bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPIRAL GROOVE BEARINGS
Authors: Muijderman E.A.
Published: February 2008

Our work on spiral groove bearings in the Research Laboratories began in 1960, when we were consulted on the following problem. Would it be possible to make a wear‐resistant thrust bearing able to take up to about 1 kg thrust from a shaft rotating at at least 50,000 r.p.m., without incurring a power consumption much in excess of 1.5 watts ? The bearing was to support the end of the shaft, and it had to be suitable for operation in a vacuum.
Some Notes on the Data on HYDRAULIC OIL PROPERTIES Required by Systems Designers
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

IN RECENT YEARS engineers concerned with the design and development of oil‐hydraulic equipment have shown an increasing thirst for information on hydraulic oils, and particularly for quantitative data on their physical properties. The following notes review the requirement for data, and the significance of the properties of closest concern to the designer.
SOME NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF ELASTO‐HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY TO GEAR LUBRICATION
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

NEGLECTING the effects of elastic deformation, the idealised geometrical mode of engagement between gear teeth provides for area contact in only a few special or non‐standard gears, and in most gears such engagement is nominally at lines or points, usually lines. Nominal point contact occurs in some cases, e.g., crossed‐helical (skew shaft) gears, but is exceptional. On the other hand, gears with nominal line contact include practically all spur, helical and bevel gears, most worm gears, and various others, including hypoid gears.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A series of articles dealing, in as simple a way as possible, with the basic facts of lubrication, lubricants, their selection and prescription, specification, application, and testing. This series is primarily intended for students, engineering personnel who may be unfamiliar with certain aspects and others who, one way or another, are interested in this important subject. Part One in our March Issue dealt with Friction, Lubrication and Wear. Part Two in our July Issue dealt with Mineral Oils and their Additives
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Non‐Soap Thickened Greases During the same period in which synthetic fluids were produced and quite widely used in lubricating greases—roughly over the last twenty‐five years—chemists also explored the field of non‐soap thickeners. The result of this work has been the successful production of certain types on a commercial scale, and this type of material has undoubtedly provided lubricants of a special nature which find considerable application, particularly under conditions involving high temperature.
Lubrication in Metal Cutting
Authors: Cassin C.
Published: February 2008

The traditional position of the metal cutting process at the core of our engineering industry, is being changed by the rapid development of some of the established metal forming processes, such as die‐casting and extrusion, and in more recent years by the introduction of the novel electrical machining processes. In addition to this, the demands of the aerospace and nuclear industries for components manufactured from the rare metals and the very high strength alloys combined with the problems of economic manufacture in the mechanised automobile and household appliance industries have presented the metal cutting process with an exciting challenge. Under this stimulus of competition from other processes and the more exacting demands of modern industry, considerable effort is being directed towards the development of the metal cutting process by establishing a better understanding of the mechanics involved. In this article some thoughts are presented in an attempt to reflect the state of knowledge of an important branch of this study, namely, that of lubrication in metal cutting.
Friction and Wear of Graphite and Molybdenum Disulphide
Authors: BRAITHWAITE E.R.
Published: February 2008

The reason I gave the name Contact Lubrication to cover the action of lamellar solids is that I do not think they can be fairly classified as boundary lubricants whose adsorptive and film strength properties are indigenious to the lubricant. At best, adsorptive forces provide temporary attachment of particle to sliding surface before the particles are mechanically worked in.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A series of articles dealing, in as simple a way as possible, with the basic facts of lubrication, lubricants, their selection and prescription, specification, application, and testing. This series is primarily intended for students, engineering personnel who may be unfamiliar with certain aspects and others who, one way or another, are interested in this important subject. Part One in our March 1965 Issue dealt with Friction, Lubrication and Wear. Part Two in July dealt with Mineral Oils and their Additives. Part Three, in September and October dealt with Lubricating Greases. Part Four in December and January covered the Purpose and Significance of Lubricant Tests.
Calculating Viscosity Index Between VI = o and VI = 300
Authors: SCHNURMANN R.
Published: February 2008

FOR OVER a quarter of a century the petroleum industry has become accustomed to quoting a single figure, called the Viscosity Index (VI), to indicate how rapidly the viscosity of lubricating and hydraulic oils changes with a variation in temperature. During this time the introduction of additives (in particular of VI improvers) has led to the manufacture of oils of such remarkably flat viscosity‐temperature curves that a procedure which initially was meant to be an interpolation between 0 and 100 VI (i.e. between steep and flat viscosity‐temperature curves, as for Gulf Coast and Pennsylvanian oils, respectively) is now also used for oils with VI values above 100, with the result that ambiguous values are obtained, particularly above 130 VI. The ambiguity arises from the fact that very high VI liquids can have the same index for two different oils whose viscosities are identical at 100°F. but differ greatly at 210°F.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION PART THIRTEEN. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS:
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A series of articles dealing, in as simple a way as possible, with the basic facts of lubrication, lubricants, their selection and prescription, specification, application, and testing. This series is primarily intended for students, engineering personnel who may be unfamiliar with certain aspects and others who, one way or another, are interested in this important subject.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF ROLLING BEARINGS
Authors: Wallin E.
Published: February 2008

AS industrial production equipment is developed it becomes increasingly complicated because of the requirements for continuous operation and “built in” refinements such as automation, etc. As a result there is an increased need for the preventive maintenance of machines and their components including the bearings used in the machines. The avoidance of breakdowns during operation is desirable at costs that bear a reasonable relationship to the economic and other consequences of production stoppages. All repairs and replacements should preferably be carried out during stops that have been planned in advance.
HOROLOGICAL LUBRICANTS
Authors: Vineall G.J.C.
Published: February 2008

The subject of Horological Lubricants is one which has received very little attention in Lubrication literature. The erroneous tendency to consider that only machinery operating in very high temperatures under difficult conditions of pressure, loading or atmosphere, requires specialist lubrication care, is undoubtedly the reason for this. But the correct functioning of essential time pieces, as well as all small scientific instru‐ments, can be as vital as that of a large machine. The author had been interested in these matters for a number of years when Chief Chemist and Technical Director of Rocol Limited, in whose laboratories many of the advances described in this paper were first evolved and who have given permission for this paper to be published. This paper summarises much of the work carried out on Horological Lubricants over the past twenty‐five years.
A Novel Way of Measuring Wear in Lubricant Evaluation
Authors: SMITH E.A.
Published: February 2008

BALL RACES are sometimes used to evaluate the performance of lubricants, and abrasibility studies by the ASTM Test Method D 1367–64 use the loss of weight of a metric double‐row bearing as a criterion. An interesting if unorthodox, approach is suggested by the use of some thousands of steel balls rolling over another, in a chamber that is oscillated under controlled conditions. The resulting wear values provide a statistically acceptable criterion for certain of the commoner lubricants.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

A SERIES OF TWENTY SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASISE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY
HANDLING AND STORING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Hunt H.L.
Published: February 2008

THE Minister of Technology has stated that savings could be made by British Industry to the tune of £500 million a year if the basic tribological principles were implemented. At last, the ethics of the medical profession that “Prevention is better than cure” is being adopted by industry through the medium of Planned Lubrication Maintenance.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

PARTS 4–7 IN THE SERIES OF THIRTY‐ONE SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASISE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT, AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE, BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY.
Lubrication: Management Responsibility
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

PARTS 8–11 IN A SERIES OF THIRTY‐ONE SHORT ARTICLES DESIGNED TO EMPHASIZE TO MANAGEMENT EXECUTIVES THE SAVINGS THEY CAN EFFECT AND FOR WHICH THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE BY GIVING THOUGHT AND ATTENTION TO THE CORRECT LUBRICATION OF THEIR PLANT AND MACHINERY.
MARQUENCHING AND MARQUENCHING OILS
Authors: Morton R.W.
Published: February 2008

THE MAIN INTEREST of the ancients in steel was the production of weapons, and their method of quenching was simple and effective. They ran the red hot blade through the heart of the strongest slave they could find, believing that the strength of the dying slave entered the steel.
The Value of Consultancy Service
Authors: Chisholm S.F.
Published: February 2008

IT IS BECOMING increasingly apparent throughout industry that senior technical and management personnel are so involved with day‐to‐day production problems that insufficient time is available to them to deal with many of the factors which result in:
The Alkaline Factor in Dermal Irritancy from ‘Soluble’ Oil Emulsions
Authors: Nicholson R.A.
Published: February 2008

IT IS THE practice among some large users of ‘soluble’ cutting oils, such as motor manufacturers, to issue specifications imposing pH limitations on the oil in emulsion form. Although the limits fixed may vary widely among different users, the reasons for the particular level chosen are identical and invariably originate from the company medical department through their efforts to control factors likely to contribute to occupational dermatoses.
Lubrication of Materials Handling Machinery
Authors: BREWER ALLEN F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's previous series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility”. The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
Lubrication by Watermix Fluids
Authors: LINDSEY A.R.
Published: February 2008

WATERMIX fluids play an important part in industrial lubrication. They are employed as hydraulic fluids, cutting fluids, rolling and wire drawing lubricants, and mould release agents, just to mention a few of their applications. For some applications, watermix fluids have advantages over non‐emulsifiable lubricants in that they are cheaper, they give greater cooling power, they are fire‐resistant and they give lower frictional drag. On the other hand, they require more careful handling if consistant performance is to be achieved in service.
A Rational Approach to the S.I. System of Units
Authors: Belford A.J.R.
Published: February 2008

WITHIN a few years only S.I. units will be used in the engineering courses at technical colleges and universities, and within a decade we may expect to have practising engineers to whom the current English units are quaint out of date values, not really understood.
Wool Processing Oils
Authors: Nicholson R.A.
Published: February 2008

THE GENERAL principles of yarn production from loose textile fibres are much the same whatever the fibre. First, they are freed from impurities (e.g., wool scouring and carbonization) then mixed and blended. This is followed by attenuation and further mixing by combination of laps or slivers, followed by still more attenuation (carding) to ensure uniformity in fibre material. To eliminate very short fibres and ensure that in the sliver the fibres are all within certain length limits, further processes are employed such as gilling in worsted yarn manufacture. Further parallelization of fibres is obtained by combing (worsted yarn) and by repeated drawing or drafting until a degree of twist is necessarily introduced to continue holding the fibres together. The sliver then becomes known as roving and in this form the uniform fibre is twisted into yarn on spinning machines.
Mixed Locomotive Fleets Require a Balanced Diesel Lubricant
Authors: YOUNGHOUSE E.C.
Published: February 2008

THE FOLLOWING is a condensed version of a paper and the ensuing discussion that was presented to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at their Diesel & Gas Engine Power Conference at Dallas, Texas earlier this year.
The Leeds Industrial Unit of Tribology
Authors: Taylor C.M.
Published: February 2008

THE CONCLUSIONS of the report ‘Lubrication (Tribology)’—better known as the Jost report— were meant to act as a bucket of cold water to bring industry round to the realisation that it was losing vast amounts of money annually due to various malpractices in the art of lubrication and the resulting consequences. The not inconsiderable financial loss mentioned resulted primarily from three sources; maintenance and replacement costs, losses consequential upon breakdown and increased investment required because of reduced machinery life.
HOW RELIABLE ARE ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS?
Authors: Snare B.
Published: February 2008

If a bearing is carefully handled and correctly mounted, efficiently sealed and properly lubricated, then every cause of damage except one—fatigue— is eliminated. Thus the life of an individual bearing is defined as the number of revolutions that the bearing can make without signs of fatigue damage appearing on any of the rolling surfaces.
Lubricating Printing Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's previous series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility”. The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
WATER BASE CUTTING FLUIDS STILL A ?
Authors: MORTON I.S.
Published: February 2008

“For a number of years there have been some machine shops in which a water‐base fluid has been used to the exclusion of all other aqueous cutting fluids. The advantages of such a practice are most attractive; nevertheless, immense quantities of soluble oils continue to be sold”. Why is this? It is hoped that this article will stimulate discussion on this question.
RECLAMATION OF CUTTING OILS
Authors: Sismey Brian
Published: February 2008

“This article is mainly concerned with swarf produced by machine tools using neat cutting oils. If the factory has no means of extracting the oil from this, anything from 40 to 80 gal/ton swarf will be carried away on the scrap dealer's lorry. But it can be a messy and uneconomic proposition if no thought is given to it”.
OVERALLS IN THE NEW DECADE
Authors: SNOWIE G.C.
Published: February 2008

Tribology embraces various subjects ranging from chemistry of oil to metallurgy of contacting surfaces, but it would take some stretch of the imagination to see any connection between tribology and overalls —but there is some indirect connection between tribology and cleanliness. The author of this article suggests that the wearing of clean overalls at all times by those who come into contact with oil will tend to reduce unclean methods of handling it and so will reduce the possibilities of contracting diseases that can emanate from cutting and other oils.
USING SI (METRIC) CORRECTLY
Authors: CONNOLLY J.V.
Published: February 2008

SI Units constitute an internationally agreed measuring system which we, and the rest of the world will use increasingly from now on. The author describes these units and continues with some specialised ones in use in Tribolgoy. He shows how a problem in Tribology is worked out in a fraction of the time that would be taken if using Imperial calculations.
Mining Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

This series of articles continues the theme of Mr. Brewer's preveious series, “Lubrication—Management Responsibility” The series deals with the lubrication of industrial plant, but with the intention of ‘educating’ Management to the importance of ensuring that production is not lost because of faulty lubrication.
DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

IT MAY reasonably be asked “why should metalworking lubricants be considered as a class on their own?” Apart from convenience of classification, there are at least three good reasons for doing so:
AIR AND MAGNETIC SUSPENSION
Authors: Taylor C.M.
Published: February 2008

The main types of fluid film bearing, irrespective of lubricant, are those relying on surface motion to generate the fluid film pressure and hence load capacity (hydrodynamic lubrication—or aerodynamic for gases), and those relying on an external supply of pressurized lubricant (hydrostatic or aerostatic lubrication). A bearing employing a mixture of the two lubrication modes is said to be hybrid. A special case of self‐acting bearings is the squeeze film bearing in which fluid pressure is generated due to the normal motion of the bearing surfaces. Particular bearing geometries will not be discussed.
Lubrication of Baking Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

BAKING DATES back to antiquity and the origin of fire. The age of fire contributed materially to the progress of Man. He contrived the crude tools which enabled him to hunt and defend himself effectually, even to construct crude shelters and to vary his food requirements by tilling the soil. So the art of baking came about, after Man had learned to plant wheat, for example, and to beat the grains into coarse flour.
TESTING PROCEDURES FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS WITH THE FZG TEST RIG
Authors: Michaelis K.
Published: February 2008

The FZG test rig has become, within the past twenty years, a very important method for evaluating and testing different types of gear lubricants such as greases, mineral and synthetic oils, hydraulic fluids, ATF‐fluids, and hypoid oils. The test can evaluate scuffing and wear resistance in gear drives. There are about 100 FZG machines working in laboratories all over the world. These have a centre distance of 91·5 mm and the standard test A/8.3/90, standardized in DIN 51 354 is recommended as a basic testing procedure for gear oils, eg in the AGMA‐Standards and by the Coordinating European Council (CEC). However, there seems to be some confusion concerning different test procedures which can be carried out on this rig. To help to clear the air, the author deals, in this article, with the additional procedures that can be carried out.
The Adventures of Antrobus. Part Four
Authors: LEE ALAN
Published: February 2008

WHEN, PERADVENTURE, labour strife brings the steady throb of production within one's daily orbit slowly dwindling away to a strained sabbatical stillness, as though that Great Shop Steward In The Sky, for novelty, had now got the heel of a size twelve jackboot firmly planted on the jugular vein of Industry … then perforce must resolution prevail and the lubricants salesman with the crippling mortgage hurriedly find himself, revealing perhaps in his moment of self‐discovery a hitherto repressed spirit of emprise. It could be that same urge which in the Middle Ages spurred the Knight Errant to unimaginable deeds of derring‐do, leaping astride his palfry with a strange cry and galloping off to Jerusalem to slay a Saracen.
The Mechanism of Fretting and the Influence of Temperature
Authors: Hurricks P.L.
Published: February 2008

The paper deals in some detail with the fretting wear behaviour of mild steel from room temperature to 600°C in an air atmosphere. The general mechanism of fretting for mild steel is discussed both at the lower temperatures and also at higher temperatures where normal oxidative processes become involved in the fretting mechanism. Both surface metallographic observations and surface SEM observations are presented in support of the wear processes involved. It is shown that there is a well defined wear transition temperature occurring in the region of 200°C together with the possibility of a second transition temperature occurring between 500 and 600°C. Finally, some consideration is given to the activation energy for tribo‐oxidation under fretting conditions and the manner in which the rate controlling factor changes from adhesion to oxidation as the temperature of wear increases.
The Mechanism of Fretting and the Influence of Temperature
Authors: Hurricks P.L.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this paper appeared in our November/December issue and dealt with fretting wear behaviour of mild steel from room temperature to 600°C in air. The general mechanism for fretting is discussed at all temperatures where normal oxidative processes become involved. The nature of fretting wear is also covered and the effects of temperature are described. In this part of the paper, the discussion is continued to include triboxidation, delamination theory, atmospheric environment, transition temperatures, activitation energy and other factors affecting the influence of temperature on fretting.
GREASE ANALYSIS
Authors: STANTON G.M.
Published: February 2008

It often becomes necessary to analyse a grease for a variety of reasons:
THE ADVENTURES OF ANTROBUS
Authors: LEE ALAN
Published: February 2008

“IT'S no use!” declared Cranmer vehemently, crashing into our office like a wounded rhino and banging about in a most irresponsible manner… “That man Lumsden will have to go!” I recognized the mood as being one of utter frustration; the kind of needle a man gets when his best prospect is filched from under his nose at the precise moment of anticipated triumph. I know the feeling well. Cranmer flung down his document case and slumped into a chair. “He'll have to go, Antrobus!” he repeated firmly, with a seriousness suggesting it was a decision which lay within his gift that he had just resolved after great and protrated heart searching.
MORE ABOUT CUTTING FLUIDS
Authors: IVKOVIC B.
Published: February 2008

Dr B. IVKOVIC extends investigations into the effect of tool radioactivity for assessing the behaviour of cutting fluids in a variety of milling operations.
Wellworthy get it under control
Authors: MUNRO R.
Published: February 2008

DESPITE its name the well known Lo‐Ex aluminium alloy used extensively and successfully over the years for all types of piston has limitations in respect of the expansion characteristics it imparts to the piston skirt.
RELIABLE LUBRICATION FOR ISOLATED BEARINGS
Authors: PATTERSON D.A.J.
Published: February 2008

FOR many years the well‐equipped Fengineering workshop has been able to choose from a number of sophisticated and efficient centralized lubrication systems, in order to remove the hit‐or‐miss element from the lubrication of its machinery.
A case for air bearings
Authors: DONALD BREHM P.
Published: February 2008

MODULAR equipment new to the already extensive Rank Taylor Hobson product range are the Talycentric and Talytron roundness and straightness measuring modules. Talycentric rotary inspection tables provide a rotary reference axis with accuracy and stability within fractions of a micrometre.
Seizure resistance of cast aluminium alleys containing dispersed graphite particles of differing sizes
Authors: ROHATGI P.K. , PAI C.C.
Published: February 2008

Seizure resistance of the cast graphite particle‐aluminium composite alloys, containing graphite particles of varying sizes has been studied using a Hohman wear tester. The size of the spheroidal graphite particles was varied from 30 µm to 400 µm, and in one case 80 µm size flake graphite was used to observe the effect of shape of graphite. When the graphite content of graphitic aluminium alloys is more than 2 per cent, these alloys can be self‐mated under condition of boundary lubrication without seizing. The size and shape of the graphite particles had no significant effect on the seizure resistance of these alloys, in the range of conditions investigated in this study. This is attributed to the extensive deformation and fragmentation of graphite due to the low yield strength of the aluminium matrix and the low flow stress of the graphite particles. During wear, the deforming aluminium matrix accentuates the deformation and fragmentation of subsurface graphite particles and causes them to come to the mating surface, thus providing continuous lubrication and preventing seizure. Even after a short run‐in period, a continuous layer of graphite is observed on the mating surfaces of graphite particle‐aluminium composite alloys. This layer persists even after extensive wear deformation.
An industrial tribology service for the '80s
Authors: WAKELIN R.J.
Published: February 2008

“A flying squad of industrial detectives” was how the local press described the Industrial Unit's engineers, on the occasion of the Duke of Edinburgh's visit to the Unit after the Tribo‐International 78 exhibition.
Metallurgy innovation at NEL
Authors: DOWER J.
Published: February 2008

THE National Engineering Laboratory, at Kilbride, has been involved for some years in research and development of two aspects of powder metallurgy—that is to say the hot and cold forging of powder metal preforms.
GREASE LUBRICATION
Authors: ROBINSON NORMAN W.
Published: February 2008

A LUBRICATING grease has been defined by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) as a solid to semifluid lubricant consisting of a thickening agent in a liquid lubricant. Other ingredients imparting special properties may be included.
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
Authors: HOBBS R.A.
Published: February 2008

SELECTION of the most suitable bearing type for a particular duty can pose a difficult problem due to the wide range of bearings available. To assist the designer these notes describe the more‐frequently‐used types of ball and roller bearings and their components, and refer to some of their uses and limitations.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON MARINE SHAFTING DESIGN
Authors: LARSEN O.C.
Published: February 2008

DESIGN stage investigation of marine shaft systems usually comprises the evaluation of the following elements.
FORWARD AND BACK
Authors: KIPP E.M.
Published: February 2008

THE most common animal fats include materials such as tallow, mutton, and lard oil. Their compositions and properties vary with the particular rendering or recovery methods, type and extent of refinement. Waxes such as beeswax may be considered a special classification of animal fats.
TELEHOIST BREAK NEW GROUND
Authors: Osborne Bernal
Published: February 2008

TELEHOIST, of Cheltenham, specialists in hydraulic equipment for construction plant, are among the pioneers in the UK of automatic grease lubrication for commercial vehicles where operators have a preference for grease instead of oil.
HYDROCRACKER CREATION
Authors: OSBORNE BERNAL
Published: February 2008

PROJECT Leader, Dr Geoff Dobson, in charge of Automotive Engine Lubricants at BP's Sunbury Research Centre, is the first to applaud his own good luck. It came as a blessed bonus to crown months of effort by him and his team to formulate a satisfactory mineral base oil which would allow BP to make continued headway into the light viscosity automotive lubricants market without recourse to synthetics. The product they discovered in the last resort made this possible. And the background story adds another chapter to BP's not uneventful history.
CHILL CAST VALVE TRAIN COMPONENTS
Authors: McDONALD A.K.
Published: February 2008

CAST iron is arguably the most versatile of engineering materials and nowhere is this more evident than in the internal combustion engine.
ROTOR DYNAMICS OF TURBO‐MACHINERY
Authors: RUDDY A.V.
Published: February 2008

THESE notes are concerned with the lateral vibration of the rotor and the influence that other machine components have on that vibration. When investigating the dynamical behaviour of a turbo‐machine, the following elements are typically of interest:
ROCK‐HARD TRIBOLOGY
Authors: BULLEN G.J.
Published: February 2008

The author compares the results of a series of tests on BQ wireline and TBW mining bits containing 30/40 US mesh De Beers SDA100 diamond abrasive at 60 concentration when drilling Cornish grey granite at constant penetration rate or constant thrust loads. The results confirmed earlier findings that, by setting the penetration rate of impregnated drill bits, efficient drilling can be maintained throughout the life of the bit.
GEARS AND THEIR TRIBOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: HATTON DENNIS R.
Published: February 2008

In order to ensure effective lubrication of industrial gears, it is first desirable to have a basic knowledge of the tribological implications in their design, ie, to study conditions which can arise when the interacting surfaces are in relative motion.
ALLOY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: NUTTING J.
Published: February 2008

THROUGHOUT recorded history metals have played an important role in the development of civilised life. In fact they have been used as markers for stages in that development — hence the terms bronze age and iron age. We would appear to be still living in what could be called the late steel age. In spite of changes in patterns of metal use we shall stay in this age at least well into the 21st century.
MEASURING THE DEBRIS
Authors: MILLS G.N.
Published: February 2008

The CDM/FP/00 (Continuous Debris Monitor with Flushing Plug) is an on‐line magnetic plug designed to measure the amount of ferrous debris in oil‐lubricated and hydraulic systems. It is superior to existing self‐sealing magnetic plugs in that a continuous reading is given when the unit is plumbed into an oil line. Further, it has the advantage of being self‐flushing, thereby obviating the need for removal and inspection. The sensor consists of a patented mechanism whereby the accumulation of ferrous debris causes a flux change in a magnetic circuit. A magnetic sensor converts this flux change into an electrical signal, which is proportional to the amount of debris captured. A sensor is incorporated into the mechanism to monitor the lubricant temperature and so provide compensation for changes in temperature. As debris accumulates, the magnetic circuit would eventually saturate. The CDM/FP/00 senses this and initiates a patented flush cycle, whereby the magnetic circuit is withdrawn from the oil line enabling the flow to wash off the accumulated debris, which can then be filtered out. Withdrawal is accomplished by a linear electric actuator. Fluid integrity is maintained by a thin non‐magnetic barrier between the oil line and the magnetic circuit. The magnetic circuit is then accurately repositioned and debris accumulation recommences. The CDM/FP/00 is fully approved by the Health and Safety Executive for use in Class 1 atmospheres as defined in BS 1259:1958. This unit incorporates both Gabriel Microwave Systems Ltd, and Central Electricity Generating Board devices, each the subject of separate Patents Pending. Manufacture and sale, therefore, is under licence with respect to the CEGB device.
CERAMICS TECHNOLOGY
Authors: PARKER D.A.
Published: February 2008

In the development of engine components a number of special techniques are used to combat the hostile operating environment which usually includes high and cyclic forces, high and cyclic temperatures, sliding and often corrosion and/or erosion. Examples of the use of these techniques, namely the development of special materials for substrate and surface, of mathematical modelling verified by telemetry, and of special machining, to solve the problems of the operating environment, are given in respect of piston rings, cylinder liners, bearings, camshafts and valve seat inserts. It is noted that of these techniques the development of special surface and substrate materials provides the most assistance. The application of materials technology to surface and substrate is illustrated with respect to ceramics, including silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconia and alumina. Applications under development include insulation, improvement of wear resistance, reduction of mass, increase of operating temperature and the reinforcement of metals, for example reinforcement of aluminium alloys using alumina fibres incorporated by squeeze casting. The several means open to improve the properties of gravity cast aluminium silicon alloys are reviewed and the improvement of properties obtained by squeeze casting without reinforcement are illustrated. The further enhancement of these properties by the design of an appropriate fibre reinforcement system, incorporated by squeeze casting, is then described. Its application to the reinforcement of a combustion bowl subject to high thermal stress is discussed and the performance of the resulting piston in relation to unreinforced pistons is described. In conclusion the market, product and process aspects of the development are correlated to demonstrate its overall value and to identify further applications.
HEADING TOWARDS RATIONALISATION
Authors: GRAHAM R. , OVIATT W.R.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICATION of automatic transmissions provides the oil marketers and additive suppliers with a major challenge in terms of fluid development to satisfy the diverse requirements of such units. Fluid development is further complicated by the large number of non‐automotive applications for which automatic transmission fluids (ATFs) are being used.
FACTORS IN OF STONE
Authors: WRIGHT D.N. , CASSAPI V.B.
Published: February 2008

INCREASING demand for stone products has led to numerous new quarries being opened up and worked all over the world. As a result of this expansion, the variety of stone types available has increased. This can present initial problems when determining the correct diamond and bond specifications for the diamond tools used to cut and drill these materials. It is difficult to make precise judgements without carrying out extensive machining trials to establish the sawability of a given stone type.
A DECADE OF UPHEAVAL AND CHANGE
Authors: MOORE PETER
Published: February 2008

OVER the past 10 years there has been quite an upheaval in the products offered for lubrication in metal‐forming processes. One wonders why this has occurred.
TRIBOLOGY GOES BELOW GROUND
Authors: LENEL U.R.
Published: February 2008

WEAR resistance is never the sole requirement of an engineering material. All engineering components have a function to perform and any particular function will impose a series of requirements on the material of manufacture. In the search for improved wear resistance, these other requirements must never be forgotten: no industrially useful material will survive on wear resistance alone.
OSBORNE REYNOLDS CENTENARY 1886–1986
Authors: DOWSON D.
Published: February 2008

THIS year marks the centenary of the publication of the most significant paper every written in the field of tribology. It is therefore timely to recall the nineteenth century developments in mechanical engineering science which prompted Osborne Reynolds to undertake his studies of fluid‐film lubrication, to consider the essence of his contribution, to review one hundred years of further progress and to comment on the current position.
OSBORNE REYNOLDS CENTENARY 1886–1986 Part II
Authors: DOWSON D.
Published: February 2008

THE first part of Professor Duncan Dowson's paper (March/April issue) dwelt on late 19th century development of machinery outstripping the performance of available lubricants. Contemporary lubricant research, and personalities involved, where described, leading to the concept of fluid‐film lubrication, documented by Professor Osborne Reynolds' paper read to the Royal Society in 1886.
AN AIR‐GAP INSULATED PISTON
Authors: PARKER D.A. , DONNISON G.M.
Published: February 2008

The concept of an air‐gap insulated piston has been explored using bolted and welded/roll bonded designs. Pistons with bolted‐on crowns demonstrated the effectiveness of air gap insulation, but roll bonded and welded designs were found to be more robust and to provide the complete sealing of the air gap necessary for continued insulation. Evolution of the design to combine high insulation with adequate durability is discussed. Engine running times of up to 200 hours at full load have been achieved for an air gap piston which reduces heat flow to the crown by 33 per cent. An improved design giving 41 per cent reduction of heat flow has been tested for 78 hours at full engine load with no evident deterioration. Development is continuing to provide a fully durable piston achieving up to 50 per cent reduction in heat flow.
MILLERS MAKE IT A MAYTIME PARTY
Authors: Osborne Bernal
Published: February 2008

TO MARK what in their new celebration brochure is colourfully and correctly described as ‘a century of progress’, Millers Oils promoted a series of open day hospitality events over the period 20–22 May, with twice‐daily sessions at the Brighouse, West Yorkshire plant.
KEEPING PACE WITH DESIGN
Authors: Lane G. , Casale P.G. , Chadwick R.E.
Published: February 2008

The low‐ and medium‐speed diesel engine design changes that have taken place to date, and are predicted to continue for the foreseeable future, present the marine diesel lubricant with a difficult environment which is expected to become more severe with respect to both wear and cleanliness performance, on account of increasing specific power output and wider use of lower grade residual fuels. This article describes in some detail the main in‐house laboratory rig and engine techniques and procedures which have been developed by the Authors' company for assessing the important aspect of wear control; it highlights the special techniques used during shipboard testing for determining cylinder liner and piston ring wear and shows that the results from field testing correlate with those obtained from the in‐house tests used to develop the latest generation of superior quality marine diesel lubricants.
A RICARDO OCCASION
Authors: Monaghan Michael
Published: February 2008

Several times in his IMechE/BP 1987 Tribology Paper — pages 4–11 of this issue — the author, Michael Monaghan, Technical Director of Ricardo Consultants plc, refers to early automotive engine developments and to the prevailing dilemma as to whether it was better — usually meaning less difficult or less costly — to seek increased performance by attending to the combustion system, or by reducing mechanical friction which dissipated a goodly portion of engine output long before it reached the road wheels.
THIN LAYER ACTIVATION
Authors: Asher J. , Schwabe P.H.
Published: February 2008

In the search for on or off‐line methods for condition monitoring of wear sensitive components, Thin Layer Activation (TLA) has much to offer. It is possible to measure very small surface losses directly, and by the use of double layer, or direct, or indirect sentinel layer modifications, wear of material to any depth can be measured. The technique can be applied to most materials and extended to virtually all materials and components by the use of treated plugs or inserts. Material loss can often be measured under operating conditions without dismantling equipment. The technique is reliable and of known useful life, ie there can be no electrical or mechanical failures of the implanted layer. The total radioactivity is very low and no modification of material surface properties is likely. The use of TLA in condition monitoring will speed up the identification of incipient faults.
SHELL'S £80m INVESTMENT
Authors: Osborne Bernal
Published: February 2008

One of the world's most highly automated factories, where robots and humans work side‐by‐side, was inaugurated by Their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Wales at Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, in May.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLOIDAL GRAPHITE LUBRICANT
Authors: Chadha B.R. , Dobhal D.P. , Gupta L.R.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the formulation of colloidal graphite lubricant for special applications by the use of nonionic wetting and dispersing agents. The lubricant was stable for 5–6 months and met the other requirement of the specification for such lubricants. In conclusion some suggestions are made which might help in increasing the long term stability of the product.
TRIBOLOGICAL DESIGN
Authors: Morton P.G.
Published: February 2008

“Tribological Design — The Power Generation Industry”, was an invited paper presented at the 15th Leeds‐Lyon Symposium held in Leeds in 1988. A review of the proceedings published last autumn appeared in the last issue of Industrial Lubrication and Tribology. The permission of the publisher, Elsevier, Amsterdam, to reprint this article is gratefully acknowledged.
High Technology of Sealing Solved by Ferrofluids
Authors: Ochonski W.
Published: February 2008

The ferromagnetic rotary shaft seals are for the present the most important industrial applications of magnetic fluid (ferrofluid) technology developed mainly in the last decade.
Entrepreneurs
Authors: Owridsmith Mike
Published: February 2008

How far do individual leaders influence Organisation Development? Certainly there have been a number of people who through their ambition, vision and skill have had an enormous impact in building up business organizations. We shall look at the life and career of some of the most renowned leaders. To start the series Mike Owridsmith outlines the work of Andrew Carnegie.
Leadership Style and Leadership Flexibility: some transnational observations
Authors: Schou Andrew J. , Storm Peter M.
Published: February 2008

With the advent of industrial democratisation, worker participation, job re‐design, autonomous sub‐groups and workers' councils, it has become apparent to managers as well as researchers that the role of first‐level managers has changed from being goal‐directed, task‐oriented supervisors to being person‐oriented co‐ordinators and consultants. This change has created a call for a new style of leadership, a style of leadership in which supervisors rely less upon the authority of their positions and in which they provide more room for their subordinates to strive for a certain degree of self‐fulfillment.
Creating Organizations that Learn
Authors: Smith Charles E. , Farren Caela
Published: February 2008

Organizations, like people, can learn from their experience. The 1978 Camp David Conference learned from its experience. From difficulty, success and later problems we can take a lesson in how to do it. Physical isolation and a powerful mediator were the key. Repeated changes in the internal operation kept it moving.
Performance Evaluation
Authors: Deb Susanta
Published: February 2008

When we say “performance” evaluation, we all usually assume what we are talking about. But when we begin to discuss the subject, we often find we are not all dealing with the same thing. There is another side of the problem also — according to a survey of the Bureau of National Affairs, 93 per cent of the firms have performance evaluation programs; yet, only 10 per cent of the personnel executives of those firms felt that their evaluation programs were effective. Perhaps, the reason is due to the fact that performance evaluation is, indeed, not a single technique; rather, it is a term used for a variety of techniques by which superiors, peers, juniors and the individual employees themselves rate, rank, or describe the employees' work effectiveness. The evaluations may be global, but such evaluations tend to be much influenced by a few important factors. More commonly, a number of specific dimensions of behaviour are assessed. This article attempts to provide a factor approach to performance evaluation in an organization.
Synergistic Strategies for Organization Development
Authors: Harris Philip R.
Published: February 2008

The complexities involved in operating transnational enterprises now and in the next century require synergistic skills. Both organizational leaders and consultants are challenged to assist managers and workers to move beyond differences within their respective macro or micro cultures and to learn to share knowledge and expertise in these tumultuous times.
Mediating Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations: Minimal Conditions for Resolution
Authors: Dana Daniel
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the minimal conditions that must be present in order for movement towards resolution of interpersonal conflict to occur, and brings into question earlier assumptions about the amount of skill a person functioning as a third party mediator must possess in order to be effective.
Politics in Organisations: Re‐examining OD
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew P.
Published: February 2008

Analysing organisations in terms of political behaviour is nothing new in the field of organisational psychology. Such well known behavioural scientists as French, Burns and March indicated more than 20 years ago that the political aspects of life in organisations require substantial exploration. It is only recently that the challenge has been accepted but, as shown in this monograph, it has had little impact in the areas of management and organisation development.
Leadership Characteristics Required of Australian Managers
Authors: Mukhi Suresh K.
Published: February 2008

A recent research study of chief executives shows that the man most likely to make it to the top of the Australian corporate ladder will be the one who has been thrown in the deep end to gain leadership experience early in his career, works long hours, has attended a GPS school, taken a university degree in finance/accounting related subjects, gained most experience in this area, worked for 3.5 organisations on the average and held 8.7 jobs on the average.
Volunteer Organizations Serve as Leadership Labs for Business Persons
Authors: Badeaux Laura M.
Published: February 2008

Christopher Quartly, in the September 1973 issue of Personnel Journal, emphasized that volunteer organizations have been underestimated and misrepresented as a source of managerial development. Yet volunteer organizations, he stressed, are actually laboratories for leadership!
Managing Diverse Work Groups: The Implications for Management Education
Authors: Williams Geoff
Published: February 2008

A new scenario confronts Australian chief executives. Many of their workforce may be migrants and, in addition, an increasing number of women have entered the labour market.
Keeping Up: The Jones Principle
Authors: Jones Roger
Published: February 2008

An individual's advancement in a meritocratic hierarchy may depend on his or her willingness to ingratiate themselves with others.
Future Technological Work Culture: Part II
Authors: Harris Philip R.
Published: February 2008

The second part of this article identifies the technological developments which will influence future organisational structure and design.