bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influential individuals can promote prosocial practices in heterogeneous societies: a mathematical and agent-based model
Authors: Crabtree Stefani A , Wren Colin D , Dixit Avinash , Levin Simon A
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we examine how different governance types impact prosocial behaviors in a heterogenous society. We construct a general theoretical framework to examine a game-theoretic model to assess the ease of achieving a cooperative outcome. We then build a dynamic agent-based model to examine three distinct governance types in a heterogenous population: monitoring one’s neighbors, despotic leadership, and influencing one’s neighbors to adapt strategies that lead to better fitness. In our research, we find that while despotic leadership may lead towards high prosociality and high returns it does not exceed the effects of a local individual who can exert positive influence in the community. This may suggest that greater individual gains can be had by cooperating and that global hierarchical leadership may not be essential as long as influential individuals exert their influence for public good and not for public ill.
Understanding street-level managers’ compliance: a comparative study of policy implementation in Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Israel
Authors: Ege Jörn , Gofen Anat , Hadorn Susanne , Hakman Inbal , Malandrino Anna , Ramseier Leroy , Sager Fritz
Published: July 2024

This study focuses on street-level managers’ (SLMs) compliance with COVID-19 measures in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, and Israel, in order to better understand their role during policy implementation. Responsible for the direct delivery of public services, street-level organizations serve as the operational arm of the state in general and as the frontline of government policy in times of crisis. SLMs who occupy the top managerial tier within their organization are understudied, although they exert a significant influence on everyday public life. The data comprise 399 “compliance stories” based on interviews with managers in nurseries, schools, health care and welfare offices, police stations, and care homes. Using “codebook thematic analysis,” we identify various levels of (non)compliance and several prominent explanatory factors that shape (non)compliance. Data show that even when asked about particularly challenging measures, managers reported that their organization had been noncompliant (either full or partial) in only about a quarter of the stories. Three influences emerge as primary barriers to compliance—a lack of resources, managers’ relationships with clients, and the perception of the measure’s effectiveness. Emphasizing that SLMs often act as local policy entrepreneurs using their discretion to solve problems and serve the public, our findings further demonstrate the crucial role they play in shaping the face of the government for the people.
XIVModern Literature
Authors: Sorensen Jennifer , Moore Robbie , Donati Marta , Parsons Katherine , Roach Rebecca , Stringfellow Sophie , Rodríguez Martin Gustavo A , Fallow Catriona , Zhou Wei , Losasso Mae , Wheatley David
Published: July 2024

This chapter has eight sections: 1. General; 2 Fiction Pre-1945; 3. Fiction Post-1945; 4. Drama Pre-1950; 5. Drama Post-1950; 6. British Poetry Pre-1950; 7. British Poetry Post-1950; 8. Modern Irish Poetry. Section 1 is by Jennifer Sorensen; section 2(a) is by Robbie Moore; section 2(b) is by Marta Donati; section 2(c) is by Rebecca Roach; section 3(a) is by Katherine Parsons; section 3(b) is by Rebecca Roach; section 4(a) is by Sophie Stringfellow; section 4(b) is by Gustavo A. Rodríguez Martín; section 5 is by Catriona Fallow; section 6(a) is by Wei Zhou; section 7 is by Mae Losasso; section 8 is by David Wheatley.
The GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Riemerella anatipestifer
Authors: Wu Xiaoni , Ge Jiazhen , Song Guodong , Liu Yijian , Gao Pengcheng , Tian Tongtong , Li Xuerui , Xu Jian , Chu Yuefeng , Zheng Fuying
Published: July 2024

Riemerella anatipestifer is a pathogenic bacterium that causes duck serositis and meningitis, leading to significant harm to the duck industry. To escape from the host immune system, the meningitis‐causing bacteria must survive and multiply in the bloodstream, relying on specific virulence factors such as capsules. Therefore, it is essential to study the genes involved in capsule biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer. In this study, we successfully constructed gene deletion mutants Δ3820 and Δ3830, targeting the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes, respectively, using the RA‐LZ01 strain as the parental strain. The growth kinetics analysis revealed that these two genes contribute to bacterial growth. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and silver staining showed that Δ3820 and Δ3830 produced the altered capsules and compounds of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). Serum resistance test showed the mutants also exhibited reduced C3b deposition and decreased resistance serum killing. In vivo, Δ3820 and Δ3830 exhibited markedly declining capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier, compared to RA‐LZ01. These findings indicate that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPSs biosynthesis and play a key role in the pathogenicity of R. anatipestifer. Furthermore, Δ3820 and Δ3830 mutants presented a tendency toward higher survival rates from RA‐LZ01 challenge in vivo. Additionally, sera from ducklings immunized with the mutants showed cross‐immunoreactivity with different serotypes of R. anatipestifer, including 1, 2, 7 and 10. Western blot and SDS‐PAGE assays revealed that the altered CPSs of Δ3820 and Δ3830 resulted in the exposure of some conserved proteins playing the key role in the cross‐immunoreactivity. Our study clearly demonstrated that the GE296_RS03820 and GE296_RS03830 genes are involved in CPS biosynthesis in R. anatipestifer and the capsule is a target for attenuation in vaccine development.
Inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factors suppresses subretinal fibrosis
Authors: Shoda Chiho , Lee Deokho , Miwa Yukihiro , Yamagami Satoru , Nakashizuka Hiroyuki , Nimura Kazumi , Okamoto Kazutoshi , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Negishi Kazuno , Kurihara Toshihide
Published: July 2024

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of vision loss. The aggressive form of AMD is associated with ocular neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis, representing a responsive outcome against neovascularization mediated by epithelial–mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. A failure of the current treatment (anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy) has also been attributed to the progression of subretinal fibrosis. Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) increase gene expressions to promote fibrosis and neovascularization. HIFs act as a central pathway in the pathogenesis of AMD. HIF inhibitors may suppress ocular neovascularization. Nonetheless, further investigation is required to unravel the aspects of subretinal fibrosis. In this study, we used RPE‐specific HIFs or von Hippel–Lindau (VHL, a regulator of HIFs) conditional knockout (cKO) mice, along with pharmacological HIF inhibitors, to demonstrate the suppression of subretinal fibrosis. Fibrosis was suppressed by treatments of HIF inhibitors, and similar suppressive effects were detected in RPE‐specific Hif1a/Hif2a‐ and Hif1a‐cKO mice. Promotive effects were observed in RPE‐specific Vhl‐cKO mice, where fibrosis‐mediated pathologic processes were evident. Marine products' extracts and their component taurine suppressed fibrosis as HIF inhibitors. Our study shows critical roles of HIFs in the progression of fibrosis, linking them to the potential development of therapeutics for AMD.
Effects of heavy‐load strength training during (neo‐)adjuvant chemotherapy on muscle strength, muscle fiber size, myonuclei, and satellite cells in women with breast cancer
Authors: Vikmoen Olav , Strandberg Emelie , Svindland Karianne Vassbakk , Henriksson Anna , Mazzoni Anne‐Sophie , Johansson Birgitta , Jönsson Janniz , Karakatsanis Andreas , Annebäck Matilda , Kudrén David , Lindman Henrik , Wärnberg Fredrik , Berntsen Sveinung , Demmelmaier Ingrid , Nordin Karin , Raastad Truls
Published: July 2024

To investigate the effects of heavy‐load strength training during (neo‐)adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer on muscle strength, body composition, muscle fiber size, satellite cells, and myonuclei. Women with stage I‐III breast cancer were randomly assigned to a strength training group (ST, n = 23) performing supervised heavy‐load strength training twice a week during chemotherapy, or a usual care control group (CON, n = 17). Muscle strength and body composition were measured and biopsies from m. vastus lateralis collected before the first cycle of chemotherapy (T0) and after chemotherapy and training (T1). Muscle strength increased significantly more in ST than in CON in chest‐press (ST: +10 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: −3 ± 5%, p = .023) and leg‐press (ST: +11 ± 8%, p < .001, CON: +3 ± 6%, p = .137). Both groups reduced fat‐free mass (ST: −4.9 ± 4.0%, p < .001, CON: −5.2 ± 4.9%, p = .004), and increased fat mass (ST: +15.3 ± 16.5%, p < .001, CON: +16.3 ± 19.8%, p = .015) with no significant differences between groups. No significant changes from T0 to T1 and no significant differences between groups were observed in muscle fiber size. For myonuclei per fiber a non‐statistically significant increase in CON and a non‐statistically significant decrease in ST in type I fibers tended (p = .053) to be different between groups. Satellite cells tended to decrease in ST (type I: −14 ± 36%, p = .097, type II: −9 ± 55%, p = .084), with no changes in CON and no differences between groups. Strength training during chemotherapy improved muscle strength but did not significantly affect body composition, muscle fiber size, numbers of satellite cells, and myonuclei compared to usual care.
Age at natural menopause and its associated characteristics among Brazilian women: cross-sectional results from ELSI-Brazil
Authors: Ygnatios Nair Tavares Milhem , Mambrini Juliana Vaz de Melo , Torres Juliana Lustosa , Detomi Larissa Mendes Dias , Braga Luciana de Souza , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Moreira Bruno de Souza
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to determine the median age at natural menopause and analyze lifestyle, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics associated with the age at natural menopause among Brazilian women.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 2,731 women 50 years and over, drawn from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil, 2015/16). Nonparametric Kaplan-Meier cumulative survivorship estimates were used to assess the median timing of natural menopause. Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to estimate the associations between age at natural menopause and exposure variables.

Results

The overall median age at natural menopause was 50 years. In the adjusted Cox model, current smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.23) and underweight (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.12-1.61) were associated with earlier natural menopause. Conversely, performing recommended levels of physical activity in the last week (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.97), being overweight (HR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.74-0.99), and adhering to two or three healthy eating markers (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.66-0.97; HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.94, respectively) were associated with later age at natural menopause. Binge drinking and waist circumference were not associated with age at natural menopause.

Conclusions

Lifestyle, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics are significant factors that affect the age at natural menopause. Our findings can contribute to public policies targeted at Brazilian women's health.
The Importance of Financial Statements in Clinical Practice
Authors: Chandawarkar Rajiv , Nadkarni Prakash , Barmash Elizabeth , Capek Allison , Casey Kathleen
Published: July 2024

Background:

Financial statements provide vital information to department chiefs and hospital leadership alike. They reflect departmental performance and guide critical financial decisions for their teams. However, financial statements can be inherently difficult to read and interpret and require time and attention, understandably challenging for busy clinicians.

Methods:

Here, we aimed to demystify the several types of financial statements, including profit and loss statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, and explain what they reveal (and ignore). We describe key performance indicators based on these statements that are routinely used by hospital administrations. This work targets clinicians, team leaders, academic faculty, and administrators alike, recognizing that all of them share the same goals.

Results:

Mastering the basics of financial statements and using the information within them creates a healthier clinical practice. In turn, it enhances provider satisfaction and enables the team to deliver patient care without financial anxiety.

Conclusions:

Understanding financial statements helps shared decision-making between clinicians and their administrators—strengthening partnerships that synergistically drive revenue, profitability, and growth.
Study of a Subcutaneous Lesion of the Shoulder: The Saint Paolino Tumor
Authors: Manfellotto Vincenzo , Ferraro Giuseppe A. , Lombardi Guido , Ronchi Andrea , Franco Renato , Nicoletti G. F. , Mataro Ilaria
Published: July 2024

In certain small counties in southern Italy, traditional Catholic festivals are observed by erecting tall, large, and weighty wagons referred to as “lilies.” These wagons are borne on the shoulders of several individuals known as “cradles.” This practice has given rise to the emergence of a distinct subcutaneous neoformation on the shoulder. This study investigates the unique clinical and anatomopathological attributes of “Saint Paolino tumor” (named in honor of the Catholic patron of the widely celebrated lilies festival). This tumor presents as a posttraumatic intermittent chronic lesion occurring on the shoulder, necessitating differential diagnosis from other cutaneous and soft tissue lesions such as spontaneous lipomas, elastofibroma, Madelung disease, and liposarcoma.
A Long-term Evaluation of Acellular Dermal Matrix for Immediate Implant-based Breast Reconstruction following Risk-reducing Mastectomy
Authors: Khan Nida , Wickman Marie , Schultz Inkeri
Published: July 2024

Background:

Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are sometimes used in implant-based breast reconstructions (IBR), but long-term ADM-related evaluations are scarce. In this study, we evaluated early and late complications and patient-related outcomes (PROs) over an 8-year postoperative period in women who had undergone immediate IBR following risk-reducing mastectomy with bovine ADM (SurgiMend).

Methods:

This prospective observational single-center analysis involved 34 women at high risk for breast carcinoma. Complications were prospectively recorded during the first year, followed by 4 years of postoperative retrospective chart reviews. Long-term evaluations were done using a questionnaire. Preoperative, 1 year, and 5- to 8-year postoperative PRO assessments were obtained based on results from the BREAST-Q questionnaire.

Results:

In 56 breasts, complications after a mean of 12.4 months follow-up included implant loss (7.1%), implant change (1.8%), hematoma (7.1%), breast redness (41.1%), and seroma (8.9%). Most breasts (80.3%) were graded Baker I/II, which indicated a low capsular contracture incidence. After a mean of 6.9 years, the total implant explantation rate was 33.9%, and the revision surgery rate was 21.4%. Two cases of breast cancer were reported during the long-term evaluation. BREAST-Q results indicated significantly decreased satisfaction with outcome (P = 0.024). A positive trend regarding psychosocial well-being and declining trend regarding satisfaction with both breast physical- and sexual well-being parameters were reported.

Conclusions:

The observed complication rates agree with previous findings concerning ADM-assisted IBR. A high demand for revision surgery exists, and PROs remain relatively stable over time.
Revolutionizing triple-negative metastatic breast cancer treatment: sacituzumab Govitecan’s role in advancing chemotherapy
Authors: Qureshi Zaheer , Jamil Abdur , Altaf Faryal , Siddique Rimsha , Fatima Eeshal , Dost Sara , Zelkowitz Richard Scott , Shah Shivendra
Published: July 2024

Purpose:

This review aims to discuss the role and efficacy of Sacituzumab Govitecan in the management of breast cancer.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer among women worldwide. This comprehensive review delves into the advancements brought about by Sacituzumab Govitecan in the treatment of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). With a focus on its mode of action, efficacious role, clinical trials, and comparative advantages over conventional chemotherapy, the review highlights the therapy’s precision in targeting cancer cells through monoclonal antibodies. Sacituzumab Govitecan’s ability to deliver a chemotherapeutic payload specifically to cancer cells with the Trop-2 receptor sets it apart from traditional chemotherapy, minimizing collateral damage and reducing severe side effects. The impact of Sacituzumab Govitecan on improving progression-free survival, tumor response rates, and, significantly, the quality of life for patients is discussed. This article also sheds light on ongoing trials, FDA recognition, and the therapy’s potential to transform breast cancer treatment.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Sacituzumab Govitecan shows potential as an innovative therapeutic option for breast cancer, particularly in metastatic breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, but it warrants additional research.
Sports-related Mandibular Fractures in the Center of Italy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Gualtieri Matteo , Scivoletto Giulia , Pitino Francesca , Pisapia Francesco , Valentini Valentino
Published: July 2024

The main causes of injuries to the lower and middle third of the facial skeleton are traffic accidents, accidental falls, assaults, and sport. Regarding sports-related maxillofacial trauma, an 8-year retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Policlinico Umberto I in Rome, Italy. In all, 329 patients were included, of which we analyzed 35 patients with sports-related mandibular fractures. Specifically, we assessed the type of mandibular fracture reported, age, gender, number of fracture lines, association with other maxillofacial fractures, and treatment options. The causes of sports-related injuries are often multifactorial. Therefore, the aim of our study was to understand the correlation between the type of sport practiced and the most frequently reported pattern of mandibular fracture, highlighting how, depending on the sport, the mechanism of action is different and may correlate with a specific type of mandibular fracture.
A New Method in Dealing With Children’s Condylar Fracture by Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
Authors: Lu Chenpei , Zhu Yanfei , Zhang Wenbin , Xu Bing
Published: July 2024

Condylar is one of the most vulnerable sites to be traumatized in pediatric mandible fracture, while temporomandibular joint ankylosis might be the most severe complication of condylar fracture in children. There exists a long-time controversy on the treatment of condylar fractures in children. Considering the risk of facial nerve injury and a certain probability of absorption or even ankylosis after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of condylar fractures, a series of nonsurgical approaches are preferred in cases without severe malocclusion or shortening of the ramus. Our treatment plan was carried out through combining procedures of Botulinum toxin A injection in lateral pterygoid muscle with ORIF of para symphyseal fracture; subsequently, a conservative way of the occlusal splint with elastic traction was performed. Three patients of bilateral or unilateral condylar fractures, aged between 2 y and 6 y, were involved in this treatment. After more than 1 year’s follow-up, the occlusion was satisfactory in all patients. Condylar remodeling was approximately complete in 3 months, and no unwanted complications were observed. We may expect this method to offer a new idea when dealing with children’s condylar fracture.
Feeding ecology of the common wood pigeon (
Columba palumbus
) in a major European city
Authors: Luna Álvaro , Pomeda-Gutiérrez Fernando , Galán Díaz Javier
Published: July 2024

Urban configuration and food availability influence birds’ foraging behaviour and constitute key factors for understanding how they exploit cities. Here, we conducted a field survey in the city of Madrid (Spain) from winter 2021 to autumn 2022 to understand how the common wood pigeon (
Columba palumbus
) exploits the food resources provided by urban parks and streets across different seasons. The proportion of observations away from parks increased during winter and spring, and the proportion of observations of wood pigeons eating on the ground was the greatest in summer. The common wood pigeon fed from 45 tree species, 60% of which were exotic ornamental species. Most tree species used as food sources coincided with those widely planted in parks, streets and avenues. The preferred trees varied throughout the year, with a greater incidence of exotic species in winter and spring. Our results show that the diversity of trees available in cities and the use of non-native plants with contrasting phenological patterns compared with the local flora are crucial elements in explaining the successful establishment of the common wood pigeon in the city.
Disentangling the seasonality effects of malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon basin
Authors: Valiati Naiara C. M. , Rice Benjamin , Villela Daniel A. M.
Published: July 2024

The evidence of seasonal patterns in malaria epidemiology in the Brazilian Amazon basin indicates the need for a thorough investigation of seasonality in this last and heterogeneous region. Additionally, since these patterns are linked to climate variables, malaria models should also incorporate them. This study applies wavelet analysis to incidence data from 2003 to 2020 in the Epidemiological Surveillance System for Malaria (SIVEP-Malaria) database. A mathematical model with climate-dependent parametrization is proposed to study counts of malaria cases over time based on notification data, temperature and rainfall. The wavelet analysis reveals marked seasonality in states Amazonas and Amapá throughout the study period, and from 2003 to 2012 in Pará. However, these patterns are not as marked in other states such as Acre and Pará in more recent years. The wavelet coherency analysis indicates a strong association between incidence and temperature, especially for the municipalities of Macapá and Manaus, and a similar association for rainfall. The mathematical model fits well with the observed temporal trends in both municipalities. Studies on climate-dependent mathematical models provide a good assessment of the baseline epidemiology of malaria. Additionally, the understanding of seasonality effects and the application of models have great potential as tools for studying interventions for malaria control.
Critical roles of Ikaros and HDAC1 in regulation of heterochromatin and tumor suppression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ding Yali , He Bing , Bogush Daniel , Schramm Joseph , Singh Chingakham , Dovat Katarina , Randazzo Julia , Tukaramrao Diwakar , Hengst Jeremy , Annageldiyev Charyguly , Kudva Avinash , Desai Dhimant , Sharma Arati , Spiegelman Vladimir S. , Huang Suming , Viet Chi T. , Dorsam Glenn , Scholler Giselle Saulnier , Broach James , Yue Feng , Dovat Sinisa
Published: July 2024

TheIKZF1gene encodes IKAROS – a DNA binding protein that acts as a tumor suppressor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). IKAROS can act as a transcriptional repressor via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and chromatin remodeling, however the mechanisms through which Ikaros exerts its tumor suppressor function via heterochromatin in T-ALL are largely unknown. We studied human and mouse T-ALL using a loss-of-function andIKZF1 re-expression approach, along with primary human T-ALL, and normal human and mouse thymocytes to establish the role of Ikaros and HDAC1 in global regulation of facultative heterochromatin and transcriptional repression in T-ALL. Results identified novel Ikaros and HDAC1 functions in T-ALL: Both Ikaros and HDAC1 are essential for EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity and formation of facultative heterochromatin; recruitment of HDAC1 by Ikaros is critical for establishment of H3K27me3 histone modification and repression of active enhancers; and Ikaros-HDAC1 complexes promote formation and expansion of H3K27me3 Large Organized Chromatin lysine (K) domains (LOCKs) and Broad Genic Repression Domains (BGRDs) in T-ALL. Our results establish the central role of Ikaros and HDAC1 in activation of EZH2, global regulation of the facultative heterochromatin landscape, and silencing of active enhancers that regulate oncogene expression.
An Autonomous Implantable Device for the Prevention of Death from Opioid Overdose
Authors: Ciatti Joanna L. , Vazquez-Guardado Abraham , Brings Victoria E. , Park Jihun , Ruyle Brian , Ober Rebecca A. , McLuckie Alicia J. , Talcott Michael R. , Carter Emily A. , Burrell Amy R. , Sponenburg Rebecca A. , Trueb Jacob , Gupta Prashant , Kim Joohee , Avila Raudel , Seong Minho , Slivicki Richard A. , Kaplan Melanie A. , Villalpando-Hernandez Bryan , Massaly Nicolas , Montana Michael C. , Pet Mitchell , Huang Yonggang , Morón Jose A. , Gereau Robert W. , Rogers John A.
Published: July 2024

Opioid overdose accounts for nearly 75,000 deaths per year in the United States, representing a leading cause of mortality amongst the prime working age population (25-54 years). At overdose levels, opioid-induced respiratory depression becomes fatal without timely administration of the rescue drug naloxone. Currently, overdose survival relies entirely on bystander intervention, requiring a nearby person to discover and identify the overdosed individual, and have immediate access to naloxone to administer. Government efforts have focused on providing naloxone in abundance but do not address the equally critical component for overdose rescue: a willing and informed bystander. To address this unmet need, we developed the Naloximeter: a class of life-saving implantable devices that autonomously detect and treat overdose, with the ability to simultaneously contact first-responders. We present three Naloximeter platforms, for both fundamental research and clinical translation, all equipped with optical sensors, drug delivery mechanisms, and a supporting ecosystem of technology to counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression. In small and large animal studies, the Naloximeter rescues from otherwise fatal opioid overdose within minutes. This work introduces life-changing, clinically translatable technologies that broadly benefit a susceptible population recovering from opioid use disorder.
An efficient deep learning method for amino acid substitution model selection
Authors: Tinh Nguyen Huy , Vinh Le Sy
Published: July 2024

Amino acid substitution models play an important role in studying the evolutionary relationships among species from protein sequences. The amino acid substitution model consists of a large number of parameters; therefore, it is estimated from hundreds or thousands of alignments. Both general models and clade–specific models have been estimated and widely used in phylogenetic analyses. The maximum likelihood method is normally used to select the best fit model for a specific protein alignment under the study. A number of studies have discussed theoretical concerns as well as computational burden of the maximum likelihood methods in model selection. Recently, machine learning methods have been proposed for selecting nucleotide models. In this paper, we propose methods to create summary statistics from protein alignments to efficiently train a network of so-called ModelDetector based on the convolutional neural network ResNet-18 for detecting amino acid models. Experiments on simulation data showed that the accuracy of ModelDetector was comparable with that of the maximum likelihood method ModelFinder. The ModelDetector network was trained from 64,800 alignments on a computer with 8 cores (without GPU) in about 12 hours. It is orders of magnitudes faster than the maximum likelihood method in inferring amino acid substitution models and able to analyze genome alignments with million sites in minutes.
Dissociation between biomechanical stiffness and sEMG activity in trapezius and lumbar skeletal muscles in steady postures
Authors: Veraksitš Alar , Reinvee Märt , Ereline Jaan , Gapeyeva Helena , Kums Tatjana , Gavronski Georg , Pääsuke Mati , Vasar Eero
Published: July 2024

Background

Prolonged sitting posture and sedentary behaviour, spent mostly in sitting are harmful for general health. The low back and shoulder area are the most vulnerable. In these regions the sEMG registration of neuromuscular activity shows low activity in steady postures. Stiffness of according muscle can be measured by myotonometry. We were not able to find any direct comparison between these parameters although separately, direct correlations between contraction force and sEMG or stiffness have been clearly established.

Research question

Whether and how stiffness is modulated by neuromuscular activity in standing, lying or in different sitting postures in these vulnerable regions.

Methods

The muscle’s biomechanical stiffness (measured with MyotonPRO) and mean power frequency (MPF) with amplitude (AMP) on surface electromyography (sEMG) were registered in the upper part ofmusculus trapezius(UT) andmusculus erector spinae(ES, at the level of L4 vertebrae). Nine healthy physically active males aged 19–46 (mean±SD, 28.6±10.9 years), participated in the study. The standing, prone, and three sitting postures where studied. The latter were distinguished by the back-tight-angle (BTA): 1) sitting on a common chair, straight back, BTA 90°), 2) slumped sitting on the same chair (BTA<90°), and 3) sitting on an experimental chair with a convex base, BTA 115-120°.

Results and Significance

Muscle stiffness did not correlate with either of the sEMG parameters in ES but did so only in low grade with the AMP in UT (Spearman rank ρ=0.24, p=0.02). It was interesting that contrary to UT, in ES a significant positive correlation (ρ=0.24, p=0.02) was noted between MPF and AMP. It is likely that the steady body position under the Earth’s g-force may be ensured by the biomechanical characteristics of the tissue rather than neuromuscular activity. This can be explained by incompressible nature of soft tissues and be a less resource-consuming strategy.

Highlights

Muscle stiffness in the low back is similar to standing straight and lying.

In steady postures muscle stiffness does not correlate with neuromuscular activity.

Body position is consolidated by the muscle’s biomechanical stiffness.
An expedited qualitative profiling of free amino acids in plant tissues using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in conjunction with MS-DIAL
Authors: Kaachra Anish , Tamang Anish , Hallan Vipin
Published: July 2024

The estimation of relative levels of amino acids is crucial for understanding various biological processes in plants, including photosynthesis, stress tolerance, and the uptake and translocation of nutrients. A wide range of liquid chromatography (LC; HPLC/UHPLC) -based methods is available for measuring the quantity of amino acids in plants. Additionally, the coupling of LC with mass spectrometry (MS) significantly enhanced the robustness of existing chromatographic methods used for amino acid quantification. However, accurate annotation and integration of mass peaks can be challenging for plant biologists with limited experience in analyzing MS data, especially in studies involving large datasets with multiple treatments and/or replicates. Further, there are instances when the experiment demands an overall view of the amino acids profile rather than focusing on absolute quantification. The present protocol provides a detailed LC-MS method for obtaining a qualitative amino acids profile using MS-DIAL, a versatile and user-friendly program for processing MS data. Free amino acids were extracted from the leaves of control and Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV)-infectedNicotiana benthamianaplants. Extracted amino acids were derivatized and separated using UHPLC-QTOF, with each amino acid subsequently identified by aligning mass data with a custom text library created in MS-DIAL. Further, MS-DIAL was employed for internal standard-based normalization to obtain a qualitative profile of 15 amino acids in control and virus-infected plants. The outlined method aims to simplify the processing of MS data to quickly assess any modulation in amino acid levels in plants with a higher degree of confidence.
Density-dependent network structuring within and across wild animal systems
Authors: Albery Gregory F , Becker Daniel J , Firth Josh A , Silk Matthew , Sweeny Amy R , Wal Eric Vander , Webber Quinn , Allen Bryony , Babayan Simon A , Barve Sahas , Begon Mike , Birtles Richard J , Block Theadora A , Block Barbara A , Bradley Janette E , Budischak Sarah , Buesching Cfhristina , Burthe Sarah J , Carlisle Aaron B , Caselle Jennifer E , Cattuto Ciro , Chaine Alexis S , Chapple Taylor , Cheney Barbara J , Clutton-Brock Timothy , Collier Melissa , Curnick David J , Delahay Richard J , Farine Damien R , Fenton Andy , Ferretti Francesco , Fielding Helen , Foroughirad Vivienne , Frere Celine , Gardner Michael G , Geffen Eli , Godfrey Stephanie S , Graham Andrea L , Hammond Phil S , Henrich Maik , Heurich Marco , Hopwood Paul , Ilany Amiyaal , Jackson Joseph A , Jackson Nicola , Jacoby David , Jacoby Ann-Marie , Ježek Miloš , Kirkpatrick Lucinda , Klamm Alisa , Klarevas-Irby James A , Knowles Sarah , Koren Lee , Krzyszczyk Ewa , Kusch Jillian M , Lambin Xavier , Lane Jeffrey E , Leirs Herwig , Leu Stephan T , Lyon Bruce E , MacDonald David W , Madsen Anastasia E , Mann Janet , Manser Marta , Mariën Joachim , Massawe Apia , McDonald Robbie A , Morelle Kevin , Mourier Johann , Newman Chris , Nussear Kenneth , Nyaguthii Brendah , Ogino Mina , Ozella Laura , Papastamatiou Yannis , Paterson Steve , Payne Eric , Pedersen Amy B , Pemberton Josephine M , Pinter-Wollman Noa , Planes Serge , Raulo Aura , Rodríguez-Muñoz Rolando , Sabuni Christopher , Sah Pratha , Schallert Robbie J , Sheldon Ben C , Shizuka Daizaburo , Sih Andrew , Sinn David L , Sluydts Vincent , Spiegel Orr , Telfer Sandra , Thomason Courtney A , Tickler David M , Tregenza Tom , VanderWaal Kimberley , Walters Eric L , Wanelik Klara M , Wielgus Elodie , Wilson-Aggarwal Jared , Wohlfeil Caroline , Bansal Shweta
Published: July 2024

High population density should drive individuals to more frequently share space and interact, producing better-connected spatial and social networks. Despite this widely-held assumption, it remains unconfirmed how local density generally drives individuals’ positions within wild animal networks. We analysed 34 datasets of simultaneous spatial and social behaviour in >55,000 individual animals, spanning 28 species of fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects. >80% of systems exhibited strongly positive relationships between local density and network centrality, providing broad empirical evidence that local density increases connectedness at the individual level. However, >75% of density-connectedness relationships were nonlinear, and density’s importance declined at higher values in >70% of systems, signifying saturating effects. Density’s effect was much stronger and less saturating for spatial than social networks, suggesting population density drives individuals to become disproportionately spatially connected rather than socially. These findings reveal fundamental trends underlying societal structuring, with widespread behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary implications.
How do consumers evaluate sponsorship in the aftermath of sport celebrity scandals? Uncovering evidence on social media data mining
Authors: Sassenberg Anne-Marie , Sassenberg Cindy
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of sport scandals on consumer perceptions of the associated sponsors and sport and to provide a typology of sport celebrity scandals to guide management response tactics.

Design/methodology/approach

The study conducted four focus groups that were followed by social media data mining. A total of 8,289 consumer comments were collected from 147 websites, and a total of 224 comments were analyzed in terms of themes and frequency.

Findings

The research found the impact of sport scandals on consumer perceptions of sponsorship evaluations depended on whether the scandal was gender related scandal, recreational drug use, gender violence, unplanned and planned on-field scandals. Gender violence and planned on-field scandals can have an overwhelmingly negative impact on sponsorship evaluations, while unplanned on-field scandals may result in positive effects. Consumer empathy may influence the impact of recreational drug use, and the gender of the sport celebrity can influence the impact of unplanned on-field scandals.

Research limitations/implications

This study contributes to sponsorship theory by indicating the type of scandal affects consumer perceptions of associated sponsors and sport.

Practical implications

The findings may guide management to develop response tactics to sport scandals. The response tactics may be based on consumer perceptions of the impact of the scandal on the associated sponsors and sport. Sponsor and sport management response tactics may be perceived as a differentiation of the sponsor and sport brands. It may be necessary that sponsorship agreements included pre-determined response tactics that contribute to value formation in the local community.

Originality/value

This study contributes to sponsorship theory by indicating the type of scandal affects consumer perceptions of sponsorship evaluations. Two additional factors may impact these influences: consumer empathy and the gender of the sport celebrity.
Getting stuck in a collective stigma: sex offense registrants, liminality liminoid experiences, and identity limbo groups
Authors: Cooley Webb Brooke , Petersen Cassandra , Sample Lisa L.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the internalization of group-level identities held by people who are on the sex offense registry and how these influence emotions and the willingness to accept treatment. The types and consequences of identities and stigmas are often examined at the individual level, but most people belong to groups that hold collective identities that can be detected in phrases such as “we, us, our,” etc.

Design/methodology/approach

Longitudinal data from 2008 to 2024 was used to examine registrant’s group identities. Interviews were conducted with 115 registrants and 40 of their family members, and narrative research analysis was used to assess how participants’ levels of liminality influence why some on the registry never come to see themselves as sex criminals.

Findings

Three group-level identities were found that corresponded with varying phases of liminality. The first group had a fixed mindset, no liminality and a strong sense of self. The second group of registrants had liminoid experiences, allowing them to change the way they saw themselves over time. This group had a growth mindset that believed change was attainable. The third group exhibited fixed mindset, as they either always saw themselves as sex criminals and required no transition or came to see themselves as sex offenders post-punishment.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no studies that have examined group-level identities among people convicted of sex crimes or what the consequences of group identities have on behavior.
Epistemic fluency in virtual laboratories as flipped classroom’s innovative learning delivery
Authors: Errabo Denis Dyvee , Paguio Alexandra Janine , Enriquez Patrick Andrei
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Design an innovative Flipped classroom’s Delivery through virtual laboratory.

Design/methodology/approach

The fundamental framework of the present investigation is a Participatory Action Research (PAR) design. By merging the impetus of “action.” with the inclusiveness of “participation,” PAR establishes a “network” for collaborative teaching or research. PAR is pertinent to our research because it facilitates the participation of infrastructures and individuals in formulating a critical community. This community encourages critical self-reflection, promotes accountability, redistributes authority, and cultivates confidence in research. PAR fosters constructive transformation in educational environments by utilizing participants' combined insights and experiences to establish a structure for substantive dialogue and proactive measures.

Findings

As virtual laboratories are becoming essential in 21st-century science education, we found groundbreaking evidence that can support our novel approach to enhance the quality and equity in education. Our results show that virtual labs engage scientific goals and practices, develop scientific literacy, foster scientific inquiry and problem-solving, and promote metacognition. The effects of the virtual laboratory can develop high self-efficacy and positive attitudes among students. It improves students' laboratory performance, which we noted from laboratory activities, simulations, and long exam results.

Originality/value

The study offers groundbreaking account to depict epistemic fluency aided by virtual laboratory.
Application of ZnAl layered double hydroxides for the formulation of stable and safe cosmetic pigments
Authors: Wang Xinrui , Hu Xiaomeng , Feng Xiangnan , Han Xinyu , Liu Qi , Li Yueqin
Published: July 2024

Purpose

This study aims to produce composite pigments, including SHS/ZnAl-LDHs, IDS/ZnAl-LDHs and SNND/ZnAl-LDHs, with improved coloration, enhanced photostability and thermostability and biocompatibility.

Design/methodology/approach

The chemical structures of the composite pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Photostability and thermal stability were assessed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and colorimetry. The coverage of the dyes was determined through black-and-white tile testing, and specific RGB values were used to indicate color expressiveness. Finally, a four-color eyeshadow was formulated, and safety tests were conducted via human patch test and cellular assays to confirm the safety and reliability of the samples.

Findings

The experimental results demonstrate an enhancement in the photo and thermal stability of the SHS/ZnAl-LDHs, IDS/ZnAl-LDHs and SNND/ZnAl-LDHs composites, along with their superior performance in terms of covering power and color saturation. These composite pigments also exhibit high safety, making them well-suited for cosmetic applications.

Practical implications

The composite pigments based on hydrotalcite can be used in the cosmetic industry without causing any harm to the environment and human health.

Originality/value

The addition of hydrotalcite enables better application of pigments in cosmetics.
Investigating demoulding characteristics of material jetted rapid mould inserts for micro­injection moulding using in­line monitoring and surface metrology
Authors: Gülçür Mert , Isakov Dmitry , Charmet Jérôme , Gibbons Gregory J.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the demoulding characteristics of material-jetted rapid mould inserts having different surface textures for micro-injection moulding using in-line measurements and surface metrology.

Design/methodology/approach

Material-jetted inserts with the negative cavity of a circular test product were fabricated using different surface finishes and printing configurations, including glossy, matte and vertical settings. In-line measurements included the recording of demoulding forces at 10 kHz, which was necessary to capture the highly-dynamic characteristics. A robust data processing algorithm was used to extract reliable demoulding energies per moulding run. Thermal imaging captured surface temperatures on the inserts after demoulding. Off-line measurements, including focus variation microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, compared surface textures after a total of 60 moulding runs.

Findings

A framework for capturing demoulding energies from material-jetted rapid tools was demonstrated and compared to the literature. Glossy surfaces resulted in significantly reduced demoulding forces compared to the industry standard steel moulds in the literature and their material-jetted counterparts. Minimal changes in the surface textures of the material-jetted inserts were found, which could potentially permit their prolonged usage. Significant correlations between surface temperatures and demoulding energies were demonstrated.

Originality/value

The research presented here addresses the very topical issue of demoulding characteristics of soft, rapid tools, which affect the quality of prototyped products and tool durability. This was done using state-of-the-art, high-speed sensing technologies in conjunction with surface metrology and their durability for the first time in the literature.
Unraveling consumption‐based carbon dioxide emissions: Sectoral analysis and temporal dynamics in G7 economies
Authors: Rasheed Mohsin , Liu Jianhua
Published: July 2024

This research investigates consumption‐based carbon dioxide emissions (CBE) within the Group of Seven (G7) economies from 1990 to 2022, particularly under the Paris Agreement. The main focus of the study is on key determinants such as trade, income, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and technological innovation. The study aims to unravel the complexities underlying the environmental footprint of consumption. A novel aspect of this research is its intent to fill existing gaps in the literature by providing a sectoral analysis and exploring the temporal dynamics of consumption patterns within these advanced industrial nations. Advanced econometric methods, specifically the Cross‐Section Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS‐ARDL), are employed to enhance the robustness and reliability of the analysis. Cointegration relationships among CBE and its determinants shed light on the short and long‐term interdependencies among these factors. Using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) methods to conduct robustness checks makes the models even more substantial and ensures the results' validity. The implications of this research are far‐reaching, extending to various stakeholders, including policymakers, businesses, industries, and supply chain decision makers. Our study identifies significant long‐term relationships between CBE and key determinants within G7 economies. The findings emphasize the urgency of adopting strategies that promote the sustainable management of natural resources. As global efforts intensify to address climate change, this research provides practical implications for shaping sustainable policy strategies and environmental initiatives on a global scale.