bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dielectric, Magneto-Dielectric & Magnetic Properties of x[Co0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4]-(1-x)[0.5Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3-0.5BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3] Multiferroic Composite
Authors: Kakade Abhishek B. , Kulkarni Shrinivas B.
Published: March 2022

In the present work, we have synthesized x [Co0.9Ni0.1Fe2O4]-(1-x) [0.5Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3-0.5BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3], x = 0.3, 0.4 & 0.5 multiferroic composite by hydroxide co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological analysis of the composite was carried out by using X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The XRD spectra confirm the perovskite phase and spinel phase. Dielectric properties of the composite were studied using Impedance analyzer. The variation of dielectric constant and loss of tangent (Quality factor) in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz were investigated. Magnetocapacitance were measured for magnetic field up to 1 Tesla, which increases with increase in magnetic field. Dielectric constant possesses contribution due to magnetic field dependent interfacial polarization and variation due to induced stress which can be explained on the observed MD effect. Saturation magnetization of composites increases with increase in CNFO content.
Experimental Evaluation of Amphoteric and Switchable Surfactants for Improving Foam Performance Under Harsh Reservoir Conditions
Authors: Xiong Ding , Ahmed Shehzad , Alameri Waleed , Al-Shalabi Emad W.
Published: March 2022

Foam injection is designed to reduce the effects of high reservoir heterogeneities and fluid viscosity contrasts during gas flooding, and hence, improve sweep efficiency. However, harsh reservoir conditions in the Middle Eastern reservoirs pose a serious problem to foam stability, leading to a poor mobility control for foam injection. In this study, different surfactant types and their combinations were tested to screen and optimize foam performance in harsh salinity (20 wt%) at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions (1000 psi and 80 °C) based on series of bulk foam experiments. For this purpose, different commercial amphoteric and amine-based switchable surfactants were utilized and their compatibility in 20 wt% brine were ensured at HPHT conditions. Initial screening was performed by conducting series of foam stability and foaming ability tests at high temperature. The surface tension and surfactant solution rheology tests were performed to analyze foam behavior. The mixtures of amphoteric and amine-based surfactants were then investigated to improve bulk foam performance. Foam stability and foam texture at different foam qualities under HPHT conditions were also studied.

Bulk foam experiments showed that betaine (B-1235) surfactant outperformed other surfactant types through achieving the highest foam generation with excellent foam stability performance. Betaine foam endurance was found to be comparable to that of viscoelastic diamine surfactant. However, poor foam generation was observed when diamine was used as a single surfactant. The optimum concentration for betaine surfactant was found to be 0.25 wt%. A mixture of betaine and amine-based surfactant improved the latter foam properties and its performance was found to be higher than that of single surfactant. The foam stability of mixed surfactant was approximately 8 folds higher than that of single amine-based surfactant. Furthermore, foam texture directly controls foam decay profile, and the optimum foam quality based on static pressurized foam cell test was found to be 90% due to the formation of uniform and closely packed bubbles. This research identified high performing individual as well as a mixed surfactant systems for designing foam EOR projects for Middle Eastern harsh reservoir conditions.
Challenges and Lessons Learnt Operating During Covid 19 Pandemic in Remote Location: A Success Story of Mauritania Deepwater Abandonment and Decommissioning Campaign
Authors: Ahmad Zaini Ahmad Hafizi , Johan Ahmad Luqman , Allapitchai M. Shahril Majid , Liew William Sin Yoong , Sellapan Sattiyaraju , Heboul El Khalil Mohamed M’Bareck , Abdul Razak Mohd Hairi , Yaakub M. Yuzmanizeil
Published: March 2022

In March 2020, upon declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic, operator was faced with difficulty of continuing operation as the Host Country activated border lockdown. The operator managed to continue operations for remaining well and demobilized drillship and personnel safely. Operator has successfully retrieved three (3) subsea Xmas Trees, P&A three (3) wells and intervened six (6) other wells for tubing cutting before operations was suspended due to COVID-19 pandemic. Operator used the suspension phase to devise a methodology to resume operation in the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic situation. The challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the steps taken for resumption are highlighted in this paper.

It is expected that this paper will serve as guidance in highlighting challenges and efforts taken to resume operation in the event of unforeseen suspension due to any reasons. It is also hoped that the details shared in this paper can assist other Operators in better operation planning for remote locations.
Minimising Downtime During Multiple Valves Change Outs on Critical Gas Export Pipelines
Authors: Raja Ismail Raja Zahirudin , Wan Dagang Wan Ahmad Izuddin , Lie Rolf Gunnar
Published: March 2022

To enable the safe replacement of five valves whose passing rates exceeded allowable limits, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) in 2017 used a three-module high pressure isolation tool (HPIT) to isolate one 24-inch and two 32-inch critical gas export pipelines at ANDR-A in the Angsi field in offshore Peninsular Malaysia. The SmartPlug® tool provided a double block and monitor (DBM) isolation without requiring depressurization or bleeding down the entire pipeline, which avoided prolonged shutdown. Because the three pipelines shared a common header at the ANDR-A topside, they required simultaneous isolation. Although HPIT had been deployed on main gas export pipelines several times before in Malaysia, this was the first time three isolations were required to be executed at the same time on the same platform during a single shutdown campaign. This Case Study describes the steps taken from planning, site visit and engineering to the safe and successful execution of the isolations.
Fully Coupled Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Analysis of Hydraulic Fracture in Offshore Cuttings Re-Injection
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Feng Yongcun , Li Bin
Published: March 2022

Cuttings reinjection is an effective way to treat oilfield waste. There is still a risk of slurry leakage during the field operations although cuttings re-injection technology has been widely used. The study of fracture initiation and propagation during cuttings re-injection is important for operational design. Fracturing is a complex physical process that combines fluid seepage, temperature diffusion, stress change, and rock damage. In offshore cuttings re-injection projects, the temperature difference between the injection slurry and the formation has a significant impact on the fracture behaviors, especially in high-temperature-high-pressure (HTHP) formations. In this paper, a fully coupled thermal-hydraulic-mechanical (THM) model was developed by the cohesive element method for modeling cuttings re-injection. The multi-physical field evolution in cuttings re-injection process in HTHP offshore formation was studied. The simulation results show that the cooling effect of the injection fluid causes the contraction of the formation which leads to an increase in the tensile stress of the rock and a decrease in the formation fracture pressure. The cooling effect results in a wider and shorter fracture than the case without the consideration of the cooling effect. Therefore, it allows more slurry to be injected in a limited near-wellbore zone, reducing the risk of slurry leakage during the injection process. The cooling effect is positively correlated with the temperature difference between the injection slurry and the formation.
Review on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Jodha Shweta , Sharma Vibha Dinesh , Arul Arundhathi
Published: March 2022

This paper provides a literature review of the research work done on floating offshore wind turbines, while discussing their technical, economic and environmental aspects. Through this study, research work in this technology is reviewed and future work recommendations are suggested.

Centuries before, wind energy paved our way into the vast oceans. Its efficient utilization in the form of sails, helped us conquer the oceans with ships. Unfortunately, wind energy lost its charm in the oil era. But now as we realign our priorities for a greener future, wind energy is yet again turning out to be a reliable energy source. It can be our tool to shift to a cleaner energy supply and realize global renewable energy targets. To make the fossil-to-wind transition possible, the innovative concept of floating offshore wind energy is providing a sophisticated mechanism to harness the wind energy exponentially and will definitely help the mankind to reinforce a sustainable grip on the oceans once again. Floating wind turbines present an economical and technically feasible approach to access the deeper water sites to obtain the rich resource of wind power. Therefore, they have the potential to be the next generation of wind technology. With the installed floating wind power capacity to increase to 250 GW by 2050 (DNV GL Report- Floating Wind: The Power to Commercialize, 2020)[23], it is safe to say, the future is floating.
First Application of Coiled Hose in Indonesia and First Deployment of Coiled Hose with Roller Boogies in the World to Access Highly Deviated Well
Authors: Pancawisna Gerardus Putra , Hidayat Reyhan , Dahnil Gitani Tsalitsah , Rahman Risal , Kurniawati Pratika Siamsyah , Marindha Rantoe , Umar Khalid , Ferdian _ , Setyaji Irwan , Masrur Muhammad , Steinsholm Stian
Published: March 2022

The paper is aimed to present the engineering design and execution of first application of coiled hose in Indonesia to perform nitrogen unload including its first deployment with roller boogies in the world to tackle the challenge of highly deviated well.

The new well of XX-107 was completed with 2 (two) gravel pack zones and tubingless section. In order to produce the well from the gravel pack zones, completion fluid, which filled in the XX-107 well, should be displaced to ensure underbalance condition once the SSDs of those gravel pack zones were opened. After comparing several available methods, coiled hose was chosen to perform nitrogen unload due to its compact and lightweight nature in comparison to conventional coiled tubing. Coiled hose enabled seamless deployment right after the well was completed by the workover unit. Furthermore, the maximum deviation of 84 deg in XX-107 well provided additional challenge to access the well since coiled hose was gravity feed. Several simulations were performed and they resulted in the utilization of roller boogies to minimize friction during RIH and increase the reach of coiled hose in this well.

As a result, this operation achieved its main objective of displacing the completion fluid out of the well and created underbalance condition in front of the gravel pack zones. Although the efficiency was only 67.5%, it managed to create 1071 psi of underbalance value and consequently the well flowed at 8 MMscfd. Its lightweight nature was like electricline unit and it consumed less space on the upper deck of the platform. Moreover, the deployment and setup process was performed offline which optimized the operating time event further. The cumulative operating time was only 13 hours including demobilization process while in terms of logistic coiled hose only required 1 trip whereas coiled tubing unit required at least 3 trips. Lastly, this operation requires only 10 personnel for 24-hr operation in comparison to 15 coiled tubing personnel which meant, in this Covid-19 pandemic, provided less risky solution.
Longest in Asia Pacific: Robust BHA Design Optimization Using Advanced FEA Modeling for Two Consecutive Hole-Opening Sections in HPHT Well
Authors: Nik Mohd Najmi Nik Fahusnaza , Baharudin Alif Shamir , Ravendrnathan Khabilashini , Anyi Vaniel , Chai Beng Seow , Lim Jen Ming , Alexander Gregg
Published: March 2022

Designing robust hole-opening BHA to drill two consecutive sections with interbedded formation in a deep HPHT appraisal well is exceptionally challenging. The two hole-opening sections, 17in × 20in and 14-3/4in × 17in need to retain strict verticality requirement and the final hole diameter sizes must be guaranteed to allow for smooth casing running operations. Conventional method, consisting of pilot hole drilling and a dedicated hole-opening run, is time consuming. Hence, the Operator decided to proceed with single run hole-opening while drilling approach for significant time saving benefit.

Utilizing finite element analysis modeling approach, tandem reamer BHA were designed and proposed for both hole-opening sections. The BHA consists of a PDC bit, a hydraulic-actuated reamer near the bit and a mechanical-actuated reamer above MWD tools. This BHA design concept can deliver both hole-opening and rat-hole cleaning operations in a single run. BHA optimization modeling was also done to select robust and appropriate cutting structures that can yield the most stable drilling dynamics with suitable drilling parameters.

Applying the FEA modeling recommendations in the 17in × 20in hole-opening section, the operation went smoothly as planned for the first 1184m until a vibration level increase was observed, believed to be due to an unexpected sudden increase in the hardness of the interbedded formation. Realizing the potential of similar risk happening for the next hole interval, a conventional two-runs approach was implemented in the 14-3/4in × 17in section. A pilot hole was first drilled with a steerable motor BHA for trajectory adjustment and then followed by a dedicated under-reaming only (URO) operation with a bullnose BHA. The 937m under-reaming interval was executed successfully without any downhole issues, despite lower ROP than initially expected.
Cracking Mature Subsurface Information in Complex Well Design
Authors: Abdul Ghafar Joely , Jamaldin Fadzril Syafiq , Tolioe William Amelio , Hanalim Linda , M Dan Iliyas , Mad Said Saiful Haq , Arumugam Sathiaseelan , Omar M Afiefe
Published: March 2022

After 29 years of production in the brown field T at Peninsular Malaysia, most of its main producing reservoirs are already depleted. Further data acquisition is crucial to resolve reservoir characterization issues, such as communication, depletion & compartmentalization. However, matured fields often have complex trajectories and depleted zones that succumb to losses during drilling. Hence, optimized data acquisition planning is required to combat both complex reservoir characterization and well operation risk.

This paper will discuss the challenges from planning to execution of efficient data acquisition and trouble-free drilling in highly deviated well while having losses and without compromising acquired data quality. The main challenges identified are to log complex multi-stacked reservoirs in shoreface and mouth-bar environment, shifted fluid contact due to production, high inclination well trajectories, wellbore stability and logging in losses environment in depleted zones. Fluid mapping while drilling (FMWD) was brought in to assess the pressure and mobility profile of those depleted reservoirs. Additionally, fluid scanning stations were planned to confirm the fluid type and downhole reservoir sampling was planned in the virgin appraisal target. The result of data acquisition has been used for reservoir characterization in terms of pressure depletion, reservoir communication and compartmentalization.

Despite the mud losses that occurred during drilling (5-50bbl/hr.), the logging operation was a success. The acquired data has led to a new understanding of the faulting area, sand continuity and reservoirs heterogeneity. The team managed to get sample of volatile oil which is 1m below the gas oil contact (GOC) and able to quantify CO2 concentration in gas & mixture phase (Oil +OBM filtrate). The result has also proved reservoirs compartmentalization that could not be seen and the log can be biased. This information is crucial in subsurface evaluation in developing matured fields. The decision to adopt the FMWD tool has helped logging operation to continue circulating with control flowrate, avoid well in static condition during long period (>45mins) of logging operation where it reduces the risk of stuck pipe. There was no operational issue of stuck pipe or differential sticking while logging in losses condition.

Open hole data acquisition in mature field will always be relevant for reducing subsurface uncertainty. By deploying FMWD for real time data acquisition, the project team was able to save rig days by eliminating dedicated wireline trips and potential wiper trip post logging via conventional wireline. The value of the data acquired will also further reduce the project cost by optimizing the future well placement and well trajectory. The success achieved in this campaign can also be replicated into other brown field development that has the same challenges.
Digital Well Construction with Mud Motor Applications
Authors: BA Samba , Zhang Joshua , Shen Yuelin , Chen Wei , Jeffryes Benjamin , Sahli Hussein
Published: March 2022

It is often essential that the behavior of certain tools inside of the bottomhole assembly (BHA) be understood, prior to automating the well construction process. The mud motor is one of the most frequently used BHA components worldwide. This paper presents several digital well construction procedures in which a mud motor is located inside of the BHA. Mud motors can be directly used in a steering mode or can be combined with the most advanced rotary steerable system (RSS) tools in power only mode because their downhole power ability is unrivaled, and their usage reduces the power needed from surface, making the well construction more sustainable.

When considering the six primary surface measurements of well construction (hookload, block position, torque, rpm, pressure, and flow), the interpretation of four of the measurements is directly affected by the presence or not of a mud motor inside the BHA, whether the mud motor is in steering mode or in power only mode. To understand these measurements, a basic understanding of the mud motor physics is required. This paper will present some of the kinematics of the mud motor power section and how it relates to the monitoring, advising, or controlling of the drilling process.

In particular, some key equations will be shown that correlate surface measurements to the downhole drill-bit motion through the motor physics. It will be shown that when a mud motor is present, there is a torque discontinuity between the upper portion (above the motor) of the BHA and drillstring and the lower portion of the BHA (below the motor). In addition, equations to fit mud motor power curves are derived, which enables interpretation of the motor power section performance based on the chosen configuration. The acoustic impedance theory for the mud motor will also be shown, which enables understanding the transient effect of flow fluctuations when different torque demands from the drill-bit exist. All these derivations are included in a new mechanical specific energy (MSE) calculation which will be used to derive an autonomous well construction scheme.

A novel approach to understanding the monitoring, advising, and controlling of the drilling process when a mud motor is present within the BHA is presented. This approach, which is based on the careful understanding of the mud motor physics and enables automation of the well construction, would be a forerunner for most artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms used to optimize drilling operations when a hydromechanical power generator is present in the BHA.
Pilot Test of Deep Profile Controlling and Sweep Improvement Based on Plugging Agent Location Optimization in Offshore Oilfield
Authors: Shi Hongfu , Ma Kuiqian , Chen Cunliang , Shi Fei , Han Xiaodong
Published: March 2022

After the reservoir enters the medium-high water-cut period, due to the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the difference of fluid mobility, and the difference in injection and production, large water flow channels are gradually formed in the formation, which result in fixed streamline in the formation, and the inefficient or ineffective water circulation. Ineffective injection water circulation severely inhibits water flooding effect. Conventional tapping measures can’t change the problem of ineffective water circulation. However, the profile control technology changes the flow direction of subsequent injected water by plugging the high permeability layer or large pores, improving the water injection profile, and increasing the formation water retention rate, so as to expand the swept volume. Therefore, profile controlling technology has always been an important method water control and oil stabilization technologies for the reservoirs with thief zones.

The success or failure of profile control measures depends to a large extent on thief zones identification and its description, sensitivity analysis of plugging agent performance, scientific and reasonable profile control decision-making and optimization, in addition to selection of candidate wells, optimization of construction parameters, effect prediction and effect evaluation.
Comparative Review Study on Different Carbon Capture Methods and Applications in Steelmaking Plant from Economical Point of View
Authors: Arul Rajoo Thinesh Shakkti , Elraies Khaled Abdalla , Husna Ully Zakyatul , Muhamad Shuhili Juhairi Aris , Abu Bakar Mohd Afandi , Haron Hazliza , Mohd Saaid Ismail , Lee Jang Hyun , Mohamad Ibrahim Mohamad Nasir , Gogoi Subrata Borgohain , Saeedi Ali
Published: March 2022

One of the emerging areas in combatting environmental issue like global warming is carbon capture and storage (CCS) entices a solution by not limiting output of any operation. Carbon capture storage refers to the process of capturing or gathering carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere from various activities and injecting the captured gas underground (aquifer). CCS can be divided into 3 main stages namely capturing, transportation and storage. The carbon dioxide will be captured from a source, being transported and sequestrated underground. In this paper, the main area discussed is the capturing process and application in steelmaking industry from economical point of view. Carbon capture is an expensive process which creates an indecisiveness among different parties to actually put the process in practice. However, this expensive process is not properly quantified which is the main motivation of this study to contribute to the cost quantification of carbon capture. Carbon capture is mainly divided to several methods namely membrane separation, oxyfuel combustion, absorption, adsorption, chemical looping combustion, calcium looping and cryogenic method. Despite of having many capturing methods available, there was no vivid or clear application at a large commercial or industrial scale of several methods which rendered them mooted for comparison's sake. Technologies that have gone beyond technological readiness level (TRL) 4 shall be considered since the relevancy of the comparison can benefit parties planning to spearhead or undertake CCS.
Floating Offshore Wind Energy – Brief Review of Prospects, Project Development Life Cycle, Policy and Technology Challenges and Project Management Complexity
Authors: K Purayil Prasannakumar , Pratap Chandran Sujith
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE/SCOPE

Interest in Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF) is regaining momentum as countries and energy producers vie for economic and innovative solutions to decarbonize products and operations with net zero targets in perspective. Typically tapping offshore wind is costlier in comparison to land based solutions, despite the flexibility it offers due to remote operations away from populated areas. Floating wind farms offer an attractive mix of flexibility and cost effectiveness by eliminating the need for large supporting structures and enabling further deep-sea installations and access to stronger winds. While floating wind turbine technology is promising, it needs further maturation along with favorable policy implementation on the part of regulators to make floating wind farms attractive to operators/investors. This paper investigates Technology, Project Management challenges and opportunities from a large, Joint Venture capital project context with net zero target perspectives.

METHODS, PROCEDURES, PROCESS

Conceptually, floating wind energy is generated by a cluster of floating wind turbines, as against conventional fixed-bottom turbines which account for the majority of wind installations today. Several recent technological advancements have led to innovative floating wind solutions and also driven the costs downward. However, technological challenges like mooring and anchoring systems suited for harsh environments and policy challenges still present barriers to increased investment decisions. In both cases, synergies could potentially be harnessed from existing Oil & Gas deep sea technology. This paper will attempt to address such technology and policy challenges, as well as project management perspectives in maturing floating wind technology. Further, the project development lifecycle will be analyzed from stakeholder and risk management, technology maturation, decision making, and complexity management perspectives.

RESULTS, OBSERVATIONS, CONCLUSIONS

While alleviating cost and flexibility challenges related to stick-built fixed-base solutions, floating technologies may have strategic potential to unlock the full potential of offshore wind and to serve as a vehicle to achieve green transition goals. This paper summarizes the potential risks and opportunities from political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental (PESTLE) points of view. Potential stakeholder influences and a decision quality matrix will be identified and documented.

FOWF, PESTLE, Project Management, Complexity Management
Evaluation of Offshore Renewable Energy for Cluster Benefits
Authors: Rao Shivaprakash Chandrashekar
Published: March 2022

The urgency to mitigate climate change is increasing the rate of transformation in energy supply systems towards a low carbon future to ensure global temperature rise is limited to 1.5 Deg. Existing offshore energy technologies were examined through the lens of cluster benefits. Offshore renewable technologies considered were Offshore Wind, Floating Solar, Wave Energy, Tidal Energy and Offshore Thermal Energy (OTEC). The theory of underpinning of clusters, evolution, benefits, and challenges were reviewed. To corroborate the literature review, a pilot survey was sent to participants in industry which commented and highlighted their awareness of certain available technologies. The perceived benefits of clustering included the ability to achieve economies of scale whilst challenges remained around permitting and obtaining social licences. Based on the literature review and survey, a theoretical framework has been proposed to evaluate offshore energy cluster benefits. There is scope to further this research with a larger sample size and diversity of participants to strengthen the framework. It was noted that geospatial hard constraints and policies could be important framing factors for cluster formation in countries of interest. Country specific cluster examination would bring more specificity, depth and application and should be an area of future research.
Deciphering the Record of the Sun-Earth Dance in Well Logs: The Extra-Terrestrial Imprint and its Application to High-Resolution Stratigraphy and Well Correlation in South Furious Field, Offshore North Sabah
Authors: Gou Patrick , Raja Ismail Raja Azlan , Yuen Florence , Zulkifli Nadia , Hee Randy Peter , van der Vegt Paul , Ralphie Benard , Hassan Fazideen
Published: March 2022

South Furious is an oilfield in the Inboard Belt offshore North Sabah with oil production since 1979. The field is heavily faulted and compartmentalized, making it structurally complex and challenging for development. It is believed that the field has a low recovery factor, despite having a relatively large oil in-place volume reported. Its highly-heterogenous Stage IVA reservoir with thin sand-shale intercalations, and poor seismic imaging quality make stratigraphic interpretation and well correlations highly uncertain. Recognizing the limitations of conventional methods for well correlation in South Furious, SEA Hibiscus decided to take a quantitative approach on the existing well logs itself, particularly the gamma ray (GR) curve. This data-driven approach is a shift from the unsuccessful model-based method.

Cyclostratigraphic analysis using CycloLog works on the principle that extra-terrestrial forces described by the Milankovitch Cycles have a huge influence on sedimentation processes, and its record are preserved in the well logs that we acquire while drilling, although not always obvious without the proper quantitative approach. This high-resolution stratigraphic method allows the detection of cyclic signals in facies-sensitive wireline logs (e.g., gamma ray), including subtle ones, and at resolutions that are equivalent to 4th to 6th Order stratigraphic cycles. Utilizing the Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (INPEFA), geological breaks or events are quantitatively and objectively identified. Cyclostratigraphic and climate stratigraphy concepts as described by Perlmutter and Matthews (1990) and Nio (2005) form the basis of this analysis, which is an evolution of traditional sequence stratigraphic concepts.

Results from the 10 pilot wells in South Furious show dramatic improvements in the stratigraphic correlation resolution, particularly in the deeper/older sections, allowing correlations to be made across different fault block segments, previously nearly impossible. With the ongoing inclusion of more wells to the cyclostratigraphic study and future plans to integrate independent chemostratigraphic data, a more robust stratigraphic framework for the field would be established.

Results from the current study prove that the cyclostratigraphic method allows objective, quantitative and data-driven stratigraphic well correlations to be made from a systematic and quantitative review of existing well logs, without additional rock sampling or measurement, and in a cost-effective manner. Geoscientists should always be receptive to new ways of working, including utilizing data and techniques that have origins outside mainstream geoscience.
Overcoming High Flow Line Pressure by Successful Installation of First Surface Jet Pump
Authors: Ur Rehman Abid , Abdelbary Marwan , Azeez Kamaran
Published: March 2022

The year 2020 has been challenging for the whole world due to the COVID pandemic. The unprecedented impacts of the world's recent lockdown and volatility of oil and gas markets tested the leadership and resilience of business models and repositioned strategies that will shape the industry for the next decade. Business survival has become critical during these unprecedented times, especially in the energy industry which has taken a significant hit due to the oil price fall and supply gluts.

Existing plans are under observation, as it is vital to identify more efficient approaches and solutions for building future business resilience. Modern technologies can be used to support energy transition. The surface jet pump is one of the newest technologies that help lower the wellhead pressure of the well. It also reduces back pressure on the well. Thus, it enhances the flow rate. Additionally, the surface jet pump overcomes the flow line pressure into the existing pressurized flow lines without creating back pressure on the reservoirs. This technology can be utilized for many applications, including well-bore cleanup after completions, de-liquefying gas wells, producing heavy, viscous, or corrosive liquids, producing CO2 and natural gas wells.

This paper is about the successful installation of the first-ever surface jet pump in the country. The pump was deployed in the Northern Iraq region to reduce the backpressure on the wells caused by the central production facility. The pump parameters were designed on Jet Evaluation and Modeling Software (JEMS) and 13G was selected as the optimum nozzle and throat combination for this project. The pump worked successfully, and the wellhead increased from 310 to 355 psi. And gross production from a single well was increased to around 850 BPD from 550 BPD generating about 0.4 Million USD/Month additional revenue.

With the long-term impact of the recent pandemic on the energy market, it's clear that companies are more focused than ever on picking the best solutions to ensure the long-term viability and survival of their operations. The surface jet pump is one of the technological advancements for such solutions that have been successfully tested at this location. This paper goes on the technicalities of the technology and project.
Supercritical Methane Adsorption in Shale: Isothermal Adsorption and Desorption of Eagle Ford Shale Gas
Authors: Mohd Aji Aminah Qayyimah , Maulianda Belladonna , Mohshim Dzeti Farhah , Elraeis Khaled Abdalla , Ku Ishak Ku Esyra Hani
Published: March 2022

Gas adsorption-desorption highly affect gas storage and production behaviour in shale nanopores. The study of methane adsorption isotherm in shale has been extensively conducted experimentally. The shale compositions and reservoir conditions prominently control the adsorption capacity of methane. However, to date, there is a lack of discussion on the effect of heterogeneous TOC towards the adsorption isotherm and comparison with adsorption isotherm modelling. This study used the gravimetric method for supercritical methane adsorptions - desorption isotherms measurements. Isotherms measurements were conducted with three shale samples with various TOC values (9.67, 13.9, and 15.4 wt.%) from the Eagle Ford formation at pressure up to 10 MPa and temperature at 120 °C. The isotherms gathered were fitted with standard adsorption-desorption isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich and extended Sips to test the applicability of these models depicted the adsorption of supercritical methane. The results show that EF C with the highest TOC content (15.4 wt.%) has the highest adsorption-desorption methane capacity, more than 0.7 mmol/g, compared to other samples. The composition differences between these samples indicate that the organic contents were likely a major controlling factor of the adsorption capacities obtained. The TOC provides a higher surface area for adsorption to occur. Thus, a higher adsorption-desorption capacity was observed through this study. On the other hand, the adsorption and desorption curves did not intercept due to the hysteresis caused by the capillary condensation. The significant binding capacity of the shale surface for methane gas molecules leads to the hysteresis observed during methane desorption. It was observed that the Freundlich model was the most accurate adsorption model in describing the adsorption-desorption behaviour with tested shales with average R2 more than 0.90 and ARE (%) less than 10 % compared to other models with 15.8 % (Langmuir) and 18.9 % (Sips). This study also proved the influence of organic matter on predicting the adsorption-desorption capacity with adsorption isotherms highlighting the importance of modelling the TOC of shale with adsorption isotherm to determine the adsorption-desorption properties.
Asset Life Extension Management of Aging Offshore Fields
Authors: Altmann Joshua , Sherif Amr , Nicolson Robert
Published: March 2022

With many of the offshore platforms around the globe well past their design life, developing targeted and cost-effective approaches to reassess and manage the life extension of these facilities is critical for operators. Although standards such as API RP 2SIM and ISO 19901-9 provide an excellent framework for management of the structural integrity of individual platforms, operators that manage a significant number of facilities need to develop strategies for overseeing the life extension of a fleet of aging multidiscipline assets, with the objective of maximizing return while maintaining an acceptable level of risk.

The paper presents a systematic risk matrix based approach to provide a predictive assessment of the residual lives of the offshore facilities using the available design and condition data, re-assessment results based on asset specific or grouped approaches, and existing inspection results and strategies. Weighting of the influence of each parameter, adapted for different asset classes to capture state-of-the-art approaches within each discipline or system, is used to predicted residual life. This method has the ability to handle sparse data and incorporate recent or planned modifications. The increased likelihood of failure with time due to damage or degradation, as well as other threats such as obsolesce, is captured through time dependent factors to provide an estimate of the residual life.

The method used provides a flexible assessment of the health and residual life estimates for assets from a sub-system through to a full field perspective based on the existing risk tolerance and management strategies of the operator. This provides operators with a valuable tool to assist in optimizing the life cycle costs for the field. If the overall risk profile is not acceptable, then high level what-if analyses can be performed and incorporated into the risk model to review likelihood or consequence reducing measures as the facilities age. This may include additional assessments (e.g. platform specific ultimate strength or fitness-for-service assessments of major equipment), changes to fabric maintenance or risk based inspection plans, load reductions, upgrading of instrumentation and control systems, implementation of strengthening, modification or repair programs, or decommissioning. Advisian has successfully applied this approach for both offshore and onshore assets.

Unlike most life extension programs which are typically limited to a single discipline, this method provides a flexible multidisciplinary approach with the ability to incorporate findings covering topside structures, pipelines, piping, rotating and static equipment, electrical and instrumentation for a whole of field assessment.
DroneBox: A Fully Automated Drone System for Surveillance Application
Authors: Manapongpun Pattawut , Karoonkornsakul Chanon , Peechaphand Krittin , Kriengkomol Pakpoom , Rajawana Amin , Ritmetee Pawarit , Lounsrimongkol Narongsak , Chenchai Napat
Published: March 2022

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has recently improved in terms of robustness and reliability to be utilized industrially such as site patronage, monitoring and surveillance missions. On the contrary, the delayed development of competent UAV pilots and operators is slowing down operational expansion, resulting in everyday UAV usage costly and unfeasible. The fully automated and completely independent "DroneBox" will act as the drone storage and self-maintenance base for a surveillance operation with no direct human involvement. The drone will be capable of taking- off, performing missions, landing precisely, and recharging automatically while utilizing collected real-time data to perform with the safest configuration through DroneBox. When compared to the industry’s conventional method, the risk, cost, and time of surveillance operation will be reduced with the application of the DroneBox system offshore. According to realistic estimates, deploying the DroneBox system on 20 unmanned wellhead platform platforms can cut operator visits up to one-third of the trips, resulting in saving 22% fuel of crew boat vessels or up to 1.82 million USD operating cost in Artit (ART) and Great Bongkot North (GBN) wellhead platforms.
Comparison Between the Pseudo-Analytical and Finite Difference Method for Seismic Modelling and Imaging
Authors: Muhammed Mohammed Daniel Davis bin , Isa M Nasrul , Mishra Santosh
Published: March 2022

Seismic forward modelling is typically done using the finite difference (FD) approach. However, this method suffers from numerical dispersion problems which translates into less focused stacks and a decrease in bandwidth coverage. To mitigate this problem, the pseudo analytical method formulated by Etgen and Brandersberg-Dahl in 2009 was utilized. This paper demonstrates that pseudo analytics’ pseudo differential operator that utilizes velocity interpolation allows it to be more robust towards varying velocity and grid sizes while providing better amplitudes for shot gathers compared to the FD modelling scheme. FD and pseudo analytically generated gathers were then migrated using the reverse time migration (RTM) algorithm and showed that the pseudo analytically generated shot gathers were better at preserving shallower and higher frequency reflectors while at the same time better suppressed migration artifacts at the steeply dipping salt flank. The pseudo analytically generated gathers also provided an improved amplitude spectrum compared to FD especially in the lower frequency range of around 25-50 Hz. Various test cases demonstrate that the pseudo analytical method was shown to be a viable alternative to the typically used FD method in imaging at challenging geological environments such as salt.
The First Successful Casing in Casing Cementing for Re-Fracturing Treatment in China: Case Study from China’s First Shale Gas Field
Authors: Wang Bin , Bhaisora Devesh , Missiaen Francois , Zhang Chi , Ming Yue , Shan Lipeng , Qin Le , Liu Jianting
Published: March 2022

The Fuling shale gas field in China was discovered in 2012 and is a quality high pressure natural shale gas reservoir in the Longmaxi formation. Since then, more than 500 wells have been drilled and are being produced. However, over the period there has been a reduction in production and therefore refracturing is needed to maintain production. A new casing-in-casing method of re-constructing a new wellbore inside the legacy wellbore for re-fracturing was introduced and successfully executed.

The producing wellbore has a series of perforations along the casing of the horizontal section. Wellbore re-construction is required to isolate all these perforations and allow a plug-and-perf fracturing process in the new wellbore. It was planned to run a 3.5 inch casing into the existing 5.5 inch casing and cement it. A dependable cement barrier in this extremely tight annulus is required to carry on future re-frac operations. Computational fluid dynamics and stress modelling were performed to optimize the slurry density, rheology, mechanical properties and based on various iterations tailored ceramic centralizers were proposed to achieve zonal isolation objectives. The top of cement (TOC) in the annulus is required to be above the topmost planned perforation. The remaining 3.5 inch casing above the designed depth was disconnected and pulled out. A new 5.5 inch X 3.5 inch wellbore without any leaks to the existing perforation was constructed.

The wellbore was reamed to bottom, and the losses were treated prior to cementing. Tailored ceramic centralizers were installed on the casing to achieve optimum stand off along with a low friction factor which helped casing to run to the bottom successfully. A low rheology slurry tailored for optimum mechanical properties to withstand the fracturing operation was pumped and the cement returns to designed depth were noted. Cement bond log showed excellent results and the stage fracturing operation was performed with no issues with wellbore integrity.

A tailored slurry and centralizer design helped to achieve zonal isolation objectives in the low clearance casing-in-casing (CiC) cementing configuration. The critical wellbore re-construction objectives were achieved, and the well was re-fractured with substantial increase in production.
Flight Dynamics and Control of an eVTOL Concept Aircraft with a Propeller-Driven Rotor
Authors: Saetti Umberto , Enciu Jacob , Horn Joseph F.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this investigation is threefold. First, to assess the flight dynamics of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) concept aircraft with a propeller-driven rotor. Second, to develop an automatic flight control system (AFCS) for this concept aircraft. Third,
to verify the potential safety benefits of the concept aircraft by analyzing the autorotation performance following a total loss of power. The paper begins with an overview of the design of the aircraft and description of the simulation model, including a detailed discussion on the inflow
model of the propellers that drive the main rotor. Next, the flight dynamics are assessed at hover and in forward flight. An AFCS based on dynamic inversion is developed to provide stability and desired response characteristics about the roll, pitch, yaw, and heave axes for speeds ranging
from hover to 80 kt. Additionally, an RPM governor is implemented to hold the main rotor angular speed constant at its nominal value. Finally, simulations that make use of the AFCS are performed to analyze the autorotation performance following total loss of power.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Sadat-Ali Mir , AlZamami Jana F. , AlNaimi Shaykhah N. , Al-Noaimi Dinah A. , AlDakheel Dakheel A. , AlSayed Hasan N. , Al-Turki Haifa A. , AlOmran Abdallah S.
Published: March 2022

Background and Objective:

The objective of this analysis is to report from a teaching hospital in eastern Saudi Arabia hospital based prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study of all patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan between January 1, and December 31, 2018, at King Fahd Hospital of the University at Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data of patients, which included age, sex, diabetes mellitus status based on fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C, Vitamin D level, parathormone level, and T score of the neck of femur and lumbar spine was extracted from the Quadrumed patient care system. The data was entered into database and analyzed.

Results:

Three hundred and one patients had a DXA scan for the year 2018, a jump of 27.2% of requests to diagnose osteoporosis. There were 55 (18.27%) were male and rest females (246). The average age for males was 65.2 ± 10.5 and females 62.9 ± 9.4 years. Using T score of the lumbar spine, 63.6% were osteoporotic in males and 52.8% in females.

Conclusions:

The hospital-based study shows that the prevalence of osteoporosis has significantly increased in men to 63.6%, while in postmenopausal women to 58.4%, this is high compared to the earlier reports.