bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoacoustic interplay between intrinsic thermoacoustic and acoustic modes: non-normality and high sensitivities
Authors: Sogaro Francesca M. , Schmid Peter J. , Morgans Aimee S.
Published: September 2019

This study analyses the interplay between classical acoustic modes and intrinsic thermoacoustic (ITA) modes in a simple thermoacoustic system. The analysis is performed using a frequency-domain low-order network model as well as a time-domain spatially discretised model. Anti-correlated modal sensitivities are found to arise due to a pairwise interplay between acoustic and ITA modes. The magnitude of the sensitivities increases as the interplay between the modes grows stronger. The results show a global behaviour of the modes linked to the presence of exceptional points in the spectrum. The time-domain analysis results in a delay-differential equation and allows the investigation of non-normal behaviour and its consequences. Pseudospectral analysis reveals that energy amplification is crucially linked to an interplay between acoustic and ITA modes. While higher non-orthogonality between two modes is correlated with peaks in modal sensitivity, transient energy growth does not necessarily involve the most sensitive modes. In particular, growth estimates based on the Kreiss constant demonstrate that transient amplification relies critically on the proximity of the non-normal modes to the imaginary axis. The time scale for transient amplification is identified as the flame time delay, which is further corroborated by determining the optimal initial conditions responsible for the bulk of the non-modal energy growth. The flame is identified as an active and dominant contributor to energy gain. The frequency of the optimal perturbation matches the acoustic time scale, once more confirming an interplay between acoustic and ITA structures. Flame-based amplification factors of two to five are found, which are significant when feeding into the acoustic dynamics and eventually triggering nonlinear limit-cycle behaviour.
Droplet–turbulence interactions and quasi-equilibrium dynamics in turbulent emulsions
Authors: Mukherjee Siddhartha , Safdari Arman , Shardt Orest , Kenjereš Saša , Van den Akker Harry E. A.
Published: September 2019

We perform direct numerical simulations (DNS) of emulsions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence using a pseudopotential lattice-Boltzmann (PP-LB) method. Improving on previous literature by minimizing droplet dissolution and spurious currents, we show that the PP-LB technique is capable of long stable simulations in certain parameter regions. Varying the dispersed-phase volume fraction$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, we demonstrate that droplet breakup extracts kinetic energy from the larger scales while injecting energy into the smaller scales, increasingly with higher$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}$, with approximately the Hinze scale (Hinze,AIChE J., vol. 1 (3), 1955, pp. 289–295) separating the two effects. A generalization of the Hinze scale is proposed, which applies both to dense and dilute suspensions, including cases where there is a deviation from the$k^{-5/3}$inertial range scaling and where coalescence becomes dominant. This is done using the Weber number spectrum$We(k)$, constructed from the multiphase kinetic energy spectrum$E(k)$, which indicates the critical droplet scale at which$We\approx 1$. This scale roughly separates coalescence and breakup dynamics as it closely corresponds to the transition of the droplet size ($d$) distribution into a$d^{-10/3}$scaling (Garrettet al.,J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 30 (9), 2000, pp. 2163–2171; Deane & Stokes,Nature, vol. 418 (6900), 2002, p. 839). We show the need to maintain a separation of the turbulence forcing scale and domain size to prevent the formation of large connected regions of the dispersed phase. For the first time, we show that turbulent emulsions evolve into a quasi-equilibrium cycle of alternating coalescence and breakup dominated processes. Studying the system in its state-space comprising kinetic energy$E_{k}$, enstrophy$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{2}$and the droplet number density$N_{d}$, we find that their dynamics resemble limit cycles with a time delay. Extreme values in the evolution of$E_{k}$are manifested in the evolution of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{2}$and$N_{d}$with a delay of${\sim}0.3{\mathcal{T}}$and${\sim}0.9{\mathcal{T}}$respectively (with${\mathcal{T}}$the large eddy timescale). Lastly, we also show that flow topology of turbulence in an emulsion is significantly more different from single-phase turbulence than previously thought. In particular, vortex compression and axial straining mechanisms increase in the droplet phase.
What determines national convergence of EU law? Measuring the implementation of consumer sales law
Authors: Goanta Catalina , Siems Mathias
Published: September 2019

Harmonisation and legal convergence are core tasks of the EU. This paper explores the question about the determinants for national convergence of EU law, specifically applied to the ever-growing body of European consumer sales law. The measurement of national convergence is based on a unique coding of five directives in seven Member States. Using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method, the paper finds that differences in national convergence can partly be explained by favourable features of the corresponding directives; however, mainly, they are the result of a combination of domestic political factors and, to a lesser extent, the country characteristics. This has important policy implications, for instance, on the need to ‘bring in politics’ in the debate about convergence, harmonisation and consumer sales law.
A Fitting End? Self-Denial and a Slave's Death in Mark'sLife of Jesus
Authors: Bond Helen K.
Published: September 2019

The present article argues that rather than look for a traditional Jewish model behind Mark's passion narrative (such as an account of the Suffering Righteous One), we would do better to understand the composition of the whole gospel – both the central body of teaching in 8.22–10.45andthe passion narrative – as influenced by the genre of ancient philosophical lives. After considering ways in which biographies tended to present the deaths of philosophers, the article examines the death of the Markan Jesus as an example of a shameful, humiliating end. What redeems it for Mark is the fact that Jesus dies in perfect conformity with his teaching. The carefully composed central section of teaching material (8.22–10.52), it is argued, was put together by the evangelist with the specific intention of showing that Jesus died in accordance with his teaching. Thus the crucifixion could become the perfect embodiment of Jesus’ counter-cultural message of self-denial and servanthood, and therefore a powerful symbol of its truth.
Comparing older adult and child protection policy in the United States of America
Authors: Lu Peiyi , Shelley Mack
Published: September 2019

Compared with policy related to child abuse, older adult protection policy developed later and made slower progress in the United States of America. Few studies have addressed older adult protection policy. This paper compares the two policies and provides implications about how to improve older adult protection policy by emulating child protection policy. The Dimensions of Choice Framework was utilised to illuminate the differences between child protection and older adult protection policies (i.e. allocation, provisions, delivery and finance), while Advocacy Coalition Framework theory was used to explain why these differences exist (i.e. the contentions between ally and opposite coalitions). The Dimensions of Choice Framework refined the descriptive comparison of the two policies while the Advocacy Coalition Framework unfolded the efforts and struggles between advocacy coalitions that result in policy changes; and the conceptual combination further provides a cross-disciplinary link between social work and public policy studies. Findings indicated that, compared to child protection policy, older adult protection policy lacked federal legislative and administrative direction, well-developed diagnosis and evaluation tools, a national data system, sufficient federal funds and a comprehensive response mechanism. This was the case because older adult protection advocates presented a more controversial argument regarding the role of government intervention in protecting victims while respecting individual autonomy, lower public and government awareness, and weaker efforts from ally coalitions.
Approximate replication of Matsuda and Gobel (2004) for psychometric validation of the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale
Authors: Hamada Akira , Takaki Shuichi
Published: September 2019

This paper reports an approximate replication of Matsuda and Gobel (2004) for the psychometric validation of the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS). Their study examined the structural aspects of the FLRAS developed by Saito, Horwitz, and Garza (1999). The results showed that the FLRAS measured three different subcomponents of foreign language reading anxiety; none of the factors predicted foreign language performance in content-based and four-skill classes. The present study aimed to reconfirm the psychometric validity of the FLRAS because it has been widely employed to make foreign language reading anxiety researchable. Our study retained the same methodology, with the exception of the measurements of classroom performance and reading proficiency. Matsuda and Gobel's conclusions were reproduced by showing a weak relationship between classroom performance and foreign language reading anxiety measured by the three-factor model of the FLRAS. However, this study newly demonstrated a strong association of reading-anxiety subcomponents with learners' reading proficiency. The administration, scoring, and interpretation methods of the FLRAS were reconsidered based on the replicated results.
The Not So Targeted Instrument of Asset Freezes
Authors: Gordon Joy
Published: September 2019

Asset freezes are sometimes viewed as the quintessential form of targeted sanctions—relatively effective in achieving their goals, while affecting only the individuals and companies that are “bad actors.” However, as part of the roundtable “Economic Sanctions and Their Consequences,” this essay argues that there are significant ethical problems raised by asset freezes and other forms of targeted financial sanctions. Sanctioners (specifically, the United Nations Security Council and the U.S. government) have long been criticized for targeting individuals and companies for arbitrary reasons or without adequate due process. However, there is a second concern that is less well known. Asset freezes and other targeted financial sanctions may be imposed on government officials, government agencies, or private companies that hold a critical role in the target country's economy. A country's central bank, national oil company, or national shipping line, for example, may be severely compromised as a result of its inclusion on a financial blacklist. In addition to the explicit prohibitions imposed by targeted financial sanctions, there is a chilling effect as well. This can be seen when international banks and corporations withdraw from the target country altogether because the burden of compliance with these measures is so great, and the potential penalties so high.
Unilateral Economic Sanctions, International Law, and Human Rights
Authors: Jazairy Idriss
Published: September 2019

As part of the roundtable “Economic Sanctions and Their Consequences,” this essay examines unilateral coercive measures. These types of sanctions are applied outside the scope of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, and were developed and refined in the West in the context of the Cold War. Yet the eventual collapse of the Berlin Wall did not herald the demise of unilateral sanctions; much to the contrary. While there are no incontrovertible data on the extent of these measures, one can safely say that they target in some way a full quarter of humanity. In addition to being a major attack on the principle of self-determination, unilateral measures not only adversely affect the rights to international trade and to navigation but also the basic human rights of innocent civilians. The current deterioration of the situation, with the mutation of embargoes into blockades and impositions on third parties, is a threat to peace that needs to be upgraded in strategic concern.
Battlefield Mercy: Unpacking the Nature and Significance of Supererogation in War
Authors: Renic Neil C.
Published: September 2019

Debates over how best to ensure appropriate conduct in battle typically draw a binary distinction between rule compliance and rule violation. This framing is problematic, excluding a critical third element of battlefield conduct, supererogation—that is, positive acts that go beyond what is demanded by the explicit rules of war. This article investigates this moral category of action; specifically, situations in which combatants refrain from taking the life of an enemy despite their moral and legal license to do so. It first considers the moral tension between the duty of combatants to kill and battlefield mercy, and goes on to explore the factors that motivate the latter. The article then shifts to consider the significance of supererogation to the ongoing efforts to moderate the conduct of contemporary war. As the article illustrates, supererogatory restraint is constituted by values that when cultivated also incentivize adherence to the more explicit rules and standards of the battlefield. This is demonstrated through analysis of the conduct of Western special forces. The concept of supererogation is of further use when evaluating the origins and implications of “moral injury.” This is verified empirically in the context of armed unmanned aerial vehicles.
Opinions of general and adult congenital heart disease cardiologists on care for adults with congenital heart disease in Belgium: a qualitative study
Authors: Willems Ruben , de Hosson Michèle , De Backer Julie , Annemans Lieven
Published: September 2019

Background:

The growing adult congenital heart disease (CHD) population requires efficient healthcare organisation. It has been suggested that clinically appropriate care be provided for individual patients on the least complex level possible, in order to alleviate saturation of special care programmes.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews with 10 general and 10 adult CHD cardiologists were conducted to elucidate opinions on healthcare organisation in Belgium. A particular focus was placed on the potential role of general cardiologists. The software program NVivo 12 facilitated thematic analysis.

Results:

A discrepancy existed between how general cardiologists thought about congenital care and what adult CHD cardiologists considered the minimum knowledge required to adequately treat patients. Qualitative data were categorised under the following themes: knowledge dissemination, certification, (de)centralisation of care, the role of adult CHD cardiologists, the role of dedicated nurse specialists, and patient referral. It appeared to be pivotal to organise care in such a way that providing basic care locally does not impede the generation of sufficient patient volume, and to continue improving communications between different care levels when there is no referral back. Moreover, practical knowledge is best disseminated locally. Cardiologists’ opinions on certification and on the role of dedicated nurse specialists were mixed.

Conclusion:

On the basis of the results, we propose five recommendations for improving the provision of care to adults with CHD. A multidimensional approach to defining the role of different healthcare professionals, to improving communication channels, and to effectively sensitising healthcare professionals is needed to improve the organisation of care.
Winter and Summer Rossby Wave Sources in the CMIP5 Models
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Ren Hong‐Li
Published: September 2019

The Rossby wave source (RWS) in the upper troposphere plays an important role in the tropical‐extratropical teleconnections. Using the daily outputs from the Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models, the overall model performances in simulating the climatological Rossby wave sources in both winter and summer are evaluated. The ensemble mean of the CMIP5 models can simulate the large‐scale geographical distributions of the RWS reasonably close to the observations, with the simulations of RWS in general better in the Southern Hemisphere. For the Northern Hemisphere, most models overestimate the subtropical RWS but underestimate the midlatitude RWS in both winter and summer. Many models even fail to simulate the seasonal source‐sink shift of RWS in East Asia. Greatest intermodel differences are shown in East Asia, western North America in both seasons, and in the subtropical belt in winter hemisphere. Possible reasons for the model biases in RWS are further investigated. In the Northern Hemisphere, our analysis shows that model performance in simulating the local divergence, which might relate to the overly smoothed topography in Asia and western North America in the model, is most responsible for the biases of the RWS simulations. In the Southern Hemisphere, the bias in subtropical divergence pattern and tropical convection all contribute to the intermodel divergence of RWS simulation.
Verification and Improvement of the Capability of ENSEMBLES to Predict the Winter Arctic Oscillation
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Huang Yanyan , Sun Bo
Published: September 2019

The winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) is important for understanding the Northern Hemisphere climate variability and predictability. However, ENSEMBLES models produce inconsistent predictions when applied to the interannual variability of the 1962–2006 winter AO. In this study, the interannual increment of the winter AO index (DY_AOI) during 1962–2006 is first improved by a dynamical‐statistical model with two predictors: the preceding autumn Arctic sea ice and the concurrent winter ENSEMBLES‐predicted sea surface temperature over the North Pacific. Next, the improved final AOI is obtained by adding the improved DY_AOI to the preceding observed AOI. Because the interannual increment approach can amplify prediction signals and takes advantage from the previous observed AOI, this method shows promise for significantly improving the interannual variability prediction capabilities of the winter AO during 1962–2006 in the ENSEMBLES models. Therefore, this study offers important insights for AO predictions, even other climate variables predictions.
Nearby Asteroid Is Mysteriously Devoid of Dust, Lander Reveals
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: September 2019

Close-up images of Ryugu, a near-Earth asteroid and the target of the Hayabusa2 sample return mission, reveal a rocky, dustless world that may have formed from a giant collision.
Curie Depth, Heat Flux, and Thermal Subsidence Reveal the Pacific Mantle Outflow Through the Scotia Sea
Authors: Martos Yasmina M. , Catalán Manuel , Galindo‐Zaldívar Jesús
Published: September 2019

The sinking of the ocean sea bottom is produced by thermal cooling of the lithosphere. This evolution is determined by the underlying asthenospheric mantle. Estimation of the Curie Depth variations in the Scotia Sea by using a spectral approach and applied on magnetic anomaly data led us to determine a thermal model and derive a heat flux map. Using multichannel seismic and bathymetry data, we show that the West Scotia Sea reaches thermal equilibrium more quickly than other oceans do and thermally behaves like old oceanic crust in large oceans, following a different empirical age (t, in Ma)‐depth (d, in m) relationship, d(t) = 4,480 − 19,380 exp(−t/4). For oceanic crusts of the same age, underlain by different shallow mantle controlling the heat supply, low heat flux values imply older ages than those predicted for large oceans based on the empirical relationships of the standard plate model. These circumstances, together with the new heat flux map, shed light on the anomalous evolution of the Scotia Sea, a consequence of the present Pacific mantle outflow through the Drake Passage. Two branches of elevated heat flux surround the Shackleton Fracture Zone and extend to the northern and southern boundaries of the Scotia Plate. Most of the heat sources are located in the flanks, whereas the colder parts are centrally located. This signature supports the Drake Passage's role as a main mantle gateway for Pacific outflow toward the Atlantic reservoir favoring the oceanic spreading activity of this ocean.
Surface Height and Sea Ice Freeboard of the Arctic Ocean From ICESat‐2: Characteristics and Early Results
Authors: Kwok R. , Markus T. , Kurtz N. T. , Petty A. A. , Neumann T. A. , Farrell S. L. , Cunningham G. F. , Hancock D. W. , Ivanoff A. , Wimert J. T.
Published: September 2019

We present the first winter season of surface height and sea ice freeboards of the Arctic Ocean from the new Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat‐2; IS‐2) mission. The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System onboard has six photon‐counting beams for surface profiling with a 10‐kHz pulse rate (interpulse distance ~0.7 m) and footprints of ~17 m. Geolocated heights assigned to individual photons scattered from the surface allow significant flexibility in the construction of height distributions used in surface finding. For IS‐2 sea ice products, a fixed 150‐photon aggregate is used to control height precision and obtain better along‐track resolution over high reflectance surfaces. Quasi‐specular returns in openings as narrow as ~27 m, crucial for freeboard calculations, are resolved. The fixed photon aggregate results in unique variable along‐track resolutions and nonuniform sampling (17 m × 27 m to 17 m × 200 m for the strong beams) of the surface. The six profiling beams—three pairs separated by 3.3 km with a strong and weak beam in each pair—provide correlated statistics at regional length scales for assessment of beam‐to‐beam retrieval consistency and accuracy. Analysis shows along‐track height precisions of ~2 cm and agreement in the monthly freeboard distributions across the strong beams to 1–2 cm. In this paper, we describe briefly the approaches used in surface height and freeboard retrievals from Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System photon clouds and detail the key features of these along‐track sea ice products, focusing on the first release of data collected over the Arctic Ocean, which spans the period between 14 October 2018—the start of data collection—and the end of March 2019.
Unraveling Multiple Thermotectonic Events Accommodated by Crustal‐Scale Faults in Northern Iberia, Spain: Insights From K‐Ar Dating of Clay Gouges
Authors: Aldega L. , Viola G. , Casas‐Sainz A. , Marcén M. , Román‐Berdiel T. , van der Lelij R.
Published: September 2019

Large‐scale faults in the continental crust are significant features that control the evolution of sedimentary basins and intraplate mountain chains. Deciphering their evolution is a significant task because faults slip and reactivate in a variety of geological settings. In this work, clay gouges of two major orogen‐scale, long‐lived faults in northern Iberia, the Río Grío and Vallès‐Penedès Faults, were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and K‐Ar isotopic analysis. Illite polytype determinations of 44 subfractions (from <0.1 to 10 μm) allowed us to discriminate between authigenic/synkinematic illite crystals formed during faulting and detrital illite crystals inherited from the host rock. K‐Ar dating provided a detailed set of ages corresponding to key stages of the thermotectonic evolution of the Iberian Plate: (a) the Permian to Late Triassic extensional/transtensional activity associated to the emplacement of Late Variscan magmatic bodies and hydrothermal mineralizations, (b) the opening of the Central Atlantic Rift during Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic times, (c) the Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous rifting that led to the development of Mesozoic extensional/transtensional basins in northern Iberia, (d) the final stage of the anticlockwise rotation of the Iberian Plate with respect to Eurasia and the accommodation of the first Pyrenean compressional pulses in Campanian time, and (e) the positive inversion of Mesozoic extensional basins due to far‐field stresses associated with the Alpine orogeny during the Paleogene. The results highlight that thermotectonic conditions characterized by high‐geothermal gradients strongly favor fault movement and neoformation of clay minerals in fault gouges, regardless of the prevailing tectonic regime.
Reciprocal regulatory mechanism between miR-214-3p and FGFR1 in FGFR1-amplified lung cancer
Authors: Yang Ying , Li Ziming , Yuan Hong , Ji Wenxiang , Wang Kaixuan , Lu Tingting , Yu Yongfeng , Zeng Qingyu , Li Fan , Xia Weiliang , Lu Shun
Published: September 2019

MicroRNA (miRNA) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) dysregulation are considered to play an important role in tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. However, the regulatory mechanism between miRNAs and FGFR1 in lung cancer remains unclear and extremely critical. miR-214-3p was sharply decreased and showed a significantly negative correlation with FGFR1 in lung cancer patients (n = 30). Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-214-3p could downregulate FGFR1 by directly targeting 3′-untranslated region (UTR). miR-214-3p inhibited the processes of epithelial–mesenchymal transition and Wnt/MAPK/AKT (Wnt/mitogen-activated protein kinase/AKT) signaling pathway by targeting FGFR1. Moreover, miR-214-3p not only established a negative feedback regulation loop with FGFR1 through ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) but also developed a synergism with FGFR1 inhibitor AZD4547. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the regulatory mechanism between miR-214-3p and FGFR1 in lung cancer. miR-214-3p acts as a vital target in FGFR1-amplified lung cancer by forming a miR-214-3p-FGFR1-Wnt/MAPK/AKT signaling pathway network. Co-targeting miR-214-3p and FGFR1 could provide greater benefits to patients with FGFR1-amplified lung cancer.
Bimodal distribution of tone-matching deficits indicates discrete pathophysiological entities within the syndrome of schizophrenia
Authors: Dondé Clément , Martínez Antigona , Kantrowitz Joshua T. , Silipo Gail , Dias Elisa C. , Patel Gaurav H. , Sanchez-Peña Juan , Corcoran Cheryl M. , Medalia Alice , Saperstein Alice , Vail Blair , Javitt Daniel C.
Published: September 2019

To date, no measures are available that permit differentiation of discrete, clinically distinct subtypes of schizophrenia (SZ) with potential differential underlying pathophysiologies. Over recent years, there has been increasing recognition that SZ is heterogeneously associated with deficits in early auditory processing (EAP), as demonstrated using clinically applicable tasks such as tone-matching task (TMT). Here, we pooled TMT performances across 310 SZ individuals and 219 healthy controls (HC), along with clinical, cognitive, and resting-state functional-connectivity MRI (rsFC-MRI) measures. In addition, TMT was measured in a group of 24 patients at symptomatic clinical high risk (CHR) for SZ and 24 age-matched HC (age range 7–27 years). We provide the first demonstration that the EAP deficits are bimodally distributed across SZ subjects (P < 0.0001 vs. unimodal distribution), with one group showing entirely unimpaired TMT performance (SZ-EAP+), and a second showing an extremely large TMT impairment (SZ-EAP−), relative to both controls (d = 2.1) and SZ-EAP+ patients (d = 3.4). The SZ-EAP− group predominated among samples drawn from inpatient sites, showed higher levels of cognitive symptoms (PANSS), worse social cognition and a differential deficit in neurocognition (MATRICS battery), and reduced functional capacity. rsFC-MRI analyses showed significant reduction in SZ-EAP− relative to controls between subcortical and cortical auditory regions. As opposed to SZ, CHR patients showed intact EAP function. In HC age-matched to CHR, EAP ability was shown to increase across the age range of vulnerability preceding SZ onset. These results indicate that EAP measure segregates between discrete SZ subgroups. As TMT can be readily implemented within routine clinical settings, its use may be critical to account for the heterogeneity of clinical outcomes currently observed across SZ patients, as well as for pre-clinical detection and efficacious treatment selection.
SOX11 and SOX4 drive the reactivation of an embryonic gene program during murine wound repair
Authors: Miao Qi , Hill Matthew C. , Chen Fengju , Mo Qianxing , Ku Amy T. , Ramos Carlos , Sock Elisabeth , Lefebvre Véronique , Nguyen Hoang
Published: September 2019

Tissue injury induces changes in cellular identity, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show that upon damage in a mouse model, epidermal cells at the wound edge convert to an embryonic-like state, altering particularly the cytoskeletal/extracellular matrix (ECM) components and differentiation program. We show that SOX11 and its closest relative SOX4 dictate embryonic epidermal state, regulating genes involved in epidermal development as well as cytoskeletal/ECM organization. Correspondingly, postnatal induction of SOX11 represses epidermal terminal differentiation while deficiency of Sox11 and Sox4 accelerates differentiation and dramatically impairs cell motility and re-epithelialization. Amongst the embryonic genes reactivated at the wound edge, we identify fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) as a critical direct target of SOX11 and SOX4 regulating cell migration. Our study identifies the reactivated embryonic gene program during wound repair and demonstrates that SOX11 and SOX4 play a central role in this process.
Miocene restriction of the Pacific-North Atlantic throughflow strengthened Atlantic overturning circulation
Authors: Kirillova Valeriia , Osborne Anne H. , Störling Tjördis , Frank Martin
Published: September 2019

Export of warm and salty waters from the Caribbean to the North Atlantic is an essential component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, there was also an active AMOC during the Miocene, despite evidence for an open Central American Seaway (CAS) that would have allowed low-salinity Pacific waters to enter the Caribbean. To address this apparent contradiction and to constrain the timing of CAS closure we present the first continuous Nd isotope record of intermediate waters in the Florida Strait over the past 12.5 million years. Our results indicate that there was no direct intermediate water mass export from the Caribbean to the Florida Strait between 11.5 and 9.5 Ma, at the same time as a strengthened AMOC. After 9 Ma a strong AMOC was maintained due to a major step in CAS closure and the consequent cessation of low-salinity Pacific waters entering the Caribbean.
Pupil-linked phasic arousal evoked by violation but not emergence of regularity within rapid sound sequences
Authors: Zhao Sijia , Chait Maria , Dick Fred , Dayan Peter , Furukawa Shigeto , Liao Hsin-I
Published: September 2019

The ability to track the statistics of our surroundings is a key computational challenge. A prominent theory proposes that the brain monitors for unexpected uncertainty – events which deviate substantially from model predictions, indicating model failure. Norepinephrine is thought to play a key role in this process by serving as an interrupt signal, initiating model-resetting. However, evidence is from paradigms where participants actively monitored stimulus statistics. To determine whether Norepinephrine routinely reports the statistical structure of our surroundings, even when not behaviourally relevant, we used rapid tone-pip sequences that contained salient pattern-changes associated with abrupt structural violations vs. emergence of regular structure. Phasic pupil dilations (PDR) were monitored to assess Norepinephrine. We reveal a remarkable specificity: When not behaviourally relevant, only abrupt structural violations evoke a PDR. The results demonstrate that Norepinephrine tracks unexpected uncertainty on rapid time scales relevant to sensory signals.
Retraction Note: Increased biomass productivity in green algae by tuning non-photochemical quenching
Authors: Berteotti Silvia , Ballottari Matteo , Bassi Roberto
Published: September 2019

This paper has been retracted.
l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1)-Utilizing Prodrugs Can Improve the Delivery of Drugs into Neurons, Astrocytes and Microglia
Authors: Huttunen Johanna , Peltokangas Soile , Gynther Mikko , Natunen Teemu , Hiltunen Mikko , Auriola Seppo , Ruponen Marika , Vellonen Kati-Sisko , Huttunen Kristiina M.
Published: September 2019

l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1) is responsible for carrying large, neutral l-amino acids as well as several drugs and prodrugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not the only barrier that hinders drugs acting effectively within the brain; the brain parenchymal cell membranes represent a secondary barrier for the drugs with intracellular target sites. In this study, expression and function of Lat1 was quantified in mouse primary neuron, astrocyte and immortalized microglia (BV2) cultures. Moreover, ability of Lat1 to carry prodrugs inside these brain cells was evaluated. The results showed that Lat1 was localized at the similar level in all studied cells (3.07 ± 0.92–3.77 ± 0.91 fmol/µg protein). The transporter was also functional in all three cell types, astrocytes having the highest transport capacity and affinity for the LAT1/Lat1-substrate, [14C]-l-leucine, followed by neurons and microglia. The designed prodrugs (1-6) were able to utilize Lat1 for their cellular uptake and it was mainly much higher than the one of their parent drugs. Interestingly, improved cellular uptake was also achieved in cells representing Alzheimer’s Disease phenotype. Therefore, improved delivery and intra-brain targeting of drugs can be attained by utilizing LAT1/Lat1 and prodrug approach.
Mechanical oscillation accelerating nucleation and nuclei growth in hard-sphere colloidal glass
Authors: Nakamura Nobutomo , Nakashima Shizuka , Ogi Hirotsugu
Published: September 2019

Crystallization from amorphous solids is generally caused by activating phonons in a wide frequency range during heat treatment. In contrast, the activation of phonons in a narrow frequency range using ultrasonic treatment also causes crystallization below the glass transition temperature. These behaviors indicate that crystallization is related to the atomic motion in the glass state, and it is suggested that the activation of specific atomic motion can cause crystallization without increasing temperature. In this study, we observe nucleation and nuclei growth caused by mechanical oscillation in a hard-sphere colloidal glass and evaluate the effect of mechanical oscillation on the structural evolution in the early stage of the crystallization. Oscillation between 5 and 100 Hz is applied to the colloidal glass, and it is observed that the nucleation rate increases under the 70 Hz oscillation, resulting in formation of stable nuclei in a short amount of time. The nuclei growth is also accelerated by the 70 Hz oscillation, whereas increases in the nucleation rate and nuclei growth were not observed at other frequencies. Finally, activation of the diffusion-based rattling of particles by caging is considered as a possible mechanism of the observations.
A Circular Economy for Consumer Electronics
Authors: Meloni Marco A.
Published: September 2019

Almost 50 million tonnes of electronic waste are produced every year, exposing people and the environment to toxic substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium and brominated flame retardants, which can also accumulate in soils, water and food. This chapter explores electronic waste as a consequence of the current take-make-waste linear system and examines the benefits of shifting to a circular economy. A circular economy is an approach that entails gradually decoupling economic activity from the consumption of finite resources, and focuses on regenerating economic, human and natural capital. The transition towards a circular economy for electronics requires more than improved electronic waste management, it calls for creativity and innovation in design, reverse logistics, and business models. There are three essential ambitions that will facilitate this shift: (1) design, to keep products, components and materials in use for longer; (2) enhance reverse logistics, remanufacturing, parts harvesting and recycling processes; (3) put in place the right enabling conditions. This chapter tracks current progress in these fields, and showcases examples of designs, products and initiatives that are contributing to the transition. It also explores how the electronics sector itself can help accelerate the transition to the broader circular economy.
Electronics: A Broken Story about Production and Consumption
Authors: Opris Sabine
Published: September 2019

Today's economy is based on production and consumption, with ever-increasing consumption representing our prosperity. Although the economic value, and especially the financial one, seems to be the most important measure for companies, consumers also focus on the social benefit consumption can bring them. The consequential stress placed on global resources and society is having serious consequences, leading to the growing problem of toxic electronic waste. This chapter examines the problems of the production and consumption of electronics, and of the sector's major stakeholders, in particular, companies and consumers. To analyse the sector on a lifecycle basis, from production to waste generation, the triple bottom line (TBL) approach is used, alongside a company supply chain and customer journey. It is concluded that while current supply chain strategies are effective techniques for increasing companies’ economic values, these strategies are generally built on the assumption of infinite resources, and marginalise social and environmental impacts, generating negative impacts along each step on the supply chain, ultimately leading to toxic electronic waste. Often, company involvement in social responsibility is sporadic. On the other hand, consumers display an attitude-behaviour gap, the discrepancy between avowed sustainability concerns and actual purchasing and consumption decisions. Actions by companies, consumers and policymakers are proposed to better balance the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainability.
Copper hydride-mediated electrophilic amidation of vinylarenes with dioxazolones – a computational mechanistic study
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: September 2019

An in-depth computational mechanistic probe of the CuH-mediated formal hydroamidation of vinylarenes with dioxazolones allowed the substitution of mechanistic hypothesis advanced previously by a computationally verified mechanistic view.
Dinuclear zwitterionic silver(i) and gold(i) complexes bearing 2,2-acetate-bridged bisimidazolylidene ligands
Authors: Dominelli Bruno , Roberts Gerri M. , Jandl Christian , Fischer Pauline J. , Reich Robert M. , Pöthig Alexander , Correia João D. G. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: September 2019

Four novel dinuclear Ag(i) and Au(i) NHC complexes bearing two 2,2-acetate-bridged bisimidazolylidene ligands (R = Me and iPr) of zwitterionic and metallacyclic forms are reported.
Perovzalates: a family of perovskite-related oxalates
Authors: Clulow Rebecca , Bradford Alasdair J. , Lee Stephen L. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: September 2019

The compounds ALi3M(C2O4)3 (A = K, Rb, Cs; M = Fe, Co, Ni) adopt a perovskite-like structure with cations as large as Cs+ in the perovskite A-site.
Bottom-up biofilm eradication using bacteriophage-loaded magnetic nanocomposites: a computational and experimental study
Authors: Yu Pingfeng , Wang Zijian , Marcos-Hernandez Mariana , Zuo Pengxiao , Zhang Danning , Powell Camilah , Pan Aaron Y. , Villagrán Dino , Wong Michael S. , Alvarez Pedro J. J.
Published: September 2019

The combined experimental and computational study demonstrates an inverse relationship between phage-nanocomposite conjugate (PNC) size and biofilm eradication potential.
Observation of van der Waals reconfiguration in superlattice phase change materials
Authors: Chen Xin , Shen Jiabin , Jia Shujing , Zheng Yonghui , Lv Shilong , Song Zhitang , Zhu Min
Published: September 2019

Atomic chemical arrangements of the van der Waals gap reconfigurations in the GeTe/Sb2Te3 superlattice have been determined.
One-step hydrothermal synthesis of cobalt–vanadium based nanocomposites as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting
Authors: Tao Bai Xiang , Li Xiao Lin , Ye Cui , Zhang Qing , Deng Yang Hui , Han Lei , Li Ling Jie , Luo Hong Qun , Li Nian Bing
Published: September 2019

Cobalt–vanadium bimetal-based nanocomposites with unique laminar structures as bifunctional catalysts can greatly boost overall water splitting.
A highly selective “turn-on” electroanalysis strategy with reduced copper metal–organic frameworks for sensing histamine and histidine
Authors: Hua Yue , Cai Yuanyuan , Liu Huan , Wan Yuqi , Ding Xiju , Li Shuai , Wang Hua
Published: September 2019

A signal-“turn-on” electroanalysis strategy was developed for HTA and His through solid-state CuCl electrochemistry using reduced copper metal–organic frameworks.
A series of dysprosium-based hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (Dy–HOFs): thermally triggered off → on conversion of a single-ion magnet
Authors: Wang Hai-Ling , Ma Xiong-Feng , Zhu Zhong-Hong , Zhang Yi-Quan , Zou Hua-Hong , Liang Fu-Pei
Published: September 2019

A series of dysprosium-based HOFs (Dy–HOFs) were designed and synthesized for the first time under solvothermal conditions. Herein, we achieved the magnetic off → on SIM switching of Dy–HOFs under thermal driving conditions.
ZIF-67@Co-LDH yolk–shell spheres with micro-/meso-porous structures as vehicles for drug delivery
Authors: Chen Liyong , Wang Jinfeng , Shen Xiaoshuang , Li Xuezhao , Duan Chunying
Published: September 2019

The encapsulated R6G molecules in ZIF-67@Co-LDH yolk–shell heterostructures are released with high loading capacity and long delivery time.
Thermally reliable, recyclable and malleable solid–solid phase-change materials through the classical Diels–Alder reaction for sustainable thermal energy storage
Authors: Wu Bo , Wang Yi , Liu Zhimeng , Liu Yuan , Fu Xiaowei , Kong Weibo , Jiang Liang , Yuan Ye , Zhang Xi , Lei Jingxin
Published: September 2019

DC-PCMs are facilely fabricated for renewable energy storage, and can be fully recycled and reshaped without sacrificing the energy-capture capacity.
Confinement effect and air tolerance of Li plating by lithiophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) coating for dendrite-free Li metal batteries
Authors: Wu Han , Yao Zhenguo , Wu Qingping , Fan Shengsheng , Yin Congling , Li Chilin
Published: September 2019

A highly tight poly(vinyl alcohol) coating on Cu foil or Li metal surface is introduced to achieve a superior confinement effect and long-term air tolerance of Li plating.
Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by intranasal immunization of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the P97R1, P46 antigens of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Wang Yongheng , Wang Jialu , Zhou Mengyun , Liu Peng , Zhang En , Li Yuchen , Lin Jian , Feng Zhixin , Yang Qian
Published: September 2019

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the pathogen of swine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease affecting pigs of all ages. The ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are the main target invaded and colonized by M. hyopneumoniae. Therefore, the ideal vaccine would be mucosally administered and able to stimulate suitable mucosal immunity and prevent the adherence of pathogens to mucosal cell surfaces. Currently, Bacillus subtilis as a recombinant vaccine carrier has been used for antigen delivery and proved to be effectively enhancing the innate immunity of nasal mucosa. Here, our study attempts to construct recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B.S-P97R1, B.S-P46), which can express the P97R1 or P46 antigen of M. hyopneumoniae, and to evaluate the immune responses in BALB/c mice. Initially, we respectively successfully constructed recombinant B.S-P97R1, B.S-P46 and validated the expression of antigen proteins by Western analysis. Then, recombinant B.S-P97R1 or B.S-P46 were respectively intranasally (i.n.) immunized in mice. Both strong P97R1-specific and P46-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies were induced in sera, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALs) by ELISA analysis. Moreover, the levels of specific IL-4, IFN-γ in the immunized mice were elevated, and the proliferation of lymphocytes was also enhanced. In general, intranasal inoculation of recombinant B.S-P97R1 or B.S-P46 resulted in strong mucosal immunity, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, which was a mixed Th1/Th2-type response. In addition, our results provided a potential novel strategy that may be applied to the development of vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
“By the Way”… How People With Aphasia and Their Communication Partners Initiate New Topics of Conversation
Authors: Leaman Marion C. , Edmonds Lisa A.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The ability to initiate new topics of conversation is a basic skill integral to communicative independence and agency that is susceptible to breakdown in aphasia (Barnes, Candlin, & Ferguson, 2013), yet this discourse skill has received little research attention. Healthy adults (HAs) follow 3 established patterns of structural organization to cue the conversation partner when an utterance is intended to initiate a new topic (Schegloff & Sacks, 1973;Svennevig, 1999). In addition, speakers have the option to use these mechanisms of topic initiation (TI) individually or in conjunction with one another. Occasionally, speakers do not follow these conversational macrostructure expectations, in which case TI occurs abruptly, referred to as anoncoherent TI(NC-TI;Mentis & Prutting, 1991). Understanding how TI is disrupted by aphasia requires foundational knowledge regarding the relative use/combined use of TI mechanisms and NC-TI in HAs and persons with aphasia (PWAs). The purpose of this study is to investigate how PWAs and their conversation partners initiate new topics of conversation and to determine the relationship between the number of TI methods used and communicative success (CS) in persons with mild aphasia (PWA-Mild) and persons with moderate and severe aphasia (PWA-Mod/Sev).

Method

Six PWA-Mild and 4 PWA-Mod/Sev engaged in 15-min unstructured conversations with different HA partners. Utterances were coded for types of TI used by both partners and were evaluated for CS using a 4-point scale (Leaman & Edmonds, 2019) for PWAs.

Results/Implications

PWAs used NC-TI with a much greater frequency than HAs who never used NC-TI. The rate of NC-TI was associated with increased severity of aphasia. HAs and PWA-Mild used cohesion most often as the method for TI, while PWA-Mod/Sev used it least often. CS was moderately positively correlated with the number of methods of TI used in PWA-Mod/Sev. However, no such correlation existed for PWA-Mild; this group achieved a high degree of CS on TI utterances, independent of the number of methods of TI used. Findings include the clinical implication suggesting PWA-Mod/Sev may benefit from simultaneous use of TI mechanisms to achieve better CS during conversation.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9765164