bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nondestructive Evaluation of Functionally Graded Subsurface Damage on Cylinders in Nuclear Installations Based on Circumferential SH Waves
Authors: Qu Zhen , Shen Xiaoqin , Cao Xiaoshan
Published: September 2016

Subsurface damage could affect the service life of structures. In nuclear engineering, nondestructive evaluation and detection of the evaluation of the subsurface damage region are of great importance to ensure the safety of nuclear installations. In this paper, we propose the use of circumferential horizontal shear (SH) waves to detect mechanical properties of subsurface regions of damage on cylindrical structures. The regions of surface damage are considered to be functionally graded material (FGM) and the cylinder is considered to be a layered structure. The Bessel functions and the power series technique are employed to solve the governing equations. By analyzing the SH waves in the 12Cr-ODS ferritic steel cylinder, which is frequently applied in the nuclear installations, we discuss the relationship between the phase velocities of SH waves in the cylinder with subsurface layers of damage and the mechanical properties of the subsurface damaged regions. The results show that the subsurface damage could lead to decrease of the SH waves’ phase velocity. The gradient parameters, which represent the degree of subsurface damage, can be evaluated by the variation of the SH waves’ phase velocity. Research results of this study can provide theoretical guidance in nondestructive evaluation for use in the analysis of the reliability and durability of nuclear installations.
Considerations of Physical Design and Implementation for 5 MHz-100 W LLC Resonant DC-DC Converters
Authors: Hariya Akinori , Matsuura Ken , Yanagi Hiroshige , Tomioka Satoshi , Ishizuka Yoichi , Ninomiya Tamotsu
Published: September 2016

Recently, high power-density, high power-efficiency, and wide regulation range isolated DC-DC converters have been required. This paper presents considerations of physical design and implementation for wide regulation range MHz-level LLC resonant DC-DC converters. The circuit parameters are designed with 3–5 MHz-level switching frequency. Also, the physical parameters and the size of the planar transformer are optimized by using derived equations and finite element method (FEM) with Maxwell 3D. Some experiments are done with prototype LLC resonant DC-DC converter using gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors (GaN-HEMTs); the input voltage is 42–53 V, the reference output voltage is 12 V, the load current is 8 A, the maximum switching frequency is about 5 MHz, the total volume of the circuit is 4.1 cm3, and the power density of the prototype converter is 24.4 W/cc.
Time Trends and Predictors of Abnormal Postoperative Body Temperature in Infants Transported to the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Schroeck Hedwig , Lyden Angela K. , Benedict Wendy L. , Ramachandran Satya Krishna
Published: September 2016

Background. Despite increasing adoption of active warming methods over the recent years, little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions on the occurrence of abnormal postoperative temperatures in sick infants.Methods. Preoperative and postoperative temperature readings, patient characteristics, and procedural factors of critically ill infants at a single institution were retrieved retrospectively from June 2006 until May 2014. The primary endpoints were the incidence and trend of postoperative hypothermia and hyperthermia on arrival at the intensive care units. Univariate and adjusted analyses were performed to identify factors independently associated with abnormal postoperative temperatures.Results. 2,350 cases were included. 82% were normothermic postoperatively, while hypothermia and hyperthermia each occurred in 9% of cases. During the study period, hypothermia decreased from 24% to 2% (p<0.0001) while hyperthermia remained unchanged (13% in 2006, 8% in 2014,p=0.357). Factors independently associated with hypothermia were higher ASA status (p=0.02), lack of intraoperative convective warming (p<0.001) and procedure date before 2010 (p<0.001). Independent associations for postoperative hyperthermia included lower body weight (p=0.01) and procedure date before 2010 (p<0.001).Conclusions. We report an increase in postoperative normothermia rates in critically ill infants from 2006 until 2014. Careful monitoring to avoid overcorrection and hyperthermia is recommended.
RET Aberrations in Diverse Cancers: Next-Generation Sequencing of 4,871 Patients
Authors: Kato Shumei , Subbiah Vivek , Marchlik Erica , Elkin Sheryl K. , Carter Jennifer L. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: September 2016

Purpose: Aberrations in genetic sequences encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor RET lead to oncogenic signaling that is targetable with anti-RET multikinase inhibitors. Understanding the comprehensive genomic landscape of RET aberrations across multiple cancers may facilitate clinical trial development targeting RET.

Experimental Design: We interrogated the molecular portfolio of 4,871 patients with diverse malignancies for the presence of RET aberrations using Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified targeted next-generation sequencing of 182 or 236 gene panels.

Results: Among diverse cancers, RET aberrations were identified in 88 cases [1.8% (88/4, 871)], with mutations being the most common alteration [38.6% (34/88)], followed by fusions [30.7% (27/88), including a novel SQSTM1-RET] and amplifications [25% (22/88)]. Most patients had coexisting aberrations in addition to RET anomalies [81.8% (72/88)], with the most common being in TP53-associated genes [59.1% (52/88)], cell cycle–associated genes [39.8% (35/88)], the PI3K signaling pathway [30.7% (27/88)], MAPK effectors [22.7% (20/88)], or other tyrosine kinase families [21.6% (19/88)]. RET fusions were mutually exclusive with MAPK signaling pathway alterations. All 72 patients harboring coaberrations had distinct genomic portfolios, and most [98.6% (71/72)] had potentially targetable coaberrations with either an FDA-approved or an investigational agent. Two cases with lung (KIF5B-RET) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (RET M918T) that responded to a vandetanib (multikinase RET inhibitor)-containing regimen are shown.

Conclusions: RET aberrations were seen in 1.8% of diverse cancers, with most cases harboring actionable, albeit distinct, coexisting alterations. The current report suggests that optimal targeting of patients with RET anomalies will require customized combination strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1988–97. ©2016 AACR.
Circulating protein Z concentration, PROZ variants, and unexplained cerebral infarction in young and middle-aged adults
Authors: Zhang Lili , Segal Alan Z. , Leifer Dana , Silverstein Roy L. , Gerber Linda M. , Devereux Richard B. , Kizer Jorge R.
Published: September 2016

Protein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K–dependent plasma protein that exhibits both pro- and anticoagulant properties. Both low and high PZ levels have been linked to ischaemic stroke. Although PZ-lowering gene variants have been found to be less common in ischaemic stroke, the relationship remains unclear. We investigated PZ levels and PROZ variants in a multi-ethnic case-control study of unexplained stroke in participants aged 18 to 64. Plasma PZ was measured in cases (≥2 months post-stroke) and controls. PZ polymorphisms G79A (rs3024735) and A13G (2273971) were genotyped. A combined genetic score (0–4 minor alleles) was created assuming additive effects. A total of 715 individuals (1:1.4 cases:controls) was included. Analyses revealed evidence of a non-linear association. After adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates, PZ levels >2.5 µg/ml (90th %ile) were significantly associated with cryptogenic stroke (OR 2.41 [95 % CI 1.34, 4.34]) as compared with lower levels. Higher genetic score was related to progressively lower levels of PZ, and the presence of four minor alleles was associated with lower odds of stroke (adjusted OR 0.26 [95 % CI 0.07, 0.96]) versus 0 minor alleles. In this multi-ethnic study of young and middle-aged adults, there was evidence of a nonlinear positive association between PZ level and unexplained stroke, with a directionally consistent association for genetic variants related to PZ levels and cryptogenic stroke. These findings support elevated PZ levels as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke.
Dynamic Resistance Training as Stand‐Alone Antihypertensive Lifestyle Therapy: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: MacDonald Hayley V. , Johnson Blair T. , Huedo‐Medina Tania B. , Livingston Jill , Forsyth Kym C. , Kraemer William J. , Farinatti Paulo T.V. , Pescatello Linda S.
Published: September 2016

Background

Aerobic exercise (
AE
) is recommended as first‐line antihypertensive lifestyle therapy based on strong evidence showing that it lowers blood pressure (
BP
) 5 to 7 mm Hg among adults with hypertension. Because of weaker evidence showing that dynamic resistance training (
RT
) reduces
BP
2 to 3 mm Hg among adults with hypertension, it is recommended as adjuvant lifestyle therapy to
AE
training. Yet, existing evidence suggests that dynamic
RT
can lower
BP
as much or more than
AE
.

Methods and Results

We meta‐analyzed 64 controlled studies (71 interventions) to determine the efficacy of dynamic
RT
as stand‐alone antihypertensive therapy. Participants (N=2344) were white (57%), middle‐aged (47.2±19.0 years), and overweight (26.8±3.4 kg/m
2
) adults with prehypertension (126.7±10.3/76.8±8.7 mm Hg); 15% were on antihypertensive medication. Overall, moderate‐intensity dynamic
RT
was performed 2.8±0.6 days/week for 14.4±7.9 weeks and elicited small‐to‐moderate reductions in systolic
BP
(
SBP
; d
+
=−0.31; 95%
CI
s, −0.43, −0.19; −3.0 mm Hg) and diastolic
BP
(
DBP
; d
+
=−0.30; 95%
CI
s, −0.38, −0.18; −2.1 mm Hg) compared to controls (
P
s<0.001). Greater
BP
reductions occurred among samples with higher resting
SBP
/
DBP
: ≈6/5 mm Hg for hypertension, ≈3/3 mm Hg for prehypertension, and ≈0/1 mm Hg for normal
BP
(
P
s<0.023). Furthermore, nonwhite samples with hypertension experienced
BP
reductions that were approximately twice the magnitude of those previously reported following
AE
training (−14.3 mm Hg [95%
CI
s, −19.0, −9.4]/−10.3 mm Hg [95%
CI
s, −14.5, −6.2]).

Conclusions

Our results indicate that for nonwhite adult samples with hypertension, dynamic
RT
may elicit
BP
reductions that are comparable to or greater than those reportedly achieved with
AE
training. Dynamic
RT
should be further investigated as a viable stand‐alone therapeutic exercise option for adult populations with high
BP
.
The Complexity of Popular Religiosity: A Cognitive and Symbolic Approach
Authors: Salazar Carles
Published: September 2016

Popular religiosity manifests itself alongside a heterogeneous continuum of beliefs, behaviours, modes of thinking and modes of living that flows between two poles: the experiential pole and the normative pole. A central theme in this paper will be that all forms of religiosity originate in a combination of innate predispositions and cultural upbringing; hence human religious experience needs to be approached by combining both cognitive and symbolic approaches. To this effect, this paper attempts to make use of an ethnographic research into ordinary forms of religiosity in order to show that religious ideas are not only parasitic upon evolved human cognitive abilities, as mainstream cognitive approaches to religion have claimed, but also on human symbolic languages, which in turn should be seen as a by-product of those evolved cognitive abilities.
Evidence for the Context Dependence of the Side-Effect Effect
Authors: Lau Stephan , Reisenzein Rainer
Published: September 2016

In four experiments involving 565 German speakers we tested several hypotheses about possible determinants of the side-effect effect (see), which consists of judging foreseen bad, but not good, side-effects of actions as intentionally produced. Experiment 1 failed to find intentionality ascriptions for bad side-effects for the majority of the participants in two different scenarios and obtained no consistent support for two hypothesized social-cognitive determinants of the see, the agent’s attitude and the mode of effect description. Experiment 2 replicated the see in the original ceo scenario, but again found no evidence that the effect was influenced by the agent’s attitude towards the side-effect. The see was also not influenced by a manipulation of the moral quality of the agent’s primary goal. Experiment 3 investigated six additional scenarios used in previous studies and again obtained clear evidence for the see only in the ceo scenario. In addition, Experiment 3 demonstrated that judgments of both intent and intentionality strongly increased if the original side-effect was described as a means to the agent’s primary goal, or as an independently pursued goal. Taken together, the findings suggest that for German speakers, the see depends on the specifics of the scenario content and is difficult to obtain outside the original ceo scenario. Consistent with these conclusions, Experiment 4 documented parallel difficulties replicating the “means effect”, an analogue of the see on the level of means, but replicated the see in a scenario closely modeled after the original ceo scenario.
Individual and Cross-Cultural Differences in Semantic Intuitions: New Experimental Findings
Authors: Beebe James R. , Undercoffer Ryan
Published: September 2016

In 2004 Edouard Machery, Ron Mallon, Shaun Nichols and Stephen Stich published what has become one of the most widely discussed papers in experimental philosophy, in which they reported that East Asian and Western participants had different intuitions about the semantic reference of proper names. A flurry of criticisms of their work has emerged, and although various replications have been performed, many critics remain unconvinced. We review the current debate over Machery et al.’s (2004) results and take note of which objections to their work have been satisfactorily answered and which ones still need to be addressed. We then report the results of studies that reveal significant cross-cultural and intra-cultural differences in semantic intuitions when we control for variables that critics allege have had a potentially distorting effect on Machery et al.’s findings. These variables include the epistemic perspective from which participants are supposed to understand the research materials, unintended anchoring effects of those materials, and pragmatic factors involved in the interpretation of speech acts within them. Our results confirm the robustness of the cross-cultural differences observed by Machery et al. and thereby strengthen the philosophical challenge they pose.
Description of Pseudaphelenchus zhoushanensis n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in the wood of Pinus thunbergii at Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Fang Yiwu , Li Hongmei , Maria Munawar , Bert Wim
Published: September 2016

Pseudaphelenchus zhoushanensisn. sp. was isolated from a deadPinus thunbergiiat Changgang Mountain, Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, China. It is characterised by the small to medium length body, cuticle slightly annulated, presence of three lateral lines, stylet 9.0-10.7 μm with small but conspicuous basal knobs, excretory pore located from same level as the metacorpus to slightly anterior to metacorpus, true bursa surrounding entire tail but inconspicuous, male tail conical with a single mucron, spicule with distinct condylus and rostrum strongly arcuate to a pointed end, female tail conical with annulation, strongly ventrally bent in distal part of tail, with terminus bluntly pointed or finely mucronate. Phylogenetic analyses using sequences of the18S and 28S D2-D3 regions of rDNA confirmed the status ofP. zhoushanensisn. sp. as a new species. Combining the molecular phylogenetic analyses, morphology and biology ofP. zhoushanensisn. sp. andTylaphelenchus jiaaeindicates thatT. jiaaeis a member ofPseudaphelenchusto which it is herein transferred asP. jiaaen. comb. (=T. jiaae).
Revisiting Res Judicata and Lis Pendens in Investor-State Arbitration
Authors: Magnaye Jose , Reinisch August
Published: September 2016

Questions concerning res judicata and lis pendens in investment arbitration proceedings remain a subject of academic discussions, particularly with regard to the application of the “triple identity test”. The necessity of a more coherent approach to the matter is a pressing issue amidst the criticisms of the investor-state arbitration system as a whole. Finding viable solutions to prevent multiple/parallel proceedings and contradicting decisions is crucial in further strengthening the rule of law in investment arbitration.
Reflections on the Philippines/China Arbitration
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: September 2016

The South China Sea dispute between the Philippines and China can be viewed as a mixed dispute that involves both territorial and maritime issues. In this regard, an issue arises concerning whether an Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal under the un Convention on the Law of the Sea can adjudicate a mixed dispute. The Philippines/China arbitral award of 29 October 2015, along with the 2015 Mauritius/United Kingdom arbitration, sheds some light on this issue. Furthermore, with regard to Article 281 of the Convention, the Tribunal in the Philippines/China arbitration adopted an interpretation that is different from the interpretation adopted by the Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal in the 2000 Southern Bluefin Tuna arbitration. The Philippines/China arbitral award provides important insight into the interpretation of Article 281. In addition, the Tribunal’s treatment of China’s informal communications merits particular attention.
Rethinking Religion and Economics in Ancient Israel
Authors: Erickson Amy
Published: September 2016

Roland Boer marshals Marxist economic theory to stage an intervention designed to do nothing less than unseat neoliberalism as the regnant economic model in the study of ancient Israel. This response to Boer raises questions about the Boer’s treatment of the sacred and the notion of embedded religion. It also suggests that Bourdieu’s notion of “doxic” ideology can provide a balance to Boer’s voluntaristic model.
On Reading Mistakenly . . . and Otherwise
Authors: Brueggemann Walter
Published: September 2016

This response to Boer’s fine study accepts that his analysis of the “sacred economy” of ancient Israel is fully on target. This response asks, in turn, “How did we learn to read the Bible mistakenly?” and “How do we learn to read it more honestly and knowingly?” Our long-term mistaken reading, I suggest, arises from our excessive commitment to positivistic history that caused a disregard of “on the ground” social reality. We may read more honestly and knowingly when we attend, as Boer shows us how to do, more fully to the insistent materiality of this society and of this textual attestation to that society. The “more” beyond Boer’s analysis includes a critical awareness of the claim in the text that the mystery of holiness pervades the text and its articulation of social reality, a holiness that cannot be legitimately disregarded in our reading.
Puzzling Apostolic Hermeneutics of the Old Testament as Theological Hermeneutics
Authors: Nyende Peter
Published: September 2016

In this article, I argue that puzzling apostolic interpretations of some Old Testament messages as fulfilled in specific New Testament contexts, to which the Old Testa-ment messages do not apparently refer, are actually applications of the Old Testament messages to apostolic times. These applications are informed by a view of God, distinctively manifest in prophecy, which understands him to speak in ways commensurate with his foreknowledge and purposes, with the result that what he has said has multiple references beyond the single initial one. This view of God is presupposed by the apostles’ use of the verb πληρωθῇ through its close association with prophecy, hence their use of the verb for “applies to”.
Beckett on Aging
Authors: Rehm Rush
Published: September 2016

The impetus for the project “Beckett on Aging” goes back to a conference held in San Francisco and called “The Poetics of Aging,” whose aim was to promote an attitude of interest in the elderly by using literature and theater. The problem of aging is modern, and that makes aging people pioneers, whom we should try to learn from, rather than discard them as diseased people. The experience of deprivation in aging echoes Beckett’s ‘poetics of subtraction,’ and the way he plays incessantly with the opposition between Parmenides’s view that all change is illusion, and Heraclitus’s counter-assertion that there is nothing but change.
Un air de déjà vieux
Authors: Lafont Suzanne
Published: September 2016

Beckett’s work is not on or about old age ; but old age is its base material. Together with childhood, it forms a couple, often present in the same frame. To some extent, Beckett’s writing thwarts the stereotypes associated with aging, usually seen as a process of decay. In his plays in particular, disabilities give skills, which give the opportunity to perceive aging otherwise by literary means. Among them, the cliché offers a verbal equivalent to aging, whose operating is epitomized by Winnie resisting the danger of getting bogged down.
Ce que Beckett fait entendre
Authors: Vives Jean-Michel
Published: September 2016

Didier Anzieu’s Beckett et le psychanalyste is the most substantial French psychoanalytic work about Beckett, and it epitomizes both the brilliant findings and the dead-ends of psychoanalysis applied to literature. Conversely, following Pierre Bayard’s provocative suggestion, one can try to ‘apply’ Beckett’s writings to psychoanalysis. Some of Beckett’s texts staging a voice describe a distinctive form of the ‘invocatory drive’ : the s’ entendre (self-listening), which could be characteristic of the reminiscence associated with aging.
Loi humaine et loi naturelle dans Oh les beaux jours
Authors: Nouvel Pascal
Published: September 2016

What does Beckett say about the phenomenology of natural laws, that is to say about the way they are experienced by the human subject ? In Paul Valery’s The Graveyard by the Sea, human law is absorbed by natural law, constant and grave. In Happy Days, Beckett makes us feel that this absorption is a gradual process, without brutality, without rebellion : human law imperceptibly ‘surrenders’ to natural law. Beckett allows us to perceive a complex feeling, hard to define, and even to name : this is one of the contributions literature makes to philosophical thought.
Winnie entre temps et être
Authors: Pujol Jean-Louis
Published: September 2016

Contrasting with Bergson’s time of consciousness as the subjective perception of a time stream, Winnie embodies the repetitive time of anxiety. Every major somatic event (the one Winnie experiences, as well as the patient being told of a life-threatening condition) consigns the subject to a temporal anomie, that Lacan has worked out in theoretical terms. His stressing of three separate sequences : l’ instant du regard (the instant of a glance), le temps pour comprendre (the time to understand), le moment de conclure (the moment to conclude), may help us to understand how and why one can immobilize oneself, as Winnie does, in repetition.
Les beaux jours de Madeleine
Authors: Lieber Gérard
Published: September 2016

Beckett’s Happy Days kept Madeleine Renaud company during the last part of her professional life. The play was a landmark in the turbulent evolution of the Compagnie Renaud-Barrault, and it helped the actress to reinvent herself when she reached an age when most actresses stop being on the stage. Madeleine grew old with Winnie, both building with the audience a highly emotional relationship.
Now and Then
Authors: Fox Patrick
Published: September 2016

Oh les beaux jours de Beckett éclaire certains thèmes centraux dans la question de la vieillesse, et elle les réfléchit d’ une manière particulièrement précise et dense: l’ importance d’ avoir un compagnon de vieillesse; une conscience accrue de la finitude humaine et en même temps de la possibilité d’ être délivré par la mort des épreuves de la vie; un sens plus aigu du plaisir que recèle à notre insu le train-train de la vie quotidienne; une plus grande sensibilité aux (et un plus grand regret des) occasions perdues de la vie; l’ importance de poursuivre ses activités en dépit des changements provoqués par l’ âge.
Notes on the genus Entoloma (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in two volcanic areas of Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: MONTAÑEZ DIEGO , NOORDELOOS MACHIEL E. , RODRÍGUEZ OLIVIA , VARGAS OFELIA , GUZMÁN-DÁVALOS LAURA
Published: September 2016

Fifteen species of the genus Entoloma, found in high elevations of Nevado de Colima and the Tequila volcanos, both in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, are presented. Their macromorphological and micromorphological structures are described and general characteristics of their habitat; furthermore, comments about their distinctive features and similar species in the literature are given. Of these 15 species, three are described as new, 11 represent the first records for Mexico, and the remaining one is the second record for the country. The species generally show much resemblance to Entoloma taxa described from the Southern United States of America and to a lesser extent, those of Europe.
Additions to Karst Fungi 2: Alpestrisphaeria jonesii from Guizhou Province, China
Authors: ARIYAWANSA HIRAN A. , HYDE KEVIN D. , THAMBUGALA KASUN M. , MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA SAJEEWA S. N. , AL-SADI ABDULLAH M. , LIU ZUO YI
Published: September 2016

Lophiostomataceae (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes) is a ubiquitous family that includes saprobic species associated with a wide variety of substrates in various habitats. DNA based studies have shown numerous genera can be determined within the family Lophiostomataceae that do not always connect to species based on morphological characteristics. An undescribed ascomycete, similar to species of Lophiostomataceae, was collected from dead wood in the South China karst area in Guizhou Province. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS, SSU, LSU and EF1α sequence data revealed that the new taxon nested in the genus Alpestrisphaeria in Lophiostomataceae, thus the novel taxon is introduced as Alpestrisphaeria jonesii. Diagnostic features are erumpent, coriaceous to carbonaceous, subglobose ascomata, a slit-like ostiole with periphyses, filiform pseudoparaphyses, fissitunicate, cylindrical asci and filamentous, 10–15-euseptate, hyaline ascospores. Alpestrisphaeria jonesii can be readily distinguished from the generic type of Alpestrisphaeria, A. terricola by the shape of its asci and ascospores.
Zehneria subcoriacea (Cucurbitaceae), a New Species from Kenya
Authors: ZHOU YA-DONG , MBUNI YUVENALIS , HU GUANG-WAN , YAN XUE , MWACHALA GEOFFREY , WANG QING-FENG
Published: September 2016

Zehneria subcoriacea Y.D. Zhou & Q.F. Wang, a new species of Cucurbitaceae is described and illustrated here, which is recorded as Zehneria sp. A in Flora of Tropical East Africa. It is easily recognized by its sub-coriaceous leaves and hairy stamens and staminodes.
The Importance of the Shape of Cloud Droplet Size Distributions in Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part I: Bin Microphysics Simulations
Authors: Igel Adele L. , van den Heever Susan C.
Published: September 2016

In this two-part study, the relationships between the width of the cloud droplet size distribution and the microphysical processes and cloud characteristics of nonprecipitating shallow cumulus clouds are investigated using large-eddy simulations. In Part I, simulations are run with a bin microphysics scheme and the relative widths (standard deviation divided by mean diameter) of the simulated cloud droplet size distributions are calculated. They reveal that the value of the relative width is higher and less variable in the subsaturated regions of the cloud than in the supersaturated regions owing to both the evaporation process itself and enhanced mixing and entrainment of environmental air. Unlike in some previous studies, the relative width is not found to depend strongly on the initial aerosol concentration or mean droplet concentration. Nonetheless, local values of the relative width are found to positively correlate with local values of the droplet concentrations, particularly in the supersaturated regions of clouds. In general, the distributions become narrower as the local droplet concentration increases, which is consistent with the difference in relative width between the supersaturated and subsaturated cloud regions and with physically based expectations. Traditional parameterizations for the relative width (or shape parameter, a related quantity) of cloud droplet size distributions in bulk microphysics schemes are based on cloud mean values, but the bin simulation results shown here demonstrate that more appropriate parameterizations should be based on the relationship between the local values of the relative width and the cloud droplet concentration.
The Resolution Sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere Blocking in Four 25-km Atmospheric Global Circulation Models
Authors: Schiemann Reinhard , Demory Marie-Estelle , Shaffrey Len C. , Strachan Jane , Vidale Pier Luigi , Mizielinski Matthew S. , Roberts Malcolm J. , Matsueda Mio , Wehner Michael F. , Jung Thomas
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study is to investigate if the representation of Northern Hemisphere blocking is sensitive to resolution in current-generation atmospheric global circulation models (AGCMs). An evaluation is conducted of how well atmospheric blocking is represented in four AGCMs whose horizontal resolution is increased from a grid spacing of more than 100 km to about 25 km. It is shown that Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated overall more credibly at higher resolution (i.e., in better agreement with a 50-yr reference blocking climatology created from the reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim). The improvement seen with resolution depends on the season and to some extent on the model considered. Euro-Atlantic blocking is simulated more realistically at higher resolution in winter, spring, and autumn, and robustly so across the model ensemble. The improvement in spring is larger than that in winter and autumn. Summer blocking is found to be better simulated at higher resolution by one model only, with little change seen in the other three models. The representation of Pacific blocking is not found to systematically depend on resolution. Despite the improvements seen with resolution, the 25-km models still exhibit large biases in Euro-Atlantic blocking. For example, three of the four 25-km models underestimate winter northern European blocking frequency by about one-third. The resolution sensitivity and biases in the simulated blocking are shown to be in part associated with the mean-state biases in the models’ midlatitude circulation.
A Modeling Study of a Trapped Lee-Wave Event over the Pyrénées
Authors: Udina Mireia , Soler Maria Rosa , Sol Ona
Published: September 2016

A trapped lee-wave mountain event in the southern part of the Pyrénées area is analyzed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Model experiments are designed to address the WRF predictability of such an event and to explore the influence of the model parameters in resolving the mountain waves. The results show that the model is able to capture a trapped lee-wave event using the 1-km horizontal grid model outputs. Different initial conditions, the vertical grid resolution, and the resolved topography lead to changes in the wave field distribution and the wave amplitude meaning that an ensemble of different model settings may be able to quantify the uncertainty of the numerical solutions. However, the model experiments do not significantly change the wavelength of the generated mountain waves, which is shorter in the three-dimensional real simulations than the one derived from satellite imagery. Comparison with observational data from the surface stations and a wind profiler upstream of the mountain range shows that the model underestimates the horizontal wind speed and this can be the reason for the underestimation of the wavelength. In addition, the valley circulations and the formation of a rotor near the surface are explored. The formation of a low-level rotor in the model is intermittent and brief, and it interacts with other flows coming from multiple directions. The first strong wave updraft is located over the valley aligned with the highest mountain peaks and strong vorticity is captured from the surface up to the first wave crest.
Extrapolation of Survival Curves from Cancer Trials Using External Information
Authors: Guyot Patricia , Ades Anthony E. , Beasley Matthew , Lueza Béranger , Pignon Jean-Pierre , Welton Nicky J.
Published: September 2016

Background: Estimates of life expectancy are a key input to cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) models for cancer treatments. Due to the limited follow-up in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), parametric models are frequently used to extrapolate survival outcomes beyond the RCT period. However, different parametric models that fit the RCT data equally well may generate highly divergent predictions of treatment-related gain in life expectancy. Here, we investigate the use of information external to the RCT data to inform model choice and estimation of life expectancy. Methods: We used Bayesian multi-parameter evidence synthesis to combine the RCT data with external information on general population survival, conditional survival from cancer registry databases, and expert opinion. We illustrate with a 5-year follow-up RCT of cetuximab plus radiotherapy v. radiotherapy alone for head and neck cancer. Results: Standard survival time distributions were insufficiently flexible to simultaneously fit both the RCT data and external data on general population survival. Using spline models, we were able to estimate a model that was consistent with the trial data and all external data. A model integrating all sources achieved an adequate fit and predicted a 4.7-month (95% CrL: 0.4; 9.1) gain in life expectancy due to cetuximab. Conclusions: Long-term extrapolation using parametric models based on RCT data alone is highly unreliable and these models are unlikely to be consistent with external data. External data can be integrated with RCT data using spline models to enable long-term extrapolation. Conditional survival data could be used for many cancers and general population survival may have a role in other conditions. The use of external data should be guided by knowledge of natural history and treatment mechanisms.
Modèles de mélange fini (FMM) appliqués à la segmentation du marché du travail à Bogota
Authors: Deguilhem Thibaud , Seetahul Suneha
Published: September 2016

Finite Mixture Models (FMM) Applied to the Segmentation of the Bogota Labor Market. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the semi-parametric approach with Finite Mixture Models (FMM) is a real alternative to clustering procedures to explain social phenomena. We present the general framework of FMM before detailing the three stages of Finite Mixture Regression Models (FMRM). An empirical application of this new method is used to analyze the segmentation between formal and informal economy on the labor market in Bogota.
Arterial hemodynamics are impaired at rest and following acute exercise in overweight young men
Authors: Moore Stephanie M , Berrones Adam J , Clasey Jody L , Abel Mark G , Fleenor Bradley S
Published: September 2016

Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with greater cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, in part due to aortic stiffening assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Importantly, greater cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; VO2peak) decreases CVD risk, and is associated with reductions in aortic stiffness. We tested the hypothesis that young adult overweight (OW, n=17) compared with healthy-weight (HW, n=17) men will have greater resting aortic stiffness, reduced CRF and an impaired post-exercise hemodynamic response. Resting cfPWV was greater in OW versus HW individuals (5.81 ± 0.13 vs 4.81 ± 0.12 m/sec, p<0.05). Relative CRF (VO2peak; mL/kg/min) was lower in OW compared with HW individuals (49.4 ± 1.3 vs 57.6 ± 1.0 mL/kg/min, p<0.05), and was inversely related with cfPWV ( p<0.05). However, CRF as absolute VO2peak (L/min) was not different between groups and there was no relation between cfPWV and absolute VO2peak (L/min), indicating reduced relative CRF in OW men is due to greater body mass. Following the maximal treadmill exercise test, cfPWV was greater in OW compared with HW subjects from rest to 60 minutes post-exercise ( p<0.05). Compared with HW, OW individuals had higher systolic blood pressure (main effect, p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure was selectively increased for up to 60 minutes following exercise ( p<0.05). Overweight individuals had an attenuated post-exercise decrease in mean arterial pressure ( p<0.05). Collectively, these results indicate that young, apparently healthy, OW men have greater resting aortic stiffening and an impaired post-exercise hemodynamic response.
The use of desmopressin acetate in patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage: A review
Authors: Mappus Jennifer L , Fellows Shawn E , Anand Sridhar , Gandhi Mona A
Published: September 2016

Objective

This review presents current literature on desmopressin acetate as mono- and adjuvant therapy and its ability to stabilize platelet function in patients presenting with intracranial hemorrhage on pre-injury antiplatelet agents of aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel and/or ticagrelor.

Design

PubMed, MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched through to 1st March 2016. Inclusion criteria were case reports, reviews, short communications and brief reports on reported patients with any type of intracranial hemorrhage while on oral antiplatelet agents. Reports on desmopressin acetate in surgical candidates were excluded due to the nature of the bleed.

Results

A scoping search was performed in three databases with 89 articles identified based on the search criteria. All returned articles were evaluated by the authors with four articles suitable for inclusion.

Conclusion

While desmopressin acetate has a promising mechanism of action for enhancing primary hemostasis, the articles reported conflicting results possibly due to limited study sample sizes, lack of standards on measuring platelet function, data on weight-based dosing and guidelines. Further research is needed to evaluate desmopressin acetate as monotherapy. If used, it should be considered adjunct therapy to platelet transfusions for patients on oral antiplatelet agents requiring emergent hemostasis.
How cops see themselves
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Copenhaver Allen
Published: September 2016

This study provides the first assessment of officer self-regard and physical confidence among a sample of state police officers. Specifically, this study aims to identify health and wellness predictors of officer self-regard and physical confidence. Data were collected from surveys of all sworn members of one state police agency. State police officer self-regard is predicted by officers’ work shift, officer exercise, fast food consumption, officer sleep, and officers experiencing depression. No significant predictors of officer physical confidence were identified. This is the only study of health and wellness predictors of officer self-regard and physical confidence. Several health and wellness factors are predictive of officer self-regard, but more research should be conducted to identify health and wellness predictors of officer physical confidence.
Representing and decomposing genomic structural variants as balanced integer flows on sequence graphs
Authors: Zerbino Daniel R. , Ballinger Tracy , Paten Benedict , Hickey Glenn , Haussler David
Published: September 2016

Background

The study of genomic variation has provided key insights into the functional role of mutations. Predominantly, studies have focused on single nucleotide variants (SNV), which are relatively easy to detect and can be described with rich mathematical models. However, it has been observed that genomes are highly plastic, and that whole regions can be moved, removed or duplicated in bulk. These structural variants (SV) have been shown to have significant impact on phenotype, but their study has been held back by the combinatorial complexity of the underlying models.

Results

We describe here a general model of structural variation that encompasses both balanced rearrangements and arbitrary copy-number variants (CNV).

Conclusions

In this model, we show that the space of possible evolutionary histories that explain the structural differences between any two genomes can be sampled ergodically.
Analyzing climate variations at multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures
Authors: Muñoz ángel G , Thomson Madeleine C , Goddard Lisa , Aldighieri Sylvain
Published: September 2016

Background

The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2014–2016 occurred during a period of severe drought and unusually high temperatures, conditions that have been associated with the 2015–2016 El Niño event, and/or climate change; however, no quantitative assessment has been made to date. Analysis of related flaviviruses transmitted by the same vectors suggests that ZIKV dynamics are sensitive to climate seasonality and longer-term variability and trends. A better understanding of the climate conditions conducive to the 2014–2016 epidemic may permit the development of climate-informed short and long-term strategies for ZIKV prevention and control.

Results

Using a novel timescale-decomposition methodology, we demonstrate that the extreme climate anomalies observed in most parts of South America during the current epidemic are not caused exclusively by El Niño or climate change, but by a combination of climate signals acting at multiple timescales. In Brazil, the dry conditions present in 2013–2015 are primarily explained by year-to-year variability superimposed on decadal variability, but with little contribution of long-term trends. In contrast, the warm temperatures of 2014–2015 resulted from the compound effect of climate change, decadal and year-to-year climate variability.

Conclusions

ZIKV response strategies made in Brazil during the drought concurrent with the 2015–2016 El Niño event, may require revision in light of the likely return of rainfall associated with the borderline La Niña event expected in 2016–2017. Temperatures are likely to remain warm given the importance of long term and decadal scale climate signals.
An empirical test of the triple bottom line of customer-centric sustainability: the case of fast fashion
Authors: Park Hyejune , Kim Youn-Kyung
Published: September 2016

The aims of this study were (a) to determine if the triple bottom line (TBL) model can serve as an accounting framework for consumers’ perceived sustainability of fashion brands; (b) to investigate whether TBL sustainability can be linked to brand relationships with fast fashion; and (c) to determine whether the predictive role of the TBL sustainability of fast fashion brands differs from that of sustainable fashion brands. Three research questions were formulated to achieve these goals. To this end, a series of statistical analyses were conducted on the consumer panel data (N = 732) gathered via a market research firm. The sample included US consumers who have shopped from either fast fashion brands or sustainable fashion brands. The results suggest that the TBL model is an effective tool for explaining a consumer’s perception of a fashion brand’s sustainability. The results also reveal disparate effects of TBL sustainability on brand outcomes between fast fashion brands and sustainable fashion brands. Detailed results with theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Waveform inversion based on wavefield decomposition
Authors: Wang Fang , Donno Daniela , Chauris Hervé , Calandra Henri , Audebert François
Published: September 2016

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a technique for determining the optimal model parameters by minimizing the seismic data misfit between observed and modeled data. The objective function may be highly nonlinear if the model is complex and low-frequency data are missing. If a data set mainly contains reflections, this problem particularly prevents the gradient-based methods from recovering the long wavelengths of the velocity model. Several authors observed that nonlinearity could be reduced by progressively introducing higher wavenumbers to the model. We have developed a new inversion workflow to solve this problem by breaking down the FWI gradient formula into four terms after wavefield decomposition and then selecting proper terms to invert for the short- and long-wavelength components of the velocity model alternately. Numerical tests applied on a 2D synthetic model indicate that this method is efficient at recovering the long wavelengths of the velocity model using mainly offset-limited reflection events. The source does not need to contain low frequencies. The initial velocity model may have large errors that would otherwise prevent convergence for conventional FWI.
Analysis of outer-casing echoes in simulations of ultrasonic pulse-echo through-tubing logging
Authors: Viggen Erlend Magnus , Johansen Tonni Franke , Merciu Ioan-Alexandru
Published: September 2016

Cased petroleum wells must be logged to determine the bonding and hydraulic isolation properties of the cement. Ultrasonic logging of single casings has been widely studied and is commercially available. However, ultrasonic logging in multiple-casing geometries is an unexplored topic despite its importance in plug and abandonment operations. Therefore, current logging technologies should be studied to evaluate whether they indicate the potential for multiple-casing logging. In this study, we used two finite-element models of pulse-echo logging. The first model represents logging in the transverse cross section of a double-casing well. The second model is a copy of the first, but with the outer casing and formation removed so that the pulse-echo transducer receives only a resonant first interface echo from the inner casing. By subtracting the received signals of the second model from those of the first, we can recover the third interface echo (TIE) signal representing the resonant reflection from the outer casing. This signal is used to study what information can, in principle, be drawn from TIEs in double-casing geometries, with the caveat that TIEs can only approximately be recovered in practical cases. We simulated variations of the material in the annulus beyond the outer casing, of the thickness of the outer casing, and of the eccentering of the outer casing. We have determined that the first two of these variations have only weak effects on the TIE, but that the eccentering of the outer casing can, in principle, be found using the TIE arrival time.