bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Small Modular Reactors and Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Energy Security in Indonesia
Authors: Mufatdhal  , Imam Supriyadi  , Rudy Laksmono
Published: December 2024

This study evaluates the potential of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) as a sustainable solution for Indonesia's energy diversification. Amid Indonesia’s rising energy demands and environmental commitments, SMRs-particularly Small Modular Molten Salt Reactors (SM-MSRs)-present an alternative to conventional power sources. SMRs offer advantages like modularity, operational efficiency, and safety, making them suitable for Indonesia’s geographically dispersed landscape. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research examines the technical, regulatory, and societal factors influencing SMR integration. Findings reveal that while SMRs show competitive Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) compared to coal, challenges remain, including stringent regulatory requirements, high initial capital costs, and limited public acceptance due to nuclear safety concerns. Policy adjustments, community engagement, and collaboration with established SMR programs globally are suggested to address these issues. Additionally, SMRs’ scalability and compatibility with renewables support Indonesia’s goals for a resilient energy mix, potentially transforming remote energy access. This comprehensive approach underscores the viability of SMRs within Indonesia’s energy transition, contributing to a cleaner, more flexible energy infrastructure
Phonics Reading Method to Overcome Beginning Reading Difficulties on Elementary School Student in Surabaya
Authors: Faradiba Permatahati  , Niken Titi Pratitis
Published: December 2024

Reading is an important skill for students when learning activities at school because they have to understand concepts and theories from reading activities. One of the problems about beginning reading difficulties was experienced by MNE, an 8 years old grade 1 elementary school student. MNE has difficulty in reading at first, the client still finds it difficult to distinguish between letters or pronounces letter incorrectly, one of which is the letter b which reads p, g which reads j, f which reads v. MNE still don't know several letters such as the letters w, y, x, and q. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach with a case study method to strengthen the diagnosis of MNE based on existing symptoms. The assessments used were observation, interview, intelligence test, and EGRA reading ability test. The intervention using the phonic reading method for 4 sessions in 10 days. The results of the intervention showed an increase in the client’s reading ability to recognize letters well. Client’s motivation to read also increases by trying to read all things that he sees with validation from the people around him
Women Representation through Selected Poems of Maya Angelou
Authors: Jeremiah Tañamor  , Aeros Raphael Morales  , Heart Magsombol  , April Mae Bello  , Princess Doreen Aquipel  , Shamaiah Bontog  , Realine Jane Deniega  , Jasper Andrei Silvido
Published: December 2024

The paper aimed to study the representations of women in the selected poems of Maya Angelou. The researchers utilized qualitative textual analysis and close reading methods in analyzing the poems through feminism. The results of the researchers' analysis of the selected poems of Maya Angelou emphasized the representation of women per poem: a slave, an outcast, and a mother. The findings of this study encompassed the importance of utilizing feminist approach in analyzing poems to appreciate and empower women against societal expectations and personal challenges in different complexities of life. The researchers suggest exploring more literature from the perspective of feminism to provide further information about other representations of women
ABOUT THE NEW PORPHYRY COPPER MINERALIZATION OBJECT IN THE EASTERN BALKHASH REGION (KAZAKHSTAN)
Authors: Muratkhanov Daulet , Bulegenov Kanat , Shakirova1 Gulimshat
Published: December 2024

In Kazakhstan, the main porphyry copper deposits are located in the Northern Balkhash region. The Konyrat, Aktogay, Aidarly, and Borly copper-porphyry deposits have been explored and exploited in this area. The main reserves of the country's copper raw materials are associated with these deposits. The Eastern Balkhash region is part of the North Balkhash ore zone. Previous studies on the Eastern Balkhash region focused on the Aktogay region and did not pay due attention to the southern part of the East Balkhash region, despite the fact that this region borders the Aktogay ore field and has prerequisites for the discovery of new ore sites. The geological structure of the area includes devonian and carboniferous terrigenous-effusive formations which are broken through by granitoid intrusions. Hydrothermal changes are widespread in the host rock and intrusive massifs. We have conducted cosmogeological studies and compiled a cosmogeological scheme of the territory with the allocation of ore-controlling annular and linear structures, the spread of areal bodies of intrusive rocks and metasomatic changes. According to the data of geological and cosmogeological studies, promising areas have been identified, within which geological and geophysical prospecting works have been carried out. According to the data of geophysical work, local anomalies have been identified for drilling mapping and prospecting wells. As a result of geological, geophysical, drilling, mineralogical and petrographic studies in the buried intrusion of granitoids, a new promising sulfide copper-molybdenum mineralization was revealed.
ASSESSING THE AGRICULTURAL CONSEQUENCES OF LANDFILL KELMEND-ASSOCIATED HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN RAHOVE VILLAGE
Authors: Lecaj Elida , Sinani Bahri , Haskaj Adelina , Sinani Berat , Ramadani Majlinda , Retkoceri Blerta
Published: December 2024

Soil contamination near waste dumps is a complex problem, landfills are major contributors to environmental pollution, causing continuous degradation of land surfaces and significant environmental consequences. The challenge in question is to combat soil degradation and heavy metal pollution by implementing targeted soil protection measures and policies. Soil pollution disrupts the delicate balance of nutrients within the soil.
This study focuses on assessing the impact of heavy metals by collecting soil samples in 5 different locations at a depth of 50 cm around a landfill and subsequently determining the concentration of heavy metals in the soil. The analysis involved the use of the NITON XL3t. XRF Analyzer device for measuring heavy metal concentrations, while pH levels in the soil samples were determined using a pH meter WTW 3310. Results from the soil sample analysis reveal that the concentrations of most heavy metals exceeded both national and international maximum allowable values.
The majority of metals analyzed exhibited median values higher than those found in European soil. To better understand the metal concentrations in soil, basic statistical methods, Pearson correlation, and cluster analysis were employed.
Ongoing environmental monitoring around landfills is crucial to alleviate adverse effects on human populations and the environment. To address these causes of land pollution, it is important to implement sustainable waste management policies and practices and to develop general awareness of the importance of environmental stewardship in the district where we live.
DESIGNING GEOEDUCATIONAL TOOLS FOR GEOTOURISM NEEDS � A CASE STUDY OF THE OUTER FLYSCH CARPATHIANS
Authors: Ziarek Zbigniew Jan
Published: December 2024

A geoeducational tools are innovative solutions used to popularize knowledge in the field of Earth Sciences and the promotion of geotourism. These methods enhance the appreciation of geodiversity, raising awareness about cognitive and aesthetic values. By adopting this approach, there is a commitment to geoheritage protection for future generations. The efficacy of geoeducational instruments relates on a knowledge of geological processes and their outcomes, coupled with adept geointerpretation. During the geointerpretative phase it is important to maintain correctness and reliable explanation of the most significant elements, while ensuring a comprehensible transfer of knowledge. The primary beneficiaries are geotourists and tourists interested in the genesis of inanimate natural objects. The purpose of the presented geoeducational tools is a simplified visualization of the key stages of the basin-tectonic history of the Carpathian Flysch Belt, starting from the processes of sediments deposition (Outer Carpathian flysch), to the formation processes of regional tectonic units (Outer Carpathian nappes) during the Alpine orogenesis. The designed tools are based on the concept of process geology, in which: (a) based on the factual description of the outcome (rock or geological structure), (b) the geological process is interpreted, and as a result, (c) a general model of environmental conditions consistent with the observations and interpretation is constructed � �from detail to general�. The presented models aim to visualize geological processes and exhibit their results in a clear and comprehensible way. In the process of modeling it is crucial to maintain a level of realism that allows for the creation of the most naturalistic depiction of the environment and the circumstances under which the analyzed process and its results could occur. The implementation of the projects allowed to determine the main attributes of the geoeducational tools: repeatability of the experiments, their clarity, expressiveness, spectacularity, and realism. Thanks to them, the recipient is able to learn and understand processes related to the deposition of clastic sediments that predominantly build the Flysch Carpathians and then formation of their nappes (accretionary prisms) as a result of orogenic fold-and-thrust movements. The finished products (films) may arouse the interest of museums and be applied to exhibitions.
MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF SOME ROCK-FORMING MINERALS IN THE LOW-GRADE SEDIMENTARY AND MAFIC ROCKS, EASTERN CIRCUM-RHODOPE BELT, BULGARIA
Authors: Bonev Nikolay
Published: December 2024

The eastern Circum-Rhodope belt (CRB) is a major unit that surrounds both the Serbo-Macedonian and the Rhodope zones in the Alpine orogen of the northern Aegean region. This belt contains Triassic-Jurassic metasedimentary successions and Middle Jurassic (176-165 Ma) supra-subduction zone Evros ophiolite. The latter has experienced ocean-floor hydrothermal metamorphism or very-low to low-grade metamorphism. We report on mineral compositions of rock-forming minerals in schist and mafic rocks from the eastern CRB. Our goal is to use the mineral compositions to assess the metamorphic conditions suffered by the rocks. The studied minerals include amphibole, garnet and mica. The electron probe microanalyzer was used to obtain the mineral chemistry recalculated into the mineral structural formula. The amphiboles in the mafic rocks have the compositions from magnesio-hornblende to edenite hornblende, which includes also actinolite-hornblende to actinolite and ferro-tschermakite in the greenschists. In the mica schist, the amphibole is magnesian-hastingsite, which is associated with almandine garnet, muscovite and biotite. The mineral assemblage studied, and its composition, reflects unequivocally greenschist facies metamorphic conditions experienced by the rocks. These conditions are further confirmed by the abundant chlorite and epidote observed in the metasedimentary and metamafic rocks. Thus, our study extends quantitively the metamorphic grade and conditions pertinent to the eastern CRB rocks.
THE PARTICLE SIZE OF THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS IN SOME CANALS OF THE FLUVIAL-MARINE DANUBE DELTA
Authors: Livanov Oliver , Banescu Alexandru , Burada Adrian , Pindic Paula , Anore Ciprian
Published: December 2024

In deltaic environments like the Danube Delta, sedimentary particles can range from clay and silt to sand and gravel. The proximity to the Black Sea introduces marine processes into the deltaic system that can be translated as a mixture of fine-grained sediments derived from the fluvial delta along with marine sediments from the Black Sea. This region is of particular importance for the ecology and hydrology of the Danube Delta due to the presence of sandy deposits that cause a major change in both natural and anthropogenic habitats. The emergence of artificial canals dug in sandy deposits had a huge impact on the deltaic ecosystems, as a better way of transportation but also a potential threat to the hydrological balance. Therefore the periodical dredging works became mandatory in maintaining waterway accessibility and supporting transportation. This work is intended to be a useful study for subsequent dredging works on the Danube Delta canals excavated on sandy material. The study involved the sampling of sediment from canals to assess its quality, determine dredging requirements, and manage dredged material effectively. An extensive sediment sampling program was established to collect samples from the bottom of several canals from the fluvial-marine Danube Delta (Cordon Litoral, Letea and Sidor Canals) at high and low water levels. At the Danube Delta National Institute laboratory, the sediment samples were subjected to particle size determinations. The main purpose of the particle size analysis was to quantify the fine fractions from the coarse ones. The results show that even though the material is expected to be predominantly sandy, significant percentages of finer material can be present as well. Following this study, three factors were identified to influence the particle size distribution, namely the variation of the water table during the year, anthropic activities and the additional supply of fine particles from the fluvial deposits. These considerations must be taken seriously into account especially in future dredging works, as these processes can significantly influence the depositional processes as dredging can resuspen
BLASTING DEMOLITION CHALLENGES OF A TALL COOLING TOWER AND CHIMNEY
Authors: Laszlo Robert , Jitea Ciprian , Garaliu Bogdan , Nicola Bogdan Aurelian , Miklos Levente
Published: December 2024

The paper describes the practical solutions and safety conditions of realizing the demolition of an industrial chimney and a cooling tower located in a former thermal power plant, having in the very close vicinity several civil constructions. The chimney has a height of 208 m and consists of the outer tubular structure of reinforced concrete and as well as of the inner chimney made of refractory brick masonry. The cooling tower height was 108.0 m and the base diameter of 82.00 m. For chimney, the chosen solution of demolition was overturn in an intended direction and for the cooling tower was that of partial lateral collapse followed by a total crash of the tower on its position. Considering the location of civil constructions the challenge of the project was to find solutions to reduce the throwing distance of the concrete pieces under the action of the explosion, to mitigate vibrations through the collapse and sequential contact with the ground of the construction, to reduce the value of the overpressure of the air created due to the piston effect during the collapse the construction of the tower.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR VALIDATING THEORETICAL METHODS THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION AND MODELING OF BLASTING AND SAFETY PARAMETERS OF CIVIL EXPLOSIVES
Authors: Jitea Ciprian , Rus Daniela , Gheorghiosu Edward , Bauer Johannes Fabian , Ciprian Mateiu
Published: December 2024

This research paper explores the advancement of computer simulation techniques to improve the safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability of civil explosives in various engineering applications. The study emphasizes the critical role that computer simulations play in modeling and optimizing blasting techniques, allowing for precise predictions of explosive behavior under diverse conditions. By simulating the detonation processes and their impacts, engineers can develop safer and more efficient blasting protocols, significantly reducing the risk of accidents and environmental damage. The paper delves into the use of sophisticated modeling tools, such as ANSYS Autodyn, to analyze the interaction between explosives and various materials, thereby improving the accuracy of simulations. The integration of real-time data and collaborative environments further enhances the utility of these simulations in real-world applications. A case study within the paper illustrates the comparative analysis of pentrite and hexogen explosives, demonstrating how varying conditions, such as the presence of water, affect detonation characteristics. The findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate explosives based on environmental conditions to achieve optimal results while ensuring safety and compliance with regulatory standards. This research not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of explosive behavior but also provides practical insights for industries involved in mining, construction, and demolition. The use of computer simulations as a tool for validating theoretical methods in explosive engineering is presented as a key innovation, promising to enhance both operational safety and environmental stewardship in the use of civil explosives.
RISK ASSESSMENT AT DEMOLITION ACTIVITY OF INDUSTRIAL / CIVIL OBJECTIVES WITH THE EXPLOSIVES FOR CIVIL USES
Authors: Miron Claudia , Radeanu Cristian , Ilici Stefan , Pintilie Dan , Mateiu Ciprian
Published: December 2024

The paper presents a theoretical and practical approach to the concept of risk assessment specific for the demolition of the industrial civil objectives with the help of explosives in terms of ensuring security premises for the effects generated following the blasting demolition work of this type of constructions. Blasting realization of industrial civil objectives to be demolished involves a series of operations that generate health and safety risks to economic operator employees which are carrying out work and for people in neighborhoods and the environment. The primary goal of occupational risk assessment is to prevent the risk of injury and professional disease, and when it is not possible to eliminate these risks, it is necessary to reduce them to the amount of residual risk that must be controlled properly. Both in the occupational risk assessment process stage and subsequent implementation of occupational security, special attention should be directed to the possibility that the risk of injury and occupational disease shall not be moved from one area to another system work, namely technical and organizational solutions adopted to reduce or eliminate these risks do not create additional situations of their manifestations. The legislative framework obliges employers to take all measures to ensure that workers are not exposed to risks that could cause accidents or illnesses. In this paper only considered issues that can influence health and safety due to work company authorized to work with explosives and those that can be generated by other staff of ignorance, lack of coordination and communication.
ALUMINIUM SMELTER ANODE WASTE BOND INDEX DETERMINATION
Authors: Marco Surracco , Caterina Tilocca Maria
Published: December 2024

As part of the experimental studies carried out in the Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture of the University of Cagliari, to identify the best techniques for recovering of combustible materials, contained in the waste resulting from the dismantling of the anodes of spent electrolytic cells used in the production of primary aluminium, to be concentrated by flotation, work was first carried out to reduce the size of the waste, in order to give it a particle size that would allow it to be fed to a flotation process and to improve the liberation degree of the carbon particles to be separated. Since the Bond�s work index is an important factor in the design of the comminution circuits, in order to evaluate the grindability characteristics of the aluminium smelter anode scrap and, consequently optimize the grinding step, we proceeded to determine its Bond Index using the standard method. Bond's work index represents the energy required to reduce one short ton (907 kg) of a solid from an infinite size to 100 microns. Bond's energy law uses this index to predict the energy required to reduce the solid's size, which is the sum of the energy used to fracture the material and energy losses, such as mechanical losses occurring in comminution equipment or energy lost in the form of heat generated by attrition. A value of 11.07 kWh/sht was obtained for the Wi. This value is characteristic of rocks of medium hardness in terms of resistance to comminution. The Bond index obtained is valid for an industrial wet grinding process using a ball mill operating in a closed circuit with a mechanical classifier and a circulating charge of 250%.
DETERMINISTIC EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO FOR THE CITY OF SOFIA
Authors: Solakov Dimcho , Simeonova Stela , Raykova Plamena
Published: December 2024

In the present study a set of two deterministic earthquake scenarios (expressed in peak ground acceleration and macroseismic intensity MSK) are generated for the city of Sofia - the capital of Bulgaria. The study is guided by the perception that usable and realistic, based on both local seismic history and tectonic setting, ground motion maps to be produced for urban area.
The city is situated in the center of the Sofia area that is the most populated (the population is of more than 1.2 mil. inhabitants), industrial and cultural region of Bulgaria that faces considerable earthquake risk.
The contemporary tectonic activity of the Sofia area is predominantly associated with marginal faults of Sofia graben. In the study the local ground shaking levels are computed using the six ground-motion models selected (GMPE�s) for tectonically active regions. The scenario maps account for soil amplification effects using the geotechnical zonation of the considered urban area. Two scenario earthquakes are considered: earthquake with magnitudes MW6.5 occurred at the active fault located south of the city of Sofia (along the northern margin of the Vitosha Mountain) and MW7.0 quake (occurred at the fault located northern of the city). The MW6.5 event is the �true� historical 1858 earthquake with the strongest seismic impact on the city of Sofia.
The assessment of seismic hazard and generation of earthquake scenarios is the first link in the prevention chain and the first step in the evaluation of the seismic risk. The implementation of the earthquake scenarios into the policies for seismic risk reduction will allow focusing on the prevention of earthquake effects rather than on intervention following the disasters.
DETERMINATION OF EXPLOSION CHARACTERISTICS FOR COMBUSTIBLE POWDERS (STARCH � MAGNESIUM)
Authors: Prodan Maria , Nalboc Irina , Szollosi-Mota Andrei , Suvar Sonia
Published: December 2024

Accidental explosions and fires caused by combustible dust are some of the most significant threats in many industries where layers of combustible dust and clouds are formed as a result of technological processes. Combustible powders react with air oxygen in a process known as oxidation, which produces carbon dioxide, carbon oxide, water, and other gases whose contents depend on the temperature at which the oxidation occurs. The dust cloud is the main form of existence of combustible dust in the production area and together with the existence of effective ignition sources are the main causes of dust explosions in production processes. Dust explosions are mainly characterized by the minimum ignition temperature, explosion limits, the minimum ignition energy, maximum explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise. The explosive behaviors which is represented by a mixture of air and flammable substances are influenced by many factors of which the most important parameters are the chemical composition and concentration of flammable and explosive mixture with air. In particular, for the combustible powders intervening additional factors related to the physic-chemical properties of combustible solids, the shape and size of dust particles, as well as the environmental conditions under which dust exist in suspension.
For this work flammability tests have been performed for powder mixture of starch and magnesium respectively minimum ignition temperature, lower explosion limit, explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise, minimum ignition temperature in the layer of the dust cloud.
SPECIFIC ASPECTS REGARDING THE TESTING OF FLAMEPROOF ENCLOSURE EQUIPMENT INTENDED FOR USE IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ENDANGERED BY THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN
Authors: Moldovan Lucian , Jurca Adrian , Magyari Mihai , Rad Marcel , Sirbu Valentin
Published: December 2024

The type of protection flameproof enclosure consists in placing the parts that can ignite an explosive atmosphere into an enclosure that can withstand an internal explosion and it prevents the transmission of the explosion effects (hot gases, flames, incandescent particles etc.) capable of ignition to the external explosive atmosphere in which the equipment is placed.
The purpose of the paper is to underline some specific situations that can occur during the tests in explosive mixtures needed to verify the characteristics ensuring explosion protection in case of flameproof enclosure �d� type of protection. When speaking of enclosures having regular geometrical shapes and normal internal distribution of components the pressures and pressure curves exhibit a normal behavior. But, when the enclosure has an internal distribution of components that leads to pressure peaks and pre-compression phenomena during an internal explosion the results will present a different behavior. The tests in explosive mixture will be performed to a specific flameproof enclosure according to the testing methodology presented in the standard EN 60079-1 with explosive mixtures of hydrogen-air and acetylene-air. The obtained results of the tests, will be compared to show some specific particular aspects related to the tests in explosive mixtures, especially regarding the maximum explosion pressure.
IMPACT OF DIGITIZATION ON KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE AGH LEANLINE PROJECT
Authors: Ziaja Szymon
Published: December 2024

Digitalization and the concepts of Industry 4.0 undoubtedly contribute to companies' competitive advantage, which can be achieved, among other things, by improving the efficiency and stability of the production process through their implementation. The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate the impact of digitization on the most important indicators of production efficiency using the example of a student project of a production line simulation system, implemented by the Student Scientific Circle of Management. The project concerns the construction of a comprehensive system for teaching Lean Manufacturing methods and tools. The article presents plans for the digitization and autonomization of this project, including the implementation of technologies implementing the concept of Industry 4.0 in the simulation of the production process. It was shown that by digitizing production it is possible to raise the component levels of the OEE process efficiency index and process stability. It was decided to relate the impact of digitization to the real future advantages of implementing new technologies into the project methodology, doing so both numerically and descriptively. The implementation of the new technology, according to the author, will allow to ultimately increase the level of process efficiency (increase the level of the Overall Equipment Effectiveness index) and increase the stability of the production process.
A MYTH CONCERNING THE GEOMETRIC LEVELLING: CLOSING ERRORS AND LOOP CIRCUMFERENCES
Authors: Cvetkov Vasil
Published: December 2024

The geometric levelling of the highest order has been the main method for many scientific and engineering tasks for more than 150 years. One of them is the monitoring of the recent vertical movements of the Earth�s crust. In order to understand the low of accumulation of the discrepancies in levelling lines, many investigators have planned and performed various experiments and analysis through the years. As a result, the systematic effects of many sources of measurement errors have been studied, and partly or fully solved. However, the basic assumption about the relationship between the closing errors in levelling loops and the circumferences of the loops has hardly ever been the topic of wide discussions. It seems that this relationship is undoubted. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate that this popular belief about the accumulation of closing errors in the precise levelling is not valid regarding the data of the Third levelling of Bulgaria, the Second and the Third levelling of Finland. Using correlation and regression analysis we found that there is no statistically significant connection between closing errors and loop circumferences in the analyzed levelling networks. The correlation coefficients are below 0.35 considering each network, which means that the determination coefficients are up to 0.10. That is to say, the circumferences of the levelling loops cannot explain more than 10% of the variance of the closing errors. In addition, the p-values of the regression parameter b in the equation |??|=??+??.??0.5 are 0.104, 0.725 and 0.976, in the case of the Third levelling of Bulgaria, the Second and the Third levelling of Finland, respectively. Based on the above facts, we can conclude that some basic assumptions and methods regarding the processing of geometric levelling data should be an object of further modern consideration and revision.
EXPERT EVIDENCE AND INVENTORY OF CADASTRAL MAP DERIVATIVES
Authors: Hudecova Lubica , Kysel Peter , Fabokova Natalia
Published: December 2024

Land administration system in Slovakia is a large system. Many incomplete data and errors have been incorporated into its content since 1850. Most problems in the field of land administration system are solved by judicial proceedings, in which the expert testimony is required to reach the conclusion. The gathering of data about a particular land parcel consists of investigation of documents and maps. The investigation of map documents is very important for the whole process. The derivatives of these maps are stored in archives, cadastral offices, and other institutions. The availability of map sheets is also complicated by the fact, that not all of them have been digitized. An application has been created by the authors of this paper, by which the map sheets can be accessed. Projective photogrammetry method and Structure-from-Motion method were used to fill in the map sheets inventory. These methods provide a good readability of the map sheets, so they could be used by the experts. The application enables the ordering of the map sheets by the name of the map sheet, by the actual or historical name of the location and by the location of the physical map sheet storage. The contents of the inventory can be extended gradually with the digitized map sheets. This application providing the access to the map sheets inventory reflects the experts� requirements, who point out on the great time requirements of their activities in the field of the land administration systems for a long time. The solution proposed in this paper on a small group of map sheets could serve as an example for the facilitation of access to the map sheets from the whole territory of Slovakia for the experts.
MONITORING THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DEFORMATION DISTRIBUTION IN SALT MINES
Authors: Pietras Jakub , Kurdek Damian , Malinowska Agnieszka
Published: December 2024

Underground mining operation in salt deposits requires special control over rock mass stability. Changes in stress within the rock mass cause gradual convergence of underground workings. A slow convergence process with a complex spatiotemporal distribution requires the measurements with high accuracy, which is carry out on a well-planned spatial distribution of observation network.
The aim of the study was to present the procedure of designing and implementing observations of convergence in salt caverns within a salt dome deposit in Klodawa salt mine in Poland. The studies focused on identifying the most important factors that should be considered when establishing new observation networks to assess the stability of salt rock mass. The algorithm was developed based on experiences is measurements conducted over a period of 50 years in one section of the Klodawa mine. The most significant components of spatio-temporal deformation process in 3D space were presented. Measured convergence in relation to the salt dome geometry, geological and mining condition were taken into account to design a new network in another part of salt dome. Presented experiences may originate as a premise for designing a new observation network in other salt mines where extraction is planned with the chamber and pillar method.
LAND COVER DEGRADATION CHALLENGES IN UKRAINE: NATURAL DRIVERS AND PROCESSES
Authors: Yelistratova Lesya , Apostolov Alexander , Khodorovskyi Artur , Tymchyshyn Maksym
Published: December 2024

Land cover degradation poses global challenges, both economically and scientifically, with significant implications for Ukraine's sustainable development. Understanding the need for effective strategies to prevent soil degradation, address degraded lands, and reduce associated risks is crucial at both global and regional scales. Early identification and degradation monitoring require establishing natural predictors (drivers) to preserve ecosystems and biodiversity for future sustainable development.
An objective assessment of land cover degradation and its predictors involves integrating remote sensing data across diverse regions and socioeconomic conditions. Research has identified land cover degradation types in Ukraine's territory and the natural drivers triggering this process using remote sensing data.
Identifying natural drivers and processes encompasses various aspects, including driving forces (sub-drivers), factors, causes contributing to the degradation, and the degradation processes affecting Ukraine's soil cover. These aspects are integrated into a comprehensive graphic model, illustrating the sequence of driver influences on land cover degradation. Examples of land cover degradation in Ukraine detected through the developed conceptual framework, are provided. The proposed approach explores scenarios for future degradation processes, consequences, and adaptation pathways.
ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE VASLUI HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN, ROMANIA
Authors: Tataru Lavinia , Statescu Florian , Marcoie Nicolae
Published: December 2024

Surface water resources are already being utilized at maximum capacity and the trend is unlikely to change. This situation has led to increasing concerns regarding the sustainable use of this resource, with continuous efforts being made to reduce water pollution.
In this context, the analysis of surface water quality is essential for protecting human health, the environment and the economy, providing significant opportunities for improving the quality of life and conserving natural resources.
This paper presents the results of a study aimed at identifying the degree of pollution of the Vaslui River water in Romania, in four monitoring sections using the Water Quality Index (WQI). It simplifies the classification of water quality parameters by including multiple parameters in a single mathematical equation and provides a unique value reflecting the overall state of water quality. The water samples were analyzed for a series of water quality parameters. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the mean values and ranges of variation of the studied indicators.
Water quality parameters were studied in correlation with the recorded flows on the Vaslui River. For this purpose, monthly average flows measured in the upstream sections before the Solesti reservoir were considered.
The obtained results indicate the necessity of adopting a Plan of Measures, both to improve the current quality and to prevent further degradation of water quality. The decrease in water quality is associated with the level of urbanization and human activities in the research area.
ARMA MODELS APPLICATION FOR FORECASTING OF THE RIVER DISCHARGE AND THE HYDROLOGICAL DROUGHT INDEX SRI IN DAMS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Yordanova Anna , Ilcheva Irena , Bojilov� Elen� , Nitcheva �lga , Dimitrov Yordan
Published: December 2024

Reproducing the hydrological process of river runoff is a fundamental part of water resources planning and management. Finding a mathematical model to reproduce the runoff time series aims not only to extract maximum information from the limited available data, but also to extrapolate into the future by representatively generating the historical runoff process. Almost all management decisions are based on forecasts. Our present is characterized by the increasingly frequent occurrence of hydrometeorological processes that lead to flash floods and critical droughts. The river runoff, as the main element of water management systems, must be as well analyzed and substantiated as possible, so that its estimated values are of acceptable accuracy for practical application of water management. There are two forecasting approaches: real-time forecasting and observational time series forecasting. A stochastic method used in the second approach is presented here. The method uses the most applied class of models for forecasting time series - the ARMA models. Their application in forecasting one of the main indicators of the hydrological drought occurrence is shown. This is the SRI index, i.e. the standardized normal value from the probability distribution of the monthly river runoff observations. River runoff is a non-stationary process and ARIMAs are those ARMA models that transform, by differentiation, river runoff time series into stationary ones. The method is applied for a 43-year period of monthly river runoff observations on the tributary of the Ogosta river. With an ARIMA model is forecasted the runoff for the next few months and with it the SRI index monthly values are estimated. The accuracy of the results is investigated. The developed method makes it possible to predict hydrological drought and can be used in optimizing the regimes of dams with hydropower, irrigation water supply and environmental purposes.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS FROM THE BAIKAL REGION OF RUSSIA
Authors: Yamnova Irina , Chernousenko Galina
Published: December 2024

Micromorphological features of salt-affected soils in the Cis-Baikal and Trans-Baikal regions (south of East Siberia, Russia) are considered. When studying morphogenesis of these soils, pedofeatures of soluble salts and gypsum serve as indicators of modern and former stages of soil formation. Comparative-geographical, micromorphological, and chemical methods have been applied to study soil salinization. Chemical analyses attest to the presence of gypsum and soluble salts in solonchaks of both regions. However, they do not allow us to judge the direction of modern soil salinization processes. Micromorphological method makes it possible to specify the genesis of salt pedofeatures. When comparing microfabrics of solonchaks in the Cis-Baikal and Trans-Baikal regions, the features attesting to their different geneses have been identified. Thus, in the solonchak from the Priolkhonye area (Cis-Baikal region), gypsum pedofeatures were formed during previous stages of soil formation and are now subjected to destruction. At the same time, the accumulation of soluble salts is still active in this soil. Analysis of the microstructure of the soil profile of the meadow-marsh saline soil of Transbaikalia showed the presence of both processes currently underway - both gypsum formation and salt accumulation in the soil profile.
PHYTOSTABLIZATION OF SULPHIDE MINE TAILINGS
Authors: Soufan Raghad , Karam Antoine , Aajjan Ahmed
Published: December 2024

Orphaned or abandoned sulphide tailing disposal sites pose significant environmental hazards, including eolian dispersion, water erosion, acid mine drainage, and heavy metal mobility. Phytostabilization, an eco-friendly strategy, entails the use of alkaline amendments alongside non-native plant species capable of thriving in environments with high concentrations of heavy metals. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effect of a commercial cement which contained 46.3% sand, applied alone or combined with three magnesium (Mg) reagents on the shoot dry yield (DMY) of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) grown on sulphide mine tailings (SMT) (pH 3.0). The 29 treatments evaluated were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. All pots received N-P-K fertilizer. Treatments combining cement and Mg reagents significantly increased the pH of the cultivated tailings. Magnesium oxide (MgO) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)?), when mixed with the cement, were more effective than magnesium carbonate (MgCO?) in maintaining alkaline conditions in the cultivated tailings. The pH increase was notably higher in cultivated tailing samples treated with cement+MgO, reaching pH levels ranging from 4.93 to 7.58. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a highly significant effect of the cement+Mg reagents on the DMY of ryegrass. There was a strong correlation between substrate pH and DMY (r = 0.853, p less than 0.001), with a quadratic regression equation providing the best fit to the data (R? = 0.894, p less than 0.001). In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of an 8% cement combined with 2% MgO for tailing revegetation or cultivation purposes.
DIAGNOSTICS OF UNDERGROUND MASOURY
Authors: Balaz Richard , Toth Stanislav
Published: December 2024

The masonry moisture sanation process does not end, when the building job is over. This article contains results from long-term measurements of moisture levels in underground areas of several old buildings. These results can help in diagnostics and design of repairs in other buildings.
USING A HEAT PUMP TO COVER PEAK HEAT LOADS IN HARSH CLIMATES
Authors: Shcheklein Sergey , Velkin Vladimir , Matveev Andrey , Koshkin Igor , Pushkarev Sergey
Published: December 2024

Most modern heat pump installations can only generate a maximum temperature of 50-55�C. This temperature potential is not sufficient to integrate them with existing convective and radiator-based space heating systems in severe climates.
This paper discusses the findings from an experimental study evaluating the efficiency of a fan coil-based air heating system.
Using a peaking boiler fueled by natural gas from the main supply has been shown to be the most cost-effective method for generating thermal energy with peak-load heating systems.
For consumers without access to the main gas supply, a heat pump system that heats the room air by extracting heat from the ground through a well system is significantly more efficient than any other heating system options available.
One significant drawback of this system is its substantial upfront capital expenditures, which are significantly higher � more than 5 times � than those of all other viable alternatives.
These technical solutions become viable (with a payback period of less than 10 years) when energy prices rise significantly, by more than an order of magnitude.
LOW CARBON BINDERS WITH ASH MICROSPHERE
Authors: Petropavlovskaya Victoria , Petropavlovskii Kirill , Novichenkova Tatiana , Sulman Michail , Kosivtsov Yury
Published: December 2024

Construction technologies are among the most critical in terms of negative impact on the environment. Burnt binders, primarily cement and air-lime, emit significant volumes of carbon dioxide and man-made heat. At the same time, a large amount of hydrocarbon fuel is also consumed for their firing. Therefore, to achieve sustainable development goals, the development of alternative binder formulations or innovative ways to produce traditional binders with low carbon emissions is necessary. The synthesis of low-carbon binder compositions that provide the required properties is based on the use of mineral or organomineral compositions with the use of highly dispersed fillers or modifiers. Technogenic resources are used as such fillers, including those extracted by the fuel industry � REA-gypsum, fly ash, bottom ash and their individual components. Recently, interest in aluminosilicate microspheres has been growing. They are isolated from ash and slag waste from coal power plants. When they are removed hydraulically, the calcium content in the waste decreases due to its fairly high solubility. The paper presents the results of a study of the physical and mechanical properties of cementless compositions for additive technologies based on aluminosilicate microspheres. Microspheres have a number of unique properties.
The synergistic effect is achieved by combining a self-reinforced matrix, which ensures the stability of the mixture during the process of stone formation with a rapid increase in strength with the participation of microspheres, necessary when using compositions in additive technologies.
LOW COST AIRDROP DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Adrian SALISTEAN
Published: December 2024

The article describes the design process for a low-cost aerial delivery system (LCADS) that is a one-time use, disposable, airdrop system consisting of cargo parachute and container. The parachute systems is developed for military resupply missions and for humanitarian relief efforts in areas where ground supply and/or recovery of airdrop equipment is difficult or not feasible. LCADS consists primarily of three types of cargo parachutes capable of supporting and delivering in a wide range of weights, from 70kg up to 1000kg. During the product development will be targeted three types of delivery topologies each with its own type of low-cost parachute: 'Low Velocity' delivery where the cargo is slowed down considerably by the parachute down to 5-7m/s for fragile and sensitive equipment using a cross type parachute made of fabric bands; 'High Velocity' delivery where the cargo is only stabilized during descent and only marginally slowed down by the parachute for non-fragile equipment also using a cross type parachute made of fabric bands; 'High Altitude Precision Delivery', where the cargo is driven to a specific target using a self-steering a ram-air parachute. The high velocity and low velocity parachute use the same basic design principles to keep the costs as low as possible. These parachutes are 55% to 80% less expensive than the traditional nylon cargo parachutes due to a much lower cost of material. The parachutes are made from woven polypropylene fabric obtained from recycled source materials. An added benefit for the LCADS, which are made from woven polypropylene fabric, is that these parachutes have shown to have a lower rate of descent than standard nylon cargo parachutes. The result is a higher percentage of loads surviving air drops.