bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of environment upon the composition of sunflower seed oils. II.—Composition of the seed oils of sunflowers grown in English gardens from five specimens of different African sunflower seed
Authors: Barker C. , Hilditch T. P.
Published: November 2006

Five specimens of sunflower seeds from Africa, the oils in which varied widely in composition (44–72% linoleic acid), were grown in three English gardens in West and East Cheshire and Kent. The composition of the resulting English‐grown seed oils was broadly the same in all cases, irrespective of the seed sown. Host of the oils contained, on an average, 68–70% of linoleic acid, but the extreme range of linoleic acid varied from about 60 to 75%. The apparent explanation of these subordinate differences may lie in the effect of direct sunlight on the ripening seed heads, Since flower‐heads that became completely inverted and faced downwards gave the oils with highest linoleic acid content; others, in which the stems turned more or less through 90° so that the heads were more freely exposed to direct light, gave oils with somewhat reduced linoleic acid content. It is concluded that varietal factors play little part in determining the composition of sunflower seed oils. The main effect is that high linoleic content is conditioned by slow development and ripening of the seed, and vice versa; climatic (temperature) conditions and also, probably, the degree of incidence of light on the ripening seed heads are the factors which control the rate of development of the seed and also the relative unsaturation of the seed oil.
Carotenoid pigments of different varieties of mangoes; changes during ripening
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Tufail
Published: November 2006

Alumina, activated as described, can be used in the chromato‐graphic analysis of the carotenoids of the mango fruit; it effects the separation of four distinct pigments in the fruit. Data for the varieties of fruit are recorded.

As mangoes ripen the total carotenoid content and that of the individual pigments rise rapidly to a maximum and then fall later. At temperatures above normal (36° C., 40° C.) these changes are accelerated, but the maximum values are substantially unchanged.

Exposure of fruit to ultra‐violet light appears to increase the total carotenoid content (including the maximum value) throughout the ripening period.

After the work reported in this paper was completed similar data were published by Sadana and Ahmad 22a for other (Saroli, Desi and Chounsa) varieties of mangoes. They also have observed an increase in pigments, notably β‐carotene, during ripening.
South African fish products. XXX.—Seasonal changes in the composition of the pilchard (Sardina ocellata Jenyns)
Authors: Black M. M. , Schwartz H. M.
Published: November 2006

The results of a four‐year study of the seasonal changes in the yield and composition of the oil of pilchards from the west coast of South Africa is reported. Pilchards are seldom caught there between December and February. When they appear in March or April they contain 10–15% oil; the oil content reaches a maximum of 16–17% in May or June and then falls to a minimum of 2–4% in September or October. The iodine value of the oil ranges from 172 to 203 and does not show any regular variation with the fat content of the fish. Pilchard oil contains 106–290 i.u. vitamin A and 33–120 i.u. vitamin D per g. Vitamin A is stored mainly in the liver whereas fat is deposited chiefly in the head and body.

Figures for the water, protein and phosphorus pentoxide contents of the fish are also reported.
The reaction of groundnut protein with formaldehyde
Authors: Tetlow W. E.
Published: November 2006

The reaction of ‘Ardein,’ de‐aminated ‘Ardein,’ arginine‐free ‘Ardein,’ and the protein fibre derived from ‘Ardein,’ with formaldehyde has been studied under highly saline conditions. ‘Ardein,’ de‐aminated ‘Ardein,’ and the derived protein fibre show very similar reactions, whereas arginine‐free ‘Ardein’ suffers a greater loss in formaldehyde‐binding capacity on the alkaline side. It is suggested that the minima in the formaldehyde curves around the neutral point may be due to salt formation and the maxima following them be caused by the reaction with arginine.
The retention of ascorbic acid in preserved fruits. II
Authors: Crang Alice , Sturdy Margaret
Published: November 2006

Further comparisons of domestic methods of preserving fruits have been made. The ascorbic acid retained in freshly‐made jam from the three kinds of fruit was greatest in blackcurrant (70%), next in gooseberry (66%) and least in strawberry (55%), and after storage for one year the amounts were 30%, 28% and 17% respectively. The absolute values for ascorbic acid after one year's storage were approximately 6 mg./100 g. both for strawberry and gooseberry jams and 25 mg./100 g. for blackcurrant jam. The loss of this vitamin in making blackcurrant jelly varied considerably with the extraction methods used but was greater than in making jam.

The ascorbic acid contents, before and after cooking, of three kinds of fruit preserved with sodium metabisulphite were compared with those of corresponding heat‐processed fruits. The heat processed blackcurrants and gooseberries retained more of this vitamin than the sulphited fruit; the palatability of the heat processed products was greater for all three fruits.

Plastic covers for bottled fruit compared very unfavourably with glass or metal covers for conserving ascorbic acid during storage, but plastic rings were as good in this respect as rubber rings when used with metal or glass covers.
The pectase activity of apples
Authors: Pollard A. , Kieser Margaret E.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the pectin‐demethylating enzyme system in apple tissue and the level of activity compared with that in some other fruits. The apple varieties tested show considerable differences in their pectase content. The enzyme shows a maximum activity at pH 6–6: over the pH range of the fruit the activity is much lower, but the enzyme can still produce appreciable effects. Methods for the extraction and concentration of the enzyme are described. The concentrated enzyme preparations are readily inactivated by normal pasteurizing temperatures (68–70°c.), but in juices the enzyme shows a much greater stability. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the production of apple juice and pectin.
Liver meal as a riboflavin supplement for breeding hens
Authors: Brown W. O.
Published: November 2006

The present communication draws attention to the commercial significance of an adequate supply of riboflavin in the diet of the breeding hen. The results of an experiment carried out on a commercial breeding farm are reported, in which the basal ration contained 10% of herring meal. The replacement of half the herring meal by dried liver meal is shown to increase hatchability by 16·5%, and reduce the incidence of the specific riboflavin deficiency symptom of ‘clubbed’ down in dead embryos from 5·9 to 0·8%. These results are discussed in relation to recent experiments on factors, other than riboflavin, found to be essential for hatchability. Reference is made to the riboflavin supplements used in commercial breeders' rations available in Northern Ireland at the present time.
The constitution of karakin
Authors: Carter C. L.
Published: November 2006

The formula of the glycoside karakin, which occurs in karaka nuts (Corynocarpus laevigata), was previously reported as C20H30O19N4. It has now been corrected to C15H21O15N3, confirming the analysis of Carrie. Diacetylkarakin, C19H25O17N3, has been prepared in a crystalline form, confirming the revised formula for karakin. It is now shown that the probable formula for the glycoside is 1:4: 6‐tris‐(β‐nitropropionyl) D‐glucopyranose.
Smoke generators for the dispersion of pesticides
Authors: Marke D. J. B. , Lilly C. H.
Published: November 2006

The use of self‐sustained gas‐producing reactions of such materials as ammonium nitrate, guanidine nitrate, and nitroguanidine, with various sensitizers, for the dispersion of benzene hexachloride and other pesticides is described. The optimum mixtures of gas‐producing component, sensitizer, and pesticide to give easy initiation, complete propagation, and high volatilization‐efficiency have been investigated.

A laboratory method for the biological assessment of the smoke deposits is given. The particle size, persistence, and settling time of these deposits, their distribution over horizontal, inverted horizontal, and vertical surfaces, and the relative toxicity of different types of surface have been studied.

The design for manufacture of smoke generators based on these principles is discussed.
The amino‐acids present in the protein of the apple fruit
Authors: Hulme A. C.
Published: November 2006

Two protein‐containing fractions are obtained from an alkaline phosphate extract of the pulp of young Bramley's Seedling apple fruits and their amino‐acid constitution determined, after hydrolysis, by means of filter‐paper chromatography.

It is shown that the two protein fractions contain the same twelve amino‐acids but that aspartic acid is absent from one of the fractions. This fraction does, however, contain an additional acid which has not been identified but which appears, from its position on a two‐dimensional chromatogram, to be a basic acid.
The fatty acids and glycerides of castor oil
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P.
Published: November 2006

The oils from 19 specimens of castor seed grown in widely different parts of Africa, America and Asia have been studied in detail‥. The seeds from different locations varied greatly in size (individual seeds weighing on the average from 0.13 to 0.74 g.), but the ratio of shell to kernel and the oil contents of the seeds did not, for the most part, differ materially. The component acids of nearly all the oils were remarkably similar. Of the total fatty acids, ricinoleic formed from 91.4 to 94.9%; of the minor component acids, linoleic was the most abundant (4.5–5%) and saturated acids (made up of about 40% palmitic and 60% stearic) amounted to somewhat over 1% as a rule. Oleic acid was present in extremely small proportions. The natural 9: 10‐dihydroxystearic acid (m.p. 141° c.) formed 0.7–1.0% of the total acids. The glyceride structure of a typical castor oil was studied. No mono‐ricinoleo‐glycerides could be detected, the oil being a mixture of triricinolein and glycerides with two ricinoleic and one other acyl group. The triricinolein content of a castor oil, on this basis, might, however, be anywhere between 73 and 85% according to the proportion (91–95%) of ricinoleic acid in the total fatty acids of the oil.
Studies on commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide (Schradan). I.—Composition and analysis
Authors: Hartley G. S. , Heath D. F. , Hulme J. M. , Pound D. W. , Whittaker Mary
Published: November 2006

A method has been worked out for determining the full composition of commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide. It is shown that perdimethylamides of higher polyphosphoric acids are present, principally triphosphoric acid penta(dimethylamide), which is a valuable insecticide, in addition to the pyroamide and the trisdimethylamide of orthophosphoric acid. The properties of the various compounds as far as they affect analysis and stability are described, and some facts about their interconversion on heating are recorded.
Chromogenesis in stored carrots
Authors: Booth V. H.
Published: November 2006

Freshly harvested carrots were stored at about 6°c. in a closed tin box. Loss of weight and mould growth were negligible. From time to time tiny cylinders were removed from each carrot and total fat‐soluble pigment was extracted and estimated colorimetrically. This pigment increased during storage. The increase, which was unrelated to variety, age or initial pigmentation, reached a maximum of 11% ±3.3 in about 60 days and declined thereafter. The carotenol (‘xanthophyll’) fraction increased much more than the carotene fraction. No evidence was found for the conversion of any carotenoid pigment into a deeper one and the conclusion is reached that a colourless substance is converted into a coloured one.
Karaya gum: Physico‐chemical properties with particular reference to the effect of dry grinding
Authors: Money R. W.
Published: November 2006

Analytical, viscometric and pH data were determined for two samples of karaya gum (Indian and West African), and the effect of dry grinding on the viscometric properties and on particle size was studied. The analytical data were in agreement with those published previously and were not affected by grinding; the pH changes on the addition of alkali indicated either the presence of free acidic groups, or of esterified acidic groups. The pH value had a marked effect on the degree of dispersion of the gums in water, and the viscosity‐pH curves showed pronounced maxima, but at different pH values for the two gums. The electro‐viscous effect became significant only at extreme dilution, and it was possible to apply the concentration‐viscosity equations of Wissler to the aqueous solutions of the gums; these showed that the effect of grinding for various periods was to produce a series analogous to a homologous series. The changes in particle size produced by grinding are presented.
The enzymic production of acid in honey
Authors: Cocker L.
Published: November 2006

An enzyme system producing acid in honey has been demonstrated. Examination of the acids removed by an anion‐exchange resin supports the findings of Nelson & Mottern (1931) that citric and malic acids are not responsible for the greater part of the acidity of honey, and evidence of the presence of keto‐acids has been obtained.

A field test in which sugar syrup was fed to bees having no other food supply indicates that acid‐producing enzymes are introduced into the syrup by the bees.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. II.—‐Esterification of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. , Reed H. W. B.
Published: November 2006

Esterification of (±)‐cis‐ and (±)trans‐chrysanthemic acids in methanolic sulphuric acid gives the expected methyl chrysanthemates together with methyl δ‐methoxydihydro‐chrysanthemates. Normal esterification of the carboxyl group is accompanied, in part, by acid‐catalysed addition of methanol to the ethylenic bond of the isobutenyl group. Methyl (±)‐cis‐δ‐methoxydihydrochrysanthemate is also formed on methanolysis of (±)‐cis‐dihydro‐chrysanthemo‐δ‐lactone.

Ozonization of the methyl chrysanthemates, followed by hydrogenolysis of the ozonides, gives methyl (±)‐cis‐ and (±)‐trans‐3‐formyl‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carboxylates in low yield. The (±)‐trans‐aldehydo‐ester is also obtained, though also in low yield, by Rosenmund reduction of (±)‐trans‐3‐carbomethoxy‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carbonyl chloride and by Raney‐nickel hydrogenolysis of ethyl (±)‐trans‐3‐carbomethoxy‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carbothiolate, both prepared from (±)trans‐caronic acid.
Studies on linseed oil. I.—The unsaturated fatty acids of some New Zealand linseed oils
Authors: Edwards W. G. H. , Robb A. J. D.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the oils from three varieties of New Zealand‐grown linseed have been determined and compared with that of a sample of Indian linseed oil. Some observations on the separation of the component fatty acids are reported.
Contamination caused to sacked decorticated groundnuts by direct spraying with aqueous suspensions of BHC and DDT
Authors: Hayward L. A. W.
Published: November 2006

Sacked decorticated groundnuts stored in open‐air commercial stacks at Kano, N. Nigeria, were sprayed with aqueous suspensions of BHC and DDT at dosages more than twice those used in practice. Six months later surface bags were removed and oil was pressed from the nuts in a local mill. The amount of insecticide retained by the oil and by the cake was determined. From these figures the net contamination for whole 750‐ton stacks was calculated and shown to be within the limits permitted in the U.K.
South african fish products. XXXII.—The rock lobster: A study of chitin production from processing wastes
Authors: Blumberg R. , Southall C. L. , Van Rensburg N. J. , Volckman O. B.
Published: November 2006

The possibility of producing chitin from the large quantity of rock‐lobster waste which is available in South Africa has been investigated. A study of the distribution of chitin in the rock lobster has shown that over 80% of the total chitin present is concentrated in the tail shell, dorsal body shell and legs. Tail shell has been found to be the most suitable starting‐material for chitin production, and the details of a satisfactory procedure, involving successive extractions with sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid, have been worked out. Alkali and acid liquors are recycled for further use. A high‐quality chitin product containing 92–96% chitin on a dry basis and less than 2% ash has been obtained by this method.
The value of whale‐liver meal and whale‐meat meal as sources of the vitamin‐B complex in the ration of farm animals
Authors: Pritchard H. , Wraige D. R.
Published: November 2006

Whale‐meat and ‐liver meals, long used in animal feeding‐stuffs as protein‐source, also contain B vitamins.

Samples representing 1950–51 season's production of two British whaling companies operating from Great Britain have been examined for six members of the vitamin‐B complex by microbiological methods. The results, compared with those obtained on other feeding stuffs and with published figures, indicate that whale‐meat meal is similar to ordinary meat meal, but whale‐liver meal is very rich in these factors.

Examination of animal requirements indicates that both products would make a substantial contribution to the daily vitamin‐B needs of farm stock.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. IV—Laboratory‐scale isolation of fucoidin from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N.
Published: November 2006

Methods for the extraction and isolation of fucoidin from the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain have been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Extraction involves treatment of the weed with hydrochloric acid at 70° for one hour at pH 2.0–2.5. The crude fucoidin is isolated by fractional precipitation with alcohol, and purified by treatment with formaldehyde.
The occurrence of methylated carbohydrates and rhamnose as components of soil polysaccharides
Authors: Duff Robert B.
Published: November 2006

A complex of polysaccharides and humic substances has been extracted from various soils.

Somewhat impure syrupy fractions have been obtained by partition chromatography of the hydrolysate on a cellulose column, and the methoxyl content of these fractions approximated to that required for a monomethyl hexose.

Demethylation and examination of the products on the paper chromatogram indicated that the products were hexoses, probably galactose and glucose.

A rich soil contained a total of about 0.006% of the syrupy methylated fraction. The demonstration of the presence of methylated sugars in soil indicates a wider distribution of these substances than hitherto supposed.

The soil polysaccharide hydrolysate also appeared to contain L‐rhamnose, and a rich soil contained about 0.006% of this fraction.
The changes occurring in whalemeat during storage in the frozen state
Authors: Sharp J. G. , Smith G. Howard
Published: November 2006

A study was made of the changes that occurred in frozen whalemeat during storage at — 10%. A rancid flavour developed in meat which was exposed to air. The taint was found to be restricted to a thin surface‐layer and to be caused by oxidation of the highly unsaturated fat. No rancidity was detectable in meat from the interior of blocks after storage for 22 months or in the surface of meat which had been encased in ice for 10 months. Of several wrapping materials tested, only polyvinylidene chloride film gave any marked protection to the meat. The results indicated that the rate and extent of oxidation were dependent on the degree to which the exposed surfaces of the frozen meat had become dehydrated through sublimation of the constituent ice.
The nutritional evaluation of protein concentrates obtained from the alkali digestion of herrings
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Duckworth J. , Ellinger G. M. , Shrimpton D. H.
Published: November 2006

Protein concentrates obtained as by‐products from the alkali‐reduction treatment of herrings have been analysed for some important vitamins and amino‐acids, and also tested as supplements to basic cereal rations for poultry. All the products showed considerable destruction of riboflavin and pantothenic acid in the process, but those prepared by the ‘mild’ treatment have a gross protein value of 75% of that for conventional fish meals. This may be explained by the destruction of much of the cystine in the herrings during the reduction process. When a ‘mild process’ alkali‐reduction meal replaced white‐fish meal in growing and laying rations of the ‘regulation’ type used in the U.K. there was no decline in growth or egg‐production. The meal had no tainting effect on either the meat or the eggs produced in these experiments.
The mode of action of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Woodford E. K.
Published: November 2006

When used as a herbicide 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) is more toxic than 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) to many plant species. In bio‐assay tests based on the stimulation of cell elongation MCPA is often more active than 2,4‐D.

The way in which these chemicals cause the death of whole plants is not understood. An examination of existing information concerning retention, penetration, transport and toxicity at site of action suggests that the different effects of 2,4‐D and MCPA may be associated with differences in transport and persistence within the plant.

The physiological and biochemical effects of 2,4‐D have been studied in more detail than those of MCPA, but as yet there is insufficient information on either substance to indicate the nature or the magnitude of the differences in toxicity at the site of action.
Connective tissue of meat: I.—separation and determination
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Brown K. P.
Published: November 2006

The principles of the available methods for determining collagen and elastin (as a measure of the connective tissue) in meat have been examined. It has been shown that O‐IN‐NaOH is a more satisfactory reagent than either O‐IN‐ or O‐OIN‐HCl for leaching muscle tissue from connective tissue. When preparations of connective tissue dissected from shin of beef were treated in a blender or macerator with the extracting liquid o‐OIN‐HCl tended to dissolve collagen. Furthermore, the dissolution of muscle tissue by O‐IN‐ and O‐OIN‐HCl was less complete than by O‐IN‐NaOH. When the method of Lowry, Gilligan & Katersky (1941) was modified by disintegrating a 10‐g. sample of chopped meat in a blender, replicate determinations of collagen in one sample of meat generally agreed to within ± 10%.
A rapid copper acetate method for the determination of the base‐exchange capacity of soils
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

A rapid method for determining the base‐exchange capacity of soils is described, using a cupric acetate‐acetic acid reagent. The method is applicable to unsaturated and calcareous soils; it gives results very similar to those obtained by the ammonium acetate method, and takes only a fraction of the time.
Determination of fumigants. XXII—photometric determination of brominated‐hydrocarbon fumigants as inorganic bromide
Authors: Wade Peter
Published: November 2006

A photometric procedure based on the reaction between bromides and sodium gold chloride has been developed as another means of determining the bromide formed in the determination of fumigants, such as methyl bromide, and ethylene dibromide, by catalytic oxidation of the gas and its subsequent absorption in an alkaline solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The method is applicable to solutions containing 0.1–4.0 mg. of inorganic bromide in a volume of 8 ml. Extinctions are measured by means of a Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer. Results obtained in a series of experiments with ethylene dibromide are given, and compared with a similar series in which the bromide formed was determined by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate.
Nitrogenous extractives from fresh haddock muscle: Fractionation with ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Fletcher L. I. , Partridge S. M. , Brimley R. C.
Published: November 2006

An aqueous‐alcoholic extract of fresh haddock muscle has been fractionated by displacement chromatography using ion‐exchange resins. Twenty‐five amino‐acids and nitrogenous bases have been identified and two of them, trimethylamine oxide and anserine, have been isolated in 5–10 g. quantity.
Chromatographic separation of the pyrethrins
Authors: Lord K. A. , Ward J. , Cornelius J. A. , Jarvis Mary W.
Published: November 2006

‘Pyrethrins’ I and II have been separated on both alumina and silica columns. On alumina columns there is some evidence of the separation of the cinerins from the pyrethrins.

Material separated in this way has been used to elucidate separations obtained by chromatography of pyrethrum extracts on paper impregnated with alumina and by paper chromatography of 2: 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of the ‘pyrethrins.’.
Some effects of procaine penicillin and of certain vitamin supplements on food consumption and live‐weight gain of pigs
Authors: Robinson K. L. , Coey W. E. , Burnett G. S.
Published: November 2006

Experiments are described in which condensed fish solubles, vitamin B12 concentrates, a riboflavin concentrate and procaine penicillin were fed to pigs. No responses were obtained which could be attributed to vitamin B12 or to riboflavin, but live‐weight gains, food consumption and efficiency of food utilization were increased by procaine penicillin. The effect of the antibiotic on live‐weight increase was highly significant both with all‐vegetable diets and with diets containing animal protein, over the range 40‐100 lb. live weight, when fed to pigs which had a pre‐experimental all‐vegetable ration and which were scouring at the outset.
Search for organic fungicides : Chemical constitution and fungicidal activity
Authors: Sen A. B. , Joshi K. C.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of a number of compounds likely to possess fungicidal activity has been described by the authors in the earlier papers of this series (Sen & Joshi, 1948, 1949, 1951a, b). This paper incorporates the results of an investigation of the fungicidal action of 55 of those compounds on the fungus Aspergillus niger employing the agar‐growth technique. The results have been reviewed with the idea of correlating chemical constitution and fungicidal activity in the light of theories put forward by various authors from time to time. As expected, most of the compounds tested have been found to be considerably toxic to the fungus. Interesting results have been obtained with aryloxy‐fatty acids, which stimulate growth at lower concentrations.
The properties of some urea‐formaldehyde materials in relation to their possible use as nitrogenous fertilizers
Authors: Owen O. , Winsor G. W. , Long M. I. E.
Published: November 2006

Samples of urea‐formaldehyde materials, prepared by various methods, have been tested in the laboratory with reference to their possible use as nitrogenous fertilizers. In particular the rate and extent of mineralization of the nitrogen of urea‐formaldehyde products in soil has been investigated in relation to the ratio of urea to formaldehyde initially present in the reaction mixture. The product from equal molar quantities of urea and formaldehyde is almost insoluble and inert in the soil, but the proportion of soluble and available nitrogenous constituents in these substances increases markedly with the urea/formaldehyde ratio of the reactants. Soil tests show that urea‐formaldehyde samples can be prepared which closely resemble natural products such as hoof and horn in their rate of decomposition in the soil. The high degree of availability of the nitrogen of these materials expected in view of their low carbon/nitrogen ratios has not, however, been observed in the present work, unless the water‐soluble nitrogen in the products was high. The form of the curves for mineralization of nitrogen in the soil is discussed in relation to the contents of free urea and water‐soluble nitrogenous constituents, and to the conditions of preparation of the samples.
The component acids and glycerides of refined neem (Melia Indica) oil
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Mitra C. R.
Published: November 2006

The refined oil obtained after the successful removal of the bitter and odoriferous constituents of neem oil has been studied for its component acids and glycerides. Palmitic (16.2%), stearic (14.6%) and oleic (56.6%) acids were found to be the major component acids, with subordinate proportions of linoleic (9.0%) and arachidic (3.4%) and probable traces of myristic acid. The glyceride composition is in fair accordance with the ‘rule of even distribution’. The utility of the refined oil for soap‐making purposes and as a good source of technical oleine and stearine has been pointed out.
Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. I. — Penetration of methyl bromide into boxes of dates
Authors: Brown W. Burns , Heuser S. G.
Published: November 2006

The penetration of fumigants into packages during treatment by various methods employing reduced pressures, as well as at atmospheric pressure, can be studied by measuring gas concentrations. A ‘penetration factor’ is defined, which allows comparison of the effectiveness of penetration in different methods of treatment. Preliminary laboratory tests with methyl bromide have been carried out, mainly on boxes containing tightly compressed dates. The ‘sustained‐vacuum’ method, as normally used, gave higher penetration factors at the centres of boxes of dates in three hours than the method in which an air‐fumigant mixture is introduced to the evacuated chamber. Very low penetration factors were obtained in this period in tests at atmospheric pressure. It was found that, after a period of fumigation at reduced pressure, release of the vacuum produced very high concentrations at the centres of boxes. It is suggested that utilization of this effect in a modified vacuum‐fumigation procedure should result in increased efficiency. The ‘air‐washing’ technique for the removal of fumigant at the end of a treatment has also been examined.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. V.—Laboratory‐scale isolation of D‐glucose from laminarin
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woorward F. N.
Published: November 2006

A method for the isolation of D‐glucose from laminarin has been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Laminarin is hydrolysed quantitatively to D‐glucose by heating an 18% (w/w) solution of the polysaccharide in 0.05 N‐hydrochloric acid at 135° in an autoclave for one hour. The resulting hydrolysate is neutralized and decolorized, and the glucose is crystallized from water as the monohydrate.

The production of glucose from laminarin is closely related to the commercial production of crystalline dextrose by the acid hydrolysis of starch.
Studies on the blood proteins of hyperimmune horses. I.—The effect of high concentrations of phenolic substances on the proteins of plasma
Authors: Harms A. J.
Published: November 2006

Work carried out on the combination of plasma proteins with higher concentrations of phenolic substances than those normally used for preservation has indicated the formation of easily dissociated complexes. The complex formed with albumin is very much less soluble in neutral salt solutions than the original protein. This observation has formed the basis for a new process for the purification of antitoxic and antibacterial sera, and this process is described. The bearing of the results on the formation of antibodies during the hyperimmunization of horses is discussed.
The effect of aggregation on diffusion of gases and vapours through soils
Authors: Flegg P. B.
Published: November 2006

The effect of aggregate size upon the relationship between diffusion coefficient of gases through porous media and the porosity has been investigated. Over the range of aggregate sizes used, no differences were found. The presence of moisture in the soil was found to exert an influence directly related to the amount of water present, irrespective of the degree of aggregation of the soil. When the reduction in porosity due to the presence of water is calculated, the observations made fit the curve for air‐dry soils with fairly good agreement.
Vegetable oils. II. further studies of seed oils of various Strophanthus Species
Authors: Gunstone F. D.
Published: November 2006

The component acids of the seed oils of three Strophanthus species [S. sarmentosus (forest form), S. hispidus and S. courmontii] have been determined, and it is shown that 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12‐enoic acid is present in each seed oil.
A chromatographic examination of the minor constituents of various tree zones
Authors: Hillis W. E.
Published: November 2006

The methanol extracts of the bark, phloem, sapwood and heartwood zones of 22 species representing II families were examined chromatographically with three different solvents. The trees examined included some without heartwood, one with a wide sapwood, and others with heartwood of pathological and normal origin. The extracts were shown to be complex mixtures, but a ready comparison of the distribution of the minor constituents throughout one tree, and between different samples, was made possible by means of the partition chromatograms. An examination of the kinos and of extracts of the leaves and roots of certain eucalypts failed to reveal any special part played by them. Information from the chromatograms assisted the identification of rutin and ellagic acid.
The storage of flour in jute bags treated with insecticides
Authors: Atkins W. G. , Greer E. N.
Published: November 2006

Experiments are described in which flour stored in jute bags, the fabric of which had been impregnated with insecticides, was exposed to infestation by the species Ephestia kühniella, Ptinus tectus and Tribolium confusum. The use of 1% (w/w) of DDT in the fabric provided good protection against the first two named, and fair, but by no means absolute, protection against T. confusum. Transfer of insecticide to the flour occurred to an extent sufficient to be classed as contamination.
The tocopherol content of farm feeding‐stuffs
Authors: Brown Fred
Published: November 2006

The amounts of the individual tocopherols in some common farm feeding‐stuffs have been determined and the presumable vitamin‐E potencies of the feeding‐stuffs calculated from them. Grass, clover and Iucerne contained 10‐40 mg. of tocopherol/100 g. of dry matter, and it has been shown that the concentration in grass fell to a low level as the plant matured. Only minute amounts of tocopherols were present in root crops. Barley, maize, oats and wheat contained 1‐7 mg. of tocopherols/100 g., but the vitamin‐E activity of these crops was lower than the total tocopherol‐content might suggest, because of the presence of appreciable amounts of the less active β‐ and γ‐compounds. The bearing of the results on naturally‐occurring muscular dystrophy in farm animals is discussed.
The vitamin‐b group in white fish meal
Authors: Pritchard H. , Wraige D. R.
Published: November 2006

Samples of standard white fish meal, typical of that produced on a large scale for animal feeding in this country, have been tested for their content of eight members of the vitamin‐B complex and the average figures obtained compared with those widely scattered throughout the literature. It was found that white fish meal will supply, to rations for animal feeding, significant quantities of the known members of the vitamin‐B group, in addition to protein of high biological value.
The seed fat of the kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea Antiscorbutica)
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Szumer A. Z.
Published: November 2006

The seed fat of the Kerguelen cabbage, an isolated member of the Cruciferae, has been analysed. The fatty acids have been found to include erucic acid as a major component (13.5%). cis‐II‐Eicosenoic acid is also present in approximately equal amount (13.8%), together with linolenic acid (30.3%) and linoleic acid (20.1%). Other acids are present in smaller amounts.

Analysis of the fat has been made by ester distillation and also by amplified distillation of the methyl esters of the saturated acids and of the hydrogenated acids. The merits of the two methods are compared. The oxidation of the monoenoic acids to dihydroxy‐acids with performic acid is a convenient method for their characterization.
Vitamin T: Growth and protein utilization in the rat
Authors: Bender A. E. , Tunnah Elizabeth J.
Published: November 2006

An attempt was made to evaluate the so‐called vitamin‐T complex Goetsch. A laboratory preparation had no effect on the growth rate of young rats, and a commercial preparation had no effect on the protein utilization of the adult rat.
Flavour assessment of sugar solutions
Authors: Chappell Gweneth M.
Published: November 2006

An untrained tasting panel reported that sucrose was the most acceptable sugar, maltose the least acceptable, fructose the sweetest and lactose the least sweet.

With added flavouring oils a higher concentration proved acceptable and there was more uniformity of opinion. Flavouring agents differed in their appeal to members of the panel.

The addition of very small amounts of common salt to flavoured sugar solutions apparently increases the strength of the added flavour, the sweetness of the solution and, to some persons, its acceptability. Stronger flavours masked the taste of salt, weaker ones did not. More than half the panel found that higher concentrations of sugar enhanced the flavour of orange and lemon oil.
The effect of variety, storage and locality on the ascorbic acid content of the potato tuber
Authors: Allison R. M. , Driver C. M.
Published: November 2006

Tubers of 20 varieties of potato grown in New Zealand have been analysed for ascorbic acid content at harvest and at monthly intervals during storage in a commercial‐type clamp, in two successive years. Variety was a significant factor in causing differences in the ascorbic acid content of potatoes, and these differences were reflected in the response of the different varieties to storage. An increase in ascorbic acid after prolonged storage has been found and this is discussed with reference to temperature variations, sampling methods and metabolism during storage.
Non‐toxic stabilizers for animal fats
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: November 2006

The addition of citric and tartaric acids is shown to produce a noticeable increase in the induction periods of edible tallow and lard. The use of mixed glyceryl esters of citric acid and fatty acids is suggested as a convenient method of incorporating citric acid into fats.
The component fatty acids of elephant‐seal oil: Variations and relationship to blubber fats of other seals
Authors: Winter G. , Nunn W.
Published: November 2006

The work reported deals with the variations in composition of seal‐blubber fats in general and with that of elephant‐seal blubber in particular. The iodine values of the blubber fats of elephant seal varied between 98 and 153. Although there appears to be a tendency for the iodine value to be higher during the winter months, the results of detailed analyses failed to show any correlation of the fat composition with seasonal changes or the physiological state of the animal. The compositions of the blubber fats from other seal species are similar to those observed for the elephant seal, indicating that no distinct feature of blubber‐fat composition can be attributed to any one species.

The results presented show that the saturation and desaturation processes during the depot‐fat metabolism are in the main confined to acids of chain length greater than C18.

The distribution of the unsaturated fatty acids in seal‐blubber fats is similar to that in whale‐blubber fats.
The vitamin‐B content of foodstuffs fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Clegg K. M. , Lewis S. E.
Published: November 2006

The effect of methyl bromide on some of the B‐vitamins, both in aqueous solution and in foodstuffs, has been studied. From analyses of the bromide residues, it appeared that some reaction had occurred in those solutions of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide that had been treated with high concentrations of methyl bromide. Likewise, a slight loss of nicotinamide was found on chemical analyses of the solution, and was confirmed by the appearance of an N1‐methylnicotinamide‐like substance. In milled wheat, the nicotinic acid, thiamine and riboflavin values were not diminished after treatment with various concentrations of methyl bromide, or by fumigation at different moisture contents. Similarly, no loss was found in a range of foodstuffs, including groundnuts, whole wheat, barley, peas, beans, maize and rice, when treated at concentration‐time products far higher than those normally used in practical fumigation.
Rigor mortis in beef
Authors: Marsh B. B.
Published: November 2006

A study has been made of the onset of rigor mortis in the longissimus dorsi muscle of the ox, thus extending similar observations previously made on rabbit muscle. The changes in pH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content accompanying the physical manifestations of rigor are described. As in rabbit muscle, the development of inextensibility accompanies the dephosphorylation of ATP, and, provided the ultimate pH is low, the fall in pH runs parallel to these changes. The rate of decrease in pH is almost identical with that in rabbit muscle at physiological temperature, but differs appreciably from it at lower temperatures. The results are discussed in relation to the time required for the completion of the onset of rigor mortis in commercial chillers.
The stability of vitamin A in animal feeding‐stuffs
Authors: Davies Alan W. , Worden Alastair N.
Published: November 2006

The stability of vitamin A in mixed rations has been studied under a variety of storage conditions. With vitamin A, added in the form of cod‐liver oil (C.L.O.), stability is greater in a mash of medium particulate size than in one of coarse particulate size; this effect has been constant when light, temperature and the nature of the container, with corresponding variations in the degree of exposure to atmospheric oxidation, have been varied. The destructive action of mineral salts on this form of vitamin A has been confirmed, and found to be reversed by the addition of gelatin. The stability of vitamin A in cod‐liver oil is greater in the presence of fish meal or liver meal, but less in the presence of dried brewer's yeast, than in the presence of various cereal products. ‘Cubing of the diet’ asserts a protective action on vitamin‐A palmitate. In the particular conditions of our experiments, the stability of vitamin‐A palmitate is greater than that of vitamin A in the form of C.L.O. when added to a mixed meal.
The composition of agrostis setacea, the bristle‐leaved or heath bent grass
Authors: Dougall B. M.
Published: November 2006

A description of the bristle‐leaved or heath bent grass is given and figures showing variations in its chemical composition over the growing season are presented. The probable value of this species as a food for hill livestock is discussed.
The properties of the algal chemicals, II.—some derivatives of laminarin
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T.
Published: November 2006

The solubilization of the cold‐water‐insoluble form of laminarin from Laminaria cloustoni frond has been investigated. The hydroxyethyl, hydroxylpropyl and carboxymethyl ethers of laminarin have been prepared in good yield, and solutions of these in water show no sign of precipitation after being set aside for several weeks. The benzyl ether is water‐insoluble. Laminarin triacetate, tribenzoate and tricarbanilate have also been prepared; these esters are insoluble in water but soluble in a wide range of organic solvents. A series of laminarin sulphates, containing from 2.15 to 0.20 sulphate groups per glucose unit, have been prepared, and the more highly sulphated esters are water‐soluble.
The non‐volatile organic acids of grass
Authors: Hulme A. C. , Richardson A.
Published: November 2006

The non‐volatile organic acids are extracted from grass and separated from amino‐acids, sugars, etc., by ion‐exchange chromatography. The acid‐containing fractions displaced from the anion‐exchange columns are further separated by partition chromatography on buffered silica gel.

One of the acids present is proved to be quinic acid. By means of filter‐paper chromatography, the presence of succinic, malic, malonic, and citric acids is indicated, thus confirming earlier work. Chlorogenic acid, not previously reported in grass, was also shown to be present. At least two other acids, whose identities are not established, are present, one of which appears to be allied constitutionally to quinic acid.
The colorimetric determination of benzene hexachloride in insect tissues
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H.
Published: November 2006

Benzene hexachloride may be determined by hydrolysing it to trichlorobenzene, nitrating to trichlorodinitrobenzene and converting this into chlorodinitroresorcinol by hydrolysis with aqueous caustic soda. Under these conditions the main colour‐producing compound is 6‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitroresorcinol, but 2‐chloro‐4: 6‐dinitroresorcinol and 5‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitroresorcinol may also contribute to the colour. Benzene hexachloride is separated from fats in insect tissues by percolating through a column packed with kieselguhr and a mixture of carbon tetrachloride and oleum.
Superphosphate production: The influence of various factors on the speed of reaction and the composition of the product
Authors: Nunn R. J. , Dee T. P.
Published: November 2006

The effects of acid concentration, acid/rock ratio, and fineness of grinding on the interaction between Moroccan phosphate rock and sulphuric acid, in the preparation of superphosphate, have been studied.

An organic‐solvent technique has been used to follow the course and the rate of the chemical reactions. This method has been adopted because the precise composition of the superphosphate cannot be found by the analysis of water extracts, since interaction occurs between unchanged phosphate rock and free acids during the extraction.

Results are given in the form of Tables and graphs.
A chemical study of the fruits of three south africanXimeniaspecies, with special reference to the kernel oils
Authors: Ligthelm S. P. , Horn D. H. S. , Schwartz H. M. , Von Holdt M. M.
Published: November 2006

The average composition of the fruits was found to be: fruit pulp 81%, hull 4% and kernel 15%. The high acidity of the fruit juice, 8.6%, was accounted for entirely by citric acid. The kernels contained 64‐65% of oil, 18‐20% of protein and 4% of fibre. In addition to the acids already found by other workers, a tetracosenoic and an octacosenoic acid were isolated from the kernel oils and a hydroxyoctadecanoic acid was found in the hydrogenated acid mixture from one species. The component acids of the oils from the three species, which were similar in composition, included oleic acid (32.5‐40.5%), ximenynic acid (22‐24.3%), tetracosenoic acid (3.0‐7.0%), hexacosenoic (ximenic) acid (3.5‐8.7%), octacosenoic acid (4.7‐12.2%) and triacontenoic (lumequeic) acid (3.0‐7.0%).
Bitter principles of the cucurbitaceae. I.—Observations on the chemistry of cucurbitacin a
Authors: Enslin P. R.
Published: November 2006

Bitter principles have been isolated as solid foams from the fruits of several members of the Cucurbitaceae. Four bitter principles, provisionally named cucurbitacin A, B, C and D, were obtained in the crystalline state. The nature of the functional groups of cucurbitacin A, C28H40O8, was investigated and a detailed study of its hydrogenation has been carried out.