bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is the date then?
Authors: Rycraft Michael
Published: January 2007

We are so used to using calendars that we do not often ask when they were first used and why they were used. One of the earliest places where calendars are known to have been in use is ancient Egypt. Egyptian agriculture was based on using the Nile flood water. The Nile floods at the same time every year but the cause of the flood is not connected with the weather in Egypt itself. It was therefore essential to be able to predict the time of the Nile flood in advance if advantage is to be made of the flood waters. However this is a special situation. For example when deciding when to prune my roses in the spring I could consult a calendar. However if I had no calendar I could easily find the right time of year for pruning the roses by observing when some other plant had reached a certain stage of development. In fact given the difference between one season and another this method is probably better than using a calendar anyway.
How to win the National Lottery
Authors: MacKinnon Nick
Published: January 2007

The National Lottery is upon us, and as you read this you may be clutching your numbers waiting for the live draw on November 19. This article will discuss the probabilities of winning, how to improve your chances, and expose a loophole that may be worth millions to a determined syndicate.
A hundred years of finite group theory
Authors: Neumann Peter M.
Published: January 2007

In the preface to the first edition (1897) of his book [1] on the theory of finite groups, William Burnside wrote: ‘The subject is one which has hitherto attracted but little attention in this country; it will afford me much satisfaction if, by means of this book, I shall succeed in arousing interest among English mathematicians in a branch of pure mathematics which becomes the more fascinating the more it is studied.’ He returned to this point in his presidential address delivered to the London Mathematical Society on 12 November 1908.
Curriculum development and the MA
Authors: Hersee John
Published: January 2007

Many questions were raised by the imposition of the National Curriculum; many of them specifically related to mathematics. In particular, the future of curriculum development is called into question and, under that heading, the future of projects. The question may be put bluntly as follows: ‘If there had been a national curriculum or syllabus in the 1950s and 1960s, would it have been possible to set up curriculum development projects, either “officially”, under the Schools Council, or independently, like the Nuffield Project, or the Mathematics in Education and Industry Project (MEI), or the School Mathematics Project (SMP)?’
The contributions of four Scots to the early development of statistics
Authors: Pritchard Chris
Published: January 2007

Among the ways in which a teacher can kindle a pupil's interest in mathematics is by invoking spirits from the subjects past: spirits of men full of imagination and determination; enterprising individuals brimming over with new ideas; pioneers who not only changed their particular discipline, but who in some cases even altered our perception of the world. The Scots have a heritage of which to be proud in science and mathematics. This article discusses four pioneers in statistics.
Prime-valued polynomials
Authors: McLean K. Robin
Published: January 2007

In a recent Note Nick Lord proved that if a polynomial f(x) of degree n takes prime values for 2n + 1 integer values of x, then it is irreducible. (All polynomials discussed here are assumed to have integer coefficients and, like Lord, I regard numbers of the form –p where p is a positive prime as primes in their own right.) He wondered whether his result is the best possible one of its kind. If we restrict attention to positive primes, a best possible result can be achieved (Theorems 2 and 3 below). When we allow negative primes, Lord's result can be improved (see Theorems 1, 3 and 4) by an observation which still surprises me.
The main body of some irrational complex functions
Authors: Kosi-Ulbl Irena
Published: January 2007

We suggest a way to make traditional geometry more interesting for students.
Investigating the connection between classical geometry and modern chaos theory
seems to be a suitable way of motivating them. Excursions into complex number
iterations and interesting Mandelbrot sets offer many methods of discovering and
exploring.

In H. Zeitler considers the complex function The classic case
n = 2 was investigated by Mandelbrot. We are
discussing a more general case where the exponent n is a rational number.
Developing the mathematical feel: The 2000 Presidential Address
Authors: Berry John
Published: January 2007

I came to the Mathematical Association through our local branch and being involved in the Plymouth Annual Conference. After three years as Chair of Branches Committee I thought that it was time to setde back to the lazy golfing life of the south-west! Thus it came as a surprise and an honour to be invited to be President of our Association. I believe that one of the important features of the Mathematical Association is the branch structure and I am saddened to see the decline in active branches (including the West Devon and Cornwall Branch). Thus one of my wishes as your President was to visit as many branches as possible to support and thank the active members who keep their branch alive. Now I realise the reality of the travelling salesman problem and the challenge of travelling from Plymouth to the far flung corners of the UK (and Ireland) by public transport. But it has been possible and I have enjoyed visits to Dublin, Belfast, Exeter, Liverpool, Cheltenham, Leeds, Cardiff, London, Norwich, Sheffield and Hull as well as temporarily resurrecting our local branch in the south-west. I had the pleasure of visiting Glasgow two years ago and I look forward to Newcastle in May.
Difference equations, binomial coefficients and exponential functions
Authors: Makay Géza
Published: January 2007

Recursively defined sequences (in other words difference equations) appear in modelling systems changing in discrete time steps. The asymptotic behaviour of such sequences tells us information about the state of the modelled system after a long time. The simplest difference equations are linear, but the standard solving method of even these simple equations involves eigenvalue and eigenvector computation, complex numbers and linear algebra.
Geometric series: Descartes, and the fundamental theorem of calculus
Authors: Farmer Jeff D.
Published: January 2007

This note describes a possible approach to the direct calculation of both derivatives and integrals of power functions using rather simple algebra and limits that could be easily accessible to students beginning a calculus course. The calculations provide a powerful example of the fundamental theorem, and could be used to allow students to discover the fundamental theorem from the example. The main calculation, which is not found in many calculus textbooks and is due to Descartes, is described by Maor [2]. While this approach may seem like the popular American ‘reform’ calculus, one may find a somewhat similar approach (presenting integral calculus from first principles) in Tom Apostol’s classic and lovely text [1].
Regular polygons on sides of special triangles
Authors: Čerin Zvonko
Published: January 2007

For a natural number n ≥ 3 and a positive real number ξ let Pn (ξ) denote the area of the regular n-gon with side of length ξ and let P(ABC … Z) be the area of a convex polygon ABC … Z.

In 1996 Josip Kovačević observed [1] that in every triangle ABC with sides a, b and c and with the angle A equal to π/3 radians the following relation holds:

Similarly, if the angle A is equal to 2π/3 radians then

On the other hand, when the angle A is π/2 radians, then Pythagoras’ theorem implies which could be rewritten as
so

because P(ABC) = bc/2. The last observation is the starting point for Veljan’s results in [2] and [3] that

when the angle A is π - 2π/n radians and that

when the angle A is 2π/n radians.
Simson lines and deltoids
Authors: Barnett J. K. R.
Published: January 2007

For any triangle, and any point on its circumcircle, the feet of the perpendiculars from the point to the sides of the triangle are collinear. The line through them is the Simson (pedal, Wallace, or Wallace-Simson) line. If two circles have radii in ratio 1:3, and the smaller rolls within the larger, a fixed point on the circumference of the smaller describes a deltoid (or tricuspid hypocycloid) curve (Euler, 1745). The envelope of the Simson lines of any triangle is a deltoid.
Excavations at Hacılar, First Preliminary Report
Authors: Mellaart James
Published: January 2007

The village of Hacilar is situated in the Vilayet of Burdur in South-west Anatolia, about 25 km. west of Burdur itself on the main road to Yeşilova and Denizli. The chalcolithic site lies about 1·5 km. west of the village and just beyond the orchards, which are irrigated by a plentiful spring at the foot of a great limestone crag which overlooks the village. It is this spring which since neolithic times has been the main reason for more or less continuous occupation in this region. Apart from the neolithic and early chalcolithic site at Hacılar there is a large Early Bronze Age mound on the northern outskirts and a classical site to the south-west of the village.

The prehistoric site is an inconspicuous mound, about 150 metres in diameter, rising to a height of not more than 1·50 m. above the level of the surrounding fields (Fig. 1 and Pl. XXIXa). The entire surface of the mound is under cultivation and a series of depressions show the holes made by a local antique-dealer in search of painted pots and small objects. About 1 km. west of the site runs the Koca Çay, the ancient Lysis, and on the eastern scarp of this river valley lies the cemetery of the Early Bronze Age settlement. Not a single burial has yet been found in the chalcolithic or neolithic levels of our site and it is therefore not unreasonable to suggest that its cemetery also may eventually be located there.
Excavations at Can Hasan: Third Preliminary Report, 1963
Authors: French D. H.
Published: January 2007

The third season of work at Can Hasan took place between 11th and 25th September, with additional work on the site between 26th and 28th September. This year we employed, as usual, Veli Karaaslan as foreman, Rifat Çelimli and Mustafa Duman as ustas, seven other men from Menteş and two local men from Canasun village. At the end of the season the site was completely filled in with earth from our dumps, except for areas where we hope to continue work in future seasons. Finally we fenced in, with posts and wire, an enclosure approximately 110 by 90 m. around the excavated area.

This season's staff included Messrs. N. H. S. Kindersley and D. J. Blackman, field assistants; Mrs. D. J. Blackman, Messrs. J. E. Reade and M. C. C. Davie, pottery assistants. Bay Behçet Erdal of the İstanbul Archaeological Museum represented the Turkish Government.
The Monastery of Eski Gümüş—a Preliminary Report
Authors: Gough Michael
Published: January 2007

Gümüş—“Silver” in Turkish—is the name of a small town of something over 2,000 inhabitants about 7 kilometres north-east of Niğde, capital city of the Turkish vilayet of the same name, and not far to the south of an earth road which branches from the main Niğde–Kayseri highway. Another 3 kilometres towards Kayseri is the modern hamlet of Andaval, the ancient Andabilis, where the so-called Church of Constantine is a familiar sight to travellers on the Orient Express as the train makes for Niğde, Ulukışla and the Cilician Gates. Andabilis existed as early as the principate of Hadrian, and thus was on the main route from Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri) to Tyana (Kemerhisar). Gümüş, whatever may have been its ancient name, was then at no great distance from an arterial road linking Constantinople with the Orient by way of the great Taurus pass. The modern town, its economy almost entirely based on extensive apple orchards, now consists of two closely linked villages, divided by a shallow stream with steep banks, and the monastery is in Eski Gümüş—Old Silver—where an outcrop of volcanic tufa, honeycombed with caves, natural and artificial, rises to a height of between 12 and 25 metres.
Excavations at Can Hasan, Second Preliminary Report, 1962
Authors: French D. H.
Published: January 2007

A second season of work at Can Hasan took place between 10th September and 10th October with nine days at the end to complete the final cleaning of the site and the registering of the finds. As last year, we employed three trained men from Beycesultan and ten unskilled men from the village.

In addition to myself and my wife, the staff included Mr. N. H. S. Kindersley, field assistant; Messrs. R. Fonseca and I. Walls, architects; Mr. R. E. Oakley, field assistant; and Misses A. C. Cruikshank, C. MacLucas and A. Searight, pottery assistants. Bay Hayrettin Solmaz of the Konya Museum represented the Turkish Government.
Three Cilician Castles
Authors: Youngs G. R.
Published: January 2007

The 1962 Cambridge Expedition to South-East Turkey spent five weeks in Cilicia studying the castles of Tumlu, Gökvelioğlu, and Yılan. No member of the expedition had any previous experience of this work and this report is therefore confined to facts: descriptions, measurements, plans and photographs. It is hoped that this material may help others, more experienced than ourselves, to make wider generalisations and perhaps to write the architectural history of the buildings.

The castles probably date from the period of the Armenian occupation of Cilicia (1080–1375) during which time numerous castles were constructed and existing Byzantine foundations were strengthened. The castles were frequently built upon precipitous mountain sites and conformed with the sinuosities of the rock, thus making the best of the natural strength of the site. The kingdom of Lesser Armenia was centred chiefly on the Cilician plain and surrounding mountains (Fig. 1).
Aşvan Kale: the Third Millennium Pottery
Authors: French David , Helms Svend
Published: January 2007

The pottery illustrated here is only a small proportion of the total recovered; the intention is to present a brief survey of the commoner fabrics and surface treatments.

The stratigraphic connections from trench to trench were, as discovered, not entirely satisfactory. Though the lowest two of the four trenches which were dug (1969) into settlement debris on the north scarp, viz. G1d and G2b, produced no substantial structural features, the sequence of surfaces, tip lines and aggradations was reasonably clear (Fig. 1). In the trenches above G2b, i.e. G2d and G3b, stratigraphic observations were limited. No lines of aggradation could be observed, the trenches apparently being taken up by the remains or debris of a thick mud brick wall or walls. Into this mass of mud-brick were dug pits. Above both features (mud-brick and pits) began a series of structures and associated deposits, datable (after the 1972 season) to the middle or second half of the first millennium B.C.

The pottery presented here comes from the lowest two trenches, G2b and G1d.
The Aşvan Hoard: Coins of two Cappadocian Monarchs
Authors: McNicoll Anthony
Published: January 2007

During the second season of excavations on Aşvan Kale (June – September 1969) an area of over two hundred square metres was cleared to two related late Hellenistic phases (“Hellenistic lla and b” –Mitchell, above, p. 123). On 28th September, during the removal of a pisé wall of the earlier phase, a crudely made pot with two pierced lug handles was found set in the pisé. In it was a hoard of forty-eight silver coins (see Figs. 2–3).

The coins are catalogued and registered as Aşv./69/326 nos.l –48. They are deposited in Elâziğ, and will be displayed in the new museum which is being built to house the finds from the various digs in the Keban region. All forty-eight coins are drachms; forty-seven are of Ariobarzanes 1 Philoromaios (96–63 B.C.) and one is of his rival Ariarathes IX Eusebes (101–87 B.C.). The coins had a green incrustation probably similar to that of the Cappadocian hoard discussed by Mørkholm, who thought it was caused by burial in a copper or bronze container. This is not so for the Aşvan hoard, where the incrustation must be caused by the corrosion of the copper content in the coins. It appears that the late silver coinage of Ariobarzanes I was far from pure.
Coins of the Aşvan Project
Authors: McNicoll Anthony
Published: January 2007

This is a preliminary report. It aims simply to list the coins found in the excavations at Aşvan 1968–72 and Taşkun Kale 1970–1. Full details will be published after the excavations are completed.
Aşvan Project
Authors: French David
Published: January 2007

The Aşvan Project grew out of the second aspect of the Aşvan excavations, viz. the recovery of archaeologically relevant information from the modern situation, and began (in 1969) with the botanical work of Gordon Hillman.

Very quickly, particularly in 1970, with the help of those who undertook to carry out area-studies, the outline of a scheme for collecting data was sketched and, within a general framework, a number of problems were suggested; of all the problems, those of subsistence and subsistence-patterns were selected as offering the widest base for developing a co-ordinated programme of investigation. The choice was dictated, firstly, by the nature of excavated materials (structures, tools, refuse of stored food remains, both plant and animal) and, secondly, by the availability of a defined geographical area (the concession area i.e. the Aşvan bölgesi) in which was found a number of ancient settlement sites. All these sites could be excavated, together or separately, not only as part of a larger programme, but also by the same methods, standards and techniques and to the same ends; together, the sites covered a time-span of c. 7000–8000 years. In other words the Aşvan region was seen as a unit with clear, recognizable potential for area-studies while at the same time a good, ethical reason for undertaking a regional survey was apparent — any information rescued would be valuable.
Crop Husbandry and Food Production: Modern Basis for the Interpretation of Plant remains
Authors: Hillman Gordon
Published: January 2007

The full analysis of the initial and most exhaustive of our studies of present-day agriculture at Aşvan could not be completed in time for the present volume. It seemed relevant, however, to present a brief outline of some of the principles involved and the data collected.

Samples of vegetable remains represent a body of information which is concerned (in part, at least) with human manipulations of plant resources. These plants may have functioned as foods, fuels, building-timber, tools, dyes, drugs, cosmetics or as decorations. The compounded information may, further, suggest certain forms of ancient economy, though quantification of the data at a level representative of the settlement as a whole is rarely possible. Any such inferences can, however, only exist within the realms of one's own familiarity with equivalent modern situations (or, less consistently, historical situations). If our deductions here are to be repeatable, our present-day (or historical) models must be defined: it is not sufficient to have hazy analogues lurking in the data banks of our subconscious.
A Sixteenth Century English Merchant in Ankara?.
Authors: French David
Published: January 2007

The letter preserved in the British Museum Landsdowne MS 241, f 39.3a has not, so far as I know, been published verbatim. It is mentioned by Foster (1931, 278), in his edition of the letters and other writings brought together by John Sanderson, as follows:

Folio 393 a

Copy of instructions (undated) from William Harborne to James Towerson, for the purchase of goods at ‘Angurie of Azia” [i.e. Angora].

It is the only item of correspondence between William Harborne and James Towerson to be preserved in Sanderson's collection; it was copied out for Sanderson by his apprentice, John Hanger (see Foster 1931, ix).
Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altintepe
Authors: Klein Jeffrey J.
Published: January 2007

“Hieroglyphic inscriptions” of various types are common at Urartian sites, but even without a systematic collection and study of them as a whole it is evident that the great majority are at best only pictographic in nature. The relatively small number of such texts, their brevity, the isolated occurrence of many of the signs and the lack of repetition from site to site make it unlikely that they represent any phonetically based writing system. Indeed, the claim of some authors that there existed a local, specifically Urartian hieroglyphic script has yet to be demonstrated.

The hieroglyphic inscriptions from Altıntepe, on the other hand, clearly belong to a different category. The length and consistency of the texts strongly suggest the employment of a regular script, while the close correspondence of the signs to those of the Hittite Hieroglyphic syllabary has led a number of scholars to contend that these are purely Hittite documents. The following study will show, however, not only that the language of the inscriptions is in fact Urartian, but also that they present some rather important new evidence for the reading of Hieroglyphic Hittite itself.
Horned Objects in Anatolia and the Near East and possible connexions with the Minoan “Horns of Consecration”
Authors: Diamant Steven , Rutter Jeremy
Published: January 2007

Numerous interpretations of the meaning, function, and derivation of the Minoan “horns of consecration” have been put forward since Evans discovered the first object of this kind in his excavations at Knossos. As yet, not one of the various theories proposed has been universally accepted. Consequently, the authors of this article would prefer not to be so presumptuous as to claim that they have indeed solved the problem of the usage and origins of the Minoan “horns”; on the other hand they believe that excavations in the past twenty years have strongly suggested that the Minoan “horns” have their origins in Anatolia and that the object's function, originally at least, was a pot-support in a hearth.

In Anatolia, horned objects which we consider served as precursors of the Minoan “horns of consecration” fall into three classes. Examples of the first of these classes have been found in EB II hearths at Beycesultan and at Tarsus. Survivals of this type of “horns” are also found in Late Bronze Age [hereafter LB] Kusura C and Beycesultan III–II. The second class consists of the pot-stands or andirons connected with Khirbet Kerak ware in the 'Amuq, Palestine, north-east Anatolia, and the Caucasus.
Gerga in Caria
Authors: Bean G. E.
Published: January 2007

The interesting village-site of Gerga was first described by G. Cousin in BCH XXIV (1900), 28–31. He was followed in 1933 by A. Laumonier, who published two articles in BCH LVIII (1934), 304–7 and LX (1936), 286–97; cf. Les Cultes Indigènes en Carie 446–51. The ruins, now known as Gâvurdamları or Gâvurpazarı, lie in the wild mountain country some 6 km. east-south-east of Eski Çine, above the valley of the Marsyas river. The nearest city is Alabanda 12 or 13 km. to the northwest. Both of the French scholars approached the site in what was then the natural way, from the west and north; but the fine new tarmac road from Çine to Yatağan has now made the approach from the south much easier, and on 6th October, 1968, I visited Gerga from this direction, crossing the Marsyas near the fine old Turkish bridge at Incekemer. The site proves to be a good deal more extensive than had previously been realised. It extends over two hills, which I call the eastern and western, though north-eastern and south-western would perhaps be more accurate. The principal centre, with the very handsome “funerary temple”, the strange statue, the curious pyramidal stelae and other features, is on the south slope of the higher eastern hill, and neither Cousin nor Laumonier seems to have penetrated much, if at all, beyond this.
Lampron—Castle of Armenian Cilicia
Authors: Robinson F. C. R. , Hughes P. C.
Published: January 2007

In this article the historical importance of Lampron, and the architecture of the castle as it stands at present, are described. The work was done during the summer vacation of 1966.

For simplification of description in the text the longer axis of the castle is assumed to run north–south. The scale that appears in some photographs is marked in ½ metre divisions, with an additional short length at the top.

“… tous les seigneurs de ce château se révoltent parce qu'ils le savent imprenable.”

(Leo the Great of Cilician Armenia)

The fief was the source of medieval military authority. The castle at the centre of the fief was its focal point. From it the baron derived all his power. It was, in a disturbed world, his insurance of safety. Much depended on its strength.
The First Modern Visitor to Alahan
Authors: MacKay Pierre A.
Published: January 2007

Leon de Laborde's visit to Alahan in 1826 provided the earliest western account of the monastery complex that is now so closely associated with the work of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara through the excavations conducted by Michael Gough. Laborde was not, however, the first of the modern visitors. He was preceded by the indefatigable Evliya Çelebi, who visited the site in 1671–1672, while on his way to Mecca for the pilgrimage. Evliya followed more or less the course of the modern highway from Karaman to Mut, and I give below the full account of his journey between these two stations. Of the two primary authorities for the text, I have used MS. Pertev Pş 462, f. 68a as my chief source, with supplements from MS. Beşir Aǧa 452, f. 68a (a fuller, but less scrupulous, and on the whole less intelligent copy). The two copies vary more than is normally to be expected. The lost exemplar may have become increasingly unclear in the final two volumes, and the copyists were probably tiring of their monumental task. In the 1935 modernization of Seyahatname, Vol. IX, the passage occurs on pages 315–316.
Jewellery, Gold Votive Plaques and a Silver Belt from Altıntepe
Authors: Özgüç Tahsin
Published: January 2007

Our knowledge of Urartian jewellery in precious stones and metals has remained obscure in spite of references in Assyrian texts and examples portrayed in Urartian descriptive art. This can be attributed to two causes: (a) The jewellery from illicit excavations has not reached the museums; (b) Urartian tombs and cemeteries have not as yet been subjected to sufficiently methodical systems of research. In addition, jewellery of unknown provenance which has been bought by museums has not been published. However, that brought to light at the three Urartian centres of Karmir-Blur, Altıntepe, and Patnos/Deǧirmentepe has to some degree increased our knowledge of Urartian personal ornamentation.

Jewellery

The jewellery from Altıntepe is made of gold, silver and precious stones:

1. Gold and silver buttons (Pl. XIa–c):

In the second room of the third tomb, and outside the coffin of the man, were found eight gold and six silver buttons. Thirty-two gold buttons, sewn onto the dress of the woman, were found in her sarcophagus. Thirty-eight of the large buttons are 1·75 cm. in diameter and 0·6 cm. in height. All are circular, with convex surfaces decorated at the centre with a six-petalled rosette encircled by six circles in repoussé and six granular triangles. The rosettes and circles are bordered by granules and a gold wire set between two rows of granules encircles the central design around the rim.
More Monkey Business
Authors: Mendleson Carole
Published: January 2007

It is with great pleasure that I dedicate this short piece to Dr. Barnett. It was his original article, entitled “Monkey Business”, that led to this attempt to find out a little more about monkeys in ancient Mesopotamia.

In the collection of terracottas from Ur now in the British Museum there appear three types of moulded relief plaque depicting a man with monkeys. As far as I am aware, except for one plaque without a provenance, all the known examples come from Ur.

All the plaques clearly show a man with either one or two monkeys.

Type 1(Pl. XXIVa) shows a bearded man facing right. He wears a close-fitting cap with a wide band and a wraparound skirt down to the calf, with a fringed side edge and a belt. He is bare-chested. In his left hand he holds a lead which is attached to the neckrings of two monkeys, one on his shoulder, the other seated in front of him playing a flute. In his bent right hand the man holds a folded-over object, perhaps another musical instrument (?clappers), possibly to be played by the second monkey which sits on the man's shoulder clutching his cap with its head snuggling down on the head of the man. Both monkeys are long-tailed.

There are three examples of this type of plaque in the museum, one almost complete and two fragmentary.
A New Look at the Chronology of Alalakh Level VII
Authors: Na'aman Nadav
Published: January 2007

The Alalakh tablets were published by Wiseman in 1953, and in subsequent years the main chronological problems raised by them have been treated in numerous studies. Already in 1954, Landsberger, in a comprehensive paper on the chronology, determined that the Alalakh archive was later than the days ofBḪammurapi and the destruction of Mari, and suggested identifyingYḪammurapi (end of the period of the Mari archives) withYḪammurapi the father ofYAbbael, the first ruler of Yamḫad mentioned in the Alalakh tablets. Landsberger thus was able to form a chronological continuity between the rulers known from the Mari archives (includingBḪammurapi) and the rulers known from the Alalakh archives. This suggestion was generally accepted among scholars subsequently dealing with the Alalakh material.

In the same paper, Landsberger set out a full reconstruction of the dynasties ruling in Yamḫad and in Alalakh in the period of the archive from level VII. This scheme has been modified slightly by Smith, Goetze, and Kupper, in the years following, demonstrating thatYIrkabtum, who appears in the year-names in several documents from the archive (AT 33, 38, 54, 58, 64 and 65) was the heir ofYNiqmiepuḫ, and contemporary withAAmmitaqum. Thus, it was determined that, in the period of the Alalakh archive, the following six kings ruled in succession at Ḫaleb:YAbbael,YYarimlim II,YNiqmiepuḫ,YIrkabtum,YḪammurapi II,YYarimlim III (the latter two are often listed in reverse order). The first four kings of this list are noted in father-son relationships, while the relationships of the two latter are unknown.
R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 3 A Latin Inscription from Galatia
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2007

The Museum of Yalvaç contains a large and important collection of Greek and Latin inscriptions, mostly from the adjacent colony of Pisidian Antioch, but including a number from other sites in the region. Among the latter is an important text from the reign of Trajan, which has claimed some attention in the scholarly literature although it has never been fully published. Since it presents some points of difficulty, and contains matters of interest which have not hitherto been discussed, it seems worthwhile to do so now.

The inscription was found at the village of Fele, now called Yassıbel, south of the town of Şarkıkaraağaç in what was once the Cillanian plain, and was brought to the museum in 1966. It is carved on a large rectangular block of yellow/white limestone; Ht. 0·62; width 2·31; depth 0·20. The text is engraved inside an elongated tabula ansata, and the letters measure 0·11 (1. 1), 0·07 (1. 2), 0·06 (1. 3), 0·055 (1. 4), 0·05 (1. 5). The stone has been broken into three pieces but is complete, and except at one point in 1. 4 there is no doubt about the reading. The museum inventory number is A.445.
On the Origins of Domestic Rye—Secale Cereale: the Finds from Aceramic Can Hasan III in Turkey
Authors: Hillman Gordon
Published: January 2007

Wheat, barley and peas, traditional grain-crops of the Western World are, by now, well known to have originated in the Near East. It was the cultivation of the wild ancestors of these crops, beginning soon after the end of the last European Ice Age, that eventually led to an utterly new way of life for most of the population of Europe and Western Asia, a new Neolithic culture based on food production and complete with appropriately adapted tool assemblages and relatively permanent living structures. Soon, from different parts of the Near East, this new pattern of subsistence based on wheats, barleys and pulse crops spread in all directions. One direction led up the Balkan Peninsula and into Central and, eventually, Northern Europe where the Near Eastern, Neolithic, cereal-pulse culture spawned temperate-adapted versions of just the same patterns of subsistence.

Rye, however, has played no part in this story as told to date, this despite the fact that, as Europeans, we automatically associate rye with wheat and barley, the two other providers of our ‘daily bread’.
The “Autobiography of Ariyahinas's Son”: an Edition of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Stelae Tell Ahmar 1 and Aleppo 2
Authors: Hawkins J. D.
Published: January 2007

I am very happy to be able to offer to Oliver Gurney, to whom I owe many years of generous and unstinted teaching, advice and support, a token Hieroglyphic repayment for my Cuneiform debt to him. I only trust that this contribution of mine to this journal, being the first which has not had the benefit of his careful scholarship and judicious criticism, will not fall below his high standards.

Of the two large stelae found at Tell Ahmar (the ancient Til-Barsip), the mutilated TELL AHMAR 2, now in the Louvre, names as its author a certain king Hamiyatas, who presumably ruled the city Til-Barsip and its surrounding territory, although his and his kingdom's titles have been carried away by the damage to the stele. In the remains of his genealogy, Hamiyatas names Masuwarazas, perhaps his father, but perhaps grandfather or even earlier forebear. The broken stele TELL AHMAR 1, a new edition of which is here presented, has lost the name, office and titles of the author and preserves only his genealogy, “Hapatilas's great-grandson, the ruler Ariyahinas's son” (by which patronymic he must be named by us).
Analyses of Tepecik and Tülintepe Metal Artifacts
Authors: Çukur Alaaddin , Kunç Şeref
Published: January 2007

Tepecik and Tülintepe mounds are situated in the area of the reservoir of Keban dam, now completely flooded since 1974. Both mounds were located in Altınova plain about 31 and 21 km. respectively (by road) east of Elazıǧ in Eastern Turkey. The distance between the two mounds was about 9·5 km. as the crow flies. The rescue excavations at Tepecik were carried out in the years 1968–74 and at Tülintepe in 1971–74 (Esin 1975a, Esin 1975b).

Tepecik was settled from the Late Neolithic period and Tülintepe from Chalcolithic to Medieval times. The sites were situated only about 60 km. away from the important copper and lead mines of Ergani Maden and about 70 km. from the mines of Keban. These two mining regions have often been quoted in the literature as possible copper and lead sources in Turkey since prehistoric times (Tylecote 1976, Seeliger et al. 1985 and Wagner et al. 1986).
Strobilos and Related Sites
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: January 2007

In the Byzantine period, urban life in Anatolia underwent a decay in which ancient cities shrank behind reduced circuits of walls or withdrew to the fortified hilltops whence they had descended in the Hellenistic age. Even the greatest city of the empire, Constantinople, saw a drastic diminution of population and resources, abandonment of its ancient public works and services, and consequent transformation from a classical to a medieval city. These changes began with the devastating invasions of Persians and Arabs in the seventh century. Sources reveal little about Anatolia between the early seventh and mid-ninth century, a true dark age, but the evidence of archaeology often makes it possible to visualize conditions at the time.

The Byzantines, whose empire long survived these troubles, generally occupied existing sites in Asia Minor where their ruins are superimposed on those of the Romans or earlier cultures. In only a few instances, usually occasioned by the needs of defence or of a militarized administration, were new sites founded. Although the Dark Ages were not a propitious time for urban development, some new towns did come into existence or prominence. Few of them have been studied. Strobilos on the Carian coast, therefore, is of some potential interest as an example of a Byzantine town which first appears in the historical record in the eighth century, and whose remains have been preserved.
The Engraved Tridacna-Shell Discs
Authors: Brandl Baruch
Published: January 2007

It is now more than 140 years since archaeologists began dealing with the engraved Tridacna shells, whose distribution extended from Vulci in the west to Susa in the east, and from Memphis in the south to Gordion and Vulci in the north. Their number is growing constantly and is now approaching 100. This increase is the result not only of the publication of new finds or old museum material, which until now escaped the scholar's eyes, but also of the reclassification of four items, in the past said to be imitations made of various stones, as authentic Tridacna shells.

In this article I want to show that this is true not only with the complete Tridacna shells, but also of a sub-group of Tridacna shells cut into the shape of discs. I will try to prove that the items in this sub-group are indeed Tridacna shells by describing them and discussing their motives and distribution. I will not deal with questions such as the centre of manufacture, distributors, style etc. important as they are. These aspects will be discussed by me in detail in a separate publication which will treat the Tridacna shell group as a whole.
Shalmaneser's Campaign to Urarṭu in 856 B.C. and the Historical Geography of Eastern Anatolia according to the Assyrian Sources
Authors: Russell H. F.
Published: January 2007

The highlands of Eastern Anatolia cannot have seemed to be a particularly attractive or accessible area to the Assyrians. The E. Taurus—the range of mountains separating the plain of Upper Mesopotamia from the highlands to the north—was rarely breached by the Assyrians: in the Middle-Assyrian period, Tiglath-pileser I claims that he went to the Nairi lands (then around Lake Van) three times; Shalmaneser III penetrated E. Anatolia through the E. Taurus in his 3rd, 7th and 15thpalûs, and from N.W. Iran in his accession year and 30th and 31stpalûs. Thereafter, the region lay in the hands of the Urartians and, except for the raid on Ṭurušpa carried out by Tiglath-pileser III pursuing the remnants of the army of Sarduri II after the defeat of the anti-Assyrian coalition in Kummuh in 743, was never penetrated by the Assyrian army again.

Shalmaneser's campaign of 856 began with the completion of the conquest of the Aramaean state of Bit-Adini, lying on the Euphrates to the south of Carchemish. After leaving Bit-Adini, Shalmaneser made his way to Bit-Zamani, the Diyarbakır area, and thence began his long campaign through Eastern Anatolia to Western Iran and back to Assyria.
Were the S.E. Aegean Islands deserted in the MBA?
Authors: Papagiannopoulou A.
Published: January 2007

Many interesting aspects appear in the article by J. Davis about “the earliest Minoans in the S.E. Aegean” (AnSt. XXXII, (1982), 33–41). There are two aspects in his work, the archaeological and the historical, both quite important for the research in this area.

I would like to comment first on the archaeological evidence.

Davis gives a review of the Light-on-Dark (henceforth L-on-D) fabric of E. Aegean sites (Trianda, Miletus, Serraglio, Iasos), and points out that the stratigraphic evidence suggests that “pots of this kind were in use during the early phases of the LBA.” (ibid. 36). He goes on to examine the settlement pattern of the S.E. Aegean islands (Samos, Rhodes, Karpathos, Kasos) and concludes that because “there is a paucity of evidence for MBA (or even EBA) settlements of any sort, in contact with Crete or not—on these same islands … there is a possibility that the islands were nearly uninhabited in the MBA.” (ibid. 39).
Hellenistic Epigraphic Texts from Gordion
Authors: Roller Lynn E.
Published: January 2007

The excavations at Gordion have produced extensive material to be added to the epigraphical record of central Anatolia. Included in this are 187 Phrygian texts written in the epichoric script of Gordion, which have recently been published by Claude Brixhe and Michel Lejeune, and a large body of pottery marks, numerical texts, and other non-verbal graffiti, which has been studied by the present author. There is in addition a quantity of epigraphical material from the Hellenistic levels at Gordion not discussed in these two works. While their individual character is quite varied, these Hellenistic texts have in common the fact that all were written in Greek script. Eleven of them consist of words or short phrases in the Greek language, while the remainder are owners' marks, i.e., names or abbreviations of names. These texts shed light on several aspects of the site during the Hellenistic period. They help document the decline of both Phrygian script and language in the settlement. They also suggest probable shifts of population during the late fourth and third centuries B.C. through the increasing use of common Greek proper names and the occurrence of Celtic names. In general, they provide a glimpse of the impact of the Greek presence on the local Phrygian populace during the fourth and third centuries B.C.
The Annals of Hattusilis III
Authors: Gurney O. R.
Published: January 2007

The Hittite kings were the first to record the events of their reigns in annalistic form, beginning, it seems, with the first king of the Empire, Tudhaliyas I/II. His successors continued the practice, and annals are preserved for Arnuwandas I, Suppiluliumas I (composed by his son), and above all for Mursilis II. There is no reason to think that the following kings were any less proud of their achievements, but Muwatallis II's archives have not yet been discovered, nor has any continuous text been found for the reign of Hattusilis III. For the reigns of Tudhaliyas IV and Suppiluliumas II (nothing is known of Arnuwandas III) it seems that with the development of the “hieroglyphic” script and the Luwian language these kings adopted the practice of inscribing their “deeds” (LÙ-natar “manliness”) in a new form beginning “I am …” on monumental inscriptions or commemorative statues.
The Mat White-painted Pottery from Eastern Thrace: a new look at the relations between the Balkans and Anatolia
Authors: Erdoğu Burçin
Published: January 2007

The excavations and surface surveys carried out in Eastern Thrace as well as the Southern Marmara region over the past few years have made much headway in filling the substantial gaps still existing in the cultural sequence of the region. Although the field data are far from complete, the results of this research help us to reconstruct the prehistory of the region and to gain a better understanding of the relations between the Balkan and Anatolian prehistoric sequences.

The network of cultural exchange between Anatolia and Southeast Europe during the fifth and fourth millennia B.C. may be demonstrated by examining some major artifact types, such as pottery forms, terracotta figurines, bone spoons, etc. (cf. Thissen 1993a, 302–3, Özdoğan 1993, 179–81). In pottery the similarities between Anatolia and Southeast Europe are especially apparent in types of decoration, also to some extent in the repertoire of shapes (not all shapes are similar) and method of manufacture.

During our investigations in the province of Edirne, Eastern Thrace, were recovered mat white-painted sherds of Anatolian and Aegean type which help to fill the gaps in our knowledge between Anatolian and Balkan prehistoric sequences.
Hittite Objects in the Bronze Age Aegean
Authors: Cline Eric H.
Published: January 2007

Some twenty-three objects in the Bronze Age Aegean have been identified as “Hittite” in previous literature. Scholars investigating the nature of the relations between Hittites and Mycenaeans continue to cite one or more of these objects, although many have since been shown to be of non-Hittite origins. In this paper I propose to reexamine the “authenticity” of the Hittite objects reported within the Bronze Age Aegean. The twenty-three objects in question can readily be grouped as to (A) those which might be and (B) those which are not Central Anatolian Hittite in origin.
Amorium Excavations 1993: the Sixth Preliminary Report
Authors: Lightfoot, et al C. S.
Published: January 2007

The death of Prof. R. Martin Harrrison in September 1992 only a fortnight after the completion of a successful fifth season at Amorium was a serious blow and a sad loss to the Amorium Project. Without his drive and enthusiasm it was difficult at times, especially during the winter of 1992/93, to see how the excavations could be continued. It is, therefore, a major achievement in itself that work resumed in the following summer, and that a report on the findings can be presented here.

The sixth season of excavations at Amorium lasted from 26th July until 3rd September during which time digging was carried out at four separate locations (Fig. 1). A further six days were spent conducting a regional survey on behalf of the Ministry of Culture as part of a larger scheme to collate and register sites and antiquities throughout the whole of Turkey. The team comprised Dr. C. S. Lightfoot (Director), Dr. E. A. Ivison (Sub-Director and Byzantinist), Dr. M. H. Ballance (Epigrapher), K. L. Barker (Conservator), L. S. Bown (Ceramicist), Dr. M. A. V. Gill (Glass Specialist), P. M. Cox, S. Farid, N. Mestci, I. Sjöström-Welsby and R. E. Turnbull (Archaeologists), S. F. Young (Student Assistant) and O. Kızılkılıç (Accountant). Four students from the Department of Archaeology and History of Art at Bilkent University also took part in the excavations: they were Mercan Araydin, Deniz Atilla Mustafa Eren and Tuğba Tanyeri. The government representative was Mrs. Jale Dedeoğlu from the İzmir Archaeological Museum.
Amorium Excavations 1995: The Eighth Preliminary Report
Authors: Lightfoot C. S. , Ivison E. A.
Published: January 2007

The Amorium Project's eighth season of excavations took place between July 4 and August 19. The team comprised Dr. Chris Lightfoot (Director), Dr. Eric Ivison (Assistant Director), Dr. Margaret Gill (Glass), Karen Barker (Conservator), Yalçın Mergen, Simon Mortimer (Field Archaeologists) and Osman Kızılkılıç (General Assistant). Seven students from universities in Turkey, Britain and the United States of America also took part in the excavations and contributed greatly to the success of the season; they were Mücahide Koçak, Ayşe Taşkın, Ferüzat Ülker and Hasan Yılmazyaşar (all from the University of Anatolia, Eskişehir), Betül Şahin (DTCF, Ankara University), Paola Pugsley (Exeter University) and Thomas Bihl (Indiana University). The government representative was Mrs. Sema Dayan from the Directorate of Monuments and Museums in Ankara. Fourteen workmen, all from Hisarköy, were employed for the four weeks of digging, while another eight men were employed on conservation and repair work both on site and at the Dig House during the full season. Kazim Eryiğit again took charge of the cooking, ably assisted by two of the village women, İlknur and Gülnur Usluer.