable plant.
Anthocyanins in Ripe Fruit of the Highbush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum L.1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Maness Eleanor P. , Kushman L. J.
Published: August 2022

The 3-monoarabinosides and 3-monogalactosides of delphinidin (Dp), petunidin (Pt), malvidin (Mv), and peonidin (Pn) as well as small amounts of the 3-monoglucosides of Dp, Pt, Mv, Pn, and cyanidin (Cy) were isolated from ripe blueberry fruit, variety ‘Croatan’. Small amounts of the 3-monogalactoside of Cy were present also. None of these 14 anthocyanins (Acy) were acylated. The major Acy were (in descending order): Mv-3-galactose, Dp-3-galactose, Dp-3-arabinose, Pt-3-galactose, Pt-3-arabinose and Mv-3-arabinose.
The Effect of Certain Environmental Factors on Cambium Temperatures of Peach Trees1
Authors: Jensen R. E. , Savage E. F. , Hayden R. A.
Published: August 2022

These studies on the effect of climatic environment on cambium temperatures are indicative of why so much cold injury occurs in the Southeast. High cambium temperatures occurring in late winter as the result of solar radiation impinging on the bark of the trunk caused a loss of hardiness after the rest period had been broken. When these high daytime temperatures were followed by a rapid rate of fall to freezing temperatures at night, severe injury often resulted, which contributed greatly to shortening the life of peach trees. In addition, wind produced local cooling of the cambium tissue and, at critical air temperatures in late winter and early spring, was capable of causing severe cold damage. Trunk insulators modified the microclimate around the tree to the extent of preventing the extremes that made the trees less hardy and more subject to low temperature injury. Trunk cambium temperature appeared to be a sensitive indicator of tree vitality during growth. Trees with low vitality had higher cambium temperature than trees in good condition.
Apricot Fruit Growth and Abscission as Affected by Maleic Hydrazide-Induced Seed Abortion1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Nelson M. M.
Published: August 2022

Hastened fruit maturation following MH application to apricot trees was found to be associated with MH-induced seed abortion. The time and degree to which premature abscission of seedless fruits occurred was related to time of resumption of shoot growth and to crop load. Fruits in which the seeds aborted early in the season grew like those containing seeds when competition between their growth and vegetative growth was reduced to a minimum.
Differential Response to Ethylene in Respiration and Ripening of Immature ‘Anjou’ Pears1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Hansen E.
Published: August 2022

Treatment with 500 ppm ethylene for 24 hr or with 4000 ppm Ethrel (2-chloro-ethanephosphonic acid) dip for 30 sec resulted in ‘Anjou’ pears attaining full ripeness without a concomitant change in respiratory activity. A decrease in flesh firmness and increases in protein nitrogen and soluble pectin occurred, even though the fruit remained in the preclimacteric condition. This was shown by a positive response in rate of respiration to ethylene at the fully ripe stage. Continuous, 48- and 24-hr treatments resulted in comparable rates of ripening. However, while the continuous and 48-hr treatments induced the climacteric rise in respiration, the 24-hr exposure failed to do so. The effect of ethylene on respiration is independent from its effect on the initiation of ripening; a respiratory response probably requires a higher concentration or longer exposure to ethylene than does a ripening response.
Phenotypic, Genotypic, and Environmental Correlations in Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Jones Alfred
Published: August 2022

Estimates of phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations of 21 sweetpotato traits indicated no serious impediments to selection for improved horticultural types through mass selection techniques. Some secondary traits were genetically correlated with traits of primary economic importance, a factor which suggests that their use in selection indices may be profitable in sweetpotato improvement programs.
Stomate Density in Relation to Winter Hardiness of Ilex opaca Ait.1
Authors: Knecht G. N. , Orton E. R.
Published: August 2022

Stomate density was determined for 11 cultivars of Ilex opaca which had been subjectively ranked for winter hardiness as either very hardy, hardy, semi-hardy, or not hardy on the basis of field observations recorded over a 5-year period. Variance analysis revealed that the number of stomates for the cultivars rated very hardy was significantly lower than that of the cultivars rated not hardy. Stomate counts for the cultivars in the intermediate hardiness classes all fell within the range delimited by the counts of the very hardy and not hardy cultivars.
The Effect of Alar on Permeability, a Possible Explanation for its Mode of Translocation1,3
Authors: Undurraga Manuel J. , Ryugo Kay
Published: August 2022

Autoradiographs of girdled and non-girdled almond seedlings treated with 14C-Alar revealed that the growth retardant moved readily from the phloem to the xylem. Autoradiographs of comparable seedlings treated with 14C-sucrose, with and without Alar pretreatment, showed that Alar induced greater leakage of radioactive material from the symplast to the apoplast indicating that the material lowered membrane integrity. This effect of Alar on cytoplasmic permeability was examined by immersing dormant stems, leaf discs, and beet root tissue in solutions of Alar and water. In all tissues, the compound induced greater leakage of cellular contents than water, which is attributed to the ability of Alar to depress utilization of respiratory energy necessary for the retention of solutes in the vacuole.
Distribution and Separation of Some Proteins From the Bean Plant1
Authors: Hall T. C.
Published: August 2022

Electrophoretic separation on acrylamide gels of soluble protein from 10 parts of Phaseolus vulgaris, L. cv. ‘Tendergreen’, yielded a characteristic pattern for each, although many bands were of common occurrence. Several enzyme systems, including acid phosphatase, amylase, esterase and peroxidase also showed a similar distribution for some bands, but also differences in number and activity for others. Comparison of mature seed proteins of seven cultivars showed no differences in total protein distribution, but did show differences in esterase isoenzymes.
Growth and Maturation of Fig Fruits Stimulated by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Marei Nasr , Nelson M. M.
Published: August 2022

Fig fruits treated with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel)2 during Period I (initial rapid growth) ceased growth and abscissed. Treatment during Period II (slow growth) stimulated growth and maturation, but quality equal to that of later maturing control fruits was not attained unless the fruits were treated late in Period II. Although Ethrel-treated fruits matured from two to more than three weeks earlier than control fruits, their ultimate average diameter, fresh and dry weights were not significantly different from the control.
Carbohydrates and Fruiting of ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees1,2
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Steinacker M. L. , Cree C. B.
Published: August 2022

Carbohydrate (CHO) accumulation in ‘Valencia’ orange leaves, sampled in February, was inversely related to the fruit load on the tree at the time of sampling but directly related to the amount of fruit produced from the flowering which followed the time of leaf sample. Late harvest reduced fruit production in the following year but did not significantly alter CHO accumulation.
Flowering in Crabapple Seedlings: Methods of Shortening the Juvenile Phase1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: August 2022

The change from juvenile to adult phase of seedlings of tea crabapple [(Malus hupenhensis (Pamp.) Rehd.)] is influenced by 2 factors, the height and the age of the plants. Seedlings grown continuously in the greenhouse are unbranched and undergo phase change from juvenile to adult in 7 to 10 months at a height of approximately 2 m. Trees can be in bloom within 1 year from the time of seed germination. In contrast, seedlings grown periodically in the greenhouse or in the field are branched and produce more shoot growth but are shorter and take longer to flower. Greenhouse-grown seedlings can be brought into flower by chilling for 6 weeks or more, by withholding water until the leaves drop, or by treating the buds with cytokinins and gibberellins. Young seedlings cannot be stimulated to flower by grafting onto older seedlings although older seedlings will continue to form flower buds after grafting onto young seedlings still in the juvenile phase.
Defoliation of Shade Trees Correlated with Annual Growth and Soil Fertility1
Authors: Kahler Alan , Sherwood Charles
Published: August 2022

Thirty-five pairs of shade trees were studied to determine the relation of premature senescence and resulting early defoliation to annual growth and conditions in the upper soil about the tree. The late defoliating trees experienced more radial and linear growth over the preceding five-year period. Regression analysis of radial on linear growth within each tree group revealed near linear to linear relationships for the late defoliating trees but nonlinear relationships for the early defoliating trees. Early defoliators had higher levels of N, P, and Ca in the soil about the tree at three soil depths tested. Significant positive correlations occurred between the levels of soluble salts, N, and P; between Ca, P, and N; and between K and radial growth in the early defoliators. Significant negative correlations occurred between levels of Ca and radial and linear growth. For the late defoliators, significant positive relationships were found for levels of soluble salts, N, and Ca and between radial and linear growth, with significant negative relationships between levels of P and Ca, and between N and linear growth.
Effects of NPK Fertilizers on the Growth and Composition of Vines in a Young Cranberry Bog1
Authors: Eaton G. W.
Published: August 2022

A factorial experiment, in which a young commercial cranberry planting (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Ben Lear) was treated with all possible combinations of four levels of N, three levels of P, and three levels of K, was carried out during 1966, 1967, 1968. Vine response, fruit yields, foliar pigments, and tissue mineral composition were assessed.

Vine growth was increased in 1967 by the application of P and K and 1968 by N and P. N at the highest application significantly reduced fruit yields in 1968. The higher rates of N significantly increased green pigments and decreased red pigments in the foliage. Applications of P also decreased red foliar pigments.

Tissue N and P were significantly increased with application of these elements. Foliar K was increased in 1967 by the application of N or P. The joint application of N and K also increased tissue K content. Tissue Ca was decreased by the highest rate of N application. Applied K generally reduced tissue Mg compared to the control. In all three years, foliar Mn significantly decreased with increasing levels of applied N.
Effect of N, P, and K Fertilizer Applications on Cranberry Leaf Nutrient Composition, Fruit Color and Yield in a Mature Bog1
Authors: Eaton G. W.
Published: August 2022

Three levels of N, P, and K in all possible combinations were applied to bearing cranberry plots (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait, cv. McFarlin) in the field. Fruit quality (color, size and soluble solids), yield, and plant tissue mineral composition were measured.

Increased tissue N, P, and K resulted from increased applications of the respective elements. These plant nutrients were also significantly correlated with one another. Applied N increased yield, yellowness, lightness, and decreased redness of the fruit. Tissue P was positively associated with fruit yields, yellowness, and lightness, but negatively with fruit redness. The effects of both N and P were modified by K applications.

Tissue mineral levels were generally greater in 1967 than in 1966, except for Mg which decreased and P which did not change.
Genetic Modifications of Sweet Corn Quality1
Authors: Wann E. V. , Brown G. B. , Hills W. A.
Published: August 2022

Carbohydrate analyses were made at harvest and after 7 days of postharvest storage at 65°F on sweet corn hybrid cultivars with endosperm mutant genotypes ae wx, ae du wx, and sh2 and of standard sweet corn (su1). Cultivars with the mutant genotypes contained from 1.5 to 2.0 times as much total sugar at harvest as the standard. They also lost more total sugar during the post-harvest period. Still, the hybrids with ae du wx and sh2 genotypes contained significantly more sugars than the standard after the 7-day storage treatment. The mutant cultivars were low in water soluble polysaccharides but relatively high in starch. All cultivars had approximately the same amount of total carbohydrate. Moisture loss from the kernels during the storage period was significantly less in the mutant cultivars. Therefore, they maintained their fresh appearance longer, and they were slower than standard sweet corn to show kernel denting. Taste tests indicated a preference for the sweetness of the ae wx and ae du wx genotypes over the standard cultivars Golden Security and ‘Iobelle’ (Florida 104), but they were rated below the standards for pericarp toughness. These studies indicated that, with further refinement of certain horticultural and quality characteristics, the ae wx, ae du wx, and sh2 endosperm mutant genotypes have a definite potential for improving the initial quality and the ability for maintaining good quality during normal post-harvest handling of fresh sweet corn.
Genetic and Maturity Effects on Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Wax Beans1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Shannon S.
Published: August 2022

An analytic procedure using spectrophotometry permitted quantitative estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoids in wax beans. Crosses studied demonstrate a wide range for chlorophyll and carotenoid content, with heritability of about .60 for both pigments. Seed chlorophyll was correlated (r=.54) with pod chlorophyll! content in large pods. The results show it is just as important to select for carotenoid content as for early degradation of the chlorophyll in wax beans.
Protein and Nonprotein Amino Acids in Citrus Leaves as Affected by Sample Preparation and Species Differences1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Handy M. F.
Published: August 2022

Samples were taken from grapefruit Citrus paradise Macf. cv. Marsh, Valencia orange Citrus sinenesis L. Osbeck, and lemon Citrus limetta, ‘Risso’ trees growing in the field in the Citrus Research Center, Riverside, California. Quantitation of 17 protein and 18 nonprotein amino acids of citrus leaves were evaluated for comparative effects of sample drying-methods on the 3 citrus species.

Freeze-dried leaves contained significantly higher amounts of nonprotein, and lower amounts of protein amino acids, than the analogous leaves that were oven-dried. This indicates that citrus leaves must be enzymatically deactivated immediately after sampling and kept in a frozen condition in preparation for analysis. Otherwise, accurate assessment of amino acids in the leaves at sampling would not be obtained.

Grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ orange leaves contained higher concentrations of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, lysine, and arginine than of other protein amino acids. Lemon leaves contained more substantial amounts of glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid, leucine, and glycine.

The nonprotein amino acids proline, serine, alanine, and aspartic acid were found in more substantive amounts in grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ orange leaves, 77 and 69 percent, respectively, of the sum of nonprotein amino acids determined. In lemon leaves, proline, arginine, lysine, serine, and alanine were found to be more concentrated. These 5 nonprotein amino acids constituted 79% of the total of those determined. Proportionally, lemon leaves contained a larger fraction of nonprotein amino acids than grapefruit or ‘Valencia’ orange leaves.
A Clinical Case of Tuberculosis Pericarditis Associated with HIV Infection and COVID-19
Authors: Mordyk A. V. , Kalinina I. Yu. , Kotov I. I. , Bagisheva N. V.
Published: August 2022

The article describes a clinical case of tuberculosis pericarditis associated with HIV infection and COVID-19. The patient underwent additional examination due to abnormalities on his X-ray. Large volume of effusion, its lymphocytic nature, bilateral pleural effusion and bilateral infiltration in the upper lobes of both lungs, intrathoracic lymphoadenopathy were indicative tuberculosis etiology of the disease; the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed by morphological tests. COVID-19 was detected post mortem.
Antimicrobial Effects of Tetraspanins: A New Turnabout in Treatment of Microorganisms
Authors:   Institute for Medical and Molecular Biotechnology (IMMB), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia, Murad Khairiyah , Ab Rahim Sharaniza ,   Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia, Al-Talib Hassanain ,   Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Tetraspanins, a transmembrane protein is a ‘molecular organiser’ with diverse functions that promote a network of signalling involved in the cellular and pathological processes. Tetraspanins-enriched microdomains (TEMs) are the crucial feature for the protein-protein interactions in the cell membrane and are vulnerable to pathogens exploitation. Targetting the tetraspanins has shown to be effective against microbial infections although more research is needed to be performed. This article will review previous evidence that has successfully demonstrated the potential mechanism to target tetraspanins as an antimicrobial agent.