bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytic Review as a Solution to the Misreporting of Statistical Results in Psychological Science
Authors: Sakaluk John Kitchener , Williams Alexander , Biernat Monica
Published: July 2018

We propose analytic review as a solution to the problem of misreporting statistical results in psychological science. Analytic review requires authors submitting manuscripts for publication to also submit the data file and syntax used during analyses. Regular reviewers or statistical experts then review reported analyses, in order to verify that the analyses reported were actually conducted, and that the statistical values are accurately reported. We begin by describing the problem of misreporting in psychology, and then introduce the basic analytic review process. We then highlight both primary and secondary benefits of adopting analytic review, and describe different permutations of the analytic review system, each with its own strengths and limitations. We conclude by attempting to dispel three anticipated concerns about analytic review, namely: analytic review will increase the workload placed on scholars, analytic review will infringe on the traditional peer-review process, and analytic review will hurt the image of the discipline of psychology. Although implementing analytic review will add one more step to the bureaucratic publication process, we believe it can be implemented in an efficient manner that would greatly assist in decreasing the frequency and impact of misreporting, while also providing secondary benefits in other domains of scientific integrity.
Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies
Authors: Carpenter Thomas
Published: July 2018

We investigated relationships between dispositional guilt-proneness, shame-proneness, and self-forgiveness. Drawing on motivational frameworks, we theorized that shame-proneness should be wholly problematic for self-forgiveness, whereas some aspects of guilt-proneness may be adaptive. Consistent with this framework, across both community (n = 502) and college (n = 153) samples, guilt-proneness was positively associated with trait self-forgiveness, whereas shame-proneness was negatively associated. Models decomposing guilt- and shame- proneness further supported our framework, with key results replicating across samples. For guilt-proneness, a tendency to make negative behavior evaluations predicted self-forgiveness, but only indirectly via motivational tendencies. For shame-proneness, a tendency to make negative self-evaluations predicted decreased self- forgiveness largely directly. Together, results frame guilt-proneness as potentially beneficial for self-forgiveness, but only to the extent that its motivational characteristics are activated; shame-proneness was broadly negatively related to self-forgiveness. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Mixed-effects design analysis for experimental phonetics
Authors: Kirby James , Sonderegger Morgan
Published: July 2018

It is common practice in the statistical analysis of phonetic data to draw conclusions on the basis of statistical significance, often judged by the size of a p-value. While p-values reflect the probability of incorrectly concluding a null effect is real, they do not provide information about other types of error that are also important for interpreting statistical results. In particular, it is possible to fail to detect a true effect, to exaggerate the magnitude of an effect, or even to incorrectly estimate an effect's direction, resulting in erroneous and biased measures of effect size. In this technical report, we focus on three measures related to these errors. The first, power, reflects the failure to detect an effect that in fact exists. The second and third, Type M and Type S errors, measure the extent to which estimates of the magnitude and direction of an effect are inaccurate. We then provide 'design analysis' (Gelman & Carlin, 2014), using data from an experimental study on German incomplete neutralization, to illustrate how power, magnitude, and sign errors vary with sample and effect size. This case study shows how the informativity of research findings can vary substantially in ways that are not always, or even usually, apparent on the basis of a p-value alone. We conclude by repeating three recommendations for good statistical practice in phonetics from best practices widely recommended for the social and behavioral sciences: report all results; design studies which will produce high-precision estimates; and conduct direct replications of previous findings.
The Role of Estimator Variables in Eyewitness Identification
Authors: Semmler Carolyn , Dunn John Cameron , Mickes Laura , Wixted John
Published: July 2018

Estimator variables are factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications but that are outside of the control of the criminal justice system. Examples include (1) the duration of exposure to the perpetrator, (2) the passage of time between the crime and the identification (retention interval), (3) the distance between the witness and the perpetrator at the time of the crime. Suboptimal estimator variables (e.g., long distance) have long been thought to reduce the reliability of eyewitness identifications (IDs), but recent evidence suggests that this is not true of IDs made with high confidence and may or may not be true of IDs made with lower confidence. The evidence suggests that while suboptimal estimator variables decrease discriminability (i.e., the ability to distinguish innocent from guilty suspects), they do not decrease the reliability of IDs made with high confidence. Such findings are inconsistent with the longstanding “optimality hypothesis” and therefore require a new theoretical framework. Here, we propose that a signal-detection-based likelihood ratio account – which has long been a mainstay of basic theories of recognition memory – naturally accounts for these findings.
Effect Sizes, Power, and Biases in Intelligence Research: A Meta-Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nuijten Michele B. , van Assen Marcel A. L. M. , Augusteijn Hilde , Crompvoets Elise Anne Victoire , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

In this meta-study, we analyzed 2,442 effect sizes from 131 meta-analyses in intelligence research, published from 1984 to 2014, to estimate the average effect size, median power, and evidence for bias. We found that the average effect size in intelligence research was a Pearson’s correlation of .26, and the median sample size was 60. Furthermore, across primary studies, we found a median power of 11.9% to detect a small effect, 54.5% to detect a medium effect, and 93.9% to detect a large effect. We documented differences in average effect size and median estimated power between different types of in intelligence studies (correlational studies, studies of group differences, experiments, toxicology, and behavior genetics). On average, across all meta-analyses (but not in every meta-analysis), we found evidence for small study effects, potentially indicating publication bias and overestimated effects. We found no differences in small study effects between different study types. We also found no convincing evidence for the decline effect, US effect, or citation bias across meta-analyses. We conclude that intelligence research does show signs of low power and publication bias, but that these problems seem less severe than in many other scientific fields.
The Implicit Association Test as an analogical learning task
Authors: Hussey Ian , De Houwer Jan
Published: July 2018

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a popular tool for measuring attitudes. We suggest that performing an IAT could, however, also change attitudes via analogical learning. For instance, when performing an IAT in which participants categorize (previously unknown) Chinese characters, flowers, positive words, and negative words, participants could infer that Chinese characters relate to flowers as negative words relate to positive words. This analogy would imply that Chinese characters are opposite to flowers in terms of valence and thus that they are negative. Results from three studies (N = 602) confirmed that evaluative learning can occur when completing an IAT, and suggest that this effect can be described as analogical. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on analogy and research on the IAT as a measure of attitudes.
A Dynamic Approach to Risk Factors for Maternal Corporal Punishment in Early to Middle Childhood
Authors: Lorber Michael F , Wilson Leyco , Fritz Patti A. Timmons
Published: July 2018

We investigated the utility of a dynamic approach to risk factors for early to middle childhood maternal corporal punishment. Archival data from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study mothers (N = 4,364) were used to model the associations of several risk factors (maternal depression, maternal substance use, parental burden, child negative affect, and intimate partner violence victimization), repeatedly measured at child ages 1 and 3, with both the age 3 level of and age 3-9 linear change in corporal punishment. Unlike most previous research, we distinguished between two types of variation in risk factors, reflecting occasion specific fluctuations as well as their absolute levels. We concentrate herein on the potential role of occasion specific variation in the above risk factors at age 3 – variability that is not a carryover effect from a risk factor’s past level. Mothers who reported perturbations of (i.e., occasion specific variation in) depression, substance use, parenting stress, and child negative affect between ages 1 and 3 reported higher age 3 corporal punishment. Yet age 3 to 9 change in corporal punishment was not successfully predicted. The results underscore the importance of considering occasion specific fluctuations in risk factors, alongside their absolute levels, in the development and prevention of corporal punishment.
The logic of p-values
Authors: Perezgonzalez Jose D.
Published: July 2018

Wagenmakers et al. addressed the illogic use of p-values in 'Psychological Science under Scrutiny'. While historical criticisms mostly deal with the illogical nature of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), Wagenmakers et al. generalize such argumentation to the p-value itself. Unfortunately, Wagenmakers et al. misinterpret the formal logic basis of tests of significance (and, by extension, of tests of acceptance). This article highlights three instances where such logical interpretation fails and provides plausible corrections and further clarification.
Gender and Organizational Conflict Management: The Mediating Role of Personality
Authors: Kościelniak Maciej , Piotrowski Jarosław , Żemojtel-Piotrowska Magdalena
Published: July 2018

Many authors examined the interplay between gender and conflict management preferences, but those findings were often mixed and inconsistent. In the current paper we tried to explain those inconsistencies by investigating the mediating role of personality for the relationship of gender and conflict management. Rahim's inventory was used for identifying five conflict management styles, and Big Five Model theory was a base for assessing participants' personality traits. Data were collected from a sample of 1,055 working Poles (52.7% women), in an online survey. Based on the structural equation modeling we detected multiple indirect mediating paths of gender on conflict management via personality traits, while no direct effect of gender was observed. Despite some limitations, the study sheds light on the actual role of gender in conflict behavior and the importance of personality traits in the conflict management, both from a theoretical and practical perspective.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Authors: Syed Moin , McLean Kate C.
Published: July 2018

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is the first, and arguably most influential, lifespan theory of development. Erikson’s writings are extensive and complicated, covering quite a bit of conceptual ground. He mixed detailed treatments with vague proclamations, and returned to the same themes repeatedly throughout his career. These qualities of his work have led some to refer to his work as having “Rorschach-like” qualities, where different readers glean and interpret his words based on their own interests and views. Thus, it is a fool’s task to attempt to represent Erikson in full or to detail the “true” nature of Erikson’s theory. Accordingly, this article contains a description of the primary thematic elements of the theory.
Cultural expressions of social class and their implications for group-related beliefs and behaviors
Authors: Becker Julia C. , Kraus Michael W. , Rheinschmidt-Same Michelle
Published: July 2018

In the wake of the Great Recession, rising inequality has increased social class disparities between people in society. In this research, we examine how differences in social class shape unique patterns of cultural expression, and how these cultural expressions affirm ingroup beliefs. In Study 1 (N=113), we provide evidence that cultural expressions of social class on an online social network can signal the social class of targets: by simply viewing the cultural practices of individuals captured in uploaded Facebook photographs, individuals express their social class in ways that allow it to be perceived by strangers at levels that are above chance accuracy. In Study 2 (N=78), we provide evidence that individuals express their own ingroup space differently based on social class: Class-specific cultural practices (including interests in education, arts, newspapers, TV, and shopping) have implications for ingroup-related beliefs and political organizing. Individuals who reported being lower in subjective social class, relative to those reporting higher subjective social class, show cultural practices that relate to recognizing the ingroup’s relative lack of control (lower group efficacy) and, in turn, a tendency to remain politically inactive when faced with an ingroup-related social disadvantage. In sum, our research provides evidence suggesting that expressions of culture derived from one’s social class have the capacity to create and maintain social class boundaries between individuals. Practical and political implications are discussed.
The Three Faces of Overconfidence
Authors: Moore Don A , Schatz Derek
Published: July 2018

Overconfidence has been studied in three distinct ways. Overestimation is thinking that you are better than you are. Overplacement is the exaggerated belief that you are better than others. Overprecision is the excessive faith that you know the truth. These three forms of overconfidence manifest themselves under different conditions, have different causes, and widely varyingconsequences. It is a mistake to treat them as if they were the same, or to assume that they have the same psychological origins.
Specific Friendships
Authors: Ilmarinen Ville Juhani
Published: July 2018

Friendships among non-kin individuals pose benefits related to survival and reproduction. However, dyadic relationships between any two individuals are not beneficial because of possibilities to exploit others. Selecting partners who are trustworthy is beneficial compared to forming bonds with exploitative partners. The likelihood that mutually non-exploitative and trustworthy friendships are especially beneficial is supported by the observation that individuals with non-exploitative personality traits tend to form stronger dyadic ties.
The role of design and training in artifact expertise: The case of the abacus and visual attention
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Wagner Katie , Frank Michael C. , Barner David
Published: July 2018

Previous accounts of how people develop expertise have focused on how deliberate practice transforms the cognitive and perceptual representations and processes that give rise to expertise. However, the likelihood of developing expertise with a particular tool may also depend on the degree to which that tool fits pre-existing perceptual and cognitive abilities. The present studies explored whether the abacus – a descendent of the first human computing devices – may have evolved to exploit general biases in human visual attention, or whether developing expertise with the abacus requires learning special strategies for allocating visual attention to the abacus. To address this question, we administered a series of visual search tasks to abacus experts and subjects who had little to no abacus experience, in which search targets and distractors were overlaid atop abacus “beads.” Across three studies, we found that both experts and naïve subjects were faster to detect targets in semantically-relevant components of the abacus, suggesting that abacus training is not required to exhibit attentional biases toward these components of the abacus. This finding suggests that the attentional biases that scaffold numerical processing of the abacus may emerge from general properties of visual attention that are exploited by the design of the abacus itself.
The Types, Roles, and Practices of Documentation in Data Analytics Open Source Software Libraries: A Collaborative Ethnography of Documentation Work
Authors: Geiger R. Stuart , Varoquaux Nelle , Cabasse Charlotte , Holdgraf Christopher
Published: July 2018

Computational research and data analytics increasingly relies on complex ecosystems of open source software (OSS) "libraries" -- curated collections of reusable code that programmers import to perform a specific task. Software documentation for these libraries is crucial in helping programmers/analysts know what libraries are available and how to use them. Yet documentation for open source software libraries is widely considered low-quality. This article is a collaboration between CSCW researchers and contributors to data analytics OSS libraries, based on ethnographic fieldwork and qualitative interviews. We examine several issues around the formats, practices, and challenges around documentation in these largely volunteer-based projects. There are many different kinds and formats of documentation that exist around such libraries, which play a variety of educational, promotional, and organizational roles. The work behind documentation is similarly multifaceted, including writing, reviewing, maintaining, and organizing documentation. Different aspects of documentation work require contributors to have different sets of skills and overcome various social and technical barriers. Finally, most of our interviewees do not report high levels of intrinsic enjoyment for doing documentation work (compared to writing code). Their motivation is affected by personal and project-specific factors, such as the perceived level of credit for doing documentation work versus more `technical' tasks like adding new features or fixing bugs. In studying documentation work for data analytics OSS libraries, we gain a new window into the changing practices of data-intensive research, as well as help practitioners better understand how to support this often invisible and infrastructural work in their projects.
The Power of Place: Tourism Development in Costa Rica
Authors: Nost Eric
Published: July 2018

Full-text, in-print version here: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616688.2012.699090Citation: Nost, E. 2013. The Power of Place: Tourism Development in Costa Rica. Tourism Geographies. 15(1): 88-106.In this paper, I question how representations of tourist destinations color and are colored by development. Presenting the results of ethnographic fieldwork conducted on the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, I find that the authenticity of portrayals of place is important not for its veracity, but for the social work it performs. Authenticity is not merely socially constructed but expressive of social relations which value people and places. Tourist perceptions of the caribe sur as genuinely underdeveloped—gauged by an analysis of photos and guidebooks as well as surveys—produce an approach to resource use within the community that is limiting. Because the value of the place is its underdevelopment, development itself constrains the possibility of sustaining further growth. Ultimately, reading development via place can be a guide for critically appreciating contemporary patterns of tourism and sustainable development in the caribe sur and elsewhere.
An assessment of the Federal University of Minas Gerais's socioracial bonus on student academic performance
Authors: Golgher André Braz , Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Neves Alan Vítor Coelho
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Avaliação de impacto do bônus sociorracial da UFMG no desempenho acadêmico dos estudantesAbstract: The objective of this article is to assess whether academic performance at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG) varies depending on whether students received socioracial bonuses on the institution’s entrance exam. The study analyzes the impact of different categories of this social inclusion policy. The database contains socioeconomic and academic performance information for students in their 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th semesters at UFMG in 2009 and 2010. A series of models were estimated to analyze differences in Semiannual Global Performance (Rendimento Semestral Global - RSG). The results suggest that RSG results for students who received and did not receive the bonus are similar, controlling for social, demographic and economic variables. This study suggests that UFMG’s socioracial bonus policy had the desired effect of including less-favored groups at the university without diminishing educational quality.Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar se o desempenho acadêmico na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) é diferenciado entre estudantes que receberam e que não receberam o bônus sociorracial no vestibular da instituição. O estudo analisa o impacto de diferentes categorias desta política de inclusão social. O banco de dados possui informações socioeconômicas e de desempenho acadêmico sobre alunos que estavam cursando os 1ºs, 2ºs, 3ºs e 4ºs semestres na UFMG nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Uma série de modelos foram estimados para analisar diferenças no Rendimento Semestral Global (RSG). Os resultados sugerem que o RSG é similar entre bonistas e não bonistas, controlando por variáveis sociais, demográficas e econômicas. Este estudo sugere que a política de bônus sociorracial da UFMG ocasionou o efeito desejado de inclusão de grupos menos favorecidos na universidade, sem diminuir a qualidade de ensino.
Does carbon pricing reduce air travel? Evidence from the Australian ‘Clean Energy Future’ policy, July 2012 to June 2014
Authors: Markham Francis , Young Martin , Reis Arianne , Higham James
Published: July 2018

Aviation emissions are an important contributor to global climatic change. As growth in travel demand continues to outstrip improvements in the fuel efficiency of air travel, the aviation contribution to climate change is likely to grow substantially. Consequently, measures that effectively reduce travel demand are required if atmospheric carbon concentrations are to be limited. The efficacy of the Australian Clean Energy Future policy which placed a $23.00AUD (FY 2012) to $24.15 AUD (FY 2013) per tonne levy on carbon-dioxide equivalent emissions from July 2012 to June 2014 is tested. Specifically, time-series regression is used to estimate the effect of this carbon price policy on the level of domestic passenger kilometres flown in Australia, while adjusting for costs of production (i.e. fuel and labour costs), economic activity (i.e. gross domestic product), competitive effects (i.e. airline capacity), and exogenous shocks. There was no evidence that the carbon price reduced the level of domestic aviation in Australia. Carbon pricing measures may have to be levied at a greater rate to affect behavioural change, particularly given the limited potential for future aviation efficiency gains.
The Impact of Sound-Bite Journalism on Public Argument
Authors: Rinke Eike Mark
Published: July 2018

The rise of sound-bite news is one of the most widely bemoaned findings in political communication research. Yet, the detrimental effects of this trend have been more assumed than demonstrated. This study examines one consequence of sound-bite journalism: the creation of incomplete argument, in which speakers presenting their political position in the news do not also justify it. Drawing on data about television news in Germany, Russia, and the United States, it shows that shrinking sound bites consistently reduce the probability of opinion justification across widely differing national contexts. Sound-bite journalism emerges as harmful to television news' ability to produce public justification.
Using Portfolio as an Alternative Assessment Tool to Enhance Thai EFL Students’ Writing skill
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Kalra Rusma , Sundrarajun Chutamas , Komintarachat Hathaichanok
Published: July 2018

This present study investigates the effects of portfolios on the development of English as a foreign language ( EFL) learners’ writing skills. For the purpose of this study 56 senior Thai undergraduate students majoring in Business English at an International University in Thailand were selected and divided into experimental and control groups. Each group, consists of 26 students, both of them were given pretest to ensure the same proficiency level. Throughout the eight weeks in which the experiment was carried, the experimental group was taught through portfolio assessment technique and the control group was taught using the conventional method. Besides, an independent sample t-test was carried out to see the significant differences between the two groups. In order to see the differences within each group, a paired sample t-test was applied. The statistical results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups which signifies that those receiving the treatment, in this case, the portfolio based assessment, outperformed their control group counterpart in the area of writing skill.
Intellectual Property and Emerging Technologies: The New Biology.
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: July 2018

Edited Collection. Rimmer, Matthew & McLennan, Alison (Eds.) (2012) Intellectual property and emerging technologies: The new biology. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K.; Northampton, Mass.
Examining Text Coherence in Graduate Students of English Argumentative Writing: Case Study
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Fitriati Sri Wuli , Yonata Fadhila
Published: July 2018

This study aims at examining the writing skills of a group of Indonesian graduate students of English. A particular attention has been focused on the coherence of their production of argumentative texts. Employing a discourse analytical case study, three texts written by three Master’s degree students of the English language education at a local university in Central Java, Indonesia, were analyzed. Coherence and cohesion is inextricable in which both are crucial in academic writing as to achieve a makes-sense text. Therefore, it is an urgent need to look at the writing competency of students as they are at graduate level, majoring in the English language education. The texts produced by the students were scrutinized through the lens of micro- and macro-level coherence (Thornburry, 2005). From this theory, cohesion is involved in micro level coherence. The findings indicate that the students show a bit weakness on achieving coherent texts due to lack of optimization of cohesive devices especially conjunctions to create interconnectedness of the whole sentences in the texts.
Being English Teachers in Malaysian Islamic Schools: Identity Narratives from a Five Year ‘Life Journey’
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Adnan Airil Haimi Mohd
Published: July 2018

Malaysia’s national school system is a reflection of the diversity of Malaysians. Instead of a single unitary system, the formal school system in Malaysia consists of national schools for all young Malaysians, national type schools (for Mandarin and Tamil speaking students) and also national religious schools (or sekolah kebangsaan agama) that focus on Islamic education for the Muslim majority group. From informal Islamic schools (or sekolah pondok) of the past, today’s national religious schools continue to play a critical role in educating young Malaysians. Nevertheless, these schools are facing difficult challenges to remain relevant in a rapidly developing society. One of these difficulties relates to English language teaching. In national religious schools where Islamic education and Arabic language are given priority, teaching English as a core subject becomes a real challenge; some students deliberately resist learning English as it is a ‘Western’ language and some teachers view English teachers as the ‘Other’ within these schools. This research article is based on a longitudinal effort to study these difficult challenges and to shed light on the lived experiences of English teachers in Malaysia’s national Islamic schools. Drawing on ‘thick’ narrative data from face-to-face interviews, written narrative accounts, and informal online and mobile exchanges, this article deals with the ‘stories’ of becoming and being an English teacher within Malaysian Islamic schools. The stories and co-constructed narratives unveil the feelings, experiences and aspirations of two ‘Bumiputera’ Malay-Muslim English teachers, one female and one male, in the last five years of their professional lives.
Use of First Language in the Classroom: Non-native EFL Teachers’ Beliefs in Teaching English to Adult Learners in Bilingual Context
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Ahmad Iftikhar , Radzuan Noor Raha Mohd , Hussain Muhammad Sabboor
Published: July 2018

This study aims to investigate the perspectives of non-native English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers across mother tongue and gender, and their male and female adult students, regarding the use of Arabic in the EFL classrooms at the university level in Saudi Arabia. The study specifically seeks to investigate the perspectives of non-native Arab and non-Arab EFL teachers as they, working in the native Arab setting, often resort to Arabic (Al-Nofaie, 2010; Machaal, 2012). However, there are glaring research gaps about non-native EFL teachers’ and adult learners’ beliefs on the use of first language (L1) in the classroom. For this purpose, the study used quantitative research design, and administered two questionnaires, one for the teachers and the other for the students. Students’ questionnaire complemented that of the teachers. Forty teachers and sixty students were selected based on stratified random sampling. The findings of the study revealed that all camps of teachers, Arab, non-Arab, male, female, and students were in favour of judicious bilingual approach. The study finds statistically significant difference between the beliefs of Arab and non-Arab EFL teachers about the use of L1. The findings suggest that Arab EFL teachers’ use of Arabic is extensive, while non-Arab EFL teachers’ use of Arabic is well-timed. The study suggested practical implications for the improvement of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Saudi Arabia by recommending planned, occasional and judicious use of L1 while teaching EFL adult learners.
Reliability of the Core Items in the General Social Survey: Estimates from the Three-wave Panels, 2006-2014
Authors: Hout Mike , Hastings Orestes P
Published: July 2018

We used standard and multilevel models to assess the reliability of core items in the General Social Survey panel studies spanning 2006 to 2014. Most of the 293 core items scored well on the measure of reliability: 62 items (21 percent) had reliability measures greater than 0.85; another 71 (24 percent) had reliability measures between 0.70 and 0.85. Objective items, especially facts about demography and religion, were generally more reliable than subjective items. The economic recession of 2007-09, the slow recovery afterward, and the election of Barack Obama in 2008 altered the social context in ways that may look like unreliability of items. For example, unemployment status, hours worked, and weeks worked have lower reliability than most work-related items, reflecting the consequences of the recession on the facts of peoples lives. Items regarding racial and gender discrimination and racial stereotypes scored as particularly unreliable, accounting for most of the 15 items with reliability coefficients less than 0.40. Our results allow scholars to more easily take measurement reliability into consideration in their own research, while also highlighting the limitations of these approaches.
The Kostënki 18 child burial and the cultural and funerary landscape of Mid Upper Palaeolithic European Russia
Authors: Reynolds Natasha , Dinnis Rob , Bessudnov Alexander , Devièse Thibaut , Higham Thomas
Published: July 2018

There are numerous burials known from Upper Palaeolithic contexts in European Russia. One of the lesser-known of these burials is that found at Kostënki 18, in the Kostënki-Borshchëvo region on the Don river near Voronezh. At this site, a lithic assemblage attributed to the Kostënki-Avdeevo Culture was also found, but no direct stratigraphic connection could be established between the burial and the lithic assemblage. In this paper we describe this burial and present a new direct date for the human remains obtained using the single amino acid (hydroxyproline) method. The new date provides support for the hypothesis that the burial and lithic assemblage found at Kostënki 18 are linked. We also briefly discuss the significance of the Russian Upper Palaeolithic burial record for the understanding of early burials across Europe.
Professional responsibility for spreading unscientific knowledge: the case of the 'ease of conception' graph in a supplementary high school textbook
Authors: Tanaka Sigeto
Published: July 2018

The government of Japan and professionals from the fields of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive medicine used a graph exaggerating the decline in women's fecundity, professing it begins a sharp linear descent in their mid-20s. It was used in a campaign to promote "accurate" knowledge about the suitable age range for pregnancy and was published in a supplementary textbook of health education for high schools in 2015. The author criticizes the use of the graph as well as the use of other unreliable research findings in the campaign that has resulted in the spread of unscientific knowledge in Japan today. [Translation from an author manuscript in Japanese for Trends in the Sciences 22(8):18-23 (August 2017)]
Exploring the Pragmatic Functions of the Acronym LOL in Instant Messenger Conversations
Authors: Markman Kris M
Published: July 2018

This paper employs both quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore the pragmatics of LOLin instant messenger (IM) conversations. Data were collected from 104 undergraduate studentswho engaged in both task-based and social IM conversations. Although LOL was initially anacronym for the phrase “laughing out loud,” this paper provides evidence that suggests that LOLhas become lexicalized (to lol) and can be understood as sharing characteristics typicallyassociated with discourse markers. Several recurring patterns of lol usage are described,including the stand-alone lol, transmission-final lol, and transmission-initial lol. While lol wasfound significantly more frequently in social vs. task conversations, but there were no broadgender differences in lol usage. However, dyad composition (mixed-sex vs. same-sex) didsignificantly affect frequency of use.
Which groups are mostly responsible for problems in your neighbourhood? The use of ethnic categories in Germany
Authors: Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

Why and under which conditions do people employ ethnic categories rather than others (such as age, class, gender, and so on) to conceptually organize their social environment? This paper analyses an open-ended question on who is seen as responsible for neighbourhood problems taken from a recently conducted large-scale survey in Germany. Thereby, this study tries to give novel insight on native German’s use of ethnic folk classifications and aims to identify contextual factors that might explain why people characterize problem-groups in ethnic terms. This paper shows that drunkards, elderly and especially teenagers are more frequently seen as problem-group than any ethnic minority. Conditions of economic decline and out-group size are analysed as to whether they are associated with a higher likelihood to use ethnic categories. The findings suggest that the effects of out-group size are diminishing in their impact, whereas the effects of economic decline are accumulating in strength.
A study of Apology Strategies in English: A case study on Jordanian and Asian Undergraduate Students at Zarqa University
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Huwari Ibrahim Fathi
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the similarities and differences of the speech act of apology in English between Jordanian EFL learners (English as a Foreign Learners) and Asian undergraduate students at Zarqa University (ZU). It aims to understand the culture difference between Jordanian and the Asian speech communities that both learners utilize when confronting apology situations. The researcher used an interview technique to gather the data. Data collected using a modified version of the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) developed by Sugimoto (1997). Subjects of the study included six Jordanian undergraduate students and six Asian undergraduate students. There were 10 situations used in the study developed by Sugimoto's (1997). The findings in this study introduced the similarities and differences of the apologizing strategies used by Jordanian undergraduate students and Asian undergraduate students. It found that the most frequently apology strategies used among the Jordanian and the Asian participants were account, and compensation. It shows also gratitude is less used among Asian participants when apologize by equal and lower status person. In regarding to that, the findings of this study are expected to be used in intercultural comparisons studies. This research hopes that tutors should be aware of their own culture and the cultures of their students to make this cultural training more successful. Learners should learn apologizing strategies in such a way to capture their semantics meaning as well as pragmatic use in order to employ them appropriately.
Detached Concern?: Emotional Socialization in Twenty-First Century Medical Education
Authors: Underman Kelly , Hirshfield Laura Ellen
Published: July 2018

Early works in medical sociology have been pivotal in the development of scholarly knowledge about emotions, emotional socialization, and empathy within medical training, medical education, and medical contexts. Yet despite major shifts in both medical education and in medicine writ-large, medical sociologists' focus on emotions has largely disappeared. In this paper, we argue that due to recent radical transformations in the medical arena, emotional socialization within medical education should be of renewed interest for sociologists. Developments in medical education such as increased diversity among enrollees, the rise of patient health movements, and curricular transformation have made this context a particularly interesting case for sociologists working on a variety of questions related to structural, organizational, and cultural change. We offer three areas of debate within studies in medical education that sociologists may be interested in studying: 1) gendered and racialized differences in the performance of clinical skills related to emotion, 2) differences in self-reported empathy among subspecialties, and 3) loss of empathy during the third year or clinical year of medical school.
HazMatMapper: an online and interactive geographic visualization tool for exploring transnational flows of hazardous waste and environmental justice
Authors: Nost Eric
Published: July 2018

Authors: Eric Nost, Heather Rosenfeld, Kristen Vincent, Sarah A. Moore & Robert E. RothHazMatMapper is an online and interactive geographic visualization tool designed to facilitate exploration of transnational flows of hazardous waste in North America (http://geography.wisc. edu/hazardouswaste/map/). While conventional narratives suggest that wealthier countries such as Canada and the United States (US) export waste to poorer countries like Mexico, little is known about how waste trading may affect specific sites within any of the three countries. To move beyond anecdotal discussions and national aggregates, we assembled a novel geographic dataset describing transnational hazardous waste shipments from 2007 to 2012 through two Freedom of Information Act requests for documents held by the US Environmental Protection Agency. While not yet detailing all of the transnational hazardous waste trade in North America, HazMatMapper supports multiscale and site-specific visual exploration of US imports of hazardous waste from Canada and Mexico. It thus enables academic researchers, waste regulators, and the general public to generate hypotheses on regional clustering, transnational corporate structuring, and environmental justice concerns, as well as to understand the limitations of existing regulatory data collection itself. Here, we discuss the dataset and design process behind HazMatMapper and demonstrate its utility for understanding the transnational hazardous waste trade.Printed at Journal of Maps: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17445647.2017.1282384Project here: https://geography.wisc.edu/hazardouswaste/map/
A Process for Original Cataloging of Theses and Dissertations
Authors: Dean Jason W.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is to describe the reasoning, methodology, and impact behind a semi-automated cataloging process for electronic theses and dissertations, including explanations of the importance of retention and addition of cataloger created metadata. The authors explain an automated process that is generated by ProQuest and student entered data, and also the addition of metadata including the subject headings, classification number, etc. The study includes a survey of the public service librarians’ perceived usefulness of the cataloger and ProQuest generated metadata to describe theses and dissertations.
Critical Searches for Style in the Literature of Boredom: A Discussion on the Implications of its Inconsistent Genre Markers and Ethos
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Latif Jibril
Published: July 2018

A noticeable trend in university classes is studying boredom in literature, a theme which ostensibly began to envelope the western canon from the 19th century onwards that centers on the artistic utilization of dilatory space. Critical theorists like Adorno call it free time and warn of capitalism’s propensity to subvert it. Whereas boredom has traditionally been a boon for humanity in its propensity to force contemplation that leads to creativity, in modernity it has been succumbed to en masse and therefore no longer plays its role of detecting the human threshold preceding anger. Critical analyses have prompted many to search for a particular style of boredom, a pursuit of its quiddity in order to crack its style, which in a milieu where method and style is everything equates to numerous staid attempts. While genre identifying stylistic markers perhaps do exist in the generic sense that the plays and novels included in this proposed corpus are typically about white, privileged, and post-lapsarian moderns dealing with vertiginous existential issues, positing an exact style remains intractable. This paper, while not an exhaustive examination of the texts, posits=nevertheless that purported stylistic markers are not consistent or discernable. What is more plausible, rather, is that dispossession affects productions and critical readings. Humans all seek meaning and as it was traditionally signified in cosmologies that no longer provide import in the cultural zeitgeist of western productions about the mundane, the loss of immanence has desultorily impacted artistic expression and the ethos of the poet.
Election campaigning on social media: Politicians, audiences and the mediation of political communication on Facebook and Twitter
Authors: Stier Sebastian , Bleier Arnim , Lietz Haiko , Strohmaier Markus
Published: July 2018

Although considerable research has concentrated on online campaigning, it is still unclear how politicians use different social media platforms in political communication. Focusing on the German federal election campaign 2013, this article investigates whether election candidates address the topics most important to the mass audience and to which extent their communication is shaped by the characteristics of Facebook and Twitter. Based on open-ended responses from a representative survey conducted during the election campaign, we train a human-interpretable Bayesian language model to identify political topics. Applying the model to social media messages of candidates and their direct audiences, we find that both prioritize different topics than the mass audience. The analysis also shows that politicians use Facebook and Twitter for different purposes. We relate the various findings to the mediation of political communication on social media induced by the particular characteristics of audiences and sociotechnical environments.
Social Insurance and Entrepreneurship: The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on New-Business Formation
Authors: Xu Wenjian
Published: July 2018

This paper studies the impacts of social insurance on the decisions of unemployed individuals to start businesses. Exploiting staggered changes in benefit generosity across U.S. states and over time, I find that higher unemployment insurance (UI) benefits both lower the probability that an unemployed person will become self-employed, and also extend the length of time that passes before they make such a transition. The negative effects of UI benefits are concentrated on the formation of unincorporated businesses. Unincorporated businesses created by unemployed people in higher-benefit state-periods tend to be more successful, as measured by profit and survival rate, suggesting that higher benefits mainly screen out the entry of less productive firms. The negative effects are smaller during non-recession periods and in states that offer a Self-Employment Assistance program.
How Consciousness Creates Reality
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2018

The present text is a very abridged version of a book I wrote out of the desire to examine the structure of our reality from a standpoint unbiased by established teachings, be they academic- scientific, popular- esoteric, or religious in nature. We will begin with seemingly simple interactions in our daily lives, examine how they originate on a deeper level, come to understand the essentials of consciousness, and finally recognize that we create our reality in its entirety. In the course of this quest, we will uncover little-heeded paths to accessing our subconscious, other individuals, and that which can be understood by the term "God". And the solution to the classical problem of free will constitutes the gist of the concepts thus revealed.