bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Merthiolate Versus Phenol As a Preservative for Diphtheria Toxoids—Diluted and Undiluted at Icebox and Room Temperatures
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Eisner Minnie
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Undiluted or diluted diphtheria toxoids, when kept at icebox temperature and tested after 5 months did not show any difference in their antigenic or flocculating value whether preserved with merthiolate 1:10,000 or phenol 0.5 per cent. When kept at room temperature for 5 months, the phenol preserved toxoid diluted 1:2 though preserving its flocculating value shows deterioration in its antigenic value. Undiluted toxoids preserved with phenol and kept at icebox temperature for 9 and 18.5 months do not compare favorably in their antigenic value with the merthiolated toxoid diluted 1:3 and kept in the icebox over 2 years. Merthiolated toxoid diluted 1:3 and kept at icebox temperature preserves its antigenic value better than the merthiolated toxoid diluted only 1:2 but kept at room temperature.1
The Rôle of Convalescent Serum in Preparalytic Poliomyelitis
Authors: Brodie Maurice
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, as a disease transmitted by nerve fibers and entirely neurotropic, suggests the ineffectiveness of serum therapy. Additional experimental data concerning the use of large quantities of serum, or whole blood, in the various stages of the disease, give further evidence to its lack of value. Therefore, in serum therapy one is faced with two possibilities: Antibody can never reach the virus in the central nervous system. Still larger amounts must be used, e.g., hyperimmune horse serum, but from the data herewith given the likelihood of success with such a serum is slight.
The Individual As a Factor in Antidiphtheria Immunity
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Richardson Lurline V. , Neill James M.
Published: January 2023

The investigation was essentially an analysis of the antitoxin titers of the sera of a large number of guinea pigs immunized by different methods and bled at 6-month intervals between the first and third year following the last injection.

The data indicated that the individual animal is a more important factor than the method of immunization in determining the titer of antitoxin possessed at times remote from the last injection. Examples were given of the wide differences in individual guinea pigs in respect to their loss of antitoxin. Some individuals had such a marked capacity to maintain their immunity that their titers appeared approximately “level” over long periods; the time at which this “level” was reached and the height at which it was maintained appeared to be as much a characteristic of the individual guinea pig as of the method of immunization.
The Desiccation of Sera and Other Biological Products (Including Microörganisms) in the Frozen State with the Preservation of the Original Qualities of Products So Treated
Authors: Elser William J. , Thomas Ruth A. , Steffen Gustav I.
Published: January 2023

Methods and apparatus for the drying of biological products in the frozen state are described in detail. These differ from procedures hitherto recorded in that they involve the use of manifolds and individual containers in the drying process and storage of the dried product in vacuo. Both chemicals and refrigerants in combination with a high vacuum were used for the disposal of water vapors arising in the course of the desiccating process. The use of refrigerants for the condensation of the water vapor has many advantages. Large volumes of biological material can be desiccated in a comparatively short time which brings the method into the realm of practical procedures for the preservation of therapeutic agents. A method of processing larger volumes of sera in bulk is described in which the rate of evaporation in vacuo and the removal of the water vapor by means of refrigerants is relied upon not only to freeze the material, but also to maintain the product in the frozen state until drying is complete. The materials thus secured exhibit features which have a great practical value. Clear sera when treated in this manner yield a product which shows no material reducation in volume; is porous in texture; breaks up readily into a fine powder; is readily soluble in water; and yields, when restored to the fluid state, a clear solution—all features of importance where the preservation of sera designed for therapeutic use is concerned. When suitable precautions are adopted the product, if originally free from microbic contaminations, is sterile. Antisera and antigens as well as certain related products when dried in the frozen state by these methods and stored in vacuo suffer no deterioration in numerical values and the dried products when reclaimed after a number of years show no loss in potency. Bacteria and yeasts have been preserved unchanged by the procedures described and in no instance have the strains shown any changes even in minor particulars. Such highly sensitive microörganisms as the gonococcus and meningococcus have been preserved by the method for a period of eighteen years. Protozoa and spirochaeta have been recovered after drying in the frozen state but only in a few instances. These investigations did not include viruses as we were aware that others were engaged in this work.
Studies on Scarlet Fever Anatoxin
Authors: Ando K. , Nagata S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The antigenicity of the so-called scarlet fever anatoxin which was produced by detoxifying scarlet fever toxin with formol and heat is due to the presence of toxoid. Rabbits can be used for the determination of antigenicity of scarlet fever anatoxin. The antigenicity of the purified and concentrated scarlet fever anatoxin described has been demonstrated by animal and human test. The antigenicity of the anatoxin prepared from scarlet fever toxin which was produced in a semi-synthetic medium has been demonstrated. The addition of alum seems to increase the antigenicity of scarlet fever anatoxin. The degree of immunity conferred on rabbits by immunization with conbined scarlet fever and diphtheria anatoxin is as high as that conveyed by a single anatoxin.
The Non-Identity of Jack Bean Agglutinin with Crystalline Urease
Authors: Sumner James B. , Howell Stacey F.
Published: January 2023

Hotchkiss and Tauber (1) have stated that crystalline urease agglutinates washed rabbit and mouse erythrocytes, but not those of sheep. As little as 0.00014 mgm. of urease is said to have caused a perceptible effect. This work is quite erroneous. We find that washed rabbit and dog erythrocytes are not agglutinated in the slightest when incubated for two hours at 37°C. with as much as 3 mgm. of recrystallized urease.

It is true that the jack bean, like many other beans, contains a substance which agglutinates red cells. This is thermolabile and non-dialyzable. We have obtained it in solution in such concentration that 1 cc. will cause an almost complete agglutination of 5 cc. of 2 per cent erythrocyte suspension in five minutes at room temperature. Diluted 100 times the material will produce an agglutination detectable by microscope within thirty minutes at 37°C. This 100-fold diluted solution contained only about 0.00015 mgm. of urease per cubic centimeter.
A Further Note on the Quantitative Determination of the Fixation of Complement by Immune Serum and Antigen
Authors: Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank
Published: January 2023

In previous studies (1, 2, 3), methods of comparative titration of the specific and nonspecific activities of serum and antigen in the complement-fixation reaction were described, and a formula providing a quantitative and qualitative differentiation of the reactions was presented, .

The purpose of the present paper is to describe a modification of the formula which increases both its accuracy and the range of reaction over which it can be applied.

The formula expresses the ratio of the amount of complement fixed by immune serum and antigen to that fixed by normal serum and antigen in titrations of complement made with preliminary incubation in the presence of these reagents. This ratio indicates the quantitative difference in reaction between the normal and immune serum with a given antigen: the qualitative difference can be determined by comparing these ratios with those which represent the variation in the reaction of different normal sera with the same antigen.
Complement-Fixation with the Type-Specific Carbohydrate of Hemophilus Influenzae Type b
Authors: Pittman Margaret , Goodner K.
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixation takes place in a system containing the purified specific carbohydrate of H. influenzae Type b in the presence of immune rabbit serum of the homologous type. In contrast to the positive results in the presence of immune rabbit serum, there is no fixation of complement in a similar system containing the same carbohydrate in the presence of immune horse serum. Similar results were obtained with suspensions of encapsulated H. influenzae providing that the structural integrity of the capsules was maintained throughout the tests.
The Standardization of Antidysenteric Serum (Shiga) by the Polysaccharide Precipitating Test (Zozaya)
Authors: Kurauchi K. , Nagata S.
Published: January 2023

The proper use of any therapeutic serum demands some reliable methods of measuring its potency. For various reasons, the problem is essentially more intricate in this case than in that of diphtheria and tetanus serums. The International Serum Conference held in 1921–1928, on the invitation of the Health Section of the League of Nations, has enabled the most important points to be cleared up, and now has provided a sound basis for the standardization of the dysentery serum (Shiga), and has provisionally adopted the international antitoxin unit of the serum.

In studying the polysaccharide of different organisms, we (1) have succeeded in isolating the polysaccharide from B. dysenteriae (Shiga) and also B. paradysenteriae (Flexner Strong, Y. and others). Later Morgan (2) published a method of obtaining polysaccharide from B. dysenteriae (Shiga).

The polysaccharide precipitation method for determining the potency of antipneumococcus serum has been employed satisfactorily by many authors (Friedlaender, Sobotka and Banzhaf, Heidelberger, Sia and Kendall, Zozaya, Boyer and Clark, Felton, Wilson Smith, Brown, etc.).
The Antigenic Properties of Bacteria Combined with Antibodies
Authors: Olitzki Leo
Published: January 2023

According to the side-chain theory the receptor which combines with antibody in vitro and the specific component of the antigen which develops antibody in vivo are identical. According to this hypothesis one should expect that when the receptors of an antigen are saturated with antibody the treated antigen will be deprived of its capacity to develop specific antibodies. The first experiments in this direction were undertaken in 1901 by Pfeiffer with V. cholera and B. typhosus, Neisser and Lubowski with B. typhosus and Sachs with sensitized erythrocytes. The fundamental experiments of these authors showed that by sensitization the antigenic power of an antigen is frequently much diminished but not completely destroyed and this may be attributed either to the fact that it is impossible in the test tube to saturate the receptor of the antigen completely, or to the occurrence of a certain amount of dissociation of antibody from the receptors after the mixture had been injected.
A Note on the Capacity of Boiled Erythrocytes to Remove Agglutinins
Authors: Boyd William C. , Tayian Elizabeth H.
Published: January 2023

Experiments with boiled human and chicken erythrocytes seem to indicate that boiling almost completely destroys the capacity of the agglutinogens M and N to react specifically with their agglutinins as was also the case with the rabbit agglutinogens H1 and H2.
The Relation of the Meningococcidal Activity of the Blood to Resistance to Virulent Meningococci
Authors: Matsunami Toitsu , Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

In a previous communication (1) we have shown the greater bactericidal activity of whole blood for the meningococcus as compared with serum and briefly described a simple and convenient method for measuring the bactericidal activity of whole blood devised by Dr. Heist employing the many stemmed capillary pipet of Wright. Further experiences with this technic have demonstrated its simplicity; but a few drops of undefibrinated blood are required and the results are usually quite sharp and convincing. As is true with all bactericidal tests, however, the results observed with the blood of one person or lower animal tested on different days not infrequently yields slightly varying results, owing not only to probable fluctuations in the bactericidan content of the blood but more particularly to fluctuations in the numbers of viable meningococci in the culture employed; with careful attention to technic however, the latter error can be reduced to a minimum.
Studies in Pneumonia. VIII
Authors: Weiss Charles , Kolmer John A.
Published: January 2023

The work reported is a part of the studies on the properties of pneumotoxin and its probable rôle in the pathology of lobar pneumonia. Previous investigators (Clough, Weil, Steinfield and Kolmer) working with dried, autolyzed or heat-killed pneumococci failed to elicit any constant reaction in cases of lobar pneumonia. The present authors used the endocellular hemolytic toxin of the pneumococcus freshly prepared for each test by dissolving the washed living organisms (type I) in solutions of sodium choleate. Guinea-pigs previously sensitized with sublethal doses of pneumotoxin or with the serum or lung exudate of dogs suffering from experimental lobar pneumonia, reacted to the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 cc. of the toxin by a local erythema and hemorrhagic edema in the subcutaneous tissue overlying the muscle. The skin reaction to heat-killed pneumococci was negative in most of these animals and when positive, was of a suppurative type, marked by less edema and more leucocytosis. Control animals gave uniformly negative results.

Among human adult cases of lobar penumonia the reaction (which was characteristically that of a local edema and erythema) was elicited as early as the fifth and as late as the thirteenth day of the disease (two days before and six days after the crisis, respectively). In children it was demonstrable about the same time, but was negative immediately or one or two days after the crisis. Patients recovering by lysis reacted as late as the thirty-second day. In general, the test was positive in all active cases, that is, throughout the toxemia. Cases earlier than the fifth day of the disease were not available. Control patients, suffering with broncho-pneumonia or with acute or chronic infections not of pneumococcic origin, as well as healthy adults and children did not react.

The reaction is regarded as indicative of a state of allergy to pneumotoxin. Sensitization to the toxin presumably takes place with its liberation (by the action of normal body enzymes upon pneumococci normally localized in the lung alveoli) at the time of the prolonged chilling due to exposure. Failure to elicit the reaction during convalescence indicates the establishment of a temporary immunity or the disappearance of the toxin. This skin test does not as yet seem to be of value as a method of serological type diagnosis but may aid in differential diagnosis between appendicitis or tuberculosis and pneumonia (especially in children). It is also of interest because of its bearing on the mechanism of the crisis.

We wish to thank Drs. Stengel, Jenks, Allyn, McCrae, Weiss, Jones, Myer, Wagnez, Hare and other members of the staffs of the University, Children's, Philadelphia General and Jefferson Hospitals for their courtesy and assistance to us during the conduct of these investigations.
The Existence of Antigenic Determinants of Diverse Specificity in a Single Protein
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Cross-reactions between crystalline hen- and duck-ovalbumin antigen-antibody systems are adjudged, on the available evidence, to be due to the interaction of qualitatively different antigenic determinants on single molecules and the separate antibodies engendered by them. The evidence excluding the presence of an impurity common to both ovalbumins, with its counterpart in their antisera, is presented. Other considerations are offered in support of the conception that molecularly different antibodies may be produced by immunization with molecularly homogeneous antigen.
Specificity of the Multiplication of Bacteriophage
Authors: Frisch Arthur W. , Levine Philip
Published: January 2023

One available method for the study of bacteriophage specificity is that of multiplication. The results of such experiments (1, 2, 3, 4) tend to indicate that increase of the lytic agent usually takes place at the expense of bacteria sensitive to lysis; however, certain well substantiated exceptions have been reported (1, 3, 4) in which lysis without multiplication and regeneration without demonstrable lysis occurred. Bail and his school have used the ability of the phage to regenerate against a particular organism as one of several methods for classifying phages; he noted the importance of adjusting the concentration of phage originally inoculated with the growing bacilli and the necessity of limiting the time of contact between the lytic agent and organisms while studying the specificity of the regeneration.
A Serological Comparison of the Phosphoprotein of the Serum of the Laying Hen and the Vitellin of the Egg Yolk
Authors: Roepke R. R. , Bushnell L. D.
Published: January 2023

The anti-sera from rabbits injected with the serum of laying hens gave precipitin tests with vitellin.

The anti-sera from rabbits injected with the serum of male birds gave no such precipitin test with vitellin.

The anti-sera from rabbits injected with vitellin alone gave precipitin tests with the sera of both males and laying females.

It is possible to separate from the serum of the laying hen a phosphoprotein which has physical and chemical properties similar to those of vitellin.

It may be concluded from these results that there is present in the serum of the laying hen considerable amounts of a phosphoprotein which is closely related if not identical to the vitellin of the egg yolk. This compound is either absent from the serum of the male or present in relatively small amounts.
Comparisons of Various Methods for the Routine Titration of Types I and II Antipneumococcic Horse Serums
Authors: Barnes L. A. , Clarke Charlotte M. , Wight Eleanor C.
Published: January 2023

The results of six different methods of assaying types I and II antipneumococcic horse serums by single titrations have been described, and the correlation of each method with mouse protection values calculated. The method chosen as a substitute for the animal test is a precipitin test with closely spaced serum dilutions and with soluble specific substance as the antigen. Compared with mouse protection values, correlation coefficients of 0.930 ±0.012, and 0.817 ±0.031 were obtained for types I and II antibodies respectively. Equations were derived which permit satisfactory prediction of mouse protection values from those of the precipitin test.
Further Observations on the Nature of the Active Substance (“Anaphylatoxin”) in Canine Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Dragstedt Carl A. , Mead Franklin B.
Published: January 2023

Additional observations are reported which confirm our previous observations that the active substance liberated during canine anaphylactic shock is histamine.
Active Immunization against Poliomyelitis. A Comparative Study
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H. , Hoskwith B.
Published: January 2023

Three preliminary experiments comprising a group of 18 animals indicated that a significant immune response might be obtained by the subcutaneous inoculation of the equivalent of 1 to 2 grams of purified virus adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel.

Of a group of 10 animals receiving the equivalent of 1.5 grams of virus inoculated in three doses of 5 cc. each subcutaneously, at weekly intervals, the serums of 7 neutralized the test dose of virus and 7 of the animals have thus far resisted increasing doses up to 1.6 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of a very potent virus (VM no. 8). Of the 10 animals inoculated with the equivalent of 2 grams of virus, the serums of 8 neutralized the test dose of virus. Of the 8 animals who lived sufficiently long to permit the intracerebral test, 5 neutralized the same test dose intracerebrally and three of these animals have thus far resisted increasing doses up to 1.6 cc. of a 5 per cent suspension of potent virus (VM no. 8).
Studies on the Mechanism of Immunity in Typhus Fever
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: January 2023

Typhus-immune serum contains complement-binding antibodies for Rickettsia prowazeki (Mexican type), but not for B. proteus X-19 or X-19 SSS.

The sera from rabbits immunized against B. proteus X-19 fix complement in the presence of Rickettsia prowazeki as well as with the homologous antigens.
A Study of the Antigenic Properties of Certain Normal and Pathological Lymphoid Deposits in Tissues of Chickens
Authors: Olson Carl , Zeissig Alexander
Published: January 2023

Forssman's antigen is present in the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, normal peripheral nerve, peripheral nerve affected with the disease of fowl-paralysis, and in diffuse and nodular lymphocytoma-tissues of the chicken.

The sera of rabbits injected intravenously, with aqueous suspensions of normal peripheral nerves and peripheral nerves affected with the disease fowl-paralysis of the chicken, contain two additional antibodies. One of these is directed toward an alcohol soluble antigen which is similar to brain-lipoid-antigen. The other is specific for a water soluble antigen present only in aqueous suspension of chicken's nerve-tissue.

No antigenic differences were found between the normal and pathological deposits of lymphoid tissue of the chicken.

No antibody response was obtained after intravenous injection of dogs, pigeons or sheep with tissue-suspensions of diffuse and nodular lymphocytoma of the chicken.
Further Studies on the Relation of Heterophile Immunity to the Incidence of Colds
Authors: Rockwell George E. , Van Kirk Herman C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The above data indicate: That there is a definite, but of course not absolute, correlation between the amount of heterophile immunity and the incidence of upper respiratory infections, i.e., the greater the heterophile immunity the fewer respiratory infections.That heterophile immunity contributes definitely toward protection against upper respiratory infections.
The Influence of Narcotics on Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Farmer Laurence
Published: January 2023

The findings of Besredka concerning the anti-anaphylactic action of certain narcotics were confirmed. In the control experiments only 4 out of 25 guinea pigs survived the shocking reinjection. Urethane administered to sensitized guinea pigs prior to the shocking reinjection led to the survival of 15 out of 30 animals. Although ether inhalation led to the survival of three out of nine animals it is felt that these experiments are not conclusive. Morphine hydrochloride does not protect guinea pigs from fatal anaphylactic shock. Besredka's interpretation of this phenomenon, which assumes that the action of the narcotics takes place in the central nervous system, is held to be incorrect. An explanation is advanced on the basis of their action on the bronchial musculature.
A Study of the Pneumococcic Toxins and Antitoxins in Animals
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Little Paul A. , Lyon Braden M. , Voigt Edwin F.
Published: January 2023

The skin-test-dose of the toxins of the pneumococcus in human beings is about the same as that in the skin of susceptible rabbits. Twenty per cent of the usual laboratory rabbits are susceptible to these toxins; but nearly all of the breed of rabbit known as “Havana red” are susceptible. Elevation of temperature is caused by the intra-abdominal injection of toxin of the pneumococcus into rabbits in quantities of 3,000 skin-test-doses or more; 15,000 skin-test-doses failed to kill. With the use of a highly concentrated toxin, the lethal dose for the mouse (16,000 skin-test-doses) could be established (intra-abdominal injection). Antitoxin capable of specific neutralization of the respective toxin could be produced in rabbits. Tests of comparative toxicity of scarlatinal and pneumococcal toxins in mice showed the former to be twice as strong as the best type III pneumococcic toxin available at the time.
A Quantitative Study of the Ramon Diphtheria Flocculation Reaction
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Robinson Elliott S.
Published: January 2023

An absolute quantitative method for the titration of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, similar to that used by Heidelberger and his co-workers for the precipitin reaction, has been described. The results demonstrate once more that toxin and antitoxin unite in more than one proportion. An explanation of the Danysz phenomenon is given in these terms. Estimated values for the amount of toxin nitrogen per Lf unit, obtained from six titrations, varied between 0.00042 and 0.00048 mgm. nitrogen per Lf, regardless of the purity of the toxin and antitoxin preparations used. The maximum antitoxic antibody nitrogen precipitable from 300 units of antitoxin, either as whole sera or ammonium sulfate concentrates, is approximately 0.47 or 0.0016 mgm. per unit. One highly opalescent concentrated antitoxin gave a somewhat higher figure and a sample of concentrated and purified “globulin-modified” antitoxin from the Lederle Laboratories gave a lower figure. The equivalence or neutral zone lies between 0.5 and 1.4 Lf units of toxin per unit of antitoxin. The ratio of antitoxin nitrogen to toxin nitrogen is about 7.0 at the antitoxin end of the neutral zone, about 3.5 at the flocculation point and about 2.5 in the region of toxin excess. The flocculation reaction is closely analogous to the precipitin reaction but differs from it in that flocculation occurs only in the immediate neighborhood of the equivalence zone. The results calculated from these experiments are not expected to undergo significant change even though purer toxins and antitoxins may be used, provided that the purification process does not cause a splitting or degradation of the toxin or antitoxin molecules.
The Opsonic Action of Serum
Authors: Gordon J.
Published: January 2023

It has been shown by Gordon, Whitehead and Wormall (1) that ammonia-treated serum, in which the complement is entirely inactivated through destruction of the fourth component, is nevertheless still able to opsonise staphylococci. This fact indicates that the whole complement system is not necessary for opsonic action, a view supported by further data described by Gordon, Whitehead and Wormall (2), Gordon (3) and Gordon and Thompson (4).

Recently Maltaner (5) has shown that a suspension of leucocytes, either unheated, or heated at 55°C. for ½ hour, can supply fourth component to ammonia-treated serum, and that in this respect the heated suspension is actually more active than the unheated. The suspension of leucocytes acts in conjunction with the ammonia-treated serum in the same way as heated normal serum has been shown to do.
The Effect of Active Immunization on the Lipid Content and Phagocytic Activity of Blood Leucocytes of Rabbits
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Orr J. H. , Reed G. B.
Published: January 2023

The concentration of phospholipid and, to a lesser degree, of free cholesterol in human white blood cells has been found to increase following parturition (1), following surgical operations when a normal convalescence ensued (2) and during normal convalescence from fever and infection (3). When surgical operation was followed by serious infections and prolonged convalescence or death (2) and when fever and infection resulted in death (3) the concentration of phospholipid was found on the contrary to be low or to fall during the failure of the patient to exhibit normal recovery. Comparing these results with the fundamental studies of Bloor, Okey and Corner (9) and Bloor and Snider (10), on the relation between lipid composition and physiological activity in tissues, Boyd (2, 3) suggested an association between the phospholipid content of human white blood cells and immunity to infections.
On the Presence of M Agglutinogens in the Blood of Monkeys
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , Wiener Alexander S.
Published: January 2023

In the first report on the properties of M and N, some observations on the blood of animals were recorded (1). The property M was demonstrable in the blood of each of ten chimpanzees examined but not in orang-utans, gibbons, a number of individuals belonging to some species of lower monkeys, or several species of mammals and birds. The blood of chimpanzees was found also to possess property N, when tested with a particular anti-N serum.

In a recent and careful investigation by Dahr (2) on the blood of anthropoids and other monkeys, M was shown to be present in the blood of a species of lower monkey (Meerkatze1). This report and similar unpublished observations by one of us (W.) prompted us to reinvestigate the subject.

The explanation of the apparent discrepancies concerning the blood of lower monkeys has now been found in the fact that various anti-M immune sera are not identical in their reactions.
Studies on Serum Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Takeshima K.
Published: January 2023

The supernatant fluid of the indicating mixture of antipneumococcal horse serum and pneumococcal SSS showed a smaller ratio to the precipitin prepared with the specific precipitates of pneumococcal SSS (P.V.Ab.) than the original serum, inindicating a decrease of the B-fraction; its ratio to the precipitin prepared with the floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin (P.V.At.) was the same as that of the original serum. The supernatant fluid of indicating mixtures of diphtheric toxin and its antitoxin showed a smaller ratio to the precipitin prepared with the floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin (P.V.At.) than did the original serum, indicating a decrease of the A-fraction. This decrease of A-fraction (a fraction reacting with P.V.At.) was shown to be less marked in a combined diphtheria- and tetanus-antitoxic horse serum, of which diphtheric antitoxin constituted only a small part of its A-fraction, than the decrease of the same fraction in antidiphtheric horse sera. These observations indicate that diphtheric antitoxin or pneumococcal antibody constitutes only a part of the fraction reacting with P.V.At. or P.V.Ab. respectively.
Influence of Temperature on Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs Passively Sensitized with the Globulins of Types I and II Antipneumococcic Horse Serum and Shocked with Type Specific Carbohydrates
Authors: Bailey G. Howard , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Guinea pigs injected intraabdominally or subcutaneously with relatively large amounts of the combined globulins of types I and II antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at a room temperature of from 20°C. to 25°C. for about 48 hours, did not respond to an intravenous injection of combined specific carbohydrates of types I and II pneumococci at the end of this period. Guinea pigs injected by the same routes with these globulins in an amount which ordinarily led to no characteristic response, were sensitized to the specific carbohydrates so that fatal anaphylactic shock occurred in a large per cent of the cases, if the animals had been exposed for the same period after injection of the antiserum, to environmental temperatures of 7°C. or from 38.5°C. to 42°C. Guinea pigs which had been starved at room temperature before and after the subcutaneous injection of this amount of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum, were not sensitive to injection of type-specific carbohydrates. Guinea pigs injected with the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum and kept at ordinary room temperature for about 48 hours, could be fatally shocked with the type-specific carbohydrates if the animals were injected with a solution of quinine hydrochloride about one hour before the injection of the specific haptens. There appeared to be some relationship between the degree of loss in weight of guinea pigs exposed to a low environmental temperature, and the degree of passive sensitization to typespecific carbohydrates following the injection of the globulins of antipneumococcic horse serum. The rate of metabolism of the animals seems to be important in passive sensitization with antipneumococcic horse serum.
The Influence of Urethane on Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Farmer Laurence
Published: January 2023

Urethane (and chloralose) in vitro inhibit anaphylactic contraction of sensitized plain musculature (uterine strips) of guinea pigs. This phenomenon may explain the mode of action of urethane in the prevention of fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs. Although the presence of urethane inhibits this anaphylactic contraction of plain musculature, it does not prevent the union of antigen and antibody. These phenomena confirm the correctness of Dale's “two-stage” conception of anaphylaxis.
The Blood Groups and M-N Types in Mental Diseases
Authors: Herman Morris , Derby Irving M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The distribution of the four blood groups was determined in a control series of 1444 individuals and the distribution of the M-N types in a similar series of 1905 individuals. With these results were compared the percentile distributions of the blood groups and M-N types in a series of 1849 patients with mental disease. With regard to mental disease in general, no significant deviation from the control-series percentages was found in either the blood groups or M-N types. In addition, the following groups of psychoses were analyzed individually: the catatonic and paranoid types of dementia præcox, the manic depressive, with cerebral arteriosclerosis, general paresis, with epilepsy, involutional, alcoholic, and miscellaneous. In none of these formal groupings could any significant variation from the normal percentages be found. In one instance a difference three times the probable error and in another instance a difference of five times the probable error was found, but as was pointed out even differences of these magnitudes can occur by chance alone, especially when a long series of comparisons is made.

Hence, the present study indicates very definitely that the distribution of the blood groups and the M-N types in mental disease in general and also in the various mental diseases considered individually is identical with that occurring in normal individuals. The contradictory reports published in the literature are due chiefly to the failure to take into account the probable error of the observed frequencies, and in occasional instances to errors in technic.
The Agglutinogens M and N in Anthropoid Apes
Authors: Wiener Alexander S.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The reactions obtained with a variety of anti-M and anti-N fluids, confirm the original observation of Landsteiner and Levine that the blood of all chimpanzees contains agglutinogens similar to but not identical with the human agglutinogens M and N. Moreover, it could be shown that M agglutinogens are also present in the blood of gibbons, orang-utans and certain species of lower monkeys. The degree of resemblance between the M agglutinogens in monkey or ape blood and human blood shows a certain degree of correlation with the position of the monkey or ape in the evolutionary scale.

From the behavior of different anti-M sera in tests on monkey blood, the existence of a number of qualitatively different M agglutinins may be assumed, yet all the sera behave alike in tests on human blood. Which M agglutinins will be formed when rabbits are immunized with human M blood evidently depends upon constitutional attributes of the rabbit.
Supplementary Note on Ultrafiltration in the Preparation of Pneumococcal Polysaccharides
Authors: Brown Rachel , Robinson L. K.
Published: January 2023

The isolation of pneumococcal polysaccharides by ultrafiltration (1) is greatly facilitated if a peptone-dialysate or ultrafiltrate is used in the medium. The procedure is similar in principle to that used in other studies of the purification of diphtheria toxin (2). The details of the preparation are outlined as follows:

Eleven hundred sixty grams of peptone (Parke, Davis and Company) suspended in tap water to a total of 4.5 kgm. are divided between two bags of cellophane1 and held for seven hours at 90°C. in a bath of 24.5 kgm. of tap water. To the dialysate are added an equivalent amount of tap water, 0.1 per cent potassium hydrogen phosphate, 0.1 per cent potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.5 per cent sodium chloride; the broth is then adjusted to pH 7.8. For further refinement the sterile peptone dialysate is subjected to ultrafiltration through a 4.7 per cent nitrocellulose-coated thimble2 and the filtrate used for culture medium as described above for the original dialysate.
The Vascular Processes in the Shwartzman Phenomenon As Observed in Pulmonary Reactions
Authors: Weir John M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The Shwartzman reaction to a filtrate of B. typhosus was studied in the lungs of rabbits. The following findings were revealed in the experiments: The intratracheal injection of a filtrate of B. typhosus produces an acute alveolitis. Four hours after the intratracheal injection intravenously injected bacteria and India ink are localized in the alveolar spaces because of an inflammatory alteration of permeability of the pulmonary blood vessels.Twenty-four hours after the intratracheal injection of filtrate the inflammatory reaction is subsiding. At this period, when the reactivity of the prepared site in the Shwartzman reaction is at its peak, there is no alteration of permeability when measured by intravenous injections of bacteria or India ink.When the “shocking” dose of filtrate is given intravenously into animals which have been previously prepared by an intratracheal injection of filtrate, the changes produced by the “shocking dose” are confined to the pulmonary blood vessels, and consist of widespread thrombosis of arterioles and venules, dilatation of the capillaries, engorgement of the capillaries with granulocytes, and disruption and swelling of the endothelium. There is no alteration of the alveolar exudate from that seen twenty-four hours after the preparatory injection. When bacteria or India ink are injected intravenously at this period, they are fixed within the blood vessels, and the India ink is plastered to the endothelium. The reaction is non-specific, for there is equal fixation of Staphylococcus aureus and B. typhosus in the lungs at this time.When bacteria were injected intravenously into rabbits which had received both the preparatory injection and the shocking injection of a filtrate of B. typhosus, embolic pneumonias were present three days after the injection of bacteria. B. typhosus produced a lobular consolidation, and Staphylococcus aureus produced abscesses.

From these findings it is concluded that the Shwartzman reaction occurs within the blood vessels of the lung as the result of an alteration of the blood vessels by the preparatory injection and that the hemorrhagic congestion that characterizes the Shwartzman reaction is secondary to the widespread thrombosis. The non-specific fixation of the bacteria indicates that the reaction is not due to an antigen-antibody reaction.
On the Agglutinative Titration of Antimeningococcal Sera, Types I and III with the Encapsulated Bacteria
Authors: Little Paul A.
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated in this paper that the antibodies which elicit the reaction of capsular swelling with types I and III meningococcus also take part in the agglutinative reaction between antimeningococcal sera and the homologous organisms. It was found possible to titrate the specific capsular antibodies even in the presence of somatic antibodies through the use of suspensions of organisms in which the capsules have been preserved. The capsules may be kept intact for some time by using formaldehyde as a preservative rather than phenol.
Microscopic Observations on the Behavior of Living Blood Vessels of the Rabbit during the Reaction of Anaphylaxis
Authors: Abell Richard G. , Schenck Harry P.
Published: January 2023

A technic is described for observing directly with the high powers of the microscope the behavior of the arterioles, capillaries, and venules of the rabbit's ear in the anaphylactic reaction. Such observations show that, in a rabbit sensitized to horse serum, intravenous injection of this antigen, or its introduction by way of the moat, may be followed by: (a) arteriolar contraction, with obliteration of the lumina of the arterioles and stoppage of the circulation, (b) increased adherence of leukocytes to the blood vascular endothelium, and leukocytic emigration through the walls of the capillaries and venules in large numbers, and (c) sticking of leukocytes to each other to form clumps, or emboli, which block the circulation in many capillaries and venules. Under some conditions all of these reactions may follow a single injection of horse serum, either intravenously or directly into the moat. Under others, arteriolar contraction may occur in the absence of extensive leukocyte-sticking, emigration, or the formation of leukocytic clumps. The repeated introduction of serum into the moat causes emigration of leukocytes in increasing numbers from the capillaries and venules, the formation of leukocytic clumps, extravasation of erythrocytes, and finally, in localized regions, endothelial destruction. Such destruction is followed by growth of new blood capillaries into the injured regions, even in the continued presence of serum. No contraction of the capillaries or venules occurred during any of the reactions. Although the blood in the vessels could be very clearly seen with the microscope, no specific precipitate was observed at any time.
The Conjugation of Haptens in Vivo
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy
Published: January 2023

A method is described whereby skin sensitivity to colloidal phenolphthalein and to body-conjugated phenolphthalein was produced. The method consists of feeding phenolphthalein to animals or injecting them with colloidal phenolphthalein and using their serums as antigens to inject into other animals of the same or of a different species. These antigens were found to contain appreciable amounts of a conjugated phenolphthalein and but little or no free phenolphthalein. It is believed that by this method other non-antigenic substances may be made antigenic (9).
Studies on Serum-Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Takeda S. , Hamano M.
Published: January 2023

It was shown in a series of reports (a) that antihorse-serum precipitin can be produced by immunizing rabbits with antigen-antibody (immune horse-serum) complexes (1), (b) that two fractions, “A” and “B”, related to antibodies can be distinguished (1, 2) and (c) that antibody-globulins (diphtheric antitoxin-globulin and pneumococcal antibody-globulin) constitute only a part of these fractions (4). It was also shown that antitoxic immunization seems to cause an increase in the A-fraction (a fraction reacting with antiserum against antitoxic globulin) whereas antibacterial immunization seems to be followed by an increase in the B-fraction (which reacts with antiserum prepared with the specific precipitates of pneumococcal SSS) (2). This would seem to indicate a possible antigenic relationship of different antibacterial antibodies on the one hand and of different antitoxins on the other.

In this report we deal with the relation between the B-fraction and pneumococcal, typhoidal, Shiga-dysenteric and plague-antibody globulins.
The Specificity of Some Mammalian Spermatozoa
Authors: Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

Antispermatozoal sera react with spermatozoa and not with serum of the same species; antisera against serum react with serum, and not with spermatozoa. Isoimmunization of female rabbits and female white rats was successful. Spermatozoa are dominantly species-specific; antisera against spermatozoa reacted best with homologous sperm cells. Nevertheless distinct cross-reactions occurred with heterologous spermatozoa. Isoantisera reacted like heteroantisera. It is therefore possible to differentiate between spermatozoa of different species by means of antispermatozoal isosera. Cross-reactions are stronger in closely related species, but they also occur between more distantly related species. They are distinctly positive between the spermatozoa of bull and man. Blood-group substances are not causes of these cross-reactions.
Second Attacks of Experimental Poliomyelitis in Macacus Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Toomey John A.
Published: January 2023

Monkeys (Macacus rhesus) which have survived a mild attack of experimental poliomyelitis following the injection of a weak strain of virus 1, develop second attacks when given a minimal paralyzing dose (M.P.D.) of a more virulent heterologous strain; 2, are protected when given a second M.P.D. of a weak heterologous strain.

Monkeys which have survived a severe attack following the injection of a virulent strain of virus always survive when given a M.P.D. 1, of a weak heterologous strain, or 2, of a virulent homologous or heterologous strain. These animals, however, may develop the disease again, if given massive doses of a homologous or heterologous strain of highly virulent virus.
Response in the Horse to Mexican Typhus Infection
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz , Vargas-Curiel J.
Published: January 2023

Horses inoculated with Mexican typhus develop a febrile reaction of short duration, accompanied by the appearance of certain serological manifestations, i.e., the sera develop the capacity to agglutinate Proteus X 19 and to opsonize Rickettsia prowazeki.

It is thought that the reactions observed in the inoculated horses are due to actual infection by the agent of typhus, in spite of failure to recover the rickettsiae from the blood of the animals.

The sera of the infected horses show little protective activity, though the Weil-Felix agglutinins reached rather high titers.

The results of the inoculation of living rickettsiae to superimmunize horses for the production of anti-typhus horse serum will be reported in a subsequent paper.
On a Rapid Method for the Standardization of Antimeningococcal Horse Serum Type I
Authors: Little Paul A.
Published: January 2023

A new quantitative method for the estimation of type I antibody in antimeningococcal serum, utilizing photoelectric measurements of turbidity is presented. It is shown that the method gives a high degree of correlation with the quantitative method of Heidelberger and Kendall which has been applied by Scherp and Rake to antimeningococcal serum.

Indebtedness is acknowledged to Dr. H. W. Scherp for the Type I meningococcal polysaccharide used in this study, and to A. M. Moos of this laboratory for the chemical analyses.