bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whose landscape? A political ecology of the ‘exurban’ Sierra
Authors: Walker Peter , Fortmann Louise
Published: November 2003

In rural places that sit at the uneasy crossroads between ‘traditional’ natural resource-based production and ‘new’ economies and cultures of aesthetic landscape ‘consumption’, ideas of landscape become increasingly important and contested. This paper examines one such conflict in Nevada County, California - a former mining and ranching community in the Sierra Nevada that has experienced rapid ‘exurban’ in-migration and gentrification. In-migrants brought with them particular ‘aesthetic’ or ‘consumption’ views of landscape that long-time residents with continuing ties to the ‘old’ production landscape viewed as political threats. These tensions have recently ignited a political firestorm over a proposal by the environmentalist-dominated county government to incorporate landscape-scale aesthetic and environmental principles into county planning. The ferocity of this contest reflects the multiple issues at stake, including competition between different forms of rural capitalism, class conflict and social control, and cultural frictions. At each level of this multi-tiered conflict, ideas of landscape are key. Together, political ecology and new cultural geographical studies of landscape provide powerful insights into the ways that the politics of landscape - revolving around the question of who ‘owns’ the landscape or decides how it ‘should’ look - become a pivotal node in the shifting human-environment dialectic.
Transport of the Cu(II) Bound with Histidine-Containing Tripeptides to Cysteine. Coordination Mode and Exchangeability of Cu(II) in the Complexes
Authors: Hanaki Akira , Ikota Nobuo , Ueda Jun-ichi , Ozawa Toshihiko , Odani Akira
Published: November 2003

The transport of Cu(II) complexed with histidine-containing tripeptides (Cu(H−iL), L = HisGlyGly (i = 2), GlyHisGly (i = 1), and GlyGlyHis (i = 2)) to cysteine was examined by a stopped-flow spectrophotometric method. The S → Cu(II) charge transfer (LMCT) bands at 335 nm and 390 nm were used as probes for tracing the reaction. Primarily formed was the ternary Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) complex. The rate of the Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) formation depended on the affinity of Cu(II) for the donor atoms at the fourth binding site of Cu(H−2L). Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) subsequently reacted with free Cys− to yield a binary complex, Cu(Cys−)2. The rate of Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) formation was generally faster than that of conversion from Cu(H−1L)(Cys−) to Cu(Cys−)2. An exception was found in the reaction with Cu(H−2GlyGlyHis), where the relation k1+ < k2+ existed. The ternary complex, Cu(H−1HisGlyGly)(Cys−), was too labile to be detect by the conventional stopped-flow methods. Probably, Cu(H−1HisGlyGly)(Cys−) upon forming changed spontaneously to Cu(HisGlyGly)(Cys−), in which the N-terminal His residue coordinated to the Cu(II) via the amino and imidazole nitrogens, and rapidly changed to Cu(Cys−)2.
1,1,‐Dimethylethyl (S)‐ or (R)‐4‐Formyl‐2,2‐Dimethyl‐3‐Oxazolidinecarboxylate: A Useful Serinal Derivative
Authors: Garner Philip , Park Jung Min
Published: November 2003

1,1,‐dimethylethyl (S)‐ or (R)‐4‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxazolidinecarboxylate: A useful serinal derivative

reactant: N‐Boc‐L‐serine

intermediate: N‐Boc‐L‐serine methyl ester

intermediate: 3‐(1,1‐Dimethylethyl) 4‐methyl (S)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3,4‐oxazolidinedicarboxylate

product: 1,1‐Dimethylethyl (S)‐4‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐oxazolidinecarboxylate
Titelbild: Multicenter Strategy for the Development of Catalytic Enantioselective Nucleophilic Alkylation of Ketones: Me2Zn Addition to α‐Ketoesters (Angew. Chem. 44/2003)
Authors: Funabashi Ken , Jachmann Markus , Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: November 2003

Die Gottheit Senju‐Kannon deren im Titelbild gezeigte Statue sich im Koufukuji‐Tempel in Nara, Japan, befindet, kann mit ihren tausend Händen tausend Dinge gleichzeitig tun. Etwas bescheidener ist das 2,4‐cis‐Hydroxyprolinol‐Derivat mit drei koordinationsfähigen Armen in cis‐Anordnung, das die enantioselektive Addition von Dimethylzink an α‐Ketoester vermittelt. Durch diesen Katalysator werden sowohl der Ketoester als auch das Organozinkreagens aktiviert. M. Shibasaki et al. beschreiben auf S. 5647 ff. hoch enantioselektive Reaktionen mit aromatischen und heteroaromatischen Substraten.
Novel Substrates for Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Arenes
Authors: Zapf Alexander
Published: November 2003

Arenes and heteroarenes are ubiquitous substructures in biologically active agents and new materials. Thus, functionalization (“refinement”) of simple arene precursors is still of major importance for preparative organic chemistry. During the last 20 years, especially transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides and triflates have given arene chemistry new impetus. The first industrial applications were realized a few years ago. Quite recently, carbonic acid derivatives such as anhydrides and esters have added to the scope of substrates for these coupling reactions. Some recent developments in this area are presented in this Minireview.
Automating survey coding by multiclass text categorization techniques
Authors: Giorgetti Daniela , Sebastiani Fabrizio
Published: November 2003

Survey coding is the task of assigning a symbolic code from a predefined set of such codes to the answer given in response to an open‐ended question in a questionnaire (aka survey). This task is usually carried out to group respondents according to a predefined scheme based on their answers. Survey coding has several applications, especially in the social sciences, ranging from the simple classification of respondents to the extraction of statistics on political opinions, health and lifestyle habits, customer satisfaction, brand fidelity, and patient satisfaction. Survey coding is a difficult task, because the code that should be attributed to a respondent based on the answer she has given is a matter of subjective judgment, and thus requires expertise. It is thus unsurprising that this task has traditionally been performed manually, by trained coders. Some attempts have been made at automating this task, most of them based on detecting the similarity between the answer and textual descriptions of the meanings of the candidate codes. We take a radically new stand, and formulate the problem of automated survey coding as a text categorization problem, that is, as the problem of learning, by means of supervised machine learning techniques, a model of the association between answers and codes from a training set of precoded answers, and applying the resulting model to the classification of new answers. In this article we experiment with two different learning techniques: one based on naive Bayesian classification, and the other one based on multiclass support vector machines, and test the resulting framework on a corpus of social surveys. The results we have obtained significantly outperform the results achieved by previous automated survey coding approaches.
Association between maternal fever and psychological/behavior outcomes: A hypothesis
Authors: Dombrowski Stefan C. , Martin Roy P. , Huttunen Matti O.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

This study is one of the first to investigate the association between maternal report of fever during middle to late pregnancy and psychological, behavioral, and educational outcomes in offspring. The hypothesis guiding this research was that maternal fever during the second trimester of pregnancy has an adverse effect on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus, resulting in abnormalities of psychological development and behavior that can be observed in childhood.

METHODS

Multivariate analyses of a birth cohort compared outcomes for children whose mothers never reported fever during pregnancy and those who reported fever in the second and third trimesters. Children were compared on measures of temperament, behavior, and academic performance in infancy and at five and 12 years of age.

RESULTS

Associations were obtained for second‐trimester fever and distress to novelty (p < 0.05) in infancy. Significant associations were also obtained for inhibition (p < 0.01), negative emotionality (p < 0.05), and lack of task persistence (p < 0.01) at age five. Furthermore, school achievement (p < 0.05) and task orientation (p < 0.01) at age 12 were associated with maternal reports of second‐trimester fever exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Much of the gestation/hyperthermia research has focused on the relationship between hyperthermia exposure and profoundly teratogenic outcomes. In this study we investigated subtler psychological/behavioral associations that may not be observable until later in development. Although the current study was hampered by technical limitations, the results support the need for more rigorously controlled research into a possible association between gestational fever and psychological/behavioral outcomes. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for a couple with recurrent pregnancy loss and triploidy
Authors: Bar‐Ami Shalom , Seibel Machelle M. , Pierce Kenneth E. , Zilberstein Moshe
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Triploidy may arise from fertilization of a mature haploid egg by two haploid sperm or by failure of meiotic divisions yielding a diploid gamete. We encountered a couple with habitual abortion, in which the last two fetuses were documented as viable triploid.

METHODS

To avoid dispermic penetration and development of abnormal preembryos, insemination was done by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) followed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of biopsied blastomeres.

RESULTS

Tests of the husband's spermatozoa by FISH, revealed that only 2–3% of the sperm were disomic for chromosomes 16, 13, 21, X, and Y. No triple disomy was detected among chromosomes 16, 13 and 21, which makes it very unlikely that triploidy resulted from diploid spermatozoa. Following a controlled ovulation induction protocol, low quality oocytes with immature cumuli were revealed. After ICSI, five eggs became two pronuclei (2PN) zygotes and none of the other eggs developed a 3PN zygote. FISH was performed on chromosomes 16 and 21 in four preembryos developed to a 6–8 cell stage. Aneuploidy or mosaicism for each of these chromosomes was detected in one preembryo and later in two disaggregated blastocysts. FISH failed in one preembryo that became atretic after biopsy.

CONCLUSIONS

Although this case was unsuccessful in achieving embryo transfer and normal pregnancy, we detected many abnormal morphological features in the oocytes and chromosomal abnormalities in the cleaving preembryos. This protocol can be proposed to patients with recurrent pregnancy loss associated with chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in mitochondrial morphology are associated with hyperthermia‐induced apoptosis in early postimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Kim Won‐Kyu , Mirkes Philip E.
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

Previously, we showed that teratogens such as hyperthermia activate the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in day nine mouse embryos. Activation of this pathway involves an initial release of cytochrome c from intermembranous spaces of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic cytochrome c then activates a caspase cascade resulting in the orderly demise of the cell. In addition, we showed that teratogens activate the mitochondrial pathway in cells of the neuroepithelium, but not the heart.

METHODS

To further investigate the role of the mitochondrion in teratogen‐induced apoptosis, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to compare mitochondrial morphology in cells of the neuroepithelium and heart of control and hyperthermia‐treated embryos. Because we know that the apoptotic pathway is activated some time during the first 5 hr after teratogen exposure is initiated, we assessed mitochondrial morphology at 1, 2.5, and 5 hr after day nine mouse embryos were exposed to hyperthermia (43°C, 15 min).

RESULTS

In neuroepithelial cells of the prosencephalon, abnormally‐shaped mitochondria were observed at the 1 hr time point and thereafter, whereas loss of cristae and shrunken mitochondria were noted at the 5 hr time point. In contrast, no obvious changes in mitochondria of heart cells were observed at any of the time points monitored.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that teratogen‐induced cell death in neuroepithelial cells is temporally correlated with alterations in mitochondrial morphology, whereas the absence of cell death in the heart is correlated with a corresponding lack of change in mitochondrial morphology. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trend in prevalence of neural tube defects in Quebec
Authors: De Wals Philippe , Rusen Ira David , Lee Nora S. , Morin Pascale , Niyonsenga Théophile
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND

In Canada, the first recommendations on the use of folic acid (FA) supplements by women planning a pregnancy or capable of becoming pregnant were issued in 1993. In 1998, fortification of flour with FA became mandatory. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of these measures on the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the province of Quebec.

METHODS

The study population included stillbirths, live births, and elective terminations for fetal malformations that were reported in 1992–2000 for women residing in the province of Quebec. NTD cases were identified from stillbirth certificates and hospital discharge summaries.

RESULTS

There was a marked decrease in the total NTD rate after 1997. The average NTD rate was 1.89 per 1000 total births during the period of 1992–1997, and 1.28 per 1000 in 1998–2000, a 32% reduction (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Fortification of flour, which began in early 1997 and gradually became widespread, is a very plausible explanation for the timing, shape, and magnitude of the decrease in NTD prevalence observed in Quebec and other Canadian provinces. An increase in FA supplement use may have played only a minor role. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prophylaxis of contrast‐induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography
Authors: MacNeill Briain D. , Harding Scott A. , Bazari Hasan , Patton Kristen K. , Colon‐Hernadez Pedro , deJoseph Denise , Jang Ik‐Kyung
Published: November 2003

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication of cardiac catheterization, reported to result in a 15% incidence of acute renal failure. Convincing evidence supports the prophylactic use of prehydration and low volumes of contrast medium. Recently, the antioxidant acetylcysteine has been shown to have a potential preventive role. The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that acetylcysteine prevents CIN. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization with a serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl were prospectively randomized to receive acetylcysteine or placebo. A total of five doses of acetylcysteine 600 mg b.i.d. or placebo was administered, commencing on the day of the procedure. All patients were prehydrated with 0.45% saline and during the catheterization a nonionic low‐osmolality contrast medium was used. Serum creatinine and urea were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hr postprocedure. A total of 43 patients were studied. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including baseline renal function. No adverse events were experienced with acetylcysteine treatment. Serum creatinine levels at 48 and 72 hr remained largely unchanged in the acetylcysteine group but continued to rise at 48 and 72 hr in the placebo group. By 72 hr, the incidence of CIN, defined as a 25% increase in baseline creatinine, was significantly lower in the acetylcysteine arm compared to placebo (5% for acetylcysteine vs. 32% for placebo; P = 0.046). In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment undergoing cardiac catheterization, prophylactic treatment with oral acetylcysteine reduces the incidence of contrast‐induced nephropathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:458–461. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust methods for partial least squares regression
Authors: Hubert M. , Branden K. Vanden
Published: November 2003

Partial least squares regression (PLSR) is a linear regression technique developed to deal with high‐dimensional regressors and one or several response variables. In this paper we introduce robustified versions of the SIMPLS algorithm, this being the leading PLSR algorithm because of its speed and efficiency. Because SIMPLS is based on the empirical cross‐covariance matrix between the response variables and the regressors and on linear least squares regression, the results are affected by abnormal observations in the data set. Two robust methods, RSIMCD and RSIMPLS, are constructed from a robust covariance matrix for high‐dimensional data and robust linear regression. We introduce robust RMSECV and RMSEP values for model calibration and model validation. Diagnostic plots are constructed to visualize and classify the outliers. Several simulation results and the analysis of real data sets show the effectiveness and robustness of the new approaches. Because RSIMPLS is roughly twice as fast as RSIMCD, it stands out as the overall best method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomic and motor neuron death is progressive and parallel in a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion model of cauda equina injury
Authors: Hoang Thao X. , Nieto Jaime H. , Tillakaratne Niranjala J.K. , Havton Leif A.
Published: November 2003

Injuries to the cauda equina of the spinal cord result in autonomic and motor neuron dysfunction. We developed a rodent lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury model of cauda equina injury to investigate the lesion effect in the spinal cord. We studied the retrograde effects of a unilateral L5–S2 ventral root avulsion on efferent preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (PPNs) and pelvic motoneurons in the L6 and S1 segments at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively in the adult male rat. We used Fluoro‐Gold–prelabeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative stereologic analysis to show an injury‐induced progressive and parallel death of PPNs and motoneurons. At 6 weeks after injury, only 22% of PPNs and 16% of motoneurons remained. Furthermore, of the neurons that survived at 6 weeks, the soma volume was reduced by 25% in PPNs and 50% in motoneurons. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) protein was expressed in only 30% of PPNs, but 80% of motoneurons remaining at 1 week postoperatively, suggesting early differential effects between these two neuronal types. However, all remaining PPNs and motoneurons were ChAT positive at 4 weeks postoperatively. Nuclear condensation and cleaved caspase‐3 were detected in axotomized PPNs and motoneurons, suggesting apoptosis as a contributing mechanism of the neural death. We conclude that lumbosacral ventral root avulsions progressively deplete autonomic and motor neurons. The findings suggest that early neuroprotection will be an important consideration in future attempts of treating acute cauda equina injuries. J. Comp. Neurol. 467:477–486, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of boundary element analysis of electromagnetic wave scattering problems by the use of the condition number
Authors: Matsuhara Masanori , Ohtaka Masato , Satomura Yutaka
Published: November 2003

This paper deals with three‐dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. The usual integral equations corresponding to electromagnetic scattering problems in general have the inconvenience of resonant solutions. Mautz and Harrington have derived an integral equation without such inconvenience. However, there are two arbitrary parameters contained in this integral equation. Further, when the integral equation is solved by numerical analysis based on the boundary element method, both expansion functions and weighting functions must be introduced. Although little flexibility exists in the selection of the expansion functions, two selection branches exist for the weighting functions. Hence, when the three‐dimensional electromagnetic scattering problem is specifically analyzed numerically, selection of the parameters and the weight functions becomes important. Their selection should be carried out according to a reasonable evaluation standard. In the present paper, the condition number is used as the evaluation standard. It is shown which selection is the best among these choices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(12): 61–68, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10149
High‐voltage 4H‐SiC pn diodes fabricated by p‐type ion implantation
Authors: Negoro Yuuki , Kimoto Tsunenobu , Matsunami Hiroyuki
Published: November 2003

We formed a low‐resistance p region by high‐dose aluminum (Al) ion implantation in the 4H‐SiC (0001) face, and fabricated and characterized planar pn diodes by Al or boron (B) ion implantation. In Al ion implantation, the minimum sheet resistance of 3.6 kω/□ (p‐type) is obtained by high‐temperature implantation and high‐temperature annealing. Excellent rectification was verified in planar pn diodes, in which the surface p+layer was formed by high‐temperature implantation of Al ions and the p layer was formed by room‐temperature implantation of high‐energy B ions. We achieved a high blocking voltage of 2900 V (90% of the theoretical withstand voltage), a low on‐resistance of 8.0 mωcm2, and avalanche breakdown characteristics of a positive temperature coefficient for the blocking voltage. We fabricated a 4H‐SiC (1120) pn diode, which has not been disclosed previously, and obtained a high blocking voltage of 1850 V (70% of the theoretical blocking voltage). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(12): 44–51, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10162
Algebraic analysis method of start‐up characteristics of cascode crystal oscillator
Authors: Izumiya Shoji , Asaki Jun , Adachi Takehiko
Published: November 2003

An approximate method of analysis is proposed for calculating the start‐up characteristics of a cascode crystal oscillator in terms of the exponential function and logarithmic and algebraic operations. The oscillator circuit is divided into the crystal resonator and the active circuit. The collector bias current dependence and the resonator current dependence of the negative resistance in the active circuit are treated by separation of variables. A new approximation equation is used for the resonator current dependence of the negative resistance. Then, an approximate equation for analysis of the transient response of the collector bias current is derived. By means of these, an approximate equation for analysis of the start‐up characteristics of the resonator current is derived as well as an approximate equation for the resonator current at the start of the oscillation. With the obtained approximate analysis equation, two circuit examples with substantially different design conditions are analyzed. The results are compared with an oscillation simulation by SPICE. Sufficient agreement for practical purposes is found and the effectiveness of the proposed analysis method is confirmed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(12): 32–43, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10166
Who is watching Big Brother? TV consumption predicted by masked affective priming
Authors: Frings Christian , Wentura Dirk
Published: November 2003

In the present study (N=37), we assessed attitudes towards a telecast (Big Brother) with indirect (masked affective priming) and direct (semantic differentials) methods. Additionally, participants recorded their TV viewing behaviour for a period of 7 days. Implicit positivity of the telecast (assessed by the affective priming task), explicit positivity (semantic differentials), and minutes per week spent viewing the TV show were all positively correlated. Viewers of the telecast show a positive priming effect for the label of the telecast (thereby indicating a positive implicit attitude towards the show). Implications for the research and the theoretical debate on implicit attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hidden profiles and the consensualization of social stereotypes: how information distribution affects stereotype content and sharedness
Authors: Klein Olivier , Jacobs Aurélie , Gemoets Sabrina , Licata Laurent , Lambert Sophie M.
Published: November 2003

We examined the impact of the distribution of information regarding social groups on the formation of shared stereotypes within triads in two studies. Three‐person groups discussed which of three groups (A, B, and C) was the most able and the most sociable. In Study 1, some of the information about these three groups was available to all group members (shared) whereas the remainder was distributed among group members (unique). Based on the total profile, there was more evidence of group A being sociable and of group B being able than of A being able and B sociable. In Study 1 (n = 58), sampling was manipulated as ‘representative’ (information in line with the overall differences was shared) or ‘unrepresentative’ (only information contradicting these differences was shared). In a third condition, all items of information were shared. Emerging stereotypes were directly influenced by sampling of information independently of the discussion. As well as this, the discussion consensualized initial stereotypes. In Study 2 (n = 52), sampling was always unrepresentative and we manipulated the labels associated with the target groups in such a way that the stereotype associated with the label was either inconsistent or consistent with the overall differences between the target groups. In the inconsistent condition, participants were more likely to discuss information that violated stereotypical expectations, and to be less influenced by sampling as a result of discussion. Altogether, these findings suggest that information sampling directly affects the consensualization of social stereotypes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ingroup ambivalence and experienced affect: the moderating role of social identification
Authors: Costarelli Sandro , Palmonari Augusto
Published: November 2003

No previous work in the field of group‐related attitudes and emotions has investigated the possible affective consequences of ingroup ambivalence—that is, the consequences of having attitudes towards an ingroup that are simultaneously both positive and negative. The current study was designed to explore this issue. Ambivalent attitudes have been argued to be more psychologically salient to the individual than univalent ones. A linear increase in participants' experienced affect was therefore predicted as a function of their ambivalence toward the ingroup. However, consistent with the predictions of social identity theory, previous findings have shown that higher ingroup identifiers are more likely to be involved with the ingroup than lower identifiers. Accordingly, we predicted and found effects of ingroup ambivalence on affect for high but not low ingroup identifiers. Combining the findings of two distinct literatures, the initial evidence provided by this study exploratively traces the sources of the affective processes that are set in motion by the evaluation of one's own group in an intergroup context. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We are one and I like it: The impact of ingroup entitativity on ingroup identification
Authors: Castano Emanuele , Yzerbyt Vincent , Bourguignon David
Published: November 2003

It is argued that the entitativity of the ingroup moderates the level of identification with the ingroup. Specifically, that high levels of entitativity are conducive to strong identification, whereas low levels of entitativity reduce identification with the ingroup. These hypotheses were tested across four studies using the European Union (EU) as the reference group. The four studies manipulated four different factors that, according to Campbell (1958), impact on group entitativity: common fate (Study 1), similarity (Study 2), salience (Study 3), and boundedness (Study 4). Across the four studies, we found evidence for the impact of these factors on the level of identification with the EU among European citizens holding moderate attitudes toward the EU but not (or much less) for citizens holding more extreme attitudes towards the EU. Mediational analyses further confirmed the viability of an entitativity‐based interpretation of the impact of the manipulations on the level of identification. The findings are discussed in light of the current debate on the concept of entitativity, the motives for social identification, and the reduction of ingroup bias. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing an attribution‐of‐blame model of judgments of injustice
Authors: Mikula Gerold
Published: November 2003

The attribution‐of‐blame model of judgments of injustice, which is the focus of this article, depicts judgments of injustice as blaming of an actor who is seen as responsible for the violation of the entitlement of somebody else without sufficient justification. Responsibility and blame are conceptualized in the model in accordance with Heider (1958) and Shaver (1985). The article briefly describes the background and the propositions of the model and its scope. Then it reports a series of four correlational and one experimental studies which tested the validity of the model. The findings lend support to the propositions that attributions of causality and intention and perceived lack of sufficient justification contribute to the perception of injustice beyond the mere perception that somebody's entitlement or deserving has been violated. However, no support was found for the assumption that perceived control of the respective agent contributes to the perception of injustice. The concluding section discusses the main findings of the studies and points to questions which should be pursued in future research in order to establish the range of validity of the proposed model of judgments of injustice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Landslide susceptibility analysis using GIS and artificial neural network
Authors: Lee Saro , Ryu Joo‐Hyung , Min Kyungduck , Won Joong‐Sun
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study is to develop landslide susceptibility analysis techniques using an artiﬁcial neural network and to apply the newly developed techniques to the study area of Yongin in Korea. Landslide locations were identiﬁed in the study area from interpretation of aerial photographs, ﬁeld survey data, and a spatial database of the topography, soil type and timber cover. The landslide‐related factors (slope, curvature, soil texture, soil drainage, soil effective thickness, timber age, and timber diameter) were extracted from the spatial database. Using those factors, landslide susceptibility was analysed by artiﬁcial neural network methods. The landslide susceptibility index was calculated by the back‐propagation method, which is a type of artiﬁcial neural network method, and the susceptibility map was made with a geographic information system (GIS) program. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis were veriﬁed using landslide location data. The validation results showed satisfactory agreement between the susceptibility map and the existing data on landslide location. A GIS was used to efﬁciently analyse the vast amount of data, and an artiﬁcial neural network to be an effective tool to maintain precision and accuracy. The results can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to plan land use and construction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copula sensitivity in collateralized debt obligations and basket default swaps
Authors: Meneguzzo Davide , Vecchiato Walter
Published: November 2003

This article empirically faces the lively debate over the choice of an appropriate copula function to be used to price and risk monitor some credit derivatives products. We consider the explicit pricing of collateralized debt obligations and basket default swaps, and empirically examine these credit derivatives within the copula framework. The results support in particular the choice of the T‐copula because of its greater flexibility in capturing the tail dependence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:37–70, 2004
Valuing credit derivatives using Gaussian quadrature: A stochastic volatility framework
Authors: Tahani Nabil
Published: November 2003

This article proposes semi‐closed‐form solutions to value derivatives on mean reverting assets.
A very general mean reverting process for the state variable and two stochastic volatility processes, the
square‐root process and the Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process, are considered. For both models,
semi‐closed‐form solutions for characteristic functions are derived and then inverted using the
Gauss‐Laguerre quadrature rule to recover the cumulative probabilities. As benchmarks, European call
options are valued within the following frameworks: Black and Scholes (1973)
(represents constant volatility and no mean reversion), Longstaff and Schwartz (1995) (represents constant volatility and mean reversion), and Heston
(1993) and Zhu (2000) (represent
stochastic volatility and no mean reversion). These comparisons show that numerical prices converge rapidly
to the exact price. When applied to the general models proposed (represent stochastic volatility and mean
reversion), the Gauss‐Laguerre rule proves very efficient and very accurate. As applications, pricing
formulas for credit spread options, caps, floors, and swaps are derived. It also is shown that even weak mean
reversion can have a major impact on option prices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
24:3–35, 2004
The credit risk components of a swap portfolio
Authors: Hübner Georges
Published: November 2003

Thanks to the recent development of analytical pricing models for swaps with bilateral credit risk, a
comprehensive analysis of the dimensions of default risk has become possible. Using the model developed by
Hübner (2001) for IRS and CS, this article investigates the impact of
structural and temporary credit risk changes on swap prices. It emphasizes that large variations in swap values
and sensitivities may exist depending on the sources of credit risk differences between the counterparties. This
phenomenon is stronger for CS because of the exchange of principal and an additional correlation risk that
exhibits a nonnegligible impact on the contract value. The influence of a netting master agreement also can be
analyzed for a wide range of initial contract values and netted notionals. The results confirm the hedging
properties put forward by Duffie and Huang (1996) as a special case, but
clearly show that they cannot be generalized to any netting pattern. Prevailing market conditions are shown to
play a central role in the effectiveness of netting as a hedging device. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl
Fut Mark 24:93–115, 2004
Comorbidity and risk‐patterns of depression, generalised anxiety disorder and mixed anxiety‐depression in later life: results from the AMSTEL study
Authors: Schoevers R. A. , Beekman A. T. F. , Deeg D. J. H. , Jonker C. , Tilburg W. van
Published: November 2003

Background

Depression and generalised anxiety disorder frequently overlap. The question remains unresolved whether these are specific disorders, or that they represent different dimensions of a single disorder. Although both are highly prevalent disorders in this age group, studies on this issue in the elderly are scarce. Research is needed that investigates patterns of comorbidity and possibly different risk profiles for pure depression, pure generalised anxiety and mixed anxiety‐depression in older people.

Methods

GMS‐AGECAT diagnoses were obtained from 4051 community living older persons. Comorbidity was studied along a severity gradient for men and women separately. Multivariate analysis of risk factors included demographic variables, environmental vulnerability, longstanding vulnerability, physical/functional stresses and gender.

Results

The prevalence of pure depression was 12.2%, pure generalised anxiety 2.9%, mixed anxiety‐depression 1.8%. Comorbidity increased with higher severity levels of both depression and generalised anxiety. Comorbidity was twice as likely in women than in men. Different risk profiles for diagnostic categories were not demonstrated for concurrent risk factors. Longstanding vulnerability was associated significantly stronger with mixed anxiety‐depression than with pure anxiety and pure depression. Mixed anxiety‐depression was overrepresented in women.

Conclusions

Both lines of investigation suggest that, in the elderly, a dimensional classification is more appropriate than a categorical classification of depression and generalised anxiety. Mixed anxiety‐depression is a more severe form of psychopathology that is almost specific to women in this age group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olanzapine vs haloperidol in geriatric schizophrenia: analysis of data from a double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Kennedy J. S. , Jeste D. , Kaiser C. J. , Golshan S. , Maguire G. A. , Tollefson G. , Sanger T. , Bymaster F. P. , Kinon B. J. , Dossenbach M. , Gilmore J. A. , Breier A.
Published: November 2003

Objectives

To compare the six‐week clinical response and safety profile of schizophrenia patients, age ≥60 years, receiving olanzapine (OLZ) vs haloperidol (HAL) in a double blind, randomized trial.

Methods

Double‐blind data on patients age ≥60 randomized to 5 mg/d OLZ (n=83) or 5 mg/d HAL (n=34) (Week 1) then flexibly dosed to 5–20 mg/d over six weeks, with a 48‐week extension for responders, were analyzed post‐hoc. Efficacy indices included the PANSS Total and PANSS Psychosis Core Total (PPCT). Safety measures included the Simpson‐Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Scale (BAS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), treatment‐emergent adverse events, and laboratory values. Mixed model, repeated measures (MMRM) analyses were applied to all continuous data measured at each visit. Continuous data recorded only at phase completion or termination were analyzed with a fixed effect last observation carried forward (LOCF) model. Frequencies of categorical response data were analyzed using Fisher's exact methods. Differences were tested for significance at Week 6 using a two‐sided alpha value of 0.05.

Results

HAL group (n=34; age range 60–80) received a mean modal dose 9.4 mg/d while OLZ group (n=83; age range 60–86) received a mean modal dose 11.9 mg/d. At Week 6, OLZ was superior to HAL on both the PANSS Total (p=0.015) and PPCT (p=0.043). Considering safety, OLZ was superior to HAL for the SAS and BAS (p<0.001; p<0.001). No spontaneous adverse event occurred more frequently with OLZ than with HAL. In patients never receiving adjunct anticholinergic therapy, no significant differences were present for anticholinergic‐like side effects including blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, or urinary difficulties.

Conclusions

In elderly schizophrenia patients, olanzapine was more efficacious and better tolerated for extrapyramidal signs than was haloperidol. Olanzapine was equivalent to haloperidol for anticholinergic‐like side effects when corrected for anticholingergic agents. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach to the qualitative evaluation of functional disability in dementia
Authors: Kurz X. , Scuvee‐Moreau J. , Rive B. , Dresse A.
Published: November 2003

Background

Dementia patients suffer from the progressive deterioration of cognitive and functional abilities. Instrumental disabilities usually appear in the earlier stages of the disease while basic disabilities appear in the more advanced stages. In order to differentiate between mild, moderate and severe patients both instrumental and basic functional disabilities should be taken into account simultaneously.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to find a new method for classifying dementia patients based on their disabilities by using a basic and an instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale.

Methods

Functional disability was assessed in a Belgian cohort of dementia patients using the Katz and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scales. A k‐means derived clustering method allocated patients to disability clusters according to their Katz and Lawton scores. In order to validate the classification, we compared socio‐demographic, clinical and costs parameters between the groups.

Results

The clustering method allocated patients between three clusters: dependent, non‐dependent with instrumental functional disability (ND‐IFD) and non‐dependent. Dependence, as defined by these clusters, significantly correlates with age, residential setting, MMSE, patient's quality of life and costs.

Conclusion

This new classification of patients suffering from dementia will provide better understanding of functional disabilities and will complement the evaluation of disease severity based on cognitive function. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective study of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of mid and late phase Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hart D. J. , Craig D. , Compton S. A. , Critchlow S. , Kerrigan B. M. , McIlroy S. P. , Passmore A. P.
Published: November 2003

Aim

To document the behavioural and psychological symptoms in patients with a diagnosis of established Alzheimer's disease (AD) for at least 3 years.

Methods

Patients with a ≥3 year history of AD (NINCDS/ADRDA) were recruited from old age psychiatrist and elderly care memory clinics. Information regarding duration of symptoms and non‐cognitive symptomatology was obtained during interview with a carer or next‐of‐kin who had contact with the patient at least 3 times a week and for at least 3 years. MMSE, FAST and NPI including caregiver distress, were used to assess cognition, function and behavioural/psychological disturbance respectively. With each non‐cognitive symptom the carer was asked to estimate its onset.

Results

The mean age of patients was 77 years and duration of illness 87 months. Mean MMSE was 8/30 and FAST score 6d. Of the psychological symptoms occurring at any stage, depression (56%), delusions (55%) and anxiety (52%) were most common, with hallucinations, elation and disinhibition occurring less frequently. In general, behavioural changes were more common with apathy occurring in 88% of patients, motor behaviour in 70%, aggression in 66%, irritability and appetite changes in 60% and sleep disturbance in 54%. All symptoms except apathy became less common when the carer was asked if they were still present in the last month. Mean onset of psychological symptoms was 47 months. Mean onset of behavioural symptoms was 48 months. Behavioural disturbance seemed to cause more care‐giver distress than psychological change.

Conclusion

The results show behavioural and psychological symptoms in AD are common and distressing for carers. They appear to require a consistent period of neurodegeneration in order to emerge. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prevalence study of suicide ideation among older adults in Hong Kong SAR
Authors: Yip Paul S. F. , Chi Iris , Chiu Helen , Chi Wai Kwan , Conwell Yeates , Caine Eric
Published: November 2003

Objective

The objective of this paper is to ascertain estimates of the prevalence, and associated risk factors for, suicidal ideation among community‐dwelling older adults in Hong Kong.

Method

The study was conducted as part of the General Household Survey (GHS), using face to face interviews of ethnic Chinese people aged 60 or above living in the community. Elders living in institutions or elderly homes were excluded from the study.

Results

Six percent of the sample was found to have ever had suicide ideation. The results showed that poor physical health, including poor vision, hearing problems, and a greater number of diseases; and poor mental health, especially in the form of depression, are predictors of suicidal ideation in the elderly population. Also, statistical analysis by linking individual factors to depression showed that financial and relationship problems are significant risk factors as well. Older adults who engaged in active coping, that is, those who actively seek to manage or control the negative events in their lives, fare better with lower levels of suicidal ideation than those who use passive coping styles.

Conclusions

The prevalence of suicidal ideation is similar among elders in Hong Kong and western countries. Factors that contribute to risk for suicidal ideation span physical and mental health, social, and psychological domains. Although the association of suicidal ideation to self‐destructive acts remains to be determined, these findings indicate a variety of potential foci for late life suicide prevention efforts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A longitudinal study of neuropsychological change in individuals with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Azuma Tamiko , Cruz Robyn F. , Bayles Kathryn A. , Tomoeda Cheryl K. , Montgomery Erwin B.
Published: November 2003

Neuropsychological changes in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) were studied longitudinally. Sixty‐nine idiopathic PD patients, with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores falling within normal range, and 37 elderly control participants were given neuropsychological tests twice approximately two years apart. The PD group performed poorer than the control group on Semantic Fluency, Letter Fluency, Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and Block Design at test time 1. Two years later, the PD group showed significant decline in Semantic and Letter Fluency. A subset of 12 PD patients declined in mental status by second testing (≥4 MMSE points). Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to see if any baseline measures were associated with relative risk of decline in mental status. In the final model, Repetition performance and Age were significantly associated with cognitive decline. Consistent with previous studies, executive function tasks were those most susceptible to disease progression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.